cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide degassing and cryptic thermal input to Brimstone Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming

Abstract Brimstone Basin, a remote area of intense hydrothermal alteration a few km east of the Yellowstone Caldera, is rarely studied and has long been considered to be a cold remnant of an ancient hydrothermal system. A field campaign in 2008 confirmed that gas emissions from the few small vents were cold and that soil temperatures in the altered area were at background levels. Geochemical and isotopic evidence from gas samples ( 3 He/ 4 He ~ 3R A , δ 13 C-CO 2 ~ − 3‰) however, indicate continuing magmatic gas input to the system. Accumulation chamber measurements revealed a surprisingly large diffuse flux of CO 2 (~ 277 t d − 1 ) and H 2 S (0.6 t d − 1 ). The flux of CO 2 reduces the 18 O content of the overlying cold groundwater and related stream waters relative to normal meteoric waters. Simple isotopic modeling reveals that the CO 2 likely originates from geothermal water at a temperature of 93 ± 19 °C. These results and the presence of thermogenic hydrocarbons (C1:C2 ~ 100 and δ 13 C-CH 4 = − 46.4 to − 42.8‰) in gases require some heat source at depth and refute the assumption that this is a “fossil” hydrothermal system.
NATURE OF DRIVING FORCE FOR PROTEIN FOLDING : A RESULT FROM ANALYZING THE STATISTICAL POTENTIAL

Proteins fold into specific three dimensional structures to perform their diverse biological functions. It is now well established that for small proteins the information contained in the amino acid sequence is sufficient to determine the folded structure, which is the structure with minimum free energy [1]. Thus the native structure is dictated by the physical interactions between amino acids in the sequence, and understanding the nature of such interactions is crucial for protein structure prediction. As a protein contains thousands of atoms and interacts with huge number of water molecules, it is not feasible to calculate the free energy function from first principles. An often adapted practical approach is to derive a coarse grained potential (often on the level of amino acids) using the known structures in the existing protein data banks. In such an approach, the energy of a particular substructure in proteins is derived from the number of its appearances in the structure data bank via a Boltzmann factor [2 ‐ 4]. A classic example of such a statistical potential is the Miyazawa-Jernigan (MJ) matrix, a 20 3 20 inter-residue contact-energy matrix derived by Miyazawa and Jernigan [2,5]. This matrix tabulates the interaction strength between any two types of amino acids in proteins, and has been widely applied in protein design and folding simulations [6,7]. In this Letter, we apply a general method of matrix analysis, namely, eigenvalue decomposition, to the MJ matrix. The analysis reveals an intrinsic regularity of the MJ matrix, which yields basic information about the nature of the driving force for protein folding. We show that despite the complicated interactions in proteins, the major driving force is hydrophobic interaction and a force of demixing, the latter obeying Hildebrand’s solubility theory of simple liquids [8]. The result allows us to attribute the interactions responsible for folding to quantifiable properties of individual amino acids. These properties suggest further experimental tests, and can be used for analyzing sequence-structure relation. Eigenvalue decomposition is a general approach to analyzing matrices. A given N 3 N real symmetric ma
Increased expression of arginase II in human diabetic corpus cavernosum: in diabetic-associated erectile dysfunction

Increased expression of arginase II in human diabetic corpus cavernosum: in diabetic-associated erectile dysfunction
Efficient Algorithms for the Riemann-Roch Problem and for Addition in the Jacobian of a Curve

We study the effective Riemann-Roch problem of computing a basis for the linear space L(D) associated with a divisor D on a plane curve C and its applications. Our presentation begins with an extension of Noether's algorithm for this problem to plane curves with singularities. Like the original, this algorithm has a worst-case complexity of ?(n!|D|), where n is the degree of the curve C.We next consider representations of divisors based on Chow forms. Using these, we produce a factorization-free polynomial-time algorithm for the effective Riemann-Roch problem, which improves the complexity of Noether's algorithm by an order of magnitude. We also present further improvements which, for curves of bounded degree, yield an algorithm with complexity which is linear in the size of the given divisor. Finally, we consider applications of this problem: to the arithmetic of the Jacobian of a plane curve, to the construction of rational functions on a curve with prescribed zeroes and poles, and to the construction of curves with prescribed intersections.
Incubation in cyclohexene decomposition at high temperatures

A detailed master equation simulation has been carried out for the thermal unimolecular decomposition of C6H10 in a shock tube. At the highest temperatures studied experimentally [J. H. Kiefer and J. N. Shah, J. Phys. Chem., 91, 3024 (1987)], the average thermal vibrational energy is greater than the reaction threshold and therefore 〈ΔE〉 (up and down steps) is positive for molecules at that energy, rather than negative; the converse is true at lower temperatures. The calculated incubation time, in which the decomposition rate constant rises to 1/e of its steady state value, is found to be only weakly dependent on temperature (at constant pressure) between 1500 K and 2000 K and to depend almost exclusively on 〈ΔE〉d (down steps, only), and not on collision probability model. Simulations of the experimental data show the magnitude of 〈ΔE〉d depends weakly on assumed collision probability model, but is nearly independent of temperature. The second moment 〈ΔE〉½ is found to be independent of both temperature and transition probability model. The experimental data are not very sensitive to the possible energy-dependence of 〈ΔE〉d for a wide range of assumptions. It is concluded that the observed experimental “delay times” probably can be identified with the incubation time; further experiments are desirable to test this possibility and obtain more direct measures of the incubation time.
Ethical Engagements over Time: Reading and Rereading David Copperfield and Wuthering Heights

There have been many reasons offered for the (re)turn to ethical issues in liter ary criticism and theory (and, indeed, in the humanities generally) since the late 1980s and early 1990s?for example, the need to get beyond the brilliant but, in the judgment of many, limited insights of deconstruction; or the opportunity to build on the underlying ethical appeals of politically engaged critical approaches such as fem inism and critical race theory; or the general move to interdisciplinarity that helped make philosopher Martha Nussbaum's case for narrative as a site for ethical inquiry such an appealing one. In this essay, however, I want both to advance a different case for the ethical turn in narrative studies and to consider some of its consequences as I reflect on how my ethical relation to two narratives in the British tradition has developed over time. The case is simply that, for multiple reasons, including but not limited to the ones mentioned above, the academy has shown a readiness to acknowledge explicitly what it had often previously acknowledged implicitly?namely, that narratives, like our lives, in general are saturated with ethical considerations. The validity of this as sertion rests on the fact that stories constitute one of human beings' primal strategies for organizing into meaningful patterns the otherwise overwhelming data of the world. World-data comes to human beings basically disorganized, self-contradictory, and chaotic. It is useless to us in its raw state. We can only use data when it is pat terned, and while human beings employ many strategies for imposing pattern on the world's chaotic data?scientific hypotheses, religious interpretations, social conven tions, social science studies, historical analysis, intellectual concepts, philosophical inquiries, and so on?it is stories more than any other strategy?specifically, it is sto ries' ethical visions?that pattern the world into meaningful shapes.
The Total Syntheses of Basiliolide C, epi-Basiliolide C, and Protecting-Group-Free Total Syntheses of Transtaganolides C and D

The total syntheses of basiliolide C and previously unreported epi-basiliolide C are achieved by an Ireland–Claisen/Diels–Alder cascade. The development of a palladium catalyzed cross-coupling of methoxy alkynyl zinc reagents allows for the protecting-group-free syntheses of transtaganolides C and D. Syntheses of transtaganolides C and D are accomplished in a single operation to generate three rings, two all-carbon quaternary centers, and four tertiary stereocenters from a monocyclic, achiral precursor.
Surface Chemistry for Enantioselective Catalysis

A Perspective is offered on the lessons learned from surface-science studies on enantioselective chemistry on solid surfaces performed by the author’s groups. Our emphasis is on studies on model systems, mainly metal single-crystal surfaces under controlled environments, but extension of such research to more realistic samples relevant to heterogeneous catalysis is also briefly discussed. Enantioselective chemistry on surfaces is here divided into three guiding modalities, depending on the underlying mechanism. First, enantioselective chemistry resulting from the use of intrinsically chiral surfaces, which can be made from achiral solids such as metals by exposing the appropriate planes, is discussed. Next, the imparting of enantioselectivity to achiral surfaces by modifying them with adsorbates is classified in terms of two operating mechanisms: first, via the formation of supramolecular surface ensembles with chiral adsorption sites, and second, by relying on the effect of the local chiral environment intrinsically provided by the chiral modifiers through a one-to-one interaction between the modifier and the reactant. A discussion is then provided on studies with more complex samples involving metal nanoparticles and high-surface-area porous oxides. Finally, the present state of our understanding of enantioselective surface chemistry and the prognosis for the future are provided.
ANALYTICAL STUDIES OF ADVANCED HIGH-FIELD DESIGNS : 20-TESLA LARGE BORE SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETS

Several emerging technologies have been combined in a conceptual design study demonstrating the feasibility of producing ultrahigh magnetic fields from large-bore superconducting solenoid magnets. Several designs have been produced that approach peak fields of 20-T in 2.0-m diameter inner bores. The analytical expressions comprising the main features of CONDUCTOR and ADVMAGNET, the two computer programs used in the design of these advanced magnets, are also discussed. These magnets and design techniques will make a paramount contribution to the national mirror-fusion endeavor and to the newly emerging field of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) whole-body scanners.
Do Health Care Users Think Electronic Health Records are Important for Themselves and Their Providers? Exploring Group Differences in a National Survey

Patient access to electronic health records (EHR) is expected to have a variety of benefits, including enhanced patient involvement in care and access to health information, yet little is known about potential demand. We used the 2007 Health Information and National Trends Survey, a national probability-based survey, to determine which health care users with Internet access are likely to report that electronic access to their health records is important for themselves and their providers. Respondents who represent populations that generally experience health and healthcare disparities (Blacks, Latina/os, and patients with psychological distress) were among the most likely to report that the EHR was very important for them. Women were less likely than men to deem the EHR very important for their providers, but it is unclear if this is due to men's higher technology adoption rates. All findings were consistent, even after controlling for respondents' socio-economic status, health status, health care context, and disposition toward health information. Health policies and the designs of EHRs should consider these patterns, which could help address health and health care disparities.
The f -Vector of the Descent Polytope

For a positive integer n and a subset S⊆[n−1], the descent polytope DP S is the set of points (x 1,…,x n ) in the n-dimensional unit cube [0,1]n such that x i ≥x i+1 if i∈S and x i ≤x i+1 otherwise. First, we express the f-vector as a sum over all subsets of [n−1]. Second, we use certain factorizations of the associated word over a two-letter alphabet to describe the f-vector. We show that the f-vector is maximized when the set S is the alternating set {1,3,5,…}∩[n−1]. We derive a generating function for F S (t), written as a formal power series in two non-commuting variables with coefficients in ℤ[t]. We also obtain the generating function for the Ehrhart polynomials of the descent polytopes.
Energy Efficiency Analysis in Amplify-And-Forward and Decode-And-Forward Cooperative Networks

In this paper, we have studied the energy efficiency of cooperative networks operating in either the fixed Amplify-and-Forward (AF) or the selective Decode-and-Forward (DF) mode. We consider the optimization of the M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (MQAM) constellation size to minimize the bit energy consumption under given bit error rate (BER) constraints. In the computation of the energy expenditure, the circuit, transmission, and retransmission energies are taken into account. The link reliabilities and retransmission probabilities are determined through the outage probabilities under the Rayleigh fading assumption. Several interesting observations with practical implications are made. For instance, it is seen that while large constellations are preferred at small transmission distances, constellation size should be decreased as the distance increases. Moreover, the cooperative gain is computed to compare direct transmission and cooperative transmission.
Silicon modified reduction and reductive alkylation-application to the phenanthrene system

Abstract A trimethylsilyl (TMS) substituent is used to control the metal-ammonia reduction of phenanthrenes. The TMS group is then removed by tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF) and replaced by either H or R.'
Regulation room: moving towards civic participation 2.0

Rulemaking is one of the U. S. government's most important policymaking methods. Although broad transparency and participation rights are part of its legal structure, significant barriers prevent effective engagement by many groups of interested citizens. RegualtionRoom, an experimental open-government partnership between academic researchers and government agencies, is a socio-technical participation system that uses multiple methods to alert and effectively engage new voices in rulemaking.
On indecomposable trees in the boundary of Outer space

Let T be an \({\mathbb{R}}\)-tree, equipped with a very small action of the rank n free group Fn, and let H ≤ Fn be finitely generated. We consider the case where the action \({F_n \curvearrowright T}\) is indecomposable–this is a strong mixing property introduced by Guirardel. In this case, we show that the action of H on its minimal invarinat subtree TH has dense orbits if and only if H is finite index in Fn. There is an interesting application to dual algebraic laminations; we show that for T free and indecomposable and for H ≤ Fn finitely generated, H carries a leaf of the dual lamination of T if and only if H is finite index in Fn. This generalizes a result of Bestvina-Feighn-Handel regarding stable trees of fully irreducible automorphisms.
Enhancement of solar heavy nuclei at high energies in the 4 July 1974 event

Relative abundances of energetic nuclei in the 4 July 1974 solar event are presented. The results show a marked enhancement of abundances that systematically increase with nuclear charge numbers in the range of the observation, 6 less than or equal to Z less than or equal to 26 for energies above 15 MeV/nucleon. While such enhancements are commonly seen below 10 MeV/nucleon, most observations at higher energies are found to be consistent with solar system abundances. The energy spectrum of oxygen is observed to be significantly steeper than most other solar events studied in this energy region. It is proposed that these observations are characteristic of particle populations at energies approximately 1 MeV/nucleon, and that the anomalous features observed here may be the result of the high energy extension of such a population that is commonly masked by other processes or populations that might occur in larger solar events.
Sex pheromone specificity in the pine sawflies: interchange of acid moieties in an ester

3,7-Dimethylpentadecan-2-ol was identified as the free alcohol in three species from two genera of pine sawflies (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae). In Neodiprion lecontei and Neodiprion sertifer the acetate of this alcohol is the major component of their sex attractant; in Diprion similis it is the propionate. By examining the responses of the male antennae of several species of Neodiprion through the electroantennographic technique, it was determined that four species responded to the acetate and six to the propionate.
Cosmology of One Extra Dimension with Localized Gravity

We examine the cosmology of the two recently proposed scenarios for a five dimensional universe with localized gravity. We find that the scenario with a non-compact fifth dimension is potentially viable, while the scenario which might solve the hierarchy problem predicts a contracting universe, leading to a variety of cosmological problems.
Informal influence in the Asian Development Bank

Through case studies and empirical analysis, scholars have uncovered convincing evidence that individual donors influence lending decisions of international financial institutions (IFIs) such as the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank. Less clear are the mechanisms by which donors exert influence. Potential mechanisms are either formal or informal. Formal influence is through official decisions of the board of executive directors while informal influence covers all other channels. This paper explores the role of informal influence at the Asian Development Bank by examining the flow of funds after loans are approved. Controlling for commitments (loan approvals), are subsequent disbursements linked to the interests of the key shareholders, Japan and the U.S.? I compare these findings with results for the World Bank and consider implications for institutional reforms.
Practical Anti-Reflection Coating For Metal Semiconductor Solar Cells

The metal-semiconductor solar cell is a possible candidate for converting solar to electrical energy for terrestrial application. In this paper, a method for obtaining optical parameters of practical anti-reflection coatings for the metal-semiconductor solar cell, is given. This method utilizes the measured index of refraction obtained from ellipsometry since the surface to be AR coated has a multi-layer structure. Both the experimental results and theoretical calculation of optical parameters for Ta205 anti-reflection coatings on Au-GaAs and Au-GaAs.78P.22 solar cells are presented for comparison.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Padé Interpolation by F-Polynomials and Transfinite Diameter

We define F-polynomials as linear combinations of dilations by some frequencies of an entire function F. In this paper, we use Pade interpolation of holomorphic functions in the unit disk by F-polynomials to obtain explicitly approximating F-polynomials with sharp estimates on their coefficients. We show that when frequencies lie in a compact set K⊂ℂ, then optimal choices for the frequencies of interpolating F-polynomials are similar to Fekete points. Moreover, the minimal norms of the interpolating operators form a sequence whose rate of growth is determined by the transfinite diameter of K.
WUSCHEL mediates stem cell homeostasis by regulating stem cell number and patterns of cell division and differentiation of stem cell progenitors

Plant stem cell populations, unlike their animal counterparts, do not use cell migration and oriented cell divisions to maintain their size, and therefore require a precise coordination between self-renewing divisions of stem cells, and rates of cell division and differentiation among stem cell progenitors. Shoot apical meristems (SAMs) of higher plants harbor a set of stem cells within the central zone (CZ) that divide infrequently. Stem cell daughters that are displaced towards the surrounding peripheral zone (PZ) divide at a faster rate and enter into differentiation at specific locations to form leaves or flowers. The relative ratios of cells in the CZ and the PZ are maintained, despite a constant displacement of cells from the CZ into the PZ, and subsequent allocation of cells within the PZ to form organ primordia. The mechanisms that mediate this homeostatic balance are not well understood. A homeodomain transcription factor WUSCHEL, expressed in the rib meristem (RM), located beneath the CZ, has been shown to provide nonautonomous cues for stem cell specification. By employing transient spatial manipulation and live imaging, we show that an elevated level of WUS not only induces expansion of the CZ, but also results in increased cell division rates in cells of the PZ; conversely, decreases in WUS level lead to a smaller CZ and are associated with a reduction in cell division rate. Moreover, low levels of WUS lead to enlarged organ primordia, by elevating the responsiveness of the PZ cells to the plant hormone auxin. This reveals a function of WUS in mediating the balance between differentiating and non-differentiating cells of the PZ. Regulation of stem cell numbers, growth and differentiation patterns by a single transcription factor forms a interconnected and self-correcting feedback loop to provide robustness to stem cell homeostasis in a dynamic cellular environment.
Metal Ion Separations in Polyethylene Glycol-Based Aqueous Biphasic Systems

Solvent extraction, utilizing an oil/water mixture (e.g., chloroform/water) and a suitable complexant, is a proven technology for the selective removal and recovery of metal ions from aqueous solutions.1,2 Solving the increasing number of metal ion separation problems has typically focused on finding an appropriate selective extractant, making it as lipophilic as possible, and determining the best diluent. This has often meant the use of expensive extractants and volatile, toxic, organic diluents. In addition, the extracted species is usually dehydrated and partitioned as an ion pair. Whole classes of water soluble extractants cannot be utilized in these systems.
Toward a potential total synthesis of gelsemine: A regioselective hydroboration directed by a remote olefin

Abstract Hydroboration of bicyclo[3.2.1]octa-2,6-diene derivatives occurred exclusively on one olefin, and within this olefin, remarkable regioselective addition of boron to one carbon terminus was observed. This regioselectivity was significantly improved with more electrophilic hydroborating agents. The regioselectivity is attributed to the directive effect of a remote olefin.
How heart failure complicates care.

Review why heart failure (HF) develops and how it affects the nursing care of patients with other health problems.
Distinguishing colorings of Cartesian products of complete graphs

We determine the values of s and t for which there is a coloring of the edges of the complete bipartite graph K"s","t which admits only the identity automorphism. In particular, this allows us to determine the distinguishing number of the Cartesian product of complete graphs.
Optimized parametric calibration of autonomous vehicles

Odometry, also referred to as dead reckoning, is one of the least expensive and most widely used methods for mobile robot localization. However, mobile robots implementing dead reckoning are plagued with inaccuracy caused by systematic and non-systematic errors. In many cases, the most dominant source of inaccuracy is systematic errors. Systematic errors are caused by differences between the nominal and the actual dimensions of vehicle parameters (such as wheel radius and wheelbase measurements). Because systematic errors are inherent to the vehicle, the dead reckoning inaccuracy grows unbounded. Fortunately, it is possible to largely eliminate systematic errors by calibrating the parameters such that the differences between the nominal dimensions and the actual dimensions are minimized. This work presents a method for calibration of mobile robot parameters using an optimization engine. A cost function is developed based on the UMBmark (University of Michigan Benchmark) test pattern. This method is presented as a simple time efficient calibration tool for use during startup procedures of a differentially driven mobile robot. Comparisons are made between this method and an analytical calibration method developed at the University of Michigan. Results show that this tool consistently gives greater than 50% improvement in overall dead reckoning accuracy on an outdoor mobile robot, with respect to itself prior to calibration.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Skill, Luck, and the Multiproduct Firm: Evidence from Hedge Funds

We formalize the idea that when managers require external investment to expand, higher-skilled firms will be more likely to diversify in equilibrium, even though managers can exploit asymmetric information about their ability to raise capital from investors. We exploit the timing of new fund launches in the hedge fund industry to distinguish between agency and capability effects in firm product diversification decisions, using a large survivor-bias-free panel data set on the hedge fund industry from 1994 to 2006. Empirically we show that diversifying firms' excess returns are high relative to those of other firms prior to diversification and fall within firm following diversification, but are six basis points higher per month per unit of risk ex post compared to a matched sample of focused firms. The evidence suggests that managers exploit asymmetric information about their own ability to time diversification decisions; yet, the discipline of markets ensures that better firms diversify, on average. The results provide large-sample empirical evidence that agency effects and firm capabilities jointly influence diversification decisions. This paper was accepted by Bruno Cassiman, business strategy.
On the Combinatorial Structure of Primitive Vassiliev Invariants, III - A Lower Bound

We prove that the dimension of the space of primitive Vassiliev invariants of degree n grows — as n tends to infinity — faster than for any . This solves the so-called Kontsevich–Bar–Natan conjecture. The proof relies on the use of the weight systems coming from the Lie algebra (N). In fact, we show that our bound is — up to a multiplication by a rational function in n — the best possible that one can get with (N)-weight systems.
Construction of a Bicyclic β-Benzyloxy and β-Hydroxy Amide Library through a Multicomponent Cyclization Reaction

In this manuscript, we describe the synthesis of a bicyclic β-benzyloxy and β-hydroxy amide library from cyanohydrin ethers. The benzyloxy amides were prepared through a one-pot sequence of hydrozirconation, acylation, and intramolecular Friedel−Crafts alkylation. Selected benzyl ethers were converted to alcohols by hydrogenolysis in a continuous flow reactor. Chemistry space BCUT metrics and 2D fingerprint similarity calculations showed that these compounds contribute chemical diversity value to existing chemical libraries.
A New Extragalactic Distance Determination Method Using the Flux-weighted Gravity of Late B and Early A Supergiants*

Stellar evolution calculations predict the flux-weighted gravity g/T and absolute bolometric magnitude of blue supergiants to be strongly correlated. We use medium-resolution multiobject spectroscopy of late B and early A supergiants in two spiral galaxies, NGC 300 and NGC 3621, to demonstrate the existence of such a relationship, which proves to be surprisingly tight. An analysis of high-resolution spectra of blue supergiants in Local Group galaxies confirms this detection. We discuss the application of the relationship for extragalactic distance determinations and conservatively conclude that once properly calibrated it has the potential to allow for measurements of distance moduli out to 30.5 mag with an accuracy of 0.1 mag or better.
Mass Transport and Chemical Demixing of Y-Ba-Cu-O Compounds During Sintering in Temperature Gradients

A thin cylindrical powder compact (3-mm diameter by 20-mm) with a nominal composition of YBa2Cu3Ox was sintered in a static temperature gradient of 25°C/mm in air for 12 h. The temperature at the hot end of the sample was maintained at 940°±5°C. Considerable mass transport and chemical demixing occurred along the length of the sample. The results are consistent with the formation of a liquid phase at the hot end of the sample, transport of the liquid down the temperature gradient, and the formation of different eutectic compositions along the length of the sample. The implications for processing high-Tc superconductors in the system Y-Ba-Cu-O are discussed.
Constraining the scatter in the mass-richness relation of maxbcg clusters with weak lensing and x-ray data

We measure the logarithmic scatter in mass at fixed richness for clusters in the maxBCG cluster catalog, an optically selected cluster sample drawn from SDSS imaging data. Our measurement is achieved by demanding consistency between available weak lensing and X-ray measurements of the maxBCG clusters, and the X-ray luminosity-mass relation inferred from the 400d X-ray cluster survey, a flux limited X-ray cluster survey. We find {sigma}{sub lnM|N{sub 200}} = 0.45{sub -0.18}{sup +0.20} (95%CL) at N{sub 200} {approx} 40, where N{sub 200} is the number of red sequence galaxies in a cluster. As a byproduct of our analysis, we also obtain a constraint on the correlation coefficient between lnL{sub X} and lnM at fixed richness, which is best expressed as a lower limit, r{sub L,M|N} {ge} 0.85 (95% CL). This is the first observational constraint placed on a correlation coefficient involving two different cluster mass tracers. We use our results to produce a state of the art estimate of the halo mass function at z = 0.23 - the median redshift of the maxBCG cluster sample - and find that it is consistent with the WMAP5 cosmology. Both the mass function data and its covariance matrix are presented.
Long-Term Clinical Tolerance of Lovastatin and Simvastatin

3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitors are gaining widespread use in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Clinical experience with lovastatin, which is approaching 4 years in many patients, indicates that it is well tolerated. Short-term adverse effects have usually been self-limited and have included abdominal pain, cramps, bloating, and flatus in 4-6% of cases. Raised hepatic transaminases and myopathy have occurred in 1.3 and 0.1% of cases, respectively; both, however, are reversible upon discontinuation of drug. To date, there is no evidence that lovastatin adversely affects the human lens. Overall, the drug has been well tolerated by the vast majority of patients over the long term. Early clinical experience with simvastatin shows a pattern and frequency of side effects similar to that reported with lovastatin.
IMPROVED PROCEDURES FOR PREPARATION OF 4-HYDROXY- AND 2-AMINO-4-METHOXY-2-AMINOPYRIDINES

(1997). IMPROVED PROCEDURES FOR PREPARATION OF 4-HYDROXY- AND 2-AMINO-4-METHOXY-2-AMINOPYRIDINES. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 117-122.
A daunorubicin β-galactoside prodrug for use in conjunction with gene directed enzyme prodrug therapy

Abstract N -[4-(β- d -Galactopyranosyl)-3-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl]daunomycin was synthesized as a neutral prodrug of daunomycin. Although stable in 0.05 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 at 37°C, it was rapidly converted to daunomycin and 3-nitro-4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol under the same conditions in the presence of E. coli β-galactosidase.
The gender poverty gap in developed countries: Causes and cures

Abstract This article employs the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) to compare poverty rates for female-headed families and for other families in a number of developed countries. It then seeks to explain why, in some countries, poverty for female-headed families is so much higher compared to other families. The article finds that there is no single reason for this. Rather, there are many different reasons female-headed families suffer relatively greater poverty in some countries but not in other countries. One implication of this analysis is that it is less important what gets done to help female-headed families, and more important that some policy be employed to benefit female-headed families. The rest of this article is organized as follows. The first section describes the LIS. The next section discusses the problems encountered in measuring poverty, and computes poverty rates for female-headed families and for all other families using 15 countries in the LIS database. Theoretical explanations for poverty are presented in the third section. This discussio n emphasizes why poverty rates may differ based upon the gender of the family head. The following section tests the usual group of suspects that were rounded up in the previous section, and finds them all to be inadequate. The next section employs a more simple and direct approach to the problem. It examines countries individually in order to find out what they are doing to assist female-headed families and how this affects the national gender poverty gap. The final section concludes with some policy implications.
Space charge development and breakdown in XLPE under DC field

The correlation between space charge accumulation and insulation failure has been investigated in four, polyethylene-based materials subjected to a DC field of 50 kV/mm. Two of the materials contained tree-retardant additives and all four materials were aged for extended periods up to 19,000 h. The specimens were removed periodically from the external field and subjected to space charge density measurements under no-voltage conditions using the thermal step (TS) technique. Not a single parameter that would consistently correlate with times to insulation failure could be derived from the space charge measurements. However, the space charge measurements provided valuable insight into a possible link between the dynamics of space charge development and the time of DC aging. In particular, a consistent surge in the amount of accumulated space charge shortly before insulation breakdown was observed in practically all samples. Also, a consistent relationship between time to breakdown and the position of the internal space charge density peaks in the sample was observed. Samples that had space charge density peaks further apart consistently survived longer than specimens for which the peaks were closer together. These phenomena, if confirmed, could be used to screen new materials for DC voltage applications.
Synthesis, structure and spectroscopic properties of some 2-phenylphenoxide derivatives of molybdenum

Abstract Treatment of the molybdenum dimethylamido compounds, Mo(NMe2)4 and Mo2(NMe2)6 (MoMo), with 2-phenylphenol (HOAr-2Ph), leads to formation of the aryloxide compounds, Mo(OAr-2Ph)4(HNMe2)2 (1) and Mo2(OAr-2Ph)6(HNMe2)2 (2), respectively. A single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of 1 shows a trans arrangement of dimethylamine ligands about the octahedral MoO4N2 core, while in 2 an unbridged O3NMoMoNO3 central coordination environment is present. Spectroscopic studies on 2 indicate a significant barrier to rotation about the unbridged molybdenum-molybdenum triple bond, presumably due to the steric demands of the OAr-2Ph ligands. Crystal data for MoO4N2C52H50 (1) at 21°C: a = 9.617(6), b = 10.199(1), c = 12.315(7) A, α = 107.04(2), β = 106.29(5), γ = 95.46(2)δ, Z = 1, dcalc = 1.317 g cm−3 in space group P1 ; for Mo2O6N2C83H70 (2) at 19°C: a = 22.890(2), b = 13.854(4), c = 24.337(2) A, β = 113.969(8)°, Z = 4, dcalc = 1.303 g cm−3 in space group P21/c.
Dataflow analysis for energy-efficient scratch-pad memory management

Scratch-pad memories (SPMs) are a serious alternative to conventional cache memories in embedded computing since they allow software to manage data flowing from and into memory components, resulting in a predictable behavior at runtime. The prior studies considered compiler-directed SPM management using both static and dynamic approaches. One of the assumptions under which most of the proposed approaches to data SPM management operate is that the application code is structured with regular loop nests with little or no control flow within the loops. This assumption, while it makes data SPM management relatively easy to implement, limits the applicability of those approaches to the codes involve conditional execution and complex control flows. To address this problem, this paper proposes a novel data SPM management strategy based on dataflow analysis. This analysis operates on a representation that reflects the conditional execution flow of the application and, consequently, it is applicable to a large class of embedded applications, including those with complex control flows.
Hepatic accumulation, metabolism and biliary excretion of sulfobromophthalein by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

Abstract 1. 1. Hepatic accumulation, metabolism and biliary excretion of the organic anion sulfobromophthalein (BSP) were studied in the rainbow trout. 2. 2. Hepatic accumulation of this compound was relatively rapid; more than half of a single i.v. dose was found in the livers of trout after only 15 min. 3. 3. Biliary excretion appeared to be the rate-limiting step in the overall transfer of BSP from plasma to bile. 4. 4. As many as six separate fractions of BSP could be resolved by thin-layer chromatography; three of which reacted with ninhydrin and were probably associated with amino acids. 5. 5. Hepatic excretory processes for this compound in the trout are compared with those of other species.
Integrability of non-linear sigma models☆

Abstract In both the ordinary and supersymmetric O( N ) non-linear sigma models in two dimensions, an infinity of conservation laws is shown to survive quantization, indicating that these theories are integrable. While this conclusion is not new, the proof given here is new. This proof is of interest for its simplicity and directness.
First-order modeling and stability analysis of illusory contours

In visual cognition, illusions help elucidate certain intriguing latent perceptual functions of the human vision system, and their proper mathematical modeling and computational simulation are therefore deeply beneficial to both biological and computer vision. Inspired by existent prior works, the current paper proposes a first-order energy-based model for analyzing and simulating illusory contours. The lower complexity of the proposed model facilitates rigorous mathematical analysis on the detailed geometric structures of illusory contours. After being asymptotically approximated by classical active contours, the proposed model is then robustly computed using the celebrated level-set method of Osher and Sethian [S. Osher, J.A. Sethian, Fronts propagating with curvature-dependent speed: algorithms based on Hamilton-Jacobi formulations, J. Comput. Phys., 79 (12) (1988) 12-49] with a natural supervising scheme. Potential cognitive implications of the mathematical results are addressed, and generic computational examples are demonstrated and discussed.
Fiscal Stability of High‐Debt Nations under Volatile Economic Conditions

Using a recursive empirical model of the real interest rate, GDP growth and the primary government deficit in the United States, I solve for the ergodic distribu- tion of the debt/GDP ratio. If such a distribution exists, the government is satisfying its intertemporal budget constraint. One key finding is that historical fiscal policy would bring the current high-debt ratio back to its normal level of 0.35 over the coming dec- ade. Forecasts of continuing increases in the ratio over the decade make the implicit assumption that fiscal policy has shifted dramatically. In the variant of the model that matches the forecast, the government would not satisfy its intertemporal budget con- straint if the policy was permanent. The willingness of investors to hold US government debt implies a belief that the high-deficit policy is transitory.
Corrosion of Lead Glasses in Acid Media: I, Leaching Kinetics

The leaching kinetics of lead glasses (25 to 35 mol% PbO-75 to 65 mol% SiO2; some with K2O and A12O3, additions) were determined in 10% acetic acid. Except for a ternary glass (SiO2-PbO-K2O) which had a linear dependence on time, all compositions exhibited a linear dependence on the square root of time for the amount of Pb and K removed. Increasing the SiO2: PbO ratio or the Al2O3 content improved the durability whereas adding K2O to a binary PbO-Si02 glass greatly increased the corrosion rate. Activation energies for the rates of Pb and K removal were determined for three compositions and it was deduced that the diffusion of H+ controlled the leaching for binary and 4-component glasses whereas dissolution of the silica network was rate-controlling for the ternary.
Kinetics of CO oxidation by N2O over Rh(111)

Abstract We have studied, for the first time, the reaction of CO with N 2 O over a Rh(111) catalyst at pressures between 1 and 20 Torr in an apparatus that couples a moderate pressure reactor with an ultrahigh vacuum analysis chamber. Using 4 Torr of CO and 4 Torr of N20 between 570 and 670 K, we measured an apparent activation energy ( E a ) of 40.0 kcal/mol. By varying the reactant pressures ( T = 623 K), we determined that the reaction orders are + 1.1 in N 2 O pressure and −1.2 in CO pressure. Both E a and the reaction order are in good agreement with previously reported measurements over alumina supported Rh particles. Kinetic modeling of the data suggests that CO and N 2 O compete for a limited number of vacant sites on a surface where O CO ≥ 0.9 ML. Under these conditions, the rate limiting step is N 2 O dissociation. We estimate, based on the model, that the barrier for N 2 O dissociation ( E diss N 2 O is 17.5 kcal/mol. The model also predicts that the N 2 O sticking coefficient ( S N 2 O ) must be greater than 0.005. Our measurements show that there is excellent agreement between Rh(111) and supported Rh reaction kinetics with regards to both E a and the CO pressure dependence. These experimental results add still another reaction to the growing list of cases where single crystals are excellent models for more practical supported catalysts. Further, our modeling of these results allows us to estimate two previously unknown quantities, S N 2 O and E diss N 2 O .
Quantum simulations of physics problems

If a large Quantum Computer (QC) existed today, what type of physical problems could we efficiently simulate on it that we could not efficiently simulate on a classical Turing machine? In this paper we argue that a QC could solve some relevant physical 'questions' more efficiently. The existence of one-to-one mappings between different algebras of observables or between different Hilbert spaces allow us to represent and imitate any physical system by any other one (e.g., a bosonic system by a spin-1/2 system). We explain how these mappings can be performed, and we show quantum networks useful for the efficient evaluation of some physical properties, such as correlation functions and energy spectra.
Enabling Effective Engineering Teams: A Program for Teaching Interaction Skills*

A program for teaching interaction skills to engineers and engineering students has been developed. Based on cognitive style theory, this customized program uses the typical engineer's problem solving strengths to teach skills of interviewing, questioning, exchanging ideas, and managing conflict. The goal of this program is to enable these problem solvers to apply their technical skills more effectively by improving interpersonal interactions. The modular nature of the training program makes it easily transportable, and all or part of it can be used in courses that require students to work in teams. This paper discusses what makes this training “a good fit” with engineering students, the background for its content, and the program's six modules. Personal experiences with teaching this material and recommendations for implementation are discussed. Similarities and differences between teaching the engineering professional and student, themes of student perceptions about the training, and future directions are also addressed.
Discussion of “Statistical Inference: The Big Picture” by R. E. Kass

In this piece, Rob Kass brings to bear his insights from a long career in both theoretical and applied statistics to reflect on the disconnect between what we teach and what we do. Not content to focus just on didactic and professional matters, the focus of his 2009 article (Brown and Kass, 2009), in this commentary he proposes a remake of the foundations of inference. He proposes to replace two fundamental “isms”—frequentism and Bayesianism— with a new “ism”—“pragmatism;” an approach that he puts forward as more ecumenical and practical, enshrining in foundations what good statisticians already do. There is a lot to commend in this piece, particularly the emphasis on the subjunctive nature of all model-based inference, and I am sure the other commentators will do justice to its strengths. But in spite of its clarity and initial promise, I found Kass’s proposal ultimately unsatisfying. It seems less a new foundational philosophy than a call for a truce, one of many over the years. It is telling that all of the examples show practical equivalence between Bayesian and frequentist estimates, so the biggest stakes here seem to be what people think, not what they do. The difficulty with “big tent” foundations is that in circumstances where different philosophies within the tent dictate different actions, there is no guidance as to what route to take. It is interesting to contrast this with the philosophic version of “pragmatism,” originally put forth by the polymath C. S. Peirce in the late 1800s [also
Planets in 47 Tuc

We consider the survivability of planetary systems in the globular cluster 47 Tucanae. We compute the cross-sections for the breakup of planetary systems via encounters with single stars and binaries. We also compute the cross-sections to leave planets on eccentric orbits. We find that wider planetary systems (d≳0.3 au) are likely to be broken up in the central regions of 47 Tucanae (within the half-mass radius of the cluster). However, tighter systems and those in less-dense regions may survive. Tight systems will certainly survive in less-dense clusters where subsequent surveys should be conducted.
Light spectra in the near field of random media

We demonstrate the existence of differences between far and near-field spectra in the close proximity of a random media. They are due to evanescent wave contributions and relate to the statistical characteristics of the interface