cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cultural Competency Matters: Calling for a Deeper Understanding of Healthcare Disparities Among Nurse Leaders

Healthcare disparities for racial and ethnic minority patients are a serious issue in the United States. Although socioeconomic factors are a key contributor to these disparities, there are many other influences, related to the patient, system, and provider. A key strategy to address provider-related factors is to assess the cultural competence of caregivers. Utilizing a survey and interviews of AONE members, this study explored the influences affecting the ability of nurse leaders to lead their teams in providing culturally competent care. The study found that nurse leaders need a deeper understanding of the presence of healthcare disparities for racial and ethnic minority patients, more formalized training, and increased opportunities to reflect on their own abilities and potential for bias. Cultural competence must be a strategic priority, providing resources for training, and by holding leaders accountable to improve the level of cultural competence of their teams.
The Impossibility of Language Acquisition (and How They Do It)

This autobiographical article, which began as an interview, reports some reflections by Lila Gleitman on the development of her thinking and her research—in concert with a host of esteemed collabor...
Cohabitation and Marital Expectations Among Single Millennials in the U.S.

Cohabitation has surpassed marriage as the most common union experience in young adulthood. We capitalize on a new opportunity to examine both marital and cohabitation expectations among young single women in recently collected, nationally representative data (National Survey of Family Growth 2011–2015) (N = 1467). In the US there appears to be a ‘stalled’ second demographic transition as single young adult (ages 18–24) women have stronger expectations to marry than cohabit and the vast majority expects to, or has, already married. Among young women expecting to marry, the majority (68%) expect to cohabit with their future spouse but about one-third expect to follow a traditional relationship pathway into marriage (to marry without cohabiting first). In addition, women from disadvantaged backgrounds report the lowest expectations to marry, but there is no education gradient in expectations to cohabit. Marriage expectations follow a “diverging destinies” pattern, which stresses a growing educational divide, but this is not the case for cohabitation expectations. Our results, based on recently collected data, provide insight into the contemporary context of union formation decision-making for the millennial generation.
Academic/industry educational lab for simulation-based test & evaluation of autonomous vehicles

An academic/industry alliance can improve the preparedness of students to enter the workforce. When the alliance is centered around a laboratory providing students real world research and development experience, both partners benefit from the intellectual engagement. This paper discusses the benefits of a collaborative laboratory being developed in support of the modeling and simulation engineering program at Old Dominion University. The laboratory focuses on simulation-based test and evaluation (T&E) of autonomous vehicles, an important economic and social problem. Economically, driverless cars and drone delivery systems are the wave of the future. Socially there are issues of public acceptance of these systems as evident by public reaction to the infrequent, but highly public, accidents involving driverless cars. The laboratory allows academia and industry to address these important problems by improving the T&E of these systems while also improving student skills, giving undergraduate and graduate students an opportunity to participate in research.
Application of bentonitic clays in suspension fertilizer formulations.

Four Ca-bentonitic clays from Alabama were evaluated for use in diammonium phosphate (DAP) or urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) fertilizer suspensions. The viscosity and gel strength of suspensions prepared with different proportions of a Western bentonite clay and sodium-exchanged Alabama clays were measured as a function of clay content and dispersant concentration. The results obtained suggested that three of the Alabama Ca-bentonites would replace about 40% of the more expensive Western bentonite in UAN and DAP fertilizer suspensions. The performance of the Na-modified clays, prepared according to the Tennessee Valley Authority soda ash method, was as good or even better than those observed for the Mg-, Na/M g- or K-modified clays. The TVA clay modification procedure appears to be reliable and cost effective.
Covert Consciousness in the Intensive Care Unit.

Claassen et al. performed task-based electroencephalography (EEG) in patients with disorders of consciousness in the intensive care unit (ICU) and found that covert consciousness detected by EEG is associated with better long-term outcomes. The diagnostic and prognostic uncertainty raised by these findings lead to pressing ethical questions concerning clinical management.
Abstract 220: Gut Microbiota Alterations Associate With T Cell Activation and Adverse Cardiac Remodeling in Response to Cardiac Pressure Overload

Background: The complex syndrome of heart failure (HF), a leading cause of morbidity and mortality affecting more than 24 million people worldwide, is recently becoming associated with alterations ...
Process Dialogue: Layering Complexity Through 3D Sketch and Drape. Learnings From Multi-Course Sustainable Design Challenge

Re-engaging with the process and materials of making is a form of transparency common in sustainable design approaches. The current academic studio model, wherein a student chooses a retail fabric for a one-off design or stand-alone collection, does not reflect resilient circular models of apparel production. An opportunity exists to model ways in which the designer might be empowered to designing out waste and keep materials in use by re-utilization(Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2017). This project focuses on sustainable material selection, creative ideation and design process as strategies toward a considered and sustainable design solution. As design researchers exploring sustainable design in our own scholarship, we were eager to embed resilience and circular strategy into our teaching.
Texture of Fermented Summer Sausage With Differing pH, Endpoint Temperature, and High Pressure Processing Times

The objective was to evaluate the quality and texture of all-beef summer sausages produced with varying degrees of fermentation, endpoint cooking temperatures, and high pressure processing (HPP) hold times. Across 3 replications, sausages were fermented and (Process A) cooked to pH 4.6 and thermally processed to 54.4°C with smokehouse chilling, (Process B) cooked to pH 5.0 and thermally processed to 54.4°C with smokehouse chilling, (Process C) cooked to pH 5.0 and thermally processed to 54.4°C with rapid ice bath chilling, (Process D) cooked to pH 5.0 and thermally processed to 48.9°C with rapid ice bath chilling, and (Process E) cooked to pH 5.0 and thermally processed to 43.3°C with rapid ice bath chilling. After chilling, the sausages were sliced, layered, vacuum packaged, and subjected to HPP at 586 MPa for 0, 1, 150, or 300 s. Post HPP, the sausages were evaluated for objective color (n = 9), lipid oxidation (n = 9), water activity (n = 9), texture profile analysis (TPA; n = 15), sensory analysis (n = 9), and proximate analysis (n = 9). Neither process (combination of pH and endpoint temperature) nor HPP affected lipid oxidation (P = 0.45 and P = 0.69, respectively). Process A resulted in a lighter color (P < 0.01) compared to the other process treatments. Additionally, Process A was less red (P < 0.01) than all other process treatments, and Processes D and E were the reddest (P < 0.01). TPA and trained sensory analysis indicated that, as endpoint temperature increased, so did sample hardness (P < 0.05). Springiness, cohesiveness, and gumminess decreased (P < 0.05) as the endpoint temperature decreased. Although springiness and gumminess increased (P < 0.05) with longer HPP hold times, the panelists were unable to detect differences among samples with longer hold times. The use of HPP at 586 MPa for up to 300 s may be incorporated into manufacturing processes for semidry beef summer sausages with limited impacts on color and texture.
1D Continuous Galerkin Method for Hyperbolic Equations

In this chapter we describe the implementation of the continuous Galerkin (CG) method. We show how this method can be used for the 1D wave equation which is representative of hyperbolic equations. It will be shown why we needed to spend time in Ch. 3 on interpolation and in Ch. 4 on numerical integration. Although we only focus on scalar equations in this chapter, it should be understood that the same approach can be used to discretize systems of hyperbolic equations. We tackle systems of nonlinear hyperbolic equations in Ch. 7. In particular we discuss the discretization of both the CG and DG methods for 1) the shallow water equations and 2) the Euler equations. However, in order to understand how to use the CG method for such systems we must first understand how to apply CG to a scalar equation.
PENet - A Scalable Deep-Learning Model for Automated Diagnosis of Pulmonary Embolism Using Volumetric CT Imaging

Background: Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a life-threatening clinical problem and computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) is the gold standard for diagnosis. Prompt recognition of the diagnosis and immediate treatment is critical for controlling morbidity and mortality rates while PE remains among the diagnoses most frequently missed or delayed, in part due to lack of radiologist availability, diagnostic error, and delayed imaging results communication to clinical providers. Methods: We developed a deep learning model - PENet, to detect PE on volumetric CTPA scans without any manual intervention. The PENet is a 77-layer 3D convolutional neural network that has been pre-trained on the Kinetics-600 dataset and fine-tuned only on a retrospective CTPA dataset collected from a single academic institution. The PENet model was evaluated in detecting PE on the hold-out test set (198 CTPA studies) from the same institution as well as from the external test set (227 CTPA studies) collected from an external institution. Findings: PENet achieved an AUROC of 0.83 on automatically detecting central PE on the hold out test set and 0.84 on external institution's dataset. The results represent successful application of 3D convolutional neural network models for the complex task of PE diagnosis and demonstrates sustained performance on data from an external institution. Interpretation: Our model could be applied as a triage tool in ED to automatically identify clinically important central PEs allowing for prioritization for diagnostic radiology interpretation and improved care pathways via more efficient diagnosis. Funding Statement: Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number R01LM012966, Stanford Child Health Research Institute (Stanford NIHNCATS-CTSA Grant #UL1 TR001085), and Philips Healthcare. Declaration of Interests: The authors state: "No conflict of interest, financial or other, exists." Ethics Approval Statement: All the patient data used in this study are de-identified and the study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB).
A Stem Cell Surge During Thyroid Regeneration.

Background Many tissues, including the thyroid, contain resident (adult) stem cells that are responsible for regeneration and repair after injury. The mechanisms of thyroid regeneration and the role of thyroid stem cells and thyroid progenitor cells in this process are not well understood. We have now used a new mouse thyroid injury model to gain insight into this phenomenon. Methods Tamoxifen induced TPO-Cre mice (TPOCreER2) were crossed with inducible Diphtheria Toxin Receptor homozygous mice (ROSA26iDTR) to give rise to TPOCreER2/iDTR mice, allowing for the Cre-mediated expression of the DTR and rendering TPO expressing thyroid cells highly sensitive to diphtheria toxin (DT). This model of TPOCreER2/iDTR mice allowed us to study the repair/regeneration of thyroid follicles after diphtheria toxin induced thyroid damage by measuring serum thyroid hormones and cell fate. Results In TPOCreER2/iDTR double transgenic mice we observed severe thyroid damage as early as 2 weeks after initiating intraperitoneal DT injections. There was marked thyroid tissue apoptosis and a ~50% drop in serum T4 levels (from 5.86 to 2.43 ug/dl) and a corresponding increase in serum TSH (from 0.18 to 8.39 ng/dl). In addition, there was a ~50% decrease in transcription of thyroid specific genes (thyroglobulin, TSH receptor, and sodium-iodide symporter). After suspending the DT administration, the thyroid rapidly recovered over a 4-week period during which we observed a transient surge in stem cell marker expression (including Oct4, Nanog, Sox2, and Rex1). In addition, cells immunostaining with stem cell markers Oct4 and Ssea-1 were found in clusters around new thyroid follicles in TPOCreER2/iDTR double transgenic mice. Furthermore, the presence of clusters of thyroid progenitor cells was also identified by Pax8 staining of thyroglobulin negative cells. This recovery of the injured gland was followed by a rapid and sequential restoration of thyroid function. Conclusion These data demonstrate that a new model of thyroid cell damage induced by DT can be used to study the mobilization of resident adult stem cells. Furthermore, the model clearly demonstrates the involvement of both stem and progenitor cells in the in vivo regeneration of the thyroid after severe destruction.
Location-Based Marketing, Regulation of Home-Share Platforms, and Other Developments in Section 230 Immunity

Enacted at the beginning of the Internet Revolution, the Communications Decency Act (“CDA”) includes a provision that generally immunizes an “interactive computer service” (“ICS”) from liability based on information provided by third parties. Colloquially known by its section number in Title 47 of the U.S. Code, Section 230 provided a critical shield for the fledgling industry, much like the nineteenth-century abrogation of private property rights that allowed the railroads to expand from coast to coast. It allowed the Internet to grow by limiting claims against ICSs under both federal and state law. Section 230’s immunity has been broadly read by courts to cover virtually all forms of third-party content published by platforms, even if the information is inaccurate, illegal, or intended to deceive. This survey includes cases involving false location-based advertising, online impersonation, and a variety of other causes of action, most of which were dismissed in favor of the ICS due to the immunity provided by Section 230. However, questions remain about the future efficacy of Section 230 for some companies that have prospered behind Section 230’s shield. Furthermore, cracks in this cornerstone of the Internet are beginning to emerge, due in no small part to a well-meaning 2018 amendment entitled the Allow States and Victims to Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act (“FOSTA”). The implications for Section 230’s immunity shield, and the business models it allowed to flourish, could prove to be dramatic and the development of the ensuing line of cases and legislation should be on the radar of all business lawyers.
Emerging Direction Of U.S. National Higher Education Internationalization Policy Efforts Between 2000 And 2019

Novel trends in U.S. national higher education internationalization policy efforts emerged in the 2000s. Within the context of globalization, the purpose of this historical policy analysis study was to capture the emerging direction of national higher education internationalization policy in three policy-making sectors (voluntary, private, and public) between 2000 and 2019. Novel policy efforts in the three sectors were evident in four major areas: (a) international education at home (language and personnel training), (b) international student recruitment, (c) education abroad, and (d) international institutional partnerships. Within all three sectors, interest in policy strands wavered and policy efforts veered towards international institutional partnerships. Policy efforts tended to disregard the impact of globalization on the domestic front, focusing instead on international ties.
Utility of Simulation in Transthoracic and Transesophageal Echocardiogram-Based Training of a Cardiovascular Workforce in Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMIC)

The second leading cause of mortality in the world is cardiovascular disease (CVD), causing 17 million deaths in 2013. CVD disproportionately affects low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), which account for 80% of these deaths. The use of ultrasound technology has been a mainstay in the medical field for formal diagnostic purposes for years and has recently received increased interest for point-of-care diagnostics and procedural guidance. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is routinely used for diagnosis and monitoring during cardiac surgery, and transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is increasingly used as a point-of-care diagnostic modality both in the perioperative setting and in critically ill patients. In recent years, there has been emergence of portable ultrasound devices that offer many of the functionalities of traditional ultrasound machines. These handheld portable ultrasound devices have been shown to be very effective as a diagnostic modality and are a promising technology for increasing adoption of ultrasound use in LMIC. Significant training and expertise is required to achieve a level of expertise needed to perform and interpret an echocardiographic examination. Traditional training with direct supervision of an experienced and certified practitioner is not practical for widespread adoption of echocardiography in LMIC. There is a range of simulators available in the market for replicating a TTE and TEE exams. These simulators give learners the added benefit of familiarizing themselves with echocardiography before application in a patient care setting. A variety of simulators are available in the market across various price points, each with its own benefits and limitations, from static simulation to 2D and 3D imaging, as well as AR capability. It is possible to develop curriculums that include simulators as part of the teaching to train learners in echocardiography. Such technology increases the number of possibilities for future applications and may help in the early diagnosis of deadly diseases such as RHD and CVD.
A new large cardinal and Laver sequences for extendibles

We define a new large cardinal axiom that fits between A3 and A4 in the hierarchy of axioms de- scribed in (SRK). We use this new axiom to obtain a Laver sequence for extendible cardinals, improving the known large cardinal upper bound for the existence of such sequences.
A Matter of Trust: Should No-Reliance Causes Bar Claims for Fraudulent Inducement of Contract?

In this Article, Professor Allen Blair examines the enforceability of no-reliance clauses--contractual disclaimers designed to prevent parties from relying on extra-contractual representations to prove fraudulent inducement claims. Many courts are skeptical of such disclaimers and either refuse to enforce them or will enforce them only subject to substantial restrictions. These courts base their decisions on generic moral prohibitions against lying. This Article argues, however, that these courts reach their conclusion too easily. They presume that noreliance clauses can serve no legitimate contract function and thus never provide value to parties. But, in at least some cases between sophisticated parties, no-reliance clauses can-and do-serve valuable contract functions. With the core assumption made by the majority of courts reluctant to enforce no-reliance clauses dispelled, this Article suggests that at least the generic formulations of a moral prohibition against fraud are insufficient to counterbalance the value gained by autonomous parties choosing what they rationally believe to be in their own best interests.
Protein biosynthesis in the spleen. IV. Decrease in ribosomal-bound ribonuclease following primary immunization.

Abstract Ribosomes extracted from the spleens of immunized rats were found to possess lower levels of ribonuclease activity than identically prepared ribosomes from control spleens. This ribonuclease differed from previously described ribosomal-bound ribonucleases in that it was stimulated by Mg2+ and was unaffected by EDTA or p- chloromercuribenzoate . The diminution of the ribosomal-bound ribonuclease activity following an antigenic stimulus suggested a possible role for this enzyme in the regulation of the rate of protein synthesis in the spleen.
Analysis of Choice Expectations in Incomplete Scenarios

This paper studies the use of probabilistic expectations data to predict behavior in incomplete scenarios posed by the researcher. The information that respondents have when replying to questions posing incomplete scenarios is a subset of the information that they would have in actual choice settings. Hence such questions do not elicit pure statements of preference; they elicit preferences mixed with expectations of future events that may affect choice behavior. The analysis developed here assumes respondents recognize that their behavior may depend on information they do not have when expectations are elicited, and that they answer coherently and honestly given the information provided. The objective in imagining such ideal respondents is to place a logical upper bound on the predictive content of elicited choice expectations.
Specific inhibition of phospholipid synthesis in plsA mutants of Escherichia coli

plsA mutants of Escherichia coli are temperature-sensitive strains which possess two enzymes of abnormal thermolability, sn-glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase and adenylate kinase. Phospholipid synthesis is inhibited after shift of plsA mutants to temperatures at the lower end of the nonpermissive temperature range. This inhibition is not due to inactivation of the adenylate kinase activity since nucleic acid (and hence adenosine 5'-triphosphate) synthesis is inhibited only slightly. These results show that in vivo inactivation of the sn-glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase can be observed under conditions which allow normal adenylate kinase function.
Oscillations in Piston-Driven Shear Flow of a Non-Newtonian Fluid

In recent experiments on piston-driven shear flow of a highly elastic and very viscous non-Newtonian fluid, Lim and Schowalter observed nearly periodic oscillations in the particle velocity at the channel wall for particular values of the constant volumetric flow rate. Such periodicity has been characterized as a “stick/slip” phenomenon caused by the failure of the fluid to adhere to the wall. We suggest an alternative explanation for these oscillations using a dynamic mathematical model based on the Johnson-Segalman-Oldroyd constitutive relation, the key feature of which is a non-monotonic relationship between steady shear stress and strain rate. The resulting three-dimensional equations of motion and stress are reduced to one space dimension, consistent with experimental results. In the inertialess approximation, the equations governing the flow can be viewed as a continuous family of quadratic ordinary differential equations coupled by the non-local constraint that fixes the volumetric flow rate. Varying the flow rate, the numerical simulation of solutions to this system exhibits transitions to and from a regime with persistent oscillations that compare favorably with the Lim-Schowalter observations. When the time-asymptotic behavior is cyclic, large shear strain rates are observed in a thin but macroscopic layer near the wall. The transitions are explained using spectral analysis of the linear (infinite dimensional) operator resulting from linearization of the quadratic system about a discontinuous steady state with a jump discontinuity in the stress components. The persistent oscillations arise as a Hopf bifurcation to periodic orbits as the volumetric flow rate is increased beyond a critical value.
Energy efficient differentiable coverage service protocols for wireless sensor networks

This paper considers the problem of maintaining the coverage degree of a wireless sensor network at an application specific level while keeping the sensing units of only a subset of sensor nodes active at any time to save energy. Two distributed coverage service protocols are proposed, namely, NCP (neighbor-based coverage protocol) and GCP (grid-based coverage protocol), which identify redundant sensor nodes for the desired degree of coverage to turn off their sensing units. NCP introduces a novel method for evaluation of the coverage degree of a node's sensing region by its neighbors to determine its redundancy. GCP explores the idea of dividing the target area using a virtual hexagonal-grid during which all but one sensor node with the highest residual energy are identified as redundant for the coverage of the corresponding grid unit. Performance evaluations show that both protocols result in significant energy savings while providing differentiable coverage service in the wireless sensor network with low message and computational overhead.
Cryptococcus neoformans III. Inhibition of Phagocytosis

Isolated nonhydrolyzed cryptococcal polysaccharide is a rather specific potent inhibitor of the phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans by human leukocytes in vitro. When an encapsulated strain of C. neoformans was cultured in the nonencapsulated state, the rate of phagocytosis was three times greater than when the encapsulated form was used. Our theory that capsular material plays a role in the pathogenesis of cryptococcosis requires (i) that C. neoformans exist in soil in a nonencapsulated state and (ii) that human phagocytes be capable of killing the organisms.
Effects of prostaglandins on distribution of blood flow in the cat.

Abstract Part of the variability of the vascular effect of prostaglandins may be due to differences in techniques of measuring flow in only one organ at a time in addition to not measuring flow under steady state hemodynamic conditions. Using anesthetized cats, PGE 1 , PGE 2 , PGF 2α or PGI 2 (prostacyclin) or their vehicle was infused (i.e., μg/kg/min for PGE l , PGE 2 and PGF 2α ; 0.175 μg/kg/min for PGI 2 ) for 30 minutes. Following the 30 min infusion period, blood flow measurements as determined by radioactive labeled microspheres (15 ±3 μ diameter) were simultaneously measured for heart, lung, kidney, adrenal gland, skeletal muscle, stomach, jejunum, pancreas, spleen and liver. PGE 1 significantly increased gastric blood flow, PGE 2 increased cardiac output, lung, and gastric blood flow, and PGF2a increased skeletal muscle and gastric blood flow. Prostacyclin increased cardiac output, skeletal muscle, gastric, jejunal and pancreatic blood flow. These results indicate that these prostaglandins appear to exert vasodilator effects in vascular beds in which they have vasoactivity. Moreover, prostacyclin is more potent and exerts a broader spectrum vasodilator action than either PGE 1 , PGE 2 or PGF 2α . These properties of PGI 2 may ultimately prove beneficial in the therapeutics of hemorrhagic shock where splanchnic flow is severely compromised.
The phonon drag component of the thermoelectric power of the alkali metals at low temperatures

Abstract The theory of phonon drag in the thermoelectric power is developed from an equation derived in a previous paper. It is shown that important in the understanding of the phenomena are the relative probabilities 'α (j q; q + K)that a phonon of wave vector q and polarization j will interact with electrons via a process of umklapp typo K, where K is a reciprocal lattice vector or zero. α(j q, q+K) is the probability relative to all the processes into which the jq phonons can enter, including phonon-phonon collisions and phonon-impurity interactions. It is shown by means of a 'baby spectrum' that the use of α results in the domination of the phonon drag effect by the transverse-like phonon modes, and in the watering down of any ‘bulge’ effect of the Fermi surface. Rough calculations are made that show that one can get qualitative agreement with experiment over at least part of the temperature range from 2 to 20°k. It is shown that with neglect of phonon-phonon and phonon-impurity interactions the phono...
Intragastric self-administration in Rhesus monkeys under limited access conditions: Methodological studies

Rhesus monkeys were trained to self-administer psychoactive drugs by the intragastric route of administration under limited access conditions and intermittent schedules of drug delivery. Under a fixed-ratio 10 schedule, pentobarbital, diazepam, and cocaine maintained self-administration in some monkeys. Responding was not maintained by d-amphetamine under these conditions. Under fixed-ratio 10 (timeout 2 min) conditions, cocaine maintained self-administration in all animals (5/5) tested, while pentobarbital maintained responding in 2/3. At doses higher than that which maintained maximal rates, responding was inversely related to dose/injection. Drug intake was relatively constant across dose/injection of cocaine, but was a direct function of dose/injection of pentobarbital and diazepam. The procedure may be useful in assessing behavioral and pharmacological variables controlling oral self-administration of drugs.
Holographic recording using a digital micromirror device

ABSTRACT We describe the use of a digital micromirror device (Texas Instruments, Inc. ' s DMDTM) as a spatial light modulator forholographic applications. Questions of the interferometric effects of the moving mirror structure and the appropriateness ofpulse-width modulation for grayscale imaging are addressed. Compensation for the particular attributes of DMD imaginghas allowed the creation of full-color holographic stereograms of high image quality.Keywords: holography, spatial light modulator (SLM), digital micromirror device (DMD) 1. INTRODUCTION Spatial light modulators (SLMs) are key components of holographic stereogram printer systems. They are used to display the sequence of two-dimensional stereoscopic perspective views that are being holographically recorded. Because allinformation about the object scene is transduced by the SLM, it is a very important factor in the determination of the finalholographic image quality. Some SLMs typically used for holography include: positive transparency film (35
Ross Granville Harrison (1870–1959) and perspectives on regeneration

Historical case studies can serve as cautionary tales, reminding us to reflect on underlying assumptions and on limitations of any particular approach. Ross Harrison's work recorded at the beginning and end of his career in the Journal of Experimental Zoology reveal his own morphological and experimental convictions, as they played out in his studies of regeneration. A closer look at this particular example of Harrison's contributions offers a perspective from which to view current studies of regenerative phenomena and assumptions about appropriate research approaches and the driving questions involved.
Effects of collisions on electrostatic ion cyclotron waves

Abstract Quantitative measurements of the effect of ωτ ii on the frequency of maximum growth, the amplitude, and line width of electrostatic ion plasma oscillations in a magnetic field are presented. It is found that these wave characteristics change abruptly for ωτ ii ≈ 3.
Malignant airway obstruction : Recognition and management

Malignant airway obstruction affects up to 80,000 patients annually, many of whom will present acutely to the emergency department (ED). This clinical entity should be sought in any patient presenting to the ED with increasing shortness of breath, recurrent chest infections, hemoptysis, and an inability to lie flat. Interventions suggested in malignant airway obstruction include: maintenance of spontaneous ventilation by avoiding respiratory depressing sedation, muscle relaxants or narcotics; changes in patient's position; avoidance of general anesthesia and positive pressure ventilation, if possible; placement of endotracheal tube beyond the level of obstruction; radiotherapy; corticosteroids; availability of helium-oxygen mixtures, cardiopulmonary bypass, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. If time allows, further diagnostic studies will be of assistance in assessing the best therapy before definitive intervention.
A case study in building layered DHT applications

Recent research has shown that one can use Distributed Hash Tables (DHTs) to build scalable, robust and efficient applications. One question that is often left unanswered is that of simplicity of implementation and deployment. In this paper, we explore a case study of building an application for which ease of deployment dominated the need for high performance. The application we focus on is Place Lab, an end-user positioning system. We evaluate whether it is feasible to use DHTs as an application-independent building block to implement a key component of Place Lab: its "mapping infrastructure." We present Prefix Hash Trees, a data structure used by Place Lab for geographic range queries that is built entire on top of a standard DHT. By strictly layering Place Lab's data structures on top of a generic DHT service, we were able to decouple the deployment and management of Place Lab from that of the underlying DHT. We identify the characteristics of Place Lab that made it amenable for deploying in this layered manner, and comment on its effect on performance.
Reversible Dispersion and Release of Carbon Nanotubes Using Foldable Oligomers

Foldamers are synthetic and designable oligomers that adopt a conformationally ordered state in selected solvents. We found that oligo(m-phenylene ethynylene)s, which are single-stranded foldamers, can be made to reversibly disperse and release single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) simply by changing the solvent, consistent with a change from an unfolded state to a folded state. Using absorption spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and electrical measurements, we observed that the foldamer-dispersed SWCNTs are individually well-dispersed and have a strong interfacial interaction with the foldamers. In contrast, the released SWCNTs appeared to be free of foldamers. Under illumination, transistors based on the foldamer-dispersed SWCNTs demonstrated significant photoresponse, apparently due to photoinduced charge transfer between the foldamers and SWCNTs. The reported nanocomposites may open an alternative way of developing optoelectronic devices or sensors based on carbon nanotubes.
Umbilical cord hemangioma associated with multiple cutaneous hemangiomas in a newborn.

Umbilical cord hemangiomas are rare with fewer than 50 cases reported in the English literature. Associated fetal cutaneous hemangiomas are exceptional. A 39 year old G3P1021 underwent ultrasound at 12 weeks. No abnormalities were detected. She underwent another ultrasound at 19+ weeks. A 1.8×1.9 cm homogeneous echogenic mass was noted at the base of the cord where it inserted into the placenta, interpreted as a hemangioma. Adjacent to the mass were two cystic structures, possibly pseudocysts, measuring 8.9×6.6 cm and 8.7×5.6 cm. Amniocentesis showed normal male karyotype. Serial ultrasounds revealed polyhydramnios and persistence of the mass. She presented at 37 weeks, in labor and a low transverse cesarean section was performed. A live 3455 gram male was delivered with Apgar scores of 9.9. The newborn had numerous port-wine stains involving the face bilaterally including the eyelids, neck, posterior occiput, superior chest, left shoulder, buttocks, and bilateral extremities. At 2 days old, the baby experienced mild tremors which resolved. Brain imaging revealed no evidence of brain parenchymal, leptomeningeal, or vascular abnormality, although the extradural space in the area of the confluence of sinuses showed a heterogeneous prominence, possibly a hemangioma. The child was discharged 5 days after delivery for follow-up. The placenta weighed 420 g. The trivascular umbilical cord measured 15 cm in length and showed fusiform dilation up to 7.3 cm in maximum diameter, over a length of 8 cm, beginning 1.2 cm from the site of placental insertion. A separate multicystic myxoid area was present adjacent to the maximally dilated cord on the fetal side (Fig. 1). Histologically, the lesion was consistent with hemangioma. Cord hemangioma, although rare, is the most common umbilical cord tumor. There is a significant morbidity and mortality association, including prematurity and fetal death [1]. Associated fetal anomalies include cutaneous and systemic hemangiomas [2,3]. Cutaneous hemangiomas are the most common benign tumor of infancy. Although most remain asymptomatic, some can cause significant morbidity. Our case shares some features with Sturge–Weber and Klippel–Trenaunay–Weber Syndromes but does not quite fit either. Interestingly, this case showed polyhydramnios which is infrequently seen in association with umbilical cord hemangioma [2]. Patients should be counseled of the risk for neonatal mortality and morbidity, including cutaneous or visceral hemangioma when umbilical cord hemangioma is diagnosed prenatally. Antepartum fetal surveillance may be of benefit.
Exchange terms in direct nuclear reaction theories

Abstract An internally consistent formulation of the problem of exchange effects in direct nuclear reactions is given. By using convenient Distorted Wave Born Approximation forms, it is shown that in the limit of an infinitely massive target the usual “heavy particle stripping” matrix elements have the scattering properties which the exchange matrix elements should have. It is thus concluded that these forms are correct, and their properties are discussed in plane-wave and other approximations.
Evidence for shear velocity anisotropy in the lowermost mantle beneath the Indian Ocean

Teleseismic recordings (Δ > 87°) of a deep earthquake beneath the Banda Sea at stations in Tanzania show a difference in the arrival time of the radial (SSV) and transverse component (SSH) S wave ranging from 1–3 s. Shear velocity anisotropy in the lowermost mantle beneath the Indian Ocean is the likely cause of this signal because recordings at the same stations of closer-in events (Δ < 80°) in the same source region do not present a comparable differential travel time. For the Banda Sea event, the SSH signals are broader than SSV signals, suggesting that a discontinuity (or strong vertical gradient) in primarily VSH marks the sudden onset of transverse isotropy in D” (with a magnitude of 1.4–2.7%) about 350 km above the core-mantle boundary. SKKS coda, S-to-p converted phases at the Moho, and upper mantle heterogeneity beneath the stations obscure the onset of SSV and complicate wave shapes. It is therefore difficult to evaluate whether general anisotropy needs to be invoked into a model of shear velocity anisotropy.
Scientific considerations related to regulation development for CO2 sequestration in brine formations

Carbon management through the underground injection of CO2 into subsurface brine formations is being actively studied. If there are no technological constraints for implementation, there could be a large number of wells constructed for injecting a large volume of CO2. It is therefore important, in parallel with current scientific studies, to consider the appropriate, science-based regulatory framework for CO2 injection. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Underground Injection Control (UIC) program, authorized under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), has extensive experience in regulating the injection of mainly liquid wastes into geologic formations in the United States. The federal requirements and permit process implemented by EPA and the Primacy States since 1980 have played a critical role in the safety of subsurface disposal of liquid wastes in the US. Physically and chemically, there are significant differences between CO2 and common liquid wastes. Its viscosity and density are much lower and, under injection pressure in the deep formation, it may be under supercritical conditions. Because of the lower density and viscosity, CO2 leakage through the confining strata may be greater when compared to currently injected liquid wastes. Also, the chemical interactions of CO2 with the geologic formation have their own characteristics. All these scientific factors need to be evaluated to identify new guidelines for appropriate regulatory and monitoring controls. The paper reviews current UIC regulations, injection-well classification scheme and monitoring requirements, and identifies the unique factors related to the physical and chemical processes in the subsurface associated with CO2 injection. Implications of these scientific considerations for regulation development are discussed.
The QCD spectrum and phase diagram on the lattice - 1991

Abstract Recent numerical computations of the hadron spectrum and phase diagram in lattice QCD are summarized. Incremental improvements in the quality of spectrum calculations give increasing credibility to the claim that lattice calculations reproduce the physical hadron spectrum as the quark mass is lowered. A transition to high temperature behavior is clear, both for Kogut-Susskind and Wilson fermions. For four flavors of Kogut-Susskind fermions the transition appears to be first order. However, for two flavors no indications of metastability are seen. Hints of new phenomena with many flavors of quarks are seen with both Kogut-Susskind and Wilson quarks. Observations of the masses and spatial structure of screening propagators give information about the nature of high temperature QCD. For Wilson fermions it remains difficult to simulate with small pion mass, both for the zero temperature and high temperature simulations.
Providing VCR capabilities in large-scale video servers

Providing smooth playback capabilities for video servers, which must support potentially thousands of on-demand users, has been an area of active research. From a user's perspective, VCR functions of fast-forward and rewind (FF/Rew), are desirable features in video-on-demand. But FF/Rew at n times the regular playback rate requires n times the regular playback bandwidth from architectural components of the video server. Thus, guaranteeing sufficient bandwidth to enable users to perform FF/Rew reduces the number of supportable users by a factor of n. In this paper we propose an alternative, effective FF/Rew service, which provides FF/Rew capabilities with an associated statistical quality-of-service (QoS) guarantee. This service provides immediate access to full-resolution FF/Rew bandwidth with high probability. When bandwidth is not available, service is either delayed or provided immediately but with a loss in resolution. In addition, we specify several QoS metrics to characterize the delay or loss experienced by a FF/Rew request. We show that using effective FF/Rew with statistical guarantees on these QoS metrics results in a significant increase in the number of supportable users, when compared to systems in which FF/Rew bandwidth is statistically reserved for each user. Moreover, a playback-only video server can be extended to provide FF/Rew service by reserving only a small portion of its total bandwidth, which is dynamically shared among FF/Rew requests.
Airline hubbing and airport economics in the pacific market

Abstract Transpacific hubbing over Tokyo's Narita airport, which is beset by severe capacity problems while serving a high proportion of nonlocal passengers, is explored from both a historical and an economic standpoint. Tokyo developed into Asia's dominant transpacific gateway because it was within range of the continental U.S. for the first generation of transcontinental jets. Its dominance continued after the introduction of the B747, while a more dispersed pattern of service developed on the U.S. side of the transpacific route system. Reasons for Tokyo's continuing dominance include its strong local market and the liberal fifth freedom rights of U.S. airlines out of Tokyo. A model of airline network competition is applied to the U.S.-Asia market. The model simulates the behavior of profit-maximizing airlines with different network types and hub locations, finding states of Cournot equilibrium. In a baseline run corresponding to the 3rd Quarter, 1985 system, the predicted transpacific network corresponds quite closely to the actual one. The impacts of demand growth, high terminal costs at Tokyo, and strengthened connectivity of alternative Asia hubs are then explored. Tokyo traffic is found to increase at a somewhat slower pace than overall demand as new non-stop services become feasible. Connecting traffic through Tokyo is found to be highly price sensitive because of the availability of alternative routings. Strengthening the connectivity of alternative Asian hubs, on the other hand, has a fairly modest effect on the distribution of traffic in the system. The results point to the need for Japan to carefully assess the costs and benefits of its role as Asia's dominant transpacific gateway.
Secondary Cytoreductive Surgery at Second-Look Laparotomy in Advanced Ovarian Cancer: A Gynecologic Oncology Group Study

Reports which analyzed the effects of secondary cytoreductive surgery at second-look laparotomy have often included small numbers of patients who have been treated with a variety of first-line chemotherapy regimens and those who may have progressed on first-line therapy. The purpose of this study was to analyze survival following secondary cytoreductive surgery at second-look laparotomy in patients with advanced ovarian cancer. Review of the surgical data of 153 patients allowed classification of tumor size found at second-look laparotomy and tumor size remaining after cytoreduction. Multivariate analysis evaluated multiple risk factors for survival. Of 153 patients, 124 had macroscopic tumor at second-look laparotomy and 29 had microscopic disease only. Fifteen of 69 (22%) patients were found to have tumor > 1 cm in diameter and were cytoreduced to microscopic residual and 18/69 (26%) were left with 1 cm tumor. Twenty-one of 55 (38%) patients with 1 cm following second-look laparotomy (relative risk = 3.1, P = 0.0004). No difference in survival was seen between patients found to have microscopic disease and those cytoreduced to microscopic disease (P = 0.24). The risk of death was lower among patients debulked to a lower category ( 1 cm reduced to 1 cm reduced to microscopic, relative risk = 0.44, P = 0.01). Whether this apparent beneficial effect of cytoreductive surgery at second-look laparotomy reflects the biology of the tumor which allows surgical cytoreduction or the effects of cytoreduction can only be addressed in a randomized prospective trial.