cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A New Framework for Automatic Modulation Classification using Deep Belief Networks.

Automatic Modulation Classification (AMC) is the process of determining the modulation scheme of an intercepted signal with no a priori information about its characteristics. AMC's main advantage is that no communication overhead needs to be allocated for control information to inform the receiver about changes in a transmitted signal's modulation scheme. Proposed approaches for AMC traditionally suffer from inherent computational complexity that prevents real-time AMC applications. Several extensions for lowering the computational complexity have been developed, including Feature-based AMC with machine learning classifiers. For the contribution of this research, we propose a new classifier called Deep Belief Network (DBN) for AMC applications, which is an algorithm derived from the Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM). DBN is capable of learning the probability distribution over its set of inputs and is comprised of layers of RBM stacked together. Additionally, this composition of layers in DBN leads to a faster learning procedure compared to conventional algorithms, and can help this classifier operate in real-time. Essentially, High-Order Statistics-based (HoS) features are utilized in the feature extraction stage for which the authors also investigate the bias issue of the estimator. The standard RadioML dataset is utilized to assess the performance of the studied AMC platform. This research shows the comparison of high order modulation schemes results in lower-bound performance of the AMC classifier, which are classified with notable higher probability of correct classification compared to conventional deep learning classifiers especially for lower signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio scenarios.
Ultrasound Beam Characterization Through Real Time Visualization with Schlieren Imaging

A self-contained system that generates Schlieren images was used to visualize beam profiles of an ultrasonic testing (UT) transducer, and to visualize beam interactions within transparent solid materials with certain defects. Through experimentation, distinguishable features of the beam interaction within the transparent solid material could be visually characterized and correlated with the associated A-scans, thus enabling further areas of benchmark studies for probe design and simulation models.
Energy-Optimal Guidance of Hybrid Ultra-Long Endurance UAV

Abstract The paper addresses the problem of calculating energy optimal trajectory for a novel class of hybrid UAV equipped with hydrogen fuel cell and solar photovoltaic energy production technologies. The objective of the design is to minimize the energy used for propulsion by optimally utilizing the finite energy stored in the onboard hydrogen fuel cell and routing the aircraft through the time-varying energy fields of solar irradiance and wind. The optimal guidance task is formulated as a two-point boundary value problem with an objective of finding the minimum energy route and the associated controls. The task is solved by applying Pontryagin minimum principle to the resulting 2D kinematics of a UAV along with its aerodynamics, energy management, and propulsion models. The paper derives the necessary conditions and synthesizes the optimal control laws of the bank angle and the airspeed which depend on the time and position derivatives of the wind, and the total angle of incidence toward the sun. The developed method is used to solve a task of path planning of a long endurance flight of a hybrid UAV over multiple 1000 nmi.
Did bank borrowers benefit from the TARP program: the effects of TARP on loan contract terms

We study the effects of the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) on loan contract terms to businesses borrowing from recipient banks. Using a difference-in-difference analysis, we find that TARP led to more favorable terms to these borrowers in all five contract terms studied ? loan amounts, spreads, maturities, collateral, and covenants. This suggests recipient banks' borrowers benefited from TARP. These findings are statistically and economically significant, and are robust to dealing with potential endogeneity issues and other checks. {{p}} The contract term improvements are concentrated primarily among safer borrowers, consistent with a decrease in the exploitation of moral hazard incentives. Benefits extended to both relationship and non-relationship borrowers, and to term loan, revolver, and other loan borrowers. Results contribute to the TARP benefits-costs debate, by adding to the list of benefits of the program.
Abstract 1325: Overexpression of Tribbles 2 enhances prostate cancer cell growth and contributes to enzalutamide resistance

Background: Enzalutamide, an FDA-approved androgen receptor blocker, is commonly prescribed for advanced prostate cancer which slows down prostate tumor growth. However, therapeutic benefit of enzalutamide is temporary because enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer (ERPC) invariably develops which is incurable, primarily because currently available therapies cannot effectively kill ERPC cells. Molecular basis behind enzalutamide-resistance is not clearly understood, which is delaying progress towards development of new therapies. Thus, proper molecular characterization of ERPC cells is an urgent and unmet medical need to find appropriate targets to improve the current state of ERPC therapy. Methods: We developed an ERPC model by chronically treating prostate cancer cells to mimic the clinical conditions of Enzalutamide resistance. These ERPC cells were used for comprehensive gene expression analysis by Illumina Hi-Seq whole genome gene-expression array. Hits were confirmed by RT-PCR and Western blot. Regulation of expression and pro-cancer effects of new hits were determined by overexpression and/or treating cells with shRNA and analyzing cell viability, soft-agar colony formation, apoptosis, and effects on downstream targets. Results: Transcriptional profiling revealed that Tribbles 2 (Trib2), a pseudokinase, is overexpressed in ERPC cells. Elevated level of Trib2 was also observed in enzalutamide treated PDX tumors in mice, and in prostate tumors from patients who were treated with enzalutamide. Inhibition of Trib2 by shRNA effectively kills ERPC cells, suggesting that Trib2 plays an important role in ERPC. We found that the Trib2 protein level is especially higher in prostate cancer cells where the AR activity is either low, or absent due to genetic changes. Moreover, transfection and re-expression of the AR gene in AR-negative cells decreases Trib2 protein level, indicating that the expression of Trib2 is negatively regulated by androgenic signaling. Interestingly, forced overexpression of Trib2 results in faster prostate cancer cell growth and makes the cells completely resistant to enzalutamide, and inhibition of Trib2 by shRNA or chemical inhibitor decreases viability and re-sensitizes these cells to enzalutamide. Conclusion: Collectively, our findings reveal that Trib2 is overexpressed in ERPC cells and tumors, and suggest that Trib2 may turn out to be a novel, promising molecular target for therapy of enzalutamide-resistant, lethal prostate cancer. Citation Format: Jitender Monga, Parshva Sanghvi, Jagadananda Ghosh. Overexpression of Tribbles 2 enhances prostate cancer cell growth and contributes to enzalutamide resistance [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 1325.
The Change the NCAA Did Not Know It Needs: A Promotion/Relegation Structure for College Football

After each college football season, the talking heads debate about which team missed out on the College Football Playoffs. Each year it is a different school who everyone says should have made the Playoffs. There are a multitude of reasons for or against each team every year, but the main point remains that the NCAA will always have this problem on their hands. This article proposes the solution of a promotion/relegation style structure which will completely change the dynamic of the conference layout. It will give an opportunity to the best teams outside of the "Power 5" or FBS to make the College Football Playoffs. There may be many questions still needed to be answered if this format is adopted, but this article provides the building blocks. The NCAA has a chance to build more passionate fanbases while breaking out of its mold by trying something new and exciting. Under this system, anything can happen.
Linear expected value models

This chapter discusses the linear expected value models. It describes various models with this common thread, bearing such names as the general linear hypothesis, linear regression, multiple regression, linear functional relationship, and linear structural relationship, are considered. The chapter explains that there is no explicit introduction of a so-called error term into the standard models. It deals with the errors-in-variables model, and in the study of the structural relation when it is not treated conditionally on X , explicitly examines the stochastic nature of the error term and its relation to X . Otherwise, the stochastic nature of the error term is directly reflected in the stochastic nature of the primary variable of interest, Y , so that one might study Y directly. The chapter also presents an analysis of a special model where the errors in the linear relation are an autoregressive sequence. It discusses linear stochastic difference equations model, a more special model than that involving correlated dependent variables.
Plasmids Other Than F

The diversity of plasmids which have been identified is staggering. In one study of hospital isolates of various enteric bacteria and Pseudomonas, 34 out of 87 isolates tested contained a minimum of one plasmid type, and many contained more than one type of plasmid. Plasmids are also present in nonpathogenic bacteria and have been demonstrated to play an important role in the adaptation of the host cell to its environment. A recent catalog listed more than 1000 different naturally occurring plasmids, isolated primarily from Gram-negative organisms. E. coli alone is reported to have 269 naturally occurring plasmids. When other bacteria such as the Gram-positive organisms or the cyanobacteria are more fully investigated, the number of plasmids is certain to be increased.
Anatomy of a balance-of-payments crisis: Application of a computable general equilibrium model to Turkey, 1978–1980

Abstract This paper analyses quantitatively the causes of the foreign exchange crisis in Turkey in the late 1970s through application of a multisector computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. The model incorporates some mechanisms that simulate the actual workings of the foreign exchange market during the turbulent foreign exchange disequilibrium period 1978–1980. It features the simultaneous operation of both quantitative controls and premium rationing schemes. Factors contributing to the foreign exchange crisis are analysed through counterfactual simulations which examine the implications for the Turkish economy of use of a flexible exchange rate, no oil price shock in the 1978–1980 period, and maintaining a constant price-level deflated affective exchange rate. Our results indicate that while exchange rate policy played an important role in bringing about the foreign exchange crisis, the influence of other factors was substancial.
Acyl coenzyme A:1-alkenyl-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine acyltransferase action in plasmalogen biosynthesis.

Acylation of 1-O-(1′-alk-1′-enyl)-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine by long chain acyl thiol esters of coenzyme A to form plasmalogens was catalyzed by enzymes from erythrocytes and muscle. The alkenyl acyl phosphoglycerides produced were the type of plasmalogen most commonly present in mammalian tissues. Enzymes catalyzing this reaction are located in membrane fractions that also contain acyl transfer activity for other phospholipids. Acyl transfer rates with oleoyl-, linoleoyl-, and arachidonoyl-CoA were 13, 27, and 27 mµmoles per min per mg of protein, respectively, with the acyl analogue that forms lecithin, whereas they were
Inkjet Print Engines

Piezoelectric, thermal, continuous, mechanical, and electrostatic drop ejectors are used in nonimpact digital printers for consumer, office, commercial, and industrial applications. Continuous inkjet generates a stream of droplets that are selectively used for printing. Drop on demand technologies use deflection of a piezoelectric material, superheating of a fluid, pressurized ink controlled by mechanical valves, or electrostatic forces to eject ink. An inkjet print engine consists of the printhead, ink supply, carriage, and service station. Essential components of an inkjet printer are the print engine, media transport, carriage motion, power supply, and data input. Consumer and office printers use piezoelectric or thermal inkjet technology to print with aqueous inks on office papers, whereas large format printers use a range of ink types to print across a wide media set. Continuous and mechanical inkjet are used in industrial applications. Continuous, piezoelectric, and thermal inkjet page wide arrays have recently been incorporated in high speed, single pass, web press configurations. Keywords: inkjet; piezoelectric; thermal; continuous; mechanical; electrostatic; printhead; print engine
Speed and Accuracy of Visual Motion Discrimination by Rats

Animals must continuously evaluate sensory information to select the preferable among possible actions in a given context, including the option to wait for more information before committing to another course of action. In experimental sensory decision tasks that replicate these features, reaction time distributions can be informative about the implicit rules by which animals determine when to commit and what to do. We measured reaction times of Long-Evans rats discriminating the direction of motion in a coherent random dot motion stimulus, using a self-paced two-alternative forced-choice (2-AFC) reaction time task. Our main findings are: (1) When motion strength was constant across trials, the error trials had shorter reaction times than correct trials; in other words, accuracy increased with response latency. (2) When motion strength was varied in randomly interleaved trials, accuracy increased with motion strength, whereas reaction time decreased. (3) Accuracy increased with reaction time for each motion strength considered separately, and in the interleaved motion strength experiment overall. (4) When stimulus duration was limited, accuracy improved with stimulus duration, whereas reaction time decreased. (5) Accuracy decreased with response latency after stimulus offset. This was the case for each stimulus duration considered separately, and in the interleaved duration experiment overall. We conclude that rats integrate visual evidence over time, but in this task the time of their response is governed more by elapsed time than by a criterion for sufficient evidence.
Fast and slow intrafusal fibre type systems in chicken leg muscle spindles.

Abstract The results of this study indicate that in serial sections incubated with monoclonal antibodies against MHC and stained for mATPase, intrafusal fibres in chicken leg muscle spindles are separable into slow and fast types. As observed here, fast fibres are a homogeneous group; however, it had been shown earlier (Maier & Zak, 1990) that based on relative amounts of slow MHC, the slow fibres can be further divided into 2 subgroups. These 3 types of intrafusal fibre conform to 3 recently demonstrated patterns of motor innervation (Maier, 1991). It is suggested that the respective actions of slow and fast intrafusal fibres produce different components of the afferent discharge of chicken muscle spindles.
Allogeneic transfusion and infection: economic and clinical implications

An increased incidence of postoperative infection and risk of cancer recurrence in patients who have received allogeneic blood transfusions suggests that such transfusions may be associated with clinically significant immunomodulatory effects. Allogeneic transfusion increase humoral immunity and decrease cell-mediated immunity. The mechanism of allogeneic transfusion-induced immunomodulation may involve altered cytokine regulation with a shift toward a type-2 (Th2) immune response. In patients undergoing hip replacement or spine surgery, the postoperative infection rate with allogeneic blood transfusion appears to be 7- to 10-fold higher than with autologous blood or no transfusion. The occurrence of postoperative infection is largely abrogated through the use of autologous or leukocyte-depleted blood. In our orthopedic surgery patients, use of allogeneic blood was associated with a significantly increased length of hospital stay, resource consumption, and attendant hospital charges. Allogeneic, but not autologous, blood transfusion were associated in a dose-dependent manner with longer hospital stays and higher costs. Multiple linear regression analyses demonstrated that the number of units of allogeneic blood transfused, rather than surgeon and type of surgery, was the most statistically significant predictor of length of stay and hospital charges. Using data reported in the literature, we estimate that the death rate from allogeneic transfusion-related postoperative infection and cancer recurrence combined (215 deaths with 1% causality to 21,500 with 100% causality) may exceed the death rate due to all other transfusion risks combined. Improved clinical outcomes may result from techniques that minimize allogeneic blood use or its immunologic effects (e.g., autologous transfusion or other blood-sparing approaches in surgery, leukodepletion of allogeneic blood, and the use of growth factors [eg, epoetin alfa]).
Estimation of target trajectories based on distributed channel energy measurements

Source localization using channel energy measurements of distributed sensors has been well studied, but assumes the target not to move significantly during both the communication between the sensors and the calculation. We want to estimate the trajectory of a moving target, which passes through a sensor field. The sensors are simple in the sense that they can only measure the received signal strength (RSS), but no angular information; nor do they know the target source level. The target moves significantly between measurements, and communication between sensors only takes place at long intervals relative to the target motion. To reduce communication load, we suggest each sensor first processes its measurements locally and transmit only some aggregate value(s). Based on a free-space propagation model, we find each sensor should locally estimate three parameters to fully characterize its observations, namely the maximum measured amplitude, the corresponding time index and the speed with which the target signal fades, e.g, the time difference between the maximum and its 6 dB point. Based on two sensors, this allows us to reconstruct the target trajectory with only two possible mirror ambiguities, which could either be handled by a higher layer tracking algorithm as false alarms or resolved via a third sensor.
Hypertext for learning

Bush [1], Engelbart [2], and Nelson [3] were among the first to propose systems that augment the human intellect by managing information stored in what is now called hypertext. These early proponents had a strong sense that the connections in hypertext were linked ideas, that associations could be easily and arbitrarily forged, and that information could be personalized, freely annotated, freely viewed, and readily accessed. They proposed systems that offer a direct manipulation approach to information management and rely heavily on the user’s increased use of visual cues, spatial reasoning, and associative thought. The revolutionary content of their ideas was, and continues to be, the extent to which these systems engage the user as an active participant in interactions with information.
A fully integrated photolithography workcell

A photolithography workcell that allows all operations on a wafer lot, from resist coat through to inspection, to be executed by a single operator is described. The workcells are based on 5* steppers and in-line coat and develop tracks. Operation of the cell is heavily based on automation software, with a single operator-interface terminal to all subequipment and process control databases. A key benefit of the workcell is the environment in which a single operator has ownership for all aspects of the photolithographic process. Feedback on process quality is available by inspection 12 min after a lot has started. Key results from the workcell are: (1) rework rate reduced from 11% to less than 2%; (2) feedback time on a lot reduced from 8 h to 15 min; and (3) average active time of work-in-progress in the photo area reduced from 24 h to 8 h. >
On finding a biconnected spanning planar subgraph with applications to the facilities layout problem

Abstract The BSPS problem is to find a planar and biconnected spanning subgraph of a general graph. This problem is related to the planarization problem which seeks a planar spanning subgraph with a maximum number of edges. Like the planarization problem, BSPS has applications in facility layout problems, which seek the best arrangement of facilities on a shop floor, such that the adjacency of facilities which share material flows is maximized. In this paper we prove that the BSPS problem is NP-hard. We develop a heuristic algorithm and present empirical results that show this heuristic to be successful in most cases.
Design and validation of a fuzzy logic controller for a smart projectile fin with a piezoelectric macro-fiber composite bimorph actuator

This paper focuses on the design and validation of a fuzzy logic controller for the smart fin of a projectile. The hollow fin is actuated by a cantilevered piezoelectric bimorph that is completely enclosed within it. A linear model of the actuator and fin is identified experimentally by exciting the system using a chirp signal. A procedure for designing a genetic algorithm (GA)-based fuzzy logic controller for the fin is presented. The controller is validated using simulation and experimental testing that is conducted in the subsonic wind tunnel at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV). Results show that the proposed controller accomplishes the desired fin angle control under various operating conditions.
The Teacher Labour Market and Teacher Quality

A growing body of empirical evidence shows teacher quality to be the most important schooling factor predicting students' learning gains. Unfortunately, US public schools face difficulties attracting the best and brightest college graduates. Over the last several decades there has been a notable shift in the occupational choices of prospective teachers. The most academically proficient college graduates were, in the 1960s, as likely to enter teaching as any other occupation. Today, however, teachers are disproportionately drawn from the lower end of the academic proficiency distribution. We explore these trends and speculate on the reasons for them. In particular, we focus on the roles of compensation structures and changes in the labour market in explaining the occupational decisions made by existing college graduates and what these foreshadow for the teacher work-force in the future. Copyright 2004, Oxford University Press.
Decreased mononuclear cell beta-adrenergic receptors in bronchial asthma: parallel studies of lymphocyte and granulocyte desensitization

Abstract To assess the interaction of bronchial asthma and beta-agonist drugs, beta-adrenergic receptors were measured in human mixed leukocyte, mononuclear cell, and polymorphonuclear leukocyte cell membranes simultaneously. The densities and affinities of beta-adrenergic receptors were determined, by Scatchard analysis, with a potent beta-antagonist 125 I-hydroxybenzylpindolol ( 125 I-HYP) and compared among 12 nonatopic controls (group I), 13 mild asthmatics not taking drugs (group II), and eight asthmatics receiving long-term beta-agonist therapy (group III). Our findings were as follows. (1) Asthmatics not taking drugs (group II) have significantly lower mean mononuclear leukocyte beta-adrenergic receptor density (p
SU‐E‐E‐06: Teaching Medical Physics in a Radiology Museum

Purpose: To enhance the learning process in the teaching of medical physics by providing a venue to experience the historical equipment and devices of radiology. Methods: We have created a museum by assembling a large collection of equipment and artifacts related to radiology and medical physics. As part of a learning-in-context educational approach, classes for a survey course in medical physics are held in the museum so that students are able to visually and tangibly experience the implements of radiology, while related topics are discussed. The students learn how x-ray equipment and techniques evolved throughout the years and they learn to appreciate the differences and similarities between current x-ray technology and that of the early days. The collection contains items dating from the era of the discovery of x-rays up to recent times and includes gas x-ray tubes, hand-held fluoroscopes, generators, spark-gap kV meters, stereoscopes, glass-plate radiographs, a photofluorographic unit, wood-interspaced grid, flat-panel detector, linear-accelerator klystron, and brachytherapy radium applicators, as well as an extensive library containing some of the seminal literature of the field so that students can delve deeper into the technology. In addition to the classes, guided tours are provided for radiologic-technology, bioengineering, physics and medical students, as well as group and individual tours for the general public. Results: Student course assessments have consistently included positive expressions of their experience in the museum. Numerous students have volunteered to assist with display preparation and have learned by researching the content. Many individuals have been attracted on a walk-in basis and have expressed a deep curiosity in the technology, with positive feedback. Conclusion: The museum and its artifacts have been invaluable in stimulating interest in the history and technology of medical physics. Students and visitors alike obtain a deeper appreciation of the contribution physics has made to medicine.
Collective excitations of multishell carbon microstructures: Multishell fullerenes and coaxial nanotubes.

s and p plasmons in coaxial carbon nanotubes and multishell fullerenes are modeled in analogy with coupled collective excitations in finite, layered, two-dimensional-electron-gas, planar semiconductor superlattices. The curvature of the surface of these complex carbon clusters plays an important role in shaping the dimensionality ~one dimensional, two dimensional, or three dimensional! of the plasmons. Direct crossover from a one-dimensional to a three-dimensional regime is found under readily fulfilled conditions for carbon nanotubes in the case of small finite longitudinal momentum transfer \q , while for q50 bulk graphitic plasmons fail to develop. For large q , a two-dimensional behavior is found. The case of multishell fullerenes resembles in all instances the q50 behavior of carbon nanotubes. Such behavior correlates with the observed systematic redshift of the strong interstellar absorption band as compared to the p plasmon of bulk oriented graphite ~i.e., the 5.7 eV position of the former compared to the 6.2 eV energy of the latter!. Furthermore, in the case of p plasmons in carbon nanotubes, a special surface mode can develop for large q , due to the difference in the values of the dielectric constants between the graphitic structures and the surrounding medium.
Sexual partner concurrency and sexual risk among gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender American Indian/Alaska natives.

Background American Indian and Alaska Natives suffer pervasive health disparities, including disproportionately high rates of HIV. Sexual network dynamics, including concurrency and sexual mixing patterns, are key determinants of HIV disparities. Methods We analyzed data from the first national study of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender American Indian and Alaska Natives to examine the prevalence of concurrency, sex and race of partners, and level of risk across different partnership patterns. Egocentric network data were analyzed at the level of the respondents, who were grouped according to the sex of their last 3 partners. Results Overall rates of HIV and concurrency were high in this population. HIV prevalence (34%) and cumulative prevalence of concurrency (55%) were highest among men who had sex with only men, while women who had sex with only women reported lower concurrency and HIV. Women who had sex with women and men also had high HIV prevalence (15%) and reported slightly higher concurrency risk and low condom use, making them effective bridge populations. Conclusions The uniformly high rates of Native partner selection creates the potential for amplification of disease spread within this small community, while the high rates of selecting partners of other races creates the potential for bridging to other groups in the transmission network. These findings provide some of the first insights into sexual networks and concurrency among Native gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender populations and suggest that both men and women deserve attention in HIV prevention efforts at individual, dyadic and population levels.
The production and recognition of aeolian features on sand grains by silt abrasion

Several size fractions of natural loess from Long Island, New York including sand and ventifacts were studied with the scanning electron microscope to determine if distinguishing surface features could be found. Long Island loess compares very closely to descriptions of a number of European loess deposits except for the inclusion of carbonate not found on Long Island. Ventifact and sand grain surfaces were experimentally prepared using natural loess as an abrasive agent, and compared well with those surfaces found in the natural materials. Given favourable circumstances, it is possible via scanning electron microscopy to distinguish surface features created by aeolian action in loess deposits and associated materials.
Strontium and samarium diffusion in diopside

Abstract The volume chemical diffusion of trace amounts of Sr in diopside has been measured as a function of temperature (1100–1300°C), pressure (1 bar–20 kbar), crystallographic direction, and composition. Three experimental/analytical techniques were employed: radiotracer and sectioning; stable tracer and ion microprobe; and Rutherford back-scattering spectroscopy. Comparison of the three yielded excellent agreement. Both natural and synthetic single crystal samples were used with results in the natural diopside giving diffusivities approximately two orders of magnitude greater than those in the man-made crystals. Samarium diffusion in the synthetic crystals was also examined with the ion probe technique with results similar to Sr. Arrhenius relations for diffusion (D = D0exp[−ΔHa/RT]) were calculated for different pressures and analytical techniques, and activation volumes (gDVa) were derived from the equation D = D' exp[−PΔVa/ RT]. Values of ΔVa were negative for Sr diffusion. An empirical relation describing the temperature and pressure dependence of D for Sr in the c direction of the synthetic samples is: D(P, T) = 1200 (cm2/sec) exp[−122 (Kcal/mol)/RT (°K)]exp[−P (bar)/(2.94T − 4640)R]. The expression for DSr in the natural samples (c direction) at one atmosphere is: D(0, T) = 54 (cm2/sec) exp[−97 (Kcal/mol)/RT (°K)]. A single compensation trend for all the data was evident for all values of D0 and ΔHa in the synthetic crystals. A number of models of geologic processes were investigated in light of the present data. Closure temperatures (Tc) were calculated for examples of mineral-mineral age-dating and trace element geothermometry. High values of Tc indicate that pyroxenes record emplacement events and are generally not disturbed unless a fluid enters the system. Isotopic equilibration times were examined for lower crustal xenoliths and the mantle source region for MORB using the formula of Hofmann and Hart (1978). Equilibration was shown to be too fast for production of isotopic anomalies in MORB via disequilibrium melting. Also. reasonable residence times at lower crustal temperatures were shown to produce the mineralogical-scale isotopic homogeneity observed in a crustal xenolith from Kilbourne Hole, New Mexico.
High-throughput bioassay-guided fractionation: a technique for rapidly assigning observed activity to individual components of combinatorial libraries, screened in HTS bioassays.

In this paper, we describe an automated, high-throughput analytical tool for the unambiguous characterization of the active component(s) of a combinatorially derived reaction mixture. We call this technique high-throughput bioassay-guided fractionation (BGF). The novel aspects of this communication are the systematization of the BGF concept, the application of BGF to combinatorial chemistry, and the high-throughput nature of the identification technique. The identification of the active component in a well mixture is an essential step for subsequent resynthesis or isolation of the active component(s) or for removal of intractable wells from further consideration. We believe the technique described is also applicable to any mixture library, provided the expected component (or components) of each well is (are) known. Example mixture libraries would include collections of synthetic chemicals and collections of purified natural products. The mixture need not come from libraries produced using parallel synthes...
Relationship of extracellular dopamine in striatum of newborn piglets to cortical oxygen pressure.

The present studies describes the relationship between extracellular dopamine in striatum of newborn piglets and cortical oxygen pressure. The extracellular level of dopamine was measured by in vivo microdialysis and the oxygen pressure in the cortex was measured by phosphorescence lifetime of oxygen probe in the blood. Controlled, graded levels of hypoxic insult to the brain of animals were generated by decreasing of the oxygen fraction in the inspired gas (FiO2) from 21% to 14%, 11%, and 9%. This resulted in decrease in the cortical oxygen pressure from 31–35 Torr to about 24 Torr, 15 Torr and 4 Torr, respectively. The changes in extracellular level of dopamine, DOPAC and HVA were dependent on changes in cortical oxygen pressure. Stepwise decrease in the cortical oxygen pressure (see above) caused increases in extracellular dopamine of about 80%, 200% and 550%, respectively. The levels of DOPAC and HVA progressively decreased and when cortical oxygen decreased to 4–6 Torr were about 50% and 70% of control. respectively. After return of FiO2 to control (21%), the cortical oxygen pressure rapidly increased to above normal, then returned to control values. The extracellular levels of dopamine, DOPAC, and HVA recovered more slowly, attaining control values in about 30 minutes. The data show that extracellular levels of dopamine increase with even very small decreases in oxygen pressure. Thus, there is no “oxygen reserve” which protects dopamine release and metabolism from decrease in oxygen pressure.
Mutual Scorn Within the Abortion Debate: Some Parallels With Race Relations

By emphasizing the parallels between both racial vilification and the vilification that takes place when we discuss abortion in our society, I hope to provide a new perspective on the way the United States converses about this divisive issue. This perspective, in turn, can help us see how we can move forward from the stagnate polemics that have permeated the abortion debate in the United States for the past 40 years.
The effects of cotrimoxazole or tenofovir co‐administration on the pharmacokinetics of maraviroc in healthy volunteers

AIMS To assess the potential of cotrimoxazole and tenofovir, drugs which are inhibitors and/or substrates of renal transporters, to alter the pharmacokinetic profile of maraviroc. METHODS Two randomized, placebo-controlled, two-way crossover studies were conducted in healthy male and female subjects. In study 1, 16 subjects, aged 18–45 years, received maraviroc (300 mg b.i.d.) with and without cotrimoxazole (960 mg b.i.d.; 160 mg trimethoprim and 800 mg sulfamethoxazole). In study 2, 12 subjects, aged 21–45 years, received maraviroc (300 mg b.i.d.) with and without tenofovir (300 mg q.d.). For study 1, blood was collected predose and on days 1–7. In study 2, blood was collected predose, on day 1 and days 3–7. In both studies, blood was collected at intervals up to 12 h postdose on day 7. Urine was collected on day 7, 0–12 h post morning dose. Blood and urine were analysed for maraviroc using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS The geometric mean ratios for Cmax and AUC12 were 119% and 111%, respectively, for maraviroc plus cotrimoxazole and 104% and 103%, respectively, for maraviroc plus tenofovir, compared with maraviroc plus placebo. Renal clearance of maraviroc plus placebo was 8.3 l h−1 and 8.5 l h−1 and was 7.8 l h−1 for maraviroc plus cotrimoxazole and maraviroc plus tenofovir. There were no serious or severe adverse events or any clinically significant changes in laboratory tests, blood pressure, or electrocardiograms. CONCLUSIONS Neither cotrimoxazole nor tenofovir caused a clinically significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of maraviroc. Maraviroc 300 mg b.i.d. was well tolerated when co-administered with either cotrimoxazole or tenofovir.
Effects of Silage Additives on Fermentation Characteristics of Corn Silage and Performance of Feedlot Heifers

Abstract Effects of silage additives on corn silage fermentation were examined. In Experiment 1, whole plant corn was ensiled for 3 weeks in laboratory silos. A bacterial inoculum (SC) 5 was used at 0, 10, and 50ppm. There was no difference in dry matter content, carbon dioxide output, pH, titratable acidity, acetate, and propionate content of the silages. The inoculated silages had lower lactic acid content. Neither ash nor nitrogen fraction was affected by treatment. Experiment 2 compared two moistures (38 versus 68% dry matter) and four additive treatments: control, bacterial inoculum (SC, 50ppm), a microbial enzyme and nutrient additive (SLF, 6 250ppm), and an air-dried microbial culture (SB, 7 500ppm). Substrates were ensiled for 3 weeks. Moisture affected total weight and dry matter losses; compaction ratio; pH; titratable acidity; lactic acid; water soluble-nitrogen, percent total-nitrogen; and ammonia-nitrogen, percent total-nitrogen. Additives had little effect on measures and did not improve overall silage quality. In Experiment 3, SLF was evaluated in a feedlot trial. Sixty-eight yearling crossbred heifers averaging 306kg were full-fed corn silage plus 2kg of balanced supplement. Phase 1 was 60 days feeding from upright silos. Piled silage was fed during the second phase (58 days). The feeding trial did not indicate enhancement of feeding value for treated silage.
Polygalacturonase-Mediated Solubilization and Depolymerization of Pectic Polymers in Tomato Fruit Cell Walls Regulation by pH and Ionic Conditions

The hydrolysis of cell wall pectins by tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum ) polygalacturonase (PG) in vitro is more extensive than the degradation affecting these polymers during ripening. We examined the hydrolysis of polygalacturonic acid and cell walls by PG isozyme 2 (PG2) under conditions widely adopted in the literature (pH 4.5 and containing Na + ) and under conditions approximating the apoplastic environment of tomato fruit (pH 6.0 and K + as the predominate cation). The pH optima for PG2 in the presence of K + were 1.5 and 0.5 units higher for the hydrolysis of polygalacturonic acid and cell walls, respectively, compared with activity in the presence of Na + . Increasing K + concentration stimulated pectin solubilization at pH 4.5 but had little influence at pH 6.0. Pectin depolymerization by PG2 was extensive at pH values from 4.0 to 5.0 and was further enhanced at high K + levels. Oligomers were abundant products in in vitro reactions at pH 4.0 to 5.0, decreased sharply at pH 5.5, and were negligible at pH 6.0. EDTA stimulated PG-mediated pectin solubilization at pH 6.0 but did not promote oligomer production. Ca 2+ suppressed PG-mediated pectin release at pH 4.5 yet had minimal influence on the proportional recovery of oligomers. Extensive pectin breakdown in processed tomato might be explained in part by cation- and low-pH-induced stimulation of PG and other wall-associated enzymes.
Magnetic behavior of B phase of superfluid 3 He in the nonlinear regime

Assuming that the B phase of superfluid 3He is described by a spherical triplet state of Balian and Werthamer, the magnetic response of the B phase is formulated in terms of the rotation of the condensate spin axis. In a cylindrical geometry with the axis parallel to an external magnetic field two distinct equilibrium configurations are likely to be realized depending on the field strength. The ringing behavior of the magnetization after a sudden application (or removal) of an external field is considered for these two configurations. These two configurations give rise to different ringing behavior.
Volatility forecasting from multiscale and high-dimensional market data

Abstract Advantages and limitations of the existing volatility models for forecasting foreign-exchange and stock market volatility from multiscale and high-dimensional data have been identified. Support vector machines (SVM) have been proposed as a complimentary volatility model that is capable of effectively extracting information from multiscale and high-dimensional market data. SVM-based models can handle both long memory and multiscale effects of inhomogeneous markets without restrictive assumptions and approximations required by other models. Preliminary results with foreign-exchange data suggest that SVM can effectively work with high-dimensional inputs to account for volatility long-memory and multiscale effects. Advantages of the SVM-based models are expected to be of the utmost importance in the emerging field of high-frequency finance and in multivariate models for portfolio risk management.
ON THE THEORY OF LIQUIDS

Abstract The present paper concerns the exact analytic forms of correlation functions of liquids and some of their macroscopic properties which these correlations determine. Since these functions are expressible in terms of the scattering structure factors of liquids, the macroscopic properties they define will be described in terms of the properties of the structure factors. One is then led, with some limitations, to a rigorous result on the behavior of pair potential energies of isolated stationary atoms at close separations. Part of the paper is devoted to a discussion of some of the limitations of the experimentally derived structure factors as well as the liquid correlation functions to which they give rise. It will be shown, on the basis of liquid helium data, that improvements in the empirical correlation functions as well as the various macroscopic liquid properties they define, require the knowledge of the structure factors over a far wider range of the momentum changes on scattering than obtained heretofore. The final topic concerns a detailed study of the asymptotic, large atomic separation, behavior of the correlation functions. The temperature limitations of a direct method yielding these asymptotic forms will be obtained. A new method of derivation of these forms, involving the scattering structure factors, will be described. This same method also leads to the asymptotic form of the structure factors themselves, at large values of the momentum changes on scattering. These latter asymptotic structure factors retain their validity over the whole temperature interval of existence of liquids.
THE STABILITY OF VITAMIN B6 ACCUMULATION AND PYRIDOXAL KINASE ACTIVITY IN RABBIT BRAIN AND CHOROID PLEXUS

The effects of changes in the concentrations of pyridoxal phosphate and blogenic amines in brain on: (I) pyridoxal kinase (EC 2.7.1.35) activity in brain and choroid plexus; and (2) vitamin B6 accumulation by brain slices and isolated, intact choroid plexuses were studied. New Zealand white rabbits were treated parenterally with 200 mg/kg pyridoxine-HCl for 3 days or 120 mg/kg 4-deoxypyridoxine HCI or 5 mg/kg reserpine I day before death. After these treatments the mean concentration of pyridoxal phosphate in brain was elevated by 39% by pyridoxine and decreased by 57% by 4-deoxypyridoxine. Reserpine had no effect. However, the ability of brain slices and isolated, intact choroid plexuses from the treated rabbits to accumulate [3H] vitamin B6 (with [3H]pyridoxine in the medium) was not different from untreated controls. Also, the specific activity of pyridoxal kinase in brain and choroid plexus of treated rabbits was not different from controls. These results show that vitamin B6 accumulation and pyridoxal kinase activity in brain and choroid plexus are independent of both pyridoxal phosphate and reserpine-sensitive biogenic amine concentrations in brain. In vitro studies with pyridoxal kinase showed that. in both choroid plexus and brain. pyridoxal kinase was a single enzyme with a molecular weight of 43.000 and a Km, for pyridoxine of 2.0 μM Crude and partially-purified pyridoxal kinase from brain was not inhibited by biogenic amines (1 mM) or pyridoxal phosphate (5 μM). These in vitro data are consistent with the lack of effect of changes in pyridoxal phosphate and biogenic amine concentrations (in brain) on pyridoxal kinase activity in brain in vivo.
Costs of occupational musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in the United States

Abstract Background For the years 1992–2010 musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) accounted for 29–35% of all occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work in the United States (US) ( AFL-CIO, 2012 ). According to the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) 2012 report ‘Death on the Job’, for the years 1992 through 2010 the percent of cases involving MSDs in private industry were highest in 2000 (35%) and lowest in 2007 (29%). In 2010, the median number of days away from work for MSDs was 11 compared to 8 for all occupational injury cases involving days away from work; the median number of days away from work for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) was 25, more than three times as high as for all other BLS injuries involving days away from work ( BLS, 2011 ). This study estimated the costs of work related MSDs, and given that the number of days lost due to CTS is very high, it also estimated the costs of CTS separately in the United States (US) for the years 2003 through 2007. Methods The costs of work related MSDs and CTS in the US were estimated using the cost-of-illness, human capital method ( Leigh et al., 2000 ), using some of the costs from the literature. This method decomposes costs into direct and indirect categories. Estimates of total cost of MSDs and CTS were obtained from the product of average costs of MSDs and CTS and the number of MSDs and CTS. The number of MSDs and CTS were obtained from BLS data. Results The number of reported work-related MSDs declined from 435,180 in 2003 to 335,390 in 2007 and the reported number of CTS also declined from 22,110 in 2003 to 11,920 in 2007. The direct costs of MSDs and CTS were respectively $1.5 billion and $0.1 billion for the year 2007. The indirect costs were $1.1 billion and $0.1 billion for MSDs and CTS respectively for the year 2007. Discussion This study found that the total costs of work-related MSDs and CTS declined during the period 2003 through 2007 but the average costs per case went up signifying that medical costs and other associated costs increased during this period. Relevance to industry The costs of MSDs are important to the industries too as a significant part of these costs are borne by the employers. Industries with higher prevalence of MSDs are affected more in terms of lost productivities due to the employees' days away from work because of MSDs. In cases of MSDs causing permanent disabilities, new hiring and training costs are also a part of the losses experienced by the employers.