cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Minimalist open-page: a DRAM page-mode scheduling policy for the many-core era

Contemporary DRAM systems have maintained impressive scaling by managing a careful balance between performance, power, and storage density. In achieving these goals, a significant sacrifice has been made in DRAM's operational complexity. To realize good performance, systems must properly manage the significant number of structural and timing restrictions of the DRAM devices. DRAM's use is further complicated in many-core systems where the memory interface is shared among multiple cores/threads competing for memory bandwidth.The use of the "Page-mode" feature of DRAM devices can mitigate many DRAM constraints. Current open-page policies attempt to garner the highest level of page hits. In an effort to achieve this, such greedy schemes map sequential address sequences to a single DRAM resource. This non-uniform resource usage pattern introduces high levels of conflict when multiple workloads in a many-core system map to the same set of resources.In this paper we present a scheme that provides a careful balance between the benefits (increased performance and decreased power), and the detractors (unfairness) of page-mode accesses. In our Minimalist approach, we target "just enough" page-mode accesses to garner page-mode benefits, avoiding system unfairness. We use a fair memory hashing scheme to control the maximum number of page mode hits, and direct the memory scheduler with processor-generated prefetch meta-data.
A computer study of finite-amplitude water waves

Abstract The nonlinear properties of finite-amplitude water waves are modelled by a numerical method based on the Marker and Cell technique. The paper introduces the Stanford University Modified MAC (SUMMAC) code which is shown to be a valid tool for analyzing incompressible flows with a free surface under transient conditions. The method is applied as an example to the run up of a solitary wave on a vertical wall. The results are compared critically with available experimental data.
Activation of multiple cancer pathways and tumor maintenance function of the 3q amplified oncogene FNDC3B

FNDC3B was recently identified in an oncogenomic screen for amplified oncogenes in hepatocellular carcinoma. It is located at 3q26 and is amplified in over 20% of cancers, usually as part of a broad amplified region encompassing the entire 3q arm. Consistent with an oncogenic role in multiple cancer types, we show here that overexpression of FNDC3B is capable of malignantly transforming mammary and kidney epithelial cells in addition to hepatocytes. To explore how FNDC3B transforms cells, we determined the cellular localization of its gene product and the cancer pathways that it activates. We found that the FNDC3B oncoprotein localizes to the Golgi network, and that its correct localization is essential for its transforming function. We found that overexpression of FNDC3B induces the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and activates several cancer pathways, including PI3-kinase/Akt, Rb1 and TGFβ signaling. For TGFβ signaling, we analyzed the point in the pathway at which FNDC3B operates and obtaine...
X-ray photoelectron and Mössbauer spectroscopic studies of iron phosphate glasses containing U, Cs and Bi

Abstract The atomic structure of iron phosphate glasses and those containing common high level nuclear waste components such as UO2, Cs2O and Bi2O3 has been investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Mossbauer spectroscopy. Oxygen 1s spectra indicate that only 16–26% of the oxygen ions are bridging oxygens (BOs). The addition of waste components such as UO2, Cs2O and Bi2O3 does not change the BO/(BO + NBO) ratio appreciably. Some structural similarities in the short range order was found between the glass and crystalline Fe3(P2O7)2 which crystallizes from the glass upon heat treatment. The Mossbauer hyperfine parameters, isomer shift and quadrupole splitting, showed that the environment around iron ions was independent of the composition. In general, the addition of waste elements does not alter the basic features of the parent glass. The measured isomer shifts and quadrupole splittings indicate that the Fe3+ and Fe2+ ions in these glasses are in octahedral or distorted octahedral coordination. The fraction of Fe2+ in the glass increases with the melting temperature. However, most physical properties of these glasses do not depend appreciably on the valence state of iron ions.
A home‐delivered intervention for depressed, cognitively impaired, disabled elders

Objective Problem Adaptation Therapy (PATH) is a new home-delivered intervention designed to reduce depression and disability in depressed, cognitively impaired, disabled elders. A new intervention is needed in this population as antidepressant treatment is effective in only a minority of these patients. Methods PATH focuses on the patient's ecosystem, which includes the patient, the caregiver, and the home environment, to address the needs of depressed, cognitively impaired, disabled elders. It builds on the therapeutic framework of Problem Solving Therapy (PST), which has been efficacious in decreasing depression and disability in cognitively intact depressed elders. To address the needs of depressed elders with advanced cognitive impairment, PATH incorporates environmental adaptations and invites caregiver participation. Results To illustrate the administration of PATH, two case studies with varying degrees of cognitive impairment and caregiver participation are presented. Both patients were administered 12 weeks of PATH at their home. At the end of treatment their depression and disability was significantly reduced. Conclusions PATH is a new home-delivered intervention for depressed elders with cognitive impairment and disability focusing on reducing depression and disability by employing environmental adaptations and inviting caregiver participation. This intervention may provide a treatment alternative for a population with limited success of antidepressant treatment. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protection from Oxidative and Electrophilic Stress in the Gsta4-null Mouse Heart

4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) mediates many pathological effects of oxidative and electrophilic stress and signals to activate cytoprotective gene expression regulated by NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). By exhibiting very high levels of 4-HNE-conjugating activity, the murine glutathione transferase alpha 4 (GSTA4-4) helps regulate cellular 4-HNE levels. To examine the role of 4-HNE in vivo, we disrupted the murine Gsta4 gene. Gsta4-null mice exhibited no cardiac phenotype under normal conditions and no difference in cardiac 4-HNE level as compared to wild-type mice. We hypothesized that the Nrf2 pathway might contribute an important compensatory mechanism to remove excess cardiac 4-HNE in Gsta4-null mice. Cardiac nuclear extracts from Gsta4-null mice exhibited significantly higher Nrf2 binding to antioxidant response elements. We also observed responses in critical Nrf2 target gene products: elevated Sod2, Cat, and Akr1b7 mRNA levels and significant increases in both cardiac antioxidant and anti-electrophile enzyme activities. Gsta4-null mice were less sensitive and maintained normal cardiac function following chronic doxorubicin treatment, known to increase cardiac 4-HNE levels. Hence, in the absence of GSTA4-4 to modulate both physiological and pathological 4-HNE levels, the adaptive Nrf2 pathway may be primed to contribute to a preconditioned cardiac phenotype in the Gsta4-null mouse.
The operational semantics of an active message system

The traditional computer-based message systems, messages are typically viewed as passive entities with no processing power. The users are thus responsible for explicitly creating, routing and processing each message instance. Messages, however, may be viewed as active objects which can do certain processing on their own. This paper explores the concept of “messages as objects” for office automation purposes.
Intralesional Treatment of Established Murine Primary Renal Tumor With Interleukin-4: Localized Effect on Primary Tumor With no Impact on Metastases

ABSTRACTIn an effort to develop new strategies for immunotherapy of metastatic renal cell carcinoma, we investigated the therapeutic potential of interleukin-4 in a visceral renal tumor using the murine Renca renal adenocarcinoma model. Renca cells were implanted underneath the renal capsule of Balb/c mice to induce a primary tumor that spontaneously metastasized to several organs. Established primary renal tumors 4 to 6 mm. in diameter were treated by intralesional administration of recombinant murine interleukin-4 (IL-4). This treatment caused a marked inhibition of the primary tumor growth but had little effect on the progression of metastases in the liver, mesentery and lungs. Immunohistochemistry studies performed on renal tumor sections showed a macrophage infiltration that became predominant 7 days after IL-4 treatment. CD8+ T cells were also observed at the periphery and within the tumor. These data suggest that IL-4 mediated a potent antitumor effect when administered intralesionally although its...
Optimal Mass Transport for Registration and Warping

Image registration is the process of establishing a common geometric reference frame between two or more image data sets possibly taken at different times. In this paper we present a method for computing elastic registration and warping maps based on the Monge–Kantorovich theory of optimal mass transport. This mass transport method has a number of important characteristics. First, it is parameter free. Moreover, it utilizes all of the grayscale data in both images, places the two images on equal footing and is symmetrical: the optimal mapping from image A to image B being the inverse of the optimal mapping from B to A. The method does not require that landmarks be specified, and the minimizer of the distance functional involved is uniques there are no other local minimizers. Finally, optimal transport naturally takes into account changes in density that result from changes in area or volume. Although the optimal transport method is certainly not appropriate for all registration and warping problems, this mass preservation property makes the Monge–Kantorovich approach quite useful for an interesting class of warping problems, as we show in this paper. Our method for finding the registration mapping is based on a partial differential equation approach to the minimization of the L2 Kantorovich–Wasserstein or “Earth Mover's Distance” under a mass preservation constraint. We show how this approach leads to practical algorithms, and demonstrate our method with a number of examples, including those from the medical field. We also extend this method to take into account changes in intensity, and show that it is well suited for applications such as image morphing.
Ecological Validity of Indicator Data as Predictors of Survey Findings

In a series of sh1die.r the validity of preexisting indicator data, based on child and family variables, was tested by means of an extensive sample survey with individual case interviews in two counties in New York State. The counties included one of the highest and one of the lowest in the state, as measured on a specially developed index. On comparable variables a close fit was found between the indicator and the survey data. When the more extensive field data were subjected to multiple regression analyses to determine how broadly predictive the indicators are, however, it was found that prediction was much better for subcounty areas than for counties as a whole. These findings have implications for planning at both national and local levels.
The effect of neonatal thymectomy on antibody responses to histocompatibility antigens in the rat

Abstract Neonatally thymectomized rats produced alloantibody of only the IgM class in response to histocompatibility (H) antigens governed by the major H locus. They produced no antibody against minor H antigens. Unaltered rats produced only IgG antibody against minor H antigens and this response is therefore termed T cell obligatory. This is in distinction to the T cell-dependent response of unaltered rats to major H antigens, which is composed of an initial IgM component followed by conversion to production of IgG.
Enhancement by Deoxyribonucleic Acid of the Catalytic Peroxidation of Pyrogallol

POLYSACCHARIDE and other non-protein macro-molecules have been found to serve as directive surfaces (‘matrices’) in the oxidative polymerization of eugenol to lignin1,2. Other phenolic monomers and Matrices also form systems exhibiting directed polymerization. However, in addition to such effects, certain matrix substances accelerate the oxidation or autoxidation of polyphenols. Particularly striking in this connexion is the effect of salmon sperm deoxyribonucleic aeid on the oxidation by Fe+++− hydrogen peroxide of pyrogallol. When deoxyribonucleic acid in amounts up to 3 mgm. per 10 ml. reaction mixture (pyrogallol, 0.1 m.mole ; hydrogen peroxide, 0.2 m.mole; potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.1 m.mole; Fe+++ 0.01–0.02 m.mole) is present, the rate of peroxidation of the phenol is increased over the control-rate for iron alone as much as 115 per cent (Fig. 1).
Depositionally and Diagenetically Controlled Reservoir Heterogeneity at Jordan Field

This article reports on the San Andres reservoir in the University Lands Jordan field which has produced 68 MMSTB (11 {times} 10{sup 6} stock-tank m{sup 3}) of the 182 MMSTB (29 {times} 10{sup 6} stock-tank m{sup 3}) of original oil place (OOIP); an estimated 44 MMSTB (7 {times} 10{sup 6} stock-tank m{sup 3}) of mobile oil remains in this reservoir. The reservoir is divided into four flow units on the basis of depositional textures and subsequent digenetic overprint. The locus of highest production corresponds to a trend of high reservoir storage capacity in Zone C, which has been affected by a permeability-increasing, carbonate-leaching digenetic alteration. This locus crosscuts structure. An area of low production corresponds to an area of highest reservoir storage capacity in Zone B, which has not been affected by this digenetic alteration. This low-production area is in an up-dip position but has been inefficiently swept by the waterflood.
Stability of Nonaqueous Emulsions

Abstract We examined the stability of emulsions of oil in several nonaqueous polar liquids using commercially available nonionic surfactants. Stable nonaqueous emulsions were only obtained with formamide and dimethylsulfoxide. Hydrogen bonding, and not polarity, appears to be the important factor determining the emulsifying power of a solvent. Ostwald ripening plays a much more important role in the stability of these nonaqueous emulsions than in the corresponding aqueous systems. This destabilizing process can be prevented, however, by addition to the oil phase of a small amount (1%) of an oil that has a very low solubility in the continuous phase. Furthermore, a larger size of the surfactant molecule protects emulsions against droplet coalescence. Thus, emulsions in formamide and dimethylsulfoxide did not show any breakdown when stabilized with a triblock copolymer of polyoxyethylene–polyoxypropylene–polyoxyethylene.
Tonic immobility in Japanese quail can reduce the probability of sustained attack by cats

In a two-choice experiment, cats (Felis domesticus) chose an active quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) more often than a quail in tonic immobility (TI). In a second experiment, cats were individually presented with two active quail in an open field. Holding and biting by the cat, particularly about the neck, was necessary for inducing TI in a bird. Overall, the total time spent by a cat in stalking, attacking, and handling a bird was inversely related to the total time spent in TI by the bird. These results support the hypothesis that TI is a terminal defense mechanism elicited by predator contact. TI apparently eliminates the movement stimuli that sustain further attack.
Limited engraftment of low-risk myelodysplastic syndrome cells in NOD/SCID gamma-C chain knockout mice.

Limited engraftment of low-risk myelodysplastic syndrome cells in NOD/SCID gamma-C chain knockout mice
Oligocene and Miocene metamorphism, folding, and low-angle faulting in northwestern Utah

An area of 3,000 km 2 in and around the Grouse Creek Mountains and the Raft River Mountains exposes Precambrian, Paleozoic, and Triassic sedimentary rocks that were folded several times and displaced tens of kilometres on low-angle faults. Overturned folds and local imbrications indicate transport westward and northward during two episodes of metamorphic deformation and transport eastward after metamorphism. Metamorphic grade increases downward in the allochthonous sheets and autochthon and increases westward in the autochthon. Mineral grains are flattened into the horizontal plane, and shear strains increase upward, suggesting that the deformations were caused by gravity acting on a broadly heated dome. Rb-Sr dating of granitic plutons affected by the deformations indicates that (1) the area is underlain by adamellite, about 2.5 b.y. old, in which deformation decreased progressively downward; (2) the first metamorphic deformation probably ended before 38.2 ± 2.0 m.y. ago; and (3) the second metamorphic deformation was still underway 24.9 ± 0.6 m.y. ago. High-grade allochthonous rocks that lie on low-grade parts of the autochthon indicate as much as 30 km of eastward transport after metamorphism. Parts of the dome sagged to form broad basins 12 m.y. ago, and the coarse sediments and tuffs that accumulated in them were overrun by allochthonous sheets measuring at least 11 by 19 km. Two Rb-Sr mineral isochrons and several fission-track ages indicate that some parts of the area cooled below 400 °C only 10 m.y. ago.
Choline/orphan V8-2-1/creatine transporter mRNA is expressed in nervous, renal and gastrointestinal systems

Abstract Several cDNAs with substantial sequence homologies to members of the neurotransmitter transporter gene family currently remain ‘orphan’ transporters, without clearly-identified substrates. We were concerned that a cDNA ‘V8-2-1’ isolated from a ventral midbrain cDNA library in this laboratory and a virtually-identical cDNA ‘CHOT1’ reported by Mayser et al. [J. Neurochem., 20 (1973) 581–593] might represent such an orphan. Despite initial reports that it could mediate some choline uptake; neither CHOT1 nor V8-2-1 was demonstrated to confer pharmacologically appropriate choline uptake not already present in either Xenopus oocytes or COS cells. Determination of the regional and tissue-specific distribution of mRNA hybridizing with V8-2-1 cDNA was undertaken to aid in identifying its function. Examination of the distribution of V8-2-1 expression reveals several novel features of this transporter gene family member's distribution, including several features that add to current evidence suggesting that the clone may not encode the classical pharmacologically-defined, hemicholinium-3 sensitive high affinity transporter of cholinergic neurons. This data fits with and extends recent data that suggest that this cDNA represent creatine transporter, and provides initial documentation of his regional distribution in brain.
Microscopic causality and quantized solitary waves

Microscopic causality in quantum field theory has been expressed in several forms (~'a), both for free field theories and those with interactions. In this note nficroscopic causality in free field theories is statcd in a manner which generalizes to quantized solitary-wave theories--relativistic quantum field theories which have either polynomial or nonpolynonfial self interactions (4). A typical example of a nonlinear field theory with solutions resembling classical solitary waves is the theory with field equation
Postoperative nausea and vomiting: The outpatient enigma

Postoperative nausea and vomiting is an all too common side effect of surgery and anesthesia. The usual occurrence of vomiting within the first 24 hours following surgery involves one quarter to one third of all patients. Although nausea and vomiting is typically self-limiting, lasting less than 24 hours, the consequences must be considered. Patient dissatisfaction, adverse physiological sequelae, delays in discharge from the ambulatory facility, unanticipated hospital admission, and added cost are problems associated with postoperative vomiting. This article will review the multiple factors contributing to postoperative nausea and vomiting and discuss contemporary strategies for the management of these factors.
Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of the Rubrocerebellar Premotor Network of the Turtle

Neuroanatomical studies have demonstrated that the organization of the reptilian rubrocerebellar limb premotor network is similar to that of mammals. This network is composed of prominent recurrent connections among the red nucleus, lateral cerebellar nucleus and lateral reticular nucleus. In this paper the rubrocerebellar system of the turtle was three-dimensionally reconstructed to permit detailed examination of its anatomical organization. Each nucleus and its major efferent pathway was imaged and reconstructed from separate anatomical cases. Section images were used to draw tissue boundaries, mark cell positions and locate axonal trajectories. For each nucleus, drawings of section images containing labeled cells were stacked in the rostrocaudal direction using anatomical landmarks, and a graphic model of the surface was constructed using the method of triangulation. An ellipsoid of equal concentration was computed for each nucleus to ascertain their three-dimensional boundaries and location within the brainstem. To examine the entire rubrocerebellar network, a template of the turtle brainstem and cerebellum was constructed. The component nuclei of the rubrocerebellar network and their axonal projections were then spatially warped onto the template reconstruction on a section by section basis. The final three-dimensional reconstruction of the turtle rubrocerebellar limb premotor network could be rotated in space, allowing proper visualization of the anatomical details of this system. Furthermore, we were able to mathematically section through the reconstruction to obtain brainstem slices with differing orientations and thickness.
Voiding Cystourethrogram—Are Our Protocols the Same?

Purpose: Voiding cystourethrogram is the gold standard for evaluating and diagnosing vesicoureteral reflux. Reflux detection can potentially be affected by many parameters during voiding cystourethrogram.Materials and Methods: A 29-item survey was sent via e-mail through SurveyMonkey® to the chairperson of pediatric radiology at 65 national pediatric hospitals. This survey included questions on institutional protocols for performing voiding cystourethrogram.Results: Responses were received from 41 institutions from across North America, including 17 of 19 Randomized Intervention for Children with Vesicoureteral Reflux study sites. Many aspects of the reports of voiding cystourethrogram protocols were similar with 90% or greater agreement in allowing parents in the room, contrast infusion by gravity, catheter or feeding tube use without balloons, no contrast dilution and voiding without a catheter in place. The height at which contrast medium was raised for infusion was 40, 60, 80, 100 and greater than 100...
Genomics: moving behavioural ecology beyond the phenotypic gambit

Researchers studying the adaptive significance of behaviour typically assume that genetic mechanisms will not inhibit evolutionary trajectories, an assumption commonly known as the ‘phenotypic gambit’. Although the phenotypic gambit continues to be a useful heuristic for behavioural ecology, here we discuss how genomic methods provide new tools and conceptual approaches that are relevant to behavioural ecology. We first describe how the concept of a genetic toolkit for behaviour can allow behavioural ecologists to synthesize both genomic and ecological information when assessing behavioural adaptation. Then we show how gene expression profiles can be viewed as complex phenotypic measurements, used to (1) predict behaviour, (2) evaluate phenotypic plasticity and (3) devise methods to manipulate behaviour in order to test adaptive hypotheses. We propose that advances in genomics and bioinformatics may allow researchers to overcome some of the logistical obstacles that motivated the inception of the phenotypic gambit. Behavioural ecology and genomics are mutually informative, providing potential synergy that could lead to powerful advances in the field of animal behaviour.
Active multispot projection for object tracking and recognition

Phase-only spatial light modulators provide active pattern projection. Unlike incoherent techniques, the pattern energy is inversely proportional to the total pattern area. We refer to this flexible pattern/beamsteering system as the real-time adaptive multi-spot laser beamsteering system (RAMS-LBS). The spatial light modulator under investigation is a, 512x512 element, phase-only liquid crystal device recently produced by Boulder Non-linear Systems Incorporated. A laser tweezer is a powerful micromanipulation tool in both the physical and life sciences. In this study, we introduce the detection and tracking of the movement of particles that are controlled by the laser tweezers. The detection and tracking philosophy of these methods are to use optical flow and matched filter techniques. Our discussion will include different tracking protocol and some demonstrations of shape recognition. We have also developed a numerical simulation integrated with experimental implementation.
Glucuronidation of N-hydroxy metabolites of N-acetylbenzidine

Glucuronidation of N-hydroxy arylamines is thought to be a necessary step in their initiation of bladder cancer. This was evaluated for the N-hydroxy metabolites of N-acetylbenzidine (ABZ). N'-Hydroxy-N-acetylbenzidine (N'-HA), N-hydroxy-N-acetylbenzidine (N-HA) and N-hydroxy- N,N'-diacetylbenzidine (N-HDA) were synthesized. Except for N'-HA, these compounds were quite stable. Ascorbic acid and/or acidic pH increased the stability of N'-HA. When each N-hydroxy compound was added to reaction mixtures containing [14C]UDP-glucuronic acid, 3 mM ascorbic acid and human liver microsomes a new product was detected by HPLC. Emulgen 911 was a better detergent than Triton X-100 for expressing microsomal activity, with maximal glucuronidation observed with 0.3% Emulgen 911. At 0.125 mM amine the rate of glucuronidation was N-HDA >> N'-HA = benzidine > ABZ > N-HA. In contrast, at 0.5 mM amine the rate of glucuronidation of N-HA was only exceeded by N-HDA. At pH 5.5 and 37 degrees C the t1/2 for the enzymatically prepared glucuronide conjugates of ABZ, N'-HA and N-HA were 7.5 min and 3.5 and 1.8 h respectively. For N-HDA > 90% of this glucuronide remained after 24 h. At pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C the t1/2 for the glucuronide conjugates of ABZ and N-HA were 2.3 and 2 h respectively, with the amounts remaining after 24 h for N'-HA and N-HDA being 75 and 90% respectively. At pH 6.5 the t1/2 for N'-HA was 14 h. Thus only glucuronides of ABZ and N'-HA exhibit pH-dependent changes in t1/2. Compared with ABZ, glucuronides the N-hydroxy metabolites are more stable at acidic pH. Acidic urine would be more likely to hydrolyze the glucuronide conjugate of ABZ than those of its N-hydroxy metabolites. Because these results are different from that hypothesized for arylmonoamines, a new model was developed to explain the role of N-oxidation, N-glucuronidation and N-acetylation in the carcinogenesis of benzidine, an aryldiamine.
Stimulation of glucose metabolism by lectins in isolated white fat cells

Abstract Addition of 5 μg/ml concanavalin A to isolated white fat cells in the presence of 1 % albumin maximally stimulated the conversion of d -[1-14C]glucose to CO2, glyceride-glycerol and fatty acids over a 1 h incubation period; as little as 1 μg/ml agglutinin increased fat cell glucose oxidation more than 2-fold. Labelled CO2 production in the presence of concanavalin A was linear for at least 90 min and was inhibited by 40 mM α-methyl- d -glucoside which had little effect on basal or insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation. The effect of a submaximal concentration of the agglutinin was additive to that of submaximal but not maximal concentrations of insulin. Concanavalin A caused agglutination of fat cells which could be readily detected by light microscopy. Digestion of fat cells with 0.5 mg/ml trypsin for 15 min did not affect subsequent agglutination and inhibited the increased glucose oxidation due to concanavalin A by less than 30%. Thus the action of concanavalin A was much less sensitive to trypsinization of fat cells than insulin since trypsin under the above conditions completely abolished the effect of insulin. An anti-blood group A agglutinin from Phaseolus lunatus and Lens culanaris agglutinin also markedly stimulatedfat cell glucose conversion to CO2. Agglutinin-stimulated glucose metabolism was inhibited by phloretin. This binding of several types of specific plant lectins to fat cell membrane glycoprotein(s) and/or glycolipid(s) apparently initiates events which results in increased glucose transport.
Wet mammals shake at tuned frequencies to dry.

In cold wet weather, mammals face hypothermia if they cannot dry themselves. By rapidly oscillating their bodies, through a process similar to shivering, furry mammals can dry themselves within seconds. We use high-speed videography and fur particle tracking to characterize the shakes of 33 animals (16 animals species and five dog breeds), ranging over four orders of magnitude in mass from mice to bears. We here report the power law relationship between shaking frequency f and body mass M to be f ∼ M−0.22, which is close to our prediction of f ∼ M−0.19 based upon the balance of centrifugal and capillary forces. We also observe a novel role for loose mammalian dermal tissue: by whipping around the body, it increases the speed of drops leaving the animal and the ensuing dryness relative to tight dermal tissue.
Variable-temperature rate coefficients of proton-transfer equilibrium reaction C2H4 + H3O+ ⇄ C2H5+ + H2O measured with a coaxial molecular beam radio frequency ring electrode ion trap.

The rate coefficients for the forward and reverse proton-transfer reactions C2H4 + H3O+ ⇄ C2H5+ + H2O are studied with respect to independent varied neutral molecule and ion temperatures. The measurements are performed using a coaxial molecular beam radio frequency ring electrode ion trap at trap temperatures down to 23 K and beam temperatures up to 450 K. The temperature-dependent rate coefficients suggest that in this temperature window, the reaction proceeds through a statistically equilibrated complex. In order to explain the observed rate coefficients, a new type of reaction temperature was defined in these studies that considered collisional and internal (rotational and vibrational) degrees of freedom of both H3O+ and C2H4. The enthalpy and entropy of the equilibrium reaction deduced from a Van't Hoff plot are ΔH = (5.1 ± 0.5) kJ·mol–1 and ΔS = (−15.0 ± 0.9) J·mol–1·K–1, respectively.
Community health education--literature from the seventies: a field practitioner survey.

A national sample of community health education practitioners in the United States was surveyed by mail and asked to select five articles published during the 1970's they would recommend that their colleagues read. The study was conducted in late 1979 after a comparable national survey of university health education faculty by Cernada and Chen (International Quarterly of Community Health Education, 1:2 and 2:1). The recommended readings were collected and abstracted, and are presented in annotated bibliographic form. A comparison of practitioner and academic selections is in preparation.
DICTIONARIES of THE MIND

How lexical information should be formulated, and how it is organized in computer memory for rapid retrieval, are central questions for computational linguists who want to create systems for language understanding. How lexical knowledge is acquired, and how it is organized in human memory for rapid retrieval during language use, are also central questions for cognitive psychologists. Some examples of psycholinguistic research on the lexical component of language are reviewed with special attention to their implications for the computational problem.
Illustrated techniques for performing the Cox-Maze IV procedure through a right mini-thoracotomy

The Cox-Maze IV procedure has replaced the “cut-and-sew” technique of the original Cox-Maze operation with lines of ablation created using bipolar radiofrequency (RF) and cryothermal energy devices. In select patients, this procedure can be performed through a right mini-thoracotomy. This illustrated review is the first to detail the complete steps of the Cox-Maze IV procedure performed through a right mini-thoracotomy with careful attention paid to operative anatomy and advice. Pre- and post-operative management and outcomes are also discussed. This should be a practical guide for the practicing cardiac surgeon.
IDIOTYPIC DETERMINANTS OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN M DETECTED ON THE SURFACE OF HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES BY CYTOTOXICITY ASSAYS

The complement-mediated cytotoxicity assay has been used to demonstrate surface immunoglobulin determinants on human peripheral blood lymphocytes. In two individuals with monoclonal serum IgM components, idiotypic antisera demonstrated similar components on a significant proportion of the peripheral blood lymphocytes.
Compassion and pity: An evaluation of Nussbaum's analysis and defense

In this paper I argue that Martha Nussbaum’s Aristotelian analysis of compassion and pity is faulty, largely because she fails to distinguish between (a) an emotion’s basic constitutive conditions and the associated constitutive or “intrinsic” norms, (b) “extrinsic” normative conditions, for instance, instrumental and moral considerations, and (c) the causal conditions under which emotion is most likely to be experienced. I also argue that her defense of compassion and pity as morally valuable emotions is inadequate because she treats a wide variety of objections as all stemming from a common commitment to a Stoic conception of the good. I argue that these objections can be construed as neutral between conceptions of the good. I conclude by arguing that construed in this way there are nonetheless plausible replies to these objections.
Ground level muons in coincidence with the solar flare of 15 April 2001

[1] The counting rate of single muon tracks from the Project GRAND proportional wire chamber array is examined during the Ground Level Event (GLE) of 15 April 2001. The GLE was seen by neutron monitor stations shortly after the time of the solar X-ray flare. GRAND's single muon data are presented and compared with neutron monitor data from Climax, Newark, and Oulu. The single muon data have mean primary hadron energies higher than those of these neutron monitor stations and so contain information about higher energy hadrons. For the single muon data for Project GRAND the GLE is detected at a statistical significance of 6.1σ.
Lifetime in Space of Possible Parent Molecules of Cometary Radicals

Space lifetime of possible parent molecules of radicals in comets estimated from absorption cross sections and solar uv flux
Freeze Tolerance and Cryoprotectant Synthesis of the Pacific Tree Frog Hyla regilla

Abstract Freeze tolerance and cryoprotectant synthesis was examined in Hyla regilla, collected from Northern California in the spring and fall. Specimens frozen at 2 C for six and 12 hours had a survival rate of 10% and 80%, respectively, in both seasons. This is the first report of freeze tolerance for H. regilla. Freezing caused a fivefold increase in plasma glucose levels in the spring and a 14-fold increase in the fall. Ice formation induced a rise in liver glucose and glycerol production in both seasons with concentrations of liver glucose being greater in the fall than in the spring. The increase in glucose was accompanied by a significant decline in liver glycogen. Seasonal differences in muscle glycogen levels in response to freezing were not shown, suggesting that the liver is the organ responsible for cryoprotectant synthesis. The rise in plasma glucose, along with increased levels of liver glucose and glycerol in response to freezing, suggests that these compounds are being used as cryoprotecta...
Divergent Selection for Growth in Japanese Quail Under Split and Complete Nutritional Environments. 7. Heterosis and Combining Ability Among Diallel Crosses Following Twenty-Seven Generations of Selection

Abstract Growth patterns of quail lines divergently selected for 4-wk BW under split and complete nutrition environments were investigated utilizing a diallel mating scheme. The design, involving 16 mating combinations, allowed investigation of heterotic effects, reciprocal cross effects, and combining ability. Progeny from Generation 27 breeders were evaluated in two hatches under both selection diets. Heterosis for hatch weight was essentially zero; however, percentage heterosis from High × High crosses and Low × Low crosses ranged from 5 to 18% after 1 wk of age. Quail progeny from Low × High crosses were consistently larger than quail from reciprocal High × Low crosses under both selection diets. Reciprocal differences were greatest immediately posthatch and declined with age. However, in crosses involving males from High and Low split diet lines mated to females from High and Low complete diet lines, large reciprocal differences in BW remained at 8 wk. Mean heterosis values for BW across ages from crossing High and Low lines both within and across selection environments were negative in six of eight comparisons. Mean values ranged from +3 to −11% and indicated that greater selection responses may have been made in divergent selection for low 4-wk BW than for high BW. General combining ability of lines was greater when transmitted via females as opposed to males, and was similar under the two diets (split and complete). There was evidence that high-BW lines exhibited greater general combining ability under both dietary environments than did low-BW lines.
Potential Uses of Focus Groups in Federal Policy and Program Evaluation Studies

This article discusses the potential uses of focus groups as a formal data collection technique in federal policy and program evaluation studies. By policy studies, we mean studies that examine how existing and/or prospective policies might affect program activities. These studies will frequently be descriptive in nature and of relatively short duration. The results are intended to be used by the policymaker (agency head, congressperson, and so forth) to inform decisions about program policies. In these studies, qualitative methods often are used as the principal means of collecting data.
Tillage Method and Sowing Rate Relations for Dryland Spring Wheat, Barley, and Oat

Modern NT drills efficiently place seed and fertilizer in one pass through standing residue of the previous
Noise and rank-dependent geometrical filter improves sensitivity of highly specific discovery by microarrays

Summary: MASH is a mathematical algorithm that discovers highly specific states of expression from genomic profiling by microarrays. The goal at the outset of this analysis was to improve the sensitivity of MASH. The geometrical representations of microarray datasets in the 3D space are rank-dependent and unique to each dataset. The first filter (F1) of MASH defines a zone of instability whose F1-sensitive ratios have large variations. A new filter (Fs) constructs in the 3D space rank-dependent lower and upper-bound contour surfaces, which are modeled based on the geometry of the unique noise intrinsic to each dataset. As compared with MASH, Fs increases sensitivity significantly without lowering the high specificity of discovery. Fs facilitates studies in functional genomics and systems biology. Contact: hfathall@rush.edu Supplementary information: http://www.rushu.rush.edu/neurosci/Fathallah.html
Multiple-Instance Hidden Markov Model for GPR-Based Landmine Detection

Hidden Markov models (HMMs) have previously been successfully applied to subsurface threat detection using ground penetrating radar (GPR) data. However, parameter estimation in most HMM-based landmine detection approaches is difficult since object locations are typically well known for the 2-D coordinates on the Earth's surface but are not well known for object depths underneath the ground/time of arrival in a GPR A-scan. As a result, in a standard expectation maximization HMM (EM-HMM), all depths corresponding to a particular alarm location may be labeled as target sequences although the characteristics of data from different depths are substantially different. In this paper, an alternate HMM approach is developed using a multiple-instance learning (MIL) framework that considers an unordered set of HMM sequences at a particular alarm location, where the set of sequences is defined as positive if at least one of the sequences is a target sequence; otherwise, the set is defined as negative. Using the MIL framework, a collection of these sets (bags), along with their labels is used to train the target and nontarget HMMs simultaneously. The model parameters are inferred using variational Bayes, making the model tractable and computationally efficient. Experimental results on two synthetic and two landmine data sets show that the proposed approach performs better than a standard EM-HMM.
Area-efficient VLSI implementation of FIR digital filters using shifted partial products

The authors describe a novel method of computing scalar-vector products based on shifted partial products of the vector elements. The method achieves a several-fold reduction in the computation required to implement a scalar-vector product. Of interest is the application of this idea to the highly parallel, area-efficient VLSI implementation of a finite impulse response digital filter in the transpose form. The reduction in computation translates into an overall decrease in chip area required for a VLSI layout of the filter. As an example in a representative VLSI technology, a pipelined design yields a 30% decrease in chip area per tap and a 20% decrease in overall chip area compared to a modified Booth's multiplier implementation. >
Molecular biology and anatomy of Drosophila olfactory associative learning.

Summary Most of our current knowledge of olfactory associative learning in Drosophila comes from the behavioral and molecular analysis of mutants that fail to learn. The identities of the genes affected in these mutants implicate new signaling pathways as mediators of associative learning. The expression patterns of these genes provide insight into the neuroanatomical areas that underlie learning. In recent years, there have been great strides in understanding the molecular and neuroanatomical basis for olfaction in insects. It is now clear that much of the association between the conditioned stimuli and the unconditioned stimuli in olfactory learning occurs within mushroom bodies — third order olfactory neurons within the central brain. In this review, we discuss the nature of the behavioral tasks, the molecules, and the neuronal circuits involved in olfactory learning in Drosophila. BioEssays 23:571‐581, 2001. fl 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Science of Consciousness

Most people consider science to be the study of the objective, physical world that exists independent of our awareness of it. From this perspective, it seems impossible to develop a scientific theory of consciousness because consciousness is a subjective experience that is outside the realm of the phenomena explained by science.
Principal and Subsidiary Dialect Areas in the North-Central States

W i t h t h e publication of Kurath’s Word Geography of the Eastern United States, 1 students of American English were provided for the first time with a sound and solidly based concept of the dialect areas to be recognized in this country. There is no need to go into details of his study. I t will suffice to say that Kurath disposed once and for all of such negatively conceived catch-all categories as General American. On the positive side he must be credited with the concept of Midland as a specific speech area and type, and with recognizing the essential unity of Northern. This is brief, but it establishes a basis for the present discussion. I t will be recalled that each of Kurath’s major dialect regions is divided into a number of sub-areas. Those which are significant for the present purpose are shown on Map 1. The largest single subdivision in the Northern speech area is Kurath’s Number 4, consisting of upstate New York and western Vermont. I t leads directly into the Western Reserve of Ohio and into the portion of Ontario which is included in the territory covered by the linguistic Atlas of the North-Central States. The three sub-divisions of the Midland area adjacent to the territory included in the NorthCentral atlas are numbered 10, 11, and 12 by Kurath. He calls these areas the Upper Ohio Valley, Northern West Virginia, and Southern West Virginia respectively. In general the boundary between areas 10 and 11 follows the northern watershed of the Monongahela; that between areas 11 and 12 is the line of the Kanawha Valley. Except for a few scattered places in Kentucky and Indiana, the field records of the Linguistic Atlas of the North-Central States have been completed. They are approximately 350 in number, representing some 175 communities in the six states and the portion of Ontario indicated on Map 2 and those which follow.
Discovering taxonomic structure in design archives with application to risk-mitigating actions in a large engineering organisation

ABSTRACTThis paper demonstrates a general iterative technique for discovering a taxonomy that categorises information contained within a weakly structured design project archive. It is common for large engineering organisations to maintain archives about past design projects. In principle, engineering organisations could mine these archives to extract useful lessons and relationships that would improve future design projects. However, this is difficult in practice, since archives often consist of weakly structured data formats, such as plaintext documentation. This restricts the use of many useful analysis tools. The taxonomy-discovery process presented here is a critical first step towards unlocking the value of such archives. The technique is based on methods from the qualitative research literature. We demonstrate this process by creating a taxonomy of risk-mitigating actions in design projects based on a design project archive from a large engineering organisation. We discuss practical considerations ...