cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flexible MOFs under stress: pressure and temperature

In the recent past an enormous number of Metal–Organic Framework type compounds (MOFs) have been synthesized. The novelty resides in their extremely high surface area and the ability to include additional features to their structure either during synthesis or as additives to the MOF. This versatility allows for MOFs to be designed for specific applications. However, the question arises as to whether a particular MOF can withstand the stress that may be encountered in fulfillment of the designated application. In this study we describe the behavior of two flexible MOFs under pressure and several others under temperature increase. The pressure study includes both experimental and theoretical calculations. In the thermal processes evidence for colossal negative thermal expansion were encountered.
Flow structure at a trifurcation near a North Florida inlet

Abstract Barrier island estuarine systems are common along the East and Gulf coasts of Florida. While some information regarding these systems is available in report form, detailed observational studies of their hydrodynamic properties are scarce in existing literature. Hydrography and current velocity were observed at a tidally driven coastline trifurcation, adjacent to the St. Augustine Inlet, Florida, in the Guana–Tolomato–Matanzas Estuary. Data were collected over nearly a semidiurnal period on February 2, 2006. The domain is well mixed and convergence fronts appear aligned with bathymetry. Eighty-six percent of the tidal variability in the study area is explained by the semidiurnal harmonic, which propagates through the system as a quasi-standing wave. The mean flow structure at the inlet (inflow in channel and outflow over shoals) governs intra-estuarine communication and is consistent with theoretical residual flows produced by a standing tidal wave. The governing force balance is between advective acceleration and the barotropic pressure gradient. The mean flow structure across the inlet might be explained by both Li and O’Donnell's [2005. The effect of channel length on the residual circulation in tidally dominated channels. Journal of Physical Oceanography 35, 1826–1840] analytical model, and Stommel and Farmer's [1952. On the nature of estuarine circulation. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, Ref. 52–51, 52–63, 52–88] source–sink analog. Flow characteristics for St. Augustine Inlet are compared with Beaufort Inlet, North Carolina; North Inlet, South Carolina; and Sand Shoal Inlet, Virginia. While these systems share similar characteristics, a common subtidal flow structure is not evident.
A new correlation-based measure of spike timing reliability

We introduce a new correlation-based measure of spike timing reliability. Unlike other measures, it does not require the de2nition of a posteriori “events”. It relies on only one parameter, which relates to the timescale of spike timing precision. We test the measure on surrogate data sets with varying amounts of spike time jitter, and missing or additional spikes, and compare it with a widely used histogram-based measure. The measure is e6cient and faithful in characterizing spike timing reliability and produces smaller errors in the reliability estimate than the histogram-based measure based on the same number of trials. c � 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Bounds for the system reliability function

Abstract : A coherent system with independent non-renewable components with arbitrary lifetime distributions is considered. A simple observation leads to a hierarchy of upper and lower bounds that converge to the exact system reliability. The simplest of these bounds is shown to be tighter than the bounds of Gertsbakh (1985). (Author)
Kalman filtering over a packet dropping network: A probabilistic approach

We consider the problem of state estimation of a discrete time process over a packet dropping network. Previous pioneering work on Kalman filtering with intermittent observations is concerned with the asymptotic behavior of E[Pk], i.e., the expected value of the error covariance, for a given packet arrival rate. We consider a different performance metric, Pr[Pk les M], i.e., the probability that Pk is bounded by a given M, and we derive lower and upper bounds on Pr[Pk les M]. We are also able to recover the results in the literature when using Pr[Pk les M] as a metric for scalar systems. Examples are provided to illustrate the theory developed in the paper.
Iron–sulfur cluster biosynthesis

Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are present in more than 200 different types of enzymes or proteins and constitute one of the most ancient, ubiquitous and structurally diverse classes of biological prosthetic groups. Hence the process of Fe-S cluster biosynthesis is essential to almost all forms of life and is remarkably conserved in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Three distinct types of Fe-S cluster assembly machinery have been established in bacteria, termed the NIF, ISC and SUF systems, and, in each case, the overall mechanism involves cysteine desulfurase-mediated assembly of transient clusters on scaffold proteins and subsequent transfer of pre-formed clusters to apo proteins. A molecular level understanding of the complex processes of Fe-S cluster assembly and transfer is now beginning to emerge from the combination of in vivo and in vitro approaches. The present review highlights recent developments in understanding the mechanism of Fe-S cluster assembly and transfer involving the ubiquitous U-type scaffold proteins and the potential roles of accessory proteins such as Nfu proteins and monothiol glutaredoxins in the assembly, storage or transfer of Fe-S clusters.
Consequences of gauge invariance for fractionally charged quasi-particles

Abstract We argue that as a consequence of gauge invariance, if the lowest energy excitations of a system are fractionally charged, they must be described by a multivalued wave function. We interpret this to mean that they carry non-local information (such as a string) with them. We discuss two examples: (1) the fractionally charged solitons that arise in certain (1+1)-dimensional systems; (2) the fractional quantum Hall effect.
Conformal pixellated MQW modulator structure for modulating retroreflector applications

We have developed a conformal optical modulator structure comprising pixellated InGaAs-InAlAs multiple-quantum-well (MQW) electroabsorption modulators embedded in a polymer membrane for operation in the 1550-nm optical region. The MQW modulators retain their electrical and optical characteristics after the polymer embedding process, with leakage currents of less than 50 nA and modulation contrast ratios of 2 : 1. The radio frequency response of these modulators was shown to be dependent on the pixel size, with a 3-dB modulation frequency of over 200 MHz for a 225/spl times/125 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ pixel. The conformal MQW modulator structure developed here can be used in applications requiring placement on a curved surface, such as in cat's eye modulating retroreflectors.
Diffusive Dynamics of Contact Formation in Disordered Polypeptides.

Experiments measuring contact formation between probes in disordered chains provide information on the fundamental time scales relevant to protein folding. However, their interpretation usually relies on one-dimensional (1D) diffusion models, as do many experiments probing a single distance. Here, we use all-atom molecular simulations to capture both the time scales of contact formation, as well as the scaling with peptide length for tryptophan triplet quenching experiments, revealing the sensitivity of the experimental quenching times to the configurational space explored by the chain. We find a remarkable consistency between the results of the full calculation and from Szabo-Schulten-Schulten theory applied to a 1D diffusion model, supporting the validity of such models. The significant reduction in diffusion coefficient at the small probe separations which most influence quenching rate, suggests that contact formation and F\"orster resonance energy transfer correlation experiments provide complementary information on diffusivity.
Challenges in the Control of Foodborne Pathogens in Low-Water Activity Foods and Spices

Vegetative cells of some foodborne pathogens, as well as bacterial spores, are capable of surviving within dry processing environments and low-water activity foods for lengthy periods of time. Between 2007 and 2012, there were 7,315 cases of bacterial infection and 63 deaths due to contaminated low-water activity foods worldwide. Salmonella is the pathogen of greatest concern, responsible for 94 % of US low-water activity food recalls and 53 % of outbreaks worldwide from 2007 to 2012. This chapter provides an overview of the challenges of controlling foodborne microorganisms in low-water activity foods, including a description of practices for preventing pre- and post-process contamination. Potential sources of bacterial contamination in the food supply chain include incoming raw materials, the external environment (e.g., pests, water, and air), inadequate hygienic facility and equipment design, inadequate sanitation practices, and lack of process control. Primary control points include the sourcing of raw commodities and ingredients, controlling cross-contamination from harvest to post-process, controlling the entry of water into dry processing areas, employing effective dry cleaning and sanitation processes, and implementing validated lethal processes.
Fair Play: A Liberal Intersectional Argument for Abolishing Sex Classification in Sport

Most sex classification policies are unjust because they prompt and authorize administrative agents to use their own subjective gender judgments to target, inspect, and exclude transgender-appearing people from the public accommodations under their watch. The vast majority of sex classification policies are not rationally related to legitimate policy goals because there is no objective, socially agreed upon test for determining who is male and who is female, and legitimate policy goals such as fraud prevention, safety, security, fairness and privacy can almost always be met more effectively by alternative means that do not subject people to gender inspection. This paper is part of a book manuscript that makes a legal-normative argument for using gender identity antidiscrimination laws to abolish sex classification policies in four disparate public accommodations: public transportation, public restrooms, athletic competition, and prisons. I take up the case of athletic competition in this paper. Gender and intersectionality theorists rightly point out the deep structure of race-sex-class perception and oppression, but many of these theorists are too quick to dismiss the radical potential of gender identity discrimination laws to eliminate, rather than modify, longstanding sex classification policies. Racial, class and gender perception intersect to generate the possibility, rather than the inevitability of invidious sex administration. And that is more than enough reason to abandon sex classification policies.
Surface tension of $sup 4$He below 0.35 K

The surface tension (sigma) of liquid $sup 4$He purified to contain 0.4 +-- 0.2 parts per 10$sup 9$ $sup 3$He was measured as a function of temperature in the range 0.02 less than T less than 0.35$sup 0$K. It is found that the data agree with Atkins's ripplon theory for the temperature dependence of sigma(T). The measurements complement earlier work in the temperature range 0.02$sup 0$K less than T less than T/sub lambda/ in which the surface tension below approximately 0.3$sup 0$K was affected by the natural $sup 3$He impurities. (auth)
Alternative Semantic Scaling Formats for Measuring Store Image: An Evaluation:

Only slight advantages are shown for the Stapel scale in lack of leniency (high scores) and the semantic differential scale in precision (low variance) in a comparison of these scale approaches wit...
Non-mereological pluralistic supersubstantivalism: an alternative perspective on the matter/spacetime relationship

AbstractIn both the historical and contemporary literature on the metaphysics of space (and, more recently, spacetime), a core dispute is that between relationism and substantivalism. One version of the latter is supersubstantivalism, according to which space (or, again, spacetime) is the only kind of substance, such that what we think of as individual material objects (electrons, quarks, etc.) are actually just parts of spacetime which instantiate certain properties. If those parts are ontologically dependent on spacetime as a whole, then we arrive at an ontology with only a single genuinely independent substance, namely the entire spacetime manifold. This is monist supersubstantivalism. A view on which the parts of spacetime are ontologically prior to the whole has been called pluralistic supersubstantivalism. As currently formulated, supersubstantivalism (in either its monist or pluralistic forms) carries significant advantages and encounters major difficulties. I argue that some of the latter motivate...
A Society in Revolt or Under Analysis? Investigating the Dialogue Between 19th-Century Anarchists and Sociologists

Anarchism has not had a noticeable impact upon sociology. The two traditions diverged in their interest in society and their relationship to it. This paper contrasts the practitioners or thinkers of one tradition against the other. The analysis shows some strong antagonisms, many instances of close analysis and critique of each other’s perspectives, and a number of friendly and supportive relationships between anarchists and sociologists. Anarchists tended to admire the intellectual rigor of sociologists, but thought sociologists were insiders – mere reformers at best, reactionaries at worst – content to study society, but rarely to act for its improvement. Sociologists viewed anarchists with an even wider range of opinion, including considering them principled and admirable revolutionaries, slightly naive utopians, or criminals and chaos-lovers bent on the destruction of social order. These factors contributed to the exclusion of anarchist ideas and anarchists themselves from the sociological canon.
Histone modification via rapid cleavage of C4'-oxidized abasic sites in nucleosome core particles.

The C4′-oxidized abasic site is produced in DNA by a variety of oxidizing agents, including potent cytotoxic antitumor agents. Independent generation of this alkali-labile lesion at defined positions within nucleosome core particles reveals that the histone proteins increase strand scission between 130- and 550-fold. Strand scission proceeds via a Schiff base intermediate, but the DNA–protein cross-links are unstable. The oxidized abasic site is removed in its entirety from the DNA and transferred to the lysine-rich tail region of the proximal histone protein in the form of a lactam. The modification is distributed over several residues within the amino-terminal tail of the proximal histone. Transfer of DNA damage to histones could affect gene regulation.
Zea Mays, A New Host for Ligniera Junci (Plasmodiophorales)

Roots of Zea mays plants grown in soils of high organic content in reclaimed fields of the Albemarle-Pamlico peninsula of North Carolina were found to be abundantly infected with Ligniera junci (Pl...
Primary Radiation Therapy for Operable Carcinoma of the Breast

On the basis of available data, it is the authors’ belief that primary radiation therapy of breast cancer following local excision is an acceptable alternative to mastectomy, which can be offered to patients without seriously altering their chances to achieve local control, and with superior cosmetic results. As in the patient treated by mastectomy, consideration must also be given to the employment of systemic chemotherapeutic agents for control of occult disseminated disease.
Evaluating Imaging Follow-Up Strategies and Costs of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms Treated with Endovascular Techniques: A Survey of Academic Neurovascular Centers in the United States.

Background Unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs) are being detected and treated with endovascular techniques at an increasing rate, with little evidence on the optimal imaging follow-up protocol. We performed a survey of academic neurovascular centers in the United States to assess imaging follow-up strategies and costs after endovascular treatment of UIAs. Methods An online survey on 5-year follow-up strategies of UIAs treated with endovascular techniques was distributed to neurovascular directors of 101 academic neurovascular centers using the American Association of Neurological Surgeons/Congress of Neurological Surgeons Joint Cerebrovascular Section database. An online healthcare marketplace, NewChoiceHealth, was used to calculate costs. Results Of 33 (32.7%) institutions that responded to the survey, 26 (25.7%) provided data suitable for analysis. Nine (34.6%), 10 (38.5%), 4 (15.4%), and 3 (11.5%) centers were located in the northeastern, southern, midwestern, and western regions of the United States. Total costs of 5-year follow-up imaging after primary coil embolization and stent-assisted coiling procedures were $3391–$32,882. Costs for aneurysms treated with flow diversion were $2788–$46,670. Eighteen (69.2%) institutions performed cerebral angiography at 6-month follow-up after coil embolization and stent-assisted coiling, and 19 (73.1%) institutions performed cerebral angiography 6 months after flow diversion. Of institutions, 20% affirmed that they maintained an identical imaging follow-up regimen after treatment of ruptured aneurysms. Conclusions There is significant heterogeneity in imaging follow-up strategies and their associated costs. Stratification of patients by risk of recanalization and corresponding adjustment of follow-up imaging may be 1 strategy to limit unnecessary imaging and control costs.
The natural history of chronic pancreatitis after operative intervention: The need for revisional operation.

Background For patients with chronic pancreatitis, duodenum-sparing head resections and pancreaticoduodenectomy are effective operations to relieve abdominal pain. For patients who develop recurrent symptoms after their index operation, the long-term management remains controversial. Methods Between 2002 and 2014, patients undergoing operative intervention for chronic pancreatitis were identified retrospectively. Patients requiring reoperation after their index operation were reviewed. Results A total of 121 patients with chronic pancreatitis underwent an index operation. At a median time of 33 months, 85 patients underwent no further operative intervention, while 36 patients underwent reoperation. A reoperative procedure was completed with acceptable perioperative morbidity and blood loss. After a revision operation, 25% of patients became narcotic independent. Narcotic requirements decreased from 143 morphine equivalent milligrams per day (MEQ/d) to 80 MEQ/d, and 58% of patients required less than 50 MEQ/d. Insulin requirements were not increased from preoperative levels. Multivariate analysis demonstrated only narcotic requirement and exocrine insufficiency after the index operation to be predictive for the need for a revision operation. Conclusion Our data demonstrate the following: (1) A significant number of patients undergoing duodenum-sparing head resections (26%) or pancreaticoduodenectomy (29%) required reoperation for recurrent abdominal pain; and (2) a revisional operation can be effective in relieving recurrent abdominal symptoms. Patients with recurrent symptoms should be considered for additional operative intervention.
II-04 Immune complex-mediated TLR8 activation regulates neutrophil shedding of FCGRIIA

Background Neutrophils participate in host defence through mechanisms including phagocytosis and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), a neutrophil cell death process in which DNA is extruded together with cytoplasmic and granular content to trap and eliminate pathogens. Immune complex (IC)-mediated NET formation has emerged as a mechanism that may increase the autoantigenic burden as well as promote type I interferon production in patients with the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Although TLR agonists, such as nucleic acids, have been shown to enhance phagocytosis by macrophages and dendritic cells, the role of TLR signalling in neutrophil phagocytosis of RNA-containing SLE ICs has not been extensively studied. The aim of the current study was to explore the cross-talk between TLRs and FcgRs in the regulation of IC-mediated phagocytosis and NETosis. Materials and methods Neutrophils, isolated from healthy individuals were incubated with RNA-containing ICs and analysed for phagocytosis and NETosis by flow cytometry and fluorimetry, respectively, in the presence of blocking antibodies or TLR8 inhibitors (oligodinucleotides, RNase). Neutrophils from healthy controls (n = 7) and SLE patients (n = 19) were analysed for FcgRIIA expression by flow cytometry, using two antibody clones, recognising full-length or shed FcgRIIA, and the results related to clinical data. Results Both FcgRIIA- and TLR8-engagement were required for induction of NETosis by RNA-ICs, as demonstrated by FcgR blocking antibodies as well as RNase treatment. Although degradation of RNA inhibited NETosis, removal of the TLR ligand by RNase markedly increased the phagocytosis of RNA-ICs by neutrophils (p Conclusions Neutrophils are not terminally differentiated cells but could shift into phagocytic or NETosing cells, partly regulated by a cross-talk between TLR8 and FcgRIIA. SLE patients have ongoing shedding of neutrophil FcgRIIA related to neutrophil activation and anti-RNA antibodies, demonstrating the in vivo relevance of our observation. Therapeutic approaches aimed at degrading the TLR8 ligand would be predicted to increase uptake of circulating ICs, while disarming their inflammatory potential and ability to induce NETs.
Simultaneous state and fault estimation for positive systems

This paper introduces a special type of unknown input observer to estimate the states and faults for linear time invariant positive systems. Both actuator and sensor faults are considered and the solution for each case is provided. Although positive observers have been designed for positive systems, they are unable to estimate the states when unknown inputs (disturbances or faults) are present in the systems. To realize simultaneous estimation of states and unknown inputs, we design a positive unknown input observer (PUIO) for positive linear systems. A critical step in the design process is the requirement of imposing a condition on positivity of the generalized inverse of a certain design matrix. The design can be performed with the aid of a positive stabilization procedure via LMI. We also show that the problem of simultaneous states and sensor faults estimations can be solved by a conversion scheme. By introducing an auxiliary positive system constructed from the output and its augmentation to the original positive system, we convert the sensor fault as an unknown input and employ the PUIO design to the augmented system. Finally, theoretical results are supported by numerical examples.
Abstract A55: Breast cancer detection and screening mammography in Mexican American women: Findings from the Ella Binational Breast Cancer Study

Purpose: Although breast cancer incidence and mortality rates are lower in Hispanic than non-Hispanic white women, the profile of tumor presentation among Hispanic women is consistent with a more aggressive disease pattern and less favorable prognosis. The Ella Binational Breast Cancer Study is a multi-center collaboration between the United States (US) and Mexico to investigate whether epidemiological and clinical risk factors, as well as tumor markers, differ between women in Mexico and Mexican-American women living in the US; recruitment is ongoing with the goal of enrolling 1,000 participants. Experimental Procedures: Using data from the U.S. population of the Ella Study, we assessed the relationship between education level, acculturation, and breast cancer screening behaviors. We used questionnaire data on education level and acculturation as assessed by language usage to identify barriers for mammography screening with the overall goal of identifying methods to improve breast cancer screening education and access. Our population comprised 230 breast cancer patients of Mexican descent living in Houston, Texas (N=138) or Arizona (N=92) who were 40 years or older. Summary of Data: Our results show the most common method of breast cancer detection was self-detection (67%), followed by screening mammography (23%), clinical exam by a health professional (6%), and other methods (3%). Use of mammography screening was strongly associated with country of birth, level of education and acculturation. Among US-born women, 83% reported receiving prior mammography, compared to 62% of non-US born (p Conclusions: These data suggest despite high rates of mammography screening reported among Hispanics in national surveys (70–80% based on BRFSS), a high percentage of breast cancer in our population is not detected through screening mammography. Since the majority of participants in our population reported high Spanish media exposure (73%), this suggests a medium to improve culturally appropriate breast cancer screening education, including information about free screening programs in these communities. In the future, we hope to propose an intervention model among Spanish-dominant Latina women that addresses the complex issues of breast self-examination, mammography screening, and importance of prompt reporting of findings to health professionals when breast changes are detected. This model must address the many factors, including limited health literacy, English proficiency, and health care access and affordability, that directly affect critical breast cancer-related behavior and environmental barriers.
72. Dickinson’s I Started Early – Took My Dog

(1962). 72. Dickinson’s I Started Early – Took My Dog. The Explicator: Vol. 20, No. 9, pp. 136-139.
The Wartime Origins of Civil-Military Relations in Insurgent-Ruled States

Why do insurgent victories in civil war sometimes produce states with strong civilian government control over their military forces – for example under the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) in Zimbabwe or the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) in Rwanda – but sometimes do not? Building coherent military command structures that are subordinate to executive government authority is critical for achieving stability and the rule of law in post-conflict societies. However, existing civil-military relations theories that emphasize factors such as economic development, ethnic homogeneity or ideological doctrines are unsatisfactory for explaining variation across states where former insurgent movements govern. To address this puzzle, my dissertation offers a novel institutional theory of civilian regime control in insurgent dominant states. My theory highlights how the wartime institutions that develop during insurgent warfare – such as joint decision-making bodies among politico-civilian and military elites and institutions of local insurgent governance – shape the civilian-military relationships that emerge when these groups take power. To test these arguments, my dissertation draws on archival, interview, and survey-based evidence from Zimbabwe and Cote d’Ivoire. By theorizing how the wartime experiences and decisions taken by insurgent organizations on their path to victory influence post-war systems of government authority over armed forces, this project contributes to our understanding of the causes of civil-military cohesion in conflict-affected states, while also providing insights on the links between armed conflict, state formation, and post-war political order.
Quantum features of optical metatronics

We present a quantum circuit model for the description of charges and fields around a nanosphere in the context of optical metatronics. We calculate quantum charge fluctuations and note an excellent agreement with full-wave model.
Less Restrictive Alternatives in Antitrust Law

Antitrust courts often confront “mixed” conduct that has two contrasting effects, one harmful and the other beneficial. For example, a nationwide agreement not to pay college football players harms the players while benefiting fans of amateur sports. An important tool for analyzing mixed conduct is to compare the action to a hypothesized alternative and to ask whether the alternative action is “less restrictive” and hence less harmful. The less-restrictive-alternative (LRA) test is used widely, from the rule of reason to mergers to monopolization. The test often assumes a particular, narrow form, that the alternative must be dominant: not only less restrictive but also equally effective. In other words, could the benefits have been achieved equally well with less harm?This Article offers a new account of the LRA test that draws inspiration from constitutional law and other fields. Dominant LRAs offer a shortcut that avoids the difficult tradeoff between increased benefit and increased harm. However, most LRAs are less effective rather than dominant. Such an alternative offers a basis for condemning conduct when the alternative is preferable on balance to the conduct. Balancing in antitrust is not a myth as many believe; instead, a tradeoff of incremental benefit and harm occurs in the assessment of LRAs. The LRA test serves the further function of “smoking out” an inference of anticompetitive effect.As the Article shows, courts that restrict their analysis to dominant LRAs run a high risk of false negatives, particularly when they also ignore the overall competitive effects of the restraint, as in the recent O’Bannon v. NCAA decision. Finally, the Article proposes best practices in assessing LRAs to minimize the risk of false positives.
Protein Nanoparticles Promote Microparticle Formation in Intravenous Immunoglobulin Solutions During Freeze-Thawing and Agitation Stresses.

In this study, we investigated the potential roles of nanoparticles ( 1000 nm) in protein formulations under some pharmaceutically relevant stress conditions. Exposure of intravenous immunoglobulin solutions to the interface-associated stresses of freeze-thawing or agitation resulted in relatively large increases in microparticle concentrations, which depended directly on the levels of pre-existing nano- and submicron particles. Thus, agglomeration of nanoparticles and submicron particles appears to play a role in microparticle formation under these stresses. In contrast, increases in microparticle concentrations during quiescent incubation at elevated temperatures were independent of the initial nano- and submicron particle concentrations in solution.
Frontiers in Organ Transplantation

One novel solution to the shortage of human organs available for transplantation envisions “growing” new organs in situ (organogenesis) from implanted animal organ primordia. Renal primordia from animal embryos transplanted into animal hosts undergo differentiation and growth, become vascularized by blood vessels of host origin, exhibit excretory function and can sustain life in otherwise anephric recipients. Similarly, pancreatic primordia undergo growth, differentiation, and secrete insulin in a physiological manner following placement in the mesentery of animal recipients. If obtained sufficiently early during embryogenesis, pig pancreatic primordia can be transplanted into diabetic rats or non-human primates without the need for host immune-suppression. Here, we review studies exploring the potential therapeutic applicability for organogenesis of the kidney or endocrine pancreas.
Targeting Prion-like Cis Phosphorylated Tau Pathology in Neurodegenerative Diseases.

Tau is a microtubule-associated protein heavily implicated in neurodegenerative diseases collectively known as tauopathies, including Alzheimer’s disease and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Phosphorylation of tau at Thr231 allows for the isomerization of phosphorylated tau (p-tau) into distinct cis and trans conformations. Cis, but not trans, p-tau is detectable not only in Alzheimer’s disease and chronic traumatic encephalopathy, but also right after traumatic brain injury depending on injury severity and frequency both in humans and animal models. Cis p-tau is not only neurotoxic but also spreads from a neuron to another in a prion-like fashion, functioning as a primary driver of neurodegeneration, which can be effectively neutralized by cis p-tau antibody. This represents an exciting new opportunity for understanding disease development and developing early biomarkers and effective therapies of tauopathies.
Isolation and characterization of Daucus carota L. cell lines resistant to 2-deoxy-D-glucose

Variant carrot (Daucus carota L.) cell lines resistant to the growth inhibitory effects of the glucose analogue 2-deoxy-D-glucose (dGlc) were isolated utilizing a feeder plate technique. Growth of sensitive cells was less than 7.5% of controls on medium supplemented with 3.0 mM dGlc, whereas resistant variants achieved growth ranging from 15% to 70% of that in controls. Increased levels of acid invertase activity in variant cell lines in response to dGlc in the culture medium, together with decreased sensitivity of the acid invertase enzyme (EC 3.2.1.26) to dGlc, is proposed as one of several potential mechanisms contributing to the observed dGlc resistance.
Principles and Practices Guiding Children’s Health and Educational Needs

This chapter highlights the role and responsibility primary care providers have for ensuring family-centered and culturally competent care when working with children and their families. The elements of family-centered care, the strengths that families bring to the care of their children with complex communication needs, and the collaboration needed for meaningful educational planning are described. The role of the medical home in the care of children with communication disorders is also highlighted.
Recent metformin adherence and the risk of hypoglycaemia in the year following intensification with a sulfonylurea.

AIM To evaluate whether recent low adherence to metformin monotherapy is associated with hypoglycaemia after addition of a sulfonylurea. METHODS We assembled a retrospective cohort of veterans who filled a new prescription for metformin between 2001 and 2011 and intensified treatment with a sulfonylurea after ≥1 year of metformin use. We calculated metformin adherence from pharmacy data using the proportion of days covered in the 180-day period before intensification. The primary outcome was hypoglycaemia, defined as a hospitalization or emergency department visit for hypoglycaemia or an outpatient blood glucose measurement <3.3 mmol/l in the year following intensification. Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare the risk of hypoglycaemia between participants with low (<80%) and high (≥80%) adherence. Adherence was also modelled as a continuous variable using restricted cubic splines. RESULTS Of 187 267 participants who initiated metformin monotherapy, 49 424 added a sulfonylurea after ≥1 year. The median (interquartile range) rate of treatment adherence was 87 (50-100)% and 43% had adherence <80%. Hypoglycaemia rates per 1000 person-years were 23.1 (95% CI 21.1-25.4) and 24.5 (95% CI 22.7-26.4) in participants with low and high adherence, respectively (adjusted hazard ratio 0.95, 95% CI 0.84-1.08). The risk of hypoglycaemia was similar across all levels of adherence when adherence was modelled as a continuous variable. CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence that past low adherence to metformin monotherapy was associated with hypoglycaemia after intensification with a sulfonylurea.
Abstract TP543: Trends of Peripheral Blood Indices in Predicting Delayed Cerebral Ischemia After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Introduction: Cerebral micro-thrombosis and inflammation are leading mechanisms for delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Apart from these local events, c...
Fifty shades of brown: Macroevolution of plumage brightness in the Furnariida, a large clade of drab Neotropical passerines

Both natural and sexual selection are thought to affect the evolution of bird color. Most studies of the topic have focused on sexually dichromatic taxa and showy plumages, which are expected to be more influenced by social selection and usually result in increased conspicuousness. However, many bird clades display dull brown or gray plumages that vary greatly in brightness (lightness), but little in hue (shade). Here, we examine the macroevolution of brightness in one such clade, the Furnariida. We make comparisons across light environments, body parts, monochromatic lineages, and each sex of dichromatic lineages. We found that support for models including light environments is greater for the dorsum than for the venter, and that brightness evolution is more constrained in the former than in the latter. Plumages in this clade have evolved to be darker in darker habitats, consistent with natural selection for increased crypsis. Finally, the features of brightness macroevolution are broadly similar across the sexes of the dichromatic clade, challenging the view that sexual dichromatism is driven by different evolutionary processes acting in each sex. We conclude that, in the Furnariida, light environments and dorsal-ventral variation are more important than sex as axes of color evolution.
Multifunctional Palladium Catalysis. 2. Tandem Haloallylation Followed by Wacker−Tsuji Oxidation or Sonogashira Cross-Coupling

[reaction: see text] Multifunctional palladium catalysis is utilized in the one-pot stereocontrolled synthesis of tetrasubstituted methyl ketones and enynes. The homogeneous palladium dihalide catalyst utilized for the bromo-/chloroallylation of alkynes is reused in situ for subsequent Wacker-Tsuji oxidation or Sonogashira cross-coupling.
Exploring the Link Between the Hazards and Value of Work, and Overcoming Risk for Community-Based Health Interventions for Immigrant Latinx Low-Wage Workers.

Few studies integrate work and immigration as intersecting social determinants of health. We synthesize data from 12 focus groups (N = 97) originating from two separate community-engaged studies th...
Distance and age of the pulsar wind nebula 3C 58

Context. A growing number of researchers present evidence that the pulsar wind nebula 3C 58 is much older than predicted by its proposed connection to the historical supernova of A.D. 1181. There is also a great diversity of arguments. The strongest of these arguments rely heavily on the assumed distance of 3.2 kpc determined with H i absorption measurements. Aims. This publication aims at determining a more accurate distance for 3C 58 and at re-evaluating the arguments for an older age. Methods. I have re-visited the distance determination of 3C 58 based on new H i data from the Canadian Galactic Plane Survey and our recent improvements in the knowledge of the rotation curve of the outer Milky Way Galaxy. I also used newly determined distances to objects in the neighbourhood, which are based on direct measurements by trigonometric parallax. Results. I have derived a new more reliable distance estimate of 2 kpc for 3C 58. This makes the connection between the pulsar wind nebula and the historical event from A.D. 1181 once again much more viable.
Surgeon-Directed HPB Operative Ultrasound: Clinical Practice, Certification, and Beyond

Background: Americas Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary (HPB) Association established the HPB ultrasound (US) course in 2012. This aim of this work is to describe the motivations and experiences of North American surgeons in US following course work. Methods: An anonymous on-line survey of open-ended questions was sent to previous course participants. Analysis was conducted using qualitative methods. Results: Between 2012 and 2018, 69 surgeons from the United States (63) and Canada(6) took the HPB US course, 15 of which (21.7%) returned the survey. The desire for US training/experience and certification were dominant reasons to take coursework.The most common challenges to incorporate US into practice were related to US system, where cost issues were dominant. Conclusion: Cost of the US system is an important challenge to incorporate US into practice. Although HPB surgeons are motivated to seek US training to enhance knowledge and skills, they are also interested in obtaining US certification.
Plithogenic Probability &Statistics are generalizations of MultiVariate Probability & Statistics

In this paper we exemplify the types of Plithogenic Probability and respectively Plithogenic Statistics. Several applications are given.The Plithogenic Probability of an event to occur is composed from the chances that the event occurswithrespect to all random variables (parameters) that determine it.Each such a variableis described by a Probability Distribution (Density) Function, which may be a classical, (T,I,F)-neutrosophic, I-neutrosophic, (T,F)-intuitionistic fuzzy, (T,N,F)-picturefuzzy, (T,N,F)-spherical fuzzy, or (other fuzzy extension) distribution function.The Plithogenic Probability is a generalization of the classical MultiVariate Probability. The analysis ofthe events described by the plithogenic probability is the Plithogenic Statistics.
The Construction of Authority in Ancient Rome and Byzantium: The Rhetoric of Empire

In The Construction of Authority in Ancient Rome and Byzantium, Sarolta Takacs examines the role of the Roman emperor, who was the single most important law-giving authority in Roman society. Emperors had to embody the qualities or virtues espoused by Rome's ruling classes. Political rhetoric shaped the ancients' reality and played a part in the upkeep of their political structures. Takacs isolates a reccurring cultural pattern, a conscious appropriation of symbols and signs (verbal and visual) belonging to the Roman Empire. She shows that many contemporary concepts of 'empire' have Roman precedents, which are reactivations or reuses of well-established ancient patterns. Showing the dialectical interactivity between the constructed past and present, Takacs also focuses on the issue of classical legacy through these virtues, which are not simply repeated or adapted cultural patterns, but are tools for the legitimization of political power, authority, and even domination of one nation over another.
Neutron Radioscopy: Industrial and Scientific Applications

Neutron imaging is a precise measurement tool for water content in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), enabling the direct measurement of the water distribution in standard, commercially viable fuel cell hardware. In the last 5–7 years, neutron imaging has proven to be an invaluable tool in fuel cell research and has provided information inaccessible by any other measurement technique. The unique aspects of imaging real fuel cells are due to the large neutron scattering cross section from hydrogenous liquids, combined with the relatively small scattering cross section from many common metals and other materials of construction. Neutron-imaging instruments are simple in design, and high-resolution digital neutron-imaging detectors (down to 20 µm) are routinely available at many neutron-imaging facilities. One drawback of neutron imaging is that a high flux neutron beamline is required, and only 6–10 facilities in the world are currently equipped to do these types of measurements. The majority of this article discusses the uses of neutron imaging to investigate water transport phenomena in PEMFCs, including optimal channel design, effects of thermal gradients, and material property effects on liquid water retention. In addition, examples are given of neutron tomography applied to the study of other hydrogen-based energy storage systems — metal hydride storage beds and alkaline batteries. Keywords: battery; neutron radiography; neutron tomography; proton exchange membrane fuel cell; water management
So Right It's Wrong: Groupthink and the Ubiquitous Nature of Polarized Group Decision Making

Publisher Summary This chapter introduces a ubiquity model of groupthink or Janis's model of groupthink that specifies a revised set of antecedent conditions to explain the reason for groupthink-like behavior occurring in mundane, temporary, and even minimal groups and yet is not an invariant feature of group decision making. It mentions that Janis's probing and insightful analysis of historical decision making was correct about the symptoms of groupthink and their relationship to outcomes, such as the suppression of dissent, polarization of attitude, and poor decision quality and yet wrong about the antecedent conditions. The frequent failure to verify the more ambitious of Janis's predictions regarding the causal role played by the model's antecedent conditions stem from the general prevalence of consensus seeking, group polarization, outgroup stereotyping, and the suppression of dissent in a wide array of group settings. After some 30 years of investigation, the evidence has largely failed to support the formulation's more ambitious and controversial predictions, specifically those linking certain antecedent conditions with groupthink phenomena.
Friendship Interaction Skills Across the Life-span

By the early part of the second year of life, children begin to direct markedly social behaviors toward one another (Brownell & Carriger, 1990; Ross & Lollis, 1987). These behaviors soon become increasingly complex and organized. At ﬁrst, a toddler might simply look and smile at a peer; next he or she might look, smile, vocalize, and wave a toy, all at the same time. Relatively quickly, such actions are combined to form complex routines that contain all of the basic features of adult interaction. By age two-and-a-half, children can signal interest in one another, exchange roles, sustain a common focus in play, and make repeated efforts to gain each other’s attention (Haslett, 1983; Rubin, 1980). It is through such primitive “conversation” that youngsters develop specialized patterns of interaction leading to their earliest friendships. By age 4, children actually begin to use the word friend to distinguish between familiar and nonfamiliar peers (Hartup, 1983).
A coprocessor with supercomputer capabilities for personal computers

The architecture of a matrix product coprocessor with supercomputer capabilities is described. It consists of a three-chip set requiring two custom VLSI chip designs, and a 50-ns memory subsystem and associated software drivers. One chip design implements a reconfigurable systolic array of simple processing elements, and the other provides both a generic interface to a host processor and schedules data and control sequences to and from the systolic array. Some indication is given of the use of the machine for the computation of Fourier transforms and the inversion of matrices. The expected performance for these tasks compares favorably with reported performances of supercomputers. Systems performance is 140 MFLOPS (million floating-point operations per second). The coprocessor takes the form of a module implementable on a single IBM/PC plug-in board. >