cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular Orbital Calculations Comparing Water Enhanced Bond Breakage in Sio2 and Si

Environmentally enhanced crack growth has long been recognized as a problem in most ceramics. In certain environments, cracks will extend in the presence of stresses which are much smaller than those required for crack extension in the absence of the environment; at the same time, in most of these material-environment systems, the cracks will not extend in the absence of a stress. Therefore, both stress and active environment are required to generate environmentally enhanced fracture. Because this behavior results in a time-dependent failure process in service, there have been extensive empirical investigations attempting to clarify the chemical and physical interactions involved in, and required by environmental enhancement of fracture1,2,3. This work has culminated with a widely accepted empirically-based set of guidelines for environmentally enhanced fracture in silica based glasses: 1) the environmental molecule must contain a labile proton and a free electron pair and 2) the environmental molecule must be small enough to reach the strained crack tip bond.
Liberation From the P Value's Tyranny.

> P-values, next to nuclear weapons, are the worst invention of the 20th century . > > —Herman Rubin, Purdue University, 1981 More than a half century ago, the P value was selected as the measuring tool for health care research by administrators. The difficulties generated by statistical hypothesis testing in addition to the constraints it places on cardiovascular trial researchers must now be declared unacceptable by the cardiology research community. Developed >90 years ago by statistician, Ronald Fisher, while working on a manure experiment in England,1,2 P values have risen to dominate the field of cardiovascular investigation for no other reasons than those of custom and habit. The abuse of P values has become so rampant that the American Statistical Association in 2016 was compelled to provide a consensus statement decrying their misuse.3 Counterpoint, see p 1049 Statistical hypothesis testing and P values were criticized by scientists from the beginning. They thought that its reverse logic—embracing a null hypothesis that one did not think, only to have the data reject it compelling the scientist to accept what one did think—was tortured and unnecessarily complex. P values rose to prominence in health care when grant administrators, journal editors, and Food and Drug Administration officials, overwhelmed by the post–World War II explosion in research, chose the P value instrument to help identify worthy research.4 The P value was not chosen because it had any basis in epidemiology, biology, pathophysiology, or cardiovascular medicine. It was selected because these administrators needed a metric to help them to separate the research wheat from the chaff, and they could see no alternative. The fledgling clinical trial research community accepted this P value imprimatur, not realizing that this nonmalicious selection portended pernicious consequences. Even though the P value’s sole, small role was to …
The Effect of Aspartame on 50% Convulsion Doses of Lidocaine

Aspartame doses of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg, given intraperitoneally, reduced 50% convulsion doses of lidocaine by 29.5% and 37.8%, respectively. These values are statistically significant. Latency time and recovery time were not significantly changed. Orally administered doses of aspartame up to 600 mg/kg did not change the 50% convulsion dose of lidocaine.
Looking for God and Finding the Abyss: Bioethics and Natural Theology

In all the world there are no Gods to speak to us face to face. For the most desperate petitions there is only silence. As the first Russian cosmonaut noted in his encounter with space, God was not to be found. Or if He (She) is, He (She) speaks clandestinely to the mystic and to the poet. While Thales saw that “all things are full of Gods” (quoted in De Anima A5, 411a7), the modern world reveals only the finite. Divinity hides. The Gods once brought rain and cured diseases. Now there is meteorology and pharmacology. The presence of the divine has been exorcized. There remain, however, numerous competing, once mutually antagonistic groups of interpreters of sacred texts and traditions who claim divine authority — for themselves, for such texts, or for the statements of long-dead founders who asserted that they had heard the very word of God. These modern religious groups possess often only the remnants of past political powers and structures through which they once wielded immense governmental authority and commanded intellectual attention. One might think here of the Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, versus its antecedent, the Holy Roman and Universal Inquisition, which possessed considerable intellectual authority and police powers.
Vibrational Band Intensities In Matrices

Measurement of absolute vibrational band intensities has always been an exceedingly difficult problem. The measurements in the gas phase have long been notorious for errors of as much as a factor of ten; even now one is not surprised too much to find that one’s new measurements differ by a factor of two from previous results in the literature. Nevertheless, the situation is improving rapidly and it is now possible for two carefully conducted measurements by different research groups to agree within 1 or 2% [1]. The use of computers with Fourier transform interferometers, and also in conventional dispersion spectrometers, makes what was once a very long and tedious measurement to obtain an intensity now completely routine. We can now predict with confidence that accurate infrared intensities will be routinely available from almost any experiment performed in gas or solution phases. Measurements in matrices have some unique problems, described below, but have the potential for providing unique and extremely useful results. We shall give here a general survey, outlining some of the problems and some preliminary results, in the hope of interesting others in the possibilities of studying vibrational band intensities in matrices.
Motion and Stereopsis

There are a number of techniques that provide the information necessary to obtain the 3 dimensional structure of the environment from a single static visual image, such as shape from shading, deformation of areas, and vanishing point analysis. However, these techniques are not always reliable. They may fail under unfavourable illumination conditions or when the underlying assumptions regarding the shape of the world surfaces are invalid. If, however, two cameras located a short distance apart are used, the two distinct views provided by them can be combined to produce reliable 3-d information about the environment.
The Concept and Application of the Bounding Surface in Plasticity Theory

The concept of the bounding surface in stress space is presented, and a novel unified formulation of the corresponding rate independent constitutive plastic relations is given. The salient feature of the bounding surface approach is that plastic deformation occurs for stress states within the surface at a rate which depends on the proximity between the current stress point and an “image” stress point on the bounding surface defined by a proper mapping rule. The material exhibits a memory of past loading history by means of plastic internal variables, and a projected “foresight” by means of the distance between actual and “image” stress points. Particular models and corresponding applications are presented within the general framework.
Operators on Inner Product Spaces

Linear algebra is the study of linear maps on finite-dimensional vector spaces. Eventually we will learn what all these terms mean. In this chapter we will define vector spaces and discuss their elementary properties.
The Colon: Air Contrast Versus Endoscopy

Proctosigmoidoscopy (PSS) and the barium enema (BE) have historically been extremely valuable diagnostic tools in the study of colon disease. Since the BE provided an examination far beyond the capability of PSS, and PSS could be used to examine directly the more difficult areas for radiologic evaluation (rectum and rectosigmoid), the two techniques were obviously complementary. The recent advent of colonoscopy (CS) (examination of the entire colon by fiberoptic techniques) is basically an extension of PSS.
Who gets the biggest bang for the buck? A review of minimum wage and purchasing power in prison commissaries versus superstores

One of the often-noted ‘pains of imprisonment’ is the deprivation of good and services. One of the few ways that prisoners can acquire additional amenities is to purchase items at the prison commis...
A Random Matrix Perspective on Mixtures of Nonlinearities for Deep Learning.

One of the distinguishing characteristics of modern deep learning systems is that they typically employ neural network architectures that utilize enormous numbers of parameters, often in the millions and sometimes even in the billions. While this paradigm has inspired significant research on the properties of large networks, relatively little work has been devoted to the fact that these networks are often used to model large complex datasets, which may themselves contain millions or even billions of constraints. In this work, we focus on this high-dimensional regime in which both the dataset size and the number of features tend to infinity. We analyze the performance of a simple regression model trained on the random features $F=f(WX+B)$ for a random weight matrix $W$ and random bias vector $B$, obtaining an exact formula for the asymptotic training error on a noisy autoencoding task. The role of the bias can be understood as parameterizing a distribution over activation functions, and our analysis directly generalizes to such distributions, even those not expressible with a traditional additive bias. Intriguingly, we find that a mixture of nonlinearities can outperform the best single nonlinearity on the noisy autoecndoing task, suggesting that mixtures of nonlinearities might be useful for approximate kernel methods or neural network architecture design.
Validation of a tertiary model for predicting variation of Salmonella typhimurium DT104 (ATCC 700408) growth from a low initial density on ground chicken breast meat with a competitive microflora.

Growth of a multiple antibiotic–resistant strain (ATCC 700408) of Salmonella Typhimurium definitive phage type 104 (DT104) from a low initial density (100.6 most probable number [MPN] or CFU/g) on ground chicken breast meat with a competitive microflora was investigated and modeled as a function of time and temperature (10 to 40°C). MPN and viable counts (CFU) on a selective medium with four antibiotics enumerated the pathogen. Data from five replicate challenge studies per temperature were combined and fit to a primary model to determine maximum specific growth rate (μ), maximum population density (Nmax), and the 95% prediction interval (PI). Nonlinear regression was used to obtain secondary models as a function of temperature for μ, Nmax, and PI, which ranged from 0.04 to 0.4 h−1, 1.6 to 9.4 log MPN or CFU/g, and 1.4 to 2.4 log MPN or CFU/g, respectively. Secondary models were combined with the primary model to create a tertiary model for predicting variation (95% PI) of pathogen growth among batches of...
Eukaryotic DNA Polymerase δ

DNA polymerase δ (Pol δ) is the DNA synthetic workhorse in the eukaryotic cell. Besides its essential function on the lagging strand of the DNA replication fork, this enzyme also functions during DNA recombinational processes, various DNA repair processes, and even during damage-induced mutagenesis in the cell. It can accomplish these various tasks because the enzyme is processive, has high fidelity, and has the capacity to carry out strand displacement synthesis. Like the other essential DNA polymerases, Pol α and Pol e, Pol δ is a B-family DNA polymerase, and the catalytic subunit is part of a multisubunit complex.
Managerial ability, product market competition, and firm behavior

Abstract We examine the relation between managerial ability and firm behavior in the face of product market competition. We find that managerial ability is positively associated with market share growth. When facing competitive threats, high-ability managers invest more in research and development relative to capital expenditures. In addition, managerial ability enhances firm value in the face of competition. Collectively, our results suggest that managerial ability is beneficial to the firm facing competitive threats. Our results remain robust after controlling for endogeneity issues and managerial overconfidence, and using alternative measures of managerial ability.
Effect of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Protocol Implementation on Cost and Outcomes by Type of Colectomy Performed.

BackgroundEnhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols are widely utilized for elective colorectal surgery to improve outcomes and decrease costs, but few studies have evaluated the impact of E...
Effects of adiposity on postural control and cognition in older adults.

Abstract Background Understanding the impacts of increased adiposity on postural control and cognitive deficits in adults is critical for health practitioners in recommending or prescribing effective weight loss regimens. Despite prior work in this area, the knowledge of increased adiposity impacts on postural control and cognitive deficits in older adults (OAs) is still limited. Research question The purposes of the current study were: (a) to assess the relationship between postural measures and adiposity measures by using regression model analyses and, (b) to examine the impacts of increased adiposity and age on cognitive performance. Methods A total of thirty (30) individuals aged 60+ years participated in the study. Participants were classified into three groups based upon their BMI scores at the onset of the study. The normal weight (NW) (BMI: 18.5–24.9 kg/m2), the overweight (OW) (BMI: 25–29.9 kg/m2), and the obese (OB) groups (BMI: 30−40 kg/m2) each had five females and five males. Participants were required to perform two test sessions: (1) anthropometry assessment and body composition scanning; and (2) evaluation of plantar tactile function, postural control, and cognitive function. Results Overall, our findings indicate that increased adiposity in OAs is associated with declines in both cognitive function and postural control. Significance Our data also indicate that measures such as BMI and abdominal fat mass amounts/ratios offer the best insight to the impact of adiposity on cognitive function and postural control measures. However, further work is still needed to clarify the mechanistic links between adiposity and cognitive-postural deficits.
The Professional Is the Personal: A Qualitative Exploration of Self-Care Practices in Clinical Infant Mental Health Practitioners

Infant mental health (IMH) as an interdisciplinary field relies on relationships to heal past trauma and promote secure parent-infant attachment. Stress related to performing IMH work has gained mo...
Axonics® system for treatment of overactive bladder syndrome and urinary urgency incontinence.

Introduction: Overactive bladder and urge urinary incontinence affect millions of women and men and results in billions of dollars in health-care expenses. First- and second-line therapy includes b...
Fruit marketing, its efficiency and supply chain constraints in India: A case study

Study investigated the agribusiness opportunities, marketing channels and marketing efficiency of different supply chain systems for two important fruit crops kinnow and aonla (Indian gooseberry) in Rajasthan. Two districts, viz. Sriganganagar and Jaipur, having highest area under cultivation of these crops in the state, were purposively selected. Information was collected from 120 farmers, 30 wholesalers (traders/Contractors) and 30 retailers during the year 2009–2011 for both the crops. Further 25% of sample households were again revisited during 2019–20 to find changes in marketing of these selected fruit crops. The producers’ share in consumer’s rupee was 32% and 28% for kinnow and aonla, respectively. The marketing efficiency index in dominant channel was 0.48 in kinnow and 0.38 in aonla. The most common and important constraint in marketing of fruits was cartelisation among traders. The imperfect market structure forces the farmers to enter into a forward contract that sets a minimum price, rather at the dissatisfaction of the farmer, as an insurance against possible lower price at later stages. Establishment of multi-fruit processing units in production area, development of infrastructure at major market centres, and establishing export value chain for kinnow and necessary support/incentives for orchard management for timely disposal of kinnow fruits are suggested as strategies to improve the marketing efficiency.
Is variety the spice of happiness? More variety is associated with lower efficacy of positive activity interventions in a sample of over 200,000 happiness seekers

An empirically supported approach to increase one’s happiness (or well-being) is to engage in brief, self-directed positive activities in daily life. However, such positive activities may fail to b...
Genetic instability in different subclasses of breast cancer

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 4437 Background: Genetic instability, manifested by mutation, chromosomal amplification and chromosomal deletion, contributes to the progression and heterogeneity of breast cancer. In our previous study, we used gene expression profiling to cluster breast tumors into distinct subclasses defined as follows: IA, dominated by HER2-overexpressing tumors; IB, “basal-like” ER-and HER2-negative tumors; IIA, predominantly lower-grade ER-positive tumors (ductal and lobular); and IIB, dominated by higher-grade ER-positive tumors. These subclasses also have distinct patterns of allelic loss. Notably, IB tumors, characterized by high genetic instability, have a greater fractional loss of heterozygosity (FLOH) than the others. In the present study, we examined aneuploidy, another index of genetic instability, in these tumors. Methods: Two groups of human breast cancer samples were analyzed. DNA from an initial group of 40 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor samples representing the four major subclasses of breast tumors and matched normal samples was allelotyped by Affymetrix HuSNP 1.5K array analysis. DNA content was determined by nuclear staining and quantitative image analysis. DNA from a second group of 19 frozen samples, consisting of IB tumors and a high-grade HER2-positive subset of IA tumors with matched normal samples, was allelotyped by the GeneChip SNP 10K array. Analysis of LOH and DNA copy number was done with dChipSNP software. Statistical analysis using ANOVA was performed. Results: IB tumors had a significantly higher frequency of fractional LOH than other tumors (34.4% in IB vs. 15% in IA, 6.7% in IIA, and 14.3% in IIB, p=0.0013). However, DNA content of the IB tumors was similar to the IA tumors (1.6 index units vs. 1.58, p=0.87). Comparison of IB tumors to a high-grade, HER2-positive subset of IA tumors revealed the latter had a slightly higher mean DNA content index than the IB (1.95 vs 1.6, p=0.08) but a significantly lower mean FLOH (18.1% vs. 34.4%, p=0.0053). Validation of these findings using a separate set of IB and high-grade HER2-positive IA tumors revealed similar trends. The IB tumors had a significantly higher mean FLOH than the high-grade HER2-positive subset of IA tumors (34.6% vs. 13.3%, p=0.025), whereas the mean DNA content index was significantly less (1.15 vs. 1.24, p = 0.01). Conclusions: Basal-like tumors have a high degree of FLOH but a low degree of aneuploidy, whereas the high-grade, HER2-positive tumors have a low degree of FLOH but a high degree of aneuploidy. Thus, the degree of FLOH correlates poorly with the DNA content, and neither FLOH nor measurements of DNA content alone are sufficient for accurate evaluation of genetic instability. The discrepancy between the degree of FLOH and the degree of aneuploidy in these two subclasses suggests that at least two distinct mechanisms may lead to genetic instability in breast cancer.
Identification of CaMK-II Protein Targets in Tissue Culture and Zebrafish Embryos using Tandem Mass Spectrometry

x Introduction 1 Materials and Methods mPCT and HEK Cell Culture 8 Zebrafish Care and Strains 8 Vectors 8 In vitro translation 9 Transfection 9 cDNA Injections of Zebrafish Embryos 9 Cell and Zebrafish Embryo Harvest 10 FLAG Immunoprecipitation 10 Cell Sorting by Flow Cytometry 11 Western Transfer and Immunoblotting 11 Antibodies 12 CaMK-II Kinase Assay and Phosphorylation Assay 13 Mass Spectrometry Sample Preparation 14
The role of Notch signaling in regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition in thyroid cancer.

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 12-16, 2008; San Diego, CA 5367 The role of Notch signaling in regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition in thyroid cancer. Background. The activation of Notch signaling pathway is required for epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) during embryogenesis. EMT is important for thyroid cancer, however the role of Notch signaling in thyroid cancer has not been defined. Objective: to characterize the expression of Notch signaling molecules in thyroid cancer and to define the role of Notch signaling in regulation of EMT. Material and Methods. Thirty five human thyroid cancer samples to include 10 follicular (FC) and 20 papillary cancers (PC) and 5 anaplastic thyroid cancer (AC) were examined by immunostaining using antibodies against Jagged1, Notch1, Hey1 and Hey2. We also examined six thyroid cancer cell lines including four cells lines with mesenchymal-like characteristics (NPA, FTC 133, 236 and 238) and two cells lines with epithelial-like patterns of growth (WRO and ARO). The level of Notch ligand - Jagged1; Notch receptors - Notch 1, 2, 3; enzymes involved in Notch cleavage - ADAM17, Presenilin1; downstream target of Notch - Hey1 and Hey2 were tested by quantitative RT PCR, Western blot and or immunostaining. Hey1 silencing was performed using Lipofectamine 2000 method and RNA was examined on custom SuperArray real time PCR plate for expression of 100 genes with known function in EMT and angiogenesis. Migration and invasion experiments were performed using Boyden chamber assays. Results. Jagged 1 and Notch 1 were differentially expressed in PC and FC. Jagged 1 was up-regulated in 1/10 FC but in 8/20 PC; Notch 1 was up-regulated in 4/10 FC, but in 3/20 PC. PC with RET/PTC rearrangements and AC showed low level of Jagged1, Notch1 and Hey expression. In vitro studies showed that epithelial like WRO and ARO cells had high level of Notch 1 expression and prominent membranous staining with anti-Notch antibodies. Mesenchymal-like cells were characterized by increased level of Hey1 and Hey 2 expression. Jagged 1 and Hey 1 were over-expressed in cell lines derived from metastases (FTC 236 and FTC 238) compared to the cell line derived from primary tumor (FTC 133). Hey 1 silencing induced cell growth and motility in both NPA and ARO thyroid cancer cells. Inhibition of Hey 1 expression in epithelial-like ARO cells resulted in EMT and loss of membranous E Cadherin localization. The inhibition of Hey 1 expression was associated with inhibition of I-kappa-B proteins (NFKBIB) expression, down regulation of cell cycle inhibitor CDKNA1 and up-regulation of IGF1, IGFR2 and TEK tyrosine kinase. Conclusion. Notch signaling molecules are differently expressed in human FC and PC; and in thyroid cancer cells with mesenchymal or epithelial characteristics. The inhibition of Notch signaling in AC suggested its possible role as tumor suppressor. In thyroid cancer cells, down-regulation of Notch downstream target Hey1 induces EMT through activation of NFKB signaling.
Effect of gallium focused ion beam milling on preparation of aluminium thin foils.

Summary Focussed ion beam milling has greatly extended the utility of the atom probe and transmission electron microscope because it enables sample preparation with a level of dimensional control never before possible. Using focussed ion beam it is possible to extract the samples from desired and very specific locations. The artefacts associated with this sample preparation method must also be fully understood. In this work, issues specifically relevant to the focussed ion beam milling of aluminium alloys are presented. After using the focussed ion beam as a sample preparation technique it is evident that gallium will concentrate in three areas of the sample: on the surface, on grain boundaries and at interphase boundaries. This work also shows that low-energy Ar ion nanomilling is potentially quite effective for removing gallium implantation layers and gallium from the internal surfaces of aluminium thin foils.
Equilibrium of a Thin Wire

Consider a curved thin wire that is initially unstressed and that has a uniform cross section. A thin wire can be defined as a wire in which the maximum characteristic length of the cross section, that is, its diameter or diagonal, etc., is small compared to the length of the wire and the radius of curvature of the centerline of the wire.
Quantum Chemical Molecular Dynamics

ABSTRACT Two new methods of performing ab initio molecular dynamics calculations are discussed. The first method is a completely general approach requiring variational fitting of the exchange-correlation energy density on a grid of points. The second method avoids the grid of points, but is restricted to the Xα functional. These methods are based on Kohn-Sham density functional theory in which the charge density is fitted variationally. The linear combination of Gaussian-type orbitals approach is used to construct the orbital and localpotential basis sets. Variable occupation numbers for the Kohn-Sham orbitals are used to model the configurational mixing which occurs upon bond formation/dissociation. Applications to the reaction of two linear ozone molecules, a collinear (NO)12 system, and the excited state dynamics of halide photodissociation are presented.
Turning the Ideal Into Reality: Student Perspectives on Blueprint III's Implications for Graduate Education in Consultation

School Psychology: A Blueprint for Training and Practice III (Blueprint III; Ysseldyke et al., 2006) represents a model for future school psychology instruction and practice. This model illustrates...
Biennial survey of clinical nutrition training programs.

Abstract Three posttraining program surveys have been done by The American Society for Clinical Nutrition Committee on Subspecialty Training to evaluate the status of training programs in clinical nutrition. This survey updates demographic data about programs and determines which classes are offered or required as a part of basic nutrition-science requirements for nutrition training programs. In addition, the importance of board certification and accreditation of training programs is examined.
An at-sea system for the prediction of underwater sound propagation

The WPA system was developed to aid in formulating and monitoring at-sea, underwater, acoustical measurement programs. The prototype system, constructed using a general-purpose digital computer, measures oceanographic data for use in an acoustic propagation model to predict sound propagation conditions in near-realtime at the test site. These acoustic predictions can then be used to selectively control test parameters, such as transducer orientations, to account for the effects of the ocean medium on acoustic propagation. This paper presents the system design and development. Results from several of the field programs in which the prototype system has participated are also presented.
Gender equality, development, and cross-national sex gaps in life expectancy

Female life expectancy exceeds male life expectancy in almost every country throughout the world. Nevertheless, cross-national variation in the sex gap suggests that social factors, such as gender ...
Computational aspects of optics design and simulation: COSY INFINITY

Abstract The new differential algebraic (DA) techniques allow very efficient treatment and understanding of nonlinear motion in optical systems as well as circular accelerators. To utilize these techniques in their most general way, a powerful software environment is essential. A language with structure elements similar to Pascal was developed. It has object oriented features to allow for a direct utilization of the elementary operations of the DA package. The compiler of the language is written in Fortran 77 to guarantee wide portability. The language was used to write a very general beam optics code, COSY INFINITY. At its lowest level, it allows the computation of the maps of standard beam line elements including fringe fields and system parameters to arbitrary order. The power of the DA approach coupled with an adequate language environment reveals itself in the very limited length of COSY INFINITY of only a few hundred lines. Grouping of elements as well as structures for optimization and study are readily available through the features of the language. Because of the openness of the approach, it offers a lot of power for more advanced purposes. For example, it is very easy to construct new particle optical elements. There are also many ways to efficiently manipulate and analyze the maps.
An approximate-analytic solution for the forward-biased step junction

Approximate-analytic methods for analyzing semiconductor samples containing junctions complement purely numerical solutions by providing added physical insight. These methods have proved useful, but have been applicable primarily to samples at equilibrium. A technique for applying these methods to forward-biased junctions is described. The equations obtained are compatible with previously published work. >
Analysis of shot-to-shot variability in post-disruption runaway electron currents for diverted DIII-D discharges

In DIII-D experiments, rapid termination by Ar-pellet injection sometimes produces a post-termination runaway electron (RE) current plateau, but this effect is highly non-reproducible on a shot-to-shot basis, particularly for diverted target plasmas. A set of DIII-D discharges is analyzed with two MHD codes to understand the relationship between the current profile of the target plasma and the amplitude of the RE current plateau. Using the linear stability code GATO, a correlation between the radial profile of the unstable n?=?1 mode just after Ar-pellet injection and the observed appearance of an RE plateau is identified. Nonlinear NIMROD simulations with RE test-particle calculations directly predict RE confinement times during the disruption. With one exception, NIMROD predicts better RE confinement for shots in which higher RE currents were observed in DIII-D. But, the variation in confinement is primarily connected to the saturated n?=?1 mode amplitude and not its radial profile. Still, both sets of analyses support the hypothesis that RE deconfinement by MHD fluctuations is a major factor in the shot-to-shot variability of RE plateaus, though additional factors such as seed current amplitude cannot be ruled out.
How Traditional Public Schools Respond to Competition: The Mitigating Role of Organizational Culture.

We assess whether the organizational culture of traditional public schools shapes their response to competition from charter schools in Arizona, which has a high level of charter school competition. We focus on traditional public elementary schools from 1995 to 1998, when charter schools were introduced in this state. We explore this topic by segmenting a sample of 81 traditional public elementary schools into two groups: those with high levels of principal–teacher collaboration just prior to charter competition, and a second group with low prior collaboration levels. We find that threatened entry increased teacher curriculum control for district schools with high principal–teacher collaboration but had no impact for schools with low collaboration. In contrast, actual charter entry did not influence teacher curriculum control for either high or low collaboration schools. These results suggest that organizational culture can modulate the impact of threatened entry on traditional public schools, although th...
Evidence that cytosolic and ecto 5'-nucleotidases contribute equally to increased interstitial adenosine concentration during porcine myocardial ischemia.

The purpose of this study was to determine the roles of cytosolic and ecto 5'-nucleotidase in myocardial ischemia-induced increases in interstitial fluid (ISF) adenosine. Pentobarbital anesthetized, open chest pigs were instrumented with two microdialysis fibers in the distally perfused bed of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery to estimate ISF metabolites. Fibers in control hearts were perfused with standard Krebs buffer. In two additional groups, after collecting one dialysate sample with normal Krebs, fibers were perfused with buffer supplemented with either L-homocysteine thiolactone (5 mM) or the ecto 5'-nucleotidase inhibitor α, β-methylene adenosine 5'-diphosphate (AOPCP, 5 mM). Hearts were then submitted to 60 minutes LAD occlusion and two hours reperfusion. Dialysate nucleosides and AMP were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. The local delivery of homocysteine did not alter preischemic dialysate adenosine concentration (0.30 ± 0.04 μM) compared to pre-homocysteine infusion (0.39 ± 0.04 μM) or control hearts (0.36 ± 0.04 μM), but AOPCP significantly decreased preischemic dialysate adenosine levels (from 0.36 ± 0.02 to 0.14 ± 0.03 μM). During LAD occlusion both homocysteine and AOPCP reduced dialysate levels by approximately 50 %. At 30 minutes ischemia dialysate adenosine concentrations were 19.47 ± 2.72, 11.41 ± 2.44, and 7.93 ± 1.01 μ:M in control, homocysteine, and AOPCP hearts, respectively. AOPCP significantly increased dialysate AMP levels; at 60 minutes ischemia AMP levels were 6.22 ± 2.97 μM in control hearts and 38.60 ± 5.69 μM in AOPCP treated hearts. These results suggest that both cytosolic and ecto 5'-nucleotidase contribute to ischemia-induced increases in ISF adenosine in porcine myocardium.
Differential GPS Control of Starcar 2

This paper assesses the ability of the Navstar Global Positioning System to guide a robotic vehicle with precision. To secure accurate positional estimates, we use differential GPS positions and Doppler velocities, combined in a filter that exploits the high accuracy of veloc- ity data. A model of vehicle dynamics over- comes a time lag of GPS fixes, which amounts to 1.5 set even for an advanced six-channel sensor. The system attains positional accuracies around 1 m along each horizontal axis with no changes of satellites and 2 m over long peri- ods. The system is able to steer a car around a 400-m track so accurately that the laps merge into common pixels on a video display.
Plato's Euthyphro

PLATONISTS today agree to the genuineness of the Euthyphro, the delightful dialogue concerning piety; an occasional voice of protest arose in the nineteenth century, when Ueberweg, for example, suspected the treatise because it classifies impiety as an Idea in the Republic, however, Plato classifies to adikon as an eidos, and Aristotle observes that Plato's theory involves negative Ideas (ton apophaseon ideas).1 Although its authenticity is not questioned by contemporary scholars, the Euthyphro has received in the last thirty years only passing attention, which too frequently, by culling passages from the context, fails to appreciate the dialogue as a unit.2 Only two personae appear: Socrates and Euthyphro the former a defendant and the latter a prosecutor in separate trials which are to take place in the near future (399 B.C.). The Cratylus refers to an "inspired authority" on the philosophy of names, called Euthyphro, whom Platonists generally regard as the same person.3 A. E. Taylor, however, questions the identification; but he admits that there is no necessary chronological difficulty between the identification and the dramatic date of the Cratylus (soon after the beginning of the Archidamian War) if Euthyphro is assumed to be about fifty years of age and his father seventyfive in 399 B.C. an assumption which, in our opinion, should not seem illogical.4 The important point is that Euthyphro in the dialogue bearing his name is not a young novice, but rather a man of mature years, if not of mature judgment. A moot question is the relation of Euthyphro's views on religion and
Sufficiency of the Reactive Site Loop of Maspin for Induction of Cell-Matrix Adhesion and Inhibition of Cell Invasion CONVERSION OF OVALBUMIN TO A MASPIN-LIKE MOLECULE

Maspin, an ov-serpin, inhibits tumor invasion and induces cell adhesion to extracellular matrix molecules. Here, we use maspin/ovalbumin chimeric proteins and the maspin reactive site loop (RSL) peptide to characterize the role of the RSL in maspin-mediated functions. Replacement of the RSL plus the C-terminal region or the RSL alone of maspin with that of ovalbumin resulted in the loss of the stimulatory effect on adhesion of corneal stromal cells to type I collagen, fibronectin, and laminin and of mammary carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells to fibronectin. Maspin with ovalbumin as the C-terminal region retained activity, suggesting the maspin C-terminal polypeptide is not required. An R340Q mutant retained full maspin activity; however, an R340A mutant lost activity. This indicates the arginine side chain at the putative P1 site forms a hydrogen bond and not an ionic bond. The RSL peptide (P10-P5', amino acids 330-345) alone induced cell-matrix adhesion of mammary carcinoma cells and corneal stromal cells and inhibited invasion of the carcinoma cells. Substitution of the RSL of ovalbumin with that of maspin converted inactive ovalbumin into a fully active molecule. Maspin bound specifically to the surface of the mammary carcinoma cells with a kd of 367 +/- 67 nM and 32.0 +/- 2.2 x 10(6) binding sites/cell. The maspin RSL peptide inhibited binding, suggesting the RSL is involved in maspin binding to cells. Sufficiency of the maspin RSL for activity suggests the mechanism by which maspin regulates cell-matrix adhesion and tumor cell invasion does not involve the serpin mechanism of protease inhibition.
Laser diode incorporating buried etched-void photonic pattern

The fabrication is described and data are presented for a laser diode that incorporates a buried etched-void photonic pattern within its cavity. Side-by-side comparisons are made with laser diodes fabricated without the etched-void pattern to demonstrate the pattern's influence on the laser diode characteristics.
Memory and the hippocampus: A synthesis from findings with rats, monkeys, and humans.

This article considers the role of the hippocampus in memory function. A central thesis is that work with rats, monkeys, and humans--which has sometimes seemed to proceed independently in 3 separate literatures--is now largely in agreement about the function of the hippocampus and related structures. A biological perspective is presented, which proposes multiple memory systems with different functions and distinct anatomical organizations. The hippocampus (together with anatomically related structures) is essential for a specific kind of memory, here termed declarative memory (similar terms include explicit and relational). Declarative memory is contrasted with a heterogeneous collection of nondeclarative (implicit) memory abilities that do not require the hippocampus (skills and habits, simple conditioning, and the phenomenon of priming). The hippocampus is needed temporarily to bind together distributed sites in neocortex that together represent a whole memory.
Childhood Energy Intake and Cancer Mortality in Adulthood

A retrospective mortality follow-up of a British survey of family diet and health (1937–1939) identified significant associations between childhood energy intake and mortality from cancer, particularly those cancers not thought to be associated with smoking. This is the first large-scale epidemiologic study to suggest that the observed reduction in tumor incidence in energy-restricted rodents has relevance for humans.
A reconsideration of the ischiorectal fossa

The ischiorectal fossae of one fresh and 47 preserved cadaver specimens were disected to elucidate its fascial boundaries, neurovascular relationships, spatial orientation, and possible functions. Based upon measurements of approximately half of the dissected specimens, a three-dimensional model of the ischiorectal fossa was developed to clarify visually its fascial relationships and orientation within the perineum. Seven fetal specimens were also dissected for comparative purposes.
Oxidation behavior of Nb–20Mo–15Si–5B–20Ti alloy in air from 700 to 1300 °C

Abstract Nb–20Mo–15Si–5B–20Ti alloy has been oxidized in air from 700 to 1300 °C for 24 h under static and cyclic oxidation modes. Linear and parabolic oxidation curves have been obtained at lower and higher oxidation temperatures. The two types of oxidation behavior may be related to the formation of a porous and dense oxide scales. Formation of these two distinct types of oxide scales has been experimentally verified. The oxide scale develops a three-layer structure at 1300 °C and the top layer consists of Nb 2 O 5 , TiO 2 , and SiO 2 . Ti concentration in α phase increases with increase in oxidation temperature resulting in the formation of Ti 5 Si 3 in the microstructures in accordance with the calculated isotherms using Pandat™ software program. Amorphous SiO 2 formed at higher oxidation temperatures provides an excellent oxidation resistance to this alloy. Thermal stresses developed by the oxides result in the formation of cracks between the oxides of the scale.
Patterns of adventitious root formation in English ivy

Adventitious root formation by debladed petiole cuttings of English ivy (Hedera helix L.) proceeds via a direct rooting pattern for the easy-to-root juvenile phase, while the difficult-to-root mature phase roots through an indirect rooting pattern. Juvenile petiole cuttings treated with α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA, 100 μM) plus the polyamine biosynthesis inhibitor, difluoromethylarginine (DFMA, 1 mM), formed an increased number of roots per cutting initiated by the indirect rooting pattern. The increased root formation and change in rooting pattern were reversed by the addition of putrescine (1 mM). Delaying auxin application to petiole cuttings for 15 days also induced juvenile petioles to root by the indirect pattern. This could be reversed by rewounding the base of the cutting prior to auxin application after day 15. The data support the use of the terms “competent root-forming cells” and “induced competent root-forming cells” to describe the target cells for the initial events of root formation for the direct and indirect rooting patterns, respectively.
An empirical assessment of commercial web-based professor evaluation services

Abstract We examined the validity of data found on a popular web-based, user-created commercial professor evaluation service, RateMyProfessors.com (RMP), in business school settings. We compared publicly available RMP data for two business schools with official faculty evaluations unavailable to the public. We find that students rate professors significantly lower on RMP than on official university evaluations. However, we also find that the rankings of official university evaluations and RMP are significantly correlated ( p
Stochastic Control of Intracellular Latency and Transactivation in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1)

Efforts for curing HIV infection have been largely unsuccessful. A major obstacle is that the virus forms latent reservoirs in resting CD4+ T cells, which cannot be eradicated by current antiretroviral therapies. However, latently infected cells can be activated at later times to enter the transactivation state of viral production. The selection between latency and transactivation are likely stochastically controlled. However, detailed control mechanisms are unknown. To address this issue, we have developed a stochastic model for the intracellular genetic circuit controlling HIV latency and transactivation, and computed directly the steady state and time evolving probability landscape using the multi-finite buffer discrete Chemical Master Equation (mb-dCME) method. The computed stochastic steady state landscape of the HIV Tat circuit exhibits bistable behavior, with a highly stable latent state with zero Tat protein and a much wider but less stable transactivation state of nonzero Tat protein. Our calculation results agree with experimental observations of latency and transactivation dynamics. To further examine how the rate of intracellular HIV-1 transactivation is affected by the positive feedback of Tat circuit, we construct a mono-stable circuit by removing this feedback. We show that the transactivation rate in the mono-stable circuit is significantly lower than the wild-type bistable circuit. To study how the HIV-1 provirus can be transactivated more effectively, we systematically explored different biochemical properties of Tat binding, reaction rates, and transportation rates between nucleus and cytoplasm. Our results suggest novel approaches for eradicating HIV-1. Our results show that the simple positive feedback loop of Tat self-activation is sufficient to generate bistability, without the need for cooperativity and negative feedbacks. Our approach is general and can be applied to study broad issues in genetic circuits modeling in systems biology.
Characteristics of complex voluntary mandibular movements in the monkey before and after destruction of most jaw muscle spindle afferents

Summary To study the role of proprioception in voluntary movement, two monkeys were trained to use their mandible to control the position of a lever that electronically loaded the jaw. They “tracked” stationary and moving targets both with and without visual feedback. Lesions of the tract of the mesencephalic nucleus of the fifth nerve, which destroyed most jaw muscle proprioceptors, did not interfere, even transiently, with the ability to perform the basic requirements of the jaw tracking tasks. There was an increase in low-frequency jaw tremor, and a small increase in the tracking error when the visual feedback signal was present, but these effects may have resulted from damage to other neural pathways. We conclude that muscle spindles are not necessary to perform well-practiced movements.
The blood plasma vitamin A/carotene ratio and tocopherol concentration in relation to the metabolic state.

The vitamin A/carotene ratio in the blood plasma was determined in 25 patients whose basal metabolism was measured because of suspected thyroid dysfunction.