cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical pharmacology of two chloramphenicol preparations in children: sodium succinate (iv) and palmitate (oral) esters.

The clinical pharmacology of chloramphenicol was evaluated in 14 children with serious bacterial infections. The children received chloramphenicol sodium succinate intravenously for five to six days at which time orally administered chloramphenicol palmitate was substituted for an additional five to six days of therapy. The mean peak serum chloramphenicol concentration when given iv (28.2±5.1 μg/ml) occurred within one hour after the termination of the 60-minute iv infusion and when given orally (19.3±2.6 μg/ml) occurred two to three hours after ingestion. Differences in serum levels of chloramphenicol after iv compared to oral administration of the same dose could be demonstrated at various time points studied during the dose-response curves; however, the areas under the chloramphenicol curve were not significantly different after iv (140±116 μg/ml/hour) versus oral (95±26 μg/ml/hour) administration. In seven patients who had concomitant serum and CSF chloramphenicol levels determined, a CSF to serum ratio of 23 to 85% occurred. The CSF levels (5.5 to 13 μg/ml) were not directly proportional to serum levels. All patients recovered from their infection and no side effects from chloramphenicol were encountered. Administration of chloramphenicol orally in the palmitate form produces serum concentrations and areas under the disappearance curve similar to those achieved after iv administration of the same dose, indicating that the oral route is an effective method of achieving therapeutic concentrations of chloramphenicol in serum.
A reexamination of the organizational choice process

Abstract Organizational choice refers to an individual's choice regarding a particular organization in which to work. While various studies have examined the decision-making strategies used by individuals to arrive at an organizational choice, most have assumed that individuals use a maximizing, compensatory strategy. The present study proposes and empirically assesses hypotheses concerning an alternative noncompensatory model of organizational choice. Specifically it is proposed that individuals utilize minimum/special requirements on various attributes which must be met for an alternative to be considered acceptable. Further, it is expected that the use of minimum/special requirements for certain attributes restricts the variability of the acceptable jobs on those attributes, thus decreasing the importance of those attributes relative to others for the final organizational choice. The hypotheses were tested with graduating university students who provided information concerning the organizations they were interviewing with, as well as measures of acceptability and choice for their various alternatives. In general, the results of the study provided support for the hypotheses. The theoretical implications of the study were discussed, as well as limitations of the study and future directions for research on organizational choice.
Exploration potential of Cu isotope fractionation in porphyry copper deposits

Abstract We examined the copper isotope ratio of primary high temperature Cu-sulfides, secondary low temperature Cu-sulfides (and Cu-oxides) as well as Fe-oxides in the leach cap, which represent the weathered remains of a spectrum of Cu mineralization, from nine porphyry copper deposits. Copper isotope ratios are reported as δ 65 Cu‰ = (( 65 Cu/ 63 Cu sample / 65 Cu/ 63 Cu NIST 976 standard ) − 1) ⁎ 10 3 . Errors for all the analyses are ± 0.14‰ (determined by multiple analyses of the samples) and mass bias was corrected through standard-sample-standard bracketing. The overall isotopic variability measured in these samples range from − 16.96‰ to 9.98‰. Distinct Cu isotopic reservoirs exist for high temperature hypogene, enrichment, and leach cap minerals. Chalcopyrite from high temperature primary mineralization forms a relatively tight cluster of δ 65 Cu values of 1‰ to − 1‰ whereas secondary minerals formed by low temperature reveal a range of δ 65 Cu values from − 16.96‰ to 9.98‰. Secondary chalcocite is relatively heavy with δ 65 Cu varying from − 0.3‰ to 6.5‰. Leach cap minerals dominated by Fe-oxides (jarosite, hematite and goethite) are relatively light ranging from − 9.9‰ to 0.14‰. Although the dataset is relatively small ( n = 50 total minerals analyzed), a combination of these data with values from previously published reports [Zhu, X.K., O'Nions, R.K., Guo, Y., Belshaw, N.S. and Rickard, D., 2000. Determination of natural Cu-isotope variation by plasma-source mass spectrometry; implications for use as geochemical tracers. Chemical Geology, 163(1–4): 139–149.; Larson et al., 2003; Mathur, R. et al., 2005 . Cu isotopic fractionation in the supergene environment with and without bacteria. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 69(22): 5233–5246.; Markl et al., 2006, and Maher et al., 2007], show a distinct pattern of heavier isotopic signature in supergene samples and a lighter isotopic signature exists in the leach cap and oxidation zone minerals. The pattern could be used as a tool for exploration geology by providing the following information: 1) Identification of highly fractionated copper isotope ratios in copper sulfide and Fe-oxide samples that indicate supergene processes and the extent of leaching and enrichment copper 2) Identification of highly fractionated copper isotope ratios in surface and/or groundwaters that indicate the active weathering copper sulfides that experienced significant enrichment .
Local Consideration of Polymorphisms for Populations Coexisting in Stable Ecosystems

The stability problem for multiallelic genetic polymorphisms for n populations coexisting in stable ecosystems is considered. Taking into account only density-dependent interactions a generalization of Fisher's theorem is obtained. Specifically, the average fitness of a population must be locally maximized subject to the constraint that the equilibrium population sizes are fixed if the polymorphism is stable. Further, the quasi-equilibrium population sizes Ni*corresponding to fixing the genetic structure of all populations in the ecosystem at various values have extrema at the equilibrium point. Such an equilibrium can be a maximum, minimum or saddle point depending upon the type of ecosystem under consideration. A simple test separating these cases on the basis of the so-called ecosystem matrix is suggested. The general equilibrium problem is reformulated as a maximization problem under some restrictions. Conditions under which the maximized function can be expressed as Σ=1nNi are formulated.
The Diffusion of Grameen Bank in Bangladesh: Lessons Learned about Alleviating Rural Poverty.

The numbers of rural poor in developing countries steadily increase despite the interventions of programs designed to reduce rural poverty. The Grameen Bank of Bangladesh however has succeeded in alleviating poverty in Bangladesh. The bank was started as an action research project in 1976 and has since diffused to 50 of the countrys 64 districts. The bank currently boasts over 1 million members of which 92% are women. The bank is founded in the belief that rural poverty may be alleviated by providing the rural poor with greater capital resources incomes and savings. Accordingly Grameen Bank helps create and sustain individual and group businesses by providing collateral-free credit and social services to the poor the landless women and other vulnerable groups. Radical through this approach may be the bank enjoys a 98% loan recovery rate. After overviewing the social system of Bangladesh this paper considers how the institution and accompanying knowledge base were developed. The innovative characteristics of the bank and the mass media and interpersonal strategies used in communicating its programs are then discussed. Socioeconomic impacts of the project and lessons learned about alleviating rural poverty are finally presented.
Paleomagnetism of paleozoic asphaltic deposits in southern Oklahoma, USA

Paleomagnetic measurements on asphaltic samples from two formations in southern Oklahoma have been performed. A bioclastic unit from the Boggy Formation, known as the Buckhorn asphalt, exhibited a stable, characteristic remanent moment (RM) after A.F. demagnetization between 5–20 mT. We infer from our data that very fine, possibly authigenic magnetite, like that shown to have a genetic relationship with the migration through rocks of hydrocarbons [Elmore et al., 1987], is the primary RM carrier in these samples. The tilt corrected paleopole for the Buckhorn asphalt (121.9 E; 43.5N; δp=1.3; δm=2.3) falls on the Early Permian Apparent Polar Wander Path for North America of Irving and Irving [1982], using a 30 Ma window (270–280 Ma). Because the Boggy Form-ation, containing the Buckhorn asphalt, was depos-ited during the Late Pennsylvanian (Desmoinesian), we interpret the data to indicate magnetization during minor uplift in the Early Permian of the Arbuckle Mountain region. The RM appears to have been acquired at this time, probably as the result of magnetite production facilitated by the introduction time of sulfate reducing bacteria.
On insulin immunologic activity in livers and kidneys of mice injected with beef insulin.

SummaryMice were injected with a 19 to 1 mixture of unlabeled and I125 labeled beef insulins and sacrificed 2, 5, 10 or 25 minutes later. Insulin in especially prepared tissue extracts and fractions was estimated by: (a) immunoassay, and (b) I125 count. Using either assay procedure, insulin (1) reached its highest concentration in liver sooner than it did in kidney, (2) was far more highly concentrated by kidney than by liver, (3) showed decrease in tissue concentration in the order plasma>liver>kidney, and (4) was rapidly and highly concentrated in liver particles brought down between 700 g and 105,000 g. Insulin added to liver ho-mogenate was not concentrated by these particles. These findings are in accord with the hypotheses that radioiodinated and unlabeled forms of insulin are metabolized in similar manner, and that both forms of insulin are capable of penetrating into liver and kidney cells.We are indebted to Drs. James Ashmore and Peter Wright of our Department for guinea pig anti-insulin serum, t...
Development and regrowth of the rodent pyramidal tract

Why is the immature mammalian CNS sometimes able to repair itself after injury whereas the mature CNS rarely does so? The answer may lie in the observation that new axonal growth after neonatal injury can occur during stages of development when active growth is still taking place. Recent studies of the rodent pyramidal tract illustrate how these two aspects of neuronal growth may be related.
Quaternionic reduction and quaternionic orbifolds

On considere un processus de reduction pour des varietes de Kahler quaternioniques. On montre qu'il existe dans ce cas une certaine application impulsion qui se reduit a celle classique quand la courbure scalaire K de l'espace est zero (et les metriques deviennent hyperkahler). Quand K¬=0 cette application impulsion est definie de facon unique pour un groupe compact d'automorphismes H
Chasing brand value: Fully leveraging brand equity to maximise brand value

Both researchers and practitioners seek to understand how to leverage brand equity to create value. Adopting ‘the theoretical separation of brand equity and brand value’ framework originally proposed in the Journal of Brand Management by Raggio and Leone, this conceptual paper looks more closely at the brand value construct and the implications of the proposed theoretical separation. The authors argue that firms are continually attempting to ‘chase’ the appropriable value of their brands—defined as the theoretical maximum value that a brand could achieve if all brand equity were fully leveraged. Implications for developing measures of brand value are discussed.
11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases are regulated during the pulmonary granulomatous response to the mycobacterial glycolipid trehalose-6,6′- dimycolate

Objective: Tuberculosis has a staggering influence on world health, resulting in nearly 2 million deaths per year. The influence of glucocorticoids during Mycobacterium tub
The psychiatrist's role in occupational mental health

The psychiatrist can make an important and unique contribution to occupational mental health programs.
Calorimetric Studies on the Tight Binding Metal Interactions of Escherichia coli Manganese Superoxide Dismutase

Escherichia coli apomanganese superoxide dismutase, prepared by removing the native metal ion under denaturing conditions, exhibits thermally triggered metal uptake behavior previously observed for thermophilic and hyperthermophilic superoxide dismutases but over a lower temperature range. Differential scanning calorimetry of aposuperoxide dismutase and metalated superoxide dismutase unfolding transitions has provided quantitative estimates of the metal binding affinities for manganese superoxide dismutase. The binding constant for Mn(II) (K(Mn(II)) = 3.2 x 10(8) m(-1)) is surprisingly low in light of the essentially irreversible metal binding characteristic of this family of proteins and indicates that metal binding and release processes are dominated by kinetic, rather than thermodynamic, constraints. The kinetic stability of the metalloprotein complex can be traced to stabilization by elements of the protein that are independent of the presence or absence of the metal ion reflected in the thermally triggered metalation characteristic of these proteins. Binding constants for Mn(III), Fe(II), and Fe(III) complexes were estimated using quasireversible values for the unfolding enthalpy and DeltaC(p) for apo-Mn superoxide dismutase and the observed T(m) values for unfolding the metalated species in the absence of denaturants. For manganese and iron complexes, an oxidation state-dependent binding affinity reflects the protein perturbation of the metal redox potential.
A multicenter evaluation of endometrial ablation by Hydro ThermAblator and rollerball for treatment of menorrhagia.

Abstract Study Objective To compare results of endometrial ablation using the Hydro ThermAblator (HTA) and rollerball Design Prospective, randomized study (Canadian Task Force classification I). Setting Nine private practice and university centers in the United States Patients Two hundred seventy-six women with menorrhagia due to benign causes. Intervention Endometrial ablation with the HTA (187 women) or rollerball (89). Measurements and Main Results Menstrual diaries were kept for 2 weeks and 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment. Reduction in diary scores to 75 or lower at 12 months was considered a success. For patients treated and followed according to protocol, success rates were 77% for HTA and 82% for rollerball. Amenorrhea rates at 12 months were 40% and 51%, respectively. Conclusion Endometrial ablation with the HTA is safe and effective. It offers an advantage over rollerball ablation of being an office-based procedure, which reduces anesthesia requirements and obviates problems of fluid absorption.
Resilient Multi Sink Networks Using Simplistic Hop Based Routing

In this paper, we demonstrate the use of a simplistic time based routing protocol called Simple Resilient Multi-hop Routing (SRMR) for a multi sink wireless sensor network (WSN). SRMR will allow the network to maximize efficiency by using a combination of performance metrics. For this simulation we will use the approximate distance measure based upon travel time of messages between sensor nodes. With multi sink architecture, we show efficient routing of data from the network to the closest sink based upon the selected metric. In doing so, we will be able to allow the network to become more resilient to network isolation, excess energy usage, and suboptimal throughput.
Erratum to “Age-related change in neural processing of time-dependent stimulus features” [Cognit. Brain Res. 25 (2005) 913–925]

Aging is associated with changes in automatic processing of task-irrelevant stimuli, and this may lead to functional disturbances including repeated orienting to nonnovel events and distraction from task. The effect of age on automatic processing of time-dependent stimulus features was investigated by measurement of the auditory mismatch negativity (MMN) in younger (18–23) and older (55–85) adults. Amplitude of MMN recorded during a paradigm involving low-probability deviation in interstimulus interval (from 500 ms to 250 ms) was found to be reduced in the older group at fronto-central sites. This effect was paralleled by, and correlated to, decreased sensory gating efficiency for component N1 recorded during a separate paradigm involving alternate presentation of auditory stimuli at long (9 s) and short (0.5 s) interstimulus intervals. Further, MMN amplitude was correlated to behavioral performance on a small subset of neuropsychological tests, including the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, within a group of healthy older adults. The results support the hypothesis that aging is associated with declines in automatic processing of time-dependent stimulus features, and this is related to cognitive function. These conclusions are considered in the context of age-related declines in prefrontal cortex function and associated increases in susceptibility to task-irrelevant stimuli. D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Theme: Neural basis of behavior Topic: Aging
Boundary element method for stress analysis of multi‐layered elastic media

Abstract A new boundary element method is developed for the analysis of multi‐layered elastic media. This approach is based on the integral transform method, displacement potential theory and principle of superposition. The Kelvin's solution, the solution expressed by the displacement potentials due to the interface loadings, combined with the initial conditions are superposed to determine the solution within a layer. Combining this approach with the fictitious stress method in which the traction discontinuity is considered as the basic loading, a boundary element model for the analysis of layered systems can be set up. The advantages of this approach are: (1) boundary element at the interfaces are not necessary to be introduced, (2) this method can be extended to three dimensions more easily than the Airy's stress function approach. The accuracy of the model is illustrated by example problems showing positive results.
RESOLUTION ENHANCEMENT OF POSITIVE PHOTORESIST THROUGH OPTIMIZATION OF THERMAL PROCESSING

Various approaches to resist baking are examined with the objective of increasing the resolution capability of conventional positive resists using standard production exposure tools. Resist prebake, post exposure bake, and deferred bake (soft bake deferred until after exposure) are examined for Shipley Microposit 1400 series photo-resists developed with Microposit MF-312 and MF-314 developers. Temperatures in the range of 60 to 120°C with hot plate and forced air convection baking methods are examined for their effects on enhanced resolution. Conclusions are based on experimental data from studies of development rates, gamma contrast parameter values, exposure latitudes, and sizing control.
Neutral C19-steroids amd steroid sulfates im human pregnancy I. Identification op dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in fetal blood and quantification of this hormone in cord arterial, cord venous and maternal peripheral blood in normal pregnancies at term

Abstract Identification of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DS), in umbilical cord blood is presented. Utilizing a modification of the method of McKenna, DS was measured as the sulfate in maternal vein and umbilical artery and vein of 20 normal cases. Reliability criteria of the method are given. Mean concentration and standard deviation of plasma DS were found to be 100.00 ± 52.0 μg % for maternal peripheral vein, 162.0 ± 62.5 μg % for cord artery, and 130.5 ± 59.5 μg % for cord vein. The values were corrected for losses. An arteriovenous difference of 31.5 μg % in the cord plasma suggests an uptake of DS by the placenta and its probable production in the fetus. Calculating the values as μg DS % whole blood on the basis of the individual hematocrits, there was no significant difference between maternal venous blood and cord arterial or venous blood.
Multispectral and Phase-Contrast Diffuse Optical Tomography of Breast Cancer During Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy

Multispectral and phase-contrast DOT are used to track treatment progress in a cancer patient. Tumor shrinkage as well as significant changes of optical parameters was observed during the course of neoadjuvant chemotherapy from optical images.
A two-step synthesis of pyridoxatin analogues

Abstract Condensation of 4-hydroxy-2-pyridone (4) with citronellal (10) affords o-quinone methide intermediate 11, which reacts further to give inverse electron Diels-Alder adducts 12 (46%) and 16 (25%) and ene adduct 14 (28%). Oxidation of 12 and 14 by Sammes' procedure affords pyridoxatin analogues 13 (54%) and 15 (48%).
A novel root-specific gene, MIC-3, with increased expression in nematode-resistant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) after root-knot nematode infection ☆

A full-length cDNA, MIC-3, has been identified from a lambda ZAPII cDNA library constructed from the mRNA of nematode-resistant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) roots after infection with root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita). The putative open reading frame of MIC-3 encoded a protein of 141 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 15.3 kDa. Seven alternative polyadenylation sites have been identified for the MIC-3 transcripts, and the major transcripts are the longest ones. The MIC-3 gene contains a single intron within its coding region and belongs to a novel, multi-gene family containing up to six members. Expression of MIC-3 is root localized and specifically enhanced in the nematode induced, immature galls of resistant cotton line M-249, suggesting that MIC-3 may play a critical role in the resistance response to root-knot nematode.
New Prospects in Isotope Separation

THE identification of the heavy hydrogen isotope and its separation gave considerable impetus to the search for methods of bulk separation of the isotopes of other elements. Previous to this time, the experimental man of science had been content to demonstrate that displacements of normal isotope ratios could be secured by one or other method. Aston and Harkins had shown that these ratios could be changed by diffusion processes in the cases of neon and chlorine. Bron-sted and Hevesy changed slightly the atomic weight of mercury by distillation methods. It was the separation of the hydrogen isotopes and the demonstration of their extraordinary utility in many problems of chemical, physical and biological interest that re-awakened the interest in more complete separations of other isotopic elements. The simultaneous advances in the study of the nucleus, by bombardment with swift-moving primary particles, enhanced the desire for individual isotopic species of the elements, at the same time that it provided an alternative tool for research in the form of artificially produced radioactive elements.
Eucalanoid copepod metabolic rates in the oxygen minimum zone of the eastern tropical north Pacific: Effects of oxygen and temperature

Abstract The eastern tropical north Pacific Ocean (ETNP) contains one of the world’s most severe oxygen minimum zones (OMZs), where oxygen concentrations are less than 2 µmol kg −1 . OMZs cause habitat compression, whereby species intolerant of low oxygen are restricted to near-surface oxygenated waters. Copepods belonging to the family Eucalanidae are dominant zooplankters in this region and inhabit a variety of vertical habitats within the OMZ. The purpose of this study was to compare the metabolic responses of three species of eucalanoid copepods, Eucalanus inermis, Rhincalanus rostrifrons , and Subeucalanus subtenuis , to changes in temperature and environmental oxygen concentrations. Oxygen consumption and urea, ammonium, and phosphate excretion rates were measured via end-point experiments at three temperatures (10, 17, and 23 °C) and two oxygen concentrations (100% and 15% air saturation). S. subtenuis , which occurred primarily in the upper 50 m of the water column at our study site, inhabiting well-oxygenated to upper oxycline conditions, had the highest metabolic rates per unit weight, while E. inermis , which was found throughout the water column to about 600 m depth in low oxygen waters, typically had the lowest metabolic rates. Rates for R. rostrifrons (found primarily between 200 and 300 m depth) were intermediate between the other two species and more variable. Metabolic ratios suggested that R. rostrifrons relied more heavily on lipids to fuel metabolism than the other two species. S. subtenuis was the only species that demonstrated a decrease in oxygen consumption rates (at intermediate 17 °C temperature treatment) when environmental oxygen concentrations were lowered. The percentage of total measured nitrogen excreted as urea (% urea-N), as well as overall urea excretion rates, responded in a complex manner to changes in temperature and oxygen concentration. R. rostrifrons and E. inermis excreted a significantly higher % of urea-N in low oxygen treatments at 10 °C. At 17 °C, the opposite trend was observed as E. inermis and S. subtenuis excreted a higher % of urea-N in the high oxygen treatment. This unique relationship has not been documented previously for crustacean zooplankton, and warrants additional research into regulation of metabolic pathways to better understand nitrogen cycling in marine systems. This study also compared metabolic data for E. inermis individuals captured near the surface versus those that were resident in the deeper OMZ. Deeper-dwelling individuals had significantly higher nitrogen excretion rates and O:N ratios, suggesting an increased reliance on lipids for energy while residing in the food-poor waters of the OMZ.
Modeling the Role of Child Ethnicity and Gender in Children's Differential Response to Teacher Expectations1

This study examined the relationship between fall teacher expectations and year-end achievement among 561 children in 1st, 3rd, and 5th grades. Specifically, we hypothesized that children from academically stigmatized groups (African Americans generally and girls in mathematics) are more likely to be responsive to negative teacher expectancies than are children from nonstigmatized groups. Controlling for prior achievement and class membership, moderator effects were tested with hierarchical linear models in the whole sample and with loglinear models in a subsample of children who were targets of extreme teacher over- and underestimates of ability. Among targets of extreme teacher over- and underestimates, in 3rd and 5th grade, ethnicity moderated expectancy effects in reading; and in 5th grade, gender moderated expectancy effects in math but not reading. Members of stigmatized groups were more susceptible to teacher underestimates of ability. Implications are discussed in terms of differential response to teacher expectations and in terms of how susceptibility to teacher expectations is conceptualized and inferred.
Taming the wild data harvest

Each and every day, vast amounts of data are being created and collected by companies around the globe. In many cases, users are being asked to sign up for ever more invasive user agreements allowing companies to gather more and more private data – and they often don't know how their data will be shared. So what are the consequences for marketers, users and policy makers? And what are we likely to see in terms of regulation in the future? Every day, vast amounts of data are being created and collected by companies around the globe. Users are being asked to provide ever more private data – and they often don't know how their data will be shared. Hariprasad Pichai, Dr Sai Prakash Iyer, Thomas Kuruvilla of management consultancy Arthur D Little take a closer look at the consequences this has for marketers, users and policy makers. They also examine how users could make more informed choices about the information they share, and future directions for regulation.
Alignment error envelopes for single particle analysis.

To determine the structure of a biological particle to high resolution by electron microscopy, image averaging is required to combine information from different views and to increase the signal-to-noise ratio. Starting from the number of noiseless views necessary to resolve features of a given size, four general factors are considered that increase the number of images actually needed: (1) the physics of electron scattering introduces shot noise, (2) thermal motion and particle inhomogeneity cause the scattered electrons to describe a mixture of structures, (3) the microscope system fails to usefully record all the information carried by the scattered electrons, and (4) image misalignment leads to information loss through incoherent averaging. The compound effect of factors 2-4 is approximated by the product of envelope functions. The problem of incoherent image averaging is developed in detail through derivation of five envelope functions that account for small errors in 11 "alignment" parameters describing particle location, orientation, defocus, magnification, and beam tilt. The analysis provides target error tolerances for single particle analysis to near-atomic (3.5 A) resolution, and this prospect is shown to depend critically on image quality, defocus determination, and microscope alignment.
Effects of net charge on the hydrogen-deuterium exchange parameters of lysozyme☆☆☆

Abstract Possible effects of changes in net charge on protein hydrogen exchange rates were investigated by desalting hen egg-white lysozyme, which allowed its net charge to increase with decreasing pH in the acid region. Chloride ion-binding ratios, expressed as ratios of free to total Cl−, were measured with a chloride-specific electrode at pH 5 on a 2.4% solution of a five-time-desalted product. This ratio was used to show a 97% reduction of the 11% Cl− present in a commercial lysozyme preparation upon three passes of the enzyme through a column of ion-retardation resin. Net charges on the purified product were assigned from a combination of electrophoretic mobility and proton titration data gathered under minimal ionic strength conditions. The net charge on the desalted product increased by 1.64 units between pH 5.0 and 3.0. Hydrogendeuterium exchange studies on the purified lysozyme in D2O were obtained using the near-infrared region of a Cary 14R spectrophotometer. The rate-pD profile for k2, the rate constant for the intermediate class of exchanging hydrogens, showed a decrease in the apparent pD of minimum exchange rate of 0.3 units, when compared to that obtained earlier in 0.2 m added NaCl. However, the rate of exchange at pD minimum and the number of hydrogens in the class remained largely unaffected. A similar shift was observed for the rate-pD profile of the class 1 hydrogens. Thus, the effect of an increase in net positive charge is to shift the rate-pD profile to a lower pD. Moreover, the effect extended to the interior peptide hydrogens of this globular protein. Consequently, the exchange rates of all the observable hydrogens are altered by the net charge changes, and the effect appeared uniform. The shift can be accounted for quantitatively by applying electrostatic interaction terms to the acid and base catalytic constants characterizing the exchange process. The calculated electrostatic interaction factors in minimal salt and 0.2 m added NaCl were found to be 29 and 18% lower, respectively, than those obtained theoretically. Therefore, under conditions where changes in net charge may occur for a globular protein, the effect on hydrogen exchange rates can be estimated fairly well theoretically, especially at moderate ionic strengths.
Temporal and spatial expression of major myelin proteins in the human fetal spinal cord during the second trimester.

Immunohistochemical identification of myelin basic protein (MBP) is a sensitive method for assessing myelination in the human fetal central nervous system (CNS). However, the temporospatial relationship of expression of two other major myelin proteins, proteolipid protein (PLP) and myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) to that of MBP during fetal development has not been assessed in human tissues. Vibratome sections of cervical, thoracic and lumbosacral levels from 37 normal spinal cords of ≤10 to 24 gestational week (GW) fetuses were analyzed using immunohistochemical methods. Using light microscopy, MBP was the first oligodendrocyte marker detected, present by 10 GW at more rostral levels. PLP and MAG were detected rostrally between 12 to 14 GW. All myelin proteins were expressed in anterior to posterior and rostral to caudal gradients. By the late second trimester, expression of MBP, PLP and MAG was noted in all locations in the spinal white matter except for the corticospinal tract. Expression of MAG was particularly marked in the posterior root entry zone and propriospinal tracts. The results suggest that PLP and MAG are expressed later than MBP but follow similar spatial gradients.
Delay of Adaptation to Captive Breeding by Equalizing Family Size

Captive breeding programs have been initiated with many species that are threatened in the wild. One objective of these programs is to maintain the genetic characteristics of the population in order to maximize the probability of success when the population is introduced back into the wild (Frankham et al. 1986). Two major types of harmful genetic change can occur during captivity. One is changes in allele frequencies and the loss of genetic variation through genetic drift. The second is adaptation to captivity through natural selection; that is, those genotypes best suited for survival and reproduction in captivity will tend to increase in frequency. Darwin (1868) pointed out that natural selection for tameness and other adaptations to the captive environment is inevitable. Characteristics selected for under captivity generally are disadvantageous in the natural environment (Spurway 1952; Kohane & Parsons 1988). Most recommendations on the genetic management of captive populations have been concerned with the effects of genetic drift. Genetic drift can be minimized by increasing effective population size. This is the size of an ideal population that has the same rate of increase in homozygosity or gene-frequency drift as the actual population under investigation (Crow & Denniston 1988). Estimates of effective population size assume that the genetic variation under consideration is selectively neutral-does not affect survival or reproductive success. Differences in reproductive success among individu-
Automated arrival management: Effects of descent trajectory prediction errors on metering conformance

The effects of descent trajectory prediction errors on the performance of an “Arrival Manager” algorithm are explored. Errors in descent calibrated airspeed and wind speed are modeled in order to assess their impact on the baseline performance of the Arrival Manager algorithm in terms of arrival time performance, airborne delay and the number of losses of separation. These data were obtained by simulating in fast-time two streams of arrival traffic merging at the northeast metering fix at Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport. A simple arrival schedule is imposed with uniform spacing between aircraft. Given the modeled error in descent speed or wind, the Arrival Manager's ability to deliver each aircraft to meet its crossing-time constraint with no loss of separation from other aircraft is assessed. Results indicate that both metrics — airborne scheduled delay and the number of separation losses — are more sensitive to the modeled descent speed errors than the modeled wind speed error. Wind speed error resulted in no losses of separation.
Black Jewish Identity Conflict: A Divided Universal Audience and the Impact of Dissociative Disruption

This article makes a two-part argument. First, I show how a dispute over authentic Jewish identity demonstrates the limits of The New Rhetoric's “dissociation” and “universal audience” as tools for the expansion of existing identities, communicating across particular audiences, or resolving conflict when identity is the issue at stake. Through careful analysis of the 1971 Black Jewish identity conflict, I then develop a new theoretical concept, “dissociative disruption,” which names and theorizes an interim step between “breaking the links” and full “dissociative restructuring” to better account for the ways power and authority affect the relative rhetorical possibilities for particular rhetors and audiences.
The Impact of Rating Agency Reputation on Local Government Bond Yields

This study examines a sample of 12,562 dual-rated local government bond issues including 6,104 split-rated issues to determine which rating agency has the greatest impact on yields. Using a database of municipal bond issues from 1986 to 2002, we show that Moody’s rated significantly more issues than S&P, and that Moody’s ratings were more conservative. However, from 1993 to 1997, there was a reduction in ratings disagreements and in Moody’s market share. Beginning in 1995, Moody’s received negative publicity related to a Department of Justice anti-trust investigation. Moody’s appears to have responded by sharply increasing their relative conservatism in 1997. From 1986 to 1994, Moody’s ratings had a greater impact on bond yields than S&P ratings, but their dominant influence on yields disappears in the recent sample period from 1995 to 2002.
Ultraviolet mapping of RNA transcripts encoded by the cauliflower mosaic virus genome.

Abstract The transcription of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) genome was analyzed by ultraviolet (uv) mapping procedures to determine promoter sites and polarity of synthesis of “late” viral RNA transcripts. The late transcripts include two major, discrete polyadenylated RNAs, a large full-genome-length transcript and a 19 S RNA, and nonpolyadenylated RNA fragments smaller than the full-genome-length transcript. All late transcripts are derived from one strand of the CaMV genome, the α strand. When protoplasts were irradiated with increasing uv doses, the ability of the CaMV genome to support the synthesis of viral RNA was lost in a polar fashion. The Eco R1 fragments of the CaMV genome in order of decreasing uv sensitivity were a 1 , a 2 , c, then b. The uv sensitivity data coupled with other observations are most consistent with a model in which CaMV transcription is promoted from two sites-one near Eco R1-d and the other counterclockwise to the single-strand interruption in the α strand in the Bgl II subfragment c of Eco R1-b. The data do not fit a model in which transcription is promoted from one site, just clockwise from the α strand interruption site.
Raman spectrum of n-C23H48 and n-C44H90 at high pressures: Fermi resonance between the CH2 deformation and bending modes

Resonance interaction in the deformation (1400 to 1500 cm−1) region of the Raman spectrum of n-C23 H48 and n-C44H90 at high pressures are reported. Implications of these results concerning the interpretation of the corresponding bands of the Raman spectrum of crystalline polyethylene are discussed.
Provenance interpretation of Tertiary sandstones from the Cheju Basin (NE East China Sea): a comparison of conventional petrographic and scanning cathodoluminescence techniques

Abstract Cheju Basin is a Tertiary intracratonic basin filled with largely nonmarine sediments and is located SW of the Korean Peninsula beneath the NE East China Sea. Commercial petroleum companies drilled 10 deep wells in this basin between the late 1970s and the 1990s. We obtained samples from four representative wells for provenance analysis, using both conventional petrographic techniques and scanning cathodoluminescence (SEM-CL) imaging of quartz. This paper examines differences in provenance interpretation arising from the use of two different analytical techniques. On the basis of framework mineralogy, quartz undulosity and polycrystallinity, and feldspar compositions, we interpret that Cheju Basin sediments were derived from a mixed source rock terrane. Petrographic data suggest that plutonic source rocks were predominant, metamorphic rocks less abundant, and volcanic and sedimentary least important. SEM-CL imaging of quartz from nine of the same samples examined petrographically yielded a different provenance interpretation. SEM-CL results indicate that metamorphic quartz greatly predominates over plutonic quartz in all samples. This discrepancy in interpretation probably stems from the difficulty in distinguishing between plutonic and metamorphic quartz by petrographic methods. SEM-CL analysis shows that volcanic quartz is absent in many samples, even in samples that contain modest amounts of volcanic rock fragments, probably reflecting the generally low content of quartz in many volcanic source rocks. The SEM-CL method cannot directly detect sedimentary (recycled) quartz. Thus, neither petrographic analysis of sandstones nor SEM-CL analysis of quartz may provide completely accurate interpretation of provenance, implying that an integrated approach to provenance analysis is most reliable. Our data suggest that the Cheju Basin areas may have been connected by land to a sediment source on the Korean Peninsula during Oligocene to Miocene time. Alternatively, or additionally, a land source may have existed to the northwest along a narrow massif or suture belt now inundated by the East China Sea. Regional subsidence in Pliocene time initiated the onset of marine conditions in the Cheju Basin; however, one or more of the same land sources continued to furnish sediments to the basin.
Heat transfer augmentation using a magnetic fluid under the influence of a line dipole

Ferrofluids have promising potential for heat transfer applications, since advective transport in a ferrofluid can be readily controlled by using an external magnetic field. However, unlike conventional free or forced convection, ferrohydrodynamic convection is not yet well characterized. A full understanding of the relationship between an imposed magnetic field, the resulting ferrofluid flow, and the temperature distribution is a prerequisite for the proper design and implementation of applications involving thermomagnetic convection. The literature variously assumes constant magnetic fields, does not completely represent the variation in the imposed field, or its descriptions are inaccurate, since the fields do not comply with the Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism. We address this by simulating two-dimensional forced convection heat transfer in a channel with a ferrofluid that is under the influence of a two-dimensional magnetic field created by a line-source dipole. Our objective is to characterize the heat transfer augmentation due to the thermomagnetic convection and correlate it with the properties of the imposed magnetic field. We determine that magnetic effects on the corresponding flow are localized. The local asymmetry in the thermal boundary layer about the line dipole and the resulting spatial nonuniformity of the fluid susceptibility causes colder fluid to move closer to the line dipole. Thus, the magnetic field induces the production of a local vortex near the cold wall. This alters the advection energy transport, changes the temperature distribution in the flow and enhances the heat transfer. The addition of dipoles is beneficial for heat transfer, since they create additional recirculation zones. Heat transfer is also affected while the spacing between the two dipoles is varied. Thus, an enhancement in the overall heat transfer depends on the net magnetizing current as well as the relative placement of the dipoles. For hydrodynamically similar cases, the heat transfer enhancement produced by a magnetic field can be predicted if information regarding the magnetic moment of the field-inducing magnet and the distribution of the representative line dipoles are known.
Metabolic targets of cardiac hormones' therapeutic anti-cancer effects

The heart is a sophisticated endocrine gland synthesizing a family of peptide hormones by three different genes. These cardiac hormones are stored as 3 prohormones, i.e. atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) prohormones. Within the ANP prohormones are 4 peptide hormones, i.e. atrial natriuretic peptide, vessel dilator, kaliuretic peptide and long-acting natriuretic peptide (LANP) which decrease up to 97% of human pancreatic, breast, colon, prostate, kidney and ovarian carcinomas as well as small-cell and squamous cell lung cancer cells within 24 hours in cell culture. In vivo these 4 cardiac hormones eliminate up to 80% of human pancreatic adenocarcinomas, 2/3rds of human breast cancers, and up to 86% of human small-cell lung cancers in athymic mice. Their anticancer mechanism(s) target the Ras-MEK 1/2-ERK 1/2 kinase cascade in cancer cells. These 4 cardiac hormones inhibit up to 95% of the basal activity of Ras, 98% of the phosphorylation of MEK 1/2 and 97% of the activation of basal activity of ERK 1/2. They also completely block the activity of mitogens such as epidermal growth factor's ability to stimulate ERK. They do not inhibit the activity of ERK in healthy cells such as human fibroblasts. The final step in their anticancer mechanism of action is that they enter the nucleus as demonstrated by immunfluorescence to inhibit DNA synthesis within cancer cells.
Comparing Hydrogeomorphic Approaches to Lake Classification

A classification system is often used to reduce the number of different ecosystem types that governmental agencies are charged with monitoring and managing. We compare the ability of several different hydrogeomorphic (HGM)—based classifications to group lakes for water chemistry/clarity. We ask: (1) Which approach to lake classification is most successful at classifying lakes for similar water chemistry/clarity? (2) Which HGM features are most strongly related to the lake classes? and, (3) Can a single classification successfully classify lakes for all of the water chemistry/clarity variables examined? We use univariate and multivariate classification and regression tree (CART and MvCART) analysis of HGM features to classify alkalinity, water color, Secchi, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and chlorophyll a from 151 minimally disturbed lakes in Michigan USA. We developed two MvCART models overall and two CART models for each water chemistry/clarity variable, in each case comparing: local HGM characteristics alone and local HGM characteristics combined with regionalizations and landscape position. The combined CART models had the highest strength of evidence (ωi range 0.92–1.00) and maximized within class homogeneity (ICC range 36–66%) for all water chemistry/clarity variables except water color and chlorophyll a. Because the most successful single classification was on average 20% less successful in classifying other water chemistry/clarity variables, we found that no single classification captures variability for all lake responses tested. Therefore, we suggest that the most successful classification (1) is specific to individual response variables, and (2) incorporates information from multiple spatial scales (regionalization and local HGM variables).
Issues in energy calibration, nonlinearity, and signal processing for gamma-ray microcalorimeter detectors

Issues regarding the energy calibration of high dynamic range microcalorimeter detector arrays are presented with respect to new results from a minor actinide‐mixed oxide radioactive source. The need to move to larger arrays of such detectors necessitates the implementation of automated analysis procedures, which turn out to be nontrivial due to complex calibration shapes and pixel‐to‐pixel variability. Some possible avenues for improvement, including a more physics‐based calibration procedure, are suggested.