cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Language of Health Care

The concepts used to define and organize any health care system reflect the social organization and culture of the particular society. These concepts are a function of the existence of a particular world view involving certain values. Many of the health-related concepts that are so familiar to members of contemporary U.S. society were never even considered in primitive or less developed societies. Notions of “health,” “sickness,” and “disease,” although taken for granted in contemporary Western societies, are social constructs of modern society; they have no counterparts in earlier social systems. For premodern societies, these health states were an inherent part of the nature of things and could not be separately objectified. The concepts related to health and health care that are so basic to an understanding of the U.S. health care system are discussed in the sections that follow, along with other terms necessary for an appreciation of the material in subsequent chapters.
Empirical evaluation of randomly-wire multistage networks

Experimental data are presented indicating that multistage interconnection networks with randomly positioned wires are likely to be substantially better for message routing applications than traditional multistage networks, such as the butterfly. The data are presented for a variety of routing models, including store-and-forward routing, cut-through routing, and circuit switching, as well as for scenarios in which a potentially large number of switches are faulty. In most cases, the differences are dramatic, particularly when several switches in the network are faulty. The data provide empirical confirmation of recent theoretical work. >
Canine Hearing Loss Management

Dog owners and handlers are naturally concerned when suspicion of hearing loss arises for their dogs. Questions frequently asked of the veterinarian center on warning signs of canine hearing loss and what can be done for the dog if hearing loss is confirmed. This article addresses warning signs of canine hearing loss, communication training and safety awareness issues, and the feasibility of hearing aid amplification for dogs.
Isolating light-sensitive defects using C-AFM

A soft failure, which is recoverable and sensitive to certain stresses, such as voltage, temperature and light, is defined as a failure, fault, defect, or error that results in a shift in the operating margin of a device. Several studies have been conducted into voltage or temperature dependent failures [1–3]. Research into light sensitive failures, however, has seldom been reported, as it is more difficult to isolate defects which are sensitive to light. Although certain global fault isolation techniques, such as photoelectric laser stimulation (PLS) have been developed to localize a wide range of potentially light sensitive defects, by means of the perturbation of the integrated circuit (IC) properties through carrier generation in the silicon, PLS cannot perform an exact failure localization on a single transistor or junction because of limited spatial resolution. This paper describes the use of a conductive atomic force microscope (C-AFM) within the failure analysis (FA) flow as a local fault isolation method in order to generate a more reliable failure hypothesis and successful physical root cause visualization for light-sensitive defects, and, using this technique, such failures, which pose potential reliability issues for devices as the affected circuit degrades over time or under stress, can be easily screened before any quality assurance test.
Isolation and characterization of Dcp1p, the yeast mRNA decapping enzyme

A major mechanism of mRNA decay occurs by the process of deadenylation, decapping and 5′ → 3′ exonucleolytic degradation. Recently, the product of the DCP1 gene has been shown to be required for decapping mRNAs in vivo and co‐purifies with decapping activity in vitro . We have purified Dcp1p to homogeneity and shown that it is sufficient for decapping, thereby indicating that Dcp1p is the decapping enzyme. Characterization of Dcp1p activity in vitro indicated that the 7‐methyl group of the cap structure contributes to the enzyme9s substrate specificity. In addition, Dcp1p was effectively inhibited by uncapped mRNAs, and the enzyme efficiently cleaved substrates that were ≥25 nucleotides in length, with a preference for longer mRNA substrates. These properties suggest that Dcp1p recognizes the mRNA substrate by interactions with both the cap and the RNA moiety. The Dcp1p is also a phosphoprotein, suggesting its activity may be regulated by post‐transcriptional modification.
Classifying AKI by Urine Output versus Serum Creatinine Level

Severity of AKI is determined by the magnitude of increase in serum creatinine level or decrease in urine output. However, patients manifesting both oliguria and azotemia and those in which these impairments are persistent are more likely to have worse disease. Thus, we investigated the relationship of AKI severity and duration across creatinine and urine output domains with the risk for RRT and likelihood of renal recovery and survival using a large, academic medical center database of critically ill patients. We analyzed electronic records from 32,045 patients treated between 2000 and 2008, of which 23,866 (74.5%) developed AKI. We classified patients by levels of serum creatinine and/or urine output according to Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes staging criteria for AKI. In-hospital mortality and RRT rates increased from 4.3% and 0%, respectively, for no AKI to 51.1% and 55.3%, respectively, when serum creatinine level and urine output both indicated stage 3 AKI. Both short- and long-term outcomes were worse when patients had any stage of AKI defined by both criteria. Duration of AKI was also a significant predictor of long-term outcomes irrespective of severity. We conclude that short- and long-term risk of death or RRT is greatest when patients meet both the serum creatinine level and urine output criteria for AKI and when these abnormalities persist.
Inferring dispersal of aquatic invertebrates from genetic variation: a comparative study of an amphipod and mayfly in Great Basin springs

AbstractWhether active or passive, dispersal accompanied by gene flow shapes the genetic makeup of populations and ultimately the evolutionary divergence of species. Our objective was to determine if 2 very different aquatic invertebrates with overlapping distributions show similar dispersal histories in their phylogeographic patterns and genetic uniqueness. Two spring-dwelling invertebrates, Hyalella azteca and Callibaetis americanus, were collected from 6 adjacent closed basins in the Great Basin of western North America. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and the 28S ribosomal subunit were used as genetic markers in Hyalella, and COI with the 16S ribosomal subunit of the mitochondrial genome were examined in Callibaetis. Maximum parsimony (MP) and likelihood (ML) analyses, FST values, analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), Mantel tests, and nested clade phylogeographical analysis (NCPA) were used to evaluate geographical associations. Hyalella azteca appears to have been in the adjacent basins much ...
Seasonal and Interannual Variability of Atmospheric Heat Sources and Moisture Sinks as Determined from NCEP–NCAR Reanalysis

Abstract Using the National Centers for Environmental Predictions (NCEP)–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) reanalysis, distributions of the heat source Q1 and moisture sink Q2 between 50°N and 50°S are determined for a 15-yr period from 1980 to 1994. Heating mechanisms operating in various parts of the world are examined by comparing the horizontal distributions of the vertically integrated heat source 〈Q1〉 with those of the vertically integrated moisture sink 〈Q2〉 and outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) flux and by comparing the vertical distributions of Q1 with those of Q2. In northern winter, the major heat sources are located (i) in a broad zone connecting the tropical Indian Ocean, Indonesia, and the South Pacific convergence zone (SPCZ); (ii) over the Congo and Amazon Basins; and (iii) off the east coasts of Asia and North America. In northern summer, the major heat sources are over (i) the Bay of Bengal coast, (ii) the western tropical Pacific, and (iii) Central America. Throughout the ...
Vigorous hepatitis C virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses induced by protein immunization in the presence of Montanide ISA720 plus synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing immunostimulatory cytosine-guanine dinucleotide motifs.

Background A prophylactic vaccine for hepatitis C virus (HCV) requires generation of strong humoral as well as CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses. Methods The immunomodulatory effects of the combination of 2 adjuvants, synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing immunostimulatory cytosine-guanine dinucleotide motifs emulsified with Montanide ISA720 (M-ISA720/CpG), were investigated using the murine model. Results Administration of recombinant HCV (rHCV) nonstructural (NS) 3 and NS5B proteins plus M-ISA720/CpG (hereafter, "M-ISA720/CpG/rHCV protein") induced high anti-NS3 and anti-NS5B immunoglobulin (Ig) G titers, with the IgG2a isotype being predominant. NS3- and NS5B-specific interferon (IFN)- gamma - and interleukin-2-producing CD4(+) T cell responses, as assessed by enzyme-linked immunospot assay, were significantly more vigorous in mice immunized with M-ISA720/CpG/rHCV protein than in control mice immunized without adjuvant. NS3- and NS5B-specific IFN- gamma -producing CD8(+) T cell percentages, as measured by direct ex vivo intracellular cytokine staining assay, were, respectively, a mean+/-SD of 0.14% +/- 0.04% and 0.15% +/- 0.05% in mice immunized with M-ISA720/CpG/rHCV protein. Furthermore, boosting with recombinant NS3 expression plasmid DNA after priming with M-ISA720/CpG-adjuvanted rNS3 strikingly enhanced both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses. Conclusion Immunization with M-ISA720/CpG/rHCV protein is capable of inducing potent humoral as well as HCV-specific T helper type 1-biased CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses. A DNA boost after a protein prime--a reversal of the conventional approach--may provide an alternative path to the development of an effective HCV vaccine.
Disturbance cues in freshwater prey fishes: Does urea function as an 'early warning cue' in juvenile convict cichlids and rainbow trout?

Freshwater vertebrate and invertebrate prey species commonly rely on chemosensory information, including non-injury released disturbance cues, to assess local predation threats. We conducted laboratory studies to (1) determine if urea can function as a disturbance cue in juvenile convict cichlids and rainbow trout and (2) determine if the background level of urea influences the behavioral response to a subsequent pulse of urea ('background noise' hypothesis). In the first series of trials, juve- nile cichlids and trout were exposed to urea at varying concentrations (0 to 0.5 mg L -1 for cichlids and 0 to 1.0 mg L -1 for trout). Our results suggest that both cichilds and trout exhibited functionally similar responses to urea and conspecific disturbance cues and that increasing the concentration of urea results in an increase intensity of antipredator behaviour. In the second series of trials, we pre-exposed cichlids or trout to intermediate or high concentrations of urea (or a distilled water control) and then tested for the response to a second pulse of urea at at intermediate or high concentrations (versus a distilled water control). Our results demon- strate that pre-exposure to urea reduces or eliminates the response to a second pulse of urea, supporting the background noise hy- pothesis. Together, our results suggest that pulses of urea, released by disturbed or stressed individuals, may function as an early warning signal in freshwater prey species (Current Zoology 58 (2): 250-259 , 2012).
Impacts of background field removal on CMIP5 projected changes in Pacific winter cyclone activity

Cyclones are responsible for much of the high impact weather in the extratropics, thus how they will change under global warming is of great concern. Several studies have used the multimodel climate simulations conducted under Phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) to examine such changes. One study suggested that the frequency of strong cyclones is projected to decrease over the North Pacific, while another concluded that this frequency will increase. A single tracking algorithm has been used to derive cyclone statistics from 23 CMIP5 simulations using two different definitions of cyclones: cyclones as minima in total sea level pressure (SLP) or cyclones as minima in SLP perturbations about a large scale, low-frequency background. When cyclones are defined by total SLP, the frequency of deep cyclones over the Pacific is projected to increase, while if cyclones are defined as perturbations, this frequency is projected to decrease. These differences are shown to be due to a projected deepening of the climatological mean Aleutian low. In view of these results, it is important to critically assess how cyclones should be defined. Preliminary results suggest that among CMIP5 simulations, over the Pacific, both the projected changes in the frequency of high wind events and mean available potential energy are better correlated with the projected changes in the frequency of cyclones defined as perturbations. It is concluded that more research should be done to quantify and understand the impacts of the different definitions of cyclones.
Effects of Size and Temperature on Metabolic Rate

We derive a general model, based on principles of biochemical kinetics and allometry, that characterizes the effects of temperature and body mass on metabolic rate. The model fits metabolic rates of microbes, ectotherms, endotherms (including those in hibernation), and plants in temperatures ranging from 0° to 40°C. Mass- and temperature-compensated resting metabolic rates of all organisms are similar: The lowest (for unicellular organisms and plants) is separated from the highest (for endothermic vertebrates) by a factor of about 20. Temperature and body size are primary determinants of biological time and ecological roles.
Sedimentology, Stratigraphic Architecture, and Ichnology of Gravity-Flow Deposits Partially Ponded in a Growth-Fault-Controlled Slope Minibasin, Tres Pasos Formation (Cretaceous), Southern Chile

Abstract A recent resurgence in the study of slope deposits is strongly related to the complexity inherent with the depositional setting, and the continued prospectivity for hydrocarbons in associated units. Intraslope basins are particularly intriguing to explorationists, because they provide accommodation space for coarse-grained facies in areas often characterized by otherwise muddy deposits. An outstanding outcrop of a growth-fault-controlled slope minibasin and its sandy fill are exposed in Cretaceous strata of southern Chile. A turbiditic sandstone package (TSP) 60 m thick sharply overlies fine-grained deposits of the Cerro Toro Formation, and defines the base of the Tres Pasos Formation in the study area, 65 km north of Puerto Natales, Chile. Individual sedimentation units are rarely amalgamated, and are tabular for at least hundreds of meters, suggesting deposition in a relatively unconfined setting. Trace-fossil assemblages are grouped into the Zoophycos or Cruziana ichnofacies, and are consistent with slope deposition rather than deposition on the basin floor. Beds at the base of the TSP are truncated by a normal fault at the southern end of the outcrop, and lap out towards the north onto the tilted hanging wall. Stratal thickening and thinning across the fault, and unfaulted overlying deposits, suggest that the fault was active during sand deposition (a growth fault), and that it created accommodation space for the partially ponded TSP. This, and other growth faults in the underlying strata, suggest deposition in an intraslope minibasin setting. The TSP is overlain by ~700 m of amalgamated slump, slide, and debris-flow units, suggesting that deposition immediately preceded rapid slope progradation.
Need for standardising adverse event reporting in testosterone trials.

Commentary on: Xu L, Freeman G, Cowling BJ, et al. Testosterone therapy and cardiovascular events among men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomized trials. BMC Med 2013;11:108.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3] Epidemiological studies neither establish causality nor exclude reverse causality. Therefore, randomised controlled trials (RCTs) provide an excellent platform to evaluate the efficacy as well as risks of an intervention. This also holds true for testosterone whose prescription sales have sky-rocketed over the last two decades.1 This increase is a result of a sophisticated marketing campaign that promotes testosterone as a ‘fountain of youth’ for late-onset hypogonadism, a condition with ever-evolving diagnostic criteria, modest benefits from testosterone replacement and uncertain risks.2 ,3 These uncertainties of testosterone therapy, particularly in ageing men, underscores the importance of reporting the efficacy as well as harm in testosterone trials. The relationship between testosterone and cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains unclear. Population studies have largely shown an inverse association between testosterone levels and CVD.1 However, these studies do not establish causality. Similarly, men undergoing … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DBMC%2BMed%26rft.volume%253D11%26rft.spage%253D108%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1186%252F1741-7015-11-108%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F23597181%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1186/1741-7015-11-108&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=23597181&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F19%2F1%2F32.atom
Factors affecting the visual recognition of incomplete objects: a comparative investigation of children and adults.

In earlier investigations of the visual recognition of incomplete objects it was found that development, distance, and delay influenced recognition scores (Gollin, 1960, 1961). Development was defined in terms of indicators such as CA, MA, and IQ. Distance was defined in terms of a gradation of completeness of representation of meaningful objects and represents a generalization continuum. Fig. 1 shows examples of the objects. All five objects are shown although only Sets I, 111, and V were used in this experiment. The most incomplete objects are designated Set I and the most complete are designated Set V. There are 20 objects altogether, each represented with five degrees of completeness. The generalization distance from V to I is greater than the generalization distance from 111 to I. Delay is defined as the extent of time elapsing between completion of training and the onset of testing. In the earlier experiments, groups of different developmental status were trained by being exposed ro and naming Set I11 or Set V displays and subsequently tested for their ability to recognize the Set I representations of the objects.' Set I11 training groups recognized significantly more Set I displays than did Set V training groups. There were no significant differences in recognition score means between groups trained on Set 111, either as a function of development, or as a function of delay. However, when Set V representations were used for training, significantly higher Set I recognition score means were achieved by older groups. Also, groups tested after a 1-min. delay recognized significantly more Set I representations than did groups tested after a 1-day delay. Development and delay were found to be interactive with distance but not with each other. Thus, by increasing distance between training and test, the recognition scores of younger groups were depressed to a greater extent than those of older groups. Furthermore, by increasing delay between training and test, groups trained on the more 'distant' stimuli (Set V) recognized fewer Set I objects as delay increased. There was no interaction between delay and development. There had been reason to expect that the 1-day delay groups would achieve higher recognition scores than the 1-min. delay groups since Bindra and Cameron
Fertility-Related Perceptions and Behaviors Among Low-Income Women: Injunctive Norms, Sanctions, and the Assumption of Choice:

In this article we explore elements of the theory of normative social behavior (TNSB) through interviews with low-income women (N = 30) in a Midwestern U.S. state about their experiences with and perceptions of fertility-related norms. Using grounded theory and matrix analysis as analytical lenses, we found that individuals sometimes learn of injunctive norms and social sanctions separately, might be more likely to comply with a norm if they learn about norms and sanctions in concert, and might be more likely to engage in norm compliance if they learn about two different types of sanctions, short- and long-term, along with the injunctive norm. We also found that a number of important barriers can limit one's ability to choose to comply with a norm. In conclusion, we discuss implications for continued theorizing of the TNSB in light of the experiences of traditionally marginalized populations.
Applied Welfare Economics: Cost–Benefit Analysis of Projects and Policies

I learned a lot from this book. It is an important triangulation point on the nature of applied welfare and benefit–cost analysis (BCA). This triangulation is due to its general equilibrium foundat...
A computationally efficient framework for hybrid controller design

A hybrid control system uses a logical discrete event system (DES) controller to supervise the behaviour of a continuous state plant. An important issue in hybrid control systems concerns precisely what constitutes "logically stable" behaviour in such systems. The challenge concerns the formulation of computationally efficient procedures for designing such logically stable systems. This paper provides a formal definition of hybrid system stability and outlines how this definition leads to a polynomial time procedure for hybrid control system synthesis. >
The effect of age on the sensitivity of the α1‐adrenoceptor to phenylephrine and prazosin

Certain beta-adrenoceptor-mediated functions seem to diminish with age; however, information on alpha-adrenoceptor-mediated function is sparse and often conflicting but overall suggests little age-related change. To assess an age-related alteration in the responsiveness to an alpha 1-adrenergic agonist and to estimate changes in the apparent affinity of the alpha 1-adrenoceptor for the antagonist prazosin, we infused phenylephrine into 12 healthy elderly subjects and 12 healthy young subjects before and after an oral dose of prazosin, and we compared the shift in the dose-response curves for the two groups. With this protocol we were unable to detect any age-related decline in sensitivity of the alpha-adrenoceptor to either agonist or antagonist. However, oral prazosin resulted in higher plasma concentrations and a consistently greater hypotensive effect in the elderly subjects than in the young subjects. We concluded that there was no difference in alpha 1-adrenoceptor sensitivity in the elderly persons, but that the kinetics of prazosin may be altered and that the response of the blood pressure to prazosin was increased because of the kinetic changes and possibly the physiologic changes associated with aging.
Effects of point count protocol on bird abundance and variability estimates and power to detect population trends

Abstract We used a three-year point-count data set from Hoosier National Forest, Indiana, to evaluate alternative point-count sampling strategies for detecting songbird declines. Repeated-measures ANOVA indicated that mean abundance estimates increased with increasing count radius (P < 0.0001, each species), and coefficients of variation (CVs) decreased. Mean abundance estimates increased with longer count duration (6-, 8-, and 10-min) for only two of 13 species, and CVs did not necessarily decrease. The power to detect a 5% annual population trend increased with more survey points, more visits per point, and more years of surveys. Managers can use observer time most efficiently by employing counts of short duration. Counts using a larger radius will reduce CVs and therefore provide potentially better annual estimates of abundance and power to detect changes over a period of years. The design of the study and nature of the variability in bird abundance will determine whether increasing the number of point...
Non-Abelian Higgs model of magnetic field generation during a cosmological first-order electroweak phase transition

We present a theory of the generation of magnetic fields in bubble collisions during the electroweak phase transition, which may be first order in various extensions of the standard model, for example, the minimal supersymmetric standard model. Using the equations of motion determined from an effective minimal supersymmetric standard model Lagrangian, we derive the magnetic field using a model of gentle collisions of the electroweak phase transition bubbles, discussed in our earlier work. Solutions of the relevant equations of motion for the magnetic field are examined in O(1,2) space-time symmetry with boundary conditions applied at the time of collision. These solutions indicate that the magnetic fields evolving from our equations of motion are somewhat larger in magnitude and extend more uniformly through the available volume of the bubble than those found in the Abelian Higgs model. The magnetic fields so produced might possibly seed galactic and extragalactic magnetic fields observed today.
Semigroups of Steepest Descent for Differential Equations

The first problem in this chapter seeks to make the point that for a given linear transformation A on a finite-dimensional space to itself, an adjoint for A depends on a choice of inner products, one for the domain space and one for the range space.
Suicide in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Athletes A 9-Year Analysis of the NCAA Resolutions Database

BACKGROUND: The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) has recently highlighted mental health concerns in student athletes, though the incidence of suicide among NCAA athletes is unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of suicide among NCAA athletes. HYPOTHESIS: The incidence of suicide in NCAA athletes differs by sex, race, sport, and division. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 3. METHODS: NCAA Memorial Resolutions list and published NCAA demographic data were used to identify student-athlete deaths and total participant seasons from 2003-2004 through 2011-2012. Deaths were analyzed by age, sex, race, division, and sport. RESULTS: Over the 9-year study period, 35 cases of suicide were identified from a review of 477 student-athlete deaths during 3,773,309 individual participant seasons. The overall suicide rate was 0.93/100,000 per year. Suicide represented 7.3% (35/477) of all-cause mortality among NCAA student athletes. The annual incidence of suicide in male athletes was 1.35/100,000 and in female athletes was 0.37/100,000 (relative risk [RR], 3.7; P CONCLUSION: The suicide rate in NCAA athletes appears to be lower than that of the general and collegiate population of similar age. NCAA male athletes have a significantly higher rate of suicide compared with female athletes, and football athletes appear to be at greatest risk. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Suicide represents a preventable cause of death, and development of effective prevention programs is recommended. Language: en
The Jury Dependence of the Hearsay Ban

This paper argues there is little reason for a hearsay ban in the absence of jury trial. (1) The ban can’t be supported on the ground, dubious in the first place, that jurors are incompetent to give hearsay proper weight. (2) Excluding hearsay has little effect when the screener and the fact-finder are the same person. (3) Because of the greater influence of judges on the proof process, there is less danger that lawyers will use hearsay evidence strategically to deprive the trier of more valuable evidence. (4) Because judges can be required to explain decisions, assessing output is an alternative to trying to control input. (5) The value of complicated, detailed exceptions as a check on discretion is reduced or eliminated. Overall, there is a great weakening of the arguments that, in a jury system, are advanced as outweighing the principle that it is best for the trier to have access to all evidence that has probative value.This paper was prepared for presentation at a conference on evidence law reform in developing countries that is to be held in Chicago on Nov. 21-22, 2014. It contains other comments about procedural features of the American judicial system that influence the hearsay ban. It also contains comments on the hearsay provisions of a proposed codification (the Tanzania Evidence Act) that was distributed to participants by Professor Ron Allen, one of the organizers of the conference.
Serine Proteases in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: The Other Half of the Story

To the Editor: The contribution by Troldborg, et al 1 is a valuable addition to our understanding of disease, addressing half the question. Serine proteases do not function in isolation, but are also part of an enzyme-inhibitor interaction2. Noting higher enzyme concentrations in their cross-sectional study …
The Conflict Between Randomized Clinical Trials and the Therapeutic Obligation

The central dilemma concerning randomized clinical trials (RCTs) arises out of some simple facts about causal methodology (RCTs are the best way to generate the reliable causal knowledge necessary for optimally-informed action) and a prima facie plausible principle concerning how physicians should treat their patients (always do what it is most reasonable to believe will be best for the patient). A number of arguments related to this in the literature are considered. Attempts to avoid the dilemma fail. Appeals to informed consent and mechanisms for minimizing the resulting harm are important for policy, but informed consent is problematic and mechanisms for minimization of harm do not address the dilemma. Appeals to some sort of contract model of justification are promising and illuminating.
Dynamic Drilling Displays

Gas and oilwell drilling is a hazardous business which relies on human vigilance to detect a sudden influx of gas from the formation into the well bore, and human control activity to manage the migration of this gas bubble to the surface. The result of human error in either case can result in a blowout which can cause considerable damage to people, equipment and the environment.Human performance in such situations is limited by the harsh physical environment, variable levels of training and variable standards of instrumentation. Recently, computer displays have been introduced to present information in a more appropriate form for aiding human performance. The design of these displays appears to have had very little human factors input.This paper describes some of the ways in which computers displays can be used to reduce the probability of human error and enhance human performance in gas and oilwell drilling.
Molecular simulations of polycation-DNA binding exploring the effect of peptide chemistry and sequence in nuclear localization sequence based polycations.

Gene therapy relies on the delivery of DNA into cells, and polycations are one class of vectors enabling efficient DNA delivery. Nuclear localization sequences (NLS), cationic oligopeptides that target molecules for nuclear entry, can be incorporated into polycations to improve their gene delivery efficiency. We use simulations to study the effect of peptide chemistry and sequence on the DNA-binding behavior of NLS-grafted polycations by systematically mutating the residues in the grafts, which are based on the SV40 NLS (peptide sequence PKKKRKV). Replacing arginine (R) with lysine (K) reduces binding strength by eliminating arginine–DNA interactions, but placing R in a less hindered location (e.g., farther from the grafting point to the polycation backbone) has surprisingly little effect on polycation–DNA binding strength. Changing the positions of the hydrophobic proline (P) and valine (V) residues relative to the polycation backbone changes hydrophobic aggregation within the polycation and, consequentl...
Control of Optical Performance from Er-Doped Alumina Synthesized Using An Ecr Plasma

Hydrogen in deposited optical ceramics can modify the optical properties, and therefore the role of the hydrogen needs to be understood to control its effects. Erbium-doped amorphous alumina films were deposited using simultaneous electron beam evaporation of aluminum and erbium while bombarding the sample with 30 eV 02+ ions from an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma. The hydrogen content was measured, using elastic recoil detection, as a function of isochronal annealing treatments. The data was fit to a simple trap-release model in order to determine an effective activation energy for the thermal release of H from alumina and Er-doped alumina. The intensity of the ion-beam stimulated luminescence from these samples was monitored in the visible and near infrared regions as a function of the thermal treatments. In order to gain a better understanding of the influence of hydrogen, the ionoluminescence (IL) data from samples containing hydrogen were fit with a simple linear equation.
Challenges to Academic Freedom since 9/11

During war, American democracy is imperiled less by external threats than by demands for internal conformity that restrict free speech. Despite the mythic belief that America’s wars extend democracy and preserve civil liberties, they frequently are accompanied by rampant nationalism that dehumanizes the enemy and demands reverential patriotism. “War is the health of the state” was the sardonic observation of essayist and progressive intellectual Randolph Bourne during World War I when ruling elites maximized their power by seeking total allegiance to the state.1 Columbia University President Nicholas Murray Butler abolished academic freedom on his campus in 1917 during the Great War when he issued at commencement a “warning to any among us… who are not with whole heart and mind and strength committed to fight with us to make the whole world safe for democracy/’2
Differences between Student Teachers' Implementation and Perceptions of Teaching Styles.

Research studies on Spectrum of Teaching Styles (STS) theories have verified that mastering and implementing various teaching styles is the ideal way to match up the needs of diverse learners, the variety of content knowledge, and educational goals; however, little is known about how student teachers use and perceive various STS. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to explore student teachers’ self-report of how they use and perceive teaching styles from a physical education teacher education (PETE) program. Participants were 142 student teachers (96 male, 46 female; 84 undergraduate, 58 graduate) from a Spectrum of Teaching Styles– based (STS) teaching strategies course. The tool used to investigate this was the STS Inventory-adapted version (STSI-AV; Zeng, 2012). The participants expressed that they often use command, practice, reciprocal, and inclusion styles to teach PE lessons; among the nine styles in the STS, they believed that using command, practice, reciprocal, inclusion, guided discovery, convergent discovery, and divergent discovery styles in their teaching helps their students learn skills/ activities better. The student teachers also expressed that implementing command, practice, reciprocal, inclusion, convergent discovery, and divergent discovery styles would motivate their students to learn better. No significant differences were found between male and female student teachers regarding how they use and perceive the STS. Student teachers from different education levels, however, implement and perceive the STS differently. This study provides quantitative data and fresh insights into how student teachers implement and perceive the STS.
Eliciting explanations: Constraints on when self-explanation aids learning

Generating explanations for oneself in an attempt to make sense of new information (i.e., self-explanation) is often a powerful learning technique. Despite its general effectiveness, in a growing number of studies, prompting for self-explanation improved some aspects of learning, but reduced learning of other aspects. Drawing on this recent research, as well as on research comparing self-explanation under different conditions, we propose four constraints on the effectiveness of self-explanation. First, self-explanation promotes attention to particular types of information, so it is better suited to promote particular learning outcomes in particular types of domains, such as transfer in domains guided by general principles or heuristics. Second, self-explaining a variety of types of information can improve learning, but explaining one's own solution methods or choices may reduce learning under certain conditions. Third, explanation prompts focus effort on particular aspects of the to-be-learned material, potentially drawing effort away from other important information. Explanation prompts must be carefully designed to align with target learning outcomes. Fourth, prompted self-explanation often promotes learning better than unguided studying, but alternative instructional techniques may be more effective under some conditions. Attention to these constraints should optimize the effectiveness of self-explanation as an instructional technique in future research and practice.
Maintenance of Hematopoietic Stem Cells Through Regulation of Wnt and mTOR Pathways.

Abstract Abstract 2309 Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) maintain the ability to self-renew and to differentiate into all lineages of the blood. The signaling pathways regulating hematopoietic stem cell (HSCs) self-renewal and differentiation are not well understood. We are very interested in understanding the roles of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (Gsk3) and the signaling pathways regulated by Gsk3 in HSCs. In our previous study (Journal of Clinical Investigation, December 2009) using loss of function approaches (inhibitors, RNAi, and knockout) in mice, we found that Gsk3 plays a pivotal role in controlling the decision between self-renewal and differentiation of HSCs. Disruption of Gsk3 in bone marrow transiently expands HSCs in a b-catenin dependent manner, consistent with a role for Wnt signaling. However, in long-term repopulation assays, disruption of Gsk3 progressively depletes HSCs through activation of mTOR. This long-term HSC depletion is prevented by mTOR inhibition and exacerbated by b-catenin knockout. Thus GSK3 regulates both Wnt and mTOR signaling in HSCs, with opposing effects on HSC self-renewal such that inhibition of Gsk3 in the presence of rapamycin expands the HSC pool in vivo. In the current study, we found that suppression of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, an established nutrient sensor, combined with activation of canonical Wnt/s-catenin signaling, allows the ex vivo maintenance of human and mouse long-term HSCs under cytokine-free conditions. We also show that combining two clinically approved medications that activate Wnt/s-catenin signaling and inhibit mTOR increases the number of long-term HSCs in vivo. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
A stochastic reaction-diffusion model for protein aggregation on DNA

Vital functions of DNA, such as transcription and packaging, depend on the proper clustering of proteins on the double strand. The present study investigates how the interplay between DNA allostery...
A Cultural Comparison of the Facial Inference Process

The purpose of this study was to compare emotion and personality trait attributions to facial expression between American and Indian samples. Data were collected using Amazon.com’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk). Participants in this study were asked to correctly identify the emotion and make inferences from pictures of three different facial expressions (scowling, frowning, and smiling) of young white females and males in six photographs. Each picture was randomly presented for 10 seconds followed by four randomized questions about the individual in the picture. The first question asked participants to identify the emotion shown from a list of six emotions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise). The next three questions consisted of a) condensed sets of the Big Five personality traits, b) the three Self-Assessment Manikin dimensions (SAM), ands) various social perceptions. Smiling facial expressions were hypothesized to be inferred as happy and to have the following positive inferences in both cultures: attractive, not threatening, agreeable, extroverted, and pleasing to look at, positive, conscientious, and open-minded a “Halo Effect.” Scowling facial expressions were hypothesized to have the following attributions: anger, unattractive, threatening, excitable, close-minded, not pleasing to look at, bad, negative, dominant, disagreeable, and unconscientiously a “Horns Effect.” Frowning facial expressions were hypothesized to be perceived as: sad, unattractive, good, submissive, not threatening, not pleasing to look at, positive, and calm anin-between effect. Generally, results showed that both cultures attributed the hypothesized emotional and trait attributions to the six facial expressions for all four questions, except for the Indians on the scowling female facial expression across each of the four questions.
Abstract WP236: Left Atrial Enlargement and Cryptogenic Stroke

Introduction: Despite extensive evaluation, no definite cause is identified in 30-40% of ischemic stroke patients. Biomarkers of atrial dysfunction or “cardiopathy” have been shown to be associated with ischemic stroke risk, a relationship independent of atrial fibrillation. Our aim was to determine the association between left atrial enlargement (LAE) and cryptogenic stroke. Methods: This was a single center retrospective study using the stoke registry of a comprehensive stroke center. The study was approved by the institution board review. We reviewed medical records of patients admitted with acute ischemic stroke between December 1 st , 2013 and August 31 st , 2015 for demographic data (age and sex) and risk factors (hypertension, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease, prior stroke, congestive heart failure, and current smoking status). A vascular neurologist determined stroke subtype and cryptogenic stroke was defined based on the embolic stroke of unknown source (ESUS) criteria. Patients with cardioembolic stroke were excluded and the control group included small vessel disease, large vessel disease and other causes including hypercoagulable states, dissection and drug use. The primary predictor was left atrial (LA) size from 2D echocardiography and LA size was categorized as normal, mild LAE, moderate LAE, and severe LAE using the American Society of Echocardiography Recommendations for chamber quantification. Results: We identified 236 patients with ischemic stroke; 85 cryptogenic stroke and 151 non-cryptogenic stroke. For the entirety of the group, the mean age was 67 years with 45% males. Patients with cryptogenic stroke were more likely to have moderate to severe LAE when compared to patients with known non-cardioembolic etiology (12.8% vs. 3.2%, p = 0.0061). Conclusion: Moderate to severe left atrial enlargement, a biomarker of atrial cardiopathy or dysfunction, is more prevalent in patients with cryptogenic stroke than non-cardioembolic strokes of known etiology. Clinical trials are needed to study anticoagulation vs. antiplatelet therapy in patients with cryptogenic stroke and evidence of moderate to severe LAE.
Examination of gait parameters during perturbed over-ground walking in children with autism spectrum disorder.

Abstract Background Many children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are school-aged and typically carry a backpack. It is important to understand how this task affects walking. Weighted vests (WVs) often prescribed to mitigate behavioral effects of ASD. The effects of backpack and WV walking have not been examined in children with ASD. Aims To quantify differences in lower extremity mechanics in children with ASD during WV and backpack walking. Methods Eight male participants completed 15 trials in three conditions: body mass, and carrying or wearing a backpack or WV with 15% added body mass. Three-dimensional kinematic data were collected and normalized to 100% of the gait cycle. The Model Statistic was utilized to test for bilateral asymmetries between the lower extremity joints at all points along the gait cycle. Results Analysis revealed similar numbers of significant asymmetries in hip (71.0, 70.4, 60.6), knee (68.4, 71.5, 74.6), and ankle (64.1, 68.9, 68.4) for unloaded, backpack, and WV, respectively. Conclusion Participants exhibited individualized kinematic symmetry-responses to the loaded conditions compared to the unloaded condition. These findings suggest that 15% body mass backpack or WV does not affect gait symmetry in children with ASD.
Perfluoroalkyl end-functionalized polystyrene show lower glass transition temperatures. DSC and optical transmission studies

Abstract A series of polystyrenes (10-30k) end-functionalized with perfluoroalkyl (RF = C7F16, C10F21 and C13F27) groups were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of styrene initiated by RF functionalized initiators and studied using optical transmission, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. Large decreases (≤40–50%) in optical transmission of the C13F27 end functionalized PS were observed compared with the non-functionalized isobaric PS consistent with the formation of large RF domains. This association increases with RF concentration and length with the latter being especially significant. A melting endotherm attributed to semi-crystalline perfluorocarbon domains was seen only for a low MW(10k) C13F27 end functionalized sample. Interestingly, compared with the matching PS, the glass transition temperatures of the RF-PS polymers were found to decrease by as much as 15 °C and with the RF lengths having the larger effects.
Nonhepatosplenic extramedullary manifestations of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: clinical, molecular and prognostic correlates.

Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) is an aggressive hematological malignancy with overlapping myeloproliferative and myelodysplastic features and an inherent risk for leukemic transformation [1...