cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the current that flow during the strychnine spike

Abstract Patterns of net vertical current flow and current source density during the normal primary evoked response and the strychnine spike induced by topical application were measured using single first-order and second-order differences of voltages occurring in depth and time in the cat's pericruciate cerebral cortex. Net vertical current flow during the primary response was dominated by a large downward current in layers II and III, 12–24 msec in time after a stimulus to the contralateral forepaw. Smaller, net upward currents occurred in layer V, 14–28 msec, and in layer II, 20–30 msec after the stimulus. Topical strychnine resulted in a pattern of net current flow that was an intensified and prolonged version of that for the normal evoked response. The great intensification occurred in layers II and III, with small changes occurring in layer V. No changes in the patterns of net vertical current flow during responses to stimulation of the other 3 paws were caused by strychnine. These patterns of current flow, and the changes that occurred in them after strychnine, can be understood in terms of the known synaptic interactions between sets of cortical neurons and the direct effect of strychnine on superficial, small receptive field neurons, with indirect involvement of deeper, large receptive field neurons. Current source density analysis showed a source/sink couplet in layers II and III, 11–15 msec after the contralateral forepaw stimulus. Sink/source couplets also were found at the same depth at 20–30 msec, and in layer V at 12–24 msec. The current source density pattern after strychnine was also an intensified and prolonged version of that occurring before strychnine, the greatest intensification being evident in layers II and III. Rates of ascent through the cortex of various components of the voltage, current, and source density patterns, and alternation of the strychnine spike with a near-normal primary response at stimulus rates of 3–4/sec, suggest that the strychnine spike results from two causes: (i) an enhancement of a normal process and (ii) the appearance of a new process. It is suggested that the former cause involves enlarged EPSPs, while the latter involves generation of Ca 2+ spikes by the enlarged EPSPs. It is also suggested that the effect of strychnine and other topical convulsants in exerted on thalamocortical afferents fibers in layer I, setting up antidromic spikes that influence layer III neurons by collaterals of the same thalamocortical fibers into this layer, with upward spread into layer II.
Signatures of stripe phases in hole-doped La 2 NiO 4

We model nickelate-centered and oxygen-centered stripe phases in doped La{sub 2}NiO{sub 4} materials. We use an inhomogeneous Hartree-Fock and random-phase approximation approach including both electron-electron and electron-lattice (e-l) coupling for a layer of La{sub 2}NiO{sub 4}. We find that whether the ground state after commensurate hole doping comprises Ni-centered or O-centered charge-localized stripes depends sensitively on the e-l interaction. With increasing e-l interaction strength, a continuous transition from an O-centered stripe phase to a Ni-centered one is found. Various low- and high-energy signatures of these two kinds of stripe phases are predicted, which can clearly distinguish them. These signatures reflect the strongly correlated spin-charge-lattice features in the vicinity of Ni-centered or O-centered stripe domains. The importance of e-l interaction for recent experiments on stripe phases is discussed. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Nyikina paradigms and refunctionalization: a cautionary tale in morphological reconstruction

Here I present a case study of change in the complex verb morphology of the Nyikina language of Northwestern Australia. I describe changes which lead to reanalysis of underlying forms while preserving much of the inherited phonological material. The changes presented here do not fit into previous typologies of morphological change. Nyikina lost the distinction between past and present, and in doing so, merged two paradigms into one. The former past tense marker came to be associated with intransitive verb stems. The inflected verbs thus continue inherited material, but in a different function. These changes are most parsimoniously described in a theory of word formation which makes reference to paradigms.
Phosphorylation mechanisms in chemical evolution

An objective of this work is to elucidate the mechanism of phosphorylation of nucleosides in amide solvents and in urea. A second objective is to assess the importance of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of nucleotide derivatives in amide environments. Although the most complex amide studied here was N-methylacetamide, inferences are made on the importance of dephosphorylation for nucleotides in oligopeptide environments.
Slip and recrystallization of halite gouge in experimental shear zones

Abstract Cylindrical specimens of Tennessee Sandstone with dry, crushed halite between 35°-precut surfaces are deformed at 70-MPa confining pressure, at displacement rates from 10−2 to 10−6 cm/s, at 25°C, and the shear strains (γ) of > 16.0. Under these conditions, peak differential stress is attained at shear strains between 3 and 5, followed by quasi-steady state behavior with subtle but possibly significant oscillations. Over the complete variation of conditions steady-state stress levels range from 146 to 169 MPa at shear strains > 6.0. The fabric of the halite gouge (0.2 to 1.0 mm thick) changes with increasing shear strain from 1. (a) homogeneously elongated grains up to peak stress (indicative of dislocation glide), to 2. (b) a bimodal mosaic of recrystallized grains, consisting of very-fine-grained neoblasts and relatively large euhedral porphyroblasts that is associated with a small stress drop, to 3. (c) a mosaic of uniformly sized, anhedral neoblasts produced from the coalescence of porphyroblasts. Grain size of the very-fine-grained neoblasts remain reasonably constant with increasing γ, but that of the porphyroclasts and of the resulting mosaic decrease with increasing γ. [100] of the porphyroblasts are strongly and conspicuously oriented at 45° to the shear zone boundary at γ = 4.4 and progressively rotate with the finite strain axes so that at γ = 9.4, [100] are inclined at 70°–80° and 10°–20° to the shear zone. It is argued that fabrics (b) and (c) are consistent with dynamic recrystallization by grain boundary migration from favorably oriented nuclei grains. A ghost structure of aligned grain boundaries and impurities pervades all the shear zones and is oriented at progressively smaller angles to the shear-zone boundary as shear strain increases. There is a one-to-one correspondence between these angles and those calculated assuming simple shear. This fact, along with the constant thickness of the gouge with increasing shear strain, indicates that the deformation is modeled by progressive, homogeneous simple shear.
Breath, urine, and blood measurements as biological exposure indices of short-term inhalation exposure to methanol

Due to their transient nature, short-term exposures can be difficult to detect and quantify using conventional monitoring techniques. Biological monitoring may be capable of registering such exposures and may also be used to estimate important toxicological parameters. This paper investigates relationships between methanol concentrations in the blood, urine, and breath of volunteers exposed to methanol vapor at 800 ppm for periods of 0.5, 1, 2, and 8 h. The results indicate factors that must be considered for interpretation of the results of biological monitoring. For methanol, concentrations are not proportional to the exposure duration due to metabolic and other elimination processes that occur concurrently with the exposure. First-order clearance models can be used with blood, breath, or urine concentrations to estimate exposures if the time that has elapsed since the exposure and the model parameters are known. The 0.5 to 2-h periods of exposure were used to estimate the half-life of methanol. Blood data gave a half-life of 1.44±0.33 h. Comparable but slightly more variable results were obtained using urine data corrected for voiding time (1.55±0.67 h) and breath data corrected for mucous membrane desorption (1.40±0.38 h). Methanol concentrations in blood lagged some 15–30 min behind the termination of exposure, and concentrations in urine were further delayed. Although breath sampling may be convenient, breath concentrations reflect end-expired or alveolar air only if subjects are in a methanol-free environment for 30 min or more after the exposure. At earlier times, breath concentrations included contributions from airway desorption or diffusion processes. As based on multicompartmental models, the desorption processes have half-lives ranging between 0.6 and 5 min. Preliminary estimates of the mucous membrane reservoir indicate contributions of under 10% for a 0.5-h exposure and smaller effects for longer periods of exposure.
False information detection with minimum mean squared errors for Bayesian estimation

In this paper, for a Bayesian estimator whose sensors could be attacked by false information injected by an adversary, we investigate the strategies for the Bayesian estimator to detect the false information and defend itself from such attacks. We assume that the adversary attacks the system with certain probability, and that he/she adopts the worst possible strategy which maximizes the mean squared error (MSE) if the attack is undetected. The defender's goal is to minimize the average system estimation MSE instead of minimizing the probability of error, as a conventional Bayesian detector typically does. The cost functions are based on the traces of the MSE matrices of the estimation error. Numerical results show that the new detection-estimation structure outperforms that based on the traditional detectors such as the conventional Bayesian detector and the chisquared detector significantly in term of the average MSE. One proposed detection-estimation strategy, discarding sensor data when the presence of attack is declared, is very robust even when the attacker uses an attack strategy significantly different from the one assumed by the defender.
A Fourier-Chebyshev pseudospectral method for solving steady 3-D Navier-Stokes and heat equations in cylindrical cavities

A Fourier-Chebyshev pseudospectral method for solving steady 3D Navier-Stokes equations in cylindrical cavities is presented and discussed. The general method is pseudo-unsteady and uses a semi-implicit finite difference scheme for the time discretization. The generalized ADI (Alternating Direction Implicit) procedure is then applied to reduce the problem to a successive solution of one-dimensional problems. The spatial approximation uses a Fourier-Galerkin approximation in the periodic direction and a Chebyshev-collocation approximation in the other directions. Difficulties related to the pressure are surmounted by using the artifical compressibility method. A suitable variable change was chosen to avoid the problem of singularity at the axis generated by cylindrical coordinates. The method is first tested on an advection-diffusion equation and then on the Navier-Stokes equations. Finally, the method is illustrated by a convection problem of a differentially heated fluid.
Electrochemical proteolytic beacon for detection of matrix metalloproteinase activities.

This communication describes a novel method for detecting matrix metalloproteinase-7 activity using a peptide substrate labeled with a ferrocene reporter. The substrate serves as a selective “electrochemical proteolytic beacon” (EPB) for this metalloproteinase. The EPB is immobilized on a gold electrode surface to enable “on−off” electrochemical signaling capability for uncleaved and cleaved events. The EPB is efficiently and selectively cleaved by MMP-7 as measured by the rate of decrease in redox current of ferrocene. Direct transduction of a signal corresponding to peptide cleavage events into an electronic signal thus provides a simple, sensitive route for detecting the MMP activity. The new method allows for identification of the activity of MMP-7 in concentrations as low as 3.4 pM. The concept can be extended to design a multiple peptide substrate labeled with different electroactive reporters for assaying multiple MMPs activities.
Previous Exposure to Psychostimulants Enhances the Reinstatement of Cocaine Seeking by Nucleus Accumbens AMPA

The effect of previous exposure to psychostimulants on the subsequent self-administration of cocaine as well as reinstatement of this behavior by priming infusions of AMPA into the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) was examined. Rats were exposed to five injections, one injection every third day, of either saline or amphetamine (AMPH: 1.5 mg/kg, i.p.). Starting 10 days later, they were trained to self-administer cocaine (0.3 mg/kg/infusion, i.v.) and subsequently tested under a progressive ratio (PR) schedule for 4 consecutive days. As expected, rats exposed to AMPH worked more and obtained more cocaine infusions than saline exposed controls on the PR test sessions. Following daily extinction sessions during which saline was substituted for cocaine, the effect of priming infusions of AMPA (0.0, 0.08, or 0.8 nmol/0.5 microl/side) into the NAcc was then examined on two tests: one conducted 4 days after the last cocaine PR test session (2-3 weeks after the last AMPH exposure injection) and the next 4 weeks later. Consistent with previous reports, NAcc AMPA dose-dependently reinstated cocaine seeking on both tests regardless of exposure condition. Importantly, this priming effect of NAcc AMPA was significantly enhanced in AMPH compared to saline exposed rats on the first test conducted 2-3 weeks after AMPH. On the second test, conducted 4 weeks after cocaine, reinstatement was similarly enhanced in both groups to levels observed on the first test in AMPH exposed rats. These results indicate that both noncontingent (AMPH) and contingent (cocaine) exposure to psychostimulants enhances the reinstatement of cocaine seeking by NAcc AMPA and appears to do so in a time-dependent manner.
COORDINATE SYSTEMS AND GRAPHS

This chapter discusses the coordinate systems and graphs. The real number corresponding to a point on the real line is called the coordinate of the point. It is evident from the way in which real numbers and points on the real line are related that each real number corresponds to a single point and each point corresponds to a single real number. This is sometimes described by stating that the set of real numbers and the set of points on the real line are in one-to-one correspondence. The coordinate axes divide the plane into four parts called quadrants. These quadrants are numbered from one to four. It is easy to determine the quadrant in which a point lies from the signs of its coordinates. A point with two positive coordinates (+, +) lies in Quadrant I, a point with a negative x coordinate, and a positive y coordinate (-, +) lies in Quadrant II. Cartesian coordinate systems are helpful for giving a geometric description of equations involving two variables.
A parity-conserving interaction applied to K-pion decay

Abstract A specific interaction Lagrangian for an isotopic doublet boson is proposed which, to the first approximation in a perturbation expansion, can account for the lifetimes and branching ratios in K-π decays. Since parity is rigorously conserved in all K-π interactions, the K-meson is described as a parity doublet. The total Lagrangian is invariant under charge conjugation and time reflection. The strong interaction, of the form g S ϕ K † σ † χ K χ π , is a scalar in isotopic space and is invariant under parity conjugation (in order to have scalar and pseudo-scalar K masses equal). The weak interaction, of the form g W (σ + α σ 0 † χ K χ π , allows a change in total isotopic spin of 1 2 or 3 2 . The final-state pions are considered to be in plane-wave states. The following dimensionless constants are obtained: gS = 1.6; gW = 5 × 10−8; α = −0.16. No account is taken of any of the K-decay modes involving neutrinos, nor of the production or scattering properties of the K-particles. The eight theoretically distinct K-mesons are reduced in number to the four actually distinguishable in K-decays.
Traffic delays at a computer-controlled intersection

This paper considers an intersection of one-way streets withPoisson arrival and general departure processes. The traffic light stays green in one direction until the queue in this arm has vanished. The transient behavior of queue lengths at switching points and the steady state distributions of the delays are given.
Use of employer administrative Databases to identify systematic causes of injury in aluminum manufacturing

Background Employer administrative files are an underutilized source of data in epidemiologic studies of occupational injuries. Methods Personnel files, occupational health surveillance data, industrial hygiene data, and a real-time incident and injury management system from a large multi-site aluminum manufacturer were linked deterministically. An ecological-level measure of physical job demand was also linked. This method successfully created a database containing over 100 variables for 9,101 hourly employees from eight geographically dispersed U.S. plants. Results Between 2002 and 2004, there were 3,563 traumatic injuries to 2,495 employees. The most common injuries were sprain/strains (32%), contusions (24%), and lacerations (14%). A multivariable logistic regression model revealed that physical job demand was the strongest predictor of injury risk, in a dose dependent fashion. Other strong predictors of injury included female gender, young age, short company tenure and short time on current job. Conclusions Employer administrative files are a useful source of data, as they permit the exploration of risk factors and potential confounders that are not included in many population-based surveys. The ability to link employer administrative files with injury surveillance data is a valuable analysis strategy for comprehensively studying workplace injuries, identifying salient risk factors, and targeting workforce populations disproportionately affected. Am. J. Ind. Med. 50:676–686, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Foamed Elastomers For Packaging Interconnections, Testing And Burn‐In Applications

The present study is directed to a new foamed elastomer composition for supporting the interconnecting conductive wires in the Elasticon™ interposer connector for the packaging interconnections, test and burn-in applications. The compressibility of interposer connector can be tailored by introducing controlled volume fraction of foam into elastomer or filled elastomer. The foamed elastomer has been successful applied to a new Ball Grid Array (BGA) module testing socket to meet the contact force requirement.
Genes for Dwarfness in Wheat, TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.

ABSTRACT The genetic control of plant height was studied in crosses of four spring wheats involving the standard height variety Ramona 50 and short-statured selections Olesen, D6301, and D6899. Data from parent, F 1 , F 2 , and F 3 populations indicated that four independently segregating loci account for most of the differences among the four varieties. Two major genes of a highly recessive nature condition reduced height in Olesen and the Norin 10 derivative D6301. Olesen also carries a third dwarfing gene which is partially dominant in its effects over genes for tallness. This gene, or a gene that acts in a similar manner, is also present in the standard height variety Ramona 50. Dwarfing in D6899, a derivative of Tom Thumb, is controlled primarily by a single gene with mainly additive effects which is not present in any of the other three varieties. Genetic components estimated from generation means (parental, F 1 , F 2 , F 3 , and backcross) indicated that additive gene effects were the major component of variation in four of the six crosses, and of similar magnitude to dominance effects in another cross. The primary source of genetic variation in the cross Olesen × D6899 was due to epistasis with both additive × additive and dominance × dominance effects of major importance. The results of the generation mean analyses were consistent with the models for major-gene control of plant height based on segregation patterns.
A comparison of [35S]sodium sulfate and [75Se]selenomethionine as platelet labels for the assay of thrombopoietin.

SummaryPlatelet production rates were measured in thrombopoietin (TSF) assay mice by use of both [35S]sodium sulfate and [75Se]selenomethionine (75SeM) as platelet labels. Although significantly higher values were found using Na235SO4 than 75SeM, the incorporation patterns for both isotopes showed similarities in dose-response experiments.The authors thank Marilyn Cottrell for expert technical assistance and Pat Taylor for stenographic aid.
The Stathmokinetic Effect of Vincristine

Summary A single dose of vincristine produced an increase in the mitotic index in the marrow, duodenum, and hair follicle of the rat and in the marrow, hair root, and malignant tumors of man. This increase in mitotic index resulted from “arrest” of cells in metaphase; other stages of mitosis were not increased, and post-metaphase stages decreased during vincristine effect. This mitotic “arrest” may be associated with cell death as evidenced by a quantitative decrease in cellularity of the rat bone marrow following administration of vincristine. For all the above tissues the increase in mitotic index was linear for at least the first 6 hours after vincristine and reached a peak at approximately 12 hours. There was an inverse correlation between the magnitude of the mitotic index increase and the generation time for the various tissues. This mitotic effect does not relate regularly to the toxic effect. For example, vincristine and vinblastine produced comparable marrow mitotic “arrest” in man, whereas leukopenia occurred regularly only with vinblastine. The interrelationships and implications of these findings are discussed.
Organization as a means for informing repository design: the convergence of knowledge organization and personal information management in scientific data

Based on an international need for greater understanding of knowledge organization systems in science, this study is designed to show the differences and similarities found when comparing formalized knowledge organization systems in libraries with scientific personal organization schemes. This poster reports findings from a study that compares the knowledge organization practices of both scientists and information professionals when organizing scientific data.
Minimum wages, earnings, and migration

Does increasing a state’s minimum wage induce migration into the state? Previous literature has shown mobility in response to welfare benefit differentials across states, yet few have examined the minimum wage as a cause of mobility. Focusing on low-skilled immigrants, this paper empirically examines the effect of minimum wages on location decisions within the United States. This paper expands upon minimum wage and immigration literatures by demonstrating that the choice of destination is sensitive to minimum wage changes, and that the effects are highly dependent on the number of years an immigrant has resided in the U.S. JEL classification codes: J15, J61
Bridging the Cultural Gap between Eastern and Western Thinking: From an Occupational Therapy Perspective

This editorial is a critique of an article about the role of nursing in psycho-oncology in Japan [1]. The research was accomplished by Mariko Kaneko, PhD, a Japanese Associate Professor of Nursing at the Graduate School of Nursing at Tokyo Women’s Medical University, who published several articles about the role of nurses in treating Japanese patients with cancer [2-4]. In 2010, the Japanese health insurance system approved counseling of people with cancer as a billable service by Certified Nurse Specialists in Mental Health Nursing or in Cancer Nursing, thus initiating the need for research to address evidence-based practice to validate nursing outcomes [2].
POLYACRYLAMIDE FOR SURFACE IRRIGATION TO INCREASE NUTRIENT- USE EFFICIENCY AND PROTECTWATER QUALITY

Furrow irrigation systems have a greater application capacity, are less costly, and use less energy than sprinkler systems but furrow irrigation produces greater runoff, erosion, and deep percolation losses. Phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) losses are associated with runoff sediment, and can be minimized by eliminating irrigationinduced erosion. Excessive leaching of inorganic and organic solutes commonly occurs at the inflow region of furrow irrigated fields where infiltration opportunity times are longer. In one conservation practice, a high molecular weight, anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) is applied to advancing furrow stream flows at a concentration of 10 mg L−1. Because PAM stabilizes furrow soil and flocculates suspended sediment, we hypothesized that this treatment would reduce runoff losses of sediment, molybdate reactive P (MRP), total P, NO3-N, and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Polyacrylamide treatment may increase furrow infiltration in some soils. However, we hypothesized that because it permits ...
Person recognition on a Segway Robot: A video of UT Austin Villa Robocup@Home 2007 finals demonstration

This video shows a Segway robot from the University of Texas at Austin competing in the finals of the 2007 Robocup @Home competition, which featured home assistant robots performing various challenging tasks. This demonstration combines a few tasks which will likely be performed by a future home assistant robot. The robot learns a human's appearance, follows the human with his back turned, distinguishes the human from a similarly clothed stranger, and adapts when it notices that the human has changed his clothing. For this task, we introduce a novel two-classifier architecture, using the subject's face as a primary identifying characteristic and his shirt as a secondary characteristic.
Sarcoidosis of the pinnas in a 17-year-old

A 17-year-old girl presented with persistent swelling and erythema of the midportion of the helix of the pinnas, with no associated history of pain, fever, or hearing loss. The area was erythematous, with crusting and a minimal amount of pus. Her otologic examination was otherwise normal. A culture grew Staphylococcus (nonaureus). Over a 9-month period, she had flair-ups of the lesions with minimal response to topical and oral antibiotics. A dermatology consultation was obtained, and she was started on topical steroids, with no clinical improvement. She then developed raised erythematous lesions. Blood work showed no obvious immune disorder or evidence of an infectious process. A full-thickness skin biopsy was then taken, and pathologic examination found noncaseating granulomatous dermatitis; the histopathologic diagnosis was sarcoidosis. The patient was then referred to rheumatology for further evaluation and treatment. Although sarcoidosis is rare in the pediatric population, skin lesions that do not respond to medical therapy should be considered for biopsy.
Risk Factors for School Violence

This article reviews the history of violence in the schools, which is of significant concern, particularly in urban areas. Types and frequencies of violence in schools are presented, along with stu...
Acceptance of e-commerce services: the case of electronic brokerages

This paper examines human motivations underlying individual acceptance of business-to-consumer (B2C) electronic commerce services. Such acceptance is the key to the survival of firms in this intensely competitive industry. A modified theory of planned behavior (TPB) is used to hypothesize a model of e-commerce service acceptance, which is then tested using a field survey of 172 e-brokerage users. We found TPB was useful in explaining e-commerce service acceptance, however, acceptance motivations were significantly different from that of typical IS products. Based on a broader conceptualization of TPB's subjective norm to include both external (mass-media) and interpersonal influences, we report that subjective norm is an important predictor of e-commerce acceptance, behavioral control has minimal impact on e-commerce acceptance, and external influence is a significant determinant of subjective norm. Implications of these findings in light of e-commerce research and practice are discussed.
Viral suppression of multiple escape mutants by de novo CD8 + T cell responses in a human immunodeficiency virus-1 Infected elite suppressor

Elite suppressors or controllers (ES) are HIV-1 infected patients who maintain undetectable viral loads without treatment. While HLA-B*57-positive ES are usually infected with virus that is unmutated at CTL epitopes, a single, dominant variant containing CTL escape mutations is typically seen in plasma during chronic infection. We describe an ES who developed seven distinct and rare escape variants at an HLA-B*57-restricted Gag epitope over a five year period. Interestingly, he developed proliferative, de novo CTL responses that suppressed replication of each of these variants. These responses, in combination with low viral fitness of each variant, may contribute to sustained elite control in this ES.
Expansion and Intragenic Homogenization of Spider Silk Genes since the Triassic: Evidence from Mygalomorphae (Tarantulas and Their Kin) Spidroins

Spiders spin a diverse array of silk fibers that are predominately composed of repetitive proteins (spidroins) encoded by a gene family. Characterization of this gene family has focused on spidroins synthesized by the Araneomorphae (true spiders), whereas only a single sequence is known from the Mygalomorphae (tarantulas and their kin). To better understand the diversity and evolution of the spidroin gene family, we surveyed the silk gland transcriptomes of 4 divergent mygalomorph species. Through expressed sequence tag screening and probing of silk gland cDNA libraries, we discovered 6 novel mygalomorph spidroins and an ∼8-kb cDNA of the previously reported Euagrus chisoseus fibroin 1. Mygalomorph spidroin cDNAs encode tandem iterations of sequence repeats, followed by a nonrepetitive carboxy-terminal domain. Though highly homogenized at the nucleotide level within a cDNA (89-100% identical), these repeats exhibit extensive variation across spidroins, consistent with intragenic repeats evolving in concert. Extreme homogeneity of intragenic repeats is also characteristic of araneomorph spidroins, suggesting that modular architecture and its maintenance through concerted evolution have persisted since the mygalomorph/araneomorph split (≥240 MYA). Phylogenetic analyses of C-terminal sequences grouped all mygalomorph spidroins, except Aliatypus fibroin 1, in a clade. Aliatypus fibroin 1 was instead more closely related to a subset of araneomorph spidroins, including those used in prey wrapping. Our results suggest that spidroin paralogs existed prior to the divergence of mygalomorphs and araneomorphs, followed by a far greater expansion of this gene family in araneomorphs, paralleling the dramatic functional diversification of their silk gland anatomy.
Predicting drug side-effects by chemical systems biology

New approaches to predicting ligand similarity and protein interactions can explain unexpected observations of drug inefficacy or side-effects.
Clinical Characteristics of Patients With Cancer Referred for Outpatient Physical Therapy

Background Cancer rehabilitation is a developing area, with an increasing number of survivors of cancer in the United States. The increase in survivorship occurs alongside impairments arising directly from cancer or from treatment-related side effects. Objective This study described clinical characteristics of patients with cancer referred for outpatient physical therapy and explored patterns in frequency of impairments between type of cancer and mode of cancer treatment. Design This was a retrospective chart review of patients with cancer referred to a tertiary care physical therapy clinic over a 2-year period. Methods Characteristics such as age, sex, cancer type, mode of treatment, and neuromusculoskeletal impairments were identified. Impairment frequencies were computed based on cancer type and mode of treatment. Results Data from 418 patients (mean age=57.9 years, SD=14.3; 41.1% female) were examined. Genitourinary cancer (n=169) and breast cancer (n=90) were the most prevalent types of cancer reported in this sample. Impairments in strength (83.6%) and soft tissue (71.3%) were the most common examination findings. Lymphedema was most common in patients with breast cancer, and incontinence was most common in patients with genitourinary cancer. Limitations The types of cancer identified in this study may be reflective of this tertiary center and may not generalize to other facilities. Impairment identification during the initial physical therapist evaluation was not performed systematically. Conclusion These data reinforce that physical therapists should screen for lymphedema in patients with breast cancer and incontinence in urogenital cancers. Strength and soft tissue integrity should be evaluated in most patients with cancer. Assessing pain and fatigue levels is recommended for patients who have had radiation therapy.
The multicovering radii of codes

The covering radius of a code is the least r such that the set of balls of radius r around codewords covers the entire ambient space. We introduce a generalization of the notion of covering radius. The m-covering radius of a code is the least radius such that the set of balls of that radius covers all m-tuples of elements in the ambient space. We investigate basic properties of m-covering radii. We investigate whether codes exist with given m-covering radii (not always). We derive bounds on the size of the smallest code with a given m-covering radius, based on generalizations of the sphere bound and the method of counting excesses.
On exploiting traffic predictability in active queue management

In this paper, we explore the issue of exploiting traffic predictability to enhance the performance of active queue management (AQM). We show that the correlation structure present in long-range dependent traffic ran be detected on-line and used to accurately predict the future traffic. We then design, with the objective of stabilising the instantaneous queue length at a desirable level, a LMMSE-based controller, and figure in the prediction results in the calculation of the packet dropping probability. The resulting scheme is termed predictive AQM (PAQM). Through analytical reasoning, we show that PAQM is a generalized version of RED with a new dimension of congestion index - the amount of traffic that will arrive in the next few measurement intervals. By stabilizing the queue at a desirable level with consideration of future traffic, PAQM enables the link capacity to be fully utilized, while not incurring excessive packet loss. Through ns-2 simulation, we compare PAQM against existing AQM schemes with respect to different performance criteria. In particular., we show that under most cases PAQM outperforms SRED in stabilizing the instantaneous queue length, and adaptive virtual queue (AVQ) in reducing packet loss ratio and better utilizing the link capacity.
Self-interacting self-avoiding walks on the Sierpinski gasket

Exact recurrence relations for generating functions for self-interacting self-avoiding random walks on a Sierpinski gasket lattice are given. Their analysis reveals that the mean end-to-end separation of N-step walks varies as Nν with ν = In (2)/ln {(7 - 5)/2}, regardless of the (finite) strength of the self-interaction. Some other properties are also determined in the large-N limit
Differential impact of type-1 and type-2 diabetes on control of heart rate in mice

Abstract Aims Cardiac autonomic dysfunction is a serious complication of diabetes. One consequence is disruption of the normal beat-to-beat regulation of heart rate (HR), i.e. HR variability (HRV). However, our understanding of the disease process has been limited by inconsistent HR/HRV data from previous animal studies. We hypothesized that differences in the method of measurement, time of day, and level of stress account for the differing results across studies. Thus, our aim was to systematically assess HR and HRV in two common diabetic mouse models. Methods ECG radiotelemetry devices were implanted into db / db (type-2 diabetic), STZ-treated db /+ (type-1 diabetic), and control db /+ mice (n = 4 per group). HR and HRV were analyzed over 24 h and during treadmill testing. Results 24 h analysis revealed that db / db mice had an altered pattern of circadian HR changes, and STZ-treated mice had reduced HR throughout. HRV measures linked to sympathetic control were reduced in db / db mice in the early morning and early afternoon, and partially reduced in STZ-treated mice. HR response to treadmill testing was blunted in both models. Conclusions It is important to consider both time of day and level of stress when assessing HR and HRV in diabetic mice. db / db mice may have altered circadian rhythm of sympathetic control of HR, whereas STZ-treated mice have a relative reduction. This study provides baseline data and a framework for HR analysis that may guide future investigations.
Chronic osteomyelitis treated with a muscle flap.

Summary A local muscle flap is a valuable adjunctive technique in the management of a patient with osteomyelitis who has a large defect after surgical debridement. The defect must be in an anatomic location that permits rotation of a local muscle without disruption of its neurovascular supply, and the mechanical integrity of the osseous structure should be intact.
Caco-2 intestinal cell differentiation is associated with G1 arrest and suppression of CDK2 and CDK4

The cellular mechanisms regulating intestinal proliferation and differentiation remain largely undefined. Previously, we showed an early induction of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p21...
The relative effectiveness of three forms of radio presentation in influencing attitudes

(1940). The relative effectiveness of three forms of radio presentation in influencing attitudes. Speech Monographs: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 41-47.
Direct observation of TALE protein dynamics reveals a two-state search mechanism

Transcription activator-like effector (TALE) proteins are a class of programmable DNA-binding proteins for which the fundamental mechanisms governing the search process are not fully understood. Here we use single-molecule techniques to directly observe TALE search dynamics along DNA templates. We find that TALE proteins are capable of rapid diffusion along DNA using a combination of sliding and hopping behaviour, which suggests that the TALE search process is governed in part by facilitated diffusion. We also observe that TALE proteins exhibit two distinct modes of action during the search process—a search state and a recognition state—facilitated by different subdomains in monomeric TALE proteins. Using TALE truncation mutants, we further demonstrate that the N-terminal region of TALEs is required for the initial non-specific binding and subsequent rapid search along DNA, whereas the central repeat domain is required for transitioning into the site-specific recognition state.
Temporal synthesis of band 3 oligomers during terminal maturation of mouse erythroblasts. Dimers and tetramers exist in the membrane as preformed stable species

Band 3, the anion transport protein of the erythrocyte membrane, exists in the membrane as a mixture of dimers (B3D) and tetramers (B3T). The dimers are not linked to the skeleton and constitute the free mobile band 3 fraction. The tetramers are linked to the skeleton by their interaction with ankyrin. In this report we have examined the temporal synthesis and assembly of band 3 oligomers into the plasma membrane during red cell maturation. The oligomeric state of newly synthesized band 3 in early and late erythroblasts was analyzed by size-exclusion high-pressure liquid chromatography of band 3 extracts derived by mild extraction of plasma membranes with the nonionic detergent C12E8 (octaethylene glycol n-dodecyl monoether). This analysis revealed that at the early erythroblast stage, the newly synthesized band 3 is present predominantly as tetramers, whereas at the late stages of erythroid maturation, it is present exclusively as dimers. To examine whether the dimers and tetramers exist in the membrane as preformed stable species or whether they are interconvertible, the fate of band 3 species synthesized during erythroblast maturation was examined by pulse-chase analysis. We showed that the newly synthesized band 3 dimers and tetramers are stable and that there is no interconversion between these species in erythroblast membranes. Pulse-chase analysis followed by cellular fractionation showed that, in early erythroblasts, the newly synthesized band 3 tetramers are initially present in the microsomal fraction and later incorporated stably into the plasma membrane fraction. In contrast, in late erythroblasts the newly synthesized band 3 dimers move rapidly to the plasma membrane fraction but then recycle between the plasma membrane and microsomal fractions. Fluorescence photobleaching recovery studies showed that significant fractions of B3T and B3D are laterally mobile in early and late erythroblast plasma membranes, respectively, suggesting that many B3T-ankyrin complexes are unattached to the membrane skeleton in early erythroblasts and that the membrane skeleton has yet to become tightly organized in late erythroblasts. We postulate that in early erythroblasts, band 3 tetramers are transported through microsomes and stably incorporated into the plasma membrane. However, when ankyrin synthesis is downregulated in late erythroblasts, it appears that B3D are rapidly transported to the plasma membrane but then recycled between the plasma membrane and microsomal compartments. These observations may suggest novel roles for membrane skeletal proteins in stabilizing integral membrane protein oligomers at the plasma membrane and in regulating the endocytosis of such proteins.
Smoking, Binge Drinking and the Social Capital of Marriage and Children

The paper develops a model of decision making under risk where the tradeoff between risk and reward is modulated by exogenous changes in social capital. This latter is defined as fundamentally constituted by those significant and beneficial relationships one has in spouse, children, friends and community. The social capital elements studied empirically here are those of spouse and children. The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, which surveys over 12,000 individuals followed from 1979 to the present, forms the database for the study. Regression and logit analysis of both the levels and the changes in smoking and of binge drinking following exogenous changes in social capital tend to support the hypotheses that social capital will reduce the probability of behaviors entailing a risk of ill health or death.
Applying Principles of Instructional Design to a Medical School Course in Psychiatry

Modern principles of instructional design were applied by the authors to an undergraduate medical school course in psychiatry with extremely promising results. The authors presented a description of the program design and instructional techniques to second-year medical students, emphasizing in a specific way the development and implementation of learning objectives. It was found that these instructional methods led both to increased perceived learning and greater actual learning.
Vectorial Inequalities for Integral Operators Involving Ratios of Functions Using Convexity

Here we present vectorial integral inequalities for products of multivariate convex and increasing functions applied to vectors of ratios of functions. As applications we derive a wide range of vectorial fractional inequalities of Hardy type.
Decays modes B→Kψ, K∗ψ and long-distance contribution to B→K∗γ from the ψ-γ transition

Abstract We present the rate for b→ sψ into longitudinal and transverse modes of ψ and discuss the b→ sγ transition. We estimate B→K ψ and K ∗ ψ rates based on form factor evaluation and find them in agreement with experiment. We then estimate B → K ∗ γ from vector mesons to photon transitions, and comment on a possible puzzle.
Utilizing Ground-Based LIDAR for Autonomous Airdrop

Uncertainty in atmospheric winds represents one of the primary sources of landing error in airdrop systems. Significant landing errors can result if the winds near the ground differ from the wind estimates used to plan the system’s approach path. This work examines the use of a ground-based LIDAR system to measure the wind profile in the vicinity of the payload delivery target. The ground based LIDAR system samples the wind field at discrete points in the airspace around the target and transmits this real-time wind profile data to approaching autonomous airdrop systems. The onboard autonomous guidance algorithm is modified to incorporate the wind field information from the LIDAR to plan the approach trajectory. The performance of the autonomous airdrop system operating in conjunction with a ground-based LIDAR is evaluated in simulation. A 3-dimensional, time varying wind model is used to generate realistic wind conditions that constantly vary over the course of the vehicle’s trajectory and the parafoil and payload is simulated using a 6 degree of freedom non-linear model. Monte Carlo simulations are used to generate landing accuracy statistics to evaluate the improvement in landing accuracy when the information from the LIDAR unit is incorporated into an otherwise typical guided airdrop system. Simulation results demonstrate a factor of three improvement in landing accuracy in the presence of wind shear when incorporating the wind information from the LIDAR. Results also demonstrate that wind measurements covering the final approach phase of the flight are most critical and that it is possible to obtain large improvements in landing accuracy with even a small number of discrete measurements of the wind profile near the ground.
Impact of two different hemostatic devices on radial artery outcomes after transradial catheterization.

Objective. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of two different hemostatic devices on radial artery outcomes after transradial catheterization. Background. Radial artery occlusion is an infrequent but discouraging complication of transradial access. It is related to factors such as sheath-to-artery ratio and its incidence is decreased by the administration of heparin. It usually does not lead to ischemic complications, but precludes future transradial access. Patients and Methods. 500 consecutive patients undergoing transradial catheterization were prospectively enrolled in the study. 250 consecutive patients received hemostasis by application of the HemoBand (Group I), and the next 250 patients received hemostasis using the inflatable TR Band (Group II). Radial artery patency was studied at the time of application of the hemostasis device, at 30 minutes, 60 minutes and at 24 hours and 30 days using Barbeau's test. Results. 28 patients in Group I (11.2%), developed early occlusion (at 24 hours), compared to 11 patients (4.4 %) in Group II (p < 0.005). 18 patients in Group I (7.2%), developed evidence of chronic occlusion (at 30 days), compared to 8 patients (3.2 %) in Group II (p < 0.05). Early (30 minutes) return of patency was seen more frequently in Group II using the TR Band compared to Group I using the HemoBand (75% vs. 24 %; p < 0.001), probably related to a significant early (30 minutes) decrease in TR Band air-chamber pressure. No significant bleeding complication occurred in either group. Conclusion. A significant reduction in radial artery occlusion was noted with hemostasis using the TR Band compared to the HemoBand, without compromising hemostatic efficacy.