cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Autoradiographic Localization of Tritiated Dihydrotestosterone in the Flank Organ of the Albino Hamster

In the hamster flank organ, the growth of hair and growth of sebaceous glands are androgen-dependent functions. Although dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is known to be a potent stimulator of flank organ growth, there is no information about localization of DHT receptor sites in this organ. The purpose of this study was to use steroid autoradiography to localize DHT receptors in the hamster flank organ. Because steroid hormones are functional when translocated to nuclear receptors, nuclear localization by autoradiography defines receptor sites. In order to he able to visualize autoradiographic grains from radiolabeled androgens around hair follicles, albino hamsters were studied to avoid confusion between the grains and pigment granules which are abundant in the more common Golden Syrian hamster. Mature male hamsters castrated 24 hours earlier were given tritium-labeled dihydrotestosterone ([ 3 H]DHT). Using the technique of thaw-mount steroid autoradiography, 4-μm unfixed frozen sections were mounted in the dark onto emulsion-coated glass slides and allowed to develop for 4–6 months. [ 3 H]DHT was found to he concentrated over sebocyte nuclei. The label was present peripherally as well as in differentiating sebocytes. There was no nuclear localization of [ 3 H]DHT in animals pretreated with excessive quantities of unlabeled DHT. Steroid metabolites of [ 3 H] DHT were assessed by thin-layer chromatography in paired tissue samples. Most of the label remained with DHT. Uptake was inhibited in the flank organ of hamsters pretreated with unlabeled DHT. Specific DHT receptors in the albino hamster flank organ are located in peripheral and differentiating sebocytes. Steroid autoradiography is a useful tool to study androgen interaction in the skin.
SU-E-J-156: A 3D Camera Test-Bed for Real-Time Monitoring and Quantitative Tracking of Radiotherapy Treatment

Purpose: To investigate methods for 3D camera‐based monitoring and quantitative tracking in the radiation therapy treatment room.Methods and Materials: A laboratory test‐bed for installing 3D cameras and testing 3D tracking algorithms was built to develop techniques for 3D treatment room monitoring. Kinect cameras were used as the 3D camera platforms. The cameras were anchored to a rigid framework attached to the laboratory walls to avoid vibrations and camera motion drift. Spatio‐temporal clustering algorithm was employed to remove camera fluttering noise. Features whose depth estimation varied by more than 3 mm in 1/3rd of a second were removed. A client server framework enabled the 3D treatment space to be visualized by remotely located experts in real‐time. A scalable multi GPU system that enabled 3D treatment space rendering in stereo and in real‐time was employed on the server side. For tracking both the patient body surface as well as the treatment room equipment, we investigated two different algorithms, using a Point Feature Histogram and multi‐resolution 3D Hough transform. For real‐time tracking we, also employed 2D multi‐resolution optical flow for effective temporal tracking on radiation equipment as well as the patient anatomy. Results: For remotely located experts, the treatment space visualization was conducted at 40 fps with a resolution of 640 × 480 pixels. Sub‐millimeter accuracy for tracking the patient body surface as well as the treatment room equipment was obtained when the tracked features were <120 cm from any of the 3D cameras, degrading with increasing distance. Conclusion: Remote real‐time stereoscopic patient setup visualization is feasible, enabling expansion of high quality radiation therapy into challenging environments. For both tested tracking approaches, the run‐time analysis showed the need for GPU hardware to track features in real‐time.
The Effect of Nonlinearities on the Evolution of Barotropic Easterly Waves in a Nonuniform Environment

Abstract The nonlinear evolution of a barotropic Rossby wave in a nonuniform basic state is studied numerically. The simulations are designed to isolate and clarify the role of advective nonlinearities in the development process. The model is barotropic, nondivergent and inviscid, on a beta-plane. The steady basic flow is zonally and meridionally nonuniform, and is maintained by a specified steady vorticity source. The wave propagates through an isolated inhomogeneity and interacts with the basic flow. Nonlinear effects are isolated by suppressing the nonlinear terms in the equations. Two sets of experiments have been carried out. In the first the basic state is an isolated steady vortex embedded in a uniform easterly flow. A single plane wave propagates through the isolated vortex inhomogeneity. In the second the basic state is a zonally varying unstable easterly jet. The inhomogeneity is an isolated region of enhanced instability of the jet. The linearly most unstable wave mode is allowed to evolve to f...
SU-GG-I-137: Study of the Perception of Microcalcification Clusters in Stack-Mode Digital Breast Tomosynthesis

Purpose: To observe human performance in viewing Digital Breast Tomosynthesis (DBT) images of microcalcification clusters (MCs) in stack‐mode. Method and Materials: A GUI program was created to simulate the presentation of DBT images in stack‐mode. The background consisted of either a uniform gray screen, a gray screen with varying amounts of Poisson noise, or simulated breast images. Each image had an average intensity value of 128, and was displayed for a total of 6 seconds. After the first 4 seconds, a MC at a specified radius from the center was shown for 1 second. The MCs were simulated after those found in the ACR mammography accreditation phantom. The radii used were: 540, 360, and 180 pixels. Contrast differences between the MC and the background were chosen randomly from a set range of about 10–35 gray values. Three test subjects were asked to look at the center of the screen, and to click where they saw a MC in their periphery after the images were displayed. The angular error of the response was calculated, and served as a measure of detection accuracy. A monotonic fit was applied to the data. Results: As contrast of the MC increases, the probability of detection increases, and the angular error decreases. With increasing radius from the center, the threshold contrast for detection increases. Similarly, as the Poisson noise in the image increases from a factor of 1 to 4, the threshold contrast for detection increases. Abnormalities that appear in the right and left sides of the screen have a lower angular error than those that appear in the top and bottom of the screen. Conclusion: These data provide insight into how radiologists perceive MCs while viewing DBT images in stack‐mode. Findings about peripheral vision may suggest a more optimal way of displaying DBT images.
Differentiable functions on algebras and the equation grad ( w ) = M grad ( v )

Let U be a convex open set in a finite-dimensional commutative real algebra A . Consider A -differentiable functions f : U → A . When they are C 2 as functions of their real variables, their A -derivatives are again A -differentiable, and they have second-order Taylor expansions. The real components of such functions then have second derivatives for which the A -multiplications are self-adjoint. When A is a Frobenius algebra, that condition (a system of second-order differential equations) actually forces a real function on U to be a component of some such f . If v is a function of n real variables, and M is a constant matrix, then the requirement that M ∇( u ) should equal ∇( w ) for some w usually falls into this setting for a suitable A , and the quite special properties of such v, w can be deduced from known properties of A -differentiable functions.
Word Association Test Performance of Deaf Subjects

Kent-Rosanoff word associations for two groups of deaf subjects (N = 151, 115; age range 11–20) were compared to those from a group of hearing subjects (N = 325). Measures of commonality, compariso...
Effect of optical coherence tomography scan decentration on macular center subfield thickness measurements.

PURPOSE To investigate the effect of optical coherence tomography macular grid displacement on retinal thickness measurements. METHODS SD-OCT macular scans of 66 eyes with various retinal thicknesses were selected. Decentration of the 1-, 3-, 6-mm-diameter macular grid was simulated by manually adjusting the distance between center of the fovea (cFovea) and center of the grid (cGrid). Center subfield thickness (CSF) between the internal limiting membrane and the top of the retinal pigment epithelium was measured along the displacement distance where the grid was displaced in eight cardinal directions from the cFovea in steps of 100 μm within the central 1-mm subfield and then by 200 μm within the inner subfields. One-way/mixed-effects repeated-measures ANOVA models were used to determine changes of CSF (ΔCSF) as a function of displacement distance (for α = 0.05, power = 0.80 and effect size = 0.1). The interactions between the displacement distance and direction, center point thickness (CPT), and foveal contour were also analyzed. RESULTS The CSF measurement showed statistically significant error when the displacement distance between cFovea and cGrid exceeded 200 μm. The direction of displacement did not affect the ΔCSF-distance relationship, while the CPT and foveal contour significantly affected the relationship, in that some subgroups showed slightly larger tolerance in the displacement distance up to 300 μm before reaching significant ΔCSF. CONCLUSIONS Small displacement distances of the macular grid from the cFovea affect CSF measurements throughout a broad range of thicknesses and retinal contour alterations from disease. Accurate registration of OCT scans or post hoc repositioning of the grid is essential to optimize CSF accuracy.
Cyclic regulation of growth hormone gene transcription in vivo and in vitro

The in vivo thyroid and glucocorticoid hormone regulation of GH gene transcription was compared with that found in cultured GH rat pituitary tumor cells. The GH cell lines have been widely used to study GH gene expression, but their relevance to the in vivo regulation of the gene has not been well established. The in vivo studies described here utilized rats that were both thyroparathyroidectomized and adrenalectomized to remove the organ sources of these hormones. The in vitro studies described utilized GC cells hormonally deinduced in medium lacking the hormones. Continuous administration of glucocorticoid or thyroid hormones to either system induced multiple cycles of GH transcriptional activation and deactivation. These cycles were accompanied by cycles of increasing and decreasing GH messenger RNA. In both systems, a brief transcription cycle occurred within hours of thyroid or glucocorticoid hormone addition, and a second broad cycle occurred between 3 and 11 days later. These cycles were independen...
Magnetically induced luminescence of [Ir(2=phos)2]ClO4☆

The intense luminescence of [Ir(2=phos)2]ClO4[2=phos is cis-1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethylene] in a rigid glass matrix at 9.5 K was monitored while external magnetic field (Bmax = 6.7 T) were applied. Radiative coupling to the ground state from a forbidden component was induced by the field.
Testosterone implants in specific neural sites activate female sexual behaviour.

Sexual behaviour in most female mammals is regulated by oestrogen, often acting synergistically with progesterone. Moreover, the most important neural site of action for oestradiol is the ventromedial nucleus. In the female musk shrew, Suncus murinus, testosterone (T) activates sexual behaviour. Virgin females first engage in copulatory behaviour many hours in advance of follicular development and ovulation, when plasma oestradiol levels are very low. Testosterone, produced by the ovaries and the adrenal glands, must be aromatized centrally to oestradiol to initiate sexual behaviour. To identify the neural sites of action for T, ovariectomized females received unilateral hormone implants containing testosterone propionate. Hormone pellets were placed in 1 of several brain sites including the medial preoptic area and the dorsalmedial hypothalamus (DMH). Implants in either of these 2 sites, but not in the lateral preoptic area, internal capsule, nor anterior hypothalamus stimulated the induction of sexual behaviour. Hormone implants in the ventrolateral hypothalamus resulted in partially receptive animals. Immunocytochemistry was employed to determine which steroid receptors were present in the 2 behaviourally active sites. The medial preoptic area (MPO) and the dorsal and ventromedial hypothalamus both contain many cells that express oestrogen receptor immunoreactivity. A smaller subset of neurons in these regions are immunoreactive for androgen receptors. In summary, testosterone can act specifically in either the MPO or the DMH to induce female sexual behaviour. Both sites contain cells that express oestrogen and androgen receptors. Thus, testosterone may work via one or both of these steroid receptors to regulate behaviour. The results of these studies, and data collected previously, show that female sexual behaviour in this species is regulated by T and that this steroid can induce full sexual behaviour in 2 specific neural sites. Both of the sites of action identified in this experiment are critical for the expression of sexual behaviour in other species. The MPO has been shown to regulate male sexual behaviour via the aromatization of T to oestradiol in rodents and birds. The DMH is just dorsal to the ventromedial nucleus (VMN) which is essential for the regulation of sexual behaviour in female rodents. Further work is needed to determine if the neural circuitry for sexual behaviour in the musk shrew involves either the MPO or the VMN, if both areas are essential, or perhaps, the 2 regions regulate different aspects of female sexual behaviour.
The fine structure of the kinetochore of a mammalian cell in vitro.

The chromosomes of Chinese hamster cells were examined with the electron microscope and the following observations were made concerning the structure and organization of the kinetochore. — The kinetochore consists of a dense core 200–300 A in diameter surrounded hy a less dense zone 200–600 A wide. The dense core consists of a pair of axial fibrils 50–80 A in diameter which may be coiled together in a cohelical manner. The less dense zone about the axial elements is composed of numerous microfibrils which loop out at right angles to the axial fibrils. Together the structures comprise a lampbrush-like filament which extends along the surface of each chromatid. Some sections suggested that two such filaments may be present on each chromatid. The fine structure of kinetochores associated with spindle filaments was essentially the same as those free of filaments. The structure and organization of the kinetochore of these mammalian cells was compared to that of lampbrush chromosomes of certain amphibian oocytes, dipteran polytene chromosome puffs, and the synaptinemal complex seen during meiotic prophase.
The Organizational Context of Faith-Based Community Organizing: Effects on Member Civic Engagement

This article explores the congregation as a conduit for civic engagement. Specifically examined are the effects of participation in congregations engaged in faith-based community organizing (FBCO). Civic engagement is examined by comparing FBCO-affiliated congregation members to non-FBCO-affiliated congregation members, local school participants, neighborhood association members, and those without such affiliations. Findings reveal that those engaged in FBCO evidence higher rates of civic engagement than members of the other groups. Implications for the field and future study are discussed.
Substrate elasticity affects bovine satellite cell activation kinetics in vitro

Satellite cells support efficient postnatal skeletal muscle hypertrophy through fusion into the adjacent muscle fiber. Nuclear contribution allows for maintenance of the fiber myonuclear domain and proficient transcription of myogenic genes. Niche growth factors affect satellite cell biology; however, the interplay between fiber elasticity and microenvironment proteins remains largely unknown. The objective of the experiment was to examine the effects of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and surface elasticity on bovine satellite cell (BSC) activation kinetics in vitro. Young's elastic modulus was calculated for the semimembranosus (SM) and LM muscles of young bulls (5 d; n = 8) and adult cows (27 mo; n = 4) cattle. Results indicate that LM elasticity decreased (P 0.05). However, with increasing surface elasticity, an increase (P < 0.05) in the numbers of muscle progenitors was observed. These results confirm that biophysical and biochemical signals regulate BSC activation.
The 1.2 A structure of the human sulfite oxidase cytochrome b(5) domain.

The molybdenum- and iron-containing enzyme sulfite oxidase catalyzes the physiologically vital oxidation of sulfite to sulfate. Sulfite oxidase contains three domains: an N-terminal cytochrome b5 domain, a central domain harboring the molybdenum cofactor (Moco) and a C-terminal dimerization domain. Oxidation of the substrate sulfite is coupled to the transfer of two electrons to the molybdenum cofactor. Subsequently, these electrons are passed on, one at a time, to the b5 heme of sulfite oxidase and from there to the soluble electron carrier cytochrome c. The crystal structure of the oxidized human sulfite oxidase cytochrome b5 domain has been determined at 1.2 A resolution and has been refined to a crystallographic R factor of 0.107 (Rfree = 0.137). A comparison of this structure with other b5-type cytochromes reveals distinct structural features present in the sulfite oxidase b5 domain which promote optimal electron transport between the Moco of sulfite oxidase and the heme of cytochrome c.
Single Dual-Trained Surgeon for Breast Care Leads to Higher Reconstruction Rates After Mastectomy

Background Breast reconstruction improves the quality of life for mastectomy patients but is underutilized in the United States. This study investigated reconstruction rates for a dual-trained oncologic plastic surgeon to explore how provider-based factors influence reconstruction.
MicroRNA expression dynamics during murine and human erythroid differentiation

Objective MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an abundant class of small noncoding RNAs that regulate diverse cellular functions by sequence-specific inhibition of gene expression. We determined miRNA expression profile during erythroid differentiation and putative roles in erythroid differentiation. Methods The expression profile of 295 miRNAs before and after their erythroid differentiation induction was analyzed using microarray. Fluorescein-activated cell sorting analysis was used to isolate mouse spleen erythroblasts at different differentiation stages. Human cord blood CD34+ progenitors were differentiated in vitro. Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to confirm the results of miRNA microarray. Synthetic oligonucleotides for miR-451 overexpression or knockdown were transfected into MEL cells. Results More than 100 miRNAs were found to be expressed in erythroid cells. The majority of them showed changes in their expression levels with progression of erythroid differentiation. Further analysis revealed that overall miRNA expression levels are increased upon erythroid differentiation. Of the miRNAs analyzed, miR-451 was most significantly upregulated during erythroid maturation. Functional studies using gain of function and loss of function approaches showed that miR-451 is associated with erythroid maturation. Conclusions Dynamic changes in miRNA expression occurred during erythroid differentiation, with an overall increase in the levels of miRNAs upon terminal differentiation of erythroid cells. MiR-451 may play a role in promoting erythroid differentiation.
Taxonomy of three new Rhoicosphenia (Bacillariophyta) species from California, USA

Nearly two centuries of diatom floristic and ecological studies in North America have resulted in the recognition of relatively few Rhoicosphenia species. Three new species of Rhoicosphenia are described from water quality monitoring samples from streams across the state of California. Rhoicosphenia stoermeri is large, with a panduriform central area. Rhoicosphenia lowei is also large, but the valve is narrower than R . stoermeri , and its central area is smaller. Rhoicosphenia californica is narrow and linear and the most commonly encountered of the newly described species. Light and scanning electron microscope observations of these new species with comparisons to previously described taxa, coupled with ecological and distribution data from across the state, highlight the overlooked Rhoicosphenia diversity in North America. The ultimate goal of this work is to aid in refined taxonomic identifications within the genus with the possibility of increased resolution in ecological studies using diatoms.
Infrared spectra of cis- and trans-peroxynitrite anion, OONO-, in solid argon.

The peroxynitrite anion, of vast importance in biochemistry, is formed in vivo from the reaction of NO and O2-. Laser ablation of 10 different metal targets with concurrent 7 K codeposition of NO/Ar and O2/Ar mixtures gives new metal-independent infrared bands at 1458.3 and 806.1 cm-1, and at 1433.3 and 983.2 cm-1, in addition to known O4- and (NO)2- absorptions. The new bands are not observed with CCl4 added to capture electrons or in O2 and NO experiments without laser ablation to produce electrons, which identifies new product anions. Based on 15NO and 18O2 isotopic shifts, splitting patterns in mixed isotopic experiments, and comparison with DFT isotopic frequency calculations, the former absorptions are assigned to cis-OONO-, and the latter pair to trans-OONO-, which are isolated from metal cations trapped elsewhere in the matrix. The cis- and trans-peroxynitrite anion isomers are probably formed via the ion−molecule reaction between O2- and NO: the O2- anion, made by the capture of ablated electron...
Structure and Organization of Coat Proteins in the COPII Cage

COPII-coated vesicles export newly synthesized proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum. The COPII coat consists of the Sec23/24-Sar1 complex that selects cargo and the Sec13/31 assembly unit that can polymerize into an octahedral cage and deform the membrane into a bud. Crystallographic analysis of the assembly unit reveals a 28 nm long rod comprising a central alpha-solenoid dimer capped by two beta-propeller domains at each end. We construct a molecular model of the COPII cage by fitting Sec13/31 crystal structures into a recently determined electron microscopy density map. The vertex geometry involves four copies of the Sec31 beta-propeller that converge through their axial ends; there is no interdigitation of assembly units of the kind seen in clathrin cages. We also propose that the assembly unit has a central hinge-an arrangement of interlocked alpha-solenoids-about which it can bend to adapt to cages of variable curvature.
Attention to functional properties in toddlers' naming and problem-solving *

Under what conditions will toddlers attend specifically to functionally relevant properties when using or naming artifacts? Children saw novel objects whose functional affordances were easily inferable from perceptible structural properties. Test objects differed in functionally relevant and/or irrelevant ways. For each participant, an Activity Session preceded or followed a Naming Session. When generalizing a novel problem solution (in the Activity Session), children attended selectively to functional properties; they also showed some influence of global appearance; session order made no difference. When generalizing a novel category name (in the Naming Session), children were influenced exclusively by functionally relevant properties if they had had previous experience of the test objects' affordances (i.e., when Naming occurred second). Without such direct experience (when Naming occurred first), children largely generalized by global appearance-with only one suggestive exception. The Naming-second results constitute a striking example of attention to function in toddlers' word generalization. Still, the Naming-first results hint that it may be less robust than in older children.
Comparison of Total Postemergence Weed Control Programs in Soybean

Field studies were conducted in 1994 and 1995 in central and southern Illinois to compare several total postemergence weed control programs in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Herbicide programs evaluated were imazethapyr (an acetolactate synthase [ALS] inhibiting herbicide) applied alone or in combination with lactofen and two non-ALS herbicide programs consisting of combinations of bentazon, acifluorfen, and sethoxydim and combinations of fomesafen, fluazifop, and fenoxyprop. These treatments were applied early postemergence (EPOST, V-1 soybean-first trifoliate) and postemergence (POST, V-2 soybean-second trifoliate). Non-ALS herbicide programs generally provide more effective weed control POST, while weed control with imazethapyr tended to be greater EPOST. Non-ALS herbicide programs applied POST provided weed control levels that were equal to imazethapyr in three out of four experiments. In 1994 at Brownstown, broadleaf weed control was poor with non-ALS herbicide programs when weed growth stages were larger and environmental conditions more extreme than other experiments. Adding lactofen to imazethapyr increased broadleaf weed control in some instances but decreased giant foxtail (Setaria faberii L.) control. Imazethapyr plus lactofen tended to produce the greatest degree of soybean injury.
Epoxies toughened with triblock copolymers

Three different commercial triblock copolymers from Arkema were evaluated as potential toughening agents for two different lightly crosslinked epoxies. It was found that the plane strain fracture toughness, K IC , was on the order of 3.0 MPa√m for 10 parts per hundred resin (phr) of NanoStrength™ E20 resin (a styrene-butadiene-methylacrylate, SBM, type triblock copolymer) in epoxies cured with either aminoethylpiperazine or piperidine. In contrast, 10 phr NanoStrength E40 resin (also an SBM type triblock copolymer) was ineffective in toughening such epoxies. The difference in toughening effectiveness was attributed to the smaller amount of polybutadiene present in the E40 resin. The third toughening agent from Arkema was NanoStrength M22 resin, which is a symmetric triblock copolymer consisting of side blocks of PMMA surrounding a center block of poly(butyl acrylate) and is designated as MAM. At 10 phr MAM both lightly crosslinked epoxies exhibited improvements in toughness. Morphologies were characterized using TEM and toughening mechanisms revealed using SEM and TOM.
Self-activation and inhibition: The effect of a zero-flux boundary☆

Abstract The effect of a zero flux boundary on the linear stability of steady states arising in a problem of self-activation and inhibition is examined. The effect of the boundary considerably complicates the nature of solution trajectories in the complex Laplace parameter plane.
Variable-takeoff-angle x-ray-photoelectron-spectroscopy evidence for an electronically modified surface in α-Pu

Photoemission spectra of an \ensuremath{\alpha}-Pu surface taken at 15\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 85\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} off normal show pronounced changes attributable to an expanded \ensuremath{\delta}-like surface layer. Using estimates for the inelastic mean free path of the photoelectrons and the thickness of the surface layer, we obtain spectra of the bulk and surface. The significance of this phenomenon is discussed within the context of the more familiar surface reconstructions that occur in the heavy transition metals. In contrast to the latter, the behavior of Pu is determined by the energy gain associated with 5f spin and orbital polarization rather than the increased cohesion that accompanies surface contraction.
Three-phase vector switching converters for power flow control

As congestion in AC power transmission systems increases due to technical limitations, environmental pressures, economic necessities and developmental demands, devices with ability to control power flow with much greater ease than presently possible would be highly desirable. Furthermore, devices that channel power flow in the network to fulfill contractual obligations for purchase agreements between power producers and consumers would facilitate improved operation of the power system in the emerging deregulated scenario. Generally, electronic control devices for directing power flow in AC systems have been realised using phase-controlled reactors in conjunction with switched capacitors, voltage source and current-source DC-link rectifiers/inverters have been applied on a point-to-point basis. Three phase vector switching converters are introduced as an alternative approach for realising power flow control in more complicated interconnections. These converters are seen to have the potential to be configured at arbitrary intertie points in a three-phase power system to route power flow in a complex power system. Operating principles, equivalent circuit models, simulation and experimental waveforms are presented along with examples.
Semi-implicit scheme for treating radiation under M1 closure in general relativistic conservative fluid dynamics codes

A numerical scheme is described for including radiation in multi-dimensional generalrelativistic conservative fluid dynamics codes. In this met hod, a covariant form of the M1 closure scheme is used to close the radiation moments, and the radiative source terms are treated semi-implicitly in order to handle both optically t hin and optically thick regimes. The scheme has been implemented in a conservative general relativistic radiation hydrodynamics codeKORAL. The robustness of the code is demonstrated on a number of test problems, including radiative relativistic shock tubes, static radiation p ressure supported atmosphere, shadows, beams of light in curved spacetime, and radiative Bondi accretion. The advantages of M1 closure relative to other approaches such as Eddington closure and flux-limited di ffusion are discussed, and its limitations are also highlighted.
Three Studies of Deficits in Pantomimic Expression and Pantomimic Recognition in Aphasia

Studies were conducted to investigate aphasic deficits in pantomimic behaviors. Three groups of subjects were used: 47 aphasics; 27 right-hemisphere-damaged; and 11 controls. Study I replicates a p...
Credibility and Commitment in Crisis Bargaining

Although scholars of international security share a skepticism for the extent to which agreements can be externally enforced, much existing game-theoretic work involves strong forms of commitment. Building on the canonical model of crisis bargaining, this article analyzes the role of two forms of commitment in bargaining: the ability to commit to a settlement and the ability to commit to end negotiations and initiate war fighting. The findings show that, contrary to expectations, allowing a proposer to retract their offer after learning of its acceptance does not lead to greater demands. Instead, a rational actor can be best off if he or she honors the accepted agreement in crisis bargaining, even though the act of accepting an offer changes the proposer's beliefs about the probability that an offer is acceptable. However, allowing a proposer to continue bargaining in lieu of fighting does change the dynamics of bargaining, although this effect diminishes as players become more patient. Finally, when there is no commitment to offers (or fighting after a rejected proposal), the behavior is the same as that found in the model with only renegotiation of agreements, and thus mirrors the behavior in the model in which both forms of commitment are present.
Examining the Outcomes of Having a Calling: Does Context Matter?

The purpose of this study was to examine the cognitive, affective, and behavioral outcomes of calling. Further, the study examined the conditions under which individuals with a calling thrive, specifically focusing on the moderating role of work discretion and participative decision making. Data were collected using surveys from 298 teachers and aides working in 68 child care centers. The study results demonstrate that having a strong work calling is beneficial for both individuals and organizations. Results show that individuals who have a strong work calling are more committed to their organizations, have less emotional exhaustion and exhibit higher levels of contextual performance. Thus, in order to reap positive outcomes from their work individuals should engage in work that enables them to pursue their calling. Also, organizations will have increased work outcomes by hiring individuals who have a strong work calling. Further, organizations will benefit greatly by creating conditions that enable individuals to pursue their calling. Findings indicate that individuals with a high calling thrive in organizations that have more participative decision-making practices and which offer high work discretion. The study significantly contributes to the scant literature on calling by examining the affective, cognitive, and behavioral outcomes of calling. The study also responds to calls for research on the conditions under which calling leads to positive individual and work outcomes and identifies the conditions under which workers with a strong calling thrive.
Impact of Residual Soil Nitrate on In-Season Nitrogen Applications to Irrigated Corn Based on Remotely Sensed Assessments of Crop Nitrogen Status

Spatial and temporal variability of soil nitrogen (N) supply together with temporal variability of plant N demand make conventional N management difficult. This study was conducted to determine the impact of residual soil nitrate-N (NO3-N) on ground-based remote sensing management of in-season N fertilizer applications for commercial center-pivot irrigated corn (Zea mays L.) in northeast Colorado. Wedge-shaped areas were established to facilitate fertigation with the center pivot in two areas of the field that had significantly different amounts of residual soil NO3-N in the soil profile. One in-season fertigation (48 kg N ha−1) was required in the Bijou loamy sand soil with high residual NO3-N versus three in-season fertigations totaling 102 kg N ha−1 in the Valentine fine sand soil with low residual NO3-N. The farmer applied five fertigations to the field between the wedges for a total in-season N application of 214 kg N ha−1. Nitrogen input was reduced by 78% and 52%, respectively, in these two areas compared to the farmer’s traditional practice without any reductions in corn yield. The ground-based remote sensing management of in-season applied N increased N use efficiency and significantly reduced residual soil NO3-N (0–1.5 m depth) in the loamy sand soil area. Applying fertilizer N as needed by the crop and where needed in a field may reduce N inputs compared to traditional farmer accepted practices and improve in-season N management.
Statistical simulation of IC technology: A bipolar process example

Statistical simulation using design of experiments has been employed for integrated circuit technology development. A software program called STADIUM was developed to implement this statistical methodology. The software has been designed to be user friendly and to guide the engineer who is not a statistics expert through the process of deriving a valid statistical answer. Inputs to the STADIUM system include integrated circuit fabrication variations and when coupled with semiconductor process and device simulators can estimate the expected variations of device parameters such as transistor gain and threshold voltage. This paper presents the detailed procedure and results of a statistical simulation of a bipolar transistor technology.
An efficient clustering and path planning strategy for data collection in sensor networks based on space-filling curves

In this paper, we consider a scenario where a mobile robot is tasked with periodically collecting data from a fixed wireless sensor network. Our goal is to minimize the total energy cost of the operation, including the communication cost from the sensors to the robot and the motion cost of the robot. We propose a strategy that properly combines the ideas of clustering and using a mobile robot for data collection. Our approach is based on using space-filling curves, which results in a computationally-efficient algorithm. It can furthermore handle realistic communication environments by utilizing probabilistic channel predictors that go beyond disk models.We mathematically characterize an upper bound for the performance of our proposed algorithm, which shows how the energy saving is related to the total number of generated bits in the network, and the communication and motion parameters. Finally, we verify the effectiveness of our proposed framework in a simulation environment, where a considerable reduction in energy consumption is achieved as compared to the case of no clustering.
Contraction of bovine coronary vascular smooth muscle induced by cocaine is not mediated by norepinephrine.

Abstract This study was designed to assess the effects of cocaine on coronary arterial smooth muscle and to determine whether previously reported cocaine-induced coronary vasospasm is mediated by substances released from the endothelium or by increased adrenergic receptor stimulation. Concentration-response relationships for cocaine (0.1–300 μM) and norepinephrine (0.1–300 μM) were studied in vitro using 2 mm segments of bovine proximal left anterior descending coronary artery. Each segmental ring was mounted in a 70 ml tissue bath for the measurement of isometric tension. Cocaine (3–300 μM) caused significant, concentration-dependent, increased in developed tension (p
Photometric Measurements at λ = 11 µm of NGC4151

THE importance of determining the timescale of possible variations of infrared radiation from the nuclei of Seyfert galaxies has been discussed in detail independently by Rees et al.1 and by Burbidge and Stein2. Conclusive evidence for variations of flux with time at wavelengths λ ≥ 10 µm would place serious constraints on models devised for the radiation mechanism that is the source of this energy. In particular, it is unlikely that the hypothesis of a luminous source of short wavelength radiation surrounded by a cloud of solid particles which radiates at infrared wavelengths can be seriously considered if variations exist on timescales much less than a year. If variations were found on much shorter timescales such as a day, serious constraints would also be placed on non-thermal sources for the origin of the infrared energy.
Triton Stellar Occultation Candidates: 2000-2009

As part of our ongoing program of predictions and observations of stellar occultations by solar system bodies, we have completed a search for candidates for occultations by Triton over the decade 2000 to 2009. Star positions near Triton's projected orbit as determined by the DE405 ephemeris and NEP016 orbit model were measured on (unfiltered) CCD strip scans recorded with the 0.6 m telescope at the George R. Wallace Astrophysical Observatory to a depth of 16th to 18th magnitude, depending on the quality of individual strip scans. Within 10 of the predicted orbit of Triton during this period, 128 stars were found, including 12 stars brighter than 14th magnitude. Only appulses with geocentric minimum separations of less than about 037 will result in an occultation visible from Earth, but potential errors in the ephemeris and in the positions of our candidates preclude accurate prediction of actual occultation events without further astrometry.
Chronic sinusitis and the internist. Inadequate training and education.

CHRONIC sinusitis is the most common chronic health complaint in the United States, surpassing both arthritis and hypertension. 2 Most visits for diagnosis and treatment of sinusitis (87%) are to primary care physicians. 3 Conversely, 33% to 50% of all visits to primary care physicians are related to upper respiratory tract and related head and neck infections. 4 What preparation have internists had for this task? What guidance would their reference library and periodical literature offer? What do they think chronic sinusitis is, and what symptoms do they think it can cause? Where in their literature are the most recent advances in diagnosis and treatment reported? Training in internal medicine is mostly inpatient. Demands for a larger and richer outpatient exposure have been most recently expressed in a workshop-retreat on the internal medicine curriculum. 5 Both the ambulatory and inpatient exposure are directed toward the accumulation of an extraordinary volume
Influence of Wheat Particle Size in Diets of Laying Hens

Abstract Commercial strain Single Comb White Leghorn hens, 68 weeks old, were fed diets composed of four different cereal components; 100% of cereal as fine ground corn (FGC); 49% fine ground corn plus 51% fine ground wheat (FGC + FGW); 49% fine ground corn plus 51% coarse ground wheat (FGC + CGW); 49% fine ground corn plus 51% whole kernel wheat (FGC + WKW). Means for egg production, egg size, feed consumption, and feed conversion indicated that all diets gave equal layer performance.
Equitable water governance: future directions in the understanding and analysis of water inequities in the global South

Today, 20% of the world’s 7 billion people lack easy access to water for basic subsistence needs and a variety of economic and household activities. The lack of access to water exacerbates time and...
A Cost Control Extension of the PERT System

The anticipated total cost of a complex project is placed on a simple statistical quality control basis, through a natural extension of the PERT system of management control. The method is designed to provide management with the earliest possible warning of a potential budget overrun, consistent with the uncertainties inherent in the basic data. The procedure, when applicable, can readily be made to augment standard PERT programs, thus providing an integrated package for the simultaneous (probabilistic) control of project time and project cost.
The Storming of the Bastille in English Newspapers

Discussions of English responses to the French Revolution usually concentrate on the “pamphlet controversy” between such texts as Burke’s Refl ections on the Revolution in France, Paine’s The Rights of Man, and Wollstonecraft’s Vindications.1 The earliest texts most contemporary critics mention are Burke’s seminal Refl ections, which “precipitated a debate over the French Revolution that has continued for two centuries,” and Richard Price’s Discourse on the Love of our Country, which was delivered on 4 November 1789.2 As Stephen Prickett correctly asserts, these “descriptions and images of the French Revolution debate conditioned the ways in which observers actually perceived those events.”3 At the same time, “descriptions and images of the French Revolution,” or at least of individual events that constituted it, were available to British citizens several months before November 1789. The fall of the Bastille on 14 July 1789, in particular, elicited many reactions in England in such media as print, caricature, and drama. For instance, in August 1789 “a ‘Bastille war’ took place in London as managers of the minor theatres staged rival representations of the events of the Fourteenth of July.” 4 All three dramas were favorably disposed to the storming of the Bastille. On August 31st, the Sadler’s Wells Theater in London put on a play with the title Gallic Freedom; or, Vive la Liberte. Two weeks previously (17 August), the Royal Grove Amphitheatre under the direction of Philip
Reduction of lead oxide (PbO2) and release of Pb(II) in mixtures of natural organic matter, free chlorine and monochloramine

The primary focus of this paper is to elucidate the influence of mixtures of natural organic matter (NOM) and free chlorine and NOM and monochloramine on the reduction of PbO2 in drinking water. Pa...
Viral induced demyelination.

Viral induced demyelination, in both humans and rodent models, has provided unique insights into the cell biology of oligodendroglia, their complex cell-cell interactions and mechanisms of myelin destruction. They illustrate mechanisms of viral persistence, including latent infections in which no infectious virus is readily evident, virus reactivation and viral-induced tissue damage. These studies have also provided excellent paradigms to study the interactions between the immune system and the central nervous system (CNS). Although of interest in their own right, an understanding of the diverse mechanisms used by viruses to induce demyelination may shed light into the etiology and pathogenesis of the common demyelinating disorder multiple sclerosis (MS). This notion is supported by the persistent view that a viral infection acquired during adolescence might initiate MS after a long period of quiescence. Demyelination in both humans and rodents can be initiated by infection with a diverse group of enveloped and non-enveloped RNA and DNA viruses (Table 1). The mechanisms that ultimately result in the loss of CNS myelin appear to be equally diverse as the etiological agents capable of causing diseases which result in demyelination. Although demyelination can be a secondary result of axonal loss, in many examples of viral induced demyelination, myelin loss is primary and associated with axonal sparing. This suggests that demyelination induced by viral infections can result from: 1) a direct viral infection of oligodendroglia resulting in cell death with degeneration of myelin and its subsequent removal; 2) a persistent viral infection, in the presence or absence of infectious virus, resulting in the loss of normal cellular homeostasis and subsequent oligodendroglial death; 3) a vigorous virus-specific inflammatory response wherein the virus replicates in a cell type other than oligodendroglia, but cytokines and other immune mediators directly damage the oligodendroglia or the myelin sheath; or 4) infection initiates activation of an immune response specific for either oligodendroglia or myelin components. Virus-induced inflammation may be associated with the processing of myelin or oligodendroglial components and their presentation to the host's own T cell compartment. Alternatively, antigenic epitopes derived from the viral proteins may exhibit sufficient homology to host components that the immune response to the virus activates autoreactive T cells, i.e. molecular mimicry. Although it is not clear that each of these potential mechanisms participates in the pathogenesis of human demyelinating disease, analysis of the diverse demyelinating viral infections of both humans and rodents provides examples of many of these potential mechanisms.
Imaging C 60 clusters on a surface using a scanning tunnelling microscope

RECENT developments in the synthesis of macroscopic amounts of the C60 and C70 carbon clusters1–3 have made possible spectroscopic1,2,4–7 studies of these species. Infrared1,2 and vibrational Raman4 spectra strongly support the proposed 'soccer ball' structure for the C60 cluster8, and NMR spectroscopy directly confirms its icosahedral symmetry5,6. Here we present images of C60 clusters obtained with the scanning tunnelling microscope. These species are roughly spherical and form mobile hexagonal arrays on a Au(lll) surface with an intercluster spacing of 11.0 A Brighter features evident in the arrays are tentatively identified as C70 clusters.
MONOPOLY AND PRODUCT SELECTION

Abstract It is shown by example that, even if there are fixed costs, a monopolist may provide more than the socially optimal number of products.