cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lobbying and Nonprofits: Money and Membership Matter—But Not for All†

Objective Lobbying by nonprofits is a relatively new topic that has drawn attention from political science scholars and nonprofit managers. Several studies have demonstrated there to be lobbying inequalities among nonprofits, but few have compared lobbying expenditures across groups and none have taken into account how well groups have mobilized. Methods Examining 227 groups that issue legislative “scorecards” over six terms of Congress (1999–2010), the author uses a mix of analysis of variance and regression analysis to determine whether groups with different missions lobby at different levels and whether mobilization factors, such as revenue and membership, can help explain these differences. Results The author finds that organizational revenue and membership predict how much most groups spend on lobbying. However, this finding does not apply to all groups. Public interest nonprofits lobby at higher levels as both their revenues and memberships increase. But business associations lobby at significantly high levels regardless of how well they mobilize. Conclusions These results suggest that business associations view lobbying as a more necessary activity for completion of their missions than other tax-exempt organizations. Many of the most active groups in Washington are small business associations representing “niche” interests. If public interest groups formed around broader social interests are less represented in Washington, as these results suggest, then the voices of large sectors of society, and not just public interest group members, are lost in the policy discussion.
A Comparison of Inpatient Cost Per Day in General Surgery Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Treated with Basal-Bolus versus Sliding Scale Insulin Regimens.

The identification of cost-effective glycaemic management strategies is critical to hospitals. Treatment with a basal-bolus insulin (BBI) regimen has been shown to result in better glycaemic control and fewer complications than sliding scale regular insulin (SSI) in general surgery patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but the effect on costs is unknown. We conducted a post hoc analysis of the RABBIT Surgery trial to examine whether total inpatient costs per day for general surgery patients with T2DM treated with BBI (n = 103) differed from those for patients with T2DM treated with SSI (n = 99) regimens. Data were collected from patient clinical and hospital billing records. Charges were adjusted to reflect hospital costs. General linearized models were used to estimate the risk-adjusted effects of BBI versus SSI treatment on average total inpatient costs per day. Risk-adjusted average total inpatient costs per day were $US5404. Treatment with BBI compared with SSI reduced average total inpatient costs per day by $US751 (14%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 20–4). Being treated in a university medical centre, being African American or having a bowel procedure or higher-volume pharmacy use significantly reduced costs per day. In general surgery patients with T2DM, a BBI regimen significantly reduced average total hospital costs per day compared with an SSI regimen. BBI has been shown to improve outcomes in a randomized controlled trial. Those results, combined with our findings regarding savings, suggest that hospitals should consider adopting BBI regimens in patients with T2DM undergoing surgery.
Techniques for liver MR imaging.

SUMMARY This article reviews the currently available MR imaging techniques that can be used to perform MR imaging of the liver. Breath-hold T1-weighted GRE sequences, STIR, and half-Fourier single-shot TSE comprise the basic liver examination, depending on MR scanner constraints. Heavily T2-weighted images are useful for characterization of benign lesions such as cysts and hemangiomas, while timed contrast-enhanced 3D spoiled GRE images are important for lesion characterization and possibly improved detection of small lesions not seen on unenhanced images.
Feasibility of ultrasound-guided vascular access during cardiac implantable device placement

Ultrasound (US)-guided access for venous catheter placement has previously been shown to improve success rates and decrease access-related complications. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of US-guided versus traditional vascular access approaches during implantation of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs). We evaluated outcomes for 816 consecutive patients undergoing new CIED implantation between May 2013 and April 2016 at a single institution with respect to use of US guidance for vascular access (137 with US guidance versus 679 with traditional access techniques). The primary outcome was a composite of procedural complications including deep vein thrombosis, pneumothorax, or hematoma. There was no cross-over between US guidance and traditional access. The overall complication rate was 3.6% (2.2% in US, 3.8% in non-US). The use of US was associated with a decrease in fluoroscopy time (r = −0.17, p < 0.01) but not the primary outcome (r = 0.03, p = 0.34). In models adjusted for age and number of leads, use of US was non-significantly associated with a change in fluoroscopy time (beta = −0.20, p = 0.7). In logistic models adjusted for age and number of leads, use of US was associated with a trend toward reduced major complications (OR = 0.57, 95% CI 0.17–1.91, p = 0.36). US-guided vascular access for CIED implantation is safe and effective compared to traditional approaches with a non-significant reduction in both fluoroscopy time and procedural complications.
ANESTHETICS, SEDATIVES, AND PARALYTICS: Understanding Their Use in the Intensive Care Unit

Today's anesthesiologists may never give general anesthesia using inhalational halogenated anesthetics alone; a balanced, multiagent technique is more typical. This article reviews the use of pharmacologic agents in the operating room and ICU, the rationale for their selection, side effects, and complications.
The effect of intrinsic and extrinsic quality cues of digital video games on sales: An empirical investigation

Abstract This study examines the effect of product quality cues on sales of digital video games, using signaling theory as a theoretical model. The quality cues are examined from two angles: intrinsic and extrinsic. The intrinsic cues, in this study, include company reputation, newness, and retro features and extrinsic cues include review valence, product popularity, price, and user engagement. Based on a publicly available panel data of 142,590 observations for 5415 digital video games, our empirical results suggest that both intrinsic and extrinsic quality cues affect sales of digital video games. Company reputation of a digital video game, however, does not have a significant effect on sales. Although an overall relationship between price and sales is positive, this is not the case for less popular digital video games. This study provides the implications for IS research and practice.
A Triple Functional Approach To Simultaneously Determine the Type, Concentration, and Size of Titanium Dioxide Particles.

The large-scale manufacturing and use of titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles in food and consumer products significantly increase the likelihood of human exposure and release into the environment. We present a simple and innovative approach to rapidly identify the type (anatase or rutile), as well as to estimate, the size and concentration of TiO2 particles using Raman spectroscopy and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The identification and discrimination of rutile and anatase were based on their intrinsic Raman signatures. The concentration of the TiO2 particles was determined based on Raman peak intensity. Particle sizes were estimated based on the ratio between the Raman intensity of TiO2 and the SERS intensity of myricetin bound to the nanoparticles (NPs), which was proven to be independent of TiO2 nanoparticle concentrations. The ratio that was calculated from the 100 nm particles was used as a cutoff value when estimating the presence of nanosized particles within a mixture. We also demonst...
Sociodemographic determinants of non-accidental traumatic injuries in children.

Abstract Background Traumatic injuries account for 18% of child abuse cases and 1680 children die from abuse annually. We set out to determine the impact of sociodemographic characteristics on resource utilization and outcomes in nonaccidental trauma (NAT). Methods We used the Kid's Inpatient Database to identify children with two main subgroups of child abuse diagnoses: NAT and other forms of child abuse. Income was represented by quartiles. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics and regression analyses. Results We identified 5617 children requiring hospital admission due to NAT. Medicaid insurance payer status was associated with higher rates of traumatic injuries than private insurance. Black race, male sex, and high-income-quartile were independent factors associated with increased cost. We identified an increased risk of mortality in younger children and those with self-pay/uninsured status. Conclusion NAT represents a prevalent cause of childhood mortality. This study identifies sociodemographic factors associated with increased occurrence, higher resource utilization, and increased mortality in NAT.
Structure, Function, and Regulation of Androgen-Binding Protein/Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin

Despite over 20 years of research, the functions of ABP and SHBG remain elusive. The major reason for this lack of knowledge has been the unavailability of natural mutants with clinical defects for study. There is strong evidence that these binding proteins do act to modulate the gene regulatory actions of nuclear sex steroid receptors by controlling the availability of androgens and estrogens. In plasma, SHBG controls the metabolic clearance rate of sex steroids. In addition there is strong evidence that they have a much broader function. The identification of plasma membrane receptors in target tissues and the finding of homologous domains in several developmental proteins support other functions. Moreover, other experiments suggest the proteins may actually be hormones or growth factors. These findings are not compatible with a model that has the proteins only regulating free steroid hormone levels. Obviously, much more experimentation will be necessary to reveal the functions of ABP and SHBG. The recent discoveries have offered several clues to their functions and open new routes for study. These experiments, coupled with newly developed techniques, such as gene knockout by homologous recombination, make one optimistic that the functions of these unique proteins will be deciphered in the near future.
Face Numbers and Subdivisions of Convex Polytopes

The first part of the paper surveys results on f-vectors, flag vectors and h-vectors of convex polytopes. These are combinatorial parameters that have been characterized for simplicial polytopes. Many of the results known in the general case depend on the connection between convex polytopes and toric varieties. The second half of the paper looks at polyhedral subdivisions of convex polytopes. The effect of subdivision on the h-vector is studied. The paper discusses the secondary polytope, which encodes the regular subdivisions of a polytope. Fiber zonotopes and the corresponding hyperplane arrangements, called discriminantal arrangements, are studied.
Ein Differenzierungsmodell der Identitätsentwicklung

In diesem Kapitel wird ein Modell der allgemeinen Identitatsentwicklung erarbeitet, das auf die Geschlechtsidentitat als Spezialfall anwendbar ist. Der Begriff „Identitat“ ist allgemein gebrauchlich; in welcher Beziehung er aber zu anderen Konzepten der psychologischen Theorie steht, wurde bislang nicht eindeutig geklart. Wie Schafer (1968) zeigt, ist der Terminus in bezug auf andere Begriffe (Selbst, Ich, soziale Rolle, Personlichkeit oder Charakter) auch nicht zufriedenstellend definiert worden. Ubereinstimmend ist man der Ansicht, das Identitat und Identitatsentwicklung unter samtlichen in Frage kommenden Blickwinkeln (z. B. Entwicklungsverlaufe auf psychosexuellen und psychosozialen Stufen, Beziehungen zu Es-, Ich- und Uber-Ich-Konzepten, Entwicklung und Strukturierung von Identifikationen und Objektbeziehungen, Einflus sozialer Krafte) untersucht werden sollten und derartige Untersuchungen sich erst in ihren Anfangen befinden.
Matrix metalloproteinases in the progression of heart failure: Potential therapeutic implications

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of functionally related zinc-containing enzymes that denature and degrade fibrillar collagens and other components of the extracellular matrix. Myocardial extracellular matrix remodelling and fibrosis regulated by MMPs are believed to be important contributors to the progression of heart failure. The role of MMPs in cardiac fibrosis and the progression of heart failure, along with the possibility of halting the progression of heart failure by modulating extracellular matrix remodelling are important issues under intense study. MMPs are increased in the failing hearts of both animal models and patients with heart failure. MMP inhibition may therefore modulate extracellular matrix remodelling and the progression of heart failure. It is a great advantage that various MMP inhibitors have been developed initially for the treatment of cancer, arthritis and other diseases believed to be associated with increased MMP activity. Several preclinical studies have shown that treatment of heart failure in animal models with MMP inhibitors results in less collagen matrix damage, favourable extracellular matrix remodelling, and improved cardiac structure and function. The results suggest that modulation of MMP activity can prevent myocardial dysfunction and the progression of heart failure through alterations in the remodelling process of extracellular matrix and the left ventricle. Although these promising results suggest potential benefits of MMP inhibition for human heart failure, no clinical data evaluating MMP inhibitors in heart failure have been reported. As the preclinical evidence continues to grow and the potential of MMP inhibition for the treatment of heart failure continues to unfold, MMP inhibition may prove to be an effective treatment for heart failure.
Vibration Control Using Piezoelectric Actuators and Sensors

This chapter presents, through several example case studies and representative systems, the notion and implementation of vibration control using piezoelectric actuators and sensors. Using the modeling developments and derivations in the preceding chapters, a comprehensive treatment is provided for active vibration absorption as well as vibration control using piezoelectric materials for a variety of systems. These include the application of piezoelectric actuators and/or sensors in both axial and transverse configurations as well as piezoelectric control design using lumped-parameters and distributed-parameters representations.
Prenatal Neural Responses to Infant Faces Predict Postpartum Reflective Functioning

Pregnancy is shaped by unfolding psychological and biological changes in preparation for parenthood. A growing literature has examined the postpartum maternal brain. However, few studies examine the maternal brain during pregnancy, and whether brain function in pregnancy may have implications for postpartum caregiving. Using event-related potentials, we examined the late positive potential (LPP) elicited by infant distress and neutral faces in 35 women during their third trimester of pregnancy. Then, at 3 months postpartum, mothers completed a measure of parental reflective functioning to capture how they regarded their capacity to consider their child's thoughts and feelings. We found that in the third trimester, infant distress faces elicited larger LPPs compared to infant neutral faces. Moreover, the LPP elicited by infant neutral faces predicted levels of postpartum reflective functioning. Specifically, a larger LPP elicited by neutral infant faces predicted greater maternal self-reported difficulty recognizing and understanding their own infant's thoughts and feelings. Our findings suggest that studying the pregnant brain may have predictive value for facets of postpartum caregiving and may inform clinical interventions with new mothers.
Association of Comorbid Serious Mental Illness Diagnosis With 30-Day Medical and Surgical Readmissions.

This study compares nationwide medical and surgical readmission rates in patients with and without serious mental illness.
Management of Transnational Think Tank Networks

Transnational networks of think tanks are a new and growing phenomenon. Existing networks can be classified into three groups depending on their primary goal, incentives they give for think tanks to participate, basis for membership, and the degree of network coherence. This paper examines eight specific tasks that managers of think tank networks must address and how the tasks differ according to the four characteristics of the network just listed.
Mechanical properties of single-crystal tungsten irradiated in a mixed spectrum fission reactor

Abstract To collect data for fusion applications and understand the basic properties of tungsten, single-crystal tungsten was neutron irradiated in the mixed-spectrum High Flux Isotope Reactor at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory at temperatures of 90–830 °C to fast fluences of 0.01–9 × 1025 n/m2 (E > 0.1 MeV). For tensile tests at room temperature of the irradiated material in both orientations, and tensile orientation, initially there was strengthening that peaked at 0.02 dpa and was followed by progressive modulus of toughness reduction, approaching zero at higher doses. For all irradiation temperatures, in elevated temperature tensile tests there was a distinct transition from ductile-to-brittle behavior between 0.1 and 0.4 dpa, accompanied by an increase in indentation hardness. The ductile-to-brittle transition with increasing dose was particularly critical because it presented as a total loss in elongation and modulus of toughness. The critical transition dose was well below the dose (∼1 dpa) where irradiation-induced precipitates are visible in the TEM. The extent of Vickers microhardness increase was significant at higher doses and did not depend on irradiation temperature or crystal orientation, reaching 12.9 GPa after 2.8 dpa. The significant mechanical property degradation above 0.1 dpa is believed to have been caused by the accumulation of irradiation-induced clusters and eventually precipitates of the transmutation elements Re and Os.
Circulating Gasdermin-D in Critically Ill Patients.

The key to further improving outcomes in sepsis lies in understanding and abrogating the dysfunctional immune response that leads to organ failure. Activation of gasdermin-D, a pore-forming protein within the inflammasome cascade, has recently been recognized as the critical step in pyroptosis and organ dysfunction. In this study, we sought to investigate the presence of gasdermin-D in critically ill subjects. Design Setting and Patients Prospective pilot study comparing microparticulate active gasdermin-D levels in critically ill patients admitted to the medical ICU at The Ohio State University Medical Center to healthy donors and clinical outcomes. Interventions None. Measurements and Main Results Plasma was collected from subjects upon consent and microparticles were isolated by ultracentrifugation. Proteins of interest were identified by immunoblot analysis of microparticle lysates. Quantification was accomplished by densitometry using ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD). Investigators were then unblinded and compared microparticulate active gasdermin-D levels to physician adjudicated clinical diagnoses and outcomes. No appreciable levels of active gasdermin-D were observed in microparticles from healthy volunteers and nonseptic critically ill patients. However, elevated levels of gasdermin-D were noted in microparticles from the septic cohort of critically ill patients. Furthermore, a significant positive correlation by linear regression was noted when microparticulate active gasdermin-D levels were compared with microparticulate levels of CD63, an exosomal marker, CD14, a monocyte marker, and CD69, a marker of monocyte activation (R2 = 0.37, p = 0.0011, R2 = 0.85, p < 0.0001, and R2 = 0.43, p = 0.0003, respectively). Conclusions This is the first study to demonstrate circulating active gasdermin-D in septic patients in the intensive care setting. Our findings also suggest that active gasdermin-D in septic patients is encapsulated in exosomes derived from activated monocytes. Further characterization in the clinical setting is warranted.
Africa at Development Policy and Practice Crossroads in the Digital Era: Navigating Decolonization and Glocalization

In the twentieth century, industrialization and modernization constituted the North-star of Africa’s development agenda. In post-industrial, post-structural, post-colonial, digital era, twenty-first century, what should be Africa’s development goal, and what policy paths will it take to attain such goal? These are the questions this work seeks to address. Using media ecology and cultural-critical perspectives, this research posits that the digital revolution has ushered in a new era that puts African nations at a critical intersection, forcing them to re-examine their development models and paradigms. It critiques the impact of twentieth-century colonial and neocolonial paradigms of development and development communication policies on Africa. It shows how digital media influence the capacity of different groups, agencies, and institutions to influence development agenda, policies, and practices. It examines the capacity of new media communication to both empower and disempower the people. It proposes new models for analyzing development policy, practice, and theorizing.
Effect of biomass properties and system configuration on the operating effectiveness of biomass to biofuel systems.

Operational inefficiencies due to wide variability in physical and compositional attributes characteristic of existing corn stover supply systems threaten the development of a sustainable bioeconom...
A Comparative Study on the Electrical Properties of Vertical ( $\bar{\sf2}01$ ) and (010) $\beta$ -Ga 2 O 3 Schottky Barrier Diodes on EFG Single-Crystal Substrates

This paper reports a comprehensive study on the anisotropic electrical properties of vertical ( $\overline {\textsf {2}}01$ ) and (010) $\beta $ -Ga2O3 Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs). The devices were fabricated on single-crystal substrates grown by an edge-defined film-fed growth method. The temperature-dependent current–voltage (I–V) and capacitance–voltage (C–V) characteristics were systematically measured, analyzed, and compared. The ( $\overline {\textsf {2}}01$ ) and (010) SBDs exhibited on-resistances ( ${R}_{{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}}}$ ) of 0.56 and $0.77~\textsf {m}\Omega \cdot \textsf {cm}^{{\textsf {2}}}$ , turn- ON voltages ( ${V}_{{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}}}$ ) of 1.0 and 1.3 V, Schottky barrier heights (SBHs) of 1.05 and 1.20 eV, electron mobilities of 125 and 65 cm2/( $\textsf {V}\cdot ~\textsf {s}$ ), respectively, with an on-current of ~1.3 kA/cm2 and on/off ratio of ~109. The (010) SBD had a larger ${V}_{{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}}}$ and SBH due to anisotropic surface properties (i.e., surface Fermi level pinning and band bending), as supported by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. Temperature-dependent I–V also revealed the inhomogeneous nature of the SBH in both devices, where the ( $\overline {\textsf {2}}01$ ) SBD showed a more uniform SBH distribution. The homogeneous SBH was also extracted: 1.33 eV for the ( $\overline {\textsf {2}}01$ ) SBD and 1.53 eV for the (010) SBD. The reverse leakage current of the devices was well described by the two-step trap-assisted tunnelingmodel and the 1-D variable range hopping conduction model. The ( $\overline {\textsf {2}}01$ ) SBD showed a larger leakage current due to its lower SBH and/or smaller activation energy, and thus a smaller breakdown voltage. These results indicate that the crystalline anisotropy of $\beta $ -Ga2O3 can affect the electrical properties of vertical SBDs and should be taken into consideration when designing $\beta $ -Ga2O3 electronics.
Assessment of Telework in a Federal Agency at the Operational Phase

Telework as an optional work arrangement has gained significant popularity over the last few decades in organizations of all kinds. Private businesses and public agencies have found telework to be valuable for increasing work capacity while many employees regard telework as an attractive benefit when it is available. Telework provides greater schedule flexibility for employees, an alternative that maintains productivity during weather emergencies, and provides the opportunity for better work-life balance for employees. This paper describes an assessment of attitudes about telework in a federal agency. The impact of telework on agency mission and employee attitudes about related aspects of telework are assessed. The assessment is conducted through an online questionnaire administered to the entire workforce at one specific federal agency location. Issues addressed include teleworker accountability, teamwork, independent work and telework as an employee benefit. Overall, the results indicate mainly positive attitudes about telework, the agency mission and the work environment throughout the agency.
A technology-based intervention to improve safety, mental health and empowerment outcomes for immigrant women with intimate partner violence experiences: it’s weWomen plus sequential multiple assignment randomized trial (SMART) protocol

Intimate partner violence (IPV) disproportionately affects immigrant women, an understudied and underserved population in need for evidence-based rigorously evaluated culturally competent interventions that can effectively address their health and safety needs. This study uses a sequential, multiple assignment, randomized trial (SMART) design to rigorously evaluate an adaptive, trauma-informed, culturally tailored technology-delivered intervention tailored to the needs of immigrant women who have experienced IPV. In the first stage randomization, participants are randomly assigned to an online safety decision and planning or a usual care control arm and safety, mental health and empowerment outcomes are assessed at 3-, 6- and 12-months post-baseline. For the second stage randomization, women who do not report significant improvements in safety (i.e., reduction in IPV) and empowerment from baseline to 3 months follow up (i.e., non-responders) are re- randomized to safety and empowerment strategies delivered via text only or a combination of text and phone calls with trained advocates. Data on outcomes (safety, mental health, and empowerment) for early non-responders is assessed at 6 and 12 months post re-randomization. The study’s SMART design provides an opportunity to implement and evaluate an individualized intervention protocol for immigrant women based on their response to type or intensity of intervention. The findings will be useful for identifying what works for whom and characteristics of participants needing a particular type or intensity level of intervention for improved outcomes. If found to be effective, the study will result in an evidence-based trauma-informed culturally tailored technology-based safety decision and planning intervention for immigrant survivors of IPV that can be implemented by practitioners serving immigrant women in diverse settings. This trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT04098276 on September 13, 2019.
A User's Guide to the CITE Journal

In April 1998, Linda Roberts, Director of the Office of Educational Technology within the U.S. Department of Education, convened a White House Conference on Technology Training for Teachers. The Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education (SITE) was among the teacher educator associations invited to develop a position paper for the White House conference. The position paper developed in response to this request, "Statement of Basic Principles and Suggested Actions," became known as the Ames White Paper, because it was developed at a meeting of the SITE leadership convened at Iowa State University in Ames, Iowa.
Stimulation of hydrolysis of phosphatidic acid by cholinergic agents in guinea pig synaptosomes.

Abstract "Light" nerve endings from guinea pig cerebral cortex were incubated with [32P]orthophosphate, myo[3H]inositol, [3H]glycerol, or [3H]glucose in the presence or absence of cholinergic agents. Acetylcholine and carbamylcholine increased incorporation of 32Pi into phosphatidic acid 100% and into various classes of phosphatidylinositol 20 to 70%. These agents also stimulated the labeling of phosphatidylinositol from myo[3H]inositol but did not affect the labeling of either phosphatidylinositol or phosphatidic acid from [3H]glycerol or from [3H]glucose. The specific activity of synaptosomal [γ-32P]ATP was unchanged. In a series of two-step incubations, lipids were first labeled with 32Pi, then excess unlabeled Pi or 2,4-dinitrophenol was added to lower the specific activity or the amount of [γ32P]-ATP. The addition of acetylcholine stimulated the rate of disappearance of [32P]phosphatidic acid by 80%. This effect of acetylcholine was blocked by atropine. We conclude that cholinergic agents increase phospholipid labeling by increasing the hydrolysis of phosphatidate.
An Alternative Synthesis

From Embryology to Evo-Devo . A History of Developmental Evolution. Manfred D. Laubichler and Jane Maienschein, Eds. . MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2007. 577 pp. $55, £33.95. ISBN 9780262122832. Dibner Institute Studies in the History of Science and Technology. The contributors (historians, philosophers, and biologists) explore the status of ontogeny and phylogeny in early 20th-century biology, discuss the roots and current state of evolutionary developmental biology, and consider the interdisciplinary field's future prospects.
University Licensing and the Bayh-Dole Act

The Bayh-Dole Act of 1980 allows universities to patent and exclusively license federally funded inventions. With dramatic growth in university licensing, the Act has become controversial and the subject of policy review. In this Policy Forum we examine the available evidence on the intended and unintended effects of the Act.
Surgical stabilization of an occipitoatlantoaxial malformation in an adult dog.

Objective: To report surgical planning, technique, and outcome of stabilization surgery in an adult dog with occipitoatlantoaxial malformation (OAAM). Study Design: Clinical report. Animal: A 19-month-old, 25.5 kg, male castrated, Shiba Inu. Methods: Radiographic and magnetic resonance imaging were used to identify and characterize OAAM. Using a ventral approach to the cranial cervical region 2 cortical bone screws were inserted from the axis into the malformed atlas and occiput. Results: Ambulation was conserved postoperatively. Within 4 weeks, neurologic examination was mostly normal except for decreased proprioception in the right pelvic limb. At 9 months, the dog retained an extended neck posture, but had no neurologic abnormalities. Conclusion: OAAM should be considered as a differential diagnosis in an adult dog with cervical myelopathy. Surgical fixation with cortical bone screws using a ventral approach can be successful.
Crown carbon gain and elevated [CO2] responses of understorey saplings with differing allometry and architecture

1. Attempts at determining the physiological basis of species' differences, such as the ability to grow in deep shade, have been of limited success. However, this basis is fundamental to predicting species' responses to rising atmospheric CO 2 in the forest understorey. We linked a leaf photosynthesis and a tree architecture model to predict the effects of dynamic and steady state photosynthetic characteristics, crown architecture and elevated atmospheric CO 2 concentration ([CO 2 ]) on crown-level carbon gain (A crown ). Twenty-four-h A crown was modelled for shade-tolerant Acer rubrum and shade-intolerant Liriodendron tulipifera saplings growing for three years in a forest understorey under ambient and elevated [CO 2 ] in free-air CO 2 enrichment. 2. Two factors best explained A crown in ambient [CO 2 ]: tree light environment and sapling allometry. Microsite light environment influenced carbon gain via daily photosynthetic photon flux (PFD), average diffuse PFD and sunfleck characteristics. Species differences in specific leaf area (SLA) and size-related biomass allocation to leaves affected the effective leaf area and hence A crown . 3. At a common above-ground biomass, small saplings (100 g above-ground dry mass) of L. tulipifera had higher A crown than A. rubrum samples due to larger SLA and greater biomass allocation to leaves. Larger saplings of the two species had similar A crown due to greater carbon allocation to leaves with increasing plant size in A. rubrum vs L. tulipifera. For saplings > 800 g, A crown was greater in A. rubrum than in L. tulipifera. Enhancement of A crown by elevated [CO 2 ] on sunny days was similar for both species. 4. Overall, though the shade-tolerant species had lower A crown than the shade-intolerant species at a common small size, our results indicate that the relative performance of these species can reverse at larger sizes due to allocational differences. These results suggest that elevated [CO 2 ] may accelerate competition for light between A. rubrum and L. tulipifera as these species grow larger in the understorey.
In Vivo Complementation Between Wild-Type and Mutant β-Galactosidase in Escherichia coli

A comparison of the specific activity of wild-type beta-galactosidase synthesized in a lacZ(-)/lacZ(+) heterogenote has shown that there is 60% more activity in the heterogenote's enzyme than can be accounted for by wild-type subunits alone. It is concluded that wild type beta-galactosidase subunits can complement mutant subunits.
Hypervelocity capture of meteoritic particles in nonsilica aerogels

Abstract– The Stardust mission captured particles from the comet 81P/Wild 2 in gradient density silica aerogel and returned the collected samples to earth in 2006. The analyses of these particles have revealed several new insights into the formation of our solar system. However, since the aerogel used as the capture material was silica, the elemental analyses of the silica-rich particles were made more complicated in certain ways due to the mixing of the silicon of the particles and that of the aerogel. By using a nonsilica aerogel, future elemental analyses of silica–rich particles captured in aerogel could be made more straightforward. Resorcinol/formaldehyde (RF), alumina, and zirconia aerogels were impact tested with meteoritic fragments and the captured fragments were mapped with synchrotron-based X-ray microprobe (XRM) and the particles were analyzed with X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The resorcinol/formaldehyde aerogel proved to be the best capture material, in that it could be keystoned and XRF could be used to locate and analyze particles that were less than 10 μm.
Porous metal-organic truncated octahedron constructed from paddle-wheel squares and terthiophene links.

A metal−organic truncated octahedron (termed MOP-28) has been constructed from six rigid square-shaped Cu2(CO2)4 paddle-wheel building units and twelve 2,2‘:5‘,2‘ ‘-terthiophene-5,5‘ ‘-dicarboxylate (TTDC) linkers. TTDC linker in the cis,cis conformation provides the critical 90° linkage for this unique construction. The porous structure of MOP-28 is maintained even after the removal of guest species, as evidenced by this compound's nitrogen sorption isotherm of Type I characteristics and unprecedented surface area (Langmuir surface area 1100 m2/g, BET surface area 914 m2/g) among materials composed of discrete molecules.
Rehabilitation of the Coronary Patient in 1989

The recent "position paper" of the American College of Physicians1and the associated review of the efficacy of cardiac rehabilitation services2provide an excellent summary of selected studies and discussions concerning cardiac rehabilitation. The features and outcomes of clinical trials of exercise training, undertaken predominantly during the last decade, were compared as a basis for providing guidelines for the use of rehabilitative services. However, we were concerned that some pivotal questions were not addressed and that some contemporary issues were not highlighted; thus, a less-than-complete overview of current cardiac rehabilitative practices has been provided for primary care physicians caring for coronary patients and for third-party insurers funding their care. WHAT ARE APPROPRIATE GOALS OF EXERCISE REHABILITATION FOLLOWING MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION OR MYOCARDIAL REVASCULARIZATION? WHY CAN EXERCISE TRAINING AS AN ISOLATED INTERVENTION NOT BE CONSIDERED SYNONYMOUS WITH CORONARY REHABILITATION? Most physicians recommend, and most coronary patients undertake, exercise rehabilitation with
Task framing and perceived fit: The role of personality, task label, and partner involvement

Two experiments tested the hypothesis that individual differences in social connectedness moderate the association between task frame and perceptions of the task. In experiment 1, 75 participants completed an assessment of relational self-construal prior to engaging in an interview with a partner. Participants then received an explanation that the interview enhanced either relationship skills or occupational skills. Results indicated that high relationals perceived their partner more favorably when the task was framed as relational then when it was framed as occupational. In experiment 2, 185 participants completed self-construal and agreeableness assessments before completing an interview task with or without a partner. Participants then received relational or occupational explanations for the task. The results replicated the findings among high relationals, and also showed that agreeable individuals responded positively when they engaged in a relationally framed interview with a partner. Implications for person–environment fit theory are discussed.
The Raman spectrum of ferroelectric SbSI

Abstract The polarized Raman spectrum of SbSI has been studied in both the paraelectric and ferroelectric phases. The frequencies and symmetries of most of the Raman active phonons in the paraelectric phase have been determined. A strongly temperature dependent A mode has been observed in the ferroelectric phase which completely accounts for the temperature dependence of the dielectric constant along the ferroelectric axis.
Numerical investigation of crossflow separation on a three-caliber tangent ogive cylinder

A parabolized Navier-Stokes code was used to calculate laminar crossflow separation on a simple body of revolution. Convergence lines were defined as lines on which skin-friction lines converge and were visually determined from the computed skin-friction patterns. These convergence lines were shown to be limit lines and not envelopes. Examination of crossflow cuts of streamtubes which encircled the body indicated that crossflow separation (defined by a fold in the streamtube) began after the onset of negative crossflow velocities but before a convergence line could be determined from the skin-friction patterns. There were no rapid changes or extrema in the pressure, skin-friction, vorticity, or flow-angle distributions that indicated where separation occurred. Instead, crossflow separation developed gradually and involved an extended region of the surface.
The low temperature oxidation of UO2 and U4O9

The low temperature oxidation of UO2 to U3O7 is shown to be a diffusion-controlled diphasic reaction. Two tetragonal phases of U3O7 have been identified: α-U3O7, with a = 5·46 A, c = 5·40 A and β-U3O7 with a = 5·38 A, c = 5·55 A. Annealing experiments with β-U3O7 show the existence of a third tetragonal phase with a composition approximately UO2·3, which is stable to 500°C. Its parameters are a = 5·41 A, c = 5·49 A. The oxidation of U4O9 is also controlled by diffusion of oxygen through a second phase, UO2·3 which is in turn converted to β-U3O7. Evidence is given to show that the oxidized surface layer which forms on UO2 at 25°C is amorphous UO3.
Interaction of growth-regulating chemicals and tumefacient virus on plant cells.

Abstract Lee (1955) demonstrated that microscopic tumor initials occur in the phloem fiber tissues of young stems of sweet clover infected with wound-tumor virus and that most of these never develop so that they produce macroscopic growths. Alpha-naphaleneacetic acid (NAA) and certain other growth-regulating substances act synergistically with this virus to stimulate the growth of such tumor initials and also to initiate the formation of many additional ones. The augmentation of tumor growth can be observed histologically within 72 hours after the application of 2% NAA in lanolin to the apical nodes of infected plants. The resulting tumorous growth is intermingled with many abortive adventitious roots in contrast to tumors which develop naturally as a result of infection with wound-tumor virus and which contain no adventitious roots.
Communication Techniques of the Women's Liberation Front.

The author explores the internal and external communication techniques of the Women's Liberation Front and concludes that techniques which aim to alter the social structure are more effective than those which aim to alter social attitudes.
Neural responses to one- and two-tone stimuli in the hearing organ of the dengue vector mosquito

Recent studies demonstrate that mosquitoes listen to each other's wing beats just prior to mating in flight. Field potentials from sound-transducing neurons in the antennae contain both sustained and oscillatory components to pure and paired tone stimuli. Described here is a direct comparison of these two types of response in the dengue vector mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Across a wide range of frequencies and intensities, sustained responses to one- and two-tone stimuli are about equal in magnitude to oscillatory responses to the beats produced by two-tone stimuli. All of these responses are much larger than the oscillatory responses to one-tone stimuli. Similarly, the frequency range extends up to at least the fifth harmonic of the male flight tone for sustained responses to one- and two-tone stimuli and oscillatory responses at the beat frequency of two-tone stimuli, whereas the range of oscillatory response to a one-tone stimulus is limited to, at most, the third harmonic. Thresholds near the fundamental of the flight tone are lower for oscillatory responses than for sustained deflections, lower for males than for females, and within the behaviorally relevant range. A simple model of the transduction process can qualitatively account for both oscillatory and sustained responses to pure and paired tones. These data leave open the question as to which of several alternative strategies underlie flight tone matching behavior in mosquitoes.
Debunking the social democrats and the myth of equality

Abstract This article argues that Sweden's Social Democratic party is an unreliable ally for feminists. It suggests that some of the most formidable obstacles to feminism in particular and progressive politics in general were constructed from within and not outside the party. To support this assertion the author carefully examines their record on women's employment, battery, and sexual assault. She concludes with an overview of additional policies which further demonstrate their abandonment of egalitarian principles.
Serum angiotensinase activity in hypertension

Abstract Serum angiotensinase activity was assayed biologically by following angiotensin II amide degradation and chemically by α- l -aspartyl-β-naphthylamide hydrolysis. The activity in hypertensive patients was not changed significantly from normal. There was no apparent relationship between serum angiotensinase activity and plasma renin activity, blood urea nitrogen, or mean blood pressure. Serum proteins exhibiting angiotensinase activity migrated similarly in vertical starch gel electrophoresis in normals and hypertensives, but some inferential evidence for quantitative differences in specific enzymes among the several contributing to angiotensinase activity is presented.
A transient semimetallic layer in detonating nitromethane

Despite decades of research, the microscopic details and extreme states of matter found within a detonating high explosive have yet to be elucidated. Here we present the first quantum molecular-dynamics simulation of a shocked explosive near detonation conditions. We discover that the wide-bandgap insulator nitromethane (CH3NO2) undergoes chemical decomposition and a transformation into a semimetallic state for a limited distance behind the detonation front. We find that this transformation is associated with the production of charged decomposition species and provides a mechanism to explain recent experimental observations.
Rationally Designed Cooperatively Enhanced Receptors To Magnify Host–Guest Binding in Water

When disengaged interactions within a receptor are turned on by its guest, these intrahost interactions will contribute to the overall binding energy. Although such receptors are common in biology, their synthetic mimics are rare and difficult to design. By engineering conflictory requirements between intrareceptor electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, we enabled complementary guests to eliminate the “electrostatic frustration” within the host and turn on the intrahost interactions. The result was a binding constant of Ka >105 M–1 from ammonium–carboxylate salt bridges that typically function poorly in water. These cooperatively enhanced receptors displayed excellent selectivity in binding, despite a large degree of conformational flexibility in the structure.
A note on the variability of real interest rates, business cycles, and the livingston data*

In the context of a structural model of interest rate determination, we show how the separate impacts of business cycles on the nominal rate through their effects on the ex ante real rate and inflation forecast errors can be consistently estimated. Ours is a generalization of Tanzi's (1980) model and demonstrates that over 1952–1980, the Livingston data has significantly underestimated the underlying price expectations by nearly 25%.
Effects of fluticasone propionate, triamcinolone acetonide, prednisone, and placebo on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

Abstract Background: Many clinicians are reluctant to prescribe inhaled corticosteroids because of concerns over potential effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the adrenal responses to 6-hour cosyntropin infusion after treatment with fluticasone propionate aerosol, triamcinolone acetonide aerosol, prednisone, and placebo for 4 weeks, a sufficient time interval to assess any effects on the adrenal response to stress. Methods: This double-blind, triple-dummy, randomized, placebo-controlled study was conducted in 128 patients to evaluate adrenal response to 6-hour cosyntropin infusion (a clinically relevant method for evaluating adrenal function) after 28 days of treatment with fluticasone propionate aerosol 88 μg or 220 μg twice daily, triamcinolone acetonide aerosol 200 μg 4 times daily or 400 μg twice daily, prednisone 10 mg once daily, and placebo. Results: After 28 days of treatment, mean plasma cortisol response to cosyntropin over 12 hours after initiation of the 6-hour infusion was similar among fluticasone, triamcinolone, and placebo groups; cortisol response was significantly ( P P ≤ .003) lower with prednisone than any other treatment; no significant differences were noted between placebo and either of the fluticasone groups in any assessment. Mean reductions from baseline in area under the plasma cortisol concentration time curves and peak cortisol concentrations were significantly ( P Conclusion: These results suggest that fluticasone propionate at therapeutic doses has effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis comparable to that of placebo and has significantly less effect than prednisone as measured by 6-hour cosyntropin infusion after 28 days of treatment. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;103:622-8.)