cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anxiety in children with mood disorders: a treatment help or hindrance?

This study examined the role of comorbid anxiety in treatment outcome for children with mood disorders (N = 165; age 8–11) participating in Multi-Family Psychoeducational Psychotherapy (MF-PEP). Assessments occurred at baseline, 6, 12, and 18 months for two randomly assigned groups: immediate treatment and 1-year wait-list. Most children (69%) had comorbid anxiety disorders. Baseline comorbid anxiety, as reported on the Children’s Interview for Psychiatric Syndromes (ChIPS), was associated with higher Children’s Depression Rating Scale- Revised (CDRS-R) scores but not Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) scores. Higher levels of anxiety symptoms were associated with lower Children’s Global Assessment Scale (C-GAS) scores. Participation in MF-PEP did not significantly reduce anxiety symptoms (p = 0.62). However, presence of comorbid anxiety did not impede reduction in depressive (CDRS-R, p = 0.74) or manic (YMRS scores, p = 0.94) symptoms following MF-PEP. More baseline anxiety symptoms were associated with greater improvement in C-GAS scores post-treatment (p = 0.02). Implications are discussed.
The Treatment of Acute Schizophrenic Patients in Private Practice

There are more schizophrenic patients outside hospitals than in them. Acute schizophrenics are a varied group of patients who very frequently may be best treated in outpatient office practice. They need a therapist who is strong enough to be a protective object and an auxiliary ego and who will deal with the unconscious meaning of the hallucinatory and delusional experiences. Relatives may provide support and housing for patients who would otherwise be hospitalised. Relatives can tolerate a psychotic individual surprisingly well if they see this as a response to an emergency situation which will be necessary for only a month or two at most. The availability of the therapist to the patient by telephone also permits the patient to deal with experiences and situations that would otherwise overwhelm him and require hospitalisation, or end in suicide. How to deal with patients without medication or how optimally to use medication, if that is the therapist's or the patient's preference, is discussed. In the light of current evidence it is clear that prolonged and continuous medication is not neurologically in the patient's best interest.
Stress reactivity in young marmosets (Callithrix geoffroyi): ontogeny, stability, and lack of concordance among co-twins.

Abstract Variation in response styles in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis are known to be predictors of short- and long-term health outcomes. The nature of HPA responses to stressors changes with developmental stage, and some components of the stress response exhibit long-term individual consistency (i.e., are trait-like) while others are transient or variable (i.e., state-like). Here we evaluated the response of marmoset monkeys (Callithrix geoffroyi) to a standardized social stressor (social separation and exposure to a novel environment) at three different stages of development: juvenile, subadult, and young adult. We monitored levels of urinary cortisol (CORT), and derived multiple measures of HPA activity: Baseline CORT, CORT reactivity, CORT Area Under the Curve (AUC), and CORT regulation. Juvenile marmosets exhibited the most dramatic stress response, had higher AUCs, and tended to show poorer regulation. While baseline CORT and CORT regulation were not consistent within an individual across age, CORT reactivity and measures of AUC were highly correlated across time; i.e., individuals with high stress reactivity and AUC as juveniles also had high measures as subadults and adults, and vice-versa. Marmoset co-twins did not exhibit similar patterns of stress reactivity. These data suggest that regardless of the source of variation in stress response styles in marmosets, individually-distinctive patterns are established by six months of age, and persist for at least a year throughout different phases of marmoset life history.
Vehicle-occupant deaths caused by tornadoes in the United States, 1900–1998

Abstract Occupants of vehicles encounter an uncertain degree of risk during tornadic storms. The current National Weather Service guidelines suggest we abandon vehicles to lie in a ditch if no sturdy shelter is available. However, these guidelines were developed without the benefit of supporting research. As we are an increasingly vehicle-dependent society, it is important to explore the historical record of vehicle-occupant deaths to see if the National Weather Service guidance is appropriate. The objective of this paper is to investigate the number, distribution, and broad spatial and temporal trends associated with vehicle-occupant deaths that have occurred as a result of tornadoes, and to define the proportion of tornado-induced deaths that have occurred in vehicles. There were 15,047 deaths caused by tornadoes from 1900 through 1998. Of those, 5685 occurred at a defined site, and 270 were known to have occurred in vehicles. The number of vehicle-occupant deaths, as a proportion of all site-known, tornado-induced deaths, was constant from 1959–1979, but decreased significantly between 1980–1998. The number of deaths was related to several influencing factors. Linear regressions and correlations were employed to determine the degree of relationship between the number of deaths and several explanatory factors. While population, number of vehicle registrations, and number of tornadoes all seemed to influence the number of deaths to some degree, the most significant factor to influence the number of deaths appeared to be vehicle safety features. Most vehicle-occupant deaths occurred during rare F4 tornadoes, when vehicles where thrown from roadways. Regionally, the Great Plains had the highest number of vehicle-occupant deaths from tornadoes.
Signal transfer in haloarchaeal sensory rhodopsin- transducer complexes.

Membrane-inserted complexes consisting of two photochemically reactive sensory rhodopsin (SR) subunits flanking a homodimer of a transducing protein subunit (Htr) are used by halophilic archaea for sensing light gradients to modulate their swimming behavior (phototaxis). The SR–Htr complexes extend into the cytoplasm where the Htr subunits bind a his-kinase that controls a phosphorylation system that regulates the flagellar motors. This review focuses on current progress primarily on the mechanism of signal relay within the SRII–HtrII complexes from Natronomonas pharaonis and Halobacterium salinarum. The recent elucidation of a photoactive site steric trigger crucial for signal relay, advances in understanding the role of proton transfer from the chromophore to the protein in SRII activation, and the localization of signal relay to the membrane-embedded portion of the SRII–HtrII interface, are beginning to produce a clear picture of the signal transfer process. The SR–Htr complexes offer unprecedented opportunities to resolve first examples of the chemistry of signal relay between membrane proteins at the atomic level, which would provide a major contribution to the general understanding of dynamic interactions between integral membrane proteins.
The second green revolution? Production of plant-based biodegradable plastics.

Biodegradable plastics are those that can be completely degraded in landfills, composters or sewage treatment plants by the action of naturally occurring micro-organisms. Truly biodegradable plastics leave no toxic, visible or distinguishable residues following degradation. Their biodegradability contrasts sharply with most petroleum-based plastics, which are essentially indestructible in a biological context. Because of the ubiquitous use of petroleum-based plastics, their persistence in the environment and their fossil-fuel derivation, alternatives to these traditional plastics are being explored. Issues surrounding waste management of traditional and biodegradable polymers are discussed in the context of reducing environmental pressures and carbon footprints. The main thrust of the present review addresses the development of plant-based biodegradable polymers. Plants naturally produce numerous polymers, including rubber, starch, cellulose and storage proteins, all of which have been exploited for biodegradable plastic production. Bacterial bioreactors fed with renewable resources from plants – so-called ‘white biotechnology’ – have also been successful in producing biodegradable polymers. In addition to these methods of exploiting plant materials for biodegradable polymer production, the present review also addresses the advances in synthesizing novel polymers within transgenic plants, especially those in the polyhydroxyalkanoate class. Although there is a stigma associated with transgenic plants, especially food crops, plant-based biodegradable polymers, produced as value-added co-products, or, from marginal land (non-food), crops such as switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum L.), have the potential to become viable alternatives to petroleum-based plastics and an environmentally benign and carbon-neutral source of polymers.
The Blackening of Photographic Plates by Long Wave-Length X-Rays, II

The density, exposure-time curves for x-rays of wavelength 4-6A, exhibit an initial region of linearity whose extent increases with the wavelength. At about 6A, the shape of the density, exposure-time curve suggests a tendency towards the familiar shape of the curve for the ultraviolet and visible regions.
Removal of Endogenous Phospholipids of Rhodobacter Sphaeroides Cytochrome C Oxidase affects the Flexibility of the Enzyme

The crystal structure of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) from Rhodobacter sphaeroides shows two phospholipids intercalated inside subunit III and four at the interface between subunits I, III and IV. These phospholipids are necessary for electron transfer, but their exact function in the structure of COX is still unclear.Phospholipids were removed from COX by incubation with molar stoichiometric amounts of phospholipase A2 for 3 hours at 4 °C in 20 mM MOPS pH 7.2, 20 mM CaCl2 and 0.2 % dodecyl maltoside. The enzyme was then washed on a cytochrome c-affinity column; phosphorous, iron and copper content was determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Wild-type enzyme contained an average of 5 moles phosphorous per mole enzyme, while the delipidated enzyme contained less than one. Electron transfer activity in the treated enzyme was decreased 30% and it exhibited suicide inactivation. Inhibition of electron transfer activity and suicide inactivation were reversed by the addition of 1 mg/ml asolectin. The time dependence of α-chymotrypsin digestion of the enzyme showed that subunit I was digested at a faster rate in the delipidated COX, suggesting a more open conformation in the lipid-depleted COX. To further assess COX conformational flexibility upon delipidation, both COX forms were labeled in subunit III with a sulfhydryl group-directed fluorophore, N-iodoacetylamindoethyl-1-aminonaphthalene-5-sulfonate (IAEDANS). Fluorescence anisotropy measurements showed a 50% increase in the rotational rate of AEDANS-labeled delipidated COX. This increase in flexibility of subunit III affects the flexibility of the adjacent subunit I as shown by the higher chymotrypsin digestion rate of subunit I in the delipidated enzyme. Taken together, these data provide an explanation of the low turnover rates and suicide inactivation, both of which occur in COX in the absence of phospholipids.
A fast proximal gradient algorithm for reconstructing nonnegative signals with sparse transform coefficients

We develop a fast proximal gradient scheme for reconstructing nonnegative signals that are sparse in a transform domain from underdetermined measurements. This signal model is motivated by tomographic applications where the signal of interest is known to be nonnegative because it represents a tissue or material density. We adopt the unconstrained regularization framework where the objective function to be minimized is a sum of a convex data fidelity (negative log-likelihood (NLL)) term and a regularization term that imposes signal nonnegativity and sparsity via an l 1 -norm constraint on the signal's transform coefficients. This objective function is minimized via Nesterov's proximal-gradient method with function restart, where the proximal mapping is computed via alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). To accelerate the convergence, we develop an adaptive continuation scheme and a step-size selection scheme that accounts for varying local Lipschitz constant of the NLL. In the numerical examples, we consider Gaussian linear and Poisson generalized linear measurement models. We compare the proposed penalized NLL minimization approach and existing signal reconstruction methods via compressed sensing and tomographic reconstruction experiments and demonstrate that, by exploiting both the nonnegativity of the underlying signal and sparsity of its wavelet coefficients, we can achieve significantly better reconstruction performance than the existing methods.
TU-C-M100J-01: Assessing Residual Motion for Gated Proton-Beam Radiotherapy

Purpose: To examine the influence of phase delays and baseline drifting on residual motion in gated radiotherapy.Method and Materials: Four patients with hepatocellular carcinoma were studied within a phase I clinical trial for gated proton beam radiotherapy. Between 3 and 5 gold fiducial markers were implanted in or near the tumor site to serve as internal surrogates for the treatment target. The Varian Real‐time Position Management (RPM) system was used as an external surrogate for respiration. The RPM was synchronized to an orthogonal bi‐plane fluoroscopic imaging system, and simulation sessions were conducted under free breathing. The three‐dimensional coordinates of each marker were tracked retrospectively, and compared with the synchronized RPM signal. The phase delay from internal position to external surrogate, and baseline drifting of the exhale position over the course of several minutes were measured, and their impact on gated treatment was assessed. Results: Phase delays were found, ranging from −0.02 seconds to +0.22 seconds, indicating that motion inside the liver may not be seen immediately on the external surface. Phase delays varied from marker to marker, and also over time during the course of 4 to 6 minutes. Baseline drifting was also found in two of the four patients, indicating that the exhale position of the liver may not be stable within the first several minutes after lying on the treatment couch. The baseline drift was usually from inferior to superior, with values ranging from −1 mm to 6 mm. The worst‐case residual motion of an amplitude‐gated treatment was estimated to be 7.4 mm. Conclusion: We observed phase delays of more than 100 ms in two of four patients, and baseline drifting of 5 mm or more in two of four patients. The utility of external surrogates for gating should be studied in more detail.
Mesoscopic noise: Common sense view

Abstract Noise is of interest as a probe of carrier kinetics which is more sensitive to the Pauli principle and to carrier interactions than the low frequency conductance. We stress simple principles through cases which are easily analyzed, to offset the tendency in the literature toward formal analysis.
FERMION MASSES AND THE EXTENDED TECHNICOLOR SCALE

We show how the use of the so called irregular solution for the fermionic self-energy, enables to raise the extended technicolor mass scale, avoiding the problems of flavor changing neutral currents in dynamically broken gauge theories.
Robustness of the long-range structure in denatured staphylococcal nuclease to changes in amino acid sequence.

A nativelike low-resolution structure has been shown to persist in the Δ131Δ denatured fragment of staphylococcal nuclease, even in the presence of 8 M urea. In this report, the physical−chemical basis of this structure is addressed by monitoring changes in structure reflected in residual dipolar couplings and diffusion coefficients as a function of changes in amino acid sequence. Ten large hydrophobic residues, previously shown to play dominant roles in the stability of the native state, are replaced with polar residues of similar shape. Modest increases in the Stokes radius determined by NMR methods result from replacement of five isoleucine/valine residues with threonine, one leucine with glutamine, and oxidation of four methionines to the sulfoxides. Yet in the presence of all ten hydrophobic to polar substitutions and 8 M urea, the NMR signature of a native−like topology is still largely intact. In addition, removal of 30 residues from either the N-terminus (which deletes a three-strand β meander) or...
Effect of novobiocin on permeability of Escherichia coli.

Abstract When novobiocin is added to growing cells of E. coli , growth continues at a decreased rate while viability drops. This is accompanied by an increase in permeability, resulting in the leakage of RNA and protein from the cells, and permitting the entry of ONPG into a mutant lacking the permease for β-galactosides. Nongrowing cells are not affected in this way by novobiocin. l -Forms induced by penicillin are more sensitive to novobiocin than intact cells. It is hypothesized that novobiocin prevents the synthesis of new membrane material in growing cells. The use of the permeaseless mutant of E. coli , which forms β-galactosidase constitutively, for studies of the effect of substances on cell permeability, is described.
LEGISLATING HIERARCHICAL YET HARMONIOUS GENDER RELATIONS IN THE GREAT MING CODE

Drawing primarily on the Great Ming Code, this essay examines how the early Ming ruling elite defined women’s legal status by way of examining gender relations. Specifically, its purpose is twofold: to explore gender relations defined in law codes and to redress the negative images that are imposed on legal regulations on women in existing literature. It argues that imperial law aimed to legislate hierarchical yet harmonious gender relations. To achieve harmony, the Great Ming Code endeavors to restrict male power and protect female rights while maintaining a hierarchical legal structure.
Myocardial infarction and oral contraceptive agents

Abstract Three young premenopausal women, aged 27, 29 and 35 years, with acute myocardial infarction in the absence of significant predisposing causes are presented. All 3 patients were taking oral contraceptive agents at the time of infarction. Selective coronary arteriograms showed an isolated segmental occlusion in all cases with no other arterial disease. Although these events must be considered rare, oral contraceptive agents may be a possible contributing factor in myocardial infarction by a mechanism of thrombosis. The role of estrogens in myocardial infarction and atherosclerosis is reviewed. The implication of these cases for increased incidence of thromboembolic disorders in clinical trials of estrogen in atherosclerotic disease is discussed.
Gaussian Process Surrogate Model for Levering Similar Trends Across Concepts

The computational budget for designing and optimizing engineering systems has been tightened by the growth in the number of technology alternatives to satisfy the increasingly demanding goals in modern systems and the use of sophisticated, but also computationally burdensome, simulation tools to quantitatively choose the best technology alternative more accurately. This paper develops a new Gaussian process metamodel, which leverages trends in engineering objectives that are similar across derivative concepts, as opposed to current approximation methods that handle concepts independently. This metamodel is based on a multifidelity approach that enhances a new concept prediction with observations of a previous concept with similar trends. The influence of the sizes of the new and the old concept training sets in the performance of the proposed metamodel is explored in this paper. The proposed multifidelity metamodel is tested against traditional independent surrogates in approximating the engine shaft hors...
Connecting with nature: A matter of significance

From 2010-2013, a special issue of the Journal of Outdoor Recreation, Education, and Leadership (JOREL) was published each year containing research symposium abstracts from the AORE (Association for Outdoor Recreation and Education) Research Symposium and the Outdoor Leadership Research Symposium (OLRS). Due in large part to author interest in submitting full manuscripts instead of abstracts, this regular issue of the JOREL includes select abstracts presented at the 9th Annual AORE (Association for Outdoor Recreation and Education) Research Symposium in College Park, Maryland, November 6-9, 2013.
SIRT1 associates with eIF2-alpha and regulates the cellular stress response

SIRT1 is a NAD+ dependent protein deacetylase known to increase longevity in model organisms. SIRT1 regulates cellular response to oxidative and/or genotoxic stress by regulating proteins such as p53 and FOXO. The eukaryotic initiation factor-2, eIF2, plays a critical role in the integrated stress response pathway. Under cellular stress, phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eIF2 is essential for immediate shut-off of translation and activation of stress response genes. Here we demonstrate that SIRT1 interacts with eIF2α. Loss of SIRT1 results in increased phosphorylation of eIF2α. However, the downstream stress induced signaling pathway is compromised in SIRT1-deficient cells, indicated by delayed expression of the downstream target genes CHOP and GADD34 and a slower post-stress translation recovery. Finally, SIRT1 co-immunoprecipitates with mediators of eIF2α dephosphorylation, GADD34 and CreP, suggesting a role for SIRT1 in the negative feedback regulation of eIF2α phosphorylation.
Crystallization behavior of the bulk metallic glass forming Zr41Ti14Cu12Ni10Be23 liquid

Abstract The crystallization behavior of the undercooled bulk metallic glass forming Zr 41 Ti 14 Cu 12 Ni 10 Be 23 liquid is investigated. Isothermal undercooling experiments are carried out on samples cooled from the equilibrium melt as well as on amorphous samples heated into the supercooled liquid region. The large stability against crystallization of this alloy enables isothermal crystallization studies at the same temperature on amorphous samples heated and samples cooled from above the liquidus temperature. Results are compared with constant heating and cooling experiments. A rate of about 1 K/s is sufficient to suppress crystallization of the melt upon cooling from the equilibrium liquid. Upon heating amorphous samples, in contrast, a rate of about 200 K/s is necessary to avoid crystallization.
Skills-based residency training in alcohol screening and brief intervention: results from the Georgia-Texas "improving brief intervention" project

Alcohol screening and brief intervention (SBI) is recommended for all primary care patients but is underutilized. This project trained 111 residents and faculty in 8 family medicine residencies to conduct SBI and implement SBI protocols in residency clinics, then assessed changes in self-reported importance and confidence in performing SBI and brief intervention (BI) rates. Clinicians reported significant increases in role security, confidence, and ability to help drinkers reduce drinking and decreased importance of factors that might dissuade them from performing SBI. Stage of change measures indicated 37% of clinicians progressed toward action or maintenance in performing SBI; however, numbers of reported BIs did not increase. At all time points, 33% to 36% of clinicians reported BIs with ≥10% of the last 50 patients. Future studies should focus on increasing intervention rates using more patient-centered BI approaches, quality improvement approaches, and systems changes that could increase opportunities for performing BIs.
Metallurgical Evaluation of a Feedwater Nozzle to Safe-End Weld

Weld cracks in safety class systems are a serious concern, because these systems are part of the primary barrier providing containment of radioactive coolant. Loss of weld integrity yields leaks, or, under catastrophic failure, can be the basis for a severe loss of coolant accident. A circumferential indication was found by ultrasonic examination (UT) in the N4A-2 inlet feedwater nozzle to safe-end weld during the second refueling outage of River Bend Station Unit 1 in March 1989. The indication, approximately 15cm (6in) long with a reported maximum depth of 0.5cm (0.1in), was located in the Alloy 182 weld butter on the safe-end side of the weld. (The safe-end base metal was ASME SA 508 Class 1 carbon steel.) The reported characteristics of the UT indication were indicative of intergranular stress corrosion cracking. This indication was reexamined during the second and third fuel cycles in March 1990 and September 1991, respectively, and during the third refuel outage in November 1990. Crack growth was reported during each examination. The safe-end was replaced during the fourth refueling outage in the summer of 1992. The US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) subsequently contracted with Brookhaven National laboratory (BNL) to conduct a confirmatory investigation to establishmore » the failure mode and determine the root causes of cracking in the safe-end weld.« less
The prevalence, impairment, impact, and burden of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMS/PMDD)

Currently it is estimated that 3-8% of women of reproductive age meet strict criteria for premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). Assessment of published reports demonstrate that the prevalence of clinically relevant dysphoric premenstrual disorder is probably higher. 13-18% of women of reproductive age may have premenstrual dysphoric symptoms severe enough to induce impairment and distress, though the number of symptoms may not meet the arbitrary count of 5 symptoms on the PMDD list. The impairment and lowered quality of life for PMDD is similar to that of dysthymic disorder and is not much lower than major depressive disorder. Nevertheless, PMS/PMDD is still under-recognized in large published epidemiological studies, as well as assessments of burden of disease. It is demonstrated here that the burden of PMS/PMDD as well as the disability adjusted life years (DALY) lost due to this repeated-cyclic disorder is in the same magnitude as major recognized disorders. Appropriate recognition of the disorder and its impact should lead to treatment of more women with PMS/PMDD. Efficacious treatments are available. They should reduce individual suffering and impact on family, society, and economy.
A HOLISTIC APPROACH TO TAXONOMIC EVALUATION OF TWO CLOSELY RELATED ENDANGERED FRESHWATER MUSSEL SPECIES, THE OYSTER MUSSEL EPIOBLASMA CAPSAEFORMIS AND TAN RIFFLESHELL EPIOBLASMA FLORENTINA WALKERI (BIVALVIA: UNIONIDAE)

Species in the genus Epioblasma have specialized life history requirements and represent the most endangered genus of freshwater mussels (Unionidae) in the world. A genetic characterization of extant populations of the oyster mussel E. capsaeformis and tan riffleshell E. florentina walkeri sensu late was conducted to assess taxonomic validity and to resolve conservation issues for recovery planning. These mussel species exhibit pronounced phenotypic variation, but were difficult to characterize phylogenetically using DNA sequences. Monophyletic lineages, congruent with phenotypic variation among species, were obtained only after extensive analysis of combined mitochondrial (1396 bp of 16S, cytochrome-b, and ND1) and nuclear (515 bp of ITS-1) DNA sequences. In contrast, analysis of variation at 10 hypervariable DNA microsatellite loci showed moderately to highly diverged populations based on FST and RST values, which ranged from 0.12 to 0.39 and 0.15 to 0.71, respectively. Quantitative variation between species was observed in fish-host specificity, with transformation success of glochidia of E. capsaeformis significantly greater ( P , 0.05) on greenside darter Etheostoma blennioides, and that of E. f. walkeri significantly greater ( P , 0.05) on fantail darter Etheostoma flabellare. Lengths of glochidia differed significantly ( P , 0.001) among species and populations, with mean sizes ranging from 241 to 272 mm. The texture and colour of the mantle-pad of E. capsaeformis sensu stricto is smooth and bluish-white, whereas that of E. f. walkeri is pustuled and brown, with tan mottling. Based on extensive molecular, morphological and life history data, the population of E. capsaeformis from the Duck River, Tennessee, USA is proposed as a separate species, and the population of E. f. walkeri from Indian Creek, upper Clinch River, Virginia, USA is proposed as a distinct subspecies.
Measuring the Intrapersonal Component of Psychological Empowerment: Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Sociopolitical Control Scale

The Sociopolitical Control Scale (SPCS) is a widely used measure of the intrapersonal component of psychological empowerment. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were conducted with data from two samples to test the hypothesized structure of the SPCS, the potential effects of method bias on the measure's psychometric properties, and whether a revised version of the scale (SPCS-R) yielded improved model fit. Sample 1 included 316 randomly selected community residents of the Midwestern United States. Sample 2 included 750 community residents of the Northeastern U.S. Results indicated that method bias from the use of negatively worded items had a significant effect on the factor structure of the SPCS. CFA of the SPCS-R, in which negatively worded items were rephrased so that all statements were positively worded, supported the measure's hypothesized two-factor structure (i.e., leadership competence and policy control). Subscales of the SPCS-R were found reliable and related in expected ways with measures of community involvement. Implications of the study for empowerment-based research and practice are described, and strategies to further develop the SPCS are discussed.
Ontogeny of neurotransmitter systems: Substrates for developmental disabilities?

This papaer provides an overview of the developmental characteristics of several major CNS neurotransmitter systems, specifically those involving serotonin, catecholamines, and GABA. These were chosen because of their putative importance in various aspects of brain development or plasticity, and the existence of clinically relevant sequelae linking these systems to developmental disorders and disabilities. Patterns of development of these neurotransmitter systems and their putative roles as developmental signals are discussed, as is their possible relevance to developmental disabilities such as autism, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders, self-injurious behaviour, and epilepsy. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Priced based operation in an auction market structure

Open transmission access is a new legal requirement within the electric power industry. Interchange will require evaluation of the existing conditions to determine if the product can be delivered at the time required and at the level awarded through the bidding or negotiation process. This paper seeks to identify the likely deregulation details for a full market implementation when native load is considered equal to any other third party load (comparability). This paper seeks to identify the technical issues, such as standards and algorithms, necessary for changing the national infrastructure from a vertically integrated industry to a horizontally integrated industry.
9.3.1 Adaptive Systems Engineering: A Medical Paradigm for Practicing Systems Engineering

From its inception in the defense and aerospace industries, SE has applied holistic, interdisciplinary tools and work-process to improve the design and management of “large, complex engineering projects.” The traditional scope of engineering embraces the design, development, production, and operation of structural, hardware, and software systems, and SE, as originally conceived, falls within that scope. While this “traditional” view has expanded over the years to embrace wider, more holistic applications, much of the literature and training currently available is still directed almost entirely at addressing the large, complex, NASA, defense, and other industry systems wherein the “ideal” practice of SE provides the cradle-to-grave foundation for system development and deployment. Under such scenarios, systems engineers are generally viewed as an integral part of the system and project life-cycle from conception to decommissioning. In smaller, less complex, and far less “ideal” applications, SE principles are equally if not more applicable to a growing number of systems and projects that need to be “rescued” from overwhelming challenges that threaten imminent failure. The medical profession provides a unique analogy for this latter concept and offers a useful paradigm for tailoring our “practice” of SE to address the unexpected dynamics of applying SE in the real world. In short, we can be much more effective as systems engineers as we change some of the paradigms under which we teach and “practice” SE.
Analysis of a cross flow cooling scheme for an SSC collider dipole magnet

An analysis of a scheme to induce transverse flow in the annulus between the beam tube and coils of an SSC dipole magnet is presented. Transverse, or cross flow, cooling is used to limit the temperature rise from heat sources in the beam tube. These sources include synchrotron radiation during accelerator operation, and heat leak from the magnetic measuring device inserted in the beam tube during verification and acceptance testing of collider dipole magnets. A model which describes the flow distribution within a dipole, and subsequent temperature rise of the helium, is developed and solved. Pressure drops and transverse flow rates are presented as functions of parameters which describe the relative impedance of the various flow paths through the magnet. Results show that substantial reductions in coil temperature rise occur for very small increases in overall pressure drop, for the proper set of flow path impedances. >
Hemodynamic Correlates of Cognition in Human Infants

Over the past 20 years, the field of cognitive neuroscience has relied heavily on hemodynamic measures of blood oxygenation in local regions of the brain to make inferences about underlying cognitive processes. These same functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) techniques have recently been adapted for use with human infants. We review the advantages and disadvantages of these two neuroimaging methods for studies of infant cognition, with a particular emphasis on their technical limitations and the linking hypotheses that are used to draw conclusions from correlational data. In addition to summarizing key findings in several domains of infant cognition, we highlight the prospects of improving the quality of fNIRS data from infants to address in a more sophisticated way how cognitive development is mediated by changes in underlying neural mechanisms.
UGCV and PerceptOR program overview

DARPA has been leading two programs under joint sponsorship with the Army which are directed at advancement of unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) technologies in support of the Future Combat Systems (FCS) Program. These two programs are intended to provide complimentary developments to allow the Army with its Lead Systems Integrator an expanded set of technology options as it goes through its system trade studies. The data and experiences derived from these programs also increase understanding of current capabilities and future growth trends to aid in requirements definition for FCS UGV elements of the force structure. These two programs: Unmanned Ground Combat Vehicle (UGCV), and Perception for Off-Road Robotics (PerceptOR) will be described in this paper with comments on their current status.
Research educational program development in electronic design automation-extending the horizon

An interdisciplinary EDA research educational program was developed to enhance the application-oriented computational techniques of our computer engineering students. The goal was to broaden the scope of our EDA research, which has been traditionally restricted to digital circuit designs. Innovative CAD methods developed in this program are presented and experience shared.
Woody riparian plant distributions in western Oregon, USA: comparing landscape and local scale factors

We studied riparian forests along mountain streams in four large watersheds of western Oregon and far northern California, USA, to better understand the multiscale controls on woody riparian vegetation in a geographically complex region. In each of the four-study watersheds, we sampled woody riparian vegetation in161-ha sampling reaches that straddled the stream channel. Within each hectare, we sampled riparian vegetation and local environmental factors in 40 m2 sampling plots arrayed along topographic transects. We also surveyed natural disturbance gaps in 6 ha in each watershed to explore the effects of fine scale disturbance on species distributions. We compared species composition across our study watersheds and used Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (NMS) and chi-squared analyses to compare the relative importance of landscape scale climate variables and local topographic and disturbance variables in explaining species distributions at sampling plot and hectare scales. We noted substantial turnover in the riparian flora across the region, with greatest numbers of unique species in watersheds at the ends of the regional gradient. In NMS ordinations at both scales, variation in woody riparian species composition showed strongest correlations with climatic variables and Rubus spectabilis cover, but the latter was only an important factor in the two northern watersheds. At the smaller scale, topographic variables were also important. Chi-squared analyses confirmed that more species showed landscape scale habitat preferences (watershed associations) than associations with topographic position (94.7% vs. 42.7% of species tested) or gap versus forest setting (94.7% vs. 24.6% of species tested). The woody riparian flora of western Oregon shows important biogeographic variation; species distributions showed strong associations with climatic variables, which were the primary correlates of compositional change between riparian sites at both scales analyzed. Additional local variation in composition was explained by measures of topography and disturbance.
Acquisition of Domain-Specific Knowledge in Patients with Organic Memory Disorders

Patients with organic memory disorders are typically unable to acquire and retain new information and are therefore often unable to lead independent lives. The present paper outlines an approach to memory remediation that attempts to teach memory impaired patients domain-specific knowledge relevant to their everyday functioning. Several studies describe the successful use of a training technique, the method of vanishing cues, in teaching patients information and skills associated with the operation of a microcomputer. Additional studies show that knowledge acquired in the laboratory can be applied in at least one important domain of everyday life—the workplace. Suggestions for the use of these techniques with other cognitively disabled populations and in other domains are considered.
Application of a general self-consistency scheme in the linear combination of atomic orbitals formalism to the electronic and structural properties of Si and W

%'e present a general self-consistency procedure formulated in momentum space for electronic structure and total-energy calculations of crystalline solids. It is shown that both the charge density and the change in the Hamiltonian matrix elements in each iteration can be calculated in a straightforward fashion once a set of overlap matrices is computed. The present formulation has the merit of bringing the self-consistency problem for different basis sets to the same footing. The scheme is used to extend a first-principles pseudopotential linear combination of Gaussian orbitals method to full point-by-point self-consistency, without refitting of potentials. It is shown that the set of overlap matrices can be calculated very efficiently if we exploit the translational and space-group symmetries of the system under consideration. This scheme has been applied to study the structural and electronic properties of Si and %, prototypical systems of very different bonding properties. The results agree well with experiment and other calculations. The fully self-consistent results are compared with those obtained by a variational procedure [J. R. Chehkowsky and S. G. Louie, Phys. Rev. 8 29, 3470 (1984)). We find that the structural properties for bulk Si and W (both systems have no interatomic charge transfer) can be treated accurately by the variational procedure. However, full self-consistency is needed for an accurate description of the band. energies.
Industry Determinants of the “Merger Versus Alliance” Decision

Mergers and acquisitions (M&As) and alliances are potential alternative choices for managers. We propose that three dimensions of industry conditions are likely to be influential in such choices: (1) industry demands on firms to make significant commitment, (2) the environmental pressures for flexibility, and (3) the limitations on firm choices stemming from industry concentration and institutional conditions. We develop propositions about how differences across these three dimensions influence the choices that firms make between M&As and alliances.
Multidimensional Health Locus of Control as Partial Predictor of Serum Phosphorus in Chronic Hemodialysis

The Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale was administered to 137 chronic hemodialysis outpatients in a survey designed to examine the relationship of these scores to serum phosphorus, a laboratory indicator of dietary compliance in end-stage renal disease. In a multiple regression analysis, scores on the Powerful Others Locus of Control subscale accounted for 8.9% of the variance in serum phosphorus. Discussion includes a tentative explanation of the findings and limitations of the design.
Distributed Computing Systems, Structure And Strategy

Disparate studies have provided inconsistent results of the effect of information technology (IT) on organizational structure and strategy. Additionally, some other studies indicate contradictory outcomes from the implementation and use of identical technologies. This study examined the effects of distributed application systems on organizational structure and strategy. Using distributed application system (DAS) components as measures of distributivity, the study examined the impact of distributivity of data, program and user-interface on the dimensions of organizational structure and business level strategies. The research findings indicate that there is a synergic relationship among the components of DAS, and that the DAS components are highly intercorrelated. Further, the study has demonstrated that user-interface replication in DAS is strongly associated with data replication and program partitioning has a strong impact on user-interface partitioning.
Carbohydrate and nutrient composition of corn stover from three southeastern USA locations

Corn (Zea mays L.) stover has been identified as an important feedstock for bioenergy and bio-product production. Our objective was to quantify nutrient removal, carbohydrate composition, theoretical ethanol yield (TEY) for various stover fractions. In 2009, 2010, and 2011, whole-plant samples were collected from one field study in South Carolina (SC) and two in Alabama (AL). Soils at the SC site were classified as a Coxville/Rains-Goldboro-Lynchburg association, while those in AL were either Compass or Decatur. Plants were collected from two 1-m row segments, ears were removed and shelled. A portion of the remaining stalks were dried and ground to represent whole-plant stover. The remaining stalks were fractionated into stalk and leaf biomass from below the ear (bottom), stalk and leaf biomass from above the ear (top), cobs, and grain. A fifth sample representing “above-ear” biomass that might be collected mechanically was calculated using the weight ratios of the top and cob fractions. Carbohydrate and nutrient concentrations were estimated using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and TEY was calculated. The distribution of carbohydrates, nutrients, and TEY varied significantly among the corn stover fraction and research locations. This indicates that site-specific sampling and analysis should be used to optimize bioenergy and bio-product utilization of corn stover. However, at every location, the above-ear stover fractions were most desirable for cellulosic ethanol production. Furthermore, harvesting only above-ear stover fractions would reduce nutrient removal by 24–61% when compared to harvesting all stover biomass.
Mental Health Screening and Assessment of Detained Youth

The effective rehabilitation of detained youth begins with optimal screening of their mental health needs as they enter the juvenile delinquency system. The Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument-Version 2 is the most used and empirically proven tool to screen juveniles. Juvenile facilities should consider the use of screening instruments like the Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument-Version 2 as close to intake as feasible. Mental health professionals working in these systems of care will then need adequate resources to assess the mental health needs according to a biopsychosocial model of these youth.
Lactation and Maternal Cardio-Metabolic Health*

Researchers hypothesize that pregnancy and lactation are part of a continuum, with lactation meant to “reset” the adverse metabolic profile that develops as a part of normal pregnancy, and that when lactation does not occur, women maintain an elevated risk of cardio-metabolic diseases. Several large prospective and retrospective studies, mostly from the United States and other industrialized countries, have examined the associations between lactation and cardio-metabolic outcomes. Less evidence exists regarding an association of lactation with maternal postpartum weight status and dyslipidemia, whereas more evidence exists for an association with diabetes, hypertension, and subclinical and clinical cardiovascular disease.
The City-Country Rule: An Extension of the Rank-Size Rule

This study introduces a city-country rule to complement the well-known rank-size rule for cities, from which it is derived. The city-country rule enables us to make a rough estimate of the population of the largest cities when the population of the entire country is known. It quickly tells us whether the actual city populations are large or small, compared to the world average for similarly ranked cities in countries of comparable size.
Inverse spin Hall effect from pulsed spin current in organic semiconductors with tunable spin-orbit coupling

Exploration of spin currents in organic semiconductors (OSECs) induced by resonant microwave absorption in ferromagnetic substrates is appealing for potential spintronics applications. Owing to the inherently weak spin-orbit coupling (SOC) of OSECs, their inverse spin Hall effect (ISHE) response is very subtle; limited by the microwave power applicable under continuous-wave (cw) excitation. Here we introduce a novel approach for generating significant ISHE signals in OSECs using pulsed ferromagnetic resonance, where the ISHE is two to three orders of magnitude larger compared to cw excitation. This strong ISHE enables us to investigate a variety of OSECs ranging from π-conjugated polymers with strong SOC that contain intrachain platinum atoms, to weak SOC polymers, to C60 films, where the SOC is predominantly caused by the curvature of the molecule's surface. The pulsed-ISHE technique offers a robust route for efficient injection and detection schemes of spin currents at room temperature, and paves the way for spin orbitronics in plastic materials.