cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of presence of the male on initiation of estrous cycle activity of goats.

Abstract Serum progesterone concentrations and behavioral estrus were determined in two groups of 17 mixed breed dairy does at the beginning of the breeding season. The treatment group was pastured adjacent to two mature bucks while two teaser bucks ran with the group. The control group was pastured without exposure to bucks. Goats were observed for estrus daily for 35 days and samples of jugular blood were collected every other day for radioimmunoassay of progesterone. Signs of estrus were observed in 16 of 17 does in the treatment group within a mean ± S.E. of 5.5 ± 1.3 days after introduction of the bucks. Thirteen does demonstrated a progesterone profile characteristic of a normal estrous cycle with peak progesterone concentrations of 5.9 ± 0.5 ng/ml. Signs of behavioral estrus were not observed in the control group. One control doe demonstrated a progesterone profile characteristic of a normal estrous cycle attaining a peak progesterone concentration of 3.9 ng/ml. Progesterone concentrations in the remaining 16 control does were at or near the lower limits of sensitivity of the assay for the duration of the experiment. Fifteen of the control does exhibited estrus within 7 ± 1.5 days after exposure to bucks at the end of the experiment. These results clearly demonstrated a profound influence of the male on estrous cycle activity during the beginning of the breeding season.
Constructional risk factors for a post-traumatic stress response after a mass murder

Abstract Conceptual and situational variables were investigated in relation to the presence or absense of a post-traumatic stres (PTS) response after exposure to a mass murder. The first hypothesis set–that symptomatic response to trauma can be predicted by exposure, prior trauma response, pretrauma anxiety, and available social suppot–was generally supported by the data. Even stronger supports was found for a second hypothesis–that extent of conceptual procesing of the trauma would discriminate between persons who exhibit a PTS response initially but quickly resolve the distress and persons who remain symptomatic. These findings are discussed in relation to a constructivist model of post-traumatic stress disorder and other relevant literature.
Microleakage pattern of a resin-veneered glass-ionomer cavity liner

11. Cooper TM, Christensen GJ, Laswell HR, Baxter R. Effect of 15. Tjan AHL, Sarkissian R. An internal escape channel: a practical venting on cast gold full crowns. J PROSTHET DENT 1971;26:621alternative to occlusal venting in full cast crowns. J PROSTHET 6. DENT 1984;52:50-6. 12. Hoard RJ, Caputo AA, Contino RM, Koenig ME. Intracoronal 16. Shillingburg HT Jr, Hobo S, Whitsett LD. Fundamentals of pressure during crown cementation. J PROSTHET DENT 1978; fixed prosthodontics. Berlin: Quintessence, 1976;285. 40:520-5. 13. Brose MO, Woelfel JB, Rieger MR, Tanquist DA. Internal channel vents for posterior complete crowns. J PROSTHET DENT 1984;51:755..60. 14. Tjan AHL, Sarkissian R, Miller GD. Effect of multiple axial grooves on t.le marginal adaptation of full cast-gold crowns. J PROSTHET DENT 1981;46:399-403. Reprmt requests to: DR. HOWARD BRUGGERS LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF DENTISTRY NEW ORLEANS, LA 70119
The interaction of platelet factor four and glycosaminoglycans

The interaction of platelet factor four (PF-4) with glycosaminoglycans (GAG) was evaluated using fluorescence spectroscopy, a radioligand binding assay, and a functional assay utilizing antithrombin III and factor Xa. In these studies, we have (i) characterized the binding parameters for PF-4 to several forms of heparin and to dextran sulfate; (ii) examined the structural features of these glycosaminoglycans which support PF-4 binding; and (iii) examined the effects of selective digestion of the carboxy terminus of PF-4 on binding. The binding of PF-4 to unfractionated porcine intestinal mucosal heparin ([Mr] = 11,000) was specific and saturable, with a molar stoichiometry of PF-4 to heparin of approximately 4:1 and an apparent estimated Kd of 3 X 10(-8) M. Heparin fractions ([Mr] = 6,000) with either low or high affinity for antithrombin III bound to PF-4 with a similar apparent Kd. PF-4 also bound to dextran sulfate ([Mr] = 22,500) with an estimated apparent Kd of 6 X 10(-8) M and a molar stoichiometry of approximately 16:1. Carboxypeptidase Y (CP-Y) digestion of PF-4 progressively decreased GAG binding. After 30 min of digestion, by which time all of the carboxyterminal serine and glutamate, both of the two leucines, and approximately one-quarter of the four lysines were removed, the IC50 for heparin binding shifted from 10 to 150 nM. These studies demonstrated the effect of GAG polymer size and degree of sulfation on the affinity and stoichiometry of PF-4 binding, and the critical importance of the carboxy-terminal amino acids of PF-4 for binding to natural and synthetic GAGs.
Phase II evaluation of a 3-day infusion of topotecan in patients with recurrent ovarian or primary peritoneal cancer

Abstract Objective. To assess the efficacy and toxicity profile in patients treated with topotecan at 2.0 mg/m 2 /day×3 days every 3 weeks. Materials and methods. Eligibility criteria included patients with recurrent primary peritoneal or epithelial ovarian cancer with ≥6 months elapsed from time of prior platinum treatment. Patients were required to have a performance status of ≤2 and normal hepatic and renal function. Response to therapy and toxicity was assessed using standard criteria. Chi-square and Student's t tests were used as appropriate. Survival was assessed with Kaplan–Meier method. Results. All 40 patients enrolled were assessable for response. The mean age of the patients was 63.2 years (range 43–85). Median time to progression from initial treatment was 11.8 months. A total of 286 cycles of chemotherapy were administered with an average of 7.1 cycles per patient. Overall median time to progression (TTP) with 3-day topotecan treatment was 21 weeks (range 6–43 weeks). Of the 33 patients with measurable disease, 24% (11–42%, 95% CI) demonstrated a response. Seven patients had CA-125 evaluable disease with a response of 43% (10–89%, 95% CI). Median progression-free survival (PFS) was 16 weeks (range 12–21 weeks, 95% CI). Median overall survival was 106 weeks (range 76–117 weeks, 95% CI). Assessment of toxicity by patient showed 90% demonstrating grade 3/4 neutropenia with the vast majority being uncomplicated. No severe non-hematological toxicity was observed. Conclusion. Administration of topotecan as a 3-day regimen is feasible with demonstrable activity and tolerable toxicity. Critical comparison to the 5-day regimen in a randomized fashion is warranted.
Streamlines simulation of barrier fracture as a novel water shutoff technique

Excessive water production has been a problem in the oil industry for many years. To handle this problem, many research projects have focused on developing conformance control systems. Conformance fracturing, a combination of hydraulic fracturing and water control, has proven to be an effective conformance control technique. Hydraulic fracturing is now the technology of choice for increasing well productivity. The chemistry of relative permeability modifiers has also undergone extensive change; the most notable result of which has been to prolong the life of water control treatments using relative permeability modifier (RPM) polymers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the application of barrier-fracturing using streamline simulation. Barrier-fracturing is a novel idea that involves modifying the flow profile and diverting the displacing fluid by placing a fracture with essentially zero permeability deep into the reservoir. There are many ways to create a zero permeability fracture, examples of which include injection of cement or a conformance fluid into the fracture. In our study, we created several streamline simulation models to show the fidelity and validity of this innovative idea. The streamline simulation models that are presented in this paper range from a simple homogeneous reservoir to a very heterogeneous reservoir. The effect of different barrier-fracture lengths on the reservoir performance was analyzed. We also built streamline models for conventional mechanical and chemical water shutoff techniques (e.g. re-completion and RPM) to compare them with the novel barrier-fracture water shutoff technique. The resulting saturation distribution maps from the longer barrier-fracture clearly show the power of a barrier-fracture to modify flow profile and divert the displacing fluid in comparison to conventional water shutoff techniques. Barrier-fractures helped improve oil recovery by delaying water-breakthrough and eventually improving the volumetric sweep efficiency.
Peptides containing multiple photolabels: a new tool for the analysis of ligand-receptor interactions. Reversible long-lasting stimulation and inhibition of MSH receptors by multiple photocrosslinks with alpha-MSH.

Crosslinking of MSH receptors on melanophores of the lizard Anolis carolinensis with analogues of alpha-MSH containing a photoreactive group in position 1, 7, 9 or 13 leads to long-lasting receptor stimulation. Reversibility of this long-lasting stimulation is obtained by employing a disulfide-containing photoreactive group which can be cleaved from the receptor by thiol reagents [Ref. 3]. When two photoreactive groups are simultaneously present on the alpha-MSH molecule (e.g in positions 1 + 9; 1 + 13; 7 + 13, or 9 + 13), identical results were obtained and long-lasting receptor stimulation was not altered after cleavage of one single crosslink. alpha-MSH analogues with three photoreactive groups in positions 1 + 7 + 13 led to irreversible receptor stimulation whereas one compound with the photoreactive groups in positions 1 + 9 + 13 induced reversible receptor inactivation which could be changed into long-lasting stimulation by cleaving the crosslink at position 1 of alpha-MSH. These results demonstrate that one and the same peptide ligand may contain structural information for both receptor activation and inhibition and that the receptor may become arrested in an activated or inhibited state by multiple photocrosslinking, depending on the relative positions of these crosslinks.
Forcing small models of conditions on program interleaving for detection of concurrent bugs

Is it possible to efficiently reveal concurrency bugs by forcing a well selected set of conditions on program interleaving? To study this general question, we defined two simple models of conditions on program interleaving targeted at the insufficient-synchronization-scope bug pattern. We analyzed these models with respect to several buggy programs. We also implemented an algorithm that tries to force one of these models. The analysis of these models shows that relatively small models can detect insufficient-synchronization-scope bugs. The experiments with the forcing algorithm demonstrated the ability of finding the bug with high efficiency: the average testing time till the bug is detected was improved by factors of 7 and 73 compared with the average time required by a dynamic exploration that did not incorporate the forcing algorithm.
Effectiveness of size frequency distributions in regulating intraspecific spatial overlap of stream insects

Spatial niche breadth and overlap of size groups of four species of epilithic stream insects were studied to determine if broad size frequency distributions serve to reduce intraspecific competition for space. Mean niche overlap decreased with greater breadth of size frequency distributions for only one species (Baetis intercalaris) and did not vary in relation to population density. Similarly, the ratio of the probabilities of intergroup and intragroup encounter did not vary as a function of the breadth of size frequency distributions. Therefore, it was concluded that changes in size frequency distribution have a minimal effect on intraspecific competition for space among epilithic species. It was suggested that observed size frequency distributions may be more a function of extant environmental conditions (temperature and flow) than of previous or extant intraspecific competition.
The Changing Environment of Adoption Practice: Focus on Intercountry Adoption to the United States

This article reviews the history of domestic and international adoption, examines international agreements and U.S. statutes that govern intercountry adoption, and assesses the current landscape of adoption agency practice, with major emphasis on the United States. The article focuses specifically on environmental factors that have driven change in both practice and policy concerning international adoption. The theoretical lens of population ecology offers a helpful perspective on the demographic and cultural trends that have transformed adoption and adoption agencies, particularly as they shifted toward international placements beginning in the mid-twentieth century.
A homodimer of the β-subunits of inhibin a stimulates the secretion of pituitary follicle stimulating hormone

Summary A 24,000 Dalton protein with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)-releasing activity, named activin , has been characterized previously from porcine follicular fluid as a heterodimer composed of the β-subunits of inhibins A and B linked by disulfide bond(s) [Ling et al. (1986) Nature, in press]. In this paper we report the isolation of another 24,000 Dalton protein with FSH-releasing activity from porcine follicular fluid, using successive steps of heparin-Sepharose affinity chromatography, gel filtration on Sephacryl S-200, and four steps of reversed-phase HPLC, followed by preparative sodium dodecyl-sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis chromatography. Based on the molecular weight of the isolated molecule and its deduced NH2-terminal sequence, we propose that this second FSH-releasing substance present in porcine follicular fluid is a homodimeric protein composed of two β-subunits of inhibin A joined together by disulfide bond(s). The name homo-activin-A is proposed for this substance.
The effect of truncal vagotomy on taurocholate choleresis and secretin choleresis.

Abstract Mongrel dogs were prepared for cholecystectomy, chronic bile and gastric fistulas, and pyloroplasty. Taurocholate choleresis and secretin choleresis were observed before and after truncal vagotomy. Vagotomy caused minor decreases in bicarbonate output and an increase in chloride output but had no influence on bile flow, bile salt concentration, or bile salt output. Vagotomy had no influence on secretin choleresis. The findings indicate that previously observed reductions in bile salt secretion after vagotomy are due to some mechanism other than the influence of vagotomy on hepatic bile secretion.
''Diplophage'': a bacteriophage of Diplococcus pneumoniae

Abstract Bacteriophage capable of infecting Diplococcus pneumoniae strain R36A was isolated from throat samples of human patients with upper respiratory symptoms. One of the isolates, “Diplophage 1” (Dp-1), was purified and characterized in more detail. The virus contains DNA, it has a polyhedral head, tail, and base plate. Pneumococci become completely resistant to Dp-1 if the choline residues of the teichoic acid are replaced by ethanolamine and other choline analogs. This phage may require the bacterial autolytic system for successful infection.
Mechanism of early carbon tetrachloride toxicity in cultured rat hepatocytes

CCl 4 causes liver necrosis in a dose-dependent manner in vivo. However, we found that primary rat hepatocytes in culture were killed after a 2 hr incubation with carbon tetrachloride gas at CCl 4 partial pressures above a threshold between 45 and 54 mmHg. Below this threshold concentration no increase in hepatocyte death was observed. We sought to explain the very abrupt CCl 4 concentration threshold for hepatocyte death. Two inhibitors of cytochrome P450 2E1, cimetidine and diallyl sulfide, inhibited lipid peroxidation as measured by production of isoprostanes, but did not reduce hepatocyte death from CCl 4 . At 37°, CCl 4 accelerated the mitochondrial permeability transition in vitro, at a threshold CCl 4 concentration similar to that which caused hepatocyte death. Phospholipase A 2 inhibitors, mepacrine and 4-bromophenacyl bromide, inhibited the increase in mitochondrial permeability, but did not inhibit hepatocyte death caused by CCl 4 . Rat liver microsomal lipids were used to make liposomes loaded with Ponceau Red (FW 760.6). No leakage of Ponceau red was found at CCl 4 concentrations greater than the threshold for cell death. However. CCl 4 caused acceleration of liposome fusion, over the CCl 4 concentration range spanning the threshold for hepatocyte death. Early hepatocyte death in cell culture is independent of metabolism of CCl 4 , and may be related to direct effects of CCl 4 on intracellular membranes.
Perception Of "Features" And "Objects": Applications To The Design Of Instrument Panel Displays

ABSTRACT An experiment was conducted to determine whether socalied feature displays allow for faster and more accurate processing compared to object displays. Previous psychological studies indicate that fea­ tures can be processed in parallel across the visual field, whereas objects must be processed one at a time with the aid of attentional focus. Numbers and letters are examples of objects; line orientation and color are examples of features.In this experiment, subjects were asked to search displays composed of up to 16 elements for the presence of specific elements. The ability to detect, localize, and identify targets was influenced by display format. Digital errors increased with the number of elements, the number of targets, and the distance of the target from the fixation point. Line orientation errors increased only with the number of tar­ gets. Several other display types were evaluated, and each produced a pattern of errors similar to either digital or line orientation for­ mat. Results of the study were discussed in terms of Feature Integra­ tion Theory, which distinguishes between elements that are processed with parallel versus serial mechanisms.
Minisymposium on Endogenous Carcinogens: The Catechol Estrogen Pathway. An Introduction

Abstract A major carcinogenic risk for many human cancers may be associated with endogenous procarcinogens that are precursors to carcinogens. If natural protective mechanisms become insufficient, these procarcinogens can be activated, giving rise to formation of endogenous carcinogens. Catechol estrogens (CE), which are metabolites of the estrogens estrone and 17β-estradiol are hypothesized to be such ubiquitous procarcinogens. Their oxidation to CE semiquinones and/or quinones can generate the DNA damage that leads to the tumor initiation process. In addition, redox cycling of CE semiquinones and quinones can generate free radicals that lead to enhancement of DNA damage. The minisymposium discussing this area of research was moderated by Pentti Siiteri and introduced by Ercole Cavalieri. It included presentations by Joachin Liehr, Judith Weisz, Cyrus Creveling and Herman Adlercreutz.
Differential accumulation of heavy metals in the sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima as a function of symbiotic state.

The accumulation of metals by the North American Pacific Coast temperate sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima , and its dinoflagellate-algal symbiont Symbiodinium muscatinei was examined following laboratory metal exposures. Both, naturally occurring symbiotic and symbiont-free (aposymbiotic) anemones were used in this study to investigate differences in metal uptake due to the symbiotic state of the animal. The effects of metal exposures on the anemonealgal symbiosis were determined using measures of algal cell density and mitotic index (MI). Anemones were exposed to either cadmium, copper, nickel or zinc chloride (0, 10, 100 m gl 1 for Cd, Cu and Ni; 0, 100, 1000 m gl 1 for Zn) for 42 days followed by a 42-day recovery period in ambient seawater. Anemones were analyzed for metal content using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) at various time points during the study. Symbiotic anemones accumulated Cd, Ni and Zn to a greater extent than aposymbiotic anemones. A dramatically different pattern of Cu accumulation was observed, with aposymbiotic anemones accumulating higher levels than symbiotic anemones. Following recovery in ambient seawater, all tissue metal levels were reduced to near pre-exposure control levels in most cases. No changes in algal cell density or MI were observed in symbiotic anemone tentacle clips at any dose or time point in the Cd and Cu exposures. However, significant reductions in algal cell densities were observed in the Niexposed and some Zn-exposed animals, although levels returned to control values following recovery. There were no changes in mitotic index (MI) following Ni or Zn exposures. These results demonstrate that the extent of heavy metal accumulation depends upon cnidarian symbiotic state and the heavy metal in question. # 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Designer gravity and field theory effective potentials

Motivated by the anti-de Sitter conformal field theory correspondence, we show that there is remarkable agreement between static supergravity solutions and extrema of a field theory potential. For essentially any function V(alpha) there are boundary conditions in anti-de Sitter space so that gravitational solitons exist precisely at the extrema of V and have masses given by the value of V at these extrema. Based on this, we propose new positive energy conjectures. On the field theory side, each function V can be interpreted as the effective potential for a certain operator in the dual field theory.
Metaphase distribution of the mouse chromosomes

The reports in the literature agree that non-random distribution patterns do occur for the acrocentric human chromosomes in metaphase cell preparations, and it has been suggested that it is a property of acrocentric chromosomes that promotes these non-random patterns. Under this hypothesis, the telocentric chromosomes of the mouse should not show deviation from a random distribution within a cell. This possibility is examined using our data for several types of mouse cells and there is no indication of any significant clustering. However, certain translocations do appear to lead to significant non-random patterns. Alternate hypotheses are presented as possible explanations for this occurrence.
Dual counter-current chromatography —its applications in natural products research

Abstract Dual counter-current chromatoraphy is a newly developed separation method which allows the performance of classic counter-current distribution in a highly efficient manner. The principles of CCC and its capabilities, as illustrated by several applications in natural products isolations, are reviewed.
A case study of applying critical thinking in teaching and learning computer visualization and communication

This paper describes how critical thinking can be applied in teaching computer visualization and communication in higher education. Unlike the attractive rendered images, learning computer visualization and communication is a very demanding and sometimes tedious process. The learners have to go through some time-consuming and rigorous training. It is evident that programs at university level cannot provide all the training that the students may need later in their career. Furthermore, such practice also undermines the core concept of higher education which is to educate people to become independent thinkers. Therefore, it is critical for educators to not only teach the latest technology, but also provide students with tools that they can utilize to acquire knowledge themselves. Critical thinking is believed to be one essential skill that helps the students to become independent thinkers. In recent years, educators have become more interested in teaching “thinking skills” instead of teaching content or information [1]. This paper seeks to provide a logical inquiry system helping the students to develop critical thinking and self-teaching skills while learning computer visualization and communication.
MALE STERILITY IN SOYBEAN-AN OVERVIEW'

The most common type of reproductive mutations observed in the soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] are those that induce male sterility. The high frequency of occurrence of male-sterile mutations indicates that a number of genes influence the processes of microgametogenesis and microsporogenesis. The current knowledge of these mutations is summarized. The origins of male-sterile mutations, their inheritance patterns, and known linkage relationships are detailed. The phenotypic expression of male-sterile mutations, including their effects on both male and female reproduction, is discussed. The influence of environment on the expressivity of malesterile mutations, and the effects of male-sterile mutations on physiological processes (senescence and nitrogen fixation) are summarized. Male-sterile mutations have been useful in the study of soybean reproduction, genetic and cytogenetic investigations, and in evaluating the potential for commercial production of hybrid soybeans. These various applications of male-sterile mu
The Effect of Impactor Location on the Validation of a Full Body Finite Element Model in Two Loading Cases

Finite element analysis (FEA) is a tool used by many in the injury biomechanics field. FEA allows researchers to study the stresses and strains in complex loading scenarios that would be impossible to determine experimentally. A vital step toward ensuring accurate results is validation of the finite element model (FEM), which is often based on matching model results to experimental results. While care is taken in performing experiments, there are still sources of variance in empirical results like experimental error and cadaver variation. In order to mimic these, location variations of two validation cases were studied, an oblique impact to the right thoracoabdominal region and a lateral impact to the right shoulder. Five locations were studied for each case, the nominal and four variations. The object of this study was to determine model robustness, conduct a sensitivity study of the model, and to simulate experimental subject variation without the use of subject-specific models. This study utilizes the Global Human Body Models Consortium (GHBMC) midsized male model. The model reflects a global effort to develop a set of state-of-the-art full body finite element models.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Inactivation of Bradykinin in Rat Lung

Ferreira and Vane1 have shown that less than 30% of brady-kinin infused into the right atrium of the cat emerges in the ascending aorta. Considering the brief circulation time from right atrium to ascending aorta (2–10 sec.2) and the relatively long half-life of bradykinin in blood (17 sec), they concluded that enzymes of blood could not account for the apparent rate of loss of bradykinin in the pulmonary circulation.
The industrialization of plant transformation

Plant transformation facilities offer a range of assistance, from advice to “full service” transformation.
Technology and tenure: creating oppositional discourse in an offline and online world

Abstract In this article, I look at the complexity of the technorhetorician’s place within academic institutions that promote traditional retention, promotion, and tenure procedures. First, I point out the shortcomings of current positionalities assigned to technorhetoricians. I then expand on theories of opposition as defined by Chela Sandoval (1994) in “Re-entering Cyberspace: Sciences of Resistance.” I use this framework to look at the problems when creating binaries to identify online and offline work as traditional or marginal. I argue that we are a diverse and multilayered group whose members occupy many positions, emphasizing the shifting and sometimes contradictory nature of marginality in cyberspace. I conclude by pointing out possible effects of our diverse positionalities on our retention, tenure, and promotion efforts.
A New Poultry Semen Extender: 1. Effect of Extension on the Fertility of Chicken Semen

Maximum extension of chicken semen in the Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender was determined by varying the dilution rate and the number of sperm per insemination. Levels of fertility were high (greater than 88%) in White Leghorn hens inseminated weekly with diluted (1:4) semen containing as few as 20 million sperm. The results also showed that (a) insemination intervals greater than 7 days resulted in a significant decline in fertility, (b) fewer sperm were needed in the insemination dose when diluted semen is held at 5 degrees C. than at 25 degrees C. and (c) high fertility levels (greater than 90%) can be achieved with semen diluted 1:10 provided the insemination dose contains at least 100 million sperm.
In favor of the synthetic resolution to the person–situation debate

Abstract This article has two aims. First, we review the person–situation debate and what we believe to be its central issues. We propose that one of the most central issues in the debate was consistency, and argue that recognizing different conceptions of consistency is essential for a resolution to the debate. Second, we describe a synthesis resolution that incorporates different types of consistency and takes into account the important contributions of both the trait and social–cognitive approaches to personality. We note several current lines of research following from the synthesis, several of which are represented in the current special issue.
Social mobility among migrants between Mexico and the U.S. and within the U.S. labor market.

This paper uses data collected in 4 Mexican communities (2 rural and 2 urban) in 1982 and 1983 using a sample of 200 households plus an additional 25 households. This analysis supports these hypotheses: 1) a U-shaped pattern of occupational mobility exists among migrants to the US; 2) the reversal of the initial downward mobility is positively correlated with the accumulation of experience within the US; and 3) the relative steepness of both legs of the pattern vary across socioeconomic with rural origin illegal and poorly educated migrants experiencing the slowest reversal of fortune. The occupational mobility of Mexican migrants to the US has 2 distinct phases: 1) labor market entry and 2) that which occurs within the US labor market. Both phases are characterized by occupational immobility and by migrants area of origin. Other important findings are 1) the slowness with which upward mobility occurs among migrants on their 1st trip 2) the dominance of agriculture as an occupational group and 3) an improvement in mobility prospects with increased US experience for repeat migrants. Immobility for 1st time entrants pervades all occupational categories and is exceptionally high for rural origin migrants in agriculture. Rural origin unskilled workers encounter greater mobility constraints indicating a rural agricultural worker may accomplish an upward movement to the unskilled category but the chances of further movement are remote. Upon entering the US the probability of being employed in agriculture is over 25% for all groups except the unskilled. Adjusting successfully to US society is best accomplished by migrants whose Mexican occupation is professional technical skilled or service or who have carefully timed their migration and have accumulated significant experience in the host society. It is only with exposure to the US society either through a prolonged stay or many trips that a migrant can overcome the debilitating effects of a disadvantaged socioeconomic background.
In unity there is strength: Showcasing a unified big data platform with MapReduce Over both object and file storage

Big data platforms often need to support emerging data sources and applications while accommodating existing ones. Since different data and applications have varying requirements, multiple types of data stores (e.g. file-based and object-based) frequently co-exist in the same solution today without proper integration. Hence cross-store data access, key to effective data analytics, can not be achieved without laborious application re-programming, prohibitively expensive data migration, and/or costly maintenance of multiple data copies. We address this vital issue by introducing a first unified big data platform over heterogeneous storage. In particular, we present a prototype joining Apache Hadoop MapReduce with OpenStack's open-source object store Swift and IBM's cluster file system GPFSTM. A sentiment analysis application using 3 months of real Twitter data is employed to test and showcase our prototype. We have found that our prototype achieves 50% data capacity savings, eliminates data migration overhead, offers stronger reliability and enterprise support. Through our case study, we have learned important theoretical lessons concerning performance and reliability, as well as practical ones related to platform configuration. We have also identified several potentially high-impact research directions.
Enzymatically prepared poly(hydroquinone) as a mediator for amperometric glucose sensors

Abstract Poly(hydroquinone) (PHQ), synthesized from glucose-β- d -hydroquinone by peroxidase-catalyzed polymerization in aqueous solution and placed on glassy carbon electrodes, behaves as a redox mediator for glucose sensing. The highly selective nature of enzymatic catalysis leads to PHQ with a unique structure which is more soluble in organic solvents and more electrochemically active, as compared to that prepared via electrochemical methods. A glucose sensor is constructed in a pellet form with PHQ, glucose oxidase (GOD) and graphite powder. PHQ retains its redox activity and reversibility in the solid state and effectively mediates the electron transfer between the electrode and GOD. Resulting glucose biosensors possess sub-minute response times over a dynamic range from 1 to 30 mM. The PHQ mediator permits sensor operation at 100 mV (versus SCE), thereby reducing susceptibility toward common endogenous, easily oxidizable interferences.
Progress in developing DBTT determinations from miniature disk bend tests

Experiments to investigate the possibility of obtaining ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) data using bend tests of 3 mm diameter disks are described. A disk specimen 0.40 mm thick with two V-shaped grooves, 0.10 mm deep at right angles to each other along diameters of the disk face, is found to be suitable. In high strain-rate bend testing of materials which exhibit a Charpy V-notch (CVN) DBTT, such specimens undergo a marked change in load/deflection behavior as temperature is lowered. The temperature at which this transition occurs is 145–178 K below the CVN 68 J (50 ft-1b) temperature for three materials tested. There is some evidence that the miniature test transition correlates more consistently with the temperature at which CVN energy reaches a low value such as 7 J. This test offers interesting possibilities for in-service monitoring of critical components such as reactor pressure vessels. Further testing to investigate more fully the relationship between the miniature test and Charpy V-notch results is required.
Optimal scheduling policies with mutual information accumulation in wireless networks

In this paper, we aim to develop scheduling policies to maximize the stability region of a wireless network under the assumption that mutual information accumulation is implemented at the physical layer. This enhanced physical layer capability enables the system to accumulate information even when the link between two nodes is not good and a packet cannot be decoded within a slot. The result is an expansion of the stability region of the system. The accumulation process does not satisfy the i.i.d assumption that underlies many previous analysis in this area. Therefore it also brings new challenges to the problem. We propose two dynamic scheduling algorithms to overcome this difficulty. One performs scheduling every T slot, which inevitably increases average delay in the system, but approaches the boundary of the stability region. The second constructs a virtual system with the same stability region. Through controlling the virtual queues in the constructed system, we avoid the non-i.i.d difficulty and attain the stability region. We derive performance bounds under both algorithms and compare them through simulation results.
Determination of autotransformer-capacitor phase converter parameters

An analytical approach is described for determining the parameters for an autotransformer-capacitor phase converter that allows matching of the converter to a specific motor for a given load. Equations are developed for the capacitor size and autotransformer turns ratio that will give balanced operation of a three-phase motor. Predicted values are compared with the experimental results.
Kinesin-1–syntaphilin coupling mediates activity-dependent regulation of axonal mitochondrial transport

Axonal mitochondria are recruited to synaptic terminals in response to neuronal activity, but the mechanisms underlying activity-dependent regulation of mitochondrial transport are largely unknown. In this paper, using genetic mouse model combined with live imaging, we demonstrate that syntaphilin (SNPH) mediates the activity-dependent immobilization of axonal mitochondria through binding to KIF5. In vitro analysis showed that the KIF5–SNPH coupling inhibited the motor adenosine triphosphatase. Neuronal activity further recruited SNPH to axonal mitochondria. This motor-docking interplay was induced by Ca2+ and synaptic activity and was necessary to establish an appropriate balance between motile and stationary axonal mitochondria. Deleting snph abolished the activity-dependent immobilization of axonal mitochondria. We propose an “Engine-Switch and Brake” model, in which SNPH acts both as an engine off switch by sensing mitochondrial Rho guanosine triphosphatase-Ca2+ and as a brake by anchoring mitochondria to the microtubule track. Altogether, our study provides new mechanistic insight into the molecular interplay between motor and docking proteins, which arrests axonal mitochondrial transport in response to changes in neuronal activity.
Scaffolds for drug delivery, part I: electrospun porous poly(lactic acid) and poly(lactic acid)/poly(ethylene oxide) hybrid scaffolds

This is the first in a series of papers, focused on the development of a biodegradable, controlled, and potentially targeted drug delivery system. In this paper, we describe the production of highly porous biodegradable fibrous structures suitable for biomedical applications and as a matrix for drug delivery. Two structures are described below. The first structure is composed of electrospun poly(lactic acid) (PLA) fibers and is unique due to (1) the uniformity if its constitute fibers’ diameter, (2) consistent surface pore dimensions of each fiber, (3) the use of only a single solvent, (4) interior nano-size porosity throughout each individual fiber, and (5) the independency of surface pore dimensions on fiber diameter. The produced matrix will be further impregnated with cargo loaded nanoparticles—Red clover necrotic mosaic virus (RCNMV)—to achieve a controlled drug delivery system (described in Part III) for cancer treatments. Such a structure can also be used as tissue engineering scaffolds and filter media. The second electrospun structure has enhanced hydrophilicity compared to PLA matrix and is formed by blending poly(lactic acid)/poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) polymers. The incorporation of PEO in the matrix introduces preferable sites for aqueous compounds to be attached to while retaining the overall structural integrity and porous morphology. It is hypothesized that the existence of alternative hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments in the structure may reduce post-implantation complications such as platelet adhesion.
Solute inaccessible aqueous volume changes during opening of the potassium channel of the squid giant axon.

We have applied solutions with varying osmotic pressures symmetrically to the inside and outside of perfused, TTX-treated, giant axons. The potassium conductance G decreased with increasing osmotic stress, but there was no effect on either the shape or the position of the voltage-current curve. One must distinguish three possible actions of the osmotic agent: osmotic stress, channel blocking, and lowered solution conductivity. To do so, we compared results obtained working with pairs of internal and external solutions of either (a) equal osmotic stress, (b) equal conductivity, or (c) the same blocking agent. There was the same change in G irrespective of the type of stressing species (sorbitol or sucrose); this provides some evidence against a blocking mechanism. The conductivity of the external solution had a small effect on K currents; internal solution conductivity had none. A change in series resistance of the Schwann cell layer could account for the small effect of external solution conductivity. The primary cause of G depression appears, then, to be the applied osmotic stress. Using this result, we have developed models in which the channel has a transition between closed states under voltage control but osmotically insensitive and a closed/open step that is voltage-independent but osmotically sensitive. We have assumed that the conductance of this open state does not change with osmotic stress. In this way, we estimate that an additional 1,350 +/- 200 A3 or 40–50 molecules of solute-inaccessible water appear to associate with the average delayed rectifier potassium channel of the squid axon when it opens.
Correlation of Urinary Excretion with In Vitro Dissolution Using Several Dissolution Methods for Hydrochlorothiazide Formulations

Four different hydrochlorothiazide formulations were prepared, and cumulative urinary hydrochlorothiazide excretion was determined in a crossover study using six volunteers. A comparison of in vivo results showed that one formulation (Formulation D) was significantly different from the others at 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, and 14 hr. A dissolution study was conducted on each formulation using the flask, USP basket, and magnetic basket methods at agitation speeds of 50, 100, and 150 rpm. Formulation D was significantly different from other formulations when determined using the USP basket method at 150 rpm and a sampling time of 10 min; the USP basket method at 100 rpm and a sampling time of 100 min; the flask method at 100 rpm and sampling times of 30, 40, 60, and 120 min; and the flask method at 150 rpm and sampling times of 30 and 40 min. Significant in vitro and in vivo correlations were found using a regression analysis and F test. With a correlation coefficient and 95% confidence intervals, it was established that the USP basket method at 150 rpm was the best predictor of urinary hydrochlorothiazide excretion among the dissolution methods tested.
Study of interdiffusion of Ni/Fe layers by Auger Sputter profiling

Abstract Bulk and grain boundary diffusion of Fe into Ni films has been studied under UHV in the temperature range of −150 to 500°C using AES and sputter profiling methods. The concentration profiles at the interface are corrected for the various broadening and damage effects inherent in ion bombardment. Grain boundary diffusion coefficients are derived on the basis of the Whipple model. The measured activation energies are 46 kcal mole for bulk diffusion and 34 kcal mole for grain boundary diffusion. An additional migration phenomenon not previously resolved is observed for very thin films annealed at relatively low temperatures (150–250°C). A possible mechanism involved in this initial “interface healing” is discussed.
Phylogenetic incongruence between dinoflagellate endosymbionts (Symbiodinium) and their host foraminifera (Sorites): small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequence evidence

Abstract Phototrophic dinoflagellate zooxanthellae commonly occur as endosymbionts in many planktic and certain benthic foraminifera (soritids). Many taxonomic issues and specific identities of foraminiferal dinoflagellates are not yet resolved. To assess taxonomic affinities among other dinoflagellates, we have determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the small-subunit rRNA coding region from Symbiodinium sp., an endosymbiotic dinoflagellate of the larger foraminifer Sorites orbiculus . The poly merase chain reaction was adopted for the in vitro amplification of ribosomal DNA, utilizing primers complementary to conserved regions. PCR-amplified DNA was directly sequenced and the sequence was aligned to all complete 18S-rDNA dinoflagellate sequences currently available through GenBank. Apicomplexan, ciliate, chromistacean, and rhodophycean sequences were added to infer across-kingdom phylogenetic relationships. Phylogenetic analysis of aligned nucleotide sequences produced a single most parsimonious tree (generated by the branch and bound method of PAUP). The inferred phylogeny indicates that the dinoflagellate extracted from the foraminifer Sorites orbiculus is a sister taxon to the symbiont present in the larger foraminifera Marginopora kudakajimaensis , but only distantly related to the dinoflagellate isolated from the soritid Amphisorus hemprichii . The sequence heterogeneity demonstrates a high degree of genetic diversity among Symbiodinium -like zooxanthellae and re-emphasizes that they are a variety of distinct entities. The inferred molecular phylogenetic relationships among symbiotic dinoflagellates are not congruent with the foraminiferal phylogeny based on cladistic methodology. The lack of correlation between the evolutionary history of dinoflagellate symbionts and their foraminiferal hosts argues against co-evolution. This lack of co-evolution implies that flexible recombinations among hosts and symbionts are evolutionarily favorable over permanently associated lineages, at least in these benthic foraminifera.
Measurements of reflectance spectra of ion-bombarded ice and application to surfaces in the outer solar system

The first results of laboratory measurements of the wavelength dependence of the alternation of the visible reflectance of H2O ice irradiated by keV ions are presented. When the implanted species is chemically neutral, absorption is slightly enhanced below 0.55 micron. For an incident species containing sulfur, a strong absorption feature is produced at 0.4 micron, probably corresponding to S3. This occurs at too large a wavelength to account for the absorption feature observed at Europa by Voyager and therefore casts doubt on the recent interpretation of the reflectance data of Europa.
Quantitative Variation of HMW Glutenin Subunits from Hard Red Spring Wheats Grown in Different Environments

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to investigate the quantitative variation of HMW glutenin subunits in relation to glutenin polymers and hence breadmaking quality across different environments. Six genotypes of hard red spring (HRS) wheat were grown at seven locations in North Dakota in 1998 in a randomized complete-block experimental design with three replicates at each location. Unreduced SDS-soluble glutenins of flour were fractionated by multistacking SDS-PAGE into different sized glutenin polymers, followed by SDS-PAGE and imaging densitometry to determine the quantitative variation of HMW glutenin subunits. SDS-insoluble glutenin polymers also were examined for their quantitative composition of HMW glutenin subunits. The results showed that the percentage of HMW glutenin subunits was significantly affected by growing locations. The quantity of HMW glutenin subunits in SDS-insoluble glutenins was significantly and positively correlated with loaf volume. SDS-insoluble glutenin polymers had a h...