cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Partially locked states in coupled oscillators due to inhomogeneous coupling

We investigate coupled identical phase oscillators with scale-free distribution of coupling strength. It is shown that partially locked states can occur due to the inhomogeneity in coupling and some properties of the coupling function. Various quantities of the partially locked states are computed through a self-consistency argument and the values show good agreement with simulation results.
Elucidation of the chemical structure of a novel antioxidant, rosmaridiphenol, isolated from rosemary

A novel antioxidant compound has been isolated and identified from the leaves of theRosmarinus officinalis L. The compound, named rosmaridiphenol, is a diphenolic diterpene. When tested in lard, the antioxidant activity of this compound was superior to BHA. Structural elucidation of rosmaridiphenol was accomplished by infrared spectroscopy (IR), mass spectroscopy (MS),1H-NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) and13C-NMR spectroscopy.
Lack of relationship between toxicity and bone marrow cell colony stimulating activity of endotoxin preparations.

SummaryThe release of colony stimulating factor (CSF) by endotoxin was studied using several endotoxin preparations differing greatly in their toxicities measured as mouse LD50. No correlation was found between lethality and CSF release. It is concluded that the toxic effect of endotoxin is not required for the generation of CSF.Furthermore, the component in the polysaccharide rich and lipid free, nonendotoxic, partially hydrolyzed endotoxin breakdown product (called PS), which can stimulate the CSF release in mice, is sensitive to periodate oxydation.
Dual-Mode Reltron

We propose exciting two modes concurrently inside a reltron's modulating cavity to increase the microwave power generated. From the harmonic components of the beam, we demonstrate that a multiharmonic beam has a higher peak and steeper gradient compared to a single-harmonic beam. We design a modulating cavity and an extraction cavity that are able to excite the TM010 mode (2.395 GHz) and TM110 (3.579 GHz) modes separately or concurrently. Particle-in-cell simulations show that the total microwave generated for the single TM010 mode is 81 MW (efficiency of 23%) and the single TM110 mode is 40.5 MW (efficiency of 17%). The total microwave power generated by exciting both modes is 128 MW (efficiency of 35%) and is higher than the power generated by individual modes.
The Benefit-to-Risk Balance of Combining Infliximab With Azathioprine Varies With Age: A Markov Model

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Combination therapy with infliximab and azathioprine has demonstrated benefit over monotherapy for moderate-to-severe Crohn’s disease. Clinical trials and models have not accounted for age-specific risks associated with these therapies, including the risk of immunosuppressionrelated cancer and infection. After accounting for these risks, the strategy yielding the greatest benefit may vary with age. METHODS: We assessed age-specific risks and benefits of combination therapy compared with infliximab monotherapy by using Markov modeling. The base case was a 35-year-old male patient with a 1-year time horizon. We assumed the incidence of lymphoma to be 5.28-fold higher with combination therapy. Secondary analyses accounted for life expectancy, therapy beyond 1 year, and age-specific surgical and infection risks. Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were calculated for 25- to 75-year old individuals. RESULTS:
La joie de la liberté et le prix de la respectabilité: autour des chartes d'affranchissement anglaises et d'actes français analogues

Le droit anglais a beaucoup emprunte aux coutumes de la France de l'Ouest, et les sources du droit de part et d'autre, quoique fort eloignees en apparence, sont plutot complementaires. Le present article repose sur l'analyse de cent soixante-dix chartes d'affranchissement de toute l'Angleterre. Redigees dans un style « francais » quoique sans equivalent precis en France, elles revelent la celebration ordinaire de rites pour la sortie de servage dans des formes evoquant celles qui sur le continent marquaient l'entree dans une dependance. Les actes anglais font intervenir un patron bienveillant, souvent un saint, comme tierce partie entre l'affranchi et son ancien seigneur pour garantir une liberte reelle, et ils rapportent les faits selon des formules que l'enseignement juridique des ecoles tarda a traduire en un langage plus regulier. L'existence de ces « sainteurs » a la mode anglaise, soumis au chevage mais vivant clairement en hommes libres, n'est pas sans incidence sur les theories de la servitude en Europe developpees a partir de Marc Bloch. Elle peut jeter un doute sur la pertinence de l'opposition binaire entre serf et esclave, appliquee aux formes de dependance propres a l'Europe occidentale avant 1300. La frequence des affranchissements, attestee par ces chartes, incite a reconsiderer l'histoire des vilains en Angleterre. Et le fait que certaines ne disent manifestement pas les faits tels qu'ils furent a aussi des consequences plus generales pour l'etude des chartes sur les deux rives de la Manche.
The Servant Lord: A Word of Caution Regarding the munus triplex in Karl Barth's Theology and the Church Today

Contemporary theology exhibits a lively interest in using the traditional doctrine of the munus triplex (the threefold mediatorial office of Christ as prophet, priest and king) to unify our understanding of the person and work of Jesus Christ and ground it in the Old Testament witness. This article explores Karl Barth's contribution to this trend and draws from it a set of reflections for the church today. Scholarly consensus suggests that Barth offers an exceptionally robust development of the munus triplex in shaping the formal structure and material content of his doctrine of reconciliation. In this article I contend that his use of this concept is actually quite superficial in nature. As scholars are wont to point out, Barth incorporates the munus triplex into eye-catching summary statements throughout CD IV – but these statements are more ambiguous than they might at first seem. A closer examination of the details of his account of the work of Christ, and particularly his hamartiology, demonstrates that the munus triplex does not substantially inform his treatment of these subjects, and that his own unique christological concerns provide the determining influence. While Barth was eager to align his position with that of Reformed orthodoxy, focusing on the munus triplex ultimately distracts the reader from his primary concerns. Much the same is true for the church today – when used as a sufficient interpretative device for offering an account of the person and work of Jesus Christ, the munus triplex suffers the fate of many an artificial schema for biblical interpretation, distracting us from the breadth and depth of the biblical witness by offering an overly tidy, artificially organised account of the material. Nevertheless, when modestly employed, it remains a significant though limited conceptual device for understanding Christ's person and work, which the church should employ in several ways so as to integrate the Old and New Testaments in its proclamation of the Gospel.
The growth and stability of passive films

Abstract This paper will consider the growth and breakdown of passive oxide films on metals and alloys. Emphasis is placed on the use of surface-analytical techniques, particularly secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) to characterize oxides formed on Fe and Fe-Cr alloys in18O-containing solutions, and to determine the oxide's stability to subsequent air exposure. It is found that the stability of passive films towards air exposure decreases with increasing Cr content of the alloy. Films formed on Fe in the passive potential range in borate buffer solution are stable towardsex situ exposure, whereas films formed on Fe-26Cr alloys are not stable to air exposure after passivation at any potential in the passive region. This result has implications for examining the thickness and composition of passive films on high-Cr alloys usingex situ techniques. Passive films play a critical role in the initiation of pitting and the processes which influence film breakdown on Fe in Cl−-containing solutions are discussed. The results indicate that pitting is associated with a critical stage in the development of passive oxide films.
Innovative Intraoperative Titanium Mesh Preparation for Safer Implantation

Titanium meshes have been extensively used in craniomaxillofacial surgery. The benefits of these titanium implants include being inert, stable, and radiopaque and having good drainage properties. The titanium mesh is cut to shape and bent before implantation, which may give rise to the cut edges being jagged and sharp. This can lead to soft tissue being caught or lacerated by these sharp ends. A change in technique to cut and shape the implant may reduce this problem. The implant should be cut right at the end of the bars flush with the remaining parts of the implant. We present a new and simple method for smoothing these troublesome edges. We use the diathermy scratch pad or tip cleaner, a tool used frequently in every major surgery. This scratch pad can be used as a rasp to smoothen the edges of the titanium mesh once it is cut into shape.
In Vitro Investigation of the Effect of Flow Pulsatility on Power Loss in the Total Cavopulmonary Connection

Total Cavopulmonary Connection (TCPC) is the most common surgical palliation for single ventricle heart defects. In such connections, venae cavae are connected to the pulmonary arteries, bypassing the right ventricle. The patient-specific anatomical complexity makes characterization and optimization of the fluid mechanics a unique challenge.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Pattern recognition in the prediction of protein structure. II. Chain conformation from a probability-directed search procedure

A procedure that finds the most probable conformational states of a protein chain is described. Single-residue conformations are represented in terms of four conformational states, α, ϵ, α*, and ϵ*. The conformation of the entire chain is represented by a sequence of single-residue conformational states; the distinct conformations in this representation are called “chain-states.” The first article in this series described a procedure that computes tripeptide conformational probabilities from the amino acid sequence using pattern recognition techniques. The procedure described in this article uses the tripeptide probabilities to estimate the probabilities of the chain-states. The chain-state probability estimator is a product of conditional and marginal probabilities (obtained from the tripeptide probabilities), with a penalty factor to eliminate conformations containing α-helices and ϵ-strands of excessive length. The probability estimator considers short-range conformational information, medium-range sequence information and some simple long-range information (through the restrictions on helix and strand lengths). Energy minimization calculations can be carried out in the region of conformational space corresponding to a particular chain-state. By selecting the most probable chain-states, the search can be focused on the most probable, or “important,” regions of the conformational space. These energy calculations are described in the third article of the series. The complete procedure described by the three articles is called PRISM, for pattern recognition-based importance sampling minimization.
Social Justice Attitudes and Their Demographic Correlates Among a Nationally Representative Sample of U.S. Adolescents

Compared to extant studies, this study uses more rigorous analyses to describe social justice attitudes and their correlates among a nationally representative sample of 2,811 U.S. ninth-graders. Females and adolescents with more educated mothers tended to express more support for social justice. Strikingly, about 90 % of adolescents believed that equal opportunity to obtain a good education exists in the U.S. Adolescents were also more likely to support abstract social justice principles rather than solutions that promote social justice: about 80 % agreed that all races and genders should have equal opportunities, but only 55 % reported that government should be responsible for individuals’ economic needs. Differences between U.S. adolescents’ and adults’ attitudes are noted, and implications for future research are presented.
Clinical course, risk factors, and treatment of microcystic adnexal carcinoma: A short series report

Background. Microcystic adnexal carcinoma (MAC) is a locally aggressive neoplasm of both eccrine and follicular differentiation; it commonly presents on the head and neck of white middle-aged to older patients. Objective. To review the course, risk factors, and management of 10 patients with microcystic adnexal carcinoma (MAC) and to compare treatment outcome by either Mohs micrographic surgery or standard surgical excision. Methods. Tumor registry databases were used to identify cases at Roswell Park Cancer Institute in Buffalo, New York. Fifteen cases that were coded as MAC were reviewed. Ten cases were subsequently confirmed to be MAC. From these cases, data were collected on patient demographics, tumor location and size, risk exposure, metastasis, treatment, and recurrence of tumors. Results. The average age of the patients was 63.4, and females outnumbered males seven to three. Nine tumors were located on the head and neck area. Five patients had a history of radiation therapy, and two patients were sisters. The first-time procedure was Mohs micrographic surgery in four cases and surgical excision in six cases. Three patients in the surgical excision group needed a second procedure, two of whom thereafter underwent Mohs micrographic surgery. In the Mohs micrographic surgery group, none of the patients required a second procedure, and all of the patients were disease free at an average of 23.3 months. One recurrence was noted in the surgical excision group, and the average follow-up was 32 months. Conclusion. This report supports the use of Mohs micrographic surgery for tumor control with the least possible procedures. Risk factors appear to include radiation treatment, ultraviolet exposure, and possibly genetics.
The Acquisition and Functions of Vocal Behavior

(1970). The Acquisition and Functions of Vocal Behavior. World's Poultry Science Journal: Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 684-688.
Hydroxyl-Radical-Induced Degradative Oxidation of β-Lactam Antibiotics in Water: Absolute Rate Constant Measurements

The β-lactam antibiotics are some of the most prevalent pharmaceutical contaminants currently being detected in aquatic environments. Because the presence of any trace level of antibiotic in water may adversely affect aquatic ecosystems and contribute to the production of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, active removal by additional water treatments, such as using advanced oxidation and reduction processes (AO/RPs), may be required. However, to ensure that any AOP treatment process occurs efficiently and quantitatively, a full understanding of the kinetics and mechanisms of all of the chemical reactions involved under the conditions of use is necessary. In this study, we report on our kinetic measurements for the hydroxyl-radical-induced oxidation of 11 β-lactam antibiotics obtained using electron pulse radiolysis techniques. For the 5-member ring species, an average reaction rate constant of (7.9 ± 0.8) × 109 M−1 s−1 was obtained, slightly faster than for the analogous 6-member ring containing antibiotics,...
Small vessel phenomena in the coronary microcirculation: phasic intramyocardial perfusion and coronary microvascular dynamics

To place the characteristics of the coronary microcirculation in perspective to another muscular organ system, we have compared various parameters from exchange vessels in the heart and red skeletal muscle. The major differences between cardiac and skeletal muscle microcirculations relate to the larger density of capillaries in the heart. This increased density is responsible primarily for a greater capillary filtration coefficient-permeability-surface area product to various solutes, surface area, and decreased intercapillary distances. These features most likely represent an adaptation of the microcirculation of the heart to the very high, continual metabolic demands. Interestingly, capillary permeabilities and reflection coefficients of different solutes are in the same range (although the heart tends to have higher capillary permeabilities). Thus, the adaptation of the coronary circulation to facilitate exchange of nutrients and solutes is mediated via an increase in the numbers of exchange vessels, rather than modifications of the membrane characteristics of these exchange vessels. Within the last decade, there has been much information assimilated on the regulation of the coronary microcirculation. Most of the knowledge has been the result of many indirect approaches to studying the coronary microcirculation (indicator-dilution techniques, nuclide-labeled microspheres, plasma-lymph concentration of solutes). There are relatively few direct observations on regulation of the coronary microcirculation. This is primarily due to difficulties in techniques. Exploration of the phasic nature of intramyocardial perfusion is handicapped by the location of these intramuscular vessels. Visualization of the coronary microcirculation is hampered by movements of the heart, and such measurements are restricted to the superficial layers of the myocardium. It is worth emphasizing that direct observations of red cell velocities in epicardial capillaries, measurements of microvascular caliber, and the pressure profiles in the coronary microcirculation are restricted to the superficial, epicardial layer. It is not unreasonable to speculate that microvascular events and regulation occurring in the subepicardium may be quite different than that in the subendocardium. There are several salient points in this review that are worth emphasizing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Solubility, transport, and crystallization by means of a vapor‐phase

By use of a modified “hydrothermal” bomb the solubility of quartz was determined at 300, 400, and 500°C; also the amount of amorphous silica that would go into the vapor-phase under the same conditions. The results are only roughly quantitative: Between one hair and one per cent by weight of amorphous silica goes into the vapor-phase at 500°C, with six cc of water in a 20-cc bomb, and about half as much at 400°. About half as much quartz as amorphous silica goes into the vapor-phase at each temperature.
Transplanted neural stem cells promote axonal regeneration through chronically denervated peripheral nerves

Regeneration in the peripheral nervous system is impaired after prolonged periods of denervation. Currently, no interventions exist to alter the outcome after prolonged denervation. To examine the role of transplanted neural stem cells (NSC), we prepared chronically denervated distal tibial nerve segments. After 6 months of chronic denervation, we transplanted vehicle, C17.2 mouse NSCs, or C17.2 mouse NSCs engineered to overexpress GDNF to the distal tibial nerve and performed a peroneal nerve cross-suture. In animals transplanted with the NSCs, there was better regeneration of the peroneal axons into the tibial nerve as measured by counting the number of axons and by the emergence of compound motor action potentials in the tibial innervated foot muscles. Improved regeneration correlated with a reduction of chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan (CSPG) immunoreactivity in the extracellular matrix (ECM). In vitro, supernatant from C17.2 NSCs contained large quantities of secreted matrix metalloprotease-2 (MMP-2), degraded the CSPGs on chronically denervated tibial nerve sections, and reversed the CSPG-induced inhibition of neuritic outgrowth of DRG neurons. This reversal was inhibited by selective MMP-2 inhibitors. This is the first successful demonstration of regeneration through a chronically denervated nerve. These findings suggest that improved regeneration in the PNS can be accomplished by combining neurotrophic factor support and removal of axon growth inhibitory components in the extracellular matrix.
Biology Recapitulates Phylogeny

Phylogenetic analysis--the study of the evolutionary relationships of organisms--is enjoying something of a renaissance. In his Perspective, Hillis discusses this trend, exemplified in this issue in two reports by Pierce et al. (p. 256) and Becerra (p. 253) that examine the evolution of enzymes and host-pest pairs and in an article by Huelsenbeck et al. (p. 227) that discusses current methods of phylogenetic analysis.
Industrial strategy for late starters: The experience of Kenya, Tanzania and Zambia

Based on the existing literature and the circumscribed data base, this paper assesses the extent and nature of industrialization in three African countries. After a promising start, the drive to industrialize is now faltering. The record is influenced much more by the colonial legacy and the macro-economic situation of each country than by industrial policy. It is clear that future industrial advance will depend heavily on the pace of rural development. Catering to world markets is not likely to provide a major stimulus for the industrial sector of many African economies in the near term future.
Least supersymmetric signals at the LHC

We study the implications at the LHC for the minimal (least) version of the supersymmetric standard model. In this model, supersymmetry is broken by gravity and extra gauge interaction effects, providing a spectrum similar in several aspects to that in natural supersymmetric scenarios. Having the first two generations of sparticles partially decoupled means that any significant signal can only involve gauginos and the third family of sfermions. In practice, the signals are dominated by gluino production with subsequent decays into the stop sector. As we show, for gluino masses below 2300 GeV, a discovery at the LHC is possible at $\sqrt{s}=14\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{TeV}$, but will require large integrated luminosities.
Functional Characterization of a Phospholipase A2 Homolog from Rickettsia typhi

Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) has long been proposed to be involved in rickettsial entry into host cells, escape from the phagosome to evade destruction by lysosomal exposure, and lysis of the host cells. However, the corresponding rickettsial gene(s) encoding a protein with PLA2 activity has not been identified or functionally characterized. Here, we report that the Rickettsia typhi genome possesses two genes encoding patatin-like PLA2 proteins, RT0590 and RT0522. Sequence analysis of RT0522 and RT0590 reveals the presence of the conserved motifs essential for PLA2 activity. Transcriptional analysis indicates that RT0522, but not RT0590, is transcribed at all stages of intracellular growth of R. typhi in Vero cells. The differential gene expression pattern of RT0522 at various stages of growth suggests its potential role during R. typhi infection of host cells. In silico, RT0522 is predicted to be noncytoplasmic and its gene does not encode a recognizable signal peptide sequence. However, our data indicate that RT0522 is secreted into the host cytoplasm. In addition, we observe that RT0522 protein expression is cytotoxic to both yeast and Vero cells. Importantly, we demonstrate that recombinant RT0522 possesses phospholipase A activity that requires a eukaryotic host cofactor for activation. Both cytotoxicity and phospholipase A activity associated with RT0522 were reduced by PLA2 inhibitors. Site-directed mutagenesis of predicted catalytic Ser/Asp residues of RT0522 also eliminates cytotoxicity and phospholipase A activity. To our knowledge, RT0522 is the first protein identified from Rickettsia typhi with functional phospholipase A activity.
Erratum to: N2-Fixing Red Alder Indirectly Accelerates Ecosystem Nitrogen Cycling

We are writing concerning our omission of a coauthor associated with our recent article: Manuela Huso, who was not included as a coauthor during the submission and revision stages of this work, made significant contributions to statistical aspects of this study that we believe merit coauthorship. These contributions involved: (1) assisting substantively with the overall statistical design, and (2) deriving an approach to numerical approximation of the area under the curve in a mass-loss function, which produced a single k-value from complex mass-loss patterns that allowed cross-species comparisons. To correct this, we would like to add Manuela Huso as a coauthor on the study, and that we remove Manuela Huso from the Acknowledgements. Please record the following information for Manuela Huso:
Crystal reaming during the assembly, maturation, and waning of an eleven-million-year crustal magma cycle: thermobarometry of the Aucanquilcha Volcanic Cluster

Phenocryst assemblages of lavas from the long-lived Aucanquilcha Volcanic Cluster (AVC) have been probed to assess pressure and temperature conditions of pre-eruptive arc magmas. Andesite to dacite lavas of the AVC erupted throughout an 11-million-year, arc magmatic cycle in the central Andes in northern Chile. Phases targeted for thermobarometry include amphibole, plagioclase, pyroxenes, and Fe–Ti oxides. Overall, crystallization is documented over 1–7.5 kbar (~25 km) of pressure and ~680–1,110 °C of temperature. Pressure estimates range from ~1 to 5 kbar for amphiboles and from ~3 to 7.5 kbar for pyroxenes. Pyroxene temperatures are tightly clustered from ~1,000–1,100 °C, Fe–Ti oxide temperatures range from ~750–1,000 °C, and amphibole temperatures range from ~780–1,050 °C. Although slightly higher, these temperatures correspond well with previously published zircon temperatures ranging from ~670–900 °C. Two different Fe–Ti oxide thermometers (Andersen and Lindsley 1985; Ghiorso and Evans 2008) are compared and agree well. We also compare amphibole and amphibole–plagioclase thermobarometers (Ridolfi et al. 2010; Holland and Blundy 1994; Anderson and Smith 1995), the solutions from which do not agree well. In samples where we employ multiple thermometers, pyroxene temperature estimates are always highest, zircon temperature estimates are lowest, and Fe–Ti oxide and amphibole temperature estimates fall in between. Maximum Fe–Ti oxide and zircon temperatures are observed during the middle stage of AVC activity (~5–3 Ma), a time associated with increased eruption rates. Amphibole temperatures during this time are relatively restricted (~850–1,000 °C). The crystal record presented here offers a time-transgressive view of an evolving, multi-tiered subvolcanic reservoir. Some crystals in AVC lavas are likely to be true phenocrysts, but the diversity of crystallization temperatures and pressures recorded by phases in individual AVC lavas suggests erupting magma extensively reams and accumulates crystals from disparate levels of the middle to upper crust.
Studying structural phase transitions with X-ray thermal diffuse scattering

X-ray thermal diffuse scattering is a powerful probe of lattice dynamics. It is especially effective in the investigation of structural phase transitions. In this article, we review and compare recent experimental studies of the behaviour of phonons in connection with the structural phase transitions in TiSe2, SrTiO3 and Pu–Ga. A complete phonon softening is observed for the second-order transitions in TiSe2 and SrTiO3. By contrast, no phonon softening is detected for the first-order transition in Pu–Ga, which is unusual in comparison to other related systems.
Sulfasalazine in the treatment of corticosteroid-dependent chronic idiopathic urticaria.

Urticaria is a relatively common disease. It usually presents acutely, often because of definable causes, such as allergens, drugs, physical factors, exercise, and other causes. There is a variety that persists, and when it has been present for more than 6 to 8 weeks, it is referred to as chronic m&aria. In about 80% of these cases, no etiology is found, and the disease may persist for many years.’ Treatment is usually offered with H, and H, antihistamines, but often this treatment is not adequate, and corticosteroids must be used with all their long-term problems. The subjects of this article were all treated with sulfasalazine after one of the subjects with a 30-year history of chronic hives, requiring frequent courses of prednisone, experienced complete remission while he was receiving this drug for another condition.
Personality profiles of environmentally responsible groups.

The hypothesis that groups high and low on environmental responsibility have different personality profiles was tested using responses of 319 introductory psychology students (132 men and 187 women) who completed the ECOSCALE and the Revised NEO Personality Inventory for partial course credit. Results of discriminant function analysis supported the hypothesis, indicating that groups scoring high and low on Environmental Responsibility had significantly different personality profiles and that the standard discriminant function coefficients were quite substantial (> or = .50) for Openness (.72) and Agreeableness (.50).
Status, Needs, and Opportunities for Structural Ceramics in Advanced Heat Engines

The potential for using structural ceramic materials in components of advanced heat engines including the gas turbine and adiabatic diesel has recently been demonstrated by results in DOE and DOD engine development programs. Status of these efforts, technical needs for candidate ceramic materials, and research opportunities in new DOE and NASA ceramic technology programs oriented to heat engines are reviewed. 9 references, 8 figures.
Keck Adaptive Optics Observations of the Radio Galaxy 3C 294: A Merging System at z = 1.786?

We present seeing-limited and adaptive optics images of the z = 1.786 radio galaxy 3C 294 in the H and K' infrared bands obtained at Keck Observatory. The infrared emission of 3C 294 is dominated by two distinct components separated by ~1'' (9 kpc). The eastern knot contains an unresolved core that contributes ~4% of the K'-band light; we identify this core with the active nucleus. The western component is about 2.5 times brighter. The most plausible interpretation of the near-infrared morphology is an ongoing merger event, with the active nucleus located in the less massive of the two galaxies.
FastRoute3.0: a fast and high quality global router based on virtual capacity

As an easily implemented approach, ripup and reroute has been employed by most of todaypsilas global routers, which iteratively applies maze routing to refine solution quality. But traditional maze routing is susceptible to get stuck at local optimal results. In this work, we will present a fast and high quality global router FastRoute3.0, with the new technique named virtual capacity. Virtual capacity is proposed to guide the global router at maze routing stage to achieve higher quality results in terms of overflow and runtime. During maze routing stage, virtual capacity works as a substitute for the real edge capacity in calculating the maze routing cost. There are two sub techniques included: (1) virtual capacity initialization, (2) virtual capacity update. Before the maze routing stage, FastRoute3.0 initializes the virtual capacity by subtracting the predicted overflow generated by adaptive congestion estimation (ACE) from the real edge capacity. And in the following maze routing iterations, we further reduce the virtual capacity by the amount of existing overflow(edge usage minus real edge capacity) for the edges that are still congested. To avoid excessive ldquopushing-awayrdquo of routing wires, the virtual capacity is increased by a fixed percentage of the existing overflow if edge usage is smaller than real edge capacity. Experimental results show that FastRoute3.0 is highly proficient dealing with ISPD98, ISPD07 and ISPD08 benchmark suites. The results outperform published ripup and reroute based academic global routers in both routability and runtime. In particular, (1) FastRoute3.0 completes routing all the ISPD98 benchmarks. (2) For ISPD07 and ISPD08 global routing contest benchmarks, it generates 12 out of 16 congestion free solutions. (3) The total runtime is enhanced greatly.
Neue Kunststoffe — Neue Anwendungsmöglichkeiten

Die Erschliesung neuer Gebiete fur die Anwendung von Kunststoffen – vor allem als Konstruktionswerkstoffe beim Bau von Hausern und Fahrzeugen – ist nur dann realisierbar, wenn es gelingt, Kunststoffe mit geeigneten mechanischen und thermischen Eigenschaften zu entwickeln. Dies ist mit Hilfe von drei Arbeitsprinzipien moglich, die bereits mit gutem Erfolg angewendet wurden, und zwar erstens der Kristallisation, zweitens der Vernetzung und drittens der Anwendung von nichtflexiblen Kettenmolekulen. Auch die gleichzeitige Anwendung von zwei dieser Prinzipien hat schon zu Kunststoffen mit hervorragenden Eigenschaften gefuhrt. Ebenso ist die Kombination von allen drei Arbeitsprinzipien bereits in einigen Fallen mit sehr gutem Erfolg verwirklicht worden und last auf die Entwicklung ausergewohnlicher neuartiger Kunststoffe hoffen.
Peer effects on risky behaviors: New evidence from college roommate assignments

Social scientists continue to devote considerable attention to spillover effects for risky behaviors because of the important policy implications and the persistent challenges in identifying unbiased causal effects. We use the natural experiment of assigned college roommates to estimate peer effects for several measures of health risks: binge drinking, smoking, illicit drug use, gambling, having multiple sex partners, suicidal ideation, and non-suicidal self-injury. We find significant peer effects for binge drinking but little evidence of effects for other outcomes, although there is tentative evidence that peer effects for smoking may be positive among men and negative among women. In contrast to prior research, the peer effects for binge drinking are significant for all subgroups defined by sex and prior drinking status. We also find that pre-existing risky behaviors predict the closeness of friendships, which underscores the significance of addressing selection biases in studies of peer effects.
RECENT ADVANCES IN THE MASS SPECTROMETRY OF STEROIDS

Abstract Mass spectrometry plays a crucial role in the structure elucidation of new sterols, notably those of marine origin. Secure interpretation of the mass spectra requires an adequate understanding of the mechanism of the key fragmentation processes of steroids and the present paper summarizes recent work from the author's laboratory dealing with the elucidation of the fragmentation mechanism of the most important peaks of the following classes of steroids: (a) saturated steroid hydrocarbons with the 14α and 14β stereochemistry; (b) δ 7 - and δ 8 (14) -unsaturated sterols; (c) δ 4 -, δ 1, 4 - and δ 4, 6 -unsaturated 3-ketosteroids; (d) sterols with unsaturated side chains. The techniques of deuterium labelling and of metastable defocussing proved to be indispensable in these studies.
Prenatal Nutritional Deficiency and Risk of Adult Schizophrenia

Converging evidence suggests that a neurodevelopmental disruption plays a role in the vulnerability to schizophrenia. The authors review evidence supporting in utero exposure to nutritional deficiency as a determinant of schizophrenia. We first describe studies demonstrating that early gestational exposure to the Dutch Hunger Winter of 1944–1945 and to a severe famine in China are each associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia in offspring. The plausibility of several candidate micronutrients as potential risk factors for schizophrenia and the biological mechanisms that may underlie these associations are then reviewed. These nutrients include folate, essential fatty acids, retinoids, vitamin D, and iron. Following this discussion, we describe the methodology and results of an epidemiologic study based on a large birth cohort that has tested the association between prenatal homocysteine, an indicator of serum folate, and schizophrenia risk. The study capitalized on the use of archived prenatal serum specimens that make it possible to obtain direct, prospective biomarkers of prenatal insults, including levels of various nutrients during pregnancy. Finally, we discuss several strategies for subjecting the prenatal nutritional hypothesis of schizophrenia to further testing. These approaches include direct assessment of additional prenatal nutritional biomarkers in relation to schizophrenia in large birth cohorts, studies of epigenetic effects of prenatal starvation, association studies of genes relevant to folate and other micronutrient deficiencies, and animal models. Given the relatively high prevalence of nutritional deficiencies during pregnancy, this work has the potential to offer substantial benefits for the prevention of schizophrenia in the population.
Clinical Correlates and Predictors of Caregiver Strain in Children with Chronic Tic Disorders

Although tics are the defining feature of chronic tic disorders (CTD), many children experience comorbid internalizing and externalizing problems that contribute to impairment across several domains, including family functioning. The current study examined clinical correlates and predictors of caregiver strain in parents of children with CTD. Participants were 123 children and adolescents diagnosed with a CTD who participated in a randomized-controlled trial of behavior therapy for reducing tics. Results showed that a combination of disruptive behavior, inattention/hyperactivity, and tic intensity best explained objective strain and a combination of inattention/hyperactivity and tic intensity were the best predictors of subjective caregiver strain. Implications of these findings for care providers are discussed.
A Story‐based Simulation for Teaching Sampling Distributions

Statistical inference relies heavily on the concept of sampling distributions. However, sampling distributions are difficult to teach. We present a series of short animations that are story-based, with associated assessments. We hope that our contribution can be useful as a tool to teach sampling distributions in the introductory statistics classroom.
Filtering and routing multilingual documents for translation

Translation is a key capability to access relevant information expressed in various languages on social media. Unfortunately, systematically translating all content far exceeds the capacity of most organizations. Computer-aided translation (CAT) tools can significantly increase the productivity of translators, but can not ultimately cope with the overwhelming amount of content to translate. In this contribution, we describe and experiment with an approach where we use the structure in a corpus to adequately route the content to the proper workflow, including translators, CAT tools or purely automatic approaches. We show that linguistically motivated structure such as document genre can help decide on the proper translation workflow. However, automatically discovered structure has an effect that is at least as important and allows us to define groups of documents that may be translated automatically with reasonable output quality. This suggests that computational intelligence models that can efficiently organize document collection will provide increased capability to access textual content from various target languages.
Does Dual Chamber or Atrial Pacing Prevent Atrial Fibrillation? The Need for a Randomized Controlled Trial

Partially due to recent reports that cardiac antiarrhythmic therapy may have adverse effects on patient survival, clinicians have become more interested in the nonpharmacological prevention of atrial fibrillation. There is a large body of literature that suggests that the rate of development of atrial fibrillation in paced sick sinus syndrome patients is much lower in those patients who have received an atrial-based system, rather than a VVI system. However, all the published studies to date are retrospective, and fraught with potential bias favoring the AAI or DDD group. The authors strongly believe that the only way to determine if these suggestive but uncertain retrospective analyses are correct is to apply the same scientific rigor to this problem as has been applied to many other problems in cardiovascular medicine and perform a prospective randomized trial. A proposed trial design is discussed.
SMOTIF: efficient structured pattern and profile motif search

Background A structured motif allows variable length gaps between several components, where each component is a simple motif, which allows either no gaps or only fixed length gaps. The motif can either be represented as a pattern or a profile (also called positional weight matrix). We propose an efficient algorithm, called SMOTIF, to solve the structured motif search problem, i.e., given one or more sequences and a structured motif, SMOTIF searches the sequences for all occurrences of the motif. Potential applications include searching for long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons and composite regulatory binding sites in DNA sequences.
Analysis of path profiling information generated with performance monitoring hardware

Even with the breakthroughs in semiconductor technology that enables billion transistor designs, hardware-based architecture paradigms alone cannot substantially improve processor performance. The challenge in realizing the full potential of these future machines is to find ways to adapt program behavior to application needs and processor resources. As such, run-time optimization has a distinct role in future high performance systems. However, as these systems are dependent on accurate, fine-grain profile information, traditional approaches to collecting profiles at run-time result in significant slowdowns during program execution. A novel approach to low-overhead profiling is to exploit hardware performance monitoring units (PMUs) present in modern microprocessors. The Itanium-2 PMU can periodically sample the last few taken branches in an executing program and this information can be used to recreate partial paths of execution. With compiler-aided analysis, the partial paths can be correlated into full paths. As statistically hot paths are most likely to occur in PMU samples, even infrequent sampling can accurately identify these paths. While traditional path profiling techniques carry a high overhead, a PMU-based path profiler represents an effective lightweight profiling alternative. This paper characterizes the PMU-based path information and demonstrates the construction of such a PMU-based path profiler for a run-time system.
AC solar cells: An embedded “all in one” PV power system

Power converters constructed from discrete components are difficult to mass produce, and the installation involves a significant labor cost to have the proper interconnection among the panel, inverter and the grid. These facts indicate that the present PV technology may not be able to address the challenges involved in reaching the DOE target of $1/W. Therefore, a paradigm shift in the design of the entire PV power system is needed to reach this goal. In order to increase the converter reliability and watts/$, the active and passive elements of a power converter (especially capacitors and active switches such as MOSFETs, JFETs or IGBTs) could be embedded on the same substrate material used for fabricating the p-n junctions in the photovoltaic panel. To the knowledge of the author, there is no prior work in cell level power conversion, and therefore, this project idea could be considered as an “Out of the box” kind. A novel fabrication process is proposed in this paper demonstrating the integration of PV cells and two major components needed to build a power converter. Because of the cell level power conversion, PV panels constructed from these cells are likely to be immune to partial shading and hot-spot effects. The end goal of this research is to produce 120V/240V ac output directly from the panel. An extremely accurate device simulator (∗Silvaco Athena/Atlas) was used to generate reasonably accurate characteristics of the proposed PV system.
PROTEIN CONCENTRATE FROM NORMAL AND HIGH‐LYSINE CORNS BY ALKALINE EXTRACTION: COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES

Protein concentrates and by-products produced by alkaline extraction from ground corn having normal and high contents of lysine were analyzed for amino acid composition, protein, starch, fat, ash, fiber and various neutral carbohydrates A high-lysine concentrate contained 65% protein (nitrogen × 6.25) with 4.7g lysine and 4.0g total sulfur amino acids per 16g nitrogen recovered. The minimum nitrogen solubility of the concentrates was 3–5% near pH 5.5. The protein concentrates has good functionality relative to their emulsifying activity, emulsion stability and hydration capacity.
Introduction to Noise and Measurement Techniques

The major sources of noise in magnetoresistive systems will be discussed, including: thermal, shot, electronic, and magnetization noise. These noise mechanisms produce either voltage, current, or resistance fluctuations that limit the ultimate field sensitivity of magnetoresistive sensors. For high-bandwidth applications, thermal and shot noise can contribute significant integrated noise power owing to their frequency independent spectral content. For low frequency applications, resistance fluctuations present obstacles for achieving pico-Tesla per square-root sensitivity below 1 Hz.The fluctuations can be used as a probe of electrical transport and magnetization dynamics.
Quantum Ergodicity And Intensity Fluctuations

Flow in phase space is intimately related to the concept of ergodicity. An ergodic system will sample all regions of phase space democratically in the time average, subject only to known a priori constants of the motion. For convenience, we shall refer to the accessible phase space as the “energy shell.” This shell may have some thickness if a distribution of energies are initially populated An energy envelope is defined by the initial distribution of energy and the envelope plays a role both in classical and quantum phase Space flow, as discussed before1–3 and as will become evident in the theory and examples to follow.
Identification of Potential Virulence Determinants by Himar1 Transposition of Infectious Borrelia burgdorferi B31

Lyme disease Borrelia organisms are highly invasive spirochetes that alternate between vertebrate and arthropod hosts and that establish chronic infections and elicit inflammatory reactions in mammals. Although progress has been made in the targeted mutagenesis of individual genes in infectious Borrelia burgdorferi, the roles of the vast majority of gene products in pathogenesis remain unresolved. In this study, we examined the feasibility of using transposon mutagenesis to identify infectivity-related factors in B. burgdorferi. The transformable, infectious strain 5A18 NP1 was transformed with the spirochete-adapted Himar1 transposon delivery vector pMarGent to create a small library of 33 insertion mutants. Single mouse inoculations followed by culture of four tissue sites and serology were used to screen the mutants for infectivity phenotypes. Mutants that appeared attenuated (culture positive at some sites) or noninfectious (negative at all sites) and contained the virulence-associated plasmids lp25 and lp28-1 were examined in more extensive animal studies. Three of these mutants (including those with insertions in the putative fliG-1-encoded flagellar motor switch protein and the guaB-encoded IMP dehydrogenase) were noninfectious, whereas four clones appeared to exhibit reduced infectivity. Serological reactivity in VlsE enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays correlated with the assignment of mutants to the noninfectious or attenuated-infectivity groups. The results of this study indicate that random transposon mutagenesis of infectious B. burgdorferi is feasible and will be of value in studying the pathogenesis of Lyme disease Borrelia.
A noise ordinance in the retina

![][1] In the early morning hours of 22 October 1850, a German doctor called Gustav Fechner erupted from sleep in a paroxysm of insight. Fechner, a philosopher and experimental psychologist, had dozed off while contemplating the fundamental relationship between the physical world and