cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cost effective strategies for completing the Interactome

Comprehensive protein interaction mapping projects are underway for many model species and humans. A key step in these projects is estimating the time, cost, and personnel required for obtaining an accurate and complete map. Here, we model the cost of interaction map completion across a spectrum of experimental designs. We show that current efforts may require up to 20 independent tests covering each protein pair to approach completion. We explore designs for reducing this cost substantially, including prioritization of protein pairs, probability thresholding, and interaction prediction. The best designs lower cost by four-fold overall and >100-fold in early stages of mapping. We demonstrate the best strategy in an ongoing project in Drosophila, in which we map 450 high-confidence interactions using 47 microtiter plates, versus thousands of plates expected using current designs. This study provides a framework for assessing the feasibility of interaction mapping projects and for future efforts to increase their efficiency.
Impact analysis of locational marginal price subject to power system topology errors

This paper formulates and analyzes the impact of power transmission network topology error on real-time electricity market prices. We consider the scenario in which the undetected false status of circuit breakers from topology error processing may lead to wrong modeling of real-time network topology, which, in turn, misleads the results of state estimation and real-time economic dispatch. In particular, we focus on the economic impact of this circuit breaker-induced network topology error on locational marginal price (LMP). The primary goal of this paper is to derive a simple LMP sensitivity index that accounts for the relationship between the change in network topology and LMP. The proposed sensitivity index provides system operators a simple but effective screening of the impact of topology errors on real-time LMP. The validity of the derived sensitivity index is verified and illustrated with numerical examples in the IEEE-14 bus system.
Fine structure of the heart in the Japanese Medaka, Oryzias latipes.

Heart morphology in the small freshwater teleost, Japanese Medaka, (oryzias latipes) was studied by light and electron microscopy. Particular attention was directed to the three heart layers, epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium in the atrial and ventricular portions of the organ. The trabeculae originate and insert into the myocardial wall forming many complex anastomoses and interdigitations. The entire ventricle is trabeculated giving the chamber a “spongy” appearance; the atrium is less extensively trabeculated. The epicardial layer forms an outer covering over the organ and is composed of simple squamous epithelial cells. The myocardial cells of the trabeculae have small diameters but extend for considerable distances. The myofibrils usually are located peripherally, while the nucleus, mitochondria, and other cellular organelles are located centrally. The myofibrils exhibit a typical vertebrate structure with distinct A-bands, I-bands, and Z-lines; H-zones are discernible but appear less prominent than in higher vertebrates. Intercalated disks have fasciae adherentes and maculae adherentes (desmosomes) as component parts. Although a distinct T-system is absent, prominent subsarcolemmal cisternae are located in the I-band areas and there is a moderately well-developed sarcoplasmic reticulum. The endocardium is composed of a continuous layer of cells that appear to be metabolically very active. Filling the cytoplasm of these cells are large numbers of rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae and associated mitochondria, vesicles containing amorphous material, and large round bodies with consistencies varying from dense to amorphous to filamentous.
A new "dual-view" diagram of array structure

First we present a new structural decomposition of regular arrays that is derived elsewhere [4]. Second, we list a few special cases of the decomposition. Finally we give 11 examples of arrays, their decomposition, their egg crate view, and their dual view (which better represents their true structure).We present this graphical presentation form (a diagrammatic notation) for a regular array. The notation is a "dual" of the usual "egg crate" view. This view makes clear and intuitive the otherwise unintuitive results derived from the newly found array expansion in [4]. The array expansion results are all structural therefore so are these pictorial results. They do not use knowledge of the particular data contents of the arrays.
Mental preparation strategies and performance: Is a combination of techniques better than a single technique?

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether combining two mental preparation strategies would be more effective in enhancing performances than a single strategy. Subjects (n = 40) practiced on a basketball free throw task (20 shots) using one of the following mental preparation strategies: (a) imagery, (b) relaxation, (c) relaxation plus imagery, (d) placebo control. To simulate game conditions, subjects were allowed only 10 s in which to use their mental preparation strategy. After the practice session, subjects shot 20 test free throws using their designated technique. Results indicated a significant main effect with the imagery group performing significantly better than the placebo control group although there were no specific differences between the three experimental groups. The results are discussed in terms of potential variables mediating the effectiveness of imagery in enhancing sport performance, and future directions for research are offered.
On the Stability of Perfect Viscoelastic Columns

Abstract The stability problem associated with an Euler-Bernoulli beam made of an arbitrary linear viscoelastic material is formulated. The three parameter and the Kelvin-Voigt models are analyzed in the presence of constant as well as periodic loads. The application of a finite time stability concept is shown for the constant loading case when the traditional stability criterion fails to make sense. For the case of a periodic loading, the stability diagrams are obtained through an application of Floquet theory. It is found that the addition of periodic loads may significantly alter the stability behavior of a column which is originally subjected to a constant load only.
Spin-Boson Systems: One-Dimensional Equivalents and the Kondo Problem

The partition function for a spin \textonehalf{} in a magnetic field coupled to a set of bosons is shown to be exactly equal to that of a one-dimensional gas and also, in a delicate limit, to that of a one-dimensional Ising model. Both of these are peculiar in that they must provide a free energy which is an intensive quantity. For special values of the parameters in the Hamiltonian, the partition function is equal to that first derived by Anderson and Yuval, and by Hamann, for the Kondo problem.
The Local Fixed Point Index for Multivalued Transformations in a Banach Space.

Notation. We recall the Alexander Spanier cohomology theory (Spanier [41], p. 306) defines the Alexander cohomology module n~(X, A;G) of a pair of spaces (X, A) of degree q with coefficients G. We recall a Vietoris (n, G) map is a proper map a : (Y, B)~(X, A) with Y, B, X, A paracompact T2 spaces, a(Y) = X, a(B) = A, and Hq(a l(x); G) = 0 for x in X q < n. The Vietoris Begle theorem (p. 344 of Spanier [41]) and the five lemma gives:
Self-consistent calculation of the electronic structure of small jellium spheres

Abstract A self-consistent, density functional calculation of the electronic structure of small metal spheres is reported. The jellium model of a metal where the positive ions are replaced by a uniform positive background is used in the calculation. The electronic structure, ionization potential and electron affinity are computed for spheres containing from 4 to 196 electrons.
Producing adulthood: Adolescent employment, fertility, and the life course

Abstract Adolescent employment is typically framed as having either positive or negative effects. Yet cutting edge research yields apparently contradictory results; work lowers delinquency but also increases school dropout. Both opportunity cost and life course development theories could explain these results. This study investigates effects of employment on fertility among adolescent women, which pits life course development against opportunity cost theory. Using 2006 and 2007 American Community Surveys, individual instrumental variable and state-level difference-in-difference models (following the same cohort over time) control for self-selection and find a positive effect of employment on adolescent fertility. National Vital Statistics birth data confirm state-level results. Results for fertility (and some evidence for other early transitions) indicate that youth employment speeds the transition to adulthood, supporting life course theory. Findings suggest adolescent employment should be reconceived as promoting adult rather than positive or negative behavior.
Co-infection Weakens Selection Against Epistatic Mutations in RNA Viruses

Co-infection may be beneficial in large populations of viruses because it permits sexual exchange between viruses that is useful in combating the mutational load. This advantage of sex should be especially substantial when mutations interact through negative epistasis. In contrast, co-infection may be detrimental because it allows virus complementation, where inferior genotypes profit from superior virus products available within the cell. The RNA bacteriophage φ6 features a genome divided into three segments. Co-infection by multiple φ6 genotypes produces hybrids containing reassorted mixtures of the parental segments. We imposed a mutational load on φ6 populations by mixing the wild-type virus with three single mutants, each harboring a deleterious mutation on a different one of the three virus segments. We then contrasted the speed at which these epistatic mutations were removed from virus populations in the presence and absence of co-infection. If sex is a stronger force, we predicted that the load should be purged faster in the presence of co-infection. In contrast, if complementation is more important we hypothesized that mutations would be eliminated faster in the absence of co-infection. We found that the load was purged faster in the absence of co-infection, which suggests that the disadvantages of complementation can outweigh the benefits of sex, even in the presence of negative epistasis. We discuss our results in light of virus disease management and the evolutionary advantage of haploidy in biological populations.
The presenilin protein family member SPE-4 localizes to an ER/Golgi derived organelle and is required for proper cytoplasmic partitioning during Caenorhabditis elegans spermatogenesis

During Caenorhabditis elegans spermatogenesis, asymmetric partitioning of cellular components principally occurs via ER/Golgi-derived organelles, named fibrous body-membranous organelles. In C. elegans spe-4 mutants, morphogenesis of fibrous body-membranous organelle complexes is defective and spermatogenesis arrests at an unusual cellular stage with four haploid nuclei within a common cytoplasm. The spe-4 encoded integral membrane protein is a diverged member of the presenilin family implicated in early onset Alzheimer's disease. Specific antisera were used to show that SPE-4 resides within the fibrous body-membranous organelles membranes during wild-type spermatogenesis. Several spe-4 recessive mutants were examined for SPE-4 immunoreactivity and a deletion mutant lacks detectable SPE-4 while either of two missense mutants synthesize and localize immunoreactive SPE-4 within their fibrous body-membranous organelles. One of these missense mutations is located within a motif that is common to all presenilins. spe-4 mutants were also examined for other partitioning defects and tubulin was found to accumulate in unusual deposits close to the plasma membrane. These results suggest that wild-type SPE-4 is required for proper localization of macromolecules that are subject to asymmetric partitioning during spermatogenesis.
Interval methods for modeling uncertainty in RC timing analysis

The authors propose representing uncertain parameters as intervals and present a theoretical framework based on interval algebra for manipulating these ranges. To illustrate this methodology, they modify an existing RC analysis algorithm (Crystal's PR-Slope model) to create one which computes worst-case delay bounds when given uncertain input parameters. They provide proofs of correctness for the approach and test its performance. Two alternate interval-based techniques which produce even tighter bounds than the original approach are also presented. When compared to Monte Carlo simulation, the interval methods are more precise and significantly faster. >
Synthetically Encoded Ultrashort-Channel Nanowire Transistors for Fast, Pointlike Cellular Signal Detection

Nanostructures, which have sizes comparable to biological functional units involved in cellular communication, offer the potential for enhanced sensitivity and spatial resolution compared to planar metal and semiconductor structures. Silicon nanowire (SiNW) field-effect transistors (FETs) have been used as a platform for biomolecular sensors, which maintain excellent signal-to-noise ratios while operating on lengths scales that enable efficient extra- and intracellular integration with living cells. Although the NWs are tens of nanometers in diameter, the active region of the NW FET devices typically spans micrometers, limiting both the length and time scales of detection achievable with these nanodevices. Here, we report a new synthetic method that combines gold-nanocluster-catalyzed vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) and vapor–solid–solid (VSS) NW growth modes to produce synthetically encoded NW devices with ultrasharp (<5 nm) n-type highly doped (n++) to lightly doped (n) transitions along the NW growth directio...
A typology of causal models for plate tectonics: Inferential power and barriers to understanding

Forty-seven fifth grade students (40 group-tested and 7 individually interviewed) read a text describing plate tectonics. At four points they drew diagrams of the spatial, causal, and dynamic processes inside the earth. These diagrams along with students' corresponding explanations, think-aloud protocols (for those individually interviewed), and answers to inference questions were analysed in order to characterize students' models of the interior of the earth, and models of its causal and dynamic processes. Types and characteristics of models, and reasoning associated with them are presented. Additionally, data from two exemplary students are presented as case studies. One student has considerable misunderstandings regarding both her understanding of the spatial layout of the interior of the earth and its causal mechanisms. The second student is more typical in terms of his initial models, but makes large gains in revising his understanding about the causal and dynamic processes inside the earth. In both ...
Functional impairment in mild cognitive impairment evidenced using performance-based measurement.

Older adults (OAs) with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are traditionally thought to have preservation of activities of daily living (ADLs). However, recent evidence suggests OAs with MCI may have difficulty completing ADLs and specifically instrumental ADLs (IADLs). The ADLs are frequently evaluated through self- or collateral report questionnaires, while performance-based measures are infrequently utilized, despite the decreased bias and increased accuracy and sensitivity associated with these instruments. This investigation compared ADLs between community-dwelling OAs with (n = 20) and without MCI (n = 30) using a self-report questionnaire (Older American Resources and Services Activities of Daily Living Scale; OARS), a collateral report questionnaire (OARS), and a performance-based measure (the Direct Assessment of Functional Status–Revised). Consistent with our hypothesis, OAs with MCI had decreased ADLs and IADLs on the performance-based measure compared to cognitively intact OAs, while there were n...
The Transformation of Bethlehem Steel, 1904-1909

Charles M. Schwab's aggressive and innovative leadership of Bethlehem Steel early in this century made that firm a success. To some extent, however, the growth of Bethlehem was made possible by the conservative strategy of E. H. Gary's giant U.S. Steel. The dominant firm's willingness to tolerate the loss of a portion of its sales to smaller rivals made their survival and expansion easier than would have been the case in a more vigorously competitive environment.
Extending the FCLT version of L=λW

Abstract The functional central limit theorem (FCLT) version of Little’s law ( L = λ W ) established by Glynn and Whitt is extended to show that a bivariate FCLT for the number in the system and the waiting times implies the joint FCLT for all processes. It is based on a converse to the preservation of convergence by the composition map with centering on the function space containing the sample paths, exploiting monotonicity.
CAUSALITY BETWEEN TFP, RD AND PRICES: UNCONDITIONAL AND CONDITIONAL LINEAR FEEDBACK

This paper estimates the unconditional and conditional linear dependence between exogenous supply (R&D), endogenous demand (prices) and TFP based on the linear feedback method. Unit root tests are performed for Nebraska agriculture sector data spread over 1936-94 time period. Results indicate the influence of both R&D and prices on productivity.
Note on sufficient symmetry conditions for isotropy of the elastic moduli tensor

Group theoretical methods are used to obtain the form of the elastic moduli matrices and the number of independent parameters for various symmetries. Particular attention is given to symmetry groups for which 3D and 2D isotropy is found for the stress-strain tensor relation. The number of independent parameters is given by the number of times the fully symmetric representation is contained in the direct product of the irreducible representations for two symmetrical second rank tensors. The basis functions for the lower symmetry groups are found from the compatibility relations and are explicitly related to the elastic moduli. These types of symmetry arguments should be generally useful in treating the elastic properties of solids and composites.
An optimal pre-determinization algorithm for weighted transducers

We present a general algorithm, pre-determinization, that makes an arbitrary weighted transducer over the tropical semiring or an arbitrary unambiguous weighted transducer over a cancellative commutative semiring determinizable by inserting in it transitions labeled with special symbols. After determinization, the special symbols can be removed or replaced with e-transitions. The resulting transducer can be significantly more efficient to use. We report empirical results showing that our algorithm leads to a substantial speed-up in large-vocabulary speech recognition. Our pre-determinization algorithm makes use of an efficient algorithm for testing a general twins property, a sufficient condition for the determinizability of all weighted transducers over the tropical semiring and unambiguous weighted transducers over cancellative commutative semirings. Based on the transitions marked by this test of the twins property, our pre-determinization algorithm inserts new transitions just when needed to guarantee that the resulting transducer has the twins property and thus is determinizable. It also uses a single-source shortest-paths algorithm over the min-max semiring for carefully selecting the positions for insertion of new transitions to benefit from the subsequent application of determinization. These positions are proved to be optimal in a sense that we describe.
Metal Deposits Associated with the Early Stages of Continental Rifting

As noted in previous chapters, rifting activity in oceanic and arc environments can be associated with the generation of certain types of metal deposits, but in this chapter metal deposits that tend to form in continental rift settings will be considered. As stated so aptly by Mohr (1982), “sufficient unto rift valleys are the existing models thereof.” Mohr stresses the complexity and variability of rift systems and the need to reexamine some the notions regarding rifting that have become entrenched in the minds of many workers. He demonstrates, for example, that the stratigraphie record, where legible, does not always support the notion of prior updoming, and the development of suites of exotic alkaline rocks is not a universal feature of rift development.
The effect of early deprivation on executive attention in middle childhood.

Background: Children reared in deprived environments, such as institutions for the care of orphaned or abandoned children, are at increased risk for attention and behavior regulation difficulties. This study examined the neurobehavioral correlates of executive attention in post institutionalized (PI) children. Methods: The performance and event-related potentials (ERPs) of 10- and 11-year-old internationally adopted PI children on two executive attention tasks, Go/No-go and Flanker, were compared with two groups: children internationally adopted early from foster care (PF) and nonadopted children (NA). Results: Behavioral measures suggested problems with sustained attention, with PIs performing more poorly on Go trials and not on No-go trials of the Go/No-go and made more errors on both congruent and incongruent trials on the Flanker. ERPs suggested differences in inhibitory control and error monitoring, as PIs had smaller N2 amplitude on Go/No-go and smaller error-related negativity on Flanker. Conclusions: This pattern of results raises questions regarding the nature of attention difficulties for PI children. The behavioral errors are not specific to executive attention and instead likely reflect difficulties in overall sustained attention. The ERP results are consistent with neural activity related to deficits in inhibitory control (N2) and error monitoring (error-related negativity). Questions emerge regarding the similarity of attention regulatory difficulties in PIs to those experienced by non-PI children with ADHD. Keywords: Attention, event-related potentials, executive function, international adoption, institutional care.
Petrology and origin of amoeboid olivine aggregates in CR chondrites

Amoeboid olivine aggregates (AOAs) are irregularly shaped, fine-grained aggregates of olivine and Ca, Al-rich minerals and are important primitive components of CR chondrites. The AOAs in CR chondrites contain FeNi metal, and some AOAs contain Mn-rich forsterite with up to 0.7 MnO and Mn:Fe ratios greater than one. Additionally, AOAs in the CR chondrites do not contain secondary phases (nepheline and fayalitic olivine) that are found in AOAs in some CV chondrites. The AOAs in CR chondrites record a complex petrogenetic history that included nebular gas-solid condensation, reaction of minerals with the nebular gas, small degrees of melting, and sintering of the assemblage. A condensation origin for the Mn-rich forsterite is proposed. The Mn-rich forsterite found in IDPs, unequilibrated ordinary chondrite matrix, and AOAs in CR chondrites may have had a similar origin. A type A calcium, aluminum-rich inclusion (CAI) with an AOA attached to its Wark-Lovering rim is also described. This discovery reveals a temporal relationship between AOAs and type A inclusions. Additionally, a thin layer of forsterite is present as part of the Wark-Lovering rim, revealing the crystallization of olivine at the end stages of the Wark-Lovering rim formation. The Ca, Al-rich nodules in the AOAs may be petrogenetically related to the Ca, Al-rich minerals in Wark- Lovering rims on type A CAIs. AOAs are chondrite components that condensed during the final stage of Wark-Lovering rim formation but, in general, were temporally, spatially, or kinetically isolated from reacting with the nebula vapor during condensation of the lower temperature minerals that were commonly present as chondrule precursors.
Aquatic risk assessment of pesticides in surface waters in and adjacent to the Everglades and Biscayne National Parks: I. Hazard assessment and problem formulation

An aquatic risk assessment under the U.S. Environment Protection Agency (EPA) ecological risk framework was conducted for atrazine, metolachlor, malathion, chlorpyrifos, and endosulfan in the C-111 freshwater basin (eastern boundary of the Everglades National Park), northeast Florida Bay, and south Biscayne Bay in South Florida. Based on the use of the hazard quotient approach, measured concentrations of chlorpyrifos and endosulfan in surface waters suggest potential hazards to aquatic organisms and were, therefore, considered as chemicals of potential ecological concern (COPECs). The problem formulation included an overview of the physical/chemical and environmental fate characteristics and aquatic toxicology of the COPECs. Background surface water exposure concentrations of endosulfan and toxicity data from laboratory and field studies indicate that fish and invertebrate mortality may be a concern when endosulfan is applied in agricultural areas near aquatic ecosystems.
Alcoholism Counseling in Norway: An American Social Worker's Experience

This article describes a cross-cultural experience in teaching alcoholism treatment skills and therapy techniques. The current treatment model in America has to be shaped to the requirements of the local scene. The immediate problem was to import a disease-oriented model of alcoholism to a land where most people view alcoholism in terms of individual moral failing. The Norwegian cultural value orientations are defined; then the alcoholism treatment adaptation across language and custom is discussedI loved my wife so much I almost told her onceOld Norwegian-American joke
Drug-related skin and atherosclerotic plaque pigmentation

A 67-year-old woman with long-standing rheumatoid arthritis was admitted for bilateral femoral to anterior tibial artery bypasses for gangrenous toes. She was noted to have chronic skin pigmentation changes affecting her legs, arms and her face, which started after using minocycline (Panels A and B). Blue-black pigmentation is a well-recognized side effect of minocycline therapy.1 The most commonly involved sites include the skin, oral cavity, teeth, bones, and thyroid. Similar pigmentation changes were noted in the common femoral artery and anterior tibial artery walls at the time of endarterectomy and bypass surgery (Panel C). Very few reports of atherosclerotic plaque pigmentation involvement have been published.2,3 Despite the pigmented appearance of the arterial wall, uneventful revascularization was accomplished. She did eventually require amputation of her necrotic digits. Panel A Panel B
Wildfire risk transmission in the Colorado Front Range, USA

Wildfires are a global phenomenon that in some circumstances can result in human casualties, economic loss, and ecosystem service degradation. In this article we spatially identify wildfire risk transmission pathways and locate the areas of highest exposure of human populations to wildland fires under severe, but not uncommon, weather events. We quantify varying levels of exposure in terms of population potentially affected and tie the exposure back to the spatial source of the risk for the Front Range of Colorado, USA. We use probabilistic fire simulation modeling to address where fire ignitions are most likely to cause the highest impact to human communities, and to explore the role that various landowners play in that transmission of risk. Our results indicated that, given an ignition and the right fire weather conditions, large areas along the Front Range in Colorado could be exposed to wildfires with high potential to impact human populations, and that overall private ignitions have the potential to impact more people than federal ignitions. These results can be used to identify high-priority areas for wildfire risk mitigation using various mitigation tools.
In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of a Novel Water-Soluble N-Glycyl Prodrug (N-GLY-CBZ) of Carbamazepine

The synthesis and characterization of N-glycyl-carbamazepine (N-Gly-CBZ), an N-acyl urea derivative of carbamazepine (CBZ) designed to act as a prodrug and convert to CBZ and glycine in vivo by enzymatic cleavage of the glycyl-urea bond was recently reported. The rate and extent of conversion of N-Gly-CBZ to CBZ in a whole animal model is reported here along with supporting in vitro data. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined for N-Gly-CBZ and CBZ following IV and oral administration of N-Gly-CBZ and CBZ control to rats using a crossover design. The in vivo elimination of N-Gly-CBZ following IV administration in rats was biphasic in nature with a t(1/2) of about 1.1 min, which was very similar to the t(1/2) for appearance of CBZ. The mean value for the relative AUC ratio for CBZ from N-Gly-CBZ and CBZ from a cyclodextrin solution showed that N-Gly-CBZ delivered a (± SD) 98 ± 16% (± SD) equivalent dose of CBZ in six rats. The results of the IV dosing pharmacokinetics investigation were consistent with N-Gly-CBZ acting as a prodrug with rapid and complete conversion to CBZ in vivo. The overall absolute oral bioavailability of CBZ from N-Gly-CBZ was determined to be 41 ± 14% in three rats. The relative oral bioavailability of CBZ from N-Gly-CBZ compared to an oral CBZ control was 1.72 ± 0.54. That is, the prodrug, N-Gly-CBZ, demonstrated superior oral bioavailability of CBZ over the CBZ control, which was likely due to its greater aqueous solubility.
Functional Genomics Identifies TOR-Regulated Genes that Control Growth and Division

Summary Background The TOR (target of rapamycin) ser/thr protein kinase is the central component of a eukaryotic signaling pathway that regulates growth and is the direct target of the clinically useful drug rapamycin. Recent efforts have identified at least two multiprotein complexes that contain TOR, but little is known in higher eukaryotes about the genes downstream of TOR that control growth. Results By combining the use of a small molecule inhibitor (rapamycin), transcriptional profiling, and RNA interference in Drosophila tissue culture cells, we identified genes whose expression responds to Drosophila TOR (dTOR) inhibition and that regulate cell size. Several of the dTOR-regulated genes that function in cell size control have additional roles in cell division. Most of these genes are conserved in mammals and several are linked to human disease. This set of genes is highly enriched for regulators of ribosome biogenesis, which emphasizes the importance of TOR-dependent transcription in building the protein synthesis machinery in higher eukaryotes. In addition, we identify two dTOR-regulated genes, CG3071 and CG6677, whose human orthologs, SAW and ASH2L , are also under TOR-dependent transcriptional control and encode proteins with conserved functional roles in growth. Conclusions We conclude that combining RNA interference with genomic analysis approaches, such as transcriptional profiling, is an effective way to identify genes functioning in a particular biological process. Moreover, this strategy, if applied in model systems with simpler genomes, can identify genes with conserved functions in mammals.
Cell Wall Integrity Signaling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The yeast cell wall is a highly dynamic structure that is responsible for protecting the cell from rapid changes in external osmotic potential. The wall is also critical for cell expansion during growth and morphogenesis. This review discusses recent advances in understanding the various signal transduction pathways that allow cells to monitor the state of the cell wall and respond to environmental challenges to this structure. The cell wall integrity signaling pathway controlled by the small G-protein Rho1 is principally responsible for orchestrating changes to the cell wall periodically through the cell cycle and in response to various forms of cell wall stress. This signaling pathway acts through direct control of wall biosynthetic enzymes, transcriptional regulation of cell wall-related genes, and polarization of the actin cytoskeleton. However, additional signaling pathways interface both with the cell wall integrity signaling pathway and with the actin cytoskeleton to coordinate polarized secretion with cell wall expansion. These include Ca2+ signaling, phosphatidylinositide signaling at the plasma membrane, sphingoid base signaling through the Pkh1 and -2 protein kinases, Tor kinase signaling, and pathways controlled by the Rho3, Rho4, and Cdc42 G-proteins.
Bulk superconductivity above 100 K in the TlSrCaCu system

Abstract We report the synthesis and physical properties of a new copper-oxide superconductor, TlSrCaCuoxide. We have found that samples of this material exhibit zero electrical resistance below 105 K. DC susceptibility measurements show evidence of bulk superconductivity with diamagnetic onsets at 119 K and 70 K. X-ray diffraction data are compatible with the basic perovskite structure and can be indexed to a tetragonal lattice with unit cell parameters of a = 3.805 ± 0.006 A and c = 12.14 ± 0.06 A .
The HLA class II Allele DRB1*1501 is over-represented in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Background: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and medically refractory lung disease with a grim prognosis. Although the etiology of IPF remains perplexing, abnormal adaptive immune responses are evident in many afflicted patients. We hypothesized that perturbations of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allele frequencies, which are often seen among patients with immunologic diseases, may also be present in IPF patients. Methods/Principal Findings: HLA alleles were determined in subpopulations of IPF and normal subjects using molecular typing methods. HLA-DRB1*15 was over-represented in a discovery cohort of 79 Caucasian IPF subjects who had lung transplantations at the University of Pittsburgh (36.7%) compared to normal reference populations. These findings were prospectively replicated in a validation cohort of 196 additional IPF subjects from four other U.S. medical centers that included both ambulatory patients and lung transplantation recipients. High-resolution typing was used to further define specific HLA-DRB1*15 alleles. DRB1*1501 prevalence in IPF subjects was similar among the 143 ambulatory patients and 132 transplant recipients (31.5% and 34.8%, respectively, p=0.55). The aggregate prevalence of DRB1*1501 in IPF patients was significantly greater than among 285 healthy controls (33.1% vs. 20.0%, respectively, OR 2.0; 95%CI 1.3–2.9, p=0.0004). IPF patients with DRB1*1501 (n=91) tended to have decreased diffusing capacities for carbon monoxide (DLCO) compared to the 184 disease subjects who lacked this allele (37.861.7% vs. 42.861.4%, p=0.036). Conclusions/Significance: DRB1*1501 is more prevalent among IPF patients than normal subjects, and may be associated with greater impairment of gas exchange. These data are novel evidence that immunogenetic processes can play a role in the susceptibility to and/or manifestations of IPF. Findings here of a disease association at the HLA-DR locus have broad pathogenic implications, illustrate a specific chromosomal area for incremental, targeted genomic study, and may identify a distinct clinical phenotype among patients with this enigmatic, morbid lung disease.
Deformation and Fracture of Polycrystalline Lithium Fluoride

Techniques for the fabrication of polycrystalline LiF test specimens were developed and evaluated using singlecrystal LiF as a control. An etch was developed which revealed dislocations on ail crystallographic faces of LiF. Large-grained polycrystalline specimens tested in fourpoint loading underwent 0.076 to 0.798% plastic strain before fracture. In most cases their yield stress was similar to that for single crystals favorably oriented for flow on {110} {110} slip systems. Deformation was inhomogeneous among the grains because of differences in orientation with respect to the applied stress and within individual grains because of interactions at grain boundaries. Grain boundaries were barriers to slip, but stresses resulting from slip in one grain were transmitted to neighboring grains and often caused local deformation near the boundary. In one case, local boundary slip occurred on a (010) plane. Three- grain junctions were areas of high residual stresses, and fractures originated at boundaries at or near threegrain junctions. Fractures were mixed transgranular and intergranular. (auth)
Habitat restoration promotes pollinator persistence and colonization in intensively managed agriculture

Widespread evidence of pollinator declines has led to policies supporting habitat restoration including in agricultural landscapes. Yet, little is yet known about the effectiveness of these restoration techniques for promoting stable populations and communities of pollinators, especially in intensively managed agricultural landscapes. Introducing floral resources, such as flowering hedgerows, to enhance intensively cultivated agricultural landscapes is known to increase the abundances of native insect pollinators in and around restored areas. Whether this is a result of local short-term concentration at flowers or indicative of true increases in the persistence and species richness of these communities remains unclear. It is also unknown whether this practice supports species of conservation concern (e.g., those with more specialized dietary requirements). Analyzing occupancies of native bees and syrphid flies from 330 surveys across 15 sites over eight years, we found that hedgerow restoration promotes rates of between-season persistence and colonization as compared with unrestored field edges. Enhanced persistence and colonization, in turn, led to the formation of more species-rich communities. We also find that hedgerows benefit floral resource specialists more than generalists, emphasizing the value of this restoration technique for conservation in agricultural landscapes.
The Audit Lottery: Don't Ask, Don't Tell?

The IRS has never audited more than two percent of returns filed. Therefore, as a general matter, whatever one puts in a tax return, there is a 98% chance that one will not get caught. This phenomenon is known as the audit lottery. Under certain conditions, tax advisors should be allowed to discuss the audit lottery with their clients. Even though this information might well persuade some clients to take very aggressive, or perhaps even fraudulent, positions on tax returns, the taxpayer should have a right to know about the audit lottery.
Assessing compartmentalized flux in lipid metabolism with isotopes

Metabolism in plants takes place across multiple cell types and within distinct organelles. The distributions equate to spatial heterogeneity; though the limited means to experimentally assess metabolism frequently involve homogenizing tissues and mixing metabolites from different locations. Most current isotope investigations of metabolism therefore lack the ability to resolve spatially distinct events. Recognition of this limitation has resulted in inspired efforts to advance metabolic flux analysis and isotopic labeling techniques. Though a number of these efforts have been applied to studies in central metabolism; recent advances in instrumentation and techniques present an untapped opportunity to make similar progress in lipid metabolism where the use of stable isotopes has been more limited. These efforts will benefit from sophisticated radiolabeling reports that continue to enrich our knowledge on lipid biosynthetic pathways and provide some direction for stable isotope experimental design and extension of MFA. Evidence for this assertion is presented through the review of several elegant stable isotope studies and by taking stock of what has been learned from radioisotope investigations when spatial aspects of metabolism were considered. The studies emphasize that glycerolipid production occurs across several locations with assembly of lipids in the ER or plastid, fatty acid biosynthesis occurring in the plastid, and the generation of acetyl-CoA and glycerol-3-phosphate taking place at multiple sites. Considering metabolism in this context underscores the cellular and subcellular organization that is important to enhanced production of glycerolipids in plants. An attempt is made to unify salient features from a number of reports into a diagrammatic model of lipid metabolism and propose where stable isotope labeling experiments and further flux analysis may help address questions in the field. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Plant Lipid Biology edited by Kent D. Chapman and Ivo Feussner.
Chalcogen Atom Transfer to Uranium(III): Synthesis and Characterization of [(R2N)3U]2(μ-E) and [(R2N)3U]2(μ-η2:η2-S2) (R = SiMe3; E = S, Se, Te)

Addition of 0.0625 equiv of S8 to U(NR2)3 (R = SiMe3) in Et2O generates [(R2N)3U]2(μ-S) (1), which can be isolated in moderate yield by crystallization from cold Et2O. Interestingly, if the U(NR2)3 starting material is contaminated with the U(IV) metallacycle U(CH2SiMe2NSiMe3)(NR2)2, then a second product is also formed in the reaction with S8, namely, [(R2N)3U]2(μ-η2:η2-S2) (2). This species can be separated from 1, in low yield, by virtue of its insolubility in Et2O. Finally, addition of 0.5 equiv of E (E = Se, Te) to U(NR2)3 (R = SiMe3) results in the formation of [(R2N)3U]2(μ-E) (E = Se (3), Te (4)) in moderate yields. Complexes 1–4 were fully characterized, including analysis by X-ray crystallography.
English Proficiency and Earnings of Foreign-Born Immigrants in the USA from 1980 to 2000: The Effect of Minority-Language Enclaves

This paper compares the importance of English proficiency (EP) on earnings among the foreign-born immigrants from 1980 to 2000 and shows its importance varied over time. The key issue examined is changes in the impact of being in a minority-language enclave and its interactions with the return to EP. Results show that the negative effects of enclaves were the greatest in 1990 and such effects were significantly stronger among those fluent English speakers. The relationship between EP and the enclave effects is explored, which confirms their strong interaction in 1990. However, the evidence of fluent speakers' large migrations from enclaves between 1990 and 2000 is not strong, as of the 24 foreign language groups, 13 showed decreases in fluency in enclaves relative to non-enclaves, while 11 showed increases in fluency in enclaves relative to non-enclaves. This may relate to non-wage benefits of living in enclaves, such as social benefits.
Large eddy simulation of compressible flow using a parallel, multigrid driven algorithm

An efficient multigrid driven scheme, originally developed for the solution of Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations is modified and tested for large eddy simulation. The formulation is initially based on a Smagorinsky model, but it is general enough to allow for more advanced SGS models. The fully implicit time marching method is implemented on parallel computers using message-passing. This study concentrates on two aspects: Verification and validation against results of Direct Numerical Simulation and evaluation of efficiency of our approach. This is a first step towards performing large eddy simulations at high Reynolds number and on realistic geometry.
Analysis of hospitalized children death cases in Wuhan Children's Hospital from2003 to 2014

Object To analyze the age distribution,death time,cause of death,hospital mortality of hospitalized children death cases in Wuhan Children's Hospital during nearly twelve years,and try to point out the variation trend. Methods A retrospective statistical analysis was used on 1 179 hospitalized children death cases from 2003 to 2014in Wuhan Children's Hospital. Results The total mortality among hospitalized children was 0.19% from 2003 to 2014.In previous 10 years,the alteration of mortality rate in each year had no significance.From the beginning of 2013,the trend of mortality rate was decreased.The majority death age of hospitalized children death case was neonatal,accounted for 39.02%.The second was 1year old infants,accounted for 31.98%.And most of the time of death was within 9days after admission.In accordance with the system to classification,the top five causes of death were neonatal disease,respiratory diseases,congenital malformations,nervous system diseases and digestive diseases,respectively.The top five diseases of death were pneumonia,congenital heart disease,central nervous system infections,sepsis and neonatal pneumonia,respectively. Conclusions The focal point of reducing hospitalized children death is improving the level of diagnosis and treatment of dangerous diseases,such as neonatal disease,infectious diseases and congenital malformation.
Improving Trainee Education During Family-Centered Rounds: A Resident’s Perspective

* Abbreviation: FCR — : family-centered rounds At 8:00 am on a busy morning, the pediatrics team begins rounds. The team of 12 providers dons gowns and gloves before entering the room of the first patient, a 9-month-old girl with bronchiolitis. They enter slowly, introducing themselves one-by-one to the patient’s mother. The intern relays the patient’s history, examination, and plan for the day, speaking quietly to avoid waking the patient while the attending carefully examines her. “She seems improved. We will keep monitoring her, but we hope to get you home soon.” The next few minutes are spent answering the mother’s questions. After 10 minutes, the team files out of the room quietly. “Alright, let’s keep moving,” says the senior resident once they re-enter the hallway. “We have 24 patients left and mandatory conference at noon.” In 2003, the American Academy of Pediatrics deemed family-centered rounds (FCR) to be the standard of care.1 Defined as conducting attending rounds, including patient presentations and discussions, in the patient’s room with nursing and family present, FCR has improved multiple aspects of patient care.1 However, both trainees and attending physicians have debated the impact FCR may have on medical education. Although studies have demonstrated residents’ belief in FCR as a forum to hone skills such as communication and professionalism, they have frequently acknowledged a weakness in didactic teaching.2,3 Before proposing remedies to this … Address correspondence to Natalja Stanski, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, MLC 5018, Cincinnati, OH 45229. E-mail: natalja.stanski{at}cchmc.org
Introduction: Impact of C. Vann Woodward’s The Burden of Southern History

Special Edition – Diane D. Blair Center of Southern Politics and Society and Rockefeller Institute Conference on the Ongoing Impact of C. Vann Woodward’s The Burden of Southern History
Lenslet Array Tunable Snapshot Imaging Spectrometer (LATIS) for hyperspectral biological imaging

We present a novel snapshot hyperspectral imaging system called the Lenslet Array Tunable Snapshot Imaging Spectrometer (LATIS) capable of changing its average spectral resolution in one integrated system for large field-of-view biological imaging
Which Outlier Detection Algorithm Should I Use

Ensembles can be used to improve the performance of base detectors in several different ways. The first method is to use a single base detector in conjunction with a method like feature bagging and subsampling. The second method is to combine multiple base detectors in order to induce greater diversity. What is the impact of using generic ensemble methods on various base detectors? What is the impact of combining these ensemble methods into a higher-level combination? This chapter will discuss both these different ways of combining base detectors and also various ways in which one can squeeze the most out of ensemble methods.