cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of two epidermal growth factor-sensitive tyrosine phosphorylation sites of phospholipase C-gamma in intact HSC-1 cells.

The 145-kDa phospholipase C isozyme, PLC-gamma, is an excellent substrate for the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor both in vivo and in vitro. We now demonstrate that EGF treatment of HSC-1 cells, a human squamous cell carcinoma-derived cell line that expresses high levels of the EGF receptor, rapidly induces tyrosine phosphorylation of two-thirds of the total cellular PLC-gamma pool. A two-step immunoaffinity protocol was used for large-scale isolation of phosphorylated PLC-gamma from the cytosol of EGF-treated HSC-1 cells. Phosphorylated PLC-gamma was digested with trypsin, then phosphotyrosine-containing peptides were purified by phosphotyrosine affinity chromatography and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. The two major phosphotyrosine-containing tryptic peptides were sequenced. Comparison of the sequence data with the bovine brain PLC-gamma amino acid sequence indicated that the major, EGF-sensitive tyrosine phosphorylation sites of human PLC-gamma correspond to the bovine brain PLC-gamma tyrosine residues 771 and 1254. The former residue is adjacent to regions of PLC-gamma that contain high homology to the non-catalytic, amino-terminal region of the src tyrosine kinase. The latter residue lies near the carboxyl terminus of the PLC-gamma molecule. The accompanying manuscript (Kim J.W., Sim, S.S., Kim, U-H., Nishibe, S., Wahl, M. I., Carpenter, G., and Rhe, S. G. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 3940-3943) identifies these same 2 residues plus 2 additional tyrosine phosphorylation sites through large-scale in vitro phosphorylation of purified bovine brain PLC-gamma by the EGF receptor.
REINTERPRETATION OF THE NORTHWEST PORTION OF THE TEKONSHA MORAINE, SOUTH-CENTRAL MICHIGAN

The northwest portion of the Tekonsha Moraine has traditionally been considered to be a product of, and composed of sediments from, the Lake Michigan Lobe. A recent study has also correlated till from the moraine with an exposure (Ganges till) along the shore of Lake Michigan. The results of this paper contradict those interpretations. Multiple lines of evidence—till fabrics, 7-A/10-A peak height ratios of clay minerals, indicator stones, morphology, and elevation relationships—indicate a Saginaw Lobe origin for the till and glaciofluvial sediments. Moreover, aerial photographs reveal the presence of ice-stagnation topography. The moraine is herein reinterpreted as a hummocky and pitted (collapsed) outwash plain/kame moraine. Given that this feature has long been considered a moraine, similar landforms in Michigan and elsewhere may be more common than heretofore recognized. [Key words: glacial geomorphology, Michigan, Quaternary, Tekonsha Moraine.]
Multiresolution Flux Decomposition

Geophysical variables are orthogonally decomposed by averaging timeseries using different averaging lengths, referred to as a (Haar)multiresolution decomposition. This simple and economic decomposition isassociated with cospectra that formally satisfy Reynolds averaging rules foreach averaging length. The multiresolution decomposition provides a naturalestimate of the random error in estimating a mean turbulent flux. The Fourierand multiresolution decompositions are compared using aircraft data fromBOREAS.
The Simplest "Enzyme"

Chemists trying to emulate the efficiency and specificity of enzyme catalysis have focused most of their attention on organometallic catalysts. In their Perspective, Movassaghi and Jacobsen turn the spotlight on a purely organic molecule that is showing surprising versatility and specificity: the natural amino acid proline. This tiny "enzyme" shows how small a highly active and selective catalyst can be.
Reconfigurable ultra-thin EBG absorbers using conducting polymers

A new design concept is presented for reconfigurable ultra-thin EBG absorbers that employ FSS screens made from conducting polymer materials. A robust GA technique was developed and successfully applied to evolve optimal designs for the ultra-thin EBG absorbers. Design examples of a single-band and a dual-band reconfigurable EBG absorber are presented.
Gender and Sociodemographic Factors and the Disproportionate Identification of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students with Emotional Disturbance.

The purpose of this study was to investigate gender and ethnicity disproportionality among students identified as having emotional disturbance (ED) and relationships between identification and soci...
Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy

This article presents the current status of psychotherapy for children and adolescents. Advances in developing effective treatments and challenges in extending these to clinical practice are discussed. Current research priorities are discussed as well including understanding precisely how treatments work and the development of transtreatments. Most youths in need of services do not receive any. Novel models are highlighted to convey new ways of delivering treatment.
Comparison of Stenting and Balloon Angioplasty for Narrowings in Aortocoronary Saphenous Vein Conduits in Place for More Than FiveYears

To compare the 1 year outcome of Palmaz-Schatz stent implantation versus balloon angioplasty for treatment of obstructive lesions in saphenous vein grafts, we combined databases from the Palmaz-Schatz vein graft stent registry and the coronary angioplasty arm of the Coronary Angioplasty Versus Excisional Atherectomy Trial II (CAVEAT II) for comparison of baseline characteristics, procedural variables, in-hospital events and 1-year composite end point of death, Q-wave myocardial infarction, and repeat target vessel revascularization. De novo graft lesions not involving the ostia were treated with stent implantation in 377 patients and with coronary angioplasty in 156 patients. The patients were comparable in age, coronary risk profile, interval from bypass surgery (9 +/- 4 years), and reference vessel diameter. The in-hospital composite end point of death, myocardial infarction, and emergency revascularization was lower in the stent group (10%) than in the angioplasty cohort (17%) (p = 0.059). At 1 year, the patients in the stent group had a markedly lower incidence of the composite end point of death, myocardial infarction, or revascularization (23% vs 45%, p <0.001). In this nonrandomized comparison with balloon angioplasty, the treatment of lesions in saphenous vein grafts appears to be favorably influenced by Palmaz-Schatz stent implantation, in terms of in-hospital events and clinical restenosis at 1 year follow-up.
Surgical Treatment of High Pressure Patent Ductus Arteriosus

Thirteen patients with high pressure patent ductus arteriosus were operated upon. There was no operative mortality in this group. Twelve patients have shown remarkable clinical improvement, and there was a decrease in the pulmonary arterial pressure at the time of recatheterization in 11 of these patients restudied. One patient developed severe pulmonary hypertension and died six and one-half years after operation. The pulmonary arterial systolic pressure dropped minimally in two patients, despite marked clinical improvement. Both patients had associated lesions: a large ventricular septal defect in one and severe congenital aortic stenosis in the other. Both patients are to be operated upon. All patients with a predominant left-to-right shunt and a patent ductus arteriosus should have division of the patent ductus arteriosus. If a concomitant lesion requiring open-heart operation, such as a ventricular septal defect or aortic stenosis, is present, it should be corrected at a later date.
Endogenous concentrations of progesterone and 5 α-pregnane-3,20-dione in rat decidual tissue

Abstract The endogenous concentration of progesterone (P) and 5 α-pregnane-3,20-dione (5 AP) were determined in the dedicual tissue of mature rats by radioimmunoassay. On the 4th day of pseudopregnancy the uterine concentration was 281 ± 28 ng/g for P and 266 ± 41 ng/g for 5AP. Horns were traumatized on the 4th day of pseudopregnancy. On the 4th day following trauma the endometrial concentration of P was 100 ± 7 ng/g and for 5AP was 104 ± 10 ng/g. Plasma concentrations were 35.5 ± 4.1 ng/m. for P and 16.1 ± 4.9 ng/ml for 5AP. When one horn was removed and the contralateral horn was traumatized, there was a direct correlation between the endogenous concentrations of P and 5AP in the previously removed utraumatized horn and the amount of decidual tissue in the contralateral horn 4 days following trauma (r2 = .8949). These experiments indicate the endometrial response to progesterone is a complex process determined in part by local metabolism and the ability of the uterus to concentrate P.
Interpretation of Optical Measurements of Flame Generated Particles

Abstract The dynamic equation for an aerosol undergoing simultaneous particle formation and coagulation is solved by the moment method, Solutions are obtained that quantify the evolution of the particle volume distribution function (PVDF) for both a size independent and a free molecular collision function. The solutions show that an equilibrium is rapidly established between the source and the coagulation terms and that the particle number concentration N is then proportional to the square root of the source strength. During the interval of equilibrium there is a widening of the PVDF, the moment ratio ƒN = D63 3/D30 3, and other width parameters. These quantities may exceed the asymptotic values that apply in the absence of particle formation. The time evolution of the PVDF of soot particles in a laminar diffusion flame is derived using the profile of soot volume fraction that has been observed in recent hi situ optical experiments. This analysis yields the evolution of ƒN, which is necessary to determine...
Perspectives on Accounting Systems and Human Behaviour

The extant literature with regard to the impact of accounting systems on human behaviour is described. How accounting systems, the components of such systems and the information produced by such systems induce both intended and unintended behavioural outcomes is focused on.
Supersymmetric effects in parity-violating deep inelastic electron–nucleus scattering

Abstract We compute the supersymmetric (SUSY) corrections to the parity-violating, deep inelastic electron–deuteron asymmetry. Working with the minimal supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) we consider two cases: R parity conserving and R parity-violating. Under these scenarios, we compare the SUSY effects with those entering other parity-violating observables. For both cases of the MSSM, we find that the magnitude of the SUSY corrections can be as large as ∼1% and that they are strongly correlated with the effects on other parity-violating observables. A comparison of various low-energy parity-violating observables thus provides a potentially interesting probe of SUSY.
Molecular targeted therapy in acute myeloid leukemia

The treatment of acute myeloid leukemia has not changed significantly over the last 40 years. Recent progress in understanding the biology of this disease and identification of driver mutations has ushered in a new era of molecular therapeutics. Although a number of molecular markers and pathways have been identified and may serve as potential therapeutic targets, the best studied amongst these include FMS like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3), RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK and Janus kinase (JAK-2). In this review we discuss the molecular biology of AML, with a special focus on the above mentioned pathways. We discuss novel molecular targeted therapies that are in preclinical and clinical development. These include AC-220, sorafenib and midostaurin in FLT3 mutated patients; GSK1120212 and MSC1936369B in RAS mutated patients; and INCB018424 in JAK2 mutated patients. Identification of such molecular mutations and appropriate use of targeted therapies, either alone or in combinations, may eventually revolutionize the treatment of AML.
Early events of cell differentiation in Naegleria gruberi. Synergistic control by electrolytes and a factor from yeast extract

Abstract For amoebae of Naegleria gruberi NEG-M growing in an axenic medium, one component of the medium, yeast extract, controls whether phenotypic transformation into flagellates occurs. Fractionation of the yeast extract yielded two components that control transformation: electrolytes and an unidentified Factor. Electrolytes prevent transformation if present above a certain concentration. For NaCl and KCl, for example, the critical concentration is 0.08 M . The effect is not specific to particular ions, nor is it due simply to ionic strength. Osmotic pressure produced by nonpenetrating nonelectrolytes like sucrose can also inhibit transformation, but the effect of electrolytes is not due solely to osmotic pressure. The unidentified Factor, a small molecule, probably aromatic (adsorbs reversibly to charcoal), can prevent transformation at a concentration that does not increase the osmotic pressure of the solution, and that is estimated to be not more than 0.001 M . The action of Factor in controlling transformation is much potentiated by electrolytes, such that a combination of one-eighth the electrolyte concentration needed to prevent transformation with one-fourth the Factor concentration completely prevents transformation. The synergistic action with Factor is not specific to a particular ion, but there are differences. For example, Na + is much more effective than Cs + . Factor and osmotic pressure do not act synergistically. Amoebae grown in the presence of extra Factor adapt to it, and will transform in concentrations of Factor and of electrolyte that prevent transformation of unadapted cells. These adapted cells also can transform in regular growth medium. It is concluded that Factor and electrolytes are involved in the normal control of transformation of these axenic Naegleria . The results provide a starting point for studying early events in this cell differentiation.
Activation-dependent hindrance of photoreceptor G protein diffusion by lipid microdomains.

The dynamics of G protein-mediated signal transduction depend on the two-dimensional diffusion of membrane-bound G proteins and receptors, which has been suggested to be rate-limiting for vertebrate phototransduction, a highly amplified G protein-coupled signaling pathway. Using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), we measured the diffusion of the G protein transducin α-subunit (Gαt) and the G protein-coupled receptor rhodopsin on disk membranes of living rod photoreceptors from transgenic Xenopus laevis. Treatment with either methyl-β-cyclodextrin or filipin III to disrupt cholesterol-containing lipid microdomains dramatically accelerated diffusion of Gαt in its GTP-bound state and of the rhodopsin-Gαβγt complex but not of rhodopsin or inactive GDP-bound Gαβγ. These results imply an activity-dependent sequestration of G proteins into cholesterol-dependent lipid microdomains, which limits diffusion and exclude the majority of free rhodopsin and the free G protein heterotrimer. Our data offer a novel demonstration of lipid microdomains in the internal membranes of living sensory neurons.
The Context of Natural Law: John Calvin's Doctrine of the Two Kingdoms

Scholars continue to produce a great deal of literature on John Calvin's social thought. His views on legal, political, and economic issues still intrigue those interested in how Calvin used the medieval tradition that he inherited, where he fit in the reformation, humanist, and renaissance movements of his day, and how his thought shaped Western society in subsequent centuries. Almost inevitably, those engaged in such discussions turn to the question of natural law. That Calvin appealed to the concept of natural law on numerous occasions is a simple fact, but interpretation of these appeals has long puzzled and divided scholars. As William Klempa helpfully explains in his survey of twentieth-century scholarship on Calvin and natural law, two principal lines of interpretation emerged.1 One line views Calvin's use of natural law as a peripheral and relatively unimportant aspect of his thought,
Spectral analysis for the iron-based superconductors: Anisotropic spin fluctuations and fully gapped s ± -wave superconductivity

Spin fluctuations are considered to be one of the candidates that drive a sign-reversed s^{\pm} superconducting state in the iron pnictides. In the magnetic scenario, whether the spin fluctuation spectrum exhibits certain unique fine structures is an interesting aspect for theoretical study in order to understand experimental observations. We investigate the detailed momentum dependence of the short-range spin fluctuations using a 2-orbital model in the self-consistent fluctuation exchange approximation and find that a common feature of those fluctuations that are capable of inducing a fully gapped s^{\pm} state is the momentum anisotropy with lengthened span along the direction transverse to the antiferromagnetic momentum transfer. Performing a qualitative analysis based on the orbital character and the deviation from perfect nesting of the electronic structure for the 2-orbital and a more complete 5-orbital model, we gain the insight that this type of anisotropic spin fluctuations favor superconductivity due to their enhancement of intra-orbital, but inter-band, pair scattering processes. The momentum anisotropy leads to elliptically shaped magnetic responses which have been observed in inelastic neutron scattering measurements. Meanwhile, our detailed study on the magnetic and the electronic spectrum shows that the dispersion of the magnetic resonance mode in the nearly isotropic s^{\pm} superconducting state exhibits anisotropic propagating behavior in an upward pattern and the coupling of the resonance mode to fermions leads to a dip feature in the spectral function.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Assessment of Language Systems in Very Low Birth Weight (VLBW) Preterm Infants

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Assessment of Language Systems in Very Low Birth Weight (VLBW) Preterm Infants
Bounded K-spherical functions on Heisenberg groups

Abstract Let Hn be the (2n + 1)-dimensional Heisenberg group, and let K be a compact subgroup of Aut(Hn), the group of automorphisms of Hn. The pair (K, Hn) is called a Gelfand pair if LK1(Hn), the subalgebra of elements of L1(Hn) that are invariant under the action of K, is commutative. In this case, the continuous homomorphisms on LK1(Hn) are given by integrating against certain K-invariant functions on Hn. These functions are the K-spherical functions associated to the Gelfand pair (K, Hn). In this paper we show how to compute the bounded K-spherical functions on Hn.
Metal-catalyzed nucleophilic carbon–heteroatom (C–X) bond formation: the role of M–X intermediates

Many important reactions that lead to carbon–heteroatom bond formation involve attack of anionic heteroatom nucleophiles, such as hydroxides, alkoxides, amides, thiolates and phosphides, at carbon. Related catalytic transformations are mediated by late transition metal complexes of these groups, which remain nucleophilic on metal coordination as a result of repulsive filled–filled interactions between the heteroatom lone pairs and metal d-orbitals and/or of polarization of the bonds Mδ+–Xδ−. This Perspective presents examples of catalytic nucleophilic C–X bond formation in both biological and synthetic systems and describes how changes in the metal, ancillary ligands and X groups may be used to tune nucleophilic reactivity.
Cognitive Patterns and Learning Disabilities in Cleft Palate Children with Verbal Deficits

This study examined patterns of cognitive ability in 57 cleft lip and palate children with verbal deficit, but without general intellectual retardation. The question to be evaluated was whether the...
Implication of the Scientist-Practitioner Model in Counseling Psychology Training and Practice:

The scientist-practitioner model was created at the Boulder Conference in 1949 by a 73-member panel consisting of various professionals in the counseling field with the intention to improve counselor training and ultimately, counseling practices. To abide by this model, students and professionals in the counseling psychology field must integrate both science and practice by becoming skillful in research and possessing an extensive understanding of the human condition. The extent to which a dichotomization of science and practice has occurred and its impact on current training and practice are reviewed.
HEMATOLOGY AND SERUM CHEMISTRY COMPARISONS BETWEEN FREE-RANGING AND REHABILITATED HARBOR SEAL (PHOCA VITULINA RICHARDSI) PUPS

The objectives of this study were to compare the hematology and serum chemistry values between free-ranging and stranded harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardsi) pups and to ascertain how blood values of stranded pups changed during the rehabilitation process. Coincident with these comparisons, reference values were obtained for free-ranging pups. Stranded harbor seal pups (n=28) recovered from areas between Pebble Beach and Moss Landing, California (USA) were admitted to The Marine Mammal Center, Sausalito, from March to May 1995, 1996, and 1998. Blood samples were collected from harbor seal pups before and after rehabilitation. As a control group, wild harbor seal pups were captured at Pebble Beach and Elkhorn Slough (n=42) during the 1995, 1996, and 1998 pupping seasons. Mean eosinophil and calcium values of wild pups were significantly greater than those of newly admitted pups, whereas mean bands, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin, and chloride values were significant...
NPN-PNP InP HBT technology and applications to low power wireless systems

The properties of NPN and PNP InP HBTs are reviewed and complementary HBT amplifiers built with this technology are explored. Complementary amplifiers such as those presented here manifest reduced harmonic distortion and could lead to improved wireless communication systems. The high efficiency push-pull amplifiers increase battery life, which is critical for hand-held systems. InP-based HBT technology offers distinct advantages over other semiconductor device and circuit approaches for wireless systems and the key merits of this technology are reported.
Vietnamese Modal Scales of the Dan Tranh

The dan tranh is a Vietnamese 17-string zither tuned to pentatonic modal scales. Each modal scale, or dieu, encompasses a given tuning and a specific sentiment or modal nuance, and ornamentation using pitch bends is an important embellishment. The dan tranh was tuned entirely by ear, and the repetition rate of the lowest-pitched string varied from G₀ to E₃ in data obtained during a 6-month period from a single highly skilled Vietnamese musician. The modal scales lie in two major systems, bac and nam, and the frequency ratios of the tonal materials comprising the scales were measured. Using a standard categorization experimental paradigm, the musician was unable to categorize intervals in the absence of musical context. In a probe-tone rating experiment, the musician was asked to contemplate the sentiment associated with a particular modal scale, and evidence was found that was suggestive of an internalized hierarchy that differed between the two modal scales used as stimuli. Vietnamese modal scales make extensive use of a 166-cent scale step, which corresponds to \( \frac{5}{3} \)semitones.
Allosteric ribozymes sensitive to the second messengers cAMP and cGMP

We have engineered allosteric ribozymes by combining modular rational design with combinatorial strategies. This new procedure was used to create allosteric ribozymes that are activated by specific nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic monophosphates (cNMPs). A random-sequence domain was attached to stem II of hammerhead ribozymes via a communication module that serves as an interface between ribozyme and the effector binding site. Subjecting this initial random pool to in vitro selection methods produced populations that respond, or cleave, only in the presence of specific effector molecules. From generation 18, 20 and 23, cGMP, cCMP and cAMP-specific responsive ribozymes, respectively, were isolated and characterized. These methods show great promise for engineering allosteric ribozymes and for creating new ligand-specific aptamers.
Prenatal diagnosis of an obstructive mediastinal bronchogenic cyst

We report a patient with a mediastinal cyst compressing the left atrium that was diagnosed prenatally by fetal echocardiography. Postnatally, attempted aspiration guided by computerized tomography was unsuccessful. Because of respiratory distress, the cyst was removed surgically. Pathological examination revealed a bronchogenic cyst.
When Consumers’ Self-Image Motives Fail

Self-image motives and “sacrosanct beliefs” are powerful motivators of consumer judgment and decision making. The sacrosanct belief that one is rational, for instance, can cause consumers to justify seemingly unwise economic decisions. This article outlines some of the occasions when self-image motives appear to fail. For instance, although consumers occasionally pat themselves on the back for making questionable purchase decisions, at other times they find fault in perfectly reasonable ones. These and other recent findings provide an exception to the more general rule outlined by Dunning (2007).
Specific targeted antiviral therapy for hepatitis C

Since the discovery of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) as the major cause of non-A, non-B hepatitis in 1989, the search for specific targeted antiviral therapy for HCV (STAT-C) has been underway. Recently, major advances in the understanding of HCV biology and the development of an in vitro system of HCV replication have contributed to the selection of multiple candidate drugs for the treatment of hepatitis C. In 2006, five such candidate drugs have entered phase II clinical trials in patients chronically infected with hepatitis C, including small molecule inhibitors of the HCV NS3 serine protease and NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. This review focuses on hepatitis C protease and polymerase inhibitors that have progressed to phase II clinical development, foreshadowing the era of STAT-Cs.
Stuttering and Word Length

Fourteen young adult male stutterers read two lists of words, one list consisting of one-syllable word pairs, the second list consisting of two-syllable words phonetically equivalent to word pairs ...
Frequency of influenza-responsive cytolytic T-lymphocyte precursors in the thymus and spleen of unprimed mice.

Limiting dilution culture conditions were established which allowed the differentiation and quantitation of influenza-specific cytotoxic T-cell precursors (CTL.Ps) from naive mouse spleen and thymus. One in 49,000 nucleated spleen cells and 1 in 40,000 thymocytes responded to stimulation with influenza-infected, anti-Thy 1.2 and complement-treated spleen cells, in the presence of ConA-stimulated cell supernatant, with the production of cytotoxic effector cells. These frequencies are 4- to 15-fold higher than those for influenza-responsive B cells in the relevant lymphoid compartments, and it is argued that major quantitative discrepancies may exist in the sizes of the B- and CTL-receptor repertoires.
Ethanol inhibition of baroreflex bradycardia: role of brainstem GABA receptors.

Ethanol administered i.v. or into the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) of rats anaesthetized with urethane inhibits baroreflex bradycardia elicited by phenylephrine. This effect is prevented or reduced by pretreatment of rats with 3-mercaptopropionic acid, bicuculline, or RO 15-4513. Intra-NTS injection of muscimol also inhibits baroreflex bradycardia and causes a pressor response which is potentiated by intra-NTS ethanol. It is proposed that ethanol inhibits baroreflex bradycardia, at least in part, by potentiating the action of endogenous gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at GABAA receptors in the NTS or its vicinity.
Continuous-system simulation languages: A state-of-the-art survey

Simulation is the art and science of describing the behavior of a dynamic system by means of a model and using this validated model in a series of experiments designed to provide insight into the future behavior of the system under specific conditions. Therefore, the process of simulation can be visualized as consisting of four phases: (1) problem definition, (2) model specification, (3) model validation, and (4) insight acceleration^1 through experimentation. In order to facilitate the process of simulation, one develops various tools. The digital computer is one such tool. Man's interface to the computer is through the language with which he describes his problem to the computer. The ease with which he solves his problem depends upon the richness of the language as well as the ability of the language to be unambiguously specific. In turn, the structure of the language depends on the form of the model to be implemented. However, having to work with a given language may bias or control the form of the model. Therefore, one must be careful in selecting and using computer languages for system simulation. All physical systems exist in the time-space continuum. The type of model one selects depends on the degree of aggregation of individual phenomena. One may choose either a continuous or a discrete approach to model development. Continuous models are useful when the behavior of the system depends more on the aggregate flow of events than upon the occurrence of individual events Choice of the continuous-or discrete- event modeling approach depends on the nature of the system, the objectives of the simulation, and the tools available to implement the simulation. Because of the mathematical nature of the models in continuous system simulation, special languages have been evolued which are specifically adapted to expressing this class of problems. Over forty continuous-system simulation languages have been developed as of 1973. This paper will survey currently available languages (available commercially or from specific research groups) for simulating dynamic systems described by differential equations. The languages surveyed in this paper are partitioned into two groups. The first group consists of general Continuous-System Simulation Languages designed to represent dynamic models defined by sets of differential equations having primarily one independent variable. Included in the first group are MIMIC, DYNAMO, CSMP/CSMP III, CSSL-III, SL-1, and PROSE. The second group consists of languages specifically designed to represent models defined by partial differential equations. Included in the second group are SALEM, PDEL, LEANS, DSS, PDELAN and FORSIM. The objective of this survey is to describe the functional characteristics of currently available continuous-system simulation languages from a user's point of view. Emphasis will be placed on the unique features of the language, the services provided, the degree of supplier support, the degree of generality, flexibility in terms of user ability to extend the language, the ease of learning, and finally the economics of use.
Perinatal Disparities for Black Mothers and Their Newborns

Objectives In the United States, significant ethnic and racial health and healthcare disparities exist among our most vulnerable populations, new mothers and newborns. We sought to determine disparities in socioeconomic status, perinatal health, and perinatal healthcare for black mothers and their newborns cared for in well-baby nurseries compared with white mother/baby pairs in Pennsylvania. Methods A retrospective analysis of a merged data set containing birth and clinical discharge records was conducted. Perinatal data from 44,105 black mothers and their singleton newborns, ≥35 weeks gestational age cared for in Pennsylvania well-baby nurseries from 1998–2002 were compared with 88,210 white mother/baby pairs. Results Black mothers were younger and were much more likely to receive Medicaid or be uninsured compared with white mothers. They were less likely to be college-educated, married, or have prenatal care beginning in the first trimester. Infants born to black mothers were less likely to be delivered via Cesarean section, but were more likely to be born between 35 and 38 weeks gestation and be of low birth weight. Conclusions Numerous significant disparities exist for black mothers and their newborns cared for in well-baby nurseries in Pennsylvania. Since most newborns are cared for in this setting as opposed to intensive care environments, recognition of the differences that exist for this group when compared to well newborns of white mothers can help to improve healthcare and its delivery to this population. Federal and local initiatives must continue efforts to eliminate racial disparities.
On the theory of DRC criteria

Abstract Srinivasan and Bhagwati (1978) show total and direct DRC are identical in a two-good, two-factor model with an additional, small project. This result is shown here not to extend to the case of more goods than factors, the usual empirical context of DRCs. For first-best solutions the direct DRC is appropriate, the total DRC is biassed against production and the so-called ideal variant biassed toward production. The total DRC is often advocated when areas of control are limited. If production or trade constraints compel obtaining materials from domestic producers, a particular, total DRC decomposition does provide valid guidelines, but its measure requires prior knowledge of the solution. The direct DRC, measured in second-best shadow prices, does convey limited information, even when areas of control are restricted, but in general a total formulation diminishes this information content.
An Investigation of Response Generalization Across Cleaning and Restocking Behaviors in the Context of Performance Feedback

The impact of task clarification and performance feedback on cleaning and restocking behaviors on both targeted and nontargeted behaviors was analyzed using an AB multiple baseline design across behaviors. Task clarification was presented on an enlarged poster to the serving staff at a fine dining restaurant. Group performance feedback was delivered in the form of letter grades on a daily chart. The first intervention focused on cleaning tables, chairs, and floors, which resulted in a 63% increase over baseline. The second intervention application focused on the restocking of side stations, which resulted in a 47.5% increase over baseline. Response generalization was noted among nontargeted cleaning behaviors in the restaurant bathrooms with a 48% increase in cleaning and a 44% increase in restocking behaviors over baseline.
1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 pretreatment limits prostaglandin biosynthesis by cytokine‐stimulated adult human osteoblast‐like cells

The steroid derivative 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) is a regulator of bone biology, and there is evidence that 1,25(OH)2D3 modulates arachidonic acid metabolism in osteoblastic cell model systems and in bone organ cultures. In the present studies, 1,25(OH)2D3 decreased prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis by normal adult human osteoblast-like (hOB) cell cultures by about 30%. The decrease was observed under basal incubation conditions, or in specimens stimulated by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β) or by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF). The inhibition of the TGF-β-stimulated PG production appeared to reflect a diminished efficiency of arachidonic acid conversion into PGs by the cells, while the efficiency of substrate utilization for PG biosynthesis was unaffected by 1,25(OH)2D3 pretreatment in the unstimulated samples, or in samples stimulated with TNF or with TNF plus TGF-β. Free arachidonic acid levels were decreased following 1,25(OH)2D3 pretreatment in the TNF stimulated samples. hOB cell phospholipase A2 activity was measured in subcellular fractions, and this activity was decreased by 20–25% in the 1,25(OH)2D3 pretreated samples. The addition of the selective inhibitor AACOCF3 to the phospholipase A2 assays provided evidence that it was the cytoplasmic isoform of the enzyme that was affected by the 1,25(OH)2D3 pretreatment of the hOB cells. Thus, 1,25(OH)2D3 regulation of hOB cell biology includes significant effects on arachidonic acid metabolism. In turn, this could influence the effects of other hormones and cytokines whose actions include the stimulated production of bioactive arachidonic acid metabolites. J. Cell. Biochem. 68:237–246, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Developing subnational relations: Legal issues and approaches

With increasing economic integration in the world, there is a need for expanded relations between nations. The greater the trade or travel across borders, the greater is the need for nations to agree on how to handle issues arising from transborder activity. Even without trade or travel, pollution can cross borders and create the need for cooperation between the emitting and the receiving nations. Traditionally, international relations are handled directly by the central government. Yet many issues are localized to regions and could from a practical standpoint be handled by local, rather than national, governments. The United States and Canada provide a good case in point. It is clear that the two countries need to have extensive relations with one another and to cooperate on a very great number of issues. The result has been the development of many types of provincial/state relations, ranging from occasional, informal contacts as need arises, to standing joint committees drafting agreements for implementation by subnational governments on both sides of the border. While this process has its advantages, it also has its limitations. This article examines the legal potential for subnational relations, the relationship such arrangements or agreements have to international law and the utility of a statute or treaty to authorize subnational agreements. The United States and Canada are used for this analysis since their situation lends itself to subnational relations perhaps better than any two other countries. As used here, subnational relations includes the concept of “transborder regionalism” as used by Duchacek.’ This article also suggests that the approach discussed could be a practical paradigm for more extensive relations between peoples of the world.
A morphological gradient revisited: cave mollies vary not only in eye size

In the Mexican Cueva del Azufre, cave-dwelling Atlantic mollies (Poecilia mexicana, Poeciliidae) have been reported to exhibit a pronounced gradient in eye size from front cave chambers towards rear cave chambers. Here, we re-examined this morphological gradient using a geometric morphometric analysis of body shape to test for variation along the gradient in traits other than eye size. Our results indicate that fish within the cave also vary in head size. Whereas differences in eye size appear to be related to differences in the amount of light received among cave chambers, variance in head size coincides with differences in hydrogen sulfide concentrations. Consequently, the morphocline within the Cueva del Azufre is more complex than previously assumed and raises interesting new questions on the mechanisms maintaining these morphological variations on such a small spatial scale.
Systemic and gut O2 extraction during endotoxemia. Role of nitric oxide synthesis.

Endotoxin administration decreases intrinsic responsiveness of arteries to contractile agonists, both in vivo and in vitro. Endotoxin also impairs systemic and intestinal ability to increase microvascular O2 extraction in response to decreases in O2 delivery. During endotoxemia, contractile responsiveness can be increased by stereospecific inhibitors of nitric oxide (NO) synthase, suggesting that the hypotension and loss of microvascular function caused by endotoxin may result from increased nitric oxide biosynthesis. This study tested whether inhibition of NO synthesis could reverse the systemic and intestinal oxygen extraction defects seen after endotoxin challenge in the dog. Oxygen extraction and hemodynamic responses to progressive decreases in O2 delivery (stagnant hypoxia) were measured systemically and in isolated autoperfused intestine segments in anesthetized dogs. Systemic and intestinal O2 extractions at the onset of O2 supply dependency were significantly impaired in endotoxin-challenged (n =...
Simultaneous removal of oil and grease, and heavy metals from artificial bilge water using electro-coagulation/flotation.

Abstract US and international regulations pertaining to the control of bilge water discharges from ships have concentrated their attention to the levels of oil and grease rather than to the heavy metal concentrations. The consensus is that any discharge of bilge water (and oily water emulsion within 12 nautical miles from the nearest land cannot exceed 15 parts per million (ppm). Since there is no specific regulation for metal pollutants under the bilge water section, reference standards regulating heavy metal concentrations are taken from the ambient water quality criteria to protect aquatic life. The research herein presented discusses electro-coagulation (EC) as a method to treat bilge water, with a focus on oily emulsions and heavy metals (copper, nickel and zinc) removal efficiency. Experiments were run using a continuous flow reactor, manufactured by Ecolotron, Inc., and a synthetic emulsion as artificial bilge water. The synthetic emulsion contained 5000 mg/L of oil and grease, 5 mg/L of copper, 1.5 mg/L of nickel, and 2.5 mg/l of zinc. The experimental results demonstrate that EC is very efficient in removing oil and grease. For oil and grease removal, the best treatment and cost efficiency was obtained when using a combination of carbon steel and aluminum electrodes, at a detention time less than one minute, a flow rate of 1 L/min and 0.6 A/cm 2 of current density. The final effluent oil and grease concentration, before filtration, was always less than 10 mg/L. For heavy metal removal, the combination of aluminum and carbon steel electrodes, flow rate of 1 L/min, effluent recycling, and 7.5 amps produced 99% zinc removal efficiency. Copper and nickel are harder to remove, and a removal efficiency of 70% was achieved.
Management of Intraoperative Splenic Injury

Intraoperativesplenicinjuryisreportedtooccurinapproximately 0.01% of open laparotomies. Its incidence in reoperative surgery is much more significant and approaches 10%. The incremental morbidity associated with splenic injury is secondary to increased blood loss and operative time. In addition, splenectomy for a high-grade injury requiring segmental or complete splenectomy introduces a second set of potential complications such as infection and sepsis. Although there are a number of primary indications for splenectomy, up to 10% of splenectomies performed are secondary to an iatrogenic injury. Management of varying degrees of splenic injury requires prompt and appropriate decision making to ensure minimal additional morbidity and successful outcomes.
Electronic and Optical Properties of Chemically Modified Metal Nanoparticles and Molecularly Bridged Nanoparticle Arrays

Nanometer-sized metal particles (e.g., gold and silver) are certain to be important fundamental building blocks of future nanoscale electronic and optical devices. However, there are numerous challenges and questions which must be addressed before nanoparticle technologies can be implemented successfully. For example, basic capping ligand chemistrynanoparticle electronic function relationships must be addressed in greater detail. New methods for assembling nanoparticles together into higher-order arrays with more complex electronic functions are also required. This review highlights our recent progress toward characterizing electron transport in gold nanoparticles as a function of capping ligand charge state. These studies have shown that single electron tunneling energies can be manipulated predictably via pH-induced charge changes of surface-bound thiol capping ligands. We also show that rigid phenylacetylene molecules are useful bridges for assembling gold and silver nanoparticles into arrays of two, t...
Fixation-point offsets reduce the latency of saccades to acoustic targets

If an observer’s fixation point is extinguished just prior to the onset of a peripheral target, the latency to saccade to that target is reduced. We show that this "gap effect" is not specific to visual targets. Observers made saccades to a light flash or to a white-noise burst. A warning tone was presented on every trial to control for the possible warning effect of the fixation-point offset. For both target modalities, saccade latencies were significantly reduced when the fixation point was extinguished 200 msec prior to the target onset. Implications of this outcome for interpretations of the gap effect are considered. It is argued that the presence of a gap effect for tones, in conjunction with previous findings, is consistent with the hypothesis that the gap effect is produced by a facilitation of premotor processes in the superior colliculus.
A rapid interpolation method of finding vascular CFD solutions with spectral collocation methods

Abstract We propose a rapid interpolation method of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solution based on the collocation method for vascular flows through the polynomial interpolation and present a proof-of-concept computation of our preliminary results. A rapid CFD can play a crucial role for some applications such as the hemodynamics assessment for human vasculature in the emergent situation. The CFD approach for the real-time assessment at the clinical level is, however, not a practical tool due to the computational complexity and the long time integration needed for the individual CFDs. We propose an efficient, accurate, yet fast interpolation method of finding CFD solutions that can be utilized for the real-time hemodynamic analysis for clinicians. The main idea of the method is to use the vascular library where vascular solutions with different parameter values are pre-computed and stored. The desired unknown CFD solution is obtained via the interpolation using the similar solutions from the library. We use the spectral collocation method for the individual CFD solutions. The collocation method makes it easier to map the solution from the physical domain to the reference domain for the interpolation using the homeomorphic transformation. The interpolation is then directly constructed using the solution fields at the collocation points. Our preliminary results for vascular flows of 3D stenosis show that the proposed method is fast and accurate.
The Effect of a Cationic Porphyrin on Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms

Current studies have indicated the utility of photodynamic therapy using porphyrins in the treatment of bacterial infections. Photoactivation of porphyrins results in the production of singlet oxygen (1O2) that damages biomolecules associated with cells and biofilms, e.g., proteins, polysaccharides, and DNA. The effect of a cationic porphryin on P. aeruginosa PAO1 biofilms was assessed by exposing static biofilms to 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(1-methyl-pyridino)-21H,23H-porphine, tetra-p-tosylate salt (TMP) followed by irradiation. Biofilms were visualized using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and cell viability determined using the LIVE/DEAD BacLight viability assay and standard plate counts. At a concentration of 100 μM TMP, there was substantial killing of P. aeruginosa PAO1 wild-type and pqsA mutant biofilms with little disruption of the biofilm matrix or structure. Exposure to 225 μM TMP resulted in almost complete killing as well as the detachment of wild-type PAO1 biofilms. In contrast, pqsA mutant biofilms that contain less extracellular DNA remained intact. Standard plate counts of cells recovered from attached biofilms revealed a 4.1-log10 and a 3.9-log10 reduction in viable cells of wild-type PAO1 and pqsA mutant strains, respectively. Our results suggest that the action of photoactivated TMP on P. aeruginosa biofilms is two-fold: direct killing of individual cells within biofilms and detachment of the biofilm from the substratum. There was no evidence of porphyrin toxicity in the absence of light; however, biofilms pretreated with TMP without photoactivation were substantially more sensitive to tobramycin than untreated biofilms.