cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Respiratory Epithelium. VI. Histogenesis of Lung Tumors Induced by Benzo[a]pyrene-Ferric Oxide in the Hamster

Lung tumors were induced in female Syrian golden hamsters by intratracheal instillation of benzo[a]pyrene-Fe2O3. The tumors were characterized with the use of coordinated morphologic and histochemical techniques including electron microscopy. The lung carcinomas were classified according to their presumed cell of origin. Most were derived from mucous cells and/or basal cells, and they were classified as either epidermoid carcinomas or as combined epidermoid and adenocarcinomas. The tumors in the second group (57% of the total number of carcinomas) presented a wide spectrum of epidermoid and adeno components. The epidermoid component was characterized in well-differentiated tumors by the presence of intercellular bridges and/or keratinization. Well-developed desmosomes and numerous bundles of tonofilaments were observed ultrastructurally. In diagnosing adenocarcinoma, one no longer needs to depend on the presence of tubules or gross glandular structures as criteria for diagnosis. The presence of intracellular and/or extracellular alveoli, well-developed Golgi complex, and endoplasmic reticulum and/or evidence of mucous secretion provide more definitive criteria. A tumor composed of neurosecretory cells that morphologically resembled a bronchial carcinoid of man was observed. Nests of uniform, small, polygonal cells with round-to-oval nuclei were seen at the light microscopic level. Dense-core secretory granules 1,100-2,200 A were present in the cytoplasm of the tumor cells. Several fibrosarcomas were observed. The tumors showed a very cellular structure, composed of either densely packed ovoid or spindle-shaped cells. Ultrastructurally, the cells resembled fibroblasts. The results obtained in this study give strong support for a histogenetic classification, i.e., a classification based on the cell of origin.
What are persons made of

Many current debates between Catholic and secular bioethicists stalemate upon one central dispute: whether human dignity is a property persons bear at conception, or a product of social engagement, i.e., whether persons are born, or made. We need not resolve that dispute, however, to affirm two points that the prospect of human cloning should teach us. First, whether persons are born or made, whether we affirm a creationist, traducian, or even reincarnational view of the soul, the prospect of cloning highlights the inescapably communitarian dimensions of human dignity. Second, within a pluralist moral culture, we're best advised to conceive human dignity not only as a property ascribed to us through divine grace, but also as an ethical imperative to be inscribed, by us, in the dignifying social practices by which we bear and raise persons.
The plasticity of cyanobacterial metabolism supports direct CO2 conversion to ethylene

The cyanobacterial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle functions in both in biosynthesis and energy generation. However, it has until recently been generally considered to be incomplete1,2 with limited flux3,4, and few attempts have been made to draw carbon from the cycle for biotechnological purposes. We demonstrated that ethylene can be sustainably and efficiently produced from the TCA cycle of the recombinant cyanobacterium Synechocystis 6803 expressing the Pseudomonas ethylene-forming enzyme (Efe)5. A new strain with a modified ribosome binding site upstream of the efe gene diverts 10% of fixed carbon to ethylene and shows increased photosynthetic activities. The highest specific ethylene production rate reached 718 ± 19 μl l–1 h–1 per A730 nm. Experimental and computational analyses based on kinetic 13C-isotope tracer and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC–MS) demonstrated that the TCA metabolism is activated by the ethylene forming reaction, resulting in a predominantly cyclic architecture. The outcome significantly enhanced flux through the remodelled TCA cycle (37% of total fixed carbon) compared with a complete, but bifurcated and low-flux (13% of total fixed carbon) TCA cycle in the wild type. Global carbon flux is redirected towards the engineered ethylene pathway. The remarkable metabolic network plasticity of this cyanobacterium is manifested by the enhancement of photosynthetic activity and redistribution of carbon flux, enabling efficient ethylene production from the TCA cycle. Expressing the Pseudomonas ethylene-forming enzyme (Efe) in Synechocystis 6803 causes it to produce ethylene. Tracer experiments and metabolic modelling show that this is achieved by plasticity of fluxes through the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
Matching of Granivorous Mammals of the Great Basin and Sonoran Deserts on a Species-for-Species Basis

Guilds of granivorous rodents from the Great Basin and Sonoran deserts appear similar in species number, overdispersion of body sizes and matching of body sizes on a species-for-species basis. Monte Carlo simulations, however, revealed that these guilds are not matched on a species-for-species basis. The apparent matching of species between these guilds is an artifact of selection for small size in granivorous, desert mammals. Overdispersion of body sizes within guilds did not increase matching between them. In general, purported cases of matching at the species level may, under closer scrutiny, prove to be artifacts of community convergence at coarser levels.
Comparative Study of 17beta-Estradiol and Exercise on Bone and Uterine ERα Protein Expression in Ovariectomized Rats

Objective:As a major receptor of estrogen effect,estrogen receptor alpha(ERα)play an important role in regulation of bone mass and bone metabolism.Hence this paper compare the similarities and differences of 17β-estradiol(E2) and exercise on ERαprotein expression in bone and uterine of ovariectomized rat.Methods:40 healthy 3-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups,namely sham group(Sham),ovariectomized group(OVX),estrogen group(E2) and exercise group(EX).One week after surgery,the rats in E2group were injected subcutaneously with E2three times a week at the concentration of 50μg/kg.The rats in EX group were trainied four times per week at speed of 18 m/min for 45 min/time.After treatment for 14 weeks,the serum level of E2were tested by radioimmunoassay and the protein expressions of ERα in both bone and uterine were detected by immunohistochemistry and western blotting.Results:The results indicated that there were a decrease in uterine weight,uterus weight index,and serum E2level after OVX surgery and all the parameters were reversed after supplemented with E2.There were no significant differences in uterine weight and uterine weight index between OVX group and EX group,but significant difference was seen in serum level of E2.The results of immunohistochemistry showed that the ERα immunoreactivity in uterus endometrial,glandular epithelium,and stromal of the OVX rats was significantly lower than that of in Sham rats.The ERα immunoreactivity of the uterus endometrial and glandular epithelium in both E2and EX group was significantly lower than that of in OVX group,but the increase degree of EX group was much lower than that of in E2group.The immunohistochemistry results of proximal tibia showed that ERα immunoreactivity in nuclei of epiphyseal cartilage cells was lower in OVX group than that of in the other three groups.Conclusion:These results indicated that both exercise and E2treatment could stimulate the ERα protein expression in OVX rats,but exercise treatment could not increase the uterus weight of OVX rats like E2treatment.Therefore,exercise treatment may be a better choice than E2treatment for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Incidence of malignant tumor in 1996-2006 in Jiading District,Shanghai

[Objective] To explore the prevalent characteristics of malignant tumor in Jiading District. [Methods] The cancer registry data of 1996-2001 and 2002-2006 were classified according to ICD-9 and ICD-10,respectively,and all data were analyzed retrospectively. [Results] 0ver the 11 years,the crude incidence of cancers was 285.23 per 100,000 and the standard incidence ratio was 176.25 per 100,000.The crude incidence of males and females were 332.20 per 100,000 and 238.99 per 100,000,respectively.The incidence ratio between males and females was 1.37∶`1.The incidence of cancers increased remarkably after the age of 45 years.Lung cancer,stomach cancer,colorectal cancer,liver cancer and breast cancer were the top 5 of all cancers in Jiading District. [Conclusion] The incidence of malignant tumor showed an increasing tendency in Jiading District during the past 11 years.Hereafter the key to cancer prevention and control should be popularizing knowledge of cancer prevention and giving priority to early detection and treatment in high-risk population.
Alcataenia fraterculae sp. n. from the horned puffin, Fratercula corniculata (Naumann), Alcataenia cerorhincae sp. n. from the rhinoceros auklet, Cerorhinca monocerata (Pallas), and Alcataenia larina pacifica ssp. n. (Cestoda: Dilepididae) in the North Pacific basin

Three Cestodes representing two species of the genus Alcataenia Spasskaia, 1971 and a subspecies of Alcataenia larina (Krabbe, 1869) are described. Alcataenia fraterculae sp. n. (Cestoda: Dilepididae) was found in horned puffins, Fratercula corniculata (Naumann), and other species of seabirds from localities in the western Aleutian Islands, Gulf of Alaska, Bering Sea, and Chukchi Sea. Alcataenia cerorhincae sp. n. is described from the rhinoceros auklet, Cerorhinca monocerata (Pallas) in the eastern North Pacific Ocean and western Aleutian Islands. Alcataenia larina pacifica ssp. n. is recognized from species of Laridae and other seabirds in the North Pacific Ocean, Sea of Okhotsk, Bering Sea and the region of the Arctic Ocean near Bering Strait. It is distinguished from A. larina larina (Krabbe, 1869) by a greater number of testes, a longer cirrus sac, and variation in the position of the genital ducts which may be either dorsal to or between the osmoregulatory canals. A fraterculae and A. cerorhincae are most similar to A. larina and particularly to the North Pacific form A. l. pacifica. Generally specimens of A. fraterculae can be distinguished from the other taxa by larger rostellar hooks, a longer cirrus sac, and a combination of other characters. A. fraterculae, A. cerorhincae, and A. l. pacifica however represent a complex of cryptic species in which there is extensive overlap in some morphological characters. Results of a discriminant analysis among these nominal taxa were significant and, in combination with data about other morphological characters and host and geographic distribution, clearly indicated that these represent three species in the North Pacific basin.
Colorimetric determination of ethinyl estradiol in oral contraceptive formulations.

A method for determining ethinyl estradiol in contraceptive tablets by separation of the steroid on a chromatographic column followed by direct color formation with methanol-sulfuric acid (30 + 70) in the chloroform-isooctane eluates is presented. Collaborative results on 3 commercial tablet samples averaged 93.93% 98.69% and 98.5% of the label claim. It is recommended that this colorimetric method be adopted as official first action for the assay of ethinly estradiol in oral contraceptive formulations.
Sudden death in sports.

This article presents the problem of sudden death of children and adolescents in sports, describes medical problems and environmental factors related to such fatalities, and recommends steps for preventing these deaths.
Amplitude-Integrated EEG in the Newborn

Th value of amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG) in the newborn is explored by researchers at Washington University, St Louis; Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, Utrecht, Netherlands; and Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden.
SU-F-T-324: Experimental Measurement of Optically Stimulated Luminescence Detectors in a MR-IGRT Environment Toward Assessing Magnetic Field Effects On These Devices and Their Use as An In-Vivo Dosimeter.

Purpose: To characterize magnetic field effects on Optically Stimulated Luminescence Detectors (OSLDs) for use as an in-vivo dosimeter in an MRIGRT machine. Methods: Landauer OSLD nano-dots and the MicroStar II reader were used to measure and record OSLDs exposed in and on a solid water phantom in a 10.5 × 10.5 cm2 field, Co-60, 0.32-Tesla MR-IGRT machine - with and without the presence of the magnetic field. Two orthogonal gantry angles were considered to assess orientation effects on the OSLDs with respect to the incident angle of the radiation beam and magnetic field. The same OSLDs were then used (after readout and bleaching) when the magnetic field was restored. Results: The measured surface dose decreased by 14.1 ± 1.8% when magnetic field was 'on’ due to contamination electrons being swept away by the field. Doses at both 0.5 cm and 5 cm depth increased by 6.5 ± 0.9% and 8.8 ± 0.5% respectively when the magnetic field was present and the OSLDs oriented with their long axis parallel with the incident beam. This contrasts with an increased dose of 2.7 ± 1.1% when the magnetic field was present and the OSLDs were oriented with their long axis perpendicular to the incident beam. Conclusion: Previous works have shown that OSLDs have a dependence on beam incidence angle. Our current work suggests an additional dependence on the presence of the magnetic field when the beam is not perpendicular to the plane of the detector and this effect needs to be considered. Furthermore, the use of an in-vivo dosimeter was shown to have no effect on image quality during the use of MR guidance. Future work will focus on the use of an electromagnet with a linear accelerator to further characterize these effects.
Comparative genomic hybridization studies in hydatidiform moles and choriocarcinoma: amplification of 7q21-q31 and loss of 8p12-p21 in choriocarcinoma.

Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) was utilized to investigate genetic changes from archived cases of choriocarcinoma (n = 12) and hydatidiform moles (n = 7). Test DNA was extracted from paraffin-embedded tissues, amplified using total universal PCR, and co-hybridized with control DNA to normal metaphases. Comparative genomic hybridization findings showed chromosomal imbalances in 9 of 12 cases of choriocarcinoma. By contrast, all hydatidiform moles showed normal CGH profiles. Consistent findings in choriocarcinoma included deletion at 8p (5 cases) and amplification at 7q (4 cases). A tumor suppressor gene (e.g., N33) at 8p and/or a growth regulator at 7q could play a role in the initiation of choriocarcinoma and its progression. This is the first study showing specific alterations in choriocarcinomas by CGH, and illustrates the utility of this technique in elucidating genetic changes in gynecological tumors.
Quantum Theoretical Treatment of Electronic Effects on the Mechanical Properties of Semiconductors: Possible Application to Polymers

The electronic contribution to the elastic constants of semiconductors represents an example of how the mechanical properties of a crystalline solid are influenced by its energy band structure. The aim of the present set of lectures is a discussion of some of the fundamental concepts involved in this phenomenon.
Reflections of the “Roving Britishers”: British Travel Writing on Canada 1900–1915

ABSTRACTThis article analyzes a selection of travel accounts by nine British authors who journeyed across Canada between 1900 and 1914. The monographs, all published in London, purported to present authentic and up-to-date observations of Canada, the eldest Dominion in the Imperial “family,” to British and Canadian audiences. Additional goals of their narratives, and less clearly acknowledged, were to convince English Canadians of the value of strengthening a British–Canadian identity and remaining within the British Empire. To that end, the narratives explore strikingly similar themes, including anxieties surrounding immigration and the United States threat to Canada, while reinforcing notions of Empire as an indissoluble family. The article illustrates how travel narratives reflect psychological as well as physical journeys and are thus valuable windows on complex cultural encounters among the British and Canadians in this period.
Good (and Bad) Reasons to Teach All Students Computer Science

Recently everyone seems to be arguing that all students should learn computer science and/or learn to program. I agree. I see teaching all students computer science to be essential to counteracting our history and present state of differential access by race, class, and gender to computer science learning and computing-related jobs. However, teaching computer science is not a silver bullet or panacea. The content, assumptions, and implications of our arguments for teaching computer science matter. Some of the common arguments for why all students need to learn computer science are false; some do more to exclude than to expand participation in computing. This chapter seeks to deconstruct the many flawed reasons to teach all students computer science to help identify and amplify the good reasons.
Secondary Traumatic Stress in Social Science Researchers of Trauma-Exposed Populations

There is an expanding research database regarding secondary trauma exposure among helping professionals across disciplines and settings. However, there is limited research on the incidence of secondary traumatic stress in social science researchers studying traumatized populations. Various disciplines engage in this area of research, which exposes them to the details of aversive events, especially those engaging in qualitative research. This study explores the impact of such exposure by measuring indicators of secondary traumatic stress (STS), burnout (BO), and compassion satisfaction in a group of 104 researchers. Findings revealed high rates of exposure to traumatic material and a subset of researchers at risk for STS. Regression analyses revealed potential risk factors for STS and BO, and qualitative analysis was conducted to further explore the effects of this work on researchers from multiple disciplines.
Effects of counterion size and backbone rigidity on the dynamics of ionic polymer melts and glasses

It is well-known that the nature and size of the counterions affect the ionic conductivity and glass transition temperature of ionic polymers in a significant manner. However, the microscopic origin of the underlying changes in the dynamics of chains and counterions is far from completely understood. Using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations of flexible and semi-flexible ionic polymers, we demonstrate that the glass transition temperature of ionic polymeric melts depends on the size of monovalent counterions in a non-monotonic manner. The glass transition temperature is found to be the highest for the smallest counterions and decreases with an increase in the counterion radii up to a point, after which the glass transition temperature increases with a further increase in the radii. This behavior is because the counterions have significant effects on the coupled dynamics of the charges on the chains and counterions. In particular, increase in the radii of the counterions leads to strongly coupled dynamics between the charges on the chains and the counterions. The static dielectric constant of the polymer melts also has a significant effect on the coupling and the glass transition temperature. The glass transition temperature is predicted to decrease with an increase in the dielectric constant. This, in turn, leads to an increase in the diffusion constant of the counterions at a given temperature. Backbone rigidity is shown to increase the glass transition temperature and decrease the coupling. Furthermore, faster counterion dynamics is predicted for the melts of semi-flexible chains in comparison with flexible chains at the same segmental relaxation time. As the semi-flexible chains tend to have a longer segmental relaxation time, semi-flexible polymers with high dielectric constants are predicted to have diffusion constants of counterions comparable with flexible polymers.
A sequence of physical processes quantified in LAOS by continuous local measures

The response to large amplitude oscillatory shear of a soft colloidal glass formed by a suspension of multiarm star polymers is investigated by means of well-defined continuous local measures. The local measures provide information regarding the transient elastic and viscous response of the material, as well as elastic extension via a shifting equilibrium position. It is shown that even when the amplitude of the strain is very large, cages reform and break twice per period and exhibit maximum elasticity around the point of zero stress. It is also shown that around the point of zero stress, the cages are extended by a nearly constant amount of approximately 5% at 1 rad/s and 7% at 10 rad/s, even when the total strain is as large as 420%. The results of this study provide a blueprint for a generic approach to elucidating the complex dynamics exhibited by soft materials under flow.
Angiographic perfusion imaging of intracranial stenting

Two-dimensional angiographic perfusion imaging (2DAP) is a new technique permitting perfusion imaging during angiography, and has been used to study cerebral vasospasm. Here we report our experience with this technique following angioplasty and stent placement in a patient with symptomatic and medically refractory stenosis of the right supraclinoid internal carotid artery. We found that intraprocedural angiographic perfusion imaging provided real-time and objective evidence of improved cerebral perfusion during intervention. Following treatment, the patient remains symptom-free at last follow-up.
Engineering the Cell: A Modeling Approach to Biological Problem Solving

It would be useful to stop at this point and look back at what has already been accomplished and to cast a glance ahead toward what is yet to come. The initial premise of the value inherent in a (reasonably) complete understanding of the physics and chemistry that occurs in a biological system leads to a qualitative look at what is generally the most prevalent chemical species in biological systems, water. The structure of bulk water will be described as deriving from the extensive hydrogen bonding interactions between the individual molecules of water. The fact that water, as a liquid, is so highly structured will turn out to be an extremely important property in systems that are based in an aqueous solvent. In fact, when water is not the predominant species in a system, it is still an extremely important chemical species with important properties, as will be seen in the forthcoming chapters.
The importance of the need for better systemic therapy in the definitive treatment of high-risk prostate cancer regardless of whether the initial treatment modality was external beam radiation, I-125 brachytherapy, or radical prostatectomy.

65Background: While androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a common form of systemic therapy for treating high-risk prostate cancer (HRCaP), distant metastases development remains the predominate form of failure. We present a description of the sites of failure after treatment of HRCaP with External Beam Radiation (EBRT), I-125 Brachytherapy (PB), or Radical Prostatectomy (RP). This is accompanied by an analysis of prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM) after clinical failure. Methods: The study includes 2186 patients with HRCaP according to NCCN guidelines (684 EBRT, 409 PB, and 1093 RP). The association of PCSM with clinical and pathologic variables was assessed with Fine and Gray regression with non-PCSM mortality treated as a competing event. Results: The median f/u is 52 months. Overall, there were 323 clinical failures (sites of first failures: 287 distant (DM), 34 local (LF), 2 DM + LF). The median time to the diagnosis of DM was 44 months. ADT was used in 93% of EBRT, 53% of PB and 19% of RP pat...
Computer-Aided Design, Analysis, Manufacturing and Testing Techniques as Applied to Plastic Part and Mold Development

In the past few years, manufacturers have turned to plastics seeking to maintain profit margins and market share. While plastics offer many advantages, they also present new complexities for product development and manufacturing. Current CAD/CAM and CAE techniques, developed with metal products in mind, are not adequate for engineered plastics. Computer-aided engineering techniques have now emerged for the specific design, analysis and production of plastic parts and their molds. These techniques will revolutionize the molding industry and involve the parts designer in the molding process. Substantial savings in the time-to-production, material requirements and production costs will result, in addition to significant improvements in part quality.
Effect of Fatigue on Equine Metacarpophalangeal Joint Kinematics-A Single Horse Pilot Study.

Abstract The objective was to validate a scientific method for characterizing equine metacarpophalangeal joint (MCPJ) motion in the nonfatigued and fatigued states using a single horse at trot, slow canter, and fast canter. One healthy Thoroughbred gelding exercised on a treadmill to exhaustion (fatigued state) (heart rate >190 BPM and blood lactate >10 mmol/L) while bilateral MCPJ angular data were acquired using electrogoniometry. Blood lactate and heart rate reflected transition from nonfatigued to fatigued states with increasing exercise duration and treadmill speed. Electrogoniometry consistently demonstrated: increase in mean MCPJ maximum extension angle with onset of fatigue; altered extension and flexion angular velocities with onset of fatigue; and increasing stride duration and decreasing stride frequency with onset of fatigue. The method allowed a preliminary but comprehensive characterization of the dynamic relationship between MCPJ kinematics and fatigue, prompting the need for multisubject studies that may enhance our ability to moderate exercise-related distal limb injury in equine athletes.
The role of free stream turbulence with large integral scale on the aerodynamic performance of an experimental low Reynolds number S809 wind turbine blade

Abstract Effects of free stream turbulence with large integral scale on the aerodynamic performance of an S809 airfoil-based wind turbine blade at low Reynolds number are studied using wind tunnel experiments. The case of wind turbine blades subjected to turbulence structures with large integral scale is of interest since in the atmospheric boundary layer very large-scale structures interact with the blades. A constant chord (2-D) S809 airfoil wind turbine blade model with an operating Reynolds number of 2.08×105 based on chord length was tested for a range of angles of attack representative of fully attached and stalled flow as encountered in typical wind turbine operation. The smooth-surface blade was subjected to a quasi-laminar free stream with very low free-stream turbulence as well as to elevated free-stream turbulence generated by an active grid. This turbulence contained large-scale eddies with levels of free-stream turbulence intensity of up to 6.14% and an integral length scale of about 60% of chord-length. The pressure distribution was acquired using static pressure taps and the lift was subsequently computed by numerical integration. The wake velocity deficit was measured utilizing hot-wire anemometry to compute the drag coefficient also via integration. In addition, the mean flow was quantified using 2-D particle image velocimetry (PIV) over the suction surface of the blade. Results indicate that turbulence, even with very large-scale eddies comparable in size to the chord-length, significantly improves the aerodynamic performance of the blade by increasing the lift coefficient and overall lift-to-drag ratio, L / D for all angles tested except 0°.
Non-High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Guidelines for Cholesterol Lowering in Recent History.

Background The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) released guidelines for treating cholesterol in 1988, 1994, and 2002. After a hiatus, the guidelines were released again in 2013, 2016, 2017, and 2018. Methods In this article, I review these guidelines, factors that affected their release, how they evolved, and why recommended treatment targets are reasonable. Also, to aid reader understanding, I briefly discuss biochemical mechanisms and the pathophysiology of beta-lipoproteins, focusing on the importance on non-high-density cholesterol (non-HDLC) in assessing risk and as a target for treatment. The concepts discussed are important to laboratory clinicians because those workers inscribe target values on the reports and may consult with medical staff members. Conclusions The newest recommendations, released in 2018, are an extension of the 2017 guidelines that defined non-HDLC as equivalent to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC). For the reasons discussed herein, non-HDLC has advantages over LDLC. Laboratories reporting cholesterol results should include non-HDLC values and cutoffs in their reports.
Static Fatigue Resistance of Hot Pressed Silicon Nitride

The static fatigue behavior of magnesia doped hot pressed silicon nitride is characterized by stress temperature regimes wherein failure occurs from slow crack growth from preexisting flaws, or alternatively, creep fracture. The concept of a fracture mechanism map will be applied as originally proposed by Gandhi and Ashby. Flexural stress rupture experiments up to 15,000 hours duration were performed with both artificially (Knoop) and naturally flawed specimens. Two empirical approaches were used to define the slow crack growth versus creep fracture regimes.
Interaction of normative and predictive expectations in customer satisfaction and emotions

There is a dearth of systematic analysis of role of normative and predictive expectations in generating customer outcomes. The goal of the present empirical study is to establish how interaction of two types of expectations affects customer satisfaction and emotions in terms of their valence and arousal. Different combinations of normative and predictive expectations constitute different scenarios; hence, methodology of scenarios was used in measuring expectations for both services and products. The study demonstrated that normative and predictive expectations in conjunction, rather than separately, generated commensurate levels of customer satisfaction and emotions. Another finding of the current study is the moderating effect of emotional valence on the relationship between emotional arousal and satisfaction. The valence sign changes the direction of the relationship between emotional arousal and satisfaction. Positive emotional valence strengthens the relationship between them; in contrast, when emotional valence is negative, arousal negatively impacts satisfaction. The implication is that intense positive emotions are associated with higher customer satisfaction while intense negative emotions are associated with lower satisfaction. Theoretical and practical implications and venues for future research are discussed.
An exploration-based approach to computationally supported design-by-analogy using D3

Computational support for design-by-analogy (DbA) is a growing field, as it aids the process for designers looking to draw inspiration from external sources by harnessing the power of data mining and data visualization. This study presents a unique exploration-based approach for the analogical retrieval process using a computational tool called VISION (Visual Interaction tool for Seeking Inspiration based On Nonnegative Matrix Factorization). Leveraging the U.S. patent database as a source of inspiration, VISION enables designers to visualize a patent repository and explore for analogical inspiration in a user-driven manner. To achieve this, we perform hierarchical Nonnegative Matrix Factorization to generate a clustered structure of patent data and employ D3.js to visualize the patent structure in a node-link network, in which user interaction capabilities are enabled for data exploration. In this study, we also analyze the effect of data size (ranging from 100 to 3000 patents) on two performance aspects of VISION – the clustering quality of topic modeling results and the frame rate of interactive data visualization. The findings show that the tool exhibits more randomized and inconsistent topic modeling results when the database size is too small. But, increasing the database size lowers the frame rate to the point that it could diminish designers’ ability to retrieve and recall information. The scope of the work here is to present the creation of the DbA visualization tool called VISION and to evaluate its data scale limitations in order to provide a basis for developing a visual interaction tool for the analogical retrieval process during DbA.
Role of Fatherhood Identity and Machismo in Latino Men With Problem Drinking

Latino men are more likely to binge drink than their non-Latino male counterparts. Moreover, Latino fathers who misuse alcohol may show rigid masculine values (traditional machismo) rather than sen...
A Highly Efficient Multifunctional Metasurface for C-and X-Band Applications

A simultaneous linear and circular polarizer for C- and X-band applications is presented and analyzed. The proposed structure has the capability to attain linear to circular (LTC) polarization conversion in the complete X-band (fractional bandwidth 40%) with more than 90% efficiency. Moreover, structure also performing linear to linear (LTL) polarization conversion in the frequency range of 6.88–7.32 GHz with more than 90% efficiency. The structure gives same response against oblique incidence up to $30^{0}$. The miniaturization in unit cell size, stability and multifunctional operation make this metasurface a strong candidate for C- and X-band applications.
Glucosamine and Chondroitin Use in Relation to C-Reactive Protein Concentration: Results by Supplement Form, Formulation, and Dose

Objectives: Glucosamine and chondroitin supplements have been associated with reduced inflammation, as measured by C-reactive protein (CRP). It is unclear if associations vary by formulation (gluco...
Electrically-driven linear optical isolation in a lithium niobate nanophotonic platform

We experimentally demonstrate magnet-less linear optical isolation enabled via acousto-optic interaction in a lithium niobate nanophotonic platform. The system leverages non-reciprocal mode splitting of optical modes in a ring resonator induced by traveling acoustic waves.
Primary tumor resection in patients with stage IV breast cancer: 10-year experience.

The role of surgery in the management of stage IV breast cancer is controversial. Existing studies in Stage IV breast cancer have not closely evaluated the role of patient response to induction systemic therapy (IST) in its relationship to survival outcomes. We identified all patients with a diagnosis of de novo stage IV breast cancer who underwent surgery of their primary tumor from January 2008 to December 2018. Patients were grouped according to their response in the primary disease site into progression (progressive primary disease) or no progression (nonprogressive primary; comprising complete, partial and stable response). We identified a total of 45 stage IV breast cancer patients who underwent operative intervention of their primary breast tumor. Prior to surgical intervention, progression in the primary site during IST was identified in 13/42 patients (31%), of whom four patients also had progression in the distant disease. The 5-year survival was higher in the nonprogressive primary (74%) than the progressive primary disease group (52%) which did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.08). Age, pathologic tumor size, clinical nodal status, number of positive lymph nodes, and distant disease response to systemic therapy were significantly associated with survival. In this single institution experience, select patients with stage IV breast cancer at initial diagnosis who underwent resection of the primary tumor following systemic therapy achieved favorable overall and distant progression-free survival. Surgery is reasonable to consider for local palliation or in selected patients who have excellent response to systemic therapy and good performance status.
Theory of the Optical Properties of Imperfections in Nonmetals

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses some of the optical properties associated explicitly with the presence of imperfections in nonmetallic crystals. A primarily theoretical account of the current state of understanding of optical properties, with a view of deriving, or sketching the derivation of the important equations and formalisms generally in use is presented in the chapter. The concern is primarily with the mechanisms of importance rather than with the detailed interpretation of specific experiments. The most commonly used and almost invariably adequate procedure for treating the optical properties of atomic systems is the semiclassical approximation in which the radiation field is treated classically and the atomic system quantum mechanically. This procedure is discussed in the chapter. Among the conceivable optical properties relating to the various imperfections in solids, the most exciting are those associated with dislocations. In part, this is to use optical techniques to enhance the theory of dislocations, which has been responsible for such great advances in the understanding of mechanical properties of solids in recent years.
The sequence of biliary events preceding the formation of gallstones in humans

The aim of the present study was to determine the sequence of events leading to formation of gallstones among obese patients predisposed to cholesterol gallstones by a very low-calorie diet. Nine obese patients beginning a 520-kcal diet had gallbladder bile collected from the duodenum before beginning the diet and seven times during the first 56 days of the diet. Biliary cholesterol saturation index and levels of arachidonate, prostaglandin E2, and glycoprotein increased significantly; nucleation time decreased; and total lipid concentration did not change. Decreases in nucleation time preceded the appearance of cholesterol crystals. Significant (P less than 0.05) increases in prostaglandin E2 level were preceded by significant increases in arachidonate level and followed by significant increases in glycoprotein level. These observations support the hypotheses that in obese patients predisposed to gallstones by very low-calorie diets (a) decreases in nucleation time are necessary before cholesterol crystals form in the gallbladder; (b) biliary arachidonate, through its conversion to prostaglandins, promotes biliary synthesis and secretion of glycoprotein; (c) biliary glycoprotein promotes nucleation; and (d) increases in the concentration of gallbladder bile are not necessary for cholesterol nucleation to occur in vivo.
Orthoparadoxy: The Temptation (From the Modern Testament)

Then after he was led to that place, a voice spoke to him, saying, All of this will be yours if you leap. And in that moment he was made to see?through veils ofmist, in chaotic seethings, undulations, fissures?the rupturing, vague and monstrous figures of a world as yet unformed, and he cried, What kind of seduction is this? Where are the bright and vaulting thoughts, the celestial songs, the beautiful and handsome economies? And the voice said, What you see is an instant, a timeless moment without duration. The world you want requires first your leap and then your longing. A world without want is a world that could never be. And now, because he recalls glimpsing some insight and gleaning on occa sion some glorious strain, he thinks he must have leapt, though, staring at the shards of his unfinished poems, he cannot tell if he flew or fell.
Validating generational differences: A legitimate diversity and leadership issue

Today's workforce is more diverse that ever. One diversity issue that has not been generally recognized is generational differences. Defined as a shared tradition and culture by a group of people that is lifelong, differences in generations have been plagued by erroneous misconceptions. The principal reason has been a lack of research to validate the significance of these differences. This extensive study validates that generations create their own traditions and culture by a shared collective field of emotions, attitudes, preferences, and dispositions. In addition, the study illustrates significant differences in how these generations rank admired leadership characteristics, which correlates to their preferred leadership style and favorite leaders. The conclusion is that generational differences are a legitimate diversity issue that organizations need to recognize and understand and an issue that needs to be addressed in developing current and future leaders.
Experimental Focal Waveforms of a Prolate-Spheroidal Impulse-Radiating Antenna

Impulse-radiating antennas (IRAs) have been used for different applications and the basic motivation for developing IRA systems is to radiate large amplitude, large band ratio, undispersed pulses. This chapter discusses applying fast, high-electric-field pulses without direct contact for killing skin cancer, i.e., to irradiate them using a prolate-spheroidal IRA. This technique is less invasive than inserting electrodes near the tumor. Even though this chapter is devoted to discussion of the experimental aspect of this problem, analytical and numerical behaviors for the focal waveforms and spot sizes of two- and four-feed arm prolate-spheroidal IRAs are also explored for comparison.
Designing an image based information system

There is a pressing need for systems which can manage spatially-referenced data and perform certain types of spatially-oriented processing. As an example, census data are spatially referenced, and there is a standard repertoire of computational steps performed by users of those data such as aggregation of variables over regions defined by polygons. The IBIS (Image-Based Information System) system extends the capability of present systems by adding a new data-type, the image raster, in such a way that it can be used with tabular data bases. Many of the existing computational procedures are simplified or made more accurate when converted to a digital image processing mode of operation and several new computational procedures are made possible. In addition, new methods of data capture and new sources of data are added (e.g., photo-scanning and satellite imagery).
Moment-Curvature of Beams as Ramberg-Osgood Functions

A stress-strain relation of the Ramberg-Osgood type across a beam section has been shown to result in a Ramberg-Osgood moment-curvature function for the section. The plastic section modulus is found to be an important parameter for determining the characteristic moment parameter. Simple expressions are presented for finding the moment-curvature parameters (a) from the stress-strain parameters of the material, and (b) from the moment-curvature parameters of a section. Remarkable agreement exists between these simple expressions and the actual results.
Extensions of Integral Operators

On considere des operateurs integraux non singuliers a noyaux mesurables arbitraires. On etudie des conditions sur des espaces de mesures assurant la completude des domaines propres. On introduit des domaines relatifs, propres et etendus, et on demontre des resultats sur la continuite et la maximalite des extensions des operateurs integraux
Determinants Of Acceptability Of Radiographic Images For Archival Digital Storage

The parameter, quality of radiographic film exposure, was evaluated by computer and 15 human observers for the purpose of determining the feasibility of automatic computer eval-uation of radiographs prior to archival storage. Histograms of digitized knee radiographs were parameterized according to the Pearson technique and the computer was used to grade exposure quality relative to a set of training radiographs evaluated by the readers. There was a significant variation in the assessment of film exposure quality among the different observers. The computer scored 73% for the AP films and 53% for the laterals relative to the general consensus. The discrepancies were explained in terms of differences in anatomy and radiographic technique. The significance of this work is that it demonstrates that a computer can grade films according to a predetermined standard set by the radiologist.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The effects of food advertising and cognitive load on food choices

Advertising has been implicated in the declining quality of the American diet, but much of the research has been conducted with children rather than adults. This study tested the effects of televised food advertising on adult food choice. Participants (N = 351) were randomized into one of 4 experimental conditions: exposure to food advertising vs. exposure to non-food advertising, and within each of these groups, exposure to a task that was either cognitively demanding or not cognitively demanding. The number of unhealthy snacks chosen was subsequently measured, along with total calories of the snacks chosen. Those exposed to food advertising chose 28% more unhealthy snacks than those exposed to non-food-advertising (95% CI: 7% - 53%), with a total caloric value that was 65 kcal higher (95% CI: 10-121). The effect of advertising was not significant among those assigned to the low-cognitive-load group, but was large and significant among those assigned to the high-cognitive-load group: 43% more unhealthy snacks (95% CI: 11% - 85%) and 94 more total calories (95% CI: 19-169). Televised food advertising has strong effects on individual food choice, and these effects are magnified when individuals are cognitively occupied by other tasks.
Measurement of degraded fecal hemoglobin-heme to estimate gastrointestinal site of occult bleeding. Appraisal of its clinical utility.

Hemoglobin-heme is variably converted to porphyrin during enterocolic transit. This intestinal converted fraction, as measured by HemoQuant, was elevated as a predictor of the occult bleeding site in 152 patients with discrete lesions. The intestinal converted fraction, expressed as the percentage of total fecal hemoglobin, was similar with upper gastrointestinal and proximal colon lesions. Within the colon, values trended downward with more distal location: means ± standard deviations were 18±14 proximal colon, 16 ±15 sigmoid, and 10±10 rectum. The amount of fecal blood also affected the intestinal converted fraction; correcting for hemoglobin concentration improved separation by site. Corrected intestinal converted fraction values were significantly lower with rectal (P< 0.0005) and sigmoid (P<0.02) lesions than with proximal colon lesions. Unfortunately, large within-site variation caused considerable overlap between sites. We conclude that the intestinal converted fraction is influenced by the site and amount of bleeding. However, its clinical utility is compromised by substantial individual differences in luminal hemoglobin metabolism.
Chemokines in ischemia and reperfusion

Chemokine signaling plays an important role in the postischemic inflammatory response. Overlapping pathways involving reactive oxygen intermediates,Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation, the complement cascade and the nuclear factor (NF)- κB system induce both CXC and CC chemokines in ischemic tissues. Reperfusion accentuates chemokine expression promoting an intense inflammatory reaction. ELR-containing CXC chemokines regulate neutrophil infiltration in the ischemic area, whereas CXCR3 ligands may mediate recruitment of Th1 cells. CC chemokines, on the other hand, induce mononuclear cell infiltration and macrophage activation.Evidence suggests that chemokine signaling mediates actions beyond leukocyte chemotaxis and activation, regulating angiogenesis and fibrous tissue deposition. Effective repair of ischemic tissue is dependent on a wellorchestrated cellular response and on timely induction and suppression of chemokines in a locally restricted manner. This manuscript reviews the evidence suggesting a role for chemokine- mediated effects in ischemia/reperfusion and discusses the potential significance of these interactions in injury and repair of ischemic tissues.