cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feature-Enhanced probabilistic models for diffusion network inference

Cascading processes, such as disease contagion, viral marketing, and information diffusion, are a pervasive phenomenon in many types of networks. The problem of devising intervention strategies to facilitate or inhibit such processes has recently received considerable attention. However, a major challenge is that the underlying network is often unknown. In this paper, we revisit the problem of inferring latent network structure given observations from a diffusion process, such as the spread of trending topics in social media. We define a family of novel probabilistic models that can explain recurrent cascading behavior, and take into account not only the time differences between events but also a richer set of additional features. We show that MAP inference is tractable and can therefore scale to very large real-world networks. Further, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach by inferring the underlying network structure of a subset of the popular Twitter following network by analyzing the topics of a large number of messages posted by users over a 10-month period. Experimental results show that our models accurately recover the links of the Twitter network, and significantly improve the performance over previous models based entirely on time.
CRYOGENIC ASPECTS OF INDUCTOR-CONVERTER SUPERCONDUCTIVE MAGNETIC ENERGY STORAGE

The cryogenic design for large energy storage solenoids utilizes 1.8 K cooling of NbTi-Al composite conductors. Enthalpy stability of the conductor in He II is used for ordinary normal-superconducting recovery. The major heat leak is through G10-CR epoxy struts which carry radial forces to bedrock. One or two heat intercepts on the struts lead to overall refrigeration power (including other heat loads) of 6 to 8 MW, or a refrigeration energy of about 4% of the energy delivered daily from a 5500 MWh I-C unit. Axial forces are shown to be better carried by internal cold structure for low aspect ratio coils with β = height ÷ diameter < 0.01.
Food Sources of Energy and Nutrients of Public Health Concern and Nutrients to Limit with a Focus on Milk and other Dairy Foods in Children 2 to 18 Years of Age: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011⁻2014.

Many children are not meeting current nutrient recommendations. The objective of this study was to determine the food sources of energy, nutrients of public health concern, and nutrients to limit with a focus on dairy foods. Twenty-four-hour dietary recall data from children 2–5 (n = 1511), 6–11 (n = 2193), and 12–18 years (n = 2172) participating in NHANES 2011–2014 were analyzed. Energy, fiber, calcium, potassium, vitamin D, added sugars, saturated fatty acids (SFA), and sodium intakes were sample-weighted and ranked on percentage contribution to the diet using specific food group intake and disaggregated data for dairy foods. For children 2–5, 6–11, and 12–18 years, milk, sweet bakery products, and sweetened beverages, respectively were the top food sources of energy, respectively. For calcium, potassium, and vitamin D, milk was the top ranked food source in all age groups. For children 2–5, 6–11, and 12–18 years, milk, sweet bakery products, and pizza, respectively were the top three ranked food sources of SFA; and sugar sweetened beverages and sweet bakery products were to top two food group sources of added sugars. Cured meats/poultry, pizza, and pizza, respectively, were the top ranked food sources of sodium for the three age groups. Identification of food sources of these nutrients can help health professionals implement appropriate dietary recommendations and plan age-appropriate interventions.
Conversion to bioenergy crops alters the amount and age of microbially-respired soil carbon

Abstract Bioenergy cropping systems have the potential to supply plant biomass as lignocellulosic feedstock for biofuels and bioproducts that will reduce reliance on fossil energy. Identifying the effects of alternative bioenergy cropping systems on soil carbon (C) is necessary to assess the sustainability of renewable fuels. We measured the response of soil organic carbon (SOC) pools to four bioenergy cropping systems using soils collected at the establishment of the field trials and after five years in two soils of contrasting texture: a fine-textured silt loam (Mollisol) in south central Wisconsin and a coarse-textured sandy loam (Alfisol) in southwestern Michigan, USA. Crop management followed region-specific practices with no till with the intention of reducing soil C losses from cultivation. Cropping systems included an annual monoculture (continuous corn), two perennial monocultures (switchgrass and hybrid poplar), and a perennial polyculture (restored native prairie). Using a 365-d laboratory soil incubation and a three-pool model, we estimated sizes and turnover times of SOC in surface (0–10 cm) and deeper soils (25–50 cm). After five years, all soils had less bioavailable C as measured by microbial respiration. To determine potential differences in soil C turnover under annual and perennial monocultures, we measured radiocarbon abundance (14C) of bulk soils and respired CO2 under corn and switchgrass. Respired-CO2 was more depleted in 14C over time, indicating preferential respiration of relatively “old C” after five years. Decreased microbial respiration rates after five years of bioenergy cropping systems offer the potential for the eventual reduction of soil C losses after conversion to no till. However, the 14C-CO2 data suggest that previously-protected C pools may become depleted over time, especially with continued removal of plant inputs. Results show that conversion of conventional field-crop agriculture to bioenergy cropping systems may not provide belowground C benefits in the short term, as indicated by reductions in the size of the active pool. Reduced total soil respiration over the length of the study, as well as system-specific differences in soil respiration (monoculture annuals
On feeling mighty real: devenir gay à Montréal pendant l’ère disco dans Funkytown, de Daniel Roby

En retracant les annees de gloire et declin de la discotheque le Starlight a Montreal de 1976 a 1980, le film Funkytown explore le disco comme mode de vie et comme ayant joue un role crucial dans l...
The Role of Social Information Processing in the Relation between Interparental Conflict and Child Aggression

THE ROLE OF SOCIAL INFORMATION PROCESSING IN THE RELATION BETWEEN INTERPARENTAL CONFLICT AND CHILD AGGRESSION By Kimberly Marie Parker, M.S. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2014 Major Director: Albert D. Farrell, PhD Title: Professor of Psychology Department of Psychology Crick and Dodge’s SIP theoretical model proposes that children use previously stored memories, past experiences, and formed representations that influence six mechanisms that are in turn used in deciding how to act in social situations (Crick & Dodge, 1994). Research has demonstrated a strong link between social information processing (SIP) and child aggression. Furthermore, SIP has been shown to mediate the relation between several parenting practices and child aggression. Research has also shown a strong relation between interparental conflict and child aggression. The focus of the current study was to determine if SIP serves as a mediator between parental conflict and aggression in children. This study conducted secondary analyses of longitudinal data from the Child Development Project. Participants were children, parents, and teachers across three sites and two cohorts who were recruited as the child participants entered kindergarten. Data were collected across seven waves from child ages 5 through 11. Interparental Conflict was assessed using mother and father reports on the Conflict Tactics Scale and four SIP steps were measured using four paper and pencil measures. Child aggression was assessed by mothers and teachers using the aggression scales on the Child Behavior Checklist and Teacher Report Form, respectively. Longitudinal mediation models following guidelines outlined by McKinnon (2008) were used to test SIP as a mediator between interparental conflict and aggression. Confirmatory Factor Analysis supported the creation of latent variables for SIP and child aggression. A composite score was calculated and used for interparental conflict in the SEM models. SEM revealed that interparental conflict did not predict changes in SIP or changes in child aggression. For the most part, SIP also did not predict concurrent child aggression or changes in child aggression over time. Direct effects of aggression on interparental conflict, indirect effects of aggression on SIP and of SIP on interparental conflict, and total effects in the models were not significant. The data did not support the hypothesis that SIP mediates the relation between parental conflict and child aggression. Study strengths and limitations and future research directions are discussed.
Electrical stimulation prevents doxorubicin-induced atrophy and mitochondrial loss in cultured myotubes

Muscle contraction may protect against the effects of chemotherapy to cause skeletal muscle atrophy, but the mechanisms underlying these benefits are unclear. To address this question, we utilized ...
Economic evaluation of genetic markers for cow-calf operations differentiated by forage type and breed

Abstract When selecting breeding stock, the use of genetic marker information in beef cattle (Bos taurus L., and Bos indicus L.) is expected to enhance herd performance and thereby producer returns. Cattle performance data from experimental trials, tracking the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) P450 C994 G and HSP70 CDS G2033C genotypic distributions in Angus (AA; Bos taurus), Brahman (BB; Bos indicus), and their reciprocal cross (RC) cows were investigated to determine economic performance differences when grazing endophyte infected tall fescue [Lolium arundinaceum (=Festuca arundinacea)] compared to Bermudagrass (BG; Cynodon dactylon L.) pastures. Since open cows were not culled, the study provides unique lifetime data on cow-calf breeding failure rates. These data are essential for economic comparisons of spring calving herds that were either exposed to fungal endophyte [Epichloe coenophiala (=Neotyphodium coenophialum = Acremonium coenophialum)] infected tall fescue grazing and hay (E+) or not (BG). The Forage and Cattle Analysis and Planning (FORCAP) decision support software was used to assess impact on profitability of birth weight, weaning weight, and breeding failure rate differences across treatment. Results showed that added SNP marker information did little to separate animal performance. A neural network approach also was used to assess the impact of genetic marker information to predict economic performance. Using either gene SNP, less than 5% of variation in economic returns was affected by genetic information, with the largest driver of profitability being breeding failure rate. Using the two genetic markers of this study to predict breeding failure rate showed little evidence to suggest that breeding decisions could be improved using genetic marker information. With more data, this conclusion may well change as observed least square mean differences by SNP were larger than the cost of obtaining the information but not statistically significant.
Sex Differences in Authorship of Major Gastroenterology Society Guidelines and Technical Reviews

To analyze the proportion of gastroenterology society guidelines and technical reviews with female authors. Retrospective study of the sex of authors of American Association for the Study of Liver Disease (AASLD), American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) and American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) guidelines and technical reviews. Between 2007 and 2019, 21% of authors of AASLD, ACG and AGA guidelines, and technical reviews were female. Eighteen percent of first authors were female. There was a statistically significant increase in female authorship over the past 10 years only for AASLD guidelines. There were fewer female authors of AASLD, ACG and AGA guidelines, and technical reviews than males. This disparity decreased over time only in AASLD guidelines. Addressing disparities in guideline and technical review authorship may promote academic advancement for female gastroenterologists.
Autophagy suppresses TRP53/p53 and oxidative stress to enable mammalian survival.

Macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy) plays an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis under stress conditions. We previously demonstrated that conditional autophagy deficiency in adult mice causes selective tissue damage, is lethal upon fasting, and shortens lifespan to less than three months primarily due to neurodegeneration, but not all the mechanisms are known. We conditionally deleted Trp53/p53 and/or the essential autophagy gene Atg7 throughout adult mice to test whether TRP53 is responsible for any of these phenotypes. atg7Δ/Δ trp53Δ/Δ mice have extended lifespan due to delayed tissue damage and neurodegeneration, and are resistant to death upon fasting compared to atg7Δ/Δ mice. Atg7 also suppresses apoptosis induced by the TRP53 activator Nutlin-3 in liver and brain. We then deleted Atg7 in the presence or absence of the master regulator of antioxidant defense NFE2L2/NRF2 (nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2) to test if increased oxidative stress causes TRP53 activation in atg7Δ/Δ mice. nfe2l2-/-atg7Δ/Δ mice die rapidly due to intestinal damage, which is not rescued by trp53 co-deletion. Therefore, these data demonstrate the tissue specificities and functional dependencies between autophagy, TRP53 and NFE2L2 stress response mechanisms.
Myosin dynamics during relaxation in mouse soleus muscle and modulation by 2'-deoxy-ATP.

Key points Skeletal muscle relaxation has been primarily studied by assessing the kinetics of force decay. Little is known about the resultant dynamics of structural changes in myosin heads during relaxation. The naturally occurring nucleotide 2-deoxy-ATP (dATP) is a myosin activator that enhances cross-bridge binding and kinetics. X-ray diffraction data indicate that with elevated dATP, myosin heads were extended closer to actin in relaxed muscle and myosin heads return to an ordered, resting state after contraction more quickly. Molecular dynamics simulations of post-powerstroke myosin suggest that dATP induces structural changes in myosin heads that increase the surface area of the actin-binding regions promoting myosin interaction with actin, which could explain the observed delays in the onset of relaxation. This study of the dATP-induced changes in myosin may be instructive for determining the structural changes desired for other potential myosin-targeted molecular compounds to treat muscle diseases. Abstract Here we used time-resolved small-angle X-ray diffraction coupled with force measurements to study the structural changes in FVB mouse skeletal muscle sarcomeres during relaxation after tetanus contraction. To estimate the rate of myosin deactivation, we followed the rate of the intensity recovery of the first-order myosin layer line (MLL1) and restoration of the resting spacing of the third and sixth order of meridional reflection (SM3 and SM6 ) following tetanic contraction. A transgenic mouse model with elevated skeletal muscle 2-deoxy-ATP (dATP) was used to study how myosin activators may affect soleus muscle relaxation. X-ray diffraction evidence indicates that with elevated dATP, myosin heads were extended closer to actin in resting muscle. Following contraction, there is a slight but significant delay in the decay of force relative to WT muscle while the return of myosin heads to an ordered resting state was initially slower, then became more rapid than in WT muscle. Molecular dynamics simulations of post-powerstroke myosin suggest that dATP induces structural changes in myosin that increase the surface area of the actin-binding regions, promoting myosin interaction with actin. With dATP, myosin heads may remain in an activated state near the thin filaments following relaxation, accounting for the delay in force decay and the initial delay in recovery of resting head configuration, and this could facilitate subsequent contractions.
A Quasi-Experimental Study on Training Child Welfare Workers on Youth Sexual Health:

Purpose:This quasi-experimental pilot study evaluated the preliminary efficacy of training designed to increase child welfare workers’ (N = 156) knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to commu...
A Review of Short Bowel Syndrome Including Current and Emerging Management Strategies

Short bowel syndrome occurs as a consequence of congenital or acquired bowel loss that leads to myriad manifestations and a need for specialized nutritional therapy. It is a common cause of intestinal failure. This review seeks to summarize the scope of disease burden, review comorbidities, and emphasize current and evolving treatment strategies. The implementation of multidisciplinary intestinal rehabilitation programs has improved patient outcomes. Lipid minimization and availability of alternative lipid emulsions, such as Omegaven and SMOFlipid, have been important to reducing intestinal failure–associated liver disease. Teduglutide, an analog of glucagon-like peptide 2, promotes intestinal adaptation and holds a promising future as an emerging treatment option. Management is nuanced and complex with considerations related to nutrition, growth, liver health, vascular integrity, bone health, infectious risks, neurodevelopment, and quality of life. New opportunities for collaborative, prospective, multisite research are emerging with the widespread application of electronic medical records and the possibility of integrated multicenter databases. Ongoing research efforts seek to further optimize intestinal adaptation through pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic means.
An implantable, battery-free sensing system for monitoring of spinal fusion

In this study, we investigate the feasibility of a self-powered Fowler-Nordheim (FN) sensor-data-logger for postoperative monitoring of spinal fusion progress. The FN sensor-data-logger self-powers itself using the energy harvested by a piezoelectric transducer attached to the spinal fixation device. The same signal is then used by the sensor to infer the fusion progress. We perform experimental studies using corpectomy models to evaluate the performance of the proposed monitoring system. Data measured from the bench-top experiments is used to obtain time-evolution curves representing each spinal fusion state. This feasibility study shows that the obtained curves are viable tools to differentiate between conditions of osseous union and assess the effective fusion period.
Macromodeling of SFRC Flexural Behavior and Impact of Fiber Characteristics on Flexural Behavior

AbstractWith advances in materials science, the performance of concrete materials has continued to improve, especially its compression strength. However, increases in compression strength often res...
Application of principal component analysis on chemical data for reservoir correlation: a case study from Cretaceous carbonate sedimentary rocks, Saudi Arabia

A new method is presented to identify chemostratigraphic zones by applying principal component (PC) analysis and to interpret geological boundaries based on PC curves. The PC data were calculated using inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry, with data acquired for 50 chemical elements in the range Na–U. In the present study, a total of 832 core and cuttings samples were analyzed from four wells penetrating the Cretaceous Wasia Formation, southeastern Saudi Arabia. The conventional workflow involves plotting profiles for elements and elemental ratios, with 250 to 300 profiles produced for each study section. With so many variables to consider, it is a challenging and time-consuming process to produce chemostratigraphic frameworks, requiring expert knowledge of chemostratigraphy. By using only a few PC curves, as opposed to element or ratio profiles, it is easier for nonexperts to identify correlative boundaries. The PC parameters reflect changes in more than one group of elements and summarize geological changes. For example, in this study, PC2 parameter values relate to changes in depositional redox conditions. A close association was revealed between boundaries identified using PC and boundaries from an existing conventional chemostratigraphic study on the same wells. For example, PC zone E1-3 relates to the conventional zones C3-1b. The fact that some PC and conventional chemostratigraphic boundaries do not always coincide (e.g., conventional boundaries C2-1:C2-2 and C2-2:C2-3 exist within PC zone E2-1) means that the integrated correlation scheme is of higher resolution if these techniques were employed in isolation.
Certification framework based on effective trapping for geologic carbon sequestration

We have developed a certification framework (CF) for certifying the safety and effectiveness of geologic carbon sequestration (GCS) sites. Safety and effectiveness are achieved if CO{sub 2} and displaced brine have no significant impact on humans, other living things, resources, or the environment. In the CF, we relate effective trapping to CO{sub 2} leakage risk which takes into account both the impact and probability of leakage. We achieve simplicity in the CF by using (1) wells and faults as the potential leakage pathways, (2) compartments to represent environmental resources that may be impacted by leakage, (3) CO{sub 2} fluxes and concentrations in the compartments as proxies for impact to vulnerable entities, (4) broad ranges of storage formation properties to generate a catalog of simulated plume movements, and (5) probabilities of intersection of the CO{sub 2} plume with the conduits and compartments. We demonstrate the approach on a hypothetical GCS site in a Texas Gulf Coast saline formation. Through its generality and flexibility, the CF can contribute to the assessment of risk of CO{sub 2} and brine leakage as part of the certification process for licensing and permitting of GCS sites around the world regardless of the specific regulations in place in any given country.
Effect of ethidium bromide on elimination of exfoliative toxin and bacteriocin production in Staphylococcus aureus.

Abstract The scalded skin syndrome has been associated with phage group II staphylococci. The clinical manifestations of scalded skin syndrome, Ritter's disease, scarlatiniform erythema, and localized bullous impetigo, are due to the production of an extracellular protein, designated exfoliative toxin. Phage group II staphylococci can also produce an extracellular protein, bacteriocin, which is bacteriocidal for specific gram-positive microorganisms. Strain UT 0007 produces both bacteriocin and exfoliative toxin which appear to be products of extrachromosomal genes. These genes are jointly eliminated from strain UT 0007 after growth in either ethidium bromide or at high temperatures.
Bandpass Delta Sigma A/D convertor using two-path multibit structure

The concept of an N-path bandpass Delta Sigma A/D convertor is introduced. A multibit sixth-order SC implementation is described. The new scheme appears to be very effective for the realization of the narrowband bandpass delta-sigma modulators needed for communication applications.
Refractory paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Treatment with patient controlled permanent radio frequency atrial pacemaker.

Abstract A patient with incapacitating recurrent supraventricular tachycardia, refractory to medical management, was evaluated for possible surgical intervention. Several types of competitive artificial pacemakers were considered, as was surgical section of the His bundle plus conventional pacing. The patient was treated with a competitive, radio-frequency-coupled atrial pacemaker, which she herself operates to break her supraventricular tachycardias. The device has operated successfully on numerous occasions for over 15 months. Several other aspects of this patient's arrhythmias were discussed.
Molecular analysis of a hybrid gene encoding human glycophorin variant Miltenberger V-like molecule

The genomic structure of a human glycophorin variant, Miltenberger class V-like molecule (MiV*), was examined. Southern blot analysis of total genomic DNA revealed that the 5' half of the MiV* gene derived from glycophorin A (GPA) gene whereas the 3' half derived from glycophorin B (GPB) gene. This structure is reciprocal to another glycophorin variant, Sta, which has a GPB-GPA hybrid structure. The genomic sequences around the crossing-over point were amplified by polymerase chain reaction, and the sequences were determined. Comparison of the nucleotide sequences of the GPA, GPB, and MiV* genes indicates that the crossing-over point is located in the region around the 3' end of intron 3 of the GPA gene. This place is different from the crossing-over point for Sta, which was found to be highly homologous to that for haptoglobin-related genes. However, the nucleotide sequences within the presumptive crossing-over point for the MiV* gene were found to be homologous in a reverse orientation to the crossing-over point proposed for haptoglobin-related genes. These results suggest strongly that homologous recombination through unequal crossing over can be facilitated by specific genomic elements such as those in common for formation of MiV*, Sta, and haptoglobin-related genes. The present study also localized the gene of the third glycophorin, GPE, at chromosome 4, q31.1 band, the same locus as for the GPA and GPB genes. The results indicate that GPE was not involved in generating MiV* or Sta hybrid gene despite the fact that it is localized adjacent to the GPA and GPB genes.
Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor (CNTF) Induces Serum Amyloid A, Hypoglycaemia and Anorexia, and Potentiates IL-1 Induced Corticosterone and IL-6 Production in Mice

Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) supports the survival of ciliary ganglion neurons and was shown to induce the synthesis of acute-phase proteins and fever. We studied the effect of CNTF, alone or in association with IL-1, on levels of corticosterone (CS), glucose, serum amyloid A (SAA), and IL-6. We also compared the effect of CNTF with that of IL-6, since the gp130 receptor subunit for CNTF is shared with that of IL-6. A single intravenous injection of CNTF induced hypoglycaemia and SAA and potentiated IL-1-induced CS and IL-6. Chronic CNTF, but not IL-6, resulted in decreased food intake and body weight up to days 6-7. After this time, body weight and food intake recovered even if CNTF treatment was continued, indicating that a phenomenon of tolerance occurred. Finally, CNTF (unlike IL-1) was not toxic in adrenalectomized mice. Therefore the similarities of CNTF activities with those of other cytokines, particularly IL-6, might go beyond the activation of the same receptor-signal transduction pathway of IL-6.
Convective heat transfer for steady laminar flow between two confocal elliptic pipes with longitudinal uniform wall temperature gradient and uniform heat generation

On montre que les nombres de Nusselt dependent de cinq parametres independants: l'importance de la generation de chaleur, l'ellipticite de la conduite, le nombre de Reynolds, le nombre de Prandtl, et le gradient de temperature parietale
Social Exchange in Research: Toward a "New Deal"

This paper calls for the enfranchisement of respondents into research decision making. Respondent participation is one way to overcome respondent posturing to control information. Respondent posturing is produced when researchers create an unbalanced exchange where respondents have no motivation to participate, or when, through their use of rewards, researchers change the rules of the game. Typical researcher-respondent relations are explored in relation to respondent posturing, and the problems and prospects of using respondent participation to create a more open and productive research relationship are examined. We conclude by pointing to respondent relations as an area in which social researchers need to be trained.
Eggs and Egg Loads of Field-Collected Ctenoplematinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae): Evidence for Phylogenetic Constraints and Life-History Trade-Offs

ABSTRACT Ctenoplematine Ichneumonidae were sampled with Malaise traps, primarily from central Texas, and dissected to explore variation in reproductive tract morphology, egg size, and egg load. A few species representing the subfamilies Xoridinae, Labeninae, Poemeniinae, Ophioninae, Banchinae, and Tryphoninae were examined for comparison. All ctenopelmatines were synovigenic, but egg size and egg load were highly variable among species. Eggs of koinobionts were always smaller than eggs of the idiobiont taxa Labena, Podoschistus, and Xorides, even after adjustment for body size. Egg loads of koinobionts were significantly larger than those of idiobionts. We discuss our findings in the context of the idiobiont/koinobiont dichotomy and associated life-history traits.
Violent Acts and Injurious Consequences: An Examination of Competing Hypotheses About Intimate Partner Violence Using Agency-Based Data

The current study proposed and tested a series of competing hypotheses about intimate partner violence in the 2006 National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS), a dataset of criminal incidents known to the police. Three research questions were presented concerning gender differences in victim identity, victim-offender relationships, and victim injury with hypotheses derived from the feminist, family violence, and general violence perspectives. Victim-based analyses were consistent primarily with expectations of the feminist perspective, although aspects of the general violence perspective were supported as well: Women were more likely than men to experience violence from an intimate; they were more likely to experience violence from an intimate partner than from any other perpetrator; and when victimized by an intimate, women were usually more likely to be injured. These results highlight the uniqueness of violence between intimates relative to other types of violence.
Adaptive user displays for intelligent tutoring software.

Intelligent tutoring software (ITS) holds great promise for K-12 instruction. Yet it is difficult to obtain rich information about users that can be used in realistic educational delivery settings— public school classrooms—in which eye tracking and other user sensing technologies are not suitable. We are pursuing three "cheap and cheerful" strategies to meet this challenge in the context of an ITS for high school math instruction. First, we use detailed representations of student cognitive skills, including tasks to assess individual users' proficiency with abstract reasoning, proficiency with simple math facts and computational skill, and spatial ability. Second, we are using data mining and machine learning algorithms to identify instructional sequences that have been effective with previous students, and to use these patterns to make decisions about current students. Third, we are integrating a simple focus-of-attention tracking system into the software, using inexpensive, web cameras. This coarse-grai...
Further distinctions between coping and defense mechanisms

In the current literature there is a great confusion between coping and defense mechanisms. As Cramer (1998) points out, a distinction between them is both possible and worthwhile in that they possess different cognitive features. Cramer proposes two basic criteria: the conscious/unconscious and the intentional/unintentional nature of the processes. We focus on a further criterion, the manipulation versus revision of one's mental attitudes, which so far has been neglected in the relevant literature. We suggest that responses to adversity implying manipulation are typical of defense mechanisms, while those implying the revision of one's mental attitudes characterize coping strategies. Finally, we address emotion-focused coping as the area where coping and defense meet, and we suggest that responses displaying defensive features should be excluded from the category of coping in accordance with the distinctions identified.
Residual elastic fields in fiber reinforced composites

Metal matrix composites (MMCs) are often fabricated in a stress-free state at high temperatures and then cooled down for use at ambient temperatures. When the reinforcing inclusions have a different coefficient of thermal expansion from that of the matrix, cooling from the stress-free fabrication temperature can lead to the formation of significant residual stresses in both the inclusion and the surrounding matrix. It has been shown that the residual deformation fields can be calculated when the inclusions are randomly distributed spherical particles. With the use of an effective medium (EM) model for the MMC, analytic expressions were derived for the complete plastic-elastic residual field and its dependence on the volume concentration of the equal-sized spherical particles. The present work presents a derivation of the residual elastic deformation fields expected when the inclusions are long, straight cylindrical fibers and deduces the dependence of these fields on the fiber concentration by invoking again the notion of a stress-free EM. The interfacial tractions are shown to be directly proportional to the magnitude of the temperature drop form the stress-free processing temperature to ambient temperature. Analyses of the embedding process and determination of the elastic fields are followed by a calculation of the temperaturemore » drop on cooling required to initiate plastic flow in the matrix at the interface of the matrix and inclusion. This quantity is shown to be directly proportional to the yield stress and inversely proportional to the shear modulus of the matrix as well as inversely proportional to the difference in volumetric thermal expansion coefficients of the matrix and fiber. Comparison of these results with the corresponding expression for spherical inclusions reveals that the constant of proportionality depends on the geometry and volume fraction of the inclusions as well as the relative material constants of the matrix and inclusion.« less
Shape analysis of Pacific seamounts

Abstract Shape statistics have been compiled from 85 profiles of well-surveyed Pacific seamounts in the height range 140–3800 m. A flat-topped cone was fit to each seamount's cross-sectional profile maintaining the slopes of the sides as closely as possible. On each profile a basal width d b , a summit width d t , and a maximum height h , were measured. The height-to-basal-radius ratio is ξ h is estimated by the ratio 2hd b and flatness f by the ratio d t d b . Slope angle φ = arctan(e) is estimated from e =2h(d b − d t ) . Summit height and basal radius are found to be highly correlated ( r = 0.93 ). The 85-point sample mean of the height-to-basal-radius ratio is ξ h = 0.21 ± 0.08 implying that a seamount's summit height is typically one fifth its basal radius. Despite the high correlation, individual points show some scatter, and there may be groupings into different morphological types. For example, all but one of the seamounts with summit heights above 1000 m have values of ξ h that are larger than the sample mean. The 85-point sample mean of flatness is f = 0.31 ± 0.18 . Data points show a large scatter with values of f varying between 0 (a pointy cone) and 0.69 (a flat-topped cone). A histogram representation of flatness, however, indicates that certain values of f may be more common than others: the histogram shows a bimodal distribution with maxima occurring at values of f in the ranges 0.10–0.20 and 0.35–0.50. Moreover, there is some evidence that the mean flatness decreases with summit height so that the preferred shape of a large-sized seamount may be a pointy cone. Slope angle has an 85-point sample mean of φ = 18 ± 6° ; individual values of φ vary between 5° and 36°. In addition to having a lower than average mean flatness seamounts with heights above 2600 m also have a lower than average mean slope angle (15°). To determine which variables account for most of the observed variation in the seamount shapes, a multivariate principal component analysis was performed on the data using five shape variables (summit height, basal radius, summit radius, flatness, and slope). The analysis indicates that most of the variation is described by two variables: flatness and summit height.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Analogues of the Partial Agonist 6-(Propyloxy)-4-(methoxymethyl)-β-carboline-3-carboxylic Acid Ethyl Ester (6-PBC) and the Full Agonist 6-(Benzyloxy)-4-(methoxymethyl)-β- carboline-3-carboxylic Acid Ethyl Ester (Zk 93423) at Wild Type and Recombinant GABAA Receptors

A pharmacophore and an alignment rule have previously been reported for BzR agonist ligands. The design and synthesis of 6-(propyloxy)-4-(methoxymethyl)-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (6-PBC, 24, IC50 = 8.1 nM) was based on this pharmacophore. When evaluated in vivo this ligand exhibited anticonvulsant/anxiolytic activity but was devoid of the muscle relaxant/ataxic effects of “classical” 1,4-benzodiazepines (i.e., diazepam). Significantly, 6-PBC 24 also reversed diazepam-induced muscle relaxation in mice. The 3-substituted analogues 40−46 and 48 of 6-PBC 24 and Zk 93423 27 (IC50 = 1 nM) were synthesized and evaluated in vitro to determine what affect these modifications would have on the binding affinity at recombinant BzR subtypes. With the exception of the 3-amino ligands 40 and 41, all the β-carbolines were found to exhibit high binding affinity at BzR sites. The 3-propyl ether derivative 45 was also evaluated in vivo and found to be devoid of any proconvulsant or anticonvulsant activity at...
A NEW NITROGEN-FIXING CYANOPHYTE-HEPATIC ASSOCIATION: NOSTOC AND PORELLA

A B S T R A C T Porella navicularis, a common leafy liverwort in western North America, was found to possess numerous epiphytic Nostoc colonies. Although the abundance of colonies was variable, the association was found consistently throughout a broad geographic range. Unlike cyanobacteria in other hepatic assocations, the Nostoc occurred as distinct colonies harbored in crevices and curled margins of leaves. Heterocyst frequency was 3-7%. Acetylene reduction activity was present in 85% of samples examined, with an average value of 53.5 nmol C2H4 g dry wt-' hr- ' and a maximum of 316 nmol C2H4 g dry wt- ' hr- '. This suggests that bryophyte nitrogenfixing associations may be more important than previously realized.
Temporal changes in the mutant frequency and mutation spectra of the 61st codon of the H-ras oncogene following exposure of B6C3F1 mice to N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN).

Hepatocellular tumors were induced in 15 day old male B6C3F1 mice following a single exposure to N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN; 5 mg/kg, i.p.). Tumors were collected at 38 and 65 weeks to compare the frequencies and types of mutations in the 61st codon of the H-ras oncogene. The 61st codon was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Allele-specific oligonucleotide (ASO) probes were used to determine the frequency and types of mutations present in these tumors. Forty-nine nodular hepatic lesions were obtained from seven animals at the 38 week timepoint. Five of these samples (10%) had mutations at the 61st codon with one CAA-AAA, one CAA-CGA and three CAA-CTA. Thirty-six nodular hepatic lesions were obtained from six animals at the 65 week timepoint. Ten of these samples (28%) had mutations at the 61st codon with one CAA-AAA, five CAA-CGA and four CAA-CTA. These data indicate that DEN-induced mutations at the 61st codon of the mouse H-ras oncogene (i) are an infrequent event, (ii) have different frequencies at the 38 and 65 week timepoints and (iii) are different from the types of mutations seen in spontaneous lesions.
Superconductivity in the transition metal-rich layered compound NbxTa5−xS2 (x=1.72)

Abstract Superconductivity below 4 K is reported for the layered compound Nb x Ta 5− x S 2 ( x = 1.72), which contains metal-bonded NbTa sheets bordered by sulfur layers, where the sulfur-metal-sulfur layer blocks are weakly van der Waals bonded to adjacent ones.
An investigation of early parental motivational strategies on mathematics achievement by ethnicity: a latent curve model approach

This study examined the developmental effects of early parental intrinsic and extrinsic motivational strategies on mathematics achievement scores obtained from White students compared to underrepresented minority students. A latent growth curve model was fit to data from the Longitudinal Study of American Youth (LSAY) with mathematics achievement assessed from 7th grade through 12th grade. Intrinsic parental motivational strategies were found to positively predict initial levels of mathematics achievement scores for White students but not underrepresented minority students. Extrinsic parental motivational strategies did not predict initial levels of mathematics achievement scores for either group of students. For White students, growth rate was found to be positively influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic parental motivational strategies. However, there is no evidence of this relationship for underrepresented minority students. This research contributes to an emerging literature relating developmental chan...
Ultrasonics in an aluminum foam

Abstract Open celled foamed aluminum typically consists of an irregular frame of solid struts with typical lengths of the order of millimeters and thicknesses of a fraction of a millimeter. Total aluminum volume fractions are of the order of 10%. Quoted values of static modulus and mass density allow one to infer long wavelength (much greater than strut length) ultrasonic wave speeds. These predictions are compared with the velocities observed in 100 kHz transient signals. At higher frequencies, where wavelengths are comparable with strut lengths, ultrasound can be transported only diffusively. Wave speeds are unmeasurable and of little meaning anyway. We therefore also report on ultrasonic measurements appropriate for the high-frequency regime. These include diffusivity, absorption and modal density. Recent literature has reported measurements of diffusivities and absorption in other materials, particularly in metallic polycrystals. Measurements of modal densities are new.
Astronomical Evidence Concerning Non-Gravitational Forces in the Earth-Moon System

The most conspicuous effects of non-gravitational forces in the Earth-Moon system are the accelerations of the Earth's spin and of the Moon's mean angular velocity. Evidence indicates that the present acceleration of the Moon is between −20 and −52 s of arc per century per century and that the present average acceleration of the Earth is between −5 and −23 parts in 109 per century. Over the past 2000 yr, the average for the Moon has been about −42 s per century per century and for the Earth has been about −28 parts in 109 per century; these values are probably correct within 10%. Evidence that does not involve any assumptions about the present values shows strongly that there was a ‘square wave’ in the accelerations that lasted from about 700–1300, and that the accelerations were different by a factor of perhaps 5 during the time of this wave from what they were at neighboring times.
Metal-support interactions between iron and titania for catalysts prepared by thermal decomposition of iron pentacarbonyl and by impregnation

Abstract Metallic iron particles supported on titania were prepared by aqueous incipient wetness impregnation, nonaqueous impregnation, and thermal decomposition of iron pentacarbonyl. For iron loadings between 1 and 5 wt%, only the last technique produced metallic iron particles smaller than 10 nm, as judged by X-ray line-broadening and CO chemisorption measurements. During the decomposition of iron pentacarbonyl at 380 K, Mossbauer spectroscopy showed that Fe2+ and zero-valent iron (e.g., subcarbonyl species) were formed on titania, presumably due to the interaction of iron carbonyl with hydroxyl groups on the support surface; however, these iron species were reduced to metallic iron particles in hydrogen at ca. 700 K. The ammonia synthesis apparent activation energy, EA, and ammonia partial pressure dependence, m, for all Fe TiO 2 catalysts reduced at ca. 700 K were similar to those values for metallic iron supported on silica or magnesia. Upon increasing the reduction temperature to ca. 800 K, the values of EA and m increased for Fe TiO 2 catalysts with iron particles are large as 20 nm. Room temperature Mossbauer spectra of the Fe TiO 2 catalysts after reduction at either 700 or 800 K indicated that the majority or the iron was present as α-Fe, with Mossbauer parameters essentially identical to bulk metallic iron. Accordingly, the metal-support interaction between iron and titania, which is initiated by reduction at 800 K and is responsible for the changes in ammonia synthesis kinetics, is due to titanium species at the surface of the metallic iron particles. This interaction, which also suppresses CO chemisorption, can be partially destroyed by exposure of the sample to air at room temperature. Possible modes of transport of titanium species during catalyst preparation, reduction, and oxidation are discussed.
Hotlines: A new ally to family planning*

The past 5 years have seen the establishment of more than 1400 Hotlines across the country answering about 300000 calls a week. Originally established to handle problems related to drug abuse the topic most frequently discussed over the Hotlines quickly changed to sex. Teens particularly with limited access to physicians and birth control materials have found in Hotlines a valuable counseling referral and information service.
On the vibrational state dependence of the asymmetry parameter of angular distribution in the photoelectron spectra

A discussion is given on the changes obtainable in the asymmetry parameter β with vibrational state of the ion in the approximation involving fixed direction of body-frame orientation during the electron ejection. The R dependence of the electronic matrix elements is taken into account by calculation of appropriate displaced oscillator integrals. Inclusion of a nuclear matrix element gives in most cases negligible effect for the direct ionization. βν′ are calculated for H2 and N2. Expected variations in βν′ are compared with recent experimental data on N2 and CO. Higher partial waves and their effect on βν′ are discussed.
Automatic Freeway Incident Detection Based on Fundamental Diagrams of Traffic Flow

Algorithms for automatic incident detection (AID) detect traffic incidents on the basis of traffic flow measurements. There are two important steps in an AID algorithm: traffic flow feature generation and incident decision making. In the past decade, the research on freeway AID algorithms has been focused on using artificial intelligence to optimize the decision making of AID algorithms. In this paper, the primary focus is on finding a new set of variables for the feature generation. The new variables, uncongested and congested regime shifts (URS and CRS), are generated by conducting coordinate transformation on loop-detected flow and occupancy measurements. A novel AID algorithm, the fundamental diagrams-based automatic incident detection (FD AID) algorithm, is then developed by implementing the incident-related traffic flow knowledge using those variables. Preliminary results show superior performance of the FD algorithm compared with legacy algorithms.