cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Timers in OSI protocols-specifications versus implementation

The authors discuss modeling and implementation of timers in OSI protocols. They examine the Estelle, Lotos, and SDL specification languages with emphasis on the features that can be used to express timing. They develop the corresponding models for timer facilities, and discuss possible mechanisms that would support them. As an example drawn from full implementations of the ISO transport and network layers, the authors describe their particular implementation approach for providing timer support. >
Femtosecond all-fiber ring lasers

Summary form only given. Erbium-doped fibers make it possible to develop compact, all-fiber sources of femtosecond pulses in the 1.5 /spl mu/m wavelength regime. In this paper we describe the operation of fully self-starting, passively modelocked, fiber ring lasers and discuss criteria for their design. Pulses with durations of 77 fs, and energies of 90 pJ and have been generated at a repetition rate of 45 MHz. >
Failure of Corpuscles of Stannius from Winter Flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) to Synthesize Adrenocorticosteroids in vitro

THE corpuscles of Stannius, supposedly endocrine glands, are peculiar to teleostean fishes. Their function is uncertain1, but Rasquin2 has suggested that they are concerned in osmoregulation. Unequivocal evidence that the interrenal tissue of teleosts is the homologue of the adrenal cortex3,4 strongly suggests that a role other than production of corticosteroids be attributed to the corpuscles of Stannius. In order to supply direct evidence to support this assumption, procedures used in studies on interrenal tissue of Fundulus heteroclitus 4 were applied to corpuscles of Stannius collected from Pseudo-pleuronectes americanus. Sixty-one fish, caught in Niantic Bay and Long Island Sound, Conn., in December 1958 yielded 95 corpuscles of Stannius weighing 104.7 mgm. This tissue and 162 mgm. of mesonephric kidney which served as control tissue, were separately incubated with tritiated progesterone in a manner previously described4.
Strategies for ovulation induction and oocyte retrieval in the lowland gorilla

Purpose: Ovulation induction and oocyte retrieval were performed in a lowland gorilla in an attempt to propagate and potentially cryopreserve embryos from an infertile animal and to advance techniques to help preserve this endangered species. Results: Following 34 days of leuprolide acetate suppression, human menopausal gonadotropins were administered for 14-days in a 32-year-old wild-born lowland gorilla. Ten oocytes were retrieved by transrectal ultrasound-guided aspiration. Other approaches to oocyte recovery were not feasible in this case. A serum estradiol concentration of 4700 pg/ml at the time of human chorionic gonadotropin administration did not induce ovarian hyperstimulation. Mature oocytes were recovered from follicles measuring 14 to 24 mm in diameter, with a corresponding average serum estradiol concentration of approximately 300 pg/ml for each mature follicle. Cryopreservation of a gorilla embryo was effected from cryopreserved gorilla spermatozoa. Conclusions: Parameters for monitoring ovulation induction in the gorilla appear to be similar to those for humans. The results indicate that the use of a gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist and higher doses of gonadotropins than previously used in gorillas appear to improve oocyte recovery.
Modelling the cost effectiveness of disease-modifying treatments for multiple sclerosis: issues to consider.

Several cost-effectiveness models of disease-modifying treatments (DMTs) for multiple sclerosis (MS) have been developed for different populations and different countries. Vast differences in the approaches and discrepancies in the results give rise to heated discussions and limit the use of these models. Our main objective is to discuss the methodological challenges in modelling the cost effectiveness of treatments for MS. We conducted a review of published models to describe the approaches taken to date, to identify the key parameters that influence the cost effectiveness of DMTs, and to point out major areas of weakness and uncertainty. Thirty-six published models and analyses were identified. The greatest source of uncertainty is the absence of head-to-head randomized clinical trials. Modellers have used various techniques to compensate, including utilizing extension trials. The use of large observational cohorts in recent studies aids in identifying population-based, ‘real-world’ treatment effects. Major drivers of results include the time horizon modelled and DMT acquisition costs. Model endpoints must target either policy makers (using cost-utility analysis) or clinicians (conducting cost-effectiveness analyses). Lastly, the cost effectiveness of DMTs outside North America and Europe is currently unknown, with the lack of country-specific data as the major limiting factor. We suggest that limited data should not preclude analyses, as models may be built and updated in the future as data become available. Disclosure of modelling methods and assumptions could improve the transferability and applicability of models designed to reflect different healthcare systems.
Synthesis of a Novel Poly(iptycene) Ladder Polymer

A self-polymerizable AB-type monomer for Diels−Alder (D−A) polymerization was prepared, and its polymerization was carried out in the melt phase and at high pressure in solution. The former method generated only low-molecular-weight polymer, but the latter one offered an efficient polymerization with increased molecular weight, due to the effect of high pressure on reactions with a negative activation volume. A pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate-catalyzed dehydration reaction of the D−A polymer led to a novel aromatic ladder polymer, poly(iptycene), which is soluble in common organic solvents and stable up to 350 °C. The NMR and UV−vis spectra of these polymers match the spectra of their corresponding model compounds, the synthesis of which is also reported.
Blastic transformation of a well-differentiated monocytic leukemia: Changes in cytochemical and cell surface markers

Abstract The clinical course of a patient with a well-differentiated monocytic leukemia which later underwent blastic transformation is described. Cytochemical, ultrastructural and cell surface analysis data were obtained at periods throughout her illness and correlated with the blastic transformation. Although surface markers characteristic of monocytic leukemia persisted, a deficiency of peroxidase in the granules of this patient's monocytes was observed as well as loss of α-naphthyl butyrate esterase staining during transformation.
Boundary spanning in offshored ISD projects: a project social capital perspective

Offshore outsourcing of information systems application development (ISD) has grown tremendously in the past decade. Executing such projects requires collaboration from project participants across the client and vendor firms, located in different countries. However, orchestrating effective collaboration, across teams separated by geographic, organizational and cultural contexts, has emerged as a significant challenge in managing offshored projects. In this research, we examine the usefulness of boundary spanning in addressing this challenge. Specifically, we focus on the role of client project manager as a boundary spanner, connecting the distributed team members from both client and vendor firms, and facilitating expertise sharing and coordination. We present a multi-dimensional conceptualization of the boundary spanning activities of the client project manager. Utilizing an organizational capital perspective, we examine capital generated in offshore project teams through boundary spanning, as a potential mechanism through which boundary spanning effects successful project outcomes.
Techniques for preparing hydrogel membrane capsules

SUMMARY Techniques for preparing four kinds of hydrogel membrane capsules are described. In the present process the material being encapsulated remains in its original environment in an aqueous suspension. Also, capsule characteristics such as size, membrane thickness, pore-size and surface charge can be controlled over a wide range.
The 1994 Stevenson Award Lecture. Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone: a tale of two gonadotropins.

Although most gonadotropes synthesize both luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, the transcription, content, and secretion rates of the two gonadotropins can be separated. The signals external to the gonadotropic cells that appear to be important in the differential regulation are gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse frequency (high pulse frequency favors luteinizing hormone), steroid feedback (works on both but induces a more powerful negative feedback on luteinizing hormone), and gonadal peptide feedback (activin increases follicle-stimulating hormone; inhibin and follistatin decrease it). We know very little about the pathways within the gonadotropes that favor one gonadotropin rather than another. It is expected that the cloning of the genes for both gonadotropins and the use of specific cell lines and transfections will lead to elucidation of these pathways.Key words: luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, inhibin, anterior pituitary, gonads.
Movement, Habitat Selection, Behavior, and Survival of Stocked Muskellunge

Abstract High poststocking mortality of muskellunge Esox masquinongy has long been an important management problem. This paper documents poststocking dispersal and subsequent movement, habitat selection, behavior, and survival of fall stocked young-of-the-year muskellunge (12.1–13.1 in total length) with the objective of providing insights into the mechanism controlling short-term survival. Radio transmitters were surgically implanted into 27 muskellunge that were then stocked with untagged muskellunge into two northern Wisconsin lakes and monitored for 34 d. Most dispersal from stocking locations occurred within 2 weeks after stocking. Muskellunge selected inshore areas generally less than 10 ft deep. Emersed vegetation, particularly bulrushes Scirpus spp., submersed vegetation, and the trunks and branches of downed trees were preferred cover. The first day following stocking, muskellunge appeared stressed, failing to demonstrate an escape response when approached. Survival of both transmitter-tagged and...
“Real-world” precision, bias, and between-laboratory variation for surface area measurement of a titanium dioxide nanomaterial in powder form

Accurate characterization of nanomaterial properties is a critical component of any nanotoxicology testing strategy. Data that describes the performance of various laboratories in measuring the characteristics of the same nanomaterial are scarce. We conducted an inter-laboratory study to evaluate “real-world” precision and bias of specific surface area measurements using a powered material containing sub-30 nm primary crystallites. Each participant was provided a sample of NIST Standard Reference Material 1898 (Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterial) and a sample preparation and analysis protocol. Based on results from 19 laboratories, overall performance was good. Estimates of precision ranged from 0.10 to 3.96 % and measurement bias was generally within ±5 % of the certified surface area value of the material. Between-laboratory variability accounted for 91 % of the total variance and is likely explained by gravimetric errors. Reliable determination of intrinsic nanomaterial properties such as surface area will permit development of protocols for toxicity testing, verification of laboratory proficiency, and consistency in interpretation of toxicity study data.
Thermal Inactivation of Salmonella Senftenberg and Listeria innocua in Beef/Turkey Blended Patties Cooked via Fryer and/or Air Convection Oven

: Beef/turkey blended patties, containing 107 to 108 cfu/g of Salmonella Senftenberg or Listeria innocua, were battered and breaded. The effect of frying (177 °C) and air convection cooking (288 °C) on thermal inactivation of S. Senftenberg and L. innocua was evaluated. A model was obtained to correlate product internal temperature with frying and oven cooking time. Cooking method significantly affected thermal history and subsequently the thermal inactivation of S. Senftenberg and L. innocua. The effect of frying time interacted with oven cooking time. Increasing frying time reduced the oven cooking time. Mathematical models were developed to correlate the survival rate of S. Senftenberg or L. innocua with frying and oven cooking time.
Extraction of RNA from tissues containing high levels of procyanidins that bind RNA

Commonly used methods for extraction of RNA from plants are not effective for isolation of high quality RNA from the pigmented seed coats of soybeans that produce procyanidins (tannins) during seed coat development. We demonstrate a significant modification of the phenol-LiCl method that yields high quality RNA from a black seed coat variety. In this method, seed coat material was ground in a buffer containing a high concentration of bovine serum albumin (100 mg BSA/50 mg of lyophilized seed coats) to competitively inhibit proanthocyanidin binding. The presence of hydrated insoluble polyvinylpoly-pyrrolidone (PVPP) was also necessary to bind proanthocyanidins and remove them from solution. Proteinase K was added to digest the remaining BSA, and phenol extraction was used to remove both the proteins and small molecular weight complexes formed by BSA and proanthocyanidins. After LiCl and ethanol precipitations, the RNA quality was examined by UV absorbance spectra, gel electrophoresis, and hybridization. Using this method, good quality RNA can be extracted from pigmented seed coats of soybean varieties that are homozygous for the recessivei allele and also contain the dominantT gene that results in production of procyanidins in the seed coat. The method is also effective for tissues from other plant species that contain abundant polyphenolic compounds.
Accuracy of a Computer-Aided Surgical Simulation Protocol for Orthognathic Surgery: A Prospective Multicenter Study

Purpose The purpose of this prospective multicenter study was to assess the accuracy of a computer-aided surgical simulation (CASS) protocol for orthognathic surgery. Materials and Methods The accuracy of the CASS protocol was assessed by comparing planned outcomes with postoperative outcomes of 65 consecutive patients enrolled from 3 centers. Computer-generated surgical splints were used for all patients. For the genioplasty, 1 center used computer-generated chin templates to reposition the chin segment only for patients with asymmetry. Standard intraoperative measurements were used without the chin templates for the remaining patients. The primary outcome measurements were the linear and angular differences for the maxilla, mandible, and chin when the planned and postoperative models were registered at the cranium. The secondary outcome measurements were the maxillary dental midline difference between the planned and postoperative positions and the linear and angular differences of the chin segment between the groups with and without the use of the template. The latter were measured when the planned and postoperative models were registered at the mandibular body. Statistical analyses were performed, and the accuracy was reported using root mean square deviation (RMSD) and the Bland-Altman method for assessing measurement agreement. Results In the primary outcome measurements, there was no statistically significant difference among the 3 centers for the maxilla and mandible. The largest RMSDs were 1.0 mm and 1.5° for the maxilla and 1.1 mm and 1.8° for the mandible. For the chin, there was a statistically significant difference between the groups with and without the use of the chin template. The chin template group showed excellent accuracy, with the largest positional RMSD of 1.0 mm and the largest orientation RMSD of 2.2°. However, larger variances were observed in the group not using the chin template. This was significant in the anteroposterior and superoinferior directions and the in pitch and yaw orientations. In the secondary outcome measurements, the RMSD of the maxillary dental midline positions was 0.9 mm. When registered at the body of the mandible, the linear and angular differences of the chin segment between the groups with and without the use of the chin template were consistent with the results found in the primary outcome measurements. Conclusions Using this computer-aided surgical simulation protocol, the computerized plan can be transferred accurately and consistently to the patient to position the maxilla and mandible at the time of surgery. The computer-generated chin template provides greater accuracy in repositioning the chin segment than the intraoperative measurements.
Racial Politics in the Contemporary South: Toward a More Critical Understanding

While explanations of contemporary racial disparity in political participation and representation emphasize stratification differences between dominant and subordinate group members and mobilization-countermobilization patterns, they tend to neglect the often interrelated nature of race and class based processes. Drawing from socio-historical accounts of racial disadvantage in the U.S. South that deal explicitly with the interrelation of race and political economy, we pose a model of racial politics and competition that acknowledges the potential for elite influence. We then test the model making use of North Carolina county data from the 1980s. Results suggest that a large black population coupled with a concentrated and homogenous elite, traditionally dependent upon racial exploitation and division, increases the white-black voter registration gap and racially polarized voting among whites. These processes are mediated, at least partially, by both local political access and local levels of stratification. Findings support a dynamic class-theoretical interpretation of racial inequality and division as well as extended racial competition and stratification frameworks. On an even more general level, the theoretical argument posed and empirical evidence presented suggest that socio-historical and class-theoretical considerations be accorded more weight in analyses of contemporary racial inequality and competition processes.
Effect of low and high doses of nitrous oxide on preproenkephalin mRNA and its peptide methionine enkephalin levels in the hypothalamus

The effect of exposure to nitrous oxide (N2O) on the levels of preproenkephalin mRNA in the hypothalamus of rats was examined. In the first experiment, rats were exposed to 1000 ppm N2O for 8 h a day over 4 days. Compared with controls (which were exposed to air over the same duration), the N2O exposed animals exhibited significant elevations in preproenkephalin mRNA levels in the hypothalamus. In a second experiment, rats were exposed to 60% N2O or air for 12, 24 and 48 h duration, and hypothalamic levels of preproenkephalin mRNA as well as methionine enkephalin were analyzed. Compared with controls, N2O exposed rats exhibited significant elevations in preproenkephalin mRNA levels. The levels on preproenkephalin mRNA were significantly higher after 48 h of N2O exposure than after 12 h of N2O exposure. Similarly, the concentration of methionine enkephalin was significantly higher after 24 and 48 h of exposure to N2O than after exposure to 12 h of N2O or air. These results indicate that (a) exposure to N2O results in significant elevations in preproenkephalin mRNA levels, (b) the increased preproenkephalin mRNA levels appear to be proportional to the concentration of N2O exposure as well as the duration of N2O exposure, and (c) N2O-induced elevation in preproenkephalin mRNA levels is associated with corresponding increase in tissue concentrations of methionine enkephalin. In total, these results suggest that N2O selectively stimulates synthesis of methionine enkephalin in the diencephalic region of the brain.
A simple model for the estimation of rain‐induced attenuation along earth‐space paths at millimeter wavelengths

A simple attenuation model (SAM) is presented for estimating rain-induced attenuation along an earth-space path. The rain model uses an effective spatial rain distribution which is uniform for low rain rates and which has an exponentially shaped horizontal rain profile for high rain rates. When compared to other models, the SAM performed well in the important region of low percentages of time, and had the lowest percent standard deviation of all percent time values tested.
Securitizing Accounts Receivable

This paper provides an optimal contracting framework to determine the equilibrium structure of receivables securitization in the presence of moral hazard. An incentive compatible contract is designed where the seller monitors at an efficient level and retains an equity interest in a portion of the receivable to be sold. The seller retains the riskier tranches and sells the safer ones. The equilibrium proportion of the receivable sold will be increasing with the seller's cost of internal funding. Moreover, for sellers with sufficiently high ex-ante probabilities of solvency, the equilibrium proportion of the receivable sold will be decreasing with the seller's probability of solvency.
Effect of magnesium and polyamines on the structure of yeast tRNAPhe.

The effect of magnesium and polyamines (spermine, spermidine, putrescine and cadaverine) on the structure of yeast tRNAPhe has been investigated. It is found that magnesium induces structural changes and stabilizes hydrogen bonds in the temperature range 22–44°C in 0.17 M sodium. The number of Mg2+ which affect tRNA structure increases from 1 ± 1 at 22°C to 4 ± 1 at 44°C and the number of additional base pairs formed in the presence of magnesium increases from 1 ± 1 at 22°C to 4 ± 1 at 44°C. The spectral changes are more-or-less sequential. The polyamine spermine stabilizes some, but not all, of the structural features stabilized by magnesium at 44°C, and the combination of magnesium and spermine, at low levels, is more effective than either cation alone in stabilizing tRNA structure. Comparison of the effects of spermine, spermidine, putrescine and cadaverine indicates that it is the asymmetric triamine unit which is important in the stabilization. Some spectral changes induced by magnesium can be assigned to stabilization of specific tertiary structure interactions and to alteration of stacking adjacent to U8 · A14.
Have the Monetary and Fiscal Policies been Effective in India

This paper analyzes the impact of fiscal and monetary policies on output in India.The econometric evidence suggests that less than 5 per cent of the variation in output is explained by fiscal and monetary policies before the crisis in 1991. However, post-crisis data reveals the growing importance of both the macro-economic policies in explaining output variation. The paper discusses theoretical arguments, surveys prior studies and attempts to explain the reasons for the empirical results.
A modified stretching factor for perfect matched layers in 2D FDTD simulations

A modified definition of the stretching factor for perfectly matched layer is introduced in 2D finite difference time domain method. This modified definition allows us to write equations for only one polarization to calculate both TM z and TE z polarized fields by taking the advantage of duality relations. The wave incident at Brewster angle and wave propagation through Fresnel zone plate are simulated by our developed method.
The Protein and Lysine Requirements of Turkeys at Various Ages

Abstract THE protein level required for optimum growth of young poults was formerly thought to be approximately 24 percent of the diet (National Research Council, 1946). Work reported by Fritz et al. (1947), Scott et al. (1948) and Lloyd et al. (1949) indicated that with rations containing higher percentages of corn than those formerly used, the protein requirement was approximately 28 percent of the ration. Baldini et al. (1954) reported that the protein requirement of young poults was much lower if the ration was properly supplemented with lysine and methionine. Klain et al. (1954), however, have shown that, under their conditions, growth of poults fed a ration containing 21.8% protein supplemented with lysine and methionine was still not as rapid as with a ration containing a higher level of protein. The amount of lysine required by young poults for growth and for normal feather pigment formation to about 4 weeks of …
The role of carbohydrates in the biology of cestodes. VIII. Some conclusions and hypotheses.

Abstract It is concluded that: (1) Tapeworms require a source of carbohydrate for growth and reproduction; this requirement is satisfied by the utilization of carbohydrate in the host ingesta. The higher the rate of growth, the greater is the apparent sensitivity to carbohydrate deficiency. (2) The kinds of carbohydrates which can be utilized in vitro by tapeworms are quite limited. Most species studied are capable of using only certain monosaccharides. Anoplocephalids may be exceptional in being able to ferment certain disaccharides. (3) The quality of carbohydrate ingested by the host has marked effects on growth rate, size attained, and reproductive rates. The effects are explained in terms of interactions of host physiology and physiological capacities of the worms. Certain carbohydrates, such as lactose, probably affect the worms by altering the physicochemical characteristics of the habitat. (4) The crowding effect in cestode infections may be interpreted in terms of competition for utilizable carbohydrate by the individual worms in the populations. (5) The competitive effects of one tapeworm species on another are modified by variations in the quantity of carbohydrate ingested by the host, different species not being affected proportionally. (6) The significance of a carbohydrate requirement is discussed in terms of (a) its uniqueness in the animal kingdom, (b) its probable role in cyclic changes in tapeworms, (c) possible special effects in distribution of tapeworms.
Temperature of an active lava channel from spectral measurements, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii

A narrow band spectroradiometer was used to determine the characteristic temperatures of a very active channeled lava flow for the phase 50 eruption of Pu'u 'O'o on the East Rift Zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. During the twilight of 19 February 1992, 14 spectra of this activity were acquired over a 51 minute interval [18.29 to 19.20 Hawaiian Standard Time (HST)], from which the thermal distribution of energy of two 18 m2 areas, one near the center and one near the margin of the flow, may be investigated. A twocomponent thermal mixing model applied to the data taken of the center of the channel gave, in the most powerful instance (1.8x105 W/m2), a crust temperature of 940° C, a hot component temperature of 1120°C and a hot radiating area of 60% of the total area. A simultaneous spectrum acquired near the channeled flow margin yielded a crust temperature of 586° C and a hot area of only 1.2% of the total area radiating at 1130° C. Average radiant flux densities recorded for the center of the lava channel (1.3x105 W/m2 average) are much greater than previous measurements of lava lakes (4.9x103 W/m2) or recently emplaced lava flows (maximum of 7.2x104 W/m2). The energetic nature of this eruption is shown by satellite measurements made at 02.33 HST on 22 February 1992 by the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer in Band 2 (0.72–1.10 μm). These show the utility of using existing satellites with moderate resolution (1 km x 1 km pixels) and high temporal coverage (eight overpasses each day for Hawaii) as potential thermal alarms for rapidly assessing the hazard potential of large volcanic eruptions.
Atmospheric deposition of macronutrients by pollen at a semi-remote site in northern Wisconsin

Abstract Pine pollen concentrations in air at a semi-remote site in northern Wisconsin attained levels of 18 and 25 μ m −3 in late May and early June of 1979 and 1981, respectively. The upper and lower limits for the deposition velocity of pine pollen at this site are approximately 30 and 1.3 cm s −1 , respectively. Consequently, the average annual pine pollen flux at this location for 1979 and 1981 was between 8.0 and 0.35 g m −2 . Deposition of total phosphorus and organic C by pollen dispersal are about 5–100% and 11–240%, respectively, of the measured bulk atmospheric loading rate in the region. Pine pollen fluxes of water-extractable K are about 10–230% of the average annual wet deposition, while the fluxes of waterextractable NO 3 − and SO 4 −2 by pollen appear to be negligible in comparison to the total atmospheric deposition (wet plus dry deposition) by other particles. The annual pine pollen flux to Crystal Lake, an oligotrophic seepage lake in the region, was estimated to be 6.5 g m −2 during 1981. The deposition of total P by pollen to this lake was 5.8 kg a −1 , which is 45 % of the external input of total phosphorus. About 60% of the total P in samples of Pinus strobus and P. resinosa was dissolved reactive P, which is readily available for plant uptake. Because P is the limiting nutrient for many lacustrine systems and pine pollen dispersal coincides with the period of phytoplankton blooms in temperate-region lakes, this episodic input of P may represent an important source for seepage lakes whose external inputs are dominated by atmospheric deposition.
Estradiol concentration and the regulation of locomotor activity

Abstract We predicted that female prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) would not increase in locomotor activity during “induced” proestrus. We developed and tested two alternative a priori hypotheses to explain this predicted lack of activity. The Non-Response Hypothesis in which voles cannot, physiologically, increase activity in response to estradiol and, the Threshold Effect Hypothesis in which a minimal concentration of estradiol is necessary to achieve estrus, while higher concentrations influence other behavioral parameters. The non-response hypothesis predicts that hormone concentration will not affect locomotor activity, while the threshold effects hypothesis predicts that voles achieve estrus at low concentrations, while higher concentrations should trigger increasing locomotor activity. Initial results using running wheels indicated that females decreased activity during induced proestrus. Radioimmunoassay revealed that induced proestrus was achieved at relatively low concentrations of estradiol. Results from a dose response experiment allowed for rejection of the nonresponse hypothesis and supported the threshold effects hypothesis as females decreased activity at low concentrations of estradiol, showed no relative change at moderate concentrations, and increased activity at higher concentrations.
Hepatic microsomal epoxide hydratase of bluegill.

Abstract Hepatic microsomal epoxide hydratase of the bluegill fish shows characteristics similar to those of the marine fish. The bluegill hepatic microsomal epoxide hydratase activity towards styrene oxide is higher (4n-mole/min per mg protein) and that of mixed-function oxidase towards aldrin epoxidation is lower (0.7n-mole/min per mg protein) than the corresponding enzymes of the male mouse (1.90 and 2.0n-mole/min per mg protein, respectively, for epoxide hydratase and aldrin epoxidase).
Improvements to Evolutionary Model Consistency Checking for a Flapping-Wing Micro Air Vehicle

Evolutionary Computation has been suggested as a means of providing ongoing adaptation of robot controllers. Most often, using Evolutionary Computation to that end focuses on recovery of acceptable robot performance with less attention given to diagnosing the nature of the failure that necessitated the adaptation. In previous work, we introduced the concept of Evolutionary Model Consistency Checking in which candidate robot controller evaluations were dual-purposed for both evolving control solutions and extracting robot fault diagnoses. In that less developed work, we could only detect single wing damage faults in a simulated Flapping Wing Micro Air Vehicle. We now extend the method to enable detection and diagnosis of both single wing and dual wing faults. This paper explains those extensions, demonstrates their efficacy via simulation studies, and provides discussion on the possibility of augmenting EC adaptation by exploiting extracted fault diagnoses to speed EC search.
Prediction of in vivo hepatic clearance from in vitro data using cryopreserved human hepatocytes

1. Cryopreserved human hepatocytes were used to predict in vivo hepatic clearance (CL(hepatic)) from estimates of in vitro intrinsic clearance (CL' int). 2. (CL' int) was estimated for phenytoin, valproic acid, carbamazepine, theophylline, quinidine and procainamide after their addition to hepatocytes suspended either in human serum or in serum-free media. (CL' int)was estimated from in vitro concentration versus time data fitted to a monoexponential decay model. (CL' int) was estimated from concentrations measured at four time points and from just two-point measures, namely the initial concentration (C(0)) and the final concentration measurement (C(last)). 3. Predicted CL(hepatic) was within twofold of reported in vivo values of CL(hepatic) for all substrates. Moreover, predictions were not significantly different whether derived from hepatocytes suspended in serum or in serum-free medium. 4. Two-point estimates of (CL' int) were just as accurate in predicting CL(hepatic) as were multipoint estimates of (CL' int). 5. Although the data set was limited, the findings suggest that the measurement of the disappearance of xenobiotics from serum or serum-free media in which primary human hepatocytes have been suspended provides a physiologically relevant estimate of hepatic clearance that can be employed early in the drug development process to eliminate xenobiotics with unacceptable clearances.
Magnetic non-equivalence in some derivatives of tetracoordinate phosphorus

Abstract Magnetic nonequivalence of chemically equivalent protons and methyl groups has been observed in a number of phosphorus compounds containing chloromethyl or isopropyl groups attached to an asymmetric tetracoordinate phosphorus atom. The observed spectra have been interpreted on the basis of conformational averaging of chemical shifts and coupling constants, assuming that rotation about phosphorus-carbon bonds is rapid on the NMR time scale. The effects of solvents on the NMR spectra suggest that dipole-dipole association occurs in the pure compounds and that weak complexes are formed between the phosphorus derivatives and aromatic solvents.
Progesterone-induced secretion of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (cluster differentiation antigen-26) by the uterine endometrium of the ewe and cow that costimulates lymphocyte proliferation.

Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPPIV) is a serine proteinase widely distributed in mammalian tissues, including lymphocytes, where it is identical to the T-cell activation antigen, cluster differentiation antigen-26. In the present study, DPPIV enzymatic activity was found in uterine secretions of unilaterally pregnant ewes in increasing amounts as gestation progressed. Progesterone increased DPPIV in uterine secretions from ovariectomized ewes and cows. DPPIV was enriched from ovine uterine secretions by a combination of cation exchange, gel filtration, lectin, and Gly-Pro-NH2 affinity chromatographies. The mol wt was 107 kilodaltons, as indicated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions, and 140 kilodaltons by gel filtration. The pI was estimated to be 6.8. Enzymatic activity had a pH optimum of 8.3 and a Km of 0.32 mM. The sequence of the 34 N-terminal amino acids was 77-87% homologous to an internal region of human cluster differentiation antigen-26 and rat live...
Prevention of Iodism in Bronchography by Use of ACTH. Case Report

Fatal reactions following instillation of iodized oil into the tracheobronchial tree fortunately are rare. However, iodism manifested by urticaria, swelling of the salivary glands, and occasional asthma is not infrequent and often precludes additional bronchographic studies, as well as proving a source of annoyance to the patient. When these reactions occur they begin shortly after the instillation of the oil and do not subside for 24 to 48 hours. There may be no previous history of allergy or drug sensitivity, particularly in those cases manifesting lacrimal gland enlargement. A skin eruption occurring two to three weeks afterward has been noted occasionally in persons with non-allergic histories. It is thought that this condition is a manifestation of drug ioiosyncracy instead of allergy. The following case history illustrates iodism in a young man and its control with ACTH, thereby permitting additional bronchographic studies without signs of iodism: T.E.B., a white male farmer, age 29, was admitted to the Veterans’ Administration Hospital, Fayetteville, Arkansas, October 17, 1951 because of pain in the right chest and a history of recurrent pneumonia in the lower part of the right lung. His initial episode of pneumonia had occurred in 1943, with eight yearly recurrences involving the same lung area. His complaints had begun one month prior to admission and consisted of recurring chills and fever, a weight loss of 20 pounds, and a cough productive of one-half teacupful of yellow sputum daily. The physical examination revealed a tall, well-developed, well-nourished white male without respiratory distress. He had a loose, moist, bubbling cough, productive of a small amount of yellow sputum. Increased tactile fremitus and roughened breath sounds were present over the right lower lobe. Fine crepitant rales were found throughout both lung fields. There was a rough to and fro friction rub over the right anterior surface of the chest. The remainder of the examination was within normal limits. The clinical impression was that the patient had right middle and lower lobe pneumonia secondary to bronchiectasis. Clinical course: Laboratory studies showed a leukocytosis of 15,300, with a differential count consisting of 78 per cent neutrophils, 20 per cent lymphocytes, 1 per cent basophile, and 1 per cent eosinophile. The sputum examination was negative for acid-fast bacilli. The urinalysis was essentially normal except for one plus albumin and occasional clumps of white blood cells. A teleoroentgenogram of the chest demonstrated a honeycomb pattern in the right lower and possibly right upper lobe, as well as in the region of the left hilum. Dr. Marvin Westfall, Veterans Administration Hospital roentgenologist, believed the x-ray appearance to be compatible with bronchiectasis involving both lung fields.
Using the levels of cognitive functioning assessment scale with patients with traumatic brain injury in an acute care setting.

The levels of Cognitive Functioning Assessment Scale (LOCFAS) is a behavioral checklist that includes behaviors commonly seen in patients during the earliest stages of recovery from traumatic brain injury (TBI). The LOCFAS and the Disability Rating Scale were used four times each week to evaluate 28 patients who had had TBI; this was done throughout their acute care hospitalization. The Glasgow Coma Scale, Stover-Zeiger Scale, and Expanded Glasgow Outcome Scale also were used to evaluate patients at their initial assessment and at the time of their discharge. Concurrent validity (r > .85), both at the initial assessment and discharge, and predictive validity (r > .70) were high. The daily stability and interrater reliability (r = .99) of the LOCFAS also were good.
TESTING FOR CHANGES IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE DEMAND FOR MEAT IN AUSTRALIA

Quarterly data from 1962 to 1983 for beef, lamb, mutton, pig meat and poultry were used to test for constancy in the structure of meat demand in Australia. The cumulative sum, cumulative sum of squares and Farley-Hinich tests were applied to a range of models to ensure that any rejection of stability was not due to an inappropriate functional form or omitted dynamics. Little evidence was found of a marked swing away from consumption of any meat, with the exception of mutton. The results suggest that changes in prices and in total consumer expenditure are far more important than changes in tastes as determinants of meat consumption.
Beware a child suffers

Sibling relationships powerfully influence children in many areas. The loss of a brother or sister disrupts the relationship and may have profound implications for the surviving children. This article discusses issues including a child's perception of death, life experi ences, social class, and effects on the family. The author suggests nursing interventions and provides a list of recommended books on death.
Unlearning in the absence of new learning

In Exp. I, after learning a 10-item AB paired-associate list (L-1), experimental S s learned a second list (L-2) that required either inhibition of L-1 responses or both inhibition and new learning. In both conditions L-2 contained 5 carried-over pairs from L-1 and S s were instructed to continue responding to these items. In the inhibition-only condition, only the stimulus terms from L-1 (A—) were presented for the remaining pairs and S was instructed not to respond to these items. The inhibition and new learning condition required S to learn new responses to L-1 stimuli (AC). Controls performed an irrelevant task for the period of time required for L-2 presentation. Following L-2, L-1 recall of noncarried-over pairs was measured by an unpaced modified free recall test. Results indicated significant unlearning in both experimental conditions with inhibition and new learning approximately doubling the amount of unlearing produced by inhibition-only. In Exp. II unlearning was again found with inhibition-only under some altered procedures.
612 Prevalence and Natural History of Native Lung Hyperinflation after Single Lung Transplant for Emphysema

was 73%, 64% and 58%, respectively. Univariate analysis did not identify any pre-operative risk factors to be predictive of death including age, sex, race, type of transplant, and degree of pulmonary hypertension and use of induction immunotherapy. Freedom from recurrence of sarcoidosis in the allograft was 59% and 29% at 1 and 2 years, respectively. Recurrences were identified on surveillance transbronchial biopsies of the allograft showing noncaseating granulomas. Patients who experienced recurrence were noted to be significantly younger in age than those that did not experience recurrence (46 6 yrs vs. 52.2 9.6, p 0.038). Recurrence did not adversely affect survival in this cohort of patients. Conclusions: Excellent short and long term survival can be achieved in patients undergoing lung transplantation for sarcoidosis despite a high rate of recurrent disease in the allograft.
Preparation of 14, 38-bis-[S-carbamidomethyl]-(basic trypsin inhibitor) possessing full biological activity☆

Abstract Dithiothreitol reduced selectively the disulfide bond linking the half cystine residues 14 and 38 of bovine basic trypsin inhibitor in the absence of urea at pH 8.2. Iodoacetamide treatment afforded 14, 38-bis-[S-carbamidomethyl]-(basic trypsin inhibitor) possessing full biological activity.
Evolution of the grazing niche in Pleistocene mammals from Florida: evidence from stable isotopes

Abstract Previous isotopic studies of herbivorous mammals suggested that the dispersal of the grazing mammals, Mammuthus and Bison resulted in the endemic grazers incorporating more browse into their diets. In order to test this hypothesis, we analyzed 84 bulk enamel samples from six co-occurring genera from the Pleistocene of Florida to determine their carbon isotopic composition. We also analyzed 145 samples taken from along the growth axis of the tooth (serial sampling) from 12 specimens of three co-occurring genera in order to investigate seasonal resource partitioning. Our results suggest that: 1. There were no inter-generic or intra-generic differences in feeding strategy for Equus, Bison, and Mammuthus throughout the Pleistocene of Florida. 2. Significant isotopic differences observed in the feeding strategy of Hemiauchenia and Platygonus are due to floral shifts or to interactions with other grazers in Florida. 3. The three late Pleistocene sympatric grazers displayed similar seasonal carbon isotopic variations, suggesting either the lack of forage specificity or abundant resources making forage partitioning unneccessary. 4. Because these organisms did coexist, niche partitioning must have occurred by some aspect not discernible through analyzing stable carbon and oxygen isotopes. Stable isotopic analysis of herbivore tooth enamel allows for the quantitative understanding of specific paleoecological interactions among ancient animals. Further analysis of seasonal-scale changes of ancient ecosystems will bring us closer to the scale of understanding seen in present-day ecosystems.
Pharmacodynamic responses of F344 rats to the mouse hepatocarcinogen oxazepam in a 90-day feed study.

Abstract Oxazepam (Serax) is a widely used benzodiazepine anxiolytic agent and a metabolite of other benzodiazepines such as Valium and Librium. Chronic feeding studies indicated that oxazepam is an hepatocarcinogen in B6C3F1 mice but did not increase hepatic tumors in F344 rats. The present study was performed to compare the hepatic responses of rats with our previous findings in mice to explore the reason(s) for the dramatic differences in tumor response between the two species. Male F344 rats (10 per dose–time group) received diets containing oxazepam at 0, 25, 125, 2500, and 5000 ppm. Hepatocyte labeling indices were measured immunohistochemically by PCNA and BrDU during the last 7 days before sacrifices after 15, 30, 45, and 90 days of dosing. Serum oxazepam was determined by reverse phase HPLC. Results indicated that oxazepam induced significant liver weight increases in a dose-related fashion by 15 days, which remained elevated for the entire study. No important clinical chemistry or pathology changes were noted except those related to hypertrophy. Cell proliferation was significantly increased in a dose-related manner by the 15- and 30-day timepoint in the 2500 and 5000 ppm groups. The most significant finding in the present study of oxazepam was plasma levels of the parent compound. Plasma levels in rats were dramatically lower than in B6C3F1 mice exposed to oxazepam in studies conducted earlier at the same dose levels. These results suggest that the early responses of rats and mice to oxazepam, such as cell proliferation and clinical chemistry parameters, are similar. Our previous studies demonstrated that oxazepam metabolites are excreted in the urine of rats, similar to humans, whereas mice excrete oxazepam metabolites in bile allowing enterohepatic recirculation, which results in high plasma levels of oxazepam. These data indicate that the rat excretes oxazepam kinetically (rate and route) similar to humans, but the mouse produces metabolites similar to humans.
UNT: SubFinder: Combining Knowledge Sources for Automatic Lexical Substitution

This paper describes the University of North Texas SubFinder system. The system is able to provide the most likely set of substitutes for a word in a given context, by combining several techniques and knowledge sources. SubFinder has successfully participated in the best and out of ten (oot) tracks in the SemEval lexical substitution task, consistently ranking in the first or second place.
Associations of the shared and unique aspects of positive and negative emotional factors with sleep quality

Abstract Because most studies have examined only one emotional factor at a time, it is not clear which features of these overlapping constructs are important determinants of sleep quality. Our aims were to determine which aspects of negative emotional factors are most strongly associated with poor sleep quality, whether positive emotional factors are independently related to improved sleep quality, and whether rumination explains the links between emotional factors and sleep quality. A total of 224 young men and women completed questionnaires assessing depressive symptoms, trait anxiety, trait anger, trait positive affect, trait rumination, and sleep quality. Structural equation models revealed that greater Negative Affect – the shared variance among the negative emotional factors – predicted poor Sleep Quality (β = .62, p