cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discursive democracy and the challenge of state building in divided societies: reckoning with symbolic capital in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Current approaches to democratic state building place serious conceptual limits on policy options. A democratic future for Bosnia's people will require far more searching engagement with identity formation and its politicization than reform efforts have so far contemplated. Theories of discursive democracy illuminate how this might be possible. We deploy the discursive idea of symbolic capital to show how one might identify the lines along which people in Bosnia could constitute meaningful, internally legitimated political communities – or that would indicate the experiment was not worth attempting. Unless advocates of democratic state building can articulate, rather than assume, a sufficiency of common ground among the populations' multiple, overlapping and conflicting identities, they may have to revert to the default of separate political communities.
Generalized correlation and kernel causality with applications in development economics

New generalized correlation measures of 2012, GMC(Y|X), use Kernel regressions to overcome the linearity of Pearson's correlation coefficients. A new matrix of generalized correlation coefficients ...
The Impact of Teacher Training on Student Achievement Quasi-Experimental Evidence from School Reform Efforts in Chicago

While there is a substantial literature on the relationship between general teacher characteristics and student learning, school districts and states often rely on in-service teacher training as a part of school reform efforts. Recent school reform efforts in Chicago provide an opportunity to examine in-service training using a quasi-experimental research design. In this paper, we use a regression discontinuity strategy to estimate the effect of teacher training on the math and reading performance of elementary students. We find that marginal increases in in-service training have no statistically or academically significant effect on either reading or math achievement, suggesting that modest investments in staff development may not be sufficient to increase the achievement of elementary school children in high-poverty schools.
Maximizing Participation Through Campaign Finance Regulation: A Cap and Trade Mechanism for Political Money

This Article attempts to reroute a burgeoning area of campaign finance scholarship and reform. Though many previous proposals have enshrined liberty or equality as the sole animating value to pursue through doctrinal and political means, few have considered the impact of campaign finance regulation on citizen participation. Those that have proposed participation as a goal often remain tied to unworkable or self-defeating notions of equality. In building an alternative model of maximizing participation, this Article rejects the premise that direct political action such as volunteering embodies a superior form of participation to contributions, but recognizes the externalities that the latter form may produce. It proposes a new mechanism for reform: a cap and trade policy in which citizens can increase their rights to contribute to political candidates or parties based by purchasing permits from other contributors. Derived from proposals to regulate pollution in environmental economics, this mechanism serves as a helpful alternative to ineffective and inefficient contribution limits.
The pivotal roles of product knowledge and corporate social responsibility in event sponsorship effectiveness

Abstract The authors apply consumer theories of cognition to event marketing specifically in relation to corporate sponsorships. Upon conducting field surveys with attendees (n = 1636) at an international sporting event with a multinational sponsor, the authors demonstrate the pivotal roles that 1) attendees' knowledge regarding the sponsor's product, and 2) perception of the sponsor's commitment to corporate social responsibility have on successful event sponsorship. Specifically, structural model results show how attendees' knowledge of the event sponsor's products and perceptions of the sponsor as socially responsible enhance attendees' commitment to the sponsor and intentions to purchase the sponsor's products. These results provide scholars and managers with means of improving event marketing communications.
Fusing Economic and Environmental Policy: The Need for Framework Laws in the United States and Argentina

Resource use and conservation - production and protection - are fused in this constitutional prescription. The Argentine congress is now struggling to define a national strategy for achieving sustainable development. What remains to be done, in Argentina, as in the U.S., is to find the proper balance of authority and responsibility among national, provincial, and local governments, as well as between the private and public sectors, to implement these guarantees. What legislation the Federal Congress in Argentina will pass, and how the relationship between sectors and among these levels of government will evolve, is the drama that is unfolding in this South American country
The Logic of Agglomeration

This review discusses frontier topics in economic geography as they relate to firms and agglomeration economies. We focus on areas where empirical research is scarce but possible. We first outline a conceptual framework for city formation that allows us to contemplate what empiricists might study when using firm-level data to compare the functioning of cities and industries with each other. We then examine a second model of the internal structure of a cluster to examine possibilities with firm-level data for better exposing the internal operations of clusters. An overwhelming theme of our review is the vast scope for enhancements of our picture of agglomeration with the new data that are emerging.
Modeling International Long-Term Interest Rates

This study investigates the relationship among interest rates on the long-term government bonds of five industrialized countries. Both standard and new unit root tests are applied, all of which confirm the presence of exactly one unit root. New cointegration tests are also applied to these data. In contrast to previous research on short-term bonds, stock prices, and exchange rates, these results find little evidence of cointegration among the five long-term interest rate series. Thus, when modeling or forecasting these central government long-term bond yields, one may assume separate sets of fundamentals and difference the data to achieve stationarity. An error correction model may not be appropriate.
THE TRUTHINESS HURTS

This essay applies some of the key insights in Bryan Caplan's The Myth of the Rational Voter. We discuss the relevance of cheap signals in political systems as well as the relevance of ideas in public policy with ‘rationally irrational’ voters. We add a fifth bias, ‘stick-it-to-the-man bias’, to Caplan's proposed anti-market, anti-foreign, make-work and pessimistic biases, and we apply them all to environmental policy.
Bargaining in the Shadow of God's Law: Islamic Mahr Contracts and the Perils of Legal Specialization

For a century, the general law of contracts has lost ground to specialized, transaction-specific bodies of law such as employment or labor law. Contracts scholars have generally lauded this development as an improvement over the formalistic rules of classical contract doctrine. This Essay takes a more ambivalent stance, arguing that legal specialization creates two dangers. First, specialized law necessarily rests on strong assumptions about how particular transactions unfold. The script implicit in the law, however, can encourage judges to misinterpret transactions that differ from that script. Second, when transactions differ from the implied narrative assumed by specialized law, the rules created by that law to deal with particular transactional forms may cease to serve a useful function, creating the danger of random, unjustified, or needlessly complex resolution of disputes. Both problems are on display in the application premarital agreement law to Islamic marriage contracts, which are increasing common in American courts. In this case, the law of premarital agreements is in part responsible for the courts’ consistent mischaracterization of Islamic marriage contracts as antenuptial agreements, which has potentially perverse consequences. Furthermore, because that specialized rules for premarital agreements were created for a different context, they allow parties to Islamic marriage contracts to escape liability where we have no reason to suppose that the contracts are otherwise suspect. Ironically, the much maligned general law of contracts provides better tools for policing abuse in such contracts than does the supposedly more nuanced law of premarital agreements.
What Impacts the Learning in Service Learning? An Examination of Project Structure and Student Characteristics

This paper examines factors that can influence how effective a service-learning project is at achieving learning objectives. It is based on data collected from seven Master’s of Public Administrati...
Copyright As Charity

Copyright and charity law are generally considered distinct and unrelated bodies of law. But they are actually quite similar and complement each other. Both copyright and charity law are intended to increase social welfare by solving market and government failures in public goods caused by free riding. Copyright solves market and government failures in works of authorship by providing an indirect subsidy to marginal authors, and charity law solves market and government failures in charitable goods by providing an indirect subsidy to marginal donors. Copyright and charity law complement each other by solving market and government failures in works of authorship in different ways. Copyright solves market and government failures in works of authorship by reducing ex ante transaction costs, but it increases ex post transaction costs. Charity solves market and government failures in works of authorship by reducing both ex ante and ex post transaction costs. Accordingly, the efficient scope and duration of copyright should reflect ex ante transaction costs, because charity can more efficiently reduce ex post transaction costs.
The Modest Business Judgment Rule

This Article argues that Delaware courts both wrongly formulate the business judgment rule and unsoundly make it the centerpiece of corporate fiduciary analysis. The faulty formulation stems from a 1 984 Delaware Supreme Court decision, Aronson v. Lewis} The flawed unifying of fiduciary review under the business judgment rule rubric first appears in key 1993 and 1995 decisions in the protracted Cede litigation.2 This Article advocates a vitally important, but modest, role for the business judgment rule in judicial assessment of corporate decision making. The business judgment rule, the argument runs, is better understood as a narrow-gauged policy of non-review than as an overarching framework for affirmatively shaping judicial review of fiduciary performance. Delaware's doctrinal misstatement of, and conceptual misuse of, the business judgment rule are both understandable as adaptive responses to the same underlying historic void in Delaware law the late emergence of, and still unformed contours of, the duty of due care. Lacking a judicially articulated duty of care until the 1960s,3 Delaware's law on the business judgment rule developed before that time with no explicit connection to that vital duty. The business judgment rule, therefore, not the
How Does Intentional Earnings Smoothing Vary With Managerial Ability

We investigate if high-ability managers are more likely to intentionally smooth earnings, a form of earnings management, and when they are more likely to do so. Although prior studies provide evide...
Predicting activation energies for vacancy-mediated diffusion in alloys using a transition-state cluster expansion

Kinetic Monte Carlo models parameterized by first principles calculations are widely used to simulate atomic diffusion. However, accurately predicting the activation energies for diffusion in substitutional alloys remains challenging due to the wide variety of local environments that may exist around the diffusing atom. We address this challenge using a cluster expansion model that explicitly includes a sublattice of sites representing transition states and assess its accuracy in comparison with other models, such as the broken bond model and a model related to Marcus theory, by modeling vacancy-mediated diffusion in Pt-Ni nanoparticles. We find that the prediction error of the cluster expansion is similar to that of other models for small training sets, but with larger training sets the cluster expansion has a significantly lower prediction error than the other models with comparable execution speed. Of the simpler models, the model related to Marcus theory yields predictions of nanoparticle evolution that are most similar to those of the cluster expansion, and a weighted average of the two approaches has the lowest prediction error for activation energies across all training set sizes.
Client Choice, Contractual Restraints, and the Market for Legal Services

The freedom of clients to discharge their lawyers at any time, with or without cause, greatly facilitates competition among lawyers. An era of lawyer mobility that has destabilized law firms and rewarded lawyers able to command the loyalty of their clients rests on the simple and largely unquestioned premise that clients should be free to discharge their lawyers, with or without cause and even, under most circumstances, in contravention of contract. This Article explores the norm of client choice and its impact on the market for legal services. It discusses the historical foundations of the norm, the policy reasons for and against the freedom accorded to clients to change their lawyers at any time, and ways in which the exercise of client choice is limited by application of other principles of law and ethics. For a comparative perspective, it also looks to standards of medical ethics to see the relative roles of consumer choice over service providers in the two professions.
CORRECTION FOR RANGE RESTRICTION IN META-ANALYSIS REVISITED: IMPROVEMENTS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR ORGANIZATIONAL RESEARCH

In this study, we present a more accurate method for correcting for range restriction (Case V) that expands upon Bryant and Gokhale's (1972) method. We further present detailed steps to incorporate the Case V method into Schmidt and Hunter's (2015) psychometric meta-analysis methods (both individual correction and artifact distribution approaches). We then evaluate the accuracy of the Case V method vis-a-vis existing methods. Monte-Carlo simulation results indicate that the Case V method provides very accurate estimates for the mean true score correlation and reasonably accurate estimates for the true standard deviation. More important, Case V almost always provides more accurate results than alternative methods (particularly, Case IV). To illustrate how the Case V method works with real data, we conduct a reanalysis of Judge, Heller, and Mount's (2002) meta-analysis examining the relationships between the Big 5 personality traits and job satisfaction. Results indicate that the true score correlations between the Big 5 traits and job satisfaction have been underestimated, whereas their true standard deviations have been overestimated. Implications for range restriction corrections in organizational research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Reform Through Rulemaking

Perhaps the pervasive and longstanding effect of the original Rules resulted from the intellectual capacity and fortitude of the federal rulemakers themselves. Charles Clark, at least, implied that self-confidence was central to the drafting effort he led as Reporter to the committee that produced the original Federal Rules when he urged that “reformers must follow their dream and leave compromises to others.” It is difficult to find similar confidence welling in the hearts of contemporary rulemakers. It is particularly difficult to find any enthusiasm for any undertaking that might be deemed “revolutionary,” or perhaps even aggressive. To the contrary, what one hears about rulemaking is that it is caught in a period of crisis. Reflecting on recent reform efforts, this paper therefore evaluates the prospects for future reform from this quarter. It begins by invoking three perspectives that might inform that inquiry and then elaborates on various themes of crisis that have been heard over the past twenty years. Against that background, it examines some features and episodes of recent rulemaking, partly from the perspective of an insider. Despite the pervasive and valid concerns about a crisis in rulemaking, it concludes that some modest reform is possible, and that rulemaking's inability to deliver revolutionary change may not be a bad thing. Indeed, it may be that the latitude accorded the giants of rulemaking was something of an anomaly in American legal history.
THE DANCE OF THE DYNAMICS: THE INTERPLAY OF TRADE AND GROWTH

We study the interaction between endogenous growth and Ricardian trade working solely through comparative advantage. The model is built on several facts about research and development and trade. Trade and growth affect each other in ways previously unexplored. The model can explain and reconcile in a single framework several phenomena usually analyzed separately. Because of a possible dynamic inefficiency, trade may raise or lower the growth rate of each trading partner. Trade leads to “effective technology transfer,” with the growth rate looking as if a country adopts its partner’s technology even though it does not. Economic growth can endogenously change the trading regime from incomplete to complete specialization (the Ricardian corner and interior, respectively), which can explain why trade helps some countries catch up but leaves others behind. Trade may raise or lower social welfare. The model specifies the conditions under which each possible outcome occurs. We examine a few of the model’s many testable implications and find them in agreement with the data.
The Stock Market Valuation of Research and Development Expenditures

We examine whether stock prices fully value firms’ intangible assets, specifically research and development ~R&D!. Under current U.S. accounting standards, financial statements do not report intangible assets and R&D spending is expensed. Nonetheless, the average historical stock returns of firms doing R&D matches the returns of firms without R&D. However, the market is apparently too pessimistic about beaten-down R&D-intensive technology stocks’ prospects. Companies with high R&D to equity market value ~which tend to have poor past returns! earn large excess returns. A similar relation exists between advertising and stock returns. R&D intensity is positively associated with return volatility.
Technological and organizational designs for realizing economies of substitution

Today's industrial landscape is characterized by rapid change and systemic technologies. Rapid change results in ever shorter product life cycles that demand continual innovation from firms. The systemic nature of technologies makes it difficult, if not impossible, for any one firm to manufacture all components of a technological system. We propose that these challenges be met by designing technological systems that have the potential to yield economies of substitution. Additionally, we propose that these economies be realized by adopting the network mode of governance. We examine the network mode at three levels ― intrafirm, interfirm, and institutional ― to illuminate the inherent tension between cooperation and competition at each level, and to explore the implications of this tension for industrial dynamics.
Can Marriage Reduce Risky Behavior for African-Americans

This paper estimates whether marriage can improve health outcomes for AfricanAmericans through changes in health risky behaviors. A large part of chronic health conditions are the result of engaging in risky behaviors like smoking, drinking, and drug use. The literature has shown that marriage has positive effects on health outcomes. However, what is missing in the literature is whether this hold true for AfricanAmericans. Our study builds upon the burgeoning literature estimating the impact of marriage on risky behavior. Using propensity score matching to account for the potential selection bias with a sample created from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, the results show that marriage does lead to lower risky behavior, specifically drinking and drug use. We also estimate the impact of cohabitation on risky behavior and find that cohabitation is not associated with a reduction in risky behavior. This question has important policy implications because if marriage has the same benefits for AfricanAmericans as it does for the general population, social welfare programs can be reevaluated to incorporate marriage promotion and further support can be given to programs that decrease adverse health behaviors. PRELIMINARY. PLEASE DO NOT CITE WITHOUT THE AUTHORS PERMISSION. 1 Department of Economics, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606-3390, USA, phone: (419) 530-2113, fax: (419) 530-7844, e-mail: gbenga.ajilore@utoledo.edu. 2 Department of Economics, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606-3390, USA, phone: (419) 530-5148, fax: (419) 530-7844, e-mail: mir.ali3@utoledo.edu
Penalty Clauses and the CISG

Commercial agreements often provide for “fixed sums” payable upon a specified breach. Such agreements are generally enforced in civil law jurisdictions. In contrast, the common law distinguishes between “liquidated damages” and “penalty” clauses, enforcing the former, while invalidating the latter as a penalty. The UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) does not directly address the payment of “fixed sums” as damages, and the validity of “penalty” clauses has, traditionally, been relegated to otherwise applicable domestic national law under CISG Article 4. This traditional orthodoxy has recently been challenged—suggesting that the fate of a penalty clause should be determined by reference to the general principles of the CISG and that such a clause should generally be enforced. The validity of fixed sums, as penalties, is currently under consideration by the CISG Advisory Council, so further exploration of the issue would seem particularly timely. This article examines the basis for the traditional view, along with two distinct challenges to that view—ultimately concluding that these challenges fail to support their respective solutions to the issue and suggesting the continuing vitality of the traditional view.
Learning with many experts: Model selection and sparsity

Experts classifying data are often imprecise. Recently, several models have been proposed to train classifiers using the noisy labels generated by these experts. How to choose between these models? In such situations, the true labels are unavailable. Thus, one cannot perform model selection using the standard versions of methods such as empirical risk minimization and cross validation. In order to allow model selection, we present a surrogate loss and provide theoretical guarantees that assure its consistency. Next, we discuss how this loss can be used to tune a penalization which introduces sparsity in the parameters of a traditional class of models. Sparsity provides more parsimonious models and can avoid overfitting. Nevertheless, it has seldom been discussed in the context of noisy labels owing to the difficulty in model selection and, therefore, in choosing tuning parameters. We apply these techniques to several sets of simulated and real data. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining, 2013
Finance and Politics: A Review Essay Based on Kenneth Dam's Analysis of Legal Traditions in The Law-Growth Nexus

Strong financial markets are widely thought to propel economic development, with many in finance seeing legal tradition as fundamental to protecting investors suffi ciently for finance to flourish. Kenneth Dam finds that the legal tradition view inac curately portrays how legal systems work, how laws developed historically, and how government power is allocated in the various legal traditions. Yet, after probing the legal origins' literature for inaccuracies, Dam does not deeply develop an alternative hypothesis to explain the world's differences in financial development. Nor does he challenge the origins core data, which could be origins' trump card. Hence, his analy sis will not convince many economists, despite that his legal learning suggests con ceptual and factual difficulties for the legal origins explanations. Yet, a dense political economy explanation is already out there and the origins-based data has unexplored weaknesses consistent with Dams contentions. Knowing if the origins view is truly fundamental, flawed, or secondary is vital for financial development policy making because policymakers who believe it will pick policies that imitate what they think to be the core institutions of the preferred legal tradition. But if they have mistaken views, as Dam indicates they might, as to what the legal traditions' institutions really are and which types of laws are effective, or what is really most important to financial development, they will make policy mistakes?potentially serious ones.
Scoundrels or Stars? Theory and Evidence on the Quality of Workers in Online Labor Markets

ABSTRACT: Online labor markets allow rapid recruitment of large numbers of workers for very low pay. Although online workers are often used as research participants, there is little evidence that they are motivated to make costly choices to forgo wealth or leisure that are often central to addressing accounting research questions. Thus, we investigate the validity of using online workers as a proxy for non-experts when accounting research designs use more demanding tasks than these workers typically complete. Three experiments examine the costly choices of online workers relative to student research participants. We find that online workers are at least as willing as students to make costly choices, even at significantly lower wages. We also find that online workers are sensitive to performance-based wages, which are just as effective in inducing high effort as high fixed wages. We discuss implications of our results for conducting accounting research with online workers. Data Availability: Contact the au...
How firms navigate cooperation and competition in nascent ecosystems

Research Summary Despite a wealth of research on competitive and cooperative strategy, gaps remain with respect to how firms successfully navigate cooperation and competition over time. This is especially true in ecosystems, in which firms depend on one another to collectively provide components and create value for consumers. Through an in‐depth multiple case study of five firms in the U.S. residential solar industry from 2007 to 2014, we induct a theoretical framework that explains how firms navigate nascent ecosystems over time. We identify three strategies, each with a distinct balance of cooperation and competition, as well as unique advantages, disadvantages, and required capabilities. Overall, we contribute to research on ecosystem strategy, crystallize the pivotal role of bottlenecks, and shed light on the dynamic interplay of cooperation and competition. Managerial Summary Competition and cooperation are fundamental to strategy, and often closely intertwined. But how firms navigate and balance cooperation and competition over time, especially in ecosystems where firms depend on one another to deliver value to consumers, is unclear. In this article, we conduct an in‐depth multiple‐case study of five firms in the U.S. residential solar industry to examine how firms can successfully navigate nascent ecosystems over time. We identify three distinct strategies, each with a distinct balance of cooperation and competition, and examine the unique advantages, disadvantages, and required capabilities of each. In doing so, we also contribute novel insights into the evolution of ecosystems and bottlenecks.
Rethinking Rational Discrimination against Ex-Offenders

This article critically examines the concept of "rational discrimination" as applied to the employment of individuals with criminal records in the United States. The article begins with an inspection of the reigning jurisprudence of rationality in federal employment discrimination law. The article then presents a case study of New York's Article 23A, which the state legislature passed in 1976 to protect individuals with criminal records from employment discrimination. In the thirty years since the law's passage, New York state courts have interpreted the law extremely narrowly, conforming to their own limited conceptions of "rationality." Drawing on the work of Sam Bagenstos and Linda Kreiger in the context of the Americans with Disabilities Act, this article ultimately argues that in order to promote the hiring of ex-offenders through anti-discrimination legislation, it is necessary both to rethink the concept of "rationality" as it relates to the employment of ex-offenders and to extend reforms so as to address the normative perceptions of the role of individuals with criminal records in mainstream society.
Asset location in tax-deferred and conventional savings accounts

Abstract This paper derives optimal asset allocations (which assets to hold) and asset locations (in which accounts to hold them) for a risk-averse investor saving for retirement. The investor can hold taxable corporate bonds, tax-exempt municipal bonds, and stocks either in a tax-deferred or a conventional taxable savings account. Taxable bonds have a preferred location in the tax-deferred account and tax-exempt bonds have a preferred location in the taxable account for investors in sufficiently high tax brackets. Tax-efficient stock portfolios (e.g. passively-managed mutual funds) should be held in the taxable account and tax-inefficient stock portfolios (e.g. actively-managed mutual funds) should be held in the tax-deferred account. We show that locating assets optimally can significantly improve the risk-adjusted performance of retirement saving.
An optimal tax system

A notable feature and principal virtue of Tax by Design is its system-wide perspective on different elements of the tax system. This review essay builds on this trait and offers a more explicit foundation for the report's general approach, drawing on a distribution-neutral methodology that is developed in other work. This technique is then employed to illuminate and extend Tax by Design's analysis regarding the VAT, environmental taxation, wealth transfer taxation and income transfers.
Expectations of government’s response to disaster

Citizens’ expectations about what government is capable of doing and what policies government officials intend to pursue can influence their decisions. After a disaster, for instance, expectations of government’s intent and capacity to assist in the rebuilding process will influence the rebuilding strategies that affected citizens adopt. This article develops a typology that categorizes citizens’ expectations of government response to disaster. We then deploy this typology to identify expectation patterns among residents and other private actors in New Orleans’ Ninth Ward communities who have returned following Katrina and explain how these expectations shape their preferred rebuilding strategy.
The Bush Foreign Policy 2001-2003: Unilateralist Theory in a Multilateral World, and the Opportunity for Change Offered by Iraq

The foreign policy of president George W. Bush's first term has been characterized by his black/white unilaterilist view of the world. This has damaged America's image abroad immensely and hobbled the ability of the U.S. to achieve key foreign policy goals. This paper examines that unfortunate phenomenon and considers the multilaterist approach advocated by Secretary of State Powell in dealing with Iraq to be a possible turning point for American foreign policy that would be missed if the U.S. unilaterally invades the country without U.N. or allied backing.
Politics and Efficiency of Separating Capital and Ordinary Government Budgets

We analyze a "golden rule" that separates capital and ordinary account budgets and allows a government to finance only capital items with debt. Many national governments followed this rule in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and most U. S. states do today. We study an overlapping-generations economy where majorities choose durable and nondurable public goods in each period. When demographics imply even moderate departures from Ricardian equivalence, the golden rule substantially improves efficiency. Examples calibrated to U. S. demographics show greater improvements at the state level or with nineteenth century demographics than under current national demographics.
Effect of Task Length on Remembered and Predicted Duration

Vierordt’s (1868) law states that when estimating the duration of a previous task, people overestimate short durations and underestimate long ones. We examine whether this same pattern holds for remembered and predicted duration for tasks lasting between 1 and 15 min. In support of Vierordt’s law and its extension to future duration estimates, task duration tended to be overestimated for short tasks (less than 2 min) and underestimated for long tasks for both remembered and predicted duration.
A Moral Standard for the Prosecutor's Exercise of the Charging Discretion

This Essay does not attempt to retrace the subject of prosecutorial discretion from the standpoint of the controlling factors, doctrinal limitations, or norms of conduct applicable to prosecutors generally. Rather, it addresses the charging process in a narrower compass. It poses three hypothetical cases that present both realistic and recurrent challenges to the prosecutor's charging power. The first case depends on a factual determination of a witness's reliability; the second case depends on a factual determination of a witness's truthfulness; the third case revolves around not a factual determination but, rather, a legal determination regarding the applicability of a defense. Through these cases we can examine the circumstances that might lead an ethical prosecutor to institute or decline to institute criminal charges when she believes that the defendant is probably guilty, that prosecution of this particular crime would be consistent with the public interest, and that legally sufficient and admissible proof exists to convince a jury beyond a reasonable doubt of the defendant's guilt. They provide the setting in which a moral standard is proposed to guide the prosecutor's discretion.
Job Satisfaction, Effort, and Performance: A Reasoned Action Perspective

In this article the author takes issue with the recurrent reliance on job satisfaction to explain jobrelated effort and performance. The disappointing findings in this tradition are explained by lack of compatibility between job satisfaction–-a very broad attitude–-and the more specific effort and performance criteria. Moreover, attempts to apply the expectancy-value model of attitude to explore the determinants of effort and performance suffer from reliance on unrepresentative sets of beliefs about the likely consequences of these behaviors. The theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1991, 2012), with its emphasis on the proximal antecedents of job effort and performance, is offered as an alternative. According to the theory, intentions to exert effort and to attain a certain performance level are determined by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceptions of control in relation to these behaviors; and these variables, in turn, are a function of readily accessible beliefs about the likely outcomes of effort and performance, about the normative expectations of important others, and about factors that facilitate or hinder effective performance.
PhotoATRP-Induced Self-Assembly (PhotoATR-PISA) Enables Simplified Synthesis of Responsive Polymer Nanoparticles in One-Pot

Photo-controlled atom transfer radical polymerization (PhotoATRP) was implemented, for the first time, to accomplish polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) mediated by UV light (λ = 365 nm) us...
Shifting Signals to Help Health: Using Identity Signaling to Reduce Risky Health Behaviors

This research examines how identity-based interventions can improve consumer health. Results of laboratory and field experiments reveal that associating risky health behaviors with a social identity people do not want to signal can contaminate the behaviors and lead consumers to make healthier choices. College freshman reported consuming less alcohol (experiment 2), and restaurant patrons selected less fattening food (experiment 3), when drinking alcohol and eating junk food were presented as markers of avoidance groups. These findings demonstrate that identity-based interventions can shift the identities associated with real-world behaviors, thereby improving the health of populations.
Classics and Moderns: Sraffa's Legacy in Economics

The year 1998 marked the centenary of Piero Sraffa's birth. This paper reflects upon a recently published collection of essays on Piero Sraffa's scientific legacy. The paper focuses on the constructive dimensions of Sraffa's work.
Vietnam-era military service and DI participation

Abstract Using an instrumental-variable strategy based on randomly assigned draft-lottery numbers, we find Vietnam-era veterans were 3 percentage points more likely than non-veterans to have received Social Security Disability Insurance (DI) benefits by 2011, but no more likely to have applied.
Buck v. Bell: A Constitutional Tragedy from a Lost World

Some constitutional tragedies are well known: Plessy v. Ferguson and Korematsu v. United States are taught to every first-year law student. Buck v. Bell is not. Decided in 1927 by the Taft Court, the case is known for its shocking remedy -- sterilization -- and Justice Holmes's dramatic rhetoric: "Three generations of imbeciles are enough." A mere five paragraphs long, Buck v. Bell could represent the highest ratio of injustice per word ever signed on to by eight Supreme Court Justices, progressive and conservative alike.Buck v. Bell is not a tragedy as some others might define tragedy: it is not a well-known opinion, nor did it yield wide popular criticism; it sits as a quiet evil, a tragedy of indifference to the Constitution and its most basic principles. To include Buck as a tragic opinion is to recognize what Hannah Arendt once dubbed the "banality of evil." Even if grounded in eugenic assumptions widely held at the time, Buck v. Bell was an utterly lawless decision. Holmes treated Carrie Buck's constitutional claims with contempt. The opinion cites no constitutional text or principle emanating from the text. The only "law" in the opinion must be unearthed from a lost constitutional history embedded in a factual exegesis full of disdain for the Constitution and humanity itself. Few human tragedies can be greater "than the denial of an opportunity to strive or even to hope, by a limit imposed from without, but falsely identified as lying within." A lawless legitimation of such a principle -- one of natural aristocracy -- flies in the face of the very constitutional principles on which our nation was founded.
Accountability and the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection

Some industry and political actors oppose the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) on the grounds that its institutional design ensures its lack of accountability. Specifically, opponents point to the CFPB’s regulatory and financial independence and to the fact that a single director heads the Bureau rather than a bipartisan panel of commissioners. But to focus on the Bureau’s financial independence and single director misses the distinctive political deal struck when Congress created the CFPB. The CFPB has been uniquely and intentionally structured to insulate it not only from interest group influence and executive interference, but also from congressional control, while at the same time requiring the Bureau to share its regulatory space with numerous political actors. The Bureau’s independence is greatest when it issues regulations, but it is much less independent (and so more accountable) when viewed as an enforcement agent. While the CFPB holds nearly exclusive enforcement authority over large financial institutions, its ability to examine even these “large banks” is shared with prudential regulators; moreover, the CFPB must rely on the relevant prudential regulator to enforce consumer financial protection regulation as against banks and other financial institutions with assets of $10 billion or less and on the FTC as a contiguous regulator of “covered persons” that are not banks. Given that regulation is only as effective as regulators are willing to enforce the law in the books, this shared enforcement jurisdiction holds the key to the CFPB’s accountability to political and industry forces. Because the Bureau shares enforcement jurisdiction with the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, the National Credit Union Administration, and other bank regulators, as a practical matter it will also have to take prudential regulators’ concerns into account when promulgating regulations. Although only the Financial Stability Council can veto a regulation promulgated by the Bureau, CFPB regulations might well be undermined by other regulators’ inaction as enforcement agents. Prudential regulators cannot alone veto regulation issued by the CFPB, but they can comment in the public record, lobby for the Council to set the rules aside, and try to thwart enforcement efforts. Moreover, although the CFPB is financially independent and headed by a single director, Congress can exert influence on the Bureau through its influence on other administrative agencies as well as its power to reverse CFPB regulations legislatively and modify or repeal the legislation that created the Bureau. The CFPB’s design, while unusual, it is not anti-democratic. Like Ulysses tied to the mast, the institutional design of the Bureau works like a pre-commitment device and permits the Bureau to rise above the client politics that normally surround financial regulation and protect the diffuse interests of consumers, even after concerns about the subprime mortgage crisis abate.
Migration of small bodies and dust to the terrestrial planets

We integrated the orbital evolution of 30,000 Jupiter-family comets, 1300 resonant asteroids, and 7000 asteroidal, trans-Neptunian, and cometary dust particles. For initial orbital elements of bodies close to those of Comets 2P, 10P, 44P, and 113P, a few objects got Earth-crossing orbits with semi-major axes $a AU and moved in such orbits for more than 1 Myr (up to tens or even hundreds of Myrs). Three objects (from 2P and 10P runs) even got inner-Earth orbits (with aphelion distance $Q AU) and Aten orbits for Myrs. Our results show that the trans-Neptunian belt can provide a significant portion of near-Earth objects, or the number of trans-Neptunian objects migrating inside the solar system can be smaller than it was earlier considered, or most of 1-km former trans-Neptunian objects that had got near-Earth object orbits for millions of years disintegrated into mini-comets and dust during a smaller part of their dynamical lifetimes. The probability of a collision of an asteroidal or cometary particle during its lifetime with the Earth was maximum at diameter $d\sim 100\,\mu$ m. At $d m such probability for trans-Neptunian particles was less than that for asteroidal particles by less than an order of magnitude, so the fraction of trans-Neptunian particles with such diameter near Earth can be considerable. To search for other articles by the author(s) go to: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html
Foreign exchange market volatility in EU accession countries in the run-up to Euro adoption: weathering uncharted waters

Abstract The paper analyzes foreign exchange market volatility in four Central European EU accession countries in 2001–2003. By using a Markov regime-switching model, it identifies two regimes representing high- and low-volatility periods. The estimation results show not only that volatilities are different between the two regimes, but also that some of the cross-correlations differ. Notably, cross-correlations increase substantially for two pairs of currencies (the Hungarian forint–Polish zloty and the Czech koruna–Slovak koruna) in the high-volatility period. The paper concludes by discussing the policy implications of these findings.
Pricing of the time-change risks

Abstract We develop an equilibrium endowment economy with Epstein–Zin recursive utility and a Levy time-change subordinator, which represents a clock that connects business and calendar time. Our setup provides a tractable equilibrium framework for pricing non-Gaussian jump-like risks induced by the time-change, with closed-form solutions for asset prices. Persistence of the time-change shocks leads to predictability of consumption and dividends and time-variation in asset prices and risk premia in calendar time. In numerical calibrations, we show that the risk compensation for Levy risks accounts for about one-third of the overall equity premium.
Determinants of the Timing of Interim and Majority of Audit Work

This study investigates the effect of the risk of material misstatement at the financial statement level on audit program planning. Using an inventory-production cycle case study, we engaged forty-eight auditors to assess the risk of material misstatement at the financial statement level. The auditors incorporated their assessments in planning the total number of audit hours and the timing of performance of interim tests and the majority of audit work. To further investigate the sources of variation, we classified auditors by their level of audit experience and tolerance-for-ambiguity, and analyzed the effects of these variables on the audit program planning. The results indicate that the risk of material misstatement is statistically significant in explaining changes in the total number of audit hours and the timing of the majority of audit work. Moreover, experience and tolerance-for-ambiguity were significant in explaining changes in the timing of interim tests and majority of work. Interaction between experience and tolerance-for-ambiguity was also significant in explaining the variation in the total number of hours planned for the overall audit work. This result indicated that inexperienced auditors with a low tolerance-for-ambiguity planned more audit procedures than the more experienced auditors with a high tolerance-for-ambiguity. Implications for audit practice and research are discussed.