cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A New Approach for Interpreting the Morisita Index of Aggregation through Quadrat Size

Spatial point pattern analysis is commonly used in ecology to examine the spatial distribution of individual organisms or events, which may shed light on the operation of underlying ecological processes driving the development of a spatial pattern. Commonly used quadrat-based methods of measuring spatial clustering or dispersion tend to be strongly influenced by the choice of quadrat size and population density. Using valley oak (Quercus lobata) stands at multiple sites, we show that values of the Morisita Index are sensitive to the choice of quadrat size, and that the comparative interpretation of the index for multiple sites or populations is problematic due to differences in scale and clustering intensity from site to site, which may call for different quadrat sizes for each site. We present a new method for analyzing the Morisita Index to estimate the appropriate quadrat size for a given site and to aid interpretation of the clustering index across multiple sites with local differences. By plotting the maximum clustering intensity (Imr) found across a range of quadrat sizes, we were able to describe how a spatial pattern changes when quadrat size varies and to identify scales of clustering and quadrat sizes for analysis of spatial patterns under different local conditions. Computing and plotting the instantaneous rate of change (first derivative of rMax), we were able to evaluate clustering across multiple sites on a standardized scale. The magnitude of the rMax first derivative is a useful tool to quantify the degree of crowding, dispersion, or random spatial distribution as a function of quadrat size.
Concise Synthesis of (−)-Hodgkinsine, (−)-Calycosidine, (−)-Hodgkinsine B, (−)-Quadrigemine C, and (−)-Psycholeine via Convergent and Directed Modular Assembly of Cyclotryptamines

The enantioselective total synthesis of (−)-hodgkinsine, (−)-calycosidine, (−)-hodgkinsine B, (−)-quadrigemine C, and (−)-psycholeine through a diazene-directed assembly of cyclotryptamine fragments is described. Our synthetic strategy enables multiple and directed assembly of intact cyclotryptamine subunits for convergent synthesis of highly complex bis- and tris-diazene intermediates. Photoextrusion of dinitrogen from these intermediates enables completely stereoselective formation of all C3a–C3a′ and C3a–C7′ carbon–carbon bonds and all the associated quaternary stereogenic centers. In a representative example, photoextrusion of three dinitrogen molecules from an advanced intermediate in a single-step led to completely controlled introduction of four quaternary stereogenic centers and guided the assembly of four cyclotryptamine monomers en route to (−)-quadrigemine C. The synthesis of these complex diazenes was made possible through a new methodology for synthesis of aryl-alkyl diazenes using electronic...
Anemia in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

OBJECTIVES Anemia is the most frequent extra-intestinal finding in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence and types of anemia in pediatric patients with IBD at diagnosis and at approximately 1 year follow-up. METHODS This is a retrospective chart review of patients diagnosed with IBD from 2005 to 2012, ages 1 to 18 years. Patients who had hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, and iron indices obtained at the time of diagnosis and at approximately 1 year follow-up were included in the study. The prevalence of anemia at the beginning and the end of the study was recorded. Using the soluble transferrin receptor index the type of anemia was determined. RESULTS At diagnosis, 67.31% of patients were anemic. Overall, 28.85% of patients had either iron deficiency anemia (IDA) or a combination of IDA and anemia of chronic disease (ACD), whereas 38.46% had ACD alone. At follow-up, 20.51% were anemic. 15.38% had either IDA or a combination of IDA and ACD; 5.13% had ACD alone. The pattern of anemia and response to therapy differed among the IBD phenotypes CONCLUSIONS:: Anemia is frequent in inflammatory bowel disease. The prevalence was higher in Crohn disease (CD). At 1 year, the prevalence of anemia decreased significantly, but persisted. Anemia of chronic disease predominated in CD. Iron deficiency anemia continued to be present in CD and ulcerative colitis.
THE STRUCTURE OF Li(NH3)4

Measurements are reported on the structure of Li(NH3)4 near 77°K which are consistent with those of Mammano and Sienko. The space groups suggested by Mammano and Sienko are not consistent with the data.
Reduced Basis Technique for Calculating Sensitivity Derivatives of the Nonlinear Structural Response

An efficient reduced basis technique is presented for calculating the sensitivity of nonlinear structural response to variations in the design variables. The structure is discretized by using two-field mixed finite element models. The vector of structural response and its sensitivity derivatives, with respect to design variables, are each expressed as a linear combination of a small number of global approximation (or basis) vectors. The Bubnov-Galerkin technique is then used to approximate each of the finite element equations governing the response, and the sensitivity derivatives, by a small number of algebraic equations in the amplitudes of these vectors. The path derivatives (derivatives of the response vector with respect to path parameters — e.g., load parameter) are used as basis vectors for approximating the response. A combination of the path derivatives and their derivatives with respect to the design variables is used for approximating the sensitivity derivatives. The potential of the proposed technique is discussed and its effectiveness is demonstrated by means of a numerical examples of laminated composite plates subjected to uniform transverse loading.
Estimating Radium Activity in Shale Gas Produced Brine

Shale gas reservoir-produced brines may contain elevated levels of naturally occurring radioactive material, including Ra-226 and Ra-228, which come from the decay of U-238 and Th-232 in shale. While the total Ra activity in shale gas wastewaters can vary by over 3 orders of magnitude, the parent radionuclides tend to only vary by 1 order of magnitude. The extent of Ra mobilization from the shale into produced brines is thought to be largely controlled by adsorption/desorption from the shale, which is influenced by shale cation exchange capacity (CEC) and reservoir brine salinity, often reported as the total dissolved solids (TDS). To determine how these factors lead to such large variation in Ra activity of produced brines, the U content and CEC of shale samples from the Antrim and Utica–Collingwood shales in Michigan and the Marcellus shale in Pennsylvania were evaluated. Analysis of produced brine from 17 Antrim shale gas wells was then used to develop an empirical relationship between Ra-226 activity ...
Expression pattern of androgen receptor and AR-V7 in androgen-deprivation therapy-naïve salivary duct carcinomas.

Summary Androgen-deprivation therapy has been used to treat salivary duct carcinoma (SDC). The androgen receptor splice variant-7 (AR-V7) has been detected in castration-resistant prostate cancer and implicated in resistance to androgen receptor (AR)–targeted therapies. Given the potential role of AR/AR-V7 in SDC treatment, this study focuses on AR/AR-V7 expression in SDC specimens collected before androgen-deprivation therapy. RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) to detect total AR and AR-V7 were performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded SDC specimens from 23 patients. Full-length AR and AR-V7 transcripts were quantified in a subset of tumors by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Twenty SDCs were positive for total AR by ISH and IHC. Among AR-positive SDCs, 70% (14/20) were positive for AR-V7 messenger RNA by ISH, whereas 15% (3/20) were positive for AR-V7 protein by IHC. The 3 SDCs that expressed the highest levels of AR-V7 were all from female patients; one of them expressed a significant amount of AR-V7 and barely detectable full-length AR transcripts by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. IHC expression of Forkhead box protein A1, prostate-specific antigen, prostatic acid phosphatase, and NKX3.1 was observed in some SDCs regardless of patient sex. Five SDCs demonstrated strong human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 expression. We conclude that treatment-naive SDCs may express AR-V7 at levels comparable to or even exceeding the levels detected in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Our data support the feasibility to incorporate AR-V7 assessment via ISH and/or IHC in the ongoing clinical trials evaluating the therapeutic benefit of AR-targeted therapies in SDC patients.
The relation of telomere length at midlife to subsequent 20-year depression trajectories among women.

Background Telomeres cap and protect DNA but shorten with each somatic cell division. Aging and environmental and lifestyle factors contribute to the speed of telomere attrition. Current evidence suggests a link between relative telomere length (RTL) and depression but the directionality of the relationship remains unclear. We prospectively examined associations between RTL and subsequent depressive symptom trajectories. Methods Among 8,801 women of the Nurses' Health Study, depressive symptoms were measured every 4 years from 1992 to 2012; group-based trajectories of symptoms were identified using latent class growth-curve analysis. Multinomial logistic models were used to relate midlife RTLs to the probabilities of assignment to subsequent depressive symptom trajectory groups. Results We identified four depressive symptom trajectory groups: minimal depressive symptoms (62%), worsening depressive symptoms (14%), improving depressive symptoms (19%), and persistent-severe depressive symptoms (5%). Longer midlife RTLs were related to significantly lower odds of being in the worsening symptoms trajectory versus minimal trajectory but not to other trajectories. In comparison with being in the minimal symptoms group, the multivariable-adjusted odds ratio of being in the worsening depressive symptoms group was 0.78 (95% confidence interval, 0.62-0.97; p = 0.02), for every standard deviation increase in baseline RTL. Conclusions In this large prospective study of generally healthy women, longer telomeres at midlife were associated with significantly lower risk of a subsequent trajectory of worsening mood symptoms over 20 years. The results raise the possibility of telomere shortening as a novel contributing factor to late-life depression.
Self-Cleaning of Photocatalytic Mortar with Glass Aggregate and Calcium Sulfoaluminate-Belite Cement:

The self-cleaning performance and mechanism of photocatalytic mortars with different cementitious materials and aggregates was evaluated through a rhodamine B (RhB) degradation test. The self-clean...
Neural Control of Renin Secretion

The renal sympathetic nerves have been shown to be an important pathway regulating renin1 and prostaglandin2 release from the kidney. We recently reported that direct electrical stimulation of the kidney nerves at 0.5 Hz increases renin secretion rate without altering mean arterial pressure, renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, or urinary sodium excretion.3 We have interpreted this result as evidence for a direct action of the renal nerves on the juxtaglomerular granular cells to increase renin secretion. In addition to a direct influence on renin secretion, subthreshold levels of renal nerve stimulation augment the renin secretion rate response to nonneural stimuli and innervated kidneys have a higher renin secretion rate response to suprarenal aortic constriction than denervated kidneys.4 Since renal nerve stimulation results in the release of renal prostaglandins, we hypothesized that intrarenal prostaglandins may be an important mediator of renin secretion during renal nerve stimulation.
Identification of hydroxyl and sulfate free radicals involved in the reaction of 1,4-dioxane with peroxone activated persulfate oxidant.

Abstract This research investigates the formation of free radical intermediates in an advanced oxidation processes (AOP) capable of destroying recalcitrant contaminants. The AOP studied is marketed as OxyZone® and relies on the premise of successful persulfate activation by peroxone (hydrogen peroxide plus ozone) and the formation of free radicals. The goal of this research was to determine which radicals are involved in the treatment of the model contaminant, 1,4-dioxane, which is a ubiquitous, recalcitrant organic groundwater pollutant difficult to destroy by conventional oxidants. In a parallel study, the peroxone activation persulfate (PAP) solution investigated herein rapidly degraded 1,4-dioxane. The degradation rates of 1,4-dioxane were measured as a function the oxidant:contaminant ratio. Its degradation products or mechanism were not investigated, however. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy spin trapping was used to identify radicals produced in the oxidant solution, its active ingredients, and their possible interplay. The data presented herein indicate that the combination of hydrogen peroxide and dissolved ozone in the presence of persulfate results in the co-occurrence hydroxyl and sulfate radicals and possibly superoxide/hydroperoxyl radicals. These findings progress our understanding of the chemical radicals formed during PAP treatment of aqueous phase contaminants, such as 1,4-dioxane.
Patients Prescribed Anakinra for Acute Gout Have Baseline Increased Burden of Hyperuricemia, Tophi, and Comorbidities, and Ultimate All-Cause Mortality

Objective:The interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist anakinra is an effective, off-label option in acute gout flares, when conventional therapy options are narrowed. We performed a retrospective,...
Statistics of the Waveguide Invariant Distribution in a Random Ocean

Brekhovskikh and Lysanov popularized the concept of an ocean “waveguide invariant” in the second edition of their book. The showed how acoustic intensity, mapped in range and frequency, would exhibit streaks of high correlation, and they further described the slope of these striations in terms of an invariant parameter. In shallow water, the description works best at moderate frequencies and when the sound speed profile changes only gradually in range and depth. In more complicated scenarios, the concept of a scalar invariant can be generalized to allow a distribution of values. Previously, the effects of shallow water internal waves on the distribution were studied by numerical simulation. In the present work, equations are derived relating the statistics of the waveguide distribution to the statistics of the random ocean. The formulation makes use of a stochastic coupled normal mode model to describe the acoustic propagation.
Evidence of a Rapid Shift in Outpatient Practice During the COVID-19 Pandemic Using Telemedicine.

Introduction: During the current pandemic, measures for preventing SARS-CoV-2 virus exposure has severely impacted the delivery of outpatient clinical care to patients with a chronic neurological condition. Telemedicine has emerged as an obvious choice to counter these impediments. However, its potential for maintaining outpatient care at pre-pandemic levels during these rapidly changing times is untested. Therefore, we analyzed our experience in a tertiary care epilepsy center. Methods: We divided the study period from March 1, 2020 to April 15, 2020 into a baseline, transition (to telemedicine), and current phase. We divided outpatient encounters into clinic, virtual (using Cleveland Clinic Express Care Online platform), and telephone (including commercial video conferencing platforms). Results: Completed outpatient visits during baseline and current period were 595 and 590, respectively. Nearly 1 out of 4 patients missed outpatient visits during the transition period. The virtual visits accounted for 19.7% of completed visits during baseline and increased to 66.8% during the current period. There were no telephone visits during the baseline phase but accounted for 26.1% of completed visits during the current phase. Less than 1 percent of completed visits in the current phase were in the clinic. Conclusion: We provide evidence that telemedicine's robust and rapid scalability can help maintain a seamless transition of outpatient care during the pandemic.
Investigation on the prevalent condition of adult osteofluorosis in the endemic fluorosis areas of Tianjin in 2008

Objective To investigate the prevalence of adult osteofluomsis in the endemic fluomsis areas in Tianjin and to provide scientific foundation for endemic fluorosis.Methods Stratified sampling in 55 villages were selected in 3 areas with slight,moderate and severe fluorosis regions in Tianjin from April to June in 2008.Water fluorine were tested and clinical osteofluorosis examinations were conducted to the population aging 16 and above in the villages.Tweenty villages were selected randomly in the slight,moderate and severe fluorosis regions.X-ray osteofluorosis examination were conducted to patients and suspected patients in these 20 villages.Results The geometric mean fluoride content in the water for the 3 areas were 1.35 mg/L,3.44 mg/L,5.49 mg/L,respectively.The prevalence of osteofluorosis were 36.7%(44/120),20.6%(33/160),39.4%(43/109),respectively.The prevalence of osteofluorosis Was increased gradually(r=0.534,P 0.05)or an X-ray diagnosis(X2=3.532,P>0.05).Conclusions Adult osteofluorosis to a certain extent is still prevalent in the fluorosis areas in Tianjin.Endemic fluorosis is still rampant.Improving water in fulorosis areas should be mandatory. Key words: Fluorosis,dental; Drinking; Osteofluorosis; Data collection
The traumatic sequelae of surviving the AIDS crisis: A case report

The HIV/AIDS crisis of the 1980s and 1990s was catastrophic, both in the scope of morbidity and mortality, as well as in the lasting implications for those who survived. As the introduction of effe...
Determinants of gluten-free diet adoption among individuals without celiac disease or non-celiac gluten sensitivity

Abstract Objectives Gluten-free (GF) foods are typically less nutritious and more expensive than their gluten-containing variants, yet people without a diagnosed gluten sensitivity continue to adopt this diet. There is a lack of research about what factors drive people without Celiac disease or non-Celiac gluten sensitivity to follow the GF diet. Methods A nationally representative sample of 2982 US residents without a diagnosed gluten sensitivity were surveyed about their attitudes, perceptions, and experiences with the GF diet. Logistic regression was used to compare respondents who were currently avoiding or had avoided gluten previously (GF consumer) to respondents who had never tried a GF diet (non-GF consumer). Results Over one-fifth of respondents were GF consumers. Beliefs that a gluten-reduced diet is healthier (OR 1.69; 95% CI [1.30,2.18]), that GF products are more nutritious (OR 1.46, 95% CI [1.11,1.90), and that a GF diet can help clear acne (OR 1.46; 95% CI [1.13,1.88]) were all positively associated with trying a GF diet. Personal research was the most influential source of information associated with trying a GF diet (OR 2.92; 95% CI [1.91,4.52]). This was followed by “healthcare center or health professional” (OR 2.57; 95% CI [1.71,3.90]. Respondents who were never encouraged to try the GF diet were less likely to try the diet (OR 0.33, 95% CI [0.23,0.46]). Conclusions Positive, but scientifically unsubstantiated, beliefs about the benefits of the GF diet were strongly associated with trying a GF diet, and the source of recommendation to try a GF diet was important.
Validating the effectiveness of alternative euthanasia techniques using penetrating captive bolt guns in mature swine (Sus scrofa domesticus).

Euthanasia of mature swine is challenging. Temporal and behind-the-ear locations are two sites that have been identified as alternatives to the more commonly used frontal placement. In stage one, the effectiveness of two penetrating captive bolt gun styles (cylinder or pistol) was evaluated using frontal, temporal, and behind-the-ear placement in anesthetized mature swine (n = 36; weight: 267 ± 41 kg). For stage one, when evaluating treatment efficacy by sex, the cylinder-style equipment was 100% effective in achieving death when applied to all cranial locations (frontal, temporal, and behind-the-ear) for sows; however, the pistol-style equipment was only 100% effective when applied at the behind-the-ear location for sows. For boars, the cylinder-style equipment was 100% effective when applied to the frontal and behind-the-ear location, but the pistol-style equipment was not effective for any cranial location in boars. Therefore, the pistol-frontal, pistol-temporal, pistol-behind-the-ear, and cylinder-temporal were not included for boars, and pistol-frontal and pistol-temporal were not included for sows in stage two. In stage two, commercial, mixed-breed, mature swine (n = 42; weight: 292 +/- 56 kg) were randomly assigned to one of four treatments based on the inclusion criteria described in stage one. A three-point traumatic brain injury (TBI) score (0 = normal; 1 = some abnormalities; 2 = grossly abnormal, unrecognizable) was used to evaluate six neuroanatomical structures (cerebral cortex, cerebellum, hypothalamus, thalamus, pons, and brain stem), and the presence of hemorrhage was also noted. All treatments were 100% effective in stage two. A significant interaction between gun style and placement was determined on predicting total TBI as the cylinder style produced a higher total TBI score compared with the pistol type of the magnitude of +2.8 (P 0.05). TBI tended to be less in boars compared with sows (-0.6; P = 0.08). Hemorrhage was observed in frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes. This study demonstrated that the cylinder-style captive bolt gun more effectively resulted in brain trauma and death compared with a pistol-style gun and the behind-the-ear and temporal placement showed promise as an alternative placement site for euthanizing mature pigs on-farm.
Analysis of 10 Years of Diagnostic Radiology Match Data: Notable Changes and Their Potential Implications.

Rationale and Objectives Identification of shifts in match metrics, such as applicant volumes, match rates, and interview patterns, stands to inform and empower both applicants and programs participating in the NRMP residency match. Residency programs rarely publish their internal data. Accordingly, we employed publicly available resources to evaluate changes in such metrics for the diagnostic radiology match from 2008 to 2018. Materials and Methods Reports made available to the public by the NRMP, alongside student discussion on the AuntMinnie.com and StudentDoctor.net forums, were used to determine applicant volumes, interview volumes, program rank-order-list metrics, match rates, and interview invite patterns. Linear regression and correlation analyses were employed to identify statistically significant trends. Results No statistically significant trends were identified across the selected timeframe for applicant volumes or match rates. Statistically significant upward trends were identified for total interview volumes, average interviews attended per applicant, and the fraction of programs inviting students to interview before October 1st, the MSPE release date (p Conclusion Applicants pursuing a diagnostic radiology residency are attending more interviews, and programs are increasingly inviting students to interview based on incomplete applications. However, there has been no corresponding uptrend in match rates. Moreover, increased applicant interview attendance is highly associated with programs falling further down their rank lists. Given the expenses usually associated with the match process and forthcoming changes to USMLE scoring, these trends may be unsustainable.
Constructs, Events, and Acceptance and Commitment Training

The present article considers acceptance and commitment training (ACT) from the perspective of interbehavioral psychology. Specifically, J. R. Kantor’s (1957) explicit distinction between constructs and events is reviewed, with particular attention given to the use of ACT in the practice settings of applied behavior analysis. It is recommended that practitioners be especially sensitive to the distinction between constructs and events as they consider employing ACT interventions. The interbehavioral field construct of interbehavioral psychology is briefly described as a context for conceptualizing both practice and research related to ACT in behavior analysis. Related conceptual issues, especially issues pertaining to the subject matter of behavior analysis and the Skinnerian concept of private events, are considered. The potential value of further integrating interbehavioral thinking into ACT practice and research is described.
Olfactory receptor 78 modulates renin but not baseline blood pressure.

Olfactory receptor 78 (Olfr78) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that is expressed in the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) of the kidney as well as the peripheral vasculature, and is activated by gut microbial metabolites. We previously reported that Olfr78 plays a role in renin secretion in isolated glomeruli, and that Olfr78 knockout (KO) mice have lower plasma renin activity. We also noted that in anesthetized mice, Olfr78KO appeared to be hypotensive. In this study, we used radiotelemetry to determine the role of Olfr78 in chronic blood pressure regulation. We found that the blood pressure of Olfr78KO mice is not significantly different than that of their WT counterparts at baseline, or on high- or low-salt diets. However, Olfr78KO mice have depressed heart rates on high-salt diets. We also report that Olfr78KO mice have lower renin protein levels associated with glomeruli. Finally, we developed a mouse where Olfr78 was selectively knocked out in the JGA, which phenocopied the lower renin association findings. In sum, these experiments suggest that Olfr78 modulates renin, but does not play an active role in blood pressure regulation at baseline, and is more likely activated by high levels of short chain fatty acids or hypotensive events. This study provides important context to our knowledge of Olfr78 in BP regulation.
Environmental Measurements During the Three Mile Island Unit 2 Accident

Although the advance planning for it was minimal by today’s standards, a large integrated federal and state environmental monitoring response was made to the Three Mile Island Unit 2 accident. In p...
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF NATURAL AND EXPERIMENTAL ADENOVIRUS INFECTIONS OF HUMAN CELLS. II. PRIMARY CULTURES AND THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF ASYNCHRONOUS VIRAL MULTIPLICATION IN THE MAINTENANCE OF INFECTION.

Abstract Various quantitative characteristics of tonsil and adenoid specimens naturally and experimentally infected with adenovirus have been studied, particularly with the use of cultures prepared from trypsinized surgical specimens. Thirteen of twenty specimens studied yielded adenoviruses. In positive specimens, less than 1 per 107 cells plated proved to be infected although the incidence of cells susceptible to infection with type 2 adenovirus was at least 4000 times greater (1 per 250 cells). Virus multiplication followed the same time course in cultures initiated with cell suspensions or tissue fragments, despite the absence of virus neutralizing activity (presumably antibody) after trypsinization. A considerable asynchrony in the time of appearance of progeny virus was observed in naturally infected specimens, to the extent that 50% of the cells which ultimately yielded virus did not contain detectable PFU before 5 days. The possible relevance of the observed asynchrony to persistent adenovirus infections in vivo is discussed. The maximum frequency of susceptible cells was found by infectious center measurements on exogenously infected primary cell suspensions to be 0.4 to 2 × 10−2 per cell. This proportion was correlated with the frequency of cells giving rise to fibroblastic cells in cultures made from the primary suspension. The cells of the lymphocytic series appeared to be refractory to virus. That cells susceptible to adenovirus were present before initiation of cultures was suggested both by the infectious center results and by the characteristics of viral growth curves on cells in the primary suspension. The similarity of viral multiplication in specimens with and without a simultaneous naturally occurring infection indicated that natural, persistent adenovirus infections of human tonsils and adenoids were not accompanied by alterations in susceptibility of cells to virus.
Fatal superinfection with Monilia in gynecological surgery

Abstract Disseminated moniliasis in obstetrics and gynecology, which usually involves patients debilitated by serious illness or extensive surgical procedures requiring massive antibiotic therapy, corticosteroids, and immunosuppressins, is discussed. Diabetic women and those who are pregnant or take progestins are especially susceptible to this critical and often fatal condition. A review of the literature and experience with five patients indicate certain significant characteristics of these superinfections and emphasize current inadequacy in diagnosis and treatment. Alert suspicion and counterantibiotic attack can be lifesaving. Prevention is enhanced by avoidance of indiscriminate antibiotc therapy and by the judicious use of antimonilial agents in conjunction with such medications.
Can a large cardinal be forced from a condition implying its negation

In this note, we provide an affirmative answer to the title question by giving two examples of cardinals satisfying conditions implying they are non-Rowbottom which can be turned into Rowbottom cardinals via forcing. In our second example, our cardinal is also non-Jonsson.
On some issues in morphological exponence

A number of years ago, I presented an analysis of parts of the inflectional system of the Algonquian language Potawatomi (Anderson 1977), based on descriptive material of Charles Hockett (1948, 1966) and intended to illustrate some general points about the nature of inflectional systems. Essentially the same analysis appeared with some minor refinements in my morphology book (Anderson 1992) a few years ago, again to exemplify some basic issues of theory. This analysis has been subjected to a certain amount of critical examination in the subsequent literature, for which I am grateful, and some of the conclusions I drew from the Potawatomi material have been called into question. I do not intend in this article to deal with all of the points raised in this discussion, but rather to focus on a few issues that seem to me particularly significant for morphology per se, especially as these arise in the critiques of my analysis presented by Halle and Marantz (1993) and Steele (1995).
A Global Perspective of Beauty in a Multicultural World

Multiculturism has shaped our perception of beauty over time. Neoclassical canons still have a strong influence on current teachings in nasal and facial analysis and can be used as a loose guideline for surgical planning. However, these canons are based on Greco-Roman ideals and have limited value for analysis and surgical planning of people with multicultural backgrounds. Some attributes of beauty thought to cross cultural lines are described in a theory of evolutionary psychology that includes averageness, youthfulness, symmetry, and sexual dimorphism. Taking these cues into consideration, it is important that the surgeon also listens to the patient and understands what his or her aesthetic goals are. It is also the role of the modern surgeon to help guide the patient and advocate for natural results that fall within the normal limits of the culture of the patient. A natural result that does not disrupt the balance and harmony of the face should be strived for. At the recent Advances in Rhinoplasty 2015 Meeting (May 14-17, 2015; Chicago, Illinois), an insightful panel was presented titled “The Rhinoplasty Patient’s Experience: A Global Perspective.” This panel of international experts, which included Roxana Cobo, MD, of Colombia, Charles East, MD, of England, Yong Ju Jang, MD, of Korea, Dirk Menger, MD, of the Netherlands, and Volney Pitombo, MD, of Brazil, described the diverse processes that patients from different parts of the world and of different ethnicity use as motivations for rhinoplasty and facial plastic surgery. This panel gave great insight into the diverse and changing nature of global approach to rhinoplasty and understanding of the facial beauty goals. The quest for a universal standard of beauty can be
Accountability and Federalism in Public Education

A tension between accountability and federalism is a distinguishing feature in educational policy. Accountability favors clear lines of authority and responsibility, while federalism is characterized by multiple and interdependent levels of government. This tension is further complicated by the different forms of accountability. Accountability involves account-giving in which information is presented regarding the actions of an individual or organization to achieve a particular goal. Viewed as a policy design, five key elements constitute an accountability system: goals, actors, accounts, consequences, and venues. Of particular note are different venues – legal, administrative, political, market, professional, network – that provide institutional settings in which accountability policies are constructed. Different accountability designs are possible depending upon the goals identified, actors involved, accounts used, consequences set, and venues employed. The development of accountability systems is assessed through a federalism lens with separate attention to federal, state, and local perspectives. At the federal level, the Not Child Left Behind Act and recent waivers to that act set the stage for accountability. At the state and local level, a review of accountability systems in five states and five school districts supports this assessment. Intergovernmental dialogues will continue as accountability systems evolve. Abstract will be provided by author.
Challenging Hernia Locations: Suprapubic and Subxiphoid

Incisional hernias develop in 11–20 % of patients undergoing laparotomy. Laparoscopic repair of these hernias is associated with less recurrence, shorter hospital stay, improved cosmesis in some patients, and most importantly, a reduced risk of wound infection. The terms suprapubic and parapubic are often used interchangeably. They refer to abdominal wall defects that are located just above the symphysis pubis. They often result from low midline and Pfannenstiel incisions used primarily for gynecologic, colorectal, and urological procedures. Incisional hernias of the subxiphoid area may occur after an upper midline laparotomy incision, a median sternotomy, a mediastinal drainage tube incision, or a laparoscopic procedure. Incidence of incisional hernia after a sternotomy is 1.0–4.2 %. The majority of subxiphoidal hernias are asymptomatic due to the underlying liver, which prevents herniation of intestinal content. Because of the relative common mesh contraction of the prosthetic, 5-cm coverage of the defect in all directions is recommended. This is a difficult task when the abdominal wall defect is close to bone and cartilage structures like the rib cage and xiphoid process.
The role of cyanobacteria in Southern California salt marsh food webs

Understanding wetland food webs is critical for effective habitat management, restoration and conservation. Microalgae are recognized as key food sources for marsh invertebrates but the importance of different groups under various conditions is rarely examined. We tested the hypothesis that faunal utilization of microalgae, and cyanobacteria in particular, is significant in Southern California created and natural salt marshes but varies with habitat type (creek bank versus marsh interior) and season (spring versus autumn). We used stable isotope analysis and mixing models (IsoSource) to compare food webs in adjacent young (created) and mature (natural) salt marshes. Isotopic values of some primary producers, macrofauna, epifauna, and fish demonstrated significant differences between the adjacent salt marshes. δ13C and δ34S values of the benthic microalgal community varied with taxonomic composition (diatoms versus cyanobacteria) and to a lesser extent with season. Depleted δ15N values of benthic diatoms and macroalgae indicated that N2 fixed within algal mats was recycled within the benthic algal community. Marsh fauna, including most major macrofauna taxal, Cerithidea, and Fundulus, also exhibited seasonal differences in isotopic composition, and Cerithidea and selected macrofauna (oligochaetes, polychaetes) from the marsh interior were more enriched in 13C and depleted in 15N than those from the creek bank. In the young marsh, the cyanobacteria contributed a minimum of 17–100% of the primary production in food webs supporting macrofauna, and cyanobacteria contributed at least 40% of the primary production included in Cerithidea and Fundulus food webs. A wider range of primary producers contributed to food webs in the mature marsh. Cyanobacteria were a greater source of trophic support for macrofauna from the marsh interior than the creek bank, whereas Spartina was a more important food source for creek bank macrofauna in both marshes. Insect larvae largely consumed cyanobacteria, whereas polychaetes exhibited greater utilization of Spartina. Phytoplankton was the primary food resource for mussels in both marshes. Although the spatial and temporal complexity of food webs has traditionally been collapsed into the study of relatively simplified food webs, isotope signatures reveal fine-scale patterns in food web structure that may be used to make more accurate assessments of ecosystem state. Accurate interpretation of marsh trophic structure using natural abundance stable isotopes requires fine-scale resolution in space and time, a large number of samples, and a high level of taxonomic resolution.
Evaluation of rapid point-of-care creatinine testing in the radiology service of a large academic medical center: Impact on clinical operations and patient disposition

Abstract Background Measurement of creatinine and calculation of the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) are widely employed to identify patients with chronic kidney disease who are at risk for contrast induced acute kidney injury and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. However, patients may present for radiologic studies without a recent creatinine/eGFR necessitating cancelation of the study or performance of the scan without contrast. Both of these approaches are suboptimal. Methods We implemented a rapid whole blood point-of-care (POCT) creatinine test (iSTAT, Abbott Point-of-Care) in our radiology department and assessed the impact on clinical operations. Results Over a 7-month period a total of 3087 creatinine tests were performed. Overall 5.3% of patients presenting for scans (441/month) did not have a recent eGFR. An audit of 1 month of creatinine/eGFR values showed that 74% were normal permitting the scan to be performed without further consideration. Of the abnormal values 74% were performed with contrast and 26% without. Of note 78% of patients with an abnormal eGFR had a normal creatinine value. The cost of the POC test was $10.06 compared to a cost of $5.32 (including phlebotomy) for a creatinine performed in the central laboratory. The added incremental cost for the POC test was therefore $4.74. Conclusions Determining the cost effectiveness of the rapid test is extremely challenging because the analysis would need to take many complex factors into consideration including the effect on workflow in the radiology department, the clinical impact of more timely scans, the clinical and financial consequences of performing scans with or without contrast and the impact on revenues complicated by differential reimbursement rates and payor mix. However, given the benefits of the test on radiology operations and on the quality and timeliness of care it appears that the POCT test is cost effective and improves clinical operations.
Gynecologic pathology on multidetector CT: a pictorial review

The purpose of this pictorial essay is to review the imaging appearance of the spectrum of gynecologic pathology that may be visualized by multidetector computed tomography (CT). Although ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging remain the primary imaging modalities for evaluating female patients with suspected obstetric and gynecologic pathology, CT is frequently performed as the initial imaging modality in the evaluation of abdominal and pelvic pain of unknown etiology. Pelvic pain in women due to a gynecologic condition may also mimic numerous other conditions such as appendicitis and diverticulitis, resulting in initial evaluation by CT-particularly in the emergency setting. The radiologist should, therefore, be familiar with the spectrum of gynecologic and obstetric pathology that may be present on a CT evaluation of the abdomen and pelvis regardless of the study indication, particularly because CT is often the most readily available imaging modality in the emergency setting on a 24/7 basis.
European Red Mite Control in North Carolina Apple Orchards with Early-Season Applications of Acaricides

Orchard experiments were conducted during 1967–68 to determine the proper dosage, timing, and selection of acaricides in early-season treatments for control of panonychus ulmi (Koch) in apple orchards. Petroleum oil spray was more effective in killing over-wintering eggs as the interval between oil application and egg hatch decreased. One gallon of Humble 70-second viscosity oil applied at the tight-cluster or pink stage of fruit-bud development was more effective than 2 gallons applied at the dormant or green-tip stage. Humble 60- or 70-second viscosity oil, Morestan® (6-methyl-2,3-quinoxalinedithiol cyclic S, S -dithiocarbonate), TH 367–1 (2-fluorethyl 4-biphenylylacetate), and demeton + tetradifon were the more effective acaricides when used in only 1 preblossom application. Demeton was more effective than dimethoate as an early-season acaricide. As 1 application, demeton or dimethoate were more effective when applied at the petal fall stage than at the pink-bud stage. Dimethoate applied at the pink-bud stage at the rate of 1 ½ pint per 100 gallons of water gave poor early-season mite control. However, when the dosage was halved and applied at the pink and petal-fall stage, commercial control through June resulted. As 2 early-season applications, demeton or dimethoate were more effective when applied at pink and petal-fall stages than at petal-fall and 1st cover.
Biological activity of purified host-specific pathotoxin produced by Bipolaris (Helminthosporium) maydis, race T

Abstract A purified, chemically characterized toxin from Helminthosporium maydis, race T, was examined for its host-specific effect on Texas male sterile (T) cytoplasm corn. This preparation consists of several nearly identical linear polyketols and it is shown that each component has the same specific toxicity for oxidation by mitochondria from susceptible corn. The stability of the dry preparation and knowledge of its mol. wts enabled a quantitative comparison to the dosage required to affect ion balance, dark CO2 fixation, coleoptile elongation, and mitochondrial oxidation. Unexpectedly, the toxin was active at concentrations between 5 and 50 ng ml−1 (6·5 × 10−9 to 6·5 × 10−8 m on all these processes in T corn, despite potentially different barriers to toxin penetration. N cytoplasm corn was not affected at concentrations 1000 times greater. These results are discussed in relation to possible modes of action. The quantitative specific effects of this preparation are compared to data on other race T toxin preparations for which chemical structures have been postulated.
An assessment of gas-phase reaction mechanisms and soot models for laminar atmospheric-pressure ethylene–air flames

Abstract A comprehensive assessment of gas-phase reaction mechanisms and soot models has been performed for atmospheric-pressure laminar ethylene–air flames. Soot modeling is based on a method of moments with interpolative closure. Computed soot volume fractions are compared with experimental measurements for eight flames: four premixed flames from two different burners, and four opposed-flow diffusion flames from two different burners. Seven gas-phase reaction mechanisms have been explored with variations in four key soot model parameters: PAH-based versus acetylene-based nucleation; PAH condensation included versus excluded; surface reactivity steric factor specification; and surface radicals depleted versus conserved. Computed soot volume fractions are most sensitive to variations in the surface reactivity factor and to whether the surface radicals are depleted or conserved. The motivation for this study has been to determine which models should be used for simulations of luminous turbulent flames; there computational efficiency is of paramount importance. A reduced 33-species mechanism together with acetylene-based nucleation, surface reactivity factor variation proposed by [J. Appel, H. Bockhorn, M. Frenklach, Combust. Flame 121 (2000) 122–136], and conserved surface radicals yields acceptable soot volume fractions over a broad range of conditions with an order of magnitude reduction in computational cost compared to a larger 100-species gas-phase reaction mechanism.
Sulfide minerals in Seelyville Coal III, Chinook Mine, Indiana

Sulfide minerals in coal bed III at the Chinook Mine, Indiana, are pyrite, marcasite, and rarely sphalerite. Pyrite occurs as framboids concentrated mainly in exinite, as bands or lenses in vitrinite and clay partings, as cell fillings in fusinite, and in cleats. Marcasite normally occurs in association with clusters of pyrite framboids within micro-organic remains. Sphalerite occurs exclusively in fusinite associated with cleat pyrite. The iron sulfides, which are of authigenic origin, were formed during the biochemical stage of coalification during the accumulation and compaction of peat. The factor that limited their formation in such an environment was the availability and reactivity of iron. Chemical heterogeneity in the peat swamps where the sulfides formed existed even on a microscopic scale. The iron sulfides were commonly precipitated in localized micro-environments that were favorable for their formation. The metamorphic stage of coalification did not affect the iron sulfides significantly, although it may have been responsible for the recrystallization of pyrite framboids and minor deformation of pyrite in fusinite and its local mobilisation.
The Pathology of Anaphylactic Shock in Chickens

Abstract THE anaphylactic reaction, a condition of hypersensitivity resulting from a reinjection of a homologous antigen, has been the concern of many workers since the phenomenon was discovered in the early part of this century. Many original papers have appeared and immunology books give good reviews of the subject. Anaphylaxis has been produced in a number of vertebrate species including several species of mammals, chickens and pigeons. A condition similar to anaphylaxis or anaphylaxis itself has been observed in reptiles, amphibia and fish. While much work has been published on the pathology of anaphylaxis in mammals, little work has been done on other vertebrate species. It was shown (Makinodan et al., 1952) that the chicken was very susceptible to anaphylactic shock. The authors found a correlation between the amount of circulating antibody and degree of shock when the antigen used for sensitization and challenging was bovine serum albumin. There were various …