cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Purification and Properties of the Constituents of the Nitrogenase Complex from Clostridium pasteurianum

A new procedure for a rapid and extensive purification of the FeMo protein and the Fe protein of the nitrogenase complex from Clostridium pasteurianum is described. Specific activities of 345 and 460 nmoles of N(2) reduced per mg of protein per min for the FeMo protein and for the Fe protein, respectively, have been obtained. Preparations of the FeMo protein contained 0.96 atom of molybdenum and 15 atoms of iron per molecule, whereas those of the Fe protein contained 2.86 atoms of iron per molecule. Experiments suggest that a definite association of two Fe proteins and one FeMo protein is functional in the active enzyme complex. No individual role could be ascribed to either of the two proteins, but the fact that hydrogenase inhibits N(2) fixation but not the reductant-dependent adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis supports the idea that there are two distinct sites on nitrogenase, one concerned with N(2) activation and the other with activated electron transport.
Debt deflation processes in today’s institutional environment

In the observations of the economy as it moved towards the great collapse of the winter of 1932-33, the elements of what happens when the market system breaks down are revealed. The work looks at the successful interventions of the 1960s and 70s, detailing how incoherence can be constrained and a semblance of coherence imposed. The author argues that although the processes that make for debt deflations and over-indebtedness are persistent characteristics of capitalist economies, the actual result of these processes in observable behaviour depends upon the institutional context and the force of policy interventions. Moreover, economic administration cannot be reduced to a simple routine.
Diverse antibody recognition patterns of the multiple Sm-D antigen polypeptides.

Anti-Sm antibodies are intrinsically associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. The major targets are the so-called B and D polypeptides. The number of Sm targets increased upon the report that SDS-PAGE conditions could be manipulated to display not one, but three Sm-D polypeptides. To characterize the relative reactivities of Sm-D1, Sm-D2, and Sm-D3, both human and murine autoantibodies were screened. These sera displayed two distinct patterns of reactivity. The Sm-D1/D3 pattern was at least four times more common than Sm-D1/D2/D3 recognition. The predominant immunoreactive protein was Sm-D1. We screened over 40 monoclonal antibodies that were derived from MRL mice and were selected as anti-Sm positive. Of these, 27 reacted with at least one Sm-D polypeptide by protein blot, but in contrast to the MRL sera, none of these antibodies reacted with Sm-D2. Rather, there were two recognition patterns of approximately equal abundance, against Sm-D1/D3 or Sm-D1 alone. Last, we explored the immune response to isolated Sm-D (containing all three D antigens) from rabbit thymus. The autoantibody produced reacted only with Sm-D2. There is accumulating evidence that the anti-Sm response is at least partially antigen-driven. The details of the intragroup relationships within the Sm-D family of proteins provide further insight into the Sm autoimmune response.
Physical-chemical changes in serum lipoproteins during incubation of human serum.

Incubation of human serum for 24 h at 37° resulted in a marked shift in the ultracentrifugal distribution of the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) fraction. The serum concentrations of the F°1.20 0–3.5 (HDL3) decreased while those of the F°1.20 3.5–9.0 (HDL2) increased. Inhibition of serum fatty acid transferase activity by p-hydroxymercuribenzoate did not inhibit the incubation-induced change in HDL distribution. A significant reduction in the protein content of the HDL, isolated from incubated serum, was detected. These data suggest that the shift in HDL distribution may result from an initial dissociation of protein from HDL3 followed by an association of relatively lipid-rich lipoprotein residues to give HDL2-type lipoproteins. Small order increases in S°f rates of the major peak of the S°f 0–20 fraction were also observed, during incubation of serum, in the presence as well as in the absence of transferase activity. The magnitude of the increase in sf5 rate was found to be directly related to the level of S°f 20–400 lipoproteins in the serum and to be greater in the presence of transferase activity.
Does Job Satisfaction Mediate the Relationships Between Work Environment Stressors and Employee Problem Drinking

SUMMARY This study tested a mediation model of work environment stressors, job satisfaction, and employee drinking status. Specifically, decreased job satisfaction was examined as a mediator by which work environment stressors may be linked to employee alcohol problems. Individual social vulnerabilities also were examined as predictors of employee problem drinking. Study data were derived from self-report mailed surveys, and study participants were union-represented administrative support and blue-collar maintenance employees of a large public urban university. Although path analysis results did not support the role of job satisfaction in linking work environment stressors to employee problem drinking, several study variables of interest were found to be associated significantly and directly with employee problem drinking status. Implications for workplace alcohol prevention are discussed.
Coding for Unreliable Flash Memory Cells

In this work, the model introduced by Gabrys is extended to account for the presence of unreliable memory cells. Leveraging data analysis on errors taking place in a TLC Flash device, we show that memory cells can be broadly categorized into reliable and unreliable cells, where the latter are much more likely to be in error. Our approach programs unreliable cells only in a limited capacity. In particular, we suggest a coding scheme, using generalized tensor product codes, that programs the unreliable cells only at certain voltage levels that are less likely to result in errors. We present simulation results illustrating an improvement of up to a half order of magnitude in page error rates compared to existing codes.
ScaleMirror: a pervasive device to aid weight analysis

As today's fast paced environment continually encourages poor dietary habits and a lack of exercise, there is a growing need to properly monitor and control weight gain. With the advent of pervasive and ubiquitous computing, there are new opportunities to help promote personal wellness that was previously unobtainable. This work describes the novel design and creation of ScaleMirror; a prototype pervasive device to help users monitor their weight. This awareness is achieved through an accurate scale system, detailed statistics with historical data, and an intuitive design seamlessly embedded into a user's existing daily routine. The goal is to help a wide array of people concentrate on obtaining and maintaining a proper weight to promote a healthy and fulfilling lifestyle.
Land cover, climate, and the summer surface energy balance in Phoenix, AZ, and Portland, OR

Changes in land use and land cover alter the local energy balance and contribute to distinct urban climates. This paper presents a local-scale above-canopy study of intra-urban land cover mixes in two cities to analyse the relative effects of surface morphology and local climate on the surface energy balance (SEB). The study is conducted for urban areas in Phoenix, Arizona, and Portland, Oregon, cities with distinct climates but similarly warm and dry summers. A Local-Scale Urban Meteorological Parameterization Scheme (LUMPS) is used to analyse the relative contributions of local weather extremes and land cover variations on the urban energy balance. The partitioning of net all-wave radiation into turbulent sensible and latent heat fluxes as well as heat storage is investigated for a typical dry summer month and two extreme weather scenarios in the two cities. Results of sensitivity analyses show that incoming solar radiation is an important driver of the SEB in LUMPS and should be considered in the generation of climate scenarios. The relationship between individual land cover fractions and SEB fluxes is not clear because of interrelated effects of surface characteristics in the land cover mix. Daytime Bowen ratios vary inversely with vegetation fraction between and within cities for all weather scenarios. Impervious surface cover is positively correlated to the available energy that is partitioned into sensible heat. Cumulative evapotranspiration (ET) is similar for average weather conditions across medium wet sites in Phoenix and Portland but varies more in Portland than in Phoenix under extreme weather conditions. Results suggest that land cover manipulation could offset influences of weather extremes on ET in Portland to a certain degree but not in Phoenix. These findings highlight the importance of spatial and climatic context in the urban design process to mitigate the effects of urbanization. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Peripheral arousal-related hormones modulate norepinephrine release in the hippocampus via influences on brainstem nuclei

The peripheral hormone epinephrine (EPI) is known to modulate memory for arousing experiences. The mnemonic effects of EPI are attributed almost exclusively to actions on amygdala noradrenergic (NE) systems. EPI also increases neuronal activity in the locus coeruleus (LC), the primary source of NE to other limbic structures that process memory such as the hippocampus (HIPP). The actions of EPI on the LC suggest that its mnemonic properties may also be mediated by influencing NE output in the HIPP. To test this hypothesis, dialysate levels of NE were collected from the HIPP of male rats given an i.p. injection of saline that was followed 100 min later by i.p. EPI (0.3 mg/kg). NE levels sampled 20 min after EPI injection were significantly larger than baseline and continued to show significant peaks for 60 min. Experiment 2 examined whether peripheral signals initiated by EPI influence the HIPP via the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) by inactivating this nucleus with lidocaine prior to EPI injection. EPI injection did not increase NE levels sampled from the HIPP of rats given lidocaine into the NTS. EPI injection did produce significant elevations in HIPP NE levels in animals given a control solution into the NTS prior to the EPI injection. These findings indicate that the mnemonic effects of EPI reported in a wide range of learning conditions may not be mediated solely by NE release in the amygdala, but may also involve coactivation of the HIPP NE system.
For nanotechnology decisions, use decision analysis

Summary Management of nanotechnology is rife with complicated, contentious, and risky decisions. These decisions involve significant uncertainty, multiple stakeholder groups, competing objectives, and dynamic, non-linear interdependencies which test the limits of unaided human judgment. In the past, formal methods of risk analysis have been used to evaluate new technologies, but these methods ignore decision-relevant qualitative information and rely on a volume of quantitative engineering and scientific data that simply does not exist for many nanomaterials. Yet, we know that robust production decisions need to be holistic and based on all available information if we are to minimize negative externalities to society, human health, and the environment. We discuss how the use of decision analytical methods such as Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis and value of information analysis can help to fill existing gaps in nanomaterial risk management to make the best use of all available qualitative and quantitative information and prioritize future research based on expected decision relevance. This will help nanoparticle scientists and manufacturers to better develop and identify optimal materials and production methods in the midst of high uncertainty.
FILTER‐PAPER ELECTROPHORESIS OF MOUSE HAEMOGLOBIN: PRELIMINARY NOTE

Summary Studies of the electrophoretic haemoglobin patterns in inbred strains of mice have shown two different types of patterns. In three strains, all mice tested had one type of pattern; in five, another type of pattern was found in all animals tested; and in three strains, individual mice showed either one or the other haemoglobin pattern. These data strongly indicate a genetic basis of haemoglobin differences in mice. Further work is needed to determine the exact nature of this genetic basis.
Classification with confidence

A framework for classification is developed with a notion of confidence. In this framework, a classifier consists of two tolerance regions in the predictor space, with a specified coverage level for each class. The classifier also produces an ambiguous region where the classification needs further investigation. Theoretical analysis reveals interesting structures of the confidence-ambiguity trade-off, and the optimal solution is characterized by extending the Neyman–Pearson lemma. We provide general estimating procedures, along with rates of convergence, based on estimates of the conditional probabilities. The method can be easily implemented with good robustness, as illustrated through theory, simulation and a data example.
Lunar Color Boundaries and Their Relationship to Topographic Features: A Preliminary Survey

By combining UV negatives with IR positives of the full Moon, it is possible to suppress albedo differences and to enhance color differences between various lunar regions. Areas within the lunar maria exhibit the greatest color variations, and many have sharp boundaries. In contrast, the terrae in general show only feeble color variations, although small terra regions situated near or surrounded by maria sometimes display enhanced redness.
A functional Jak2 tyrosine kinase domain is essential for mouse development

Jak2 is a member of the Janus family of tyrosine kinases and is involved in cytokine signaling. As a part of a study to determine biological functions of Jak2, we used molecular modeling to identify W1038 as a residue that is critical for tyrosine kinase function. Mutation of W1038, in tandem with E1046, generates a dominant-negative form of the Jak2 protein. Mice that were engineered to express two copies of this dominant-negative Jak2 protein died in utero. Additionally, heterozygous mice expressing Jak2 with kinase activity that is moderately reduced when compared to wild-type activity appear phenotypically normal. Collectively, these data suggest that Jak2 kinase activity is essential for normal mammalian development.
Effect of Hematocrit on Venous Return

In 18 dogs, the major factors besides blood hematocrit that are known to affect venous return were exactly controlled, while the hematocrit itself was varied from 9.5 up to 65. In general, the changes in venous return in these experiments were approximately the reciprocal of the changes in blood viscosity, as estimated from standard blood viscosity curves. An interesting sidelight of these studies was the fact that the minute volume of red blood cells transported by the arterial blood to the tissues, as calculated by multiplying the hematocrit times the venous return, reached a maximum at a hematocrit of 40. The minute volume of red blood cells fell drastically in anemia because of decreased hematocrit and in polycythemia because of greatly reduced venous return.
Abstract 2319: Histone demethylase JMJD2C is a coactivator for hypoxia-inducible factor 1 that is required for breast cancer progression.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) activates transcription of genes encoding proteins that play key roles in breast cancer biology. We hypothesized that interaction of HIF-1 with epigenetic regulators may increase HIF-1 transcriptional activity and thereby promote breast cancer progression. We report that the histone demethylase jumonji domain containing protein 2C (JMJD2C) selectively interacts with HIF-1α, but not HIF-2α, and that HIF-1α mediates recruitment of JMJD2C to the hypoxia response elements (HREs) of HIF-1 target genes. JMJD2C decreases trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 9, and enhances HIF-1 binding to HREs, thereby activating transcription of BNIP3, LDHA,PDK1, and SLC2A1, which encode proteins that are required for metabolic reprogramming, as well as LOXL2 and L1CAM, which encode proteins that are required for lung metastasis. JMJD2C expression is significantly associated with expression of GLUT1, LDHA, PDK1, LOX, LOXL2, and L1CAM mRNA in human breast cancer biopsies. JMJD2C knockdown inhibits breast tumor growth and spontaneous metastasis to the lungs of mice following mammary fat pad injection. Taken together, these findings establish a novel epigenetic mechanism that stimulates HIF-1-mediated transactivation of genes encoding proteins involved in metabolic reprogramming and lung metastasis in breast cancer. Citation Format: Weibo Luo, Ryan Chang, Jun Zhong, Akhilesh Pandey, Gregg L. Semenza. Histone demethylase JMJD2C is a coactivator for hypoxia-inducible factor 1 that is required for breast cancer progression. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2319. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2319
North America: A case for economic integration

Abstract The recent protectionist trend in trade policy in the United States and other OECD countries is making it more difficult for debtor countries, such as Mexico, to meet their external obligations. In contrast, Mexico and most other debtor nations have adopted more liberal trade policies in recent years. The success of the United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement will expand trading opportunities in the North American economies; however, Mexico is expected to encounter difficulties in competing in this market because of the barriers to trade and investment flows that have existed in the past. This paper discusses the potential impact of a North American Free Trade Agreement on the Mexican economy and the prospects for such an agreement in the current political economy.
The Internationalization of Developing Country MNEs: The Case of Multilatinas

I study the multinationalization - the decision to establish foreign direct investment (FDI) - of developing country firms, in particular Latin American ones or Multilatinas. Despite a long exporting tradition, many firms in Latin American have only recently become multinational enterprises (MNEs). The analysis of case studies reveals three insights. First, Multilatinas take a long time to become MNEs, reflecting the additional challenges and need for sophisticated advantages for establishing FDI. Second, Multilatinas are induced to become MNEs by the transformation of the conditions of operation in the home country that follows the process of economic reform. These induce firms to upgrade their competitiveness. As a result, they can overcome the difficulties of establishing FDI and become MNEs. Third, Multilatinas follow four alternative strategies for selecting countries where to establish FDI first. The strategies are explained by the balancing of the ease of overcoming difficulties and the advantages derived from foreign operations.
Consent searches as a threat to procedural justice and police legitimacy: an analysis of consent requests during traffic stops

Consent searches during traffic stops offer police a way to expediently check motorists’ vehicles for contraband. Asking drivers for consent to search their vehicles, however, may cause them to feel negatively about the encounter and, consequently, to question officers’ motives for pulling them over. The present study analyzes stopped motorists’ reactions to consent requests; specifically, consent requests are theorized to damage these individuals’ perceptions of procedural justice and, moreover, of the legitimacy of the stop itself. Logistic regression analyses of a nationally representative sample support these hypotheses. Policy implications include the need for judicious use of consent searches, as they appear to be a form of procedural injustice that erodes police legitimacy.
Allowed transitions and intercombination lines in B II

Systematic multiconfiguration results are reported for the 2s 2 1 S 0 → 2s2p 3 P 1 intercombination line in B II. Both Breit-Pauli and fully relativistic calculations have been performed. The two methods are compared and the results are found to be in good agreement. Length and velocity forms of the oscillator strengths of related allowed transitions are also reported. The latter are used as a check on accuracy along with term energy separation. Fine-structure splitting is also reported but shown not to be a check on accuracy in the Breit-Pauli approximation.
Criteria for Defining Federal Milk Order Market Areas

ing areas. These criteria include (1) all of an area where the same milk dealers compete with each other for sales of milk, together with (2) the area where such milk must meet essentially the same sanitary inspection standards. An additional implicit consideration has been the tacit support or lack of specific opposition by the relevant producer interests, since it is the producer who finally votes in approval or rejection of the total order regulation. In recent years, shortcomings of the specified criteria have become apparent due to the several technical and economic innovations in fluid milk marketing that have changed the structure of the industry from one of smaller individual markets to one of larger regional complexes. In spite of limitations of the market area criteria, the Federal order program has necessarily had to reflect the changes in the industry and extend market areas. As stated by the director of the Dairy Division, "With respect to larger geographic milk markets, the continuing expansion of Federal orders into previously unregulated areas and the merger of formerly separate orders testifies that the orders have been adapting to the fact that markets for fluid milk are rapidly becoming regional rather than local in scope" [1, p. 111]. Since present criteria for defining marketing areas are considered to be limited for optimal market delineation, a review of present criteria and identification of additional criteria should be helpful to the public decision process. Both legal and economic considerations are relevant dimensions of the market area question. In a legal sense, the Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937 implied substantial flexibility to Federal milk order market areas by offering no direct limitations to market area size. In reviewing this factor, the Nourse Committee stated that ". . . the Act is interpreted by the Department to require that milk marketing orders be issued for marketing areas in which the conditions of demand and supply are reasonably homogeneous" [4, p. 11].
O/C bond cleavage of CO2 by NiI.

Reaction of (PNP)Ni, where PNP is [(tBu2PCH2SiMe2)2N]−1, with CO2 occurs rapidly even at −60 °C to form exclusively the product of transposition of the amide N and one CO2 oxygen: [(tBu2PCH2SiMe2)2O]Ni(NCO). DFT(B3LYP) evaluation of several candidate intermediates for breaking two Si/N and one C/O bond and forming two Si/O and one N/C bond reveal species at and below the energy of the separated particles, and establish the location of the spin densities in each.
ANTI-HOMELESS LAWS AND PUBLIC SPACE: I. BEGGING AND THE FIRST AMENDMENT

(1998). ANTI-HOMELESS LAWS AND PUBLIC SPACE: I. BEGGING AND THE FIRST AMENDMENT. Urban Geography: Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 6-11.
Role of gastric mucosal energy metabolism in the etiology of stress ulceration.

It is generally agreed that mucosal ischemia of the gastrointestinal tract is one of the major consequences of the low-flow state, be it due to blood loss, fluid loss, or sepsis. In the present paper, arguments are presented in favor of the hypothesis that stress-induced mucosal injury which tends to occur preferentially in the proximal stomach, duodenum, and terminal ileum results from a mucosal energy deficit severe enough to cause cell death.
Commentary: Public Outreach by the FDA: Evaluating Oversight of Human Drugs and Medical Devices

As nanotechnology emerges as an important public policy issue, the FDA's relationship with society is about to be tested. Most would agree that fostering public input will be critical to developing effective public policy for nanotechnology. Yet, it will not be easy. Low public confidence in the FDA, the general lack of knowledge about nanotechnology among ordinary Americans, and the way in which the "average" citizen obtains and evaluates knowledge about a public policy issue all pose serious challenges to any public outreach by the FDA. It will be necessary for the FDA to be attentive to not only its own public messages, but also to who is listening and how those messages are being perceived.
Determination of sulfur dioxide in stack gases by ultraviolet absorption spectrometry

Sulfur dioxide was collected and concentrated by bubbling stack gases through a buffered solution of sodium tetrachloromercurate. Treatment with sulfamic acid eliminated interference by nitrogen dioxide. The tetrachloromercurate samples were injected into a reaction vessel containing 15 ml of 1.8 M H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ to evolve sulfur dioxide. Design of the reaction vessel is discussed. The SO/sub 2/ was carried by a nitrogen stream to an absorption cell mounted in the light path of an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Molecular absorption measurements were made at 210 nm with a bandwidth of 6.8 nm, using a hydrogen hollow cathode lamp as a source of continuum radiation. The method was sensitive to concentrations as low as 2 ..mu..g SO/sub 2//ml in solution, or 3 mg SO/sub 2//m/sup 3/ in air, based on a 20-l. air sample.
Investigation of the viscous potential using an MHD simulation

[1] The viscous interaction between the solar wind and Earth's magnetosphere is extremely difficult to study through direct observations. The viscous contribution to the polar cap potential, the viscous potential, is typically swamped by the much larger reconnection potential or obscured by rapidly changing solar wind conditions. We used the Lyon-Fedder-Mobarry (LFM) magnetohydrodynamic simulation to study the response of the viscous potential to a variety of ideal conditions both in the solar wind and the ionosphere. We found that the viscous potential in LFM increases with either increasing solar wind density or velocity, with a relation that is similar to some previous empirical results in form but different in detail. The density dependence scales as n0.439 (in cm−3) and velocity scales as Vx1.33 (in km s−1). Combining these results with a reference value, the viscous potential in LFM can be predicted using the formula ΦV = (0.00431)n0.439Vx1.33 kV. We also found that the viscous potential changes inversely in relation to constant Pedersen conductivity in an idealized ionosphere, a result that was previously predicted for LFM but not explored until now.
The Treatment of Social Phobia in a Young Boy With Asperger's Disorder

Abstract Anxiety disorders, including social phobia, occur often in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD; Gillott, Furniss, & Walter, 2001; Leyfer et al., 2006; Simonoff et al., 2008); however, little is known about the conceptualization and treatment of social phobia in this population. The current study presents the case of “James,” a 6-year-old male with comorbid Asperger's disorder and social phobia. A cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) package, including parent training, psychoeducation, graduated exposure, and reinforced practice, was implemented to decrease avoidance behaviors in social settings. Results showed that James's avoidance behaviors were reduced significantly following intervention, suggesting that a CBT approach may be effective in treating social phobia in children with ASD. The significant influence of CBT on decreasing avoidance behavior in comorbid social phobia and ASD highlights the need for continued investigation of adapting CBT for use with children with ASD.
A computational model of the collective fluid dynamics of motile micro-organisms

A mathematical model and numerical method for studying the collective dynamics of geotactic, gyrotactic and chemotactic micro-organisms immersed in a viscous fluid is presented. The Navier–Stokes equations of fluid dynamics are solved in the presence of a discrete collection of micro-organisms. These microbes act as point sources of gravitational force in the fluid equations, and thus affect the fluid flow. Physical factors, e.g. vorticity and gravity, as well as sensory factors affect swimming speed and direction. In the case of chemotactic microbes, the swimming orientation is a function of a molecular field. In the model considered here, the molecules are a nutrient whose consumption results in an upward gradient of concentration that drives its downward diffusion. The resultant upward chemotactically induced accumulation of cells results in (Rayleigh–Taylor) instability and eventually in steady or chaotic convection that transports molecules and affects the translocation of organisms. Computational results that examine the long-time behaviour of the full nonlinear system are presented.The actual dynamical system consisting of fluid and suspended swimming organisms is obviously three-dimensional, as are the basic modelling equations. While the computations presented in this paper are two-dimensional, they provide results that match remarkably well the spatial patterns and long-time temporal dynamics of actual experiments; various physically applicable assumptions yield steady states, chaotic states, and bottom-standing plumes. The simplified representation of microbes as point particles allows the variation of input parameters and modelling details, while performing calculations with very large numbers of particles (≈104–105), enough so that realistic cell concentrations and macroscopic fluid effects can be modelled with one particle representing one microbe, rather than some collection of microbes. It is demonstrated that this modelling framework can be used to test hypotheses concerning the coupled effects of microbial behaviour, fluid dynamics and molecular mixing. Thus, not only are insights provided into the differing dynamics concerning purely geotactic and gyrotactic microbes, the dynamics of competing strategies for chemotaxis, but it is demonstrated that relatively economical explorations in two dimensions can deliver striking insights and distinguish among hypotheses.
User Distance Distribution for Overlapping and Coexisting Cell Scenarios

In this paper, we propose a methodology to obtain realistic user distance distributions including overlapping and coexisting cell scenarios in cellular communication systems. In regular cell planning, coverage areas of neighboring macrocell base stations are intentionally overlapped to achieve seamless handover and to prevent blind spots. Also, coexistence with other base stations (e.g. femtocells) is allowed to provide better coverage and capacity with emerging heterogeneous networks. Therefore, even if the user density is uniform in the area of interest, the distance of the users linked to the corresponding base station might not be characterized with uniform distribution because of the overlapping and coexisting cells. Considering these facts, the overlapping regions are investigated based on user sharing between the base stations. In addition, by using the density of randomly deployed small base stations, the effect of coexistence on the user density is analyzed. As a result, realistic user distance distribution including effects of both randomly deployed base stations and neighboring large cells are obtained with proposed methodology.
Multidetector CT Evaluation of Abdominal Trauma

CT is the imaging modality of choice to evaluate blunt abdominal trauma. With the advent of multidetector CT (MDCT), scanning times have progressively decreased while image resolution has increased owing to thinner collimation and reduced partial volume and motion artifacts. MDCT also allows high quality two-dimensional and three-dimensional multiplanar reformatted images to be obtained, which aid in the diagnosis of the complex multisystem injuries seen in the trauma patient. This article describes the authors' current imaging protocol with 16-detector MDCT, the spectrum of CT findings seen in patients with blunt abdominal injuries, and the role MDCT has in guiding injury management.
Neural defects and cardiac arrhythmia in fish larvae following embryonic exposure to 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 47)

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are added to plastics, polyurethane foam, and textiles as a flame retardant. While PBDEs play a key role in reducing loss of human life and property from fires, these flame retardants have become pervasive organic contaminants in the environment and in the tissues of fish, birds, marine mammals, and humans. Levels of PBDEs in wildlife and humans continue to rise, raising concerns about potential ecological and health risks associated with exposure to these chemicals. Nevertheless, there is little currently known about the toxicological effects of PBDE exposure. Here, we examined the developmental toxicity of the PBDE congener 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 47) using the zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an ontogenetic model. Zebrafish embryos were exposed continuously to dissolved phase PBDE 47 (100-5000 microg/l) beginning 3-5 h post-fertilization (hpf). Fish treated with the highest concentrations of PBDE 47 delayed hatching, had reduced growth post-hatching, and displayed an abnormal dorsal curvature of the body with flexion at the hindbrain. By 96h post-fertilization larvae exposed to PBDE 47 had significant tachycardia, which progressed into atrioventricular block arrhythmias. Microinjection of fluorescent dye into the hindbrain ventricle revealed that cerebrospinal fluid in the neural tube and brain ventricles flowed more slowly in fish larvae exposed to PBDE 47, a likely etiology for the dorsal curvature. Similar, though much less pronounced, developmental toxicity also occurred in larvae exposed to PBDE 47 only for a 20h period during early embryogenesis (3-23 hpf), suggesting that PBDEs incorporated in lipid of the egg are bioavailable and cause toxicity later in life. Taken together, this work indicates that exposure to PBDE 47 can cause morphological abnormalities, impair cardiovascular function and cerebrospinal fluid flow, and provides a tractable starting point for using the zebrafish model to explore molecular mechanisms of PBDE toxicity.
In vitro ectomycorrhizal formation in Picea glehnii seedlings

Twenty isolates of ectomycorrhizal fungi – 3 from Picea glehnii, 12 from other coniferous trees, and 5 from decidous trees – were tested for the ability to form mycorrhizae with P. glehnii, using an in vitro synthesis technique. Macroscopically, mycorrhizal formation was observed 3 months after inoculation, when the lateral roots began to grow. Mycelial growth was observed in all inoculated treatments, generally around and along the roots. Six months after inoculation, seedlings were harvested and the mycorrhizae were observed microscopically. Fourteen of the 20 isolates formed ectomycorrhizae with a dense sheath and a deep Hartig net; 1 formed ectendomycorrhizae with a rudimentary mantle, a well-developed Hartig net and intracellular hyphae; 3 formed pseudomycorrhizae with a mantle but without the Hartig net; and only 2 of the fungi tested, Chalciporus pipeparatus 5/92 and Lyophyllum sp. 61/92, did not form mycorrhizae at all. P. glehnii was a good host species since it had low specificity to ectomycorrhizal fungi isolated from trees other than P. glehnii.
Clarifying Ambiguity and the Undecidable: A Comparison of Burkean and Derridean Thought

This essay expands upon recent scholarship that compares poststructuralist European thinkers with Kenneth Burke by comparing Derrida concept of undecidability with Burke notion of ambiguity. The article begins with an examination of the Derridean notion of undecidability followed by a review of Burke's treatment of the concept of ambiguity. The article concludes with a brief comparative discussion of undecidability and ambiguity that clarifies the differences and similarities, and suggests implications for critical analysis.
Immunotoxicology of Pesticides and Chemotherapies

This chapter reviews the literature that describes the immunotoxic effects of two classes of chemicals that are deliberately applied (pesticides) or administered (chemotherapies). Immunotoxicity refers to any change in the immune system caused by or precipitated by the chemical. This can take the form of reduced response (or ability to respond), increased response characteristic of immune-mediated hypersensitivity, or loss of immune privilege (autoimmune disease). For both groups the list of individual agents is very long and only a few examples of each type of pesticide or chemotherapeutic agent class could be discussed in the space available. Within the pesticides, the major classes that are discussed are biological (e.g., Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) which interferes with insect mid-gut membranes), inorganic (e.g., methylarsonic acid which causes oxidative damage), and organic (e.g., malathion which is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor). The primary use of these chemicals is to control insects, fungi, unwanted plant species (weeds), mites, or rodents. The list of chemotherapy agents discussed was parsed by determining the number of literature citations found in Pubmed. The agents were classified ( Table 2) as listed on the National Cancer Institute (NCI) website as it provides a huge compendium of information on all chemotherapy agents, including their mode of action and specificity (if any), and the use of identical terms was perceived to the advantage of the readers of this chapter. Some emphasis is placed on discussing cyclophosphamide (CTX) as this agent has dose-dependent effects due to the heightened sensitivity of T-regulatory cells which results in enhanced immune responses with lower levels of CTX (Table 3). Higher doses of CTX are toxic to immune cells uniformly and result in ablation of all immune cell types. While these dose-differences are in the initial stages of clinical research, there is a rich literature on its use in laboratory studies. Several other classes of chemotherapies are also discussed.
Ether-like Si–Ge hydrides for applications in synthesis of nanostructured semiconductors and dielectrics

Hydrolysis reactions of silyl-germyl triflates are used to produce ether-like Si–Ge hydride compounds including H3SiOSiH3 and the previously unknown O(SiH2GeH3)2. The structural, energetic and vibrational properties of the latter were investigated by experimental and quantum chemical simulation methods. A combined Raman, infrared and theoretical analysis indicated that the compound consists of an equal mixture of linear and gauche isomers in analogy to the butane-like H3GeSiH2SiH2GeH3 with an exceedingly small torsional barrier of ∼0.2 kcal mol−1. This is also corroborated by thermochemistry simulations which indicate that the energy difference between the isomers is less than 1 kcal mol−1. Proof-of-principle depositions of O(SiH2GeH3)2 at 500 °C on Si(100) yielded nearly stoichiometric Si2Ge2O materials, closely reflecting the composition of the molecular core. A complete characterization of the film by RBS, XTEM, Raman and IR ellipsometry revealed the presence of Si0.30Ge0.70 quantum dots embedded within an amorphous matrix of Si–Ge–O suboxide, as required for the fabrication of high performance nonvolatile memory devices. The use of readily available starting materials coupled with facile purification and high yields also makes the above molecular approach an attractive synthesis route to H3SiOSiH3 with industrial applications in the formation of Si–O–N high-k gate materials in high-mobility SiGe based transistors.
Bioinformatic Characterization of P-Type ATPases Encoded Within the Fully Sequenced Genomes of 26 Eukaryotes

P-type ATPases play essential roles in numerous processes, which in humans include nerve impulse propagation, relaxation of muscle fibers, secretion and absorption in the kidney, acidification of the stomach and nutrient absorption in the intestine. Published evidence suggests that uncharacterized families of P-type ATPases with novel specificities exist. In this study, the fully sequenced genomes of 26 eukaryotes, including animals, plants, fungi and unicellular eukaryotes, were analyzed for P-type ATPases. We report the organismal distributions, phylogenetic relationships, probable topologies and conserved motifs of nine functionally characterized families and 13 uncharacterized families of these enzyme transporters. We have classified these proteins according to the conventions of the functional and phylogenetic IUBMB-approved transporter classification system ( www.tcdb.org , Saier et al. in Nucleic Acids Res 34:181–186, 2006; Nucleic Acids Res 37:274–278, 2009).
Influences Of Polymer Solution Properties On Flow In Porous Media

This study presents the results of a systematic study of factors influencing the flow of polymer solutions in porous media. Effects of inertia, shear-thinning viscosity, viscoelasticity, and molecule-wall interactions on the flow in porous media are demonstrated by correlations of the appropriate dimensionless parameters. Packed beds of glass beads with different particle sizes are used. The polymer solutions investigated include sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), xanthan gum (XG), sodium cellulose sulfate ester (CSE), polyethylene oxide (PEO), and partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (PAM). Fluid property variables in the dimensional analysis include power-law parameters, relaxation time, and molecular size of the polymer solution. Power-law parameters and relaxation time of the solutions were determined from a cone-and-plate steady-shearing experiment. The hydrodynamic size of the polymer molecules is characterized by coupling intrinsic viscosity measurements with gel permeation chromatography. The polymers, which are cellulose derivatives or fermentation polysaccharides, show flow resistance in porous media that can be correlated simply with the shear-thinning bulk viscosity. 41 references.
Developing a New Human Services Management Model Through Workplace Spirituality in Social Work

Since the development of Taylor's scientific management paradigm, many management models have tried to avoid having only a rational and mechanistic perspective. As a new model for organizational practice in the field of human services, this article presents organizational principles for an emotionally and spiritually sensitive organizational practice that recognizes spirituality as an aspect of an organization's workers. It discusses the historical background and current context of human service management models, explores the potential of applying spirituality at the macropractice level, and determines essential principles from within and outside the social work frame.
Pavement Roughness Data Collection and Utilization

The Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) is in the process of evaluating the protocols for collecting and analyzing roughness data. As part of that evaluation, a nationwide survey was performed to identify the trends and practices of various departments of transportation with regard to roughness data collection and analysis. All responding states indicated interest in obtaining the results of the survey, which was mailed to all 50 state departments of transportation. The responses show that most states are using laser-type road profilers for roughness measurements. The international roughness index (IRI) is the most widely used roughness index. Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) data from different states are collected by using different equipment, and the data are collected in various wheelpaths and filtered differently. Stricter guidelines should be developed to ensure the consistency of HPMS data.
An experimental investigation of fuel sulfur-fuel nitrogen interactions in low-pressure premixed flames

In this paper we report the results of an experimental investigation of the structure of six premixed, burner stabilized, low pressure H 2 /O 2 /Ar flames, each of which was seeded with C 2 N 2 or C 2 N 2 /SO 2 mixtures. These flames range in equivalence ratio from 1.27–1.77 and in pressure from 35–88 torr (4.7–12.×10 4 dynes cm −2 ). A molecular beam-mass spectrometer system was used to determine the structure of each flame. Stable reactants, products and intermediates (H 2 , O 2 , H 2 O, C 2 N 2 , HCN, CO, CO 2 , NO and N 2 ) were monitored quantitatively along with the major radicals (H, O, OH). The addition of small amounts of SO 2 to the flames was found to affect the H, O and OH concentrations. The concentration of each was lowered, with the depletion of atomic hydrogen being especially large. This effect was most noticeable in the high pressure (88 torr) flame closest to stoichiometric (=1.29). NO was formed rapidly in the reaction zone of each flame. In the absence of sulfur, it was consumed further downstream at a rate which increased with both pressure and equivalence ratio. For the sulfur seeded flames, essentially no consumption was observed in the past reaction zone, leading to increased NO emissions. The structure of these flames was found to be qualitatively consistent with NO consumption via H+NO+M=HNO+M HNO+H=NH+OH HNO+H=NO+H 2 NH+NO=N 2 +OH and sulfur catalyzed radical recombination via H+SO 2 +M=HSO 2 +M H+HSO 2 =H 2 +SO 2 OH+HSO 2 =H 2 O+SO 2
Effects of lipid environment on the conformational changes of an ABC importer

In order to shuttle substrates across the lipid bilayer, membrane proteins undergo a series of conformation changes that are influenced by protein structure, ligands, and the lipid environment. To test the effect of lipid on conformation change of the ABC transporter MolBC, EPR studies were conducted in lipids and detergents of variable composition. In both a detergent and lipid environment, MolBC underwent the same general conformation changes as detected by site-directed EPR spectroscopy. However, differences in activity and the details of the EPR analysis indicate conformational rigidity that is dependent on the lipid environment. From these observations, we conclude that native-like lipid mixtures provide the transporter with greater activity and conformational flexibility as well as technical advantages such as reconstitution efficiency and protein stability.
Repolarization Variant vs Acute Pericarditis : A Prospective Electrocardiographic and Echocardiographic Evaluation

Patients with ECG nonischemic ST segment elevation were prospectively studied to determine the accuracy of the initial ECG diagnoses. Evaluations were made of 131 consecutive patients by serial clinical, ECG, and echocardiography to establish a diagnosis. Eighty-six (66 percent) had an initial ECG interpretation of repolarization variant. Only three of the 86 (3 percent) subsequently met clinical criteria for acute pericarditis. Analysis of the mean frontal ST segment vector and PR segment depression revealed no significant differences between tibe 119 patients with final clinical diagnosis of repolarization variant and the 12 with clinical acute pericarditis. The diagnostic reliability of the initial ECG alone as a means of confirming acute pericarditis is low (9/45, 20 percent) but in the detection of repolarization variant is extremely high (83/86, 97 percent).