cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 4311: Rb may play a key role in green tea-induced growth inhibition of human myeloid leukemia cells

Although the benefits of green tea to human health including preventing cancer have been widely reported in recent years, the specific effect and action mechanisms of green tea on cancer cells are largely unclear. In this study, we presented evidence that green tea extract and its major chemical component, Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), inhibit both suspension and adherence cancer cells through the regulation of pRb-CDK complexes. Addition of green tea extract to the culture of myeloid leukemia TF-1a and MV4-11 cells significantly inhibited their proliferation measured by XTT and BrdU assays. The inhibition is dose dependent with more than 35% inhibition being observed at a concentration of 4% (v/v) of the tea extracts derived from 8% (g/ml) green tealeaf in distilled water. The tea extract also markedly reduced the numbers of stem/progenitors derived from TF-1a, MV4-11, and Hep-G2 cells, determined by counting colony-forming cells in semi-solid clonal culture. EGCG showed a similar inhibitory effect on TF-1a, MV4-11, and Hep-G2 cells and their stem/progenitors. Next, we investigated what mechanism(s) is responsible for the green tea-induced growth inhibition of the cells. Surprised to us the expression of Rb was significantly upregualted with a maximal enhancement being observed when 0.00001% of EGCG (g/ml) or 4% (v/v) of green tea extracts were added to the cell culture. The upregulation of Rb was significantly blocked by pre-treatment with cycloheximade, a protein synthesis inhibitor. In contrast, green tea extract and EGCG downregulated dramatically phosphorylation of pRb. Addition of cycloheximade had no effect on the phosphorylation of Rb in the absence or presence of green tea extract or EGCG analyzed by Western blotting. We also found that green tea extract and EGCG had no significant effect on the expression of CDC2, CDK2, CDK4, CDK6, and CDK inhibitors, p21 and p27, but the formation of CDK4-pRb and CDK6-pRb complexes were significantly downregulated detected by immunoprecipitation. Taken together, our data suggest that green tea (the extract and EGCG) regulate Rb protein at both translation and post-translation levels. The upregulation of Rb synthesis, downregulation of Rb phosphorylation and CDK-Rb complexes all promote the binding of Rb to E2F transcription factors and inhibit the E2F-dependent transcription, leading to cell growth inhibition (supported by Barry Faculty Stimulating Grant 2017-2018). Citation Format: Darrell Henry, Sebastien Brumaire, Xiaotang Hu. Rb may play a key role in green tea-induced growth inhibition of human myeloid leukemia cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4311.
Coaches Who Care: Moral Exemplars in Collegiate Athletics

This study examines moral exemplar coaches to better understand how they are able to maintain integrity in the high-stakes environment of NCAA Division-I college sport. In-depth interviews based on...
Microwave-Promoted Synthesis of a Carbocyclic Curcuminoid: An Organic Chemistry Laboratory Experiment.

A microwave-promoted synthesis of a carbocyclic curcuminoid has been developed for the undergraduate organic chemistry laboratory curriculum. The experiment features several teaching points: A nove...
A Model and Data for - Freezing Temperature Lowering of 4 to 7 Component Molten Salt Mixtures

Research was conducted to find molten salt mixtures, compatible with alkali metal sulfates, as media for ammonium hydrogen sulfate reactions. Mixtures of mono- and divalent metal sulfates having freezing temperatures of ∼ 550 K were sought, pure sulfates melt at 1000 to 1300 K. Nine divalent metal sulfates with three alkali metal sulfates were used.For interpretation of experimental data a thermodynamic model was developed, the key parameter being the "excess entropy-enthalpy function", positive values of the excess function produce greatest effect. Results gave for 4-comppnents 640 K; for 5-components 631 K; for 6-components 596 K; and 7-components 593 K.
Dual Enrollment: Learning in an Accelerated 5 Week RN-BSN Hybrid Format

Abstract The accelerated RN-BSN dual-enrollment program model is minimally represented in the literature. Although they exist, the detail of their process and implementation strategies are often not shared. This article presents an accelerated dual-enrollment RN-BSN model offered using hybrid and flipped classroom strategies in a 5-week format. The case study of this model has shown student and faculty satisfaction and offered some ideas for refinement that the authors find useful for other RN-BSN programs to consider.
Agricultural Price Expectations: An Erroneous, but Better Approach to Measurement

The subjective, market level expectation of price is an unobservable which at best can be measured with error. The usefulness of the past and current cash prices and futures prices are considered. An errors-invariables model of price expectations is introduced and applied in a model of U. S. aggregate soybean supply.
Connecting Levels of Analysis in Educational Neuroscience: A Review of Multi-level Structure of Educational Neuroscience with Concrete Examples

In its origins educational neuroscience has started as an endeavor to discuss implications of neuroscience studies for education. However, it is now on its way to become a transdisciplinary field, incorporating findings, theoretical frameworks and methodologies from education, and cognitive and brain sciences. Given the differences and diversity in the originating disciplines, it has been a challenge for educational neuroscience to integrate both theoretical and methodological perspectives in education and neuroscience in a coherent way. We present a multi-level framework for educational neuroscience, which argues for integration of multiple levels of analysis, some originating in brain and cognitive sciences, others in education, as a roadmap for the future of educational neuroscience, with concrete examples in mathematical learning and moral education.
Early Experience with Electric Scooter Injuries Requiring Neurosurgical Evaluation in District of Columbia: A Case Series.

Background To decrease vehicular traffic in major metropolitan cities throughout the United States, multiple ridesharing companies have launched dockless electric scooters and bicycles throughout cities. From September 2017 through November 2018, Washington, DC, launched a 15-month dockless vehicle pilot program to allow for the rapid entry and growth of electric scooters within the metropolitan area. This rapid growth resulted in a number of minor and significant injuries. Case Description We reviewed the electronic medical record of The George Washington University Hospital to investigate and characterize the types of electric scooter–related injuries resulting in neurosurgical consultation in the 15-month period of the Washington, DC, scooter pilot program. Thirteen patients sustained injuries serious enough to merit neurosurgical consultation, including 1 patient whose symptoms required procedural intervention by a neurointerventional radiologist and another patient who was pronounced dead soon after arrival to the hospital. Conclusions In this case series, we highlight more severe injuries that resulted in hospitalization or intervention, including skull fracture, central cord syndrome, and vertebral compression fracture. This case series aims to illustrate the potential severity of injuries related to electric scooters, raise awareness on the issues of safety and public health, and call for further investigation into injuries relating to electric scooters.
Scalable gradient–enhanced artificial neural networks for airfoil shape design in the subsonic and transonic regimes

Airfoil shape design is one of the most fundamental elements in aircraft design. Existing airfoil design tools require at least a few minutes to analyze a new shape and hours to perform shape optimization. To drastically reduce the computational time of both analysis and design optimization, we use machine learning to create a model of a wide range of possible airfoils at a range of flight conditions, making it possible to perform airfoil design optimization in a few seconds. The machine learning consists of gradient-enhanced artificial neural networks where the gradient information is phased in gradually. This new gradient-enhanced artificial neural network approach is trained to model the aerodynamic force coefficients of airfoils in both subsonic and transonic regimes. The aerodynamics is modeled with Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS)-based computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The proposed approach outperforms an existing airfoil model that uses a mixture of experts technique combined with a gradient-based kriging surrogate model. The approach yields to similar airfoil shape optimization solutions than high-fidelity CFD optimization solutions with a difference of 0.01 count and 0.12 count for Cd in subsonic and transonic regimes, respectively. Airfoil optimization problems are solved in a few seconds (instead of hours using CFD-based optimization), making the design process much more interactive, as demonstrated in the Webfoil airfoil design optimization tool.
Intelligent REST API data fuzzing

The cloud runs on REST APIs. In this paper, we study how to intelligently generate data payloads embedded in REST API requests in order to find data-processing bugs in cloud services. We discuss how to leverage REST API specifications, which, by definition, contain data schemas for API request bodies. We then propose and evaluate a range of data fuzzing techniques, including structural schema fuzzing rules, various rule combinations, search heuristics, extracting data values from examples included in REST API specifications, and learning data values on-the-fly from previous service responses. After evaluating these techniques, we identify the top-performing combination and use this algorithm to fuzz several Microsoft Azure cloud services. During our experiments, we found 100s of “Internal Server Error” service crashes, which we triaged into 17 unique bugs and reported to Azure developers. All these bugs are reproducible, confirmed, and fixed or in the process of being fixed.
Opening Up Fieldwork with Ethnographic Poetry

Four ethnographic poems are used to explore, elucidate and complexify four ethnographic encounters in the field. Each poem is accompanied by a brief explanation as to the ethnographic context in wh...
Prostate-specific antigen testing among young men: an opportunity to improve value

Introduction Prostate cancer screening using prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing remains widespread. The prevalence of PSA testing in young men is unknown and may be an appropriate target for improving health care by decreasing low-value testing in this age group. The purpose of this study was to determine PSA testing rates in men younger than current guidelines support. Materials and methods Health Informational National Trends Surveys (HINTS) from 2011 to 2014 and 2017 were analyzed to establish the prevalence of PSA testing in young men and to evaluate the differences in testing rates based on race. Results The combined survey data included 5178 men, with 2393 reporting previous PSA screening. Of men ages 18-39, 7% recalled receipt of PSA testing. Twenty-two percent of men between the ages of 40 and 44 had been tested. Among men under age 40, PSA testing was more common among black men (14%) compared to white men (7%), Hispanics (6%), and men of Asian descent (8%). Logistic regression modeling demonstrates that black men under the age of 40 were more likely to undergo PSA testing than other racial or ethnic groups (odds ratio 2.14; 95% CI 1.17, 3.93). Conclusions Current guidelines do not recommend routine PSA testing in average-risk men under the age of 40. This study found that a significant number of young men are exposed to testing, with the greatest risk among black men. This suggests that there is an opportunity to improve the value of PSA testing by decreasing testing in young men.
Automated image processing pipeline for adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy.

To mitigate the substantial post-processing burden associated with adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO), we have developed an open-source, automated AOSLO image processing pipeline with both “live” and “full” modes. The live mode provides feedback during acquisition, while the full mode is intended to automatically integrate the copious disparate modules currently used in generating analyzable montages. The mean (±SD) lag between initiation and montage placement for the live pipeline was 54.6 ± 32.7s. The full pipeline reduced overall human operator time by 54.9 ± 28.4%, with no significant difference in resultant cone density metrics. The reduced overhead decreases both the technical burden and operating cost of AOSLO imaging, increasing overall clinical accessibility.
Puzzles in Phenomenology

From a classical phenomenological point of view, to reason is to have a conscious intentional experience. A conscious experience can be described as a predicative reconstruction of whatever reason might be concerned with while the intentional aspect can be deduced from the effort of disclosing specialized propositional insights into whatever reasoning is concerned with. Husserl argued that the task of phenomenology is to pave the way toward a science of consciousness in which reason as key feature of conscious life will be properly treated. However, contemporary phenomenology adopted an entirely different perspective on this matter. Conscious experiences are now described from a perspective reminiscent to traditional empiricism while the search for universal objectivity is abandoned in favor of contextual truths. The current situation raises several questions (a) how did we get here, (b) does making sense entail emotions, (c) does the emotivist reconsideration of consciousness solve the problem of objectivity, (d) should a future science of consciousness stress the role of emotions as a solution to subjectivism and yet to be considered a phenomenological science of consciousness. In this paper, I only begin to tackle these problems.
Evaluating technology-mediated second language oral communication assessment delivery models

As our understanding of the construct of oral communication (OC) has evolved, so have the possibilities of computer technology undertaking the delivery of tests that measure this ability. It is par...
Functional heterogeneity of murine lymphoid cells. II. Acquisition of mitogen responsiveness and of theta antigen during the ontogeny of thymocytes and "T" lymphocytes.

Abstract Thymuses from neonatal mice possess a frequency of θ bearing cells equal to that of adult animals. Moreover, neonatal and adult thymus cells possess similar numbers of θ determinants. However, neonatal thymus cells are poorly responsive to the potent mitogen concanavalin A, which markedly stimulates thymocytes from adult animals. Full reactivity to concanavalin A is achieved during the first three weeks of life. Among the thymus derived cells within the spleen, on the other hand, the age dependent acquisition of mitogen responsiveness parallels the increase in frequency of θ bearing cells in the population. Furthermore, thymus derived cells in the spleen differ from the bulk of thymocytes within the thymus in that the former cells respond to phytohemagglutinin as well as to concanavalin A and possess relatively few θ determinants whereas the latter cells do not respond to phytohemagglutinin and possess large numbers of θ determinants. Nonetheless, within the thymus there exists a subpopulation of cells which resemble peripheral thymus derived lymphocytes in that they respond to phytohemagglutinin and bear relatively few θ determinants. This subpopulation may be demonstrated by treatment of mice with cortisone acetate or by partial lysis of a thymus cell population with limiting amounts of anti-θ and complement. It appears likely that this phytohemagglutinin responsive subpopulation of thymocytes, bearing limited numbers of θ determinants, represents the most mature thymus cells which are about to emigrate from the thymus.
Dawn of the Cosmopolitan: The Hope of a Global Citizens Movement

At the most comprehensive level of analysis, the world is perhaps best understood as a complex system in which nature, technology, and humanity all influence, and are influenced by, each other. Although difficult to disentangle from other aspects of the global system, human agency - the capacity of people to reflect, make choices, and act collectively to realize those choices - plays a critical role in shaping the course of events. A future characterized by a sharply discontinuous, positive, systemic transformation is impossible to imagine without a profound shift in values among an aware and engaged citizenry. Transnational corporations, governments, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are powerful actors, but all of these could be deeply influenced by a coherent, worldwide association of millions of people who call for priority to be placed on new vales of quality of life, human solidarity, and environmental sustainability. We will refer to this potential of a values-led mobilization as a Global Citizens Movement (GCM). It is important to note that the GCM is a socio-political process rather than a political organization or party structure. This paper starts by describing global civil society and examining the potential for a GCM, looking at relevant lessons from past and current social movements. As it distinguishes existing social movement activity from a robust and authentic GCM, this paper concludes that while the emergence of a GCM may not be probable, it is possible given the historically unique factors pushing us into a global age. In the last section, Contours of a Global Citizens Movement, we intend to indicate some of the necessary missing ingredients for the emergence of a GCM and point to future avenues for exploration.
Audio Feature Extraction and Analysis for Scene Segmentation and Classification

Understanding of the scene content of a video sequence is very important for content-based indexing and retrieval of multimedia databases. Research in this area in the past several years has focused on the use of speech recognition and image analysis techniques. As a complimentary effort to the prior work, we have focused on using the associated audio information (mainly the nonspeech portion) for video scene analysis. As an example, we consider the problem of discriminating five types of TV programs, namely commercials, basketball games, football games, news reports, and weather forecasts. A set of low-level audio features are proposed for characterizing semantic contents of short audio clips. The linear separability of different classes under the proposed feature space is examined using a clustering analysis. The effective features are identified by evaluating the intracluster and intercluster scattering matrices of the feature space. Using these features, a neural net classifier was successful in separating the above five types of TV programs. By evaluating the changes between the feature vectors of adjacent clips, we also can identify scene breaks in an audio sequence quite accurately. These results demonstrate the capability of the proposed audio features for characterizing the semantic content of an audio sequence.
Psych Notes: Clinical Pocket Guide (3rd edition)

Psych Notes: Clinical Pocket Guide by Darlene D. Pedersen is a compact resource designed for clinical use. The pages are waterproof and can be written on and the notes can then be removed with an a...
Can Reading Standards Really Help

Over the last several years, a joint task force from the International Reading Association (IRA) and the National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE) worked to produce Standards for the Assessment of Reading and Writing, which was published last year. The task force's struggle to reach consensus on the eleven standards was mighty, involving many meetings, drafts, and conversations. In the resulting document, the authors preface the standards with constructivist theory to direct readers' interpretations. They discuss the nature of assessment, the nature of language, language learning, the assessment of language, and the language of assessment in an attempt to cajole readers to accept the authors' point of view. After each standard, the authors have another go at explaining just what the standards mean; they provide both a rationale for each standard and possible implications of that standard. The Standards for the Assessment of Reading and Writing are as follows:
Recent projects in building acoustics at NRC

The recent projects undertaken in building acoustics at the National Research Council (NRC) were discussed. The Cost-effective open plan environments (COPE) project examined all the aspects of the design of open-plan offices including lightining and air quality issues and acoustical concerns. The methods for assessment of architectural speech security of closed offices and meeeting rooms were taken care by another project. A project was also undertaken to study sound of transmission through floors and walls.
The Effects of Surgery Type and Chemotherapy on Early-Stage Breast Cancer Patients' Quality of Life Over 2-Year Follow-up.

We examined the effects of surgery type and adjuvant chemotherapy on change in early-stage breast cancer patients’ quality of life (QOL) over time. A cohort of 549 patients (33.5 % ductal carcinoma in situ, 66.5 % stages I/IIA) were interviewed a mean 6.1 weeks (Time1), and 6.2 (Time2), 12.3 (Time3), and 24.4 (Time4) months following definitive breast-conserving surgery (BCS) or mastectomy. QOL was measured using the total Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast (FACT-B). Adjusting for demographic, psychosocial, and clinical variables, multiple linear regression models estimated the associations between QOL and each of surgery type, chemotherapy, and their 2-way interaction at each interview. Adjusted generalized estimating equation (GEE) models tested Time1–Time4 change in QOL. At Time2, chemotherapy (P < .001) and BCS (P < .001) were independently associated with worse QOL in adjusted linear regression, and the adverse effect of chemotherapy was prominent among patients who received BCS compared with those who received mastectomy (P interaction = .031). In the GEE model, QOL significantly improved over time among patients who received BCS (P trend = .047), mastectomy (P trend = .024), and chemotherapy (P trend < .001), but not among patients who did not receive chemotherapy (P trend = .720). All patients completed adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation by Time3. Regardless of surgery type, patients receiving chemotherapy reported lower QOL following surgery, and QOL improved after completion of adjuvant treatment. Chemotherapy had a short-term negative impact on QOL after definitive surgical treatment regardless of surgery type. QOL rebounded after completion of adjuvant treatment.
The Effects of a Twelve-Week Aerobic and Cognitive Training Intervention on Cognitive Function in Cancer Survivors

Abstract : There are more than 100 clinically distinct types of cancer, each having their own symptoms and requiring a different method of cancer treatment. Despite current advances, the positive effects from treatment are often matched and outweighed by negative effects. One of the most prevalently reported symptoms is chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment (CRCI). CRCI has been reported to negatively affect memory, concentration, reaction time, attention, cognition, organizational skills, linguistic abilities, executive function, and activities of daily living. Purpose : To examine the effects of a 12-week aerobic and cognitive training on cognitive function in cancer survivors who have undergone or are currently undergoing adjuvant treatment for cancer. Methods : A total of ten patients who either were going through chemotherapy or had just finished the treatment participated in this pilot study. Groups were composed of cancer-aerobic ( n = 2), cancer- cognitive (n = 2), cancer-aerobic and cognitive ( n = 2), cancer- flexibility ( n = 2), and non-cancer controls ( n = 2). Each subject completed an initial comprehensive physical assessment, cognitive assessment, Quality of Life (QOL) assessment, Piper Fatigue Inventory, and Beck Depression Inventory. Following these assessments, a 12-week computer-based aerobic training, cognitive training, and flexibility training intervention was completed by every participant. Upon completion of the intervention, all of the variables were reassessed. Results : Friedman’s 2-way non-parametric ANOVA revealed significant (p­< 0.05) differences in QOL, depression, Piper fatigue subtest-B, the plank test, and the Weschler Memory Scale LMII. However, follow-up dependent measures t-tests only confirmed significant decreases in fatigue in the cancer-cognitive group. Conclusion : Although results are preliminary and sample sizes are small, the data would suggest that both cancer survivors and non-cancer controls respond favorably toward aerobic and/or cognitive training and that cognitive training alone may be specifically beneficial for cancer survivors suffering from CRCI. *McNair Research Competition: First place
Stress-Response Proteins in Cardiovascular Disease

Recent years have witnessed a quiet revolution in biology as seemingly disparate fields, as far apart as biophysics and medical specialties such as human genetics and cardiovascular diseases, have begun to merge. Studies of molecular chaperones have bridged the gaps between biophysics and medical genetics, and they provide a clear example of promise of the new synthetic approach. Biophysicists, using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and other techniques in cell-free systems, have elucidated some of the basic mechanisms of protein folding, and they have shown that chaperone proteins participate in multiple steps in the folding pathway of model substrates (Dobson and Ellis 1998; Richardson et al.
17α-ethinylestradiol alters reproductive behaviors, circulating hormones, and sexual morphology in male fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas).

Ecologically relevant indicators of endocrine disruption in fish must be linked with measures of reproductive success. The ability of male fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) to compete for, maintain, and defend a spawning substrateis paramount to reproductive success. The present study quantified alterations in male fathead minnow reproductive behaviors after exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations (0, 10, 20, or 40 ng/L) of 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) for 21 d. A video-based behavioral quantification system examined changes in male-male competitive behaviors (chasing and head-butting) and ability of males to maintain spawning substrates (nibbling and scrubbing). Behaviors analyzed included time under the spawning substrate, frequency of substrate cleaning, and conspecific aggression. Plasma hormone levels (11-ketotestosterone [11-KT], testosterone, and estradiol [E2]), vitellogenin (VTG), secondary male characteristics (tubercle count and dorsal nape pad rank), gonadosomatic index (GSI), and gonad histology also were evaluated. Exposure to 40 ng/L of EE2 decreased the ability of exposed males to compete with control males for spawning substrates (p = 0.09). Furthermore, exposed males displayed reduced frequency of substrate cleaning activities as well as chasing male competitors (p ≤ 0.05). 11-Ketotestosterone, testosterone, and E2 were lower, and VTG was notably higher, in EE2-exposed males compared with control males (p ≤ 0.03). 17α-Ethinylestradiol exposure in males also was associated with reductions in tubercles; lower GSI, gonadal maturity ranks, and number of resorbed tubercles; and presence of an ovipositor (p ≤ 0.001). These data reveal alterations in male reproductive behavior that coincide with decreased hormone levels and secondary sex characteristics. Behavioral endpoints to discern potential ecological consequences in fish exposed to low concentrations of endocrine-disrupting chemicals may provide sensitive and functional indices of effect.
The Dependence Of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Image Contrast On Intrinsic And Operator-Selectable Parameters

Summary and ConclusionIn the high signal -to -noise limit image contrast can be defined as the difference insignal intensity, relative the maximum achievable signal strength. In terms of thisdefinition, contrast can conveniently be predicted on the basis of computed contrast curves,taking into account the tissue relaxation times and pulse timing parameters.In partial saturation images the contrast between tissues of differing T relaxationtime shows a distinct broad maximum. The inversion -recovery sequence, on the other hand,exhibits a more complex behavior in that image contrast reverses sign twice as the inter -pulse interval T is increased. For each pair of adjoining tissue types, which havedifferent T1 relaxation times, two discrete values of T exist for which contrast vanishes.A similar behavior is also found for the spin echo sequence for which a single signreversal occurs. These results are in excellent agreement with signal contrast observedin images recorded under various conditions as far interpulse spacing and cycle repetitiontime are concerned.The present work has been undertaken with the objective to quantify image contrast andultimately to develop pathology- specific pulse protocols. The latter may be achieved byestablishing a data bank of relaxation parameters in normal and pathologic tissue andby optimizing the pulse timing parameters in the manner described.AcknowledgementsThe authors are indebted to Nancy Grigsby for her help with the experimental work andthe scanning of volunteers.References1. Shaw, D., Fourier Transform NMR Spectroscopy, Elsevier, 1976, Chap. 2.2. Kaufman, L., Crooks, L.E., and Margulis, A.R., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging inMedicine, Igaku -Shoin , 1982, Chap. 6.3. Canet, D., Levy, G.C., and Peat, I.R., J. Mag. Res. 18, 199 (1975).4. Edelstein, W.A., Bottomley, P.A., Hart, H.R., Leue, W.M., Schenck, J.F., and Redington,R.W., in NMR Imaging, Proceedings of the Bowman Gray Symposium, Winston -Salem, N.C.,
The Terminology of Biblical Theology

T IS amazing how words that should signify most to us frequently become threadbare by careless usage, eventually losing much of their meaning. The term God is an example. By the unthinking way in which it is spoken, and by its over-use, this has become for many people one of the most meaningless words in our language. It degenerates into only a magic name with miraculous potentialities. People use it freely, but seldom stop to think what it signifies. That may have been at least partially why Jesus tended to avoid the term, using the expression, The Heavenly Father, which produced a more thoughtful mood among his hearers. Perhaps it was for the same reason that throughout the New Testament there were developed many variant designations of the deity. Today also, wise ministers and teachers are sparing in their use of the word God, preferring often to employ expressions such as The Creator, The Sustainer of the Universe, Eternal Light, or Eternal Spirit. These terms cause people to think and avoid the mentally passive attitude that so frequently meets one when using expressions that are unduly familiar. The term God represents a basic concept in religion which cannot be eliminated, however much it may be carelessly employed and made meaningless by excessive repetition. One must guard against this by using such basic terms sparingly, thoughtfully, and wisely, so they will not grow commonplace. By contrast with this basic vocabulary of religion, which includes God, prayer, etc., there is what is called theological terminology. This is largely a derived system which in a secondary way plays on the basic religious ideas. The theologian divides the elemental concepts of religion into their several attributes. In so doing, however, there is a tendency to lose the picture of the totality with which he is dealing. Treatment of the subject of God again furnishes a good example. The theologian is not as much interested in the unit idea as in isolating specific qualities such as God's omniscience, his omnipresence, etc. By reason of this analysis and abstraction, the theologian tends to lose that fresh and vital vision of God which is found in the New Testament.
Are River Basins the best Framework for Water Resources Planning, Development and Management?

The author cites many discrepancies in using river basins as a framework for water resources planning, development, and management. He suggests that a national planning framework, an urban region framework, or increased attention to regional externalities might be viable. However, basically the author is seeking to elicit suggestions and recommendations from the readers.
The role of stereotactic radiosurgery in the multimodal management of growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas

Growth hormone (GH)-secreting pituitary adenomas represent a common source of GH excess in patients with acromegaly. Whereas surgical extirpation of the culprit lesion is considered first-line treatment, as many as 19% of patients develop recurrent symptoms due to regrowth of previously resected adenomatous tissue or to continued growth of the surgically inaccessible tumor. Although medical therapies that suppress GH production can be effective in the management of primary and recurrent acromegaly, these therapies are not curative, and lifelong treatment is required for hormonal control. Stereotactic radiosurgery has emerged as an effective adjunctive treatment modality, and is an appealing alternative to conventional fractionated radiation therapy. The authors reviewed the growing body of literature concerning the role of radiosurgical procedures in the treatment armamentarium of acromegaly, and identified more than 1350 patients across 45 case series. In this review, the authors report that radiosurgery offers true hormonal normalization in 17% to 82% of patients and tumor growth control in 37% to 100% of cases across all series, while minimizing adverse complications. As a result, stereotactic radiosurgery represents a safe and effective treatment option in the multimodal management of primary or recurrent acromegaly secondary to GH-secreting pituitary adenomas.
Characterization Of IGFBP-3, PAI-1 and SPARC mRNA expression in senescent fibroblasts

The RNA species encoded by IGFBP-3 (insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3), PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1) and SPARC (secreted protein-acidic and rich in cysteine; a.k.a. osteonectin) are overexpressed in senescent human diploid fibroblasts (HDF). Their extracellular products have the ability to modulate cell growth in culture and have been shown to have inhibitory effects on DNA synthesis and/or cell growth. This overproduction may contribute to a number of features of aging, including osteoporosis, atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus type II. Based on analysis of steady-state mRNA levels, which showed similar patterns for all three along with overexpression in senescent cells, we further investigated their transcription rates and stability to determine reasons for their overexpression and to determine if coordinate gene regulation was involved. Characterization of the rates of transcription and the levels of message stability of these genes in early passage (young) versus late passage (old) HDF revealed that IGFBP-3, PAI-1 and SPARC are coordinately overexpressed but not regulated by a unique or simple mechanism encompassing all three transcripts. Only PAI-1 shows an increase in the rate of transcription, while all three show evidence that their overexpression is due to an increase in the stability of RNA. Thus, the overexpression of these genes in senescent fibroblasts involves interactions not only at the transcriptional level but also with protein factors involved in determining the stability and the degradation of RNA.
Activation of rat plasma renin.

Three distinct molecular weight species of active renin, with apparent molecular weights of more than 150,000, 65,000, and 43,000 are present in the plasma of conscious rats. After acute in vivo renin stimulation (ether anesthesia and hemorrhage), however, only the low molecular weight form could be detected. If, on the other hand, when diabutal was given and the duration of anesthesia was extended to 1 h to allow the active plasma renin level to return toward control, two species of renin were observed (> 150,000 and 43,000). Acid dialysis (pH 3.3) of normal plasma resulted in a significant increase in renin concentration, confirming the presence of an inactive renin (prorenin) in this species. Acid dialysis was shown to induce a decrease in the relative proportion of the high molecular weight form of the enzyme(>150,000), with a concomitant increase in the 43,000 molecular weight species. Dialysis to pH 1.5 of plasma from 30-h nephrectomized rats to inactivate renin and destroy renin substrate resulted ...
MUSCULAR ACTIVITY AND BUBBLE FORMATION IN ANIMALS DECOMPRESSED TO SIMULATED ALTITUDES

1. Muscular activity during decompression causes bubble formation in the blood of intact bullfrogs. The amount of gas liberated depends on the degrees of muscular activity and supersaturation (as influenced by altitude). In decompressed dissected bullfrogs, bubbles appear in veins leading from active but not from inactive muscles. 2. Muscular activity during decompression similarly causes bubble formation in rats. Bubbles appear in veins coming from muscles, and often in the lymphatic system. Quiescent rats do not form bubbles. 3. Violent muscular activity before decompression favors bubble formation in bullfrogs during ensuing decompression, but it is less effective than exercise during decompression. The effect persists in large frogs for about an hour. 4. Pre-oxygenation for 2 to 4 hours before decompression reduces the incidence of bubble formation in decompressed bullfrogs. It thus has the same effect on bubble formation in bullfrogs as it does on the "bends" in man. The effect is presumably due to removal of nitrogen. 5. Possible mechanisms by which muscular activity causes bubble formation are discussed. The effects of mechanical agitation and of metabolic CO2 are considered to be the dominant factors.
The Distribution of C14 in the Chick Following the Administration of Buquinolate-3-C14

Abstract THE commercial potential of buquinolate, * ethyl 4-hydroxy-6,7-diisobutoxy-3-quinolinecarboxylate, a broad spectrum coccidiostat (Engle et al., 1966) has been evaluated in diverse studies (Chang et al., 1966; Cox et al., 1966; Engle et al., 1966; Hebert et al., 1966; Spencer et al., 1966). As part of this program it was necessary to study the distribution and metabolism of buquinolate in order to determine whether the drug or its metabolites would accumulate in edible tissue to the extent that they might present a residue problem. Ethyl 4-hydroxy-6,7-diisobutoxy-3-quinolinecarboxylate-3-C14 (buquinolate-3-C14) was used to obtain information on this problem. The investigation was divided into two parts. In the first part, the distribution of C14 in tissue and excretory products from Cobb White Rocks was studied following single oral administration of buquinolate-3-C14. The excretion pattern of C14 in respiratory CO2 and excreta was determined for 30 hours following drug administration. The retention of buquinolate and its possible …
A prospective analysis of diagnostic laparoscopy in trauma.

Objective This study was performed to assess current and potential future application for laparoscopy (DL) in the diagnosis of penetrating and blunt injuries. Efficacy, safety, and cost analyses were performed. Summary background data Diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL) and computed tomography (CT) have been the mainstays in recent years for diagnosis of equivocal nontherapeutic laparotomy, whereas CT is not helpful for the vast majority of penetrating wounds. DL may be a useful adjunct to fill in these gaps. Methods Hemodynamically stable patients with equivocal evidence of intraabdominal injury were prospectively entered into the protocol. DL was performed under general anesthesia; patients with wounds penetrating the peritoneum or blunt injury with significant organ injury underwent laparotomy. Results Over 19 months, 182 patients (55% stab, 36% GSW, 9% blunt) were studied. No peritoneal penetration was found at DL in 55% of penetrating wounds with 66% of the remainder having therapeutic laparotomy, 17% nontherapeutic laparotomy, and 17% negative laparotomy. Therapeutic laparotomy was performed in 53% of blunt injuries after DL. Tension pneumothorax occurred in one patient and one had an iatrogenic small bowel injury. Charges for DL were $3,325 per patient compared with $3,320 for a similar group undergoing negative laparotomy before this protocol. Conclusions DL is a safe modality for trauma. With current technology, DL is most efficacious for evaluation of equivocal penetrating wounds. Significant cost savings would be gained by performance under local anesthesia. Development of miniaturized optics, bowel clamps, retractors, and stapling devices will reduce overall costs and permit some therapeutic applications for laparoscopy in trauma management.
The injury problem among older adults: Mortality, morbidity and costs

The Journal of Safety Research has partnered with the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia, USA, to briefly report on some of the latest findings in the research community. This report is the seventh in a series of CDC articles.
Defining the City: The Use of Objective and Subjective Measures for Community Description

This paper considers the differing systems and variables used to distinguish city from city, and city from non-city. A wide variety of approaches to urban description and classification are reviewed, ranging from those of the novelist and social critic to those of the sociologist, economist, geographer and social psychologist. A distinction is made concerning the measurement of community variables using objective and subjective data; and the contributions and problems of each in explaining interpersonal orientations and behavior is considered. In considering the relative usefulness of these two orientations, it is suggested that they are complementary rather than competing systems of description. Each may be relevant to differing kinds of behaviors and outcomes, and it is the interaction between these two forms of data that is likely to prove most useful in explaining the full range of urban behaviors.
Unique Catalytic and Molecular Properties of Hydrolases from Aspergillus used in Japanese Bioindustries

This review covers the unique catalytic and molecular properties of three proteolytic enzymes and a glycosidase from Aspergillus. An aspartic proteinase from A. saitoi, aspergillopepsin I (EC 3.4.23.18), favors hydrophobic amino acids at P1 and P'1 like gastric pepsin. However, aspergillopepsin I accommodates a Lys residue at P1, which leads to activation of trypsinogens like duodenum enteropeptidase. Substitution of Asp76 to Ser or Thr and deletion of Ser78, corresponding to the mammalian aspartic proteinases, cathepsin D and pepsin, caused drastic decreases in the activities towards substrates containing a basic amino acid residue at 1. In addition, the double mutant T77D/G78(S)G79 of porcine pepsin was able to activate bovine trypsinogen to trypsin by the selective cleavage of the K6-I7 bond of trypsinogen. Deuterolysin (EC 3.4.24.39) from A. oryzae, which contains 1g atom of zinc/mol of enzyme, is a single chain of 177 amino acid residues, includes three disulfide bonds, and has a molecular mass of 19,018 Da. It was concluded that His128, His132, and Asp164 provide the Zn2+ ligands of the enzyme according to a 65Zn binding assay. Deuterolysin is a member of a family of metalloendopeptidases with a new zinc-binding motif, aspzincin, defined by the "HEXXH + D" motif and an aspartic acid as the third zinc ligand. Acid carboxypeptidase (EC 3.4.16.1) from A. saitoi is a glycoprotein that contains both N- and O-linked sugar chains. Site-directed mutagenesis of the cpdS, cDNA encoding A. saitoi carboxypeptidase, was cloned and expressed. A. saitoi carboxypeptidase indicated that Ser153, Asp357, and His436 residues were essential for the enzymic catalysis. The N-glycanase released high-mannose type oligosaccharides that were separated on HPLC. Two, which had unique structures of Man10 GlcNAc2 and Man11GlcNAc2, were characterized. An acidic 1,2-alpha-mannosidase (EC 3.2.1.113) was isolated from the culture of A. saitoi. A highly efficient overexpression system of 1,2-alpha-mannosidase fusion gene (f-msdS) in A. oryzae was made. A yeast mutant capable of producing Man5GlcNAc2 human-compatible sugar chains on glycoproteins was constructed. An expression vector for 1,2-alpha-mannosidase with the "HDEL" endoplasmic reticulum retention/retrieval tag was designed and expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The first report of production of human-compatible high mannose-type (Man5GlcNAc2) sugar chains in S. cerevisiae was described.
Counting hot/cold spots in quark-gluon plasma

We study how local fluctuations in the initial states of relativistic heavy-ion collisions manifest in the correlations between different orders of harmonic moments of the density profiles, particularly those involving only odd harmonics that arise purely from initial-state fluctuations. We find the strengths of those correlations are sensitive to the number of hot and cold spots in the initial states. Hydrodynamic evolution of the fireball translates initial-state geometric anisotropies as well as their correlations into final-state momentum anisotropies and correlations. We conclude that the measurement of the correlations between different harmonic moments of final-state azimuthal distribution can be employed to quantify the inhomogeneity of the initial density profiles such as the population of hot and cold spots that are produced in high-energy nuclear collisions.
9. Cellular immune response to anal dysplasia in HIV-positive men on highly active antiretroviral therapy

Background The role of the cellular immune response to anal dysplasia progression is poorly understood. Extrapolated from the cervical model, CD4+ (killed by HIV) and CD8+ cells may have crucial anti-tumour activity. We report pilot data on key immune responses in HIV+ patients on HAART with anal dysplasia. Methods: High-resolution anoscopy and biopsies were performed. Ten tissue biopsies with high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia (HGAIN) were stained with immunohistochemistry for CD4+, CD8+, CXCL12+ and FOXP3+, and compared with 10 samples with low-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia (LGAIN). Serum CD4+ and CD8+ counts were available. Tissue photographs were obtained and analysed utilising MetaXpress software. Results: In all dysplastic tissue, we found a higher number of CD4+, CD8+ and FOXP3+ cells in the subepithelium than epithelium. In HGAIN, the number of FOXP3+, intraepithelial CD4+ cells, and the ratio of intraepithelial to serum CD4+ were higher than in LGAIN. CXCL12+ staining was more abundant in HGAIN. CD4+ cells outnumbered CD8+ cells in all dysplastic tissue. Conclusions: The higher CD4+ to CD8+ ratio in HGAIN may be explained by the excess demand for antitumour activity, which is known to be a function of CD4+ cells against HPV-dysplasia in the analogous cervical dysplasia model. Cytotoxic CD8 cells, although known to have an important anti-tumour role, were less abundant in our study. The pro-tumour FOXP3+ cells, being more abundant in HGAIN, may have a key role in the progression of anal dysplasia. Strategies to block CXCL12+ may be useful in the treatment of HPV-related dysplasia.