cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cosmological perturbations of quantum-mechanical origin and anisotropy of the microwave background.

Cosmological perturbations generated quantum mechanically (as a particular case, during inflation) possess statistical properties of squeezed quantum states. The power spectra of the perturbations are modulated and the angular distribution of the produced temperature fluctuations of the cosmic microwave background radiation is quite specific. An exact formula is derived for the angular correlation function of the temperature fluctuations caused by squeezed gravitational waves. The predicted angular pattern can, in principle, be revealed by observations like those by the Cosmic Background Explorer.
Mass-Stripping Analysis of an Interstellar Cloud by a Supernova Shock

The interaction of supernova shocks and interstellar clouds is an important astrophysical phenomenon since it can result in stellar and planetary formation. Our experiments attempt to simulate this mass-loading as it occurs when a shock passes through interstellar clouds. We drive a strong shock using the Omega laser (∼5 kJ) into a foam-filled cylinder with an embedded Al sphere (diameter D = 120µm) simulating an interstellar cloud. The density ratio between Al and foam is ∼9. We have previously reported on the interaction between shock and cloud, the ensuing Kelvin-Helmholtz and Widnall instabilities, and the rapid stripping of all mass from the cloud. We now present a theory that explains the rapid mass-stripping. The theory combines (1) the integral momentum equations for a viscous boundary layer, (2) the equations for a potential flow past a sphere, (3) Spalding’s law of the wall for turbulent boundary layers, and (4) the skin friction coefficient for a turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate. The theory gives as its final result the mass stripped from a sphere in a turbulent high Reynolds number flow, and it agrees very well with our experimental observations.
Effects of Prescribed Fire and Thinning on the Spatial Heterogeneity of the Seed Bank in a Mixed Oak Forest

Abstract Prescribed fire and thinning are commonly employed management practices in mixed-oak forests of the central Appalachians. The effects of these practices on the soil seed bank are important to consider in order to evaluate the full impact of these treatments on plant community dynamics in the understory. Species composition of the soil seed bank was examined under three treatments: thin, burn, and thin followed by burning, and an untreated control. Thinning was conducted in Fall 2000, and burns were conducted in Spring 2001. Soil samples were collected in March 2004, three years following treatment. Species composition was assessed by seedling emergence. Seventy total species were found in the seed bank. Ruderal species such as Erechtites hieraciifolia, Carex spp., and Rubus spp. were the most commonly occurring species across all treatments. No significant difference in species composition or proportion of functional groups was found between any of the treatment groups. However, as found in previ...
Heavy Resistance Training and Peri-Exercise Ingestion of a Multi-Ingredient Ergogenic Nutritional Supplement in Males: Effects on Body Composition, Muscle Performance and Markers of Muscle Protein Synthesis

This study determined the effects of heavy resistance training and peri-exercise ergogenic multi-ingredient nutritional supplement ingestion on blood and skeletal markers of muscle protein synthesis (MPS), body composition, and muscle performance. Twenty-four college-age males were randomly assigned to either a multi-ingredient SizeOn Maximum Performance (SIZE) or protein/carbohydrate/creatine (PCC) comparator supplement group in a double-blind fashion. Body composition and muscle performance were assessed, and venous blood samples and muscle biopsies were obtained before and after 6 weeks of resistance training and supplementation. Data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA (p ≤ 0.05). Total body mass, body water, and fat mass were not differentially affected (p > 0.05). However, fat-free mass was significantly increased in both groups in response to resistance training (p = 0.037). Lower-body muscle strength (p = 0.029) and endurance (p = 0.027) were significantly increased with resistance training, but not supplementation (p > 0.05). Serum insulin, IGF-1, GH, and cortisol were not differentially affected (p > 0.05). Muscle creatine content was significantly increased in both groups from supplementation (p = 0.044). Total muscle protein (p = 0.038), MHC 1 (p = 0.041), MHC 2A, (p = 0.029), total IRS- (p = 0.041), and total Akt (p = 0.011) were increased from resistance training, but not supplementation. In response to heavy resistance training when compared to PCC, the peri-exercise ingestion of SIZE did not preferentially improve body composition, muscle performance, and markers indicative of MPS. Key pointsIn response to 42 days of heavy resistance training and either SizeOn Maximum Performance or protein/carbohydrate/creatine supplementation, similar increases in muscle mass and strength in both groups occurred; however, the increases were not different between supplement groups.The supplementation of SizeOn Maximum Performance had no preferential effect on augmenting serum insulin, IGF-1, and GH, or in decreasing cortisol.While resistance training was effective in increasing total creatine content in skeletal muscle, myofibrillar protein, and the content of total IRS-1 and Akt, it was not preferentially due to SizeOn Maximum Performance supplementation.At the daily dose of 50 g, SizeOn Maximum Performance supplementation for 42 days combined with resistance training does not increases muscle mass and strength due to its ability to elevate serum hormones and growth factors or in its ability to augment skeletal muscle signaling pathway markers indicative of muscle protein synthesis when compared to an equivalent daily dose of protein/carbohydrate/creatine.
Quadtree-based lightweight data compression for large-scale geospatial rasters on multi-core CPUs

Huge amounts of geospatial rasters, such as remotely sensed imagery and environmental modeling output, are being generated with increasingly finer spatial, temporal, spectral and thematic resolutions. In this study, we aim at developing a lightweight lossless data compression technique that balances the performance between compression and decompression for large-scale geospatial rasters. Our Bitplane bitmap Quadtree (or BQ-Tree) based technique encodes the bitmaps of raster bitplanes as compact quadtrees which can compress and index rasters simultaneously. The technique is simple by design and lightweight by implementations. Except computing Z-order codes for cache efficiency, only bit level operations are required. Extensive experiments using 36 rasters of the NASA Shuttle Range Topography Mission (SRTM) 30 meter resolution elevation data with 20 billion raster cells have shown that our BQ-Tree technique is more than 4X faster for compression and 36% faster for decompression than zlib using a single CPU core while achieving similar compression ratios. Our technique further has achieved 10–13X speedups for compression and 4X speedups for decompression using 16 CPU cores on the experiment machine equipped with dual Intel Xeon 8-core E5-2650V2 CPUs. Our technique compares favorably with the best known technique with respect to both compression and decompression throughputs.
Relationship of Ankle Strength and Hypermobility to Squatting Skills of Children with Down Syndrome

We used ankle goniometric and force measures to determine the relative contribution of hypermobility and strength to heels-down squatting (HDS) in four groups: eight children with Down syndrome, eight hypermobile children, six retarded children, and seven children with normal development. Analysis of variance and across group correlations revealed force as a major but not sole contributor to HDS; hypermobility was found not to have significant influence. Heels-down squatting may be a compensatory mechanism resulting from underdeveloped balance or irregular activation of agonist-antagonist relations around the ankle joint.
Tribal Ownership: A Curse on Native Americans' Economic Development

There are roughly 1.5 million American Indians in the United States. Approximately half reside on or near publicly owned reservations. The reservations are held in trust by the Federal government and are managed by the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA).
Primary Cilia on Horizontal Basal Cells Regulate Regeneration of the Olfactory Epithelium

The olfactory epithelium (OE) is one of the few tissues to undergo constitutive neurogenesis throughout the mammalian lifespan. It is composed of multiple cell types including olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) that are readily replaced by two populations of basal stem cells, frequently dividing globose basal cells and quiescent horizontal basal cells (HBCs). However, the precise mechanisms by which these cells mediate OE regeneration are unclear. Here, we show for the first time that the HBC subpopulation of basal stem cells uniquely possesses primary cilia that are aligned in an apical orientation in direct apposition to sustentacular cell end feet. The positioning of these cilia suggests that they function in the detection of growth signals and/or differentiation cues. To test this idea, we generated an inducible, cell type-specific Ift88 knock-out mouse line (K5rtTA;tetOCre;Ift88fl/fl) to disrupt cilia formation and maintenance specifically in HBCs. Surprisingly, the loss of HBC cilia did not affect the maintenance of the adult OE but dramatically impaired the regeneration of OSNs following lesion. Furthermore, the loss of cilia during development resulted in a region-specific decrease in neurogenesis, implicating HBCs in the establishment of the OE. Together, these results suggest a novel role for primary cilia in HBC activation, proliferation, and differentiation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We show for the first time the presence of primary cilia on a quiescent population of basal stem cells, the horizontal basal cells (HBCs), in the olfactory epithelium (OE). Importantly, our data demonstrate that cilia on HBCs are necessary for regeneration of the OE following injury. Moreover, the disruption of HBC cilia alters neurogenesis during the development of the OE, providing evidence that HBCs participate in the establishment of this tissue. These data suggest that the mechanisms of penetrance for ciliopathies in the OE extend beyond that of defects in olfactory sensory neurons and may include alterations in OE maintenance and regeneration.
Studies on Proteolytic Digestion in Adult Aedes Aegypti Mosquitoes

The importance of mosquitoes in the transmission of malaria, yellow fever, dengue, encephalitis, and filariasis is well known. Since the etiological agents of all these diseases, protozoans, viruses, and nematode worms, as well as the bacteria and fungi often harbored by mosquitoes, are ingested by the insects before transmission can occur, they are obviously concerned with the digestive systems of their hosts. Extensive physiological investigations of the culicid digestive system may be expected to provide fundamental bearing on the relationships which mosquitoes have with these several disease-producing agents. Data from such research would not only add to the store of our knowledge but might conceivably be utilized in several practical ways also, such as: (a) devising a means of interrupting the development of the microorganism or virus within the mosquito, thus breaking the transmission cycle[2][1]; (b) repelling or destroying the mosquito itself as a result of better understanding its feeding and digestive processes[3][2]; or (c) assisting in the development of procedures for culturing these agents outside the mosquito.[4][3] [1]: #fn-2 [2]: #fn-3 [3]: #fn-4
Constitutional Law in 1922–1923: The Constitutional Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States in the October Term, 1922

The opening paragraph of Section 8 of Article 1 of the Constitution reads as follows: “Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes‥‥ to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States.” For what purposes may Congress, in light of this phraseology, spend money raised by national taxation? Hamilton answered, for any purposes which Congress itself found to be promotive of the general welfare. Madison, on the contrary, held the power thus granted to be only instrumental—Congress might spend money only as a means of carrying into effect its other granted powers. So far as the practice of Congress is concerned, Hamilton's view has long since prevailed, but the Supreme Court has never had occasion so far to develop its theory on the subject. Its failure, therefore, to seize the opportunity proferred it in the Maternity Act cases is somewhat disappointing.By the Maternity Act of November 23, 1921 Congress extends financial aid, in the work of reducing maternal and infant mortality, and protecting the health of mothers and infants, to such states as shall accept and comply with the provisions of the act. The act was attacked on two grounds; first, that the appropriations voted were “for purposes not national, but local to the states,” and secondly, that the acceptance by a state of the terms of the act would constitute a surrender by it of its reserved powers.
[Molecular biology of human herpesvirus 6: DNA replication and trans-activator genes].

HHV-6 genes and their functions that are unique and different from those of HCMV are summarized. HHV-6 encodes a HSV-1 UL9 homolog that is an origin-binding protein (OBP) essential for HSV-1 DNA replication, although HCMV has no clear homolog. The HHV-6 OBP binds to sequences with similarity to alpha-herpesvirus replication origin that lie within a genomic segment serving as an origin in transient assays. Consensus sequence for OBP binding, protein domain analyses and a model for OBP-origin interactions are described. HHV-6 encodes an AAV-2 rep homolog. Its transcript is expressed at low mRNA levels as a spliced transcript. The gene product suppresses both transformation by H.ras and transcription by HIV-1 promoters. HHV-6 specific transactivator gene DR7 exhibits malignant transforming activity and its protein binds to p53. Studies on IE-A locus and an HCMV UL69 homolog are also discussed.
Successful recovery after amniotic fluid embolism in a patient undergoing vacuum-assisted vaginal delivery☆

Amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) is a rare, catastrophic emergency that requires prompt recognition and treatment. Despite early recognition and supportive therapy, the morbidity and mortality remain high. We report a case of AFE after vacuum-assisted vaginal delivery resulting in hemodynamic collapse and subsequent multiorgan failure. Management included mechanical ventilation, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and continuous veno-venous hemodialysis. The patient was able to make a full recovery with minimal sequelae. In AFE with multiorgan failure, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and continuous veno-venous hemodialysis can be valuable therapies. Proper management requires effective communication and the combined efforts of physicians of several disciplines.
The Impact of Interventions that Integrate Accelerometers on Physical Activity and Weight Loss: A Systematic Review

Regular physical activity is important for improving and maintaining health, but sedentary behavior is difficult to change. Providing objective, real-time feedback on physical activity with wearable motion-sensing technologies (activity monitors) may be a promising, scalable strategy to increase physical activity or decrease weight. We synthesized the literature on the use of wearable activity monitors for improving physical activity and weight-related outcomes and evaluated moderating factors that may have an impact on effectiveness. We searched five databases from January 2000 to January 2015 for peer-reviewed, English-language randomized controlled trials among adults. Random-effects models were used to produce standardized mean differences (SMDs) for physical activity outcomes and mean differences (MDs) for weight outcomes. Heterogeneity was measured with I 2. Fourteen trials (2972 total participants) met eligibility criteria; accelerometers were used in all trials. Twelve trials examined accelerometer interventions for increasing physical activity. A small significant effect was found for increasing physical activity (SMD 0.26; 95 % CI 0.04 to 0.49; I 2 = 64.7 %). Intervention duration was the only moderator found to significantly explain high heterogeneity for physical activity. Eleven trials examined the effects of accelerometer interventions on weight. Pooled estimates showed a small significant effect for weight loss (MD −1.65 kg; 95 % CI −3.03 to −0.28; I 2 = 81 %), and no moderators were significant. Accelerometers demonstrated small positive effects on physical activity and weight loss. The small sample sizes with moderate to high heterogeneity in the current studies limit the conclusions that may be drawn. Future studies should focus on how best to integrate accelerometers with other strategies to increase physical activity and weight loss.
Designing Visual Metaphors for an Educational Game for Parallel Programming

Modern computing is increasingly handled in a parallel fashion, however, little is known about how individuals learn parallel programming. This paper focuses on the design of an educational game called Parallel, designed for both teaching parallel programming education for CS undergraduate curricula, as well as for gathering insights into how students learn, and solve parallel programming problems. Specifically, we focus on the key challenge of choosing the appropriate metaphors in order to facilitate transference between parallel programming and the game. In this paper, we describe our design methodology and results from our preliminary user evaluations.
An FPGA-Based Architecture for High-Speed Compressed Signal Reconstruction

Compressive Sensing (CS) is an emerging research area that allows efficient signal acquisition under the sub-Nyquist rate while still promising reliable data recovery. However, practical applications of CS in hardware platforms are limited as signal reconstruction is still challenging due to its high computational complexity, especially for autonomous real-time signal recovery. In this article, we propose an algorithmic transformation technique referred to as Matrix Inversion Bypass (MIB) to improve the signal recovery efficiency of the Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP)-based CS reconstruction. The basic idea of MIB is to decouple the computations of intermediate signal estimates and matrix inversions, thereby enabling parallel processing of these two time-consuming operations in the OMP algorithm. The proposed MIB naturally leads to a parallel architecture for high-speed dedicated hardware implementations. An FPGA-based implementation is developed with the optimized structure aimed at the efficient utilization of hardware resources while realizing high-speed signal recovery. The proposed architecture can perform the signal recovery at up to 1.4 × faster than the OMP-based implementation using almost the same hardware resources.
Evaluation of Medical Countermeasures Against Ebolaviruses in Nonhuman Primate Models

Several ebolavirus species, with varying lethality rates, have caused sporadic outbreaks in Africa resulting in human disease. Ebolaviruses also have the potential for use as biological weapons. Currently, there are no licensed vaccines or therapeutics to respond to outbreaks or deliberate misuse of ebolaviruses. Vaccine or therapeutic efficacy testing of medical countermeasures against ebolaviruses requires an animal model of disease; in vitro testing in cell culture cannot reproduce the complicated balance between host-pathogen interactions required for the ultimate licensure of a countermeasure. Depending on the target of the countermeasure, demonstration of efficacy in the nonhuman primate ebolavirus disease models will most likely be required before licensure. Here, we describe the selection and use of nonhuman primates for vaccine and therapeutic studies against ebolaviruses.
Breastfeeding and Media

Foss provides an overview of breastfeeding dialogues, establishing media’s influence in shaping the cultural climate. This chapter outlines national breastfeeding objectives and current intention, duration, and exclusivity rates. Discussions of breastfeeding benefits and women’s agency support breastfeeding as both public health and Feminist issues. Foss addresses factors that influence success, as well as efforts to improve breastfeeding, from the International Code of Marketing for Breast-milk Substitutes to laws that protect women breastfeeding in public. Theories of hegemony, representation, and Cultivation explain how breastfeeding disparities are linked to social inequities. Media’s various roles in breastfeeding are integrated throughout the chapter, highlighting how news and entertainment messages, along with heavy formula marketing influence both breastfeeding rates and public perception.
11.67: Cyclic backbone curves for steel wide‐flange columns: A numerical study

Experimental and analytical studies on the cyclic behaviour of deep, slender wide-flange steel beam-columns funded by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is ongoing at the University of California at San Diego (UCSD). In parallel with full-scale column tests, numerical simulations of columns under monotonic and cyclic loading conditions were conducted to generate a wide-ranging database of results. A correlation study using results from the full-scale tests was conducted to validate the numerical simulation procedure. The simulated columns covered a wide range of cross-sectional (local) and member (global) slenderness ratios, axial force level, and yield stress. Regression analyses were conducted to construct moment-rotation responses, ‘backbone curves’, for use in performance-based evaluations of steel moment frames. The database is divided into three groups based on observed buckling modes. Computational expressions for the key parameters that define the backbone curves are presented.
Poetry: An Innovative Teaching Strategy for Exploring Empathy With Beginning Nursing Students.

BACKGROUND Empathy is a professional value difficult to teach and challenging for beginning nursing students to grasp. This article describes how a poem was integrated in a seminar to engage students in exploring empathy and its relevance to their forming professional identities. METHOD Preseminar, nursing students (N = 8) read a book chapter about thinking empathetically. In seminar, they read an assigned poem and, using guiding questions, discussed it in small and large groups. Postseminar, students wrote self-reflections about their most important learning of the week. RESULTS Through in-seminar discussions and postseminar reflections, students crafted new meanings of empathy, contemplated new insights, and integrated them into their imagined professional identities. In written self-reflections, six of eight students indicated the seminar was their most important learning of the week. CONCLUSION Poetry is an engaging platform that makes accessible to beginning students the values of the profession that are difficult to articulate and grasp. [J Nurs Educ. 2018;57(5):315-318.].
Optimization of Prostate Biopsy: Review of Technique and Complications

A 12-core systematic biopsy that incorporates apical and far-lateral cores in the template distribution allows maximal cancer detection and avoidance of a repeat biopsy while minimizing the detection of insignificant prostate cancers. Magnetic resonance imaging-guided prostate biopsy has an evolving role in both initial and repeat prostate biopsy strategies, potentially improving sampling efficiency, increasing the detection of clinically significant cancers, and reducing the detection of insignificant cancers. Hematuria, hematospermia, and rectal bleeding are common complications of prostate needle biopsy, but are generally self-limiting and well tolerated. All men should receive antimicrobial prophylaxis before biopsy.
Use of Geospatial Data in Planning for Offshore Wind Development

Offshore wind projects currently provide over two gigawatts of power to the global energy market (Global Wind Energy Council, 2010). Nearly all of this is generated in the North Sea dominated by projects in the United Kingdom and Denmark (Global Wind Energy Council, 2010). The development of offshore wind energy is moving forward in the United States (US) with the recently approved Cape Wind project in federal waters off Massachusetts, the continued planning for offshore wind projects in the Great Lakes and the granting of limited leases for study and calls for requests for interest in leasing selected portions of the eastern outer continental shelf (e.g., Minerals Management Service, 2009; Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement, 2010; Great Lakes Wind Council, 2010). In addition to the United Kingdom in Europe, large-scale offshore wind projects are projected for France, Belgium and the Netherlands, as well as, in China (Global Wind Energy Council, 2010). The development of offshore wind projects further contributes to the existing pressures on the marine environment increasing the potential benefits of comprehensive, integrated, ecosystem-based planning. This type of marine spatial planning (MSP) is based on sound science and considers current and anticipated uses of the ocean and coastal environment (Ehler and Douvere, 2009). Geospatial techniques provide the framework by which data can be manipulated to aid in implementation of MSP.
Correction to: The impact of large tax settlement favorability on firms’ subsequent tax avoidance

The author has to move Table 7 “Sample selection for large tax settlement favorability measure” as Table 1 and mention it at “This procedure, presented in Table 1, yields a sample of 1912 observations for which I can measure the favorability of a large tax settlement.” under Section 3.2.
Critically Reflecting on the Origins, Evolution, and Impact of the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) Model

The Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) model presently serves as a blueprint for both test development and a taxonomy for clinical interpretation of modern tests of cognitive ability. Accordingly, the tren...
Low dietary magnesium intake alters vitamin D-parathyroid hormone relationship in adults who are overweight or obese.

Abstract Vitamin D metabolism is dependent on magnesium (Mg) as a cofactor; therefore, poor Mg status may alter the relationship between vitamin D metabolite serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (s25OHD) and serum parathyroid hormone (sPTH). We hypothesized that low dietary Mg intake may alter sPTH response to s25OHD in a population with excess body weight, thereby leading to a worsening of cardiometabolic health. To explore this hypothesis, we conducted a cross-sectional study on adults who were either overweight or obese (owt/ob). Dietary Mg intake was measured using a Mg food frequency questionnaire (MgFFQ). Body composition information was measured using Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA). Blood samples were obtained for all biochemical analyses. A total of 57 participants, 22 to 65 years of age, with a body mass index between 25 to 45 kg/m2 were divided into 3 groups, according to dietary Mg intake percentiles (Low Mg Group = 66 percentile). Higher s25OHD was negatively associated with lower sPTH in the High Mg Intake group (r = −0.472, P = .041), but not in other groups. A positive relationship between s25OHD and serum high-molecular weight adiponectin concentrations was observed in the High Mg Group (r = 0.532, r = 0.022), but not in other groups. Serum Interleukin-6 concentrations were negatively associated with s25OHD (r = −0.316, P = .017) for the entire study group. Based on these results, our study demonstrated that a low dietary Mg intake may alter PTH response to 25OHD.
RNase E Promotes Expression of Type III Secretion System Genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important opportunistic pathogen that employs a type III secretion system (T3SS) to inject effector proteins into host cells. Using a protein depletion system, we show that the endoribonuclease RNase E positively regulates expression of the T3SS genes. We also present evidence that RNase E antagonizes the expression of genes of the type VI secretion system and limits biofilm production in P. aeruginosa Thus, RNase E, which is thought to be the principal endoribonuclease involved in the initiation of RNA degradation in P. aeruginosa, plays a key role in controlling the production of factors involved in both acute and chronic stages of infection. Although the posttranscriptional regulator RsmA is also known to positively regulate expression of the T3SS genes, we find that RNase E does not appreciably influence the abundance of RsmA in P. aeruginosa Moreover, we show that RNase E still exerts its effects on T3SS gene expression in cells lacking all four of the key small regulatory RNAs that function by sequestering RsmA.IMPORTANCE The type III secretion system (T3SS) is a protein complex produced by many Gram-negative pathogens. It is capable of injecting effector proteins into host cells that can manipulate cell metabolism and have toxic effects. Understanding how the T3SS is regulated is important in understanding the pathogenesis of bacteria with such systems. Here, we show that RNase E, which is typically thought of as a global regulator of RNA stability, plays a role in regulating the T3SS in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Depleting RNase E results in the loss of T3SS gene expression as well as a concomitant increase in biofilm formation. These observations are reminiscent of the phenotypes associated with the loss of activity of the posttranscriptional regulator RsmA. However, RNase E-mediated regulation of these systems does not involve changes in the abundance of RsmA and is independent of the known small regulatory RNAs that modulate RsmA activity.
Perspectives of Adults With Autism on Social Communication Intervention

Social communication difficulties are part of the core difficulties experienced by individuals with autism. Speech-language pathologists provide intervention and supports for these difficulties. Li...
Flowfield Measurements About an Airfoil with Leading-edge Ice Shapes

Flowfield measurements were carried out on the upper surface of a GLC-305 airfoil configured with glaze and rime ice-shape simulations. The mean and root-mean-square fluctuation of the streamwise velocity were measured using a split-hot-film probe at several chordwise locations. These data were taken at three different angles of attack preceding stall for each iced-airfoil configuration at Reynolds numbers of 3.5 × 10 6 and 6.0 x 10 6 with Mach numbers of 0.12 and 0.21. The velocity measurements confirmed the presence of a large separation bubble downstream of the ice shapes. The separation bubbles for the glaze ice configuration were much larger than those for the rime ice case, resulting from the differences in the ice horn geometry. Other than the differences in size, the integral boundary-layer characteristics were very similar. Changes in Reynolds number did not significantly affect the separation bubble characteristics. However, a larger Mach number did result in a slightly larger separation bubble for the glaze ice case at α = 6 deg. The root-mean-square velocity distributions had peak values in the separated shear layer, downstream of transition, that compared well with previous work.
Increased Fecal Bile Acid Excretion in a Significant Subset of Patients with Other Inflammatory Diarrheal Diseases

Increased fecal bile acid excretion (IBAX) occurs in a third of patients with functional diarrhea. To assess the prevalence of IBAX in benign inflammatory intestinal and colonic diseases presenting with chronic diarrhea. All patients with known inflammatory diseases or resections who underwent 48 h fecal fat and BA testing for chronic diarrhea at a single center were included. Quiescent disease was based on clinical evaluation and serum, endoscopic and imaging studies. IBAX was defined by: > 2337 µmol total BA/48 h; or primary fecal BAs > 10%; or > 4% primary BA plus > 1000 µmol total BA /48 h. Demographics, fecal weight, fecal fat, stool frequency and consistency were collected. Nonparametric statistical analyses were used for group comparisons. Sixty patients had celiac disease (51 quiescent, 9 active), 66 microscopic colitis (MC: 34 collagenous, 32 lymphocytic), 18 ulcerative colitis (UC), and 47 Crohn’s disease (CD). Overall, fecal fat, 48 h stool weight, frequency and consistency were not different among subgroups except for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) based on disease location. Almost 50% patients with celiac disease and MC had IBAX, with a greater proportion with increased primary fecal BA. Among UC patients, rates of IBAX were higher with pancolonic disease. A high proportion of patients with ileal resection or CD affecting ileum or colon had IBAX. IBAX was present even with quiescent inflammation in UC or CD. A significant subset of patients with MC, quiescent celiac disease and IBD had increased fecal BA excretion, a potential additional therapeutic target for persistent diarrhea.
Use of constitutive and inducible oncogene-containing iPSCs as surrogates for transgenic mice to study breast oncogenesis.

Background Powerful constitutive and inducible transgenic / bitransgenic / tritransgenic murine models of breast cancer have been used over the past two decades to shed light on the molecular mechanisms by which the given transgenic oncogenes have interacted with other cellular genes and set in motion breast cancer initiation and progression. However, these transgenic models, as in vivo models only, are expensive and restrictive in the opportunities they provide to manipulate the experimental variables that would enable a better understanding of the molecular events related to initial transformation and the target cell being transformed. Methods To overcome some of these limitations, we derived oncogene-containing induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) clones from tail vein fibroblasts of these transgenic mice and manipulated them both in vitro and in vivo in non-transgenic background mice. We created the iPSC clones with a relatively low M.O.I, producing retroviral integrations which averaged only 1 to 2 sites per retroviral plasmid construct used. Results Most iPSC clones derived from each group displayed an essentially normal murine karyotype, strong expression of the exogenous reprogrammable genes and significant expression of characteristic endogenous murine surface stem cell markers including SSEA-1 (CD15), PECAM-1 (CD31), Ep-Cam (CD326), and Nectin (CD112), but no expression of their transgene. A majority (75%) of iPSC clones displayed a normal murine karyotype but 25% exhibited a genomically unstable karyotype. However, even these later clones exhibited stable and characteristic iPSC properties. When injected orthotopically, select iPSC clones, either constitutive or inducible, no longer expressed their exogenous pluripotency reprogramming factors but expressed their oncogenic transgene (PyVT or ErbB2) and participated in both breast ontogenesis and subsequent oncogenesis. When injected non-orthotopically or when differentiated in vitro along several different non-mammary lineages of differentiation, the iPSC clones failed to do so. Although many clones developed anticipated teratomas, select iPSC clones under the appropriate constitutive or inducible conditions exhibited both breast ontogenesis and oncogenesis through the same stages as exhibited by their transgenic murine parents and, as such, represent transgenic surrogates. Conclusions The iPSC clones offer a number of advantages over transgenic mice including cost, the ability to manipulate and tag in vitro, and create an in vitro model of breast ontogeny and oncogenesis that can be used to gain additional insights into the differentiated status of the target cell which is susceptible to transformation. In addition, the use of these oncogene-containing iPSC clones can be used in chemopreventive studies of breast cancer.
Who Will Take Ownership of Florida High School Football Concussion Figures

This study explores the existence and documentation of varsity football player concussions and sport-related traumatic brain injuries at dozens of Florida high schools. The paper explores the legal creation and deference due the Florida High School Athletic Association as a regulatory body for Florida’s student-athletes, the lived experiences of sport-related brain injuries and whether the maintenance and publication of these concussive records implicates student-athletes’ privacy rights. For nearly two years, the Brechner Center for Freedom of Information at the University of Arizona pursued physical copies of redacted concussive documentation at dozens of Florida high schools and verified numerical accounts of how many varsity football players had been concussed in connection with play during the 2017-2018 school year.
The Effectiveness of Social Influence as a Negotiation Strategy in Buyer-Seller Interactions

This paper presents the results of a study that evaluated the effectiveness of using information on prices paid by others in influencing the level of concession generated from opponents in buyer-seller interactions. Sixty undergraduate business students in a major southern university bargained with another student-confederate over the purchase (or sell) of a used car. Half of the student-subjects bargained as buyers and the other half as sellers. Both the buyer and the seller groups were divided into an experimental and a control group. The confederate used past price information in bargaining with the subjects in the experimental group only. A comparison of the levels of concession obtained in the experimental and the control groups revealed that significantly more concession was generated when the past price information was used, especially on buyers.
The Influence of Intraguild Predation on the Suppression of a Shared Prey Population: An Empirical Reassessment

The experimental literature on the effects of intraguild predation on population growth rates of herbivorous arthropod prey has expanded substantially in the last decade, creating a body of results that can be used to test hypotheses relevant to biological control. Here we present a formal meta-analysis of the published experimental literature to assess two hypotheses: (1) intraguild predation causes an increase in the density of the shared herbivore prey, and (2) ‘coincidental intraguild predation’, in which a predatory arthropod (the ‘intraguild predator’) consumes a herbivore that harbors a developing parasitoid (the ‘intermediate predator’), is less likely to disrupt biological control than is ‘omnivorous intraguild predation’, in which the intermediate predator is consumed directly. The meta-analysis reveals that intraguild predation does not universally cause an increase in the density of the shared prey; instead, the mean effect size viewed across all studies is not significantly different from zero, and there is strong variability in effects across studies. The meta-analysis also reveals a marginally significant difference between the effects of coincidental and omnivorous intraguild predation: inclusion of a coincidental intraguild predator significantly enhances biological control, at least in the short-term trials included in our database, whereas inclusion of an omnivorous intraguild predator has little overall effect. Thus, our analysis highlights the diversity of effects generated by intraguild predators within arthropod communities. The discrepancy between theory and empirics appears likely to stem from their different time-frames, with theory often emphasizing equilibria and experimentation examining instead short-term transients, and also with the artificial simplification of arthropod communities depicted in theoretical treatments. More work, both theoretical and empirical, is needed to bridge the gap between theory and observation and to develop a deeper understanding of factors generating the observed diversity of intraguild predator effects.
Gender Gaps in Mathematics, Science and Reading Achievements in Muslim Countries: Evidence from Quantile Regression Analyses.

Using quantile regression analyses, this study examines gender gaps in mathematics, science, and reading in Azerbaijan, Indonesia, Jordan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Qatar, Tunisia, and Turkey among 15 year-old students. The analyses show that girls in Azerbaijan achieve as well as boys in mathematics and science and overachieve in reading. In Jordan, girls achieve as well as boys in all subjects. In Qatar and Turkey, girls underachieve in mathematics, achieve as well as boys in science and overachieve in reading. In Indonesia, the Kyrgyz Republic, and Tunisia, girls underachieve in mathematics and science but overachieve in reading. On the basis of the analyses, two generalizations can be made. First, key country-level economic and social characteristics appear unrelated to achievement gender gaps. Second, the overachievement of girls in reading and underachievement in mathematics and science are similar to findings from non-Muslim industrialized countries.
Synthetic Fuel Operation in a Heavy Duty Diesel Engine

A heavy duty (150 kW) diesel engine was tested to determine operational problems while running on minimally processed synthetic fuels. A reference No. 2 diesel fuel was compared with liquid products derived from shale, tar sands and coal. Information on the engine setup and test procedure is presented. The test results include engine power, thermal efficiency, ignition delay, gaseous and particulate emissions, smoke opacity, cylinder pressure, and heat release data. Cold start data at 0/sup 0/C and -20/sup 0/C and idle deposit test results are also presented. These data should help to determine future engine modifications to enhance synfuel engine performance.
Effects of Academic Ability and Gender on Career Development

This investigation explored the effects of academic ability and gender on career maturity. Groups of gifted, regular curriculum, and special learning needs students were compared. Level of academic ability appeared to exert a strong positive effect on career maturity. Although gender differences were anticipated, the scores for male and female groups were almost equal. The results are discussed within the context of clarifying the career development needs of gifted students.
Double-negative (CD4- CD8-) T cells with an α/β T cell receptor. Non-MHC-restricted cytolytic activity and lymphokine production

T cell lines with a novel phenotype (CD3+ TCR-alpha/beta+ CD4- CD8-) were developed from the peripheral blood of a patient with a combined immunodeficiency and tissue injury resembling graft-vs-host disease. One of these IL-2-dependent T cell lines demonstrated non-MHC-restricted cytolytic function against tumor targets, syngeneic and allogeneic fibroblasts, and PHA blasts from allogeneic donors. The other cell line only became cytotoxic in the presence of lectin or anti-CD3 antibody. The two cell lines also differed in their expression of the T-200 gene products CD45RO (gp180) and CD45RA (gp220). Both cell lines produced tumor necrosis factor-alpha and -beta and IFN-gamma activity when activated with mitogens or PMA and IL-1. The in vitro functions of these T-cell lines suggest a potential role for alpha/beta double-negative T lymphocytes in tissue injury resembling graft-vs-host disease.
Locomotion evoked by stimulation of the brain stem in the Atlantic Stingray, Dasyatis sabina.

The primary pathway descending to the spinal cord to initiate locomotion in the stingray is located in the intermediate to ventral portion of the lateral funiculus; a second pathway is located in the dorsolateral funiculus. The goal of this study was to identify the origins of these pathways in the rhombencephalic reticular formation (RF). To do this we used microstimulation of the RF in conjunction with selective lesions of the brain stem and spinal cord. In some animals microinjections of excitatory amino acids were used to avoid stimulating axons of passage. Locomotion in the contralateral pectoral fin was evoked by microstimulation of the dorsal and ventral reticular nuclei, the middle and superior RF, and the ventral portion of the lateral RF. The regions from which locomotion was evoked by chemical stimulation were more restricted and included the rostral dorsal reticular nucleus, the middle RF, and the adjacent ventral lateral RF. This area encompasses the magnocellular RF and coincides with the distribution of numerous reticulospinal cells that project ipsilaterally into the ventral half of the lateral funiculus. Our results indicate, then, that locomotion in the stingray is mediated primarily by a pathway originating in the magnocellular RF that descends ipsilaterally in the ventral half of the lateral funiculus to elicit swimming in the contralateral pectoral fin. We suggest that this primary pathway is specifically associated with the control of locomotion. We also demonstrated that locomotion can be evoked independently from the lateral RF, but is probably mediated by an indirect pathway relaying near the spinomedullary junction or in the rostral spinal cord.
Morphologic evidence for "small vessel disease" in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Many patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) manifest clinical, hemodynamic or morphologic evidence of myocardial ischemia or damage, including angina pectoris or atypical chest pain (1–3), certain electrocardiographic abnormalities (4–7), myocardial fibrosis at necropsy (8–10), impaired coronary vasodilator reserve and production or decreased consumpton of lactate during stress (11, 12). In this investigation, we considered the possibility that structural alterations in the intramural coronary arteries (IMCA) (13–15) contribute to myocardial ischemia in patients with HCM. Hence, we examined histologic sections of ventricular myocardium from patiens with HCM and from patients with acquired cardiac disease or normal hearts, to determine the prevalence and severity of abnormal IMCA and their relation to areas of fibrosis.
Reliable P-Hub Location Problems in Telecommunication Networks

Hubs are critical elements of telecommunication and transportation networks because they play a vital role in mass traffic movement. The design of more reliable networks in hub-and-spoke systems is a critical issue because current networks, particularly many commercial Internet backbones, are quite vulnerable. In hub-and-spoke-type topologies, any malfunction at a hub may cause degradation of the entire network's ability to transfer flows. This article presents a new hub location problem, termed the reliable p-hub location problem, which focuses on maximizing network performance in terms of reliability by locating hubs for delivering flows among city nodes. Two submodels, the p-hub maximum reliability model and the p-hub mandatory dispersion model, are formulated. Based on hypothetical and empirical analyses using telecommunication networks in the United States, the relationship between network performance and hub facility locations is explored. The results from these models could give useful insights into telecommunication network design.