cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Environmental effects of information and communications technologies

The digital revolution affects the environment on several levels. Most directly, information and communications technology (ICT) has environmental impacts through the manufacturing, operation and disposal of devices and network equipment, but it also provides ways to mitigate energy use, for example through smart buildings and teleworking. At a broader system level, ICTs influence economic growth and bring about technological and societal change. Managing the direct impacts of ICTs is more complex than just producing efficient devices, owing to the energetically expensive manufacturing process, and the increasing proliferation of devices needs to be taken into account.
FORECASTING SOUTH AFRICAN INFLATION

This paper looks at what variables are useful for forecasting inflation starting in 1990. I show that the output gap, a measure of real economic conditions, does seem to provide useful information for forecasting inflation. This is good news for the Reserve Bank, since the primary way that the Reserve Bank tries to affect future inflation is through real economic conditions. In addition, short-term interest rates and import price inflation also seem to provide useful information. The most accurate of these forecasts suggests a root mean square forecast error of 1–2 per cent for 1-year ahead inflation, which is within the Reserve Bank's current target range.
Towards Failure Free Design: An Analysis of Risk Mitigation Communication

In order to ensure that risk mitigation strategies are properly communicated to and understood by those who would use them in future designs, a common language of risk mitigation should exist. This paper focuses on a set of elements for describing risk mitigation strategies based on a linguistic analysis of the information such strategies must communicate to the design team. Sample strategies are then decomposed into these attributes and evaluated using the Gricean cooperation principle, relevance theory, and functional analysis theories from the pragmatics sub-field of linguistics. Using the deficiencies found from this analysis, a format for risk mitigation strategies using the six risk mitigation attributes is formulated.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Effect of Adjacency on the Distribution of New Stutterings in Two Successive Readings

The consistency with which stuttering tends to occur on the same words in successive readings of a passage, though high enough to warrant the assumption that stuttering is a response to stimuli, is generally far from perfect. It was hypothesized that this is partly because stuttering sometimes occurs adjacent to previously stuttered words rather than on them, as a result of a type of adjacency effect. Ten stutterers read a 300-word passage twice in succession. The words stuttered for the first time in the second reading were analyzed to determine whether an unusually large proportion of them were adjacent to words stuttered in the first reading. No such tendency was found.
Vector autoregression, structural equation modeling, and their synthesis in neuroimaging data analysis

Vector autoregression (VAR) and structural equation modeling (SEM) are two popular brain-network modeling tools. VAR, which is a data-driven approach, assumes that connected regions exert time-lagged influences on one another. In contrast, the hypothesis-driven SEM is used to validate an existing connectivity model where connected regions have contemporaneous interactions among them. We present the two models in detail and discuss their applicability to FMRI data, and their interpretational limits. We also propose a unified approach that models both lagged and contemporaneous effects. The unifying model, structural vector autoregression (SVAR), may improve statistical and explanatory power, and avoid some prevalent pitfalls that can occur when VAR and SEM are utilized separately.
Investigation of Amine-Catalyzed Alkoxysilane-Modified Cab-O-Sil by Drift Spectroscopy

Abstract Cab-O-Sil fumed silica was modified in nonaqueous solutions with a variety of alkyltrialkoxysilanes under various reaction conditions in the presence and absence of an amine catalyst. Factors taken into consideration include physisorbed water and silane alkyl Chain length. Unassociated silanol loss is discussed as an indication of silane reaction. A decrease in the intensity of the unassociated silanol infrared absorption band should not be used as a measure of silane reaction to the surface. Surface adsorbed water influences the amount of silane coverage both in the presence and absence of an amine catalyst. The advantage of an amine catalyst is lost with increasing surface-adsorbed water resulting in decreased surface silane loading. Cab-O-Sil equilibrated at 50% relative humidity and reacted in the presence of an amine catalyst produced the most silane loading for short chain alkyltrialkoxysilanes, whereas less silica surface moisture is optimal for reaction with longer chain alkyltrialkoxysilanes.
Tracking detectors for the LHC upgrade

The plans for an upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider LHC to the Super-LHC (sLHC) are reviewed with special consideration of the environment for the inner tracking system. A straw-man detector upgrade for ATLAS is presented, which is motivated by the varying radiation levels as a function of radius, and choices for detector geometries and technologies are discussed in the context of required signal-to-threshold ratios.
Hydride Formation on Dislocations in Titanium

Transmission electron microscopy is used to examine titanium exposed to hydrogen gas. Hydrides are found to form on basal dislocations. The majority of dislocations present, the non-basal, remained free of hydrides. The first stage of hydride growth involves the Suzuki effect with hydrogen absorption at the preferred (001) stacking faults. The decrease in fault energy can be interpreted as a bond weakening phenomena near the dislocation. The basal dissociation and pinning by hydrides can effect slip since an additional force is necessary for constriction. There is evidence that hydrogen interstitials may be absorbed by jogs. Mittels Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie wird Titan untersucht, das mit gasformigem Wasserstoff beladen ist. Es wird gefunden, das Hydride sich an basalen Versetzungen bilden. Die Mehrzahl der vorhandenen Versetzungen, die nicht-basalen, bleiben frei von Hydriden. Der erste Schritt des Hydridwachstums schliest den Suzuki-Effekt mit Wasserstoffabsorption an den bevorzugten (001)-Stapelfehlern ein. Die Verringerung der Stapelfehlerenergie last sich als Bindungsabschwachungsphanomen in der Nahe der Versetzungen erklaren. Die basalen Versetzungen und das Anhaften der Hydride kann das Gleiten beeinflussen, da eine zusatzliche Kraft fur die Einsehnurung notwendig ist. Es existieren Hinweise, das Wasserstoff-Interstitials durch Knoten absorbiert werden konnen.
Case report 655

We describe a patient with the rare autosomal dominant syndrome of congenital glenoid dysplasia. The severity of the findings resulted in an intense and effective radiological and clinical work-up including MRI, CT reconstruction, and fluoroscopy.
On the Physical Characteristics of the Perseus Cluster of Nebulae.

The important question of the segregation of nebulae of different brightness can also only partly be solved until larger Schmidt telescopes are available. In addition, the velocity distribution as a function of the brightness of the nebulae must be investigated. The problems of the segregation of nebulae and of the dispersion in the velocities demand also further theoretical clarification since the classical statistical mechanics gives no answer to the fundamental questions which arise in connection with gravitational cooperative assemblies which are composed of such diverse elements as the nebulae, the stars and the constituents of intergalactic and interstellar matter. The uniformity of the structure of symmetrical clusters of nebulae observed so far and the quantitative agreement of their observed physical characteristics with those derived theoretically for the isothermal gravitational "gas" sphere suggest that the short-time scale associated customarily with the hypothesis of an expanding universe will perhaps become the less attractive the more the investigations on the large-scale distribution of matter in the universe progress.
Impaired Interleukin 4 Signaling in T Helper Type 1 Cells

Cluster of differentation (CD)4+ T helper cells (Th)1s fail to produce interleukin (IL)-4. Even if restimulated in the presence of IL-4, a condition that induces IL-4–producing capacity in naive CD4+ T cells, Th1s fail to become IL-4 producers. We report that Th1 cells have a major impairment in IL-4 signaling. When compared to both Th2s and naive T cells, they display a striking diminution in phosphorylation of Stat6. They also show reduced phosphorylation of Janus kinase (JAK)-3 and insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-2 when compared to Th2s. Stat6 and JAK-3 are present in equivalent amounts in Th1s and Th2s, but IRS-2 protein levels are much lower in Th1s than in Th2s. Altered sensitivity to IL-4, the major inducer of the Th2 phenotype, may explain the stability of the Th1 state.
Eros and Knowledge

One of the most pervasive distinctions in the history of Western thought is that between conceptual and other modes of experience. Only since Hegel’s Phanomenologie have experiences categorized as “physical,” “appetitive,” “emotional,” or “non-rational” begun to receive serious philosophical consideration — by existentialists, phenomenologists and metaphysicians of process, all of whom could trace their genesis back to that epochmaking treatise. Nevertheless, these kinds of experience still have received relatively little attention in philosophy and most of that which they have received has been within ethics, where they are treated in terms of social consequences and control, rather than in terms of their contribution to knowledge. Paramount among these is erotic experience, but all activities not ostensibly directed towards the gathering of information are included.
Identification and Sensitivity Analysis for Multiple Causal Mechanisms: Revisiting Evidence from Framing Experiments

Social scientists are often interested in testing multiple causal mechanisms through which a treatment affects outcomes. A predominant approach has been to use linear structural equation models and examine the statistical significance of the corresponding path coefficients. However, this approach implicitly assumes that the multiple mechanisms are causally independent of one another. In this article, we consider a set of alternative assumptions that are sufficient to identify the average causal mediation effects when multiple, causally related mediators exist. We develop a new sensitivity analysis for examining the robustness of empirical findings to the potential violation of a key identification assumption. We apply the proposed methods to three political psychology experiments, which examine alternative causal pathways between media framing and public opinion. Our analysis reveals that the validity of original conclusions is highly reliant on the assumed independence of alternative causal mechanisms, highlighting the importance of proposed sensitivity analysis. All of the proposed methods can be implemented via an open source R package, mediation.
Revision of Bowmaniella sensu Bacescu, 1968 (Crustacea : Mysida : Mysidae : Gastrosaccinae): A Taxonomic Conundrum

There is confusion regarding the taxonomy, systematics, and distribution of species within the burrowing mysid genus Bowmaniella Bacescu, 1968. We have critically reviewed and examined the subgenera and the 15 nominal species currently assigned to Bowmaniella sensu Bacescu. Type material of eight of the 15 nominal species was examined and in vivo observations were made on two nominal species of the ‘dissimilis group’. It was determined that in the ultimate (terminal form) and penultimate (subterminal form) males, the morphology of the third pleopods is distinctly different, a factor which has led to taxonomic confusion and the descriptions of several invalid species. Because Bacescu (1968) did not designate a type species for Bowmaniella or for the subgenus Coifmanniella, both taxa are nomina nuda. Our studies, especially those involving the development of the male third pleopod, also indicate that nine of the nominal species previously assigned to Bowmaniella Bacescu, 1968 are junior synonyms. We formally designate two new genera, Bowmaniella n. g. and Coifmanniella n. g., to accommodate the species previously listed under Bowmaniella and its subgenera as perceived by Bacescu (1968). We retain the use of Bacescu’s original generic and subgeneric names, but with each having distinctly different diagnoses to those originally proposed by Bacescu. Bowmaniella n. g. is diagnosed to receive B. dissimilis (type species) and B. banneri. Coifmanniella n. g. contains four species, C. johnsoni (type species), C. mexicana, C. merjonesi, and C. parageia. Lectotypes are designated for Bowmaniella dissimilis, B. banneri, Coifmanniella mexicana and C. merjonesi and a neotype is designated for C. johnsoni. Illustrated keys are given for the seven “burrowing” genera presently assigned to the Gastrosaccinae and for the species currently assigned to the American genera Bowmaniella and Coifmanniella.
Virus counterdefense : Diverse strategies for evading the RNA-silencing immunity

Viruses are obligate, intracellular pathogens that must manipulate and exploit host molecular mechanisms to prosper in the hostile cellular environment. Here we review the strategies used by viruses to evade the immunity controlled by 21- to 26-nt small RNAs. Viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs) are encoded by genetically diverse viruses infecting plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates. VSRs target key steps in the small RNA pathways by inhibiting small RNA production, sequestering small RNAs, or preventing short- and long-distance spread of RNA silencing. However, although VSRs are required for infection, explicit data demonstrating a role of silencing suppression in virus infection are available only for a few VSRs. A subset of VSRs bind double-stranded RNA, but a distinct protein fold is revealed for each of the four VSRs examined. We propose that VSR families are evolved independently as a viral adaptation to immunity. Unresolved issues on the role of RNA silencing in virus-host interactions are highlighted.
Cloning of cDNAs for human phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetases 1 and 2 and X chromosome localization of PRPS1 and PRPS2 genes

Cloned cDNAs representing the entire, homologous (80%) translated sequences of human phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase (PRS) 1 and PRS 2 cDNAs were utilized as probes to localize the corresponding human PRPS1 and PRPS2 genes, previously reported to be X chromosome linked. PRPS1 and PRPS2 loci mapped to the intervals Xq22-q24 and Xp22.2-p22.3, respectively, using a combination of in situ chromosomal hybridization and human x rodent somatic cell panel genomic DNA hybridization analyses. A PRPS1-related gene or pseudogene (PRPS1L2) was also identified using in situ chromosomal hybridization at 9q33-q34. Human HPRT and PRPS1 loci are not closely linked. Despite marked cDNA and deduced amino acid sequence homology, human PRS 1 and PRS 2 isoforms are encoded by genes widely separated on the X chromosome.
Measuring Government Effectiveness and Its Consequences for Social Welfare in Sub-Saharan African Countries

We introduce a method for measuring effective government and modeling its consequences for social welfare at the individual level. Our focus is on the experiences of citizens living in African countries where famine remains a serious threat. If a government is effective, it will be able to deliver goods that individuals need to improve their social welfare. At a minimum, effective governments facilitate reliable access to food for its citizens. We assess this conception of effective government via a multi-level model from 17 sub-Saharan countries sampled in 2005 by Afrobarometer. We find that citizens who live in regions and in countries with a civil bureaucracy, reliable law enforcement and good infrastructure enjoy higher levels of food security than those who live in regions with weaker institutional penetration.
Partial depletion of regulatory T cells does not influence the inflammation caused by high dose hemi-body irradiation.

There is clinical interest in the modulation of regulatory T cells for cancer therapy. The safety of these therapies in combination with conventional anti-cancer therapies, including radiation therapy, can be studied in animal models. The effects of partial depletion of regulatory T (Treg) cells with an anti-CD25 antibody in conjunction with ionizing radiation on inflammation and tissue injury were analyzed in C57BL/6 mice. An anti-CD25 antibody (PC61) was administered 3 days prior to 13 Gy lower-half hemi-body irradiation (HBI). The blood, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes (mLNs) and inguinal lymph nodes (iLNs) were harvested at various times thereafter. Alterations in the proportion of leukocyte subsets including CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, Treg cells, B cells, NK cells, NK1.1+ T cells, macrophages and granulocytes were analyzed by FACS. The lungs, liver, pancreas, stomach, jejunum, duodenum, ileum, colon and kidney were harvested and studied by H&E staining. Expression of inflammatory mediators in plasma and tissue were investigated by ELISA. HBI significantly decreased the leukocyte pool though the various leukocyte subsets had different sensitivities to HBI. The administration of PC61 significantly decreased the proportion of Treg cells in spleen, iLN, mLN and blood (reduction of approximately 60%). Irradiation significantly increased the proportion of Treg cells in the spleen, iLN and mLN. HBI induced a systemic inflammatory reaction as demonstrated by increased plasma levels of IL-6, KC/CXCL1 and circulating granulocytes in the blood. Neutrophils also infiltrated the small bowel. The same general patterns were observed whether or not Treg cells were partially depleted with PC61 prior to HBI. These data demonstrate that partial depletion of Treg cells in these mice does not influence HBI-induced inflammatory response and tissue injury, and that combining anti-CD25 therapy with radiation may be safe and well tolerated in a clinical setting.
Scaling up Instance-Based Learning Theory to Account for Social Interactions

Traditional economic theory often describes real-world social dilemmas as abstract games where an individual’s goal is to maximize economic benefit by cooperating or competing with others. Despite extensive empirical work, descriptive models of human behavior in social dilemmas are lacking in both cognitive realism and predictive power. This article addresses a central challenge arising from the success of modeling individuals making decisions from experience: our ability to scale these models up to explain social interactions. We propose that models based on the instance-based learning theory (IBLT) will help us to understand how conflictual social interactions are influenced by prior experiences of involved individuals and by information available to them during the course of interaction. We present mechanisms by which IBLT might capture the effects of social interaction with different levels of information without assuming predefined interaction strategies, but rather by assuming learning from experience.
Multiple‐frequency SH‐wave tomography of the western US upper mantle

SUMMARY We estimate the SH-wave velocity and attenuation structures of the western US upper mantle using the dense network of the USArray and new techniques: we observe a multiple-frequency data set of both traveltime and amplitude anomalies, and interpret these with full 3-D finitefrequency sensitivity kernels. Amplitudes show stronger frequency dependence than traveltimes. We perform a joint inversion on the measured traveltime and amplitude anomalies, interpreting them in terms of velocity and attenuation heterogeneities. Aside from the expected clear division between the slow, tectonically active region in the west and the fast craton in the east, several interesting smaller velocity anomalies are observed. The subduction along the Cascades at 100–300 km depths shows lateral discontinuity, with a ‘slab hole’ (absence of fast anomalies) observed around 45 ◦ N. The delaminated Sierra Nevada Mountains root is observed to have sunk to 200 km depth. The Yellowstone plume seems to have an origin (weak slow velocity anomalies) near 1000 km depth, but the plume conduit seems to be interrupted by a fast anomaly, which is identified as a fragment of the Farallon slab. The S-velocity model shows a trench-perpendicular ‘slab gap’ (absence of fast anomalies) at almost the same location as in the P model recently published by Sigloch et al. (2008). The methodological improvements described in the first paragraph have several benefits. Amplitude data help to sharpen the edges of narrow velocity heterogeneities in the shallow upper mantle. The focusing effect from velocity heterogeneity dominates over that of attenuation and must be considered when interpreting amplitude anomalies. In general, velocity and attenuation heterogeneities correlate positively, suggesting that temperature plays a major role in forming the anomalies.
Safety and Pharmacokinetic Effects of TNP-470, an Angiogenesis Inhibitor, Combined With Paclitaxel in Patients With Solid Tumors: Evidence for Activity in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer

PURPOSE: Preclinical studies suggested that the antiangiogenic agent TNP-470 was synergistic with cytotoxic therapy. TNP-470 was administered with paclitaxel to adults with solid tumors to define the safety and optimal dose of the combination regimen and to assess pharmacokinetic interactions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-two patients were enrolled chronologically onto one of two treatment arms. Arm A involved a fixed TNP-470 dose with escalating doses of paclitaxel, and Arm B involved a fixed paclitaxel dose with escalating doses of TNP-470. Paclitaxel and TNP-470 pharmacokinetics were evaluated along with toxicity. RESULTS: The combination of TNP-470 administered at 60 mg/m2 three times per week and paclitaxel 225 mg/m2 administered over 3 hours every 3 weeks was defined as both the maximum-tolerated dose and the optimal dose. Myelosuppression was similar to that expected with paclitaxel alone. Mild to moderate neurocognitive impairment was observed; however, the majority of changes were subclinical and...
Eating behavior, ruminal fermentation, and milk production in lactating dairy cows fed rations that varied in dry alfalfa hay and alfalfa silage content

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to evaluate effects of various inclusion levels of dry chopped alfalfa hay and alfalfa silage in lactating dairy cow rations on eating behavior, rumen fermentation, milk yield, and components. Eight multiparous Holstein cows (79±11 d in milk initially; 647±36 kg body weight) were randomly assigned to replicated 4×4 Latin squares; one square of rumen canulated animals. During each of the 4 periods, cows were fed 1 of 4 diets that were chemically similar but varied in dry chopped alfalfa hay level. Forage dry matter (DM) consisted of 50% corn silage and 5%, 10%, 20%, or 40% dry chopped alfalfa hay. The remaining forage DM was alfalfa silage (45%, 40%, 30%, and 10% respectively). It was determined that sorting did not change with increasing alfalfa hay content and that dry alfalfa hay can be included in the ration up to 23.5% of ration DM with no negative effects on DM intake, milk yield, and rumen fermentation. Small decreases in milk fat and protein content occurred with increasing dry hay inclusion. Despite changes in total mixed ration refusal particle size distribution throughout the day, by 24 h after feeding, no significant ration sorting occurred when measured either by selection indices or actual consumption of various particle size fractions (>19.0, >8.0, >1.18 mm, and pan). Data from the Penn State and Ro-Tap particle separators produced different particle size distributions from the same sample. This indicates that data obtained from these 2 methods of particle separation are not directly comparable and that the method of particle separation should be considered when interpreting experimental results.
Posttraumatic growth, quality of life, and treatment symptoms among cancer chemotherapy outpatients.

Objective: The experiences of positive adjustment and growth, termed Posttraumatic Growth (PTG), are commonly reported among cancer survivors in the years after treatment. However, few studies have examined PTG among patients in active treatment for cancer. This study examined both positive and negative valenced change in PTG and relationships with treatment-related symptoms and mental and physical quality of life (QOL) among adults in active cancer treatment. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, adult outpatients (n 114) completed a self-administered questionnaire. Hierarchical linear regression modeling (HLM) was performed to examine unique associations between positive and negative valenced change in PTG and QOL subscales and symptom reporting, controlling for theoretically relevant sociodemographic variables. Results: The majority of participants (87%) reported at least one positive life change, whereas half (50%) reported at least one negative life change across PTG items. In HLM analysis of QOL subscales, negative valence PTG scores were positively associated with Physical Functioning and Bodily Pain and inversely associated with General Health, Role Physical, and Mental Health (F(12, 71) 5.13; p .0001). In HLM analysis of treatment symptom burden, positive valence PTG scores were inversely associated with age at diagnosis and reports of nausea (F(8, 83) 2.93; p .007). Conclusions: Reports of positive and negative life changes since diagnosis are common among adults actively receiving treatment for cancer. Assessments of both valenced PTG scores can provide a broader profile of biopsychosocial adjustment and symptom reporting during cancer treatment.
Bond strength comparison of color-change adhesives for orthodontic bonding using a self-etching primer.

Background The purpose of this study was to compare the shear bond strengths of two color-change adhesives with a commonly used conventional light-cure adhesive while using a self-etching primer, and to compare any changes in shear bond strengths over time. Methods One hundred and eighty extracted bovine incisors were randomly divided into nine groups of 20 teeth each. The teeth were prepared with a self-etching primer (Transbond™ Plus) Metal lower incisor brackets were bonded directly to each tooth with two different color-change adhesives (TransbondPlus and Grēngloo™) and a control (Transbond XT). The teeth were debonded at three different time points (15 minutes, 24 hours, 1 week) using an Instron at 1.0 mm/min. The teeth that were to be debonded at 24 hours and 1 week were stored in distilled water at 37°C to simulate the oral environment. The data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance and with Fisher's protected least-significant difference multiple comparisons test at the P Results Transbond Plus at 1 week had the highest mean shear bond strength (14.7 mPa). Grēngloo tested at 24 hours had the lowest mean shear bond strength (11.3 mPa). The mean shear bond strengths for the remaining seven groups had a range of 12-14.5 mPa. Grēngloo had >80% samples presenting with an ARI score of 1 at all times. Interestingly, both Transbond groups had ARI scores of 3 in more than 50% of their samples. Conclusion Time had no significant effect on the mean shear bond strength of Transbond XT, Grēngloo, or Transbond Plus adhesive.
Comparison of approaches to egomotion computation

We evaluated six algorithms for computing egomotion from image velocities. We established benchmarks for quantifying bias and sensitivity to noise, and for quantifying the convergence properties of those algorithms that require numerical search. Our simulation results reveal some interesting and surprising results. First, it is often written in the literature that the egomotion problem is difficult because translation (e.g., along the X-axis) and rotation (e.g., about the Y-axis) produce similar image velocities. We found, to the contrary, that the bias and sensitivity of our six algorithms are totally invariant with respect to the axis of rotation. Second, it is also believed by some that fixating helps to make the egomotion problem easier: We found, to the contrary, that fixating does not help when the noise is independent of the image velocities. Fixation does help if the noise is proportional to speed, but this is only for the trivial reason that the speeds are slower under fixation. Third, it is widely believed that increasing the field of view will yield better performance. We found, to the contrary, that this is not necessarily true.
An Exploration of the Moderating Effect of Work Motivation on the Relationship between Utilization of Virtual Team Effectiveness Attributes and Work Satisfaction: A Mixed Methods Study

A unique challenge for organizations is in leading diverse, dispersed teams whose members are motivated to work independently, but are willing to collaborate. The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of how nuanced variations in motivational patterns influences the relationship between work satisfaction and virtual team effectiveness. A sequential, mixed methods design was used to analyze and explain the moderating effects of motivational orientation on this relationship. In the first, quantitative phase, participating virtual team members completed an online survey with items comprising the five motivation source scales from the Motivation Sources Inventory, work satisfaction, and eleven variables measuring utilization of virtual team effectiveness attributes from the Virtual Teams Survey. Seven hypotheses were tested, with support found for three of the hypotheses. Work satisfaction and utilization of the virtual team effectiveness attributes were found to be positively correlated. Support was also found for hypotheses that the relationship between work satisfaction and utilization of the virtual team effectiveness attributes will be stronger for virtual team members (VTMs) with low self-concept external and / or moderate or high goal internalization patterns. In the second, qualitative phase, follow-up interviews were conducted to support and provide rationale for the quantitative results. Qualitative analysis of interviews revealed three major themes focused on concerns regarding team leadership, organizational support, and technology. Viewed in context with the quantitative results, the themes suggest that work satisfaction may be improved for most VTMs, regardless of motivation pattern, by str igning rewards with goals, and enhancing the technology used for team communication.
Intrusive History and Petrogenesis of the Ash Mountain Complex, Sierra Nevada Batholith, California (USA)

The Ash Mountain Complex (AMC) in the western Sierra Nevada batholith (SNB; California, USA) is an exposure of six compositionally diverse intrusive lithologies with clear crosscutting relationships that permit a focused investigation of magma source characteristics and the relative roles of petrogenetic processes on the evolution of the system. We use new field observations, zircon U-Pb dates, major and trace element data, and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic data to develop a model that can be applied to similar SNB intrusive suites. Stage 1 units, emplaced ca. 105 Ma, consist of two gabbros, a gabbrodiorite, and a granite. Stage 2 and stage 3 units were emplaced ca. 104 Ma and ca. 103 Ma, respectively, and are granites. We suggest that stage 1 gabbroids were derived by partial melting of lithospheric mantle, whereas coeval felsic magmas were derived by partial melting of a mafic, juvenile crustal source. Stage 2 and stage 3 granitoids were derived from similar sources that generated stage 1 granitoids, but there was greater input from evolved crust. Fractionation and/or assimilation played only a minor role in system evolution. Past studies of SNB magmas have come to conflicting conclusions about the petrogenesis of intermediate magmas that dominate the batholith; we hypothesize that mafic and felsic end members of the AMC could represent end members in mixing processes that generate these magmas. The timing of emplacement of the AMC coincides with a transition of magmatic style in the SNB, from smaller volume magmatic suites with mixed mantle and crustal sources to larger volume magmatic suites derived from greater proportions of crust.
Implied Standard Deviations And Put-Call Parity Relations Around Primary Security Offerings

This study examines the response of the options market to new security registrations and issuances. Two methods are employed to gauge option market response. The first involves the calculation of implied standard deviations (ISDs) around primary security registration and issuance dates. The second employs American put-call parity to simultaneously evaluate the relationship between put, call and stock prices around these dates. We find a statistically significant mean decrease in relative ISD five trading days before announcement of new stock issuances and a statistically significant mean increase in relative ISD one day before announcement of new debt issuances. Put-call parity tests provide evidence that the options market anticipates stock price decreases prior to announcements of both stock and debt issuance.
Moral Encounters with Near-by Species

Each type of organism is pyramided over lower types in an eating hierarchy, the more complex ingesting the less complex. Food is an intimate form of dependence; the freedom gained by the higher organism with its greater range of capacity is obtained only at the expense of the sacrifice of the lower. What is prey at a given level of complexity from above is predator at the same level from below. With living organisms the good begins to be exclusively an asymmetrical quality of external relations, unless it can be claimed that it is as good for the wildebeest to be eaten by the lion as it is for the lion to eat the wildebeest (and this has in fact been claimed by those who assert that were it not for the hunger of the lion there would be nothing to keep the number of wildebeests down and the consequent overbreeding would insure that most of them would starve). When a wildebeest is eaten by a lion that wildebeest has served the lion by its death, but what did it serve with its life? So complicated an organism could not have had the sole purpose of being destroyed.
The angle of large values of L-functions ☆ ☆☆

Abstract We prove three results on the argument of large central values of L-functions. The first establishes that there exists a sequence of quadratic Dirichlet characters χ d and Dirichlet polynomials T ( χ d ) truncating L ( 1 2 , χ d ) at a length a power of d, such that the truncated sum is large and negative. On the generalized Riemann Hypothesis this distinguishes the central point 1 2 from fixed σ > 1 2 . A result of Kalpokas, Korolev and Steuding establishes large values of the Riemann zeta function among { ζ ( 1 2 + i t ) : t ∈ [ T , 2 T ] } with prescribed argument modulo π, with a weaker result modulo 2π. Our second result removes the condition modulo π. Our third result proves an analogue in the family of central values of Dirichlet L-functions to fixed prime conductor.
Vocal advertising and sex recognition in eared grebes

As a preliminary display of the Discovery Ceremony, male and female Eared Grebes (Podiceps nigricollis) advertise in bouts of 1-12 calls. Although superficially similar, female Advertising calls were significantly higher in frequency than male calls for all three frequency measures taken. Playback experiments demonstrated that courting males readily distinguished advertising calls of unpaired females from those of unpaired males. When the playback speed of the male calls was increased by 10%, courting males responded to them as though they were female calls, demonstrating that call frequency or duration cues play an important role in sex recognition. Since courting grebes already know the species and sex of their display partner upon hearing its initial, spontaneous advertising, the many elaborate and vigorous pair-formation displays of the Discovery Ceremony of grebes may be functioning in mate choice decisions at more subtle levels.
Additional evidence substantiating the existence of a readily precipitable form of cholesterol in triglyceride solution.

SummaryExperiments involving the precipitation of cholesterol from saturated solution in coconut oil by excess amounts of either 14C-pimelic acid or 14C-imidazole demonstrate that at equilibrium in either case there is essentially no more 14C in solution than that due to the inherent solubility of the 14C-pimelic acid or 14C-imidazole in coconut oil. These findings are interpreted as indicating the absence of “soluble” clathrates of cholesterol and pimelic acid or imidazole and are consistent with the hypothesis that cholesterol at saturation in triglycerides is present both as a “less stable” (dimeric and/or higher form?) and as a “more stable” (monomeric?) form, where only the dimeric and/or higher form precipitates under the in vitro experimental conditions.
The Call to Stewardship: A Catholic Perspective on Environmental Responsibility

In recent years, the state of the natural environment — on the local, national, and international levels — has received great attention. This attention has been both contentious and pessimistic as discussion of the nature and scope of humanity’s responsibility to care for creation is fraught with bitter scientific, legal, economic, and moral debate. Catholic leaders have brought the traditional principles of Catholic social thought to the conversation, proposing that these ancient principles offer guidance to those navigating the modern challenges of responsible environmental stewardship. Indeed, Pope Francis will be releasing a much-anticipated encyclical on ecological matters this summer which will draw further attention to these principles and their modern application.In one sense, it is a misnomer to say that the Catholic perspective is new. In many respects, the Catholic approach to environmental questions is simply to take traditional principles and apply them to new circumstances raised by modern environmental concerns. That is, the Catholic perspective does not create new ecological theories or doctrine. Instead, it draws on a long tradition — dating back to the Old Testament — and applies principles from that tradition to current questions. On the other hand, what is new is the way in which these connections have been made explicit and the prominence that ecological questions have enjoyed in recent decades.While there are a number of ways in which the basic principles may be stated, there are six basic themes around which to organize the teachings of the Catholic Church on ecological questions. This chapter analyzes the environmental regulatory regime of the United States through the lens of these six foundational principles to assess the ways in which American environmental law both comports with and conflicts with Catholic teaching on environmental matters. In so doing, it provides a critical assessment of current environmental regulations, and also offers a legal background to accompany theological reflection on these issues.
Increasing Borrowing Costs and the Equity Premium

Simulating a realistic-sized equity premium in macroeconomic models has proved a daunting challenge, hence the "equity premium puzzle." "Resolving'' the puzzle requires heavy lifting. Precise choices of particular preferences, shocks, technologies, and hard borrowing constraints can do the trick, but haven't stopped the search for a simpler and more robust solution.This paper suggests that soft, but rapidly rising borrowing costs, imbedded in an otherwise standard OLG model can work. Its model features ten periods, isoelastic preferences with modest risk aversion, Cobb-Douglas production, realistic shocks, and reasonable fiscal policy. Absent borrowing costs, the model's equity premium is extremely small. Adding the costs readily produces large equity premiums.These results echo, but also differ from those of Constantinides, Donaldson, and Mehra (2002). In their model, hard borrowing constraints on the young can produce large equity premiums. Here soft, but rising borrowing costs on all generations are needed.The solution method builds on Hasanhodzic and Kotlikoff (2013), which uses Marcet (1988) and Judd, Maliar, and Maliar (2009, 2011) to overcome the curse of dimensionality.
Supramolecular Helix–Helix Block Copolymers

Two chemically distinct monotelechelic helical polymers were synthesized using anionic and reversible addition–fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerizations. A chiral poly(isocyanide) block was obtained using a palladium–ethynyl complex modified with the N1,N3-bis(6-butyramidopyridin-2-yl)-5-hydroxyisophthalamide (Hamilton wedge) moiety as a catalyst employing anionic polymerization. A complementary barbiturate-functionalized chain-transfer agent was used to polymerize chiral N-(1-(naphthalen-2-yl)ethyl)methacrylamides by RAFT polymerization. The assembly into helix–helix supramolecular block copolymers in chloroform via hydrogen bonding was analyzed by 1H NMR spectroscopy, resulting in an average measured association constant of (9.5 ± 0.5) × 103 M–1. After block copolymer formation, the secondary structures of both helical polymers were maintained within the block copolymer, as evidenced by circular dichroism and infrared spectroscopies. Films were prepared from a 1:1 mixture of polymers in soluti...
Purposeful Fulfillment of Creative Potential

Creativity is a skill that many consider essential for success in school, career, and life (Florida, The rise of the creative class. Basic Books, New York, 2002; Florida, The flight of the creative class: the new global competition for talent. HarperBusiness, New York, 2005; Guilford, Am Psychol 5:444–454, 1950). For this reason, creativity has become an imperative. Companies want employees who can create the next popular app or who can shake up the industry with an innovative product, process, or idea. Teachers want creative students who can take knowledge that they are taught and apply it in new ways. And parents want creative teachers who can deliver ideas in interesting and engaging ways to their students. Although creativity can have a dark side (Cropley, The dark side of creativity: what is it? In: Cropley DH, Cropley AJ, Kaufman JC, Runco MA (eds) The dark side of creativity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 1–14, 2010), it is generally seen in a positive light—that creativity is beneficial. It is therefore no surprise that many attempts have been made to promote and nurture creativity (e.g., De Bono, Serious creativity: using the power of lateral thinking to create new ideas. HarperCollins, New York, 1992; Renzulli, The three-ring conception of giftedness: a developmental model for promoting creative productivity. In: Sternberg RJ, Davidson JE (eds) Conceptions of giftedness. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 217–245, 2005). Although many resources have been expended on such creativity training, the results have been mixed (Plucker, Beghetto, Dow, Educ Psychol 39:83–96, 2004). This is partly because creative behaviors that really make an impact within genuine contexts, such as schools and workplaces, are difficult to teach (e.g., Nickerson, Enhancing creativity. In: Sternberg RJ (ed) Handbook of creativity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 392–430, 1999).
Palestinian Statehood at the UN Amid More Trouble in Gaza

The chapter offers an inside account of the short second Gaza war and effective US-UN mediation to broker a more sustainable ceasefire, in which the Islamist president of Egypt, Mohammed Morsi, played a key role. In that same period President Abbas finally brought the Palestinian demand to be recognized as a state to the UN General Assembly. The resolution elevating Palestine’s status in the world body to a “non-member observer state” was accepted with overwhelming majority and the author addresses its historical implications. The reversal of fortunes between Hamas in Gaza and the PLO in Ramallah after Morsi’s downfall in Egypt is also discussed.
Sonoanatomy and Pathology of the Posterior Band of the Gluteus Medius Tendon

Greater trochanteric pain syndrome is a common clinical entity that most often results from disorders of the gluteus medius tendon. There are two distinct bands of the gluteus medius tendon, and abnormalities may affect the anterior or posterior band in isolation or simultaneously. Although abnormalities of the anterior band are more common, awareness and sonographic detection of posterior band abnormalities is essential to guide treatment in the setting of greater trochanteric pain syndrome.
How a generalist bee achieves high efficiency of pollen collection on diverse floral resources

Lay SummaryLearning enables generalists to forage efficiently from diverse floral resources. Bees must collect nectar and pollen, but effective, flexible foraging behavior has been demonstrated only for nectar foragers. We demonstrate that flexible and effective pollen collection by bees is regulated by 2 ubiquitous floral cues. This mechanism of foraging flexibility likely facilitated the evolution of pollen concealment via poricidal floral morphology. We conclude that effective flexibility in pollen collection can occur without necessitating learning.
Three Principles of Data Science: Predictability, Stability and Computability

In this talk, I'd like to discuss the intertwining importance and connections of three principles of data science in the title in data-driven decisions. Making prediction as its central task and embracing computation as its core, machine learning has enabled wide-ranging data-driven successes. Prediction is a useful way to check with reality. Good prediction implicitly assumes stability between past and future. Stability (relative to data and model perturbations) is also a minimum requirement for interpretability and reproducibility of data driven results (cf. Yu, 2013). It is closely related to uncertainty assessment. Obviously, both prediction and stability principles can not be employed without feasible computational algorithms, hence the importance of computability. The three principles will be demonstrated in the context of two neuroscience projects and through analytical connections. In particular, the first project adds stability to predictive modeling used for reconstruction of movies from fMRI brain signlas for interpretable models. The second project use predictive transfer learning that combines AlexNet, GoogleNet and VGG with single V4 neuron data for state-of-the-art prediction performance. Our results lend support, to a certain extent, to the resemblance of these CNNs to brain and at the same time provide stable pattern interpretations of neurons in the difficult primate visual cortex V4.
Sampling from Probability Distributions

Virtually every commercially available product for performing discrete-event simulation incorporates software for sampling from diverse probability distributions. Often, this incorporation is relatively seamless, requiring the user merely to pull down a menu of options, select a distribution, and specify its parameters. This major convenience relieves the user of the need to write her or his code to effect sampling.