cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HOW CAN AN AMERICAN STUDENT BEST PROFIT BY A YEAR IN FRANCE

THE advantages of studying the French language and literature in France are legion and the numerous disadvantages of not doing it are often made painfully obvious by the shortcomings of French teachers who have studied only in American universities. Unfortunately, it does not go without saying at all that everybody who goes to Paris to study receives the benefits which he should receive from a prolonged stay. There are many impediments in his way such as the differences between the French and American educational systems, the differences in living conditions, the incorrect ideas which the French and the Americans have in regard to each other, human egotism (!), narrowmindedness, lack of plan on the part of the sudent, his immatureness, and so forth. The French are not good at propaganda and have not seen fit to change their old universities to suit the foreigners who flock there; the foreigner has to accommodate himself to it just as he has to get along without some of the modern conveniences which, in our rich country, are taken for granted. But foreigners have been welcomed in Paris ever since the days when Dante went there. And an open-minded American should profit enormously by a year or two of study and travel in France if he knows what he wants to get and if he is prepared to do the work. It is not strange that Americans living, traveling, or studying in France, should be generally looked upon by the French of the middle classes as very well-to-do people with a perfectly Gargantuan capacity for doing things the ordinary person of the petite bourgeoisie, for both social and economic reasons, does not do. For years, numbers of Americans have neglected nothing to establish this reputation and now that they know what is expected of them, thanks to the French theatre, the French novel and the press, they seem to be doing everything in their power to maintain the character they have prepared for themselves. Americans, like the English-and humans in general for that matter-are generally inclined to do what they think is expected of them. Even though the very great majority of Americans living abroad 401
Interdealer Inference and Price Discovery

We investigate futures dealers in terms of their price relationships. We estimate a vector error correction model for dealer proprietary prices, examining the resulting information shares and common factors. More active dealers are significant price leaders, with only 1/5 of the traders responsible for a significantly higher degree of price discovery. Price leadership is more significant in both volatile and falling markets, when information is perhaps more valuable. We also find that most active floor traders generally trade at the same time and in the same direction.
VISUAL LASER ABLATION OF THE PROSTATE : A VIABLE ALTERNATIVE TO TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION OF THE PROSTATE

In this issue of the Mayo Clinic Proceedings (pages 28 to 32), Malek and coworkers discuss their experience with visual laser ablation of the prostate (VLAP) in 47 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Symptoms from BPH are reported in almost half of all men by the age of 75 years. I Although patients may describe identical symptoms, the degree to which these symptoms affect the quality of a person's life often differs substantially. Frequently, the deci­ sion to treat is based on subjective criteria, and simply mak­ ing the decision to treat BPH has resulted in decreased symptoms.' The patient and the physician should collabo­ ratively decide when and how to treat BPH. Malek and associates, my colleagues and I,3 and other investigators'> have found that VLAP is a safe and effective treatment. Therapeutic Options for BPH.-For almost a century, transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) has remained the "gold standard" for treating BPH. During the past de­ cade, considerable effort has been invested in attempts to devise a treatment modality that is as efficacious as TURP but associated with less morbidity. Prostatic balloon dilation was briefly advocated, but 6-month follow-up results have been disappointing." Transurethral incision of the prostate involves limited tissue resection, entails a short operative time, and is associated with minimal morbidity; however, it is recommended only for small prostates (less than 20 g),? Recently, medical therapy with use of 5a-reductase inhibi­ tors (finasteride) and aj-adrenergic antagonists (terazosin or prazosin hydrochloride) has been proposed, but a lifetime of patient compliance is necessary. Drawbacks of finasteride include delayed or minimal response (or both) and masking of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels for early detection of prostatic cancer." Headaches and dizziness from a j­ adrenergic antagonists have limited their use in some pa­ tients,? Currently, prostatic stents are under investigation and have been reported as a preferable alternative to a long­ term indwelling Foley catheter in debilitated patients with urinary retention.'? Promising results, decreased morbidity, and lower cost make VLAP a desirable alternative. Technique of VLAP.-Neodymium:yttrium-aluminum­ garnet (Nd:YAG) is the active medium used by most urolo
Reply to "Letter to the editor: 'Systemic cell theory, protoplasmic theory, and their logic of explanation'"

). He raises concerns regarding ourhistoriographical approach to the notions of “protoplasmictheory” and “cellular systems biology” that feature promi-nently in our treatise. We are a bit perplexed by the contentionthat “readers of the article are left alone to establish their ownconcepts of the theoretical backgrounds of systemic cell andprotoplasmic theory.” Judging from Muller-Strahl’s evocationthat
Corporate Leniency Programs when Firms have Private Information: The Push of Prosecution and the Pull of Pre‐emption

A corporate leniency program provides relief from government penalties to the first member of a cartel to come forward and cooperate with the authorities. This study explores the incentives to apply for leniency when each cartel member has private information as to the likelihood that the competition authority will be able to convict them without a cooperating firm. A firm may apply for leniency because it fears being convicted ("prosecution effect") or because it fears another firm will apply ("pre-emption effect"). Policies by the competition authority to magnify concerns about pre-emption - and thereby induce greater use of the leniency program - are also explored.
Sorting Laundry: Categorization Strategy Application to an Authentic Learning Activity by Children with Autism

The current study replicates and extends learning strategy research investigating the effects of categorization strategy training on the abilities of children with autism to accurately complete uni...
Mating Types and their Determination in Stylonychia putrina

SYNOPSIS. A total of 155 clones of Stylonychia putrina collected in nature were tested for mating type. Two sexually isolated varieties were found among them: Variety I with 12 mating types and Var. II with 11. Five of the clones isolated in the laboratory belonged to 3 additional mating types of Var. I making a total of 15 mating types in this variety. Crosses were made among 6 of the mating types of Var. I, and 114 clones of progeny were raised and tested for mating type. No simple genetic explanation of the results was evident. An abnormal type of conjugation with fusion of the conjugants and subsequent fission was studied. Both parental mating types sometimes segregated during the first two fissions of a fused animal. Mating type determination in the progeny of the fused animals seemed to parallel that of the progeny of the normal conjugants in that in both cases certain mating types tended to be dominant over others.
Supercritical CO2 dispersion of nano-clays and clay/polymer nanocomposites

Dispersed polymer/clay nanocomposites are of great interest because they can significantly improve the properties of existing polymeric materials. However, achieving a high level of clay dispersion has been a key challenge in the production of polymer/clay nanocomposites. In this paper, we explore a novel supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) processing method that utilizes scCO2 to disperse nano-clays. The structure and properties of the clays and the resultant nanocomposites are characterized using a combination of wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and rheology. Significant dispersion was achieved with dry Cloisite 93A clay, whereas relatively poor dispersion was achieved with dry Cloisite Na þ (natural clay). The extent of clay dispersion appears to be dependent on the ‘CO2-philicity’, which in turn appears to depend on the surface modifications and inter-gallery spacing. The presence of an acidic hydrogen on the surfactant in Cloisite 93A appears to play a strong role in its ‘CO2-philicity’. The ability to delaminate dry clays is significant because it will likely increase the ability to produce dispersed clay/polymer nanocomposites via melt processing. In addition to delaminating dry clays, we demonstrate that CO2-phobic Cloisite Na þ (natural clay) can be partially dispersed with scCO2, using a CO2-philic polymer, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The dispersed clay/PDMS nanocomposite shows an order of magnitude increase in the dynamic storage modulus at low frequencies, accompanied by the emergence of a ‘solid-like’ plateau, characteristic of dispersed nanocomposites with enhanced clay/polymer interactions. 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Abstract T P373: Experience with a Multidisciplinary Pediatric Neurovascular Conference for Complex Disease Management

Introduction: In 2013 our institution established a multidisciplinary pediatric neurovascular conference (PNVC) for coordination of care. Here we review our initial experience. Hypothesis: Collaboration yields coordinated care for children with complex cerebrovascular disease and treatment protocols for commonly discussed conditions. Methods: Clinical and demographic data were obtained from medical records for patients presented to PNVC from April 2013 to July 2014. Survey data were collected from PNVC participants. Results: The PNVC met 26 times in the study period. Overall, 78 children were presented a total of 112 times, 41% with history of stroke. Of 64 (82%) with a diagnosed vascular lesion, AVM (30%), cavernous malformation (14%), and moyamoya (11%) were most common. Most discussions were for review of imaging (35%), need for additional imaging (27%), or treatment plan (25%) [Table]. Follow-up angiography was performed in 27%. A surgical operation was employed in 22%; 18% received neurointervention;...
Safe for Work? Analyzing the Supreme Court's Standard of Privacy for Government Employees in Light of City of Ontario V. Quon

This note analyzes the need for the Supreme Court to develop a firm constitutional standard for determining whether a government search of a public employee is reasonable under the Fourth Amendment. Specifically, the note stresses that the test needs to take into account emerging technology and its impact on public employees’ privacy rights. To properly ground these issues in current law, I explore them through the lens of the Supreme Court’s two major opinions related to government searches of its employees — O’Connor v. Ortega and City of Ontario v. Quon. I then demonstrate that the Supreme Court has yet to produce a standard that adequately protects the privacy interests of public employees. To fill this gap in the law, I propose a balancing test that weighs the interests of both the government employer and the government employee. The test does so by considering the extent to which an employee’s work-related activity carries over into the private sphere of the home.
Global Capital, Business Groups and State Coordination: the Changing Profile of Chaebol-State Relations in South Korea

This article examines the effects of global capitalism and state coordination on the financial behaviour of chaebol (business conglomerates) in South Korea. This study focuses on the evolution from controller to coordinator in the post-developmental South Korean state. In recent times, the Korean government has been studied as the exemplar of the Asian newly industrializing economies (NIEs) based on its ability to control economic development. As civil society pressures outgrew government control in the 1990s, the government’s mission shifted from control to coordination – the state sought to accommodate newly emerging or enlarged bargaining domains of key political-economic actors. However, the emergent post-developmental state is buffeted by the growing strength of the private sector, domestically and transnationally. While civil society strived to mobilize mass movements to further social democracy, the neoliberal evolution of capitalist class interests generated institutional configurations favouring the hegemony of finance capital.
Nest Relocation in Harvester Ants

It has been suggested that colonies of the genus Pogonomyrmex relocate their nests in response to crowding by neighboring colonies. Nest relocations and distances moved were observed in a population of about 250 colonies of Pogonomyrmex barbatus (F. Smith). Nest relocation tends to occur after summer rains. 20% of colonies attempt to relocate nests each year, and half of these, or 10% of the population, complete the move. These data indicate that the stimulus to move may be different from the factors that ultimately determine the suitability of a new nest site. There was no relation between distance to the nearest neighbor and tendency to move, or between colony age and tendency to move. Certain colonies are likely to move year after year. It is possible that colonies relocate in an unsuccessful attempt to escape infection or infestation that is transferred when they move.
A Wulff in a Cage: The Confinement of Substrate-Based Structures in Plasmonic Nanoshells, Nanocages, and Nanoframes Using Galvanic Replacement

Galvanic replacement reactions carried out on solid core–shell structures typically yield a noble metal nanorattle geometry in which a mobile core is contained within a hollowed shell. Here, we adapt this colloidal synthesis to substrate-based structures to obtain a fundamentally altered product in which an immobilized core is separated from the shell by a well-defined gap, an architecture unobtainable using colloidal techniques and that offers unique advantages in terms of generating plasmonic near-field effects within the confines of a single structure. In the devised route, Wulff-shaped templates of Au, Pt, or Pd, formed through the dewetting of ultrathin films, are first transformed into core–shell structures through the reduction of Ag+ ions onto their surface and then further transformed through the galvanic replacement of Ag with Au. Through suitable adjustments to the shell geometry, the epitaxial relationship with the substrate, and the extent to which the shell is replaced, it is possible to gen...
Correlation of human in vitro fertilization with the hamster egg bioassay

We compared fertility potential measurements by the zona-free hamster egg bioassay with the in vitro fertilization of human eggs. Sperm from 24 husbands participating in an in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer program were used in 27 inseminations of the wives' eggs and in simultaneous inseminations of hamster eggs. In seven cases, a positive fertility assessment was obtained in the absence of fertilization of the wives' eggs attributable to egg immaturity or in one case to equipment failure. In the remaining 20 cases, at least one egg was fertilized, for a level of 73%. In 90% of the husbands who fertilized their wives' eggs, a positive fertility assessment was obtained. Two husbands gave false-negative assessments. To account for these, alternative culture conditions were examined; sperm exposure to longer preincubations or at higher concentrations usually improved assessments. These results indicate that fertility assessment with this bioassay is highly correlated with the fertilization of human eggs in vitro.
Effects of different polysaccharides on the formation of egg yolk LDL complex nanogels for nutrient delivery

Abstract Five polysaccharides, pectin, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), gum arabic, carrageenan and alginate, were studied to form complex nanogels with egg yolk low density lipoprotein (LDL). All nanogels were smaller than 85 nm with high negative zeta potential, while LDL/carrageenan and LDL/alginate nanogels exhibited more heterogeneous size distribution. Fourier transform infrared spectrum suggested that hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions were involved to form nanogels. Overall, significant expansion of nanogels was observed after encapsulation of curcumin, being studied as a model lipophilic nutrient. Fluorescence spectra evidenced that LDL provided non-polar microenvironment for curcumin and polysaccharides played an important role in the encapsulation process. All nanogels showed sustained release of curcumin under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Furthermore, nanoscale, smooth and spherical ultrafine dry powders of nanogels were obtained by innovative nano spray drying technology. Our study indicated that LDL/polysaccharides may serve as potential oral delivery systems for lipophilic nutrients.
Sequential Logic Design

In this chapter we begin looking at sequential logic design. Sequential logic design differs from combinational logic design in that the outputs of the circuit depend not only on the current values of the inputs but also on the past values of the inputs. This is different from the combinational logic design where the output of the circuitry depends only on the current values of the inputs. The ability of a sequential logic circuit to base its outputs on both the current and past inputs allows more sophisticated and intelligent systems to be created. We begin by looking at sequential logic storage devices, which are used to hold the past values of a system. This is followed by an investigation of timing considerations of sequential logic circuits. We then look at some useful circuits that can be created using only sequential logic storage devices. Finally, we look at one of the most important logic circuits in digital systems, the finite state machine. The goal of this chapter is to provide an understanding of the basic operation of sequential logic circuits.
Computationally-Efficient Prediction of Micromotion in a Cementless Tibial Tray

Introduction: Primary stability is crucial for long-term fixation of cementless tibial trays. Micromotion less than 50 μm is associated with stable bone ingrowth and greater than 150 μm causes the formation of fibrous tissue around the implant [1, 2]. Finite element (FE) analysis of complete activities of daily living (ADL9s) have been used to assess primary stability, but these are computationally expensive. There is an increasing need to account for both patient and surgical variability when assessing the performance of total joint replacement. As a consequence, an implant should be evaluated over a spectrum of load cases. An alternative approach to running multiple FE models, is to perform a series of analyses and train a surrogate model which can then be used to predict micromotion in a fraction of the time. Surrogate models have been used to predict single metrics, such as peak micromotion. The aim of this work is to train a surrogate model capable of predicting micromotion over the entire bone-implant interface. Methods: A FE model of an implanted proximal tibia was analysed [3] (Fig. 1). A statistical model of knee kinetics, incorporating subject-specific variability in all 6-DOF joint loads [4], was used to randomly generate loading profiles for 50 gait cycles. A Latin Hypercube (LH) sampling method was applied to sample 6-DOF loads of the new population throughout the gait cycle. Kinetic data was sampled at 10, 50 and 100 instances and FE predictions of micromotion were calculated and used to train a surrogate model capable of describing micromotion over the entire bone-implant interface. The surrogate model was tested for an unseen gait cycle and the resulting micromotions were compared with FE predictions. Results and discussion: Accuracy of the surrogate model increased with increasing sample size in the training set; with a LH sample of 10, 50 and 100 trials, the surrogate model predicted micromotion at the bone-implant interface during gait with RMS accuracy of 61, 44 and 33 μm, respectively (Fig. 2). Similar range in micromotion was measured in FE and surrogate models; although the surrogate model tended to over-predict micromotion early in the gait cycle (Fig. 2). There was good agreement in location and magnitude of micromotion at the interface surface through out the gait cycle (Fig. 3). Although encouraging, further work is required to optimize the number and distribution of the training samples to minimize the error in the surrogate model. Analysis time for the FE model was 15 hours, compared to 30 seconds for the surrogate model. The results suggest that surrogate models have significant potential to rapidly predict micromotion over the entire bone-implant interface, allowing for a greater range in loading conditions to be explored than would be possible through conventional methods.
Standardisierung und Innovationen im Bordnetz

Der wachsende Elektronikanteil im Fahrzeug erhoht auch den Aufwand fur die Spannungsversorgung, die Energieverteilung und den Datenaustausch. Elektrische und elektronische Bordnetze werden deshalb immer komplexer. Damit die Kosten-, Funktionsund Packagevorgaben in Zukunft noch erfullt werden konnen, hat Delphi seine Entwicklungsprozesse auf diese Herausforderungen neu ausgerichtet. Zu den Innovationen gehoren neue Verdrahtungsprinzipien, Verbindungstechniken, Kommunikationsstrukturen, Werkstoffe und Qualitatsprozesse.
The new generation of the Polo GTI

In the fifth generation of the Polo, Volkswagen is launching the new GTI model in summer 2010. Alongside its TSI gasoline engine, the GTI features a new front and rear design while the interior has a distinct sporty feel. Only one year after the market launch of the new Polo, Volkswagen is presenting the third generation of the Polo GTI, together with a new tilting panoramic sunroof and bi-xenon headlamps, which are available the first time in the Polo class.
STABILITY OF VIRUSES IN LOW MOISTURE FOODS

Reovirus type 1, influenza virus type A, and parainfluenza virus type 3 persisted for ≤ 3 days in the low-moisture foods tested. Then enteroviruses tested persisted > 2 weeks at room temperature and > 2 months in the refrigerator. Where storage temperature was not constant, time-temperature effects were roughly cumulative. Inactivation of enteroviruses proceeded at an intermediate rate in foods stored at an intermediate temperature of 12 C. Polioviruses from feces and from tissue cultures were inactivated at comparable rates in foods. The inactivation rate of another enterovirus (ECHO-6) was similar. Neither the presence of feces nor of the fecal microflora seemed to influence the persistence of food-borne poliovirus. The moisture level in a food did not effect poliovirus inactivation under conditions of these tests. At reduced temperatures, virus was extremely stable in foods at pH ≥ 7. At pH 5.5, there was a complex interaction of protein and salt content upon virus stability. Poliovirus was inactivated...
Assessment of Hematologic and Non-Hematologic Toxicity in Older Cancer Patients Receiving Systemic Chemotherapy: Results from a Prospective Nationwide Registry.

Abstract Introduction: Although 60% of all malignancies occur in patients ≥65, this population is poorly represented in cancer clinical trials. While fit elderly patients appear to tolerate chemotherapy as well as younger individuals, less is known about chemotherapy tolerance in older cancer patients with poor performance status or co-morbidities. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of patient and disease characteristics on the reported toxicities of cancer chemotherapy. Methods: This study represents part of a prospective, nationwide registry based at 137 randomly selected practice sites throughout the US. The major malignancies considered were cancers of the breast (33%), colon (10%), lung (19%) and ovary (7%) along with malignant lymphoma (8%). To date, 3422 patients have been registered of which 2719 are available for analysis including 1083 patients age ≥65 (40%). Primary outcome measures were: relative dose intensity (RDI) compared to standard doses, anemia (Hgb Results: Complete data were available on 927 patients ≥65 years of age. Among breast cancer patients, increasing age ( Conclusions: While anemia increases with age in non-breast cancer patients, neutropenia decreases with increasing age in breast cancer patients, most likely as a result of age-related reductions in RDI.
Protein Structural Analysis via Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics

Modern mass spectrometry (MS) technologies have provided a versatile platform that can be combined with a large number of techniques to analyze protein structure and dynamics. These techniques include the three detailed in this chapter: (1) hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX), (2) limited proteolysis, and (3) chemical crosslinking (CX). HDX relies on the change in mass of a protein upon its dilution into deuterated buffer, which results in varied deuterium content within its backbone amides. Structural information on surface exposed, flexible or disordered linker regions of proteins can be achieved through limited proteolysis, using a variety of proteases and only small extents of digestion. CX refers to the covalent coupling of distinct chemical species and has been used to analyze the structure, function and interactions of proteins by identifying crosslinking sites that are formed by small multi-functional reagents, termed crosslinkers. Each of these MS applications is capable of revealing structural information for proteins when used either with or without other typical high resolution techniques, including NMR and X-ray crystallography.
Comparative Study of Functional Nasal Reconstruction Using Structural Reinforcement.

ImportanceNasal reconstruction after Mohs surgery is a unique challenge in that it must satisfy both functional and aesthetic goals. Despite some advocacy in the literature for using structural rei...
Rates and Correlates of Binge Drinking Among College Students With Disabilities, United States, 2013.

Objective:Our objective was to provide the first comprehensive picture of alcohol use and binge drinking by US college students with disabilities (SWDs), who represent at least 11% (1.6 million) of...
It Takes an Act of Congress or Does It? Naming Practices of VA Facilities

The Veterans Health Administration, a division under the US Department of Veterans Affairs, oversees more than 1700 healthcare facilities that provide support for more than eight million veterans annually. These facilities, grouped under geographically organized networks, have 89 named after individuals. This research examines why these individuals have been honored. This study also examines the legislation involved in naming the facilities and the other means by which Veterans Affairs healthcare facilities have been named. Since veterans’ healthcare is under scrutiny, an investigation into the naming practices, the relationship between the Veterans Health Administration and Congress, and those who strongly advocate naming facilities may provide insight into the manner in which veterans are honored.
Strong Electronic Coupling of Molecular Sites to Graphitic Electrodes via Pyrazine Conjugation

Glassy carbon electrodes were functionalized with redox-active moieties by condensation of o-phenylenediamine derivatives with o-quinone sites native to graphitic carbon surfaces. Electrochemical and spectroscopic investigations establish that these graphite-conjugated catalysts (GCCs) exhibit strong electronic coupling to the electrode, leading to electron transfer (ET) behavior that diverges fundamentally from that of solution-phase or surface-tethered analogues. We find that (1) ET is not observed between the electrode and a redox-active GCC moiety regardless of applied potential. (2) ET is observed at GCCs only if the interfacial reaction is ion-coupled. (3) Even when ET is observed, the oxidation state of a transition metal GCC site remains unchanged. From these observations, we construct a mechanistic model for GCC sites in which ET behavior is identical to that of catalytically active metal surfaces rather than to that of molecules in solution. These results suggest that GCCs provide a versatile pl...
Government-to-Robot Enforcement

Automated legal systems occupy a central place in the administration of most regulatory regimes. Examples include banking, tax, environmental, copyright, consumer credit reporting, and wage and hour regulation. These systems, or compliance robots, produce centralized results which invite government examination and adjudication on a centralized, ex post basis. This is revolutionary. It means that the content of law, which now technically applies to individual regulated parties, might begin to be determined centrally by interactions between the government and the firms that make compliance robots. I call this possibility government-to-robot enforcement. Government-to-robot enforcement could improve greatly the efficiency of compliance, which is vulnerable to underdetection and underenforcement. Government-to-robot enforcement could find mistakes, impose strict liability, use a damages multiplier, and re-solve government claims against individual users collectively by dealing directly with a centralized compliance robot. It could free third parties from the negative externalities of noncompliance, like higher taxes because of others’ tax avoidance or contaminated air because of illegal pollution. But government-to-robot enforcement has other problems. These include the decline of individual claims against the government and the risk of reverse capture, meaning the development of pro-government bias in the law. Another disadvantage is a fairness concern, since more effective government-to-robot enforcement would not apply to those who chose not to use compliance robots.
The Austin High School Girls’ Band of Chicago, Illinois: 1925–1956:

The purpose of this study was to examine the history of the Austin High School (AHS) Girls’ Band (AHSGB) of Chicago, Illinois, which existed from 1925 to 1956. This research focused on the band’s (...
Long-term prescribing of nitrofurantoin for urinary tract infections (UTI) in veterans with spinal cord injury (SCI)

To evaluate the impact of long-term nitrofurantoin for UTI prophylaxis in veterans with SCI.Matched pairs study.Veterans cared for at VA facilities from 10/1/2012-9/30/2013.Veterans.n/a.UTI, positi...
Normal and Abnormal Development of the Brain

The gestational period is exceptionally hazardous, having a particularly high mortality rate during the first trimester. Morbidity is also high, with an incidence of developmental abnormalities approaching five percent of all live births (Niswander & Gordon, 1972). The central nervous system is especially vulnerable (Leck, Record, McKeown, & Edwards, 1968; Creasy & Alberman, 1976). The severity of the public health problem posed by developmental disorders of the nervous system is underscored by the fact that in the United States alone over three percent or approximately six million individuals are affected (Moser & Wolf, 1971).
Design and testing of peptide-based cytotoxic T-cell-mediated immunotherapeutics to treat infectious diseases and cancer.

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) have been implicated in the control and elimination of various viral and bacterial infections, tumors, and some parasitic diseases. CTLs that are characterized by the presence of the CD8 antigen generally recognize peptide fragments derived from intracellular processing of various antigens in the form of a complex with MHC class I molecules expressed on the cell surface (Germain and Margulies, 1993). This recognition may result in the lysis of the cell bearing the MHC-peptide antigen complex in an antigen-specific, MHC-restricted manner (Germain and Margulies, 1993). In addition, CTLs also generate a number of different lymphokines including gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which are either directly cytolytic, regulate viral replication, or function to amplify the ongoing immune response (van der Bruggen and Van den Eynde, 1992; Jassoy et al., 1993; Rosenberg et al., 1988).
A Multipronged Approach for Compiling a Global Map of Allosteric Regulation in the Apoptotic Caspases

One of the most promising and as yet underutilized means of regulating protein function is exploitation of allosteric sites. All caspases catalyze the same overall reaction, but they perform different biological roles and are differentially regulated. It is our hypothesis that many allosteric sites exist on various caspases and that understanding both the distinct and overlapping mechanisms by which each caspase can be allosterically controlled should ultimately enable caspase-specific inhibition. Here we describe the ongoing work and methods for compiling a comprehensive map of apoptotic caspase allostery. Central to this approach are the use of (i) the embedded record of naturally evolved allosteric sites that are sensitive to zinc-mediated inhibition, phosphorylation, and other posttranslational modifications, (ii) structural and mutagenic approaches, and (iii) novel binding sites identified by both rationally-designed and screening-derived small-molecule inhibitors.
Formulating Distance Functions

Tasks of data mining and information retrieval depend on a good distance function for measuring similarity between data instances. The most effective distance function must be formulated in a context-dependent (also application-, data- and user-dependent) way. In this chapter,\(^\dagger\) we present a method, which learns a distance function by capturing the nonlinear relationships among contextual information provided by the application, data, or user. We show that through a process called the “kernel trick,” such nonlinear relationships can be learned efficiently in a projected space. Theoretically, we substantiate that our method is both sound and optimal. Empirically, using several datasets and applications, we demonstrate that our method is effective and useful.
Innovations in the Psychopharmacologic Treatment of Schizophrenia

The treatment of schizophrenia represents a major challenge to clinicians. The role of pharmacologic and somatic treatments in this disorder is an important one; however, clinicians must appreciate both the complexity and the potential heterogeneity of the disorder in order to provide optimal management within a particular modality.
DD71: Die deutsche Zerrissenheit, der deutsche Doppelbrave und ein Sturm auf die klassische Erziehung (August 2008)

Eine zu fruhe Erziehung zur Pflicht zerreist den Menschen spater – so behaupte ich. Wir pragen das Kind, bevor es verstehen kann. Dann geben wir ihm dasselbe noch einmal zu verstehen. Folglich ist es jetzt doppelt erzogen mit denselben Werten. Wehe aber, wenn sich das zu Verstehende spater andert – dann ist das Gepragte noch da und rebelliert. Wenn es stimmt, was ich vermute, vermurksen wir gerade die braven Kinder bei der Erziehung ganz schon. Gerade die, die nicht erzogen werden mussten. Die braven Deutschen, die dann zerrissen sind, gehemmt und angstlich.
Readability assessment of online gynecologic oncology patient education materials from major governmental, non-profit and pharmaceutical organizations.

Abstract Objective Patients are increasingly using online materials to learn about gynecologic cancer. Providers can refer patients to online educational materials produced by a number of different major medical organizations and pharmacology companies. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the American Medical Association (AMA) recommend that patient educational materials (PEMs) are written between a sixth and eighth grade reading level. In this study, we assess the readability of online PEMs published by major medical organizations and industry partners. Methods Websites from twelve websites providing educational materials for gynecologic oncology patients were surveyed. Online PEMs were identified and analyzed using seven validated readability indices. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) post-hoc analysis were performed to detect differences in readability between publishers. Results Two-hundred and sixty PEMs were included in this analysis. Overall, PEMs were written at a mean 11th ± 0.6 grade reading level. Only 6.5% of articles were written at the AMA/NIH recommended reading grade level of 6th to 8th grade or below. ANOVA demonstrated a significant difference in readability between publishing associations (p Conclusions Gynecologic oncology PEMs available from twelve major organization websites are written well above the recommended sixth to eighth grade reading difficulty level.
The Practice Implications of Interorganizational Theory for Services Integration

The interorganizational theories of Litwak and Rothman and Levine and White are utilized to suggest the need for practitioners, involved in services integration efforts, to consider the situational variables of size, resources, awareness of interdependence, and type of task exchanged. The effect of these variables upon the formality and autonomy of linkage mechanisms between human service agencies is illustrated in terms of a regional services integration project in Minnesota. Implications are presented for practitioners who are attempting to coordinate services. Services integration has been a focus of current attempts to reform the human service delivery system in over 20 states. However, it is increasingly evident that services integration is not a cure-all and that knowledge is generally lacking about which coordinating mechanisms are most effective. One difficulty has been that practitioners have often attempted to implement the concept of services integration without utilizing adequate planning or social science research to identify the situational variables that affect interagency coordination. While HEW has examined the effect of the environment, the project objectives, the director, and the staff on the success of services integration, the impact of structural factors on ways to integrate services has not been adequately analyzed.1 Interorganizational theories, which indicate how two or more formal organizations relate to each other, can be useful in assessing the structural variables that affect the problems and the potential of cooperation among agencies. Likewise, a multifactor analysis of interorganizational networks can aid practitioners in predicting the most effective ways for organizations to link with each other. In particular, the interorganizational research of Litwak and Rothman and Levine and White suggest guidelines for the practitioner. Levine and White state that cooperation between human service agencies is essential, given scarce resources; however, domain consensus, or agreement upon the agencies' goals and functions, is a prerequisite to cooperative exchange.2 Litwak and Rothman differentiate eight types of coordinating technologies among organizations and factors governing the
Disentangling loosening from softening: insights into primary cell wall structure

How cell wall elasticity, plasticity, and time-dependent extension (creep) relate to one another, to plant cell wall structure and to cell growth remain unsettled topics. To examine these issues without the complexities of living tissues, we treated cell-free strips of onion epidermal walls with various enzymes and other agents to assess which polysaccharides bear mechanical forces in-plane and out-of-plane of the cell wall. This information is critical for integrating concepts of wall structure, wall material properties, tissue mechanics and mechanisms of cell growth. With atomic force microscopy we also monitored real-time changes in the wall surface during treatments. Driselase, a potent cocktail of wall-degrading enzymes, removed cellulose microfibrils in superficial lamellae sequentially, layer-by-layer, and softened the wall (reduced its mechanical stiffness), yet did not induce wall loosening (creep). In contrast Cel12A, a bifunctional xyloglucanase/cellulase, induced creep with only subtle changes in wall appearance. Both Driselase and Cel12A increased the tensile compliance, but differently for elastic and plastic components. Homogalacturonan solubilization by pectate lyase and calcium chelation greatly increased the indentation compliance without changing tensile compliances. Acidic buffer induced rapid cell wall creep via endogenous α-expansins, with negligible effects on wall compliances. We conclude that these various wall properties are not tightly coupled and therefore reflect distinctive aspects of wall structure. Cross-lamellate networks of cellulose microfibrils influenced creep and tensile stiffness whereas homogalacturonan influenced indentation mechanics. This information is crucial for constructing realistic molecular models that define how wall mechanics and growth depend on primary cell wall structure.
On Local Singularities in Ideal Potential Flows with Free Surface

Despite important advances in the mathematical analysis of the Euler equations for water waves, especially over the last two decades, it is not yet known whether local singularities can develop from smooth data in well-posed initial value problems. For ideal free-surface flow with zero surface tension and gravity, the authors review existing works that describe “splash singularities”, singular hyperbolic solutions related to jet formation and “flip-through”, and a recent construction of a singular free surface by Zubarev and Karabut that however involves unbounded negative pressure. The authors illustrate some of these phenomena with numerical computations of 2D flow based upon a conformal mapping formulation. Numerical tests with a different kind of initial data suggest the possibility that corner singularities may form in an unstable way from specially prepared initial data.
Introduction to the Special Issue: Information Technology for Enterprise Coordination and Integration

This issue of the Group Decision and Negotiation Journal is devoted to topics related to recent developments of information technology for enterprise coordination and integration. Enterprise information technology is advancing at a breath-taking pace, making a major impact on all organizations large or small. This special issue focuses on the use of information technology for coordinating the complex array of decision and business processes, which have become increasingly important for today’s enterprises. Information Technology has played an important role in the effort of making organizations more productive. With the capability of computer software, hardware, and communications growing rapidly, the technological bottleneck has gradually shifted toward enterprise integration and inter-organizational coordination. In view of the importance of this emerging trend and its likely impacts on the development of the next generation of information technology, this Special Issue of the Group Decision and Negotiation Journal is aimed at serving as a forum for researchers working in related areas to address the issues involved, share their viewpoints, and describe the state of the technology and its future trend. In putting together the special issue, we have placed an emphasis on research perspectives that focus on information technology for multi-agent group environments. The problem of system integration has been with us for a very long time (Straw et al. 1993), but there have been some recent changes in the way that we think of the problem. Until recently, we operated under the assumption that large complex problems could be effectively dealt with by working on smaller pieces. Most of our research has been based upon ‘‘reductionism,’’ or the practice of decomposing a problem into smaller, more manageable pieces, with the implicit assumption that the collection of solutions to these smaller problems would somehow combine to yield a solution to the larger problem. Increasingly, the research community is abandoning this paradigm in favor of one which recognizes a need for explicit treatment of integration. We are still in the early stages of this paradigm shift. Indeed, most of the community continues to operate under the old paradigm which, after all, still provides a rich set of opportunities for productive work. The evidence, however, that something more is needed continues to accumulate. In the past several years, a variety of efforts have been undergoing to address coordination and
Energy Cascades in a Partially Ionized Astrophysical Plasma

A local turbulence model is developed to study energy cascades in the interstellar medium (ISM) based on self-consistent two-dimensional fluid simulations. The model describes a partially ionized magnetofluid ISM that couples a neutral hydrogen fluid with a plasma primarily through charge-exchange interactions. Charge-exchange interactions are ubiquitous in warm ISM plasma, and the strength of the interaction depends largely on the relative speed between the plasma and the neutral fluid. Unlike small-length scale linear collisional dissipation in a single fluid, charge-exchange processes introduce channels that can be effective on a variety of length scales that depend on the neutral and plasma densities, temperature, relative velocities, charge-exchange cross section, and the characteristic length scales. We find, from scaling arguments and nonlinear coupled fluid simulations, that charge-exchange interactions modify spectral transfer associated with large-scale energy-containing eddies. Consequently, the warm ISM turbulent cascade rate prolongs spectral transfer among inertial range turbulent modes. Turbulent spectra associated with the neutral and plasma ISM fluids are therefore steeper than those predicted by Kolmogorov's phenomenology.
Management of Mild Lower Extremity Deformity and Leg Length Discrepancy

Limb malalignment and length discrepancy are common problems treated by pediatric orthopaedic surgeons. These deformities may increase the rate of degenerative disease of the knee, hip, and spine. Previous teaching suggested that there were no long term consequences of mild deformity, however, newer studies suggest that there may be morbidity associated with as little at 5 mm of leg length discrepancy. There are many etiologies that can contribute to limb deformity, and so a thorough history and physical is key to management. Pediatric patients present the unique opportunity to utilize the growth of the physis to correct these deformities with adequate planning. Alternatively, lengthening techniques have become safer and are associated with excellent patient satisfaction. The mounting evidence of the long term consequences of leg deformity, coupled with more sophisticated correction techniques, brings traditional indications for deformity correction into question.