cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Costs for Port Distribution Systems

To evaluate alternative modes for distributing commodities to markets, the relevant distribution system must be identified. The basis for choice between modes for a specific commodity movement will be based on total system costs, including line-haul transport, transfer and storage, and such items as the value of time in transit. System evaluation should also consider transport capacity and competitive sources of commodity supply to serve the market under study. For specific movements, suitable data on commodity flows and transportation costs will generally not be available to most investigators. Recognizing that most traffic moves on the basis of current rates, not costs, modeling of transportation distribution systems will be imperfect. Problems in identifying system components and satisfying data requirements are examined.
LSC 2013 abstract - A comparative analysis of bacterial phylotypes of the lung microbiota of healthy, IPF and transplanted lungs

Rationale: Culture-independent microbiology has identified a microbiota in the lungs of both healthy and diseased individuals, which may provide novel insights into the progression of lung disease. Methods: Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples (26 healthy, 44 lung transplant and 78 IPF) were obtained for microbiome analysis by 454-pyrosequencing the V5-V3 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. The software package mothur was used to process, cluster and assign sequences to phylotyped operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Community analysis was carried out in R using the R-package vegan. Results: Bacterial communities were visualized by ordination and clusters identified, based on sample type. The lung microbiota of IPF patients and that of transplanted lungs was significantly different from normal lungs (p = 0.001). A non-linear multidimensional scaling of the data demonstrated that the IPF samples could also be broken up into two groups: one that overlapped with the healthy controls and one distinct group. Analysis of the dominant OTUs in each population demonstrated that the lung community of healthy controls, and the overlapping IPF subgroup, was dominated by the genera Prevotella and Veillonella .The other IPF subgroup was dominated by the genera Pseudomonas, Clostridium XI group, Prevotella and Flavobacterium . The community of the transplant group was dominated by the genera Pseudomonas , Prevotella and Escherichia . Conclusions: The lung microbiota of IPF patients and lung transplants is significantly different than the lung microbiota of healthy controls.
Promoting cancer prevention activities among Vietnamese physicians in California

Abstract Background. To promote prevention and early detection of cancer, the authors conducted a three‐year intervention targeting Vietnamese physicians in solo practice in California. Methods. Twenty subjects who had received their medical training in Vietnam were recruited into a randomized controlled trial. The intervention included computerized or manual cancer screening reminders, continuing medical education seminars, Vietnamese‐language health education materials, newsletters, and oncology data‐query programs. Evaluation included chart audits for eight targeted activities pre‐ and post‐intervention. Results. Before the intervention, annual physician performance rates were low for all eight activities: routine checkups (65.6%), Pap testing (13.8%), pelvic examinations (19.8%), clinical breast examinations (13.3%), mammography (6.4%), hepatitis B serologies (21.9%), hepatitis B immunizations (12.8%), and smoking cessation counseling (1.6%). After the intervention, performance rates increased signifi...
Software Support for High Performance Problem-Solving on Computational Grids

The 1999 report of the President's Information Technology Advisory Committee (PITAC)-Information Technology Research:In vesting in our Future-called on the Federal government and the research community to shift their focus toward long-term, high-risk projects. This report has had a pronounced impact both on the structure of funding programs and on how we think about the entire IT research endeavor. One outcome is that researchers now think about their work in the context of some overarching effort of which it is a part. As a result, many more of us are thinking about long-term goals for IT research.One extremely challenging problem for the coming decade is how to make it easy to develop applications for collections of heterogeneous, geographically-distributed computing platforms, sometimes called computational grids. In other words, how can we make the Internet a suitable computing platform for ordinary users? This talk will discuss the Grid Application Development Software (GrADS) Project, an effort funded by the NSF Next Generation Software Program, which is seeking to develop software strategies to simplify the problem of programming for a grid.The GrADS effort is focusing on two challenges. First, how can we support the development of configurable object programs that can be retargeted to different collections of computing platforms and tailored for efficient execution once the target configuration is known? Second, how can we provide abstract interfaces to shield the average users from the complexities of programming for a network environment? One way to address this second problem is to make it possible for end users to develop programs in high-level domain-specific programming systems. I will discuss a new compiler framework, called telescoping languages, designed to make it easy to construct domain-specific scripting languages that achieve high performance on a variety of platforms including grids.
Weakly bonded clusters of H2S

Abstract A weak interaction model has been used to examine the potential energy surfaces of weakly bound dimers, that include a hydrogen sulfide molecule. The comparison with corresponding water clusters shows certain structural similarities but significantly different energetics. Interconversion barriers are mostly smaller for H 2 S complexes than for the corresponding water complexes. This is attributed in part to the size of sulfur relative to oxygen, leading to greater equilibrium separations from bonding partners and thereby decreased electrical stabilization. Values are reported for rotational constants, dipole moments, and interconversion barriers.
Evaluation of ATMS cross track asymmetry

ATMS cross-track asymmetric pattern is investigated in this study. It is found that the asymmetric biases are close to the simulations when the polarization alignment angles are set between 91° and 92° for the three window channels. A new algorithm is developed to retrieve atmospheric temperature profiles for tropical cyclone with ATMS data. The algorithm is applied for Tropical Cyclone Giovanna case study and compared with the retrievals from NOAA-15 AMSU-A observation. ATMS retrievals clearly depict the cold temperature anomalies in TC spiral rain bands and the storm warm core.
Current Practice Patterns in the Use of Ablation Technology for the Management of Small Renal Masses at Academic Centers in the United States

Objectives To determine the current practice patterns in the use of ablation technology for the management of small renal masses at academic centers in the United States. Methods An email survey was sent to 112 academic urologists subspecializing in minimally invasive management of renal cancer. The survey consisted of 13 questions and 4 clinical scenarios pertaining to the use of ablation technology. The responses were then tabulated and analyzed to determine practice trends. Results The overall response rate was 62%. Ablation was offered by 93% of the academic urology centers and cryoablation was more frequently used (79%) than radiofrequency ablation (55%). Lack of sufficient efficacy data was the most prevalent reason (80%) for not offering ablation. The maximum size limit for offering ablation was 4 cm by 55% and 3 cm by 34% of the respondents. A collaborative approach using both radiologist and urologist was most commonly used (51%). Most urologists (68%) used both laparoscopic and percutaneous technique, depending on the tumor and adjacent organ location. Intraoperative ultrasound was universally used during the laparoscopic technique and was usually performed by the urologist (95%). Computed tomographic scan was the most frequently used imaging modality for percutaneous ablation (78%) and for surveillance of recurrent disease (81%). In a younger, healthy patient, most urologists recommend extirpative approach for the management of a small renal mass, whereas laparoscopic-assisted ablation was most commonly recommended for an elderly patient with comorbidities. Conclusions Our survey suggests that laparoscopic and percutaneous ablation is offered by the majority of academic centers for carefully selected patients.
Cigarette Smoking and Rheumatoid Arthritis

Abstract Objectives: To examine and explore the potential relationships among the following: the incidence/severity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the extra-articular manifestations of RA, vascular disease, certain specific malignancies, the p53 tumor suppressor gene, and cigarette smoking. Methods: The medical literature was reviewed from 1985 to 2001 with the assistance of a MEDLINE search using the key words vascular disease, smoking, protein p53, RA, rheumatoid vasculitis, cancer, and malignancies. A qualitative review was performed after all articles were abstracted and new information summarized. Results: Cigarette smoking has been increasingly shown in epidemiologic and case-control studies to be an important risk factor for both the incidence and severity of RA, especially in seropositive men. Further, there is evidence of a downward trend in incidence of extra-articular manifestations of RA, especially RA vasculitis, observed with a decrease in worldwide tobacco use and overall improved mortality in RA. The association of cigarette smoking with lung and other cancers and its link to vascular disease (including Buerger's disease) and atherosclerosis appears secure. Mutations or alterations in p53, a suppressor gene that regulates cell growth, have been found in certain cancers, cigarette smokers, and in patients with RA. Conclusions: Cigarette smoking appears to have an undeniable link to the pathogenesis of vascular disease of many types, including the possibility of a strong causal connection to rheumatoid vasculitis. The observations worldwide of decreasing tobacco use along with secular trends of diminished RA vasculitis and extra-articular manifestations, and with improved survival, points to a better outcome for our patients. The example of p53 may be a first step in the discovery of additional links between environmental triggers and phenotypic expression of chronic illness. Semin Arthritis Rheum 31:146-159. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company
THEOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY, IDEOLOGY: JEWISH THOUGHT IN AMERICA, 1925–1955

When the current generation of American Jewish thinkers burst upon the scene in the decade following the Second World War, they did so with a call not so much for the revision of existing theology as for the very practice of theology which had, in their view, been notable by its absence in the previous generation. Thus Emil Fackenheim felt the need to publish an "Outline for a Modern Jewish Theology" in his view not yet outlined, let alone written, while Eugene Borowitz entitled his own effort the New Jewish Theology in the Making. This perception of the state of the art was quite accurate. For while there certainly was American Jewish thought—some of it on quite a high level —during the "second generation" (ca. 1925-1955), American Jewish theology was virtually non existent, and this lacuna, moreover, was both noted and defended by those who might have rectified it. The purpose of the present essay is to attempt to explain it: that is, to account for the nontheological character of American Jewish thought during the period, and to show the functions served by the form which American Jewish thought did assume. This inquiry should in turn shed light on our contemporary theological situation, Jewish and Christian, particularly on the dilemmas posed for theology when it gives way to functionalism and to what we shall term, following anthropologist Clifford Geertz, as "religious ideology." Our focus shall be a theological question of great practical import which preoccupied American Jews in this period as it has their ancestors in all periods: whether and in what sense the Jews are God's chosen people.
Successful pregnancy after porcine bioartificial liver treatment and liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure

A 35-year-old woman presented to her local physician with a 3-week history of progressive fatigue, jaundice, and confusion. Fulminant hepatic failure (cause unknown) was diagnosed quickly based on this history and abnormal liver function test results. On admission to our intensive care unit the following day, she was immediately listed as status 1 for liver transplantation. Her laboratory values at the time of listing included alanine aminotransferase, 3,357 U/L; total bilirubin, 22.2 mg/dL; direct bilirubin, 9.3 mg/dL; alkaline phosphatase, 452 U/L; international normalized ratio, 7.3; factor V activity, 4%; factor VII activity, less than 2%; and arterial ammonia, 281 g/dL. Her neurological status had deteriorated to grade 4 coma with extensor posturing. She was sedated with intravenous propofol and intubated. A computed tomographic scan obtained before placement of an intracranial pressure catheter showed diffuse brain swelling. She was administered two intravenous boluses of mannitol (20 g), and lactulose therapy was administered through a nasogastric tube. After obtaining informed consent from the patient’s husband, she was randomized to the treatment arm of a prospective phase III trial of the HepatAssist liver support system sponsored by Circe Biomedical, Lexington, MA. This extracorporeal bioartificial liver (BAL) uses approximately 75 g of cryopreserved porcine hepatocytes and an activated charcoal column for therapy to the plasma fraction of blood.1 Her intracranial pressure and arterial ammonia level improved with the first BAL treatment from 34 to 10 mm Hg and 281 to 124 g/dL, respectively. Within 48 hours of admission and shortly after her second 6-hour BAL treatment, the patient underwent liver transplantation. Her intracranial pressures ranged from 10 to 25 mm Hg during hepatectomy and reperfusion of the new donor liver. Arterial ammonia levels returned to normal soon after reperfusion of the new hepatic allograft (50 g/dL at 4 hours, 37 g/dL at 12 hours). She remained unresponsive for 5 days after transplantation and was eventually extubated postoperative day 10. She was discharged from the hospital 7 days later on triple immunosuppression therapy (tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisone). Reports of fatigue on her 6-month examination were attributed to an unexpected pregnancy that occurred 5 months after liver transplantation. A normal sonographic examination of the fetus was obtained at 14 weeks’ gestation (Fig. 1; crown-rump length, 7.37 cm). She went on to deliver a healthy baby (9 lb 2 oz) at full term 14 months after cadaveric liver transplantation and BAL therapy. Mother and baby son are both healthy 24 months after liver transplantation. All serological and polymerase chain reaction–based testing of the mother’s blood (1, 2, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months posttreatment) have been negative for porcine endogenous retrovirus. Polymerase chain reaction testing of the son’s blood at 12 months of age also was negative for porcine endogenous retrovirus.
Is war a social problem

typically European phenomenon, the statewar system. Now, it is possible to make out a substantial case for the view that the recurrent irruptions of military hostilities which have rent the life of European man from early times are a function of the anatomy of the state-war complex. War as a relationship of contention is a lasting feature of things as they are. The conditions of military violence are endemic to European civilization. Only the frequency, duration, and effects of such violence are immediately subject to human will and control. The attainment of perpetual peace would require a revolution of civilization and would take more with it than European man is, perhaps, prepared to give up in the near and foreseeable future. That man, as Thorstein Veblen was disposed to say, is an incurable patriot and addicted to the principle of political self-determination or freedom. Life
T-cell helper circuits

T helper cells specific for trinitrophenylated PC-binding myeloma and hybridoma antibodies are induced by priming with PC antigen, idiotype or anti-idiotypic antibody. These T helper cells are specific for a shared idiotope present on T15 and M167. Priming with the isolated heavy chains of T15 or M167, or the light chain of anti-T15 hybridoma antibody is equally effective in generating T helper cells. Evidently, the idiotope that is recognized by T cells is not dependent upon the conformation of the 7s Ig molecule. Collectively, these and other findings indicate the existence of a TH1-TH2-B cellular circuit which is based on the recognition of idiotopic determinants on T cell receptors. The implications of these findings in terms of network theory are explored.
THE ELASTIC-PLASTIC BOUNDARY IN ONE DIMENSIONAL WAVE PROPAGATION.

Abstract : The problem of moving boundaries separating elastic regions from plastic regions in one dimensional plastic wave propagation was considered by several investigators. These boundaries are called unloading waves if the material at a section changes from a plastic state to an elastic state as the wave passes the section. If the material changes from an elastic state to a plastic state, the moving boundary is called a loading wave. It was shown by other authors that the speed of an unloading wave or a loading wave must satisfy certain conditions if the time derivatives of the stress sigma sub t, on both sides of the elastic-plastic boundary are not zero. The purpose of the note is to clarify the situation in which sigma sub t and its higher derivatives are zero on both sides of the elastic-plastic boundary. (Author)
Spallation radiation damage and the radiation damage facility at the LAMPF A-6 target station

Abstract A redesign of the Clinton P. Anderson Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF) A-6 Target Station is underway that will permit materials irradiations to be conducted in the proton beam and in the spallation neutron environment under more controlled conditions than has been possible heretofore. The protons of energy near 800 MeV and beam current approaching one mA are able to produce radiation damage rates (displacement production rates) as high as can be achieved in fission reactors, and the damage is uniform over macroscopic dimensions. The spallation neutrons have a degraded fission spectruu energy distribution, with the important admixture of a high energy tail up to 800 MeV. Irradiations in these radiation environments can be used to address important problems in the development of materials for fusion reactors. The redesign of the A-6 Target Station is described and plans for its use are discussed.
Usability evaluation of pharmacogenomics clinical decision support aids and clinical knowledge resources in a computerized provider order entry system: a mixed methods approach.

Background Pharmacogenomics (PGx) is positioned to have a widespread impact on the practice of medicine, yet physician acceptance is low. The presentation of context-specific PGx information, in the form of clinical decision support (CDS) alerts embedded in a computerized provider order entry (CPOE) system, can aid uptake. Usability evaluations can inform optimal design, which, in turn, can spur adoption.
Hippocampal CRE-mediated gene expression is required for contextual memory formation.

One of the molecular events associated with contextual long-term memory (LTM) formation is the induction of cyclic AMP response element (CRE)-mediated transcription1. Here we report that activation of NMDA receptors and of extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) were necessary for stimulation of CRE-mediated transcription during contextual fear conditioning. In addition, we found that inhibition of CRE-regulated transcription during learning blocked LTM, which indicates that this transcriptional activity is critical for memory formation.
Spontaneous hypoglycemia due to hyperinsulinism in a child

Summary A physically underdeveloped male child had been subject since the age of thirteen months to attacks in which he would suddenly become weak, pale, and then comatose with strabismus, general muscular rigidity, catalepsy, and an occasional convulsion. He would rapidly recover from these attacks upon the administration of sugar orally or parenterally. Laboratory studies revealed the attacks to be due to a low blood sugar level. The sugar tolerance was increased, and there seemed to be a failure of normal balance between the factors that control the blood sugar level. The evidence pointed to a state of hyperinsulinism, the cause of which was not determined during the patient's life. He died at the age of three years from what appeared to be hypoglycemic shock. Autopsy findings determined a cellular hyperplasia of the individual islands of Langerhans.
Automatic source-code parallelization using HICOR objects

We show that by using an intermediate representation, which supports a formalized interface on which to construct parallelization tools, the mapping of the representation onto parallel architectures can be performed quickly and efficiently. An intermediate representation called HICOR (Hierarchical Intermediate Code Object Representation) is shown to facilitate the exploitation of parallel operations by providing an abstraction layer for performing high-level intermediate code analysis, scheduling, and code generation. An object-oriented design approach has been employed in the development of HICOR and associated tools. Source language constructs are transformed into specialized object classes. Inheritance properties provided by the object-oriented paradigm are utilized to provide a common interface to each object in the HICOR representation. It is this interface that provides the needed consistency and flexibility in which to construct tools that has since been lacking. In particular, a tool to performCompile-Time Scheduling is presented. The scheduling algorithm employed differs from traditional scheduling problems in that merging of tasks is performed to reduce both task creation and communication costs in determining the final schedule. Architectural parameters are provided as input to the heuristic allowing the scheduler to produce near-optimal results for a wide variety of MIMD architectures. Once the final schedule is determined theTarget Code Generator, also presented, is used to generate the corresponding target code. A prototype system has been implemented in C++ which incorporates the HICOR intermediate representation with the tools described. The target architectures include the Sun 630 MP/4, Sequent Symmetry S81, and Stardent Titan.
Effects of Microalloying on the Mobility and Mechanical Response of Interfaces in Nanocrystalline Cu

We utilize a novel computational approach to model the problem of impurity segregation at grain boundaries in nanophase materials. It is based on a parallel MonteCarlo algorithm that places the impurities according to the local chemical potential for the species, following the thermodynamic driving force for segregation. This technique is combined with molecular dynamics techniques to study the role played by Fe impurities in the properties of nanocrystalline Cu grain boundary properties. The impurities were found to improve microstructural stability as studied by high temperature annealing simulations, and grain boundary cohesion as studied via spall resistance high stresses produced by simulated laser irradiation. Virtual tensile tests of samples with and without impurities revealed that the impurities did not affect the high flow stress typical of nanostructured material. We interpret these results in terms of impurity dragging and grain boundary sliding.
An hyperglycemic-glycogenolytic response to pituitary growth hormone in man.

Summary1. A rapid 30 minute intravenous infusion of 100 mg of a sample of growth hormone derived from pork pituitary glands by the technic of Raben and Wester-meyer resulted in a prompt hyperglycemia in man, which lasted during the infusion and rapidly subsided thereafter. 2. The hyperglycemia was due to an augmented output of glucose by the liver and was not associated with any change in splanchnic blood flow, oxygen consumption, or amino and urea nitrogen or ketone balances. 3. The hyperglycemic response to the extract was not modified by boiling at pH 3.5, was decreased by boiling in 0.2 N HCl or when the hormone was made up at pH 9.5, and was destroyed by standing in 0.1 N NaOH for 18 hours. Growth and diabetogenic activities in the rat were likewise destroyed by alkali treatment and unmodified by boiling at pH 3.5. Ketogenic and adipo-kinetic activities were destroyed by acid boiling and unaffected by alkali treatment. 4. The significance of these findings is discussed in light of the evidence that g...
Surface chemistry associated with plasma etching processes

Abstract We present our progress towards an accurate simulation model of plasma etching of silicon. A study of the interactions of energetic argon ions with silicon surfaces using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations is reported. A dynamic balance between ion-induced damage and recrystallization of the surface is detected. By manipulating ion energy, argon ions are able to both create disordered regions near the surface, and recrystallize these disordered regions. Silicon atoms in this amorphous region are readily mixed by argon ions. Limited mixing in the crystalline layer is observed. Fluorine adsorbed on the silicon surface does not mix into the layer with argon ion impact. When an energetic F+ impacts a silicon surface, the uptake and apparent sub-surface mixing of F is much greater than Ar+-induced mixing. However, a closer examination shows that the F impacts have primarily increased the Si surface area by creating crevices and cracks, and that the F remains mainly on the surface of this layer. A similar situation results when SiF3+ impacts the surface.
Polarization in proton-proton scattering near 3.3 MeV

Abstract The polarization in proton-proton scattering was measured for energies near 3.3 MeV and scattering angles of θ c.m. = 30°, 45°, and 53°. The purpose of the experiment was to remove some of the ambiguities in the proton-proton scattering phase shifts at low energies. Protons were first scattered from gaseous hydrogen. The scattered protons were then scattered from helium, and the right-left asymmetry was measured by means of two counter telescopes. The gas density of the helium target was increased locally by cooling with liquid air. Corrections on the observed polarization of up to 0.6% were applied to compensate for a number of experimental effects. The following values for the polarization were found: θ c.m. = 30°, P = (0.07±0.16) %; θ c.m. = 45°, P = (0.25±0.16) %; θ c.m. = 53%, P = (0.58±0.24)%. These values are averages of measurements at slightly different proton energies. The errors are standard deviations and include all known uncertainties.
The women of South Africa weep: Explorations of gender and race in U.S. television news

This study explores the ways in which American broadcast news stories incorporate gender and race as part of a complex process of articulating and defining social order through symbolic representation. Through the process of labeling violence in South Africa as “black‐on‐black,”; American media have succeeded in creating a racialized discourse. This racialization is part of an ideological process of classification and marginalization in which the news media participate. In the context of violence among blacks in South Africa, racialization combines with gender labeling and serves as a double jeopardy of sorts to marginalize further black South African women. It is at this intersection of race and gender, where the television images of women— black African women—play into Western cultural mythologizing of blacks and women. This study examines the images of women in 72 stories of violence among blacks in South Africa broadcast on ABC, CBS, and NBC from the June 1986 imposition of the State of Emergency to D...
Bimodal distribution of sensitivity to SCE induction by diepoxybutane in human lymphocytes. I. Correlation with chromosomal aberrations.

Abstract We carried out a cross-sectional analysis of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) and chromosomal aberrations induced by diepoxybutane (DEB) in lymphocyte cultures from 58 normal blood donors. DEB-induced SCE frequencies were measured in all subjects and chromosomal aberrations in 18. Analysis of variance was used to assess the contributions of exposure to organic solvents, age, smoking history, alcohol and coffee consumption, and redand white blood cell counts to variations in DEB-induced SCEs. In 10 individuals, the epoxide-detoxifying enzyme, glutathione (GSH)- S -transferase μ, was also measured. We observed a bimodal distribution of DEB-induced SCEs in the study population. Approx. 24% of the individuals were twice as sensitive to the induction of SCEs by DEB as the remaining 76%. Lymphocytes from persons sensitive to SCE induction by DEB contained a 4.4-fold increase in the number of DEB-induced chromatid deletions and exchanges. Within sensitive and resistant groups, significant interindividual variations in DEB-induced SCE frequencies were noted. Cigarrette smoking was weakly associated with lower SCE frequencies within each group. Genetic deficiency in GSH- S -transferase μ was not correlated with increased sensitivity to SCE induction by DEB. Sensitivity to induction of SCEs by DEB can be rapidly determined and may be a marker of sensitivity to the induction of genotoxicity by certain classes of mutagens.
Far-infrared absorption of sulfur monobromide

Abstract The far-infrared absorption of sulfur monobromide has been investigated from 25–115 μ with prism spectrometers converted to grating instruments for far-infrared work. The frequencies of infrared-active fundamentals predicted by earlier workers from indirect methods have been confirmed by direct observation. Another infrared fundamental not previously reported in the infrared spectrum has been observed at 302 cm −1 . The observed spectrum has been correlated with a right-angle configuration of C 2 symmetry. Thermodynamic properties and force constants have been calculated.
Myosin V Walks Hand-Over-Hand: Single Fluorophore Imaging with 1.5-nm Localization

Myosin V is a dimeric molecular motor that moves processively on actin, with the center of mass moving 37 nanometers for each adenosine triphosphate hydrolyzed. We have labeled myosin V with a single fluorophore at different positions in the light-chain domain and measured the step size with a standard deviation of 1.5 nanometers, with 0.5-second temporal resolution, and observation times of minutes. The step size alternates between 37 2x nm and 37 – 2x, where x is the distance along the direction of motion between the dye and the midpoint between the two heads. These results strongly support a hand-over-hand model of motility, not an inchworm model. Myosin V is a cargo-carrying processive motor
State refusal of federal funding for abstinence-only programs

Increasingly, individual states have refused federal Title V funding for abstinence-only programming. This study explored the political, social, and economic forces influencing selected states’ decisions to accept or reject funding. Data were collected as structured case studies. Snowball sampling of key informants identified archival materials such as evaluations, governmental communications, and public surveys. Refusal states often had progressive governments and strong advocates for comprehensive sexuality education and legislation. These states had concerns about the efficacy and medical accuracy of abstinence-only curricula. Comparison states accepting funds had minimal public dialogue about Title V and ignored public opinion polls favoring comprehensive sexuality education. State abstinence-only policies are influenced by the political, social, and economic environment. Public health professionals can facilitate policy change in abstinence-only policies by building coalitions of supporters for comprehensive sex education and challenging the medical accuracy and efficacy of abstinence-only programs.
Fine-structure-resolved measurements of photoelectron angular distributions by single-photon detachment of Sn- at visible wavelengths

The spectral dependence of the angular distributions of photoelectrons produced by the single-photon detachment of ${\mathrm{Sn}}^{\ensuremath{-}} [\mathrm{core}, {(5s}^{2}, {5p}^{3})]$ ions has been measured at four discrete photon wavelengths ranging from 457.9 to 514.5 nm (2.71\char21{}2.41 eV) using a crossed laser-ion beams apparatus. Values of the fine-structure-resolved asymmetry parameters have been determined by fits to the photoelectron yield as a function of the angle between the photon polarization vector and the linear momentum vector of the collected photoelectrons. The measured asymmetry parameters for ${\mathrm{Sn}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ are compared to previous asymmetry parameter measurements for negative ions with similar electronic configurations. The measurements were also fit to a previously reported model for photoelectron asymmetry parameters for photodetaching p-orbital electrons from negative ions.
Characterization, kinetics and comparative properties of thiol:protein disulfide oxidoreductase

Abstract An enzyme capable of catalyzing thiol:protein disulfide exchange with glutathione and insulin has been purified to apparent homogeneity as judged by disc electrophoresis, electrophoresis with sodium dodecyl sulfate, equilibrium ultracentrifugation and amino acid sequence analysis of the glycoprotein. The isoelectric point of 4.10 and other physicochemical properties are somewhat different from those of similar enzymes described by other investigators, although there are similarities in substrate specificity and kinetic parameters. The solubilized enzyme catalyzes disulfide interchange with glutathione as well as with a variety of other thiol-containing compounds. Although insulin is the best protein substrate tested, vasopressin, oxytocin, and ribonuclease are also utilized. In the presence of glutathione, the enzyme catalyzes the restoration of the active conformation of “scrambled” ribonuclease. Catalysis depends on an active cysteine residue which can be alkylated/inactivated only in the presence of thiol-containing compounds.
Prognostic value of noninvasive measures of contractility in emergency department patients with severe sepsis and septic shock undergoing early goal-directed therapy.

Abstract Purpose Reversible ventricular dysfunction is common in sepsis. Impedance cardiography allows for noninvasive measurement of contractility through time interval or amplitude-based measures. This study evaluates the prognostic capacity of these measures in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock in the emergency department. Methods This is a prospective observational cohort study of 56 patients older than 18 years meeting criteria for early goal-directed therapy (lactate level >4 mmol/L or systolic blood pressure Results A significant 57% reduction in the accelerated contractility index (ACI) in nonsurvivors (71 1/s 2 [41-102]) compared with survivors (123 1/s 2 [98-147]) existed. Only ACI predicted in-hospital mortality (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.70, P 2 is 95% (84-99) specific with a positive likelihood ratio of 8.8 for predicting in-hospital mortality. Conclusions A reduced ACI is associated with mortality in critically ill emergency department patients presenting with severe sepsis and septic shock meeting criteria for early goal-directed therapy. This association appears to be independent of clinical or laboratory predictors of cardiac dysfunction or preload.
Origin, differentiation, distribution and possible functional role of annulate lamellae during spermatogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster.

During the spermatocyte stage of spermatogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster , dense cytoplasmic masses or aggregates appear in the cytoplasm and they contain small granular and fibrillar subunits that are similar in structure to comparable subunits in the nucleolus, nuclear pore-associated material, and polyribosomes. The dense cytoplasmic masses appear to arise from fragmentation of the nucleolus and the passage of the fragments through the nuclear pores into the cytoplasm. The origin of the dense cytoplasmic masses occurs at a period of development (spermatocyte) in which it has been reported that RNA synthesis occurs, but protein synthesis does not. In spermatids, pores (annulate lamellae) differentiate within the dense cytoplasmic masses and the subunits appear to become dispersed. The differentiation of pores within the dense cytoplasmic masses occurs at a period (spermiogenesis) in which polyribosomes increase tremendously in number, and at a period in which intense protein synthesis occurs, but RNA synthesis does not. Cytochemical and selective staining methods suggest that both RNA and protein are contained within the dense cytoplasmic masses where annulate lamellae progressively differentiate during the spermatid stage. The results are discussed in terms of an hypothesis for the function of annulate lamellae. This hypothesis considers the pores of annulate lamellae to be involved in the assembly of stored gene products, specifically the assembly and activation of ribosomal subunit material into functional polyribosomes. In this hypothesis, the function of pores in annulate lamellae would be similar to one of the functions postulated for the pores of the nuclear envelope.
Enzymatic Catalysis of Disulfide Formation

The formation of disulfide bridges in membrane and secretory proteins occurs during the protein folding process in the endoplasmic reticulum of eukaryotic cells and the periplasm of prokaryotes. The formation of disulfide bridges is facilitated by the thiol-disulfide oxidoreductases, protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) in eukaryotes and dsbA in prokaryotes. Structure-function analysis of these soluble proteins demonstrates that their active sites are sequences with similarity to the active site of the redox protein thioredoxin. Although these active sites share homology with thioredoxin, it is evident that other structural determinants change the redox characteristics of these proteins to enable them to facilitate the formation of correct disulfide bridging in the nascent protein. The analysis of structure-function relationships of PDI and dsbA have indicated that these thiol-disulfide oxidoreductases act as protein oxidants to facilitate the formation of disulfides during the folding process. The ability of PDI and dsbA to catalyze the formation and/or isomerization of disulfide bridging establishes their usefulness in facilitating the in vitro and in vivo folding of proteins. Protocols for the purification and assay of PDI activity have been described. Systems for the expression of PDI in Escherichia coli and Spodoptera frugiperda cells have been developed which may prove useful in the expression of recombinant proteins.
Initial Reactions to Unfamiliarity

All animals regularly encounter events that recruit attention and a vigilant posture because the stimuli share some features with similar events encountered in the past. Some animals typically approach these discrepant events, whereas others typically avoid them. This fact became a fundamental principle for Schneirla,1 who spent much of his career trying to understand ap proach-avoidant behavior in ani mals. There are at least three differ ent questions one can ask about these complementary reactions to unfamiliar events. One line of inquiry seeks to de termine, within or between species, which events consistently elicit ap proach and which avoidance. The sight of the mother usually provokes the former in mammalian infants; the sight of an unfamiliar adult typi cally provokes an initial avoidance. A second question asks about inter specific differences in approach or avoidance to the same class of events. One-year-old macaque monkeys avoid, at least initially, an unfamiliar monkey of the same age, whereas 3-year-old children (roughly comparable to 1-year-old monkeys because the macaque grows at a rate three times that of the human) more often approach an un familiar peer. Finally, one can ask about intraspecific differences in the tendency to approach or to avoid
Preparation and characterization of a new class of polymeric ligand exchangers for selective removal of trace contaminants from water

Abstract Trace organic and inorganic contaminants possessing strong ligand characteristics are widely found in aquatic systems. Sorption processes such as activated carbon (AC) adsorption and ion exchange (IX) have been frequently employed to achieve the required degree of removal. However, AC-based processes are not effective in removing ionic species such as various pesticides carrying carboxylic and/or phenolic groups, and conventional IX resins are not selective for contaminants such as phosphate or arsenate in the presence of various omnipresent anions such as sulfate. Polymeric ligand exchangers (PLE) are a class of promising sorbents that sorb chemicals based primarily on their ligand characteristics rather than ionic charges. Consequently, selective removal of trace contaminants that are strong ligands can be achieved using PLEs. This paper reports the preparation and characterization of an innovative PLE for selective removal of trace organic and inorganic contaminants in the presence of various competing ions. It was observed that chelating resins with nitrogen donor atoms can serve as excellent metal hosting polymers and pyridine-nitrogen atoms in the polymer phase binds with metal ions more effectively than amine-nitrogen atoms. The nitrogen donor atoms in the chelating polymers interact with various metal ions in accord with the Irving–Williams series, with the highest affinity being observed for Cu2+. A novel PLE, designated as DOW 3N–Cu was prepared by immobilizing Cu2+ ions onto a chelating polymer with high content of pyridine-N donor atoms. Equilibrium and column run results indicated that the PLE is highly selective for trace inorganic contaminants such as phosphate, arsenate and ionizable organic contaminants such as 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP). For neutral organic molecules such as atrazine, the PLE was not as effective as hydrophobic sorbents such as XAD-4. The DOW 3N–Cu's sorption rates for inorganic ligands are quite comparable to standard macroporous IX resins. The sorption rate for TCP by both DOW 3N–Cu and IRA-900 (a commercial resin) was rather slow, and lengthy gradual breakthrough profiles of TCP were observed. While brine can efficiently regenerate phosphate- or arsenate-exhausted DOW 3N–Cu, a mixture of brine and methanol at 70 °C was needed to desorb TCP from DOW 3N–Cu. The ligand exchange (LE) process may provide a cost effective alternative to help water utilities comply with increasingly stringent regulations.
Viscosity of Clay Suspensions

CONSIDERABLE attention has been given recently to the thixotropy and viscosity characteristics of clays. During the course of a research programme now in progress, certain results of general interest have been obtained.
An AM1 MO study of bond dissociation energies in substituted benzene and toluene derivatives relative to the principle of maximum hardness

Abstract The heats of formation of a series of m- and p-substituted benzene and toluene derivatives, Ar-Y and ArCH2-Y, and their phenyl or benzyl cations, anions, and radicals were calculated by the semiempirical AM1 MO method. Using this data and either the experimental values for the Y species or those obtained by the ab initio CBS-4 method, the heterolytic and homolytic bond dissociation energies (BDEs) were calculated along with the electron transfer energies for the ions. While the values of the homolytic BDEs were essentially independent of the ring substituents, a plot of the heterolytic BDEs versus the electron transfer energies gave a straight line of unit slope with an intercept at ΔHhomo thus confirming that ΔHhot = ΔHET + ΔHhomo. Likewise, a plot of the appropriate HOMO or LUMO energies of the phenyl, benzyl, or Y ions versus ΔHhot gave a linear plot in agreement with the principle of maximum hardness. A positive charge adjacent to the bond being broken increases the ΔHhomo value while a negative charge decreases ΔHhomo Download : Download full-size image .
Computerized Simulation Of Whole Body Dynamics: Aspects Of Human Movement Modeling

Recent developments in the modeling of multi-body system dynamics are incorporated into an integrated, computer-oriented method for analyzing human body motion. The formulation, which represents the human body as a set of 17 finite, rigid-body segments including hands, feet, arms, legs, head, neck, and upper and lower torso, also accounts for the effects of connective tissues and muscles with non-linear springs and dampers at the connections of the linked rigid-bodies. Specific application of this biomathematical modeling of the body segments includes the estimation of musculoskeletal injury potential during aircraft and land vehicular crashes. With the integration of the output dynamics of the model, the injury profiles of the occupants, and human tissue tolerance limits, a more complete analysis and reconstruction of the details of the human occupant trajectory responses and injury incurrence can be made.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Von Frey's method of measuring pressure sensibility in the hand: An engineering analysis of the Weinstein-Semmes pressure aesthesiometer

The development of microsurgical techniques has generated a resurgence of interest in estimating local pressure sensibility as a measure of sensory improvement. Because our experience with Weinstein's modification of Von Frey's probes yielded variable and poorly understood results, we measured two sets of probes and examined them in the light of the engineering principles on which their behavior is based. The mechanical behavior of the nylon monofilaments can be described as buckling with one end built in and the other end pinned. The probes are relatively uniform and consistent. However, no loss in sensitivity would accompany division of the set into two or three equivalent sets. Variations in the buckling stress as high as a factor of eight are difficult to avoid. Gross errors arise from careless application, variations in the elastic modulus due to changes in temperature and humidity, and variations in the attachment of fibers to handles and differences in the ends of the filaments. Interpreting results for this instrument requires an understanding of the factors which can influence those results. The probes are simple to use but easy to misinterpret.
A Peculiar Egg Abnormality

Abstract Double yolked hen eggs are not uncommon nor very rare. Various abnormalities of this order have been described and various theories have been advanced for the causes, but in most of those described, the egg has been either double yolked or consisted of albumen alone. In the abnormality to be described we have a rare case in that one division of the egg contains only albumen and the other contains both yolk and albumen. Curtis (’14) says that most abnormal eggs are laid by young pullets. At least those eggs abnormal in regard to the unusual number of yolks. These abnormalities are not rare and may become chronic. Fere (’98) has succeeded in producing double eggs in a hen by drugging her with atropine sulphate. Yolks of unusual form (Curtis ’14) may arise from the rupture of the vitillene membrane and the outflow of yolk substance. This may be due …