cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photothermal Heating and Cooling of Nanostructures

A vast range of insulating, semiconducting, and metallic nanomaterials have been studied over the past several decades with the aim of understanding how continuous-wave or pulsed laser radiation can influence their chemical functionality and local environment. Many fascinating observations have been made during laser irradiation including, but not limited to, the superheating of solvents, mass-transport-mediated morphology evolution, photodynamic therapy, morphology dependent resonances, and a range of phase transformations. In addition to laser heating, recent experiments have demonstrated the laser cooling of nanoscale materials through the emission of upconverted, anti-Stokes photons by trivalent rare-earth ions. This Focus Review outlines the analytical modeling of photothermal heat transport with an emphasis on the experimental validation of anti-Stokes laser cooling. This general methodology can be applied to a wide range of photothermal applications, including nanomedicine, photocatalysis, and the synthesis of new materials. The review concludes with an overview of recent advances and future directions for anti-Stokes cooling.
Teaching network protocol concepts in an open-source simulation environment

This paper describes a new-generation open source tool for computer networking education called the Java Network Workbench 2 (JNW2), along with the successful teaching practices associated with that tool. JNW2 applies the constructivist educational philosophy, where students learn by doing, in this case by creating a software solution to an abstracted problem. The packaging of JNW2 is therefore different from production network simulators such as OPNET and ns3. The paper describes the philosophy and software design of JNW2 and relates these to the educational theory of constructivism. Experience and objective outcomes relating to teaching with JNW2 are described. Students are enthusiastic about using it and analysis shows a clear improvement in exam performance for concepts reinforced via JNW2 exercises.
Optimal Detection of Critical Nodes: Improvements to Model Structure and Performance

The identification of critical network components is of interest to both interdictors wishing to degrade the network’s performance, and to defenders aiming to preserve network performance in the face of disruption. In this study, novel formulations for the defender’s problem, based on the dual to the multi-commodity flow problem, are developed to solve the critical node problem (CNP), in which the nodes can be disabled, for a variety of commonly-studied objectives, including minimum connectivity, cardinality-constraint CNP, and β-disruptor problem. These objectives have applications in many types of networks, including transportation, communications, public health, and terrorism. Extensive computational experiments are presented, demonstrating that the proposed models dramatically reduce the computational time needed to solve such problems when compared to the best-performing models in the current literature. The proposed CNP models perform particularly well for networks that are originally disconnected (before interdiction) and for networks with a large number of two-degree nodes.
Helping the Victims of Violent Crime

In this chapter we provide a critical overview of theory, assessment, and treatment pertaining to victims of crime. We first present the theories of victim reactions that have influenced assessment and treatment approaches. Then we examine assessment issues, including trauma assessment, diagnostic assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and other comorbid disorders including depression, substance abuse, and panic disorder. Specific treatment approaches are summarized. These will include crisis intervention, stress inoculation therapy, prolonged imaginal exposure, and cognitive processing therapy. Finally, a case study of comorbid PTSD and panic disorder is presented.
Magenresektion bei Karzinombefall

In den vergangenen 30 Jahren bestand eine grose Konfusion uber die Wahl des Operationsverfahrens beim Magenmalignom. Das Pendel reiehte von der partiellen bis zur totalen Magenresektion. Da statistische Daten fehlen, die das jeweilige Verfahren begrunden wurden, beruht die Wahl des Operations-verfahrens auf dem anatomischen Befund, in Abhangigkeit vom Lymphknotenbefall. Die routinemasige totale Magenresektion fur alle Malignomfalle, um damit eine grosere Uberlebenschance fur den Patienten zu erreichen, hat sich als nicht berechtigt erwiesen.
Facilitating Learning Through Virtual Reality Simulation: Welcome to Nightingale Isle

The profession of nursing is at a pivotal point in terms of technology, complexity, and pace of change, placing increased stress on the field of nursing education. The challenge for nursing faculty is to find the time, energy, skills, and resources to assimilate innovative strategies such as real life and virtual simulations, and role-playing into routine teaching/learning activities. This chapter will present an overview of Nightingale Isle, a collaborative learning space that is part of the 3D virtual world of Second Life™. This virtual learning space was designed around the theme of Florence Nightingale, one of the founders of the nursing profession, and was initially created to encourage, challenge, and support nursing students in their journey to become nurses, and is expanding to include interprofessional learning activities. The virtual space known as Nightingale Isle includes classrooms, an education building, a library, an outdoor presentation area, clinic, hospital, and neighborhood. This chapter will include a discussion of a variety of virtual reality simulation (VRS) student learning activities taking place on Nightingale Isle, such as medical simulations, ambulatory care role-play experiences, virtual lectures, and public health clinical assignments. Results of selected VRS projects are presented. The chapter will also introduce the Virtual Reality Simulation Educational Model, a framework based on constructivism that is useful for guiding the development and use of simulated learning activities within virtual reality settings.
X-ray crystal structure of cis-{(±)-6,6′-[[1,1′-biphenyl]-2,2′-diylbis(oxy)]bis–dibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepin} diiodoplatinum(II)·dichloromethane

Bis(dibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]dixoaphosphepin) ligands are extensively used in catalysts for asymmetric alkene hydroformylation; however, few crystal structures of complexes of these ligands have been reported. In this paper, the synthesis and X-ray crystal structure of cis-{(±)-6,6′-[[1,1′-biphenyl]-2,2′-diylbis(oxy)]bis-dibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepin} diiodoplatinum (II)·dichloromethane are presented. This complex crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1¯ with a = 12.0842(2,3) b = 12.6993(15) c = 13.2801(18) A; α = 85.852(10), β = 76.723(13), γ = 72.400(12)°, V = 1890.7(10) A3 and Z = 4. The diastereomer that has crystallized has an R*R*R*(S*S*S*) configuration. This X-ray crystal structure supports previous observations that bis(phosphite) ligands with bridging groups derived from 2,2′-biphenol can exhibit a wide range of bite angles (>20°).
Staff Approaches to Facilitating Neighborhood Connections Among Individuals with Serious Mental Illness Living in Shared Community-Based Housing

Community inclusion is a goal of shared, staff supervised community-based housing for individuals with a psychiatric diagnosis, and neighborhood connections are one aspect of local social interactions. Mental health housing staff are potential facilitators of such connections, but little is known about their approaches in furthering engagement with neighbors. This study reports the results of interviews with on-site program staff at 137 shared houses and apartments for individuals with serious mental illness to collect information on staff approaches to facilitating neighborhood connections among residents. Findings indicated sharp divides in approaches with some staff actively facilitating connections, and others choosing not to engage.
Aristotle’s Philosophy and Biology: The Biological Phenomena

What are we to do with the wealth of detailed information in the biological works of Aristotle? How easy is it to clearly distinguish between what some might describe as “merely” biological and the more philosophical, speculative discussions? Can the activity in which Aristotle is engaged be described as a philosophical biology? What would such an inquiry entail? This book aims to examine these questions through a detailed analysis of Aristotle’s Parts of Animals in conjunction with revisiting the detailed natural history observations made by Aristotle that inform, and in many ways penetrate, the philosophical argument.
Discovery and Characterization of VU0529331, a Synthetic Small-Molecule Activator of Homomeric G Protein-Gated, Inwardly Rectifying, Potassium (GIRK) Channels.

G protein-gated, inwardly rectifying, potassium (GIRK) channels are important regulators of cellular excitability throughout the body. GIRK channels are heterotetrameric and homotetrameric combinations of the Kir3.1–4 (GIRK1–4) subunits. Different subunit combinations are expressed throughout the central nervous system (CNS) and the periphery, and most of these combinations contain a GIRK1 subunit. For example, the predominance of GIRK channels in the CNS are composed of GIRK1 and GIRK2 subunits, while the GIRK channels in cardiac atrial myocytes are made up mostly of GIRK1 and GIRK4 subunits. Although the vast majority of GIRK channels contain a GIRK1 subunit, discrete populations of cells that express non-GIRK1-containing GIRK (non-GIRK1/X) channels do exist. For instance, dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area of the brain, associated with addiction and reward, do not express the GIRK1 subunit. Targeting these non-GIRK1/X channels with subunit-selective pharmacological probes could lead to ...
Systematic Optimization of Multiple Voltage Domain DC Distribution Architectures

Complex electronic systems often require a power distribution architecture that provides multiple, separate voltage domains for various subsystem loads such as microprocessor cores, interface, memory, analog, and radio frequency components. The multiple point-of-load regulated voltages are typically generated using multiple dc-dc converters operating from a single input dc voltage. This paper introduces a Permutation-Graph (PG) method to systematically optimize multiple voltage domain dc distribution architectures using commercially available or custom single-input single-output dc-dc converter building blocks. The PG method enumerates possible converter arrangements and selects the converter blocks to achieve the best system figure of merit in terms of system efficiency, size, cost, power density, or a combination of these metrics. In representative case study examples considering a system operating from 48 V input dc voltage and requiring seven regulated point-of-load de voltages {1, 1.3,3.3,5, 12, 24, 40} V, it is shown how the proposed approach can improve the system figure of merit by up to 75% compared to solutions offered by a commercially available tool.
Adaptive Neural Network Based Intelligent Control for Unmanned Aerial Systems with System Uncertainties and Disturbances

This paper proposes an adaptive neural network based intelligent controller to stabilize the Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) under complex environment including system uncertainties, unknown noise and/or disturbance. The proposed adaptive neural network controller is based on a class of artificial neural network, named Radial Basis Function (RBF) networks. Firstly, we develop a neural network based identifier that can handle the unknown dynamics and uncertainties in the system. Then, a neural network based controller is generated based on both the identified model of the system and the linear or nonlinear controller. The linear or nonlinear controller is utilized to ensure the stability of the system during its online training phase. The learning capability of the proposed intelligent controller makes it a promising approach to take system uncertainties, noises and/or disturbances into account. The satisfactory performance of the proposed intelligent controller is validated based on the computer based simulation results of a benchmark UAS with system uncertainties and disturbances, such as wind gusts disturbance.
How Much Time are Physicians and Nurses Spending Together at the Patient Bedside

BACKGROUND Bedside rounding involving both nurses and physicians has numerous benefits for patients and staff. However, precise quantitative data on the current extent of physician-nurse (MD-RN) overlap at the patient bedside are lacking. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the frequency of nurse and physician overlap at the patient beside and what factors affect this frequency. DESIGN This is a prospective, observational study of time-motion data generated from wearable radio frequency identification (RFID)-based locator technology. SETTING Single-institution academic hospital. MEASUREMENTS The length of physician rounds, frequency of rounds that include nurses simultaneously at the bedside, and length of MD-RN overlap were measured and analyzed by ward, day of week, and distance between patient room and nursing station. RESULTS A total of 739 MD rounding events were captured over 90 consecutive days. Of these events, 267 took place in single-bed patient rooms. The frequency of MD-RN overlap was 30.0%, and there was no statistical difference between the three wards studied. Overall, the average length of all MD rounds was 7.31 ± 0.58 minutes, but rounding involving a bedside nurse lasted longer than rounds with MDs alone (9.56 vs 5.68 minutes, P < .05). There was no difference in either the length of rounds or the frequency of MD-RN overlap between weekdays and weekends. Finally, patient rooms located farther away from the nursing station had a lower likelihood of MD-RN overlap (Pearson's r = -0.67, P < .05). CONCLUSION RFID-based technology provides precise, automated, and high-throughput time-motion data to capture nurse and physician activity. At our institution, 30.0% of rounds involve a bedside nurse, highlighting a potential barrier to bedside interdisciplinary rounding.
Tracheotomy avoided in laryngeal mucous membrane pemphigoid treated with rituximab

Abstract An 80-year-old woman with a history of mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP) was referred for laryngopharyngeal progression. Flexible nasolaryngoscopy (FN) revealed severe swelling of the supraglottic mucosa, ulcerations of the epiglottis, and significant laryngeal scarring and stenosis that was concerning for need for tracheotomy in the near future. Three weeks of conventional therapy yielded no improvement, so the patient underwent two infusions of rituximab, leading to disease remission and avoidance of tracheotomy. Although numerous treatment modalities for MMP are described in the literature, reports describing successful treatment of laryngeal involvement with rituximab are limited and either failed to spare the patient from surgical intervention or make no mention of it. To our knowledge, our case is the first that specifically denotes the patient being spared a possibly imminent procedure by treatment with rituximab.
Book Review: Creative coding: Lessons and strategies to teach computer science across the 6–8 curriculum

Integrating computer science (CS) instruction into K–12 classrooms is now part of education reform in many school systems throughout the United States (Tate, 2018). Currently, forty-four states have adopted at least one of nine policies for providing students access to CS education (Tate, 2018). Moreover, this trend has also created suggestions and efforts to include CS into technology and engineering (TE Hacker, 2018; Love & Strimel, 2016). To help educators with making this transition, in this first edition, Caldwell provides the K–8 educational community assistance in developing foundational knowledge of both CS and coding as well as tips for collaboration. As teachers build their knowledge of CS, the book also provides them with lessons, strategies, and technology tools that connect computational thinking, coding, and aspects of CS to English language arts, mathematics, science, social studies, and other content and subject areas.
Power optimized battery swap and recharge strategies for electric aircraft operations

Abstract Electric propulsion for commuter air transportation is a promising technology because of significant strides in battery specific energy and motor specific power. Energy storage and rapid battery recharge remain nonetheless challenging owing to the significant energy and power requirements of even small aircraft. By modifying algorithms developed in the field of scheduling theory, we propose power optimized and power-investment optimized strategies for electric aircraft battery swaps and recharges. Several aspects are considered: electric energy expenditures, capital expenditures, and flight schedule integrity. The first strategy optimizes the swaps and recharges to minimize the peak-power draw from the grid and reduce electric energy expenditures. The second strategy optimizes the swaps and recharges to minimize electricity expenditures and capital expenditures associated with battery and charger procurement. In both cases, the optimization is decomposed into two steps. The first step determines the combinations of numbers of chargers and batteries that yield a feasible recharge schedule. It is based on a network flow representation of the battery swap and recharge. The second step builds a recharge schedule for the previously determined numbers of chargers and batteries. Together, they enable the estimation of peak power demand, electric expenditures, and capital expenditures used to implement the power optimized and power-investment optimized strategies. Both strategies are applied to the operations of two commuter airlines and are contrasted with a benchmark non-optimized power-as-needed strategy. Promising results are obtained with up to 61% reduction in peak-power draw and up to 25% reduction in electricity costs.
US Trainee and Faculty Perspectives on Exposure to Nuclear Medicine/Molecular Imaging During Medical School.

Abstract Purpose 78- To identify key factors, especially during medical school, driving trainees to pursue nuclear medicine/molecular imaging (NM/MI) as a career. 78- To understand the current state of medical student exposure to NM/MI. Methods We disseminated two surveys by email. The first surveyed NM/MI trainees about motivations for choosing the specialty. The second survey was sent to US medical school faculty responsible for student education and NM/MI residency program directors to gauge the current state of NM/MI didactics at their institution. Results 78 trainees and 44 faculty responded. Most trainees reported becoming first interested in NM/MI after medical school (80%, 56/70). Trainees reported little NM/MI exposure during medical school (65%, 49/75), despite faculty reporting that they provide NM/MI didactics (76%, 32/42, p = 0.005). Imaging clerkships, research and mentorship experiences were important influences for trainee's specialty choice. Most respondents thought that NM/MI should be pursued in conjunction with Diagnostic Radiology training (Trainees 67%, 45/69; Faculty 80%, 32/40). Conclusion Survey results highlight the need to improve medical student engagement in NM/MI. It also identified factors that motivate current NM/MI trainees to enter the field and highlight a potential opportunity to increase medical student exposure to NM/MI. Targets for curricular and extra-curricular development that may increase effective NM/MI exposure during medical school were identified to guide future outreach efforts.
Does the Freedom of Information Act Foil the Securities and Exchange Commission’s Intent to Keep Investigations Confidential?

The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has a long-standing policy to keep formal investigations confidential. In this study, we examine the extent to which compliance with the Freedom of Info...
How Food in the Commons Can Help to Address Inequity in US Food and Land Access

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has exacerbated pre-existing inequities in access to healthy food and land. Programs and policies that eradicate food insecurity by empowering people with agency and dignity instead of providing handouts are essential. Bringing food into the commons can be one strategy to improve food security, equitable land ownership, and land stewardship.
Molecular Alterations Governing Predisposition to Myelodysplastic Syndromes: Insights from Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome

Identifying germline mutations responsible for genetic predisposition to myeloid malignancies would be useful in creating opportunities for early intervention. Recent genomic and functional studies in Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS) have deciphered distinct roles for heterozygous mutations in EIF6 and TP53 in alleviating germline genetic stress and a role for biallelic TP53 mutations in malignant progression. This review has summarized evidence for a mechanistic framework underlying SDS that can potentially be applied to the study of other germline myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) predisposition disorders.
Quantifying The Costs of Creating and Maintaining Hemodialysis Access in An All-Payer Rate-Controlled Health System

Objectives The creation and maintenance of durable hemodialysis access is critically important for reducing patient morbidity and controlling overall costs within health systems. Our objective was to quantify the costs associated with hemodialysis access creation and its maintenance over time within a rate-controlled health system where charges equate to payments. Methods The Maryland Health Services Cost Review Commission administrative claims database was used to identify patients who underwent first-time access creation from 2012–2020. Patients were identified using CPT codes for access creation, and costs were accrued for the initial encounter and all subsequent outpatient access-related encounters. T-tests and Wilcoxon tests were used to compare reinterventions and access-related costs ($USD) between arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) and arteriovenous grafts (AVG). Multivariable modeling was used to quantify the association of access type with charge variation. Results Overall, 12,716 patients underwent first-time access creation (69.3% AVF vs. 30.7% AVG). There was no difference in freedom from reintervention between the two access types at any point following creation (HR: 1.03, 95%CI: 0.97-1.10); however, AVF were associated with a lower number of cumulative reinterventions (1.50 vs. 2.24) compared to AVG (P Conclusion AVF require fewer interventions and are associated with lower costs at placement and over the first three years of maintenance compared to AVG. The use of AVF for first-time hemodialysis access represents an opportunity for healthcare savings in appropriately selected patients with a high preoperative likelihood of AVF maturation.
Lateral Transposition of the Superior and Inferior Rectus Muscles for Sixth Nerve Palsy with/without Foster Augmentation

Isolated sixth nerve palsies often occur in poorly controlled diabetics or after head trauma. They do sometimes resolve, so surgery is often postponed for at least 4–6 months after onset and until the measured deviation stabilizes. Surgery is used to correct diplopia, abnormal head posture, restoration of cosmesis, or as part of amblyopia treatment.
Teaching during the time of COVID: Learning from mentor teachers’ experiences

Across the globe, the COVID-19 pandemic has drastically altered the educational landscape, creating new professional realities for practicing and future teachers. As teacher educators prepare prese...
A 10.6 Micron Modulated Light Ellipsometer

A modulated light ellipsometer capable of measurements from the Ultraviolet to the infrared with particular emphasis on 10.6 μm has been developed for measuring the refractive index and absorption coefficient of bulk materials and thin films. This paper describes in detail the operating principles of the Hughes Research Laboratories ellipsometer and the specialized optical components required to permit operation of the instrument at 10.6 μm: a waveguide CO2 laser, ZnSe wiregrid polarizers, ZnSe acousto-optic modulator, and PbSnTe detector. In contrast to manual ellipsometers, phasesensitive amplifiers are employed to process the signal received at the detector, and the standard ellipsometric parameters are derived from the signals at the fundamental and second harmonic of the modulator and the DC signal. An analysis of sources of error and the limits of sensitivity of this instrument will be presented.
IL-4 promotes Stat6-dependent survival of autoreactive B cells in vivo without inducing autoantibody production.

Persistent cross-linking of hen egg lysozyme (HEL)-specific B cell membrane Ig (mIg) in double transgenic mice that express soluble HEL as a self Ag (HEL-Ig mice) decreases B cell mIgM expression, responsiveness, and life span. Because in vitro treatment with IL-4 inhibits T cell apoptosis through a Stat6-independent mechanism, increases mIg expression, and suppresses activation-induced B cell death, we studied IL-4 effects on B cell mIg expression, survival, and Ab secretion in Stat6-sufficient and deficient HEL-Ig mice. IL-4 treatment nearly normalized B cell number and greatly increased the percentage of mature B cells in HEL-Ig mice, but failed to normalize mIgM expression or spontaneous LPS-induced IgM secretion. IL-4 effects on B cell survival and maturation were CD4 + T cell independent, but Stat6 dependent, and did not involve receptor editing. IL-4 had to be present while B cells were generated to have a detectable effect on autoreactive B cell survival; however, the survival of B cells generated in the presence of IL-4 was substantially increased even after IL-4 was withdrawn. These observations suggest that: 1) activation-induced B cell death and anergy are independent processes; 2) B cells that survive to maturity develop increased resistance to Ag-induced deletion; and 3) IL-4 promotes B and T cell survival through different mechanisms.
Creating Feminist Solidarity: Moving from Isolation to Communication

This paper is part of a roundtable discussion on feminist solidarity with Layne Craig and Erin Hurt (A¢â¬ATheory and PraxisA¢â¬Â), Cambria Stamper (A¢â¬AWomen, War, and Feminist Solidarity on the WebA¢â¬Â), and Jessica Restaino (A¢â¬AMother RhetoricsA¢â¬Â). Here I examine the stages of feminist process, especially as lived as an academic feminist and mother.
Flexible coordination of e-services

Information systems are increasingly being built using e-services invoked across the internet. Businesses can create a virtual application by composing simpler existing e-services provided by a number of different service providers. These composed e-services, or e-workflows, must operate in a highly fluid environment, where new services become available for use and business practices are subject to frequent change. This imposes demanding requirements for flexibility on the workflow system that manages the business process. In this paper we describe our efforts to extend workflow orchestration by incorporating information workers in process enactment, to enable both system and users to cooperate in interpreting the process model. This allows for a variety of methods for simple e-services to be interconnected and composed into more complex e-services. This approach also provides an elegant way to incorporate ad hoc changes or specialization during workflow enactment and to react to exceptions. We are building a prototype of our workflow adaptation services on top of a commercial workflow orchestration engine.
(Re)Inventing Scheffler, or, Defending Objective Educational Research

Israel Scheffler's book Science and Subjectivity (1967) was prescient: His criticisms of attacks on the traditional notions of objectivity and truth that underlie modern science are still relevant nearly thirty years later, when postmodernism and some varieties of feminist epistemology are winning many adherents. Two aspects of Scheffler's book are singled out for discussion – his philosophical style, which is marked by careful, well-developed, and detailed argument (in contrast to many contemporary writers in education who have postmodernist leanings, who merely make assertions about objectivity and so forth); and the actual content of the positions for which he argues.
An Omnidirectional Antenna with Low RCS

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction The Concept How do We Feed the Elements? Calculated Scattering Pattern for Omnidirectional Antenna with Low RCS Measured Backscatter from a Low RCS Omnidirectional Antenna Common Misconceptions Conclusions and Recommendations
Recent Developments in Interior-Point Methods

The modern era of interior-point methods dates to 1984, when Karmarkar proposed his algorithm for linear programming. In the years since then, algorithms and software for linear programming have become quite sophisticated, while extensions to more general classes of problems, such as convex quadratic programming, semidefinite programming, and nonconvex and nonlinear problems, have reached varying levels of maturity. Interior-point methodology has been used as part of the solution strategy in many other optimization contexts as well, including analytic center methods and column-generation algorithms for large linear programs. We review some core developments in the area.
Charlemagne's silver tables: the ideology of an imperial capital

Charlemagne's last will and testament says that a silver table with a picture of Constantinople was to be sent to St Peter's at Rome, and a table with a picture of Rome was to be sent to the bishopric of Ravenna. The imagery on these tables seems to reflect a late antique tradition of depicting pairs of cities; the pairings Rome–Constantinople and Rome–Ravenna offer insights into the importance of Ravenna for Charlemagne's imperial ideology, and specifically how Ravenna functioned as a model for Charle-magne's imperial capital at Aachen.
Rapidly solving an online sequence of maximum flow problems with extensions to computing robust minimum cuts

We investigate how to rapidly solve an online sequence of maximum flow problems (MFPs). Such sequences arise in a diverse collection of settings including stochastic network programming and constraint programming. In this paper, we formalize the study of solving a sequence of MFPs, introduce a maximum flow algorithm designed for "warm starts" and extend our work to computing a robust minimum cut. We demonstrate that our algorithms reduce the running time by an order of magnitude when compared similar codes that use a black-box MFP solver. In particular, we show that our algorithm for robust minimum cuts can solve instances in seconds that would require over four hours using a black-box maximum flow solver.
Bi-directionally pumped broadband Raman amplifier

A two-wavelength bi-directional Raman pump scheme is proposed and tested. Gain flatness of better than 1.5 dB over the C-band was achieved. The new schemes improved signal-to-noise ratio and no noticeable BER penalty due to pump-signal crosstalk was observed.
The role of renal salvage procedures for bilateral Wilms tumor: a 15-year review.

Purpose:: We reviewed our experience with renal salvage procedures in patients with bilateral Wilms tumor to determine the clinical outcome.Materials and Methods:: From 1982 to 1997, 23 children with bilateral Wilms tumor were treated with partial nephrectomy at our institution, including 7 who were also treated with brachytherapy. Medical history, use and response to chemotherapy and brachytherapy, operative records, renal function, pathological results, survival, and techniques for partial and repeat nephrectomy and brachytherapy were reviewed.Results:: We treated 8 boys and 15 girls, of whom 21 who presented with synchronous bilateral Wilms tumor underwent primary chemotherapy followed by secondary partial nephrectomy. A total of 44 partial nephrectomies were performed and brachytherapy was done in 7 patients. Ten children have normal renal function and no disease, 10 are dead and 2 have metastatic disease. Anaplasia was the most significant factor associated with an unfavorable outcome (p = 0.003). Of...
How to safely respond to SMS messages in automobiles

Short Message Service (SMS) messaging is very popular, especially among teens. Because research has shown that SMS messaging while driving results in 35% slower reaction time than being intoxicated [7], campaigns have been launched by states, governments and even cell phone carriers to discourage and ban SMS users from messaging while driving [1]. At the same time, automobile automotive infotainment systems such as the Ford Sync [2] now provide drivers the ability to hear incoming messages using text-to-speech (TTS). But how should users respond to these messages while driving in a safe manner?Automatic speech recognition (ASR) affords automobile drivers a hands-free, eyes free method of replying to SMS messages. In [3], we examined three approaches to leveraging ASR for SMS replies: dictation using a language model trained on SMS responses, canned responses using a probabilistic context-free grammar (PCFG), and a "voice search" approach based on template matching. Voice search proceeds in two steps [6]: an utterance is first converted into text, which is then used as a search query to match the most similar items of an index. For SMS replies, we created an index of SMS response templates, with slots for concepts such as time and place, from a large SMS data collection. After convolving recorded SMS replies so that the audio would exhibit the acoustic characteristics of in-car recognition, they compared how the three approaches handled the convolved audio with respect to the top n-best reply candidates. The voice search approach consistently outperformed dictation and canned responses, achieving as high as 89.7% task completion with respect to the top 5 reply candidates.Even if the voice search approach may be more robust to in-car noise, this does not guarantee that it will be more usable. Indeed, users may have difficulties verifying whether SMS response templates match their intended meaning, especially while driving. Using a high-fidelity driving simulator, in [4] we compared the voice search approach to the dictation approach in terms of both driving performance and task performance measures. Although the two approaches did not differ in terms of driving performance, users made five times more errors on average using dictation than voice search. Hence, verifying whether SMS response templates matched the meaning of an intended reply is much less prone to error than deciphering the sometimes nonsensical misrecognitions of dictation. And as prior research [5] has shown, because ASR errors with in-car speech interfaces negatively impacts driving performance, the safest way to respond to SMS messages in automobiles may just be the voice search approach.For MIAA, we will demonstrate a multimodal interface for SMS replies based on voice search, as shown in Figure 1.
Effect of working fluids on organic Rankine cycle for waste heat recovery

This study presents an analysis of the performance of organic Rankine cycle (ORC) subjected to the influence of working fluids. The effects of various working fluids on the thermal efficiency and on the total heat-recovery efficiency have been investigated. It is found that the presence of hydrogen bond in certain molecules such as water, ammonia, and ethanol may result in wet fluid conditions due to larger vaporizing enthalpy, and is regarded as inappropriate for ORC systems. The calculated results reveal that the thermal efficiency for various working fluids is a weak function of the critical temperature. The maximum value of the total heat-recovery efficiency occurs at the appropriate evaporating temperature between the inlet temperature of waste heat and the condensing temperature. In addition, the maximum value of total heat-recovery efficiency increases with the increase of the inlet temperature of the waste heat source and decreases it by using working fluids having lower critical temperature. Analytical results using a constant waste heat temperature or based on thermal efficiency may result in considerable deviation of system design relative to the varying temperature conditions of the actual waste heat recovery and is regarded as inappropriate.
The birth of the American Physician Scientists Association — the next generation of Young Turks

The American Society for Clinical Investigation (ASCI) was started a century ago to foster and to address the needs of the younger physician-scientists. A hundred years later, ASCI remains one of the premier organizations for physician-scientists and one of most well-respected organizations in the medical community. I have had the opportunity and pleasure to interact with the ASCI not only as an organization through my tenure as president of the American Physician Scientists Association, but also with its members over the last four years. In my view, the same characteristics that permeate ASCI the organization also define ASCI the membership — mentorship, exemplary role models, advocacy, and leadership.
Positive energy Weinberg states for the solution of scattering problems

Positive energy Weinberg states are defined and numerically calculated in the presence of a general complex Woods-Saxon potential. The numerical procedure is checked for the limit of a square well potential for which the Weinberg states and the corresponding eigenvalues are known. A finite number $M$ of these (auxiliary) positive energy Weinberg states are then used as a set of basis functions in order to provide a separable approximation of rank $M$, ${V}_{M}$, to a potential $V$, and also to the scattering matrix element $S$ which obtains as a result of the presence of $V$,${S}_{M}$. Both ${V}_{M}$ and ${S}_{M}$ are obtained by means of algebraic manipulations which involve the matrix elements of $V$ calculated in terms of the auxiliary positive energy Weinberg states. Next, expressions are derived which enable one to iteratively correct for the error in $V\ensuremath{-}{V}_{M}$. These expressions are a modified version of the quasiparticle method of Weinberg. The convergence of ${S}_{M}$ to $S$, as well as the first order iteration of the error in ${S}_{M}$, is examined as a function of $M$ for a numerical example which uses a complex Woods-Saxon potential for $V$ and assumes zero angular momentum. With $M=5$ and one iteration an error of less than 10% in $S$ is achieved; for $M=8$ the error is less than 1%. The method is expected to be useful for the solution of large systems of coupled equations by matrix techniques or when a part of the potential is nonlocal.NUCLEAR REACTIONS Scattering theory, expansions on a basis set of positive energy Weinberg states, removal of truncation error by the quasiparticle method. Normal mode effective scattering channels.
AN EXAMINATION OF THE SPECTRAL RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS OF SEVEN ROBERTSON‐BERGER METERS AFTER LONG‐TERM FIELD USE

Abstract— Seven Robertson-Berger ultraviolet meters located at National Weather Service stations were subjected to a laboratory analysis of their spectral response functions. The analysis revealed that all spectral response functions were similar in shape in the important erythematogenic wavelength region of 300–330 nm; however, a few of the spectral response function wavelength positions varied slightly. The average of the spectral response functions was compared to Robertson-Berger meter spectral response functions published in the 1970s. and they agreed within experimental error. This finding suggests that the shapes of the spectral response functions did not change or changed only slightly during the meters' long-term exposure in the network. To provide insight into the problems associated with measurement of ultraviolet radiation in the UV-B region (295–320 nm), examples of errors caused by wavelength band shifts and calibration procedures are given.
Transcriptional and translational mechanisms for the reciprocal control of iNOS and endothelin 1 expression in brain microvessels after traumatic brain injury (TBI)

Previously we demonstrated in a rat model (Marmarou's) that in vivo inhibition of iNOS gene expression (not observed in the intact brain and a source of abnormally high levels of nitric oxide (NO)) results in upregulation of the endothelin 1 (ET-1) gene and protein expression at the microvascular wall1. We attributed the exacerbated hypoperfusion and enhanced vasoconstriction to increased synthesis and release of ET-1, a powerful vasoconstrictor. In addition, we have shown that iNOS and ET-1 are synthesized in the same endothelial cells that form the microvascular wall2. Recently we observed, post TBI, induction of c-fos expression (the immediate early gene whose expression is essential for the activation of the AP-1 cascade and the ET-1 gene). Also, we showed and increased synthesis of the phosphorylated form of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2aP phosphorylation of the a subunit of causes inhibitor of translation of protein synthesis)3. Here we test the hypothesis that c-fos and eIF2aP are temporally associated with the enhanced expression of ET-1 after TBI and that iNOS expression and inhibition plays a role in regulating their synthesis. We used combinations of double immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization to detect expression of ET-1, iNOS, c-fos and eIF2aP in cortex and hyppocampus of male Sprague-Dawley rats at 4, 24 and 48 h post TBI. Other animals were pretreated with antisense iNOS oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) to block the mRNA synthesis. In the latter group expression of c-fos was increased in ET-1 positive cells (endothelial cells, pericytes, neurons and astroglia) by 25% in comparison to brains from animals that were not pretreated with antisense ODNs. In the same group, the number of cells that coexpressed iNOS and eIF2aP was reduced by 32% and the intensity of eIF2aP immunoreactivity decreased by 38%.The effectiveness of the iNOS knockout was confirmed with in situ hybridization and Western blotting. The results suggest that further upregulation of ET-1 synthesis in animals subjected to TBI and pretreated with antisense iNOS ODNs is related to: 1) disinhibition of AP-1 since NO is known to suppress its expression at several levels including c-fos and c-jun, the protein product of the latter forming a dimer with c-fos (the protein) that binds to AP-1 and, 2) by reducing the amount of eIF2aP since previous in vitro work has shown, that NO is a phosphorylating molecule. Therefore, by decreasing the synthesis of NO we may have disinhibited protein synthesis including ET-1. In addition, our finding that c-fos is localized in the nucleus, while eIF2aP is observed in both nucleus and cytoplasm, suggests that NO can influence their synthesis at the transcriptional and translational level.
Testing Hirschi's integration of social control and rational choice: are bonds considered in offender decisions?

Hirschi suggested that social control and choice theories can be linked because social bonds may restrain offending by increasing the consideration of costs within the offending decision itself. Despite considerable research on both theories, no previous criminological research has examined the manner in which bonds may constrain offending. A diverse sample of male and female felony offenders (n = 1013) from a southwestern correctional system were asked about their levels of belief in conventional values, attachment to family and religious involvement and commitment, as well as their perception of the certainty and severity of potential costs associated with a hypothetical drunk driving scenario. Hirschi's contention was supported in multivariate path models that demonstrated cost considerations did in fact mediate the relationship between social bonds and drunk driving likelihood. These results link two dominant and impactful control theories in criminology, and suggest that to increase the effectiveness...
Physician obesity: the tipping point.

As I bike through the early morning stxreets of Boston, my mind is awake, and my body feels strong. Ahead, I see the hospital where I work. Its pedestrian bridge spans a large urban street, and the brick of this building is deeply familiar to me as it has surrounded and greeted me on countless mornings and nights—first through my residency and now during my time as an attending physician. Already my mind has started to drift from the morning race of getting my three children to school to the dozens of chronically ill patients on my schedule, the medical students and residents with whom I have the good fortune to be teaching, and the multiple calls and meetings in the course of the day. All thoughts stop in the next moment when I feel a gale-like wind tipping my bike and with it, me, over. Fear washes over me. And then, as quickly as it had surged up, the gale force passes, and I am left unharmed. Looking up, I see a city bus filled with passengers (likely some are even my patients) unaware of their proxim...
Rural hospital patient safety systems implementation in two States.

Context and purpose With heightened attention to medical errors and patient safety, we surveyed Utah and Missouri hospitals to assess the "state of the art" in patient safety systems and identify changes over time. This study examines differences between urban and rural hospitals. Methods Survey of all acute care hospitals in Utah and Missouri at 2 points in time (2002 and 2004). Factor analysis was used to develop 7 latent variables to summarize the data, comparing rural and urban hospitals at each point in time and on change between the 2 survey times. Findings On 3 of the 7 latent variables, there was a statistically significant difference between rural and urban hospitals at the first survey, with rural hospitals indicating lower levels of implementation. The differences remained present on 2 of those latent variables at the second survey. In both cases, 1 of those variables was computerized physician order entry (CPOE) systems. Rural hospitals reported more improvement in systems implementation between the 2 survey times, with the difference statistically significant on 1 of the 7 latent variables; the greatest improvement was in implementation of "root cause analysis." Conclusions Adoption of patient safety systems overall is low. Although rates of adoption among rural versus urban hospitals appear lower, most differences are not statistically significant; the gap between rural and urban hospitals relative to quality measures is narrowing. Change in rural and urban hospitals is in the right direction, with the rate of change higher in rural hospitals for many systems.
DOES COLONIZATION WITH U. UREALYTICUM INCREASE WHEEZING? ▴ 1002

Of asthmatic adults, 30% have been shown to have presented with symptoms in the first year of life. The most severely bronchospastic infants are most likely to wheeze lifelong. We investigated whether there is an association between colonization with Ureaplasma urealyticum (U.u.) and wheezing in the first 3 yr. Methods: 80 children ages 2 to 36 mo. presenting with wheezing to a pediatric practice or neonatal follow-up service had throat cultures for mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas, as did 22 well controls from the same populations. Positive infants were treated with clarithromycin 15 mg/kg day for 14 days. 24 had follow-up cultures to date. Clinical course was assessed by examination and review of medical records. Results:U. u. was isolated in 35% of subjects, and 4.5% of controls(p<.01). Isolations were more frequent in infants <12 mo. Positive subjects did not differ from other groups in gestational age, but had significantly more wheezing in the 1st year (mean 51da., p<.01) than negative subjects (7 da.) or controls (3 da.), and had more prior courses of antibiotics than negative subjects (p<.02). After treatment 22 had negative cultures, and improvement in their symptoms. Conclusions: Colonization with U. urealyticum increases the severity of wheezing in the first year. Its eradication may have promise for improving long term asthma symptoms. Some cultures funded by Abbott Laboratories.