cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of a Human Monoclonal Antibody against Shiga Toxin 2 Expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections can often lead to the development of hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) in a small percentage of infected humans. Patients with HUS receive only supportive treatment as the benefit of antibiotic therapy remains uncertain. We have previously reported the generation and preclinical evaluation of neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies (HuMAbs) against the Shiga toxins (Stx). In this paper, we describe the expression in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells of 5C12 HuMAb, which is directed against the A subunit of Stx2. The cDNAs of the light and heavy chain immunoglobulin (Ig) variable regions of 5C12 HuMAb were isolated and cloned into an expression vector containing human IgG1 constant regions. The vector was transfected into CHO cells, and transfectants secreting Stx2-specific antibody were screened by an Stx2-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The CHO-produced recombinant 5C12 (r5C12) showed similar specificity and binding affinity to Stx2 as the parent hybridoma-produced 5C12. More significantly, the r5C12 displayed the same neutralizing activity as the parent 5C12 in vitro and in vivo. In the mouse toxicity model, both antibodies significantly and equally prolonged survival at a dose of 0.312 μg/mouse. The data showed that since r5C12, produced in CHO cells, was equally effective as the parent 5C12, it is our choice candidate as a potential prophylactic or therapeutic agent against hemolytic-uremic syndrome.
A tracking algorithm for implicitly defined curves

A tracking algorithm is given for curves that have equations of the form f(x,y)=0. It produces the next approximating pixel by looking for a sign difference in function evaluations at midpoints between the eight nearest neighboring pixels. The search proceeds in order of decreasing likelihood, examining the most probable candidates first. >
Composite Saphenous Vein Grafts in Portacaval Shunting Evolution, Technique, Experience

Nine patients with portal hypertension and bleeding esophageal varices un derwent composite saphenous vein graft (CSVG) portacaval shunts. CSVG por tacaval shunts incorporate the widely accepted and practiced principles of "H" grafting, as well as the known benefits of autogenous vein grafting in the venous system.The evolution and validity of these principles is outlined. The technique of CSVG portacaval shunts is described in detail and illustrated.Clinical experience with these shunts during a 13 year period has yielded satisfactory results. Other applications of this technique are suggested.
Deployment and performance of the NASA D3R during GPM IFloods field campaign

The Iowa Flood Studies (IFloodS) field experiment was conducted to better understand the strengths and limitations of Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission satellite products in the context of hydrologic applications. The NASA dual-frequency dual-polarization Doppler radar (D3R), designed as part of the GPM ground validation program, participated in the IFloodS field campaign to characterize precipitation properties at Ku- and Ka-band frequencies. This paper presents the deployment of the D3R and summarizes the D3R observations during the IFloodS field campaign. The quality of the D3R measurements is evaluated by comparing with the NASA NPOL S-band radar observations. In addition, the capability for rainfall estimation using the D3R is also described and validated using ground gauge measurements.
Vision based Iterative Learning Control of a MEMS micropositioning stage with intersample estimation and adaptive model correction

In this work the use of an Iterative Learning Control (ILC) algorithm to precisely control a highly nonlinear Micro-Electro-Mechanical (MEMS) micropositioning stage is demonstrated. Vision-based feedback with low sampling rate is augmented with estimates from a Kalman Filter to generate a high sampling rate estimate of the output. Nonlinearities in the system are accounted for using a linear parameter varying model based on experimental results. An automatic model correction technique based on measurement residual is also presented that increases the final estimation accuracy by over 70 percent. The effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated by tracking a 4 Hz sinusoid using 10 Hz camera feedback with a resulting RMS error of 0.25 micrometers.
Depleted uranium exposure and health effects in Gulf War veterans

Health effects stemming from depleted uranium (DU) exposure in a cohort of Gulf War veterans who were in or on US Army vehicles hit by friendly fire involving DU munitions are being carefully monitored through the Baltimore Veterans Affairs (VA) DU Follow-Up Program initiated in 1993. DU exposure in this cohort has been directly measured using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) isotopic analysis for DU in urine specimens. Soldiers with embedded DU fragments continue to excrete elevated concentrations of U in their urine, documenting ongoing systemic exposure to U released from their fragments. Biennial surveillance visits provide a detailed health assessment that includes basic clinical measures and surveillance for early changes in kidney function, an expected target organ for U. Tests also include measurements of genotoxicity and neuroendocrine, neurocognitive and reproductive function. With the exception of the elevated urine U excretion, no clinically significant expected U-related health effects have been identified to date. Subtle changes in renal function and genotoxicity markers in veterans with urine U concentrations greater than 0.1 μg−1 creatinine, however, indicate the need for continued surveillance of these DU-exposed veterans.
Infra Red Quantum Dot Photolithography

CdS quantum dots were fabricated photolitho- graphically on the surface and in the bulk of silica hydrogels, as well as on the surface of planar substrates. Silica hydro- gels were prepared with a standard base-catalyzed route, and the solvent was exchanged with a cold aqueous solu- tion of Cd(NO3)2 ,N H 4OH, thiourea, and a capping agent, e.g., 2-mercaptoethanol. The samples were then exposed to a focused infrared beam produced by a continuous-wave Nd:YAG laser. The precursors reacted upon heating, and CdS nanoparticles formed in the illuminated regions. Use of capping agents allowed to control the mean particle size, while focusing of the beam inside hydrogel monoliths gen- erated nanoparticles in their bulk, but not at the surface. Planar substrates were patterned by illuminating a precursor solution spin-coated on the substrates. The average size of the CdS nanoparticles could be varied between about 1.5 and 4.5 nm by varying the type and the concentration of the capping agents.
NEST TREES OF NORTHERN FLYING SQUIRRELS IN THE SIERRA NEVADA

We examined the nest-tree preferences of northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus) in an old-growth, mixed-conifer and red fir (Abies magnifica) forest of the southern Sierra Nevada of California. We tracked 27 individuals to 122 nest trees during 3 summers. Flying squirrels selected nest trees that were larger in diameter and taller than either random trees or large (.50-cm diameter at breast height) nearest-neighbor trees. Snags were used more often than live trees relative to their availability. Nest trees were usually close to riparian habitat; 86% of nest trees were ,150 m from a perennial creek. Flying squirrels selected red fir and avoided incense cedar (Calocedrus decurrens). Mean distances between nest trees and size of core-nest areas were greater for males than for females. No detectable relationship was found between size of core-nest area and distance to a perennial creek. These results suggest that flying squirrels of the Sierra Nevada may require large trees and snags within 150 m of perennial creeks for their critical habitat needs.
Understanding and Eliminating Racial Disparities in Transplantation: Still a Ways to Go∗

Heart transplantation (HT) programs are burdened with a heavy responsibility. They are given a precious and limited resource, donated organs, and are charged with distributing them equitably to patients while at the same time maximizing clinical outcomes. Individual HT programs go to great lengths
Superposition, Entanglement, and Raising Schroedinger's Cat

David Jeffrey Wineland is an American Nobel Prize awarded physicist at the National Institute of Standards and Technology physics laboratory.
A Pro-Growth, Progressive, and Practical Proposal to Cut Business Tax Rates

The US tax code has eroded over time with the explosion of endless special provisions, such as distortionary deductions and ineffective credits. Now is the time to take a good look at reforming it. This Outlook outlines six simple — and bipartisan — changes to the tax code that can help the country move toward a tax code aimed towards economic growth and away from complex regulations and political favoritism. While containing the types of compromises necessary for political achievement, this plan provides a pro-growth solution by broadening the tax base and reducing the tax rate on business investment.
Trigeminalectomy modifies pial arteriolar responses to hypertension or norepinephrine

The responses of pial precapillary vessels were examined bilaterally using a closed cranial-window preparation in 11 anesthetized cats after chronic unilateral section of the trigeminal ganglia. During increases or decreases in arterial PCO2 or hypoxia, vasoconstrictor and vasodilator responses were symmetrical and appropriate on the two sides. The superfusion of vessels with norepinephrine (10 micrograms/ml) constricted large and small pial arterioles to a greater extent on the denervated side, and this difference persisted even after washing (P less than 0.02). After severe hypertension, small and large arterioles dilated on both sides, although to a greater extent on the innervated side. In 8 of 10 acutely hypertensive animals, extravasation of intravenously administered iodinated albumin was greater in the intact than deafferented hemisphere. These results suggest that the trigeminal nerve can modify the responses of cerebral arterioles and participate in the regulation of the cerebral vasculature.
A social assessment of urban parkland: Analyzing park use and meaning to inform management and resilience planning

Globally, municipalities are tackling climate adaptation and resilience planning. Urban green space has crucial biophysical buffering capacities, but also affects social interactions and human well-being. This paper considers the social dimension of urban green space, through an assessment focused on park use, function, and meanings, and compares results to categories of cultural ecosystem services. We develop a mixed-method approach for assessment of uses and social meanings of parkland and pilot this method in 2140 acres of parkland in waterfront neighborhoods surrounding New York City's Jamaica Bay, an area heavily affected by Hurricane Sandy. This method combines observation of human activities and signs of prior human use with structured interviews of park users. We find that urban parkland is a crucial form of 'nearby nature' that provides space for recreation, activities, socialization, and environmental engagement and supports place attachment and social ties. We show that parks, through their use by and interactions with humans, are producing vital cultural ecosystem services that may help to strengthen social resilience. Certain services were more easily detectable than others via our assessment technique, including recreation, social relations, and sense of place. The assessment method was designed to be spatially explicit, scalable, and replicable; natural resource managers engaged in park management and/or resilience planning could apply this method across individual sites, in particular districts--such as vulnerable waterfront areas, and citywide. This study demonstrates a way in which cultural ecosystem services and an understanding of social meaning could be incorporated into park management and resilience planning.
Tailoring the Wall Jet from an Aerodynamic Plasma Actuator through Electrode Modifications

Plasma actuators are potentially very useful in bou ndary layer control on airfoil surfaces. Recent work measuring the forces acting on the plas ma actuator, however, indicates that much of the force produced by the aerodynamic plasma actuator is lost due to shear stress at the surface of the actuator and is not effectively transferred to the air. The effectiveness of the actuator could be increased if the momentum coupling between charged and neutral particles is moved farther from the surface. Three exposed electrode designs were evaluated in this study to demonstrate that momentum could be produced farther from the surface; a standard single plate actuator, a wire and plate ac tuator, and an epoxy-coated actuator. The epoxy coating covered almost the entire exposed ele ctrode and was used to control electron flow. The actuators were each operated at an AC voltage of 15kV and 200Hz in still air. Flow field velocities were measured through a PIV system, taking phase-locked pictures at 12 different times along the operating voltage cycl e to demonstrate the unsteady behavior of the flow. The PIV system captured images at seven different positions along the surface of the actuator, from 2 cm upstream of the exposed ele ctrode to 5 cm downstream, to provide a broad view of the flow behavior. At each data poin t 100 PIV pairs are taken to ensure reasonable average results. The PIV data revealed f low acceleration during the forward stroke of the voltage cycle but almost none during the back stroke. The epoxy-coated actuator moved a much thicker region of air than the standard actuator did. The peak velocity for the jet produced by epoxy-coated actua tor was much less than peak velocity produced the standard of wired actuators. The momentum flux from the epoxy‐coated actuator was the same as the wire actuator but less than the standard actuator.
The Effect of the Pulse upon the Flow of Lymph.

SummaryPulsations in lymphatics synchronous with those in arteries have been recorded. The possible effect of the pulse upon the flow of lymph has been discussed.
Access through innovation : new colleges for new students

(1992). Access through Innovation: New Colleges for New Students. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 63, No. 4, pp. 472-474.
Effect of Intermediate Thermal Processing on Microstructural Changes of Oxygen Implanted Silicon-on-Insulator Material

The microstructural changes in oxygen implanted silicon-on-insulator material (SIMOX) at intermediate annealing steps and the changes by rapid thermal annealing (RTA) were studied with transmission electron microscopy. Defects found in as-implanted SIMOX, including multiply faulted defects, short stacking faults, and {113} defects, were all removed in anneals from 900°C to 1100°C. The threading dislocations in annealed material form at these temperatures during thermal ramping. RTA shows that the microstructure is significantly influenced by the ramp rate. The very high ramp rate in RTA results in very flat interfaces and a buried oxide layer with no Si islands, but significantly increases the defect density. Overall, the results show that intermediate thermal processing steps strongly affect the final microstructure of SIMOX material.
Understanding Tablet Consumers: Exploring the Factors That Affect Tablet and Dual Mobile Device Ownership

This exploratory study surveyed 379 undergraduate students at a southeastern university to investigate the factors that contribute to the consumer ownership of tablets, iPads, and dual adoption of ...
Studies on the Mode of Outgrowth of the Amphibian Pronephric Duct

Although the manner in which the developing amphibian pronephric duct extends posteriorly has been studied rather extensively, it has not been clear whether this posterior outgrowth is largely the result of proliferative activity or whether it is due to migration of cells from an anterior level (Cambar, 1949). Holtfreter (1939) has demonstrated a marked migratory tendency in these cells from early gastrula stages in Rana esculenta , but a high mitotic count towards the posterior duct tip has been reported in Triton alpestris (Mollier, 1890), suggesting that proliferation may play a significant role. Furthermore, proliferation appears to be an important factor in elongation of the pronephric duct of the chick (Overton, 1958). This problem has now been examined more closely in a number of amphibian species in the hope that a more precise understanding of the mode of duct outgrowth might throw some light on the question of how the direction taken by the outgrowing duct is controlled.
Arteriovenous Hybrid Graft with Outflow in the Proximal Axillary Vein.

Background The patency of long-term hemodialysis access in end-stage renal disease patients remains a significant challenge. Often these patients are affected with limited venous outflow options, requiring limb abandonment, and creation of new access in the contralateral arm. Vascular surgeons are familiar with the exposure of the proximal axillary artery via an infraclavicular incision. The axillary vein is easily exposed through this technique. The use of the hybrid Gore graft can make the venous anastomosis easier. A hybrid graft with its venous outflow placed in the proximal axillary vein can extend the options of upper extremity access procedures. We reviewed our early experience with this technique. Methods A review of dialysis procedures at the Loma Linda VA was performed. All patients undergoing placement of arteriovenous grafts utilizing the Gore hybrid placed into the proximal axillary vein for outflow were identified. Outcomes in terms of primary and secondary patency rates were determined. Results Eight patients had placement of an arteriovenous hybrid graft in the proximal axillary vein via an infraclavicular incision. All patients had exhausted other options for hemodialysis access in the ipsilateral upper extremity. All grafts were used successfully for dialysis. The mean primary and secondary patency rates at 6 months were 37.5% and 62.5%, respectively. One patient developed steal syndrome, requiring proximalization of the graft. Seven out of the 8 patients required secondary procedures including thrombectomy ( n = 16) and angioplasty ( n = 17). Conclusions Placement of a hybrid graft in the proximal axillary vein is an effective and suitable option for patients who have exhausted arteriovenous access sites in the arm. This procedure can easily be performed in an outpatient setting with a low complication rate and allowing for preservation of the contralateral upper extremity for future use.
Regional Impacts of Irrigation in Mexico and the Southwestern United States on Hydrometeorological Fields in the North American Monsoon Region

AbstractIn this study, the impacts of Mexican and southwestern U.S. agricultural and urban irrigation on North American monsoon (NAM) rainfall and other hydrometeorological fields are investigated using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model by implementing an irrigation scheme into the WRF–land surface model. Taking the 2000–12 monsoon seasons as examples, multiple WRF simulations with irrigation are conducted by designing different crops’ maximum allowable water depletions (SWm). In comparison with gridded rainfall observations in urban and rural area, the WRF simulations with/without irrigation generally capture the observations very well, but with underestimation along the western slope of the Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO) and overestimation over southern Mexico. The simulations of WRF with irrigation are slightly improved over those without irrigation, compared with rainfall and sounding observations. Sensitivity studies reveal that the impact of irrigation on rainfall varies with location ...
A 3.1 to 10.6 GHz 100 Mb/s Pulse-Based Ultra-Wideband Radio Receiver Chipset

A complete 3.1-10.6 GHz ultra-wide band receiver using 500 MHz-wide sub-banded binary phase shift keyed (BPSK) pulses has been specified, designed and integrated as a three chip and planar antenna solution. The system includes a custom designed 3.1-10.6 GHz planar antenna, direct-conversion RF front-end, 500 MS/s analog to digital converters, and a parallelized digital back-end for signal detection and demodulation. A 100 Mb/s wireless link has been established with this chipset. A bit-error-rate (BER) of 10-3 was recorded at -80 dBm at a rate of 100 Mb/s for properly acquired packets in the lowest frequency band. Bit-scaling of the ADC from 1 to 5 bits reveals a 4 dB improvement in the link budget
Glial activation colocalizes with structural abnormalities in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Objective: In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to evaluate brain structural abnormalities in relation to glial activation in the same cohort of participants. Methods: Ten individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and 10 matched healthy controls underwent brain imaging using integrated MR/PET and the radioligand [ 11 C]-PBR28. Diagnosis history and clinical assessments including Upper Motor Neuron Burden Scale (UMNB) were obtained from patients with ALS. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) analyses including tract-based spatial statistics and tractography were applied. DTI metrics including fractional anisotropy (FA) and diffusivities (mean, axial, and radial) were measured in regions of interest. Cortical thickness was assessed using surface-based analysis. The locations of structural changes, measured by DTI and the areas of cortical thinning, were compared to regional glial activation measured by relative [ 11 C]-PBR28 uptake. Results: In this cohort of individuals with ALS, reduced FA and cortical thinning colocalized with regions demonstrating higher radioligand binding. [ 11 C]-PBR28 binding in the left motor cortex was correlated with FA ( r = −0.68, p r = −0.75, p r = +0.75, p r = −0.77, p r = −0.75, p Conclusions: Increased uptake of the glial marker [ 11 C]-PBR28 colocalizes with changes in FA and cortical thinning. This suggests a link between disease mechanisms (gliosis and inflammation) and structural changes (cortical thinning and white and gray matter changes). In this multimodal neuroimaging work, we provide an in vivo model to investigate the pathogenesis of ALS.
Proof Without Words: The Lateral Surface Area of a Conical Frustum

We present visual proofs for the lateral surface area of a frustum of a right circular cone by relating the unwrapped surface to a rectangle.
Debating the Indian Supreme Court: Equality, Liberty, and the Rule of Law

In this essay, I explore some of the contemporary debates on the role of the Indian Supreme Court in the context of equality and liberty at a moment when it appears that the very reasons for the celebration of judicial review and interventions are under attack by progressive scholars and activists. In reviewing the debates on the role of the Court, I focus on one particular contention that since the realm of social/equality was paramount for the Indian state as a whole, and the Supreme Court post-emergency, the realm of political/liberty was consequently ignored. By revisiting the debate on equality trumping liberty, I acknowledge the critiques of the Court but also point to ways in which certain facets of political liberty do get addressed even in the absence of a focus on liberty. Even if by themselves these judicial interventions may be inadequate to create a due process revolution as far as criminal defendant rights are concerned, they create an “arsenal of tools” available for those concerned with li...
Model Microvascular Networks Can Have Many Equilibria

We show that large microvascular networks with realistic topologies, geometries, boundary conditions, and constitutive laws can exhibit many steady-state flow configurations. This is in direct contrast to most previous studies which have assumed, implicitly or explicitly, that a given network can only possess one equilibrium state. While our techniques are general and can be applied to any network, we focus on two distinct network types that model human tissues: perturbed honeycomb networks and random networks generated from Voronoi diagrams. We demonstrate that the disparity between observed and predicted flow directions reported in previous studies might be attributable to the presence of multiple equilibria. We show that the pathway effect, in which hematocrit is steadily increased along a series of diverging junctions, has important implications for equilibrium discovery, and that our estimates of the number of equilibria supported by these networks are conservative. If a more complete description of the plasma skimming effect that captures red blood cell allocation at junctions with high feed hematocrit were to be obtained empirically, then the number of equilibria found by our approach would at worst remain the same and would in all likelihood increase significantly.
Prevalence of early repolarization pattern in patients with lone atrial fibrillation

Abstract Background The objective of this study was to test the association of early repolarization pattern (ER) with lone atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods Electrocardiograms (ECGs) were analyzed in blinded fashion in a case–control study of 182 patients with lone AF and 182 controls without AF. Results Patients with lone AF and controls had similar frequencies of ER pattern (15% vs. 19%, p = 0.40). In patients Conclusions No association could be identified between the ER pattern and lone AF in young and middle-aged patients. In this age group, ER is substantially more common in patients with elevated Sokolow-Lyon voltage criteria.
Carrier-mediated transport of monocarboxylate drugs in the pigmented rabbit conjunctiva.

PURPOSE. To determine whether an Na + -dependent monocarboxylate transport process exists on the mucosal side of the pigmented rabbit conjunctiva and to evaluate how it may contribute to the absorption of ophthalmic monocarboxylate drugs. METHODS. L-Lactate was used as a model substrate. The excised pigmented rabbit conjunctiva was mounted in a modified Ussing chamber for the measurement of short-circuit current (I sc ) and 14 C-L-lactate transport. RESULTS. When added to the mucosal side at 37°C and at pH 7.4, applications of as much as 40 mM L- and D-lactate increased I sc in a saturable manner. By contrast, no change in I sc was observed at 4°C or under the mucosal Na + -free condition. 14 C-L-Lactate transport in the mucosal-to-serosal (m-s) direction at 0.01 mM revealed directionality, temperature dependency, Na + dependency, and ouabain sensitivity, but not pH dependency. L-Lactate transport in the m-s direction consisted of a saturable Na + -dependent process by the transcellular pathway and a nonsaturable process by the paracellular pathway. For the saturable process, the apparent Michaelis-Menten constant was 1.9 mM, the maximum flux was 8.9 nanomoles/cm 2 per hour. and the apparent Na + L-lactate coupling ratio was 2:1. 14 C-L-Lactate transport in the m-s direction was significantly inhibited (46% to 83%) by the mucosal presence of various monocarboxylate compounds, but not by dicarboxylate compounds, zwitterionic compound, D-glucose, amino acids, and peptidomimetic antibiotics. Monocarboxylate nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the antibacterial fluoroquinolones inhibited 14 C-L-lactate transport by 40% to 85%, whereas prostaglandins and cromolyn had no effect. CONCLUSIONS. An Na + -dependent monocarboxylate transport process that may be used by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory and fluoroquinolone antibacterial drugs for transport appears to be present on the mucosal side of the pigmented rabbit conjunctiva. A possible physiologic role for the Na + -dependent monocarboxylate transport process may be to salvage tear lactate.
Poisson Summation and Selberg Trace

Sampling theory is a fundamental area of study in harmonic analysis and signal and image processing. We look at the key role the Poisson Summation Formula plays in sampling, and show its connection to the Selberg Trace Formula. We discuss harmonic analysis in both Euclidean and non-Euclidean spaces, and then focus on the connection of the Poisson Summation Formula to the Selberg Trace Formula in non-Euclidean settings.
The DUX4 homeodomains mediate inhibition of myogenesis and are functionally exchangeable with the Pax7 homeodomain

ABSTRACT Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is caused by inappropriate expression of the double homeodomain protein DUX4. DUX4 has bimodal effects, inhibiting myogenic differentiation and blocking MyoD at low levels of expression, and killing myoblasts at high levels. Pax3 and Pax7, which contain related homeodomains, antagonize the cell death phenotype of DUX4 in C2C12 cells, suggesting some type of competitive interaction. Here, we show that the effects of DUX4 on differentiation and MyoD expression require the homeodomains but do not require the C-terminal activation domain of DUX4. We tested the set of equally related homeodomain proteins (Pax6, Pitx2c, OTX1, Rax, Hesx1, MIXL1 and Tbx1) and found that only Pax3 and Pax7 display phenotypic competition. Domain analysis on Pax3 revealed that the Pax3 homeodomain is necessary for phenotypic competition, but is not sufficient, as competition also requires the paired and transcriptional activation domains of Pax3. Remarkably, substitution mutants in which DUX4 homeodomains are replaced by Pax7 homeodomains retain the ability to inhibit differentiation and to induce cytotoxicity.
High Altitude: Among and Above Commercial Transport

Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) have seen increased use in military operations, which has required limited operations in the US National Airspace System (NAS). This experience provides insight into requirements for more widespread UAS operations among or above the typical US commercial transport altitudes. Transiting uncontrolled airspace during climb out or descent is a significant challenge for medium to high altitude UAS. This chapter summarizes the requirements associated with high-altitude UAS operations and discusses some of the challenges that need to be addressed as UAS continue to integrate in the US NAS. These challenges include sense-and-avoid requirements, lost-link operations, divert/contingency points and flight termination points, mission differences, and weather limitations. Keywords: divert contingency point; Federal Aviation Administration; flight termination point; high altitude; integration; lost link; remotely piloted aircraft; sense-and-avoid; unmanned aerial vehicle; unmanned aircraft system
Maillard Conjugation of Sodium Alginate to Whey Protein for Enhanced Resistance to Surfactant-Induced Competitive Displacement from Air–Water Interfaces

Whey protein adsorbed to an interface forms a viscoelastic interfacial film but is displaced competitively from the interface by a small-molecule surfactant added afterward. The present study evaluated the impact of the covalent conjugation of high- or low-molecular-weight sodium alginate (HA or LA) to whey protein isolate (WPI) via the Maillard reaction on the ability of whey protein to resist surfactant-induced competitive displacement from the air–water interface. Surfactant added after the pre-adsorption of conjugate to the interface increased surface pressure. At a given surface pressure, the WPI–LA conjugate showed a significantly higher interfacial area coverage and lower interfacial film thickness compared to those of the WPI–HA conjugate or unconjugated WPI. The addition of LA to the aqueous phase had little effect on the interfacial area and thickness of pre-adsorbed WPI. These results suggest the importance of the molecular weight of the polysaccharide moiety in determining interfacial properti...
A Multi-layer, Self-aligning Hydrogel Micro-molding Process Offering a Fabrication Route to Perfusable 3D In-Vitro Microvasculature

The in-vitro fabrication of hierarchical biological systems such as human vasculature, which are made up of two or more cell types with intricate co-culture architectures, is by far one of the most complicated challenges that tissue engineers have faced. Here, we introduce a versatile method to create multi-layered, cell-laden hydrogel microstructures with coaxial geometries and heterogeneous mechanical and biological properties. The technique can be used to build in-vitro vascular networks that are fully embedded in hydrogels of physiologically realistic mechanical stiffness. Our technique produces free-standing 3D structures, eliminating rigid polymeric surfaces from the vicinity of cells and allowing layers of multiple cell types to be defined with tailored extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and stiffness, and in direct contact with each other. We demonstrate co-axial geometries with diameters ranging from 200-2000 μm and layer thicknesses as small as 50-200 μm in agarose-collagen (AC) composite hydrogels. Coaxial geometries with such fine feature sizes are beyond the capabilities of most bioprinting techniques. A potential application of such a structure is to simulate vascular networks in the brain with endothelial cells surrounded by multiple layers of pericytes and other glial cells. For this purpose, the composition and mechanical properties of the composite AC hydrogels have been optimized for cell viability and biological performance of endothelial and glial cell types in both 2D and 3D culture modes. Multi-layered vascular constructs with an endothelial layer surrounded by layers of glial cells have been fabricated. This prototype in-vitro model resembles vascular geometries and opens the way for complex multi-luminal blood vessels to be fabricated.
Denying to win: How image-savvy militant leaders respond when operatives harm civilians

Terrorism carries high audience costs for militant leaders because the attacks on civilians risk tarnishing the entire group as immoral extremists. Image-savvy militant leaders reduce the reputatio...
"It's hard to argue with a computer": Investigating Psychotherapists' Attitudes towards Automated Evaluation

We present CORE-MI, an automated evaluation and assessment system that provides feedback to mental health counselors on the quality of their care. CORE-MI is the first system of its kind for psychotherapy, and an early example of applied machine-learning in a human service context. In this paper, we describe the CORE-MI system and report on a qualitative evaluation with 21 counselors and trainees. We discuss the applicability of CORE-MI to clinical practice and explore user perceptions of surveillance, workplace misuse, and notions of objectivity, and system reliability that may apply to automated evaluation systems generally.
Advancing Women of Color in STEM: An Imperative for U.S. Global Competitiveness:

The ProblemThe underrepresentation of people of color in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) has become a crisis of significant proportion. The crisis is more pronounced when w...
Subspace Density Matrix Functional Embedding Theory: Theory, Implementation, and Applications to Molecular Systems.

We introduce the subspace density matrix functional embedding theory (sDMFET), in which optimization of the nonlocal embedding potential and subsequent embedded correlated wave function calculation...
Observing Alcohol Myopia in the Context of a Trauma Film Paradigm: Differential Recall of Central and Peripheral Details.

BACKGROUND A major tenet of the alcohol myopia model is that intoxication results in a narrowing of attention to the most central environmental cues, at the cost of more peripheral information. Though long hypothesized, no known study of alcohol myopia has demonstrated differential immediate recall of central and peripheral cues using a standardized task. To address this gap, we conducted an alcohol administration study with a clear, standardized focus-a trauma film. METHODS Ninety-eight female social drinkers completed self-report measures, and then were randomized to consume a placebo beverage, a low dose of alcohol (mean breath alcohol concentration [BrAC] = 0.04%), or a high dose of alcohol (mean BrAC = 0.11%). Participants then moved to a staged room where they viewed a film clip depicting a sexual assault. After leaving the room, participants completed a written free recall task of the film and the room. RESULTS The distinction between recall of central and peripheral details was supported by confirmatory factor analysis. Consistent with the alcohol myopia model, relative to placebo, a high dose of alcohol led to impaired recall of peripheral (but not central) details. Although the interaction between BrAC and information type (central vs. peripheral) was not statistically significant, simple effects revealed a strong association between BrAC and peripheral information, and no association between BrAC and central information. Bolstering myopia as an explanation for our findings, neither central nor peripheral information correlated with self-reported tendencies to dissociate or distract oneself, or typical alcohol consumption or expectancies. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol myopia can be observed through an immediate free recall task following a stressful film. Additional research is needed to continue evaluating dose-dependent differential recall in larger samples. This task may be useful for clarifying the role of alcohol myopia in clinical phenomena, such as aggressive behavior and processing traumatic events.
Maximum power output performance modeling of solar photovoltaic modules

Abstract The aim of this work is to present the results of maximum power performance measurements of PV modules of the first grid-connected PV system installed at Centre de Developpement des Energies Renouvelables (CDER), working since June 2004. The analysis has shown that all the PV modules are producing power, but less than rated value. In our case, two mathematical models have been used in order to determine the maximum power output (Pmax) delivered by the PV module as function of the solar irradiance intensity and the PV-module temperature. Comparison have been made for the two models. Note that PVWATTS model is simpler than the analytical five-parameter model.
Grit and Retention Among First Year Hispanic College Students at a Hispanic Serving Institution

Hispanic college students attending a Hispanic Serving Institution (HSI) in the southwest United States were administered the short grit survey during new student orientation for 2 consecutive year...
Resolution of Tonsillar Herniation and Syringomyelia Following Resection of a Large Anterior Frontal Parasagittal Meningioma.

Chiari I malformation is the herniation of cerebellar tonsils below the level of the foramen magnum due to congenital or acquired pathologies. Acquired Chiari I malformation (ACM) may occur secondary to space-occupying lesions (SOLs), such as intracranial tumors due to elevated intracranial pressure (ICP), and can be accompanied by syringomyelia. ACM and syringomyelia have been shown to resolve after resection of the SOL, without the need for adjuvant posterior fossa decompression. The vast majority of SOLs leading to ACM have been reported in the posterior fossa, thus exerting a direct mass effect on the cerebellum. Supratentorial SOLs leading to ACM are much less frequent but, when present, are most commonly parieto-occipital. We report a rare case of a large anterior left frontal, parasagittal meningioma causing ACM and syringomyelia. These findings resolved following the resection of the meningioma, with no further surgical intervention. Our case demonstrates that ACM can occur secondary to an anterior supratentorial mass and further supports the idea that decompression of the posterior fossa is not required for the resolution of intracranial tumor-associated ACM and syringomyelia.
Minding the Gap: Effects of an Attention Maintenance Training Program on Driver Calibration

ObjectiveThe present study examines the effect of an existing driver training program, FOrward Concentration and Attention Learning (FOCAL) on young drivers’ calibration, drivers’ ability to estima...
Decay and Continuity of the Boltzmann Equation in Bounded Domains

Boundaries occur naturally in kinetic equations, and boundary effects are crucial for dynamics of dilute gases governed by the Boltzmann equation. We develop a mathematical theory to study the time decay and continuity of Boltzmann solutions for four basic types of boundary conditions: in-flow, bounce-back reflection, specular reflection and diffuse reflection. We establish exponential decay in the L ∞ norm for hard potentials for general classes of smooth domains near an absolute Maxwellian. Moreover, in convex domains, we also establish continuity for these Boltzmann solutions away from the grazing set at the boundary. Our contribution is based on a new L 2 decay theory and its interplay with delicate L ∞ decay analysis for the linearized Boltzmann equation in the presence of many repeated interactions with the boundary.
Conflicting Goals Influence Physicians' Expressed Beliefs to Patients and Colleagues.

BackgroundPhysicians who communicate their prognostic beliefs to patients must balance candor against other competing goals, such as preserving hope, acknowledging the uncertainty of medicine, or m...
Industrial Policy and Planning: What It Is and How to Do It Better

This report offers an introduction to the concept of industrial policy and planning. We will define what it is, where it has worked, and how to do it better — proposing five criteria to evaluate any plans in this space. Unlike generic fiscal and monetary policy, industrial policy is not neutral. Instead, it influences the allocation of labor and capital among the over 1,000 industries in the economy — encouraging some activities and discouraging others. While it is possible to have an industrial policy without an economy-wide planning process (i.e., on an ad hoc basis for one industry at a time), it is preferable to have both, with a strong national mission at their center. This is why we use the phrase “industrial policy and planning.” Our report is divided into several sections: First, we define industrial policy and planning as a horizontal lever of state power that influences the distribution of income among industries. We describe some of its major tools and the way they impact industry’s inputs, outputs, governance, and coordination. Second, we briefly examine some of the non-US cases where industrial policy and planning has worked. In just decades, South Korea — an iconic model of industrial policy — has skyrocketed from African development levels to rich-country status; China, too, has made historic income gains with intentional industrial planning — most famously, the Made in China 2025 agenda and the Belt and Road Initiative. Third, we examine how racism, courts, and neoliberalism got in the way of a comprehensive industrial plan in the US — though not in the way of ad hoc individual industrial policies. Indeed, US industrial policy was at its height during World War II, when the federal government managed the entire economy. This period saw the highest growth rates in recorded US history — a clear demonstration that strategic government intervention is an economic boon rather than bane. Fourth, we outline a series of five design decisions that policymakers should take into account when implementing more thoughtful, democratic, and inclusive industrial policy and planning here at home. A Green New Deal, with its focus on supporting jobs for the working class, women, and people of color, could be one such opportunity. Fifth, we address some of the key criticisms of industrial policy and planning and explore how an alternative approach might address these.
Evaluating ZEBRA Battery Module under the Peak-Shaving Duty Cycles.

With the recent rapid increase in demand for reliable, long-cycle life, and safe battery technologies for large-scale energy-storage applications, a battery module based on ZEBRA battery chemistry is extensively evaluated for its application in peak shaving duty cycles. First, this module is tested with a full capacity cycle consisting of a charging process (factory default) and a discharging process with a current of 40 A. The battery energy efficiency (discharge vs. charge) is about 90%, and the overall energy efficiency is 80.9%, which includes the auxiliary power used to run the battery management system electronics and self-heating to maintain the module operating temperature (265 °C). Generally, because of the increased self-heating during the holding times that exist for the peak shaving duty cycles, the overall module efficiency decreases slightly for the peak-shaving duty cycles (70.7–71.8%) compared to the full-capacity duty cycle. With a 6 h, peak-shaving duty cycle, the overall energy efficiency increases from 71.8% for 7.5 kWh energy utilization to 74.1% for 8.5 kWh. We conducted long-term cycling tests of the module at a 6 h, peak-shaving duty cycle with 7.5 kWh energy utilization, and the module exhibited a capacity degradation rate of 0.0046%/cycle over 150 cycles (>150 days).
Ketamine's modulation of cerebro-cerebellar circuitry during response inhibition in major depression.

Patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) exhibit impaired control of cognitive and emotional systems, including deficient response selection and inhibition. Though these deficits are typically attributed to abnormal communication between macro-scale cortical networks, altered communication with the cerebellum also plays an important role. Yet, how the circuitry between the cerebellum and large-scale functional networks impact treatment outcome in MDD is not understood. We thus examined how ketamine, which elicits rapid therapeutic effects in MDD, modulates cerebro-cerebellar circuitry during response-inhibition using a functional imaging NoGo/Go task in MDD patients (N = 46, mean age: 39.2, 38.1% female) receiving four ketamine infusions, and healthy controls (N = 32, mean age:35.2, 71.4% female). We fitted psychophysiological-interaction (PPI) models for a functionally-derived cerebellar-seed and extracted average PPI in three target functional networks, frontoparietal (FPN), sensory-motor (SMN) and salience (SN) networks. Time and remission status were then evaluated for each of the networks and their network-nodes. Follow-up tests examined whether PPI-connectivity differed between patient remitter/non-remitters and controls. Results showed significant decreases in PPI-connectivity after ketamine between the cerebellum and FPN (p < 0.001) and SMN networks (p = 0.008) in remitters only (N = 20). However, ketamine-related changes in PPI-connectivity between the cerebellum and the SN (p = 0.003) did not vary with remitter status. Cerebellar-FPN, -SN PPI values at baseline were also associated with treatment outcome. Using novel methodology to quantify the functional coupling of cerebro-cerebellar circuitry during response-inhibition, our findings highlight that these loops play distinct roles in treatment response and could potentially serve as novel biomarkers for fast-acting antidepressant therapies in MDD.