cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysing the Asymmetric Information Associated with Value Line Timeliness One Ranks a Decision Rule Analysis

The Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) assumes each security’s price remains at continuous parity with its investment value. Accordingly, EMH denies that analytical trading rules using price or fundamental data result in strategies capable of outperforming market averages on a risk-adjusted basis after transaction costs. This paper demonstrates that analytical trading rules can outperform market averages. Specifically, the analysis shows the possibility of generating superior investment performance by selecting a population subset from the Value Line Timeliness Rank Ones. This study, utilising decision rule analysis, outperformed the Value Line Ones using a 90-day forecasting horizon on a risk-adjusted basis.
Integral Balances in Turbomachinery

In the following sections, we summarize the conservation laws in integral form essential for applying to the turbomachinery flow situations. Using the Reynolds transport theorem explained in Chapter 2, we start with the continuity equation, which will be followed by the equation of linear momentum, angular momentum, and the energy. Vavra [1] utilized an alternative approach by directly integrating the differential balances. Both approaches are valid and lead to the same results.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR FLYWHEEL-TRANSMISSION AUTOMOBILES

The standard vehicle propulsion system and its controls are compared with a flywheel propulsion system. Different concepts of control and various system configurations are explored. Some considerations for the design of a general purpose automatic flywheel transmission vehicle are presented and discussed. Specifications required for a flywheel transmission system which can achieve substantial mileage improvements and provide high performance are presented.
Granulosa-theca cell tumors: clinical and pathologic study.

Abstract A relationship of tumor cytology (anaplasia) and clinical course has not been established for the granulosa-theca cell tumor group. Granulosa-theca cell tumor cytology and clinical information from a single institution has been independently studied. A relationship of tumor cytology and clinical course does exist.
Spherical and Anisotropic Gold Nanomaterials in Plasmonic Laser Phototherapy of Cancer

Gold nanoparticles have shown great potential as in vivo, optically active, biospecific probes with highly controllable and tunable optical properties for simultaneous molecular imaging and phototherapy. The strong plasmon resonance has led to the development of a variety of nanoparticle-based cancer therapies termed plasmonic laser phototherapy (PLP). The use of molecular-specific bioagents has demonstrated the potential for the selective treatment of cancer cells targeted with a variety of gold nanostructures. PLP has been demonstrated through either hyperthermal therapy or localized photodisruption of cellular membranes, with both cancer therapy modes being used across the visible and near-infrared regimes of the electromagnetic spectrum. In this chapter, we provide a review of current PLP methods. Included is a discussion of particle heating and scattering processes, with results organized in terms of laser pulse duration, which will affect the damage confinement during therapy. Keywords: gold nanoparticles; plasmon resonance; photothermal; photomechanical; ablation; lasers; ultrafast lasers
Early Synthesis of Membrane Protein After Bacteriophage T4 Infection

Proteins that associate with cellular membrane during the first 5 min after infection with bacteriophage T4 were examined. Several procedures, including electrophoretic separations in three sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel systems and inhibition of host protein synthesis by UV irradiation, were employed to distinguish host-specified proteins from those induced by T4. Residual host protein synthesis was found to account for much of the new protein in preparations of the total membrane and for almost all of the newly synthesized protein in the outer membrane. Preliminary evidence indicates that the synthesis of some host membrane proteins is shut off less rapidly than is host synthesis of soluble protein. One host-directed polypeptide of the outer membrane was unique in that its synthesis or incorporation into the membrane was preferentially inhibited by infection. Also, it was found that the detergent Sarkosyl solubilizes all early T4 membrane proteins; this observation provides the basis for a simple procedure for distinguishing phage proteins from host outer membrane proteins.
Machine Translation from Text

Machine translation (MT) from text, the topic of this chapter, is perhaps the heart of the GALE project. Beyond being a well defined application that stands on its own, MT from text is the link between the automatic speech recognition component and the distillation component. The focus of MT in GALE is on translating from Arabic or Chinese to English. The three languages represent a wide range of linguistic diversity and make the GALE MT task rather challenging and exciting.
QUARKS AND PARTONS

This contribution reviews the evidence accumulated over the past year in favor of quarks and partons. Then it applies the quark ideas in order to interpret the neutrino-induced production of charm and the structure of neutral currents.
Densificazione vs dispersione urbana

The urban sprawl that consumes land and don’t create urban quality is definitely one of the most serious crisis in the territory, historically became from the American model of the CBD (Central Business District) associated with dense and low-density suburbs boundless, achievable through the use of the car, which extended the size of the city - the shape and extension of American cities would be inconceivable without the car. A model that has spread to Europe after World War II, implemented in a very wide range, from the policy of the Grand ensembles in French to the several models of New Towns in Britain. In Italy, municipalities and governments, from different scales, had to do a choice: let advancing evolution spontaneous, sometimes wild, of employment land or prevented a proliferation of the city and to plan the development. After the Second World War, urban development is under the control of the plans (Milan, Rome, Naples). The '80s and '90s have seen the urban planning trend in the dispersion as urbanized countryside and urban sprawl. Even today we witness the phenomenon that the municipalities dramatically urbanized always new agricultural areas to cash related expenses of urbanization (which does not receive if re-building in existent areas).The demolition and rebuild seems less convenient to consume new agricultural land, hardly ever accepted the idea of reusing sites in favor of the environment and quality of life. The same policy of "smart-growth", in the '90s, are systems of rules designed to reduce suburban sprawl. Yet the recovery of degraded areas to build dense and modern buildings seem the only option to go, but unfortunately is not convenient enough. The densification can represent a policy to counter urban sprawl that consumes land and don't create urban quality and that is -no doubt-one of the most serious crisis in the territory. The return of the theme of the density to determine a control of building to ensure better standards of living and thinking on the techniques of urban densification as a tool to combat sprawl, which they form the ecological network, is the basis of new model of urban and social development that is characterizing the recent decisions of metropolitan cities as London or Berlin, but also of many American cities. Return to discuss densification demonstrates a phase of change in the process of urbanization based on the return of the attraction of major global cities, both for the concentration of economic activities that urban life with the intensity of relationships and cultural development. In this article, as well as exploring the concept of urban form dense and continuous, it also raises key issues such as the "city effect", you want through the exploration of the principles of the innovative practice of densification in areas of existing stations and Transit Oriented Development project (TOD), identify the principles behind this innovative practice.
Subharmonic excitation of the shear layer between two ribs : vortex interaction and pressure field

Experimental study has been undertaken to examine the effect of subharmonic forcing on a curved, reattaching shear layer behind a rib in a ribbed-duct flow. With first subharmonic forcing, the vortex formation in the shear layer becomes regularised, but no pairing occurs. When the flow is forced at the second subharmonic, two vortices pair prior to reattachment. The pairing is accompanied by significant entrainment and shear-layer growth, which, in turn, leads to a dramatic reduction in the reattachment length. Three vortices appear to merge prior to reattachment when the external forcing is a third subharmonic of the most amplified frequency in the flow. The merging process is observed to be strong, and again leads to significant enhancements in entrainment. Phase-averaged pressures are shown to be related to the passage of the vortices with the pressure above a pressure tap decreasing as the vortex or vortex pair passes by it and the pressure increasing as the vortices straddle the tap. The pressure spectra indicate that the initial vortex dynamics dictate the pressure field, with the response frequency, for all forcing frequencies and streamwise locations, being the measured natural frequency prior to pairing.
The physical characteristics of erythrocyte settling in a liquid medium.

Abstract Erythrocyte sedimentation was observed in chicken blood with the aid of a microscope. It was determined that the velocity of an ellipsoid shaped cell (chicken erythrocyte) sedimenting in a dilute suspension of cells can be predicted by Stokes' equation; i.e. it obeys Stokes' Law using the calculated ‘effective radius’ which is defined. Sedimentation of cells in suspensions having greater than 0·003 per cent packed cell volume was characterized by reversing currents resulting from an interaction between the erythrocytes and the liquid medium. Eliminating these currents did not affect the overall erythrocyte sedimentation rate, however.
Intraventricular Hemorrhage: Severity Factor and Treatment Target in Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background and Purpose— This review focuses on the emerging principles of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) management, emphasizing the natural history and treatment of intraventricular hemorrhage. The translational and clinical findings from recent randomized clinical trials are defined and discussed. Summary of Review— Brain hemorrhage is the most severe of the major stroke subtypes. Extension of the hemorrhage into the ventricles (a 40% occurrence) can happen early or late in the sequence of events. Epidemiological data demonstrate the amount of blood in the ventricles relates directly to the degree of injury and likelihood of survival. Secondary tissue injury processes related to intraventricular bleeding can be reversed by removal of clot in animals. Specific benefits of removal include limitation of inflammation, edema, and cell death, as well as restoration of cerebral spinal fluid flow, intracranial pressure homeostasis, improved consciousness, and shortening of intensive care unit stay. Limited clinical knowledge exists about the benefits of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) removal in humans, because organized attempts to remove blood have not been undertaken in large clinical trials on a generalized scale. New tools to evaluate the volume and location of IVH and to test the benefits/risks of removal have been used in the clinical domain. Initial efforts are encouraging that increased survival and functional improvement can be achieved. Little controversy exists regarding the need to scientifically investigate treatment of this severity factor. Conclusions— Animal models demonstrate clot removal can improve the acute and long-term consequences of intraventricular extension from intracerebral hemorrhage by using minimally invasive techniques coupled to recombinant tissue plasminogen activator-mediated clot lysis. The most recent human clinical trials show that severity of initial injury and the long-term consequences of blood extending into the ventricles are clearly related to the amount of bleeding into the ventricular system. The failure of the last 2 pivotal brain hemorrhage randomized control trials may well relate to the consequences of intraventricular bleeding. Small proof of concept studies, meta-analyses, and preliminary pharmacokinetics studies support the idea of positive shifts in mortality and morbidity, if this 1 critical disease severity factor, IVH, is properly addressed. Understanding clinical methods for the removal of IVH is required if survival and long-term functional outcome of brain hemorrhage is to improve worldwide.
Implementing information technology for competitive advantage: risk management issues

Abstract As the use of information technology (IT) has expanded, managers of organizations have come to realize that IT can be used to gain, sustai, or combat competitive advantage. The implementation of IT involves significant risks both from external sources and from the technology and process of implementation. Risk management is the science and art of recognizing the existence of threats, determining their consequences on resources, and applying modifying factors in a cost-effective manner to keep adverse consequences within bounds. Strategies for handling risk necessarily address one or more of the components of risks identified here. The appropriate strategy depends on the nature of the risk and other situational variables that influence the organization's range of choices. This paper discusses approaches to risk analysis appropriate for IT and contains some suggested tools for risk analysis and management.
Risk sensitivity in three juvenile (Age-0) flatfish species: Does estuarine dependence promote risk-prone behavior?

Abstract Pleuronectid flatfish are generally thought to use stereotypical anti-predator behavior to reduce encounters with potential predators, including burial, maintaining a low profile on the bottom, cryptic coloration, and reduced activity. However, a series of laboratory experiments demonstrate significantly different predation rates on juvenile (Age-0) English sole ( Parophrys vetulus ), northern rock sole ( Lepidopsetta polyxystra ), and Pacific halibut ( Hippoglossus stenolepis ) by Age-2 Pacific halibut predators, suggesting differing anti-predator strategies and/or capabilities among species. In this study, behavioral attributes that control how conspicuous juvenile flatfish are to their predators, such as burial, body posture, and activity levels, were examined both in the presence and absence of perceived predation risk. English sole exhibited risk-prone behavior; they tended to bury less, exhibit an arched body posture (with head elevated off the bottom), and were more active in both the absence and presence of predators when compared to the other two species. Conversely, rock sole exhibited risk-averse behavior, being buried, inactive, with a flat body posture regardless of predation risk. Halibut demonstrated risk-sensitive behavior; behaving like English sole in the absence of predation risk, and shifted to behavior similar to that of rock sole in the face of predation risk. As an estuarine dependent species, English sole recruit to an environment that tends to be highly turbid reducing encounters with predators. As a result English sole, may have “relaxed” anti-predator behaviors in comparison to northern rock sole and Pacific halibut which recruit to less turbid coastal nurseries.
Association of organic matter, iron and inorganic phosphorus in lake waters☆

Gel permeation chromatography was used to fractionate 32PO43− labelled components by molecular size in filtered, destabilized lake foam, concentrated lake water, and lake sediment extracts. Evidence is presented for the abiotic formation of organic matter iron inorganic P complexes in lake foam, water and sediments. 32PO4staggered was found to excahnge with low molecular weight, dissolved P fraction, probably an organic matter -Fe- inorganic P complex, but not with a high molecular weight, non-inorganic dissolved reactive P pool, hypothesized to be similar to the dimer. Our experiments suggest that inorganic P binding by high molecular weight organic matter may play a significant role in the P cycle. If the bound P is unavailable to algae and bacteria, the complexes could explain Rigler's (1968) hypothesis that the molybdenum blue technique may overestimate the free orthophosphate concentration by 10–100 times.
Acousto-optical assessment of skin viscoelasticity

A multiphysics approach, combining acoustics, optics, and mechanics can be used to detect regions of skin with distinct mechanical behavior that may indicate a pathology, such as a cancerous skin lesion. Herein, an acousto-optical approach to evaluating the viscoelastic behavior of superficial skin layers will be presented. The method relies upon inducing low frequency guided surface waves in the skin and detecting these waves by monitoring the shift in the backscattered laser speckle pattern created by illuminating a small region of the skin with coherent light. Artificial lesions in the form of chemical cross-linking and chemical softening were induced in superficial porcine skin layers and detected based upon variations in local mechanical behavior. The lesions affect not only the time-of-flight of the guided surface waves, but also change the relative phase of the acoustic waves as determined optically. The method may be applicable in the study and diagnosis of superficial skin lesions.
Migración permanente en Colombia - prueba de la hipótesis del ingreso esperado

Analiza los datos del censo de poblacion de Colombia en 1973. La informacion publicada permite calcular tasas de migracion vitalicia por departamento. Las tasas masculinas y femeninas pueden obtenerse por separado; a su vez, estas tasas se relacionan con el nivel de ingresos, las oportunidades de trabajo y la composicion de empleo de los departamentos.
Numerical solution of the Euler equations for high-speed, blended wing-body configurations

Simulation of high-speed three-dimensional flow about blended wing-body combinations is investigated. A finite-volume explicit scheme with Runge-Kutta time integration is used to solve the compressible Euler equations in order to simulate the flow. The method, augmented by carefully chosen dissipative terms and convergence accelerators such as enthalpy damping and maximum local time-stepping, has been found to be very efficient in solving high-speed flows involving strong shocks. An analytic method for generating the body geometry and an algebraic method for quasi-three-dimensional grid generation are described. Results are presented for various blended wing-body configurations at different Mach numbers and angles of attack.
Evaluation of artificial sweat in athletes with spinal cord injuries.

Athletes with spinal cord injury often experience high heat storage due to reduced sweating capacity below the spinal injury. Spray bottle (SB) maybe used to apply mist for evaporative cooling during breaks in competitions. This study examined the efficacy of SB during rest breaks. Seven participants, four female and three males, (mean ± SD age 24 ± 4.1 year, weight 56.2 ± 7.0 kg, upper-body VO2 peak 2.4 ± 0.6 l/min) volunteered for the study. Participants were paraplegic athletes (T3–T12/L1) with both complete and incomplete lesions. Participants arm-cranked using a ramp protocol in an environment of 21 ± 1.5°C and 55 ± 3% rh once using a SB during 1-min rest between 7-min stages of increasing intensity and once without the SB (CON). Mean total work was similar (p = 0.86) for the SB and CON (2495.7 ± 914.6 vs. 2407.1 ± 982.3 kJ, respectively). Likewise, the mean work times were similar between trials (27 ± 6 and 26 ± 7 min for SB and CON, respectively). Furthermore, there were no significant differences detected between trials for skin temperature, rectal temperature, esophageal temperature (p > 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences detected between trials for RPE (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the application of artificial sweat via SB was ineffective in attenuating the onset of uncompensable heat strain during high-intensity arm exercise in a comfortable environment.
Kinetics on a supported catalyst at supercritical, nondeactivating conditions

Intrinsic kinetic parameters are reported for the Pt/γ-Al 2 O 3 catalyzed geometric isomerization of 1-hexene (P c =29.7 bar; T c =231°C) under conditions of steady catalyst activity. Deaerating the hexene feed, pretreating it in a bed of activated alumina to reduce the peroxide impurities to 2 ppm or less, and passivating the reactor surface (by silicosteel coating) reduce the formation of hexene oligomers (coke precursors) by about an order of magnitude. This, in conjunction with operation at supercritical conditions (235-304°C, 35-70 bar), results in steady isomerization activity with no measurable coke laydown. Arrhenius plots of rate constants, estimated from the steady isomerization rates, yield an intrinsic activation energy of roughly 109 kJ/mol. This value is up to twofold greater than those reported for similar reaction systems, but on a deactivating catalysts. The results confirm that optimum conditions that maximize catalyst activity and effectiveness factor exist in the near-critical region with catalyst activity and effectiveness factor.
Association based equation of state for substances forming monomers, dimers and trimers

An exact expression is reported for an association based equation of state that allows the formation of monomers, dimers and trimers. To demonstrate the utility of this exact solution, the phase equilibrium results of acetic acid are obtained from this exact expression and are compared with a numerical approach as well as a fitted functional form. The exact form is preferred over the numerical as well as the fitted function form based on issues that arise from the computational time (the former) and accuracy of derivative properties (the latter).
Naloxone alters the effects of LSD, DOM and quipazine on operant behavior of rats

Administration of the indolealkylamine hallucinogen d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), the phenethylamine hallucinogen 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM) and the putative 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) agonist quipazine all produced a dose-dependent decrease in fixed ratio (FR-40) response rates and a concomitant increase in the number of 10-second pause intervals. Although naloxone (4.0 mg/kg) had no effect on FR-40 responding per se, the pause-producing effects of LSD and, to a lesser extent, DOM were potentiated by pretreatment with naloxone. The action of quipazine on reinforcers was unaffected by combination with naloxone, while the effect on pause intervals was slightly attenuated by naloxone pretreatment. These data and previous studies suggest that the pause-producing effects of indolealkylamine and phenethylamine hallucinogens reflect their activation of a selective portion of brain 5-HT receptors. The potentiation of these effects by naloxone may relate to a modulation of central 5-HT systems by endogenous opioid mechanisms tending to restore an imbalance in various 5-HT pathways caused by the hallucinogenic 5-HT agonists. The more generalized disruptive effects of quipazine on brain 5-HT systems may be less susceptible to the endogenous opioid modulation or may actually combine with it to induce a greater disruption.
A Hyperbolic Model for Communication in Layered Parallel Processing Environments

We introduce a model for communication costs in parallel processing environments, called the hyperbolic model, which generalizes two-parameter dedicated-link models in an analytically simple way. The communication system is modeled as a directed communication graph in which terminal nodes represent the application processes and internal nodes, called communication blocks (CBs), reflect the layered structure of the underlying communication architecture. ACBis characterized by a two-parameter hyperbolic function of the message size that represents the service time needed for processing the message. Rules are given for reducing a communication graph consisting of manyCBs to an equivalent two-parameter form, while maintaining a good approximation for the service time. We demonstrate a tight fit of the estimates of the cost of communication based on the model with actual measurements of the communication and synchronization time between end processes. We compare the hyperbolic model with other two-parameter models and, in appropriate limits, show its compatibility with the LogP model.
Effects of Intraclass Correlation on Weighted Averages

Abstract Weighted averages of class means using different sets of weighting factors are compared in terms of sampling variances and of relative weights given to the class means. Details are given for the 1-way classification, and extensions to other models are indicated.
Intramucosal Ganglion Cells in Normal Adult Colorectal Mucosa

Intramucosal ganglion cells are incompletely understood. Reviewed were 100 normal specimens from colorectal biopsies of nonconstipated adults to firmly establish the existence of intramucosal ganglion cells in normal adult colorectal mucosa, determine whether intramucosal giant ganglia exist, and compare the prevalence of colorectal intramucosal ganglion cells between men and women. Fifty specimens from each gender were examined. Twenty specimens contained intramucosal ganglion cells, including 15 from women (75%) and only 5 from men (25%). Intramucosal ganglion cells occurred singly or in clusters. One woman had large disciform and globular clusters with 7 ganglion cells, resembling giant ganglia. Awareness of ganglion cells and large ganglia in normal mucosa is necessary to avoid potential confusion with ectopic ganglion cells and submucosal giant ganglia seen in adult intestinal neuronal dysplasia. Intramucosal ganglion cells in normal colorectal mucosa are particularly common in women. This disparity might contribute to colorectal neurophysiologic differences between genders.
Some examples concerning homotopies of fixed point free maps

Abstract In this paper we construct examples of pairs of homotopic, fixed point free self-maps of a compact manifold with the property that any homotopy between the two maps must have a nonempty fixed point set.
Modeling the evolution of anisotropy in Al–Li alloys: application to Al–Li 2090-T8E41

It is widely reported in current literature that the precipitation hardened Al–Li sheet alloys exhibit extremely high anisotropy in yield (and ultimate tensile) strength, which is well beyond what can be explained as purely a consequence of the strong crystallographic texture in the material (e.g. J. Mater. Sci. Eng. A265, 1999, 100). This paper presents a crystal plasticity based modeling framework that will (i) facilitate the segregation of the contributions to the overall anisotropy from crystallographic texture and precipitation hardening, and (ii) correlate the contribution from precipitate hardening to either co-planar slip activity or the non-coplanar slip activity in the cold-working step prior to the aging heat treatment. More specifically, a Taylor-type (fully-constrained) crystal plasticity model was formulated to predict the yield strength of the fully processed sheet and its anisotropy, while accounting for the initial texture in the hot-worked sheet, its evolution during the cold-working step prior to aging, and the inhomogeneous nucleation of the T1 phase platelets (these are known to form on {111} planes, but not usually in equal amounts on the different {111} planes in a given crystal). In an effort to illustrate the methodology developed in the study, a limited set of experiments was conducted on Al–Li 2090-T8E41 alloy sheet. Off-axis stretches were applied on the sheet at room temperature prior to the aging treatment, and the mechanical anisotropy in the fully processed sheets was characterized by performing tension tests on coupons cut from the sheet at 0, 30, 45, 60 and 90° to the original rolling direction (RD). Both the initial texture in the sheet and its evolution during the different off-axis stretches were characterized. The alloys processed in this study showed pronounced anisotropy. The application of the methodology developed in this study revealed that much of the observed anisotropy in this particular data set could be explained by accounting for the texture in the sample in the processed condition. Although the data set available was inadequate to establish clear correlations of the anisotropy with preferential hardening mechanisms arising from either co-planar or non-co-planar slip activity during the off-axis stretch, there were indications favoring the latter. This case study, however, illustrates the application of the methodology developed in this study to obtain better insight into the nature of the anisotropy in these sheets and its physical origin.
Circular dichroism studies of ferredoxin:Protein complexes

Abstract Complex formation between ferredoxin and ferredoxin:nitrite oxidoreductase (EC 1.7.7.1) or between ferredoxin and ferredoxin:NADP+ oxidoreductase (EC 1.6.7.1) is accompanied by alterations in the circular dichroism spectra of the proteins. These changes in CD spectra indicate both changes in the environment of the prosthetic groups of the proteins and increases in protein secondary structure content. Addition of substrate (NO2−) to nitrite reductase results in changes in the enzyme CD spectrum in the visible region but apparently did not affect the secondary structure, as indicated by the lack of changes in the CD spectrum between 200 and 250 nm.
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 inhibition improves insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism but not hypertension in high-fat-fed C57BL/6J mice.

In the current study, the effect of a highly specific peptide inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) (L803-mts) on glucose metabolism and BP was examined in a high-fat (HF) fed mouse model of diabetes. C57/BL6J mice were placed on an HF diet for 3 months and treated with L803-mts for 20 days, following which glucose metabolism was examined by euglycaemic–hyperinsulinaemic clamp studies. BP and heart rate were measured by radio-telemetry. The HF mice were obese, with impaired glucose tolerance and high plasma insulin and leptin levels. L803-mts treatment significantly reduced the insulin levels and doubled the glucose infusion rate required to maintain a euglycaemic condition in the HF+L803-mts group compared with the HF group. Insulin failed to suppress the endogenous glucose production rate in the HF group while decreasing it by 75% in the HF+L803-mts group, accompanied by increased liver glycogen synthase activity and net hepatic glycogen synthesis. GSK3 inhibition also reduced peripheral insulin resistance. Plasma glucose disappearance rate increased by 60% in the HF+L803-mts group compared with the HF group. In addition, glucose uptake in heart and gastrocnemius muscle was markedly improved. Although mean arterial pressure increased following the HF diet, it did not change significantly during the 12 days of L803-mts treatment. These studies demonstrate that GSK3 inhibition improved hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance in a mouse model of HF-induced diabetes, but it failed to have an effect on BP. GSK3 may represent an important therapeutic target for insulin resistance.
THE SCIENTIST AS STATESMAN: BIOLOGISTS AND THIRD WORLD HEALTH

. One of the most threatening problems the world faces is the growing poverty crisis and the related human rights inequalities and the spread of diseases in underprivileged areas. Human rights and relief organizations try hard to contain the devastation of these interconnected difficulties. What is the role of the biomedical scientist in this endeavor? The challenges that biomedical scientists face in their research lead us to question whether scientists can go beyond the time-consuming realm of experimental investigation and engage the issues of society in a more public way. I suggest how the scientist's role can be expanded in our complex and precarious world, introducing the idea of the modern biomedical researcher as scientist, scholar-philosopher, and statesman for the scientific community and the larger human rights community. I provide examples of where the scientist can interface with human rights organizations, medical doctors, political and civic leaders, and the science-religion dialogue. My argument reveals the emerging role of the biomedical scientist as one of public service in addition to and beyond the realm of the experimental investigator. This role, however, is formidable, and I list some of the obstacles it entails.
The Moral Aesthetics of Simulated Suffering in Standardized Patient Performances

Standardized patient (SP) performances are staged clinical encounters between health-professional students and people who specialize in role-playing the part of patients. Such performances have in recent years become increasingly central to the teaching and assessment of clinical skills in U.S. medical schools. SP performances are valued for being both “real” (in that they involve interaction with a real person, unlike written examinations) and “not real” (in that the SP does not actually suffer from the condition portrayed, unlike an actual patient). This article considers how people involved in creating SP performances reconcile a moral commitment to avoid suffering (to keep it “not real”), with an aesthetic commitment to realistically portray it (to keep it “real”). The term “moral aesthetic” is proposed, to indicate a sensibility that combines ideas about what is morally right with ideas about what is aesthetically compelling. Drawing on ethnographic research among SPs and SP program staff and medical faculty who work closely with them, this article argues that their work of creating “realism” in simulated clinical encounters encompasses multiple different (and sometimes conflicting) understandings and practices of realism, informed by three different moral aesthetics: (1) a moral aesthetic of induction, in which an accurate portrayal with a well-documented provenance serves to introduce experientially distant forms of suffering; (2) a moral aesthetic of inoculation, in which the authenticity and emotional impact of a performance are meant to inoculate students against the impact of future encounters with suffering; (3) a moral aesthetic of presence, generating forms of voice and care that are born out of the embodied presence of suffering individuals in a clinical space. All are premised on the assumption that risk and suffering can be banished from SP performances. This article suggests, however, that SP performances necessarily raise the same difficult, important, fundamentally ethical questions that are always involved in learning from and on human beings who are capable of suffering, and who need and deserve recognition and respect as well as care.
Generation of Consensus Contour Atlas for Esophageal Cancer IMRT

• Distributed CT sim datasets from three test cases to an expert GI radiation oncology panel . • Clinical info and diagnostic PET-CT provided • Test cases consisted of a GE junction, distal esophageal, and mid/upper esophageal cancer. • Instructed panelists to generate GTV contours based on this information. • Then, using a reference GTV, panelists generated CTV contours according to CALGB 80803 trial guidelines. • Imported contours into the Computational Environment for Radiotherapy Research (CERR) for quantitative analysis. • Calculated Simultaneous Truth and Performance Level Estimation (STAPLE) to generate consensus contours. • Calculated kappa statistics to characterize level of agreement between panelists.
Religion and Partisanship in Canada

Using a survey of three thousand Canadian adults conducted by the Angus Reid Group in the autumn of 1996, we examine the continuing role of religion in shaping partisan preferences. We find that traditional religious alignments still have some impact, but are being reshaped by both religious and political developments. We find that Evangelical Protestants are drawn toward the new Reform Party. Mainline Protestants still tend toward the Progressive Conservatives, and Catholics - both English- and French-speaking - remain the bulwark of the Liberal Party. The New Democratic Party, however, finds its greatest resonance among secular Canadians, and the Bloc Quebecois is strongest among nominal, rather than practicing, French-speaking Catholics. In multivariate analysis, these religious variables stand up well against other influences in explaining partisan preferences.
Amygdalo-cortical projections in the monkey (Macaca fascicularis)

Amygdalo-cortical projections were analyzed in the macaque monkey (Macaca fascicularis) in a series of experiments in which 3H-amino acids were injected into each of the major divisions of the amygdaloid complex and the anterogradely transported label was demonstrated autoradiographically. Projections to widespread regions of frontal, insular, temporal, and occipital cortices have been observed. The heaviest projections to frontal cortex terminated in medial and orbital regions which included areas 24, 25, and 32 on the medial surface and areas 14, 13a, and 12 on the orbital surface. Lighter projections were also seen in areas 45, 46, 6, 9, and 10. The heaviest projection to the insula terminated in the agranular insular cortex with a decreasing gradient of innervation to the more caudally placed dysgranular and granular insular areas. The projection to this region continues around the dorsal limiting sulcus to terminate in the somatosensory fields 3, 1-2, and SII. Essentially all major divisions of the temporal neocortex receive a projection from the amygdaloid complex with the most prominent projections ending in the cortex of the temporal pole (area TG) and the perirhinal cortex. The entire rostrocaudal extent of the inferotemporal cortex (areas TE and TEO) is also in receipt of an amygdaloid projection. While the rostral superior temporal gyrus (area TA) is heavily labeled in several of the experiments (with light labeling continuing into AI and adjacent auditory association regions) there was little indication of labeling in the caudal reaches of area TA. There was a surprisingly strong projection to prestriate regions of the occipital lobe and, in at least one case, clear-cut labeling in areas OB and 17. Labeling in the parietal cortex was primarily observed in the depths of the intraparietal sulcus. In all cortical fields, label was heaviest at the border between layers I and II and in some regions layers V and VI also had above background levels of silver grains.
Language Acquisition: Do as You Hear

It is not uncommon to recognize a specific action by the sound it creates. Neurons have been discovered in monkey premotor cortex that may contribute to this ability; they respond to both performing an action and hearing its action-related sound, and may be critical for communicating with others, learning gestures and even acquiring language.
Recognizing behavioral needs

Abstract Behavioral needs may be defined as behaviors that are motivated largely by internal stimuli and, if an animal is prevented from performing them for prolonged periods, the individual's welfare may be compromised. The slow assimilation of advances in ethology into evolving psychological theories during the early development of psychology led to a general view of behavior that precluded the concept of behavioral needs. The relative need to perform a particular behavior has been estimated using the following techniques, in order from the least to the most specific and the strength of motivation (1) observation of a species under “natural” conditions; (2) observation of overt behavior under structured or restricted conditions; (3) requiring an animal to “work” for the opportunity to perform specific behaviors; (4) controlled behavioral deprivation followed by open-field testing; (5) quantification of physiological responses indicative of stress. Careful experimentation is necessary to determine where on the scale of “need” a particular behavior resides.
A Digital Frequency Synthesizer for an AM and FM Receiver

This paper describes the design of a relatively economical, single crystal, frequency synthesizer that generates the required local oscillator frequencies for an AM and FM broadcast receiver. Selection of a station is accomplished by positioning switches to indicate the station's frequency. Fine tuning is not necessary. The receiver will not (for all practical purposes) drift, because the local oscillator frequency is crystal controlled. Low cost medium scale integrated circuits (MSI) are the building block of this synthesizer.
Postnatal development of parvalbumin immunoreactivity in axon terminals op basket and chandelier neurons in monkey neocortex

1. Two classes of GABAergic inhibitory interneurons, chandelier and basket cells, are known regulators of pyramidal neurons. Parvalbumin (PV) a calcium binding protein, has been shown to be a marker for axon terminals of subpopulations of these interneurons. 2. Immunohistochemical methods were used in this study to examine changes in the distribution of PV-immunoreactive (IR) chandelier and basket axon terminals during postnatal development of monkey neocortex. 3. Our results indicate a differential effect of postnatal development on PV-IR axon terminals of chandelier and basket neurons that is region-specific. 4. The differential regional, laminar and developmental pattern of PV-IR axon terminals of chandelier and basket cells may provide insight into the functional role of these classes of inhibitory neurons in primate neocortex.
Microstructure-Based Inherent Anisotropy of Asphalt Mixtures

Asphalt mixtures have been demonstrated to be anisotropic materials in both laboratory and field tests. The anisotropy of asphalt mixtures consists of inherent anisotropy and stress-induced anisotropy. In previous work, the inherent anisotropy of asphalt mixtures was quantified by using only the inclination angles of the coarse aggregate particles in the asphalt mixtures. However, the inclination of fine aggregates also has a contribution to the inherent anisotropy. Moreover, the contribution to the inherent anisotropy of each aggregate may not be the same as in the previous work but will depend on the size, orientation, and sphericity of the aggregate particle. This paper quantifies the internal microstructure of the aggregates in asphalt mixtures by using an aggregate-related geometric parameter, the vector magnitude. The original formulation of the vector magnitude, which addresses only the orientation of coarse aggregates, is modified to account for not only the coarse aggregate orientation, but also the size, orientation, and sphericity of coarse and fine aggregates. This formulation is applied to cylindrical lab-mixed lab-compacted asphalt mixture specimens varying in asphalt binder type, air void content, and aging period. The vertical modulus and the horizontal modulus are also measured by using nondestructive tests. A relationship between the modified vector magnitude and the modulus ratio of the vertical modulus to the horizontal modulus is developed to quantify the influence of the inherent microstructure of the aggregates on the anisotropy of the mixtures. The modulus ratio is found to depend solely on the aggregate characteristics including the inclination angle, size, and sphericity, and it is independent of the asphalt binder type, air void content, and aging period. The inclination angle, itself, proves to be insufficient to quantify the inherent anisotropy of the asphalt mixtures.
Dormant and Non-dormant Seeds: Similar Germination Responses when Osmotically Inhibited

Chen and Thimann1 have ascribed photodormancy and thermodormancy in seeds to the effects of continuous irradiation and supraoptimal temperature on the balance between the “expansive force” of the embryo and the mechanical constraint of the enveloping tissues. Dormant seeds of Phacelia tanacetifolia were induced to germinate under these inhibitory conditions by cutting the radicular end of the seeds, an operation which reduced mechanical constraint. Inhibition of germination was reinstated in cut seeds by imbibition in an osmotic solution which reduced the expansive force of the embryo. The implication appeared to be that the responses to such experimental manipulations are restricted to naturally dormant seeds. The cause of variation in “expansive force” or “growth potential”2 as affected by radiation and temperature are apparently unknown, but the phenomenon can be demonstrated in non-dormant seeds of cultivated plants (Table 1). The seeds of these species are considered to be non-dormant because high percentages of germination can be obtained at any constant temperature within a wide range, in darkness or under periodic or continuous irradiation.
The dilemma of identity: Theatrical portrayals of a 16th century feminist

Recent political events involving women in power foreground the continued struggle for an appropriate intersection of socio‐political role identity and gender identity. The relationship between this struggle and feminist ideologies is demonstrated in two feminist plays about the 16th century feminist, Queen Christina of Sweden. The two playwrights, Pam Gems and Ruth Wolff, assume divergent ideological orientations in their portrayals of Christina, but both provide little hope for women seeking to nest their gender and socio‐political identities.
Validation of K-edge 125I brachytherapy enhancement with silver compounds.

Brachytherapy with radioactive seeds implanted within the tumour volume has demonstrated good success rates in treating certain cancers. In an effort to improve the curative rates in cancer patients, ongoing research is being conducted to enhance the amount of radiation dose that is absorbed within the tumour volume while minimizing the dose absorbed by the surrounding normal tissue. One method for enhancing tumour dose absorption with 125I brachytherapy seeds is to increase the number of photoelectric atomic interactions within the tumour volume by introducing small quantities of a silver compound, taking advantage of the K-edge effect. Because low-energy electrons and Auger electrons are the primary sources of brachytherapy dose enhancement, acquiring accurate experimental measurements of absorbed dose increases is a major challenge. To circumvent this problem, an x-ray fluorescence excitation spectroscopy dosimetry technique supplemented with clinically accepted dosimetry calculations was developed to estimate relative absorbed dose increases in a water phantom containing up to 7.5 mM of silver. Excellent agreement was observed between theoretically derived Monte Carlo dosimetric predictions and experimental measurements. These results successfully demonstrated that K-edge enhanced 125I brachytherapy is indeed possible with future development of a non-toxic silver chelate.
A Hybrid GNSS Integrity Design Leveraging a Priori Signal Noise Characteristics

The objective of this paper is to explore a hybrid Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) architecture that efficiently meets the stringent needs of safety of life systems. An architecture is proposed that allocates error bounding and alerting functionality between the space, ground and user segments based on refining the assumptions of the leading-order fault free error sources expected in the near future from developing GNSS technologies. By revisiting the first principles used to derive standard RAIM fault detection, a modified detection algorithm is developed to more accurately accommodate these new fault-free error distributions while supporting timely user alerts. The results of the analysis and simulation indicate that this optimized receiver algorithm and associated architecture can provide significant development and operational benefit for navigation users requiring high levels of integrity.