cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shock Transfer and Shock-Initiated Detonation in a Dual Pulse Detonation Engine/Crossover System

An experimental investigation was carried out to study the propagation of a shock wave through a crossover tube for the purpose of causing shock-initiated detonation. A pulse detonation engine was used as a driver source to propagate a shock wave through a crossover tube into a second, adjacent detonation tube (that is, driven). Results showed a transferred shock wave achieved shock-initiated detonation, and for specific crossover tube geometries, there was a maximum effective crossover tube length for which the event was possible. This maximum effective length was strongly correlated to the strength of the transferred shock. Initiation performance in the driven detonation tube declined when the incident shock strength decreased below MS=2.0. Introducing a bend to the end of the crossover tube increased the driven detonation tube initiation performance by enhancing the strength of the transferred planar shock wave by an average of 20%. A numerical investigation on shock wave planar attenuation in a crosso...
Data-driven approach for cross-species comparative metabolite exposure assessment: how to establish fundamental bioanalytical parameters for the peak area ratio method

We previously developed an high-performance LC–MS peak area ratio approach to demonstrate whether an animal species used in a toxicology study has greater exposures to drug metabolites relative to humans, meeting regulatory guidances regarding safety assessment of drug metabolites. Herein we explain the underlying bioanalytical principals, how to establish all fundamental bioanalytical parameters, and how to evaluate data quality in sample analysis, in the absence of authentic standards of analyte(s). A data-driven tiered approach was used in which data from the peak area ratio method can stand based on statistical analysis, as well as assuring that fundamental elements of bioanalytical method and bioanalysis are met. This strategy offers considerable time- and resource-saving advantage while providing high confidence in the safety assessment of human metabolites in drug development.
3DSVAT: A 3D Stereoscopic Vulnerability Assessment Tool for network security

As the volume of network data continues to increase and networks become more complex, the ability to accurately manage and analyze data quickly becomes a difficult problem. Many network management tools already use two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) visualization techniques to help support decision-making and reasoning of network anomalies and activity. However, a poor user interface combined with the massive amount of data could obfuscate important network details. As a result, administrators may fail to detect and identify malicious network behavior in a timely manner. 3D visualizations address this challenge by introducing monocular and binocular visual cues to portray depth and to increase the perceived viewing area. In this work, we explore these cues for 3D network security applications, with a particular emphasis on binocular disparity or stereoscopic 3D. Currently, no network security tool takes advantage of the enhanced depth perception provided by stereoscopic 3D technologies for vulnerability assessment. Compared to traditional 3D systems, stereoscopic 3D helps improve the perception of depth, which can, in turn reduce the number of errors and increase response times of network administrators. Thus, we introduce a stereoscopic 3D visual Framework for Rendering Enhanced 3D Stereoscopic Visualizations for Network Security (FRE3DS). Our novel framework uses state-of-the art 3D graphics rendering to assist in 3D visualizations for network security applications. Moreover, utilizing our framework, we propose a new 3D Stereoscopic Vulnerability Assessment Tool (3DSVAT). We illustrate the use of 3DSVAT to assist in rapid detection and correlation of attack vulnerabilities in a subset of a modified local area network data set using the enhanced perception of depth in a stereoscopic 3D environment.
Esterases from the midgut and gastric caecum of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.) isolation and characterization

Abstract Seven esterases were isolated from the midgut and gastric caecum of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.), and were shown to be homogeneous by molecular sieve column chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Molecular weights were 58 000, 130 000, 135 000, 230 000, and ⪢ 230 000 . Linear Lineweaver-Burk plots were obtained, and the K m s were about 10−4–10−5 M. Four of the esterases were further purified and characterized by their activation energy ( E a ), thermal stability, inhibition by organophosphate, and substrate specificity. Arrhenius plots for these esterases were double sloped, with E a between 6.3 and 8.5 kcal/mole at higher temperatures and between 11.6 and 14.5 kcal/mole at lower temperatures. Nonlinear inhibition plots were obtained by using 2,2-dimethyldichlorovinyl phosphate, paraoxon, and diisopropylfluorophosphonate. The presence of substrate partially protected the enzymes from organophosphate inhibition. The esterases were unable to hydrolyze acetyl dl -carnitine, acetyl-CoA, phosphocreatin, methyl formate, ethyl formate, methyl propionate, p- nitrophenyl phosphate, and Tween 80. The nonlinear Arrhenius plots and inhibition plots were taken as evidence that the esterases were molecular aggregates, and the enzymes were further classified as B esterases.
Influence of Jet-Induced Transition on Separating Low-Pressure Turbine Boundary Layers

Flow measurements were made on two highly loaded low-pressure turbine blade configurations in a linear cascade facility with and without the application of flow control. The L1M blade has a design Zweifel coefficient of 1.34 with a peak c p near 47% c x (midloaded) and the Pack B blade has a design Zweifel coefficient of 1.15 with a peak Cp at 63% c x (aft-loaded). Flow and surface pressure data were taken for Re c = 20,000 with 3 % inlet freestream turbulence. For these operating conditions, a large separation bubble forms on the blade suction surface, beginning at 59% c x and reattaching at 86% c x on the L1M blade, with a nonreattaching bubble beginning at 68% c x on the Pack B blade. Data were taken using a single-element hot-film anemometer. Higher-order turbulence statistics were used to identify transition and separation zones. Similar measurements were also made in the presence of unsteady forcing using pulsed vortex generator jets located 9% c x upstream of the separation location. For the uncontrolled case, it was found that the separated laminar shear layer on the L1M blade started turbulent transition earlier than the Pack B but took longer to fully transition. This earlier transition appears to be a significant contributor to boundary-layer reattachment for the L1M blade. With the application of pulsed vortex-generating jets, the separation bubble was convected entirely off the blade for both blade configurations, but the Pack B bubble responded more slowly to the jet pulse due to a lower convection speed for the jet disturbance. Once the bubble was swept off of the L1M blade, a new bubble began to grow immediately. However, on the Pack B blade, there was a significant phase lag before bubble regrowth occurred.
ATTEMPTED HYBRIDIZATION BETWEEN MONOECIOUS AND DIOECIOUS CLONES OF CHARA

The suggestion has been made that within the genus Chara the condition of monoecism or dioecism is of limited taxonomic significance, and that this character reflects only minor genetic variation, rarely sufficient to prevent hybridization between two otherwise similar clones. Objections have been raised to this suggestion. The present investigation was undertaken to determine whether the eggs of dioecious C. rusbyana could be fertilized by sperm from monoecious C sejuncta, monecious C. zeylanica, or dioecious C. kenoyeri; and in turn whether the eggs of C. sejuncta and C. zeylanica could be fertilized by sperm from C. rusbyana. On the basis of 83 crosses involving 28 clones of the four taxa, we conclude that C. rusbyana is genetically isolated from the other three.
“An Enemy, I suppose, that Nature has made”: Charlotte Smith and the natural enemy

This essay traces the history of the expression “natural enemy,” and finds the most rigorous, though subtle, investigation of the term in Charlotte Smith's final poem of 1807, Beachy Head. Joining John Thelwall's attempt to critique the popular British epithet for France by questioning its claim about “nature,” Smith begins her final “nature poem” with a figure keeping watch from the historic military site of Beachy Head, a site rife with anxiety about a possible French invasion. What emerges in the poem, however, is not the aggressive arrival of the invading enemy, but the geological history of Britain's prior union with France, a natural history that subverts the idea that the two nations were ever naturally enemies, since it suggests that, according to Smith, “we can trace our origin no farther than to the people we hate and despise.” Resisting the arguments of both a natural antipathy and a natural sympathy with France, Smith's poem focuses instead on the phenomenality of the border and the forms of w...
Morphology and ploidy level determination of Pteris vittata callus during induction and regeneration

Background Morphological and ploidy changes of the arsenic hyperaccumulator, Chinese brake fern (Pteris vittata) callus tissue are described here to provide insight into fern life cycle biology and for possible biotechnology applications. Pteris vittata callus was studied using transmission and scanning electron microscopy, and flow cytometry.
Rev Activity Determines Sensitivity of HIV-1-Infected Primary T Cells to CTL Killing

The HIV Nef protein is thought to promote HIV immune evasion by downmodulating MHC-I and protecting infected cells from CTL killing. In addition, we demonstrated that Rev, an HIV regulatory protein needed for expression of the HIV late genes, can influence CTL killing. When Rev activity level was reduced by virtue of amino acid alterations in the Rev protein sequence, infected cells were more resistant to anti-Gag and anti-Env CTL killing. A screen of primary viral isolates revealed that viruses derived from asymptomatic, infected people had lower Rev activity, lower Gag levels, and greater resistance to anti-Gag CTL killing. Thus, rev alleles with low activity may have a selective advantage in infected people with effective immune responses.
Fast Computation Using Multi-Zero Neural Networks

The multi-zero artificial neural network was derived from a study of the stability and convergence properties of a feedback (or auto-associative) neural system. The nonlinear response function of neurons in the system is an odd polynomial (or a topologically similar) function of 2M+1 zeros with odd zeros equal to a set of consecutive integers. If the connection matrix is programmed correctly, the system will then perform stable operations exhibiting the following characteristics. 1. The system will transform any N-bit analog input to an N-bit, M-ary (or M-valued), digital output. 2. The output will be locked-in when the input is removed. It will be changed to another locked-in digital vector when it receives another input. 3. The speed is fast because the circuit is free-running, parallel, and M-ary. The accuracy is high because the computation is digital. Because of these unique properties, the network can be used in the design of a fast computing system. This paper reports the origin of this multi-zero system, the analysis of its properties, and the design of a fast, M-ary, digital multiplier using this system.
Coherent optical MIMO (Invited Paper)

In this paper we present a Coherent Optical Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (COMIMO) communication system and its ability to exploit the inherent information capacity of Multi-Mode Fiber (MMF). COMIMO technique is a promising approach to unlock the information capacity of MMF as it ensures the necessary diversity for practically any fiber length. When exceeding the bandwidth-length product of the link, MIMO adaptive equalization can be used to mitigate inter-symbol interference (ISI). Furthermore, COMIMO link provides additional security in the physical layer that complements encryption.
A socialist-feminist approach to aging: Embracing diversity

Abstract In seeking to enhance the quality of life in the later years, geron7tologists have been hampered by not attending to the diversity of experiences among the elderly. In this article, we put forward a theoretical perspective, socialist feminism, that can examine aging in an inclusive manner. Socialist-feminism, with its focus on the historically and socially constructed nature of gender, class, and racial/ethnic relations, constitutes an approach wherein diversity can be embraced and understood through an examination of similar and different aging experiences. In elaborating a socialist-feminist approach, we focus primarily on gender relations, explaining some key concepts which we feel are critical in redirecting gerontological theory, research, and practice.
Elevated atmospheric CO2 alleviates drought stress in wheat

Abstract Rising levels of atmospheric CO 2 affect transpiration and water absorption processes that influence total leaf water potential ( Ψ W ) of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). The objective of this case study was to determine the effect of a rise in atmospheric CO 2 concentration on predawn, midday, and sunset Ψ W as soil matric potential ( Ψ M ) ranged from −0.03 to −1.50 MPa. ‘Yecora Rojo’ was sown on 15 December 1992 (130 plants m −2 ) and 7–8 December 1993 (180 plants m −2 ) in an open field at Maricopa, AZ (33.1°N, 112.0°W), in air enriched for 24 h per day to a atmospheric CO 2 concentration of ∼200 μmol mol −1 (550 μmol mol −1 ) above ambient (370 μmol mol −1 ) using a free-air CO 2 enrichment (FACE) apparatus (main-plot) in four replicates. A sub-surface drip-tape irrigation system provided two soil–water content treatments: 50% (dry) and 100% (wet) replacement of potential evapotranspiration (split-plot). Treatments were control-dry (CD), FACE-dry (FD), control-wet (CW) and FACE-wet (FW). A pressure chamber was used to measure Ψ W on 3–5 upper-canopy fully-expanded sunlit leaves at predawn, midday, and sunset between tillering and hard dough during 1993 and 1994. The Ψ W for the dry plots was regressed on Ψ M from field capacity (−0.03 MPa) to the permanent wilting point (−1.50 MPa). Slopes (standard error) were derived for CD ( Ψ W[CD] (MPa) Ψ M[CD] (MPa) −1 ) compared with FD ( Ψ W[FD] (MPa) Ψ M[FD] (MPa) −1 ) at predawn (5.1 (1.2) compared with 1.1 (0.2)), midday (4.3 (1.8) compared with 0.7 (0.3)), and sunset (5.9 (1.5) compared with 1.0 (0.9)). Regardless of time of day, more negative Ψ W for a given Ψ M occurred in control compared with FACE ( P Ψ M ranged from −0.03 to −1.50 MPa, a ∼200 μmol mol −1 rise in atmospheric CO 2 concentration resulted in a curvilinearly increase in drought stress alleviation from 0 to 77% at predawn, 0 to 67% at midday, and 0 to 79% at sunset. Hence, as the CO 2 concentration of the atmosphere rises, both drought avoidance and tolerance mechanisms will be enhanced resulting in improved water relations in wheat.
Efficient use of siblings in testing for linkage and association.

Tests of linkage and association between a disease and either a candidate gene or marker allele can be based on sibships with at least one affected and one unaffected sibling. However, specialized techniques are required to account for within-sibship correlation if some sibships contain more than one affected or more than one unaffected sib. In this paper, we propose Within Sibship Paired Resampling (WSPR), a technique that is designed to test the null hypothesis of no linkage or no association, even when sibships contain variable numbers of sibs. One repeatedly generates data subsets based on randomly sampling one affected and one unaffected sibling from each sibship, and each subset is analyzed individually. Then, evidence is combined by averaging results across these resampled data sets, applying a variance expression that implicitly accounts for the correlation among siblings. While the general WSPR procedure allows for numerous testing strategies, we describe two in detail. Simulation results for scenarios with varying degrees of population stratification demonstrate good power for the WSPR testing methods compared to the sib TDT (S-TDT) and the sibship disequilibrium test (SDT).
Development of Antibiotic Activity Profile Screening for the Classification and Discovery of Natural Product Antibiotics

Despite recognition of the looming antibiotic crisis by healthcare professionals, the number of new antibiotics reaching the clinic continues to decline sharply. This study aimed to establish an antibiotic profiling strategy using a panel of clinically relevant bacterial strains to create unique biological fingerprints for all major classes of antibiotics. Antibiotic mode of action profile (BioMAP) screening has been shown to effectively cluster antibiotics by structural class based on these fingerprints. Using this approach, we have accurately predicted the presence of known antibiotics in natural product extracts and have discovered a naphthoquinone-based antibiotic from our marine natural product library that possesses a unique carbon skeleton. We have demonstrated that bioactivity fingerprinting is a successful strategy for profiling antibiotic lead compounds and that BioMAP can be applied to the discovery of new natural product antibiotics leads.
Supporting Cluster-Based Network Services on Functionally Symmetric Software Architecture

Server and storage clustering has become a popular platform for hosting large-scale online services. Elements of the service clustering support are often constructed using centralized or hierarchical architectures, in order to meet performance and policy objectives desired by online applications. For instance, a central Executive node can be employed to make efficient resource management decisions based on a complete view of cluster-wide resource availability as well as request demands. Functionality symmetric software architecture can enhance the robustness of cluster-based network services due to its inherent absence of vulnerability points. However, such a design must satisfy performance requirements and policy objectives desired by online services. This paper argues for the improved robustness of functionally symmetric architectures and presents the designs of two specific clustering support elements: energy-conserving server consolidation and service availability management. Our emulation and experimentation on a 117-server cluster show that the proposed designs do not significantly compromise the system performance and policy objectives compared with the centralized approaches.
Appendix A—Determination of ground-water levels by the seismic method

For the past one and one-half years the Corps of Engineers, United States Army, has made use of the refraction-seismic method on preliminary foundation-investigations for proposed dams in various parts of the Ohio River Basin and elsewhere. The primary object in making these investigations has been to determine approximate elevations of the bed-rock surface at several possible sites for a proposed structure in order to select the site at which the configuration of the bed-rock surface appeared to be most favorable for foundation-purposes and to confine drilling operations to the favorable site. Incidental to the studies of the seismic records for the primary purpose stated above, it has been noted that a number of the records indicate the possibility of determining the elevation of the water-table within rather small limits of error.
Being accurate is not enough: how accuracy metrics have hurt recommender systems

Recommender systems have shown great potential to help users find interesting and relevant items from within a large information space. Most research up to this point has focused on improving the accuracy of recommender systems. We believe that not only has this narrow focus been misguided, but has even been detrimental to the field. The recommendations that are most accurate according to the standard metrics are sometimes not the recommendations that are most useful to users. In this paper, we propose informal arguments that the recommender community should move beyond the conventional accuracy metrics and their associated experimental methodologies. We propose new user-centric directions for evaluating recommender systems.
Free-free radiative absorption coefficient for the negative argon ion

The free-free absorption coefficient for ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ is calculated at radiation wavelengths of 2000 and 20000 \AA{} for various temperatures. Electron correlation corrections to the Hartree-Fock approximation are obtained by using many-body perturbation theory. Comparison is made with other theoretical methods and experiment.
Effects of mercaptans upon dihydropyridine binding sites on transverse tubules isolated from triads of rabbit skeletal muscle

The binding of nitrendipine to transverse (T) tubules isolated from skeletal muscle triads is inhibited by dithiothreitol (K I ∼ 0.05 mM) and glutathione (K I ∼ 3 mM). The t 1/2's of inhibition (18.3 and 11.5 min, respectively) suggest that these hydrophylic reagents act upon the exposed surface of the vesicles. Dithiothreitol shifts the apparent K D for nitrendipine from 8.5 nM to 30 nM without altering the B max extrapolated by Scatchard analysis. That T-tubules isolated by disruption of triad junctions are constrained to have the protoplasmic (P) face uniformly exposed was experimentally confirmed. These studies show that a sulfhydryl residue on the P-face of the T-tubule influences the affinity of the receptor for dihydropyridines.
Thermal time constant estimation in warming and cooling ectotherms.

Abstract (1) Measurement of physiological control of warming and cooling in reptiles requires calculating the thermal time constant ( τ ) of the animal. (2) Previously reported methods of estimating τ are sensitive to multiple problems including measurement error in operative environmental temperature and equilibrium body temperature, drift of environmental temperatures, requirements for extremely simple thermal environments, and ill conditioning of the estimation techniques themselves. (3) We propose a physiologically based heat transfer model which is less sensitive to common experimental errors, more numerically robust, and can provide physiologically meaningful estimates of time constants. (4) The method presented here allows time constants to be measured for animals subjected to the traditional step change experiment as well as to shorter periods of warming and cooling such as during shuttling.
Novel way to increase targeting specificity to a human glioblastoma-associated receptor for interleukin 13.

Human brain cancers (gliomas) overexpress large numbers of a receptor for interleukin 13 (IL13), making this receptor an attractive target for anti-glioma therapies. We have recently proposed that the glioma-associated IL13 receptor is different from the one expressed on some hemopoietic and somatic cells. In an attempt to identify an even more glioma specific target, we have used an antagonist of a related cytokine, IL4, which neutralizes the physiological effects of both IL13 and IL4 on normal cells. Here we demonstrate that the IL4 antagonist also counteracts the action of cytotoxins targeted to the IL13 receptor on normal human cells. Importantly, the IL4 antagonist does not inhibit IL13-based cytotoxins on glioma cells at all. Thus, the IL13 receptor on glioma cells can be categorized as tumor-specific in the presence of an IL4 antagonist. We conclude that IL13 receptor-directed cytotoxins can be delivered to glioma cells without being cytotoxic to normal cells.
Auctioning resources in Grids: model and protocols

In this paper, we propose and study an auction model for resource management in Grids. We propose and investigate by simulation three types of auction-based resource-allocation protocols: (i) first-price auction protocol; (ii) Vickrey auction protocol; and (iii) double auction protocol. The goal is to find which of these is best suited to the Grid environment from the users' perspective as well as from the resources' perspective. The results showed that when we consider a mix of risk-averse and risk-neutral users, the first-price auction protocol favors resources while the Vickrey auction protocol favors users. On the other hand, the double auction protocol favors both users and resources. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chunkwood combustion for on-farm applications.

Abstract An updraft gasifier-combustor was built to burn chunkwood (a random accumulation of wood particles 5–25 cm long, ranging from finger size up to 10 cm diameter discs) for on-farm heat production. Fuel charges of 30 and 45 kg, and various air injection rates were used for the combustion tests. An oil burner delivered a continuous flame into the secondary chamber. As judged by the stack gas CO/CO2 ratio, the cleanest burn was achieved by injecting 50% stoichiometric air in the primary and 170% in the secondary. Calculated thermal efficiency of the combustor ranged from 32% for a 35% primary, 65% secondary test to 52% for the 50% primary, and 170% secondary test. The combustor produced heat energy equivalent to 11·3 litre h−1 kerosene at 40% efficiency, or in effect multiplied the fuel consumed in the oil burner by a factor of 7. At 52% efficiency the factor was 9. Estimated cost of the combustor and related equipment is $25 000, and at current fuel prices a user could afford to convert to chunkwood if his annual liquified petroleum gas consumption is 47 000 litres.
Structural variability in the glucuronoxylomannan of Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A isolates determined by 13C NMR spectroscopy

Abstract Cryptococcus neoformans , the etiologic agent of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis, produces glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) as the major capsule component. Purified GXMs obtained from eight serotype A isolates of C. neoformans were treated by ultrasonic irradiation and then O -deacetylated prior to their comprehensive chemical analysis by GLC, GLC-MS, and 13 C NMR spectroscopy. The average xylose:mannose:glucuronic acid molar ratio of the eight isolates is 1.96±0.25:3.00:0.58±0.10. Methylation analyses and 13 C NMR spectroscopy show a general structure for GXM that is comprised of a linear (1 → 3)-α- d -mannopyranan substituted with β- d -Glc p A and with β- d -Xyl p at O-2. Variable quantities of unsubstituted (1 → 3)-α- d -Man p were observed between the eight isolates studied. In several isolates some of the (1 → 3)-α- d -Man p residues are disubstituted with β- d -Glc p A at O-2 and with β- d -Xyl p at O-4; this type of substitution was not previously thought to occur in serotype A isolates. Heterogeneity, between isolates, in the disposition of the substituents along the mannopyranan backbone was revealed by 13 C NMR spectroscopy. The eight isolates, and three isolates previously studied, were each assigned to one of four distinct groups based on the 13 C NMR chemical shifts of the anomeric carbons. Six of the eleven isolates gave identical spectra (Group I). The six major anomeric resonances from Group I were assigned to specific linkages present in GXM. The remaining five isolates gave more complex spectra that are indicative of additional linkages and comprise the remaining three groups. Three of these five isolates contain substantial amounts of linkages previously thought to be distinctive of serotypes B and C, i.e., Man p residues that are 4- O -glycosylated with β- d -Xyl p . Methylation analyses only predicted an average repeating unit, whereas 13 C NMR spectroscopy demonstrated that GXM from each isolate may be categorized into four groups by the occurrence of distinct sequences of carbohydrate residues.
Selective Processing and Metabolism of Disease-Causing Mutant Prion Proteins

Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders caused by aberrant metabolism of the cellular prion protein (PrPC). In genetic forms of these diseases, mutations in the globular C-terminal domain are hypothesized to favor the spontaneous generation of misfolded PrP conformers (including the transmissible PrPSc form) that trigger downstream pathways leading to neuronal death. A mechanistic understanding of these diseases therefore requires knowledge of the quality control pathways that recognize and degrade aberrant PrPs. Here, we present comparative analyses of the biosynthesis, trafficking, and metabolism of a panel of genetic disease-causing prion protein mutants in the C-terminal domain. Using quantitative imaging and biochemistry, we identify a misfolded subpopulation of each mutant PrP characterized by relative detergent insolubility, inaccessibility to the cell surface, and incomplete glycan modifications. The misfolded populations of mutant PrPs were neither recognized by ER quality control pathways nor routed to ER-associated degradation despite demonstrable misfolding in the ER. Instead, mutant PrPs trafficked to the Golgi, from where the misfolded subpopulation was selectively trafficked for degradation in acidic compartments. Surprisingly, selective re-routing was dependent not only on a mutant globular domain, but on an additional lysine-based motif in the highly conserved unstructured N-terminus. These results define a specific trafficking and degradation pathway shared by many disease-causing PrP mutants. As the acidic lysosomal environment has been implicated in facilitating the conversion of PrPC to PrPSc, our identification of a mutant-selective trafficking pathway to this compartment may provide a cell biological basis for spontaneous generation of PrPSc in familial prion disease.
Polyoxometalate-Modified Fabrics: New Catalytic Materials for Low-Temperature Aerobic Oxidation

Abstract The polyoxometalate H5PV2Mo10O40 (1) is deposited on cotton cloth, polyacrylic fiber, nylon fiber, carbon powder (Ambersorb 572), and the Japanese “self-deodorizing” fabric Smoklin by immersion of these materials in aqueous solutions of 1 followed by evaporation of the water. DRIFT spectra and chemical reactivity indicate that 1 is not damaged during deposition on the materials. More significantly, they catalyze O2-based oxidations of two representative and common toxics in air, acetaldehyde and 1-propanethiol, in addition to a representative thioether, tetrahydrothiophene. These aerobic oxidations proceed heterogeneously with the substrates in the liquid phase and under unusually mild conditions (mostly ambient temperature and pressure). One representative reaction, CH3CHO+O2→CH3COOH, catalyzed by several 1–fabric materials is examined in some detail. Kinetics, radical scavenging, and other experiments are consistent with the 1–fabric functioning primarily as a radical chain initiator. Surface area measurements and scanning electron microscopy of two representative materials, 1–polyacrylic and 1–Smoklin, before and after deposition of 1 and after catalysis indicate that the fibers are not demonstrably altered by deposition of 1, and that the 1–fabric catalysts are not significantly deactivated by use. In all cases, the surface areas are
Modality Preference as a Model for Differentiating Beginning Reading Instruction: A Review of the Issues.

This paper reviews accumulated research pertinent to the issue of modality preference as a method for differentiating beginning reading instruction. Research is considered here in the following categories: Studies providing differen- tial instruction based on modality preference; related studies comparing auditory and visual modes as mediational channels; and studies dealing with the extent to which auditory and visual capacities are related to success in beginning reading. The following conclusions are presented: 1) Regardless of the measure used to classify learners, only a relatively small percentage of children showed a marked preference for either modality; 2) most current measurement instruments did not demonstrate the necessary reliability to be used in decisions concerning differen- tial assignment of children to instructional programs; and 3) differentiating in- struction according to modality preference apparently did not facilitate learning to read.
New Determination of the Branching Ratios of K + -Meson Decay in Emulsion

A new experiment has been carried out to measure the branching ratios for ${K}^{+}$ decay in emulsion under improved conditions. The mesons were brought to rest in a 14-cc volume within a large stack of nuclear-research emulsion. The stack was designed so that the secondaries of the longest range could be followed to rest if they were emitted within certain cones. Some 700 such ${K}^{+}$ decays were chosen as the sample. The principal method for identifying the secondaries was by following the tracks to rest, thus avoiding many sources of systematic error. Ionization measurements were used to resolve ambiguities. The over-all scanning efficiency was found to be higher than 95%. The observed branching ratios for the ${K}_{\ensuremath{\mu}2}$, ${K}_{\ensuremath{\mu}3}$, ${K}_{\ensuremath{\pi}2}$, $\ensuremath{\tau}$, ${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, and ${K}_{e3}$ modes are (61.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.9), (5.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.9), (19.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.6), (6.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4), (2.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.6), and (5.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.9)%, respectively. These results tend to reconcile the discrepancies between emulsion measurements and heavy-liquid-chamber data.
Transmission and reflection studies of periodic and random systems with gain

The transmission (T) and reflection (R) coefficients are studied in periodic systems and random systems with gain. For both the periodic electronic tight-binding model and the periodic classical many-layered model, we obtain numerically and theoretically the dependence of T and R. The critical length of periodic system ${L}_{c}^{0},$ above which T decreases with the size of the system L while R approaches a constant value, is obtained to be inversely proportional to the imaginary part ${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}^{\ensuremath{''}}$ of the dielectric function $\ensuremath{\varepsilon}.$ For the random system, T and R also show a nonmonotonic behavior versus L. For short systems $(Ll{L}_{c})$ with gain $〈\mathrm{ln}T〉{=(l}_{g}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\xi}}_{0}^{\ensuremath{-}1})L.$ For large systems $(L\ensuremath{\gg}{L}_{c})$ with gain $〈\mathrm{ln}T〉=\ensuremath{-}{(l}_{g}^{\ensuremath{-}1}+{\ensuremath{\xi}}_{0}^{\ensuremath{-}1})L.{L}_{c},{l}_{g},$ and ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{0}$ are the critical, gain, and localization lengths, respectively. The dependence of the critical length ${L}_{c}$ on ${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}^{\ensuremath{''}}$ and disorder strength W are also given. Finally, the probability distribution of the reflection R for random systems with gain is also examined. Some very interesting behaviors are observed.
An analysis of the high‐latitude thermospheric wind pattern calculated by a thermospheric general circulation model: 2. Neutral parcel transport

A diagnostic package developed to analyze runs made by the National Center for Atmospheric Research thermosphere general circulation model is used to calculate neutral parcel trajectories in the high-latitude E and F regions. Parcel trajectories are presented for a number of different cases to illustrate the main characteristics of F region parcel transport in the winter high-latitude region. Several examples of E region parcel trajectories are similarly analyzed, concentrating on both the southern (summer) and northern (winter) regions. F region parcel trajectories are calculated backward in time from passage over a given geographical location to illustrate the 'genesis' of those parcels whose velocities can be monitored from a ground-based Fabry-Perot observatory.
Cardiovascular tissue phospholipid metabolism in the Dahl rat: influence of dietary salt.

Cardiac and thoracic aortic tissue were removed from 8-9 week old Dahl salt resistant (DR) and salt sensitive (DS) rats following 2 and 4 weeks of 8% NaCI diets. The tissue was used to determine the pool size and rate of [32P] Pi incorporation into phosphatidylinositol-4-5-bisphosphate (PIP2), phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PIP) and phosphatidic acid (PA). The studies show no strain differences in the pool size of these phospholipids nor any changes in pool size as a consequence of the duration of exposure to the 8% NaCI diet. However, [32P] Pi incorporation into PIP2, PIP and PA was increased in the cardiac tissue isolated from both DR and DS rats exposed to 4 versus 2 weeks of 8% NaCI diet prior to sacrifice. The relative increase was comparable in both strains. Further, the extent of [32P] Pi incorporation into these phospholipids was also increased in the aorta of DR, but not DS, rats exposed to 8% NaCI diets for 4 versus 2 weeks. The present study defines a strain specific difference in aortic tis...
Cold-restraint induced gastric lesions in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Abstract Spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were subjected to 2 hr of cold-restraint stress at 2–6°C following a 24 hr fast. WKY rats had a significantly greater incidence and degree of ulceration of the gastric glandular mucosa than did SHR rats. Mean arterial pressure, obtained from a chronic arterial cannula, fell during 2 hr of cold-restraint stress in both SHR and WKY rats. Heart rate was unchanged in WKY but fell significantly in SHR. Plasma norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E), determined by radioenzymatic assay, increased significantly following stress. Increased levels of NE remained similar for both SHR and WKY rats, while post-stress levels of E for the SHR rats greatly exceeded E levels for WKY rats. A greater degree of hypothermia was also noted in SHR rats. Decreased stress induced ulcerogenesis in the SHR may be due to the well-known altered hemodynamic and autonomic nervous system reactivity in this strain or other factors not yet discovered.
The Relative Susceptibility of Pleasant, Unpleasant, and Indifferent Material to Retroactive Inhibition

Resume On fait une comparaison de la retention du materiel agreable, desagreable et indifferent dans des conditions normales pendant un intervalle de 48 heures et la retention de ce materiel dans les conditions de l'apprentissage interpole de materiel indifferent. On a divise 125 sujets en six groupes; deux groupes pour chacune des trois sortes de materiel affectif employe. Les deux groupes pour chacune des trois sortes de materiel ont differe a l'egard de la maniere dont l'intervalle a ete rempli: aucun probleme interpole dans un cas et du materiel indifferent interpole dans l'autre. Le materiel a apprendre par chaque sujet a ete une liste de 15 mots, choisis dans une liste de 100 mots sur la base (1) du jugement de chaque mot par le sujet quant a sa valeur affective, et (2) la reaction du sujet a chaque mot, enregistree par un galvanometre. On a trouve les resultats suivants: 1. La difficulte de l'apprentissage s'accroit comme le tonus affectif du materiel varie d'agreable a desagreable, passant par l'i...
Life-Span Extension From Hypoxia in Caenorhabditis elegans Requires Both HIF-1 and DAF-16 and Is Antagonized by SKN-1

Stabilization of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1) protein extends longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans. However, stabilization of mammalian HIF-1α has been implicated in tumor growth and cancer development. Consequently, for the hypoxic response to benefit mammalian health, we must determine the components of the response that contribute to longevity, and separate them from those that cause harm in mammals. Here, we subject adult worms to low oxygen environments. We find that growth in hypoxia increases longevity in wild-type worms but not in animals lacking HIF-1 or DAF-16. Conversely, hypoxia shortens life span in combination with overexpression of the antioxidant stress response protein SKN-1. When combined with mutations in other longevity pathways or dietary restriction, hypoxia extends life span but to varying extents. Collectively, our results show that hypoxia modulates longevity in a complex manner, likely involving components in addition to HIF-1.
Determination of thiocyl in biological samples by liquid chromatography with ThioGlo 3 derivatization.

Abstract Thiocyl (sodium thiosalicylate) belongs to a salicylate group of drugs, thus it has analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects. It possesses metal chelating function because it also belongs to a thiol-containing group of compounds which are well-known chelators. The studies of our research group showed that thiocyl is a promising chelator of lead poisoning due to its antioxidant and metal-chelating abilities. To the best of our knowledge, no methods were currently available for measuring thiocyl in biological samples. Therefore, we developed a reversed-phase HPLC method using fluorescence detection ( λ ex = 365 nm, λ em = 445 nm) with a one-step derivatizing reaction between thiocyl and a derivatizing agent-ThioGlo™3 (9-acetoxy-2-(4-(2, 5-dihydro-2,5-dioxo-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)pyenyl)-3-oxo-3H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyran). Most biological thiols (such as N -acetylcysteine (NAC), cysteine (CYS), glutathione (GSH) and homocysteine (HCYS)) do not interfere with the detection of thiocyl by using this technique. The linear range of its calibration curve was determined to be 25–2500 nM, and the detection limit of thiocyl was found to be 3 nM with 20 μL injection volume. The coefficients of variation (CV) for within-run precision and between-run precision ranged from 0.93 to 7.21%. This assay proved to be a rapid, sensitive and simple method for determining thiocyl in biological samples.
Transport and Entrainment in the Red Sea Outflow Plume

The Red Sea outflow exhibits strong seasonal variability in outflow transport due to effects of monsoon winds and seasonal fluctuations in buoyancy forcing. As it descends the continental slope in the western Gulf of Aden, it entrains significantly less-dense near-surface water, which itself varies on seasonal time scales. High-resolution hydrographic and direct velocity data collected during the 2001 Red Sea Outflow Experiment (REDSOX) are used herein to characterize and quantify the pathways of the Red Sea Outflow Water (RSOW) and the associated entrainment of Gulf of Aden Water. The outflow transport exhibits a maximum in winter of about 0.29 Sv (Sv 10 6 m 3 s 1 ) at the exit of the Bab-el-Mandeb and approximately doubles to 0.56 Sv as it descends into the Gulf of Aden and entrains ambient water. In summer, the outflow is much weaker, reaching about 0.06 Sv at the strait and about 0.18 Sv downstream. The outflow plume divides into three distinct branches in winter, consisting of descending branches along two bathymetrically confined channels (the “Northern” and “Southern” channels, respectively), and an adjusted intrusion layer at shallower depths in the water column. Estimates of transport of “pure” Red Sea Outflow Water through salt flux conservation show the general partitioning of the outflow between the individual plumes, where the Northern Channel (NC) accounts for 52% of Red Sea Outflow Water, the Southern Channel (SC) carries 31%, and the intrusion layer (IL) the remaining 17%. The results also indicate that the transport of Red Sea Outflow Water is subject to considerable synoptic temporal variability that is unresolved by the present study.
The Chemokine Receptor CXCR3 is an Independent Prognostic Factor in Patients With Localized Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

Purpose: Through its binding with interferon inducible angiostatic chemokines the chemokine receptor CXCR3 has an important role in regulating tumor mediating immunity, angiogenesis and metastatic spread. To evaluate its role in the biology of clear cell renal cell carcinoma we performed a tissue microarray based study.Materials and Methods: The tissue microarray comprised 154 patients who underwent nephrectomy for localized (N0M0) clear cell renal cell carcinoma at UCLA from 1989 to 2000. Immunohistochemical staining was evaluated by 2 anatomical pathologists who were blinded to outcome. The end point of this study was disease-free survival. Median followup was 5.9 years.Results: A total of 96% of the tumor specimens stained positive for CXCR3. The mean percent of cells staining positive was 68% (range 0 to 100%). CXCR3 expression was not associated with other common clinicopathological features, such as Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, T stage, Fuhrman grade, vascular invasion or s...
Vibration analysis of fluid-solid systems using a finite element displacement formulation

This report presents a finite element solution for the vibration interaction between an inviscid fluid and a solid. The equation of motion governing the inviscid fluid is expressed in terms of the displacements. Reduced integration is used when computing the element stiffness matrix contributed by the fluid. In addition, a projection is used on the element mass matrix in order to remove the spurious modes which result from the use of reduced integration
Low-Field Accelerator Structure Couplers and Design Techniques

Recent experience with $X$-band accelerator structure development has shown the rf input coupler to be the region most prone to rf breakdown and degradation, effectively limiting the operating gradient. A major factor in this appears to be high magnetic fields at the sharp edges of the coupling irises. As a first response to this problem, couplers with rounded and thickened iris horns have been employed and successfully tested at high power. To further reduce fields for higher power flow, conceptually new coupler designs have been developed, in which power is coupled through the broad wall of the feed waveguide, rather than through terminating irises. A ``mode-launcher'' coupler, which launches the ${\mathrm{TM}}_{01}$ mode in circular waveguide before coupling through a matching cell into the main structure, has been tested with great success. With peak surface fields below those in the body of the structure, this coupler represented a breakthrough in the Next Linear Collider structure program. The design of this coupler and of variations which use beam line space more efficiently are described here. The latter include a coupler in which power passes directly through an iris in the broad wall of the rectangular waveguide into a matching cell, also successfully implemented, and a variation which makes the waveguide itself an accelerating cell. We also discuss in some detail a couple of techniques for matching such couplers to traveling-wave structures using a field solver. The first exploits the cell number independence of a traveling-wave match, and the second optimizes using the fields of an internally driven structure.
Averaging Techniques and Their Application to Orbit Determination Systems

The theory of numerical averaging and analytical averaging will be reviewed and the application of these techniques to orbit and parameter estimation problems will be presented. Comparisons will be made between utilizing mean elements vs tracking data as the observation types. Results will be presented comparing the accuracy and efficiency of the combined orbit estimation and orbit prediction problem using averaged equations of motion, the Cowell equations of motion, and the Brouwer general perturbation theory. The problem of converting the averaged element space back to osculating element space for orbit operations will also be discussed.