cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Argonaute CLIP-Seq reveals miRNA targetome diversity across tissue types

To date, analyses of individual targets have provided evidence of a miRNA targetome that extends beyond the boundaries of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and can involve non-Watson-Crick base pairing in the miRNA seed region. Here we report our findings from analyzing 34 Argonaute HITS-CLIP datasets from several human and mouse cell types. Investigation of the architectural (i.e. bulge vs. contiguous pairs) and sequence (Watson-Crick vs. G:U pairs) preferences for human and mouse miRNAs revealed that many heteroduplexes are “non-canonical” i.e. their seed region comprises G:U and bulge combinations. The genomic distribution of miRNA targets differed distinctly across cell types but remained congruent across biological replicates of the same cell type. For some cell types intergenic and intronic targets were more frequent whereas in other cell types mRNA targets prevailed. The findings suggest an expanded model of miRNA targeting that is more frequent than the standard model currently in use. Lastly, our analyses of data from different cell types and laboratories revealed consistent Ago-loaded miRNA profiles across replicates whereas, unexpectedly, the Ago-loaded targets exhibited a much more dynamic behavior across biological replicates.
Impact of Wind Velocity on the Performance of the RVACS Decay Heat Removal System

The impact of wind velocity on the performance of the reactor vessel auxiliary cooling system (RVACS) of an advanced liquid-metal reactor design is analyzed, and design modifications that mitigate adverse wind effects are investigated. In the reference design, the reactor is served by four communicating RVACS stacks, and each stack has two air inlets. In this two-inlet stack design, winds blowing in a direction 90 deg from the axis formed by the two stack inlets result in pressure distributions around the stacks that drastically change the desired airflow pattern in the RVACS. This leads to significantly elevated RVACS air temperatures and significant azimuthal guard vessel temperature variations. For example, a 27 m/s (60 mph) wind leads to an air temperature at the exit of the RVACS heated section that is {approximately}115 C higher than that under no-wind conditions. The addition of two more inlets per stack, one inlet per stack side, significantly improves RVACS performance. The air temperature at the exit of the heated RVACS section is significantly reduced below that of the two-inlet design, and this temperature decreases as the wind speed increases. An increase in wind speed from 3 to 27 m/s leads to an air temperature changemore » from 186 to 165 C. The azimuthal temperature variation is also improved. At the top of the guard vessel, this variation is reduced from 62.5 to 8.5 C at the low wind speed of 3 m/s and from 85.0 to 30.5 C at the high wind speed of 27 m/s.« less
Interaction between CD4 and class II MHC molecules mediates cell adhesion

The CD4 glycoprotein is expressed on T-helper and cytotoxic lymphocytes which are restricted to class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens on target cells1–5. Antibody inhibition studies imply that CD4 acts to increase the avidity of effector-target cell interactions6–8. These observations have led to the speculation that CD4 binds to a monomorphic class II antigen determinant, thereby augmenting low affinity T-cell receptorantigen interactions9–11. However, no direct evidence has been presented indicating that CD4 and class II molecules interact. To address this issue, we have used a vector derived from simian virus 40 (SV40)12 to express a complementary DNA (cDNA) encoding the human CD4 glycoprotein13. When CV1 cells expressing large amounts of the CD4 protein at the cell surface are incubated with human B cells bearing MHC-encoded class II molecules, they are bound tightly to the infected monolayer, whereas mutant B cells which lack class II molecules fail to bind. Furthermore, the binding reaction is specifically inhibited by anti-class II and anti-CD4 antibodies. Thus, the CD4 protein, even in the absence of T-cell receptor-antigen interactions, can interact directly with class II antigens to function as a cell surface adhesion molecule.
Issues associated with two-shift operation of combined cycle generating plant

AbstractDiverse experiences associated with two-shifting of conventional generating units are largely relevant to the ‘balance of plant’ in combined cycle generating units (CCGTs). Although two-shifting has adversely impacted upon reliability and availability, and incurred substantial additional maintenance costs on many conventional units, this has not been the case for all installations. Reference 1, for example, reports that four large coal-fired units, which have been extensively two-shifted for more than 15 years, have experienced no major and just a few minor problems attributable to many shutdown-startup cycles. These units are capable of more than 200,000 hours running with more than 6,000 starts; only a small additional maintenance cost is attributable to two-shifting.Startups and shutdowns impose more onerous conditions on critical parts of many components of most fossil-fired generating plant than experienced when operating continuously at maximum rating (the steady-state condition at which uni...
A Dissident's Progress: Milovan Djilas Redux

Argues that changing context to post‐communist pluralism and possible civil war brings the textual ambiguities and current relevance of Milovan Djilas′ political thought into a sharper focus. From this angle Djilas is provocatively Janus‐like, sounding simultaneously “liberal” on policy issues, and “revolutionary existentialist” in literary and biographical genres. In deconstructing Djilas, methods of post‐modern discourse analysis and post‐communist political analysis converge. Shifting language from pragmatism to absolutism is expected in Yugoslavia. Djilas′ originality lies in making the rules of applicability for each mode of discourse clearer.
Improved system performance in DWDM networks using a selective filter assignment process

In conventional optical data transmission schemes, electrical filters and/or optical filters are used to improve the quality of system performance. In this paper, improved design of dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) optical systems is achieved by using a selective electrical filter assignment method. The methodology objective is to optimize system design and mitigate the effects of fiber nonlinearities through the use of electrical filters. A feature of this scheme is that it selectively inserts or deletes lowpass filters (LPFs) within the transmission link. Using the selective filter assignment (SFA) process in conjunction with non-return to zero (NRZ) and optical soliton signaling formats, the overall system performance of DWDM networks is shown to be improved.
2,3-BUTANEDIOL: AN UNUSUAL METABOLITE IN THE SERUM OF SEVERELY ALCOHOLIC MEN DURING ACUTE INTOXICATION

Abstract In a controlled experiment 15 (79%) of 19 severely alcoholic men but only 1 of 22 controls had a serum concentration of ≥5 μmol/l 2,3-butanediol after ingestion of distilled spirits. Another diol, 1,2-propanediol, was found in a concentration of ≥5 μmol/l in all patients' specimens after drinking; but it was also present in lower concentrations in the reference specimens of most of the patients. These data are consistent with the experimental evidence that ethanol can be metabolised in rats to produce 2,3-butanediol and with the epidemiological hypothesis that severely alcoholic men metabolise ethanol by a different pathway than do control subjects.
Rat pineal N-acetyltransferase activity: stimulation, exhaustion, and recovery.

Rat pineal N–acetyltransferase activity (NAT) has a circadian rhythm, with a peak in the dark time. The rhythm of NAT was studied in young rats (26–40 days old). In particular, the possibility of maintenance of prolonged low NAT or prolonged high NAT was studied. NAT (given in nanomoles per pineal gland/h) had peak activity (33.0) in the dark time. Forty–eight hours of constant light suppressed the peak and maintained low NAT (0.5 or less). In vivo, in constant light, NAT was stimulated (to 13.1–29.4) by single injections of isoproterenol. Similarly, NAT was stimulated by isoproterenol or (Bu)2cAMP in vitro. In vivo, multiple injections of isoproterenol stimulated NAT for 14 h (to peak 31.9), but NAT was exhausted and fell to less than 5 over the next 8 h. Similarly, isoproterenol and (Bu)2cAMP exhausted NAT in vitro. High NAT was not maintained. NAT recovered [could be restimulated by dark in vivo, isoproterenol in vivo or in vitro, or (Bu)2cAMP in vitro]. Exhaustion was not permanent. Light can keep NAT...
Ascorbic acid supplementation does not lower plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations

Abstract Elevated plasma concentrations of lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) are associated with premature coronary heart disease (CHD). Lp(a) is a lipoprotein particle consisting of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) with apolipoprotein (apo) (a) attached to the apo B-100 component of LDL. It has been hypothesized that ascorbic acid supplementation may reduce plasma levels of Lp(a). The purpose of this study was to determine whether ascorbic acid supplementation at a dose of 1 g/day would lower plasma concentrations of Lp(a) when studied in a randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded fashion. One hundred and one healthy men and women ranging in age from 20 to 69 years were studied for 8 months. Lp(a) values at baseline for the placebo group ( n =52) and the ascorbic acid supplemented group ( n =49) were 0.026 and 0.033 g/l, respectively. The 8-month concentrations were 0.027 g/l (placebo) and 0.038 g/l (supplemented group). None of these values were significantly different from each other. In addition, no difference in plasma Lp(a) concentration was seen between the placebo and supplemented groups when only subjects with an initial Lp(a) value of ≥0.050 g/l were analyzed. Our data indicate that plasma Lp(a) concentrations are not significantly affected by ascorbic acid supplementation in healthy human subjects.
Social Status, Public Speaking and Private Teaching: the Circumstances of Paul's Preaching Activity

There is a rather widespread popular view that early Christian missionaries won their converts by standing on the proverbial soap box and preaching the gospel, often persuasively, to crowds of pagans in public places. There is also a more sophisticated view among scholars that some early Christian preachers followed the practise of Cynic philosophers who addressed audiences on street corners and in public markets.' This picture of the bearded philosopher who would bend the ears of any whom he could attract is a commonplace in Greco-Roman writers.2 Authors often remark-
The synthesis of 17α-amino-5-androsten-3β-OL; N.M.R. spectra of 17-substituted androstanes

Abstract The synthesis of 17α-amino-5-androsten-3β-ol is described. Assignment of configuration at C-17, in 17-substituted 16-unsubstituted steroids, by n.m.r. spectroscopy has been put on a firm basis.
Reactive Vaporization of Soda‐Lime‐Silica Glass Melts

Water-vapor-assisted transport of glass constituents from a soda-lime-silica melt was studied, using atomic spectroscopy for analysis of vapor condensates and microprobe analysis to determine diffusion profiles. The data presented indicate that the vaporization process is controlled by a surface membrane which has a composition different from the bulk composition. The influence of this effect on glass homogeneity is discussed.
Cross section and analyzing power for quasifree (p, n) reactions

Abstract Cross sections and analyzing powers have been measured for 12C(p, n) at 494 MeV and 795 MeV and for Pb(p, n) at 795 MeV. The data span an energy loss range of at least 200 MeV, vhich is sufficient to clearly reveal the large peak associated with quasifree neutron knockout. The kinematics, cross section and analyzing power for this peak are compared to the corresponding observables for free nucleon-nucleon scattering and to the observables calculated with a relativistic Fermi-gas model.
The Role of Death Qualification in Capital Trials Involving Juvenile Defendants

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of death qualification in capital trials involving juvenile defendants. Two hundred residents of the 12 th Judicial Circuit in Florida completed a booklet of stimulus materials that contained the following: One question that measured participants’ level of support for the death penalty; One Witt death-qualification question; a summary of the guilt and penalty phases of a capital case involving either an adult or a juvenile defendant; sentence preference; the Revised Legal Attitudes Questionnaire (RLAQ); and standard demographic questions. Results indicated that death-qualified participants were more likely to sentence both defendants to death. In addition, death-qualified participants were more likely to recommend the death sentence for the juvenile defendant. Legal implications are discussed.
The Compliant Foreign Policy of the Dependent State Revisited Empirical Linkages and Lessons from the Case of Somalia

Studies of the linkage between economic dependence and foreign policy compliance have been confounded by the difficulties of measuring dependence. Single indicators of dependence may be inadequate reflections of what appears to be a multidimensional phenomenon, but the relative potency of these factors has not yet been weighed. The ability to determine the relative salience of dependence factors has been limited by the “dominant state-centric” model employed in prior research, which examines a single dominant state and the foreign policies of its many dependencies. This model fails to capture what, in reality, is the norm: that most peripheral states find themselves involved in dependent relations with two or more regional and global powers. A “dependent state-centric” model—one that examines a single dependent state's foreign policies vis-a-vis its several dominant states—thus is theoretically warranted, and its application provides an opportunity to compare the relative salience of different types of de...
Hydroxyurea generates nitric oxide in human erythroid cells: Mechanisms for c-globin gene activation

Hydroxyurea (HU) induces fetal hemoglobin synthesis through activation of cyclic guanine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling. Studies in sickle cell patients demonstrated increased circulating nitric ox...
Observatory Middleware Framework

We are designing and prototyping a generalized observatory middleware framework (OMF) to integrate existing and proposed technologies and reduce duplication of functionality across observatories. Our implementation consists of an enterprise service bus (ESB) architecture capable of integrating a wide variety of message-based technologies, a security proxy (SP) that uses X.509 credentials to sign and verify messages to and from the ESB, and an instrument proxy (IP) based on widely-accepted encoding and interface standards that provides common access to both MBARI-specific and native instruments. Our poster details the framework's architecture and the use case scenarios for which we are designing the prototype system. It will include a discussion of our assumptions, the choices we have made architecturally, and the implementation approach for the prototype we are producing.
High-rate deformation of single crystal tantalum: temperature dependence and latent hardening

Latent hardening is defined as the hardening on a secondary slip system caused by slip on a primary slip system. Latent hardening is usually quantified by a latent hardening ratio (LHR) = {tau}{sub s}/{tau}{sub p}, where {tau}{sub p} is the shear stress on the primary system just before unloading, and {tau}{sub s} is the yield shear stress on the secondary system. The aim of the present research was to experimentally determine the LHR on the {l_brace}211{r_brace} {l_angle}111{r_angle} slip systems of single-crystal tantalum during dynamic deformation. The temperature dependence of the {l_brace}110{r_brace} and {l_brace}211{r_brace} slip planes at these high strain rates was also determined.
Expenditures for Health Care of Children and Youth in the United States

This paper describes the expenditures for health care in the United States in fiscal year 1975. Proportionately, health expenditures for children and youth are lower than for other age groups. The average per capita expenditure for children and youth was $212.00. For children and youth public health care expenditures represented 24 per cent of the total; from public funds, Medicaid and the Department of Defense were the largest two programs; from the public sector, the federal government provided two thirds of the total health expendi tures. For children and youth, two thirds of all health expenditures were for hospital care and physicians' services.
Diagnostic and clinical characteristics of early‐manifesting females with Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy

Manifestations of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy (DBMD) are present in up to 40% of heterozygous females, but there are few reports of females who exhibit skeletal muscle symptoms in childhood. From the Muscular Dystrophy Surveillance Tracking and Research Network, a multi-site population-based surveillance network for dystrophinopathy, nine symptomatic female heterozygotes with onset of symptoms prior to age 9 years were identified. The median age at diagnosis was 8.3 years, and the median interval from first symptoms to diagnosis was 1.35 years. Of the nine female heterozygotes, four had a positive family history, seven had intellectual disability and five had at least one mental health disorder. Mental health concerns included attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum features, bipolar disorder, and depression. The frequency of intellectual and mental health problems in this group is higher than previously reported for affected males and for symptomatic females. These findings may have implications for diagnosis of early manifesting heterozygotes and for their health supervision.
β-Arrestins Scaffold Cofilin with Chronophin to Direct Localized Actin Filament Severing and Membrane Protrusions Downstream of Protease-activated Receptor-2

Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) mediates pro-inflammatory signals in a number of organs, including enhancing leukocyte recruitment to sites of injury and infection. At the cellular level, PAR-2 promotes activation of the actin filament-severing protein cofilin, which is crucial for the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and chemotaxis. These responses require the scaffolding functions of β-arrestins; however, the mechanism by which β-arrestins spatially regulate cofilin activity and the role of this pathway in primary cells has not been investigated. Here, using size-exclusion chromatography and co-immunoprecipitation, we demonstrate that PAR-2 promotes the formation of a complex containing β-arrestins, cofilin, and chronophin (CIN) in primary leukocytes and cultured cells. Both association of cofilin with CIN and cell migration are inhibited in leukocytes from β-arrestin-2−/− mice. We show that, in response to PAR-2 activation, β-arrestins scaffold cofilin with its upstream activator CIN, to facilitate the localized generation of free actin barbed ends, leading to membrane protrusion. These studies suggest that a major role of β-arrestins in chemotaxis is to spatially regulate cofilin activity to facilitate the formation of a leading edge, and that this pathway may be important for PAR-2-stimulated immune cell migration.
Clashing Visions of a Living Constitution

Delivered in the fall of 2010. This article is the edited printed version of the Annual Simon Lecture of the Cato Institute. To be published in the Cato Annual Supreme Court Review of 2011, the article first sets out and briefly reviews several clashing "schools" of constitutional interpretation in the Supreme Court.So, he notices, differing widely on what it means to speak of a "living" Constitution, various judges and their academic acolytes have pressed quite different theories over a considerable period of time. Ranging from particular enthusiasts of "non-originalism," to Ronald Dworkin' s metaphoric likening of the Supreme Court to "Hercules," to Bruce Ackerman's special notion of "non-textual amendments" (i.e., constitutional changes resulting during special "constitutional moments"), and nearly a dozen theories in all, each "theory" advances its own idea of a "living" constitution. Each also expressly rejects the idea that the amendment processes enumerated in Article V provide the sole means for "updating" the Constitution (and, indeed, each offers itself as authentically complementary to those Article V provisions such as they are).This article in turn critiques these and several other "theories." It urges judicial fidelity to the Constitution "as is," in keeping with the judges' sole express oath of office as laid in Article VI, reserving constitutional "changes" to the means provided in Article V.It is the author's contention, moreover, that it is partly due to the "negative synergy" of judicial usurpation of the amendment processes that genuine amendments are far harder to secure today than when James Madison introduced his original list of twelve proposed amendments in 1789, of which ten promptly received sufficient state resolutions of ratifications to become the Bill of Rights of 1791.Amendments, he asserts, are important; like cambian rings, they are real and physical, recording real change. Judicial "amendments," in contrast, he suggests, are frankly more nearly merely in the likeness of "the emperor's new clothes," i.e., fictive "garments" passed off by clever tailors bent on bamboozling the credulous lining the sidewalks or just standing in the streets. The reader is invited to determine which he or she frankly prefers. The author leaves no doubt of his own preference, such as it is.
Constructivism, Factoring, and Beliefs

The errors made by remedial intermediate algebra students in factoring polynomials were analyzed in the light of student definitions of factoring. Certain belief sets about factoring are found to logically entail many of the errors made. The vocabulary of epistemic semantics is used to describe how beliefs are changed. It is suggested that belief-based teaching can be successful in teaching factoring.
Parametric control of multiple unmanned air vehicles over an unknown hostile territory

A methodology for real-time control of unmanned air vehicles (UAV) in the absence of a-priori knowledge of hostile territory is presented. The control methodology generates a sequence of waypoints to be pursued by the UV until the goal is reached. The controller computes the waypoints every time new information is obtained regarding the presence or absence of a hostile agent at a particular grid of the territory. The waypoints are the result of an A* search. The cost function of the search is a weighted combination of dangers arising due to probability of being hit by the attacks of hostile terrestrial agents on the ground and the danger of UAV grounded as a result of its prolonged stay over the hostile territory. The multi-agency in the system is due to the broadcast of newly observed information by an UAV to its remaining counterparts. The sequence of waypoints defines the path of the UAV to its goal. By varying the corresponding weights the paths can be altered to obtain a particular performance criterion. Simulation results are presented for various parametric combinations to validate the methodology.
Shock Waves Impacting Composite Material Plates: The Mutual Interaction

High-performance, fiber-reinforced polymer composites have been extensively used in structural applications in the last 30 years because of their light weight combined with high specific stiffness and strength at a rather low cost. The automotive industry has adopted these materials in new designs of lightweight vehicles. The mechanical response and characterization of such materials under transient dynamic loading caused with shock impact induced by blast is not well understood. Air blast is associated with a fast traveling shock front with high pressure across followed by a decrease in pressure behind due to expansion waves. The time scales associated with the shock front are typically 103 faster than those involved in the expansion waves. Impingement of blast waves on structures can cause a reflection of the wave off the surface of the structure followed by a substantial transient aerodynamic load, which can cause significant deformation and damage of the structure. These can alter the overpressure, which is built behind the reflected shock. In addition, a complex aeroelastic interaction between the blast wave and the structure develops that can induce reverberation within an enclosure, which can cause substantial overpressure through multiple reflections of the wave. Numerical simulations of such interactions are quite challenging. They usually require coupled solvers for the flow and the structure. The present contribution provides a physics-based analysis of the phenomena involved, a critical review of existing computational techniques together with some recent results involving face-on impact of shock waves on thin composite plates.
Food and Drug Administration Risk Assessment—Process and Toxicologic Pathology

A general outline of the risk assessment process at the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) of the Food and Drug Administration based on the toxicologic evaluation of data is described. Examples of recent pathology evaluations are presented to illustrate primarily the pathology review process at the CFSAN. These examples include the review of data from rodent studies from proposed indirect food additives and data from dog studies submitted in support of an investigational new drug, a short-acting opioid, proposed as an anesthetic in humans.
Quantifying decadal-scale erosion rates and their short-term variability on ecological sites in a semi-arid environment

Abstract Soil erosion rates on six semi-arid loamy upland rangeland sites located in southeastern Arizona were measured using a rainfall simulator and 137Cs fallout methods. Site characteristics that have the greatest effects on soil erosion and runoff were identified. Long term (50 years) soil erosion rates as estimated using 137Cs method varied between 5.1 and 11.0 Mg ha− 1 y− 1 and showed significant differences between Historic Climax Plant Community and Mesquite/Native states within the State and Transition Model. Erosion rates under simulated rainfall were measured between 0.9 and 17.2 g m− 2 min− 1 at 175 mm h− 1 precipitation across all sites and varied as much as 8-fold at the same location, depending on the time of the simulation. Temporal variability of erosion rates within a site was in some cases much greater than inter-site differences. This variability was attributed to natural or management driven changes in plant community and soil characteristics. Bare soil area, an aggregate indicator for all types of cover combined, was the main controlling factor of erosion process across ecological sites. For meaningful interpretation rainfall simulation, results must be placed in the context of the range of possible vegetation and surface conditions within a given ecological site.
Functional Neuroimaging and the Prefrontal Cortex: Organization by Stimulus Domain?

Working memory is the set of cognitive operations that maintains and processes information “on-line”. It has been characterized both as a mental workspace (Baddeley, 1986) and as a set of operations that allow the efficient allocation of cognitive resources (Carpenter et al., 1990, 1999). Working memory typically is thought to be of limited capacity, between 4–7 items (Miller, 1956; Cowan, 2000), of limited duration, on the order of seconds (Peterson and Peterson, 1959) and as involving a number of separable sub-mechanisms, among these, rehearsal processes, domain-specific storage buffers, and a set of executive processes that are thought to operate on currently active information (Baddeley, 1986; Smith et al., 1996). This chapter focuses on the cognitive operations mediated by the frontal lobes in the service of working memory tasks.
Analysis of a 10-Year Record of Nearshore Directional Wave Spectra and Implications to Littoral Processes Research and Engineering Practice

ABSTRACT Montoya, L.H. and Dally, W.R., 2016. Analysis of a 10-year record of nearshore directional wave spectra and implications to littoral processes research and engineering practice. Slightly more than 10 years (August 28, 2001, to October 28, 2011) of high-resolution directional wave spectra were measured by an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler installed in the nearshore at Spessard Holland North Beach Park in Melbourne Beach, Florida. Analysis of the record yields an average wave power of 17.6 MW/m of shoreline but with a standard deviation of 22.5 MW/m. Cumulative annual wave power ranged from 43,455 to 93,722 MWh/m, and the annual storm count was between 3 and 14. The mean spectrum for the entire record shows an almost symmetric directional distribution of wave energy centered on the shore-normal direction, which is somewhat unexpected considering that the net longshore transport in the region is definitively N-S. Partitioning the data into shore-normal, NE, and SE windows shows that most wave ene...
Length, breadth, and elongation of avian eggs from the tables of Schönwetter

UsingSchonwetter's data base regression equations are derived expressing egg length and egg breadth as a function of egg mass for Passerines (n=3929) and non-Passerines (n=3217). For both groups these show a variation around the mean which is twice as large for length as for breadth. The average elongation (length/breadth) ist presented for 27 orders ranging from 1.61 in Apterygiformes and Gaviiformes to 1.21 in Strigiformes as well as examples of a few families where elongation increases or decreases as egg mass becomes larger. Egg mass can be estimated from the relationship where egg mass=k(LB2). Mean values, SD, and range of k for both groups are given, but for any particular species are best derived from the dimensions of L, B, and egg mass inSchonwetter's tables.
Cytochrome c activates K+ channels before inducing apoptosis.

Cell shrinkage is an early prerequisite for apoptosis. The apoptotic volume decrease is due primarily to loss of cytoplasmic ions. Increased outward K+ currents have indeed been implicated in the e...
Psyllium Fiber Reduces Abdominal Pain in Children With Irritable Bowel Syndrome in a Randomized, Double-Blind Trial.

Background & Aims We sought to determine the efficacy of psyllium fiber treatment on abdominal pain and stool patterns in children with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). We evaluated effects on breath hydrogen and methane production, gut permeability, and microbiome composition. We also investigated whether psychological characteristics of children or parents affected the response to treatment. Methods We performed a randomized, double-blind trial of 103 children (mean age, 13 ± 3 y) with IBS seen at primary or tertiary care settings. After 2 weeks on their habitual diet, children began an 8-day diet excluding carbohydrates thought to cause symptoms of IBS. Children with ≥75% improvement in abdominal pain were excluded (n = 17). Children were assigned randomly to groups given psyllium (n = 37) or placebo (maltodextrin, n = 47) for 6 weeks. Two-week pain and stool diaries were compared at baseline and during the final 2 weeks of treatment. We assessed breath hydrogen and methane production, intestinal permeability, and the composition of the microbiome before and after administration of psyllium or placebo. Psychological characteristics of children were measured at baseline. Results Children in the psyllium group had a greater reduction in the mean number of pain episodes than children in the placebo group (mean reduction of 8.2 ± 1.2 after receiving psyllium vs mean reduction of 4.1 ± 1.3 after receiving placebo; P = .03); the level of pain intensity did not differ between the groups. Psychological characteristics were not associated with response. At the end of the study period, the percentage of stools that were normal (Bristol scale scores, 3–5), breath hydrogen or methane production, intestinal permeability, and microbiome composition were similar between groups. Conclusions Psyllium fiber reduced the number of abdominal pain episodes in children with IBS, independent of psychological factors. Psyllium did not alter breath hydrogen or methane production, gut permeability, or microbiome composition. ClinicalTrials.gov no: NCT00526903.
Race and Place: How Suburban Schools Respond to Increasing Racial Diversity

The era of mass suburbanization in the mid-20th century led to “a metropolitan America composed of an urban core and essentially homogenous suburbs” (Hanlon, Vicino, & Short, 2006, p. 2129). Suburb...
RESEARCH OF OPTIMAL MODELS FOR GAS PRODUCTION DISTRIBUTION OF NATURAL GAS DEVELOPMENT FIVE YEAR PROGRAMMING

The problem of natural gas development five year programming is one of important problems for natural gas development programming. Based on the optimal models for gas production distribution of nature gas development programming which used functional simulation theory and import more economic indexes of development and capital's time val ue to establish optimal models for gas production distribution of natural gas development five year programming, give the reasonable solutions way, apply it to some gas field to carry an analysis of instantiation and a result contrast, the satisfactory effect ran be obtained.
Alterations in liver nuclear ribonucleic acid of rats treated with phenobarbital.

Repeated administration of phenobarbital (80 mg/kg twice daily) to immature rats over a 3-day period is attended by increases in the ratio of RNA to DNA of hepatocyte nuclei and whole liver. This effect of phenobarbital does not appear to be mediated by cellular proliferation or an increase in ploidy of hepatocytes, since the DNA content per liver remained almost constant, or by reduced levels of intranuclear ribonuclease activity, since the latter was elevated in phenobarbital-treated rats. The increase in the ratio of nuclear RNA to DNA attains a maximum at 2 days, a time when the incorporation of L-[ methyl - 14 C]-methionine into methylated nuclear RNAs (rRNA and tRNA) and the relative amounts of preribosomal RNAs also become maximal. The base composition of newly synthesized nuclear RNA shifts to a more guanylic acid-cytidylic acid-rich, ribosomal type of RNA composition after a single day of treatment and remains fairly constant thereafter, whereas the incorporation of 32 P i into nuclear RNA is progressively increased over the 3-day period of treatment. The increases in RNA content of nuclei, ratio of nuclear protein to DNA, liver weight, and ratio of liver RNA to DNA become maximal at 3 days after the repeated administration of phenobarbital. These results suggest that one of the effects of phenobarbital may be exerted upon the synthesis of nuclear preribosomal and polydisperse RNAs, which presumably perform an important function in increasing the level of protein components of the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum after phenobarbital administration.
Opposing Effects of Multivalent Ions on the Flexibility of DNA and RNA

Increasing the concentration of counterions (salt) is known to reduce the bending persistence length of DNA. Here we use atomistic molecular dynamics simulations to predict that multivalent counterions have the opposite effect on double-stranded RNA, increasing its bending rigidity by at least 30%. This counterintuitive effect is observed for various tri- and tetravalent ions alike, and is robust to methodological details and the RNA sequence. In contrast to DNA, multivalent counterions bind inside the RNA major groove, causing significant contraction of the molecule along its helical axis-as a result, its further deformation due to bending becomes energetically more expensive compared to bending without bound multivalent ions. Thus, the relationship between mechanical properties of a charged polymer and its ionic atmosphere may be richer than previously thought.
Retribution or restoration: symbolic justice concerns shape how victim group members react to intergroup transgressions

Intergroup transgressions occur when members of one social group harm or wrong members of another social group in a way that implicates their group memberships. This review focuses on two symbolic consequences of intergroup transgressions; the degree to which intergroup transgressions (1) undermine the victim group's power and status or (2) violate shared moral values. If victim group members identify closely with their group, they tend to focus on the damage done to their group's power and status and report greater anger and interest in retaliation. But if victims and offenders share a superordinate category, victim group members tend to focus on the violation of shared values and they are more likely to express empathy and forgiveness for the offender.
Transcriptomes of the Extremely Thermoacidophilic Archaeon Metallosphaera sedula Exposed to Metal "Shock" Reveal Generic and Specific Metal Responses.

ABSTRACT The extremely thermoacidophilic archaeon Metallosphaera sedula mobilizes metals by novel membrane-associated oxidase clusters and, consequently, requires metal resistance strategies. This issue was examined by “shocking” M. sedula with representative metals (Co2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, UO22+, Zn2+) at inhibitory and subinhibitory levels. Collectively, one-quarter of the genome (554 open reading frames [ORFs]) responded to inhibitory levels, and two-thirds (354) of the ORFs were responsive to a single metal. Cu2+ (259 ORFs, 106 Cu2+-specific ORFs) and Zn2+ (262 ORFs, 131 Zn2+-specific ORFs) triggered the largest responses, followed by UO22+ (187 ORFs, 91 UO22+-specific ORFs), Ni2+ (93 ORFs, 25 Ni2+-specific ORFs), and Co2+ (61 ORFs, 1 Co2+-specific ORF). While one-third of the metal-responsive ORFs are annotated as encoding hypothetical proteins, metal challenge also impacted ORFs responsible for identifiable processes related to the cell cycle, DNA repair, and oxidative stress. Surprisingly, there were only 30 ORFs that responded to at least four metals, and 10 of these responded to all five metals. This core transcriptome indicated induction of Fe-S cluster assembly (Msed_1656-Msed_1657), tungsten/molybdenum transport (Msed_1780-Msed_1781), and decreased central metabolism. Not surprisingly, a metal-translocating P-type ATPase (Msed_0490) associated with a copper resistance system (Cop) was upregulated in response to Cu2+ (6-fold) but also in response to UO22+ (4-fold) and Zn2+ (9-fold). Cu2+ challenge uniquely induced assimilatory sulfur metabolism for cysteine biosynthesis, suggesting a role for this amino acid in Cu2+ resistance or issues in sulfur metabolism. The results indicate that M. sedula employs a range of physiological and biochemical responses to metal challenge, many of which are specific to a single metal and involve proteins with yet unassigned or definitive functions. IMPORTANCE The mechanisms by which extremely thermoacidophilic archaea resist and are negatively impacted by metals encountered in their natural environments are important to understand so that technologies such as bioleaching, which leverage microbially based conversion of insoluble metal sulfides to soluble species, can be improved. Transcriptomic analysis of the cellular response to metal challenge provided both global and specific insights into how these novel microorganisms negotiate metal toxicity in natural and technological settings. As genetics tools are further developed and implemented for extreme thermoacidophiles, information about metal toxicity and resistance can be leveraged to create metabolically engineered strains with improved bioleaching characteristics.
Impact of Sample Size on ICA-Based Harmonic Source Estimation

In this paper, we investigate the effect of sample size to the estimation of harmonic sources in electric power systems. A blind source separation technique called independent component analysis (ICA) is used to estimate the load profiles of harmonic sources. The ICA algorithm is based on the statistical independence of loads. Results are obtained for several sample sizes. Simulation results show that ICA is able to estimate the sources without the knowledge of network topology or parameters even for the small sample sizes
Simplified theoretical formula in non-diagonal form expressed by product between Bessel and Hankel functions

A novel simplified theoretical formula expressed by the product between Bessel and Hankel functions is derived. This expression appeared when the non-diagonal form was used in a 2D fast algorithm. Excellent agreement with the numerical experiment is confirmed.
Abstract A07: The identification of combinations for the CDK4 and CDK6 inhibitor, abemaciclib

We developed a combination screening protocol to look for synergistic interactions with abemaciclib, an inhibitor of cyclin dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4 and CDK6). Abemaciclib (LY2835219), has shown cytostatic effects in some cell lines while inducing senescence and apoptosis in particularly sensitive cell lines. Abemaciclib, combined with various compounds, was screened across panels of genomically characterized tumor cells. These screens identified several synergistic interactions that improved the activity of abemaciclib in cancer cells lines that respond to abemaciclib monotherapy (e.g. mantle cell lymphoma, ER+ breast cancer) but additionally revealed certain combinations with synergy in Rb wild-type cancers that do not respond optimally to single agent abemaciclib treatment. Most interestingly, MEK inhibitors and LY3009120, a novel Raf dimer inhibitor that inhibits all three Raf isoforms (Cancer Cell 28:384-98) were found to potentiate the cytostatic effects of abemaciclib in these cell lines leading to apoptosis in vitro and tumor regression in vivo. Further analysis of the effects of combined inhibition of CDK4 and CDK6 and Raf isoforms on downstream signaling pathways provides mechanistic clues that may help explain the observed synergy. Citation Format: Gong Xueqian, Li-Chun Chio, Yue Webster, Maria Jose Lallena, Karsten Boehnke, Raquel Torres, Phil Iversen, Alfonso De Dios, Ian Smith, Christoph Reinhard, Sheng-Bin Peng, Jack Dempsey, Teresa Burke, Shih-Hsun Chen, Trent Stewart, Richard Beckmann, Wenjuan Wu, Sean G. Buchanan. The identification of combinations for the CDK4 and CDK6 inhibitor, abemaciclib. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Cancer Cell Cycle - Tumor Progression and Therapeutic Response; Feb 28-Mar 2, 2016; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2016;14(11_Suppl):Abstract nr A07.
Solid support resins and affinity purification mass spectrometry

Co-affinity purification-mass spectrometry (CoAP-MS) is a primary technology for elucidating the protein–protein interactions that form the basis of all biological processes. A critical component of CoAP-MS is the affinity purification (AP) of the bait protein, usually by immobilization of an antibody to a solid-phase resin. This Minireview discusses common resins, reagents, tagging methods, and their consideration for successful AP of tagged proteins. We discuss our experiences with different solid supports, their impact in AP experiments, and propose areas where chemistry can advance this important technology.
From Planar Cell Polarity to Ciliogenesis and Back: The Curious Tale of the PPE and CPLANE proteins

Why some genes are more popular than others remains an open question, but one example of this phenomenon involves the genes controlling planar cell polarity (PCP), the polarization of cells within a plane of a tissue. Indeed, the so-called 'core' PCP genes such as dishevelled, frizzled, and prickle have been extensively studied both in animal models and by human genetics. By contrast, other genes that influence PCP signaling have received far less attention. Among the latter are inturned, fuzzy, and fritz, but recent work should bring these once obscure regulators into the limelight. We provide here a brief history of planar polarity effector (PPE) and CPLANE (ciliogenesis and planar polarity effector) proteins, discuss recent advances in understanding their molecular mechanisms of action, and describe their roles in human disease.
The UCLA Health Resident Informaticist Program – A Novel Clinical Informatics Training Program

Few opportunities exist for physician trainees to gain exposure to, and training in, the field of clinical informatics, an Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-accredited, recently board-certified specialty. Currently, 21 approved programs exist nationwide for the formal training of fellows interested in pursuing careers in this discipline. Residents and fellows training in medical and surgical fields, however, have few avenues available to gain experience in clinical informatics. An early introduction to clinical informatics brings an opportunity to generate interest for future career trajectories. At University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Health, we have developed a novel, successful, and sustainable program, the Resident Informaticist Program, with the goals of exposing physician trainees to the field of clinical informatics and its academic nature and providing opportunities to expand the clinical informatics workforce. Herein, we provide an overview of the development, implementation, and current state of the UCLA Health Resident Informaticist Program, with a blueprint for development of similar programs.
Proximal Tubal Patency Demonstrated Through Air Infusion During Flexible Office Hysteroscopy Is Predictive of Whole Tubal Patency

Abstract Study Objective To determine whether air bubbles infused into saline during flexible office hysteroscopy can accurately predict tubal patency. Design Diagnostic accuracy study (Canadian Task Force classification II-1). Setting An academic hospital. Patients Women undergoing office hysteroscopy and ultrasound. Interventions Air infusion into saline during office hysteroscopy. Measurements and Main Results The primary outcome measures were whether air bubbles traverse the ostia at hysteroscopy, whether there is patency at abdominal surgery, and the rate of cul-de-sac (CDS) fluid accumulation from office hysteroscopy. Four hundred thirty-five patients underwent office hysteroscopy with air infusion, 89 of whom also had abdominal surgery. Depending on interpretation, sensitivity to tubal occlusion was 98.3% to 100%, and specificity was 83.7% with standard chromopertubation pressures; 95.3% to 100% of the time proximal patency was observed, whole tubal patency was observed through chromopertubation for patients with surgical data. Changes in CDS fluid volume from before to after office hysteroscopy were also used as an indirect proxy for tubal patency. Patients with risk factors for occlusion such as known or suspected tubal disease, known or suspected adhesions, and sonographic identification of adhesions through the sliding sign were all less likely to demonstrate a change in CDS fluid volume after hysteroscopy than women without these risk factors (p Conclusion Air-infused saline at office hysteroscopy can accurately assess tubal patency. Additionally, bilateral patency identified through office hysteroscopy may predict bilateral patency at surgery better than several commonly used historic and sonographic variables.