cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Bedrosian-Rice and Carson-Fry Methods for Calculating Angle-Modulation Distortion

The Bedrosian-Rice series method for calculating anglemodulation distortion is compared with the representative earlier method by Carson and Fry. The Bedrosian-Rice method is determined to be more attractive because the convergence properties are better, the calculations are simpler, and the series is more adaptable to the digital computer.
Multidisciplinary approach to epizootiology and pathogenesis of bat rabies viruses in the United States.

Summary Zoonotic disease surveillance is typically initiated after an animal pathogen has caused disease in humans. Early detection of potentially high-risk pathogens within animal hosts may facilitate medical interventions to cope with an emerging disease. To effectively spillover to a novel host, a pathogen may undergo genetic changes resulting in varying transmission potential in the new host and potentially to humans. Rabies virus (RABV) is one model pathogen to consider for studying the dynamics of emerging infectious diseases under both laboratory and field conditions. The evolutionary history of RABV is characterized by regularly documented spillover infections and a series of notable host shifts. Within this context, enhanced field surveillance to improve detection of spillover infections will require validated techniques to non-invasively differentiate infected from non-infected individuals. In this study, we evaluate the use of infrared thermography to detect thermal changes associated with experimental RABV infection in big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) in a captive colony. Our results indicated that 62% of rabid bats had detectable facial temperature decreases ()4.6� C, SD ± 2.5) compared with pre-inoculation baseline values. These data suggest potential utility for discriminating rabid bats in natural field settings. In addition, focusing upon RABV circulating in the United States between 2008 and 2011, we confirmed spillover events of bat RABV among carnivores and identified cross-species transmission events caused by four lineages of RABV associated with insectivorous bats. Additionally, our analysis of RABV glycoprotein sequences identified substitutions in antigenic sites that may affect neutralizing activity associated with monoclonal antibodies proposed for use in human post-exposure prophylaxis. This study provides a glimpse into RABV pathobiology and spillover dynamics among and between bats and a variety of mesocarnivores.
On Two-Channel Filter Banks With Directional Vanishing Moments

The contourlet transform was proposed to address the limited directional resolution of the separable wavelet transform. One way to guarantee good approximation behavior is to let the directional filters in the contourlet filter bank have sharp frequency response. This requires filters with large support size. We seek to isolate the key filter property that ensures good approximation. In this direction, we propose filters with directional vanishing moments (DVM). These filters, we show, annihilate information along a given direction. We study two-channel filter banks with DVM filters. We provide conditions under which the design of DVM filter banks is possible. A complete characterization of the product filter is, thus, obtained. We propose a design framework that avoids 2-D factorization using the mapping technique. The filters designed, when used in the contourlet transform, exhibit nonlinear approximation comparable to the conventional filters while being shorter and, therefore, providing better visual quality with less ringing artifacts. Furthermore, experiments show that the proposed filters outperform the conventional ones in image approximation and denoising
All-fused-silica miniature optical fiber tip pressure sensor

An all-fused-silica pressure sensor fabricated directly onto a fiber tip of 125 μm diameter is described. Simple fabrication steps include only cleaving and fusion splicing. Because no chemical processes are involved, the fabrication is easy, safe, and cost effective. Issues in sensor design and loss analysis are discussed. The sensor has been tested for static pressure response, showing a sensitivity of 2.2 nm/psi, a resolution of 0.01 psi (68.9 Pa), a hysteresis of 0.025%, and capability of operation at temperatures up to 600°C. This miniature sensor may be suitable for medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and other industrial applications.
Testing of VLSI CMOS System/390 processor at card and system level

The authors describe the design for testability (DFT) and testing methodology for the S/390 processor being part of IBM's low-end ES/9000 systems. The design incorporates built-in pseudo-random pattern self test and the boundary scan technique. Self test permits the migration of tests generated for the component level to higher-level packages such as printed circuit boards and the system. Consequently, the expense for testing of higher-level packages has been drastically reduced and the card test equipment can be simplified. In addition, the applied strategy offers economical diagnostic capability. >
Pulsed-high intensity focused ultrasound and low temperature-sensitive liposomes for enhanced targeted drug delivery and antitumor effect.

Purpose: To determine if pulsed-high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) could effectively serve as a source of hyperthermia with thermosensitive liposomes to enhance delivery and efficacy of doxorubicin in tumors. Experimental Design: Comparisons in vitro and in vivo were carried out between non–thermosensitive liposomes (NTSL) and low temperature–sensitive liposomes (LTSL). Liposomes were incubated in vitro over a range of temperatures and durations, and the amount of doxorubicin released was measured. For in vivo experiments, liposomes and free doxorubicin were injected i.v. in mice followed by pulsed-HIFU exposures in s.c. murine adenocarcinoma tumors at 0 and 24 h after administration. Combinations of the exposures and drug formulations were evaluated for doxorubicin concentration and growth inhibition in the tumors. Results: In vitro incubations simulating the pulsed-HIFU thermal dose (42°C for 2 min) triggered release of 50% of doxorubicin from the LTSLs; however, no detectable release from the NTSLs was observed. Similarly, in vivo experiments showed that pulsed-HIFU exposures combined with the LTSLs resulted in more rapid delivery of doxorubicin as well as significantly higher i.t. concentration when compared with LTSLs alone or NTSLs, with or without exposures. Combining the exposures with the LTSLs also significantly reduced tumor growth compared with all other groups. Conclusions: Combining low-temperature heat-sensitive liposomes with noninvasive and nondestructive pulsed-HIFU exposures enhanced the delivery of doxorubicin and, consequently, its antitumor effects. This combination therapy could potentially produce viable clinical strategies for improved targeting and delivery of drugs for treatment of cancer and other diseases.
Advanced Placement and International Baccalaureate Programs: Optimal Learning Environments for Talented Minorities?

The racial, ethnic, linguistic, and economic diversity within urban areas necessitates the creation of scholastic environments that are responsive to the varying academic and social needs of the st...
A knowledge-based expert system for managing underground coal mines

The authors describe the Mine Management Support System, a knowledge-based expert system being developed for better management of underground coal mines. The program will encompass information and preferred rules on work scheduling, work practices, regulations impinging on the accomplishment of work, responses to operating problems, and the labor-management work agreement. Different components of the mine system, modeled using an object-oriented layering technique, will be displayed graphically to aid in coordinating work plans and to present locations of equipment, supplies, and proposed subsystem components. >
Disasters and Political Unrest: An Empirical Investigation

A connection between disasters and political unrest has often been suggested, but only case studies/anecdotes have been offered as evidence. To test statistically for a disaster-political unrest relationship, a causal model is developed that posits a direct and positive linkage between disaster severity and ensuing levels of political unrest. The model further specifies that increased levels of development, income equality, and regime repressiveness dampen post-disaster political unrest. Using a time-series between 1966 and 1980, Poisson regression results strongly corroborate the model. The exception is income equality, which has the opposite of the originally hypothesized effect.
Regulation of Fibroblast Growth Factor-23 Signaling by Klotho

The aging suppressor gene Klotho encodes a single-pass transmembrane protein. Klotho-deficient mice exhibit a variety of aging-like phenotypes, many of which are similar to those observed in fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23)-deficient mice. To test the possibility that Klotho and FGF23 may function in a common signal transduction pathway(s), we investigated whether Klotho is involved in FGF signaling. Here we show that Klotho protein directly binds to multiple FGF receptors (FGFRs). The Klotho-FGFR complex binds to FGF23 with higher affinity than FGFR or Klotho alone. In addition, Klotho significantly enhanced the ability of FGF23 to induce phosphorylation of FGF receptor substrate and ERK in various types of cells. Thus, Klotho functions as a cofactor essential for activation of FGF signaling by FGF23.
A preliminary report on the adsorption of water vapor by silver iodide

Adsorption isotherms of water on silver iodide have been determined by the volumetric at 16.0°, 34.0° and 50.0°C. Normal surface adsorption was accompanied by a phase transition at P/P0 ∼ 1/2 which appeared to be the formation of a chemical hydrate by a surface impurity. After correcting for this effect, a type III isotherm was obtained. The isosteric heat of adsorption was found to be ∼1 kcal. less than the heat of liquefaction of water at the same temperature and is in qualitative agreement with the energy of adsorption calculated from the B.E.T. theory and the Huttig equation.
Managing Complex Problems in Rangeland Ecosystems

Management of rangelands, and natural resources in general, has become increasingly complex. There is an atmosphere of increasing expectations for conservation efforts associated with a variety of issues from water quality to endangered species. We argue that many current issues are complex by their nature, which influences how we approach them. We define a complex problem as one that varies in time and space. In other words, one answer may not be correct for all sites or during all years. For simple problems a generalized answer may be sufficient, and even for complex problems, general rules provide a good starting point. However, we suggest that it is important to distinguish between simple and complex problems. Several key obstacles emerge when considering complex natural resource problems, namely, 1) no single entity can handle all aspects of the problem and 2) significant knowledge gaps exist and will continue to exist into the future. We suggest that overcoming these obstacles will benefit from 1) a framework for effective partnerships and 2) a mechanism for continuous learning. Managing complex problems will require some combination of the following: 1) a process-based understanding of the problem (i.e., what causes variation in time and space), 2) adaptive management, and 3) effective coordination of research and management. There are many examples of organizations applying portions of these approaches to complex problems; however, it seems that in many cases the process has simply evolved in that direction rather than being a planned strategy. We suggest that as a profession we need to have a discussion about the nature of the problems we are addressing and how researchers and managers can jointly address these problems.
Growth Regulation of Human Breast Cancer by Insulin-Like Growth Factors

In the United States, breast cancer is the commonest malignancy of women and accounts for more deaths than any other tumor (1). Nearly 100 years ago, Beatson (2) demonstrated that oophorectomy could induce remission in some women with metastatic breast cancer. This was the first clinical suggestion that breast cancer growth could be regulated by the hormone estrogen. Since that time, manipulations aimed at reducing the estrogen available to breast cancer tissues have included surgical oophorectomy, adrenalectomy and hypophysectomy. Additionally, pharmacologic agents that inhibit estrogen synthesis, estrogen binding to its receptor and pituitary releasing factor analogs have been developed. These therapies are successful in only a minority of patients with breast cancer (3). Many breast cancers are not hormonally sensitive at the time of diagnosis and most of those cancers that are initially sensitive will eventually escape their dependence on estrogen.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Passive Transport of Neurotoxicant Antidotes through the Blood-Brain Barrier

Systemic delivery of neurotoxicant antidotes into the brain is controlled by the blood-brain barrier. At present the atomic detail mechanisms of molecular transport across the blood brain barrier are poorly understood, hindering optimization of delivery properties of next-generation antidotes. Here we study the mechanisms of passive molecular transport of a number of oximes and other small molecules across the blood-brain barrier. For this purpose, we have built atomic detail molecular models of the apical and basolateral lipid bilayer membranes of human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Lipid bilayer properties were validated against experimental data. Subsequently the diffusive transport of oximes and other small molecules across the apical and basolateral lipid bilayer was simulated using atomic detail molecular dynamics simulations. This allowed measurement of transbilayer permeation rates, which can be directly compared to experimental data, as well as providing atomic detail insights into the mechanisms of drug transport. The simulations reveal how individual drug chemistry (e.g. lipophilicity, polarity, hydrogen bonds) affects drug-bilayer interactions, and ultimately the rate of passive diffusion across the bilayer.
Formation of a carbapenemase resistance detection algorithm for use in the routine laboratory.

ABSTRACTThe increasing prevalence of carbapenem non-susceptible Gram negative organisms demands prompt and accurate identification of resistance mechanisms to limit their transmission. The aim of this study is to evaluate the rapid CARB screen (Rosco Diagnostica, Denmark), the ‘KPC/MBL in P. aeruginosa/Acinetobacter Confirm Kit’ (Rosco Diagnostica), Check-MDR Carba and Check-Direct CPE kits (Check-Points, The Netherlands). The purpose of this study is the formation of a carbapenemase resistance detection algorithm that can be used in the routine laboratory. Results of the rapid CARB screen kit were improved when isolates were tested from Muller Hinton agar with a meropenem 10 μg disc instead of blood agar. The rapid CARB screen (performed in 2–3 h) demonstrated overall 98.7% sensitivity and 87.7% specificity (n=133). The KPC/MBL in P. aeruginosa/Acinetobacter Confirm Kit (which requires overnight incubation) demonstrated a high number of false-positive results giving 38.6% specificity and 100% sensitivity...
Potential role of pharmacy students on hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation response teams

As the role of pharmacists in health-system pharmacy evolves, so should the experiential education of pharmacy students. One role that continues to grow among pharmacists and pharmacy residents is involvement on the hospital’s cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) response team.[1][1],[2][2] However
The gp41 659 - 671 HIV-1 antibody epitope: a structurally challenging small peptide

We report on extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the tridecapeptide corresponding to residues 659-671 of the envelope glycoprotein gp41 of HIV-1, which spans the 2F5 monoclonal antibody epitope ELDKWA. Previously, X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance, and circular dichroism experiments have yielded conflicting conformational information, but there is a growing consensus that the monomeric peptide in aqueous solution is disordered. Here, we use the latest, state-of-the-art AMBER force fields to describe the complex conformational landscape of gp41(659-671). We have analyzed the conformational ensembles of the peptide in solution both without applied restraints and under successive tensile restraints. In contrast to previous MD simulations, our results are consistent with the bulk of the experimental findings. The amount of helical population is important in aqueous solution, but this structure forms part of a flexible conformational ensemble with a rugged free energy landscape with shallow minima. Under uniaxial tension, the disordered peptide first becomes fully helical before melting into turns, loops, and 310-helices. The conformational ensemble includes epitope conformations close to an NMR solution structure (PDB ID 1LCX ) as well as epitope conformations close to a very different, extended crystal structure (PDB ID 1TJH ).
Supporting Teachers’ Management of Middle School Social Dynamics: The Scouting Report Process

This describes the scouting report as an approach that social and behavior intervention specialists can use to help middle-level teachers create social contexts that support productive social roles...
Computational Agroecology: Sustainable Food Ecosystem Design

We propose a new domain for sociotechnical system design: creating new ecosystems for food production that are sustainable while producing high yields. Drawing on the field of agroecology, we discuss techniques for allowing a range of users to design sustainable food ecosystems that can overcome the environmental costs of industrial agriculture. Industrial agriculture, relying on declining reserves of fossil fuels and generating increasingly costly externalities, is unsustainable. Agroecology cannot scale until practitioners have access to detailed knowledge of local conditions and appropriate agricultural strategies. This paper reviews the agricultural and sustainability challenges that motivate our research. It describes design problems that must be addressed to scale agroecology. We discuss our initial work, and sketch a program of research we believe will contribute to global food security.
Estimate of Broad Band TWTA Effect on Signal Spectrum

The factors that affect the spectrum characteristics of TWTA are briefly analyzed.The effect of the power supply brings to phase modulation and amplitude modulation of the output signal in TWTA is discussed emphatically.And the spectrum characteristics of TWTA are estimated in continuous or pulse operation.
l_2-l_∞ Control for the Network Control Systems Based on LMI

For a class of network control system (NCS) with varying-delays,Based a discrete model of the NCS and according to Lyapunov stability theory and linear matrix inequality (LMI) technique,the l2-l∞ performance criterion is proposed without external disturbances where closed-loop system is asymptotically stable with design state feedback controller.Finally a numerical example shows the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Parathyroid surgery. How many glands should be excised? Is there still a controversy?

The controversy over how much parathyroid tissue to remove has been resolved by a consensus to individualize treatment according to the extent of disease. Autotransplantation of parathyroid tissue now reduces hypocalcemia following operation.
Twenty-four to ninety-six-hour storage of human spermatozoa in test-yolk buffer.

The feasibility of a simple, inexpensive technique of short-term (24- to 96-hour) preservation of human spermatozoa in TEST-yolk buffer is demonstrated. Preservation of spermatozoa for up to 72 hours would require no addition of antibiotics. There is little loss of motility when semen is added to TEST-yolk buffer and kept in a standard refrigerator. Such semen would then be available for multiple inseminations during the periovulatory period. One objection to this procedure is that it is necessary to dilute semen 1:1 in TEST-yolk buffer, resulting in a 50% lower sperm denisty, and this may be objectionable when oligospermia is present. Results obtained in this study are in agreement with similar studies performed on domestic animals.
Endothelin stimulates osteoblastic production of IL-6 but not macrophage colony-stimulating factor

Endothelins (ET) are vasoactive polypeptide hormones that stimulate osteoblastic signal transduction events. Using MC3T3-E1 and primary osteoblasts, we studied ET effects on interleukin-6 (IL-6) an...
Evaluation of a 13-loci STR multiplex system for Cannabis sativa genetic identification

Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) is the most commonly used illicit substance in the USA. The development of a validated method using Cannabis short tandem repeats (STRs) could aid in the individualization of samples as well as serve as an intelligence tool to link multiple cases. For this purpose, a modified 13-loci STR multiplex method was optimized and evaluated according to ISFG and SWGDAM guidelines. A real-time PCR quantification method for C. sativa was developed and validated, and a sequenced allelic ladder was also designed to accurately genotype 199 C. sativa samples from 11 U.S. Customs and Border Protection seizures. Distinguishable DNA profiles were generated from 127 samples that yielded full STR profiles. Four duplicate genotypes within seizures were found. The combined power of discrimination of this multilocus system is 1 in 70 million. The sensitivity of the multiplex STR system is 0.25 ng of template DNA. None of the 13 STR markers cross-reacted with any of the studied species, except for Humulus lupulus (hops) which generated unspecific peaks. Phylogenetic analysis and case-to-case pairwise comparison of 11 cases using F st as genetic distance revealed the genetic association of four groups of cases. Moreover, due to their genetic similarity, a subset of samples (N = 97) was found to form a homogeneous population in Hardy-Weinberg and linkage equilibrium. The results of this research demonstrate the applicability of this 13-loci STR system in associating Cannabis cases for intelligence purposes.
The Influence of Religious Attendance on Smoking Among Black Men.

Background: Cigarette smoking poses a major public health problem that disproportionately affects Blacks and men. Religious attendance has been shown to be positively associated with health promoti...
Cervical Fracture and Dislocation

Cervical spine fractures and dislocations can cause severe permanent disability or death, and trauma patients are routinely screened for cervical spine injuries in order to ensure that they do not get missed. Cervical spine trauma can be divided into two categories: injuries to the occiput, atlas, and axis and injuries to the subaxial cervical spine (C3–C7). In general, hyperflexion will result in anterior displacement of the dens or fractures through the vertebral body (flexion teardrops), while hyperextension results in posteriorly displaced dens fractures or posterior displacement pars fracture (traumatic spondylolisthesis). Treatment includes stabilization with a cervical orthosis, halo vest, or operative fixation, which may include decompression and fusion.
Biochemical Reactions Leading to Parkinsonian Symptoms Elicited by MPTP

Expression of the neurotoxicity of MPTP and of its analogs-is initiated by a two-step oxidation of the corresponding pyridinium, catalyzed by monoamine oxidase (MAO) A or B. The initial enzymatic oxidation to the dihydropyridinium level is rapid, the second slower. Conversion of the dihydropyridinium to the pyridinium also occurs by spontaneous air oxidation and by chemical disproportionation. The latter is significant only at relatively high concentrations of the dihydropyridinium and seems to be negligible at neutral pH and concentrations of the dihydropyridinium likely to occur in vivo. A study of over 25 MPTP analogs1 has shown that, depending on the structure of the MPTP analog, oxidation is predominantly catalyzed by MAO A, or by MAO B, or both may be able to process the tetrahydropyridine. Thus, while MPTP is primarily bioactivated by the B enzyme, 2'-CH3-MPTP is rapidly oxidized by both, and 2'-Ethyl-, 2'-n-Propyl-, and 2'-Isopropyl-MPTP are poor substrates for MAO B but excellent ones for MAO A. Neurotoxicity in vivo reflects the specificities of MAO A and B. While deprenyl, the selective inhibitor of MAO B, blocks the neurotoxicity of MPTP,2,3 clorgyline, the A-selective MAO inhibitor, but not deprenyl, prevents the neurotoxic action of the 2'-Ethyl analog in black mice, and both deprenyl and clorgyline are needed to protect against 2'-Methyl-MPTP.4 It is clear that either type of MAO may play an important role in the expression of the neurotoxicity of environmental tetrahydropyridines.
Organizational identification and workplace behavior: More than meets the eye

Abstract Organizational identification is a theoretically profound and practically important construct. It fundamentally transforms the relationship between employees and their work organizations, because highly identified employees integrate their organizational memberships with their sense of who they are. This transformation enhances highly identified employees’ work performance and contributions to the organization. However, despite considerable research on the benefits of organizational identification for employee behavior, theorizing about this effect and its underlying mechanisms remains underdeveloped. In particular, there has not been sufficient theoretical development regarding the specific types of work behaviors that follow from organizational identification, the psychological mechanisms that underlie these behavioral consequences, or observers’ evaluations of these behaviors and those enacting them. To address these issues, we present a framework of the behavioral consequences of organizational identification as well as observers’ reactions to them. Our framework highlights two distinct motivational orientations that underlie organizational identification, one that reliably leads to conformist work behaviors and one that may lead to deviant work behaviors that violate the status quo to advance organizational interests. Moreover, our framework highlights that reactions to these behaviors will differ depending on the organization’s emphasis on means versus ends. Overall, we emphasize that the benefits of organizational identification for work behavior are not as straightforward or as widely recognized as implied in prior research.
Prevalence of hearing loss among noise-exposed workers within the agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting sector, 2003-2012.

Background The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of hearing loss among noise-exposed US workers within the Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, and Hunting (AFFH) sector. Methods Audiograms for 1.4 million workers (17 299 within AFFH) from 2003 to 2012 were examined. Prevalence, and the adjusted risk for hearing loss as compared with the reference industry (Couriers and Messengers), were estimated. Results The overall AFFH sector prevalence was 15% compared to 19% for all industries combined, but many of the AFFH sub-sectors exceeded the overall prevalence. Forestry sub-sector prevalences were highest with Forest Nurseries and Gathering of Forest Products at 36% and Timber Tract Operations at 22%. The Aquaculture sub-sector had the highest adjusted risk of all AFFH sub-sectors (PR = 1.70; CI = 1.42-2.04). Conclusions High risk industries within the AFFH sector need continued hearing conservation efforts. Barriers to hearing loss prevention and early detection of hearing loss need to be recognized and addressed.
Xylan Biosynthesis in Plants, Simply Complex

Xylans are major non-cellulosic polysaccharides in grasses and trees and represent the third most abundant biopolymer on earth (after cellulose and chitin). Xylans have important impacts on biofuel production because they are contributors to plant biomass recalcitrance, yet plants deficient in xylans synthesis grow abnormally. Therefore, deciphering the biochemical mechanisms of xylan biosynthesis will undoubtedly contribute to identifying ways to improve biofuel yields from plant biomass. Arabidopsis irregular xylem (irx) mutants have shown that genes from GT43 and GT47 CAZy families encode proteins associated with xylan biosynthesis. These genes are duplicated, have overlapping expression patterns, and thus exhibit partial functional redundancy. However, genes from one pair are incapable of complementing mutations in the other, suggesting that their encoded proteins may function cooperatively in xylan synthase complexes (XSCs), and recent work in wheat supports the existence of such XSCs. More recent genetic studies in Arabidopsis suggest that xylan backbone elongation/synthesis can be uncoupled from side chains additions to a certain extent. However, what we still don’t know is how xylan backbone synthesis is initiated and then elongated by XSCs? And how many different XSCs does a plant employ to make xylans? In this chapter, we will discuss what we know about xylan backbone initiation, elongation, and uncoupled substitution of the backbone. We will also discuss recent advances in the regulatory mechanisms of xylan synthesis.
Case report on motor neuropathy associated with herpes zoster.

BACKGROUND Complications associated with herpes zoster are primarily sensory, but motor involvement, especially in late life, can be part of the symptom complex. CASE REPORT We report a case of herpes zoster with motor neuropathy in a 66-year-old female. Eighteen months after diagnosis and treatment, the patient is regaining muscular strength in the affected limb. DISCUSSION Treatment of motor neuropathy mainly consists of physical and occupational therapy. Most patients achieve functional recovery.
Sleep Disturbances in Cancer Survivors

A diagnosis of cancer and the subsequent cancer treatments are often associated with sleep disturbances. These sleep disturbances can last for years after the end of the cancer treatment. In cancer patients and survivors, sleep disturbances are associated with anxiety, depression, cognitive impairment, increased sensitivity to physical pain, impaired immune system functioning, lowered quality of life, and increased mortality. Given these associations and the high prevalence of sleep disturbance in cancer patients, it is paramount that clinicians assess sleep disturbances and treat sleep disorders in cancer patients and survivors. Improving the quality of sleep in cancer patients may have critical effects on the lives of cancer patients, effects that range from higher quality of life to length of survivorship.
Structure and Function of Sterols in Fungi

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the structure and function of sterols in fungi. The distribution of sterols among fungi follows the taxonomic separation of fungi at the subdivision level. The Mastigomycotina, or lower fungi, produce mainly cholesterol and/or its C-24 alkyl and/or alkylidene derivatives, but no ergosterol. There is less distinction among fungi at the class level with respect to sterol composition among the Mastigomycotina. Fucosterol is a major sterol of many sterol-producing Oomycetes and may be accompanied by cholesterol and 24-methylene cholesterol. Cholesterol is produced by some but not all Chytridiomycetes, which, along with the Hypochytriomycetes, have 24-alkyl rather than 24-alkylidene derivatives as major sterols. It is well-known that the pythiaceous fungi (Oomycetes) do not produce sterols because they cannot carry out the epoxidation of squalene, and it is believed that Plasmodiophoromycetes, which are obligate parasites, also do not produce sterols. Sterols are synthesized by enzymes located mainly in the endoplasmic reticulum, but they do not tend to accumulate there or in endomembranes derived from the endoplasmic reticulum.
Myocardial Perfusion Imaging for Risk Stratification in Suspected or Known Coronary Artery Disease: Current Status and Limitations

Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the western world. Early detection and risk stratification of underlying (CHD) is a major step in clinical decision-making. As discussed in the other chapters, myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) using thallium-201(Tl-201) or technetium- 99m (Tc-99m) sestamibi or tetrofosmin, is used in various clinical settings to provide invaluable information on myocardial perfusion, left ventricular volumes and left ventricular function, and prognosis. MPI has the ability to localize hemodynamically important coronary stenosis; thus yielding positive results by increasing demand myocardial ischemia during exercise or inducing inhomogeneous distribution of radiotracers during pharmacological stress testing with dipyridamole or adenosine [1].
DATA PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY AND ACCOUNTING: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Accounting has evolved over thousands of years from record keeping systems designed to document to systems designed to measure changes in economic activity. Similarly, the technology used to manage economic data has evolved from clay tokens and jars to punched card and computer systems. Throughout their development, changes in data processing technology and accounting frequently have been interrelated. Punched card and computer systems, in particular, have led to significant changes in many of the data management and information system functions of accounting. Current advances in information technology indicate that more profound changes may occur in the future. Insights into how information technology may impact accounting can be gained by examining the historical relationship between data processing technology and accounting.
Impact of shift work schedules on actigraphy-based measures of sleep in Hispanic workers: results from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos ancillary Sueño study.

Study objectives To describe sleep characteristics of shift workers compared with day workers from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) Sueno ancillary study and test the hypothesis that shift work is associated with shorter sleep duration, worse sleep quality, greater sleep variability, and other sleep/health-related factors. Methods Employed adults (N = 1253, mean age 46.3 years, 36.3% male) from the Sueno study were included. Measures of sleep duration, timing, regularity, and continuity were calculated from 7 days of wrist-activity monitoring. Participants provided information on demographics, employment, work schedule (day, afternoon, night, split, irregular, and rotating), sleepiness, depressive symptoms, medications, caffeine, and alcohol use. Survey linear regression adjusting for age, sex, background, site, number of jobs, and work hours was used. Results In age and sex-adjusted models, all shift work schedules were associated with delayed sleep timing. Night and irregular schedules were associated with shorter sleep duration, greater napping, and greater variability of sleep. Afternoon and rotating shifts were associated with lower sleep regularity. In fully adjusted models, night and irregular schedules remained associated with shorter sleep duration, later sleep midpoint, and greater variability in sleep measures compared with day schedules. Split schedules were associated with, less time in bed, less sleep fragmentation, and less wake during the sleep period than day schedules. Conclusions Work schedule significantly affects sleep-wake with substantial differences between day work and other types of schedule. Detailed assessment of work schedule type not just night shift should be considered as an important covariate when examining the association between sleep and health outcomes.
An mHealth App for Users with Dexterity Impairments: Accessibility Study.

Background: A mobile health (mHealth) system called iMHere (interactive mobile health and rehabilitation) was developed to support individuals with chronic conditions and disability in their self-management regimens. The initial design of iMHere, however, lacked sufficient accessibility for users with a myriad of dexterity impairments. The accessibility of self-management apps is essential in ensuring usability. Objective: This study aims to increase the usability of the iMHere system for users with dexterity impairments by increasing the app’s accessibility. Methods: We targeted the accessibility redesign by focusing on the physical presentation and the navigability of the iMHere apps. Six participants presenting with dexterity impairments were included in the usability study of the original and redesigned apps. Results: We observed a lower number of touches needed to complete tasks (P=.09) and time to complete individual tasks (P=.06) with the redesigned app than with the original app; a significantly lower time for users to complete all tasks (P=.006); and a significantly lower error rate (P=.01) with the redesigned app than with the original app. In fact, no errors occurred with use of the redesigned app. Participant-reported overall average usability of the redesigned app (P=.007) and usability of individual modules (P<.001) were significantly higher than that of the original app due mostly to better ease of use and learnability, interface quality, and reliability. Conclusions: Improved usability was achieved using a redesigned app. This study offers insight into the importance of personalization in enhancing the accessibility and also identifies strategies for improving usability in app development.
Spin-torque devices with hard axis initialization as Stochastic Binary Neurons.

Employing the probabilistic nature of unstable nano-magnet switching has recently emerged as a path towards unconventional computational systems such as neuromorphic or Bayesian networks. In this letter, we demonstrate proof-of-concept stochastic binary operation using hard axis initialization of nano-magnets and control of their output state probability (activation function) by means of input currents. Our method provides a natural path towards addition of weighted inputs from various sources, mimicking the integration function of neurons. In our experiment, spin orbit torque (SOT) is employed to “drive” nano-magnets with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) -to their metastable state, i.e. in-plane hard axis. Next, the probability of relaxing into one magnetization state (+mi) or the other (−mi) is controlled using an Oersted field generated by an electrically isolated current loop, which acts as a “charge” input to the device. The final state of the magnet is read out by the anomalous Hall effect (AHE), demonstrating that the magnetization can be probabilistically manipulated and output through charge currents, closing the loop from charge-to-spin and spin-to-charge conversion. Based on these building blocks, a two-node directed network is successfully demonstrated where the status of the second node is determined by the probabilistic output of the previous node and a weighted connection between them. We have also studied the effects of various magnetic properties, such as magnet size and anisotropic field on the stochastic operation of individual devices through Monte Carlo simulations of Landau Lifshitz Gilbert (LLG) equation. The three-terminal stochastic devices demonstrated here are a critical step towards building energy efficient spin based neural networks and show the potential for a new application space.
Nurse–Family Communication During and After Family Meetings in the Intensive Care Unit

Purpose To explore nurse-family communication during and after family meetings. Design A cross-sectional study in which 36 family meetings were audio-recorded in two intensive care units in an urban, community hospital. Methods Data were analyzed using conversation analysis, a qualitative method. Findings Nurses spoke during 10 (28%) of the family meetings. During the family meetings, nurses mostly self-selected to take a turn by interrupting a physician or family member, finishing their sentences, responding to questions, and, in one instance, asking a question. Nurses were mostly selected as the next speaker to address logistical issues, but were also asked questions. Most of nurses' turns were short and simple, and aimed to provide clarification, reassurance, and information regarding the patient's status. Immediately after the family meetings, nurses offered to provide family members clarification or gestures of empathy, but these offers were met with resistance from family members. Conclusions Despite calls for nurses to take a more active role in surrogate decision making, nurses minimally participated during family meetings. Empowering nurses to share their expertise is one solution for nurses to contribute during family meetings. Further research is needed to explore nurse-family bedside interactions to improve our understanding of the nurse's role in the surrogate decision-making process. Clinical relevance Findings from this exploration of nurse communication during and after family meetings can inform how nurses may best assist families during surrogate decision making in the intensive care unit.
Regulatory Monitors: Policing Firms in the Compliance Era

Like police officers patrolling the streets for crime, the front lines for most large business regulators—Environmental Protection Agency engi¬neers, Consumer Financial Protection Bureau examiners, and Nuclear Regulatory Commission inspectors, among others—decide when and how to enforce the law. These regulatory monitors guard against toxic air, financial ruin, and deadly explosions. Yet whereas scholars devote considerable attention to police officers in criminal law enforce-ment, they have paid limited attention to the structural role of regu¬latory monitors in civil law enforcement. This Article is the first to chronicle the statutory rise of regulatory monitors and to situate them empir¬ically at the core of modern administrative power. Since the Civil War, often in response to crises, the largest federal regulators have steadily accrued authority to collect documents remotely and enter pri¬vate spaces without any suspicion of wrongdoing. Those exercising this monitoring authority within agencies administer the law at least as much as the groups that are the focus of legal scholarship: enforcement lawyers, administrative law judges, and rule writers. Regulatory moni¬tors wield sanctions, influence rulemaking, and create quasi-common law. Moreover, they offer a better fit than lawyers for the modern era of “collaborative governance” and corporate compliance departments because their principal function—information collection—is less adver¬sarial. Yet unlike litigation and rulemaking, monitoring-based deci¬sions are largely unobservable by the public, often unreviewable by courts, and explicitly excluded by the Administrative Procedure Act. The regulatory-monitor function can thus be more easily ramped up or deconstructed by the President, interest groups, and agency directors. A better understanding of regulatory monitors—and their relationship with regulatory lawyers—is vital to designing democratic accountability not only during times of political transition but as long as they remain a central pillar of the administrative state.
Eco-Ethnography and Citizen Science: Lessons from Within

Citizen science is the participation of non-scientists in the collection of scientific data and other aspects of the scientific process. In this manuscript, we explore what it means to participate ...
Picturing Science and Engineering

When I began writing this article, it was just the beginning of COVID-19, when we were not yet social distancing Everything has changed since then, but not a conviction I have disseminated for more than 25 years More than ever, I maintain that formally addressing the critical visual component of research should be part of every researcher's education How you visually represent your work not only communicates to others in your discipline Crafting your visual presentations helps clarify your own thinking and, just as important, is a means of engaging the public In these challenging times, when society is bombarded with complex information, it is more essential than ever to develop a more accessible and honest visual “language” for the public to understand and gather that information Formal programs in teaching visual communication will help show the world, outside the research community, how to look at science, understand it, question it, and, hopefully, make smart decisions
Satellite-Detected Ocean Ecosystem Response to Volcanic Eruptions in the Subarctic Northeast Pacific Ocean

All atmospheric and ocean satellite data products are freely available through their respective NASA data centers (LAADS DAAC and OB.DAAC). Funding for this work was provided by NASA to L.A.R. (Grant #80NSSC18K0953) and T.K.W. (Grant #80NSSC18K0616).
Results From DEFUSE 3: Good Collaterals Are Associated With Reduced Ischemic Core Growth but Not Neurologic Outcome

Background and Purpose- The effect of leptomeningeal collaterals for acute ischemic stroke patients with large vessel occlusion in the late window (>6 hours from last known normal) remains unknown. We sought to determine if collateral status on baseline computed tomography angiography impacted neurological outcome, ischemic core growth, and moderated the effect of endovascular thrombectomy in the late window. Methods- This is a prespecified analysis of DEFUSE 3 (Endovascular Therapy Following Imaging Evaluation for Ischemic Stroke). We included patients with computed tomography angiography as their baseline imaging and rated collateral status using the validated scales described by Tan and Maas. The primary outcome is functional independence (modified Rankin Scale score of ≤2). Additional outcomes include the full range of the modified Rankin Scale, baseline ischemic core volume, change from baseline in the ischemic core volume at 24 hours, and death at 90 days. Results- Of the 130 patients in our cohort, 33 (25%) had poor collaterals and 97 (75%) had good collaterals. There was no difference in the rate of functional independence with good versus poor collaterals in unadjusted analysis (30% versus 39%; P=0.3) or after adjustment for treatment arm (odds ratio [95% CI], 0.61 [0.26-1.45]). Good collaterals were associated with significantly smaller ischemic core volume and less ischemic core growth. The difference in the treatment effect of endovascular thrombectomy was not significant ( P=0.8). Collateral status also did not affect the rate of stroke-related death (n [%], good versus poor collaterals, 18/97 [19%] versus 8/33 [24%], P=0.5]. Conclusions- In DEFUSE 3 patients, good leptomeningeal collaterals on single phase computed tomography angiography were not predictive of functional independence or death and did not impact the treatment effect of endovascular thrombectomy. These unexpected findings require further study to confirm their validity and to better understand the role of collaterals for stroke patients with anterior circulation large vessel occlusion in the late therapeutic window. Clinical Trial Registration- URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT02586415.
Inclusive Access and Student Engagement: How Inclusive Access Spurs Students to Own Learning in a High-Enrollment Statistics Course

This chapter provides an overview of the Inclusive Access implementation at Indiana University and results from a high-enrollment statistics course that implemented Inclusive Access since Fall 2015. As outlined in the chapter, faculty and students identified key benefits of Inclusive Access on student learning and engagement. In addition, student grades, retention, and engagement improved after Inclusive Access was implemented.