cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of certain choice functions

We characterize rationality of certain choice functions C by C(A) ∩ C(B) ⊇ C(A ∪ B) ⊆ C(A) ∪ C(B). We also characterize choice functions coming from preference relations which are partial orders and some other types of relations. Furthermore, we also characterize the admissible set of a binary relation by the fact it is invariant under certain changes in the relation.
Welding-induced alignment distortion in DIP LD packages: effect of laser welding sequence

In pigtailing of a single mode fiber to a semiconductor laser for optical communication applications, the tolerance for displacement of the fiber relative to the laser is extremely tight, a submicron movement can often lead to a significant misalignment and thus the reduction in the power coupled into the fiber. Among various fiber pigtailing assembly technologies, pulsed laser welding is the method with submicron accuracy and is most conducive to automation. However, the melting-solidification process during laser welding can often distort the pre-achieved fiber-optic alignment. This Welding-Induced-Alignment-Distortion (WIAD) is a serious concern and significantly affects the yield for single mode fiber pigtailing to a semiconductor laser. This work presents a method for predicting WIAD as a function of various processing, laser, tooling and materials parameters. More specifically, the degree of WIAD produced by the laser welding in a dual-in-line laser diode package is predicted for the first time. An optimal welding sequence is obtained for minimizing WIAD.
Breakdown of the line-space concept in Stark broadening of spectral lines by plasmas

A study is presented that proves that the standard model for calculation of line shapes, e.g., transitions from $\mathrm{nl}$ to ${n}^{\ensuremath{'}}{l}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ must be modified to include levels from higher principal quantum number manifolds, ${n}^{\ensuremath{''}}g{n}^{\ensuremath{'}}.$ This becomes particularly important in the study of transitions without central components, exhibiting a central minimum, as the effect of the higher ${n}^{\ensuremath{''}}$ states is to cause a filling in of the central minimum. An analytic derivation is provided and detailed calculations are performed to illustrate the effect.
Optimal In-Place Learning and the Lobe Component Analysis

It is difficult to map many existing learning algorithms onto biological networks because the former require a separate learning network. The computational basis of biological cortical learning is still poorly understood. This paper rigorously introduces a concept called in-place learning. With in-place learning, every networked neuron in-place is responsible for the learning of its signal processing characteristics (e.g., efficacies of synapses) within its connected network environment. There is no need for a separate learning network. With this in-place hypothesis, consequently, each neuron does not have extra space to compute and store the second and higher order statistics (e.g., correlations) of its input fibers. This work first provides a classification of learning algorithms. Then, it shows that the two well-known in-place biological mechanisms, the Hebbian rule and lateral inhibition, are sufficient to develop orientation selective cells, similar to those found in V1, from inputs of natural images. Many other cells that have not been fully understood have emerged as well. The presented computational study of these two in-place learning mechanisms leads to a new concept — these cells correspond to what are called lobe components, which are high concentrations in the probability of the neuronal input space. Further analysis explains how every neuron can learn efficiently (i.e., near-optimal efficiency) by scheduling its plasticity while interacting with other connected neurons. A simple, in-place (Type-5) learning algorithm is presented. The experimental results showed that this simple biologically inspired algorithm is superior to some well-known state-of-the-art ICA algorithms, thanks to its near-optimal efficiency.
Selection of malignant melanoma variant cell lines for ovary colonization

Murine melanoma line B16-F1, which shows some specificity for metastatic organ colonization of lung but rarely metastasizes to ovary, was used to select variant cell lines with increased preference for experimental ovary metastasis. Ovary-colonizing melanoma cell lines were sequentially selected in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice by repeated intravenous administration and surgical recovery of ovarian melanoma tumors for tissue culture. After ten selections for experimental ovary metastasis, line B16-010 was established which formed experimental metastatic ovary tumors in almost every test animal. In tissue culture B16-010 cells grew in circular colonies with rounded, smooth cell peripheries compared to B16-F1 cells which were flatter, grew in irregular patterns, and exhibited long cellular projections. Ovary-selected B16 lines contained less melanin pigment (B16-010 less than B16-05 less than B16-01 approximately equal to B16-F1) compared to the parental melanoma line. Together with previous cloning and selection data, these results are consistent with the preexistence of highly malignant cells in the parental tumor population that possess the ability to metastasize to specific organs.
Emergency Room Psychiatric Services: A Qualitative Study of Nurses’ Experiences

Emergency nurses working in general emergency divisions (EDs) are primarily trained to assess and treat acute physical problems. However, ED nurses often care for psychiatric patients and the perceptions of nurses in EDs regarding their experiences with psychiatric patients have not been well-studied. Using focus groups, the purpose of this study was to explore and describe ED nurses' experiences, and feelings caring for patients with mental illness. Krueger and Casey's qualitative analysis for focus groups was utilized to code and categorize phrases and identify themes from transcribed interviews. Four themes emerged; powerlessness best captured the overarching and substantive experience of the participants. Based on the findings, implications for emergency room care of psychiatric patients are described.
Changes in protein expression in Burkholderia vietnamiensis PR1301 at pH 5 and 7 with and without nickel

Burkholderia vietnamiensis PR1301 (PR1) exhibits pH-dependent nickel (Ni) tolerance, with lower Ni toxicity observed at pH 5 than at pH 7. The Ni tolerance mechanism in PR1 is currently unknown, and traditional mechanisms of Ni resistance do not appear to be present. Therefore, 2D gel electrophoresis was used to examine changes in protein expression in PR1 with and without Ni (3.4 mM) at pH 5 and 7. Proteins with both a statistically significant and at least a twofold difference in expression level between conditions (pH, Ni) were selected and identified using MALDI-TOF-MS or LC-MS. Results showed increased expression of proteins involved in cell shape and membrane composition at pH 5 compared with pH 7. Scanning electron microscopy indicated elongated cells at pH 5 and 6 compared with pH 7 in the absence of Ni. Fatty acid methyl ester analysis showed a statistically significant difference in the percentages of long- and short-chain fatty acids at pH 5 and 7. These findings suggest that changes in membrane structure and function may be involved in the ability of PR1 to grow at higher concentrations of Ni at pH 5 than at pH 7.
The Effects of Refining on the Chemical Composition of Turkish Sunflower Seed Oil

For investigating the effects of degumming, neutralization, winterization and deodorization operations on the composition of sunflowerseed oil, samples were collected from each respective stage of a commercial oil refining factory in Tekirdaǧ, Turkey. Based on laboratory analyses, it was concluded that there were no significant changes in specific gravities, refractive indices, saponification numbers. Iodine values and fatty acid compositions were altered slightly during winterization. There was a gradual decrease throughout each consecutive stage of refining, in free fatty acids, phospholipids, unsaponifiables, tocopherols, sterols and iron contents. Also, slight changes were observed in relative distribution pattern of individual tocopherol and sterol components. The overall oil quality, from points of oxidative stability and nutritional status, was not lower than the original crude sunflower seed oil. Einflus von Raffination auf die chemische Zusammensetzung des turkischen Sonnenblumenols Um den Einflus von Raffination (Entschleimung, Entsauerung, Entfarbung, Desodorisierung, Entstearinisierung) auf die Zusammensetzung von Sonnenblumenol zu studieren, wurden aus der Olraffinationsanlage in Tekirdaǧ, Turkei, entsprechende Muster wahrend der genannten Stadien der Raffination entnommen. Nach den Analysenergebnissen wurden keine beachtenswerten Anderungen im spezifischen Gewicht, im Brechungsindex und in der Verseifungszahl festgestellt. Nach der Entstearinisierung hatten geringe Anderungen in der Jodzahl und in der Zusammensetzung der Fettsauren stattgefunden. In jedem der aufeinanderfolgenden Stadien der Raffination wurde eine allmahliche Abnahme an freien Fettsauren, Phospholipiden, Unverseifbarem, Tocopherolen, Sterinen und auch im Eisengehalt festgestellt. Auch geringe Anderungen in der relativen Verteilung von individuellen Tocopherolen und Sterinen wurden ermittelt. Im ganzen gesehen war die Qualitat des raffinierten Oles hinsichtlich Oxidationsstabilitat und Nahrwert nicht geringer als die des Rohsonnenblumenoles.
The effects of X-irradiation on the postnatally-forming granule cell populations in the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, and cerebellum of the rat.

Abstract Beginning on the second postnatal day, either two (2X group), four (4X group) or six (6X group) daily or alternate daily exposures to low-level X-irradiation (150–200 r) were used to interfere with the acquisition of granule cells in the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, and cerebellum of the rat. At 60 days of age, the relationship between post-irradiation recovery and permanent granule cell loss was assessed with two quantitative techniques. First, the total number of granule cells was determined to estimate the magnitude of permanent loss. Secondly, the number of labeled granule cells were counted on day 60 after a 3H-thymidine injection given on either day 15 or on day 20 to estimate differential rates of cell proliferation during the recovery period. Permanent loss of granule cells was sustained in all regions by all schedules of irradiation. The time for the most effective exposures was earlier in the hippocampus and olfactory bulb than in the cerebellum. In all regions, both the irradiated groups and the controls showed a decrease in the level of cell proliferation between 15 and 20 days. The number of cells that could be labeled after either the 15 or 20 day injection was below control levels for all groups in the hippocampus, at control levels for all groups in the cerebellum, and either at (2X and 4X) or below (6X) control levels in the olfactory bulb. These results are discussed in the light of the formation time of the granule cells in each region.
A Role for the Transcriptional Coactivator PGC-1α in Muscle Refueling *

The transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) has been identified as an inducible regulator of mitochondrial function. Skeletal muscle PGC-1α expression is induced post-exercise. Therefore, we sought to determine its role in the regulation of muscle fuel metabolism. Studies were performed using conditional, muscle-specific, PGC-1α gain-of-function and constitutive, generalized, loss-of-function mice. Forced expression of PGC-1α increased muscle glucose uptake concomitant with augmentation of glycogen stores, a metabolic response similar to post-exercise recovery. Induction of muscle PGC-1α expression prevented muscle glycogen depletion during exercise. Conversely, PGC-1α-deficient animals exhibited reduced rates of muscle glycogen repletion post-exercise. PGC-1α was shown to increase muscle glycogen stores via several mechanisms including stimulation of glucose import, suppression of glycolytic flux, and by down-regulation of the expression of glycogen phosphorylase and its activating kinase, phosphorylase kinase α. These findings identify PGC-1α as a critical regulator of skeletal muscle fuel stores.
Antimicrobial Therapy and Late Onset Sepsis

Late onset sepsis infections contribute a significant proportion of the morbidity and mortality of hospitalized infants, especially in very low birth weight infants. Although it is fairly clear which infants are at higher risk of developing sepsis, it is less clear whether a standard for diagnostic evaluation exists and is being used consistently across institutions. In the current setting of changing epidemiology and emergence of antibiotic-resistant organisms, it is important to evaluate the antimicrobial agents used for empirical therapy and to emphasize the importance of antimicrobial stewardship. In addition, it is imperative to evaluate possible methods for prevention of these infections.
Analysis of rocks and minerals by reflected infrared radiation

The earliest studies of minerals by reflected and emitted infrared radiation were those of Coblentz (1, 2). Since then mineralogical uses of reflected infrared radiation have been restricted primarily to studies of glass, and to minerals like quartz and cristobalite which play a prominent part in the understanding of glass structures. In a similar manner infrared emission studies have been restricted almost exclusively to ceramics and refractories. This paper deals with the reflected infrared analysis of several common minerals, rocks, and meteoritic materials. The optical principles involved, and the typical spectra to be obtained from quartz plates, fused silica, and glasses are briefly reviewed and recent spectral data from minerals and rocks are examined. Similarities and differences between absorption and reflection spectra for the same materials are discussed, and some of the problems encountered in the calculations of composition (modal analysis) are indicated.Applications to nondestructive testing of polished rock surfaces (or gems) and to the calculation of ambient-temperature emissivity curves for rocks are shown. Such spectral emissivity curves are an important prerequisite for the remote mapping of the lunar and other planetary surfaces.
Intracellular survival of wild-type Salmonella typhimurium and macrophage-sensitive mutants in diverse populations of macrophages.

Abstract Salmonella typhimurium survives within macrophages and causes a fatal infection in susceptible strains of mice. A number of S. typhimurium mutants that contain Tn10 insertions in genes which are necessary for survival within the macrophage have been isolated. To demonstrate the importance of each gene in intracellular survival, the mutations were transduced into a smooth-strain background and the ability to survive intracellularly was assayed in five different populations of macrophages. The majority of the original macrophage-sensitive mutants retained the macrophage-sensitive phenotype in the smooth-strain background. The ability to survive or grow within macrophages varied with both the source of macrophages and the individual mutants. S. typhimurium grew best in the macrophage-like cell line J774, survived at moderate levels in splenic and bone marrow-derived macrophages, and was killed most efficiently in peritoneal macrophages. Macrophage-sensitive mutants transduced into a smooth background were also less virulent than the parent, with a 50% lethal dose of 2 to 5 logs greater than that of the parental strain. These experiments demonstrate that survival of S. typhimurium within macrophages varies with the source of cells, with a distinct ability to survive in macrophages from mouse spleens, where S. typhimurium grows rapidly. These experiments also demonstrate the heterogeneity in intracellular survival among the various macrophage-sensitive mutants, which may reflect the relative importance of the individual mutated genes in survival within macrophages.
Values Define Fields: The Intentional Dynamics of Driving, Carrying, Leading, Negotiating, and Conversing

What is the relation between ecological, social, and cognitive psychology? The thesis described and illustrated in this article is that a psychology of values (e.g., Hodges & Baron, 1992) provides the basis for prospecting an ecological psychology that is more sensitive to the social and moral dimensions of action, and for developing a social psychology that is more ecological and embodied. This social-ecological, values-realizing psychology may provide new insights into issues that are viewed as cognitive (e.g., language) as well. First, ecological studies of driving (e.g., Gibson & Crooks, 1938) and carrying (Hodges & Lindhiem, 2006) are reviewed to illustrate a values-realizing approach to psychology and to evaluate whether social and moral constraints are intrusions or intrinsic constraints. Second, in the social domain Asch's (1956) studies of social influence and perception are reframed in terms of leading and following, requiring the coordination of multiple values and multiple relationships. Third...
Servo positioning power tower collectors for solar heat conversion to electricity

An overview of Honeywell's Power Tower concept for conversion of solar generated heat to electricity is presented. The Solar Collector Subsystem control problem is defined. Operating modes including normal tracking, offset pointing, periodic calibration, stowage, and initialization are explained. Mathematics of sun vector computation and atmospheric refraction compensation are discussed. The process of attitude command generation and communication to the individual heliostats is outlined. Features of the control concept which contribute to cost effectiveness are highlighted throughout.
Identification of Genes Required for Synthesis of the Adhesive Holdfast in Caulobacter crescentus

Adhesion to both abiotic and biotic surfaces by the gram-negative prothescate bacterium Caulobacter crescentus is mediated by a polar organelle called the "holdfast," which enables the bacterium to form stable monolayer biofilms. The holdfast, a complex polysaccharide composed in part of N-acetylglucosamine, localizes to the tip of the stalk (a thin cylindrical extension of the cell wall and membranes). We report here the isolation of adhesion mutants with transposon insertions in an uncharacterized gene cluster involved in holdfast biogenesis (hfs) as well as in previously identified polar development genes (podJ and pleC), and the holdfast attachment genes (hfa). Clean deletions of three of the four genes in the hfs gene cluster (hfsDAB) resulted in a severe holdfast biogenesis phenotype. These mutants do not bind to surfaces or to a fluorescently labeled lectin, specific for N-acetylglucosamine. Transmission electron microscopy indicated that the hfsDAB mutants fail to synthesize a holdfast at the stalk tip. The predicted hfs gene products have significant sequence similarity to proteins necessary for exopolysaccharide export in gram-negative bacteria. HfsA has sequence similarity to GumC from Xanthomonas campestris, which is involved in exopolysaccharide export in the periplasm. HfsD has sequence similarity to Wza from Escherichia coli, an outer membrane protein involved in secretion of polysaccharide through the outer membrane. HfsB is a novel protein involved in holdfast biogenesis. These data suggest that the hfs genes play an important role in holdfast export.
Computer Modeling of Pulsed Eddy-Currents in Conducting Materials for NDT Purposes

The numerical modeling of single frequency eddy-current phenomena based on the magnetic vector potential has been successfully applied to many NDT applications [1–3]. Despite the considerable wealth of sinusoidal eddy-current literature, the numerical modeling of pulsed eddy-currents has received little attention. Most of the recent finite element transient eddy-current NDT modeling [4,5] employs a variational time-domain formulation for 2D and axisymmetric geometries. Since this model was tested against experimental measurements, it lacks rigorous quantitative verification required to be a useful NDT design tool.
From Saint to Seeker: Teresa Urrea's Search for a Place of Her Own

On Monday, December 15, 1902, the Los Angeles Times proclaimed the feted arrival of the famed “Mystic Santa Teresa.” The paper regaled its readers with the circus like events that surrounded her arrival to the burgeoning West Coast metropolis: “Santa Teresa, the famous Mexican girl from the land of the Yaqui, in Sonora, who is implicitly believed in by the majority of Mexicans of the Southwest as a healer, who exercises supernatural powers, has settled in Los Angeles permanently, her followers say, and is daily besieged by a pitiful throng of Mexican ‘enfermos.’” According to the Times, wagonloads of hopeful “invalids” made the pilgrimage to Teresa's cottage at the corner of Brooklyn and State in the “Sonoratown” area of East LA. Noting the “Stream of Mexicans Flowing to Her Cottage,” it listed the diverse range of desperate immigrants seeking her healing touch: “The halt, the blind, the inwardly diseased, paralytics, almost helpless and others with bodies ravaged by consumption, are helped to her doors each day by friends and relatives; and none go there without the belief that by the laying on of her magic hands they will be cured.” The reporter attributed all the excitement to the inexorable pull exerted by this “magnetic young woman from the South.” He blithely summarized, “Santa Teresa … has been the subject of many fantastic stories, based more or less on fact. In some ways her influence is really remarkable.”
Chronic expanding hematoma of the thorax

1046 The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery • November 2001 T he surgical literature is replete with case reports of chronic expanding hematomas, that is, ancient hematomas, involving almost every organ system; however, a paucity of information exists concerning this entity arising from the thorax except for that found in several Japanese reports.1 In a majority of these cases, a remote surgical procedure for tuberculosis seemed to be the initiating factor. As with all chronic expending hematomas, symptoms may arise months or years after trauma or surgery. When first noted, these lesions frequently are thought to represent soft tissue sarcomas or other malignant tumors.2 Characteristic of this entity is the fact that our patient had a latent period of 30 years before the onset of symptoms.
Models of Speciation: Where Are We Now?

Theory building is an integral part of biological research, in general, and of speciation research, in particular. Here, I review the modeling work on speciation done in the last 10 years or so, assessing the progress made and identifying areas where additional effort is required. Specific topics considered include evolutionary dynamics of genetic incompatibilities, spatial and temporal patterns of speciation, links to neutral theory of biodiversity, effects of multidimensionality of phenotype, sympatric and parapatric speciation, adaptive radiation, speciation by sexual conflict, and models tailored for specific biological systems. Particularly challenging questions for future theoretical research identified here are 1) incorporating gene regulatory networks in models describing accumulation of genetic incompatibilities; 2) integrating models of community ecology with those developed in speciation theory; 3) building models providing better insights on the dynamics of parapatric speciation; 4) modeling speciation in multidimensional ecological niches with mating preferences based on multidimensional mating cues and sexual characters; 5) linking microevolutionary processes with macroevolutionary patterns as observed in adaptive radiations and paleontological record; 6) modeling speciation in specific systems studied by empirical biologists; and 7) modeling human origins. The insights from dynamic models of speciation should be useful in developing statistical tools that would enable empiricists to infer the history of past evolutionary divergence and speciation from genomic data.
“Let’s J!”: on the practical character of shared agency

Drawing on parallels in Hutcheson and Hume, I raise two worries about Bratman’s theory of shared agency. First, has Bratman captured the interpersonal character of shared agency? Second, has he captured its practical character? By “its practical character,” I mean the sense in which shared agency is something we can undertake under that description, and not just a condition we might happen to find ourselves in? I argue that Bratman’s theory falls short of answering this second worry. The source of the shortcoming, I argue, is a fundamental methodological commitment that structures his action theory as a whole. This is the commitment to regard the concepts of action and shared action as empirical concepts, rather than as practical concepts.
Effective gating and tunable magnetic proximity effects in two-dimensional heterostructures

Electrostatic gating enables key functionality in modern electronic devices by altering the properties of materials. While classical electrostatics is usually sufficient to understand the effects of gating in extended systems, the inherent quantum properties of gating in nanostructures offer unexplored opportunities for materials and devices. Using first-principles calculations for Co/bilayer graphene, Co/BN/graphene, and Co/BN/benzene, as well as a simple physical model, we show that heterostructures with two-dimensional materials yield tunable magnetic proximity effects. van der Waals bonding is identified as a requirement for large electronic structure changes by gating, enabling both the magnitude and sign change of spin polarization in physisorbed graphene. The ability to electrically reverse the spin polarization of an electrode provides an alternative to using the applied magnetic field or spin transfer torque in spintronic devices, thus transforming a spin valve into a spin transistor.
The Tourism Satellite Account: Possibilities and Potential Benefits for the Eastern Caribbean Islands Tourism Development

The Tourism Satellite Account (TSA) is a method for estimation of the role of tourism in the economy based on the collection and processing of large numbers of statistic data. TSA can be created on a national or regional levels and reflect aggregates which connect with the planning and development of tourism. This approach can improve the overall quality and consistency of the system of national accounts of a country. The Caribbean region, quite like other areas of the world, have had some challenges in creating the TSA. The main aim of this paper is to examine the concept of the Tourism Satellite Account and its potential benefits for the Eastern Caribbean Islands.
Panelists' Introductory Statements: Discussion by Walter W. Heller

Within the general topic of this session, my remarks will be more specifically directed to the battle against inflation and an appraisal thereof. Inflation must be a dirtier word than I had thought, for it's nowhere to be found in our AEA program this year (though perhaps our sister organizations have recognized its existence in their sessions and papers). Yet, in economies that orbit in the "narrow band" around full employment, the toughest economic policy nut to crack, bar none, is inflation. No free economy has yet cracked it. And ever since escalation in Vietnam so rudely interrupted our balanced advance toward full employment, the inflationary fat has been in the fire in the U.S. economy too. Neither tight money, nor restrictive fiscal policy, nor both finally working in tandem since late 1968, has thus far been able to quench the flames. Even when we get past the epidemic phase of inflation-as I believe we will in the next year or so-inflation will still be endemic in our economy. Let's face it: We now live in an inflationprone economy. Given a bipartisan commitment to high-employment, high-growth economics; given unrelenting pressures for capital spending on private and public infrastructure, on housing, on pollution control and the like; and given the stubborn centers of market power in both business and labor, it's not hard to understand why the job of reconciling full employment and reasonable price stability-or should I say, tolerable rates of inflation?-will still confront us even when Vietnam is behind us. It is to this limitless subject that I devote my limited time today. In doing so, I'll have to lay aside the rather remote but not unthinkable possibility that U.S. political economy may force us to choose some day between 4 to 5 percent inflation (and the inequities and inefficiencies that go with it) and 5 percent plus unemployment (and the individual pain and social unrest that go with it). Instead, I'll assume that the American people and those who hold the policy reins are not prepared to put up with more than 2.5 percent to 3 percent inflation a year and address myself to the issues that thus confront us in an economy still afflicted with double that rate of inflation:
Running on Fear: Immigration, Race and Crime Framings in Contemporary GOP Presidential Debate Discourse

This analysis explores the use of “race-baiting,” known herein as “racially divisive appeals” (RDAs), and crime frames in Republican (GOP) presidential debate discourse during the 2008 and subsequent election cycles. RDAs which mobilize images of minorities as criminals, terrorists, or as populations engaged in voter or welfare fraud, are analyzed. While the strategic exploitation of racial animus in American politics has tended to be associated with the “Southern Strategy,” wherein GOP politicians wooed southern whites by fueling anxieties about blacks, this research finds that modern RDAs focus more on appealing to fears about immigrants. Reasons for this shift, as well some of the varied discursive techniques and narrative content of contemporary RDAs, are explored.
A Comparative Morphological and Physiological Study of the Species of Dipodascus

SummaryDipodascus belongs to the family Dipodascaceae (Endomycetales, Hemiascomycetidae). The genus is characterized by lacking ascogenous hyphae and ascocarps, and possessing typically ∞-spored an...
NUMERICAL COMPUTATIONS OF DYNAMIC DERIVATIVES OF A FINNED PROJECTILE USING A TIME- ACCURATE CFD METHOD

This paper describes a computational study undertaken to compute the dynamic derivatives of a finned projectile using an advanced unstructured time-accurate NavierStokes computational technique. The numerical procedure uses an advanced coupled computational fluid dynamics (CFD)/rigid body dynamics (RBD) technique that provides for a grid motion capability to fly a projectile on the supercomputers. As a special case, this procedure can be run very easily in an uncoupled mode to model motions such as the pitching and the rolling of a projectile and compute the dynamic derivatives from these unsteady simulations. Time-accurate numerical computations have been performed for a finned body at different Mach numbers across the speed regime from subsonic to supersonic conditions using unstructured grids and the dynamic derivatives have been extracted from the uncoupled time-accurate CFD/RBD computations. Computed dynamic derivatives have been compared with actual data measured from free flight tests and experiments and are found to be generally in good agreement.
Time Allocation by Greater White-Fronted Geese: Influence of Diet, Energy Reserves and Predation

I determined the amount of time Greater White-fronted Geese (Anser albifrons frontalis) allocated to various activities from September to May, 1980-1982 at their primary wintering areas in the Pacific Flyway of North America. The length of time spent on roosts during the day was positively correlated to day length. Geese at roost sites spent the majority of their time sleeping (24-46%), alert (17-40%), walking or swimming (6-24%), and in comfort behaviors (3-25%). The amount of time geese fed each day varied little from early autumn to late spring (4.5-4.9 hr), except during mid-winter when minimum temperatures were below freezing (3.9 hr), and immediately before migration in spring (6.3 hr). The proportion of time devoted to feeding and alert behavior, the two most dominant activities at field sites, varied significantly among seasons and locations. The amount of time geese were actively engaged in foraging each season was more dependent on feeding intensity than the amount of time spent at foraging sites (fields), and varied almost three-fold, from 1.8 hr during late winter to 5.1 hr during late spring. Geese fed in closer proximity to conspecifics, were more frequently disturbed, and spent less time feeding during the hunting season. Exploitation of high energy foods and catabolism of substantial energy reserves probably enabled geese to minimize foraging time during periods of harsh weather and high predation pressure. Seasonal variation in the proportion of time spent feeding corresponded closely to changes in body mass. Greater White-fronted Geese wintering in the Pacific Flyway spent substantially less time feeding than they do in Europe, as geese in California fed primarily on high energy cereal grains, while in Europe they subsist on green vegetation which has relatively less digestible energy than cereal grains.
Ultrahigh Resolution EUV imaging using a Tabletop High Harmonic Light Source

Using a tabletop setup employing high-order harmonic generation of ultrafast laser pulses, we implement Coherent Diffractive Imaging (CDI) with near-wavelength limited ~20 nm resolution using coherent light at 13nm.
Commentary: Fractured Families: US Asylum Backlog Divides Parents and Children Worldwide

This commentary focuses on the detrimental effects of the US asylum backlog on families around the world. It puts a spotlight on the backlog of the 82,175 individuals who are currently (as of March 2015) waiting to have their asylum cases heard. These individuals fleeing torture, political persecution, or persecution due to their race, religion, ethnicity, or membership in a particular social group are especially vulnerable. We identify the essential human rights of asylum seekers who are children and their family members, including the right to seek asylum, the right of family members to be protected from harm, and the right to family life, family unity, and reunification. Throughout, the principle of what is in the best interest of the child is highlighted. Using the example of how resources have been shifted to process the cases of Central American families crossing the US southern border, the authors question the effectiveness of a crisis-focused US immigration policy. We call for broad immigration reform in the USA with resulting policies that do not focus on the needs and rights of one group of vulnerable children at the expense of another. Thus, we call for an immigration policy that puts the rights of all children at its center.
Abbreviated preenrichment period for recovery of Salmonella spp. from selected low-moisture dairy foods

A 6-h and a 24-h preenrichment procedure were compared for their ability to recover Salmonella spp. from selected low-moisture dairy foods. The foods were artificially inoculated several days before analysis, and 20 replicate test portions per procedure from each food were examined in each experiment. Samples examined by the 6-h abbreviated procedure were preenriched for 6 h at 35°C in an air incubator or water bath and centrifuged at 4,100 × g for 10 min. Pellets were suspended in tetrathionate broth and incubated for 24 h at 35°C. For the 24-h standard procedure, test portions were preenriched for 24 h at 35°C in an air incubator, subcultured to tetrathionate broth, and incubated for 24 h at 35°C. Selective enrichment broths from both procedures were streaked onto selective agar plates, and presumptive Salmonella isolates were identified by conventional biochemical and serological tests. Recovery of Salmonella spp. from instant nonfat dry milk and dry whole milk was equivalent for both preenrichment procedures. However, the relative effectiveness of the two procedures varied in the recovery of Salmonella spp. from noninstant nonfat dry milk, lactic casein, and rennet casein.
A Market Model of an Instructional System in Management Education

In recent years, greater attention has been paid to the role of continuing management education. Successful competition in the management education market requires identification of segment-specific appeals. This paper reports the application of a three-stage model to the healthcare management education market. Results suggest specific program, pricing, distribution and promotional strategies.
PHASE STABILITY AND DIAGRAMS: A CASE STUDY IN COMPUTATIONAL MATERIALS ENGINEERING

Phenomenological theories of phase equilibrium have been very useful in characterizing the main contributions to alloy stablity, the interpretation of complex and extensive experimental data, and, in some instances, the prediction of metastable phases.
Review: Damascus: Ottoman Modernity and Urban Transformation (1808–1918) by Stefan Weber

Stefan Weber Damascus: Ottoman Modernity and Urban Transformation (1808–1918) Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 2009. 2 vols. Vol. 1: text, 464 pp., 646 illus. (some in color); vol. 2: catalogue, 664 pp., 666 illus. (some in color), 1025 ground plans, 7 city plans folded in back pocket. $245, ISBN 8779344240 Stefan Weber’s monumental two-volume study of modern Damascus is an extraordinary contribution to the study of urbanism and architecture in the modern Middle East, as well as to the study of Mediterranean urban history generally. It is the product of years of fieldwork, of architectural and urban surveys, of archival research, and most of all, of thoughtful analysis. At two hefty volumes, the work dwarfs any other study on modern Arab cities, literally as well as figuratively. Damascus, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the world’s oldest cities, is best known to architectural historians as one of the most important centers of the classical Islamic world. Over the course of the long nineteenth century, however, Damascus, like many provincial centers of the Ottoman Empire, underwent a tremendous transformation. Modernization altered its development by adding new neighborhoods, large thoroughfares, urban squares, public buildings, commercial infrastructure, and domestic architecture. Zeynep Celik’s recent book, Empire, Architecture and the City, presents an overview of these developments throughout the empire, and shows how the Ottoman center staged its visions of empire through the construction of public space in its Arabic-speaking provinces.1 Weber’s book places Damascus, a provincial capital, at the center of analysis, providing a history of a single city and its buildings and people with an unprecedented degree of richness and depth. His book highlights the links and distinctions in urban and architectural practices between Damascus and Istanbul, the empire’s capital, and between Damascus and many Arab cities to which it relates, including Beirut, Aleppo, and Salt (in present-day Jordan). Yet we also have unexpected comparisons, as with Bitlis (in present-day Turkey). It is no accident that the historic photographs on the cover of both volumes …
The effects of formative reading assessments closely linked to classroom texts on high school reading comprehension

Older student reading of informational texts like those found in most high school classrooms continue to be a concern. College entrance exams scores attest to the fact that this age group of readers remain largely unprepared for the rigorous, discipline area reading and comprehension demands of higher education. In response to this issue content area teachers have been encouraged to teach reading skills for their subject matter. Standard reading instruction tools have included reading guides and summative reading assessments. This study sought to compare the effects of standard reading pedagogy with computerized, formative reading assessments given to students as they read. The largest publisher of high school textbooks, Pearson Prentice-Hall, and the publisher of the high school government text used in this study currently does not have in place digital, formative reading assessments tracking section by chapter section. High school seniors in nine sections of American Government under two different instructors participated in this mixed method, quasiexperimental study. Results indicate a significant difference in content comprehension with the formative assessment pedagogy. Survey and questionnaire responses suggest students thought they read better and were more motivated to read responding to computerized formative assessments (CBA’s) that closely tracked their subject matter textbooks.
The problem of vaginal adenosis

The National Cooperative Diethylstilbestrol Adenosis (DESAD) Project has completed the major portion of its enrollment phase with the examination of more than 300 daughters of women taking synthetic non steroidal estrogens (denotes DES) during pregnancies occurring from the early 1940's to the mid 1960's. The aims of the Project were to fill urgent needs for information on the prevalence and incidence of structural and epithelial abnormalities of neoplastic changes and their complications in these women.
NATURAL KILLER ACTIVITY IN CLONED IL-2 DEPENDENT ALLOSPECIFIC LYMPHOID POPULATIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the natural killer activity in cloned Interleukin-2 (IL-2) dependent allospecific lymphoid populations. Natural killer cells have been defined by their capacity to lyse certain allogeneic tumor targets without priming or prior exposure. A recognition and binding event is involved, and it appears that at least several widely distributed specificities may be involved in the recognition. In a study described in the chapter, interleukin-2 was generated in cultures of rat spleen cells stimulated with Concanavalin A. The supernatants were harvested at 24–48 h, filtered, and frozen. Aliquots were concentrated by ultrafiltration, assayed for activity against a standard IL-2 dependent cell line, and used at the defined optimally supportive strength. B6 possesses one such determinant not possessed by bm1 and this determinant is expressed on bm11 but not bm8. The allogeneic specificity displayed by these clones is very precise and must detect the strong specificity previously deduced by other methods. It was observed that five of seven clones also lysed the NK-susceptible target YAC-1. The feeders or IL-2 were not responsible for the NK activity, because all clones were maintained in an identical fashion: H44 and the negative clones showed no activity against YAC-1.
The Debate: The Legendary Contest of Two Giants of Graphic Design by Wim Crouwel and Jan Van Toorn

Language, through the inability to translate or in the choice of words, can deny us the opportunity to learn from one another, to grow, to move beyond one’s own assumptions and perspectives. The De...
Putting the Focus Back on the Patient: How Privacy Concerns Affect Personal Health Information Sharing Intentions.

Background: Health care providers are driven by greater participation and systemic cost savings irrespective of benefits to individual patients derived from sharing Personal Health Information (PHI). Protecting PHI is a critical issue in the sharing of health care information systems; yet, there is very little literature examining the topic of sharing PHI electronically. A good overview of the regulatory, privacy, and societal barriers to sharing PHI can be found in the 2009 Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act. Objective: This study investigated the factors that influence individuals’ intentions to share their PHI electronically with health care providers, creating an understanding of how we can represent a patient’s interests more accurately in sharing settings, instead of treating patients like predetermined subjects. Unlike privacy concern and trust, patient activation is a stable trait that is not subject to change in the short term and, thus, is a useful factor in predicting sharing behavior. We apply the extended privacy model in the health information sharing context and adapt this model to include patient activation and issue involvement to predict individuals’ intentions. Methods: This was a survey-based study with 1600+ participants using the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) data to validate a model through various statistical techniques. The research method included an assessment of both the measurement and structural models with post hoc analysis. Results: We find that privacy concern has the most influence on individuals’ intentions to share. Patient activation, issue involvement, and patient-physician relationship are significant predictors of sharing intention. We contribute to theory by introducing patient activation and issue involvement as proxies for personal interest factors in the health care context. Conclusions: Overall, this study found that although patients are open to sharing their PHI, they still have concerns over the privacy of their PHI during the sharing process. It is paramount to address this factor to increase information flow and identify how patients can assure that their privacy is protected. The outcome of this study is a set of recommendations for motivating the sharing of PHI. The goal of this research is to increase the health profile of the patients by integrating the testing and diagnoses of various doctors across health care providers and, thus, bring patients closer to the physicians.
Rating Scales in Psychotherapy Practice

Therapists can gain invaluable information by administering rating scales to clients throughout the therapy process. Indeed, research has demonstrated therapists who utilize client feedback can improve their clients’ outcomes. We provide an overview of the research of using rating scales in therapy. Next, we describe some practical considerations in the selection of rating scales; specifically, we highlight the benefits and feasibility of using global outcome and working alliance scales. Finally, we provide examples of brief, psychometrically sound, rating scales that can be integrated into practice.
Antiemetic Drugs: Essential Pharmacology

Development of successful agents and strategies for control of chemotherapy-induced emesis has resulted from a combination of deduction and serendipity. Elucidation of the mechanism of action of various antiemetic agents has led to a better understanding of the physiology upon which the emetic reflex arc is based and this in turn has led to the development of more selective agents with greater efficacy and an improved efficacy/toxicity ratio. However, development of various routes and schedules for antiemetic delivery has also been driven by practical considerations and convenience, and some of the greatest advances have resulted from the lack of selectivity of various antiemetic agents and the resultant identification of additional relevant mechanisms and pathways to serve as targets for antiemetic blockade.