cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of shipping and chromium supplementation on performance, immune response, and disease resistance of steers.

Forty-eight Angus crossbred steers (263 +/- 2 kg initial BW) were blocked by weight and randomly assigned within weight group to treatment. Treatments consisted of control or .4 mg of supplemental Cr as Cr-nicotinic acid complex/kg of DM. Steers were fed diets containing 90% corn silage (DM basis) and 10% of a soybean meal-mineral-vitamin supplement. After 56 d on the dietary treatment, half of the steers in each treatment were transported 343 km and unloaded in an unfamiliar location. The next day, d 58, shipped steers were returned to the feedlot (50 km). On d 58 after shipped steers were returned to the feedlot, all steers were inoculated with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV) intranasally. Average daily gain from d 0 to 80 was increased (P < .10) by supplemental Cr. There was a shipping x time interaction for serum cortisol concentrations. Shipping increased (P < .02) serum cortisol on d 58, but 7 d after transport there were no effects of shipping on serum cortisol. Transportation increased (P < .05) the ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes. Supplemental Cr did not affect rectal temperature after the IBRV challenge or the antibody response to IBRV or porcine red blood cells. Immunoglobulin G antibody response to porcine red blood cells was decreased (P < .09) by shipping. Supplemental Cr as Cr-nicotinic acid improved ADG of growing steers, regardless of whether they had been stressed by shipping. Supplemental Cr did not affect any of the immune responses that were measured.
Free-space optical communication link at 1550 nm using multiple quantum well modulating retro-reflectors over a 1-kilometer range

An eye-safe free-space optical communications link at 5 Mbps over a distance of about one kilometer using quantum well based modulating retro-reflectors is described. Atmospheric effects and the effects of modulator performance are characterized.
Change in Medication Adherence and Beliefs in Medicines Over Time in Older Adults

OBJECTIVE: The temporal component of medication adherence is important while designing interventions to improve medication adherence. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine how medication adherence and beliefs in medicines change over time in older adults. METHODS: A two-year longitudinal internet-based survey among adults 65+ years was used to collect data on medication adherence (Morisky 4-item scale) and beliefs in medicines (Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire). Paired t-test and one-way ANOVA determined if a change in beliefs in medicines and medication adherence over time was significant. A multiple linear regression was used to determine the significant predictors of change in medication adherence over time. RESULTS: 436 respondents answered both baseline and follow-up surveys. Among all respondents, there was no significant change in adherence (0.58 ± 0.84 vs. 0.59 ± 0.84; p > 0.05), necessity beliefs (17.13 ± 4.31 vs. 17.10 ± 4.29; p > 0.05), or concern beliefs (11.70 ± 3.73 vs. 11.68 ± 3.77; p > 0.05) over time. For older adults with lower baseline adherence, there was a statistically significant improvement in adherence (1.45 ± 0.70 vs. 0.99 ± 0.97; p < 0.05); but no change in beliefs in medicines over time. The significant predictors of change in medication adherence over time were baseline adherence and baseline concern beliefs in medicines. CONCLUSION: With baseline adherence and baseline concern beliefs in medicines playing a significant role in determining change in adherence behavior over time, especially in individuals with lower adherence, it is important to alleviate medication concerns at the beginning of therapy for better adherence.
Anisotropy of the structure of refractory products

A connection between the acoustic (propagation of ultrasonic vibrations) and the structural anisotropy of refractories has been established.
Updating Images of South Sudan

In this essay, I compare and contrast two recent films that update the anthropological record on what has become of Nuer and Dinka people of southern Sudan by documenting their resettlement in the United States as refugees. Lost Boys of Sudan and A Great Wonder: Lost Children of Sudan Resettling in America trace the displacement of Sudanese youth by the civil war and their adaptation to U.S. life. Both films provide an alternative way of viewing these youth that challenges the “uprooted” and “denuded” refugee stereotype. By examining Nuer and Dinka within a refugee migration framework, these films engage broader theoretical questions about the tension between refugees as victims of larger structural events beyond their control and their adaptive strategies in negotiating complex and shifting circumstances.
A Spatial Autoregressive Multinomial Probit Model for Anticipating Land Use Change in Austin, Texas

This paper develops an estimation strategy for and then applies a spatial autoregressive multinomial probit model to account for both spatial clustering and cross-alternative correlation. Estimation is achieved using Bayesian techniques with Gibbs and the generalized direct sampling (GDS). The model is applied to analyze land development decisions for undeveloped parcels over a 6-year period in Austin, Texas. Results suggest that GDS is a useful method for uncovering parameters whose draws may otherwise fail to converge using standard Metropolis-Hastings algorithms. Estimation results suggest that residential and commercial/civic development tends to favor more regularly shaped and smaller parcels, which may be related to parcel conversion costs and aesthetics. Longer distances to Austin’s central business district increase the likelihood of residential development, while reducing that of commercial/civic and office/industrial uses. Everything else constant, distances to a parcel’s nearest minor, and major arterial roads are estimated to increase development likelihood of commercial/civic and office/industry uses, perhaps because such development is more common in less densely developed locations (as proxied by fewer arterials). As expected, added soil slope is estimated to be negatively associated with residential development, but positively associated with commercial/civic and office/industry uses (perhaps due to some steeper terrains offering view benefits). Estimates of the cross-alternative correlations suggest that a parcel’s residential use “utility” or attractiveness tends to be negatively correlated with that of commercial/civic, but positively associated with that of office/industrial uses, while the latter two land uses exhibit some negative correlation. Using an inverse-distance weight matrix for each parcel’s closest 50 neighbors, the spatial autocorrelation coefficient is estimated to be 0.706, indicating a marked spatial clustering pattern for land development in the selected region.
Kinetic and equilibrium study of the reaction of [meso-tetrakis(p-sulfonatophenyl)porphinato]diaquachromate(III) with pyridine in aqueous solution

Abstract The reaction of pyridine (py) in aqueous solution with [meso-tetrakis(p-sulfonatophenyl)porphinato]diaquachromate(III) (CrTPPS(H2O)23−) has been studied at 15, 25 and 35 °C in μ = 1.00 M (NaClO4) from pH = 5.00 to 1.00 M NaOH. The free py concentration, [py], was varied from 1 × 10−4 to 1.00 M. The species CrTPPS(H2O)23−, CrTPPS(OH)(H2O)4−, CrTPPS(OH)25−, CrTPPS(py)(H2O)3−, CrTPPS(OH)py4− and CrTPPS(py)23− were all observed. However, the ligation reactions of CrTPPS(H2O)23−, CrTPPS(OH)(H2O)4− and CrTPPS(py)(H2O)3− were the only kinetically important ones observed. The values of the various stability constants, rate constants and activation parameters are reported. The porphyrin ligands labilize the Cr(III) to axial substitution and the OH− ligand labilizes it even more. But, there are no apparent trends reflected in the values of the activation parameters of the various paths. A comparison to reactions with NCS− and imidazole imply that the reactions are dissociatively activated.
A rapid colorimetric microassay to detect agonists/antagonists of protein kinase C based on adherence of EL-4.IL-2 cells.

A rapid, colorimetric, microassay for detection of agents which are known agonists/antagonists of protein kinase C (PKC) was developed, utilizing their effects on adherence of EL-4.IL-2 cells. Cells that were incubated with agents which are known inducers of PKC activation, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), phorbol 12, 13-dibutyrate (PDBu), mezerein and indolactam V, readily adhered to wells of 96 well microtiter plates within 1 - 2 hours, whereas cells incubated with the negative PKC activator, 4α-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (4α-PMA), which is structurally related to PMA (4β-PMA), did not adhere. The adherent cells withstood repeated vigorous washings with tissue culture medium. Adherence of EL-4.IL-2 cells in the presence of PMA could be blocked by the addition of two known inhibitors of PKC, 1-(5-isoquinoline-sulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine dihydrochloride and staurosporine. Detection of the presence of adherent cells was accomplished by the addition of a tetrazolium salt to culture wells and determination of the remaining viable cells by scanning using a multiwell spectrophotometer (ELISA reader). The EL-4.IL-2 adherence assay meets several important criteria for use as a primary screen in the detection of potential PKC agonists/antagonists, i.e. its selectivity, simplicity, rapid performance through automation and reproducibility.
Conduction subbands in a GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs quantum well: Comparing different k

The energy dispersion of the conduction subbands in a GaAs/${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$As superlattice is calculated by using a k\ensuremath{\cdot}p Hamiltonian that includes different number of bands. The most accurate model includes the ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{6}^{\mathit{c}}$, ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{7}^{\mathit{v}}$, ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{8}^{\mathit{v}}$, ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{7}^{\mathit{c}}$, and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{8}^{\mathit{c}}$ bands. The resulting subband dispersion is compared with that obtained when the coupling of the ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{6}^{\mathit{c}}$ band with the ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{7}^{\mathit{v}}$ and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{8}^{\mathit{v}}$ and/or ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{7}^{\mathit{c}}$ and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{8}^{\mathit{c}}$ bands is neglected. We also consider the 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2 k\ensuremath{\cdot}p Hamiltonian with terms up to the order ${\mathit{k}}^{4}$. The subband dispersions are analyzed quantitatively by fitting the numerical result to the analytical expression obtained with the invariant expansion technique. The subbands are found to be significantly different with the various models. The differences are ascribed to the different bulk band dispersions obtained with different k\ensuremath{\cdot}p Hamiltonians and to the variation of the band parameters in the well and barrier materials.
Combining structure and function to evaluate glaucomatous progression: implications for the design of clinical trials

The selection of a suitable method for assessment of glaucomatous progression and estimation of rates of change is an essential component of the design of clinical trials investigating neuroprotective therapies for the disease. Due to the limitations of currently available tests, approaches combining structural and functional tests are essential in order to provide reliable detection of endpoints. This could also potentially enable shorter clinical trials with relatively smaller sample size requirements. A recent approach for estimating rates of retinal ganglion cell loss using a combination of structural and functional tests has been shown to perform better than isolated parameters from conventional tests for diagnosing, staging and detecting glaucoma progression and may prove useful as an outcome measure in clinical trials of the disease.
Structural basis for cytosolic double-stranded RNA surveillance by human oligoadenylate synthetase 1

The human sensor of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (hOAS1) polymerizes ATP into 2′,5′-linked iso-RNA (2-5A) involved in innate immunity, cell cycle, and differentiation. We report the crystal structure of hOAS1 in complex with dsRNA and 2′-deoxy ATP at 2.7 A resolution, which reveals the mechanism of cytoplasmic dsRNA recognition and activation of oligoadenylate synthetases. Human OAS1 recognizes dsRNA using a previously uncharacterized protein/RNA interface that forms via a conformational change induced by binding of dsRNA. The protein/RNA interface involves two minor grooves and has no sequence-specific contacts, with the exception of a single hydrogen bond between the -NH2 group of nucleobase G17 and the carbonyl oxygen of serine 56. Using a biochemical readout, we show that hOAS1 undergoes more than 20,000-fold activation upon dsRNA binding and that canonical or GU-wobble substitutions produce dsRNA mutants that retain either full or partial activity, in agreement with the crystal structure. Ultimately, the binding of dsRNA promotes an elaborate conformational rearrangement in the N-terminal lobe of hOAS1, which brings residues D75, D77, and D148 into proximity and creates coordination geometry for binding of two catalytic Mg2+ ions and ATP. The assembly of this critical active-site structure provides the gate that couples binding of dsRNA to the production and downstream functions of 2-5A.
Superbasic amidine monodentate ligands in fac-[Re(CO)3(5,5'-Me2bipy)(amidine)]BF4 complexes: dependence of amidine configuration on the remote nitrogen substituents.

Addition of various RNH2 to fac-[Re(CO)3(5,5′-Me2bipy)(CH3CN)]BF4 (1) converts the acetonitrile ligand to the amidine ligand (a superbase) in fac-[Re(CO)3(5,5′-Me2bipy)(HNC(CH3)NHR)]BF4 products. Each complex has four conceivable isomers (E, E′, Z, and Z′) because the amidine CN bonds have double-bond character, and the two remote NHR group substituents are different. The reaction of 1 in acetonitrile is complete in 6 to 96 h (25 °C) and forms fac-[Re(CO)3(5,5′-Me2bipy)(HNC(CH3)NHR)]BF4 E′ and Z isomers. Only the E′ isomer formed crystals (R = methyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, and benzyl). Upon dissolution of such crystals in acetonitrile-d3, NMR spectra with highly dominant E′ signals gradually changed (∼15 min at room temperature) to spectra with signals for an equilibrium mixture of E′ and Z isomers. Such slow E′-to-Z isomer interchange is also indicated by 2D ROESY NMR data used primarily to assign solution structure. Equilibrium ratios (E′:Z) of ∼65:35 for R = methyl, isopropyl, and isobutyl a...
Hypoxic stimulation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in activated rat hepatic stellate cells

The tissue repair response to hypoxic stimuli during wound healing includes enhanced production of angiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Hepatic stellate cells are oxygen-sensing cells, capable of producing VEGF. We hypothesized that hypoxia-stimulated signaling in activated stellate cells mediate VEGF secretion during liver injury. The specific aim was to evaluate the effect of hypoxia on the gene expression of VEGF in HSC-T6 cells, an immortalized rat hepatic stellate cell line, and in rat primary cultures of stellate cells. Hypoxic induction of VEGF mRNA was dose- and time-dependent. The hypoxic stimulation of VEGF messenger RNA (mRNA) correlated with the secretion of VEGF protein in conditioned media by hypoxic T6 cells. S-Nitroso-N-acetyl-D, L-penicillamine (SNAP), a nitric oxide (NO) donor, and desferrioxamine (DFx) and cobalt chloride, mimics of cellular hypoxia, similarly stimulated VEGF mRNA expression and secretion. Four previously described splice variants of the VEGF mRNA (VEGF-120, 144, 164, 188) were detected in both normoxic- or hypoxic-activated stellate cells. There was differential expression of the VEGF receptors, Flt-1 and Flk-1, in hypoxic T6 cells. Hypoxic conditions selectively stimulated Flt-1 mRNA expression, whereas Flk-1 mRNA remained unchanged. Hypoxic induction of VEGF was also demonstrated in primary stellate cell cultures and after in vivo injury. Hypoxia stimulates cell signaling in stellate cells, culminating in the rapid induction of VEGF and Flt-1 mRNA expression and VEGF secretion. The hypoxic induction of VEGF is mimicked by NO and may be of mechanistic importance in the pathogenesis of hepatic wound healing and hepatocarcinogenesis.
Interferon-γ Augments CARD4/NOD1 Gene and Protein Expression through Interferon Regulatory Factor-1 in Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Although intestinal epithelial cells appear to be functionally hyporesponsive to normal intestinal flora, human intestinal epithelial cells can respond to enteroinvasive bacteria and induce an inflammatory response. This initial inflammatory response leads to the recruitment of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to the affected site in vitro and in vivo. CARD4/NOD1 is a potential cytosolic receptor for peptidoglycan in mammalian cells that resembles pathogen-resistant proteins of plants. In this context, CARD4/NOD1 is a candidate for a recognition protein of intracellular bacteria or peptidoglycan in intestinal epithelial cells. In this study, we demonstrate that CARD4/NOD1 is constitutively expressed in intestinal epithelial cell lines and isolated primary intestinal epithelial cells. Interferon-γ (IFNγ), which is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine in intestinal mucosal inflammation, activates CARD4/NOD1 mRNA transcription in a time- and dose-dependent manner and results in augmentation of CARD4/NOD1 protein in SW480 cells. Promoter analysis of CARD4/NOD1 indicates that interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) binding motif (–791 to –782) is essential for the effect of IFNγ. Nuclear extracts from SW480 cells treated with IFNγ show specific binding of oligonucleotides corresponding to this IRF-1-binding motif, which was supershifted by anti-IRF-1 antibody in electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Overexpression of IRF-1 protein activates the CARD4/NOD1 promoter but not the deletion mutant of the IRF-1-binding site in a co-transfection assay of IRF-1 expression plasmid with CARD4/NOD1 promoter. These studies suggest that the Th1 cytokine, IFNγ, activates CARD4/NOD1 transcription and regulate innate immune mechanisms in the condition of intestinal mucosal inflammation.
Heterosynaptic stimulation modulates the duration of post-tetanic potentiation at an aplysia synapse without affecting other aspects of synaptic transmission

Summary Repetitive stimulation of an axon in the right vesceropleural connective to the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia californica produces post-tetanic potentiation (PTP) of a unitary monosynaptic EPSP recorded from cell R15. PTP decays within one half hour following cessation of repetitive stimulation. Stimulation of the left visceropleural connective speeds the rate of decay of PTP, but does not affect the amount of potentiation which is developed or the size of the non-potentiated EPSP. The effect of heterosynaptic left connective stimulation is similar to the previously reported effects of low doses of serotonin but different from the effects of heterosynaptic branchial nerve stimulation. As previously reported, branchial nerve stimulation causes a reduction in the size of the EPSP, and can also speed the rate of decay of PTP. Effects of branchial nerve and left connective stimulation are blocked by SQ10,631, a serotonin antagonist. The left connective effect on the rate of decay of PTP, like the serotonin effect, appears to be mediated by a cyclic nucleotide. The data are consistent with the existence of two separable serotonergic receptors presynaptic to the homosynaptic pathway; one receptor mediates a change in the rate of decay of PTP, one mediates a change in the size of the EPSP. The possible physiological significance of heterosynaptic control of PTP is considered.
Generalized additive bases, König's lemma, and the Erdős–Turán conjecture

Abstract Let A be a set of nonnegative integers. For every nonnegative integer n and positive integer h, let rA(n,h) denote the number of representations of n in the form n=a1+a2+⋯+ah, where a1,a2,…,ah∈A and a1⩽a2⩽⋯⩽ah. The infinite set A is called a basis of order h if rA(n,h)⩾1 for every nonnegative integer n. Erdős and Turan conjectured that lim sup n→∞ r A (n,2)=∞ for every basis A of order 2. This paper introduces a new class of additive bases and a general additive problem, a special case of which is the Erdős–Turan conjecture. Konig's lemma on the existence of infinite paths in certain graphs is used to prove that this general problem is equivalent to a related problem about finite sets of nonnegative integers.
New Directions in Bioarchaeology: Recent Contributions to the Study of Human Social Identities

As a discipline that bridges the biological and social sciences, bioarchaeology has much to contribute to a contextualized and theoretically sophisticated understanding of social identities. Here, we discuss the growing methodological sophistication of bioarchaeology and highlight new developments in osteological age and sex estimation, paleodemography, biodistance analysis, biogeochemistry, and taphonomy, particularly anthropologie de terrain. We then discuss how these methodological developments, when united with social theory, can elucidate social identities. More specifically, we highlight past and future bioarchaeological work on disability and impairment, gender identity, identities of age and the life course, social identity and body modification, embodiment, and ethnic and community identities.
THE ORIGINS OF THE DISCIPLINES OF BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY AND BIBLICAL STUDIES, AND THEIR EARLY POLITICIZATION

Book reviewed in this article: JERUSALEM IN ORIGINAL PHOTOGRAPHS, 1850–1920: PHOTOGRAPHS FROM THE ARCHIVES OF THE PALESTINE EXPLORATION FUND By Shimon Gibson ORIENTALISM AND VISUAL CULTURE: IMAGINING MESOPOTAMIA IN NINETEENTH CENTURY EUROPE By Fredercik Bohrer MEASURING JERUSALEM: THE PALESTINE EXPLORATION FUND AND BRITISH INTERESTS IN THE HOLY LAND By Jon James Moscrop IMAGINING THE HOLY LAND: MAPS, MODELS, AND FANTASY TRAVELS By Burke O. Long
Crowdsourcing the future: predictions made with a social network

Researchers have long known that aggregate estimations built from the collected opinions of a large group of people often outperform the estimations of individual experts. This phenomenon is generally described as the "Wisdom of Crowds". This approach has shown promise with respect to the task of accurately forecasting future events. Previous research has demonstrated the value of utilizing meta-forecasts (forecasts about what others in the group will predict) when aggregating group predictions. In this paper, we describe an extension to meta-forecasting and demonstrate the value of modeling the familiarity among a population's members (its social network) and applying this model to forecast aggregation. A pair of studies demonstrates the value of taking this model into account, and the described technique produces aggregate forecasts for future events that are significantly better than the standard Wisdom of Crowds approach as well as previous meta-forecasting techniques.
Dissociation of a heavy quarkonium at high temperatures

We examine three different ways a heavy quarkonium can dissociate at high temperatures. The heavy quarkonium can dissociate spontaneously when it becomes unbound at a temperature above its dissociation temperature. Following the recent work of Digal, Petreczky, and Satz, we calculate the dissociation temperatures of heavy quarkonia taking into account the angular momentum selection rules and using a temperature-dependent potential inferred from lattice gauge calculations. We find that the selection rules change the dissociation temperatures substantially for charmonia but only slightly for bottomia. A quarkonium system in thermal equilibrium with the medium can dissociate by thermalization. The fraction of quarkonium lying above the dissociation threshold increases as temperature increases. A quarkonium can also dissociate by colliding with light hadrons. We evaluate the cross sections for the dissociation of $J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ and $\ensuremath{\Upsilon}$ in collision with $\ensuremath{\pi}$ as a function of the temperature of the hadron medium, using the quark-interchange model of Barnes and Swanson. We find that as the temperature increases, the threshold energy decreases and the dissociation cross section increases.
Electromechanical hysteresis measurements: A new tool for investigation of the properties of plastics

The charge-strain hysteresis curve can be measured by simple apparatus. While fundamental interpretation of the effect may be complex, the use of the curves for practical purposes such as investigation of fatigue, quality control, differentiation between materials or methods of preparation or surface characteristics, is simple. The effect shows indication of being related to the chemical nature of the material, its composition and structure, and particularly the phase or quasi-phase structure. Chargestrain hysteresis curves have been measured. These are quite reproducible if the samples from which specimens are prepared are uniform. The shape of the hysteresis curve is affected by (1) amplitude of strain, (2) rate of straining, including constant strains, (3) the functional dependence of strain upon time, (4) repeated cycling, (5) incorporation of fillers, (6) incorporation of reinforcing fibers, (7) the mechanical properties of the plastic, (8) detailed composition of the polymers, and (9) temperature. Seven general types of hysteresis curve are observed. The general features of the curve, and the hysteresis area are sensitive methods for detecting slight changes for composition. This method of sample differentiation was illustrated with examples showing the magnitude and sensitivity of the effect. When a sample was held at a given strain, the charge decreased; this suggests that both resistivity, and the initial stages of mechanical plastic flow may be observed indirectly through this phenomenon. Continuously repeated cycling shows a change in charging-strain response related apparently to the initial stages of flexural fatigue. A regular decrease of hysteresis area is observed with repeated cycling, with the area decrease depending upon the plastic composition. The rate of decline of the area with repeated cycling is a second method for differentiating between materials, particularly when differences are obscured in other methods of testing.
Thyratron Reactor Lighting Control

The introduction of electron tubes and power saturable reactors for the control of theater and mobile lighting has made possible the design and construction of lighting control equipment of greater efficiency and flexibility than was possible with the older methods of control. This paper describes some of the new equipment, systems, and practices. Several control systems for the pilot controller, the individual, and master units are described and illustrated. The basis for the intensity scale for the control units in the pilot controller is given.
Period of Protection Afforded by Sulphur in Prevention of Eimeria Tenella Infections

Abstract EVIDENCE that experimentally produced coccidiosis can be prevented by the use of sulphur or sulphur with charcoal has been reported by Goff and Upp (1940a) and Goff (1941a). Many technical and practical problems involving the use of these materials in coccidiosis prevention remain unsolved. To secure additional needed information the following experiments were undertaken. METHODS AND PROCEDURE The technic of preparing a suspension of sporulated oocysts of Eimeria tenella suitable for inoculation purposes has been described by Goff (1941a). Flowers of sulphur and charcoal, commercially called number 10 hardwood charcoal, were used throughout these studies. No attempt was made in these trials to adjust the nutrients displaced by the sulphur or charcoal. The conditions under which the chicks were confined and the basal ration used were reported by Goff and Upp (1940a). A total of 1,054 chicks were inoculated in this series of experiments. Although some Single Comb Rhode Island . . .
Dinoflagellate cysts from the Buda Limestone (Cenomanian), Cerro de Cristo Rey, Dona Ana County, New Mexico

Abstract A sparse dinoflagellate cyst flora has been recovered from the Buda Limestone. Spiniferites cysts dominate the assemblage, while cyst genera Tanyosphaeridium and Hystrichodinium are also present in most samples. At least twenty other dinoflagellate cyst taxa and one acritarch taxon occur intermittently in low numbers throughout the Buda section. Pteridophyte spores and pollen grains are rare. The cyst flora complements, but does not independently confirm, the Cenomanian age assigned to the Buda Limestone by earlier workers
Total testosterone assays in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: Precision and correlation with hirsutism

Context: There is no standardized assay of testosterone in women. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS) has been proposed as the preferable assay by an Endocrine Society Position Statement. Objective: The aim was to compare assay results from a direct RIA with two LC/MS. Design and Setting: We conducted a blinded laboratory study including masked duplicate samples at three laboratories—two academic (University of Virginia, RIA; and Mayo Clinic, LC/MS) and one commercial (Quest, LC/MS). Participants and Interventions: Baseline testosterone levels from 596 women with PCOS who participated in a large, multicenter, randomized controlled infertility trial performed at academic health centers in the United States were run by varying assays, and results were compared. Main Outcome Measure: We measured assay precision and correlation and baseline Ferriman-Gallwey hirsutism scores. Results: Median testosterone levels were highest with RIA. The correlations between the blinded samples that were run in duplicate were comparable. The correlation coefficient (CC) between LC/MS at Quest and Mayo was 0.83 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.80–0.85], between RIA and LC/MS at Mayo was 0.79 (95% CI, 0.76–0.82), and between RIA and LC/MS at Quest was 0.67 (95% CI, 0.63–0.72). Interassay variation was highest at the lower levels of total testosterone (≤50 ng/dl). The CC for Quest LC/MS was significantly different from those derived from the other assays. We found similar correlations between total testosterone levels and hirsutism score with the RIA (CC = 0.24), LC/MS at Mayo (CC = 0.15), or Quest (CC = 0.17). Conclusions: A testosterone RIA is comparable to LC/MS assays. There is significant variability between LC/MS assays and poor precision with all assays at low testosterone levels.
Different pharmacological anatomy in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, and suprachiasmatic nucleus of rats: Quantitative autoradiography on angiotensin II receptor binding sites

Angiotensin II (AII) and vasopressin (VP) play important roles in cardiovascular function. Using 125I-[Sar1, Ile8]-angiotensin II (125I-SI-AII), a potent AII antagonist, AII receptor binding sites were autoradiographically localized in three VP-producing areas of the hypothalamus and compared in hypertensive and normotensive rats. Within three major VP-producing areas, AII receptor binding was highest in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus and lowest in the supraoptic nucleus, suggesting that a differential AII regulation of separate VP systems exists in the brainstem. No statistical difference in 125I-SI-AII receptor binding was found between WKY and SHR rats in each of the three major VP-producing nuclei studied. These results are consistent with a role of AII receptors in a subtle and complicated regulation of VP in cardiovascular function.
Health Psychology in the United States: A Critique and Selective Review

Cette revue de questions decrit les developpements actuels des recherches americaines en psychologie de la sante. Bien que la mission et les objectifs du Departement de Psychologie de la Sante de l'Association Americaine de Psychologie soient vastes, la majorite des recherches aux Etats-Unis ont ete reductionistes pour ce qui est de la theorie, essentiellement cliniques et centrees sur l'individu avec une ouverture minimale sur l'environnement. On examine en detail les recherches qui ont porte sur les programmes de promotion de la sante sur le lieu de travail. Ces investigations qui adoptent une perspective plus ouverte que la plupart des recherches en psychologie de la sante peuvent servir de modele pour les etudes a venir. L'article conclut en montrant que la psychologie de la sante atteint aux Etats-Unis un moment critique. C'est l'occasion de developper une vaste psychologie de la sante qui engloberait la sante et la maladie, les recherches mono- et interdisciplinaires, l'individu et de multiples niveaux d'analyse. II est egalement probable qu'a l'avenir la psychologie de la sante se dedoublera avec un regard sur l'individu et un autre sur l'environnement. This review examines current developments in American research in health psychology. Although the mission and objectives of the Division of Health Psychology in the American Psychological Association are broad, the majority of research in the US has been reductionistic in theory, clinical in focus, and directed at studying the individual with minimal attention to context. Research on health promotion programmes at the worksite is reviewed in detail. This literature, which takes a broader perspective than most health psychology research, may provide a model for future studies. The paper concludes by stating that health psychology in the US is at a critical stage. There is the opportunity to develop a comprehensive health psychology that is inclusive of health and illness, of single-disciplinary and interdisciplinary research, and of intra-individual and multiple levels of analysis. There also is a chance that in the future we will see two distinct fields of health psychology; one that looks inside the individual and one that looks outside.
Rossby-wave breaking, microbreaking, filamentation, and secondary vortex formation-The dynamics of a perturbed vortex

Abstract The behavior of an isolated vortex perturbed by topographically forced Rossby waves is studied using the method of Contour Dynamics. For a single-contour vortex a distinct forcing threshold exists above which the wave breaks in a dynamically significant way, leading to a disruption of the vortex. This breaking is distinguished from the process of weak filamentary breaking described by Dritschel and classified here as microbreaking; the latter occurs in nondivergent flow even at very small forcing amplitudes but does not affect the vortex in a substantial manner. In cases with finite Rossby deformation radius (comparable with the vortex radius) neither breaking nor microbreaking occurs below the forcing threshold. In common with previous studies using high-resolution spectral models, the vortex is not diluted by intrusion of outside air, except during remerger with a secondary vortex shed previously from the main vortex during a breaking event. The kinematics of the breaking process and of the vor...
Prostate cancer awareness week. Education, service, and research in a community setting

Prostate cancer awareness week began in 1989 to recruit asymptomatic men to have prostate screening examinations using digital rectal examination and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing. In 6 years 2,000,000 men have participated. A measure of cancer screening and early detection efficacy is the distribution by stage of diagnosed cancers. Less than a decade ago, 10% of clinically diagnosed prostate cancers were Stage A (T 0 ,T 1 ), 15-20% were Stage B (T 2 ),40% were Stage C (T 3 ), and the rest were Stage D (T 4 ). In 1993, localized disease (T 0 -T 2 ) represented 58% of all newly diagnosed cases, representing a substantial increase in the detection of localized disease. Most prostate cancer cases occur in men older than 65 years, but the distribution by stage shows that local disease occurs with proportional frequency among these men. Researchers have noted a relationship of age to PSA. Analysis of 1992 and 1993 cohorts (≃50,000 men) was conducted, and comparable rates of increase by age are noted. Age-specific PSA reference ranges are outlined by 10-year age groups. In a cohort of more than 19,000 men tested in both 1992 and 1993, the annual PSA change was 30% among men younger than 70 years, and the change was more than 35% in men 70 years and older. The absolute change in nanograms per milliliter ranged from 0.27 ng/ml in the youngest age group to 0.73 ng/ml among the oldest men. Continued elevations or substantial interval increases in PSA with time may be more important than absolute PSA values. Prostate-specific antigen velocity permits continued investigation of interval screening of asymptomatic men. When used in conjunction with digital rectal examination, PSA as a screening test for prostate cancer should be considered an appropriate community-based health care practice. Cancer 1995 ;75 :1874-9.
An improved impaction-graphite furnace system for the direct and near real-time determination of cadmium, chromium, lead and manganese in aerosols and cigarette smoke by simultaneous multielement atomic absorption spectrometry

The design, operating characteristics, and preliminary evaluation of an improved impaction-graphite furnace system, based on a theoretical study of particle size collected, are presented. After direct collection, the graphite furnace from the system is inserted in an atomic absorption spectrometer for analysis by simultaneous multielement atomic absorption spectrometry. This system has the potential for the direct and near real-time (few minutes) determination of metals in aerosols. The system has been preliminarily evaluated using aqueous solutions of chromium, and has then been applied to the determination of cadmium, chromium, lead, and manganese in cigarette smoke. Results show an increase ranging from almost five (lead) to sixteen (cadmium) over background levels.
Ultracold mechanical resonators coupled to atoms in an optical lattice

We propose an experiment utilizing an array of cooled microcantilevers coupled to a sample of ultracold atoms trapped near a microfabricated surface. The cantilevers allow individual lattice site addressing for atomic state control and readout, and potentially may be useful in optical lattice quantum computation schemes. Assuming resonators can be cooled to their vibrational ground state, the implementation of a two-qubit controlled-NOT gate with atomic internal states and the motional states of the resonator is described. We also consider a protocol for entangling two or more cantilevers on the atom chip with different resonance frequencies, using the trapped atoms as an intermediary. Although similar experiments could be carried out with magnetic microchip traps, the optical confinement scheme we consider may exhibit reduced near-field magnetic noise and decoherence. Prospects for using this system for tests of quantum mechanics at macroscopic scales or quantum information processing are discussed.
Unitary four-body model

A field-theoretic model describing nonrelativistic four-body scattering processes is developed. The model is related to Bronzan's extended Lee model, but the allowed interactions are restricted so that the resulting dynamical equations are as simple as possible, yet still exact. Two elementary particles n and a are introduced with the couplings n + n in equilibrium D and a + a in equilibrium. Three-particle processes are generated by the additional coupling D + a in equilibrium ..cap alpha.., leading to the possible three-body reactions D + a ..-->.. D + a and D + a ..-->.. n + n + a. The four-body sector then involves the 2 ..-->.. 2 reactions a..cap alpha.. ..-->.. a..cap alpha.. and a..cap alpha.. ..-->.. CD, the 2 ..-->.. 3 reactions a..cap alpha.. ..-->.. Daa and a..cap alpha.. ..-->.. Cnn, and the 2 ..-->.. 4 reaction a..cap alpha.. ..-->.. nnaa. Off-shell integral equations are obtained for the 2 ..-->.. 2 amplitudes, and from these, expressions for the 2 ..-->.. 3 and 2 ..-->.. 4 amplitudes are constructed. Possible applications and generalizations of the model are discussed. (AIP)
Evaluation, calibration, and verification of a reinforced concrete beam-column joint model

A model for use in simulating the response of reinforced concrete interior beam-column joints is developed and evaluated using an extensive experimental data set. This model builds on previous work by Lowes and Altoontash in 2003, modifying the previously proposed model to improve prediction of response and extend the range of applicability. First, a new element formulation is proposed to improve simulation of joint response mechanisms. Second, a new method for simulating the shear stress-strain response of the joint core is developed. This method assumes joint shear is transferred through a confined concrete strut and simulates strength loss due to load history and joint damage following yielding of beam longitudinal steel. Third, modifications are made to enable better simulation of anchorage zone response. Comparison of simulated and observed response histories indicates that the new model represents well stiffness and strength response parameters for joints with a wide range of design parameters.
Modification of the Rumen Bacterial Flora by Feeding Cattle Ground and Pelleted Roughage as Determined with Culture Media with and Without Rumen Fluid

Abstract The numbers and kinds of predominating bacteria and most probable numbers (MPN) of cellulolytic bacteria were determined in an experiment designed as a 2×2 Latin square, with two nonlactating cows fed diets ad libitum consisting of artificially dried grass and the same grass ground and pelleted. Two nonselective anaerobic roll tube media—a rumen fluid medium (Medium 98-5) and one in which rumen fluid was replaced by volatile fatty acids, heme, and small amounts of yeast extract and trypticase (Medium 10) were used to obtain colony counts and to isolate strains for presumptive identification. The mean colony count for Animal D, 15.2×10 9 per gram, was significantly higher than that for Animal C, 11.1×10 9 per gram. Counts were highly significantly higher when animals were fed ground grass (15.7×10 9 per gram) as compared to long grass (10.5×10 9 per gram), and there was a highly significant difference between mean counts on Medium 10 (15×10 9 per gram) and Medium 98-5 (10.7×10 9 per gram). Much of the difference in counts for both culture media and diets was due to the much higher mean counts on Medium 10 (20.7×10 9 per gram) as compared to Medium 98-5 (10.9×19 9 per gram) when ground grass was fed. The MPN of cellulolytic bacteria were similar for the two animals when long grass was fed and for Animal C when either diet was fed. These counts were depressed when Animal D was fed ground grass. The presumptive identification of 74 to 109 strains of predominating bacteria, isolated from each medium inoculated from each animal on each diet, showed a remarkable similarity in distribution of species in the two animals when long grass was fed. The distribution of species changed when ground grass was fed and under this condition distribution in the two animals was different. The results indicate that changes in the rumen fermentation which occur when high levels of ground forage are fed are partially owing to changes in the distribution of microbial species present and show that Medium 10 is an excellent medium for enumeration and isolation of diverse species of rumen bacteria.
On the Yang-Feldman formalism

The connection between the in- and out-fields and the interaction representation fields is established. The commutation rules for these as well as the symmetric field are obtained. The formulation of scattering theory in terms of these fields is rederived from their connection with the interaction representation.
Coupling of Micro-Scale and Macro-Scale Eulerian-Lagrangian Models for the Computation of Shocked Particle-Laden Flows

The accuracy and efficiency of several algorithms that couple output from full resolution micro-scale Direct Numerical Simulation computations to input for macro-scale Eulerian-Lagrangian (EL) methods for the computation of high-speed, particle-laden flow are assessed. A Stochastic Collocation method, a Gaussian Radial Basis Function (RBF) Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and an improved RBF-ANN are compared for the fitting of an analytical drag coefficient formula that depends on Mach number and Reynolds number. The improved RBF-ANN uses a clustering algorithm to enhance conditioning of interpolation matrices. The fitted drag coefficient mantle, used to trace point particles in macro-scale computations, is in excellent agreement with the analytical drag formula. The SC method requires fewer micro-scale realizations to obtain comparable accuracy of the drag coefficient. The Gaussian RBF does not converge monotonically, while the improved RBF-ANN converges algebraically and has the potential to provide error estimates.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Double-bond activation in unsaturated aldehydes: conversion of acrolein to propene and ketene on Pt(111) surfaces

Abstract The surface chemistry of acrolein on Pt(111) single-crystal surfaces was investigated under vacuum by temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and reflection–absorption infrared spectroscopies (RAIRS). The main thermal decomposition path is via the decarbonylation of the unsaturated aldehyde to carbon monoxide and ethene, but it was found that small amounts of propene and ketene (CH 2 CO) are also formed by following steps unprecedented in metal-based chemical systems.
Stimulation of hepatic fatty acid synthetase activity in chick embryo by cycloheximide.

Abstract Liver fatty acid synthetase activity is increased up to 25-fold at 10–24 h after administration of cycloheximide in 16-, 18-, and 20-day-old chick embryos. The extent of stimulation of the synthetase activity depended on the dose of the protein synthesis inhibitor, larger doses elevating the enzyme activity to a greater degree than smaller doses. Quantitative precipitin reactions using goat antibodies against chicken liver synthetase and partially purified liver extracts from normal and cycloheximide-treated embryos gave identical equivalence points, suggesting that the increase in the synthetase activity following cycloheximide injection resulted from an increase in the content of the enzyme and not from its activation. Although there was a strong inhibition of protein and fatty acid synthetase syntheses after cycloheximide injection, a twofold increase in the rate of enzyme synthesis, compared to saline-treated embryos, was observed at 12 h after injection of the antibiotic. During the period of active inhibition of synthetase synthesis in cycloheximide-treated embryos, the synthetase activity did not diminish. The results support the conclusion that a decrease in degradation and a subsequent increase in the synthesis of the enzyme are responsible for an increase in the content of the synthetase after cycloheximide treatment. Absence of a stimulatory effect of cycloheximide on synthetase activity of cultured avian liver expiants indicate that cycloheximide stimulates synthetase activity, in ovo , by an indirect action mediated by extrahepatic events. These results emphasize the ambiguity involved in interpretation of data derived from in vivo experiments with inhibitors of protein synthesis.
Two-Photon Autofluorescence Dynamics for Quantitative Cell Pathology and Respiratory State Activities

Two-photon autofluorescence dynamics imaging of metabolic co-factors, NADH and FAD, will be discussed as natural probes for cell biology. Of particular interest are the redox states and energy metabolism in breast cancer and normal cells.