cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regional Heterogeneity of Myocardial Perfusion in Healthy Human Myocardium: Assessment with Magnetic Resonance Perfusion Imaging

The knowledge of myocardial perfusion in healthy volunteers is fundamental for evaluation of patients with ischemic heart disease. The study was conducted to determine range, regional variability, and transmural gradient of myocardial perfusion in normal volunteers with Magnetic Resonance Perfusion Imaging (MRPI). Perfusion was assessed in 17 healthy volunteers (age: 20-47 yr, 11 males) at rest and adenosine-induced hyperemia using a 1.5 T MR scanner. Perfusion was quantified (mL/g/min) for the transmural myocardium and separately for the endo- and epimyocardium in the anterior, lateral, posterior, and septal left ventricular wall using the Fermi model for constrained deconvolution. Regional variabilities for resting, hyperemic perfusion, and perfusion reserve were 22 +/- 8%, 21 +/- 10%, and 35 +/- 18%. Mean resting, hyperemic perfusion, and perfusion reserve were 1.1 +/- 0.4 mL/g/min, 4.2 +/- 1.1 mL/g/min, and 4.1 +/- 1.4. Perfusion in the septum was higher at rest (1.3 +/- 0.3 mL/g/min vs. 1.0 +/- 0.3 mL/g/min, p < 0.05) and lower during hyperemia (3.6 +/- 0.8 mL/g/min vs. 4.5 +/- 1.1 mL/g/min, p < 0.03), resulting in a reduced perfusion reserve (PR) (3.2 +/- 0.9 vs. 4.5 +/- 1.4, p < 0.01) in the septum vs. the combined anterior, lateral, and posterior segments. Resting (0.9 +/- 0.3 mL/g/min vs. 1.4 +/- 0.5 mL/g/min, p < 0.01), but not hyperemic perfusion, was lower in the epi- vs. endomyocardium, resulting in a higher epimyocardial PR (4.8 +/- 1.8 vs. 3.5 +/- 1.4, p < 0.01) in all regions but the septum, where endo- and epimyocardial perfusion and perfusion reserve were not different. A considerable regional variability of myocardial perfusion was confirmed with MRPI. The exceptional anatomical position of the septum is reflected by the lack of a perfusion gradient, which was demonstrated in all other regions but the septum.
Selected proceedings of the 2010 Summit on Translational Bioinformatics

Background The third AMIA Summit on Translational Bioinformatics built on the success of the 2008 and 2009 Summits. The Summit continues to highlight the multidisciplinary nature of this rapidly maturing research field and provides the opportunity to forge new transdisciplinary collaborations as the finest minds of the academia, industry, government and non-profit sector are brought together. The six tracks spanned the range from methods for the analyses of molecular through clinical measurements and informatics methods in genetics discoveries and clinical practice. 1: Informatics Methods for the Integrative Analysis of Molecular and Clinical Measurements 2: Computational Approaches to Finding Molecular Mechanisms and Therapies for Disease 3: Informatics Concepts, Tools, and Techniques to Enable Integrative Translational Bioinformatics Research 4: Relating and Representing Phenotypes and Disease for Translational Bioinformatics Research 5: Informatics Methods Bridging Genetics Discoveries and Clinical Practice 6: Dissecting Disease through the Study of Organisms, Evolution, and Taxonomy
Glucose Oxidation Is Critical for CD4 + T Cell Activation in a Mouse Model of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

We have previously shown that CD4(+) T cells from B6.Sle1Sle2.Sle3 lupus mice and patients present a high cellular metabolism, and a treatment combining 2-deoxy-D-glucose, which inhibits glucose metabolism, and metformin, which inhibits oxygen consumption, normalized lupus T cell functions in vitro and reverted disease in mice. We obtained similar results with B6.lpr mice, another model of lupus, and showed that a continuous treatment is required to maintain the beneficial effect of metabolic inhibitors. Further, we investigated the relative roles of glucose oxidation and pyruvate reduction into lactate in this process. Treatments of B6.Sle1Sle2.Sle3 mice with either 2-deoxy-D-glucose or metformin were sufficient to prevent autoimmune activation, whereas their combination was necessary to reverse the process. Treatment of B6.Sle1Sle2.Sle3 mice with dichloroacetate, an inhibitor of lactate production, failed to effectively prevent or reverse autoimmune pathology. In vitro, CD4(+) T cell activation upregulated the expression of genes that favor oxidative phosphorylation. Blocking glucose oxidation inhibited both IFN-γ and IL-17 production, which could not be achieved by blocking pyruvate reduction. Overall, our data show that targeting glucose oxidation is required to prevent or reverse lupus development in mice, which cannot be achieved by simply targeting the pyruvate-lactate conversion.
Will the European Court of Human Rights Push Turkey Toward Islamic Revolution

It is hoped that the European Court of Human Rights will overrule the lower Chamber and uphold the right of Islamic parties to exist and contest elections in Turkey. For otherwise, the Court's message, loud and clear, would infuriate Turkish Muslims, asked to abandon their religion in order to embrace democracy.
The theoretical possibility of extensive infanticide in the Graeco-Roman world.

We have extremely strong reasons for supposing that the exposure of infants, very often resulting in death, was common in many different parts of the Roman Empire, and that it had considerable demographic, economic and psychological effects. The evidence for the first of these propositions has been reviewed or alluded to in several recent publications.1 However, a thorough new study, covering the whole of Greek and Roman antiquity, would be worth while. In the meantime Donald Engels has declared that in the Greek and Roman worlds the exposure of children was ‘of negligible importance’ (‘The problem of female infanticide in the Greco-Roman World’, CPh 75 (1980), 112–20).
Syndromes Resembling Scalding of the Skin

When the skin is exposed to thermal injury such as scalding, significant damage occurs to the epidermis and it may become dislodged and wiped away in large sheets. Several syndromes in which epidermal injury occurs, by unrelated mechanisms, may also lead to extensive loss of epidermal tissue that resembles scalded skin. Because of their clinical resemblance to one another, considerable confusion in terminology has persisted. Significant progress has occurred in recent years to distinguish the different syndromes which resemble scalding of the skin. Immunological phenomena play a role in some if not all of these syndromes. This chapter will include the staphylococcal epidermolytic toxin syndrome (SETS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), graft-vs.-host (GvH) disease, and erythema multiforme.
The Effects of Peer- and Self-assessment on the Assessors

Recently, there has been a growing interest in peer- and self-assessment (PSA) in the research community, especially with the development of massive open online courses (MOOCs). One prevalent theme in the literature is the consideration of PSA as a partial or full replacement for traditional assessments performed by the instructor. And since the traditional role of the students in assessment processes is the assessee, existing works on PSA typically focus on devising methods to make the grades more reliable and beneficial for the assessees.What has been missing in the picture is the assessor: How are those conducting peer- and self-assessment impacted by the process? This question has become relevant from educational perspective, because in PSA, the students take on the role of the assessor, as well.We present PSA as an active learning exercise for the assessors and examine its impact. For this, we incorporated PSA into a university-level Introduction to Natural Language Processing course consisting of more than 100 students and analyzed student surveys and exam results of peer-, self-, and no-assessment groups. The final exam performance suggests that PSA is helpful for learning, which is consistent with the student survey results. Also, students generally enjoyed conducting PSA.
Reactivity of the Imido Group in [CpOs(NCH3)(CH2SiMe3)2][SO3CF3]

The imido ligand in [(η5-C5H5)Os(NCH3)(CH2SiMe3)2][SO3CF3] reacts with basic and nucleophilic molecules. Triphenylphosphine, pyridine, and water act as bases and deprotonate the methylimido ligand forming the first osmium(IV) methyleneamido complex, (η5-C5H5)Os(NCH2)(CH2SiMe3)2. The reaction is reversible, and treatment of (η5-C5H5)Os(NCH2)(CH2SiMe3)2 with HBF4 produces [(η5-C5H5)Os(NCH3)(CH2SiMe3)2][BF4]. Triphenylphosphine also abstracts the imido ligand to form MeNPPh3. The imido complex reacts with ethylene to produce an olefin complex, [(η5-C5H5)Os(NHCH2)(CH2CH2)2][SO3CF3]. Under pressures of ethylene, products resulting from imide transfer to the olefin are obtained.
Abstract IA02: Precision medicine in acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the commonest childhood tumor. Despite overall favorable treatment outcomes in children, relapsed ALL remains a leading cause of cancer death in young people. Current treatment regiments are mostly non-targeted and accompanied by significant toxicities, and new treatments tailored to patient-specific tumor vulnerabilities are required to further improve treatment outcomes. ALL has long been known to be genetically diverse. Recent genomic sequencing efforts have provided multiple new insights into the classification and genetic basis of ALL. ALL is now known to comprise multiple subtypes that have distinct constellations of chromosomal rearrangements, DNA copy number alterations and sequence mutations that perturb a limited number of key cellular pathways including lymphoid development, Ras and kinase signaling, tumor suppression drug metabolism and epigenetic regulation. These findings have several implications for precision medicine approaches. First, different subtypes have distinct associations with relapse risk that will enable tailoring of the intensity of therapy, the requirement for intensive treatment approaches such as transplantation, and the potential for pathway-directed approaches such as BCL2 inhibitors, PI3K inhibitors and Ras inhibitors. Secondly, several subtypes have genetic alterations that are logical candidates for genomic testing and individualized targeted therapy. An important recent advance has been the identification of Ph-like ALL, a common high risk subtype of leukemia characterized by a range of genetic alterations activating cytokine receptor and kinase signaling amenable to ABL-class and JAK-STAT inhibitors. Large precision medicine trials identifying Ph-like ALL, the underlying genetic alterations, and directing patients to targeted kinase inhibitor therapy are currently in development. Thirdly, studies sequencing sequential samples obtained during therapy have identified several genes and pathways selectively mutated at relapse, including epigenetic regulators, that are logical targets for therapeutic intervention. Finally, genome sequencing is being used to develop highly sensitive approaches to detect and track response to treatment. Examples of each of these paradigms will be presented that highlight the potential of precision medicine to further improve treatment outcomes in ALL. Citation Format: Charles G. Mullighan. Precision medicine in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Integrating Clinical Genomics and Cancer Therapy; Jun 13-16, 2015; Salt Lake City, UT. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2016;22(1_Suppl):Abstract nr IA02.
Effects of phytohemagglutinin on rat and normal and leukemic human blood cells.

SummarySuspensions of normal human blood cells were incubated at 37°C with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in slide chambers. In 2 to 4 days, the reagent stimulated the formation of large blast-like cells (PHA-cells) which could be readily differentiated from macrophages. PHA-cells developed in purified suspensions of lymphocytes and many intermediate cells were seen between PHA-cells and lymphocytes. PHA-cells did not develop in blood cell suspensions of some patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia nor in suspensions of rat blood cells. The findings suggest that PHA-cells were derived from normal human lymphocytes and should be differentiated from macrophages.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE EVOLUTIONARY SIGNIFICANCE OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION. III. MATERNAL AND PATERNAL EFFECTS DURING SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT

To determine whether genetic differences in fitness components exist among seeds and seedlings in a natural population, weighed propagules of six parents of Anthoxanthum odoratum from a reciprocal diallel cross were planted into the parental source population, a mown field. Seed families of maternal genotypes differed in germination success, while paternal families showed no detectable differences. Differential germination success could not be attributed to propagule weight. Seed families ranked differently in germination percentage in different blocks. No survivorship differences among parental seed families could be detected. There were significant cross × block × germination and cross × block × survivorship interactions; different crosses performed better or worse in different blocks. In some cases, crosses sired by different fathers within a maternal seed family differed in germination or survivorship, suggesting that natural selection may be capable of discriminating among juvenile genotypes within a maternal family despite the presence of large overall maternal effects. These results indicate that seedling establishment may differ according to genotype and that microsite heterogeneity may maintain genetic variation in juvenile traits in natural plant populations.
Fracture Failure Analysis on T91 Steel Welded Joint of 660MW Supercritical Units

Failure causes on T91 steel welded joint of 660MW supercritical units was analyzed by chemical composition,hardness test,metallurgical structure and fracture morphology observation.The results show that the effect of postweld heat treatment is not good,and the mechanical properties of HAZ are not improved by postweld heat treatment,which cause the brittle fracture failure of the welded joint.
The pericardial valve in the aortic position ten years later.

To assess the behavior of the pericardial valve at 10 years after implantation, the cases of 240 patients who had undergone aortic valve replacement with the standard Ionescu-Shiley (Shiley, Inc., Irvine, Calif.) bovine pericardial valve between February 1977 and December 1983 were reassessed. Follow-up of the 224 hospital survivors was 99.6% complete. Fifty-seven valve-related events occurred. Fourteen were thrombotic events (1.2%/patient-year), 28 were intrinsic tissue failures (2.4% /patient-year), 13 were cases of prosthetic valve endocarditis (1.1%/patient-year), and 2 were paravalvular leaks (0.17%/patient-year). The linearized rate for death, reoperation, or both resulting from valve-related events was 3.6%/patient-year. Time-related hazard function for the instantaneous risk of death and/or reoperation resulting from valve-related events demonstrated an exponential increase after 80 months. These data, in conjunction with our previous reports on the histologic changes in pericardial collagen and the incidence of calcification (26/28), should be considered regarding new and future generations of pericardial bioprostheses. Although this device provides good hemodynamics and carries a low incidence of thromboembolism, it has a limited durability. New generations of pericardial valves may have improved structural features, but the behavior of glutaraldehyde-fixed, formaldehyde-stored bovine pericardium as currently selected and prepared is unlikely to change.
Engagement in Behavioral Parent Training: Review of the Literature and Implications for Practice

Engagement in behavioral parent training (BPT), including enrollment, attrition, attendance, within-session engagement, and homework completion, has long been a critical issue in the literature. Several estimates of various aspects of engagement have been suggested in the literature, but a systematic review of the available literature has never been accomplished. This review examines engagement data across 262 studies of BPT. Recruitment attrition, program attrition, attendance, and within-session engagement are examined across studies, with particular emphasis on the impact that SES, study purpose (efficacy vs. effectiveness), treatment format (individual vs. group), and age of child may have on those rates. Results of this review suggest that the significant amount of attrition occurs prior to enrollment in BPT, with at least 25 % of those identified as appropriate for BPT not enrolling in such programs. An additional 26 % begin, but drop out before completing treatment. Still the combined dropout rate of at least 51 % leaves at best half of identified parents completing treatment. While SES status had a small effect on attrition, other variables were not found to meaningfully impact engagement. Information on within-session engagement (homework and ratings of participation) was not often reported in studies. Key issues in this literature (e.g., varying definitions of engagement, limited attention to reporting key aspects of engagement) are discussed, and recommendations are made to further improve this important area of research and clinical practice.
Is Relying on Title IX a Mistake

This Article attempts to answer an essential question related to Title IX’s role in student sexual assault at universities: is it better to improve and universalize student safety and conduct codes or rely on the new Title IX framework that has emerged? The tentative answer offered is that it is a mistake to solely or primarily depend on Title IX to deter and punish offenders in university sexual assault cases. This conclusion is based upon the uncertainty related to various aspects of Title IX doctrine and the regulatory regime that has emerged to enforce the statute. Consequently, this Article concludes Congress should adopt a basic, uniform student safety and conduct code that will cure many of the shortcomings of a legal regime based entirely upon Title IX. This legislation, unlike proposals aimed at merely strengthening the Title IX framework, might potentially avoid some of the backlash that has emerged in the wake of Title IX’s growing application in student-to-student sexual assault cases at universities while better addressing the issue.
TCT-83 Long-term (24-month) blood pressure results of catheter-based renal artery denervation: SYMPLICITY HTN-3 Randomized Controlled Trial

In previous unblinded trials of renal denervation (RDN), the reduction in blood pressure (BP) was stable or further increased over time. The SYMPLICITY HTN-3 trial is the first randomized blinded controlled trial of RDN (N=364) vs. sham control (N=171) where both the patient and BP assessor were
The Effects of the Tat86 and Tat101 Isoforms on Oxidative Stress in Human Pulmonary Artery Endothelial Cells: Potential Role in HIV-Associated Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Occlusive arterial remodeling driven by hyperproliferation of endothelial and smooth muscle cells is characteristic of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and known to be driven by pulmonary vascular inflammation and oxidative stress. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is well-documented to increase the risk for PAH up to 300-fold, leading to HIV-Associated Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (HA-PAH) in 1:200 HIV infected individuals. Previous research has shown that the viral protein Tat (trans-activator of transcription), is a major effector of oxidative stress in HIV patients. Two Tat isoforms are commonly detected during HIV infection, full-length Tat 101 and Tat 86 . Tat 101 is encoded by two exons, whereas Tat 86 is encoded by the first exon plus half of the second exon. It has been shown that deletion of the second exon has no substantial effect on HIV-1 LTR transactivation, and therefore the Tat 86 isoform has been sufficient for most HIV research to date. However little is known about the direct role of the second exon on subsequent oxidative stress and other cellular responses such as inflammation, proliferation or apoptosis. We measured nitrotyrosine content, carbonyl proteins, lipid peroxidation and total antioxidant capacity in Human Pulmonary Artery Endothelial cells (HPAEC) expressing either Tat 86 or Tat 101 to determine if both of the Tat isoforms induce oxidative stress in these pulmonary vascular cells that could contribute to HA-PAH.
A survey of multisensor fusion techniques, architectures and methodologies

In this paper, an overview of multi-sensor fusion is presented. Topics such as sensor fusion types, topologies and basic architectures used for multi-sensor fusion are reviewed. Also, fusion methods for signal level processing and decision level or symbol level are covered to provide the reader with basic understanding and techniques encountered in sensor fusion applications.
Characterizing Limits of Precision for Dissolved Organic Nitrogen Calculations

The usefulness of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) data to environmental science depends on the precision of each calculated concentration. The precision of a calculated DON concentration is based on propagation of error from the measured nitrogen fractions used to calculate the DON concentration. We present an improved approach for calculating DON precision that strengthens conventional error propagation by developing empirical relationships between precision and concentration for each of the measured nitrogen fractions used to calculate DON concentration. Because the concentration and relative importance of each measured nitrogen fraction differ among samples, DON precision and the corresponding detection limit are likely to be different for each sample. Case studies from two different research efforts, a synoptic study of surface water DON and an experimental assessment of DON leached from heat-treated soils, demonstrate how the proposed approach can be tailored to the analytical methods and concentrat...
Unchanging premature mortality trends in systemic lupus erythematosus: a general population-based study (1999-2014).

Objective Patients with SLE have increased morbidity and premature mortality. Whether this mortality gap has improved in recent years, as in RA, is unknown. Methods We conducted a population-based cohort study using a medical records database representative of the general population of the UK. We identified incident SLE cases and matched non-SLE controls between 1999 and 2014, divided into two subgroups based on year of SLE diagnosis, forming the early cohort (1999-2006) and late cohort (2007-14). We compared the mortality rates and hazard ratios, adjusting for potential confounders. Results We identified 1470 and 1666 incident SLE cases in the early and late cohorts, respectively. In both cohorts, SLE patients had similar levels of excess mortality compared with their matched comparators [15.9 vs 7.9 deaths/1000 person-years (PY) in the early cohort and 13.8 vs 7.0 deaths/1000 PY in the late cohort]. The corresponding mortality hazard ratios were 2.15 (95% CI 1.63, 2.83) and 2.12 (95% CI 1.61, 2.80) in the early and late cohorts, respectively (P-value for interaction = 0.95). The absolute mortality differences were 8.0 (95% CI 4.3, 11.8) and 6.8 (95% CI 3.5, 10.0) deaths/1000 PY, respectively (P-value for interaction = 0.61). Conclusion This general population-based cohort study suggests that excess mortality has not improved among SLE patients in recent years, remaining greater than double that of comparators, unlike RA during the same period. This highlights a critical unmet need for the development of new therapeutic agents and improved management strategies for SLE and its comorbidities.
ULTRASONIC NDE OF ADHESIVE BONDS: THE INVERSE PROBLEM

Over the past quarter century, a wide variety of ultrasonic techniques have been developed to determine the phase velocity and thickness of elastic plates. Techniques to measure the phase velocity include toneburst [1–4], separable pulse methods [5–7], and spectroscopy [8–11]. These classical methods require that the specimen be thick enough such that two successive echoes from the front and the back faces of the specimen, respectively, be separable in the time domain. Kinra and Dayal [12], developed a through transmission technique which removes this particular limitation of the classical methods. This technique works satisfactorily for the measurement of the phase velocity for specimens whose thickness is greater than one-half of the wavelength; for thinner specimens, however, their numerical algorithm runs into convergence problems. Moreover, their numerical algorithm cannot be used to determine thickness at any wavelength. The reasons for their convergence problems are discussed in detail by Iyer, Hanneman and Kinra [13]. They demonstrated that a detailed sensitivity analysis is a necessary pre-requisite for the development of a robust inversion algorithm. Accordingly, a new inversion scheme based on the method of least squares was developed by Iyer and Kinra to determine thickness from the measurements of phase, magnitude and complex spectrum, respectively, [14–17]. In all of the above ultrasonic methods only one parameter can be determined i.e., an accurate knowledge of thickness is required to determine the wavespeed and vice versa. This defines the central objective of the present work: In this paper we present a technique for determining, simultaneously, the thickness and wavespeed of a thin layer.
The periodic table of the cosmos.

The article discusses the development of a graph, called the Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R) diagram, which is used to plot the luminosity and temperature of stars. According to the author, the diagram classifies stars by their stage of life by creating unique patterns and has helped astronomers deduce that most stars shine as a result of nuclear fusion reactions, including the Sun. Topics include how the H-R diagram guides 21st century stellar astronomers in answering key questions about stars, such as how massive a star can be, and how the H-R diagram works.
Wh-Phenomena and the Theory of Grammar

In this chapter we discuss some of the implications of the analyses of wh-phenomena presented in Chapter IV for a theory of grammar. In section 1 we discuss some examples which might appear at first to favour the movement analysis and show that the non-transformational treatment of Chapter IV can be extended to accommodate them. We also discuss the advantage of the non-movement treatment for parsing. In section 2 we discuss ways in which constraints associated with wh-phenomena can be accommodated. We suggest that the non-movement treatment allows an interesting way of stating these constraints that may not be available on a transformational treatment. Finally, in section 3, we discuss some of the ways wh-words and complementizers can be used in different languages.
Frequent deletion of p16INK4a/MTS1 and p15INK4b/MTS2 in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia

The tandemly linked p16INK4aMTS1 and p15INK4b/MTS2 genes on chromosome 9, band p21 encode proteins that function as specific inhibitors of the cyclin D-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6. This locus undergoes frequent bi-allelic deletion in human cancer cell lines, suggesting that the encoded proteins may function as tumor suppressors. However, more recent analysis of primary tumor samples has shown a much lower frequency of abnormalities affecting this region, raising doubt over the importance of these proteins in human malignancies. Hemizygous deletions and rearrangements of chromosome 9, band p21, are among the most frequent cytogenetic abnormalities detected in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), occurring in approximately 10% of cases. To determine if the p16INK4a/p15INK4b locus might be the target of these chromosomal lesions, we analyzed both genes in primary clinical samples from 43 pediatric ALL patients using interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization, Southern blot analysis, and the polymerase chain reaction. Deletions of p16INK4a/p15INK4b were identified in 18 of 20 cases with cytogenetically observed abnormalities of 9p and 5 of 23 with apparently normal chromosomes 9p, with the majority containing bi-allelic deletions (16 homozygous/7 hemizygous). Although most homozygous deletions involved both genes, Southern blot analysis showed an interstitial deletion in a single case that was confined to p16INK4a, suggesting that p15INK4b was not the critical target gene in this case. Sequence analysis of both p16INK4a and p15INK4b in all seven cases with hemizygous deletions failed to show mutations within the coding regions of the retained alleles. In this select group of patients, deletion of p16INK4a/p15INK4b was associated with T-cell phenotype, nonhyperdiploid karyotype (< 50 chromosomes), and poor event-free survival. These findings indicate that deletion of the p16INK4a/p15INK4b locus is one of the most common genetic abnormalities so far detected in pediatric ALL, and that loss of one or more of these cell cycle kinase inhibitors is important in leukemogenesis.
Molecular interactions during nodule development.

Nodule development commences as a consequence of molecular communication between Rhizobium and its host legume. Flavonoids secreted by the legume, in concert with NodD, induce the nod genes; nod gene products synthesize Nod factor, a substituted oligoglucosamime with a fatty acid tail on one end of the molecule (Lerouge et al., 1990; Spaink et al., 1991; Sanjuan et al., 1992). Nod factor molecules depolarize root hair cell membranes (Ehrhardt et al., 1992), induce root hair deformation and cortical cell divisions (Truchet et al., 1991; Spaink et al., 1991), and elicit the formation of pre-infection threads in vetch (van Brussel et al., 1992). Some early nodulin genes are also activated by nod gene products, namely, ENOD2 (Govers et al., 1986) and ENOD12 (Scheres et al., 1990). However, the exact mechanism of Nod factor action on the legume host is unknown. Nod factor may directly activate genes involved in the biochemical and structural events described above, or alternatively, it may trigger a signal transduction pathway consisting of many steps, which then lead to early nodulin gene expression, root hair membrane depolarization, root hair deformation, and so on.
Energy Policy: Insurance against the Unknown

In considering appropriate responses to the problem of global climate change, I would like to suggest three key points: (1) Prudence calls for making vigorous efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, with the initial burden perforce falling on the industrialized countries. This point is somewhat controversial. (2) The reduction of the use of fossil fuels is central to addressing the problem of greenhouse gas emissions. This is not very controversial. (3) In implementing future energy policies, it is a mistake to neglect the expansion of nuclear power, along with conservation and solar power. The nuclear issue is so controversial that it sometimes is ignored as being too controversial to address.
Higher rank $\hat{Z}$ and $F_K$

We study $q$-series-valued invariants of 3-manifolds that depend on the choice of a root system $G$. This is a natural generalization of the earlier works by Gukov-Pei-Putrov-Vafa [arXiv:1701.06567] and Gukov-Manolescu [arXiv:1904.06057] where they focused on $G={\rm SU}(2)$ case. Although a full mathematical definition for these ''invariants'' is lacking yet, we define $\hat{Z}^G$ for negative definite plumbed 3-manifolds and $F_K^G$ for torus knot complements. As in the $G={\rm SU}(2)$ case by Gukov and Manolescu, there is a surgery formula relating $F_K^G$ to $\hat{Z}^G$ of a Dehn surgery on the knot $K$. Furthermore, specializing to symmetric representations, $F_K^G$ satisfies a recurrence relation given by the quantum $A$-polynomial for symmetric representations, which hints that there might be HOMFLY-PT analogues of these 3-manifold invariants.
Prologue to the Forum: Vocabulary Across the School Grades.

Purpose This prologue introduces the LSHSS Forum: Vocabulary Across the School Grades. The goals of the forum are to provide an overview of the importance of vocabulary to literacy and academic ach...
Non-participation and Heterogeneity in Stated: A Double Hurdle Latent Class Approach for Climate Change Adaptation Plans and Ecosystem Services

We introduce a double hurdle latent class approach to model choice experiments, where serial non-participants and clustered preference patterns are present. The proposed approach is applied to a recent stated preference study in which the residents of the Eastern Shore of Virginia answer choice questions about alternative coastal climate change adaptation plans. While the double hurdle latent class model avoids self-contradictory assumptions, estimates and tests show that, compared with an unrestricted latent class model, it achieves a significantly better statistical fit and maintains the capability to link the heterogeneity of participants’ preferences to their attributes. Moreover, the double hurdle latent class model also provides important implications in how to conduct welfare analysis based on different behavioral patterns of different groups, which leads to nontrivial changes in welfare measures. The empirical results highlight that certain ecosystem services may increase the willingness to pay for coastal climate change adaptation plans.
Perioperative Medication Error Prevention

To describe the incidence and types of perioperative medication errors and adverse medication events, and to provide a summary of strategies to reduce their incidence. Between 4 and 11% of perioperative medications administered may involve a medication error. Methods for detecting medication errors include incident reporting, chart review, direct observation (which is the most sensitive) and engineering modeling techniques. While a paucity of evidence exists to support recommendations to prevent medication errors, consensus recommendations involve process standardization, technology solutions, pharmacy solutions, and fostering an institutional culture of safety. While medication errors in the operating room are common, they are difficult to identify and measure. Most recommendations to prevent them are based on expert consensus. Future research should focus on randomized controlled trials to test whether the recommended strategies prevent medication errors.
Quartz Oscillator Study of Monolayer 4He and 3He - 4He Mixture Films Adsorbed on Solid H2

The superfluid transition in submonolayer and monolayer4He films and3He -4He mixture films on solid H2has been studied using a quartz crystal microbalance technique. Kosterlitz-Thouless (KT) transitions were observed in submonolayer4He films with density greater than 0.062 ± 0.002 A−2. We determine a binding energy of4He to 0.241 A−2H2of –15.7 K in the. presence of ≍ 1 monolayer of4He. At several4He coverages, a range of submonolayer3He coverages was studied (n3 ≤ 0.0567 A−2). With each increase in the3He coverage, the KT transition temperature decreased. For the higher coverage mixture films studied (n4 ≥ 0.0726 A−2) we observed an apparent second decoupling of the film from the quartz oscillator frequency in addition to the KT transition. We have studied the. coverage dependence of this new feature.
Experimental Demonstration of Single-mode Topological Valley-Hall Lasing Controlled by the Degree of Asymmetry

We demonstrate a single-mode valley-Hall laser at telecommunication wavelength. The degree of asymmetry in a honeycomb photonic crystal governs light confinement regimes in the valley-Hall cavity and enables efficient single-mode operation despite multiple modes.
Kullback-Leibler Average of von Mises Distributions in Multi-Agent Systems

We derive the Kullback-Leibler average of von Mises distributions to fuse circular informations in multi-agent systems. Similar to the covariance intersection for Gaussian distributions, the derived fusion protocol does not require the independence among incoming distributions but maintains the estimation consistency, if those von Mises distributions represent estimates. Therefore, this fusion protocol is especially useful in the distributed estimation problem to avoid the overconfidence problem. For example, together with von Mises filters, the derived fusion protocol can estimate the dynamic circular term in a distributed manner. In addition, we apply this fusion protocol to determine the consensus of von Mises distributions over a network. Since the fusion protocol can be easily achieved by calculating the weighted average of the associated complex numbers, the corresponding convergent conditions of the consensus algorithm are then elegantly determined.
MHC Class I on murine hematopoietic APC selects Type A IEL precursors in the thymus.

TCRαβ+ CD8α+CD8β–intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (CD8αα IEL) are gut T cells that maintain barrier surface homeostasis. Most CD8αα IEL are derived from thymic precursors (IELp) through a mechanism referred to as clonal diversion. In this model, self-reactive thymocytes undergo deletion in the presence of CD28 costimulation, but in its absence undergo diversion to the IEL fate. While previous reports showed that IELp were largely β2m dependent, the APC that drive the development of these cells are poorly defined. We found that both CD80 and CD86 restrain IELp development, and conventional DCs play a prominent role. We sought to define a CD80/86 negative, MHCI positive APC that supports the development to the IEL lineage. Chimera studies showed that MHCI needs to be expressed on hematopoietic APC for selection. As thymic hematopoietic APC are heterogeneous in their expression of MHCI and costimulatory molecules, we identified four thymic APC types that were CD80/86neg/low and MHCI+. However, selective depletion of β2m in individual APC suggested functional redundancy. Thus, while hematopoietic APC play a critical role in clonal diversion, no single APC subset is specialized to promote the CD8αα IEL fate.
Evolution of Permeability in Sandstone During Confined Brazilian Testing

Permeability measurements were made on sandstone during confined Brazilian strength tests. The test involves 50 mm diameter disk-shaped, jacketed samples that are subjected to confining stresses while they are diametrically loaded. Specially designed end caps allow for concurrent gas flow measurements. The test configuration allows for the samples to be subjected to a range of stresses, with the confining stress as the intermediate principal stress. The majority of the tests measured permeability during loading to failure in the confined extension region. The permeability of the sandstone sample increases significantly well before the peak load is reached due to newly formed microcracks that continue to coalesce and dilate with further loading. Permeability increases are inversely proportional to the intermediate principal stress as increased confining pressures suppress growth, coalescence, and dilation of microcracks. Additional testing includes unloading and reloading cycles prior to failure. With each unloading–reloading cycle, permeability at comparable stresses is increased compared to the previous cycle, consistent with increasing damage in the form of an expanding microcrack network.
Laser-induced fluorescence for classification of kidney stones

We have investigated the use of laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) as a diagnostic technique for identifying different types of kidney stone in vitro. The optimal treatment for a particular kidney stone depends on its composition. Stones are treated by several lithotripsy techniques such as electrohydraulic, shock wave, or laser lithotripsy. Some stones are particularly difficult to fragment and it is important to know the composition of a stone in order to choose the optimal modality. It would therefore be beneficial to have an optical technique for identifying stones in vivo. We are studying LIF as a possible diagnostic.
Raising standards: A prototyping strategy for undergraduate education

Public concerns about the quality of undergraduate education merit the attention of research universities. This policy analysis documents standards of learning and teaching that fall far short of a liberal education in one department. It attributes the problem primarily to factors that obscure differences in standards, especially quantitative performance measures. And it recommends liberating small working groups of faculty volunteers to develop and distinguish courses that do raise standards. This prototyping strategy is an alternative tot the status quo, which is unsustainable, and a comprehensive, centrally-directed plan, which is impractical. It may be adapted to similar situations elsewhere.
The Neurobiology of Language

For many centuries, the biological basis of the human mind has been an important focus of attention in science, with particular interest in the brain basis of language. Since the 19th century work of the neurologists and anatomists, and the 20th century advances in linguistics and psychology, a set of new technologies and methods is permitting scientists of the 21st century to integrate this past work to evolve a deeper understanding of the neurobiology of language. This chapter introduces the overall field of inquiry and sets the stage for in-depth discussions of the topic that unfold in the contributions of this book.
Lisp O 2 : a persistent object-oriented Lisp

Large and complex design applications such as CASE, office automation and knowledge based applications require sophisticated development environments supporting modeling, persistence and evolution of complex objects. This paper presents a brief overview of a persistent object-oriented LISP named LISPO2 combining both language and database facilities. LISPO2 is a Lisp-based environment providing the O2 object-oriented data model extended with the notions of constructor and exception. Persistence is achieved through the use of a persistent name space. These features centered around an interpreter facilitate quick prototyping of applications.
The Square-Free 2-Factor Problem in Bipartite Graphs

The 2-factor problem is to find, in an undirected graph, a spanning subgraph whose components are all simple cycles; hence it is a relaxation of the problem of finding a Hamilton tour in a graph. In this paper we study, in bipartite graphs, a problem of intermediate difficulty: the problem of finding a 2-factor that contains no 4-cycles. We introduce a polynomial time algorithm for this problem; we also present an "augmenting path" theorem, a polyhedral characterization, and a "Tutte-type" characterization of the bipartite graphs that contain such 2-factors.
Shaken Baby Syndrome: A Genuine Battle of the Scientific (and Non-Scientific) Experts

The national campaign against child abuse has changed the face of American evidence law during the past 30 years. The campaign has led to the relaxation of witness competency standards for alleged child victims, the recognition of new procedures for presenting child testimony such as the use of support persons, the creation of new hearsay exceptions, and the development of novel species of expert testimony. One of the most controversial new types of expert testimony is shaken baby syndrome. The proponents of the syndrome claim that the violent shaking of an infant by an adult can generate enough force to inflict fatal brain injuries on the infant even without impact. Many pediatricians and pathologists subscribe to this theory. However, many biolmechanical experts dispute the theory. To date, the vast majority of courts have admitted testimony based on the syndrome. The purpose of this article is to critically evaluate the available empirical data relevant to the question of the validity of the syndrome. The article concludes that this is one of the rare situations in which both sides' expert claims pass muster under Federal Rule of Evidence 702 and the Supreme Court's leading decisions, Daubert and Kumho. Once a decision-maker posits the validation standard enunciated in Daubert, it is possible to have genuine battles of the experts. In this case, the syndrome opponents can point to relatively well designed experiments finding that even violent shaking by an adult cannot generate enough force to cause fatal injuries to the infant brain. However, syndrome opponents note that in a large number of cases in which infants suffered such fatal brain injuries, the infant's custodian admitted shaking without impact. It may be tempting to conclude that classical experimentation should always trump more anecdotal expert reasoning. However, that conclusion is indefensible as a matter of both statutory construction and epistemology.
INCORPORATION OF THYMIDINE AND AMINO ACIDS INTO DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID AND ACID-INSOLUBLE CELL STRUCTURES IN PNEUMOCOCCAL CULTURES SYNCHRONIZED FOR COMPETENCE TO TRANSFORM

Ephrussi-Taylor, Harriett (Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio), and Barbara A. Freed. J. Bacteriol. 87:1211–1215. 1964.—Pneumococcal cultures, in which competence to transform develops in an acute, synchronous fashion toward the end of growth of the cultures, show an arrest in lysine incorporation into trichloroacetic acid-insoluble residues during the competent period. Thymidine incorporation into deoxyribonucleic acid is momentarily halted after the development of maximal competence. It is suggested that competence is associated with a brief arrest of normal cell-wall synthesis.
Response to Letter Regarding TED Talks

We thank Dr. Cocchio for his timely comments regarding our Viewpoint “What Can We Learn From TED Talks?”1 The piece (as are most Viewpoints) was intended to generate discussion, raise awareness, and spark interest; hence, the perceived oversimplification of our comparisons. A more complete Review paper would more appropriately and comprehensively elaborate on our observations, analyze existing literature, and expand on the initial thoughts presented. We wholeheartedly agree with Dr. Cocchio’s salient points regarding student engagement, particularly in the context of an academic lecture. All too often faculty members settle for lectures that provide little more than a “data dump,” commonly with PowerPoint slide presentations as the sole medium. We further agree that the TED platform has mastered the art of topic selection and delivery. Faculty members might point out that they are not always “free” to select the topic(s) they instruct. The underlying matter, however, as Cocchio alludes to, is to creatively transform the topic into an educational experience that illustrates, challenges, and engages learners.
Robust chance-constrained support vector machines with second-order moment information

Support vector machines (SVM) is one of the well known supervised classes of learning algorithms. Basic SVM models are dealing with the situation where the exact values of the data points are known. This paper studies SVM when the data points are uncertain. With some properties known for the distributions, chance-constrained SVM is used to ensure the small probability of misclassification for the uncertain data. As infinite number of distributions could have the known properties, the robust chance-constrained SVM requires efficient transformations of the chance constraints to make the problem solvable. In this paper, robust chance-constrained SVM with second-order moment information is studied and we obtain equivalent semidefinite programming and second order cone programming reformulations. The geometric interpretation is presented and numerical experiments are conducted. Three types of estimation errors for mean and covariance information are studied in this paper and the corresponding formulations and techniques to handle these types of errors are presented.