cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bleached! The Catastrophe Management of Corals

Abstract Corals have recently emerged as both a sign and a measure of the imminent catastrophic future of life on earth and, as such, have become the focus of intense conservation management. Bleached! draws on in-depth interviews and participatory observations with coral scientists and managers to explore the management of the corals’ ecological catastrophe to come. The article starts by describing the unique life of corals, the importance of calculability in catastrophe management, and the coral scientists’ preoccupation with classifying, counting, and seeing in their attempt to comprehensibly monitor corals and anticipate their decline. Algorithmic models and elaborate temporal analyses are central to this governmental project of “knowing bleaching.” What happens after such bleaching events are foreseen is the topic of my next exploration, which highlights the emergence of yet more monitoring as the central coral conservation “action” in the face of the looming catastrophe. The “resilience” concept is of growing importance in the world of coral management. Since it underlines unpredictability and nonlinearity, resilience as well seems to fly in the face of any anticipatory action, instead scientifically justifying forms of inaction. Finally, Bleached! discusses the heated debates among coral scientists about whether to focus present actions on “buying time” for corals, or whether the only way to prevent or limit imminent coral catastrophe is to deal directly with the elephant in the room: the global regulation of climate change. I argue that, in the case of corals at least, scientific knowledge is not power. Quite the contrary, the real political story here seems to lie in the ways in which scientists’ knowledge is neutralized and prevented from having political effects, such that it does not lead to anticipatory action to restore the ecological order. As one of the prominent coral scientists I interviewed for this project put it: current conservation efforts are akin to reorganizing the chairs on the Titanic, rather than to changing the ship’s deadly course.
Agile Innovation to transform healthcare: innovating in complex adaptive systems is an everyday process, not a light bulb event

Innovation is essential to transform healthcare delivery systems, but in complex adaptive systems innovation is more than ‘light bulb events’ of inspired creativity. To achieve true innovation, organisations must adopt a disciplined, customer-centred process. We developed the process of Agile Innovation as an approach any complex adaptive organisation can adopt to achieve rapid, systematic, customer-centred development and testing of innovative interventions. Agile Innovation incorporates insights from design thinking, Agile project management, and complexity and behavioural sciences. It was refined through experiments in diverse healthcare organisations. The eight steps of Agile Innovation are: (1) confirm demand; (2) study the problem; (3) scan for solutions; (4) plan for evaluation and termination; (5) ideate and select; (6) run innovation development sprints; (7) validate solutions; and (8) package for launch. In addition to describing each of these steps, we discuss examples of and challenges to using Agile Innovation. We contend that once Agile Innovation is mastered, healthcare delivery organisations can habituate it as the go-to approach to projects, thus incorporating innovation into how things are done, rather than treating innovation as a light bulb event.
Can Paediatric Femoral Fracture Hip Spica Application be Done in the Outpatient Setting

Introduction Hip spica casting is a standard treatment for children with femur fractures. This study compares the outcomes of spica cast application, in terms of quality of fracture reduction and hospital charges when performed in operating theatre versus outpatient clinics at a local institution. Materials and Methods A total of 93 paediatric patients, aged between 2 months to 8 years, who underwent spica casting for an isolated femur fracture between January 2008 and March 2019, were identified retrospectively. They were separated into inpatient or outpatient cohort based on the location of spica cast application. Five patients with metaphyseal fractures and four with un-displaced fractures were excluded. There were 13 and 71 patients in the outpatient and inpatient cohort respectively who underwent spica casting for their diaphyseal and displaced femur fractures. Variables between cohorts were compared. Results There were no significant differences in gender, fracture pattern, and mechanism of injury between cohorts. Spica casting as inpatients delayed the time from assessment to casting (23.55 ± 29.67h vs. 6.75 ± 4.27h, p<0.05), increased average hospital stay (41.2 ± 31.1h vs. 19.2 ± 15.0h, p<0.05) and average hospital charges (US$1857.14 vs US$775.49, p<0.05). Excluding the un-displaced fractures, there were no significant differences in the period of cast immobilisation and median follow-up length. Both cohorts had a similar proportion of unacceptable reduction and revision casting rate. Conclusion Both cohorts presented similar spica casting outcomes of fracture reduction and follow-up period. With spica cast application in operating theatre reporting higher hospital charges and prolonged hospital stay, the outpatient clinic should always be considered for hip spica application.
Omics Resources and Applications in Date Palm

Since the release of the first draft of the date palm genome over a decade ago, numerous omics-based resources have been produced for research on this important fruit tree. Large-scale datasets are now available for date palm genome variation, transcriptomics, metabolomics, proteomics and other phenotypes such as imaging of fruit. These have assisted our understanding of date palm biology in the areas of development, population structure, sex determination and fruit qualities such as color and sugar content. Most date palm omics datasets have been applied using a single omics technology. With the increased number of resources across some of the same date palm cultivars, the challenge now is to integrate these resources and apply the outcomes to date palm agriculture in a meaningful way. Here, we explore the development of date palm omics as a field and where it is being and will be applied. We propose a general model for how omics data could be collected and integrated for increased understanding of date palm biology to the benefit of date palm cultivation. We suggest that large-scale omics resources should be collected for the most common cultivars and standard naming and phenotyping processes utilized to ensure that the power of integrated date palm omics research can finally be realized to benefit the field.
Abuse of Power

Government officials, including police officers, prosecutors, and political leaders, often commit crimes or otherwise abuse their power. When they do, they generally are either not punished at all or punished much less harshly than private individuals would be, because other government agents protect them from accountability. Government agents should instead be held to higher standards and punished more severely for transgressions than private citizens.
Enhancing Radium 223 treatment efficacy by anti-beta 1 integrin targeting.

Radium 223 (223Ra) is an α-emitter approved for the treatment of bone metastatic prostate cancer (PCa), which exerts direct cytotoxicity towards PCa cells near the bone interface, whereas cells positioned in the core respond poorly, due to short α-particle penetrance. β1 integrin (β1I) interference has been shown to increase radiosensitivity and significantly enhance external beam radiation efficiency. We hypothesized that targeting β1I would improve 223Ra outcome. We tested the effect of combining 223Ra and anti-β1I antibody treatment in PC3 and C4-2B PCa cell models expressing high and low β1I levels, respectively. In vivo tumor growth was evaluated through bioluminescence. Cellular and molecular determinants of response were analyzed by ex vivo three-dimensional imaging of bone lesions, proteomic analysis and further confirmed by computational modeling and in vitro functional analysis in tissue-engineered bone mimetic systems. Interference with β1I combined with 223Ra reduced PC3 cell growth in bone and significantly improved overall mouse survival, while no change was achieved in C4-2B tumors. Anti-β1I treatment decreased PC3 tumor cell mitosis index and spatially expanded 223Ra lethal effects two-fold, in vivo and in silico. Regression was paralleled by decreased expression of radio-resistance mediators. Targeting β1I significantly improves 223Ra outcome and points towards combinatorial application in PCa tumors with high β1I expression.
Fractionation of pollen extracts: II. Chemical and paper chromatographic investigation of ragweed pollen extracts

Abstract 1.1. The solvent for paper chromatographic separations of skin reactive allergens must be chosen with great care. Lutidine can combine chemically with certain compounds and is in itself capable of producing skin reactions. 2.2. Fractions very similar to those previously obtained with lutidine were separated by use of a nonskin reactive solvent, methyl cellosolve. Such fractions exhibited skin reactivity. From this it has been concluded that the originally separated lutidine fractions were actually active components of dialysate. 3.3. Activity in the dialysate of ragweed extracts appears to be due to breakdown of originally larger particles, as shown by the extreme lability of the fractions isolated by paper chromatography. 4.4. Nearly all of the skin reactivity present in dialysate was precipitable by making an aqueous solution 60 per cent with respect to acetone. 5.5. Chemical fractionation of the nondialyzable portion of ragweed extract failed to produce an active fraction which was completely free of either protein or carbohydrate, respectively. Warm alkaline hydrolysis and phenol extraction came closest to producing such a fraction although the specific activity was reduced in both cases. Dialysate did, however, produce a few skin reactive carbohydrate-free fractions. 6.6. The active components appear to consist of a protein-carbohydratepigment complex, the carbohydrate component being a polysaccharide of arabinose.
Brownian Bridge Asymptotics for the Subcritical Bernoulli Bond Percolation

For the d-dimensional model of a subcritical bond percolation (p<p_c) and a point \vec{a} in Z^d, we prove that a cluster conditioned on connecting points (0,...,0) and n\vec{a} if scaled by 1/(n|vec{a}|) along \vec{a} and by 1/sqrt{n} in the orthogonal direction converges asymptotically to Time x (d-1)-dimensional Brownian Bridge.
Assessment of sample storage techniques for total alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon in seawater

The borosilicate glass bottle sealed with a ground stopper and vacuum grease is a high quality container for preserving seawater samples for total alkalinity (TA) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC); it is recommended in the standard methods, even though this bottle is expensive and hard-to-handle. As there is an increased demand for sample storage and transportation by laboratories involved in biological and ocean acidification research, we explore alternative sample storage techniques by testing four types of containers. The results demonstrated that over a period of 47 d, TA values from seawater samples stored in polypropylene (PP) bottles and high density polyethylene (HDPE) bottles were not statistically different from those stored in the benchmark borosilicate glass bottles, both at room and refrigerated temperatures. In addition, DIC concentrations from a seawater sample stored in soda-lime glass bottles and small volume borosilicate glass vials with screw caps were not statistically different from those stored in the borosilicate glass bottles over at least 148 d. However, the TA value of seawater stored in soda-lime glass bottles increased significantly with increasing storage time, indicating that this type of soft glass bottle is not suitable for TA sample storage. Therefore, we suggest that PP or HDPE bottles can be used for TA sample storage and small volume borosilicate glass vials with screw caps can be used for DIC sample storage for a period of at least 1.5 months. These storage containers provide economical and easy-to-transport alternatives to the recommended high-quality borosilicate glass bottles.
Incentives for pollution control - regulation and public disclosure

An increasing number of regulators have adopted public disclosure programs to create incentives for pollution control. Previous empirical analyses of monitoring and enforcement issues have focused strictly on the impact of such traditional practices as monitoring (inspections) and enforcement (fines and penalties) on polluters' environmental performance. Other analyses have separately focused on the impact of public disclosure programs. But can these programs create incentives in addition to the normal incentives of fines and penalties? The authors study the impact of both traditional enforcement and information strategies in the context of a single program, to gain insights into the relative impact of traditional (fines and penalties) and emerging (public disclosure) enforcement strategies. Their results suggest that the public disclosure strategy adopted by the province of British Columbia, Canada, has a greater impact on both emission levels and compliance status than do orders, fines, and penalties traditionally imposed by the courts and the Ministry of the Environment. But their results also demonstrate that adopting stricter standards and higher penalties also significantly affected emission levels. Policymakers, take note: 1) The presence of strong, clear standards together with a significant, credible penalty system sends appropriate signals to the regulated community, which responds by lowering pollution emissions. 2) The public disclosure of environmental performance creates strong additional incentives to control pollution.
Continuing Damage to Rat Retinal DNA During Darkness Following Light Exposure

The damaging effects of visible light on the mammalian retina can be detected as functional, morphological or biochemical changes in the photoreceptor cells. Although previous studies have implicated short-lived reactive oxygen species in these processes, the termination of light exposure does not prevent continuing damage. To investigate the degenerative processes persisting during darkness following light treatment, rats were exposed to 24 h of intense visible light and the accumulation of DNA damage to restriction fragments containing opsin, insulin 1 or interleukin-6 genes was measured as single-strand breaks (ssb) on alkaline agarose gels. With longer dark treatments all three DNA fragments showed increasing DNA damage. Treatment of rats with the synthetic antioxidant dimethylthiourea prior to light exposure reduced the initial development of alkali-sensitive strand breaks and allowed significant repair of all three DNA fragments. The time course of double-strand DNA breaks was also examined in specific genes and repetitive DNA. Nucleosomal DNA laddering was evident immediately following the 24 h light treatment and increased during the subsequent dark period. The increase in the intensity of the DNA ladder pattern suggests a continuation of enzymatically mediated apoptotic processes triggered during light exposure. The protective effects of antioxidant suggests that the light-induced DNA degradative process includes both early oxidative reactions and enzymatic processes that continue after cessation of light exposure.
Reconstructing snowmelt runoff in the Yukon River basin using the SWEHydro model and AMSR‐E observations

Snowmelt timing and snow water equivalent (SWE) from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS (AMSR-E) are used as inputs to the SWEHydro model to simulate spring snowmelt runoff in high-latitude, snow-dominated drainages. AMSR-E data from 2003 to 2010 are used to determine the timing of melt onset and snow saturation on the basis of changes in brightness temperature (Tb) and diurnal amplitude variations (DAV). Pre-melt SWE data are combined with terrain information and melt rate estimates to calculate runoff. After melt onset, there is a ‘melt transition period’ with daytime melt and nocturnal refreeze. The melt transition is characterized by high Tb oscillations (high DAV). At the end of high DAV, the snowpack is melting at a higher rate. The model uses four parameters: snowmelt rate during and after melt transition (defined by Tb and DAV thresholds) and flow timing during and after melt transition. The model effectively simulates spring freshet, peak timing and magnitude, and volume (between days 50 and 180) in basins lacking sufficient meteorological measurements for conventional models. We compare the model response in the Pelly and Stewart Rivers, tributaries to the Yukon River, to evaluate model parameters in broadly similar basins under varying conditions. Simulated freshet timing is strongly related to snowmelt timing, and the modeled hydrograph is most sensitive to the flow timing parameter. This observationally based model has potential as a module for quantifying spring snowmelt runoff and timing in physically based models. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Indigenismo frente al racismo, cuestiones de ética en un marco museológico

Este trabajo tiene como proposito examinar funciones y responsabilidades un museo etnologico en un pais en de desarrollo. Planteo la idea de que museo es tratado de forma en un pais en desarrollo frente un pais desarrollado, y eticas las razones por las cuales se tales diferencias entre unos y . Como marco utilizado un museo etnologico de Dominicana por la compleja que este pais presenta, hasta dia de hoy, en asuntos de identidad, por el modo como dichos asuntos son o dentro del museologico. Puede decirse que una gran polemica sobre la verdadera de los dominicanos causa de diversos de caracter , historico y politico que han llevado a negar sus raices africanas a expresar un profundo desprecio la negritud.
Spaceprobe: A system for representing complex knowledge

Spaceprobe is an experimental system for representing and reasoning about such things as beliefs, wants, fictions, hypotheses (both possibilities and counterfactuals), situations, generalizations, and time in a uniform and principled way. It is based on the theory of Knowledge Partitioning and Simulative Reasoning [2, 4, 5].
The production of nuclear polyhedrosis viruses in large-volume cell cultures

Abstract Methods were tested for growing cell lines from the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, in roller bottle cultures. The effects of inoculum size, medium volume, and serum level were tested for effect on the cell yield. A protocol is described which gives yields of 3–5 × 108 cells per bottle. Several protocols were then tested for producing the NPV of Autographa californica in this culture system and the results are described.
A factor-analytic study of reasoning abilities

A battery of 32 tests was administered to a sample including 144 Air Force Officer Candidates and 139 Air Cadets. The factor analysis, using Thurstone's complete centroid method and Zimmerman's graphic method of orthogonal rotations, revealed 12 interpretable factors. The non-reasoning factors were interpreted asverbal comprehension, numerical facility, perceptual speed, visualization, andspatial orientation. The factors derived from reasoning tests were identified asgeneral reasoning, logical reasoning, education of perceptual relations, education of conceptual relations, education of conceptual patterns, education of correlates, andsymbol substitution. The logical-reasoning factor corresponds to what has been called deduction, but eduction of correlates is perhaps closer to an ability actually to make deductions. The area called induction appears to resolve into three eduction-of-relations factors. Reasoning factors do not appear always to transcend the type of test material used.
Respiratory syncytial virus: current and emerging treatment options

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important respiratory pathogen in infants and children worldwide. Although RSV typically causes mild upper respiratory infections, it frequently causes severe morbidity and mortality, especially in premature infants and children with other chronic diseases. Treatment of RSV is limited by a lack of effective antiviral treatments; however, ribavirin has been used in complicated cases, along with the addition of intravenous immune globulin in specific patients. Vaccination strategies for RSV prevention are heavily studied, but only palivizumab (Synagis(®)) has been approved for use in the United States in very select patient populations. Research is ongoing in developing additional vaccines, along with alternative therapies that may help prevent or decrease the severity of RSV infections in infants and children. To date, we have not seen a decrement in RSV morbidity and mortality with our current options; therefore, there is a clear need for novel RSV preventative and therapeutic strategies. In this review, we discuss the current and evolving trends in RSV treatment for infants and children.
Direct Displacement Procedure for Performance-Based Seismic Design of Mid-Rise Wood-Framed Structures:

This paper presents a direct displacement design (DDD) procedure that can be used for seismic design of multistory wood-framed structures. The proposed procedure is applicable to any pure shear def...
Prenatal diagnosis of a chest wall hamartoma and sternal cleft.

We present the prenatal evaluation and diagnosis of a disorganized chest wall hamartoma (with underlying sternal cleft in a family with a prior offspring with the VATER association. The possibility that these conditions are linked to mesodermal defects with a common pathogenic etiology is suggested. Copyright © 1996 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Helping People Help Themselves: Teaching Martial Arts to Women Street Vendors

It has been over a century since Tylor stated that "we have in anthropology the means of leaving the world a better place than we found it" (as cited in Cultural Anthropology, Third Edition, by Serena Nanda [Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1986]). Applied anthropology, in particular, offers a means of giving back to the community in which one conducts fieldwork. This article describes the creation of a relationship of confidence which enabled women street vendors in Chiapas, Mexico, to share with me accounts of rape, and which later facilitated intervention. The intervention included offering a modified martial arts training program within the broader context of self-defense.
Snow and ice

An increasing concern for the use of all available fresh water, the promise of increased engineering activity in the Arctic, and a growing demand for winter recreation facilities have all served as practical incentives for snow ice research. This research is in the face of various prophecies that pollution of the atmosphere may result in the melting of global snow and ice, perhaps even within the lifetime of many investigators.
Utilization of the emergent barium swallow

The purpose of this study was to evaluate use of the emergent barium swallow. One hundred thirty-four patients were referred for contrast esophagraphy directly from the emergency department of our hospital and were reviewed retrospectively. Clinical review at the time of the contrast examination revealed that 28 patients actually had features for which gastroduodenal or small bowel pathology was suspected. This left 106 patients with true esophageal studies. Fifty-six patients were suspected of having perforation. Contrast esophagram revealed esophageal disruption in six cases (11%). There were no false-negatives as determined by clinical follow-up. These six patients also had abnormal preliminary chest radiographs.
Pyrite microencapsulation technologies: Principles and potential field application

Abstract In nature, pyrite is initially oxidized by atmospheric O 2 , releasing acidity and Fe 2+ . At pH below 3.5, Fe 2+ is rapidly oxidized by T. ferrooxidans to Fe 3+ , which oxidizes pyrite at a much faster rate than O 2 . Commonly, limestone is used to prevent pyrite oxidation. This approach, however, has a short span of effectiveness because after treatment the surfaces of pyrite particles remain exposed to atmospheric O 2 and oxidation continuous abiotically. Currently, a proposed mechanism for explaining non-microbial pyrite oxidation in high pH environments is the involvement of OH − in an inner-sphere electron–OH exchange between pyrite/surface-exposed disulfide and pyrite/surface-Fe(III)(OH) n 3−n complex and/or formation of a weak electrostatic pyrite/surface-CO 3 complex which enhances the chemical oxidation of Fe 2+. The above infer that limestone application to pyritic geologic material treats only the symptoms of pyrite oxidation through acid mine drainage neutralization but accelerates non-microbial pyrite oxidation. Therefore, only a pyrite/surface coating capable of inhibiting O 2 diffusion is expected to control long-term oxidation and acid drainage production. The objective of this study was to examine the feasibility in controlling pyrite oxidation by creating, on pyrite surfaces, an impermeable phosphate or silica coating that would prevent either O 2 or Fe 3+ from further oxidizing pyrite. The mechanism underlying this coating approach involves leaching mine waste with a coating solution composed of H 2 O 2 or hypochlorite, KH 2 PO 4 or H 4 SiO 4 , and sodium acetate (NaAC) or limestone. During the leaching process, H 2 O 2 or hypochlorite oxidizes pyrite and produces Fe 3+ so that iron phosphate or iron silicate precipitates as a coating on pyrite surfaces. The purpose of NaAC or limestone is to eliminate the inhibitory effect of the protons (produced during pyrite oxidation) on the precipitation of iron phosphate or silicate and to generate iron-oxide pyrite coating, which is also expected to inhibit pyrite oxidation. The results showed that iron phosphate or silicate coating could be established on pyrite by leaching it with a solution composed of: (1) H 2 O 2 0.018–0.16 M; (2) phosphate or silicate 10 −3 to 10 −2 M; (3) coating-solution pH ≈5–6; and (4) NaAC as low as 0.01 M. Leachates from column experiments also showed that silicate coatings produced the least amount of sulfate relative to the control, limestone and phosphate treatments. On the other hand, limestone maintained the leachate near neutral pH but produced more sulfate than the control.
Characterization of protein release through glucose-sensitive hydrogel membranes

Glucose-sensitive phase-reversible hydrogels have been prepared based on the specific interaction between polymer-bound glucose and concanavalin A (Con-A). The main goal of this study was to characterize the release of model proteins (insulin and lysozyme) through the hydrogel membrane as the free glucose concentration in the environment was changed. The diffusion of the model proteins through the hydrogel membrane was examined using a diffusion cell. Porous poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) membranes were used to sandwich the mixture of glucose-containing polymers and Con-A in between the donor and receptor chambers. The porous PHEMA membranes allowed diffusion of glucose, insulin and lysozyme, while preventing loss of glucose-containing polymers and Con-A in the sol state. The release rate of model proteins through the glucose-sensitive hydrogel membrane was dependent on the concentration of free glucose. The release rate of the proteins did not remain constant, however, due to the change in free glucose concentration resulting from diffusion of glucose from the receptor chamber to the donor chamber. This study demonstrated the possibility that the glucose-sensitive phase-reversible hydrogels can be used to regulate the insulin release as a function of the free glucose concentration in the environment.
A physics-based model to predict micro-pitting lives of lubricated point contacts

This paper proposes a physics-based model to predict the onset of micro-pit formation for lubricated point contacts of rough surfaces. A mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication model is employed to predict the surface normal and tangential tractions for a stress prediction model to determine the resultant stress histories. The boundary element approach is used in the stress model to fully capture the measured three-dimensional topographies of the contacting rough surfaces, allowing an accurate prediction of the localized stress concentrations that dictate the occurrence of micro-pits. In the process, the method of coordinate transformation and the indirect approach of rigid body motion are devised to eliminate the kernel singularities. A novel numerical procedure is also developed to minimize any Gaussian quadrature numerical error in the integration of the near singular kernels. The fatigue damage is then evaluated employing a multi-axial fatigue criterion. The proposed micro-pitting life prediction methodology is demonstrated using an example ball-on-disk contact problem.
ENERGY-EFFICIENT BROADCASTING IN WIRELESS AD HOC NETWORKS LOWER BOUNDS AND ALGORITHMS

Energy-efficient communication is critical for increasing life of power limited wireless ad hoc networks. There has been considerable interest in minimum energy broadcast operations. In this paper, we develop bounds and an algorithm for minimizing energy cost for broadcasting from any source to all other nodes in the network. Most prior work have used simpler model for energy cost for wireless communications by accounting only the analog radiation cost for transmission and ignored the fixed cost for electronics in transmission and reception circuitry in nodes. Furthermore, in a network it is possible for some node pairs not be able to communicate directly even though they are in their radio ranges due to obstacles present in the terrain of the network.
Great saphenous vein patency and endovenous heat-induced thrombosis after endovenous thermal ablation with modified catheter tip positioning

Objective Thrombus extension into a deep vein after superficial venous thermoablation remains a unique complication in the treatment of superficial reflux disease of the great saphenous vein (GSV). In this study, we evaluate if catheter tip positioning or vein diameter correlate with the length of proximal patent segment of GSV after ablation and more caudal catheter positioning decreases the incidence of proximal thrombus extension into the femoral vein. Methods This was a prospective study conducted from January 2008 to November 2009 of 73 patients undergoing radiofrequency ablation (RFA). Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative duplex ultrasound scans were obtained using standard protocols to establish reflux and target vein diameter. Intraoperative measurements were performed from the catheter tip to the femoral vein margin. Duplex ultrasound studies were obtained between 5 and 7 days after the procedure, with 1-month follow-up. The relationship between catheter tip positioning and vein diameter with the length of the proximal patent GSV segment after ablation and the incidence of proximal thrombus extension were analyzed. Results RFA was performed in 73 patients. Intraoperatively, the mean catheter tip positioning distance was 2.75 cm (range, 2.4-3.0 cm) from the saphenofemoral junction (SFJ), with 93% of the catheters placed within 2.6 to 2.9 cm of the femoral vein. The GSV mean diameter at the SFJ was 0.90 cm (range, 0.37-1.88 cm). After RFA, all GSVs were occluded, with a mean residual patent proximal GSV length of 1.17 cm (range, 0.3-10 cm). Two patients demonstrated thrombus extension from the SFJ into the femoral vein for a 2.7% incidence of endovenous heat-induced thrombosis. Conclusions In patients undergoing RFA for saphenous reflux, neither catheter tip positioning nor vein diameter correlates with the length of the proximal patent segment of GSV after ablation. In addition, catheter positioning does not decrease the incidence of proximal thrombus extension into the femoral vein.
Cerebral metabolic effects of sequential periods of hypothermic circulatory arrest.

Abstract During repair of congenital heart defects, extended periods of hypothermic circulatory arrest (CA) have been shown to cause short-term cerebral metabolic and flow abnormalities as well as long-term neuropsychologic dysfunction. Occasionally, a second period of CA is required during the same operative setting to revise a complicated repair. However, the metabolic effects of two consecutive periods of CA on the brain are unclear. In this study, we compared the recovery of cerebral metabolism after 60 minutes of CA with that after two sequential 30-minute periods of CA separated by a brief period of rewarming (30'SEQ). Fifteen neonatal piglets (2 to 3 kg) were placed on cardiopulmonary bypass at 100 mL · kg −1 · min −1 and cooled to 18 °C. Each animal then underwent either 60 minutes of uninterrupted cardiopulmonary bypass at 18 °C, 60 minutes of CA, or two 30-minute periods of CA separated by a brief period of rewarming. After these experimental periods, animals were rewarmed to 37 °C and weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass. Data were obtained before cardiopulmonary bypass and after cardiopulmonary bypass at 37 °C and included measurements of cerebral blood flow by xenon 133 clearance, arterial and sagittal sinus blood gases, and cerebral metabolism (mL O 2 · 100 g −1 · min −1 ). Our results demonstrated that acute recovery of cerebral metabolism was significantly impaired after 60 minutes of CA and that recovery of cerebral metabolism after two sequential 30-minute periods of CA was significantly better than after 60 minutes of continuous CA. In conclusion, the effects of a second period of CA on the brain are not additive, and therefore should not preclude revision of an inadequate repair.
Use of biometric, hematologic, and plasma biochemical variables, and histopathology to assess the chronic effects of the herbicide prometryn on Common Carp

Background Effects of acute and subchronic exposure of fish to s-triazine herbicides have been well documented, but data on the effects of prometryn on blood analytes in carp at environmentally realistic concentrations are lacking. Objective The objective of the study was to determine whether biometrics, blood analytes, and histopathology could serve as bioindicators in fish living in waters polluted by triazine. Methods Fish were exposed to prometryn at concentrations of 0.51 (reported concentration in Czech rivers), 8.0, and 80 μg/L for 14, 30, and 60 days. Prior to and during this period, biometrics, blood analytes, and histopathology were evaluated. Results After 60 days' exposure to 8.0 and 80 μg/L of prometryn, spleen weights (P < .05) and lactate (P < .01) levels were significantly lower, and concentrations of HGB (P < .01) and MHC (P < .01) and MCHC (P < .01) were higher, relative to controls. After 30 and 60 days' exposure to 0.51, 8.0, and 80 μg/L of prometryn, AST activity, calcium, magnesium, and inorganic phosphate levels were lower (P < .01), while creatinine concentration and ALT activity were higher (P < .01) than in controls. Glucose was higher after exposure to 80 μg/L after 30 and 60 days, and after 60 days' exposure to 8.0 μg/L. Renal histology revealed severe hyaline degeneration of the epithelial cells of caudal kidney tubules in fish at all exposure levels. Conclusions This study shows effects in fish blood at a concentration of 0.51 μg/L of prometryn, a significant finding in view of prometryn reaching a maximum of 4.4 μg/L or less in European rivers. Select blood analytes, such as creatinine, and histologic changes in caudal kidney are potential biomarkers for monitoring residual triazine pesticides in Common Carp.
The uninvolved employee as a unique management problem: a symposium introcuction

(1988). The uninvolved employee as a unique management problem: a symposium introcuction. International Journal of Public Administration: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 1-26.
A computational model for process-grammar

Abstract Shape analysis is a challenging topic in the research areas of human and machine vision. Recently, Leyton [1] proposed a process-grammar for analyzing morphological change of two-dimensional patterns. Because the process-grammar was designed to give a qualitative description of what has occurred in the intervening time, it does not quantitatively derive the later shape from the earlier one and the continuous family of “intermediate shapes” is therefore unspecified. A computational model is thus proposed to supplement the process-grammar for describing the continuous process-history of shape change. Based on the idea of elastic interpolation, the basic approach is to find a set of “forces” acting on one shape and trying to distort it to be like the other shape. The intermediate shapes generated by this process can be considered as the process-history of the two shapes. Five out of six rules in the process-grammar can be explained by the model without any modification. By a minor modification, the only rule remained can also be covered by the model.
Coupling of Convective Momentum Transport with Convective Heating in Global Climate Simulations

Abstract The effects of convective momentum transport (CMT) on global climate simulations are examined in this study. Comparison between two sets of 20-yr (1979–98) integration using the NCAR Community Climate Model version 3 (CCM3) illustrates that the inclusion of CMT in the convection scheme systematically modifies the climate mean state over the equatorial region. The convective momentum tendencies slow down the equatorward flow at higher latitudes near the surface and weaken the equatorial convergence and convection. This reduces the convective heating and drying around the equator and produces an improved meridional distribution within the upward branch of the Hadley circulation. The major heating peak during the boreal winter is moved to south of the equator at about 10°S, which is closer to the heat budget residuals of the ECMWF reanalysis data. The responses of meridional wind to the reduced heating result in the secondary meridional circulation within the intertropical convergence zone.
1222 FETAL GROWTH IN DRUG DEPENDENT PREGNANT WOMEN: QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENTS

The association between maternal drug abuse during pregnancy and incidence of low birth weight (LBW) has been reported. However, intrauterine growth patterns and type of growth failure have not been delineated. This study was designed to explore the onset, type and etiology of growth failure. Fetal growth of 99 passively drug exposed fetuses was measured throughout pregnancy using ultrasound. Total intrauterine volume (TIUV), biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC) and abdominal circumference (AC) were measured. Results revealed that: all TIUV's and BPD's of the 86 appropriate for gestational age infants were within normal range; 21% of infants were LBW; 8% premature; 13% small for gestational age (SGA). Of the 13 women who delivered SGA infants, 11 had initial TIUV's <1 standard deviation (sd) below the mean; 7 of 8 studies at <24 weeks gestation already showed abnormal TIUV's. All 13 scans showed a BPD below the mean for gestational age; 11 of these were <2 sd's below the mean; the HC/AC ratios fell within normal range. Drugs of abuse were reviewed. Although pentazocine users constituted only 9% of patients studied, their infants represented 54% of the SGA infants. These data suggest: 1) early onset symmetrical intrauterine growth retardation is seen in drug dependent women; 2) pentazocine has a high potential for causing SGA infants, through a direct rather than an environmental effect.
Combined time-delay FIR and 2-D IIR filters for EARS, radar, and imaging applications

A linear antenna array beamforming method which significantly improves the spatial selectivity of conventional phased/timed arrays is presented. A two-dimensional (2-D) infinite impulse response (IIR) digital beam filter is employed as a pre-processing stage to existing phased/timed arrays, thereby mathematically modifying the array transfer function. Introduction of a pre-filter is possible due to multi-input multi-output signal flow structure of the 2-D IIR beam filters, and the improvement in spatial selectivity is presented using closed-form frequency response and array pattern simulations. An example wireless communication scenario shows that the proposed beamformer leads to additional gain of more than 10 dB in terms of the BER vs. SIR performance.
Blood Tfh Cells Come with Colors

Blood CXCR5+ CD4+ T cells share phenotypic and functional similarities with T follicular helper cells. Studies by He et al. (2013) and Locci et al. (2013) in this issue of Immunity provide insight into their ontogeny and functionally distinct subsets.
Itraconazole treatment of disseminated histoplasmosis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

purpose Amphotericin B has been the treatment of choice for disseminated histoplasmosis in patiente with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Oral antifungal agents would be welcome alternatives to standard treatment of disseminated histoplasmosis in less severe cases. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of itraconazole therapy in patients with AIDS and disseminated histoplasmosis. patients and methods This was a multicenter, open-label, nonrandomized prospective trial conducted in university hospitals of the AIDS Clinical Trial Group. All patients had AIDS and first episodes of disseminated histoplasmosis. Patients with central nervous system involvement or with severe clinical manifestations were excluded. Patients were treated with itraconazole bid by mouth 300 mg for 3 days and then 200 mg bid for 12 weeks. Resolution of clinical findings, clearance of positive cultures, and drug tolerance were the main outcome measurements. A secondary objective was effect of therapy on Histoplasma capsutatum var capsulation antigen levels. results Of 59 evaluable patients, 50 (85%) responded to therapy. Five patients withdrew because of progressive infection, 1 died of a presumed pulmonary embolus within the first week of therapy without improvement, 2 withdrew because of toxicity, and 1 was lost to follow-up after week 2 of therapy. Patients with moderately severe clinical (fever >39.5 °C or Karnofsky score 5 times normal or albumin H capsulatum var capsulatum antigen cleared from the urine and serum at rates of 0.2 and 0.3 units per week, respectively. conclusions Itraconazole is safe and effective induction therapy for mild disseminated histoplasmosis in patients with AIDS, offering an alternative to amphotericin B in such cases. Patients with moderately severe or severe histoplasmosis should first be treated with amphotericin B and then may be switched to itraconazole after achieving clinical improvement.
Chronic rat and dog toxicity studies on tartrazine

Rats. Five groups of 24 Osborne-Mendel weanling rats, evenly divided by sex, were fed 5.0, 2.0, 1.0, 0.5, and 0.0% tartrazinemixed in their Purina laboratory chow diet for 2 years. Growth effect was negligible, and there was no effect on survival, hematology, or organ weights. The rats evidenced diarrhea at the 5% dosage level, slight diarrhea at the 2% level, and no diarrhea at the 1% level. The incidence of tumors and of the common incidental diseases was unaffected. No organ pathology attributable to treatment was noted except at the highest dosage level, where the feeding of tartrazine may have influenced the deposition of small amounts of gritty material in the renal pelvis of some of the surviving male rats. Dogs. Three groups of two male and two female beagles each were fed diets containing 2, 1, and 0% tartrazine for 2 years. No clinical symptoms of toxicity or hematologic abnormalities were noted during the study. No gross lesions were noted at autopsy. Histopathology was limited to the usual incidental lesions which, with the possible exception of pyloric gastritis in one high dose level dog, were not attributable to tartrazine toxicity.
How do we bridge the gap between what we teach and what they do? Some thoughts on the place of questions in the process of research

Undergraduate students approach research with difficulty and are often overwhelmed by the process. Lacking experience to follow scholarly methods of research, students require a strategy appropriate to their level. This article addresses the research process of scholars and of undergraduates and suggests several guiding questions for students to ask.
Locus of control: Relation to schizophrenia, to recovery, and to depression and psychosis — A 15-year longitudinal study

The present prospectively designed 15-year longitudinal research was conducted to study whether locus of control is linked to diagnosis, to major symptoms, to functioning and recovery, and to personality for schizophrenia patients, depressive patients, and patients with other major disorders. The research studied 128 patients from the Chicago Follow-up Study at the acute phase and reassessed them 5 times over a 15-year period. Patients were evaluated on locus of control, global outcome, recovery, premorbid developmental achievements, psychosis, diagnosis, depression, and personality variables. 1) After the acute phase, schizophrenia patients were not more external than other diagnostic groups. 2) Internality is significantly associated with increased recovery in schizophrenia. 3) A more external locus of control was significantly related to depression. 4) The relationship between externality and psychosis was significant. In severe psychiatric disorders a more external locus of control is not specific to schizophrenia and after the acute phase is not associated with one particular diagnostic group. A more external locus of control is significantly related to fewer periods of recovery, to both depressed mood and psychosis, and to various aspects of personality.
Protection of guinea pigs against local and systemic foot-and-mouth disease after administration of synthetic lipid amine (Avridine) liposomes.

Abstract Injection of the synthetic lipid amine, Avridine, in the form of liposomes, protected guinea pigs against the development of lesions from foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) inoculated intradermally into the rear footpads. The animals were protected against the development of vesicles at the inoculation site as well as the systemic spread of virus. Maximal protection was obtained after intracardial injection of 5–10 mg doses of liposomal Avridine. Lower doses yielded decreased protection. Subcutaneous or intraperitoneal routes of liposomal Avridine injection were ineffective. Protection was maximal 0–24 h after injection of liposomes. Ethanol and emulsion formulations of Avridine could induce protection when injected intracardially but had toxic side effects. Guinea pigs protected against the first FMDV inoculation by liposomal and ethanol formulations of Avridine continued to be protected against lesions after a second inoculation 15–45 days later. FMDV protective antibody titers of these animals ranged from a low of 1:1000.