cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
T lymphocyte-triggering factor of african trypanosomes is associated with the flagellar fraction of the cytoskeleton and represents a new family of proteins that are present in several divergent eukaryotes.

Abstract The trypanosome cytoskeleton consists almost entirely of microtubule-based structures. Although α- and β-tubulin from Trypanosoma brucei have been well characterized, much less is known about other cytoskeleton-associated proteins in trypanosomes. Using biochemical fractionation, we demonstrate here that T lymphocyte-triggering factor (TLTF) from T. brucei is a component of the detergent-resistant and Ca2+-resistant fraction of the parasite cytoskeleton. This fraction contains the flagellar apparatus and a subset of cytoskeletal protein complexes that together function in cell motility, cytokinesis, and organelle inheritance. We also show that TLTF-related genes are present in several highly divergent eukaryotic organisms. Although the function of the corresponding proteins is not known, the mammalian TLTF-like gene (GAS11; growtharrest-specific gene 11) is up-regulated in growth-arrested cells and is a candidate tumor suppressor (Whitmore, S. A., Settasatian, C., Crawford, J., Lower, K. M., McCallum, B., Seshadri, R., Cornelisse, C. J., Moerland, E. W., Cleton-Jansen, A. M., Tipping, A. J., Mathew, C. G., Savnio, M., Savoia, A., Verlander, P., Auerbach, A. D., Van Berkel, C., Pronk, J. C., Doggett, N. A., and Callen, D. F. (1998) Genomics 52, 325–331), suggestive of a role in coordinating cytoskeleton activities. Consistent with this possibility, we show that the human GAS11 protein contains a 144-amino acid domain that co-localizes with microtubules when fused to the green fluorescent protein and expressed in mammalian cells. These findings suggest that TLTF represents a newly defined protein family, whose members contribute to cytoskeleton function in species as diverse as protozoa and mammals.
Hemodynamic Control and Delirium

One of the adverse outcomes common in older surgical patients is postoperative delirium. The incidence of postoperative delirium varies depending on the type of patients studied, the tools used to measure delirium and the frequency of measurement. Although studies have identified predisposing and precipitating risk factors, to date, no single precipitating factor that can be modified by intraoperative anesthesia management has been found. Several studies identified intraoperative hypotension to be an important precipitating factor. However, this finding was not universally supported. Recent work on intraoperative blood pressure fluctuation and postoperative delirium may contribute to bridge this apparent discrepancy. These data indicate significantly larger intraoperative fluctuation in blood pressure in patients with postoperative delirium. Further research is needed to determine what type of patients are at risk for blood pressure lability and the effects of supporting blood pressure on the incidence of postoperative delirium.
Farm safety attitudes and accident involvement

Many safety educators firmly believe that good safety attitudes are a must if people are to avoid accidents in the workplace and elsewhere. This idea has evolved mainly from the industrial safety movement and has been adopted in most fields of safety. However, this fundamental adage has never been tested in agriculture. A random sample of Pennsylvania farmers were asked their attitudes toward nationally recognized farm safety concepts. The Semantic Differential Attitude Test was the instrument used to collect the data. Four hundred and ninety-three respondents indicated they have about the same attitudes toward farm safety concepts regardless of their accident involvement and regardless of other variables studied. The results of this study suggest that the apparent high priority given to safety attitude development as a primary means of accident prevention should be re-examined.
Erasure, Convergence, and The Great Divide: Trends in Racial Disparity in Middletown

Although Robert and Helen Lynd later identified the color line as the deepest division separating Middletown's people, data on the city's black population were purposely excluded from their analysi...
Microscopic derivations of Vlasov equations

Abstract This is a report on the current state of affairs in the rigorous microscopic foundations of the Vlasov regime of kinetic theory.
New Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase (HIV-1 RT) Mutants with Increased Fidelity of DNA Synthesis ACCURACY, TEMPLATE BINDING, AND PROCESSIVITY

Infidelity of DNA synthesis by human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 reverse transcriptase (HIV-1 RT) is a presumptive determinant of HIV-1 hypervariability and is incompletely understood at the mechanistic and structural levels. Amino acid substitution at only three residues, including Asp-76 (Kim, B., Hathaway, T. R., and Loeb, L. A. (1996)Biochemistry 37, 5831–5839), is known to increase fidelity. We report here that substitution at Arg-78 can also increase accuracy. Mutant R78A RT showed reduced primer extension in misincorporation assays lacking a complementary dNTP and exhibited a 9-fold decrease in mutation frequency in the M13mp2 lacZforward mutation assay. Previous structural studies indicate that Arg-78 and Asp-76 lie in a region that interacts with template nucleotides. Interestingly, R78A RT exhibited 6- to 8-fold decreases in binding affinity (K d) for RNA and DNA templates relative to wild type RT. In contrast, D76V RT, which also increases fidelity (Kim et al., 1996), showed a 6- to 7-fold increased affinity. The processivity of R78A RT on both RNA and DNA templates was substantially reduced relative to wild type RT, whereas the processivity of D76V RT was increased. We discuss relationships of fidelity, template binding, and processivity in these and other HIV RT mutants.
Complexes of 1,8-naphthyridines. VI. mixed ligand complexes of molybdenum hexacarbonyl

Abstract Complexes of the type Mo(CO)3(NN) andMo(CO)2 (NN)L2 where (NN) is 1,8-naphthyridine 2,7-dmpnapy, or 2,9-dimethyl-1,10,-phennanthroline, 2,9-dmphen, and L is a monodentate Lewis base have been prepared and characterised by infrared and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The positions observed for the CO stretching modes of these complexes as well as the separation of the A′2 and A′' modes of the tricarbonyl compounds suggests that the π-accepting ability of 2,7-dmpnapy may be slightly greater than 2,2′-bipyridine, 1,10-phenanthroline of 2,,9-dmnaphen. The ease of dsiplacement NN by lewis bases is dependent on the concentration and steric nature of the phosphorus donor and follows the order 2,7-dmnapy .bipy.phen ∼2,9-dmphen. The unexpected shielding ofN  N and Lprotons in then pmr spectra is discussed in terms of anisotropyproduced by the aromatic systems.
Electronic materials basic research program managed by the Advanced Technology Directorate of the U.S. Army Strategic Defense Command

A brief overview of the U.S. Army Strategic Defense Command (USADC) and its relationship with other government agencies is presented. The Advanced Technology Directorate (ATD) and its relationship with the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), its participation in and support of Army programs, and its interaction with other government agencies is briefly discussed. A listing of all the contracts in the electronic materials category managed by the ATD is presented. All of these contracts are currently small business innovative research (SBIR) efforts. A more detailed description of the contracts with direct optoelectronic applications concludes the presentation.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Heritability of personality in children.

A sample of 42 like-sexed twins between the ages of 6 and 14 were diagnosed for zygosity by extensive blood typing and given theWISC and the Missouri Children's Picture Series. The importance of genetic variance for performance on theWISC subscales andMCPS personality scales was evaluated. Eleven of the scales indicated statistically reliable genetic contributions to score variance.
Implications of Early Menopause in Women Exposed to Perfluorocarbons

In a cohort of 25,957 women, there was an association between perfluorocarbon exposure, decreased estradiol and early menopause in women over age 42.
Disrupted Expected Value Signaling in Youth With Disruptive Behavior Disorders to Environmental Reinforcers

Objective Youth with disruptive behavior disorders (DBD), including conduct disorder (CD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), have difficulties in reinforcement-based decision making, the neural basis of which is poorly understood. Studies examining decision making in youth with DBD have revealed reduced reward responses within the ventromedial prefrontal cortex/orbitofrontal cortex (vmPFC/OFC), increased responses to unexpected punishment within the vmPFC and striatum, and reduced use of expected value information in the anterior insula cortex and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex during the avoidance of suboptimal choices. Previous work has used only monetary reinforcement. The current study examined whether dysfunction in youth with DBD during decision making extended to environmental reinforcers. Method A total of 30 youth (15 healthy youth and 15 youth with DBD) completed a novel reinforcement-learning paradigm using environmental reinforcers (physical threat images, e.g., striking snake image; contamination threat images, e.g., rotting food; appetitive images, e.g., puppies) while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Results Behaviorally, healthy youth were significantly more likely to avoid physical threat, but not contamination threat, stimuli than youth with DBD. Imaging results revealed that youth with DBD showed significantly reduced use of expected value information in the bilateral caudate, thalamus, and posterior cingulate cortex during the avoidance of suboptimal responses. Conclusions The current data suggest that youth with DBD show deficits to environmental reinforcers similar to the deficits seen to monetary reinforcers. Importantly, this deficit was unrelated to callous-unemotional (CU) traits, suggesting that caudate impairment may be a common deficit across youth with DBD.
Combinations of Obesity Prevention Strategies in US Elementary Schools: A Critical Review

The prevalence of obesity among children has roughly tripled in the past 30 years. Given the numerous health risks associated with obesity, elementary schools have implemented a variety of prevention programs targeting this problem. This review examines recent studies of combinations of obesity prevention programs in US elementary schools and offers recommendations about effective strategies. We found 12 studies that met selection criteria and reviewed their findings related to obesity-related outcomes. Among the single intervention strategies, neither physical activity nor education alone demonstrated efficacy in reducing objective measures of obesity. Most studies of programs with two or three components (i.e., physical activity plus nutrition, physical activity plus both education and nutrition) reported statistically significant improvements in objective obesity-related outcomes. Studies evaluating programs with community and parental involvement suggest that these components may increase effectiveness. However, studies assessing outcomes following the cessation of the program showed a reversal of positive effects, suggesting that long-term implementation of programs is important for sustained gains. Results suggest that combinations of obesity prevention programs sustained over time are most likely to be effective.
Multi‐Item Inventory Models with Co‐ordinated Replenishments: A Survey

In a multi‐item environment with a joint set‐up cost structure considerable savings may be realised by co‐ordinating the replenishments. This article presents a unified survey of the inventory control literature designed to capture the models that fit in this frame. In general these models are complex and require a great deal of computational effort to obtain an exact solution. The literature relies mainly on heuristic procedures.
Chandra and XMM-Newton Observations of the Double Cluster A1758

A1758 was classified by Abell as a single rich cluster of galaxies, but a ROSAT observation showed that this system consists of two distinct clusters (A1758N and A1758S) separated by approximately 8' (a projected separation of 2?Mpc in the rest frame of the clusters). Only a few galaxy redshifts have been published for these two clusters, but the redshift of the Fe lines in the Chandra and XMM-Newton spectra shows that the recessional velocities of A1758N and A1758S are within 2100?km?s-1. Thus, these two clusters most likely form a gravitationally bound system, but our imaging and spectroscopic analyses of the X-ray data do not reveal any sign of interaction between the two clusters. The Chandra and XMM-Newton observations show that A1758N and A1758S are both undergoing major mergers. A1758N is in the late stages of a large impact parameter merger between two 7?keV clusters. The two remnant cores have a projected separation of 800?kpc. Based on the measured pressure jumps preceding the two cores, they are receding from one another at less than 1600?km?s-1. The two cores are surrounded by hotter gas (kT = 9-12?keV) that was probably shock heated during the early stages of the merger. The gas entropy in the two remnant cores is comparable with the central entropy observed in dynamically relaxed clusters, indicating that the merger-induced shocks stalled as they tried to penetrate the high-pressure cores of the two merging systems. Each core also has a wake of low-entropy gas, indicating that this gas was ram pressure stripped without being strongly shocked. A1758S is undergoing a more symmetric (lower impact parameter) merger between two 5 keV clusters. The two remnant cores are nearly coincident as seen in projection on the sky. The two cores are surrounded by hotter gas (9-11 keV), which was probably shock heated during the merger. Based on the pressure jumps preceding the two cores, they must have a relative velocity of less than 1400?km?s-1. Unlike A1758N, there is no evidence of wakes of low-entropy gas.
Serum of patients with prostatic cancer or benign prostatic hypertrophy contains nonpolar testosterone

Abstract We have previously described a nonpolar form of radioimmunoassayable serum testosterone (NPT) not measured by available antitestosterone antibodies. It is detected by mild alkaline hydrolysis of the petroleum ether extract of serum and subsequent radioimmunoassay. The properties of NPT are consistent with that of a fatty acid ester of testosterone or dihydrotestosterone. The serum of young males contains 1 to 3 ng/ml NPT, but it is not detected infemale serum. We measured serum testosterone and NPT levels in 36 men between 58 and 87 years of age. Seventeen subjects with advanced prostatic cancer (NPT 1.70 ± 1.44 ng/ml) were compared with a control group consisting of six patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and 13 patients with no prostatic disease (NPT 0.72 ± 0.46, P = 0.07). There was no significant difference between BPH patients and patients with no prostatic disease; the results were pooled. The concentration of NPT in prostatic cancer patients but not in controls was inversely correlated with that of testosterone. Immunoassayable testosterone was present in the serum of two orchiectomized patients and, therefore, cannot derive solely from the testes. (Steroids 55 :491–494, 1990)
Electronic transitions with large generalized oscillator strengths in ethylene

Calculations for ethylene which couple excitations of the π, σ and CH electrons have so far uncovered no states with optical oscillator strengths sufficiently large to be called collective. We have calculated generalized oscillator strengths which replace the factor z in the transition moment by exp (i K. r)/K. It turns out that for the right K there is a broad peak in the calculated B 3u spectrum near 35 eV with an integrated strength which is strongly collective. The transition density at the centre of the peak has oscillations which explain why its optical oscillator strength is small. If the zero-order energy splitting of the coupled excitations is switched off, the peak contracts into a strongly collective line. These results suggest that ethylene has a broad collective state with a geometry more complicated than dipole.
Development and assessment of the QMPI: A Brazilian children's behaviour questionnaire for completion by parents

An instrument for epidemiological studies of mental disorders in children was developed and tested for validity and reliability by means of a two-step study (pre-test and field test). Four ways of building a score were assessed. They showed high sensitivity, specificity, and low overall misclassification rate. The instrument reached high re-test and application reliability coefficients, while the interrater reliability study showed recognition of abnormality as the most reliable information, followed by level of severity. Uses and limitations of the different versions of the QMPI are discussed.
Empowering the White House: Governance under Nixon, Ford, and Carter

Empowering the White House: Governance under Nixon, Ford, and Carter. By Karen M. Hult and Charles E. Walcott. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2003. 264p. 19.95 paper.This is the sequel to the authors' previous study, Governing the White House, which examined White House organization and process in the Hoover through Johnson administrations. Drawing on scores of White House documents from the presidential libraries, Karen Hult and Charles Walcott assess the development of the chief of staff and staff secretariat positions, as well as several other institutional components of the White House, such as the Office of Public Liaison, the White House Counsel's office, the Office of Communications, the Office of Congressional Relations, and the Office of Speechwriting and Research.
Sequential monitoring of burials containing large pig cadavers using ground-penetrating radar.

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) was used to monitor 12 pig burials in Florida, each of which contained a small pig cadaver. Six of the cadavers were buried in sand at a depth of 0.50-0.60 m, and the other six were buried in sand at a depth of 1.00-1.10 m to represent deep and shallow burials that are generally encountered in forensic scenarios. Four control excavations with no pig interment were also constructed as blank graves and monitored with GPR. The burials were monitored for durations of either 13 or 21 months, and were then excavated to correlate the decomposition state of the cadaver with the GPR imagery. Overall, this study demonstrated that it may be difficult to detect small cadavers buried in sand soon after they are skeletonized because the area surrounding the body, or the grave, may not provide a strong enough contrasting area to be detected by GPR when compared to that of the surrounding undisturbed soil. Also, depth of burial appears to influence grave detection because bodies that are buried at deeper depths may be detected for a longer period of time due to reduced decomposition rates.
After-School Based Obesity Prevention Interventions: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature

The purpose of this article was to review primary prevention interventions targeting childhood obesity implemented in the after school environment from 2006 and 2011. A total of 20 interventions were found from 25 studies. Children in the interventions ranged from kindergarten to middle schoolers, however a majority was in the 4th and 5th grades. Most of the interventions targeted both physical activity and dietary behaviors. Among those that focused on only one dimension, physical activity was targeted more than diet. The duration of the interventions greatly varied, but many were short-term or brief. Many interventions were also based on some behavioral theory, with social cognitive theory as the most widely used. Most of the interventions focused on short-term changes, and rarely did any perform a follow-up evaluation. A major limitation among after school interventions was an inadequate use of process evaluations. Overall, interventions resulted in modest changes in behaviors and behavioral antecedents, and results were mixed and generally unfavorable with regards to indicators of obesity. Recommendations for enhancing the effectiveness of after school based childhood obesity interventions are presented.
Warpage of Flip Chip BGA Package

The work focuses on the thermally induced out of plane displacement of Flip Chip Ball Grid Arrays (FCBGA). Analytical expressions for substrate displacements are derived based on the Plate Theory and Suhir's solution for stresses in tri-material assembly. The validity of the model is established by comparing the analytical solution to the finite element results as well as to the experimental data. The benefits of the model are twofold: 1) it provides a tool for fundamental understanding of the parameters that influence warpage, and 2) has a predictive capability. With respect to 1) an analysis is presented on the nature and degree of influence that different geometric and material parameters have on the FCBGA warpage. With respect to 2) the "Warpage Contour Plot" is proposed as a tool for warpage prediction that can be easily utilized in the early stages of the design process.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Sequential One-Sample Grouped Signed Rank Tests for Symmetry: Basic Procedures

Abstract Independent groups, each of N independent observations on a random variable Z, are taken sequentially with signed ranks obtained within groups. Two tests of symmetry of the parent cdf F about the origin are developed, one based on the within-group configurations of signed ranks and the other based on the within-group sums of positive signed ranks. Some properties of F are F+(z) = 1 - [1-F-(z)]k, x≥0, k>0, and F(0) = k/(k+1) where F+ and F- are respectively the conditional cdf's of non-negative and absolute negative values of Z. Properties and examples of the two procedures are given.
Initiation, not Indoctrination: Confronting the grotesque in cultural education

The goal of this article is to differentiate initiation from indoctrination, and to return a positive significance to the notion of initiation, as a pedagogy that contributes not only to the perpetuation of a particular form of life or community, but that provides the next generation with means to advance that knowledge beyond its existing boundaries. When we conflate the terms ‘initiation’ and ‘indoctrination’ or only mark a minor difference between the two, we lose meaning. The explanatory and predictive power of our statements is weakened by this failure to take seriously the difference between these two terms. By ignoring the progressive potential in initiation, and condemning that pedagogy as uncritical, educational theorists fail to recognize the intermediate steps that need to be taken in educating a student to be a creative and responsive thinker within a cultural, i.e. symbolic, context. Within the pedagogy of initiation crucial methods for teaching students to engage existing representations of ...
Ion discrimination by “millipore” filters saturated with organic solvents II. The significance of the hydrophobic medium

Abstract “Millipore” filters saturated with various organic solvents (such as toluene, bromobenzene, n -butyl bromide, and ethylene chloride) behave like cation perm-selective membranes. Measurements of bi-ionic potentials indicate that these membranes discriminate between alkali-metal ions, the degree of discrimination being independent of the solvent. The solvents, however, effect the ability of the membrane to discriminate between cations such as tetraethylammonium, acetylcholine, or quinine. The membrane's resistance is also dependnet upon the solvent. Filters saturated with n -octanol differ from those saturated with the other solvents in their alkali-metal ions discrimination, although they remain cation permselective. These data led to a hypothesis which considers the discrimination as being due to anionic sites embedded in a hydrophobic medium. Implications for cell membranes are discussed.
Effectiveness of urban shelter-in-place—I: Idealized conditions

For a large-scale, unanticipated release of a toxic chemical into the atmosphere, it is recommended for nearby populations to shelter indoors. Two new metrics to quantify the community-scale effectiveness of shelter-in-place (SIP) are introduced. The casualty reduction factor (CRF) quantifies the expected reduction in casualties if SIP is performed. The safety-factor multiplier (SFM) quantifies the extent of toxic-load reduction for individuals in each exposed building. In this paper, idealized models are combined to explore the relationships among important input parameters and the SIP-effectiveness metrics. A Gaussian plume model predicts ambient concentrations for a hypothetical release event. A box model predicts indoor concentrations in buildings. A toxic-load model links exposure to health consequences. SIP effectiveness varies significantly with the toxic-load exponent, m, which characterizes the dose–response relationship. Another influential variable is a dimensionless time scale, ξ, equal to the release duration multiplied by the building air-exchange rate. Other factors that influence SIP effectiveness include the magnitude of the release relative to the toxicity of the pollutant, atmospheric transport and dispersion rates, and punctual termination of SIP once the toxic cloud has passed. SIP can be effective for short-duration releases (ξ<1), especially for chemicals with m of 2–3 or higher. If m=1, punctual termination at the end of the event can be important to ensure SIP effectiveness.
Anodic polarization behavior of low-carbon steel in concentrated sodium hydroxide and sodium nitrate solutions

Abstract High-level radioactive wastes, primarily consisting of concentrated sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium nitrate (NaNO 3 ) solutions, are stored in large underground storage tanks made of low-carbon steel. The anodic polarization behavior of low-carbon steel in concentrated solutions of 10 M NaOH and various concentrations of NaNO 3 (0.01–2.0 M) was determined in order to predict the caustic stress corrosion cracking (CSCC) susceptibility of the tanks. The active–passive transition peak exhibited during anodic polarization of low-carbon steel in 10 M NaOH, typically associated with CSCC, at −0.25 and −0.75 V SCE , is still present at the lower and higher concentrations of nitrate. However, there is a mid-range of nitrate concentrations (0.5–1 M) within which the peak is suppressed by the strongly oxidizing nitrate in the presence of oxygen, a cathodic depolarizer. Temperature also affects the magnitude of this mid-range of nitrate concentrations where CSCC is seen to be electrochemically prevented. The data suggest that the oxygen solubility at the relatively low temperatures tested ( E corr is driven more noble than the active–passive transition peak.
Stage I indexing to replace a failed implant in an edentulous arch: a clinical report

Implant failure may complicate and lengthen a planned treatment. This article describes a modified stage I indexing technique for registering the position of an implant and replacing a failed implant, allowing prosthesis fabrication time and healing time to be coincidental. The clinician can proceed as originally planned with a minimal increase in overall treatment time.
In League with Zion: Israel's Search for a Native Pillar

One of the central dilemmas facing Israel's control over the territories conquered in 1967 has been the inability of the successive Labor and Likud governments to establish a substantial group of collaborators to mediate its rule.1 Nothing similar to the Zionist bond with the leaders of the Druze community in the Galilee (both in the pre-state period and after 1948), with the Bedouins of the Negev, or the military alliance with Saad Haddad's militias in South Lebanon has existed during Israel's 16 year rule in the West Bank and Gaza. The reasons for the absence of such native surrogates in the West Bank may be found in current Israeli irreconcilability with any form of Palestinian nationalism, as well as in the relative ethnic homogeneity of the Palestinian population in the highlands, which has hampered the traditional Israeli strategy of penetrating local power groups. Whatever the failings of Palestinian resistance in the occupied
Three-dimensional nonlinear vibrations of composite beams — II. flapwise excitations

The nonlinear equations of motion derived in Part I are used to investigate the response of an inextensional, symmetric angle-ply graphite-epoxy beam to a harmonic base-excitation along the flapwise direction. The equations contain bending-twisting couplings and quadratic and cubic nonlinearities due to curvature and inertia. The analysis focuses on the case of primary resonance of the first flexural-torsional (flapwise-torsional) mode when its frequency is approximately one-half the frequency of the first out-of-plane flexural (chordwide) mode. A combination of the fundamental-matrix method and the method of multiple scales is used to derive four first-order ordinary-differential equations to describe the time variation of the amplitudes and phases of the interacting modes with damping, nonlinearity, and resonances. The eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix of the modulation equations are used to determine the stability and bifurcations of their constant solutions, and Floquet theory is used to determine the stability and bifurcations of their limit-cycle solutions. Hopf bifurcations, symmetry-breaking bifurcations, period-multiplying sequences, and chaotic solutions of the modulation equations are studied. Chaotic solutions are identified from their frequency spectra, Poincare sections, and Lyapunov's exponents. The results show that the beam motion may be nonplanar although the input force is planar. Nonplanar responses may be periodic, periodically modulated, or chaotically modulated motions.
The frequency spectrum of turbulent wall pressure fluctuations: comparison of simulations with experiments

The frequency spectrum of the wall pressure fluctuations obtained from a direct simulation of turbulent flow in a rectangular channel is compared with results from boundary layer experiments. The computed spectrum exhibits ω −1 dependence in a middle frequency range and ω −3·5 dependence at high frequencies. The computed results give good agreement with low Reynolds number experimental results when inner scaling is used.
A note concerning the relationship between the Adelson’s Argyle illusion and Cornsweet edges

Adelson’s Argyle illusion and the Craik-O’Brien-Cornsweet illusion are two noteworthy brightness illusions. In the Argyle illusion two identical gray areas are perceived to have radically different brightness levels when they are surrounded by a pattern similar to an argyle clothing design. The Craik-O’Brien-Cornsweet (C-O-C) illusion shows two identical gray areas appear different brightness when they are separated by a “Cornsweet edge.” The C-O-C illusion is remarkable for the large distances over which the effect holds even though the Cornsweet edge is relatively narrow. Here we draw a connection between these two illusions by extending the columns of the Argyle illusion to produce what we refer to as long range Argyles (LoRAs). We show that LoRAs have many similar properties to Cornsweet edges and they are capable of producing brightness effects over a large spatial range. It therefore seems that part of the strength of the Argyle illusion arises from a combination of standard simultaneous brightness effects and edge effects like those produced by the C-O-C illusion. Lastly, we discuss a curious difference between the effects of LoRAs and Cornsweet edges.
Enthalpies of formation of refractory borides of 5d elements by high temperature direct synthesis calorimetry I. IrB1.35 and OsB2.5

Abstract The standard enthalpies of formation of OsB2.5 and IrB1.35 have been determined by direct synthesis calorimetry at 1473 K. The following values are reported: ΔHfo(OsB2.5) = −39.9±3.5 kJ mol−1 and ΔHfo(IrB1.35) = −49.1 ±2.4 kJ mol−1. The results are compared with the predicted values of Miedema et al. and with the previously published values for the corresponding 3d transition metal borides FeB and CoB and 4d metal borides RuB1.1 and RhB1.1.
Lenses for correcting chromatic aberration of the eye.

Optical systems for correcting the axial chromatic aberration of the eye are studied theoretically. Compact(cemented) doublets or triplets for this cannot avoid introducing unwanted transverse color. A new air-spaced system is described which avoids this problem. Experimental results confirmed that this lens performed well over a 14-deg field of view.
Serine kinase activity associated with moloney murine sarcoma virus-124-encoded p37mos

An antiserum directed against amino acid residues 37-55 [anti-mos (37-55) serum] of the predicted v-mos sequence was used to precipitate p37mos from Moloney murine sarcoma virus-124 (Mo-MuSV-124) acutely infected 3T3 cells. Proteins with sizes ranging from p37mos to 43 kDa (p43) were found to be phosphorylated when anti-mos (37-55) immune complexes containing p37mos were incubated with [gamma-32P]ATP and Mn2+. The phosphorylation of p37mos and p43 could be specifically blocked when the anti-mos (37-55) serum was incubated with 37-55 cyclic mos peptide prior to immunoprecipitation, but not if the serum was preincubated with an unrelated peptide representing amino acids of the myc protein sequence. Anti-mos (37-55) immune complexes from uninfected 3T3 cells did not produce any phosphorylated proteins the size of p37mos or p43. However, a 50-kDa protein (p50) was phosphorylated in both unblocked and mos peptide-blocked anti-mos (37-55) immune complexes from infected 3T3 cells, and in immune complexes from uninfected cells. Quercetin, an inhibitor of some protein kinases, inhibited the kinase phosphorylating p50 but not the kinase phosphorylating p37mos and p43. Preabsorption of the cell extract prior to immunoprecipitation with an excess of formalin-fixed Staphylococcus aureus, complexed with preimmune normal rabbit serum IgG, specifically removed the kinase phosphorylating p50. The amount of in vitro phosphorylated p37mos and p43 in the immune-complex kinase assay reached a maximum in extracts of 3T3 cells 2-3 days postinfection with Mo-MuSV 124 but decreased to trace levels after 5 days. Metabolically and in vitro phosphorylated p37mos generated an identical pattern of phosphopeptides upon partial V8 protease digestion. Based on peptide mapping and a kinetic analysis of the in vitro phosphorylation reaction, p37mos appears to be a precursor to the p43 phosphorylated species. Phosphoamino acid analyses revealed only phosphoserine in in vitro phosphorylated p37mos and p43mos. It was concluded that p37mos is closely associated with a serine kinase activity and that the in vitro phosphorylation of p37mos may lead to formation of a highly modified mos protein (p43) by way of superphosphorylation.
Effects of light refraction on the accuracy of camera calibration and reconstruction in underwater motion analysis

One of the most serious obstacles to accurate quantification of the underwater motion of a swimmer's body is image deformation caused by refraction. Refraction occurs at the water-air interface plane (glass) owing to the density difference. Camera calibration-reconstruction algorithms commonly used in aquatic research do not have the capability to correct this refraction-induced nonlinear image deformation and produce large reconstruction errors. The aim of this paper is to provide a thorough review of: the nature of the refraction-induced image deformation and its behaviour in underwater object-space plane reconstruction; the intrinsic shortcomings of the Direct Linear Transformation (DLT) method in underwater motion analysis; experimental conditions that interact with refraction; and alternative algorithms and strategies that can be used to improve the calibration-reconstruction accuracy. Although it is impossible to remove the refraction error completely in conventional camera calibration-reconstruction methods, it is possible to improve the accuracy to some extent by manipulating experimental conditions or calibration frame characteristics. Alternative algorithms, such as the localized DLT and the double-plane method are also available for error reduction. The ultimate solution for the refraction problem is to develop underwater camera calibration and reconstruction algorithms that have the capability to correct refraction.
The Hall dynamo effect and nonlinear mode coupling during sawtooth magnetic reconnection

During magnetic reconnection associated with sawtooth activity in a reversed field pinch, we observe a large fluctuation-induced Hall electromotive force, ⟨δJ×δB⟩∕nee, which is capable of modifying the equilibrium current. This Hall dynamo effect is determined in the hot plasma core by laser Faraday rotation which measures equilibrium and fluctuating magnetic field and current density. We find that the Hall dynamo is strongest when nonlinear mode coupling between three spatial Fourier modes of the resistive tearing instability is present. Mode coupling alters the phase relation between magnetic and current density fluctuations for individual Fourier modes leading to a finite Hall effect. Detailed measurements of the spatial and temporal dynamics for the dominant core resonant mode under various plasma configurations are described providing evidence regarding the origin of the Hall dynamo.
School-Based Obesity Prevention: Research, Challenges, and Recommendations.

Childhood overweight is one of the most serious problems currently affecting individual and public health. Schools represent a logical site for prevention because children spend 6-8 hours a day there during most of the year. Although reports of school-based overweight or obesity prevention programs exist, there are no summaries specifying which interventions are effective in preventing weight gain in the school environment. Researchers generally consider randomized controlled trials to be the most reliable and valid findings; so, naturally they are the best for providing evidence on which to base curriculum and policy guidelines. Consequently, the purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of school-based randomized controlled studies intended to prevent increases in schoolchildren's body weight or body mass index. This paper addresses the successes and other positive health outcomes, as well as the limitations of the school-based research. The goal of this paper is to assist school health administrators with curriculum decisions related to overweight or obesity prevention in schools. Following the critique, the challenges of childhood overweight or obesity prevention are discussed, and recommendations for further research, school activities, and policy changes are made. (J Sch Health. 2006;76(10):485-495)
Emotional tears and NGf: a biographical appreciation and research beginning

Emotional tearing is a potent, uniquely human, visual cue that shapes the perception of human facial expression, the tear effect . The role of tears in emotional signaling was demonstrated by contrasting the perceived sadness of human faces with tears against copies of those images that had the tears digitally removed. Remarkably, faces with tears removed seemed not only less sad but often of neutral emotional valence, showing such expressions as awe, concern, or puzzlement. Emotional tearing is a breakthrough in human sociality that resolves ambiguity and enhances the range and power of the face as a visual signaling medium. Emotional tears are a secondary consequence of lacrimal secretions originally evolved in the service of ocular maintenance and healing. Research from other labs has demonstrated that NGF (nerve growth factor) is elevated in tears and lacrimal glands after corneal injury, and that topical NGF promotes healing of corneal ulcers and may increase tear secretion in dry eye. It is suggested here that NGF and other growth factors may have a role in the evolution and development of the uniquely human capacity to produce emotional tears. The story about emotional tears is presented in the context of a reminiscence of the author’s research mentorship with Rita Levi-Montalcini.
The volume of Shelf Water in the Middle Atlantic Bight: seasonal and interannual variability, 1977–1987

The volume of Shelf Water (salinity <34psu) is determined for three regions in the Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB) and for Georges Bank from a combination of hydrographic data and shelf/slope front positions derived from satellite imagery. The hydrographic data were obtained on 49 surveys of the shelf between 1977 and 1987. In each region the shelf water volume exhibits a significant annual cycle with a range of 50–80% of the mean volume. The annual volume cycle appears to be advected southwestward from Georges Bank through the MAB with the mean circulation. Large interannual changes in volume are observed which have a range comparable to the mean volume of Shelf Water in the MAB. Both the seasonal and interannual changes in volume appear to be related to changes in the inflow to the Gulf of Maine through Northeast Channel and from the Scotian Shelf.
Social Workers and PACs

Abstract This paper examines the role of state Political Action for Candidate Election committees during the 1992 election cycle and assesses the extent that these state committees carried out their identified purpose. Using a survey questionnaire of the state chapters' executive directors, the authors examine the structure of the P.A.C.E. units and the activities they undertook, and assess the overall level of effectiveness of P.A.C.E. efforts at the state level. While P.A.C.E. activities were significant, considerable development is needed at the local, state, and national levels to increase the impact of social workers relative to other interest groups.
Critical function of endogenous XIAP in regulating caspase activation during sympathetic neuronal apoptosis

In sympathetic neurons, unlike most nonneuronal cells, growth factor withdrawal-induced apoptosis requires the development of competence in addition to cytochrome c release to activate caspases. Thus, although most nonneuronal cells die rapidly with cytosolic cytochrome c alone, sympathetic neurons are remarkably resistant unless they develop competence. We have identified endogenous X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) as the essential postcytochrome c regulator of caspase activation in these neurons. In contrast to wild-type neurons that are resistant to injection of cytochrome c, XIAP-deficient neurons died rapidly with cytosolic cytochrome c alone. Surprisingly, the release of endogenous Smac was not sufficient to overcome the XIAP resistance in sympathetic neurons. In contrast, the neuronal competence pathway permitted cytochrome c to activate caspases by inducing a marked reduction in XIAP levels in these neurons. Thus, the removal of XIAP inhibition appears both necessary and sufficient for cytochrome c to activate caspases in sympathetic neurons. These data identify a critical function of endogenous XIAP in regulating apoptosis in mammalian cells.
Drug-Associated Glomerulopathies*

ALSTRACT The renal glomeruli are vulnerable to injury by a number of drugs and other toxic agents. These agents may lead to damage by one of two basic mechanisms: 1) direct, dose-related toxic injury; 2) indirect, immunologically mediated injury, largely dose-independent. Proteinuria is thc simplest and most important functional indicator of glomerular injury. It occurs almost immediately in direct toxic injury, but there is a latent period of weeks to months with immunologically mediated processes. Of the two mechanisms, the second is by far the more common in clinical settings. The best studied experimental agent causing direct toxic injury is the aminonucleoside ofpuromycin. Clinically, perhaps the most important agent is Cyclosporine A. Although this agent is usually thought of primarily as a,tubular toxin, it is capable of giving rise to a microangiopathic glomerular lesion similar to that in the hemolytic uremic syndrome. The classic model for immunologic glomerular lesion is Heymann nephritis, which produces a membranous glomerulopathy. Clinically, most drug mediated glomerulopathies also take the form of a membranous nephropathy, usually with a frank nephrotic syndrome. Among the more common offenders are penicillamine, gold salts used in rheumatoid arthritis, and captopril used in hypertension. The other common typc of drug-related glomerulopathy occurs as part of a lupus-like syndrome induced by a variety of drugs, including hydralazine, procainamide, and penicillamine. All ofthese give rise to a variety ofantibodies, most prominently antinuclear antibodies. and in the more severe cases therc may
PAK4 mediates morphological changes through the regulation of GEF-H1

Precise spatial and temporal regulation of Rho GTPases is required in controlling F-actin-based changes in cell morphology. The molecular mechanisms through which microtubules (MTs) modulate the activity of RhoGTPases and regulate the actin cytoskeleton are unclear. Here we show that p21-activated-kinase 4 (PAK4) mediates morphological changes through its association with the Rho-family guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), GEF-H1. We show that this association is dependent upon a novel GEF-H1 interaction domain (GID) within PAK4. Further, we show that PAK4-mediated phosphorylation of Ser810 acts as a switch to block GEF-H1-dependent stress fiber formation while promoting the formation of lamellipodia in NIH-3T3 cells. We found that the endogenous PAK4-GEF-H1 complex associates with MTs and that PAK4 phosphorylation of MT-bound GEF-H1 releases it into the cytoplasm of NIH-3T3 cells, which coincides with the dissolution of stress fibers. Our observations propose a novel role for PAK4 in GEF-H1-dependent crosstalk between MTs and the actin cytoskeleton.
The Dark Side of Optimism: Unrealistic Optimism About Problems With Alcohol Predicts Subsequent Negative Event Experiences

College students were identified who were unrealistically optimistic about the likelihood they would experience severe problems due to alcohol consumption. These individuals were then followed over a 2-year period to determine whether they were more likely to report experiencing a range of alcohol-related negative events. Unlike the majority of studies on unrealistic optimism, this study (a) assessed bias at the individual rather than group level and (b) used a prospective rather than cross-sectional design. Participants completed measures at four times, each separated by 4-6 months. Findings showed that unrealistic optimism at Time 1 was associated with a greater number of negative events at Times 2, 3, and 4. Similarly, unrealistic optimism at Time 2 was associated with more negative events at Times 3 and 4. In all cases, the relationships were significant when controlling for previous negative events, suggesting the effects of unrealistic optimism can mount over time.
Ominous Findings in Toddlers With Increasing Abdominal Girth: Two Unusual Cases and a Review of the Clinical Evaluation

A preverbal toddler who presents with a distended abdomen can pose a difficult clinical problem. The differential diagnosis is extremely broad and consists of etiologies ranging from the benign to the life threatening. In this case report, we present 2 unusual life-threatening cases of abdominal distention in well-appearing toddlers and a review of the clinical evaluation for the emergency practitioner.