cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“Only Girls Who Want Fat Legs Take the Elevator”: Body Image in Single-Sex and Mixed-Sex Colleges

Because women at single-sex colleges are constantly surrounded by other women with whom they can visually compare themselves, and because we believed that physical appearance-based social comparison would impact body ideals and self-objectification, we predicted that students at a women’s college would endorse thinner body ideals and display more self-objectification as compared to female students at a mixed-sex college, and that these differences would be especially prominent between upper grade level students. Surveys were completed by 175 undergraduate female students at a women’s college and a mixed-sex college located in the same U.S. Midwestern city. Results were opposite of what we predicted; women at the women’s college were more likely to endorse larger body ideals, whereas women at the mixed-sex college were more likely to endorse thinner ideals. As predicted, there was a significant difference in scores between the upper college year students; lower college year students did not show significant differences in ideals, suggesting that although female students may enter college with similar body ideals, 4 years in a mixed-sex or single-sex setting can drastically alter how women think about body types. There were no differences between schools for self-objectification or physical appearance social comparison, and physical appearance social comparison did not correlate to body ideals. Taken together, this pattern of results suggests that social comparison does not influence body ideals, but rather, other characteristics of a single-sex and mixed-sex environment do. What these characteristics may be (e.g. presence of men, exposure to counterstereotypic role models) are discussed.
Chemistry and structure of coals: Diffuse reflectance i.r. spectroscopy equipment and techniques

Diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy (DRIS) is used to obtain high quality data on the chemistry and structure of coals and related materials. Minimum sample preparation is required to form a diffusely reflecting surface thus saving time and minimizing structural and chemical modifications. Controlled environment chambers are used to study atmospheric effects and/or in-situ reactions (hydration/dehydration, oxidation/ reduction, derivatization, etc.) of coals and inherent, secondary and/or added minerals. Quantitative measurements of the mineral content may be made either by measured addition or by weighted spectral subtraction. Detailed study of in-situ oxidation gives the concentration of the intermediate transient states of hydrocarbon loss. The progressive insertion of oxygen into aromatic rings to give steady state levels of slow char burning can also be revealed. DRIS is a simple, fast, versatile and informative method for coal analysis.
Voxel-based, parallel simulation of light in skin tissue for the reconstruction of subsurface skin lesion volumes

Early detection and diagnosis of skin cancer is essential to treating the malignancy and preventing death. Subsurface features and depth information are critical in evaluating a skin lesion for this early malignancy screening. We present a novel voxel-based Monte Carlo simulation of light propagation in skin tissue which runs in a highly parallel environment on desktop graphics processors, resulting in an extremely fast simulation of millions of photons in less than one second. We then use this model in a genetic algorithm for the inverse 3D volume reconstruction of a skin lesion, given a set of multispectral images obtained using non-invasive transillumination imaging. Our method demonstrates improved accuracy at a superior resolution to existing methods.
Investigations into the stereochemistry of cyclophane-steroid complexes via Monte Carlo simulations

Abstract Monte Carlo simulations have been used to determine the ΔΔGb for steroid-cyclophane complexes in four different conformations. Statistical perturbation theory provided changes of free energy in good agreement with experimental data. Hydrogen bonding and energy component analyses yielded insights into the interaction of the steroid with the cyclophane and with the mixed water/methanol solvent; this information should prove useful to steroid host design.
Gadd45 in stress signaling

Gadd45 genes have been implicated in stress signaling in response to physiological or environmental stressors, which results in cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, cell survival and senescence, or apoptosis. Evidence accumulated implies that Gadd45 proteins function as stress sensors is mediated by a complex interplay of physical interactions with other cellular proteins that are implicated in cell cycle regulation and the response of cells to stress. These include PCNA, p21, cdc2/cyclinB1, and the p38 and JNK stress response kinases. What deterministic factors dictate whether Gadd45 and partner proteins function in either cell survival or apoptosis remains to be determined. An attractive working model to consider is that the extent of cellular/DNA damage, in a given cell type, dictates the association of different Gadd45 proteins with particular partner proteins, which determines the outcome.
Functional expression of human intestinal Na+-dependent and Na+-independent nucleoside transporters in Xenopus laevis oocytes

Abstract We have shown previously that the human jejunal brush border membrane expresses both the N1 ( cif ) and the N2 ( cit ) Na + -dependent (concentrative) nucleoside transporters but not the Na + -independent (facilitative) nitrobenzylmercaptopurineriboside (NBMPR)-sensitive ( es ) transporter (Patil SD and Unadkat JD, Am J Physiol , 272 : 1314–1320, 1997). In the present study, we have demonstrated that when Xenopus laevis oocytes are microinjected with human jejunal mRNA, four nucleoside transporters are expressed simultaneously, namely the N1 and N2 Na + -dependent nucleoside transporters and the es and the NBMPR-insensitive ( ei ) Na + -independent transporters. The expressed Na + -dependent nucleoside transporters showed substrate specificity identical to that previously described by us using jejunal brush border membrane vesicles (Patil SD and Unadkat JD, Am J Physiol , 272 : 1314–1320, 1997). The expressed es and ei Na + -independent transporters demonstrated broad substrate selectivity with both purines and pyrimidines capable of inhibiting the uptake of guanosine and thymidine mediated by this transporter. The expressed Na + -dependent nucleoside transporters mediated the transport of their respective nucleoside substrates with a high affinity and a low capacity, whereas the es and the ei transporters mediated the transport of nucleosides with a low affinity and a high capacity. Collectively, these observations suggest that the Na + -independent nucleoside transporters are expressed in the basolateral membrane of the human jejunal epithelium. Based on these data, we hypothesize that the concentrative transporters in the brush border membrane and equilibrative transporters in the basolateral membrane are arranged in series in the human jejunal epithelium to allow efficient vectorial transport of nucleosides from the lumen to the blood. The simultaneous expression of four nucleoside transporters in X. laevis oocytes establishes a basis for molecular cloning of these four human nucleoside transporters.
Kinetics of phenol oxidation by peroxidase

Studies of the kinetic behavior of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) at pH 8 and at room temperature indicate that the reaction of phenol with H2O2 catalyzed by HRP exhibits normal Michaelis-Menten saturation kinetics. An irreversible reaction mechanism for the steady-state kinetics of HRP, which is consistent with the experimental data, is considered. The second-order rate constants for the reactions of HRP with H2O2 and compound II with phenol are 4.14 × 105 M-1s-1 and 5.54 × 104M-1s-1, respectively.
Catalytic Mechanism of Scytalone Dehydratase: Site-Directed Mutagenisis, Kinetic Isotope Effects, and Alternate Substrates

On the basis of the X-ray crystal structure of scytalone dehydratase complexed with an active center inhibitor [Lundqvist, T., Rice, J., Hodge, C. N., Basarab, G. S., Pierce, J. and Lindqvist, Y. (1994) Structure (London) 2, 937-944], eight active-site residues were mutated to examine their roles in the catalytic mechanism. All but one residue (Lys73, a potential base in an anti elimination mechanism) were found to be important to catalysis or substrate binding. Steady-state kinetic parameters for the mutants support the native roles for the residues (Asn131, Asp31, His85, His110, Ser129, Tyr30, and Tyr50) within a syn elimination mechanism. Relative substrate specificities for the two physiological substrates, scytalone and veremelone, versus a Ser129 mutant help assign the orientation of the substrates within the active site. His85Asn was the most damaging mutation to catalysis consistent with its native roles as a general base and a general acid in a syn elimination. The additive effect of Tyr30Phe and Tyr50Phe mutations in the double mutant is consistent with their roles in protonating the substrate's carbonyl through a water molecule. Studies on a synthetic substrate, which has an anomeric carbon atom which can better stabilize a carbocation than the physiological substrate (vermelone), suggest that His110Asn prefers this substrate over vermelone in order to balance the mutation-imposed weakness in promoting the elimination of hydroxide from substrates. All mutant enzymes bound a potent active-site inhibitor in near 1:1 stoichiometry, thereby supporting their active-site integrity. An X-ray crystal structure of the Tyr50Phe mutant indicated that both active-site waters were retained, likely accounting for its residual catalytic activity. Steady-state kinetic parameters with deuterated scytalone gave kinetic isotope effects of 2.7 on kcat and 4.2 on kcat/Km, suggesting that steps after dehydration partially limit kcat. Pre-steady-state measurements of a single-enzyme turnover with scytalone gave a rate that was 6-fold larger than kcat. kcat/Km with scytalone has a pKa of 7.9 similar to the pKa value for the ionization of the substrate's C6 phenolic hydroxyl, whereas kcat was unaffected by pH, indicating that the anionic form of scytalone does not bind well to enzyme. With an alternate substrate having a pKa above 11, kcat/Km had a pKa of 9.3 likely due to the ionization of Tyr50. The non-enzyme-catalyzed rate of dehydration of scytalone was nearly a billion-fold slower than the enzyme-catalyzed rate at pH 7.0 and 25 degrees C. The non-enzyme-catalyzed rate of dehydration of scytalone had a deuterium kinetic isotope effect of 1.2 at pH 7.0 and 25 degrees C, and scytalone incorporated deuterium from D2O in the C2 position about 70-fold more rapidly than the dehydration rate. Thus, scytalone dehydrates through an E1cb mechanism off the enzyme.
Impact of irbesartan, blood pressure control, and proteinuria on renal outcomes in the Irbesartan Diabetic Nephropathy Trial.

Impact of irbesartan, blood pressure control, and proteinuria on renal outcomes in the Irbesartan Diabetic Nephropathy Trial. Background. It is important to know the reliability of early changes in proteinuria in predicting late renal outcomes. The IDNT was a trial in which treatment assignment, baseline and follow-up blood pressure determinations, and albumin/ creatinine ratios (ACR), and renal outcomes were recorded. Methods. Risk of renal outcomes in the IDNT was assessed by proportional hazards modeling as a function of treatment assignment, and achieved systolic blood pressure (SBP) both without, and then with, inclusion of values for baseline protein- uria and early changes in proteinuria. Results. In models without ACR variables, both treatment with irbesartan and achieved SBP during follow-up were sig- nificantly predictive of the risk of renal outcomes. Addition of ACR variables to the models reduced the apparent impact of assignment to irbesartan by 52% to 81%, and irbesartan was no longer a significant predictor of renal outcomes. Conversely, addition of ACR variables to the models attenuated the effect of achieved follow-up SBP by only 32% to 46%, and follow-up BP remained a highly significant predictor of renal outcomes. Conclusion. The ability of early changes in proteinuria to predict the impact of treatment on renal outcomes is a func- tion of the specific treatment. One must use caution in using early changes in proteinuria as a surrogate for longer-term renal outcomes. The Irbesartan Diabetic Nephropathy Trial (IDNT) was a multinational, multicenter, randomized, double- blinded, placebo-controlled trial designed to determine the impact of treatment with the angiotensin II recep- tor blocker irbesartan (compared with amlodipine and placebo) on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in pa- tients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy. The methods and major renal and cardiovascular outcomes have been reported (1-3). We have previously reported that both treatment with irbesartan and achievement of a lower follow-up systolic blood pressure (SBP) were indepen- dently associated with improved renal outcomes (2, 4). Ke yw ords: albuminuria, ESRD. C 2004 by the International Society of Nephrology We have also reported that both irbesartan treatment and lower blood pressure were associated with a reduction in proteinuria (5). The present paper examines the extent with which the beneficial effects of irbesartan treatment and lower achieved SBP were correlated, and could be predicted by, their effects to reduce proteinuria.
On the problem of linear elasticity for an infinite region containing a finite number of non-intersecting spherical inhomogeneities

Abstract The problem of linear elasticity for an infinite number of non-intersecting spherical and, more generally, ellipsoidal inhomogeneities is attacked. The approach taken does not misrepresent geometry of inhomogeneities, although the continuity conditions at the intefaces are only approximately satisfied. The principal idea of the approach is to extend the method of Kachanov (1985, Int. J. Fracture28, R11–R19; 1987, Int. J. Solids Structures23, 23–43) for interacting cracks to the realm of the Eshelby equivalent inclusion method. The application to a test problem for two spherical cavities suggests that the approach can be useful for predictions of the overall response of composite materials and interfacial stress concentrations.
The weapon focus effect revisited: The role of novelty

Purpose. The relationship between novelty, self-reported affect, and the weapon focus effect was investigated. Methods. In two experiments, college students watched a videotaped scene in which either: no item, a novel item (celery) or a gun was brandished. The context of the gun presentation (friendly vs. crime) was also manipulated. A forced-choice questionnaire assessed memory for details of the scene, including the ‘perpetrator’. A self-report of affect was also included. Results. In both experiments, reliably poorer memory for details of the perpetrator's appearance was demonstrated by participants who viewed the scene with the novel item (i.e. the ‘celery’ group). A traditional weapon focus effect was obtained in Expt 2 only. Conclusions. These data suggest that novelty/salience may be sufficient to produce reliable deleterious memorial consequences in an eyewitness situation, while arguing against the idea that any unique features of a weapon are necessary for the effect. Although self-reports of affect varied between groups in both experiments, there was little relationship between self-reports of affect and memory. It is suggested that the term weapon focus effect may be a misnomer for a more general attentional effect.
Acidogenic fermentation of lignocellulose–acid yield and conversion of components

Corn stover was fermented with a mixed culture of anaerobic microorganisms to form simple (C2-C6), volatile organic acids. Alkaline pretreatment allowed a greater fermentation of the pectin and hemicellulose than of the cellulose and lignin, but all components were utilized. The percent fermentation of the soluble fraction, hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin was 79.6, 74.1, 36.9, and 20.9%, respively. The yield of acid (as acetate) with respect to material fermented was 84%.
Application of rainbow schlieren deflectometry for concentration measurements in an axisymmetric helium jet

The rainbow schlieren deflectometry technique was used to measure oxygen concentrations in a laminar, isothermal helium jet discharged vertically into ambient air. The concentration distributions were inferred from the color schlieren image by taking into consideration the sampling interval and noise in measurements, especially near the jet center. Excellent quantitative agreement was reached between measurements from schlieren and a continuous sampling probe. This work demonstrates the capability of the schlieren technique for providing accurate, spatially-resolved, nonintrusive, full-field of view measurements of species concentration in an isothermal binary system. Because the basic quantity measured is the refractive index, the present schlieren technique can be extended for quantitative measurements of other scalar flow properties related to the refractive index.
Detection and localization of absorbers in scattering media using frequency-domain principles

We report on time-resolved reflectance imaging experiments on a scattering medium containing a spatially limited absorber. The medium is illuminated at two positions with pulses from a mode-locked and cavity dumped picosecond dye laser. Time-resolved imaging of the back-scattered light is realized by means of a RF-phase-sensitive camera, synchronized to the laser pulses. The camera consists of a sinusoidally modulated proximity-focused image intensifier, a thermo-electrically cooled CCD camera, and a digital image processor unit. In operation, at least two images are taken under different image intensifier modulation conditions, such as modulation phase or modulation degree. By processing the stored images, a final image can be created the contrast of which is based only on time differences of the back-scattered photons. We found that this image reveals the presence and, to a certain extent, the position of a spatially limited absorber within the scattering medium. These experiments have been performed to evaluate possible ways towards an eventual optical tomography in living tissue.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Petrology of the Vulcan Peak Alpine-Type Peridotite, Southwestern Oregon

The alpine-type peridotite in the area of Vulcan Peak, Oregon, is part of the larger Josephine ultramafic complex in the Klamath Mountains geologic province. Partially serpentinized, foliated harzburgite with 15 to 30 percent orthopyroxene makes up approximately 90 percent of the body. The remaining 10 percent is dunite that occurs in the harzburgite as concordant and discordant layers and as irregular bodies. In general, the peridotite at Vulcan Peak is similar in structure, texture, mineralogy, and chemistry to the peridotite at Burro Mountain, California. Structures, textures, and compositions of coexisting phases are consistent with high-temperature (1,000° to 1,200°C) deformation and recrystallization in the upper mantle, and tectonic emplacement into its present crustal position. Evidence to indicate whether the peridotite originated as a refractory residue during partial fusion processes that produced mafic melt or by crystallization from an ultramafic or picritic magma remains inconclusive; poikilitic clinopyroxene enclosing olivine in some dunites, and certain chromitite textures, may represent relict igneous features suggesting a magmatic stage in the history of the peridotite.
The effects of self-monitoring on the expressive display of masculinity-femininity

Abstract Do self-monitoring processes influence (1) the correspondence between assessed personality and expressive masculinity-femininity, and (2) the cross-channel consistency (face, body, voice) of expressive masculinity-femininity? To answer these questions, 36 male and 36 females completed the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) and Snyder's Self-Monitoring Scale, and then were videotaped as teachers. Five groups of naive judges rated these stimulus subjects on expressive masculinity-femininity, basing their respective ratings on: video pictures and voices, just pictures, just faces, just bodies, or just voices. A sixth group of judges rated subjects on physical attractiveness. The results indicated that judged physical attractiveness was significantly correlated with judged masculinity-femininity, with men being judged more masculine and females more feminine the more attractive they were. BSRI femininity correlated strongly with judged masculinity-femininity, and BSRI masculinity, less so. Finally, self-monitoring did prove to moderate the correspondence between personality and expressive behavior, and the cross-channel consistency of masculinity-femininity cues: however, these moderating effects were different for males and females.
Autonomous Manipulation Using A Multisensor Robotic Systems

At the core of a robotics system is the ability to acquire, inte-grate, and interpret multisensory data to generate appropriate actions in order to perform a given task. In this paper, we show the feasibility of a realistic autonomous manipulation task using multisensory information. The robotic system used here is a six-degree-of-freedom industrial robot to which we added a number of sensors: vision, range, sound, proximity, touch, force, and torque to enhance its inspection and manipulation capabilities. The cooperative use of sensors and the manipulation capabilities of this robotic system is shown through an experiment involving a task panel including a number of indicators (such as analog and digital meters), and controls (such as valves and push-buttons). The control of the robot, sensory data acquisition, processing, and interpretation, as well as global task supervision are performed by a dedicated VAX 11/785 computer using higher level languages. By integrating vision, range, proximity, touch, force, and torque sensors, many manipulation experiments are accomplished autonomously and successfully. The hardware and software modularity of this robotic system, the generic nature of its building blocks, as well as its reconfigurability make it an ideal tool for industrial multisensor robotic experimentation.
Uninsurance Among Young Adults Continues To Decline, Particularly In Medicaid Expansion States

The Affordable Care Act provision allowing young adults to remain on a parent’s private insurance plan until age twenty-six disproportionately reduced uninsurance among higher-income young adults, while the 2014 coverage provisions were associated with substantial reductions for those with low and moderate incomes, particularly in Medicaid expansion states. About 20 percent of young adults remained uninsured in early 2014.
Impact of regulatory labeling for troglitazone and rosiglitazone on hepatic enzyme monitoring compliance: findings from the state of Ohio medicaid program.

Purpose Troglitazone, the first drug of the thiazolidinediones class for type II diabetes, was first marketed in March 1997 and was removed from the U.S. market 36 months later after 90 cases of liver failure were reported despite multiple warnings containing liver enzyme monitoring recommendations. Rosiglitazone has been available since June 1999 and is still on the market. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of labeled hepatic enzyme monitoring for troglitazone and rosiglitazone. Methods Drug cohorts were assembled, using population-based fee-for-service Medicaid claims, for patients between 18 and 65 years of age who had received at least one troglitazone (n = 7226) or rosiglitazone (n = 1480) prescription between 1 April, 1997, and 21 March, 2000. The outcome of interest was the percentage of patients, based on their first treatment episode, who had baseline and post-baseline liver enzyme testing. Results Overall baseline testing was under 9% before regulatory actions, increased to 14% after the first two ‘Dear Doctor’ letters issued by the FDA in October and December 1997, and peaked to about 26% afterwards. Coincident with the marketing of rosiglitazone and the fourth ‘Dear Doctor’ letter issued in June 1999, baseline testing dropped to 18%. Baseline testing increased 2.5-fold (race-sex-age adjusted) after regulatory action. Achieving 50% post-baseline testing took approximately 6 months for both drugs. Conclusion Regulatory actions had only modest effects on the incidence of liver monitoring. More effective and timely communication strategies, health provider prescribing interventions and modification of health provider behaviors to enhance compliance with recommended risk management measures need to be identified, evaluated and implemented. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Square root intensity coding in turtle cones: Physiological mechanisms

Abstract The effect of coupling on the intensity-response functions for full field and for slit stimuli was studied by comparing the shapes of the curves obtained from several strongly coupled red cones of turtle with that of one very weakly coupled cone. The full field V-log I curves could be fitted by a Michaelis-Menten relationship, regardless of the strength of the coupling. For the weakly coupled cone the slit V-log I could also be fitted by a Michaelis-Menten curve. For strongly coupled cones a major portion of the curve (1.2–2 log units of intensity) was better fitted by V ∝ Im. For centered slits “m” was 0.5. With increased distance between the slit and the center of the receptive field “m” was found to increase slightly. The results were analyzed in terms of a theory in which the shape of the slit intensity-response curves arises from scattered light progressively recruiting neighboring cone responses. An analytical formulation of this idea is presented and a plausible light distribution function which supports the recruitment hypothesis is derived. A numerical model of the cone network, which includes the effect of scattering and transduction saturation, accounts well for all of the experimental data obtained with single and paired slits.
Electroreduction of oxygen in molten NaOH

Abstract A study of oxygen electroreduction at a bright platinum electrode has been carried out in molten sodium hydroxide at 350°C. Analysis of potentiostatic and potentiodynamic measurements led to the following results: (1) The electroactive species in oxygen-containing NaOH melts at 350°C is sodium peroxide. (2) A general method of quantitative determination of kinetic and mass transport parameters for certain reactions has been described. (3) The mechanism of oxygen reduction in molten NaOH has been suggested. (4) Kinetic and mass-transport parameters characterizing oxygen reduction in molten NaOH have been calculated. (5) The reaction studied seems to be one of the rare examples of relative invariance of the Tafel slope with temperature.
Mn-prelayer effects on the epitaxial growth of MnSb on (111)B GaAs by pulsed laser deposition

Abstract Ferromagnetic thin films of MnSb have been grown epitaxially on (111)B GaAs substrate by pulsed laser deposition. The epitaxial growth was achieved by either depositing Mn/Sb multilayers or direct ablation of a Mn 50 Sb 50 alloy target. The epitaxial growth occurs with (0001) of the MnSb film parallel to (111) of GaAs, with [0111] of MnSb 4° off [200] of the GaAs substrate, as determined from selected area diffraction (SAD). The easy magnetization in these films lies in the basal plane with coercivities, which vary from 40 to 110 Oe measured by Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM). A Mn prelayer was important for high quality MnSb epitaxial growth with the c -axis perpendicular to the substrate surface. Films with an Sb prelayer or without Mn as a prelayer resulted in polycrystalline growth of MnSb. The mechanism of how the Mn prelayer facilitates the MnSb epitaxial growth is discussed in terms of two models.
On Probabilistic Machines, Bounded Rationality and Average-Case Complexity

The analogs of pure, mixed and behavior strategies in the context of algorithms are studied. It is shown that probabilistic machines are more powerful than probability distributions over deterministic ones, that best response may sometimes requires randomization, and that if nature’s choices are computable then there exists a deterministic best response.
Vertical migration in zooplankton as a predator avoidance mechanism1

Field data and laboratory feeding experiments support the hypothesis that predation can be an important factor in the adaptive significance of vertical migration among zooplankton. In both Gatun Lake in Panama and Fuller Pond in Connecticut the diel vertical migration patterns of prey populations assume distributions which result in lessened predation by the dominant lake planktivores. It is concluded that such patterns of vertical migration will result when prey populations are under intense, selective pressures from visually dependent predators.
Performance of a fast frequency-hopped noncoherent MFSK receiver with non-ideal noise-normalization combining

An error probability analysis is performed for a noncoherent, orthogonal M-ary frequency-shift keying (MFSK) communication system employing fast frequency-hopped (FFH) spread spectrum. The signal is assumed to be transmitted through a frequency-nonselective, slowly fading channel with partial-band noise interference. The partial band interference is modeled as a Gaussian process. Noise-normalization combining is employed to minimize partial band interference effects, and the effect of inaccurate noise measurement on the ability of the noise-normalized receiver to reject partial-band interference is examined. The effects of thermal noise is included in the analysis. Each diversity reception is assumed to fade independently according to a Ricean process. It is found that noise measurement error does not significantly degrade receiver performance. The robustness of the receiver with regard to noise measurement error is independent of the strength of channel fading.
Redox Platforms in Cancer Drug Discovery and Development

Redox homeostasis is frequently dysregulated in human disease, particularly cancer. Recent and ongoing efforts seek to validate and extend this platform for the discovery/development of anticancer drugs. As the primary source of cellular redox buffer, thiols (in particular glutathione) have been therapeutically targeted in cancer treatment, myeloproliferation, hematopoietic progenitor cell mobilization and immune response. A number of 'redox modulating' drugs have been, or are, under development and the pipeline seems viable. Moreover, S-glutathionylation is a protein post-translational modification that influences a number of critical cell pathways and in the medium term, defining the 'glutathionome' has the possibility to provide opportunities for target identification for therapeutic intervention perhaps with a relevance that parallels ongoing efforts with the kinome.
Concatenated coding for transmit diversity systems

The concatenation of transmit diversity space-time coding with channel coding is considered. The performance of three space-time coding schemes, namely the orthogonal transmit diversity (OTD), the delay diversity and the Alamouti code diversity (ACD), in concatenation with channel codes of various rates is evaluated through analysis and extensive simulation. The analysis based on the comparison of product distance between code matrices indicates that the Alamouti code has better distance properties than the other two schemes in slow fading. Simulations show that the margins of ACD over OTD and DD range from a fraction of a dB to slightly more than a dB in most experiments.
Effects of counselor's eye contact on student-clients' perceptions.

This study investigated the effects of amount and direction of eye contact with the counselor on a student's perceptions. 48 undergraduate and graduate education majors were randomly assigned to on...
An Exploratory Factor Analysis of Pharmacists' Drug Product Recommendations to Physicians for Panic Disorder Patients

A study was conducted to elucidate pharmacists' evaluation of panic disorder medications for recommendation to physicians. A mail questionnaire was used to collect the data from a nationally representative, geographically stratified random sample of 1,742 community pharmacists. Common factor analysis was used to analyze the interrelationships among 31 variables and to explain them in terms of their common underlying dimensions (factors). Seven factors explained 60.7% of the variance. The factor relating to efficacy considerations (e.g., documented clinical efficacy and obvious therapeutic response) explained 24.2% of the variance and was found to be important in pharmacists' recommendation of panic disorder drug products.
End of Moore's law: thermal (noise) death of integration in micro and nano electronics

The exponential growth of memory size and clock frequency in computers has a great impact on everyday life. The growth is empirically described by Moore’s law of miniaturization. Physical limitations of this growth would have a serious impact on technology and economy. A thermodynamical effect, the increasing thermal noise voltage (Johnson–Nyquist noise) on decreasing characteristic capacitances, together with the constrain of using lower supply voltages to keep power dissipation manageable on the contrary of increasing clock frequency, has the potential to break abruptly Moore’s law within 6–8 years, or earlier.  2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Incentive Based Routing Protocol for Mobile Peer to Peer Networks

Incentive models are becoming increasingly popular in Mobile Peer to Peer Networks (M-P2P) as these models entice node participation in return for a virtual currency to combat free riding and to effectively manage constraint resources in the network. Many routing protocols proposed are based on best effort data traffic policy, such as the shortest route selection (hop minimization). Using virtual currency to find a cost effective optimal route from the source to the destination, while considering Quality of Service (QoS) aspects such as bandwidth and service capacity constraints for data delivery, remains a challenging task due to the presence of multiple paths and service providers. Modeling the network as a directed weighted graph and using the cost acquired from the price function as an incentive to pay the intermediate nodes in M-P2P networks to forward data, we develop a Game theoretic approach based on stochastic games to find an optimal route considering QoS aspect. The performance of our routing protocol is evaluated and compared with some existing routing protocols and the result shows that our protocol proves to be efficient compared to shortest-path DSR and multiple paths SMR in terms of average response time, energy and bandwidth utilization in the network.
The elephant in the living room: or extending the conversation about the politics of evidence

The controversies surrounding the evidence-based research movement are reviewed from a critical pedagogy framework. Standards for assessing quality are forms of interpretive practice that enact a politics of evidence and truth. Moral and ethical criteria for judging qualitative research are reviewed.
On Scientific Objectivity

The research process is never devoid of value judgments. Nevertheless, motivation of the researcher does not necessarily render work unobjective in a scientific sense. Threats to scientific objectivity include the difficulty of changing a publicly expressed viewpoint, a vested interest in a particular theory, the desire to avoid controversy, and the desire for financial gain. The researcher must be careful, however, to avoid equating his own views with the "public interest" and condemning those with opposing views as lacking scientific objectivity.
Age-Related Changes in Attentional Reference Frames for Peripersonal Space

Neurological changes in older adults suggest that their mental representation of peripersonal space, the space around their bodies, might be degraded compared with that of young adults. These changes may lead to differences in how attention is allocated within peripersonal space, affecting how older adults plan and guide their actions. In the present study, we show that there are indeed profound differences between the spatial representations of older and young adults: In a task involving simple hand movements, young adults adopted an attentional reference frame centered on the hand, and older adults adopted a reference frame centered on the body. Such differences may help to explain age-related changes observed in the performance of many common movement tasks.
Localization of sampling points for interpolative VQ of images

A sampling point detection algorithm for interpolative vector quantization (IVQ) applied in image coding is developed and reported in this paper. The algorithm employs an optimal discontinuity detector to locate first order discontinuities which efficiently characterizes a scan line. Using the detected first order discontinuities as the initial guess, the final set of interpolating points is obtained using a modified split-and-merge algorithm. Experimental results show that, under the same bit-rate, an average of 0.5 dB improvement is achieved by our proposed method when compared with the results obtained by the traditional IVQ in terms of peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR). >
Dynamic evoked facial expressions of emotions in schizophrenia

Objective Impaired facial expressions of emotions have been described as characteristic symptoms of schizophrenia. Previous investigations of dynamic facial expressions have reported on global assessment of positive and negative emotion expressions. In this study, we examined facial expression differences based on duration and frequencies of emotion expressions.
A robust consistent configuration framework and formulation for 3D finite strain dynamic impact problems

As a first step towards the next generation of computational tools for contact–impact applications, a robust consistent configuration dynamic formulation for frictional contact/impact dynamic problems is described based on a newly developed decoupled point to segment gap vector projection and decoupled contact model, in conjunction with the so-called arbitrary reference configuration (ARC) formulation for finite elastic/inelastic deformation, and the forward incremental displacement central difference time integration scheme for the equation of motion. As a consequence, the resulting normal and tangential contact boundary formulations are easy to be solved, and the contact constraints are satisfied exactly. This formulation is highly robust and efficient for the numerical simulation of finite deformation elastic/inelastic frictional contact/impact dynamic applications. Numerical results with comparisons to available experimental data and those obtained from other codes are also presented, thereby demonstrating the inherent advantages.
Environmental perceptions and resource use in rural communities of the Peruvian Amazon (Iquitos and vicinity, Maynas Province)

Individuals living in rural communities in tropical forests rely heavily on subsistence extraction of resources, and usually have strong ties to their local environment. In the Peruvian Amazon, patterns of resource extraction are of particular interest because the potential for human population growth is high, and international efforts to conserve biodiversity in this region are widespread. A survey was conducted to examine how residents of rural communities surrounding Iquitos, Peru use their local environment to procure household items (four food types, building materials, and firewood) with respect to age, gender, and level of education. Local perceptions of the environment and environmental resources were also documented. A second independent survey examined subsistence fishing practices in this region, with particular focus given to perceptions of fishery abundance and future stability. A follow-up market survey was subsequently undertaken in Iquitos to determine how fishing practices may influence t...
Adrenal Hormones in Common Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus): Influential Factors and Reference Intervals

Inshore common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are exposed to a broad spectrum of natural and anthropogenic stressors. In response to these stressors, the mammalian adrenal gland releases hormones such as cortisol and aldosterone to maintain physiological and biochemical homeostasis. Consequently, adrenal gland dysfunction results in disruption of hormone secretion and an inappropriate stress response. Our objective herein was to develop diagnostic reference intervals (RIs) for adrenal hormones commonly associated with the stress response (i.e., cortisol, aldosterone) that account for the influence of intrinsic (e.g., age, sex) and extrinsic (e.g., time) factors. Ultimately, these reference intervals will be used to gauge an individual’s response to chase-capture stress and could indicate adrenal abnormalities. Linear mixed models (LMMs) were used to evaluate demographic and sampling factors contributing to differences in serum cortisol and aldosterone concentrations among bottlenose dolphins sampled in Sarasota Bay, Florida, USA (2000–2012). Serum cortisol concentrations were significantly associated with elapsed time from initial stimulation to sample collection (p<0.05), and RIs were constructed using nonparametric methods based on elapsed sampling time for dolphins sampled in less than 30 minutes following net deployment (95% RI: 0.91–4.21 µg/dL) and following biological sampling aboard a research vessel (95% RI: 2.32–6.68 µg/dL). To examine the applicability of the pre-sampling cortisol RI across multiple estuarine stocks, data from three additional southeast U.S. sites were compared, revealing that all of the dolphins sampled from the other sites (N = 34) had cortisol concentrations within the 95th percentile RI. Significant associations between serum concentrations of aldosterone and variables reported in previous studies (i.e., age, elapsed sampling time) were not observed in the current project (p<0.05). Also, approximately 16% of Sarasota Bay bottlenose dolphin aldosterone concentrations were below the assay’s detection limit (11 pg/mL), thus hindering the ability to derive 95th percentile RIs. Serum aldosterone concentrations from animals sampled at the three additional sites were compared to the detection limit, and the proportion of animals with low aldosterone concentrations was not significantly different than an expected prevalence of 16%. Although this study relied upon long-term, free-ranging bottlenose dolphin health data from a single site, the objective RIs can be used for future evaluation of adrenal function among individuals sampled during capture-release health assessments.
Leckverluste, Scheibenreibung, Mechanische Verluste

Der Leckverlust ist ein Verlust an bereits auf Druck geforderter Menge, die durch die Spalte zwischen dem umlaufenden und dem stehenden Teil der Pumpe stromt. Leckverluste konnen. an folgenden Stellen auftreten: 1. zwischen Laufrad und Gehause an den Dichtringen am Laufradeintritt; 2. zwischen zwei aneinandergrenzenden Stufen einer mehrstufigen Pumpe; 3. an der Stopfbuchse; 4. an den Ausgleichsorganen fur die Axialkraft; 5. durch Labyrinthe, die zur Verringerung des Druckes an den Stopfbuchsen angeordnet sind; 6. zwischen Schaufeln und Gehause bei offenen Radern.
Relative permeability for multiphase flow for oven-dry to full saturation conditions

Abstract Numerical simulation of supercritical CO2 (CO2) injection into deep geologic reservoirs often requires the modeling of multifluid flow and transport. The classical capillary and relative permeability models assume that the residual water is immobile and irreducible. This assumption is not in agreement with the flow process for CO2 injection into a saline aquifer. In this paper, the relative permeability (kr)–saturation (S) relationships for both the aqueous and non-aqueous phases are derived for oven-dry (i.e., zero liquid saturation) to full saturation conditions by extending the classical kr–S relationships. The extended relative permeability models reduce to the corresponding classical forms when the aqueous saturation is higher than the critical value, but deviates from the latter when the aqueous saturation is lower than the critical value. The implementation of the extended models in the STOMP multifluid flow and transport model is demonstrated by the simulation of dry CO2 injection from a vertical well into a homogeneous reservoir. The extended models overcome the limitations of the classical models and can simulate the dry-out processes associated with the residual water. The extended models are expected to simulate CO2 injection and the subsequent processes (e.g., the dry-out of brine and salt precipitation) more accurately than the classical models.
Modeling spectral dependence of reduced scattering coefficient for continuous random media with the Born Approximation

The power law dependence of reduced scattering coefficient (μs′) on wavelength (λ) is derived for continuous random media using a three parameter model of index correlation function by applying the Born approximation.
Isolation of an abnormal protein C molecule from the plasma of a patient with thrombotic diathesis

Protein C has been purified from the plasma of a patient with thrombotic diathesis. Both before and after isolation, the protein showed reduced capacity to hydrolyze synthetic substrates and to anticoagulate plasma. Proteolysis with the soluble thrombin-thrombomodulin complex proceeded normally and to completion as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blotting. Approximately one-third of the protein is functional, indicating a heterozygous defect. Indirect studies suggest that the abnormal component can bind to protein S and phospholipids. Both forms of activated protein C can also incorporate radiolabeled diisopropylfluorophosphate.
CONFIGURATION PERFORMANCE PREDICTION OF MODULE-BASED PRODUCT FAMILY BASED ON ROUGH SET AND NEURAL NETWORK

Module-based product family design is the key support technology in design for mass customization (DFMC). In order to speed up the response to the changing customer requirements, a novel approach to predicting new configura- tional product variants is proposed based on the integration of rough set and neural network through discovering the knowl- edge for the historical configuration information. A hierarchy model of module-based product family and the corresponding formal description are presented. Additionally, the prediction framework is proposed. The methodology can reuse the discov- ered configuration rules and knowledge efficiently, as well as reduce the effort of experimental measurement to some extent. The prediction values can be regarded as the indices for the customer satisfactions. Finally, the model is verified on a newly developed refrigerator family.
What do Michigan RNs want

Which is more important to your RNs--professional status or pay? The information in this article will help you attract and retain your share of highly skilled RNs in today's competitive market.
Highly Skilled Migrants: Risks and Hedging Mechanisms

This paper focuses on the specific issues of how highly skilled migrants encounter risks and the hedging mechanisms they employ when confronted with unfriendly policies or economic downturns in a host country. The paper also serves as an introduction to a special issue of Population, Space, and Place dedicated to understanding how highly skilled migration responded in different national contexts to the first great global economic recession of the 21st century. Although the individual papers do not necessarily employ a comparative perspective, these topics are explored in four different settings (UK, US, Israel, and Canada), allowing readers to see how the history and characteristics of the host country influence the issues facing skilled migrants Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.