cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relapse in patients on long-term fluoxetine treatment: response to increased fluoxetine dose.

Background Although several studies have examined the long-term efficacy of antidepressants, relatively little attention has been paid to the management of relapses or recurrences during continued antidepressant treatment. This study examined whether depressed patients who had recovered and then relapsed on fluoxetine 20 mg/day would benefit from an increase in fluoxetine dose. Method Eighteen patients who relapsed on fluoxetine 20 mg/day during long-term treatment with fluoxetine as part of a placebo-controlled study had their fluoxetine dose raised to 40 mg/day and were followed for at least 1 month (mean time = 4.7 months). Results Twelve (67%) were full responders, 3 (17%) partial responders, and 3 (17%) dropped out because of side effects (e.g., insomnia and agitation). Of those patients who had either full or partial response (N = 15; 83%), 3 complete responders had a recurrence on 40 mg/day after a mean of 5.8 months and 1 partial responder had a recurrence 11 months later. Overall, 11 (61%) of 18 patients maintained their response during their follow-up while taking the higher dose of fluoxetine. Conclusion An increase in dose of fluoxetine to 40 mg/day appears to be an effective strategy in the treatment of relapse among depressed patients who had initially responded to fluoxetine 20 mg/day.
The vocal repertoire of adult male blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis stulmanni): A quantitative analysis of acoustic structure

Vocal signals are key elements in understanding species' behavior, sociality, and evolution. Quantified repertoires serve as foundations for investigating usage and function of particular signals, and also provide a basis for comparative analyses among individuals, populations, and taxa to explore how entire signal systems evolve. This study presents a descriptive catalogue of all vocal signals used by adult male blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni). During 12 months in the Kakamega Forest, Kenya, I observed and digitally recorded vocal behavior of 32 adult males across a variety of socioecological contexts. From recordings, I measured 18 temporal-frequency parameters. Undirected ordination and hierarchical cluster analysis identified six distinct call types regularly used by males: ant, boom, ka, katrain, nasal scream, and pyow. Cross-validated discriminant function analysis supported the classifications. The repertoire is best described as discrete, though some gradation occurs between pyows and ants. Summary of acoustic structure and exemplar spectrograms are provided for each call type, along with preliminary examination of socioecological contexts in which they were produced. Discussion addresses repertoire structure, similarity to other taxa, and potential for functional inferences. Am. J. Primatol. 9999:1–14, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
From immigrant worker to Muslim immigrant: Challenges for feminism

In many Western European countries, gender equality and sexual tolerance have increasingly become markers of national cultures and European values that face an insistent threat from Muslims. Gender equality and sexual tolerance are increasingly framed in cultural terms and they play an important role in the construction of a social imaginary based on a cultural antagonism between ‘us’ (the nation) and ‘them’ (Muslims). This article argues that a new ‘culturalized’ social imaginary has been established by turning ‘immigrant workers’ into ‘Muslim immigrants’ over the last three decades. The unending moral panics around Muslim immigrants’ cultural practices such as honor killings, forced marriages, headscarves, female circumcision and homophobia create a sense of imminent threat and force progressive movements (e.g. feminists and gay movements) to forge unlikely alliances with right-wing groups against the insidious threat. These alliances are not, however, ephemeral mobilizations in defense of ‘common achievements’; the notion of common achievements creates a sense of cultural sameness vis-a-vis Muslims. Thus, what we see is the displacement of the internal frontiers and the creation of a new ‘hegemonic bloc’ around ‘common cultural values’. And this hegemonic displacement creates unresolvable tensions within feminist and queer movements.
Methyl 3‐Oxo‐4‐pentenoate

(1; R = Me) [37734-05-7] C6H8O3 (MW 128.14) InChI = 1S/C6H8O3/c1-3-5(7)4-6(8)9-2/h3H,1,4H2,2H3 InChIKey = ZQUPQDCVMAQIKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2; R = Et) [22418-80-0] C7H10O3 (MW 142.17) InChI = 1S/C7H10O3/c1-3-6(8)5-7(9)10-4-2/h3H,1,4-5H2,2H3 InChIKey = IEZWUJDDYLWKEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N (Michael acceptor in the Robinson annulation2) Alternate Names: Nazarov's reagent; methyl acryloylacetate; vinyl β-methoxycarbonylmethyl ketone. Physical Data: (1) bp 65 °C/19 mmHg. (2) bp 76–78 °C/18 mmHg. Solubility: sol common organic solvents. Form Supplied in: colorless liquid; not commercially available. Analysis of Reagent Purity: exists as a mixture of keto and enol forms; IR (film) cm−1 2984, 1741, 1659, 1588, 1423, 1242, 1150, 1038, and 812; 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 1.2–1.3 (overlapping t, 3 H), 3.6 (s, ketonic H at C-2), 4.1–4.3 (m, 2 H), 5.05 (s, enolic H at C-2), 5.50 (appt, 1 H), 5.91–6.43 (m, 2 H), 11.8 (s, enol OH); 13C NMR (CDCl3) δ 14.0, 14.2, 46.4, 60.2, 61.4, 91.8, 122.5, 130.2, 131.2, 135.7, 167.1, 168.6, 172.7, and 192.6. Preparative Methods: first prepared by Nazarov3 in 1953 by the reaction shown in eq 1. (2) is known as Nazarov's reagent, although (1) is often referred to as Nazarov's reagent also. (1) The original preparation of (2) suffers several problems. It has been termed ‘tedious’4 and has a low overall yield. Several new syntheses of esters of 3-oxo-4-pentenoic acid have been reported since 1953.2, 4-10 The most facile preparation of Nazarov's reagent and ester analogs was reported by Zibuck and Streiber in 1989. A variety of ester enolates react with Acrolein to provide good yields of β-hydroxy esters that can be oxidized to β-keto esters such as Nazarov's reagent and analogs (eqs 2 and 3).1 The reaction sequence can be safely and successfully carried out on a 1 mol scale. Also, the β-hydroxy ester may be oxidized without purification. Interestingly, (−)-bornyl acetate leads to an annulating agent that contains a chiral auxiliary. Methacrolein and Crotonaldehyde give 4- and 5-methyl substituted reagents. C-4 and C-5 substituted analogs of Nazarov's reagent have been prepared by many other research groups, using reactions similar to those presented above.11-16 (2) (3) Purification: by Kugelrohr distillation at 0.6 mmHg (oven temperature 45 °C) with a receiving bulb cooled at −78 °C. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: polymerizes rapidly at rt; stable to storage at −20 °C under nitrogen for up to 6 months; toxic; handle in a fume hood.
Impact of differential right-to-left shunting on systemic perfusion in pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Objectives This study aimed at identifying the ideal right-to-left shunt-fraction to improve cardiac output (CO) and systemic perfusion in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PHT). Background Atrial septostomy (AS) has been a high-risk therapeutic option for symptomatic drug-refractory patients with PHT. Results have been unpredictable due to limited knowledge of the optimal shunt-quantity. Methods In nine dogs, an 8-mm shunt-prosthesis was inserted between the superior vena cava (SVC) and the left atrium. With pulmonary artery (PA) banding, mean (±SEM) systolic right ventricular pressure increased from 37 ± 1 mm Hg at baseline to 44 ± 1 mm Hg (moderate PHT, P = 0.005) and 50 ± 2 mm Hg (severe PHT, P < 0.001). Shunt-flow was adjusted by total (forcing all flow through the shunt) or partial occlusion of the SVC and partial or total clamping of the shunt. Caval-, shunt-, and aortic-flow were measured by ultrasonic flow-probes. Blood gases were drawn from the aortic root and PA. Results At severe PHT, a shunt-flow of 11 ± 1% of CO (253 ± 90 mL/min) increased CO significantly by 25% (1.8 ± 0.1 to 2.4 ± 0.2 L/min, P = 0.005) causing an increase of systemic oxygen delivery index (DO2I) by 23% (309 ± 23 to 399 ± 32 mL/min/m2, P = 0.035). Arterial O2-saturation did not change significantly until a shunt-flow of 18 ± 2% was exceeded, causing a drop from 96 ± 1% to 84 ± 4% (P = 0.013). At moderate PHT, CO or DO2I did not improve significantly at any shunt-flow. Conclusions In severe PHT, a shunt-flow of 11% of CO represented the ideal shunt-fraction. Augmentation of CO compensated for declined O2-saturation due to right-to-left shunting and improved DO2I. In moderate PHT, AS is less promising. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Self-absorption of radiation in turbulent molecular gases

Abstract Departures of radiant heating rates from predictions based upon the well-storred chamber model are obtained with a nongray, nonlinear analysis of radiant heat transfer in a turblent molecular gas Reynolds number is used to characterize the turbulence, and a radiation-molecular conductopm ratio and maximum optical depth characterize the gas properties. Results are obtained for wall to gas temperature ratios from 0.235 deoth characterize the gas properties. results are obtained average temperature ratios are presented. A sample calculation illustrates the effect of self-absorption on radiative transfer and reactor temperature.
A note on the circle containment problem

We extend a result due to Baranyet al. and prove the following theorem: given any setS ofn points in the plane, there are pointsx andy inS, such that every circle that containsx andy contains at least [5/84(n ? 2)] other points ofS.
An improved method for the determination of oligonucleotide chain length using phosphodiesterase hydrolysis and ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract An improved method for the determination of chain length, leading and/or terminating nucleotide, and base composition of the deoxyribo- and ribooligonucleotides was developed, based upon the phosphodiesterase-catalyzed hydrolysis of the oligonucleotide, followed by ion-pair (hetaeric) high-performance liquid chromatography using tetrabutyl ammonium phosphate as the hetaeron. Chains containing terminal phosphate groups were first dephosphorylated using alkaline phosphatase. Total analysis times involved a 1.5-h phosphodiesterase incubation, followed by a 40-min chromatographic separation. Minimal or no sample preparation is involved. An analysis of the propagation of errors indicated that chains of up to 36 nucleotides in length could be analyzed with less than a 0.5-base-unit error. Ultimate sensitivity will depend upon the particular high-performance liquid chromatography system, and will be limited by the detection limits for a single nucleoside which, for the described system, was on the order of 50 pmol of oligomer.
Phenotypic features of patients with congenital adrenal hypoplasia and glycerol kinase deficiency.

• Two unrelated boys with congenital adrenal hypoplasia and glycerol kinase deficiency were found to have similar features, including characteristic fades, testicular abnormalities, short stature, psychomotor retardation, and muscular dystrophy. The resemblance of these boys to other patients described in the literature suggests that a distinct phenotypic syndrome occurs in children with congenital adrenal hypoplasia and glycerol kinase deficiency. (AJDC1987;141:744-747)
Early Evolution of Immunoglobulin Genes

Synopsis. Considerable progress has been made in the characterization of immunoglobulin genes from several lower vertebrate taxa. Isolation and identification of immunoglobulin genes in phylogenetically primitive species is based predominantly on heterologous crosshybridization. The unit, clustered organization of heavy chain segmental elements observed in the germline ofthe horned shark (Hinds and Litman, 1986) has also been found in another elasmobranch. Studies to determine whether the clustered organization is universal through? out the entire cartilaginous fish assemblage are ongoing. In contrast, the ray-finned (bony) fishes appear to possess a mammalian-type heavy chain gene organization. Additionally, immunoglobulin genes are being characterized in two relict fish species whose exact system? atic relationships are unknown. Isolation of putative immunoglobulin genes from the phylogenetically-ancient hagfish is being attempted using a PCR-based approach. Other ongoing or future research efforts involve characterization of lower vertebrate light chain genes, heavy chain isotype evolution, and the divergence ofthe immunoglobulins and T-cell antigen receptors.
Intensional concepts in an object database model

There is a requirement for a stronger treatment of intentional concepts and more general inferential ability within database systems. A framework for achieving this will be described in terms of extensions to an object data model.The type Concept is introduced into the model as a subtype of Action. Intentional concepts may then be defined as filters or generators, depending on the nature of the defining formula. In either case, the dual action should be available—provided automatically by the system or explicitly by the user.Finally, sets and types are treated as special cases of extensional concepts, leading to a novel structure of the hierarchy of system types.
Maintenance of normal T lymphocyte function after transfection with SV40 large T

Human T lymphocytes in culture undergo cellular senescence similar to that observed in fibroblasts. We recently demonstrated that senescence of T lymphocytes can be postponed by transfection with SV40 large T. In the current study, we examine the functional activity of SV40 large T transfected T lymphocytes. Transfected T cells of both young and elderly subjects appear to display normal T cell function: they cease doubling upon removal of IL-2; in the presence of autologous adherent mononuclear cells they respond to mitogen stimulation and produce IL-2 and IFN-gamma during proliferation; and they express both IL-2 and transferrin receptors similar to those observed in mitogen-stimulated nontransfected T cells. In addition, more than 90% of the transfected cells express both the CD4 and "naive" T cell marker, CD45RA. In order to investigate whether the lack of long-lived CD8+ cells reflects phenotypic restriction, separated CD4+ and CD8+ subpopulations were transfected with SV40 large T. All transfections resulted in extended life spans of CD4+, but not CD8+, cells. Therefore, although SV40 large T transfected T lymphocytes maintain normal function, while demonstrating an extended life span, the effect may be restricted to CD4+ cells.
Exact mean-field solution of the two-particle resonance model of high-T c superconductivity

The mean-field theory of the two-particle resonance model of high-${T}_{c}$ superconductivity is reexamined and solved exactly. The dependence of ${T}_{c}$ on ($\frac{{m}^{*}}{m}$) is dramatic ${T}_{c}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ at $(\frac{{m}^{*}}{m})=1$, and $(\frac{{m}^{*}}{m})\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$ the heavy-fermion limit peaking at $(\frac{{m}^{*}}{m})\ensuremath{\cong}5$. The gap-to-${T}_{c}$ ratio, ${H}_{c}(0)$, and specific-heat jump at ${T}_{c}$, $\ensuremath{\Delta}{C}_{v}$, have BCS values for all $\frac{{m}^{*}}{m}$. ${T}_{c}$ is a linear function of hole concentration.
Machining process as a subject of automatic control

This report deals with the analysis and the design of a conventional machining system by means of mathematical modeling of the machining process. The paper considers the machining process as a dynamic interaction between the cutting tool and workpiece in space and time that additionally involves the dynamic properties of the machine tool mechanical subsystem, the cutting motions. An ideal machining system provides an accurately controlled tool path. However, machining experience has shown that the geometric qualities of the machined part are not only defined by the uniformity of the too path, but are also influenced by the dynamics of the machine tool and cutting process and by the external and internal disturbances. Developed herein, is a systematic approach tying together the four main factors associated with the dynamic processes that play an important role during machining and influence the quality of the machined workpiece. These factors are (a) the kinematic/dynamic disturbances within the cutting/feed motion subsystem, (b) the dynamics of the machine tool mechanical subsystem, (c) the tool-workpiece interaction as a dynamic process, and (d) the forming of the workpiece surface as a dynamic surface as a dynamic process. The generalized mathematical model of the machining process is developed based on the dynamic relationships between those above-mentioned aspects of the process. The approach performs the dynamic analysis of a machining process for diagnostics, control, and process optimization purposes.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A NOTE ON RIDGE REGRESSION

The purpose of this paper is to show that ridge regression is a special case of the class of mixed estimators. This derivation permits a convenient interpretation of the ridge constant. It also allows for a better understanding of the divergence between the theoretical results for the ridge estimator and recent sampling evidence, and suggests a new means of selecting of ridge constant.
Subunit structure and function of porcine factor Xa-activated factor VIII.

Factor Xa and thrombin (factor IIa) activate factor VIII (fVIII) by different proteolytic pathways. Thrombin cleaves fVIII at Arg372 between the A1 and A2 domains, at Arg740 between the A2 and B do...
Progress towards a practical optically pumped electron spin filter

We describe a new version of a spin filter to polarize electrons by spin exchange with optically pumped rubidium.
Mouse genetic differences in voluntary wheel running, adult hippocampal neurogenesis and learning on the multi-strain-adapted plus water maze

Moderate levels of aerobic exercise broadly enhance cognition throughout the lifespan. One hypothesized contributing mechanism is increased adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Recently, we measured the effects of voluntary wheel running on adult hippocampal neurogenesis in 12 different mouse strains, and found increased neurogenesis in all strains, ranging from 2- to 5-fold depending on the strain. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which increased neurogenesis from wheel running is associated with enhanced performance on the water maze for 5 of the 12 strains, chosen based on their levels of neurogenesis observed in the previous study (C57BL/6 J, 129S1/SvImJ, B6129SF1/J, DBA/2 J, and B6D2F1/J). Mice were housed with or without a running wheels for 30 days then tested for learning and memory on the plus water maze, adapted for multiple strains, and rotarod test of motor performance. The first 10 days, animals were injected with BrdU to label dividing cells. After behavioral testing animals were euthanized to measure adult hippocampal neurogenesis using standard methods. Levels of neurogenesis depended on strain but all mice had a similar increase in neurogenesis in response to exercise. All mice acquired the water maze but performance depended on strain. Exercise improved water maze performance in all strains to a similar degree. Rotarod performance depended on strain. Exercise improved rotarod performance only in DBA/2 J and B6D2F1/J mice. Taken together, results demonstrate that despite different levels of neurogenesis, memory performance and motor coordination in these mouse strains, all strains have the capacity to increase neurogenesis and improve learning on the water maze through voluntary wheel running.
2005 Special issue: Methods for reducing interference in the Complementary Learning Systems model: Oscillating inhibition and autonomous memory rehearsal

The stability-plasticity problem (i.e. how the brain incorporates new information into its model of the world, while at the same time preserving existing knowledge) has been at the forefront of computational memory research for several decades. In this paper, we critically evaluate how well the Complementary Learning Systems theory of hippocampo-cortical interactions addresses the stability-plasticity problem. We identify two major challenges for the model: Finding a learning algorithm for cortex and hippocampus that enacts selective strengthening of weak memories, and selective punishment of competing memories; and preventing catastrophic forgetting in the case of non-stationary environments (i.e. when items are temporarily removed from the training set). We then discuss potential solutions to these problems: First, we describe a recently developed learning algorithm that leverages neural oscillations to find weak parts of memories (so they can be strengthened) and strong competitors (so they can be punished), and we show how this algorithm outperforms other learning algorithms (CPCA Hebbian learning and Leabra at memorizing overlapping patterns. Second, we describe how autonomous re-activation of memories (separately in cortex and hippocampus) during REM sleep, coupled with the oscillating learning algorithm, can reduce the rate of forgetting of input patterns that are no longer present in the environment. We then present a simple demonstration of how this process can prevent catastrophic interference in an AB-AC learning paradigm. . We then present a simple demonstration of how this process can prevent catastrophic interference in an AB-AC learning paradigm. ate of forgetting of input patterns that are no longer present in the environment. We then present a simple demonstration of how this process can prevent catastrophic interference in an AB-AC learning paradigm.
Diffusion-induced migration of grain boundaries and liquid films

Abstract A model is proposed to explain diffusion-induced migration of a grain boundary or a liquid film on a unified basis. The driving energies for both phenomena are identified as the interface free energy and the free energy of mixing, the latter being predominant in most cases. The grain boundary or the liquid film migrates owing to thermally activated motion of atoms across the interface under the influence of the driving energies. An expression for the velocity of migration is derived, and it is shown that this depends parabolically on solute concentration. The model explains numerous experimental facts.
Fuzzy synthetic rating and a satisfying solution for Lee–Tanaka’s LP problem

Fuzzy synthetic rating is a mapping to capture the relationship between the characteristics of an object in a group and its overall fuzzy rating. This paper presents a general treatment on the problems of fuzzy synthetic rating based on factor space, fuzzy clustering and Lee–Tanaka’s idea of transferring the learning task of fuzzy regression NN by means of solving a kind of linear programming, called Lee–Tanaka’s LP problem by the author here. The author presents a satisfying solution for the LP problem. The satisfying solution is not necessarily an optimal solution in the traditional sense. That is, the fuzzy optimal methodology could be applied even when the feasible region is empty.
Application of the fast recursive algorithm to a large inhomogeneous scatterer for TM polarization

A fast recursive algorithm has been developed to solve for the scattering solution of a large 2-D inhomogeneous body for TM waves. The inhomogeneous body is first divided into N subscatterers. The algorithm uses an aggregate T matrix and translation formulas to solve for the solution of n + 1 subscatterers from the solution for n subscatterers. The computational complexity of the algorithm is of O(NMP2), where NM is the number of unknowns and P is the number of harmonies required in the translation formulas. The memory requirement is proportional to the number of unknowns. The algorithm has been used to solve for the scattering solution of a 10-λ-diameter two-dimensional scatterer with about 12,000 unknowns, taking about 30 s on a CRAY-2 supercomputer.
Biogeomorphology and landscape evolution: The problem of scale

Abstract Vegetation may vary continuously and rapidly, while landforms sometimes vary episodically and relatively slowly. This disparity in temporal scales creates scale linkage problems in dealing with landform-vegetation interactions. Four theoretical approaches for coping with these issues are outlined, and illustrated via applications to problems arising from fieldwork on the coastal plain of North Carolina. The first approach, the transient form ratio, is used to determine whether ecosystems and geomorphic environments preserved in Pleistocene stratigraphy represent stable landform-ecosystem combinations which should reflect landform and vegetation responses to sea level rise. The second, the information criterion, is applied to estimate the appropriate time steps for simulation modelling, and appropriate spatial resolutions for field studies, of vegetation effects on soil thickness in coastal plain uplands. The abstracted systems argument, the third approach, is used to show that alluvial sedimentation and floodplain ecological dynamics cannot be considered independently in studies of floodplain system response to post-European settlement. Finally, ratios of relaxation times and durations suggest that changes in upland erosion regimes associated with historical devegetation are best treated as a singular perturbation in the context of Quaternary landscape evolution.
Predicting High School Graduation and College Enrollment: Comparing Early Warning Indicator Data and Teacher Intuition

Each year, more districts implement early warning systems (EWS). These EWS predict negative student outcomes, such as dropping out, before they occur. Predictions are then used to match at-risk students to appropriate supports and interventions. Research suggests that these systems are useful in ensuring educators respond to student needs early, generating conversation around specific students at risk of dropping out. However, no research considers what new information teachers gain from having a specific prediction for a student. This article bridges this gap by comparing teacher and EWS predictions of whether students will complete high school and enroll in college. Further, it assesses whether accuracy in teacher judgment stems from additional information not in models—especially related to academic tenacity—and biases like self-fulfilling prophecies. Generally, EWS can provide benefits both as organizational tools and by increasing the precision with which students are identified for supports and inte...
Microscopic Evaluation of Strain Distribution in Granular Materials during Shear

The evolution of local strains during shear of particles of a granular material is presented in this paper. A cylindrical specimen composed of 6.5-mm spherical plastic particles was loaded under an axisymmetric triaxial loading condition. Computed tomography (CT) was used to acquire three-dimensional images of the specimen at three shearing stages. The high-resolution CT images were used to identify the 3D coordinates of 400 particles. Nine strain components (normal, shear, and rotation), rotation angles, and local dilatancy angles for particle groups were calculated, and their frequency distribution histograms are presented and discussed. It was found that there is no preferred shear direction, and the standard deviation values for shear strain components ( exy , exz , and eyz ) were almost equal for the specific test shearing stage. Shear strains as high as 25.6% were recorded for some particle groups. Furthermore, granular particle groups rotated in the 3D space with almost equal amounts of rotation st...
Proliferative properties of the clonogenic cells of the R3327 prostate adenocarcinoma.

We have systematically analyzed the proliferative properties of the clonogenic cells of the R3327 transplantable rat prostate adenocarcinoma (colony forming units, prostatic adenocarcinoma, CFU-PA). Pronase was determined to be more effective than either trypsin or collagenase in obtaining the largest number of viable cells from a solid R3327 tumor. Digestion with 2.5 mg/ml yielded a maximum of 5.6×104 CFU-PA/g of tumor tissue, with higher concentrations resulting in a substantially lower fraction of CFU-PA while producing larger overall cell yields. Bacto-agar at 0.35% supported the growth of the largest number of CFU-PA and was sharply concentration dependent with concentrations greater than 0.4% completely suppressing CFU-PA growth. The addition of conditioned medium (CM) from R3327 liquid cell cultures to agar cultures resulted in a specific twofold increase in CFU-PA/104 cells, whereas CM from R3327A cells was less effective and CM from rat skin fibroblasts least stimulatory. The addition of washed rat red blood cells (RBC) either within the agar culture itself or in an overlayer was highly stimulatory, resulting in as much as a fivefold increase in CFU-PA to 6 to 8×104/g.
How innate immunity can inhibit the release of HIV-1 from infected cells.

Tetherin, a native cellular molecule, opposes the egress of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) virions from the infected cell. It achieves this by literally tethering the budding virion to the cell surface.
The evolution of intravenous hyperalimentation.

When the Editor, Dr. James D. Hardy, invited me to set down in writing what I could recall about the development of Total Parenteral Nutrition (T.P.N.), I realized that some of this is shadowy, while a few points stand out in memory as crystal clear. The surprising thing about intravenous hyperalimentation (IVH) is that it was so slow in coming when many of the essential ingredients were in place by 1936 when Elman published his important paper on the successful use of Mead Johnson Co.'s enzymatic hydrolysate of casein with pancreas in patients [1]. To understand this, one must read some of the contemporary literature in the late 1930's and 1940's. Cuthbertson made an extremely important contribution in 1935 [2], showing the increased catabolism following injury. While George Whipple and his associates had foreshadowed this in the late 1920's and early 1930's, by their studies in dogs, Cuthbertson showed it in patients, especially patients with fractures of the femur, by measuring nitrogen balance. Furthermore, he observed that increases in dietary nitrogen augmented the nitrogen excretion and did not overtake the negative nitrogen balance. His work was confirmed in the United States by John Eager Howard and associates in Baltimore about 1940 [3]. A general view built up that this mobilization of nitrogen might well be teleological, and some thought that it might make certain amino acids or other protein moieties available for repair of injured tissues that perhaps required an especially large amount of certain components. This hypothesis has, I believe, neither been proved nor disproved. Along with this, however, was the idea that increas-
Expectancy and pharmacology influence the subjective effects of nicotine in a balanced-placebo design.

The expectancy and pharmacological effects of nicotine (0.60 mg) on memory and the subjective effects of cigarettes were examined using a balanced-placebo design (i.e., expect either nicotine or no nicotine and receive either nicotine or no nicotine). A total of 120 college students who smoke were assigned to 1 of the 4 experimental groups and rated the cigarettes on a number of dimensions and completed questionnaires on smoking urges, tension, and energy. Participants also completed tests of memory as well as predictions of memory. Pharmacology played a stronger role than expectancy in most ratings of the cigarettes, but significant effects of expectancy did emerge for feelings of increased wakefulness, concentration, calming, cigarette satisfaction, and hunger reduction. The presence of nicotine significantly reduced smoking urges, but expectancy alone reduced tension after smoking. Neither variable produced significant effects on memory or memory predictions. These findings demonstrate that non-pharmacological factors can play an important role in the self-reported effects of nicotine.
A facile method for preparing nitrogen-doped graphene and its application in supercapacitors

Abstract Nitrogen-doped graphene (N-doped graphene) produced from dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) is an extremely attractive material for energy storage due to the high specific capacitance and low cost. The as-prepared samples are derived from DDGS, an inexpensive byproduct from fermentation processed optimized for first generation bio-fuel production. The scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy results demonstrate the 700 °C treated sample (N-700) displays crumpled nanosheets and few-layer graphene nanostructure. XRD and Raman spectroscopy indicate N-700 presents the distinctive graphene diffraction peaks. The XPS of N-700 shows the N 1s can be split into pyrrolic-N and pyridinic-N. The cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were measured based on N-700. A high specific capacitance of 324 F g−1, and a relatively low inner resistance of 0.1 Ω were obtained.
PROLONGED EFFECTS OF LSD ON EEG RECORDS DURING DISCRIMINATIVE PERFORMANCE IN CAT; EVALUATION BY COMPUTER ANALYSIS.

Abstract The effects of LSD were studied in relation to changes induced in computed averages of epochs of EEG records during a discriminative task performance in a series of six cats repeatedly exposed to LSD over a period of many months. Computed averages were prepared from daily training tests of 20 and 40 trials. LSD (75 μg/kg) was given in single doses by intraperitoneal injection at intervals of not less than 3 weeks. Computed averages of rhythmic hippocampal wave trains during approach performance showed an increase in amplitude and regularity following LSD, typically in the initial waves immediately following presentation of the situation. This modification was maximal about 4 days after LSD, and decayed to control levels after 5 to 7 days. Similar analyses of records from the posterior pyriform (entorhinal) cortex indicated an increment in the early components of wave trains during discriminative performances, which also reached a maximum 2 to 3 days after LSD. Midbrain reticular activity showed only minor changes on days following LSD, also peaking about 4 days after drug dosage. These findings indicate persistent electrophysiological effects of LSD beyond the period of acute drug action. However, these changes ran a shorter course than the tolerance to LSD exhibited by man and animals. They showed a differential distribution in different brain regions, with maximal changes in the hippocampus, and smaller effects in the entorhinal cortex and the rostral midbrain reticular formation. Evidence is presented of highly focal differences in late responses within the hippocampus. Differential susceptibility of hippocampal tissue is discussed in relation to a similar sensitivity to the acute effects of both LSD and psychotomimetic cyclohexamines, and to the pattern of propagation of hippocampal after-discharges.
The Influence of the Graduate Student Research Project on Practice Research

This article reports on an empirical investigation regarding the influence of the MSW research project on subsequent practice research. The study sought to determine if the type or method of the required MSW research project influenced the conduct of research by social workers after graduation. The major independent variables were the types of research and methods of data gathering used in the MSW project. The outcome measures were the number and types of research projects that subjects had conducted since graduation. The study group comprised 98 recent MSW graduates of the University of South Florida School of Social Work. The survey instrument was a closed-ended one designed specifically for this study. The analysis of data showed that 38% had conducted some type of research project since graduation. Of these studies, 76% were program evaluations, and 24% were single-subject evaluations. The findings are discussed in terms of the research-practice gap in social work.
Emergent phenomena and the sociology of disaster: lessons, trends and opportunities from the research literature

Research on emergent behavior has been a significant topic within disaster studies. Through a detailed review of the literature we provide background information about this particular branch of disaster sociology. Following a brief discussion of the process by which literature was selected, important trends and areas of debate are discussed. These include the validation of previous findings, an expansion of the discussion on emergent phenomena and a critique of the bureaucratic approach. We conclude with implications for the theory and practice of emergency management.
Impact of education on the attitudes of college students toward biotechnology

An interdisciplinary course was designed as an introduction to the applications of, and the socio-economic issues associated with, biotechnology. College students enrolled in the course were surveyed prior to the first formal lecture, and again upon completion of the course. Assessment was made of the impact of the educational materials on the attitudes and perceptions of the students toward the applications of biotechnology to agriculture. Data were collected for the first three semesters in which the course was offered. Answers to survey questions were analyzed on a before and after basis. It was found that students were very accepting of biotechnology prior to taking the course, despite a generally low level of exposure to this type of technology. The course was effective in increasing the knowledge base of the students, but not as effective in allaying their perceptions of risks associated with biotechnology.
Biomechanical study of sternal closure techniques

Median sternotomy is the most commonly used incision in cardiothoracic surgery. Closure of this incision is usually performed with parasternal wires, but alternate techniques have been proposed to improve closure stability. This study compares biomechanical stability of standard wire (No. 5 stainless steel) with that of three types of band closure: 5-mm Mersilene ribbon, 5-mm stainless steel band, and 5-mm plastic band. Eight bisected cadaver sterna were reapproximated using each method of sternal fixation and tested for biomechanical stability using an MTS Bionix 858 Biomechanical Tester. Loads of 50, 100, 150, and 200 Newtons (1 Newton = 1 kg.m/s2) were applied as a distracting force across the closure. A linear regression line of displacement as a function of increasing load was determined for each closure method; the slope of this line is inversely proportional to fixation stability. Displacement and load correlated linearly for each closure (r = 0.99). Mean slopes were 0.012 mm/Newton (95% confidence limits, 0.0098 to 0.0142 mm/Newton) for No. 5 stainless steel wire, 0.014 mm/Newton (95% confidence limits, 0.0118 to 0.0162 mm/Newton) for plastic band, 0.017 mm/Newton (95% confidence limits, 0.0148 to 0.0192 mm/Newton) for Mersilene ribbon, and 0.017 mm/Newton (95% confidence limits, 0.0148 to 0.0192 mm/Newton) for 5-mm steel band. No. 5 stainless steel wire provided the most stable closure, although statistical significance was achieved only in comparison with Mersilene ribbon and stainless steel band (p < 0.05). The superior stability of stainless steel wire closure may be due to tightening of the wires by twisting, which results in more tension across the reapproximated sternal halves than with other methods.
Extensive Portomesenteric Venous Gas and Pneumatosis Intestinalis: Uncommon Findings of a Common Disease

Acute bowel ischemia is a serious abdominal condition. Because of the risk of fatal outcome, early and accurate diagnosis is essential. Portomesenteric venous gas and pneumatosis intestinalis (PI) are uncommon but important radiologic findings of bowel ischemia. They have been reported in only 3%‐14% of cases of acute bowel ischemia. 1 Both PI and portomesenteric venous gas can be detected in other nonischemic conditions such as sepsis, bowel distention, and after intraabdominal procedures. Importantly, the majority of the patients in whom portal vein gas is discovered require surgical intervention. Radiographically, PI can appear as an isolated air bubble or as a band-like, linear radiolucency contained within the bowel wall. Portal venous gas is defined as a tubular radiolucency from the porta hepatis extending to the periphery of the liver. Although neither portomesenteric venous gas nor PI is pathognomonic of bowel infarction, these computer tomography findings are associated with transmural infarction up to 91% of cases. 2 The present images demonstrated findings of pneumatosis throughout the stomach, small and large bowel as well as portal vein gas within the liver. Interestingly, there is also venous gas in the splenic vein, which is an unusual radiographic finding of bowel ischemia (Figures 1 and 2).
Vasopressor agents without volume expansion as a safe alternative to venovenous bypass during cavaplasty liver transplantation.

Background Cavaplasty orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) offers advantages for hepatectomy and implantation and eliminates the risk of outflow obstruction. However, it does require clamping of the cava. This study describes the use of a vasopressor without fluid expansion or venovenous bypass (VB) for hemodynamic control during the anhepatic phase. Methods The cavaplasty OLT technique was used routinely. A vasopressor was administered if the mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was less than 60 mm Hg after clamping of the cava. If the MAP did not reach 60 mm Hg after adjusting the dosage of the vasopressor, femoro-axillary VB would be used. VB was also indicated for preexisting cardiac disease or for massive hemorrhage from severe portal hypertension and extensive adhesions. Results Among all the 121 adult cavaplasty OLTs, 33 were supported with VB and 50 received a vasopressor. The remaining 38 were excluded. However, baseline variables were well matched, except that preexisting cardiac disease was more frequent in the VB group. The median dosage of epinephrine was 0.07 microg/kg/min (range 0.01-0.6). The VB and vasopressor groups were similar in the reduction in mean MAP and the accumulation in arterial lactate upon clamping as well as in the central venous pressure upon unclamping. Postreperfusion hypotension was more frequent in the VB than in the vasopressor group (27.3% vs. 4.0%, P=0.006). There was no primary graft nonfunction or intraoperative right heart failure. One patient in the vasopressor group required postoperative temporary dialysis. Ninety-day patient and graft survival for the VB and vasopressor groups were 97.0% vs. 98.0% and 97.0% vs. 94.0%, respectively. Conclusion Modest doses of vasopressor without volume expansion or VB can maintain hemodynamic stability during the anhepatic phase of cavaplasty OLT.
Analysis of HCDA

Abstract Safety regulation requires that the containment of fast reactors be analyzed to a spectrum of hypothetical core-disruptive accidents (HCDAs). To demonstrate the reactor containment can sustain the consequences of HCDAs, studies must be made to understand the reactor core behavior under HCDA conditions, to establish the consequences of HCDAs, to provide features to mitigate the effects of HCDAs, and to determine the response of the reactor primary system to HCDA loads. This paper reviews some approaches and methods used in the experimental and numerical analyses.
EEL: machine-independent executable editing

EEL (Executable Editing Library) is a library for building tools to analyze and modify an executable (compiled) program. The systems and languages communities have built many tools for error detection, fault isolation, architecture translation, performance measurement, simulation, and optimization using this approach of modifying executables. Currently, however, tools of this sort are difficult and time-consuming to write and are usually closely tied to a particular machine and operating system. EEL supports a machine- and system-independent editing model that enables tool builders to modify an executable without being aware of the details of the underlying architecture or operating system or being concerned with the consequences of deleting instructions or adding foreign code.
Ubiquity and Diversity of Human-Associated Demodex Mites

Demodex mites are a group of hair follicle and sebaceous gland-dwelling species. The species of these mites found on humans are arguably the animals with which we have the most intimate interactions. Yet, their prevalence and diversity have been poorly explored. Here we use a new molecular method to assess the occurrence of Demodex mites on humans. In addition, we use the 18S rRNA gene (18S rDNA) to assess the genetic diversity and evolutionary history of Demodex lineages. Within our samples, 100% of people over 18 years of age appear to host at least one Demodex species, suggesting that Demodex mites may be universal associates of adult humans. A phylogenetic analysis of 18S rDNA reveals intraspecific structure within one of the two named human-associated Demodex species, D. brevis. The D. brevis clade is geographically structured, suggesting that new lineages are likely to be discovered as humans from additional geographic regions are sampled.
Storage Phosphor Images in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Multiobserver Preference Study

Attempts to implement digital chest imaging in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at Georgetown University have proven unsuccssful. This paper explores some of the reasons for this. Based on our experience we will also make suggestions of how to best use the storage phosphor system, should one wish to implement it.
Transient-forced convection film boiling on an isothermal flat plate.

An approach for the solution of transient-forced convection film boiling on an isothermal flat plate using the boundary layer model is developed. The similarity variables are used to convert the governing partial differential equations to ordinary ones. The results of numerical solutions of these ordinary equations indicate that the transient process can be classified as one-dimensional conduction, intermediate, and the steady state regions. The time required for the one-dimensional conduction and the time necessary to attain a steady state condition are obtained. The influence of interfacial shear is seen to be negligible while the Prandtl Number and the ratio (C sub p delta T divided by h sub fg times Pr) have major influence. The use of local similarity approximations for the intermediate regime facilitates prediction of complete boundary layer growth. Using the ratio of time at any instant to the steady state time as abscissa, the curves representing the boundary layer growth can be merged into a single mean curve within 5 percent. Further, the analysis shows that the average rate of heat transfer during transient is 50 to 100 percent higher than those at steady state. The average rate of vapor convected away is 10 to 15 percent lower than at steady state while the average rate of accumulation to form the vapor layer is 1 to 14 times larger. Further, the total heat transferred during transient increases and the evaporation decreases for increasing values of C sub p delta T divided by h sub fg times Pr
Embedding an incomplete latin square in a latin square with a prescribed diagonal

Abstract We present necessary and sufficient conditions for the embedding of a given incomplete latin square R of side n,n⩾10 on the symbols σ1,…,σt in a latin square T of side t on the symbols σ1,…,σt for all t⩾2n+1 where the diagonal of T has been prescribed. The lower bound of 2n+1 for t is the best possible.