cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temperature dependence of the diamagnetic and dielectric susceptibility of silicon

We report high-precision measurements of the temperature dependence of the diamagnetic susceptibility, $\ensuremath{\chi}(T)$, and the temperature derivative of the infrared refractive index $\frac{\mathrm{dn}}{\mathrm{dT}}$ of Si. A simple Debye-Waller picture accurately predicts the low-temperature behavior of $\frac{\mathrm{dn}}{\mathrm{dT}}$. The temperature dependence of $\frac{\mathrm{dn}}{\mathrm{dT}}$ allows the prediction of the Van Vleck paramagnetic component of the valence-electron susceptibility. The precision of the measurements of $\ensuremath{\chi}(T)$ and $\frac{\mathrm{dn}}{\mathrm{dT}}$ is sufficiently high to reveal that our understanding of the temperature dependence of the valence-electron diamagnetic component is incomplete.
A vector based backward state justification search for test generation in sequential circuits

An innovative approach to the state justification portion of the sequential circuit automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) process is described. Given the absence of a stored fault, an ATPG controller invokes some combinational circuit test generation procedure, such as the D-algorithm, to identify a circuit state (goal state) and input vectors that will sensitize a selected fault. The state justification phase then finds a transfer sequence to the goal from the present state. A forward fault propagation search can be successfully guided through state space from the present state, but the forward justification search is less efficient and the failure rate is high. This backward-function-level search invokes inverse RTL-level primitives and exploits easy movement of data vectors in structured VLSI circuits. Examples illustrated are in AHPL. This search is equally applicable to an RTL-level subset of VHDL. Combinational logic units are treated as functions, and the circuit states are partitioned into control states and data states. Partial covers, conceptually similar to singular covers in the D-algorithm, model the inverse functions of combinational logic units. >
Reliable heavy oil–solvent viscosity mixing rules for viscosities up to 450 K, oil–solvent viscosity ratios up to 4 × 105, and any solvent proportion

Abstract This paper presents an evaluation of various heavy oil viscosity models using new experimental data for mixtures of a heavy oil sample from Canada’s heavy oil reserves and n -decane used as a viscosity reducer. We measured viscosities at temperatures ranging from ambient to 450 K using a versatile mercury capillary tube. We evaluated several mixing rules to predict the mixture viscosity as a function of temperature and the viscosities of the constituents. The most promising mixing rule follows a methodology proposed originally by Lederer. We used our own experimental data to calibrate this mixing rule, which only has two adjustable parameters, and used the same coefficients to predict the blending viscosity of mixtures of bitumen and a synthetic oil solvent reported in the literature. This mixing rule can reproduce blending viscosities within the uncertainty of the experiments for oil–solvent viscosity ratios up to 4×10 5 , temperatures from ambient to 450 K, and mixtures of any solvent proportion. This paper provides a valuable new experimental viscosity of heavy oil and n -decane and a reliable mixing rule that has been independently validated with literature data and can be used to estimate diluent quantities required to reduce oil viscosity for pipeline transportation of heavy oil, to design solvent stimulation of wells, and to provide viscosities for thermal reservoir simulators for heavy oil recovery processes.
Practical reliability data and analysis

Abstract The need for reliability data to support engineering studies has been well established in recent years; however, the quality of available data is the binding constraint on the quality of most reliability studies. The objective of this paper is to present some of the practical difficulties which typically require negotiating in field data collection, reduction, and statistical analysis, primarily at the component level.
Introduction to the special issue: Interpersonal violence and substance use problems

Abstract This article provides an overview for the Special Issue on Addictive Behaviors and Interpersonal Violence. Each article is briefly described and an attempt is made to integrate common findings among the studies.
Surviving Cancer and Family Costs: Examining the Needs of Spouses

Aggressive cancers are devastating diseases that leave fractured lives in their wake. Many of these cancers are treated with bone marrow transplantation (BMT), an option that can potentially cure one's cancer but may leave the patient with reduced functioning years after the cancer diagnosis ceases to be a threat. Most BMT research attention is focused on keeping the cancer patient alive. When the focus shifts to psychosocial inquiry, the patient remains at the center of studies as researchers work to determine how one recovers from life-threatening illnesses and how to reduce the long-term complications. When social supports are discussed, family and spouses tend to be viewed as a resource of support. Few studies have examined how the patient's treatment and recovery influence the life satisfaction of spouses and family members. This study addresses this gap by focusing on the quality of life of transplant spouses.
Simulating smoke movement through long vertical shafts in zone-type compartment fire models

A limitation of traditional zone-type compartment fire modeling is the inadequacy of two-layer quasi-steady-buoyant-plume analyses to simulate the fire-generated environment in room configurations with large height-to-span ratios, e.g., elevator shafts and ventilation shafts. Model equations to remove this limitation are developed. These simulate time-dependent flow in a long, ventilated, vertical shaft with an arbitrary vertical density distribution, including one or more intervals along the shaft length where the vertical distribution of the averaged cross-section density may be unstably stratified, i.e., density increasing with increasing elevation. The model equations are partially verified by favorable comparisons between solutions and previously published data from unsteady experiments in long vertical tubes involving initially unstable configurations: saltwater over freshwater and heavy gas over light gas.
Differences in treatment of digital amputation injuries based on community transfer versus tertiary initial presentation

Background The purpose of this paper is to compare a group of patients with upper extremity amputation injuries who presented to a tertiary referral center without having been previously seen at another hospital versus a group of patients who was transferred from another facility. We hypothesize that transferred patients will generally undergo more complex treatments, that some transferred patients will be treated in the ER with simple treatments (thereby perhaps not requiring transfer), and that transferred patients will be less likely to have insurance coverage.
Cathode-drift compensation in D-C amplifiers

THE PHENOMENON of cathode drift represents one of the more troublesome sources of drift in direct-coupled amplifiers, and although the exact mechanisms involved have not been completely explained, it is generally accepted that the conditions of drift can be simulated, for analytical purposes, by the assumption of a random noise-voltage generator in series with the cathode of the tube in question.
A novel neurological phenotype in mice lacking mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in a wide range of degenerative processes including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ischemic heart disease, Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease and aging. ROS are generated by mitochondria as the toxic by-products of oxidative phosphorylation, their energy generating pathway. Genetic inactivation of the mitochondrial form of superoxide dismutase in mice results in dilated cardiomyopathy, hepatic lipid accumulation and early neonatal death. We report that treatment with the superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic Manganese 5, 10, 15, 20-tetrakis (4-benzoic acid) porphyrin (MnTBAP) rescues these Sod2tm1Cje(-/-) mutant mice from this systemic pathology and dramatically prolongs their survival. The animals instead develop a pronounced movement disorder progressing to total debilitation by three weeks of age. Neuropathologic evaluation reveals a striking spongiform degeneration of the cortex and specific brain stem nuclei associated with gliosis and intramyelinic vacuolization similar to that observed in cytotoxic edema and disorders associated with mitochondrial abnormalities such as Leighs disease and Canavans disease. We believe that due to the failure of MnTBAP to cross the blood brain barrier progressive neuropathology is caused by excessive mitochondrial production of ROS. Consequently, MnTBAP-treated Sod2tm1Cje(-/-) mice may provide an excellent model for examining the relationship between free radicals and neurodegenerative diseases and for screening new drugs to treat these disorders.
Measurements of electron attenuation lengths in condensed molecular solids

Abstract Electron attenuation lengths in condensed molecular solids have been measured utilizing monochromatized synchrotron radiation from the NBS SURF-II storage ring. The attenuation lengths are approximately 13, 10 and 9 A, respectively, for water, methanol and cyclohexane and show only a slight energy dependence over the electron kinetic energy range covered (18–68eV). The experiment consisted of monitoring the attenuation of Cu(100) substrate photoelectrons as solid H2O, CH3OH and C6H12 were condensed at 90 K by dosing from a microcapillary array. Accurate measurement of adsorbate layer thickness was accomplished by calibration of the doser; this procedure is described in detail. Verification of this calibration was accomplished by comparison with thermal desorption and UV photoelectron spectroscopic measurements which are able to distinguish monolayers from multilayers.
Efficient live face detection to counter spoof attack in face recognition systems

Face recognition is a critical tool used in almost all major biometrics based security systems. But recognition, authentication and liveness detection of the face of an actual user is a major challenge because an imposter or a non-live face of the actual user can be used to spoof the security system. In this research, a robust technique is proposed which detects liveness of faces in order to counter spoof attacks. The proposed technique uses a three-dimensional (3D) fast Fourier transform to compare spectral energies of a live face and a fake face in a mathematically selective manner. The mathematical model involves evaluation of energies of selective high frequency bands of average power spectra of both live and non-live faces. It also carries out proper recognition and authentication of the face of the actual user using the fringe-adjusted joint transform correlation technique, which has been found to yield the highest correlation output for a match. Experimental tests show that the proposed technique yields excellent results for identifying live faces.
Fissidens austro-americanus (Bryopsida: Fissidentaceae), a new species from Brazil and Suriname

Fissidens austro-americanus, from Brazil and Suriname, is described, illustrated, and its relationship toF. brevipes, F. ramicola, andF. leptophyllus discussed.
Histology of the subauricular and rump glands of the pronghorn (Antilocapra americana Ord).

Subauricular and rump glands of pronghorns (Antilocapra americana) collected during every month of the year, were examined histologically. In early spring the apocrine and sebaceous zones of the paired subauricular glands, which are found only in males, proliferate abruptly. These zones continue to enlarge and become highly secretory during the summer; they regress during the fall and are quiescent in December. During the peak of activity large sebaceous storage vesicles are present and copious amounts of secretory material occupy the apocrine lumina. Irregular clumps of cells that are associated with the apocrine tubules are numerous in summer and appear to be associated with apocrine secretory activity. The subauricular glands of castrated bucks are small and inactive compared to normal glands. Annual proliferation and regression of the subauricular glands follows similar activities of the testes. Thus, the cycle of activity in these glands is apparently controlled by gonadal hormones. Odors from the subauricular glands may serve for sex recognition, stimulation, and marking of territories. The paired rump glands consist of lobulated sebaceous units and coiled apocrine tubules that maintain limited secretory activity throughout the year. Contraction of large arrector pili muscles associated with hairs in the glands may cause accelerated secretion. The rump glands of normal males, females, and castrated males, are similar in all respects. Apparently these glands are not sexually influenced. The rump glands may serve for olfactory warnings in conjunction with the visual warnings of the white rump patch.
Gene duplications and evolution of vertebrate voltage-gated sodium channels.

Voltage-gated sodium channels underlie action potential generation in excitable tissue. To establish the evolutionary mechanisms that shaped the vertebrate sodium channel α-subunit (SCNA) gene family and their encoded Nav1 proteins, we identified all SCNA genes in several teleost species. Molecular cloning revealed that teleosts have eight SCNA genes, compared to ten in another vertebrate lineage, mammals. Prior phylogenetic analyses have indicated that the genomes of both teleosts and tetrapods contain four monophyletic groups of SCNA genes, and that tandem duplications expanded the number of genes in two of the four mammalian groups. However, the number of genes in each group varies between teleosts and tetrapods, suggesting different evolutionary histories in the two vertebrate lineages. Our findings from phylogenetic analysis and chromosomal mapping of Danio rerio genes indicate that tandem duplications are an unlikely mechanism for generation of the extant teleost SCNA genes. Instead, analyses of other closely mapped genes in D. rerio as well as of SCNA genes from several teleost species all support the hypothesis that a whole-genome duplication was involved in expansion of the SCNA gene family in teleosts. Interestingly, despite their different evolutionary histories, mRNA analyses demonstrated a conservation of expression patterns for SCNA orthologues in teleosts and tetrapods, suggesting functional conservation.
A Device for Measurement of Equivalent Widths of Spectral Lines

A simple and inexpensive device for the measurement of equivalent widths directly from spectrograms is described and the accuracy of the results is discussed.
Unilateral Type II Schizencephaly Prenatal Diagnosis and Review

Schizencephaly is a rare developmental disorder of the brain that is characterized by abnormal clefts within the cerebral hemispheres. Infants with this disorder commonly have developmental delay, delay in speech and language, partial or complete paralysis, poor muscle tone, and seizures. The manifestations and severity of the disease are related to the size and location of the clefts. The authors report a case of type II (open-lipped) schizencephaly diagnosed in the second trimester by sonography. Early prenatal diagnosis of fetal type II (open-lipped) schizencephaly allows time for patient counseling and discussion of options and preparation.
Interrogation Technique Endorsement by Current Law Enforcement, Future Law Enforcement, and Laypersons:

Interrogations are an integral part of police practices and investigations. Yet, little is known about the endorsement of the techniques involved with interrogations. In two collection efforts, participants completed questionnaires about interrogations and individual difference measures. Three distinct groups were compared including current law enforcement officers, criminal justice and psychology undergraduate students who intended to enter law enforcement, and students who did not intend to do so. Results suggested that current law enforcement officers favored the use of “passive” interrogation techniques, more so than the student groups. The endorsement of “aggressive” interrogation techniques was minimal for all groups.
On dynamic models of robot force control

A series of lumped-parameter models is developed in an effort to predict the dynamics of simple force-controlled robot systems. The models include some effects of robot structural dynamics, sensor compliance, and workpiece dynamics. A qualitative analysis suggests that the robot dynamics contribute to force-controlled instability.
The Administrator as Trustee of the Public Interest Normative Ideals and Daily Practice

Recent articles in Administration & Society have probed the question of administrative discretion, with most advocating an expanded sphere of responsibility for the administrator. This article argues that calls for greater discretion are useful from a normative viewpoint, but that administrative practice is constrained by the relationship between the administrator and the governing body. A typology of discretion is offered which distinguishes between normative theory and descriptive theory, or theory-in-use. An examination is made of the literature and practice of local administration as a locus for evaluating how administrators determine their sphere of discretion in daily practice.
Declining Growth Rate of West Nile Virus in North America

To determine the demographic history of West Nile virus (WNV) in North America, we employed a coalescent method to envelope coding region data sets for the NY99 and WN02 genotypes. Although the observed genetic diversities in both genotypes were of approximately the same age, the mean rate of epidemiological growth of the WN02 population was approximately three times that of the NY99 population, a finding compatible with the recent dominance of the former genotype. However, there has also been a marked decrease in the recent growth rate of WN02, suggesting that WNV has reached its peak prevalence in North America.
The application of classification tree analysis to soil type prediction in a desert landscape

Classification tree analysis is evaluated as a predictive soil mapping technique for developing a preliminary soil map for neighboring site from samples extracted from an existing soil map. The objective of the research is to help guide future soil mapping in a nearby area. In order to determine the best overall modeling approach several variations were explored: the dependent variable (soil map class) was grouped at several hierarchical levels (according to Soil Taxonomy), sensitivity analysis was performed on the predictor variables (environmental variables acting as surrogates for soil forming factors), and the study area was divided into meaningful sub-areas (mountains and basins). Soil great group was discovered the most parsimonious dependent variable based on model results (misclassification error rate of 30.0% based on a test data set). Geomorphology (as measured by several landform variables) best explains the distribution of soil types. The terrain analysis variables did not explain a large amount of variance within the models. Dividing the study area in two separate modeling units increased overall model accuracy. Our results suggest that soil taxonomic class can be predicted with reasonable accuracy from environmental variables. In addition, the technique can provide limited insight into the variables that are most responsible for driving soil development in a given area. This technique could be used in soil survey to extrapolate obvious soil landscape relationships from one site to another, allowing soil experts to concentrate their field mapping effort in unique areas.
Genetic Therapy for Beta-Thalassemia: From the Bench to the Bedside

Beta-thalassemia is a genetic disorder with mutations in the β-globin gene that reduce or abolish β-globin protein production. Patients with β-thalassemia major (Cooley's anemia) become severely anemic by 6 to 18 months of age, and are transfusion dependent for life, while those with thalassemia intermedia, a less-severe form of thalassemia, are intermittently or rarely transfused. An allogeneically matched bone marrow transplant is curative, although it is restricted to those with matched donors. Gene therapy holds the promise of "fixing" one's own bone marrow cells by transferring the normal β-globin or γ-globin gene into hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to permanently produce normal red blood cells. Requirements for effective gene transfer for the treatment of β-thalassemia are regulated, erythroid-specific, consistent, and high-level β-globin or γ-globin expression. Gamma retroviral vectors have had great success with immune-deficiency disorders, but due to vector-associated limitations, they have limited utility in hemoglobinopathies. Lentivirus vectors, on the other hand, have now been shown in several studies to correct mouse and animal models of thalassemia. The immediate challenges of the field as it moves toward clinical trials are to optimize gene transfer and engraftment of a high proportion of genetically modified HSCs and to minimize the adverse consequences that can result from random integration of vectors into the genome by improving current vector design or developing novel vectors. This article discusses the current state of the art in gene therapy for β-thalassemia and some of the challenges it faces in human trials.
Seeing Through Colorblindness: Implicit Bias and the Law

Once upon a time, the central civil rights questions were indisputably normative. What did “equal justice under law” require? Did it, for example, permit segregation, or was separate never equal? This is no longer the case. Today, the central civil rights questions of our time turn also on the underlying empirics. In a post-civil rights era, in what some people exuberantly embrace as post-racial, many assume that we already live in a colorblind society. Is this in fact the case? Recent findings about implicit bias from mind scientists sharply suggest other-wise. This Article summarizes the empirical evidence that rejects facile claims of perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral colorblindness. It then calls on the law to take a “behaviorally realist” account of these findings, and maps systematically how it might do so in sensible, non-hysterical, and evidence-based ways. Recognizing that this call may be politically naive, the Article examines and answers three objections, sounding in “junk science” backlash, “hard-wired” resignation, and “rational” justification.
An improved design of a noninvasive near-infrared brain oxygenation monitor

Noninvasive determination of oxygen delivery to the brain was obtained by using a newly designed three wavelength optical system, which consists of low power laser diodes and photo detectors. Using this near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) system, the authors investigated the relationship between directly measured jugular venous O/sub 2/ saturation (S/sub j/O/sub 2/) and regional cerebral O/sub 2/ saturation (rSHbO/sub 2/) as determined by NIRS. Results from ten cardiac surgical patients show good quantitative correlations. >
CDIKP: A highly-compact local feature descriptor

A new feature descriptor is presented for object and scene recognition. The new approach, called CDIKP, uniquely combines the scale-invariant feature detection with a robust projection kernel technique to produce highly efficient feature representation. The produced feature descriptors are highly-compact in comparisons to the state-of-the-art, do not require any pretraining step, and show superior advantages in terms of distinctiveness, robustness to occlusions, invariance to scale, and tolerance of geometric distortions. We extensively evaluated the effectiveness of the new approach with various datasets acquired under varying circumstances.
What Tests Are Acceptable for Use in Forensic Evaluations? A Survey of Experts

When conducting a forensic evaluation, what psychological tests do experts consider acceptable to use? The answer is useful to psychologists making practice decisions but also to the courts, who rely on others’ opinions to base one of the criteria for determining the admissibility of testimony. The author surveyed diplomates in forensic psychology (N 64) regarding both the frequency with which they use and their opinions about the acceptability of a variety of psychological tests in 6 areas of forensic practice. The 6 areas were mental state at the offense, risk for violence, risk for sexual violence, competency to stand trial, competency to waive Miranda rights, and malingering. Results are presented for each practice area, and the implications of these results for the courts, future research, and practice are discussed. As many psychologists are considering entering forensic practice, either in a primary or secondary role, they are uniquely positioned to provide testimony to the court, as compared with other mental health professionals. Other mental health professionals, including psychiatrists, the traditional providers of expert testimony, generally base their opinions solely on their interview of a defendant or plaintiff and on collateral sources (records and interviews of other relevant parties). Psychological tests provide psychologists with a third source of information, and with these three legs on which to rest their opinions, psychologists have a more stable and valid foundation as the basis of their testimony. However, all psychological tests are not created equal; some are more appropriate than others for use in a forensic evaluation. For psychologists entering forensic practice, it is useful to know what tests are used by forensic psychologists; even more pertinent is understanding what tests are appropriate for particular types of forensic evaluations. The answer to this question not only helps guide practice decisions but also addresses an important element that courts use to decide whether an expert’s opinion is admissible at a hearing or trial. Even though it has been 40 years since the courts have officially recognized psychologists’ place as experts to provide testimony (Jenkins v. United States, 1962), the admissibility of testimony based on psychological test results still gets challenged. For the psychologist facing such challenges, it is
Optical heterodyning of narrow-linewidth surface etched distributed Bragg reflector laser diodes

In this work, we report on the use of narrow spectral linewidth DBR lasers at 850-nm with wide tuning ranges as optical heterodyne sources. Using widely tunable laser diodes as sources allows for generation over the entire photodetector range. By utilizing devices that can emit a narrow spectral linewidth without the use of additional feedback systems, the size and complexity of the heterodyning system is greatly reduced. Finally, using devices at 850-nm ensures a high level of absorption when paired with a low-temperature-grown (LTG)-GaAs photomixer
Near diffraction limited high-contrast 10 terawatt laser

Summary from only given. We report on further progress in developing a Ti:sapphire high contrast laser, namely reaching a 10 TW milestone. Large output energy of the regenerative amplifier allows us to do this by amplifying the regenerative amplifier output pulse in a single 4-pass amplifier.
Simulated Anthrax Attacks and Syndromic Surveillance

We measured sensitivity and timeliness of a syndromic surveillance system to detect bioterrorism events. A hypothetical anthrax release was modeled by using zip code population data, mall customer surveys, and membership information from HealthPartners Medical Group, which covers 9% of a metropolitan area population in Minnesota. For each infection level, 1,000 releases were simulated. Timing of increases in use of medical care was based on data from the Sverdlovsk, Russia, anthrax release. Cases from the simulated outbreak were added to actual respiratory visits recorded for those dates in HealthPartners Medical Group data. Analysis was done by using the space-time scan statistic. We evaluated the proportion of attacks detected at different attack rates and timeliness to detection. Timeliness and completeness of detection of events varied by rate of infection. First detection of events ranged from days 3 to 6. Similar modeling may be possible with other surveillance systems and should be a part of their evaluation.
Effects of Dietary n-3 Fatty Acids on Hepatic and Peripheral Insulin Sensitivity in Insulin-Resistant Humans

OBJECTIVE Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), prevent insulin resistance and stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis in rodents, but the findings of translational studies in humans are thus far ambiguous. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of EPA and DHA on insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, and muscle mitochondrial function in insulin-resistant, nondiabetic humans using a robust study design and gold-standard measurements. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Thirty-one insulin-resistant adults received 3.9 g/day EPA+DHA or placebo for 6 months in a randomized double-blind study. Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp with somatostatin was used to assess hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity. Postprandial glucose disposal and insulin secretion were measured after a meal. Measurements were performed at baseline and after 6 months of treatment. Abdominal fat distribution was evaluated by MRI. Muscle oxidative capacity was measured in isolated mitochondria using high-resolution respirometry and noninvasively by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. RESULTS Compared with placebo, EPA+DHA did not alter peripheral insulin sensitivity, postprandial glucose disposal, or insulin secretion. Hepatic insulin sensitivity, determined from the suppression of endogenous glucose production by insulin, exhibited a small but significant improvement with EPA+DHA compared with placebo. Muscle mitochondrial function was unchanged by EPA+DHA or placebo. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that dietary EPA+DHA does not improve peripheral glucose disposal, insulin secretion, or skeletal muscle mitochondrial function in insulin-resistant nondiabetic humans. There was a modest improvement in hepatic insulin sensitivity with EPA+DHA, but this was not associated with any improvements in clinically meaningful outcomes.
Depth extent of the fault-zone seismic waveguide: effects of increasing velocity with depth

SUMMARY The damage zone of a major fault can act as a low-velocity seismic waveguide. The fault-zone guided waves provide a potential method to constrain the in situ physical properties of the fault zone (FZ) at depth. Recently, there has been debate over the depth extent of observed fault waveguides and whether fault properties at seismogenic depth can be constrained by guided waves (GWs). To address these questions, elastic finite-difference synthetic seismograms were generated for fault-zone models that include an increase in seismic velocity with depth both inside and outside the FZ. Previous synthetic studies for a homogeneous fault showed that earthquakes off of the fault do not generate GWs unless the waveguide is restricted to a few kilometres depth. In contrast, earthquakes both inside and outside of a depth-varying fault waveguide generate strong GWs within the near-surface portion of the FZ. This is because the frequency-dependent trapping efficiency of the waveguide changes with depth. The nearsurface fault structure efficiently guides waves at lower frequencies than the deeper FZ. The low-frequency waves that are guided at the surface are not efficiently guided at greater depth, and therefore, travel as body waves. Fault structure at seismogenic depth requires the analysis of data at higher frequencies than the GWs that dominate at the surface and have been the subject of most previous investigations.
Dynamics of R1 and R2 Elements in the rDNA Locus of Drosophila simulans

The mobile elements R1 and R2 insert specifically into the rRNA gene locus (rDNA locus) of arthropods, a locus known to undergo concerted evolution, the recombinational processes that preserve the sequence homogeneity of all repeats. To monitor how rapidly individual R1 and R2 insertions are turned over in the rDNA locus by these processes, we have taken advantage of the many 5' truncation variants that are generated during the target-primed reverse transcription mechanism used by these non-LTR retrotransposons for their integration. A simple PCR assay was designed to reveal the pattern of the 5' variants present in the rDNA loci of individual X chromosomes in a population of Drosophila simulans. Each rDNA locus in this population was found to have a large, unique collection of 5' variants. Each variant was present at low copy number, usually one copy per chromosome, and was seldom distributed to other chromosomes in the population. The failure of these variants to spread to other units in the same rDNA locus suggests a strong recombinational bias against R1 and R2 that results in the individual copies of these elements being rapidly lost from the rDNA locus. This bias suggests a significantly higher frequency of R1 and R2 retrotransposition than we have previously suggested.
Springtime Foods of Bonytail (Cyprinidae: Gila elegans) In A Lower Colorado River Backwater

Abstract Bonytail, Gila elegans, in Cibola High Levee Pond, an isolated lower Colorado River backwater, fed more during evening and after dark than during daylight. Fish were omnivorous, and contents of stomachs (n = 72) included amorphous organic matter (materials digested beyond visual identification), aquatic macrophytes, invertebrates (micro-crustaceans, insects, and crayfish), bullfrog, and fish. Proportion of plants decreased while that of invertebrates increased with increased size of fish. Remains of fish were found only in the largest specimens. Asian tapeworm, Bothriocephalus acheilognathi, was in 11% of the sample and represents the first report for this parasite from open waters of the lower Colorado River system.
Determinants of chronic lung disease severity in the first year of life; A population based study

Summary Objectives First, create a clinical severity score for patients with chronic lung disease of infancy (CLDi) following neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) stay. Second, using California wide population-based data, identify factors associated with clinical severity of CLDi at 4–9 months corrected gestational age (CGA). Study Design Pediatric pulmonologists ranked and weighted eight factors reflecting clinical severity of CLDi. Utilizing these data we scored and assigned these to 4–9 month old CGA moderate/severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) infants, born<30 weeks gestational age (GA), within the California High Risk Infant Follow up (HRIF) program. Infants were studied relative to factors from the California Perinatal Quality Care Collaborative (CPQCC). Results We received survey responses from 43/88 pediatric pulmonologists from 28/53 North American training centers who are experts in CLDi. Strong agreement between ranking (72–100%) of respiratory system parameters and weighting (out of 100 points weighting was within 20 points) was observed with severity of CLDi. Data from 940 CLDi premature infants 30 ventilator days, OR = 3.82 (1.30–11.2), postnatal steroids OR = 3.94 (1.94–7.84), and a surprising inverse association with retinopathy of prematurity stage 3–4, OR = 0.24 (0.09–0.67) Conclusions The CLDi clinical severity score allowed for standardized assessment of pulmonary morbidity, and evaluation of risk factors in the NICU for CLDi following NICU discharge. These observations point to risk factors associated with CLDi outcomes at 4–9 months CGA. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:878–888. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Painful Traumatic Neuroma of the Tongue Treated with Serial Alcohol Injections

Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com On behalf of: American Academy of OtolaryngologyHead and Neck Surgery can be found at: Otolaryngology -Head and Neck Surgery Additional services and information for http://oto.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Email Alerts: http://oto.sagepub.com/subscriptions Subscriptions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Permissions:
Digraphs and Graphs: Definitions and Examples

In the Introduction, we referred to digraphs or directed graphs several times, but we did not define them. We saw that they are objects that look like those in Figure 2.1.
How to work with insurance companies

Neurologists in all practice settings will benefit from working better with insurance companies and other payers. This article discusses who the insurance companies and others are that practices should work with, why it is important to maintain and develop ongoing relationships, and several strategies that successful practices of all types employ to achieve success.
Is T790M mutation the key in development of esistance to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase nhibitors (EGFR-TKIs)?

Over the last 2 decades, a number of new approaches were proposed in diagnosis and treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which comprises about 80 to 85% of all lung cancers. For its diagnosis, gene expression profiling has recently been suggested as a predictive and prognostic biomarker in early-stage NSCLC (1). For its treatment, multiple modalities have been developed and introduced into clinical practice.
Exercise-Induced Myocardial Ischemia: The Role of Heart Rate Reduction in Therapeutic Approach

Rational therapy for exercise-induced myocardial ischemia, as manifested by effort angina pectoris, must be based on a thorough understanding of the disease process and its effects on regional myocardial blood flow and contractile function. The clinician has an ever increasing array of pharmaceuticals available with which to treat the coronary disease patient, including s-adrenergic blockers, calcium channel antagonists, and nitrates. This divergent set of agents has markedly different effects on the coronary vasculature, the myocardial contractile state, and the peripheral circulation, thereby making combined pharmacologic therapy attractive in some situations. However, such complicated therpeutic approaches further emphasize the need to fully appreciate the anatomical, physiological, and pathological mechanisms present in the patient, together with the mode of action of each pharmacologic agent utilized. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the role of tachycardia in the precipitation of myocardial ischemia, as well as the role of heart rate reduction for the treatment of exercise-induced myocardial ischemia in the context of the underlying pathophysiology.
Well-Balanced, Conservative Finite Difference Algorithm for Atmospheric Flows

The numerical simulation of meso-, convective-, and microscale atmospheric flows requires the solution of the Euler or the Navier–Stokes equations. Nonhydrostatic weather prediction algorithms often solve the equations in terms of derived quantities such as Exner pressure and potential temperature (and are thus not conservative) and/or as perturbations to the hydrostatically balanced equilibrium state. This paper presents a well-balanced, conservative finite difference formulation for the Euler equations with a gravitational source term, where the governing equations are solved as conservation laws for mass, momentum, and energy. Preservation of the hydrostatic balance to machine precision by the discretized equations is essential because atmospheric phenomena are often small perturbations to this balance. The proposed algorithm uses the weighted essentially nonoscillatory and compact-reconstruction weighted essentially nonoscillatory schemes for spatial discretization that yields high-order accurate solu...
Nutritional Concerns in Osteoporosis

Many factors influence age-related bone loss and fracture risk, including genetics, level of physical activity, and the content of the diet. Several nutrients affect bone development and preservation. The most extensively studied of these are calcium and vitamin D. An emerging area of interest to the research and clinical communities is the role that the acid-base balance of the diet plays in preserving bone mass in older adults. Vitamin D and the acid-base balance of the diet influence muscle as well as bone, and improved muscle performance ultimately lowers risk of fracture by reducing risk of falling. This chapter is focused on the relationship of calcium intake, vitamin D status, and the acid-base balance of the diet to bone and muscle mass and strength and to the important clinical outcomes of falls and fractures in older men and women. A calcium intake of 1,000 to 1,200 mg per day is needed to minimize bone loss in older adults. A vitamin D intake of 800 to 1000 IU per day lowers risk of falls and fractures in older adults who are vitamin D insufficient. Supplementation with alkaline salts of potassium (potassium citrate or bicarbonate) improves muscle performance and calcium balance over the short term. Long-term intervention studies are needed to determine whether these favorable effects persist.
Factors Predictive of Improved Patient Reported Outcomes Following Distal Femoral Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation.

Objectives:Osteochondral injury is associated with pain and/or dysfunction and has been implicated as a factor leading to early degenerative joint disease. Fresh osteochondral allograft (OCA) transplantation is a well-described surgical replacement therapy for patients with large osteochondral defects. Optimal selection of patients and factors most associated with a successful outcome is of clinical importance. Previous studies have found age and prior surgery to be predictive of graft failure; however, the potential influence of BMI, coronal plane alignment, and degree of osteoarthritis as well as donor factors such as donor age, graft age and donor match for gender and specific graft locations on patient reported outcomes remains less well characterized.Methods:We utilized a prospective database of 97 consecutive patients receiving osteochondral allograft transplantation to the distal femur from a single surgeon practice over 5 years (2006-2011). Patient and donor characteristics were routinely collecte...
Analysis on the investigation and treatment of first brucellosis case in Jingzhou city

Objective To investigate the infection source and risk factors of the first brucellosis case in Jingzhou. Methods Case searching, epidemiology investigation and serum agglutination test(SAT) were carried out among occupational personnel. Results Four cases were serology positive among the 26 surveyed persons, three of them were diagnosed brucellosis cases, so the positive rate was 15.38% and attack rate was 11.54%. 20 of 71 goats were positive in serology, all the goats and dogs from the two raised households were killed and deep buried. Conclusion The source of the infection is influx of un-checked goats from other provinces.Measures should be taken to supervise the status of focus group, and the epidemic prevention of livestock circulation should be enhanced.
Femtosecond X-ray diffraction measurement of a solid-solid phase transition in VO2

Femtosecond x-rays were for the first time used to probe a photo-induced solid-solid phase transition in VO2. The fast timescale observed suggests that, in this regime, the structural distortion may not be thermally initiated.
Red Blood Cell/Hemoglobin Disorders

Abstract The disorders of red blood cells can be divided into those of decreased red blood cell (RBC) mass (anemias) and those of increased RBC mass (erythrocytoses). Most of this chapter is devoted to various types of anemias, with only a short discussion of erythrocytosis. From the pathophysiologic standpoint, anemias can be divided into three categories: anemias of blood loss, anemias of decreased RBC production, and anemias caused by increased RBC destruction (hemolysis). Each of these categories can be subdivided further. This chapter focuses on commonly encountered conditions. Various rare causes of anemia and some disorders lacking characteristic changes in peripheral blood or bone marrow are omitted.
Kierkegaard's dual challenge to the contemporary world

As a Christian philosopher, Kierkegaard presents a dual challenge to the contemporary world. On the one hand, he forcefully presents a picture of Christian existence as offering the highest possibilities for fulfillment for human beings. Such a view of human life is clearly a challenge in the contemporary pluralistic world, both to advocates of a secular worldview as well as advocates of other religious faiths. However, Kierkegaard's critique of “Christendom” presents a powerful challenge to the contemporary Christian Church as well, particularly when it attempts to identify itself with a particular culture, and even more when the Church itself becomes part of what Kierkegaard calls “the established order.” In this concluding chapter, I shall try to give an account of Kierkegaard's understanding of Christian existence that does justice to both of these challenges. DESPAIR AND THE QUEST FOR EXISTENTIAL UNITY One of Kierkegaard's most influential books is The Sickness Unto Death . Although the book is pseudonymous, ascribed to “Anti-Climacus,” it comes from the later period of Kierkegaard's authorship, when Kierkegaard's works have a strongly Christian character, and differs markedly from the earlier pseudonymous writings that Kierkegaard labels “aesthetic.” Kierkegaard wrote Sickness Unto Death with the intention of publishing the book under his own name, but struggled over whether he should do so, since he felt that the Christian ideals the book embodies were ones that he personally fell far short of.
Psychological Response not Physiological Response Predicts Aggression behind the Wheel during Cold Stress

Cold environments alter human behavior and limit performance through cold stress. Driving is commonly performed during cold winter months when vehicle cabin temperatures induce short-term cold stress. Skin temperature was experimentally manipulated to study the impact of cold stress on driving behavior. Forty-four participants drove a high-fidelity driving simulator during a thermal neutral or cooled condition. Results showed that participants who had higher subjective ratings of cold followed lead vehicles closer and applied brakes harder. Participants in the cold condition followed the lead car 22% (0.82 seconds) closer and applied the brakes 7% harder when presented with a stop sign during a following task. This behavior was predicted by subjective sensation and not by physiological response to cold. The current results suggest that drivers exposed to cold environmental conditions are more likely to display aggressive driving behavior.