cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microcomputer-based multiplexer for performing depth profiling with an Auger electron spectrometer.

A microcomputer‐based instrument for the automated profiling of samples with an Auger electron spectrometer and Ion Gun is described. The instrument records the changing heights of spectral peaks as it controls spectrometer scanning over predefined windows. Interactive front panel controls are used to set up a run and control profiling operations. The generated data is stored on a magnetic disk for later analysis and plotting. Implementation of the device using an LSI‐11 microcomputer and interfacing hardware is detailed, along with the characteristics of the fortran iv driving software. An exploration of future capabilities and applications of the multiplexer is also given.
The impacts of Miscanthus × giganteus production on the Midwest US hydrologic cycle.

Perennial grasses are being considered as candidates for biofuel feedstocks to provide an alternative energy source to fossil fuels. Miscanthusgiganteus (miscanthus), in parti- cular, is a grass that is predicted to provide more energy per sown area than corn ethanol and reduce net carbon dioxide emissions by increasing the storage of carbon below- ground. Miscanthus uses more water than Zea mays (maize), mainly as a result of a longer growing season and higher productivity. Conversion of current land use for miscanthus production will likely disrupt regional hydrologic cycles, yet the magnitude, timing, and spatial distribution of effects are unknown. Here, we show the effects of five different scenarios of miscanthus production on the simulated Midwest US hydrologic cycle. Given the same historic precipitation observations, our ecosystem model simula- tion results show that on an annual basis miscanthus uses more water than the ecosystems it will likely replace. The actual timing and magnitude of increased water loss to the atmosphere depends on location; however, substantial increases only occur when miscanthus fraction cover exceeds 25% in dry regions and 50% in nearly all of the Midwest. Our results delineate where large-scale land use conversion to perennial biofuel grasses might deplete soil water resources. Given the fact that some watersheds within the Midwest already have depleted water resources, we expect our results to inform decisions on where to grow perennial grasses for biofuel use to ensure sustain- ability of energy and water resources, and to minimize the potential for deleterious effects to water quantity and quality.
Multiplex detection of breast cancer biomarkers using plasmonic molecular sentinel nanoprobes

We have demonstrated for the first time the feasibility of multiplex detection using the surface-enhanced Raman scattering-based molecular sentinel (MS) technology in a homogeneous solution. Two MS nanoprobes tagged with different Raman labels were used to detect the presence of the erbB-2 and ki-67 breast cancer biomarkers. The multiplexing capability of the MS technique was demonstrated by mixing the two MS nanoprobes and tested in the presence of single or multiple DNA targets.
Determining Optimal Heat Treatment of Soybeans by Measuring Available Lysine Chemically and Biologically with Rats to Maximize Protein Utilization by Ruminants

Soybeans were heated in a forced air oven at 120 and 130 degrees C for 60 and 180 min, and at 140, 150 and 160 degrees C for 10, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min. Two types of measurements were used to determine optimal heat treatment of soybeans to maximize protein utilization by ruminants. One was to estimate the rate and extent of protein degradation in the rumen using an in vitro ruminal system. The second was to determine the nutritional availability of lysine. Methods used to determine available lysine were an indirect fluorodinitro-benzene chemical method and a rat growth assay. The product of undegraded intake protein and available lysine content was used to estimate the amount of lysine that would escape ruminal degradation and be available for intestinal absorption. As heat input increased, ruminal undegraded intake protein increased, and protein degradation rates and total and available lysine decreased. As temperature increased, the time required to maximize post-ruminal available lysine decreased. The optimal heat treatment for soybeans heated in a forced air oven was: 140 degrees C for 120 min or greater, 150 degrees C for 60 min or 160 degrees C for 30 min. A loss of 15-22% of chemically determined available lysine was necessary to achieve the heat treatment that resulted in maximal post-ruminal available lysine.
Cognitive Enhancement, Cheating, and Accomplishment

An ethics of enhancement should not rest on blanket judgments; it should ask us to distinguish between the kinds of activities we want to enhance. Both students and academics have turned to cognition-enhancing drugs in significant numbers--but is their enhancement a form of cheating? The answer should hinge on whether the activity subject to enhancement is zero-sum or non-zero-sum, and whether one is more concerned with excellence in process or excellence in outcome. Cognitive enhancement should be especially tolerated when the activities at stake are non-zero-sum and when the importance of process is outweighed by the importance of outcome. The use of cognition-enhancing drugs does not unnaturally cheapen accomplishments achieved under their influence; instead, cognitive enhancement is in line with well-established conceptions of collaborative authorship, which shift the locus of praise and blame from individual creators to the ultimate products of their efforts.
Micro- and nanomechanical sensors for environmental, chemical, and biological detection

Micro- and nanoelectromechanical systems, including cantilevers and other small scale structures, have been studied for sensor applications. Accurate sensing of gaseous or aqueous environments, chemical vapors, and biomolecules have been demonstrated using a variety of these devices that undergo static deflections or shifts in resonant frequency upon analyte binding. In particular, biological detection of viruses, antigens, DNA, and other proteins is of great interest. While the majority of currently used detection schemes are reliant on biomarkers, such as fluorescent labels, time, effort, and chemical activity could be saved by developing an ultrasensitive method of label-free mass detection. Micro- and nanoscale sensors have been effectively applied as label-free detectors. In the following, we review the technologies and recent developments in the field of micro- and nanoelectromechanical sensors with particular emphasis on their application as biological sensors and recent work towards integrating these sensors in microfluidic systems.
Unitary g: Unquestioned postulate or Empirical fact?

Abstract Carroll (1991) has argued that our empirical test of the hypothesis that psychometric g is a unitary factor fails methodologically to prove that g is not unitary, and that our finding could have resulted from some impurity in the g extracted from 11 psychometric tests. The gist of this argument is that our multiple regression method for testing the unity of g and the outcome of this test would be valid only if it were certain that we had a “perfect estimate” of g as the dependent variable. We argue that the hypothetical ideal of a perfectly pure g is empirically unattainable, but that such purity is an unnecessary condition for testing the hypothesis by the method we used. Our analyses suggest that one would have to assume an improbably large amount of “impure” variance in our g factor to make Carroll's argument compelling. Finally, we are most grateful for Carroll's elegant hierarchical factor analysis of our psychometric and chronometric variables. The unity of g cannot be proved or disproved by factor analytic methods per se and the unitary g hypothesis has only the status of a parsimonious assumption within that framework. But Carroll's factor analysis of our data indeed beautifully represents the relationship between conventional psychometric tests and elementary cognitive tasks based on chronometric techniques and further highlights the central role of efficiency (= speed and consistency) of information processing in g .
The Development or Torque in Slotted Armatures

The force on a current-carrying wire in a magnetic field and the torque developed by an armature are special cases of the principle that a current-carrying coil, when linked with a magnetic field produced by a separate agency, tends to assume a position such that its electrokinetic energy due to that linkage has maximum value. The elastic band properties of lines of force and the effect of Amperian currents in the teeth of an armature are wholly inadequate to account for observed results.
Layers of ethnicity: The effects of ethnic federalism, majority-minority districts, and minority concentration on the electoral success of ethnic minorities in Russia

What impact, if any, do ethnic federalism and the geographic concentration of ethnic minorities have on the political incorporation of minorities in democracies with single-member district elections? Many studies on ethnic voting in the United States have examined the impact of majority-minority districts on the turnout of minority voters and the election of minority candidates. However, few studies have explored the effects of similar institutions in other countries. The authors address this issue by applying insights on ethnic voting from the American politics literature to Russia’s 1995 parliamentary election. They use multilevel regression models and census and electoral data that are disaggregated at the subdistrict (raion) level to systematically assess whether ethnic federalism and majority-minority districts increase the vote share of minority candidates and encourage the turnout of minority voters. The findings suggest that district-level characteristics—specifically, majority-minority districts—...
Structural changes in silica glass after waveguide writing with femtosecond laser pulses

Summary form only given. We have written waveguides as long as 1 cm in silica glasses by tightly focusing femtosecond laser pulses from a regeneratively amplified Ti:sapphire laser (125 fs, 800 nm, 1 kHz) using a microscope objective and translating the glass parallel to the laser beam. For our experiments laser pulse energies range from 0.5-3 /spl mu/J and scan speeds from 10-100 /spl mu/m/s. Smooth lines are clearly visible under an optical microscope, indicating a locally altered index of refraction. The waveguides were analyzed by inspection of their near- and far-field mode profiles.
Effect of Doppler spread on OFDM based UWB system

We investigate the inter-carrier interference (ICI) caused by relative motion between transmitter and receiver in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) based ultra wide-band (UWB) communications. Since the Doppler shift is proportional to the subcarrier frequency, the time-selective fading is subcarrier dependent. An exact expression as well as bounds are derived for the degradation in performance, as measured by signal-to-interference ratio (SIR). A design example is given to illustrate the concepts developed In the work.
Surface Water Storage Capacity of Twenty Tree Species in Davis, California

Urban forestry is an important green infrastructure strategy because healthy trees can intercept rainfall, reducing stormwater runoff and pollutant loading. Surface saturation storage capacity, defined as the thin film of water that must wet tree surfaces before flow begins, is the most important variable influencing rainfall interception processes. Surface storage capacity is known to vary widely among tree species, but it is little studied. This research measured surface storage capacities of 20 urban tree species in a rainfall simulator. The measurement system included a rainfall simulator, digital balance, digital camera, and computer. Eight samples were randomly collected from each tree species. Twelve rainfall intensities (3.5-139.5 mm h) were simulated. Leaf-on and leaf-off simulations were conducted for deciduous species. Stem and foliar surface areas were estimated using an image analysis method. Results indicated that surface storage capacities varied threefold among tree species, 0.59 mm for crape myrtle ( L.) and 1.81 mm for blue spruce ( Engelm.). The mean value across all species was 0.86 mm (0.11 mm SD). To illustrate application of the storage values, interception was simulated and compared across species for a 40-yr period with different rainfall intensities and durations. By quantifying the potential for different tree species to intercept rainfall under a variety of meteorological conditions, this study provides new knowledge that is fundamental to validating the cost-effectiveness of urban forestry as a green infrastructure strategy and designing functional plantings.
Toward Proper Guard Zones for Link Signature

Motivated by information-theoretic security, link signature (LS)-based security mechanisms exploit the ample channel characteristics between wireless devices for security establishment. Nevertheless, LS is originated from wireless environments and hence may exhibit potential vulnerabilities that can be exploited by adversary in the vicinity. As to this, it is widely believed in existing literature on LS that, a half-wavelength guard zone is sufficient to decorrelate the adversary channel from the legitimate one and thereby secures the legitimate LS. However, such an assumption may not hold universally—in some environments, high channel correlations have been observed for much larger spatial separations. Considering this, a comprehensive understanding of channel correlation in different wireless environments is needed for more confident deployment of LS-based security mechanisms. To this end, various well-established channel correlation models are investigated in this work. A set of important physical factors that have significant influence on LS security are identified, and with the obtained insights, extensive simulations are conducted to explore suitable guard zone sizes for LS in several typical indoor and outdoor environments. Experimental results based on universal software radio peripheral (USRP) platforms and GNURadio are also presented to further support the analysis.
Sloppy Joe, Slop, Sloppy Joe: How USDA Commodities Dumping Ruined the National School Lunch Program

Just as the scales beneath the feet of our nation's children are reaching a tipping point, so too is the social movement of providing local, organic foods for America's schoolchildren. This is welcome news to Alice Waters and others who have long-promoted the health and lifestyle benefits of consuming whole, organic, locally grown and produced foods. Change is under way in many districts around the country; one of the most promising is the Berkeley Unified School District (BUSD), which has undergone a complete overhaul of its school lunch program under the leadership of the "Renegade Lunch Lady," Chef Ann Cooper. With much-needed supplemental funding from Waters' Chez Panisse Foundation, Cooper has set herself to the task of providing healthy, delicious food to 9000 schoolchildren every day. Her work is not easy. And Cooper has to fight the federal government every day to achieve her goal.
Remodeling by fibroblasts alters the rate-dependent mechanical properties of collagen

Abstract The ways that fibroblasts remodel their environment are central to wound healing, development of musculoskeletal tissues, and progression of pathologies such as fibrosis. However, the changes that fibroblasts make to the material around them and the mechanical consequences of these changes have proven difficult to quantify, especially in realistic, viscoelastic three-dimensional culture environments, leaving a critical need for quantitative data. Here, we observed the mechanisms and quantified the mechanical effects of fibroblast remodeling in engineered tissue constructs (ETCs) comprised of reconstituted rat tail (type I) collagen and human fibroblast cells. To study the effects of remodeling on tissue mechanics, stress-relaxation tests were performed on ETCs cultured for 24, 48, and 72 h. ETCs were treated with deoxycholate and tested again to assess the ECM response. Viscoelastic relaxation spectra were obtained using the generalized Maxwell model. Cells exhibited viscoelastic damping at two finite time constants over which the ECM showed little damping, approximately 0.2 s and 10–30 s. Different finite time constants in the range of 1–7000 s were attributed to ECM relaxation. Cells remodeled the ECM to produce a relaxation time constant on the order of 7000 s, and to merge relaxation finite time constants in the 0.5–2 s range into a single time content in the 1 s range. Results shed light on hierarchical deformation mechanisms in tissues, and on pathologies related to collagen relaxation such as diastolic dysfunction. Statement of Significance As fibroblasts proliferate within and remodel a tissue, they change the tissue mechanically. Quantifying these changes is critical for understanding wound healing and the development of pathologies such as cardiac fibrosis. Here, we characterize for the first time the spectrum of viscoelastic (rate-dependent) changes arising from the remodeling of reconstituted collagen by fibroblasts. The method also provides estimates of the viscoelastic spectra of fibroblasts within a three-dimensional culture environment. Results are of particular interest because of the ways that fibroblasts alter the mechanical response of collagen at loading frequencies associated with cardiac contraction in humans.
Appreciating field theory’s insights into politics: an empirical illustration using the case of emergency in India (1975–77)

In this article, I criticize available democracy consolidation theories for assuming that the ontology of political structure and elite subjectivity are based upon historically transcendent a priori principles. In contrast to this assumption, I adopt a political field theory perspective to argue that concepts for comprehending the politics behind democracy consolidation must be reconstructed based on the history of conflicts among political actors over the meaning of politics. I demonstrate the significance of this insight for comprehending politics by empirically adopting it to explain the case of Emergency in India (1975–1977). Using Multiple Correspondence Analysis, network analysis, and content analysis of biographies of politicians elected for the 1971 Indian parliament, I demonstrate that the politics behind Emergency can be comprehended only when we take into account the history of conflict since the late colonial period between those leaders who insisted that Indian politics was defined by the network of ties among politicians and those who believed that Indian politics must reflect the aspirations of the masses. The main point of this article is that the ontological principles of current political structure, elite subjectivity, and political institutions are rooted within the chaotic history of conflict among leaders over the meaning of politics.
Curriculum Time Compared to Clinical Procedures in Amalgam and Composite Posterior Restorations in U.S. Dental Schools: A Preliminary Study

Dental clinicians have an expanding range of biomaterial choices for restoring tooth structure. Scientific developments in cariology, advances in dental biomaterials, and patients' esthetic concerns have led to a reduction in amalgam restorations and an increase in composite restorations. The aim of this study was to compare teaching time with students' clinical procedures in amalgam and composite posterior restorations in dental schools across the United States. Academic deans in 60 schools were invited to complete a survey that asked for the amount of instructional time for amalgam and composite posterior restorations and the number of clinical restorations performed by their Classes of 2009, 2010, and 2011. Of these 60, 12 returned surveys with complete data, for a 20% response rate. Responses from these schools showed little change in lecture and preclinical labora- tory instruction from 2009 to 2011. There was a slight increase in two-surface restorations for both amalgam and composites; however, the total number of reported composite and amalgam restorations remained the same. Of 204,864 restorations reported, 53% were composite, and 47% were amalgam. There were twice as many multisurface large or complex amalgam restorations as composites. One-surface composite restorations exceeded amalgams. Among the participating schools, there was little to no change between curriculum time and clinical procedures. Findings from this preliminary study reflect a modest increase in two- surface resin-based restorations placed by dental students from 2009 to 2011 and little change in curricular time devoted to teach- ing amalgam restorations. The total number of posterior composite restorations placed by students in these schools was slightly higher than amalgams.
The Gender Buffet LGBTQ Parents Resisting Heteronormativity

Many parents and child-rearing experts prefer that children exhibit gender-normative behavior, a preference that is linked to the belief that children are, or should be, heterosexual. But how do LGBTQ parents—who may not hold these preferences—approach the gender socialization of their children? Drawing on in-depth interviews with both members in 18 LGBTQ couples, I find that these parents attempt to provide their children with a variety of gendered options for clothing, toys, and activities—a strategy that I call the “gender buffet.” However, the social location of the parents influences the degree to which they feel they can pursue this strategy of resistance. Factors such as race, social class, gender of parents and children, and level of support of family and community members contribute to the degree to which LGBTQ parents feel they can allow or encourage their children to disrupt gender norms.
Spectroscopy of high spin states inO16andNe20using the (C12,Be8)(α0) reaction

Spins, parities, and ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0}$-decay branching ratios have been determined for a number of states in $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ and $^{20}\mathrm{Ne}$ using the $^{12}\mathrm{C}$($^{12}\mathrm{C}$, $^{8}\mathrm{Be}$)$^{16}\mathrm{O}$*(${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0}$)$^{12}\mathrm{C}$ and $^{16}\mathrm{O}$($^{12}\mathrm{C}$, $^{8}\mathrm{Be}$)$^{20}\mathrm{Ne}$*(${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0}$)$^{16}\mathrm{O}$ reactions. The $^{8}\mathrm{Be}$ nuclei were detected at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, and the alpha particles from the decay of the excited states formed in the ($^{12}\mathrm{C}$, $^{8}\mathrm{Be}$) reactions were detected over the range $40\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\ensuremath{\le}{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{lab}}\ensuremath{\le}97\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$, typically corresponding to a range in the heavy-recoil center-of-mass system of $50\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\ensuremath{\le}{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{RCM}}\ensuremath{\le}120\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$. Structure observed at an excitation energy of 22.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5 MeV in $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ appears to correspond to an ${8}^{+}$ state which is then a candidate for identification as the ${8}^{+}$ member of the ${K}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}={0}^{+}, 4\mathrm{p}\ensuremath{-}4\mathrm{h}$ rotational band. In $^{20}\mathrm{Ne}$ we have confirmed a number of spin assignments for states below 16 MeV in excitation, and in addition we have made the following assignments: 16.63 MeV (${7}^{\ensuremath{-}}$), 17.3 MeV (${8}^{+}$), 21.08 MeV (${9}^{\ensuremath{-}}$), and 22.87 MeV (${9}^{\ensuremath{-}}$). All of the ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0}$ branching ratios for the strongly populated states in $^{20}\mathrm{Ne}$ are found to be roughly 100%, with the exception of those for the 17.3 MeV (${8}^{+}$) and 21.08 MeV (${9}^{\ensuremath{-}}$) levels which are found to be 40% and 65%, respectively.
Abstract SY35-01: Clonal evolution of pre-leukemic hematopoietic stem cells precedes human acute myeloid leukemia

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive malignancy of hematopoietic progenitors with poor clinical outcomes. Despite the power of next-generation genome sequencing to describe AML genomes and to identify recurrent mutations, our fundamental understanding of both the genomics of leukemogenesis and the genetic heterogeneity within the precursor cells is incomplete. Founding mutations in the majority of AML cases are largely unknown because pre-leukemic cells are clinically silent and are outcompeted by their malignant descendants. Our limited knowledge of founding mutations comes from infrequent cases of AML arising secondary to antecedent clonal bone marrow disorders or rare instances of inherited syndromes, but this does not include the large majority of de novo AML cases. Recently, advances in AML stem cell biology have enabled the prospective separation of residual hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) from AML cells. We previously showed that residual HSC contain clonal antecedents of AML in patients in long-term remission post-therapy, and have proposed a model in which serial acquisition of mutations occurs in self-renewing HSC. Here, we investigated this model and the nature of founder mutations through the genomic analysis of de novo AML and patient-matched residual HSC. Using exome sequencing, we defined mutations present in individual AML genomes from cases harboring the FLT3-ITD mutation, and screened for these mutations in the residual HSC. We identified several mutations present in residual HSC retaining normal multilineage differentiation in vivo, including mutations in NPM1, TET2, and SMC1A, a newly identified recurrently mutated gene in AML. Finally, through single cell analysis, we determined that as we hypothesized, a clonal progression of multiple mutations occurs in HSC. These pre-leukemic HSC reveal the clonal evolution of AML genomes from founder mutations, suggest a potential mechanism contributing to relapse, and constitute a cellular reservoir that may need to be targeted for more durable remissions. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr SY35-01. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-SY35-01
Gateway-Schmateway: An Exchange between George Bermann and Alan Rau

What role do national courts play in international arbitration? Is international arbitration an “autonomous dispute resolution process, governed primarily by non-national rules and accepted international commercial rules and practices” where the influence of national courts is merely secondary? Or, in light of the fact that “international arbitration always operates in the shadow of national courts,” is it not more accurate to say that national courts and internatonal arbitration act in partnership? On April 27, 2015, the Pepperdine Law Review convened a group of distinguished authorities from international practice and academia to discuss these and other related issues for a symposium on International Arbitration and the Courts.The issue begins with a transcript of a moderated exchange between Professor Bermann, the Reporter for the American Law Institute’s (ALI) ongoing Restatement (Third) of the U.S. Law of International Arbitration project, and Professor Rau, an ALI-appointed Advisor on the project. Professor Coe poses questions to both scholars that focus on selected issues that are characteristic of matters discussed during the ALI drafting and consultative process, especially so-called “gateway” matters like competence-competence. This exchange revealed several questions on which Professors Bermann and Rau diverged – namely, arbitrability of scope issues, the concept of delegation, and whether an express remedy limitation in a contract should be treated as a limit on a tribunal’s authority. For those interested in the iterative process that creates an ALI Restatement, this is a must read.
Investigating the therapeutic role and molecular biology of curcumin as a treatment for glioblastoma.

Objectives:Despite the aggressive standard of care for patients with glioblastoma multiforme, survival rates typically do not exceed 2 years. Therefore, current research is focusing on discovering ...
Developing Cross Platform Software Module of Hydro-calculation

This paper develop hydro-calculation software module in hydropower dispatching automation based on QT application development framework,realize algorithm configuration management,separate the automatic and interactive calculation,using XML file to save algorithm information and make the algorithm process information can be read,his soft can be run on different OS platform.
Distribution of Region 1 and 2 Currents in the Quiet and Substorm Time Plasma Sheet from THEMIS observations

Although Earth's Region 1 and 2 currents are related to activities such as substorm initiation, their magnetospheric origin remains unclear. Utilizing the triangular configuration of THEMIS probes at 8 − 12 RE downtail, we seek the origin of nightside Region 1 and 2 currents. Our statistical study reveals that both kinds of currents exist in the plasma sheet during quiet and active times. Region 2 currents are deep inside the plasma sheet; Region 1 currents, which are farther away from the neutral sheet, extend to the plasma sheet boundary layer. At geomagnetic quiet times, the separation between the two currents is located ~2.5 RE from the neutral sheet. During substorms, the separation migrates towards (away from) the neutral sheet as the plasma sheet thins (thickens). These findings suggest that the plasma sheet is a source of Region 1 and 2 currents, and its deformation is associated with redistribution of FAC sources in the magnetotail.
Stability and Instability in the International Monetary System

Abstract The international monetary system exhibits elements of both stability and instability. Stabilizing forces include both automatic feedback mechanisms that dampen fluctuations, acceptance of international rules by participants, and deliberate policies to stabilize balance of payments and exchange rates. Sources of instability include inconsistent national economic policies and inconsistent private and public objectives. Sources of instability can be usefully analyzed as endogenous and exogenous. The paper analyzes issues of stability and instability in an adjustable peg exchange rate regime (the Bretton Woods system), and the current managed floating system, with a view toward understanding international monetary relations and stability in international systems generally.
Security-aware multi-objective optimization of distributed reconfigurable embedded systems

Abstract Distributed embedded systems are increasingly prevalent in numerous applications, and with pervasive network access within these systems, security is also a critical design concern. We present a modeling and optimization framework for distributed embedded systems incorporating heterogeneous resources, including single core processor, asymmetric multicore processors, and FPGAs. A dataflow-based modeling framework for streaming applications integrates models for computational latency, cryptographic security levels, communication latency, and power consumption. We utilize a multi-objective genetic optimization algorithm to optimize security subject to constraints for energy consumption and minimum security level. The presented methodology is evaluated using a video-based object detection and tracking application considering several distributed heterogeneous embedded systems architectures.
Photoinduced Miyaura Borylation by a Rare‐Earth‐Metal Photoreductant: The Hexachlorocerate(III) Anion

The first photoinduced carbon(sp2 )-heteroatom bond forming reaction by a rare-earth-metal photoreductant, a Miyaura borylation, has been achieved. This simple, scalable, and novel borylation method that makes use of the hexachlorocerate(III) anion ([CeIII Cl6 ]3- , derived from CeCl3 ) has a broad substrate scope and functional-group tolerance and can be conducted at room temperature. Combined with Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling, the method is applicable to the synthesis of various biaryl products, including through the use of aryl chloride substrates.
The Role of Maternal Acceptance in Mediating Child Outcomes Among Substance Using Women Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is prevalent in the United States, and many women who experience IPV have children in their care. Substance use is common among this population and affects parenting behaviors such as maternal acceptance and child outcomes. Maternal experience of IPV affects a mother’s ability to parent and interact with her child. Little is known about the combined influence of both maternal substance use and IPV on parenting behaviors and child problem behaviors. The current study examined differences in maternal acceptance and child internalizing and externalizing behaviors among mothers who reported experiencing IPV to mothers who never reported experiencing IPV. Results showed that mothers with a history of IPV reported lower rates of maternal acceptance and higher rates of child problem behaviors compared with those with no history of IPV. In addition, frequency of substance use moderated this relationship. This is the first study, to date, to examine the relationship between maternal...
Neoliberalism's Frankenstein: Authoritarian Freedom in Twenty-First Century “Democracies”

What peculiar form of freedom is cultivated and promised in right-wing political formations today? How does “illiberal democracy” sew together libertarianism and authoritarianism? How is the radical disinhibition and aggressiveness contained in these formations reconciled with their claim to cultivate traditional values and restore order? This paper reflects on the complex recent histories—of neoliberalism, of nihilism, and of what Marcuse termed “repressive desublimation”—that generate the force and legitimacy of this novel development in Euro-Atlantic political life.
The Role of Student Affairs in Distance Education: Cyber-Services or Virtual Communities

As distance education technology enables institutions of higher education to offer courses to students throughout the country, it is important for student affairs to offer opportunities for these students to connect with the institution. This article reviews the relevant literature on distance education and discusses differences between providing cyber-services and creating virtual communities for these students. Four areas for student affairs professionals to address are discussed: (a) the provision of services, (b) the creation of community, (c) the oversight of campus-wide distance education, and (d) graduate preparation program involvement. Recommendations are also made to assist student affairs professionals in framing this topic for their respective institutions. The recommendations made here are not intended to be a roadmap, but rather a starting point for the involvement of student affairs in distance education. The distance education technologies available today can be used to provide greater access to course curriculum and many of the services provided through student affairs divisions. The next step is to employ these technologies in the development of a campus community that encompasses both the physical and the virtual campus. Introduction Distance education is not a recent phenomenon or an educational fad. From correspondence courses, telephone classes, videotaped instruction, two-way interactive to the Internet and World Wide Web, distance education has evolved considerably over the last century. Once viewed as an anomaly on the mainstream campus, distance education has become an accepted and oftentimes expected alternative delivery system for academic content (Boettcher 1999; Kretovics 1998; Levine 2001; Murphy 1996). As Coggins (1988) pointed out over a decade ago, no longer is the chalkboard the dominant teaching tool in the classroom. Additionally, for decades, student affairs professionals have argued that the physical classroom is not the only place in which teaching and learning occur (Terenzini, Pascarella, & Blimling, 1999). The intent here is not to promote distance education as a replacement for the traditional classroom setting but rather as an acceptable alternative to the brick-and-mortar campus. Distance courses can be complementary to an existing curriculum. Many students will still want to have their primary interaction be face-to-face with instructors and classmates in a physical classroom, to live in residence halls, and socialize in student centers. However, a growing number of students prefer the flexibility of asynchronous courses offered via the World Wide Web, which allows them to do the coursework when their schedule permits rather than being
Reparations or Hegemony? The Background and Development of Poincaré’s Ruhr Policy

Any appraisal of French policy in dealing with the Ruhr must be predicated upon a general understanding of the French governmental system as it prevailed under the Third Republic. This may be described as cabinet government without a clear-cut two party system and a dominant majority party — a cabinet government based on coalitions which were constantly shifting, as blocs in the Chamber of Deputies transfered their allegiance from one coalition to another. There was a dual executive with a president, who was generally weak and ineffective, and a premier whose fortunes depended in large part upon his leadership of the majority coalition in the Chamber, a possible vote of no confidence either in the Chamber or the Senate, and the fluctuations of public opinion throughout France.
Automatic Trust: Positive Interpersonal Associations and Positive Reputations

The development of trust, a fundamental, complex aspect of human interaction, requires a combination of both controlled and automatic mental processes. Most trust models suggest that individuals' cognitive consciousness assess whether to trust. Nonconscious cognitive processes, however, can also play a part in the initiation and development of trust. This paper investigates the effects of both subtle interpersonal association cues and unsubtle reputation information on the automatic, nonconscious instigation of trust. In an experiment, we examined individuals' trust toward unacquainted others after they experienced subliminal presentations of a positive interpersonal association cue and were consciously presented with positive or negative reputation information. The data show that, consistent with our previous studies (Huang & Murnighan, 2008), positive subliminal interpersonal association cues generate more automatic trust than subliminal meaningless syllables, and this effect occurs without individuals' awareness. Moreover, subliminal presentations of a positive interpersonal association cue reproduce the effects of positive reputation information on trust behavior and emotional reactions to possible reciprocity, even when the trustee has a negative reputation. The discussion explores possible perceptual and emotional mechanisms of nonconsciously instigated trust and the implications of building a more comprehensive trust model.
Jacobi’s Triple Product Identity

We recall that the two Euler identities, (9.3) and (9.4), relate infinite products and infinite sums. In this chapter, we will use them to prove an important identity first discovered by Jacobi. Several interesting appli-cations of this identity in number theory will be explored in subsequent chapters.
The Practices of Producing Meaning in Bioinformatics

In a very real sense, molecular biology is all about sequences. First, it tries to reduce complex biochemical phenomena to interactions between defined sequences — either protein or polynucleotide, sometimes carbohydrates or lipids — then, it tries to provide physical pictures of how these sequences interact in space and time.1
Delayed Gastric Emptying

Delayed emptying of the gastric contents can be produced by various clinical conditions, including disorders localized to the stomach, diseases that involve other gut segments, and non-gastrointestinal disorders such as diabetes. This article focuses on gastroparesis, a condition of delayed gastric emptying that occurs in the absence of any mechanical obstruction …
Structure-medium interaction simulations

Publisher Summary This chapter develops and demonstrates physically rational computational techniques for predicting explosive-induced environments, structural loads, and damage because of the detonations of buried conventional weapons. Test-validated numerical tools are being developed to design survivable structures that can effectively counter the threat from advances in weapons' technology. The numerical simulations of experiments of this type are a critical component in the development of advanced nonlinear constitutive models and in the validation of numerical simulation techniques. Validation experiments increase the constraints placed on both the constitutive modeler and analyst, and thereby raise the overall confidence in the calculated results.
Cr(VI) Effect on Tc-99 Removal from Hanford Low-Activity Waste Simulant by Ferrous Hydroxide.

Here, Cr(VI) effects on Tc-immobilization by Fe(OH)2(s) are investigated while assessing Fe(OH)2(s) as a potential treatment method for Hanford low-activity waste destined for vitrification. Batch studies using simulated low-activity waste indicate that Tc(VII) and Cr(VI) removal is contingent on reduction to Tc(IV) and Cr(III). Furthermore, complete removal of both Cr and Tc depends on the amount of Fe(OH)2(s) present, where complete Cr and Tc removal requires more Fe(OH)2(s) (∼200 g/L of simulant), than removing Cr alone (∼50 g/L of simulant). XRD analysis suggests that Fe(OH)2(s) reaction and transformation in the simulant produces mostly goethite (α-FeOOH), where Fe(OH)2(s) transformation to goethite rather than magnetite is likely due to the simulant chemistry, which includes high levels of nitrite and other constituents. Once reduced, a fraction of Cr(III) and Tc(IV) substitute for octahedral Fe(III) within the goethite crystal lattice as supported by XPS, XANES, and/or EXAFS results. The remaining ...
Bitcoin, Virtual Currencies, and the Struggle of Law and Regulation to Keep Pace

At less than a decade old, Bitcoin and other virtual currencies have had a major societal impact, and proven to be a unique payment systems challenge for law enforcement, financial regulatory authorities worldwide, and the investment community. Rapid introduction and diffusion of technological changes throughout society, such as the blockchain that serves as Bitcoin’s crypto-foundation, continue to outpace the ability of law and regulation to keep pace. During 2017 alone, the market price of Bitcoin rose 1,735 percent, from about $970 to $14,292, causing an investor feeding frenzy. As of March 31, 2, a total of 1,595 cryptocurrencies are reported, having an approximate market capitalization of $266.97 billion at that date. A brief history of the fast moving adoption of blockchain-based technology is provided, along with a look at the efforts of regulators to keep up with the staggering worldwide growth in the usage of virtual currencies. In the United States, enforcement actions for violations of law involving virtual currencies are brought primarily by: The Commodities Futures Trading Commission (CFTC); The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and The Department of The Treasury through the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN). This Article contributes to the literature and our understanding of the constant struggle of law and regulation to keep pace with rapid technological developments.
Additional 20-Minute Intraoperative Parathormone Measurement Can Minimize Unnecessary Bilateral Neck Exploration.

Abstract Background Parathyroidectomy guided by intraoperative parathormone (ioPTH) monitoring for primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) confirms removal of all hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands. This study evaluates the utility of an additional 20-min ioPTH measurement in patients who fail to meet the >50% ioPTH drop criterion. Methods A retrospective review of prospectively collected data of 706 patients with pHPT who underwent parathyroidectomy guided by ioPTH monitoring was performed. When a >50% ioPTH decrease from the highest either preincision or preexcision level was achieved after 10 min, parathyroidectomy was completed. If this criterion was not met, further exploration was performed or an additional 20-min ioPTH measurement was obtained. Results Of 706 patients, 72 (10%) patients did not meet the >50% ioPTH drop criterion at 10 min. Of these patients, 67% (48/72) underwent immediate bilateral neck exploration (BNE). For the other 33% of patients (24/72), a 20-min parathormone (PTH) measurement was drawn. Of patients with an additional 20-min PTH measurement, 46% (11/24) had a >50% ioPTH decrease at 20 min where BNE was avoided and parathyroidectomy completed, whereas 54% (13/24) did not. Compared to patients with insufficient ioPTH drop at 10 min and subsequent BNE, there was a statistically significant 46% reduction of BNE in patients with a 20-min PTH level (P Conclusions A 20-min ioPTH measurement is useful in preventing unnecessary BNE in some patients who undergo focused parathyroidectomy with a delayed >50% ioPTH drop.
Survival and Thermal Resistance of Salmonella Enteritidis PT 30 on Almonds after Long-Term Storage.

ABSTRACT Salmonella survival and thermal resistance on the surface of almond kernels were evaluated after periods of storage. Almond kernels were inoculated with Salmonella Enteritidis PT 30 and eq...
Update in Temporal Bone Resection Outcomes

Surgical outcomes data related to temporal bone malignancy can be challenging to interpret and apply to a specific patient population due to the overall rarity of the disease and the heterogeneity of disease types often studied in aggregate in this anatomic region. Large institutional series are commonly composed of a diverse patient cohort, with numerous pathologic entities studied in aggregate despite known differences in biologic behavior. Our current aim is to provide a review of recent literature on surgical resection of primary, untreated squamous cell carcinoma of the temporal bone and examine associated outcomes. A general overview of temporal bone carcinoma and illustrated, contemporary update of surgical techniques is additionally provided.
Thwarting C2 Communication of DGA-Based Malware using Process-level DNS Traffic Tracking

Many modern botnet malwares use Domain Generation Algorithms (DGAs) to dynamically generate the domain names that resolve to their command and control (C2) centers. This approach allows these malwares to subvert traditional detection systems which rely on blacklists of known domains associated with malicious activities to block malware communications. Since the advent of DGA-based malwares, the efforts to prevent the said malwares from contacting their command and control centers (C2) server have been centered around detecting Algorithmically Generated Domain Names through lexicographic analysis, isolating entire infected devices or both. Recent research has emerged, which more accurately identifies infected devices in a network, by monitoring the volumes of domain resolution failures. While effective, these techniques are slow to identify DGA generated domain names. Even after the delayed identification, the only preliminary mitigation known today is a complete shutdown of a device that is suspected to be infected. In this paper, we present a new method to counter DGA-based malwares by limiting the impact of mitigation. Instead of isolating the entire infected device from the network we limit network activity of the malicious process alone. Our objective is to prevent DGA-based malwares from communicating with their C2 centers while allowing an infected device to maintain its normal functionality. We achieve this by tracking Domain Name Service (DNS) responses of individual processes and blacklisting those processes for which DNS traffic have abnormally large numbers of domain resolution failures. The blacklisting at a process level ensures that non-malicious processes in the infected device can continue functioning.