cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A novel antibacterial agent derived from the C-terminal domain of Streptococcus mutans GTP-binding protein

A decapeptide, P1, homologous to part of the Streptococcus mutans G-protein (SGP) and the Escherichia coli Era protein, was synthesized and examined for growth-inhibitory effects. When P1 10 mg/L was added to E. coli DH5, the viability of the cells was reduced by 13%. Addition of lauric acid enhanced the bactericidal effects of P1 (68% killing in the presence of P1 plus lauric acid). Similar enhancements were observed for mono lauroyl-rac-glycerol (MLG) and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). In cultures treated with both P1 and MLG, there were more elongated cells than in cultures treated with detergent or peptide alone. As with E. coli, the bactericidal effects of P1 on S. mutans were significantly enhanced in the presence of the detergent lauric acid. The combination of the two effectors produced >90% killing of S. mutans. Likewise, the combined action of P1 plus lauric acid reduced the viability of Listeria monocytogenes. P1 did not appear to be toxic to human gingival epithelial cells when added at concentrations 1000 mg/L. Therefore, P1 has properties which could allow it to be used as an antibacterial agent.
Cytochrome P450 2C9 variants influence response to celecoxib for prevention of colorectal adenoma.

Background & Aims Variants in the cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) gene are associated with impaired metabolism of celecoxib. We examined the influence of CYP2C9*2 (R144C) and CYP2C9*3 (I359L) variants on dose-related response or toxicity in a randomized trial of celecoxib. Methods We identified individuals with CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 genotypes (≥1 variant allele) in the Adenoma Prevention with Celecoxib trial. Following adenoma removal, patients were assigned randomly to groups given placebo or low-dose (200 mg twice daily) or high-dose (400 mg twice daily) celecoxib and underwent follow-up colonoscopies at 1 and/or 3 years. Results Among 1660 patients, 21% were CYP2C9*2 , and 12% were CYP2C9*3 genotypes. Overall, celecoxib was associated with a dose-dependent reduction in adenoma, compared with placebo, with relative risks (RR) of 0.65 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.56–0.76) for the low-dose and 0.54 (95% CI: 0.46–0.63) for the high-dose groups. However, the additional protective effect of the high dose, compared with the low-dose, was observed only in those with CYP2C9*3 genotypes (RR, 0.51; 95% CI: 0.30–0.87). The high dose, compared with low dose, was not associated with significant risk reduction among those with CYP2C9*2 (RR, 0.83; 95% CI: 0.57–1.21) or wild-type (RR, 0.89; 95% CI: 0.72–1.11) genotypes. Compared with placebo, a higher incidence of cardiovascular events was associated with both doses among patients with wild-type genotypes but only with the high dose among patients with variant genotypes. Conclusions The greater efficacy of high-dose celecoxib, compared with the low-dose, in preventing colorectal adenoma appears confined to individuals with slow metabolizer ( CYP2C9*3 ) genotypes. Genetic variability influences susceptibility to the potential benefits and hazards of celecoxib.
Let's Pretend: A Hospital Teaches Children About Health Care

A college of nursing and a hospital offer a "pretend hospital" to approximately 3,000 first graders each spring. The community service project, which has quadrupled in attendance over nine years, teaches first graders about health maintenance and the role of health care in their lives, and helps decrease their anxiety related to the hospital experience. Realistic and nonthreatening multisensory experiences of the simulated hospital prepare children for the healthcare consumer role. The simulation also provides nursing students an opportunity to translate concepts of growth, development, and communication into practice.
Role of Adjuvant Therapy After Resection of Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases

Liver resection is the goal of treatment strategies for liver-confined metastatic colorectal cancer. However, after resection the majority of patients will experience recurrence. Chemotherapy seems to improve outcomes compared with surgery alone. We reviewed the data of the role of adjuvant chemotherapy after resection of liver- confined metastatic colorectal cancer. Optimal regimens and sequencing of chemotherapies when liver resection is an option are unclear. Some suggest that resectable liver metastases, in the absence of high-risk features, should begin with surgery and consideration given to adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery. If high-risk features are present, most physicians prefer a short course of systemic preoperative chemotherapy. Perioperative therapy and regional therapy with hepatic arterial infusion (HAI) both increase disease-free survival (DFS) when compared with surgery alone. In unresectable disease, consideration should be given to systemic chemotherapy with or without a biologic agent or HAI with systemic therapy. If the disease becomes resectable, adjuvant treatment should follow surgery. Adjuvant chemotherapy is usually FOLFOX, but HAI combined with systemic chemotherapy is also an option. The role of adjuvant treatment post-liver resection should not be viewed in isolation but rather in the context of prior treatment, surgical preference, and individual patient characteristics. Perioperative therapy and regional therapy have both shown an increase in DFS. Conducting randomized trials examining the role of adjuvant chemotherapy has been difficult because of rapidly changing chemotherapies.
Movements and Seasonal Changes in Loggerhead Turtle Caretta caretta Aggregations in the Vicinity of Cape Canaveral, Florida (1978-84)

Abstract Capture records from loggerhead turtles Caretta caretta , tagged in the vicinity of Cape Canaveral, Florida (1978 to 1984), were analysed to determine seasonal distributions and movement patterns. Three distinct groups of turtles (adult males, adult females and subadults) occurred in the study area, and each was dominant at different times of the year. Adult males were most abundant in April and May, adult females were most common from May to July, and subadults constituted over 80% of the population during the remainder of the year. Separate treatment of the three groups was necessary, because movement of one group into the area was apparently correlated with the emigration of the remaining two. The data suggest that nesting females are short-term residents who migrate into the area on two- and three-year intervals and reside elsewhere during non-nesting years. Adult male turtles apparently do not migrate with the females, but may reside in the vicinity of nesting beaches throughout the year. Subadult turtles forage opportunistically along the Atlantic seabord, possibly moving northward as waters warm in the higher latitudes and southward with the onset of winter. Evidence suggests that a resident population of subadults overwinter in the Canaveral area each year.
The Local-Cosmopolitan Dimension and the Study of Urban Politics

The local-cosmopolitan dimension refers to the scale of social environment in which the individual sees himself. Locals view themselves primarily as members of the local community, while cosmopolitans are more aware of their relationships to larger social organizations. Locals and cosmopolitans among political leaders and residents of sixteen suburban communities were identified by their consistency of response on a five item local-cosmopolitan scale. Localistic attitudes were found to be inversely related to status. Political leaders at the municipal level appeared to be more localistic in outlook than their constituents. Local-cosmopolitan attitudes were also found to be related to varying opinions in three current metronolitan nroblem area. trransnortation. municinal ininture. and crninrx
TOPOLOGICAL PEELING AND APPLICATIONS

We present a new approach, called topological peeling, for traversing a portion AR of the arrangement formed by n lines within a convex region R on the plane. Topological peeling visits the cells of AR in a fashion of propagating a "wave" of a special shape (called a double-wriggle curve) starting at a single source point. This special traversal fashion enables us to solve several problems (e.g., computing shortest paths) on planar arrangements to which previously best known arrangement traversal techniques such as topological sweep and topological walk may not be directly applicable. Our topological peeling algorithm takes O(K + n log(n + r)) time and O(n + r) space, where K is the number of cells in AR and r is the number of boundary vertices of R. Comparing with topological walk, topological peeling uses a simpler and more efficient way to sweep different types of lines, and relies heavily on exploring small local structures, rather than a much larger global structure. Experiments show that, on average, topological peeling outperforms topological walk by 10–25% in execution time.
Ritz method for oscillatory flow in ducts

Oscillatory viscous flow is solved by a Ritz integration method. The method is robust and efficient. The elliptic duct and the isosceles triangular duct are studied in detail. We find that the unsteady flow is dependent on a non-dimensional frequency s and the aspect ratio b. In general, for s=O(1) or lower, the flow may be considered quasi-steady, and the velocity is in phase with the applied pressure gradient. For large frequency, s=O(100), the maximum velocity occurs near the larger curvature ends and corners. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ROUSSEAU'S “PEUT-ETRE”: REFLECTIONS ON THE STATUS OF THE STATE OF NATURE

In the Confessions Rousseau provides a very helpful account of the composition of the Discourse on Inequality (as he calls the Second Discourse). This account contains two elements that prefigure the work's reputation among scholars today. First, Rousseau says that, while in his earlier works he had only partially revealed the basis of his thought, the question posed by the Academy of Dijon offered him the occasion to develop his principles, “completely in a work of the greatest importance.” A few pages later he confirms the importance of the Discourse by saying, “Everything that is bold in the Social Contract was previously in the Discourse on Inequality.” A consensus of scholars would, I think, agree that the Discourse is, indeed, a particularly bold work and the first place to look for a rigorous exposition of Rousseau's principles.
An iterative technique for reducing sidelobes of circular arrays

The iterative technique presented depends upon the solution of a set of simultaneous equations for perturbations of the element currents. Current distributions have been calculated which yield low sidelobe patterns from an array of 2Q elements with only 0.25 dB less azimuth directivity than an order Q Tchebycheff pattern that has the same sidelobe level.
Human factors in large-scale technological systems' accidents: Three Mile Island, Bhopal, Chernobyl

Many serious large-scale technological systems' accidents, having grave conse quences, such as those of Three Mile Island, Bhopal and Chernobyl, have pri marily been attributed to "operator error." However, further investigation has revealed that a large majority of these incidents are caused by a combination of many factors whose roots can be found in the lack of human factors (micro- and macro-ergonomics) considerations. Relevant human factor considerations, the causes of human error, and commonalities of human factor problems in major disasters are briefly reviewed. We concluded that system accidents are caused by the way the (system) parts -- engineered and human -- fit together and interact. Also, on many occasions, the error and the resultant failures are both the attribute and effect of such factors as complicated operational pro cesses, ineffective training, non-responsive managerial systems, non-adaptive organizational designs, haphazard response systems, and sudden environmen tal disturbances, rather than being their cause. Recommendations for prevention of such accidents are provided.
Bronchointerstitial Pneumonia in Guinea Pigs Following Inoculation with H5N1 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus

The H5N1 high-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) viruses have caused widespread disease of poultry in Asia, Africa and the Middle East, and sporadic human infections. The guinea pig model has been used to study human H3N2 and H1N1 influenza viruses, but knowledge is lacking on H5N1 HPAI virus infections. Guinea pigs were inoculated intranasally or intragastrically with A/Vietnam/1203/04 (VN/04) or A/Muscovy duck/Vietnam/209/05 (MDk/VN/05) viruses. Mild listlessness was seen at 2 and 3 days postinoculation (DPI) in guinea pigs inoculated intranasally with VN/04 virus. At 5 DPI, the guinea pigs had bronchointerstitial pneumonia and virus was identified in bronchiolar epithelium and alveolar macrophages. Virus was isolated from the lungs but was lacking from other organs. Minimal lung lesions were seen in intranasal MDk/VN/06 group and virus was not detected, but serologic evidence of infection was observed. Intragastric exposure failed to produce infection or lesions with either virus. The localized respiratory disease in guinea pigs with H5N1 viruses was very similar to that of H3N2 and H1N1 influenza in humans and was less severe than reported for H5N1 human cases.
Somnolence and other sleep disorders in Parkinson's disease: the challenge for the practicing neurologist.

Sleep dysfunction has been recognized as an intrinsic part of Parkinson’s disease (PD) since the original description of paralysis agitans by James Parkinson in 1817 [1]. Reported prevalence rates range from 75% to 98% of patients who have PD [2,3]. Sleep disorders in PD can be classified into three general categories: disorders of sleep initiation and maintenance, parasomnias, and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS). This report examines each of these sleep disorders in patients who have PD, with an emphasis on EDS and associated sudden onset sleep (SOS).
Hindrance of Conservation Biology by Delays in the Submission of Manuscripts

Timely dissemination of scientific findings depends not only on rapid publication of submitted manuscripts, a topic which has received much discussion, but also on rapid submission of research after the research is completed. We measured submission delay (time from the last date of data collection to the submission of a manuscript) for every paper from 14 journals in 2007 and compared these submission delays among four fields of biology (conservation, taxonomy, behavior, and evolution). Manuscripts published in leading journals in the field of conservation biology have the longest delays in publication of accepted manuscripts and the longest intervals between completion of research and submission of the manuscript. Delay in manuscript submission accounts for more than half of the total time from last date of data collection to publication. Across fields, the number of authors was significantly negatively correlated with submission delay, but conservation journals had the second highest number of authors and the greatest submission delay, so submission of conservation manuscripts was not hindered by a shortage of collaboration relative to other fields. Rejection rates were greater in conservation journals than in behavior and evolution, but rejection times were faster; thus, there were no obvious net differences among fields in the time papers spent waiting to be rejected. Publication delay has been reduced significantly in the last 7 years, but was still greater in conservation journals than in any of the other three fields we studied. Thus, the urgent field of conservation biology is hindered in both preparation and publication of manuscripts.
Calcineurin and glial signaling: neuroinflammation and beyond

Similar to peripheral immune/inflammatory cells, neuroglial cells appear to rely on calcineurin (CN) signaling pathways to regulate cytokine production and cellular activation. Several studies suggest that harmful immune/inflammatory responses may be the most impactful consequence of aberrant CN activity in glial cells. However, newly identified roles for CN in glutamate uptake, gap junction regulation, Ca2+ dyshomeostasis, and amyloid production suggest that CN’s influence in glia may extend well beyond neuroinflammation. The following review will discuss the various actions of CN in glial cells, with particular emphasis on astrocytes, and consider the implications for neurologic dysfunction arising with aging, injury, and/or neurodegenerative disease.
Bulkeley, Harriet, Liliana B. Andonova, Michele M. Betsill, Daniel Compagnon, Thomas Hale, Matthew J. Hoffmann, Peter Newell, Matthew Paterson, Charles Roger, and Stacy VanDeveer. 2014. Transnational Climate Change Governance. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Climate change governance is at a crossroads. Traditional state-led processes have not yet generated an effective solution to combat climate change. In the meantime, myriad voluntary initiatives have generated much enthusiasm, but with unknown cumulative results. Despite this changing landscape of climate change governance, the vast majority of the academic literature continues to approach climate change as a “global commons” problem for which we need a state-based solution. Looking beyond that, the authors of this volume analyze the evolution, constitution, and meaning of the emergent system of cross-border efforts between state and nonstate actors to address climate change, which they term “Transnational Climate Change Governance” (TCCG). They argue, in a nutshell, that TCCG is not a sideshow, but is having profound effects and transforming the system of climate governance. While the overview of TCCG structure, actors, and activities is interesting in its own right, their main contribution is the way they apply three theoretical lenses: agencybased, social and system dynamics, and critical political theory. These contextualize the empirical data in order to advance our understanding of the competing, albeit often complementary, efforts to address climate change, as well as of transnationalism and environmental governance more broadly. While this work will certainly help scholars and practitioners position themselves within the field, further analysis and reflection are needed to identify where we go from here. The volume is built around detailed analysis of sixty TCCG initiatives identified by the authors. In light of a review of different typologies and their own questions, they coded the initiatives for criteria along six dimensions— arrangement type, history, level of institutionalization, issue focus, geographic distribution, and governance activities. Using this database, they identify trends, such as governance functions (information sharing, certification, etc.) of public, private, and hybrid TCCG initiatives.Most of the chapters walk through summaries of both the empirical data and theoretical perspectives on the various topics explored, such as the formof TCCG initiatives and theways that legitimacy and authority are established. Despite the authors’ care to include a diverse representation of initiatives,
The Presence and Persistence of Heptachlor Epoxide and Dieldrin Residues on Forage Crops in New York

In a study made in the Hudson Valley in the summer of 1964 of alfalfa fields fall treated with heptachlor or dieldrin at 1 pound per acre in previous years for control of the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), residues seldom exceeded the sensitivity of the analytical methods for them even when treated in 2 consecutive yearly fall applications. In no case did any of the residues exceed 0.02 ppm. Similar results were found on corn grown in a rotation with alfalfa.
Analysis of Legal Infections in Yixiu District of Anqing during 2005～2007

Objective The present study was conducted to gain insight into the epidemic characteristics of communicable diseases in Yixiu District of Anqing since its foundation in 2005 so as to provide scientific basis for making up strategies for the prevention and control of communicable diseases.Methods Analysis was made on normal data of epidemic situation from the notifiable communicable disease report system in Yixiu District,Anqing among 2005～2007.Results In 2005～2007,none of the first infections and 1343 cases in 14 categories of the second and third infections were reported in Yixiu District with an incidence rate of 167.53/lakh.The main communicable diseases were composed of tuberculosis,viral hepatitis,other infectious diarrhea,mumps,gonornhea,syphilis,and dysentery.Conclusion The emphasis of infections task in Yixiu District is to prevent and control respiratory tract infectious diseases,intestinal infectious diseases,and sexually transmitted diseases.
Blood-but not bleeding-at a tracheotomy site : A case of Munchausen's syndrome

Munchausen's syndrome is a factitious illness in which patients fabricate medical problems in order to receive medical attention. Their "symptoms" are typical of actual medical conditions and their history is dramatic yet plausible, but no pathology can be found on imaging and other investigations. We report the case of a young woman whose Munchausen 's syndrome manifested as purported bleeding from a tracheotomy site. In actuality, she had drawn the blood from an arm vein and spattered it on her neck.
Proteolytic susceptibility of hemoglobin synthesized in the presence of amino acid analogues.

α-Amino acid analogues with a hetero atom on the β-carbon, when incorporated into protein by a reticulocyte lysate, render the newly formed protein particularly sensitive to proteolytic hydrolysis.
High-precision Measurements of Mid-infrared Supermirror Birefringence

Reported here are measurements of mid-infrared supermirror birefringence using cavity ring-down spectroscopy. Analysis of the beating observed during cavity decays yielded a Δn/n sensitivty on the order of 10−8 at a wavelength of 4.5 μm
The components of the bid‐ask spread: Evidence from the corn futures market

This paper examines whether USDA announcements and commodity index fund rolling activity have an impact on liquidity costs, measured by the Bid-Ask Spread. Using Huang and Stoll's (1997) model of liquidity costs, we estimate whether changes to liquidity costs are driven by its adverse selection, inventory, or order processing components. Commodity index fund roll activity reduces the asymmetric information cost component of liquidity cost due to an increased proportion of non-information based trading, but the inventory cost component increases as (mostly long only) commodity index funds sell their nearby positions and buy the first deferred contract – raising liquidity providers’ risk of building a position. The sum of these two effects is that liquidity costs remain low during index fund roll periods, averaging very near one ‘tick’ (0.25 cents). On USDA report release days, we find that informed traders raise the asymmetric information component of liquidity costs in the first hour after release, but the inventory cost component is reduced due to the increase in volume associated with trading after the report release. Similar to index fund roll activity, liquidity costs on USDA report release days remain low, averaging very near one ‘tick’ (0.25 cents). Our findings that liquidity costs are very minimally changed during USDA report releases and commodity index fund roll periods is consistent with other recent research on liquidity costs, but we show that what drives liquidity costs differs substantially depending on the circumstances surrounding daily trading. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
The Oncogene and its Potential Role in Carcinogenesis

Cellular onc genes are a group of evolutionarily conserved sequences which are homologous to the transforming genes (v-onc) of oncogenic retroviruses. Although their functions in normal cells are largely not known, the sequence homology between viral and cellular onc genes is consistent with the idea that neoplastic transformation may, in some cases, be due to abnormal levels of cellular onc gene expression. Several models can be proposed for such a mechanism, including the insertion nearby of a viral promoter, alteration of the physiological promoter by a mutagenic agent, gene amplification, relocation in a transcriptionally active region of the genome as a consequence of chromosomal rearrangements and point mutations induced by external factors. Examples of these different mechanisms of onc gene activation can be found in animal and human tumors. Finally, the detail description of one cellular one gene (c-sis), its relation to the viral gene and to a known cellular growth factor and its possible mode of activation in neoplastic transformation is presented.
Evaluation of a C-11 labeled dopamine D2 selective imaging agent

1820 Objectives: The D2 receptor is one subtype of the dopamine D2-like class of receptors, which includes the D2, D3 and D4 receptors. Although numerous radiotracers have been developed for imaging dopamine D2 receptors, all D2 receptor imaging studies use radiotracers having a similar affinity for both D2 and D3 receptors. A number of recent studies have suggested that dopamine D2 and D3 receptors are regulated differently in a variety of CNS disorders. Therefore, it is necessary to have radiotracers possessing a high affinity and selectivity for D2 versus D3 receptors, and vice versa, in order to study the differential regulation of D2 and D3 receptors in a variety of CNS disorders. We recently reported a series of indole compounds displaying a high affinity at D2 vs D3 and D4 receptors (Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2006; 14: 815). The goal of the current study was to initially evaluate [11C]SV156 (Ki at D2 receptors = 2.5 ± 0.7 nM; Ki at D3 receptors = 97 ± 6; Ki at D4 receptors = 700 ± 80) as a potential D2-selective radiotracer. Methods: The synthesis of [11C]SV156 was accomplished by alkylation of the des-methyl precursor with [11C]methyl iodide in DMSO using aqueous sodium hydroxide as a base catalyst. In vitro autoradiography studies were mature male Sprague-Dawley rat brain slices. Coronal sections (20 micron) of the flash-frozen brain were cut using a Microm cryotome and mounted on Superfrost Plus Gold microscope slides. These slides were incubated for 30 minutes with 4 mCi of [11C]SV156 in 200 mL buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH = 8.0, 50 mM NaCl, 30 mM EDTA) and then rinsed three times in ice-cold buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH = 7.4, 150 mM NaCl). Samples were then dried and counted for one hour on a Packard Instant Imager electronic autoradiography counter. Results: The radiolabeling yield was 60% overall and the specific activity was >5000 mCi/μmol (EOB). Autoradiography images revealed a high uptake of [11C]SV156 in rat striatum, a brain region having a high density of D2 receptors. In vivo studies are currently under investigation. Conclusions: [11C]SV156 may be a useful radiotracer for the in vitro and in vivo imaging D2 versus D3 receptors. Research Support (if any): DA 16181 and NS 48056
Pre-Amplification Technique for Capturing and Conditioning of Electromyogram Signal off the surface of the muscle

The actual hardware implementation of the exoskeleton begins with the design and development of the first stage that is required to detect the Electro_Myo_Gram signal off the muscles followed by the second stage that will cleanse the raw Electro_Myo_Gram signal making it useful and clear enough to be worked upon for defining decision making algorithm that will make the mechanical system make movements based on the Electro_Myo_Gram signal detected .
GEN KETAHANAN TANAMAN PADI TERHADAP BAKTERI HAWAR DAUN (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae)

Usaha tani padi dihadapkan pada berbagai kendala yang disebabkan oleh faktor biotik dan abiotik. Salah satunya adalah penyakit hawar daun bakteri (HDB) yang disebabkan oleh Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Penyakit ini menyerang tanaman padi sejak fase bibit sampai tanaman dewasa. Eksplorasi bakteri Xoo sudah sampai pada tahap sekuensing total dari bakteri tersebut, dan dari sekuensing ini telah dikembangkan primer-primer spesifik yang dapat menunjukkan Xoo secara tepat. Deteksi bakteri secara cepat sangat membantu dalam pemurnian awal bakteri Xoo yang diperoleh dari lapangan. Pengetahuan tentang mekanisme virulensi bakteri Xoo sangat membantu dalam membuat mekanisme pertahanan tanaman sehingga rekayasa genetik (tanaman transgenik) di bidang ini sangat terbuka lebar. Gen-gen ketahanan pada padi telah diidentifikasi dan tercatat ada 32 gen yang dikenal dengan gen Xa, dan sampai saat ini sudah diidentifikasi sampai gen Xa34(t). Eksplorasi gen-gen baru masih terus berlangsung yang membuka peluang untuk memperoleh gen ketahanan baru. Di Indonesia, telah dirakit dua varietas padi tahan HDB yaitu Angke dan Conde yang masing-masing membawa gen xa5 dan Xa7. Sejak tahun 1996 telah teridentifikasi 11 strain bakteri Xoo di sentra-sentra produksi padi di Indonesia, dan disimpulkan bahwa gen-gen ketahanan Xa yang efektif terhadap strain tersebut adalah xa5, Xa7, dan Xa21. Piramiding ketiga gen Xa tersebut sangat diperlukan untuk mendapatkan varietas padi yang memiliki ketahanan yang lama (durable resistance) terhadap HDB.
Do Rural Migrants Divide Ethnically in the City? Evidence from an Ethnographic Experiment in India

Despite rapid urbanization across the Global South, identity politics within rural-urban migrant communities remains understudied. Past scholarship is divided over whether village-based ethnic divisions will erode or deepen within diverse poor migrant populations. I assess these divergent predictions through an ‘ethnographic survey experiment’ (N=4,218) among unique samples of poor migrants in India. Contra conventional expectations, I find intra-class ethnic divisions are neither uniformly transcended nor entrenched across key arenas of migrant life. Instead, I observe variation consistent with situational theories predicting ethnic divisions will be muted only in contexts triggering a common identity among migrants. I pinpoint urban employers and politicians as these triggers. Poor migrants ignore ethnic divisions when facing these elites, who perceive and treat them in class terms. However, migrants remain divided in direct interactions with each other. These bifurcated findings imply poor migrants may be available for both class-based and ethnic mobilization in the city.
Critique, Construction, And Co-Creation: A Conversation With Kenneth Gergen

It is important to note that Ken Gergen (1985) has been a champion of social constructionism throughout his career. In this most recent interview Gergen emphasizes the case that he has made, in his more recent writings, for a “reflective pragmatism” which means shifting attention away from questions about “why some descriptions of human action [are] simply more accurate than others” to an examination of what values and meaning would serve society the best. Through Gergen’s scholarship, the idea of how to measure and describe human behavior goes to the heart of what these researchers reveal to us. He alerts us to the disproportionate gaps between experimental research (psychological science), theory, and practice, which other scholars also comment on in their interviews.
Electrocatalytic Radical Dichlorination of Alkenes with Nucleophilic Chlorine Sources

We report a Mn-catalyzed electrochemical dichlorination of alkenes with MgCl2 as the chlorine source. This method provides operationally simple, sustainable, and efficient access to a variety of vicinally dichlorinated compounds. In particular, alkenes with oxidatively labile functional groups, such as alcohols, aldehydes, sulfides, and amines, were transformed into the desired vicinal dichlorides with high chemoselectivity. Mechanistic data are consistent with metal-mediated Cl atom transfer as the predominant pathway enabling dual C–Cl bond formation and contradict an alternative pathway involving electrochemical evolution of chlorine gas followed by Cl2-mediated electrophilic dichlorination.
Rethinking LTE network functions virtualization

LTE Network Function Virtualization (LTE-NFV) scales user services in a low cost fashion by transforming the centralized legacy LTE Core architecture to a distributed architecture. This distributed architecture makes multiple instances of LTE Network Functions (NFs) and virtualizes them on commodity data-center network. The functionality of LTE-NFV architecture breaks however, since the distributed NF instances connected via unreliable IP links delay the execution of critical events. The failure of time-critical events results in users' quality of service degradation and temporary service unavailability. In this paper, we propose a new way to virtualize LTE core network. We argue that logic-based NFs segregation should be done for NFV, instead of instance-based NFs segregation done in current NFV implementation. Our approach of ‘logic-based NFs segregation’ combines the logic of an event into a single NF, thus localizing the execution of critical events to one virtual machine. This way, only the localized entities exchange signalling messages, and the events do not experience large delays. We further reduce the delays by exploiting the parallelism in LTE network protocols; and partition these protocols such that their signalling messages run in parallel. In addition, we eliminate unnecessary messages to reduce the signalling overhead. We build our system prototype over OpenEPC LTE core network in virtualized platform. Our results show that we can reduce event execution time and signalling overhead up to 50% and 40%, respectively.
Enantioselective γ-C(sp3)–H Activation of Alkyl Amines via Pd(II)/Pd(0) Catalysis

Pd(II)-catalyzed enantioselective γ-C(sp3)–H cross-coupling of alkyl amines via desymmetrization and kinetic resolution has been realized for the first time using chiral acetyl-protected aminomethyl oxazoline ligands (APAO). A diverse range of aryl- and vinyl-boron reagents can be used as coupling partners. The chiral γ-arylated alkylamine products are further transformed into chiral 2-substituted 1,2,3,4-tetra-hydroquinolines and spiro-pyrrolidines as important structural motifs in natural products and biologically active molecules.
Suggested Quantum Numbers for Bosons of Mass ≈ 4 m π

The decay modes of the $\ensuremath{\zeta}(T=1)$ and $\ensuremath{\eta}(T=0)$ bosons of mass $\ensuremath{\approx}4{m}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}$ are discussed, together with other experiments bearing on quantum number assignments for these mesons. Using an effective interaction which includes the influence of angular momentum barriers, we have made numerical estimates of branching ratios. Arguments based on these estimates lead to the most likely spin and parity assignments of ${J}^{\mathrm{PG}}={0}^{+\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ for $\ensuremath{\zeta}$ and ${0}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{-}}$ for $\ensuremath{\eta}$. Study of the reaction $\ensuremath{\pi}+\mathrm{He}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\zeta}+\mathrm{He}$ is proposed as a test of the ${0}^{+}$ assignment.
The effect of embryonic and fetal exposure to x-ray, microwaves, and ultrasound: Counseling the pregnant and nonpregnant patient about these risks

The term radiation evokes emotional responses both from lay persons and from professionals. Many spokespersons are unfamiliar with radiation biology or the quantitative nature of the risks. Frequently, microwave, ultrasound, and ionizing radiation risks are confused. Although it is impossible to prove no risk for any environmental hazard, it appears that exposure to microwave radiation below the maximal permissible levels present no measurable risk to the embryo. Ultrasound exposure from diagnostic ultrasonographic-imaging equipment also is quite innocuous. It is true that continued surveillance and research into potential risks of these low-level exposures should continue; however, at present ultrasound not only improves obstetric care, but also reduces the necessity of diagnostic x-ray procedures. In the field of ionizing radiation, we have a better comprehension of the biologic effects and the quantitative maximum risks than for any other environmental hazard. Although the animal and human data support the conclusion that no increases in the incidence of gross congenital malformations, IUGR, or abortion will occur with exposures less than 5 rad, that does not mean that there are definitely no risks to the embryo exposed to lower doses of radiation. Whether there exists a linear or exponential dose-response relationship or a threshold exposure for genetic, carcinogenic, cell-depleting, and life-shortening effects has not been determined. In establishing maximum permissible levels for the embryo at low exposures, refer to Tables 4, 5, 6, 8, and 9. It is obvious that the risks of 1-rad (.10Gy) or 5-rad (.05Gy) acute exposure are far below the spontaneous risks of the developing embryo because 15% of human embryos abort, 2.7% to 3.0% of human embryos have major malformations, 4% have intrauterine growth retardation, and 8% to 10% have early- or late-stage onset genetic disease. The maximal risk attributed to a 1-rad exposure, approximately 0.003%, is thousands of times smaller than the spontaneous risks of malformations, abortion, or genetic disease. Thus, the present maximal permissible occupational exposures of 0.5 rem for pregnant women (see Table 10) and 5 rem for medical exposure, are extremely conservative. Medically indicated diagnostic roentgenograms are appropriate for pregnant women, and there is no medical justification for terminating a pregnancy in women exposed to 5 rad or less because of a radiation exposure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
A preliminary numerical investigation of the micromechanics of snow compaction

A dynamic finite-element computer program was used to examine the evolution of microstructure and its effect on continuum-scale deformation for the constant-speed uniaxial-strain compaction of an aggregate of roughly spherical elastic-plastic particles. Simulation results are used to explain some micromechanical aspects of snow compaction. Different compaction rates were used to examine the limits of quasi-static response and the effects of inertial stresses. Four stages of microstructurally controlled compaction were observed for quasi-static loading: particle re-arrangement, elastic deformation and two stages of plastic deformation. Elastic deformation follows the first critical density caused by the stable random loose-particle packing of rough spheres. Stage III compaction occurs by plastic deformation once stresses acting on particles exceed yield. Stage IV compaction follows a second critical density caused by the stable packing of deformed particles and is also through plastic deformation of particles. During high-speed compaction, inertial stresses propagate particle deformation from the loading platen into the aggregate. As a consequence, particle re-arrangement is limited so that the pressure-density ratio is larger for high-speed compaction than for quasi-static compaction at the same density. Hence, critical densities and the compaction-rate dependence of the pressure-density ratio during compaction of an aggregate of particles composed of rate-independent material are determined by the evolution of microstructure at different compaction rates. Observed pressure-density profiles for polar snow exhibit the same features of critical density and changes in the pressure-density ratio as found in the simulation and consist of four compaction stages: particle re-arrangement and three stages of creep particle deformation each following a critical density. Shear stresses appear to enhance the compaction during the stage III creep deformation of snow.
Scientific Results and the Mind-Brain Issue: Some Afterthoughts

Rereading the transcript of the preceding “Conversation among Philosophers and Scientists” left me feeling unsatisfied or, rather, unfulfilled. It was not so much the old familiar feeling that, I suppose, most of us in the academic game have had more than once—the feeling that, “When he said so and so, I should have said such and such. That would have been a good lick!” On the contrary, it left me with the impression that all of us, including even me, did pretty well—pretty well, that is, given the material that we had and had had before us at the conference. My regret was that, in view of the interest in the matter and its crucial importance, we had not had more formal presentations on the relevance of scientific knowledge for the mind-brain issue.
The Experiences of African Americans and Euro-Americans with Multiple Sclerosis

This article summarizes the experiences of 76 Euro-Americans and 24 African Americans who have multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic neurological disease which affects 250,000–350,000 Americans. Although the majority of people with MS are young to middle-aged women of Northern European origin, African Americans, Asian Americans, Latinos, and Native Americans also have MS. This qualitative study explores the impact of race and gender on people's initial interpretation of symptoms, access to appropriate medical care, diagnosis, and adjustment to disability.
Managing Pain in Rheumatic Diseases

Pain is the most important symptom in most patients with arthritis. Successful management requires comprehensive evaluation of the pain including identifying characteristics of the pain, its effect on usual life activities, cognitive-affective factors, family relations, and past pain and illness experience. Interventions should be specific to the individual patient's pain and circumstances and may include medications, physical modalities, adaptive behaviors, exercises, orthotics, surgery, cognitive interventions, and others.
Should we titrate positive end-expiratory pressure based on an end-expiratory transpulmonary pressure?

Arguments continue to swirl regarding the need for and best method of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) titration. An appropriately conducted decremental method that uses modest peak pressures for the recruiting maneuver (RM), a lung protective tidal excursion, relatively small PEEP increments and appropriate timing intervals is currently the most logical and attractive option, particularly when the esophageal balloon pressure (Pes) is used to calculate transpulmonary driving pressures relevant to the lung. The setting of PEEP by the Pes-guided end-expiratory pressure at the ‘polarity transition’ point of the transmural end-expiratory pressure is quite relevant to the locale of the esophageal balloon catheter. Its desirability, however, is limited by its tendency to encourage PEEP levels that are higher than most other PEEP titration methods. These Pes-set PEEP values promote higher mean airway pressures and are likely to be unnecessary when small tidal driving pressures are in use. Because high airway pressures increase global lung stress and risk hemodynamic compromise, the Pes-determined PEEP would seem associated with a relatively high hazard to benefit ratio for many patients.
Who empowers the Cuban people?: Agency and agentivity in the media

Abstract This article employs qualitative and quantitative analysis to examine how semantic roles are used to construct a hierarchy in U.S.-Cuba relations in recent articles from U.S., Miami, and Cuban newspapers. I study how social actors, such as the Cuban government, the Cuban people, the U.S. government, U.S. citizens, and U.S. businesses are mapped to different semantic roles, and how various newspapers ascribe agency to these different entities. The findings reveal asymmetries in semantic roles occupied by different participants in the sociopolitical sphere and show how Cubans and Cuban-American relations are constructed in the media, by illuminating power structures encoded in language meant for broader consumption, highlighting the importance of semantic role analysis and implementation of quantitative methodologies in discourse analysis.
Protecting chatbots from toxic content

There is a paradigm shift in web-based services towards conversational user interfaces. Companies increasingly offer conversational interfaces, or chatbots, to let their customers or employees interact with their services in a more flexible and mobile manner. Unfortunately, this new paradigm faces a major problem, namely toxic content in user inputs. Toxic content in user inputs to chatbots may cause privacy concerns, may be adversarial or malicious, and can cause the chatbot provider substantial economic, reputational, or legal harm. We address this problem with an interdisciplinary approach, drawing upon programming languages, cloud computing, and other disciplines to build protections for chatbots. Our solution, called BotShield, is non-intrusive in that it does not require changes to existing chatbots or underlying conversational platforms. This paper introduces novel security mechanisms, articulates their security guarantees, and illustrates them via case studies.
Dorsal Laminectomy to Correct Spinal Stenosis in a Sulcata Tortoise (Centrochelys Sulcata) with Severe Carapacial Pyramiding

Abstract Case description: An approximately 17-year-old male African spurred tortoise (Centrochelys sulcata) was presented to the small animal surgery service for loss of pelvic limb motor function of 1-month duration and a lack of response to medical management. Clinical findings: On physical examination, significant carapacial osteoderm pyramiding with a large depression at the level of the fourth vertebral scute was noted. Results of serial neurologic examination revealed nonambulatory paraparesis that progressed to superficial pain positive paraplegia and absent cloacal tone. Both thoracic limbs were within normal limits on neurologic evaluation. A complete blood cell count and biochemistry profile revealed anemia, hyperuricemia, and monocytes containing intracellular bacteria. On computed tomography examination, stenosis and deviation of the spinal column was noted to be causing compression at the level of the fourth vertebral osteoderm. Treatment and outcome: A dorsal laminectomy was performed to relieve the spinal cord compression after removing a rectangular section of carapace. Immediately following surgery, the tortoise was noted to have significant cloacal tone. Unfortunately, the tortoise succumbed to suspected sepsis and toxemia within 48 hours of surgery. Clinical relevance: Carapacial pyramiding is commonly reported in captive tortoises. The changes noted in the carapace are attributed to inappropriate environmental conditions and diet. This case represents the first report of spinal canal and spinal cord stenosis in a tortoise secondary to carapacial pyramiding. The findings in this report suggest that dorsal laminectomy may be a viable treatment option in chelonians with spinal cord compression and neurologic deficits when indicated by clinical presentation.
Universal Basic Income and Entrepreneurial Pursuit in an Autonomous Society

This Dialog examines how universal basic income (UBI) may affect the productivity of entrepreneurs. This essay considers early evidence from UBI experiments and innovation within peer-production an...