cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of non-metric variation in the crania of black and white perinates

Reports in the literature suggest that diagnostic differences in craniofacial morphology between blacks and whites arise very early in development. These reports, however, have not been consistent regarding which traits are diagnostic and have failed to provide forensic anthropologists with a reliable method of assessment. In an effort to clarify the situation, 13 non-metric craniofacial traits were scored and analyzed statistically in a sample of 70 black and white perinatal specimens obtained from the Smithsonian’s fetal osteology collection. Chi-square analysis revealed significant ( p < 0.05) differences in the distribution of five of the 13 nonmetric traits examined. Compared with black perinates, white perinates more frequently possessed a relatively narrow supraoccipital portion of the occipital bone, a prominent anterior nasal spine, ‘‘deep’’subnasal margins, an elongated vomer, and semi-circular temporal squamae. When these five traits were entered into a stepwise logistic regression, temporal squamous shape, vomer shape and subnasal margin definition were found to be predictive of race (79.1% overall correct classification). An independent sample of 39 black and white perinates was then used to validate the results; overall, 67.5% of the validation sample could be classified correctly. Reasons for the disparity in correct classification rates between the initial and follow-up sample are provided. Results of the present study may be useful for anthropologists who encounter unidentified cranial material from this age range. # 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
A comparison of gait characteristics in young and old subjects.

Background and Purpose. The purpose of this study was to describe and compare active range of motion during free-speed gait in younger and older people. Subjects. Sixty volunteers in good health were studied. Thirty subjects (15 male, 15 female) were between 20 and 40 years of age, and 30 subjects (15 male, 15 female) were between 60 and 80 years of age. Methods. Subjects were videotaped walking down a 6-m walkway with reflective markers at six locations along their right side. The videotape was analyzed for nine gait characteristics using a two-dimensional video motion analysis system. Differences in gait characteristics between the two groups were examined using a multivariate analysis of variance, followed by univariate F tests. Results. Two gait variables—knee extension and stride length—were significantly different between groups, and differences in velocity approached significance. Conclusion and Discussion. For individuals in good health, the gait of older people differs from the walking pattern of young people for selected variables. Older people demonstrate less knee extension and a shorter stride length compared with younger people. Differences in self-paced walking velocity between old and young people may have influenced the gait characteristics measured.
Radiological signs of pneumoperitoneum in an extremely low birthweight infant

A twin male infant weighing 820 g was born at 26+5 weeks of gestation. At birth he received mechanical ventilation, surfactant and subsequently indomethacin treatment for a large patent ductus arteriosus. On day 8 of life he had frequent episodes of desaturations. Transillumination of the chest was negative. Abdominal examination and laboratory studies were unremarkable. Chest and abdominal radiographs showed signs of pneumoperitoneum. These included presence of subdiaphragmatic air in the right upper quadrant, Rigler's sign, falciform ligament sign, cupola sign and scrotal air (figures 1 and 2). An emergency laparotomy …
Niche saturation reveals resource partitioning among consumers

More diverse communities of consumers typically use more resources, which often is attributed to resource partitioning. However, experimentally demonstrating this role of resource partitioning in diverse communities has been difficult. We used an experimental response-surface design, varying intra- and interspecific consumer densities, to compare patterns of resource exploitation between simple and diverse communities of aphid predators. With increasing density, each single consumer species rapidly plateaued in its ability to extract more resources. This suggests intraspecific competition for a subset of the resource pool, a hallmark of resource partitioning. In contrast, more diverse-predator communities achieved greater overall resource depletion. By statistically fitting mechanistic models to the data, we demonstrated that resource partitioning rather than facilitation provides the better explanation for the observed differences in resource use between simple and diverse communities. This model-fitting approach also allowed us to quantify overlap in resource use by different consumer species.
The Ethics, Not the Legality of IVF

1. Jane Donohue Battaglia, MD, MA* 1. 2. *Associate Clinical Professor of Anesthesiology, Pediatrics, and Preventive Medicine (Program in Health Care Ethics, Humanities, and Law), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO. This response to “The Ethics of In Vitro Fertilization” will address several issues: social and physical stresses on women, avoiding harm and doing good, questions of autonomy and justice, personhood, and the treatment of embryos and fetuses, especially multifetal pregnancy reduction. Donchin has hard words about pressures on women: “With thec advent of new fertility technologies, social pressure to produce biologically related children is again intensifying,” “… infertile women are urged to fulfill their ‘full reproductive potential’ regardless of economic, psychological or bodily cost,” and“… feminist analyses frequently show how the market for these techniques is socially constructed.” (Donchin, 1996) Nevertheless, Donchin maintains that there is a strong emotional need that is not influenced by social pressures. This need even has been called instinctual, which is reminiscent of the famous “maternal instinct” that supposedly endows women with an inborn knowledge of nurturing behavior, but that actually is learned. New mothers, after all, must be taught how to nurse their infants! Infertility is not simply a biologic problem to be solved by the appropriate technology. It is a “… socially defined and interpreted category….” (Sherwin, l992) Neither Donchin nor Sherwin deny that women desire biologic children, but they emphasize the social and economic pressures that far too often are downplayed or ignored. Men also are …
Anteroposterior patterning in the zebrafish, Danio rerio: an explant assay reveals inductive and suppressive cell interactions.

We report the first extended culture system for analysing zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryogenesis with which we demonstrate neural induction and anteroposterior patterning. Explants from the animal pole region of blastula embryos (9animal caps9) survived for at least two days and increased in cell number. Mesodermal and neural-specific genes were not expressed in cultured animal caps, although low levels of the dorsoanterior marker otx2 were seen. In contrast, we observed strong expression of gta3, a ventral marker and cyt1, a novel type I cytokeratin expressed in the outer enveloping layer. Isolated ‘embryonic shield’, that corresponds to the amphibian organizer and amniote node, went on to express the mesodermal genes gsc and ntl, otx2, the anterior neural marker pax6, and posterior neural markers eng3 and krx20. The expression of these genes defined a precise anteroposterior axis in shield explants. When conjugated to animal caps, the shield frequently induced expression of anterior neural markers. More posterior markers were rarely induced, suggesting that anterior and posterior neural induction are separable events. Mesodermal genes were also seldom activated in animal caps by the shield, demonstrating that neural induction did not require co-induction of mesoderm in the caps. Strikingly, ventral marginal zone explants suppressed the low levels of otx2 in animal caps, indicating that ventral tissues may play an active role in axial patterning. These data suggest that anteroposterior patterning in the zebrafish is a multi-step process.
Pairwise-additive force fields for selected aqueous monovalent ions from adaptive force matching

Simple non-polarizable potentials were developed for Na+, K+, Cl−, and Br− using the adaptive force matching (AFM) method with ab initio MP2 method as reference. Our MP2-AFM force field predicts the solvation free energies of the four salts formed by the ions with an error of no more than 5%. Other properties such as the ion-water radial distribution functions, first solvation shell water tilt angle distributions, ion diffusion constants, concentration dependent diffusion constant of water, and concentration dependent surface tension of the solutions were calculated with this potential. Very good agreement was achieved for these properties. In particular, the diffusion constants of the ions are within 6% of experimental measurements. The model predicts bromide to be enriched at the interface in the 1.6M KBr solution but predicts the ion to be repelled for the surface at lower concentration.
Global Imperfection-Based Column Stability Analysis

With the exception of nonlinear FEA, stability analysis typically involves the independent assessment of critical loads for various modes of instability, such as the local and global buckling of a shell or a lattice structure. However, local stability analysis alone, if executed with the nonlinear effects of relevant imperfections accounted for, can readily address both kinds of failure ‐ and their interaction — in the framework of a single unified procedure, herein put forth in the context of columns as global imperfection-based stability analysis. While this method can be regarded as a generalization of certain classic recommendations based on assumed imperfections, it is nevertheless a powerful new addition to current aerospace design practices, whether used to augment or to replace the design recipes typically followed. The proposed scheme is introduced, discussed, and illustrated for tubular columns, and a practical framework to rationally assess the relevant member imperfections — those contributing to cross section eccentricities — is offered.
Structure of Dislocations and Interfaces in Non-Metallic Crystalline Materials

The present understanding of the structure of grain boundaries and phase boundaries in ceramic materials is briefly reviewed with a view to extracting general conclusions on the structure of such interfaces. Examples of experimental studies of grain boundaries in alpha-alumina, spinel and germanium are discussed together with illustrations of the wustite/spinel and sesquioxide/spinel interface. In the oxide systems discussed here, both the grain boundaries and phase boundaries can facet even in the case where the anion sublattice is effectively undisturbed, this observation emphasises the influence of the cations on the selection of the boundary plane.
Gangs and delinquency

This study explores the meaning of police estimates of gang membership, by reviewing the characteristics of youth labeled as gang members in one western state, Hawaii, during 1991. Arrest patterns of these youth do not support the notion that they constitute a seriously violent subset of criminals. Indeed, nearly a third had not been arrested in the previous three years; notable too is the absence of a large number of weapon or drug arrests. These findings are amplified by data from a comparison of youth who were not labeled as gang members; these indicate that youth (in the City and County of Honolulu) who are delinquent differ little from those youth suspected of gang membership in terms of the frequency or severity of their offenses. Finally, the groups most commonly labeled by police as gang members are Filipino and Samoan males, but self-report data on gang membership indicate a somewhat different ethnic composition. The policy implications of these findings are also discussed.
What Did We Really Learn From the Collaborative? Is It In Our Best Interest to Use “Every Organ Every Time” in Kidney Transplantation?

The Organ Donation Breakthrough Collaborative (ODBC) was formed in 2003 in response to a widening gap between the number of available organs and the number of patients wait listed for transplantation, as well as recognition of a potential to avail a large pool of donor organs. It made an immediate impact by increasing the number of donations and of organs procured. As the bulk of the organs came from an expanded donor pool, the impact on organ use varied somewhat. The discard rates for kidneys, a life-sustaining organ, increased significantly. A substantial effort to decrease organ discards has raised questions over whether “every organ every time” is in the best interest of kidney transplantation. This article is based on currently available data and reviews the circumstances that led to the formation of the ODBC and its short- and long-term impact on kidney transplantation. We question whether this is the right direction for the current situation and discuss whether there might be other potential avenues to pursue in bridging this divide.
Research on Method of Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Image Classification Based on Decision Tree

In order to validate the feasibility of using decision tree algorithm for hyperspectral remote sensing image classification,it proposes a method of building decision tree automatically for hyperspectral remote sensing image classification.Based on hyperspectral remote sensing image on-site sampling,sample statistics and training,generate a binary decision tree,extract classification rule from the decision tree and classify the hyperspectral remote sensing image.The whole tree is simple and the classification rules are easy to understand.Both classification efficiency and accuracy are satisfactory.The study makes it "integration" and "automation" to reduce the dimensionality of hyperspectral data,sample selection,sample training,decision tree generation and image classification.
Development of a Size-dependent Aerosol Deposition Model Utilising Human Airway Epithelial Cells for Evaluating Aerosol Drug Delivery:

Aerosol delivery to the airways of the human respiratory tract, followed by absorption, constitutes an alternative route of administration for compounds unsuitable for delivery by conventional oral and parenteral routes. The target for aerosol drug delivery is the airways epithelium, i.e. tracheal, bronchial, bronchiolar and alveolar cells, which become the site of drug deposition. These epithelial layers also serve as a barrier to the penetration of inhaled material. An in vitro model for aerosol deposition and transport across epithelia in the human airways may be a good predictor of in vivo disposition. The present preliminary studies begin an investigation that blends the dynamics of aerosol delivery and the basis of an in vitro simulated lung model to evaluate the transport properties of a series of molecular weight marker compounds across human-derived bronchiolar epithelial cell monolayers. An Andersen viable cascade impactor was used as a delivery apparatus for the deposition of size-segregated particles onto monolayers of small airway epithelial cells and Calu-3 cells. It was shown that these cell layers can withstand placement in the impactor, and that permeability can be tested subsequent to removal from the impactor.
“Be Careful Who You Friend:” Early Adolescents’ Reports of Safety, Privacy, and Family Monitoring of Facebook Use

With the growing popularity of social networking sites (SNS), parents, educators, youth development workers, researchers, and policymakers are increasingly concerned with Internet safety issues. In this paper we highlight a study designed to understand how young people describe how much (or how little) social network monitoring is happening in their home life, including who is doing the monitoring, when, why, and how. Participants included 33 middle school youth (aged 11-14) who were participating in a 9-week sexual health curriculum. Teens reported that their parents were most concerned about “friending” the wrong people and swearing on Facebook postings. In contrast, teens talked more about using Facebook to keep in touch with their known social circle and were not as preoccupied with adding people they didn’t know or wanting to meet strangers online. Teens also reported that female family and community members were the most frequent monitors of their Facebook pages. Implications for youth development programs and future research directions are discussed.
Natural Convection Heat Transfer From Horizontal Cylinders

A vast amount of literature exists for natural convection from horizontal cylinders. This chapter separates the field into two main time periods: early investigators and modern developments. Early investigators focused on analytical and experimental techniques, and modern investigations have focused on using computational fluid dynamics. Nusselt number correlations are presented from many sources for natural convection from horizontal cylinders.
Stem cell niche signals Wnt, Hedgehog, and Notch distinctively regulate Drosophila follicle precursor cell differentiation

Adult stem cells commonly give rise to transit-amplifying progenitors, whose progeny differentiate into distinct cell types. Signals within the stem cell niche maintain the undifferentiated state. However it is unclear whether or how niche signals might also coordinate fate decisions within the progenitor pool. Here we use quantitative microscopy to elucidate distinct roles for Wnt, Hedgehog (Hh), and Notch signalling in progenitor development in the Drosophila ovary. Follicle stem cells (FSCs) self-renew and produce precursors whose progeny adopt distinct polar, stalk, and main body cell fates. We show that a steep gradient of Wnt signalling maintains a multipotent state in proximally located progenitor cells by inhibiting expression of the cell fate determinant Eyes Absent (Eya). A shallower gradient of Hh signalling controls the proliferation to differentiation transition. The combination of Notch and Wnt signalling specifies polar cells. These findings reveal a mechanism by which multiple niche signals coordinate cell fate diversification of progenitor cells.
Sacrospinous Ligament Vault Suspension

Various surgical techniques are available to correct pelvic organ prolapse. Owing to recent warnings about the use of mesh in pelvic surgeries and its related complications, sacrospinous ligament vault suspension may play an important role again. Sacrospinous ligament vault suspension is an extraperitoneal vaginal approach that is advantageous in patients with multiple previous abdominal surgeries. It offers a safe and effective native tissue alternative repair technique for the correction of post-hysterectomy vaginal vault prolapse. Adequate knowledge of the pararectal anatomy is essential in order to perform this procedure.
High performance direct methanol fuel cell with thin electrolyte membrane

Abstract A high performance direct methanol fuel cell is achieved with thin electrolyte membrane. 320 mW cm −2 of peak power density and over 260 mW cm −2 at 0.4 V are obtained when working at 90 °C with normal pressure air supply. It is revealed that the increased anode half-cell performance with temperature contributes primarily to the enhanced performance at elevated temperature. From the comparison of iR-compensated cathode potential of methanol/air with that of H 2 /air fuel cell, the impact of methanol crossover on cathode performance decreases with current density and becomes negligible at high current density. Current density is found to influence fuel efficiency and methanol crossover significantly from the measurement of fuel efficiency at different current density. At high current density, high fuel efficiency can be achieved even at high temperature, indicating decreased methanol crossover.
Nitrogen and Fluorine‐Codoped Carbon Nanowire Aerogels as Metal‐Free Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

The development of active, durable and low-cost catalysts to replace noble metal-based materials is highly desirable to promote the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cells. Herein, nitrogen and fluorine-codoped three-dimensional carbon nanowire aerogels, composed of interconnected carbon nanowires were for the first time synthesized by hydrothermal carbonization process. Owing to their porous nanostructures and heteroatom-doping, the as-prepared carbon nanowire aerogels with optimized composition present excellent electrocatalytic activity that is comparable to commercial Pt/C. Remarkably, the aerogels also exhibit superior stability and methanol tolerance. This synthesis procedure paves a new way to design novel heteroatom-doped catalysts.
Look to our campuses for focus and inspiration

Lawrence R. Frey and David L. Palmer describe communication activism pedagogy (CAP) as “putting meat on critical pedagogy’s theoretical bones” and applying theory to real-life activist movements (F...
When “pouchitis” isn׳t pouchitis: Crohn׳s disease and surgical complications

Abstract Restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis is the definitive operation of choice for the surgical treatment of patients with ulcerative colitis that is refractory to medical therapy or with dysplasia. However, pouch dysfunction due to inflammatory and non-inflammatory diseases frequently affect patients after surgery and have a significant impact on quality of life. Accurate diagnosis is important to guide further therapy and it is essential to differentiate pouchitis from Crohn׳s disease or surgical complications. This article reviews diagnosis and management of Crohn׳s disease and surgical complications affecting the ileal pouch.
The effect of company name fluency on venture investment decisions and IPO underpricing

AbstractWe explore the influence of company name on pre-venture and post-success financing outcomes of new ventures. A company name could be linguistically fluent, that is whether a name appears to be realistic and familiar, or phonetically fluent, that is whether a name is pronounceable. These variations could lead to varying financing outcomes. We argue that pre-venture investors favor ventures with low linguistically fluent names because of their preference in investing in unique ventures and with high phonetically fluent names as such names could automatically elicit favorable impressions. In contrast, post-success investors may still favor investing in ventures with high phonetically fluent names, but are less influenced by linguistic fluency because they are less concerned about a venture’s uniqueness. Our predictions are supported by two studies.
The role of heterogeneity in asthma: a structure-to-function perspective

A number of methods have evolved through the years in probing the dysfunction that impacts mechanics and ventilation in asthma. What has been consistently found is the notion of heterogeneity that is not only captured in the frequency dependence of lung mechanics measurements but also rendered on imaging as patchy diffuse areas of ventilation defects. The degree of heterogeneity has been linked to airway hyperresponsiveness, a hallmark feature of asthma. How these heterogeneous constriction patterns lead to functional impairment in asthma have only been recently explored using computational airway tree models. By synthesizing measurements of lung mechanics and advances in imaging, computational airway tree models serve as a powerful engine to accelerate our understanding of the physiologic changes that occur in asthma. This review will be focused on the current state of investigational work on the role of heterogeneity in asthma, specifically exploring the structural and functional relationships.
Significance as a lens: Understanding the Mandarin ba construction through discourse adjacent alternation

Abstract Given alternative grammatical options, how do native speakers make the choice in a given communicative context? Drawing data from 300 videotaped conversations (100 h; one-million words), this study is the first to use a discourse adjacent alternation method to investigate how real-life speakers in a single conversation use alternative grammatical constructions to describe the same event. This study proposes the concept of LENS as a new aspect of linguistic construal. Lens refers to speakers’ subjective evaluation of reality, especially their attitudes toward an event. This study finds that SIGNIFICANCE is a lens that evaluates an event as being highly consequential, challenging, or important. The elusive ba-construction in Mandarin is a linguistic device for the construe of significance: The ba-construction prototypically marks a transitive event as a significant consequence, contribution, or action, which is highly consequential, highly challenging, or highly important. The findings raise questions as to what linguistic devices are used in other languages to construe significance and what devices are used to construe other lenses in Mandarin and in other languages. This study reveals an association of linguistic markedness with discourse-level choices among paradigmatic oppositions in social interaction and suggests that syntactic markedness and semantic complexity correlate with discourse significance. The findings shed light on the pragmatic factors in linguistic choice-making during social interaction.
Technology Implementation Case Studies: Lincus Software as a Service

Stakeholders have often failed to foresee, identify and address implementation barriers when introducing new technologies into health and social care settings. As a result, many technologies have not been adopted by organisations or have failed to be used to their full potential. This chapter is written from the perspective of a small-sized technology enterprise in the UK and critically discusses the experiences of deploying a novel ‘software as a service system’ in the UK health and social care sectors. The chapter will specifically discuss the barriers that have been faced throughout implementations and how they were addressed in a series of case studies. We propose that the lessons learned from these implementations will be just as relevant in the future as they were at the time of writing.
Lethal Means Restriction: Historical, International, and Professional Considerations

Over 800,000 completed suicides occur globally each year. Impulsivity and preference for one lethal method over another often characterize suicide attempts. Politics, cultural acceptability, and economic factors of a given region play an important role in an individual’s lethal means selection. Obtaining information on a given patient’s likelihood to use a particular means can provide a vital advantage to a clinician’s risk assessment and safety planning efforts. Importantly, research has shown that lethal means preferences vary around the world. Although some methods have been used throughout the history of suicidal behaviour, new methods continue to emerge and levels of frequency for specific means vary globally. Specifically, methods gaining in popularity include self-poisoning and self-immolation. The ever-changing nature of lethal means frequencies compiled with the efficacy of informed safety planning suggests the need for continued research into lethal means restriction so that professionals can adequately assess and intervene during behavioural emergencies. This chapter will provide the clinician with an overview on current lethal means restriction data to better-inform risk assessment procedures for patients from diverse backgrounds. Further, current limitations in lethal means research as well as future directions will be discussed.
Assessing the Representativeness of Published US Patent Records: A Research Guide

This article describes the “USPTO Patent Examination Research Dataset” (PatEx), and explores possible selection issues and the representativeness of the 9.1 million US patent application records it contains. We find that data are sparse for years before 1981, and that serious selection issues affect records on applications filed prior to 2001 due to non-publication in the US. Following implementation of a policy change in November 2000, however, both coverage and representativeness of the PatEx data improve substantially. Our analysis uncovers specific areas that are prone to selectivity issues by generating statistical evidence across application characteristics such as application type, age, ownership type, domestic or foreign origin, patent family status, and technology class among others. While our exploration suggests to researchers several categories of specific concern, our findings overall show that the PatEx data are generally representative of the population of patent applications filed in the US after 2000 across observable characteristics. [Note: a reference Appendix is attached to the end of this manuscript].
Implications of fault structure heterogeneities, dissolution and capillary trapping mechanisms for CO2 storage integrity

Abstract Estimation of faults leakage potential is an essential component of CO2 storage integrity analysis. The selection of deep saline aquifers for CO2 storage in these settings mandates the modeling of fault-related fluid flow to estimate the most probable leakage rates. Faults usually have complex structures with heterogeneities and anisotropies over a range of scales because of which local capillary trapping becomes significantly important. We quantitatively investigate the implications of local capillary trapping for storage integrity and monitoring. Reservoir simulation results for a representative normal fault in a potential storage site in southern Louisiana with three possible damage zone configurations of homogenous, heterogeneous with fragmented core, and heterogeneous with intact core are presented. For each configuration, three cases are modeled to study the sensitivity of dissolution and local capillary trapping. Our results show that dissolution and local capillary trapping impede the upward migration of CO2, and may reduce leaked volume by more than 19% in some of the cases. It is also noted that presence of high permeability connected streaks may lessen the positive contributions of dissolution and local capillary trapping in reducing CO2 leakage. Moreover, capillary trapping significantly alters the pressure and saturation gradients locally and it may complicate monitoring strategies if extrapolation is required over larger length scales.
Rare earths: A review of the landscape

New demand for electric vehicles are rare earths the bottleneck in the supply chain? Can recycling and substitution make a dent in the demand for REE in the near future? Is it economically feasible for advanced nations to mine for REE but process them elsewhere to allay environmental concerns at home? Rare earths are critical components to many technologies that drive the modern world. Though rare earths are present in most parts of the world, they are produced mostly in China because of a confluence of several factors. This paper reviews various aspects of rare earths including extraction, geopolitics, and challenges. Rare-earth elements (REEs) not only replace each other in the mineral structure but also occur within different mineral structures in the same deposit. Separation of one REE from another is therefore difficult, environmentally challenging, and expensive. Less than 1% of REEs is recycled due to many challenges of collecting various end products and separating the REE from other metals/contaminants. Recycling investments have primarily focused on applications such as magnets, where economies of scale have allowed it. Substitution for the REE is difficult for most applications, though the automotive and wind energy industries are making good advances with motors and generators. The rare earth market is small and, thus, easily disrupted. Factors that can impact the market are increased production from existing mines, development of mine prospects advanced during price spikes, research and development efforts focused on improving REE recoveries, recycling, substitution, alternate sources of REEs, and governmental policies.
Optimal Transformations for Prediction in Continuous-Time Stochastic Processes

In the classical Wiener-Kolmogorov prediction problem, one fixes a functional of the “future” and seeks its best predictor (in the L 2-sense). In this paper we treat a variant of this problem, whereby we seek the “most predictable” non-trivial functional of the future and its best predictor. In contrast to the Wiener-Kolmogorov problem, our problem may not have solutions, and if solutions exist, they might not be unique. We prove the existence of solutions for linear functionals under appropriate conditions on the spectral function of weakly stationary, continuous-time processes.
Modeling Distance from Study to Decision

This chapter describes how Roundsman assesses the relevance of a clinical study to a physician’s particular decision (step 3 in Fig. 1-1). Section 4.1 outlines Roundsman’s representation of a study’s statistical results: what interventions were compared, what outcomes were observed, etc. Section 4.2 presents a taxonomy of distances which allows Roundsman to characterize the distance(s) between study and clinical context. Section 4.3 describes the calibration of distance on a common scale. Section 4.4 describes the use of distance-estimators to identify when a particular distance metric component is applicable to the case being considered. Section 4.5 discusses related research, and section 4.6 summarizes the chapter’s main points.
Management of Benign Variants of Mesothelioma

The distinction between benign pleural plaques and malignancy can usually be made by simple radiographic findings. When there is uncertainty, surgical biopsy, preferably by a VATS approach, should be performed. Biopsy should be performed separately from the definitive resection because immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy are usually required to distinguish benign pleural lesions from diffuse malignant pleural mesothelioma.
Nanomechanical standards based on the intrinsic mechanics of molecules and atoms

For more than a decade, instruments based on local probes have allowed us to “touch” objects at the nanoscale, making it possible for scientists and engineers to probe the electrical, chemical, and physical behaviors of matter at the level of individual atoms and molecules. In principle, physical interactions on this scale are characterized by fixed, unique values that need only be reliably measured in terms of accurately realized units of force and length to serve as standards. For example, the silicon lattice spacing is often used as a convenient ruler for estimating length in atomic scale images, since this lattice spacing has been independently measured using x-ray interferometry. Recently, the force-induced failure of DNA, often referred to as the overstretch condition, has been proposed as both a standard of force and length in single-molecule bio-physics experiments. Still other nanomechanics researchers have suggested that the rupture force of a single-atom chain is unique to a given metal, and that this intrinsic force can be used to calibrate atomic break junction experiments. In both these examples, a fundamental assumption is that the irreducible nature of nanoscale experimentation, in this case tensile testing, yields consistency befitting a standard. This paper offers context and a condensed overview of recently published results from the NIST Small Force Metrology Laboratory regarding new instruments and capabilities we have developed to examine this fundamental assumption. The reviewed papers describe new test platforms, techniques, and calibration procedures that allow us to bring accurate picoscale measurements of both length and force to bear on the problems of single-molecule and single-atom tensile testing.
Effect of nucleoside 5'-di- and 5'-tri-phosphates on pancreatic ribonuclease activity.

1. ADP, ATP and GDP inhibited the phosphotransferase activity, the release of cyclic nucleotides from RNA, of ribonuclease. No significant inhibition was elicited by pyrimidine 5'-nucleoside diphosphates, CDP and UDP. 2. Inhibition by ADP, AMP, adenosine, adenine, NAD and NADP was insignificant at the concentrations tested. Small inhibition was observed with high concentrations of AMP and only when soluble RNA was the substrate. 3. Inhibition by ADP was found to be ;uncompetitive'. 4. Results seem to indicate that at least for optimum inhibition the polyphosphate of the purine nucleoside is essential. They further suggest that the inhibitor acts by combining with the enzyme only when the enzyme is bound to the substrate.
Computational Modeling and Simulation of a New Energy-Saving Sealing Unit in Industrial Applications

This new type of magnetic energy-saving sealing system can reduce the leakage of lubrication oil pollution and media gases in general industrial machine applications including reciprocating machines, air compressors and refrigerating units. This article analyses the feasible and reliable function of this new magnetic energy-saving sealing system through computer aided modeling / simulation and prototype testing, and the results verified the reliable performance of this sealing system. The main features of this new sealing system include: better sealing performance to prevent the industrial machines from lubrication oil and gaseous leakage, energy-saving due to higher sealing functioning efficiency with less frictional work loss and reduced internal media leakage, cheaper in industrial production and manufacturing because of lower precision requirement to the surfaces of reciprocating components including pistons and shafts, more durable sealing function and longer sealing lifetime.
Bridges crossing fault rupture zones: A review

Abstract Several earthquakes over the past two decades have demonstrated that bridges crossing fault rupture zones may suffer significant damage due to the combined effects of ground shaking and surface rupture. Although it is widely recommended to avoid building a bridge across a fault, it is not always possible to achieve this objective, especially in regions with a dense network of active faults. This review begins by compiling two databases: one of fault-crossing bridges damaged in past earthquakes and another of bridges crossing potentially active fault rupture zones. The article then continues to review findings of experimental, analytical and numerical studies, and to summarize seismic design provisions and recommendations related to fault-crossing bridges. The review ends with suggestions for future research directions in this area.
The Art of Referencing as an Often Overlooked Aspect of Scientific Literacy: Study of a Classroom Intervention

Scientific literacy is a complex topic that is often cited, but rarely fully defined. Teaching scientific literacy often focuses solely on scientific reading and writing. However, to be scientifically literate, one must also be able to distinguish between credible and non-credible sources of information. Such ability involves a thorough knowledge of referencing and the peer-review process. To incorporate such issues into the teaching of a specific aspect of scientific literacy, a two-part module was developed with one module focusing on each of the aforementioned topics. Pre-tests and post-tests assessed the efficacy of within-module assignments in terms of increasing student knowledge and confidence in understanding scientific literacy. Following completion of the modules, students were involved in a project that required the writing a scientific paper. Statistically significant gains were observed in student confidence after student completion of the module-specific assignments. Similar findings occurred in knowledge of basic formatting and peer-review after completion of the written paper. The timing in which gains occurred suggests that procedural learning occurred prior to declarative learning. Thus, a multistep process appears effective in explaining a complex topic such as scientific literacy to undergraduate students.
Mental Health Prior to Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation

Individuals undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) may experience symptoms of distress before, during, and after the transplant. They may suffer from sequelae of fatigue, insomnia, and weakness in addition to disruptions to their sense of self and fears related to treatment outcomes. Depression, anxiety, adjustment, and post-traumatic stress disorders are common among this population. People may also develop significant neuropsychiatric complications related to the transplant. Thus, screening for psychological distress is recommended prior to transplant as a means to optimize the psychosocial health of the individual. Additionally, people may have a psychiatric history preceding the initial diagnosis of cancer that warrants further optimization prior to HCT. The diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric symptoms and disorders would optimize transplant outcomes in this patient population by improving the overall health of these medically complex individuals.
Pressure-Volume Relations

The physiologic characterization of an intact ventricular chamber ideally employs analyses yielding integrated functional assessments as well as separate quantification of the major factors (i.e. load, contractility, diastolic function) that determine net performance. More than a century ago, Otto Frank initiated studies to assess ventricular function by relations between chamber pressure and volume, an approach already familiar to 19’ century engineers. In one diagram, both the active and passive filling properties of the pump, its mechano-energetics, and its interaction with vascular loading systems could all be quantified. The pioneering work of Suga, Sagawa and colleagues in the 1970’s, performed in isolated yet physiologically ejecting canine ventricles (1), established the pressure-volume relationship as a powerful means to achieve the major goals of function analysis. Beyond the utility of the end-systolic pressure-volume relationship as a load-independent index of contractility, pressure-volume analysis proved insightful and valuable to both laboratory research and clinical studies (2-3). Recently, this method has been extended by means of miniaturized catheter technology to the mouse (4). The capacity to genetically alter mice combined with in-depth hemodynamic characterization by in-vivo pressure-volume analysis presents unparalleled potential for interfacing molecular science with cardiac systems physiology. This chapter reviews the instrumentation and methods involved in in vivo pressure-volume relation measurement in mice. Cardiovascular physiology of normal mice are compared with published reference human data, and examples from transgenic models are shown to highlight the utility of the method.
Shoulder Arthroplasty in the Treatment of Proximal Humeral Fractures

Proximal humeral fractures are the third most common fracture in the elderly population (second to hip fractures and fractures of the distal radius), occurring at a frequency of approximately 105 per 100,000 individuals per year [1, 2]. As the general population ages and predicted life spans increase, the desire for procedures that restore joint function and maintain quality of life will become progressively relevant. Following this trend, it is likely the rate of arthroplasty for treatment of proximal humerus fractures—particularly in the elderly population—will likely rise in the decades to come [2]. For complicated fractures of the proximal humerus, both hemiarthroplasty (HA) and the reverse prosthesis have demonstrated promising short- and long-term results [3–10]. In the elderly population and situations involving complex fractures, each approach has exhibited superior outcomes in comparison to open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) and nonsurgical conservative management [11–16]. The reverse prosthesis in particular is selected as a revision procedure for failed HA, ORIF, and nonsurgical conservative management [17, 18].
Alzheimer's disease: A clinical perspective and future nonhuman primate research opportunities

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is the sixth leading cause of death and the most common cause of dementia worldwide. Over the last few decades, significant advancements have been made in our understanding of AD by investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying amyloid-β and tau pathology. Despite this progress, no disease-modifying treatments exist for AD, an issue that will exacerbated by the rising costs and prevalence of the disorder. Moreover, effective therapies to address the devastating cognitive and behavioral symptoms are also urgently needed. This perspective focuses on the value of nonhuman primate (NHP) models in bridging the molecular, circuit, and behavioral levels of analysis to better understand the complex genetic and environmental/lifestyle factors that contribute to AD pathogenesis. These investigations could provide an opportunity for translating our understanding of the pathogenesis and physiological mechanisms underlying AD and related disorders into new diagnostic approaches and disease-modifying therapies to prevent disease or restore brain function for symptomatic individuals.
CATs to Kiddie CATS: Transforming an Elementary Physical Activity Curriculum for Preschoolers.

As more schools begin to include preschool classrooms, teachers and administrators may need physical activity (PA) curricula that are inclusive, specially designed for young children, and linked to...
The Intersection of Complex Care and Hospital Medicine: Opportunities to Advance Health for Chronically Ill Populations.

Children with medical complexity (CMC) are a high-need, high-cost population representing 1% of all children yet accounting for nearly one-third of all child health-related costs.1 Nearly half of health costs for CMC are attributable to hospital care2; 30-day readmission rates for CMC are 4 times higher than that for non-CMC,3 and 26% of hospital days and 43% of in-hospital deaths are attributable to CMC.4 High hospital use by CMC is a consequence of multiple chronic conditions, severe functional limitations, reliance on long-term medical technology for daily living (eg, feeding tube in a child with severe neurologic impairment), and high-intensity care needs supported by multispecialty care and home-based services (eg, home nursing) that are typical for this patient population.1 Parents of CMC take responsibility for the vast majority of caregiving and face many challenges, including inadequate insurance, lack of a patient-centered medical home, and insufficient hours of coverage for home health care workers.5 As a result of intense financial and emotional stress, caregivers themselves experience physical and mental health problems that can compromise their ability to effectively perform caregiving tasks.6 Additionally, direct clinical encounters for CMC in health care settings are often inefficient and poorly coordinated.5 Because the traditional health care delivery system often fails to meet the needs of CMC and their families, because CMC frequently receive acute hospital care, and because care of CMC is a core competency of pediatric hospital medicine (PHM), pediatric hospitalists have an essential role to play in the development of innovative solutions to improve care for CMC.7 In …