cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increased late sodium current in myocytes from a canine heart failure model and from failing human heart.

Abstract Electrophysiological remodeling of ion channels in heart failure causes action potential prolongation and plays a role in arrhythmia mechanism. The importance of down-regulation of potassium currents is well-known, but a role for Na current ( I Na ) in heart failure is less well established. We studied I Na in heart failure ventricular cells from a canine pacing model of heart failure and also from explanted failing human hearts. Peak I Na density was significantly decreased by 39% and 57% in the dog model and in human heart failure, respectively. The kinetics of peak I Na were not different in heart failure. Late I Na was measured 750 ms after the initial depolarization as the saxitoxin (STX)-sensitive current and also as the current remaining after contaminating currents were blocked. Late I Na as a percentage of the peak I Na was significantly increased in both conditions. In dogs, STX sensitive late I Na was 0.5 ± 0.1% n = 16 cells from eight normal hearts and 3.4 ± 1.4% n = 12 cells from seven failing hearts; in humans, it was 0.2 ± 0.1% n = 4 cells from two normal hearts and 2.4 ± 0.5% n = 10 cells from three human failing hearts (–40 mV). Quantitative measures of mRNA including RNase protection assays and real time quantitative PCR in the dog model showed no differences for different α subunit isoforms (NaV1.1, 1.3, 1.5) and for the β1 and β2 subunits. This suggests neither α subunit isoform switching nor altered β subunit expression is a mechanism for increased late I Na . We conclude that a peak I Na is decreased, and non-inactivating late I Na is increased in heart failure and this may contribute to action potential prolongation and the generation of arrhythmia.
EXCAVATING THE PREHISTORY OF TIME‐SPACE COMPRESSION

(2011). Excavating the Prehistory of Time‐Space Compression. Geographical Review: Vol. 101, No. 3, pp. 435-446.
Attenuation of Ischemia-Induced Extracellular Adenosine Accumulation by Homocysteine

Summary: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of homocysteine, which consumes intracellular adenosine via formation of S-adenosylhomocysteine, on interstitial fluid (ISF) adeonsine and cerebral blood flow (CBF) before, during, and after cerebral ischemia. Microdialysis probes, used to measure local CBF (H2 clearance) and to sample ISF, were implanted bilaterally into the caudate nucleus of halothane-anesthetized rats (n = 8). L-Homocysteine thiolactone was administered locally via one of the probes. Animals were exposed to 20 min of ischemia, induced by bilateral carotid occlusion plus hemorrhage to an arterial blood pressure of 50 mm Hg, followed by 60 min of reperfusion. Before ischemia, CBF and dialysate adenosine were decreased with homocysteine. During ischemia and early reperfusion, dialysate purine metabolites increased on both sides of the brain; however, the ischemia-induced increase in adenosine was attenuated on the side of local homocysteine. CBF was lower on the side of homocysteine throughout reperfusion. These data demonstrate that homocysteine (a) decreases basal ISF adenosine and CBF, (b) attenuates the increase in dialysate adenosine during ischemia, and (c) reduces hyperemia during early reperfusion
Exploration of Impinging Water Spray Heat Transfer at System Pressures Near the Triple Point

The heat transfer of a water spray impinging upon a surface in a very low pressure environment is of interest to cooling of space vehicles during launch and re-entry, and to industrial processes where flash evaporation occurs. At very low pressure, the process occurs near the triple point of water, and there exists a transient multiphase transport problem of ice, water and water vapor. At the impingement location, there are three heat transfer mechanisms: evaporation, freezing and sublimation. A preliminary heat transfer model was developed to explore the interaction of these mechanisms at the surface and within the spray.
Catalase−Peroxidase Activity of Iron(III)−TAML Activators of Hydrogen Peroxide

Exceptionally high peroxidase-like and catalase-like activities of iron(III)−TAML activators of H2O2 (1: Tetra-Amidato-Macrocyclic-Ligand FeIII complexes [Fe{1,2−X2C6H2−4,5−(NCOCMe2NCO)2CR2}(OH2)]–) are reported from pH 6−12.4 and 25−45 °C. Oxidation of the cyclometalated 2-phenylpyridine organometallic complex, [RuII(o-C6H4py)(phen)2]PF6 (2) or “ruthenium dye”, occurs via the equation [RuII]+1/2 H2O2+H + →□FeIII−TAML [RuIII]+H2O, following a simple rate law rate = kobsper[1][H2O2], that is, the rate is independent of the concentration of 2 at all pHs and temperatures studied. The kinetics of the catalase-like activity (H2O2⁢ →□FeIII−TAML H2O+1/2 O2) obeys a similar rate law: rate = kobscat[1][H2O2]). The rate constants, kobsper and kobscat, are strongly and similarly pH dependent, with a maximum around pH 10. Both bell-shaped pH profiles are quantitatively accounted for in terms of a common mechanism based on the known speciation of 1 and H2O2 in this pH range. Complexes 1 exist as axial diaqua species ...
Knowledge and the environment

Some recent analyses suggest that future increases in knowledge will, more or less automatically, alleviate or even eliminate future environmental problems. Here we examine this issue. First, we discuss whether a knowledge explosion is indeed occurring, addressing some of the problems with assessing knowledge-growth. We next consider whether growth in knowledge will help the environment; we ask whether future advances in knowledge are likely to assure benign environmental outcomes, and discuss physical limitations of reducing resource consumption. Finally, we outline policy interventions that would help produce and implement environmentally helpful knowledge. Although knowledge-growth can help attenuate future environmental problems, we are skeptical as to the ability of advances in knowledge to offset fully the adverse environmental impacts of continued growth of population and per-capita consumption. The ongoing shift from a material-based to a services-based economy reduces, but does not eliminate, the significant environmental impacts associated with the increasing scale of economic output. In addition, the ability of the economy to replace certain key natural resource inputs with knowledge inputs must eventually encounter limits. Public policy has a crucial role both in discouraging environmentally damaging forms of consumption, and in promoting the generation and diffusion of environmentally beneficial knowledge. © 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
The effects of infant day care through the prism of attachment theory: A critical appraisal☆

This commentary addresses the relevance of attachment theory and research to an understanding of the effects of early day care experience on sociopersonality development. Attachment theory figures prominently in Belsky's review of the day care literature both because of the theory's emphasis on formative early influences on personality functioning, and because of researchers' widespread (although not exclusive) use of the Strange Situation as a procedure for assessing the effects of day care on infant-parent attachment. This commentary offers an examination of the strength of the evidence which indicates that early day care experience may lead to insecure attachments. It is concluded that this evidence is substantially weaker than Belsky suggests. The article then draws upon the extensive research on attachment to explore the interpretation of infant behavior within the Strange Situation, and the significance of such behavior for later development, in light of the current concern about the effects of early day care experience. It is argued that this research suggests caution in concluding either that day care has negative consequences for the child or that it foreshadows long-term sociopersonality functioning. Suggested are areas of much needed future research which must be undertaken before strong conclusions concerning the effects of day care can be made.
Performance of a packet switch with input and output queueing under unbalanced traffic

High performance in advanced packet switches can be achieved by providing queuing both at the input and the output ports. The author studies the performance of this class of switches under nonuniform traffic. Two different output queuing arrangements are considered, namely, the case where dedicated queues are provided at each output port, and the case where the output queuing space is shared among all the output ports. An analytical approach is presented for the performance study of these two schemes in the case of operation with fixed-size packets and under various degrees of traffic imbalance at the inputs or the outputs. The measures investigated include the average delay, the maximum throughput of the switch in the case of output traffic imbalance, and the saturation load in the case of input traffic imbalance. Analytical results for these measures are derived for the case of a switch with a large number of input and output ports. Numerical results for the maximum throughput and the saturation load are presented. It is demonstrated that the scheme of output sharing performs better than the scheme of dedicated output queuing. >
The Stress Relaxation of Fibrous Materials: III. Stress Relaxation of Wool Keratin in Water and in Salt Solutions

The relaxation of stress in single wool fibers (Columbia 56's) held at fixed extension in water and in dilute salt solutions was studied by techniques described previously. The early portion of the stress relaxation in water did not change much with temperature, and this stress decay may be ascribed to scission of hydrogen bonds. The later portion depended more strongly on temperature, and here the decay is ascribed to hydrolysis of cystine bonds. The relaxation in salt solutions (0.1N) proceeded faster than in water. The rate and extent of relaxation varied strongly from fiber to fiber, and it was not possible to detect any systematic differences due to anion size, cation size, anion charge, or cation charge. The action of FeCl3 differed from that of the other salts, not an unexpected behavior in view of the oxidizing, acidic, and catalytic effects of this salt. Because the effects of dilute HCl and of cysteine on stress relaxation are not altered by previous treatment with salt solutions, it appears tha...
Zebrafish vasa homologue RNA is localized to the cleavage planes of 2- and 4-cell-stage embryos and is expressed in the primordial germ cells

Identification and manipulation of the germ line are important to the study of model organisms. Although zebrafish has recently emerged as a model for vertebrate development, the primordial germ cells (PGCs) in this organism have not been previously described. To identify a molecular marker for the zebrafish PGCs, we cloned the zebrafish homologue of the Drosophila vasa gene, which, in the fly, encodes a germ-cell-specific protein. Northern blotting revealed that zebrafish vasa homologue (vas) transcript is present in embryos just after fertilization, and hence it is probably maternally supplied. Using whole-mount in situ hybridization, we investigated the expression pattern of vas RNA in zebrafish embryos from the 1-cell stage to 10 days of development. Here we present evidence that vas RNA is a germ-cell-specific marker, allowing a description of the zebrafish PGCs for the first time. Furthermore, vas transcript was detected in a novel pattern, localized to the cleavage planes in 2- and 4-cell-stage embryos. During subsequent cleavages, the RNA is segregated as subcellular clumps to a small number of cells that may be the future germ cells. These results suggest new ways in which one might develop techniques for the genetic manipulation of zebrafish. Furthermore, they provide the basis for further studies on this novel RNA localization pattern and on germ-line development in general.
Radical stereotactic radiosurgery with real-time tumor motion tracking in the treatment of small peripheral lung tumors.

Background Recent developments in radiotherapeutic technology have resulted in a new approach to treating patients with localized lung cancer. We report preliminary clinical outcomes using stereotactic radiosurgery with real-time tumor motion tracking to treat small peripheral lung tumors.
Letter of reply to comments on our paper “A prospective randomized comparison of neoprene vs thermoplast hand-based thumb spica splinting for trapeziometacarpal arthrosis”

Dear Editor,We appreciate the interest in our work. Concern is expressedabout the high drop out rate, lack of radiological diagnosis, short-term evaluation time, handling of missing data, and imprecisesplint wear instructions. We agree that our data should be inter-preted in light of these aspects of the study design and execution.This was a pragmatic clinical trial. We compared the effective-ness of prescribing one of two treatments to the typical patientwho would receive that treatment in practice
Evaluation of a Novel Specimen Transport System (Venturi Transystem) for Anaerobic Bacteria

The Venturi Transystem (Copan Diagnostics, Corona, CA), with and without charcoal, is designed for transport of clinical specimens. It was evaluated for its ability to maintain the viability of pure cultures of selected anaerobic bacteria. Results indicated that the system supported survival of test strains within the time frame that most clinical specimens require to reach the clinical laboratory.
Clinical pharmacist staffing in United States hospitals.

We evaluated hospital demographics (census regions, size, teaching affiliation, hospital ownership, hospital pharmacy director's degree, pharmacist location within the hospital) and clinical pharmacist staffing/occupied bed in United States hospitals. A database was constructed from the 1992 American Hospital Association's Abridged Guide to the Health Care Field and the 1992 National Clinical Pharmacy Services database. Simple statistical tests and multiple regression analysis were employed. The study population consisted of 1391 hospitals that reported information on clinical pharmacist staffing. The mean number of clinical pharmacists/100 occupied beds was 0.51 +/- 0.18. Factors associated with increased clinical pharmacist staffing were west north central region (slope = 0.0029439, p = 0.002), Pacific region (slope = 0.0032089, p = 0.004), affiliation with pharmacy teaching hospitals (slope = 0.0025330, p = 0.0001), teaching hospitals (slope = 0.0028122, p = 0.001), federal government ownership (slope = 0.0029697, p = 0.012), directors with Pharm.D. degrees (slope = 0.0335020, p = 0.002), directors with M.S. Pharmacy degrees (slope = 0.0028622, p = 0.003), pharmacists in a decentralized location (slope = 0.0035393, p = 0.0001), and pharmacy technician staffing (slope = 0.0517713, p = 0.0001). Statistically significant associations between demographic variables and decreased clinical pharmacist staffing/occupied bed were mid-Atlantic region (slope = -0.0028237, p = 0.002), small size (slope = -0.0028894, p = 0.001), pharmacy directors with B.S. degrees (slope = -0.0019271, p = 0.023), and pharmacy administrator staffing (slope = -0.0184513, p = 0.042). The R2 for this multiple regression analysis was 28.31% and adjusted R2 was 24.83%. Increased pharmacy technician staffing had the greatest association (slope = 0.0517713) with increased clinical pharmacist staffing. Significant differences were observed between clinical pharmacist staffing and hospital demographic factors. It appears that one of the most effective ways to increase clinical pharmacist staffing is to increase pharmacy technician staffing (slope). These findings will help future researchers determine specific reasons why some types of hospitals have higher and some lower levels of clinical pharmacist staffing.
An Examination of the Public Good Externalities of Professional Athletic Venues: Justifications for Public Financing?

A review of the literature shows that stadiums and arenas are insignificant in terms of creating employment, engendering aggregate increases in local spending, and increasing per capita income levels. Public subsidies, then, may be better justified with reference to the nonpecuniary, public good externalities of professional athletic venues. This research examines whether the public good externalities of Baltimore's Oriole Park and Cleveland's Jacobs Field justify the use of taxpayer resources to finance such projects. This research finds that the public good externalities of Oriole Park and Jacobs Field are determinants of willingness to support the use of taxpayer resources to finance stadium projects.
The radiation response of a Selfoc microlens

The radiation-induced darkening of SLW Selfoc microlenses at 810 nm is measured using 100-ns pulses from the Hermes II X-ray simulation machine. Their transmission loss versus total dose is displayed immediately after exposure and 45 mu s later, up to a dose of about 32 krds. >
A new within-leaf radiative transfer model: preliminary results

As part of the NASA Ecological Processes and Modeling Program, researchers at NASA/Ames and INRA in the LEAFMOD group are developing a new within-leaf radiative transfer model. The model is based on a radiative transfer formulation and on the assumption of the separation of the origins of the scattering and absorption transport effects. Preliminary results are presented.
Gill X‐cell lesions in American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides) concurrent with lymphocystis infection

This paper documents the first report of concurrent infections of lymphocystis lesions and X-cells and the varied associations between multiple, clustered or single lymphocystis lesions and X-cells in a NW Atlantic pleuronectid.
Uncertainty and Variability Analysis

Statistical methods are an inseparable component of all modeling studies. Most environmental processes we have covered in this book do not lend themselves to a deterministic mode of analysis because of the inherent uncertainties involved in the parameter values that describe the physical system analyzed. These uncertainties may arise from the randomness of the natural processes, a lack of data to represent the parameters of the model or a lack of understanding of the processes that are used in the model that is built. Statistical methods may be used to account for these uncertainties. In most cases, for the completeness of the study, the deterministic analysis provided should always include a probability analysis of the occurrence or the likelihood of occurrence of the results presented. Thus, given the complex or simple nature of the models and the modeling tools developed in this book, it is important to provide an introduction to the statistical methods that are used in uncertainty and variability analysis that may be used in these models. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the reader to these concepts.
Spectral correlation of BPSK and QPSK signals in a nonlinear channel with AM/AM and AM/PM conversions

The authors analyze the effect of AM/AM and AM/PM conversions on spectral correlation of binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) and quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) signals. These conversions degrade the performance of many new spectral correlation based techniques for interference rejection, signal detection, and parameter estimation. These techniques require knowledge of the spectral correlation function (SCF) and cross spectral correlation function (XSCF). Closed-form expressions for SCF and XSCF in a practical nonlinear bandpass memoryless BPSK and QPSK channel are presented. The theoretical analyses are compared with simulation results. >
THE SOVIET PATH TO ECONOMIC GROWTH: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

Considerable attention has been devoted in the past to the methodological issues involved in the measurement and explanation of economic growth. Following the method pioneered by Denison and applied by him to the United States and Western Europe, comparative studies have been made of various other countries; that for Japan is of special interest. The present paper extends the analysis to the Soviet Union. In order to preserve comparability, the analysis follows the Denison methodology exactly, and compares the results with those for the United States, Northwest Europe, and Japan.
Assembly Line Balancing Using Genetic Algorithms with Heuristic‐Generated Initial Populations and Multiple Evaluation Criteria*

We use genetic algorithms (GA) to solve the assembly line balancing (ALB) problem. Inparticular, we show how this technique can be used to generate feasible line balances, improve upon solutions obtained by other heuristics reported in the literature, and utilizeany one or more evaluation criteria that can be expressed in functional form. The procedure is demonstrated with two examples: (1) intimating the improvement of heuristic-generated ALB solutions by including them in the GA initial population, and (2) the possibility of balancing assembly lines with multiple criteria and side constraints. These examples suggest that GA can be a powerful tool in ALB. To investigate the utility of GA on single-criterion problems, an experiment is conducted that compares both the GA approach and conventional heuristics. Results indicate that the GA solutions are significantly improved over the heuristic solutions under the conditions studied. It is also found that the presence of heuristic-generated conventional solutions in the GA initial population leads to statistically preferred results.
Information and inner city educational attainment

Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) are analyzed to examine whether adolescents living in low-income urban areas have less accurate information about labor market institutions than teens in more affluent communities, and whether information influences educational attainment. All adolescents seem to implicitly underestimate the educational requirements of their occupational goals, and teens (particularly males) in high-poverty urban areas have less accurate information than those in other neighborhoods. Information varies across neighborhoods in part because of the effects of family socioeconomic status on information, including the education and employment experiences of parents. The labor market information measures available with the NLSY are related to schooling persistence, even after controlling for AFQT scores and family background. [JEL I20, J24, D83] © 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Failure of policy regarding smoke-free bars in the Netherlands.

Background: Tobacco companies consistently work to prevent and undermine smoke-free laws. The tobacco industry and its allies have funded hospitality associations and other third parties to oppose smoke-free laws, argue that smoke-free laws will economically damage hospitality venues, promote ventilation and voluntary smoker ‘accommodation’ as an alternative to smoke-free laws, and to challenge smoke-free laws in court. In 2008, the Netherlands extended its smoke-free law to hospitality venues. Methods: We triangulated news articles, government documents, scientific papers, statistical reports and interviews to construct this case study. Results: Despite widespread public support for smoke-free hospitality venues, opponents successfully represented these laws as unpopular and damaging to small bars. These challenges and related smokers’ rights activities resulted in non-compliance among all bars and reinstating an exemption for small, owner-run venues. This policy reversal was the result of a weak implementing media campaign (which failed to present the law as protecting nonsmokers), smoking room exemptions and reactive (vs. proactive) measures by the Ministry of Health and civil society. Conclusion: The policy failure in the Netherlands is the result of poor implementation efforts and the failure to anticipate and deal with opposition to the law. When implementing smoke-free laws it is important to anticipate opposition, used the media to target non-smokers to reinforce public support, and actively enforce the law.
Identification of Handicapped Children and Youth: A State Agency Perspective on Behavioral Disorders:

State education agencies are currently faced with numerous challenges in meeting their leadership responsibilities. This paper provides an example of how one such agency has attempted to provide leadership in defining those handicapped students who are behaviorally disordered. Emphasized is the literature base from which initial direction was taken, data-gathering activities initiated by the SEA, and subsequent policy decisions made.
The CAPON-MVDR algorithm: threshold SNR prediction and the probability of resolution

The threshold region mean squared error (MSE) performance of the Capon-MVDR algorithm is predicted via an adaptation of an interval error based method referred to herein as the method of interval errors (MIE). MIE requires good approximations of two quantities: (i) interval error probabilities, and (ii) the algorithm asymptotic (SNR /spl rarr/ /spl infin/) MSE performance. Exact pairwise error probabilities for the Capon (and Bartlett) algorithm are derived herein that include finite sample effects for an arbitrary colored data covariance; with the union bound, accurate approximations of the interval error probabilities are obtained. Further, with the large sample MSE predictions of Vaidyanathan and Buckley (1995), MIE accurately predicts the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) threshold point, below which the Capon algorithm MSE performance degrades swiftly. A two-point measure of the probability of resolution is defined for the Capon algorithm that accurately predicts the SNR at which sources of arbitrary closeness become resolvable.
Fine-particle defluidization: Interaction between cohesion, Young׳s modulus and static bed height

Abstract The defluidization of fine (mildly cohesive) glass particles with mean size 69 μm is studied by DEM–CFD simulations and experiments for quantitative model validation. Cohesion arising from van der Waals forces between particles is explicitly incorporated into DEM–CFD, along with the corresponding effects of surface roughness. Due to computational limitations, DEM–CFD simulations often use artificially soft particles and systems much smaller than experiments, making the direct comparison between simulation and experimental results questionable. This computational obstacle was recently overcome for coarse (non-cohesive) particles via the identification of a system-size-independent measurement, thereby allowing for the direct comparison between small-scale simulations and large-scale experiments ( LaMarche et al., 2015b ). Here, we assess the applicability of the same measurement, namely the defluidization curve, to cohesive systems. Unlike non-cohesive systems, the simulation results exhibit a sensitivity to Young’s modulus and (low) static bed heights. These observations are explained by the enhanced cohesive effect at lower Young׳s modulus and decreasing bed porosity with increasing static bed height. Nonetheless, by using the true material Young׳s modulus in the DEM–CFD simulations and sufficiently large static bed height, a system-size-independent defluidization measurement is achieved that compares well with experimental data from a much larger system. This ability to directly compare small-scale simulations and large-scale experiments via a system-size independent measurement (defluidization) allows for the quantitative validation of the particle-level models in DEM–CFD without resorting to particle-level measurements and/or unrealistically small experimental systems.
Detecting Galaxy Mergers at High Redshift

We introduce a new feature of galaxy images, maxRatio, and demonstrate its effectiveness at detecting merging galaxies at high redshift.
Measuring Willingness to Pay for Environmental Attributes in Seafood

We investigate whether consumers are willing to pay for sustainability in seafood. To do this, we estimate a logit random utility model (RUM) of seafood purchases using a product-level scanner dataset from a quasi-experimental setting that includes data both before and after the implementation of a seafood advisory and sustainability label. Each seafood product is defined as a bundle of attributes, including price, species, and sustainability rating. The sustainability rating is communicated to consumers through the use of a color-based traffic light label system, where a color rating is assigned to each seafood stock-keeping unit. Combining a structural demand model with a difference-in-differences approach allows us to take advantage of the implementation of the labeling treatment in a subset of stores in the local retail chain to estimate consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for green, yellow, and red sustainability labels. We find that the addition of a yellow sustainability label negatively impacts consumer’s WTP for seafood products, however this simple average effect does not fully capture many independent underlying mechanisms, such as consumer preferences for wild-caught versus farmed products, and the color-distribution of available labeled products within a species, which are empirically explored. Additional results from a second stage generalized least squares regression of RUM product fixed effects on product characteristics indicate that consumers prefer selective harvest methods, wild caught seafood, and U.S. caught seafood.
National survey on continuous and extended infusions of antibiotics

Purpose A national survey was conducted to evaluate the use of continuous and extended infusions for administering β-lactams and vancomycin. Methods The survey was sent to a random sample of 1000 acute care hospital pharmacists in the United States to evaluate the use of continuous and extended infusions of antibiotics. In addition, the same survey was sent to members of the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists (SIDP) to assess the adoption of these infusion strategies. Results In the random-sample survey, 29 (11.2%) and 15 (5.8%) hospitals reported using continuous and extended infusions, respectively. Common rationales for adopting continuous and extended infusions were greater efficacy, equal or less toxicity, and cost savings. The SIDP survey revealed that 30 (50%) and 21 (35%) of responding pharmacists have initiated continuous and extended infusions, respectively. Common rationales for adopting continuous and extended infusions were greater efficacy, equal or less toxicity, and cost savings. Both surveys found that penicillins were the antibiotics most frequently administered as continuous and extended infusions. Conclusion The results of a survey sent to a random sample of hospital pharmacists and to SIDP members indicated that the majority did not use either continuous or extended infusions of antibiotics. SIDP survey respondents more frequently reported the use of both continuous and extended infusions than the respondents of the random-sample survey, and the percentage of time above the minimum inhibitory concentration was the most frequently assessed pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic parameter for both groups. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2012; 69:1895-904
Supertransferred Hyperfine Fields at 7Li: Variable Temperature 7Li NMR Studies of LiMn2O4-Based Spinels

The temperature dependence of the 7Li NMR shift was measured for LiMn2O4, LiMn2-yNiyO4 (y = 0.1, 0.25, 0.33), LiMn2-yCoyO4 (y = 0.25, 0.5, 1.0), Li[Mn2-yLiy]O4 (y = 0.1, 0.33), and λ-MnO2 spinel oxides. The 7Li NMR shift can be separated into temperature-independent and -dependent components. The temperature-dependent shift follows the Curie−Weiss behavior of the bulk magnetic susceptibility. The temperature-independent shift is attributed to contributions from van Vleck and diamagnetic susceptibilities. Pauli susceptibility may also contribute to the temperature-independent shift in the nickel- and cobalt-substituted spinels. Supertransferred hyperfine (STH) coupling constants were derived from the 7Li NMR shifts and bulk magnetic susceptibility data. The progressive increase in average nominal manganese oxidation state from +3.5 to +4 results in an increase in the supertransferred hyperfine field at the 7Li nucleus in the lithium-substituted samples. Replacement of manganese by either cobalt or nickel a...
Nickel–Cobalt Hydroxide Nanosheets Coated on NiCo2O4 Nanowires Grown on Carbon Fiber Paper for High-Performance Pseudocapacitors

A series of flexible nanocomposite electrodes were fabricated by facile electro-deposition of cobalt and nickel double hydroxide (DH) nanosheets on porous NiCo2O4 nanowires grown radially on carbon fiber paper (CFP) for high capacity, high energy, and power density supercapacitors. Among different stoichiometries of CoxNi1–xDH nanosheets studied, Co0.67Ni0.33 DHs/NiCo2O4/CFP hybrid nanoarchitecture showed the best cycling stability while maintaining high capacitance of ∼1.64 F/cm2 at 2 mA/cm2. This hybrid composite electrode also exhibited excellent rate capability; the areal capacitance decreased less than 33% as the current density was increased from 2 to 90 mA/cm2, offering excellent specific energy density (∼33 Wh/kg) and power density (∼41.25 kW/kg) at high cycling rates (up to150 mA/cm2).
E-077 Aneurysm coiling with balloon remodelling of the neck of the aneurysm using a single co-axial dual lumen balloon micro catheter : Initial Experience

Introduction Coil embolisation of intracranial aneurysms with the help of balloon remodelling of the aneurysm neck is a well-established technique for the treatment of wide necked intra-cranial aneurysms. This requires the use of separate balloon and embolisation microcatheters. Herein, we report the utilisation of a single co-axial dual balloon microcatheter to achieve both coil placement and neck remodelling in a series of intra-cranial and cervical arterial aneurysms. Materials and Methods A series of 5 patients, (2 with subarachnoid haemorrhage and 3 with unruptured aneurysms) presented to our institution with oblong aneurysms, which measured from 8 mm to 30 mm in their maximum dimensions and 2 mm to 15 mm in their neck width. Of the 2 ruptured aneurysms, one was at the ACOM and the other at the top of the basilar artery. The three unruptured aneurysms consisted of an ACOM aneurysm, a large cervical ICA pseudo-aneurysm and a giant cervical ICA aneurysm with intra-dural extension. Coil embolisation of four of these aneurysms was performed, by advancing the tip of a 4 x 11 mm Scepter XC balloon microcatheter (Microvention, Tustin, USA) into the aneurysm, and placing coils through this microcatheter. The neck of these aneurysms was remodelled by balloon inflation as needed. In the patient with the giant aneurysm at the top of the basilar artery (figure 1a), 2 Scepter XC balloon microcatheters were placed side by side at the neck of the aneurysm, both balloons were inflated (figure 1b) simultaneously and coil embolisation was successfully performed through both Scepter XC microcatheters (figure 1c). Results Coil embolisation could be successfully performed with this technique in all five aneurysms. There was no instance of aneurysm rupture, thromboembolic complications, occlusion of branch vessels near the aneurysm neck or prolapse of coil loops into the parent vessel. Conclusion Aneurysmal neck remodelling and coil embolisation can both be safely performed using only a single co-axial dual lumen balloon microcatheter in selected oblong intra-cranial and cervical arterial aneurysms. Disclosures B. Jagadeesan: 2; C; Microvention, Covidien, Lake Regions, Vital Images. F. Siddiq: None. A. Grande: 2; C; Covidien, Integra, Mueller-Wedel. R. Tummala: 2; C; Lake Regions Medical.
Ambulatory care for children: role of the teaching hospital.

Health care for children is chiefly ambulatory pediatrics. The experimental study reported here shows that when ambulatory pediatrics is a part of family-focused health care delivered in a continuity setting, the service provides effective care at low cost and to the satisfaction of the patient. Results of the study suggest that this type of comprehensive care should be reproduced on a large scale, replacing the current methods of episodic, fragmented care.
Brain Model of Text Animation as a Data Mining Strategy

Imagination is the critical point in developing of realistic intelligence (AI) systems. One way to approach imagination would be simulation of its properties and operations. We developed two models "Brain Network Hierarchy of Languages," and "Semantical Holographic Calculus" and simulation system ScriptWriter that emulate the process of imagination through an automatic animation of English texts. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the model and present "ScriptWriter" system http://nvo.sdsc.edu/NVO/JCSG/get_SRB_mime_file2.cgi//home/tamara.sdsc/test/demo.zip?F=/home/tamara.sdsc/test/demo.zip&M=application/x-gtar for simulation of the imagination.
Deer Mice, White-Footed Mice, and their Relatives

Publisher Summary Peromyscus are myomorph rodents belonging to the family of Cricetidae and to the subfamily Neotominae. Neotominae comprises 16 genera of New World cricetid rodents including deer mice, woodrats, and their relatives. The white-footed mouse is the most commonly used in research. This chapter primarily describes the physical attributes, geographical habitat, lifespan, and uses in research of deer mice and white footed-mice. The chapter studies the infectious, bacterial, and viral diseases of deer mice. Despite their common names, deer mice and white-footed mice are not closely related to common laboratory mice of the genus Mus, or to laboratory rats (Rattus). Several inhalant and injectable anesthetic regimens have been used successfully in Peromyscus.
Augmentation of Leukemic Lymphocyte Reactivity to Phytohemagglutinin by Salivary Receptor

This study demonstrates that the deficiency of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) receptors recently shown to be present on the leukemic lymphocyte may be ameliorated by incubating these cells with a biologically analogous material obtained from human saliva. This manuever, performed under controlled, standardized conditions, doubled the capacity of leukemic lymphocytes to incorporate 14C-thymidine during stimulation with phytohemagglutinin in cell culture. The present experiments serve as a prototype for possible in vivo modification of the leukemic lymphocyte surface to make this cell amenable to immunogenic stimuli and potentially more susceptible to chemotherapeutic agents.
THE METABOLISM OF 1,2-DISUBSTITUTED HYDRAZINES IN ISOLATED HEPATOCYTES

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the metabolism of 1, 2-disubstituted hydrazines in isolated hepatocytes. The cancer chemotherapeutic agent procarbazine (PCZ), that is, a 1,2-disubstituted hydrazine, is hepatotoxic and tumorigenic. Because isolated hepatocytes are an excellent system for studying the metabolism and cytotoxic effects of such drugs, PCZ metabolism in whole cells was compared with the results obtained in vivo and in microsomal experiments. Results suggest that PCZ, like N,N-dimethyl-2-propargylamine (INACT), can serve as a suicide inhibitor of the MAO metabolism of kynuramine. Experiments are in progress to determine whether PCZ inactivates monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the manner proposed for the inactivation of trimethylamine dehydrogenase by phenylhydrazine and the nature of the resulting metabolites. Study is required to document the relative contribution of the microsomal and mitochondrial enzymes, and it is apparent that both are involved in the metabolism of procarbazine.
Hydrologic and biogeochemical controls on phosphorus export from Western Lake Erie tributaries

Understanding the processes controlling phosphorus (P) export from agricultural watersheds is essential for predicting and mitigating adverse environmental impacts. In this study, discharge, dissolved reactive P load, total P load, and suspended sediment time-series data (1975–2014) from two Lake Erie tributaries, the Maumee and Sandusky rivers, were evaluated to determine whether hydrologic or biogeochemical processes were responsible for observed patterns in P export. Findings indicate that hydrologic processes in these watersheds controlled P loading patterns, as P export was transport-limited (i.e., P loading was strongly correlated to watershed discharge) and P concentrations exhibited effective chemostatic behavior (i.e., low variability in concentration relative to discharge). The nature and behavior of observed P transport likely stems from a large, ubiquitous source of P present within each watershed as results were similar to those found for geogenic constituents (i.e., silica). Results suggest that changes in both precipitation patterns (e.g., precipitation variability) and watershed hydrologic response (e.g., water residence time) are likely explanations for observed increases in water and P loading in the Maumee and Sandusky watersheds. Future P loading in these watersheds should be expected to continue to be proportional to water flux as long as the magnitude and availability of the P source remains at its current level. Current P management strategies may therefore need to be reevaluated to better balance agricultural P requirements and watershed P loadings.
Intersectional Epistemologies of Ignorance: How Behavioral and Social Science Research Shapes What We Know, Think We Know, and Don’t Know About U.S. Black Men’s Sexualities

Epistemologies of ignorance describe how ignorance influences the production of knowledge. Advancing an intersectional epistemologies of ignorance approach that examines how conscious (or unconscio...
Oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk: Modification by NQO1genetic polymorphisms.

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 45, 2004 2314 Background: Oral Contraceptives (OCs) contain a potent synthetic estrogen, ethinyl estradiol (EE), possibly increasing breast cancer risk. However, prior investigations have found that little evidence of an OC and breast cancer association. OCs actually suppress endogenous E2 and are weak progenitors of reactive semi-quinone estrogen metabolites capable of damaging DNA, potentialy decreasing risk. NAD(P)H:-oxoreductase (NQO1) prevents genetic damage from reactive estrogens, but NQO1 induction also is regulated in part by the estrogen receptor (ER). Thus, the association between OC use and breast cancer may be complex, and depend on NQO1 activity and response to reactive oxygen species. Methods : A population-based case-control study in Shanghai, China. Cases were identified from the Shanghai Cancer Registry, and controls were identified using the population registry. OC history and other risk factors were assessed by questionnaire. Data from 1020 cases and 1095 controls were analyzed with logistic regression, controlling for age, BMI, and other risk factors. The NQO1 C609T polymorphism has limited activity compared to the C/C wild-type. Findings : Breast cancer was not directly associated with OC use or NQO1 genotypes. However, OC use increased postmenopausal breast cancer risk among women with the NQO1 C/C genotype (OR=2.03 (1.08, 3.80)), while a lower risk was observed with the T-allele of NQO1 (OR=0.70 (0.48, 1.04); pint <0.01). This crossover modification was stronger with OC use prior to age 30 years (C/C: OR=3.03 (1.42, 6.40)); C/T or T/T: OR=0.49 (0.29, 0.82), pint < 0.01). First OC use after age 30 years was associated with reduced premenopausal breast cancer (OR=0.52 (0.30,0.90)), and this association was restricted to women with the NQO1 T-allele (OR=0.39 (0.18, 0.82)). Interpretation : Prior research has found little consistent evidence for an association between OC use and breast cancer risk. Our results suggest that the OC and breast cancer association depends the age of OC use and NQO1 genotype, consistent with E2 suppression and the ability to invoke an adequate protective response to reactive semi-quinone estrogen metabolties previously linked with breast carcinogenesis. View this table:
Being Evidence Based in Library and Information Practice, by Denise Koufogiannakis and Alison Brettle: Chicago: ALA Neal-Schuman, 2016, 208pp., $75.00, ISBN 9780838915219

Evidence-based medicine (EBM) began as a formal concept in the 1990s as a way to incorporate the best research results into the daily practice of medicine. The process helped physicians answer crit...
“Once you support, you are supported”: Entrepreneurship and reintegration among ex-prisoners in Gulu, northern Uganda

This article explores the divergences between exâ€ prisoners' use of entrepreneurship as a tool for rebuilding social ties and the vision of entrepreneurship provided by Mission Forward, a Europeanâ€ funded, Ugandanâ€ run nongovernmental organization that provides exâ€ prisoners with entrepreneurship training. Fortyâ€ six interviews were conducted over two months with Mission Forward staff and with exâ€ prisoners participating in the entrepreneurship training program in Gulu, northern Uganda. These interviews found that Mission Forward's official position, like that of many providers of criminal justice services, was to view crime as resulting from one primary deficiency in personhood: idleness. To rectify this, their policy was to fashion prototypical neoliberal entrepreneurs: selfâ€ motivated and selfâ€ reliant individualists whose primary concern is making money and who could achieve this goal no matter what the circumstances. In contrast, exâ€ prisoners experienced a loss of personhood when they became marked as criminals by their friends and neighbors. To address this, exâ€ prisoners were concerned with using the contracts, exchanges, and interactions associated with their entrepreneurial ventures to rebuild the social ties that their crimes and subsequent incarceration had damaged and thereby reclaim personhood. This article argues that these divergent uses of entrepreneurship as a rehabilitative and reintegrative tool provide new insights into the nature of entrepreneurship and into the establishment and reestablishment of both personhood and social ties through economic exchange.
Working in and With Community: Leading for Partnerships in a Community School

The community school model is a strategy for addressing educational and place-based inequities. Our case study of a community school in Pennsylvania examines the role of the principal in leading to...
Community Action Research in North Philadelphia

In conjunction with the First International Kurt Lewin Conference, held at Temple University, the Department of Psychoeducational Processes (PEP), under the direction of volunteer faculty members and students, initiated an action research project involving other graduate students in PEP and a local community organization. After some negotiations, the Hunting Park Action Council (in the North Philadelphia area), agreed to participate in a project called C.A.R.P. (Community Action Research Project) . The project would demonstrate Lewinian action research theory and practice. The following is a rationale and a report of the events that transpired.
The lack of AHD4 induction by TCDD in corneal cells may involve tissue-specific regulatory proteins.

The AHenzyme is encoded by a single gene which is a member of the mouse aromatic hydrocon [Ah] battery. The latter contains at least six genes that are coordinately inducen liver cells by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) (Nebert et al., 1993). These lude two P450 genes, Cyplal and Cypla2, and four Phase II genes, NA(P)H:me- nadionxidoreductase (Nqo1); aldehyde dehydrogenase (Ahd4); UDP glucuronosyltrans- feraseitUgtl*a6); and glutathione transferase (Gstal). Induction of all six [Ah] genes by TCDD rires both the Ah receptor (AHR) and Ah receptor nuclear translocator protein (ARNT)nd operates via nuclear translocation followed by binding to aromatic hydrocarbon response dementAhREs). Increased expression of the Phase II genes serves as a defense mechan against oxidative stress caused by endogenous and exogenous stimuli (Shert et al., 1995; Vasiliou et al., 1995). This up-regulation occurs via the electrophile rensive eement (EpRE; Jaiswal, 1994). AhREs and EpRE are present and functional in the 5019; flanking region of the mouse Ahd4 gene (Vasiliou et al., 1997).