cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Salvage abdominoperineal resection after failed Nigro protocol: modest success, major morbidity.

Objective Chemotherapy and radiation (C-XRT) is the first-line therapy for epidermoid carcinomas of the anal canal (ECAC). Treatment failure occurs in up to 33% of patients. Salvage-abdominoperineal resection (APR) is the treatment of choice for locoregional failure but pre-operative radiation may increase wound complications. The purpose of this study was to evaluate patient survival and wound complications after salvage-APR for C-XRT failure. Methods We reviewed the clinical records of all patients who failed initial C-XRT for ECAC diagnosed between 1992 and 2002. We evaluated patient demographics, treatment, tumour characteristics, survival and postoperative complications. Results Nineteen patients were identified. The mean age at diagnosis was 55 years. Eight (42%) patients had persistent disease; 11 (58%) had tumour recurrence. APR was performed in 15 patients. Perineal wound complications occurred in 12 (80%) patients; half were major complications. Primary flap reconstruction at time of APR was performed in 5 (33%) patients; 2 experienced major wound complications. Overall-survival after salvage APR was 40% (6/15) and disease-free survival was 47% (7/15) at a median follow-up of 14 months (range 2–95 months). Recurrence after salvage-APR occurred in 7 (47%) patients at a median follow-up of 5 months (range 3–19 months). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed an advantage for recurrent over persistent disease with 2-year and 5-year survival rates of 75%vs 34% and 28%vs 0%, respectively. Conclusions Failure of C-XRT for ECAC is associated with a poor prognosis. Although salvage APR may be curative in some patients, perineal wound complications are frequent and primary flap reconstruction is not reliable.
Posterior shoulder dislocation: Avoiding a missed diagnosis

Posterior shoulder dislocation is a relatively uncommon event, with an incidence of 1% to 4% of all shoulder dislocations. Because of the infrequency of this condition, the diagnosis is often missed, with significant consequences to the patient. Injury in the athlete is usually from a direct blow or fall onto an outstretched arm. After such an injury, symptoms may be confused with a shoulder contusion or rotator cuff injury. Significant complications such as chronic posterior dislocation and degenerative disease of the shoulder can occur if the diagnosis is missed. A careful history and physical examination, complete radiographic evaluation, and a high level of suspicion are required to identify posterior shoulder dislocation. Treatment consists of prompt closed reduction, or operative repair if this is unsuccessful.
On an ad hoc test for order restricted multivariate normal means

AbstractFor several normal mean vectors restricted by a simple ordering with respect to a multivariate order, this article derives sufficient and necessary conditions for the restricted MLEs for both mean vectors and covariance matrix, and develops an ad hoc test. It establishes conditions for the bounds of the p-values. One example of such bound is given with some comments.
Preverbal infants identify emotional reactions that are incongruent with goal outcomes.

Identifying the goal of another agent’s action allows an observer to make inferences not only about the outcomes the agent will pursue in the future and the means to be deployed in a given context, but also about the emotional consequences of goal-related outcomes. While numerous studies have characterized the former abilities in infancy, expectations about emotions have gone relatively unexplored. Using a violation of expectation paradigm, we present infants with an agent who attains or fails to attain a demonstrated goal, and reacts with positive or negative affect. Across several studies, we find that infants’ attention to a given emotional display differs depending on whether that reaction is congruent with the preceding goal outcome. Specifically, infants look longer at a negative emotional display when it follows a completed goal compared to when it follows a failed goal. The present results suggest that infants’ goal representations support expectations not only about future actions but also about emotional reactions, and that infants in the first year of life can relate different emotional reactions to conditions that elicit them.
Comprehensive Gene Expression Changes Associated with Mouse Postnatal Kidney Development

Purpose: To provide a portrait of the molecular alterations in renal growth that occur in mice postnatally, we performed gene expression profiling at discrete time points during the first 5 weeks of life.Materials and Methods: Kidneys were harvested from C57BL/6 mice at embryonic day 19.5, and postnatal days 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28 and 35. Total RNA was extracted and gene expression profiling was done using microarrays (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, California). Transcripts whose expression levels changed during the study course were identified using StepMiner software (http://chicory.stanford.edu/sahoo/public/StepMiner/). Biological functions of the modulated genes were identified using IPA® software.Results: Postnatal kidney growth and development are associated with widespread changes in gene expression with 6,949 transcripts significantly up-regulated and 6,696 down-regulated during the first 5 weeks of life. Pathway analysis showed progressive down-regulation of pathways associated with cell ...
Serum prolactin levels and vaginal cyclicity in concaveated and lactating female rats.

Abstract Nulliparous female rats that displayed maternal behavior when housed with foster young showed elevated serum prolactin levels and an arrest of ovarian cyclicity. These findings are related both to the endocrine basis for the emission of the maternal pheromone and to the use of constant versus advancing-age young in the study of maternal behavior.
Rapid and direct method for extraction of RNA from soil

Abstract A rapid method for direct extraction of RNA from soil was developed. It is based on cell lysis by a bead beater procedure that optimizes extraction efficiency and minimizes shearing of RNA. The RNA was extracted from three very different soils and was free of DNA contamination. The extracted RNA was sufficiently pure to permit amplification by RT-PCR. Intact rRNA molecules of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic origin were extracted by this method and were of sufficient yield to visualize these molecules on agarose gels.
Hydrogen-protected acenes

The first systematic study concerning the hydrogenation of acenes and acenequinones is presented. Phenyl substituted acenes and acenequinones are hydrogenated in excellent yield and with complete regioselectivity using HI–AcOH. The resulting H-protected acenes bear alternating aromatic and non-aromatic rings and are stable, soluble molecules that may be stored indefinitely and then deprotected to afford the parent acenes. In this manner, H-protected acenes have been utilized in the syntheses of several [60]fullerene-acene adducts. Buckminsterfullerene also hydrogenates in HI–AcOH yielding C3v symmetric C60H18.
Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy as a probe of coordination structure in green heme systems: iron chlorins and iron formylporphyrins reconstituted into myoglobin☆

Abstract A series of ferric low-spin derivatives of myoglobin containing its natural prosthetic group, iron protoporphyrin IX, and reconstituted with iron heme s (a formyl-substituted porphyrin) and iron methylchlorin have been examined using low-temperature electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Good agreement is observed between the EPR properties of parallel derivatives of natural myoglobin and heme s-myoglobin. Likewise, the EPR properties of parallel adducts of three types of iron chlorins, methylchlorin-myoglobin, sulfyomyoglobin (a myoglobin derivative known to contain a chlorin macrocycle) and synthetic chlorin models are similar to each other. The ferric chlorin systems are shown to exhibit increased tetragonality and decreased rhombicity values relative to protoporphyrin/formylporphyrin systems. Thus, EPR spectroscopy is a very useful technique with which to probe the coordination structure of naturally occurring iron chlorin proteins and the method can be used to distinguish between proteins containing iron formylporphyrins and iron chlorin prosthetic groups.
ERCP for the treatment of bile leak after partial hepatectomy and fenestration for symptomatic polycystic liver disease.

AIM: To describe endoscopic treatment of bile leaks in these patients and to identify risk factors in these patients which can predict the development of bile leaks. METHODS: Retrospective case-control study examining consecutive patients who underwent partial hepatectomy for polycystic liver disease (PLD) and developed a postoperative bile leak managed endoscopically over a ten year period. Each case was matched with two controls with PLD who did not develop a postoperative bile leak. RESULTS: Ten cases underwent partial hepatectomy with fenestration for symptoms including abdominal distention, pain and nausea. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) showed anatomic abnormalities in 1 case. A biliary sphincterotomy was performed in 4 cases. A plastic biliary stent was placed with the proximal end at the site of the leak in 9 cases; in 1 case two stents were placed. The overall success rate of ERCP to manage the leak was 90%. There were no significant differences in age, gender, comorbidities, duration of symptoms, history of previous surgery or type of surgery performed between cases and controls. CONCLUSION: ERCP with stent placement is safe and effective for management of post-hepatectomy bile leak in patients with PLD.
Pathophysiology of reocclusion and restenosis

Summary Reocclusion after fibrinolysis is a thrombotic event most likely due to the persistence of the thrombogenic stimuli such as plaque fissures that caused the occlusion in the first place. After angioplasty, more severe vascular wall disruption and elastic recoil are additional mechanisms of early reocclusion. Either spontaneous fissures or angioplastic modifications of the vascular wall initiate a remodeling process that primarily restores and possibly stabilizes and reinforces the wall tissue. The mechanisms which turn this desirable healing process into restenosis include failure of coordination and down-regulation of initiating stimuli and responses, poorly adapted tissue fragments, exposure of additional thrombogenic surfaces, excessive cell growth and synthesis of matrix, and contracture of the newly formed scar tissue, leading to a chronic compromise of the effective lumen.
Scattering of ultra cold neutrons on nano-size bubbles

Inelastic scattering of ultra cold neutrons on bubbles with the size of nanometers is considered. It is shown that neutron-bubble cross-section is large and sensitive to different vibration modes of bubbles. This process could be used for the study of dynamics of nano-size bubbles, and for new methods of ultra cold neutron production if appropriately sized bubbles with sufficient density can be created.
On maximum likelihood estimation of functional form and heteroskedasticity

Abstract The maximum-likelihood procedure has been developed to estimate the Box-Cox functional form parameter and the degree of heteroskedasticity simultaneously. By using an illustrative example, it is shown the likelihood ratio tests conditional on homoskedastic prior can sometimes yield misleading results.
Low-dose tamoxifen for combination hormone replacement therapy users.

Despite a dramatic reduction in postmenopausal hormone use after the initial publication of the Women’s Health Initiative results, 1-4 a substantial number of women continue to use some form of hormonal supplementation predominately to control menopausal symptoms. The conjugated equine estrogen Premarin (Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, Madison, NJ) is the 22nd most frequently prescribed brand name drug in the United States with more than 13 million prescriptions issued in 2006. 5 Almost 3 million prescriptions were issued in 2006 for Prempo (Wyeth Pharmaceuticals) a combination of an androgenic progestin with conjugated equine estrogen. 5 As the preponderance of clinical trial data indicating an increased risk of breast cancer and an unfavorable global health index has been for conjugated equine estrogens and progestins, interest in more physiologic types of hormone replacement has soared. These so-called bioidentical forms of hormone replacement include estradiol, estriol, testosterone, and progesterone, given as either single agents or compounded together and administered as pills, troches, transdermal patches, creams, or vaginal gels. More than 4 million brand name estradiol patches are currently sold annually. 5 Change in risk of breast cancer by the use of postmenopausal hormones may be dependent on the type of drug(s) and dose, route of administration, prior oophorectomy, age at initiation, and duration of use. Women using standard dose oral or transdermal estrogen without a progestin might anticipate either no increase or
Bis{(E)‐6‐methoxy‐2‐[(4‐methyl­phenyl)­imino­methyl]­phenolato}cobalt(II)

The title compound, [Co(C14H14NO2)2] (CoSPT), crystallizes with one half mol­ecule per asymmetric unit. The Co atom sits on a twofold axis. The tridentate ligands coordinate to the cobalt ion through the hydroxy O atom and the azomethine N atom, forming a distorted tetrahedral geometry around the metal ion.
Receive antenna selection in MIMO systems using convex optimization

A critical factor in the deployment of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems is the cost of multiple analog transmit/receive chains. This problem can be mitigated by antenna subset selection at the transmitter/receiver. With antenna selection, a small number of analog chains are multiplexed between a much larger number of transmit/receive antenna elements. In this paper, we present a low complexity approach to receive antenna selection for capacity maximization, based on the theory of convex optimization. We show via extensive Monte-Carlo simulations that the proposed algorithm provides performance very close to that of optimal selection based on exhaustive search. We also, extend this approach to receive antenna selection for the JMMSE and OSIC V-BLAST architectures
Genome Diversity in Maize

Zea mays (maize) has historically been used as a model species for genetics, development, physiology and more recently, genome structure. The maize genome is complex with striking intraspecific variation in gene order, repetitive DNA content, and allelic content exceeding the levels observed between primate species. Maize genome complexity is primarily driven by polyploidization and explosive amplification of LTR retrotransposons, with the counteracting effect of unequal and illegitimate crossover. Transposable elements have been shown to capture genic content, create chimeras, and amplify those sequences via transposition. New sequencing platforms and hybridization-based strategies have appeared over the past decade which are being applied to maize and providing the first genome-wide comprehensive view of structural variation and will provide the basis for investigating the interplay between repeats and genes as well as the amount of species level diversity within maize.
Characteristics of U.S. extreme rain events during 1999-2003

This study examines the characteristics of a large number of extreme rain events over the eastern two-thirds of the United States. Over a 5-yr period, 184 events are identified where the 24-h precipitation total at one or more stations exceeds the 50-yr recurrence amount for that location. Over the entire region of study, these events are most common in July. In the northern United States, extreme rain events are confined almost exclusively to the warm season; in the southern part of the country, these events are distributed more evenly throughout the year. National composite radar reflectivity data are used to classify each event as a mesoscale convective system (MCS), a synoptic system, or a tropical system, and then to classify the MCS and synoptic events into subclassifications based on their organizational structures. This analysis shows that 66% of all the events and 74% of the warm-season events are associated with MCSs; nearly all of the cool-season events are caused by storms with strong synoptic forcing. Similarly, nearly all of the extreme rain events in the northern part of the country are caused by MCSs; synoptic and tropical systems play a larger role in the South and East. MCS-related events are found to most commonly begin at around 1800 local standard time (LST), produce their peak rainfall between 2100 and 2300 LST, and dissipate or move out of the affected area by 0300 LST.
Gene flow and selection balance in haplodiploid social insects

Understanding the joint effects of gene flow and selection is one of the more important but difficult areas of evolutionary genetics. A method is presented to describe cases of gene flow–selection balance while accounting for the life history of haplodiploid social insects (eusocial Hymenoptera). A continent–island model is used to estimate gene flow rates from allele frequency data and provide variance formulae. The occurrence of unequal yet stable allele frequencies among social insect castes is explained and the usefulness of models with discrete generations for eusocial insects is explained. Gene flow and selection balance has been demonstrated for the fire ant Solenopsis invicta at two allozyme loci. This continent–island model gives results that well describe the system. Issues fundamental to the differences between X-linked and haplodiploid genetic systems and diploid genetic systems are also discussed.
Water harvesting in arid lands

Abstract The use of water harvesting systems in arid lands offers the potential of making lands productive that are now largely unusable due to lack of water for domestic livestock or agricultural use. As long as there is rainfall, a water harvesting system can be designed to collect that rainfall and store it until it can be used beneficially. The water harvesting system consists of a catchment and a storage facility. If the water is to be used for agriculture, an agricultural area, located within the catchment area or in a separate nearby area, will need to be designated for this propose. Many different treatments have been tested for use in catchment construction. These treatments increase the runoff by decreasing the permeability of the surface and/or reducing the time the water stays on the surface or amount of water trapped on the surface. A list of the more promising treatments in order of their increasing cost, are: (1) shaped compacted-earth; (2) sodium-treated shaped compacted-earth; (3) wax-treated shaped compacted-earth; (4) gravel-covered plastic; (5) fiberglass-asphalt chipcoated; (6) asphalt-plastic-asphalt chipcoated; (7) rubberized-asphalt chipcoated; and (8) reinforced-mortar-covered plastic. The use of compartmented reservoirs make storage of water more efficient. Evaporation and in some cases seepage losses are reduced using the compartmented reservoir by keeping the water concentrated into a volume with as small a surface area as possible. This method of storage when combined with the collection of runoff from a natural surface or with one that is inexpensively treated makes it practical to provide water for supplemental irrigation. This combination is called a water harvesting agrisystem. Concentration of water in a compartmented reservoir can be accomplished in flat terrain using a pump. If the water is being used at a fast enough rate concentration can also be accomplished by selective removal. Alternatively with topography of a sufficient grade, concentration can be accomplished by gravity. Evaporation control on the compartmented reservoir can be improved by placing an evaporation control barrier on the “last” compartment, the one in which water is concentrated and has water in it the longest time. This enhances the value of the evaporation control barrier and increases the dependable water supply. A computer model has been developed to help in the design of the water harvesting systems including agrisystems with compartmented reservoirs. This program fits on portable personal computers and can thus be taken by the designer to a field location to develop an optimum design at a minum cost. The model can be improved through calibration in a given area as systems are installed and data collected.
Channel Protection with Real-Time and In-Service Performance Monitoring for Next Generation Secure WDM Networks

Advanced optical networks deploy wavelength division multiplexing technology to transport an unprecedented amount of information per fiber. Each optical channel transports information data rates, typically 2.5, 10 or 40 Gbps. As a consequence, the monitoring frequency and speed of detecting a failure or a severe degradation in conjunction with a fast and intelligent protocol will determine the speed of channel protection and restoration, as well as the speed an intruder is detected. In this paper we present a novel channel self-restoring strategy applicable to optical WDM networks. The performance parameters of each channel such as BER, SNR, Q-factor, NF and signal power in the WDM signal are continuously and un-intrusively monitored. The rate of performance of a channel and the correlation of degradation among the channels in the WDM signal distinguishes between natural degradation or intrusion in an attempt to compromise the security of a channel. When one or more optical channels performance is compromised according to a specific profile, a link-layer proactive protocol triggers a fast switch to channel protection counteracting the compromise. In this paper, we present a real-time and in-service performance estimation mechanism that also detects intrusions and a protocol to remedy failures, degradations, and to countermeasure intrusions.
Appendix: Probability and Mathematical Concepts

If E 1, E 2, … is a denumerable collection of sets in \(\mathcal{W}\) then \(\cup _{i=1}^{\infty }E_{i} \in \mathcal{W}\).
DISCRIMINATION REACTION PERFORMANCE AS A FUNCTION OF ANXIETY AND SEX PARAMETERS

From a sample of 681 college undergraduates 4 groups of 20 Ss of each sex (M, F), comparable in age and reasoning ability, were selected for low (L = 3 to 9) and high (H = 27 to 41) anxiety on the basis of Taylor MAS scores. All 80 Ss received 320 trials on the Air Force Discrimination Reaction Timer with nonspecific instructions designed to produce a high degree of task complexity. The results were as follows: (1) Group HF was slightly inferior in reaction speed (Ra) to Group LF initially, superior later; (2) Group HM remained markedly inferior to Group LM throughout; (3) men were generally faster than women; (4) women were significantly more anxious pre-experimentally than men; (5) the main effects of Practice, Sex, and their interaction were significant, as predicted, but Anxiety was a clear decremental factor only among males; (6) mean acquisition curves for 4 augmented groups of 50 Ss each were exponential and also revealed a marginal Practice × Sex × Anxiety interaction. The equations fitted the Ra ...
Antioxidant mimetics modulate oxidative stress and cellular signaling in airway epithelial cells infected with respiratory syncytial virus

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most common causes of bronchiolitis and pneumonia among infants and young children worldwide. In previous investigations, we have shown that RSV infection induces rapid generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which modulate viral-induced cellular signaling, and downregulation of antioxidant enzyme (AOE) expression, resulting in oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo, which plays a pathogenetic role in RSV-induced lung disease. In this study, we determined whether pharmacological intervention with synthetic catalytic scavengers could reduce RSV-induced proinflammatory gene expression and oxidative cell damage in an in vitro model of infection. Treatment of airway epithelial cells (AECs) with the salen-manganese complexes EUK-8 or EUK-189, which possess superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activity, strongly reduced RSV-induced ROS formation by increasing cellular AOE enzymatic activity and levels of the lipid peroxidation products F2-8-isoprostane and malondialdehyde, which are markers of oxidative stress. Treatment of AECs with AOE mimetics also significantly inhibited RSV-induced cytokine and chemokine secretion and activation of the transcription factors nuclear factor-κB and interferon regulatory factor-3, which orchestrate proinflammatory gene expression. Both EUKs were able to reduce viral replication, when used at high doses. These results suggest that increasing antioxidant cellular capacities can significantly impact RSV-associated oxidative cell damage and cellular signaling and could represent a novel therapeutic approach in modulating virus-induced lung disease.
Effects of 60 Hz extremely low frequency magnetic fields (EMF) on radiation- and chemical-induced mutagenesis in mammalian cells

There is considerable uncertainty of the potential biological effects of extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF or EMF) because of mixed results in epidemiological and laboratory studies. In the present study, exponentially growing human-hamster hybrid A(L) cells were treated with a 100 microT alternating EMF powered at 60 Hz for either 24 h or 7 days. Exposure to EMF was conducted either alone or in combination with graded doses of a physical or chemical carcinogen. gamma-radiation was chosen as a form of ionizing radiation while N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) was chosen as a form of chemical contaminant. Exposure of A(L) cells to EMF alone for a period up to 7 days was non-cytotoxic and non-mutagenic. Concurrent EMF treatment did not increase either the cytotoxicity or induction of CD59- mutants by graded doses of gamma-rays or MNNG in A(L) cells. This study shows conclusively that short-term or long-term exposure to EMF alone neither affects the survival of A(L) cells nor increases the mutagenic potency of other environmental carcinogens.
Pass-Through and Consumer Search: An Empirical Analysis

Retail‐price pass‐through is one of the most important issues facing manufacturers of consumer packaged goods. Although retailers tend to pass higher wholesale prices through to consumers quickly and completely, they often do not pass on trade promotions. Currently, asymmetric pass‐through is commonly thought to result from retailers' exercise of market power. Alternatively, it may be because of consumer search behavior and retailers' competitive response. We test this theory using a panel threshold asymmetric error‐correction model applied to wholesale and retail scanner data for ready‐to‐eat cereal for a number of retailers in the Los Angeles metropolitan market. We find that consumer search behavior contributes significantly to imperfect pass‐through. By allowing pass‐through to depend on market power and consumer search costs, we find results that are contrary to the conventional wisdom. Namely, market power causes retail prices to fall quickly and rise slowly, whereas consumer search behavior causes retail prices to rise quickly and fall slowly—precisely the “rockets and feathers” phenomenon.
STORM: An empirical storm-time ionospheric correction model 1. Model description

[1] Using data from 75 ionosonde stations and 43 storms, and based on the knowledge gained from simulations from a physically based model, we have developed an empirical ionospheric storm-time correction model. The model is designed to scale the quiet time F region critical frequency (foF2) to account for storm-time changes in the ionosphere. The model is driven by a new index based on the integral of the ap index over the previous 33 hours weighted by a filter obtained by the method of singular value decomposition. Ionospheric data were sorted as a function of season and latitude and by the intensity of the storm, to obtain the corresponding dependencies. The good fit to the data at midlatitudes for storms during summer and equinox enable a reliable correction, but during winter and near the equator, the model does not improve significantly on the quiet time International Reference Ionosphere predictions. This model is now included in the international recommended standard IRI2000 [Bilitza, 2001] as a correction factor for perturbed conditions.
Petrologic evidence for low‐temperature, possibly flood evaporitic origin of carbonates in the ALH84001 meteorite

High-temperature models for origin of the carbonates in Martian meteorite ALH84001 are implausible. The impact metasomatism model, invoking reaction between CO2 rich fluid and the host orthopyroxenite, requires conversion of olivine into orthopyroxene, yet olivine in ALH84001 shows no depletion in carbonate-rich areas; or else conversion of orthopyroxene into silica, which should have yielded a higher silica/carbonate ratio. The impact melt model implies that the fracture-linked carbonates, as products of melt injection, should appear as continuous planar veins, but in many areas they do not. Both vapor deposition and impact melting seem inconsistent with the zoned poikilotopic texture of many large carbonates. The popular hydrothermal model is inconsistent with the virtual absence of secondary hydrated silicates in ALH84001. Prior brecciation should have facilitated alteration. Hydrothermal fluids would be warm, and rate of hydration of mafic silicates obeys an Arrhenius law, at least up to ∼100°C. Most important, hydrothermal episodes tend to last for many years. Many areas of the ancient Martian crust show evidence for massive flooding. I propose that the carbonates formed as evaporite deposits from floodwaters that percolated through the fractures of ALH84001, but only briefly, as evaporation and groundwater flow caused the water table to quickly recede beneath the level of this rock during the later stages of the flood episode. The setting might have been a layer of megaregolith beneath a surface catchment of pooled floodwater, analogous to a playa lake. Carbonate precipitation would occur in response to evaporative concentration of the water. To explain the scarcity of sulfates in ALH84001, the water table must be assumed to recede quickly relative to the rate of evaporation. During the period when ALH84001 was above the water table, evaporation would have slowed, as the evaporation front passed beneath the surface of the debris layer, and possibly earlier, if the shrinking pool of surface water developed a porous sulfate crust. Alternatively, ALH84001 may have developed as a Martian form of calcrete, i.e., the evaporating flood(s) may have been entirely below ground as it (they) passed slowly through ALH84001. The greatest advantage of the flood evaporite model is that it exposes ALH84001 to carbonate precipitation without prolonged exposure to aqueous alteration. The model also seems consistent with the heavy and extremely heterogeneous oxygen isotopic compositions of the carbonates. However, this hypothesis seems no more than marginally consistent with the suggestion of McKay et al. [1996] that the carbonates are biogenic.
Misinterpretation of Osteodensitometry With High Bone Density

Osteodensitometry is increasingly used to identify low bone density resulting from osteoporosis. The universally accepted World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for assessing bone mineral density (BMD) contrasts individual T-scores to peak BMD in healthy adult control populations. In this scheme, “osteoporosis” refers arbitrarily to T-values below −2.5, “osteopenia” to values between −1.0 and −2.5, and “normal” to values above −1.0. Although individually rare, numerous conditions cause supranormal BMD in children and adults. Increasingly, elevated BMD is detected by osteodensitometry, especially dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Illustrated here, the absence of upper limits for BMD in the WHO criteria jeopardizes recognition of high-BMD disease for all age groups. This oversight requires correction using Z-scores.
Telephone communication with children as part of the self‐care arrangement: A research note

Children in self‐care (latchkey) arrangements have been portrayed as a population at risk, and this has recently led to research investigations, social policy discussions, and legislative proposals. This study examines selected characteristics of mother, child, and family, and the amount of time children spend in self‐care, for their influences on the use of the telephone to communicate with children in self‐care. The analysis builds on earlier studies that indicate the importance of time, child's age, and mother's employment for understanding the growing phenomenon of self‐care. The results of multiple regression analyses are presented and discussed. As expected, the age of the child is the most important variable in predicting the length of time spent in self‐care. The age of the child and the length of time spent in self‐care are the strongest predictors of telephone communication with children in self‐care arrangements.
Little Lambda, Who Made Thee?

The study of the bacteriophage λ has been critical to the discipline of molecular biology. It was the source of key discoveries in the mechanisms of, among other processes, gene regulation, recombination, and transcription initiation and termination. We trace here the events surrounding these findings and draw on the recollections of the participants. We show how a particular atmosphere of interactions among creative scientists yielded spectacular insights into how living things work.
Fetuin A Stabilizes m-Calpain and Facilitates Plasma Membrane Repair

Yeast two-hybrid experiments identified alpha(2)-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein (human fetuin A) as a binding partner for calpain domain III (DIII). The tandem DIIIs of calpain-10 interacted under the most selective culture conditions, but DIIIs of m-calpain, calpain-3, and calpain-5 also interacted under less stringent selection. DIIIs of mu-calpain, calpain-6, and the tandem DIII-like domains of the Dictyostelium Cpl protein did not interact with alpha(2)-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein in the yeast two-hybrid system. Bovine fetuin A stabilized proteolytic activity of purified m-calpain incubated in the presence of mm calcium chloride and prevented calcium-dependent m-calpain aggregation. Consistent with the yeast two-hybrid studies, fetuin A neither stabilized mu-calpain nor prevented its aggregation. Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy of scratch-damaged L6 myotubes demonstrated accumulation of m-calpain at the wound site in association with the membrane repair protein, dysferlin. m-Calpain also co-localized with fluorescein-labeled fetuin A at the wound site. The effect of fetuin A on calpain-mediated plasma membrane resealing was investigated using fibroblasts from Capns1(-/-) and Capns1(+/+) mouse embryos. Capns1 encodes the small noncatalytic subunit that is required for the proteolytic function of m- and mu-calpains. Thus, Capns1(-/-) fibroblasts do not express these calpains in active form. Fetuin A increased resealing of scrape-damaged wild-type fibroblasts but not Capns1(-/-) fibroblasts. These studies identify fetuin A as a potential extracellular regulator of m-calpain at nascent sites of plasma membrane wounding.
The relationship of action research to human-computer interaction

Alongside the growing interest within HCI, and arguably computing more generally, in conducting research that has substantial societal benefits, there is a need for new ways to think about and to articulate the challenges of these engaged research projects as well as their results. Action Research (AR) is a class of methods and approaches for conducting democratic and collaborative research with community partners. AR has evolved over the last several decades and offers HCI researchers theoretical lenses, methodological approaches, and pragmatic guidance for conducting socially relevant, collaborative, and engaged research. In this article, I describe the historical context and origins of AR, the scientifically rigorous practice of conducting and evaluating AR projects, and the ways in which AR might meaningfully be applied to HCI research.
Orientations of the Mitochondrial Redox Components

Transfer of electrons in mitochondrial and photosynthetic systems occurs with a high degree of specificity and with velocities that, in some cases, exceed the limits of diffusion-controlled reactions. It has been speculated, therefore, that functional integrity of electron transport may require precise orientation of the redox components both within the supporting membrane and with respect to one another. The importance of this structural relationship was recognized about a decade ago in photosynthesis, and orientations of chromophores in both chromatophores and chloroplasts have been investigated by a number of laboratories (see e.g. Geacintov et al., 1972, 1974; Breton et al., 1973; Junge and Eckhof, 1974; Junge et al., 1977; Paillotin and Breton, 1977; Paillotin et al.,1979; Vermeglio and Clayton, 1976).
Brachytherapy vs. external beam radiotherapy for choroidal melanoma: Survival and patterns-of-care analyses

Abstract Purpose No modern randomized trials exist comparing external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and plaque brachytherapy (BT) for choroidal melanoma, and the optimal treatment modality is currently unknown. This study compares the patterns of care and efficacy of EBRT vs. BT based on data in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Methods and Materials The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was queried for patients aged 20–79 diagnosed with choroidal melanoma from 2004 to 2011, treated with EBRT or BT; included patients were clinically T1–T4, N0, and M0. Overall survival and cause-specific survival curves were calculated by the Kaplan–Meier method. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed in the survival and patterns-of-care analyses. Results A total of 1004 cases (380 EBRT and 624 BT) were included in the survival analysis. There was no difference in the 5-year overall survival (83.3% EBRT vs. 82.5% BT, p = 0.69) and 5-year cause-specific survival (88.3% EBRT vs. 88.3% BT, p = 0.92). In the survival analysis, older age and advanced tumor stage were predictors of increased risk of death. In the patterns-of-care analysis, later year of diagnosis and smaller tumor stage were predictors of BT use. Conclusions Advanced tumor stage and older age seem to be independent predictors for risk of death from choroidal melanoma. The use of BT favors smaller tumors and later year of diagnosis. There is no difference in survival between those treated with EBRT or BT, and the utilization of BT is increasing.
Resilient Small Rural Towns and Community Shocks

What distinguishes resilient small towns from towns that never recover from the shock of a natural disaster or plant closing? We define resilient towns as those that are able to maintain or enhance residents' quality of life after a shock. Previous studies suggest that towns with a combination of moderate bonding social capital, high bridging social capital, and high local capitalism will be more resilient than other shocked towns. These expectations were tested using longitudinal data gathered before and after shocks from a relatively large sample of small rural towns located in one Midwestern state. Findings show that the quality of life declined in all sampled towns over the decade. However among shocked and non-shocked towns alike, higher levels of bonding and bridging social capital in 1994 were associated with less of a decline in quality of life over the decade. These findings suggest that building linkages within groups and across diverse groups is an effective strategy for shock preparedness and for general community betterment.
Rasmussen Syndrome: Response to Thalidomide

A 13-year-old girl with Rasmussen syndrome diagnosed at 5 years, and right-sided seizures refractory to various therapies, including hemispherectomy, responded to thalidomide and is reported from Belgrade, Yugoslavia.
United States Cold War Strategy in South Asia: Making a Military Commitment to Pakistan, 1947–1954

On February 25, 1954, the United States announced its intention to embark on a major program of military aid to Pakistan. On May 2 the two nations formally signed a Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement. Later that year, Pakistan joined the United States alliance system as a member of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO); the next year, it became an original member of the Americansponsored Baghdad Pact. In a remarkably short time, Pakistan had thus become, as one of its leaders so aptly phrased it, "America's most allied ally in Asia."' Pakistan's alignment with the West can best be understood as part of an evolving global strategy devised by the United States for containment of the Soviet Union. Convinced that unchecked Soviet expansion would pose an unprecedented threat to American interests and world order, the administration of Harry S. Truman had by the late 1940s broken fundamentally with past policies and assumed vastly increased responsibility for the maintenance of international stability. Initial efforts to implement the so-called containment doctrine focused on Western Europe and the eastern Mediterranean. By 1949, with the formation of an Atlantic military alliance and the massive infusion of American capital into Europe under the Marshall Plan, administration analysts believed that effective deterrents to Soviet aggression in those areas were being established. United States policy makers were convinced that their firm response to the Korean War ofJune 1950 demonstrated the nation's determination to meet all Communist threats to East Asia as well. Another critical region, the Middle East, proved more problematic. By 1951 American policy makers viewed the oil-rich Middle East as strategically and economically indispensable to
Empirical Mode Decomposition Filtering of Wind Profiles

A filtering method based on the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) is developed to remove spurious, quasi-periodic features in measured wind profiles. These oscillatory features are associated with the pendulum motion of the sonde responding to the balloon’s lateral self-induced motions. Since these oscillations are not indicative of the actual wind, current balloon sounding systems apply digital filters to remove these artifacts. Data from two GPS-based wind profiling systems, the National Weather Service Radiosonde Replacement System (RRS) and the Low-Resolution Automated Meteorological Profiling System (AMPS), will be examined. These profiling systems employ pre-defined low-pass digital filters that have prescribed frequency cutoffs. Since the frequencies of the oscillations vary both temporally and spatially, conservative filter cutoffs must be used to ensure that these artifacts are suppressed. On the other hand, the EMD is a data-driven approach that resolves a time series as a summation of its unique intrinsic mode functions (IMF). As such, the EMD-based filtering is able to adaptively identify and remove the IMFs associated with these oscillations. The filter’s characteristics will be examined using synthetic data that exhibits the random oscillations of a pendulum responding to fractional Brownian motions. The practical effectiveness of the EMD filtering will be demonstrated using the RRS and AMPS data.
American Registry of Professional Entomologists

The first recognition of the need to identify and define professional entomology began with our earliest constitution. It may be surprising to learn that in 1889, the American Association of Economic Entomology recognized this need by stating
Comparison of the pressure dependencies of Tc in the 90-K superconductors RBa2Cu3Ox (R=Gd, Er, and Yb) and YBa2Cu3Ox.

We have determined the effect of pressure P on the resistance and superconducting transition temperature T/sub c/ of RBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub x/ (R = Gd, Er, and Yb) and compare our results to those obtained on high quality YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub x/. The transition temperature, which is 90 K or greater at ambient pressure for all four compounds, is enhanced by pressure in each at rates between 0.09 and 0.19 K/kbar. Interestingly, the presence of a localized moment in the rare-earth compounds appears to have no influence on the pressure response. From the positive dT/sub c//dP we infer a positive change in the thermal expansion upon entering the superconducting state.
The Effect of Audio Attitude Symbology on Unusual Attitude Recovery for General Aviation Pilots

Eight general aviation pilots participated in a series of unusual attitude recovery tasks to determine the effect of the addition of audio symbology to visual symbology on performance. Two audio symbology sets were tested including a non-localized set of recovery commands, and a set of localized “fly-to” cues. Results showed that there was no significant difference in performance among the visual only condition, the visual plus non-localized audio commands, and the visual plus localized cues. There were, however, significant differences in performance based on the initial climb/dive angle condition of the unusual attitudes.
‘By indirections find directions out’ Shakespeare, his Restoration adapters, and early modern myths of nature

The article will, by analysing appropriations by Nahum Tate and other Restoration writers of particular Shakespearean speeches, erect hypotheses concerning Shakespeare’s distinctive ways of writing heuristically. Shakespeare ‘thought with’ rather than ‘thought about’ words, concepts, images and tales and negotiated in a distinctive manner with myths of nature.