cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Probability logic, logical probability, and inductive support

This paper seeks to defend the following conclusions: The program advanced by Carnap and other necessarians for probability logic has little to recommend it except for one important point. Credal probability judgments ought to be adapted to changes in evidence or states of full belief in a principled manner in conformity with the inquirer’s confirmational commitments—except when the inquirer has good reason to modify his or her confirmational commitment. Probability logic ought to spell out the constraints on rationally coherent confirmational commitments. In the case where credal judgments are numerically determinate confirmational commitments correspond to Carnap’s credibility functions mathematically represented by so—called confirmation functions. Serious investigation of the conditions under which confirmational commitments should be changed ought to be a prime target for critical reflection. The necessarians were mistaken in thinking that confirmational commitments are immune to legitimate modification altogether. But their personalist or subjectivist critics went too far in suggesting that we might dispense with confirmational commitments. There is room for serious reflection on conditions under which changes in confirmational commitments may be brought under critical control. Undertaking such reflection need not become embroiled in the anti inductivism that has characterized the work of Popper, Carnap and Jeffrey and narrowed the focus of students of logical and methodological issues pertaining to inquiry.
Visual Servoing Considering Sensing Dynamics and Robot Dynamics

Abstract For many desirable applications of vision guided industrial robots, real-time visual servoing is necessary but also challenging. Difficulty comes from the limited sampling rate and response time of typical machine vision systems equipped on industrial robots. These factors are addressed as the dynamics of visual sensing. In addition, robot dynamics should also be fully considered when designing the control law. Considering these aspects, this paper presents a control scheme of visual servoing. A dual-rate adaptive tracking filter is presented to compensate the visual sensing dynamics. Based on the compensated vision feedback, the techniques of multi-surface sliding control and dynamic surface control are used to formulate a two-layer control law for target tracking. System kinematics and dynamics are decoupled and dealt with by the two layers of the control law respectively. The proposed method is validated through experiments on a SCARA robot.
Micromechanical Modeling of a Composite Containing Piezoelectric and Shape Memory Alloy Inclusions

Macroscopic constitutive relations based on the mean-field theory and the Mori–Tanaka method are derived for a 3-phase composite consisting of a polymer matrix and shape memory alloy (SMA) and piez...
Using program specialization to speed SystemC fixed-point simulation

Generic simulation components, such as fixed-precision arithmetic routines, make it easier to quickly assemble system simulations, but generic components tend to simulate more slowly than their manually-written specialized counterparts. So a system modeler is normally forced to choose between building a simulation quickly or running it quickly.This paper explores the use of program specialization as a way to address this conundrum. Through hints provided by the author of a generic library and aggressive compiler optimizations, program specialization can automatically rewrite a generic component into a specialized one with performance comparable to a careful manual implementation. As a result, the user of such a specializable library can quickly assemble a simulation from generic components whose performance can equal that of a more tedious implementation.Experimental results show that program specialization provides a three- to seven-times speed-up on an important class of simulations: signal processing kernels in SystemC that manipulate fixed-precision numbers.
Kinetic models reveal the in vivo mechanisms of mutagenesis in microbes and man

This review summarizes the evidence indicating that mutagenic mechanisms in vivo are essentially the same in all living cells. Unique metabolic reactions to a particular environmental stress apparently target specific genes for increased rates of transcription and mutation, resulting in higher mutation rates for those genes most likely to solve the problem. Kinetic models which have demonstrated predictive value are described and are shown to simulate mutagenesis in vivo in Escherichia coli, the p53 tumor suppressor gene, and somatic hypermutation. In all three models, direct correlations are seen between mutation frequencies and transcription rates. G and C nucleosides in single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) are intrinsically mutable, and G and C silent mutations in p53 and in VH framework regions provide compelling evidence for intrinsic mechanisms of mutability, since mutation outcomes are neutral and are not selected. During transcription, the availability of unpaired bases in the ssDNA of secondary structures is rate-limiting for, and determines the frequency of mutations in vivo. In vitro analyses also verify the conclusion that intrinsically mutable bases are in fact located in ssDNA loops of predicted stem-loop structures (SLSs).
New Methodological Approach to Investigation of Kinetics of REE Extraction in Nonstationary Conditions

Abstract The influence of periodical oscillations of the temperature on extraction and stripping processes in the extraction systems was studied. Two extraction systems were investigated: (1) 6 mol · L−1 NaNO3-Nd(NO3)3-Pr(NO3)3-TBP-kerosene and (2) [Nd(NO3)3 · 3TBP]-[Pr(NO3)3 · 3TBP]-kerosene - 0.1 mol · L−1 HNO3. Mathematical modeling of the nonstationary membrane extraction has been enhanced by including the dependence of the extraction rate constants on temperature. The values of activation energy for direct and reverse extraction and stripping reactions of Pr and Nd were calculated from experimental temporal dependencies of metal concentration and temperature by solving the reverse kinetics problem using the proposed mathematical model. A series of experiments with periodical oscillations of the temperature on the extraction system for the separation of rare earth elements (REE) using bulk liquid membrane between two extractors were performed. The mathematical model adequately describes the experimental data. The optimization of the extraction process for separation of REE by liquid membrane, under the influence of periodical oscillation of the temperature, was made based on the extraction rate constants and activation energies. The optimal conditions of separation by liquid membrane were found: frequency and amplitude of thermal oscillations, liquid membrane flow rate, and optimal ratio between organic and aqueous phase in extractors.
A distributed delaunay triangulation algorithm based on centroidal voronoi tessellation for wireless sensor networks

A wireless sensor network can be represented by a graph. While the network graph is extremely useful, it often exhibits undesired irregularity. Therefore, special treatment of the graph is required by a variety of network algorithms and protocols. In particular, many geometry-oriented algorithms depend on a type of subgraph called Delaunay triangulation. However, when location information is unavailable, it is nontrivial to achieve Delaunay triangulation by using connectivity information only. The only connectivity-based algorithm available for Delaunay triangulation is built upon the property that the dual graph for a Voronoi diagram is a Delaunay triangulation. This approach, however, often fails in practical wireless sensor networks because the boundaries of Voronoi cells can be arbitrarily short in discrete sensor network settings. In a sensor network with connectivity information only, it is fundamentally unattainable to correctly judge neighboring cells when a Voronoi cell boundary is less than one hop. Consequently, the Voronoi diagram-based Delaunay triangulation fails. The proposed algorithm employs a distributed approach to perform centroidal Voronoi tessellation, and constructs its dual graph to yield Delaunay triangulation. It exhibits several distinctive properties. First, it eliminates the problem due to short cell boundaries and thus effectively avoids crossing edges. Second, the proposed algorithm is proven to converge and succeed in constructing a Delaunay triangulation, if the CVT cell size is greater than a constant threshold. Third, the established Delaunay triangulation consists of close-to-equilateral triangles, benefiting a range of applications such as geometric routing, localization, coverage, segmentation, and data storage and processing. Extensive simulations are carried out under various 2D network models to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed CVT-based triangulation algorithm.
Instanton contributions to supersymmetric ward identities

Abstract In the context of three supersymmetric models, N = 2 quantum mechanics, abelian Higgs in 1 + 1 dimensions and SSQCD in 3 + 1 dimensions, we perform one-instanton calculations that explicitly verify supersymmetric ward identities in that approximation.
Vitamin D-dependency rickets in institutionalized, mentally retarded children on long term anticonvulsant therapy. II. The response to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and to vitamin D2.

Vitamin D-dependency Rickets in Institutionalized, Mentally Retarded Children on Long Term Anticonvulsant Therapy. II. The Response to 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol and to Vitamin D 2
Computer-assisted analysis of written language: Assessing the written language of deaf children, II

Two pilot studies investigated the accuracy of a computer parsing system for analyzing written language of deaf children. Study No. 1 compared the computer program (machine) with a speech-language pathologist for agreement in phrase structure analysis of a corpus of written language samples produced by deaf children. In addition to identifying the various phrase types, the proportion correct of several of the phrases was indicated. An overall score of grammatical correctness was also awarded each sample by both machine and human raters. Study No. 2 compared the computer program, the speech-language pathologist, and a linguist for agreement in parsing a subset of these language samples before and after minor corrections were made in the program. Results of the studies showed good agreement between human and machine raters.
Vertical velocity structure of marine boundary layer trade wind cumulus clouds

[1] Oceanic trade wind cumulus clouds not only impact the Earth's radiation budget but also affect the boundary layer (BL) structure. Data from the deployment of Atmospheric Radiation Measurements (ARM)'s Mobile Facility at the island of Graciosa in the Azores is used to study the vertical velocity structure of these clouds. The surface fluxes as reported by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) analysis model were used to characterize the dynamic structure of the BL. Cloud radar data from nine cases totaling to 114 hours and containing 557 cumulus cloud elements are analyzed to report hourly values of mean reflectivity, mean vertical velocity, cloud fraction, and cloud mass flux. The hourly averaged in-cloud vertical velocity was constant (∼0.35 m s−1) with height, while the average velocity of updrafts and vertically coherent updrafts increased from cloud base to cloud top. The reflectivity did not exhibit any significant changes between all, updraft and coherent updraft samples. The cloud fraction and mass flux showed similar vertical profiles with both having a peak near cloud base. The mass flux contribution of vertically coherent updrafts spanning through the entire cloud layer to the average updraft mass flux was ∼62%. The hourly values were classified based on the surface convective velocity scale (w*) as reported by the ECMWF model. The cloud fraction near cloud base during hours with w* less than 0.2 m s−1 was ∼6% while that during hours with w* greater than 0.6 m s−1 was ∼9%. The cloud base mass flux during hours with w* greater than 0.6 m s−1 was almost double that during hours with w* less than 0.2 m s−1.
Synthesis of a Polymerizable Benzocyclobutene that Undergoes Ring-Opening Isomerization at Reduced Temperature

1-Ethoxyvinylbenzocyclobutene is a substituted benzocyclobutene that undergoes radical polymerization to produce polymers that can be crosslinked at 100–150 °C. The 4- and 5-vinyl isomers are synthesized in a 1:4 ratio via a halogenated benzyne intermediate produced from anthranilic acid, followed by cycloaddition with ethyl vinyl ether and replacement of the halogen atom with a vinyl group.
Anatomical distribution of mu, delta, and kappa opioid- and nociceptin/orphanin FQ-stimulated [35S]guanylyl-5'-O-(gamma-thio)-triphosphate binding in guinea pig brain.

An in vitro autoradiographic technique has recently been developed to visualize receptor-activated G-proteins by using agonist-stimulated [35S]guanylyl-5′-O-(γ-thio)-triphosphate ([35S]GTPγS) binding in the presence of excess guanosine 5′-diphosphate. This technique was used to localize opioid-activated G-proteins in guinea pig brain, a species that contains the three major types of opioid receptors. This study used selective μ, δ, and κ opioid agonists as well as nociceptin or orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) peptide, an endogenous ligand for an orphan opioid receptor-like (ORL1) receptor, to stimulate [35S]GTPγS binding in guinea pig brain sections. Opioid receptor specificity was confirmed by blocking agonist-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding with the appropriate antagonists. In general, the distribution of agonist-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding correlated with previous reports of receptor binding autoradiography, although quantitative differences suggest regional variations in receptor coupling efficiency. Mu, δ, and κ opioid-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding was found in the caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and hypothalamus. Mu-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding predominated in the hypothalamus, amygdala, and brainstem, whereas κ-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding was particularly high in the substantia nigra and cortex and was moderate in the cerebellum. N/OFQ-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding was highest in the cortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamus and exhibited a unique anatomical distribution compared with opioid-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding. The present study extends previous reports on opioid and ORL1 receptor localization by anatomically demonstrating functional activity produced by μ, δ, and κ opioid and ORL1 receptor activation of G-proteins. J. Comp. Neurol. 386:562–572, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Model system oxidations supporting the crystal growth model of ferritin iron uptake

Fe2+ is oxidized and taken up by ferritin or apoferritin in the presence of dioxygen. Iodate causes Fe2+ oxidation and uptake by ferritin, but not by apoferritin. Synthetic iron polymer facilitates Fe2+ oxidation by either dioxygen or iodate. Nitrilotriacetic acid or iminodiacetic acid facilitate oxidation of Fe2+ by oxygen but not by iodate. These results support the crystal growth model of ferritin iron uptake, with iron polymer serving as a model for the ferritin core and aminocarboxylic acids mimicking the metal-binding sites of apoferritin.
Pulse-labelling a cover crop with 13C to follow its decomposition in soil under field conditions

A preliminary study was conducted using the stable isotope 13C to pulse label the cover crop phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia) to examine its decomposition in soil, under field conditions. Plants were grown, in pots, in the greenhouse and after four weeks of growth were labelled with 13CO2 six times, at 1–2 week intervals. A single chamber was placed over the pots, and 13CO2 was generated, inside the chamber, by injecting lactic acid into sodium carbonate (99 atom % 13C). For calculating the quantity of Na2CO3 required, a target enrichment of 5 atom% 13C within the shoots of plants, assuming no respiration losses, was used. When harvested, at flowering, the mean enrichment of the shoot material was 3.0466 atom% 13C, or 1.9654 atom% excess 13C. To assess uniformity of labelling within plants, the shoot of a single plant was divided into leaves and stem from three sections of equal length. Ninety-three percent of this plant's dry matter had a 13C enrichment within 20 % of the weighted mean. At a field site with sandy soil, 13C labelled shoot and root material were combined and mixed with soil (0–15 cm). The soil was sampled 16 and 179 days later to determine the recovery of the added excess 13C in soil total C. The recoveries in soil (0–30 cm) were, respectively, 78 and 40 % at 16 and 179 days; there was appreciable variation associated with the recovery data from day 16, much less so at day 179. Methodological procedures for (i) enhancing the uniformity of labelling with 13C within plants, and (ii) minimising variability in the recovery of 13C from soil are suggested. ei]R Merckx
Evaluation of target purity using various vacuum systems

Abstract Gold targets were prepared under various conditions using both a cryo-pump and a conventional diffusion pump evaporator system. Measurements were made at the Argonne Tandem Accelerator System to determine the purity of these targets.
THE COLOR VISION OF DICHROMATS : I. WAVELENGTH DISCRIMINATION, BRIGHTNESS DISTRIBUTION, AND COLOR MIXTURE

1. Protanopes and deuteranopes show one maximum of wavelength discrimination which occurs near their neutral point in the region of 500 mµ (blue-green for color-normal). The value of the just discriminable wavelength interval Δλ is about 1 mµ at this point and is much like the normal. To either side of this, Δλ rises. It increases rapidly on the short-wave side, and slowly on the long-wave side, rising to about 50 mµ at the two ends of the spectrum. 2. The brightness distribution in the spectrum for dichromats falls only partly outside the range established for color-normals. The protanope curve is narrower than normal, and its maximum lies nearly 15 mµ to the left of it. The deuteranope curves are about the same width as the normal, and their maxima lie slightly but definitely to the right of it. The main difference between protanope and deuteranope spectrum sensitivity lies on the red side of brightness curves, where the deuteranope is strikingly higher. This difference furnishes the only reliable diagnostic sign which may be applied to an individual dichromat for separating the two types. 3. The average position for the neutral point of twenty-one protanopes is 496.5 mµ; of twenty-five deuteranopes 504.3 mµ. The range of variation in the position of neutral point is twice as great for the deuteranope as for the protanope. 4. Dichromatic gauging of the spectrum cannot yield unique mixture values for any wavelength because of the large stretches of poor wavelength discrimination. Data have therefore been secured which locate the spectral ranges that can match specific mixtures of two primaries when brightness differences are eliminated. The form of the data is much the same for a protanope and for a deuteranope; the only difference is in the relative brightness of the primaries. 5. Previously accepted anomalies in the spectral matching of dichromats which have led to the rejection of the third law of color mixture for them, have been eliminated. They are shown to have been due to the non-uniqueness of color matches and the usually disparate brightnesses of the primaries. Color mixture matches for dichromats are valid at all brightnesses.
Conjugated linoleic acid in rat tissue lipids after ingestion as free acid and as triglyceride.

SummaryFrom spectrophotometric examination of the tissue lipids of rats at 10, 16, 24 and 48 hours after being fed free conjugated linoleic acid or its glyceride, it is concluded that glycerides are absorbed more rapidly, and possibly more completely, than free fatty acids but that the pathways of absorption are the same.
A new look at the generalized distributive law

In this paper, we develop a measure-theoretic version of the junction tree algorithm to compute desired marginals of a product function. We reformulate the problem in a measure-theoretic framework, where the desired marginals are viewed as corresponding conditional expectations of a product of random variables. We generalize the notions of independence and junction trees to collections of /spl sigma/-fields on a space with a signed measure. We provide an algorithm to find such a junction tree when one exists. We also give a general procedure to augment the /spl sigma/-fields to create independencies, which we call "lifting." This procedure is the counterpart of the moralization and triangulation procedure in the conventional generalized distributive law (GDL) framework, in order to guarantee the existence of a junction tree. Our procedure includes the conventional GDL procedure as a special case. However, it can take advantage of structures at the atomic level of the sample space to produce junction tree-based algorithms for computing the desired marginals that are less complex than those GDL can discover, as we argue through examples. Our formalism gives a new way by which one can hope to find low-complexity algorithms for marginalization problems.
Evaluation of metal/acid-volatile sulfide relationships in the prediction of metal bioaccumulation by benthic macroinvertebrates

Recent studies have demonstrated that the toxicity of divalent cationic metals (cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc) in sediments can be controlled through binding to acid-volatile sulfide (AVS). When the molar concentration of AVS exceeds that of the metals (i.e., the metal/AVS ratio is less than unity), they exist predominantly as insoluble metal sulfides, which presumably are not biologically available. Thus, at metal/AVS ratios less than 1, toxicity of sediment-associated metals to benthic macroin-vertebrates has not been observed. However, bioaccumulation may provide a more direct assessment of contaminant bioavailability than the presence or absence of toxicity. The purpose of this report is to comprehensively review available literature on metal bioaccumulation versus sediment metal/AVS relationships to further examine the tenet that AVS controls metal bioavailability. In all, 12 studies were evaluated; these ranged from short-term (10-d) laboratory experiments with metal-spiked or field-collected sediments containing cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, and/or zinc to long-term (> 1-year) field studies with sediments spiked with cadmium or zinc. Test organisms included mollusks, oligochaetes, polychaetes, amphipods, and midges. The preponderance of studies indicated reduced accumulation of metals at sediment metal/AVS ratios of less than 1. However, there were exceptions to this general observation, two of which occurred in short-term laboratory experiments with cadmium- or nickel-spiked sediments. In these studies there appeared to be a linear accumulation of metals with increasing sediment metal concentrations irrespective of the metal/AVS ratio. Although there is experimental evidence suggesting that significant bioaccumulation of metals does not occur when there is sufficient AVS available to bind them, the existence of at least some data to the contrary indicates the need for further research relative to factors controlling the bioaccumulation of metals from sediments.
A network of IBM technical women

A group of IBM women started a women's network at an IBM site in Tucson, Arizona, USA to foster professional growth and camaraderie among members. The inspiration for this women's network, as well as how to start, foster and sustain a network are discussed. Activities for a professional women's network are presented and lessons learned are offered.
Letter by Siegler and Martin-Schild regarding article, "Comparison of risk-scoring systems in predicting symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage after intravenous thrombolysis".

To the Editor: Treatment with intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), while highly effective when administered in the appropriate setting, was associated with a 3% risk of hemorrhage producing deterioration in randomized trials.1 Efforts to minimize symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) focused on identifying risk factors and led to the development of composite scores that integrate multiple demographic and clinical factors to estimate odds of sICH. A multicenter investigation conducted by Sung et al,2 recently published in Stroke , has shed light on the generalizability of several of these scoring methods to predict sICH after treatment with intravenous tPA in Taiwanese centers. In this study, which included a relatively large sample size of intravenous tPA-treated patients (n=548), various risk prediction models …
Modeling fluid injection in fractures with a reservoir simulator coupled to a boundary element method

We describe an algorithm for modeling saturated fractures in a poroelastic domain in which the reservoir simulator is coupled with a boundary element method. A fixed stress splitting is used on the underlying fractured Biot system to iteratively couple fluid and solid mechanics systems. The fluid system consists of Darcy’s law in the reservoir and is computed with a multipoint flux mixed finite element method, and a Reynolds’ lubrication equation in the fracture solved with a mimetic finite difference method. The mechanics system consists of linear elasticity in the reservoir and is computed with a continuous Galerkin method, and linear elasticity in the fracture is solved with a weakly singular symmetric Galerkin boundary element method. This algorithm is able to compute both unknown fracture width and unknown fluid leakage rate. An interesting numerical example is presented with an injection well inside of a circular fracture.
Drug use and life satisfaction among college students.

Individuals use a variety of drugs for a host of reasons and college students are no exception. Reasons provided for specific types of “recreational” drug use have included, but have not been limited to, medicinal, social, mood enhancement, and experimentation. In an attempt to discern the relationship between drug use and life satisfaction among college students, a slightly modified version of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Monitoring the Future Survey was administered to 683 students attending a major research university located in the southwestern United States. Based on the obtained study results a life satisfaction composite variable was created via factor analysis. Additionally, a polynomial multiple regression analysis was conducted to discern the association between the derived life satisfaction composite variable and drug use indices.
Cryptococcal Meningitis: Outcome in Patients with AIDS and Patients with Neoplastic Disease

A retrospective analysis of 41 patients with cryptococcal meningitis and AIDS or neoplastic disease was done. Patients with AIDS were younger and predominantly male; they had a shorter duration of prior illness, higher initial serum cryptococcal antigen titers, and lower initial cerebrospinal fluid white blood cell counts than those with neoplastic disease. The median overall survival for patients with AIDS was 9 months compared with 2 months for those with neoplastic disease (P = .004). Seventy-eight percent of patients with AIDS and 43% of those with neoplastic disease were cured or improved 6 months after diagnosis (P = .039). Toxicity from amphotericin B and flucytosine was similar for both groups. One patient with AIDS relapsed. Multivariate predictors of survival included headache (P = .007) and an AIDS diagnosis (P = .009). Examination of outcomes for other opportunistic infections associated with AIDS and other immunosuppressive illness may distinguish prognostic features for different patient populations.
Pathophysiology of hypocitraturic nephrolithiasis

Urinary citrate inhibits calcium stone formation by complexing calcium in a soluble form and by effects on urinary crystals to prevent growth to stones. Low urinary citrate has been recognized for several decades as a contributing factor in some stone forming patients, but recent studies have elucidated the mechanisms and derangements of the renal handling of citrate in various conditions. In addition, oral citrate as an alkalinizing agent can not only increase urinary citrate, but also favorably impact other stone-promoting conditions. This review will focus on the understanding of these concepts.
Do Endothelial Cells Eat Tryptophan to Die

The endothelium is a vital homeostatic organ fundamental for the regulation of vascular tone and structure. As such, endothelial dysfunction is intimately linked to the development and progression of cardiovascular disease. The ability of the vasoactive peptide angiotensin II (Ang II) to induce vascular contractility, endothelial cell (EC) apoptosis, and dysfunction via the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is well appreciated.1–3 Vascular NADPH oxidases (Nox) are predominant contributors to Ang II–induced ROS.4 In particular, Nox2 and p47phox proteins are recognized to be involved in Ang II–induced hypertension and endothelial dysfunction,5–8 which is in agreement with in vitro data showing that the activity of the Nox2-based NADPH oxidase activity from EC, although constitutive,9 is augmented by Ang II10 via a mechanism that absolutely requires p47phox phosphorylation and translocation to the plasma membrane.11 Recently, it has also been established that, along with its role in ROS production, Ang II signaling modulates innate and adaptive immunity that critically contributes to the genesis and maintenance of hypertension and vascular dysfunction.12–14 Article, see p 480 In this issue of Circulation Research , additional pieces of the Ang II signaling pathways are connected as Wang et al15 examine a novel mechanism for Ang II–mediated ROS production and vascular dysfunction in vivo involving the crosstalk between interferon-γ (INF-γ) and the kynurenine pathway (Figure 1). The kynurenine pathway is a major catabolic route of tryptophan, an essential amino acid, infrequently found in proteins. This pathway begins …
Nortriptyline treatment of post-stroke depression: a double-blind study

The efficacy of nortriptyline in the treatment of post-stroke depression was assessed by a double-blind study in thirty-four patients. Half of the patients had major depression. There was a significantly greater improvement in depression in patients treated with nortriptyline than in a similar group of placebo-treated patients. Depression was measured by the Hamilton depression scale, Zung depression scale, present state examination, and an overall depression scale. Successfully treated patients had serum nortriptyline levels in the therapeutic range. Post-stroke depressions are common, severe, and longstanding, and the demonstrated efficacy of nortriptyline provides an important addition to the treatments available for stroke patients.
A framework of tourist attraction research

Abstract Although tourist attractions are fundamental to the very existence of tourism, there have been few attemps to come to terms with the breadth of approaches that have been employed in their study. An examination of research methods used in the study of tourist attractions and the tourist attractiveness of places reveals that most studies can be classified into one or more of three general perspectives: the ideographic listing, the organization, and the tourist cognition of attractions. Each of these perspectives shares a distinct set of questions concerning the nature of the attractions, as expressed through the typologies used in their evaluation. At the same time, all three perspectives make comparisons based on the historical, locational, and various valuational aspects of attractions. This framework can be applied in the comparison and evaluation of tourist attraction related research.
Method for analyzing series resistance and diode quality factors from field data of photovoltaic modules

Abstract A procedure is detailed in which the effects of series resistance and diode quality factors are separately analyzed and quantified using current–voltage (IV) data gathered in situ from three photovoltaic (PV) modules. Series resistance losses are implicated to be largely responsible for reduction in the fill factor values for intensities of 60% of one sun or greater. The data presented are from one cadmium telluride (CdTe) and two amorphous silicon (a-Si) modules and were taken in field deployment with a data acquisition system.
The consider on the construction of mobile city combined with mobile computing technology: a case of mobile government

This paper discusses the change of mobile government after combining with mobile computing technology. With the new pattern of mobile city, it solves problems such as terminal and network bandwidth in the areas of mobile government, mobile commerce and mobile life. At the same time, it will greatly improve the carrying capacity, processing power and application processes of mobile city service applications. Though it is just a blue picture we draw, mobile computing will be extremely applied in mobile city.
Response of plum curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to odor-baited traps near woods.

Response of overwintered plum curculios, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), to odor-baited traps was evaluated from the beginning until nearly the end of emigration from overwintering sites in woods. We evaluated clear sticky Plexiglas panels and black pyramid traps placed close to woods adjacent to apple trees in an unsprayed section of an orchard. Traps were baited with aggregation pheromone (grandisoic acid) alone or in combination with one of six synthetic fruit volatiles (benzaldehyde, decyl aldehyde, E-2-hexenal, ethyl isovalerate, hexyl acetate, or limonene). Unbaited traps served as a control treatment. Plum curculio emigration from woods was divided into early-, mid-, and late-season periods based primarily on phenological stage of apple bud and fruit development (tight cluster to bloom, petal fall, and fruit set, respectively). During both early- and late season, panel and pyramid traps baited with benzaldehyde plus pheromone were significantly more attractive than any other traps (baited or unbaited), except panel traps baited with ethyl isovalerate plus pheromone in early season, which likewise captured significantly more adults than unbaited panel traps. During midseason, no lures were significantly attractive, possibly due to prevailing cool weather, unfavorable for adult activity. Over the entire season, panel or pyramid traps baited with benzaldehyde plus pheromone captured nearly six times as many plum curculios as unbaited traps of each type, whereas traps baited with pheromone alone captured about twice as many as unbaited traps of each type. We provide information on sex ratio, female maturity stage, and mating status, and several weather parameters associated with trap captures. We conclude that panel or pyramid traps, or a combination, baited with benzaldehyde plus pheromone placed at borders of plum curculio overwintering sites can be a valuable tool for monitoring the beginning, peak, and end of adult immigration into apple orchards.
A unified wireless LAN architecture for real-time and non-real-time communication services

This paper addresses how to support both real-time and non-real-time communication services in a wireless LAN with dynamic time-division duplexed (D-TDD) transmission. With D-TDD, a frequency channel is time-shared for both downlink and uplink transmissions under the dynamic access control of the base station. The base station (1) handles uplink transmissions by polling mobiles in a certain order determined on a per-connection (per-message) basis for transmitting real-time (non-real-time) traffic from mobiles and (2) schedules the transmission of downlink packets. To handle location-dependent, time-varying, and bursty errors, we adopt the channel-state prediction, transmission deferment, and retransmission. We consider the problems of scheduling and multiplexing downlink packet transmissions, and polling mobiles for uplink transmissions depending on the channel state. We also establish conditions necessary to admit each new real-time connection by checking if the connection's delivery-delay bound can be guaranteed as long as the channel stays in good condition without compromising any of the existing guarantees. Last, the performance of the proposed protocol is evaluated to demonstrate how the protocol works and to study the effects of various parameters of the protocol.
Perturbations From Ducts on the Modes of Acoustic Thermometers.

We examine the perturbations of the modes of an acoustic thermometer caused by circular ducts used either for gas flow or as acoustic waveguides coupled to remote transducers. We calculate the acoustic admittance of circular ducts using a model based on transmission line theory. The admittance is used to calculate the perturbations to the resonance frequencies and half-widths of the modes of spherical and cylindrical acoustic resonators as functions of the duct’s radius, length, and the locations of the transducers along the duct's length. To verify the model, we measured the complex acoustic admittances of a series of circular tubes as a function of length between 200 Hz and 10 kHz using a three-port acoustic coupler. The absolute magnitude of the specific acoustic admittance is approximately one. For a 1.4 mm inside-diameter, 1.4 m long tube, the root mean square difference between the measured and modeled specific admittances (both real and imaginary parts) over this frequency range was 0.018. We conclude by presenting design considerations for ducts connected to acoustic thermometers.
Structural Insights into the Histone Specificity of PHD Fingers

Histone tails are essential components of the chromatin remodeling and gene transcription machinery. They undergo various posttranslational modifications (PTMs), including methylation at Lys and Arg residues, acetylation and ubiquitination at Lys residues and phosphorylation at Ser and Thr residues, and serve as docking sites for protein effectors. The histone marks can be added or removed by histone modifying enzymes, and a few protein domains have been identified to specifically recognize (or read) the tail modifications. The zinc binding PHD (plant homeodomain) finger is a recent addition to the family of epigenetic readers. Here, we characterize binding specificity of the PHD finger family using a set of biochemical, crystallographic and spectroscopic approaches. We compare the crystal structures and the histone binding mechanisms of the PHD fingers which select for histone H3 trimethylated at lysine 4 (H3K4me3) and unmodified H3. Our results provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the biological activity of the PHD fingers and further our understanding of how the histone marks are read.Supported by NIH (CA113472 and GM071424 to TGK).
Pain and orthodontic treatment.

Abstract Objective: To explore whether patients' pain experiences and orthodontists' assessments of their patients' pain levels are consistent and whether orthodontists are aware of their patients' use of pain medication. Materials and Methods: Survey data were collected from 116 adolescent patients (44 male, 72 female; aged 10 to 19 years; mean age, 14.27 years) and from their orthodontic care providers. Results: While only 18.0% of these patients agreed that they had pain during their last orthodontic appointment, 58.5% indicated that they experienced pain for a few days after their appointment. On average, dentists underestimated the patients' pain during the last appointment (rated on a 5-point scale, with 1 indicating no pain: providers = 2.01 vs patients = 2.28; P = .042), immediately after the last appointment (1.93 vs 2.34; P = .005), and 1 day (1.77 vs 2.53; P < .001) and 2 days (1.57 vs 2.19; P < .001) after the previous appointment. Only 26.5% of the patients used pain medication immediately fo...
Common Landscape of America, 1580 to 1845

Looks at the ways Americans have altered the landscape from the arrival of early Spanish settlers to the beginning of the country's rapid urbanization.
A Game of Checkers Tribes Can Win: Tribal Authority to Zone Non-member Fee Land Using the First Montana Exception

The modern Congress and executive branch primarily recognized that American Indian tribes retain their inherent sovereign authority over people and property within Indian Country unless Congress acts to limit the authority. However, the Supreme Court incrementally moved away from the recognition of inherent sovereignty by implementing limits on tribal authority over crimes committed by nonmembers and tribal authority to assert civil regulatory and adjudicative jurisdiction over nonmembers. The Supreme Court first applied this theory of implicit divestiture to limit tribal civil regulatory authority in the landmark case Montana v. United States. This limitation of tribal sovereignty continues to severely impact the ability of tribal governments to implement successful zoning and comprehensive land use plans within reservation boundaries. Despite the Supreme Court’s divestiture of tribal authority over nonmember land, this Note offers advice and suggestions for tribes to use the language of these decisions to develop consensual relationships with nonmember fee land owners in the creation of comprehensive zoning plans.
Prostate cancer: Personalized risk - stratified screening or abandoning it altogether?

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-based screening approaches are associated with reduced prostate-cancer mortality, but can lead to overdiagnosis, unnecessary biopsies and overtreatment. Two solutions for this problem exist: to abandon PSA-based screening completely, or to improve the accuracy of PSA-based screening methods to solve the benefit-to-harm equation. Herein we explore these solutions by examining three recent publications.
Availability and Use of Digital Technologies in P-12 Classrooms of Selected Countries

This study examined what digital technologies were available and how they were used in classrooms in 14 countries around the world. The findings of the study indicated that there was an enormous difference in terms of access to digital technologies available in the classrooms between developed countries and developing countries. Classrooms in the U.S had more digital technologies than other classrooms around the world, but they did not use technology the most. Within the group of developed countries, the difference in digital technologies available in the classrooms was not large. However, within the group of developing countries, there was a large difference in terms of different technologies available in the classrooms. The findings of the study also revealed a universal issue of technology integration in education around the world: schools may have the funds to spend on technology, but they did not always have the funds to hire people to help teachers with technology integration. DOI: 10.2458/azu_itet_v2i1_vu
Communication Characterization and Optimization of Applications Using Topology-Aware Task Mapping on Large Supercomputers

On large supercomputers, the job scheduling systems may assign a non-contiguous node allocation for user applications depending on available resources. With parallel applications using MPI (Message Passing Interface), the default process ordering does not take into account the actual physical node layout available to the application. This contributes to non-locality in terms of physical network topology and impacts communication performance of the application. In order to mitigate such performance penalties, this work describes techniques to identify suitable task mapping that takes the layout of the allocated nodes as well as the application's communication behavior into account. During the first phase of this research, we instrumented and collected performance data to characterize communication behavior of critical US DOE (United States - Department of Energy) applications using an augmented version of the mpiP tool. Subsequently, we developed several reordering methods (spectral bisection, neighbor join tree etc.) to combine node layout and application communication data for optimized task placement. We developed a tool called mpiAproxy to facilitate detailed evaluation of the various reordering algorithms without requiring full application executions. This work presents a comprehensive performance evaluation (14,000 experiments) of the various task mapping techniques in lowering communication costs on Titan, the leadership class supercomputer at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
Analysis on obstacles, route and policy guidance in the forming of industrial districts in the northeast region

Developing the new industrial district is an important way of promoting the northeast industry. The formation mechanism of the northeast industrial district is different from that in the south; it is based on its unique industry' s environment and regional culture. Eliminating the obstacles resulted both from the improper matching capacity of enterprises and form the lacking of effective coordination in large-and-medium-sized enterprises, should adopt the way of subcontract, adsorption and transplantation and disintegration to realize the change of production pattern from rigid to flxible . Developing the new industrial district also should adhere to the policy guidance of specialization of characteristic industries, inviting merchants to industrial chain, and giving full play to intermediate organizations, etc .
GPR multi-target recognition using texture features of time-frequency analysis and HMM

In the process of ground penetrating radar(GPR) probe,the distance variation between antenna and buried targets is reflected by the A-scan sequence changes of the echoes.So a new target recognition method is proposed based on this variation process.In feature extraction,we combine the time-frequency analysis and image texture analysis: 2-D time-frequency representations of A-scans are first calculated,and then some specific image texture descriptors are utilized to construct the feature vectors.As for target recognition,the variation process is modeled using one-way non-stride continuous hidden Markov model(HMM),according to the changing distance between antenna and targets.Experiment results show that the proposed HMM method based on the variation process of A-scan sequences performs better than support vector machine,which only relies on the unordered sets of features vectors of A-scans.
Dirichlet process mixture models for time-dependent clustering

In many problems of signal processing, an important task is the classification of data. A group of methods that has attracted much interest for this purpose are the nonparametric Bayesian methods, and in particular, those based on the Dirichlet process. A useful metaphor for various generalizations of the Dirichlet process has been the Chinese restaurant process. Often the task of classification must be carried out in a sequential manner, and to that end the concepts from Bayesian non-parametrics cannot be applied straightforwardly. Recently, we introduced the notion of Chinese restaurant process with finite capacity to allow for classification of data on a time-varying basis. In this paper, we introduce the hierarchical Chinese restaurant process with finite capacity to provide further flexibilities to the process of classification. We show a generative model based on the process and then describe how to make online inference using the model. We demonstrate the approach with computer simulations.