cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rapid Economic Development May Contribute Little to Healthcare in China Data analysis and indications of healthcare resources’ availability and distribution in China

In the past several decades, China has experienced huge economic development. However, whether healthcare, as a crucial factor of social welfare, has also been improved is arguable. This essay conducts data analysis to assess the relationship between economic development and healthcare from two sides, whether the available healthcare resources have been expanded and whether the distribution of healthcare has been more reasonable, supported by results from data analysis process (regression) and size of Gini coefficient based on population and geographical area respectively.
Teacher Ratings of Acceptability of a Daily Report Card Intervention Prior to and during Implementation: Relations to Implementation Integrity and Student Outcomes.

The goals of the study were to (a) examine teacher-reported acceptability of a daily report card (DRC) intervention for a student in their classroom prior to and during implementation; (b) examine factors that predict acceptability; and (c) explore the relations between teacher-reported acceptability, student and teacher characteristics prior to implementation, implementation integrity (treatment dose, adherence, and teacher competence), and student outcomes. Participants were 39 elementary school teachers and 39 students with or at risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Teachers were asked to implement the DRC for up to 16 weeks with consultation support provided by research team staff every other week. Teachers completed acceptability ratings about the DRC prior to and after two months of implementation. This multi-method assessment using correlation and regression analyses revealed that although acceptability ratings prior to implementation were related to teacher knowledge of ADHD, they were was not related to acceptability ratings during implementation, integrity, or student outcomes. Student’s initial positive response to the intervention (i.e., the magnitude of improvement in DRC target behaviors) was associated with higher acceptability ratings during the intervention. Greater increases in acceptability over time were associated with greater DRC dose (i.e., teacher compliance to procedures and longer DRC duration). Greater duration of implementation and responding appropriately to rule violations were associated with greater student achievement of DRC goals. Implications for interpreting acceptability ratings and for understanding factors related to implementation and outcomes are discussed.
Designing a reliable electric vehicle charging station expansion under uncertainty

Abstract This study proposes a novel disruption prevention model that considers both long-term expansion decisions and short-term operational decisions to design and manage an electric vehicle charging station network under power demand uncertainty. A non-linear term is introduced into the model to prevent the evolution of excessive temperature on a power line under different exogenous factors (e.g., outside temperature, air velocity). We first linearize the model using extensions of McCormick relaxation technique and then solve using a combined Sample Average Approximation with a Scenario Decomposition algorithm. A real life case study is presented to draw a several key managerial insights. It is observed that the disruption prevention model is able to reduce 16% overall system cost upon a power outage. The results of the analysis help decision-makers achieving a more reliable and cost-effective electricity supply network.
Mechanical properties of Mesozoic rift basin formations

The Newark basin is one of the largest Mesozoic rift basins in Eastern North America, which preserves tectonic and climatic archives and has been considered for geologic CO2 storage. This paper describes geomechanical properties of the Newark basin formation, focusing primarily on mudstone intervals. Compressive strength, elastic moduli and acoustic velocities were evaluated with a series of triaxial tests at confining pressures ranging from 0 to 41 MPa. The predominantly lacustrine mudstones are characterized by XRD clay content from 30 to 70%, and a large range of compressive strength, from 50 to 300 MPa, in excess of most published values for clay-rich rocks. The strength does not exhibit a strong relationship to clay content and can vary significantly for similar lithotypes. Important factors affecting rock strength in these rift basin formations are: (a) albitization by sodium metasomatism, which increases strength; and, (b) thin bedding, which introduces significant strength anisotropy, most pronounced in the Lockatong mudstones. Unlike rock composition, the elastic moduli correlate well with compressive strength. Overall, our results indicate high spatial heterogeneity of mechanical properties in these rift basin formations and a lack of characteristic strength ranges for common lithotypes in the Newark Supergroup and/or specific formations in the Newark basin. However, a strong correlation of acoustic velocity and elastic moduli with compressive strength would allow using those parameters to estimate strength when direct measurements are not available.
Excitons and carriers in transient absorption and time-resolved ARPES spectroscopy: An ab initio approach

I present a fully ab initio scheme to model transient spectroscopy signals in the presence of strongly bound excitons. Using LiF as a prototype material, I show that the scheme is able to capture the exciton signature both in time-resolved angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and transient absorption experiments. The approach is completely general and can become the reference scheme for modeling pump and probe experiment in a wide range of materials.
Restructuring primary care practices to manage geriatric syndromes: the ACOVE-2 intervention

Despite evidence suggesting that primary care physicians do not address geriatric conditions adequately in practice, most efforts to change physicians' practice behaviors have been ineffective or too expensive to implement and sustain. In its second phase, the Assessing Care of the Vulnerable Elders (ACOVE-2) project has developed an intervention aimed at improving the care that primary care physicians provide for three geriatric conditions-falls, urinary incontinence, and cognitive impairment/dementia. The intervention addresses specific processes of care identified in the first phase of the ACOVE project (ACOVE-1) as important to the care of community-dwelling older persons. Beginning with case finding, the intervention uses a standardized multicomponent practice-change effort. The condition-specific intervention employs four methods of changing medical practice: efficient collection of condition-specific clinical data, medical record prompts to encourage performance of essential care processes, patient education materials and activation of the patient's role in follow-up, and physician decision support and physician education. Moreover, the costs of the intervention are low. The effectiveness of the intervention in improving the processes of care for these conditions and clinical outcomes will need to be evaluated in controlled trials.
Breed and heterosis effects of American zebu cattle.

The Brahman (American Zebu) has been evaluated in numerous crossbreeding studies throughout the Southern United States. Brahman females producing straightbred calves have usually been found to have a lower calving percentage, calf survival rate and weaning rate than other contemporary straightbreds, although they have been reported to be superior or competitive in some studies. Birth weights of Brahman calves have been larger than those of Angus, smaller than Charolais and comparable to those of Herefords. Brahman steers generally have had lower postweaning daily gains, lower carcass grades, less backfat and higher Warner-Bratzler shear values than other contemporary straightbreds. Heterosis estimates for reproduction have been small and variable in producing F1 calves, but larger and positive for reproductive traits of F1 cows. Birth and weaning weight heterosis estimates averaged 3.3 and 21.7 kg for F1 calves and 1.9 and 31.1 kg for calves of F1 cows. Small and variable heterosis estimates have been found for all carcass traits.
Detection of clade 2 equine influenza virus in an adult horse recently imported to the USA

Summary A 4-year-old Warmblood mare presented to the William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis with bilateral mucoid nasal discharge and pyrexia. The mare had recently been imported from Germany, arriving at a quarantine holding facility 72 h prior to presentation. Based on clinical presentation and culture results of tracheal fluid, the mare was diagnosed with bacterial bronchopneumonia secondary to equine influenza. The equine influenza virus (EIV) identified in the imported mare displayed 99.1% nucleotide homology of the HA1 gene to the prototype Florida sublineage clade 2 isolate A/equine/Richmond/1/2007 (H3N8). This case illustrates the risk of introducing a clade 2 EIV in North America.
The ATP Synthesizing System of Liver Mitochondria

Pathological states of the liver are numerous with prolonged alcohol consumption resulting in perhaps one of the most frequent. It seems quite appropriate, therefore, that a basic science workshop designed to review the current state of knowledge of liver metabolism includes a paper on the ATP synthesizing system of this tissue. Our laboratories were the first to isolate the ATP synthesizing system of liver (Catterall and Pedersen, 1971). A graduate student, William A. Catterall (now an Associate Professor of Pharmacology at the University of Washington, and an already well-known neurochemist), played a major role in these early studies (Catterall and Pedersen, 1971; Catterall and Pedersen, 1972; Catterall et al., 1973; Catterall and Pedersen, 1974). In the same year (1971) Henry Lardy’s laboratory also reported the isolation of the ATP synthesizing system of liver (Lambeth and Lardy, 1971). Since that time much additional information concerning the structure, function, and regulation of the ATP synthesizing system of liver mitochondria has accumulated in our laboratories. It is this information that I to summarize briefly today.
Hydrogen Exchange Studies of Respiratory Proteins III. STRUCTURAL AND FREE ENERGY CHANGES IN HEMOGLOBIN BY USE OF A DIFFERENCE METHOD

Abstract A difference hydrogen exchange method was developed and applied to hemoglobin. The method can be used to pick out, from the total hydrogen exchange curve of a protein, the hydrogen exchange behavior of just those segments of the protein that alter in exchange rate in response to structural change. With the method even quite subtle structure changes can be individually recognized since protein "breathing" mechanisms act to translate structure changes into greatly amplified hydrogen exchange signals. A fraction of hemoglobin's hydrogen exchange curve containing about 40% of the protein's hydrogen-bonded peptide groups was analyzed. Among these the difference techniques portrayed the exchange behavior of 20 ligand-responsive hydrogens in reduced and liganded hemoglobin and also the exchange of 30 ligand-indifferent hydrogens. The ligand-responsive hydrogens fall into three kinetically distinct groups having 3, 8, and 9 hydrogens on a per subunit basis. All three groups experience much faster exchange in the liganded form of the protein. The exchange character of these groups demonstrates that their exchange, and probably protein hydrogen exchange in general, is controlled by breathing reactions—cooperative, reversible denaturations—of the segments of protein structure holding them. This picture leads immediately to a quantitative relationship connecting energetic structure change, breathing change, and alteration in hydrogen exchange rate. The results, interpreted in this way, show that when ligand is bound to hemoglobin the two larger responsive segments studied are destabilized by close to 2 Cal in structural free energy and the smaller one by perhaps 4 Cal.
Prediction of transport properties of gases using classical nonspherical models

The general formulation of the classical kinetic theory, which is needed to predict transport properties of gases in situations where the hydrodynamic equations are valid, is reviewed. A rigid convex model of tetrahedral symmetry is used to predict the Senftleben-Beenakker effect of a static magnetic field on the thermal conductivity and viscosity of pure CH/sub 4/, CD/sub 4/ and CF/sub 4/. The parameters of the model are optimized and are found to assume physically reasonable values. The calculations agree with experiment to a degree comparable to that of similar work on diatomic molecules. A generalized scattering cross section, ..gamma.., is defined which can be evaluated exactly for the limiting cases of a spherical soft potential and rigid ovaloids. For a general soft nonspherical interaction of the Kihara type, a suitable approximation for the momentum dependence is made with the following attributes: ..gamma.. reduces to the form for soft sphere and rigid ovaloid in the limits and the resulting matrix elements of the collision operator can be written in terms of the familiar ..cap omega..* integrals. This formulation is used to investigate thermal diffusion in binary isotopic mixtures of CO. Calculations are made in an 80/sup 0/K to 300/sup 0/K range which includes the inversion temperatures for all mixtures studied. Thermal conductivity and diffusion coefficients of CO are also calculated. The parameters of the model can be adjusted to account for the major features of the experimental data. The physical significance of the parameters is discussed. (auth)
Life in transition: balancing inertial and viscous forces by planktonic copepods

Copepods (1-10 mm aquatic crustaceans moving at 1-1000 mm s(-1)) live at Reynolds numbers that vary over 5 orders of magnitude, from 10(-2) to 10(3). Hence, they live at the interface between laminar and turbulent regimes and are subject to the physical constraints imposed by both viscous and inertial realms. At large scales, the inertially driven system enforces the dominance of physically derived fluid motion; plankton, advected by currents, adjust their life histories to the changing oceanic environment. At Kolmogorov scales, a careful interplay of evenly matched forces of biology and physics occurs. Copepods conform or deform the local physical environment for their survival, using morphological and behavioral adaptations to shift the balance in their favor. Examples of these balances and transitions are observed when copepods engage in their various survival tasks of feeding, predator avoidance, mating, and signaling. Quantitative analyses of their behavior give measures of such physical properties o...
The Rich Possibilities of Greed and Excess

“Greed” and “excess” carry negative connotations in many of the societies in which we live, even if they are not typical terms framing a great deal of anthropological work today. My approach here is to suggest that “greed” and “excess” may be most productive to thinkers and analysts if we use the terms to lead us to topics to which they seem to be potentially connected—that is, to get us to explore those questions from a reinvigorated or new angle—rather than trying to identify analytically comparable enough phenomena that we could then call cases of “greed” or “excess” and compare them to each other. Hence, here, discursive connections between “greed” and moral failing, the invocation of “greed” as an accusation, and the sense that “greed” refers (somewhat implicitly, implicitly, or more explicitly) to serious inequality, accumulation (material or symbolic), and differentiation or distinction by being a desire for both are explored. This article also worries about certain possible unintended consequences of turning “greed” and “excess” into more typical frames of anthropological discussion.
Allozyme Polymorphisms in Spanish Honeybees (Apis mellifera iberica)

Earlier studies have shown two types of mitochondrial DNA in Spanish honeybees (Apis mellifera iberica): a western European or A. m. mellifera type, which predominates in northern Spain, and a north African or A. m. intermissa type, which predominates in southern Spain. Adult workers from 28 colonies sampled in northern and southern Spain were surveyed for polymorphisms at eight allozyme loci. Polymorphisms were found in Mdh1 (two alleles) and Pgm (five alleles). Three of the Pgm alleles have not been described previously. The frequencies of Mdh1 alleles in northern and southern samples are significantly different: Mdh1(80) = 0.94 in the north and 0.75 in the south. The frequencies of Pgm alleles in northern and southern samples do not differ significantly. The Hk allele (Hk100) found in all Spanish samples is the same as that found in other European populations. The results are consistent with the presence of a hybrid zone between African and west European honeybee subspecies in the Iberian peninsula or north Africa. The high number and frequency of novel Pgm alleles in the Spanish bees resembles the "rare allele" phenomenon observed in other hybrid populations.
Some results about geometric Whittaker model

Abstract Let G be an algebraic reductive group over a field of positive characteristic. Choose a parabolic subgroup P in G and denote by U its unipotent radical. Let X be a G -variety. The purpose of this paper is to give two examples of a situation in which the functor of averaging of l-adic sheaves on X with respect to a generic character χ:U→ G a commutes with Verdier duality. Namely, in the first example we take X to be an arbitrary G -variety and we prove the above property for all U -equivariant sheaves on X where U is the unipotent radical of an opposite parabolic subgroup; in the second example we take X = G and we prove the corresponding result for sheaves which are equivariant under the adjoint action (the latter result was conjectured by B. C. Ngo who proved it for G = GL ( n )). As an application of the proof of the first statement we reprove a theorem of N. Katz and G. Laumon about local acyclicity of the kernel of the Fourier–Deligne transform.
Hierarchical Constrained Coding for Floating-Gate to Floating-Gate Coupling Mitigation in Flash Memory

Flash memory comprises of grid of cells arranged in a rectangular lattice. A cell is a floating gate and the information is stored as charge in these floating gates. A multi-level-cell (MLC) can store more than one bit per cell. An ideal programming of a cell consists of injecting just the correct amount of charge in the cell by hot-electron injection. However, due to programming time constraints, some tolerance is accepted and the actual programming voltage is allowed to be within some range of the ideal. While programming a cell, due to the capacitive coupling between neighboring cells, the neighboring cells also get some charge. This phenomenon called as inter-cell-interference (ICI) can be from mild to extreme. Particularly, a cell at the lowest voltage level will pick up a lot of charge if its neighbors are then programmed to the highest level. In order to combat the noise due to ICI, constrained coding is a possible solution. Constrained coding consists of not allowing certain level patterns so that effects of ICI are contained. Constrained coding for solutions which have level information available while decoding all pages has been implemented for flash memory [1]. However, due to read latency requirements, level information may not be available while reading all pages and hence these codes cannot be used. We propose constrained codes which do not need level information while decoding all pages and hence average read latency requirements are met. Error propagation is a crucial degrading factor for constrained decoding and the codes we design are robust to channel noise. A new decoding algorithm which keeps synchronization which is crucial to contain error propagation is also proposed.
Channel Detection Using Seismic Attributes On the Central Basin Platform, West Texas

The Devonian Thirtyone Formation is a prolific producer on the Central Basin Platform in west Texas having produced over 750 MMBBL from chert reservoirs and containing as much as 650 MMBBL remaining reserves. One of the play concepts for this reservoir is laminated beds deposited as turbidites in a deep sea environment. The locations of the lobes and channels and their feeder channels cannot uniquely be determined from well control and 2-D seismic.
Starting small: using microbiology to foster scientific literacy

In order to achieve scientific literacy for all students, Bard College recently implemented Citizen Science, a common January course for all first-year students. Structured around the question ‘how do we reduce the global burden of disease?', this course uses microbiological tools to develop an understanding of potential answers.
Overcoming Obstacles to Interpersonal Compliance A Principle of Message Construction

Scholars recognize that language can be used to accomplish goals. If so, messages should be constructed so as to overcome obstacles to the achievement of interpersonal objectives. Based upon this perspective, six hypotheses were deduced that predicted the linguistic features of help-seeking messages from obstacles associated with (a) the type of request (borrowing favors) and (b) relational intimacy. The results of a study that tested these hypotheses are reported; support for each was found. Specifically, messages seeking to borrow a resource proposed contractual arrangements aimed at reducing the costs of lending. On the other hand, favor-seeking messages included more inquiries about the costs of compliance to the target and offers of compensation. Relational obligations and resulting facework were also studied. As predicted, when seeking to borrow a resource, intimacy was negatively related to communicated facework; when seeking a favor intimacy was positively related to facework. Finally, when a request to borrow a resource was rejected, intimacy was positively related to counter persuasion cues and negatively related to expressed forgiveness; however, when a favor-seeking message was refused, intimacy was positively related to communicated forgiveness.
The creep response of uni-directional fiber-reinforced ceramic composites: a theoretical study

Abstract Both the finite-element technique and the elastic-viscoelastic correspondence principle (in conjunction with the Hashin and Aboudi methods of calculating the effective elastic properties) methods have been used to calculate the effective creep properties of SCS6 (fiber)/SiC (matrix) composites and the results have been compared. In the finite-element technique, three different arrangements of fibers were used to study the effects of fiber arrangements on the creep properties of the composite. Effects of the fiber volume fraction on the creep behavior of composite were also studied. No significant difference was found in the longitudinal compliance, S11 (i.e. the compliance along the fiber axis), calculated from the five models. But, it was found that the fiber arrangement plays an important role in the transverse compliance, S22, and transverse shear compliance, S44. For S22, the correspondence principle method based on Aboudi method and the square array of fibers in the finite-element technique gave the upper and lower bounds, respectively. For S44, the square array of fibers in the finite-element technique and the correspondence principle method based on Hashin (for low volume fraction of fiber)/Aboudi (for high volume fraction of fiber) method gave the upper and lower bounds, respectively. The effects of fiber arrangements on S22 and S44 are explained by the strain energy and the energy dissipation due to creep.
Baroreflex sensitivity during static exercise in individuals with down syndrome

Introduction: Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have altered heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) responses to orthostatic challenges and isometric handgrip (IHG) exercise, suggesting possible alteration in baroreflex sensitivity. Purpose: This study investigated baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) as a potential mechanism contributing to chronotropic incompetence during IHG in persons with DS. Methods: Heart rate and BP were continually recorded in 12 individuals with DS and 10 controls, at rest and during 2 min of IHG, at 30% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). Spontaneous BRS was derived via the sequence method. Results: No differences were seen in HR at rest between groups. Systolic BP (SBP) was significantly lower in the DS group at rest (106.1 +/- 2.9 vs 116.5 +/- 3.9 mm Hg, P < 0.05) and during IHG (123.9 +/- 4.6 vs 150.1 +/- 5.3 mm Hg, P < 0.001). A significant group-by-task interaction was found for both change in HR and change in SBP with IHG, because of an attenuated HR and SBP response to IHG in participants with DS (P < 0.05). When controlling for resting SBP, the DS group had a lower BRS at rest (16.0 +/- 1.7 vs 21.2 +/- 4.2 ms[middle dot]mm Hg-1, P < 0.05) and during IHG (7.8 +/- 1.0 vs 12.1 +/- 2.6 ms[middle dot]mm Hg,-1 P < 0.05). Conclusions: Individuals with DS have lower BRS at rest and during IHG than controls and this may be related to their attenuated HR response during perturbation.
Assessing the utility of multiattribute utility assessments

Abstract The usefulness of multiattribute utility (MAU) analysis was assessed by comparing the sensitivity to both relevant and irrelevant information of analytically derived judgments and of holistic judgments. Subjects evaluated four hypothetical apartments, described to them in a series of letters, by indicating how much rent they would be willing to pay for each apartment. In addition, they completed a survey that requested judgments about the six attributes that characterized the apartments. From the survey, evaluations of the apartments were derived from an additive MAU model. The holistic rental judgments exhibited little sensitivity to differences among the apartments. However, they did show a “linearity effect,” an ordering of the apartments that apparently reflected an oversimplified interpretation of the information. Derived judgments showed no linearity effect, and did show a sensitivity to apartment differences. There was some evidence that derived judgments were less sensitive if the MAU judgments were made after making the holistic judgments. Holistic and derived judgments were generally uncorrelated, presumably because of the heavy information processing demands imposed by the holistic judgment task.
Monitoring Dialysis Patients' Health Status

We report 3 years of experience with quarterly assessments of the self-reported health of dialysis outpatients using the Short Form-36 (SF-36) Health Survey. The SF-36 measures eight different dimensions of health: physical function, role limitations due to physical problems, bodily pain, general health perceptions, vitality, social function, role limitations due to emotional problems, and general mental health. On each dimension, the respondent receives a score from 0 to 100. A higher score indicates better health. Program logistics and results are described, including reliability coefficients, standard deviations, and standard errors of measurement for the SF-36 in this patient population. The SF-36 was completed an average of 4.4 times by 112 patients over an average 14-month follow-up; 40 patients responded at least six times. On most dimensions, the dialysis patients' scores were lower and more variable than those of a sample of the general US population matched for age and sex. For example, mean initial physical function score (±SD) was 48.5 ± 31.2 for the dialysis patients and 84.8 ± 23.3 for the general population. The mean initial general health perception score of the dialysis patients was 43.7 ± 23.9 compared with 71.9 ± 20.3 for the general population. In contrast, general mental health scores were more comparable. The mean initial general mental health score was 69.6 ± 17.5 for our patients and 75.5 ± 18.0 for the general population. Reliability (Cronbach's α) ranged from 0.77 for general mental health to 0.93 for physical function. The 95% confidence intervals around individual scores were approximately 20 points, except for role-physical and role-emotional, which were both approximately 30 points. Two case reports compare information obtained from the SF-36 with the dialysis team's assessments of the patient, as recorded in the medical record. The two patients' comments on reviewing their SF-36 results are also summarized. Patient reactions to the health status assessment program are explored, and potential benefits and areas for further work are outlined. Serial measurement of the health status of dialysis patients allows the recognition of clear patterns in individual patient responses. These patterns sometimes suggest that the patient is either substantially more or less impaired than the dialysis team had thought. Changes in these patterns, both transient and protracted, frequently exceed 95% confidence intervals for patient-level scores. Longitudinal health status profiles of individual dialysis patients, accumulated by repeated self-assessment using the SF-36, enhance rather than merely restate the providers' intuitive judgments expressed in the medical record.
Pharyngitis/tonsillitis: European and United States experience with cefpodoxime proxetil

Most authorities continue to recommend penicillin as the treatment of choice for group A streptococcal pharyngitis. If penicillin is used, 10 days of treatment are necessary to achieve a clinical and bacteriologic cure. The usually recommended penicillin V dose is 250 mg (400,000 IU) three times daily. Twice daily dosing is acceptable to some authorities if compliance is good. However, oral penicillin fails to eradicate group A streptococci from the pharynx in up to 17% of cases; in some studies 30% failure rates have been reported. Several European and United States studies indicate that a variety of oral cephalosporins, when used for 10 days, are significantly superior to penicillin V in eradicating group A streptococci from the pharynx. For example cefpodoxime proxetil given twice daily for 10 days is comparable to penicillin V given three times daily for 10 days in achieving a clinical cure and appears to be significantly superior to penicillin in eradicating group A streptococci from the pharynx. Preliminary studies from Europe and the United States strongly suggest that 5-day therapy with cefpodoxime (or other selected oral cephalosporins) is at least as effective, clinically and microbiologically, as 10-day therapy with penicillin V. Further clinical trials are warranted to confirm the adequacy of 5-day treatment and to assess the efficacy of cefpodoxime and other agents in preventing rheumatic fever.
Celebrating the “Essential:” The Impact of Performance on the Functional Favoritism of CEOs in Two Contexts

This paper argues that an organization’s performance can influence the extent to which CEOs favor the importance and competence of one functional department above all others. Specifically, financial success induces such favoritism in CEOs, not in stable but in uncertain environments where there is a good deal of scope and motivation for attributional opportunism and superstitious learning. Financial weakness also induces functional favoritism on the part of CEOs, not in uncertain but in stable environments where conditions are right for escalation of commitment and threat-rigidity responses. These findings were confirmed using subgroup regressions, moderated regressions and two-group LISREL analyses.
Trisomy 21 and maternal age of menopause: does reproductive age rather than chronological age influence risk of nondisjunction?

The biological basis underlying the increased risk of nondisjunction in offspring of women of advanced maternal age is not understood. We sought to test the hypothesis that maternal reproductive age (distance in time from approaching menopause) rather than chronological age is pivotal in the etiology of nondisjunction. Our results found no difference in age of menopause between women > or = 30 years old at delivery of a child with trisomy 21 (i.e., age-related nondisjunction) compared to controls. Among women < 30 years of age at delivery of a child with trisomy 21, none underwent premature menopause. Therefore, our findings fail to support the theory that reproductive age plays a major role in the etiology of nondisjunction.
Meteorological conditions are associated with physical activities performed in open-air settings.

Meteorological conditions (MC) are believed to modify physical activity. However, studies in this area are limited and none have looked at the associations between MC and physical activity in open-air settings. Therefore, we examined the relationships between MC and physical activities performed on sidewalks/streets and outdoor oval tracks. Observation techniques were used to count individuals walking to school, exercising on oval tracks and walking/jogging/biking on sidewalks/streets. Meteorological conditions were obtained from an Automated Surface Observing System located at a nearby airport for the same time periods physical activities were observed. On weekdays, fewer children were seen walking to school and more bicyclists were observed on sidewalks/streets as wind speed increased (p 30%) in the number of joggers and the length of time they jogged was accounted for by apparent temperature (+) and dew point (-). We found that meteorological conditions are related to physical activity in open-air settings. The results embellish the context in which environmental-physical activity relationships should be interpreted and provide important information for researchers applying the observation method in open-air settings.
The Missed Promotion: An Exercise Demonstrating the Importance of Organizational Justice

Treating employees fairly produces many positive outcomes, but evidence suggests that managers’ efforts to be fair are often unsuccessful because they emphasize the wrong aspects of justice. Managers tend to emphasize distributive justice, though employees may be most concerned with procedural and interactional justice. Organizational justice theory offers a framework for correcting this problem and assisting managers in their efforts to be fair. To this end, the authors describe the Missed Promotion exercise, a two-person role-play for introducing students to organizational justice theory. It provides a way to have students experience the importance of organizational justice, while teaching them about the three dimensions of justice and why managers often fail to be perceived as fair. Although the Missed Promotion exercise is simple enough to be completed in a single class session with students of any level, it reliably produces realistic responses and experiences, which allows for a useful discussion of the role of organizational justice in managerial fairness.
MATRIX SHAPE APPROACH TO SCATTERING THEORY.

A nonperturbative method of solving scattering problems is presented. It is based on the shape of the potential matrices involved. The matrices are expanded in a basis set whose arguments are the quantum numbers of the system. The resulting set of simultaneous linear equations is easily solved. A numerical example of collinear collisions of an atom and a diatomic vibrator is considered, and the effect of potential matrix shape on the inelastic transition probabilities is investigated.
Differences in plasma membrane organization of neuroblastoma cells grown in the differentiated and undifferentiated states.

Abstract Two methods have been developed for the isolation of plasma membranes from the neuro-2A clone of murine neuroblastoma grown in the differentiated (monolayer) and undifferentiated (spinner) states. In the first method, the membranes were isolated in 40 to 45% yield by fractionation in a two-phase polymer system and a linear sucrose gradient (primary plasma membranes). In the second method, those areas of the plasma membrane internalized during phagocytosis of polystyrene latex beads were isolated by fractionation in two discontinuous sucrose gradients. Both membrane preparations were free of any significant contamination by mitochondria, microsomes, and lysosomes. The primary plasma membranes from monolayer cells were richer in Na+ + K+-activated ATPase, acetylcholinesterase, and choline acetyltransferase activities than those from spinner cells, but the polypeptide composition of these membranes was very similar in both types of culture as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in buffers containing sodium dodecyl sulfate and urea. In contrast to these results, the internalized plasma membrane fraction from monolayer cells differed significantly from that isolated from spinner cells in its enzymatic properties and polypeptide composition. Furthermore, the effects of dibutyryl adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate and sodium butyrate on these membrane properties were different in the two types of culture. With either monolayer or spinner cells, the internalized plasma membrane fraction differed in its enzymatic and polypeptide composition from the primary plasma membranes. These results support the conclusion that differentiation of the neuro-2A clone is accompanied by extensive changes in the organization and dynamics of the plasma membrane.
High power AlGaN/GaN HEMTs for microwave applications

Abstract AlGaN/GaN power HEMTs were fabricated and characterized. Gate-to-drain breakdown voltages up to 230 V and channel currents > 300 mA mm −1 are obtained on the 1 μm gate-length devices. At 2 GHz, output power densities of 1.1 W mm −1 and 1.02 W mm −1 with power added efficiencies of 18.6% and 20.1% respectively are demonstrated. A dual-heat-source model is proposed for the mathematical thermal simulation of a power FET with higher accuracy. This estimates a channel temperature > 300°C at the maximum power output as a result of the poor thermal conductivity of the sapphire substrate. While the GaN FET's excellent power ability at high temperature has been confirmed, the thermal problem needs to be solved for realization of its full potential.
Lidar Determinations of Atmospheric Ice Crystal Layers at South Pole during Clear-Sky Precipitation

Abstract Results of lidar measurements of atmospheric ice crystal layers during 36 clear-sky precipitation events at South Pole (2850 m MSL) during the winter over the period March-November 1975 are presented and correlated with ice crystal replicator, radiosonde and visual data. Low-lying “precipitation” and higher “formation” layers were frequently discerned in the lidar returns. In 25% of the events a single surface layer was observed with intermittent or no higher layers present. It was determined from the backscatter profiles that the crystals were growing in the precipitation layer in more than 50% of the events. The average altitudes of the precipitation layer tops during austral night and day were 420 ± 130 m and 650 ± 170 m, respectively, while the average altitudes of the temperature inversion tops for the same two periods were 580 ± 200 m and 500 ± 150 m, respectively. The lidar returns for a few days before and a few days after sunrise (21 September) were unique; high, geometrically thick laye...
Localization of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate to Lipid Rafts and Uroids in the Human Protozoan Parasite Entamoeba histolytica

ABSTRACT Entamoeba histolytica is an intestinal protozoan parasite and is the causative agent of amoebiasis. During invasive infection, highly motile amoebae destroy the colonic epithelium, enter the blood circulation, and disseminate to other organs such as liver, causing liver abscess. Motility is a key factor in E. histolytica pathogenesis, and this process relies on a dynamic actomyosin cytoskeleton. In other systems, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] is known to regulate a wide variety of cellular functions, including signal transduction, actin remodeling, and cell motility. Little is known about the role of PI(4,5)P2 in E. histolytica pathogenicity. In this study, we demonstrate that PI(4,5)P2 is localized to cholesterol-rich microdomains, lipid rafts, and the actin-rich fractions of the E. histolytica membrane. Microscopy revealed that the trailing edge of polarized trophozoites, uroids, are highly enriched in lipid rafts and their constituent lipid, PI(4,5)P2. Polarization and enrichment of uroids and rafts with PI(4,5)P2 were enhanced upon treatment of E. histolytica cells with cholesterol. Exposure to cholesterol also increased intracellular calcium, which is a downstream effector of PI(4,5)P2, with a concomitant increase in motility. Together, our data suggest that in E. histolytica, PI(4,5)P2 may signal from lipid rafts and cholesterol may play a role in triggering PI(4,5)P2-mediated signaling to enhance the motility of this pathogen.
CMOS Active Pixel Sensor (APS) Imager for Scientific Applications

A 512×512 CMOS Active Pixel Sensor (APS) imager has been designed, fabricate, and tested for frontside illumination suitable for use in astronomy specifically in telescope guider systems as a replacement of CCD chips. The imager features a high-speed differential analog readout, 15 μm pixel pitch, 75 % fill factor (FF), 62 dB dynamic range, 315Ke- pixel capacity, less than 0.25% fixed pattern noise (FPN), 45 dB signal to noise ratio (SNR) and frame rate of up to 40 FPS. Design was implemented in a standard 0.5 μm CMOS process technology consuming less than 200mWatts on a single 5 Volt power supply. CMOS Active Pixel Sensor (APS) imager was developed with pixel structure suitable for both frontside and backside illumination holding large number of electron in relatively small pixel pitch of 15 μm. High-speed readout and signal processing circuits were designed to achieve low fixed pattern noise (FPN) and non-uniformity to provide CCD-like analog outputs. Target spectrum range of operation for the imager is in near ultraviolet (300-400 nm) with high quantum efficiency. This device is going to be used as a test vehicle to develop backside-thinning process.
The dynamical origin of non-normal energy scaling and the effect of surface temperature on the trapping of low molecular weight alkanes on Pt(111)

Abstract Molecular classical dynamical simulations of alkanes trapping on platinum surfaces were performed to examine the origin of non-normal energy scaling for molecular adsorption. Conversion of normal to parallel translational energy at normal incidence and conversion of parallel translational energy into normal translational energy at glancing angles are the primary mechanisms which produce non-normal energy scaling of alkanes trapping on cold Pt(111). In addition, a tendency to convert rotational energy gained in the first gas-surface collision into normal translational energy for collisions at glancing incidence further increases the degree of non-normal energy scaling. Increasing surface temperature is shown to have little effect on energy transfer processes in the first bounce but increasing influence on subsequent bounces. Despite difficulties in defining trapping at high surface temperatures, simulations indicate that the initial trapping probability of ethane on Pt(111) does not fall by more than a factor of two over the surface temperature range of 100–700 K.
Improved small-signal equivalent circuit model and large-signal state equations for the MOSFET/MODFET wave equation

A simple non-quasi-static small-signal equivalent circuit model is derived for the ideal MOSFET wave equation under the gradual channel approximation. This equivalent circuit represents each Y-parameter by its DC small-signal value shunted by a (trans) capacitor in series with a charging (trans) resistor. A large-signal model for the intrinsic MOSFET is derived by first implementing this RC topology in the time domain. Modified state equations are then introduced to enforce charge conservation. Transient simulations with this approximate large-signal model yield results that are compared with reported exact numerical analysis for the long channel MOSFET for a wide range of bias conditions. This unified small- and large-signal model applies to both the three- and four-terminal intrinsic MOSFET in the region of the channel where the gradual channel approximation is applicable. A non-quasi-static small-signal equivalent circuit for the velocity-saturated MOSFET wave equation is also reported. >
Grain orientation studies in YBCO superconductors by molten salt synthesis

The molten salt or the flux method is utilized in this study to fabricate a grainoriented YBa2Cu3O7−x superconductor. The formation of YBa2Cu3O7−x in the presence of molten salts of Na, K, Li belonging to chloride and iodide systems does not appear feasible due to the instability of the superconducting phase in these salt systems. Studies using the “green phase,” Y2BaCuO5, as seed crystals suggest a two-stage approach in the formation of YBa2Cu3O7−x. The process uses Y2BaCuO5 formed by molten salt synthesis which has been observed to be stable in water and against most of the salts. The 211 crystals can be mixed with oxides and converted to 123. Analysis of X-ray data and SEM micrographs indicates a certain degree of grain orientation, which can be further enhanced by tape-casting or not-forging.
Net volatile fatty acid absorption in nonlactating holstein cows

Net absorption of volatile fatty acids was measured in four nonlactating Holstein cows fed orchardgrass-clover silage ad libitum and 50 g trace mineralized salt daily. Cows ranged in age from 2 to 4 yr and in body weight from 326 to 525 kg. Portal blood flow and volatile fatty acid concentrations of portal and arterial plasma were determined at 30-min (three cows) or 90-min (one cow) intervals for about 12 h. Mean portal blood flow was 836 liters/h. Mean volatile fatty acid concentrations of portal plasma and differences of portal-arterial concentrations were (mM): acetate 2.00, .67; propionate .264, .228; isobutyrate .022, .017; n-butyrate .057, .038; 2-methylbutyrate .017, .014; 3-methylbutyrate .007, .005; and n-valerate .012, .008. Mean net volatile fatty acid absorption was 682 mmol/h. Acetate and propionate accounted for 91% of net volatile fatty acid absorption on a molar basis and 85% on an energy basis. Net energy absorbed as volatile fatty acid was 5.43 Mcal/cow per day, which was about 35% of calculated metabolizable energy intake. Portal blood flow was maximal 1.5 h postfeeding, and net volatile fatty acid absorption was maximal 2.5 h postfeeding.
Are you who you say you are?: network access management in community college libraries

A growing yet unresolved problem in access services today is controlling user access to resources in a networked environment. This paper describes the history of network authentication, explores the issues involved in selecting an authentication method, discusses the benefits and drawbacks of the various methods, identifies efforts by some integrated library services vendors and academic institutions to address this problem, and makes recommendations for selecting an authentication scheme for a college library. The discussions are based in part upon the results of a survey conducted with California community college libraries, various integrated library system vendors, and online resource companies. Technical terms are defined in a glossary.
Physiological stimulation of plants using delayed and regulated electric field environments

Electric field conditions have been regulated for optimum growth of corn as determined from field delay experiments on both corn and bean plants in a reversed electrostatic field, a conventional electrostatic field,and an electrokinetic (60 cps) field. These experiments have established the critical dynamic potential gradient (field strength necessary to induce physical leaf damage)at about 100 kv/m for extended electrification ( >10 hr) or corn and bean plants.Field delay or field intensity-time duration experiments on corn and bean plants allow a possible relationship between plant growth and storm conditions in the natural environment to be established.