cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Consideration of Both Genotoxic and Nongenotoxic Mechanisms in Predicting Carcinogenic Potential

Bacterial and cell culture genotoxicity assays have proven to be valuable in the identification of DNA reactive carcinogens because mutational events that alter the activity or expression of growth control genes are a key step in carcinogenesis. The addition of metabolizing enzymes to these assays have expanded the ability to identify agents that require metabolic activation. However, chemical carcinogenesis is a complex process dependent on toxicokinetics and involving at least steps of initiation, promotion and progression. Identification of those carcinogens that are activated in a manner unique to the whole animal, such as 2,6-dinitrotoluene, require in vivo genotoxicity assays. There are many different classes of non-DNA reactive carcinogens ranging from the potent promoter 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) that acts through a specific receptor, to compounds that alter growth control, such as phenobarbital. Many compounds, such as saccharin, appear to exhibit initiating, promotional and/or carcinogenic activity as events secondary to induced cytotoxicity and cell proliferation seen only at the chronic lifetime maximum tolerated doses mandated in rodent bioassays. Simple plus/minus vs. carcinogen/noncarcinogen comparisons used to validate the predictivity of bacterial and cell culture genotoxicity assays have revealed that a more comprehensive analysis will be required to account for the carcinogenicity of so many diverse chemical agents. Predictive assays and risk assessments for the numerous types of nongenotoxic carcinogens will require understanding of their mechanism of action, reasons for target organ and species specificity, and the quantitative dose-response relationships between endpoints such as induced cell proliferation and carcinogenic potential.
Is the Theology of Religions an Exhausted Project

Theology of religions, which grounds a theological approach to non-Christian traditions, has become widely dismissed recently as irrelevant, and even challenged to be inimical to authentic dialogue. This article addresses the critiques and defends the viability and even necessity of a theology of religions. It does so by showing how postmodern insights provide the key to break the deadlock previously constraining theologies of religions.
Through-space (19)F-(19)F spin-spin coupling in ortho-fluoro Z-azobenzene.

We report through-space (TS) (19)F-(19)F coupling for ortho-fluoro-substituted Z-azobenzenes. The magnitude of the TS-coupling constant ((TS) JFF ) ranged from 2.2-5.9 Hz. Using empirical formulas reported in the literature, these coupling constants correspond to non-bonded F-F distances (dFF) of 3.0-3.5 A. These non-bonded distances are significantly smaller than those determined by X-ray crystallography or density functional theory, which argues that simple models of (19)F-(19)F TS spin-spin coupling solely based dFF are not applicable. (1)H, (13)C and (19)F data are reported for both the E and Z isomers of ten fluorinated azobenzenes. Density functional theory [B3YLP/6-311++G(d,p)] was used to calculate (19) F chemical shifts, and the calculated values deviated 0.3-10.0 ppm compared with experimental values.
Die katalysierte asymmetrische Aldolreaktion

Die Knupfung von C-C-Bindungen unter vollstandiger Kontrolle des stereochemischen Verlaufs einer Reaktion ist in der organischen Synthesechemie von groser Bedeutung. Die Aldolreaktion, d. h. die einfache Addition eines Enolatdonors an einen Carbonylacceptor, ist eine der bedeutendsten Reaktionen, die dem Synthesechemiker zur Verfugung stehen. Im Allgemeinen wird die Kontrolle der relativen und absoluten Konfiguration des neugebildeten Stereozentrums durch die Verwendung von chiralen Ausgangsverbindungen oder chiralen Hilfsreagentien erzielt. In den letzten Jahren wurden in der organischen Synthesechemie grose Anstrengungen bei der Suche nach katalytischen Methoden unternommen, die die chirale Information auf effiziente Weise ubertragen. Zwei verschiedene Zugange zur katalysierten asymmetrischen Aldolreaktion wurden dabei in Erwagung gezogen: Biokatalyse und die Katalyse durch kleine Molekule. Beide Methoden haben sowohl spezifische Vorteile als auch Grenzen und sind daher in vielen Bereichen komplementar zueinander. In diesem Artikel werden die wichtigsten neuen Entwicklungen bei beiden Methoden zusammengefasst.
Small form factor pluggable optical transceiver module with extremely low power consumption for dense wavelength division multiplexing applications

An optical transceiver module for the dense wavelength-division-multiplexing (DWDM) applications is successfully realized with so-called small form factor pluggable (SFP) platform that is well known as the smallest platform for 2.5.Gbps optical transceiver. The power consumption of DWDM-SFP modules we developed is reduced drastically, and that is 1.0 W maximum at the operating case temperature (Tc) range of -5 to 70 degC (for typical DWDM-SFP samples). This remarkable low power consumption is achieved by next three techniques which are a compact coaxial transmitter optical sub assembly (TOSA) package with a micro thermoelectric cooler (micro-TEC), a transceiver IC chip with many functions integrated therein and an unique structure which the TOSA is isolated from other heat sources.
Age and gender differences in beliefs about personal power and injustice

College students and community-dwelling older adults were compared on Injustice and Personal Power scales and measures of religiosity. "Personal Power" scores varied significantly as a function of age and gender. These differences were attributable to a significantly lower belief in "Personal Power" for the group of older women. As predicted, "Injustice" scores were significantly higher for women than for men, reflecting a greater belief that conditions can be unjust. No significant difference between older and younger adults on "Injustice" scores was obtained. Significant positive correlations between measures of religiosity and "Injustice" scores were obtained, while religiosity was not significantly correlated with "Personal Power." This pattern of results suggests that there is value in utilizing separate measures of "Injustice" and "Personal Power" scores. Suggestions are made for examining further the complex relationship among demographic variables, belief in a just world, and measures of religiosity.
Hyperactive and Comparison Children's Response to Detailed VS. Global Cues in Communication Tasks:

According to the optimal stimulation theory, hyperactive children suffer from insufficient arousal, expecially in contexts that provide minimal stimulation. In the present study hyperactive children were predicted to perform worse than controls on tasks requiring attention to detailed information because utilization of detailed cues requires narrowing and sustaining attentional focus (optimally produced by states of high arousal). Hyperactive and comparison children were presented with a series of receptive communication tasks requiring attention to (a) detailed cues alone, and (b) global cues followed by detailed cues or detailed cues followed by global cues, under conditions in which subjects were permitted to ask for clarifying cues or information. Findings demonstrated that hyperactive boys performed worse than controls in tasks which provided detailed cues alone. During tasks in which additional cues available were detailed, experimental subjects responded more impulsively than controls. Problems wit...
Topographical disorientation: a synthesis and taxonomy

Over the last century, several dozen case reports have presented 'topographically disoriented' patients who, in some cases, appear to have selectively lost their ability to find their way within large-scale, locomotor environments. A review is offered here that has as its aim the creation of a taxonomy that accurately reflects the behavioural impairments and neuroanatomical findings of this literature. This effort is guided by an appreciation of the models of normative way-finding offered by environmental psychology and recent neuroscience research. It is proposed that several varieties of topographical disorientation exist, resulting from damage to distinct neuroanatomical areas. The particular pattern of impairments that patients evidence is argued to be consonant with the known functions of these cortical regions and with recent neuroimaging results. The conflicting claims of previous reviews of this area are also considered and addressed.
Including Orthodox Jews in the Argument for Multicultural Sensitivity in Psychotherapy

Including Orthodox Jews in the Argument for Multicultural Sensitivity in Psychotherapy Mental health help-seeking by ethnic minorities and sensitivity to their needs has been identified as a priority. Most frequently, scholars such as Derald Sue identify people of color as the focus of micro aggressions and more generally, of bias and insensitivity. Yet, other minority groups are also part of the multicultural equation when considering mental health help-seeking and practice. Insensitivity to the needs of Orthodox Jews is an important omission.
Deficits in emotion regulation mediate the relationship between childhood abuse and later eating disorder symptoms

The present study examined the relationship of child maltreatment to both emotion dysregulation and subsequent eating pathology. In an effort to extend previous research, the authors examined the unique impact of childhood emotional abuse (CEA) on emotion dysregulation and eating disorder (ED) symptoms while controlling for the effects of sexual and physical abuse. Structural equation modeling was utilized to simultaneously examine the effects of all three abuse types on multiple dependent variables as well as examine whether deficits in emotion regulation mediated the relationship between abuse and eating pathology. Results from a survey of 1,254 female college students revealed significant paths from abuse subtypes to specific eating disorder symptoms, with CEA evidencing the strongest association with ED symptoms. Additionally, emotion dysregulation was positively associated with ED symptoms, and mediated the effects of emotional abuse on symptoms. Findings support previous research on the enduring effects of emotional abuse as well as highlight the importance of the assessment of CEA in the treatment of ED symptoms.
Calculations of premixed turbulent flames by PDF methods

Idealized premixed turbulent flames are studied using probability density function (pdf) methods. A modeled transport equation for the joint pdf of velocity and the reaction progress variable is solved by a Monte Carlo method. Detailed calculations of flame properties and flow statistics, including the flame speed, the scalar flux, the turbulence intensities, the kinetic energy budget and conditional statistics are presented for different density ratios. Results are compared with the limited available experimental data and the calculations based on the Bray-Moss-Libby (BML) model. Compared to the BML model, the present pdf approach has several advantages: fewer processes have to be modeled, more information can be extracted from the solution, and the method is directly applicable to multidimensional flames.
Further evidence of a quantitative trait locus on chromosome 18 influencing postural change in systolic blood pressure: the Hypertension Genetic Epidemiology Network (HyperGEN) Study.

Background Postural change in systolic blood pressure (SBP) is prospectively associated with several disease outcomes including hypertension, stroke, and coronary heart disease. The objective of this study was to characterize further a possible quantitative trait locus on chromosome 18q21 influencing SBP response to a postural challenge. Methods A prior genome scan of postural SBP response in 636 subjects of white ethnicity from 285 hypertensive sibships in the Hypertension Genetic Epidemiology Network (HyperGEN) indicated suggestive evidence for linkage on chromosome 18q21. This study included a de novo set of 452 African American pedigrees from the HyperGEN study and an expanded set of 372 white pedigrees. Variance components linkage analysis of postural SBP change was conducted using microsatellite markers on chromosome 18, and association studies were performed with a common single nucleotide polymorphism (variant 13) in the gene encoding NEDD4L, a key regulator of fine sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron. Results Combined analysis of all white and African American pedigrees yielded a LOD score of 4.25 at 80 cM on chromosome 18q21, with at least nominal evidence of linkage at this position in both white (LOD: 3.43) and African American (LOD: 1.14) subjects. Postural SBP response was associated with variant 13 of the NEDD4L in a subset of white subjects taking medications effective in treating sodium volume-dependent hypertension (α1-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and/or diuretics). Conclusion These data provide further evidence for a quantitative trait locus on chromosome 18q21 influencing postural change in SBP.
Longitudinal analysis of receptive vocabulary growth in young Spanish English-speaking children from migrant families.

Purpose The authors of this study described developmental trajectories and predicted kindergarten performance of Spanish and English receptive vocabulary acquisition of young Latino/a English language learners (ELLs) from socioeconomically disadvantaged migrant families. In addition, the authors examined the extent to which gender and individual initial performance in Spanish predict receptive vocabulary performance and growth rate. Method The authors used hierarchical linear modeling of 64 children's receptive vocabulary performance to generate growth trajectories, predict performance at school entry, and examine potential predictors of rate of growth. The timing of testing varied across children. The ELLs (prekindergarten to 2nd grade) participated in 2–5 testing sessions, each 6–12 months apart. Results The ELLs' average predicted standard score on an English receptive vocabulary at kindergarten was nearly 2 SDs below the mean for monolingual peers. Significant growth in the ELLs' receptive vocabulary ...
Vaughn Elementary's Innovative Teacher Evaluation System: Are Teacher Evaluation Scores Related to Growth in Student Achievement?

In this study, I examined the validity of a performance-based, subject-specific teacher evaluation system by analyzing the relationship between teacher evaluation scores and student achievement. From a policy perspective, establishing validity was important because it is embedded in a knowledge-and skills-based pay system, which attached high stakes to evaluation scores. In the first stage of the study, I used hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) to estimate value-added teacher effects, which were then correlated with teacher evaluation scores in literacy, mathematics, language arts, and a composite measure of student achievement. Additionally, teacher evaluation scores were inserted into the HLM models as subject-specific predictors of student achievement. Results indicate a strong, positive, and statistically significant relationship between teacher evaluation scores and student achievement in reading and a composite measure of teacher and student performance and a positive, although not statistically sig...
A mixed-enhanced formulation tetrahedral finite elements

This paper considers the solution of problems in three-dimensional solid mechanics using tetrahedral finite elements. A formulation based on a mixed-enhanced treatment involving displacement, pressure and volume effects is presented. The displacement and pressure are used as nodal quantities while volume effects and enhanced modes belong to individual elements. Both small and finite deformation problems are addressed and sample solutions are given to illustrate the performance of the formulation. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the first price spike in summer

The objective of this paper is to determine why price spikes occur in deregulated wholesale markets for electricity, and how effectively they can be mitigated by different modifications to the market. The analysis employs a multi-agent system (MAS) to replicate a spot market with six supply firms, represented by adaptive autonomous agents. These firms submit offers to maximize their own expected profits, and an independent system operator (ISO) clears the market for a predetermined load in a uniform price auction. The firms learn about the market and the behavior of their competitors by comparing actual market outcomes with predicted outcomes based on an estimate of their own residual demand curve. This estimated demand curve is updated each period using a Kalman filter. The main results for creating price spikes are: 1) uncertainty about the system load is an important determinant of observed behavior (i.e. offer curves shaped like a hockey stick) that is replicated in the MAS, and 2) all firms eventually become speculators, and it is unrealistic to expect firms to behave like price takers in a market with six suppliers. The main results for mitigating high prices are: 1) it is impractical to rely on more suppliers, vertically integrated firms, capacity payments or fixed contracts for power to eliminate speculative behavior, and 2) price responsive load is an effective way to mitigate high prices, particularly if some load responds at relatively low prices. Overall, the results show that a MAS can be used to evaluate a wide range of policy options and supplement the results of market tests using human subjects.
Mass transfer in eddies close to air-water interface

Deterministic analyses applied to both velocity and concentration fluctuation data obtained in a region extremely close to air-water interface in a free-surface, unbaffled stirred tank allow estimation of the length and the velocity scales of individual eddies taking part in gas absorption. The mass transfer prediction by this method is superior to that by a statistical method using an integral length scale in the low-turbulence flow employed in this work. Eddy velocities are generally lower in the diffusion boundary layer zone compared with the bulk zone. Small eddies are generally associated with low velocity scales whereas large eddies occur at high velocity scales. Local mass transfer coefficients are high in regions where small eddies are dominant.
Chick Growth Response Resulting from Methionine Additions to Various Protein Supplements with Pea Protein

Abstract THE methionine deficiency of Alaska pea meal protein for chick growth was shown by Petersen, Lampman, Bolin, and Stamberg (1944). A number of workers have demonstrated the importance of methionine and choline in high soybean oil meal diets and the necessity of small additions of animal protein for maximum growth. Carver, Bohren, and Cook (1942) found the gross protein value of two samples of pea meal when fed with a cereal basal to be 59 and 69 compared to casein given a value of 100. Two samples of herring fish meal had values of 102 and 105. Various combinations of herring fish meal and Alaska pea meal with a cereal basal gave gross values ranging from 96 to 106 showing the high supplementary effect of fish meal with pea meal. It was shown by Carver and Evans (1943) that meat meal was not as effective as fish meal in supplementing . . .
Stabilization and preservation of serum prostatic acid phosphatase activity.

The effects of pH and temperature of storage on the stability of the prostatic fraction of serum acid phosphatase activity have been studied in order to provide a satisfactory method for the preservation of activity in serums shipped from other hospitals. Addition of citrate tablets of a composition to buffer the serums at pH 6.2 was found to preserve the original activity at 25° for at least 7 days. These results were validated on a series of serums, subdivided into control and citrate-containing aliquots, shipped from the participating hospitals.
Detection of mouse-adapted human influenza virus in the olfactory bulbs of mice within hours after intranasal infection

Influenza pneumonitis causes severe systemic symptoms in mice, including hypothermia and excess sleep. The association of extrapulmonary virus, particularly virus in the brain, with the onset of such disease symptoms has not been investigated. Mature C57BL/6 male mice were infected intranasally with mouse-adapted human influenza viruses (PR8 or X-31) under inhalation, systemic, or no anesthesia. Core body temperatures were monitored continuously by radiotelemetry, and tissues (lung, brain, olfactory bulb, spleen, blood) were harvested at the time of onset of hypothermia (13 to 24 h post infection [PI]) or at 4 or 7 h PI. Whole RNA from all tissues was examined by one or more of three reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) procedures using H1N1 nucleoprotein (NP) primers for minus polarity RNA (genomic or vRNA) or plus polarity RNA (replication intermediates). Selected cytokines were assayed at 4, 7, and 15 h in the olfactory bulb (OB). Minus and plus RNA strands were readily detected in OBs as early as 4 h PI by nested RT-PCR. Anesthesia was not required for viral invasion of the OB. Cytokine mRNAs were also significantly elevated in the OB at 7 and 15 h PI in infected mice. Controls receiving boiled virus expressed only input vRNA and that only in lung. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated localization of H1N1 and NP antigens in olfactory nerves and the glomerular layer of the OB. Therefore a mouse-adapted human influenza virus strain, not known to be neurotropic, was detected in the mouse OB within 4 h PI where it appeared to induce replication intermediates and cytokines.
Exploiting Partial Cooperation for Source and Channel Coding in Sensor Networks

A network with two sensors communicating a remote measurement to a common access point (AP) is investigated. The sensors are connected via out-of-band and finite-capacity communication links, e.g., thanks to an orthogonal radio interface, thus enabling partial cooperation. Focusing on a Gaussian model for source and observation noise and a quadratic (MSE) distortion metric, both the source coding problem (corresponding to error-free and orthogonal links to the AP), also known as the "CEO problem", and the joint source-channel coding problem over a Gaussian multiple access channel to the AP are considered. In the first case, an achievable rate-distortion tradeoff is derived that generalizes known results for the CEO problem in the absence of cooperation between the sensors. For the latter case, achievable distortions are derived with separate or joint source-channel coding. Optimality of the proposed schemes is established asymptotically with the capacity of the inter-sensor links. Moreover, it is concluded that, for both scenarios, even modest values of such capacity enable the optimal performance with full cooperation to be approached.
Rapid Synaptic Scaling Induced by Changes in Postsynaptic Firing

Summary Homeostatic synaptic scaling adjusts a neuron's excitatory synaptic strengths up or down to compensate for perturbations in activity. Little is known about the molecular pathway(s) involved, nor is it clear which aspect of "activity"—local synaptic signaling, postsynaptic firing, or large-scale changes in network activity—is required to induce synaptic scaling. Here, we selectively block either postsynaptic firing in individual neurons or a fraction of presynaptic inputs, while optically monitoring changes in synaptic strength. We find that synaptic scaling is rapidly induced by block of postsynaptic firing, but not by local synaptic blockade, and is mediated through a drop in somatic calcium influx, reduced activation of CaMKIV, and an increase in transcription. Cortical neurons thus homeostatically adjust synaptic strengths in response to changes in their own firing rate, a mechanism with the computational advantage of efficiently normalizing synaptic strengths without interfering with synapse-specific mechanisms of information storage.
Dynamical View of the Positions of Key Side Chains in Protein-Protein Recognition

When a complex is constructed from the separately determined rigid structures of a receptor and its ligand, some key side chains are usually in wrong positions. These distortions of the interface yield an apparent loss in affinity and would unfavorably affect the kinetics of association. It is generally assumed that the interacting proteins should drive the appropriate conformational changes, leading to their complementarity, but this hypothesis does not explain their fast association rates. However, nanosecond explicit solvent molecular dynamics simulations of misfolded surface side chains from the independently solved structures of barstar, bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, and lysozyme show that even before any receptor-ligand interaction, key side chains frequently visit the rotamer conformations seen in the complex. We show that these simple structural motifs can reconcile most of the binding affinity required for a rapid and highly specific association process. Side chains amenable to induced fit are also identified. These results corroborate that solvent-side chain interactions play a critical role in the recognition process. Our findings are also supported by crystallographic data.
Stochastic simulation of laminar and electroosmotic convection in capillary electrophoresis and electrochromatography

A stochastic (Monte Carlo) simulation has been utilized to study the combination of laminar and electroosmotic convection under typical conditions for capillary electrophoresis and electrochromatography. The radial velocity profiles are determined for varying proportions of laminar and electroosmotic flow at a constant linear velocity. In addition, the molecular zone profiles and the corresponding statistical moments are established for nonretained and retained solutes. It is found that the radial velocity profile has significant influence for solutes that are not retained by a stationary phase, including those separated by electrophoresis alone. However, this effect is rapidly diminished such that retained solutes with an absorption coefficient as small as 0.1 show little influence if their diffusion coefficients in the mobile phase are on the order of 1.0 x 10(-5) cm2/s. Larger solutes with diffusion coefficients of 1.0 x 10(-6) cm2/s or less show slightly greater variance and asymmetry. In most cases, however, slow kinetics and resistance to mass transfer in the stationary phase exceed that in the mobile phase. As a consequence, there is little effect of the radial velocity profile for retained solutes.
Molecular characterization of the human microbiome from a reproductive perspective

The process of reproduction inherently poses unique microbial challenges because it requires the transfer of gametes from one individual to the other, meanwhile preserving the integrity of the gametes and individuals from harmful microbes during the process. Advances in molecular biology techniques have expanded our understanding of the natural organisms living on and in our bodies, including those inhabiting the reproductive tract. Over the past two decades accumulating evidence has shown that the human microbiome is tightly related to health and disease states involving the different body systems, including the reproductive system. Here we introduce the science involved in the study of the human microbiome. We examine common methods currently used to characterize the human microbiome as an inseparable part of the reproductive system. Finally, we consider a few limitations, clinical implications, and the critical need for additional research in the field of human fertility.
Breast Lymphatic Mapping and Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy: State of the Art: 2015

Lymphatic mapping with sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) was introduced in the 1990s as a method to stage the nodal axilla in women with breast cancer. Very quickly the technique became the standard of care because pathologic staging was more accurate and sensitive and the surgical procedure resulted in low morbidity. SLNB has continued to evolve, and the applications in breast cancer have been expanded. A review of the published data was performed to update the lymphatic mapping technique and identify key issues and trends in the application of SLNB in women with breast cancer in 2015. The importance of axillary staging continues to effect the surgical treatment of patients with breast cancer. Originally described for patients with invasive cancer, the technique now plays an important role in staging women with ductal carcinoma in situ or recurrent breast cancer and patients with advanced breast cancer who are receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Histologic examinations have incorporated multiple sectioning and immunostains. The morbidity has been low, and techniques for limiting lymphedema are being introduced. Lymphatic mapping will continue to play an important role in the treatment of women with breast cancer. The SLNB will evolve by eliminating the need for radioactivity in the operating room, and the technique will become more accurate and used in expanded indications by incorporating preoperative imaging and intraoperative guidance procedures.
Understanding the Direction, Magnitude, and Joint Effects of Reputation When Multiple Actors’ Reputations Collide

Despite extensive research efforts into the effects of reputation, virtually all of it has examined the effect of one type of reputation on one or more specific outcomes. But, how, for example, might the reputations of analysts, CEOs, and firms individually and jointly affect firm outcomes? To answer this question, the present study focuses on a context in which reputations are particularly relevant: changes in analyst recommendations and the effect of those changes on stock market reactions. Our study contributes to the increasing reputation literature by being one of the first to recognize and measure how the market accounts for multiple reputations. Further, we argue and find that the reputations of different actors interact with each other when determining particular firm outcomes. We also find that different actor’s reputations influence the reactions of observers.
Pathophysiology and Lifetime Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Disease in Women and in the Elderly

Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States for both men and women, and it is the major cause of morbidity, mortality, and health-care utilization for the elderly. Women and the elderly are two populations that have been underrepresented in cardiology research, and this has been associated with underrecognition and undertreatment of coronary heart disease (CHD) in these populations. There are unique considerations in the risk factors and pathophysiology of CHD in women and the elderly. Many traditional cardiovascular risk factors confer a greater risk of the development of CHD in women, and there are unique risk factors including menopausal changes and pregnancy-associated events. Uncommon coronary and cardiovascular events including coronary dissection, stress cardiomyopathy, and coronary plaque erosion more frequently occur in women. The elderly also have unique risk factors for CHD, including arterial stiffness and frailty. Comorbidities and pharmacotherapy and interventional risks can influence disease course and treatment decisions. Increased attention to the distinctive risk factors for CHD and the unique pathophysiologic features in women and the elderly can enhance our understanding of CHD in the broader population with the goal of improving outcomes.
Reduction of Miltogrammine Cleptoparasitism by Male Oxybelus subulatus (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)

The presence of male Oxybelus subulatus Robts. in the females' open nest entrances during provisioning activities significantly reduced the level of miltogrammine cleptoparasitism. Four miltogrammine flies successfully parasitized cells provisioned in the absence of the male wasp: Senotainia trilineata (Wulp); Metopia argyrocephala (Meigen); Macronychia sp.; and Phrosinella fulvicornis (Coq.). P. fulvicornis was not successful in parasitizing cells provisioned with the male present. Of the 361 cells examined, 57% contained O. subulatus larvae or pupae, 19% were infested with miltogrammines, 23% appeared to be destroyed by the ant Solenopsis molesta (Say), and 1% contained mold. Notes on the larviposition behavior of the miltogrammines are presented and discussed.
Quantifying uncertainty in multiscale heat conduction calculations

In recent years, there has been interest in employing atomistic computations to inform macroscale thermal transport analyses. In heat conduction simulations in semiconductors and dielectrics, for example, classical molecular dynamics (MD) is used to compute phonon relaxation times, from which material thermal conductivity may be inferred and used at the macroscale. A drawback of this method is the noise associated with MD simulation, which is generated due to the possibility of multiple initial configurations corresponding to the same system temperature; for phonon relaxation times, the spread may be as high as 20%. In this work we propose a method to quantify the uncertainty in thermal conductivity computations due to MD noise, and its effect on the computation of the temperature distribution in heat conduction simulations. Bayesian inference is used to construct a probabilistic surrogate model for thermal conductivity as a function of temperature, accounting for the statistical spread in MD relaxation times. The surrogate model is used in probabilistic computations of the temperature field in macroscale Fourier conduction simulations. These simulations yield probability density functions of the spatial temperature distribution. To allay the cost of probabilistic computations, a stochastic collocation technique based on generalized polynomial chaos (gPC) is used to construct a response surface for the variation of temperature (at each physical location in the domain) as a function of the random variables in the thermal conductivity model. Results are presented for the spatial variation of the probability density function of temperature as a function of spatial location in a typical heat conduction problem to establish the viability of the method.© 2012 ASME
A 48-year-old woman with an ecchymotic rash.

Her test results satisfied the criteria for a lupus anticoagulant. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Nature of the Extrametabolic Effect of Supplemental Fat Used in Semipurified Diets for Laying Hens

Abstract An experiment involving 20 birds was conducted to quantitate the extrametabolic effect of yellow grease used in semisynthetic diets for laying hens. Four diets were arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial with two levels of fat (0 and 7%) and two carbohydrate sources (sucrose and starch). The nitrogen-corrected metabolizable energy (MEn) of yellow grease was calculated from lipid digestibility data and from actual determination of dietary MEn. The MEn of yellow grease varied with the dietary carbohydrate source and with the procedure used for estimation. When yellow grease was added to a starch-containing diet, the MEn of the fat was 8497 and 9714 kcal/kg from the lipid digestibility data and actual MEn determination, respectively. In the sucrose-containing diet the MEn of yellow grease was 8210 and 10071 kcal/kg, respectively. The data suggest that supplemental fat facilitated energy utilization from nonlipid constituents of the diet. The mechanism is unknown but may be related to a decrease in rate of food passage as a consequence of fat supplementation.
The Libertine Must Die: Sexual Dishonor and the Unwritten Law in the Nineteenth-Century United States

During the nineteenth century American juries came to recognize an unwritten law that an outraged husband, father, or brother could justifiably kill the alleged libertine who had been sexually intimate with the defendant's wife, daughter, or sister. While scholars have occasionally noted this custom, they have not discussed it in depth. This essay will do that, emphasizing especially the origins, sociology and realities ofthe unwritten law and the reasons for its gradual demise. For the most part the unwritten law applied to two types of sexual acts, adultery or sexual relations between a wife and a third party male and seduction1 or sexual relations between an unmarried female and a male. Throughout much of history governments have severely punished adulterers and seducers, often executing them usually after a judicial determination of guilt, but England, whose traditions most significantly influenced the origins of American law, at least officially maintained a more tolerant attitude towards such malefactors. In the twelfth century the royal government transferred jurisdiction over adultery to the ecclesiastical courts which did not punish the crime that severely. In 1557 Parliament enacted a statute punishing seduction, defined as the unlawful taking away of a "maid or woman^child unmarried" from her parents or guardians, but specified only the relatively mild penalty of a fine or from two to five years imprisonment. Such permissiveness encouraged some outraged husbands to exercise private vengeance against adulterers, often killing them. Common law juries sometimes acquitted these avengers and in doing so ignored the English law of provocation that offered partial relief to vengeful husbands by reducing the crime from murder to manslaughter if they had killed immediately after discov? ering the libertine in bed with the wife.2 The private killing of libertines appears not to have occurred in significant numbers in colonial America. At least if such killings did occur they did not become a part of the memory of American law that began to be written down in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, which recorded memory would be cited by defense lawyers in the unwritten law trials that followed. The presumed paucity of such events may have been due to the existence of colonial statutes that made adultery a crime, and, more importantly, the establishment of an intrusive society that effectively dealt with adultery and seduction and to some extent tolerated it. Although most colonies freely prosecuted alleged perpetrators of sexual immorality, the punishments administered to those who were convicted were usually lenient. The absence of privacy, the vigilance of communities, and the actions of church groups enabled colonial Americans to deal effectively with adultery and seduction without frequent recourse to severe criminal sanctions.
Transcriptional signatures of unfolded protein response implicate the limitation of animal models in pathophysiological studies

Background: The unfolded protein response (UPR) refers to intracellular stress signaling pathways that protect cells from the stress caused by accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The UPR signaling is crucially involved in the initiation and progression of a variety of human diseases by modulating transcriptional and translational programs of the stressed cells. In this study, we analyzed the gene expression signatures of primary stress sensors and major mediators of UPR pathways in a variety of tissues/organs of human and murine species. Methods: We first analyzed protein sequence similarities of major UPR transducers and mediators of human and murine species, and then examined their gene expression profiles in 26 human and mouse common tissues based on the microarray datasets of public domains. The differential expression patterns of the UPR genes in human diseases were delineated. The involvements of the UPR genes in mouse pathology were also analyzed with mouse gene knockout models. Results: The results indicated that expression patterns and pathophysiologic involvements of the major UPR stress sensors and mediators significantly differ in 26 common tissues/organs of human and murine species. Gene expression profiles suggest that the IRE1α/XBP1-mediated UPR pathway is induced in secretory and metabolic tissues or organs. While deletion of the UPR trans-activator XBP1 leads to pathological phenotypes in mice, alteration in XBP1 is less associated with human disease conditions. Conclusions: Expression signatures of the major UPR genes differ among tissues or organs and among human and mouse species. The differential induction of the UPR pathways reflects the pathophysiologic differences of tissues or organs. The difference in UPR induction between human and mouse suggests the limitation of using animal models to study human pathophysiology or drugology associated with environmental stress.
Understanding the Impact of Obesity on Short-term Outcomes and In-hospital Costs After Instrumented Spinal Fusion.

BACKGROUND Obesity rates continue to rise along with the number of obese patients undergoing elective spinal fusion. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of obesity on resource utilization and early complications in patients undergoing surgery for degenerative spine disease. METHODS A single-institution retrospective analysis was conducted on patients with degenerative spine disease requiring instrumentation between 2008 and 2012. The 801 identified patients were grouped based on a body mass index (BMI) of <30 (nonobese, n = 478), ≥30 and <40 (obese, n = 283), and alternatively BMIs of ≥40 (morbidly obese, n = 40). Baseline characteristics, surgical outcomes and requirements, complications, and cost were compared. Logistic and linear regression analyses were used to determine the strength of association between obesity and outcomes for categorical and continuous data, respectively. RESULTS Significant differences were found in comorbidities between cohorts. Multivariate analysis revealed significant associations between obesity and longer anesthesia times (30 minutes, P = .008), and surgical times (24 minutes, P = .02). Additionally, there was a 2.8 times higher rate of wound complications in obese patients (4.2% vs 1.5, P = .03), and 2.5 times higher rate of major medical complications (7.8% vs 3.1, P = .01). Morbid obesity resulted in a 10 times higher rate of wound complications (P < .001). Morbid obesity resulted in a $9078 (P = .005) increase in overall cost of care. CONCLUSION Increased BMI is associated with longer operative times, increased complication rates, and increased cost independent of comorbidities. These effects are more pronounced with morbidly obese patients, further supporting a role for preoperative weight loss.
International Best Practices and Participation in a Private Sector Driven Electricity Industry in Nigeria: Recent Regulatory Developments

While developed economies like the United States, the United Kingdom and Germany are often cited as classic examples of successful liberalised and private-sector led electricity markets, events such as: (i) the California electricity crisis of 2000-2001; (ii) the blackouts in parts of North America and Europe in 2003; and (iii) the emerging energy market uncertainties directly or indirectly traced to the evolving international energy decarbonisation policies,all underscores the point that liberalisation and privatisation are not perfect concepts by themselves.There is now a growing consensus that the process of privatisation and liberalisation of energy industries require definite levels of regulatory oversight and commitment to guarantee efficiency, reliability and protect all stakeholders. Notwithstanding the inherent challenges of liberalisation as a means to an end, a set of variables has been generally identified as necessary for an efficient and sustainable private-sector led electricity market.The variables include competition, regulatory transparency and certainty, an apolitical and independent regulator, access to information, efficient cost and price regulation, customer engagement and protection and third party access to essential infrastructure etc. In this light, the aim of this article is to discuss the on-going privatisation and liberalisation process of the Nigerian electricity supply industry; while identifying and commenting on some of the key regulatory instruments produced by the Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission (NERC) as the regulator.
Fine Needle Aspiration of Cervical Lymph Node

This chapter provides a comprehensive procedural report for fine needle aspiration of cervical lymph node procedure, with up-to-date explanatory notes, synopsis of the indications and contraindications, and potential complications in an organized and practical format.
Cerebellopontine Angle Lipoma

A cerebellopontine angle lipoma discovered incidentally in an asymptomatic 17 year old girl during evaluation for trauma is reported from the University of Alabama and Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, AL.
The medicalization of children’s play in American hospitals in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries

ABSTRACTChildren’s play in American hospitals in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries underwent a process of medicalization, gradually transforming from primarily diversionary recreational activities supervised by volunteers to therapeutic programs implemented by professionals. By the 1970s, the child-life profession, rooted in developmental psychology, had emerged as an allied health profession whose purpose was to counteract the dehumanizing influence of modern, technocratic hospitals on child patients. The spread of therapeutic play programs into specialized health care settings and the continued enthusiastic support of the American Academy of Pediatrics demonstrate how thorough the processes of medicalization have been.
Assessing Parent Perceptions of Physical Activity in Families of Toddlers With Neurodevelopmental Disorders: The Parent Perceptions of Physical Activity Scale (PPPAS).

Purpose:The purpose of this study was to examine a new tool (PPPAS: Parent Perceptions of Physical Activity Scale-Preschool) developed to study parental perceptions of physical activity (PA) among parents of toddler and preschool age children.Method:143 children (mean age 31.65 months; 75% male) and their parents were recruited from a neurodevelopmental clinic. Parents completed questionnaires, and both a psychologist and a physician evaluated the children. 83% of the children received a diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder; 20% of the children had a BMI > 85th percentile. Analyses were conducted to evaluate the reliability, concurrent validity, discriminant validity, and predictive validity of PPPAS scores.Results:Results supported a two-factor structure: Perceptions of the Benefits of PA and the Barriers to PA. The internal consistency of scores was good for both PPPAS subscales, derived from the two factors. Parent perceptions of barriers to PA were significantly correlated with delays in overall adap...
Predictors of Emotional Security in Survivors of Interpersonal Violence

As emotional security theory has recently been extended to understand recovery from interpersonal violence, the present study aimed to understand whether and to what extent trauma-specific aspects of the family environment (caregiver responses to disclosure, non-disclosure) and more general aspects of the family environment (interparental conflict, parental invalidation of emotions) explained variance in emotional security in the family in a sample of emerging adults with a history of interpersonal violence (physical or sexual abuse or assault). Results indicated that substantiated aspects of the interparental subsystem (interparental conflict) and parent–child subsystem (parental invalidation of emotions) predicted all three aspects of emotional security (preoccupation, disengagement, and security) in regression models where trauma-specific variables were included. Additionally, non-supportive caregiver response to disclosed trauma also accounted for significant variance in felt security, supporting the idea that problematic caregiver responses to traumatic events can erode emotional security for survivors of interpersonal violence, in addition to broader patterns in the interparental and parent–child subsystems.