cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Family Coping with Everyday Illness: Self Reports From a Household Survey†

Illness can be a major interruption of family life. An additional instrumental task (managing the illness) is required at a time when the family’s coping resources are decreased because one member ...
Solving PDEs in space-time: 4D tree-based adaptivity, mesh-free and matrix-free approaches

Numerically solving partial differential equations (PDEs) remains a compelling application of supercomputing resources. The next generation of computing resources - exhibiting increased parallelism and deep memory hierarchies - provide an opportunity to rethink how to solve PDEs, especially time dependent PDEs. Here, we consider time as an additional dimension and simultaneously solve for the unknown in large blocks of time (i.e. in 4D space-time), instead of the standard approach of sequential time-stepping. We discretize the 4D space-time domain using a mesh-free kD tree construction that enables good parallel performance as well as on-the-fly construction of adaptive 4D meshes. To best use the 4D space-time mesh adaptivity, we invoke concepts from PDE analysis to establish rigorous a posteriori error estimates for a general class of PDEs. We solve canonical linear as well as non-linear PDEs (heat diffusion, advection-diffusion, and Allen-Cahn) in space-time, and illustrate the following advantages: (a) sustained scaling behavior across a larger processor count compared to sequential time-stepping approaches, (b) the ability to capture "localized" behavior in space and time using the adaptive space-time mesh, and (c) removal of any time-stepping constraints like the Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy (CFL) condition, as well as the ability to utilize spatially varying time-steps. We believe that the algorithmic and mathematical developments along with efficient deployment on modern architectures shown in this work constitute an important step towards improving the scalability of PDE solvers on the next generation of supercomputers.
Hand Exoskeleton Systems—Overview

Abstract This chapter aims to provide an overview of the research and development of modern active hand exoskeleton systems. These systems are characterized by the ability to actively control one or more degrees of freedom (DOF) of at least one finger with respect to a mechanical ground attached to the hand or forearm. Hand exoskeletons are frequently complex devices due to the required human–robot interaction, small size of the hand, and many DOFs of the hand. Creation, operation, and testing of hand exoskeletons is an interdisciplinary field, as it requires knowledge of electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, computer science, and frequently medicine, anatomy, and physiology. The requirements and challenges for hand exoskeletons vary largely, as do the resulting designs, depending on their application. Hand exoskeletons can be broadly categorized into assistive devices meant to replace impaired hand functioning, rehabilitation systems aimed at recovering functionality lost due to injury or medical conditions, augmentation exoskeletons designed to enhance the users’ abilities above their normal levels, and other devices such as those used for teleoperation or virtual reality haptic devices. This chapter provides a review of 40 hand exoskeletons across these applications.
Retained mismatch repair protein expression occurs in approximately 6% of microsatellite instability-high cancers and is associated with missense mutations in mismatch repair genes.

Immunohistochemistry for mismatch repair protein expression is widely used as a surrogate for microsatellite instability status—an important signature for immunotherapy and germline testing. There are no systematic analyses examining the sensitivity of immunohistochemistry for microsatellite instability-high status. Mismatch repair immunohistochemistry and microsatellite instability testing were performed routinely as clinically validated assays. We classified germline/somatic mutation types as truncating (nonsense, frameshift, and in/del) versus missense and predicted pathogenicity of the latter. Discordant cases were compared with concordant groups: microsatellite instability-high/mismatch repair-deficient for mutation comparison and microsatellite stable/mismatch repair-proficient for immunohistochemical comparison. 32 of 443 (7%) microsatellite instability-high cases had immunohistochemistry. Four additional microsatellite instability-high research cases had discordant immunohistochemistry. Of 36 microsatellite instability-high cases with discordant immunohistochemistry, 30 were mismatch repair-proficient, while six (five MLH1 and one MSH2) retained expression of the defective mismatch repair protein and lost its partner. In microsatellite instability-high tumors with discordant immunohistochemistry, we observed an enrichment in deleterious missense mutations over truncating mutations, with 69% (25/36) of cases having pathogenic germline or somatic missense mutations, as opposed to only 19% (7/36) in a matched microsatellite instability-high group with concordant immunohistochemistry (p = 0.0007). In microsatellite instability-high cases with discordant immunohistochemistry and MLH1 or PMS2 abnormalities, less cells showed expression (p = 0.015 and p = 0.00095, respectively) compared with microsatellite stable/mismatch repair-proficient cases. Tumor mutation burden, MSIsensor score, and truncating mismatch repair gene mutations were similar between microsatellite instability-high cases with concordant versus discordant immunohistochemical expression. Approximately 6% of microsatellite instability-high cases have retained mismatch repair protein expression and would be missed by immunohistochemistry-based testing, hindering patient access to immunotherapy. Another 1% of microsatellite instability-high cases show isolated loss of the defective gene’s dimerization partner, which may lead to germline testing of the wrong gene. These cases are enriched for pathogenic mismatch repair missense mutations.
Raising the stakes: Europe, 1916

The onset of trench warfare on the Western front made a deep impression on Falkenhayn, who recognized earlier than most other German generals that the Central Powers simply lacked the manpower and resources to win a war of attrition against the Allies. Indeed, on November 18, 1914 he informed Bethmann Hollweg that “as long as Russia, France, and England hold together, it will be impossible for us to beat our enemies such that we will get an acceptable peace. We would instead run the danger of slowly exhausting ourselves.” Thus, he broke with a German way of war that called for the “annihilation” of the enemy, instead seeking what Moltke the Elder, and Napoleon and Clausewitz before him, had advocated before the cult of the offensive took their legacy to grotesque extremes: the destruction of enemy field armies as a prerequisite to the achievement of war aims through diplomacy. Yet this approach, which had worked for the elder Moltke and Bismarck in the Wars of German Unification, had failed in 1915, invalidating the assumption that such victories in the field would lead to a diplomatic solution. Having fully invested their people in a modern war effort, Russia had rejected overtures for a separate peace despite its serious losses in Poland, and Serbia had refused to capitulate even after the Central Powers occupied all of its territory. The belligerents had already acknowledged that they faced a different kind of war on the operational and tactical levels; Falkenhayn recognized that it was a different kind of war on the strategic level as well. He still believed that Germany would gradually exhaust itself against the united front of Britain, France, and Russia, but now the condition of Germany's own allies increased the sense of urgency.
Efficacy of different fixed position of Devine in the treatment of true concealed penis

Objective To investigate the effect of different fixed position of Devine in the treatment of true concealed penis. Methods From March 2014 to February 2016, 40 patients with true concealed penis who underwent Devine operation were selected retrospectively. The patients were divided into two groups according to the postoperative fixation methods, of which the observation group (30 cases) fixed the penis root and the dorsal side of the penis subcutaneously, and the control group (10 cases) fixed the penis root and the penis ventral side subcutaneously. The operation time of the two groups, the rate of bleeding, the time of edema, the length of the exposure of the penis before and after the operation, the postoperative visual analogue score (VAS score), the penile retraction rate and the occurrence of the complications were observed. Results There was no difference in the amount of bleeding between the two groups(P>0.05). The time of operation and the time of edema in the observation group were significantly shorter than those in the control group, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant(P 0.05). The exposure length of the penis body in the observation group was significantly greater than that of the control group at 12 and 24 weeks after treatment, and the difference was statistically significant(P 0.05). The VAS score of the patients in the observation group was significantly lower than that of the control group. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant(P<0.05). Conclusions When Devine is used to treat the true concealed penis, the operation and edema time of the penis and the dorsal side of the penis can be shortened significantly, the degree of pain in the patients is low, the length of the penis is improved significantly and the penis body is exposed better, and it is worthy of clinical application. Key words: Penis; Urologic Surgical Procedures
High Data Rate Communications In Vivo Using Ultrasound

The emergence of in-body medical devices has provided a means of capturing physiological or diagnostic information and streaming this information outside of the body. Currently, electromagnetic-based communications make up the bulk of in-body medical device communication protocols. Traditional electromagnetic-based solutions are limited in their data rates and available power. Recently, ultrasound was investigated as a communication channel for through-tissue data transmission. To achieve real-time video streaming through tissue, data rates of ultrasound need to exceed 1 Mbps. In a previous study, we demonstrated ultrasound communications with data rates greater than 30 Mbps with two focused ultrasound transducers using a large footprint laboratory system through slabs of lossy tissues. While the form factor of the transmitter is also crucial, it is obvious that a large, focused transducer cannot fit within the size of a small in-body medical device. Several other challenges for achieving high-speed ultrasonic communication through tissue include strong reflections leading to multipath effects and attenuation. In this work, we demonstrate ultrasonic video communications using a mm-scale microcrystal transmitter with video streaming supplied by a camera connected to a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). The signals were transmitted through a tissue-mimicking phantom and through the abdomen of a rabbit in vivo . The ultrasound signal was recorded by an array probe connected to a Verasonics Vantage system and decoded back to video. To improve the received signal quality, we combined the signal from multiple channels of the array probe. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation was used to reduce the receiver complexity under a strong multipath environment.
Artificial Pancreas Technology Offers Hope for Childhood Diabetes

Here, we provide a review of recent advancements in closed-loop or automated insulin delivery systems commonly referred to as the “artificial pancreas” (AP) for the management of type 1 diabetes (T1D). The use of hybrid closed-loop devices in children and adolescents with T1D consistently increases time in the target glucose range (70–180 mg/dL) without increasing the risk of hypoglycemia. Although hybrid closed-loop systems are able to maintain fairly tight glycemic control overnight, daytime control remains challenging, primarily due to meals and exercise, and careful carbohydrate counting and meal boluses remain essential components of optimal diabetes control. Bihormonal and fully automated AP systems remain investigational at this time. While commercially available hybrid closed-loop AP systems improve glycemic control in children with T1D, more work is needed to achieve a fully automated AP system and decrease the burden of using diabetes technology.
Metal organic framework functionalized sensors for detection of chemical agents

Dangerous materials present in factories and military combat locations, can cause negative effects to the human body and can be life threatening. Due to this, a portable, easily maintained, and robust sensor is required to detect CWA’s, TIC’s, and TIM’s. We present a method to grow MOFs on quartz crystal microbalances (QCM’s) for sensitive, selective detection of CWA’s. Our next step is to test the sensitivity and selectivity of the MOF to dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) when under varying environmental conditions.
Interhospital Transport of Children by Personal Vehicle vs Ambulance: What Do Caregivers Value?

Purpose: Most children seeking emergency care are initially evaluated in community emergency departments. For those requiring secondary transport to a tertiary care center for further management, interhospital transport via ambulance or patient’s own vehicle (POV) is considered depending on a patient’s clinical acuity and physiologic stability. For low-acuity patients, medical practitioners commonly cite family-centered barriers to pediatric transport by POV, including concerns about caregiver preference, compliance, and general comfort with the transport process. …
Charge exchange recombination spectroscopy of W (q+) (q = 61-66) for application to ITER neutral hydrogen beam diagnostics

In this paper, we present a detailed theoretical analysis of charge exchange recombination spectroscopy based on interactions of the planned ITER neutral beams (diagnostic beam of 100 keV/u and heating beam of $\approx$ 1 MeV/u) with highly-charged ions of tungsten. The results of the present spectral synthesis are based on the new set of $nl$-resolved CX cross sections for recombination of the W$^{q+}$ ions ($q$ = 61-66) with atomic hydrogen calculated using the classical trajectory Monte Carlo method. A large-scale collisional-radiative model describing the population kinetics of the high-$n$ atomic states of Si-like through O-like W ions has been developed using the NOMAD code for typical conditions of the ITER core plasma, and the resulting spectra have been generated for wavelengths in the x-ray to visible range (0.1 nm to 1000 nm). A detailed analysis of the plasma emission predicts a significant effect of CX recombination on the W line intensity ratios that can be used for more advanced diagnostics of the ITER plasma.
Online selection of quorum systems for RAMBO reconfiguration

RAMBO is the Reconfigurable Atomic Memory for Basic Objects, a formally specified algorithm that implements atomic read/write shared memory in dynamic, rapidly changing networking environments. RAMBO is particularly apt at dealing with volatile environments such as mobile networks. To maintain availability and consistency, even as hosts join, leave, and fail, RAMBO replicates objects and uses reconfigurable quorum systems. As the system dynamically changes, RAMBO installs new quorum configurations. This paper addresses the reconfiguration problem with three approaches based on a finite-domain model, an hybrid master-slave decomposition and a parallel composite to find optimal or near-optimal configurations. Current behaviors of RAMBO participants are observed, gossiped, and used as predictors for future behaviors, with the goal of finding quorum configurations that minimize read and write operation delays without affecting correctness and fault-tolerance properties of the system.
First Amendment Standards for Congressional Investigation

victory. For a time, the committees had things pretty much their own way. In 1957 it seemed that the tide might be turning.' Since 1959 the committees have again held the balance of power,2 but their ascendancy has been clouded by the ambiguity of the constitutional doctrine which the Supreme Court has fashioned for resolving the conflict. Not only is the doctrine indeterminate; the Court itself is closely and bitterly divided over the crucial issue: the meaning of the first amendment's prohibition of official abridgment of freedom of speech as related to compulsory interrogation in the field of political belief and association. Four members of the Court" are apparently committed to the proposition that this sort of interrogation is a violation of the first amendment, and that no circumstances could justify such a violation while the amendment stands.' Prior to the retirement of Justices Whittaker and Frankfurter last year, five Justices5 were apparently committed to the proposition that an accommodation between the competing demands of liberty and security could be judicially made on a case-by-case basis through application of a "balancing" test. Under this test the first amendment is understood to protect witnesses unless the importance of extracting information from them can be said to be so "compelling" as to justify subordination of the first amendment.6
Clinical evaluation of nonarthritic shoulder pain: Diagnosis and treatment

Shoulder pain and dysfunction is a complex problem frequently encountered by primary care physicians. Common nonarthritic conditions seen in the primary care setting include rotator cuff syndrome, impingement, posttraumatic stiffness, adhesive capsulitis, and instability. A thorough history and physical examination can aid in the diagnosis of many common shoulder complaints. Pain and instability are the most common shoulder complaints. Pain that is sharp or burning is commonly radicular in origin, whereas pain caused by tendinitis is often dull, diffuse, and aching. Instability is frequently found in patients with a history of dislocation, but also may occur with no prior history. Imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging can be helpful for more advanced pathology. However, many common shoulder conditions can be diagnosed without imaging, and may be initially treated with a short course of rest, ice, topical analgesics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, directed and supervised physical therapy, and occasionally subacromial corticosteroid injections. As always, a detailed history and a thorough physical exam by a primary care physician are vital for diagnosis. When conservative measures fail, referral to an orthopaedic surgeon may be necessary for further patient management.
Re-Engineering the Operating Room Using Variability Methodology to Improve Health Care Value

Background Variability in flow of patients through operating rooms has a dramatic impact on a hospital's performance and finances. Natural variation (uncontrollable) and artificial variation (controllable) differ and require different resources and management. The aim of this study was to use variability methodology for a hospital's surgical services to improve operational performance. Study Design Over a 3-month period, all operations at a referral center were classified as either scheduled (artificial variation) or unscheduled (natural variation). Data regarding patient flow were collected for all cases. From these data, mathematical models determined explicit resources to be allocated for scheduled and unscheduled cases, with isolation of the 2 flow streams. Services were allocated block time based on 80% prime time use, and scheduled cases were capped at 5:00 PM. Guidelines for operating room access were implemented to smooth the daily schedule and minimize artificial variation on the day of surgery. After implementation of this redesign, 12 months of data were compared with the previous 12-month period. Metrics analyzed included prime time use, overtime minutes, access for urgent or emergent cases, the number of room changes to the elective schedule on the day of surgery, and variation of daily schedules. Results Surgical volume and surgical minutes increased by 4% and 5%, respectively. Prime time use increased by 5%. Overtime staffing decreased by 27%. Day-to-day variability decreased by 20%. The number of elective schedule same day changes decreased by 70%. Staff turnover rate decreased by 41%. Net operating income and margin improved by 38% and 28%, respectively. Conclusions Variability management results in improvement in operating room operational and financial performance. This optimization may have a significant impact on a hospital's ability to adapt to health care reform.
Engineering flux-switching models for toroidal and multipath cores

For analysis purposes, a multi-path core is divided into legs (a toroid is a single-leg core); flux-switching models for a leg are calculated from material parameters and leg geometry. These models include: (1) static φ(F) curve, assuming hyperbolic B(H) functions; (2) elastic switching in saturation, φ e = ∊FR, where ∊ = ∊(F); (3) inelastic switching, φ = ρ(F-F 0 ), where ρ = ρ p [1−(φ/φ s ) 2 ] for a constant-width leg; (4) ρ t (φ) of a tapered leg; and (5) the average ρ and ρ t for partial and full switching.
The Socialization of Aristocratic Children by Commoners: Recalled Experiences of the Hereditary Elite in Modern Japan

In my previous research on Japanese women (Lebra 1984), I learned that, prior to the postwar educational liberation for ordinary women to go on to college, lower- and middle-class girls typically spent premarital years, upon graduation from grade school or high school, at households above their own classes as maids or "etiquette apprentices." For poor families, this was the only available and acceptable employment for a daughter if only to "reduce a mouth to feed," while better-off families considered it a rite of passage to transform an unfinished girl into a qualified bridal candidate. Matchmakers would count such cross-class apprenticeship as an important, sometimes mandatory, credential for a bride. This finding prompted me to turn to the upper-class Japanese, particularly, aristocrats, as the next research project with the hope of gaining a stereoscopic view of Japanese society. Indeed, I found commoners entering the interior of aristocratic lives and leaving an indelible mark there, in a way much more than as apprentices absorbing the upper-class culture. This article presents a portion of my current research on the Japanese elite, focusing on the part played by commoners in socializing the aristocratic children. A Historical Sketch of the Modern Japanese Nobility Aristocracy here refers to the moder nobility called the Kazoku, the "flower lineage," that formally existed from 1884 until 1947 when it was abolished under the postwar democratic constitution. The Kazoku as a status group stood right below the emperor and royal lineage group, and above the gentry (shizoku, largely coming from the samurai vassalage) that was fused into the lowest and largest class, commoners. The Kazoku membership was of diverse backgrounds, but comprised three major subgroups: the former court nobles called kuge who had served the imperial court in Kyoto; the feudal domain lords, commonly called daimyo, who had owed loyalty to the military government headed by their overlord, the shogun, residing in Edo, present Tokyo; and the meritorious nobles who rose, in most cases, from the modest status of the lower-ranking samurai vassals due to their performances contributive to the state. The Meiji Restoration of the imperial regime, at the dawn of moder Japan, marked the division between the
Effect of fungal toxins on uptake and degradation of formaldehyde-treated 125I-albumin in mouse liver phagolysosomes.

Abstract Aflatoxin, ochratoxin and rubratoxin are hepatotoxic metabolites produced by fungi. These mycotoxins have been evaluated with respect to effects on the reticuloendothelial function of uptake and degradation of a soluble, denatured protein by phagolysosomes isolated from mouse liver and kidneys. The toxins were dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide and administered intraperitoneally. In addition, rubratoxin B in corn oil was given orally. Particulate fractions isolated from liver and kidney homogenates were incubated at 35° and assayed for proteolytic activity within osmotically active particles (phagolysosomes). Osmotically active particles containing labeled protein were present in liver homogenates 3–4 hr after animals received 2–5 mg kg of rubratoxin, but these particles exhibited little or no proteolytic activity. Smaller doses of rubratoxin B resulted in increased intralysosomal digestive capacity; however, the relative quantity of osmotically active particles was less than in dimethylsulfoxide-treated controls. No effect was noted on phagolysosome formation or function in the kidney except at high doses. Similar results were obtained when 100 mg kg of rubratoxin B was administered orally to mice. Rubratoxin B had no effect on proteolytic activity in a crude mouse liver cathepsin preparation. These observations are interpreted as an interference by rubratoxin B in the fusion of lysosomes with phagosomes. Aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin had no effect on uptake and degradation of protein in phagolysosomes.
Characterization of a soluble Mr‐30000 catalytic fragment of the neuronal calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II

Chymotryptic digestion of postsynaptic densities releases a soluble, catalytically active fragment of the α (Mr 50000) subunit of the neuronal cytoskeletal calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. The purified soluble form of the kinase likewise yields the fragment. Denaturation of the enzyme results in more extensive proteolytic degradation. 125I-Iodopeptide maps of the isolated catalytic portions of both forms of the enzyme are similar and are contained within the map of the isolated α subunit. Catalytic fragments of both forms of the enzyme comigrate on two-dimensional SDS-PAGE/isoelectric focusing with pI 6.7–7.2. The fragment phosphorylates microtubule-associated protein (MAP-2) but is not activated by Ca+2/calmodulin nor is it inhibited by trifluoperazine. Km values for MAP-2 and ATP are indistinguishable from those of the holoenzyme, while the Vmax is similar to that of the holoenzyme activated with Ca+2/calmodulin. Overlays of Western blots of fragment with 125I-calmodulin shows a loss of calmodulin binding. Both the number of phosphorylation sites and the ability to autophosphorylate are markedly reduced in the catalytic fragment. Evaluation of the hydrodynamic parameters of the purified fragment yielded Mr value of 25600 with a frictional ratio (f/fo) of 1.12; the Mr value determined by SDS-PAGE was 30000. Thus, the catalytic fragment appears to represent an activated form of the kinase with a monomeric, globular structure unlike the native enzyme which exhibits oligomerization and cytoskeletal association. These results are consistent with a tertiary structure for the calmodulin-dependent protein kinase that contains distinct domains responsible for catalytic activity, regulation by calmodulin, cytoskeletal association and the multimeric organization of enzyme subunits.
Precipitation of Barium and Calcium Naproxenate Particles of Different Morphologies

Abstract Barium and calcium salts of naproxen, (+)-6-methoxy-α-methyl 2-naphtaleneacetic acid, were prepared by the controlled double jet precipitation technique in the absence and in the presence of different surfactants. The nature of the latter and agitation used in the precipitation process were critical factors in determining the morphology and the size of the particles obtained, consisting, as a rule, of aggregates of much smaller subunits, which were either platelet or fiber like.
The Impact of Laparoscopic Versus Open Approach on Reoperation Rate After Segmental Colectomy: a Propensity Analysis

Background Reoperation rate has not been well studied as a primary outcome when comparing laparoscopic with open approaches for colorectal resection. The goal of this study was to determine the impact of a laparoscopic approach on rate of reoperation after elective segmental colectomy.
Unusual Differences between Domain Standard Scores on the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales: Estimated versus Empirical Values

The accuracy of two formulas for evaluating unusual differences was checked against the actual differences obtained by various percentages of the standardization sample for the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales. The results given by the formulas appear sufficiently accurate for most clinical applications, supporting their use when information on unusual differences is unavailable to the examiner.
Building common ground and reciprocity through social network games

Social network games (SNG) are an extremely popular and rapidly growing application of social network sites (SNS). But are SNGs really social? A survey based on a social cognitive theory approach to uses and gratifications revealed that people are motivated to play the game to create common ground, reciprocate, cope, and pass time. People play SNGs to create common ground for future social interaction rather than seeking direct social interaction in the game. Customization was strongly correlated with social motivations; in particular, use of avatar customization was different from use of space customization. Reciprocity was facilitated more by the design of the game than social motives.
Coronary artery bypass with internal mammary and splenic artery grafts.

Abstract Bypass grafts from the internal mammary artery (IMA) to the coronary artery, performed with small suture and optical magnification, have been found to have an extremely high late patency rate when compared with saphenous vein grafts. This is thought to be due to the use of autogenous artery instead of vein, the closer approximation in size between graft and artery, the fact that one anastomosis instead of two is necessary, and because microsuture with magnification produces a smoother anastomosis. This has led us to explore the use of the splenic artery for coronary bypass to the distal right coronary artery on the diaphragmatic surface of the heart. Three patients have had a right coronary bypass using splenic artery brought through the membranous portion of the diaphragm. Two of these patients also had an IMA-to-left anterior descending coronary artery bypass. Thus, autogenous artery bypass to the two most frequently obstructed coronary branches has been shown to be practical.
The Manipulated Consensus: Globalisation, Local Agency, and Cultural Legacies in Post-Soviet Education Reform

At the end of the 1990s, Latvian minority education reform was characterised by extensive references to Western European models, including such concepts as 'ethnic integration,' 'multiculturalism,' and 'bilingual education.' Focusing on the conceptual development of the idea of 'integration' and its interpretation in the education sphere, this article examines the process whereby Western discourses became widely accepted locally. Emphasising the existence of a 'hybridity' of voices in a rapidly changing political context, this article maps out different interpretations of the new discourse by Latvian- and Russian-speakers, including their attempts to resist, modify, and create new meanings of 'integration' in post-Soviet Latvia.
Life cycle and bequest savings A study of Japanese and U.S. households based on data from the 1984 NSFIE and the 1983 survey of consumer finances

This paper investigates whether the elderly save or dissave in light of two newly available sets of cross-section micro data, the 1983 “Survey of Consumer Finance” for the United States and the 1984 “National Survey of Family Income and Expenditure” for Japan. Contrary to dominant earlier findings we find for the United States that families after retirement dissave on average about a third of their peak wealth by the time of death, leaving the rest (mostly their homes) as bequests. For Japan, special handling is made to eliminate possible sample selection bias due to the different economic characteristics of the elderly forming independent households and those living with children. We find that the elderly belonging to both groups continue to save, and moreover, there appear to be significant signs of ongoing wealth transfer between the generations. The data in both countries also show that the elasticity of saving with respect to a life time income measure is significantly greater than unity, and more strongly so within higher age groups. J. Japan. Int. Econ., December 1988, 2(4), pp. 450–491. Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6297, and National Bureau of Economic Research.
Efficient error recovery with network coding in underwater sensor networks

Before the wide deployment of underwater sensor networks becomes a reality, one challenge to be met is efficient error recovery in the presence of high error probability, long propagation delays and low acoustic bandwidth. We believe that network coding is a promising technique for this purpose due to Eq. (1) the computational capability of underwater sensor nodes, and Eq. (2) the broadcast nature of acoustic channels. In this paper, we propose an efficient error-recovery scheme that carefully couples network coding and multiple paths. Through an analytical study, we provide guidance on how to choose parameters in our scheme and demonstrate that the scheme is efficient in both error recovery and energy consumption. We evaluate the performance of this proposed scheme through simulation, and the simulation confirms the results from the analytical study.
A model for diffusion in a glassy polymer

A new technique for estimating diffusion rates in solid materials from transient sorption data was developed and applied to the diffusion of gases in polymer films. Specifically, the analysis developed here applies to solutes which are sorbed according to a particular isotherm: one described by a linear component (Henry's law) and a commonly observed nonlinear component (Langmuir equation). The linear component corresponds physically to gas dissolved in the amorphous regions of the polymer; the nonlinear, to gas trapped in polymer microvoids, analogous to the adherence of gas molecules to sites on the surface of porous adsorbents. By using this equilibrium isotherm together with the assumptions that the gas trapped in microvoids is immobilized, and that the driving force for diffusion is the concentration gradient of dissolved molecules, a mathematical description of transient sorption was developed; this diffusion model consisted of a nonlinear partial differential equation. With the use of a finite-difference technique, solutions to the equation were obtained; these were next applied to data for the solution of CO2 in a one mil “Mylar” polyester film at 40°C. The diffusivity was estimated to be 1.74 × 10−9 cm.2/sec. and the precision of the method was estimated at ±12%. In summary, the method developed has been successfully applied, and the proposed diffusion mechanism was thereby validated. It is believed that this method has wide potential applicability not only to the study of diffusion in polymers but also to the measurement of effective diffusivities of gases in porous catalysts.
Trypanosoma cruzi: constancy of clone pathogenicity for inbred mice during long-term in vitro maintenance.

Abstract The reproducibility of infection of C3H/He mice with T. cruzi clones Sylvio-X10/4 and Sylvio-X10/7 maintained in the laboratory for 946 and 496 days respectively was assayed. Clone X10/7 from 15 different in vitro passages consistently induced an acute lethal infection (94·3% mortality) and constant survival time (Mean = 24·6 d.p.i.). Female mice survived significantly longer than males and mice older than 30 days at the time of infection survived significantly longer than younger mice. The mortality of mice infected with clone X10/4 from 23 different in vitro passages was lower (5·1%) and their survival longer (Mean = 42·7 d.p.i.) than mice infected with clone X10/7. High anti- T. cruzi IgG titres were detected in the plasma of all mice killed after 30 d.p.i. Histologically, the heart, skeletal muscles and/or large intestine contained intracellular parasites in 59% of the mice; parasites were found in mice of all groups tested. The hearts of all mice were comparably inflammed regardless of parasite passage number or duration of infection. These data demonstrate that the presentation and course of infection of inbred mice with two T. cruzi clones is not changed by either the duration or protocol used for in vitro maintenance; the reported loss or change in virulence of T. cruzi strains during long-term in vitro maintenance did not occur. Consequently, T. cruzi clones and inbred mice provide a dependable and reproducible means to study host-parasite interactions.
Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Adjuvant Therapeutic Options

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a subtype distinguished by negative immunohistochemical assays for expression of the estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER/PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2(HER2) represents 15% of all breast cancers. Patients with TNBC generally experience a more aggressive clinical course with increased risk of disease progression and poorer overall survival. Furthermore, this subtype accounts for a disproportionate number of disease-related mortality in part due to its aggressive natural history and our lack of effective targeted agents beyond conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy. In this paper, we will review the epidemiology, risk factors, prognosis, and the molecular and clinicopathologic features that distinguish TNBC from other subtypes of breast cancer. In addition, we will examine the available data for the use of cytotoxic chemotherapy in the treatment of TNBC in both the neoadjuvant and adjuvant setting and explore the ongoing development of newer targeted agents.
Practice-based evidence: profiling the safety of cilostazol by text-mining of clinical notes.

Background Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a growing problem with few available therapies. Cilostazol is the only FDA-approved medication with a class I indication for intermittent claudication, but carries a black box warning due to concerns for increased cardiovascular mortality. To assess the validity of this black box warning, we employed a novel text-analytics pipeline to quantify the adverse events associated with Cilostazol use in a clinical setting, including patients with congestive heart failure (CHF).
An Investigation of Small Synoptic-Scale Cyclones in Polar Air Streams

Abstract The large-scale environment of small synoptic-scale cyclones that occur in polar air streams over the wintertime North Pacific behind or poleward of major frontal bands is objectively documented by the compositing of meridional (latitude-height) cross sections for 22 cases. The cold air mass cyclones are found to be associated with deep baroclinity throughout the troposphere and are located on the low-pressure side of well-developed jet streams in regions of strong cyclonic wind shear. The lower troposphere is conditionally unstable and in the early stage of development is strongly heated from below by the warmer ocean. Based on the results of the composites, and theoretical considerations, it is concluded that the oceanic polar air cyclones are a baroclinic instability phenomenon whose small scales relate to low values of the Richardson number near the surface and whose large upper level amplitudes relate to the effects of latent heat release on baroclinic wave development. Barotropic instabilit...
Equality, Coercion, Culture and Social Norms:

Against the libertarian view, this essay argues that coercion aimed at bringing about a more equal distribution across persons can be morally acceptable. Informal social norms might lead toward equality (or another social justice goal) without coercion. If coercion were unnecessary, it would be morally undesirable. A consequentialist integration of social norms and principles of social justice is proposed. The proposal is provided with a preliminary defense against the non-consequentialist egalitarianism of G.A. Cohen and against liberal criticisms directed against the common ground that Cohen and the proposed consequentialist egalitarianism occupy.
Political Culture in Seventeenth-Century Italian Villages

Between the 1640s and the 1680s, the inhabitants of a village in the Roman countryside disputed the claim of their lord to a monopoly on hunting and fishing rights. The conflict provides a rare glimpse into peasant political culture, and demonstrates the role of the village consiglio (assembly) in formulating political ideas. While the papal government and the nobles attempted to extend their power in the Roman countryside, villagers remained remarkably autonomous, reserving their greatest political allegiance for the consiglio. Their level of political sophistication and free-spirited attitude toward both the state and the nobility underscores the importance of studying peasant political ideology beyond the moments of violent rural rebellion.
Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate-Dependent Protein Kinase Activity in Soluble Thyrotropin Receptor Complex*

cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity was present in a soluble TSH receptor fraction. The Km of this enzyme was 2.2 × 10-6 M for casein substrate in the absence or presence of 10-5 M CAMP. A [3H]cAMP-binding protein was also found in this fraction. The Ka for [3H]cAMP binding was 0.11 × 106 M-1 with a total binding capacity of 3 nmol/mg protein. After fractionation using a continuous sucrose density gradient, one of the several [125I]iodobovine TSH-binding peaks corresponded to a [3H]cAMP-binding peak. After fractionation on a sucrose density gradient containing 0.4 M NaCl at pH 6.5, a major peak of protein kinase activity was shown. This protein kinase activity was stimulated by adding 10-5 M cAMP. A peak of [3H]cAMP-binding activity corresponded to the same peak. Protein kinase activity in the receptor fraction was stimulated by adding 6 mg/ml bovine TSH. The soluble TSH receptor fraction also has an adenylate cyclase activity stimulated by TSH.
Reactive silica: VI. Evidence for the existence of a dual reaction center involving ṠiȮ pairs

Abstract Extensive work has pointed to the existence on the surface of reactive silica [Morterra and Low, J. Catal. 28 , 265 (1973)] of a dual reaction center having the properties expected of a pair of closely spaced Si sites associated with two anomalously reactive oxygen atoms; that center could be converted to another apparently containing SiȮ pairs. Evidence based on some of the reactions of these centers is now used to postulate the existence of a third center consisting of an SiȮṠi pair.
Effects of parachloroamphetamine upon the serotonergic innervation of the rat hippocampus

The ability of hippocampal serotonergic (5-HT) axons to proliferate in response to damage by para-chloroamphetamine (PCA) was examined in this study. Synaptosomal uptake of 5-HT in the hippocampal formation was decreased to 40% of control 3 days after systemic administration of PCA. Six weeks after PCA, uptake values were 44% of control. Retrograde tracing combined with 5-HT immunocytochemistry showed a significant reduction (18% of control) in the number of 5-HT raphe neurons projecting to the hippocampus 3 days after PCA. The number of 5-HT neurons projecting to the hippocampal formation increased to 69% of control by 6 weeks. The dorsal raphe nucleus was not retrogradely labeled after PCA; the increase in labeled neurons was observed in the median raphe nucleus. PHA-L, injections of the median raphe nucleus demonstrated a reduction of raphe axons in the hippocampal formation after PCA. In rats treated with PCA, raphe axons labeled with PHA-L also appeared to have fewer boutons than raphe axons labeled in control cases. The density of PHA-L containing axons in the hippocampal formation of rats injected 3 days and 6 weeks after PCA was less than control but there was no difference between the experimental groups. Based upon the results from synaptosomal uptake and anterograde tracing experiments, we feel that compensatory proliferation of 5-HT axons does not occur within 6 weeks of PCA-induced damage to the 5-HT plexus of the hippocampal formation. The data derived from the retrograde tracing experiment are thought to reflect reduced uptake and transport of WGA-HRP as an acute effect of PCA.
Cation influences on in vitro growth of erythroid stem cells (CFU-e and BFU-e)

Recent developments have focused on long-term bone marrow cultures and serum-free media to establish clonal hematopoiesis in vitro. Prior investigations have suggested an important role for such ingredients as transferrin, albumin, lipid, selenite, and potassium provided by serum. These factors, when present, can support clonal growth even in the absence of serum. Results reported here further define the importance of the cations K+ and Li+ in the regulation of in vitro erythropoiesis in the presence of both normal and dialyzed fetal calf serum and ouabain. While K+ proved essential for optimal erythroid colony formation, the presence of Li+ in such cultures reduced optimal colony formation of erythroid stem cells. This evidence suggests that in long-term marrow cultures or serum-free media K+ is essential for successful maintenance of self-renewal of erythroid stem cells and their differentiation, and that the monitoring of K+ levels may prove useful in such cultures. Since in vitro erythropoiesis was reduced in the presence of Li+, the mechanisms controlling differentiation of hematopoietic stem cell may be interpreted to be subject to cation influence.
Biopsy diagnosis of intestinal infectious diseases

Abstract Infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract can be broadly divided into three morphological categories: (1) non-specific active infectious bacterial colitis caused by infectious agents such as Campylobacter , Shigella or Salmonella , (2) specific histopathological changes such as Cytomegalovirus colitis, or colitis associated with Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infection and (3) minimal inflammatory mucosal changes, such as those seen with microsporidiosis and intestinal spirochaetosis. Recognising these three general patterns of inflammation, while reviewing gastrointestinal biopsies, may facilitate their diagnosis and differential diagnosis.
Career orientations and the quality of working life among medical interns and residents

Abstract The present study explores the relationship between career orientations and assessments of the personal and work environments of a sample of medical interns and residents. Physicians whose career expectations were more “patient-oriented” were found to evaluate their work and social environments differently than physicians who were less patient-oriented. Similar but opposite patterns of associations were found among physicians whose career expectations were more “disease-oriented”. The findings demonstrate the need to take into account how physicians assess their personal and work environments during post-graduate training in order to understand more adequately the process and outcomes of career choice.
Time-resolved optical diffusion tomography

A mathematical model is proposed describing time-resolved output measurements obtained on the surface of a diffusely scattering body due to an input pulse of near-IR light at a different location also on the surface. Such measurements can be obtained using a pulsed near-IR laser coupled with a CCD streak camera. The scattering body is assumed to exhibit homogenous scattering and spatially varying absorption. Using this model, an iterative algorithm is derived using maximum likelihood methods that allows the reconstruction of the spatial absorption pattern from a set of time-resolved tomographic measurements. The methodology places no restrictions upon the time-of-arrival of the detected photons, thus permitting the entire time-resolved signal to be used in the reconstruction process. The reconstruction algorithm is easily initialized and preliminary results indicate that stable reconstructions can be performed.