cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DRA: A dependable architecture for high-performance routers

Due to a relentless increase in the amount of missioncritical real-time traffic over a revenue-generating network, dependability has come forth as a vital measure for such a network. To prevent extended downtimes and loss of critical data, most commercial routers achieve faulttolerance by adding substantial redundancies for critical components. However, they often fail to utilize existing resources efficiently, unduly limiting their achievable dependability. To significantly improve the dependability of existing routers, we propose an efficient dependable architecture for high-performance routers, called dependable router architecture (DRA). DRA augments existing resources to create an additional level of interconnection across linecards for channeling resources from non-faulty linecards to linecards with faulty components. We analyze DRA using Markov models to assess its dependability improvement.
Book Reviews - The Law of Armed Conflict: An Operational Approach

Recent years have seen a distinct rise in the academic attention paid to all aspects of what is frequently termed, in the collective, national security law, and various subcategories of international and domestic law which relate to national security. This increased academic interest, spurred by world events such as the U.S. conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan and the increased focus on counterterrorism, has resulted in such heightened attention that many U.S. law schools now publish journals which focus exclusively on national security law and even offer LL.M. programs specializing in this distinct academic area. Courses on the law of armed conflict have also burgeoned. Concomitantly, since 2001, the number of textbooks designed to function as instructional tools to teach the law of armed conflict has increased. 'The Law of Armed Conflict: An Operational Approach,' written by a phalanx of six authors with extensive military backgrounds, is a product of this academic approach. As its title implies, the book seeks to provide “operational context” to an academic discussion of the law of armed conflict which is informed by the authors’ collective experiences serving as military advisors in the U.S. armed forces. All of the authors have independently made their respective marks in the field of international law, especially as it pertains to the law of armed conflict — and five of the same six authors previously collaborated on a book which “focused on the operational resolution of issues related to the application of military power by the United States . . . .” This book, however, is distinct in that it is not an academic treatise but a textbook designed for classroom instruction and which seeks to provide the first real manual for broader classroom instruction on this subject from an “operational” perspective. The book is a valuable contribution to the field of international law as it relates to the law of armed conflict. It is an experiential guide through the law of armed conflict from a U.S. military perspective. The book’s discussion of the law of armed conflict is enriched by the practical insight and knowledge of its authors, all of whom are distinguished practitioners with years of military experience. This combination of practical experience, knowledge of U.S. military practice, and scholarly acumen form what is clearly the book’s principal virtue. But every virtue has a concomitant defect and, in this case, the book’s keen focus on U.S. practice in a military context occasionally crowds out broader legal discussions and omits critique. As such, explanations of policy positions on certain issues can sometimes take the place of a fulsome, multidimensional explanation of the topic — leaving readers instructed on a particular policy position or insight into U.S. military practice, but left without a deeper examination of the myriad legal issues attendant to that position. Fortunately, this defect is occasional rather than recurring and does not, in the final analysis, unduly detract from the book’s value as a resource and a unique educational tool.
Characterization of V-prime factors in Escherichia coli K-12.

An episome derived from an Hfrv (Hfr isolated from a V colicinogenic parent) strain of Escherichia coli K-12 was isolated and characterized. The direction of gene transfer was inverted from that in the original parental strain.
Buffered, lagged, or cooled? Disentangling hyporheic influences on temperature cycles in stream channels

[1] We monitored summertime base flow water temperatures of hyporheic discharge to surface water in main, side, and spring channels located within the bank-full scour zone of the gravel- and cobble-bedded Umatilla River, Oregon, USA. Diel temperature cycles in hyporheic discharge were common, but spatially variable. Relative to the main channel's diel cycle, hyporheic discharge locations typically had similar daily mean temperatures, but smaller diel ranges (compressed by 2 to 6°C) and desynchronized phases (offset by 0 to 6 h). In spring channels (which received only hyporheic discharge), surface water diel cycles were also compressed (by 2 to 6°C) and desynchronized (by −4 to 6 h) relative to the main channel, creating diverse daytime and nighttime mosaics of surface water temperatures across main, side, and spring channels, despite only minor differences (<1°C) in daily mean temperatures among the channels. The river's hyporheic zone received and stored heat from the channel, yet hyporheic return flows carried heat back to the channel minutes to months after removal. Associated surface water temperature dynamics were therefore complex. Hyporheic discharge was not simply “cooler” or “warmer” than main channel water. Instead, instantaneous temperature differences between channel water and hyporheic discharge typically arose from diel temperature cycles in hyporheic discharge that were buffered and lagged relative to diel cycles in the main channel.
Correlating instrumentation data to system states: a building block for automated diagnosis and control

This paper studies the use of statistical induction techniques as a basis for automated performance diagnosis and performance management. The goal of the work is to develop and evaluate tools for offline and online analysis of system metrics gathered from instrumentation in Internet server platforms. We use a promising class of probabilistic models (Tree-Augmented Bayesian Networks or TANs) to identify combinations of system-level metrics and threshold values that correlate with high-level performance states--compliance with Service Level Objectives (SLOs) for average-case response time--in a three-tier Web service under a variety of conditions. Experimental results from a testbed show that TAN models involving small subsets of metrics capture patterns of performance behavior in a way that is accurate and yields insights into the causes of observed performance effects. TANs are extremely efficient to represent and evaluate, and they have interpretability properties that make them excellent candidates for automated diagnosis and control. We explore the use of TAN models for offline forensic diagnosis, and in a limited online setting for performance forecasting with stable workloads.
Structure and Function of Core Promoter Elements in RNA Polymerase II Transcription

The initiation of messenger RNA synthesis by RNA polymerase II is regulated by a collection of cis-acting DNA elements. The core promoter, which is typically found ∼40 bp upstream and downstream of the transcription start site, plays a crucial role in the recruitment and positioning of the basic transcription machinery. DNA elements within the core promoter can also control the levels of gene transcription and specify enhancer selectivity. These regulatory functions are consistent with the large degree of diversity that has become apparent within core promoters. In this article, we will discuss our current understanding of the structure and function of core promoter elements in the regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II.
Programming language design issues

In this paper we have proposed that the DoD Common Programming Language be thought of not just as a language but as the linguistic component of a rich collection of tools hosted by a program development system. We have further proposed that it is particularly important to view a program as existing at many levels. Our own experience in using two such program development systems is that these increase the overall programmer productivity quite significantly.
Testicular function and morphology after chemotherapy in childhood for ALL

Testicular biopsies were performed in boys, previously treated or currently receiving chemotherapy for ALL, to establish the incidence of occult leukaemic infiltration. The general morphology of the testicular biopsies was also studied and each boy underwent an HCG test and an LHRH test. We studied 44 boys, 32 prepubertal, 8 early pubertal and 4 late pubertal. The mean tubular fertility index (TFI = percentage of tubules containing spermatogonia) was reduced to 51%. The mean basal FSH, LH and testosterone levels, mean peak gonadotrophin responses to LHRH and mean testosterone responses to HCG did not differ between the prepubertal and early pubertal ALL groups compared to groups of normal boys of similar pubertal maturation. The late pubertal ALL group was too small for such comparison. No significant relationship existed between the TFI and any of the hormonal indices studied. Individually 3 prepubertal ALL boys (n=32), 3 early pubertal (n=8) and 2 late pubertal (n=4) showed an abnormality in their gonadotrophin responses to LHRH but only 1 of the 44 ALL boys had no testosterone response to HCG. We conclude that moderately severe tubular damage of the testis unassociated with Leydig cell impairment may not be detected in the prepubertal boy using current tests of testicular function.
Academic-industrial relationships in the life sciences.

This Health Policy Report reviews the history of the relationships between academic institutions and industrial organizations in the United States and discusses recent developments in this area. Academic–industrial relationships have fostered the development and dissemination of valuable medical advances, but they have also resulted in financial conflicts of interest that have threatened both the welfare of subjects enrolled in clinical research trials and the integrity of the research process. The author outlines strategies for managing academic–industrial relationships so as to safeguard both human subjects and the integrity of research.
Reply to Appa's Note on “The Transportation Problem with Mixed Constraints”

(1975). Reply to Appa's Note on “The Transportation Problem with Mixed Constraints”. Journal of the Operational Research Society: Vol. 26, Volume 26, issue 4, pp. 768-768.
Abstract 5449: Down-regulation of miR-200b and induction of ZEB1 and ZEB2 promote arsenic-transformed cell migration and invasion

Arsenic is one of the most common environmental contaminants and a well-recognized human carcinogen. Long-term exposure to arsenic causes human bronchial epithelial cell (HBEC) malignant transformation and lung cancer. However, the mechanism of arsenic lung carcinogenesis is not clear; and the migratory and invasive properties of arsenic-transformed cells have been rarely studied. We found that arsenic-transformed HBECs (As-HBECs) were highly migratory and invasive. MicroRNA-200b (miR-200b) expression was down-regulated and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition-inducing transcription factors ZEB1 (zinc-finger E-box-binding homeobox factor 1) and ZEB2 were up-regulated in As-HBECs. Akt and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2) were strongly activated in As-HBECs. Stably expressing miR-200b in As-HBECs abolished Akt and Erk1/2 activation, and completely suppressed cell migration and invasion. Pharmacological inactivation of Akt but not Erk1/2 significantly decreased cell migration and invasion. Inhibition of Akt reduced the expression of ZEB1 and ZEB2 and impaired As-HBEC migration and invasion. Our findings indicate that Akt activation plays a critical role in enabling arsenic-transformed HBEC migration and invasion through promoting ZEB1 and ZEB2 expression. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5449. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5449
Women as Leaders in Organized Surgery and Surgical Education: Has the Time Come?

Women have entered medicine in large numbers during the past three decades, and are increasing their representation in some surgical fields at a rapid pace. Few women are found in senior roles in organized surgery or at the senior ranks of academic surgical faculty. Factors influencing this imbalance include family demands, sexism, and stereotypes that hinder the advancement of women into leadership roles. Strategies for correcting this imbalance include affirmative recruitment of women into surgery, particularly into academic surgical faculties; support systems, such as child care and adjustment of promotion and tenure timetables; mentoring; and programs of career development that emphasize skills in management as well as research and teaching. (Arch Surg. 1993;128:618-621)
Spectroelectrochemical determination of the heterogeneous electron transfer kinetics of soluble spinach ferredoxin.

Abstract Heterogeneous electron transfer rate parameters for soluble spinach ferredoxin are reported using a recently developed single potential step spectroelectrochemical technique. The reductive kinetics were measured by monitoring the decrease in absorbance as a function of time for several overpotential steps at methyl viologen modified optically transparent gold minigrid electrodes. These measurements yielded an average formal heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant (kf,ho′ = 6.5 (±1.3) × 10−5 cm/s) and electrochemical transfer coefficient (α = 0.60 ± (0.16)) at pH 7.5. These results are the first heterogeneous electron transfer rate parameters reported for this species.
Carotid artery stenting-induced hemodynamic instability.

PurposeTo present a systematic review and meta-analysis investigating the incidence of carotid artery stenting (CAS)–induced hemodynamic instability (HI) and to explore differences in periprocedural risk among patients with and without CAS-associated HI.MethodsMultiple electronic health databases were searched for all articles published between January 2000 and December 2011 describing CAS-associated hemodynamic instability. Twenty-seven studies with a total of 4204 patients were analyzed, placing emphasis on the HI incidence and its correlation with postprocedure morbidity and mortality. A meta-regression analysis was conducted to investigate the role of potential meaningful modifiers upon HI.ResultsThe meta-analysis for overall HI rate showed a pooled proportion of 39.4%. The pooled estimate for hypotension was 12.1%, 12.2% for bradycardia, and 12.5% for both hypotension and bradycardia. Persistent HI was found to occur in a pooled rate of 19.2%. No statistically significant differences were found betwe...
In vitro and in vivo degradation of poly(propylene fumarate-co-ethylene glycol) hydrogels

The degradation of poly(propylene fumarate-co-ethylene glycol) hydrogels was examined in vitro in phosphate-buffered saline at pH 7.4 and in vivo in a subcutaneous rat model. These hydrogels have potential application as biodegradable, injectable cardiovascular stents, and, as such, their mass loss, dimensional changes, mechanical properties, morphology, and biocompatibility over a 12-week time course were evaluated. Three formulations were fabricated: one base formulation consisting of 25% (w/w) PEG, molecular weight 4,600; one high weight percent PEG formulation with 50% (w/w) PEG; and one high molecular weight PEG formulation, molecular weight 10,500. All three formulations showed significant weight loss (between 40 and 60%) on the first day due to leaching of the uncrosslinked fraction. Further weight loss was observed only for the low weight percent PEG copolymers in the in vivo case, and a slight increase in volume was observed due to degradative swelling. The mechanical properties of the P(PF-co-EG) hydrogels decreased significantly in the first 3 weeks, showing the biphasic pattern typical of bulk degradation. In vitro, the hydrogels showed at least a 20% retention of their initial ultimate tensile stress after 3 weeks. The dynamic mechanical properties showed similar retention, with the in vivo mechanical properties differing from the in vitro properties only after 6 weeks of degradation. Differences in PEG molecular weight appeared to have little effect, but increasing the weight percent PEG decreased the rate of degradation both in vitro and in vivo. The morphology of the copolymer films, based on scanning electron microscopy observation, was not significantly different either among the three formulations or over the time course of the study, suggesting there were no macroscopic structural changes during this time period. The P(PF-co-EG) hydrogels demonstrated good initial biocompatibility, showing responses characteristic of biomaterial implants.
Corrosion fatigue and stress corrosion cracking of type 304 stainless steel in boiling NaOH solution

Results are reported for corrosion fatigue of Type 304 stainless steel in boiling (140 C) 17.5M NaOH (46 wt pct) solution. Specimens, of the smooth round bar type, were cycled sinusoidally at 1.0 Hz in tension-tension about mean stresses of 248 MPa (36 ksi) and 124 MPa (18 ksi). Both solution annealed and sensitized specimens cracked readily in a transgranular mode. Sensitization did not increase the environmental effect. The caustic solution drastically shortened cyclic life and eliminated the endurance limit observed in air. Cyclic stress was a more important variable than mean stress as the lower mean stress did not significantly improve life. Anodic passivation did not increase cyclic life as it did for constant load SCC. Comparison of the SCC tests results with those of corrosion fatigue indicates that cyclic stresses, even when confined to the elastic region, accelerate failure more than sustained loads in the plastic region; this accelerative effect was most intense under anodic passivation.
Similarity and Difference in Learning L2 Word-Form.

Abstract This study explored similarity and difference in L2 written word-form learning from a cross-linguistic perspective. This study investigated whether learners’ L1 orthographic background, which influences L2 visual word recognition (e.g., Wang et al., 2003 ), also influences L2 word-form learning, in particular, the sensitivity to phonological and graphic features of L2 words in remembering the words’ spelling. Two groups of college-level ESL students, Chinese L1 ( N = 20) and Korean L1 ( N = 20), read a passage and recalled pseudowords embedded in the passage by identifying them from among pseudowords with four options: (a) identical spelling, (b) phonologically similar to the identical spelling, (c) graphically similar to the identical spelling, and (d) letter string unrelated to the identical spelling. They also inferred the meaning of the pseudowords. The percentage distribution of the options and meaning-inference outcome appeared to be the same between the groups, yet the response patterns in feature recognition recall showed a difference between the groups. Pedagogical implications and future study recommendations are discussed.
Onset of Cavitation in Compressible, Isotropic, Hyperelastic Solids

In this work, we derive a closed-form criterion for the onset of cavitation in compressible, isotropic, hyperelastic solids subjected to non-symmetric loading conditions. The criterion is based on the solution of a boundary value problem where a hyperelastic solid, which is infinite in extent and contains a single vacuous inhomogeneity, is subjected to uniform displacement boundary conditions. By making use of the “linear-comparison” variational procedure of Lopez-Pamies and Ponte Castaneda (J. Mech. Phys. Solids 54:807–830, 2006), we solve this problem approximately and generate variational estimates for the critical stretches applied on the boundary at which the cavity suddenly starts growing. The accuracy of the proposed analytical result is assessed by comparisons with exact solutions available from the literature for radially symmetric cavitation, as well as with finite element simulations. In addition, applications are presented for a variety of materials of practical and theoretical interest, including the harmonic, Blatz-Ko, and compressible Neo-Hookean materials.
Various modes of gene regulation by nuclear receptors for steroid and thyroid hormones.

AP-1 is a transcriptional activator composed of homo- and heterodimers of Jun and Fos proteins. It is involved in activation of genes, such as collagenase, stromelysin, IL-2 and TGFβ1, by tumour promoters, growth factors and cytokines. AP-1 activity is also elevated in response to transforming oncogenes and is required for cell proliferation. AP-1 activity is subject to complex regulation both transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally. Transcriptional control ofjun andfos gene expression determines the amount and composition of the AP-1 complex. Thejun andfos genes are regulated both positively and negatively and are highly inducible in response to extracellular stimuli. Post translational control is also important. Both cJun and cFos are subject to regulated phosphorylation. In the case of cJun, phosphorylation of sites near the DNA-binding domain inhibits DNA-binding, while dephosphorylation reverses this inhibition. Phosphorylation of cJun on sites within the N-terminal activation domain increases its ability to activate transcription. The protein kinase phosphorylating these sites is stimulated by cytokines and growth factors. Another mechanism modulating AP-1 activity is transcriptional interference by members of the nuclear receptor family and is relevant for the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In RA, chronic inflammation leads to increased AP-1 activity in T cells, macrophages and synoviocytes as a response to secretion of cytokines such as IL-1 and TNFα. While the IL-2 gene plays a major role in T cell activation, another AP-1 target gene encodes an enzyme, collagenase, responsible for destruction of bone and tendon. Glucocorticoids and retinoids are capable of repressing expression of both genes as well as other AP-1 target genes. We found that the glucocorticoid and retinoic acid receptors interact with cJun and cFos to inhibit their ability to activate AP-1 target genes.
PCP - a rational perspective.

(1980). PCP – A Rational Perspective. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs: Vol. 12, PCP: Problems and Prevention. Selected Proceedings of the National PCP Conference 1979+K2, pp. 191-194.
On the end-point issue in unit root tests in the presence of a structural break

Abstract This paper shows that the spurious rejection problem illustrated by Leybourne et al. (1998) [Leybourne, S.J., Mills, T., Newbold, P., 1998. Spurious rejections by Dickey–Fuller tests in the presence of a break under the null. Journal of Econometrics 87, 191–203] is restricted to the DF type test, which is based on the conditional likelihood function discarding the first observation.
A study of polymer film brittleness

The inability of polymer chains to deform the required amount within the time allowed by a stress-to-failure event results in brittle failure. Factors related to brittle behavior of films were investigated. By both conventional and novel testing techniques, stress–time–temperature relationships were studied to determine the brittle point. From high-speed tensile tests at strain rates up to 106%/min., the critical strain rate (incipient brittleness as indicated by failure accompanied by a marked decrease in ductility) was determined for representative films. High-speed motion pictures (6,000 frames/sec.) of film failure in rice bag drop tests, were used to ascertain the time of deformation to be related to brittleness. Deformation rates were calculated to be of the order of 130 to 230 × 103%/min.
SU-E-T-431: Vertically-Oriented Farmer-Type Chamber for Small-Field Applications

Purpose: To introduce a non-conventional measurement setup using Farmer-type chambers to accommodate several situations of small-field dose measurements without compromising accuracy. The validation of this technique was demonstrated for photon small-field output measurements, and electron small-field percentage depth-dose (PDD) measurements. Methods: Initial chamber alignment was performed using the conventional (horizontally-oriented) chamber setup. A PDD was acquired for a 4×4 cm2 field size using this arrangement. This PDD was used as a positional reference for the vertically-oriented chamber (VOC) configuration. Next, a PDD was acquired for a 4×4 cm2 field size with the VOC. The PDD's were superimposed to find the effective shift of the VOC. Using the shifted VOC setup, photon small-field output factors were measured and compared to stereotactic diode output factor measurements. Additionally, electron smallfield PDD's were acquired using the VOC setup and results were compared to electron Monte Carlo (eMC) predictions in the Eclipse treatment planning system (TPS). Results: (1) For photon small-field output factors field-sizes 2×2 cm2 and larger, the difference between the VOC setup and SFD measurements were less than 0.8%. For field sizes less than 2×2 cm2 discrepancies ranged from 4.0 to 10.6%. (2) PDD's measured by VOC setup show better than 1.6% agreement as compared to eMC for all electron energies measured down to the 80% depth on the 2×2 cm2 PDD curve. Disagreement between the VOC setup measurement and eMC calculations for depths down to the 50% depth on the PDD curve is 3.6% or less. Conclusion: Using the VOC setup, it is possible to use a conventional farmer chamber for small field-size measurements down to 2×2 cm2 field size without sacrificing the accuracy of measurements.
Cautious Visionary: Cordell Hull and Trade Reform, 1933-1937

Cordell Hull's persistence and legislative experience were determining factors at every stage in the development of the Trade Agreements Act of 1934. Rarely has such important legislation owed itself to a single man. The Trade Agreements Act resolved the long-running debate between high and low-tariff proponents, made the United States a truly international economy, and served as the first step in the creation of the political and commercial order founded at Breton Woods. The political struggles surrounding the passage and the implementation of the Act had an important, and largely underestimated, impact on the politics of the first Roosevelt administration. A number of politically influential economic nationalists, most notably Raymond Moley and George N. Peek, were forced out of the administration after losing confrontations with Hull. Yet, while Hull won the political and bureaucratic battles, his opponents had far greater influence on journalists and historians of the period. To the degree that the nation had a coherent diplomacy during the first Roosevelt administration, it was based on Hull's vision of a liberal international economic order. By outlining Hull's crucial role in the passage and implementation of the Trade Agreements Act, Cautious Visionary will restore Hull's reputation as one of the major political and diplomatic figures of the first half of our century. "The story Butler tells is an important one. He is especially good at describing Hull's personal and professional rivalries with other members of the administration and demonstrating how these rivalries affected policy. By spotlighting the role of Hull, this book fills a gap in the literature and makes a real contribution to our understanding of Roosevelt-era foreign policy. Its research is extensive and its coverage is impressive."--Mary Ann Heiss, author of Empire and Nationhood: The United States, Great Britain, and Iranian Oil, 1950-1954
HIGH-FREQUENCY POTENTIAL WELL FOR DENSE PLASMAS

A newly recognized absolute potential well which theoretically appears to be capable of containing dense plasmas is described. The interior volume of plasma was considered to be field-tree. It was assumed that the plasma could be represented by a small rigid neutral conducting sphere. The existence of the wells indicates the possibility of phenomena involving the interaction of plasmas with electromagnetic fields. (M.C.G.)
Flosequinan, a new vasodilator: systemic and coronary hemodynamics and neuroendocrine effects in congestive heart failure.

Objectives. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immediate and long-term systemic and coronary hemodynamic, metabolic and neurohormonal effects of flosequinan in patients with congestive heart failure. Background. Preliminary studies have shown that this new long-acting oral systemic vasodilator may have beneficial effects in patients with heart failure. Methods. Thirteen patients with congestive heart failure were studied. Systemic and coronary hemodynamic, metabolic and neurohormonal effects of flosequinan were assessed acutely with repeat systemic hemodynamic studies after 6 weeks of treatment. Results. The administration of flosequinan acutely and after long-term treatment, resulted in a significant increase in cardiac index, stroke work index and stroke volume index with a reduction in systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances. The improvement in ventricular function was associated with an improvement in left ventricular efficiency without a change in myocardial oxygen consumption or coronary sinus blood flow. Myocardial oxygen extraction and net myocardial lactate extraction also did not change significantly with flosequinan therapy. Systemic catecholamine levels and myocardial catecholamine balance did not change. Plasma arterial and coronary sinus atrial natriuretic factor concentrations were elevated at baseline; the latter concentrations at the level of the great cardiac vein were significantly higher than those of arterial concentrations, indicating increased left ventricular release of atrial natriuretic factor in congestive heart failure. Both arterial and coronary sinus atrial natriuretic factor levels were significantly reduced with the administration of flosequinan at peak effect in association with an improvement in systemic hemodynamics. Conclusions. Flosequinan therapy in patients with congestive heart failure results in a sustained beneficial hemodynamic action and improved cardiac performance without an increase in metabolic demand or activation of the sympathetic nervous system.
Sociology of Celebrity from Franz Liszt to Lady Gaga

Are you the author of a new or upcoming book that relates to teaching or research in media ethics? If so, please ask your publisher to send a review copy to the address listed below. I am continual...
Stability Robustness Analysis of Multiple Time- Delayed Systems Using “Building Block” Concept

An intriguing perspective is presented in studying the stability robustness of systems with multiple independent and uncertain delays. It is based on a holographic mapping, which is implemented over the domain of the delays. This mapping considerably alleviates the problem, which is otherwise known to be notoriously complex. It creates a dramatic reduction in the dimension of the problem from infinity to manageably small number. Ultimately the process is reduced to studying the problem within a finite dimensional cube with edges of length 2pi in the new domain, what we call the building block. In essence, the mapping collapses the entire set of potential stability switching points onto a small (upperbounded) number of building hypersurfaces. We further demonstrate that these building hypersurfaces can be implicitly defined and they are completely isolated within the above mentioned cube. It is also shown that the exhaustive detection of these building hypersurfaces is necessary and sufficient in order to arrive at the complete stability robustness picture we seek. As a consequence, this concept yields a very practical and efficient procedure for the stability assessment of such systems. This novel perspective serves very well for the preparatory steps of the authors' earlier contribution in the area, cluster treatment of characteristic roots (CTCR). We elaborate on this combination, which forms the main contribution of the paper. Several example case studies are also provided
Circuit reliability of memory cells with SEU protection (for space application)

The use of high value polysilicon resistors to provide SEU (single event upset) hardening introduces a latent failure mechanism when not properly tested. This failure mechanism is only present in parts with SEU resistors. The resistance prevents detection of gate oxide defects using normal test techniques. As the circuit ages, the defect becomes more conductive, resulting in a functional failure. A detailed description of the failure mechanism and a set of distinguishing characteristics to aid in failure analysis are provided. Screening the defect population requires a simple high-voltage data retention test. The use of this screen reduced the failure rate in the subject circuit by over 30*. >
Revocable pricing can yield collusive outcomes

Abstract Traditional models of Bertrand price competition assume irrevocable price announcements. In contrast, when price changes have zero direct costs but sales are thereby delayed, the collusive monopoly outcome is a subgame perfect outcome and is, moreover, the natural focal equilibrium.
Henry’s law constants derived from equilibrium static cell measurements for dilute organic–water mixtures

Abstract The relationship of pressure and composition in the Henry’s law regime has been experimentally measured in an equilibrium static cell for a set of binary organic–water mixtures. The solutes range from hydrophilic materials, such as alcohol to extremely hydrophobic components, such as toluene and 1,2-dichloroethane. The goal of this study is to determine the effective concentration range over which Henry’s law reasonably approximates the gas–liquid partitioning. With the goal of obtaining accurate values of Henry’s law constant, several methodologies are critically compared for the aqueous solutes examined experimentally. The apparatus employed can determine gas–liquid partitioning coefficients through a variety of methods including direct phase concentration ratios, equilibrium partitioning in closed systems (EPICS), and application of the coexistence equation for γ ∞ . Results to date indicate a more complex d P /d x behavior in the dilute region than previously assumed; and Henry’s law constant may not strictly apply to hydrophobic materials until the solute concentration is so low that analytical detection is problematic.
Lead poisoning and asthma among low-income and African American children in Saginaw, Michigan.

Abstract Objective We sought to ascertain whether asthmatic children are more likely to have elevated blood lead levels (EBLLs), BLLs≥10 μg/dL, than non-asthmatic children. Household risk factors associated with both lead and asthma were examined. Method We undertook a cross-sectional study involving children residing in mainly low-income and minority households in Michigan which were identified by the Statewide Systemic Tracking of Elevated Lead Levels and Remediation database (STELLAR) (n=356 children). Results Of the 356 index children, 19% had EBLLs and 15% were doctor-diagnosed asthmatic. After adjusting for confounders known to be related to lead poisoning and/or asthma, association remained between asthmatic children and EBLL children (AOR: 5.17; 95% CI (1.25–21.37)). Conclusions The results of our study show that asthmatic children are over 5 times more likely to have EBLLs than non-asthmatics (AOR: 5.17; 95% CI (1.25–21.37)). Intervention strategies designed to address lead poisoning prevention may be effective in reducing incidence of asthma. Further study is required.
Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the monkey and human tissue kallikrein genes

Cynomolgus monkey renal kallikrein cDNA and genomic human tissue kallikrein gene were cloned. The monkey gene encodes a 257 amino acid (aa) preprokallikrein and exhibits 95% and 92% homology to the human at nucleotide (nt) and aa level, respectively. The monkey gene encodes a 233-aa mature kallikrein versus a 238-aa in human. The human kallikrein gene and urinary kallikrein both contain a Lys-162 instead of the reported Glu-162. Human, monkey and rat renal/pancreatic kallikrein genes evolve with a N-glycosylation containing domain (aa 81-87) which is absent in porcine and is non-glycosylable in mice. Only human kallikrein evolves with an additional Thr-108 and with a N-glycosylation site at aa-141.
Electric-magnetic duality of Abelian gauge theory on the four-torus, from the fivebrane on T 2 × T 4 , via their partition functions

We compute the partition function of four-dimensional abelian gauge theory on a general four-torus T 4 with flat metric using Dirac quantization. In addition to an $$ \mathrm{S}\mathrm{L}\left(4,\;\mathcal{Z}\right) $$ symmetry, it possesses $$ \mathrm{S}\mathrm{L}\left(2,\;\mathcal{Z}\right) $$ symmetry that is electromagnetic S-duality. We show explicitly how this $$ \mathrm{S}\mathrm{L}\left(2,\;\mathcal{Z}\right) $$ S-duality of the 4d abelian gauge theory has its origin in symmetries of the 6d (2, 0) tensor theory, by computing the partition function of a single fivebrane compactified on T 2 times T 4, which has $$ \mathrm{S}\mathrm{L}\left(2,\;\mathcal{Z}\right)\times \mathrm{S}\mathrm{L}\left(4,\;\mathcal{Z}\right) $$ symmetry. If we identify the couplings of the abelian gauge theory $$ \tau =\frac{\theta }{2\pi }+i\frac{4\pi }{e^2} $$ with the complex modulus of the T 2 torus $$ \tau ={\beta}^2+i\frac{R_1}{R_2} $$ , then in the small T 2 limit, the partition function of the fivebrane tensor field can be factorized, and contains the partition function of the 4d gauge theory. In this way the $$ \mathrm{S}\mathrm{L}\left(2,\;\mathcal{Z}\right) $$ symmetry of the 6d tensor partition function is identified with the S-duality symmetry of the 4d gauge partition function. Each partition function is the product of zero mode and oscillator contributions, where the $$ \mathrm{S}\mathrm{L}\left(2,\;\mathcal{Z}\right) $$ acts suitably. For the 4d gauge theory, which has a Lagrangian, this product redistributes when using path integral quantization.
Oxygen consumption inNeomysis americana (Crustacea: Mysidacea), and the effects of naphthalene exposure

Oxygen uptake (\(\dot VO{_2}\)) of individual mysids was measured in a novel continuous flow respirometer for 24-h periods, and in a sealed chamber respirometer for several hours. Mysids were acclimated 30–100d under conditions which allowed complete life-cycle cultivation.\(\dot VO{_2}\) was normalized for mysid size using an unconventional linear regression: log (\(\dot VO{_2}\)) vs log (body water). Compared to the conventional regression, log (\(\dot VO{_2}\)) vs log (body mass), the new approach showed two advantages: significantly greater coefficient of determination,r2, and removal of differences in\(\dot VO{_2}\) between sexes. Minimum rates of oxygen uptake measured in the continuous flow respirometer were lower than sealed chamber measurements, and may more accurately reflect standard metabolic rate. Hourly data also showed a daily cycle when adjusted to represent a standard size mysid. Exposure to ca 1.1 mg l-1 naphthalene increased\(\dot VO{_2}\) and the range of spontaneous\(\dot VO{_2}\) shown by the mysids; exposure to ca 0.1 mgl-1 naphthalene depressed the range of\(\dot VO{_2}\). Both exposures caused aberrations in the daily cycle.
PRIISM: an integrated system for display and analysis of 3-D microscope images

Recent advances in a number of technologies, including digital data acquisition and image processing, have caused a revolution in light and electron microscopy. One important result of this revolution has been that it is now possible to investigate directly the structure of cells and cell components in three dimensions. For some time our laboratory has been developing the hardware and software required for high resolution three-dimensional imaging, utilizing both light and electron microscopy. This development effort has been driven by our desire to understand the three-dimensional structure and organization of chromosomes within the cell nucleus. Due to the vast amount of information contained in the three-dimensional data sets (typically 10 - 50 Mbytes each) and the complexity of the biological samples, data visualization plays a critical role. Without powerful display and analysis tools, it would be essentially impossible to extract useful information. Toward this end, we have spent considerable effort in developing software to aid the biologist in comprehending his three-dimensional data. A key aspect of this has been the utilization of multiple display windows that readily allow the comparison of different data or simultaneous viewing of data from multiple directions (PRISM, Chen et al, 1990). With the advancement of our research project, we require a parallel evolution in the visualization methods used to examine and understand the volumetric data. Consequently, a project was begun one year ago to develop a new image visualization system which will meet the future data visualization and image analysis requirements of our research.
Magneto-optical studies of graphite intercalation compounds

Abstract High field magnetoreflection measurements are reported on the first observation of interband Landau level transitions in residue and lamellar compounds of graphite intercalated with the halogens Br 2 , IBr and ICl. These magnetoreflection spectra are interpreted to yield a model for the magnetic energy level structure of these intercalation compounds in the dilute limit corresponding to stage ≳5. In this dilute limit, the insensitivity of the magnetoreflection resonances to intercalate concentration shows that near the Fermi level for pure graphite the electronic structure of the intercalation compounds is essentially independent of intercalate concentration. This conclusion results from analysis of both infrared and far-infrared magnetoreflection spectra for Landau level transitions within ±0.1 eV of the graphite Fermi level. The model for the electronic structure deduced from the magnetoreflection spectra is supported by Raman scattering results presented for the in-plane lattice modes of carbon atoms in the graphitic layer planes.
Idiopathic Bence Jones proteinuria--a distinct entity?

Abstract Bence Jones proteinuria has been a recognized part of multiple myeloma, macroglobulinemia of Waldenstrom, primary amyloidosis and occasionally Iymphoma. Two patients who have excreted more than 1 g of Bence Jones protein daily for more than 7 years without evidence of the development of myeloma or other malignant disease have been studied. These patients also had a monoclonal protein in the serum which remained unchanged for the same period. Although the possibility that myeloma may develop in the future cannot be excluded, the disease is not yet manifest. Thus, in view of these observations, we have concluded that appreciable Bence Jones proteinuria may not always be an ominous finding.
A plotted-to-tabular data conversion program for micro-computers

Abstract A microcomputer-based FORTRAN program for converting plotted data to tabular form is described. A microcomputer with at least 56 K RAM and one floppy disk drive, coupled to a digitizer tablet, is assumed. The program is designed to work with graphs or histograms and any combination of linear or logarithmic axes.
Halide Anions as Ligands in Iron-Mediated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

Halide anions have been used as complexing ligands in iron-mediated ATRP, in both direct and reverse ATRP. In direct ATRP, iron(II) bromide complexed with ammonium and phosphonium chloride, bromide, or iodide salts has been shown to catalyze the polymerization of both styrene and (meth)acrylates in a controlled manner under appropriate conditions. The experimental molecular weights increased linearly with monomer conversion and were close to the calculated values. The polymerization rates and polydispersities (Mw/Mn = 1.1−1.4) were dependent on the monomer employed. Reverse ATRP, initiated by AIBN/FeBr3/onium salts, led to a controlled polymerization of both methyl methacrylate and methyl acrylate, while for styrene uncontrolled molecular weights and high polydispersities were obtained, presumably due to the involvement of the cationic polymerization. It is suggested that different iron complexes may be involved in ATRP, depending on the onium salt/FeBr3 ratio. Because of their ionic nature, the iron comp...
Opposing Effects of Cat and Dog Ownership and Allergic Sensitization on Eczema in an Atopic Birth Cohort

Objective To examine risk factors for eczema at age 4 years. Study design Beginning at 1 year of age, infants of atopic parents (n = 636) had annual clinical evaluations and skin prick tests (SPTs) to 15 aeroallergens and milk and egg. Parents completed validated surveys on eczema and environmental exposures. House dust samples were evaluated for allergens and endotoxin. Eczema was defined as a parental report of scratching, and redness, "raised bumps," or dry skin/scaling for 6 of the last 12 months. Results At age 4 years, a total of 90 children (14%) had eczema. Not having a dog before 1 year of age and being dog SPT+ at 1, 2, or 3 years of age conferred a 4-fold higher risk for eczema at age 4 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 3.9 [1.6-9.2]; P = .002). Among dog owners, however, dog SPT+ was not associated with significantly increased risk (aOR 1.3 [0.3-6.8]; P = .8). Among children with cats before 1 year of age, cat SPT+ conferred significantly increased risk for eczema (aOR = 13.3 [3.1-57.9]; P P = .8). Conclusion Dog ownership significantly reduced the risk for eczema at age 4 years among dog-sensitized children, cat ownership combined with cat sensitization significantly increased the risk.
The evolution of the endourologic management of pediatric stone disease.

In the 1980s, the advent of shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) revolutionized pediatric stone management and is currently the procedure of choice in treating most upper tract calculi 2 cm with efficacy and complication rates similar to the adult population. Recent results of retrospective reviews of large single institution series demonstrate stone free and complication rates with URS comparable to PCNL and SWL but concerns remain with these techniques regarding renal development and damage to the pediatric urinary tract. Randomized controlled trials comparing the efficacy of SWL and URS for upper tract stone burden are needed to reach consensus regarding the most effective primary treatment modality in children. This report provides a comprehensive review of the literature evaluating the indications, techniques, complications, and efficacy of endourologic stone management in children.
Image registration using shape-constrained mutual information and genetic algorithms

We present a novel, shape-constrained mutual information-based image registration method using a Genetic Algorithm (GA) for aligning 2D MR images of the in vivo human tongue. By restricting the computation of Mutual Information (MI) using segmented object, we are able to register images in a short time without compromising accuracy. In addition, due to the employment of GA, the robustness of this method is greatly improved such that good registration results can be achieved given large initial transformation difference. Hence, this method eliminates the failure of matching caused by partial object overlap. Our experiments clearly demonstrate the robustness and accuracy of the method.