cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Admission to Psychiatric Residential Treatment Facilities among Youth from Families Investigated for Maltreatment

This study uses large, longitudinal, multisector administrative datasets of families investigated by child welfare services for maltreatment to explore which children are more likely to later enter psychiatric residential treatment facilities. This question is grounded in a pressing interest to understand these costly, highly restrictive mental health treatment settings. We use statewide data from one Southeastern state linked from multiple systems (child welfare services, income maintenance, and Medicaid). We use Cox regression analyses to develop models predicting psychiatric residential treatment facilities entry among children 5–17 years, whose families were investigated for maltreatment between 2003 and 2012 (n = 182,676). Findings show children from these families who enter foster care have a heightened risk for psychiatric residential treatment facilities entry (hazard ratio = 11.63), after controlling for other factors. Study findings build on a body of research underscoring the importance of the overlap of child welfare and mental health systems to child well-being.
Statins in Primary Prevention: Uncertainties and Gaps in Randomized Trial Data

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have provided evidence of the usefulness of statin primary prevention in lowering cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, yet uncertainties and gaps remain. The objective of this article was to perform a narrative review of RCTs of statins for primary prevention and identify uncertainties and gaps resulting from the design of individual studies. Such knowledge is important for informed physician-patient decisions. A literature search was conducted for RCTs of statins in primary prevention that included >1000 general patients and clinical outcomes as a primary endpoint. A total of 11 RCTs were identified; target population baseline characteristics, outcomes measures, statistical methods, and limitations regarding follow-up were reported. RCTs of statins in primary prevention show consistent overall beneficial effects on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Caveats involve the characteristics of individual study populations since target populations often differ from what is currently considered primary prevention. Only middle aged and older populations were adequately represented in these RCTs; women were under-represented. Only one study included total mortality as the primary endpoint; all other RCTs used composite major adverse cardiac events as the primary endpoint, which occasionally included a hard outcome such as death and a soft outcome such as hospitalization for angina. The use of Cox proportional hazard analysis in RCTs poses some challenges, and intention-to-treat analysis may mask adverse events. An understanding of the deficiencies of individual RCTs of statins in primary prevention is important in creating a patient-specific therapeutic clinical decision and in tailoring future research.
Experiences of Caregivers and Students in an Elementary School–Based Mental Health Counseling Practicum Program

School-based mental health counseling practicum programs are a potential solution to address the increasing social-emotional needs of underserved children and families. At present, little is known about how these school-based counseling practicum programs are experienced by elementary school students and their caregivers. Adopting a psychological phenomenological approach, the researchers examined the experiences of students (n = 6) and their caregivers (n = 6) receiving mental health counseling services in a Title I elementary school. The authors discuss the generated themes and implications.
Mechanisms of Dopamine signaling contributing to the Nicotine addiction process

N is the principle addictive component that drives continued tobacco use despite the harmful consequences. Nicotine initiates addiction by acting upon neural circuitry that normally reinforces behaviors that lead to rewarding goals. An important circuit is the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system that contributes to the processing of rewarding sensory stimuli during the overall shaping of successful behaviors. Both local nicotinic influences within the hippocampus and long range influence over dopamine centers regulate synaptic plasticity and learning during the addiction process. In the hilar region of the dentate, local nicotinic cholinergic activity regulates hippocampal inhibitory circuits. Simultaneously, nicotinic activity increases the dopamine signal broadcast to the hilus, thereby, lowering the threshold for synaptic plasticity and enabling learning. The results suggest that dopaminergic signaling serves as a functional label of salient events by enabling synaptic plasticity that underlies associative memory Supported mainly by NIH NIDA (DA09411) and NINDS (NS21229).
Linear distributed Bragg cavity effects on optical limiting in two- and three-level media

A lumped distributed Bragg reflector (DBR)-nonlinear layer-DBR system is used to explore how nonlinear optical effects (in particular, optical limiting) are modulated by the dispersive character of the (optically linear) DBR. A three-level quantum optics model of the nonlinear layer is used to find self-consistent numerical solutions to the (nonlinear) optical transport in the composite system. We find that the intensity dependence of the real part of the index can be combined with the dispersion in the (linear) DBR to cause optical limiting even for materials that have only a saturated absorber (two-level) response.
The Improvement of Spatial Ability and its Relation to Spatial Training

This chapter discusses the psychometric properties of how spatial ability is assessed and the ways in which it is critically related to spatial training. Although assessment and training of spatial ability are often discussed separately, the improved score of spatial measures is often used as an indication for spatial training effects and the validity of spatial ability measures therefore is critical for interpreting results of spatial training. In this chapter, an overview of the current techniques for measuring spatial ability will be presented first; the reliability and validity of these tests will be discussed from a psychometric perspective, along with the findings from experimental designs and neural studies. Next, the transferability between spatial ability measures will be discussed. Finally, the relations between the cognitive structure of spatial ability and the development of spatial training strategies will be examined and proposed.
Stator tooth and rotor pole shaping for low pole flux switching permanent magnet machines to reduce even order harmonics in flux linkage

High-speed machines require structurally robust rotor to withstand high centrifugal forces. Flux switching permanent magnet (FSPM) machines are ideal for high speeds since they have a simple and robust rotor structure. They also utilize permanent magnet (PM) in the stator enabling them to achieve high power density. It is desirable to keep the operating frequency minimized to reduce core losses and cost of power electronics. A 6-stator slot, 4-rotor pole (6/4) FSPM machine has the lowest operating frequency for a three phase FSPM configuration but suffers from heavy harmonic distortion in flux linkage. This paper aims to identify structural modifications that can minimize the dominant 2nd order harmonic component to make the 6/4 configuration amiable for high-speed applications. The analysis and methods proposed in this paper will be useful in tackling harmonic content of FSPM machines in general.
MPI Parallel Monte Carlo Framework for the Reliability Analysis of Highway Bridges

AbstractCurrent emphasis on evaluating the resilience of civil communities to various natural and man-made hazards has required expanding the scale of structural analysis problems from performing d...
We’re All YA Now: A Review of Graphic Novels for Children and Young Adults

Graphic Novels for Children and Young Adults: A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by Michelle Ann Abate and Gwen Athene Tarbox, University Press of Mississippi, 352 pages, 2017, ISBN 978-1-4968-1167-7 This article is a review of Graphic Novels for Children and Young Adults: A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by Michelle Ann Abate and Gwen Athene Tarbox (University Press of Mississippi, 2017). Filling a significant gap in current scholarly research in comic studies, the collection will appeal to a wide range of scholars and educators. The review argues that reading this collection is less of a chore and more of a joyful journey of discovery.
An energy-constrained makespan optimization framework in fine-to coarse-grain partitioned multicore systems

In today's multicore systems, depending on an application's computational demand, cores are either operated individually at different Voltage/Frequency (V/F) levels or grouped into multiple Voltage-Frequency Islands (VFIs) to reduce system energy consumption. This paper formulates a task scheduling and VFI partitioning problem whose optimization goal is to minimize the task set (application) execution time (makespan) for a given energy budget. First, the combinatorial optimization problem is formulated with Integer Linear Programming (ILP) to obtain per-core, per-task dynamic V/F levels in a fine-grain VFI-based system with single-core islands. Next, static task scheduling on coarse-grain VFI-based systems, where an island can contain several cores operated at the same V/F level, is formulated with Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP), considering the energy budget and task set's precedence constraints. The experimental results show that under different energy budget constraints, fine-grain, dynamic task allocations provide on average 1.35x speedup over static coarse grain scheduling and partitioning methods.
Surface Damage in Ceramics: Implications for Strength Degradation, Erosion and Wear

Recent advances in the analysis of elastic/plastic indentation fracture, as a model for contact induced damage, are reviewed. The central feature of the analysis is the dominant role played by the residual stress in the evolution of the two major crack systems (one relating to strength and the other relating to material removal), and in the subsequent response of the cracks to an applied tension0 The use of surface acoustic wave scattering as a method of non-destructive evaluation is discussed in the context of the indentation flaw model; the technique provides direct evidence that machining induced cracks are subjected to residual stress effects.
A user-centric metadata creation tool for preserving the nation's ecological data

This paper describes the methodology to develop a metadata editing environment that (1) is scientist-friendly, (2) promotes accurate recording of metadata, and (3) enables interoperability across multiple metadata standards. Scientist-friendly software will increase scientists' willingness to create metadata and the quality of that metadata. This study identifies the usability issues in an existing metadata creation tool and initiates the development of a state-of-the-art user interface that allows the biological research community to more accurately record and share data.
Methylation of Prokaryotic DNA

The biological function of methylated bases in DNA of prokaryotes appears to be quite different than that of eukaryotes. In this chapter, most of the information presented is derived from studies with Escherichia coli K-12 simply because more is known about DNA methylation in this organism than in any other one. Some data from certain E. coli bacteriophages also will be reviewed, in addition to selected aspects about DNA methylation in certain other prokaryotes. Other recent reviews that complement this one are by Razin and Friedman (1981) and Hattman (1981).
Throughput and Channel Occupancy Time fairness trade-off for Downlink LAA-Cat4 and WiFi Coexistence Based on Markov Chain (poster)

License Assisted Access (LAA) is a feature in 3GPP Rel-13 which is the global standard for LTE deployment in the unlicensed band. While the availability of large amount of extra spectrum in unlicensed band is always desirable, the coexistence of LAA and WiFi with an acceptable fairness is a primary challenge. This paper extends the works previously done on evaluation of downlink throughput performance of LAA and WiFi coexistence using analytical framework based on Markov Chains, to evaluate performance of the channel occupancy time for fully saturated traffic. Numerical results from the models show that initial contention window size is an important parameter for LAA system to adjust for either Throughput or Channel Occupancy Time fairness but both the specifications cannot be met simultaneously. The results also show that the trade-off is more significant when the number of LAAs outnumber WiFis and the case is no different using a single channel or two channels for transmission. Abstract)
Single Cell RNA Sequencing of Serial Tumor and Blood Biopsies from Lymphoma Patients on an in Situ Vaccination Clinical Trial

Abstract The critical determinants of effective antitumor immune responses, whether native or induced by therapy, remain poorly understood due to the complexity and plasticity of the immune system. To better profile and track these responses, we have employed the novel approach of performing single cell RNA sequencing for paired gene expression and immune repertoire analysis on tumor fine needle aspirates and peripheral blood of lymphoma patients undergoing immunotherapy on a clinical trial (NCT02927964). In this in situ vaccination study, patients with low-grade lymphoma received local low-dose radiation and intratumoral SD-101 (a TLR9 agonist) to one site of disease, with systemic ibrutinib (a BTK inhibitor) added in the second week of treatment. Tumor fine needle aspirates and peripheral blood samples were obtained prior to treatment, at one week (prior to ibrutinib initiation) and at six weeks after treatment start. Single cell preparations were processed using 10X Genomics' single cell RNA transcription and library preparation protocol, followed by sequencing on the Illumina platform. Cells were sequenced to an average depth of 50,000 reads/cell for gene expression libraries and 5000 reads/cell for TCR sequencing. Identification of variable genes, principal component and/or canonical correlation analysis, graph-based clustering and differential expression analysis of single-cell gene expression data was performed using the Seurat algorithm. Single-cell TCR repertoires were analyzed using TCR-specific analysis software. This data is being integrated with data from multiparameter flow cytometry and functional immune assays for these same patients, as well as with their clinical outcomes. Sequencing libraries have been prepared from 37 samples from 4 patients thus far. We have successfully generated single cell gene expression and TCR libraries from 3,000-10,000 cells from tumor fine needle aspirates and peripheral blood, with excellent sequencing quality metrics obtained. From detailed analyses of one patient's samples thus far, we have identified distinct immune populations in blood and tumor (Figure 1), including light-chain restricted B-cells, with good concordance with flow cytometry. Preliminary results show changes occurring in immune cell frequencies and phenotypes at the treated tumor site, at distant tumor sites and in the peripheral blood when samples from before and after treatment are compared. Sample collection, sequencing, and analysis are ongoing. Deep profiling of serial biopsies during immunotherapy using single cell RNA sequencing promises to illuminate underlying cellular dynamics, and paired with clinical outcome data, determinants of response. Ultimately, this may provide a roadmap for successful translation of single-cell genomics into the clinic for treatment monitoring and response prediction. Download : Download high-res image (950KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Information Content of Conglomerate Stock Breakups

Extant literature has documented positive stock price reactions to announcements of stock breakups (including tracking stock offerings, equity carve-outs, and corporate spin-offs). At the same time, most firms experience no improvement in operating performance subsequent to stock breakups. These findings puzzle practitioners and researchers as to the source of value increase. This paper offers a resolution to the puzzle. We argue that stock breakups, by dividing consolidated firms into pure-play units, reduce the complexity of the businesses and enable outsiders to detect firms' values at lower costs. In such a setting, high-value firms, which are undervalued by the market, find it optimal to use stock breakups to attract more information production from outsiders and reveal their true values, while low-value firms have a lower incentive to do so since more information production will expose their true quality to the market. Therefore, a stock breakup signals firm quality to the market but does not change the firm's investment decisions and implies no subsequent improvement in operating performance. The model can also explain the following stylized facts: (1) the number and quality of analysts covering the firm increase and the degree of information asymmetry decreases after stock breakups; (2) focus-increasing stock breakups (where the two divisions of the firm operate in different industries) are associated with higher announcement returns compared with non-focus-increasing ones; (3) a positive relation exists between the announcement return and the degree of information asymmetry of the firm prior to a stock breakup. The model also provides some novel empirical implications; e.g., it predicts that there is an inverted U-shaped relation between the ratio of subsidiary to total firm value and the announcement return.
Changes in gait mechanics and muscle activity with wedge height in an orthopaedic boot.

Abstract Background Orthopaedic boots with wedging are commonly used in the treatment of individuals with Achilles tendon rupture to immobilize the foot in plantar flexion and approximate tendon ends. Research question To describe changes in muscle activity of the triceps surae and gait mechanics with the use of wedges in an orthopaedic boot immediately and after an accommodation period. Methods Muscle activity of the triceps surae and gait parameters (vertical ground reaction force, knee extension power, gait speed) were collected using surface electromyography and motion capture in 12 healthy individuals. Participants walked in an instrumented orthopaedic boot with 0, 3, and 5 wedges tested in random order. Participants were provided a one hour accommodation period where time spent walking was collected. This was followed by a repeat assessment of triceps surae activity and gait. Results Peak and integrated EMG in the medial gastrocnemius (p = 0.001, p Significance A combination of factors yield decreased triceps surae activity in individuals wearing an orthopaedic boot with wedges – decreasing loading on the immobilized limb and shifting power generation proximally.
Abstract 2393: Bridging MOA-based reporter bioassays with PBMC based ADCC for immunotherapy drugdevelopment

Having a functional bioassay that is MOA-based, accurate, precise, robust and reproducible is critical for the development of antibody-based biologics. We have developed reporter bioassays that meet these criteria for a broad range of antibody modalities including Fc effector function, immune checkpoint modulation, bispecific antibody engagement, cytokine modulation, and others. Here we will present the latest technology advancements and bridging of the PBMC based ADCC cell killing assay with reporter based ADCC Bioassay. Citation Format: Mei Cong, Pete Stecha, Aileen paguio, brock binkowski, Zhi-Jie Cheng, Frank Fan. Bridging MOA-based reporter bioassays with PBMC based ADCC for immunotherapy drug development [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2393.
Hypospadias repair and caudal analgesia: biases and myths hinder meaningful meta-analysis.

To the Editor We read with interest the meta-analysis of caudal block for hypospadias repair by Zhu and colleagues.[1][1] Their work helps to improve understanding about the relative efficacy of different analgesic techniques, but unfortunately perpetuates a baseless myth and overlooks important
Plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition of plasmonic TiN ultrathin films using TDMATi and NH3.

Transition metal nitrides, like titanium nitride (TiN), are promising alternative plasmonic materials. Here we demonstrate a low temperature plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PE-ALD) of non-stoichiometric TiN0.71 on lattice-matched and -mismatched substrates. The TiN was found to be optically metallic for both thick (42 nm) and thin (11 nm) films on MgO and Si substrates, with visible light plasmon resonances in the range of 550–650 nm. We also demonstrate that a hydrogen plasma post-deposition treatment improves the metallic quality of the ultrathin films on both substrates, increasing the e1 slope by 1.3 times on MgO and by 2 times on Si (100), to be similar to that of thicker, more metallic films. In addition, this post-deposition was found to tune the plasmonic properties of the films, resulting in a blue-shift in the plasmon resonance of 44 nm on a silicon substrate and 59 nm on MgO.
Measurements and Calculations of the Electron Recoil Spectra from Gamma Rays Emitted by Nitrogen for a 14-MeV Neutron Source

The electron recoil spectra from gamma rays produced by the interaction of 14-MeV neutrons with 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, and 7.0 mean-free-paths (mfps) of nitrogen have been measured with NE-213 scintillator...
Seeing and Doing Gender at Work: A Qualitative Analysis of Canadian Male and Female Police Officers:

This qualitative study examines the ways in which male and female police officers view and enact gender in their workplace. Data were generated from in-depth interviews with 20 active police office...
ITO-free fully solution-processed flexible semi-transparent organic photovoltaics utilizing metal nanowire for anode and cathode

OPVs are uniquely suited for applications that include low-cost semitransparent solar cells for building and greenhouse integration. For successful implementation in these applications, there is a need for high-performance transparent electrodes for both the anode and cathode. Furthermore, removing the need for the commonly used ITO will allow for improved device flexibility and lower cost. This work accomplishes this by utilizing AgNWs as both the cathode and anode to make fully solution-processed flexible ST-OPVs. Here, we describe the device design and processing approach to achieve performance comparable to transparent electrodes based on ITO and metal films.
Risk Assessment for Toluene Diisocyanate and Respiratory Disease Human Studies

Abstract Background Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) is a highly reactive chemical that causes sensitization and has also been associated with increased lung cancer. A risk assessment was conducted based on occupational epidemiologic estimates for several health outcomes. Methods Exposure and outcome details were extracted from published studies and a NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation for new onset asthma, pulmonary function measurements, symptom prevalence, and mortality from lung cancer and respiratory disease. Summary exposure–response estimates were calculated taking into account relative precision and possible survivor selection effects. Attributable incidence of sensitization was estimated as were annual proportional losses of pulmonary function. Excess lifetime risks and benchmark doses were calculated. Results Respiratory outcomes exhibited strong survivor bias. Asthma/sensitization exposure response decreased with increasing facility-average TDI air concentration as did TDI-associated pulmonary impairment. In a mortality cohort where mean employment duration was less than 1 year, survivor bias pre-empted estimation of lung cancer and respiratory disease exposure response. Conclusion Controlling for survivor bias and assuming a linear dose–response with facility-average TDI concentrations, excess lifetime risks exceeding one per thousand occurred at about 2 ppt TDI for sensitization and respiratory impairment. Under alternate assumptions regarding stationary and cumulative effects, one per thousand excess risks were estimated at TDI concentrations of 10 – 30 ppt. The unexplained reported excess mortality from lung cancer and other lung diseases, if attributable to TDI or associated emissions, could represent a lifetime risk comparable to that of sensitization.
Impact of vestibular nerve preservation on facial and hearing outcomes in small vestibular schwannoma surgery: a technical feasibility study.

Management of small vestibular schwannomas (VSs) remains controversial. When surgery is chosen, the preservation of facial and cochlear nerve function is a priority. In this report, we introduce and evaluate a technique to anatomically preserve the vestibular nerves to minimize manipulation and preserve the function of the facial and cochlear nerves. The vestibular nerve preservation technique was prospectively applied to resect small VS tumors in patients with serviceable preoperative hearing (American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) class A or B). Clinical and radiological data were recorded and analyzed. Ten patients met the inclusion criteria. The mean (SD) age was 40.4 (12.5) years. Follow-up ranged from 6 weeks to 2 years. The maximum tumor diameter parallel to the internal auditory canal ranged from 10 to 20 mm (mean, 14.9 (3.1) mm). There were three Koos grade 3 and seven Koos grade 2 tumors. Gross total resection was achieved in all cases. Both the facial and cochlear nerves were anatomically preserved in all cases. Postoperatively, 7 patients (70%) remained in the AAO-HNS class A or B hearing category. None of the patients had new vestibular symptoms, and all had House–Brackmann grade 1 facial function. Nervus intermedius dysfunction was observed in 1 patient preoperatively, which worsened postoperatively. Two patients had new nervus intermedius symptoms postoperatively. Improvement of facial nerve and hearing outcomes is feasible through the intentional preservation of the vestibular nerves in the resection of small VSs. Longer follow-up is required to rule out tumor recurrence.
Bariatric Surgical Alterations in Tolerability, Enjoyment and Cravings in the Diet (BSATED) instrument: A new scale to measure food preferences following bariatric surgery.

Abstract Bariatric surgery is associated with changing food preferences, but it is not known whether these changes differ by type of operation or are associated with weight loss. The current study presents validation results for a new 27-item scale, Bariatric Surgical Alterations in Tolerability, Enjoyment and Cravings in the Diet (BSATED). This scale measured enjoyment, craving, and intolerance changes for nine food and beverage categories common to dietary habits in the Southern California region of the U.S. one year following bariatric surgery in the Bariatric Experience Long Term (BELONG) study. Validation of BSATED was done using exploratory factor analyses, construct validity with other conceptually related survey instruments, and criterion validity using hypothesized differences for operation type and percent total weight loss (%TWL) at 12–18 months after surgery. Participants (n = 999) were 86% female, 41% non-Hispanic White, with a mean age of 43.1 ± 11.3 years and a body mass index (BMI) of 43.4 ± 6.8 kg/m2 at the time of surgery. Participants reported less enjoyment and craving for high-fat meats (62%), grains (54%), candy and other desserts (e.g. candy bars, chocolate, ice cream) (52%), and sweet baked goods (48%) 12 months after surgery. These changes were more common among participants undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) compared to those receiving sleeve gastrectomy (SG). Participants who reported decreased enjoyment and craving for foods and beverages that post-bariatric patients are counseled to reduce or avoid had greater %TWL at 12–18 months following surgery (p
The Mechanism of Thermal Transformation Hysteresis in Zro 2 -Ceo 2 Shape-Memory Ceramics

Hysteresis is an important phase transformation property to understand and control in shape-memory materials. While a detailed understanding of hysteresis has been developed in shape-memory alloys (SMAs), it is far less understood in emerging shape-memory ceramics (SMCs). Here, we systematically study thermal hysteresis of the tetragonal-monoclinic martensitic transformation in ZrO2-CeO2 SMCs. We present calorimetry measurements of thermal hysteresis, which reveal a non-monotonic trend with CeO2 content as well as significant rate dependence, and correlate these findings with the transformation crystallography measured by in situ X-ray diffraction. We quantitatively analyze these results in the framework of martensite nucleation theory and conclude that the initial decrease in hysteresis with CeO2 content can be attributed to improving interface compatibility (λ2) for coherent nucleation whereas the sharp increase in hysteresis at higher CeO2 contents (below temperatures of ~773 K) is a result of interface friction consistent with thermally-activated interactions with the Peierls barrier of the crystal. Our analysis gives an activation energy of ~136 kJ/mol, which is consistent with previously reported activation energies of isothermal transformation in these materials. These findings clarify contradicting reports in the ZrO2 literature and confirm that the same controlling factors of hysteresis in SMAs, namely λ2 and thermal friction, are also operative in SMCs.
Africa’s Governance Imperatives: How Kenya Has Responded

Public policy theory is not settled. It is driven by practice, the result being that there are many theoretical interpretations available from the experience of already developed countries. The challenge for the study of public policy in Africa is to find the most suitable ways of interpreting policymaking in countries that are structured so differently from those developed countries. This chapter focuses on the fundamental governance imperatives in Africa and how Kenya has responded to these challenges. It highlights the prevalence of a “natural society”, one that is grounded in consumption and the rights that follow in terms of sharing, and the presence of a “state-nation”, one where those in power can lay claim to being the rights-holders. As a country already moving on to middle-income status and the governance obligations that follow, Kenya faces these challenges in more direct ways than most other African countries. Taking the 2010 Constitution as a starting point, the chapter discusses how Kenya has responded and how far it has come as judged by the Building Bridges Initiative Report and the politics of implementing the new constitution.
Homeostasis and injectivity: a reaction network perspective

Homeostasis is a mechanism by which a feature can remain invariant with change in external parameters. We adopt the definition of homeostasis in the context of singularity theory. We make a connection between homeostasis and the theory of injective reaction networks. In particular, we show that a reaction network cannot exhibit homeostasis if a modified reaction network (which we call the homeostasis-associated reaction network) is injective. We provide examples of reaction networks which can or cannot exhibit homeostasis by analyzing the injectivity of the homeostasis-associated reaction network.
Discovering and Summarizing Relationships Between Chemicals, Genes, Proteins, and Diseases in PubChem.

The literature knowledge panels developed and implemented in PubChem are described. These help to uncover and summarize important relationships between chemicals, genes, proteins, and diseases by analyzing co-occurrences of terms in biomedical literature abstracts. Named entities in PubMed records are matched with chemical names in PubChem, disease names in Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), and gene/protein names in popular gene/protein information resources, and the most closely related entities are identified using statistical analysis and relevance-based sampling. Knowledge panels for the co-occurrence of chemical, disease, and gene/protein entities are included in PubChem Compound, Protein, and Gene pages, summarizing these in a compact form. Statistical methods for removing redundancy and estimating relevance scores are discussed, along with benefits and pitfalls of relying on automated (i.e., not manually human-curated) methods operating on data from multiple heterogeneous sources.
Surveillance of schistosomiasis in Xiaogan City from 2016 to 2020

OBJECTIVE To analyze the surveillance data of schistosomiasis in Xiaogan City, Hubei Province from 2016 to 2020, so as to provide the scientific evidence for understanding the epidemiological changes of schistosomiasis and evaluating the schistosomiasis control strategy. METHODS A total of 16 surveillance sites were selected in the schistosomiasis endemic foci of Xiaogan City from 2016 to 2020, where Schistosoma japonicum infections in humans, livestock and Oncomelania snails and the schistosomiasis transmission risk were monitored. The schistosomiasis surveillance results were descriptively analyzed. RESULTS During the period from 2016 to 2020, there was no schistosomiasis emergency epidemic in Xiaogan City. A total of 660 sero-positive individuals were identified in Xiaogan City during the 5-year period, and the seroprevalence of S. japonicum infections reduced from 2.08% in 2016 to 0.97% in 2020. Higher seroprevalence of S. japonicum infections was detected in men than in women, and in individuals at ages of over 60 years than in those at other age groups; however, no egg-positives were detected in humans or livestock. The mean density of living snails was 0.05 to 0.06 snails/0.1 m2 during the 5-year period, and the occurrence of frames with snails increased from 2.99% in 2016 to 3.92% in 2020; however, no S. japonicum infection was found in snails. CONCLUSIONS The endemic situation of schistosomiasis remarkably decreases in Xiaogan City during the period from 2016 through 2020. Further improvements of the sensitive and effective schistosomiasis surveillance system are required with an emphasis on the monitoring of the schistosomiasis transmission risk and management of floating populations.
The Effect of Media on Religion: Evidence from the Rise of Pentecostals in Brazil

We examine how exposure to a church-affiliated TV channel affects religiosity and adherence to economic and social behaviors prescribed by the church. Our empirical strategy exploits the expansion of RecordTV, a Brazilian TV channel that started broadcasting religious content over the 1990s. We show that an increase of one standard deviation in RecordTV signal strength leads to an increase in the share of Pentecostals (1.1 p.p.), higher fertility rate (0.47 p.p.), lower female labor force participation (0.74 p.p.), lower homicide rate (1.6%), and more votes for Pentecostal candidates (0.5 p.p.). Alternatively, we use an IV strategy where we exploit the placement of transmitters prior to RecordTV being religiously affiliated, finding a similar effect. Results are robust to different strategies that address potential endogeneity in the place- ment of transmitters. We complement our findings with yearly data on the number of Pentecostal churches per capita, showing that the increase in the number of churches occurred as a result of coverage, but did not predate it.
A mass, momentum, and energy conserving, fully implicit, scalable algorithm for the multi-dimensional, multi-species Rosenbluth-Fokker-Planck equation

In this study, we demonstrate a fully implicit algorithm for the multi-species, multidimensional Rosenbluth-Fokker-Planck equation which is exactly mass-, momentum-, and energy-conserving, and which preserves positivity. Unlike most earlier studies, we base our development on the Rosenbluth (rather than Landau) form of the Fokker-Planck collision operator, which reduces complexity while allowing for an optimal fully implicit treatment. Our discrete conservation strategy employs nonlinear constraints that force the continuum symmetries of the collision operator to be satisfied upon discretization. We converge the resulting nonlinear system iteratively using Jacobian-free Newton-Krylov methods, effectively preconditioned with multigrid methods for efficiency. Single- and multi-species numerical examples demonstrate the advertised accuracy properties of the scheme, and the superior algorithmic performance of our approach. In particular, the discretization approach is numerically shown to be second-order accurate in time and velocity space and to exhibit manifestly positive entropy production. That is, H-theorem behavior is indicated for all the examples we have tested. The solution approach is demonstrated to scale optimally with respect to grid refinement (with CPU time growing linearly with the number of mesh points), and timestep (showing very weak dependence of CPU time with time-step size). As a result, the proposed algorithm delivers several orders-of-magnitude speedup vs. explicit algorithms.
An Introduction to Greek Tragedy: Origins, Festival, and Competition

ORIGINS Almost everything about the origins of tragedy is disputed, because the evidence is scanty, and scholars disagree profoundly about how reliable most of it is. Unfortunately, the very real questions about how tragedy began have become entangled with two issues of great importance for its interpretation: how religious tragedy was and how democratic it was. Scholars tend to assume that if tragedy began as a ritual dance, it must be interpreted as a religious event; if it began under the democracy, it is likely to be engaged with specifically democratic values. Neither of these assumptions is necessarily true. Tragedy could have continued to serve the same religious, social, and political functions through time, or it could have changed as circumstances changed. However, because scholars assume that we would know something crucial about tragedy if we knew its origin, they become too invested in different possible accounts. Furthermore, we tend to forget that three innovations must have taken place for tragedy as we know it to exist. First, somebody created a new kind of performance by combining a speaker with a chorus and putting both speaker and chorus in disguise as characters in a story from legend or history. Second, this performance was made part of the City Dionysia at Athens. Third, regulations defined how it was to be managed and paid for. It is theoretically possible that all these were simultaneous, but it is not likely. We can start with what we hear about Thespis.
The Paradigm Concept

Since its publication in 1962, Thomas Kuhn’s The Structure of Scientific Revolutions has become one of the most popular attempts of all time to interpret the nature of science. It has proved an important step in a movement away from the positivistic empiricism that has held sway, among both philosophers and working scientists, for well over two generations. Writers in many disciplines have adopted the book’s fundamental notion of “paradigm” in analyses of their subject matter and controversies. The book has had an impact also on a wide body of laymen, even, on occasion, being cited as authority by spokesmen of the New Left.
The metabolism of L-fucose. IV. The biosynthesis of guanosine diphosphate L-fucose in porcine liver.

Abstract Guanosine diphosphate l-fucose pyrophosphorylase was purified approximately 46-fold from extracts of porcine liver. The purified enzyme was specific for guanosine triphosphate and l-fucose 1-phosphate, and exhibited a requirement for magnesium ions. The partially purified pyrophosphorylase preparation was used to prepare an l-fucose-containing nucleotide, which was isolated and characterized as GDP-l-fucose.
Fertility Preservation in Young Men Treated for Malignancies: Options for Precancer Treatment

Abstract Introduction Fertility preservation (FP) is an essential component of treatment for young men with a new cancer diagnosis. Aim To discuss the barriers and recommendations for FP along with the impacts of cancer and cancer treatment on fertility, and to present the various options for FP in young men prior to cancer treatment. Methods Literature Review. Main Outcome Measure To evaluate the options for FP in young men, including novel and experimental options for pre‐pubertal boys. Results With the advent of assisted reproductive technologies, fertility can be successfully preserved in the majority of post‐pubertal patients with sperm cryopreservation, neurostimulatory methods of ejaculation, or surgical sperm retrieval procedures. Conclusions All men with a new diagnosis of cancer, including adolescents and children, should be offered FP prior to undergoing treatment. Sperm cryopreservation, the mainstay of FP, should be encouraged regardless of the treatment plan. Even without significant abnormalities on semen analysis, prompt referral to a male fertility specialist is recommended. Coward RM, Kovac JR, Smith RP, and Lipshultz LI. Fertility preservation in young mentreated for malignancies: Options for precancer treatment. Sex Med Rev 2013;1:123–134.
Elements of Resonance

Magnetic resonance is a phenomenon found in magnetic systems that possess both magnetic moments and angular momentum. As we shall see, the term resonance implies that we are in tune with a natural frequency of the magnetic system, in this case corresponding to the frequency of gyroscopic precession of the magnetic moment in an external static magnetic field. Because of the analogy between the characteristic frequencies of atomic spectra, and because the magnetic resonance frequencies fall typically in the radio frequency region (for nuclear spins) or microwave frequency (for electron spins), we often use the terms radio frequency or microwave spectroscopy.
Design and Evaluation of Tabu Search Algorithms forMultiprocessor Scheduling

Using a simple multiprocessor scheduling problem as a vehicle, we explore the behavior of tabu search algorithms using different tabu, local search and list management strategies. We found that random blocking of the tail of the tabu list always improved performance; but that the use of frequency-based penalties to discourage frequently selected moves did not. Hash coding without conflict resolution was an effective way to represent solutions on the tabu list. We also found that the most effective length of the tabu list depended on features of the algorithm being used, but not on the size and complexity of the problem being solved. The best combination of features included random blocking of the tabu list, tasks as tabus and a greedy local search. An algorithm using these features was found to outperform a recently published algorithm solving a similar problem.
Exfoliative dyskaryotic cells associated with atypical cervical lesions

Abstract 1. 1. Cytologic study of vaginal smears has proved to be of definite value in the detection of early cervical carcinoma and carcinoma in situ. 2. 2. Cervical dyskaryotic cells are atypical and characterized by large, hyperchromatic nuclei, often with a distinct perinuclear vacuole. The cells may be mono- or multinucleated. Some show marked cornification and are acidophilic. 3. 3. The significance of the dyskaryotic smear is discussed. Of 2,000 consecutive cases studied by vaginal smears, 12 showed a predominance of dyskaryotic cells, an incidence of 0.06 per cent. Biopsy study of the cervix in these cases revealed the presence of “atypism” in all instances. The histologic picture included a varying degree of epithelial proliferation, anaplasia, and cell atypism with and without mitosis. The basement membrane was found always to be intact. 4. 4. During a follow-up of 9 months to 4 years, one woman developed a squamous-cell carcinoma of the cervix, 2 years after the initial smear and biopsy. In 2 instances there was a regression to normal. The remaining 9 cases were persistently unchanged. 5. 5. Of 556 consecutive cervical biopsies taken 4 to 10 years ago, 13 showed atypism as described above. Investigation of the present status of these patients indicated that 3 had died of unrelated causes, 9 had remained well, and one had developed a squamous-cell carcinoma of the cervix, 6 years after the initial biopsy. 6. 6. Whether a relationship exists between the finding of a dyskaryotic smear and an atypical biopsy, and the future development of a true malignancy is speculative. The finding of an 8 per cent incidence, 2 and 6 years after the initial biopsy, is suggestive. Repeated vaginal smears and multiple cervical biopsies are most certainly indicated.
The Curious Case of Self-Interest: Inconsistent Effects and Ambivalence toward a Widely Accepted Construct

Self-interest is widely accepted as a powerful motivator by both academics and laypeople alike. However, research surrounding the self-interest motive paints a complicated picture of this most important psychological construct. Additionally, research on the social desirability of self-interest has revealed that despite its widespread acceptance, people do not readily accept that self-interest drives their own behaviors. This paper reviews the literature on self-interest and reveals several curious features surrounding its actual effect on helping behaviors, political attitudes and voting, and people's apparent ambivalence toward self-interest as a motive. It is possible that norms against the expression of self-interestedness evolved, creating ambivalence towards this widely accepted construct, subsequently affecting its expression on many human behaviors.
The Challenge of Heterogeneously Licensed Systems in Open Architecture Software Ecosystems

Abstract : The role of software ecosystems in the development and evolution of open architecture systems has received insufficient consideration. Such systems are composed of heterogeneously licensed components, open source or proprietary or both, in an architecture in which evolution can occur by evolving existing components or by replacing them. But this may result in possible license conflicts and organizational liability for failure to fulfill license obligations. We have developed an approach for understanding and modeling software licenses, as well as for analyzing conflicts among groups of licenses in realistic system contexts and for guiding the acquisition, integration, or development of systems with open-source components in such an environment. This work is based on empirical analysis of representative software licenses and heterogeneously licensed systems, and collaboration with researchers in the legal world. Our approach provides guidance for achieving a "best-of-breed" component strategy while obtaining desired license rights in exchange for acceptable obligations.
Quantum cohomology and ¹-actions with isolated fixed points

This paper studies symplectic manifolds that admit semi-free circle actions with isolated fixed points. We prove, using results on the Seidel element, that the (small) quantum cohomology of a 2n-dimensional manifold of this type is isomorphic to the (small) quantum cohomology of a product of n copies of P 1 . This generalizes a result due to Tolman and Weitsman.