cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Cultivars, Organic Cropping Management, and Environment on Antioxidants in Whole Grain Rice

Whole grain rice contains functional antioxidants such as phenolics, flavonoids (including proanthocyanidins), vitamin E homologs (tocopherols and tocotrienols), and γ-oryzanol that have positive effects on human health. These antioxidants are secondary metabolites in plants that can be induced under external stress. The objectives of this study were to quantify the effects of cultivars, crop management method (organic and conventional), and growing environment on the concentrations of these antioxidants in whole grain rice. Cultivars and environment contributed to a higher percentage of variation in the concentrations of these antioxidants than did crop management method. Cultivars accounted for a greater proportion of the variation than environment for all traits except total tocotrienols and γ-oryzanol. Cultivars that are high in concentrations of these antioxidants were identified, but no one cultivar contained the highest concentration of all antioxidants evaluated. These cultivar differences indicat...
Effects of Growth Conditions and Substrate Orientation on the Properties of InSb

Two new organometallic Sb sources, tris(dimethylamino)antimony (TDMASb), and tertiarybutyldimethylantimony (TBDMSb) are being investigated. Growth of InSb using TDMASb, or TBDMSb and TMIn was investigated at 350 to 475C using a range of V/III ratios, growth rates and pressures. Misoriented InSb substrates were also used for selected growth conditions. The growth rates of InSb using TMIn and either TDMASb or TBDMSb at temperatures {le} 425C were proportional to both the TMIn flow rate and the temperature. The surface morphology of InSb grown using either TDMASb or TBDMSb was very rough for growth temperatures {le} 425C. This may be due to the complex decomposition mechanisms involved and the presence of methyl groups on the surface. Smoother backgrounds were generally found when using off axis substrates. The details of the defects observed on the surfaces were dependent on the type of misorientation and can be related to the atomic structure of the surface steps. Both n- and p-type InSb were grown using TBDMSb or TDMASb and TMIn with mobilities up to 68,990 and 7773 cm{sup 2}/Vs, respectively, at 77 K. The mobility for InSb using either TDMASb or TBDMSb was optimized by going to lower temperatures, pressures and V/III ratios. The opposite wasmore » true for surface morphology which improved with higher temperature, pressure, and V/III ratio. The growth of high mobility InSb with smooth surfaces at T {le} 425C was not achieved with TDMASb or TBDMSb and TMIn under the conditions investigated in this work.« less
Implicit and Explicit Motives Influence Accessibility to Different Autobiographical Knowledge

In two studies, participants completed implicit and explicit measures of achievement and intimacy/affiliation motivation. In Study 1, they recalled an emotional and a self-descriptive memory. In both domains, implicit motive scores were higher when motivational content was present in the emotional memory. When motivational content was present in the self-descriptive memory, explicit motive scores were higher in both domains. In Study 2, participants recalled four autobiographical memories (two agentic, two communal) that were then categorized as specific or general events. Implicit motive scores were higher for participants who recalled specific agentic and communal events. Explicit motive scores were higher for participants who recalled general achievement events but not general communal events. Findings suggest that implicit motives are linked to accessibility of specific and emotional experiences, whereas explicit motives are linked more strongly to accessibility of specific and general memories that r...
Central and peripheral cholinesterase inhibition: effects on anterior pituitary and sympathomimetic function.

Abstract Ten physically healthy inpatients of mixed diagnosis received, in a randomized, counter-balanced double-blind paradigm, physostigmine (22 μg/kg) and neostigmine (11 μg/kg). Infusions were separated by at least 2 days. The differential effects of physostigmine and neostigmine on plasma concentrations of cortisol, prolactin, growth hormone, ACTH, β-endorphin/β-lipotropin-like immunoreactivity, dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine are reported. Administration of physostigmine, unlike that of neostigmine, was associated with statistically significant increases in plasma concentrations of cortisol, prolactin, ACTH, β-endorphin/β-lipotropin-like immunoreactivity, and epinephrine, presumably via central mechanisms. In a separate study, 15 subjects, mostly depressed inpatients, were pretreated with methscopolamine (0.75 mg) on one day and scopolamine (0.5 mg) on another day, at least 2 days apart, in a randomized, counterbalanced double blind paradigm and subsequently on each day received physostigmine (22 μg/kg). Scopolamine significantly attenuated the physostigmine-associated increase in plasma concentrations of cortisol, growth hormone, prolactin, ACTH, and dopamine compared to methscopolamine, and a close-to-significant attenuation of epinephrine as well. These results provide further evidence that physostigmine's effects on plasma concentrations of pituitary hormones and epinephrine occur via central mechanisms and are muscarinically mediated.
A case for sexual orientation diversity management in small and large organizations

In the 14 years since the Society for Human Resource Management added sexual orientation to its nondiscrimination statement, many organizations, including a large majority of Fortune 500 companies, have become more accepting of gay and lesbian workers. However, both small and large organizations may not have decided if this diversity is a type they wish to address. This article makes the case that to be competitive in the labor market and maximize the customer base, inclusiveness may be a requirement. We make this point by first describing current practices that create inclusive environments. To explore differences between small and large employers, we then present an exploratory study that shows that small firms may already have advantages in establishing inclusiveness. Interviews are presented that further investigate how work climates may exist for gay and lesbian employees in small and large organizations. Best practices and recommendations for creating and maintaining an inclusive workforce are then presented. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Shot noise in gravitational-wave detectors with Fabry–Perot arms

Shot-noise-limited sensitivity is calculated for gravitational-wave interferometers with Fabry–Perot arms, similar to those being installed at the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) and the Italian–French Laser Interferometer Collaboration (VIRGO) facility. This calculation includes the effect of nonstationary shot noise that is due to phase modulation of the light. The resulting formula is experimentally verified by a test interferometer with suspended mirrors in the 40-m arms.
The Lavrentiev phenomenon for invariant variational problems

In this paper we consider the problem of minimizing $$\bar{I}\left[ y \right]: = \int\limits_{a}^{b} {\bar{f}} \left( {x,y\left( x \right),y'\left( x \right)} \right)dx$$ (1) in the set \(ar A\) of absolutely continuous functions y(·): [a, b] → ℝ satisfying the end conditions $$y(a) = lpha ,y(b) = 0,$$ (2) where α is a prescribed constant. In (1), [a, b] is a bounded interval, “′ ” denotes differentiation with respect to x, and the integrand \(ar f = ar f(x,y,p)\) is assumed to be smooth (C 3) and nonnegative. In addition, \(ar f\) is assumed to satisfy: $${ar f_{pp}} eqslant 0.$$ (3)
Process integration and device performance of a submicrometer BiCMOS with 16-GHz f/sub t/ double poly-bipolar devices

Submicrometer-channel CMOS devices have been integrated with self-aligned double-polysilicon bipolar devices showing a cutoff frequency of 16 GHz. n-p-n bipolar transistors and p-channel MOSFETs were built in an n-type epitaxial layer on an n/sup +/ buried layer, and n-channel MOSFETs were built in a p-well on a p/sup +/ buried layer. Deep trenches with depths of 4 mu m and widths of 1 mu m isolated the n-p-n bipolar transistors and the n- and p-channel MOSFETs from each other. CMOS, BiCMOS, and bipolar ECL circuits were characterized and compared with each other in terms of circuit speed as a function of loading capacitance, power dissipation, and power supply voltage. The BiCMOS circuit showed a significant speed degradation and became slower than the CMOS circuit when the power supply voltage was reduced below 3.3 V. The bipolar ECL circuit maintained the highest speed, with a propagation delay time of 65 ps for C/sub L/=0 pF and 300 ps for C/sub L/=1.0 pF with a power dissipation of 8 mW per gate. The circuit speed improvements in the CMOS circuits as the effective channel lengths of the MOS devices were scaled from 0.8 to 0.4 mu m were maintained at almost the same ratio. >
The diachronic relationship between demonstratives and first/second person pronouns

It is well known that demonstratives are the cross-linguistically common source of third person pronouns due to the functional similarity between them. For this reason, they are morphologically related to or formally indistinguishable from one another in many languages. First and second person pronouns, on the other hand, typically have historical sources other than demonstratives. However, unlike the close relationship between demonstratives and third person pronouns, the fact that demonstratives and first/second person pronouns have a very tenuous diachronic relationship has not attracted much attention in previous studies. Based primarily on historical data from Japanese, the present study shows that there are at least three functional reasons why demonstratives do not usually give rise to first/second person pronouns. This study also discusses a limited context in which a demonstrative does develop into a second person pronoun.
Relative influences: patterns of HPA axis concordance during triadic family interaction.

Objective: Within-family concordance in physiology may have implications for family system functioning and for individual health outcomes. Here, we examine patterns of association in cortisol within family triads. Methods: A total of 103 adolescents and their parents sampled saliva at multiple timepoints before and after a conflict discussion task. We explored whether within-family associations existed and were moderated by stepparent presence and youth gender, and whether within-family patterns of influence correlated with individuals’ aggregate cortisol. Results: Across the laboratory visit, the cortisol levels of fathers, mothers, and youth were positively associated. In time-lagged models, mothers’ cortisol predicted fathers’ cortisol levels sampled at the following timepoint, whereas fathers’ predicted youths’ and youths’ predicted mothers’ cortisol. These patterns appeared stronger in families not including stepparents. Youth gender moderated some associations: in the aggregate, youth were more strongly linked with their same-gender parent. In time-lagged models, girls were more closely linked to their mothers than boys, and both parents were more linked to girls. Youth showed higher aggregate cortisol output if they were more linked with their mothers, and lower output if more linked with their fathers; parents had higher output if they were more linked with their spouses and lower output if more linked with their children. Conclusions: These results suggest that family members’ physiological activation may be linked during shared interaction, and that these patterns may be affected by family role and by youth gender. Our findings identify specific patterns of physiological influence within families that may inform family systems theories.
Kinetics of the Reaction of O(3P) Atoms with Benzene

The kinetics of the gas phase reaction of O(3P) atoms with benzene was investigated using fast flow techniques. Specific rate constants were obtained using two separate systems, one with ESR detection to monitor the decrease in O(3P) atoms and the other with mass spectrometry to follow the change in benzene concentration. The rate constant computed with respect to O(3P) removal is much larger than that obtained in the mass spectrometer studies and this is believed to result from further reactions of oxygen atoms with radical species produced in the initial O(3P)+C6H6 interaction. On the basis of the mass spectrometric studies a specific rate constant for the reaction O(3P)+C6H6→ [C6H6O] of (3.8± 1.5) × 1013 exp(−4,400± 500/RT) cm3 mole−1· sec−1 was obtained over the temperature range of 255–305°K. A negligibly small kinetic isotope effect was observed in competitive experiments with C6H6 and C6D6. The results obtained are interpreted in terms of a rate determining step involving the addition of oxygen ato...
On the decomposability of the stable marriage problem

The idea of decomposability is applied to the stable marriage problem. The problem is said to be decomposable if all its stable solutions match the members of a subset of the men with the members of a subset of the woman and only with them. One necessary and three sufficient criteria for the decomposability are presented.
Vitamin D deficiency with special reference to the immigrant communities

After World War 2, rickets had disappeared from the U.K. Then in 1960, 19 consecutive cases were reported from Guy's Hospital. A little later, Gavin Arneil discovered cases of rickets in Glasgow. Half of these cases were among non‐British children, but although many of these were coloured, they also included Irish and Spanish children. This showed that lack of skin pigment does not necessarily protect children against rickets.
UNITARITY BOUNDS OF THE SCATTERING AMPLITUDE AND THE DIFFRACTION PEAK

From unitarity alone a lower bound for the derivative of the absorptive part of the forward scattering amplitude with respect to the momentum transfer is obtained, in terms of the elastic and total cross sections. Comparison with high-energy scattering experiments shows that the actual value of this derivative is rather close to the lower bound, which provides some information on the partial-wave distribution. Our result can also be used to obtain consistency requirements on theoretical models. If Regge behavior is assumed for high-energy scattering, namely, $F(s, t)\ensuremath{\simeq}f(t){s}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}(t)}$, then one can show that either ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}(0)g~\ensuremath{\epsilon}g0$ or $\ensuremath{\alpha}(t)\ensuremath{\equiv}\mathrm{const}.$
Nanogenerators for self-powering nanosystems and piezotronics for smart MEMS/NEMS

Two new fields are introduced to MEMS/NEMS: a nanogenerator that harvests mechanical energy for powering nanosystems, and strained induced piezotronics for smart MEMS. Fundamentally, due to the polarization of ions in a crystal that has non-central symmetry, such as ZnO, GaN and InN, a piezoelectric potential (piezopotential) is created in the crystal by applying a stress. The principle of harvesting irregular mechanical energy by the nanogenerator relies on the piezopotenital driven transient flow of electrons in external load, which can be resulted from body motion, muscle stretching, breathing, tiny mechanical vibration/disturbance, sonic wave etc. As of today, a gentle straining can output 1–3 V at an instant output power of ∼2 µW from an integrated nanogenerator of a very thin sheet of 1 cm2 in size. This technology has the potential applications for power MEMS/NEMS that requires a power in the µW to mW range. Furthermore, we have replaced the externally applied gate voltage to a CMOS field effect transistor by the strain induced piezopotential as a “gate” voltage to tune/control the charge transport from source to drain. The devices fabricated by this principle are called piezotronics, with applications in strain/force/pressure triggered/controlled electronic devices, sensors and logic units.
Autism in DSM-5: progress and challenges.

Background: Since Kanner’s first description of autism there have been a number of changes in approaches to diagnosis with certain key continuities . Since the Fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV) appeared in 1994 there has been an explosion in research publications. The advent of changes in DSM-5 presents some important moves forward as well as some potential challenges. Methods: The various relevant studies are summarized. Results: If research diagnostic instruments are available, many (but not all) cases with a DSM-IV diagnosis of autism continue to have this diagnosis. The overall efficiency of this system falls if only one source of information is available and, particularly, if the criteria are used outside the research context. The impact is probably greatest among the most cognitively able cases and those with less classic autism presentations. Conclusions: Significant discontinuities in diagnostic practice raise significant problems for both research and clinical services. For DSM-5, the impact of these changes remains unclear.
Layered and Collaborative Gesture Analysis in Multi-Camera Networks

A layered and collaborative architecture for gesture recognition in a multi-camera network is presented in this paper. The proposed approach is motivated by the diversity of gestures expressed in passive monitoring applications. It is based on the concept of opportunistic fusion of simple features within a single camera and active collaboration between multiple cameras in the decision making process. The decision process is pursued through mutual, assisted, and self correspondences, using features available at different cameras. The dynamics employed by the opportunistic fusion of different features within a single camera as well as those from multiple cameras offer the potential to address gesture recognition problems more efficiently and accurately across a variety of different applications.
Flavor and Texture in Cheddar Cheese. II. Carbonyl Compounds Produced by Mixed Strain Lactic Starter Cultures

Abstract Two mixed-strain lactic starters, A and C, selected for consistent production of normal and fruity-flavored Cheddar cheese, respectively, were cultured in 11% nonfat milk for 24 hr at 30C, and the amounts and kinds of carbonyl compounds produced by each were compared. Tentative identification of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones of the carbonyls showed the presence of acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, acetone, pyruvic acid, diacetyl, glyoxal, and an alphaketo alkanal in Starter A. Starter C contained the same compounds but lacked propionaldehyde, which was replaced by formaldehyde. Striking differences were noted between A and C in the concentration of acetaldehyde, diacetyl, and pyruvic acid, the latter containing more than twice the concentration of these compounds found in Starter A. It appeared that cultures associated with high carbonyl production in milk also were responsible for fruity offflavor defects in Cheddar cheese.
A phylogenetic hypothesis for Crocodylus (Crocodylia) based on mitochondrial DNA: evidence for a trans-Atlantic voyage from Africa to the New World.

Abstract The phylogenetic relationships among extant species of Crocodylus (Crocodylia) have been inconsistently resolved by previous systematic studies. Here we used nearly complete mitochondrial (mt) genomes (∼16,200 base pairs) for all described Crocodylus species, eight of which are new to this study, to derive a generally well-supported phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus. Model-based analyses support monophyly of all Asian + Australian species and paraphyly of Crocodylus niloticus (Nile crocodile) with a monophyletic New World clade nested within this species. Wild-caught Nile crocodiles from eastern populations group robustly with the four New World species to the exclusion of Nile crocodiles from western populations, a result that is also favored by parsimony analyses and by various subpartitions of the overall mt dataset. The fossil record of Crocodylus extends back only to the Late Miocene, while the earliest fossils assigned to C. niloticus and to New World Crocodylus are Pliocene. Therefore, in combination with paleontological evidence, mt DNA trees imply a relatively recent migration of Crocodylus from Africa to the Americas, a voyage that would have covered hundreds of miles at sea.
Alternatives and defaults: Knobe's two explanations of how moral judgments influence intuitions about intentionality and causation

Knobe cites both relevant alternatives and defaults on a continuum to explain how moral judgments influence intuitions about certain apparently non-moral notions. I ask (1) how these two accounts are related, (2) whether they exclude or supplement supposedly competing theories, and (3) how to get positive evidence that people consider relevant alternatives when applying such notions.
A Warrior Celebration: The Photographs of Tom Jones

The photographs of Tom Jones (Ho-Chunk) portray American Indian warriors, but not as the stereotyped lone warrior, separated from family or community. Jones photographs Ho-Chunk (Winnebago) warriors rooted in a place and a specific set of traditions, but still part of the contemporary world. His images from the Ho-Chunk Memorial Day Powwow, held each year in Black River Falls, Wisconsin, celebrate the connections between Ho-Chunk warriors, past and present, and their homes, families and communities.
Hypocrea jecorina (Trichoderma reesei) Cel7A as a molecular machine: A docking study

Hypocrea jecorina (formerly Trichoderma reesei) Cel7A has a catalytic domain (CD) and a cellulose-binding domain (CBD) separated by a highly glycosylated linker. Very little is known of how the 2 domains interact to degrade crystalline cellulose. Based on the interaction energies and forces on cello-oligosaccharides computationally docked to the CD and CBD, we propose a molecular machine model, where the CBD wedges itself under a free chain end on the crystalline cellulose surface and feeds it to the CD active site tunnel. Enzyme-substrate interactions produce the forces required to pull cellulose chains from the surface and also to help the enzyme move on the cellulose chain for processive hydrolysis. The energy to generate these forces is ultimately derived from the chemical energy of glycosidic bond breakage.
Supersonic Jet Noise Reduction Technologies for Gas Turbine Engines

This paper presents observations and simulations of the impact of several technologies on modifying the flow-field and acoustic emissions from supersonic jets from nozzles typical of those used on military aircraft. The flow-field is measured experimentally by shadowgraph and particle image velocimetry. The acoustics are characterized by near- and far-field microphone measurements. The flow- and near-field pressures are simulated by a monotonically integrated large eddy simulation. Use of unstructured grids allows accurate modeling of the nozzle geometry. The emphasis of the work is on “off-design” or nonideally expanded flow conditions. The technologies applied to these nozzles include chevrons, fluidic injection, and fluidically enhanced chevrons. The fluidic injection geometry and the fluidic enhancement geometry follow the approach found successful for subsonic jets by employing jets pitched 60 deg into the flow, impinging on the shear layer just past the tips of the chevrons or in the same axial position when injection is without chevrons.
Association between nucleotide variation in Egfr and wing shape in Drosophila melanogaster.

As part of an effort to dissect quantitative trait locus effects to the nucleotide level, association was assessed between 238 single-nucleotide and 20 indel polymorphisms spread over 11 kb of the Drosophila melanogaster Egfr locus and nine relative warp measures of wing shape. One SNP in a conserved potential regulatory site for a GAGA factor in the promoter of alternate first exon 2 approaches conservative experimentwise significance (P 0.00003) in the sample of 207 lines for association with the location of the crossveins in the central region of the wing. Several other sites indicate marginal association with one or more other aspects of shape. No strong effects of sex or population of origin were detected with measures of shape, but two different sites were strongly associated with overall wing size in interaction with these fixed factors. Whole-gene sequencing in very large samples, rather than selective genotyping, would appear to be the only strategy likely to be successful for detecting subtle associations in species with high polymorphism and little haplotype structure. However, these features severely limit the ability of linkage disequilibrium mapping in Drosophila to resolve quantitative effects to single nucleotides.
Clinical Trials in Cardiovascular Medicine in an Era of Marginal Benefit, Bias, and Hyperbole

Clinical trials in the modern medical era began in the mid-20th century with the first randomized, double-blind assessment of an antibiotic, streptomycin, for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.1 Over the course of the next 50 years, the randomized, controlled trial became the “gold standard” for testing the efficacy of new therapies and is generally required for their approval by regulatory agencies worldwide. To be sure, many effective cardiovascular therapies have been identified and approved for use following this generally accepted approach. In this editorial, I will review the many factors that can and do adversely affect the performance and interpretation of contemporary clinical trials in cardiovascular medicine, hoping to shed light on what I view as a series of growing and only partly remediable challenges to effective clinical investigation. Clinical trials in cardiovascular medicine set the standard for randomized, controlled trial design owing to the population prevalence of the major cardiovascular diseases, the event rates in these patient populations, and the practicably achievable sample sizes sufficient to minimize type II errors. In the early studies of fibrinolytic therapy for myocardial infarction (ISIS [International Study of Infarct Survival] and TIMI [Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction]), for example, the expected 5-week mortality rate for conventionally treated patients was 12% to 13% at the time2,3 in Europe and the United States. Thus, with several thousand patients in each treatment arm, one could expect to detect confidently true reductions in absolute mortality of 3% to 4%, as was the case in these landmark trials. Over the past three decades, mortality rates for highly prevalent cardiovascular diseases, including acute coronary syndromes, heart failure, and sudden death, have continuously improved owing to the clear benefits of therapies proved to be efficacious in double-blind, randomized, controlled trials. With these mounting, cumulative successes, however, the marginal benefit …
A Historical Context for the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child

The United Nations (UN) Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) was a by-product of international commitments to human rights, but its history lies in the complex and contradictory developments of the twentieth century, when elevated expectations regarding the welfare of children confronted the realities of war. In the late nineteenth century, material conditions and reform efforts redefined the lives of children in the Western world and created new sentiments about childhood and investments in children’s progress. World Wars I and II exposed children’s acute vulnerability and the myth of inevitable progress. After each of these wars, defining what was owed to children and how best to meet their needs was part of larger international negotiations regarding power and prestige. Throughout this period, the involvement of women, a new Swedish presence in international diplomacy, and the growing role of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) affected what would become a rearticulation of child welfare and pr...
Carbon Fiber Paper Cathodes for Lithium Ion Batteries

A novel lithium ion battery cathode structure was produced which has the potential for excellent capacity retention and good thermal management. In these cathodes, the active cathode material (lithium iron phosphate) was carbon bonded to a thermally and electrically conductive carbon fiber paper (CFP) support. Electrochemical testing was performed on Swagelok cells consisting of CFP cathodes and lithium anodes. High specific energy, near-theoretical capacity, and good cycling performance were demonstrated for 0.11 mm and 0.37 mm thick CFP cathodes.
Legal transplants in the law of the deal: M & A agreements in India

This chapter reviews the transformation of merger and acquisition (M&A) transactions in India. Due to globalization and economic liberalization, India has experienced a significant wave of cross-border M&A deals. The explosion of cross-border M&A transactions has affected the makeup of the legal profession in India, as well as the norms and practices of transactional lawyers in India. The practice of Indian corporate law firms, including the way Indian lawyers document M&A transactions, now often resembles those of US firms in the negotiation and drafting of acquisition agreements. This chapter identifies the salient features of Indian M&A deal-making and contracting that have become increasingly influenced by US-style M&A transactions. This chapter uses representation and warranties provisions, indemnification provisions and earn-out arrangements to illustrate transplants in the law of the deal.
Radiosurgery for Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors

Intrinsic intramedullary spinal cord tumors (ISCTs) account for 8–10 % of all primary spinal cord tumors, while intramedullary spinal cord metastases (ISCMs) account for less than 5 % of all spinal tumors. While the overall survival of patients with primary ISCTs varies greatly with histology, ISCMs maintain a poor prognosis with a median overall survival of 4 months following diagnosis. Standard of care for both primary ISCTs and ISCMs often includes a combination of surgical resection, conventional external beam radiation therapy (EBRT), steroids, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and stereotactic radiosurgery (CyberKnife, LINAC, Gamma Knife). With greater access and application of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) in the treatment of ISCTs, data is beginning to accrue regarding patient outcomes. In this chapter, the authors review the present literature surrounding the safety and efficacy of SRS in the treatment of ISCTs and present a sample institutional experience of CyberKnife SRS.
Focus on... Employment Taxation of Deferred Compensation

Final IRS regulations concerning how employment taxes are imposed on amounts deferred under non-qualified deferred compensation plans vary significantly from the proposed regulations issued three years ago. Issued in January, the new regulations differ as to cost of living adjustments, transition relief for window programs, the calculation of deferral amounts, and new transition rules, among other areas. This article details the workings of the new rules, which plan sponsors will need to review carefully to ensure that their plans are in compliance.
Hemingway, the Red Cross, and the Great War Steven Florczyk. Kent: Kent State University Press, 2014.

Hemingway, the Red Cross, and the Great War Steven Florczyk. Kent: Kent State University Press, 2014.Scholarly accounts of Ernest Hemingway's formative experience in the Great War are riddled with falsehoods and unreliable hearsay. Steven Florczyk does exhaustive research to set the record straight, especially in regard to place names, exact dates, the nature of Hemingway's service, and the details about his being wounded and decorated.On May 11, 1918, Ernest Hemingway boarded a train to New York City to join the ambulance corps of the American Red Cross (ARC). He was a callow eighteen-year-old cub reporter for the Kansas City Star, who lusted to get into the war before it passed him by. His weak eyesight had prevented him from enlisting in the United States Army; newspapers had been full of romantic stories about the ambulance corps. On June 7, he arrived in Italy and was sent to Schio, near (but not much affected by) the Austrian front. "Oh, Boy!!!" he wrote on a postcard back home, "I'm glad I'm in it" (42).There wasn't much of the taciturn cynic about this teenager. As a paramilitary volunteer, he was entitled to the honorary rank of second lieutenant and a standard army uniform, which he gussied up with the unauthorized addition of a Sam Browne belt. Years afterward, one of the seasoned hands in the ambulance corps recalled him as "an impulsively presumptuous child" (54). Evidently Hemingway and his commanding officer Captain Robert W. Bates disliked each other. Years later Hemingway wrote to a friend, "what a shit Capt. Bates was" (46); Bates characterized Hemingway as "an incomparable braggart and liar" (85).Bored by the inactivity of ambulance driving during his first two weeks in Schio, Hemingway volunteered for the more dangerous canteen service. Carrying cigarettes and chocolate to soldiers was a way to get to the front line along the Piave River. On July 7, an Austrian mortar shell killed at least one Italian soldier, severely wounded two others, and peppered Hemingway's legs with more than two hundred puncture wounds. The injury got him a promotion to first lieutenant and two medals from the Italian army. There's no disputing those facts. The crux of the antimony between Bates and Hemingway seems to stem from further details about what had occurred. The most heroic account has the wounded Hemingway braving machine guns, from which he suffered several additional wounds, while carrying an injured soldier some 150 yards to the first-aid dugout. …
Modeling of Aperiodic Quasi-Phase-Matched Direct Laser Electron Acceleration

Aperiodic quasi-phase-matching conditions for direct laser acceleration of electrons by radially polarized laser pulses in corrugated plasma waveguides are investigated using a numerical electron test particle model.
On Loyalty and Loyalties: The Contours of a Problematic Virtue, by John Kleinig

In recent years, philosophers have paid ever-increasing attention to the individual's placement within various types of associations, from the highly intimate (such as friendship and marriage) to t...
IS SINGAPORE'S HEALTH CARE SYSTEM CONGRUENT WITH CONFUCIANISM?

All countries face the task of implementing a health care system that is financially sustainable and morally defensible. In “Confucian Health Care System in Singapore: A Family-oriented Approach to Financial Sustainability,” Kris Su Hui Teo argues that Singapore’s health care system has done well in balancing and executing these dual tasks, having developed a three-tier model that is both economically sound and defensible within a larger framework of Confucian values. In particular, it has been claimed that Singapore has developed a health care system that limits: (1) the moral hazards involved in health care entitlement systems (e.g. governmental as well as private insurance schemes); (2) the political hazards involved when governments establish a health insurance scheme which allows politicians to promise further entitlements that will need to be funded (if possible) in the future and (3) the demographic hazard of making the fundability of health care dependent on sufficient young workers to pay for the health care of the unemployed and the aged. This short essay does not attempt to examine whether Singapore’s health care is as economically successful as many have claimed. Rather, I explore whether Singapore’s system is, in fact, as consistent with Confucianism as Teo argues. This essay examines whether Singapore’s approach to health care is contrary to the Confucian view of an ideal society. In addition, I will show that even if Singapore’s health care system does conflict on some points with this ideal, if such a health care system serves an overriding or higher Confucian moral concern, such as the harmony of the state and the universe, then such measures might nevertheless be justified according to Confucianism. However, prior to addressing this issue directly, it is necessary first to lay out some of the central tenets of Confucianism in order to better understand both the possible moral shortcomings as well the positive features of Singapore’s health care system.
Advanced Lightweight Nuclear Power Sources for Laser Beam Power Applications

In a period of less than 20 years the power levels of continuous gas lasers have advanced from a few watts to 1 megawatt, with several types scalable to even higher powers. These advances have brought within reach one of the persistent dreams of engineers: the wireless transmission of power. While lasers are impractical for terrestrial power transmission because of the variability of weather, laser power transmission may play a revolutionary role in space. Applications range from the beaming of power from a central power satellite to other satellites to bold concepts involving the remote operation of vehicles. In particular, energy for rocket or aircraft propulsion supplied by a power plant orbiting in space is considered by the author to be one of the more important potential applications of the lasers discussed at this meeting.
The Gender-Specific Aspects of Lung Cancer

Publisher Summary Cigarette smoking remains the leading cause of lung cancer death and of cancer death in women of the world. While it is not yet clear if women are more susceptible to lung cancer, current evidence does suggest that women with lung cancer have an improved prognosis compared to men with similar cigarette smoke exposure. Potential explanations for observed gender disparities in lung cancer include environmental exposures, molecular genetic factors, and hormonal differences. The gap between male and female smoking prevalence is narrowing and we are likely to see the incidence and death rates from lung cancer in women begin to approach those in men. As research continues to be directed towards understanding gender-specific aspects of lung cancer susceptibility and prognosis, advocacy for public policy initiatives will help prevent and reduce smoking prevalence in girls and women. Exposure to environmental pollutants can be remediated, which is a strategy that may be helpful in lowering the incidence of lung cancer in never-smoking women in developing countries.
Short Wavelength III-Nitride Lasers

Publisher Summary The aim of this chapter is to review research activities, which has shaped a new generation of short wavelength Ill-nitride semiconductor sources. Seminal breakthroughs have led to these sources poised to impact a number of areas of optoelectronics and other technologies. On the other hand, while this progress is difficult to anticipate a decade ago, many exciting challenges and opportunities exists in the field, which in many ways has barely squeezed itself from the research laboratories. Among these are further developments in vertical cavity emitters and high brightness directional LEDs and, perhaps, most important, the further penetration of the Ill-nitride emitters into the UV for applications as varied as biomedical diagnostics and solid state lighting. For these, and related technological challenges, close coupling of basic material and wide bandgap semiconductor science to device design and fabrication is required.
New Horizons in Spine Research: Disc biology, spine biomechanics and pathomechanisms of back pain

Low back pain and neck pain are the first and fourth leading causes of years lived with disability, respectively.1 The widespread prevalence of back pain makes it among the most costly heathcare conditions, yet, it is surprisingly not among the top ten health conditions receiving research funding.2 This funding discrepancy was noted by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) with a Roundtable on the Role of Disc Degeneration in Neck and Back Pain highlighting the need for novel research and partnerships to overcome some of these challenges.3 To advance novel spine science and collaborations, the 3rd International Spine Research Symposium, co-sponsored by the Philadelphia Spine Research Society (PSRS), NIAMS/NIH and the Orthopaedic Research Society (ORS), was held to enhance understanding of the clinical problems associated with degenerative disc disease, and to highlight cutting-edge scientific research in areas of basic biology, epidemiology, disease mechanisms, biomechanics, tissue engineering and imaging of the intervertebral disc (IVD).4 This special issue on ‘New Horizons in Spine Research’ and a second issue to follow at a later date are outcomes from that meeting, with articles selected from the strong response to the ‘call for papers’. This issue focuses on the fundamental topics of disc ageing and cell biology, spine biomechanics, anatomy and imaging, and pathomechanisms of spine pain. A second special issue will focus on repair and regeneration. This growing passion for advancing spine research and improving spinal health has ignited the spine research community to coalesce within the Orthopaedic Research Society as the newly formed Spine Section (http://www.ors.org/spinesection/) in order to enhance communication and collaboration.
HIV Screening Rates among Medicaid Enrollees Diagnosed with Other Sexually Transmitted Infections.

Introduction Approximately 20 million new sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diagnosed yearly in the United States costing the healthcare system an estimated $16 billion in direct medical expenses. The presence of other STIs increases the risk of HIV transmission. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has long recommended routine HIV screening for individuals with a diagnosed STI. Unfortunately, HIV screening prevalence among STI diagnosed patients are still sub-optimal in many healthcare settings. Objective To determine the proportion of STI-diagnosed persons in the Medicaid population who are screened for HIV, examine correlates of HIV screening, and to suggest critical intervention points to increase HIV screening in this population. Methods A retrospective database analysis was conducted to examine the prevalence and correlates of HIV screening among participants. Participant eligibility was restricted to Medicaid enrollees in 29 states with a primary STI diagnosis (chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis) or pelvic inflammatory disease claim in 2009. HIV-positive persons were excluded from the study. Frequencies and descriptive statistics were conducted to characterize the sample in general and by STI diagnosis. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were performed to estimate unadjusted odds ratios and adjusted odds ratio respectively and the 95% confidence intervals. Multivariate logistic regression models that included the independent variables (race, STI diagnosis, and healthcare setting) and covariates (gender, residential status, age, and state) were analyzed to examine independent associations with HIV screening. Results About 43% of all STI-diagnosed study participants were screened for HIV. STI-diagnosed persons that were between 20–24 years, female, residing in a large metropolitan area and with a syphilis diagnosis were more likely to be screened for HIV. Participants who received their STI diagnosis in the emergency department were less likely to be screened for HIV than those diagnosed in a physician’s office. Conclusion This study showed that HIV screening prevalence among persons diagnosed with an STI are lower than expected based on the CDC’s recommendations. These suboptimal HIV screening prevalence present “missed opportunities” for HIV screening in at-risk populations. Measures and incentives to increase HIV screening among all STI-diagnosed persons are vital to the timely identification of HIV infection, linkage to HIV care, and mitigating further HIV transmission.
Hierarchical Bayesian Models for Type Ia Supernova Inference

Type Ia supernovae (SN Ia) are the most precise cosmological distance indicators and are important for measuring the acceleration of the Universe and the properties of dark energy. Current cosmological analyses use rest-frame optical SN Ia light curves to estimate distances, whose accuracy is limited by the confounding effects of host galaxy dust extinction. The combination of broadband optical and near-infrared (NIR) light curves and spectroscopic data has the potential to improve inference in supernova cosmology. I describe a principled, hierarchical Bayesian framework to coherently model the multiple random and uncertain effects underlying the observed data, including measurement error, intrinsic supernova covariances, host galaxy dust extinction and reddening, peculiar velocities and distances. Using a new MCMC code, BayeSN, to compute probabilistic inferences for individual SN Ia and the population, I applied these hierarchical models to the joint analysis of the optical, near-infrared (NIR), and spectroscopic data from a large sample of nearby SN Ia. The combination of optical and NIR data better constrains estimates of the dust effects and approximately doubles the precision of cross-validated SN Ia distance predictions compared to using optical data alone. The hierarchical model is extended to include spectroscopic data to estimate significant correlations between the intrinsic optical colors and ejecta velocities. These applications demonstrate the power and flexibility of multi-level modeling in the analysis of SN Ia data.
Developing a real-time monitoring and alerting capability for traffic flow management

This paper describes the development of a real-time composite interactive display suite or “dashboard” capability for monitoring and alerting significant National Airspace System (NAS) events. The dashboard is designed to address the operational needs of air traffic managers in gathering data from multiple sources, thus gaining situational awareness of the NAS status. It monitors several system performance areas in real-time and identifies alerting events, pushing to the user relevant information and notifications regarding evolving problems. (“Pushing” information on a display means autonomous presentation — no query or other interrogation by the user is required.) While high-level system alerts are provided, drill-down information is also available for the user to determine whether further actions are warranted. The dashboard also allows the user to customize the alerts for a specific context by setting thresholds. Field evaluation results suggest that the dashboard capability shortens traffic managers' data acquisition time and, since the dashboard capability is a shared web application, it improves common situational awareness on NAS operations. Ongoing research focuses on calibrating alert thresholds for site-specific needs and expanding the selection of performance metrics enabled by System Wide Information Management feeds.
The problem of technology as valuation errors: The paradox of the means in Simmel and Scheler

Abstract Georg Simmel and Max Scheler provide a framework for making judgements about the desirability of technological development and use, an evaluation absent from a largely relativistic contemporary sociology of technology. The appropriate role of technology in society is to aid in the attainment of ultimate values (ends). Both Simmel and Scheler framed the problem of technology as the elevation of technology to an ultimate value. The modern valuation of technology as an end is irrational because it is a reversal of the means-ends relationship and values the general development of technology instead of the potential benefits of particular technical developments. This inverted valuation is also detrimental to the cultivation of “subjective culture” and harmful to life. The importance of Simmel and Scheler for the contemporary sociology of technology is an illustration of what an evaluation of technology presupposes: claims about the general nature of modern technology as well as its essence. Although insightful, the cultural and phenomenological sociologies of technology found in Simmel and Scheler could be strengthened with structural analysis.