cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“A Broader and Wiser Revolution”: Refiguring Chicano Nationalist Politics in Latin American Consciousness in Post-Movement Literature

In a 1999 essay addressing Chicano politics and society in the late twentieth century, Martin Sanchez Jankowski asks, “Where have all the nationalists gone?” This article will explore how the contemporary post-movimiento Chicano/a literary productions of Rolando Hinojosa, Graciela Limon, Helena Maria Viramontes, and Cherrie Moraga have effectively answered that question by developing narratives of political consciousness and struggle that do not discard the Chicano nationalist politics of self-determination and decolonization but rather reassert the urgency and necessity of those politics by elaborating and resituating those politics in both an international context and in the context of a diversifying Latino/a culture and identity in the United States. Part of the social and historical context in which I will study these works is that articulated by Juan Gomez-Quinones when he writes, [I]n 1980 the Mexican was only one group among a growing Latin American population in the United States, a population which now comprises all Latin American nationalities. The ‘Mexican de Afuera’ became part of the phenomenon of “America Latina de Afuera” For better or for worse, this phenomenon impacts to what extent Mexicans can pursue strictly Mexican interests. Ironically, the political coming together of ‘La Raza Cosmica’ is occurring in the United States, but the immediate result in public discourse has been to diminish adamant Mexican or Chicano assertion. (Gomez-Quinones 1990, 195)
Malignant and borderline epithelial ovarian tumors in the pediatric and adolescent population

Abstract Objectives Malignant and borderline ovarian tumors of epithelial origin are rarely encountered among prepubertal girls and adolescents. The aim of this population-based study was to elucidate their clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis using a multi-institutional tumor registry. Study design and outcomes The National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was accessed and a cohort of females aged Results A total of 114 cases diagnosed with BOT between 1988 and 2000 were identified; 61/114 (53.5%) and 51/114 (44.8%) of BOT were of serous or mucinous histology respectively. Ten-year OS for those with BOT was 97.3%. A total of 140 cases of EOC were identified. Median age was 17 years and the most common histological subtypes were mucinous 79/140 (56.4%) and serous 29/140 (20.7%) adenocarcinoma. Most had stage I disease 92/131 (70.2%) and fertility-sparing surgery was commonly performed. Five-year OS for those with stage I disease was 93.6% compared to 48.3% for cases with exta-ovarian tumor spread (p Conclusions BOT and EOC are exceedingly rare in the pediatric and adolescent population. In this age group EOC consists mostly of low-grade mucinous and serous tumors confined to the ovary. OS survival for those with stage I disease is excellent.
Synthesis of Biisoxazoletetrakis(methyl nitrate): A Potential Nitrate Plasticizer and Highly Explosive Material

The efficient and scalable synthesis of 3,3′-biisoxazole-4,4′,5,5′-tetrakis(methyl nitrate) and its energetic properties are described. The synthesis features a metal-free [3+2] cycloaddition of an electron-rich internal alkyne and a nitrile oxide by simple heating, without using halogenated solvents. The material has favorable sensitivity properties, and its energetic properties point toward its potential as a nitrate plasticizer and highly explosive material.
Negotiating Imperfect Humanity in the Danish Penal System

American prison experts are increasingly looking to Europe, and especially to Nordic countries, for examples of a better prison system. In 2014, a retired New York State Prison warden visited Norway’s Halden prison, and a video of the warden’s shock at seeing the tools and knives to which prisoners had access went viral on the Internet in the United States (Sterbenz 2014). In 2015, the Vera Institute of Justice, an American think tank focused on criminal justice issues, led a group of prison scholars, policy makers, and wardens on a tour of European prisons. Upon their return, two of these scholars published an opinion piece in the New York Times lauding the values of dignity and rehabilitation they saw in action in German prisons especially (Turner and Travis 2015). Although Americans (and Brits) are both shocked and impressed by the humane prison conditions they see in prisons in Germany and Scandinavia, they are also quick to acknowledge the influence of differing social contexts.
Analysis of Catalytic Hydrothermal Conversion Jet Fuel and Surrogate Mixture Formulation: Components, Properties, and Combustion

Chemical analysis and property measurements of a catalytic hydrothermal conversion jet (CHCJ) fuel were used to formulate hydrocarbon mixtures for use as fuel surrogates. Using conventional gas chromatography/(electron ionization) quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC/(EI)Q MS) and advanced two-dimensional gas chromatography/(electron ionization) high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC/(EI)TOF MS), CHCJ was found to differ from Jet-A fuel and to contain mostly linear alkanes, alkylcyclohexanes, and alkylbenzenes, with small amounts of branched alkanes and multiring aromatic compounds. Various surrogates were prepared containing n-dodecane, n-butylcyclohexane, and n-butylbenzene, and their density, viscosity, speed of sound, surface tension, and derived cetane number (DCN) were measured to determine the compositions that most closely matched that of the CHCJ. The optimal surrogates were (1) n-butylcyclohexane, (2) 0.64 mole fraction of n-butylbenzene in n-dodecane, and (3) three three-component ...
Selecting HVAC Systems to Achieve Comfortable and Cost-effective Residential Net-Zero Energy Buildings.

Abstract HVAC is responsible for the largest share of energy use in residential buildings and plays an important role in broader implementation of net-zero energy building (NZEB). This study investigated the energy, comfort and economic performance of commercially-available HVAC technologies for a residential NZEB. An experimentally-validated model was used to evaluate ventilation, dehumidification, and heat pump options for the NZEB in the mixed-humid climate zone. Ventilation options were compared to mechanical ventilation without recovery; a heat recovery ventilator (HRV) and energy recovery ventilator (ERV) respectively reduced the HVAC energy by 13.5% and 17.4% and reduced the building energy by 7.5% and 9.7%. There was no significant difference in thermal comfort between the ventilation options. Dehumidification options were compared to an air-source heat pump (ASHP) with a separate dehumidifier; the ASHP with dedicated dehumidification reduced the HVAC energy by 7.3% and the building energy by 3.9%. The ASHP-only option (without dedicated dehumidification) reduced the initial investment but provided the worst comfort due to high humidity levels. Finally, ground-source heat pump (GSHP) alternatives were compared to the ASHP; the GSHP with two and three boreholes reduced the HVAC energy by 26.0% and 29.2% and the building energy by 13.1% and 14.7%. The economics of each HVAC configuration was analyzed using installation cost data and two electricity price structures. The GSHPs with the ERV and dedicated dehumidification provided the highest energy savings and good comfort, but were the most expensive. The ASHP with dedicated dehumidification and the ERV (or HRV) provided reasonable payback periods.
The Awakening of Statistics in the United States

On November 27, 1839, five men—Rev. William Cogswell, John Dix Fisher, M.D., the Honorable Richard Fletcher, Oliver W. B. Peabody, and Lemuel Shattuck—met in Boston to found a statistical organization; they called it the American Statistical Society. During the following year, a constitution and a new name, the American Statistical Association (with a preferable abbreviation), were approved (Mason et al., 1990). The group’s expressed purpose was to accumulate and classify data from many areas of concern; little attention was given to the mathematics required for meaningful analysis. An early letter to members shows that the ASA was interested in receiving reports on topography, population, education, associations, the press, government, public defense, casualties, crime, pauperism, benevolence, and religion (Historical exhibits, 1940; M. Anderson, 1989).
Self-Forming Barriers

Besides the possible incompatibility between traditional metal barriers and porous low-k dielectrics discussed in the previous chapter, there is another problem for the future device shrinkage. It is becoming more and more challenging to incorporate these barriers into future interconnect structures.
Risk-adjusted prediction models using the specialty-specific head and neck reconstructive surgery NSQIP.

240Background: With increasing health care costs, risk-adjusted quality outcomes are essential. The American College of Surgeons – National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) is a rob...
Formation Control With Multiplex Information Networks

Current distributed control methods have a lack of information exchange infrastructure to enable spatially evolving multiagent formations. Specifically, these methods are designed based on information exchange rules represented by a network having a single layer, where they lead to multiagent formations with fixed, nonevolving spatial properties. For situations where capable agents have to control the resulting formation through these methods, they can often do so if such agents have global information exchange ability. Yet, global information exchange is not practical for cases that have large numbers of agents and low-bandwidth peer-to-peer communications. Motivated from this standpoint, the contribution of this paper is to show how information exchange rules, which are represented by a network having multiple layers (multiplex information networks), can be designed for enabling spatially evolving multiagent formations. In particular, we first consider the formation assignment problem and then the formation tracking problem and introduce new distributed control architectures that allow capable agents to spatially alter the size and the orientation of the resulting formation without requiring global information exchange ability. In addition, tools and methods from differential potential fields are further utilized in order to generalize the proposed distribute control architecture for the formation tracking problem to allow for connectivity maintenance and collision avoidance needed in real-world applications. Stability of the proposed architectures is theoretically analyzed and their efficacy is illustrated on numerical examples and on multiagent formation experiments.
Improving Identification of Power Ports Using Computed Tomography Scouts

Abstract Chest radiographs provide the best means of visualizing radiographic markings imprinted on power ports. Computed tomography scouts can also confirm many of these features, but consideration must be given to kilovoltage peak, milliamp, scout length, and patient positioning. Failure to properly identify power ports can lead to device failure, harm to the patient, or unnecessary venipunctures.
Shared Entry Logger to Eliminate Duplicate Requests to SDN Controller

In network architecture domain, software-defined networking (SDN) provides programmable network infrastructure and improves management at the controlling layer level. However, SDN structure is centralized and hence introduces new challenges related to performance and security that require new adaptations. An important problem is that some incoming packets are similar to old packets that have already been processed by the SDN controller. This paper proposes a new model for entry logging with an aim to minimize the number of requests the SDN controller processes. This is achieved by the provision of a logging technique for management of OpenFlow communications. A shared memory is introduced to store recently processed entries to save time and effort for future lookups. The proposed SDN architecture adapts the memory to ensure the controller avoids sending duplicate entries and facilitates switches to obtain an external backup storage. Experimental results show an approximate 30% decrease in the communication load on the controller while maintaining lower latency in the total processing time.
Innate Immunity to Toxoplasma gondii

Abstract Most Toxoplasma infections are largely asymptomatic and resolve with minimal or no pathology. However, the immune system fails to achieve sterile immunity and a stable persistent infection results, leaving individuals at risk for reactivation of disease. Thus there has been a long-standing interest in understanding the immunological basis for the ability to control the acute phase of this infection as well as to prevent reactivation. Researchers have elucidated many of the immune mechanisms and cell signalling cascades important for stimulating effective cell mediated immunity to T. gondii and for re-establishment of immune homeostasis during and following infection to prevent excessive inflammation. This chapter reviews our current understanding of the innate immune response to T. gondii, highlighting prominent questions in the field about how T. gondii is recognized and controlled by the cytokine IFN-γ and advances in our understanding of parasite evasion of innate immunity.
Reconstructing the Missing Stellar Emission

Unfortunately, the two of the most important features in stellar spectra, the Lyman-α line and the EUV, are the most difficult to observe. The Lyman-α emission line dominates the UV spectra of stars cooler than the Sun. For the Sun, the intrinsic Lyman-α line flux is about equal to the rest of the FUV flux, whereas for an M star like GJ 876 (M4 V) the Lyman-α line flux is more than twice as large as the rest of the FUV and nearly as large as the entire FUV+NUV flux excluding this line (France et al. 2012).
DelPhi Suite: New Developments and Review of Functionalities

Electrostatic potential, energies, and forces affect virtually any process in molecular biology, however, computing these quantities is a difficult task due to irregularly shaped macromolecules and the presence of water. Here, we report a new edition of the popular software package DelPhi along with describing its functionalities. The new DelPhi is a C++ object-oriented package supporting various levels of multiprocessing and memory distribution. It is demonstrated that multiprocessing results in significant improvement of computational time. Furthermore, for computations requiring large grid size (large macromolecular assemblages), the approach of memory distribution is shown to reduce the requirement of RAM and thus permitting large-scale modeling to be done on Linux clusters with moderate architecture. The new release comes with new features, whose functionalities and applications are described as well. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Computational Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Self-management of accidental bowel leakage and interest in a supportive m-Health app among women

Self-management with clinician guidance is a cornerstone of successful conservative treatment for accidental bowel leakage (ABL). There are currently few resources to assist patients with that essential self-management. The purpose of this study was to describe self-management of ABL and explore interest in a mobile health application (m-Health app) for supporting ABL self-management among community-living women. Using an observational/descriptive design, women (18+ years) previously seen in a urogynecology clinic for ABL were mailed a survey containing eight multiple-choice questions and an open-ended prompt for comments. Survey responses were received from 161 women (18% response rate). The highest percentage of participants was aged 61–70 years (39%). Nearly half of the participants (47%) “did not know anything” about ABL self-management before visiting a clinician. Only 4% “knew a lot.” Of those who have been trying to self-manage their ABL (n = 132), 37% reported that it was not effective, and only 5% thought their self-management was “very effective.” Half (50%) of the participants had “a lot of” interest in an m-Health app to support managing ABL, and 30% had “some” interest. The vast majority (89%) thought that it was “very important” to have ongoing guidance and support for self-managing ABL. Before visiting a clinician, most women with ABL lacked knowledge about ABL self-management, and their self-management was not very effective. Women thought having guidance to self-manage ABL was important. There would be good interest among women in an m-Health app supporting self-management of ABL if one were created.
The social life of microbes in chronic infection

Chronic infections place a significant burden on healthcare systems, requiring over $25 billion in treatment annually in the United States alone [1,2]. Notably, the majority of chronic infections, which include cystic fibrosis (CF), chronic wounds, otitis media, periodontitis, urinary tract infections, and osteomyelitis, are considered polymicrobial and are often recalcitrant to antibiotic treatment [1-9]. Although we know that diverse communities of microbes comprise these infections, how microbes interact and the impacts of these interactions on human disease are less understood. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of how bacteria communicate in chronic infection, with a focus on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and we highlight outstanding questions and controversies in the field.
Predicting satisfaction and intentions to use online food delivery: What really makes a difference?

Online food delivery (OFD) is no longer a new concept for the majority of Americans. Large food delivery companies make millions in revenues and those numbers are expected to increase. This study w...
We Came to Fight a Black Snake

This chapter examines a modern cultural clash over the construction of a crude oil pipeline on traditional Native American homelands in 2016 and 2017. The Dakota Access Pipeline snakes 1172 miles across four states and produces 570,000 barrels (23,940,000 gallons) each day. At today’s market price of 59.58 US dollars per barrel, that’s just short of 34 million US dollars per day. Critics charge that the pipeline represents a flagrant act of environmental racism, particularly in light that the course of the pipeline was redirected to skirt around the city of Bismarck’s water supply and instead run underneath the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe’s water source: Lake Oahe. This chapter explores scholarship on media coverage about protests over the pipeline.
Risk Factors for Polyvascular Involvement in Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Study

Background Atherosclerosis in >1 vascular bed (ie, polyvascular disease), often a feature of peripheral artery disease (PAD), is associated with high morbidity and mortality. We sought to identify ...
Electronic Energy-Band Structure of Sn S 2 and Sn Se 2

The local-empirical-pseudopotential method is used to calculate the electronic band structure of Sn${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ and Sn${\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$. The pseudopotential form factors for the constituent elements Sn, S, and Se are determined from previous pseudopotential calculations for other crystals. Slight adjustments were made to give the correct fundamental gaps. A group-theoretical study of the symmetry properties of these crystals is included. The imaginary part of the dielectric function, ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}(\ensuremath{\omega})$, is calculated for Sn${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$. Some comparison is made between the theory and the existing experimental data.
Michael Perry and Human Rights

Michael Perry’s lifelong project has been to give a philosophical account of human rights. His claims rest at many points on controversial and undefended value choices. They hang together in that all are attractive, and they do not contradict one another. They forcefully state a political ideal. But the claims of entailment are unpersuasive. What he offers is less a philosophical account than a set of articles of faith.
Organizational role ambiguity as a proxy for uncertainty avoidance

Abstract Despite studies’ mixed results regarding the construct validity of Hofstede’s (2001) Uncertainty Avoidance (UA) Index and findings linking UA to related psychological, physiological, and behavioral health outcomes at the cultural level of analysis, none have examined the concurrent criterion-related validity of UA. The current study attempts to do so by introducing organizational role ambiguity (ORA), operationalized as an organization’s structured communication strategy about performance expectations between work role, division, and organization, as a correlate of UA. Data on ORA, risk-taking, and organizational satisfaction were collected from over 15,000 respondents in 20 countries and data on cultural values, wealth, sources of guidance, personality, and satisfaction were extracted from published data. Results show that ORA negatively correlates with UA and intellectual autonomy values, as well as organizational satisfaction, but positively correlates with risk-taking, masculinity values, lateral (coworkers as) sources of guidance, agreeableness, and job satisfaction. Thus, ORA, a construct organizations often assess in engagement and climate surveys, appears to be a reasonable correlate of UA. The country’s cultural context of UA is reflected in the collective experience of an organization’s communication structures within a given country. These findings have implications for organization’s accessing their own, already available, ORA data to understand its implications on employee experiences, as well as for intercultural training and global research on occupational stress.
Tracking the time course of sign recognition using ERP repetition priming.

Repetition priming and event-related potentials (ERPs) were used to investigate the time course of sign recognition in deaf users of American Sign Language. Signers performed a go/no-go semantic categorization task to rare probe signs referring to people; critical target items were repeated and unrelated signs. In Experiment 1, ERPs were time-locked either to the onset of the video or to sign onset within the video; in Experiment 2, the same full videos were clipped so that video and sign onset were aligned (removing transitional movements), and ERPs were time-locked to video/sign onset. All analyses revealed an N400 repetition priming effect (less negativity for repeated than unrelated signs) but differed in the timing and/or duration of the N400 effect. Results from Experiment 1 revealed that repetition priming effects began before sign onset within a video, suggesting that signers are sensitive to linguistic information within the transitional movement to sign onset. The timing and duration of the N400 for clipped videos were more parallel to that observed previously for auditorily presented words and was 200 ms shorter than either time-locking analysis from Experiment 1. We conclude that time-locking to full video onset is optimal when early ERP components or sensitivity to transitional movements are of interest and that time-locking to the onset of clipped videos is optimal for priming studies with fluent signers.
Oncogene Requirements for Tumorigenicity: Cooperative Effects between Retroviral Oncogenes

Several independent lines of evidence have established an association between the induction of a malignant phenotype and the expression of specific pairs of oncogenes. The first line of support comes from investigations involving the tumorigenic conversion of primary rodent cells by complementary pairs of cotransfected oncogenes (see reviews by Land et al. 1983b; Weinberg 1985). Second, the genetic analysis of cell lines derived from neoplastic tissue has revealed that some contain alterations in at least two cellular genes termed proto-oncogenes (reviewed in Bishop 1987). Such results have suggested that multiple genetic mutations are required for tumor formation, a notion based on tumor induction studies involving chemical carcinogens (see review by Sukumar this volume). Third, a variety of interactions between retroviral oncogenes, denoted as v-oncs, has been recently described in different types of retrovirus-transformed cells. These interaction are manifested both in vivo and in vitro and result in tumor induction (synergy), tumor augmentation (enhancement), cell proliferation in the absence of specialized culture conditions, or growth factor-independent cell proliferation. In addition to this body of evidence, a unique group of avian retroviruses exists in which each virus encodes pairs of cooperating oncogenes (reviewed in Graf and Beug 1983; Kahn et al. 1986b). The existence of such naturally occurring viruses implies that oncogene complementation represents one process of rapid tumor formation in nature and is not merely a novel laboratory phenomenon.
Special Photography Situations

This chapter presents an overview of the concerns of the photographer at a major accident scene. It covers the normal surveillance photography techniques required to capture recognizable images of a suspect from a distance in both daytime and nighttime situations. It explains how all the photographic variables are selected for surveillance photography from a distance. It covers the issues encountered with underwater photography and the solutions to these problems. Working at an accident scene is potentially very dangerous to all concerned. Before photographs can be safely taken at major accident scenes, several priorities have to be dealt with. Law enforcement officers have many responsibilities such as the following: protect the accident scene, manage the traffic flow, and document the scene as part of their responsibility to work the accident and complete an accident report. The same aspects of the scene need to be documented whether or not the photographer has been trained in accident reconstruction. The main two differences in capturing recognizable images of a suspect from a distance in both daytime and nighttime situations are the longer focal length (telephoto) lenses that are used to recognize a suspect at a greater distance, and faster ISO films that are used to properly expose the suspect under dim lighting conditions.
Transmission line switching in power system planning with large scale renewable energy

Transmission line congestion is a critical factor that will affect power system operational cost. With more renewable energy in the future grid and the intermittence of nature, transmission line congestion will be more frequent. Due to the congestion, renewable plant has to curtail some available generation. This paper investigates the use of active transmission line switching operation in power system planning with NERC N-1 reliability requirement for congestion reduction to increase the usage of renewable generation. During line switching, TCSC and energy storage device such as battery are proposed to resolve the potential stability issue. We demonstrate our approach by a simplified WSCC 9 bus system.
Quantification of the contractile state of the intact human heart. Maximal velocity of contractile element shortening determined by the instantaneous relation between the rate of pressure rise and pressure in the left ventricle during isovolumic systole.

Abstract A new and easily applicable means based on force-velocity principles within the framework of muscle mechanics is presented for quantification of ventricular contractility, independent of loading, in conscious patients. In the intact heart during isovolumic contraction, alterations in ventricular geometry are small, and thus contractile element velocity (VCE) can be assumed to equal series elastic elongation. It was therefore considered in this study that VCE during isovolumic portion of ejecting beats could be determined entirely from isovolumic pressure (IP) and its rate of rise ( dP dt ) without requiring knowledge of tension; this provided the rational basis for accurate calculation of instantaneous isovolumic VCE in the spherical or ellipsoidal ventricle as ( dP dt )/( K × IP ) , where K is series elastic constant of 32 per muscle length (ML) at body temperature. Further, it was recognized that VCE at the ordinate is identical when derived from pressure-velocity or tension-velocity curves, and since the left ventricular pressure-velocity relation can be defined precisely, construction of the isovolumic IP to VCE curve and extrapolation to zero load allowed determination of maximal VCE (vmax), the independent numerical measure of contractility. High fidelity left ventricular pressures and corresponding dP dt were continuously recorded in 23 studies in 8 conscious patients without valvular regurgitation or ventricular segmental disease. Increasing contractility by leg exercise raised VMAX from 1.19 to 1.58 ML/sec and by isoproterenol to 2.03 ML/sec (P dP dt during isovolumic systole affords a new, practical, sensitive and valid means of quantifying left ventricular contractility Without influence of preload and afterload from beat to beat in individual patients. In addition, since VMAX is expressed in terms of muscle units and is free of variables of left ventricular loading and wall thickness, this method permits specific comparison of inotropic state among different patients.
Orchestrating Computations on the World-Wide Web

Word processing software, email, and spreadsheet have revolutionized office activities. There are many other office tasks that are amenable to automation, such as: scheduling a visit by an external visitor, arranging a meeting, and handling student application and admission to a university. Many business applications --protocol for filling an order from a customer, for instance-- have similar structure. These seemingly trivial examples embody the computational patterns that are inherent in a large number of applications, of coordinating tasks at different machines. Each of these applications typically includes invoking remote objects, calculating with the values obtained, and communicating the results to other applications. This domain is far less understood than building a function library for spreadsheet applications, because of the inherent concurrency.We address the task coordination problem by (1) limiting the model of computation to tree structured concurrency, and (2) assuming that there is an environment that supports access to remote objects. The environment consists of distributed objects and it provides facilities for remote method invocation, persistent storage, and computation using standard function library. Then the task coordination problem may be viewed as orchestrating a computation by invoking the appropriate methods in proper sequence. Tree structured concurrency permits only restricted communications among the processes: a process may spawn children processes and all communications are between parents and their children. Such structured communications, though less powerful than interactions in process networks, are sufficient to solve many problems of interest, and they avoid many of the problems associated with general concurrency.
Understanding figurative language : from metaphors to idioms

This book examines how people understand utterances that are intended figuratively. Traditionally, figurative language such as metaphors and idioms has been considered derivative from more complex than ostensibly straightforward literal language. Glucksberg argues that figurative language involves the same kinds of linguistic and pragmatic operations that are used for ordinary, literal language. Glucksberg's research in this book is concerned with ordinary language: expressions that are used in daily life, including conversations about everyday matters, newspaper and magazine articles, and the media. Metaphor is the major focus of the book. Idioms, however, are also treated comprehensively, as is the theory of conceptual metaphor in the context of how people understand both conventional and novel figurative expressions. A new theory of metaphor comprehension is put forward, and evaluated with respect to competing theories in linguistics and in psychology. The central tenet of the theory is that ordinary conversational metaphors are used to create new concepts and categories. This process is spontaneous and automatic. Metaphor is special only in the sense that these catagories get their names from the best examples of the things they represent, and that these categories get their names from the best examples of those categories. Thus, the literal "shark" can be a metaphor for any vicious and predatory being, from unscrupulous salespeople to a murderous character in The Threepenny Opera. Because the same term, e.g.,"shark," is used both for its literal referent and for the metaphorical category, as in "My lawyer is a shark," we call it the dual-reference theory. The theory is then extended to two other domains: idioms and conceptual metaphors. The book presents the first comprehensive account of how people use and understand metaphors in everyday life.
From Militancy to Clientelism: Labor Union Strategies and Membership Trajectories in Contemporary Chile

For the past 30 years, Chilean unionism has been shrinking. Through a comparison of the membership trajectories of 26 unions in two firms between 1990 and 2004, this article explains why some unions defied this trend and how their success affected overall union density in their firms. It argues that the unions that experienced the most favorable membership outcomes were those that, at key junctures of firm restructuring, earliest or most aggressively established a partnership relationship with management. However, in a context of great labor weakness, these cases of union accommodation took the form of exclusive patron-client exchanges, which exacerbated collective action problems and further eroded union density.
An evidential reasoning extension of model-based failure diagnosis

A model-based failure detection and isolation methodology is considered which utilizes diagnostic models consisting of orthogonal parity equations. To improve the robustness of the algorithm, several models may be used in parallel, providing potentially incomplete and/or conflicting inferences. Dempster's rule of combination is used to integrate evidence from the different models. The probability measures are assigned on the basis of quantitative information extracted from the online model computations. A simulation example is presented. >
Phenomenology-Friendly Neuroscience: The Return To Merleau-Ponty As Psychologist

This paper reports on the Kuhnian revolution now occurring in neuropsychology that is finally supportive of and friendly to phenomenology – the “enactive” approach to the mind-body relation, grounded in the notion of self-organization, which is consistent with Husserl and Merleau-Ponty on virtually every point. According to the enactive approach, human minds understand the world by virtue of the ways our bodies can act relative to it, or the ways we can imagine acting. This requires that action be distinguished from passivity, that the mental be approached from a first person perspective, and that the cognitive capacities of the brain be grounded in the emotional and motivational processes that guide action and anticipate action affordances. It avoids the old intractable problems inherent in the computationalist approaches of twentieth century atomism and radical empiricism, and again allows phenomenology to bridge to neuropsychology in the way Merleau-Ponty was already doing over half a century ago.
Prompt gamma rays from nuclear reactions induced by 380-MeV π

Using a Ge(Li) detector, $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray spectra coincident with incident 380-MeV ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ have been measured for targets of S, Ar, Ca, V, $^{60}\mathrm{Ni}$, and As. The production cross sections for identified $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays vary from about 200 to about 500 mb, depending on the target, although there is considerable uncertainty in the absolute cross sections. Comparison with data taken at lower energies leads to the conclusion that the spectra do not significantly change with pion energy over the range $100 \mathrm{MeV}\ensuremath{\le}{T}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}\ensuremath{\le}400 \mathrm{MeV}$. Formation of nuclei which can be made by removing an integral number of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles, or, in the case of odd targets, a triton plus an integral number of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles, appears to be usually favored but it is not certain that it is necessary to invoke special clustering effects in order to explain the presently available data. Some clues as to the reaction mechanism can be found in the data.
Crack detection on a cantilever beam using the nearest approximation method

Crack Detection on a Cantilever Beam Using the Nearest Approximation MethodFrederick A. JustVirginia Tech, Department of Engineering Science and MechanicsBlacksburg, Virginia 24060Scott L. HendricksVirginia Tech, Department of Engineering Science and MechanicsBlacksburg, Virginia 24060ABSTRACTThis paper deals with determination of damage location and magnitude evaluation by measuringthe natural frequencies of a structure. A uniform transverse crack, located on a steel cantilever prismaticbeam of rectangular cross section, is used as the model for damage. The crack on the beam is assumed tobe open during the transVerse vibration of the structure, thus the effect of closing and opening of the crack
A problem in accelerated life testing

Abstract Parameters of the Power Rule Model are estimated using data from censored sample life tests conducted at accelerated environments. By amending the functional form of the model, it is possible to obtain estimators that are asymptotically independent. The asymptotic normality of these estimators is ascertained by examining the shapes of their relative likelihood functions. Approximate confidence intervals, and an exact plausibility interval for the mean life (exponential case) at use conditions environment are obtained.
Effect of Inertial and Constitutive Properties on Body-Freedom Flutter for Flying Wings

The class of high-altitude long-endurance aircraft often has very slender wings with minimal structure. This leads to large trim deflections and coupling between the vehicle flight dynamics and wing vibrations. When this coupled behavior becomes unstable, it is referred to as body-freedom flutter. Body-freedom flutter behavior is dependent on the inertial and constitutive properties of the wing, as well as the fuselage. This relationship is explored for an aircraft representative of the Horten IV flying wing, using an efficient yet rigorous analysis that relies on geometrically exact, fully intrinsic beam equations and a finite-state induced flow model, which is implemented in the computer code NATASHA (which stands for nonlinear aeroelastic trim and stability of high-altitude long-endurance aircraft). The wing inertial and stiffness properties were calculated using a realistic representative section using the section analysis tool called variational asymptotic beam section analysis. Trade studies on the ...
K–Ca ages of authigenic sediments: examples from Paleozoic glauconite and applications to low-temperature thermochronometry

K–Ca ages of Cambrian glauconites from the Llano uplift, central Texas, were determined in order to re-evaluate the ability of the K–Ca system to constrain the timing of deposition of sedimentary packages. All of the K–Ca ages presented here were found to be younger than their stratigraphic ages. In addition to being too young, the K–Ca ages are also highly variable, ranging in age from Silurian to Permian. The oldest subset of glauconite ages are in agreement with previously published Rb–Sr ages from the same outcrop and provide further evidence for there having been a post-depositional thermal or recrystallization event that reset both the Rb–Sr and K–Ca systems. The range of younger glauconite K–Ca ages is similar to the distribution of available apatite fission track ages for the Llano basement. K–Ca ages are interpreted as thermochronologic data reflecting partial retention of Ca in thermally fluctuating basin conditions. Estimates of the closure temperature of Ca in glauconite are found to be 60–90°C for cooling rates of ~0.5–1°C/My. The K–Ca system is potentially useful as a low-temperature thermochronometer with closure temperatures <100°C for glauconite.
Genetic complementation after fusion of Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff cells.

THE N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (hexosaminidase) activity in cultured human fibroblasts consists of at least three components (A, B and C)1–3. At least two of these (designated Hex A and Hex B) seem to be closely related, for (1) antiserum against Hex A reacts against Hex B, and vice versa4,5 (2) in Tay-Sachs disease only Hex A activity is deficient, accompanied by an increase in Hex B activity in certain tissues1,6, and (3) both Hex A and Hex B activities are missing in Sandhoff disease, another autosomal recessive disorder7. But in spite of several theories8–11, the precise relationship between these components remains unknown, as does the nature of the genetic and biochemical relationships between the two diseases. To investigate these questions we have fused Tay-Sachs with Sandhoff fibroblasts and obtained cultures containing heterokaryons which produce a hexosaminidase which is absent from the parent lines. It has the electrophoretic and heat lability characteristics of the Hex A found in normal fibroblasts.
Asn177 in Escherichia coli thymidylate synthase is a major determinant of pyrimidine specificity.

Abstract The substrate preference of recombinant Escherichia coli thymidylate synthase (TS) has been altered from 2'-deoxyuridylate (dUMP) to 2'-deoxycytidylate (dCMP) by site-directed mutagenesis of the codon for Asn177, which was changed to aspartic acid. The side-chain amide of Asn177 forms hydrogen bonds with O4 and N3 of dUMP bound to the crystalline enzyme [Montfort, W. R., Perry, K. M., Fauman, E. B., Finer-Moore, J. S., Maley, G. F., Hardy, L., Maley, F. & Stroud, R. M. (1990) Biochemistry 29, 6964-6977]. This Asn is invariant in all natural sequences for TS known. The values of kcat for the mutant enzyme, TS(N177D), with dCMP and dUMP are, respectively, 0.09 and 0.002 times the value of kcat of wild-type TS with dUMP as substrate. TS(N177D) turns over dCMP at 35 times its rate of dUMP turnover, whereas wild-type TS turns over dCMP at < 10(-5) of its rate of dUMP turnover. Thus Asn177 is a major determinant of the pyrimidine nucleotide specificity of TS. The mutant enzyme, like wild-type TS, forms a covalent complex with 5-fluoro-dUMP in the presence of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate. TS(N177D) also has a newly acquired ability to be transiently inactivated by dUMP. This time-dependent inactivation requires the presence of methylenetetrahydrofolate and may be due to the accumulation of the enzyme in the form of a catalytic intermediate. The likely mechanistic basis for discrimination by TS between dUMP and dCMP is their differing requirements for charge stabilization during covalent catalysis.
Notes from a Cafeteria

Excerpt Through my physician's eye I define many problems Problems of fabric, problems of design If the fabric cannot withstand the stress Is it not the problem of the engineer? In this case the En...
Endorphins supersensitize frog skin melanophores to isoproterenol, but subsensitize them to α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Abstract In view of known antagonisms between opiates and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) on nervous tissue, the effect of opiates on other MSH target cells, the melanophores of frog skin, has been studied. Reflectometry of isolated frog skin accompanied by microscopy was used to study melanophore responses. Although opiates had no darkening effect by themselves, endorphins greatly supersensitized dermal spot and epidermal melanophores to the melanosome-dispersing action of isoproterenol. The response to epinephrine was unaffected. The order of potency for supersensitization was [ d -Ala2- d -Leu5]-enkephalin > [ d -Ala2-MePhe4-Met-(O)5-ol]-enkephalin > β-endorphin > [Leu5]-enkephalin. Morphine, α-endorphin, and [ d -Ala2-Met5]-enkephalinamide lacked this effect. The effect of [ d -Ala2- d -Leu5]-enkephalin was blocked by propranolol or naloxone, indicating that both β-adrenoceptors and opiate receptors are required. The effect was obtained with two species of frog, Rana berlandieri and Xenopus laevis. If these results can be extended to other β-adrenergic responses, they may provide more information about the physiological and pathological roles of the endorphins. In contrast, endorphins, but not morphine, subsensitized R. berlandieri melanophores to α-MSH, as expected from the established antagonisms between morphine and MSH. Naloxone failed to eliminate this subsensitization, although it reduced it somewhat. Naloxone alone also had a small subsensitization effect. These results indicate that melanophores may possess opiate receptors, although there is as yet no direct evidence for this.
Robotic three-dimensional imaging system for under-vehicle inspection

We present our research efforts toward the deployment of 3-D sensing technology to an under-vehicle inspection robot. The 3-D sensing modality provides flexibility with ambient lighting and illumination in addition to the ease of visualization, mobility, and in- creased confidence toward inspection. We leverage laser-based range-imaging techniques to reconstruct the scene of interest and address various design challenges in the scene modeling pipeline. On these 3-D mesh models, we propose a curvature-based surface feature toward the interpretation of the reconstructed 3-D geometry. The curvature variation measure (CVM) that we define as the en- tropic measure of curvature quantifies surface complexity indicative of the information present in the surface. We are able to segment the digitized mesh models into smooth patches and represent the automotive scene as a graph network of patches. The CVM at the nodes of the graph describes the surface patch. We demonstrate the descriptiveness of the CVM on manufacturer CAD and laser-
The Area Health Education Center Program

In the summer of 1976, I joined the Department of Community Medicine at the University of Connecticut School of Medicine, and in collaboration with Pertti J. Pelto, began the development of community linkages and community health research in the Hartford area. From the perspective of anthropological adaption to a medical school, our objectives in developing these activities were to:1. Develop Jinks with citizen groups involved in health action, and through those links provide assistance and access to research and other resources of the university.2. Develop settings within which medical anthropology students, masters students in community health, and medical students could learn basic principles related to the influence of a social context on health status and health care utilization and the function of applied research in health and community development.3. Establish for anthropologists a realm within which to develop data, advocacy and demonstration projects in order to illustrate problems, shortcomings...