cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vorticity jumps across shock surfaces

Publisher Summary Shock waves can occur in unsteady or steady supersonic fluid flows, and there are flows of interest involving interactions of shock waves and rotational flow fields, for example, flows in which leading edge vortices intersect shock waves produced by the supersonic flight of modem aircraft, and vortex filaments generated by helicopter rotors interacting with shock waves. This chapter studies the passage of a flow field that may be rotational and possibly contain a vortex filament or vortex sheet or both, through a smooth shock front (surface) of finite strength in three-dimensional space. In particular, simple equations are derived for the changes in entropy gradients and jumps in vorticity across a shock, which can be used for improving and benchmarking error estimates of numerical schemes. It is also shown in the chapter how Crocco's equation can be used to obtain the jumps in entropy, entropy gradients and vorticity across a shock in a direct and geometrically motivated way.
Low-Dose Epinephrine Boluses for Acute Hypotension in the PICU.

OBJECTIVES To describe the use of low-dose bolus epinephrine in critically ill children during an acute hypotensive episode or prearrest condition. DESIGN Institutional Review Board approved, single-center, retrospective medical chart review. SETTING Large medical-surgical PICU within a freestanding, tertiary care children's hospital. PATIENTS Patients admitted to the PICU between June 1, 2015, and June 1, 2016, who received low-dose (≤ 5 µg/kg) IV bolus epinephrine. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS Twenty-four resuscitation episodes (63 doses; 19 patients) were analyzed. Median age and weight of patients were 9 years (interquartile range, 1-15 yr) and 38.5 kg (interquartile range, 12-54.8 kg). Median Pediatric Risk of Mortality III score was 17 (interquartile range, 10-27). Mean epinephrine dose was 1.3 ± 1.1 µg/kg. Median number of doses per patient was two. If more than one dose was provided, median dosing interval was 6.5 minutes. Heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure were compared at the time of epinephrine administration and 1-4 minutes (median = 1 min) following administration. Heart rate changed from 130 ± 41 to 150 ± 33 beats/min (p < 0.05), and mean arterial blood pressure changed from 51 ± 17 to 75 ± 27 mm Hg (p < 0.001). Variability in mean arterial blood pressure response was observed; nonresponders required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; 66% of doses resulted in up to 100% mean arterial blood pressure increase, and 21% of doses resulted in greater than 100% mean arterial blood pressure increase. Doses below 1 µg/kg were associated with a lower mean arterial blood pressure increase than doses between 1 and 5 µg/kg (mean percent change in mean arterial blood pressure = 6.6% vs 60%, respectively). Children less than or equal to 2 years old had the greatest percentage increase in heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS Provision of low-dose bolus epinephrine during periods of acute hypotension can result in a significant increase in mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate. This dosing strategy may provide temporary stabilization while other therapies are added or adjusted, but further research is needed.
Contemporary Indications and Controversies in Excisional Surgery

Once considered to be a relatively benign condition of limb swelling and associated with minimal morbidity, chronic lymphedema is a steadily progressive condition that not only affects the lymphatic system but all of the surrounding soft tissue, resulting in the development of dermato-lipo-fibrosclerosis.
Treatment Response among Preschoolers with EBP: The Role of Social Functioning.

The purpose of the study was to identify profiles of social functioning for preschoolers with externalizing behavior problems (EBP) and examine how profiles are predictive of response to a behavioral treatment program. 139 preschoolers with EBP participated in an 8-week Summer Treatment Program for Pre-Kindergartners (STP-PreK). Latent profiles of social functioning were created from parent and teacher rated atypicality and social skills scales, along with child performance on an emotion knowledge and hostile attribution task. Baseline and treatment outcomes included behavioral, academic, and executive functioning measures. Latent profile analyses resulted in two profiles (e.g., average and low) marked by differences in social skills, emotion knowledge and rates of atypical behaviors. Children in the low social functioning group had higher teacher rated hyperactivity and attention problems at baseline (d = .44 & 1.07), as well as lower IQ (d = .39). Children in the low social functioning group also had poorer treatment response as they had lower executive functioning scores (β = −.17, p < .05) at the completion of treatment. IQ moderated the association between social functioning profiles and behavioral treatment outcomes, such that lower social functioning was only associated with higher rates of attention problems for children with average IQ. Findings highlight the differential impact of social functioning in predicting treatment outcomes.
The Desalination of Water

The desalination of water is the removal of all or part of the dissolved salts from seawater or from other saline water supplies. It is presently used for the production of high-purity water for certain industrial and chemical processes and, on a limited scale, for potable water to be supplied to people living in arid areas, such as the lands bordering the Arabian Gulf and some of the islands in the Caribbean. Population pressures in the United States have also led to demands for fresh water which cannot be met economically with natural fresh water if it must be brought from considerable distances. Therefore desalination is becoming increasingly attractive as a method for freshening local supplies of saline water. This chapter presents the fundamentals of the various desalination processes as they are applied to, or proposed for, the production of “fresh” water.
3D Visualization of the Extracranial Head and Neck: Explanation of Technique and Review of Clinical Applications

Advances in various imaging modalities have had a significant impact on treatment and management of various skull base lesions over the last 15 years. Technical improvements in CT and MR imaging permit exquisite visualization of bony and soft tissue anatomy, which previously could not be seen. These imaging modalities now permit detailed information of the location and extent of temporal bone and skull base lesions. The presence of bone erosion, perineural spread, tumor margins, and relationship to surrounding neurovascular structures often cannot be determined by clinical examination. Because of their important role in tumor staging, preoperative CT and MR imaging have become an integral component of the preoperative evaluation in patients with temporal bone and skull base tumors (Mukherji et al. 1997).
Endoscopic Approach to Chronic Pancreatitis

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is an inflammatory process of the pancreas that may result in chronic disabling abdominal pain, maldigestion of protein and fat, and diabetes mellitus. The histologic hallmarks of CP are irreversible destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma and ductal architecture associated with fibrosis, protein plugs, and ductal calculi (1). Pain, with a multifactorial pathogenesis, is the predominant symptom of CP and may be caused by pancreatic or extrapancreatic processes (Table 1; 2,3). Pancreatic duct and parenchymal pressures are generally increased in CP whether the main pancreatic duct is dilated or normal in diameter (4). Such elevated parenchymal and duct pressures contribute to pancreatic ischemia, which appears to have a significant role in the pain of CP (5,6). Therapeutic efforts are directed at reducing pancreatic parenchymal and ductal hypertension. Pharmacological agents, endoscopic techniques, and surgical procedures (resective, drainage, and denervative) have been employed to reduce pain with variable results. The complexity and multiplicity of the causes of pain in CP may explain the mixed results achieved by current therapeutic methods.
Treatment Innovation in Orthopedic Surgery: A Case Study from Hospital for Special Surgery:

Excessive prescribing of pain medications after surgery has contributed to the epidemic of opioid misuse and diversion in the United States. Pain specialists may be particularly well situated to address these issues. We describe an attempt to reverse the trend at an orthopedic surgical hospital by implementing a peri-operative assessment and treatment service which minimizes preoperative opioid use, when necessary implements addiction treatment, and encourages early tapering from opioids.
Shifting U.S. Racial and Ethnic Identities and Sikh American Activism

This article brings a historical and transnational perspective to the changing identities of immigrants and their census categorization, and emphasizes the role of immigrant political activism in identity change. The focus is on Sikh Americans, the oldest South Asian group in the United States, and on three periods when Sikh Americans rallied to change their identity. Early in the twentieth century, Sikhs mounted legal and political campaigns to obtain U.S. citizenship by claiming Aryan roots. Subsequently, attacks against Sikhs in India beginning in 1984 led to a movement to disavow an Indian identity. Finally, a post-9/11 backlash against men with turbans and beards sparked a campaign to be recognized as an American religious group as well as an ethnic group distinct from Indian Americans.
Hydration of Spherical PEO-Grafted Gold Nanoparticles: Curvature and Grafting Density Effect

Nanoparticle modification by water-soluble polymers, such as poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), relies on polymer hydration to ensure nanoparticle solubility, dispersion, and protection from undesirable interactions. The state of polymer hydration in grafted polymer layers is not easily assessible experimentally but can be ascertained from computer simulations. Using atomistic molecular dynamics simulations, we studied the equilibrium and dynamic properties of spherical PEO brushes grafted to gold nanoparticles of different radii (1, 2, and 3 nm). We obtained the volume fraction of PEO (Φ(r)) as a function of radial distance r (counted from micelle core center) which is found to follow the Daoud–Cotton model, Φ(r) ∼ r–4/3, except for low grafting density when PEO adsorption onto the gold surface is observed, in agreement with experimental observations. With an increase of grafting density σ (up to 4.17 nm–2), the PEO chains become more stretched and oriented along the radial direction leading to an increase of t...
Quantitative measurement of T2, T1ρ and T1 relaxation times in articular cartilage and cartilage-bone interface by SE and UTE imaging at microscopic resolution.

Abstract Both spin-echo (SE) and ultra-short echo (UTE) based MRI sequences were used on a 7 T µMRI system to quantify T2, T1ρ and T1 relaxation times from articular cartilage to the cartilage-bone interface on canine humeral specimens at 19.5 µm pixel resolution. A series of five relaxation-weighted images were acquired to calculate one relaxation map (T2, T1ρ or T1), from which the depth-dependent profiles were examined between the SE method and the UTE method, over the entire non-calcified cartilage and within the cartilage-bone interface. SE-based methods enabled the quantification of relaxation profiles over the noncalcified cartilage, from 0 µm (articular surface) to approximately 460 µm in depth (near the end of radial zone). Most of the cartilage-bone interface was imaged by the UTE-based methods, to a tissue depth of about 810 µm. Pixel-by-pixel calculation of the relaxation times between the independent SE and UTE methods correlated well with each other. A better understanding of the tissue properties reliably over the cartilage-bone interface region by a non-invasive MRI approach could contribute to the clinical diagnostics of trauma-induced osteoarthritis.
Catalyst versus Substrate Control of Forming (E)-2-Alkenes from 1-Alkenes Using Bifunctional Ruthenium Catalysts

Here we examine in detail two catalysts for their ability to selectively convert 1-alkenes to (E)-2-alkenes while limiting overisomerization to 3- or 4-alkenes. Catalysts 1 and 3 are composed of th...
Biomechanical Changes Following Knee Arthroplasty During Sit-To-Stand Transfers: Systematic Review.

Abstract Background Knee arthroplasty (KA) is a common and effective surgical procedure that allows patients with knee osteoarthritis to restore functional ability and relieve pain. Sit-to-stand is a common demanding task during activities of daily living and is performed more than 50 times per day. The purpose of this systematic review is to obtain a comprehensive understanding of biomechanical changes during sit-to-stand transfers following KA. Methods Relevant articles were selected through MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, Embrace, and Web of Science. Articles were included if they met the following inclusion criteria: (1) underwent KA without restriction on the arthroplasty design, (2) involve kinematic, kinetic, or muscle activity variables as the primary outcome measure, (3) evaluated sit-to-stand, and (4) were written in English. Results A total of 13 articles were included in the current systematic review. The KA group exhibited altered movement patterns as compared to healthy controls. Considering the time course of recovery, improvement in knee joint kinematics was found up to 2 years but kinetic changes indicate intensified contralateral limb loading. For comparisons for limbs, limb differences were apparent, but those differences were resolved by 1 year. Conclusion Despite the inevitable changes in kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activity in sit-to-stand since KA, it appears to be important to restore quadriceps strength for the operative limb in order to minimize risk for subsequent joint problems.
Another Proof of the Harer-Zagier Formula

For a regular $2n$-gon there are $(2n-1)!!$ ways to match and glue the $2n$ sides. The Harer-Zagier bivariate generating function enumerates the gluings by $n$ and the genus $g$ of the attendant surface and leads to a recurrence equation for the counts of gluings with parameters $n$ and $g$. This formula was originally obtained using multidimensional Gaussian integrals. Soon after, Jackson and later Zagier found alternative proofs using symmetric group characters. In this note we give a different, characters-based, proof. Its core is computing and marginally inverting the Fourier transform of the underlying probability measure on $S_{2n}$. A key ingredient is the Murnaghan-Nakayama rule for the characters associated with one-hook Young diagrams.
Sources of errors in immunology and serology testing

Abstract In this chapter, the discussion will be primarily be focused on challenges in interpretation of various tests performed for detection of monoclonal gammopathy (monoclonal protein), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) electrophoresis, as well as autoimmune serology. A monoclonal protein (paraprotein, M protein) is a monoclonal immunoglobulin that is secreted by an abnormal clone of plasma cells. The M protein can be an intact immunoglobulin, only light chains (light chain myeloma, light chain deposition disease or AL amyloidosis), or rarely only heavy chains (heavy chain disease). Correct diagnosis of monoclonal gammopathy is very important because it is linked to multiple myeloma. Sources of errors in testing for these analytes will be discussed with an emphasis on minimizing or eliminating interferences.
Ontogeny of early event memory: I. Forgetting and retrieval by 2- and 3-month-olds.

Abstract In 2 experiments, 2-month-olds, trained in the mobile conjugate reinforcement paradigm for two daily sessions, showed retrieval deficits relative to 3-month-olds. In Experiment 1, tests of simple forgetting administered to 2-month-olds after retention intervals of 1, 3, 6, and 9 days (a period over which 3-month-olds remember the contingency) indicated that their forgetting was complete after delays greater than 1 day. In Experiment 2, reactivation treatments administered to 2- and 3-month-olds alleviated forgetting after a retention interval of 28, but not 35, days in the 3-month-old group only. Previously, alleviated forgetting by a reactivation treatment had been demonstrated in 2-month-olds after a delay of 18 days. In both of the present experiments, performance of the two age groups did not differ during the immediate retention test at the end of training. These results suggest that neither the age of the infant nor the age of the memory determines memory retrieval after long delays; instead, it appears to be determined by the length of time that a memory has been inaccessible (i.e., forgotten). We propose that factors which delay simple forgetting will correspondingly increase the length of the interval over which a retrieval cue can still be effective in a reactivation paradigm, irrespective of the age of the infant or the age of the memory.
Craniofacial impalement injury: Projectile fragment to the head

Circular saws and angle grinders are two of the most dangerous pieces of electrical equipment on a worksite. Besides the danger that any high-powered, sharp piece of equipment possesses, these pieces use circular saw blades that can splinter into projectile fragments. A 60-year-old male was cutting a steel pipe with a circular saw when a fragment of the 12-inch blade flew off, impaling him in the upper face just to the right of the midline. He was wearing eyeglasses, the bridge of which was driven into his skull on impact of the fragment. He was brought to the trauma center where he underwent imaging of his face and head. This revealed that the blade and his glasses had penetrated 1.2 cm into the right frontal lobe of the brain, resulting in facial fractures and intraparenchymal hemorrhage. He underwent bifrontal craniotomy, removal of the blade and his glasses, evacuation of hematoma, and dural reconstruction. Postoperatively, he was awake with a Glasgow Coma Scale of 15 and no neurologic deficits. The complex nature of craniofacial injuries makes a multidisciplinary approach to these patients essential. Prompt diagnosis and treatment by the appropriate specialists are vital to optimize patient outcomes.
Reply to Noori et al., "A Complex Scenario of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs Induced Prostaglandin E2 Production and Gut Microbiota Alteration in Clostridium difficile-Infected Mice".

We thank Noori and colleagues for their interest in our recent work and appreciate their interpretation of the data from our study in the context of other existing data (1). They underscore an interesting finding in our study: colon levels of the lipid mediator prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) paradoxically increased during Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) following a brief exposure to the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) indomethacin, which is known to inhibit PG synthesis (2). This increase in tissue PGE2 was associated with marked tissue …
In-hospital outcomes alone underestimate rates of 30-day major adverse events after carotid artery stenting.

Abstract Objective Outcome studies using databases collecting only hospital discharge data underestimate morbidity and mortality because of failure to capture postdischarge events. The proportion of postdischarge major adverse events is well characterized in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA) but has yet to be characterized after carotid artery stenting (CAS). Methods We retrospectively reviewed all patients undergoing CAS from 2011 to 2017 using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program procedure targeted database to evaluate rates of 30-day major adverse events, stratified by in-hospital and postdischarge occurrences. The primary outcome was 30-day stroke/death. Multivariable analysis using purposeful selection was used to identify independent factors associated with in-hospital, postdischarge, and 30-day stroke/death events. Results Of the 899 patients undergoing CAS, reporting of in-hospital outcomes alone would yield a stroke/death rate of 2.7%, substantially underestimating the 30-day stroke/death rate of 4.0%. In fact, 35% of stroke/deaths, 27% of strokes, 73% of deaths, 35% of cardiac events, and 35% of stroke/death/cardiac events occurred after discharge. More postdischarge stroke/death events occurred after treatment of symptomatic compared with asymptomatic patients (47% vs 27%; P Conclusions More than one-quarter of perioperative strokes occur following discharge after both CAS and CEA. A higher proportion of postdischarge deaths occur after CAS in symptomatic patients, which may reflect treatment of a population of higher risk patients. Further investigation is needed to elucidate the cause of postdischarge stroke to develop methods to reduce these complications.
Mechanics of transiently cross-linked nematic networks

Abstract Polymeric networks are ubiquitous in biology and are vital components to some of the key functions of life. Composite networks of stiff and flexible polymers such as the actin-filamin network of the cytoskeleton posses novel mechanical properties that arise from physical interactions, geometry and topology of the network. Particularly, (a) the cross-linking chains in these networks dynamically break and reform in time that drive their rheological properties, and (b) stiff rod-like polymers have been found to show liquid crystalline phases including nematic alignment. Models of such transient nematic networks are either phenomenological or computational thereby lacking the simplicity of physics-based models in elucidating the key physical mechanisms. We present here a modelling framework using the statistically-based transient network theory to describe the rate-dependent mechanics of nematic networks. The model bridges continuum mechanics quantities to statistical measures of chain distribution in the network such as the conformation tensor. We show that the model degenerates to classical theories of anisotropic solids when the bonds are permanent and to anisotropic fluids when the bond exchange is rapid. The effect of the interplay between the bond dynamics and geometry of the network on its emergent mechanics is explored and illustrated using the example of a thin-walled tube under pressure. The generality of the framework and its potential to describe continuum level mechanics based on a variety of local physical interactions and network geometries is discussed.
Learning from Loss: The Democrats, 2016–2020

The Democrats' decision to nominate Joe Biden for 2020 was hardly a fluke but rather a strategic choice by a party that had elevated electability above all other concerns. In Learning from Loss, one of the nation's leading political analysts offers unique insight into the Democratic Party at a moment of uncertainty. Between 2017 and 2020, Seth Masket spoke with Democratic Party activists and followed the behavior of party leaders and donors to learn how the party was interpreting the 2016 election and thinking about a nominee for 2020. Masket traces the persistence of party factions and shows how interpretations of 2016 shaped strategic choices for 2020. Although diverse narratives emerged to explain defeat in 2016 - ranging from a focus on 'identity politics' to concerns about Clinton as a flawed candidate - these narratives collectively cleared the path for Biden.
The experimental production of splenomegaly, anemia and leukopenia in Albino rats.

The intraperitoneal administration of methyl cellulose into rats over a period of fifteen weeks resulted in the development of a syndrome characterized by massive splenomegaly, hyperplasia of the bone marrow elements, normocytic, normochromic anemia, reticulocytosis, leukopenia, a mild thrombocytopenia in 9 of the 10 animals, ascites, and infiltration of the spleen, liver and kidneys with "storage-cell" macrophages. The administration of methyl cellulose to rats previously splenectomized produced similar histologic lesions but failed to produce the hematologic abnormalities. It is suggested that the syndrome produced by methyl cellulose may represent an experimental form of the process to which, in man, the term "secondary hypersplenism" has been applied.
A meta-analysis of the association between the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) and suicidality

Abstract A number of factors are associated with adolescent suicidal behaviors. One such factor is depressive symptoms, and there are multiple measures designed to assess youth depressive symptoms. One of the most commonly used instruments to assess depressive symptoms in youth is the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI). The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the association between the CDI total score and adolescent suicidality (e.g., suicidal ideation, suicide attempts). Research reports were located through searching databases (e.g., PsycINFO) and reviewing reference lists. A total of 56 research reports (N = 24,369) were identified as meeting inclusion criteria. Due to non-overlapping subgroups, 66 correlations were included in a random-effects model. The overall correlation between the CDI total score and suicidality was found to be 0.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.32, 0.41], 80% credibility interval (CrI) [0.13, 0.60], I2 = 94.15. Two coded study characteristics were found to significantly moderate effect sizes: when passive suicidal ideation was incorporated into the measurement of suicidality and sample type (i.e., clinical, school, community, forensic, mixed). Based on the results of this meta-analysis, CDI total scores could be used as a tool for evaluating adolescents' suicide risk. However, a determination of adolescents' suicide risk should never be based on CDI results alone, and the limitations of this meta-analysis should be considered when evaluating the strength of the findings.
Electric cigarette-related lung injury and cardiovascular insult

The cardiovascular effects of electronic cigarette use are unknown. Here we present a case describing a young, previously healthy patient without prior cardiopulmonary comorbidities who developed severe, acute cardiac dysfunction in the setting of e-cigarette use, in addition to the more commonly encountered respiratory symptoms. While pulmonary manifestations are characteristic of e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI), the acute and reversible cardiomyopathy seen here has not been previously described in association with either EVALI or e-cigarette use.
Effects of Minor Alloying Elements on Alumina Transformation During the Transient Oxidation of β-NiAl

The transient stage of alumina scale formation on alumina-forming alloys is often accompanied by the formation of metastable Al2O3 phases that may affect oxidation kinetics and scale microstructure. To clarify the role of dopants on the transient stage of NiAl oxidation, we characterized Al2O3 scales on a series of oxidized model β-NiAl samples that were un-doped or doped with additions of Ti, Y, Si, Ti + Y, and Si + Y. Our results confirm that different dopant elements (Ti, Si, and Y) have varied effects on the length of transient oxidation of alumina-forming alloys. Ti and Si accelerated the θ- to α-Al2O3 transformation via two different mechanisms. Ti promoted α-Al2O3 nucleation, while Si delayed nucleation but accelerated the lateral growth of the α-Al2O3 patches. In contrast, Y had little effect on alumina transformation, possibly due to the low Y concentration used in the current study.
Synergistic effect of air sparging in direct contact membrane distillation to control membrane fouling and enhancing flux

Abstract In this paper, we present the synergistic effect of air sparging in reducing membrane fouling and enhancing water vapor flux in direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD). This air sparged-DCMD (or AS-DCMD) was tested with water containing saturated CaSO4 and simulated flue gas desulfurized (FGD) water. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and carbon nanotube immobilized membrane (CNIM) were used in this study. The permeate flux was found to be as much as 10% higher in AS-DCMD mode compared to conventional DCMD for both membranes. The morphology of foulants deposited on the membrane were analyzed by SEM and were found to significantly different in the presence of air sparging, as the sparging altered the colloidal behavior of the precipitating salts and the amount of salt deposited during AS-DCMD was 65% lower than that observed during DCMD. Relative flux reduction measured as the drop in flux due to fouling was measured using simulated flue gas desulfurization water from coal power plants (nearly saturated with CaSO4), and an 32% improvement was observed when compared to DCMD. AS-DCMD appears to be particularly suitable for desalting high salt concentration brine where both the lower flux and fouling can be important considerations.
Edges of the State

In this short, yet theoretically rich and provocative work, John Protevi makes a strong transdisciplinary case for the merits of cooperative, nonhierarchical, nonstatist societies. To investigate t...
Caged Oxime Reactivators Designed for the Light Control of Acetylcholinesterase Reactivation

Despite its promising role in the active control of biological functions by light, photocaging remains untested in acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a key enzyme in the cholinergic family. Here, we describe synthesis, photochemical properties and biochemical activities of two caged oxime compounds applied in the photocontrolled reactivation of the AChE inactivated by reactive organophosphate. Each of these consists of a photocleavable coumarin cage tethered to a known oxime reactivator for AChE that belongs in an either 2-(hydroxyimino)acetamide or pyridiniumaldoxime class. Of these, the first caged compound was able to successfully go through oxime uncaging upon irradiation at long-wavelength ultraviolet light (365 nm) or visible light (420 nm). It was further evaluated in AChE assays in vitro under variable light conditions to define its activity in the photocontrolled reactivation of paraoxon-inactivated AChE. This assay result showed its lack of activity in the dark but its induction of activity under light conditions only. In summary, this article reports a first class of light-activatable modulators for AChE and it offers assay methods and novel insights that help to achieve an effective design of caged compounds in the enzyme control.
Homologies Between Vertebrate and Invertebrate Eyes

The eye of vertebrates derives from the eye field, an unpaired anlage that is located in the anterior part of the neural plate (Adelmann 1936; Li et al. 1997; Bernier et al. 2000). Together with the anlagen of the dorsal forebrain, mid-brain, olfactory system and pituitary, the eye field forms the anterior neural plate, a neurectodermal domain that differs in its molecular properties from the posterior neural plate that gives rise to hindbrain and spinal cord. The anterior neural plate with its above-listed derivatives will be referred to as the anterior brain/eye anlage in the following. Molecularly, this anlage is characterized by the overlapping expression of several regulatory proteins, including Otx1/2 (Simeone et al. 1993; Kablar et al. 1996) and Tlx (Yu et al. 1994; Hollemann et al. 1998). Hox genes, which provide the posterior part of the neural primordium with specific antero-posterior “identities”, are not expressed in the anterior brain/eye anlage (reviewed in Holland and Graham 1995). Another characteristic that sets the anterior brain/eye anlage apart from the caudal neural plate is its reliance on different signals during neural induction. In mouse, for example, signals (including cerberus and dickkopf) emanate from the anterior endoderm and induce anterior brain/eye structures, whereas the posterior neural plate is induced by noggin, chordin and follistatin that originate from the dorsal mesoderm (reviewed in Brewster and Dahmane 1999).
Raising Our Sons

Abstract Gay men become fathers for a variety of reasons. The research literature on the parenting abilities and styles of gay fathers is examined and compared with that of non-gay fathers. Particular attention is given to the idea of gay fathers raising sons in relation to cultural stereotypes about homosexual men and gender role development and identity. Rather than promoting traditional masculine role development among sons, gay fathers may offer their children the advantage of serving as a model of androgyny. The benefits offered in this regard to children are discussed in relation to long-term life span development of children. Children of gay fathers also benefit by learning about the insidious nature of homophobic and heterosexist attitudes. By disclosing their sexual orientation and lifestyle to children, gay fathers help children to learn the importance of tolerance and the necessity of respecting individual differences in others.
Glutamic acid 86 is important for positioning the 80's loop and arginine 54 at the active site of Escherichia coli aspartate transcarbamoylase and for the structural stabilization of the C1-C2 interface.

Abstract Glu-86, which interacts with the side chain of Arg-54 across the C1-C2 interface of Escherichia coli aspartate transcarbamoylase, tethers the end of the flexible 80's loop, which moves into the active site during the T to R transition. In order to determine whether this interaction is important for the correct positioning of the 80's loop and Arg-54 at the active site and also for the structural stabilization of the enzyme, a mutant version was created in which Glu-86 was replaced by Gln (Glu-86-->Gln). Although the mutant holoenzyme exhibits almost normal homotropic cooperativity, both the holoenzyme and catalytic subunit exhibit substantial reductions in activity and affinity for aspartate and carbamyl phosphate. Furthermore, the mutant holoenzyme shows a marked decrease in the activation by ATP and by the bisubstrate analog N-(phosphonoacetyl)-L-aspartate, reduced inhibition by CTP, as well as reduced affinities for these ligands. Results from molecular dynamics simulations of the Glu-86-->Gln and Glu-86-->Ala enzymes suggest that the positions of the 80's loop and Arg-54 are significantly perturbed by the introduction of these mutations. Taken together, these results indicate that the interaction between Glu-86 and Arg-54 is important for the formation of the high affinity, high activity form of the enzyme by stabilizing the correct position of the 80's loop and Arg-54 at the active site. Heat inactivation experiments also demonstrated that Glu-86 plays a significant role in the structural stabilization of the C1-C2 interface, since the temperature required for loss of half of the activity of the Glu-86-->Gln catalytic subunit is reduced by 5 degrees C relative to the wild-type catalytic subunit.
Congress, the President, and the Lever of Appropriations

The humorist P.J. O’Rourke said, “Giving money and power to government is like giving whiskey and car keys to teenage boys.” It is a witty but sadly accurate statement. One of my goals in Congress is to reduce the size and role of the federal government. When I leave Congress, I hope to have less power than when I arrived. Another goal is to make the unelected bureaucracy of federal agencies more accountable to Congress and, by extension, to the American people. In November 2013, I was asked to join the House Appropriations Committee, which provides a unique opportunity to work on both goals.
h → μ τ at Hadron Colliders

We study the observability for a lepton flavor-changing decay of a Higgs boson $h\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\tau}$ at hadron colliders. Flavor-changing couplings of a Higgs boson exist at tree level in models with multiple Higgs doublets. The $h\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\tau}$ coupling is particularly motivated by the favorable interpretation of ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ oscillation. We find that at the Tevatron run II the unique $\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\tau}$ signature could serve as the Higgs discovery channel, surpassing expectations for Higgs boson searches in the SM and in a large parameter region of the MSSM. The sensitivity will be greatly improved at the LHC, beyond the coverage at a muon collider Higgs factory.
Bilipschitz homogeneous Jordan curves

We characterize bilipschitz homogeneous Jordan curves by utilizing quasihomogeneous parameterizations. We verify that rectifiable bilipschitz homogeneous Jordan curves satisfy a chordarc condition. We exhibit numerous examples including a bilipschitz homogeneous quasicircle which has lower Hausdorff density zero. We examine homeomorphisms between Jordan curves.
Growth and fabrication with single-walled carbon nanotube probe microscopy tips

Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) probe microscopy tips were grown by a surface growth chemical vapor deposition method. Tips consisting of individual SWNTs (1.5–4 nm in diameter) and SWNT bundles (4–12 nm in diameter) have been prepared by design through variations in the catalyst and growth conditions. In addition to high-resolution imaging, these tips have been used to fabricate SWNT nanostructures by spatially controlled deposition of specific length segments of the nanotube tips.
DGAT1 is not essential for intestinal triacylglycerol absorption or chylomicron synthesis.

Dietary triacylglycerols are a major source of energy for animals. The absorption of dietary triacylglycerols involves their hydrolysis to free fatty acids and monoacylglycerols in the intestinal lumen, the uptake of these products into enterocytes, the resynthesis of triacylgylcerols, and the incorporation of newly synthesized triacylglycerols into nascent chylomicrons for secretion. In enterocytes, the final step in triacylglycerol synthesis is believed to be catalyzed primarily through the actions of acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) enzymes. In this study, we analyzed intestinal triacylglycerol absorption and chylomicron synthesis and secretion in DGAT1-deficient (Dgat1 −/−) mice. Surprisingly, DGAT1 was not essential for quantitative dietary triacylglycerol absorption, even in mice fed a high fat diet, or for the synthesis of chylomicrons. However, Dgat1 −/− mice had reduced postabsorptive chylomicronemia (1 h after a high fat challenge) and accumulated neutral-lipid droplets in the cytoplasm of enterocytes when chronically fed a high fat diet. These results suggest a reduced rate of triacylglycerol absorption in Dgat1 −/−mice. Analysis of intestine from Dgat1 −/−mice revealed activity for two other enzymes, DGAT2 and diacylglycerol transacylase, that catalyze triacylglycerol synthesis and apparently help to compensate for the absence of DGAT1. Our findings indicate that multiple mechanisms for triacylglycerol synthesis in the intestine facilitate triacylglycerol absorption.
Sensitivity of the post-localization response of a thick cross-ply imperfect ring to transverse Young’s modulus nonlinearity

Abstract A fully nonlinear finite elements analysis for prediction of localization (onset of deformation softening) and post-localization response of a thick cross-ply [90/0/90] imperfect plane strain ring (infinitely long cylindrical shell) under applied hydrostatic pressure is presented. The present investigation is concerned with the prediction of post-“yield” and post-localization equilibrium paths for moderately thick and thick cross-ply rings, which are often unstable in the presence of modal imperfections and material nonlinearity, and which are considered to “bifurcate” from the primary equilibrium paths, representing periodic buckling patterns pertaining to global or structural level stability. The present nonlinear finite element solution methodology, based on the total Lagrangian formulation, employs a quasi-three-dimensional hypothesis, known as layer-wise linear displacement distribution theory (LLDT) to capture the three-dimensional interlaminar (especially, shear) deformation behavior, associated with the localized interlaminar shear-crippling failure. The combined effects of modal imperfections, interlaminar shear/normal deformation and nonlinear (hypoelastic) material property for the transverse Young’s modulus, ETT, on the localization phenomenon are thoroughly investigated, and physically meaningful conclusions are drawn from these numerical results.
The Future of Academic Journals

Academic journals have traditionally provided disciplinary forums for scholarly communication (i.e., vetting, legitimating, and disseminating new ideas). Digitization is affecting scholarly communication and academic journals. Two effects are the bundling of journals by publishers and the growing variety of formats that open up new avenues of dissemination. Both effects have disrupted the traditional roles and relationships of scholars and their institutions, publishers and libraries in the processes of scholarly communication, including the significance of academic journals as a format.
A new species of deep sea amphipod (gammaridea) belonging to the genus runanga

Summary Runanga wairoa n.sp., a deep sea amphipod, is described from a female specimen collected in deeper waters to the east of New Zealand. Features that distinguish it from R. coxalis Barnard are noted.
Inpatient costs, length of stay, and mortality for cerebrovascular events in community hospitals

Background: Accurate estimates of inpatient cost, length of stay (LOS), and mortality are necessary for the development of economic models to estimate the cost-effectiveness of stroke-related treatments. Estimates based on data from academic institutions may not be generalizable to community hospitals. In this study, the authors estimated inpatient costs, LOS, and in-hospital mortality for patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), ischemic cerebral infarction (ICI), and TIA who were treated in community hospitals. Methods: The authors selected patients using International Classification of Diseases–9–Clinical Modification primary diagnosis codes from the HBSI EXPLORE database. They analyzed patient-level data and inpatient costs, derived from detailed utilization data, for all patients admitted to 137 community hospitals in 1998. Multivariate statistical techniques were used to examine patient-, hospital-, and outcome-related factors associated with inpatient costs. Results: Patients with SAH incurred the highest average cost ($23,777, n = 1,124), followed by patients with ICH ($10,241, n = 3,139), ICI ($5,837, n = 18,740), and TIA ($3,350, n = 7,861). Patient subgroups ranked in the same order for average LOS at 11.5 days for SAH, 7.5 days for ICH, 5.9 days for ICI, and 3.4 days for TIA. Almost one third of patients with SAH (29.0%) and ICH (33.1%) died during hospitalization, whereas 7.0% with ICI and 0.2% with TIA died. For each event, as patient age increased, average costs consistently decreased. Also, average costs were higher among patients treated in community teaching hospitals compared to community nonteaching hospitals for each cerebrovascular event (10 to 29%). Conclusions: Inpatient costs, LOS, and mortality for patients with cerebrovascular disease are dependent on patient and hospital characteristics.
Continuous Production of Fenofibrate Solid Lipid Nanoparticles by Hot-Melt Extrusion Technology: a Systematic Study Based on a Quality by Design Approach

This contribution describes a continuous process for the production of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) as drug-carrier systems via hot-melt extrusion (HME). Presently, HME technology has not been used for the manufacturing of SLN. Generally, SLN are prepared as a batch process, which is time consuming and may result in variability of end-product quality attributes. In this study, using Quality by Design (QbD) principles, we were able to achieve continuous production of SLN by combining two processes: HME technology for melt-emulsification and high-pressure homogenization (HPH) for size reduction. Fenofibrate (FBT), a poorly water-soluble model drug, was incorporated into SLN using HME-HPH methods. The developed novel platform demonstrated better process control and size reduction compared to the conventional process of hot homogenization (batch process). Varying the process parameters enabled the production of SLN below 200 nm. The dissolution profile of the FBT SLN prepared by the novel HME-HPH method was faster than that of the crude FBT and a micronized marketed FBT formulation. At the end of a 5-h in vitro dissolution study, a SLN formulation released 92–93% of drug, whereas drug release was approximately 65 and 45% for the marketed micronized formulation and crude drug, respectively. Also, pharmacokinetic study results demonstrated a statistical increase in Cmax, Tmax, and AUC0–24 h in the rate of drug absorption from SLN formulations as compared to the crude drug and marketed micronized formulation. In summary, the present study demonstrated the potential use of hot-melt extrusion technology for continuous and large-scale production of SLN.
FLANNEL: adding computation to electronic mail during transmission

In this paper, we describe FLANNEL, an architecture for adding computational capabilities to email. FLANNEL allows email to be modified by an application while in transit between sender and receiver. This modification is done without modification to the endpoints---mail clients---at either end. This paper also describes interaction techniques that we have developed to allow senders of email to quickly and easily select computations to be performed by FLANNEL. Through, our experience, we explain the properties that applications must have in order to be successful in the context of FLANNEL.
Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptors and protein kinase C in olivopontocerebellar atrophy

Abstract We examined protein kinase C (PKC) activity and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) binding in frontal cortex (FC) and cerebellar cortex (CC) of normal humans, patients with dominant ataxia (“C” kindred) and in Lurcher mutant mouse brain (LMB), a suggested animal model for olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA). PKC activity and [3H]InsP3 binding were decreased in CC of human OPCA by 70% and 90% respectively. The decreases were specific to CC as there were no changes in FC. PKC activity and [3H]InsP3 binding in cerebellum (CB) of LMB were similarly decreased as compared to normal littermate controls. The LMB decrease of PKC and [3H]InsP3 binding was evident on the 15th day of age, the day of onset of ataxia. InsP3-mediated calcium release was also decreased significantly in the cerebellar microsomes of 25-day-old LMB and human OPCA when compared with their respective controls. These data indicate that the decrease of second messenger linked PKC activity and InsP3 receptor binding in CB may be a biochemical marker that reflects neuronal degeneration in dominant cerebellar ataxia.