cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Ammonia Stress and Coccidiosis on Broiler Performance

Abstract Eighty broiler chickens were randomly assigned to each of 12 chambers in a controlled environment poultry facility. Ammonia gas was injected at 0, 50, or 100 ppm from 28 to 53 days of age. All chicks, except the control pens, were inoculated with coccidia at 36 days of age. No significant differences were found in mortality, but weight gains were significantly reduced in chambers that received ammonia gas. This was probably due to the increase in severity of air sac and intestinal lesions in the ammonia pens.
An efficient methodology for noise characterization

In the recent years, the impact of nanometer process technologies has increased capacitive coupling and causing signal noise. Static noise analysis has become the most adopted method for performing signal integrity (SI) checks. This method requires noise characterization data in ASIC cell libraries to avoid spice simulations during chip level analysis. Characterization of noise parameters (output current voltage characteristics, noise rejection and noise propagation) accounts for around 60% of the total ASIC library characterization cycle time. This paper describes a novel and optimal method of measuring different noise parameters using data trend analysis, curve-fitting and interpolation techniques. It aims at reducing the characterization runtime without any loss in data accuracy and also without requiring extra inputs from the users. A runtime improvement of 4/spl times/ has been demonstrated using this methodology.
Pneumocystis carinii: genetic diversity and cell biology.

As an important opportunistic pulmonary pathogen, Pneumocystis carinii has been the focus of extensive research over the decades. The use of laboratory animal models has permitted a detailed understanding of the host–parasite interaction but an understanding of the basic biology of P. carinii has lagged due in large part to the inability of the organism to grow well in culture and to the lack of a tractable genetic system. Molecular techniques have demonstrated extensive heterogeneity among P. carinii organisms isolated from different host species. Characterization of the genes and genomes of the Pneumocystis family has supported the notion that the family comprises different species rather than strains within the genus Pneumocystis and contributed to the understanding of the pathophysiology of infection. Many of the technical obstacles in the study of the organisms have been overcome in the past decade and the pace of research into the basic biology of the organism has accelerated. Biochemical pathways have been inferred from the presence of key enzyme activities or gene sequences, and attempts to dissect cellular pathways have been initiated. The Pneumocystis genome project promises to be a rich source of information with regard to the functional activity of the organism and the presence of specific biochemical pathways. These advances in our understanding of the biology of this organism should provide for future studies leading to the control of this opportunistic pathogen.
Roadside ditches as corridors for range expansion of the western harvester ant (Pogonomyrmex occidentalis Cresson)

The northeasternmost range extent of the western harvester ant (Pogonomyrmex occidentalis Cresson) occurs just east of the Missouri River in North Dakota. The earliest known records (1882) of this species place it in the same general position as existed at the time of the first exhaustive survey in 1966. A 1990 survey reveals substantial eastward and northward range expansion beyond locations known to be stable between 1966 and 1978. This suggests that this species' range has not yet stabilized with post quaternary climatic changes. Field observations show that, near the expanding edge of its range, a strong relationship exists between anthropogenic modification of the landscape and locational propensity. Specifically, land uses which periodically disrupt the soil, such as row cropping, show a nearly absolute lack of occupancy, while the well-drained, sheltered roadside ditches are heavily populated by P. occidentalis. The roads themselves closely resemble bare-soil, post-nuptial landing sites known to encourage P. occidentalis ant colonization. This strongly suggests that the roadside ditches act as corridors for range expansion of the species. The similarity between road network density within and beyond the species range, combined with severe drought conditions during 1988 and 1989 indicate that climate, as a regional scale variable, is the stimulus for range expansion, while landscape level queues provided by the roadside ditches, are the mechanism by which it is accomplished. Of the site level factors examined, only roadside ditch azimuths and soil texture showed statistical significance as possible locational factors, but no causal mechanism can be assumed.
Tractable classes of metric temporal problems with domain rules

In this paper, we will deal with some important kinds of metric temporal reasoning problems that arise in many real-life situations. In particular, events X0, X1 ... XN are modeled as time points, and a constraint between the execution times of two events Xi and Xj is either simple temporal (of the form Xi - Xj ∈ [a, b]), or has a connected feasible region that can be expressed using a finite set of domain rules each in turn of the form Xi ∈ [a, b] → Xj ∈ [c, d] (and conversely Xj ∈ [e, f] → Xi ∈ [g, h]). We argue that such rules are useful in capturing important kinds of non-monotonic relationships between the execution times of events when they are governed by potentially complex (external) factors. Our polynomial-time (deterministic and randomized) algorithms for solving such problems therefore enable us to efficiently deal with very expressive representations of time.
Measuring Quality: A Comparison of U. S. News Rankings and NSSE Benchmarks

College rankings and guidebooks have become big business. The prominent role played by rankings and guidebooks is problematic because the criteria used to evaluate institutions have little to do with the quality of education students receive. Designed as an alternative to college rankings, NSSE assesses student engagement in activities that contribute to learning and success during college. This study compared the NSSE scores for 14 AAU public research universities with their rankings by U.S. News and World Report.
On the Pragmatics of Counterfactuals

Until recently, theirs was the standard theory. But von Fintel 2001 and Gillies 2007 present a problem for the standard semantics: they claim that it fails to explain the infelicity of certain sequences of counterfactuals, namely reverse Sobel sequences. Both von Fintel and Gillies propose alternative dynamic semantic theories that explain the infelicity of reverse Sobel sequences, and argue that we should trade in the standard semantics of counterfactuals for theirs. I will argue that we can and should explain the infelicity of reverse Sobel sequences without giving up the standard semantics. In §1, I present the Stalnaker-Lewis semantics. In §2, I introduce reverse Sobel sequences, outline the von Fintel and Gillies theories, and say how their theories predict the infelicity of reverse Sobel sequences. In §3, I give my own explanation of why reverse Sobel sequences are generally infelicitous. In §4, I argue that compared to the von Fintel and Gillies theories, my theory appeals to principles that are more independently motivated, and gives a better account of our judgments about sequences of counterfactuals. For instance, I argue that some reverse Sobel sequences are felicitous, and that
Estrogen receptor synthesis and turnover in MCF-7 breast cancer cells measured by a density shift technique.

The level of estrogen receptor (ER) is a major factor regulating cell sensitivity to estrogen. We have determined the rates of ER synthesis and turnover in MCF-7 breast cancer cells by incubating cells in medium supplemented with 13C15N2H-amino acids (dense amino acids) and monitoring the shift from "old-light" (preexisting) to "new-dense" (newly synthesized) receptors by velocity sedimentation on 0.4-M KCl, 5-20% sucrose gradients prepared in buffered deuterium oxide. Cytosol or unoccupied nuclear ER prepared from control cells grown in the presence of 12C14N1H-amino acids (normal amino acids) and labeled in vitro with [125I]iodoestradiol sediments as a single, normal density peak. When cells were incubated in medium supplemented with dense amino acids for various periods of time, the [125I]iodoestradiol-labeled receptor showed a progressive shift with time to a denser species; by 3 h, a more rapidly sedimenting shoulder was observed on the normal density peak; by 6 h, 40% of the receptor sedimented at the normal density rate, with 60% at a more rapid rate; by 8 h, the predominant peak (70%) was at the more dense position, and at 15 h, all of the sites sedimented as the denser form. Thus, the magnitude of the receptor peak of normal density as a function of time in dense medium indicates that the receptor in control cells has a half-life of 4.0-4.5 h. To determine whether estradiol or the antiestrogens nafoxidine (U11,100A; (1-(2-[p-(3,4-dihydro-6-methoxy-2-phenyl-1-naphthyl)phenoxy] ethyl)pyrrolidine hydrochloride) or CI628 affected the turnover rate of the receptor, measurements were performed on cells grown in the continuous presence of estradiol or antiestrogen (steady state conditions). Exposure of cells to 10 nM estradiol was found to increase the turnover rate of the nuclear receptor, while exposure to 200 nM nafoxidine or CI628 (alpha-(p-[2-(1-pyrrolidino)ethoxy]phenyl)4-methoxy-alpha'- nitrostillbene) did not substantially alter the turnover rate of the nuclear receptor. The half-lives of receptor were found to be 4.02 +/- 0.23 and 4.47 +/- 0.26 h for control unoccupied cytosol and nuclear receptors, 3.00 +/- 0.38 h for estradiol-occupied nuclear receptors, 4.90 +/- 0.66 h for CI628-occupied nuclear receptors, and 3.43 +/- 0.37 h for nafoxidine-occupied nuclear receptors. These results indicate that ER turns over rapidly, with a half-life of 3-5 h, in the presence or absence of estradiol or antiestrogen, and that receptor synthesis is also rapid, with the rate of appearance of newly synthesized receptor being 0.3-0.5 pmol/mg DNA . h. These rates provide the cell with the capacity for dynamic and rapid regulation of its ER levels.
Fiber diffraction data indicate a hollow core for the Alzheimer's aβ 3-fold symmetric fibril.

Amyloid β protein (Aβ), the principal component of the extracellular plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease, forms fibrils well suited to structural study by X-ray fiber diffraction. Fiber diffraction patterns from the 40-residue form Aβ(1–40) confirm a number of features of a 3-fold symmetric Aβ model from solid‐state NMR (ssNMR) but suggest that the fibrils have a hollow core not present in the original ssNMR models. Diffraction patterns calculated from a revised 3-fold hollow model with a more regular β-sheet structure are in much better agreement with the observed diffraction data than patterns calculated from the original ssNMR model. Refinement of a hollow-core model against ssNMR data led to a revised ssNMR model, similar to the fiber diffraction model.
Crystal macropatterns in leaves of Fagaceae and Nothofagaceae: a comparative study

Crystal macropatterns in Fagaceae and Nothofagaceae were examined from cleared herbarium leaves (eight genera, 122 spp.) by polarizing microscopy. Prisms and druses dominate, but previously undescribed intermediate forms occur in 25 species of Fagaceae. Sixty-two species had only prisms associated with vein orders 1–4, but smallest orders 5 and 6 had few or no crystals. In mesophyll, 98 species had small druses in spongy parenchyma and larger but fewer druses in palisade parenchyma. Subfamily Fagoideae conformed closely to this macropattern, Castaneoideae less so. Six Castaneoideae species lacked vein crystals. Two Fagoideae species and seven Nothofagus species lacked mesophyll crystals. Druses with prominent cores occur throughout Fagaceae but none were seen in Nothofagaceae. Tabular presentation of results shows significant although overlapping trends from Fagoideae to Castaneoideae to Nothofagaceae, with the latter taxon deviating most from Fagaceae.
Rumor, Trust and Civil Society: Collective Memory and Cultures of Judgment

Contemporary societies are awash in rumor. Truth claims may have an uncertain provenance, but we tend to incorporate them into our belief system, act upon them, and recall them through collective m...
Effect of condensers on harmonic propagation in AC power system

There has been an increasing interest in the subject of harmonic generation and its effect on power systems. The effects of harmonics are becoming a growing problem facing the utilities now and in the future. This is attributed to the extensive use of nonlinear load power electronic devices and power plant components capable of producing considerable harmonic distortion in the network. As the tendency in the use of more and more nonlinear power component increases, the need for the AC and DC side voltage and current calculation becomes an important matter in power system planning and analysis. In this paper, the propagation of harmonic currents in a 15-bus power system is analyzed by first considering a specific nonlinear load, which is known to inject harmonics into the system. Six different system configurations are considered by placing the condensers at different buses. The harmonic power flow program HARMFLO is used to predict the propagation of harmonics caused by three phase AC/DC power electronic converter on the power distribution system. The result shows that the condensers have a direct effect on harmonic propagation in the system lines and the level of voltage distortion on each bus.
The kinetics of vibrational energy transfer and relaxation processes in matrix isolated CH3F

Abstract Subsequent to exciting v 3 by a CO 2 laser pulse, fluorescence has been detected from 2 v 3 of CH 3 F trapped in rare gas matrices. 2 v 3 is activated by V-V energy transfer and deactivates at twice the rate of v 3 relaxation. A kinetic model is presented to interpret these observations.
Reduction in ventricular endocardial and epicardial potentials during acute increments in left ventricular dimensions.

Abstract Unipolar potentials were recorded from the endocardium (Endo-Pot) and the epicardium (Epi-Pot) of the left and right ventricles of anesthetized open-chested dogs during acute changes in left ventricular dimension by blood transfusion. A pair of implanted ultrasonic crystals were used to detail changes in left ventricular (LV) anteroposterior diameter. When the diameter increased by an average of 11 per cent, LV Endo-Pot decreased by 28 per cent and LV Epi-Pot decreased by 15 per cent. Right ventricular Endo-Pot and Epi-Pot concurrently decreased by similar magnitude (−36 per cent). The relationship between potentials and LV diameter showed negative linearity over the ranges examined, and was not influenced by changes in hematocrit. No inverse relation between changes in Endo-Pot and Epi-Pot was observed. It is suggested that potentials when recorded directly from the endocardium or epicardium mainly reflect the electrical activity of the tissues in the immediate vicinity of the electrode. It is postulated that an increase in ventricular volume by producing stretching and thinning of ventricular walls, reduces the effective tissue mass represented in the electrode signal, thereby accounting for a reduction in both endo and epicardial potentials. Although the precise mechanism of changes in ventricular potentials remains unclear, such changes, nevertheless, may indicate, in clinical circumstances, an acute shift in left ventricular volume.
Clinical Ethics Consultation in Oncology

The authors review and describe clinical ethics consultations at two NCI-designated comprehensive cancer centers to identify opportunities for systems improvement in clinical care and opportunities for staff education.
Structure and noncanonical chemistry of nonribosomal peptide biosynthetic machinery

Structural biology has provided significant insights into the complex chemistry and macromolecular organization of nonribosomal peptide synthetases. In addition, novel pathways are continually described, expanding the knowledge of known biosynthetic chemistry.
A diffusion/chemical reaction model for HE etching of LPCVD phosphosilicate glass sacrificial layers

The authors deal with the etching of LPCVD phosphosilicate glass (PSG) sacrificial layers by solutions of hydrofluoric acid (HF). A diffusion/chemical reaction model has been derived assuming one-component steady-state diffusion, one-dimensional geometry, no effect of heat of reaction, and a constant diffusion coefficient. The model fits the experimental data successfully with physically reasonable diffusion coefficients for concentrated HF solutions (3-5*10/sup -5/ cm/sup 2//s). The chemical reaction kinetics have been described experimentally with a non-first order reaction rate expression. Experimental studies using an etching test structure are reported for the effect of channel width, the use of low-stress nitride and polysilicon as the channel structural material, several etchants (including: HF, BHF and surfactant HF), and external agitation. The oxide etch process shifts from reaction-controlled to diffusion-controlled as the etch channel develops. >
Organizational or Social Benefits? The Progressiveness of Policy Advocacy in Nonprofit Human Service Organizations

Policy advocacy is an integral part of nonprofit work. This paper explores the influencing factors that affect nonprofit human service organizations’ participation in progressive advocacy that addresses broader social inequities rather than self-interested advocacy that focuses on organizational benefits. It considers the development of advocacy goals as a critical strategy-making process in human service organizations, shaped by environmental and organizational contexts. Using survey data from 122 human service nonprofits in Maryland, this study finds that interorganizational competition, collaborations on efforts other than advocacy, and organizational formalization help explain variation in the progressiveness of nonprofit advocacy activities.
Morphologically based agreement in Swahili

In this paper we argue that to a great extent noun class agreement in Swahili is based on inflectional features. Yet where inflectional features are not present, a derivational feature of inherent noun class controls agreement. Swahili, then, is seen as having a dual noun class system in which agreement is controlled by a hierarchical set of features ranging from inflectional to derivational. The evidence from Swahili indicates that Anderson's [1982] claim that inflectional morphology alone is relevant to syntax may be too strong and supports a weaker version admitting some interaction of derivational morphology with syntax.
U.S. Army noncombat munitions injuries.

OBJECTIVE: The object of this study was to determine the types of noncombat injuries secondary to munitions sustained by U.S. Army soldiers. METHODS: A retrospective review of all noncombat munitions injuries reported to the U.S. Army Safety Center from August 1989 to September 1996 was conducted. RESULTS: There were 742 incidents reported, resulting in 894 injured soldiers. The most common types of injuries were thermal burns, puncture wounds, and lacerations. The extremities were the most common anatomical location injured. The most common activities associated with injuries were combat training exercises, munitions firing, and rendering munitions safe. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates a distinctive injury pattern for each category of munitions. Military readiness will be improved if we train all personnel to be familiar with the injury patterns and the most common situations associated with injury. By informing unit commanders which activities are associated with increased risk of injury, they may better prepare preventive measures to decrease the number of noncombat injuries. Language: en
Design and Synthesis of Cross-Linked Micellar Particles to Assist Microalgae Lipid Recovery from Aqueous Extract

A series of cross-linked micellar particles (CLMP) with internal hydrophobic binding sites was synthesized via a double-cross-link concept. A quaternary ammonium surfactant was first synthesized from natural tung oil. With two acrylate groups in the head group and conjugated alkenes in the hydrophobic tail, the surfactant was doubly cross-linked in the micellar form on both the micellar surface and in the core. Surface cross-linking at ambient temperature and core cross-linking at 80 °C yielded 61 % final product (with 40 % space holder). The product and its morphology were characterized by infrared (IR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The chemical nature and functional groups were confirmed by IR, and SEM indicated heterogeneous nanoparticles aggregated into clusters of particles. The binding capacity and selectivity of CLMP for microalgae lipids extracted from Nannochloropsis sp. were investigated and quantified using a turbidity test and mass spectrometry. The best CLMP product was able to extract total algae lipids at 0.8 g lipids/g particles capacity. At a lipid loading above the binding capacity, the CLMP selectively bound non-charged polar lipids instead of the negatively charged polar lipids. These micellar particles have been demonstrated to be promising materials for extracting lipids from aqueous lipid extract. This paper presents a proof of concept study, and more in-depth investigation is needed to test lipid extraction from various media and potentials for lipid class separation using these structured particles.
Induced drinking and social adjustment in alcoholics. Development of a therapeutic model

Exposure to a controlled drinking schedule within a residential alcoholism treatment program had no adverse effects on the individual or social behavior of the alcoholics who participated compared ...
Multiple magnetic transitions and magnetocaloric effect in hydrothermally synthesized single crystalline La 0.5 Sr 0.5 MnO 3 nanowires

We have successfully prepared La0.5Sr0.5MnO3nanowires using a novel hydrothermal synthesis process and studied their magnetic and magnetocaloric properties. The system exhibits an inverse magnetocaloric effect (IMCE) around 175 K indicating presence of significant AFM correlation. The MCE study reveals a clear paramagnetic (PM) to ferromagnetic (FM) transition near room temperature (T ~ 325K) which is followed by onset of AFM at lower temperatures. The development of the FM-like magnetic state at low temperature is attributed to the enhanced double exchange (DE) driven ferromagnetism in AFM state as predicted by recent theoretical studies.
How Beauty Disrupts Space, Time and Thought: Purposiveness Without a Purpose in Kant's Critique of Judgment

In this essay I explore the phenomenon of "purposiveness without a purpose" in Kant's account of aesthetic judgments. I begin by considering what Kant means by purposiveness in general, and then I analyze the specific "purposiveness without a purpose" that belongs to aesthetic judgments. I analyze the purposiveness without a purpose of the beautiful first in terms of space and then in terms of time. The essay concludes with a consideration of how purposiveness without a purpose makes beauty resistant to thought.
Sugar feeding by Culicoides mississippiensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) on the yaupon holly, Ilex vomitoria.

Adult Culicoides mississippiensis Hoffman were collected from 5 flowering yaupon holly plants at sunrise, late morning, early afternoon, and sunset from 5 flowering yaupon holly plants during the entire flowering season (16 March–15 April 1995). Individual insects were tested for fructose by using the cold anthrone test. Prevalence of fructose in C. mississippiensis was 55.6% (427 of 768), with positivity for gravid females greater than for males. Fructose positive rates decreased in gravid females from morning to evening, whereas male rates were constant until evening, when they decreased. Both sugar feeding by gravid females and host-seeking by parous females were highest at sunset, followed by sunrise.
Improving Difficult Queries by Leveraging Clusters in Term Graph

Term graphs, in which the nodes correspond to distinct lexical units (words or phrases) and the weighted edges represent semantic relatedness between those units, have been previously shown to be beneficial for ad-hoc IR. In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate that indiscriminate utilization of term graphs for query expansion limits their retrieval effectiveness. To address this deficiency, we propose to apply graph clustering to identify coherent structures in term graphs and utilize these structures to derive more precise query expansion language models. Experimental evaluation of the proposed methods using term association graphs derived from document collections and popular knowledge bases (ConceptNet and Wikipedia) on TREC datasets indicates that leveraging semantic structure in term graphs allows to improve the results of difficult queries through query expansion.
Methods to increase reproducibility in differential gene expression via meta-analysis

Findings from clinical and biological studies are often not reproducible when tested in independent cohorts. Due to the testing of a large number of hypotheses and relatively small sample sizes, results from whole-genome expression studies in particular are often not reproducible. Compared to single-study analysis, gene expression meta-analysis can improve reproducibility by integrating data from multiple studies. However, there are multiple choices in designing and carrying out a meta-analysis. Yet, clear guidelines on best practices are scarce. Here, we hypothesized that studying subsets of very large meta-analyses would allow for systematic identification of best practices to improve reproducibility. We therefore constructed three very large gene expression meta-analyses from clinical samples, and then examined meta-analyses of subsets of the datasets (all combinations of datasets with up to N/2 samples and K/2 datasets) compared to a ‘silver standard’ of differentially expressed genes found in the entire cohort. We tested three random-effects meta-analysis models using this procedure. We showed relatively greater reproducibility with more-stringent effect size thresholds with relaxed significance thresholds; relatively lower reproducibility when imposing extraneous constraints on residual heterogeneity; and an underestimation of actual false positive rate by Benjamini–Hochberg correction. In addition, multivariate regression showed that the accuracy of a meta-analysis increased significantly with more included datasets even when controlling for sample size.
Clinical characteristics and pathogenic etiology of children with hand foot and mouth disease in Changchun city

Objective To learn the clinical manifestations and pathogenic situation of hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Changchun children's hospital from 2009 to 2010.Methods We collected the faeces specimen and oropharyngeal swabs of 1 862 children patients who consulted in Changchun children's hospital from May 2009 to Nov 2010.The enterovirus 71 ( EV71 ) and Coxsackie virus A16 (CoxA16) of 1 514 faeces specimens were amplified with RT-PCR,and 530 oropharyngeal swabs' virus were isolated with rhabdomyosarcoma cell.Results The total HFMD patients were 1 175 in 2010,687 in 2009.The rate of serious patients was 6.26％ (43/687) in 2009,and 16.51％ ( 194/1 175 ) in 2010.The season of peak incidence in 2009 was June,and in 2010 were June,July and August.The gender distribution was 1 241 males and 621females.The average age of HFMD patients was ( 28.32 ± 15.22 ) months.And the distribution in city and countryside was 1:1.05.Total of 1 862 cases ( 100％ ) had rash,55.69％ ( 1 037/1 862) had fever,6.07％(113/1 862) had neurologic symptom and 1.41％ (26/1 862) had vomiting when the patients admitted in our hospital.And there were 547 cases ( 29.41％ ) emerging myocardium injury,548 cases (29.43％ ) emerging neurologic complications and 82 cases (4.39％ ) emerging respiratory complications during treatment.There were 166 positive with positive rate 31.32％ in virus isolation.The positive rate of EV71 and CoxA16 were 9.62％ and 10.57 in 2009,and 32.52％ and 39.53％ in 2010.Conclusion There were more HFMD patients in 2010 than 2009,and the proportion of serious patients was increased too.In summer and autumn,we should pay more attention to HFMD for fever children.HFMD could damage digestive system,respiratory system,circulatory system and nervous system.The nervous system of serious patients is more likely to be damaged.The pathogens of HFMD are diversity,but mainly are EV71 and CoxA16,and the pathogen of serious patients is mostly EV71. Key words: Hand, foot and mouth disease; Enterovirus; Changchun city
Influence of End-of-day Red and Far-red Light on Potted Roses

Abstract The effects of end-of-day red and far-red light on postharvest leaf chlorosis of potted roses were investigated. Rosa × hybrida L. ‘Meijikatar’ (Tradename: Orange Sunblaze) and ‘Confection’ plants were treated with 30 minutes of red light (600–700 nm) or far-red light (700–780 nm) at the end of each daily photoperiod throughout production. At harvest, plants were placed in storage for 5 days at 16°C (61°F). ‘Meijikatar’ plants treated with end-of-day far-red light had more leaf chlorosis than plants treated with end-of-day red light or those which served as controls. ‘Confection’ plants treated with end-of-day far-red light had more leaf chlorosis than plants treated with end-of-day red light. ‘Meijikatar’ plants were treated in the greenhouse at the end of each photoperiod with 1 hour of incandescent or fluorescent light, with control plants receiving natural greenhouse end-of-day light, and then placed into storage. Plants treated with end-of-day incandescent light were taller than plants treat...
Working outside: a problems-based approach for studying musicians and other extra-institutional individuals

Extra-institutional individuals are individuals who work outside of a bureaucracy. I argue that, in the absence of a bureaucracy organizing their work, the professional communication of extra-institutional individuals is organized by the problems they are trying to solve. Grouping extra-institutional individuals by the problems they are trying to solve instead of their field or area allows for deeper analysis of the communication needed in individual fields. The problems-based approach also allows comparison of extra-institutional individuals across fields, which can result in interdisciplinary knowledge sharing. This interdisciplinary knowledge sharing can help designers of communication to better understand their extra-institutional users and develop tools appropriate to the needs of audiences across fields with shared problems.
A novel circadianly expressed Drosophila melanogaster gene dependent on the period gene for its rhythmic expression.

Abstract The Drosophila melanogaster period (per) gene is required for expression of endogenous circadian rhythms of locomotion and eclosion. per mRNA is expressed with a circadian rhythm that is dependent on Per protein; this feedback loop has been proposed to be essential to the central circadian pacemaker. This model would suggest the Per protein also controls the circadian expression of other genetic loci to generate circadian behavior and physiology. In this paper we describe Dreg-5, a gene whose mRNA is expressed in fly heads with a circadian rhythm nearly identical to that of the per gene. Dreg-5 mRNA continues to cycle in phase with that of per mRNA in conditions of total darkness and also when the daily feeding time is altered. Like per mRNA, Dreg-5 mRNA is not expressed rhythmically in per null mutant flies. Dreg-5 encodes a novel 298 residue protein and Dreg-5 protein isoforms also oscillate in abundance with a circadian rhythm. The phase of Dreg-5 protein oscillation, however, is different from that of Per protein expression, suggesting that Dreg-5 and per have common translational but different post-translational control mechanisms. These results demonstrate that the per gene is capable of modulating the rhythmic expression of other genes; this activity may form the basis of the output of circadian rhythmicity in Drosophila.
Assessing Parallel Explanations: A Method for Disentangling Competing Explanations in Qualitative International Relations Research

Because of the complexity of social life, most topics of interest to political scientists have numerous compelling explanations. Moreover, in many cases the alternative explanations not only point to the same behavior, but contribute partially to the outcome. Such instances of parallel explanations for a phenomenon can greatly complicate qualitative analysis. This is a problem throughout social science but occurs frequently in international relations, particularly in the debate between material and ideational causes in state behavior; in many cases. Quantitative studies can draw on large sample sizes to control for variation in alternative explanations, but the nature of qualitative analysis makes the use of such techniques difficult. And existing qualitative methods often require more data than is available in many international relations cases or struggle to deal with the problem of parallel explanations. This paper presents a method through which this problem can be addressed by drawing from work in the field of comparative historical analysis. This method of parallel causal elaboration helps to structure relationships among possible causal factors and competing theories to enable the resolution of the problem of parallel explanations. The paper applies the method to the case of the end of the Cold War.
Intelligent Control: A Hybrid Approach Based on Fuzzy Logic, Neural Networks and Genetic Algorithms

Intelligent Control considers non-traditional modelling and control approaches to nonlinear systems. Fuzzy logic, neural networks and evolutionary computing techniques are the main tools used. The book presents a modular switching fuzzy logic controller where a PD-type fuzzy controller is executed first followed by a PI-type fuzzy controller thus improving the performance of the controller compared with a PID-type fuzzy controller. The advantage of the switching-type fuzzy controller is that it uses one rule-base thus minimises the rule-base during execution. A single rule-base is developed by merging the membership functions for change of error of the PD-type controller and sum of error of the PI-type controller. Membership functions are then optimized using evolutionary algorithms. Since the two fuzzy controllers were executed in series, necessary further tuning of the differential and integral scaling factors of the controller is then performed. Neural-network-based tuning for the scaling parameters of the fuzzy controller is then described and finally an evolutionary algorithm is applied to the neurally-tuned-fuzzy controller in which the sigmoidal function shape of the neural network is determined. The important issue of stability is addressed and the text demonstrates empirically that the developed controller was stable within the operating range. The text concludes with ideas for future research to show the reader the potential for further study in this area. Intelligent Control will be of interest to researchers from engineering and computer science backgrounds working in the intelligent and adaptive control.
A Model for Assessing the Self-Schemas of Restrained Eaters

This study explored the ways in which self-appraisal relates to concerns about weight and food among restrained eaters. Network modeling was used to visually depict the restrained eaters' self-schemas, structures that organize information relevant to self-assessment, and to compare the self-schemas of restrained eaters and controls. Twenty-six restrained eaters and 24 controls rated the relatedness of self-evaluation and weight/food-related concepts. These relatedness ratings were transformed via a scaling algorithm into schematic networks, which were interpreted as models of self-schemas. The self-schemas of restrained eaters centered more around weight/food-related concepts and contained more links between self-evaluative and weight/food-related concepts than the schemas of controls. This study offers empirical support for theoretical formulations about distorted self-evaluation among restrained eaters and provides a novel methodology for assessing self-representation.
Practical lessons in public health program implementation: perspectives from the field

ABSTRACTOver the past 15 years, significant advances have been made in public health education in the United States, creating new opportunities for community colleges, especially in terms of clarif...
Essential and Sustaining LGN Inputs to Cat Primary Visual Cortex

Publisher Summary This chapter analyzes the results obtained from experiments that involved either reversibly inactivating different layers in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) complex or inactivating portions of visual cortex to gain an insight into the cortical circuitry that supports visual perception. The demonstration that visual cortical neurons can continue to operate robustly and selectively in the face of significant loss of afferent input provides a different, albeit nonintuitive, view of the cortical neuron. An individual neuron possesses thousands of synapses. The results indicate that for many of these neurons, the ability to achieve threshold may be relatively easy, even under conditions of sudden silence by other (perhaps normally dominating) inputs. Once the dominating afferents are themselves silenced, the erstwhile silent inputs apparently become sufficiently powerful to exceed the threshold. The same cortical resources are dynamically exploited by different geniculate subdivisions depending on nighttime or daytime viewing conditions. The cortical neurons can undergo significant functional differentiation and yet retain full responsiveness and response selectivity previously believed to emerge from intracortical circuits.
Multiphoton Dissociation of Molecules with Low Power CW Infrared Lasers

The multiphoton excitation of molecules by infrared radiation offers a new form of molecular activation which has captured the imagination of a sizeable audience of physicists and chemists. Many intriguing possibilities for chemical applications result from the selectivity which can be achieved using intense, narrow band lasers to excite specific molecular species, including isotopic variants. The ability to create a hot molecule in a cool environment brings chemists close to the realization of a tame Maxwell’s Demon.
Clip-and-loop technique for left atrial appendage occlusion.

The left atrial appendage is thought to be responsible for the majority of embolic strokes, and has become an important target in the surgical management of atrial fibrillation. We present an origi...
Weighted Buffered Voronoi Cells for Distributed Semi-Cooperative Behavior

This paper introduces the Weighted Buffered Voronoi tessellation, which allows us to define distributed, semicooperative multi-agent navigation policies with guarantees on collision avoidance. We generate the Voronoi cells with dynamic weights that bias the boundary towards the agent with the lower relative weight while always maintaining a buffered distance between two agents. By incorporating agent weights, we can encode selfish or prioritized behavior among agents, where a more selfish agent will have a larger relative cell over less selfish agents. We consider this semi-cooperative since agents do not cooperate in symmetric ways. Furthermore, when all agents start in a collision-free configuration and plan their control actions within their cells, we prove that no agents will collide. Simulations demonstrate the performance of our algorithm for agents navigating to goal locations in a position-swapping game. We observe that agents with more egoistic weights consistently travel shorter paths to their goal than more altruistic agents.
ANALYSES SUPPORTING SNOOPI: A P-BAND REFLECTOMETRY DEMONSTRATION

SigNals of Opportunity: P-band Investigation (SNOOPI) will be an in-space technology demonstration of reflectometry using 240–380 MHz communications transmissions. SNOOPI will both demonstrate essential techniques for root-zone soil moisture (RZSM) and snow water equivalent (SWE) remote sensing as well as provide in-space validation of prototype instrument technology. This paper presents results from studies conducted to define key parameters of the SNOOPI mission, including orbital coverage, signal processing, and the estimated power from the non-cooperative sources.
Improvement of frequency performance of fully differential operational amplifier for switched-capacitor application

In recent years, switched-capacitor (SC) structure has been widely used in many electronic fields, such as analog to digital converter (ADC) and digital to analog converter (DAC). The vital part in the SC structure is operational amplifier (Op-Amp), to improve the performance of SC structure, a good operational amplifier is necessary. In this paper, based on 0.18µm process, we proposed two types of differential Op-Amps: traditional differential structure and fully differential telescopic structure. Aiming to realize better frequency performance, we compared this two types and find out the telescopic structure has much better unity gain bandwidth (UGBW) up to 690MHz with similar small signal gain and phase margin.
Robust MMSE-IRC for Uplink Massive MIMO aided C Network

One of the major challenges for Cloud / Centralized Radio Access Network (C-RAN) lies in the limited bandwidth of the fronthaul (FH) network which connects a centralized baseband unit (BBU) to one or more remote radio units (RRU). In particular for massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) uplink processing, the required FH capacity increases proportionally to the number of transceiver units (TXRUs) (and not the number of MIMO layers) for traditional receiver processing at the BBU. This can become a bottleneck for deploying large antenna arrays where MIMO detection is performed at the BBU. In [1] distributed minimum mean-squared error interference rejection combining (MMSE-IRC) processing for C-RAN architecture is proposed, where receive (Rx) beamforming at the RRU is performed to compress the received branches before transporting them to the BBU for MIMO detection. We find that the proposed processing is not practically robust due to high-dimension covariance matrix estimation from a limited number of interference samples. In this paper, we propose an advancement of the idea in [1] by considering distributed MMSE-IRC processing which is based on a structured covariance matrix estimation approach. It is shown that the proposed approach provides more robust uplink performance while guaranteeing moderate FH loads and low complexity RRU processing.
IBMResearch at MEDIQA 2021: Toward Improving Factual Correctness of Radiology Report Abstractive Summarization

Although recent advances in abstractive summarization systems have achieved high scores on standard natural language metrics like ROUGE, their lack of factual consistency remains an open challenge for their use in sensitive real-world settings such as clinical practice. In this work, we propose a novel approach to improve factual correctness of a summarization system by re-ranking the candidate summaries based on a factual vector of the summary. We applied this process during our participation in MEDIQA 2021 Task 3: Radiology Report Summarization, where the task is to generate an impression summary of a radiology report, given findings and background as inputs. In our system, we first used a transformer-based encoder-decoder model to generate top N candidate impression summaries for a report, then trained another transformer-based model to predict a 14-observations-vector of the impression based on the findings and background of the report, and finally, utilized this vector to re-rank the candidate summaries. We also employed a source-specific ensembling technique to accommodate for distinct writing styles from different radiology report sources. Our approach yielded 2nd place in the challenge.
From the Mattachine Society to Megan Rapinoe: Tracing and Telegraphing the Conformist/Visionary Divide in the LGBT Rights Movement

From the beginning of the LGBT civil rights movement, there has been an intracommunity debate concerning strategies and tactics to effect legal and social change. On one end of the spectrum, the lesbian and gay organizations of the 1950s--the Mattachine Society and the Daughters of Bilitis--advocated an assimilationist strategy that sought tolerance rather than full acceptance and integration. The tactics to affect this strategy are best described as conservative and conventional--to look and act as “straight” as possible in order to convince courts, legislatures, and the public that lesbians and gay men should be left alone rather than fired from their jobs and criminalized for their intimate conduct. On the other end of the spectrum, the protesters at the Stonewall Inn on June 27, 1969, advocated for liberation along many axes-- gender, race, sexual orientation, gender identity, class. The Gay Liberation Front, inspired by the Stonewall Riots and formed shortly thereafter, embodied this liberation-based strategy. Its tactics are best described as confrontational, intersectional, and anti-assimilationist. This Article will refer to these two approaches as Conformist and Visionary. Presumably, both the Conformist and the Visionary approaches shared the general end goal of equality for LGBT people; what *800 equality looked like to each group reflects the differences between them. The differences between their strategies and tactics can be generalized as ones of imagination and vision. The Conformist and Visionary divide has permeated the LGBT community’s civil rights campaign through the present day, as has the debate among scholars and advocates about the “best” approach to effect lasting change. While most scholars discuss the benefits and drawbacks of these two approaches vis-a-vis the law and society writ large and propose that one take precedence over the other, this Article explores how this decades-long intracommunity divide--the conversation among activists and scholars within the LGBT community--might shape the future of the movement. Rather than attempt to settle on the “best” approach, then, this Article instead focuses on the impact of the dynamic created by the intracommunity debate vis-a-vis the law and society writ large. It asks and answers the questions: What work did the Conformist and the Visionary approaches do to support the rise of LGBT rights in the United States? And, what work do they continue to do today, so that we may anticipate the growth and impact of LGBT rights on education law and employment law in the future? In doing so, it does not make a normative or strategic judgment concerning either approach. Rather, its goal is to expose and explore what this Article calls the transcommunity dialogue--a communicative pathway between the LGBT community and society at large, which is informed by the Conformist-Visionary dynamic.