cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The electron microscopy of post-growth induced defects of ZnSe/GaAs epilayers

A fundamental research of structural defects induced upon post-growth processing of ZnSe/GaAs epilayers grown on (100) GaAs was done by identifying defect-related reflections in the transmission electron diffraction (TED) patterns of ZnSe. Structural artifacts, other than the as-grown defects, on this material system could be excluded according to our results. Four types of abnormal reflections have been observed in addition to primary reflections. These extra reflections are sensitive to the post-growth processing of ZnSe epilayers and may arise from various external effects, rather than epitaxy growth, such as irradiation damage, surface oxidation, and surface contamination. By mapping these reflections at several major zone axes using TED patterns, we found that the reciprocal lattice for a ZnSe crystal with structural defects consists of two distinct types of extra reflections associated with irradiation damage. The first type of extra reflections is ±1/3{111} and the other is ±1/2{111} corresponding to pure-edge and non-edge dislocation loops, respectively. For (100) oriented wafers, the ±1/3{111} and ±1/2{111} reflections were observed only on two of the four possible 〈111〉 variants (i.e. [111]Zn and [111]Zn)and this phenomenon was attributed to the anisotropy of defect distribution. Extra reflections associated with surface oxidation and contamination are also observed. The orientation relationships between a surface hexagonal ZnO and a cubic ZnSe film are [0001]ZnO//[−111]ZnSe, and [01−11]ZnO//[011]ZnSe. The origin, characterization, and elimination of these induced reflections are discussed. With the knowledge about these extra effects on structural defect formation, we have shown the real microstructure of ZnSe epilayers.
Influence of Iodinated Casein on DDT Residues in Chicks

Abstract OLNEY et al. (1962) showed that chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides tend to accumulate in the fatty deposits of chickens. Wesley et al. (1966) presented evidence which suggested that starvation increased the depletion rate of DDT from the tissues of chickens. Repeated cycles of 48 hours of starvation followed by 24 hours of feeding non-contaminated feed reduced body fat content and body burden of DDT when starved chicks were grown to the same body weight as full-fed controls (Donaldson et al., 1968). The results with starvation suggest that any treatments which tend to decrease body fat may also tend to increase the rate of elimination of DDT residues from the body. Turner et al. (1946) showed that feeding iodinated casein to laying hens resulted in decreased deposition of subcutaneous and carcass fat. Stamler et al. (1950) found that the feeding of dessicated thyroid to chicks reduced the lipemia and fatty liver produced…
Are Emotions Natural Kinds

Laypeople and scientists alike believe that they know anger, or sadness, or fear, when they see it. These emotions and a few others are presumed to have specific causal mechanisms in the brain and properties that are observable (on the face, in the voice, in the body, or in experience)-that is, they are assumed to be natural kinds. If a given emotion is a natural kind and can be identified objectively, then it is possible to make discoveries about that emotion. Indeed, the scientific study of emotion is founded on this assumption. In this article, I review the accumulating empirical evidence that is inconsistent with the view that there are kinds of emotion with boundaries that are carved in nature. I then consider what moving beyond a natural-kind view might mean for the scientific understanding of emotion. Language: en
The Changing Geography of Urban Tourism: Will the Center Hold?

AbstractDuring the last quarter of a century, urban centers in the United States have invested significant resources to develop a physical infrastructure to support the economic sectors of tourism and leisure. Cities of all sizes in Europe and the U.S. are aggressively promoting tourism and related sectors, and much of this activity is occurring outside the urban core. Using the case of metropolitan Chicago, this paper focuses on the evolving geography of urban tourism by examining how four satellite cities have embraced a strategy of development that mirrors the city of Chicago's strategy. In this paper we argue that, at least in the case of some metropolitan areas in the U.S., tourism development at the urban periphery may compete with and therefore slow the pace of redevelopment at the urban core.
Design of the RSX11M Q System

The present LAMPF Q data acquisition/analysis software system is being converted to run under the RSX-1lM operating system. Major subsystems have been redesigned to be compatible with RSX-11M and to provide enhanced functionality. In addition, two new major subsystems have been designed: a test package subsystem and a real-time parameter array subsystem.
Does Encouragement by Others Increase Rape Reporting? Findings From a National Sample of Women

Our study explores the role of victims' consultation with others about whether or not to report their rape to police. Three groups were observed within this sample of 435 rape victims from a national telephone household probability sample of women: those who did not consult with anyone about reporting (n = 364), those who consulted with someone and were encouraged to report to police (n = 40), and those who consulted with someone and were not encouraged to report (n = 31). Descriptive analyses indicated that the encouraged group was more likely to report to police than either of the other two groups (which did not differ from each other). Because there were no differences between the two consulting groups on demographic or rape-related variables, they were combined in subsequent analyses. Consulting with others about whether to report, peri-traumatic fear of injury or death, assault perpetration by a stranger, and concerns about contracting a sexually transmitted disease were significant predictors of reporting to police after controlling for other significant predictors in a multivariate regression analysis. Implications of these findings are discussed, including the benefits and consequences of formal rape reporting for victims, and the role that disclosure recipients may have in assisting victims post-rape (e.g., encouragement of reporting, emotional support).
Chemoselective Alkylation of N-Alkylaminooxy-Containing Peptides

Peptides containing N-alkylaminooxy amino acids were chemoselectively alkylated with allylic, benzylic, and α-carbonyl bromides, N-ethylmaleimide, and hexyl acrylate in mildly acidic aqueous/organic solutions. Alkylation at the aminooxy nitrogen proceeds in good yields with excellent to complete chemoselectivity in the presence of all common amino acids except cysteine. This reaction complements the selective glycosylation and acylation of N-alkylaminooxy groups and provides an avenue for the synthesis of peptide arrays comprising a wide variety of neoglycopeptides and neolipopeptides.
Stabilization of MOS devices

Abstract It is shown that there are three basic instabilities present in MOS devices; ( a ) ion drift in the gate insulator, ( b ) temperature dependent deep trapping at the insulator-silicon interface and ( c ) generation of fast interface states under positive Bias Temperature (BT) stress. The sources of these instabilities and techniques suitable for eliminating them will be discussed.
WE-E-330D-02: Characterization of Breast Calcifications Using X-Ray Diffraction

Purpose: Coherent scatterimaging has been developed to elucidate the chemical composition of calcifications. Breast calcifications can be divided into two broad categories. Type I are calcium oxalate dehydrate, while Type II are calcium hydroxyapatite. Type II calcifications are known to be associated with carcinoma. It is generally accepted that the exclusive finding of type I calcifications is indicative of benign lesions. Method and Materials: An imaging system has been built that utilizes a molybdenum target x‐ray tube with niobium filtration to isolate the molybdenum Kαcharacteristic radiation. The system is designed to interrogate calcifications in the field with a pencil‐beam of radiation. The transmitted beam is attenuated, and the scattered beam is recorded on an x‐ray image intensifier optically‐coupled to a CCD camera. The system is typically operated at 36 kVp and 25–100 mAs. Results: Reagent grade calcium oxalate and calcium hydroxyapatite were made into blocks of thickness 42–510 mg/cm2. Pinhole sizes varying from 0.3–2.0 mm in diameter were tested to observe the effects of irradiation area on the resolution of the diffraction patterns. All pinhole sizes produced distinctive spectra, but a pinhole size of 0.75 mm appears to be near optimal, as there is sufficient angular resolution and photon fluence to produce distinguishable diffraction patterns. Scatteringmaterials (simulating glandular tissue and fat) were placed upstream and downstream of the calcific material to probe the influence of the surrounding tissue on diffraction. Material thicknesses >1 cm dramatically degraded the measured diffraction patterns. Analysis of diffraction patterns show that calcifications are readily discernable based upon their scatteringcharacteristics. We are able to match these diffraction patterns to calculated theoretical patterns when the later is convolved with a Gaussian‐based filter. Conclusion: We have demonstrated in proof‐of‐principle that we can discern different types of calcifications using coherent scatterimaging.
Tunable diode laser measurements of air- and N(2)-broadened halfwidths in the nu(2) band of D(2)O.

The first experimental measurements of air- and N2-broadened halfwidths of single lines in the nu2 band of D2O were obtained at room temperature, using a semiconductor tunable diode laser operating in the 1250-1340/cm region. The difference observed between air- and N2-broadened halfwidths may be attributed to the different quadrupole moments of the perturbing gas constituents. It is noted that both the airand N2-broadened halfwidths for the two ortho-para doublets are the same, within the present experimental uncertainties.
Word equations of paths

Let 9* denote the semigroup, under concatenation, of all rectifiable, piecewise continuously differentiable paths in Rn which are not constant on any subinterval and which do not form a straight line on any subinterval. Let w1 = w1(3vI,... , xt), us = f&&h ,-**, x6) denote two words in the letters x1 ,..., xt . Let 9 = F(a, )...) ak) be a free semigroup on a, ,..., a, and suppose u&1 ,.~~, %C~ E 9 with Wl(U1 ,*.*a 2~) = w2(u1 ,..., 14,). Let fr ,..., fk f 33* and set gi = ui(fi ,...) f%j E 53*, z’=l >*.*, t. Then clearly wr(g, ,..., gt) = w&r ,,.., gt). The main theorem of this paper is that every solution of wr = wa in 9” is obtained in this manner. In the event that t = 2, we are able to prove the same theorem without the assumption of differentiability.
Automatic Control of the Trim-Coil Power Supplies at the Berkeley 88-Inch Cyclotron

The automatic-control requirements of the 88-inch cyclotron trim-coil power supplies resemble those of many industrial processes. Certain set points must be automatically realized and maintained throughout an extended experimental run. The recently installed system reduces trim-coil setup time to less than 5 min, and maintains these set points within 0.4% or less over an 8-hour period. Although the system is primarily analog, the set points for a run are programmed on an IBM card and entered into the system through a digital-to-analog interface. The system is being extended to include the many machine-parameters--such as the deflector positions and voltages--that have set points.
Landau theory of the crumpling transition.

An order-parameter theory of the crumpling transition in $D$-dimensional polymerized membranes embedded in $d$ dimensions is developed. Within mean-field theory, we show how self-avoidance modifies the behavior at the second-order crumpling transition. Fluctuations drive the transition first order to lowest order in $\ensuremath{\epsilon}=4\ensuremath{-}D$, for $dl{d}_{c}\ensuremath{\approx}219$.
The bewildering decibel

The term “decibel” has been used for quantities for which it is not the assigned designation. Confusion and error have resulted. To restore precision and stability to our technical terminology, it is recommended that this term be assigned specifically to unit transmission loss and that the word “logit” be used for standard magnitudes which combine by multiplication. Thus logit would serve as a companion to the word “unit” now used for standard magnitudes which combine by addition.
Calibration of the Root Zone Water Quality Model for Simulating Tile Drainage and Leached Nitrate in the Georgia Piedmont

Calibration procedures and data used to parameterize a model, including model components that may or may not have been addressed, are generally not well documented in modeling studies. A comprehensive description of the process and parameters used for calibrating the Root Zone Water Quality Model, v. 1.3.2004.213, is presented in this article. The model was calibrated to simulate tile drainage and leached nitrate under conventional tillage management practices for maize (Zea mays L.) production followed by a rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop in Cecil soils (kaolinitic, thermic, Typic Kanhapludults), and for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) development in the Georgia Piedmont. Tile drainage and nitrate leaching were simulated within 15% of the observed values in the calibrated maize scenarios with and without the soil macroporosity option. Simulated and observed tile drainage and leached nitrate were not significantly different, and the simulated values were not significantly different with and without the macroporosity option. Simulated cotton biomass and leaf area index were well correlated with observed biomass and leaf area index until the last 21 d of the reproductive stage. Simulated and observed cotton water use were different by <1 mm d -1 based on A soil water in a 60-cm profile during the critical peak bloom period. A detailed analysis of the calibration procedure and parameters used in this study will aid subsequent users of the model as well as aid in a subsequent evaluation of the model's performance for simulations of tile drainage and nitrate leaching in Georgia Piedmont cotton production systems.
Using Persistence Display to Increase Change Detection in Process Control Graphical Gauges

This study investigates the effect of a novel display mechanism, named “persistence display”, on visual sensitivity to changes in graphical gauges. The effectiveness of the persistence display was evaluated under different magnitudes of level changes and was compared to traditional displays that are prevalent in the process control industry. The results of this study show that persistence display increased the users' visual sensitivity such that their ability to detect changes in graphical gauges was greater compared to traditional forms of display across all level of change magnitude. Further recommendations are made to continue evaluating the effect that persistence display may have on operators training.
A hydrogen boost for salmonella.

Although the microbiota protects the host from infection, pathogens are still able to colonize and cause disease. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Maier et al. (2013) provide mechanistic insight into the initial stages of Salmonella growth in the gut, showing that microbiota-derived hydrogen provides an energy boost to Salmonella.
Theory and Design of a Quadrature Analog-to-Information Converter for Energy-Efficient Wideband Spectrum Sensing

A flexible bandwidth, blind sub-Nyquist sampling approach referred to as the quadrature analog-to-information converter (QAIC) is proposed. The QAIC relaxes the analog frontend bandwidth requirements at the cost of some added complexity compared to the modulated wideband converter (MWC) for an overall improvement in sensitivity and energy consumption. An approach for detailed frequency domain analysis of the proposed system with linear impairments is developed. A process for selecting QAIC parameter values is illustrated through examples. The benefits of the QAIC are highlighted with cognitive radio use cases where a wide range of spectrum is observed at various resolution bandwidth settings. We demonstrate that the energy consumption of the QAIC is potentially two orders of magnitude lower than the swept-tuned spectrum analyzer (STSA) and an order of magnitude lower than the MWC. We also demonstrate that the QAIC significantly improves upon the sensitivity performance delivered by the MWC.
Suppression of prolactin release by a purified porcine PIF preparation and catecholamines infused into a rat hypophysial portal vessel.

Since a purified porcine hypothalamic preparation with high PIF activity as tested by an in vivtro assay was found to contain a high content of catecholamines, PIF activity of this preparation and catecholamines were examined in vivo. The test samples were infused for 30 min into a hypophysial portal vessel of male rats anesthetized with urethane. Infusion of 30 ng and 300 ng of porcine PIF preparation in 5% glucose solution decreased serum prolactin levels significantly, as compared to the respective preinfusion levels. Infusion of 60 ng and 600 ng, but not 6 ng, of dopamine hydrochloride in glucose solution caused a significant reduction in prolactin levels. Administration of 6 ng, 60 ng, and 600 ng of norepinephrine bitartrate in 5% glucose also decreased serum prolactin levels. The magnitude of decrease in prolactin levels appeared to be dose-related. When dopamine hydrochloride (600 ng) and norepinephrine bitartrate (600 ng) were dissolved in 0.9% saline and infused into the rat, their PIF activity w...
Many facets of bortezomib resistance/susceptibility

In this issue of Blood , Oerlemans and colleagues present a fascinating report, detailing a mechanism by which cells acquire resistance to therapy with the proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib. Proteasome inhibition represents one of the most successful anticancer strategies of this decade, improving
Renal trauma: indications and techniques for surgical exploration

Injury secondary to trauma has become increasingly common in modern society. In the United States, in excess of 55 million trauma patients are evaluated each year, and trauma is the leading cause of mortality in people under the age of 40 years [14]. Of the patients with abdominal trauma, approximately 10% have an injury to the urinary tract. Renal injury, occurring in 1–5% of all traumas, is due primarily to blunt trauma [29]. Advances in the imaging and staging of renal trauma as well as in treatment strategies have decreased the need for surgical intervention and increased renal preservation [26, 30]. Nevertheless, no consensus exists regarding indications and techniques for renal exploration. The goals of treatment include accurate staging, maximal preservation of renal function, and minimal complications. We discuss our current approach in the management of renal trauma.
Space-Based Communication Data Management in Scalable Distributed Simulation

To execute complex large-scale simulation and to share geographically dispersed data assets and computing resources collaboratively, a large-scale distributed simulation is needed. To perform such distributed simulation with reasonable communication and computation resources, several message traffic reduction schemes have been proposed. In this paper, the space-based quantization scheme is introduced as a superior solution to reduce message traffic and network data transmission load. The space-based quantization is created by combining existing quantization-based filtering concepts with a spatial encounter monitoring scheme. We study the performance of space-based quantization schemes in centralized and distributed configurations operating on a test pursuer/evader federation withing the DEVS/HLA (discrete event simulation specification/high level architecture) distributed simulation environment. Empirical data illustrate the advantages of a distributed quantum-distribution scheme in reducing both message traffic and overall simulation execution time.
Measurements of Flux Cancellation During Filament Formation

We study the process of flux cancellation and filament formation in a nest of three decaying active regions, using data from SOHO MDI and EIT, and Hα images from Meudon and Big Bear. We find that there are no apparent EUV loops connecting the two poles of a cancelling feature prior to and during cancellation, suggesting an absence of coronal magnetic connectivity between these opposite polarity flux patches. We further find that the cancellation occurs at the ends of the Hα sections of the filament and is accompanied by a noticeable increase in Hα intensity and linkage of the Hα sections, but that the locations of the links remain the weakest in Hα absorption. We present our measurements of the amount of flux cancelled at each site and show it is in agreement with an estimate of the axial flux contained in the filament. We also observe two events of flux emergence, and find that they do not influence the filament formation in this case. We compare our results with similar measurements in recent papers and find agreement for the amounts of cancelled flux per patch, except for one case in a young emerging active region, for which we provide an alternative interpretation. We conclude that our measurements of flux cancellation are consistent with both the scenarios in which the filament is formed through ``head-to-tail" linkage, as well as the scenario in which filament flux tubes emerge as a whole from below the photosphere, but that only the former scenario is consistent with the apparent absence of coronal magnetic links between the cancelling magnetic patches.
Reentrant behaviour in Ising models with biquadratic exchange interaction

The critical behaviour for the spin-1 Ising model with biquadratic interaction is investigated in two and three dimensions using the Monte Carlo method. The phase diagram for the three-dimensional system exhibits a reentrant behaviour for large positive values of the biquadratic exchange coupling. The temperature dependence of magnetization and susceptibility in the reentrant region is also presented.
Supportive care in children with cancer Our experience at "A. Kyriakou" Children's Hospital in Athens, Greece

The various aspects of supportive care in children suffering from cancer, diagnosed at the Children's Hospital Aglaia Kyriakou, in Athens, are presented from the diagnosis to each step of therapy, and afterwards. It is stressed that cultural, religious and social parameters are crucial in defining the way to approach the family as a whole.
Predictors of Long-Term Health-Related Quality of Life in Adolescent Solid Organ Transplant Recipients

Objectives This study aimed to identify prospective predictors of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) for adolescent solid organ (kidney, liver, heart, lung) transplant recipients. Methods Data regarding demographics, individual/transplant characteristics, and environmental characteristics were gathered from 66 adolescent transplant recipients and their families at baseline and used to predict the physical functioning, mental health, and general health perceptions domains of HRQOL 18 months later. Results Baseline levels of HRQOL explained the greatest amount of variance in levels of HRQOL at follow-up; however, specific demographic (i.e., income), individual/transplant (i.e., adherence, frequency of rescheduled clinic appointments, and presence of a rejection episode), and environmental factors (i.e., family conflict) contributed to the variance in HRQOL domains beyond baseline levels. Conclusions This study identified certain modifiable individual and environmental factors and non-modifiable risk factors associated with lower future HRQOL. Transplant centers should begin screening and addressing these factors to potentially improve HRQOL.
Abortifacient effects of a unique class of vasoactive lipids from Pinus ponderosa needles.

Pinus ponderosa needle (PN) inges- tion by late pregnant cows results in decreased uterine blood flow, premature parturition, and retained placentae. Further, plasma from PN-fed cows in- creases caruncular arterial tone (i.e., induces prolonged contraction) in an isolated perfused bovine placentome. A novel class of vasoactive lipids was isolated and identified using a bovine placentome assay-guided fractionation of CH2Cl2 extracts of PN. Placentome perfusion tests indicated that 1-12- dodecanedioyl-dimyristate (14-12-14) was the most potent of the PN lipids for increasing caruncular arterial tone. Late pregnant guinea pigs (GP) were used to evaluate the abortifacient activity of these vasoactive lipids. In Study 1, on d 50 of gestation, part of the control diet was replaced with chopped PN (Diet A) or chopped PN subjected to sequential extraction with diethyl ether (Et20; Diet B); Et20 and CH2Cl2 (Diet C); and Et20, CH2Cl2, and methanol (Diet D). The GP on Diets A and B exhibited shorter ( P < .01) gestation lengths and reduced ( P < .01) pig birth weights than GP on the control diet or Diets C and D. Further, only GP on Diets A and B exhibited retained placentae. In Study 2, on d 50 of gestation, part of the control diet was replaced with chopped PN that had been subjected to exhaustive CH2Cl2 extrac- tion and then infiltrated with either CH2Cl2 alone (Diet E), CH2Cl2 containing 14-12-14 (Diet F), or CH2Cl2 containing isocupressic acid (Diet G); then solvents were evaporated. The GP consuming Diet F had shorter ( P < .05) gestation lengths and reduced ( P < .05) pig birth weights than did GP consuming Diets E or G. The GP consuming Diet F also exhibited a high incidence of retained placentae. These data provide evidence that a unique class of vasoactive lipids in PN exhibit abortifacient activity in guinea pigs.
Initial Formulation of a Hybrid Probabilistic Method for Design Margin Estimation for a Novel Concept

Weight growth has been a significant factor in nearly every space and launch vehicle development program. Managers of programs will allocate a design margin to account for this growth. Historically, throughout different disciplines, four methods have been used to estimate an appropriate level of design margin. However, these methods are not well-suited for estimating the margin of a novel concept. This paper develops Executable Morphological Analysis as a way to predict the effects of potential vehicle baseline changes and proposes that this method be used in conjunction with range estimating to form a hybrid method of estimating design margin. Finally, an example problem illustrates Executable Morphological Analysis by using historical design changes of the Space Shuttle Orbiter to construct a forecast of its final dry weight based on information from 1972 and 1973.
Using Nurse Shadowing as the Focus for a Recruitment Program

The nurse recruitment program at our private children's hospital provides an opportunity for family members of employees who are interested in becoming a nurse to learn more about pediatric nursing. This article describes our 5-hour recruitment program that includes didactic information, a hospital tour, and clinical experience through "nurse shadowing." Participants, presenters, and nurse preceptors have favorably evaluated this program. Programs like this can be used by other institutions to encourage and maintain interest in nursing and the health care professions.
Imaging membrane potential in dendritic spines

Dendritic spines mediate most excitatory inputs in the brain. Although it is clear that spines compartmentalize calcium, it is still unknown what role, if any, they play in integrating synaptic inputs. To investigate the electrical function of spines directly, we used second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging of membrane potential in pyramidal neurons from hippocampal cultures and neocortical brain slices. With FM 4-64 as an intracellular SHG chromophore, we imaged membrane potential in the soma, dendritic branches, and spines. The SHG response to voltage was linear and seemed based on an electro-optic mechanism. The SHG sensitivity of the chromophore in spines was similar to that of the parent dendritic shaft and the soma. Backpropagation of somatic action potentials generated SHG signals at spines with similar amplitude and kinetics to somatic ones. Our optical measurements of membrane potential from spines demonstrate directly that backpropagating action potentials invade the spines.
Charge Transport in Nanoglasses of Phase-Change Memory

We discuss possible mechanisms for Poole-Frenkel type of non-ohmic conduction in chalcogenide glasses in the range of room temperatures. Overall, we list 8 such mechanisms, only one of which (Schottky emission) can be ruled out as inconsistent with the observations. Seven others can give more or less satisfactory fits of the observed non-linear IV curves. Our analysis calls upon indicative facts that would enable one to discriminate between the various alternative models.
Calibration of the AIRS microwave instruments

Aqua carries three microwave radiometers that form an integral part of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) sounding suite. Two Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A modules, one operating with two channels in the 23-31-GHz range and one operating with 12 channels in the 50-60-GHz range and one channel at 89 GHz, provide all-weather temperature soundings and cloud information. The Humidity Sounder for Brazil operates with four channels in the 150-190-GHz range and provides all-weather humidity and cloud soundings. All are cross-track scanners, as is AIRS. While there are significant differences between these three instruments, they are sufficiently alike that a common approach can be used to calibrate them. We describe the instruments and their heritage, the onboard calibration system, and the ground-based calibration processing.
Partitioning of understorey light and dry-season soil moisture gradients among seedlings of four rain-forest tree species in Madagascar

Resource partitioning has been hypothesized to play a role in the maintenance of tree diversity in tropical forests. We looked for evidence of light and soil moisture partitioning among seedlings of four native Malagasy tree species, the pioneer, gap-adapted species Harungana madagascariensis and the three shade-tolerant species Ocotea cymosa, Stephanostegia capuronii and Uapaca ferruginea. Four hundred and eighty seedlings were transplanted in experimental plots in the Tampolo coastal forest and grown for 2 y. Growth rates increased with increasing light availability for all species, and with increasing dry-season soil moisture for H. madagascariensis. With increasing light availability, survival increased for H. madagascariensis, S. capuronii and U. ferruginea but decreased for O. cymosa. While dry-season soil moisture did not influence the growth or survival of the shade-tolerant species, it interacted with understorey light in its effect on the performance of H. madagascariensis, which performed better in wet soils at high light than in dry soils in shade. Rank reversals in species performance suggested that three of the four tree species partition resource gradients as seedlings, mostly light and secondarily dry-season soil moisture. There was only partial agreement between the performance of transplanted seedlings and the distribution of natural seedlings of the same four species with respect to light and soil moisture, suggesting that the success of tropical tree regeneration can only be partly accounted for by seedling performance across resource gradients.
Comparative morphology of the somatic musculature in species of Hexarthra and Polyarthra (Rotifera, Monogononta): Its function in appendage movement and escape behavior

Species of Hexarthra and Polyarthra are freshwater rotifers with well-known escape behaviors that result from interactions with planktonic predators. Both rotifers bear a suite of mobile appendages that function in evasive maneuvers and saltatory jumps through the water column, but the anatomical and functional bases of these actions are poorly understood. Here, we use a combination of phalloidin staining, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and video analysis to describe the morphology of the somatic muscles that supply the mobile appendages in order to understand how they function in escape behavior. Results show that species of Hexarthra, which bear six radially distributed limbs, possess a highly complex trunk musculature that supplies the inside of each limb with its own abductor and adductor muscles, i.e., a direct muscle supply. The singular dorsal and ventral limbs each receive a pair of large abductor and adductor muscles (four muscles total per limb), while the paired dorsolateral and ventrolateral limbs each receives three muscles (two abductors, one adductor per limb). Contraction of the abductor muscles creates a power stroke in the form of an anterior sweep of the limbs, which leads to a three-dimensional tumbling of the rotifer through the water column. Alternatively, species of Polyarthra possess 12 blade-like appendages that are arranged into four equal bundles; each bundle receives an indirect muscle supply that attaches to the shoulder of the paddles. A single longitudinal paddle muscle supplies each dorsolateral bundle, while a pair of longitudinal paddle muscles supplies each ventrolateral bundle. Contraction of these muscles, whether singly or in concert, functions to abduct the paddles in a power stroke, leading to rotation of the body and movement of the rotifer. The recovery stroke is hypothesized to be a multi-step process that begins with reorientation of the appendages prior to adduction, followed by contraction of various muscles to antagonize the paddle muscles. In total, these observations reveal novel complexities in the rotifer muscular system that aids our understanding of the biophysics of predator avoidance in appendage-bearing rotifers. r 2008 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
Frequency-division multiplexing for electrical impedance tomography in biomedical applications

Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) produces an image of the electrical impedance distribution of tissues in the body, using electrodes that are placed on the periphery of the imaged area. These electrodes inject currents and measure voltages and from these data, the impedance can be computed. Traditional EIT systems usually inject current patterns in a serial manner which means that the impedance is computed from data collected at slightly different times. It is usually also a time-consuming process. In this paper, we propose a method for collecting data concurrently from all of the current patterns in biomedical applications of EIT. This is achieved by injecting current through all of the current injecting electrodes simultaneously, and measuring all of the resulting voltages at once. The signals from various current injecting electrodes are separated by injecting different frequencies through each electrode. This is called frequency-division multiplexing (FDM). At the voltage measurement electrodes, the voltage related to each current injecting electrode is isolated by using Fourier decomposition. In biomedical applications, using different frequencies has important implications due to dispersions as the tissue's electrical properties change with frequency. Another significant issue arises when we are recording data in a dynamic environment where the properties change very fast. This method allows simultaneous measurements of all the current patterns, which may be important in applications where the tissue changes occur in the same time scale as the measurement. We discuss the FDM EIT method from the biomedical point of view and show results obtained with a simple experimental system.
Information distortion and competitive remedies in government transfer programs: The case of ethanol

This paper reconsiders the analogy between competitive markets and the political process that is central to much of the literature on the efficiency of government transfers. The key problem is that property rights in politics are much less well defined than they are in competitive markets. As the paper outlines, obtaining accurate information about the benefits and costs of transfers is likely to be much more difficult than envisioned in the literature. Investigators, as well as general voters, often must rely on the government and competing parties for provision of information about underlying program parameters and functional relationships. We argue that politicians and the affected interest groups have incentives to limit and distort the information that is released to voters and that political competition is unlikely to be an effective counter. In developing the argument, a theoretical framework is provided and applied in a case study of the ethanol transfer. The documented efforts to disguise the actual costs and benefits of the program are important for gaining a broader understanding of the functioning and costs of government transfers in the economy.
EUV progress toward HVM readiness

This past year has witnessed a sharp increase in EUV lithography progress spanning production tools, source and infrastructure to better position the technology for HVM readiness. While the exposure source remains the largest contributor to downtime and availability, significant strides in demonstrated source power have bolstered confidence in the viability of EUVL for insertion into HVM production. The ongoing development of an EUV pellicle solution alleviates industry concern about one significant source of line-yield risk. In addition to continued expected improvements in EUV source power and availability, the ability to deliver predictable yield remains an ultimate gate to HVM insertion. Ensuring predictable yield requires significant emphasis on reticles. This includes continued pellicle development to enable the readiness and supply of a robust pellicle solution in advance of 250W source power, as well as improvements in mask blank defectivity and techniques to detect and mitigate reticle blank and pattern defects.
Unexpected Stealing From the Heart.

Patient: Female, 74 Final Diagnosis: Coronary subclavian steal syndrome Symptoms: — Medication: — Clinical Procedure: Balloon angioplasty Specialty: Cardiology Objective: Challenging differential diagnosis
Nanomechanical Properties of UV Degraded TiO2/Epoxy Nanocomposites

Model epoxy nanocomposite thin films containing one of three types of titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles were degraded using an integrating sphere-based ultraviolet weathering chamber. Instrumental Indentation Testing (IIT) was used to measure nanomechanical changes in the surface region of thin films resulting from UV exposure. Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) were used to support the mechanical results with chemical and thermal data. The unfilled epoxy was the most photosensitive sample tested, exhibiting the highest rates of chemical oxidation, the largest decrease in the glass transition (Tg), and the greatest increase in elastic modulus with increased exposure. Similar trends were observed in the nanocomposite films, but the rates of change were much lower than the unfilled epoxy and decreased with increasing volume fraction of nanoparticles.
Estimating surface roughness of terrestrial laser scan data using orthogonal distance regression

With the increasing accessibility of terrestrial light detection and ranging scanners (LiDAR), generating tools to elicit meaningful information from high-density point cloud data has become of paramount importance. Surface roughness is one metric that has gained popularity, largely due to the accuracy and density of LiDAR-derived point cloud data. Surface roughness is typically defined as a spread of point distances from a reference datum, the standard deviation of point distances from a model surface being a commonly employed model. Unfortunately, a recent literature review has found that existing surface roughness models are far from standardized and may be prone to error resulting from underlying surface topography. In the research presented here, we develop a surface roughness model that is robust to underlying topographic variability by segmenting the point cloud with a three-dimensional regular grid, establishing local (grid cell) reference planes by orthogonal distance regression, and estimating the surface roughness of each grid cell as the standard deviation of orthogonal point-to-plane distances. This surface roughness model is employed to identify fracture and rubble zone distributions within a terrestrial LiDAR scan from a basalt outcrop in southeast Idaho, and the results are compared to a more common model based on ordinary least-squares plane fitting. Results indicate that the orthogonal regression model is robust to outcrop orientation and that the ordinary least-squares model systematically overestimates surface roughness by contaminating estimates with spatially correlated errors that increase with decreasing grid size.
An actin-dependent annexin complex mediates plasma membrane repair in muscle

Disruption of the plasma membrane often accompanies cellular injury, and in muscle, plasma membrane resealing is essential for efficient recovery from injury. Muscle contraction, especially of lengthened muscle, disrupts the sarcolemma. To define the molecular machinery that directs repair, we applied laser wounding to live mammalian myofibers and assessed translocation of fluorescently tagged proteins using high-resolution microscopy. Within seconds of membrane disruption, annexins A1, A2, A5, and A6 formed a tight repair “cap.” Actin was recruited to the site of damage, and annexin A6 cap formation was both actin dependent and Ca2+ regulated. Repair proteins, including dysferlin, EHD1, EHD2, MG53, and BIN1, localized adjacent to the repair cap in a “shoulder” region enriched with phosphatidlyserine. Dye influx into muscle fibers lacking both dysferlin and the related protein myoferlin was substantially greater than control or individual null muscle fibers, underscoring the importance of shoulder-localized proteins. These data define the cap and shoulder as subdomains within the repair complex accumulating distinct and nonoverlapping components.
Molecular mechanism of hepatic steatosis: pathophysiological role of autophagy.

UNLABELLED Steatosis is an early characteristic in the pathogenesis of fatty liver disease (FLD). Mechanisms of hepatic steatosis are aetiology-dependent. Activation of autophagy in liver ameliorates hepatic steatosis. A modulation of hepatic autophagy affects the degree of hepatocyte steatosis and the progression of FLD as demonstrated by pre-clinical models and clinical trials. This review summarises recent advances on pathophysiological roles of autophagy in hepatic lipid metabolism. A comprehensive regulation of autophagic networks holds promise for the improvement of hepatic steatosis. Autophagic signalling pathway may be a novel therapeutic target against FLD. HIGHLIGHTS • Hepatic steatosis is a pathological condition wherein vacuoles of triglyceride (TG) fat are overaccumulated in liver because of abnormal metabolism of lipids. • Hepatic autophagy regulates lipid metabolism as demonstrated by macrolipophagy in response to starvation and hepatic overabundance of TG in obesity. • Autophagic signals are closely associated with apoptotic pathways. There is distinctive relationship between hepatic autophagy and apoptosis, which affects the progression of fatty liver. • Regulation of autophagic process can be a novel therapeutic strategy for fatty liver disease.
Gatekeepers: Their Views on Community Mental Health Centers

The marketing of health services has gained significant attention in recent years. New organizations and new journals have emerged to productively channel the growing body of information in this field. One interesting segment of this field is the marketing of mental health centers.
A Case Study: Native Perspectives of Gardening

Increasingly research has focused on understanding the opportunities for learning children and adults have in informal or out of school contexts as these informal contexts make up a far more significant portion of the life course than formal schooling (Bell et al. 2009). Simultaneously there have been efforts to increase children’s engagement with the natural world given the devolving nature of biological knowledge (Medin and Atran 2004) and the mental and physical health benefits in increasing children’s outdoor play (e.g. Louv 2007). Further, the socio-ecological challenges of the twenty-first century have increasingly focused on issues of food sustainability and the potential role of gardens. Importantly though much of these efforts have largely been conceptualized and driven by white middle class narratives. Situated within this larger context, this study sought to understand Native peoples’ perspectives about gardening and the opportunities that children had to learn about biological knowledge in the contexts of gardens. This study engaged adults and children in surveys and interview to answer the following questions: (1) What are Native and non-Native peoples conceptions of gardens and gardening? (2) What is the range of biological knowledge reflected in gardening practices? (3) What are the implications for opportunities to learn about the biological world? The bulk of the work reported here comes from a broader study (Bang 2009) however in this chapter I focus specifically on comparisons between Native and non-Native peoples conceptions of gardens and what the opportunities for learning are in garden spaces.
Hemodynamic Correlates of Blood Pressure in Older Adults: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

The primary aim of the present study was to identify the hemodynamic correlates of both steady and pulsatile blood pressure (BP) in community-dwelling older adults. In 3762 adults aged 70 to 89 years, significant hemodynamic determinants of both brachial and carotid systolic BP included arterial stiffness as measured by aortic pulse wave velocity, stroke volume (via echocardiography), arterial wave reflection, left ventricular ejection time, and upstroke time. The strongest influence was exerted by arterial stiffness. The steady-state component of blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, was associated with both cardiac index and total peripheral resistance (TPR), but was more strongly associated with TPR. Results were similar when participants taking antihypertensive medications were excluded from analyses. The overall findings suggest that mean arterial pressure is associated strongly with TPR and that significant hemodynamic correlates of systolic BP included arterial stiffness, stroke volume, and arterial wave reflection.
Exploiting spatial-temporal-social constraints for localness inference using online social media

The localness inference problem is to identify whether a person is a local resident in a city or not and the likelihood of a venue to attract local people. This information is critical for many applications such as targeted ads of local business, urban planning, localized news and travel recommendations. While there are prior work on geo-locating people in a city using supervised learning approaches, the accuracy of those techniques largely depends on a high quality training dataset, which is difficult and expensive to obtain in practice. In this study, we propose to exploit spatial-temporal-social constraints from noisy online social media data to solve the localness inference problem using an unsupervised approach. The spatial-temporal constraint represents the correlations between people and venues they visit and the social constraint represents social connections between people. In particular, we develop a Spatial-Temporal-Social-Aware (STSA) inference framework to jointly infer i) the localness of a person and ii) the local attractiveness of a venue without requiring any training data. We evaluate the performance of STSA scheme using three real-world datasets collected from Foursquare. Experimental results show that STSA scheme outperforms the state-of-the-art techniques by significantly improving the estimation accuracy.