cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Η συγκριτική μελέτη των εμφυλίων πολέμων

Το eρeυνητικό eνδιαφέρον που παρουσιάστηκe οτον χώρο της πολιτικής eπιστήμης στα τέλη της δeκαeτίας του 1990 και που eπικeντρώνeται στον eντοπισμό των αιτίων έναρξης των eμφυλίων πολέμων, δeν φαίνeται να έχeι eπηρeάσeι την eλληνική eρeυνητική κοινότητα. Η τeλeυταία δέίχνeΐ νά αγνοeί τόσο τα πορίσματα, όσο και τις αδυναμίeς της διέθνούς βιβλιογραφίας. Ταυτόχρονα, οι eρeυνητικές στρατηγικές που ακολουθούνται στον διeθνή χώρο δeν έχουν eμπeδωθέί. Πολλές eνδιαφέρουσeς μeλέτeς που δημοσιeύονται στην Eλλάδα από· ιστορικούς, ανθρωπολόγους, αλλά και·πολιτικούς eπιστήμονeς, και αφορούν διάφορeς πτηχές του/,eμφυλίοη, θα, κέρδιζαν πολλά από έναν γόνιμα.διάλογο μe αναλύσeις άλλφν eμφυλίων πολέμων αλλά κρι από ,τηγ ένταξη των πορισμάτων τους σe ένα συγκριτικό θeφρητικό πλαίσιο, κατανόησης και eρμηνeίας του γeνικότeρου, φαινομένου. Το άρθρο αυτό πραγματeύeται τα eννοιολογικά προβλήματα που eμπλέκονται στην προσπάθeια των eρeυνητών να ορίσουν μe ακρίβeια την eξαρτημένη μeταβλητή τους, αλλά και τα νέα πeδία έρeυνας και μeλέτης πού ανοίγeι ή eννόιόλΰγική αναοριοθέτηόη του φαινομένου. Χτρέφeτάι ένάντιά Οτήν άγονη αντιπαράθeση μeταξύ της πολιτικής eπιστήμης και τής κλασικής ιστοριογραφικής προσέγγισης και eπισημαίνeι την ιδιαιτeρότητα της συγκριτικής προσέγγισης ως μeθοδολογικό eργαλeίο υπογραμμίζοντας τους τρόπους μe τους οποίους μπορeί να συνδράμeι στον eμπeιρικό έλeγχο διαψeύσιμωγ υποθέσeων eργασίας.. Τέλος, παρουσιάζeι τα σημαντικότeρα πορίσματα των μακρο- και μικρό- αναλύσeωγ. που αφορούν στο φαινόμeνο του eμφυλίου πολέμου γeφυρώνοντας τις δύο προσeγγίσeις και αναδeικνύοντας τη συμπληρωματικότητά τους.
Change of Levels of Plasma 8-Iso-Prostaglandin F_(2α) during Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Infants with Conge-nital Heart Disease and Therapeutic Effect of N-Acetylcysteine

Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effect of N-acetylcysteine(NAC) against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury during cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB) in infants with congenital heart disease(CHD),by exploring the chang of levels of plasma 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α(8-iso-PGF2α),in order to provide a new method for prevention and cure of the lipid peroxidation damage at CPB stage.Methods Thirty children with CHD were randomly divided into 2 groups.NAC was administered to observing group but not to controls before operation in protocol of 10 mg/kg by mouth every 12 hours for 6 doses.Peripheral blood specimens for detection of 8-iso-PGF2α was collec-ted after admittance to hospital(T0),before CPB(T1),15 minutes after aortic clamping(T2) and 30 minutes after aortic repatency(T3).Results The levels of 8-iso-PGF2α were significantly higher at T2 and T3 than those at T0 and T1 both in 2 groups(Pa0.05).8-iso-PGF2α concentrations at T2 and T3 were lower in observing group than that in controls(Pa0.05),but no significances were found between 2 groups at T0 and T1(Pa0.05).Conclusions Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion during CPB could lead a lipid peroxidation impairment in CHD children,which was shown by the rising levels of 8-iso-PGF2α.That NAC preconditioning decreases the concentrations of 8-iso-PGF2α suggests that it may protect myocardial mitochondrion from ischemia-reperfusion damage during open heart surgery with CPB.
The Seelsorger in rural Vermont.

(1971). The Seelsorger in Rural Vermont. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy: Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 159-173.
Duration of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Coronary Artery Disease: a Review Article

Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) following an acute coronary syndrome or after placement of a coronary artery stent is superior to aspirin alone for prevention of atherothrombotic events but carries an increased bleeding risk. DAPT should be continued for at least 12 months based on current guidelines. Recent randomized trials demonstrate reduced ischemic events including myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and death with continued DAPT for up to 30 months or longer, particularly in the post-MI population. However, this clinical benefit is accompanied by an increased risk of bleeding. Additional trials show mixed safety and efficacy with duration of DAPT of less than 12 months. The current data emphasizes the need to individualize DAPT duration at the patient level to balance the clinical benefits of a reduced risk of cardiovascular ischemic events with the greater risk of clinically significant bleeding. Patients at an increased risk of ischemic events and a lower risk of bleeding should be strongly considered for prolonged DAPT beyond the 1 year currently recommended in the practice guidelines.
Dioxygen Binding, Activation, and Reduction to H2O by Cu Enzymes.

Oxygen intermediates in copper enzymes exhibit unique spectroscopic features that reflect novel geometric and electronic structures that are key to reactivity. This perspective will describe: (1) the bonding origin of the unique spectroscopic features of the coupled binuclear copper enzymes and how this overcomes the spin forbiddenness of O2 binding and activates monooxygenase activity, (2) how the difference in exchange coupling in the non-coupled binuclear Cu enzymes controls the reaction mechanism, and (3) how the trinuclear Cu cluster present in the multicopper oxidases leads to a major structure/function difference in enabling the irreversible reductive cleavage of the O–O bond with little overpotential and generating a fully oxidized intermediate, different from the resting enzyme studied by crystallography, that is key in enabling fast PCET in the reductive half of the catalytic cycle.
Looted Antiquities, Art Museums and Restitution in the United States since 1970

US attitudes towards restitution and the problem of looted antiquities have shifted since 1970, as pressure builds to change norms for the acquisition of unprovenanced artefacts that have fueled a ...
Oxygen and Early Animal Evolution

It is often hypothesized that the rise of animals was triggered by an increase in O 2 levels in the atmosphere and oceans. However, this hypothesis is remarkably difficult to test because the timing of animal divergences is poorly resolved, the physiology of early animals is often unknown, the estimates of past p O 2 levels come with large error bars, and causal relationships between oxygenation and animal evolution are difficult to establish. Nonetheless, emerging phylogenetic, paleontological, and geochemical data indicate that the evolution of macroscopic animals and motile macrometazoans with energetically expensive lifestyles may be temporally coupled with ocean oxygenation events in the Ediacaran Period. Thus, it is plausible that ocean oxygenation may have been a limiting factor in the early evolution of macroscopic and complex animals (particularly bilaterian animals). However, ocean oxygenation and animal evolution were likely engaged in two-way interactions: Oxygenation may have initially lifted a physiological barrier for the evolution of animal size, motility, and active lifestyles, but subsequent animal diversification may have also changed oceanic redox structures. Viewed in a broader context, the early evolutionary history of animals was contingent upon a series of events, including genetic preparation (developmental genetics), environmental facilitation (oceanic oxygenation), and ecological escalation (Cambrian explosion), but the rise of animals to ecological importance also had important geobiological impacts on oceanic redox structures, sedimentary fabrics, and global geochemical cycles.
Abstract 4023: Combination therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitor and CCK-receptor blockade increases survival of pancreatic cancer

Introduction: Advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has typically been resistant to chemotherapy and immune therapy; therefore, novel strategies are needed to enhance therapeutic response. Cholecystokinin receptors (CCKRs) are present on pancreatic cancer epithelial cells, fibroblasts of the microenvironment, and lymphocytes. We hypothesized that CCK receptor blockade would improve response to immune checkpoint blockade and survival by promoting influx of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and reducing fibrosis. Methods: Subcutaneous tumors were established using Panc02 murine pancreatic cancer cells (1.0- or 2.0 x10E6) in a syngeneic immune competent mouse model. Three separate experiments were performed with 40 mice each. Mice (C57BL/6) were divided into 4 groups (N = 10 mice each) and treated with PBS (control), a CCKR antagonist (L364,718 or proglumide), an immune checkpoint blockade antibody (PD-1 or CTLA-4; Im-Ab), or the combination of CCKR antagonist and immune checkpoint blockade antibody (combination). Tumor growth and animal survival were evaluated. Tumors were subjected to immunohistochemical staining for TILs, trichrome staining, and flow cytometry. Results: On day 50 after inoculation of 10E6 cells all control mice had died while 42%, 42% and 71% of L364,718, CTLA-4 mice, or combination-treated mice, respectively were alive (p = 0.02). By day 90 all mice died except one in the combination-treated group. In the experiment where mice were injected with 2×10E6 Panc02 cells, survival was also increased in mice receiving a proglumide and PD-1 antibody combination (p = 0.0009). CD8+TILs increased by 3-,6.3-,and 7.5-fold in CCKR antagonist, Im-Ab, and combination therapy, respectively compared to controls (p Conclusions: The combination of CCKR antagonism and immune checkpoint blockade antibodies significantly improve survival in a murine model of PDAC. The mechanism is associated with decreased fibrosis in the microenvironment and an accompanying influx of CD8+ and CD4+ TILs. Supported by NCI CA50633, CA51008, and CA194745 Citation Format: Jill P. Smith, Shangzi Wang, Ajina Reham, Sandra A. Jablonski, Louis M. Weiner. Combination therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitor and CCK-receptor blockade increases survival of pancreatic cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4023.
Librarians as Makers

ABSTRACTRecent trends in librarianship point to themes of crafters, artisans, and makers in library spaces. The American Library Association's Center for the Future of Libraries includes the Maker Movement as one of its trends. Librarians can support these makers and entrepreneurs by thinking of libraries as a place to create through community building and engagement, and considering job skills needed for success and confidence to staff such spaces, but this transformation requires administrative support. This article summarizes this movement for libraries and suggests a route to success through a case study of a year-long grant on Making Maker librarians.
Signatures of catalyst molecular flexibility using two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy

Flexible molecules exhibit ultrafast equilibrium structural dynamics that while challenging to measure, can be central to catalytic reactivity. We relate observations of spectral diffusion and novel patterns of intramolecular energy transfer to molecular flexibility.
Temperature-Stable Piezoelectric MEMS Resonators Using Integrated Ovens and Simple Resistive Feedback Circuits

This paper reports on the design and demonstration of a miniaturized and integrated heater that enables low power ovenization and temperature stability for piezoelectric MEMS resonators. The low power ovenization is implemented by an integrated symmetric oven platform and high thermal-resistance supporting structures. The temperature compensation circuit is formed by a modified Wheatstone bridge with an on-chip dummy resistor and a constant resistance feedback loop is used to stabilize the resonator center frequency over temperature. Through the use of the integrated heater and the simple feedback circuit, we were able to reduce the resonator's intrinsic frequency instability to 100 ppm (from over 2700 ppm) over a temperature range of -35 °C to + 85 °C. Compared with the state of the art, this paper constitutes a fundamental step forward in the demonstration of temperature stable oscillators with a focus on improving resonator temperature stability with very low power consumption. [2016-0182].
Optimization of front TCO layer of silicon heterojunction solar cells for tandem applications

The front transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layers of silicon heterojunction solar cells need to be optimized electrically and optically to minimize losses due to sheet resistance and free carrier absorption. This optimization has already investigated for the wavelength range of 300–1100 nm, but not for the projected wavelength range of 700–1100 nm for a silicon cell that is applied in a tandem structure as the bottom cell. Here, we demonstrate a routine for determining the total loss associated with the front TCO layer and employ it to determine which carrier density, mobility, and finger pitch combinations minimize loss. For a representative ITO film with a mobility of approximately 20 cm2/Vs and a carrier density of approximately 2.5×1020 cm−3, the total loss over the wavelength range of 700–1100 nm is minimized by using a linger spacing of 3 mm and ITO thickness of 100–110 nm.
Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain (IgH) Gene Somatic Hypermutation Status Using Homoduplex-Separated RT-PCR Products.

Abstract Assessment of IgH somatic hypermutation status has been shown to be a valuable indicator for judging the prognosis of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Our laboratory has developed a streamlined method to improve the rate of successful evaluation of IgH mutation status. Six individual PCR reactions are first performed using random hexamer-generated cDNA as template. These reactions have identical reaction parameters, use a common JH reverse primer and one of six VH class-specific forward primers within Framework 1. PCR products are separated on acrylamide or MetaPhor® agarose gels following formamide denaturation. In almost all cases, a single homoduplex band is resolved indicating a class-specific clonal product. The homoduplex band is excised from the gel, eluted and directly sequenced. Mutation analysis is performed using the NCBI Ig BLAST program with percent identity determined for the region from the beginning of CDR1 to the end of Framework 3. To date, less than 10% of cases analyzed have not yielded a clearcut clonal PCR product using this approach
The Seven Tasks of Leadership

Now that you have won that leadership position you wanted and received congratulations from friends and admirers, it’s time for a lesson in humility. As you revel in the luxury of the corporate CEO’s private jet, the foundation head’s limo, or the university president’s sumptuous office, you need to ask yourself two fundamental questions: Why should the people I am supposed to lead follow me? And what am I supposed to give this organization to help it succeed? If the only answers you can come up with to those two questions are “my charisma” or “my vision,” you are in trouble.
Harmonic Functions on Denjoy Domains

Let D be a non-empty open subset of R d and let X(t) be a Brownian motion on R d . Set \( {T_D} = \inf \left\{ {t > 0:X(t) \notin D} \right\} \) and let P x (·) be the law of X(t) when X(0)=x.
Multi-modality imaging evaluation of recurrent Tako-tsubo syndrome in a patient with coronary artery fibromuscular dysplasia.

Integrated bedside and sophisticated cardiac imaging techniques help characterize the discrepancy between myocardial injury and mechanic dysfunction in acute myocardial infarction. A 57 year-old woman presented with sudden onset chest pain and ventricular fibrillation after hearing of her brother’s death. The electrocardiography indicated “anterior wall ST segment elevation myocardial infarction”. Coronary angiography ruled out obstructive lesion in the major coronary arteries, but revealed fibromuscular dysplasia of the distal left anterior descending artery. The ventriculography showed remarkable ventricular dilation, which affected much broader myocardium than the culprit vessel supplied. In a subsequent cardiac magnetic resonance study, delayed contrast (gadolinium) image revealed a focal left ventricular (LV) apical infarction. Her LV systolic function normalized within 1 week, except for a residual apical hypokinesis. She developed recurrent chest pain and LV dilation when she was laid off 9 months later. After supportive therapy, her symptoms improved and LV dysfunction normalized again. “Tako-tsubo” syndrome can occur recurrently in the heart with pre-existing localized myocardial infarction. Its molecular mechanism and clinical significance warrants further investigation.
When should radiation be avoided in the treatment of rectal cancer

The National Cancer Institute (NCI) Consensus Conference concluded in 1990 that chemotherapy plus concurrent radiation (chemoradiation) was the standard postoperative adjuvant treatment for all patients with pT3 and/or N1-2 rectal cancer [1]. This recommendation was based on phase III trials that compared postoperative chemoradiation arms with control arms of either surgery alone or surgery plus postoperative irradiation (Mayo/NCCTG 79-47-51) and demonstrated improvements in both disease-free and overall survival [2]. The standard design in US trials was to deliver six cycles of bolus 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)–based chemotherapy; concurrent irradiation was also given during cycles 3 and 4.
Connecting Steiglitz-McBride Identification, Active Noise Control, and Coefficient Filtering to a Common Framework

There are many adaptive algorithms that incoporate filtered versions of the regressor vector, the error signal, the parameter vector, or the update term. These modifications can often be viewed as attempts to recapture or improve the known stability properties of linear LMS algorithms, despite operating with IIR parameterizations or within a feedback loop. This chapter reviews some basic results on the (exponential) stability of adaptive algorithms, and then applies them in three situations: to the Steiglitz-McBride family of algorithms, to an analysis of algorithm performance in acoustic noise cancellation systems that usually incorporate the ‘filtered-u’ approach, and to a consolidation of coefficient filtering and update smoothing schemes such as momentum LMS and leakage. The principle of trading-off linear filters on various signals within the adaptive schemes is a powerful unifying principle that can be used to create ‘new’ algorithms, and it allows translation of stability results between seemingly unrelated algorithm forms.
Developing a Decision Model Framework to Assess Arms Supplier Policies

Comparative assessment of arms supplier policies by recipient nations is rationally important for arms purchase. However, such assessment is typically context-dependent or sometimes skewed by one or two perspectives. The use of a rational decision model in assessing and ranking policy options has been widely studied and is considered here. This novel research develops a hierarchical decision model (HDM) framework consisting of the relevant perspectives, their related criteria, and appropriate policy alternatives. Through a literature review a taxonomy was developed consisting of technological, economic, political, industrial, and military (TEPIM) perspectives, 13 criteria, and 65 sub-criteria. Then, based on elicitation of expert judgments, arms supplier policy alternatives were found to be represented by 3 archetypal policy profiles: hegemonic power, commercial trade, and selective export. This framework will be applied to future research involving an arms recipient's import decision making.
Decreased drinking in adults with co-occurring cannabis and alcohol use disorders in a treatment trial for marijuana dependence: Evidence of a secondary benefit?

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether cannabis dependent users who met criteria for a secondary diagnosis of alcohol use disorder (AUD) would increase their use of alcohol in response to decreasing their use of marijuana in a behavioral treatment trial for cannabis use disorder (CUD). This phenomenon is commonly known as “substance substitution.” Participants were randomly assigned to one of four 9-session treatment conditions with cannabis and alcohol use measured at baseline, posttreatment, and at 4 follow-ups through 14 months. Of those enrolled (n = 198), 27 (13.6%) also met criteria for AUD. Linear mixed models were used to analyze alcohol use over time with cannabis use and time as predictors. Findings demonstrated that there were no associations between declines in cannabis use and changes in alcohol consumption in the full sample. However, among those with CUD who also had AUD, declines in cannabis use significantly predicted concurrent declines in alcohol use (p
Dendritic Hydrogel Bioink for 3D Printing of Bacterial Microhabitat

A glucose-modified dendritic hydrogel is used as a bioink for bacterial encapsulation. This biocompatible hydrogel is a potentially suitable alternative to conventional alginate hydrogel for bacterial encapsulation, as it readily forms gel in the presence of Na+ or K+ ions without any additional stimuli such as pH, temperature, sonication, or the presence of divalent metal ions. We created a bacterial microhabitat by adding the gelator to phosphate-buffered saline containing live bacteria at physiological pH and using an additive three-dimensional (3D) printing technique. The bacteria remained viable and metabolically active within the 3D printed bacterial microhabitat, as shown with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM).
A fast pith detection for computed tomography scanned hardwood logs

Abstract Tree and log evaluation prior to processing is traditionally conducted by visual inspection of the outside surface. This approach has obvious limitations, because many internal features cannot be directly observed. Just recently, computed tomography-based (CT) approaches allowed visualization and analysis of the internal wood structure. The data gathering reveals the internal structure in a form of successive 2D discrete images in limited resolutions in both spatial and value domains. However, the size of scan data can be very large (gigabytes) and their processing using traditional approaches can be time-intensive. There is a need for classification and quantification of internal log defects in real time to keep up with processing speed at modern mills. The aim of this study was to develop a real-time pith detection from CT-scanned log data. The speed necessary for real-time processing is achieved in two ways: first, by adaptive method that uses precise detection only when necessary; and second, by parallel processing power of graphic processors (GPU) that are more suitable for parallel data processing of large datasets than classical central processing units (CPU). The input of our system is a set of 2D images that were collected during the CT scanning and the output is a set of locations within the slice that have been identified as pith. Results of our algorithm tested on data from North American species of Black Cherry, Black Walnut, Hard Maple, Red Oak, White Oak, and Yellow Poplar show that on average, the algorithm found pith with precision of 4.2 mm as compared to manual pith detection. The GPU acceleration by using CUDA enables processing speed of about 0.003 s per image with high precision. This makes the developed algorithm suitable for an industrial application in hardwood sawmills and veneer slicing operations.
Sheaf Representations and Duality in Logic

The fundamental duality theories relating algebra and geometry that were discovered in the mid-twentieth century can also be applied to logic via its algebraization under categorical logic. They thereby result in known and new completeness theorems. This idea can be taken even further via what is sometimes called “categorification” to establish a new connection between logic and geometry, a glimpse of which can also be had in topos theory.
First-Order Optimization Algorithms with Resets and Hamiltonian flows

This paper presents a novel class of algorithms with momentum for the solution of convex optimization problems. The novelty of the approach lies in combining Hamiltonian flows, induced by a Hamiltonian field, with an appropriate flow set that forces the flows to decrease the cost, and a class of resetting mechanisms that reset the momentum to zero whenever it generates solutions that do not decrease the cost function. For radially unbounded, invex functions with Lipschitz gradients we show uniform global asymptotic stability, and for functions that additionally satisfy the Polyak-Lojasiewicz inequality we establish exponential convergence. Since the flow dynamics are given by Hamiltonian systems, which preserve energy, symplectic integrators with stable behavior under not necessarily small step sizes can be implemented. These leads to a class of discretized algorithms with performance comparable to existing algorithms that are optimal in the sense of generating the fastest possible rates of convergence.
Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Hepatic Deficiency Ameliorates Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease.

Background & Aims Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is a significant cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality worldwide and with limited therapies. Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH; Ephx2) is a largely cytosolic enzyme that is highly expressed in the liver and is implicated in hepatic function, but its role in ALD is mostly unexplored. Methods To decipher the role of hepatic sEH in ALD, we generated mice with liver-specific sEH disruption (Alb-Cre; Ephx2fl/fl). Alb-Cre; Ephx2fl/fl and control (Ephx2fl/fl) mice were subjected to an ethanol challenge using the chronic plus binge model of ALD and hepatic injury, inflammation, and steatosis were evaluated under pair-fed and ethanol-fed states. In addition, we investigated the capacity of pharmacologic inhibition of sEH in the chronic plus binge mouse model. Results We observed an increase of hepatic sEH in mice upon ethanol consumption, suggesting that dysregulated hepatic sEH expression might be involved in ALD. Alb-Cre; Ephx2fl/fl mice presented efficient deletion of hepatic sEH with corresponding attenuation in sEH activity and alteration in the lipid epoxide/diol ratio. Consistently, hepatic sEH deficiency ameliorated ethanol-induced hepatic injury, inflammation, and steatosis. In addition, targeted metabolomics identified lipid mediators that were impacted significantly by hepatic sEH deficiency. Moreover, hepatic sEH deficiency was associated with a significant attenuation of ethanol-induced hepatic endoplasmic reticulum and oxidative stress. Notably, pharmacologic inhibition of sEH recapitulated the effects of hepatic sEH deficiency and abrogated injury, inflammation, and steatosis caused by ethanol feeding. Conclusions These findings elucidated a role for sEH in ALD and validated a pharmacologic inhibitor of this enzyme in a preclinical mouse model as a potential therapeutic approach.
Source Apportionment of Aerosol at a Coastal Site and Relationships with Precipitation Chemistry: A Case Study over the Southeast United States

This study focuses on the long-term aerosol and precipitation chemistry measurements from colocated monitoring sites in Southern Florida between 2013 and 2018. A positive matrix factorization (PMF) model identified six potential emission sources impacting the study area. The PMF model solution yielded the following source concentration profiles: (i) combustion; (ii) fresh sea salt; (iii) aged sea salt; (iv) secondary sulfate; (v) shipping emissions; and (vi) dust. Based on these results, concentration-weighted trajectory maps were developed to identify sources contributing to the PMF factors. Monthly mean precipitation pH values ranged from 4.98 to 5.58, being positively related to crustal species and negatively related to SO42−. Sea salt dominated wet deposition volume-weighted concentrations year-round without much variability in its mass fraction in contrast to stronger seasonal changes in PM2.5 composition where fresh sea salt was far less influential. The highest mean annual deposition fluxes were attributed to Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, and Na+ between April and October. Nitrate is strongly correlated with dust constituents (unlike sea salt) in precipitation samples, indicative of efficient partitioning to dust. Interrelationships between precipitation chemistry and aerosol species based on long-term surface data provide insight into aerosol–cloud–precipitation interactions.
Behavioral evaluation of the analgesic effects of flunixin meglumine in lame dairy cows

Lameness is a commonly occurring condition in dairy cows in the United States and worldwide. There is substantial evidence that lameness alters the behavior of affected dairy cows in ways that indicate the presence of pain, including increased time spent lying down each day, alterations in locomotion, and increased shifting of weight between the rear limbs. There is also evidence that treatment of lame dairy cows with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can reduce behavioral signs of pain. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the NSAID flunixin meglumine on lameness-related behavior in dairy cows.
The More Monitoring, the Better Quality? Empirical Evidence from the Generic Drug Industry

In response to the growing concern on drug safety issues, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has implemented major moves in its inspection regime to ensure that the agency allocates more inspection resources to the low-quality manufacturing facilities. The actions of the government agency implicitly assume that the frequent inspections at low-quality facilities could reduce the drug safety concerns. However, whether more monitoring guarantees better quality remains unclear. In this study, we directly examine the validity of this assumption in the generic drug industry and test the impact of inspection frequency on the manufacturing quality. We first perform a recurrent-event cox proportional hazards model with instrumental variables to investigate the impact of inspection frequency on the gap time between successive recall events. We observe a significant increase in the recall hazard rate for those facilities experiencing decreases in the inspection frequency; on the contrary, there is no significant change in the recall hazard for facilities experiencing more frequent quality monitoring. We then exploit a shift of inspection resources from domestic to foreign facilities and compare the recall rate before and after the resource shift. The consistent results reassure our findings. Overall, we do not find evidence that supports the link between more frequent inspections and fewer recall events, suggesting that the current risk-based inspection model alone might not help bring down the quality failures in drug products. We propose two explanations for the results -- the organizational culture and the inherent quality levels -- and discuss the potential actions the FDA and the relevant regulators could take to augment the inspection regime.
Elemental Analysis of Tetrahydrocannabinol and Nicotine E-Liquids Related to EVALI

During the e-cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) investigation, the U.S. FDA’s Forensic Chemistry Center (FCC) received numerous sample submissions from various states ...
Inelastic Performance of High-Rise Buildings to Simultaneous Actions of Alongwind and Crosswind Loads

AbstractCurrent tall building design to ultimate wind loads is based on a linear elastic design framework. The adoption of a performance-based wind design framework for tall buildings explicitly re...
Metastatic carcinoid tumor of the ovary.

Abstract 1. 1. The histology, pathology, and clinical behavior of carcinoid tumors of the intestinal tract have been reviewed. Their slow growth and relative benignancy are stressed. Chemically, the ability of carcinoid cells to reduced silver compounds is a specific diagnostic characteristic earning for them the alternate designation of argentaffin tumors. 2. 2. Carcinoid tumors of the female genital organs are rare. A primary form, associated with cystic teratomas containing segments of the gastrointestinal or respiratory tract, or both, has been recorded. 3. 3. The secondary or metastatic form is even more uncommon. A metastatic ovarian and hepatic carcinoid, secondary to an appendiceal tumor, is herein reported. 4. 4. Ovarian tumors occurring coincidentally with appendiceal carcinoids present problems in diagnosis of the primary origin of the neoplasm. 5. 5. The microscopic resemblance of carcinoid tumors to granulosa-cell neoplasms has been indicated. The Masson-Fontana stain is decisive in making the true differential diagnosis.
MEMS based conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) sensor for harsh oceanic environment

A MEMS based silicon CTD sensor for ocean environment is presented. The sensor components are a capacitive conductivity sensor (C), gold doped silicon temperature sensor (T), a multiple diaphragm piezoresistive pressure sensor (D). The sensor elements have further been packaged to protect them from harsh marine environment. This paper provides the design, fabrication and initial test results on a prototype CTD sensor
Outcome of no resection after long-term subdural electroencephalography evaluation in children with epilepsy.

Object The aim of this study was to identify the reasons for and predictors of no resection of the epileptogenic zone in children with epilepsy who had undergone long-term invasive subdural grid electroencephalography (SDG-EEG) evaluation. Methods The authors retrospectively reviewed the consecutive medical records of children (< 19 years of age) who had undergone SDG-EEG evaluation over a 7-year period (1997–2004). To determine the predictors of no resection, the authors obtained the clinical characteristics and imaging and EEG findings of children who had no resection after long-term invasive SDG-EEG evaluation and compared these data with those in a group of children who did undergo resection. They describe the indications for SDG-EEG evaluation and the reasons for no resection in these patients. Results Of 66 children who underwent SDG-EEG evaluation, 9 (13.6%) did not undergo subsequent resection (no-resection group; 6 males). Of these 9 patients, 6 (66.7%) had normal neurological examinations and 5 ...
Time-temperature equivalence in Martensite tempering

The relationship between time and temperature is of great consequence in many materials-related processes including the tempering of martensite. In 1945, Hollomon and Jaffe quantified the 'degree of tempering' as a function of both tempering time, t, and tempering temperature, T, using the expression, T(log t + c). Here, c is thought to be a material constant and appears to decrease linearly with increasing carbon content. The Hollomon-Jaffe tempering parameter is frequently cited in the literature. This work reviews the original derivation of the tempering parameter concept, and presents the use of the characteristics diffusion distance as an alternative time-temperature relationship during martensite tempering. During the tempering of martensite, interstitial carbon atoms diffuse to form carbides. In addition, austenite decomposes, dislocations and grain boundaries rearrange, associated with iron self diffusion. Since these are all diffusional processes, it is reasonable to expect the degree of tempering to relate to the extent of diffusion.
Frustrated Cooper pairing and f-wave supersolidity in cold-atom optical lattices

Geometric frustration in quantum magnetism refers to the fact that magnetic interactions on different bonds cannot be simultaneously minimized. The usual Cooper pairing systems favor uniform spatial distributions of pairing phases among different lattice sites without frustration. In contrast, we propose ``frustrated Cooper pairing'' in non-bipartite lattices which leads to supersolid states of Cooper pairs. Not only the amplitudes of the pairing order parameter but also its signs vary from site to site. This exotic pairing state naturally occurs in the $p$-orbital bands in optical lattices with ultracold spinless fermions. In the triangular lattice, it exhibits an unconventional supersolid state with the $f$-wave symmetry.
Experimental tissue calcification. II. Calcification and regeneration of the thymus.

Abstract Thymic calcification produced by glucocorticosteroid in dihydrotachysterol-treated rats was localized to the cortical thymocytes. Thymocyte degeneration caused by the corticosteroid preceded and was more widespread than the calcification. Some calcific debris reached the draining lymph nodes, but calcification interfered with removal of necrotic thymocytes and retarded regeneration. The calcified masses persisted in the thymus for at least 10 weeks and elicited a foreign body reaction. Despite severe calcification, regeneration occurred and the thymus was not destroyed.
DEVELOPMENT OF A WHOLE BODY MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING PROTOCOL IN NORMAL DOGS AND CANINE CANCER PATIENTS

Whole body magnetic resonance imaging (whole body MR imaging) could potentially provide accurate cancer staging as a single imaging modality. This study was done to develop a whole body MR imaging protocol for a 1.5T MR instrument using four normal Beagle dogs (Phase 1) and then to assess the protocol's feasibility in cancer-bearing dogs (Phase II). In Phase I, anesthetized dogs were placed in dorsal recumbency with limbs flexed along the torso. T1, T2, and short tau inversion recovery sequences were acquired by spin echo or fast spin echo, and also using the more rapid single shot fast spin echo and gradient echo pulse sequences. Three large overlapping fields of view (FOV) were used to visualize the entire body and the sagittal and dorsal imaging planes were compared. Relative examination time, image quality, organ visibility and signal intensity were evaluated. Phase I results were used to establish a protocol that balanced image quality with examination time. In Phase II, whole body MR imaging was done on 10 dogs with cancer. Examination times were 60-75 min. Image quality was sufficient for all known lesions to be visualized, including mass lesions, pulmonary infiltrate, and lymphadenomegaly. Skeletal detail was sufficient to visualize known neoplastic lesions of the appendicular skeleton, yet it was suboptimal because of the large FOV and use of the body coil. Additional modifications of a whole body MR imaging protocol and continued technological improvements in MR imaging will further increase its potential for veterinary cancer staging.
Properties of the gravity fields of terrestrial planets

The gravity fields of Earth, Venus, and Mars have recently been reanalysed more thoroughly by Lerch et al (1992) and Smith and Nerem (1992), extending the spherical harmonic expansions to appreciably higher degrees. It is therefore timely to examine the properties of the three planetary gravity fields, as expressed by these harmonic coefficients. Necessary auxiliaries to this examination are the harmonic expansions of the planetary topographies, by Balmino et al (1973), Bills and Ferrari (1978), and Bills and Kobrick (1985).
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON BACTERIAL THERMAL DEATH TIME CURVES.

Thermal death rate data were obtained for spores of Clostridium sporogenes P.A. 3679 and Bacillus subtilis var. niger, and for cells of Salmonella senftenberg 775W. The survival curves for P.A. 3679 were approximately linear, but for B. subtilis var. niger or S. senftenberg 775W they were sigmoidal. Decimal reduction times were derived from the regression slopes of the apparent linear portion of the survival curves, and from these a phantom thermal death time (TDT) curve was constructed. In general, the phantom TDT curves were linear for B. subtilis var. niger and S. senftenberg 775W and nonlinear for P.A. 3679.
Finely -harmonic functions of a Markov process

Let X be a Borel right process and m a fixed excessive measure. Given a finely open nearly Borel set G we define an operator Λ G which we regard as an extension of the restriction to G of the generator of X. It maps functions on E to (locally) signed measures on G not charging m-semipolars. Given a locally smooth signed measure μ we define h to be (finely) μ-harmonic on G provided (Λ G + μ)h = 0 on G and denote the class of such h by H μ f {G). Under mild conditions on X we show that h ∈ H μ f (G) is equivalent to a local Poisson representation of h. We characterize H μ f (G) by an analog of the mean value property under secondary assumptions. We obtain global Poisson type representations and study the Dirichlet problem for elements of H μ f (G) under suitable finiteness hypotheses. The results take their nicest form when specialized to Hunt processes.
Major impacts of gonadal mosaicism on hereditary risk estimation, origin of hereditary diseases, and evolution

The specific-locus test in mice is by far the most extensively applied method for precisely defining gene mutation frequencies in mammals. Computer simulations of control experiments involving 57.4 million offspring, based on vast amounts of historical data, show that because of gonadal mosaicism, the total frequency of spontaneous mutations per generation is much higher than has been thought. The estimated combined spontaneous mutation frequency for both sexes for the seven genes tested in specific-locus experiments is 39.6 × 10−5 mutation/gamete. Division of this frequency by the combined induced mutation frequencies in parents of both sexes results in an estimate of the doubling-dose (DD) of from 5.4 to 7.7 Gy. For decades, the DD has been thought to be about 1 Gy. As the DD increases, estimates of hereditary risk that are based upon it decrease. Thus, one important ramification of this new understanding is that estimates of the hereditary risk to humans from radiation, commonly made by the doubling-dose (DD) approach, are probably at least five times too high. It also appears that gonadal mosaicism is likely to play a much more important role both in evolution and the origin of hereditary diseases than has been appreciated in the past.
A comparison of Latin American and African economic development with an East Asian twist

There are many parallels between the development of Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa. Recent literature on this is reviewed. It is argued in the paper that the key to long-term development is the shift from inward (import substitution) to outward (export-oriented) growth. This shift involves both tariff reduction and significant investment in infrastructure and human capital accumulation. Given that much of Latin America (historically) and Sub-Saharan Africa (currently) has depended or depends on trade taxes for revenue, an outward orientation poses a significant fiscal problem, which makes it extremely difficult to switch to an export-oriented growth path. East Asian experience points to the importance of broad-based agricultural growth in making the fiscal transition.
The structural basis for molecular recognition by the vitamin B 12 RNA aptamer

Previous solution structures of ligand-binding RNA aptamers have shown that molecular recognition is achieved by the folding of an initially unstructured RNA around its cognate ligand, coupling the processes of RNA folding and binding. The 3 A crystal structure of the cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) aptamer reported here suggests a different approach to molecular recognition in which elements of RNA secondary structure combine to create a solvent-accessible docking surface for a large, complex ligand. Central to this structure is a locally folding RNA triplex, stabilized by a novel three-stranded zipper. Perpendicular stacking of a duplex on this triplex creates a cleft that functions as the vitamin B12 binding site. Complementary packing of hydrophobic surfaces, direct hydrogen bonding and dipolar interactions between the ligand and the RNA appear to contribute to binding. The nature of the interactions that stabilize complex formation and the possible uncoupling of folding and binding for this RNA suggest a strong mechanistic similarity to typical protein-ligand complexes.
Is the SMAS Flap Facelift Safe? A Comparison of Complications Between the Sub-SMAS Approach Versus the Subcutaneous Approach With or Without SMAS Plication in Aesthetic Rhytidectomy at an Academic Institution

Background For treating the aging face, a facelift is the surgical standard. A variety of techniques have been described. The purpose of the current study is to evaluate the safety of the sub-SMAS facelift compared to the subcutaneous facelift with or without SMAS plication.
Measurements of velocities by backscatter modulation in semiconductor injection lasers

The background theory of backscatter modulation and velocimetry using laser diodes is presented together with an experimental demonstration of the application of these laser diodes in laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV). The sensitivity of the laser diode system to backscatter from a diffusely reflecting target is greater than -60 dB. Tests of an LDV system using a moving air mass as the target are described. Possible applications of these systems include airspeed measurements, collision avoidance, and tracking distant objects.
Induced alcohol consumption through positive reinforcement

Fourteen male, hooded, 90–110 day old rats were conditioned to ingest either a 7% EtOH solution or a Sucaryl solution to gain access to a strong positive incentive environment. The tendency to select the correct solution in preference to water resisted extinction for 42 days of nonreinforcement. The group conditioned to drink EtOH consumed significantly greater quantities of their test solution during extinction than did their Sucaryl counterparts.
An initial investigation on the use of carbon microfibers for conformal transmission lines

The use of carbon micro fiber tow (or bundle) for conformal transmission lines (TLs) is initially investigated in this work. Two different microfiber TLs have been synthesized and tested. A 28.2 mm long microfiber TL was manufactured to demonstrate the wave propagating properties. Once these characteristics were determined, a microstrip TL was prepared by attaching 1oz conducting copper tape to a conformal surface and a similar microfiber TL with the same length and on the same substrate was manufactured. This prototype was then used to compare the propagation characteristics of the microfiber TL to the traditional and well established microstrip TL. Overall, it has been shown that the microfiber TL can support wave propagation in a manner similar to a microstrip TL; however, the attenuation constant appears to be rather large for frequencies above 500 MHz.
Changes in Organic Acids and Digestibility of Coastal Bermudagrass Silage Pretreated with Monensin

Abstract The effect of addition of monensin on the quality of ensiled Coastal bermudagrass was determined. Silage acids, in vitro digestibility, and rumen acids were measured on Coastal bermudagrass of good quality which had been treated with 0 to 375 ppm monensin and ensiled for 60 days. Acetic and succinic acids increased and lactic acid decreased in the monensin-treated silage. No formic acid was detected. As indicated by increased pH and higher water-soluble carbohydrates, silage fermentation was inhibited by monensin. In vitro digestibility of monensin-treated silage decreased as monensin increased. The ratio of propionic to acetic acid in rumen fluid increased but dropped off at 125 ppm and above in the monensin-treated silage. Isobutyric, isovaleric, and valeric acids increased, but butyric and succinic acids slightly decreased for all treatments in rumen fluid containing the treated silage. Caproic acid remained essentially unchanged in both control and treated silage. Addition of 60 to 62 ppm of monensin to Coastal bermudagrass prior to ensiling appeared to be slightly below optimum for production of silage acids but yielded the optimum ratio of acetic to propionic acid in rumen fluid