cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Dendrimers: Synthesis and Characterization of Popam - Pamam Hybrid Dendrimers.

Recently developed multifunctional cancer therapeutic nanodevice production is based on poly(amidoamine) PAMAM generation 5 (G5) dendrimer as a carrier. Scale-up synthesis of this nanodevice is limited because of long reaction sequence (12 reaction steps) and long and not easy work-up of the products after each reaction step. Combination of poly(propylenimine) and poly(amidoamine) synthesis can improve the production of the drug carrier. In this paper we give a general overview of the synthesis and characterization of a series of novel hybrid dendrimers which we coined as novel POMAM hybrid dendrimers, constructed from poly(propylenimine) (PPI or POPAM) core and poly(amidoamine) PAMAM shells. The synthesis was accomplished by a divergent reiterating method involving repeating subsequent Michael addition and amidation reactions. Each generation of the newly synthesized dendrimer was characterized by using HPLC, GPC, NMR, and AFM.
TE-TM decoupling for guided propagation in bianisotropic media

The most general bianisotropic or magneto-electric medium is considered. Necessary and sufficient conditions are established for guided propagation in such a medium to be described in terms of the superposition of TE and TM fields. An additional condition ensures TE-TM decoupling independently of the direction of propagation in the medium. The field components for TE and TM fields are given.
Psychodynamic psychiatry in community settings.

Abstract Psychodynamics are surprisingly contemporary for community–based psychiatry. Clincal vignettes illustrate this point. Familiarity with literature concerning symbolic communication, transference, projective identification, and narcissism help provide perspective. Psychiatry in community settings can be stressful. Its practice is improved by supervised experience, grounded in psychodynamics.
Vegetation Cover and Elevation in Long-Term Experimental Nutrient-Enrichment Plots in Great Sippewissett Salt Marsh, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: Implications for Eutrophication and Sea Level rise

Nitrogen inputs restructure ecosystems and can interact with other agents of ecological change and potentially intensify them. To examine the effects of nitrogen combined with those of elevation and competition, in 2005 we mapped vegetation and elevation within experimental plots that have been fertilized since 1970 in Great Sippewissett salt marsh, Cape Cod, MA, USA and compared the resulting effects on marsh vegetation. Decadal-scale chronic nutrient enrichment forced changes in cover and spatial distribution of different species. With increasing enrichment, there was a shift in species cover primarily involving loss of Spartina alterniflora and an increase in Distichlis spicata. Percent cover of near monocultures increased with nitrogen fertilization, owing mainly to the proliferation of D. spicata. The experimental fertilization prompted a shift from the short form of S. alterniflora to taller forms, hence increasing above-ground biomass, where this species managed to remain. Chronic enrichment increased upper and lower limits of the elevation range within which certain species occurred. The shift to increased cover of D. spicata was also associated with faster accretion of the marsh surface where this species was dominant, but not where S. alterniflora was dominant. Interactions among nutrient supply, elevation, and competition altered the direction of competitive success among different species of marsh plants, and forced changes in the spatial distribution and composition of the salt marsh plant communities. The results imply that there will be parallel changes in New England salt marshes owing to the widespread eutrophication of coastal waters and the increasing sea level rise. Knowing the mechanisms structuring marsh vegetative cover, and their role in modification of salt marsh accretion, may provide background with which to manage maintenance of affected coastal wetlands.
Chemical Rescue of a Mutant Protein-tyrosine Kinase

Protein-tyrosine kinases contain a catalytic loop Arg residue located either two or four positions downstream of a highly conserved Asp residue. In this study, the role of this Arg (Arg-318) in the protein-tyrosine kinase C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) was investigated. The observed kcat for phosphorylation of the random copolymer poly(Glu,Tyr) substrate by Csk R318A is ∼3000-fold smaller compared with that of wild type Csk, whereas the Km values for ATP and poly(Glu,Tyr) are only mildly affected. The kcat value for poly(Glu,Tyr) phosphorylation by the Csk double mutant A316R,R318A is 100-fold greater than the kcat value for the single R318A mutant, suggesting that an Arg positioned at the alternative location fulfills a similar function as in wild type. Csk R318A kinase activity can also be partially recovered by several exogenous small molecules including guanidinium and imidazole. These molecules contain key features whose roles in catalysis can be rationalized from a known x-ray structure of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase. Imidazole is the best of these activators, enhancing phosphorylation rates by Csk R318A up to 100-fold for poly(Glu,Tyr) and significantly stimulating Csk R318A phosphorylation of the physiologic substrate Src. This chemical rescue of mutant protein kinase activity might find applications in cell signal transduction experiments.
FEAR, TV NEWS, AND THE REALITY OF CRIME*

Data from a 1997 survey of 2, 250 Florida residents are used to assess whether and how the reality of crime influences the relationship between watching TV news and fear of crime. Local crime rates, victim experience, and perceived realism of crime news operationalize the reality of crime and are included in ordinary least squares (OLS) estimates of the TV news and fear of crime relationship. These measures of reality are also used as contexts for disaggregating the analysis. Local and national news are related to fear of crime independent of the effects of the reality of crime and other controls. Local news effects are stronger, especially for people who live in high crime places or have recent victim experience. This contextual pattern of findings is consistent with a conclusion that TV news is most influential when it resonates the experience or crime reality of respondents.
The Promise of Patronage: Adapting and Adopting Neoliberal Development

: Much of the literature on nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and development suggests that a top-down process is underway which leads to the dispersal of neoliberal ideals. Drawing on 2 years of ethnographic research in Rajasthan, India, this paper examines how a poverty alleviation project “fits” into competitive and co-operative socio-economic relations already operating on the ground. It argues that in contradiction to neoliberal notions of empowerment espoused by project policies, both NGOs and their constituents have an interest in establishing and maintaining patronage networks that stabilize relationships of dependency. The paper concludes that neoliberal development projects serve to enable patron–client relationships between NGOs and villagers, and enroll the state in the continuing provision of benefits beyond those planned by the project.
Effects of Customer Service Communication on Employees' Satisfaction:

This study has two parts. The first study, based on content analyses of the printed media, identifies general categories of customer service practices used today. The second study, based on surveys of 100 working adults, shows the importance of “customer service practices” which are internal to organizations. To maximize employees' satisfaction, rewards for customer service should be emphasized and clearly provided. In addition, management must use and evaluate data about customers which are gathered by direct service providers.
Psychiatric morbidity in travelers to Honolulu, Hawaii

To investigate the phenomenon of acute psychiatric decompensation in travelers, charts of all psychiatric-emergency patients with a history of recent travel involving time-zone changes were reviewed at a major medical center in Honolulu, HI. Charts of a control group with no history of travel were also reviewed. Significantly more travelers than controls showed symptoms of depression and mania (P < .012). East-bound travelers were significantly more likely to show symptoms of mania than controls (P < .001). In an eastbound-versus-westbound comparison, significantly more eastbound travelers showed symptoms of mania, whereas significantly more westbound travelers showed symptoms of depression (P < .05). These findings support the phase-advance hypothesis of depression. Psychosocial and biologic factors that may contribute to psychiatric decompensation in travelers are discussed.
Middle Tertiary buoyancy modification and its relationship to rock exhumation, cooling, and subsequent extension at the eastern margin of the Colorado Plateau

In the southern Rocky Mountains and Rio Grande rift, rock cooling patterns from apatite fission-track (AFT) data spatially correlate with areas of voluminous middle Tertiary caldera-complex magmatism. We use thermochronology and gravity data to explore lithospheric modification by voluminous middle Tertiary magmatism. These data are not traditionally used to constrain magmatic processes, but in our study area they provide first-order constraints on the degree of mantle dedensification by basalt removal. We show that thermal isostatic responses to middle Tertiary magmatism drove spatially variable rock uplift and thermal perturbations that, coupled with variable exhumation, can explain AFT cooling and rock preservation patterns. We further argue that, if rock uplift exceeded exhumation, then surface uplift combined with magmatic weakening of the lithosphere could have influenced subsequent Neogene extension.
Self-adjoint idempotents of C

Abstract Let e be an idempotent of the complex group ring. We study self-adjoint idempotents of C [G] by finding necessary and sufficient conditions for the right ideal e C [G] to have an element closest to 1 in the L2-norm.
An investigation of the fracture process zone near the tip of a steadily propagating tensile crack

Abstract This paper presents a model for the fracture process zone near the tip of a steadily propagating plane strain tensile crack. The material is assumed to be elastic-ideally plastic and completely incompressible. The macroscopic plastic deformation near the advancing crack tip is modeled by a slip element approach in which dislocations are continuously distributed over a planar region. The fracture process zone is modeled by a continuous distribution of dislocations collinear with the advancing crack tip The results of the study reveal the influence of the fracture process zone on the slip line pattern within the crack tip plastic zone and on the elastic plastic boundary. The fracture process zone model is also shown to give an accurate and physically reasonable estimate of the crack tip opening angle associated with continued ductile stable crack growth.
Fabrication and operation of CCD structure with silicon layers grown on sapphire substrates

Two CCD's, one 2 bits long and one 64 bits long, were fabricated from silicon on sapphire wafers. The 2-bit device is a resistive gate structure which can be operated ten times faster (2 MHz) than the normal structure of the same size. The reason is found to be due to the special structure of the resistive gate structure. The 64-bit device is processed on bulk silicon so that a direct comparison can be made. Both SOS and bulk silicon can be operated at 20 MHz or higher. At high-frequency operation, both devices have about the same transfer efficiency. But at the low-frequency end, the SOS device shows the dark current to be very high with the device barely operating at 600 KHz.
Chronic Granulomatous Disease

CLINICAL SUMMARY A 3-year-old African-American boy presented with limping due to a thigh mass of recent appearance. The lesion was initially painless and nonmobile, without erythema or swelling. There was no fever or other constitutional symptom. Four days before admission, a second tumor appeared on the left parietal region. The leg mass became erythematous and painful, and fever of 39.4°C ensued. The relevant past medical history includes three soft tissue nodules removed from the buttock on the 3rd day of life, one of which is shown on Figure 1 (the patient’s father had an identical soft tissue lesion surgically removed as a newborn). In addition, there were frequent and recurrent infections including meningitis and pneumonias, and failure to thrive. At 2 years of age, the patient developed an intraabdominal lymphangioma which showed histological evidence of infection with multiple granulomata. At the time of admission, the patient was at the 5th percentile for height and below the 3rd percentile for weight. A computerized tomography (CT) scan revealed a large soft tissue lesion in the scalp, eroding the parietal bone, and several small lesions involving the brain parenchyma (Fig. 2). In addition, a large mass was found involving the posterior aspect of the right thorax. These findings were interpreted as suggestive of metastatic disease, possibly Ewing sarcoma or neuroblastoma. Pertinent lab results include normal levels of immunoglobulins and negative human immunodeficiency virus testing. The leg and parietal lesions were surgically removed and drained.
Reflex laryngospasm induced by stimulation of distal esophageal afferents

Distal esophageal sensory nerves were stimulated in 17 anesthetized dogs divided into three age groups to determine the laryngeal, cardiovascular, and respiratory effects. Group I puppies were 5 to 6 weeks of age, group II puppies were 8 to 19 weeks of age, and group III animals were adult dogs. Marked laryngeal adductor activity and laryngospasm were observed in group II puppies, while no or minimal laryngeal adduction was seen in younger puppies and adult dogs. Mean arterial pressure and heart rate increased significantly in groups II and III (P .4). This response is distinctly different from the laryngeal chemoreflex because central apnea, hypotension, and bradycardia were absent. The afferent limb of the response is mediated by the vagus nerve as bilateral transthoracic truncal vagotomy eliminated the reflex. The laryngeal response observed following stimulation of distal esophageal afferent fibers may be important in the mechanism of apparent life-threatening events (ALTEs) and the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease.
Generalized molecular orbital theory: Ground state and ionization potentials of water and dinitrogen

Generalized molecular orbital (GMO) theory is a limited multiconfiguration self-consistent field (MCSCF) procedure, which provides a simple means of obtaining a set of optimized primary orbitals for use in configuration interaction (CI) calculations. Results for the ground states of H2O and N2 show that the most important GMO orbitals are nearly identical to the natural orbitals from large CI calculations. For H2O, our GMO-CI correlation energy is only 4 mhartrees less than that obtained from an identical CI with the most important natural orbitals. The GMO theory for doublet states provides a facile means of obtaining accurate ionization potentials (IPS) from small CI calculations (30–60 configurations). For the first three IPS of H2O the error is less than 0.5 eV while for the first two IPS of N2 the error is less than 0.1 eV.
Participation in school choice: a spatial probit analysis of neighborhood influence

This paper examines the factors influencing school districts’ participation in the voluntary open enrollment program in Massachusetts. It investigates whether school districts engage in strategic interaction when making the participation decision. The motivation for testing the strategic interaction hypothesis is to determine whether the driving force behind the participation decision of a district is the competition from neighboring districts, with a potential threat of taking away students and funding. The discrete choice participation decision is modeled using a Bayesian spatial probit model. The results suggest that a given district’s probability of participation is positively affected by the participation decisions of its neighbors and this provides strong evidence of horizontal interaction in school choice policies.
Experimental Production of Infections in Humans

A reproducible experimental skin infection was a requirement before further studies on the pathogenesis of cutaneous infections could be undertaken. A variety of experimental procedures added further evidence that the skin is difficult to infect. However, a significant regional difference in susceptibility to experimental infection was demonstrated. The technique consisted of: a) applying Staphylococci and Streptococci in the form of an overnight broth culture; b) stabbing through the drop of inoculum with a blood lancet; and c) covering the site with nonporous plastic tape. Four areas on each subject were inoculated in an identical manner. The back was successfully infected in 15% and the arm in 13% of the attempts. The thigh was successfully infected in 21% of the attempts and the leg in 38%. Circulatory factors may account for these differences.
Defining cancer survivorship

This paper reviews the major definitions of cancer survivorship. The current definition of a cancer survivor used in this new journal will consider many of the elements of cancer survivorship as described in these earlier definitions. It is expected that the details of the definition of cancer survivor will evolve as knowledge in the area increases... The Journal of Cancer Survivorship: Research and Practice will focus on research, academic discourse, and policy-related to adults living with a cancer diagnosis following primary treatment for cancer through the end of life.
Adapting the NIM to Improve Comprehension.

"I'm getting their word recognition skills developed, but what about their comprehension skills? What do I do now?" Does this sound familiar?
SOS1, a Genetic Locus Essential for Salt Tolerance and Potassium Acquisition.

To begin to determine which genes are essential for salt tolerance in higher plants, we identified four salt-hypersensitive mutants of Arabidopsis by using a root-bending assay on NaCI-containing agar plates. These mutants (sosl-7, sosl-2, sosl-3, and sosl-4) are allelic to each other and were caused by single recessive nuclear mutations. The SOSl gene was mapped to chromosome 2 at 29.5 f 6.1 centimorgans. The mutants showed no phenotypic changes except that their growth was >20 times more sensitive to inhibition by NaCI. Salt hypersensitivity is a basic cellular trait exhibited by the mutants at all developmental stages. The sosl mutants are specifically hypersensitive to Na+ and Li+. The mutants were unable to grow on media containing low levels (below 4 mM) of potassium. Uptake experiments using B6Rb showed that sosl mutants are defective in high-affinity potassium uptake. sosl plants became deficient in potassium when treated with NaCI. The results demonstrate that potassium acquisition is a critical process for salt tolerance in glycophytic plants.
Mortality and cancer morbidity among workers in the rubber tire industry

A retrospective follow-up study was conducted to evaluate mortality and cancer incidence between 1954 and 1976 among 1,792 white male production workers employed for at least 2 years at a tire manufacturing plant. There were no marked excesses in overall or site-specific cancer deaths or incident cases. Compared to U.S. white males, men employed for at least 10 years experienced small increases in deaths from cancers of the large intestine, pancreas, and lung. Results obtained by comparing observed incident cancer cases to the numbers expected based on age- and calendar time-specific incidence rates of Connecticut males also suggested excesses of these three malignancies. These findings were based on small numbers and therefore do not necessarily indicate causal associations between cancer excesses and employment in the rubber tire industry. However, because the workers studied comprised a relatively young population that may not have experienced the full impact of carcinogenic occupational exposures, further follow-up is warranted.
Analytical approximations to the self-similar global texture metric

We find approximate analytical solutions for the line element and the scalar field of a self-similar global texture by considering the full Einstein and field equations. The metric, when written in comoving coordinates, extends the weak-field solution and leads to the density perturbations due to a global texture.
Progressive background in moths, and a quantitative measure of crypsis

A method is presented for quantitative estimation of the degree of crypsis of species seen by visual predators against known backgrounds. It is based upon a comparison between transects taken across animal and background colour patterns. The method was applied to day-resting moths in deciduous forest in New Jersey. Each species is found for two to four weeks at characteristic dates, and there is a constant turnover of species. In both moths and backgrounds there is a regular change in the colour pattern parameters from winter through spring to early summer. Moths are on average more cryptic at their normal dates than they would be if present earlier or later in the year. Species with known resting sites are on average more cryptic on their resting sites than other background habitats. Species that rest on more than one background habitat are less cryptic on their preferred habitats than are specialists. Species that rest under leaves and are not visible from above are not very cryptic. Specific v. general resemblance, disruptive coloration, and factors affecting ‘aspect diversity’ are discussed. The new method of estimating crypsis is useful for studies of crypsis as well as in sexual selection. It is necessary to know much about the resting sites and behaviour of moths, as well as other functions of colour patterns, to understand colour pattern evolution.
The genera Lithothamnium, Leptophytum (nov. gen.) and Phymatolithon in the Gulf of Maine

This paper is the fourth of a series covering the crustose corallines of the Gulf of Maine. Information on anatomy, cytology and the development of the reproductive structures is presented to show that Lithothamnium and Leptophytum (new genus) are distinct from Clathromorphum and Phymatolithon. An additional species, P. lenormandi, is placed in Phymatolithon. The reproductive patterns and geographic and bathymetric distributions of the five species involved are presented and discussed.
Genetic predictors of patient response and side effects in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with a high dose nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug regimen

Clinical, laboratory, genetic, and radiologic studies were evaluated for 18 patients with rheumatoid arthritis who were treated for a mean of 16.6 months with a regimen involving supplementary aspirin and piroxicam, an investigational, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agent. Although improvement in disease activity was seen, progression was evident on successive radiographs. Disease activity was not associated with the presence of any of the genetic markers. Peptic ulcers developed in 33% of patients, all of whom had type O blood. ABO blood typing may therefore be useful in patients with rheumatoid arthritis before consideration of therapy with potentially ulcerogenic drugs.
Motion data alignment and real-time guidance in cloud-based virtual training system

In this paper, by making use of virtual reality technology, motion sensors and cloud computing platform, we propose a cloud-based virtual training system for physical therapy, which enables a user to be trained by following a pre-recorded avatar instructor and getting real-time guidance using mobile device through wireless network. To evaluate the user's performance, we compare the motion data of the user and the pre-recoded avatar instructor. However, human reaction delay and network delay cause the data misalignment problem in the proposed cloud-based virtual training system. To align the motion data and evaluate the user's performance, we use Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) to calculate the similarity between the two sequences. Moreover, we propose a variant of the DTW algorithm we term Gesture-Based Dynamic Time Warping (GB-DTW) which segments the whole motion sequence and provides evaluation score for each gesture in real time. Experiments with multiple subjects under real network condition show that the proposed GB-DTW algorithm performs much better than other evaluation methods. To help the user calibrate his movements, the proposed system also provides visual and textual guidance for the user.
Solar radio burst effects on wireless systems

The Sun is capable of producing strong radio emission during times of flaring activity that can directly affect wireless communication and navigation systems without warning. We give some examples of specific effects that have been documented, including increased dropped-call levels on cellular telephone systems and system-wide interference on the Global Positioning System (GPS). To assess the potential and degree of risk presented by radio outbursts from the Sun, we survey what is known about the frequency of occurrence of solar bursts as a function of frequency and time. We show that a firm assessment of risk remains unknown due to lack of complete coverage in the monitoring of solar bursts, but we present some expectations based on current knowledge. We conclude that effects on wireless systems in space are likely to occur, but can be mitigated by considering and accounting for solar burst properties.
Problem patrons in libraries. A review article

A discussion of various factors concerned with the problem patron in the library, followed by a review of some recent literature in the subject area of problem patrons in libraries. The emphasis is on public libraries, the type which seems to have the most problem with such visitors. This investigation is, essentially, a bibliographic essay, with commentary intended to illustrate the typology of problem patrons, and the various proposed means of handling their problem behaviors.
Increment thresholds, luminance, and brightness*

Variations in increment thresholds as a function of background intensity and/or brightness were found to depend upon the size of the incremental flash and the magnitude of blur at the edges of the conditioning field. These findings suggest that there may be more than one visual mechanism responsible for processing intensity information.
Simulation, Animation and Visualization of Seaport Operations

PORTSIM is a seaport simulation model that computes throughput capability and determines resource utilization at a high level of detail. The ability to animate and to visualize these seaport processes will greatly enhance PORTSIM's capability and will allow planners to see operational constraints and bottlenecks, as opposed to inferring operational limitations through reviewing the existing PORTSIM statistical reports, graphs and charts. The animation and visualization will aid in the validation of the simulation processes and will provide a mechanism for planners to verify that the simulation executes in the desired manner. Playback and callback modes of animation and visualization will be described, and technical challenges to both modes of execution will be addressed.
Epidemiology of burns throughout the world. Part I: Distribution and risk factors

Globally in 2004, the incidence of burns severe enough to require medical attention was nearly 11 million people and ranked fourth in all injuries, higher than the combined incidence of tuberculosis and HIV infections. Fortunately, although burns and fires account for over 300,000 deaths each year throughout the world, the vast majority of burns are not fatal. Nonetheless, fire-related burns are also among the leading causes of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Morbidity and mortality due to fire and flames has declined worldwide in the past decades. However, 90% of burn deaths occur in LMIC, where prevention programs are uncommon and the quality of acute care is inconsistent. Even in high-income countries, burns occur disproportionately to racial and ethnic minorities such that socioeconomic status--more than cultural or educational factors--account for most of the increased burn susceptibility. Risk factors for burns include those related to socioeconomic status, race and ethnicity, age, and gender, as well as those factors pertaining to region of residence, intent of injury, and comorbidity. Both the epidemiology and risk factors of burns injuries worldwide are reviewed in this paper.
TiSi2 Formation on Submicron Polysilicon Lines: Role of Line Width and Dopant Concentration

We report on a study of the effects of dopant concentration and linewidth on the formation of TiSi2 on polysilicon. The transformation from the C49 phase to the C54 phase is inhibited by a high concentration of either phosphorus or arsenic in blanket polysilicon films. For sub-half-micron lines, patterned in polysilicon doped with As or P, agglomeration is the key factor in the inability to produce low resistance silicide. The result is a critically shrinking process window for the attainment of low resistance VLSI interconnects.
The Burdens and the Excitement of the “New” Curriculum Research: A Response to Hlebowitsh’s “The Burdens of the New Curricularist”

(1999). The Burdens and the Excitement of the “New” Curriculum Research: A Response to Hlebowitsh’s “The Burdens of the New Curricularist”. Curriculum Inquiry: Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 355-364.
Breast cancer risk assessment in women aged 70 and older

Although the benefit of screening mammography for women over 69 has not been established, it is generally agreed that screening recommendations for older women should be individualized based on health status and breast cancer risk. However, statistical models to assess breast cancer risk have not been previously evaluated in this age group. In this study, the original Gail model and three more recent models that include mammographic breast density as a risk factor were applied to a cohort of 19,779 Vermont women aged 70 and older. Women were followed for an average of 7.1 years and 821 developed breast cancer. The predictive accuracy of each risk model was measured by its c-statistic and associations between individual risk factors and breast cancer risk were assessed by Cox regression. C-statistics were 0.54 (95% CI = 0.52-0.56) for the Gail model, 0.54 (95% CI = 0.51-0.56) for the Tice modification of the Gail model, 0.55 (95% CI = 0.53-0.58) for a model developed by Barlow and 0.55 (95% CI = 0.53-0.58) for a Vermont model. These results indicate that the models are not useful for assessing risk in women aged 70 and older. Several risk factors in the models were not significantly associated with outcome in the cohort, while others were significantly related to outcome but had smaller relative risks than estimated by the models. Age-related attenuation of the effects of some risk factors makes the prediction of breast cancer in older women particularly difficult.
Rational solutions of the Toda lattice equation in Casoratian form

Abstract A recursive procedure is presented for constructing rational solutions to the Toda lattice equation through the Casoratian formulation. It allows us to compute a broad class of rational solutions directly, without computing long wave limits in soliton solutions. All rational solutions arising from the Taylor expansions of the generating functions of soliton solutions are special ones of the general class, but only a Taylor expansion containing even or odd powers leads to non-constant rational solutions. A few rational solutions of lower order are worked out.
Thalamocortical projections from the mediodorsal nucleus in the virginia opossum

Abstract The projections from the mediodorsal nucleus to cortex were studied in the opossum by the Fink-Heimer stain for anterograde axonal degeneration. The results show that lesions of the mediodorsal nucleus produce fiber degeneration in the head of the caudate nucleus and in layers IV and I of preorbital cortex; this cortical area lies on the dorsolateral convexity of the hemisphere just rostral to the orbital sulcus. Preorbital cortex shows distinct lamination, with a well developed stratum of large pyramidal cells in layer V. In contrast to somatic sensory cortex, layer VI neurons in preorbital cortex are mostly stellate cells and do not possess prominent apical dendrites that traverse the overlying cortical layers.
Response prediction of the thermal conductivity detector with light carrier gases

Abstract In gas chromatography the response of thermal conductivity detectors is dependent on the physical properties of the solute. This investigation determined that signal strengths represented as relative molar response factors can be calculated from the critical properties of both the chromatographic fraction and a carrier gas of low molecular weight. The approach suggested by L ittlewood has been adopted and appropriately modified with the incorporation of a molecular weight term. The equation is applicable to both polar and non-polar compounds when helium or hydrogen are carrier gases. More significantly, the decrease in response with increased molecular symmetry for isomeric compounds is accurately predicted.
Evolution of a hydrocarbon migration pathway along basin-bounding faults: Evidence from fault cement

Extensive calcite fault cement has resulted from leakage of Santa Barbara basin fluids and hydrocarbons into the Refugio-Carneros fault, a north-bounding structure to the basin. Calcite cements are only found at the end segments of the 24-km (15-mi)-long fault zone, which has less than 150 m (490 ft) of maximum normal offset. The calcite is contemporaneous with fault movement, as evidenced by pervasive crystal twinning and brecciation, as well as textures indicating repeated episodes of rapid fluid flow and calcite cementation. Based on U-Th dates of the calcite, fluid flow along the fault occurred between 110 and greater than 500 ka, indicating that fluid migration was intermittently active during the recent uplift history of the basin flank. Stable carbon isotopic values of the calcite are 13CPDB = 35 to 41, which means that the carbon source is predominantly thermogenic methane. The composition of fluid inclusions in calcite is consistent with mixing of meteoric and saline water in the presence of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons. Fluid-inclusion homogenization temperatures of about 80–95C suggest that hot water leaked from 2- to 3-km (1.2- to 1.9-mi) depths in the basin and moved up faults on the basin flank at rates rapid enough to transport substantial heat to shallow depths. Finite-element models show that, in this case, this process requires faulting of an overpressured basin and that a single flow event would have lasted for at least 103 yr.Subsurface fluid pressures at comparable depths in the offshore section today are close to hydrostatic, and therefore, only slow hydrocarbon seepage occurs. When combined with the U-Th age data, this suggests that over a 105-yr timescale, basin fluid flow has evolved from the rapid expulsion of hot water and gas being carried up along active, bounding faults derived from overpressured strata to present hydrostatic conditions of slow, buoyancy-driven seepage of hydrocarbons.
Spin-Orbit Coupling and Quantum Spin Hall Effect for Neutral Atoms without Spin Flips

We propose a scheme which realizes spin-orbit coupling and the quantum spin Hall effect for neutral atoms in optical lattices without relying on near resonant laser light to couple different spin states. The spin-orbit coupling is created by modifying the motion of atoms in a spin-dependent way by laser recoil. The spin selectivity is provided by Zeeman shifts created with a magnetic field gradient. Alternatively, a quantum spin Hall Hamiltonian can be created by all-optical means using a period-tripling, spin-dependent superlattice.
Differential induction of glutathione transferase isoenzymes of mice stomach by diallyl sulfide, a naturally occurring anticarcinogen.

Abstract Diallyl sulfide (DAS), an organosulfur compound identified as the flavor component in garlic, has been shown to inhibit chemically induced neoplasia of forestomach and lung in mice. Even though the exact mechanism(s) of anti-neoplastic activity of DAS is not known, several independent studies suggest that this effect may, at least in part, be due to the elevation of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity. To gain further insight into the mechanism(s) of anti-carcinogenic activity of DAS, we have determined effect of orally administered DAS (25, 50 and 75 μmol) on levels of α, μ and π class GSTs and glutathione (GSH) peroxidase and GSH reductase activities of female A/J mice stomach. Western blotting revealed presence of α, μ and π class GSTs in mice stomach. A significant increase in all the three classes of GSTs was observed in the stomach of mice treated with DAS. Maximum increase in GST α and π was evident by treating the animals with 75 μmol DAS whereas maximum induction of GST μ occurred after treating mice with 50 μmol DAS. GSH peroxidase activity towards t-butyl-hydroperoxide increased in a dose-dependent fashion in the mice stomach treated with DAS. Even though this activity towards hydrogen peroxide was similar in mice treated with 50 or 75 μmol DAS, these values were significantly higher than that of the control. GSH reductase was also elevated in the stomach of mice treated with 75 μmol DAS. These results suggest that DAS may exert anti-neoplastic effect by modulating GSH dependent detoxification enzymes.
Covolume techniques for anisotropic media

The covolume method, a new approach applicable on general meshes, is extended to discretize and numerically solve the div-curl system in anisotropic media. The covolume method gives simple schemes and good approximations to the solution of the div-curl system. It works directly with the system and utilizes dual pairs of meshes that are orthogonally related. Central to the approach is the introduction of field components tangent and normal to the edges of one of the meshes, and the employment of dual discretization on the dual mesh pairs. The discretization procedures, schemes and error analysis are presented. The convergence of the method is proved.
Mechanical Compression for Dehydration and Optical Clearing of Skin

The highly disordered refractive index distribution in biological tissue causes multiple-scattering of incident light and inhibits optical penetration depth. “Tissue optical clearing” increases penetration depth of near-collimated light in biological tissue, potentially resulting in improved optical analysis and treatment techniques. Numerous methods of tissue optical clearing have been hypothesized using hyperosmostic agents [1]. These methods propose reduction in light scattering by means of dehydration of tissue constituents, replacement of interstitial or intracellular water with higher refractive agents, or structural modification or dissociation of collagen fibers [2,3]. It has been suggested that dehydration of tissue constituents alone can reduce light scattering by expulsing water between collagen fibrils, increasing protein and sugar concentrations, and decreasing refractive index mismatch [4].Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Synthesis and characterization of poly[3,5′-(3-pyridyl methyl)-2,6,-diaminotoluene] and its condensation product, poly[4-(3-pyridyl),8-methyl,2,3-6,7-quinolino]

2,6-Diaminotoluene was reacted with 3-pyridinecarboxaldehyde in acidic medium and the intermediate polymer was further condensed in polyphosphoric acid at high temperature (335°C) to obtain a soluble heterocyclic ladder polymer, poly[4-(3-pyridyl),8-methyl,2,3–6,7-quinolino] (PPMQ). The molecular weight of the intermediate polymer depended on the reaction temperature and the rate of reactant addition. The NMR spectra of the intermediate polymer indicated that a linear polymer with resonable molecular weight was formed. Element analysis and IR spectra confirmed the structure of the final polymer.
Approximating Maximum Stable Set and Minimum Graph Coloring Problems with the Positive Semidefinite Relaxation

We compute approximate solutions to the maximum stable set problem and the minimum graph coloring problem using a positive semidefinite relaxation. The positive semidefinite programs are solved using an implementation of the dual scaling algorithm that takes advantage of the sparsity inherent in most graphs and the structure inherent in the problem formulation. Prom the solution to the relaxation, we apply a randomized algorithm to find approximate maximum stable sets and a modification of a popular heuristic to find graph colorings. We obtained high quality answers for graphs with over 1000 vertices and over 6000 edges.
Flawed perception and its effect upon operational thinking: The case of the Japanese army, 1937–41

(1990). Flawed perception and its effect upon operational thinking: The case of the Japanese army, 1937–41. Intelligence and National Security: Vol. 5, Intelligence and Military Operations, pp. 239-254.
PATHOGENESIS AND MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA

Acute promyelocytic leukemia, formerly a highly lethal disease, was recently shown to be highly responsive to treatment with the natural retinoid, all-trans retinoic acid. This compound induces terminal differentiation of the malignant cells and produces complete remission in most patients with this disease. The clinical response is due in part to the presence of a chromosomal break that occurs in a gene that encodes a nuclear retinoic acid receptor.
Medieval History from the Margins

Around 1000 CE, minorities like Jews, heretics, and Muslims, the physically and mentally ill, and gay men began experiencing increased persecution in medieval Europe. This pedagogy-focused article on a thematic medieval history course surveys major works on persecution, sexual identity, gender identity, religious violence, and deviance. A brief discussion on implementing the course at two colleges will reveal how instructors can adapt a course on persecution and medieval interfaith relations to diverse learners and institutional climates.
MATHEMATICAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE GENEALOGICAL SPECIES CONCEPT

A genealogical species is defined as a basal group of organisms whose members are all more closely related to each other than they are to any organisms outside the group ("exclusivity"), and which contains no exclusive group within it. In practice, a pair of species is so defined when phylogenies of alleles from a sample of loci shows them to be reciprocally monophyletic at all or some specified fraction of the loci. We investigate the length of time it takes to attain this status when an ancestral population divides into two descendant populations of equal size with no gene exchange, and when genetic drift and mutation are the only evolutionary forces operating. The number of loci used has a substantial effect on the probability of observing reciprocal monophyly at different times after population separation, with very long times needed to observe complete reciprocal monophyly for a large number of loci. In contrast, the number of alleles sampled per locus has a relatively small effect on the probability of reciprocal monophyly. Because a single mitochondrial or chloroplast locus becomes reciprocally monophyletic much faster than does a single nuclear locus, it is not advisable to use mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA to recognize genealogical species for long periods after population divergence. Using a weaker criterion of assigning genealogical species status when more than 50% of sampled nuclear loci show reciprocal monophyly, genealogical species status depends much less on the number of sampled loci, and is attained at roughly 4-7 N generations after populations are isolated, where N is the historically effective population size of each descendant. If genealogical species status is defined as more than 95% of sampled nuclear loci showing reciprocal monophyly, this status is attained after roughly 9-12 N generations.
Relationship of the iridocorneal angle, as measured using ultrasound biomicroscopy, with post-operative increases in intraocular pressure post-phacoemulsification in dogs.

Objective To investigate the relationship of the iridocorneal angle as it appears on ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) to increases in IOP post-phacoemulsification in the canine eye. Animals studied 47 eyes of 28 dogs of various age, sex, and breed. Methods The ciliary process and limbus were used as a reference points to measure the angle opening distance (AOD), which was set by multiplying 0.45 by the distance between the ciliary process and limbus (when measured from the ciliary process). Pressure measurements were taken at five set points: Before, immediately post-, one day post-, 1 week post-, and 1 month post-phacoemulsification. Results A weak relationship between the AOD and the IOP one day post-phacoemulsification (Intercept: 2.83, Slope: –1.24, P-value: 0.0155) was observed. No relationship immediately post-operative (Intercept: 3.45, Slope: –1.34, P-value: 0.0651), 1 week post-phacoemulsification (Intercept: 2.31, Slope: –0.01, P-value: 0.9829), 1 month post-phacoemulsification (Intercept: 1.85, Slope: –0.49, P-value: 0.1533) was observed. The pre-operative measurements made with UBM were: Distance from limbus to ciliary process (DLCP): (Minimum: 1.152, Maximum: 2.992, Mean: 1.91, SD: 0.468); AOD (Minimum: 0.104, Maximum: 0.764, Mean: 0.40, SD: 0.172). Conclusions The relationship between AOD as measured by UBM pre-operatively is weakly associated with IOP pressure elevations at day one post-phacoemulsification. Further study is required prospectively to establish the importance of this relationship. Initial measurements of the canine iridocorneal angle were created, suggesting a method to be used in the future to establish true canine normal measurements.
System integration of the VLSI-PLM chip

The design and building of an interface system for the VLSI-PLM (Prolog Machine) chip, a high-performance CMOS processor for executing Prolog, are described. The interface system plugs into a Sun 3/160 host. Two versions of this system have been designed: a wire-wrapped board and a printed circuit board. First, the design and simulations were done using Mentor Graphics computer aided design tools on Apollo workstations. By using these tools, it was possible to draw the gate-level design schematics on the computer and simulate the functionality and timing of the design. After the gate-level design passed all simulation tests, a wire-wrapped board was constructed. Testing the wire-wrapped board verified the computer simulations of the gate-level design. Second, the gate-level design was transformed into a PCB design using the MG Board Station tool. This tool allows one to package the design's TTL parts into PCB parts, place and route the PCB, create manufacturing data, and simulate the design at the board-level. In building complex systems, some critical parts should be bread-boarded to validate simulations before fabricating a PCB. >