cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Sterilization Methods on the Structural and Chemical Properties of Fibrin Microthread Scaffolds

A challenge for the design of scaffolds in tissue engineering is to determine a terminal sterilization method that will retain the structural and biochemical properties of the materials. Since commonly used heat and ionizing energy-based sterilization methods have been shown to alter the material properties of protein-based scaffolds, the effects of ethanol and ethylene oxide (EtO) sterilization on the cellular compatibility and the structural, chemical, and mechanical properties of uncrosslinked, UV crosslinked, or 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) crosslinked fibrin microthreads in neutral (EDCn) or acidic (EDCa) buffers are evaluated. EtO sterilization significantly reduces the tensile strength of uncrosslinked microthreads. Surface chemistry analyses show that EtO sterilization induces alkylation of EDCa microthreads leading to a significant reduction in myoblast attachment. The material properties of EDCn microthreads do not appear to be affected by the sterilization method. These results significantly enhance the understanding of how sterilization or crosslinking techniques affect the material properties of protein scaffolds.
Multi-image motion deblurring aided by inertial sensors

This paper addresses the problem of removing spatially varying blur caused by camera motion with the help of inertial measurements recorded during exposure time. By utilizing a projective motion blur model, the camera motion is viewed as a sequence of projective transformations on the image plane, each of which can be estimated from the corresponding inertial data sample. Unfortunately, measurement noise leads to temporally increasing drift in the estimated motion trajectory and can significantly degrade the quality of recovered images. To address this issue, this paper employs capturing a small sequence of images with different exposure settings along with the recorded inertial data. A special arrangement of exposure settings is designed to anchor the correct position of the camera trajectory, followed by a drift correction step, which makes use of the sharp image structures preserved in one of the captured images. The effectiveness of our approach is demonstrated by conducting comparison experiments on both synthetic images and real images.
Internal perceptual system noise and redundancy in simultaneous inputs in form identification

Identification accuracy of forms was studied as a function of the number of simultaneous occurrences of the form on different foveal locations. A model for computing perceptual independence was presented and the data suggest that at a given moment in time internal noise for different elements in the visual perceptual system, represented by different foveal locations, is uncorrelated.
Investigating the Binding Affinity of Nod2 and Soluble Bacterial Cell Wall Dimers

The innate immune system is the body's first line of defense against pathogens. The innate immune system is triggered by pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are recognized by patter...
In-Space Manufacturing Baseline Property Development

The In-Space Manufacturing (ISM) project at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center currently operates a 3D FDM (fused deposition modeling) printer onboard the International Space Station. In order to enable utilization of this capability by designer, the project needs to establish characteristic material properties for materials produced using the process. This is difficult for additive manufacturing since standards and specifications do not yet exist for these technologies. Due to availability of crew time, there are limitations to the sample size which in turn limits the application of the traditional design allowables approaches to develop a materials property database for designers. In this study, various approaches to development of material databases were evaluated for use by designers of space systems who wish to leverage in-space manufacturing capabilities. This study focuses on alternative statistical techniques for baseline property development to support in-space manufacturing.
An Internet-Based Scientific Programming Environment

A change currently unfolding is the move from desktop computing as we know it, where applications run on a person’s computer, to network computing. The idea is to distribute an application across a network of computers, primarily the Internet. Whereas people in 2005 might have used Microsoft Word for their word-processing needs, people today might use Google Docs.
Strabismus in Children with Cataracts

The presence of a pediatric cataract in a visually immature child may interfere with the development of binocularity and the maintenance of orthophoria [1–12]. A number of factors related to pediatric lens anomaly have been suggested to interrupt motor and sensory ocular alignment. These include suppression by the cataract, associated ocular anomalies, aggressive occlusive regimens and the presence of anisometropia and aniseikonia. Approximately 50 % of children with cataract will develop strabismus ([9], Hiles et al. 1977). It can occur with varying severity of bilateral and unilateral lens opacities but appears more common in the latter. Younger age at the onset of cataract and denser opacity correlates to a higher risk of strabismus. Thus presence of strabismus is seen as indicator that pediatric cataract had an early onset, is long standing, and/or is associated with amblyopia. To the contrary, patients with older age, partial cataract and better preoperative visual acuity are more likely to be orthophoric. Timely management of visually significant lens opacities is important for ocular alignment outcomes. Despite appropriate management of cataract, strabismus may develop after cataract surgery, irrespective of refractive and amblyopia rehabilitation.
Microaggressions and Social Work Practice, Education, and Research

While blatant forms of racism and discrimination have largely been “condemned” in our society, systematic oppression and racism can be manifested in less obvious forms as microaggressions. The term...
Role of carbon defects in the reversible alloying states of red phosphorus composite anodes for efficient sodium ion batteries

Here we report the first mechanistic study investigating the effect of carbon defects on the evolution of different sodium–red phosphorus (red P) alloy states for stable high capacity sodium ion battery anodes. Using tunable sp2/sp3 carbon composites containing controlled single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) and single-walled carbon nanohorn (SWCNH) compositions, we identify potentials over which both stable and unstable alloying of red P occurs with sodium. Examination of the stable alloy region includes both NaP and Na5P4 formation that occurs between 0.40 and 0.15 V where alloying is mostly independent of the carbon composite matrix chemistry. However, an unstable region corresponding to Na3P formation below 0.15 V results in capacity degradation that directly correlates with the density of carbon defects. In the unstable region, defects are observed to initiate deep alloying and poor reversibility due to the formation of irreversible Na3P products that form over the carbon surface. Our results present a mechanistic roadmap to guide the design of red P–carbon composite anodes to approach high theoretical sodium ion capacity (2596 mA h g−1) while simultaneously addressing chemical interactions that compromise performance stability.
PROTECT -- A Deployed Game Theoretic System for Strategic Security Allocation for the United States Coast Guard

While three deployed applications of game theory for security have recently been reported, we as a community of agents and AI researchers remain in the early stages of these deployments; there is a continuing need to understand the core principles for innovative security applications of game theory. Towards that end, this paper presents PROTECT, a game-theoretic system deployed by the United States Coast Guard (USCG) in the port of Boston for scheduling their patrols. USCG has termed the deployment of PROTECT in Boston a success, and efforts are underway to test it in the port of New York, with the potential for nationwide deployment. PROTECT is premised on an attacker-defender Stackelberg game model and offers five key innovations. First, this system is a departure from the assumption of perfect adversary rationality noted in previous work, relying instead on a quantal response (QR) model of the adversary's behavior --- to the best of our knowledge, this is the first real-world deployment of the QR model. Second, to improve PROTECT's efficiency, we generate a compact representation of the defender's strategy space, exploiting equivalence and dominance. Third, we show how to practically model a real maritime patrolling problem as a Stackelberg game. Fourth, our experimental results illustrate that PROTECT's QR model more robustly handles real-world uncertainties than a perfect rationality model. Finally, in evaluating PROTECT, this paper for the first time provides real-world data: (i) comparison of human-generated vs PROTECT security schedules, and (ii) results from an Adversarial Perspective Team's (human mock attackers) analysis.
Autophagy in the Immune System

Autophagy is a degradative process that delivers cytoplasmic constituents into lysosomes, enabling the reuse of intracellular constituents and supplying an amino acid pool during periods of starvation. Mice deficient in the autophagy-related proteins (Atgs) Atg3, Atg5, or Atg7 die within one day of birth, indicating that autophagy is essential for survival during neonatal starvation. Autophagy is also involved in the clearance of old/damaged organelles, long-lived proteins, insoluble protein aggregates and lipid droplets, thereby regulating cellular homeostasis, cell death/survival, and lipid metabolism. As such, one can envision autophagy having an integral role in many physiological systems. This chapter will focus on the role of autophagy in the immune system.
Mechanical properties and tribological behaviour of Mo-N coatings deposited via high power impulse magnetron sputtering on temperature sensitive substrates

Abstract Hard coatings represent a suitable resource to protect structural materials against oxidation and wear phenomena. Physical Vapour Deposition techniques usually require elevated deposition temperatures to accomplish desired performance, becoming incompatible with sensitive substrates. High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering technology allowed obtaining high quality 8 μm Mo-N coatings at low temperature on a commercial Al-Si alloy. Produced films exhibited good adhesion, noteworthy mechanical characteristics (Hardness ≥ 22 GPa, Modulus ≥ 300 GPa) and notable tribological properties. Indeed, they could withstand over 33000 revolutions in dry conditions (track radius 26.5 mm, sliding speed 1.25 m/s, initial Hertzian contact pressure 1 GPa) without evident damage, while the substrate could not overcome a few dozen revolutions in the same operating conditions.
Musculoskeletal ultrasound for intra-articular bleed detection: a highly sensitive imaging modality compared with conventional magnetic resonance imaging.

Essentials The best imaging modality for joint blood detection in hemophilia is unknown. Blood appearance and detection thresholds were studied with ultrasound and conventional MRI. Ultrasound is sensitive to low volume and concentration of blood, whereas conventional MRI is not. The findings establish the validity of ultrasound for rapid bleed detection in hemophilia care. SUMMARY:Background There is increasing demand for musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSKUS) to detect hemophilic joint bleeding, but there is uncertainty regarding blood detection concentration thresholds or if magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is more accurate. Aims Compare the sensitivity of blood detection by MSKUS and MRI. Methods Increasing blood concentrations in plasma were imaged with MSKUS and MRI 1-2 h, 3-4 days and 7 days after blood withdrawal in vitro, and after injection into cadaveric pig joints. Additionally, effusions in the joints of two patients with hemophilia joints were imaged, followed by aspiration. MSKUS was performed using an 8-18-MHz linear transducer; MRI was performed at 3T using T1-weighted and T2-weighted fat-suppressed sequences. Images were reviewed by a hematologist certified in MSKUS and a musculoskeletal radiologist. Results MSKUS permitted the detection of blood in vitro and in pig joint spaces at concentrations as low as 5%, demonstrated by the presence of echogenic signals that were absent with plasma alone. In contrast, no differences between fluids were discernible on the T1-weighted or T2-weighted MRI images. Results were confirmed in the two patients with hemophilia. Blood clots demonstrated varying and dynamic echogenicity patterns over time and, using MRI, were visualized best with T2 sequences. Conclusion MSKUS is extremely sensitive in detecting low concentrations of intra-articular blood and in discriminating between bloody and non-bloody fluid, whereas conventional MRI is not. These observations demonstrate the advantages of MSKUS over MRI in detecting intra-articular blood, and show that MSKUS is ideal for rapid bleed detection in the clinic.
The effects of joint mobilization on individuals with patellofemoral pain: a systematic review:

Objective:To investigate and synthesize the effects of joint mobilization on individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome.Data sources:Five electronic databases (CINAHL, the Cochrane Central Regis...
Impact of E-Cigarette Minimum Legal Sale Age Laws on Current Cigarette Smoking

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to use individual-level data to examine the relationship between e-cigarette minimum legal sale age (MLSA) laws and cigarette smoking among U.S. adolescents, adjusting for e-cigarette use. Methods In 2016 and 2017, we regressed (logistic) current (past 30-day) cigarette smoking (from 2009–2014 National Youth Tobacco Surveys [NYTS]) on lagged (laws enacted each year counted for the following year) and unlagged (laws enacted January–June counted for that year) state e-cigarette MLSA laws prohibiting sales to youth aged Results Cigarette smoking was not significantly associated with lagged MLSA laws after adjusting for year (odds ratio [OR] = .87, 95% confidence interval [CI]: .73–1.03; p = .10) and covariates (OR = .85, .69–1.03; p = .10). Unlagged laws were significantly and negatively associated with cigarette smoking (OR = .84, .71–.98, p = .02), but not after adjusting for covariates (OR = .84, .70–1.01, p = .07). E-cigarette and other tobacco use, sex, race/ethnicity, age, and smoke-free laws were associated with cigarette smoking ( p .05). Results unadjusted for e-cigarette use and other tobacco use yielded a significant negative association between e-cigarette MLSA laws and cigarette smoking (lagged: OR = .78, .64–.93, p = .01; unlagged: OR = .80, .68–.95, p = .01). Conclusions After adjusting for covariates, state e-cigarette MLSA laws did not affect youth cigarette smoking. Unadjusted for e-cigarette and other tobacco use, these laws were associated with lower cigarette smoking.
Evaluating continuum level descriptions of the medial collateral ligament

Abstract Soft tissues of the knee contain complex physiological microstructures with nontrivial hierarchical organization that manifests as mechanical directionality and nonlinearity. For supporting ligaments in the knee, constitutive theories have been developed to address these issues—predominately assuming transverse isotropy with the preferred material direction aligned with structural collagen. However, with the abundance of constitutive theories available it can often be difficult to differentiate among them, and this selection can be complicated by new and conflicting mechanical characterization data. This work rigorously describes the process by which candidate constitutive theories can be evaluated in the context of transverse hyperelasticity using quasi-static stress–strain experimental data of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) of the knee. We show how recent data of the MCL fails to be accurately represented using previously validated and generally accepted constitutive theories. We expand the pool of candidate theories to include chain-based statistical mechanics and hybrid theories to explore the range of representative models of the MCL. This novel hybrid theory, constructed by superposing a slightly compressible, isotropic eight-chain MacKintosh network model with a phenomenological directional component, is shown to have superior performance in the representing the quasi-static stress–strain behavior of the MCL, particularly in the transverse direction. Using a simplified finite element model of ligament deformation, implicit structure among theories is examined using a straightforward framework for developing computational material models.
Quantum cloning. Schrödinger's sheep.

There is a fundamental difference between quantum and classical ignorance. We take it for granted that we can erase classical information, but deletion of unknown quantum states is not possible. This result complements the ‘no-cloning’ rule that says it is impossible to copy an unknown quantum state perfectly.
Acquiring IT Competencies through Focused Technology Acquisitions

In the turbulent information technology (IT) industry, firms need to continuously innovate to maintain or increase their competitiveness. Focused technology acquisitions provide a means to rapidly gain IT competencies and innovations. Research consistently identifies knowledge and culture as critical antecedents to success in these acquisitions. Since such studies are typically observational, these constructs have been considered independently and within limited parametric values. Incorporating an agent-based simulation expanding on the March (1991) exploration-exploitation model, we show that there are marginally decreasing returns on knowledge appropriation, but non-decreasing linear returns on cultural appropriation. Our findings also show that combinations of appropriation strategies yield equivalent performance benefits. Gains are improved by insulating retained employees from any exploitive cultural influences. We confirm prior evidence of the “dual-edged” sword effects of cultural appropriation of acquiring underperforming IT firms.
A Leptomeningeal Protease Releasing the β Protein from the β Protein Precursor of Alzheimer’s Disease

The three characteristic lesions of Alzheimer’s disease are composed of B-pleated sheet fibrils called amyloid. Two of these, the cerebrovascular amyloid deposits and the senile plaques have as their major component a unique protein designated s protein (sP)1 and the fibers denoted as As. This unique 28–42 mer polypeptide has also been isolated from the amyloid-laden plaques and vessels in Down’s syndrome (trisomy 21).2 This suggested that sP was encoded by a gene on chromosome 21.2 Subsequently the gene for the sP was identified on chromosome 21 and the deduced amino acid sequence consisted of 695 amino acids, the s protein precursor (sPP), and to have characteristics of a membrane associated protein.3 Kunitz protease inhibitor sequences were identified in 751 and 770 mer isoforms of the sPP. Gene structure provides evidence that the sP is derived from two exons and thereby arises by proteolytic cleavage of sPP. Proteolysis has been previously implicated in the creation of amyloid fibrils from the AL and AA types of amyloid disease.4
Physico-chemical measurements of CL-20 for environmental applications. Comparison with RDX and HMX.

Abstract CL-20 is a polycyclic energetic nitramine, which may soon replace the monocyclic nitramines RDX and HMX, because of its superior explosive performance. Therefore, to predict its environmental fate, analytical and physico-chemical data must be made available. An HPLC technique was thus developed to measure CL-20 in soil samples based on the US Environmental Protection Agency method 8330. We found that the soil water content and aging (21 days) had no effect on the recoveries (>92%) of CL-20, provided that the extracts were kept acidic (pH 3). The aqueous solubility of CL-20 was poor (3.6 mg l−1 at 25 °C) and increased with temperature to reach 18.5 mg l−1 at 60 °C. The octanol–water partition coefficient of CL-20 ( log K OW =1.92 ) was higher than that of RDX ( log K OW =0.90 ) and HMX ( log K OW =0.16 ), indicating its higher affinity to organic matter. Finally, CL-20 was found to decompose in non-acidified water upon contact with glass containers to give NO2− (2 equiv.), N2O (2 equiv.), and HCOO− (2 equiv.). The experimental findings suggest that CL-20 should be less persistent in the environment than RDX and HMX.
Costs Associated with Health Care Services Accessed through VA and in the Community through Medicare for Veterans Experiencing Homelessness

Objective To estimate health care utilization and costs incurred by homeless Veterans relative to nonhomeless Veterans and to examine the impact of a VA homelessness program on these outcomes. Data sources/study setting Combined Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) administrative and Medicare claims data. Study design Observational study using longitudinal data from Veterans engaged with the VA system and enrolled in Medicare. Veterans with administrative evidence of homelessness at any point during 2006-2010 were matched on period of military service to Veterans with no evidence of homelessness. Principal findings Experience of homelessness was associated with 1.37 (95 percent CI = 1.34-1.40) and 0.16 (95 percent CI = 0.14-0.17) more outpatient encounters per quarter in VA and non-VA settings, respectively, and 1.31 (95 percent CI = 1.30-1.32) and 0.49 (95 percent CI = 0.48-0.49) more inpatient days per quarter in VA and non-VA hospitals, respectively. These were associated with higher costs. Relative to stably housed Veterans less than 65 years of age, those enrolled in a VA homelessness program had 94.4 percent (95 percent CI = 90.7 percent-98.1 percent) more VA outpatient visits but 5.5 percent (95 percent CI = 3.0 percent-7.9 percent) fewer Medicare outpatient visits. Conclusions Homelessness was associated with an increase in VA and Medicare utilization and cost. A VA homelessness program decreased use of Medicare outpatient services.
Diagnosing differences in what Introductory Biology students in a fully online and an in-person biology degree program know and do regarding medical school admission.

Increasingly, institutions of higher education are adopting fully online degree programs to provide students with cost-effective, accessible postsecondary education. A concern these degrees raise i...
White Bureaucracy, Black Community: The Contest Over Local Control of Education In Antebellum Boston

In 1855 the Commonwealth of Massachusetts became the first American State to officially desegregate its public school system. That development (which the U.S. Supreme Court was to cite as a precedent for its landmark: Brown vs. the Board of Education decision of 1954) was principally brought about by the efforts of black community leaders who, in tandem with leading white abolitionists, had begun to attack the city's separate school establishment in the early 1840's. The desegregation effort which culminated in the abolition of separate schools in the State in 1855 has been examined by a good number of scholars. Surprisingly, the ESTABLISHMENT of the separate school system in the state's capital city has never been told. In the years preceding the outbreak of the American Civil War, Boston's Negro population was the largest of any city in the Bay State. This paper describes how and when the separate schools in the city were organized, and the role of blacks themselves in establishing the system of segregated education in the first instance. The account begins at the turn of the century; by the 1840's, when America was swept by its first great Age of Reform, separatism was infefensible on two grounds, principally: it vitiated the propaganda efforts of those seeking to abolish slavery in America and, two, it gave whites a justification to perpetuate caste. But for a full half century Blacks in Boston were educated separately; these forgotten years are narrated in this article.
“Tipping point” concept analysis in the family caregiving context

Aim Analyze the concept "tipping point" in the older adult family caregiving context to further knowledge about caregiving families, enhancing transdisciplinary theory, research, and practice. Background While used commonly in some disciplines, how "tipping point" has been used in health care, generally, and in relation to caregiving families, specifically, is less clear. This project was conducted to offer conceptual clarity to tipping point. Design Walker and Avant's framework. Data source Searches of scholarly literature in PsycINFO, CINAHL, and PubMed using the search term "tipping point" in either title or abstract. Review methods Definitions used were extracted; instances when the concept was implied but the actual term "tipping point" was not used and contexts where the term was used or implied were identified. Results The composite definition of a caregiving tipping point is a seemingly abrupt, severe, and absolute change event involving either the older adult or caregiver(s), or both that indicates a breakdown in the status quo of the caregiving system. Conclusions Transdisciplinary research, care, and policy should treat caregiving families as complex systems, use longitudinal assessments, and include colloquial communication. Early detection of impending tipping points will provide family-centered decisional support and enhance families' quality of life and safety.
Stop Making Sense: Charles Murray and the Reagan Perspective on Social Welfare Policy and the Poor

that the most common name in the world was Mohammed Chang. I was surprised to discover this, since it seemed an unlikely combination; I had certainly never known anyone with the name Mohammed Chang. Sensing my skepticism, the child showed me where in his book it said that Mohammed was the world's most popular first name and Chang the most popular last name. While putting my notes together for this review, I kept remembering the incident. The child's mistaken logical leap reminded me of the flawed progression of reasoning in Losing Ground. The arguments presented by Charles Murray in Losing Ground have become the after-the-fact justification for the recent attempt to dismantle, once and for all, the entire domestic social welfare system. Murray makes five major claims: 1 . The number of people living in poverty stopped decreasing in 1968, and has gradually increased since then; 2. At the same time, poor people began to leave the labor force in large numbers; 3. At about the same time, the Kennedy/Johnson social welfare programs accelerated to a point where substantial amounts of money were being expended each year; 4. The growth of these programs caused poor people to drop
Making Sense of Variations in the Visual Depiction of DNA

Depictions of DNA span a variety of aesthetic choices for presenting the details of DNA. One important consideration is the didactic intent of the illustrator: what does he or she want the audience...
Homicide-Suicide in the United States: Moving Toward an Empirically Derived Typology.

Objective Homicide-suicide is an extremely heterogeneous and rare form of lethal violence. In an effort to capture this heterogeneity to enhance research and prevention efforts, typologies have been developed from literature reviews or geographically limited samples. The purpose of the present study was to develop the first empirically derived typology of homicide-suicide decedents, using a large, geographically diverse sample. Methods Data were used from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Violent Death Reporting System from 2003 to 2015 across 27 states. Homicide-suicide decedents were included if they were ≥ 18 years of age, they were the only victim and suspect involved, they had a known relationship with the victim(s), and the circumstances surrounding the event were known. There were 2,447 decedents that met study criteria. Unsupervised machine learning was used to classify decedents by precipitating circumstances and victim types. Results Eight homicide-suicide subtypes were identified and cross-validated in a holdout sample. Three subtypes consisted of only intimate partner victims, 3 subtypes had a single victim type (children, extrafamilial, other family), and there were 2 multivictim subtypes: one that could be identified as familicide and the other in which there was indiscriminate killing, which often included an intimate partner. Subtypes were distinguishable by demographic and other characteristics (median area under the curve = 0.77). Relationship problems precipitated 60%-92% of homicide-suicides across subtypes, while mental health problems were recognized as a precipitant in 7%-72% of decedents across subtypes. Conclusions The findings expand upon and validate previously proposed homicide-suicide typologies. While relationship problems are common precipitants across homicide-suicide subtypes, known mental health problems vary across subtypes.
Cardiovascular and metabolic consequences in patients with asymptomatic adrenal adenomas.

Purpose of review The incidence of adrenal tumors has increased over the past 20 years, most of which are incidentally discovered nonfunctioning adenomas (NFA) and tumors with mild autonomous cortisol secretion (MACS). This review aimed to summarize recent progress in understanding cardiometabolic risk in patients with NFA and MACS and to provide updates on the effect of treatment on improving outcomes in this population. Recent findings NFA and MACS are associated with adverse cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic derangements, which are likely mediated by excessive glucocorticoid secretion. Recent studies showed significantly higher prevalence of hypertension, impaired glucose metabolism, obesity, and dyslipidemia in patients with NFA and MACS. Adrenalectomy may improve comorbidities in selected patients. Summary Asymptomatic adrenal adenomas are common and are associated with adverse cardiometabolic changes. In selected patients, adrenalectomy may reduce cardiometabolic risk and improve clinical outcomes.
EFFECT OF STRAIN RATE ON DYNAMIC DEFORMATION BEHAVIOR OF LASER WELDED DP780 STEEL JOINTS

Dual phase(DP) steels have good combinations of strength and ductility,and are being increasingly used in vehicle body structures to meet enhanced government regulations and safety standards.The use of DP steels in automotive industries involves laser welding,which would lead to changes in local material properties and create potential safety and reliability issues under dynamic loads.The present work aimed to study the effects of strain rate on tensile properties and deformation behavior of laser welded DP780 steel joints.The results showed that the deformation behavior of laser welded joints was more sensitive to strain rate as compared to base metal of DP780 steel.The strength of DP780 steel joint increased with increasing strain rate,while the ductility decreased first with increasing strain rate from 10~(-3) to 10~1 s~(-1),and then increased up to a strain rate of 10~2 s~(-2).The strain rate sensitivity of the deformation behavior of DP780 steel joints was mainly dependent on the change of deformation behavior and its mechanisms of base metal at various strain rates.The distance of the tensile failure location from the weld centerline decreased obviously with the increase of strain rate.And the failure location changed from the base metal to the softened heat-affected zone(HAZ) as strain rate increased.The mechanism for changing failure location can be related to the strain rate dependence of the plastic deformation behaviors of microstructures in various regions across a joint.
Nonprofit Participation in Tax-Driven Urban Development Projects

When tax incentives are designed in ways that create opportunities for nonprofits to participate in investments, a wide variety of mission-driven investments can be supported. This Essay has analyzes nonprofit participation in the New Markets Tax Credit program in order to gain insights to the barriers to nonprofit participation in Opportunity Zones investment. It has identified several barriers, including the requirement that Opportunity Funds make equity investments, the absence of monetization structures, and uncertainty about how the investments will be treated under the Community Reinvestment Act. Together, these barriers make it more difficult for nonprofits to participate in Opportunity Zone deals.
Radical Interrelated Qualitative Space in the Midst of Multipandemics: A Collaborative Scholarly Personal Narrative

Given the current unprecedented multiple pandemics of COVID-19, anti-Black and anti-Asian violence, and white supremacy, we—a group of graduate students and a faculty member who hold diverse identi...
Speaking to the Ghost: Idea and Expression in Copyright

side of the line. Dummett suggests that there is a spectrum of objects. Some are fully concrete, such as a coffee pot, that we can point to and see. Others are fully abstract and "can be referred to only by means of a verbal phrase."' I" They can only be introduced by means of language, by using other words. Numbers and universals such as justice are such abstractions. In between the ends of the spectrum are things that cannot be pointed to, but can be tied to more concrete things. Shapes and directions fall in this category, as a shape must be the shape of something, a direction the direction of something. 141 A color tends towards being more concrete, because it need not be understood as the color of anything. This continuum, like Hand's series of abstractions, does not provide us with a dividing line. It does, however, provide a useful analogy. As we move toward the most abstract end of the spectrum, we also move toward the realm of objects whose existence is largely a 135. Id. at 8. 136. GOODMAN, supra note 24, at 6 (citations omitted). 137. MICHAEL A.E. DUMMETr, FREGE: PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE 471-511 (2d ed. 1981). 138. Id. at 480. 139. Id. at 481. 140. Id. at 494. 141. Id. at 487. 1993] 1245 UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI LAW REVIEW [Vol. 47:1221 reflection of the nature of our society and language, of the perspective provided by the community. Objects that dwell closer to the concrete end of the spectrum involve a more dispensable or replaceable use of language, a particular way of offering a work of art to perception. 142 They are things belonging more uniquely to the speaker. In the Nichols case, the plaintiff's and defendant's works had in common lovers whose Irish and Jewish families are at emnity and whose children bring about a reconciliation. This similarity was found to be in unprotected idea.1 43 But it is possible to abstract the similarities still further, by leaving out yet more of the detail. Two works could both include lovers whose Irish and Jewish families are at odds; or, more simply, lovers whose families are at odds; or, almost entirely lacking in detail, the idea of star-crossed lovers.'" The idea of orchestrating a piano piece can be expanded to the more detailed idea of using a particular motif in the third movement, and further expanded to the idea of using a particular percussion instrument in the 47th stanza. 45 In a case involving two spiral sculptures, 46 the plaintiff' described the idea of the work as "a spiral sculpture composed of rectangular pieces of glass."' 47 The defendants provided a more particularized, less abstract description: "a spiral composed of long and thin rectangular panes of glass that overlie one another, rotating around a common axis and fastened together with invisible
Substance P Acts through Local Circuits within the Rat Dorsal Raphe Nucleus to Alter Serotonergic Neuronal Activity

Basic and clinical studies suggest that neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor antagonists have efficacy in the treatment of affective disorders through effects on the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR), a source of forebrain-projecting serotonin (5-HT) neurons that has also been implicated in affective disorders. To investigate the regulation of the DR-5-HT system by NK1 receptors, the effects of substance P (an NK1 agonist) on rat DR neuronal activity were characterized. Most of the DR neurons (83%; n = 47 total) were inhibited by substance P microinfusion into the DR, and in some cases (17%) this was preceded by a brief activation. Pure excitation was observed in a small population of neurons (17%) that were localized in the dorsal DR, where NK1 receptors are most dense. Sendide, a selective NK1 antagonist, attenuated the effects of substance P, indicating that they were mediated by NK1 receptor activation. The selective 5-HT1A antagonist, WAY 100635, administered systemically or into the DR, prevented the inhibitory effects of substance P, implicating DR 5-HT1A receptors in this response. Finally, microinfusion of the excitatory amino acid antagonist, kynurenic acid, into the DR prevented both excitatory and inhibitory effects. The results suggest that NK1 receptor activation in the DR excites a population of 5-HT neurons via glutamatergic transmission. This results in 5-HT release throughout the DR, activation of 5-HT1A receptors, and subsequent inhibition. Interactions between NK1 and 5-HT1A receptors within DR neural networks may contribute to the mechanism of action of novel antidepressants acting at NK1 receptors.
Purification and partial characterization of testicular hyaluronidase

A new method is presented for the purification of testicular hyaluronidase involving ion exchange chromatography followed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75. A highly purified hyaluronidase preparation has been obtained which contains 45,000 National Formulary activity units per mg, dry weight, and which migrates as a single component on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 4.3. The enzyme has been shown to be a glycoprotein containing 5.00% mannose and 2.17% glucosamine (expressed as N-acetylglucosamine). The molecular weight of the purified hyaluronidase has been determined to be 61,000 by gel filtration methods. This value is in contrast to a molecular weight of 126,000 for the crude enzyme, as determined by similar techniques. This difference between the crude and purified enzyme could be due to association with a carrier protein in the crude testicular extract or to the existence of hyaluronidase as a dimer in the crude state. Only 76% of the weight of the purified hyaluronidase could be accounted for by its amino acid and carbohydrate composition.
Production Prefix Parsing

LR(k) parsing was introduced by Knuth [17] in 1965. While the method was interesting and was sufficiently powerful to be able to parse any deterministic context-free language, there were serious obstacles to its use in practice. The method in [17] leads to table-driven parsers in which the size(1) can grow exponentially with the number of productions. (An example may be found in [4].) In [18], Korenjak proposed to partition grammars to obtain smaller parsers but the method was somewhat ad hoc. Major progress was made by the introduction of SLR(k) grammars by deRemer [3]. By first constructing an LR(0) parser and then augmenting the LR(0) states with lookahead, deRemer got SLR(1) parsers with size independent of the number of instances in which lookahead was necessary. This led to smaller parsers than those obtained previously. The use of such a parser construction suggested that further space economies might be realized. Pager [19] found a minimal finite automaton from which to construct the parser. In [1], an approach is presented which attempts to merge states of the parsing automaton. Unfortunately, this procedure is not completely algorithmic.
The Expressive Dimension of Equal Protection

In brief, the article argues that it is the expressive character of state action that ought to determine whether laws or policies violate Equal Protection. In other words, courts should focus on the message conveyed by enactment of a law or on the meaning expressed by adoption of a policy. Courts must then determine whether this meaning or message comports with the government's obligation to treat each person with equal concern. This view differs from current doctrine, according to which it is the intent of the legislature or other state actor that is determinative. In general, absent "invidious intent" state action does not raise Equal Protection problems. My view also differs from the views of the Supreme Court's Equal Protection critics, who argue that it is the effect of state action that ought to matter. In the article, I stake out a middle ground - or third way - through this bifurcated Constitutional field. I argue that it is what state action expresses that ought to determine whether that action is constitutional. In order to determine when discrimination violates Equal Protection, I focus on paradigm cases: Brown v. Board of Education and Plessy v. Ferguson, primarily. Since as a legal community, we are far more certain that Brown was rightly decided and Plessy wrongly decided than we are that any particular account of what makes discrimination wrong is correct, I mine these cases for insight into the heart of the Equal Protection violation. In the article, I explain that the best understanding of these cases shows that it is the social meaning or expressive content of the law at issue that matters most. To complete the theory, the article addresses several objections to this account - most importantly that meaning or expressive content is elusive. What a law expresses to me may well be different from what it expresses to someone else. While I frankly acknowledge that this will be the case, I argue that the meaning that matters for Equal Protection cases is an objective meaning which I define as that content that real people discussing the issue under ideal conditions would agree upon. Now clearly such ideal conversational conditions do not obtain in the real world. That being so, the judge must do the best she can by listening closely and well to the views of others regarding what laws and policies mean to them.
POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY RADIOLIGANDS FOR DOPAMINE TRANSPORTERS AND STUDIES IN HUMAN AND NONHUMAN PRIMATES

Publisher Summary Several radioligands have been examined for their suitability as positron emission tomography (PET) probes of the nerve terminal Dopamine transporter (DAT). These include [ 11 C]nomifensine, [ 11 C]cocaine, [ 11 C]RTI-55, [ 11 C]WIN 35 428, [ 11 C]methylphenidate, and [ 11 C] d-threo -methylphenidate. F-18 GBR compounds have also been prepared as DAT radioligands. These PET radioligands differ with respect to their affinities for DAT, their specific-to-nonspecific binding ratios, and their specificity for the DAT as well as their kinetics. These radioligands also have been used to measure DAT occupancies by drugs that inhibit the DAT and to assess if there is a relation between DAT blockade and the “high.”For example, PET and [ 11 Clcocaine have been used to evaluate the relation between cocaine doses and DAT occupancies and to evaluate the time course of the effects of RTI-55 on cocaine binding in the baboon brain. These radioligands also have been used to assess if there is a relation between DAT blockade by psychostimulant drugs and their behavioral effects in human subjects. This is illustrated by a study that evaluated the relation between methylphenidate-induced “high” and DAT inhibition. PET and [ 11 C] d-threo -methylphenidate were used to estimate DAT occupancies at different times after methylphenidate.
12C + 12C resonances studied in the elastic, inelastic, and transfer channels

The occurrence of resonances in 12C + 12C elastic, inelastic and transfer reactions is reviewed at energies from ∼ to 6 times the Coulomb barrier. The resonances are characterized by large partial widths for decay into 12C + 12C, 12C + 12C(2+) and12C(2+). Assuming that 12C + 12C inelastic scattering data defines the gross features of the 24Mg molecular spectrum, the possibility of directly exciting these states in the 12C(16O,α) reaction at high energy is considered.
IDENTIFYING IMPACTS USING ADAPTIVE FIBER BRAGG GRATING DEMODULATOR FOR STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING APPLICATIONS

A network of Fiber‐Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors is developed as part of a Structural Health Monitoring system to identify impact damage. The sensor signals are adaptively demodulated using two‐wave mixing (TWM) technology. The signals from multiple FBG sensors are multiplexed into a single TWM demodulator. The FBG sensor network is mounted on a plate, and the structure is subjected to impacts generated by dropping small ball bearings. Impact locations are identified based on time frequency analysis.
Genetic basis of individual differences in the response to small-molecule drugs in yeast

Individual response to small-molecule drugs is variable; a drug that provides a cure for some may confer no therapeutic benefit or trigger an adverse reaction in others. To begin to understand such differences systematically, we treated 104 genotyped segregants from a cross between two yeast strains with a collection of 100 diverse small molecules. We used linkage analysis to identify 124 distinct linkages between genetic markers and response to 83 compounds. The linked markers clustered at eight genomic locations, or quantitative-trait locus 'hotspots', that contain one or more polymorphisms that affect response to multiple small molecules. We also experimentally verified that a deficiency in leucine biosynthesis caused by a deletion of LEU2 underlies sensitivity to niguldipine, which is structurally related to therapeutic calcium channel blockers, and that a natural coding-region polymorphism in the inorganic phosphate transporter PHO84 underlies sensitivity to two polychlorinated phenols that uncouple oxidative phosphorylation. Our results provide a step toward a systematic understanding of small-molecule drug action in genetically distinct individuals.
129 TRANSCRIPT-SWITCHING IS THE BASIS FOR CHANGE IN AMP DEMINASE ISOFORMS DURING IN VIVO AND IN VITRO MYOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION

129 TRANSCRIPT-SWITCHING IS THE BASIS FOR CHANGE IN AMP DEMINASE ISOFORMS DURING IN VIVO AND IN VITRO MYOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION
MULTIPLE TREATMENT INTERFERENCE IN THE ALTERNATING TREATMENTS DESIGN AS A FUNCTION OF THE INTERCOMPONENT INTERVAL LENGTH

In experimental designs requiring the administration of more than one treatment to the same subject(s), the effect of one treatment may be influenced by the effect of another treatment (Campbell & Stanley, 1963), a phenomenon known as multiple treatment interference. We conducted two studies in which multiple treatment interference in an alternating treatments design was shown to be a function of the length of the intercomponent interval (ICI) separating treatment conditions. In the first study, we evaluated the effects of four different treatments on the mouthing of a severely retarded boy. Under a 1-min ICI no consistent differential responding to treatment was obtained. Differential responding emerged when the ICI was increased from 1 min to 120 min, thus suggesting multiple treatment interference in the lack of differential responding under a 1-min changeover interval. Functional control of the nondifferential and differential responding as a function of the ICI length was replicated in a reversal phase. In the second study, we compared two treatment procedures for the disruptive noncompliant behavior of a moderately retarded boy. Multiple treatment interference (i.e., the lack of differential responding) occurred with the 1-min intercomponent interval. An increase to a 120-min ICI again resulted in differential responding. A replication of multiple treatment interference by a reversal to a short interval phase was not achieved in the second subject. Results of this study support much of the basic literature on discrimination and multiple treatment interference.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)