cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A review of research methodology in an emergency medicine journal

All original articles published in JACEP and Annals of Emergency Medicine in 1972, 1975, 1978, and 1981 were reviewed and classified according to type of article, research design, specific methods utilized, and statistical analyses employed. The number of articles published annually increased during the 10-year period, from 34 in 1972 to 131 in 1981. The percentage of articles devoted to clinical research, basic science, animal studies, and health services research also increased: 1972, 8.8%; 1975, 39.6%; 1978, 41.2%; and 1981, 51.1%. In 1972, only two studies had defined research designs. In 1981, 47 studies had the following research designs: case control, 9; cohort, 9; cross-sectional, 13; uncontrolled clinical trial, 3; non-random clinical trial, 7; and randomized clinical trial, 6. Research methodologies were defined in only two studies published in 1972, but increased in each of the years reviewed to 41 in 1978. The most common methodology was the use of diagnostic categories. In 1972, statistical analysis was limited to descriptive enumeration and was included in only three articles. In 1981, 62 articles contained statistical analyses, including chi square in 11; t test in 6; Fischer's exact test in 2; ANOVA in 4; and P value (method not stated) in 10. This study reveals a major increase in both the quality and quantity of emergency medicine research published during the 10-year period reviewed.
AIDS education in the emergency department

The prevention of the spread of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) depends on an educated public reducing their risk of infection. To test the hypothesis that effective community AIDS education can be based in an emergency department, we designed and evaluated two educational interventions in a high-volume urban ED. A pretest/post-test design was used in which subjects were assigned to receive either an active education program, a passive education program, or no education program. Knowledge gains and self-reported risk-reducation behavior were evaluated by follow-up testing within a five-week period. The active and passive groups had significantly greater knowledge gains than the control group ( P P
Tumor Registry Versus Physician Medical Record Review: A Direct Comparison of Patients With Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors

Academic tumor registry analysis indicates many patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors are not identified when compared with physician medical record review. Reasons include registry time lag and case-finding methodologies.
Functionally defective or altered CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 single nucleotide polymorphisms and their detection with genotyping tests.

Among the four cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A genes, CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 are the most abundantly expressed in the human liver. Eighty single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CYP3A4/5 have been reported to the Human P450 Allele Nomenclature Committee. CYP3A4 alleles with minimal function compared with wild type include the CYP3A4*6 and CYP3A4*17. Alleles with moderately decreased or altered activity include: CYP3A4*2, *8, *11, *12, *13, *16, and *18. CYP3A5 alleles with minimal function include the splice variants CYP3A5*3, *5, *6 and CYP3A5* 10, as well as the null allele CYP3A5*7. Alleles with moderately decreased catalytic activity include CYP3A5*8 and CYP3A5*9. This report reviews the current progress in the functional characterization of CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 SNPs and provides genotyping tests for possible defective variants. A combination of genotyping tests for defective CYP3A4/CYP3A5 haplotypes will be necessary to understand the variations in the metabolism and clinical toxicity of a wide variety of clinical...
The Quick Start Contraception Initiation Method during the 6-week postpartum visit: an efficacious way to improve contraception in Federally Qualified Health Centers☆

Abstract Background About half of all pregnancies in the United States are unplanned, and many start soon after a previous delivery. Our aim was to determine if the implementation of the Quick Start Contraception Initiation Method during the 6-week postpartum evaluation could improve the delivery of contraception. Study design The medical records of 979 patients seen for their 6-week postpartum visit at our urban Federally Qualified Health Center (FQHC) between July 2004 and June 2006 were reviewed. The patients were distributed into two groups defined by evaluations performed prior to or after the implementation of the new contraception initiation method. Summary statistics and differences in the proportions were calculated. A probability of Results The Quick Start Contraception Initiation Method was implemented in July 2005. Five-hundred and sixteen patients were in Group 1, and 463 patients were in Group 2. Demographic variables were similar among groups. Contraception delivery rate was 50% in Group 1 and 72% in Group 2 (p Conclusion These findings suggest that the Quick Start Contraception Initiation Method at the time of the 6-week postpartum evaluation improves the delivery of contraception in FQHCs.
Moore Wins Karlsson Award [Computer Society Connection]

Topics covered include the 2009 recipient of the Computer Society's Hans Karlsson Award, the naming of the 2010 IEEE Fellows, and recognition of CSDA and CSDP holders.
Polarization of cell growth in yeast.

The actin cytoskeleton provides the structural basis for cell polarity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as well as most other eukaryotes. In Part I of this two-part commentary, presented in the previous issue of Journal of Cell Science, we discussed the basis by which yeast establishes and maintains different states of polarity through R GTPases and cyclin-dependent protein kinase signaling. Here we discuss how, in response to those signals, the actin cytoskeleton guides growth of the yeast cell. A polarized array of actin cables at the cell cortex is the primary structural determinant of polarity. Motors such as class V myosins use this array to transport secretory vesicles, mRNA and organelles towards growth sites, where they are anchored by a cap of cytoskeletal and regulatory proteins. Cortical actin patches enhance and maintain this polarity, probably through endocytic recycling, which allows reuse of materials and prevents continued growth at old sites. The dynamic arrangement of targeting and recycling provides flexibility for the precise control of morphogenesis.
Lower body negative pressure as a model to study progression to acute hemorrhagic shock in humans

Hemorrhage is a leading cause of death in both civilian and battlefield trauma. Survival rates increase when victims requiring immediate intervention are correctly identified in a mass-casualty situation, but methods of prioritizing casualties based on current triage algorithms are severely limited. Development of effective procedures to predict the magnitude of hemorrhage and the likelihood for progression to hemorrhagic shock must necessarily be based on carefully controlled human experimentation, but controlled study of severe hemorrhage in humans is not possible. It may be possible to simulate hemorrhage, as many of the physiological compensations to acute hemorrhage can be mimicked in the laboratory by applying negative pressure to the lower extremities. Lower body negative pressure (LBNP) sequesters blood from the thorax into dependent regions of the pelvis and legs, effectively decreasing central blood volume in a similar fashion as acute hemorrhage. In this review, we compare physiological responses to hemorrhage and LBNP with particular emphasis on cardiovascular compensations that both share in common. Through evaluation of animal and human data, we present evidence that supports the hypothesis that LBNP, and resulting volume sequestration, is an effective technique to study physiological responses and mechanisms associated with acute hemorrhage in humans. Such experiments could lead to clinical algorithms that identify bleeding victims who will likely progress to hemorrhagic shock and require lifesaving intervention(s).
A Family-Based Analysis of Whether the Functional Promoter Alleles of the Serotonin Transporter Gene HTT Affect the Risk for Alcohol Dependence

A population association between a regulatory variation in the promoter of the serotonin transporter gene (HTT) and severe alcohol dependence was recently reported. We analyzed this potential association in a large number of systematically ascertained families in the United States; these families had at least three first-degree relatives who were alcohol-dependent. Analyses focused on individuals defined as alcohol-dependent by criteria from ICD-10 and on subsets of these individuals reporting withdrawal-related symptoms. Application of the transmission disequilibrium test did not provide support for either linkage or association between this functional polymorphism and alcohol dependence; there was no significant bias in the transmission of either allele to the alcohol-dependent offspring. We also report that African Americans differ from Caucasians in allele frequencies for this polymorphism.
NS-FTR: a fault tolerant routing scheme for networks on chip with permanent and runtime intermittent faults

In sub-65nm CMOS technologies, interconnection networks-on-chip (NoC) will increasingly be susceptible to design time permanent faults and runtime intermittent faults, which can cause system failure. To overcome these faults, NoC routing schemes can be enhanced by adding fault tolerance capabilities, so that they can adapt communication flows to follow fault-free paths. A majority of existing fault tolerant routing algorithms are based on the turn model approach due to its simplicity and inherent freedom from deadlock. However, these turn model based algorithms are either too restrictive in the choice of paths that flits can traverse, or are tailored to work efficiently only on very specific fault distribution patterns. In this paper, we propose a novel fault tolerant routing scheme (NS-FTR) for NoC architectures that combines the North-last and South-last turn models to create a robust hybrid NoC routing scheme. The proposed scheme is shown to have a low implementation overhead and adapt to design time and runtime faults better than existing turn model, stochastic random walk, and dual virtual channel based routing schemes.
Hypervisor-based cloud intrusion detection system

Shared resources are an essential part of cloud computing. Virtualization and multi-tenancy provide a number of advantages for increasing resource utilization and for providing on demand elasticity. However, these cloud features also raise many security concerns related to cloud computing resources. In this paper, we propose an architecture and approach for leveraging the virtualization technology at the core of cloud computing to perform intrusion detection security using hypervisor performance metrics. Through the use of virtual machine performance metrics gathered from hypervisors, such as packets transmitted/received, block device read/write requests, and CPU utilization, we demonstrate and verify that suspicious activities can be profiled without detailed knowledge of the operating system running within the virtual machines. The proposed hypervisor-based cloud intrusion detection system does not require additional software installed in virtual machines and has many advantages compared to host-based and network based intrusion detection systems which can complement these traditional approaches to intrusion detection.
Association of laterality and size of perfusion lesions on neurological deficit in acute supratentorial stroke.

Background The influence of lesion size and laterality on each component of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale has not been delineated. The objective of this study was to use perfusion weighted imaging to characterize the association of ischemic volume and laterality on each component item and the total score of the NIHSS.
On learning the input-output behaviour of nonlinear fading memory systems from finite data

This paper deals with system identification for the class of nonlinear fading memory systems from input–output noisy data. It is distinct from traditional formulations in two respects: (1) We are motivated by the class of systems where no finite parameterization can cover the class arbitrarily closely. Since finite data can only resolve finitely many parameters and so residual dynamics becomes an important issue in identification; (2) Our objective is to characterize the behaviour uniformly over the class of all bounded inputs. The primary focus of the paper is to establish a framework for learning the behaviour for the class of nonlinear fading memory systems uniformly over all inputs. The main idea is to separate the components of identification into estimation of a parametric part followed by a coarse description of the residual dynamics and the objective is to estimate a model that gives the tightest description. The principle difficulty arises on account of our need to characterize the behaviour uniformly over the set of all bounded inputs, a require ment motivated from control applications. Although, this goal is unachievable, it is possible to still characterize the ‘essential’ input–output behaviour over the class of dithered inputs. We show that this notion is directly applicable for robust control situations. Moreover, system identification with finite input–output data also becomes tractable. Tradeoff between dithering, size of uncertainty and sample-complexity is also developed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cotton and corn rotation under reduced tillage management: impacts on soil properties, weed control, yield, and net return

Abstract A 6-yr rotation study was conducted from 2000 to 2005 at Stoneville, MS to examine the effects of rotating glyphosate-resistant (GR) and non-GR (conventional) cultivars of cotton with corn under reduced tillage conditions on soil properties, weed control, crop yield, and net return. There were four rotation systems (continuous cotton, continuous corn, cotton–corn, and corn–cotton) for each non-GR and GR cultivar arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Field preparation consisted of disking, subsoiling, disking, and bedding in the fall of 1999. After the fall of 2000, the experimental area received no tillage operations except rebedding after harvest each year to maintain reduced tillage conditions. A glyphosate-based program in GR cultivars and a nonglyphosate-based program in non-GR cultivars were used for weed management. Soil organic carbon in the top 5-cm depth progressively increased from the first year to the sixth year, regardless of rotation. In 2005, organi...
Evidence for α-2 adrenoreceptor modulation of arterial chemoreflexes in the caudal solitary nucleus of the rat

The caudal region of the nucleus of the solitary tract (cNTS) is the primary central termination site for arterial chemoreceptor afferents originating from the carotid body. The purpose of the pres...
Notes on the dissection of amoeba verrucosa

The specific structure and characteristic properties of the pellicle of Amoeba verrucosa may be demonstrated in the living animals by means of microdissection and injection. A high degree of resistance to mechanical pressure is exhibited by the pellicle when subjected to compression. Perforation of the pellicle without indentation of this layer can be effected only with needles having extremely fine points. Withdrawal of a needle after penetration carries the pellicle out into a long coneshaped process, loss of endoplasm being prevented by the rapid formation of a restricting endoplasmic film at the base of this cone. Distortion of the pellicle due to compression or other injury persists for some time before the membrane resumes its normal condition. The tough but extensile nature of the pellicle may be further demonstrated by inflating the cell with distilled water injected through a micropipette. From a cell ruptured under pressure the entire pellicle may be removed. In every case recorded the nucleus c...
Superradiant absorption in multiple optical nanoresonators

Optical resonators offer an excellent analog of quantum two-level systems. Studying optical analogs of the electromagnetically induced transparency and the Fano interference has greatly stimulated the field of nanophotonics. In this context, the theoretical analysis is developed for the optical analog of superradiance in multiple nanoresonators. Unique superradiant effects are found for light absorption in nanoresonators, such as superradiance-induced transparency.
Production of Local Immunity By Means of Diphtheria Toxin

The occurrence of local immunity was thought to exist for many years, but was not definitely studied as such until Besredka,1 published his work on immunity against the paratyphoid bacillus by means of "galled" vaccine given by mouth. The possibilities of this method were apparent, and it was put to the test as often as opportunity arose, and with favorable results, according to reports in the French literature from time to time. Not only is the method efficacious in preventing the disease, but its administration is also attended, in the great majority of cases, with no systemic reactions such as occur with the old method. In the few cases showing reactions, the symptoms are slight and consist of fever, diarrhea with colic, headache and vomiting. From paratyphoid fever, the investigations turned to other enteric diseases, such as typhoid, cholera, dysentery and undulant fever, in most of which the same methods were followed (ingestion of ox gall tablets followed by tablets containing the organisms previously killed by heat), with similar favorable results.2 In infections peculiar to the skin, particularly those caused by the staphylococcus, streptococcus and B. anthracis, the intradermal use of these organisms in the form of vaccines, or of the various products of growth, .frequently gave a high degree of skin immunity.3
Domestic pressure cooker as inexpensive hydrothermal vessel: Demonstrated utility for eco-friendly synthesis of non-toxic carbon dots ☆

Abstract We report on a simple and eco-friendly approach that employs a domestic pressure cooker as an inexpensive hydrothermal reactor for the batch synthesis of water-soluble, photoluminescent nanoscale carbon dots derived from benign and cheap commercial starting materials. The resulting carbon nanodots, which consist primarily of hydrophile-decorated amorphous carbon and boast bright, stable, excitation wavelength-dependent fluorescence, were shown to be viable cellular imaging agents for mice embryonic fibroblast cells, displaying little or no cytotoxicity for carbon dot concentrations up to 0.667 mg/mL. In addition, the carbon dots proved useful as nanoprobes for the fluorescence-based detection of environmentally-relevant heavy metal ions such as Cu 2+ , displaying detection limits below 6 μ M , sufficient to determine potable water safety ( 20 μ M is the limit for safe drinking water set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). More generally, these results highlight the utility of a household pressure cooker as a cost-effective hydrothermal vessel relevant to nanocarbon synthesis, opening up other possibilities for nanosynthesis, particularly in resource-limited settings, educational venues, and the classroom itself.
Effects of Straw Incorporation on Root Growth and Grain Yield under No-tillage in Rice

The effects of straw incorporation on root growth and grain yield under no-tillage of rice were studied.The results showed that grain yield increased significantly and root dry weight per plant,biomass per plant,root radius,root area per plant,root length per plant,average root length,root length density,root activity and SOD activity increased significantly or very significantly with straw incorporation under no-tillage.However,there was not a significant effect of straw incorporation on the number of roots per plant.Compared with the straw incorporation of 3 t/hm2,the straw incorporation of 6 t/hm2 revealed an obvious superiority of grain yield and root growth.
Learning to see otherwise

This article reports on data from two research projects with people whose own illness narratives and etiologies challenge the western biomedical ontology of the body. This paper argues that Reed’s ...
Simultaneous determination of alkaloids and flavonoids from aerial parts of Passiflora species and dietary supplements using UPLC-UV-MS and HPTLC.

A rapid UPLC method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of five indole alkaloids (harmalol, harmol, harmane, harmaline and harmine) and four flavonoids (orientin, isoorientin, vitexin, and ...
Risk Factors, Diagnosis, Management, and Outcome of Splanchnic Vein Thrombosis: A Retrospective Analysis

Objectives This study aims to determine the risk factors, diagnostic methods employed, treatment modalities, and outcome in patients with splanchnic vein thrombosis (SVT). Methods A retrospective chart review of patients, age 18 to 90 years, diagnosed with SVT at a single institution from January 1, 2010 to November 10, 2012. They were grouped as portal vein thrombosis (PVT)—including those combined with splenic vein thrombosis (SPVT) or mesenteric vein thrombosis (MVT)—and Budd–Chiari syndrome (BCS). Results Overall 246 SVT patients were identified, including 225 PVT and 21 BCS. Risk factors were liver disease, upper abdominal (regional) cancer and surgery, pancreatitis, and hereditary thrombophilia. The most common symptom was abdominal pain and most patients had abnormal liver function. Among those tested, the JAK2 V617F mutation was present in only 20% of the patients with PVT and 14% of the patients with BCS. Most patients were diagnosed by computed tomography. Anticoagulants were given to 30% of the patients with PVT and to 60% of the patients with BCS, with recurrence of SVT in 15% of the patients with PVT and 24% of the patients with BCS, regardless of anticoagulation. Conclusion As compared with published literature on SVT, we found a higher incidence of regional cancer and surgery and a lower incidence of the JAK2 V617F mutation.
Novel applications of multitask learning and multiple output regression to multiple genetic trait prediction

UNLABELLED Given a set of biallelic molecular markers, such as SNPs, with genotype values encoded numerically on a collection of plant, animal or human samples, the goal of genetic trait prediction is to predict the quantitative trait values by simultaneously modeling all marker effects. Genetic trait prediction is usually represented as linear regression models. In many cases, for the same set of samples and markers, multiple traits are observed. Some of these traits might be correlated with each other. Therefore, modeling all the multiple traits together may improve the prediction accuracy. In this work, we view the multitrait prediction problem from a machine learning angle: as either a multitask learning problem or a multiple output regression problem, depending on whether different traits share the same genotype matrix or not. We then adapted multitask learning algorithms and multiple output regression algorithms to solve the multitrait prediction problem. We proposed a few strategies to improve the least square error of the prediction from these algorithms. Our experiments show that modeling multiple traits together could improve the prediction accuracy for correlated traits. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION The programs we used are either public or directly from the referred authors, such as MALSAR (http://www.public.asu.edu/~jye02/Software/MALSAR/) package. The Avocado data set has not been published yet and is available upon request. CONTACT dhe@us.ibm.com.
Augmented Reality and Learning in Science Museums

Recently, informal science environments have been highlighted for their potential to improve science understanding and participation in daily science activities and scientific careers (Banks et al., Learning and Out of School in Diverse Environments: Life-Long, Life-Wide, Life-Deep, 2007; National Research Council, Learning Science in Informal Environments: People, Places, and Pursuits, 2009; National Research Council, Successful K–12 STEM education: Identifying effective approaches in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, 2011). Questions that have arisen from this focus include the extent to which visitors can learn the science, what supports are needed, and how technology can aid in the learning (National Research Council, Learning Science in Informal Environments: People, Places, and Pursuits, 2009). In this chapter, we review a series of studies that investigate how augmented reality and knowledge-building scaffolds support children’s learning in three different exhibits: “Be the Path,” “Magnetic Maps,” and “Bernoulli Ball.” We discuss design features and evidence that show how our intervention promotes collaboration and improves children’s conceptual understanding. We conclude with a description of an overarching model for exhibit design that aims at improving learning experiences of visitors in the science museum.
Epidemiology of Schizophrenia: Discussion

It is a pleasure and a privilege to discuss the stimulating and instructive papers by Drs. Jablensky, Eaton, Van Os, and Hafner on epidemiological research. The purpose of the papers by Drs. Jablensky and Eaton is to sift the results of epidemiological studies for clues to the etiology of schizophrenia. This involved assessments of the firmness of the evidence and analyses of what it shows and fails to show. The presentations by Drs. Van Os and Hafner had somewhat different agendas: Van Os, to argue for a dimensional approach that would locate schizophrenia within larger continua of psychosis, mania, negative symptoms and depression; Hafner, to portray the natural history of the disorder.
A high throughput instrument to measure mechanical losses in thin film coatings

Brownian thermal noise generated by mechanical losses in thin film coatings limits the sensitivity of gravitational wave detectors, as well as several high precision metrology experiments. Improving the sensitivity of the next generation of gravitational wave detectors will require optical coatings with significantly reduced mechanical losses. In this paper, we describe a system that we developed to measure the mechanical loss angle of thin film coatings deposited on fused silica substrates. The novelty of this system resides in the capability of parallel measurement of up to four samples and the ability to simultaneously probe all the resonant modes of each sample. This high throughput measurement system allows the exploration of a large number of deposition and material parameters, which can be tuned to achieve low loss coatings.
METABOLIC EFFECTS OF PORCINE SOMATOTROPIN : NITROGEN AND ENERGY BALANCE AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE TEMPORAL PATTERN OF BLOOD METABOLITES AND HORMONES

Twelve barrows (61 kg) received daily injections of either pituitary-derived porcine somatotropin (pST; 120 micrograms/kg body weight) or an equivalent volume of excipient. Blood samples were taken 1 d before initiation and on d 9 of treatment to characterize the temporal patterns of blood hormones and metabolites. Nitrogen (N) and energy (E) balances were performed on d 14 through 19 of treatment. Pigs treated with pST retained more N than controls (38.4 vs 23.0 g/d, P less than .01) and had a slightly higher apparent digestibility of N and E (88 vs 84% and 88 vs 85%, respectively, P less than .05). However, this improvement in apparent digestibility was probably a consequence of the lower feed intake (23% reduction) rather than a direct effect of pST. Treatment with pST resulted in chronic elevations in circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor I (406 vs 171 ng/ml), glucose (114 vs 86 mg/dl), insulin (3.9 vs 1.6 ng/ml), and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA; 135 vs 59 mu Eq/liter). Diurnal patterns of glucose, insulin, and NEFA were also altered in pST-treated pigs. Plasma urea N levels were decreased with pST treatment (9.6 vs 24.0 mg/dl), but the diurnal pattern was unaltered. Our results indicate that the effect of pST is primarily on postabsorptive use of nutrients. In growing pigs, pST exerts a profound effect on N metabolism and on circulating concentrations of hormones and metabolites.
The Backgrounds of Women Founders of STEM Firms: Success Factors

This paper analyzes the backgrounds of women who start STEM firms. This study asks three main questions: 1) Do female founders of STEM firms have similar career trajectories or educational backgrou...
The Inclusion of Parents

As was mentioned earlier, schools often miss a tremendous opportunity to improve student learning when they leave parents out of the teaching-and-learning equation. Researchers notice that while the parent-teacher relationship should be strong and meaningful, it is instead often detached and distant, or even strained and distrustful (Weinstein, 1996). Thus, depending on the situation, parents in less-than-trusting relationships with their children’s teachers interpret a certain teacher tone and manner, whether correctly or incorrectly, as condescending, patronizing or downright rude (Snow, 2001). In addition, unintentional “faux pas” are created because of cultural ignorance and teacher unpreparedness in communicating with a diverse parent population.
NOR-Chromosome morphology and evidence for rDNA selection in phylactolaemates

Silver-stained chromosome spreads from the phylactolaemate ectoprocts Fredericella indica, Fredericella browni, Plumatella repens, Pectinatella magnifica and Asajirella gelatinosa show that each of these species has a single pair of NORs. In the first four species each NOR is immediately adjacent to the centromere of a large metacentric chromosome. Giemsa-stained preparations from Cristatella mucedo show centromeric gapping in a similar large metacentric, indicating the same type of NOR-chromosome. In Asajirella gelatinosa the two NORs are on a pair of smaller chromosomes, and are not immediately adjacent to a centromere. A close NOR-centromere association would inhibit meiotic crossing over in the NOR region. Since in phylactolaemates reproduction is primarily asexual, often by formation of statoblasts, there is potential intraclonal selection for favorable ribosomal DNA (rDNA) mutations, including from simultaneous germination of otherwise genetically identical statoblasts within a limited area and competition between cell lines within statoblasts. Inhibition of meiotic crossing over within the NOR would maintain its integrity during periods when intraclonal selection would not be occurring. This suggests that a more rapid rate of rDNA evolution is possible in phylactolaemates than in most other organisms, and is consistent with a derivation of this group from the morphologically similar phoronids, despite phylogenetic interpretations of rDNA sequence data that suggest the two groups are not closely related.
Genetic and mechanistic basis for APOBEC3H alternative splicing, retrovirus restriction, and counteraction by HIV-1 protease

Human APOBEC3H (A3H) is a single-stranded DNA cytosine deaminase that inhibits HIV-1. Seven haplotypes (I-VII) and four splice variants (SV154/182/183/200) with differing antiviral activities and geographic distributions have been described, but the genetic and mechanistic basis for variant expression and function remains unclear. Using a combined bioinformatic/experimental analysis, we find that SV200 expression is specific to haplotype II, which is primarily found in sub-Saharan Africa. The underlying genetic mechanism for differential mRNA splicing is an ancient intronic deletion [del(ctc)] within A3H haplotype II sequence. We show that SV200 is at least fourfold more HIV-1 restrictive than other A3H splice variants. To counteract this elevated antiviral activity, HIV-1 protease cleaves SV200 into a shorter, less restrictive isoform. Our analyses indicate that, in addition to Vif-mediated degradation, HIV-1 may use protease as a counter-defense mechanism against A3H in >80% of sub-Saharan African populations.
A Bandit Worth Hunting: Pancho Villa and America’s War on Terror in Mexico, 1916-1917

The September 11, 2001, attacks were not the first time that a private, foreign group attacked the United States mainland. Although not referred to as an act of “terrorism” at the time, the March 1...
Treatment of Vestibular Migraine: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis

Objective To assess the efficacy of the various therapies used for the prevention of vestibular migraine (VM). Methods Primary studies were identified though PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Library by two independent investigators for articles published through April 2019. The search identified randomized comparison or observational studies pertaining to vestibular migraine treatment. Meta-analysis was performed on pre- and posttreatment Dizziness Handicap Inventory, vertigo frequency, and percentage of perceived improvement. Results Literature search identified 13 studies that reported sufficient outcome measures to be included in the analysis. Patients with VM had a mean age of 43.3 years with female-to-male gender ratio of 2.1:1. Classes of therapeutic agents included antiepileptic drugs, calcium channel blockers, tricyclic antidepressants, β-blockers, serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and vestibular rehabilitation. All treatment options that were analyzed demonstrated improvement in all of the outcome parameters, but due to significant heterogeneity and lack of standardized reporting on outcomes, establishment of preferred treatment modality could not be determined. Conclusions Various treatment modalities have been evaluated for preventative treatment of VM. Physician familiarity, patient comorbidities, and the side-effect profiles of various interventions likely influence the selection of intervention. Future randomized controlled trials with restrictive inclusion criteria and generalizable standardized outcome measures will allow for more robust meta-analyses and for more evidence-based treatment of vestibular migraines. Laryngoscope, 131:186-194, 2021.
Modulating the Optical Band Gap of Small Semiconducting Two-Dimensional Materials by Conjugated Polymers

Ultra-high-resolution optical microscopic techniques are used to measure the reflectance and photoluminescence (PL) spectrum of individual monolayered MoS2 of dimensions below 200 × 200 nm, while placed on top of a thin film conjugated polymer (CP). p-type and n-type CPs such as poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), respectively, modified the optical band gap of the MoS2 sheet differently. However, the optical band gap is decreased after integration with P3HT, while it is increased after being combined with PCBM. The acceptable reason for the modification of the band gap of MoS2 by CPs is the generation of interlayer excitons (ILE) at their interface. The optical band gap of MoS2 is further changed by introducing an inert polymer spacer of different thickness to separate MoS2 from the CP. This is attributed to the reduction of the efficiency of excitonic interactions and lowering the exciton binding energy, which is induced by the increase of the dielectric function at the CP-MoS2 interface. No sign of electron injection to the conduction band of MoS2 after integration with P3HT or PCBM, as no significant shift of the A1' Raman band of MoS2 was measured on top of CPs, which is sensitive to the electron injection.
Rural-urban differences in educational attainment among registered nurses: Implications for achieving an 80% BSN workforce.

Abstract Background Multiple professional organizations and institutes recommend the Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) degree as a minimum standard for registered nurse practice. Achieving this standard may be particularly challenging in rural areas, which tend to be more economically disadvantaged and have fewer opportunities for higher educational attainment compared to urban areas. Purpose Our primary objective was to provide updated information on rural-urban differences in educational attainment. We also examined rural-urban differences in employment type, salary, and demographics among registered nurses in different practice settings. Methods Data were obtained from the 2011–2015 American Community Survey (ACS) Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS). The sample included registered nurses (RN) between the ages of 18–64 years (n = 34,104) from all 50 states. Chi-square tests, t-tests, and multivariable logistic regression were used to examine the relationship between rurality and BSN preparedness and salary across practice settings. Results Urban nurses were more likely to have a BSN degree than rural nurses (57.9% versus 46.1%, respectively; p Conclusions Strategies to advance nursing workforce education are needed in rural areas and may contribute to improved care quality and health outcomes.
Bicuspid aortic valve sparing root replacement.

Background and aim of study Mid and long-term data regarding the durability of bicuspid aortic valve sparing root replacement is not completely understood. In this study, our institutional experience is reviewed regarding this procedure with special attention to the operative technique. Methods From 2004 to 2019, 1241 patients underwent aortic root replacement and of these 79 patients underwent bicuspid aortic valve sparing root replacement. Early and late outcomes along with echocardiographic data were reviewed. Univariate analysis was used to identify risk factors for mortality. Results Median age at operation was 43 (inner quartile range: 34.5-50.5) years, with 17% (14) being female. Median follow up time was 4 (inner quartile range: 1-8) years with 359 years of total follow up. Early mortality was 2.5% (2). Overall 10-year freedom from aortic valve intervention was 95.6%. Risk factor analysis did not demonstrate preoperative root diameter, aortic diameter, or aortic insufficiency to be risk factors for mortality. Conclusion Bicuspid aortic valve sparing root replacement can be performed safely in the setting of aortic root pathology and valve insufficiency. With appropriate selection and excellent surgical technique, long-term durable valve function is observed without the need for repeat valve intervention.
Decomposing Differences in Coronavirus disease 2019-related Case-Fatality Rates across Seventeen Nations.

As of 1 November 2020, estimated case-fatality rates associated with coronavirus disease 2019 are not uniformly patterned across the world and differ substantially in magnitude. Given the global spatial heterogeneity in case-fatality rates, we applied the Blinder-Oaxaca regression decomposition technique to identify how putative sociodemographic, structural, and environmental sources influence variation in case-fatality rates. We show that compositional and associational differences in country-level risk factors explain a substantial proportion of the coronavirus disease 2019-related case-fatality rate gap across nations. Asian countries fair better vis-a-vis case-fatality rate differences mainly due to variation in returns to sociodemographic, structural, and environmental sources among their citizens, relative to those who share similar attributes but live in Europe or North America. The variation in case-fatality rate is driven by Asian populations being better able to buffer the harmful effects of the very risk factors purported to exacerbate the risk of coronavirus disease 2019-related death. The dire circumstances in which we find ourselves demand better understanding of how preexisting conditions across countries contribute to observed disparities in case-fatality rates.
Fostering a Critical Friendship between a Program Coordinator and an Online Adjunct to Achieve Reciprocal Mentoring

In this article we explore how engaging in collaborative self-study resulted in a reciprocal mentorship platform for a mathematics specialist program coordinator and online adjunct instructor. Thro...
Learning from Asian Americans: Implications for Planning:

This commentary serves as an introduction for the planning academe about Asian Americans and how an understanding of their racialization can contribute to anti-racist frameworks in planning. Asian ...
834-P: Factors Associated with Optimal Glycemic Control in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: Real-World U.S. Multicenter Study

Background: Management of type 1 diabetes (T1D) involves achieving glycemic targets to avoid complications. However, despite advancements in diabetes technology and standards, achieving adequate glycemic control in children and adolescents remains a challenge. This study aims to identify factors associated with optimal glycemic targets of Methods: The analysis included 9,991 T1D patients (1-18 years) from eight sites in the T1D Exchange Quality Improvement (T1DX-QI) database for whom electronic health record data was available with at least one completed clinic encounter between July 2017-July 2020. Results: Among those with hemoglobin A1c 7% [p Conclusions: This study highlights real-world challenges and social disparities in achieving optimal glycemic control. A combination of CGM and insulin pump device use is beneficial for the effective management of blood glucose levels. T1Dx-QI sites are implementing best practices to improve optimal outcomes. Disclosure O. Ebekozien: None. E. L. Ospelt: None. M. K. Kamboj: None. T1dx-qi collaborative: n/a. N. Noor: Research Support; Self; Dexcom, Inc. B. Seyoum: None. S. Majidi: Advisory Panel; Self; Companion Medical. N. Jones: Consultant; Self; Companion Medical, Medtronic. R. Mcdonough: None. J. Sanchez: None. A. Kim: None. R. Izquierdo: None. Funding The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust
Retained Bullet in the Penis.

Gunshot injuries to the genitourinary system are extremely rare among trauma cases and represent a complex clinical scenario to physicians. This rare case involves a 20-year-old male with a retained bullet in his penis following a close-range, low-velocity gunshot wound to the right lateral thigh. Our case report examines this unique clinical scenario and the diagnostic approach that should be taken to decrease the chances of negative cosmetic and functional outcomes.
When Is Statistical Significance Meaningful? A Practice Perspective

s, 19, 34-35. Kirk, S. and Fischer, J. (1976). Do social workers understand research? Jour- nal of Education for Social Work, 12, 63-70. Rosenblatt, A. (1968). The practitioner's use and evaluation of research. Social Work, 13, 53-59. Rubin, A. (1981). Reexamining the impact of sex on salary: The limits of statistical significance. Social Work Research and Abstracts, 17, 22. Rubin, A. and Conway, P. (1985). Standards for determining the magnitude of relationships in social work research. Social Work Research and Ab- stracts, 21, 39. Weinbach, R. and Grinnell, R. (1987). Statistics for social workers. New York:
Anchoring of cobalt hydroxide catalysts on nanozeolite crystals for photocatalytic water oxidation

Abstract Synthesis of cobalt hydroxide on ∼40 nm zeolite crystallites by treatment of Co2+-exchanged zeolite (Co-NZ) with either sodium hydroxide (Co-NZ-OH) or tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMA–NZ) is being reported. With the NaOH-treated sample, an additional hydrothermal treatment was carried out (HT-Co-NZ-OH). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy in the Co2p satellite region indicate the presence of Co (II). Transmission electron microscopy of HT-Co-NZ-OH showed nanometer thick film-like deposits of cobalt compound on the surface of the nanocrystal, whereas for TMA-NZ, the deposits were spherical ∼3 nm particles on the surface of the nanozeolite. Using the Ru(bpy)32+ – persulfate system, the photocatalytic activity of these materials for water oxidation was tested by measuring dissolved oxygen. The initial rate for TMA-NZ was 3.1 × 10−2 mol O2/mmol Co.s, whereas for HT-Co-NZ-OH, it was 1.4 × 10−2 mol O2/mmol Co.s. However, with the TMA-NZ sample, the photocatalytic rate dropped by an order of magnitude with the recovered catalyst, while the rate was unchanged for HT-Co-NZ-OH. With TMA-NZ, the ∼3 nm cobalt species on the zeolite are mechanically unstable and fall off during the photocatalytic reaction, whereas the cobalt deposits on the HT-Co-NZ-OH are stable. The catalytic performance of HT-Co-NZ-OH is an order of magnitude higher than comparably prepared micron sized zeolites, due to the better utilization of the cobalt on the surface of the nanozeolite. Internal porosity of the zeolite is still accessible with HT-Co-NZ-OH for photochemical reaction with access to the catalyst on the surface.
The Uses of Big Data in Cities.

Abstract There is much enthusiasm currently about the possibilities created by new and more extensive sources of data to better understand and manage cities. Here, I explore how big data can be useful in urban planning by formalizing the planning process as a general computational problem. I show that, under general conditions, new sources of data coordinated with urban policy can be applied following fundamental principles of engineering to achieve new solutions to important age-old urban problems. I also show that comprehensive urban planning is computationally intractable (i.e., practically impossible) in large cities, regardless of the amounts of data available. This dilemma between the need for planning and coordination and its impossibility in detail is resolved by the recognition that cities are first and foremost self-organizing social networks embedded in space and enabled by urban infrastructure and services. As such, the primary role of big data in cities is to facilitate information flows and ...
Experimental Evidence Relating to the Pathogenesis of Post‐traumatic Epilepsy

SUMMARY In summary our evidence indicates that there are two negative components of an evoked potential such as the direct cortical, radiation or recruiting response. The later of the two has been observed to have a time course of 300 msec in certain human epileptic foci where it was measured. It is our conjecture that the two processes are allied to the spike and dome of convulsive discharge. The study shows how the neural origins of various epileptic formations can be traced to evoked potentials of the experimental record. Resume En resume, nos constatations indiquent qu'il y a deux composantes negatives d'un potentiel evoque comme la radiation corticale directe ou la reponse par recrutement. Il a ete observe que la plus tardive de ces deux reponses a une duree de 300 msec dans certains foyers epileptiques humains ou elle a ete mesuree. Nous pensons que ces deux processus sont lies a la pointe et l'onde de la decharge convulsive. L'etude montre comment les origines neurales de formations epileptiques diverses peuvent ětre rapportees a des potentiels evoques du trace experimental.
Effects of computing and communications on state fusion over long-haul sensor networks

We consider a sensor network where the state estimates are sent over long-haul connections from sensors to a fusion center to be correlated and fused to generate a global state estimate. The network loss and latency determine the state estimates received within a time-window at the fusion center, which in turn determine the quality Q CC (τ) of the global state estimate computed within the allocated time τ. We derive a probabilistic performance bound on Q CC (τ) as a function of the distribution of state estimates as well as the computation and network parameters, which shows a separation between the contributions of communications and computing parts. We then show that measurements based on field tests can be used to derive confidence bounds for Q CC (τ). We complement the analytical results with component simulations and a system-level simulation of tracking a ballistic object to illustrate the qualitative effects of computing, including allocated computation time, and communications, including loss rates and transport protocols.