cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct Observations of the Ekman Balance at 10°N in the Pacific

Abstract The wind-driven transport and velocity structure are estimated from direct current measurements and geostrophic shears along a transpacific section at 10°N. The total velocity field is dominated by the North Equatorial Current and its eddies, while the shear features near-inertial oscillations and a wind-driven current spiral. The section-averaged cross-track ageostrophic shear can be approximated as a slab layer 30–40 m thick with a velocity of 0.05 m s−1 overlying a sheared layer in which the velocity goes to zero below 80 m. The resulting zonally integrated ageostrophic mass transport is 62 (±10) × 109 kg s−1 northward, similar to the estimate of 52 (±10) × 109 kg s−1 predicted by the Ekman balance using winds measured from the ship. Climatological winds yield similar transport. The zonally averaged velocity relative to the top of the thermocline forms a clockwise spiral, decaying with depth. As has been found at higher latitudes, this mean wind-driven spiral results from the diurnal cycling o...
Protecting Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Cavity Trees Predisposed to Fire-Induced Mortality

Abstract Reducing fire-induced mortality of cavity trees used by red-cockaded woodpeckers (Picoides borealis) is a challenge and concern in managing this federally endangered species. Prior to the 2001 burning season, 814 active and inactive longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) cavity trees on Eglin Air Force Base (AFB) in northwest Florida, USA, were prepared via 6 protection methods (combinations of mechanical, hand, and backfiring preparation) and monitored for postburn survival after 1 year. We collected data on a suite of variables that may be useful in determining cavity tree predisposition to fire-induced mortality. Mortality of protected trees (2.62%) was significantly lower than that of unprotected trees (6.18%), and protection methods did not differ in their effectiveness at preventing mortality. Bark char was significantly more prevalent on unprepared control trees than protected trees, but no differences were apparent among protection treatments. Mechanical clearing alone took the least amount of t...
Index Mutual Funds and Exchange-Traded Funds

Exchange-traded funds have proliferated in the last five years, but have not yet received much attention in the academic literature. The author explains the major differences between ETFs and their traditional index fund competitors, establishing a threshold model to compare their costs. A one-period model expanded to multiple periods helps in analysis of the sorts of investors who would prefer ETFs over index funds, and vice versa. The analysis suggests that ETFs are an especially important tool for larger investors and that long-term retail investors can also use them effectively.
Duality and the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics

The 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics honored the observation that dark matter and dark energy constitute the underlying reality of the universe in which “dark energy yields its expansion while dark mass slows it down,” (Kishner, Editorial Page.) Thus, the two interact to obtain harmonious balance, sustaining the existence and change in all things and events in the universe.
Synthesis of Me2Si-Bridged ansa-Zirconocenes by Amine Elimination

Me2Si-bridged ansa-zirconocenes of interest for α-olefin polymerization catalysis are prepared in good yield by amine elimination reactions. The reaction of Me2Si(1-C5H4-3-tBu)2 (3) and Zr(NMe2)4 affords Me2Si(1-C5H3-3-tBu)2Zr(NMe2)2 (4) in 95% NMR yield (rac/meso = 1/2) and pure meso-4 in 38% isolated yield. The reaction of Me2Si(1-C5H3-2-Me-4-tBu)2 (6) with Zr(NMe2)4 affords Me2Si(1-C5H2-2-Me-4-tBu)2Zr(NMe2)2 (7) in 90% NMR yield (rac/meso = 2.5/1) and pure rac-7 in 52% isolated yield. The 1/2 rac-4/meso-4 and 2.5/1 rac-7/meso-7 ratios are the thermodynamic ratios, and the rac/meso isomerizations are catalyzed by NMe2H via reversible Zr−Cp bond aminolysis. The thermodynamic bias for meso-4 is ascribed to the ease of distortion of the metallocene framework of this diastereomer by a lateral deformation which reduces steric crowding between the amide ligands and the Cp substituents. The reaction of 6 and Zr(NEt2)4 proceeds only in 1,2-dichlorobenzene at 180 °C, affording Me2Si(1-C5H2-2-Me-4-tBu)2ZrCl2 (rac...
Non-duality and the concept of ultimate reality

A travers le schema propose par l'A., l'Un peut etre compris comme une activite transcendante unifiant la pluralite, c'est-a-dire les personnes divines et leurs creatures, dans une realite sans dogme du Dieu createur. Si la doctrine de la Trinite doit etre comprise dans ce sens, elle devient alors l'archetype de la facon dont la realite a tous les niveaux de l'existence est invariablement a la fois une et plurielle en meme temps. Le pluriel et l'unique ne sont pas distincts, mais lies de maniere dynamique. L'un existe a travers le pluriel, mais la reciproque est egalement vraie
Atoms in Crystals and Correlation Diagrams

Consider an atom with Z protons in its nucleus and with Z outer electrons (the atomic number of the atom is Z). In the central-field approximation, atomic electrons are assumed to be independent of one another. The Hamiltonian of the ith atomic electron is given by $${H_{i}}({r_{i}}) = \frac{{p_{i}^{2}}}{{2m}} - \frac{{Z{e^{2}}}}{{{r_{i}}}}$$ (6.1a) which has the eigenstates $${\Psi _{nlm}}({r_i}) = {R_{nl}}({r_i}){Y_{lm}}({\theta _i},{\phi _i}){\xi _i}$$ (6.1b)
Analyzing Optical Imaging of Ca2+ Signals via TIRF Microscopy: The Limits on Resolution Due to Chemical Rates and Depth of the Channels

High resolution total internal reflection (TIRF) microscopy (TIRFM) together with detailed computational modeling provides a powerful approach towards the understanding of a wide range of Ca2+ signals mediated by the ubiquitous inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor (IP3R) channel. Exploiting this fruitful collaboration further requires close agreement between the models and observations. However, elementary Ca2+ release events, puffs, imaged through TIRFM do not show the rapid single-channel openings and closings during and between puffs as are present in simulated puffs using data-driven single channel models. TIRFM also shows a rapid equilibration of 10ms after a channel opens or closes which is not achievable in simulation using standard Ca2+ diffusion coefficients and reaction rates between indicator dye and Ca2+. Furthermore, TIRFM imaging cannot decipher the depth of the channel with respect to the microscope, which will affect the change in fluorescence that the microscope detects, thereby affecting its sensitivity to fast single-channel activity. Using the widely used Ca2+ diffusion coefficients and reaction rates, our simulations show equilibration rates that are eight times slower than TIRFM imaging. We show that to get equilibrium rates consistent with observed values, the diffusion coefficients and reaction rates have to be significantly higher than the values reported in the literature, and predict the channel depth to be 200-250nm. Finally, we show that with the addition of noise, short events due to 1-2ms opening and closing of channels that are observed in computational models can be missed in TIRFM.
“Serial” versus “Parallel”: A Comparison of Spatio-Temporal Clustering Approaches

Spatio-temporal clustering, which is a process of grouping objects based on their spatial and temporal similarity, is increasingly gaining more scientific attention. Research in spatio-temporal clustering mainly focuses on approaches that use time and space in parallel. In this paper, we introduce a serial spatio-temporal clustering algorithm, called ST-DPOLY, which creates spatial clusters first and then creates spatio-temporal clusters by identifying continuing relationships between the spatial clusters in consecutive time frames. We compare this serial approach with a parallel approach named ST-SNN. Both ST-DPOLY and ST-SNN are density-based clustering approaches: while ST-DPOLY employs a density-contour based approach that operates on an actual density function, ST-SNN is based on well-established generic clustering algorithm Shared Nearest Neighbor (SNN). We demonstrate the effectiveness of these two approaches in a case study involving a New York city taxi trip dataset. The experimental results show that both ST-DPOLY and ST-SNN can find interesting spatio-temporal patterns in the dataset. Moreover, in terms of time and space complexity, ST-DPOLY has advantages over ST-SNN, while ST-SNN is more superior in terms of temporal flexibility; in terms of clustering results, results of ST-DPOLY are easier to interpret, while ST-SNN obtains more clusters which overlap with each other either spatially or temporally, which makes interpreting its clustering results more complicated.
The role of callous/unemotional traits in mediating the association between animal abuse exposure and behavior problems among children exposed to intimate partner violence

Abstract Children exposed to intimate partner violence are at increased risk for concomitant exposure to maltreatment of companion animals. There is emerging evidence that childhood exposure to maltreatment of companion animals is associated with psychopathology in childhood and adulthood. However, few studies have explored developmental factors that might help to explain pathways from animal maltreatment exposure to children’s maladjustment. The present study addresses this gap in the literature by examining relations between children’s exposure to animal maltreatment, callous/unemotional traits (i.e., callousness, uncaring traits, and unemotional traits), and externalizing and internalizing behavior problems. A sample of 291 ethnically diverse children (55% Latino or Hispanic) between the ages of 7 and 12 was recruited from community-based domestic violence services. A meditational path model indicated that child exposure to animal maltreatment was associated with callousness (β = 0.14), which in turn was associated with greater internalizing (β = 0.32) and externalizing problems (β = 0.47). The effect of animal maltreatment exposure on externalizing problems was mediated through callousness. Results suggest that callous/unemotional traits are a potential mechanism through which childhood exposure to animal maltreatment influences subsequent behavior problems. Future research is needed to evaluate the extent to which exposure to animal maltreatment affects children’s adjustment over time in the context of other co-occurring adverse childhood experiences.
Show Me the Money: Importance of Crowdfunding Factors on Backers’ Decisions to Financially Support Kickstarter Campaigns:

Through the use of an online survey and supporting interviews of funders, this study explores which factors are most influential in people’s decisions to financially back Kickstarter projects. Find...
Japan Before History: A Survey of the Archaeological Record *

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries two Americans, E. S. Morse and N. G. Munro, did much to open Japanese eyes to dirt archaeology as one of the historical tools for elucidating Japan's past. Thereafter Japanese researchers published some English or German summaries on Japan's ancient remains and for a few decades Westerners wrote with much interest of new discoveries concerning Jōmon, Yayoi, and, occasionally, Tomb cultures. But Western interest was short lived and Japanese archaeology went out of fashion in Western journals for more than a quarter century. Japanese research went ahead, however, and has given rise to radical reinterpretations which have not found their way into Western language literature. My purpose here is to present briefly a review of the periods prior to the first flourishing of Buddhism in Japan and to offer some suggestions toward fitting these findings into the larger picture of Asiatic cultural development.
Theorizing Novel and Emerging Drug Use: A Motivational Typology

Novel and emerging psychoactive drugs (NEPDs), a research-based classification referencing a wide range of natural plant-derived substances and synthetic compounds, have garnered considerable acade...
Activation of the Inflammasome by Bacterial Pathogens

The innate immune system is capable of integrating a number of diverse signals in order to respond to both pathogenic threats and sterile inflammatory injury. The inflammasome is a multiprotein complex that when assembled mediates the activation of caspase-1 with the subsequent secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 as well as the induction of the pyroptotic cell death pathway. Members of the NLR (nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat containing) family, NLRP1, NLRP3, and NLRC4, as well as the PYHIN (pyrin and HIN-200 domain-containing) family member AIM2 have all been shown to form functional inflammasomes capable of activating caspase-1. In this chapter, we focus on bacterial activators of the inflammasome and examine the mechanisms by which various pathogens can activate specific inflammasome pathways.
Medium-intensity light produces circadian rhythm adaptation to simulated night-shift work.

STUDY OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of nocturnal light intensity on circadian adaptation to simulated night work. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Normal young men and women, simulated night work, home sleep. DESIGN AND MEASUREMENTS We compared temperature rhythm phase shifts following timed exposure to high (approximately 5700 lux 3 hours/day), medium (approximately 1230 lux 3 hours/day) or constant low-intensity (< 250 lux) light during consecutive night shifts. Subjects (n = 35) followed a schedule of 7 days baseline, 6 days of 8-hour night shifts (with day sleep delayed 10 hours from baseline sleep), and 4 days of recovery. Subjects wore dark sunglasses while outdoors during daylight. Sleep logs were completed after each 8-hour sleep/dark period. Night work fatigue was rated by questionnaire. RESULTS During the 3rd through 5th days of night work, most subjects in the high and medium groups (100% and 85%) exhibited phase delays large enough that their body temperature minima occurred within the daytime sleep/dark period. Only 42% of subjects in the low group exhibited phase delays large enough to meet this criterion of circadian adaptation. The phase shifts of the high and medium groups were not significantly different, and were significantly different from the low group. Larger phase shifts were correlated with more sleep and less fatigue. CONCLUSIONS Extremely "bright" light may not be necessary for circadian adaptation in shift work situations similar to our study protocol (e.g., regular daytime sleep/dark periods, sunglasses).
Abstract IA12: Precision medicine for triple-negative breast cancer patients using a systems biology approach

Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC = ER-, PR-, and HER2-negative) are among the most clinically challenging because of their poor prognosis and paucity of approved treatment options. TNBC is composed of multiple disease subtype, with multiple classification systems having been developed. These methods are largely in agreement and identify four basic groups including basal-like, Claudin-low/mesenchymal, immune-infiltrated, and luminal-type (LAR). Each of these distinct patient subsets may require distinct therapeutic strategies, some of which will be discussed. Within TNBC, the basal-like disease type predominates (70-80%), but again, all the intrinsic subtypes are also present. Interestingly, luminal/TNBC or HER2-enriched/TNBC show very similar gene expression patterns to luminal/ER+ or HER2-enriched/HER2+, except for expression of ERBB2 (and the genes in the 17q amplicon). Importantly, the distinction between basal-like versus non-basal-like within TNBC seems to be important for predicting 1) survival following (neo)adjuvant multiagent chemotherapy, 2) bevacizumab benefit in the neoadjuvant setting (CALGB40603), and 3) docetaxel vs. carboplatin benefit in the first-line metastatic setting (TNT Trial). In addition, genomic predictors of chemotherapy benefit for TNBC typically identify tumor and immune cell features as positive predictors of response, thus highlighting the importance of the microenvironment in response and survival, and highlighting the importance of methods that can account for both of these key features. TNBC are also more common in younger women and African American women, which contributes to racial disparities in mortality due to breast cancer. Recent TCGA analyses suggest that there are few molecular differences in the somatic tumor landscape according to race, which suggests that access to health care and/or adherence to therapy may be the major contributors to differences in outcomes according to race. Overall, these data suggest that intrinsic molecular profiling, plus measures of the microenvironment, can provide clinically relevant information beyond current pathology-based classifications, which can assist in making more precise therapy recommendations for TNBC patients. Citation Format: Charles M. Perou. Precision medicine for triple-negative breast cancer patients using a systems biology approach [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Advances in Breast Cancer Research; 2017 Oct 7-10; Hollywood, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2018;16(8_Suppl):Abstract nr IA12.
The Effect of the Bass Intrasulcular Toothbrushing Technique on the Reduction of Gingival Inflammation: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Abstract Objectives The primary objective of this randomized controlled clinical trial was to investigate the effect of the Bass Intrasulcular Technique (BIT) on reducing gingival inflammation at 4 and 12 weeks compared with the toothbrushing techniques commonly used. Methods and Materials After receiving ethical approval from the Tufts Health Sciences Institutional Review Board, 55 subjects were invited to participate in the study. Only the subjects who presented with bleeding on probing (BoP) were enrolled. The test group (BT) was instructed on how to use the BIT, and the control group (NI) received no brushing technique instructions. Clinical measurements (probing depth, plaque score, BoP) of each tooth were recorded at 4 and 12 weeks. The toothbrushes of all participants were photographed and assessed by two blinded examiners using the ImageJ software. The statistical significance between the cohorts' BoP and their plaque score results was assessed via hierarchical logistic regression. The analyses were performed using the SAS software (version 9.4; SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Results Forty-eight participants were eligible to participate and were randomly assigned to one of the two groups (N = 24). The BT group showed significantly smaller percentages of BoP than the NI group at 4 (BT = 12.4% and NI = 31.4%) and 12 (BT = 11.6% and NI = 43.8%) weeks. The difference in plaque scores at 12 weeks was statistically significant (P = .0003) between the two groups. At 12 weeks, the Mann-Whitney U Test indicated that the difference between the groups in terms of toothbrush area was statistically significant (P = .043). Conclusions Within the limitations of this randomized controlled clinical trial, the BIT used by participants in the BT group was significantly more effective in reducing gingival inflammation as determined by BoP than the techniques used by participants who had no instructions on brushing techniques; at 12 weeks, the BT group experienced less toothbrush deformation than the control group. Clinical Relevance BIT should be recommended particularly to patients exhibiting BoP and periodontal diseases.
Ku-Band Dual Polarized Phased Array utilizing Silicon Beamforming Chipsets

This paper presents a Ku-Band (11 – 13 GHz) 64-element phased array utilizing commercially available silicon beamforming chipsets. The phased array is able to scan ±30° in both azimuth and elevation with less than 15 dB of cross-polarization. It supports linear vertical and horizontal polarizations as well as both transmit and receive modes utilizing half duplex operation. The array has a size of 4.2" x 5.5" and consumes 12.8 W in receive and 16 W in transmit.
Acute Type A Aortic Dissection Surgery Performed by Aortic Specialists Improves 2-Year Outcomes.

Objective In patients presenting with acute Type A aortic dissections (ATADs), the authors sought to evaluate whether emergent aortic operations performed by cardiac surgeons with different level of aortic surgery experience can impact perioperative outcomes and survival. Methods A single-center review of 102 patients who underwent aortic surgeries for ATAD was conducted. The cohort was divided into those operated on by aortic specialists (AS:3 surgeons) and non-AS (5 surgeons). Multivariable logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard models were fitted to evaluate associations between the surgeon experience, perioperative outcomes, and survival, respectively. Results Of 102 patients, 60 were operated on by AS and 42 were operated on by non-AS. Overall 30-day mortality was 11 (10.8%) with 4 (6.6%) perioperative deaths in the AS group and 7 (16.6%) among the non-AS group (p = 0.2). AS performed a significantly higher number of root replacement procedures (41.6% vs. 23.8%, respectively, p = 0.049) and employed more frequent adjunct cerebral perfusion during circulatory arrest (p = 0.003). Survival analysis indicated AS status was an independent predictor of improved 2-year survival (hazard ratio: 0.37, 95% confidence interval: 0.15–0.92, p = 0.03). Conclusion Operation by AS for ATAD was associated with reduced adjusted risk of 2-year mortality. This adds support for establishing thoracic aortic emergency call teams staffed by AS.
Applying the Cayman Approach to Virtual Currency: A Dispruptive Opportunity Waiting to Happen

The reputational problems of virtual currencies are variants of the problems faced by business finance vehicles that the Cayman Islands has been successfully overcoming by its firm but nimble approach to regulation. Creativity in the regulatory and governance sphere is precisely the missing ingredient that can enable virtual currency to live up to its disruptive but beneficial potential.
Geriatric patients on antithrombotic agents who fall: Does trauma team activation improve outcomes?

Despite the incorporation of anticoagulant and antiplatelet (ACAP) drugs in our trauma triage criteria, it is unclear whether trauma team activation (TTA) impacts outcomes in geriatric patients on ACAP drugs sustaining falls. We hypothesized that TTA in this cohort was associated with improved outcomes. The hospital electronic database was queried to identify normotensive, awake patients aged ≥65 years on ACAP agent from 2014 to 2018 presenting to the emergency department after falls. The outcome was in-hospital mortality. The association between TTA and mortality was examined using logistic regression analysis and 1:1 propensity score matching analysis. In this study, 4540 patients on ACAP drugs were analyzed, with TTA occurring in 500 (11%). TTA occurred in younger but more severely injured patients with lower Glasgow Coma Score. Logistic regression revealed that TTA was not associated with mortality (odds ratio [95% confidence intervals], 2.04 [0.89-4.25]). The 1:1 propensity score analysis revealed similar mortality for the matched groups (non-TTA, 1.6% vs TTA, 2.2%, P = 0.64). In the elderly patients on ACAP agents, the current triage criteria resulted in the appropriate use of TTA for more severely injured patients. The lack of outcome benefit suggests that ACAP drug use as a criterion for TTA should be re-evaluated.
Short-term patterns and processes of coastal cliff erosion in Santa Barbara, California

Abstract Sequential terrestrial LiDAR scans and 3D volumetric change were used to document coastal cliff erosion at several sites along the coast of Santa Barbara, California. Retreat rates along the base, middle, and cliff top were calculated for six different scans throughout the El Nino of 2015–16 to quantitatively link wave action to cliff base erosion, and two seasonal scans were taken during 2017 to investigate patterns in erosion and retreat rates. Retreat rates along the cliff base, middle, and top converged over the course of the study period and observations and patterns in erosion help characterize the fundamental mechanisms that govern the retreat of soft shale cliffs. The base and middle of the cliff preferentially eroded during high-energy swell events and are strongly coupled, whereas cliff top erosion is temporally variable and retreat rates increased with higher seasonal rainfall totals. We observe that the cliff base experiences erosion from both abrasion and mechanical wave action, but the dominant processes is segregated by elevation above the cliff toe. Abrasion was found to be the dominant processes at elevations up to ~0.8 m above the cliff toe, whereas block removal from mechanical wave action was dominant at elevations above 0.8 m. Threshold behavior was observed for cliff base retreat rates, and Spearman correlation coefficients suggest strong relationships with the sum of the wave energy flux imparted to the cliff base (R2 = 0.84), the sum of the wave energy flux >35,000 W/m (R2 = 0.82), and the average total water level above the cliff toe (R2 = 0.85). Threshold behavior and maximum retreat rates occurred when average total water levels were >0.8 m above the cliff toe. Seasonal Schmidt-hammer measurements suggest that energy thresholds are modulated by weathering rates which remain poorly understood. These thresholds, when exceeded, produced the highest cliff base retreat rates during the study period and reinforce the expectation that coastal cliff retreat rates will increase with rising sea levels.
Advances in Optimization of Food Dehydration with Respect to Quality Retention

Feasibility of optimization of dehydration processes with respect to quality factors such as nutrient content, and organoleptic quality has been demonstrated for several cases typical of food dehydration. For the case of air-dehydration of potatoes, a simulation-optimization procedure based on the complex method was used to find the optimal dryer-temperature control for minimizing vitamin C loss for a given drying time. Optimal dryer-temperature control was also determined for minimizing drying time given a specified extent of vitamin loss. The procedures used kinetic models of ascorbic acid degradation and of heat and mass transfer during drying of the potatoes.
Effectiveness of Many-to-Many GRASP-Based Routing Algorithms for Power Distribution

In this paper we propose three modified versions of the Greedy SmAlleSt-cost Path first (GRASP) algorithm for minimizing the total transmission cost in a digital microgrid (DMG). The Simple Dynamic GRASP (SDG) is a cached-version of GRASP that dynamically updates the available capacity of links. The total path Transmission cost Dynamic GRASP (TDG) is a cached version of GRASP that uses the path’s transmission cost as the criteria to select the smallest-cost paths. The Brute Force TDG (BFT) is a cached version of GRASP that explores all paths between loads and sources and selects the smallest-cost paths by evaluating the path’s transmission costs. Our results show that SDG achieves the smallest total transmission cost and the fewest unsatisfied loads. Although TDG and BFT may achieve similar total transmission costs to those of SDG and GRASP, our results show that using the path’s transmission costs in the selection of the smallest-cost path is not as effective as using the path’s link costs. However, in more complex power networks, we show that the cached TDG and BFT yield fewer unsatisfied loads than that of a GRASP implementation without a cache.
The Impact of Fatigue on Complex CT Case Interpretation by Radiology Residents

Rationale and Objectives To examine the effect of fatigue on diagnostic performance and interpretation of complex CT trauma studies by radiology residents. Materials and Methods Ten 2nd, 3rd, and 4th year radiology residents were given 1 hour to review as many complex CT cases as they could, once when they were fresh and once when they were fatigued (after a full day or night of diagnostic reading activity). Number of cases completed, interpretation accuracy and time per case were analyzed. Results On average readers completed 7.5 cases when fresh and 7.3 when fatigued, with 4th and 3rd year residents spending more time per case when fresh than fatigued and 2nd year residents spending more time when fatigued. The total number of true positives for major (fresh mean = 29.4 vs fatigued mean = 24.1) and minor (fresh mean = 23.30 vs fatigued mean = 18.90) findings decreased for fresh vs fatigued; and there was a significant difference as a function of year of residency (F = 4.72, p = 0.027). The 4th year residents had the most TPS in both conditions, followed by 3rd then 2nd year residents. There were more false positives when fatigued than fresh. Conclusion Fatigue significantly impacts radiologic diagnostic efficiency and efficacy, and differs as a function of year of residency.
Global kinetic modeling of NH3-SCR with two sites of NH3 storage on Cu-SSZ-13

Abstract A comprehensive selective catalytic reduction (SCR) model is developed to detail the global kinetic reactions in the catalyst which is involved in two type of sites for high- and low-temperature NH3 adsorption/desorption, as well as a low temperature H2O storage. The model accounts for the formation of ammonium nitrate in fast SCR and the decomposition formation of ammonium nitrate in the absence of NO, and addresses N2O relative to NO and NO2 reactions with NH3. The model has been validated against commercial Cu-SSZ-13 measurements of NH3 inventory, NH3 oxidation, NO oxidation, standard SCR, fast SCR and NO2 SCR at both comprehensive steady-state and transient conditions. In addition, the application of the SCR model for emissions control over a transient drive cycle at cold start was demonstrated based on diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and SCR aftertreatment system for a passenger car. The results show that the SCR model can provide the detailed emissions estimations for steady-state and transient conditions, can assist with understanding the impact of the SCR reaction mechanism, and can assist with the design and optimization of SCR catalysts to develop innovative technologies for co-optimization of engine fuel economy and emissions control technologies.
Water Law in Muslim Countries Revisited: A Study of the Qur’an

In 1973, the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) produced a groundbreaking work on religious dimensions of water management in its two-volume survey of Water Laws in Moslem Countries. Subsequent studies have compiled selected references to water from the Qur’an, hadiths of the prophet Muhammad, Sufi texts, and modern legislative codes. After reviewing these materials, this chapter goes back to the Qur’an as the primary source for Islamic inspiration and guidance on water and rereads its references to water in systematic and contextual ways. This approach gives insights into the close relationship between water in the creation of all things; the abundance and blessings of all places on earth; the promise, and perils, of the resurrection; and the implications of these insights for sustainable lifeways.
First Steps Towards a Comprehensive Model of Tissues, or: A Physicist Looks at Development

To justify an intrusion into biology, physicists must bring humility and novel approaches. Our approaches must yield results meaningful to biologists or we reenact the old joke of the spherical cow. Naively, we can look at embryological development as a problem in pattern formation. How does a fertilized (or even unfertilized) egg, give rise to the complex structure of an animal? Clearly, the question is arrogant and too hard: animals are much more complex spatially and temporally than even the most complex hydrodynamics. On the other hand, we can recognize, at least locally and over short times, processes that resemble pure physical or chemical phenomena.
Morphologic Changes in Circulating Blood Cells of COVID-19 Patients

Objective Since the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, many studies have described the quantitative peripheral blood findings seen in COVID-19 patients. However, morphologic changes have been described by only a few studies. We report morphologic and quantitative changes in peripheral blood of COVID-19 patients. Design We reviewed electronic medical records, complete blood counts, and peripheral blood smears of 20 patients who were COVID-19 positive by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), from March 1, 2020, through May 31, 2020. The peripheral blood smears of all 20 patients were retrieved and morphological features of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets were reviewed and documented. Appropriate pictures were taken. Results Of the 20 patients reviewed, 13 were males and seven were females. The average age of the patients was 65.1 years. The most common quantitative hematologic abnormalities noted on complete blood count (CBC) were anemia followed by neutrophilia, neutrophilic left shift, and lymphopenia. The most significant morphologic changes noted were neutrophils with clumped chromatin, multiple abnormal nuclear shapes, pseudo-Pelger-Huet deformity, and smudged neutrophils. Lymphocytes showed abundant blue cytoplasm and/or lymphoplasmacytoid morphology and monocytes were activated with abnormal shapes and vacuolization. Platelets were adequate in number in the majority of patients and platelet clumping was the most significant finding noted. The red blood cells were normocytic and normochromic with few nucleated red blood cells and coarse basophilic stippling. Conclusion Our study identifies and describes significant morphologic changes in the peripheral blood cells of COVID-19 patients. An understanding of these morphologic changes in addition to established hematologic parameters can aid in the diagnosis of COVID-19 and serial CBC and peripheral smear review may help with management decisions in COVID-19 patients.
Optogenetics-based localization of talin to the plasma membrane promotes activation of β3 integrins.

Interaction of talin with the cytoplasmic tails of integrin β triggers integrin activation, leading to an increase of integrin affinity/avidity for extracellular ligands. In talin KO mice, loss of talin interaction with platelet integrin αIIbβ3 causes a severe hemostatic defect, and loss of talin interaction with endothelial cell integrin αVβ3 affects angiogenesis. In normal cells, talin is autoinhibited and localized in the cytoplasm. Here, we used an optogenetic platform to assess whether recruitment of full-length talin to the plasma membrane was sufficient to induce integrin activation. A dimerization module (Arabidopsis cryptochrome 2 fused to the N terminus of talin; N-terminal of cryptochrome-interacting basic helix-loop-helix domain ended with a CAAX box protein [C: cysteine; A: aliphatic amino acid; X: any C-terminal amino acid]) responsive to 450 nm (blue) light was inserted into Chinese hamster ovary cells and endothelial cells also expressing αIIbβ3 or αVβ3, respectively. Thus, exposure of the cells to blue light caused a rapid and reversible recruitment of Arabidopsis cryptochrome 2–talin to the N-terminal of cryptochrome-interacting basic helix-loop-helix domain ended with a CAAX box protein [C: cysteine; A: aliphatic amino acid; X: any C-terminal amino acid]–decorated plasma membrane. This resulted in β3 integrin activation in both cell types, as well as increasing migration of the endothelial cells. However, membrane recruitment of talin was not sufficient for integrin activation, as membrane-associated Ras-related protein 1 (Rap1)–GTP was also required. Moreover, talin mutations that interfered with its direct binding to Rap1 abrogated β3 integrin activation. Altogether, these results define a role for the plasma membrane recruitment of talin in β3 integrin activation, and they suggest a nuanced sequence of events thereafter involving Rap1–GTP.
Anticancer gold(III)-bisphosphine complex alters the mitochondrial electron transport chain to induce in vivo tumor inhibition

Expanding the chemical diversity of metal complexes provides a robust platform to generate functional bioactive reagents. To access an excellent repository of metal-based compounds for probe/drug discovery, we capitalized on the rich chemistry of gold to create organometallic gold(iii) compounds by ligand tuning. We obtained novel organogold(iii) compounds bearing a 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene ligand, providing structural diversity with optimal physiological stability. Biological evaluation of the lead compound AuPhos-89 demonstrates mitochondrial complex I-mediated alteration of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) to drive respiration and diminish cellular energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mechanism-of-action efforts, RNA-Seq, quantitative proteomics, and NCI-60 screening reveal a highly potent anticancer agent that modulates mitochondrial ETC. AuPhos-89 inhibits the tumor growth of metastatic triple negative breast cancer and represents a new strategy to study the modulation of mitochondrial respiration for the treatment of aggressive cancer and other disease states where mitochondria play a pivotal role in the pathobiology.
Reproductive History and Age of Onset for Women Diagnosed with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Data from the National ALS Registry: 2010-2018.

BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurological disease of largely unknown etiology with no cure. The National ALS Registry is a voluntary online system that collects demographic and reproductive history (females only) data from patients with ALS. We will examine the association between demographic and reproductive history among female patients aged >18 years and various ages of onset for ALS. METHODS Data from a cross-sectional study were collected and examined for 1,018 female ALS patients. Patient characteristics examined were demographics including race, BMI, and familial history of ALS. Among patients, information on reproductive history, including age at menopause, ever pregnant, and age at first pregnancy was collected. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models were used to estimate OR and 95% CI in this study. RESULTS Women were more likely to be diagnosed with ALS before age 60 if they were nonwhite (p = 0.015), had attended college (p = 0.0012), had a normal BMI at age 40 (p < 0.0001), completed menopause before age 50 (p < 0.0001), and had never been pregnant (p = 0.046) in the univariate analysis. Women diagnosed with ALS before age 60 were also more likely to have limb site of onset (p < 0.0001). In the multivariate analysis, those who completed menopause before age 50 were more likely to be diagnosed with ALS before age 60 (OR = 1.8, 95% CI: 1.4-2.3) compared with women who completed menopause at or after age 50, after controlling for race, ever pregnant, age at first pregnancy, family history of ALS, education status, smoking history, and BMI at age 40. For women who were diagnosed with ALS before age 50, the odds of them entering menopause before age 50 climb to 48.7 (95% CI: 11.8, 200.9). The mean age of ALS diagnosis for women who completed menopause before age 50 was 58 years and 64 years for women who entered menopause after age 50 (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Women who reported completing menopause before age 50 were significantly more likely to be diagnosed with ALS before age 60 compared with those who reported entering menopause after age 50. More research is needed to determine the relationship between female reproductive history, especially regarding endogenous estrogen exposure and early-onset ALS.
Veranderingen in ervaren voedselzekerheid en eetgedrag in Nederland sinds de COVID-19-uitbraak

In dit onderzoek beschrijven we veranderingen in ervaren voedselzekerheid en eetgewoonten in Nederland sinds het begin van de COVID-19-crisis, hoe deze veranderingen werden ervaren, en welke mogelijkheden werden aangegeven voor een gezonder eetpatroon. Het onderzoek werd uitgevoerd met online vragenlijsten onder volwassenen in Nederland met een relatief lage sociaaleconomische positie (n = 1.033). De resultaten laten veranderingen in ervaren voedselzekerheid zien sinds het begin van de COVID-19-crisis: zowel richting een hogere als een lagere ervaren voedselzekerheid. Ongeveer een vijfde van de deelnemers gaf een veranderd eetpatroon aan sinds het begin van de COVID-19-crisis, terwijl meer dan de helft van de deelnemers met een verminderde voedselzekerheid een veranderd eetpatroon rapporteerde: zij gaven aan minder gezond en minder groente en fruit te eten. Deelnemers met een verminderde voedselzekerheid hadden vaker behoefte aan hulp bij gezonder eten. Een goedkoper voedselaanbod werd gezien als een oplossing, terwijl voedselbankgebruik weinig werd genoemd als mogelijke hulp voor een gezonder eetpatroon. De COVID-19-crisis leidt tot financiele onzekerheid bij veel mensen en ook tot veranderingen in de beschikbaarheid van voedsel – bekende risicofactoren voor een verminderde voedselzekerheid. Daarom benadrukken deze bevindingen de urgentie van maatregelen om voedselzekerheid te verhogen en gepaste hulp en ondersteuning te bieden bij een gezond eetpatroon, vooral voor mensen met een verminderde voedselzekerheid.
Racial Attacks during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Politicizing an Epidemic Crisis on Longstanding Racism and Misinformation, Disinformation, and Misconception

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic crisis has affected everyone's life on a daily basis for more than a year. However, some racial groups have experienced a double pandemic, that of COVID-19 and racist attacks incorrectly tied to the pandemic. Harassment and physical intimidation were the source of many anti-Asian attacks. The number of unarmed black people assaulted and killed by police almost tripled during 2020 when compared 2019. In this panel, we will attempt to analyze recent racial attacks in terms of malinformation, such as misinformation, disinformation, or shallow, historical stereotypes of ethnic minorities as another layer of the pandemic originating with racism or inflamed grievances. The panelists will discuss the proposed topic drawing from each panelist's expertise and an interactive discussion with the audience will follow after each panelist's presentation. Members and attendees at ASIS&T who have an interest in the spread of dis- and misinformation via social media and politicizing the pandemic crisis will find our topics useful to their research.
Development and validation of a prognostic tool: Pulmonary embolism short-term clinical outcomes risk estimation (PE-SCORE)

OBJECTIVE Develop and validate a prognostic model for clinical deterioration or death within days of pulmonary embolism (PE) diagnosis using point-of-care criteria. METHODS We used prospective registry data from six emergency departments. The primary composite outcome was death or deterioration (respiratory failure, cardiac arrest, new dysrhythmia, sustained hypotension, and rescue reperfusion intervention) within 5 days. Candidate predictors included laboratory and imaging right ventricle (RV) assessments. The prognostic model was developed from 935 PE patients. Univariable analysis of 138 candidate variables was followed by penalized and standard logistic regression on 26 retained variables, and then tested with a validation database (N = 801). RESULTS Logistic regression yielded a nine-variable model, then simplified to a nine-point tool (PE-SCORE): one point each for abnormal RV by echocardiography, abnormal RV by computed tomography, systolic blood pressure < 100 mmHg, dysrhythmia, suspected/confirmed systemic infection, syncope, medico-social admission reason, abnormal heart rate, and two points for creatinine greater than 2.0 mg/dL. In the development database, 22.4% had the primary outcome. Prognostic accuracy of logistic regression model versus PE-SCORE model: 0.83 (0.80, 0.86) vs. 0.78 (0.75, 0.82) using area under the curve (AUC) and 0.61 (0.57, 0.64) vs. 0.50 (0.39, 0.60) using precision-recall curve (AUCpr). In the validation database, 26.6% had the primary outcome. PE-SCORE had AUC 0.77 (0.73, 0.81) and AUCpr 0.63 (0.43, 0.81). As points increased, outcome proportions increased: a score of zero had 2% outcome, whereas scores of six and above had ≥ 69.6% outcomes. In the validation dataset, PE-SCORE zero had 8% outcome [no deaths], whereas all patients with PE-SCORE of six and above had the primary outcome. CONCLUSIONS PE-SCORE model identifies PE patients at low- and high-risk for deterioration and may help guide decisions about early outpatient management versus need for hospital-based monitoring.
Capitalism with Chinese Characteristics: Entrepreneurship and the State

Presents a story of two Chinas – an entrepreneurial rural China and a state-controlled urban China. In the 1980s, rural China gained the upper hand. In the 1990s, urban China triumphed. In the 1990s, the Chinese state reversed many of its rural experiments, with long-lasting damage to the economy and society. A weak financial sector, income disparity, rising illiteracy, productivity slowdowns, and reduced personal income growth are the product of the capitalism with Chinese characteristics of the 1990s and beyond. While GDP grew quickly in both decades, the welfare implications of growth differed substantially. The book uses the emerging Indian miracle to debunk the widespread notion that democracy is automatically anti-growth. As the country marked its 30th anniversary of reforms in 2008, China faces some of its toughest economic challenges and substantial vulnerabilities that require fundamental institutional reforms.
Integrating Text Planning and Linguistic Choice by Annotating Linguistic Structures

Research into natural language generation has often divided the processing into separate text planning and linguistic realization components. Despite this division's intuitive plausibility and practical utility, it ultimately interferes with some of the decisions necessary in the generation process. The IGEN generator, described here, implements a solution to this dilemma by having the linguistic component provide feedback to the planner. This feedback is in the form of annotations that describe the effects and consequences of particular linguistic decisions. The planner can then ratify or override the decisions of the linguistic component, without needing any direct access to purely linguistic information. This allows the two components to interact fully while retaining the strict separation of the levels of processing.
Reasons for Divorce: A Comparison Between Former Partners

Marital dissolution is a complex process, experienced in diverse ways. However, most divorce research is based on the reports of divorced individuals. A dyadic perspective is needed to capture the entire range of reasons for divorce. Thc purpose of this study was to clarify what reasons for divorce were made by former spouses, and to investigate the extent of agreement and disagreemcnt between their reports of the divorce process. Former husbands reported proportionally more circumstantial reasons and dyadic conditions, and fewer individual reasons and dyadic behaviors than did their former wives. The lack of association between couple agreement on reasons and demographic variables suggested that the reasons embedded in personal accounts were more important to understanding divorce, and thus merit further investigation.
Pursuit Evasion: The Herding Non-Cooperative Dynamic Game

A class of pursuit evasion problems is studied. This problem involves a "dog" agent herding a "sheep" agent in order to take the sheep to a pen. The problem is stated in terms of the allowable sequential actions of the two agents and the game being played because of the choices each agent has. The solution is obtained using the dynamic programming principle applied in the game setting. The algorithm is analyzed and simulation results are presented.