cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ion soft-landing into liquids: Protein identification, separation, and purification with retention of biological activity.

Protein ions, after mass spectrometric separation, can be soft-landed into liquid surfaces with preservation of their native structures. Retention of biological activity is strongly favored in glycerol-based surfaces but not in self-assembled monolayer solid surfaces. Soft-landing efficiency for multiply-charged hexokinase ions was found to be some four times higher for a glycerol/fructose liquid surface than for a fluorinated self-assembled monolayer surface. Soft-landing into liquid surfaces is also shown to allow (1) protein purification, (2) on-surface identification of the soft-landed material using MALDI, and (3) protein identification by in-surface tryptic digestion. Pure lysozyme was successfully isolated from different mixtures including an oxidized, partially decomposed batch of the protein and a partial tryptic digest. Liquid glycerol/carbohydrate mixtures could be used directly to record MALDI spectra on the soft-landed compounds provided they were fortified in advance with traditional MALDI matrices such as p-nitroaniline and α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid. Various proteins were soft-landed and detected on-target using these types of liquid surface. Soft-landing of multiply-charged lysozyme ions onto fluorinated self-assembled monolayer surfaces was found to occur with a limited amount of neutralization, and trapped multiply-charged ions could be desorbed from the surface by laser desorption. Initial data is shown for a new approach to protein identification that combines top-down and bottom-up approaches by utilizing protein ion soft-landing from a protein mixture, followed by tryptic digestion of the landed material and detection of characteristic tryptic fragments by MALDI.
Reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography and partition coefficients of penicillins

Abstract R M values for eight penicillins have been measured by a reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography system using n -octanol as the stationary phase. There is a near perfect linear relation between the R M values measured at pH 3 or pH 4 and th logarithm of the partition coefficients of the penicillin free acids between n -octanol and water. The change of R M with change in pH of the developing buffer is close to a theoretical value for measurements at pH 3 and 4, but it is too low for measurements at pH 4 and 5. Attention is drawn to an unusually low Hansch π value for the methyl group of phenethicillin.
Cooperativity of ligand binding as a function of monomer-dimer equilibrium Parameters and Acceptor Concentration

A general monomer-dimer equilibrium system involving ligand interactions ispresented. Cooperativity features of specific limited models are analyzed by selecting the appropriate family of equilibrium constants from this general scheme. Each system is then characterized in terms of Hill coefficient dependency on alterations in values of equilibrium constants and total acceptor concentration. This method permits comparison of predicted cooperativity trends between systems. Contrasting reports concerning cooperativity dependencies for certain defined equilibrium systems are compared and the discrepancies resolved. Characteristics of cooperativity binding patterns are shown to include symmetry about dimerization association constant values, both positive and negative cooperativity for a single set of parameters, and significant changes in cooperativity features with relatively small changes in equilibrium parameters.
Epidermoid Carcinoma of the Anal Canal

Anal cancers are rare tumors with only an expected 4000 new diagnoses in 2005. The majority of these are epidermoid or squamous cell cancers. Despite the rarity of this disease, great advances have been made in its understanding and treatment. The human papillomavirus (HPV), immunosuppression for solid organ transplantation, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and sexual practices are changing the demographics of the disease from elderly women to young men who have sex with men and young women infected with HPV and HIV. The treatment of these malignancies was radically changed with Dr. Nigro's description in 1974 of the use of a nonoperative treatment strategy. Today, radiochemotherapy represents first-line therapy and the role of surgery has been largely relegated to that of salvage therapy for treatment failures of nonoperative management.
Binding of 5α-dihydroprogesterone and other progestins to female rat anterior pituitary nuclear extracts

Abstract The specific binding of 5α-dihydroprogesterone (5α-DHP), progesterone and R5020 to anterior pituitary nuclear extracts was studied using ovariectomized rats treated with estradiol benzoate and progesterone. The binding equilibrium association constant for 5α-dihydroprogesterone with different preparations of nuclear extract ranged from 4.0 ± 0.54 μM−1 to 59 ± 10 μM−1. The association constants for progesterone and R5020 were 0.39 ± 0.081 nM−1 and 1.5 ± 0.15 nM−1, respectively. The binding of 5α-DHP was specific in that it could be competed only by R5020, progesterone and 5α-DHP and not by other progesterone metabolites and other hormonal steroids tested. With [3H]-progesterone and [3H]R5020 as ligands the most efficient competitors also were R5020, progesterone and 5α-DHP. Estrogen priming of ovariectomized rats consistently and significantly increased the number of binding sites for all three progestins and subsequent progesterone treatment enabled their detection at higher levels in the nuclei.
The Benefits of Capitalism and Freedom Will Survive the Financial Crisis and This Seminar

My meeting and subsequent long association with my mentor and friend, Milton Friedman, some of his contributions to economics, public policy, and the Chicago School, are described. The meeting with Friedman was due to a late night passenger in my Checker cab, Abram Lincoln Harris, Jr, a prominent economist whom, I was told, was a founder of the Association of Social Economics that cosponsored the seminar where this paper was presented. I had studied under Abba Lerner at Roosevelt University. Lerner was instrumental in bringing Keynesian economics to the United States. Due to the intervention of Harris and Friedman I was able to study under outstanding economists at the University of Chicago without paying tuition. Descriptions of Friedman's views, including his negative income tax that led to the passage of the largest means-tested anti-poverty program in the United States and some of his other views on the efficient market and rational expectations theories are described. His belief in the benefits of ca...
Multivariable adaptive algorithms for reconfigurable flight control

The application of multivariable adaptive control techniques to flight control reconfiguration is considered. The objective is to redesign automatically flight control laws to compensate for actuator failures or surface damage. Three adaptive algorithms for multivariable model reference control are compared. The availability of state measurements in this application leads to relatively simple algorithms. The respective advantages and disadvantages of the adaptive algorithms are discussed, considering their complexity and the assumptions that they require. An equation-error based algorithm is found to be preferable. Simulations obtained using a full nonlinear model of a twin-engine jet aircraft are presented. The results demonstrate the ability of the adaptive algorithms to maintain trim after a failure, to restore tracking of the pilot commands despite the loss of actuator effectiveness, and to coordinate the use of the remaining active control surfaces in order to guarantee the decoupling of the rotational axes. A new adaptive algorithm with a variable forgetting feature is also used and is found to yield a useful alternative to covariance resetting as a solution to covariance wind-up in least-squares algorithms.
DNA sequence analysis: a general, simple and rapid method for sequencing large oligodeoxyribonucleotide fragments by mapping

Several electrophoretic and chromatographic systems have been investigated and compared for sequence analysis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides. Three systems were found to be useful for the separation of a series of sequential degradation products resulting from a labeled oligonucleotide: (I) 2-D electrophoresisdagger; (II) 2-D PEI-cellulose; and (III) 2-D homochromatography. System (III) proved generally most informative regardless of base composition and sequence. Furthermore, only in this system will the omission of an oligonucleotide in a series of oligonucleotides be self-evident from the two-dimensional map. The sequence of up to fifteen nucleotides can be determined solely by the characteristic mobility shifts of its sequential degradation products distributed on the two-dimensional map. With this method, ten nucleotides from the double-stranded region adjacent to the left-hand 3'-terminus and seven from the right-hand 3'-terminus of bacteriophage lambda DNA have been sequenced. Similarly, nine nucleotides from the double-stranded region adjacent to the left-hand 3'-terminus and five nucleotides from the right-hand terminus of bacteriophage phi80 DNA have also been sequenced. The advantages and disadvantages of each separation system with respect to sequence analysis are discussed.
Heat Shock Up-Regulates lmp2 and lmp7 and Enhances Presentation of Immunoproteasome-Dependent Epitopes

The heat shock response is a canonical regulatory pathway by which cellular stressors such as heat and oxidative stress alter the expression of stress-responsive genes. Some of these stress-responsive genes (heat shock proteins and MHC class I (MHC I)-related chains) play a significant role in the immune system. In this study, we have investigated the impact of stimulating the heat shock response on genes involved in the MHC I presentation pathway. We report that two inducible subunits of the proteasome, lmp2 and lmp7, are transcriptionally up-regulated by heat shock in cells of mouse and human origin. Furthermore, heat-shocked cells show enhanced presentation of the immunoproteasome-dependent MHC I antigenic epitopes NP118–126 of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and E1B192–200 of adenovirus, but not immunoproteasome-independent epitopes such as tumor Ag AH1 and SV40 large T Ag epitope II223–231. These findings show a novel immunological sequel to the cellular response to stress that may play a key role during fever or other homeostatic perturbations.
An Integrated Power-Efficient Active Rectifier With Offset-Controlled High Speed Comparators for Inductively Powered Applications

We present an active full-wave rectifier with offset-controlled high speed comparators in standard CMOS that provides high power conversion efficiency (PCE) in high frequency (HF) range for inductively powered devices. This rectifier provides much lower dropout voltage and far better PCE compared to the passive on-chip or off-chip rectifiers. The built-in offset-control functions in the comparators compensate for both turn-on and turn-off delays in the main rectifying switches, thus maximizing the forward current delivered to the load and minimizing the back current to improve the PCE. We have fabricated this active rectifier in a 0.5-μm 3M2P standard CMOS process, occupying 0.18 mm2 of chip area. With 3.8 V peak ac input at 13.56 MHz, the rectifier provides 3.12 V dc output to a 500 Ω load, resulting in the PCE of 80.2%, which is the highest measured at this frequency. In addition, overvoltage protection (OVP) as safety measure and built-in back telemetry capabilities have been incorporated in our design using detuning and load shift keying (LSK) techniques, respectively, and tested.
Autocomplete as a research tool: A study on providing search suggestions

As the library website and on its online searching tools become the primary “branch” many users visit for their research, methods for providing automated, context-sensitive research assistance need to be developed to guide unmediated searching towards the most relevant results. This study examines one such method, the use of autocompletion in search interfaces, by conducting usability tests on its use in typical academic research scenarios. The study reports notable findings on user preference for autocomplete features, and suggests best practices for their implementation.
Stormy Seas and Cloudy Skies: Conceptual Processing is (Still) Linguistic and Perceptual.

Pecher et al. (2010) extended current findings on conceptual processing of words denoting references in the sky or in the ocean (e.g., falcon, dolphin) presented in different positions on the screen (top, bottom). This experimental paradigm has shown to facilitate processing for word meaning in the corresponding spatial location (e.g., falcon presented at the top of the screen). Pecher et al. (2010) compared two explanations for the interaction between concept and position, one related to perceptual simulation, the other to a response selection process, in a response time experiments. To test the perceptual simulation explanation participants received an ocean or sky judgment task (“can this item be found in the sky?”, “can this item be found in the ocean?”) and used a polarity response (yes answer left, yes answer right). Polarity correspondence did not explain response times and the authors concluded that the interaction between reference–word and position therefore need being explained by a perceptual simulation account. Lakens (2011) commented on the conclusions drawn by Pecher et al. (2010) and argued that it is too early to dismiss the polarity correspondence principle, a claim Van Dantzig and Pecher (2011) responded to.
Non-primate Lentiviral Vector Administration in the TMJ

Gene therapy is emerging as a novel treatment method for the management of temporomandibular joint disorders. The aim of this investigation was to study the effects of lentiviral vectors on the temporomandibular joint. Consequently, we injected into the articular joint space a defective feline immunodeficiency virus capable of infecting dividing as well as terminally differentiated cells with the reporter gene lacZ, the expression of which was studied by means of PCR, X-gal histochemistry, and β-galactosidase immunocytochemistry. Our results showed successful transduction of hard and soft tissues of the temporomandibular joint. Interestingly, a subset of primary sensory neurons of the ipsilateral trigeminal ganglion also stained positive for the reporter gene, presumably following uptake of the lentiviral vector by peripheral nerve fibers and retrograde transport to the nucleus. These findings suggest that lentiviral vectors can potentially serve as a platform for the transfer of anti-nociceptive genes fo...
Race and sex differences in sex role attitudes of southern college students

A sample of southern college students is used to investigate race and sex differences among nine Likert-type sex role attitudes. Results show that black and white men share a similar sex role orientation while black and white women also share a similar world view. There were only two instances where blacks were notably different from whites. First, blacks were more likely to feel that a woman's real fulfillment in life comes from motherhood, and second, blacks were more likely to feel that it was appropriate for a mother with school-age children to work.
Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Superantigens

■ Effects on nasal polyp tissue consistent with local exposure to superantigens are seen in about 50% of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps.
Integrating a flexible modeling framework (FMF) with the network security assessment instrument to reduce software security risk

The network security assessment instrument is a comprehensive set of tools that can be used individually or collectively to ensure the security of network aware software applications and systems. Using the various tools collectively provide a distinct advantage for assuring the security of software and systems. Each tool's resulting output provides feedback into the other tools. Thus, more comprehensive assessment results are attained through the leverage each tool provides to the other when they are employed in concert. Previous portions of this work were presented at the IEEE Wet Ice 2000 and 2001 Workshops and are printed in those proceedings. This paper presents a portion of an overall research project on the generation of the network security assessment instrument to aid developers in assessing and assuring the security of software in the development and maintenance lifecycles. This portion, the flexible modeling framework (FMF), focuses on modeling requirements and early lifecycle designs to discover vulnerabilities that result from interaction between system components that are either under development in a new system or proposed as additions to an existing system. There are early indications that this new approach, the flexible modeling framework (FMF), has promise in the areas of network security as well as other critical areas such as system safety. Information about the overall research effort regarding network security is available at http://security.jpl.nasa.gov/rssr.
Fine-Grained Class Label Markup of Search Queries

We develop a novel approach to the semantic analysis of short text segments and demonstrate its utility on a large corpus of Web search queries. Extracting meaning from short text segments is difficult as there is little semantic redundancy between terms; hence methods based on shallow semantic analysis may fail to accurately estimate meaning. Furthermore search queries lack explicit syntax often used to determine intent in question answering. In this paper we propose a hybrid model of semantic analysis combining explicit class-label extraction with a latent class PCFG. This class-label correlation (CLC) model admits a robust parallel approximation, allowing it to scale to large amounts of query data. We demonstrate its performance in terms of (1) its predicted label accuracy on polysemous queries and (2) its ability to accurately chunk queries into base constituents.
Who Could Best Complement a Team of Family Business Researchers—Scholars Down the Hall or in Another Building?

This study explores which fields might potentially collaborate in family business research. It compares 14 research fields for their structure of topical attention. The most convenient collaborations, such as those between entrepreneurship, family business, and strategy researchers, prove to be the most appropriate for some research purposes. However, less common collaborations, particularly with scholars from law, history, and anthropology, appear to be the most appropriate for other projects. Family and marital therapy prove to be a less promising collaborator than one might expect because of their strong skewing to familial rather than commercial topics. Correspondingly, entrepreneurship also proves to be an outlier field, skewed to the commercial rather than the familial, with surprisingly little in common with the topical interests of family business researchers.
Turbulent Boundary Layer Separation Control with Plasma Actuators

An experimental study was conducted to determine the effect of single dielectric barrier discharge pl asma actuators on turbulent boundary layer separation control . Two component PIV measurements showed the effect of plasma actuators on ambient air, a canonical zero pressure gradient turbu lent boundary layer, and a two -dimensional turbulent boundary layer separation from a convex ramp section. Different actuator configurations and control strategies were implemented. Spanwise actuators were operated in both steady and unsteady modes . Plas ma streamwise vortex generators were also used to enhance boundary lay er mixing . Flow visualization using a high speed camera captured the temporal aspects of the separation control process and helped discern the physical mechanisms associated with each actuation strategy. The steady spanwise actuation produced a wall jet ef fect which helped reattach the separated boundary layer . The streamwise oriented actuators also showed effective control authority by creating counter -rotating vortices with in the boundary layer which promote mixing of high and low momentum fluid .
Radical interpretation, understanding, and the testimonial transmission of knowledge

In this paper I argue that RadicalInterpretation (RI), taken to be a methodological doctrine regarding the conditions under which an interpretation of an utterance is both warranted and correct, has unacceptable implications for the conditions on (ascriptions of) understanding. The notion of understanding at play is that which underwrites the testimonial transmission of knowledge. After developing this notion I argue that, on the assumption of RI, hearers will fail to have such understanding in situations in which we should want to maintain otherwise. The overall effect of the argument is to provide a heretofore unexamined source of motivation for anti-individualistic approaches to the semantics of utterances.
Isolation of Rhodospirillum centenum mutants defective in phototactic colony motility by transposon mutagenesis.

The purple photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum centenum is capable of forming swarm colonies that rapidly migrate toward or away from light, depending on the wavelength of excitation. To identify components specific for photoperception, we conducted mini-Tn 5 -mediated mutagenesis and screened approximately 23,000 transposition events for mutants that failed to respond to either continuous illumination or to a step down in light intensity. A majority of the ca. 250 mutants identified lost the ability to form motile swarm cells on an agar surface. These cells appeared to contain defects in the synthesis or assembly of surface-induced lateral flagella. Another large fraction of mutants that were unresponsive to light were shown to be defective in the formation of a functional photosynthetic apparatus. Several photosensory mutants also were obtained with defects in the perception and transmission of light signals. Twelve mutants in this class were shown to contain disruptions in a chemotaxis operon, and five mutants contained disruptions of components unique to photoperception. It was shown that screening for photosensory defective R. centenum swarm colonies is an effective method for genetic dissection of the mechanism of light sensing in eubacteria.
A guide for multilevel modeling of dyadic data with binary outcomes using SAS PROC NLMIXED

In the social and health sciences, data are often structured hierarchically, with individuals nested within groups. Dyads constitute a special case of hierarchically structured data with variation at both the individual and dyadic level. Analyses of data from dyads pose several challenges due to the interdependence between members within dyads and issues related to small group sizes. Multilevel analytic techniques have been developed and applied to dyadic data in an attempt to resolve these issues. In this article, we describe a set of analyses for modeling individual- and dyad-level influences on binary outcomes using SAS statistical software; and we discuss the benefits and limitations of such an approach. For illustrative purposes, we apply these techniques to estimate individual- and dyad-level predictors of viral hepatitis C infection among heterosexual couples in East Harlem, New York City.
Marriage Timing in Nepal: Organizational Effects and Individual Mechanisms

Although researchers have consistently found effects of context on family behaviors, there has been less success in identifying the mechanisms of these effects. One reason may be that the measured mechanisms may not have been directly related to the contextual measures. In this article, I examine marriage timing in the Chitwan Valley of Nepal, a setting of rapid social change. Individual and neighborhood history calendars provide detailed, time-ordered information on individuals' behaviors and changes in the context of neighborhoods. I test how individuals' experiences with nonfamily activities mediate the neighborhood effects of nonfamily organizations such as schools, health care providers, employers, and cinemas. Results indicate that while both individuals' activities and neighborhood organizations influence marriage timing, there is mixed evidence that individuals' activities mediate neighborhood effects.
Fatty Acid Synthase Inhibitors Modulate Energy Balance via Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 Signaling in the Central Nervous System

OBJECTIVE— Evidence links the hypothalamic fatty acid synthase (FAS) pathway to the regulation of food intake and body weight. This includes pharmacological inhibitors that potently reduce feeding and body weight. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an intracellular fuel sensor whose activity in the hypothalamus is also linked to the regulation of energy balance. The purpose of these experiments was to determine whether hypothalamic mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling is involved in mediating the effects of FAS inhibitors. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— We measured the hypothalamic phosphorylation of two downstream targets of mTORC1, S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) and S6 ribosomal protein (S6), after administration of the FAS inhibitors C75 and cerulenin in rats. We evaluated food intake in response to FAS inhibitors in rats pretreated with the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin and in mice lacking functional S6K1 ( S6K1 −/− ). Food intake and phosphorylation of S6K1 and S6 were also determined after C75 injection in rats maintained on a ketogenic diet. RESULTS— C75 and cerulenin increased phosphorylation of S6K1 and S6, and their anorexic action was reduced in rapamycin-treated rats and in S6K1 −/− mice. Consistent with our previous findings, C75 was ineffective at reducing caloric intake in ketotic rats. Under ketosis, C75 was also less efficient at stimulating mTORC1 signaling. CONCLUSIONS— These findings collectively indicate an important interaction between the FAS and mTORC1 pathways in the central nervous system for regulating energy balance, possibly via modulation of neuronal glucose utilization.
An Institute for Social Capital: Enhancing Community Capacity Through Datasharing

This paper describes the establishment of a unique entity, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte Institute for Social Capital, Inc. (ISC), to link agencies and organizations serving children, youth, and families in order to allow for information sharing among these groups, with the broader goal of fostering data-based community decision-making. In addition, the Institute establishes an important connection between the community and university researchers with expertise in a wide range of areas involving children, youth, and families. The mission of ISC is to foster university social and human capital research and to increase the community’s capacity for data-based planning and evaluation of programs. In founding ISC, the University of North Carolina at Charlotte has established a dynamic collaboration with local non-profits, governmental agencies, and community-based organizations to build a research foundation capable of compiling, validating, and analyzing community data to provide feedback on the impact of community initiatives. A pilot project examining academic achievement for local African American youth is presented to illustrate the benefits of datasharing using the ISC Community Database as a resource.
Experimental studies of interdependent mixed-motive games.

A multistage Prisoner’s Dilemma (MPD) game is presented as a paradigm for a special class of interdependent mixed-motive conflicts. The MPD game is composed of several PD subgames (conflicts) which are interconnected in the sense that each joint decision determines, in addition to the payoff for each player, the next subgame (conflict) to be played. Several experiments are reported, using both male and female players. The results show that players are aware of the delicate strategic considerations involved in the game and are affected by the strategy employed by the other player. When the game is perceived as an individual decision task, the percentage of cooperative behavior increases. A normative model for the MPD game is presented. Its failure to account for the observed results is discussed briefly.
Lifetime Reliability Aware Design Flow Techniques for Dual-Vdd Based Platform FPGAs

Increasing on-chip power densities with aggressive technology scaling has led to a low-power FPGA fabric with dual supply voltages. Such low-power techniques coupled with the heterogeneity of components on a FPGA have led to non-uniform aging of components due to temperature and voltage dependent failure mechanisms. In this paper, we present techniques in placement and routing stages of the design flow that will increase the average life-time of components by ensuring uniform aging. We first study the impact of temperature and voltage variations on lifetime reliability of components. In the presence of such variations, we study the impact of aging in FPGA interconnects due to Electromigration (EM), and di-electric breakdown due to Time Dependent Dielectric Breakdown (TDDB). We also consider the performance degradation due to Hot Carrier Instability (HCI) in our design flow optimizations.The proposed reliability aware design flow techniques achieve anaverage of 65.8% and 75% improvement in lifetime of LUTs and interconnect wires respectively.
Isolation and characterization of chromatin from Neurospora crassa.

Different preparations of chromatin isolated from mycelia of Neurospora crassa were analyzed for DNA-associated RNA and proteins. The UV absorption spectra, the ultrastructure of chromatin, and the amino acid composition of the acid-extractable proteins were studied. The protein:DNA ratios range from 1.5 to 2.8; the RNA:DNA ratios range from 0.5 to 1.24. UV absorption shows a macimum at 259 mµ and a minimum at 238–239 mµ. The E280/E260 ranges from 0.59 to 0.70. Electron microscopy reveals a fibrous structure with individual fibers of 120–150 A average diameter. Attempts were made to study the protein by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and amino acid analysis. The results indicate that Neurospora chromatin does not contain basic proteins comparable to calf thymus histone. The ratios of basic to acidic amino acids range from 0.93 to 1.19. On electrophoresis, no bands are seen whose positions correspond to those of histones. Staining for basic proteins with fast green or eosin Y at pH 8.2 also shows a negative reaction, suggesting the absence of histones.
Modelling field emitter arrays using line charge distributions

Field emitter arrays are high-brightness electron sources with important current and future applications in vacuum electronics, particle accelerators, and directed energy. The current produced by individual emitters in these arrays is controlled by the total electric field on their surfaces, which depends on the background field, the space charge field from previously-emitted electrons, and field enhancements due to geometric features at the macro-, meso-, and micro-scales. To facilitate the study of shielding and space charge effects in these arrays, we have developed a mathematical model using tapered line charges to generate equipotential surfaces which approximate the geometry of high aspect ratio field emitters. This model provides an analytic approach for studying contributions to array performance due to macro-scale and meso-scale features such as array geometry, emitter height, and emitter tip radius. Here we present this model and use it to assess the impact of these parameters on the field enhancement factor of individual field emitters and emitters in 1D and 2D arrays.
Structural Properties of the Anterolateral Capsule and Iliotibial Band of the Knee.

Background:The role of the anterolateral capsule in knee stability has recently been advocated by studies reporting that a distinct ligament exists in this area. Defining the structural properties of the anterolateral capsule can provide insight into its contribution to joint stability. The structural properties of the iliotibial band also need to be determined, as it is a common graft used for extra-articular tenodesis.Purpose/Hypothesis:The purpose of this study was to determine the structural properties of the anterolateral capsule and iliotibial band. The hypothesis was that the iliotibial band will have comparable structural properties to the anterolateral capsule because it is generally an accepted graft for extra-articular reconstruction surgeries.Study design:Controlled laboratory study.Methods:Nine human cadaveric knees (average age, 57 ± 10 years) were dissected to assess the presence of a discrete capsular thickness originating from the lateral femoral epicondyle to the lateral tibial plateau b...
Developmental Learning Theory and the American Law School Curriculum

We in legal education correctly assume that our incoming students come to us as novice legal thinkers. But it’s also true that our students increasingly come to us with mature intellectual and moral reasoning capabilities in other areas of their lives. Our incoming students might apply these more mature reasoning capabilities to their study of the law, but we don’t let them. Instead, our first-year curriculum binds them in a counter-productive learning process.This essay begins with a review of some of the intellectual and moral developmental theories as they relate to legal pedagogy. The essay then examines the typical first-year curriculum and attempts to place it in the context of those theories. I argue that the typical first-year curriculum moves students backwards before it moves them forward in the intellectual and moral development progression – that it regresses them before it progresses them, and that this is not just a waste of time, but that it is positively destructive. Finally, I offer an alternative or complementary approach to the typical first-year curriculum – actual legal work in the first year – that is designed to progress, not regress, students as intellectual and moral thinkers.
Black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) response to phosphorus enrichment of an arctic tundra stream

This study reports on the density, growth, and production response of the dominant black fly, Prosimulium martini, to whole river fertilization of the Kuparuk River in arctic Alaska during the summer of 1984. Beginning in 1983, a long term study of fertilization effects was initiated in the Kuparuk River. Increased nutrient supply stimulated algal and microbial biomass and microbial activity, which in turn affected the larval growth and abundance of Prosimulium. This experiment allowed us to isolate the effects of nutrient supply from other factors in determining black fly growth and abundance.
PS3-19: Association of Racial Discrimination and Overweight Status Among Adolescents

Background/Aims The percent of overweight adolescents has tripled in the last 30 years, with increasing the risk for obesity and chronic diseases. Evidence suggests racial discrimination has implications for academic performance and health; however, research examining its contribution to obesity among adolescents is limited. We examined the association between discrimination and overweight status in a racially-diverse sample of healthy adolescents.
The many pitfalls in the diagnosis of myeloma.

The step-by-step process of clinical problem-solving is the subject of this new Journal feature. Information about a real patient is presented to an expert clinician in stages (boldface type), to simulate the way such information emerges in everyday clinical practice. In this exercise, the discussant, a nephrologist, was provided with the initial clinical information. Subsequent data were given in response to his specific questions, with the addition of some supplemental related data. A 71-year-old man was admitted to the Yale–New Haven Hospital with a six-month history of sweats, unexplained fever, weight loss of 9 kg (20 lb), and anemia. A . . .
Learning Collection Development and Management on the Job

ABSTRACTLibrarians are often asked to serve as collection managers for subject areas in which they are not well versed. This article will provide guidelines to develop a strong knowledge base of the current collection, users, and subject area. It will also explore tools that librarians can utilize to help them discover, synthesize, and organize key information related to their collection areas.
An Algorithm for Acoustic Objective Identification in Battlefield with Multi-Source Information Fusion

The high-tech weapons are used more and more in modern war, and various voices of vehicles and weapons make the environment noisy, so it is a challenge to identify acoustic objective in such a noisy situation. An acoustic target recognition algorithm is given based on the characteristics of wireless sensor networks and the data fusion theory so that the various target signals can be identified correctly by wireless multi-sensor network in a noisy battlefield environment. The algorithm uses wavelet packet pretreatment and feature extraction, artificial neural network classification, and the data fusion algorithm to work out the final results. The result shows that the algorithm is feasible and effectual for battlefileld acoustic target identification through identifying original acoustic signal.
The Blood Picture of the Goat: II.—Changes in Erythrocytic Shape, Size and Number Associated with Age

Measurements of the size and number of goat erythrocytes were made on 870 blood samples from 75 goats between the ages of 30 minutes and 11 years. Simple regression lines were calculated for changes in these measurements except for those that occurred during the first week of life, when it was necessary to express time as a logarithm. These regressions showed that the red count at birth was 93 million but fell to 6 5 at 7 days and then rose to 18 2 in the second or third month; it then fell to 11 3 at 30 months and remained stationary. Packed cell volume was 42 per cent at birth, fell to 23 in the fourth week, rose to 32 at 2 months, and then fell to 28 at 30 months. Mean corpuscular volume was 45 μ3 at birth, fell, at first slowly and then rapidly, to reach 25 at 30 months. Mean corpuscular diameter fell from 5μ to 3μ at I month of age and then slowly increased; it correlated with the mean corpuscular volume of the kid but not with that of the adult. In the kid there was a correlation between the mean corpuscular diameter and the mean corpuscular average thickness by which the largest corpuscular diameter had the smallest thickness. Sickling of corpuscles, apparent between 1 and 3 months of age, was a function of pH, and immature erythrocytes were not observed after the seventh week.
Constitutional Obstacles to Regulating Violence in the Media

This chapter examines whether speech containing violent imagery that is made available to children can be subjected to government regulation that will survive constitutional scrutiny. The first section of this chapter reviews the general limits that the First Amendment places on the government’s power to regulate speech. The second section arguees that violent speech may not be regulated based on its content because “violence” is not one of the limited legal categories constituting “unprotected” speech, such as obscenity. The third section examines the government’s burden to demonstrate that violent speech harms children before it can regulate such speech, and concludes that current social science evidence does not meet the required constitutional standard. The fourth section discusses the inherent difficulties in defining violent speech in a way that satisfies the First Amendment. Finally, in the fifth section, I argue that private efforts by parents and industry provide the best, and probably the only, constitutional response to the problem of media violence.
Cult books revisited: Ian Barbour’s Issues in Science and Religion

The quiet 1966 publication of Issues in Science and Religion by Ian G. Barbour became the blueprint from which, now a half century later, an entire bridge discipline has been constructed. That disc...
Predicting How Bounded Rationality Will Affect the Quality of Future Decisions: Case Study

It is known that the problems of optimal design are NP-hard—meaning that, in general, a feasible algorithm can only produce close-to-optimal designs.
Efficient wireless power charging of electric vehicle by modifying the magnetic characteristics of the transmitting medium

There is a developing enthusiasm for electric vehicle (EV) innovations as a result of their lower fuel utilization and greenhouse emission output. Integrating EV's with highway wireless power transfer (WPT) technology can conveniently reduce charging time and possibly expand their travel distance. There are several issues with the current WPT technology for electric vehicles: 1) low efficiency due to large coil-coil distance and 2) slow charging time. Two ideas have been proposed to increase system efficiency: 1) using a modified cement for covering the transmitting antenna area, and 2) using high frequency wide band gap switches which can transfer a high amount of power in a short time. The electromagnetic and mechanical properties of several modified cementitious composite mediums were characterized and the results show significant improvement to system efficiency.
CRISPR-UnLOCK: Multipurpose Cas9-Based Strategies for Conversion of Yeast Libraries and Strains

Saccharomyces cerevisiae continues to serve as a powerful model system for both basic biological research and industrial application. The development of genome-wide collections of individually manipulated strains (libraries) has allowed for high-throughput genetic screens and an emerging global view of this single-celled Eukaryote. The success of strain construction has relied on the innate ability of budding yeast to accept foreign DNA and perform homologous recombination, allowing for efficient plasmid construction (in vivo) and integration of desired sequences into the genome. The development of molecular toolkits and “integration cassettes” have provided fungal systems with a collection of strategies for tagging, deleting, or over-expressing target genes; typically, these consist of a C-terminal tag (epitope or fluorescent protein), a universal terminator sequence, and a selectable marker cassette to allow for convenient screening. However, there are logistical and technical obstacles to using these traditional genetic modules for complex strain construction (manipulation of many genomic targets in a single cell) or for the generation of entire genome-wide libraries. The recent introduction of the CRISPR/Cas gene editing technology has provided a powerful methodology for multiplexed editing in many biological systems including yeast. We have developed four distinct uses of the CRISPR biotechnology to generate yeast strains that utilizes the conversion of existing, commonly-used yeast libraries or strains. We present Cas9-based, marker-less methodologies for (i) N-terminal tagging, (ii) C-terminally tagging yeast genes with 18 unique fusions, (iii) conversion of fluorescently-tagged strains into newly engineered (or codon optimized) variants, and finally, (iv) use of a Cas9 “gene drive” system to rapidly achieve a homozygous state for a hypomorphic query allele in a diploid strain. These CRISPR-based methods demonstrate use of targeting universal sequences previously introduced into a genome.
A scalable model for tracking topical evolution in large document collections

In this era of big data, many domains on the web naturally have massive amount of labeled text data that are growing over time, for example, digital publication archives, social media posts, and question-answer forums. Probabilistic graphical models have shown great potential for mining such text corpora in recent years. Some of these algorithms utilize explicit annotations and labels associated with documents to guide the probabilistic model to find hidden themes. A few techniques attempt to utilize the timestamps associated with documents to model the evolution of those latent topics. However, no effort has been devoted to utilize these two different dimensions of information together — timestamps and labels or annotations — to discover evolution of labeled themes. In this paper, we present a new topical model called the Supervised Topical Evolution Model (STEM), which is a monolithic graphical model capable of using annotations, timestamps, and textual contents to discover interpretable and evolving themes from big text datasets. STEM simultaneously learns latent themes and their changes over time using a stochastic process that is driven by labels or annotations. In addition, we provide an asynchronously distributed inference process for STEM that results in significant speedup in learning time, making the model scalable for large datasets. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our proposed model is able to infer highly interpretable topics that reflect temporal patterns, in much less time than other comparable topic modeling methods.
Investigating Function Extreme Value: Case of Optimization

Optimization is a central process in engineering designs. Its core idea is rooted in applying mathematics and calculus techniques to finding a maximum or minimum value of a function, often of several variables, subject to a set of constraints. This study investigated how calculus students formulated and analyzed functions that led them to find dimensions of a rectangle that produced a maximum area enclosed by a string of a fixed length. A group of 23 high school calculus students was immersed in an activity that involved hypothesizing possible outputs, direct measurements, data collecting, model formulating, and optimizing the model values. While typical textbook problems on optimization focus students’ attention on determining unique dimensions that maximize an enclosed area, this activity extended the exploratory part and underpinned not only the behavior of the function of interest but also the behavior of the constraint functions. This phase helped to disclose potential effects of the constraint functions on absolute maximum or minimum. Posttest analysis revealed that STEM activity not only deepened and helped understanding of underlying optimization processes but also challenged students’ mathematical reasoning skills regarded the interpretation of the behavior of the derivative function.
Context-Specific Seminole Rock Reform

Under Bowles v. Seminole Rock, courts will defer to an administrative agency’s interpretation of rules that the agency produced. For decades, Seminole Rock deference was an uncontroversial part of the administrative law landscape. But recently, the doctrine has come under siege. Drawing on concerns about the flexible structure of the administrative state, critics of the doctrine have won an increasingly sympathetic ear on the Supreme Court and in Congress. This Essay suggests that any reform of Seminole Rock should be driven by three principles: fidelity to congressional intent, avoidance of undesirable side effects, and careful targeting of a clear problem. The Essay goes on to argue that these goals can best be satisfied by tailoring deference to the context created by each regulatory regime. For courts, this would mean looking to guideposts in the underlying statutes that authorize agency action. For Congress, this would mean specifying the level of deference on a statute-by-statute basis. The resulting context-specific Seminole Rock regime would avoid many of the pitfalls that have plagued past reform efforts, while placing the doctrine on a proper footing.
Zirconia-Stabilized 25-Å TiO2 Anatase Crystallites in a Mesoporous Structure

Presents the preparation and characterization of a mesoporous material where the framework of both the as-synthesized and calcined materials, is composed of ZrO2-doped 25-angstrom TiO2 anatase crystallites. The nanocrystalline framework is structured about a surfactant-templated, disordere porous network with a unifrom pore diamter of 28 angstrom. Air calcination at 450 degrees C removes the surfactant to eyild a mosoporous oslid with surface area of 330 m2/g. The mesoporous framework and TiO2 crystallite size are surprisingly robust, and we observed no substantial structural differences between precalcined and calcined products.