cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Food store availability and neighborhood characteristics in the United States.

Objective. This study provides a multivariate analysis of the availability of food store outlets in the US and associations with neighborhood characteristics on race, ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES). Method. Commercial food store outlet data are linked across 28,050 zip codes to Census 2000 data. Multivariate regression analyses are used to examine associations between the availability of chain supermarkets, non-chain supermarkets, grocery stores and convenience stores and neighborhood characteristics on race, ethnicity and SES including additional controls for population size, urbanization and region. Results. Low-income neighborhoods have fewer chain supermarkets with only 75% (p<0.01) of that available in middle-income neighborhoods. Even after controlling for income and other covariates, the availability of chain supermarkets in African American neighborhoods is only 52% (p<0.01) of that in White neighborhoods with even less relative availability in urban areas. Hispanic neighborhoods have only 32% (p<0.01) as many chain supermarkets compared to non-Hispanic neighborhoods. Non-chain supermarkets and grocery stores are more prevalent in low-income and minority neighborhoods. Conclusion. The study results highlight the importance of various potential public policy measures for improving access to supermarkets that may serve to reduce systematic local area barriers that are shown to exist by race, ethnicity and income.
Angular momentum dependence of statistical fission parameters

Abstract Angular momentum dependent statistical fission parameters are introduced as a self-consistent parametrization of the statistical/rotating liquid drop model.
The utilization of aromatic compounds by yeasts.

Yeasts belonging to 6 genera were isolated from sewage and tested for their ability to use 15 hydroxy derivatives of phenol and benzoic acid as carbon source. The majority were able to produce colonies on at least 10 of the simple monophenol derivatives tested. Salicylic acid,p-hydroxybenzoic acid and gentisic acid were the most commonly used benzoic acid derivatives and resorcinol and phloroglucinol the most frequently metabolized phenols. However, there was no obvious relationship between the utilization of these compounds and the generic classification of the yeasts.
Design and the Construction of Publics

In his 1927 book The Public and Its Problems,1 John Dewey sought to address the possibilities and inhibitors of collective political action in then contemporary times. Characteristic of his pragmatic thought, Dewey was interested in addressing the question of how a public is constituted, and how the constitution of a public is thwarted, in order to expound a set of propositions delineating the potentialities and conditions of collective political action. For Dewey, the philosophical investigation of the public could not be divorced from the “facts” of everyday life, or the need and desire to accomplish change in the civic arena. His treatment of the public as a philosophical subject thus was grounded in the concrete situations, experiences, and materiality of everyday life. As such, The Public and Its Problems stood as a robust inquiry that countered abstract discussions of “the state,” and articulated the opportunities and challenges of participatory democratic practices. Indeed, although The Public and Its Problems is nearly a century old, it is still relevant and productive today, particularly in the context of design studies. It is relevant because it links with contemporary world conditions through its pluralistic stance, endorsing a public that is broad, inclusive, and multiple. It is productive because it provides numerous points of intersection with both design theory and professional design activity that suggest novel courses for thinking about and doing design. Specifically, within The Public and Its Problems are leads to investigating and understanding the ways in which the products and processes of design intersect with publics. Of these leads, the notion that publics are “constructed” is perhaps most salient to contemporary design because it prompts a consideration of the means by which publics are assembled; begging the question: “How does, or might, design contribute to the construction of publics?” Beyond academic inquisitiveness, this question is significant with regard to the renewed interest in the intersection of technology, aesthetics, engineering, and politics; which surfaces “design” and “the public” as fundamental topics requiring address. Since the late 1990s, there has been a proliferation of projects that examine and experiment with the capability and role of design (broadly construed) in increasing societal awareness, and motivating and enabling political action. This is evident in a diversity of endeavors, ranging from comprehensive exhibits such as Massive Change2 to the 1 John Dewey, The Public and Its Problems (Athens, OH: Swallow Press Books, Henry Holt & Company, 1927). 2 The documentation for the exhibition Massive Change can be found online at www.massivechange.com, last referenced on November 26, 2007. A book, also entitled Massive Change, accompanied the exhibition. See, Bruce Mau and Jennifer Leonard, Massive Change (London: Phaidon Press, 2004). © 2009 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
X-Ray Lithography For Integrated Circuits - A Review

The progress and prospects for fabrication of integrated circuits with x ray lithography are reviewed. Present technology of masks, alignment, resist, and x-ray sources is examined and found to be adequate to produce IC's with 1-to 5 μm design rules. The exposure time is under 5 minutes and the result is reproducible resolution and high yield due to the off-contact exposure process. Fabrication of IC's with sub-micron dimensions is more difficult because precision alignment to 0.1 μm is not yet available and there is not a ready source of intense collimated x rays. High-resolution lithography can be accomplished using special mask-wafer contact methods with some sacrifice in yield. Synchrotron radiation shows the greatest promise for volume production of IC's with submicron patterns, but the application must be proved to justify investment in the costly facilities.
Exact asymptotics for dissipative quantum tunneling

Abstract We analyze a simple model of quantum tunneling in a dimerized lattice characteristic of those in which solid-state excimers have been observed. The model we pose proves to be exactly diagonalizable, allowing the time dependence of tunneling within a molecular pair to be determined to quadrature. A straightforward analysis allows the short- and long-time asymptotic behavior to be specified exactly. Oscillatory decay of a localized initial distribution toward a delocalized final distribution is found at both finite and zero temperature. The decay envelope at finite temperatures is eventually exponential, while that found at zero temperature is eventually power law. Localization is not found.
A Notch so simple influence on T cell development.

T cell precursors undergo a series of developmental choices that progressively narrow their ability to give rise to different cell lineages. Evidence accumulated in the last few years suggests that Notch occupies a central place among the signal transduction pathways that regulate many of these choices, including the T/B, αβ/γδ and CD4/CD8 lineage decisions. Nevertheless the mechanisms by which Notch exerts its effects are not well understood, and in some cases the physiologic role is unclear. In this review we try to present succinctly the experiments and highlight the areas of controversy.
The distribution and disposition of anomalous notches in the non‐epiphyseal ends of human metacarpal shafts

The incidence, duration and location of notches in the non-epiphyseal ends of the metacarpal shafts were determined from serial sequential radiographs of the left hand of 332 ethnically comparable children. Each series of films extended from shortly after birth to late adolescence or early adulthood. The notches represent vestiges of supernumerary epiphyses or pseudo-epiphyses and are regarded as indicative of disturbances in skeletal maturation. Metacarpal notching was found in 132 (78.1% ) of 169 boys and in 118 (72.4% ) of 163 girls. The mean number of notches per subject was significantly higher in boys than in girls and in slow maturing as opposed to fast maturing children in each sex. Regardless of sex or speed of skeletal maturation, the most frequent locations of notching were radial border of metacarpal II, ulnar side of metacarpal V and radial margin of metacarpal I. Notches were most common in metacarpal II followed in declining order by metacarpals V, I, III and IV. The notches disappeared approximately two years earlier in girls than in boys. All were obliterated by deposition of osseous tissue long before fusion of the true epiphysis with the metacarpal shaft.
A method-comparison study regarding the validity and reliability of the Lactate Plus analyzer.

Objectives: The aims of this study were to: (1) determine the validity and reliability of the Nova Biomedical Lactate Plus portable analyzer, and quantify any fixed or proportional bias; (2) determine the effect of any bias on the determination of the lactate threshold and (3) determine the effect that blood sampling methods have on validity and reliability. Design: In this method comparison study we compared blood lactate concentration measured using the Lactate Plus portable analyzer to lactate concentration measured by a reference analyzer, the YSI 2300. Setting: University campus in the USA. Participants: Fifteen active men and women performed a discontinuous graded exercise test to volitional exhaustion on a motorised treadmill. Blood samples were taken via finger prick and collected in microcapillary tubes for analysis by the reference instrument at the end of each stage. Duplicate samples for the portable analyzer were either taken directly from the finger or from the micro capillary tubes. Primary outcome measurements: Ordinary least products regressions were used to assess validity, reliability and bias in the portable analyzer. Lactate threshold was determined by visual inspection. Results: Though measurements from both instruments were correlated (r=0.91), the differences between instruments had large variability (SD=1.45 mM/l) when blood was sampled directly from finger. This variability was reduced by ∼95% when both instruments measured blood collected in the capillary tubes. As the proportional and fixed bias between instruments was small, there was no difference in estimates of the lactate threshold between instruments. Reliability for the portable instrument was strong (r=0.99, p<0.05) with no proportional bias (slope=1.02) and small fixed bias (−0.19 mM/l). Conclusions: The Lactate Plus analyzer provides accurate and reproducible measurements of blood lactate concentration that can be used to estimate workloads corresponding to blood lactate transitions or any absolute lactate concentrations.
Der Beginn einer molekularen Elektronik

Die molekulare Elektronik ist zwar eine noch junge Disziplin, dennoch konnten bereits grose Fortschritte erzielt werden, und wir erkennen heute sehr deutlich, welche Materialien geeignet sind und welche Eigenschaften sie aufweisen mussen. Dieser Aufsatz soll auf breiter Basis die derzeit vielversprechendsten Ansatze fur eine molekulare Elektronik vorstellen und in ihre Teildisziplinen einfuhren. Wir behandeln zunachst die historische Entwicklung der konventionellen Elektronik und zeigen auf, welche Faktoren den Beginn der molekularen Elektronik ausgelost haben. Die Probleme, die bei der Miniaturisierung konventioneller Bauelemente auftreten, werden ebenso diskutiert wie einige Losungsansatze. Daran anschliesend stellen wir die wichtigsten Ergebnisse auf diesem Gebiet vor, die einen tiefen Einblick in das Verhalten molekularer Systeme geben.
Family Networks and Employment in Textiles

The paper explores the extent to which the family remains of significance within the workplace. Considering material derived from a study of a textile mill in Yorkshire, the paper shows that family ties remain crucial within the company. It then goes on to consider the significance of these ties. It rejects the view that these ties can be seen as anachronisms or as evidence of paternalism in the manner identified by Martin and Fryer (1973) or Newby (1977). Instead, we argue that the existence of family ties and a family ideology within the firm is a crucial element in giving the firm flexibility within a highly competitive sector of the textile industry. The characteristics of the firm to an extent reflect those of Japanese firms where life-long employment also promotes commitment and flexibility on the part of the workforce. Thus, far from family ties being irrelevant to modern industry, we argue that they have, if anything, an increased relevance in the era of `flexible specialization' (Piore and Sabel ...
Identification of potential neuromotor mechanisms of manual therapy in patients with musculoskeletal disablement: rationale and description of a clinical trial.

Many health care practitioners use a variety of hands-on treatments to improve symptoms and disablement in patients with musculoskeletal pathology. Research to date indirectly suggests a potentially broad effect of manual therapy on the neuromotor processing of functional behavior within the supraspinal central nervous system (CNS) in a manner that may be independent of modification at the level of local spinal circuits. However, the effect of treatment speed, as well as the specific mechanism and locus of CNS changes, remain unclear. We developed a placebo-controlled, randomized study to test the hypothesis that manual therapy procedures directed to the talocrural joint in individuals with post-acute ankle sprain induce a change in corticospinal excitability that is relevant to improve the performance of lower extremity functional behavior. This study is designed to identify potential neuromotor changes associated with manual therapy procedures directed to the appendicular skeleton, compare the relative effect of treatment speed on potential neuromotor effects of manual therapy procedures, and determine the behavioral relevance of potential neuromotor effects of manual therapy procedures. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT00847769.
Crosstalk Reduction with Nonlinear Transmission Lines for High-Speed VLSI System

We report efficient crosstalk and signal reflection reduction with nonlinear transmission lines (NLTLs) for high-speed VLSI. Crosstalk measurements of NLTLs implemented with the Lincoln Lab 0.18?m FDSOI (fully-depleted silicon-on-insulator) CMOS process are performed in time domain as well as by S-parameters up to 25GHz. The excellent suppression capabilities on signal reflection, data-dependent timing errors and crosstalk without any circuit overheads in a broadband illustrate the advantage of the NLTL global interconnect.
Should atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) be subcategorized? Accuracy analysis of Papanicolaou smears using receiver operating characteristic curves and implications for the ASCUS/squamous intraepithelial lesion ratio.

We correlated all Papanicolaou test diagnoses over a 6-month period with biopsy results and determined accuracy using receiver operating characteristic curves and biopsy as the “gold standard.” Accuracies were calculated using all atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) cases or by eliminating subsets thereof. Retaining the ASCUS category resulted in significantly greater accuracy for the diagnosis of squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) on biopsy compared with eliminating it by diagnosing all such cases as negative. Subcategorization significantly improved the accuracy of the test only when all cases were included. The highest accuracy without subcategorization was achieved when ASCUS, favor reactive, cases were diagnosed as negative, but this threshold was significantly less sensitive than including all ASCUS cases. Increasing or decreasing the estimated ASCUS/SIL ratio from 2.4 without subcategorization significantly reduced accuracy. Similar results were obtained when high-grade SIL on biopsy was used as the gold standard. Use of the ASCUS category significantly improves the accuracy of the Papanicolaou test. Eliminating any subset of ASCUS reduces the ASCUS/SIL ratio but also significantly diminishes the sensitivity of the Papanicolaou test. The most commonly made abnormal diagnosis in the Bethesda System for reporting cervicovaginal cytology is atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS), constituting between 1% and 9% of Papanicolaou (Pap) test diagnoses (mean, 5%). 1-3 Several studies have shown that subcategorizing ASCUS cases into favor reactive, not otherwise specified (NOS), favor squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL), and favor high-grade SIL (HSIL) is associated with significantly different predictive values for a histologically confirmed SIL. 4-7 Whether subcategorizing ASCUS
Merit, Responsibility, and Thucydides

Since other readers of Mr. Creed's recent interesting article may find themselves in a similar puzzlement to my own over certain statements there made, I offer this reply in the hope of providing elucidation. It is clear that someone named Adkins has perpetrated something heinous; but that ‘someone’ manifestly holds views which differ in a number of important respects from my own. The most convenient method of demonstrating this fact would be to juxtapose passages of Creed with passages of my Merit and Responsibility ; but since space does not permit the juxtaposition of whole passages, I confine myself in the first part of this article to juxtaposing the references.
Flexible reporting options for skilled child abuse professionals

Proposed is a system of flexible options for the mandated reporting of child abuse and neglect, to improve compliance with and reduce burdens on the child protective system. Potential benefits and drawbacks of the plan, which would identify and train registered reporters and offer the option of explicit deferred investigation, are discussed.
Distribution of estrogen receptor-immunoreactive cells in the sheep brain.

The distribution of immunoreactive (IR) estrogen receptor (ER)-containing cells was studied in the brains of adult Suffolk ewes using a rat monoclonal antibody (H222) which recognizes the human estrogen receptor. IR cells were characterized by dense nuclear reaction product, and in some instances, cytoplasmic immunostaining which filled dendrite-like processes. The greatest densities of ER-IR cells were found in the medial preoptic area, the mediobasal hypothalamus, and in a number of limbic system structures (amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral septum). ER-IR cells were found at lower densities in several other subregions of the hypothalamus and limbic system, and in the periaqueductal gray of the caudal midbrain. Cytoplasmic ER immunoreactivity was most prominent among ER-IR cells in the ventrolateral-ventromedial nucleus, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the midbrain periaqueductal gray, and some ER-IR cells in the substantia innominata. The distribution of ER-containing cell...
Education for pain management: A pilot study

Abstract In this experimental study, knowledge of pain perception, interpretation and pain management, perceived ability to decrease pain, use of self-control methods, and rating of pain intensity were measured before and after teaching cancer patients to cope with pain by using distraction, relaxation, and massage. The experimental group demonstrated a statistically significant increase in knowledge. The greatest behavior change was in the use of distraction. A smaller proportion of the experimental group than the control group reported increased use of medication. Recommendations for practice and future research are identified.
The nucleolar channel system reliably marks the midluteal endometrium regardless of fertility status: a fresh look at an old organelle.

Objective To determine whether nucleolar channel systems (NCSs) in the midluteal endometrium are associated with overall fertility status and/or with unexplained infertility. Design Retrospective and prospective clinical studies. Setting Repository of stored specimens from prior multicenter study and private infertility center. Patient(s) Retrospective study that included 97 women (49 fertile couples, 48 infertile couples) who had been randomized for endometrial biopsy during the midluteal or late luteal phase. The prospective study included 78 women with a variety of infertility diagnoses. Intervention(s) Endometrial biopsies were obtained and assessed for the presence of NCSs by indirect immunofluorescence. Main Outcome Measure(s) The presence of NCS was graded semiquantitatively and dichotomized as normal versus low or absent. Result(s) Normal presence of NCS was significantly associated with the midluteal phase compared with the late luteal phase (80% vs. 29%). However, there was no association between presence of NCS and fertility status or between presence of NCS and unexplained infertility. Conclusion(s) Midluteal phase endometrium consistently forms NCSs regardless of fertility status, including unexplained infertility. This indicates a possible role for the NCS in initiating the window of endometrial receptivity. However, the consistent presence of NCSs across several different types of infertility challenges the likelihood that inadequate secretory transformation is a cause of infertility.
Practice and Research in Career Counseling and Development--2009.

A review of the 2009 career counseling and development literature indicates that the field remains vital, vibrant, valid, and viable precisely 100 years after its founding. Using the field's 4 fundamental traditions of person-environment fit, life-span development, social cognition, and constructivism-social constructionism as lenses for considering articles across customary topical areas, the review examines the 2009 career counseling and development literature to consolidate knowledge about advances in theory, assessment, and intervention. The review concludes with a general discussion and the author's top 10 favorite articles for 2009, with encouragement to the reader to develop a personal favorites list.
Time-dependent platelet-vessel wall interactions induced by intestinal ischemia-reperfusion.

Platelets roll and adhere in venules exposed to ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). This platelet-endothelial adhesion may influence leukocyte trafficking because platelet depletion decreases I/R-induced l...
Semantics of concurrent revisions

Enabling applications to execute various tasks in parallel is difficult if those tasks exhibit read and write conflicts. We recently developed a programming model based on concurrent revisions that addresses this challenge in a novel way: each forked task gets a conceptual copy of all the shared state, and state changes are integrated only when tasks are joined, at which time write-write conflicts are deterministically resolved. In this paper, we study the precise semantics of this model, in particular its guarantees for determinacy and consistency. First, we introduce a revision calculus that concisely captures the programming model. Despite allowing concurrent execution and locally nondeterministic scheduling, we prove that the calculus is confluent and guarantees determinacy. We show that the consistency guarantees of our calculus are a logical extension of snapshot isolation with support for conflict resolution and nesting. Moreover, we discuss how custom merge functions can provide stronger guarantees for particular data types that are tailored to the needs of the application. Finally, we show we can visualize the nonlinear history of state in our computations using revision diagrams that clarify the synchronization between tasks and allow local reasoning about state updates.
Extensible point location algorithm

We present a general walkthrough point location algorithm for use with general polyhedron lattices and polygonal meshes assuming the usage of nothing more than a simple linked list as a data structure to store the polyhedra. The generality of the approach stems from using barycentric coordinates to extract local information about the location of the query point that allows a 'gradient descent'-like walk toward the goal.
Response and the social construction of error

Abstract Although the subject of error has been the focus of considerable scholarly inquiry, little is known about the effects of error on teachers' responses to students' writing. This article offers a prolegomenon to further research on response to error from a social constructivist perspective. Three areas for investigation are suggested and illustrated with more specific focuses: the effects of error on teachers' processing of student writing; the relationship between error and the and the teachers' construction of the writer's persona; and the relationship between the changing status of socially constructed norms of language use and response to error. Acknowledging the general disjunction between scholarship and teaching practices, the second half of the article turns to another kind of needed inquiry within the “scholarship of teaching.” Greater focus on reflective practice allows teachers to develop more sophisticated approaches to error in the classroom, especially in the relationship between instruction and response to students' writing.
NATURE OF MUTATIONS CONFERRING RESISTANCE TO 8-AZAGUANINE IN MOUSE CELL LINES

Two stable mouse cell mutants A9 and RAG, which are resistant to 8-azaguanine and deficient in hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT), have been studied in order to establish the nature of molecular changes conferring the mutant phenotypes. A specific precipitating rabbit antiserum was prepared against the normal HGPRT purified from mouse tissues, and used to test for cross-reacting material (CRM) in the mutant lysates. Neither mutants contained detectable cross-reacting material, as demonstrated by precipitation in-hibition tests. However, the L cell-derived mutant A9 was shown to have a low but significant level of HGPRT activity which was clearly different from that of the normal enzyme in the wild-type parental cell line. Compared to the wild-type enzyme, the HGPRT in A9 is extremely heat labile, and has an elevated substrate-binding constant in addition to distinct antigenic differences. Both A9 and RAG have been shown previously to revert to the normal phenotype with low frequency, thus ruling out gene deletions as a possible cause of the 8-azaguanine resistance. It is suggested that RAG could involve a recessive regulatory mutation, while A9 may contain a structurally altered HGPRT as a result of a missense mutation within the structural gene for this enzyme.
Metabolic and Cardiovascular Response to the CrossFit Workout ‘Cindy’

Metabolic and Cardiovascular Response to the CrossFit workout ’CINDY’. CrossFit is a fast growing sport of fitness that not only serves as a form of competition but as a form of general exercise training. Little is known about this young conditioning program and a better understanding of the metabolic and cardiovascular demands is needed. PURPOSE: It is the purpose of this study is to examine the acute metabolic and cardiovascular demands of a named CrossFit workout using semi- to well-trained subjects. METHODS: 7 men and 2 women (mean age = 27.2 ± 9.6) who have trained in CrossFit for at least 3 months participated in the study. Each subject performed a graded exercise test on a treadmill to determine maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). All subjects performed the named CrossFit workout called ‘CINDY’, which consisted of as many rounds possible of 5 pull-ups, 10 push-ups, and 15 air squats in 20-minutes. A portable metabolic analyzer was used to record volume of oxygen consumption (VO2) and rate of caloric expenditure (kcals.min-1). The subjects also wore a portable heart rate (HR) monitor. Means ± SD were determined for the following variables: VO2, %VO2max, HR, %HRmax, kcals.min-1, METs and total kcals. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that ‘CINDY’ resulted in average VO2 of 33.3 ± 5.5 ml.kg-1.min-1, which corresponded to 63.8 ± 12.3 % VO2max. In addition, the workout elicited a heart rate of 170.8 ± 13.5 beats.min-1. Furthermore, the subjects expended 13 ± 2.9 kcals.min-1, corresponding with a total caloric expenditure 260.6 ± 59.3 kcals. The average MET level was 9.5 ± 1.5. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study suggest that ‘CINDY’ could be classified as “vigorous intensity” based on established American College of Sports Medicine HRmax guidelines i.e., between 76 - 96 % of HRmax, while VO2max parameters where classified as “moderate intensity” i.e., between 46 to 64% of VO2max. Further investigation is needed to compare the metabolic response of other popular CrossFit workouts.
Exploring and Understanding the Biochemical Diversity of the Human Microbiota

Recent studies have illuminated a remarkable diversity and abundance of microbes living on and within the human body. While we are beginning to appreciate associations of certain bacteria and genes with particular host physiological states, considerable information is lacking about the relevant functional activities of the human microbiota. The human gut microbiome encodes tremendous potential for the biosynthesis and transformation of compounds that are important for both microbial and host physiology. Implementation of chemical knowledge and techniques will be required to improve our understanding of the biochemical diversity of the human microbiota. Such efforts include the characterization of novel microbial enzymes and pathways, isolation of microbial natural products, and development of tools to modulate biochemical functions of the gut microbiota. Ultimately, a molecular understanding of gut microbial activities will be critical for elucidating and manipulating these organisms' contributions to human health and disease.
HIERARCHICAL ANALYSIS OF INBREEDING DEPRESSION IN PEROMYSCUS POLIONOTUS.

The severity of inbreeding depression appears to vary among taxa, but few ecological or other patterns have been identified that predict accurately which taxa are most sensitive to inbreeding. To examine the causes of heterogeneity in inbreeding depression, the effects of inbreeding on reproduction, survival, and growth were measured in three replicate experimental stocks for each of three subspecies of Peromyscus polionotus mice. Inbreeding of the dam reduced the probability of breeding, the probability of producing a second litter, and litter size. Inbreeding of the litter caused depression of litter size, juvenile viability, and mass at weaning, and caused an increase in the within-litter variance in mass. In spite of differences between the subspecies in natural population sizes, genetic variation, and mean rates of reproduction and survival, all variation observed between experimental populations in their responses to inbreeding could be attributed to random founder effects. The genetic load of deleterious alleles in each replicate was unequally partitioned among its founder pairs, and different founders contributed to the load affecting different fitness components. Thus, inbreeding depression for any one fitness component, in our experimental environment, must be due to relatively few deleterious alleles with major effects. Genetic loads so comprised would be expected to diverge among natural populations due to both random drift and selective removal of recessive deleterious alleles during population bottlenecks. The near universality of inbreeding depression would be maintained, however, if different alleles contribute to inbreeding depression of different fitness components and in different environments.
Thermodynamics of gas turbine cycles with analytic derivatives in OpenMDAO

A new equilibrium thermodynamics analysis tool was built based on the CEA method using the OpenMDAO framework. The new tool provides forward and adjoint analytic derivatives for use with gradient based optimization algorithms. The new tool was validated against the original CEA code to ensure an accurate analysis and the analytic derivatives were validated against finite-difference approximations. Performance comparisons between analytic and finite difference methods showed a significant speed advantage for the analytic methods. To further test the new analysis tool, a sample optimization was performed to find the optimal air-fuel equivalence ratio, , maximizing combustion temperature for a range of different pressures. Collectively, the results demonstrate the viability of the new tool to serve as the thermodynamic backbone for future work on a full propulsion modeling tool.
Study on T lymphocyte subset amount in HIV patients who were identified not long ago

Objective:To detect T lymphocyte subsets in HIV patients who were identified not long ago and find out immunological status of this kind of people,and then estimate the stage of the diease.Methods:294 whole blood samples collected from HIV-1 infected persons were stained with three color fluorescence monoclonal antibody,and detected the absolute number of CD3+,CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ T lymphocyte by using COULTER EPICS XL and flowcount.The results were statistically analyzed by SPSS 12.0 software after counting the ratio of CD4+/CD8+.Results:The mean value of absolute number of CD3+ was 1218±608/μl,of CD3+CD4+ was 303±232/μl,of CD3+CD8+ was 811±421/μl and of CD4+/CD8+ was 0.41±0.31.Women had higher proportion of CD4+/CD8+ than men.Increasing age was associated with a decreased absolute number of CD3+ and CD3+CD4+ T lymphocyte,and with a decreased proportion of CD4+/CD8+.The T lymphocyte subsets of different spread approach had no distinct difference.Conclusion:Because of being in the fastigium onset,the HIV patients should be inspected the CD3+CD4+ T lymphocyte and other T lymphocyte subsets,and then estimated the HIV infectious stage and the time of therapy.
Poster Abstract: Unifying Modeling Substrate for Irrigation Cyber-Physical Systems

CPS's multi-domain nature is difficult to capture using existing modeling approaches, which produce compartmentalized and complex system simulation models. Unifying models of multi-domain physical phenomena and processes, and man-made artifacts into a single modeling substrate will enable enhanced design of intelligent control algorithms and analytics. Moreover, with use of known modeling abstractions, which describe the physical ordinary differential equation (ODE) relationships by introducing model components, such as those found in Electronic Design Automation (EDA) tools, models of the physical world, e.g. irrigation systems, integrated with models of cyber world, e.g. electrical circuits, can be analyzed using existing tools. This can be done by using analogies between hydraulic, electrical, mechanical, etc. (e.g Table 1). For example, we developed soil moisture transient electrical circuit model for the next generation of Irrigation CPS. The most important component in smart irrigation system design are the knowledge of water transport in the soil, or percolation, and water uptake by plants or transpiration and evaporation, or combined evapotranspiration (ET) (Figure 1). Main analytical ODEs that describe water transport in soil are Richard's Equation: ∂θ/∂t =(∂θ/∂z) [K(θ)(( ∂ψ/∂z) + 1)] and Darcy's Law: q = K(ψ)∇ψ, where θ is water content, K is the hydraulic conductivity, z is the elevation, t is time, ψ is the pressure head or water potential, q is the flux or the discharge per square area. However, these equations do not have closed form solutions, thus, we chose to model and simulate the phenomena using electrical circuit components. To expose the underlying soil physics, we modeled vertical segment of soil by layers of water storage, or capacitive, and transport, or resistive, components. Starting with a single layer of storage, model is tuned and evolved. At each successful stage of evolution, a storage component is divided into two storage elements and connected by a transport component. Meanwhile, model parameters are tuned by quadratic optimization with respect to experimental data split into training and validation segments, which were gathered from outdoor soil moisture sensor in a 16 day duration with 15 min sampling period. Finally, experimental results show that model order 3 (Figure 1) has the best fit of experimental data with R² = 0.923. Thus, this ODE based simulation methodology describes transient behavior of vertical moisture transport in soil, and enables CPS model- based design and control.
Radiation therapy in regionally advanced bladder cancer.

SUMMARY In conclusion, for patients undergoing bladder preservation, conventional external radiation therapy can no longer be recommended as a curative single modality. The usefulness of prognostic indicators, such as radiation responsiveness and tumor morphology, will have to be evaluated in light of newer treatment regimens. Patients should receive external radiation only if other therapies such as hyperfractionation, brachytherapy, intraoperative electrons, or combined chemotherapy and radiation therapy are unavailable or unable to be tolerated. Patients undergoing a planned cystectomy should receive preoperative radiation therapy until such time as neoadjuvant chemo-therapy has been proved more or equally effective.
Computational and Mathematical Modeling in the Social Sciences: Looking for Car Keys Without Any Street Lights

INTRODUCTION As we saw in the first chapter, there is a great deal of suspicion in the social sciences about purely empirical research. All too often, one finds models that fit a sample rather too well, demonstrating how modeling choices allow a researcher to discover relationships that are not genuine. Worse still, it is often unclear what is being tested in empirical work when there are ambiguities in the underlying deductive models. In this chapter, I will use the problems that complicate empirical work to highlight more general problems with both deductive and computational modeling. I will focus on empirical modeling initially, however, because these problems appear in a very clear form in empirical models. Moreover, empirical work is more common in the social sciences than either of the other traditions and thus deserves early attention. The goal, however, is not simply to criticize empirical work. Without it, no model stands on very firm ground, so this critique aims at the higher goal of generating a set of standards that would allow empirical work to be tied more closely to testing deductive and computational models. To demonstrate the main points I wish to make, I will draw more from the nonparametric and neural networks literatures than is common in social science. Additionally, research I have conducted with Christopher Gelpi and Jeffrey Grynaviski, and an ensuing debate with Nathaniel Beck, Gary King, and Langche Zheng will provide an example from an ongoing research question in security studies.
Global Prevalence of Elder Abuse in the Community

Evidence suggests that abuse and mistreatment of community-residing older adults is commonplace around the world, although estimates vary wildly across regions, cultures, and sociopolitical situations. The purpose of this chapter is to highlight efforts across the globe to explore the prevalence of elder abuse. In particular, we focus on recent work from the United States and Canada, Europe, Israel, and Asia and the Western Pacific. This chapter also addresses methodological issues in assessing elder abuse that may contribute to different prevalence estimates across studies and regions, and underscores the importance of establishing expert consensus guidelines in defining specific acts of abuse to allow for greater comparison of findings across studies.
Sensorimotor convergence in visual navigation and flight control systems

Insects exhibit unparalleled and incredibly robust flight dynamics in the face of uncertainties. A fundamental principle contributing to this amazing behavior is rapid processing and convergence of visual sensory information to flight motor commands via spatial wide-field integration, accomplished by motion pattern sensitive interneurons in the lobula plate portion of the visual ganglia. Within a control-theoretic framework, a model for wide-field integration of retinal image flow is developed, establishing the connection between image flow kernels (retinal motion pattern sensitivities) and the feedback terms they represent. It is demonstrated that the proposed output feedback methodology is sufficient to give rise to experimentally observed navigational heuristics as the centering and forward speed regulation responses exhibited by honeybees.
Issues in Measuring the Productivity of Electric Utilities

Abstract This study compares empirically various measures of performance of electric utilities and determines whether there are significant differences in the measures. Data of electric utilities in four countries in Northeast and Southeast Asia were used to calculate the four measures: the Fisher geometric total factor productivity (TFP) index, Tomqvist-Theil bilateral translog TFP index, multilateral translog TFP index, and the Best Practice Frontier Analysis (BPFA) efficiency scores. The indices obtained were then regressed against technical performance variables (load factor, transmission and distribution losses, thermal efficiency, thermal generation share, plant factor and demand density) and country dummy variables. The results show that the bilateral and geometric indices were quite similar, while significant differences were observed when comparing either index with the multilateral index or the BPFA scores. The study therefore suggests that one needs to be careful in using just one type of measure to compare productivity of utilities, since different types of productivity indices give varying interpretations. Further detailed investigation based on the theoretical framework is being carried out to determine which type of index would be most appropriate for use in comparing performance of electric utilities.
Automatic Discovery and Transfer of Task Hierarchies in Reinforcement Learning

Sequential decision tasks present many opportunities for the study of transfer learning. A principal one among them is the existence of multiple domains that share the same underlying causal structure for actions. We describe an approach that exploits this shared causal structure to discover a hierarchical task structure in a source domain, which in turn speeds up learning of task execution knowledge in a new target domain. Our approach is theoretically justiﬁed and compares favorably to manually designed task hierarchies in learning efﬁciency in the target domain. We demonstrate that causally motivated task hierarchies transfer more robustly than other kinds of detailed knowledge that depend on the idiosyncrasies of the source domain and are hence less transferable.
Self-assembly of a novel Cu(II) coordination complex forms metallo-vesicles that are able to transfect mammalian cells

Herein, we report the synthesis of amphiphilic bis-(4-pyridylmethyl hexadecanoate)-(1,4,7-triazacyclononane) copper(II) triflate, referred to as Complex 1, which forms metallo-vesicles in water by exploiting the principles of supramolecular chemistry. Extruded metallo-vesicles showed an average particle size of about 33 nm, which was revealed by transmission electron microscopy. The 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of Complex 1 was determined to be 1.25 mM in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK 293-T), and through flow cytometry, it was revealed that these metallo-vesicles could deliver a reporter gene pEGFPN1 to HEK 293-T cells measured. In addition, a non-amphiphilic structural analog, namely bipyridine-(1,4,7-triazacyclononane) copper(II) triflate, hereafter called Complex 2, was synthesized and characterized by X-ray crystallography to reveal the coordination sphere around the copper(II) ion in Complex 1. This study suggests that transition metal-mediated self-assembly can be employed to form low-cost complex nanoparticles having low toxicity and gene transfection properties.
Robust Time-Varying Parameter Identification for Composite Load Modeling

With the increasing integration of uncertain resources, e.g., renewables, electric vehicles, and demand responses, it is imperative to understand the characteristics of loads for power system analysis and control. Challenges of load modeling come from a variety of load components and time-varying compositions. In addition, the existence of outliers in measurements further complicates the problem. This paper proposes a robust time-varying parameter identification technique for composite ZIP and induction motor load models. A batch-model regression form, including time-varying parameters, is established based on state transition models and observation models with current observations and previous predictions to guarantee data redundancy. To deal with outliers, down-weighting coefficients of measurements are calculated with a projection statistics approach. Based on the batch-model regression and the down-weighting coefficients, parameter identification at each sample time is formulated as a weighted least squares optimization, which is solved by the Newton-Raphson approach with the previous estimated parameters as the initial iteration values. In addition, parameters’ sensitivities to different outliers in measurements are analyzed. Results on the IEEE 57-bus system and IEEE 118-bus system show that the proposed algorithm can robustly identify time-varying parameters for the composite load models.
Stopped random walks and control of uncertain systems

In the design of control systems affected by uncertain parameters, a primary goal is to ensure that a controller designed based on nominal values of parameters will perform satisfactorily in the presence of uncertainties. Adaptive randomized algorithms have been proposed in literature for overcoming the issue of conservatism and computational complexity which exponentially grows with respect to the dimension of uncertainty. In this paper, we demonstrate that such adaptive randomized algorithms are inherently associated with stopped random walks. We develop a unified theory of stopped random walks which has potential to make better decision and control strategies for uncertain systems.
An electron microscopic study of the bone marrow of the rat in an experimental myelogenous leukemia.

Alterations in the vascular sinus and hematopoietic compartment of rat bone marrow were observed with electron microscopy during the pathogenesis of an acute myelogenous leukemia. As the disease progresses, the sinus wall becomes damaged and disintegrates; normal hemic elements disappear, and the marrow compartment becomes packed with leukemic myeloblasts. Viruslike particles are present in intercellular spaces and appear to bud from leukemic cells.
Stability of Geometric Inequalities

Most geometric inequalities concerning convex bodies have the property that the occurrence of the equality sign characterizes geometrically significant objects, like balls, ellipsoids or simplexes. This fact suggests the following stability problem: If for some convex body the given inequality is satisfied so that it is not very different from an equality what can be said about the deviation of the body from these objects? Problems of this kind appear already in the work of Minkowski and Bonnesen but have been investigated more systematically only in recent times. The present article is a survey of stability results for geometric inequalities and provides pertinent references. Because of space limitations it was not possible to include complete proofs but occasionally some indications regarding the methods of proof will be provided.