cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A folate receptor-targeted liposomal formulation for paclitaxel

A novel liposomal formulation of paclitaxel targeting the folate receptor (FR) was synthesized and characterized. This formulation was designed to overcome vehicle toxicity associated with the traditional Cremophor EL-based formulation and to provide the added advantages of prolonged systemic circulation time and selective targeting of the FR, which is frequently overexpressed on epithelial cancer cells. The formulation had the composition of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine/dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol/monomethoxy-polyethylene glycol (PEG)2000-distearoyl phosphatidylethanolamine/folate-PEG3350-distearoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DPPC/DMPG/mPEG-DSPE/folate-PEG-DSPE) at molar ratios of (85.5:9.5:4.5:0.5) and a drug-to-lipid molar ratio of 1:33. The liposomes were prepared by polycarbonate membrane extrusion. The mean particle size of the liposomes was 97.1 nm and remained stable for at least 72 h at 4 degrees C. FR-targeted liposomes of the same lipid composition entrapping calcein were shown to be efficiently taken up by KB oral carcinoma cells, which are highly FR+. FR-targeted liposomes containing paclitaxel showed 3.8-fold greater cytotoxicity compared to non-targeted control liposomes in KB cells. Plasma clearance profiles of paclitaxel in the liposomal formulations were then compared to paclitaxel in Cremophor EL formulation. The liposomal formulations showed much longer terminal half-lives (12.33 and 14.23 h for FR-targeted and non-targeted liposomes, respectively) than paclitaxel in Cremophor EL (1.78 h). In conclusion, the paclitaxel formulation described in this study has substantial stability and favorable pharmacokinetic properties. The FR-targeted paclitaxel formulation is potentially useful for treatment of FR+ tumors and warrants further investigation.
What Do Experts and Novices “See” in Evolutionary Problems?

Considerable research has focused on differences in expert and novice problem representation and performance within physics, chemistry, and genetics. Here, we examine whether models of problem solving based on this work are useful within the domain of evolutionary biology. We utilized card sort tasks, interviews, and paper-and-pencil tests to: (1) delineate problem categorization rules, (2) quantify problem solving success, and (3) measure the relationships between the composition, structure, and coherence of problem solutions. We found that experts and novices perceived different item features to be of significance in card sort tasks, and that sensitivity to item surface features was adversely associated with problem solving success. As in other science domains, evolutionary problem representation and problem solving performance were tightly coupled. Explanatory coherence and the absence of cognitive biases were distinguishing features of evolutionary expertise. We discuss the implications of these findings for biology teaching and learning.
Short communication: a depth-first and toll-supportable programming strategy

This paper describes a software im plementation strategy that allows the programmer to construct a running version of a program early in its development. In general, the first version of the program only works for a subset of the intended input domain. The subset is defined by a number of constraints placed on the program by the programmer. The program can be completed by removing the constraints one at a time. In the process, each new part added to the program can be validated independently. Software tools can be built to facilitate the validation process.
The paleoenvironmental distribution of Phanerozoic wrinkle structures

Abstract Wrinkle structures are microbially induced sedimentary structures that are known to have formed in ancient marine siliciclastic environments. This study reviews the sedimentary context and paleoenvironmental distribution of these sedimentary structures throughout three distinct intervals of the Phanerozoic: the Cambrian, the post-Cambrian Paleozoic, and the Lower Triassic. During these times, wrinkle structures are found primarily within two sedimentary environments, storm-dominated subtidal environments and the intertidal zone. Subtidal occurrences of wrinkle structures during the post-Ordovician Phanerozoic only appear to occur during intervals of environmental stress, while earlier examples from the Cambrian and lowermost Ordovician likely formed prior to significant increases in extent and depth of bioturbation that hallmark most of the Phanerozoic. Intertidal examples occur regardless of severe environmental stress, and may have formed under low levels of bioturbation due to inherent vagaries of a marginal marine setting. These environmental preferences appear to be conservative throughout the Phanerozoic, and may very well extend throughout Earth's history.
Complementarity of sequences in low molecular weight RNAs to regions of messenger and ribosomal RNAs

Total low molecular weight nuclear RNAs of mouse ascites cells have been labeled in vitro and used as probes to search for complementary sequences contained in nuclear or cytoplasmic RNA. From a subset of hybridizing lmw RNAs, two major species of 58,000 and 35,000 mol. wt. have been identified as mouse 5 and 5.8S ribosomal RNA. Mouse 5 and 5.8S rRNA hybridize not only to 18 and 28S rRNA, respectively, but also to nuclear and cytoplasmic poly(A+) RNA. Northern blot analysis and oligo-dT cellulose chromatography have confirmed the intermolecular base-pairing of these two small rRNA sequences to total poly(A+) RNA as well as to purified rabbit globin mRNA. 5 and 5.8S rRNA also hybridize with positive (coding) but not negative (noncoding) strands of viral RNA. Temperature melting experiments have demonstrated that their hybrid stability with mRNA sequences is comparable to that observed for the 5S:18S and 5.8S:28S hybrids. The functional significance of 5 and 5.8S rRNA base-pairing with mRNAs and larger rRNAs is unknown, but these interactions could play important coordinating roles in ribosome structure, subunit interaction, and mRNA binding during translation.
Using task models to generate multi-platform user interfaces while ensuring usability

The widespread emergence of new computing devices and associated interaction metaphors has necessitated new ways of building User Interfaces (UIs) for these devices. In this paper, we describe our approach of using a Task Model in conjunction with the User Interface Markup Language (UIML) to drive generation of Multi-Platform User Interfaces. We also discuss briefly how current usability engineering practices have to be modified to accommodate the development of multi-platform UIs.
The vocal repertoire of chipmunks (Genus Eutamias) in California

Abstract A study of the vocalizations of chipmunks was conducted in the field and laboratory, utilizing sonagrams made from tape recordings, and observational data. Most observations were made on Eutamias townsendii, but interspecific variation in alarm calls was studied in all ten California species of Eutamias. The vocal repertoire of Eutamias includes several alarm calls: the chip, chuck, chippering, and in some species also the trill, and in others the whistle. Other calls include the agonistic chatter, courtship chatter, growl, and squeal. The chip is the most common call. There is consistent interspecific variation in structure and temporal arrangement of chips. Most of this variation correlates with body size.
Emotion detection in speech using deep networks

We propose a novel staged hybrid model for emotion detection in speech. Hybrid models exploit the strength of discriminative classifiers along with the representational power of generative models. Discriminative classifiers have been shown to achieve higher performances than the corresponding generative likelihood-based classifiers. On the other hand, generative models learn a rich informative representations. Our proposed hybrid model consists of a generative model, which is used for unsupervised representation learning of short term temporal phenomena and a discriminative model, which is used for event detection and classification of long range temporal dynamics. We evaluate our approach on multiple audio-visual datasets (AVEC, VAM, and SPD) and demonstrate its superiority compared to the state-of-the-art.
Active electronically scanned arrays

Active electronically scanned arrays (AESAs) offer significant operational and reliability advantages compared to other types of radar systems. However, their use for either military or commercial applications has been limited. The primary reason for this is the high cost of the array components. This paper discusses the present status of technology for scanned arrays and provides a suggested approach for developing the technologies and infrastructure necessary to produce the arrays of the future at an affordable cost. >
Optically induced Zeeman coherence in a single quantum dot: entanglement of two electrons

Summary form only given. We report the observation of an interesting coherent effect, which looks very much like the so-called Zeeman coherence in atomic physics and is indeed an optically induced entanglement between two oppositely oriented electrons confined to one single QD. This is the first observation of entanglement in semiconductors and is an important step in realizing a quantum logic device such as proposed for quantum computing.
Nanotechnology in Brazil

The restructuring of the academic and scientific system that is developed in Brazil over the last 5 decades has been critical for having intense research on nanotechnology in the country. Many governmental grants have been extended for research in several sub-disciplines of nanotechnology. Particularly interdisciplinary research has been encouraged that included nanotechnology, biology, and health sciences by employing computer science and mathematics.
On the stability of viscous flow between two rotating nonconcentric cylinders

Abstract The stability of viscous flow between two rotating nonconcentric cylinders is investigated with respect to infinitesimal disturbances. After the finite gap disturbance equations are formulated, the small gap disturbance equations are obtained. An approximate solution to the resulting eigenvalue problem is obtained by employing a perturbation method. A formula for calculating the critical Taylor number is deduced which is valid for small gap, small eccentricity and for the case when the outer cylinder is fixed. The mathematical model formulated gives rise to a local stability analysis. For θ = 0o the eccentricity destabilizes the flow for small values of eccentricity ratio—the flow is less stable than when the cylinders are concentric. The results of a number of experimental and theoretical investigations are discussed.
Correlation between performance in physics and prior mathematics knowledge

The final grade of 1403 students enrolled in the first semester of the introductory, pre-professional physics course has been correlated with performance on a precourse diagnostic test of mathematical skills. The students were from a total of eight different sections taught by six separate instructors over a three year time span. The student population has been separated into two groups, those who completed the course (913 students) and those who dropped (490 students). The drops were assigned a “projected final grade”based on performance up to date of withdrawal. The Pearson product-moment correlation for students who completed the course is 0.418 and correlation for the drops is 0.232. Both correlations are significant at the p < 0.001 level. This study suggests that prior mathematical ability is a primary influence on performance in the course, and has a secondary influence on the tendency to drop out of the course.
Acute type A aortic dissection: retrograde perfusion with left superior vena cava

Retrograde cerebral perfusion with hypothermic circulatory arrest confers additional cerebral protection during repair of type A aortic dissection. We present a 42-year-old man with acute type A aortic dissection and a persistent, left superior vena cava. Cannulation of the right and left superior vena cava is used for retrograde perfusion of both hemispheres with bilateral monitoring of electroencephalogram and somatosensory-evoked potentials during and after the hypothermic circulatory arrest interval.
Cyclic 3',5'-Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase: Cytochemical Localization in Cerebral Cortex

The distribution of cyclic 39,59-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity in rat cerebral cortex was determined by cytochemical methods. The detectable phosphodiesterase activity was localized in postsynaptic (dendritic) nerve endings, most of it immediately adjacent to the synaptic membrane. Most of the postsynaptic nerve endings showed phosphodiesterase activity.
Modeling Algorithm-induced Errors in Iterative Mono-plotting Process

Mono-plotting from a single photo is an efficient method to 3D spatial information collection. The core of the monoplotting process is an algorithm to determine the ground coordinates of pixel points in a single image by intersecting the view ray with the DEM-defined surface. A traditional algorithm used in photogrammetry is to iteratively calculate the coordinates based on the inverse collinearity equations. Being an iterative method, this algorithm may induce errors to the derived coordinates. When the iteration precision (the distance between the last two iterated points) becomes less than a predefined precision threshold, the iteration is considered convergent and the ground coordinates are produced. However, the true error of the output coordinates may be still worse than the threshold. This paper theoretically investigates the error budget of the iterative algorithm, models the true error from the iteration precision, and estimates the algorithm-induced error in the ground coordinate output.
Immunologic Response to Combination Nucleoside Analogue plus Protease Inhibitor Therapy in Stable Antiretroviral Therapy-Experienced Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children

The response of 40 immunologic parameters was studied for 147 clinically stable, protease inhibitor-naive, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children aged 2-17 years when antiretroviral therapy was changed to either a dual nucleoside analogue regimen or a protease inhibitor-containing regimen. Immunologic response to therapy, as measured by lymphocyte subsets, 3-color flow cytometric measures, and lymphoproliferative assays, were investigated for changes in weeks 44 and 48. The most significant changes after baseline that were associated with the administration of a protease inhibitor-containing regimen were seen for percentages of CD8(+)/CD38(+)/HLA-DR(+), CD8(+)/CD95(+)/CD28(-), and CD8. The percentages of CD8(+)/CD38(+)/HLA-DR(+) and CD8(+)/CD95(+)/CD28(-) decreased from baseline medians of 33% and 46% to medians of 18% and 30% at week 44 (P<.0001 for both). Median CD4 cell count increased 168 cells/microL (from 694 cells/microL to 862 cells/microL; P=.02) by week 48 in this clinically stable population. Changes in lymphoproliferative responses to HIV antigens and recall antigens did not increase over time and between groups.
Converting Threats into Opportunities

James Madison contributed much to political science and to the art and science of governing democratic regimes. A major contribution was his recognition of the multiple threats facing the newly established Confederation (see, e.g., Dougherty 2001). Madison was willing to invest heavily in converting these threats into new opportunities. In his “Preface to Debates in the Convention” ([1984] 1840, 19), Madison reflected on the causes for alarm.James Madison Award lecture presented at the American Political Science Association (APSA) Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C., September 1, 2005. The author is appreciative of support from the Ford Foundation, the MacArthur Foundation, and the National Science Foundation and useful comments by Bill Blomquist, Eric Coleman, Sue Crawford, Joshua P. Hill, Marco Janssen, Robert Keohane, Mike McGinnis, Lesa B. Morrison, Amy Poteete, Mike Schoon, David Schwab, and Kenneth Shepsle on an initial draft of this paper. As always, I deeply appreciate Patty Lezotte's careful editing.
Economic Freedom is Negative Liberty: A Comment on Legum (2007) and Stanford (2007)

The authors reply to Legum (2007) and Standford (2007) to clarify why economic freedom is defined the way it is and to review the empirical record with respect to this measure.
Feedback Guidance in Uncertain Spatiotemporal Wind Using a Vector Backstepping Algorithm

This work deals with the problem of guiding a controlled object to a given target set in a three-dimensional configuration space in the presence of wind with an uncertain spatiotemporal velocity fi...
Estimation of exposure criteria values for biliary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolite concentrations in white suckers (Catostomus commersoni)

A methodology was developed for deriving quantitative exposure criteria useful for comparing a site or a watershed to a reference condition and for defining the occurrence of extreme exposures. The prototype method used indicators of exposures to oil contamination and combustion by-products, naphthalene (NAPH)-type and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)-type biliary metabolites from white suckers (Catostomus commersoni). The fish were collected from first- to third-order streams in the Regional Environmental Monitoring Assessment Program (REMAP) study of the Eastern Corn Belt Plains ecoregion at randomly selected sites and from third- or higher-order streams in conjunction with the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (OEPA) Biomonitoring Program, which sampled sites of concern and reference sites selected by ecologists. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites were measured using fixed-wavelength fluorescence with excitation/emission pairs at 290/335 nm for NAPH-type and 380/430 nm for BaP-type metabolites. Exposure criteria values were selected for each type of metabolite for both the REMAP study and the OEPA reference sites following the recommendations of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry. Exposure criteria derived for each metabolite were not significantly different for REMAP and OEPA reference sites. More than one half of the OEPA nonreference sites were found to be contaminated, exceeding criteria values for both types of metabolites. This method for finding meaningful exposure criteria can be used to develop criteria of exposure to other contaminants for other wildlife and other ecosystems.
Intergroup Dialogue: Race Still Matters

Contrary to popular depiction of young people in the United States as post-racial in their views about race, survey evidence confirms numerous differences in the views of White and non-White young people. These differences are seen both in studies of young people in the nation at large as well as among those attending colleges and universities. This chapter, which reports on a large experiment (N = 730 students) based on random assignment of student applicants to 26 race dialogue courses and to 26 wait-list control groups, also shows that students of color, compared to White students, held different explanations for racial/ethnic inequality when they applied to enroll in race/ethnicity dialogue courses. Participation in the race/ethnicity dialogue courses: (1) increased structural attributions for racial/ethnic inequality, although this effect was statistically reliable only for White students, and (2) narrowed but did not erase the initial differences between the two groups of students on the measures of structural attributions for racial/ethnic inequality. Thus, although race still matters at the end of the dialogue courses, the narrowing of perspectives on causes for racial inequality augurs well for possible coalitions of White youth and youth of color in attempting to reduce racial inequality.
Altered aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetase complexes in CHO cell mutants

The Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase mutants Gln-2, His-1, and Lys-101 were analyzed for alterations in respective particulate enzyme forms. The mutant Gln-2 showed a preferential loss of the lower molecular weight enzyme form for glutamine. His-1 showed alterations of the enzyme complexes for several other aminoacyl-tRNA activities but only decreased activity for itself. The mutant Lys-101 only showed an altered Lysyl-tRNA synthetase. These results provide evidence for a model of the intracellular role of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complexes wherein the high molecular weight forms utilize amino acids directly from the extracellular pool while the low molecular weight forms utilize intracellular pools.
Reactions of monodinitrogen complexes of molybdenum. Isolation and characterization of hydrazido(2—) and mono- and dihydride complexes

Abstract The mono-N2 complex fac-Mo(N2)(triphos)(L2) (1), where triphos = PhP(CH2CH2PPh2)2 and L = PMe2Ph, reacts with HX (X = Br, Cl) to give the hydrazido(2—) complex, [Mo(NNH2)(η2-triphos)(PMe2Ph)2]X (2), in which triphos is bidentate. Complex 1 reacts with HBr (1 mol) to give an almost quantitative yield of MoHBr(triphos)(PMe2Ph) (3). With HBr (1 mol), 3 produces MoH2Br(triphos)(PMe2Ph).
Swallow-related cerebral cortical activity maps are not specific to deglutition

Cortical representation of swallow-related motor tasks has not been systematically investigated. In this study, we elucidated and compared these cortical representations to those of volitional swallow using block-trial and single-trial methods. Fourteen volunteers were studied by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Cortical activation during both swallowing and swallow-related motor tasks that can be performed independent of swallowing, such as jaw clenching, lip pursing, and tongue rolling, was found in four general areas: the anterior cingulate, motor/premotor cortex, insula, and occipital/parietal region corresponding to Brodmann's areas 7, 19, and 31. Regions of activity, volume of activated voxels, and increases in signal intensity were found to be similar between volitional swallow and swallow-related motor tasks. These findings, using both block-trial and single-trial techniques, suggest that cerebral cortical regions activated during swallowing may not be specific to deglutitive function.
Apriori Process-Property Relationships of GaN Epitaxial Growth in Ga/N/H/C/O Systems

A comprehensive thermodynamic analysis has been performed for the Ga/N/H/C/O system. Apriori process-property relationships of the metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) of Gallium Nitride (GaN) are thus obtained. The parameter space for pure GaN growth is studied for system water vapor levels of 0.1 ppb–10 ppm, system pressure between 10−6 - 106 Torr, N/Ga feed ratios of 1–100,000, C/Ga feed ratios of 0–100, and H2/Ga feed ratios of 100–10,000. Higher growth temperatures for pure GaN are predicted at high operating pressures (for pressures greater than 0.1 Torr), low C/Ga feed ratios, high carrier gas flow rates, and mostly at low N/Ga feed ratios. Because relative C/Ga, N/Ga and H2/Ga feed ratios have been considered, the predictions in this study are applicable to any multiple and single precursor systems. Such analyses can be easily extended to the molecular beam epitaxy of GaN, when the feed ratio C/Ga = 0. Experimental data reported on the growth of GaN are found to be in good agreement with our theoretical predictions, for many systems that have included different source species.
Practical Adhesion of an Ag - Pd Thick-Film Conductor: An Acoustic Emission Study of Pull Tests-I: Monitoring System and Initial Adhesion

The practical adhesion of an Ag-Pd thick-film conductor on 96-percent alumina was investigated using an acoustic emission monitoring system with a 90° bent wire pull-test configuration. The strength values were highest when an interlocking interface between the metal and substrate was formed. The fracturing of the different interfaces developed during under-, over-, and optimum firing conditions was distinguishable from the acoustic emission data recorded during the adhesion tests.
Bounding isotropic Lorentz violation using synchrotron losses at LEP

Some deviations from special relativity\char22{}especially isotropic effects\char22{}are most efficiently constrained using particles with velocities very close to 1. While there are extremely tight bounds on some of the relevant parameters coming from astrophysical observations, many of these rely on our having an accurate understanding of the dynamics of these high-energy sources. It is desirable to have reliable laboratory constraints on these same parameters. The fastest-moving particles in a laboratory were electrons and positrons at LEP. The energetics of the LEP beams were extremely well understood, and measurements of the synchrotron emission rate indicate that the isotropic Lorentz violation coefficient $|{\stackrel{\texttildelow{}}{\ensuremath{\kappa}}}_{\mathrm{tr}}\ensuremath{-}\frac{4}{3}{c}_{00}|$ must be smaller than $5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}$.
Adjuvant docetaxel chemotherapy with abbreviated hormonal therapy in patients with high-risk prostate cancer

15589 Background: We conducted a pilot adjuvant docetaxel and abbreviated androgen deprivation study (ADT) in patients with high-risk localized prostate cancer. Study objectives were to evaluate to...
Tip of the iceberg: patient safety incidents in primary care

Primary care in the US model is fraught with safety hazards. Visits are brief and infrequent, patients are largely self-managing, often with multiple comorbid conditions, the extent of healthcare teams varies widely, and the fragmentation of health systems and lack of interoperability among electronic health records (EHRs) means that primary care providers may not have timely, accurate data about patients.1 Despite these multiple vulnerabilities, significant gaps remain in our understanding of the safety of primary care.2–4 The patient safety movement began in acute-care settings, where adverse events resulting from medical care are more immediately apparent. Even though primary care is the cornerstone of healthcare delivery, relatively less is known about the epidemiology of adverse events in primary care settings.5 In an effort to address this gap, Panesar et al 6 conducted a systematic review of patient safety incidents in primary care. This paper makes a major contribution to the field by providing an overview of the burden of patient safety incidents in primary care. They found that patient safety incidents are slightly less common in primary care, around 2%–3% of visits, compared with approximately 10% of hospitalisations.7–9 Given how much larger and healthier the populations using primary care are compared with hospitalised patients, the frequency of safety incidents in primary care is staggeringly high. Fortunately, only a small proportion of …
How to make the most of your summer study abroad teaching experience

Teachers of international relations and comparative politics spend a considerable amount of time looking for ways to bring the politics of the world outside of the United States into their classroom to enhance student learning experiences through increased relevance or “reality.” Simulations are one method to make world politics seem more relevant (e.g., Dougherty 2003 ; Kille 2002 ; Shellman 2001 ; McIntosh 2001 ; Newmann and Twigg 2000 ; Kaarbo and Lantis 1997 ; Smith and Boyer 1996 ). The use of film is another popular method that enhances the drama and emotion of foreign cultures and politics (e.g., Waalkes 2003 ; Weber 2001 ; Kuzma and Haney 2001). Finally, the Internet and web-based technologies (e.g., Cogburn and Levinson 2003 ; Hauss et al. 2002 ; Bonham and Seifert 2000 ) and foreign newspapers (e.g., Schattle 2003 ) are also employed to connect textbook knowledge to the real world of foreign affairs.
DAEDALUS: A Fresh Bio-Inspired Aircraft Design Concept

I . Synopsis n the past several decades, general aircraft design concepts have undergone rather designs, although more technologically advanced, are mostly based on the same fixed wing design principles as those from the last century. In this study, the aim is to develop a more novel approach by incorporating bioinspired mechanisms that can elevate the conventional aircraft technology to a new level. The research, in particular, will focus on creating an aerospace structural system capable of generating propulsive and lift forces simultaneously. Using available technology, the intention is to mechanically reproduce the flapping motion in a small scale aircraft with all of its intricacies that can be observed in nature. Seagulls were selected as a reference model for this project, titled DAEDALUS, due to their size-scale and comparatively gentle flapping motion in cruise conditions that are more feasible to mimic using conventional electro-mechanical components. In addition, seagulls are able to produce lift throughout the whole wing stroke by adjusting the angle of attack of their wings according to the wing position. For future applications this would result in more comfortable and stable flight conditions. The paper herein describes the methods and approaches used to examine the feasibility of a pair of flapping wings to propel a small scale aerospace vehicle prototype.
Why Gain in the Senate but Midterm Loss in the House? Evidence from a Natural Experiment

In this note we use the Senate's six-year election cycle to explain why the "iron law of midterm loss" that applies so consistently to the House works with less certainty in the Senate; in fact, since 1946 there have been three instances (1962, 1970, and 1982) where the Senate has experienced no midterm loss. To explain the differing nature of midterm seat change in the Senate, we employ a natural experiment in which Senate midterm elections (1946-1994) are categorized in the following way: (1) The same party controlled the White House two and six years prior to the midterm; or (2) a different party held the presidency six years as compared to two years before the midterm. We hypothesize that, in the first situation, midterm loss forces are mutually reinforcing; thus, the Senate experiences large and unidirectional seat changes against the party that holds the White House. In the later situation, however, the electoral cycle effects (t-2 and t-6) run counter to one another and, therefore, seat change is not unidirectional, midterm loss is lessened, and there is even the potential for midterm gain. In fact, all of the midterm gains in the Senate in the 20h century occur in this situation.
A Proof of Gandhi's Formula for the nth Prime

(1972). A Proof of Gandhi's Formula for the nth Prime. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 79, No. 6, pp. 625-625.
Experiment about Ultrasonic Melting Plastics Phenomenon

In this article,some experiment phenomena about ultrasonic melting plastics are given.We conclude the best place of melting plastics that have nothing to do with the ultrasonic power and explain them in theory.
Empirische Studie zur Umsetzung der UN-Dekade der Bildung für nachhaltige Entwicklung

Es werden zunachst die Zielintentionen und Fragestellungen formuliert, die mit der empirischen Studie zur Umsetzung der UN-Dekade der Bildung fur nachhaltige Entwicklung verbunden sind. Anschliesend werden die empirischen Grundlagen der Studie sowie der Fragebogen und das Forschungsdesign vorgestellt.
Impact and limitations of point-to-point performance on collective algorithms

The time spent in communication operations is a major factor in determining the scalability of parallel applications. Tuning the parameters of a communication library can be used to adapt its characteristics to a particular platform, minimizing the communication time of an application. The goal of this paper is to improve theoretical and practical understanding of how performance improvements of point-to-point operations propagate to collective communication operations. We derive formulas to determine the expected improvement of a collective operation based on the improvement observed for a point-to-point communication using Hockney's model and the LogGP model. Our results indicate that many collective algorithms will inherently see a lower performance improvements compared to the improvement observed for point-to-point operations. Our evaluation shows for most test cases a good match between the predictions made by our models and the observed data, but also identifies multiple reasons for potential disparity between theory and practice.
Citizen and Self in Ancient Greece: Performing Justice in Early Greece: Dispute Settlement in the Iliad

as performances of justice, the iliad's scripts of funerary ritual (especially lamentation) and chieftain deliberation (especially when redistributing plunder) provide prototypes for the nascent state and its citizen because they succeed in exposing the basileus of the Formative period (ca. 900–760) as a problematic person. We've seen that an Agamemnon or an Achilles becomes controversial by exercising greater moral autonomy than others, especially within scripts designed to redistribute time competitively. If their problematic decision making reflects with any accuracy the realities of this period, then by the eighth century a chieftain's attempt to evaluate his own worth in relation to social rivals often provoked criticism of his validity claims. But we must remember that the basileus enjoyed moral privileges not only in the Iliad 's wartime scripts but in peacetime too. As we saw in Chapter 1 the role of basileus is enacted as a center in exchange relationships of reciprocity and redistribution in village and regional polities, combining elements of the authority identified with a headman, big man, or chief. In this chapter we'll examine a script whose successful outcome was vital to the Formative period's fragile, village-based societies, which from time to time witnessed among their households and descent groups intractable disputes that threatened community stability. This is the earliest judicial script we can reconstruct; we might call it “rendering a dike ” or “rendering the ‘straightest’ dike ,” which is the nonviolent solution most acceptable to all parties and most in conformity with tradition.
A dynamic liver culture system: a tool for studying chemical biotransformation and toxicity.

The use of whole animal systems for toxicity testing has been extensively supple­mented during the past several years with in vitro test systems. Such systems, through continued improvement and expanded versatility as research tools, hold great promise for the more rapid and less expensive evaluation of the potential toxicity of new and existing chemicals and pharmaceuticals. In addition, in vitro systems are useful in the elucidation of the mechanisms by which chemicals induce tissue damage. In in vitro systems the experimental system can be rigidly control­led. In vitro systems also provide opportunities to explore routes and rates of xenobiotic biotransformation, a factor which often determines the nature and de­gree of the observed toxicity.
Extended range 100 gigabit ethernet

We will discuss the 100 GbE-ER4 standard for high-speed communication between data centers, with particular emphasis on the optical amplification (SOAs) included in the transceiver modules in order to enable long-distance links of up to 40 km.
Reconstitution of membrane molecular mechanisms in bilayer lipid membranes and patch-clamp bilayers.

A variety of important cellular processes such as excitability, ion transport, and neurohormonal regulation depend on the operation of macromolecular complexes in biomembranes. In view of these diverse and intricate processes, it is not surprising that biomembranes are very complex functionally. The molecular organization of biomembranes, as revealed by physical chemical studies, includes a lipid bilayer core, associated proteins, glycolipids, and other nonlipid materials. The bilayer is about 50 A thick in a relatively liquid state with proteins and nonlipid materials arranged on each side as well as transversely across the lipid bilayer. Because of this delicate structure and its dimensions, direct experimental investigation of the biomembrane is exceedingly difficult at the membrane level. Thus, to overcome constraints imposed by the complexity of biomembrane, a number of artificial membrane systems have been developed. In this survey we are concerned with the experimental bilayer lipid membrane (BLM) of planar configuration as well as with patch-clamp bilayers. The review on BLM is in no sense complete; it is not possible to cite a great number of excellent papers in this expanding field of BLM research owing to space limitation. References may be consulted on the topics not covered here (Blumenthal and Klausner, 1982; Etemadi, 1983; Miller, 1986; Shamoo and Tivol, 1980; Tien, 1974).
Why marriage matters: A North American perspective on press/library partnerships

Key points Around 30% of campus-based members of the Association of American University Presses now report to libraries, more than double the number 5 years ago. Beyond reporting relationships, physical collocation and joint strategic planning characterize the most integrated press/library partnerships. The main mutual advantages of deep press/library collaboration are economic efficiency, greater relevance to parent institutions, and an increased capacity to engage with the changing needs of authors in the digital age. There is emerging interest in collaboration at scale among libraries and presses that may extend the impact of press/library collaboration beyond single institutions.
Extremely high gain, low noise InAlAs/InGaAs HEMTs grown by molecular beam epitaxy

High-performance InAlAs/InGaAs planar-doped HEMTs (high-electron-mobility transistors) lattice-matched to InP have been fabricated with a 0.25- mu m T-gate. A maximum extrinsic transconductance g/sub m/ of 900 mS/mm, corresponding to an intrinsic g/sub m/ of 1640 mS/mm, was obtained at room temperature. RF measurements at 18 GHz yielded a minimum noise figure of 0.5 dB with an associated gain of 15.2 dB and a maximum stable gain of 20.9 dB. At 58 GHz, the devices exhibited a 1.2-dB minimum noise figure with an 8.5-dB associated gain. At 63 GHz, a maximum available gain of 15.4 dB was measured for a single-stage amplifier. This value, extrapolated to -6 dB/octave, yielded a maximum frequency of oscillation f/sub max/ of 380 GHz, which is the highest f/sub max/ ever reported for any transistor. A three-stage HEMT amplifier exhibited an average noise figure of 3.0 dB with a gain of 22.0+or-0.2 dB from 60-65 GHz. >
Understanding limits to conductivity of metal nanowires

Reduced conductivity in sub-100nm metal wires used as interconnects is a performance limiting factor in integrated circuits. In order to understand the sources of conductivity degradation with the aim of optimizing metal nanowire conductivity, we have analyzed potential sources of electron momentum loss, including surface roughness scattering, grain boundary reflection and interactions with Ta liner layers. Based on the roughness spectrum of metal films, we conclude that primarily specular scattering should be achievable at metal/dielectric interfaces for Cu technology. Using non-equilibrium Green's function methods, we find substantial reflection at Cu and Ag grain boundaries and find that both the change in grain orientation and disorder in the boundary contribute significantly to reflectivity. Using the same approach for Cu/Ta interfaces, we predict substantial conductivity degradation due to electron interactions with thin liner layers. Based on our analyses, we conclude by suggesting promising directions for maximizing conductivity as interconnect dimensions shrink further below 100nm.
One-pot synthesis of a ceria–graphene oxide composite for the efficient removal of arsenic species

Arsenic contamination has posed a health risk to millions of people around the world. In this study, we describe a simple and facile one-step hydrothermal synthesis of a ceria-graphene oxide (ceria-GO) composite for the efficient removal of arsenic species. The prepared ceria-GO composite materials exhibited almost complete (over 99.99%) and quick removal of both arsenic species within 0.1 mg L-1 of the initial concentration. The calculated adsorption capacities were 185 mg g-1 for As(iii) and 212 mg g-1 for As(v). It was found that Ce3+ is an active site and continuously adsorbs arsenic species; there is a concomitant change from Ce4+ to Ce3+ due to the solution redox environment. This increase in the Ce3+ concentration further facilitates the complete removal of arsenic species in solution. Thus our approach offers a promising potential for the treatment of arsenic-contaminated drinking water.
Practical Wisdom of Labour–Management Relations through the Productivity Movement in Japan

Some of Japan’s business entities are the world’s oldest. Kongo-gumi, a construction group associated with the Shitenno-ji Buddhist temple in Osaka, was established in 578. Ikenobo-kado-kai was established in 587 to spread the art of flower arrangement. Since that time, the spiritual tradition of Kongo-gumi has been transmitted by 39 masters, and the tradition of Ikenobo-kado-kai has been transmitted by 45 masters (Yokozawa 2012), and skills have been transmitted via master–disciple relationships as well.
A fog computing-based framework for process monitoring and prognosis in cyber-manufacturing

Abstract Small- and medium-sized manufacturers, as well as large original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), have faced an increasing need for the development of intelligent manufacturing machines with affordable sensing technologies and data-driven intelligence. Existing monitoring systems and prognostics approaches are not capable of collecting the large volumes of real-time data or building large-scale predictive models that are essential to achieving significant advances in cyber-manufacturing. The objective of this paper is to introduce a new computational framework that enables remote real-time sensing, monitoring, and scalable high performance computing for diagnosis and prognosis. This framework utilizes wireless sensor networks, cloud computing, and machine learning. A proof-of-concept prototype is developed to demonstrate how the framework can enable manufacturers to monitor machine health conditions and generate predictive analytics. Experimental results are provided to demonstrate capabilities and utility of the framework such as how vibrations and energy consumption of pumps in a power plant and CNC machines in a factory floor can be monitored using a wireless sensor network. In addition, a machine learning algorithm, implemented on a public cloud, is used to predict tool wear in milling operations.
Resolving Three-State Ligand-Binding Mechanisms By Isothermal Titration Calorimetry: A Simulation Study

In this paper, I theoretically analyzed ITC profiles for three-state equilibria involving ligand binding coupled to isomerization or dimerization transitions. Simulations demonstrate that the mechanisms where the free or ligand-bound protein undergoes dimerization (such that the ligand cannot bind to or dissociate from the dimer) produce very distinctive titration profiles. In contrast, profiles of the pre-existing equilibrium or induced-fit models cannot be distinguished from a simple two-state process, requiring data from additional techniques to positively identify these mechanisms.
CeO2 nanoparticles alter the outcome of species interactions

AbstractDespite considerable research on the environmental impacts of nanomaterials, we know little about how they influence interactions between species. Here, we investigated the acute (12 d) and chronic (64 d) toxicities of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) and bulk particles (0–200 mg/L) to three ciliated protist species (Loxocephalus sp., Paramecium aurelia, and Tetrahymena pyriformis) in single-, bi-, and multispecies microcosms. The results show that CeO2 NPs strongly affected the interactions between ciliated protozoan species. When exposed to the highest CeO2 NPs (200 mg/L), the intrinsic growth rates of Loxocephalus and Paramecium were significantly decreased by 18.87% and 88.27%, respectively, while their carrying capacities declined by more than 90%. However, CeO2 NP exposure made it difficult to predict outcomes of interspecific competition between species. At higher NP exposure (100 and 200 mg/L), competition led to the extinction of both species in the Loxocephalus and Paramecium microc...
Surgical considerations in posterior C1-2 instrumentation in the presence of vertebral artery anomalies: case illustration and review of literature

Vascular anomalies involving the V3 segment of the vertebral artery are common and may complicate posterior atlantoaxial instrumentation. We report a patient with a fenestrated vertebral artery that underwent successful C1-2 instrumentation and fusion. Various vertebral artery anomalies are discussed with a review of pertinent literature.
A demonstration of simultaneous execution and editing in a development environment

We introduce a tool within the Code Bubbles development environment that allows for continuous execution as the programmer edits. The tool, SEEDE, shows both the intermediate and final results of execution in terms of variables, control flow, output, and graphics. These results are updated as the user edits. The user can explore the execution to find or fix bugs or use the intermediate values to help write appropriate code. A demonstration video is available at https://www.you-tube.com/watch?v=GpibSxX3Wlw.
The Role of Incubators in Small Business Planning

An incubator houses a number of new, small businesses that share space and administrative support. Management assistance is usually available and financial assistance is sometimes provided. Incubat...
Deal or No Deal? The Effect of Director Interlocks on Acquisition Selection and Abandonment

Prior research on director interlocks in the context of acquisitions have mainly emphasized a diffusion logic, focusing on the mimetic influence of director interlocks on a firm’s acquisition behav...
α-Adrenoceptor Blockers for Management of Hypertension in the Elderly

The arterial pressure is regulated by changes in cardiac output and/or systemic vascular resistance. Effective perfusion of body organs requires appropriate resistance to blood flow to maintain arterial pressure. In the systemic vasculature, the major factor of vascular resistance is smooth muscle tone, which helps regulate the most important determinant of resistance to flow, the cross-sectional area of a vessel. There are two major neurohormonal systems that regulate cardiovascular function, including smooth muscle tone: the autonomic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin system. The peripheral autonomic nervous system has three main components: (a) the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), which comprises the autonomic outflow from the thoracic and high lumbar segments of the spinal cord; (b) the parasympathetic nervous system, which includes the outflow from the cranial nerves and the low lumbar and sacral spinal cord; and (c) the enteric nervous system, which is intrinsic neurons in the wall of the gut. In addition to the blood vessels, the urinary bladder, penis, and prostate also have smooth muscle cells (SMCs) innervated by SNS and parasympathetic nervous system neurons to help regulate micturition, erection, and ejaculation (1).
A Sketch of a City

This chapter introduces the physical, social, and ideological environment of the early nineteenth-century Spring Street Presbyterian Church. It discusses the history of the founding of the church, talks a walk down the physical street with a family from the congregation, introduces readers to those who lived in the neighborhood, and examines some of the key ideological foundations of the congregation. The pastors of the church are introduced in more detail. Race, health, and morality are explored. By introducing the habitus of the children, this chapter allows further historical topics to be explored in later chapters as they relate to the children themselves.