cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A novel approach to identifying PST tolerant copepods: An individual ingestion assay

Abstract Phenotypic tolerance of individual copepods to paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), as determined by fecundity, has recently been reported. In the present study, we tested whether similar phenotypic tolerance related to ingestion also exists. In short-term feeding assays, ingestion rates of individual females of the copepod Acartia hudsonica were measured on a sole diet of toxic Alexandrium fundyense as well as on a sole diet of nontoxic Alexandrium tamarense . When copepods fed on A. fundyense , the frequency distribution of ingestion rates was polymodal, consistent with the hypothesis of levels of phenotypic tolerance associated with toxin ingestion. Four distinct groups of ingestion rates on toxic algae were observed. Mean rates ranged from near zero to more than 100 cells copepod −1 h −1 . In contrast, when the same individuals fed on the nontoxic A. tamarense diet, the polymodal distribution of ingestion rates was not apparent. Furthermore, group-specific mean ingestion rates, for two ingestion-defined groups, were always significantly greater on the toxic diet than they were on the nontoxic diet. These results support the hypothesis that discrete groups of grazer ingestion of toxic A. fundyense are related to PST tolerance.
Cellular-to-dendritic transition during the directional solidification of binary alloys

The transition from a cellular to dendritic microstructure during the directional solidification of alloys is examined through experiments in a transparent system of succinonitrile (SCN)-salol. In a cellular array, a strong coupling of solute fields exists between the neighboring cells, which leads not only to multiple solutions of primary spacing, but also includes multiple solutions of amplitude, tip radius, and shape of the cell. It is found that these multiple solutions of different microstructural features in a cellular array, obtained under fixed growth conditions and compositions, play a key role in the cell-dendrite transition (CDT). The CDT is controlled not only by the input parameters of alloy composition (C 0), growth rate (V), and thermal gradient (G), but also by microstructure parameters such as the local primary spacing. It is shown that the CDT is not sharp, but occurs over a range of growth conditions characterized by the minimum and maximum values of V/G. Within this transition range, a critical spacing is observed above which a cell transforms to a dendrite. This critical spacing is given by the geometric mean of the thermal, diffusion, and capillary lengths and is inversely proportional to composition in weight percent.
A Further Examination of Income Shifting Through Transfer Pricing Considering Firm Size and/or Distress

Abstract This study evaluates the effect of firm size on income shifting between tax jurisdictions through the use of transfer prices both before and after the passage of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (TRA86). Prior research addressing income shifting through transfer pricing analyzes larger, financially sound firms. This empirical study extends the transfer pricing literature by including smaller and in some cases financially distressed firms in the sample and testing the effect by firm size on income shifting. Our findings suggest that smaller and/or distressed firms are less likely to shift income through transfer pricing than larger firms.
The Family 1 β-Glucosidases from Pyrococcus furiosus and Agrobacterium faecalis Share a Common Catalytic Mechanism†

Comparisons of catalytic mechanisms have not previously been performed for homologous enzymes from hyperthermophilic and mesophilic sources. Here, the β-glucosidase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus was recombinantly produced in Escherichia coli and shown to have biophyscial and biochemical properties identical to those of the wild-type enzyme. Moreover, the recombinant enzyme was subjected to a detailed kinetic investigation at 95 °C to compare its catalytic mechanism to that determined at 37 °C for the β-glucosidase (abg) from the mesophilic bacterium, Agrobacterium faecalis [Kempton, J., and Withers, S. G. (1992) Biochemistry 31, 9961]. These enzymes have amino acid sequences that are 33% identical and have been classified as family 1 glycosyl hydrolases on the basis of amino acid sequence similarities. Both enzymes have similar broad specificities for both sugar and aglycone moieties and exhibit nearly identical pH dependences for their kinetic parameters with several different s...
Hydrogen peroxide regulation of endothelial function: origins, mechanisms, and consequences.

Increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Enzymatic systems such as the mitochondrial respiratory chain, vascular NAD(P)H oxidases, xanthine oxidase, and uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) produce superoxide anion (O2.−) in vascular cells. While some O2.− rapidly degrades by reacting with nitric oxide (NO.), the O2.− signal preserved by dismutation into hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) exerts prolonged signaling effects. This review focuses on patterns and mechanisms whereby H2O2 modulates different aspects of endothelial cell function including endothelial cell growth and proliferation, endothelial apoptosis, endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation, endothelial cytoskeletal reorganization and barrier dysfunction, endothelial inflammatory responses, and endothelium-regulated vascular remodeling. These modulations of endothelial cell function may at least partially underlie H2O2 contribution to the development of vascular disease.
Endorectal pull-through procedure in the surgical treatment of familial polyposis coli

Abstract Four patients with familial polyposis coli were treated by the Soave technique of endorectal mucosal stripping after total abdominal colectomy, with the bowel reconstituted by ileoanal anastomosis. After histologic confirmation of diagnosis, the patients were prepared for tis operation by 3 days of total parenteral nutrition while the bowel was completely emptied mechanically. Total parenteral nutrition was used for ten days postoperatively to assure healing of the suture lines, after which an elemental no-residue diet was begun which gradually progressed to an ordinary low-residue diet. Our patients were continent for gas and stool within a few days of operation and had no problems with bladder emptying. The patients now range from 9 to 18 mo since operation and have three to four soft-formed stools daily with good anal sphincter control. We feel that this operation is superior to either total proctocolectomy and permanent abdominal wall ileostomy or abdominal colectomy and ileoproctostomy with its continued threat of malignant degeneration of retained rectal polyps.
Non-lysosomal cycling pathway for atrial natriuretic peptide activated by protein kinase C in human NPE cells

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) stimulates aqueous humor formation in primates, but the membrane-bound receptors which mediate this effect have not been well studied in the eye. Endocytosis of [125I]ANP bound to natriuretic peptide C receptors was characterized in fetal human nonpigmented ciliary epithelial (NPE) cells. [125I]ANP which bound to cells at 4 degreesC was detected in the cell interior after a temperature shift to 37 degreesC. Appearance of ligand within the cell peaked at 5 min, and then declined towards zero over 20 min. The endocytosis inhibitor phenylarsine oxide blocked the appearance of internalized ligand, whereas the lysosomotropic drug chloroquine had no effect on internalization but blocked subsequent loss of internalized ligand. Chloroquine also blocked the accumulation of degraded ligand in the extracellular medium. Treatment with phorbol 12-myristate, 13-acetate accelerated the loss of internalized ligand from cells and increased the accumulation of ligand in the extracellular medium. Ligand in the medium was also increased by dioctanoylglycerol but not by 4alpha phorbol didecanoate, an isomer which does not activate protein kinase C. The protein kinase inhibitors staurosporine and bisindolylymaleimide blocked the increase in ligand. Phorbol ester-stimulated loss of internalized ligand occurred in the presence of chloroquine. TCA precipitation of ligand in the extracellular medium showed that both degraded and undegraded [125I]ANP were present. However, in the presence of chloroquine only, undegraded ANP was detected in the medium, and phorbol esters stimulated its rate of appearance by approximately 2 fold. A similar stimulation occurred when cells containing internalized ligand, but stripped of membrane-bound ligand, were exposed to phorbol esters. The data suggest that ANP bound to natriuretic peptide C receptors on NPE cells is endocytosed, and that protein kinase C activates a non-lysosomal pathway for ANP retroendocytosis in these cells.
3-D pore-scale resolved model for coupled species/charge/fluid transport in a vanadium redox flow battery

Abstract The vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) has emerged as a viable grid-scale energy storage technology that offers cost-effective energy storage solutions for renewable energy applications. In this paper, a novel methodology is introduced for modeling of the transport mechanisms of electrolyte flow, species and charge in the VRFB at the pore scale of the electrodes; that is, at the level where individual carbon fiber geometry and electrolyte flow are directly resolved. The detailed geometry of the electrode is obtained using X-ray computed tomography (XCT) and calibrated against experimentally determined pore-scale characteristics (e.g., pore and fiber diameter, porosity, and surface area). The processed XCT data is then used as geometry input for modeling of the electrochemical processes in the VRFB. The flow of electrolyte through the pore space is modeled using the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) while the finite volume method (FVM) is used to solve the coupled species and charge transport and predict the performance of the VRFB under various conditions. An electrochemical model using the Butler–Volmer equations is used to provide species and charge coupling at the surfaces of the carbon fibers. Results are obtained for the cell potential distribution, as well as local concentration, overpotential and current density profiles under galvanostatic discharge conditions. The cell performance is investigated as a function of the electrolyte flow rate and external drawing current. The model developed here provides a useful tool for building the structure–property–performance relationship of VRFB electrodes.
Neural networks for eddy detection in satellite imagery

For several years the Naval Research Laboratory has worked toward the development of automated techniques for the analysis and interpretation of satellite oceanographic imagery. These techniques are combined to form the Semi-Automated Mesoscale Analysis System (SAMAS), which produces mesoscale charts of the Gulf Stream region. A key requirement of SAMAS is the ability to define location and size of mesoscale features known as eddies. A new method consists of a data reduction step using the Fourier power spectrum and a classification step using a neural network to define the presence or absence of eddies in satellite imagery. The original imagery is divided into chips, each of which overlaps the next by half the chip size. For each chip, a magnitude and direction of the maximum image 'energy' are computed from the local power spectrum. These magnitudes and directions are then used as the inputs into the neural network. The neural network has been successfully trained to distinguish 'warm eddy' and 'no-warm eddy' areas in the imagery. Accuracy of the method is shown to be high enough to produce useful results.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Cloning, sequencing, and expression of the gene coding for the human platelet alpha 2-adrenergic receptor

The gene for the human platelet alpha 2-adrenergic receptor has been cloned with oligonucleotides corresponding to the partial amino acid sequence of the purified receptor. The identity of this gene has been confirmed by the binding of alpha 2-adrenergic ligands to the cloned receptor expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. The deduced amino acid sequence is most similar to the recently cloned human beta 2- and beta 1-adrenergic receptors; however, similarities to the muscarinic cholinergic receptors are also evident. Two related genes have been identified by low stringency Southern blot analysis. These genes may represent additional alpha 2-adrenergic receptor subtypes.
Elliptic optimal control problems with L1-control cost and applications for the placement of control devices

Elliptic optimal control problems with L 1-control cost are analyzed. Due to the nonsmooth objective functional the optimal controls are identically zero on large parts of the control domain. For applications, in which one cannot put control devices (or actuators) all over the control domain, this provides information about where it is most efficient to put them. We analyze structural properties of L 1-control cost solutions. For solving the non-differentiable optimal control problem we propose a semismooth Newton method that can be stated and analyzed in function space and converges locally with a superlinear rate. Numerical tests on model problems show the usefulness of the approach for the location of control devices and the efficiency of our algorithm.
A Study of Piperidinium Structure-Directing Agents in the Synthesis of Silica Molecular Sieves under Fluoride-Based Conditions

This study is a continuation of our efforts to understand the interplay in the self-assembly chemistry for formation of molecular sieves from guest organocations and inorganic silicon oxide. In this particular study we focus on the competitive interplay of the organocations and the synthesis cofactor fluoride anion. The anions play a key role in structure determination, as a function of net solution concentration. They compete with the role for the space-filling organocation in determining which molecular sieve host structure will be specified. In this study we look at this competition in the synthesis for a series of 33 different organocations derived from the piperidine ring system. Derivatives were prepared which both fixed substituents on the carbon and nitrogen centers on the ring. Results were discussed in terms of product selectivity from synthesis as a function of solution concentration for the reactants. A total of 17 different host topologies were found in this series, and a correlation was seen for (a) open-framework lattices (low framework densities) under the most concentrated reaction conditions and then (b) high framework density products once the conditions were more dilute. Some surprising synthesis differences are seen in comparing the performance of these structure directing agents (SDAs) in fluoride media vs hydroxide media (the more conventional environment for zeolite/molecular sieve syntheses involving silicate chemistry). Finally molecular modeling was used to understand some of the trends in product selectivity for closely related guest (SDA) candidates.
Fumigation with Phosphine Against Stored-Product Insects in Bagged Flour in Plywood Overpacks

Phosphine gas, derived from aluminum phosphide pellets, was used to fumigate bagged flour in plywood containers covered with 4-m polyethylene film. Caged insects, representing eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults of Plodia interpunctella (Hubner), Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), Tribolium confusum Jacquelin duVal, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), and Attagenus megatoma (F.), were used for biossay. When 160 pellets/28 m3 (1000 ft3) were placed inside the containers or under the containers, all life stage of the insects were dead within 48 and 72 h, respectively. When 14 and 28 pellets/28 m3 were placed under the container, the insect larvae, pupae, and adults were killed by 48-, and 24-h exposures, respectively. Chemical analysis of the flour samples showed that flour fumigated 7 times contained no more residue of phosphine than flour fumigated 1 time. The greatest amount of residue found in the flour was 0.003 ppm.
Beta-blocker treatment of idiopathic and ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy in patients with ejection fractions ≤20%

Abstract It has been 17 years since Waagstein et al 1 first reported that contrary to prevailing opinion, β-adrenergic blockers actually improve left ventricular function in dilated cardiomyopathy. Many subsequent studies also challenge the presumed necessity for adrenergic support by showing that β blockers improve left ventricular function. 2–4 Other studies have even suggested that rather than being helpful to the failing heart, chronic adrenergic stimulation produces cardiac toxicity. 5,6 Perhaps because few studies have been randomized and blinded, 7,10 and none have been large, the use of β blockers as therapy for impaired left ventricular function has been slow to win adherents. This article reports our observations in 53 consecutive patients with ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy whose left ventricular ejection fractions were ≤ 20%.
Systematic design study of an all-optical delay line based on Brillouin scattering enhanced cascade coupled ring resonators

We present a technique to improve the slow-light performance of a side-coupled integrated spaced sequence of resonators?(SCISSOR) combined with a stimulated Brillouin scattering?(SBS) gain medium in optical fibers. We evaluate device performance of SCISSOR-only and SCISSOR + SBS systems for different numbers of cascaded resonators from 1 to 70 using two different data fidelity metrics including eye-opening and mutual information. A practical system design is demonstrated by analyzing its performance in terms of fractional delay, power transmission, and data fidelity. We observe that the results from the two metrics are in good agreement. Based on system optimization under practical resource and fidelity constraints, the SCISSOR consisting of 70 cascaded resonators provides a fractional delay of ~ 8 with 22?dB attenuation at a signal bit rate of 10?Gbps. The combined optimal SCISSOR (with?70?resonators) + SBS system provides a improved fractional delay up to ~ 17 with unit power transmission under the same constraints.
Eicosanoid regulation of hematopoiesis and hematopoietic stem and progenitor trafficking

Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation is a potentially curative treatment for numerous hematological malignancies. The transplant procedure as performed today takes advantage of HSC trafficking; either egress of HSC from the bone marrow to the peripheral blood, that is, mobilization, for acquisition of the hematopoietic graft, and/or trafficking of HSC from the peripheral blood to bone marrow niches in the recipient patient, that is HSC homing. Numerous studies, many of which are reviewed herein, have defined hematopoietic regulatory mechanisms mediated by the 20-carbon lipid family of eicosanoids, and recent evidence strongly supports a role for eicosanoids in regulation of hematopoietic trafficking, adding a new role whereby eicosanoids regulate hematopoiesis. Short-term exposure of HSC to the eicosanoid prostaglandin E(2) increases CXCR4 receptor expression, migration and in vivo homing of HSC. In contrast, cannabinoids reduce hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) CXCR4 expression and induce HPC mobilization when administered in vivo. Leukotrienes have been shown to alter CD34(+) cell adhesion, migration and regulate HSC proliferation, suggesting that eicosanoids have both opposing and complimentary roles in the regulation of hematopoiesis. As numerous FDA approved compounds regulate eicosanoid signaling or biosynthesis, the utility of eicosanoid-based therapeutic strategies to improve hematopoietic transplantation can be rapidly evaluated.
Funding Strategies for Population Researchers: Perspectives from the National Institutes of Health

The purpose of this article is to briefly describe the application and funding process at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). We target our discussion to demographic and population science at the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), but the general strategies are applicable to social and behavioral scientists for all NIH funding opportunities.
Observations on the relationship between triazines and mycobacteria in metal removal fluids.

The purpose of the study was to determine whether hexahydrotriazine (“triazine”) bactericides increase the likelihood of elevated mycobacteria growth in metal removal fluids (MRFs). In reaction to an outbreak of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) at a transmission manufacturing facility, machining plants of a large automobile manufacturer were directed to increase the testing of MRF, especially testing for mycobacteria. A working hypothesis was developed that triazine bactericides cause an increase in mycobacteria contamination, which in turn may lead to an increased risk of HP for workers exposed to MRF aerosols. Test results for 277 central MRF systems from nine machining facilities were analyzed for various MRF properties including the presence and type of both bactericide in the MRF formula and bacterial contamination of the MRF. The study included data reflecting usual operating conditions of all of the 277 large MRF systems in the company. The study does not evaluate the effect of tank-side biocide a...
Race, crime type and imprisonment

This paper largely replicates, within the state of North Carolina, Blumstein's (1982) national study of the effects of arrests on the racial disproportionality of the prison population. In agreement with the previous study, these data indicate that the racial difference between rates of arrest and imprisonment varies with the type of offense. The level of arrests failed to account for a sizeable amount of the racial differentials in imprisonment for drug offenses, forgery and driving under the influence. An unexpected finding is a lower than expected (by arrests) rate of black imprisonment for rape and robbery.
Query spelling correction using multi-task learning

This paper explores the use of online multi-task learning for search query spelling correction, by effectively transferring information from different and biased training datasets for improving spelling correction across datasets. Experiments were conducted on three query spelling correction datasets, including the well-known TREC benchmark data. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method considerably outperforms existing baseline systems in terms of accuracy. Importantly, the proposed method is about one-order of magnitude faster than baseline systems in terms of training speed. In contrast to existing methods which typically require more than (e.g.,) 50 training passes, our algorithm can very closely approach the empirical optimum in around five passes.
High-temperature dry-type transformer economics

THE ADVENT OF high-temperature insulations, such as silicones, has moved upward the possible design limit due to deterioration of insulation with temperature. Formerly, the transformer designer used insulation to the temperature limit dictated by its aging characteristics and a reasonable life. The point is now reached, however, at which other factors should be considered. Higher temperatures may cause large variations of electrical characteristics as the load is varied and also cost of losses may overbalance savings in initial cost, and the decrease in size and weight.
Genetic consequences of outcrossing in the cleistogamous annual, Impatiens capensis. III: Interlocus associations

Electrophoresis was used to examine levels of association between alleles at different variable loci within eight natural populations of the annual plant, Impatiens capensis. This species produces both obligately self-fertilizing cleistogamous (CL) and strongly protandrous chasmogamous (CH) flowers. Values of gametic (Dij) and composite (Δij) disequilibrium estimated for all pairs of covarying loci revealed significant levels of disequilibrium in most of the populations. A bootstrap technique was used to obtain weighted means and standard errors of normalized disequilibrium estimates and these were compared among populations and groups. Mean composite disequilibrium (Δ′) spanned a remarkable range among populations (0·9−1·0, mean = 0·43), as did fixation indexes (f), but these were only weakly correlated with each other (r = 0·50). Levels of disequilibrium in the CL and CH progeny generally resembled those found in their maternal parents, but values for the CH group were more variable. A reduction in disequilibrium was sometimes associated with outcrossing, but it is unlikely that selection to reduce disequilibrium favours outcrossing in this species.
Do impurities affect the optoelectronic properties of a-Si:H?

Abstract The concentrations of H, B, C, N, O, F, Na, Cl, Cr, and Ge in 42 device-grade a-Si:H samples were determined by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). B, Na, Cl, Cr, or Ce were not detected. The concentrations of C, N, and O vary by factors of up to ∼100, and depend on deposition technique, deposition system, and source gas. The annealed state defect density N ann and the saturated light-induced defect density N sat are independent of impurity content. The saturated defect density cannot originate in N, and probably not in C. Oxygen affects the dark conductivity σ d , its activation energy E a , and the ratio of photo to dark conductivity σ ph / σ d in the annealed state.
Pulmonary sequestration--a diagnostic pitfall: a case report

Pulmonary sequestration is defined as a congenital malformation of abnormal lung tissue that does not communicate with the airway system and that receives blood supply from anomalous arteries. The majority of these sequestrations are encountered in the pediatric population. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice, with excellent prognosis. We studied a case of an extralobar pulmonary sequestration in a young adult, presenting as an intrathoracic mass; it was aspirated twice, final diagnosis being rendered after surgical resection. The cytologic findings and the accompanying diagnostic difficulties to our knowledge have never been reported.
Generalized Free Wave Transfer Matrix Method for Solving the Schrödinger Equation With an Arbitrary Potential Profile

Transfer matrix method has been widely used to investigate the quantum phenomena in semiconductor materials and optoelectronic devices with an arbitrary potential profile. Free wave or complex exponential form transfer matrix method is easy to implement and also proved to be an efficient and accurate approach. However, there are numerical singularities in these kinds of matrices when the electron energy is equal to the potentials of certain segments. The singularity greatly limits the applications of this method. In this paper, by investigating the local zero energy problem of the Schrodinger equation, a generalized free wave transfer matrix method is formulated without any singular point in all possible electron energy range. Its validity and accuracy are shown both mathematically and numerically. The application is demonstrated by an example related to quantum well intermixing effect.
Water Homeostasis and Vasopressin Release During Rodent and Human Gestation

Body tonicity decreases during both human and rodent gestation, manifested by a decrease in P osm of ~ 10 mosm/kg. In humans, the decrease in the osmotic threshold for thirst may precede decrements in the arginine vasopressin (AVP) secretory threshold by several weeks, whereas the metabolic clearance rate of AVP appears markedly increased in the third trimester. The cause of these osmoregulatory changes are unclear, since through 1986 we have been unable to implicate placental extracts, estrogens, progesterone, prolactin, angiotensin II, and certain endorphins in the decreased P osm observed during rat pregnancy. Changes also occur in volume-AVP secretory relationships in pregnancy. For instance, the volume-sensing AVP release mechanisms are altered during gestation in Sprague-Dawley rats in such a way that the increased intravascular volume is recognized as normal.
Preparation and Evaluation of Coal-Derived Activated Carbons for Removal of Mercury Vapor from Simulated Coal Combustion Flue Gases

Coal-derived activated carbons (CDACs) were tested for their suitability in removing trace amounts of vapor-phase mercury from simulated flue gases generated by coal combustion. CDACs were prepared in bench-scale and pilot-scale fluidized-bed reactors with a three-step process, including coal preoxidation, carbonization, and then steam activation. CDACs from high-organic-sulfur Illinois coals had a greater equilibrium Hg 0 adsorption capacity than activated carbons prepared from a low-organic-sulfur Illinois coal. When a low-organic-sulfur CDAC was impregnated with elemental sulfur at 600 °C, its equilibrium Hg° adsorption capacity was comparable to the adsorption capacity of the activated carbon prepared from the high-organic-sulfur coal. X-ray diffraction and sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure examinations showed that the sulfur in the CDACs was mainly in organic forms. These results suggested that a portion of the inherent organic sulfur in the starting coal, which remained in the CDACs, played an important role in adsorption of Hg 0 . Besides organic sulfur, the BET surface area and micropore area of the CDACs also influenced Hg° adsorption capacity. The HgCl 2 adsorption capacity was not as dependent on the surface area and concentration of sulfur in the CDACs as was adsorption of Hg°. The properties and mercury adsorption capacities of the CDACs were compared with those obtained for commercial Darco FGD carbon.
Hemispheric differences in the organization of memory for text ideas

The goal of this study was to examine hemispheric asymmetries in episodic memory for discourse. Access to previously comprehended information is essential for mapping incoming information to representations of “who did what to whom” in memory. An item-priming-in-recognition paradigm was used to examine differences in how the hemispheres represent discourse. Both hemispheres retained accurate information about concepts from short passages, but the information was organized differently. The left hemisphere was sensitive to the structural relations among concepts in a text, whereas the right hemisphere differentiated information that appeared in one passage from information that appeared in another. Moreover, the right hemisphere, but not the left hemisphere, retained information about the spatial/temporal proximity among concepts in a passage. Implications of these results for the roles of the right and left hemispheres in comprehending connected discourse are discussed.
Hydride donor abilities and bond dissociation free energies of transition metal formyl complexes.

The hydride complex [Pt(dmpe)2H]+ (dmpe = 1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane) reversibly transfers H- to the rhenium carbonyl complex [CpRe(PMe3)(NO)(CO)]+, giving the formyl CpRe(PMe3)(NO)(CHO). From the equilibrium constant for the hydride transfer (16.2), the DeltaGdegrees for the reaction was determined (-1.6 kcal/mol), as was the hydride-donating ability of the formyl (44.1 kcal/mol). The hydride-donating ability, DeltaGdegrees(H-), is defined as the energy required to release the hydride ion into solution by the formyl complex [i.e. M(CHO) right arrow M(CO)+ + H-]. Subsequently, the hydride-donating ability of a series of formyl complexes was determined, ranging from 44 to 55 kcal/mol. With use of this information, two rhenium carbonyl complexes, [CpRe(NO)(CO)2]+ and [Cp*Re(NO)(CO)2]+, were hydrogenated to formyls, employing [Pt(dmpp)2]2+ and Proton-Sponge. Finally, the E(1/2)(I/0) values for five rhenium carbonyl complexes were measured by cyclic voltammetry. Combined with the known DeltaGdegrees(H-) values for the complexes, the hydrogen atom donating abilities could be determined. These values were all found to be approximately 50 kcal/mol.
Associations Among Gender-Linked Toy Preferences, Spatial Ability, and Digit Ratio: Evidence from Eye-Tracking Analysis

Eye-tracking technology was used to monitor eye-movements in 64 adults (age range, 18-22 years) during simultaneous presentation of "masculine" and "feminine" toys. Women and men who showed more visual fixations on male-typical toys compared to female-typical toys had significantly better targeting ability and smaller (i.e., more masculine) digit ratios, a putative marker of prenatal androgen levels. In contrast, individuals with visual preferences for female-typical or male-typical toys did not differ in mental rotations ability and in their retrospective reports of childhood gender-linked activities. The finding that targeting ability and digit ratios varied according to visual preferences for gender-linked toys suggests that prenatal androgens promote enduring preferences for male-typical objects and indicate further that some gender-linked traits vary according to the direction of a visual preference for gender-linked toys. Visual preferences derived from eye-tracking, therefore, may be a useful supplement to current measures of psychosexual differentiation in hormone-behavior research, particularly because eye-movements are not dependent on verbal abilities or subjective evaluations of behavior.
Bullying boys: the traumatic effects of bullying in male adolescent learners

Objective: This study investigated the nature and extent of the relationship between bullying and trauma among male adolescent learners. Trauma was operationalised through the multiple constructs of post-traumatic stress, anxiety, depression, dissociation and anger. Method: In this quantitative study, two objective measures were administered (viz. the Olweus Bullying/ Victimisation Scale and the Trauma Symptom Checklist for children) to a sample of male adolescent learners between the ages of 12 and 17, from a South African male-only high school (n = 486). Results and Discussion: Statistical analysis (correlational analysis and MANOVA) produced evidence to suggest that there was a statistically significant relationship between bullying and trauma, and this was strongest for the victim role. The relationship between bullying and trauma was dependent on the frequency of bullying; as the frequency of being bullied increased so too did the mean scores of all the five trauma subscales. In general, the findings...
Smiling in the ED

I knew I would hate her. “Hello, Debbie. I’m Michael Burg, one of the ER docs here. How can I help you tonight?” I’m smiling. From across the room, her stench invades my nostrils. An ashtray mixed with sweat. I continue smiling, walk across her cubicle, and approach her bedside. The smack of a sloppy hamburger with onions and pickles reaches my nose. Twenty-five-year-old Debbie is far younger than she looks and weighs at least 10 times her age. I’m going to hate her. “I’m here because my stomach hurts.” Her teeth! About 20 remain. They’re mostly black and many are rotten. I maintain my smile. It’s 11 PM and she’s munching an enormous In-N-Out burger. A big bag of fries lies next to her on the gurney. Their cooked fat smell rises, nauseatingly. I sit, smiling. “Where does it hurt?” She waves vaguely over her pendulous gut. “How long has that been going on?” “Three weeks, and I’ve been vomiting every day.” From the corner of the room, Debbie’s mother adds, “I’ve been giving her my Vicodin and Percocet to help with the pain, but it keeps getting worse. What do you think is wrong with her?” Debbie’s mother fills a Big-Boy wheelchair. Her fat overflows the oversized chair and laps at the edges of her faded blue housecoat and abuts the struts and armrests. I think I’ll detest her too. “Please tell me more.” I’m struggling to smile. “Has anything else been bothering you? Have you had any other symptoms?” “No, nothing.” “How about things like fever or problems with urination?” “Oh yeah, 103 to 104, and it hurts when I go. I have to go all the time.” What 25-year-old woman can tell me that fever to 104 and dysuria either aren’t symptoms or don’t bother her? My face feels like a death mask, dry and tight. She’ll never know how I loathe her. “When was your last period?”
Likelihood of Islanding in Distribution Feeders with Photovoltaic Generation

The probability of islanding in residential and commercial distribution feeders with varying penetrations of distributed photovoltaic generation is investigated. A necessary condition for islanding is that load should closely match available generation. Extensive load measurements were made on residential and commercial laterals in a utility system. The load data were combined with generation data based on measured insolation in the same areas to estimate the probability of load- generation match. The probability, frequency and duration of islanding events were estimated for varying levels of penetration and are reported in the paper. Although load-generation match is only a necessary condition, making these estimates "worst case" results, they underscore the fact that anti-islanding measures are essential in uncontrolled systems.
Galapagos ground finches balance investment in behavioural and immunological pathogen defences

The scientific community has long recognized the importance of individual behaviour in pathogen spread in wild animals. Furthermore, recent studies have highlighted the potential for behaviour to act as a pathogen defence mechanism. In line with these studies, the pathogen defence optimization hypothesis (PDOH) posits that individuals balance investment in costly behavioural and immunological defences against pathogen infection. Here, I test the PDOH using data from observations of wild Galapagos finches (Medium Ground Finches Geospiza fortis and Small Ground Finches Geospiza fuliginosa) at feeders, combined with immune data collected in the field. Both within and between species, those groups engaging to a greater extent in high transmission-risk behaviours (not investing in behavioural defences against pathogen exposure) invest more heavily in immune pathogen defences. These data provide the first support for the PDOH in a wild population.
Abstract, Multifaceted Modeling of Embedded Processors for System Level Design

Embedded software is playing an increasing role in todays SoC designs. It allows a flexible adaptation to evolving standards and to customer specific demands. As software emerges more and more as a design bottleneck, early, fast, and accurate simulation of software becomes crucial. Therefore, an efficient modeling of programmable processors at high levels of abstraction is required. In this article, we focus on abstraction of computation and describe our abstract modeling of embedded processors. We combine the computation modeling with task scheduling support and accurate interrupt handling into a versatile, multi-faceted processor model with varying levels of features. Incorporating the abstract processor model into a communication model, we achieve fast co-simulation of a complete custom target architecture for a system level design exploration. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach using an industrial strength telecommunication example executing on a Motorola DSP architecture. Our results indicate the tremendous value of abstract processor modeling. Different feature levels achieve a simulation speedup of up to 6600 times with an error of less than 8% over a ISS based simulation. On the other hand, our full featured model exhibits a 3% error in simulated timing with a 1800 times speedup.
A cause‐effect‐cause model for sustaining cross‐functional integration

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify prerequisites for sustaining effective cross‐functional integration as well as their temporal inter‐relationships. Once this type of information is known, a “cause‐effect‐cause” model is constructed to identify constraints and improve effectiveness.Design/methodology/approach – A case research approach was used to explore the relationships between various prerequisites of integration and to understand “how” or “why” their presence may influence the success of sustaining integration. The study focused on 13 companies from the US aerospace defense industry which were in the process of implementing TQM programs.Findings – Organizations which successfully attained “sustained” integration indicated that the reward/performance system based on cross‐functional or process objectives was the major driver behind: forcing employees to understand the organization's processes; providing dedicated time for employees to reflect on process improvement; ensuring employees...
VITAMIN AND SELENIUM CONTENT OF RIBEYE CUTS FROM GRASS‐ AND GRAIN‐FINISHED BISON OF THE SAME HERD

Individual ribeye cuts from 10 grass- and 8 grain-finished bulls of the same herd were analyzed for vitamin and selenium content. Vitamin A, vitamin E, thiamin, vitamin B 6 , vitamin B 12 and selenium concentrations of ribeye cuts from grass- and grain-finished bulls were similar. Vitamin C and folic acid levels were not detectable in ribeyes from both groups. Ribeyes from grass-finished bulls contained significantly higher quantities of β-carotene (P 20% Daily Values) of vitamin B 12 and selenium and good sources (10-19% Daily Values) of thiamin, niacin and vitamin B 6 .
Type II collagen from lathyritic rat chondrosarcoma: preparation and in vitro fibril formation.

Abstract Intact type II collagen monomer was isolated in 10–20% yield from lathyritic rat chondrosarcoma and purified to homogeneity. On warming in neutral solution, the collagen formed a mixture of D-periodic native fibrils and thin filaments with no apparent structure. There were characteristic lag and growth phases in the turbidity profile. Cooling dispersed or dissolved the fibrils leaving thin filaments. The fibrils were very wide, up to 2.0 µm compared to the 10 to 40 nm fibrils present in situ . They had the appearance of stiff tactoids compared to the very long and flexible fibrils obtained from type I collagen under similar conditions. Type II collagen also required higher temperatures and concentrations than type I to form fibrils. The continued presence of thin filaments when type II fibril formation was complete suggests either that filaments are in slow equilibrium withor that they may not be intermediates but rather a separate product.
Amplification of JC virus DNA from brain and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

We have established an assay to detect JC viral DNA in brain tissue and CSF of patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) and amplified a 106-base pair segment of the gene encoding JC viral large T antigen by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from the brains of eight patients with PML and from one of six CSF samples. Brain and C SF of patients without PML did not yield JC virus-specific DNA amplification products. Southern analysis documented that the sequences of the 106-base pair PCR product and JC viral DNA are identical. This assay can be used in the diagnosis of PML and to investigate the biology of JC virus.
The effect of tezosentan after cold ischemia and renal artery clamping as a model of reperfusion injury in newborn piglets.

Abstract Background Cold ischemia and clamping of the renal artery contribute to acute tubular necrosis and renal dysfunction of transplant grafts. The mechanism of ischemic injury is not fully understood, but endothelin (ET)-1 and -2 have been found to participate in reperfusion injury. ET receptor blockade has been shown to have renoprotective effects in both warm and cold reperfusion injury. Objective We sought to assess the effect of tezosentan, a competitive ET antagonist, on piglet renal function during cold ischemia and renal artery clamping. Design/Methods Sixteen piglets (7 to 10 days old) were prepped and assigned to three experimental groups: piglets with kidneys clamped ( K CLAMP ), with kidneys wrapped in ice ( K ICE ), and piglets treated with tezosentan injected after 45 minutes of clamping and ice ( K TEZO ). Preexperiment parameters including vital signs, urine volume, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), paraaminohippuric acid clearance (CPAH), fractional excretion of sodium and potassium (FeNa, FeK), and renal blood flow (RBF) were measured at baseline, then at 1- and 2-hour intervals. Results The decrease in urine volume was comparable in both K CLAMP and K ICE groups, but no UV decrease was observed in K TEZO group. RBF and GFR were similar (26% to 52% decrease) in all three groups. FeNa decreased by >50% in K ICE , whereas it increased by 60% in K TEZO when compared with baseline. A similar increase in FeK was observed in all three groups. Conclusions Cold ischemia and clamping have deleterious effects on RBF, GFR, and FeNa. ET blockade did not have a renoprotective effect except on urine volume when given soon after the injury.
Guanine nucleotides decrease the affinity of substance P binding to its receptor

Abstract The inhibitory effect of guanine nucleotides on the binding of 125 I-Bolton-Hunter conjugated substance P ( 125 I-BHSP) to rat submaxillary gland membranes has been confirmed and further explored. The evidence presented here indicates that this is due to a marked loss of binding affinity. In the presence of 5′-guanylyl imidodiphosphate (GppNHp) there is (1) a ⩾ 20-fold increase in the K d as determined by Scatchard analysis and (2) the concentration of SP required to inhibit half of the 125 I-BHSP binding (IC 50 ) increased - 30-fold. Consistent with a marked decrease in affinity is an ∼100-fold increase in the rate of dissociation of 125 I-BHSP following addition of GppNHp. Complete restoration of high-affinity binding was achieved by removal of the guanine nucleotide.
Identification of Gulf War syndrome: methodological issues and medical illnesses.

To the Editor. —The conclusions of the articles by Dr Haley et al 1,2 that purport to demonstrate at least 3 distinct Gulf War syndromes are supported by the examination of only 23 patients with self-reported symptoms and exposures. In contrast, studies by the Departments of Defense and Veteran Affairs were based on the evaluations of more than 70 000 veterans. 3 We reported the extensive clinical, laboratory, neurophysiological, and histological evaluation (muscle biopsies) of 20 patients with the most severe neuromuscular symptoms and concluded there was no evidence to suggest a neuromuscular disorder unique to the Persian Gulf War or that our veterans' symptoms were related to toxic exposures. 4 Besides the limitations of their methods, 5 there are problems with the neurophysiological data. Evoked potentials have a limited utility in evaluating patients with possible neurologic disorders. The major efficacy of evoked potentials is in looking for paraclinical evidence of demyelination, and
A learning environment with computer-based technology for foreign language learners

Abstract The article reports a study about experiences of foreign language learners who communicated with native speakers via email. The participants were college students in the United States who were learning Spanish and who were being trained to be Spanish teachers. They communicated with college students in Mexico via email for 10 weeks. The research questions focused on: the content of the email messages, the opinions of the students and teacher towards the use of email in foreign language instruction, and the problems that participants encountered in using email. The study relied on data collected from email messages, surveys and interviews. The results of the systematic data analysis revealed that email was beneficial for foreign language learning and that the students and the instructor favored using email in foreign language instruction. A follow-up study was conducted 1 year later. The results of the follow-up study supported the previous findings. Teacher training related to email in foreign la...