cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Organivore or organorexic? Examining the relationship between alternative food network engagement, disordered eating, and special diets

Abstract The alternative food network (AFN) refers to connections between consumers, producers, and sellers of organic, local/regional, “sustainably grown,” and other artisanal and niche food not produced by the conventional system (Goodman & Goodman, 2007). Alternative foods are often viewed as the “right” consumption choice while conventional counterparts are positioned as ethically “wrong.” A moral positioning of food, avoidance of certain food groups, and anxiety elicited by food consumption choices bears similarities to disordered eating behaviors (Hesse-Biber, Leavy, Quinn, & Zoino, 2006), including a newly proposed eating syndrome, orthorexia nervosa (ON; Vandereycken, 2011; Zamora, Bonaechea, Sanchez, & Rial, 2005). This study examines the relationship among engagement in the AFN, disordered eating behaviors, and special diets. We hypothesized that individuals with higher AFN engagement would be more likely report disordered eating behaviors as well as to follow a special diet. Adult men and women (N = 284) completed a series of measures assessing engagement in the AFN and eating behaviors. We found that individuals with higher AFN engagement were more likely to report ON tendencies but not significantly likely to engage in other disordered eating behaviors. Individuals following a special diet were significantly more engaged in the AFN, more likely to report ON tendencies, and more likely to self-report an eating disorder. Our findings suggest that the most engaged consumers participate in the AFN for the purported benefits reaped by society and the environment and not to moderate their consumption or mask disordered eating behaviors. Future research should prospectively explore associations between AFN engagement, ON and disordered eating behaviors, and special diets as well as consider the utility of incorporating AFN engagement into existing disordered eating prevention programs.
Yield of the Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination in Patients with Concussion (I13.003)

Objective: We sought to identify the incidence of ocular motor dysfunction in a multidisciplinary concussion center-based neuro-ophthalmologic practice. Background: Due to the widespread nature of ocular motor anatomic pathways, traumatic brain injury and its mildest form, concussion, affect eye movements in many ways. However, the extent to which concussion results in ocular motor deficits detectable on clinical examination is unclear. Existing literature suggests a high incidence of convergence insufficiency, saccadic deficits, and smooth pursuit impairment. Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review of all patients with a concussion-related diagnostic code seen in the practice of four neuro-ophthalmologists between 8/1/2014 and 8/1/2015. Those with pre-existing ocular motor deficits or significant positive neuroimaging findings (i.e. subdural or intracranial hemorrhage, orbital fractures) were not included in analysis. Results: Seventy patients with a concussion-related diagnosis were identified. Fifty-eight subjects (mean age 30.8 ±14.7, age range 11-65, 30 males, 28 females) met inclusion criteria. Loss of consciousness was documented in 13 (22.4[percnt]). Twenty-four (41.4[percnt]) reported a history of multiple concussions. The most common symptom was headache (n=36, 62.1[percnt]), followed by photosensitivity (n=19, 32.8[percnt]). Difficulty reading or using screens were reported in 11 (19[percnt]) and 9 (15[percnt]), respectively. Ocular motor dysfunction was seen on neuro-ophthalmologic examination in 16 (27.6[percnt]) patients; findings predominantly included convergence insufficiency (n=13, 22.4[percnt]). Reduced stereopsis, ocular flutter, impaired VOR cancellation, and gaze-evoked nystagmus were each found in single patients. One patient had square wave jerks, but it was unclear if these were pathologic. Deficits of saccades were not identified by clinical examination. Conclusions: Results of this neuro-ophthalmic concussion study are concordant with existing literature showing a fairly high incidence of convergence insufficiency. Interestingly, other eye movement abnormalities were rare and saccadic deficits were not detected, emphasizing the need for additional performance measures or eye movement recordings to capture concussion-related efferent visual deficits. Disclosure: Dr. Dempsey has nothing to disclose. Dr. Birkemeier has nothing to disclose. Dr. Rizzo has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hasanaj has nothing to disclose. Dr. Balcer has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen Idec and Genzyme as a consultant. Dr. Galetta has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen Idec and Genzyme as a consultant. Dr. Rucker has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for AAN Continuum.
Patterns in arithmetic

JL here are many varied patterns in arithmetic that could be mentioned in this article, and the selection has been arbitrary. Some are patterns in symbols and are peculiar to a particular system of numeration; some are patterns in numbers and are therefore invariant under changes from one system of numeration to another; some are geometric-related patterns, and some are word-related patterns. Each is capable of extension, and each has its own characteristics. As a system-dependent pattern consider the elementary multiplication facts for 9 :
Reliable routing in mobile ad hoc networks based on mobility prediction

Reliability is a major issue in mobile ad hoc routing. Shortest paths are usually used to route packets in mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) However, a shortest path may fail quickly, because some of the wireless links on the shortest path may be broken shortly after the path is established due to mobility of mobile nodes. Rediscovering routes can result in substantial data loss and communication overheads. We consider a MANET in the urban environment. We formulate and study two optimization problems related to reliable routing in MANET. In the minimum cost duration-bounded path (MCDBP) routing problem, we seek a minimum cost source to destination path with duration no less than a given threshold. In the maximum duration cost-bounded path (MDCBP) routing problem, we seek a maximum duration source to destination path with cost no greater than a given constraint. We use a waypoint graph to model the working area of a MANET and present an offline algorithm to compute a duration prediction table for the given waypoint graph. An entry in the duration prediction table contains the guaranteed worst-case duration of the corresponding wireless link. We then present an efficient algorithm which computes a minimum cost duration-bounded path, using the information provided in the duration prediction table. We also present an heuristic algorithm for the MDCBP routing problem. Our simulation results show that our mobility prediction based routing algorithms lead to better network throughput and longer average path duration, compared with the shortest path algorithm.
Optical frequency measurements with a single, trapped strontium ion standard

We have developed an optical frequency standard at 445 THz (674 nm), based on the 5s /sup 2/S/sub 1/2/-4d /sup 2/D/sub 5/2/ transition in a single trapped /sup 88/Sr/sup +/ ion. The ion is held in a miniature RF Paul trap and its spectrum is probed by an ultrastable diode laser system. In a series of measurements performed in 1997 and 1998, a Cs-based frequency chain was used to measure the centre frequency of the Zeeman component resolved, Sr/sup +/ S-D spectrum. A value of f/sub SD/=444779044095.4 kHz with an uncertainty of /spl plusmn/0.2 kHz (5/spl times/10/sup -13/) was determined. The magnitudes of the systematic shifts in the line centre were calculated to be less than 1 part in 10/sup 15/. As a result of these measurements, the single trapped Sr/sup +/ ion is one of the most accurately known frequency standards in the visible region of the spectrum. We report here on its application to the measurement of two important optical frequencies.
A 165-GHz Transmitter With 10.6% Peak DC-to-RF Efficiency and 0.68-pJ/b Energy Efficiency in 65-nm Bulk CMOS

This paper presents a high-efficiency 165-GHz ON–OFF keying transmitter in a 65-nm CMOS technology with the record efficiency to the best of our knowledge. This is due to the proposed holistic design and optimization procedure, which links all the performance and figure-of-merits to the device sizes, including both actives and passives. This transmitter includes a high-efficiency transformer-based fundamental frequency cross-coupled oscillator and a high-speed and high ON–OFF ratio single-pole single-throw switch-based modulator. The transmitter demonstrates the highest dc-to-RF efficiency (10.6%) beyond 140 GHz in silicon processes, with a high output power (0.66 dBm), a high ON–OFF ratio (>32 dB), and a low phase noise (−104.8 dBc/Hz at 1-MHz offset). The transmitter achieves 9.4-Gbps data rate of less than $1 \times 10^{-12}$ bit error rate with 0.68-pJ/b energy efficiency. The standalone oscillator also demonstrates the record dc-to-RF efficiency of 25.9% beyond 140 GHz in silicon processes. The transmitter consumes core area of 240 $\mu \text {m} \times 130~\mu \text{m}$ .
Craniocervical Vasculature: Introduction

There are several important reasons to be familiar with normal variations and pitfalls of the craniocervical vasculature. First, prior knowledge of the variations in vascular origins of craniocervical vessels can prevent iatrogenic injury from a procedure or therapy. (A common example is an arch origin of the left vertebral artery during catheter angiography.) Second, a normal vessel in an unexpected location can simulate a mass, complicate biopsy of an adjacent structure, or lead to unnecessary or potentially dangerous treatment (such as with a retropharyngeal internal carotid artery). Third, some normal variations may simulate vascular abnormalities (such as normal infundibula of the intracranial vascular origins simulating aneurysms). Fourth, some of these normal variations, though not necessarily pathologic in and of themselves, carry a higher risk of associated pathology. (For instance, some fenestrations or duplications are associated with higher risks of aneurysm formation in certain locations.) Finally, the flow voids generated by vascular structures can become volume-averaged or generate artifacts that can lead to much consternation—a problem becoming more and more common as MRI usage increases.
Homing of Hemopoietic Stem Cells to Hemopoietic Stroma

The existing knowledge of the molecular mechanism that underlies the successful engraftment of hemopoietic progenitor cells in their specific stromal microenvironment has been discussed. It appears that membrane lectins on the surface of the stem cell with specificity for galactose with and/or mannose-bearing glycoconjugates on the surface of the stromal cell are involved. This recognition and binding of hemopoietic stem cells which is called “homing” initiates the processes of differentiation, proliferation, and maturation of hemopoietic cells.
Interrogating cell division errors using random and chromosome-specific missegregation approaches.

Accurate segregation of the duplicated genome in mitosis is essential for maintaining genetic stability. Errors in this process can cause numerical and/or structural chromosome abnormalities – hall...
NMR Studies of Nonheme Iron Proteins

The application of NMR spectroscopy to paramagnetic iron proteins lacking a heme prosthetic group or an iron sulfur cluster has lagged behind their more chromophoric counterparts. This situation is a result of their generally broader lines which impede the facile interpretation of these features. Furthermore, lacking a common prosthetic group, these proteins exhibit greater structural diversity, and all the ligands need to be identified. Our interest in the structure and function of nonheme iron proteins has led us to explore the utility of NMR to identify amino acid residues that are coordinated to the active site metal centers of these proteins. Our identification strategy consists of a) isotropic shift comparisons with appropriate model complexes to establish the general characteristics expected when a particular residue is coordinated to an iron center, and b) confirmation of the assignment by solvent exchangeability, bond connectivity, or through space correlations. We demonstrate these strategies on two proteins of known structure, iron superoxide dismutase and hemerythrin, and on two proteins of unknown structure, isopenicillin N synthase and uteroferrin, the purple acid phosphatase from porcine uterus. Our studies have been limited to forms of the proteins that contain a high spin Fe(II) center, as such centers generally have the fast electronic spin lattice relaxation times that give rise to NMR features sharp enough for investigation [1]. In some cases, the Fe(II) center has been substituted with Co(II) which has even more favorable relaxation properties [1].
An Educational Philosopher the Sources of Science in Education

(1930). An Educational Philosopher the Sources of Science in Education. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 1, No. 8, pp. 479-480.
RARα and RARγ reciprocally control K5+ progenitor cell expansion in developing salivary glands

Understanding the mechanisms of controlled expansion and differentiation of basal progenitor cell populations during organogenesis is essential for developing targeted regenerative therapies. Since...
Multiscale dual energy micro-CT for imaging using iodinated and gold nanoparticles

Dual energy (DE) micro-CT shows great potential to provide accurate tissue composition by utilizing the energy dependence of x-ray attenuation in different materials. This is especially well-suited for pre-clinical imaging using nanoparticle-based contrast agents in situations where quantitative material decomposition helps probe processes which are otherwise limited by poor soft tissue contrast. We have previously proposed optimal in vivo DE micro-CT methods for imaging using iodinated and gold nanoparticles. However, in vivo studies are limited in spatial resolution due to constraints in sampling time and radiation dose. Ex vivo dual energy imaging can provide much higher resolution and can serve as a validation of in vivo studies. Our study proposes multiscale in vivo and ex vivo DE micro-CT of the same subjects using two in-house developed micro-CT systems. We use a dual source micro-CT system to scan a mouse that has been injected with both iodinated and gold nanoparticles for in vivo DE scanning at 63 micron resolution. The same mouse is then scanned ex vivo with DE on a separate single source micro-CT system at a spatial resolution of 22 microns. We perform reconstructions using filtered back projection followed by noise reduction via joint bilateral filtration. A dynamic flat field correction method has been applied on the ex vivo micro-CT data to correct for image artifacts. A DE post-reconstruction decomposition is used to create iodine and gold material maps which are used to measure accumulation of contrast agent within the body. We evaluate challenges associated with each imaging methodology. Our results compare image quality and material maps. Overall, our methods represent a substantial tool for multiscale DE micro-CT imaging using wellcharacterized contrast agents and serving various applications in biological research.
Neuromorphic computing for temporal scientific data classification

In this work, we apply a spiking neural network model and an associated memristive neuromorphic implementation to an application in classifying temporal scientific data. We demonstrate that the spiking neural network model achieves comparable results to a previously reported convolutional neural network model, with significantly fewer neurons and synapses required.
Cryogenic Thermal Stratification and Interfacial Phenomena for Heated Tanks During Prolonged Orbital Flight

In the U. S. space program, prolonged storage of subcritical liquid cryogens during orbital coast will be necessary for most of the space missions currently envi­sioned. An understanding of liquid thermal stratification, interface heat and mass transfer, and ullage pressure variation, with and without helium pressurant, is required for the design of long-term storage vessels and control systems.
How Neutrals Can Provide Early Case Management of Construction Disputes

This article describes how neutrals can provide early case management and resolution services to help parties in construction disputes resolve them more efficiently. Lawyers are often trapped in a “prison of fear” which locks them into unnecessarily long and expensive litigation. Although lawyers sometimes initiate early negotiation without engaging a third party to manage the process, sometimes a neutral may be necessary or extremely helpful. This article describes how neutrals can help lawyers and parties build an “escape hatch” from the prison of fear. In contrast to the movement to “unbundle” lawyers’ services by offering clients the option to retain lawyers to perform selected services “a la carte,” this article recommends that neutrals offer to “bundle” a broad range of case management services. In addition to services related to the ultimate resolution of a case, neutrals can orchestrate good working relationships between counsel, exchange of information and documents specifically needed for the process, attendance of particular individuals, participation of experts, preparation of the parties, scheduling and logistics of the process, and documenting procedural agreements, as appropriate. Neutrals may be able to provide these services more economically than the parties’ lawyers, provide assurance that no one will gain unfair advantage from the procedural arrangements, and permit a fair allocation between the parties of the case management costs. The ideas in this article are adapted from my book, Lawyering with Planned Early Negotiation: How You Can Get Good Results for Clients and Make Money (ABA 2011).
Theory of Shells

In the preceding chapter we studied the geometry of curved surfaces with the intention of applying the results to the theory of shells. By a shell we understand a piece of solid matter contained in the narrow space between two curved surfaces which are parallel or almost parallel to each other. Their distance is the shell thickness h,which is supposed to be small compared with other dimensions of the shell, in particular, with its radii of curvature. The surface which halves the shell thickness everywhere is called the middle surface and serves in the stress analysis the same purpose as the middle plane of a plate or the axis of a beam. The deformation of the shell is described in terms of the deformation of its middle surface, and the stress system is described by stress resultants like those in plates and slabs, referred to a unit length of section through the middle surface.
Chromatographic methods for the determination of acyl-CoAs

Acyl-CoAs have been identified in various metabolic pathways, such as β-oxidation, biosynthesis and/or remodeling of lipids, fatty acid modification, transcriptional regulation, protein post-translational modification, enzyme regulation, and participation in signaling pathways. Therefore, there is a growing interest in studying these metabolites to grasp a better understanding of how these fatty acid intermediates directly impact these metabolic pathways and induce diseases and cancer progression through their dysregulation. Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry provides the most robust and reproducible method for the analysis of acyl-CoAs. This review highlights chromatographic methods that have been validated for acyl-CoA determination; however, this review prioritizes LC-MS methods because this approach has recently been utilized more frequently for method development of acyl-CoAs analysis due to its robustness and quantitation applicability. Therefore, the review discusses how current LC-MS methods surpass previous analytical methods for acyl-CoA detection and quantitation, and summarizes the types of mass spectrometers used, preparation approaches for different biological samples, LC conditions for the separation of acyl-CoAs, and potential biomarker applications.
Age-related DNA methylation and hemostatic factors.

In this issue of Blood, a study by Ward-Caviness et al identifies a significant relationship between age-related DNA methylation changes and thrombotic risk in the elderly. They studied the relationship between hemostatic factors and 3 epigenetic measures of aging: extrinsic epigenetic age acceleration difference (EEAD), intrinsic epigenetic age acceleration difference (IEAD) for blood-specific measures, and age acceleration difference (AAD) to assess differences between epigenetic and chronological age in nonblood tissues.1
Identifying teachers’ supports of metacognition through classroom talk and its relation to growth in conceptual learning.

A gulf exists between prior work testing metacognitive instructional interventions and teacher practices that may support metacognition in the classroom. To help bridge this gulf, we designed an observational protocol to capture whether and how teachers provide metacognitive support in their talk and examined whether these supports were related to student learning. We examined four features of metacognitive support, including the type of metacognitive knowledge supported (personal, strategy, or conditional), the type of metacognitive skill supported (planning, monitoring, or evaluating) the type of instructional manner in which the support was delivered (directives, prompting, or modeling), and the type of framing (problem specific, problem general, or domain general), during three types of instructional activities (individual, group, or whole-class instruction). We compared teacher talk from 20 middle school mathematics classrooms with high growth in conceptual mathematics scores with teacher talk from 20 classrooms with low growth. For each of these classrooms, we examined the amount of teacher talk that supported metacognition during one regular class period. Observations revealed that the high-conceptual growth classrooms had more metacognitive supports for personal knowledge, monitoring, evaluating, directive manners, and domain-general frames than the low-conceptual growth classrooms. We discuss the implications of those observations for bridging research on metacognition to teacher practice. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
Association of distant recurrence-free survival with algorithmically extracted MRI characteristics in breast cancer.

Background While important in diagnosis of breast cancer, the scientific assessment of the role of imaging in prognosis of outcomes and treatment planning is limited. Purpose To evaluate the potential of using quantitative imaging variables for stratifying risk of distant recurrence in breast cancer patients. Study type Retrospective. Population In all, 892 female invasive breast cancer patients. Sequence Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI with field strength 1.5 T and 3 T. Assessment Computer vision algorithms were applied to extract a comprehensive set of 529 imaging features quantifying size, shape, enhancement patterns, and heterogeneity of the tumors and the surrounding tissue. Using a development set with 446 cases, we selected 20 imaging features with high prognostic value. Statistical tests We evaluated the imaging features using an independent test set with 446 cases. The principal statistical measure was a concordance index between individual imaging features and patient distant recurrence-free survival (DRFS). Results The strongest association with DRFS that persisted after controlling for known prognostic clinical and pathology variables was found for signal enhancement ratio (SER) partial tumor volume (concordance index [C] = 0.768, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.679-0.856), tumor major axis length (C = 0.742, 95% CI: 0.650-0.834), kurtosis of the SER map within tumor (C = 0.640, 95% CI: 0.521-0.760), tumor cluster shade (C = 0.313, 95% CI: 0.216-0.410), and washin rate information measure of correlation (C = 0.702, 95% CI: 0.601-0.803). Data conclusion Quantitative assessment of breast cancer features seen in a routine breast MRI might be able to be used for assessment of risk of distant recurrence. Level of evidence 4 Technical Efficacy: Stage 6 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019.
If You Love Something, Set It Free: A Case for Defunding Public Broadcasting

Public broadcasting has been in critics’ crosshairs since its creation in 1967. Assailed from all sides with allegations of bias, charges of political influence, and threats to defund their operations, public broadcasters have responded with everything from outright denial to personnel changes, but never have they squarely faced the fundamental problem: government-funded media companies are inherently problematic and impossible to reconcile with either the First Amendment or a government of constitutionally limited powers. The Constitution does not give Congress the power to create media companies, and we should heed the Founders’ wisdom on this matter. In fact, consistent with that wisdom, before the Corporation for Public Broadcasting was created, nonprofit, noncommercial media stations enjoyed a vibrant existence, remaining free to criticize current policies and exhibit whatever bias they wished. Yet today the taxpayer contribution to public broadcasting, although relatively small, clearly influences the decisions of public broadcasting officials. In fact, public broadcasting suffers the main downside of public funding — political influence and control — yet enjoys little of the upside — a significant taxpayer contribution that would relieve it of the need to seek corporate underwriting and listener donations. But the limited taxpayer funding also shows that defunding can be relatively painless. Public broadcasting not only can survive on its own, it can thrive — and be free.
Viscosity of melts in the NaAlSiO4-KAlSiO4-SiO2 system: Configurational entropy modelling

Abstract We provide new viscosity data in the system SiO2-(Na,K)AlSiO4, for the nepheline-kalsilite and jadeite-leucite joins. We present a configurational entropy model for the viscosity of melts in the system as a function of Na/(Na + K) and Al/(Al + Si) ratios. Our modelling indicates that: i) Viscosity data are reproduced well by a non-ideal, symmetrical form of the parameters Sconf(Tg) and Be, ii) Na-K mixing is the main source of additional entropy in the system based on the limited dependence of Sconf(Tg) and Be parameters on Al/(Al + Si) ratio, iii) Ae likely varies as a function of Al/(Al + Si) ratio. Melt fragility in the system increases with increasing Al/(Al + Si) ratio and is greater for Na or K end-member melts than mixed melts. The viscosity of nominally fully-polymerized melts in the SiO2-(Na,K)AlSiO4 system can be modelled through chemical mixing, without explicit consideration of the important changes in structure related to changes in K/(Na + K) and Al/(Al + Si) ratios.
Leading a successful hotel: A look at the general manager’s ability to utilize multiple leadership styles

Abstract Using a case study format the researcher examines the leadership styles of three ultra-successful general managers (GMs) in select- and limited-service hotel environments. The study’s findings identify and characterize specific situations in which each GM was able to: 1) effectively utilize their primary leadership style and 2) intuitively shift to a non-prevalent style to accomplish a specific task. Applications of various aspects of leadership styles observed in the field were compared with the results of a formal leadership assessment. The cross-case analysis produced three dominant themes: 1) the GMs under study balanced the needs of their followers and guests; 2) while the GMs took three separate approaches to developing their followers, each built a cohesive management team with loyal employees; and 3) the GMs shifted leadership styles to help employees learn from their mistakes. Each GM utilized all aspects of their primary leadership style while also employing secondary styles when needed.
Optimization of Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry Detection of Glutamine-FMOC Ad-Hoc Derivative by Central Composite Design

Glutamine (Gln) is converted to excitatory (glutamate, aspartate) and inhibitory (γ-amino butyric acid) amino acid neurotransmitters in brain, and is a source of energy during glucose deprivation. Current research utilized an Analytical Quality by Design approach to optimize levels and combinations of critical gas pressure (sheath, auxiliary, sweep) and temperature (ion transfer tube, vaporizer) parameters for high-sensitivity mass spectrometric quantification of brain tissue glutamine. A Design of Experiments (DOE) matrix for evaluation of relationships between these multiple independent variables and a singular response variable, e.g. glutamine chromatogram area, was developed by statistical response surface methodology using central composite design. A second-order polynomial equation was generated to identify and predict singular versus combinatory effects of synergistic and antagonistic factors on chromatograph area. Predicted versus found outcomes overlapped, with enhanced area associated with the latter. DOE methodology was subsequently used to evaluate liquid chromatographic variable effects, e.g. flow rate, column temperature, and mobile phase composition on the response variable. Results demonstrate that combinatory AQbD-guided mass spectrometric/liquid chromatographic optimization significantly enhanced analytical sensitivity for Gln, thus enabling down-sized brain tissue sample volume procurement for quantification of this critical amino acid.
Electrochemical cleaning: An in-Situ method to reverse chromium poisoning in solid oxide fuel cell cathodes

Abstract Chromium poisoning is one of the primary factors that affect solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) durability. In this study, an electrochemical cleaning method has been employed to reverse the effects of chromium poisoning. Two cells were fabricated and poisoned under identical conditions by operating them at 800 °C in the presence of a Cr source. Both poisoned cells exhibited a significant reduction in maximum power density and an increase in polarization resistance. One of the poisoned cells, designated as the baseline cell, was cooled to room temperature after poisoning. Microstructural observation of the baseline cell showed significant contamination of the cathode active layer by chromium oxide and (Cr,Mn) spinel deposits. The other poisoned cell was electrochemically cleaned for 2 h under a mild electrolytic condition. As a result of the electrochemical cleaning process, the chromium oxide deposits were substantially removed leading to a significant reduction of Cr concentration in the cathode, especially at the cathode/electrolyte interface. A substantial fraction of the cell performance loss was also reversed. To the best of our knowledge, this is a first demonstration of reversing the effects of chromium poisoning using a rapid in-situ process.
Ideology, Politics, and Power

Enlightenment ideas pushed people to think that government should serve its citizens, and to believe that events they observed had scientific explanations rather than being divinely determined. Those ideas substantially constrained the exercise of political power. Those who held political power regained some control through the ideology of Progressive Democracy that emerged toward the end of the nineteenth century. The ideology of Progressivism justifies imposing costs on some for the benefit of others, and the ideology of Democracy says that when this is done by a democratic government, it is carrying out the will of the people. The ideology of Progressive Democracy legitimizes government action and undermines the separation of political from economic power.
Methods for Step Count Data: Determining "Valid" Days and Quantifying Fragmentation of Walking Bouts.

Abstract Background Step count monitors are frequently used in clinical research to measure walking activity. Systematically determining valid days and extracting informative measures of walking beyond total daily step count are among major analytical challenges. Research Question We introduce a novel data-driven anomaly detection algorithm to determine days representing typical walking activity (valid days) and examine the value of measures of walking fragmentation beyond total daily step count. Methods StepWatch data were collected on 230 adults with severe foot or ankle fractures. Average steps per minute (SC), average steps per active minute (SCA), active to sedentary transition probability (ASTP) and sedentary to active transition probability (SATP) were computed for each participant. The joint distribution of these measures was used to identify and eliminate invalid days through a multi-step process based on the support vector machine. The value of SCA, ASTP and SATP beyond SC were assessed by regressing Short Musculoskeletal Functional Assessment (SMFA), a measure of self-reported function, on these measures and quantifying the increase in the adjusted R-squared. In an unsupervised comparison, the total joint variability of SCA, ASTP and SATP was decomposed into the variability explained by SC and the unique variability of these three measures. Results Of the 4,448 days in the original data set, 39% were determined invalid. Individuals with higher average SC had higher SCA, lower ASTP and higher SATP. Measures of fragmentation (SCA, ASTP and SATP) explained 25% more of the variability in SMFA compared with SC alone. Approximately 41% of the variability in SCA, ASTP and SATP could not be explained by SC suggesting that these three measures provide unique information about walking patterns. Significance Applying SVM and quantifying fragmentation in walking bouts for step count data can help to more precisely assess activity in clinical studies employing this modality.
Evaluating Culturally Tailored Strategies for Implementing Cognitive Interviewing on Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale Among Chinese Immigrant Women.

IntroductionWhile the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) is a standard clinical screening tool for postpartum depression, it is unclear whether it is culturally appropriate for Chinese imm...
Isobutanol production freed from biological limits using synthetic biochemistry.

Cost competitive conversion of biomass-derived sugars into biofuel will require high yields, high volumetric productivities and high titers. Suitable production parameters are hard to achieve in cell-based systems because of the need to maintain life processes. As a result, next-generation biofuel production in engineered microbes has yet to match the stringent cost targets set by petroleum fuels. Removing the constraints imposed by having to maintain cell viability might facilitate improved production metrics. Here, we report a cell-free system in a bioreactor with continuous product removal that produces isobutanol from glucose at a maximum productivity of 4 g L−1 h−1, a titer of 275 g L−1 and 95% yield over the course of nearly 5 days. These production metrics exceed even the highly developed ethanol fermentation process. Our results suggest that moving beyond cells has the potential to expand what is possible for bio-based chemical production. A cell free or synthetic biochemistry approach offers a way to circumvent the many constraints of living cells. Here, the authors demonstrate, via enzyme and process enhancements, the production of isobutanol with the metrics exceeding highly developed ethanol fermentation.
Modeling age-dependent developmental changes in the expression of genes involved in citrulline synthesis using pig enteroids.

Background Age-dependent changes in the intestinal gene expression of enzymes involved in the metabolism of citrulline and arginine are well characterized. Enteroids, a novel ex-vivo model that recreates the three-dimensional structure of the intestinal crypt-villus unit, have shown to replicate molecular and physiological profiles of the intestinal segment from where they originated ("location memory"). Objective The present study tested the hypothesis that enteroids recapitulate the developmental changes observed in vivo regarding citrulline production in pigs ("developmental memory"). Methods Preterm (10- and 5-d preterm) and term pigs at birth, together with 7- and 35-d-old pigs were studied. Gene expression was measured in jejunal samples and in enteroids derived from this segment. Whole body citrulline production was measured by isotope dilution and enteroid citrulline production by accumulation in the media. Results With the exception of arginase I and inducible nitric oxide synthase, all the genes investigated expressed in jejunum were expressed by enteroids. In the jejunum, established markers of development (lactase and sucrase-isomaltase), as well as genes that code for enzymes involved in the production and utilization of citrulline and arginine, underwent the ontogenic changes described in the literature. However, enteroid expression of these genes, as well as citrulline production, failed to recapitulate the changes observed in vivo. Conclusions Under culture conditions used in our study, enteroids derived from jejunal crypts of pigs at different ages failed to replicate the gene expression observed in whole tissue and whole body citrulline production. Additional extracellular cues may be needed to reproduce the age-dependent phenotype.
The role of intolerance of uncertainty in the relationship between daily search for and presence of meaning in life

People who are highly intolerant of uncertainty have a propensity to fear the unknown, which influences perceptions and desires for control and predictability (Carleton, 2016). Processes related to searching for and maintaining meaning might deviate based on intolerance of uncertainty as meaning-making can be spurred by breakdowns in one’s sense of understanding or predictability (Park, 2010). The current study was designed to examine within-person relationships between daily search for and presence of meaning, while investigating how people’s intolerance of uncertainty (IU) influences the search-presence relationship. During a three-week daily diary study, results showed that daily search significantly predicted same-day presence and presence the following day. IU significantly moderated the effects of search on presence such that people who were highly intolerant of uncertainty experienced less presence when they engaged in searching than low IU participants. Results suggest researchers should consider the potential consequences of IU in limiting the development of a vital well-being resource, presence of meaning.
Democracy under threat after 2020 national elections in the USA: ‘stop the steal’ or ‘give more to the grifter-in-chief?’

The shameless struggle by the Trump White House to maintain its rule after Election Day 2020 should startle no one. From President Trump’s first days on the campaign trail in 2016, his cynical will...
Care coordination for children with special healthcare needs anticipating transition: A program evaluation.

Abstract Purpose Nearly 20% of U.S. children have special healthcare needs (CSHCN). Difficulties experienced with navigating the array of services for these children has highlighted the value of care coordination to improve care, reduce costs and increase satisfaction. This study evaluated the services delivered within a care coordination program at a transition consultation center for CSHCN. It also compared the advancement of youth by age group toward graduation criteria. Design and methods Using a program evaluation method, data were collected via a retrospective chart review. The convenience sample included clinical records from 100 patients aged 11–22 who had a chronic disease or disability. Results The comparison of services for those with diagnoses of autism spectrum disorder, cerebral palsy and Down syndrome were uniformly high in supporting primary care and health care financing. Medicaid waiver assistance was provided more frequently to younger adolescents while older adolescents more commonly received support in all other graduation criteria, including primary and specialty care, healthcare financing and decision-making supports. Conclusions Youth served in a transition care coordination program receive a high volume and broad array of services. There are some variations in the types of services by diagnosis and level of support need. Older youth show greater advancement toward graduation criteria. Practice implications This in-depth chart review provides a valuable description of the activities of care coordinators serving CSHCN enduring transition. It enables development of targeted strategies for building care coordination programming and sets an example for the design of future research studies on this topic.
The Case for Overturning Carter to Protect Contract Clause Rights through Section 1983 Claims

A circuit court split on whether or not Section 1983 can protect Contract Clause rights should be resolved by overturning Carter v. Greenhow, a Supreme Court decision from 1885 where the Court excluded the Contract Clause from the scope of Section 1983's predecessor in dicta.
CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing reveals an essential role for basigin in maintaining a nonkeratinized squamous epithelium in cornea.

One of the primary functions of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelia is to protect underlying tissues against chemical, microbial, and mechanical insult. Basigin is a transmembrane matrix metalloproteinase inducer commonly overexpressed during epithelial wound repair and cancer but whose physiological significance in normal epithelial tissue has not been fully explored. Here we used a CRISPR/Cas9 system to study the effect of basigin loss in a human cornea model of squamous epithelial differentiation. We find that epithelial cell cultures lacking basigin change shape and fail to produce a flattened squamous layer on the apical surface. This process is associated with the abnormal expression of the transcription factor SPDEF and the decreased biosynthesis of MUC16 and involucrin necessary for maintaining apical barrier function and structural integrity, respectively. Expression analysis of genes encoding tight junction proteins identified a role for basigin in promoting physiological expression of occludin and members of the claudin family. Functionally, disruption of basigin expression led to increased epithelial cell permeability as evidenced by the decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance and increase in rose bengal flux. Overall, these results suggest that basigin plays a distinct role in maintaining the normal differentiation of stratified squamous human corneal epithelium and could have potential implications to therapies targeting basigin function.
Tandem electrocatalytic N2 fixation via concerted proton-electron transfer

New electrochemical ammonia (NH3) synthesis technologies are of interest as a complementary route to the Haber-Bosch (HB) process for distributed fertilizer generation, and towards exploiting ammonia as a zero-carbon fuel produced via renewably-sourced electricity. Apropos of these goals is a surge of fundamental research targeting heterogeneous materials as electrocatalysts for the nitrogen reduction reaction (N2RR). These systems generally suffer from poor stability and NH3 selectivity; competitive hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) outcompetes N2RR. Molecular catalyst systems can be exquisitely tuned and offer an alternative strategy, but progress has thus far been thwarted by the same selectivity issue; HER dominates. Herein we describe a tandem catalysis strategy that offers a solution to this puzzle. A molecular complex that can mediate an N2 reduction cycle is partnered with a co-catalyst that interfaces the electrode and an acid to mediate concerted proton-electron transfer (CPET) steps, facilitating N−H bond formation at a favorable applied potential and overall thermodynamic efficiency. Without CPET, certain intermediates of the N2RR cycle would be unreactive via independent electron transfer (ET) or proton transfer (PT) steps, thereby shunting the system. Promisingly, complexes featuring several metals (W, Mo, Os, Fe) achieve N2RR electrocatalysis at the same applied potential in the presence of the CPET mediator, pointing to the generality of this tandem approach.
Effects of an ego-depletion intervention upon online learning

Abstract Many educators ask their students to conduct research using online information sources. Such sources vary in trustworthiness and quality and despite conventional wisdom, students are not naturally adept at vetting these sources. Empirical research has shown that successful online learning often requires effortful activities such as self-regulation and epistemic cognition. Frequent exertion of such effort may explain why people report feeling exhausted by the conflicting information sources they encounter online. Such feelings of exhaustion may be akin to ego-depletion, where frequent or excessive acts of self-control make subsequent acts of self-control more difficult to enact. Recent criticisms of the ego-depletion paradigm warrant empirical research with different tasks, such as learning online, but such work is scarce, with a lack of research utilizing both process (i.e., what people do) and product (i.e., what people have learned) measures. Therefore, in this study, we randomly assigned 53 college students to either an ego-depletion or control condition and then asked them to use a computer to learn about a complex topic: single-payer health care models. Despite a rigorous ego-depletion treatment, we found no detectable group differences in terms of either process or product data. Our findings contribute to the ongoing controversy about the replicability of ego-depletion effects, as well as whether and how they affect learning.
Contemporary Theories of Liberalism: Public Reason as a Post-Enlightenment Project

Liberalism and Reason Pluralistic Liberalism Making Do without Public Reason? Hobbesian-Inspired Liberalism Public Reason out of Individual Reason Collective Reason Deeping the Social Roots of Public Reason Deliberative Democracy Public Reason and Political Consensus Political Democracy Public Reason through Aggregation Rawls's Political Liberalism Public Reason as the Domain of the Political Justificatory Liberalism and Adjudicative Democracy Public Reason and Umpiring
Pyrolysis of spent coffee grounds using a screw-conveyor reactor

Abstract The fast pyrolysis of spent coffee grounds using a compact, transportable, screw conveyor reactor for producing bio-oil was studied. A two-factor, five-level, central composite response surface experiment was completed to formulate a statistical model that relates reactor temperature (429–550 °C) and residence time (23–42 s, controlled by the screw rotation rate) to bio-oil yield and quality. Regression analysis of model fits with experimental data showed that temperature and residence time had a significant effect (p 20% peak area) such as fatty acids, fatty acid esters, medium-chain paraffins, olefins, and caffeine. Because of the abundance of spent coffee grounds and the quality of its bio-oil, this waste stream offers potential as a valuable bioenergy feedstock.