cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tribute to Professor D. S. Lieberman: On the importance of being invariant

Abstract Best known as co-author of the historic 1953 Invariant-Plane Strain (IPS) theory of martensite, Professor David S. Lieberman pioneered the crystal kinematic foundation of the theory of martensitic transformations. An early proponent of the practical potential of thermoelastic alloys, his interdisciplinary studies of a broad range of martensitic systems established mechanistic principles of point defect interactions underlying important mechanical behaviors, while his creative interests spanned diverse areas including materials sustainability and technical education reform. His special mix of strong will and singular humor played a unique role in shaping the martensite tradition.
Site-dependent central effects of aldosterone in rats.

Abstract A relationship between the subcommissural organ (SCO) and the adrenal glands has long been suspected. This report provides further information about the effects of a continuous d -aldosterone infusion into the SCO area of conscious, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. A 6-day aldosterone infusion (5 ng/h) increased urinary sodium excretion, decreased adrenal medullary cross-sectional area, elevated adrenal corticosterone content and terminal plasma epinephrine concentration. Mineralcorticoid infusions directly into a lateral cerebral ventricle did not affect these parameters but, unlike SCO area infusions, decreased consummatory behavior. Infusions of tritiated aldosterone into the SCO area revealed that radioactivity was mainly confined to dorsomedial portions of the brain near the SCO, whereas the pineal body contained only background radioactivity. The data support the concept that the SCO area interacts with physiological systems related to both the adrenal cortex and medulla.
Identifying Export Industries Using Parametric Density Functions

In this article, the authors present a new way of identifying the set of industries that may constitute a region’s economic base. The authors focus on the differences among regions in their regional employment shares (the percentage of total employment in a particular region attributable to a particular industry). They find that the distribution across regions of regional employment shares can be characterized by what they call a mixed-exponential distribution for industries that are easy to classify as being export industries—such as automotive manufacturing—while the distributions of regional employment shares for some easy-to-classify local industries tend to be normal. The authors then attempt to classify each of the remaining industries as being either export or local to determine whether the empirical distribution of employment shares in each industry is more like the mixed-exponential distribution or more like the normal distribution. The attempt is partially successful.
Conditional analysis of temperature and humidity microfronts and ejection/sweep motions within and above a deciduous forest

A conditional sampling technique using a multilevel scheme was applied to the detection of temperature and humidity microfronts and organized ejection/sweep motions under different atmospheric stabilities. Data were obtained with seven triaxial sonic anemometer/thermometers and three Lyman-alpha hygrometers within and above a deciduous forest. Both temperature and humidity microfronts were identified in unstable cases, but only humidity microfronts could be detected under neutral conditions. Inverted temperature ramps occurred under slightly stable conditions. Occasionally, wave-like patterns appeared within the canopy, seemingly coupled with inverse ramps occurring above the forest. The frequency of occurrence of scalar microfronts appears to have no clear dependence on atmospheric stability, and averages 74–84 s per cycle with a mode of about 50 s per cycle. However, the strength of ejections and sweeps, shown by the vertical velocity averaged within structures, was reduced by increasing atmospheric stability. Structures identified under different stabilities show many similarities in their patterns of scalar ramps, and associated velocity and surface pressure. Profiles of short-term averaged longitudinal velocity at different times during the microfront passage show that the air within the canopy was retarded and an intensified shear above the canopy occurred prior to the passage of the microfront. Results from the present conditional analysis strongly suggest an important role of shear instability in the formation of canopy coherent structure.
Endogenous endophthalmitis associated with intravenous drug abuse.

Purpose:To describe demographics, characteristics, and management of eyes with endogenous endophthalmitis (EE) in intravenous drug abusers.Methods:Retrospective chart review of patients with EE who presented to University Hospital, New Jersey Medical School between January 2005 and October 2012.Resu
Making the Rice: Latina Performance Testimonios of Hybridity, Assimilation, and Resistance

This performance testimonio is the result of collaboration between two U.S. Latina graduate students/ university instructors: a Latina of Puerto Rican descent and a white Chicana. It is a dialogue in which the authors “come together to engage our differences, face-to-face, and work to find common ground” (The Latina Feminist Group, 2001, p. 1). We offer this performance testimonio to interrogate and be accountable for our performances of hybrid/assimilated identities, as we strive to recognize the ways we produce, maintain, and resist dominant and oppressive cultural paradigms. To do this, we draw on the models of resistance found in Latina/Chicana feminist discourse and performance autoethnography. The text was created to be performed before an audience.
Kinetics of protein-protein association explained by Brownian dynamics computer simulation.

Abstract Protein-protein bond formations, such as antibody-antigen complexation or aggregation of protein monomers into dimers and larger aggregates, occur with bimolecular rate constants on the order of 10(6) M-1.s-1, which is only 3 orders of magnitude slower than the diffusion-limited Smoluchowski rate. However, since the protein-protein bond requires rotational alignment to within a few angstroms of tolerance, purely geometric estimates would suggest that the observed rates might be 6 orders of magnitude below the Smoluchowski rate. Previous theoretical treatments have not been solved for the highly specific docking criteria of protein-protein association--the entire subunit interface must be aligned within 2 A of the correct position. Several studies have suggested that diffusion alone could not produce the rapid association kinetics and have postulated "lengthy collisions" and/or the operation of electrostatic or hydrophobic steering forces to accelerate the association. In the present study, the Brownian dynamics simulation method is used to compute the rate of association of neutral spherical model proteins with the stated docking criteria. The Brownian simulation predicts a rate of 2 x 10(6) M-1.s-1 for this generic protein-protein association, a rate that is 2000 times faster than that predicted by the simplest geometric calculation and is essentially equal to the rates observed for protein-protein association in aqueous solution. This high rate is obtained by simple diffusive processes and does not require any attractive or steering forces beyond those achieved for a partially formed bond. The rate enhancement is attributed to a diffusive entrapment effect, in which a protein pair surrounded and trapped by water undergoes multiple collisions with rotational reorientation during each encounter.
Absence of the 40-kDa form of (2'-5')oligoadenylate synthetase and its corresponding mRNA from skin fibroblasts derived from Alzheimer disease patients.

Abstract Cultured skin fibroblasts derived from Alzheimer disease patients fail to express the 1.6-kilobase (kb) mRNA and the corresponding 40-kDa form of (2'-5')oligoadenylate (2-5A) synthetase when exposed to interferon. In addition, the 3.6-kb mRNA, which is present in normal fibroblasts, is barely detectable in the Alzheimer disease counterpart. The deficiency of the 2-5A synthetase 1.6-kb mRNA and its corresponding protein is not related to an impairment of interferon receptors but most probably represents an alteration in the expression of the 2-5A synthetase gene. The data have potential implications for the diagnosis of Alzheimer disease and demonstrate that the absence of a specific form of 2-5A synthetase is linked to a disease state.
Does Supplementing Dipnet Samples with Activity Traps Improve the Ability to Assess the Biological Integrity of Macroinvertebrate Communities in Depressional Wetlands

Dipnet (DN) sampling is routinely employed for macroinvertebrate bioassessments in wetlands, but it has been demonstrated that some taxa are more effectively collected with activity traps (AT). The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) used both DN and AT methods to evaluate the biological condition of depressional wetlands in the Mixed Wood Plains (MWP) and Temperate Prairies (TP) ecoregions. Two indices of biotic integrity (IBIs) were developed for each ecoregion using: 1) DN data alone and 2) composite samples consisting of both DN and AT data. ATs collected more active taxa such as diving beetles and swimming Hemiptera. DNs collected more taxa and collected more skating taxa and those associated with sediment or vegetation. A comparison of the effectiveness of the IBIs to evaluate biological condition indicated that the composite data had a slightly better relationship with anthropogenic disturbance and was marginally more precise. A comparison of sampling and processing costs revealed that sampling using composite samples was 130 % greater and processing was 50 % greater compared to DN-only samples. Based on the cost and limited benefit of adding AT samples, a DN-only sampling protocol is recommended to assess biological condition in depressional wetlands.
ALCAPA in an Adult with Preserved Left Ventricular Function

Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) is the most common congenital coronary artery defect. Left uncorrected, nearly 90% of patients will die within one year. Without surgical repair, surviving patients are subjected to risks of myocardial ischemia with global cardiomyopathy, chronic mitral regurgitation, and sudden death. We report a case of ALCAPA in a 23-year-old female with completely preserved left ventricular function. This article reviews the mechanism of this unusual presentation as well as the therapeutic options for adults presenting with ALCAPA.
Resisting Gender: Twenty-Five Years of Feminist Psychology

Names/Histories/Names Feminism and Empiricism in Psychology Power, Status, Deviance, Stigma The Problem Is Always Power Feminist Conversations about Method and Content Ideology, Epistemology and Other Covert Agendas Thinking It Over
Elastic screening of surface vibrations: Surface phonons on As:Si(111)(1×1)

We analyze the surface-phonon spectrum of As:Si(111)(1{times}1), modeling the system as a single atomic As monolayer bound to a Si substrate, where the substrate is treated as a semi-infinite elastic continuum. The As surface atoms are treated as local oscillators, with oscillator parameters for the As-Si bonding calculated from self-consistent local-density-functional calculations of the total surface energy. The results are in semiquantitative agreement with recent helium scattering measurements of surface phonons on As:Si(111), and indicate the importance of substrate dynamics in determining the dispersion of the surface modes. In particular, our analysis suggests that the observed phonons can be interpreted most simply as surface mass-defect modes of an elastic substrate.
Wheelchair use by residents of nursing homes: effectiveness in meeting positioning and mobility needs.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of wheelchairs purchased by Nebraska Medicaid for residents of nursing homes. Effectiveness was defined as (a) meeting therapist goals, (b) matching the request form wheelchair specifications, (c) conforming to accepted physical or occupational therapy practices for positioning and mobility, and (d) degree of user satisfaction. The authors completed a 16-item evaluation form for each of 42 subjects. Competent subjects completed a satisfaction questionnaire. Changing postural alignment (67% of subjects), mobility (43%), risk for pressure ulcers (38%), and comfort status (31%) were most frequently included in therapist goals. For 21 subjects, one or more therapist goals for wheelchair use were not met. The most frequently unmet goal was independent propulsion for a specified distance or destination within the facility (15 out of 18 subjects having that goal). Ninety-three instances of inadequate wheelchair equipment were discovered. Twenty subjects w...
Determining aisle structures for facility designs using a hierarchy of algorithms

This paper introduces a tractable methodology for finding practical aisle structures for a facility for a given flexible bay block layout. The proposed methodology begins with a heuristic to identify candidate horizontal and vertical aisles using user guidance for the general form of the aisles. There then follows an enumeration algorithm that determines the final aisle structure. Using the calculated aisle structure, a non-linear programming model adjusts departmental areas and shapes to accommodate straight aisles. Finally, input/output points are sited using a genetic algorithm. Together, these algorithms specify a reasonable aisle structure and define the material flow through the facility. Two variations of the problem are solved—one with a limit on the total aisle distance and one with a cost per unit aisle length. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is demonstrated on test problems with 20 and 50 departments.
The association between chronic pain and prescription drug abuse in Veterans.

Objective. We sought to investigate the association between chronic pain and self-reported prescription drug abuse in a large cohort of patients referred from primary care for a behavioral health assessment. Design. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of responses to a telephone assessment administered to patients referred for a behavioral health evaluation between April 25, 2005 and October 31, 2007. We conducted descriptive statistics and investigated multivariable associations. Multivariable analyses included age, gender, race, financial status, employment, current smoking, drinking problem, past-year illicit drug use, depression, and chronic pain. Patients. Veterans referred from primary care (N = 6,377). Results. Mean age of the sample was 56.5 years with a range of 19–97. The majority of respondents was white, unmarried, and was unemployed. Nearly 5% of the sample reported past 6-month prescription drug abuse. On multivariable analysis, younger age, possible depression (odds ratio [OR] 1.9; 1.3–2.8), probable depression (OR 2.4; 1.6–3.4), smoking (OR 1.4; 1.1–1.8), illicit drug use (OR 2.8; 2.2–3.7), and chronic pain (OR 1.9; 1.4–2.5) were associated with prescription drug abuse. Conclusions. We have identified specific variables associated with self-reported prescription drug abuse in primary care patients. Chronic pain is associated both with an indication for prescribing opioids and with abuse of prescription medications. Clinicians are encouraged to follow treatment algorithms when managing patients with chronic pain as a method for reducing misuse.
Adult Learners and Higher Education: Factors Influencing Participation or Nonparticipation Decisions.

Information regarding why adults choose to participate in higher education is necessary if educators are to provide meaningful programs for these learners. This study was designed and conducted to explore the higher education needs and interests of adults. Factor analysis of interested adults' responses identified four major factors which could influence an adult's decision to participate or not to participate in higher education. Based on the nature of the items comprising each, the factors were designated self-development goal, affective barrier, career goal, and situation barrier.
His-Asp Signal Transduction via a Monomeric Histidine Phosphotransfer Protein

Abstract The cocrystal structure of the yeast YPD1 histidine phosphotransfer domain in complex with its SLN1 phosphodonor by Xu and coworkers (this issue of Structure ) reveals new insights into the mechanism of His-Asp signaling in hybrid phosphorelays.
Digital asset management for heterogeneous biomedical data in an era of data-intensive science

Biomedical research depends upon increasingly high throughput instruments and sophisticated data analytics. In spite of the significant overhead of handling research data, there is little support for researchers to manage and organize data for purposes of exploration, analysis, and ultimately publication. Shared file systems with metadata coded into directory hierarchies and spreadsheets are the common practice. In this paper, we present a digital asset management approach and system for streamlining data operations and reducing data management overheads for biomedical researchers. It consists of data management tasks including storage, archival, annotation, search, cataloging, publication, and collaboration. We present a preliminary performance evaluation of a key component of the system, and we demonstrate the utility of this approach in a pilot deployment and user study.
Solid-State Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence from Gel-Entrapped Ruthenium(II) Tris(bipyridine) and Tripropylamine

A novel approach for the electrogeneration of stable light emission in a solid host structure under room conditions is described. In this work, the chemiluminescent precursors, ruthenium(II) tris(bipyridine) (Ru(bpy)32+) and tripropylamine (TPA), were trapped in a porous silicate host matrix along with an electrode assembly. When the electrode potential was scanned or stepped to a potential sufficient to oxidize gel-entrapped TPA and Ru(bpy)32+, electrochemiluminescence (ECL) was observed. The solid-state ECL spectrum was identical to the fluorescence spectrum of gel-entrapped Ru(bpy)32+. The intensity of the emission depends on the amount of TPA and Ru(bpy)32+ in the gel as well as the size of the electrode. When an ultramicroelectrode (microband or microdisk) was used to generate the ECL, the resultant emission was found to be remarkably stable. Little drop in intensity was observed upon continuous application of ca. 1.2 V for 2−12 h. In direct contrast, the ECL dropped significantly at a large electrod...
Thermal-blooming compensation using target-in-the-loop techniques

We report experimental results that demonstrate compensation of extended turbulence and thermal-blooming of high-energy lasers using target-in-the-loop techniques in a scaled laboratory environment. For these experiments the deformable mirror figure was controlled by an algorithm designed to maximize the target-plane intensity as measured by a camera at the transmitter. Results using this TIL configuration were compared under identical conditions to results obtained under control of a Hartmann wavefront sensor and least-squares reconstructor. Experiments were performed for a variety of propagation scenarios anticipated for tactical HEL applications and in all cases the TIL system was seen to outperform the conventional Hartmann-driven adaptive-optics system. We will discuss the details of the the target-in-the-loop algorithm, the laboratory configuration, and the experimental results.
Efficient RNAi-based gene family knockdown via set cover optimization

Objective:: We address the problem of selecting an efficient set of initiator molecules (siRNAs) for RNA interference (RNAi)-based gene family knockdown experiments. Our goal is to select a minimal set of siRNAs that (a) cover a targeted gene family or a specified subset of it, (b) do not cover any untargeted genes, and (c) are individually highly effective at inducing knockdown. Methods and material:: We give two formalizations of the gene family knockdown problem. First, we show that the problem, minimizing the number of siRNAs required to knock down a family of genes, is NP-Hard via a reduction to the set cover problem. Second, we generalize the basic problem to incorporate additional biological constraints and optimality criteria. To solve the resulting set-cover variants, we modify the classical branch-and-bound algorithm to include some of these biological criteria. We find that in many typical cases these constraints reduce the search space enough that we are able to compute exact minimal siRNA covers within reasonable time. For larger cases, we propose a probabilistic greedy algorithm for finding minimal siRNA covers efficiently. We apply our methods to two different gene families, the FREP genes from Biomphalaria glabrata and the olfactory genes from Caenorhabditis elegans. Results and conclusion:: Our computational results on real biological data show that the probabilistic greedy algorithm produces siRNA covers as good as the branch-and-bound algorithm in most cases. Both algorithms return minimal siRNA covers with high predicted probability that the selected siRNAs will be effective at inducing knockdown. We also examine the role of ''off-target'' interactions: the constraint of avoiding covering untargeted genes can, in some cases, substantially increase the complexity of the resulting solution. Overall, we find that in many common cases our approach significantly reduces the number of siRNAs required in gene family knockdown experiments, as compared to knocking down genes independently.
Liquid chromatographic assay of warfarin: similarity of warfarin half-lives in human subjects.

A high pressure liquid chromatographic assay was developed to measure warfarin concentrations in biological fluids. Twelve healthy, unrelated volunteers received a single oral dose of warfarin (0.75 mg per kilogram of body weight). The mean plasma warfarin half-life was 36.3 ± 3.5 hours by liquid chromatography but 55.9 ± 8.4 hours by a currently used fluorimetric assay that fails to separate warfarin from its metabolites. Interindividual variation was greater and each half-life longer by the fluorimetric than by the chromatographic procedure. Warfarin shows less interindividual variation than that observed for other drugs primarily metabolized by hepatic microsomal mixed function oxidases. Advantages of specificity, rapidity, sensitivity, accuracy, and simplicity recommend liquid chromatography in the development of other drug assays.
The Relationship between Learning Disabilities, Hyperactivity, Distractibility, and Behavioral Problems: A Clinical Analysis

Abstract This study attempts to assess the incidence of learning disabilities, hyperactivity, distractibility, and emotional problems in three different populations: a group diagnosed within a school system as learning disabled; a group diagnosed by pediatricians as hyperactive; and a group diagnosed by mental health clinicians as emotionally disturbed. The difficulties in defining terms and the questionable reliability of such data are discussed. The findings lend some support to the view that there is a clinical relationship between children who have learning disabilities and children who are hyperactive and/or distractible. Furthermore, such children frequently develop secondary emotional problems.
Pronouns and progress: a psychoanalytic primer

Psychoanalytic psychotherapists have the role responsibility to hover evenly over everything that is said--and not said--in the analytic situation. Pronouns may be worthy of special attention. Just as children demonstrate a predictable course in the acquisition and mastery of pronouns, it may be that the analytic patient also shows a predictable sequence in the deployment of pronouns over the course of a successful treatment. The analytic patient will move from a focus on "They," to joining the analyst in "We," before ultimately separating to become an "I." A third person focus in the opening phase, may, with familiarity, move to second person intimacy, ultimately yielding to first person agency. These grammatical markers occur in the opening, middle and termination/follow-up phases of a successful psychoanalytic treatment, during which the pre-morbid introjects are identified, chewed up, and, eventually nudged aside by the healthier therapeutic-introject, from which a new or renewed identity may emerge. Analysis of the Grimm's fairy tale "The Wolf and the Kids" illustrations the importance of metabolizing old introjects.
Intelligent data analysis systems

A variety of approaches to the intelligent analysis of complex manufacturing data have been described in the literature. A comparative analysis of these systems reveals underlying similarities in their functional organizations. This leads to the development of a general functional model for intelligent data analysis (IDA). This article describes the various data analysis systems studied, the general model for IDA, and the implementation of a demonstration IDA system. The implementation serves to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, and provides directions for further research.
Overexpression of fatty acid synthase is associated with palmitoylation of Wnt1 and cytoplasmic stabilization of β -catenin in prostate cancer

Fatty acid synthase (FASN), a key metabolic enzyme for liponeogenesis highly expressed in several human cancers, displays oncogenic properties such as resistance to apoptosis and induction of proliferation when overexpressed. To date, no mechanism has been identified to explain the oncogenicity of FASN in prostate cancer. We generated immortalized prostate epithelial cells (iPrECs) overexpressing FASN, and found that 14C-acetate incorporation into palmitate synthesized de novo by FASN was significantly elevated in immunoprecipitated Wnt-1 when compared to isogenic cells not overexpressing FASN. Overexpression of FASN caused membranous and cytoplasmic β-catenin protein accumulation and activation, whereas FASN knockdown by short-hairpin RNA resulted in a reduction in the extent of β-catenin activation. Orthotopic transplantation of iPrECs overexpressing FASN in nude mice resulted in invasive tumors that overexpressed β-catenin. A strong significant association between FASN and cytoplasmic (stabilized) β-catenin immunostaining was found in 862 cases of human prostate cancer after computerized subtraction of the membranous β-catenin signal (P<0.001, Spearman's ρ=0.33). We propose that cytoplasmic stabilization of β-catenin through palmitoylation of Wnt-1 and subsequent activation of the pathway is a potential mechanism of FASN oncogenicity in prostate cancer.
A numerical study of the phase structure of the q-state generalization of the hard-square model

An investigation is made of how a recently found q-state generalization of the hard-square model fits into a more general phase diagram. The investigation is done by Monte Carlo and series expansion methods. Evidence is presented that the one-dimensional manifold of parameters along which the model is exactly solvable represents a line of first-order phase transitions.
l-Arginine Administration During Reperfusion Improves Pulmonary Function

Abstract Background . Nitric oxide is crucial to the maintenance of vascular homeostasis. Because nitric oxide levels decline upon lung reperfusion, infusion of l-arginine, a nitric oxide precursor, during reperfusion might prove effective at ameliorating reperfusion injury. Methods . Neonatal piglet heart-lung blocks were preserved with Euro-Collins solution for 12 hours, rewarmed at room temperature for 1 hour, and reperfused for 10 minutes with either whole blood (n = 5), whole blood containing l-arginine (10 mmol/L; n=6), or leukocyte-depleted blood (n = 6) on an isolated, blood-perfused, working heart-lung circuit. After the initial 10 minutes, all blocks received whole blood for 4 hours. Control blocks were continuously perfused on the circuit without intervening ischemia (n = 6). Results . The partial pressure of oxygen in the whole blood group (113.8 ± 33.1 mm Hg) was significantly less than in controls (417.3 ± 6.2 mm Hg; p 2 O) than in controls (2.9 ± 0.4 mL/cm H 2 O; p Conclusions . l-Arginine infusion during reperfusion improves pulmonary function, making it a simple alternative to leukocyte depletion.
Relation between soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, homocysteine, and fibrinogen levels and race/ethnicity in women without cardiovascular disease.

Although certain markers of inflammation and hemostasis are elevated in persons at risk of future cardiovascular events, data assessing the relation between inflammatory and hemostatic markers of vascular risk and race/ethnicity are limited. Thus, in a cross-sectional analysis of the Women’s Health Study (WHS), baseline soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), homocysteine, and fibrinogen were measured in 23,687 women without a history of cardiovascular disease. In 22,677 white, 242 Hispanic, 428 black, and 340 Asian women, the distribution of median ICAM-1 levels was significantly lower in black (311.9 ng/ml, interquartile range [IQR] 220.1 to 380.0) and Asian (312.7 ng/ml, IQR 267.3 to 362.3) women than white (343.1 ng/ml, IQR 301.9 to 394.9) and Hispanic (351.9 ng/ml, IQR 305.9 to 404.2) women (p
Computational analysis of regular and chaotic mixing in a stirred tank reactor

Mixing in an unbaffled stirred tank equipped with a 6-blade radial flow impeller is examined computationally. Results demonstrate that the flow generated by constant impeller speed is partially chaotic. Under these conditions, the stretching experienced by fluid elements located within segregated toroidal regions of the flow increases slowly at a linear rate characteristic of regular (non-chaotic) flows. Within the bulk flow region, since the flow is chaotic, stretching increases at the expected exponential rate. The use of dynamic flow perturbations enhances mixing; when time-dependent RPM are applied, a globally chaotic flow is generated. We investigate computationally the effect on mixing performance of protocols in which the agitation speed oscillates between two steady values. Different frequencies of speed change and several RPM settings are compared. Under variable RPM schemes, the segregated torii are periodically relocated and fluid elements have the opportunity to abandon the regular regions. Under these conditions stretching increases exponentially throughout the entire flow domain. In general, mixing protocols with higher frequency of speed fluctuation produce the largest increase in stretching rates. Counter-intuitively, at a given RPM fluctuation frequency, stretching rates were higher for the lower RPM settings, either per revolutions or per unit of energy spent.
A counterpoint assessment of Vancouver international airport as a gateway to North America

The essential issue here is does the trans-Pacific market need a hub at Vancouver, and if so, can Vancouver position itself to meet that need. Critical to arriving at an appropriate answer will be understanding the changing trans-Pacific market, the applicable regulatory environments, the airlines in the market, and the competing hub airports. Although Vancouver's location and its history place it in a favorable position, success is far from a foregone conclusion. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
In vitro adjuncts to the Pap smear

The Pap smear has been recognized widely as the most effective cancer screening test in the history of medicine. It is widely believed that the use of this test has been responsible for the drastic reduction in the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in the United States, Canada, and much of Western Europe in the last 50 years. Several adjuncts to the Pap smear including liquid based cytology, computer-assisted screening, human papilloma virus and molecular testing are discussed.
LYMPHOCYTE STIMULATION AND CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE

Abstract Lymphocyte transformation was studied in 14 patients with various liver diseases, using as antigen their own liver tissue obtained by needle biopsy. In 2 out of 4 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis, and 1 out of 2 patients with chronic active hepatitis, positive lymphocyte transformation reactions were observed. These findings are tentative evidence for altered immunological reactivity of the delayed type in chronic liver disease. Electronmicroscopy of the stimulated cells disclosed no morphological differences between those exposed to liver antigen and those stimulated by phytohaemagglutinin.
Automatic layout of custom analog cells in ANAGRAM

ANAGRAM models cell layout in the style of a macrocell place-and-route problem. Individual cell primitives (transistor-level objects of widely varying sizes) are the macrocells. Module generation techniques are used to generate these internal primitives and to preserve critical matching and symmetries. An annealing-based placement algorithm then places these primitives. This is followed by a novel line-expansion signal router, which includes mechanisms to avoid noise coupling due to internodal capacitances between the signal wires and shared parasitic resistances in the DC supply wiring and operates in an iterative improvement fashion to eliminate such violations. Layouts for several custom CMOS cells have been successfully generated. Circuit-simulation results based on cell extractions demonstrate the effectiveness of the crosstalk-avoidance mechanisms. >
Potassium, rubidium and strontium abundances in minerals of the Rutherford and Morefield pegmatites, Amelia, Virginia

Albite samples from the Rutherford pegmatite show a linear covariance of potassium and rubidium. The equation for this line is log Rb (ppm)= 2.929 + 2.433log K (%). The potassium, rubidium and strontium abundances in these albites and in perthite and microcline from the same body are compatable with extreme fractionation. Textural evidence for the origin of the perthite is confirmed by the geochemical evidence.
Stabilization of nonlinear time delay systems with delay-independent feedback

The concept of control Lyapunov functions and its extension to control Lyapunov-Razumikhin functions (CLRF) has proven a useful tool for designing robust control laws for nonlinear systems. In particular, CLRF based domination redesign can be used to robustly stabilize nonlinear time-delay systems. In this paper, we explore the possibility of using the domination redesign to obtain stabilizing control laws that do not depend on the past state values. The advantages are simpler implementation, robustness to uncertainty in the delay, and the possibility to "back-step" the stabilizing controller for a subsystem through an integrator or a chain of integrators.
LC/MS identification of 12 intracellular cytoskeletal and inflammatory proteins from monocytes adherent on surface-adsorbed fibronectin-derived peptides.

The extent and duration of the host response determines device efficacy, yet the mechanism is poorly understood. U937 promonocytic cells were cultured on peptide-adsorbed tissue-culture polystyrene to better understand surface-modulated intracellular events. Phosphotyrosine proteins were enriched by immunoprecipitation and analyzed by nanospray HPLC-coupled tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins were chosen based on physiological significance and previous densitometry results, which identified a set of proteins ranging from ∼200 to ∼23 kDa showing altered phosphorylation levels in response to various surface-adsorbed ligands and phosphorylation inhibitor AG18. Although LC/MS has been used for nearly a decade, its application to the field of biomaterials is relatively novel. Twelve intracellular proteins identified by nanospray LC/MS are potentially related to the host response. Eight of the twelve proteins are related to the cytoskeleton including: moesin, heat shock protein 90β, α-tubulin, elongation factor 1α, β actin, vimentin, plasminogen activator inhibitor 2, and heterogeneous ribonuclear protein A2. The remaining four proteins: high mobility group box 1, caspase recruitment domain 5, glycoprotein 96, and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D0 modulate inflammation. The specific effect each peptide has upon modulating the phosphorylation state of these proteins cannot be determined from this work; however, 12 viable targets have been identified for further investigation into the role each plays in the surface-mediated monocyte response. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2008
Intergenerationally Gifted Asset Dispositions

This study examines the mechanisms by which intergenerationally gifted assets are transformed into inalienable wealth and describes how such gifts convey and transfer meaning within families. The study's findings reveal that individuals employ indexical accounts to allocate assets in support of relational goals and employ prosaic accounts to achieve utilitarian goals. These findings contribute to intergenerational gifting theories by demonstrating how an asset transitions between inalienable and alienable states, identifying antecedents and consequences of prosaic and indexical accounts, explaining the interactions between inalienable and alienable states and between indexical and prosaic account allocations, and discussing the implications of labeled assets on consumer behavior.
Systematics and Some Aspects of the Biology of the Scorpions (Arachnida) of the Greater Puerto Rico Region: A Biosystematic Synopsis

Eight new species of scorpions are briefly described for the Greater Puerto Rico Region. The new species are: Cazierius tatae (Diplocentrinae), Centruroides jorgeorum, C. mariaorum, C. sasae, Rhopalurus virkkii, Tityus angelesae, T. estherae, and T. juliorum (Buthidae). A key to the identification of the Greater Puerto Rico Region scorpiofauna and biological remarks are provided.
RURAL AGRICULTURAL WORKERS AND FACTORS AFFECTING RESEARCH RECRUITMENT

Health disparities exist in rural populations calling for more research in this area, yet rural research recruitment presents obstacles. The aim of this descriptive research was to describe a population of rural workers exposed to grain dust and to determine factors that influence recruitment of rural workers for research studies. This qualitative study involved 82 rural agricultural workers (RAW) in eastern Nebraska. After completing a demographic questionnaire these RAWs answered opened questions regarding factors that contributed to their decision to participate in the research study along with qualities that distinguish them from other occupations. Rural agricultural workers participated primarily because of the desire to know/learn, and altruism. Barriers to research participation included a dislike of the time consumed during research. Descriptors of self-identified characteristics included having unique environmental conditions, values and beliefs, skill set and capacity. Utilizing healthcare professionals with community connections was the key recruitment strategy for this study.
Integrated system control (ISYSCON)

The author describes the US Army's ongoing effort to resolve the problem of providing a system control capability which is integrated with existing network control facilities. The ISYSCON is a tactical communications network and systems management facility. It provides effective management and control of tactical communications assets, deployed in support of the war fighting commanders objectives and air-land operations. ISYSCON is being developed using an evolutionary approach. Initial operational test and evaluation of block 1 capabilites will occur in the first quarter of FY97. Block 2 will be completed approximately a year later. The major task in the ISYSCON program is the development of applications software and the integration of government-furnished software. The evolutionary principles used in ISYSCON development and iteration will allow for the management of future Army and joint US Force networks with minimal revision to the initial blocks. >
Improvement of Guar Meal By Enzymes

Abstract A DEPRESSION in the growth of chickens by the inclusion of guar meal in their diets has been reported by Borcher and Ackerson (1950), Sathe and Bose (1962), Vogt and Penner (1963), Vohra and Kratzer (1964a) and Bakshi et al. (1964). Vohra and Kratzer (1964a) showed an improvement in the growth of chickens if the raw guar meal was autoclaved in layers of about 2.5 cm. thickness for 30 minutes at 2 atmospheric pressure and used as the source of protein along with fish meal. Improvement of guar meal by heat has also been confirmed by Bakshi et al. (1964). Our earlier work has indicated that growth of chickens was of the same order as on diets containing soybean meal if the autoclaved or the commercially available toasted guar meal was reacted with enzymes. The enzymes destroyed the growth-depressing effects of guar gum, a polysaccharide obtained from guar beans (Vohra…
Crystal Surface Stoichiometry and the Fermi Level Effects on Outdiffusion of Si in GaAs

GaAs samples doped with Si to a concentration of ~2.7x1018cm-3 were annealed at temperatures between 800 and 1000°C for 3 to 20 hours under As-rich and As-poor conditions for Si outdiffusion which were then measured using the capacitance-voltage method employing an electrochemical profiler. The deduced Si diffusivity showed strong dependencies on the As4 vapor phase pressure, PAs4 and on the electron concentration, n. When reduced to that under intrinsic conditions, activation enthalpies of 3.91 eV and 4.19 eV were obtained for As-rich and As-poor annealing cases, respectively. From these results, it is concluded that Si outdiffusion in GaAs is governed by the triply-negatively-charged Ga vacancies, $$V_{Ga}^{3-}$$ .
Incidence of left ventricular hypertrophy in children with kidney disease: impact of method of indexation of left ventricular mass

Aims Patients with chronic kidney disease are at high risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Increased left ventricular mass (LVM) has been shown to be an adverse prognostic factor. LVM may be indexed for body size by different methods related to height, weight, or body surface area (BSA). Our Null hypothesis was that different methods of indexation would not influence categorization as to whether LVM was within normal limits or increased. Methods and results Prospective study in children with renal disease. M-mode echocardiography assessed by single investigator blinded to medical therapy. Three different partition values and two different published z -scores were used: Method 1: indexation of LVM to the allometric height in metres raised to the power of 2.7 (m2.7), value of 38.6 g/m2.7 denotes 95th percentile. Method 2: indexation of LVM by body weight, ratio of LVM in gm/kg of >3.0 indicating LVH. Method 3: indexation by BSA, 88.9 g/m2 represents 95th percentile. Z -score based methods from recent studies with z -score >1.65 denoting LVH, Method 4: z -score indexed either for BSA or Method 5, z -score indexed for height2.7. One hundred and twenty-three echocardiograms were performed in 80 patients with a mean ± SD age of 13.1 ± 3.1 years, height 147.2 ± 15.3 cm, weight 46.4 ± 15.8 kg, and body mass index 20.8 ± 4.1 kg/m2. Method 1, LVH was observed in 68 (55.3%) studies. Method 2, 32 (26%) studies had LVM/kg >3.0. Method 3, 51 studies (41.5%) demonstrated LVH. Method 4, 22 (17.9%) studies demonstrated LVH and Method 5, 25 studies (20%) demonstrated LVH (χ2 test, P < 0.001). Conclusion Different methods of indexation have a profound influence on the categorization of children with respect to LVH. This will have a major impact on the number of patients who are treated as per current guidelines especially in high-risk groups.
A Cognitive Study of Problem Solving in Statics

Background Even as expectations for engineers continue to evolve to meet global challenges, analytical problem solving remains a central skill. Thus, improving students' analytical problem solving skills remains an important goal in engineering education. This study involves observation of students as they execute the initial steps of an engineering problem solving process in statics. Purpose (Hypothesis) (1) What knowledge elements do statics students have the greatest difficulty applying during problem solving? (2) Are there differences in the knowledge elements that are accurately applied by strong and weak statics students? (3) Are there differences in the cognitive and metacognitive strategies used by strong and weak statics students during analysis? Design/Method These questions were addressed using think-aloud sessions during which students solved typical textbook problems. We selected the work of twelve students for detailed analysis, six weak and six strong problem solvers, using an extreme groups split based on scores on the think-aloud problems and a course exam score. The think-aloud data from the two sets of students were analyzed to identify common technical errors and also major differences in the problem solving processes. Conclusions We found that the weak, and most of the strong problem solvers relied heavily on memory to decide what reactions were present at a given connection, and few of the students could reason physically about what reactions should be present. Furthermore, the cognitive analysis of the students' problems solving processes revealed substantial differences in the use of self-explanation by weak and strong students.
“Ethnic Cleansing” and Genocidal Intent: A Failure of Judicial Interpretation?

This article analyzes the similarities and distinctions between “ethnic cleansing” and genocide in the context of both Bosnia's and Croatia's genocide claims against Serbia brought before the International Court of Justice (ICJ). It examines the institutional role of the ICJ and the criticisms on how the Court handled Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro. The legal definition and elements of genocide as contained in the UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (UNCG) are discussed, with a particular emphasis on the required intent to “destroy” a protected group. The article reviews case law from other international tribunals and argues that evidence of “ethnic cleansing” may demonstrate the intent to “destroy” a protected group and support a finding of genocide.
Novel effect of NF-κB activation: carbonylation and nitration injury to cytoskeleton and disruption of monolayer barrier in intestinal epithelium

Using monolayers of intestinal cells, we reported that upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is required for oxidative injury and that activation of NF-κB is key to cytoskeletal in...
Children's Understanding of Psychogenic Bodily Reactions

One hundred twenty-eight children in preschool through fifth grade ( range � 4,3–11,4) and 76 adults serving as a comparison group participated in two studies that examined how children reason about psychogenic bodily reactions, that is, ailments or nonconscious physiological responses with origins in the mind (e.g., stress-induced headache). Psychogenic bodily reactions provide an opportunity to study how children integrate knowledge between the domains of bodily response and psychology. In Study 1, participants were asked whether various familiar psychogenic bodily reactions were possible (e.g., can someone get a tummyache from worrying?). In Study 2, participants were presented with a novel domain (hypothetical “aliens” from outer space) and were asked whether various unfamiliar bodily conditions (e.g., toes swelling) could arise from various physical or psychological causes. As predicted, adults typically reported that psychogenic bodily reactions were possible, and that unfamiliar bodily conditions could result from either psychological or physical causes. In contrast, young children typically denied that psychogenic bodily reactions could occur and predicted that unfamiliar bodily conditions resulted from physical causes only. The results support a developmental path: younger children view psychogenic bodily responses as wholly physical, but with age, view them as both physical and psychological phenomena.