cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Causal analysis and ecological fallacy in cross-national epidemiological research.

This paper has two interrelated purposes. First, we examine the usefulness of a statistical technique derived from a causal model, i.e., path analysis, in the analysis of cross-national epidemiological data. With this method, the data analysis can be conducted according to the causal relations among the variables specified by the theory. In this way, the statistical analysis of the data and the testing of causal hypotheses are tied together more closely than when using other statistical techniques. Second, we scrutinize the importance of the analytical unit in the interpretation of the results, by comparing within-area results, based on individuals, with results calculated across the areas, using aggregate data. Because of the “ecological fallacy”, interpretations on individuals cannot usually be made on the basis of area level results. The results are demonstrated by using data from a cross-national study incorporating 48 subpopulations in seven countries.
The C-terminus of p53: the more you learn the less you know.

NMR analyses of variants of the p53 tumor suppressor protein that either contain or lack the C-terminus reveal that the C-terminus neither interacts with other regions of p53 nor has an impact on the conformation of the rest of the molecule. Nevertheless, the C-terminus is likely to be critical for regulation of p53 function.
A custom package autoprober

To enable the characterization of packages for their complete N/spl times/N inductance and capacitance matrices, a custom package autoprober was designed, constructed, and programmed. Several essential features are implemented to enable 24 hour lights-out operation, including automatic calibration, adaptive probing, data checking, and e-mail notification.
I get by with a little help from my friends: Examining the peer context of satisfaction with casual sexual relationships and experiences

We examined the role of peers in understanding satisfaction with casual sexual relationships and experiences (CSREs) in young adulthood. Specifically, we examined how perception of peer CSRE engagement, communication with peers about CSREs and peer approval of CSRE engagement were associated with satisfaction both immediately following CSRE engagement and one month after the CSRE occurred. Participants from non-college and college samples completed an online battery of questionnaires at two time points surrounding a high alcohol-consumption event in the USA: Halloween. Path analysis results indicated that peer approval was positively associated with later satisfaction, but only for those in college. Additionally, intentions to communicate with peers were positively associated with satisfaction a month following CSRE, but only for those who engaged in non-penetrative sex. None of the tested associations was qualified by gender.
Inhibition of cytokine‐induced nitric oxide production by transforming growth factor‐beta 1 in human smooth muscle cells.

1. Experiments were performed to investigate the effects of human recombinant interleukin-1 beta on the production of vasoactive substances by human aortic smooth muscle cells in culture. Smooth muscle cells were cultured either on microcarrier beads for bioassay experiments, or in multiwell plates for the determination of nitrite levels. 2. Cells were grown on microcarrier beads, treated with interleukin-1 beta or vehicle (control) for 24 h, and packed in a column which was perfused with oxygenated Krebs-Ringer solution in the presence of indomethacin. The activity of the perfusates was bioassayed by measuring the changes in tension of a contracted ring of Wistar rat aorta without endothelium, and by evaluating the modulation of thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. 3. Perfusates from interleukin-1 beta treated cells evoked relaxations of the contracted detector tissues, and microcarrier beads covered with treated cells inhibited thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. Superoxide dismutase enhanced these effects whereas Methylene Blue abolished them. Control cells evoke neither relaxation nor inhibition of platelet aggregation. Interleukin-1 beta induced a time- and concentration-dependent production of nitrite. Cycloheximide and nitro-L-arginine inhibited the relaxations and the production of nitrite evoked by interleukin-1 beta-treated cells. L-Arginine but not D-arginine overcame the blockade elicited by nitro-L-arginine. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 reduced the interleukin-1 beta-dependent generation of nitrite by cultured smooth muscle cells and relaxation of contracted bioassay tissues. 4. Interleukin-1 beta, transforming growth factor-beta 1, Methylene Blue and L-arginine-related compounds did not induce significant variations of tension of the detector rings. 5. These data demonstrate that the inflammatory and immunological mediator interleukin-1 can stimulate the production of a nitric oxide-like substance(s) in cultured human smooth muscle cells leading to the activation of soluble guanylate cyclase. Liberation of transforming growth factor-beta by activated platelets may inhibit these reactions.
Failure Characteristics and Ultimate Load-Carrying Capacity of Redundant Composite Steel Girder Bridges: Case Study

AbstractWith the existence of aging highway bridges within the U.S. transportation network, federal and local agencies typically encounter a wide assortment of maintenance issues ranging from cracking, spalls, delaminations, and corrosion to high load hits and fire damage. This paper presents an approach for capturing the full system-based behavior and stages of failure in the composite bridge superstructures as they approach ultimate capacity. This step is instrumental to understanding how redundant bridges behave in the presence of coupled and uncoupled damage and deteriorations. The investigation included a comprehensive nonlinear finite-element analysis of two representative intact composite steel girder bridges that were tested to failure and provided sufficient details for model validation. Results demonstrate the high degree of additional reserve capacity, inherent to redundant superstructures, over the theoretical nominal design capacity. A rational approach was established to describe the actual ...
Simultaneous (combined) catheterization of the left and right heart

Abstract 1. 1. Simultaneous catheterization of the left and right heart was performed thirty-three times in twenty-six individuals; three with normal cardiovascular systems; twelve with mitral stenosis; and eleven with aortic stenosis. 2. 2. Cardiac output and pressure gradients were obtained simultaneously and the orifice size calculated. 3. 3. The constant physiologic abnormality in mitral stenosis was the presence of a ventricular filling pressure gradient. The latter alone did not reflect the degree of mitral obstruction. The gradient was influenced by the rate of blood flow across the mitral valve. The height of the pulmonary artery pressure was not necessarily a measure of the degree of stenosis. When the degree of mitral obstruction and pulmonary vascular resistance were constant, the rate of blood flow varied with the height of the pulmonary artery pressure. When the degree of mitral obstruction and rate of blood flow across the valve were constant, the height of the pulmonary artery pressure reflected the degree of pulmonary vascular resistance. 4. 4. Aortic stenosis was accompanied constantly by a pressure gradient across the aortic valve during ventricular systole. The systemic blood flow was generally reduced and was a function of the pressure gradient and degree of aortic obstruction. The gradient alone was not an accurate measure of the degree of obstruction. In aortic stenosis, the pressure-volume elasticity relationships of the left ventricle are altered as a result of hypertrophy reflecting itself in elevation of the end-diastolic pressure. This did not correlate with clinical left ventricular failure. Total left ventricular work was one and one-half to two times normal. Giant “a” waves were characteristically observed in the left atrial pressure tracings. 5. 5. Estimation of the degree of obstruction at the mitral and aortic valves requires a knowledge of the pressure-flow relationships. 6. 6. The applicability of combined heart catheterization in evaluating patients for cardiac surgery and surgical techniques for correction of stenotic valvular lesions is demonstrated.
Effects of adult age on structural and operational capacities in working memory.

Eight experiments were conducted in which young adults and older adults were asked to report the latest value of 1 of several continuously changing numeric or spatial variables. Accuracy of reporting the current value of the target variable was lower with increases in the number of potentially relevant variables and with increases in the number of required processing operations. Young and older adults exhibited similar effects of the number of potentially relevant variables (hypothesized to be sensitive to the structural capacity of working memory) and of the number of required processing operations (hypothesized to be sensitive to the operational capacity of working memory), but older adults were generally less accurate than young adults. Working memory is generally distinguished from earlier notions of short-term memory by an emphasis on the simultaneous storage and processing of information in working memory, as opposed to a concern primarily with the storage of information in short-term memory (e.g., Baddeley, 1986; Craik & Rabinowitz, 1984; Daneman & Carpenter, 1980). It has recently been suggested (cf. Carpenter & Just, 1989; Salthouse & Mitchell, 1989) that working memory may have at least two distinct capacities, structural and operational, with the former referring to capacity in terms of "the number of distinct informational units that can be remembered at any given time" and the latter to capacity in terms of "the number of processing operations that can be performed while still preserving the products of earlier operations" (Salthouse & Mitchell, 1989, p. 18). Carpenter and Just (1989) and Salthouse (1982) have proposed analogies to clarify the contrast between static or structural, and dynamic or operational, capacities. A hospital was used as the basis of the analogy by Carpenter and Just, with static capacity likened to the number of surgical theaters and dynamic capacity interpreted in terms of the number of surgical operations that can be performed in a given period. Salthouse (1982, p. 180-181) contrasted the structural capacity of a banquet hall, expressed as the maximum number of diners that could be accommodated at a single time, with the operational capacity of a fast-food restaurant, as reflected by the number of meals that could be served in a specified period. With respect to working memory, the key distinction in both analogies is between capacity expressed as the maximum number of items that can be remembered and capacity reflected in terms of the
Modeling the effect of analyte and reference bandwidths on signal and noise magnitudes in spectrophotometric assays.

Abstract In spectrophotometric assays, it has been well established that the recorded absorption, and therefore the experimentally determined extinction coefficient, decreases as a function of detected bandwidth. This manuscript presents an expression for the extinction coefficient as a function of the critical parameter detected bandwidth per transition linewidth. Calculations for both single channel and multichannel photodetection are presented; the derived expressions are shown to be in good agreement with experimental results. It is important to realize that this systematic bias is present in dilute solutions of low absorptivity, and the experimentally recorded extinction coefficient for a molecular standard such as caffeine can vary approximately 4% or more, depending upon choice of research instrumentation. The magnitude of this bias may be sufficient to effect method robustness, cause interlaboratory discrepancies, and fail system suitability requirements for spectrophotometric assays. The signal to noise ratio, for example as analyzed in HPLC/UV–VIS detected chromatograms, is also a function of the detected bandwidths of both the analyte and reference channels. It is shown here that use of a reference can only increase the baseline noise.
Pilot-Scale Fermentation of Aqueous-Ammonia-Soaked Switchgrass

Aqueous-ammonia-steeped switchgrass was subject to simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) in two pilot-scale bioreactors (50- and 350-L working volume). Switchgrass was pretreated by soaking in ammonium hydroxide (30%) with solid to liquid ratio of 5 L ammonium hydroxide per kilogram dry switchgrass for 5 days in 75-L steeping vessels without agitation at ambient temperatures (15 to 33 degrees C). SSF of the pretreated biomass was carried out using Saccharomyces cerevisiae (D(5)A) at approximately 2% glucan and 77 filter paper units per gram cellulose enzyme loading (Spezyme CP). The 50-L fermentation was carried out aseptically, whereas the 350-L fermentation was semiaseptic. The percentage of maximum theoretical ethanol yields achieved was 73% in the 50-L reactor and 52-74% in the 350-L reactor due to the difference in asepsis. The 350-L fermentation was contaminated by acid-producing bacteria (lactic and acetic acid concentrations approaching 10 g/L), and this resulted in lower ethanol production. Despite this problem, the pilot-scale SSF of aqueous-ammonia-pretreated switchgrass has shown promising results similar to laboratory-scale experiments. This work demonstrates challenges in pilot-scale fermentations with material handling, aseptic conditions, and bacterial contamination for cellulosic fermentations to biofuels.
Self-structuring fuzzy-neural backstepping control with a B-spline-based compensator

Abstract To relieve the burdens of network controller design and approximation error bound determination, a self-structuring fuzzy-neural backstepping control system (SSFNBS) with a B-spline-based compensator is proposed. In this paper, a network-identification-based control is represented where the self-structuring fuzzy neural network-based (SSFNN) is used as the observer to approximate the controlled system dynamics. To balance the tradeoff between the structure efficiency and the identification accuracy, a structure learning mechanism of the node-adding process and the node-pruning process is introduced. On the other hand, the B-spline-based compensator is introduced to dispel the effect of approximation error. With the adoption of B-spline functions, the compensation controller can be given in a recurrent way based on the introduction of knot vector and the drawbacks of the conventional compensation controllers can be freed. With the introduction of the B-spline function, the proposed SSFNBS features the following advantages: (1) the capability of network-based controller is improved, (2) the design of the compensation controller can be easily established based on the characteristics of the B-spline function, (3) the stability of closed-loop control system is guaranteed by the means of Lyapunov function with the tuning law of the B-spline-based compensator. To investigate the capabilities of the proposed approach, the SSFNBS is applied to the nonlinear system, chaotic system, and wing rock motion control problems. Through the simulation results the advantages of the proposed SSFNBS can be observed.
Kinetic and fluorescent histochemical analysis of the serotonin compartments in rat pineal gland.

Abstract Kinetic and fluorescent histochemical changes of rat pineal serotonin (5HT) were found after injecting p-chlorophenylalanine methyl ester (PCP), desipramine (DMI), or reserpine, alone or in combination. These changes indicate that the 5HT stores in sympathetic nerves amount to about 26 mμg/pineal which is approximately 30% of the total pineal store. Since this 5HT store almost completely disappears after DMI, a drug which blocks amine transport in neurons, it is concluded that 5HT is synthesized in pinealocytes and is subsequently taken into axons. The turnover rate of 5HT in the pinealocytes was estimated to be about 100 mμg/pineal/hr. The half-life of decline of 5HT stored in axons after PCP treatment is about ten times faster than that of pinealocytes.
An acoustic emission study of plastic deformation in polycrystalline aluminium

Acoustic emission experiments were performed on polycrystalline and single crystal 99.99% aluminum while undergoing tensile deformation. It was found that acoustic emission counts as a function of grain size showed a maximum value at a particular grain size. Furthermore, the slip area associated with this particular grain size corresponded to the threshold level of detectability of single dislocation slip events. The rate of decline in acoustic emission activity as grain size is increased beyond the peak value suggests that grain boundary associated dislocation sources are giving rise to the bulk of the detected acoustic emissions.
Phosphorus Fertilization of Late-Planted Winter Wheat into No-Till Fallow

Winter wheat (L.) is planted in low precipitation areas of north-central Oregon and east-central Washington after 14 mo of tilled fallow. No-till fallow (NTF) is an alternative to the tillage-based method. The disadvantage of NTF is the loss of seed-zone moisture and inability to plant early. Delayed plant growth and reduced grain yield (GY) associated with late planting in NTF may be offset by P fertilization. We conducted a field experiment at three locations for 3 yr to evaluate effects of 0, 5, and 15 kg ha of P fertilizer on plant P concentration (PPC), dry matter accumulation (DMA), P uptake (PU), spikes per unit area (SPU), 1000 kernel weight (KW), kernels per spike (KPS), and GY. Soft white winter wheat was planted into NTF during the third week of October. Phosphorus fertilizer was placed below and beside the seed while planting. Application of 5 and 15 kg ha P increased PPC and/or DMA and enhanced overall PU by 0.6 and 1.7 kg P ha, respectively. Corresponding increases in SPU were equal to 35 and 55 spikes m Phosphorus application had no effect on KW or KPS. The 5 kg ha P treatment increased overall GY by 4.4%. The 15 kg ha P treatment increased overall GY by 7.6%. Significant GY responses to P application, across sites, ranged from 2.2 to 14.5%. Improvement in P nutrition and increases in SPU and GY were observed at sites where initial soil test P (STP) levels were <12 mg kg
Using bundles for Web content delivery

The protocols used by the majority of Web transactions are HTTP/1.0 and HTTP/1.1. HTTP/1.0 is typically used with multiple concurrent connections between client and server during the process of Web page retrieval. This approach is inefficient because of the overhead of setting up and tearing down many TCP connections and because of the load imposed on servers and routers. HTTP/1.1 attempts to solve these problems through the use of persistent connections and pipelined requests, but there is inconsistent support for persistent connections, particularly with pipelining, from Web servers, user agents, and intermediaries. In addition, the use of persistent connections in HTTP/1.1 creates the problem of non-deterministic connection duration. Web browsers continue to open multiple concurrent TCP connections to the same server. This paper examines the idea of packaging the set of objects embedded on a Web page into a single bundle object for retrieval by clients. Based on measurements from popular Web sites and an implementation of the bundle mechanism, we show that if embedded objects on a Web page are delivered to clients as a single bundle, the response time experienced by clients is better than that provided by currently deployed mechanisms. Our results indicate that the use of bundles provides shorter overall download times and reduced average object delays as compared to HTTP/1.0 and HTTP/1.1. This approach also reduces the load on the network and servers, Implementation of the mechanism requires no changes to the HTTP protocol.
Glial fibrillary acidic protein in the retina of the developing albino rat: an immunoperoxidase study of paraffin-embedded tissue.

The unlabeled peroxidase-anti-peroxidase method was used to stain glial fibrillary acidic (GFA) protein in the optic nerve of the developing albino rat. Optic nerves from animals ranging in age from the day of birth to adulthood were embedded in paraffin following fixation with various agents for times ranging from 30 minutes to 48 hours. GFA protein activity was demonstrable at birth in large astrocytic processes following fixation with alcohols or with Perfix for short intervals, but not with 4% or 2% buffered paraformaldehyde solutions. With increasing age, GFA protein could be demonstrated using higher aldehyde concentrations, longer fixation times, and longer paraffin embedding schedules. At all ages GFA protein activity was greater following treatment with nonaldehyde fixatives rather than those containing formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde. At birth the majority of GFA protein-containing processes were confined to planes which were perpendicular to the axons of the optic nerve. With increasing age, tangential and longitudinal processes became more numerous until, in the mature optic nerve, astrocytic processes were best characterized as being multidirectional.
A Method for Measurement of Urinary Deoxyribonuclease Based on the Reaction of Indole with Deoxyribonucleotides.

SummaryA method is described for measuring urinary deoxyribonuclease activity. The method is based on the reaction of indole in presence of HCl with the products of DNA cleavage. The reaction has been found specific for deoxyribonucleotides and occurs to an insignificant extent with deoxyribonucleosides, free purines or pyrimidines, deoxyribose, and a variety of sugar phosphates other than deoxyribose-5-phosphate.The authors wish to thank Mrs. Leon L. (Elizabeth P.) Miller, Miss Gilda Guarasci, Mrs. Elizabeth Arrowsmith for their technical assistance, Dr. Thomas Koszalka for his advice, and Mr. Donald Gordon for providing us with normal serum.
OPTICAL ROTATORY DISPERSION OF SPERM-WHALE MYOGLOBIN AND ITS DERIVATIVES.

Optical rotatory dispersion of solutions of sperm-whale ferrimyoglobin and its four derivatives (ferro-, carbonyl-, oxy- and cyan-myoglobin) was measured at wavelengths between 230 and 600 m μ . All four derivatives showed distinctive Cotton effects in the Soret band similar to those observed for the native protein, but the peaks and troughs of the derivatives were displaced toward the longer wavelengths, and the cross-overs (zero rotations) occurred at wavelengths essentially identical with those at the absorption maxima of the Soret band. The magnitude of the peaks and troughs for the carbonyl-, oxy- and cyan-myoglobin was about twice that of ferri- and ferro-myoglobin. A new Cotton effect corresponding to an absorption band around 345 to 360 m μ was observed for carbonyl-, oxy- and cyan-myoglobin. Below 250 m μ all 5 proteins had the same rotatory properties, indicating the absence of any drastic conformational changes in the protein moiety accompanying the complex formation.
A code generator generator language

Code generation has withstood attempts at automation for some time. This paper describes a non-procedural, problem-oriented language for expressing a code generator. The basis for the language is the description of the target machine as a finite-state automaton. An example code generator for a subset of HAL/S to Intel 8080 machine language is given.
Influence of 13-cis-retinoic acid on mouse skin tumor initiation and promotion.

Abstract Tumor initiation in CD-1 mice by benzo[ a ]pyrene (BaP) or N -methyl- N′ -nitro- N -nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) was unaffected by topical pretreatment with 13- cis -retinoic acid (13- cis -RA). Likewise, anthralin-induced tumor promotion in SENCAR mice was unaffected by pretreatment with 13- cis -RA. These results suggest that the action of retinoids in preventing either tumor initiation or promotion is very carcinogen or cocarcinogen specific.
Construct Validity of Spouses' Relative Influence Measures: An Application of the Direct Product Model

This article investigates the construct validity of three measures of spouses’ relative influence. A joint decision-making exercise was developed and completed by 65 couples in which relative influence was measured by two self-report measures and one outcome measure. The self-report measures were a balanced 5-point “who won” continuum and a 100-point constant sum scale. The outcome measure was derived from part-worth utility weights yielded from dummy-coded ordinary least squares regressions. The direct product model (DPM) was used to analyze the resulting multitrait-multimethod data. The model assumes that correlations among measures are influenced by method effects. Results provide evidence of convergent validity among methods and trait discriminant validity. However, the communality index suggests that the outcome measure captured a different dimension of relative influence than did the self-report measures. Implications of these findings for research in joint decision making are discussed.
Random surfaces and the Liouville theory

We review the physical properties of random surfaces from the view point of the continuum Liouville theory. We shall summarize physical motivations of this subject and the field-theoretic treatment of the random surfaces. In the case of subcritical strings propagating in less than two dimensions, a complete understanding has been obtained recently through matrix models. We discuss the Liouville theory understanding of these results by studying the correlation functions. We also discuss promising avenues of further investigations such as black holes in 2-dimensional gravity and 3- and 4-dimensional string theory which may be relevant to Ising3 and QCD4.
Evidence for dynamically organized modularity in the yeast protein–protein interaction network

In apparently scale-free protein-protein interaction networks, or 'interactome' networks, most proteins interact with few partners, whereas a small but significant proportion of proteins, the 'hubs', interact with many partners. Both biological and non-biological scale-free networks are particularly resistant to random node removal but are extremely sensitive to the targeted removal of hubs. A link between the potential scale-free topology of interactome networks and genetic robustness seems to exist, because knockouts of yeast genes encoding hubs are approximately threefold more likely to confer lethality than those of non-hubs. Here we investigate how hubs might contribute to robustness and other cellular properties for protein-protein interactions dynamically regulated both in time and in space. We uncovered two types of hub: 'party' hubs, which interact with most of their partners simultaneously, and 'date' hubs, which bind their different partners at different times or locations. Both in silico studies of network connectivity and genetic interactions described in vivo support a model of organized modularity in which date hubs organize the proteome, connecting biological processes--or modules--to each other, whereas party hubs function inside modules.
Big Data: New Opportunities for M&A

Big data is one of the hottest areas in information technology (IT). So it's not surprising that big data also affects the world of M&As. The authors look at recent and future possible big data M&A targets, and discuss how to use big data to identify potential M&A targets. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Models for binary and multicomponent solutions a new prospectus

Abstract We have examined in detail the principal series which have been used to represent the thermodynamcs of binary systems and have concluded that in every case the higher members suffer in some important way. The best choice for a third member is based upon a series expansion of the statistical mechanical treatment of Guggenheim. An entirely new form for the fourth term is suggested for accommodating the temperature dependent part of the asymmetry. We have also determined what constitutes proper treatment of the binary terms in representing higher order systems. Not all the previous treatments have been correct in this respect.
Control parameter optimization of a pre-stressed, shallow cylindrical panel

Control parameter optimization of a pre-stressed, shallow cylindrical panel relative to a specified quadratic performance measure is investigated. The excessive transient panel vibrations are suppressed by means of a combination of open-loop and closed-loop controls. Based on the assumption that the closed-loop control law is proportional, the optimal open-loop control is derived in closed form through minimization of the performance measure via a calculus-of-variations approach. Subsequently, the optimal feedback control parameter is obtained numerically. Numerical results and simulation are presented and indicate that a feedback control mechanism may be effectively utilized in the presence of an open-loop control. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Making thinking public: reflection in elementary teacher education

In this phenomenological study I listened to pre‐service teachers' voices and unearthed the discursive practices present in reflective teacher education. The dialectic of the personal and the public are used to present the findings of this study on reflection in elementary teacher education. I begin by describing the essence of reflection as recounted by the participants. Reflection is essentially a personal, private process, but when brought into teacher education, the personal becomes public. The contradictory realities of classroom discussion and reflective written assignments are central to the discussion on making the personal public. The findings indicate that the personal, private process of reflection is made public due to the accountability of teacher education.
The effects of participation in interscholastic sports on Latino students' academic achievement.

AbstractPast studies have established a positive link between participation in school-sponsored extracurricular activities and academic achievement. But few studies have focused on how participation in extracurricular activities might impact Latino students’ academic achievement. As participation in extracurricular activities has increased over time among the Latino student population, it is possible that academic benefits of participation have changed. Using data from the Education Longitudinal Study of 2002, this study examines the link between participating in interscholastic sports and academic outcomes for Latino high school students and whether Latino students participate in interscholastic sports to the same extent as other racial/ethnic groups. Results suggest a positive association between participation in interscholastic sports and mathematics scores for Latino students, and also a larger gain in mathematics scores in comparison to White students. In addition, results indicate that Latino studen...
Allometric scaling of infraorbital surface topography in Homo

Abstract Infraorbital morphology is often included in phylogenetic and functional analyses of Homo. The inclusion of distinct infraorbital configurations, such as the “canine fossa” in Homo sapiens or the “inflated” maxilla in Neandertals, is generally based on either descriptive or qualitative assessments of this morphology, or simple linear chord and subtense measurements. However, the complex curvilinear surface of the infraorbital region has proven difficult to quantify through these traditional methods. In this study, we assess infraorbital shape and its potential allometric scaling in fossil Homo (n = 18) and recent humans (n = 110) with a geometric morphometric method well-suited for quantifying complex surface topographies. Our results indicate that important aspects of infraorbital shape are correlated with overall infraorbital size across Homo. Specifically, individuals with larger infraorbital areas tend to exhibit relatively flatter infraorbital surface topographies, taller and narrower infraorbital areas, sloped inferior orbital rims, anteroinferiorly oriented maxillary body facies, posteroinferiorly oriented maxillary processes of the zygomatic, and non-everted lateral nasal margins. In contrast, individuals with smaller infraorbital regions generally exhibit relatively depressed surface topographies, shorter and wider infraorbital areas, projecting inferior orbital rims, posteroinferiorly oriented maxillary body facies, anteroinferiorly oriented maxillary processes, and everted lateral nasal margins. These contrasts form a continuum and only appear dichotomized at the ends of the infraorbital size spectrum. In light of these results, we question the utility of incorporating traditionally polarized infraorbital morphologies in phylogenetic and functional analyses without due consideration of continuous infraorbital and facial size variation in Homo. We conclude that the essentially flat infraorbital surface topography of Neandertals is not unique and can be explained, in part, as a function of possessing large infraorbital regions, the ancestral condition for Homo. Furthermore, it appears likely that the diminutive infraorbital region of anatomically modern Homo sapiens is a primary derived trait, with related features such as depressed infraorbital surface topography expressed as correlated secondary characters.
When the sky fell in on the dinosaurs

T. rex and the Crater of Doom by Walter Alvarez Princeton University Press: 1997. Pp. 185. $24.95, £18.95
A Compact eFUSE Programmable Array Memory for SOI CMOS

Demonstrating a >10X density increase over traditional VLSI fuse circuits, a compact eFUSE programmable array memory configured as a 4 Kb one-time programmable ROM (OTPROM) is presented using a 6.2 mum2 NiSix silicide electromigration ITIR cell in 65 nm SOI CMOS. A 20 mus programming time at 1.5 V is achieved by asymmetrical scaling of the fuse and a shared differential sensing scheme. Having zero process cost adder, eFUSE is fully compatible with standard VLSI manufacturing.
Nuclear magnetic resonance of molecules oriented by liquid crystals

Abstract The nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of molecules dissolved in nematic liquid crystal solvents display direct dipole-dipole interactions, chemical shift anisotropies, and nuclear electric quadrupole interactions (if the resonant nucleus possesses an electric quadrupole moment), in addition to the spin-spin interactions and average chemical shifts normally observed in isotropic liquids. An analysis of the spectra yields details concerning the interaction of small solute molecules with the large liquid crystal species. An investigation of the interaction of the different fluoromethanes with the liquid crystal p , p ′-di- n -hexyloxyazoxybenzene shows that geometrical factors are more important than electric dipolar interactions in determining the orientation of the fluoromethane molecule in the liquid crystal. Thus, CH 3 F orients with the CF bond direction (the longest geometrical direction) parallel to the long axis of the nematic liquid crystal. On the other hand, CHF 3 orients with the CH bond direction (the shortest geometrical direction) perpendicular to the long axis of the nematic liquid crystal. Such investigations of semioriented molecules may elucidate some of the observations of nuclear magnetic resonance of molecules that have been oriented by being adsorbed on a surface.
Tissue residues from feeding pentachloronitrobenzene to broiler chickens

Abstract Male broiler chicks (Hubbard-Hubbard) were fed graded levels (0, 0.1, 1.0, 5.0, and 20 ppm) of formulated pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) for 8 weeks. Each treatment consisted of 50 randomly selected birds (approximately 25 birds in each of two replicates). No treatment-related changes in body weight or organ weight were observed. Histopathologic examination of brain, liver, testes, pancreas, small intestine, ventriculus, spleen, kidney, lung, and heart failed to reveal lesions in either control or treated groups. Traces of PNCB residue and its major metabolite, pentachloroaniline (PCA), were occasionally found in body organs (>0.01 ppm) but were absent from adipose tissue. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), a trace contaminant of PCNB, accumulated in adipose tissue to a level of 25 to 50 times over the concentration in the feed. After 7 weeks, rations containing PCNB were withdrawn and nonmedicated feed was provided. After 5 weeks of withdrawal, >0.5 ppm of HCB remained in adipose tissue of birds that had been fed 20 ppm of PCNB.
NILSSON MODEL CALCULATIONS OF Mu CAPTURE RATES IN 2s-1d NUCLEI

Theoretical calculations of mu capture rates in $2s\ensuremath{-}1d$ nuclei are compared with experiment in the hope of elucidating the coupling constants of the interaction. Working from Primakoff's closure-approximation expression for the total average capture rate, the nuclear matrix element is treated in the context of the Nilsson unified model. A Hill-Wheeler integration must be performed to avoid extraneous coordinates in the $A$-particle wave function. The one- and two-particle parts of the matrix element are broken up into the various shell contributions, since all of the angular momentum properties reside in the shell wave function for the nucleons outside the ${\mathrm{O}}^{16}$ core. The closed-shell matrix elements are easily treated with standard angular-momentum techniques. The method for reducing the outer-shell matrix elements to a form amenable to evaluation by a computer is given in an appendix. Radial integrals are obtained from the Ford-Wills muon wave functions. The average neutrino momentum $\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ is chosen on the basis of Kaplan's Fermi-gas model for the capture process and the subsequent comparison with neutron evaporation rates. The choice of nuclear parameters for ${\mathrm{F}}^{19}$, ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{20}$, ${\mathrm{Si}}^{28}$, ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{35}$, and ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{37}$ is discussed and numerical results are given. Comparing with experimental rates, one cannot exclude the possibility that the Fermi part of the interaction is absent. If a $V\ensuremath{-}A$ theory is assumed, however, we conclude the induced pseudoscalar coupling is probably present. The induced pseudoscalar with the "wrong" sign, ${g}_{P}=\ensuremath{-}8{g}_{A}$, is definitely excluded, and the "large" pseudoscalar, ${g}_{P}=16{g}_{A}$, seems to fit the data better at $\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}=0.75$.
The Neptune/Triton Explorer mission: A concept feasibility study

Technological advances over the next 10 to 15 years promise to enable a number of smaller, more capable science missions to the outer planets. With the inception of miniaturized spacecraft for a wide range of applications, both in large clusters around Earth, and for deep space missions, NASA is currently in the process of redefining the way science is being gathered. Technologies such as 3-Dimensional Multi-Chip Modules, Micro-machined Electromechanical Devices, Multi Functional Structures, miniaturized transponders, miniaturized propulsion systems, variable emissivity thermal coatings, and artificial intelligence systems are currently in research and development, and are scheduled to fly (or have flown) in a number of missions. This study will leverage on these and other technologies in the design of a lightweight Neptune orbiter unlike any other that has been proposed to date. The Neptune/Triton Explorer (NExTEP) spacecraft uses solar electric earth gravity assist and aero capture maneuvers to achieve its intended target orbit. Either a Taurus or Delta-class launch vehicle may be used to accomplish the mission.
A Hot‐Stage Petrographic Microscope for Glass Research

Construction details of a petrographic microscope modified for high-temperature investigations are described. Operational features and specimen preparation procedures are discussed. The equipment has an optical system that provides a magnification of X70 with means for recording the results photographically. The maximum operating temperature is 2000°F. Typical photomicrographs of crystals developed in soda-lime container glass at elevated temperatures are shown along with a crystal growth rate curve of crystalline phases in this glass.
The polar lipids of Actinomyces Viscosus

Abstract The polar lipids of Actinomyces viscosus were identified as galactosyl diglyceride, phosphatidyl choline, cardiolipin, phosphatidyl glycerol and phosphatidyl inositol dimannosides.
Reasons for Earlier Than Desired Cessation of Breastfeeding

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence and factors associated with not meeting desired breastfeeding duration. METHODS: Data were analyzed from 1177 mothers aged ≥18 years who responded to monthly surveys from pregnancy until their child was 1 year old. When breastfeeding stopped, mothers were asked whether they breastfed as long as they wanted (yes or no) and to rate the importance of 32 reasons for stopping on a 4-point Likert scale. Multiple logistic regressions were used to examine the association between the importance of each reason and the likelihood of mothers not meeting their desired breastfeeding duration. RESULTS: Approximately 60% of mothers who stopped breastfeeding did so earlier than desired. Early termination was positively associated with mothers’ concerns regarding: (1) difficulties with lactation; (2) infant nutrition and weight; (3) illness or need to take medicine; and (4) the effort associated with pumping milk. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that the major reasons why mothers stop breastfeeding before they desire include concerns about maternal or child health (infant nutrition, maternal illness or the need for medicine, and infant illness) and processes associated with breastfeeding (lactation and milk-pumping problems). Continued professional support may be necessary to address these challenges and help mothers meet their desired breastfeeding duration.
Minimum Energy per Bit in Broadcast and Interference Channels With Correlated Information

This paper develops a methodology for finding minimum energy per bit in networks with correlated information, without at need for finding bounds on capacity. This is used to derive the exact minimum energy per bit for some broadcast and interference channels with common and correlated messages, and bounds on the minimum energy per bit for some other channels.
Pan B-cell markers are not redundant in analysis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).

Background The classic immunophenotype for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is CD19+, restricted dim surface expression of kappa or lambda light chain, CD5+, CD23+, dim CD20+, negative FMC7, and negative CD79b. However, the necessity of assaying for all 3 pan B-cell markers (CD20, FMC7, and CD79b) by flow cytometry has not been definitively documented for CLL. Methods Qualitative patterns and semi-quantitative assessment of staining intensity for CD20, FMC7 and CD79b were performed in 70 cases with a current or prior diagnosis of CLL or CLL with increased prolymphocytes leukemia (CLL/PL). The concurrent morphology in 66 of 70 specimens was classified as typical CLL in 53 cases, CLL/PL in 10 cases, and large cell lymphoma in 3 cases. Results Forty percent of the cases varied from the characteristic immunophenotype by having moderate or bright staining of CD20 (36%), FMC7 (7%), and/or CD79b (18%). Discrepant qualitative staining patterns were found between FMC7 and CD20 (21%), CD20 and CD79b (15%), and CD79b and FMC7 (10%). Semiquantitative measurement of staining intensity showed little correlation between CD79b and CD20 or FMC7. Moderate correlation was seen between CD20 and FMC7. No correlation was observed between morphology and intensity of marker expression. Conclusions Variable patterns and intensity of staining were seen for FMC7, CD20, and CD79b in this cohort of CLL samples. Dim or negative staining was most consistently seen for FMC7 (93% of specimens). Although FMC7 staining intensity was moderately correlated with CD20, CD79b intensity was poorly correlated with either CD20 or FMC7, and thus, may provide some independent information. Cytometry Part B (Clin. Cytometry) 56B:30–42, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Broadband large field of view electro-optic modulators using potassium tantalate niobate (KTN) crystals

By taking advantage of the recent advances in high quality sizable KTN crystal growth, a broadband large field of view (FOV) EO modulator is developed and presented in this paper. The experimental and theoretical studies indicate that the built EO modulator not only has a broad bandwidth (~1 GHz) but also has a large FOV (+/- 30 deg) because cubic phase KTN crystals do not introduce any intrinsic birefringence without applying the external electric field.
Incrementally objective implicit integration of hypoelastic–viscoplastic constitutive equations based on the mechanical threshold strength model

The present paper focuses on the development of a fully implicit, incrementally objective integration algorithm for a hypoelastic formulation of $$J_{2}$$ -viscoplasticity, which employs the mechanical threshold strength model to compute the material’s flow stress, taking into account its dependence on strain rate and temperature. Heat generation due to high-rate viscoplastic deformation is accounted for, assuming adiabatic conditions. The implementation of the algorithm is discussed, and its performance is assessed in the contexts of implicit and explicit dynamic finite element analysis, with the aid of example problems involving a wide range of loading rates. Computational results are compared to experimental data, showing very good agreement.
Delayed gastric emptying in gastroesophageal reflux disease: reassessment with new methodologies and clinical correlations

Delayed gastric emptying in gastroesophageal reflux disease: reassessment with new methodologies and clinical correlations
SU-E-J-182: Patient Specific Assessment of External Radiation Exposure to Bystanders Interacting with Patients Following 131I Therapy.

Purpose: Conventional calculation methods of patient release criteria for compliance with NRC regulations are based on the assumption that both patient and bystander are each a single point in space. This study was intended to assess the patient‐specific external radiation exposure to a bystander interacting with the patient following radionuclide therapy with 131I. Methods: 131I‐sodium iodide treatment for hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer and 131I‐tositumomab treatment of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma were considered. 131I distribution provided by the patient SPECTimage was rendered on the SPECT‐fused CTimages. The CTimages were then imported to a Monte Carlo based simulation code, MCNPX 2.7, as a source phantom. For a target phantom, we employed the adult male hybrid phantom developed at the University of Florida and National Cancer Institute. A single orientation ‐ patient and a bystander facing one another at 1.0 m ‐ was considered. S factors (dose per unit cumulative activity (A)) for each organ in a bystander was obtained from the MC calculations and effective dose (EDE) per A was calculated based on tissue‐weighted individual organdoses. The results were compared with the calculations using UF/NCI adult hybrid source/target phantoms and the revised adult ORNL stylized source/target phantoms. Results: EDE per A of the stylized phantom was 1.5% higher than that of the hybrid phantom for uniform source localization in the thyroid. However, EDE per A of the hybrid phantom was 20% less than that of stylized phantoms for a torso source. The difference is attributed to the realistic shape of the frontal body comparing to the simple ellipsoidal trunk of the stylized phantom. Conclusions: Based on the realistic hybrid phantoms and accurate MCradiation transport calculation tools, patient specific dosimetry for a bystander is feasible. S factors will be calculated using the patient CTimage with 131I bio‐distributions and hybrid phantoms.