cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of the surface responses of an idealized AGCM to the timing of imposed ozone depletion-like polar stratospheric cooling

An idealized atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) is used to investigate the sensitivity of model responses to the timing of imposed polar stratospheric cooling, intended to mimic the radiative effects of ozone depletion. The model exhibits circulation responses to springtime cooling that qualitatively match both observations and the responses of comprehensive chemistry climate models. The model's surface response is sensitive to the timing of the cooling, with the onset becoming delayed with later cooling, but with the termination occurring at similar times, suggesting that the meteorology plays an important role. The model's responses do not match the latitudinal structure of the leading annular mode; rather, the response described by the second empirical orthogonal function plays a substantial role, in addition to the first. It is suggested that the imposed cooling, when it delays the final warming, results in an extended period of lower stratospheric variability, which could be an important factor in producing realistic surface responses.
Interferon Inducers in Therapy of Infection with Encephalomyocarditis Virus in Mice. I. Effect of Single Doses of Polyriboinosinic-Polyribocytidylic Acid and Tilorone Hydrochloride on Viral Pathogenesis

Mice inoculated with encephalomyocarditis virus develop an infection that in many respects simulates human disease caused by enteroviruses. The effect of treatment with a single dose of either polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid (poly I:poly C) or tilorone hydrochloride on the pathogenesis of the infection with encephalomyocarditis virus in individual mice was correlated with the outcome of the disease in the same animals. Both poly I:poly C and tilorone protected animals from the lethal consequences of the disease when administered prophylactically but were progressively less effective as the infection developed. Successful treatment with either interferon inducer was characterized in every case by complete suppression of detectable viremia. The viremic phase of infection was partially suppressed or delayed by treatment, but detection of circulating virus was always followed by the death of the animal involved. Seeding and subsequent replication of the virus in a target organ (the central nervous system) apparently resulted from the viremia. These data indicate that, for treatment to be successful, the interferon inducer had to be administered sufficiently early during infection to prevent development of detectable viremia and subsequent seeding of target organs. The importance of examining samples from individual animals when investigating the alterations of pathogenesis associated with antiviral chemotherapy was also demonstrated.
Relative Toxicity of Five Insecticides to Alfalfa Weevil Larvae

The alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), was first recorded in Missouri during 1964, and by 1966 it had to 50 counties in the State. Field comparison of insecticides for control of weevil larvae showed methyl parathion at 0.5 Ib, methoxychlor at 1.5 Ib, azinphosmethyl at 0.5 Ib, and malathion at 1.25 Ib per acre be equally effective. Laboratory comparisons using topical application techniques showed methyl parathion to be the most toxic compound tested against fourth-instar alfalfa weevil larvae, followed by azinphosmethyl, malathion, diazinon, and methoxychlor. The test population was more homogeneous in response to azinphos, methyl and methyl parathion than to diazinon, malatothion and methoxychlor after 48 hours.
Outcomes of vertebroplasty compared with kyphoplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background and purpose Many studies demonstrate that both kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty are superior to conservative therapy in the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral body compression fractures. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies comparing the outcomes of vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty, which included prospective non-randomized, retrospective comparative, and randomized studies. Materials and methods We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Web of Science databases for studies of kyphoplasty versus vertebroplasty from 1 January 1990 to 30 November 2014 and compared the following outcomes: procedure characteristics, pain and disability improvement, complications and anatomic outcomes. A subgroup analysis was performed comparing pain outcomes based on the risk of bias. Results 29 studies enrolling 2838 patients (1384 kyphoplasty and 1454 vertebroplasty) were included. 16 prospective non-randomized studies, 10 retrospective comparative studies, and 3 randomized controlled studies were included. No significant differences were found in mean pain scores between the two groups postoperatively (2.9±1.5 kyphoplasty vs 2.9±1.7 vertebroplasty, p=0.39) and at 12 months (2.7±1.8 kyphoplasty vs 3.2±1.8 vertebroplasty, p=0.64). No significant differences were found in disability postoperatively (34.7±7.1 kyphoplasty group vs 36.3±7.8 vertebroplasty group, p=0.74) or at 12 months (28.3±16 kyphoplasty group vs 29.6±13.9 vertebroplasty group, p=0.70). Kyphoplasty was associated with lower odds of new fractures (p=0.06), less extraosseous cement leakage (p Conclusions No significant difference was found between vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty in short- and long-term pain and disability outcomes. Further studies are needed to better determine if any particular subgroups of patients would benefit more from vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty in the treatment of vertebral body compression fractures.
Materialism and the Mediated Causation of Behavior

Are judgements and wishes reallybrain events (or brain states) which will be affirmedby a completed scientific account of how humanbehavior is caused? Materialists, other thaneliminativists, say Yes. But brain events do notcause muscle contractions, hence bodily movements,directly. They do so, if at all, by triggeringintermediate causes, viz. firings in motor nerves. Soit is crucial, this paper argues, whether they arecharacterized as biological events –performances of naturally-selected-for operations – orinstead as complex microphysical events. ``Acauses B, B causes C, so A causes C'' is defensible forbiological brain events, but fails for microphysical ones.
Research progress of SOC estimation of power battery

SOC(State of Charge) estimation is an important function of electric vehicle battery management system.Accurate estimation of SOC can improve the service efficiency and life of battery. SOC of battery can only be measured indirectly through other parameters and methods. Researchers has done much work to improve the accuracy of SOC estimation. Ampere hour measurement, open circuit voltage, neural network, Kalman filter and the improved methods are taken out. The principles of these methods were introduced, and the advantages and disadvantages of these methods during applications were given, then these methods were valued.
Altered mitral valve kinematics with atrioventricular and ventricular pacing.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: Pacing-induced mitral regurgitation contributes to the 'pacemaker syndrome', which usually is observed with ventricular (V) pacing, but has also been reported with atrioventricular (AV) sequential pacing. Effects of different pacing modes on 3-D kinematics of the mitral apparatus are incompletely understood. METHODS: Radio-opaque markers were placed on the left ventricular (LV) and mitral apparatus including the annulus, leaflets and papillary muscles of eight sheep. Hemodynamic and 3-D dynamic marker geometry were obtained one week later with biplane videofluoroscopy (60 Hz) during atrial (pacing site = left atrium), AV-sequential (140 ms interval) and (anterolateral LV epicardial) ventricular pacing. RESULTS: Compared with A-pacing (*p <0.05): 1) The regurgitant fraction increased with both AV- and V-pacing (A: 6 +/- 3%, AV: 13 +/- 3%*, V: 15 +/- 2%*); 2) AV and V-pacing delayed closure at the leaflet center (A: 21 +/- 10 ms, AV: 52 + 5 ms*, V: 92 +/- 6 ms*) and posterior commissure (A: 17 +/- 10 ms, AV: 46 +/- 8 ms*, V: 94 +/- 6 ms*). V-pacing delayed valve closure at the anterior commissure (A: 27 +/- 9 ms, V: 94 +/- 6 ms*); 3) The end-diastolic leaflet opening angle was greater with AV- and V-pacing (anterior mitral leaflet (AML): A: 32 +/- 2 degrees, AV: 41 +/- 4 degrees*, V: 46 +/- 4 degrees*; posterior mitral leaflet (PML): A: 56 +/- 4 degrees, AV: 62 +/- 3 degrees*, V: 68 +/- 3 degrees*); 4) 'Effective' end-diastolic PML midline length was reduced with AV- and V-pacing (A: 11.2 +/- 0.7 mm, AV: 10.0 +/- 0.4 mm*, V: 10.2 +/- 0.3 mm*), as was the distance from each papillary muscle (PM) tip to the AML edge ('effective' chordal length) close to the commissures (anterior PM-AML: A: 31.5 +/-1.8 mm, AV: 30.5 +/- 1.9 mm*, V: 29.7 +/- 1.8 mm*; posterior PM-AML: A: 33.7 +/- 1.8 mm, AV: 33.1 +/- 1.9 mm*, V: 32.8 +/- 1.9 mm*). CONCLUSION: Both ventricular and AV-sequential-pacing resulted in a more widely opened valve at end-diastole and leaflet dyssynchrony with delayed mitral valve closure and early systolic mitral regurgitation. These alterations which result in pacing-induced mitral regurgitation may be clinically important in patients with impaired LV function.
Nursing assessment of the skin and dermatologic lesions.

An accurate assessment of the skin and dermatologic lesions depends on the nurse, who is directly involved with patient care. However, demands of new technology, which supports an increasingly debilitated and aged patient population, makes it more difficult for the nurse to meet high standards of skin maintenance at a time when it should be a priority. Nursing assessment skills need not be extensive but confined to descriptively brief and familiar terms. Basic knowledge of the most common skin lesions allows the nurse to document in accurate and concise terms instead of nondescript generalizations, such as "rash."
Rapid Translational Field Research Approach for eHealth R&D

Successfully implementing eHealth research and design (R&D) requires a combination of rapid-cycle, flexible, and field-based design, development, and testing methods not readily achievable within t...
Nurturing promotes the evolution of learning in uncertain environments

Adapting to a changing and uncertain environment is vital for the long-term success of individuals, whether they are biological or artificial. While learning can be powerful in the adaptation process, a lack of understanding exists in the factors that promote or inhibit its evolution. Nurturing is widely thought to be a contributing factor, if not a requirement, for high levels of learning. In the study described here, we investigated how nurturing contributes to the evolution of learning in uncertain environments using a simple, biologically inspired evolutionary simulation. The simulation predicts that the two models of nurturing used here, nurturing as social learning and nurturing as a means of safe exploration, both promote the evolution of learning in uncertain environments in which learning would otherwise not be a viable strategy. The results also indicate that nurturing is also a factor in improving fitness in environments in which learning is already viable.
Transcription Past Loop Forming Repressor Proteins

Topology plays a major role in the transcriptional regulation of genetic information. Among the most ubiquitous topological elements are loops that form when proteins simultaneously bind to two non-contiguous sites along the DNA. This topology increases the local concentration of the protein around each of the sites and effectively stabilizes the bound protein. Thus looping is expected to increase the inhibition of transcription through repressor binding sites. This is likely to be important for the inhibition of the genes responsible for lactose metabolism in E. coli. Indeed the lac repressor can form loops between a site near the promoter (O1) and another either −92 (O3) or +401 (O2) base pairs away along the DNA. Although LacI bound to a single site is an effective impediment to transcription in vitro, experiments in bacteria have shown that an auxiliary site greatly enhances repression. To directly test this idea, a strong promoter was placed 200 base pairs ahead of lac repressor (LacI) binding sites separated by 400 bp. The outcome of in vitro transcription along such templates in the presence of high LacI concentrations that produced loops in 50% of molecules was visualized with atomic force microscopy.
Modelling of a Magnetorheological Fluid Knee in a Prosthetic Leg

The purpose of the study is to theoretically model a prosthetic knee. A knee similar to magnetorheological fluid (MRF) brake is designed and the study focuses on modelling the MRF knee, predict the torque and compare it with the experimental data. The torque generated by the MRF knee is highly dependent on the gap size, angle, and the applied current. Here, the MRF knee features a non-circular rotor which results in a variable gap size for the MR fluid, between the stator and the rotor. Therefore, the gap size varies with the angle of the knee. When the current is applied and MR knee is subjected to a magnetic field, the yield stress produces the shear friction due to which the braking torque is generated. This derives the braking torque as a function of angle and applied current. A torque equation is derived from the theoretical data to yield the predicted results. In addition to the theoretical modelling and derived torque equations, the torque for the MRF fluid is also calculated experimentally. For the validation of the theoretical model and the derived torque equations, they were compared with the experimental results.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Simulation and “Seduction” at the Policy Interface

Taking the environmental policy simulations of the 1970s as a starting point, this article looks at the history of interactivity in computer simulation. It argues that the move toward interactive interfaces for computer simulations in this period was motivated as much by the anxieties of model-builders as it was by the new technological affordances offered by time-sharing. By looking at the early history of interactive simulations, the article shows that scholarly representations of simulations as innately “seductive” and “captivating” overlook how these properties were deliberately engineered into software for historically-specific reasons.
The trouble with trees? Social and political dynamics of street tree-planting efforts in Detroit, Michigan, USA

Abstract In Detroit, Michigan, a non-profit organization responsible for planting street trees on city-owned property in neighborhoods received “no-tree requests” (NTR) from 24 percent of residents approached between 2011 and 2014. This example reflects a barrier to urban tree canopy improvement. Power dynamics between stakeholders can be a key reason for resistance to tree-planting. In this study, we sought a deeper understanding of perspectives on the uses and consequences of power in a street-tree planting program in Detroit, Michigan by answering three questions: Who wins? Who loses? Who decides? Interviews with city residents who submitted NTR or received trees, as well as those within the non-profit organization, provided data for this study. Results showed that the non-profit organization made decisions regarding which trees to plant in particular locations, and maintenance protocols. Many residents felt they “lost” with the tree-planting program (i.e. they were unable to have their values integrated into the tree-planting program) due to lack of decision-making involvement about tree species selection and maintenance responsibilities. Negative experiences with trees, particularly lack of city tree maintenance, contributed to residents’ views of the problems with the tree-planting program. Those within the non-profit organization focused on educating residents about the benefits of trees to increase acceptance of tree-planting, and expected residents to participate in tree maintenance. These findings demonstrate the importance of providing information relevant to participants who serve as partners in long term stewardship of trees, and the need to include residents in decision-making to identify and achieve shared goals.
Thermally induced atomization during droplet impingement on superheated hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces

Abstract This paper presents on thermally induced atomization dynamics during liquid water droplet impingement on superheated hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces. Circular micropillars 4 μ m in height with varying center-to-center distances (pitch) of 8 μ m, 12 μ m and 16 μ m, are used to create the superhydrophobic surfaces. The range of surface temperatures explored is 110 ° C T s 337 ° C. An image processing algorithm was developed to quantify the temporal behavior of thermally induced atomization captured via high-speed photography. Results show thermally induced atomization is initially absent (
Ultra long orbital tethers behave highly non-Keplerian and unstable

Large twin tethers are investigated as possible competitive-cost tools for non-gasdynamic descent, landing, takeoff and return from target celestial bodies and as passive tools for debris retrieval from orbit. The particular behavior of orbiting bodies connected with long cables is a recent preoccupation in astrodynamics and proves being full of unexpected results. The investigation here presented is focused on the non-Keplerian behavior of such large tether systems, considered in a first approximation as rigid or very stiff and massless. The investigation starts with the feasibility of non-gasdynamic orbital deployment of twin tethers without any involvement of expensive rocket propulsion means. The free tether release systems are associated to a horizontal impulsive separation (HIS) and eventual friction-free deployment to the desired length. This horizontal deployment seems to supply the most productive means of continuous separation and departure of masses in orbit. The relative motion during separation is studied and the observation is made that a considerable kinetic moment of the system preserves during all eventual phases of the flight. After the friction-free deployment the extending cable is instantly immobilized at the so-called connection moment. From here after the tether length remains constant. The evolution of the deployed tether is followed in order to record the specific behavior when the length of the tether is extremely great. The motion of the two connected masses and of the mass center proves completely non-Keplerian, beginning with the libration around local vertical due to the considerable residual kinetic moment at connection. A practical application of the quasi-vertical libration is in orbital passive debris collector, when a sandwich composite large panel is orbited for long periods of time for collecting small mass, high velocity Earth orbit debris. The most promising and controversial application of such long tethers resides in the anchoring technique to achieve the skeleton of a future space elevator. The stability of motion is an important aspect which is approached my numerical simulations.
Strategic Role of Human Resource Management in Information Security Management

This paper overall aims to encourage researchers and managers to consider the role of human resource management (HRM) in the field of information security management (ISM) more seriously. This paper suggests that with more strategically active role of HRM through a combination of selection, training, and pay practices, organizations not only can manage people issues in ISM particularly security awareness and insider threats more effectively, but may be able to sustain competitive advantage of the organizations. This paper provides an initial framework and provokes thoughts on the topic for future researchers and practitioners in both ISM and HRM fields.
Social Antecedents and Consequences of Self-Feelings

In this chapter, we consider the social antecedents and consequences of self-feelings. In general, self-feelings will be treated as mediating the relationship between self-evaluative responses and self-protective-self-enhancing responses. Self-feelings will be viewed as the direct consequences of self-evaluative responses and as the antecedents of self-protective-self-enhancing responses.
Genetically Engineered (T Cell Receptor) T Cells for Adoptive Therapy

Studies have shown that adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes (TIL) can mediate objective clinical responses in 50–70% of patients with advanced cancer. Due to practical limitations with TIL, we and others have genetically modified T cells to redirect their specificity to target cancer cells and viruses. Chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) were the first molecules used to redirect the specificity of T cells. CAR gene-modified T cells can target tumors in vitro and mediate tumor rejection in vivo in mice and humans. The second class of receptors used to redirect T cell specificity is the T cell receptor (TCR). Although not as thoroughly evaluated, TCR gene-modified T cells can also target tumors in vitro and mediate tumor rejection in vivo in mice and humans. This chapter discusses the development of CAR and TCR gene-modified T cells for use in treating cancer disease.
Impact of Partial Penetrations of Connected and Automated Vehicles on Fuel Consumption and Traffic Flow

This paper addresses the problem of analyzing the effects of partial penetrations of optimally coordinated connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) on fuel consumption and travel time under low, medium, and heavy traffic volumes. We develop a microscopic simulation framework to enhance our understanding of the interactions between human-driven vehicles and CAVs in a merging on-ramp scenario. We show that fuel consumption is adversely affected for medium and high traffic while benefits are realized for travel time under the same traffic conditions. We also show that higher penetrations of CAVs contribute to more stable traffic patterns.
Pancreatic Acinar Metaplasia in Distal Esophageal Biopsies Is Associated With Chronic Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Use

Context.— The cause of pancreatic acinar metaplasia (PAM) at the distal esophagus/esophagogastric junction is still controversial. Whereas some authors believe it is congenital, others believe it i...
Mega‐Regional Agreements and Their Impact on Australia

This paper estimates the effects of emerging mega‐regional agreements on the economy of Australia using a Computable General Equilibrium model. Scenarios considered include the 11‐member Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans‐Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) agreement, its possible enlargement to include five additional members (‘TPP16’) and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) currently under negotiation. The study finds that Australia stands to enjoy real income and trade gains along both the CPTPP and RCEP paths. However, since Australia is already benefiting from its own liberal trade policies and many prior trade agreements, benefits are relatively modest, typically below one per cent of real income.
Estimating Enzyme Participation in Metabolic Pathways for Microbial Communities from RNA-seq Data

Metatranscriptome sequence data analysis is necessary for understanding biochemical changes in the microbial community and their effects. In this paper, we propose a methodology to estimate activities of individual metabolic pathways to better understand the activity of the entire metabolic network. Our novel pipeline includes an expectation-maximization based estimation of enzyme expression and simultaneous estimation of pathway activity level and enzyme participation level in each pathway. We applied our novel pipeline to metatranscriptome data generated from surface water planktonic communities sampled over a day-night cycle in the Northern Gulf of Mexico (Louisiana Shelf). Our results show the estimated enzyme expression, pathway activity levels as well as enzyme participation levels in each pathway are robust and stable across all data points. In contrast to expression of enzymes, the estimated activity levels of significant number of metabolic pathways strongly correlate with the environmental parameters.
The Impact of the Coronavirus Pandemic on a Major Event Legacy: The 2020 National Collegiate Athletic Association Men's Basketball Final Four

Following the cancellation of the 2020 National Collegiate Athletic Association Men's Basketball Final Four, the Atlanta Basketball Host Committee faced the unique challenge of executing a "postevent" wind-down amid a global health emergency and citywide stay-at-home mandate While a significant portion of the host committee's tasks were completed in the days and weeks after the cancellation, one key component that lingered was event legacy In this study, the authors examined how a local organizing committee's legacy planning was disrupted as a result of the coronavirus pandemic Based on interviews with National Collegiate Athletic Association and host committee officials, direct and participant-based observation, and an analysis of local and social media reporting, the authors described the Atlanta Basketball Host Committee's pre- and postpandemic legacy plans This study underscores the potential enduring nature of legacy plans, even during unprecedented crises that threaten the headlining event
Urban Bilingual Gifted Students

The interactions between living in the urban context and being bilingual are factors that have inhibited recognizing students’ potential and abilities to be identified as gifted. Changing beliefs and adopting practices that enable urban bilingual students to have the opportunity to access and experience differentiated curriculum and challenging language development strategies can be defined as a process for urban bilingual students to overtly express the traits that can identify them as gifted learners.
Low-loss optical waveguides made with a high-loss material.

For guiding light on a chip, it has been pivotal to use materials and process flows that allow low absorption and scattering. Based on subwavelength gratings, here, we show that it is possible to create broadband, multimode waveguides with very low propagation losses despite using a strongly absorbing material. We perform rigorous coupled-wave analysis and finite-difference time-domain simulations of integrated waveguides that consist of pairs of integrated high-index-contrast gratings. To showcase this concept, we demonstrate guiding of visible light in the wavelength range of 550–650 nm with losses down to 6 dB/cm using silicon gratings that have a material absorption of 13,000 dB/cm at this wavelength and are fabricated with standard silicon photonics technology. This approach allows us to overcome traditional limits of the various established photonics technology platforms with respect to their suitable spectral range and, furthermore, to mitigate situations where absorbing materials, such as highly doped semiconductors, cannot be avoided because of the need for electrical driving, for example, for amplifiers, lasers and modulators.
SSRN Research Paper: The American Foreign Policy in the Middle East: A Geopolitical Transformative Change

The paper is examining the U.S Foreign policy toward the Middle East, in particular toward Iran and Saudi Arabia, in the light of the Iranian attack on the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in September 2019. The paper is providing a historical evaluation for the bilateral relationship between the United States and Iran and between the United States and Saudi. Then, the paper is analyzing the tremendous shift in U.S. foreign policy toward the Middle East and U.S. allies, explaining the possible reasons behind the alteration. Besides, the paper analyzes from the political theory standpoint the different approaches used by U.S. administrations to contain Iran nuclear program. The paper used the comparative-analysis methodology to build a conclusion on the transformation in the foreign policy of Washington, D.C, toward the Middle East, mainly toward Saudi Arabia.
Experimental and computational characterization of glass microsphere-cementitious composites

Abstract Mechanical characterization of Portland cement with hollow glass microspheres of two different crushing strengths, 500 (FM) and 10,000 psi (3 M), was carried out to determine both quasi-static and dynamic responses of the cementitious composites. In the dynamic tests, the time resolved high speed camera photos of the deforming specimens revealed the stress levels at which incipient damage occurred. The dynamic split-Hopkinson pressure bar experiments elucidated that statistically there is no difference in specific energy absorption when comparing cement with no aggregates to FM 5%, 3 M 5%, and 3 M 10% cements using the Anderson-Darling criterion. To validate these findings, both quasi-static and dynamic experiments were employed to inform a three-dimensional empirically-based homogenous continuum damage evolution concrete model (called the RHT model) in LS-DYNA. Simulations predicted the addition of glass inclusions delay the onset of the effective plastic strain, however the time between onset and failure was suggested to be lower than the Portland cement. Due to varying compressive strengths of the glass microspheres, both experimental and RHT model results found ideal volume fractions for the two manufacturers to be 5% for 3 M (10,000 psi glass microspheres) and 15% for FM (500 psi glass microspheres) to achieve the highest compressive strength and greatest energy absorbed for their respective glass microsphere specimen group. The authors believe 3 M 5% and FM 15% predictions are due to relative strength gain due to compaction and a decrease in porosity—signified by the plateauing of plastic strain which is not seen in any other volume fraction for each respective manufacturer. Computational simulations of this composite material agreed with experimental findings showing ‘Type II’ and ‘Type III’ failure mechanisms, discussed in experimental section, dominate when catastrophic crack growth occurs.
Sometimes the unthinkable happens: How do catastrophic natural disasters impact the population of arts and culture nonprofits?

Arts and culture organizations face numerous threats, and many of them are economically based in nature. As governments increasingly leverage arts and culture for a variety of policy-based agenda, it is an opportune time to evaluate the vulnerabilities facing and the sustainability of the population of arts and culture nonprofits, particularly under a variety of conditions. This should include cases when the unthinkable happens, as there is a need to understand the characteristics of the population before and after a catastrophic disaster. This research examines the population of nonprofit arts and culture organizations (NPACOs) in the United Sates and answers the questions, “Do catastrophic natural disasters impact the population of NPACOs? Do they alter patterns of formation and exit?” using quantitative analysis.
Rethinking ‘Preventive Detention’ from a Comparative Perspective: Three Frameworks for Detaining Terrorist Suspects

President Barack Obama has convened a multiagency taskforce whose remit includes considering whether the U.S. should develop a new system of 'preventive detention' to hold terrorist suspects. American scholars and advocates who favor the establishment of a 'preventive detention' regime in the United States frequently point to comparative examples in support of their argument. At the same time, advocates and scholars opposed to the introduction of such a system often turn to comparative law to bolster their arguments against 'preventive detention.' Thus far, however, the scholarship produced by both sides of the debate has been limited in two key respects. Firstly, there have been definitional inconsistencies in the literature - the term 'preventive detention' has been used over-broadly, to describe a number of different kinds of detention, with very little acknowledgment of the fundamental differences between these alternative regimes. Secondly, the debate has been narrow in scope - focusing almost exclusively on 'preventive detention' in three or four other (overwhelmingly Anglophone) countries. This Article seeks to advance the debate about 'preventive detention' by moving beyond each of these limitations. First, the Article defines, analyzes, and differentiates between the different kinds of 'preventive detention.' Second, the Article broadens the scope of the debate by comparing the systems of terrorism-related 'preventive detention' in use in thirty-two different countries. The Article constructs a taxonomy of 'preventive detention,' based on core principles of international law, to distill the key attributes of the preventive detention regimes in each of the countries surveyed. Using the taxonomy, the Article proposes that there are three different overarching frameworks used to detain terrorist suspect detainees: (1) the pre-trial detention framework; (2) the immigration detention framework; and (3) the national security detention framework. This Article proposes that U.S. policymakers contemplating possible future approaches to the detention of suspected terrorists should move beyond the inapposite and misleading question of whether to introduce 'preventive detention,' and should instead determine which of these three frameworks offers the most appropriate approach to the detention of terrorist suspects. The Article concludes with the argument that, once this determination is made, U.S. policymakers should conclude that a version of the pre-trial detention framework approach would be most suited for use in the United States.
Professionalism of Legal Writing Programs: Time-Lapse Lessons from the Institute's Surveys

The annual survey of the Legal Writing Institute and the Association of Legal Writing Directors provides insights into the development of legal writing programs nationwide. This PowerPoint accompanied the author's symposium presentation at Mercer University School of Law in 2009. Topics analyzed include student-teacher ratios, uniformity of the curriculum, credits and semesters, status of legal writing faculty, participation in faculty governance, academic freedom, etc.
Order Out of Chaos in the Three-Body Problem: Regions of Escape

The dynamical behavior of the general three-body problem with equal masses is studied in the regions where the motion leads to triple close approaches (e.g., near equilateral triangular position with zero initial velocities). Due to the strong third body effect, the classical perturbation approach is no longer applicable in these regions. This paper consists of two parts. In the first part a qualitative analysis of a simpler case, namely the planar isosceles three-body problem with negative energy is offered. Various aspects of this problem have been investigated by many authors in the recent years. In this paper, it is shown that a necessary and sufficient condition for escape is a syzygy crossing immediately after a binary collision. Furthermore, we have shown that the initial conditions leading to escape form open sets (i.e., connected regions) in the phase space. On each set the number of syzygy crossings as well as the number of binary collisions between consecutive syzygy crossings are invariant. In the second part the results are confirmed by finding some of these regions, using numerical integration. In each region the parameters of escape (i.e., orbital elements of the binary, velocity of the escaping body, etc.) are continuous functions of the initial conditions, and the boundary provides the measure for dynamical sensitivity of initial conditions. A comparison of the measure for dynamical sensitivity with a measure for numerical sensitivity (i.e. time reversal test) enable us to give a precise definition for computability. According to our numerical results, the higher number of syzygy crossings leads to higher dynamical sensitivity (i.e., smaller regions). This suggests the non-computability of the escape solutions with very high number of syzygy crossings, and the difficulty of detecting the regions of escape in these cases. Finally, using numerical integration, the results are extended to a more general case where the isosceles symmetry is broken and a special set of initial conditions for the planar three-body problem is considered.
Relationship between immune biomarkers and both physical activity and stress levels in young and older adults

Physical activity promotes a healthy immune system which may be of particular importance for older adults since immunosenescence is a major concern for this population. In this study we investigated differences in physical activity levels, stress levels, and immune biomarkers in young versus elderly participants. We then looked for associations between physical activity and stress with immune biomarkers. 19 young adults (18–45 yrs) and 19 gender-, race-, and BMI-matched elderly adults (>60 yrs) completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), the Beck Depression Inventory Fast Screen (BDI-FS), and the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S/T), and donated blood for assessment of CD4+ T cell biomarkers. The elderly group had significantly lower scores on the PSS, BDI-FS, STAIS, and STAIT; had a tendency to engage in more hours of moderate physical activities each week; and had a significantly higher Tr1 and a significantly lower Th3 compared to the young group. Age significantly moderated the relationship between physical activity and both Tr1 cells and IFNgamma production. For the stress measures, age significantly moderated the relationship between Th3 cells and depression. These data show that immune biomarkers in elderly people may be affected differently by exercise and stress compared to young people.
Cultural Contestation in Ethnic Conflict: The politics of memory and memorialization in post-apartheid South Africa

How people understand the past matters, because it can tell us a lot about how they think about the present and future. As Connerton says, “Our experience of the present very largely depends upon our knowledge of the past. We experience our present world in a context which is causally connected with past events and objects” (1998: 2). This point of view focuses not on establishing objective facts about past events but on how present needs shape what people believe and emphasize about the past, and how this affects present beliefs and actions. Narratives rely on metaphors and images about the past, offering general, practical lessons about groups, their motives, opportunities, and dangers; worldviews make sense of the past in ways that can render present action alternatives more or less plausible, exacerbate or lower anxiety, and facilitate or make less likely the peaceful settlement of disputes. From this perspective, the past is fluid in terms of what people emphasize, worry about, commemorate, and celebrate. Popular and scholarly accounts of the past shift as particular details are selectively remembered and forgotten and as the specific lessons that are drawn from past events are selectively emphasized. For example, in South Africa, the focus of this chapter and the next, historian Leslie Witz (2003) argues that Jan van Riebeeck, the founder of the first Dutch settlement at the Cape in 1652 and long a symbol of Afrikaner anti-British pride, was recast more broadly as a white hero during the 300th anniversary celebrations in 1952, four years after the Afrikaner-led Nationalist Party took power in the country.
Session 3: Obstacles and opportunities along “The Way”: MAKIKO TANIGUCHI, Curator: Heroic Complexity in Strategic Innovation

I posit that strategic innovation – the act of carrying an idea through to execution – is an act of destruction as much, or perhaps more so, then it is an act of creation. Specifically, innovation is a violent act against an extant complex adaptive system, a system whose purpose is not only to survive, but also to improve its relative position vis-a-vis others in its milieu. Moreover, innovation that happens within institutions such as corporations is an act of violence against a system animated by extant social structures who also seek to survive and improve their relative positions. The result is a system whose emergent properties actively resist innovation, a point well covered in literature. Strategic innovations, already a low probability event, can occur with greater likelihood, therefore, if one leaves the system and returns in a structured manner, a structure I propose is remarkably similar to the Joseph Campbell's “Hero's Journey”. Implications for the structure of strategic innovation, innovations very often at the heart of ethnographic work are discussed.
Isolation of a 48.5-kDa Membrane Protein from Pseudomonas maltophilia which Exhibits Immunologic Cross-Reaction to the β-Subunit of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin*

In separate studies we have shown that Pseudomonas maltophilia (American Type Culture Collection 13637) possesses an immunoglobulin Fc-binding protein. We have found that this protein prevents the application of immunoassays using monoclonal antibodies to study possible production of a CG-like material by this bacteria. Employing an immunoglobulin saturation technique to block this protein as well as a zwitterion detergent membrane solubilization technique, we now report the isolation of a membrane protein from Pseudomonas maltophilia which shows immunological relationships to the β-subunit and carboxyl tail of human pregnancy CG. This pseudomonas immunoreactive material produced dose-response curves in the following CG immunoassays: 1) a polyclonal rabbit anti-CG equilibrium assay, 2) carboxyl tail CG equilibrium assay, and 3) two CG equilibrium assays using monoclonal antibodies. The pseudomonas CG-like protein did not react in equilibrium assays for human TSH, human LH, or free a-subunit of CG. The pse...
Extended Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Borderline Resectable Pancreatic Cancer Demonstrates Promising Postoperative Outcomes and Survival

The optimum approach to neoadjuvant therapy for patients with borderline resectable pancreatic cancer is undefined. Herein we report the outcomes of an extended neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimen in patients presenting with borderline resectable adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head. Patients identified as having borderline resectable pancreatic head cancer by American Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association/Society of Surgical Oncology consensus criteria from 2008 to 2012 were tracked in a prospectively maintained registry. Included patients were initiated on a 24-week course of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Medically fit patients who completed neoadjuvant treatment without radiographic progression were offered resection with curative intent. Clinicopathologic variables and surgical outcomes were collected retrospectively and analyzed. Sixty-four patients with borderline resectable pancreatic cancer started neoadjuvant therapy. Thirty-nine (61 %) met resection criteria and underwent operative exploration with curative intent, and 31 (48 %) were resected. Of the resected patients, 18 (58 %) had positive lymph nodes, 15 (48 %) required en-bloc venous resection, 27 (87 %) had a R0 resection, and 3 (10 %) had a complete pathologic response. There were no postoperative deaths at 90 days, 16 % of patients had a severe complication, and the 30-day readmission rate was 10 %. The median overall survival of all 64 patients was 23.6 months, whereas that of unresectable patients was 15.4 months. Twenty-five of the resected patients (81 %) are still alive at a median follow-up of 21.6 months. Extended neoadjuvant chemotherapy is well tolerated by patients with borderline resectable pancreatic head adenocarcinoma, selects a subset of patients for curative surgery with low perioperative morbidity, and is associated with favorable survival.
Male mate choice and size-assortative pairing in a jumping spider, Phidippus clarus

Male choice is receiving greater attention from biologists, but remains understudied compared to investigations of female choice. I studied male choice and its potential role in size-assortative pairing in the jumping spider Phidippus clarus. Adult males cohabit with and guard immature females shortly before they mature. During this period, I monitored the sex ratio and maturation rate of females in the field, because these parameters can influence conditions favouring male choice. The adult sex ratio was initially male biased and became female biased following a relatively synchronous female maturation period. I collected male–female pairs from the field and found that they were size-assortatively paired for tibia length. I then tested whether males could discriminate between females by size, using tibia length as a measure of size. Both small and large males preferred to pair with large females that matured sooner compared with small females that matured later. Males also discriminated between females when exposed only to female silken nests, suggesting that cues associated with silk convey information about maturation and tibia length, two characters that were highly inversely correlated. Finally, large males were more likely to defeat small males in male–male contests, and as the size disparity between contestants increased, the likelihood that the larger individual would win also increased. A male preference for larger females combined with a large male advantage in male–male contests is likely to strongly influence size-assortative pairing. Species that are known to mate or pair assortatively may be valuable for studies of male choice.
Genetics: Swinging Ciliates’ Seven Sexes

Ciliates are well known for their unusual tricks of nuclear remodeling. A roulette-like method for mating type choice in Tetrahymena adds an interesting new twist to their repertoire.
Distribution of gold, silver, copper, lead and zinc in the productive Marysville stock, Montana

125 whole rock samples from the productive Marysville, Montana, granodiorite and the surrounding metamorphic rocks were analyzed by neutron activation analysis for gold and silver, and by atomic absorption for copper, lead and zinc. In the vicinity of known gold veins, anomalous values for gold and silver were found in both types of bedrock. Anomalies for the base metals were much less pronounced. The results indicate that systematic analysis of igneous bodies could be useful in exploration for hydrothermal ore deposits.
Observations of the Fluctuation of Transmitted Sound in Shallow Water

An 1120‐Hz CW sound source, driven at a constant level, was placed on the bottom in 60 ft of water off Ft. Lauderdale, Florida. Four hydrophones, spaced 10–100 ft apart, were placed on the bottom 4900 ft away, parallel to the depth contours. Both source and hydrophones were cable connected to shore, where recordings were made. Two kinds of fluctuation of the received sound were observed. One kind, with a double amplitude of 5 dB and a period of 3–4 sec, was observed to be related to the prevailing sea and swell. The other kind had a double amplitude of about 15 dB and was associated with the height of the tide. High amplitude occurred at high tide; low amplitude at low tide. This surprisingly large fluctuation, caused by a tidal range of only 2–3 ft, is a mode or ray interference effect explainable by mode or ray theory, and is verified by computer calculations using mode or image attenuations based on a reasonable reflection loss for the coral‐sand bottom over which the transmission was taking place.