cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF WITNESS MEMORY: Implications for Public and Legal Policy

The legal system relies heavily on human memory. Crime investigations, criminal trials, and many civil trials depend on memory to reconstruct critical events from the past. Getting at the "truth" is often synonymous with establishing the who, what, when, and how of some prior episode. Past events tend to leave traces, and the process of reconstructin g events from the past is aided by various types of trace evidence. These traces can be physical, such as a footprint, a blood stain, or a fingerprint. An event can also leave traces of a somewhat different type, namely memory traces. Although these traces can also be said to have a physical property, in the sense that there exists a biological residue for the event somewhere in the brain, they cannot be observed directly by crime investigators or triers of fact. Instead, the memory trace that resides within the human brain is manifested for investigators and triers of fact through verbal testimony. It is probably safe to conclude that courts of law could not function without relying on human memory. Even physical evidence, such as a bloody glove, requires someone to take the witness stand and recall where it was found, by whom, at what time, in what condition, and so on. The scientific study of human memory was initiated over 100 years ago by Hermann Ebbinghouse (1885/1913), and the scientific study of human memory today remains almost exclusively the province of psychology and related cognitive and neurological sciences. The scientific study of memory is so fundamental to psychology that no general textbook in psychology could fail to devote a chapter or its equivalent to memory. Over the last 20 years or so, psychologists have developed a specific research literature on witness testimony. This research has been directed primarily at eyewitnesses, such as victims or bystanders to a criminal event. This issue of Psychology, Public Policy, and Law is devoted to the potential contributions of the scientific study of witness testimony to public policy and legal issues. Making policy or procedure recommendations to the criminal justice system on eyewitness reliability issues is not new for psychologists. Nearly 90 years ago, Hugo Munsterberg (1908) argued that "Nearly every chapter and sub-chapter of sense psychology may help to clear up the chaos and confusion which prevail in the observation of witnesses" (p. 33), and he bemoaned the fact that juries and judges are not obliged to know and understand these things. Following a long period of near dormancy on the issue, research programs in psychology arose again in the mid-1970s, and there has been a renewal of the argument that scientific psychology has something important to offer the legal system. Unlike Munsterberg, who tried to rely almost exclusively on basic findings and theories of sensation and perception, modern researchers on eyewitness issues have made heavy use of complex stimulus
Electoral reform in systems of proportional representation

. Does electoral reform produce the effects that would be expected on the basis of those features of the systems that are modified? By using knowledge from the literature on electoral systems it is possible to predict whether a reform should result in a conversion of votes into seats more proportional than that which preceded the reform or less. In each of ten cases of reform in Western Europe and Israel the reform produced the expected results. However, graphical presentation of data pooled from all ten cases suggests that party systems have the ability to adjust after just a few elections, making the effects of the new system less impressive than when it was first adopted. Graphical analysis also reveals that changes to more proportional rules tend to occur when the number of parties was already rising, while changes to less proportional rules (which would tend to decrease the number of ‘relevant’parties) occur when the number of parties has already been declining.
DEFENDING ETHICAL NATURALISM: THE ROLES OF COGNITIVE SCIENCE AND PRAGMATISM

Abstract. In various essays, Paul Churchland explores the relevance of studies in cognitive science to issues in ethics. What emerges is a kind of ethical naturalism that has two components. The first component is a descriptive-genealogical one whose purpose is to explain how people come to have their ethical beliefs. The second component is a normative one whose purpose is to explain why some values are better than other values. Given this distinction, the problem of integrating ethics with beliefs about the world is a consequence of the traditional view that it is possible to naturalize descriptive-genealogical ethics but not normative ethics. With this distinction as background, I critically examine Churchland's exploration of cognitive science's contribution to our understanding of the values and purposes that should direct our lives. The conclusion is twofold. First, using concepts from the American pragmatists, I argue that, pace Churchland, it is possible to bridge the descriptive-normative gap in order to articulate an ethical naturalism that addresses the so-called naturalistic fallacy but is not committed to an unpalatable relativism. Second, I argue that the sort of ethical naturalism that emerges has affinities to the postmodern ethics of Jean-Francois Lyotard.
Partial activation of the factor VIIIa-factor IXa enzyme complex by dihexanoic phosphatidylserine at submicellar concentrations.

Phosphatidylserine (PS)-containing membranes increase the kcat of the factor VIIIa−factor IXa enzyme complex by more than 1000-fold. While PS supports specific, high-affinity membrane binding of factor VIIIa and factor IXa, it is not known whether PS is the lipid that activates the membrane-bound complex. It is also not known whether PS or other activating lipids must reside in the two-dimensional membrane matrix for efficacy. We have found that submicellar concentrations of dihexanoic phosphatidylserine (C6PS) increase the activity of the factor VIIIa−factor IXa complex in a biphasic manner with half-maximal concentrations of 0.2 and 1.6 mM while the micelle-forming concentration is 4.0 mM. Increased cleavage of factor X at 0.25 mM C6PS was due to a 25-fold enhancement of the kcat and a 30-fold increase in the affinity of factor VIIIa for factor IXa. C6 phosphatidylethanolamine and C6 phosphatidic acid, but not C6 phosphatidylcholine, also accelerated the Xase complex, indicating that kcat enhancement ha...
Examining the Source of Writing Problems An Instrument for Measuring Writers' Topic-Specific Knowledge

Recent research suggests that if we overlook topic knowledge we may ignore an important source of students' writing problems. Given that writers' topic knowledge affects how and what they compose, this article presents a systematic strategy for examining topic-related knowledge prior to writing. Included in the discussion is a theory-based rationale for the measure, a formalized method for analyzing topic knowledge, and a guide for using the instrument.
Role of Domain Processes in Polycrystalline Barium Titanate

The theory of magnetic domains is reviewed and a comparison is made with the ferroelectric case. The known facts regarding domain processes in barium titanate are summarized and an attempt is made to apply these facts to the formulation of mechanisms for several electrical processes in ceramic barium titanate. It is suggested that the initial (low alternating field) dielectric constant of the material is due mainly to induced polarization, with some contribution (about 20%) from 90° domain wall motion, a mechanism which makes a much larger contribution to the dielectric losses at 1000 cycles. The poling process (to make the material piezoelectrically active) is visualized as a removal of 180° domain walls, with only a temporary motion of 90° domain walls. The aging process is thought to be due to the removal from the dielectric polarization of the contribution of the 90° wall motion.
A Case for Low-level Jamming Attacks on Mobile CPS in Target Tracking Applications

Jamming wireless signals has been one of the most effective attack techniques against any system that relies on wireless communications. Such attacks have been shown to cause degradation of quality, severe inefficiencies, and may potentially lead to instabilities. Surprisingly, this paper uncovers some of the benefits realized when systems are subjected to some level of jamming. In particular, we show cases in which low-level jamming attacks can improve the convergence time for systems when compared to systems that are not subjected to attacks. We illustrate such cases using traditional controllers in target tracking scenarios for Mobile Cyber-Physical Systems. We drive our results through analysis, simulation and real experimental implementation using the Surveyor SRV-1 blackfin robots.
Regional differences in sodomy laws.

As of 1989, 24 states prohibited either heterosexual or homosexual sodomy. This raises for study the following question: in what ways do states with sodomy laws differ from states without sodomy laws. It was hypothesized that states with sodomy laws are more punitive (as measured by the rate of adults under correctional supervision and the number of restricted civil rights for a felony conviction), rural, and southern. Although the first two hypotheses were rejected, states with sodomy laws scored significantly higher than states without such laws on Gastil's Index of Southernness. Sodomy laws may be more commonly found in the South given regional differences in social values about sex, morality, and family life.
Gynaminic acid and other naturally occurring forms of N-acetylneuraminic acid.

Abstract A method consisting of a mild acid hydrolysis of mucopolysaccharides from different natural products followed by ion-exchange chromatography on Dowex I is described for the separation and isolation of methoxyl-free N -acetylneuraminic acids. Gynaminic acid, C 11 H 19 NO 9 , has been isolated from human milk in a yield 47% of the theory and from meconium in a yield 31% of the theory. This acid on the basis of the infrared spectra and x-ray powder diffraction diagrams is identical with the acid from sheep submaxillary mucin as obtained by Blix. From cow's colostrum a closely related acid C 10 H 19 NO 8 has been obtained for the first time, which seems to be the naturally occurring form of lactaminic acid. From cattle mucin, in confirmation of Klenk's result, N -acetyl-neuraminic acid, C 12 H 21 NO 10 (yield 9.4%), has been obtained.
Eyewitnesses, Physical Evidence, and Forensic Science: A Case Study of State of North Carolina v. James Alan Gell

Abstract The use of eyewitnesses in criminal investigations and courtroom testimony has been well established in the United States. Their usefulness for the gathering of information is often the first step in any criminal investigation when looking for the who, what, when, where, and even the how and why of a crime. Their reliability, however, is often called into question. In August of 1995 Allan Gell, 20, was charged in the Superior Court of Bertie County, North Carolina, with first-degree murder, conspiracy to commit murder, armed robbery, and conspiracy to commit murder of Aulander resident Allen Ray Jenkins in April of that year. The charges against Gell were solely based on the eyewitness account of two teenage females present during the shooting. Gell was found guilty and sentenced to death row. Upon appeal, Gell was awarded a new trial. With a new trial ordered Gell's case was re-examined, especially the use of the physical evidence to support or contradict the original eyewitnesses in the case. P...
Field Days: Melville J. Herskovits in Dahomey

In recent years anthropologists and literary critics, most importantly George Stocking Jr. (1983), James Clifford and George E. Marcus (1986), and Clifford Geertz (1987), have led the way to a closer reading of the writings of early anthropologists and a fuller exploration of the intellectual climates in which they were working. As the founder of African studies in this country, Melville J. Herskovits is of considerable importance in terms of related scholarship in the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s. Although an anthropologist by training, Herskovits had a major impact on the development of African scholarship in many other disciplines—from the history of art to folklore to political and economic history. Herskovits' field research methodologies and orientations thus potentially are of considerable significance. Despite Herskovits' critical role in African studies, there has been relatively little scholarly interest to date in his African research methodologies. Herskovits' unpublished field notes of his Dahomey research provide us with an inside look at the principal field strategies and orientations of this important African scholar. These field materials today are housed in the archives of three different research institutions: The Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture in New York City; the library of Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois; and the Archives of Traditional Music at Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana. The largest grouping of Herskovits' Dahomey field materials (journals, financial records, artifact collection, photographs, correspondence) are at the Schomburg Center. At Northwestern University are found various diary extracts, song transcriptions, and the bulk of Herskovits' early and later correspondence. Recordings that Herskovits made in the course of the Dahomey research are located at Indiana University.
Computer analysis of polymer cooling curves in a dta experiment. I. Self‐heating effects

The peak height and shape of a cooling curve obtained in a differential thermal analysis experiment is governed by the transient balance between heat gained as a result of release of the latent heat of fusion of the polymer and heat lost in consequence of the resulting temperature gradient between the polymer and the thermal sink surrounding it. If Δθ is the observed height of the thermogram above its baseline, then it can be shown that to a good approximation where β is proportional to the ratio of the heat of fusion and the specific heat of the polymer, and γ is a constant determined by the thermal conductivity and geometry of the sample and its container. The rate of crystallization, w(t), appearing in the integral is a sensitive function of both t and Δθ. A closed-form solution of this integral is not possible, but numerical results may be obtained by computer methods.
Non-Ohmic conductivity in the fluctuation regime of charge- and spin-density-wave systems

We extend an earlier analysis of the fluctuation contribution to the electric conductivity in quasi-one-dimensional charge (quasi-1D)- (CDW) and spin-density-wave (SDW) systems to the non-Ohmic regime and to nonvanishing frequencies. We find that the electric conductivity increases quadratically with E, when E is sufficiently small, and this increase is given by \ensuremath{\sigma}(E)-\ensuremath{\sigma}(0)=A${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{\mathit{a}}$(0)[7\ensuremath{\zeta}(3)evE/ 8(\ensuremath{\pi}T${)}^{2}$\ensuremath{\tau}${]}^{2}$, where ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{\mathit{a}}$(0), v, and T are the anomalous contribution in the absence of E, the Fermi velocity in the chain direction, and the temperature, respectively, and \ensuremath{\tau}=ln(T/${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$) and \ensuremath{\zeta}(3)=1.202 . . . . Here A takes on values of 3/8,3/16,1, and 1/2 for a 3D CDW, a 3D SDW, a 2D CDW, and a 2D SDW, respectively. The effect of the nonvanishing frequency scales exactly with the effect of E in the case of 2D fluctuation, while this scaling is approximate for 3D fluctuation. For 2D fluctuation the scaling is expressed by E=\ensuremath{\omega}(\ensuremath{\Gamma}+\ensuremath{\Gamma}\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{})/ev, where \ensuremath{\Gamma} and \ensuremath{\Gamma}\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{} are the inverse of the pair-breaking lifetime and the quasiparticle lifetime, respectively.
8. Stress, insomnia and influenza vaccine response

The current analyses were part of a larger two-year study examining the relationship between perceived stress and influenza vaccine antibody responses in a healthy young adult population by comparing people with insomnia to people without insomnia. Self-reported stress levels were assessed in all individuals using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Influenza strains included H1N1, H3N2 and B. Participants gave a blood sample for antibody assessment both before and four weeks after the vaccine. Anti-influenza IgG antibody amounts were measured via ELISA. Correlations were examined between PSS scores (assessed prior to vaccination) and antibody amounts among the various influenza strains both pre- and post-vaccine. Overall, self-reported stress was negatively correlated with antibody levels pre-vaccine for the H1N1 (−.214, p = .009) and H3N2 (−.243, p = .003) strains and post-vaccine for H3N2 (−.244, p = .004) and B (−.186, p = .028) strains. Results indicated that overall, PSS scores were negatively correlated with anti-influenza antibody (IgG) responses both pre- and post-vaccine for some strains/years, a result that is consistent with a number of studies examining stress and vaccine responses. Interestingly, while people with insomnia self-reported more stress than those without (p = .000), covariate analyses examining stress as a predictor of antibody responses pre- to post-vaccine was not significant (p > .05).
Reconstructive Procedures for Treating Peri-implantitis A Systematic Review

This review aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of reconstructive procedures for treating peri-implantitis. Searches of electronic databases and cross-referencing were performed for human comparative clinical trials with ≥ 10 implants for ≥ 12 months of follow-up, reporting radiographic defect fill and at least one of the following parameters: probing depth reduction, clinical attachment level gain, bleeding on probing reduction, and mucosal recession. The searches retrieved 430 citations. Only 1 randomized controlled trial was identified, which compared reconstructive therapy and open flap debridement. Case series studies were also included to evaluate the overall performance of the reconstructive procedures. Twelve studies were finally included. Meta-analysis revealed that the weighted mean radiographic defect fill was 2.17 mm (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.46-2.87 mm), probing depth reduction was 2.97 mm (95% CI: 2.38-3.56 mm), clinical attachment level gain was 1.65 mm (95% CI: 1.17-2.13 mm), and bleeding on probing reduction was 45.8% (95% CI: 38.5%-53.3%). Great variability in reparative outcomes was found, attributed to patient factors, defect morphology, and reconstructive agents used. Currently, there is a lack of evidence for supporting additional benefit of reconstructive procedures to the other treatment modalities for managing peri-implantitis.
From movement to dance

This article begins with a summary phenomenological analysis of movement in conjunction with the question of “quality” in movement. It then specifies the particular kind of memory involved in a dancer’s memorization of a dance. On the basis of the phenomenological analysis and specification of memory, it proceeds to a clarification of meaning in dance. Taking its clue from the preceding sections, the concluding section of the article sets forth reasons why present-day cognitive science is unable to provide insights into dance, notably because being largely tethered to happenings in the brain, it lacks foundational grounding in experience, specifically, the actual experience of movement, which is to say in kinesthesia.
A Theory of Risk and Resilience Factors in Military Families

This article discusses risk and resilience factors that may affect military families, with a focus on frequent relocation, deployment, exposure to combat and PTSD, and postdeployment reunion as pos...
Mechanical Properties of a Structural Polyurethane Foam and the Effect of Particulate Loading

The room temperature mechanical properties of a closed-cell, polyurethane encapsulant foam have been measured as a function of foam density. Tests were performed on both unfilled and filler reinforced specimens. Over the range of densities examined, the modulus of the unloaded foam could be described by a power-law relationship with respect to density. This power-law relationship could be explained in terms of the elastic compliance of the cellular structure of the foam using a simple geometric model found in the literature. The collapse stress of the foam was also found to exhibit a power-law relationship with respect to density. Additions of an aluminum powder filler increased the modulus relative to the unfilled foam.
Purification of the acid form of phosphatidylserine from beef brain by countercurrent distribution

Abstract The acid form of phosphatidylserine has been isolated from beef brain in a pure state by means of countercurrent distribution.
Two classes of piecewise-linear difference equations with a periodic parameter and eventual periodicity

In this paper, we will study two classes of difference equations which are piecewise-linear with a periodic parameter. We will show that, all non-trivial solutions of both equations are eventually periodic and show their periods.
Highly Multiplexed Optical Correlation Filters

Composite filters constructed with synthetic discriminant function algebra and binary phase-only Fourier transforms of training images are demonstrated through digital simulation. These are shown to provide high multiplicity and S/N, with unusually low scatter in S/N parameters compared to filters constructed with input plane images.
Temperature monitoring during radiofrequency catheter ablation of accessory pathways.

BACKGROUNDAnimal studies have suggested that the temperature of the electrode-tissue interface during radiofrequency catheter ablation accurately predicts lesion size. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the utility of continuous temperature monitoring during radiofrequency catheter ablation in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.METHODS AND RESULTSTwenty patients with manifest preexcitation were included in the study. The ablation catheter was positioned on the ventricular side of the mitral annulus for left-sided accessory pathways and on the atrial side of the tricuspid annulus for right-sided and septal accessory pathways. A thermistor imbedded in the distal electrode of the ablation catheter allowed continuous temperature monitoring during each energy application. To define the relation between power and temperature, radiofrequency current was applied several times at each site using outputs of 20, 30, 40, and 50 W. The accessory pathways were successfully ablated in each of the...
Anionic ring opening polymerization of cyclotetrasiloxanes with large substituents

Cyclotetrasiloxanes with large substituents were synthesized by hydrosilylation of 1,3,5,7-tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane with CH2=CHCH2X, X being (CH2)2CH3, O(CH2CH2O)3CH3, OCH2epoxy and OCH2- benzo-18-crown-6. The tetrasubstituted cycles were homo-polymerized or copolymerized with octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane in the presence of potassium silanolate to yield polysiloxanes with side chains containing oxirane rings, crown ethers or oxyethylene ligands. In addition to a complex mixture of cycles, about 50 to 80% polymer can be recovered. The copolymer generally contains less of the substituted monomer than the starting monomer feed, but the bulky substituents do not appear to prevent formation of homo- or copolymer.
The Production of Hyaluronidase by Balantidium coli.

Abstract A procedure for isolation of Balantidium coli in culture from hog ceca is described. By the use of the streptococcus decapsulation test and the mucin clot prevention test, it has been shown that Balantidium coli produces an enzyme having hyaluronidase activity. The role of hyaluronidase in the pathogenicity of this organism is not clear, but by the nature of its action it probably functions as a secondary mechanism.
Use of microgravity to interpret dendritic growth kinetics at small supercoolings

The Isothermal Dendritic Growth Experiment (IDGE), first performed in low-earth orbit in March of 1994 showed variation in the growth data beyond that due to measurement uncertainties, and a significant deviation from predictions of diffusive transport theory with boundary conditions at infinity. Recently, two models described in the J. Crystal Growth suggested modifications from the Ivantsov model to describe the heat transfer of a dendrite growing into a supercooled melt. One model, by Sekerka et al. [J. Crystal Growth 154 (1995) 370], describes how convection resulting from the residual micro-accelerations present on orbit could enhance the heat transfer. Another, by Pines et al. [J. Crystal Growth 167 (1996) 383], describes the observed differences as a thermal boundary layer effect arising from the proximity of the growth chamber wall to the dendrite. Recent in-situ telemetry of dendrite images received during the second flight of the IDGE in March 1996 showed no correlation between the variations in the crystal growth velocities and the quasi-static microgravity environment.
Idiosyncratic effects of noncontingent reinforcement on problematic speech

Noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) was used to treat the attention-maintained problematic speech of an adult male diagnosed with moderate mental retardation. A series of functional assessments was conducted that included informant interviews and a brief experimental analysis. A multiple-baseline design was then used to assess the effects of NCR across two different therapists. Although the target behavior was substantially decreased from baseline levels, the reduction was inversely related to the density of the NCR schedule. Within-session analyses were then used to hypothesize putative behavior-change mechanisms responsible for the reduction. The results are discussed in relation to the active components underlying the effects of NCR. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of time-dependent gravity with multiple frequencies on the thermal convective stability of a fluid layer

Abstract The effect of a time-dependent gravity vector with a double frequency on the thermal stability of a fluid layer is explained physically and by way of a calculation. The analogy of this problem to the time-dependent acceleration of the base plate or pivot of a simple linear pendulum is made clear. Specifically it is shown that if a fluid layer that is heated from below is unstable to a time-dependent gravity field for two different frequencies, it may regain stability if both frequencies act in concert with each other.
Pennsylvania SBIRT Medical and Residency Training: Developing, Implementing, and Evaluating an Evidenced-Based Program.

Medical residents do not receive adequate training in screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) for alcohol and other drug use disorders. The federally funded Pennsylvania SBIRT Medical and Residency Training program (SMaRT) is an evidence-based curriculum with goals of training residents in SBIRT knowledge and skills and disseminating the curriculum throughout the medical residency programs. The SMaRT program collaborates with 4 hospital systems and 7 residency sites, with a target of 1147 residents to be trained. This brief report describes the design of the SMaRT program curriculum, implementation across settings and programs, and its evaluation methods.
The origin of extra resonances in saturated, fully resonant, molecular spectroscopies

Abstract It is shown that, under conditions appropriae for the electronic/vibrational manifold of molecules, destructive interference between population and fully coherent terms of the steady-state nonlinear susceptibility persists for laser intensities substantially exceeding the usual saturation limit, leading to the absence of extra resonances in the limit of no pure dephasing over a wide intensity range. Unrelaxed (Raman/fluorescence) emission and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) are treated in detail as examples. Dephasing induced resonances are absent for both spectroscopies in the no pure dephasing limit provided the Rabi fequency is significantly less than the vibrational (rather than electornic) dephasing rate. For inhomogeneously broadened media, these interference effects alter the line-narrowing properties of both spectroscopies. For unrelaxed emission, no line-narrowed, fluorescence-like resonance occurs. For CARS, only a single, saturation induced, line-narrowed resonance corresponding to a vibronic level of the electornically excited state is predicted - no line-narrowed vibrational resonance appears.
Correlates of sense of control among older Korean-American immigrants: financial status, physical health constraints, and environmental challenges.

Responding to the need for more research on minority older populations, the present study assessed sense of control among older Korean-American immigrants. The association of sense of control with ...
Effects of Dehydration and Soy Fortification on Physicochemical, Nutritional and Sensory Properties of Ghanaian Fermented Maize Meal

Fermented maize meal was air dried at 60°C and fortified with defatted soy flour at 0%, 10% and 20% replacement levels on dry basis. The effects on protein quality were determined by chick growth response studies and amino acid analysis, while sensory characteristics were evaluated by triangle and preference tests. Air drying did not affect chick growth response but slightly reduced preference of the meal. The drying caused only 6% and 16% losses in total and available lysine contents, respectively. Soy fortification of air-dried maize meal at 10% improved sensory preference to the same degree as freshly fermented meals and increased the protein quality significantly over both freeze-dried unfortified control and air-dried unfortified meals. Twenty percent soy fortified maize meal had low sensory score although the nutritive value was substantially increased.
1583 PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF PROMINENT SUBARACHNOID SPACES IN MACROCEPHALY

Diameters of the extracerebral frontal space (hereinafter referred to as the frontal subarachnoid space) were measured on the CAT scans of 80 children, their ages ranging from 0-24 months. The maximal diameters from the outer surface of the cortex to the inner table of the skull were measured and corrected, using the minification factor for the Siemens SIRETOM Scanner. Ten of these infants (8 males, 2 females) underwent CAT scans for evaluation of macrocephaly with head circumference above the 98th percentile. All had normal CAT scans except for a mean frontal subarachnoid space diameter of 2.24 mm. This differed significantly from 0.69 mm, the mean for 70 other children with miscellaneous neurologic disorders (p<0.05). Specifically, the frontal subarachnoid space diameter in children with macrocephaly and normal neurologic examinations differed significantly (p<-.05) from the measurement in 22 children with hydrocephalus (mean 0.77 mm), 7 children with idiopathic seizures (mean 0.45) and 6 children with spastic diplegia (mean 0.27). Six of these 10 infants upon follow up for a mean period of 13.6 months, continued to demonstrate normal development. Macrocephaly in infants, when associated with prominent frontal subarchnoid space may indicate an increased cerebrospinal pool and a relatively benign prognosis.
Biosynthesis and disposition of γ-guanidinobutyric acid in mammalian tissues

Abstract Transamidinase of kidney and pancreas was shown to catalyze the formation of γ-guanidinobutyric acid from γ-aminobutyric acid and arginine. The enzyme was also shown to be present in brain. Glycine was about ten times more active than γ-aminobutyric acid. A number of amino acids were tested for activity with purified hog kidney transamidinase. In addition to γ-aminobutyric acid, β-alanine, δ-aminovaleric, and lysine all had demonstrable activity. γ-Guanidinobutyric acid was found in all tissues of the rat. Following the intraperitoneal injection of γ-guanidinobutyric acid, no increase was observed in the brain concentration indicating that at least in brain, γ-guanidinobutyric acid arises mainly through synthesis and not as a result of dietary intake.
The Effects of Surgical Abolition of Left-to-Right Shunts on the Pulmonary Vascular Dynamics of Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension

The preoperative and postoperative pulmonary artery pressures, the ratios of pulmonary to systemic arterial pressure, and of pulmonary to systemic vascular resistance were compared in 29 patients with congenital heart disease, left-to-right shunts, and pulmonary hypertension. These patients averaged 21 years of age and the time interval between operation and the postoperative catheterization averaged 11 months. The mean pulmonary artery pressure and the pulmonary artery to systemic artery pressure ratio fell significantly in all 12 patients with extracardiac left-to-right shunts (patent ductus arteriosus and aortopulmonary septal defect) and fell to normal in 10 of them. The pulmonary vascular/systemic vascular resistance ratio was abnormally elevated in only one patient postoperatively. In the 17 patients with atrial and ventricular septal defects the decline in pulmonary artery pressure and in the pulmonary/systemic arterial pressure ratio was less striking than in the patients with extracardiac shunts. These indices were normal postoperatively in only two of the nine patients with atrial septal defects and in none of the eight patients with ventricular septal defects. No significant changes were noted after operation in the pulmonary/systemic vascular resistance ratios in any of the 17 patients with intracardiac left-to-right shunts. From these observations it appears likely that some regression of the abnormalities in the pulmonary vascular bed occurs during the first year after closure of an extracardiac left-to-right shunt. On the other hand, there was little physiologic evidence that such favorable changes followed operation in the patients with atrial or ventricular septal defects.
Speech and span: Working memory capacity impacts the use of animacy but not of world knowledge during spoken sentence comprehension

We present results from a study demonstrating that high-and low-span listeners show qualitatively different brain responses when comprehending simple active sentences. Participants listened to naturally produced sentences in three conditions in which the plausibility of thematic relations was manipulated, for instance: The dog(1)/The poet(2)/The box(3) is biting the mailman. Event-related potentials were recorded to the first noun, the verb, and the second noun in all three conditions. In (2), the thematic relations between the words in the sentence are less expected given our world knowledge, and this resulted in an N400 effect of semantic processing difficulty to the second noun for both high-and low-span subjects. In (3), the inanimate first noun cannot be the agent of the verb. Only high-span subjects showed an effect of animacy on the sentence-initial nouns, evident from a larger anterior negative shift to inanimate than animate nouns. Furthermore, to the thematically violated verbs (3), low-span subjects showed an N400, whereas high-span subjects generated a P600. We suggest that this P600 effect to the thematically violated verb may be related to processing costs resulting from a conflict between the provisional thematic roles assigned as a function of the inanimate sentence-initial noun, and the actual (animate) agent required by the verb. We further argue that low-span subjects lag behind those with high span in their use of animacy, but not real-world knowledge in the on-line computation of thematic roles in spoken language comprehension.
The motion of two-dimensional vortex pairs in a ground effect

A new technique for generating a pair of line vortices in the laboratory has been developed. The mean flow of these vortices is highly two-dimensional, although most of the flow field is turbulent. This two-dimensionality permits the study of vortex motions in the absence of the Crow mutual induction instability and other three-dimensional effects. The vortices are generated in a water tank of dimensions 15 × 122 × 244 cm. They propagate vertically and their axes span the 15 cm width of the tank. One wall of the tank is transparent, and the flow is visualized using fluorescein dye. High speed photography is used to study both the transition to turbulence during the vortex formation process and the interaction of the turbulent vortices with a simulated ground plane.Transition occurs first in an annular region surrounding the core of each vortex, starting with a shear-layer instability on the rolled-up vortex sheet. The turbulent region then grows both radially inwards and radially outwards until the entire recirculation cell is turbulent. A ‘relaminarization’ of the vortex core appears to take place somewhat later.The interaction of the vortex pair with the ground plane does not follow the predictions of potential-flow theory for line vortices. Although the total circulation is apparently conserved, the vortices remain at a larger distance from the ground than is expected and eventually ‘rebound’ or move away from the ground. Differences between a free-surface boundary condition and a smooth or rough ground plane are discussed. The ground-plane interaction is qualitatively very similar to that of aircraft trailing vortices observed in recent flight tests.
The Parousia of Paul at Iconium

This article explores the parousia reception, instead of the arena, as a locus for spectacle production in the Roman Empire, specifically in certain passages of early Christian literature. Not only did Christians apply the familiar image of parousia to their eschatology, but they also produced new truths about empire and the location of legitimate authority through their creative production of distinctive parousia spectacles. Through these literary spectacles, old truths about the body and authority were challenged as Christians developed a cosmology for the parousia spectacle that both transformed parousia and also served as a new hermeneutic for interpreting such ceremonies. The arrival of Paul at Iconium represented a radical reinterpretation of parousia in that it shifted the locus of spectation from the emperor to the individual Christian. In producing and consuming their own parousia spectacles, Christians participated in imperial discourse.
A Region of Proximal Learning model of study time allocation

Abstract A Region of Proximal Learning model is proposed emphasizing two components to people’s study time allocation, controlled by different metacognitive indices. The first component is choice , which is further segmented into two stages: (1) a decision of whether to study or not and (2) the order of priority of items chosen. If the people’s Judgments of Learning (JOLs) are sufficiently high that they believe they know the items already, they will choose to not study. If they do choose to study, the order is from that which they believe is almost known to that which they believe is more difficult (high JOL to low JOL). The second component is perseverance , with emphasis on the rule for stopping studying once study has begun on an item. We propose that people use a previously unexplored process-oriented metacognitive marker: their judgments of the rate of learning (jROLs), to decide when to stop. When learning is proceeding quickly and the jROL value is high they continue studying. When the jROL approaches zero, and their subjective assessment indicates learning is at a standstill they stop. The extant literature bearing on this model is reviewed, and eight new experiments, all of which support the model, are presented.
Studies on a series of branched-chain analogs of diethyl malathion and malaoxon with regard to toxicity and in vitro enzymatic reactions.

Abstract A series of branched-chain analogs of diethyl malathion and malaoxon were prepared in which the “leaving group” consisted of either malonate, succinate, α-glutarate, or β-glutarate diethyl esters. The single-dose oral toxicities of these compounds as determined for female Duplin white mice showed the α-glutarate analogs to be the most toxic and the β-glutarate analogs the least toxic. Inhibiting carboxylesterase in vivo with tri-o-tolyl phosphate (TOCP) demonstrated that all the compounds were substrates for carboxylesterase. The house fly LD50 data showed the β-glutarate analogs to be the least toxic in the series. In vitro studies with rat liver carboxylesterase and the branched-chain analogs of diethyl malathion also demonstrated that all the compounds were hydrolyzed by liver carboxylesterase. The inhibition studies showed the malonate malaoxon was the most active inhibitor to cholinesterase and carboxylesterase. No overall correlation between toxicity and in vitro enzymatic activity was found.
Infrared Circular Dichroism and Linear Dichroism Spectrophotometer

An instrument for the measurement of circular dichroism (CD) between 5000 cm−1 and 750 cm−1 is described. This instrument also can perform high precision linear dichroism measurements in the same wavelength range. A germanium photoelastic modulator having a large linear and angular aperture is used to vary the polarization of monochromatic ir light between left- and right-circularly polarized at 8 kHz. This polarization-modulated light traverses the sample and falls onto a cooled InSb or HgCdTe detector. Phase-sensitive demodulation yields the CD of the sample to a precision of 4 × 10−6 o.d. units near 3000 cm−1. The instrument has been used to study ir circular dichroism arising from molecular vibrations in cholesteric liquid crystals, crystals, and fluids. CD arising from low-lying electronic transitions of metal complexes and linear dichroism of polymer films have also been studied.
The Effect of Varying Stratification on Low-Frequency Equatorial Motions

Abstract A formalism is developed to examine the effect of zonally varying stratification on equatorial wave phenomena; an effect present in the real ocean but neglected from standard linear theory. The approach utilized involves the application of a matching condition to equatorial waves incident on a single zonal discontinuity in the density field of a shallow water system. Transmission and reflection coefficients are sought for the projection of an incoming wave onto the entire set of resultant vertical and horizontal wave modes of a general continuously stratified fluid. The limiting case of a meridional density front is extended, in a manner analogous to radiative transfer problems, to a series of discrete density intervals. These techniques are applied to specific choices of stratification ranging from a zonal jump discontinuity in the density field to density changes with zonal scales large with respect to the waves in question, i.e., a WKB limit. The results demonstrate that zonally varying strati...
Consumption of the World: Reading, Eating and Imitation in: Every Man Out of His Humor

The Mind, that Ocean where each kind Does streight its own resemblance find. —Marvell, “The Garden” What then, does the intellect seek if not to transform all things into itself… And what does the will strive to do if not to transform itself into all things…?—Ficino, “Five Questions Concerning the Mind”
Phases, kinetics and structure of alkali-C60 compounds: preparation of Rb3- and (Rb3−xKx)-C60 superconductors

Abstract System exploration of the compound-formation kinetics, phase composition and super-conductivity of Rb:C60 mixtures, as diagnosed by X-ray crystallography and shielding diamagnetism measurements, reveals a single superconducting phase: f.c.c. Rb3C60 compound (a = 14.43 A , T c = 29.6 K ) analogous to f.c.c. K3C60 (a = 14.26 A , T c = 19.2 K ) . The formation kinetics are interpreted in terms of staging, i.e., segregation and growth of several phase-separated compounds. The other prominent phase is b.c.c. Rb6C60, analogous to the A6C60 compounds (A =Cs, K) reported earlier, but there is also a b.c.t. Rb4C60 compound and indications of another phase intermediate between C60 and Rb3C60. In samples prepared from mixtures in the 2.2:1 to 2.8 range, the shielding reaches a maximum of >50%, a high value for powder samples, and the X-ray pattern is free of interfering phases. Also reported are indications of two mixed-alkali phases prepared in high yield and tentatively associated with Rb2K1C60 and Rb1K2C60 (Tc values near 28 and 22.5 K, respectively). In contrast to the always sharp onset for Rb3C60, these compounds exhibit the rounded onsets characteristic of residual inhomogeneity.
Effects of Hypervelocity Particles on Shielded Structures

An extensive test program that was init iated to determine the advantages of the "meteor bumper" structural configuration is reported. Within the physical l imitat ions of the program, it was proved that a substantial saving in weight or, conversely, a notable gain in safety could be achieved by the proper shielding of structure to prevent penetration by hypervelocity projectiles. A description of this test program together wi th some of the results and conclusions obtained are presented.
Quantitative imaging of cells with multi-isotope imaging mass spectrometry (MIMS)—Nanoautography with stable isotope tracers

We describe some technical aspects of the application of multi-isotope imaging mass spectrometry (MIMS) to biological research, particularly the use of isotopic tags to localize and measure their incorporation into intracellular compartments. We touch on sample preparation, on image formation, on drift correction and on extraction of quantitative data from isotope ratio imaging. We insist on the wide variety of sample types that can be used, ranging from whole cells prepared directly on Si supports, to thin sections of cells and tissues on Si supports, to ultrathin TEM sections on carbon-coated grid. We attempt to dispel the myth of difficulties in sample preparation, which we view as a needless deterrent to the application of MIMS to the general biological community. We present protocols for the extraction of isotope ratio data from mass images. We illustrate the benefits of using sequential image plane acquisition followed by the application of an autocorrelation algorithm (nanotracking) to remove the effects of specimen drift. We insist on the advantages to display the isotope ratios as hue saturation intensity images.
Elementary Pre-Service Teachers' Response-Shift Bias: Self-Efficacy and Attitudes toward Science.

Response-shift bias occurs when participants' initial constructs, such as self-efficacy in teaching science, are incomplete because they do not fully conceptualize something they have yet to experience. This study examines whether elementary pre-service teachers can consistently evaluate constructs such as self-efficacy and attitudes toward science throughout an elementary methods course. After the administration of traditional pre-tests, retrospective pre-tests, and post-tests, this study examined whether a response-shift bias consistently occurred in scales indicating science teaching self-efficacy (as measured by the Science Teaching Efficacy Beliefs Instrument-B), attitudes toward science (modified Attitudes Toward Science Inventory), and relevancy of science (Changes in Attitudes about the Relevancy of Science). Results indicate that a significant response-shift bias occurred in the scales relating to self-efficacy, confidence, and attitudes toward science; while no response-shift bias occurred in sc...
Remote gate capacitance‐voltage studies for noninvasive surface characterization

A measurement technique has been developed which allows noncontact capacitance-voltage measurements to be made using a gate electrode located remote from the semiconductor surface under study. With gate electrodes about 0.5 mm in diameter and gate to semiconductor separations of about 1500 A, it was possible to generate data entirely comparable to that obtained with integrated MIS structures but with the advantage that there was access directly to the free-semiconductor surface. This technique was applied to bulk single-crystal Si and InP samples.