cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using neural networks to model an electromagnetic-actuated microactuator

We present the use of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to model an electromagnetic microelectromechanical system (MEMS) microactuator. It is inherently complex and time consuming to model/predict the response of an electromagnetic microactuator numerically by finite element analysis, particularly when it is actuated by a pulse of current in media with different properties (e.g., air, water, and diluted methanol). ANNs are used to model the maximum displacement (dmax) of the microactuator for a range of burst frequencies (fb) and input currents (Icoil), as well as different mechanical designs and actuation media. The prediction errors of the ANN model in normal and pressurized air are <13 and <2%, respectively. The prediction error for the same response in water or 50% diluted methanol in water is <10%. ©2007 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers
Surface lidar remote sensing of basal area and biomass in deciduous forests of eastern Maryland, USA

A method of predicting two forest stand structure attributes, basal area and aboveground biomass, from measurements of forest vertical structure was developed and tested using field and remotely sensed canopy structure measurements. Coincident estimates of the vertical distribution of canopy surface area (the canopy height profile), and field-measured stand structure attributes were acquired for two data sets. The chronosequence data set consists of 48 plots in stands distributed within 25 miles of Annapolis, MD, with canopy height profiles measured in the field using the optical-quadrat method. The stem-map data set consists of 75 plots subsetted from a single 32 ha stem-mapped stand, with measurements of their canopy height profiles made using the SLICER (Scanning Lidar Imager of Canopies by Echo Recovery) instrument, an airborne surface lidar system. Four height indices, maximum, median, mean, and quadratic mean canopy height (QMCH) were calculated from the canopy height profiles. Regressions between the indices and stand basal area and biomass were developed using the chronosequence data set. The regression equations developed from the chronosequence data set were then applied to height indices calculated from the remotely sensed canopy height profiles from the stem map data set, and the ability of the regression equations to predict the stem map plot’s stand structure attributes was then evaluated. The QMCH was found to explain the most variance in the chronosequence data set’s stand structure attributes, and to most accurately predict the values of the same attributes in the stem map data set. For the chronosequence data set, the QMCH predicted 70% of variance in stand basal area, and 80% of variance in aboveground biomass, and remained nonasymptotic with basal areas up to 50 m2 ha−1, and aboveground biomass values up to 450 Mg ha−1. When applied to the stem-map data set, the regression equations resulted in basal areas that were, on average, underestimated by 2.1 m2 ha−1, and biomass values were underestimated by 16 Mg ha−1, and explained 37% and 33% of variance, respectively. Differences in the magnitude of the coefficients of determination were due to the wider range of stand conditions found in the chronosequence data set; the standard deviation of residual values were lower in the stem map data set than on the chronosequence data sets. Stepwise multiple regression was performed to predict the two stand structure attributes using the canopy height profile data directly as independent variables, but they did not improve the accuracy of the estimates over the height index approach.
STUDIES OF THE MOTILE CELLS OF CHYTRIDS. I. ELECTRON MICROSCOPE OBSERVATIONS OF THE FLAGELLUM, BLEPHAROPLAST AND RHIZOPLAST

RECENT OBSERVATIONS with the electron microscope have revealed considerable detailed information about flagellar structure. Three fungi have been studied: Saprolegnia ferax by Manton et al. (1951, 1952); Allomyces arbuscula and Olpidium brassicae by Greenwood and Clarke (in Manton et al., 1952). Of these, the holocarpic species, Olpidium brassicae, is in the Chytridiales. This paper presents a study of the structure of the flagellum, blepharoplast and rhizoplast in two eucarpic chytrids, Chytridium sp. and Rhizophidium sphaerotheca, and observations in certain other fungi and bacteria. METHODs.-All the species observed were in pure culture except Nowakowskiella sp. and Saprolegnia sp., which were unifungal. In the preparation of mounts for the electron microscope, zoospores either with or without fixation with the fumes of 2 per cent osmium tetroxide, were placed on collodion coated wire grids and dried either very rapidly or slowly. In order to photograph the bacterial flagella of Actinoplanes organized in a single tail, as in fig. 25, it was necessary to omit fixation and to rapidly dry a small drop of swimming spores by careful blotting while holding the wire grid in the breeze of a fan. The flagellar sheath in Chytridiuim sp. was found after similar treatment or after exposure to osmic acid fumes for 15-30 sec. only, followed by rapid drying. It was usually necessary to wash the dried preparations several times with distilled water to remove as much of the agar culture medium as possible. The preparations were taken to the Department of Engineering Research at North Carolina State College where they were examined and photographed with an RCA Type EMU-2c electron microscope. The magnification dial of the microscope was calibrated with polystyrene latex particles which have a diameter of 2,500 + 50 A. So much variation in magnification is encountered on different occasions from the dial readings that the magnifications given for the most part are not very reliable. Size measurements were made against the latex particles on unshadowed material. The figures included here are of preparations shadowed with chromium. CHYTRIDIUM SP.-Figure 1 shows an entire zoo-
Noeud vital for breathing in the brainstem: gasping--yes, eupnoea--doubtful.

For the past 200 years, various regions of the brainstem have been proposed as a ‘noeud vital’ for breathing—a critical region which, when destroyed, results in an irreversible cessation of breathing and death. Complicating this search for a noeud vital is the extensive network of neurons that comprises the brainstem respiratory control system of pons and medulla. Does a cessation of breathing following ablation of any region reflect the removal of a critical set of neurons whose activity generates the respiratory rhythm or does it reflect the interruption of one component of the neuronal circuit, such that this circuit cannot function, at least temporarily? An additional complication is that in contemporary neuroscience, a number of in vitro preparations have been introduced for the study of the generation of the respiratory rhythms. However, how are the rhythms that these preparations generate related to normal breathing? Are these rhythms similar to those of gasping, which is recruited when normal, eupnoeic breathing fails, or are these rhythms unique to the in vitro preparation and not related to any breathing pattern in vivo?
The Reference Intensity Ratio: Its Measurement and Significance

Two methods may be used to measure the reference intensity ratio: (1) by measuring intensities from samples prepared by mixing the analyte and standard together in a known weight ratio and (2) measuring separately the intensities for the analyte peak and reference standard peak from pure phase preparations and by correcting the intensities with mass absorption coefficients. Both methods give identical results that are independent of the difference in mass absorption between analyte and standard. These reference intensity ratios may be universally applied to both matrix flushing and adiabatic procedures in multicomponent analysis providing that preferred orientation, microabsorption, and extinction can be eliminated or greatly minimized in the samples under analysis.
Magnetic resonance imaging of adolescent disc herniation

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to compare the appearance of the spine in 20 adolescents with proven symptomatic intervertebral disc herniations with that in 20 asymptomatic patients who acted as controls. Abnormality in the signal from the nucleus pulposus of one or more discs was present in all patients, while only four of the 20 controls had any abnormal signals. In all the patients the symptomatic disc produced an abnormal signal and in most a herniated fragment of the nucleus pulposus was identified. Fifteen of the 20 patients had multiple-disc abnormality: six had three abnormal discs and nine had two. This suggests there was an underlying diathesis in patients who later developed disc herniation.
Comparative evaluation of the impact of WRF-NMM and WRF-ARW meteorology on CMAQ simulations for O3 and related species during the 2006 TexAQS/GoMACCS campaign

Abstract In this paper, impact of meteorology derived from the Weather, Research and Forecasting (WRF)– Non–hydrostatic Mesoscale Model (NMM) and WRF–Advanced Research WRF (ARW) meteorological models on the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) simulations for ozone and its related precursors has been comparatively evaluated over the eastern United States using surface network (AIRNow) data and over the Texas area with the intensive observations obtained by NOAA aircraft P–3 flights and ship during the 2006 TexAQS/GoMACCS campaign. The NMM–CMAQ and ARW–CMAQ models were run on the basis of their original grid structures of the meteorological models. The results at the AIRNow surface sites showed that the model performance for ARW–CMAQ and NMM–CMAQ models was similar and reasonable for the high maximum 8–hr O 3 concentration range (>40 ppbv) with slightly better performance for ARW–CMAQ [the normalized mean bias (NMB) values of ARW–CMAQ and NMM–CMAQ are 8.1 and 9.4%, respectively]. The results of the evaluation using aircraft observations over the Houston–Galveston–Brazoria and Dallas metropolitan areas revealed that both models had similar performances for different chemical species (O 3 , CO, PAN, NO 2 , NO, NO X , HNO 3 , NO Y and ethylene) as both models use the same chemical mechanism and emissions. Both models reproduced the vertical variation patterns of the observed air temperature and water vapor well with the slightly lower values for the ARW–CMAQ model. The evaluation results with ship observations over the Gulf of Mexico showed that both models captured, with a good deal of accuracy, the temporal variations and broad synoptic change seen in the observed O 3 , NO Y , CO and O 3 +NO 2 with the mean NMB value
The Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-Induced Tumor Suppressor MicroRNA MiR-34a Is Growth Promoting in EBV-Infected B Cells

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection of primary human B cells drives their indefinite proliferation into lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). B cell immortalization depends on expression of viral latency genes, as well as the regulation of host genes. Given the important role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in regulating fundamental cellular processes, in this study, we assayed changes in host miRNA expression during primary B cell infection by EBV. We observed and validated dynamic changes in several miRNAs from early proliferation through immortalization; oncogenic miRNAs were induced, and tumor suppressor miRNAs were largely repressed. However, one miRNA described as a p53-targeted tumor suppressor, miR-34a, was strongly induced by EBV infection and expressed in many EBV and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)-infected lymphoma cell lines. EBV latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) was sufficient to induce miR-34a requiring downstream NF-κB activation but independent of functional p53. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-34a was not toxic in several B lymphoma cell lines, and inhibition of miR-34a impaired the growth of EBV-transformed cells. This study identifies a progrowth role for a tumor-suppressive miRNA in oncogenic-virus-mediated transformation, highlighting the importance of studying miRNA function in different cellular contexts.
A note on the irrelevance of probabilistic irrelevance

skilful engagement. When you perceive an event unfolding, it is not as if you occupy a dimensionless point of observation. You live through an event by coupling with it. What you experience is the event, as it plays out in time. You experience the singer's song, and the ball player's play, and the dancer's dance, by tracking what they do over time. The very experience is a world-involving achievement of control and attention.1
Psychological Reactions to Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis

The first twenty patients who entered our continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) program from March, 1979 to February, 1981 were interviewed to assess their psychological reactions to CAPD. Six patients were successfully maintained on CAPD for more than one year. CAPD provided patients with a greater sense of well-being, strength, and independence. This independence required adherence to a strict schedule of exchanges. Reactions to the loss of CAPD followed the pattern of a grief reaction. Those patients who were self-disciplined and comfortable assuming active control of their health care proved to be the best candidates for CAPD.
Mechanical behaviors of 60/40 tin-lead solder lap joints

Creep-fatigue interactions have been shown to play a critical role in the failure of surface mount solder joints. Monotonic, fatigue, and creep-fatigue data for 60/40 tin-lead solder lap joints at room temperature are presented. Monotonic tests performed include rapid-strain shear, creep, and stress relaxation tests. Fundamental data for the strain range partitioning (SRP) approach to creep-fatigue life-prediction are presented. SRP is found to model adequately the solder creep-fatigue response for the range of frequencies (0.007 to 0.5 Hz) and waveforms tested. Instantaneous plastic strains and viscoplastic strains are found to be equally damaging, in any combination, for isothermal room-temperature creep-fatigue. Fatigue lives obtained for 0.5-Hz tests performed under load control correlate with the lives to 50% load drop obtained for tests performed under strain control. >
Aralkylpolyamine complexes—VI: Complexes of nickel(II) with N-benzylethylenediamine

Abstract Eight new complexes are reported: Ni(MBEn)2X2 (X = Cl, Br, I, or NO3); Ni(MBEn)2(I)NO3; Ni(MBEn)2(H2O)2SO4; and blue and light-pink Ni(MBEn)3(ClO4)2. Their structures are deduced from reflectance spectra at room and liquid nitrogen temperatures and from i.r. spectra. Ni(MBEn)3(ClO4)2 has been isolated in two isomeric forms. The spectrochemical series for the ligands investigated with nickel(II) ion is deduced as H2O
Tritium Diffusion in A12O3 and BeO

Tritium diffusion in aluminum and beryllium oxides was studied by recoiling tritium into specimens and measuring the time rate of tritium release during postirradiation heating. Results were consistent with classical diffusion solutions and gave single values for the diffusion activation energy over the temperature range of measurement for single-crystal, sintered, and powdered specimens. Varying amounts of tritium were released as tritiated water even after attempts to remove most of the water absorbed by the specimens. Condensable amounts of tritium ranged from approximately 20% for single-crystal specimens to as high as 90% for some powders. Alumina containing 0.2% MgO gave tritium diffusion coefficients 4 to 5 orders of magnitude higher than those for undoped Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/, implying a significant impurity effect on tritium diffusion. Measured diffusion coefficients were many orders of magnitude lower than hydrogen diffusion coefficients in metals. When a simple equilibrium permeation model was used which neglected tritium partition effects at interfaces and enhanced diffusion along grain boundaries, it was shown that thin coatings of beryllium or aluminum oxides on metal substrates could markedly reduce tritium permeation rates through metals. The present results may be applied in the future to fusion reactors where tritium inventories will be highmore » and tritium diffusion within the blanket region undesirable.« less
Relationship between mucositis and changes in oral microflora during cancer chemotherapy

It is thought that the incidence and severity of cancer chemotherapy-associated mucositis is caused in part by changes in the oral bacterial microflora. This systematic review examined the role of oral bacterial microflora changes in the development of oral mucositis during chemotherapy. Thirteen prospective clinical trials were identified, involving 300 patients with 13 different cancer diagnoses. There was great variability in patient populations, bacterial sample collection methodology, and oral sample sites. No clear pattern regarding qualitative and quantitative oral flora changes emerged among these studies. The most frequent Gram-negative species isolated during chemotherapy were from the Enterobacteriaceae family, Pseudomonas sp. and E. coli. The most common Gram-positive species isolated were Staphylococcus sp. and Streptococcus sp. Five studies assessed the role of oral flora changes in the genesis of oral mucosal changes, with no consensus among them. More detailed studies are required to understand the relationship between chemotherapy, alterations in the nature and magnitude of the oral microflora, and the presence of mucositis.
Game theoretic modeling of voltage and frequency scaling during behavioral synthesis

Frequency scaling has recently become an important area for exploration with respect to power and energy optimization. In this work, we describe a new methodology for simultaneous voltage and frequency scaling during scheduling in behavioral synthesis based on game theory for power and energy reduction. The problem of scheduling in synthesis is formulated as an auction based non-cooperative finite game, for which solutions are developed based on the Nash equilibrium function. Each operation in the data-path is modeled as a player bidding for executing an operation in the given control cycle, with the estimated power consumption as the bid. We develop game theoretic models and propose a resource constrained algorithm. Experimental results on selected benchmark circuits show that the proposed algorithm yields about 42.5% energy savings on the average.
Benefits from peer teaching in the dental gross anatomy laboratory

This study examined the impact of implementing a rotating dissection schedule on the attitudes and performance of first-year dental students in the gross anatomy laboratory at the University of Kentucky. In 2002-2003, half of the students assigned to each cadaver dissected the assigned objectives during the first 90 min of the laboratory session. During the last 30 min, the non-dissecting group members came into the laboratory and had the day's dissection demonstrated and explained to them via peer instruction. Dissection responsibilities rotated with each laboratory session. Eighty-eight percent of student participants were satisfied with the rotating dissection approach according to a mid-term survey, and this satisfaction level remained unchanged at the end of the semester for most students. Students' perceptions of the quality of peer laboratory presentations varied, with only 44% rating them as good or better. Eighty percent of students perceived that rotating dissection did not impede their performance, and this was confirmed by analysis of grade data. Student satisfaction and the ability to devote additional weekly curriculum time to studying anatomy in a very compressed curriculum were the main student-described benefits.
The position of a scanner and its influence on the beam spot size in a nuclear microprobe

Once focused, the ion beam in a microprobe can be scanned over the sample by using a set of two orthogonal magnetic coils or electrostatic deflection plates positioned before, inside or after the focusing system. In the paper the influence of the scanner position on the beam spot shape is considered for different focusing systems such as triplet, quadruplet and sextuplet and for two different emittances of the beam. The numerous graphs show the dependence of the shape of the spot and the density distribution of the beam on the scanning radius.
Examination, clarification, and simplification of modal decoupling method for multiconductor transmission lines

In the application of the modal decoupling method, questions arise as to why the nonnormal matrices LC and CL are diagonalizable. Is the definition of the characteristic impedance matrix Z/sub c/ unique? Is it possible to normalize current and voltage eigenvectors simultaneously, yet assure the correct construction of the Z/sub c/ matrix? Under what conditions do M/sub i//sup t/M/sub u/=I and Z/sub c/=M/sub u/M/sub i//sup -1/? In this paper, these questions are thoroughly addressed. We prove the diagonalizability of matrices LC and CL for lossless transmission lines (though the diagonalizability of their complex analogues, ZY and YZ matrices, is not guaranteed for lossy lines), and demonstrate the properties of their eigenvalues. We have developed an algorithm to decouple one type of matrix differential equation, and to construct the characteristic impedance matrix Z/sub c/ explicitly and efficiently. Based on this work, the congruence and similarity transformations, which have caused considerable confusion and not a few errors in the decoupling and solution of the matrix telegrapher's equations, are analyzed and summarized. In addition, we also demonstrate that under certain conditions, the diagonalization of two or more matrices by means of the congruence or similarity transformations may lead to coordinate system "mismatch" and introduce erroneous results. >
The "happy end" effect: colonoscopies provide clues on enhancing marketing training.

ABSTRACT With many activities, even unlikely ones such as colonoscopies, it appears that ending procedures are important and affect evaluation of the entire experience. This has been dubbed the “happy end” effect. Training specialists, while acknowledging the importance of endings (e.g., seminar closures, class conclusions, and workshop completions), often place greater emphasis on openers, icebreakers, and starters. A sample of trade publications in the training and development field, as well as professional publications was reviewed. It was found that such resources had significantly higher numbers of articles/exercises and pages devoted to beginning activities than to closings. A number of suggestions are offered on how closing activities could be better incorporated into training and development programs to improve them.
Price Transmission in the Catfish Industry with Specific Emphasis on the Role of Processing Cooperatives

The paper presents the implications of farmer- transmission where producer-cooperatives have owned processing cooperatives for pricing in the control over two or more market levels. catfish industry and tests hypotheses about the na- In this paper, the price linkage between production ture of price transmission in the catfish industry. The and wholesale levels were evaluated to test hypotheresults of the linear feedback model indicate that ses about the direction of causality between farm and causal relationships exist between farm and whole- wholesale prices in the catfish industry. Our methsale prices in the catfish industry. The direction of odological approach differs from that of the crosscausality for both frozen and processed whole cat- correlation analysis that has been used in earlier fish run from farm to wholesale level.
Enablers of Exuberance: Legal Acts and Omissions that Facilitated the Global Financial Crisis

Note that this paper is an early discussion draft and is under substantial revision for a book project. Please consult author before referencing. This paper explores certain legal acts and omissions that facilitated the over-leveraging and near collapse of the global financial system. These “Legal Enablers” fostered the boom that enriched a class of financial intermediaries who followed a storied tradition of gambling away “other people’s money.” These mechanisms also made the pain of the bust disproportionately felt by the middle class and poor while shielding the middlemen who created the problems. These Legal Enablers permitted the growth of a shadow banking system, without investment limits, transparency or government oversight. In the shadows grew a variety of highly leveraged private investment pools, undercapitalized conduits of securitized loans and speculation in complex credit derivatives. The rationale for allowing this unregulated, parallel system was that it helped to create innovation and provide liquidity. The conventional wisdom was that any risks associated with a hands-off approach could be managed by the “invisible hand” of the market. In other words, instead of public police, it relied upon private gatekeepers. A legal framework including legislation, rules and court decisions supported this system. This legal structure depended upon corporate managers, counterparties, “sophisticated investors” and the market generally to prevent irrational conduct. The hands-off approach was premised upon a series of beliefs or expectations. The first was that corporate managers would not sacrifice long-term shareholder value for short-term gains. The second was that trading counterparties would monitor each other closely and discourage excessive risk. The third was that “sophisticated investors” had the ability to select and monitor “private” unregulated investment options and that such decisions affected the direct owners, not underlying investors and market integrity. And, the catch-all fourth belief was that even if there were blips and bubbles, the market would quickly “heal itself” before causing any major disruption or harm to society.
A New Biological Nano-Superglue

For centuries, the mainstay of surgical wound closure has been the basic needle and thread. Tissue adhesives are now also available, but require complex polymerization or cross-linking reactions and do not work well in wet conditions or in confined spaces. Meddahi-Pelle and colleagues now report a
Soft-tissue reactions following irradiation of primary brain and pituitary tumors

Abstract One hundred and ninety-nine patients who received radiation therapy for a primary brain or pituitary tumor were studied for radiation-induced soft-tissue reactions of the cranium, scalp, ears and jaw. The frequency of these reactions was studied as a function of. the radiation dose 5 mm below the skin surface, dose distribution, field size and fraction size. Forty percent of patients had complete and permanent epilation, while 21% had some other soft-tissue complication, including scalp swelling—6%, external otitis—6%, otitis media—5%, ear swelling—4%, etc. The frequency of soft-tissue reactions correlates directly with the radiation dose at 5 mm below the skin surface. Patients treated with small portals ( 2 ) had few soft-tissue reactions. The dose to superficial tissues, and hence the frequency of soft-tissue reactions can be reduced by: (1) using high-energy megavoltage beams; (2) using equal loading of beams; and (3) possibly avoiding the use of electron beams.
Surveillance for Radiation-Related Exposures Reported to the National Poison Data System

CDC and the American Association of Poison Control Centers have conducted ongoing surveillance for exposures to radioactive materials reported from all 57 US poison centers to NPDS, a national poison center reporting database and surveillance system. Of 419 exposures identified Sept 2010 to June 2012, 25 were associated with a radiation-related incident. Public health or hospital radiation safety staff were involved in each of these events. The capability to conduct surveillance of exposures to radioactive materials is available for local public health use with their regional PC and may improve public health capacity to identify and respond to radiological emergencies.
A Radiative-Convective Model Study of the CO2 Climate Problem

Abstract A radiative-convective model study of the increase in global surface temperature ΔTg due to an increase in the CO2 concentration is presented. The model considers several weak bands of CO2 which contribute about 30% to ΔTg. A comparison study of the various published results with the present analysis indicates that, for the CO2 bands in the 12–18 µm region, the best estimate of ΔTg for the constant cloud top radiative-convective model is about 1.9 K for a doubling of the CO2 concentration. The inclusion of the CO2 bands in the 10 and 7.6 µm regions increases the value of ΔTg to about 2 K. The computed value of ΔTg is very sensitive to radiative-convective model assumptions regarding cloud top and relative humidity. Because of this sensitivity the estimated value of ΔTg for a doubling of the CO2 concentration ranges from 1.98 to 3.2 K.
The Earliest Fossil Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae), in Mid-Cretaceous Burmese Amber

Burmaculex antiquus new genus, new species, is described from a single partially preserved adult female in Burmese amber. The fossil has several plesiomorphic features, indicating that it is the sister group of all other fossil and extant Culicidae: a relatively short proboscis, the palpi extending beyond the apex of the proboscis, a clypeus with several setae, and the palpus without scales. Antennal and mouthpart structure suggest the female of this fossil species was a vertebrate blood feeder. The age of Burmese amber has been estimated as between Upper Albian to Turonian, 100–90 million years ago but the origins of the Culicidae are likely significantly older. The sister group of the Culicidae are the Chaoboridae, known as Jurassic fossils, and the Culicidae therefore must be equally as old. Although fossil adults of the two families may not be distinct at this early stage of evolution, the immatures would likely provide distinguishing features.
Weed Control in Christmas Trees with Flumioxazin and Other Residual Herbicides Applied Alone or in Tank Mixtures

ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. conifers, crop tolerance, herbicide efficacy, vegetation management SUMMARY. Four studies were conducted from 2001 to 2004 in Michigan to determine Christmas tree tolerance and weed control with flumioxazin and other herbicide treatments. In Study 1, fraser fir (Abies fraseri) leader length was greater with fall-appliedflumioxazin (0.38 lb/acre) than with halosulfuron (0.21 lb/acre), isoxaben (1 lb/acre), oxyfluorfen (1 lb/acre), simazine (2 lb/acre), or sulfentrazone (0.5 lb/acre). Flumioxazin applied in the fall provided preemergent control of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), field violet (Viola arvensis), and hoary alyssum (Berteroa incana) 79% to 98% the following summer. Preemergence weed control with the other herbicides was more variable. In Study 2, fraser fir treated in the spring with oxyfluorfen had the shortest leader length (terminal stem growth of the current growing season) at 4.3 inches. Trees treated in the spring with flumioxazin, isoxaben, simazine, and sulfentrazone had leader lengths of 6.7 to 8.7 inches. Flumioxazin applied preemergence in the spring controlled common ragweed 80%, but controlled field violet, hoary alyssum, and white campion (Silene alba) only 43% to 64%. In Study 3, fall-applied flumioxazin alone did not injure colorado blue spruce (Picea pungens). However, mixtures of flumioxazin plus pendimethalin (3 lb/acre) caused 5% and 6% tree injury at 6 months after treatment (MAT) and sulfentrazone plus pendimethalin caused 9% and 23% injury at 6 MAT in 2003 and 2004, and 52% injury at 9 MAT in 2004. There was no significant injury to the trees treated with isoxaben plus pendimethalin, oxyfluorfen plus pendimethalin, or simazine plus pendimethalin in 2003 and 2004. Leader length was reduced by sulfentrazone plus pendimethalin compared with flumioxazin plus pendimethalin and oxyfluorfen plus pendimethalin. Flumioxazin plus pendimethalin provided 84% to 88% preemergence control of annual grasses, common catsear (Hypochoeris radicata), horseweed (Conyza canadensis), and virginia pepperweed (Lepidium virginicum). In Study 4, spring-applied mixtures of flumioxazin plus pendimethalin resulted in minor (2%‐10%) visual injury to colorado blue spruce, although leader length at the end of the season did not differ significantly from the control. In summary, flumioxazin controlled several weed species with acceptable selectivity in colorado blue spruce and fraser fir Christmas trees.
Procedure for Intraperitoneal P-32 Administration

Details of the Intraperitoneal P-32 administration are presented. Rationale, general instructions, technique, infusion of P-32, orders and Radiation Safety instructions are discussed.
Evolutionary clash between myxoma virus and rabbit PKR in Australia

The success of a virus in defeating or evading cell-intrinsic immune responses contributes to its virulence, pathogenesis, and host range. A central tenet of virology holds that virus and host coevolve as each adapts to survive. Rarely, however, do we have the chance to observe this principal at play in the real world. The deliberate and repeated release of myxoma virus (MYXV) to control feral European rabbits introduced into Australia provides one such exceptional opportunity. Myxoma is a member of the poxvirus family, though unlike its more famous cousin variola, the agent of small pox, is unable to infect humans and is instead limited to infection of rabbits and hares. Following the release of a MYXV reference strain into the wild that exhibited 99.8% fatality rates in laboratory rabbits, attenuated strains were recovered from the field that had begun to outcompete the virulent parental strain. In addition, the resistance of rabbits to MYXV increased (1). The underlying molecular mechanism of both rabbit resistance and MYXV attenuation, however, remained elusive. Armed with the recently compiled genome sequence of 21 myxoma field isolates, a new study by Peng et al. in PNAS reveals that genetic alterations to the MYXV M156 protein correlate with both MYXV host specificity and changes in virulence observed in the field (2). Remarkably, more than 50% of MYXV field isolates produce an M156 variant that is no longer able to antagonize the rabbit double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-activated protein kinase PKR, a critical component of IFN-stimulated defenses that controls protein synthesis. This not only provides the first mechanistic explanation for each of these facets of myxoma biology, but also elegantly illustrates the coevolution of host innate defense and viral virulence factors since the first release of MYXV in 1950. In response to virus infection, a key arm of … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: ian.mohr{at}med.nyu.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Adaptive Torque Control of Variable Speed Wind Turbines for Increased Region 2 Energy Capture

We have previously shown that region 2 energy capture can be increased by using adaptive torque gain control on variable speed turbines. This adaptive torque control works by compensating for unknown and time-varying aerodynamic parameters such as the maximum power coefficient Cpmax and its corresponding optimal tip speed ratio λ*. This paper extends our earlier research in two ways in order to make the adaptive control technique more appealing to the commercial wind turbine industry. These two extensions are the use of the nacelle anemometer and the extension to a second-order discrete filter in the gain adaptation law. We believe that these two extensions will allow the adaptive controller to achieve its increased energy capture at lower cost and less sensitivity to noise than was possible with our original adaptive control strategy.
Measurement and Control System Design for PV Power Station

This paper designs an advanced measurement and control system for on-site testing of PV Power Station,which integrates the traditional single centralized control system and data testing system into measurement and control one.The measurement and control system,with the integration of the characteristics and requirements of the power plant field testing,can be used to implement the supervisory control and data transmission among the detection devices and on-site monitoring instruments.At the same time the data analysis and processing functions are achieved.Thus the process of measurement and control is realized.The structure,function and the design of the measurement and control system are studied.Over the same period,the system has been applied and tested on site,which also gets the excellent result.
Comparison of algorithms for blood stain detection applied to forensic hyperspectral imagery

Blood stains are among the most important types of evidence for forensic investigation. They contain valuable DNA information, and the pattern of the stains can suggest speciﬁcs about the nature of the violence that transpired at the scene. Early detection of blood stains is particularly important since the blood reacts physically and chemically with air and materials over time. Accurate identiﬁcation of blood remnants, including regions that might have been intentionally cleaned, is an important aspect of forensic investigation. Hyperspectral imaging might be a potential method to detect blood stains because it is non-contact and provides substantial spectral information that can be used to identify regions in a scene with trace amounts of blood. The potential complexity of scenes in which such vast violence occurs can be high when the range of scene material types and conditions containing blood stains at a crime scene are considered. Some stains are hard to detect by the unaided eye, especially if a conscious eﬀort to clean the scene has occurred (we refer to these as “latent” blood stains). In this paper we present the initial results of a study of the use of hyperspectral imaging algorithms for blood detection in complex scenes. We describe a hyperspectral imaging system which generates images covering 400 nm - 700 nm visible range with a spectral resolution of 10 nm. Three image sets of 31 wavelength bands were generated using this camera for a simulated indoor crime scene in which blood stains were placed on a T-shirt and walls. To detect blood stains in the scene, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Subspace Reed Xiaoli Detection (SRXD), and Topological Anomaly Detection (TAD) algorithms were used. Comparison of the three hyperspectral image analysis techniques shows that TAD is most suitable for detecting blood stains and discovering latent blood stains.
The Prospects For Eye-Controlled Musical Performance

Although new sensor devices and data streams are increasingly used for musical expression, and although eye-tracking devices have become increasingly cost-effective and prevalent in research and as a means of communication for people with severe motor impairments, eye-controlled musical expression nonetheless remains somewhat elusive and minimally explored. This paper (a) identifies a number of fundamental human eye movement capabilities and constraints which determine in part what can and cannot be musically expressed with eye movements, (b) reviews prior work on eye-controlled musical expression, and (c) analyzes and provides a taxonomy of what has been done, and what will need to be addressed in future eye-controlled musical instruments. The fundamental human constraints and processes that govern eye movements create a challenge for eye-controlled music in that the instrument needs to be designed to motivate or at least permit specific unique visual goals, each of which when accomplished must then be mapped, using the eye tracker and some sort of sound generator, to different musical outcomes. The control of the musical instrument is less direct than if it were played with muscles that can be controlled in a more direct manner, such as the muscles in the hands.
Pecan in Warm Climate

Pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh. C. Koch)] production can be divided into two categories, production in dry and production in humid climates. Production in dry climates can be subdivided into production in low elevation climates and production in high elevation climates. The major pecan growing areas with a dry, low (DL) elevation climate are the Crystal City-Eagle Pass area of Texas, the Red Rock-Picacho area of Arizona, the Fresno-Visalia area of California, and the Hermosillo, Sonora and eastern Coahuila areas of Mexico. These areas are <460 m in elevation. The major pecan areas with a dry, high (DH) elevation climate are the El Paso-Las Cruces area of Texas-New Mexico, the Tucson area of Arizona, and the Chihuahua area of Chihuahua, Mexico. Elevation varies from ≈730 to 1220 m. Georgia is the major producer of pecans in humid areas with ≈40% of the United States production (Sparks, 2000). Native pecan groves (pecan forests from which other tree species have been removed) make up most of the total pecan production in some states, for example, Texas and Oklahoma. Because of the high water requirement of pecan (Miyamoto et al., 1995), native pecans are primarily in humid areas although groves occur in semi-arid areas subject to overflow from floods.
Quantifying Discrepancies between the Internet and Academic Literature Regarding Robotic Prostatectomy

AbstractIntroduction: Variability in the quality and accuracy of online medical information has been well documented. We assessed the content presented online for robotic prostatectomy.Methods: A Web search was performed on Google, Yahoo and Bing using the search term “robotic prostatectomy.” The first 50 Web sites found on each engine were evaluated for authorship, content and validity. The Fisher-Freeman-Halton test was used to compare differences between search engines. A second search using a more technical search term, “robotic assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy,” was then performed on Google. Differences between search terms were compared using the Fisher exact test.Results: Most Web sites mention benefits of robotic prostatectomy (78%) and allow readers to schedule appointments (72.7%). However, a minority reference peer-reviewed literature (16.7%) or mention risks (34%). Overall 43.3% of Web sites mention faster return of continence and potency as benefits of robotic surgery. The more tec...
Sampling and Reconstruction of Polyhedra Observed in Noise

The problem of data collection in a sensor network is formulated in this work as one of distributed analog-to-digital conversion of signals observed in noise. The sampling literature is extensive, going back far in time. But, in the formulation considered here, there are two new elements. One is that the signals of interest are polyhedra in Rn. The other is that the analog samples from which these polyhedra are to be recovered are measurements of a wave contained therein, not bandlimited, and subject to random phase perturbations. The formulation comes directly from a real sensor networking system, in which it is necessary to recover the shape of a room out of acoustic measurements collected by the network. Sufficient conditions are given, and a reconstruction algorithm is developed, that guarantee recovery of any polyhedra from samples collected at a finite number of points in space. The performance of this algorithm is also characterized in the presence of random phase perturbations in the samples.
Sparse signal recovery and dynamic update of the underdetermined system

Sparse signal priors help in a variety of modern signal processing tasks. In many cases, a sparse signal needs to be recovered from an underdetermined system of equations. For instance, sparse approximation of a signal with an overcomplete dictionary or reconstruction of a sparse signal from a small number of linear measurements. The reconstruction problem typically requires solving an l 1 norm minimization problem. In this paper we present homotopy based algorithms to update the solution of some l 1 problems when the system is updated by adding new rows or columns to the underlying system matrix. We also discuss a case where these ideas can be extended to accommodate for more general changes in the system matrix.
A comprehensive solution for BEOL variation characterization and modeling

A comprehensive variation model is critical to achieve both competitive design and manufacturing yield in advanced technologies. Conventionally, as long as FEOL (front end of line) statistical model is appropriate, BEOL (back end of line) variations given by lumping multiple variation sources into few corners is enough to achieve reliable simulation results. However, as BEOL contribution is becoming more important with device scaling, simulation results with conventional corner model may not always produce optimal design margin. We thus propose a more comprehensive solution for BEOL variations characterization and modeling associated with statistical Monte Carlo simulation.
Atlantoaxial Instability in Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Congenita

Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita (SEDC) is a rare systemic skeletal disease characterized by congenital dwarfism, a short trunk, and epiphyseal dysplasia of the long bones and vertebral bodies and frequently suffers from atlantoaxial instability associated with os odontoideum, leading to spinal cord compression and occasionally to sudden death.
Vibrio vulnificus tonsillitis after swimming in the Gulf of Mexico

A 55-year-old man with decompensated cirrhosis secondary to Laennec’s (alcoholic) cirrhosis and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus presented with acute dysphagia and left-sided neck pain within hours of swimming in the Florida Gulf of Mexico. He did not ingest raw seafood, eat raw vegetables washed with fresh water or intentionally drink sea water prior to the presentation. He reported no gastrointestinal complaints. On examination, temperature was 39.1°C, and heart rate was 109 beats per minute with normal blood pressure. He appeared generally toxic and had an inflamed, ulcerated left tonsil; later, an axillary …
Lactational amenorrhoea method contraception: improving knowledge

Lactational amenorrhoea method (LAM) is a reliable form of contraception for up to six months following childbirth provided the mothers periods have not returned and she is breastfeeding exclusively with sufficient feeds and no dummy or bottle use. This paper considers how LAM works and how it may be supported in practice and provides a local example involving the use of information provision and training to overcome barriers to its understanding and use. An information leaflet was produced based on national guidance and with input from local practitioners and women. Brief training was also used to help ensure that women receive consistent and up-to-date information from health professionals.