cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EFFECTIVENESS OF ELECTROSTATIC SHIELDING AND ELECTRONIC SUBTRACTION TO CORRECT FOR THE HOLE TRAPPING IN CDZNTE SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS.

CdZnTe (CZT) is a very promising material for nuclear-radiation detectors. CZT detectors operate at ambient temperatures and offer high detection efficiency and excellent energy resolution, placing them ahead of high-purity Ge for those applications where cryogenic cooling is problematic. The progress achieved in CZT detectors over the past decade is founded on the developments of robust detector designs and readout electronics, both of which helped to overcome the effects of carrier trapping. Because the holes have low mobility, only electrons can be used to generate signals in thick CZT detectors, so one must account for the variation of the output signal versus the locations of the interaction points. To obtain high spectral resolution, the detector's design should provide a means to eliminate this dependence throughout the entire volume of the device. In reality, the sensitive volume of any ionization detector invariably has two regions. In the first, adjacent to the collecting electrode, the amplitude of the output signal rapidly increases almost to its maximum as the interaction point is located farther from the anode; in the rest of the volume, the output signal remains nearly constant. Thus, the quality of CZT detector designs can be characterized based on the magnitude of the signals variations in the drift region and the ratio between the volumes of the drift and induction regions. The former determines the "geometrical" width of the photopeak, i.e., the line width that affects the total energy resolution and is attributed to the device's geometry when all other factors are neglected. The latter determines the photopeak efficiency and the area under the continuum in the pulse-height spectra. In this work, we describe our findings from systematizing different designs of CZT detectors and evaluating their performance based on these two criteria.
Purified Human Neuromelanin, Synthetic Dopamine Melanin as a Potential Model Pigment, and the Normal Human Substantia Nigra: Characterization by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Abstract: Neuromelanin is a poorly understood pigment that accumulates in catecholaminergic neurons during normal aging. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, an especially effective technique for investigating melanins, is used in the present study to show unambiguously that neuromelanin is a melanin; however, it is not well modeled by synthetic dopamine melanin and thus is an atypical melanin. Some of the unusual features of neuromelanin can be explained by postulating two distinct sources for its free radicals, the dominant one possibly derived from a precursor containing sulfur. Examination of human substantia nigra by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy during the purification of neuromelanin also demonstrates, contrary to some other studies, that a portion of the paramagnetic metal ions in this tissue are bound to the pigment in situ. Combined with previous histochemical data, these observations have implications for the mechanism through which neuromelanin accumulates in vivo and are consistent with its having a cytoprotective function under normal conditions, but a cytotoxic role at advanced ages and in patients with Parkinson's disease. Other results of this study show that homogenizing tissues during the purification of any natural pigment may cause contamination of the pigment by extraneous metal ions and that subsequent incubation in hot acid, though most effective in removing metal ions and hydrolyzing proteins, leads to degradation of melanin. A purification procedure using incubation in acid at room temperature, however, is well suited for identifying and characterizing unknown natural pigments by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Climate change: all in the game.

It is in the public interest to keep Earth's climate on an even keel — the public, in this case, being all the world's population. Are you prepared to stake your own reputation on helping to improve matters?
A second-generation reactive empirical bond order (REBO) potential energy expression for hydrocarbons

A second-generation potential energy function for solid carbon and hydrocarbon molecules that is based on an empirical bond order formalism is presented. This potential allows for covalent bond breaking and forming with associated changes in atomic hybridization within a classical potential, producing a powerful method for modelling complex chemistry in large many-atom systems. This revised potential contains improved analytic functions and an extended database relative to an earlier version (Brenner D W 1990 Phys. Rev. B 42 9458). These lead to a significantly better description of bond energies, lengths, and force constants for hydrocarbon molecules, as well as elastic properties, interstitial defect energies, and surface energies for diamond.
Pediatric Thyroid Microcarcinoma.

Thyroid microcarcinomas (TMCs) are increasing in the general population, most commonly in older individuals; however, the incidence, characteristics, and outcomes of TMCs in pediatric patients has not been studied. All patients ≤19 years of age with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) were identified from the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results registry from 1988 to 2009. Patients were divided into two groups based on tumor siz e: TMCs (≤1 cm) and tumors >1 cm. Demographic, tumor, and treatment characteristics, as well as overall survival (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS), were compared between the two groups. The TMC group was analyzed separately for predictors of overall and disease-specific death. Of 1825 pediatric DTC patients, 8.4 % had a TMC, and, over the past decade, the incidence has decreased (6.5 vs 14.5 %; p 1 cm, TMCs were more likely to have papillary histology, negative lymph nodes, be treated with a partial thyroidectomy [odds ratio (OR) 3.46, CI 2.02–5.93] and not receive radioiodine (OR 1.77, CI 1.10–2.83). Neither OS (TMC: 253.59 months; DTC >1 cm: 257.97 months) nor DSS (TMC: 256.38 months; DTC >1 cm: 260.77 months) differed between groups. Predictors of decreased OS in the entire cohort included secondary malignancy status (p = 0.001), black race (p = 0.006) and follicular or Hurthle histology (p = 0.001). In patients with primary TMC, only follicular or Hurthle histology (p = 0.001) predicted decreased OS. TMCs in patients ≤19 years of age are declining and comprise <10 % of pediatric thyroid malignancies. TMCs are most commonly treated with a partial thyroidectomy not followed by radioiodine, and have an excellent OS and DSS.
Origin of resting potential of axon membrane.

Abstract The electric potential at a surface of the axon membrane is lower than that of the aqueous solution which is in contact with the surface, owing to negative charges on the surface. In the membrane, the potential is assumed to be uniform. The resting potential is the difference between the potential drops of the internal and the external surfaces. The surface charge density depends on the composition of the aqueous solution. An important solute pertaining to the resting potential is the potassium ion, which cancels the negative charge on the membrane surface. Langmuir's absorption isotherm gives the relation between the potassium ion density and the surface charge density. The resting potential calculated is in good agreement with experimental results of internal and external perfusion of squid giant axons.
Distributed parallel processing in the vertical vestibulo-ocular reflex: Learning networks compared to tensor theory

The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is capable of producing compensatory eye movements in three dimensions. It utilizes the head rotational velocity signals from the semicircular canals to control the contractions of the extraocular muscles. Since canal and muscle coordinate frames are not orthogonal and differ from one another, a sensorimotor transformation must be produced by the VOR neural network. Tensor theory has been used to construct a linear transformation that can model the three-dimensional behavior of the VOR. But tensor theory does not take the distributed, redundant nature of the VOR neural network into account. It suggests that the neurons subserving the VOR, such as vestibular nucleus neurons, should have specific sensitivity-vectors. Actual data, however, are not in accord. Data from the cat show that the sensitivity-vectors of vestibular nucleus neurons, rather than aligning with any specific vectors, are dispersed widely. As an alternative to tensor theory, we modeled the vertical VOR as a three-layered neural network programmed using the back-propagation learning algorithm. Units in mature networks had divergent sensitivity-vectors which resembled those of actual vestibular nucleus neurons in the cat. This similarity suggests that the VOR sensorimotor transformation may be represented redundantly rather than uniquely. The results demonstrate how vestibular nucleus neurons can encode the VOR sensorimotor transformation in a distributed manner.
Invasive lobular carcinoma predicts micrometastasis in breast cancer.

Abstract Background Invasive lobular carcinomas (ILCs) are almost always estrogen receptor (ER) positive. Most delayed breast cancer recurrences occur in ER-positive patients. Disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) and circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been implicated in recurrence. The purpose of this study was to determine whether DTCs and CTCs are associated with ILCs in stage I–III breast cancer. Materials and methods Clinical stage I–III breast cancer patients consented to participate in an institutional review board–approved study involving collection of bone marrow and blood at surgery for primary breast cancer. We assessed DTCs by anti-CK antibody cocktail after cytospin. We detected CTCs using CellSearch, and defined them as nucleated cells lacking CD45 but expressing cytokeratin. One or more cells per 5 mL bone marrow or 7.5 mL blood was considered positive. We performed statistical analyses using chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests. Results We prospectively enrolled 422 patients, 64 with ILC and 358 with invasive ductal carcinoma. Estrogen receptor positivity was higher in ILCs (92.2% versus 66.2%) {P = .001}. We identified DTCs to be 43.4% with ILC compared with 28.9% with IDC { P = 0.03}. The CTC rates were similar. Either DTCs or CTCs were identified in 75.6% with ILC, compared with 51.7% with invasive ductal carcinoma { P = .002}. We observed no correlation between the presence of DTCs and CTCs in ILC patients and tumor size, grade, hormone receptor status, stage, lymph node status, or administration of NACT. Conclusions Invasive lobular carcinomas independently predicted micrometastatic disease. Because most late recurrences are ER positive, this raises the question of whether DTCs and CTCs are indeed responsible for late breast cancer recurrence.
Unusual Lesions of Atherosclerosis in Psittacines

Atherosclerosis in psittacines is commonly associated with lesions in the greater vessels of the heart. Unusual or atypical lesions of atherosclerosis manifest in the nongreater vessels of the heart that include coronary arteries, thoracic and abdominal aorta, carotid arteries, and medium-sized vessels in various organs. Occasionally, atherosclerosis is also observed in glomeruli and feather follicles, leading to uncommon sequelae. The most prominent and unusual atherosclerosis lesions, which have not been well described in psittacines, are severe atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, resulting in myocardial degeneration, necrosis, inflammation and fibrosis, myocardial infarction, and sudden death. Information regarding clinical manifestations, treatment, and prognostic indicators of atherosclerosis in avian patients is pertinent in treating and offering clients the best treatment plan. A detailed description of this disease by bird species, age, sex, clinical signs, and gross and histopathological findings are presented in this article.
Human and murine Kupffer cell function may be altered by both intrahepatic and intrasplenic tumor deposits.

The liver is the most common site of hematogenous metastases from colorectal carcinoma. Kupffer cells (KC), which line the hepatic sinusoids, may form the first line of defense against circulating tumor cells. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of hepatic metastases and intro-abdominal tumor growth on KC binding of human colorectal carcinoma (HCRC) cells. MIP-101, a poorly metastatic cell line, and CX-1, a highly metastatic cell line, were injected intrasplenically into nude mice and KC were isolated by collagenase perfusion at varying intervals after injection. Conditioned media were collected from MIP-101, CCL 188 and CX-1 to determine their in vitro effect on KC function. KC from MIP-101 injected mice (14% liver metastases, 100% splenic tumors) bound a significantly greater number of MIP-101 and clone A cells than CX-1 cells in vitro. KC isolated from mice 5 weeks after CX-1 injection (100% liver metastases) also showed increased binding of MIP-101 and clone A cells compared to CX-1 cells. Similar results were obtained when tumor cell binding to normal human liver KC was compared to binding to KC from human livers from patients with hepatic metastasis from colorectal cancer. In contrast KC obtained from mice 3 weeks after CX-1 injection (44% liver metastases) showed significantly decreased binding of MIP-101 and clone A cells. The conditioned medium from CX-1 cells significantly decreased the in vitro binding of both MIP-101 and CX-1 by KC. These results indicate that the ability of KC to bind HCRC cells (which precedes phagocytosis and tumor cell killing) is a dynamic function and affected by concomitant tumor growth. HCRC cells may alter KC function via the production of specific tumor-derived soluble factors. In order to devise new and more effective therapeutic options in the treatment of liver metastases the nature of this tumor cell-KC interaction must be better understood.
Gaseous Corrosion of Metals in a 60% H2 O, 40% HCl Environment

Abstract Laboratory tests were conducted on iron, nickel, titanium, and cobalt base alloys and zirconium 702, primarily at temperatures of 95 to 400 C for exposure periods of 15 days in a 60 vol% H...
Case-control study on self-reported osteoporotic fractures and mandibular cortical bone.

Abstract Objectives. The purpose of this case-control study was to determine whether the radiographic appearance of the mandibular cortical bone in patients who were elderly and noninstitutionalized was related to a self-reported history of osteoporotic fractures. Study Design. Patients who had a billing statement at the School of Dentistry dated between 1993 and 1996, who were older than 60, and who had a panoramic radiograph were invited to be interviewed regarding fracture history (circumstances and year of fracture) and risk factors for osteoporosis. Cases (n = 93) were individuals reporting osteoporotic fractures (fractures occurring after minor impact). Controls (n = 394) were individuals reporting traumatic fractures (n = 105) or no fractures (n = 289). Blinded to case-control status, we evaluated the mandibular cortex on a panoramic radiograph and classified them as normal (even and sharp endosteal margin), moderately eroded (evidence of lacunar resorption or endosteal cortical residues), or severely eroded (unequivocal porosity). In addition, cortical thickness was measured below the mental foramen. Results. After adjustment for potentially confounding factors, the odds ratio for an osteoporotic fracture associated with moderately eroded and severely eroded mandibular cortices was 2.0 (95% CI, 1.2 to 3.3) and 8.0 (95% CI, 2.0 to 28.9), respectively. After adjusting for all potentially confounding factors, we found that the cortex was 0.54 mm (or 12%) thinner in subjects with an osteoporotic fracture compared with controls (95% CI, 0.25 to 0.84 mm). Conclusions. Subjects with a self-reported history of osteoporotic fractures tend to have increased resorption and thinning of the mandibular lower cortex. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2000;90:518-24)
Failure of experimental vaccines to protect against infection with ovine progressive pneumonia (Maedi-visna) virus.

Cell culture medium was harvested from cells infected with ovine progressive pneumonia (OPP) virus and used to prepare killed virus vaccines. Virus was inactivated by either heat, formalin, or ethyleneimine and used either without adjuvant, with Freund incomplete adjuvant, or with aluminum hydroxide adjuvant to vaccinate sheep. The sheep produced precipitating antibody against the virus but were not protected against infection when challenged with live OPP virus.
STARTS: Stanford proposal for Internet meta-searching

Document sources are available everywhere, both within the internal networks of organizations and on the Internet. Even individual organizations use search engines from different vendors to index their internal document collections. These search engines are typically incompatible in that they support different query models and interfaces, they do not return enough information with the query results for adequate merging of the results, and finally, in that they do not export metadata about the collections that they index (e.g., to assist in resource discovery). This paper describes STARTS, an emerging protocol for Internet retrieval and search that facilitates the task of querying multiple document sources. STARTS has been developed in a unique way. It is not a standard, but a group effort coordinated by Stanford's Digital Library project, and involving over 11 companies and organizations. The objective of this paper is not only to give an overview of the STARTS protocol proposal, but also to discuss the process that led to its definition.
Debating Governance: Authority, Steering, and Democracy. Edited by Jon Pierre. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. 251p. $60.00 cloth, $24.95 paper.

If you remain befuddled, perplexed, or even a bit hazy about why scholars have shifted in the last decade from talking about “government” to talking about “governance,” this is the volume for you. Debating Governance, edited by Jon Pierre, brings together a diverse group of scholars to analyze the meaning and value of this concept within their respective subfields. The title of the volume may, however, be ambiguous. These scholars are not debating the meaning and value of the term governance among themselves. The contributors to the volume generally agree that governance is a useful and valuable concept. Despite differences in emphasis, perspective, and language, the authors generally agree about why we must shift from talking about “government” to talking about “governance.” The debate, if there is one, is with those who would deny or ignore fundamental changes in the way in which we govern ourselves over the last several decades.
Pursuit of the ineffable: perceptual and motor reversals during the tracking of apparent motion

Pursuit can be guided by perceived rather than physical motion, but the temporal relationship between motion perception and pursuit is unknown. We used an apparent motion stimulus consisting of a horizontal row of evenly spaced Kanizsa illusory squares (1.44 deg2): the illusory contours appeared at the midpoints of the illusory squares presented in the previous frame, producing bi-directional apparent motion of the illusory contours (21.5 deg/s) that could be reversed at will. We measured eye movements in five subjects asked to (1) track the motion of the illusory squares, and (2) reverse the perceived direction while continuing to track the squares. We measured the timing of the voluntary perceptual reversals and compared this to the time course of the reversal in tracking direction. We found that subjects could smoothly track the apparent motion of illusory squares and also produce saccade-free reversals in pursuit velocity. The time course of these motor reversals closely followed the measurements of the perceptual reversal and, on average, the perceptual reversals preceded the pursuit reversals by 53 ms, a delay shorter than when the perceptual reversal was visually guided. Smooth pursuit and the perception of motion direction were in temporal register and highly correlated, suggesting that pursuit can provide a real-time readout for the state of motion perception.
Field evaluation of the effects of water table fluctuations on soil radon gas emanations

Measurements of the depth of the water table and the concentration of soil gas radon at water wells in Virginia and Maryland show that at each well site, there is no correlation between the depths of the water table and the radon concentration. However, when comparing nearby water wells, there is a relationship between depth of the water table and the concentration of soil gas radon. Wells with a shallower water table tend to have less soil gas radon emanation. It may be that this relationship It may be that this relationship (higher water table with lower radon emanation) may explain seasonal changes in radon concentration, since changes in water table depth are caused by seasonal changes in precipitation.
Predicting mask performance by numerical simulation

In this paper, we present a method for linking a finite element Maxwell's equation solver with a scalar lithography simulator, iPHOTO-II. The combined simulator takes the mask topography and the stepper parameters as input and simulates the resist profile on the wafer plane. The accuracy of the simulator is demonstrated by comparing simulation results with experimental data over a wide range of focus, exposure and mask dimensions. The simulator is used to predict the performance of a phase edge phase shift mask. It is revealed that the true position of the line center in a phase edge PSM is shifted slightly from the location given by geometric projection. Biasing rules for compensating for this location shift are presented.
A biomimetic oxidation catalyzed by manganese(III) porphyrins and iodobenzene diacetate: Synthetic and mechanistic investigations

Abstract With iodobenzene diacetate [PhI(OAc)2] as the oxygen source, manganese(III) porphyrin complexes exhibit remarkable catalytic activity toward the selective oxidation of alkenes and activated hydrocarbons. Conspicuous is the fact that the readily soluble PhI(OAc)2 in the presence of a small amount of water is more efficient than the commonly used PhIO and other oxygen sources under same catalytic conditions. High selectivity for epoxides and excellent catalytic efficiency with up to 10,000 TON have been achieved in alkene epoxidations. It was found that the reactivity of manganese(III) porphyrin catalysts was greatly affected by axial ligand and the weakly binding perchlorate gave the highest catalytic activity in the epoxidation of alkenes. A manganese(IV)-oxo porphyrin was detected in the reaction of the manganese(III) porphyrin and PhI(OAc)2. However, our catalytic competition and Hammett studies have suggested that the more reactive manganese(V)-oxo intermediate was favored as the premier active oxidant, even it is too short-lived to be produced in detectable concentrations.
Exploring filter-based feature selection techniques for software quality classification

The quality of software products can be estimated and improved by building software quality classification models. The predictive accuracy of the software quality classification models is usually affected by two factors: the learning model(s) used in classification and the quality of the data. This study examined both influencing factors, but we concentrated more on the quality of the data by selecting a subset of relevant features for building classification models. We investigated four filter-based feature selection techniques in a case study on a very large telecommunications software system. The empirical results demonstrated that by applying attribute selection we can build classification models with prediction accuracy comparable to or even better than those built with a complete set of attributes, even though the smaller subset of attributes had less than 15% of the complete set of attributes.
Expressive Writing Improves Subjective Health Among Testicular Cancer Survivors: A Pilot Study

The present pilot study examined the efficacy of a brief expressive writing intervention for helping testicular cancer (TC) survivors manage psychological, relational, and health complications associated with treatment and recovery. 48 men reported on mental health, quality of life, and sexual health, then took part in a 5- week expressive writing intervention. Afterward, all participants again reported on the same measures used in the pre-test. A total of 28 men completed at least two writing sessions and were included in the analysis. Results revealed that, compared to men in both the negative expression and control conditions, men in the positive expression group experienced improvements in their mental health over the course of the 5-week trial.
Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of theophylline in human neonates, children, and adults.

(1983). Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics of Theophylline in Human Neonates, Children, and Adults. Drug Metabolism Reviews: Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 295-335.
Gravitropism and gravimorphism during regeneration from protoplasts of the moss Ceratodon purpureus (Hedw.) Brid

Wild-type (WT) protonemata of the moss Ceratodon purpureus grow upwards in darkness (negative gravitropism), whereas protonemata of the mutant, wrong-way response (wwr-1) grow down. Since Ceratodon protoplasts regenerate to form new protonemata, we analyzed whether the direction of filament emergence was influenced by gravity (gravimorphism) and determined the cytological events that correlated with the onset of gravitropism in WT and wwr-1 filaments formed de novo. In the WT the direction of filament emergence appeared to be gravimorphic as more than 66% of the new filaments emerged above the horizontal. In contrast, the direction of filament emergence was random in wwr-1. Tip-growing cells of both genotypes became gravitropic within a total of one to two cell divisions. Gravitropic curvature in wwr-1 was opposite in direction to that of WT, and the timing of curvature was comparable, indicating that the wwr-1 mutation acts during the onset of gravitropic competence. In time-lapse studies of both genotypes, neither a plastid-free zone nor obvious and extensive plastid sedimentation characteristic of mature dark-grown protonemata was observed in the new filaments prior to gravitropic curvature. Thus, it appears that these latter two features are not required for gravitropism in new protonemal filaments from protoplasts.
Technologies to Support End of Life Care

Article discussing the current level of utilization of informatics systems in hospice and palliative care and two projects that highlight the role of informatics applications for hospice informal caregivers.
State-dependent cross-inhibition between transmitter-gated cation channels.

Transmitter-gated cation channels are detectors of excitatory chemical signals at synapses in the nervous system. Here we show that structurally distinct α3β4 nicotinic and P2X_2 channels influence each other when co-activated. The activation of one channel type affects distinct kinetic and conductance states of the other, and co-activation results in non-additive responses owing to inhibition of both channel types. State-dependent inhibition of nicotinic channels is revealed most clearly with mutant P2X_2 channels, and inhibition is decreased at lower densities of channel expression. In synaptically coupled myenteric neurons, nicotinic fast excitatory postsynaptic currents are occluded during activation of endogenously co-expressed P2X channels. Our data provide a molecular basis and a synaptic context for cross-inhibition between transmitter-gated channels.
Theoretical Models and the Analyst's Neutrality

J. R. Greenberg's writing has always been distinguished by deep and subtle scholarship, elegance, clarity, and innovation. Greenberg proposes that in relational theories, though, neutrality should be redefined: 'Neutrality embodies the goal of establishing an optimal tension between the patient's tendency to see the analyst as an old object and his capacity to experience him as a new one'. In a clinical illustration Greenberg shows how preserving a particular patient's capacity to experience him as a new object required that he, Greenberg, loosen some of his usual technical procedures to be more directly responsive. He often isolates a problem or a question that may not have been defined in quite the way he does, and then he articulates a carefully organized point of view that he proposes as a resolution. Many psychoanalytic writers pursue a programmatic agenda, in which each article is intended to contribute to a larger theme to which the writer has an overarching commitment.
Photoperiodism in the common coturnix (Coturnix c. japonica) male

Abstract Testicular growth of young and mature coturnix ( Coturnix c. japonica ) on intermittent light was observed. Five experiments were designed to determine if intermittent symmetrical photoperiods were more effective when they occurred during the photosensitive phase. A brief review of night interruption and resonance experiments with male birds is also given. All birds received a total of 12 hours of light per day. The number of light cycles per 24 hours and hours of light and dark per cycle were as follows: 1(LD12:12), 2(LD6:6), 3(LD4:4) and 4(LD3:3). Testicular growth differed among groups depending on the number of photoperiods received. The most effective light treatment was the 4(LD3:3) and least effective was 1(LD12:12). These results are interpreted on the basis of a circadian rhythm in photosensitivity.
Change and Stability in Work Commitment in Norway: from Adolescence to Adulthood

The individual's commitment to work has occupied a central place in much welfare state research. This centrality relates to beliefs that welfare system design influences the ways in which people come to value employment. If, as believed, generous benefit systems diminish citizens' willingness to work, then these systems undermine both the legitimacy and the performance of the welfare state. This article explores change and stability in work commitment in a Norwegian cohort born between 1965 and 1968. We investigate whether and if so how individuals' experience with the welfare system and their personal, family or work experiences influenced their level of work commitment between 1993 and 2003, from adolescence to adulthood. Findings show work commitment as relatively stable across the ten years, with some individual-level change relative to changes in family life (such as becoming a parent) and in work experience (such as long-term unemployment). Results indicate that the fear of disincentive effects on individuals' work commitment is exaggerated.
Comparison of the random-phase approximation with the multichannel frozen-core Hartree-Fock approximation for the photoionization of N2.

The photoionization of ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ leading to the $^{2}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{\mathrm{g}}^{+}$, ${\mathit{A}}^{2}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Pi}}}_{\mathit{u}}$, and $^{2}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{\mathrm{u}}^{+}$ states of ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}^{+}$ has been studied using the random-phase approximation (RPA) and the multichannel frozen-core Hartree-Fock (MCFCHF) approximation. The RPA has been implemented as a coupled-channel method with a set of open and closed channels corresponding to excitation operators and with a set of closed channels corresponding to deexcitation operators. Thus in the case of the photoionization of ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ there are 14 coupled channels. Both the RPA and MCFCHF were solved using the Schwinger variational method with Pad\'e-approximant corrections. Good agreement was found between the RPA results and the MCFCHF results when the dipole-mixed form of the cross section was used. In comparison with experiment, both of these methods show qualitative improvements over previous computational results. These calculations give the correct behavior of the cross section in the 1${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}_{\mathit{u}}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}k${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}_{\mathit{g}}$ channel without ad hoc corrections needed in earlier calculations. Also both of these methods exhibit autoionizing resonances lacking in earlier results. However, there are still a number of discrepancies between theory and experiment, including the position and shape of the autoionization resonances, and the behavior of the photoelectron asymmetry parameters in the (2${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{\mathit{u}}$${)}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ ionization channel, which is strongly perturbed by the shape resonance in the (3${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{\mathit{g}}$${)}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ ionization channel.
Partnering through Outsourcing.

Borrowed from the business community, outsourcing has entered the academic arena as a viable means of cutting costs, providing service, and addressing management concerns.
Adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate and N 6 -2'-O-dibutyryl-adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate transport in cells.

Incubation of Strain L cells in 0.15 millimolar adenosine 39,59-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) increase the intracellular level of cyclic AMP more than does incubation in dibutyryl cyclic AMP. The intracellular increase of cyclic AMP is greater with Strain L than with WI-38 cells. Similarly, cell division of Strain L cells is inhibited more by cyclic AMP. The experiments do not, support the belief that dibutyryl cyclic AMP is transported better than cyclic AMP.
Statistical considerations in the design, analysis and interpretation of clinical studies that use patient-reported outcomes*:

This special issue of Statistical Methods in Medical Research emphasizes statistical considerations that are unique to a clinical study whose endpoint is based on a patient-reported outcome (PRO), which is any report of the status of a patient’s health condition that comes directly from the patient, without interpretation of the patient’s response by a clinician or anyone else. The design, analysis and interpretation of results from clinical studies that use PROs to support the efficacy of an investigational medical product are addressed by the papers in this issue. Many of the viewpoints in this issue also apply to clinician-reported outcomes and observer-reported outcomes, in addition to PROs. As Julious and Walters describe in this issue, these three types of outcomes can simply be called ‘person-reported outcomes’. Although the concerns and techniques discussed in the papers may pertain to the use of PROs as diagnostic tools in clinical or rehabilitation settings, these settings are not explicitly covered. The selection of a PRO instrument appropriate for the clinical study population and study objective is crucial to the successful outcome of a clinical study. In this issue, Izem et al. discuss statistical considerations regarding the choice of single-item PRO instruments and multi-item PRO instruments. They also describe challenges that must be addressed when existing instruments are adapted for use in clinical studies. In addition to the use of existing instruments, a second approach is to develop a new PRO instrument for the study. Some statistical considerations important to the development of new PRO instruments are described next in this editorial. Increasingly, modern psychometric theory (e.g. item response theory and Rasch models) and classical test theory are being used to develop new PRO instruments. In this issue, Massof provides an overview of these methods and their implications for the validation and scoring of instruments. This overview should be helpful to statisticians who need to understand these approaches and the roles of these approaches in the development of new, validated instruments for use in clinical studies. The potential for differential item functioning (DIF) and, more specifically, intervention-specific DIF needs to be considered when an instrument is being selected for a clinical study. Massof alerts
A novel role for the major histocompatibility complex class II transactivator CIITA in the repression of IL-4 production.

Abstract Class II transactivator (CIITA) is known as a coactivator for MHC class II gene expression in antigen-presenting cells. Surprisingly, when CIITA −/− CD4 T cells were stimulated in the presence of IL-12, they produced not only IFNγ but also high levels of IL-4. The IL-4 production is due to the accumulation of IL-4 gene transcripts in Th1 cells. This transcriptional control is observed in T cells differentiating to the Th1 but not Th2 lineage, consistent with induction of expression of the CIITA gene in T cells by IFNγ. Thus, in addition to its role in transactivation of genes involved in antigen presentation, CIITA plays a critical role during the T cell differentiation by negatively regulating the IL-4 gene transcription.
Stereoelectronic Aspects of Inter-Metal Nitrogen Atom Transfer Reactions between Nitridomanganese(V) and Chromium(III) Porphyrins

Reactions of nitridomanganese(V) porphyrins with chromium(III) porphyrins resulted in the irreversible formation of nitridochromium(V) porphyrins and manganese(III) porphyrins. The progress of these reactions has been followed spectrophotometrically, electrochemically, and spectroscopically by EPR. Kinetic analysis of the spectrophotometric data obtained during these reactions for a variety of substituted porphyrins showed the reactions to be first order in each of the reactants. Rate constants were dependent upon the electronic and steric effects of the porphyrin substituent, upon the identity of the anion bound to the chromium(III) reactant, and upon the solvent dielectric constant. We propose that the mechanism of these nitrogen atom transfer reactions involves the nucleophilic attack of the nitridomanganese porphyrin donor on the cationic chromium(III) porphyrin acceptor facilitating a net, two-electron redox process mediated by a heterobimetallic μ-nitrido intermediate. This report represents the fir...
Hybrid photovoltaic devices of polymer and ZnO nanofiber composites

Abstract Organic semiconductor-based photovoltaic devices offer the promise of a low-cost photovoltaic technology that could be manufactured via large-scale, roll-to-roll printing techniques. Existing organic photovoltaic devices have currently achieved solar power conversion efficiencies greater than 3%. Although encouraging, the reasons higher efficiencies have not been achieved are poor overlap between the absorption spectrum of the organic chromophores and the solar spectrum, non-ideal band alignment between the donor and acceptor species, and low charge carrier mobilities resulting from the disordered nature of organic semiconductors. To address the latter issues, we are investigating the development of nanostructured oxide/conjugated polymer composite photovoltaic (PV) devices. These composites can take advantage of the high electron mobilities attainable in oxide semiconductors and can be fabricated using low-temperature solution-based growth techniques. Additionally, the morphology of the composite can be controlled in a systematic way through control of the nanostructured oxide growth. ZnO nanostructures that are vertically aligned with respect to the substrate have been grown. Here we discuss the fabrication of such nanostructures and present results from ZnO nanofiber/poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) composite PV devices. The best performance with this cell structure produced an open circuit voltage (Voc) of 440 mV, a short circuit current density (Jsc) of 2.2 mA/cm2, a fill factor (FF) of 0.56, and a conversion efficiency (η) of 0.53%. Incorporation of a blend of P3HT and (6,6)-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) into the ZnO nanofibers produced enhanced performance with a Voc of 475 mV, Jsc of 10.0 mA/cm2, FF of 0.43, and η of 2.03%. The power efficiency is limited in these devices by the large fiber spacing and the reduced Voc.
Artifact preservation and post-depositional site-formation processes in an urban setting: a geoarchaeological study of a 19th century neighborhood in Detroit, Michigan, USA

A geoarchaeological study was carried out to assess levels of artifact deterioration occurring in a historic-period urban soil during the 20th century. The study site is a former house-lot in a park created in 1919 by demolition of a residential community in Detroit, Michigan, USA. The results show that despite nearly a century of burial in an urban soil impacted heavily by pollution and other anthropogenic activity, many 19th century artifacts are remarkably well preserved. The observed weathering stability sequence of glass > bone > mortar > plaster > paint is consistent with decreasing solubility product values of the corresponding principal mineral constituent (glass < apatite < portlandite < gypsum < cerrusite). Even severely weathered 19th century nails and mortar can often be distinguished using optical petrographic and SEM-EDAX methods. The excellent state of artifact preservation is attributed to a calcareous soil microenvironment, and artificial compaction which limited the weathering effects of water and oxygen. Artifact preservation was further enhanced by burial beneath a thick biomantle created by the casting activity of an invasive species of earthworm. However, Lumbricus terrestris may now pose the greatest threat to artifact preservation because casting and burrowing activities are decreasing bulk density, and promoting the diffusion of air and water into the soil. Early excavation is recommended to recover artifacts in soils impacted by the combined effects of urban pollution and earthworm burrowing. Anthropogenic microparticles smaller than those normally classified as microartifacts were found to be useful indicators of human occupation.
Sequential extraction techniques applied to a porphyry copper deposit in the basin and range province

Samples of minus-80-mesh (<180 μm) stream sediment, rock containing exposed fracture coatings, and jarosite and chrysocolla were collected from an area surrounding the North Silver Bell porphyry Cu deposit near Tucson, Arizona. The samples were subjected to a series of extractions in a scheme originally designed for use on samples from humid or sub-humid environments, in which the following fractions can effectively be separated: (1) carbonates and exchangeable metals; (2) Mn oxides; (3) organic compounds and sulfides; (4) hydrous Fe oxides; and (5) residual crystalline minerals. Jarosite and chrysocolla, two major minerals of the North Silver Bell area, were found to dissolve over two or more steps of the extraction scheme. The results represent only a limited number of samples from one copper deposit. Nevertheless, they do suggest that in a semiarid to arid environment, where mechanical dispersion of such minerals predominates, uncritical assignment of unique phases, such as Mn oxides or organics to a given extraction would lead to false interpretations of weathering processes. However, the relative proportions of elements dissolved in each step of the jarosite and chrysocolla extractions could be used as a “fingerprint” for recognition of the presence of these two minerals in the stream-sediment and rock samples. The relative abundance of hydrous Fe oxide and jarosite and the alteration zoning could be mapped using data from jarosite and chrysocolla extractions. Manganese oxides were also found to have a greater influence on Zn than on Cu or Pb during supergene alteration. The rapid change in relative importance of the first (1M-acetic acid) extraction for Cu, Zn, and Pb near the mineralized zone suggested the occurrence of minor hydromorphic processes within the stream sediments. Thus, the acetic acid extraction proved the most effective for pinpointing mineralization in sediments. In contrast, the residual fraction had the longest dispersion train, suggesting that total metal concentrations are most effective in arid environments for reconnaissance surveys.
Association Between Quantitative Nerve Fiber Layer Measurement and Visual Field Loss in Glaucoma

Purpose To evaluate the association between quantitative nerve fiber layer measurements and visual field loss in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. Methods Quantitative retinal nerve fiber layer measurements were obtained in 53 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma by using confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cross-section area) and confocal scanning laser polarimetry (retardation ratio). For each eye, three images were obtained with each instrument. An image that was the mean of those three was created and used in all analyses. We investigated the association between global, regional, and hemifield differences in retinal nerve fiber layer measurements and visual field loss with linear regression techniques. Results The retardation ratio decreased with increasing mean visual field loss, measured both globally and regionally; R2 (the amount of variation explained by the model) ranged from 8% to 21%. Retinal nerve fiber layer cross-section area was not significantly associated with global measures of visual field loss. The inferior visual field mean deviation increased with decreasing superior retinal nerve fiber layer cross-section area (R2 = 8.2%, P = .04); superior visual field mean deviation was not associated with inferior retinal nerve fiber layer cross-section area (R2 = 2.6%, P = .25). Hemifield differences in visual field mean deviation increased with increasing hemifield differences in retinal nerve fiber layer cross-section area (R2 = 20.0%, P Conclusions Quantitative measures of the retinal nerve fiber layer using both confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and confocal scanning laser polarimetry were correlated with visual field loss in glaucoma patients.
Effects of Internet Display Advertising in the Purchase Funnel: Model-Based Insights from a Randomized Field Experiment

This study examines the effects of Internet display advertising using cookie-level data from a field experiment at a financial tools provider. The experiment randomized assignment of cookies to treatment (firm ads) and control conditions (charity ads), enabling the authors to handle different sources of selection bias, including targeting algorithms and browsing behavior. They analyze display ad effects for users at different stages of the company's purchase funnel (i.e., nonvisitor, visitor, authenticated user, and converted customer) and find that display advertising positively affects visitation to the firm's website for users in most stages of the purchase funnel, but not for those who previously visited the site without creating an account. Using a binary logit model, the authors calculate marginal effects and elasticities by funnel stage and analyze the potential value of reallocating display ad impressions across users at different stages. Expected visits increase almost 10% when display ad impress...
The Computer and the Mind : An Introduction to Cognitive Science

Cognitive science brings together psychology, computing, linguistics, anthropology, artificial intelligence, neurophysiology and philosophy. This book addresses the central questions of cognitive science: how does the mind work, and what is it that enables us to have thoughts, or feelings? The book shows that the mind depends on a brain in th same way that the execution of a programme depends on a computer. It describes its origins, and outlines what it has achieved.
3D sensing and visualization of micro-objects using axially distributed image capture

In this paper, we propose a 3D sensing and visualization of micro-objects using an axially distributed image capture system. In the proposed method, the micro-object is optically magnified and the axial images of magnified micro-object are recorded using axially distributed image capture. The recorded images are used to visualize the 3D scene using the computational reconstruction algorithm based on ray back-projection. To show the usefulness of the proposed method, we carry out preliminary experiments and present the results.