cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ammonia flux, physiological parameters, and Symbiodinium diversity in the anemonefish symbiosis on Red Sea coral reefs

Despite the ecological importance of anemonefish symbioses, little is known about how nutritional contributions from anemonefish interact with sea anemone physiology and Symbiodinium (endosymbiotic dinoflagellate) genetic identity under field conditions. On Red Sea coral reefs, we measured variation in ammonia concentrations near anemones, excretion rates of anemonefish, physiological parameters of anemones and Symbiodinium, and genetic identity of Symbiodinium within anemones. Ammonia concentrations among anemone tentacles were up to 49% above background levels, and anemonefish excreted ammonia significantly more rapidly after diurnal feeding than they did after nocturnal rest, similar to their excretion patterns under laboratory conditions. Levels of 4 physiological parameters (anemone protein content, and Symbiodinium abundance, chlorophyll a concentration, and division rate) were similar to those known for laboratory-cultured anemones, and in the field did not depend on the number of anemonefish per anemone or depth below sea surface. Symbiodinium abundance varied significantly with irradiance in the shaded reef microhabitats occupied by anemones. Most anemones at all depths harbored a novel Symbiodinium 18S rDNA variant within internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS2) type C1, while the rest hosted known ITS2 type C1. Association with Symbiodinium Clade C is consistent with the symbiotic pattern of these anemones on other Indo-Pacific reefs, but the C1 variant of Symbiodinium identified here has not been described previously. We conclude that in the field, anemonefish excrete ammonia at rapid rates that correlate with elevated concentrations among host anemone tentacles. Limited natural variation in anemonefish abundance may contribute to consistently high levels of physiological parameters in both anemones and Symbiodinium, in contrast to laboratory manipulations where removal of fish causes anemones to shrink and Symbiodinium to become less abundant.
Healthcare reform : the role of coordinated critical care

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and editorialize the evolving role of the discipline of critical care as a healthcare delivery system in the process of healthcare reform. DATA SOURCES: The sources included material from the Federal Office of Management and Budget, Health Care Financing Review, President Bush's Office, Association of American Medical Colleges, and publications of the Society of Critical Care Medicine. STUDY SELECTION: Data were selected that the author felt was relevant to the healthcare reform process and its implications for the discipline of critical care. DATA EXTRACTION: The data were extracted by the author to illustrate the forces behind healthcare reform, the implications for the practice of critical care, and role of critical care as a coordinated (managed) care system in the process of healthcare reform. DATA SYNTHESIS: Healthcare reform has been initiated because of a number of considerations that arise in evaluating the current healthcare delivery system: access, financing, cost, dissatisfactions with the mechanisms of delivery, and political issues. The reform process will occur with or without the involvement of critical care practitioners. Reforms may greatly alter the delivery of critical care services, education, training, and research in critical care. Critical care has evolved into a healthcare delivery system that provides services to patients who need and request them and provides these services in a coordinated (managed) care model. CONCLUSIONS: Critical care practitioners must become involved in the healthcare reform process, and critical care services that are effective must be preserved, as must the education, training, and research programs. Critical care as a healthcare delivery system utilizing a coordinated (managed) care model has the potential to provide services to all patients who need them and to deliver them in a manner that is cost effective and recognized as providing added value.
On the Dynamics of the Regulation of Pollution: Incentive Compatible Regulation of a Persistent Pollutant☆☆☆

Abstract Consider the optimal regulation of a persistent pollutant. Because the pollutant is persistent, the levels of pollution in neighboring periods are causally related, and it is necessary to determine an optimaltrajectoryof emissions. The optimal level of emissions in any period depends on the costs to reduce emissions, but these costs are generally private information to the polluting firms. A regulatory agency may solicit firms' cost functions, but if the firms know how the agency will use the information they provide, they may have an incentive to lie. Hence the agency's problem is to design a regulatory scheme that elicits truthful responses from firms and achieves the optimal trajectory of emissions. This paper describes such a scheme, the extension to a dynamic setting of a scheme found by Evan Kwerel. The purpose of this paper is to describe this “dynamic Kwerel scheme,” derive its properties, and describe the associated trajectory of emissions.
Allocating total wealth: a goal programming approach

Abstract Prior linear goal programming (LGP) models have demonstrated that multiple goals (e.g. liquidity, return on investment, etc.) can be considered in addition to the goal of maximizing wealth. Unfortunately, these prior studies have not considered a real-world investor's total wealth including nonmarketable assets. In this paper an LGP model is developed for allocating an investor's total wealth. Demonstration of the informational efficiency of the modeling approach in portfolio analysis is also presented.
Transition of PH Patients from Sildenafil to Tadalafil: Feasibility and Practical Considerations

Background Sildenafil was the only phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor available for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) until the approval and availability of once-daily tadalafil. Since no direct comparative study is likely to be performed between these agents, we sought to evaluate the feasibility of transitioning stable PAH patients from sildenafil to tadalafil.
A case study on the relation between electroencephalographic and electrocorticographic event-related potentials

This study presents a preliminary analysis of the relationship between electroencephalographic (EEG) and electrocorticographic (ECoG) event-related potentials (ERPs) recorded from from a single patient using a brain-computer interface (BCI) speller. The patient had medically intractable epilepsy and underwent temporary placement of an intracranial ECoG grid electrode array to localize seizure foci. The patient performed one experimental session using the BCI spelling paradigm controlled by scalp-recorded EEG prior to the ECoG grid implantation, and one identical session controlled by ECoG after the grid implantation. The patient was able to achieve near perfect spelling accuracy using EEG and ECoG. An offline analysis of the average ERPs was performed to assess how accurately the average EEG ERPs could be predicted from the ECoG data. The preliminary results indicate that EEG ERPs can be accurately estimated from proximal asynchronous ECoG data using simple linear spatial models.
Decreasing mortality of bile leaks after elective hepatic surgery.

Abstract Background Bile leak is a serious complication following major hepatic surgery. It is associated with significant mortality rates if reoperative management is attempted. We evaluated our experience with aggressive, nonoperative management of postoperative biliary complications. Methods All medical records of patients undergoing major liver resection, cryosurgery or radiofrequency ablation from September l996 through March 1999 were reviewed. Results Seventy-four patients were identified, and 9 (12%) developed bile leaks. Biliary leaks were investigated with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and treated with endoscopic stenting when possible. The bile leak was found to originate from the resected duct stump or ablated surface of the liver in all cases. Patients were treated with ERCP stent placement (5), computed tomography-guided percutaneous drainage (3), and hepaticojejunostomy “chimney” (1). Six of 9 patients had resolution of their bile leak with the mean time of removal of the drain of 4.7 months. There was only 1 death, and that patient died nearly 3 months after surgery from complications not directly related to the bile leak. Conclusions Bile leak after liver resection can be managed nonoperatively in most cases with a combination of percutaneous drain placement and biliary stenting. Most bile leaks will close with time, although a drain may be required for many months.
Linguistic Profiling: A Continuing Tradition of Discrimination in the Home Insurance Industry?

“Linguistic profiling,” the identification of a person’s race from the sound of their voice and the utilization of that information to discriminate on the basis of race, has been documented in the ...
Post-Detection in the Navy Space Surveillance System

The Naval Space Surveillance System is a multistatic cw radar system using the principle of the radio interferometer. Satellites are located in space by measuring the direction cosines of the reflected radio energy and triangulating from two or more receiving sites. Since the direction cosines are determined by electronically measuring the electrical phase difference between pairs of antennas, it is important to maintain phase coherency between all phase carrying channels as well as minimizing all differential phase shifts throughout the post-detection circuits. Characteristics of post-detection filters and phase measuring circuits are discussed in the light of the undesirable incidental phase changes in the system and those caused by phase-rate (the latter being a function of the satellite's relative speed with respect to the surveillance fence). Sensitivity and system error is examined as the phase signals are traced through wide and narrow band post-detection filters. Some work on the affect of "phase jump" on the system is also considered as simple circuits are stimulated by a sudden change in phase.
The catalog: a flexible data structure for magnetic tape

The files of data used in linguistic research differ from those found in other research applications in at least three important ways: (1) they are larger, (2) they have more structure, and (3) they have more different kinds of information. These are, of course, all simplifications but not gross ones. It is true that the files that must be maintained by a large insurance company or by the patent office are so large as to pose very special problems, but the uses to which the files are to be put are fairly well understood and their format and organization is not usually subject to drastic and unexpected change. It is also true that the data from a bubble chamber is interesting only if collected in vast quantities, but this is not the only respect in which a bubble chamber is a special kind of tool. A typical linguistic job will bring together a number of files, each very large by the standards of everyday computing: a body of text, a dictionary and a grammar for example. The grammar, if it is anything but a very simple one, will contain a large number of elementary items of information of different kinds, each related to others in a number of different ways. This is what it means to say that the file has a lot of structure. The dictionary may also contain grammatical codes which may consist of characters from one of the languages represented in the dictionary or may be something altogether different. If the dictionary contains alternatives to which probabilities are assigned, then these will presumably be in the form of floating-point numbers. This is what it is like for a file to contain different kinds of information.
Ecosystem management decision support for federal forests in the United States: a review.

Abstract Ecosystem management has been adopted as the philosophical paradigm guiding management on many federal forests in the United States. The strategic goal of ecosystem management is to find a sensible middle ground between ensuring long-term protection of the environment while allowing an increasing population to use its natural resources for maintaining and improving human life. Ecosystem management has all the characteristics of `wicked' problems that are tricky, complex, and thorny. Ambiguities, conflicts, internal inconsistencies, unknown but large costs, lack of organized approaches, institutional shock and confusion, lack of scientific understanding of management consequences, and turbulent, rapidly changing power centers all contribute to the wickedness of the ecosystem management paradigm. Given that ecosystem management, like human survival and welfare, is a wicked problem, how can we proceed to tame it? Managers need to use the same tools that people have always used for handling such problems – knowledge, organization, judicious simplification, and inspired leadership. The generic theory of decision support system development and application is well developed. Numerous specific ecosystem management decision support systems (EM-DSS) have been developed and are evolving in their capabilities. There is no doubt that given a set of ecosystem management processes to support and adequate time and resources, effective EM-DSS can be developed. On the other hand, there is considerable doubt that sufficiently detailed, explicitly described and widely accepted processes for implementing ecosystem management can be crafted given the current institutional, educational, social and political climate. A socio-political climate in which everyone wants to reap the benefits and no one wants to pay the costs, incapacitates the federal forest management decision making process. Developing a workable ecosystem management process and the decision making tools to support it is probably one of the most complex and urgent challenges facing us today. This paper offers a concise review of the state of the art of decision support systems related to implementing ecosystem management. A conceptual model of the context in which ecosystem management is expected to function is presented. Next, a candidate for an operational ecosystem management process is described and others are referenced. Finally, a generic ecosystem management decision support system is presented and many existing systems briefly described.
Does sex or photoperiodic condition influence ZENK induction in response to song in European starlings

Variables such as the photoperiod a bird experiences, or its sex, affect behavioral responses to song. The present experiment investigated whether song-induced expression of the immediate-early gene ZENK is also influenced by sex or photoperiod. We examined the expression of the protein product of ZENK in wild-caught male and female European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in different photoperiodic conditions. In the first experiment, adult reproductively active male and female starlings were presented with either conspecific male song or no song in experimental chambers. In the second experiment, conspecific male song was presented to reproductively active and reproductively inactive adult female starlings. Localization of the ZENK protein product revealed that song stimulation resulted in a significant increase in the number of ZENK immunoreactive (-ir) cells in the caudomedial neostriatum (NCM) and the caudomedial hyperstriatum ventrale (cmHV) compared with unstimulated birds. No differences in the number of ZENK-ir neurons were observed between males and females or between reproductively active and inactive females. Thus, the present data indicate that the number of cells expressing ZENK in NCM and cmHV following song playback does not vary with sex or photoperiod in starlings.
β-NAP, a cerebellar degeneration antigen, is a neuron-specific vesicle coat protein

Abstract We have identified a target antigen in autoimmune cerebellar degeneration, β-NAP, that is closely related to the β-adaptin and β-COP coat proteins. β-NAP is a non-clathrin-associated phosphoprotein expressed exclusively in neurons, from E12 through adulthood. β-NAP is present in the neuronal soma and nerve terminal as soluble and membrane-bound pools and is associated with a discrete set of nerve-terminal vesicles. These results establish β-NAP as a neuron-specific vesicle coat protein. We propose a model in which β-NAP mediates vesicle transport between the soma and the axon terminus and suggest that β-NAP may represent a general class of coat proteins that mediates apical transport in polarized cells.
Phosphorylation of Pax2 by the c-Jun N-terminal kinase and enhanced Pax2-dependent transcription activation.

The Pax gene family encodes DNA-binding proteins that can both activate and repress transcription of specific target genes during embryonic development. Pax proteins are required for pattern formation and cell differentiation in a broad spectrum of developing tissues. Consistent with its expression in the intermediate mesoderm, the optic cup and stalk, and the otic vesicle,Pax2, a member of the Pax2/5/8 subfamily, is essential for the development of the renal epithelia, the optic cup, and the inner ear. In addition to a DNA binding domain, the Pax2 protein contains a carboxyl-terminal transactivation domain rich in serine, threonine, and tyrosine. In this report, we demonstrate that the Pax2 transactivation domain is phosphorylated by the c-Jun N-terminal kinase, but not the ERK1/2 or p38 MAP kinases and that phosphorylation is coincident with increased transactivation of a Pax2-dependent reporter gene. Activation of JNK by either upstream kinase MEKK1 or DLK or by expression of Wnt signaling proteins significantly enhances Pax2 phosphorylation in cells. In vitro kinase assays using immunoprecipitated JNK or constitutively active, recombinant JNK show phosphorylation of GST-Pax2 fusion proteins. In transfected cells, phosphorylation of Pax2 correlates with increased transactivation of a Pax2-dependent reporter gene, suggesting that serine/threonine phosphorylation of the transactivation domain is important for Pax2 activity. Pax2 can form a complex with the JNK scaffolding protein JIP1, and this interaction is enhanced by activation of the JNK signaling module with the upstream kinase DLK. The data demonstrate that Pax2 is a new target for the JNK signaling module and point to a novel mechanism for mediating Pax-dependent transcription regulation.
Droplet Dynamics and Ionization Mechanisms in Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

A droplet pickup and other mechanisms have been suggested for the ionization of biomolecules like peptides and proteins by desorption electrospray ionization. To verify this hypothesis phase Doppler particle analysis was used to study the sizes and velocities of droplets involved in DESI. It was found that impacting droplets typically have velocities of 120 m/s and average diameters of 2−4 μm. Small differences in sprayer construction influence the operating conditions at which droplets of these dimensions are produced. Under these conditions, the kinetic energy per impacting water molecule is less than 0.6 meV and sputtering through momentum transfer during collisions or ionization by other electronic processes is unlikely. Droplets arrive at the surface with velocities well below the speed of sound in common materials, thereby excluding the possibility of ionization by shockwave formation. Some droplets appear to roll along the surface, increasing contact time and presumably the amount of material that ...
The personal, indoor and outdoor concentrations of PM-10 measured in an industrial community during the winter

The concentrations of PM-10 were measured for 2 weeks in the winter of 1988 as part of the Total Human Environmental Exposure Study (THEES). Samples were taken simultaneously in a small city, Phillipsburg, NJ for outdoor and indoor microenvironments, and with personal monitors on non-smokers. There were four outdoor sites, eight indoor sites and fourteen individuals wearing personal monitors. The mean concentrations were 66, 48 and 42 μg m−3 for the personal, outdoor and indoor sites, respectively, with the personal samplers having 8.8% of the 24h averages above 150 μg m−3. The higher outdoor averages with respect to indoors were suspected to be related to more prevalent outdoor sources of coarse particles < 10 μm in diameter, and the lack of residential smokers to contribute to the indoor respirable subfraction. There was one day during the period when all the outdoor sites exceeded the 24 h PM-10 standard. Increased outdoor levels were also reflected in elevated indoor samples and the personal samples on that day. These would be a result of direct outdoor exposures and the penetration of outdoor PM-10 to the indoors.
Phonons in polysilane alloys

A study of the vibrational properties of polysilanelike conformations in amorphous hydrogenated silicon ($a$-Si: H) is presented. With the use of the valence force-field representation of the near-neighbor interactions, the generalized cluster-Bethe-lattice method, and a chemical bonding model for obtaining realistic force constants, the one-phonon densities of states for various polysilanelike conformations [e.g., Si${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, ${(\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}{\mathrm{H}}_{2})}_{3}$, ${(\mathrm{Si}{\mathrm{H}}_{2})}_{n}$] in an amorphous silicon matrix are calculated. Our results indicate that all of the features which have been reported in the 800- to 900-${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ frequency regime of the infrared absorption and Raman scattering spectra of $a$-Si: H alloys can be attributed to the vibrational modes of polysilanelike conformations.
Phosphorus-containing macrocyclic ionophores in metal ion separations

Application of phosphorus-containing macrocyclic compounds, i.e., crown ethers, lariat ethers, calixarenes, and resorcinarenes, in the separation of metal ions by solvent extraction, membrane transport, and sorption is discussed in this paper.
The Disappearing Third Dimension

Three-dimensional computing is driving what many would call a revolution in scientific visualization. However, its power and advancement are held back by the absence of sustainable archives for raw data and derivative visualizations. Funding agencies, professional societies, and publishers each have unfulfilled roles in archive design and data management policy.
Internal friction study of substitutional-Interstitial interaction in niobium-vanadium alloys

The effect of a small addition of a substitutional solute to both niobium and vanadium on the oxygen Snoek peak of each metal was investigated by an internal friction technique. A vanadium-oxygen interaction peak was identified in Nb-0.24 at. pct V and Nb-0.50 at. pct V alloys at a temperature which is appreciably higher than that for the oxygen Snoek peak in pure niobium. At oxygen concentrations greater than an oxygen/vanadium ratio of 1, the oxygen Snoek peak appears, thus providing strong evidence for oxygen trapping at vanadium in these alloys. A V-0.50 at. pct Nb alloy, on the other hand, shows no such interaction peak but rather only a somewhat broadened vanadium-oxygen Snoek peak. This is interpreted as indicating that oxygen atoms are not trapped by niobium in the vanadium matrix. The activation enthalpies and time constants for the oxygen relaxation for the peaks have been determined. The observed results are discussed in terms of the elastic and chemical interaction models for substitutional-interstitial solute interactions in a bcc lattice.
A coupled carbon-water-energy-vegetation model to assess responses of temperate forest ecosystems to changes in climate and atmospheric CO2. Part I. Model concept.

Predictions of forest ecosystem response to changes in climate and atmospheric CO2 concentration require hierarchically structured process models. Present forest simulation models have conceptual limitations that restrict their application to climate-change studies. A major drawback of forest succession models is that they often lack physiological details in the simulation of annual tree growth. On the other hand, aggregated ecosystem models assume spatially homogeneous forests, and do not account for successional changes in forest composition and canopy structure. The concept of a new coupled carbon-water-energy-forest vegetation model is presented which attempts to overcome the main limitations of existing models by implementing a modern view of ecological hierarchy and a robust approach for scaling ecological processes in space and time.
Effects of Source Leukocyte Collection on the Immune System

This study was initiated in order to assess any immunologic effects that source leukocyte concentrate collection might have on double-bag plasmapheresis donors. Previous studies have shown that surveillance parameters, such as T versus non-T lymphocyte subpopulations, showed no abnormal values in donors with as many as 500 visits over a 12-year period. The present study demonstrates that the frequency and the total number of leukocyte donations do not effect the lymphocyte subpopulations and functions observed. No significant changes were noted for specific and nonspecific stimulation, natural killer (NK) cell activity, lymphocyte surface markers and a variety of functional parameters. For example, the apheresis donors manifested no differences in NK cell activity, human leukocyte interferon production, IgG synthesis by B cells and percent suppression of both IgG synthesis and mixed lymphocyte cultures, when compared to non-apheresed donors.
Cooperative transmission range doubling with IEEE 802.15.4

In battery-driven multi-hop wireless sensor networks, the most highly burdened relay nodes, or bottleneck nodes, will die first. These deaths eventually partition the network and trap valuable battery energy in the network. In a multi-hop wireless sensor network that must harvest energy from weak energy sources, the nodes that are one hop away from the Sink must sometimes shut down to harvest, so they limit the access that the rest of the network has to the Sink. One way to lengthen the time-to-partition or increase access to the Sink is to exploit some of the would-be-trapped energy to do cooperative transmission (CT) range extension to hop over the bottleneck node and communicate directly with the next-hop node (e.g., the Sink). To do this, approximate range doubling is necessary. In this paper, we investigate the potential for range doubling over Rayleigh faded channels of four CT schemes that are compatible with the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. We consider the effects of path loss disparities and how many cooperators are necessary for each CT scheme.
Fetal alcohol exposure alters cerebrovascular reactivity to vasoactive intestinal peptide in adult sheep

Chronic fetal alcohol exposure impairs neural and vascular development. We have previously shown that fetal alcohol exposure is associated with attenuated hypoxic cerebral vasodilation and reduced neu
Method for the preparation of stabile microencapsulated lactic acid bacteria

A method to produce viable and stabile dry microorganisms for food and agricultural purposes was developed. Spray-dried, freeze-dried or liquid culture concentrates of lactic acid-producing bacteria were mixed with various bulking agents to form a homogeneous wet granulation having a water content of 35–60% (w/w). The wet granulation was extruded through a dye onto a spinning plate (350–500 rpm) of a spheronizing device which resulted in the formation of discrete spherical particles. After forming spheres, the aggregate cell particles, both coated and uncoated, were dried to a moisture level of 5–10% using a temperature below the microorganism's optimum growth temperature. The coated and uncoated products were stored at different temperatures and periodically sampled to determine stability. Uncoated cell particles were more stabile at 4°C than at 22°C for 76 days. While both coated (with sodium alginate or carboxymethyl-cellulose) and uncoated particles showed similar stability at 4°C, at higher storage temperatures the applied coating improved the storage stability of the culture particles.
Photochemical disproportionation reactions of the W2(CO)102− and Fe2(CO)82− complexes

Abstract Irradiation of the W 2 (CO) 10 2− complex in the presence of phosphines results in disproportionation of the dimer according to the following reaction: The quantum yield for this process is about 0.06. Unlike the analogous reactions of neutral metal- metal bonded dimers, the W 2 (CO) 10 2− complex does not disproportionate with I − . Fe 2 (CO) 8 2− disproportionates in a similar fashion: The HFe(CO) 4 − product forms in these reactions rather than Fe(CO) 4 2− unless rigorous precautions are taken to exclude H 2 O. The data are consistent with a radical chain mechanism for the disproportionation reactions, analogous to the chain mechanisms proposed for the disproportionation reactions of neutral metal-metal bonded dimers.
Crustal structure of the central graben of the Midcontinent Rift beneath Lake Superior

Abstract Travel times and amplitudes of refracted and reflected arrivals observed during GLIMPCE (Great Lakes International Multidisciplinary Program on Crustal Evolution) from the Midcontinent Rift in Lake Superior have been modeled using two-dimensional ray-tracing techniques. Forward modeling was used to iteratively refine an initial velocity model that was constructed from results of tau-sum analysis of the travel-time data at each station combined with information from a coincident common midpoint (CMP) reflection profile. When converted to time, the resulting model agrees quite well with the CMP reflection profile. Within the central graben of the Midcontinent Rift, approximately 2 km of sedimentary rock (2.8–4.6 km/s) overlie an 8-km-thick sequence of volcanics and interflow sediments (5.0–6.5 km/s) within the central rift graben observed on the reflection data. Beneath this sequence is a 6–8-km-thick sequence of 6.6–7.0 km/s material interpreted to represent metamorphosed volcanics. The velocity of the material at the base of the rift graben is not well constrained (approx. 7.0–7.2 km/s), but probably comprises an additional 10–12 km of metavolcanic rocks and intrusions that extend to the base of the graben as imaged on the coincident seismic reflection profile. The central graben is ranked by reverse faults, the Isle Royal and Keweenawan faults, that probably represent normal faults associated with graben formation that were reactivated during the late Precambrian. A 50–100 ms time advance anomaly associated with the Isle Royal fault is observed at every station. This anomaly has been modeled as shallow, high-velocity blocks located directly beneath the fault. The blocks correlate well with the walls of a steep-sided bathymetric trough and are believed to represent highly indurated upper Keweenawan sediments resulting from hydrothermal alteration. A marked decrease in the apparent velocity and amplitude of the first arrivals is observed on reversed sections at offsets exceeding 100 km, and has been modeled as pre-rift continental crustal rocks with a velocity of about 6.5 km/s adjacent to the 7.0 km/s material in the graben. Calculation of the gravity response of the seismic model demonstrates that the gravity high centered over the rift can be entirely attributed to high-density rocks occupying the central half-graben imaged on the CMP profile. Wide-angle reflections from about 15–30 km depth beneath the flanks of the graben indicate the presence of velocity discontinuities that may represent rift-related detachment surfaces and/or pre-rift structures within the pre-rift crust. Additional wide-angle reflections define the top and bottom of high-velocity lower-crustal layer. The high-velocity lower-crustal layer is thickest beneath the rift graben and is interpreted to represent magmatic material underplated to the crust during rifting, as discussed by Trehu et al. (1991). Total crustal thickness beneath the lake varies from about 55 km beneath the graben to about 35 km beneath the southern shore and 40 km beneath the northern shore.
Development and evaluation of treatment paradigms for the suppression of smoking behavior.

Abstract A multiple-baseline component-analysis design was employed to assess the effectiveness of three treatment programs for suppressing the cigarette smoking behavior of 24 subjects. Sartiation, cognitive control, and continger shock procedures were evaluated. The results demonstrated a consistent relationship between contingent shock and suppression of smoking. It was further indicated that subjects should be exposed to the number of sessions necessary to achieve total suppression in order to gain maximally from treatment and to avoid relapse. Neither the satiation component nor the cognitive control component was correlated with clear, permanent decrements in smoking frequencies. To date no other treatment program has demonstrated the dramatic effects ofethe contingent shock procedures used in the present study.
Adolescent Peer Victimization, Peer Status, Suicidal Ideation, and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury: Examining Concurrent and Longitudinal Associations

This study examined concurrent and longitudinal associations among peer victimization, peer status, and self-injurious thoughts and behaviors (i.e., suicidal ideation and nonsuicidal self-injury [NSSI]) over a 2-year period. A community sample of 493 adolescents (51% girls) in Grades 6–8 participated in the study. Participants completed measures of suicidal ideation and NSSI at three time points. Measures of peer victimization (overt and relational) and peer status (preference-based and reputation-based popularity) were collected by using a standard sociometric procedure. The hypothesized model was examined by using a multiple group (by gender) latent growth curve analysis. Results suggested that high levels of overt victimization were associated with increases in suicidal ideation over time for girls. No effects were revealed for relational victimization in the prediction of concurrent or longitudinal associations with suicidal ideation for boys or girls. With respect to peer status, low levels of preference-based popularity were associated with increases in suicidal ideation over time. Implications for understanding the complex patterns of association among different forms of peer victimization, self-injurious thoughts and behaviors, and peer group status are discussed.
Hyperactivation of protein kinase B and ERK have discrete effects on survival, proliferation, and cytokine expression in Nf1-deficient myeloid cells

The Nf1 tumor suppressor encodes a GTPase-activating protein for Ras. Previous work has implicated hyperactive Ras in the aberrant growth of Nf1-deficient cells; however, there are limited data on which effectors modulate specific phenotypes. To address this, we generated myeloid cell lines by infecting fetal liver cells with a retrovirus encoding a truncated allele of c-Myb. Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) promoted the survival of wild-type Myb cells in a dose-dependent manner. By contrast, Nf1-deficient myeloid cells deprived of growth factors, were resistant to apoptosis due to hyperactivation of the phosphoinositide-3-OH kinase/protein kinase B cascade. Nf1(-/-) cells also demonstrated growth factor-independent proliferation and upregulation of GM-CSF mRNA production that were dependent upon Raf/MEK/ERK signaling. These data link specific Ras effectors with discrete cellular phenotypes in Nf1-deficient cells.
ANIONIC CHARGE SITES IN NEONATAL ALVEOLAR CAPILLARY BASEMENT MEMBRANES

We have developed a method for demonstration and quantitation of the anionic charge sites in human alveolar-capillary basement membrane (ABM). Fixed-frozen sections of normal lung were incubated with the cationic polymer polyethylenimine (PEI) and processed for electron microscopy using methods recently described for kidney (NEJM 309:1001, 1983). Results: The number of anionic sites in the lamina rara externa (LRE) of the AMB is remarkably consistent in multiple random samples of normal lung of differing ages and is not influenced by the molecular weight of the probe. Smaller numbers of sites are also present in the lamina rara interna and on cell membranes. Alteration of anionic charges in the ABM may influence permeability of negatively-charged protein across the membrane. This hypothesis can now be assessed in man by this method.
A semi-empirical approach to the viscosities of polyelectrolyte solutions

Abstract : The concentration dependence of a number of polyelectrolytes was found to be adequately described by an equation eta(sp)/c = eta(infinity) x (1 + k/sq root of c)) as long as the concentration is not too low. The parameter eta(infinity) represents the intrinsic viscosity of the well-shielded polyion and corresponds to values of (eta) determined in salt solutions and may possibly correspond to the theory of Harris and Rice on polyion expansion. Heuristic arguments based in part on the work of Katchalsky, et al, lead to a definite expression for the parameter k in terms of molecular properties. The result shows that the above equation is valid only for strong polyelectrolytes with the constant activity coefficients of counterion. The calculated values of k agree well with experiment except when specific intramolicular interactions (e. g., internal hydrogen bonding) occur. For highly charged polyions one finds surprisingly, that k depends only on the properties of the polymer backbone and not on electrical properties. (Author)
Diversity in cell surface sialic acid presentations: implications for biology and disease

Sialic acids (Sias) are typically found as terminal monosaccharides attached to cell surface glycoconjugates. They play many important roles in many physiological and pathological processes, including microbe binding that leads to infections, regulation of the immune response, the progression and spread of human malignancies and in certain aspects of human evolution. This review will provide some examples of these diverse roles of Sias and briefly address immunohistochemical approaches to their detection.
Hazardous waste reduction in New Jersey: How much has P2 contributed?

New Jersey has experienced a substantial decline in hazardous waste generation since 1990. How much has P2 contributed to the trend? © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Acoustic reflectivity of a dolphin

Backscattermeasurements were made on a stationary Atlantic bottlenosed dolphin under controlled conditions. Three sets of measurements were made: (1) broadside aspect target strength as a function of frequency from 23 to 80 kHz; (2) relative target strength as a function of the polar angle about the animal using a short click signal having a peak frequency of 67 kHz; and (3) relative reflective strength of different portions of the animal’s body. The mean target strength at the broadside aspect decreased from −11 to −24 dB as the frequency increased from 23 to 45 kHz. As the frequency increased from 45 kHz, the target strength rose to a local maximum of −18 dB at 66 kHz and then decreased to −23 dB at 79 kHz. Maximum target strength was measured at the broadside aspect and exceeded the minimum (tail aspect) target strength by 21 dB. The target strength at the head aspect was 5 dB below that of the broadside aspect. Most acoustic energy was reflected from the area between the dorsal and pectoral fins, corresponding to the location of the dolphin’s lungs.
Complex scaling: An analytic model and some new results for e+ H resonances

A critical review is given of the use of complex scaling to obtain scattering amplitudes. It is pointed out that while the idea of complex scaling has given considerable insight into atomic scattering, it does not seem powerful enough to lead to a solution of problems involving ionization, either on a mathematical or a computational level. 15 references.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Cardiovascular Disease: An Assessment of Obstetrician-Gynecologists' Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practice Patterns

African American and Hispanic women are disproportionately affected by cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its many risk factors. Obstetrician–gynecologists (OB/GYNs) play an integral role in well-woman care and have a unique opportunity to provide CVD counseling and screening to these at-risk and underserved groups. To assess whether OB/GYN race/ethnicity and OB/GYN practices with increasing minority patient populations predicted differences in OB/GYNs’ knowledge, attitudes, and practice patterns relevant to racial/ethnic disparities in CVD. This study also sought to determine provider and patient-related barriers to CVD care. A questionnaire on CVD was mailed to 273 members of The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists in March–July 2013. African American and Hispanic OB/GYNs and OB/GYN practices with increasing minority patient populations were more knowledgeable of CVD disparities. These OB/GYNs reported greater concern for minority women’s CVD risk relative to White OB/GYNs. Overall, OB/GYNs appear less knowledgeable and concerned with Hispanics’ increased CVD risk relative to African Americans’. The most commonly reported provider and patient-related barriers to CVD care were time constraints, patient nonadherence to treatment recommendations, and inadequate training. It is likely that minority OB/GYNs and those with practices with increasing minority patient populations have greater exposure to women at risk for CVD. Dissemination of educational information regarding Hispanic women’s CVD risk profile may improve OB/GYN knowledge, counseling, and screening. Increased training in CVD and multicultural competency during medical school and residency should help OB/GYNs overcome what they report as primary barriers to CVD care.
Noncoronary Collateral Distribution in Coronary Artery Disease

Abstract Noncoronary collateral flow is a potential hazard when cold cardioplegia is used for myocardial protection. In this study, noncoronary collateral flow was observed during coronary revascularization in 58 patients. It was distributed significantly ( p
Factors affecting the performance of stormwater treatment wetlands

Data from 35 studies on 49 wetland systems used to treat stormwater runoff or runoff-impacted surface waters were examined and compared in order to identify any obvious trends that may aid future stormwater treatment wetland design efforts. Despite the intermittent nature of hydrologic and pollutant inputs from stormwater runoff, our analysis demonstrates that steady-state first-order plug-flow models commonly used to analyze wastewater treatment wetlands can be adapted for use with stormwater wetlands. Long-term pollutant removals are analyzed as functions of long-term mean hydraulic loading rate and nominal detention time. First-order removal rate constants for total phosphorus, ammonia, and nitrate generated in this fashion are demonstrated to be similar to values reported in the literature for wastewater treatment wetlands. Constituent removals are also demonstrated via regression analyses to be functions of the ratio of wetland area to watershed area. Resulting equations between these variables can be used as preliminary design tools in the absence of more site-specific details, with the understanding that they should be employed cautiously.
A gas-flow system for control of the temperature of an electron paramagnetic resonance sample at temperatures between 80 and 273 degrees kelvin

Abstract A low-temperature control system for use with an EPR spectrometer is presented. It provides a satisfactory control of the EPR sample temperature when studying such highly temperature-dependent EPR signals as those found in biological materials at g = 1.94.
The diffusion of environmental sustainability innovations in North American hotels and ski resorts

This study examines the diffusion of environmental sustainability innovations in North American hotels and ski resorts. It seeks to understand what sustainability innovations are being adopted and the variables affecting the rate of adoption. An electronic survey was distributed to 49 medium/large hotels and ski resorts. Rogers’ diffusion of innovations theory was utilized to hypothesize that a hotel/resort manager's perceptions of sustainability would correlate with the adoption of the innovations. Over 4000 published studies have used diffusion of innovations theory to examine the innovation in mass media, public health, sociology, communication and agriculture. Results from this study revealed that the perceived simplicity of sustainability innovations and high levels of opinion leadership of hotels/resorts were most strongly associated with the adoption of sustainability innovations. The perceived relative advantage of sustainability innovations and the general innovativeness of the hotels/resorts als...
Comparative enzymology and physiological role of D‐lactate dehydrogenase from the foot muscle of two gastropod molluscs

D-Lactate dehydrogenases from the foot muscles of the black abalone, Haliotis cracherodii, and the pulmonate snail, Helix aspersa, have been characterized. The D-lactate dehydrogenase from H. cracherodii, which is found as a single, isoenzymic form, was purified to homogeneity. The enzyme in H. aspersa foot muscle is found as two distinct fast and slow migrating electrophoretic complexes of isoenzymes. The most abundant isoenzyme in the slow electrophoretic complex of H. aspersa was purified to homogeneity. The purified enzymes from the two organisms have similar physical and catalytic properties to one another and to other D-lactate dehydrogenases, suggesting a close evolutionary relationship. Purified D-lactate dehydrogenases from H. cracherodii and H. aspersa have molecular weights of approximately 80,000, as judged by meniscus depletion sedimentation equilibrium experiments, which correspond to a dimeric subunit organization. Kinetic studies show that the apparent Michaelis constant for pyruvate is 0.2–0.3 mM for the two purified enzymes as well as the partially purified fast isoenzymic complex from snail. Km values for D-lactate are about ten times higher. Km values for α-ketobutyrate are 4–10 mM for all three enzymes and Vmax is approximately 40–80% of that seen with pyruvate, suggesting that the enzymes may be physiologically important in dealing with α-ketoacids in general. Km'S for NADH are all 10–20 μM, and those for NAD+ about 10-fold greater. The most notable catalytic difference between the two enzymes is the presence and absence of substrate inhibition by pyruvate of the abalone and snail enzymes, respectively. This difference may reflect different physiological roles for the enzyme in the two organisms.
Why Is Cross-Sex-Role Behavior More Approved for Girls than for Boys? A Status Characteristic Approach.

Previous research has found that cross-sex-role behavior is less approved for boys than for girls in contemporary American culture. The investigation reported in this paper developed a general theory of the effects of status variables on evaluation of role behavior performance. Several propositions in the specific area of sex roles were tested empirically and all were confirmed. Subjects were 169 college students who responded to either a measure of disapproval of cross-sex-role behavior or a measure of disapproval of appropriate sex-role behavior. The results indicated that male-role behavior was more approved for both male and female actors, but that this difference was greater for boys than for girls. In addition, the results indicated that the cost in disapproval is greater for males who engage in cross-sex-role behavior than for females. Finally, the difference by sex of actor in approval-disapproval of female-role behaviors was larger than that for male-role behaviors. These results were discussed within the context of sex as a status variable. The general applicability of the propositions developed in the study was discussed. Also found were sex differences among subjects in response to cross-sex-role behavior and appropriate sex-role behavior.