cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Specimens by the Millions: Managing Large, Specialized Collections at the University of Washington Burke Museum Fish Collection

The University of Washington Fish Collection is a state-funded collection shared between the University of Washington School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences and the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture dating back to 1919. Early collecting followed the interests of curators and university class field trips, with a slow and steady growth rate up until the late 1970s. At that time, recognizing that state and federal agencies routinely collect specimens as part of their fishery and resource management efforts, we sought out partnerships with several local agencies, most notably the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries Department, to provide collections support for the natural history specimens collected through their survey work. The millions of specimens collected through these efforts, including adults, juveniles, eggs, larvae, skeletal materials, otoliths, and tissue samples, along with detailed locality data, are now freely available to researchers around the world. Vouchering specimens adds value to agency research by allowing for verification of results of work critical to the management of our resources, including supporting forensic vouchering for law enforcement. Our collection benefits not only from the huge number and diversity of specimens we can make available to researchers, but also through training opportunities for our students who help to curate the collections and often participate in survey fieldwork along with agency scientists. I outline these partnerships and the benefits to both parties as we curate these vast specialized collections.
Asymptotic Normality—Global

This chapter elaborates properties of a certain widely applicable method of construction of estimates. The general idea is that one provides oneself with a well behaved auxiliary estimate of the parameter and that, in the vicinity of the estimated value, one refines the estimate using techniques adapted to the local structure of the experiment.
Expression of a Drosophila GABA receptor in a baculovirus insect cell system: Functional expression of insecticide susceptible and resistant GABA receptors from the cyclodiene resistance gene Rdl

Recombinant baculoviruses containing two alternative splice forms of the Drosophila Rdl GABA receptor gene were constructed. Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf21) cells infected with either splice form expressed a transcript of expected size (2.5 kb). Western blotting of cell membrane extracts and immunoprecipitation experiments with an anti-Rdl antiserum recognized a protein of the expected size of ~65 kDa. Whole cell patch clamp analysis of cells infected with either splice form revealed functional expression of GABA gated chloride ion channels which were blocked by application of 1 μM picrotoxinin. Following replacement of alanine 302 with a serine, a mutation associated with resistance to picrotoxinin and cyclodiene insecticides, mutant channels showed similar levels of insensitivity to picrotoxinin (~ 100-fold) as those observed in recordings from cultured Drosophila neurons. The significance of the expression of an insect GABA receptor in an insect cell line and the similarity of the results from these functional expression studies to recordings from cultured neurons is discussed.
Quantitative measurements of cerebral blood flow in volume imaging PET scanners

Quantitative measurements of cerebral blood flow (CBF) are performed in a volume imaging PET scanner by means of moderate activity infusions. In equilibrium infusions, activations are measured by scanning over 10 minutes with 16 minute activations. Typical measured whole brain CBF values are 37/spl plusmn/8 ml/min/dl, close to the value of 42 ml/min/dl reported by other groups using this method. For ramped infusions, scanning over 4 minutes with 5 minute activations results in whole brain CBFs of 49/spl plusmn/9 ml/min/dl, close to the Kety and Schmidt value of 50 ml/min/dl. Both equilibrium and ramped infusion methods have been used to study face and word memory in human subjects. Both methods were able to detect significant activations in regions implicated in human memory (amygdala and hippocampus). It is concluded that both accurate and precise quantitation of regional CBF (rCBF) is achieved using the methods described. In addition a simplified protocol for ramped infusion studies has been investigated. In this method the whole brain tissue time activity curve generated from dynamic scanning is replaced by an appropriately scaled camera coincidence countrate curve. The resulting whole brain CBF values are only 7% different from the dynamic scan results. Methods for obtaining the rCBF from the summed image and the resulting whole brain CBF are under investigation. >
The Constitutionality of the 1942 Price Control Act

D URING the last decade the manifold and difficult social and economic problems with which our nation has had to cope have necessitated the opening of vistas of legislative activity hitherto closed to legislative bodies. Constitutional concepts have been broadened, although not without difficulty, so that today the federal government exercises greater powers and exerts a greater influence over the activities of all persons than at any time in our history. Conditions arising out of the conduct of the war in which we are engaged have required bold and sweeping measures, and not the least of these is the Emergency Price Control Act of 1942 '-an act, according to its purpose as declared by Congress, ". . . in the interest of the national defense and security and necessary to the effective prosecution of the present war ... ." To effectuate this major purpose the Act is intended ". . . to stabilize prices and to prevent speculative, unwarranted, and abnormal increases in prices and rents; to eliminate and prevent profiteering, hoarding, manipulation, speculation, and other disruptive practices resulting from abnormal market conditions or scarcities ... to assure that defense appropriations are not dissipated by excessive prices ... to assist in securing adequate production of commodities and facilities; to prevent a post emergency collapse of values; to stabilize agricultural prices ..." and to effect other stated purposes.2 The Act provides that if in the opinion of the Price Administrator prices rise or threaten to rise to an extent inconsistent with the purposes of the Act, he may by regulation establish maximum prices which are in his judgment generally fair and equitable and will effectuate the purposes of the Act.3 The Act also declares it unlawful, ". . . regardless of any contract, agreement, lease, or other obligation heretofore or hereafter entered into . . .", for any person *Member of the Los Angeles Bar; A.B., University of California at Los Angeles, 1930; LL.B., University of California, 1933. Member Executive Board, Los Angeles Chapter, National Lawyers Guild.
A NOVEL LIGAND FOR SH3 DOMAINS : THE NCK ADAPTOR PROTEIN BINDS TO A SERINE/THREONINE KINASE VIA AN SH3 DOMAIN

We have previously shown that overexpression of the SH2- and SH3-containing Nck adaptor protein causes transformation of mammalian fibroblasts. To elucidate the mechanism by which it deregulates growth, we have sought to identify potential effectors for Nck. We report that a serine/threonine kinase, which we term NAK (for Nck-associated kinase), associates with Nck in vivo and in vitro. Using glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins generated with isolated domains of Nck, we demonstrate that NAK binds specifically to the second of Nck's three SH3 domains. NAK is complexed with Nck in a wide variety of cell types, including NIH3T3, A431, PC12, and HeLa cells.
Effects of crosslinking on the thermal stability of hemoglobins: II. The stabilization of met-, cyanomet-, and carbonmonoxyhemoglobins A and S with bis(3,5-dibromosalicyl) fumarate☆

Hemoglobins A and S were crosslinked between Lys 82β1 and Lys 82β2 using bis(3,5-dibromosalicyl) fumarate (J. A. Walder et al. (1979) Biochemistry18, 4265). Thermal denaturation experiments were used to compare the stabilities of the met, cyanomet, and carbonmonoxy forms of these crosslinked hemoglobins to the corresponding uncrosslinked proteins. Uncrosslinked carbonmonoxy- and cyanomethemoglobins had transition temperatures about 11 °C higher than the corresponding met samples. The increase in denaturation temperature (Tm) due to crosslinking was 15 °C for the methemoglobins, 10 °C for the cyanomethemoglobins, and 4 °C for the carbonmonoxy ones. There was no significant difference in stability between the met and carbonmonoxy crosslinked proteins. In order of increasing stability the samples were: met Hb S < met Hb A < CO Hb S < CO Hb A = CN-met Hb A < met XL-Hb S = CO XL-Hb S < met XL-Hb A = CO XL-Hb A < CN-met XL-Hb A. The slight decrease in the stability of Hb S (β6 Glu → Val) compared to Hb A can be explained by the replacement of an external ionic group by a hydrophobic residue in Hb S. In mixtures of crosslinked and normal Hb A, the Tm of the uncrosslinked material was slightly increased by the presence of the more stable crosslinked hemoglobin. The effects of both crosslinking and cyanide or carbon monoxide binding can be explained by Le Chatelier's principle since both would favor the native form of the protein.
Ornithine cyclase (deaminating). III. Mechanism of the conversion of ornithine to proline.

Abstract The conversion of l-ornithine to l-proline by ornithine cyclase involves the deamination of the α-amino group prior to cyclization. Therefore, 2-oxo-5-aminopentanoic acid and Δ1-pyrroline-2-carboxylic acid are likely intermediates in the conversion. The single mole of NAD+ bound tightly to the holoenzyme appears to play a catalytic role in the conversion since a transient absorption peak at 340 nm is observed upon addition of substrate to the cyclase.
Abstract 16306: Activation of the Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity Pathway is Required for Pericyte Recruitment During Pulmonary Angiogenesis

Rationale: Pericytes are perivascular cells localized to capillaries that promote vessel maturation and their absence can contribute to vessel loss. Whether impaired pericyte interaction with endothelial cells contributes to small vessel loss in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is unclear. Objective: To measure the ability of PAH pericytes to associate with pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) in vitro and in vivo. Methods and Results: Using 3G5 specific IgG-coated magnetic beads, we isolated pericytes from lungs of healthy and PAH patients followed by lineage validation. When seeded with healthy PMVECs, PAH pericytes failed to associate with endothelial tubes, resulting in smaller vascular networks compared to those seen with healthy pericytes. Following demonstration of abnormal polarization towards endothelium via live imaging and wound-healing studies, we screened PAH pericytes for abnormalities in the Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway, which has been shown to regulate cell motility and polarity in the pulmonary vasculature. We found that PAH pericytes have reduced expression of frizzled 7 (Fzd7) and cdc42, two genes critical for Wnt/PCP activation. Simultaneous knockdown of Fzd7 and cdc42 in healthy pericytes resulted in reduced motility and polarization towards PMVECs both in vitro and in a murine model of angiogenesis, whereas restoration of both genes in PAH pericytes resulted in improved endothelial-pericyte association and larger vascular networks. Conclusions: These studies suggest that the motility and polarity of pericytes during pulmonary angiogenesis is regulated by Wnt/PCP activation. Therapies targeting Wnt/PCP in pericytes could help prevent vessel loss in PAH.
Hearing the Hurt: Rhetoric, Aesthetics, and Politics of the New Negro Movement

Beginnings are often anxious times, composed of equal parts hopeful anticipation and powerful dread, likely accompanied by a sense of dislocation. As the nineteenth century came to a close, populat...
State calculations of cultural survival in environmental risk assessment: consequences for Alaska Natives.

In 2007, the Alaska Division of Public Health issued their first-ever fish consumption advisory to reduce exposure to methylmercury. Interestingly, they utilized a toxicity level in their calculations of risk that is four times higher than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) level, arguing that the EPA's calculation is “inappropriately restrictive” for Alaskans. This article explores the institutional reasoning and scientific calculations behind the state's fish consumption advice, with special attention paid to the consequences for Alaska Natives. I argue that a discourse of “Alaskan exceptionalism” is utilized by the health department to justify their assessment of risk. Although this exceptionalist discourse is intended to accommodate the unique lifestyles of Alaskan citizens, it may actually serve to undermine the very lifeways and traditions that it presumes to preserve. This article contributes insights into the ways that states can influence the social and material reproduction of communities through the deployment of “cultural difference” during the risk-assessment process.
Laparoscopy, Robotics, and Endoscopy

Implementing new technology into practice offers unique benefits for both colorectal surgeons and patients. Technology may offer improved patient outcomes, reducing postoperative pain, scarring, recovery time, hospital length of stay, and health-care utilization. These benefits have been proven in laparoscopy. For appropriate patients, robotic technology can take surgery beyond the limits of the human hand. Advances such as ESD, EMR, and CLER allow the possibility of treating neoplasia through minimally invasive and endoscopic approaches, minimizing the physical and emotional impact of surgery. However, these advances may not be appropriate for all patients and come with a learning curve and a potentially significant increase in cost.
Causas y consecuencias de la proteinuria después del trasplante renal

Proteinuria is common following kidney transplantation and affects more than 40% of kidney transplant patients per year. In general, the level of proteinuria is low (<500 mg/day) but even those levels significantly reduce graft and patient survival. This is why it is of vital importance to detect proteinuria quickly following transplantation and to investigate its cause. During the same year of the transplant, proteinuria may be caused by multiple factors, including glomerular disease, effects of anti-HLA class II antibodies and drugs such as mTOR inhibitors, tubulointerstitial disease of the graft, and significant functional discrepancy between the graft and the recipient. The relationship between proteinuria and graft survival is likely to be due to the factors that cause proteinuria. It is unknown why proteinuria and patient survival are related, but it could be due to a relationship between proteinuria and traditional cardiovascular risk factors or a relationship between proteinuria, endothelial function and inflammation. To treat proteinuria, three aspects should be considered: the cause of proteinuria, the non-specific reduction of proteinuria, and the reduction of the cardiovascular risk.
Enhancing undergraduate chemistry learning by helping students make connections among multiple graphical representations

Multiple representations are ubiquitous in chemistry education. To benefit from multiple representations, students have to make connections between them. However, connection making is a difficult task for students. Prior research shows that supporting connection making enhances students' learning in math and science domains. Most prior research has focused on supporting one type of connection-making process: conceptually making sense of connections among representations. Yet, recent research suggests that a second type of connection-making process plays a role in students' learning: perceptual fluency in translating among representations. I hypothesized that combining support for both conceptual sense making of connections and for perceptual fluency in connection making leads to higher learning gains in general chemistry among undergraduate students. I tested this hypothesis in two experiments with altogether N = 158 undergraduate students using an intelligent tutoring system for chemistry atomic structure and bonding. Results suggest that the combination of conceptual sense-making support and perceptual fluency-building support for connection making is effective for students with low prior knowledge, whereas students with high prior knowledge benefit most from receiving perceptual fluency-building support alone. This finding suggests that students' learning in chemistry can be enhanced if instruction provides support for connection making among multiple representations in a way that tailors to their specific learning needs.
Preplant Slow‐Release Nitrogen Fertilizers Produce Similar Bell Pepper Yields as Split Applications of Soluble Fertilizer

Slow-release N materials are used to reduce N leaching losses from sandy soils and extend N availability over a growing season. The objective of this research was to examine the effectiveness of preplant sulfur-coated urea (SCU) and polyolefin resin-coated urea (PCU) N fertilizers compared to split applications of soluble fertilizer on green bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) yield and quality. The 3-yr experiment consisted of green bell peppers grown on 15-cm raised beds utilizing plastic mulch and drip irrigation. Treatments were N source (preplant SCU, preplant PCU, and fertigated ammonium nitrate) and N rate (90, 135, 180, or 225 kg N ha -1 ). Ammonium nitrate (AN) was applied as a split application, with 20% preplant and 80% applied every-other week in five equal applications. Other N sources were applied 100% preplant. A zero N control was also included. Collected data included plant height, leaf N content, and fruit yield and quality. In two of three years pepper yield was maximized at or near the Alabama recommended rate of 135 kg N ha -1 . Nitrogen source rarely affected the partitioning of harvested peppers into grade groups. Adding N front any N source decreased percent nonmarketable yield (cull) and increased the percentage of marketable yield that was large (U.S. 1) peppers. There were few consistent differences in pepper yield or quality due to N source. Given cost considerations of drip application and N sources, slow-release N materials may he a viable option for small-scale growers not using drip application systems.
Separation and characterization of oat globulin polypeptides

Abstract The storage globulin of oat seeds was separated into its acidic (α) and basic (β) polypeptides by ion-exchange chromatography in 6 m urea and further characterized by several electrophoretic techniques. Molecular weights of the α and β polypeptides were 32,500–37,500 and 22,000–24,000, respectively. The unreduced protein existed as disulfide-linked αβ species of molecular weight 53,000–58,000. Isoelectric points were approximately 5.9–7.2 (α) and 8.7–9.2 (β). Two-dimensional electrophoresis showed considerable heterogeneity within both groups of polypeptides. More complete amino acid analyses of the globulin and its polypeptides are presented along with a proposed structure of the native protein based on previous and present data. Similarities were noted between the oat globulin and the legumin (11 S) class of storage proteins in certain legumes.
A compartmental model for oxygen transport in brain microcirculation

A compartmental model is formulated for oxygen transport in the cerebrovascular bed of the brain. The model considers the arteriolar, capillary and venular vessels. The vascular bed is represented as a series of compartments on the basis of blood vessel diameter. The formulation takes into account such parameters as hematocrit, vascular diameter, blood viscosity, blood flow, metabolic rate, the nonlinear oxygen dissociation curve, arterial PO2, P50 (oxygen tension at 50% hemoglobin saturation with O2) and carbon monoxide concentration. The countercurrent diffusional exchange between paired arterioles and venules is incorporated into the model. The model predicts significant longitudinal PO2 gradients in the precapillary vessels. However, gradients of hemoglobin saturation with oxygen remain fairly small. The longitudinal PO2 gradients in the postcapillary vessels are found to be very small. The effect of the following variables on tissue PO2 is studied: blood flow, PO2 in the arterial blood, hematocrit, P50, concentration of carbon monoxide, metabolic rate, arterial diameter, and the number of perfused capillaries. The qualitative features of PO2 distrbution in the vascular network are not altered with moderate variation of these parameters. Finally, the various types of hypoxia, namely hypoxic, anemic and carbon monoxide hypoxia, are discussed in light of the above sensitivity analysis.
The Einstein–Maxwell equations, Kähler metrics, and Hermitian geometry

Any constant-scalar-curvature Kahler (cscK) metric on a complex surface may be viewed as a solution of the Einstein–Maxwell equations, and this allows one (LeBrun, 2010; Shu, 2009) to produce solutions of these equations on any 4-manifold that arises as a compact complex surface with <span class="formulatext stixSupport mathImg" data-mathURL="/science?_ob=MathURL&_method=retrieve&_eid=1-s2.0-S0393044015000194&_mathId=si1.gif&_user=111111111&_pii=S0393044015000194&_rdoc=1&_issn=03930440m new examples can be constructed by means of conformally Kahler geometry.
Acute Myocardial Infarct Imaging

A brief review is presented of radiopharmaceuticals used for imaging acute myocardial infarction and instrumentation using the rectilinear scanner and the scintillation camera. Clinical experience indicates that myocardial imaging with /sup 99 m/Tc pyrophosphate is a useful adjunct to the electrocardiogram and serum enzyme activity in managing patients with myocardial infarction. The technique allows rapid diagnosis, accurate localization, and an estimate of the size of acute infarcts. It can also be used to document infarct extension and in association with myocardial perfusion imaging can help differentiate fresh from old myocardial infarction. (HLW)
Modulation of tyrosine hydroxylase and aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase after inhibiting monoamine oxidase-A

Abstract After acute administration of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor clorgyline there is a reduction of aromatic l -amino acid decarboxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the mouse striatum. Similar responses were seen after administering the non-selective monoamine oxidase inhibitor pargyline and high, but not low, doses of the selective monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor deprenyl. Changes of tyrosine hydroxylase activity were observed only when substaturated concentrations of the pteridine cofactor were used for the assay. The monoamine oxidase inhibitors altered the abundance of aromatic l -amino acid decarboxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA in the midbrain. Pargyline and high doses of deprenyl increased aromatic l -amino acid decarboxylase mRNA, while clorgyline initially decreased and then increased it. All three compounds caused an early decrease of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA. The acidic metabolites of dopamine appeared most affected by pargyline and clorgyline, supporting the notion that deamination of striatal dopamine in rodents is primarily by monoamine oxidase-A. Our results suggest that striatal tyrosine hydroxylase and aromatic l -amino acid decarboxylase are apparently modulated via different mechanisms in response to perturbation of dopamine metabolism.
Structure-Function Relationships of the Viral RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase FIDELITY, REPLICATION SPEED, AND INITIATION MECHANISM DETERMINED BY A RESIDUE IN THE RIBOSE-BINDING POCKET

Studies of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) from poliovirus (PV), 3Dpol, have shown that Asn-297 permits this enzyme to distinguish ribose from 2′-deoxyribose. All animal RNA viruses have Asn at the structurally homologous position of their polymerases, suggesting a conserved function for this residue. However, all prokaryotic RNA viruses have Glu at this position. In the presence of Mg2+, the apparent affinity of Glu-297 3Dpol for 2′-deoxyribonucleotides was decreased by 6-fold relative to wild type without a substantial difference in the fidelity of 2′-dNMP incorporation. The fidelity of ribonucleotide misincorporation for Glu-297 3Dpol was reduced by 14-fold relative to wild type. A 4- to 11-fold reduction in the rate of ribonucleotide incorporation was observed. Glu-297 PV was unable to grow in HeLa cells due to a replication defect equivalent to that observed for a mutant PV encoding an inactive polymerase. Evaluation of the protein-(VPg)-primed initiation reaction showed that only half of the Glu-297 3Dpol initiation complexes were capable of producing VPg-pUpU product and that the overall yield of uridylylated VPg products was reduced by 20-fold relative to wild-type enzyme, a circumstance attributable to a reduced affinity for UTP. These studies identify the first RdRp derivative with a mutator phenotype and provide a mechanistic basis for the elevated mutation frequency of RNA phage relative to animal RNA viruses observed in culture. Although protein-primed initiation and RNA-primed elongation complexes employ the same polymerase active site, the functional differences reported here imply significant structural differences between these complexes.
Prognostic factors in metastatic and hormonally unresponsive carcinoma of the prostate

Eighty-eight patients with hormone-resistant Stage IV prostate cancer were treated with a five-drug chemotherapy program. Patient demographic data, prior therapy, symptoms, extent of disease, and laboratory studies were analyzed statistically to evaluate the association of these parameters with survival from the onset of chemotherapy. Factors associated with short survival included age greater than 65, severe bone pain, poor performance status, presence of soft tissue metastases, anemia, elevation of serum LDH, SGOT, alkaline and acid phosphatases, and prolactin, and hypoalbuminemia. Race, stage at initial diagnosis, prior radiation therapy, prior orchiectomy, and elevation of CEA had no prognostic association. We suggest that clinical trials of new therapies of hormone-resistant prostate cancer take into account the presence of these prognostic factors in the analysis of the results of therapeutic programs.
ACP Journal Club. Review: A Mediterranean diet reduces cardiovascular risk factors in overweight patients compared with a low-fat diet

Source Citation Nordmann AJ, Suter-Zimmermann K, Bucher HC, et al. Meta-analysis comparing Mediterranean to low-fat diets for modification of cardiovascular risk factors. Am J Med. 2011;124:841-51....
Oligomeric Structure and Tissue Distribution of Ficolins from Mouse, Pig and Human ☆

Abstract Mouse plasma ficolin was purified by GlcNAc affinity and anion-exchange chromatography. Gel-filtration chromatography and gradient sedimentation indicated that mouse plasma ficolin is a 12-mer of ∼35 kDa subunits, and electron microscopy showed the same parachute-like structure previously characterized for the pig ficolin 12-mer. Whereas the predominant form in pig plasma is a 24-mer, mouse and human plasma ficolin showed only the 12-mer form. We conclude that mouse plasma ficolin corresponds to the recently described ficolin A. We have identified a second mouse ficolin gene, ficolin B, which means that pig and mouse each have two ficolin genes, and human has three. One ficolin gene in all species is expressed in liver and is the primary source of plasma ficolin. Expression of this gene in other tissues, and expression of the second ficolin gene, appears to vary in different species.
Second messengers, phosphorylation and neurotransmitter release

Abstract It is well established that the release of neurotransmitters is initiated by the influx of Ca 2+ through voltage sensitive calcium channels in the nerve terminal. However, exactly what transpires biochemically following Ca 2+ entry is rather mysterious. Recent biochemical and biophysical data relating to the protein synapsin I have increased our understanding of the processes involved. Other related studies have suggested further sites at which the release process can be modulated by neurotransmitters and drugs. Several of these possibilities are discussed in this article.
Evaluation of Slow Release Substrates for Anaerobic Bioremediation

ABSTRACT A variety of food-grade organic substrates were evaluated to identify materials that could be used to support long-term anaerobic bioremediation processes in the subsurface. In this work, the rate and extent of biogas production was used as an indicator of the potential for substrate fermentation to H2 and acetate, the primary electron donors used in reductive dechlorination. The rate and extent of biogas (primarily CO2+ CH4) evolution varied widely between the different substrates. For many of the substrates, biogas generation declined to very low levels within 100 days of substrate addition. However, a few substrates including several vegetable oils and sucrose esters of fatty acid (SEFAs) did support biogas production for extended time periods. Column studies demonstrated that both soybean oil and a SEFA could support sulfate reduction, methanogenesis and reductive dechlorination of perchloroethene (PCE) to cis-dichloroethene (cis-DCE) for over 14 months. The slower degradation rate of the SEF...
Superiority of frailty over age in predicting outcomes among geriatric trauma patients: a prospective analysis

Importance The Frailty Index (FI) is a known predictor of adverse outcomes in geriatric patients. The usefulness of the FI as an outcome measure in geriatric trauma patients is unknown. Objective To assess the usefulness of the FI as an effective assessment tool in predicting adverse outcomes in geriatric trauma patients. Design, setting, and participants A 2-year (June 2011 to February 2013) prospective cohort study at a level I trauma center at the University of Arizona. We prospectively measured frailty in all geriatric trauma patients. Geriatric patients were defined as those 65 years or older. The FI was calculated using 50 preadmission frailty variables. Frailty in patients was defined by an FI of 0.25 or higher. Main outcomes and measures The primary outcome measure was in-hospital complications. The secondary outcome measure was adverse discharge disposition. In-hospital complications were defined as cardiac, pulmonary, infectious, hematologic, renal, and reoperation. Adverse discharge disposition was defined as discharge to a skilled nursing facility or in-hospital mortality. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between the FI and outcomes. Results In total, 250 patients were enrolled, with a mean (SD) age of 77.9 (8.1) years, median Injury Severity Score of 15 (range, 9-18), median Glasgow Coma Scale score of 15 (range, 12-15), and mean (SD) FI of 0.21 (0.10). Forty-four percent (n = 110) of patients had frailty. Patients with frailty were more likely to have in-hospital complications (odds ratio, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.5-6.0; P = .001) and adverse discharge disposition (odds ratio, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1-2.4; P = .001). The mortality rate was 2.0% (n = 5), and all patients who died had frailty. Conclusions and relevance The FI is an independent predictor of in-hospital complications and adverse discharge disposition in geriatric trauma patients. This index should be used as a clinical tool for risk stratification in this patient group.
Russet Burbank yield response to sprinkler-applied nitrogen fertilizer

Yield response curves were developed for potatoes (Solanum tuberosum cv. Russet Burbank) with sprinkler-applied N fertilizer on a high-frequency schedule. The potatoes were grown on a Quincy sand to loamy sand (mixed, mesic, Xeric Torripsamments) typical of sandy-textured soils of the center-pivot irrigated areas of the Columbia River Basin of Oregon and Washington. These soils require daily irrigation at peak evapotranspiration because of low water-holding capacity. Yields were measured for total quantities of N, ranging from 100 to 665 kg N/ha, applied in small frequent increments as a urea-NH4NO3 solution. Maximum tuber yields ranged from 67 to 85 Mg/ha in 6 experiments over a period of 6 years. Economically optimum yields were obtained at fertilizer rates between 300 and 400 kg N/ha depending on cost-price ratio of N fertilizer and potatoes. Fertilization in this range should optimize tuber yield and quality with fertilizer N efficiency and economic return on fertilizer investment.
The mechanism of increased elution volume of proteins by polyethylene glycol

Larger elution volumes of proteins in gel filtration in the presence of polyethylene glycol than in its absence were explained in terms of the unfavorable interactions between polyethylene glycol and both the proteins and the gel matrix. This should favor the protein molecules being in the cavity of the gel matrix, leading to their slower elution, since, in this situation, the unfavorable interactions are decreased.
Membrane trafficking of neurotransmitter transporters in the regulation of synaptic transmission

Many psychoactive drugs influence the transport of neurotransmitters across biological membranes, suggesting that the physiological regulation of neurotransmitter transport might contribute to normal and perhaps abnormal behaviour. Over the past few years, molecular characterization of the neurotransmitter transporters has enabled investigation of their subcellular location and regulation. The analysis of location suggests that membrane trafficking has an important role in the normal function of these proteins. One of the major regulatory mechanisms also involves changes in localization that might contribute to synaptic plasticity. This article discusses recent work on the membrane trafficking of neurotransmitter transporters and its role in regulating their activity.
Flumazenil—Treatment or Toxin

Flumazenil is frequently administered to the poisoned patient. Seizures may be precipitated and resedation may occur in patients who awakened following flumazenil administration. Seizures may increase morbidity and mortality of the overdose. Benefit: Risk ratio of administering flumazenil should be determined in each overdose patient. Indications for flumazenil are limited.
The synthesis and localization of glycosaminoglycans in striated muscle differentiating in cell culture.

Day 3 mass muscle cultures incorporated 35SO4= and 3H· glucosamine into specific glycosaminoglycans that were identified by a variety of methods (enzyme susceptibility, nitrous acid degradation, electrophoresis, thin layer chromatography). More than 75% of the newly synthesized glycosaminoglycans appeared in the medium. In the medium, the glycosaminoglycans consisted of primarily hyaluronic acid (∼35%) and chondroitin sulfate (∼40%) with smaller amounts of chondroitin (∼15%) and heparan sulfate (∼10%). Among the glycosaminoglycans that remained in the cell layer, chondroitin sulfate (∼45%) and heparan sulfate (20-40%) predominated and only a small amount of chondroitin (∼15%) and hyaluronic acid (∼5%) were present. In both the medium and cell layer, greater than 80% of the chondroitin sulfate was chondroitin-6-sulfate. Although mass cultures contain some non-muscle cell types which undoubtedly contributed to total glycosaminoglycan synthesis, susceptibility of the autoradiographic grains associated with cells in muscle clones to testicular hyaluronidase digestion suggests that at least some glycosaminoglycans (chondroitin sulfate, in particular) were synthesized by muscle cells. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of ruthenium red staining globular units along the surfaces of myotubes. Destruction of the integrity of surface associated ruthenium red stained material by both Streptomyces hyaluronidase and testicular hyaluronidase suggests that both hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate are present on muscle cell surfaces.
Some critical issues on magnetospheric substorms

Several evidences for the directly driven aspect of magnetospheric substorms are presented by reinterpreting what have been thought to be supporting evidences for the unloading process. It is emphasized that some of the confusions in substorm studies could be resolved by understanding that the magnetospheric substorm is primarily a directly driven phenomenon, but has a variety of internal processes. A method is suggested for identification of the directly driven and the unloading components. It is also demonstrated that the magnetosphere is intrinsically a nonlinear system and that a quantitative study of magnetospheric substorms is not possible without taking into account this nonlinearity.
RESTRUCTURED BEEF WITH FAT VARIATIONS

Prerigor beef samples from U.S. Choice Yield Grade 3 beef forequarters were excised within 1 h postmortem and converted to restructured beef steaks containing 10, 15 or 20% fat. The blended samples, regardless of fat level, were formulated with 1.0% NaCl and 0.25% sodium tripolyphosphate (STP) and stored at -20°C until evaluation at 0 and 56 days. Appearance and taste attributes were measured objectively and subjectively. Results suggested that fat content variation of restructured beef steaks with 20% fat or less had a minimal effect on color degradation and other appearance traits. These attributes were affected more by storage time than fat level. Fat content had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on the objective and subjective measurements for palatability. These data suggest that low-fat steaks can be produced without anticipation of reduced palatability as fat content decreases below 20%.
The smuggling theory approach to organized digital crime

Governments and inter-governmental organizations are developing cross-jurisdictional mechanisms to decrease global digital crime. The underlying assumption is that the loss incurred from ODC decreases social welfare in every jurisdiction. In this paper we test this assumption by using a framework from economic theory that addresses smuggling in the physical world. Using botnets as a case study we argue that ODC is analogous to smuggling. We then enumerate the conditions under which a model of ODC as smuggling leads to an increase in social welfare using a classic economic model of smuggling. Thus, we show that to the extent ODC is comparable to smuggling, there are situations where ODC increases social welfare. This implies that there will always be some jurisdictions or locales where ODC could rationally be supported. One possible policy implication is that jurisdictions should invest in domestic network reliance and securing the machines within their own jurisdictions.
A simple freeze-substitution method for electron microscopy.

A method has been developed for freeze-substitution fixation of thin specimens. A special device shoots the specimen into propane cooled by liquid nitrogen. The substitution liquid (1.5 ml absolute methanol containing 20% uranyl acetate and 0.5 ml acrolein) is frozen in a tube below propane. After freezing of the specimen, the tube is transferred into a dry-ice acetone bath, where the substitution liquid thaws and the specimen sinks into it. Propane is then removed by suction and the preparation is kept in dry ice for 2 days and in a refrigerator for 2 more days. The combination of substituent and fixative preserves cellular structures without distortions. Neurospora hyphae thus fixed show regularly shaped mitochondria, vacuoles, and nuclei. Mitochondria are surrounded by a layer of ribosomes. Salivary glands of Drosophila show extensive ergastoplasmic lamellae with ribosomes of diffuse appearance. Older glands have amorphous looking droplets of secretion product, reduced ergastoplasm, and numerous mitochondria. Preparations can be stained with lead citrate to increase the contrast.
Fracture of Rubber-Toughened Adhesives: Viscoelastic Effects

In structural (or load bearing) applications of adhe sives, the system may be required to support loads over a wide range of temperatures for many years and thus even a small de pendence on temperature and rate (or time) can be very impor tant. For elastomer-toughened adhesives the high fracture energy is associated with a large crack-tip deformation zone and the optimum conditions are obtained when the bond thickness is approximately equal to the zone size. Increasing the loading rate or lowering the temperature shifts the optimum bond thickness to smaller values with little effect on the maximum fracture ener gy. Consequently, the fracture energy increases, decreases, or re mains relatively unchanged with increasing loading rate or de creasing temperature if the bond thickness is less than, greater than, or about equal to the optimum values, respectively. This result makes it possible to predict at least in a qualitative way the mode I failure properties of adhesive bonds as a function of load ing rate ...
The lateral mobility of some membrane proteins is determined by their ectodomains

Fen Zhang,* Bruce Crise,§ Bing Su,* Yu Hou,* John K. Rose,§ Alfred Bothwell,1I and Ken Jacobson** *Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy and lLineberger Cancer Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599; §Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conneticut 06514; "Section of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conneticut 06510 USA
Imaging stented tissue engineered blood vessel mimics

An ideal vascular stent design promotes a thin anti-thrombogenic cellular lining while avoiding restenosis. To assess the utility of their designs, stent manufactures often use destructive techniques such as scanning electron microscopy to measure the percentage of the stent covered with a cellular lining. In this study, we use a custom-built longitudinal/rotational scanning endoscope and determine the ability of optical coherence tomography (OCT) to quantify the percent cellular coverage of stented tissue engineered blood vessel mimics. Stents were deployed within twelve mimics after 14-days of development in bioreactors. OCT images were acquired within the bioreactor at several time points after the stent deployment. At 20-days post deployment, the mimics were fixed and imaged volumetrically with OCT. Matlab software was developed to automatically calculate the percent cellular coverage from the OCT images. Algorithm results were compared to similar measurements performed with bis-benzimide (BBI) fluorescence imaging and manually calculated percent coverage from three different observers of the OCT images. Progressive accumulation of cellular material on the stents could be visualized with OCT. For the volumetric images, the algorithm calculated percent cellular coverages ranging from 11 to 76%. Good agreement was found between the OCT-based measurements and the other techniques. On average, the algorithm differed less than 5% from the manual percent coverage calculations. OCT together with automated software can provide an accurate, non-destructive measurement of the percent cellular coverage of vascular stents.
GIS-based Planning Support System for Waste Stream and Algal Cultivation in Residential Construction

Technologies of alternative energy generation for residential communities using algal material, involving the construction of bioreactors with solar cells, storage of raw materials, construction of central plants for conversion of bio-fuels, and delivery systems to users, will have different design impacts at different scales. This paper intends to define basic design and planning parameters for residential construction in accordance with the scientific knowledge and technical criteria available regarding the potential for algal biofuel production and sustainable urban living. This paper suggests a framework of GIS-based planning support system for informing processes of data representation, performance assessment and design for the coupled algae cultivation and urban systems.
Characteristics of patients transported by an aeromedical service for acute toxicologic emergencies: a 5-year experience.

Abstract Introduction Aeromedical services are used routinely in the prehospital and interhospital transfer of patients with trauma, neurosurgical, cardiac, and other conditions requiring specialized care. The use of aeromedical transport in patients with acute toxicologic emergencies is not well described. We sought to investigate and describe the characteristics of patients transported by our aeromedical service. Setting The study was performed at an urban critical care transport service operating both ground and aeromedical units and transporting an average of 3,362 patients per year during the study period. Methods Charts from the 5-year period of 2000 to 2004 for which a toxicologic emergency was coded as the primary diagnosis were identified and reviewed by the authors. Data abstracted included age, sex, toxin(s) involved, treatment rendered at the scene/bedside and en route by the transport team, and additional data (electrocardiogram [ECG] findings, serum levels) when appropriate. Results One hundred thirty-three patients were transported (for a total of 135 transports). Most (82%) were transported by air. Carbon monoxide was the most common toxic exposure, accounting for 16% of all transports. Fifty-seven percent of the patients were intubated, with 11% intubated by the flight crew. Antidotes were administered in 40 patients, with naloxone and bicarbonate being the most common. Conclusion Acute toxicologic emergencies accounted for a small percentage of total transports. The most common additional intervention by flight crews was endotracheal intubation. Identification of common poisonings encountered by flight crews may assist services in developing education and quality assurance programs.
Assessment errors in multiattribute utility functions

Abstract Three types of errors that may impair the validity of multiattribute utility functions are investigated: (1) errors in single-attribute utility functions due to effects of the range of the gamble outcomes, (2) errors in the type of multivariate risk preference due to the extreme range effects or the preference for covariance, and (3) inconsistencies between responses obtained by direct and indirect assessment techniques. The occurrences of these errors are demonstrated through the experimental assessment of a two-attribute, multiplicative utility function. This function is to be used as a criterion for real-time control of a multipurpose reservoir under conditions of uncertainty. It is shown that the range effects cause the subject's preferences to violate the transitivity axiom. Cognitive sources of this violation are hypothesized. Certain guidelines for using utility functions in decision analyses are suggested.