cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Page Composition Costs of Philosophy Journals: A Report on a Study

This paper reports the main conclusions reached in a study of cost-cutting alternatives in page composition for philosophy journals in North America. Composition costs are singled out for study because they are a major cost factor for most journals. Sponsors of the study were the National Endowment for the Humanities, the American Philosophical Association, the Canadian Philosophical Association, and the Association of Philosophy Journal Editors.
Efficient decoding algorithms for generalized Reed-Muller codes

Previously, a class of generalized Reed-Muller (RM) codes has been suggested for use in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing. These codes offer error correcting capability combined with substantially reduced peak-to mean power ratios. A number of approaches to decoding these codes have already been developed. Here, we present low complexity, suboptimal alternatives which are inspired by the classical Reed decoding algorithm for binary RM codes. We simulate these new algorithms along with the existing decoding algorithms using additive white Gaussian noise and two-path fading models for a particular choice of code. The simulations show that one of our new algorithms outperforms all existing suboptimal algorithms and offers performance that is within 0.5 dB of maximum-likelihood decoding, yet has complexity comparable to or lower than existing decoding approaches.
Dynamic Customer Management and the Value of One-to-One Marketing

The concept of one-to-one marketing is intuitively appealing, but there is little research that investigates the value of individual-level marketing relative to segment-level or mass marketing. In this paper, we investigate the financial benefits of and computational challenges involved in one-to-one marketing. The analysis uses data from an online grocery and drug retailer. Like many retailers, this firm uses multiple promotional instruments including discount coupons, free shipping offers, and a loyalty program. We investigate the impact of customizing these promotions on the two most important consumer decisions: the decision to buy from the store and expenditure. Our modeling approach accounts for two sources of heterogeneity in consumers' responsiveness to various marketing mix elements: cross-sectional differences across consumers and temporal differences within consumers based on the purchase cycle. The model parameter estimates are fed into a dynamic programming model that determines the optimal number, sequence, and timing of promotions to maximize retailer profits. A series of policy simulations show that customizing promotions leads to a significant increase in profits relative to the firm's current practice of uniform promotions. However, the effectiveness of various promotions varies because of both cross-sectional differences in consumers as well within consumer heterogeneity due to purchase cycle factors. For instance, we find that free shipping tends to be the preferred instrument for re-acquiring lapsed customers, whereas an across-the-board price cut (via a discount coupon) is the most effective tool for managing the segment of most active customers. Interestingly, we find that customizing based on within-customer temporal heterogeneity contributes more to profitability than exploiting variations across consumers. This is important because the computational burden of implementing the dynamic optimization to account for cross-sectional heterogeneity is far greater than accounting for temporal heterogeneity. Furthermore, targeting promotions based only on timing rather than the nature and magnitude of the offers across consumers alleviates the public relations risks of price discrimination. Implications for marketing managers are also discussed.
The broad‐scale ecology of energy expenditure of endotherms

Energy expenditure in animals scales allometrically with body mass, but residual variation is not well understood. We examine the existing data on field metabolic rates (FMR) in endotherms for the potential role of environmental conditions. Across latitude, masscorrected FMR of 248 bird and mammal populations fall between two constraint lines: a lower bound that increases towards the poles and is driven by environmental factors and an upper bound that is invariant with latitude and may represent physiological limitations. This triangular pattern can be explained statistically with a multipredictor model that combines environmental conditions and species biology (including phylogeny). Lower environmental temperature and longer day length increase FMR, while taxonomy and diet explain much of the remaining variation. Combined, these effects appear to form a diversity of metabolic niches that overall decreases from the tropics to the poles. The potential of factors related to latitude acting as constraints on the ecology and evolution of metabolic strategies in endotherms is discussed.
The application of linear prediction techniques to background noise generation for sonar trainers

A sonar trainer requires a wide variety of broadband background noises to create realistic sounds and displays. Linear prediction techniques are typically used for speech. This paper describes how linear prediction coefficient (LPC) techniques were used to simulate a wide variety of underwater background noises for trainers. First the spectral and spatial background noise models are developed. Then the application of a single channel LPC synthesizer for generating background noise is described, along with test results.
Gene cluster profile vectors: A novel method to infer functional coupling using both gene proximity and co-occurrence profiles

Proximity-based methods and co-evolution-based phylogenetic profiles methods have been successfully used for the identification of functionally related genes. Proximity-based methods are effective for physically clustered genes while the phylogenetic profiles method is effective for co-occurring gene sets. However, both methods predict many false positives and false negatives. In this paper, we propose the Gene Cluster Profile Vector (GCPV) method, which combines these two methods by using phylogenetic profiles of whole gene clusters. Moreover, the GCPV method is, currently, the only method that allows for the characterization of relationships between gene clusters themselves. The GCPV method groups together reasonably related operons in E. coli about 60% of the time. The method is minimally dependent on the reference genome set used and it outperforms the conventional phylogenetic profiles method. Finally, we show that the method works well for predicted gene clusters from C. crescentus and can serve as an important tool not only for understanding gene function, but also for elucidating mechanisms of general biological processes.
System for inspection of large high-resolution radiography datasets

High-resolution image collections pose unique challenges to analysts tasked with managing the associated data assets and deriving new information from them. While significant progress has been made towards rapid automated filtering, alignment, segmentation, characterization, and feature identification from image collections, the extraction of new insights still strongly depends on human intervention. In real-time capture and immediate-mode analysis environments where image data has to be continuously and interactively processed, a broad set of challenges in the image-driven verification and analysis cycle have to be addressed. A framework for interactive and intuitive inspection of large, high-resolution image data sets is presented, leveraging the strength of the human visual system for large-scale image processing. A case study is provided for an X-ray radiography system, covering the scanner-to-screen data management and representation pipeline, resulting in a visual analytics environment enabling analytical reasoning by means of interactive and intuitive visualization.1 2
Peristalsis in the Diseased Ureter: A Brief Summary of Current Knowledge

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of peristalsis in the diseased ureter. Ureteral obstruction implies an imbalance between urine formation and its disposal. Resorption of urine occurs if obstruction is complete, as urine formation continues; progressive hydronephrosis occurs rather than primary renal atrophy. The resorption of urine occurs principally through the fornices into the veins and lymphatics, but some is backflow into the tubules. Ureteral peristalsis consists of a longitudinal wave producing a pendulum-like movement and a circular wave that courses down the ureter segmentally. When the circular wave reaches the bladder, the longitudinal (shortening) wave relaxes. The basis for this activity is the helical structure of the ureter, which permits combinations of longitudinal and circular contractions. Acute partial obstruction produces an increased rate of peristalsis proximally. A focal obstruction usually blocks the passage of the peristaltic waves through it, but with lesser constriction an occasional wave is able to get through.
Response to comments on "Poisonings with suicidal intent aged 0-21 years reported to poison centers 2003-12"

In Reply: We chose to perform a sub-analysis on patients younger than age 10 as we were surprised to see such a relatively large number of intentional self-harming behaviors performed by patients in this age group. Given the paucity of published data for this age group we thought it important to characterize and discuss this particularly vulnerable population. Details for the cases resulting in death, such as the exact ages, names of the 52 substances ingested, clinical effects, and therapies used, were analyzed but not included due to space limitations as this manuscript was submitted as a brief report. For those interested, the results are provided below (Tables 1​1​–4). Table 1 Deaths by reported age. Table 2 Substances reported in death cases. Table 3 Therapies used in death cases. Table 4 Clinical effects reported in death cases. Several studies, performed in the U.S. and internationally, have shown a relationship between ADHD and self-harm in the pediatric population.1,2 Impey M. performed a review of the literature and concluded based on the findings of 25 studies that patients with ADHD were more likely to have suicidal ideas and commit suicide attempts. This was true across all age groups (including the pediatric population).3 Our findings in conjunction with the literature brought us to suggest screening for ADHD in addition to mental health disorders in those patients presenting with self-harming behavior.
Screening for Inherited Metabolic Disease

Clinical examination is a form of screening: the hands and eyes are used to examine the patient in a way that has already been shown to yield information pertinent to the diagnosis of a large number of diseases. Later, more specificforms ofexamination came to be used, such as radiographic examination of the chest, first offered to populations where the risk of pulmonary tuberculosis was high but later offered to everyone. This particular screening programme, combined with the discovery of an effective form of therapy, has been so outstandingly successful that, judged in terms of cost alone, it is probably cheaper to abandon the mass radiography programme and to treat the remaining few patients when their illness has advanced to the point where it can be suspected by conventional clinical examination. The antenatal detection of subjects susceptible to rhesus haemolytic disease provides a similar success story. The value of early treatment, proven in the case of tuberculosis, has been assumed to apply to other diseases and screening programmes have been initiated in order to detect, in their early stages, such diseases as glaucoma, diabetes mellitus, deafness in children, rhesus haemolytic disease and mammary and cervical carcinoma. Only when, in the case of the last disease, the nation looked like having to bear the cost of a cervical cytology service, was the value and validity of any of these screening programmes questioned. As a result a most valuable study has been made, under the auspices of the Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust (1968) and the Chairmanship of Professor T. McKeown, of the factors that relate to screening programmes and the criteria that should be met before the general population is exposed to anyone of them.
The Continuing Saga of Municipal Reform: New York City and the Politics of Ethics Law

Governmental responses to corruption are embedded in urban politics and public administration. Rather than attempting a general theory of official corruption in local government, the authors present a case study of New York City's response to a severe corruption scandal in the late 1980s. They show how public administration is driven by responses to scandals and attempts to deter them. Ethics reform from the Progressive Era to the present fit into three ideal-typical anticorruption strategies. The authors explain how these strategies have changed over time and focus particularly on the increasing dominance of the crime-control strategy.
27 PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF PURINERGIC AGONIST ATPgS AGAINST ACUTE LUNG INJURY.

Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are major causes of acute respiratory failure that are associated with high morbidity and mortality. These disorders are characterized by a significant pulmonary inflammatory response resulting in injury to alveolar epithelial and endothelial barriers of the lung and protein-rich pulmonary edema. The pharmacological treatment of ALI/ARDS is nonspecific and relies on good supportive care and control of initiating cause. ALI/ARDS pathogenesis is still only partly understood; however, pulmonary endothelium plays a major role by changing its barrier permeability, thus promoting pulmonary edema formation. Pulmonary endothelial functional and structural alterations are key components of increased vascular leak. Consequently, endothelium-related therapies may have beneficial effects in ALI/ARDS. Recently, much attention has been given to the therapeutic potential of purinergic agonists and antagonists for the treatment of cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. Extracellular purines (adenosine, ADP, and ATP) and pyrimidines (UDP and UTP) are important signaling molecules that mediate diverse biological effects via cell-surface P2Y receptors. We have shown that ATP promotes endothelial cell (EC) barrier enhancement via a complex cell signaling. We hypothesize that activation of endothelial purinoreceptors would exert anti-inflammatory barrier-protective effect. To test this hypothesis we used two model systems: cultured pulmonary EC and murine model of ALI induced by intratracheal administration of endotoxin/lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In cell culture model, ATP inhibited intracellular gap formation and junctional permeability induced by inflammatory mediator thrombin. In murine model of ALI, nonhydrolyzed ATP analogue ATPgS (50 μM final blood concentration) administered intravenously attenuated inflammatory response by decreasing accumulation of cells (48%, p
Preparticipation Examination Targeted for the Female Athlete

The preparticipation examination is an ideal opportunity for health care professionals to enhance the safety of sports competition for girls and women. Assessing and providing education about conditioning, body composition, nutrition, musculoskeletal rehabilitation, and health maintenance may foster healthy sports participation in the female athlete.
Recapitulating Cross-Species Transmission of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVcpz to Humans by Using Humanized BLT Mice.

ABSTRACT The origins of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) have been widely accepted to be the consequences of simian immunodeficiency viruses from wild chimpanzees (SIVcpz) crossing over to humans. However, there has not been any in vivo study of SIVcpz infection of humans. Also, it remains largely unknown why only specific SIVcpz strains have achieved cross-species transmission and what transmission risk might exist for those SIVcpz strains that have not been found to infect humans. Closing this knowledge gap is essential for better understanding cross-species transmission and predicting the likelihood of additional cross-species transmissions of SIV into humans. Here we show that humanized bone marrow, thymus, and liver (hu-BLT) mice are susceptible to all studied strains of SIVcpz, including the inferred ancestral viruses of pandemic and nonpandemic HIV-1 groups M (SIVcpzMB897) and N (SIVcpzEK505) as well as strains that have not been found in humans (SIVcpzMT145 and SIVcpzBF1167). Importantly, the ability of SIVcpz to cross the interspecies barrier to infect humanized mice correlates with their phylogenetic distance to pandemic HIV-1. We also identified mutations of SIVcpzMB897 (Env G411R and G413R) and SIVcpzBF1167 (Env H280Q and Q380R) at 14 weeks postinoculation. Together, our results have recapitulated the events of SIVcpz cross-species transmission to humans and identified mutations that occurred during the first 16 weeks of infection, providing in vivo experimental evidence that the origins of HIV-1 are the consequence of SIVcpz crossing over to humans. This study also revealed that SIVcpz viruses whose inferred descendants have not been found in humans still have the potential to cause an HIV-1-like zoonosis. IMPORTANCE It is believed that the origins of HIV-1 are the consequence of SIV from wild chimpanzees crossing over to humans. However, the origins of HIV-1 have been linked back to only specific SIVcpz strains. There have been no experiments that directly test the in vivo cross-species transmissibility of SIVcpz strains to humans. This is the first in vivo study of SIVcpz cross-species transmission. With the humanized-BLT mouse model, we have provided in vivo experimental evidence of multiple SIVcpz strains crossing over to humans and identified several important mutations of divergent SIVcpz strains after long-term replication in human cells. We also found that the cross-species transmission barrier of SIVcpz to humans correlates with their phylogenetic distance to pandemic HIV-1 group M. Importantly, this work provides evidence that SIVcpz viruses, whose inferred descendants have not been found in humans, still have the potential to cause a future HIV-1-like zoonotic outbreak.
Sexual Differentiation of the Brain

In male vertebrates, perinatal exposure to testosterone is both necessary and sufficient to masculinize tonic gonadotropin secretion and copulatory behavior. In contrast, females develop in the absence of high steroid exposure and express cyclic gonadotropin secretion and receptive behaviors. The cellular and molecular processes by which testosterone acts to organize sex specific brain functions are complex and can be modified by social and environmental factors. Studies of humans with clinical syndromes in which fetuses are exposed too much or too little androgen provide support that sex hormones also influence sexual differentiation of the human brain and behavior.
Comparison of multiple methods for the determination of sulphite in Allium and Brassica vegetables

ABSTRACTSulphites are a family of additives regulated for use worldwide in food products. They must be declared on the label if they are present in concentrations greater than 10 mg kg–1, determined as sulphur dioxide (SO2). The current US regulatory method for sulphites, the optimised Monier–Williams method (OMW), produces false-positive results with vegetables from the Allium (garlic) and Brassica (cabbage) genera due to extraction conditions that are thought to cause endogenous sulphur compounds to release SO2. Recently, modifications to the OMW method (2x MW) were published that reportedly reduced this false-positive in garlic. However, no other vegetables from these genera have been investigated. In addition, an LC-MS/MS method was developed for sulphite analysis, but it has not yet been tested with these problematic matrices. Ten vegetable species were analysed using these sulphite methods (OMW titration, OMW gravimetric, 2x MW and LC-MS/MS) to determine the false-positive rate. Sulphite concentrati...
Wavelet-based watermarking of remotely sensed imagery tailored to classification performance

Watermarking is widely being explored as a means of providing protection of ownership rights for multimedia data, and there has been increasing interest in applying watermarking to remotely sensed data for this same purpose. However, watermarking techniques developed for multimedia cannot be applied directly to remotely sensed data due the fact that the analytic integrity of the data, rather than perceptual quality, is of primary importance. In this paper, a watermarking technique for remotely sensed data based on the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is proposed, and its impact on unsupervised classification as well as attacks such as cropping is studied.
Modeling Individual Patient Preferences for Colorectal Cancer Screening Based on Their Tolerance for Complications Risk.

Introduction. Recommendations for colorectal cancer screening encourage patients to choose among various screening methods based on individual preferences for benefits, risks, screening frequency, ...
On the non Existing Problem of Order-Effect in Quantum Cognitive Studies and Judgment

We examine the results that were recently obtained by some authors relating quantum cognitive studies and judgment. We evidence the inconsistency of these results in the light of the foundations of quantum mechanics as well as when we submit them to a methodological examination.
Transcriptional analysis of defense mechanisms in upland tetraploid switchgrass to greenbugs

Aphid infestation of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) has the potential to reduce yields and biomass quality. Although switchgrass-greenbug (Schizaphis graminum; GB) interactions have been studied at the whole plant level, little information is available on plant defense responses at the molecular level. The global transcriptomic response of switchgrass cv Summer to GB was monitored by RNA-Seq in infested and control (uninfested) plants harvested at 5, 10, and 15 days after infestation (DAI). Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in infested plants were analyzed relative to control uninfested plants at each time point. DEGs in GB-infested plants induced by 5-DAI included an upregulation of reactive burst oxidases and several cell wall receptors. Expression changes in genes linked to redox metabolism, cell wall structure, and hormone biosynthesis were also observed by 5-DAI. At 10-DAI, network analysis indicated a massive upregulation of defense-associated genes, including NAC, WRKY, and MYB classes of transcription factors and potential ancillary signaling molecules such as leucine aminopeptidases. Molecular evidence for loss of chloroplastic functions was also detected at this time point. Supporting these molecular changes, chlorophyll content was significantly decreased, and ROS levels were elevated in infested plants 10-DAI. Total peroxidase and laccase activities were elevated in infested plants at 10-DAI relative to control uninfested plants. The net result appeared to be a broad scale defensive response that led to an apparent reduction in C and N assimilation and a potential redirection of nutrients away from GB and towards the production of defensive compounds, such as pipecolic acid, chlorogenic acid, and trehalose by 10-DAI. By 15-DAI, evidence of recovery in primary metabolism was noted based on transcript abundances for genes associated with carbon, nitrogen, and nutrient assimilation. Extensive remodeling of the plant transcriptome and the production of ROS and several defensive metabolites in an upland switchgrass cultivar were observed in response to GB feeding. The early loss and apparent recovery in primary metabolism by 15-DAI would suggest that these transcriptional changes in later stages of GB infestation could underlie the recovery response categorized for this switchgrass cultivar. These results can be exploited to develop switchgrass lines with more durable resistance to GB and potentially other aphids.
Glucocorticoid suppression of osteocyte perilacunar remodeling is associated with subchondral bone degeneration in osteonecrosis

Through a process called perilacunar remodeling, bone-embedded osteocytes dynamically resorb and replace the surrounding perilacunar bone matrix to maintain mineral homeostasis. The vital canalicular networks required for osteocyte nourishment and communication, as well as the exquisitely organized bone extracellular matrix, also depend upon perilacunar remodeling. Nonetheless, many questions remain about the regulation of perilacunar remodeling and its role in skeletal disease. Here, we find that suppression of osteocyte-driven perilacunar remodeling, a fundamental cellular mechanism, plays a critical role in the glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis. In glucocorticoid-treated mice, we find that glucocorticoids coordinately suppress expression of several proteases required for perilacunar remodeling while causing degeneration of the osteocyte lacunocanalicular network, collagen disorganization, and matrix hypermineralization; all of which are apparent in human osteonecrotic lesions. Thus, osteocyte-mediated perilacunar remodeling maintains bone homeostasis, is dysregulated in skeletal disease, and may represent an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of osteonecrosis.
Microbial compositional changes in broiler chicken cecal contents from birds challenged with different Salmonella vaccine candidate strains

Previously, we constructed and characterized the vaccine efficacy of Salmonella Typhimurium mutant strains in poultry with either inducible mviN expression (PBAD-mviN) or methionine auxotrophy (ΔΔmetRmetD). The aim of the present study was to assess potential impact of these Salmonella vaccine strains on the cecal microbiota using a next generation sequencing (NGS). The cecal microbial community obtained from unvaccinated (group 1) and vaccinated chickens (group 2, vaccinated with PBAD-mviN; group 3, vaccinated with wild type; group 4, vaccinated with ΔΔmetRmetD) were subjected to microbiome sequencing analysis with an Illumina MiSeq platform. The NGS microbiome analysis of chicken ceca revealed considerable changes in microbial composition in the presence of the different vaccine strains and exhibited detectable patterns of distinctive clustering among the respective groups (the R value of unweighted PCoA plot was 0.68). The present study indicates that different S. Typhimurium vaccine strains can differentially influence the microbiota of the ceca in terms of presence but not in the relative abundance of microbiota.
Tissue Microarrays in Prostate Cancer Research

The goal of translating basic findings in prostate cancer research into clinically applicable biomarker tests and therapeutics has led to an increased need and use of prostate cancer tissue specimens. Many of the needs in these studies can be met through the use of archived prostate tissue specimens placed in tissue microarrays. In this chapter, we describe the development and use of tissue microarrays. Issues related to tissue microarray construction and design, with a specific emphasis on prostate cancer, are reviewed and discussed. We also examine the different types of tissue microarray designs, including general tissue microarrays, progression tissue microarrays, and outcomes-based tissue microarrays. Current and developing methods in tissue microarray analysis, including archived imaging and automated image analysis are described. Finally, we examine the statistical analyses needed for the optimal use of the associated tissue microarray data. Scientists will gather an understanding of the uses and limitations of tissue microarrays for prostate cancer studies from this chapter.
Nkx2.5 is essential to establish normal heart rate variability in the zebrafish embryo.

Heart rate variability (HRV) has become an important clinical marker of cardiovascular health and a research measure for the study of the cardiac conduction system and its autonomic controls. While...
The Wetzel Grid as a Performance Classifier with College Men

(1951). The Wetzel Grid as a Performance Classifier with College Men. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 63-70.
Learning to Prune: Exploring the Frontier of Fast and Accurate Parsing

Pruning hypotheses during dynamic programming is commonly used to speed up inference in settings such as parsing. Unlike prior work, we train a pruning policy under an objective that measures end-to-end performance: we search for a fast and accurate policy. This poses a difficult machine learning problem, which we tackle with the LOLS algorithm. LOLS training must continually compute the effects of changing pruning decisions: we show how to make this efficient in the constituency parsing setting, via dynamic programming and change propagation algorithms. We find that optimizing end-to-end performance in this way leads to a better Pareto frontier---i.e., parsers which are more accurate for a given runtime.
The Role of Christianity and Islam in Slavery: A Wesleyan Interpretation

This paper is a detail of slave trade and how it impacted Africans and specifically how it became a source of inspiration for John Wesley the founder of Methodism in his mission endeavors. The article uses Wesleyanism in reference to John Wesley’s mission work. Muslim or Christian Slavery refers to slave trade that was driven by followers of Islam and Christianity. The paper is divided into subsection. First, John Wesley (1703-17891) the founder of Wesleyan movements including Methodism is discussed and his role in the fight against slavery. The paper delves into how religion was used to advance or fight against slave trade; especially looking at the role played by American Methodist in this task. The paper concludes by challenging religions especially Christianity and Islam to be sensitive to this history whenever they advance their outreach.
Nuclear structure of 200Pt from in-beam conversion-electron and gamma -ray spectroscopy.

Low-lying states of $^{200}\mathrm{Pt}$ have been studied by the $^{198}\mathrm{Pt}$(t,p\ensuremath{\gamma}) and (t,${\mathrm{pe}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$) reactions with 16-MeV tritons. From detailed p-\ensuremath{\gamma}, p-${\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$, and p-\ensuremath{\gamma}-\ensuremath{\gamma} coincidence measurements, a level scheme that includes 16 excited states has been established. A 14.3-ns isomer is observed and is believed to correspond to the ${7}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ isomers prevalent in the lighter even-mass platinum nuclei. Limited comparisons are made with the U(5) and O(6) symmetries of the interacting boson model.
Heat treatment restores ductility to forged titanium alloys

This paper describes heat-treatment studies of forged compressor wheels carried out to determine whether wheels rejected due to low ductility could be salvaged by heat treatment. Adequate improvement in ductility was developed, by annealing about 100°F below the β transus, cooling at a low rate to the stabilizing temperature (1200°F), and stabilizing for a short time. The accompanying decrease in strength was slight.
Near-simultaneous hemoglobin saturation and oxygen tension maps in the mouse cortex during amphetamine stimulation.

Changes in neuronal activity lead to changes in oxygen consumption, glucose uptake, and blood flow in the brain. While a regional coupling between blood flow and oxygen consumption is generally observed during resting conditions, focal increases in neuronal activity may result in disproportionately larger increases in blood flow to the activated region.1 This alters the oxygenation state of blood and is thought to be the basis of functional activation using nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (f-MRI)2,3 and optical imaging using intrinsic signals.4,5 While f-MRI has become increasingly popular for studying functional activation in the human cortex, the physiologic events underlying the observed signal changes remain poorly characterized and controversial.6,7 In particular, the important dynamic relationship between the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (SO2) and the blood oxygen tension (PO2) during activation has not been adequately addressed. In this study, we describe, the application of a new type of intravital microscope, using acoustooptic tunable filters (AOTFs),8–10 to the generation of both SO2 and PO2 maps at high-resolution in the cerebral cortex of mice during global neuronal activation by amphetamine administration. SO2 maps are generated from the spectral analysis of reflected absorbance images collected at different wavelengths and PO2 maps are generated from the phosphorescence lifetimes of an injected palladium-porphyrin compound using a frequency-domain measurement.
The diagonal and the demon

Reliabilism about epistemic justification – thethesis that what makes a belief epistemicallyjustified is that it was produced by a reliableprocess of belief-formation – must face twoproblems. First, what has been called ``the newevil demon problem'', which arises from the ideathat the beliefs of victims of an evil demonare as justified as our own beliefs, althoughthey are not – the objector claims – reliablyproduced. And second, the problem of diagnosingwhy skepticism is so appealing despite beingfalse. I present a special version ofreliabilism, ``indexical reliabilism'', based ontwo-dimensional semantics, and show how it cansolve both problems.
Behavioral Research into the Real Estate Valuation Process: Progress Toward a Descriptive Model

The Appraisal Institute (2001) prescribes an eight-step real estate valuation process in The Appraisal of Real Estate, 12th Edition (see Appendix A for a summary of this process).1 This process model, pioneered by George Schmutz (1941), has appeared in the Institute’s valuation text in various forms since the first edition was published in 1951. The Appraisal Institute’s valuation process is a normative model because it suggests how appraisers should proceed, step-by-step, when addressing a valuation problem. This model is a cookbook or recipe approach to valuation. However, expert appraisers, like master chefs, do not appear to follow a normative, systematic process or recipe.
De-escalation in HPV-negative locally advanced head and neck squamous cell cancer (LA-HNSCC) in patients after induction chemotherapy: A retrospective case series.

e18090Background: Concurrent chemoradiation (CRT) for LA-HNSCC is an effective treatment modality associated with significant acute and long-term toxicities. In pts with a favorable prognosis, name...
Effects of Neddylation and mTOR Inhibition in Acute Myelogenous Leukemia.

Abstract Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disease and often relapses after standard chemotherapy. Recently, the neddylation (NEDD8) and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways have emerged as promising pharmaceutical targets for AML therapy. However, the interaction of these two pathways remains unclear. Here we evaluated the effects of pevonedistat, an inhibitor of the NEDD8 activating enzyme (NAE), and sapanisertib (TAK-228), an inhibitor of mTORC1 and mTORC2 as single agents or in combination on AML cell lines. We found that inhibition of neddylation with pevonedistat partially inhibited mTOR signaling transduction and vice versa, inhibition of mTOR signaling with sapanisertib partially inhibited neddylation in AML cell lines. Pevonedistat alone was able to induce cytotoxicity in most AML cell lines as well as in primary AML, whereas sapanisertib alone decreased cell metabolic activity, reduced cell size and arrested cells in G0 phase with only minimal induction of cell death. In addition, pevonedistat was able to induce cell differentiation, arrest cells in G2/M cell cycle phases, and induce DNA re-replication and damage. However, co-treatment with sapanisertib suppressed pevonedistat induced apoptosis, differentiation, S/G2/M arrest, and DNA damage. Taken together, our data demonstrate that pevonedistat and sapanisertib exhibit distinct anti-tumor effects on AML cells, i.e. cytotoxic and cytostatic effects, respectively; however, sapanisertib can attenuate pevonedistat-induced cellular responses in AML cells. Understanding mTOR and neddylation pathway interaction could provide therapeutic strategies for treatment of AML and other malignancies.
A Mindfulness-Based Intervention for Low-Income African American Women with Depressive Symptoms Delivered by an Experienced Instructor Versus a Novice Instructor.

Abstract Introduction: In the present study, the authors pilot a streamlined mindfulness teacher training protocol for Federally Qualified Health Center (FQHC) staff and examine the distribution an...
Accelerometry data in health research: challenges and opportunities. Review and examples

Wearable accelerometers provide detailed, objective, and continuous measurements of physical activity (PA). Recent advances in technology and the decreasing cost of wearable devices led to an explosion in the popularity of wearable technology in health research. An ever increasing number of studies collect high-throughput, sub-second level raw acceleration data. In this paper we discuss problems related to the collection and analysis of raw accelerometry data and provide insights into potential solutions. In particular, we describe the size and complexity of the data, the within- and between-subject variability and the effects of sensor location on the body. We also provide a short tutorial for dealing with sampling frequency, device calibration, data labeling and multiple PA monitors synchronization. We illustrate these points using the Developmental Epidemiological Cohort Study (DECOS), which collected raw accelerometry data on individuals both in a controlled and the free-living environment.
Characterizing municipal solid waste component densities for use in landfill air space estimates

Understanding the densities of individual waste materials in landfills as a function of landfill overburden pressure can provide a means to estimate the space occupied by these materials when they are landfilled. A compression device was used to simulate the overburden pressures in a landfill to determine the densities associated with 14 material categories. The materials with the greatest density were food waste, yard waste, and glass, ranging from 1302 to 1865 kg m-3. The lowest density was associated with aluminum and steel/tin cans at 206 and 389 kg m-3, respectively. Some materials did not exhibit a large variation in density when the load increased, indicating that their density was mostly independent of the overburden pressure. The data gathered from this research can be used as lifecycle assessment impact categories, where the functional unit of interest is 1 tonne of a material and the impact is measured as m3 of landfill space occupied.
Logic and Social Theory: Hegel on the Conceptual Significance of Political Change

This chapter concerns thinking about politics as it arises in Hegel’s thought; specifically, the problem of the relation between Hegel’s logic—his theory of what thought itself is—on the one hand, and his political philosophy, on the other hand. With respect to this relation many scholars have taken the view that there is no important relation between Hegel’s logic and political philosophy. And yet concepts explained in Hegel’s logical writings clearly play crucial roles in his arguments regarding political issues. On the other hand, scholars have thought that if there is to be such a connection, thought must be in the driver’s seat, and so Hegel’s political philosophy must be a logical derivation of his position. But this seems to show either that Hegel’s political philosophy fails spectacularly, or that politics as we know it is impossible. How, then, can we find a middle way that will preserve thinking about the subject at hand—politics rooted in place and time—while simultaneously doing justice to the determinate structure of thought itself? The key to Hegel’s answer is to see politics as the working-out of the concept—the concept of freedom. But to make this answer plausible one must see the complexity of the concept of freedom, and specifically the way that the concept itself contains three distinct perspectives on the significance and proper form of freedom. Politics as the working out of the concept of freedom is the continual communication of one perspective with another, tying them together. Such communications must be made in all directions, and continually rather than in any particular temporal order, and these two features give political communications its conceptual form. This is another way in which Hegel thinks of synchronic diversity as a long-running and positive resource for managing diachronic diversity, rather than a new phenomenon of distinctively modern societies. And if the same basic conceptual structures secure diachronic understanding as synchronic understanding, then all that is solid does not melt into air, and the specifically temporal dimension to politics constitutes a less fundamental barrier to philosophical thinking than appeared at first.
Chapter 10 – Flywheels

In use since ancient times, the flywheel has smoothed the flow of energy in rotating machinery from small, hand-held devices to the largest engines. Today, standalone flywheel systems are being developed to store electrical energy. These systems are deployed in applications as diverse as uninterruptible power supplies, gantry cranes, and large research facilities. The chapter presents the technical foundation of flywheel design, a comparison with other energy storage technologies, and a survey of applications where flywheel energy storage systems are currently in service.
Nitrate removal capacity of constructed wetlands

Constructed or restored wetlands have great potential for reducing nonpoint source contamination of surface and ground waters by agricultural chemical contaminants. The work reported here combines field and experimental studies of factors affecting nitrogen loss in the Des Plaines River Experimental Wetlands, Northeastern Illinois, USA. These wetlands receive approximately 5-36 cm/week of pumped river water with significant but seasonally variable loads of nitrate and organic nitrogen. On an annual basis, the wetlands removed 7895% of the nitrate and 54-75% of the total nitrogen received. At the low hydrologic loading rate, organic nitrogen exports approximately equaled imports. However at the higher hydrologic loading rate, the wetlands exported 22-31% more organic nitrogen than received. Seasonal variation in nitrate and organic nitrogen loads had significant effects on the effectiveness of the wetlands as sinks for total nitrogen. The wetlands were nitrogen sinks during periods of high nitrate loading and nitrogen sources during periods of low nitrate loading. Experimental studies demonstrated the effects of nitrate concentration, temperature, and location on rates of nitrate loss. Results suggest that nitrate loading rates might influence not only nitrate loss rates but also loss rate coefficients. INTRODUCTION Studies suggest that wetlands may act as sinks for a variety of compounds (HowardWilliams, 1985; Nixon and Lee, 1986), and there is considerable interest in die use of wetlands as sinks for nonpoint nitrogen loads firom rivers draining agricultural watersheds.
Noninflammatory Stress-Induced Remodeling of Mandibular Bone: Impact of Age and Pregnancy

Purpose The impact of noninflammatory stress, such as aging and pregnancy, on human long bone remodeling is well-established, but little is known about the impact of these stressors on oral bones, including the mandibular bone. To begin to fill this gap in our knowledge, we utilized a mouse mandibular model to evaluate the impact of noninflammatory simple stressors, ie, aging and pregnancy, on bone mandibular architecture and bone density in the mandible using micro-CT. Materials and Methods For the present study, mandibles were obtained from both aged and pregnant C57BL/6 mice and analyzed using micro-CT technology. Micro-CT metrics included bone volume fraction (BVF), total volume (TV), tissue density, and apparent density in the mandible on the mandibular area of compact and trabecular bone, in which the teeth are embedded. All bone-related metrics data from aged and pregnant mice were analyzed using ANOVA analysis and visualized in boxplots. Results Age-dependent bone remodeling occurred over 4 to 18 weeks of age, ie, increases in BVF, TV, BV/TV, as well as tissue and bone density. Evaluation of bone remodeling in breeder mice (repeated pregnancy model) and virgin mice (age-matched controls) at 37 weeks of age demonstrated that breeder mice had a dramatic decline in all bone metrics measured. Conclusions This study underscores the need for more research on noninflammatory stress-related mandibular bone remodeling (eg, age and pregnancy), which compromises bone strength and tooth anchoring. The data also underscores loss of alveolar bone height, as in periodontitis, is an important metric for a more complete assessment of bone loss. This report on mice provides essential data that can be applied for oral-maxillofacial surgeons and periodontists when planning for dental implants in patients with such stressors. Periodontitis related bone loss occurs independent of skeletal homeostasis, although osteoporosis may adversely affect alveolar bone height in humans.
Adapting Research, Management, and Governance to Confront Socioecological Uncertainties in Novel Ecosystems

Wildland research, management, and policy in western democracies have long relied on concepts of equilibrium: succession, sustained yield, stable age or species compositions, fire return intervals, and historical range of variability critically depend on equilibrium assumptions. Not surprisingly, these largely static concepts form the basis for societal expectations, dominant management paradigms, and environmental legislation. Knowledge generation has also assumed high levels of stasis, concentrating on correlational patterns with the expectation that these patterns would be reliably transferrable. Changes in climate, the introduction of large numbers of exotic organisms, and anthropogenic land conversion are leading to unprecedented changes in disturbance regimes and landscape composition. Importantly, these changes are largely non-reversable; once introduced exotic species are seldom eradicated, climates will continue to warm for the foreseeable future, and many types of land conversion cannot be easily undone. Due to their effects on extant infrastructure and expectations for ecosystem services, these changes are, and will be, viewed by western societies as overwhelmingly negative. The continued acceleration of change will generate increasingly novel systems for which the transferability of correlational relationships will prove unreliable. Our abilities to predict system trajectories will therefore necessarily decrease. In this environment, top-down, expert dominated approaches to environmental decision making are unlikely to produce results that meet broader societal expectations. To be successful we need to embrace a more inclusive paradigm of collaborative governance and multiple forms of knowledge for adapting to constant change, including indigenous epistemological systems. By increasing public and stakeholder participation, we can encourage collaborative social learning allowing all parties to more fully understand the complexities and tradeoffs associated with wildland management and the technical limits of models that seek to quantify those tradeoffs. System novelty will necessarily make forecasting more dependent on predictive modeling and will require better models. Data collection should therefore be strongly influenced by model input requirements and validation; research will need to focus on fundamental and causal relationships to a much greater degree than is done currently.