cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal Spreading Resistance and Heat Source Temperature in Compound Orthotropic Systems With Interfacial Resistance

In this paper, a new and more general solution for thermal spreading resistance in compound, orthotropic systems with interfacial resistance is considered. This new solution, which extends beyond previously published results, is obtained for a finite rectangular heat source of uniform strength arbitrarily located on a rectangular substrate. By means of superposition, one can obtain the temperature field in the source plane for multiple heat sources as well as the source mean and centroid temperatures. By means of orthotropic transformations, systems containing orthotropic materials can be easily modeled. Extension of the present solutions using a computationally efficient influence coefficient method is also given, such that the effects of large numbers of heat sources are superimposed. The application of these closed-form expressions for the temperature rise is demonstrated with calculations for Gallium nitride (GaN) high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs). These solutions are shown to be more flexible than previously reported analytical expressions and much more computationally efficient than 3-D finite element analysis, especially for a large number of discrete heat sources associated with multifinger GaN HEMTs.
Viable adenovirus vaccine prototypes: High-level production of a papillomavirus capsid antigen from the major late transcriptional unit

Safe, effective, orally delivered, live adenovirus vaccines have been in use for three decades. Recombinant derivatives of the live adenovirus vaccines may prove an economical alternative to current vaccines for a variety of diseases. To explore that possibility, we constructed a series of recombinants that express the major capsid protein (L1) of canine oral papillomavirus (COPV), a model for mucosal human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Vaccination with virus-like particles (VLPs) composed of recombinant HPV L1 completely prevents persistent HPV infection [Koutsky, L. A., Ault, K. A., Wheeler, C. M., Brown, D. R., Barr, E., Alvarez, F. B., Chiacchierini, L. M. & Jansen, K. U. (2002) N. Engl. J. Med. 347, 1645–1651], suggesting that L1 expressed from recombinant adenoviruses might provide protective immunity. In our recombinants, COPV L1 is incorporated into adenovirus late region 5 (Ad L5) and is expressed as a member of the adenoviral major late transcriptional unit (MLTU). COPV L1 production by the most prolific recombinant is comparable to that of the most abundant adenoviral protein, hexon. COPV L1 production by recombinants is influenced by Ad L5 gene order, the specific mRNA processing signals associated with COPV L1, and the state of a putative splicing inhibitor in the COPV L1 gene. Recombinant COPV L1 protein assembles into VLPs that react with an antibody specific for conformational epitopes on native COPV L1 protein that correlate with protection in vivo. The designs of these recombinants can be applied directly to the production of recombinants appropriate for assessing immunogenicity and protective efficacy in animal models and in human trials.
Testicular germ cell toxicity caused by vinylcyclohexene diepoxide in mice.

Vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) produces ovarian toxicity in female mice and rats, whereas testicular damage occurs only in mice. The objectives of these studies were to determine the target cell(s) and spermatogonial survival following VCD administration. In addition, the effects of 4-vinylcyclohexene (VCH) and two epoxide metabolites, vinylcyclohexene 1,2-monoepoxide and VCD were compared. Male mice were dosed daily with VCD (320 mg/kg/d, i.p.) and killed at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, or 30 d. Two groups were dosed daily for 30 d and allowed to recover for 30 or 60 d. Decreases in testis weight began at 5 d and continued to 30 d. These decreases corresponded to progressive necrosis of germ cells. After 5 d of VCD, there was loss of Type I and B spermatogonia in Stages II to VI and of preleptotene spermatocytes in Stages VI to VIII. After 30 d of dosing, seminiferous tubules were devoid of germ cells except for spermatogonial stem cells. Following 30 d of recovery, 100% of the seminiferous tubules were repopulated. Epididymal spermatozoa were present after 60 d of recovery. Increasing doses of VCD (0 to 320 mg/kg/d) resulted in increasing testicular toxicity. Neither VCH (800 mg/kg, i.p.) nor VCM (200 mg/kg, i.p.) caused testicular damage. VCD administration initially results in destruction of spermatogonia and spermatocytes, which are undergoing DNA synthesis and cell replication, followed by loss of maturing cells. Neither VCH nor VCM caused testicular germ cell destruction, although all three compounds destroy germ cells in female mice. Therefore, further investigation will be necessary to understand these differences in chemical-induced toxicity between ovaries and testes.
Emotion and underlying concerns during couples' conflict: An investigation of within‐person change

This study investigated how emotion changes within persons across different episodes of romantic relationship conflict. Presumably, changes in different types of emotion are linked to changes in the types of underlying adaptive concerns people have during conflict, which in turn are linked to changes in the types of emotion that one's partner is perceived to express. Over the span of 8 weeks, 105 college students in romantic relationships completed between 2 and 5 online assessments of a recent relationship conflict. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to distinguish within-person effects from between-person effects. Results confirmed expected differences between types of emotion and types of underlying concern, indicated that most effects occur at the within-person level, and identified mediating pathways.
Reproductive Rights and Responsibilities

While positive procreative liberty that is the right to have a child seems to exist in the US thousands of mentally retarded people have been involuntarily sterilized. Therefore the definition of procreative liberty remains unclear and depends on whether the right to procreate is interpreted as simply meaning the right to genetic replication or as the right to create children coupled with the intent and ability to rear them. Genetic connection has significance only within the context of establishing a family and genetic replication otherwise is not an interest which society needs to protect. Therefore someone incapable of being a rearing parent would not have procreative autonomy and it follows that severely retarded people who can not raise children do not have a right to reproduce. Rather than violating procreative autonomy involuntary sterilization in such cases may be the most humane and effective way of protecting retarded women from pregnancy. The use of contraceptive implants considered by some a "less restrictive alternative" makes no sense given that no interest is being protected by allowing for future procreation in such cases. Also sterilization may result in fewer risks and side effects than temporary measures. A related issue the mandatory use of contraceptives such as Norplant dictated by some judges in child abuse cases is morally and legally problematic but this action does show that the judges regard parenthood as a responsibility as well as a right.
Molecular immunology and genetics of inflammatory muscle diseases.

Polymyositis, dermatomyositis, and inclusion body myositis, although immunopathologically distinct, share 3 dominant histological features: inflammation, fibrosis, and loss of muscle fibers. Progress in molecular immunology and immunogenetics has enhanced our understanding of these cellular processes. Based on the T-cell receptor gene rearrangement, the autoinvasive CD8 + T cells in polymyositis and inclusion body myositis, but not dermatomyositis, are specifically selected and clonally expanded in situ by heretofore unkown muscle-specific autoantigens. The messenger RNA of cytokines is variably expressed, except for a persistent up-regulation of interleukin 1β in inclusion body myositis and transforming growth factor β in dermatomyositis. In inclusion body myositis, the interleukin 1, secreted by the chronically activated endomysial inflammatory cells, may participate in the formation of amyloid because it up-regulates β-amyloid precursor protein (β-APP) gene expression and β-APP promoter and colocalizes with β-APP within the vacuolated muscle fibers. In dermatomyositis, transforming growth factor β is overexpressed in the perimysial connective tissue but is down-regulated after successful immunotherapy and reduction of inflammation and fibrosis. The degenerating muscle fibers express several antiapoptotic molecules, such as Bcl-2, and resist apoptosis-mediated cell death. In myositis, several of the identified molecules and adhesion receptors play a role in the process of inflammation, fibrosis, and muscle fiber loss, and could be targets for the design of semispecific therapeutic interventions.
Specificity of the Glucose Transport System in Leishmania tropica Promastigotes

SYNOPSIS. The glucose transport system in Leishmania tropica promastigotes was characterized by the use of labeled 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DOG), a nonmetabolizable glucose analog. The uptake system has a Q10 of 2 and a heat of activation of 10.2 kcal/mole. The glucose transport system is subject to competitive inhibition by 2-DOG, glucosamine, N-acetyl glucosamine, mannose, galactose, and fructose which suggests that substitutions in the hexose chain at carbons 2 and 4 do not affect carrier specificity. In contrast, changes at carbon 1 (α-methyl-D-glucoside, 1,5-anhydroglucitol) and carbon 3 (3–0-methyl glucose) lead to loss of carrier affinity since these sugars do not compete for the glucose carrier. Sugars that compete with the glucose carrier have one common feature—they all exist in the pyranose form in solution. The carrier for D-glucose does not interact with L-glucose or any of the pentose sugars tested. Uptake of 2-DOG is inhibited by glycerol. This inhibition, however, is noncompetitive; it is evident, therefore, that glucose and glycerol do not compete for the same carrier. Glycerol does not repress the glucose carrier since cells grown in presence of glycerol transport the sugar normally.
The growth of calcite spherulites from solution: I. Experimental design techniques

Spherical calcite spherulites form in solution when combinations of Mg2+ and SO2−4 ions are present. When either ion is present alone, modified rhombohedra are formed. Experimental design techniques were used to identify the significance of the effect of the combination of Mg2+ and SO2−4 on crystal morphologies.
Modulation of the renin-aldosterone system by iodotyrosines as tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitors

This study shows that MIT and DIT stimulate aldosterone secretion. This may be due to their tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitory property. Dopamine abolishes the stimulation. Prolonged MIT administration enhances the stimulation of aldosterone secretion and can cause hypokalemia. Volume expansion reverses the hyperaldosteronism. PRA and blood pressure do not change, even after prolonged MIT intake.
Adjusting to Life in the United States: Therapy with Haitian Immigrant Women

This article examines the relationship between acculturative stress and depressive symptoms among Haitian immigrant generation women in the United States. Using a sample of 79 Haiti-born women, this article explores the use of measures of acculturative stress and depressive symptoms with this population. Recommendations highlight methods for integrating assessment, therapeutic approach and the client's background when making decisions about treatment as well as other areas of which the therapist may need to be aware when providing culturally appropriate therapy to Haitian women.
1792 TRACHEAL INFLAMMATION AND HIGH-FREQUENCY VENTILATION

Tracheobronchial histopathology following conventional positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV) was compared to that following high-frequency positive-pressure ventilation (HFPPV) and two types of high-frequency jet ventilation. Twenty-six cats were each ventilated for 16 hours. Seven received CPPV via an infant ventilator (Bourns BP200) cycling at 30 bpm. Seven received HFPPV using the same ventilator cycling at 150 bpm. Six received HFJV via an IDC VS600 ventilator (HFJV1) cycling at 250 bpm. Six received HFJV using a Bunnell ventilator (HFJV2) cycling at 400 bpm. A 4-point, 9-variable histologic scoring system graded tissue changes at four levels of the tracheobronchial tree. High-frequency ventilation produced more inflammatory tracheal injury at the endotracheal tube tip when compared to CPPV (P <.05). CPPV produced more histopathology at the carina and brainstem bronchi (P <.05). There were no significant differences in injury patterns produced by HFJV1 or HFPPV; HFJV2 resulted in less lower airway damage than either HFJV1 or HFPPV (P <.05). In this study, high-frequency ventilation produced inflammatory injuries near the endotracheal tube tip. CPPV produced different and greater histopathology distally. These differences suggest that CPPV and high-frequency ventilation have different injury mechanisms. Tracheal inflammation seen with HFPPV suggests that frequency, not ventilator type, may be at least partially responsible for this lesion.
Merton M. Gill: A study in theory development in psychoanalysis

Merton M. Gill's (1914–1994) contributions to psychoanalytic theory are reviewed. Gill's ideas are discussed as they relate to three fundamental challenges facing psychoanalysis: (1) defining the nature of psychoanalysis as a discipline, (2) defining the nature of the psychoanalytic situation and the optimal psychoanalytic technique, (3) finding ways to study the psychoanalytic process empirically. In all three areas special attention is paid to continuities and discontinuities in Gill's thinking over time. With respect to the first challenge, Gill's contributions to classical metapsychology are described as well as his subsequent repudiation of that perspective and its replacement with a “person point of view.”; With respect to the second challenge, Gill's writings on hypnosis, on the initial psychiatric interview, and on psychoanalytic technique are reviewed. Gill's later emphasis on the analysis of transference and on the analyst's contribution to the patient's experience are shown to have precursors i...
Expression of fibrillar types I and III and basement membrane collagen type IV genes in myocardium of tight skin mouse

Study objective – The aim was to study the expression of fibrillar collagen types I and III and basement membrane type IV collagen in the heart of the tight skin mouse, a genetic mutant with collagen overproduction in various organs. Design – Collagen gene expression was measured in the ventricular tissues of the heart of the tight skin mouse and the age matched homozygous (+/+) litter mates by the use of cDNA probes to α2 (I), α1 (III) and α2 (IV) procollagen and northern and dot blot analysis. Collagen deposition was examined by immunofluorescent light microscopy using monospecific antibodies to types I, III and IV collagens. Experimental material – Heterozygous male (TSK/+) and normal (+/+) mice, 1.5–2 months old of the C57BL/6 strain were used. The animals were anaesthetised and the hearts were rapidly excised and processed for RNA extraction and antibody staining. Measurements and results – The results of northern and dot blot analyses showed a 41% increase in mRNA level for collagen type I, a 63% increase in mRNA level for type III and a 33% increase in type IV collagen in the ventricular myocardium (right and left ventricles) of the tight skin mouse compared to its counterpart in age matched homozygous (+/+) litter mates. mRNA levels for β actin showed no significant increase. Immunofluorescent light microscopy and monospecific antibodies to types I, III and IV collagens were used to examine collagen deposition. The results showed that collagen type I fibres are thicker and denser in perivascular areas of the tight skin mouse heart compared to normal heart. No abnormal accumulation of type III fibres was observed. Conclusions – The heart of the tight skin mouse may be an appropriate model for studying the up regulation of cardiac collagen gene expression and its potential contribution to myocardial diseases.
Contemporary bone loss options: Rebuild, reinforce, and augment

Abstract Bone loss remains a major clinical challenge in revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Sources of bone loss include wear debris-induced osteolysis, infection, stress shielding, and periprosthetic fracture. Preoperative and intraoperative evaluations are necessary to classify the degree of bone loss in the revision setting including the location, size, and containment of defects. Reconstructive options for smaller, contained defects include morselized autograft/allograft, cementation with or without screw fixation, and metallic augments. For larger uncontained defects, structural allograft, metallic augments/cones, and prosthetic salvage systems become more common treatment options. Restoration of the bony envelope to provide support to the revision prosthesis is critical for a successful clinical outcome.
Segmentation of range images using morphological operations: review and examples

Image segmentation involves calculating the position of object boundaries. For scene analysis, the intent is to differentiate objects from clutter by means of preprocessing. The object of this paper is to examine and discuss two morphological techniques for preprocessing and segmenting range images. A Morphological Watershed Algorithm has been studied in detail for segmenting range images. This algorithm uses a unique approach for defining the boundaries of objects from a morphological gradient. Several sets of range images are used as input to the algorithm to demonstrate the flexibility of the watershed technique and the experimental results support this approach as an effective method for segmenting range images. Morphological image operators present another means for segmenting range images. In particular, the results from implementing gray-scale morphological techniques indicate that these operators are useful for segmentation. This is made possible by converting a range image of a scene to a gray-scale image representation. The result represents the umbra of the surface of the objects within the scene. By applying morphological operations to the gray values of the image, the operations are applied to the umbra. Each pixel represents a point of the object's umbra, thereby yielding scene segmentation. The techniques that are discussed are found to be useful for preprocessing and segmenting range images which are direct extensions to object recognition, scene analysis, and image understanding.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Finding optimal collective strategies using individual-based simulations: colony organization in social insects

Social insects like ants and bees live in cooperative colonies containing up to millions of individuals. These colonies are sometimes termed ‘superorganisms’ and have evolved tightly integrated and sophisticated collective behaviours. Different species, however, often differ in the type and mechanisms of communication and collective organization employed. I show here how individual-based models can be used to identify the non-intuitive benefits of different mechanisms of communication and division of labour and how these benefits may depend on the external environment as well as traits of the society itself. This allows us to understand under what ecological conditions particular types of collective organization may have evolved, and thus can also help to explain variation among species.
Skill-based management training for child care program administrators: The teaching-family model revisited

A five-day management training workshop for child care administrators is described and the results of an evaluation study are presented. The findings indicated that: a) participants' behavior improved following training, b) participants were highly satisfied with the workshop, and c) participants reported using the skills and information after completing the workshop.
Impediments to predicting site response: Seismic property estimation and modeling simplifications

Abstract We compare estimates of the empirical transfer function (ETF) to the plane SH -wave theoretical transfer function (TTF) within a laterally constant medium for invasive and noninvasive estimates of the seismic shear-wave slownesses at 13 Kiban-Kyoshin network stations throughout Japan. The difference between the ETF and either of the TTFs is substantially larger than the difference between the two TTFs computed from different estimates of the seismic properties. We show that the plane SH -wave TTF through a laterally homogeneous medium at vertical incidence inadequately models observed amplifications at most sites for both slowness estimates, obtained via downhole measurements and the spectral analysis of surface waves. Strategies to improve the predictions can be separated into two broad categories: improving the measurement of soil properties and improving the theory that maps the 1D soil profile onto spectral amplification. Using an example site where the 1D plane SH -wave formulation poorly predicts the ETF, we find a more satisfactory fit to the ETF by modeling the full wavefield and incorporating spatially correlated variability of the seismic properties. We conclude that our ability to model the observed site response transfer function is limited largely by the assumptions of the theoretical formulation rather than the uncertainty of the soil property estimates.
Remote detection of plant physiological responses to TNT soil contamination

Our study was aimed at understanding physiological responses to trinitrotoluene (TNT) soil contamination, and using optical methods to detect TNT-induced stress in a woody plant prior to visible changes. Myrica cerifera plants were potted in soil concentrations of TNT ranging from 30–500 mg kg−1. Physiological measurements were significantly affected by TNT exposure at all treatment levels, and photosynthetic decline likely resulted from metabolic impairment rather than stomatal closure as the experiment progressed. Several reflectance indices were able to detect TNT-induced stress before any changes in chlorophyll concentrations occurred. The most sensitive index was the simple ratio R761/R757 which is linked to fluorescence in-filling of the 02 atmospheric absorption. Changes at R740/R850 and R735/R850 may be attributed to both fluorescence and structural characteristics of leaf anatomy in the near infrared region. This could have been influenced by transformation and conjugation of TNT metabolites with other compounds. chlorophyll index (CHL) or in the water band index (WBI970), which are indices typically associated with drought stress, and may provide a means of separating stress due to explosives. Further studies need to be conducted with a combination of stressors (TNT and natural) to determine if responses are in fact generalized or if any of these changes are separable from natural stress.
Drug enforcement's doubleedged sword: An assessment of asset forfeiture programs

This paper presents the first ethnographic examination of asset forfeiture during the drug war era. The study is based on 12 months of covert participant observation, in which one of the authors assumed the role of confidential informant in undercover narcotics operations in a southern state. Contemporary methods of narcotics policing are assessed at two vital points: case selection and police conduct. Findings suggest that asset forfeiture is a dysfunctional policy which, in implementation, has strayed from its original intent and has incurred unintended consequences. Although forfeiture programs generate income, they also cause drug enforcement to serve functions that are inherently contradictory and often at odds with the demands of justice.
Quantification of the Deformation of the Human Iliac Arteries With Hip and Knee Flexion: Implications for Stent-Graft Design

Abdominal aortic aneurysm stent grafts have been reported to fracture at a rate as high as 8% [1]. Iliac artery deformation induced by cardiac pulsation or musculoskeletal motions has been hypothesized to cause these fractures, but little in vivo data has been available heretofore to test this hypothesis. We have utilized magnetic resonance angiography and image-processing methods to quantify in vivo deformation of the human iliac arteries due to maximal hip flexion.© 2008 ASME
Genome-wide Association Study Identifies New Susceptibility Loci for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Background Genetic factors influence the risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a potentially chronic and disabling psychiatric disorder that can arise after exposure to trauma. Candidate gene association studies have identified few genetic variants that contribute to PTSD risk. Methods We conducted genome-wide association analyses in 1578 European Americans (EAs), including 300 PTSD cases, and 2766 African Americans, including 444 PTSD cases, to find novel common risk alleles for PTSD. We used the Illumina Omni1-Quad microarray, which yielded approximately 870,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) suitable for analysis. Results In EAs, we observed that one SNP on chromosome 7p12, rs406001, exceeded genome-wide significance ( p = 3.97×10 −8 ). A SNP that maps to the first intron of the Tolloid-Like 1 gene ( TLL1 ) showed the second strongest evidence of association, although no SNPs at this locus reached genome-wide significance. We then tested six SNPs in an independent sample of nearly 2000 EAs and successfully replicated the association findings for two SNPs in the first intron of TLL1 , rs6812849 and rs7691872, with p values of 6.3×10 −6 and 2.3×10 −4 , respectively. In the combined sample, rs6812849 had a p value of 3.1×10 −9 . No significant signals were observed in the African American part of the sample. Genome-wide association study analyses restricted to trauma-exposed individuals yielded very similar results. Conclusions This study identified TLL1 as a new susceptibility gene for PTSD.
Terrain generation using genetic algorithms

We propose a method for applying genetic algorithms to create 3D terrain data sets. Existing procedural algorithms for generation of terrain have several shortcomings. The most popular approach, fractal-based terrain generation, is efficient, but is difficult for a user to control. Other methods tend to require too much user input. In this paper, we provide an alternative method of terrain generation that uses a two-pass genetic algorithm approach to produce a variety of terrain types using only intuitive user inputs. We allow a user to specify a rough sketch of terrain region boundaries, and we refine these boundaries using a genetic algorithm. We then couple this with a database of given terrain data to generate an artificial terrain, which we optimize using a second genetic algorithm.
An occurrence of saline ground water on Guadalcanal

Guadalcanal Island is largely mountainous, but on the north side there is a coastal plain about 40 mi long which averages eight miles in width and stands a about 15 ft above sea level. This plain is composed of the coalesced deltas of several large rivers. Most of the military installations of World War II were located on this plain near its western end. Wells drilled for water supply disclosed a body of saline ground water between the Lunga and Nalimbu Rivers. The saline water probably is ocean water that was incorporated into the sediments as the coastal plain was built. The location and shape of the body of salt water appears to be controlled largely by the permeability of the material.
A search for the decay μ→e+ν

A search for the decay μ→e+γ has been made using spark chambers and sodium iodide crystals. The spark chambers provided the means of measuring the angle between the electron and photon, while the sodium iodide crystals were used to measure the particle energies. A lithium target and thin (0.001 in.) aluminum foils in the spark chamber were used to minimize the scattering of the electron. An upper limit of 4.3·10−8 (90% confidence) has been found for the ratio of the rate of the μ→e+γ decay to the normal muon decay rate. A search for the decay μ→e+γ+γ has also been made.
Collaborative reputation mechanisms for electronic marketplaces

Abstract Members of electronic communities are often unrelated to each other, they may have never met and have no information on each other's reputation. This kind of information is vital in Electronic Commerce interactions, where the potential counterpart's reputation can be a significant factor in the negotiation strategy. Collaborative reputation mechanisms can provide personalized evaluations of the various ratings assigned to each user to predict their reliabilities. While these reputation mechanisms are developed in the context of electronic commerce, they are applicable in other types of electronic communities such as chatrooms, newsgroups, mailing lists, etc.
Application of kinetic theory models in spatiotemporal flows for polymer solutions, liquid crystals and polymer melts using the CONNFFESSIT approach

Three kinetic theory models are used to predict the spatiotemporal stress and velocity fields that arise in the startup of Couette flow. The models considered do not have analytic closed-form expressions for the stress tensor. Nevertheless, using a combined finite-element and Brownian dynamics technique (CONNFFESSIT), numerical solutions can be found. To describe the dynamics for dilute polymer solutions, a dumbbell model with finite extensibility, internal viscosity and hydrodynamic interaction is considered. Polymer melts are described by a reptation model that does not assume independent alignment or consistent averaging, and liquid crystals are considered using Doi and Edwards' model without consistent averaging. The three examples show how simple kinetic theory ideas on the microscopic scale can predict very different, but qualitatively reasonable, macroscopic flow fields in non-homogeneous flows, hence cannot be solved by strictly continuum-mechanical methods.
Development of a rotorcraft dust-emission parameterization using a CFD model

Flights of rotorcraft over the desert floor can result in significant entrainment of particulate matter into the atmospheric boundary layer. Continuous or widespread operation can lead to local and regional impacts on visibility and air quality. To account for this pollutant source in air quality models, a parameterization scheme is needed that addresses the complex vertical distribution of dust ejected from the rotorcraft wake into the atmospheric surface layer. A method to parameterize the wind and turbulence fields and shear stress at the ground is proposed here utilizing computational fluid dynamics and a parameterized rotor model. Measurements taken from a full scale experiment of rotorcraft flight near the surface are compared to the simulation results in a qualitative manner. The simulation is shown to adequately predict the forward detachment length of the induced ground jet compared to the measured detachment lengths. However, the simulated ground vortex widths and vorticity deviate substantially from the measured values under a range of flight speeds. Results show that the method may be applicable for air quality modeling assuming slow airspeeds of the rotorcraft, with advance ratios of 0.005–0.02.
The Relation of Radio Sky-Wave Transmission to Ionosphere Measurements

A simple, rapid, graphical method is given for obtaining maximum usable frequencies and effective reflection heights of radio waves, from vertical-incidence measurements of the critical frequencies and virtual heights of the various layers in the ionosphere. The method consists of the use of "transmission curves," which are superimposed on the curve of frequency against virtual height, observed at vertical incidence. The intersection of the curves gives the level of reflection in the ionosphere. The factors considered in deriving the transmission curves are variation of virtual height with frequency, effect of the curvature of the ionosphere and earth, influence of the earth's magnetic field, and absorption by or reflection from lower layers in the ionosphere. A chart is included for rapid calculation of the factor sec ϕ 0 , used in plotting the transmission curves.
Effect of brief exposure to mitomycin C on viability and proliferation of cultured human Tenon's capsule fibroblasts.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine why a single intraoperative dose of mitomycin C (MMC) appears to promote the success of glaucoma filtration surgery. Methods: Human Tenon's capsule fibroblasts were exposed to MMC and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in vitro at the concentrations and durations of exposure used clinically. Cell proliferation was assessed by quantification of 3 H-thymidine uptake. Cell viability was studied using a sulfarhodamine B cell protein stain and by trypan blue exclusion. Results: Neither MMC (0.4 mg/ml) nor 5-FU (40 mg/ml) were cytocidal. Both 1- and 5-minute exposures to MMC were antiproliferative. A 1-minute exposure to 0.4 mg/ml inhibited 3 H-thymidine uptake by 77%. For the 5-minute exposure, 3 H-thymidine uptake was inhibited by 50% at 0.06 mg/ml and by 90% at 0.4 mg/ml. For 5-FU, 3 Hthymidine uptake was inhibited by 50% at 10 mg/ml and by 64% at 40 mg/ml. Conclusions: Mitomycin C probably does not improve the success of filtration surgery by killing fibroblasts. The ability of a brief exposure to MMC to improve filtration surgery may be due to an almost complete inhibition of proliferation. Alternatively, it may be due to sustained tissue binding, effects on other components of wound healing, such as cell migration and extracellular matrix production, or effects on the vasculature. A 1-minute exposure may be as effective as a 5-minute exposure.
CliffGuard: A Principled Framework for Finding Robust Database Designs

A fundamental problem in database systems is choosing the best physical design, i.e., a small set of auxiliary structures that enable the fastest execution of future queries. Almost all commercial databases come with designer tools that create a number of indices or materialized views (together comprising the physical design) that they exploit during query processing. Existing designers are what we call nominal; that is, they assume that their input parameters are precisely known and equal to some nominal values. For instance, since future workload is often not known a priori, it is common for these tools to optimize for past workloads in hopes that future queries and data will be similar. In practice, however, these parameters are often noisy or missing. Since nominal designers do not take the influence of such uncertainties into account, they find designs that are sub-optimal and remarkably brittle. Often, as soon as the future workload deviates from the past, their overall performance falls off a cliff, leading to customer discontent and expensive redesigns. Thus, we propose a new type of database designer that is robust against parameter uncertainties, so that overall performance degrades more gracefully when future workloads deviate from the past. Users express their risk tolerance by deciding on how much nominal optimality they are willing to trade for attaining their desired level of robustness against uncertain situations. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first to adopt the recent breakthroughs in the theory of robust optimization to build a practical framework for solving some of the most fundamental problems in databases, replacing today's brittle designs with a principled world of robust designs that can guarantee predictable and consistent performance.
The evolution of the computers and writing conference

From its start as an informal meeting at the University of Minnesota in 1982, the yearly conference on computers and writing has remained on the cutting edge of technology and composition pedagogy. In other ways, however, it has changed: Presenters are now more likely to discuss their uses of commercial applications than to demonstrate homemade programs; the focus has shifted from the lone computer user to collaborative uses of technology; instructors are less worried about how the computer will control the user than about how users may manipulate others through technology; the presentations have become increasingly theoretical; the conference has expanded, both materially and in its intellectual scope; recent presentations suggest an increasing self-consciousness about computers and composition studies as a discipline; and the conference reflects the social hierarchy that has developed within this emerging discipline.
Charge storage in doped poly(thiophene): Optical and electrochemical studies

We present a new method of electrochemical polymerization of poly(thiophene) using dithiophene as the starting material, from which we obtain a high-quality film with a sharp interband absorption edge. An in situ study of the absorption spectrum during the electrochemical doping process has been carried out. In the dilute regime, the results are in detailed agreement with charge storage via bipolarons; weakly confined soliton pairs with confinement parameter $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\cong}0.1\ensuremath{-}0.2$. At the highest doping levels, the data are characteristic of the free-carrier absorption expected for a metal. From a parallel electrochemical voltage spectroscopy study, we find evidence of charge injection near the band edge and charge removal from the bipolaron gap states. In the dilute regime, the position of the chemical potential is consistent with charge storage in weakly confined bipolarons. The high Coulombic recovery over a charge-discharge cycle indicates that poly (thiophene) may be an excellent cathode-active material in battery applications.
Understand and improve dynamic performance of transportation system — a case study of Luling Bridge

A transportation system includes transportation infrastructures and transportation vehicles. In most key transportation routes, bridges, especially long-span bridges, play an extremely important role in keeping the whole transportation line smooth and effective. Wind, as a common environmental phenomenon, exists in the nature almost all the time. In addition to the interaction between vehicles and supporting structures (e.g. roadways or bridges), the joining of the natural wind into the already coupled vehicle/supporting structure system makes the problem more complicated. The performance of the transportation system under complicated environmental conditions (e.g. wind) is critical to the hazard resistance capability of the whole transportation system, and thus should be well assessed. Long-span bridges, due to their flexible natures, are prone to exhibiting excessive vibrations caused by wind. So a suitable control scheme is sometimes necessary to improve the performance of the bridge under wind. An integral dynamic assessment and improvement scheme for the transportation system, including bridges, vehicles and roadways, is introduced for Luling Bridge in the South of the United States. With the fully coupled vehicle/bridge/wind model, the overall dynamic performance and accident risks of the vehicles can be assessed, followed by temporary control measures designed to improve the performance of Luling Bridge.
Chronic ethanol and pentobarbital administration in the rat: effects on GABAA receptor function and expression in brain.

Abstract Chronic exposure of rats to ethanol significantly decreases GABA A receptor-mediated 36 Cl − uptake in cerebral cortical synaptoneurosomes. Muscimol and pentobarbital stimulation as well as ethanol enhancement of muscimol-stimulated 36 Cl − flux are significantly decreased following chronic ethanol inhalation. Repeated pentobarbital administration has a similar effect on muscimol and pentobarbital-stimulated 36 Cl − uptake in cerebral cortical synaptoneurosomes. We have postulated that these adaptive responses may be associated with an alteration of GABA A receptor gene expression. Chronic ethanol exposure resulted in a significant reduction in the levels of GABA A receptor α-subunit mRNA's. The most abundant mRNA species in the rat cerebral cortex were reduced 40–50% (4.4 Kb mRNA, 43%, 4.8 Kb mRNA, 47%) β-Actin mRNA and poly(A)+ RNA levels were not significantly reduced following chronic ethanol exposure. Repeated pentobarbital administration had no effect on the level of the 4.4 and 4.8 Kb transcripts of α-subunit mRNAs in rat cerebral cortex. These data suggest that chronic ethanol exposure alters the level of mRNA's coding for the α-subunit of the GABA A receptor. This decrease may reflect an alteration of mRNA processing in the cell or an alteration in GABA A receptor gene expression.
Death anxiety and attitudes toward disabled persons.

A parallel between able-bodied persons' anxiety and attitudes toward the disabled has been drawn in the literature on rehabilitation (Marinelli & Kelz, 1973; Siller, Chipman, Ferguson, & Vann, 1967). More explicitly, generalized manifest anxiety was positively associated with negative attitudes toward disabled persons. In the same vein, more specific forms of anxiety (e.g., fear of death and the process of dying) were both theoretically and empirically shown to be related to rejection of the disabled (Endres, 1979,; Fish, 1981; Krieger, 1977). Endres ( 1979), studying college population, calculated Pearson productmoment correlations between scores on the four subscales of the Fear of Death Scale and the seven subscales of the Disability Factor Scale-General. Eighteen of the possible 28 correlations were significant ( p < .05). All but one of the correlations were in the predicted direction suggesting that, as fear of death increased, negative attitudes toward the disabled also increased. Fish ( 1981 ) studied similar populations and reported a significant correlation ( 9 < .05) between scores on two unidimensional measures, Templer's Death Anxiety Scale and the Attitude Toward Disabled Person Scale--Form B. The premise of these writers can be summarized as follows: The loss of a previously intact bodily part or the deterioration of a normal physical function constitutes the actual death of this part or function. The sight of a physically disabled individual rekindles the anxiety associated with death by reminding the nondisabled of his inevitable death. The result is a psychological, social, and physical rejection of disabled persons for their "role" in triggering such a course of events. One approach to studying the relative importance of anxiety about death as a contributing factor to attitudes toward the disabled is to compare this anxiety with the contribution of other variables predictive of acceptance or rejection of disabled individuals. In addition to a generalized level of anxiety,
A program for analyzing temporal pattern intervals in repetitive, animal sounds

Software for measuring temporal pattern intervals of repetitive animal sounds is described. The program measures time intervals of digitized sounds, plots frequency distributions of these intervals, and calculates descriptive statistics. The program is written in THINK Pascal and is currently interfaced with a sound digitization and analysis software package for the Macintosh computer (SoundWave, Impulse, Inc.). However, the algorithms can be incorporated in any hardware/software environment for the digitization and analysis of a variety of repetitive, pulsatile animal sounds.
Modulation of GABA-stimulated chloride influx into membrane vesicles from rat cerebral cortex by triazolobenzodiazepines

Abstract The effects of triazolobenzodiazepines on GABA-stimulated 36Cl− uptake by membrane vesicles from rat cerebral cortex were examined. Triazolam and alprazolam showed a significant enhancement of GABA-stimulated 36Cl− uptake at 0.01–10 uM. On the other hand, adinazolam showed a small enhancement at 0.1–1 uM followed by a significant inhibition of GABA-stimulated 36Cl− uptake at 100 uM. The enhancement of GABA-stimulated 36Cl− uptake by 1 uM alprazolam was antagonized by Ro15-1788, a benzodiazepine antagonist, but the inhibition of this response by 30 uM adinazolam was not antagonized by Ro15-1788. These results indicate that triazolobenzodiazepines enhanced GABA- stimulated 36Cl− uptake through benzodiazepine receptors. High concentrations of adinazolam inhibit GABA-stimulated 36Cl− uptake which may be due to the direct blockade of GABA-gated chloride channel.
Steps Toward a Large-Scale Solar Image Data Analysis to Differentiate Solar Phenomena

We detail the investigation of the first application of several dissimilarity measures for large-scale solar image data analysis. Using a solar-domain-specific benchmark dataset that contains multiple types of phenomena, we analyzed combinations of image parameters with different dissimilarity measures to determine the combinations that will allow us to differentiate between the multiple solar phenomena from both intra-class and inter-class perspectives, where by class we refer to the same types of solar phenomena. We also investigate the problem of reducing data dimensionality by applying multi-dimensional scaling to the dissimilarity matrices that we produced using the previously mentioned combinations. As an early investigation into dimensionality reduction, we investigate by applying multidimensional scaling (MDS) how many MDS components are needed to maintain a good representation of our data (in a new artificial data space) and how many can be discarded to enhance our querying performance. Finally, we present a comparative analysis of several classifiers to determine the quality of the dimensionality reduction achieved with this combination of image parameters, similarity measures, and MDS.
Effect of visual feedback and verbal encouragement on eccentric quadriceps and hamstrings peak torque

Biofeedback may be a valuable tool in the rehabilitation of musculoskeletal injury whenever a maximal contraction is desired. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of visual feedback (VF) and verbal encouragement (VE) on eccentric quadriceps and hamstrings peak torque of males and females. Fifteen males and 15 females performed eccentric knee flexion/extension at 60°/s on the Biodex B‐2000. Four data collection sessions included one of the following randomly ordered conditions: VF via a bar graph display, VE via a tape recording, VF and VE together, and a control situation (no feedback). Analyses of variance with repeated measured and Tukey post‐hoc tests revealed a significant difference in the results with regard to gender regardless of condition and a significant difference with regard to condition regardless of gender. Males generated more eccentric peak torque than females. VF and combined VF and VE resulted in a higher peak torque value than VE alone and the control condition for b...
Relationship Between Fundamental Natural Frequency And Maximum Static Deflection For Various Linear Vibratory Systems

Abstract It is shown that the fundamental natural frequency of a wide variety of discrete and continuous systems is inversely proportional to the gravitational acceleration divided by the maximum static deflection, raised to the 1/2 power. The value of the constant of proportionality is determined for multi-degree-of-freedom discrete systems, axially vibrating prismatic and tapered rods, prismatic and tapered slender beams, membranes, and thin plates of many planforms. Particular attention is paid to the effects of taper, axial preload, geometry and boundary conditions. The results of this investigation should be useful in predicting the approximate fundamental natural frequency from the static deflection, either calculated or determined experimentally.
The Synthesis of Diamond

Examines the crystalline structure of the diamond and the chemical and industrial processes involved in its synthesis.