cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Public-Private Interactions in the Conservation of Private Forests in the United States

This chapter discusses the investment decisions of private and public actors in the USA regarding the management and conservation of private forests. Managed by nearly 11 million private owners, these forestlands provide valuable ecological, economic, and social benefits to society. What happens on these lands as a result of public and private investment decisions has implications for society, both in the present and in the future. First, this chapter reviews the interactions between private and public actors in private forestry. A typology is proposed that characterizes public and private investments in forestlands based on their target audiences (e.g., a private investment decision for largely public benefit). This chapter next explores the different ownership features and uses of forests over time and space. The discussion centers on the challenges and opportunities of governing private forests as a bundle of property rights within the proposed typology of public-private interactions in private forestry.
Using the storm water management model to predict urban headwater stream hydrological response to climate and land cover change

Streams are natural features in urban landscapes that can provide ecosystem services for urban residents. However, urban streams are under increasing pressure caused by multiple anthropogenic impacts, including increases in human population and associated impervious surface area, and accelerated climate change. The ability to anticipate these changes and better understand their effects on streams is important for developing and implementing strategies to mitigate potentially negative effects. In this study, stream flow was monitored during April-November (2011 and 2012), and the data were used to apply the Storm Water Man- agement Model (SWMM) for five urban watersheds in cen- tral Iowa, USA, representing a gradient of percent impervi- ous surface (IS, ranging from 5.3 to 37.1 %). A set of three scenarios was designed to quantify hydrological responses to independent and combined effects of climate change (18 % increase in precipitation), and land cover change (absolute increases between 5.2 and 17.1 %, based on separate projec- tions of impervious surfaces for the five watersheds) for the year 2040 compared to a current condition simulation. An additional set of three scenarios examined stream response to different distributions of land cover change within a sin- gle watershed. Hydrological responses were quantified us- ing three indices: unit-area peak discharge, flashiness ( R B Index; Richards-Baker Index), and runoff ratio. Stream hy- drology was strongly affected by watershed percent IS. For the current condition simulation, values for all three indices were five to seven times greater in the most developed wa- tershed compared to the least developed watershed. The cli- mate change scenario caused a 20.8 % increase in unit-area peak discharge on average across the five watersheds com- pared to the current condition simulation. The land cover change scenario resulted in large increases for all three in- dices: 49.5 % for unit-area peak discharge, 39.3 % for R B Index, and 73.9 % for runoff ratio, on average, for the five watersheds. The combined climate and land cover change scenario resulted in slight increases on average for R B In- dex (43.7 %) and runoff ratio (74.5 %) compared to the land cover change scenario, and a substantial increase, on aver- age, in unit area peak discharge (80.1 %). The scenarios for different distributions of land cover change within one water- shed resulted in changes for all three indices, with an 18.4 % increase in unit-area peak discharge for the midstream sce- nario, and 17.5 % (downstream) and 18.1 % (midstream) in- creases in R B Index, indicating sensitivity to the location of potential additions of IS within a watershed. Given the likelihood of increased precipitation in the future, land use planning and policy tools that limit expansion of impervious surfaces (e.g. by substituting pervious surfaces) or mitigate against their impacts (e.g. by installing bioswales) could be used to minimize negative effects on streams.
Clash of the treaties: Responding to institutional interplay in European Community–Chile swordfish negotiations

Scholars increasingly acknowledge that international institutions interact with each other, especially across issue areas such as trade and environment. However, scholars continue to dispute whether, and under what conditions, such regime interplay has positive or negative impacts on the effectiveness of international institutions. Existing scholarship debates whether international regimes may be compromised by inconsistencies, or whether enhanced reputational benefits make governments more likely to uphold commitments across components of a regime complex. This article examines how institutional complexity affects state behavior. Specifically, it analyzes how governments respond to regime inconsistency, and whether they continue adhering to their commitments in the absence of material or sociological non-compliance costs. The study tracks how state preferences and behavior changed over time when exposed to inconsistent international legal commitments regarding trade and regulatory rights in the South Pacific swordfish fishery. In this case, both World Trade Organization and United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea rules were at stake, and both dispute settlement forums accepted jurisdiction over the case. Nonetheless, Chile and the European Community resorted to negotiation outside of � but still bounded by � these established rules. Thus, this study finds that when multiple regimes regulate a particular situation, bargaining continues to take place within the boundaries established by those rules.
An assessment of teratology training provided by masters level genetic counseling programs

The increasing demand in the clinical genetics setting for information about teratogen exposures has created a need for genetic counselors to have the capabilities to appropriately address patient concerns. In order to assess how training in teratogen counseling is currently being conducted, the GLaRGG Teratogen Subcommittee surveyed all 17 genetic counseling training programs in North America in September 1993. Information was obtained from training programs about coursework, resources, and clinical training. In addition, each training program was asked to provide information about how their teratogen training needs could better be met. While all programs responded that some information in their coursework applicable to teratogen counseling was provided, there was wide variation in the amount of time devoted to this topic. The programs also greatly differed in the provision of clinical training in teratogen counseling. For both coursework and clinical work, genetic counselors were the main trainers in teratogen counseling. In spite of this, fewer than 25% of training programs have a defined teratogen clinical rotation. Data from the survey are discussed and recommendations presented.
Reducing the global burden of sepsis in infants and children: A clinical practice research agenda

Objective: Sepsis remains a predominant cause of mortality and morbidity in children in the developing and industrialized world. This review discusses a clinical practice research agenda to reduce this global burden. Design: Summary of the literature with analysis by experts. Results: Many interventions have been proven effective in decreasing sepsis. Heterologous immunization with attenuated Bacillus Camille Guerin vaccine reduces all-cause mortality, and specific immunizations further reduce morbidity and mortality from many specific microbes. Antepartum antibiotics reduce the prevalence of cerebral palsy and mortality in infants. Administration of antibiotics to neonates with signs of sepsis reduces all-cause mortality five-fold and can also reduce mortality in the big four killers of children: severe pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria, or measles. Immunonutrition with zinc and vitamin A can further reduce morbidity in diarrhea and pneumonia and reduce mortality in measles. First-hour rapid intravenous fluid resuscitation achieves 100% survival in dengue shock, and time-sensitive fluid resuscitation and inotropic support reduces mortality ten-fold in meningococcal septic shock. Multiple organ failure occurs when late or inadequate resuscitation results in systemic thrombosis or when infection is not eradicated because of immunosuppression or inadequate source control. Conclusions: The global burden of sepsis can be reduced by 1) prevention with improved heterologous or specific vaccines and vitamin or mineral supplement programs; 2) early recognition and treatment with appropriate antibiotics, intravenous fluid resuscitation, and inotropic support in organized healthcare-delivery systems; and 3) development of new diagnostics and therapeutics that reduce systemic thrombosis, improve immune function, and kill resistant organisms.
A rapid oxygen exchange on prostaglandins in plasma represents plasma esterase activity that is inhibited by diethylumbelliferyl phosphate with high affinity

RATIONALE Fatty acids (FA) labeled with 18O at the carboxyl group, including oxidized species (FA18O), are a useful, low-cost, and easy to prepare tool for quantitative and qualitative mass spectrometry (MS) analysis in biological systems. In addition, they are used to trace the fate of FAs in metabolic pathways including FA re-esterification and lipid remodeling pathways. Although a rapid 18O exchange on FA18O in biological systems has been reported, the mechanism contributing to 18O exchange has not been fully evaluated. This gap in knowledge limits the use of FA18O as a standard for MS and complicates data interpretation for FA metabolism in biological systems. METHODS In the present study we have addressed a number of possible mechanisms for a rapid 18O exchange on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) using rat plasma as a model. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization triple quadrupole MS in the multiple reaction monitoring mode was used for quantification. RESULTS The major mechanism for a rapid 18O exchange on PGE218O in rat plasma is PGE2 processing with esterases, while FA re-esterification and non-enzymatic mechanisms do not significantly contribute to this phenomenon. In addition, we report a highly effective inhibition of 18O exchange with diethylumbelliferyl phosphate that can be used to stabilize FA18O in biological samples. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate the necessity to consider esterase activity when FA18O are used to study FA metabolism, and the importance of esterase activity inhibition when FA18O are used as internal standards for MS analysis in biological systems. In addition, the results provide a rational for the development of new approaches to study esterase activities and affinity towards modified FA. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Events with exponentially vanishing probability have exponentially growing waiting time

A stationary ergodic process {Y/sub t/} with distribution Q on the sequence space /spl Yscr//sup Z/ is examined. The probability mass Q(Y/sup k/) decays and the recurrence time /spl Rscr/(Y/sup k/) grows exponentially with rate /spl Hscr/(Q), the entropy rate. Rather than searching back for the first recurrence of the typical sequence Y/sup k/, we wait until the first occurrence of a rare event. We prove that for if Q satisfies certain mixing conditions, then there exists a polynomially growing sequence g/sup k/.
X-ray Crystal Structure of Escherichia coli RNA Polymerase σ70 Holoenzyme

Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (RNAP) is the most studied bacterial RNAP and has been used as the model RNAP for screening and evaluating potential RNAP-targeting antibiotics. However, the x-ray crystal structure of E. coli RNAP has been limited to individual domains. Here, I report the x-ray structure of the E. coli RNAP σ70 holoenzyme, which shows σ region 1.1 (σ1.1) and the α subunit C-terminal domain for the first time in the context of an intact RNAP. σ1.1 is positioned at the RNAP DNA-binding channel and completely blocks DNA entry to the RNAP active site. The structure reveals that σ1.1 contains a basic patch on its surface, which may play an important role in DNA interaction to facilitate open promoter complex formation. The α subunit C-terminal domain is positioned next to σ domain 4 with a fully stretched linker between the N- and C-terminal domains. E. coli RNAP crystals can be prepared from a convenient overexpression system, allowing further structural studies of bacterial RNAP mutants, including functionally deficient and antibiotic-resistant RNAPs.
PIV investigation of 3-dimensional flow in drops actuated by EWOD

We report an investigation of the flow inside droplets actuated by electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) in air using micro particle image velocimetry (micro-PIV). Using the continuity equation, we reconstruct the 3D velocity field from the 2D PIV experimental data. We present some fundamental findings and build valuable insights that will help the design of new sophisticated EWOD microfluidic devices for mixing purpose.
A Functional/Declarative Dichotomy for Characterizing Simulation Models

Traditional computer simulation terminology includes taxonomic divisions with terms such as “discrete event,” “continuous,” and ‘$‘process oriented.” Even though such terms have become familiar to simulation researchers, the terminology is distinct from other disciplines -such as artificial intelligence and software enganeering- which have similar goals to our own relating specifically to modelling dynamic systems. We present a perspective that serves to characterize simulation models in terms of their procedural versus declarative orientations. In teaching simulation students using this perspective, we have had success in relating the field of modelling within computer simulation to other sub-disciplines within computer science.
The relationships among self-esteem, stress, coping, eating behavior, and depressive mood in adolescents

The prevalence of adolescent overweight is significant, almost 25% in some minorities, and often is associated with depressive symptoms. Psychological and psychosocial factors as well as poor coping skills have been correlated with unhealthy eating and obesity. The purpose of this study was to examine relationships among self-esteem, stress, social support, and coping; and to test a model of their effects on eating behavior and depressive mood in a sample of 102 high school students (87% minority). Results indicate that (a) stress and low self-esteem were related to avoidant coping and depressive mood, and that (b) low self-esteem and avoidant coping were related to unhealthy eating behavior. Results suggest that teaching adolescents skills to reduce stress, build self-esteem, and use more positive approaches to coping may prevent unhealthy eating and subsequent obesity, and lower risk of depressive symptoms.
Top quark production by W gluon fusion

We present formulas and results on top-quark production by {ital W}-gluon fusion. A detailed comparison is made between the rate for this process and the backgrounds at the Fermilab Tevatron. The main backgrounds to this process come from {ital t{bar t}} production and from the production of a {ital W}-boson plus jets in QCD. Using standard cuts at the Tevatron and a {ital b}-quark tag we find that the {ital t{bar b}} production rate is smaller than at least one of these backgrounds for all top-quark masses accessible at Fermilab.
Performance analysis of FH/DPSK in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and multitone jamming

The author analyzes the bit error rate (BER) performance of frequency-hopping differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and multitone jamming. It is shown that the exact BER is given by a compact expression in terms of Marcum's Q-function. The optimum jamming situation is also analyzed and the results are compared with those obtained under the noiseless situation previously analyzed by S.W. Houston (1975). It is also demonstrated that the noiseless result is asymptotically approached as the signal-to-noise ratio approaches infinity. >
Epidemiologic Aspects of Toilet Training

Toilet training is becoming an increasingly important child care issue as child raising becomes an institutional enterprise. This paper reviews the literature of the last 40 years, focusing on the epidemiology of the development of day and night bladder control. The studies indicate that bladder control is usually obtained between 24 months and 48 months of age. Many variations exist between studies, especially the endpoint used to indicate completion of training. Modifying the endpoint used and the related training practices could decrease the age at which children are trained.
Strong Bubbles and Common Expected Bubbles in a Finite Horizon Model

An expected bubble is said to exist if it is mutual knowledge that the price of the asset is higher than the expected dividend. Similarly we call it a strong bubble if everyone knows that the price is higher than the maximum possible dividend. Substituting common knowledge for mutual knowledge, I develop the new concepts of a common expected bubble and a common strong bubble. In a simple …nite horizon model with asymmetric information and short sales constraints following Allen, Morris and Postlewaite (1993), I show that the following results hold for any …nite number of agents. First, under the implicit assumption of perfect memory, common strong bubbles never exist in any rational expectations equilibrium. Second, it is possible to have one that is both a strong bubble and a common expected bubble in a rational expectations equilibrium. Furthermore, the second result is robust to both strongly symmetric perturbations in beliefs and very symmetric perturbations in dividends. A counterexample of the …rst result is possible when agents are forgetful.
Latent herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA is not extensively methylated in vivo

SUMMARY The methylation pattern of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) DNA, present in the central nervous system of latently infected mice, was examined by digestion of the DNA with methylation-sensitive restriction endonucleases and Southern blot hybridization. Using the enzymes Sinai, XmaI, SalI and SacII, the data indicate no extensive methylation of latent HSV-1 DNA in vivo. Thus, extensive methylation of the viral genome is not a necessary condition for, or a consequence of maintaining, the latent state in vivo.
Analysis of multiple genetic polymorphisms in aggressive-growing and slow-growing abdominal aortic aneurysms

Background The natural history of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) suggests that some remain slow in growth rate whereas many develop a more accelerated growth rate and reach a threshold for intervention. We hypothesized that different mechanisms are responsible for AAAs that remain slow growing and never become actionable vs the aggressive AAAs that require intervention and may be reflected by distinct associations with genetic polymorphisms. Methods AAA growth rate was determined from serial imaging data in 168 control and 141 AAA patients with ultrasound or computed tomography imaging studies covering ∼5 years. Genetic polymorphisms all previously reported as showing a significant correlation with AAA with functional effects on the expression or function were determined by analysis of the genomic DNA, including angiotensin 1 receptor (rs5186), interleukin-10 (IL-10; rs1800896), methyl-tetrahydrofolate reductase (rs1801133), low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1; rs1466535), angiotensin-converting enzyme (rs1799752), and several matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) single nucleotide polymorphisms. Results Of the AAA patients, 81 were classified as slow AAA growth rate ( 3.25 mm/y, those presenting with a rupture, or those with maximal aortic diameter >5.5 cm [male] or >5.0 cm [female]). Discriminating confounds between the groups were identified by logistic regression. Analyses identified MMP-9 p-2502 single nucleotide polymorphism (odds ratio [OR], 0.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.31-0.94; P = .029) as a significant confound discriminating between control vs slow-growth AAA, MMP-9 D165N (OR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.26-0.95; P = .035) and LRP1 (OR, 4.99; 95% CI, 1.13-22.1; P = .034) between control vs aggressive-growth AAAs, and methyltetrahydrofolate reductase (OR, 2.99; 95% CI, 1.01-8.86; P = .048), MMP-9 p-2502 (OR, 2.19; 95% CI, 1.05-4.58; P = .037), and LRP1 (OR, 4.96; 95% CI, 1.03-23.9; P = .046) as the statistically significant confounds distinguishing slow-growth AAAs vs aggressive-growth AAAs. Conclusions Logistic regression identified different genetic confounds for the slow-growth and aggressive-growth AAAs, indicating a potential for different genetic influences on AAAs of distinct aggressiveness. Future logistic regression studies investigating for potential genetic or clinical confounds for this disease should take into account the growth rate and size of the AAA to better identify confounds likely to be associated with aggressive AAAs likely to require intervention.
Pathophysiological approach to respiratory support for patients with congenital heart disease

Abstract The respiratory management of infants and children with congenital heart disease (CHD) has undergone a significant evolution. This is due to alterations in the surgical approach and the development of new respiratory interventions that can be applied to patients with CHD. The primary goals of the cardiorespiratory system are to optimize oxygen delivery and remove carbon dioxide. This can only be accomplished by understanding the various respiratory interventions, the role of cardiorespiratory interactions and then applying these principles in a systematic fashion to patients with abnormal convalescence. The primary respiratory interventions consist of using positive pressure ventilation to augment oxygen delivery by increasing oxygen content and cardiac output. The effects of these ventilatory manipulations on ventricular function differ depending which ventricle is affected. In this article a systematic approach to respiratory interventions will be presented that is based on the principles of cardiorespiratory interactions.
A natural autonomous force added in the restricted problem and explored via stability analysis and discrete variational mechanics

With improved observational capabilities, an increasing number of binary systems have been discovered both within the solar system and beyond. By characterizing the gravitational environment near a binary star, for example, potential motions of a nearby exoplanet may be explored. The path of this comparatively small body is influenced by an underlying dynamical structure of periodic orbits which can attract, bound or repel trajectories in their vicinity. In this investigation, stability analysis is employed to examine the evolution of selected families of periodic orbits near large mass ratio binary systems in two dynamical models: the circular restricted three-body problem and an expanded model that incorporates an additional autonomous force to examine theories for three-body gravitational interactions. Discrete variational mechanics is employed to determine the natural parameters corresponding to the existence of a given orbit geometry, facilitating exploration of the effect of an additional three-body interaction on nearby periodic orbits and the conditions for reproducibility in the natural gravitational environment. Any unique effects of the additional autonomous force contribution may impact the potential motion of an exoplanet as it orbits a binary star system.
Efficiency of production in cattle of two growth potentials on northern great plains rangelands during spring-summer grazing.

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of sire growth potential, steer age, and cow size on intake, growth, and production efficiency in grazing cattle. Data were collected on 24 cow-calf pairs during each of four summers (1989 to 1992) and on 12, 7-mo-old and 12 yearling steers during three summers (1990 to 1992). Suckling calves and older steers were sired by either high- (Charolais with high EPD for yearling weight) or moderate-growth-potential (Line 1 Hereford with average yearling weight ratios) bulls. Cow size was defined by principal component scores developed from cow weights, condition scores, and hip heights. Forage, but not milk, OM intake by suckling calves was influenced (P .10). Seven-month-old steers ate less (P <.01) forage (4.3 kg/d) than yearlings (5.6 kg/d) when expressed as kilograms/day but more (P <.01) when expressed as grams/kilogram BW (7-mo-old, 15.9 vs yearling, 14.4 g/kg BW). Cow OM intake was affected by cow size and milk production but not calf growth potential. Milk production but not cow size was a significant covariate for cow efficiency (grams of calf BW gain/kilogram of forage OM intake by cow-calf pair). Calf sire growth potential did not affect cow efficiency. We conclude that growth potential of sire for suckling calves and steers and cow size for cows affected intake of rangeland forage in summer but did not affect efficiency of production from Northern Great Plains rangelands.
Solid-phase epitaxy of Ti-implanted LiNbO 3

The solid-phase epitaxy of LiNbO/sub 3/ following ion implantation of Ti dopant for the purpose of producing optical waveguides has been studied. Implanting 360-keV Ti at liquid nitrogen temperature produces a highly damaged region extending to a depth of about 400 nm. This essentially amorphous region can be recrystallized epitaxially by annealing in a water-saturated oxygen atmosphere at temperatures near 400 /sup 0/C, though complete removal of all irradiation-induced damage requires temperatures in excess of 600 /sup 0/C. The activation energy of the regrowth is 2.0 eV for implanted fluences below 3 x 10/sup 16/ Ti/cm/sup 2/. At higher fluences of the regrowth proceeds more slowly, and Ti dopant segregates at the regrowth interface. Complete recrystallization following high-dose implantation requires annealing temperatures in excess of 800 /sup 0/C.
Dielectric integrity associated with circulating insulating fluids

The behaviour of transformer oil and other fluids used for the cooling and insulation of power system equipment is significantly influenced by enforced motion. Not only can charges generated by streaming electrification1 accumulate to prejudice dielectric integrity, but the dielectric strength of the fluid is also altered per se2 by the actions of the flow in a complex, but predictable, manner. Both these aspects need to be understood to permit informed design and operation of power equipment and appropriate countermeasures.
Optimal relay selection for transmission rate maximisation in multi-hop wireless networks

A fundamental problem for wireless networks is how to select relays from all available network nodes to realise the optimal multi-hop relaying between a source node and a destination node. Mutual interference among wireless nodes makes this problem challenging. A surprising result of the reported work is that interference-free multi-hop relaying can be achieved in full-duplex decode-and-forward relaying. The broadcast nature of wireless transmissions can be exploited without suffering from mutual interference. Then, an efficient relay selection algorithm is developed that finds the optimal hop count and all the relays to maximise the source-destination multi-hop transmission rate. The complexity of the algorithm is O(N 2) only, where N is the number of available network nodes or network size. Interestingly, this wireless network algorithm is similar to the well-known Dijkstra's algorithm of wired networks. Simulations are conducted to demonstrate its optimality and efficiency.
Foraging Behavior of the Formosan Subterranean Termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

A field study was conducted to examine the foraging pattern of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shirah A dye, Sudan Red 7B, was used as a marking material to identify foragers feeding at specific foraging sites. The results showed that the termites selected their foraging sites at random. No preferences in foraging site were observed. Since foraging sites were selected at random, all of the foragers in a given colony would visit a specific foraging site, given sufficient time. It is theoretically possible, therefore, to introduce a suitable control agent in a single foraging site and eliminate the entire colony.
Design strategies for the molecular level synthesis of supported catalysts.

Supported catalysts, metal or oxide catalytic centers constructed on an underlying solid phase, are making an increasingly important contribution to heterogeneous catalysis. For example, in industry, supported catalysts are employed in selective oxidation, selective reduction, and polymerization reactions. Supported structures increase the thermal stability, dispersion, and surface area of the catalyst relative to the neat catalytic material. However, structural and mechanistic characterization of these catalysts presents a formidable challenge because traditional preparations typically afford complex mixtures of structures whose individual components cannot be isolated. As a result, the characterization of supported catalysts requires a combination of advanced spectroscopies for their characterization, unlike homogeneous catalysts, which have relatively uniform structures and can often be characterized using standard methods. Moreover, these advanced spectroscopic techniques only provide ensemble average...
The Achievement of Gwendolyn Brooks

(1972). The Achievement of Gwendolyn Brooks. The Black Scholar: Vol. 3, Black Music, pp. 32-41.
An efficient multigrid algorithm for heterogeneous acoustic media sign‐indefinite high‐order FEM models

Summary Large-scale scientific computing models are needed for the simulation of wave propagation especially for multiple frequency and high-frequency models in complex heterogeneous media. Multigrid methods provide efficient iterative solvers for many large sign-definite systems of equations resulting from physical models. Time-harmonic wave propagation models lead to sign-indefinite systems with eigenvalues in the left half of the complex plane. Thus standard multigrid approaches applied in conjunction with a low-order finite difference or finite element method are not sufficient. In this work, we describe a high-order finite element method model for multiple (low to high) frequency time-harmonic acoustic wave propagation on general curved, non-convex, and non-smooth domains with heterogeneous media using a multigrid approximation of the shifted Laplacian operator as a preconditioner. We implement the model using an efficient geometric multigrid approach with parallel grid transfer operator calculations to simulate the model using the BiCGStab iterative solver. We demonstrate the efficiency and parallel performance of the computational model with multiple low (5 wavelength) to high-frequency (100 wavelength) input incident waves. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of routine monitoring and surveillance of human brucellosis in surveillance areas of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, 2010—2012

Objectives To provide reference data and scientific basis for formulating control strategies and measures of human brucellosis by way of analyzing routine monitoring and surveillance results of human brucellosis in monitoring areas of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps. Methods Data of reported cases with human brucellosis and serological monitoring data of brucellosis cases in relevant sites from China Information System of Disease Prevention and Control from 2010 to 2012 were collected and analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. Results From 2010 to 2012, incidence of brucellosis of direct network report for the Corps was 4.74/100 000, 12.16/100 000 and 6.57/100 000, respectively, displaying elevation trend year by year. Numbers of people with serological detection and positive cases were 2 506/131 cases, 2 670/60 cases, and 5 748/98 cases, with the positive rate of 5.23%, 2.25% and 1.70%, respectively. The reported incidence was high in the areas with high positive rate of serology. There was correlation between them(r=0.88, P0.01). Conclusions Epidemic situation of brucellosis is still in rising period in Xinjiang Corps. It is of very importance to develop brucellosis surveillance for control of brucellosis in dynamic, timely detection and treatment on the epidemic, evaluation on effect of prevention, training team of brucellosis prevention and control. It should be based on the monitoring sites, in combination with agricultural departments to carry out a comprehensive prevention and control such as epidemic disposal, management of treatment on patients, intervention in high-risk groups, etc, to promote brucellosis surveillance and control in an all-round way in Xinjiang Corps.
Geographies of medicalized welfare: Spatial analysis of supplemental security income in the U.S., 2000–2010

In the post-1996 welfare reform period in the U.S., disability assistance has become a significant source of government aid for low-income residents as other forms of public support have faced considerable reductions and restrictions. In order to qualify for Supplemental Security Income (SSI) - a means-tested assistance program that provides income stipends to qualified residents - working-age individuals with disabilities must have little income and resources, and procure medical documentation that confirms that they are unable to work due to a disability. The result of rising SSI enrollment in the face of cutbacks to other government programs is the increasing medicalization of welfare, whereby receipt of welfare benefits is contingent on a medical diagnosis of disability. Using county-level data from the American Community Survey and the Social Security Administration, this paper examines the changing spatial patterns of SSI participation of the working-age population in 2000 and 2010 across the U.S. in addition to the interconnections between disability, welfare, and poverty. Results from spatial analyses illustrate geographic variation in SSI prevalence, with distinctive spatial clusters of higher than average SSI participation in the southeast and Appalachian regions of the U.S. and in northern California. Multiple linear regression model results reveal that SSI participation is significantly correlated with disability, poverty, race, family type, and level of education in both 2000 and 2010. The findings suggest that spatial concentrations of disability, poverty, and underemployment persist in largely rural areas. The discussion explores the potential social and economic implications of long-term SSI clustering on localities and residents, and points to future research directions.
Expression of GPC3 and CD44v6 in human hepatocellular carcinoma and its clinical significance

Objective To investigate the expression and clinical significance of GPC3 and CD44v6 in hepatocellular carcinoma( HCC),and evaluating their clinical value in the process of HCC development. Methods The GPC3 and CD44v6 expressions in HCC and the liver tissue adjacent to carcinoma of 38 cases were detected by immunohistochemistry. Results The positive expression frequency of GPC3 and CD44v6 protein in HCC tissue( 84. 2% and 84. 2%) were significantly higher than that in the liver tissue adjacent to carcinoma( 0% and 0%)( P 0. 01). The GPC3 expression was correlated with the CD44v6 expression in HCC( r = 0. 502,P 0. 001). Conclusion The combination detection of GPC3 and CD44v6 would be helpful to HCC diagnosis.
Surgical management of acquired tricuspid valve disease.

A technique of tricuspid valve reconstruction with prosthetic rings of suitable shape and size is presented. This technique was shown to restore normal valve function with predictable and stable long-term results. Disadvantages of the other techniques of annuloplasty are prevented. Systematic use of the technique in 150 patients undergoing mitral valve replacement or repair was associated with a considerable reduction of the hospital mortality rate as compared with that of tricuspid valve replacement or repair by usual annuloplasty. Long-term clinical results and intracardiac investigations have shown the perfect and constant efficiency of the repair achieved by this technique. There have been no thromboembolic complications at the site of the tricuspid valve, no recurrent insufficiency, and no permanent auriculoventricular blocks. In our experience, 96 per cent of acquired tricuspid valve disease can be managed by this technique. The indication for correction was based on the evolution of the disease under preoperative medical treatment. Nonreversible tricuspid insufficiency, whatever the degree of incompetence, was corrected. Totally reversible insufficiency was not corrected. Partially reversible tricuspid insufficiency was explored and criteria were established in order to institute appropriate surgical repair.
Recognition of lactose intolerance.

Evidence has been accumulating that except where dairying has been carried on for centuries, postweaning inability to digest milk is the norm for humans as well as other land mammals. Given the ethnic diversity of the U.S., there may well be 30 million Americans who cannot drink milk without developing symptoms and many instinctively learn to avoid it. A simple lactose tolerance test is described that establishes the diagnosis.
Control-oriented model of a turbocharged engine airpath with discrete-time considerations

Model-based control is a systematic way to manage the tradeoff between fuel efficiency and torque responsiveness in a turbocharged engine. This paper describes the development of a discrete-time model of a turbocharged engine airpath for future use in a discrete-time, model-based controller. First, a control-oriented 4-state model is developed in continuous time, but suffers from chattering after discretization. To fix this problem, a fast mode is eliminated by representing the throttle pressure ratio as a static map. This results in a 3-state model that is easily discretized for use in a discrete-time, model-based controller.
Sex Before the Law: Transgender Arguments under Title VII and Shifting Stases of Sex

Until recently, transgender plaintiffs claiming sex discrimination were successful only when the discrimination was argued to be based on the plaintiff’s birth sex. Schroer v. Billington is often mistakenly understood to have been decided based on a more expansive understanding of sexed identity. Here, I call upon stasis theory to highlight how Schroer shifts the focus on sex away from sexed identities to structure, calling attention to how sex as system gives rise to discrimination. In so doing, Schroer ultimately refuses law’s responsibility for the maintenance of sex as system and locates the problem of sex with society.
We're not allowed: public librarians' perspectives on providing health information to library users experiencing homelessness

This paper describes the results of a qualitative study involving interviews with twelve public librarians about their experiences interacting with library users experiencing homelessness. The study examines the kinds of health information seeking experiences public librarians have, how public librarians respond to the health information needs of homeless library users, and the challenges public librarians undergo as they work to provide health and other information services to homeless individuals. The interviews show that public librarians have mixed experiences providing health information to homeless library users. Some viewed health information needs as a top-level concern, while others viewed health information as a lower priority need when compared to housing and food. Public librarians described several challenges when providing information services to homeless individuals related to professional roles, crisis management, the stigma of homelessness, privacy/confidentiality, and the library acting as a day shelter. Identifying the experiences and challenges of public librarians as they assist homeless library users is an initial step in creating more effective modes of providing services to this population.
Synthesis and Characterization of Ultrathin Silver Sulfide Nanoplatelets.

We report the synthesis of ultrathin silver sulfide (Ag2S) nanoplatelets (NPLs) synthesized via a one-pot method in ethylene glycol with 3-mercaptopropionic acid serving as both the sulfur precursor and the platelet ligand. The colloidally synthesized nanoplatelets are exceptionally thin, with a thickness of only 3.5 ± 0.2 A and a 1S exciton Bohr diameter to confinement ratio of ∼12.6. The NPL growth is shown to be quantized by layer thickness using absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray diffraction analyses of the NPLs show that they correspond to the (202) plane of the β-Ag2S structure. The PL quantum yield of these NPLs is ∼30%, suggesting their potential use in biomedical imaging. Optoelectronic properties were evaluated via sensitized photocurrent spectroscopy with the resulting spectra closely matching the distinctive absorption spectral shape of the Ag2S NPLs.
Adolescent Perceptions of Dating Violence: A Qualitative Study:

Scholars have identified dating violence as a public health issue among adolescents. Yet, minimal research has detailed adolescents' perceptions of dating violence, specifically gender differences in perceptions. Research suggests that in order for dating violence prevention and intervention to be effective, services need to be delivered in a manner that is understood by adolescents. Therefore, this study used a qualitative phenomenology study to investigate adolescents' perceptions of dating violence, including gender differences in adolescents' perceptions. Thirty adolescents between the ages of 14 and 19 from a Midwest public high school participated in focus groups. Focus group participants were asked semistructured interview questions regarding the definition of dating violence, risk and protective factors for dating violence, support for victims and perpetrators, and prevention efforts. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis methods, and common themes were identified. Adolescents' language revealed gender differences in perceptions toward dating violence. Males perceive dating violence through action, perpetration, and physical consequences. Females discuss dating violence by relating to the victim and the victim's emotions. Although gender differences existed in participants' perceptions, both males and females explained that dating violence is more often perpetrated by females, despite the view from society that males are more likely to perpetrate dating violence. Findings suggest that schools, practitioners, and policy makers are not meeting the needs of adolescents in regard to dating violence prevention and intervention. Prevention and intervention efforts could be improved by delivering education and services using language that adolescents find relevant. Findings also suggest that adolescents may benefit from prevention and intervention with gender specific components.
Beginnings of the Theory of Machines

It is always fascinating to know the origins of any subject. The subject of Theory of Machines began during the era of JamesWatt with the Industrial Revolution.We will look at what happened prior to this.
Queer Tolkien: A Bibliographical Essay on Tolkien and Alterity

The “queer” in Tolkien has been an ongoing concern in studies of his legendarium. This essay surveys and discusses scholarship that deals with what is “queer” in Tolkien in the senses of both sexuality and identity, i.e., queer sexuality, specifically homosexuality; and identification of the Other, the different, as queer. Jane Chance’s work looms large here. The essay concludes by considering the possible directions for future scholarship.
Approximate positive correlated distributions and approximation algorithms for D-optimal design

Experimental design is a classical area in statistics [21] and has also found new applications in machine learning[2]. In the combinatorial experimental design problem, the aim is to estimate an unknown m-dimensional vector x from linear measurements where a Gaussian noise is introduced in each measurement. The goal is to pick k out of the given n experiments so as to make the most accurate estimate of the unknown parameter x. Given a set S of chosen experiments, the most likelihood estimate x' can be obtained by a least squares computation. One of the robust measures of error estimation is the D-optimality criterion [27] which aims to minimize the generalized variance of the estimator. This corresponds to minimizing the volume of the standard confidence ellipsoid for the estimation error x − x'. The problem gives rise to two natural variants depending on whether repetitions of experiments is allowed or not. The latter variant, while being more general, has also found applications in geographical location of sensors [19]. We show a close connection between approximation algorithms for the D-optimal design problem and constructions of approximately m-wise positively correlated distributions. This connection allows us to obtain a [EQUATION]-approximation for the D-optimal design problem with and without repetitions giving the first constant factor approximation for the problem. We then consider the case when the number of experiments chosen is much larger than the dimension m and show one can obtain (1 − ϵ)-approximation if [EQUATION] when repetitions are allowed and if [EQUATION] when no repetitions are allowed improving on previous work.
1 – High Throughput Analysis of Combinatorial Libraries Encoded with Electrophoric Molecular Tags

Publisher Summary Very valuable resources for the discovery of biologically active agents are encoded combinatorial libraries of small molecules. A binary encoding protocol employing electrophoric molecular tags (ECLiPSe technology) has been developed at Pharmacopeia. A series of quality control (QC) protocols to ensure the highest degree of library has also been put into practice. This protocol, sets of synthons are serially combined through split-and-pool or direct divide synthesis in tandem with the incorporation of binary sets of electrophoric tags on solid support. Quality control steps occur throughout the entire library construction pipeline. To ensure a successful library synthesis and production elution Extensive synthon profiling, rigorous analysis of QC compounds, final confirmation of library chemistry (library QA), and production-in-process-QC analysis are essential. Empirical information regarding overall fidelity and an indication of the performance of individual synthons is provided by both in-line and final library QA. The quality of large, encoded combinatorial libraries can be assessed by library QA, a powerful analytical protocol. Based on the combined application of tag decoding and single bead liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), QA analysis would be virtually impossible to carry out without an encoding strategy due to redundant masses produced during split synthesis. The statistical theory and its application to library assessment are analogous to the accepted statistical sampling practices used in the industry to ascertain the quality of mass-produced material. The simplicity of tag reading and rapid acquisition of structure activity relationship (SAR) information is arguably the most significant advantage of encoding technology vs. other deconvolution techniques. Library QA serves to substantiate and enhance the value of nascent SAR obtainment from library screening.