cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plasma lipid transfer enzymes in non-diabetic lean and obese men and women.

There are considerable differences in the plasma lipid profile between lean and obese individuals and between men and women. Little, however, is known regarding the effects of obesity and sex on the plasma concentration of enzymes involved in intravascular lipid remodeling. Therefore, we measured the immunoreactive protein mass of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), hepatic lipase (HL), cholesterol-ester transfer protein (CETP) and lecithin-cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) in fasting plasma samples from 40 lean and 40 obese non-diabetic men and premenopausal women. Women, compared with men, had ~5% lower plasma LCAT (p < 0.041), ~35% greater LPL (p = 0.001) and ~10% greater CETP (p = 0.085) concentrations. Obese, compared with lean individuals of both sexes, had ~30% greater plasma LCAT (p < 0.001), ~20% greater CETP (p < 0.001) and ~20% greater LPL (p = 0.071) concentrations. Plasma HL concentration was not different in lean men and women. Obesity was associated with increased (by ~50%) plasma HL concentration in men (p = 0.018) but not in women; consequently, plasma HL concentration was lower in obese women than obese men (p = 0.009). In addition, there were direct correlations between plasma lipid transfer enzyme concentrations and lipoprotein particle concentrations and sizes. There are considerable differences in basal plasma lipid transfer enzyme concentrations between lean and obese subjects and between men and women, which may be partly responsible for respective differences in the plasma lipid profile.
Characteristics and clinical significance of subclinical seizures

Summary Purpose: To define characteristics of subclinical seizures (SCS) and their prognostic significance after epilepsy surgery. Methods: Reports from intracranial video-EEG monitoring were reviewed for patients who had epilepsy surgery between 1989 and 2003. Relationships between SCS and clinical seizures were categorized as either: complete colocalization (Group A), when both SCS and clinical seizures originated from the same single focus, or incomplete and no colocalization (Group B), when some or all SCS and clinical seizures originated from different foci in different lobes or hemispheres. Results: A total of 111 patients were included in this review. Seventy-one (64%) patients had 2,821 SCS and most SCS came from the mesial temporal lobe. The mean duration of SCS was shorter than complex partial seizures and generalized tonic–clonic seizures but similar to simple partial seizures. SCS rarely propagated beyond the site of origin and the majority of SCS had the same area of origin as clinical seizures. Sixty-five patients had both SCS and clinical seizures and underwent resective surgery. Group A patients had a higher seizure-free outcome rate (77.5%) than Group B patients (37.5%). The colocalization rate of SCS and clinical seizures may impact seizure-free outcome. The presence or absence of SCS, SCS duration, and extent of propagation of SCS did not influence surgical outcome. Conclusion: SCS commonly originate from the same cortical area as clinical seizures and are related to postsurgical outcome. These findings suggest they should be viewed as having similar significance in the surgical decision process as clinical seizures.
A NOTE ON AN ARGUMENT OF QUINE

QUINE has rightly called attention 1 to a difficulty standing in the way of consistent interpretation of Principia Mathematica. It appears also to be suggested that a like difficulty stands in the way of consistent interpretation of any logical system which utilizes both property abstraction and class abstraction. It certainly behoves the logician, who thinks that the logic of intensions and the logic of extensions may be united in a single comprehensive theory, to attend carefully to Quine's argument. In my paper, " Modality and Description ",2 I attempted to show that certain paradoxes due to Frege and Quine, which threaten the interpretability of modal logic as a theory of deduction, may be averted by considerations pertaining to the scopes of definite descriptions and class abstracts. I wish to apply those same considerations to the problem created by Quine's present argument. Though the logic of the situation is similar to the case of Frege's well-known example of the morning star, there is this important difference. The present argument does not turn on the explicit admission of modal operators into logic but only on the recognition of the diversity between classes and attributes. In Quaine's present discussion it is correctly pointed out that if the rules of Principia were supplemented by the permission to infer identity of attributes from their logical equivalence, a paradoxical result would be achievable, namely, the result that all formally equivalent attributes would be identical. It is clear, however, from other considerations than Quine adduces, that this supplementary principle is not admissible in Principia as it stands. Principia utilizes the so-called ramified theory of logical types according to which logically equivalent propositional functions may not always be identified. For example, if b is a predicative function (or attribute) the following propositional functions must, according to the ramified theory, be distinguished, though they are logically equivalent:
Response to Intervention or Responsive Instruction? Challenges and Possibilities of Response to Intervention for Adolescent Literacy.

In no small way, these and other indicators of declining literacy achievement have shifted national attention toward struggling and striving adolescent readers. More than ever, secondary schools are under enormous pressure to find ways of improving performance for these youth. Then came reauthorization of the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA; U.S. Department of Education, 2004), which contains regulations for a Response to Intervention (RTI) approach for identifying students who may be eligible for specific learning disability services. And almost overnight, countless secondary schools across the United States that previously had no structured literacy programs have been adopting the RTI model. RTI commonly involves three tiers of support. The first represents instruction and services available to all students, generally provided at the classroom level. The second targets short-term instruction for small groups of students who need extra help. The third tier represents the most intensive level of instruction and is usually provided in a one-to-one context. Students receive 339
Apparatus as Milestones in the History of Comparative Psychology

Significant apparatus developments from the history of comparative psychology are reviewed, including the contemporary trend toward computer use in research with nonhuman animals. It is argued that milestone apparatus served not only to open new lines of inquiry but also to shape or delimit the nature of the answers that were obtained.
Predictors of sun exposure in adolescents in a southeastern U.S. population

Purpose: With the increase in melanoma incidence, the sun exposure and protective behaviors of adolescents are of great concern. Limited data are available on the prevalence and predictors of risk behavior in adolescents in the southeastern United States. This study examined the levels of sun exposure and variables predictive of sun exposure among adolescents in two Alabama middle schools. Methods: A total of 509 sixth-graders completed a self-administered survey assessing: (a) their knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about malignant melanoma; and (b) their sun exposure and sunburns for a specific weekend and for the summer. Results: Levels of sun exposure and frequency of sunburn were high. Regression models determined the predictors of weekend and summer sun exposure, and weekend sunburn. Significant predictors varied by outcome and included gender, perceived importance of a suntan, parent and peer modeling, and sunscreen use. Conclusions: Reducing the risk of melanoma will require a three-pronged intervention strategy with efforts directed at adolescents, their parents, and the broader community.
Level of Intellectual Functioning Predicts Patterns of Associated Symptoms in School-Age Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

Abstract The relation between level of intellectual functioning and risk for associated symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was investigated. Cognitive ability and associated s...
Pavlovian conditioning to hedonic food cues in overweight and lean individuals.

Obese individuals develop heightened reactivity to environmental cues associated with hedonic foods through Pavlovian conditioning. This study examined differences between overweight (n = 16) and lean (n = 17) 18-26 year-olds in their acquisition of a swallowing response to visual cues paired with chocolate milk, tasteless water and no taste stimulus. We hypothesized that, compared to lean participants, overweight participants would demonstrate a heightened conditioned swallowing response to the visual cue paired with chocolate milk as well as a resistance to extinction of this response. Results showed that overweight participants swallowed more in response to the visual cue previously paired with chocolate than the cue previously paired with tasteless water (t(15) = -3.057, p = .008) while lean participants showed no cue discrimination (t(16) = -1.027, p = .320). The results evaluating the extinction hypothesis could not be evaluated, as the lean participants did not acquire a conditioned response. In evaluating the conditioned swallow response of overweight participants only, results indicated that there was not a significant decrease in swallowing to cues paired with chocolate milk or water, but overall, overweight participants swallowed more to cues paired with chocolate than cues paired with water. These are the first results to show differential acquisition of Pavlovian conditioned responding in overweight individuals compared to lean individuals, as well as differential conditioning to cues paired with hedonic food stimuli compared to cues paired with neutral stimuli.
Wake hazard alleviation associated with roll oscillations of wake-generating aircraft

An explanation is provided for the difference in wake vortex alleviation achieved by roll oscillations in flight tests with B-747 and L-1011 transport aircraft. Both aircraft had their landing flaps extended and several spoilers deployed. Numerical analysis shows that the growth in amplitude of the initial waves in the vortex filament is brought about by the sinusoidal instability. In the case of the B-747, growth is enhanced by a vortex whose strength is about the same as the tip vortex which is shed near the fuselage by the inboard end of the flaps. Conversely, the L-1011 is estimated to shed a negligible fuselage vortex and to have a relatively strong wingtip vortex. These characteristics bring about a rotation and amplification of the initial waves in the vortex filaments in the wake of the B-747 but not in the L-1011 vortex wake. An aircraft following the B-747 would then experience only intermittent encounters with the intense parts of the wake vortices so that the time-averaged wake-induced rolling moment is substantially reduced.
Observation of hyperfine mixing in measurements of a magnetic octupole decay in isotopically pure nickel-like 129Xe and 132Xe ions.

We present measurements of high statistical significance of the rate of the magnetic octupole (M3) decay in nickel-like ions of isotopically pure {sup 129}Xe and {sup 132}Xe. On {sup 132}Xe, an isotope with zero nuclear spin and therefore without hyperfine structure, the lifetime of the metastable level was established as (15.06 {+-} 0.24) ms. On {sup 129}Xe, an additional fast (2.7 {+-} 0.1 ms) decay component was established that represents hyperfine mixing with a level that decays by electric quadrupole (E2) radiation.
Networked Control System: Overview and Research Trends

Networked control systems (NCSs) have been one of the main research focuses in academia as well as in industry for many decades and have become a multidisciplinary area. With these growing research trends, it is important to consolidate the latest knowledge and information to keep up with the research needs. In this paper, the NCS and its different forms are introduced and discussed. The beginning of this paper discusses the history and evolution of NCSs. The next part of this paper focuses on different fields and research arenas such as networking technology, network delay, network resource allocation, scheduling, network security in real-time NCSs, integration of components on a network, fault tolerance, etc. A brief literature survey and possible future direction concerning each topic is included.
The early development of the thyroid gland in Amia calva

The thyroid primordium is a solid median outgrowth from the pharynx which is attached to the truncus arteriosus at its bifuracation. The thyroid is soon detached from the pharynx and migrates to its definitive position ventral to the aorta between the bases of the third visceral pouches. After detachment the primary follicle appears in the lower part of the primordium; during migration and early growth it is divided apparently by stress and pressure to form secondary follicles. Independent follicles are formed also by secretion of colloid between solid masses of thyroid cells. Other secondary follicles are formed by pinching off evaginations from large follicles. Colloid appears soon after the primary follicle is divided. The adult thyroid is a group of follicles scatterd in a venous plexus in the ventral pharyngeal region, around the aorta.
EMDR Minus Eye Movements Equals Good Psychotherapy

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a therapy roughly equal in efficacy to others currently available. It is argued that this treatment method is efficacious independent of the value of its component parts (e.g., eye movements) and is successful because it applies common and generally accepted principles of psychotherapy. Ten curative principles of this procedure are discussed as reflective of sound psychotherapy practice. It is hoped that an understanding of this therapy from the perspective of the practice and theory of psychotherapy will assist in its study.
Impacts of El Niño and La Niña on the U.S. Climate during Northern Summer

The impacts of El Nino and La Nina on the U.S. climate during northern summer are analyzed separately. Composite analyses reveal that a continental-scale anomalous high dominates over most of North America during La Nina events and leads to hot and dry summers over the central United States. However, the impacts of El Nino over North America are weaker and more variable. A linear barotropic model is used to explore the maintenance of the anomalous patterns. Various forcing terms derived from observations via a single-level vorticity budget analysis are used to drive the model. When the barotropic model is driven by the total forcing (Rossby wave source plus transient eddy forcing plus nonlinear interactions), the model simulations resemble the observed patterns, and a strong and extensive anticyclone is reproduced in the La Nina simulation. The model responses to the individual forcing terms suggested that the vorticity stretching term ( fD) and the transient eddy forcing contribute most to the responses over North America. The stretching term ( fD) excites a low in the El Nino simulation and a high in the La Nina simulation over North America. However, the transient eddy forcing favors an anomalous high over North America in both El Nino and La Nina simulations, such that it weakens the El Nino pattern and strengthens the La Nina pattern.
Inhibition of Ron Kinase Blocks Conversion of Micrometastases to Overt Metastases by Boosting Antitumor Immunity

Many "nonmetastatic" cancers have spawned undetectable metastases before diagnosis. Eventual outgrowth of these microscopic lesions causes metastatic relapse and death, yet the events that dictate when and how micrometastases convert to overt metas- tases are largely unknown. We report that macrophage-stimulating protein and its receptor, Ron, are key mediators in conversion of micrometastases to bona fi de metastatic lesions through immune sup- pression. Genetic deletion of Ron tyrosine kinase activity specifi cally in the host profoundly blocked metastasis. Our data show that loss of Ron function promotes an effective antitumor CD8 + T-cell response, which specifi cally inhibits outgrowth of seeded metastatic colonies. Treatment of mice with a Ron-selective kinase inhibitor prevented outgrowth of lung metastasis, even when administered after micrometastatic colonies had already been established. Our fi ndings indicate that Ron inhibitors may hold potential to specifi cally prevent outgrowth of micrometastases in patients with cancer in the adjuvant setting. SIGNIFICANCE: Our data shed new light on an understudied, yet critically important aspect of metas- tasis: the conversion of clinically undetectable micrometastatic tumor cells to overt metastases that eventually cause death of the patient. Our work shows that Ron inhibition can signifi cantly reduce metastatic outgrowth, even when administered after metastatic colonies are established.
A novel circuit to implement linear threshold logic for digital computations

We have developed and fabricated a linear threshold element which applies the sum of weighted-inputs to a threshold, similar to the function of a neuron. Such a logic structure is extremely powerful because a single structure can perform a variety of functions ranging from standard Boolean operations (AND, OR, etc) to more complex operations like Majority and Compare. This particular implementation, using standard MOSFETs, is highly reconfigurable, allowing for multiple inputs and multiple positive or negative weights without requiring floating gate transistors. The circuit is also attractive for reconfigurable logic because of its regular structure and flexibility of inputs. We have implemented this design using a standard 0.6/spl mu/ process.
The Effect of Inotropic Drugs on Filling of the Isolated Right Ventricle of the Dog Heart

Selected inotropic drugs were studied in an isolated right ventricle preparation in which the work load and heart rate could be controlled. Records of ventricular pressure and volume were made. Rate of ventricular relaxation was estimated, and mechanical impedance to inflow was calculated as the ratio of intraventricular pressure to inflow. The negatively inotropic drugs slowed relaxation and increased impedance. Strophanthin-K reversed these effects. Adrenalin decreased impedance. It is concluded that, during the filling period, inotropic drugs alter those physical properties of ventricle wall which contribute to mechanical impedance.
Stable Sub-Optimum Controllers for the Smith Dead Time Compensation

Dahlin and Dead-Beat controllers are analyzed in connection with the Smith Dead Time compensation scheme. It is well known that the Smith configuration needs explicit knowledge of the process dead time. This paper proposes modifications in the Dahlin and the Dead Beat controllers in such a way that the explicit knowledge of the dead time is not needed in the controller. This is a desirable feature in real life applications due to the fact that the reliable estimation of the process dead time is not always easy to obtain. Stability and the steady state performance of these algorithms are analyzed theoretically. It was proved that a low pass filter in the feedback path can be used to stabilize the system. Furthermore, it was also shown that this filter does not effect the steady state performance of the control system.
An intelligent Web recommendation engine based on fuzzy approximate reasoning

Intelligent Web personalization aims at adapting a user's interaction with the Web information space based on information gathered about the user. A complete automated Web personalization system is generally based on Web usage mining to discover useful knowledge about user access patterns, followed by a recommendation system to act on this knowledge in order to respond to the users' individual interest, in a manner transparent to the user, and while protecting the user's privacy and anonymity. The flow of information in a Web personalization system can be prone to significant amounts of error and uncertainty. This uncertainty pervades all stages from the user's Web navigation patterns to the final recommendations, including the intermediate stages of logging Web usage, preprocessing and segmenting Web log data into Web user sessions, clustering these sessions, and computing Web user profiles from these clusters. Fuzzy approximate reasoning can offer a general framework for the, recommendation process. It is this framework that is investigated in this paper. This paper presents a simple, intuitive, and fast approach to provide dynamic predictions in the Web navigation space. Real Web usage data is used as a simulation testbed for the fuzzy approximate reasoning based recommendation system.
Comments on Reviewing Adolescent Literacy Reports: Key Components and Critical Questions:

I will begin my comments on Reviewing Adolescent Literacy Reports: Key Components and Critical Questions by commending the authors for taking on this rather massive project. The project required not only locating and reading the many lengthy reports that exist on adolescent literacy but also sifting through the numerous claims, ideas, and suggestions in each report to offer an analysis of dominant themes. Faggella-Luby, Ware, and Capozzoli discerned a two-pronged focus on (a) improving teaching and assessment practices, and (b) changing infrastructures of secondary schooling to support those practices. I concur with their analysis. The reports I have read and the panels on which I have served tend to acknowledge the critical need to change not only practice inside the classroom but also the structures that support and constrain excellent teaching and assessment practice. That is a good thing; it is wise of policy makers, researchers, administrators, and teachers to think in terms of both practice and stru...
Sexually Transmitted Infections

This article addresses the importance of screening for sexually transmitted diseases as a form of secondary prevention. The differential diagnoses of genital ulcers or inflammatory disorders of the genitourinary tract, with a higher index of suspicion for sexually transmitted disease, are discussed, as well as currently recommended treatment options for the same.
Paleoseismology of the Southern Section of the Black Mountains and Southern Death Valley Fault Zones, Death Valley, United States

The Death Valley Fault System (DVFS) is part of the southern Walker Lane–eastern California shear zone. The normal Black Mountains Fault Zone (BMFZ) and the right-lateral Southern Death Valley Fault Zone (SDVFZ) are two components of the DVFS. Estimates of late Pleistocene-Holocene slip rates and recurrence intervals for these two fault zones are uncertain owing to poor relative age control. The BMFZ southernmost section (Section 1W) steps basinward and preserves multiple scarps in the Quaternary alluvial fans. We present optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dates ranging from 27 to 4 ka of fluvial and eolian sand lenses interbedded with alluvial-fan deposits offset by the BMFZ. By cross-cutting relations, we infer that there were three separate ground-rupturing earthquakes on BMFZ Section 1W with vertical displacement between 5.5 m and 2.75 m. The slip-rate estimate is ∼0.2 to 1.8 mm/yr, with an earthquake recurrence interval of 4,500 to 2,000 years. Slip-per-event measurements indicate Mw 7.0 to 7.2 earthquakes. The 27–4-ka OSL-dated alluvial fans also overlie the putative Cinder Hill tephra layer. Cinder Hill is offset ∼213 m by SDVFZ, which yields a tentative slip rate of 1 to 8 mm/yr for the SDVFZ.
SSDPOP: improving the privacy of DCOP with secret sharing

multiagent systems designed to work collaboratively with groups of people typically require private information that people will entrust to them only if they have assurance that this information will be protected. Although Distributed Constraint Optimization (DCOP) has emerged as a prominent technique for multiagent coordination, existing algorithms for solving DCOP problems do not adeqately protect agents' privacy. This paper analyzes privacy protection and loss in existing DCOP algorithms. It presents a new algorithm, SSDPOP, which augments a prominent DCOP algorithm (DPOP) with secret sharing techniques. This approach significantly reduces privacy loss, while preserving the structure of the DPOP algorithm and introducing only minimal computational overhead. Results show that SSDPOP reduces privacy loss by 29--88% on average over DPOP.
Get mad and get more than even : When and why anger expression is effective in negotiations

Abstract We hypothesized that anger expressions increase expressers’ ability to claim value in negotiations, but only when the recipients of these expressions have poor alternatives. This effect occurs because anger expression communicates toughness, and only recipients who have poor alternatives are affected by the toughness of their counterpart. In Experiment 1, participants read a scenario about a negotiator who either was angry or not. In Experiment 2, dyads negotiated face-to-face after one negotiator within each dyad was advised to show either anger or no emotion. In both studies, recipients of anger expressions who had poor alternatives conceded more. Experiment 2 also provided evidence that toughness ascribed to the expresser mediated the effect of anger expression on claiming value.
A new method for two dimensional symbolic compaction of IC layout

A method for two-dimensional IC symbolic layout compaction is presented. Distances between the layout elements and the selected origin are minimized to achieve a compacted layout. Compared to one-dimensional compaction, this algorithm gets better results and its time complexity is of the same order. >
Review: Complement and its regulatory proteins in kidney diseases

Complement is a part of the body's innate immune system that helps defend the host from microbial infection. It is tightly controlled by a number of cell surface and fluid-phase proteins so that under normal circumstances injury to autologous tissues is avoided. In many pathological settings, such as when the complement regulatory mechanisms are dysfunctional or overwhelmed, complement attack of autologous tissues can occur with severe, sometimes life-threatening consequences. The kidney appears to be particularly vulnerable to complement-mediated inflammatory injury and many kidney pathologies have been linked to abnormal complement activation. Clinical and experimental studies have shown that complement attack can be a primary cause in rare, genetically predisposed kidney diseases or a significant contributor to kidney injury caused by other etiological factors. Here we provide a brief review of recent advances on the activation and regulation of the complement system in kidney disease, with a particular emphasis on the relevance of complement regulatory proteins.
Self becoming as self‐growth

(1974). Self becoming as self growth. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 13, The Student as a Person, pp. 329-334.
General Hydrodynamics of He-3-a in Finite Magnetic-Fields

We have determined the hydrodynamic equations, including nonlinear terms, for superfluid /sup 3/He-A in finite magnetic fields. The propagating and diffusive normal modes for a uniform texture have been studied, both for bulk and superleak geometries. In bulk, the longitudinal magnetization and the temperature produce two coupled modes; in a superleak, the longitudinal magnetization and the density produce two coupled modes. For both geometries, the coupled modes show crossing effects. (An appendix is devoted to considerations of an experiment designed to observe the coupled longitudinal modes, at ''mode crossing.'') The transverse spin waves have also been studied, but they do not show mode-crossing effects. For the bulk A/sub 1/ phase, the relationship of the bulk diffusive mode to the ''magnetothermal effect,'' is discussed. For the A/sub 1/ phase in a superleak the relationship of the two diffusive longitudinal modes to the ''magnetothermomechanical effects,'' and of the propagating longitudinal mode to the ''magnetic fountain effect,'' are discussed. It is suggested that the longitudinal spin wave in the A phase, at any field, can be studied through its characteristic decay length, when the generator frequency lies below the gap frequency.
Activation of the TGFα autocrine loop is downstream of IGF-I receptor activation during mitogenesis in growth factor dependent human colon carcinoma cells

The inappropriate expression of TGFalpha in growth arrest contributes to malignant progression in human colon carcinoma cells. Early stage, non-progressed colon tumor cells show a down-regulation of TGFalpha in growth arrest and require both nutrients and growth factors for re-entry into the cell cycle. In contrast, highly progressed cells up-regulate TGFalpha during growth arrest and require only nutrients for re-entry. Given the importance of TGFalpha in malignant progression, this work addressed the regulation of TGFalpha expression in the early stage colon carcinoma cell line, FET. Growth-arrested FET cells down-regulated the expression of TGFalpha, EGFr and, in turn, EGFr activation. These quiescent cells continued to express high levels of IGF-IR protein, but IGF-IR activation was undetectable. Cell cycle re-entry required exogenous growth factor activation of the IGF-IR by insulin or IGF-I. This IGF-IR activation resulted in S phase re-entry and was accompanied by an approximate threefold induction of TGFalpha expression along with EGFr activation at 1 h following release from growth arrest. Activation of IGF-IR occurred within 5 min of cell-cycle re-entry. Previously identified DNA binding proteins which bind to a unique TGFalpha/EGF response element within the TGFalpha promoter were similarly induced following IGF-IR activation. The addition of EGFr neutralizing antibodies abolished the activated IGF-IR stimulated S phase re-entry. Moreover, disruption of the growth arrest associated down-regulation of TGFalpha in FET cells by constitutive TGFalpha expression abrogated the requirement for IGF-IR activation for cell cycle re-entry. Consequently, this study indicates, for the first time, that IGF-IR activation up-regulates components of the TGFalpha autocrine loop resulting in TGFalpha-mediated EGFr activation which was critical for IGF-IR mediated re-entry into the cell cycle from the growth-arrested state.
Pyrolytic and Laser Photolytic Growth of Crystalline and Amorphous Germanium Films from Digermane (Ge2H6)

High-purity digermane (Ge2H6, 5% in He) has been used to grow epitaxially oriented crystalline Ge films by pyrolysis. Amorphous Ge:H films also have been deposited by pyrolysis and ArF (193 nm) laser-induced photolysis. The amorphous-to-crystalline transition and the film’s morphology was studied as a function of deposition conditions. The film’s microstructure, strain and epitaxial quality were assessed using x-ray diffraction curves and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. It was found that commensurate, coherently strained epitaxial Ge films could be grown pyrolytically on (100) GaAs at low (0.05–40 m Torr) Ge2H6 partial pressures, for substrate temperatures above 380°C.
The acquisition of two phonetic cues to word boundaries.

The study evaluated whether durational and allophonic cues to word boundaries are intrinsic to syllable production, and so acquired with syllable structure, or whether they are suprasyllabic, and so acquired in phrasal contexts. Twenty preschool children (aged 3 ; 6 and 4 ; 6) produced: (1) single words with simple and complex onsets (e.g. nail vs. snail); and (2) two-word phrases with intervocalic consonant sequences and varying boundary locations (e.g. this nail vs. bitty snail). Comparisons between child and adult control productions showed that the durational juncture cue was emergent in the four-year-olds' productions of two-word phrases, but absent elsewhere. In contrast, the allophonic cue was evident even in the three-year-olds' productions of single words. Perceptual judgments showed that age- and type-dependent acoustic differences translated into differences in listener behavior. The differential acquisition of the two juncture cues is discussed with reference to the acquisition of articulatory timing control.
Elementary School Personnel's Perceptions on Childhood Obesity: Pervasiveness and Facilitating Factors.

BACKGROUND Researchers in numerous disciplines have investigated the effects of the school environment on childhood obesity, one of the greatest current health concerns in the United States. There is a gap in current empirical evidence, however, on school personnel’s perspectives of this issue. This study examined school personnel’s perceptions of obesity as a problem among school-aged children and their views on factors contributing to obesity.
The Analysis of Induction Motors with Voltage Control by Symmetrically Triggered Thyristors

The application of thyristor switching to induction motor speed control has resulted in a number of unconventional supply systems. One such technique, which has been successfully employed in a number of applications, is variable voltage control by means of symmetrically triggered thyristors in the stator phases of a wye-connected machine. In this paper, an analytic method for predicting the steady-state performance of such a system is presented. The solution is obtained in closed form without the necessity for iteration to obtain the proper boundary conditions. In addition, it is shown that the symmetry of the solution permits an additional reduction in the computation time. Since matrix techniques are utilized throughout the analysis, the equations can be easily implemented into a digital computer program. Hence, the method is well suited to the evaluation of proposed motor designs when used in conjunction with thyristor voltage control. Measured torque-speed characteristics of a typical drive system are included and the results compared to an analytical solution. It is demonstrated that a computed solution will favorably predict the performance of an actual system.
An information fusion framework for threat assessment

Modern enterprises are becoming increasingly sensitive to the potential destructive power of small groups or individuals with malicious intent. In response, significant investments are being made in developing a means to assess the likelihood of certain threats to their enterprises. Threat assessment needs are typically focused in very specific application areas where current processes rely heavily on human analysis to both combine any available data and draw conclusions about the probability of a threat. A generic approach to threat assessment is proposed, including a threat taxonomy and decision-level information fusion framework, that provides a computational means for merging multi-modal data for the purpose of assessing the presence of a threat. The framework is designed for flexibility, and intentionally accounts for the accuracy of each data source, given the environmental conditions, in order to manage the uncertainty associated with any acquired data. The taxonomy and information fusion framework is described, and discussed in the context of real-world applications such as shipping container security and cyber security.
Approximations for Adapting Porous Media Radionuclide Transport Models to Analysis of Transport in Jointed, Porous Rock

Initial criteria are defined which determine when radionuclide transport in jointed, porous rock can be approximated as occurring in an equivalent porous medium. For systems satisfying those criteria, the retardation factor to be used in the equivalent porous media model also is defined.
Oscillations and Sparsening of Odor Representations in the Mushroom Body

In the insect olfactory system, oscillatory synchronization is functionally relevant and reflects the coherent activation of dynamic neural assemblies. We examined the role of such oscillatory synchronization in information transfer between networks in this system. The antennal lobe is the obligatory relay for olfactory afferent signals and generates oscillatory output. The mushroom body is responsible for formation and retrieval of olfactory and other memories. The format of odor representations differs significantly across these structures. Whereas representations are dense, dynamic, and seemingly redundant in the antennal lobe, they are sparse and carried by more selective neurons in the mushroom body. This transformation relies on a combination of oscillatory dynamics and intrinsic and circuit properties that act together to selectively filter and synthesize the output from the antennal lobe. These results provide direct support for the functional relevance of correlation codes and shed some light on the role of oscillatory synchronization in sensory networks.
Cancer and atherosclerosis: the broad mandate of angiogenesis.

The vasa vasorum consist of blood vessels that vary in size from vessels with single or multiple smooth muscle cell layers to simple endothelial channels. In all but large and/or atherosclerotic vessels, the vasa vasorum are confined essentially to the adventitia of the blood vessel wall.1 This microcirculatory system presumably exists for the purpose of nourishing large and medium blood vessels, including the aorta and epicardial coronary arteries. The vasa vasorum also constitute a reservoir for postnatal angiogenesis that has been studied for its potential contribution to the growth and development of neointimal thickening. It is thus intriguing to consider developing primary or restenotic lesions as relatively underperfused and, as is the model for tumor development,2 dependent for continued growth on augmented vascularization. In the current issue of Circulation , Moulton and coworkers3 observed intimal vessels in 15 (13%) of 114 advanced lesions in the aortic root and descending aorta of apolipoprotein E −/− mice fed a cholesterol-supplemented diet from 8 to 20 weeks of age. Median plaque area measured in the aortic root was 0.250 mm2. Intimal vessels were rarely seen when neointimal thickness was 250 μm thick. This finding is itself intriguing in that it is only 250 μm removed from the observation made by Geiringer nearly a half-century before that vasa are required to extend beyond the adventitia into the media when arterial wall thickness exceeds 0.5 mm.4 The current findings are thus consistent with the notion that the growth of vasa vasorum represents a compensatory mechanism capable of augmenting perfusion of the artery wall when increased wall thickness diminishes the extent to which mural perfusion can be satisfactorily achieved by diffusion of O2 from luminal blood. The …
Effects Of Product-Based Technology Professional Development Model On P-8 Teachers

any policy reports have emphasized the importance of linking technology-focused professional development to teachers’ immediate needs and interests, rather than simply delivering technical training on software independent of the curricular or instructional needs of participants (Office of Technology Assessment, 2000; The CEO Forum on Education and Technology, 1999; U.S. Department of Education, 1999). Riel and Becker (2000) found that teachers who regularly seek out professional development opportunities or who lead such programs for their colleagues are also more likely than their colleagues to be experienced users of educational technology, suggesting that these are teachers who have found relevant connections between what educational technology has to offer and their own agendas for professional growth.
Montessori and Non-Montessori Early Childhood Teachers’ Attitudes Towards Inclusion and Access

Montessori and non-Montessori general education early childhood teachers were surveyed about their attitudes towards including children with disabilities and providing access in their classrooms. Both groups reported similar and positive supports for inclusion within their schools. Montessori teachers reported having less knowledge about inclusion and less special education professional development than their non-Montessori counterparts. Implications for professional development and teacher preparation are described.
Normal skeletal development and imaging pitfalls of the calcaneal apophysis: MRI features

Heel pain in children and secondary MR imaging (MRI) of the hindfoot have been increasing in incidence. Our purpose is to illustrate the, previously unreported, MRI stages in development of the posterior calcaneal apophysis, with attention to imaging pitfalls. This should aid in distinguishing normal growth from true disease. Consecutive ankle MRIs in children <18 years, from 2008–2014, were subdivided into 0≤5, 5≤10, 10≤15 and 15≤18 age groups and retrospectively reviewed for development of the calcaneal apophysis. 204 ankle MRI studies in 188 children were identified. 40 studies were excluded with final cohort of 164 studies in 154 patients (82 boys, 72 girls). The calcaneal apophysis was cartilaginous until age 5. Foci of decreased as well as increased signal were embedded in cartilage, prior to ossification. Early, secondary ossification centers appeared in plantar third of the apophysis in 100 % of children by age 7. Increased T2 signal in the ossifications was seen in 30 % of children. Apohyseal fusion began at 12 and was complete in 78 % of 14≤15 year olds and in 88 % of 15≤18 year olds. Curvilinear low signal in the ossification centers, paralleling, but distinguished from growth plate, and not be confused with fracture line, was common. Development of the posterior calcaneus follows a unique sequence. Apophyseal fusion occurs earlier than reported in the literature. Familiarity with this maturation pattern, in particular the apophyseal increased T2 signal and the linear low signal paralleling the growth plate, will avoid misinterpreting it for pathology.
Can Evaporation Losses be Reduced

Evaporation losses from surface reservoirs is major item in water budget of Western States; methods of minimizing evaporation losses are described; two methods warranting study are use of monomolecular film, such as hexadecanol, on water surface and use of ground-water reservoirs for storage.
Institutions and economic history: a critique of professor McCloskey

Professor McCloskey makes many telling and insightful points in her survey and criticism of what she terms the new institutional economics; yet there are a number of shortcomings to her paper. One is that she has bundled together a variety of quite disparate approaches to the role institutions play, and refers to them as ‘neo-institutionalist’. We unbundle these different strands, and show that an undifferentiated critique is unwarranted. A second argument made by her is that an institutional approach cannot explain either the Industrial Revolution or what she calls ‘the Great Enrichment’. We show that this conclusion is unwarranted and results from an overly narrow definition of institutions.
US Senate Health, Education, Labor, & Pensions Committee Hearing on Drug Importation - Response to Dean Arnold

On April 19, 2005, the US Senate HELP Committee held long-delayed hearings on importing cheaper foreign drugs (the Dorgan-Snowe bill, S.334). At the Hearing, Dean Arnold of Emory University School of Law challenged the Dorgan-Snowe bill as unconstitutional and contrary to international law. This written testimony responds to these arguments and demonstrates that the Dorgan-Snowe bill is a constitutional exercise of Congressional power over interstate and foreign commerce, and is consistent with US international obligations, including the TRIPS Agreement.
Turning point or selection? The effect of rustication on subsequent health for the Chinese Cultural Revolution cohort.

Abstract During the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966–76), Chairman Mao sent 17 million urban youth to rural areas to be “reeducated.” These “sent-down” youth spent years working alongside peasants, enduring inadequate diets, shelter and medical attention. What were the consequences for subsequent health? Was there a benefit to individuals in the leading or trailing edges of this cohort? Was this a fundamental turning point or were selection process at work? Drawing on the 1994 State and Life Chances in Urban China Survey , I find the health disadvantage at midlife is mostly borne by members of the trailing-edge sub-cohort who lived in the countryside for more than five years. Results from propensity-score analysis indicate a selection process: those who suffered most came from disadvantaged backgrounds. Life chances following the rusticates' return home, however, either do not differ from those who stayed in cities or do not relate to health, refuting the turning-point view, at least in terms of midlife health.
Prolongation of the activated partial thromboplastin time associated with poor venipuncture technic.

Blood samples drawn by medical students and medical technology students inexperienced in blood drawing frequently yield falsely prolonged activated partial thromboplastin times (APTT’s). Prothrombin times and thrombin times are not affected. The falsely prolonged APTT’s can be avoided by drawing blood by a “two-tube” technic. Comparisons of coagulation factors in plasma samples yielding prolonged and normal APTT’s in blood from the same subjects did not reveal the reasons for the falsely prolonged APTT’s.
Kinetic Density Functional Theory for Plasmonic Nanostructures: Breaking of the Plasmon Peak in the Quantum Regime and Generation of Hot Electrons

We develop a quantum kinetic theory of the dynamic response of typical noble metals. Our approach is based on the density functional theory (DFT) and incorporates new important elements as compared to the conventional time-dependent DFT formalism. The kinetic DFT is derived starting from the master equation of motion for the density matrix, which involves both momentum and energy relaxation processes. Therefore, the quantum system is described by two relaxation parameters, unlike the conventional time-dependent DFT incorporating only one relaxation parameter. This allows us to describe both the absorption of light and the generation of hot plasmonic electrons. Using our kinetic DFT theory, we also observe the transition from the multiple peaks in small size-quantized systems to the intensive plasmonic resonance in large classical systems. Unlike the standard picture of collisional broadening of the plasmon peak in small systems, we observe a very different scenario: the formation of multiple plasmonic-lik...
Status Evaluation Method of Residual Current Operated Protective Device Based on Fuzzy AHP

Based on the analysis of the fault mode of residual current operated protective device(RCD) and its causes,various state information was analyzed and compared.A state evaluation method of RCD based on fuzzy AHP was proposed.The method comprehensively considered various state information which reflects the operating state of RCD,co-ordinating the subjective and objective factors in the evaluation.The application example shows that the method can effectively evaluate the state of RCD.
Study on NC glass milling machine and control algorithms

Aiming at the shortages of craft complications and low automation degree rate of traditional model milling machine,developed the NC glass edge grinding machine,and put forward the corresponding control algorithm.The practices showed that the glass milling machine control system can effectively improve the technical degree and automation degree.