cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applied behavior analysis: understanding and changing behavior in the community-a representative review

Applied behavior analysis, a psychological discipline, has been characterized as the science of behavior change (Chance, 2006). Research in applied behavior analysis has been published for approximately 40 years since the initial publication of the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis in 1968. The field now encompasses a wide range of human behavior. Although much of the published research centers on problem behaviors that occur in schools and among people with disabilities, a substantial body of knowledge has emerged in community settings. This article provides a review of the behavioral community research published in the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis as representative of this work, including research in the areas of home and family, health, safety, community involvement and the environment, recreation and sports, crime and delinquency, and organizations. In the interest of space, research in schools and with people with disabilities has been excluded from this review.
Two new pulsating radio sources.

Two pulsars discovered during search with transit telescope at U.S. National Radio Astronomy Observatory, tabulating pulsar parameters
Quarkonium states in a complex-valued potential

We calculate quarkonium binding energies using a realistic complex-valued potential for both an isotropic and anisotropic quark-gluon plasma. We determine the disassociation temperatures of the ground and first excited states considering both the real and imaginary parts of the binding energy. We show that the effect of momentum-space anisotropy is smaller on the imaginary part of the binding energy than on the real part of the binding energy. In the case that one assumes an isotropic plasma, we find disassociation temperatures for the $J/\ensuremath{\psi}$, $\ensuremath{\Upsilon}$, and ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{b}$ of $2.3{T}_{c}$, $2.9{T}_{c}$, and $1.8{T}_{c}$, respectively. We find that a finite oblate momentum-space anisotropy increases the disassociation temperature for all states considered and results in a splitting of the $p$-wave states associated with the ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{b}$ first excited state of bottomonium.
The Influence of Sex and Age on Unilateral Cerebral Lesion Sequelae

Group differences in unilateral lesion sequolae may suggest group differences in brain organization, but only if the two groups have equivalent lesions. In an analysis of sex and age on neuropsychological performance, we quantified lesion size and location, based on CT images. Significant sex by group (left, right, controls) interactions were found for variables most related to left hemisphere functions (verbal intellectual, right motor, right sensory), but not for variables most related to right hemisphere functions (nonverbal intellectual, left motor, left sensory). For each interaction, left males performed worse than left females, but right males were better than right females. Further, these sex differences were not due to sex differences in lesion parameters. Age was not a major determinant of lesion sequelae.
Independence numbers of graphs and generators of ideals

This article investigates the generators of certain homogeneous ideals which are associated with graphs with bounded independence numbers. These ideals first appeared in the theory oft-designs. The main theorem suggests a new approach to the Clique Problem which isNP-complete. This theorem has a more general form in commutative algebra dealing with ideals associated with unions of linear varieties. This general theorem is stated in the article; a corollary to it generalizes Turan’s theorem on the maximum graphs with a prescribed clique number.
Radioprotection of immunologically reactive T lymphocytes by WR-2721.

Abstract We examined the ability of S -2-(3-aminopropylamino) ethyl phosphorothioic acid (WR-2721) to protect those splenic T lymphocytes that respond to alloantigen in mixed leukocyte culture by differentiating into immunologically specific cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL). Injection of WR-2721 (400 mg/kg) 20 min before whole-body X-irradiation protected viable-cell recovery and CTL activity, both measured on day 4 of culture. The dose-modifying factor (DMF) for viable-cell recovery was 1.6 (at 10% survival) and that for CTL activity was 1.54 or 1.69, depending on whether the ratio of the slopes or the actual activities at 10% survival were compared. Full protection was obtained 10 min after injection of the drug, and a high degree of protection persisted for at least 90 min. Our results indicate that WR-2721 provides a significant degree of protection to cells of the immune system that are significant in tumor suppression and suggest that the compound may prevent or moderate the immunosuppression that follows radiation therapy.
Effects of kisspeptin on parameters of the HPA axis

The hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) and hypothalamo–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axes have an intricate cross talk that results in the inhibition of reproductive functions during periods of chronic physiological or psychological stress. Recent studies have shown that kisspeptin neurons have projections to many non-reproductive areas of the brain including the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus, thereby providing evidence of an anatomical framework for kisspeptin to regulate the HPA axis. In this study, we tested as to whether kisspeptin modulates the HPA axis at three potential levels of regulation: (1) transcription of stress-related genes CRH, AVP, and oxytocin (OXY); (2) release of neuropeptides from PVN-derived neuronal cells via mobilization of intracellular calcium stores; and (3) in vivo regulation of the HPA axis under basal and stress-induced conditions in adult male rats. Overall, our data showed that kisspeptin did not alter basal, or stress-induced HPA axis activity (plasma corticosterone (CORT) and adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)) in adult male rats and had modest, yet significant effects on CRH, AVP, and OXY gene expressions.
Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP1) regulates Rac1 and RhoA reciprocally to control Schwann cell adhesion and migration.

LDL receptor-related protein (LRP1) is expressed by Schwann cells in vivo mainly after injury to the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Schwann cells in primary culture, which provide a model of Schwann cells in the injured PNS, also express abundant LRP1. Herein, we show that LRP1 gene-silencing or treatment with receptor-associated protein (RAP) promotes Schwann cell adhesion and inhibits cell migration on fibronectin. LRP1 gene-silencing also resulted in the formation of prominent focal adhesions and actin stress fibers. These changes, which were induced by loss of LRP1 expression or activity, were explained mechanistically by an increase in activated RhoA, coupled with a decrease in activated Rac1. Known LRP1 ligands, including matrix metalloprotease-9, tissue-type plasminogen activator, and α2-macroglobulin activated Rac1 in LRP1-expressing Schwann cells. An inhibitor of Rac1 activation promoted Schwann cell adhesion. Conversely, in cells in which LRP1 was silenced, a Rho kinase inhibitor promoted migration and inhibited adhesion. These results demonstrate that direct binding of ligands to LRP1 controls activation of small Rho family GTPases. The effects of LRP1 gene-silencing and RAP implicate autocrine pathways involving endogenously produced LRP1 ligands. Regulation of Schwann cell migration by LRP1 may be important in PNS injury.
Pulsatile Release of Luteinizing Hormone and Testosterone in Male Ferrets

The temporal organization of LH and testosterone secretion was examined in male European ferrets. Hormone levels were measured in frequent blood samples taken via an indwelling jugular cannula from sexually mature and castrated ferrets. Intact ferrets discharge LH and testosterone in discrete pulses, but the frequency and amplitude of these pulses vary within and between individual males. The average frequency of LH pulses was 1.14 ± 0.25 pulses/h, with an amplitude of 1.59 ± 0.23 ng/ml in 11 ferrets. Testosterone pulse frequency and amplitude were 0.62 ± 0.04 pulses/h and 16.96 ± 2.5 ng/ml, respectively. The frequency, amplitude, and duration of hormone pulses were similar during the light and dark phases of the lightdark cycle. LH and testosterone peaks were temporally coupled with LH pulses preceding testosterone pulses by 10–20 min. However, not all LH pulses evoked a rise in testosterone. Frequently, trains of 2 or more LH pulses gave rise to a single testosterone pulse. Castration provoked a rapid i...
Importance of vacancy cascades in argon recoil-ion charge-state distributions accompanied by coincident projectile-electron capture and loss

Argon recoil-ion charge-state distributions produced by beams of 0.7-MeV/u ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{5+,8+,10+}$ have been measured by time-of-flight techniques in coincidence with single- and double-charge-changed projectiles. In an essential improvement to the usual multinomial description of ionization in the independent-electron-ejection model, we find the inclusion of one (two) Auger vacancy cascades significantly alters the description of the recoil-ion spectra corresponding to single (double) capture. The single- and double-projectile-electron loss and capture spectra strongly resemble each other, suggesting that loss of one or two projectile electrons is closely associated with loss of one or two target $L$ electrons, respectively. These conclusions are consistent with impact parameters inferred from determinations of mean recoil energy.
Nas fronteiras do "humano": os debates britânico e brasileiro sobre a pesquisa com embriões

Following the arrival of in vitro fertilization techniques at the end of the seventies, a worldwide debate soon flourished on the status of the embryo produced within the laboratory and on its use in experimental scientific research. The purpose of this paper is to analyze and compare two of these debates as they unfolded in the British and Brazilian Parliaments. The former resulted in the 1990 Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act, while the latter led to the provisions of the 2005 Biosafety Law concerning embryonic stem cell research. Exploring the anthropological literature on the topic, the analysis aims to show not only the contemporary opening up of the borders of the 'human' to explicitly political forms of negotiation, but also the main vectors directing such negotiations in the case of scientific research using human embryos.
Writing tricksters : mythic gambols in American ethnic literature

This volume examines the resurgence of tricksters - ubiquitous shape-shifters who will dwell on borders, at crossroads and between worlds - on the contemporary cultural and literary scene. Depicitng a chaotic, multilingual world of colliding and overlapping cultures, many of America's most prominent women writers are writing tricksters. Taking up works by Maxine Hong Kingston, Louise Erdrich and Toni Morrison, the author weaves together current critical discources on marginality, ethnicity, feminism and folklore, with the aim of illuminating a "trickster aesthetic" central to non-Western storytelling traditions.
Mercury surface composition: Integrating petrologic modeling and remote sensing data to place constraints on FeO abundance

Abstract A significant opaque component in Mercury’s crust is inferred based on albedo and spectral observations. Previous workers have favored iron–titanium bearing oxide minerals as the spectrally neutral opaque. A consequence of this hypothesis is that Mercury’s surface would have a high FeO content. An array of remote sensing techniques have not provided definitive constraints on the FeO content of Mercury’s surface. However, spectral observations have not detected a diagnostic 1 μm absorption band and have thus limited the FeO in coexisting silicates to
Suicide terrorism: exploring Western perceptions of terms, context, and causes

In the scientific literature and popular media, the five terms suicide bomber, suicide terrorist, Islamic martyr, martyr or volunteer are often used interchangeably. This study investigates the mental representations related to these five different terms when the terms are presented individually and when they are embedded in the context of two scenarios. Participants were 129 undergraduate students. It was hypothesized that: (1) the positive and negative valence of associations to the five target words would differ; (2) the perception of a suicide terrorist would be influenced by target word used and by the context of the act, such as the kind of victims; (3) the reasons given for why a person becomes a suicide bomber would reflect more often those discussed in scientific research and less often those commonly presented in the media; and (4) the reasons given would differ between target words and context. Results mostly confirmed the hypotheses. Although context information seems to outweigh the connotati...
Compensatory Strategies for Managing the Workload Demands of a Multimodal Reserve Capacity Task

The purpose of the present study was to use a newly-developed measure of reserve attentional capacity to evaluate unitary versus multiple resource theories of attention. Participants performed a primary visual monitoring task and were presented with visual, auditory, and tactile secondary loading tasks. The data indicate that participants failed to maintain performance on the primary task, as instructed, in order to maximize overall performance. A significant difference was found on the basis of primary task condition, wherein performance on the visual monitoring task was significantly worse when paired with a visual task versus auditory or tactile tasks. Although the data do not preclude interpretation in terms of a unitary resource model, data trends offer potential support for multiple resource models. Language: en
Outcomes and length of medicare nursing home stays: the role of registered nurses and physical therapists.

Data on Medicare discharges (n = 4086) in the discharge sample of the National Nursing Home Survey were used to study the association of registered nurse (RN) and physical therapist (PT) staffing levels to the outcomes and length of Medicare nursing home stays. Marginal effects were calculated in multinomial logistic modeling of Medicare beneficiaries who recovered/stabilized, died, or were hospitalized. Linear regression models on length of stay (LOS) were constructed. Higher RN staffing was related to fewer hospitalizations whereas greater PT staffing was associated with more recovered/stabilized outcomes and fewer deaths. RN and PT staffing may play different, though complementary, clinical roles affecting outcomes. Higher RN and PT staffing levels also reduced LOS of recovered/stabilized outcomes. The staffing increases involved in reducing LOS and hospitalizations appear substantial. Research on best practices that can amplify effects of nursing home staffing increases on quality seem to be the next ...
Lessons Learned: A "Homeless Shelter Intervention" by a Medical Student

The authors explored the process of implementing a medical student-initiated program designed to provide computerized mental health screening, referral, and education in a homeless shelter. An educational program was designed to teach homeless shelter staff about psychiatric disorders and culturally-informed treatment strategies. Pre- and post-questionnaires were obtained in conjunction with the educational program involving seven volunteer shelter staff. A computerized mental health screening tool, Quick Psycho-Diagnostics Panel (QPD), was utilized to screen for the presence of nine psychiatric disorders in 19 volunteer homeless shelter residents. Shelter staffs’ overall fund of knowledge improved by an average of 23% on the basis of pre- /post- questionnaires (p=0.005). Of the individuals who participated in the mental health screening, 68% screened positive for at least one psychiatric disorder and were referred for further mental health care. At the 3- month follow-up of these individuals, 46% of those referred had accessed their referral services as recommended. Medical student-initiated psychiatric outreach programs to the homeless community have the potential to reduce mental health disparities by both increasing access to mental health services and by providing education. The authors discuss educational challenges and benefits for the medical students involved in this project.
MR Imaging Evaluation of the Pelvic Floor for the Assessment of Vaginal Prolapse and Urinary Incontinence

Pelvic MR imaging using the combination of motion-insensitive T2-weighted single-shot fast spin echo and high soft tissue resolution standard T2-weighted fast spin echo techniques has helped to identify soft tissue abnormalities that directly correlate with the clinical and intraoperative findings related to pelvic floor prolapse. In particular, the authors have shown that pelvic MR imaging has the ability to identify changes related to uterosacral ligament disruption and to document the corrective changes after surgical repair of this ligament. In the future, pelvic MR imaging is expected to play a progressively larger role in preoperative planning for complex or uncertain cases and for more detailed evaluation of repair in cases that do not show good symptomatic response. Pelvic MR imaging should also help to document and advance knowledge of surgical repair methodology.
Health-related quality of life outcomes among cervical cancer survivors: Examining ethnic and linguistic differences

Abstract Background : This study aims to investigate the utility of an explanatory health-related quality of life (HRQOL) model for cervical cancer survivors. Specifically, this study focuses on the different patterns in the structural model of HRQOL by ethnic and language groups. Methods : Secondary data derived from 560 European- and Latina-American cervical cancer survivors was used. The study methodology was guided by the Contextual Model of health-related quality of life. Results : Structural equation modeling demonstrated significant differences in the overall structural models for HRQOL by ethnicity. For example, European-Americans showed significant association between radiation therapy and HRQOL, while life burden was related to sexual impact for Latina-Americans only. The results showed the significant mediating effects of general health status and psychological well-being between patient–doctor relationship and HRQOL, and between life burden and HRQOL, respectively, for all ethnic and language groups. While language group differences (limited English vs. English proficient) among Latina-Americans emerged in bivariate analyses; these distinctions were not upheld in the overall structural models. Conclusion : The unique contribution of the individual- and systemic-level components in predicting overall HRQOL outcome seems to vary by ethnic group membership. Our findings advance our understanding of the predictors and the association among the predictors of HRQOL. This study may contribute to the evolution of culturally and linguistically responsive HRQOL conceptual frameworks and instrumentation for vulnerable populations.
Role of AMP-18 in Oral Mucositis

Summary Oral mucositis (OM) is a devasting toxicity associated with cytotoxic cancer therapy. Antrum mucosal protein (AMP)-18 and a synthetic peptide surrogate, exhibit cell protective and mitogenic properties in in vitro and in vivo models of gastrointestinal epithelial cell injury. The mucosal barrier-protective effects may be mediated by AMP-18’s capacity to increase accumulation of specific tight junction (TJ) and adherens junction proteins, and also protect against their loss after injury. Here we asked if AMP peptide could protect the oral mucosa and speed healing from radiation-induced injury. We found AMP peptide prevented radiation-induced OM in a murine model. The peptide also stimulated HaCaT cell growth used to model the oral mucosa. Binding of recombinant human (rh) AMP-18 to the plasma membrane of keratinocytes in normal human oral mucosal tissue suggested that its effects may be receptor mediated. Using an immobilized His-tagged rhAMP-18 fusion protein the receptor was identified as the cholecystokinin-B/gastrin receptor (CCKBR) by affinity purification and mass spectrometry analysis. CCKBR was expressed and co-immunoprecipitated with exogenous rhAMP-18 in diverse epithelial cell lines. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that rhAMP-18 colocalized with CCKBR on the surface of CCKBR-transfected cells. Furthermore, rhAMP-18-stimulated signaling pathways were blocked by a CCKBR-specific antagonist, YM022. rhAMP-18 enhanced viability and growth of CCKBR-transfected, but not empty vector-transfected cells. These results suggest the importance of epithelial junctional integrity in the pathogenesis of OM and demonstrate that AMP-18, by targeting TJ proteins through the activation of CCKBR, could provide a novel strategy for the prevention and treatment of OM.
Full-cycle social psychology for theory and application.

Experimental lab-based research has the ability to carefully control variables and establish causality, but also possesses accompanying weaknesses. Most prominent is its inability to determine the strength or prevalence of phenomena in the natural environment. As a solution, we present a full-cycle approach to social psychology, whereby researchers use naturalistic observation to determine an effect’s presence in the real world, theory to determine what processes underlie the effect, experimentation to verify the effect and its underlying processes, and a return to the natural environment to corroborate the experimental findings. We also discuss ways in which the full-cycle approach lends itself to applied research, how observing the lack of an effect where one is expected can lead to fruitful research, and how field research can offset some of the limitations of carefully controlled laboratory research.
Effects of dietary fat and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine on microsomal lipid peroxidation

Abstract An increased intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially those of the omega-3 series, has shown beneficial effects in prevention of chronic diseases, including cancer. It is not known if at high levels, incorporation of these fatty acids into membrane phospholipids will cause adverse effects due to increased tissue susceptibility to peroxidation. This study was designed to determine whether diets high in polyunsaturated fatty acids would increase liver and colon susceptibility to peroxidation. Secondly, the study examined the effect of diet and the colon carcinogen, 1,2-diemethylhydrazine, on potential peroxidation in these tissues. Rats were fed diets of varied fatty acid composition and effects were compared over time and as the result of injection of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. Test diets consisted of a low fat corn oil diet or high fat diets of either corn oil, beef tallow, or menhaden oil. Fatty acid composition of colon microsomes was determined. Lipid peroxidation products were measured as thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances in liver and colon microsomes before and after induction with iron/ADP/ascorbate. Content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in colon microsomes was shown to vary according to diet. Induced peroxidation of liver microsomes was highest in the menhaden oil group but only in young animals. Older animals showed greater levels of induced peroxidation in the liver and less effect of diet. Dimethylhydrazine increased inducible peroxidation in the liver without a clear pattern of difference by diet. Tissue differences were also apparent. Colon microsomes showed resistance to peroxide induction by iron/ADP/ascorbate and no difference in peroxide content as the result of DMH. Increases in lipid peroxidation do not appear to be associated with this model of colon carcinogenesis.
Kinetics and forces of adhesion for a pair of capsular/unencapsulated Staphylococcus mutant strains

Staphylococcus is a major pathogen recognized as the most common cause of nosocomial infections, postoperative infections, and rejection of implants and other biomaterial-related devices. Capsules are a compact layer of polysaccharides extending from the cell wall of some bacteria. Capsulated bacteria are frequently associated with biofouling, serious invasive infections, and biofilm formation. The attachment kinetics of bacteria mutant strains Staphylococcus aureus Smith diffuse (SD) and Staphylococcus aureus Smith compact (SC) were measured under well-defined, laminar flow conditions using a parallel plate flow chamber. The attachment rate of capsule-free SC to a glass slide was approximately 2 orders of magnitude greater than that of encapsulated SD bacteria from which it was derived. Ancillary physicochemical characterization supports that this marked difference in adhesion is due to the absence of a capsule outside the cell wall of SC. Electrophoresis measurements showed no statistically significant ...
Interindustry flows and the incidence of the corporate income tax

Abstract This paper examines the empirical importance of interindustry flows in the incidence of the corporate income tax. I find that the omission of interindustry flows from general equilibrium tax incidence models can lead to serious errors, given their actual magnitude.
MCAD - ECAD INTEGRATION: OVERVIEW AND FUTURE RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES

The domain of Electrical Computer-Aided Design and Engineering (ECAD/ECAE) has been subject to major and rapid change over the past couple of years. Electrical Engineering Computer-Aided Design (CAD) tools developed in the early to mid-1990s no longer meet future requirements. Consequently, a new generation of Electrical Engineering CAD systems has been under development for about a decade now. An overview of advances in this field is presented in the introductory part of this paper. This overview also sets the context and provides background information for the main topic, MCAD-ECAD-integration, to be addressed in the remainder of this paper. Many complex engineered systems encompass mechanical as well as electrical engineering components. Unfortunately, contemporary CAE environments do not provide a sufficient degree of integration in order to allow for multi-disciplinary product modeling and bi-directional information flow (i.e. automated design modifications on either side) between mechanical and electrical CAD domains. Overcoming this barrier of systems integration would release a tremendous efficiency potential with regard to the efficient development of multidisciplinary product platforms and configurations. An overview of the state-of-the-art in MCADECAD integration is presented. In addition, associated research questions are postulated and potential future research perspectives discussed.
Substantive Theory and Statistical Interaction: Five Models

For a series of theoretical models involving two independent interval-scale variables acting together to produce a joint causal effect, different modes of analysis are described. In each case statistical interaction is involved, but the form of this interation differs with each model. Methods for deriving appropriate interaction terms are given. These models provide a flexibility for statistical analyses appropriate to a broader range of theories than can be treated well by conventional regression procedures. If, as seems likely, theoretical propositions are often stated in empirical research in a form appropriate to additive multiple regression, these methods suggest that such propositions might be reexamined and reformulated. It is possible that the methods have particular relevance for some aspects of functional, equilibrium, balance, and conflict theories.
Serum Levels of Matrix Extracellular Phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE) in Normal Humans Correlate with Serum Phosphorus, Parathyroid Hormone and Bone Mineral Density

Matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE), a member of the Small Integrin Binding Ligand N-linked Glycoprotein (SIBLING) family, is primarily expressed in normal bone and has been proposed as a phosphaturic factor because of high expression and secretion in oncogenic hypophosphatemic osteomalacia tumors. In order to begin to address the role of MEPE in normal human physiology, we developed a competitive ELISA to measure serum levels of MEPE. The ELISA was used to characterize the distribution pattern in a population consisting of 114 normal adult subjects. The mean value of MEPE was 476 +/- 247 ng/ml and levels decreased significantly with increasing age. MEPE levels were also significantly correlated with serum phosphorus and parathyroid hormone (PTH). In addition, MEPE levels correlated significantly with measures of bone mineral density in the femoral neck and total hip in a subset of 50 elderly subjects. The results are consistent with MEPE being involved in phosphate and bone metabolism in a normal population.
Effect of inhaled endotoxin on airway and circulating inflammatory cell phagocytosis and CD11b expression in atopic asthmatic subjects

Abstract Background: In a cohort of 8 normal and 10 allergic asthmatic volunteers, we previously reported that inhalation of 5 μg of endotoxin (LPS) induced airway inflammation that correlated with CD14 expression that was, in turn, correlated with eosinophil numbers in the airway. Macrophage and neutrophil functions have been reported to be modified by endotoxin in vitro and in vivo, and response to endotoxin is mediated largely by airway phagocytes and related to allergic inflammation. Objective: We sought to examine functional and cell-surface phenotype changes in phagocytes recovered from atopic asthmatic subjects after endotoxin challenge. Methods: Sputum and peripheral blood from 10 allergic asthmatic subjects was recovered after saline and LPS challenge. Assessment of phagocytosis and cell-surface phenotype (CD11b, CD14, and CD64) was performed on phagocytes obtained from sputum (n = 7) and blood samples (n = 10). Results: Phagocytosis of blood and sputum phagocytes was blunted after LPS challenge in a fashion that correlated with the increase in airway neutrophils after LPS challenge. Cell-surface expression of CD14 (membrane-bound CD14) was increased in sputum cells, whereas CD11b was decreased in sputum and circulating phagocytes. Baseline expression of CD11b in blood correlated with the magnitude of the neutrophil response after LPS inhalation, as well as (inversely) with baseline airway eosinophil levels. Conclusions: Inhalation of endotoxin at levels adequate to induce a neutrophil influx to the airways (but not systemic symptoms) results in decreased phagocytosis in both airway and circulating cells and modifies CD11b expression in a way that implicates its involvement in phagocyte responsiveness to inhaled LPS. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;112:353-61.)
RESTAURATEUR REACTION TO IRRADIATED SHELLFISH

Forty-two restaurateurs in Wisconsin were interviewed to determine their awareness of food irradiation and use of shellfish. The restaurateurs were divided into control and test groups; the latter heard an explanation that favorably explained the process of food irradiation. This explanation had no effect (P< .05) on the reaction to six statements regarding food irradiation and contamination. Only 8% of all the respondents knew that the shellfish served in his/her restaurant were purchased from shippers listed on the approved interstate shellfish shippers’list. In addition, 24% of the respondents disagreed with the statement “I think that shellfish are carriers of organisms that can cause illness” and 57% had never heard of food irradiation. This pilot study showed that educational activities regarding food irradiation and shellfish purchasing and handling are needed for these important wholesale consumers of shellfish.
Reactions induced by 150–350 keV deuterons on 12C and 13C

Abstract Thin self-supporting targets of natural C and enriched 13 C were bombarded by deuterons, and energetically resolved particle groups were observed for the nuclear reactions 12)C(d,p) 13 C g.s., 13 C(d, p) 14 C g.s., 13 C(d, α 11 B g.s., and 13 C(d, α) 11 B ∗ (2.14 MeV). Excitation functions at θ lab = 90° were measured for deuteron laboratory energies from 150 to 350 keV. Angular distributions, from θ lab = 45° to 135°, were observed for both targets at 183.6 and 198.8 keV, plus 300.5 keV for 12 C and 262.3 keV for 13 C. Astrophysical S -factors determined from the excitation functions show almost no resonant structure. All of the angular distributions are anisotropic and only weakly energy dependent, with the differential cross section largest at forward angles for 13 C(d, p) 14 C g.s. but largest at back-angles for 12 C(d, p) 13 C g.s. and 13 C(d,α) 11 B g.s.
Application of direct and indirect immunofluorescence for identification of enteroviruses and titrating their antibodies.

SummaryTissue culture cells infected with various enteroviruses show specific immunofluorescence when stained directly with conjugated fractionated antiserum. The indirect method of fluorescent antibody determination is an even more satisfactory diagnostic technic since it makes possible the detection and titration of enterovirus antibodies actively acquired following clinical or subclinical infection or from vaccination.
Graduate school or work? Some elementary truths about graduate degrees, as viewed by an EE department chairman

Graduate school, industry, or both? These are key questions facing graduating seniors in engineering. The world of work is extremely attractive: salary offers are high and besides, going to school may be getting old hat. But there are reasons to consider postponing work opportunities to go to graduate school full time.
Absorption spectrophotometric study of 253EsF3 and its decay products in the bulk-phase solid state☆

Abstract Absorption spectrophotometry has been used to study 253EsF3 and its decay products in the solid state. The absorption spectra of the daughter BkF3 and granddaughter CfF3 have been observed as a function of time. From previously published absorption spectra for BkF3 and CfF3, it is apparent the oxidation state of the metal ion remains trivalent. Studies of both the fine structure of the absorption spectra and X-ray powder diffraction data indicate the daughter and granddaughter compounds have local order corresponding to that of the high-temperature, LaF3-type trigonal structure.
Community structure of benthic invertebrates in interior Alaskan (USA) streams and rivers

Taxonomic composition of benthic invertebrates in interior Alaskan streams and rivers is summarized from published and unpublished data. Diptera dominate the Alaskan stream fauna and constitute a larger proportion of the benthos in Alaskan streams than in streams of temperate North America. Plecoptera and Ephemeroptera are the next most abundant in Alaskan streams with Trichoptera generally very scarce. Several orders that occur regularly in streams of temperate North America are absent (or in very low abundance) in interior Alaskan streams: Hemiptera, Odonata, Megaloptera, Coleoptera. Netspinning caddisflies, burrowing mayflies, and several families of stoneflies (Pteronarcyidae, Peltoperlidae and Perlidae) are conspicuous by their absence or extreme scarcity. Taxonomic composition varies significantly among hydrologic regions (major watersheds) and among stream types (springs, headwater streams, small rivers, and large rivers). Only two taxa (Chironomidae and Nemouridae) significantly increase in proportional contribution from south to north while many taxa decrease.
Characterization and management of interfractional anatomic changes for pancreatic cancer radiotherapy.

Purpose To quantitatively characterize interfractional anatomic variations in pancreatic cancer radiotherapy (RT) and to study dosimetric advantages for using an online adaptive replanning scheme to account for these variations. Methods and Materials Targets and organs at risk (OAR) were delineated by autosegmentation based on daily computed tomography (CT) images acquired using a respiration-gated in-room CT during daily image-guided RT (IGRT) for 10 pancreatic cancer patients. Various parameters, including the maximum overlap ratio (MOR) between the volumes based on planning and daily CTs for a structure, while the overlapping volumes were maximized, were used to quantify the interfractional organ deformation with the intrafractional variations largely excluded. An online adaptive RT (ART) was applied to these daily CTs. To evaluate the dosimetric benefits of ART, the dose distributions from the online ART were compared to those from the repositioning in the current standard IGRT practice. Results The interfractional anatomic variations, particularly the organ deformation, are significant during pancreas irradiation. For the patients studied, the average MORs of all daily CTs were 80.2%, 61.7%, and 72.2% for pancreatic head, duodenum, and stomach, respectively. The online ART leads to improved dosimetric plan with better target coverage and/or OAR sparing than IGRT repositioning. For the patients studied, the mean V 50.4 Gy (volume covered by 50.4 Gy) for the duodenum was reduced from 43.4% for IGRT to 15.6% for the online ART scheme. Conclusions The online adaptive RT scheme can effectively account for the significant interfractional anatomic variations observed in pancreas irradiation. The dosimetric advantages with the online ART may enable safe dose escalation in radiation therapy for pancreatic cancer.
Model Sensitivity and Use of the Comparative Finite Element Method in Mammalian Jaw Mechanics: Mandible Performance in the Gray Wolf

Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is a powerful tool gaining use in studies of biological form and function. This method is particularly conducive to studies of extinct and fossilized organisms, as models can be assigned properties that approximate living tissues. In disciplines where model validation is difficult or impossible, the choice of model parameters and their effects on the results become increasingly important, especially in comparing outputs to infer function. To evaluate the extent to which performance measures are affected by initial model input, we tested the sensitivity of bite force, strain energy, and stress to changes in seven parameters that are required in testing craniodental function with FEA. Simulations were performed on FE models of a Gray Wolf (Canis lupus) mandible. Results showed that unilateral bite force outputs are least affected by the relative ratios of the balancing and working muscles, but only ratios above 0.5 provided balancing-working side joint reaction force relationships that are consistent with experimental data. The constraints modeled at the bite point had the greatest effect on bite force output, but the most appropriate constraint may depend on the study question. Strain energy is least affected by variation in bite point constraint, but larger variations in strain energy values are observed in models with different number of tetrahedral elements, masticatory muscle ratios and muscle subgroups present, and number of material properties. These findings indicate that performance measures are differentially affected by variation in initial model parameters. In the absence of validated input values, FE models can nevertheless provide robust comparisons if these parameters are standardized within a given study to minimize variation that arise during the model-building process. Sensitivity tests incorporated into the study design not only aid in the interpretation of simulation results, but can also provide additional insights on form and function.
Hemagglutination by Fava Bean Extract Inhibited by Simple Sugars

Hemagglutination by extract of fava bean was inhibited by 5-percent d-glucose, d-fructose, or maltose, but not by 5-percent d-galactose or lactose. Failure to inhibit seems to reflect the presence of a hydroxyl group at the carbon No. 4 position. Hemagglutination was enhanced by dextran of high molecular weight, but not by dextran of low molecular weight. The finding supports the hypothesis that large molecular size explains the enhancement by gum acacia of hemagglutination by fava bean.
A method for staining epoxy sections for light microscopy.

A technique for staining sections of osmium-fixed, epoxy-embedded tissues for light microscopy is presented. The method employs aqueous toluidine blue at pH 11.1 and does not require prior removal of embedding medium. When stained with this technique and viewed with an oil immersion objective, the images are striking because of their great definition and resemblance to the images are striking because of their great definition and resemblance to of areas seen in the electron microscope; it also permits better utilization of the full resolving power of the light microscope.
Crystallization of the α-hemolysin heptamer solubilized in decyldimethyl- and decyldiethylphosphine oxide

Crystals of the α-hemolysin heptamer, a transmembrane pore-forming toxin from Staphylococcus aureus, have been grown using the nonionic detergents n-decyldimethyl- and n-decyldiethylphosphine oxide, phosphorus homologs of the ionic amine oxide detergents. Five crystal forms were obtained, one of which diffracted X-rays to 3 A resolution. This crystal form displayed elements of pseudo mm symmetry in screened precession photographs yet it was triclinic with unit-cell dimensions a = 173, b = 173, c = 102 A, α = 92.6, β = 94.8, γ = 90.2°.
Noradrenergic lesions differentially alter the antidepressant-like effects of reboxetine in a modified forced swim test.

The novel antidepressant reboxetine is a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. In this study, the antidepressant-like effects of reboxetine were characterized in a modified rat forced swim test. Further, in order to investigate the role of the locus coeruleus and lateral tegmental noradrenergic systems in the mediation of reboxetine's effects, the impact of different chemical lesions of these two pathways was examined on the behavioral responses induced by reboxetine in the forced swim test. Reboxetine (5-20 mg/kg, s.c.) dose-dependently decreased immobility and swimming behavior in the forced swim test while it simultaneously increased climbing behavior. These effects were similar to those previously demonstrated with tricyclic antidepressants and are indicative of reboxetine's effects on the noradrenergic system. Discrete local injections of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine were employed to lesion the ventral noradrenergic bundle arising from cells located in the lateral tegmentum. This resulting lesion completely prevented reboxetine (10 mg/kg, s.c.)-induced decreases in immobility and increases in climbing behavior, demonstrating that an intact ventral noradrenergic bundle is required for the manifestation of reboxetine-induced antidepressant-like behavior in the test. In contrast, lesions of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle which consists of neurons arising from the nucleus locus coereleus, were achieved by systemic pretreatment with the selective noradrenergic neurotoxin N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP-4; 50 mg/kg, i.p.). The ability of reboxetine (10 mg/kg, s.c.) to increase climbing and decrease immobility was augmented by DSP-4 pretreatment. Furthermore, neither lesions of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle nor the ventral noradrenergic bundle altered baseline immobility scores in the forced swim test. Taken together, these data suggest that forebrain regions innervated by these two distinct noradrenergic pathways exert opposing influences on the behavioral response to reboxetine in the rat forced swim test.
A potential contamination error associated with insect protein mark‐capture data

Various types of protein-spray solutions have proven effective for externally tagging arthropods for mark-release-recapture and mark-capture type dispersal research. However, there is concern that certain standardized arthropod collection methods, such as sweep netting, might lead to high incidences of protein transfer from field-marked to unmarked arthropods during sample collection and sample handling. Native arthropods were collected in sweep nets from a field of alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. (Fabaceae). The nets also contained 10 egg white-, 10 bovine milk-, 10 soy milk-, and 10 water (control)-marked Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) that were visually distinguishable by a yellow, white, green, and blue dot, respectively. The plant debris and arthropods from each sweep net collection were then placed into either a paper or a plastic bag and frozen for storage. The contents of each sweep net sample were thawed and the color-coded H. convergens and field-collected arthropods were examined for the presence of each protein by an egg white (albumin), bovine milk (casein), and soy milk (soy trypsin) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data revealed that only 0.67, 0.81, and 0% of the field-collected unmarked arthropods acquired an egg white, bovine milk, and soy milk mark, respectively. ELISA results also showed that all the egg white-marked H. convergens retained their mark, but 22.1% of the bovine milk-marked and 5.1% of the soy milk-marked H. convergens (color-coded beetles) lost their mark during the collection and sample handling processes.
Bound for Glory: The Hostage Crisis as Captivity Narrative in Iran

Eschewing conventional analyses of foreign policymaking during the Iranian hostage crisis, this paper examines how media representations of the crisis (November 1979–January 1981) contained important elements of classic American captivity narratives. Five themes are culled from the secondary literature on captivity stories and are used as categories in a content analysis of mass circulation media such as People Magazine and Time as well as more elite publications such as The New York Times and The New Republic . Depictions of Iranians as “devilish savages,” calls to rally around the flag, anxious depictions of the hostages' plight and fears that they will “go native,” exhortations to stand firm, and heroic leadership are found to be recurring themes in widely read media accounts of the hostage crisis. The results suggest that captivity stories have a continuing influence on popular understandings of America's mission in the world.
6-Hydroxydopamine treatment increases β-adrenoceptors and Ca2+ channels in rat heart

Rats received 6-hydroxydopamine (50 mg/kg i.v.) on two successive days. After 14 days cardiac beta-adrenoceptors and Ca2+ channels were measured by radioligand binding. Ca2+ channel binding [( 3H]nitrendipine) was increased 31% with no change in affinity, and beta-adrenoceptor binding [( 3H]dihydroalprenolol) was increased 28% with no change in affinity. Innervation may be important in the regulation of Ca2+ channel expression.
Serving Holocaust Survivors and Survivor Families

This article reviews and discusses the characteristics and needs of aging survivors of the Holocaust. Journalistic and historic accounts have documented the gruesome details of the Holocaust and, to a lesser extent, the consequences of these harrowing experiences. Professional and scientific efforts in the immediate postwar years have aimed to specify and understand the mental health consequences of the Holocaust in survivors. Efforts have also been directed to aid their adjustment to the postwar years. The article addresses attitudinal and assumptional issues first. These include assumptions and generalizations prevalent in the literature con- cerning the effects of the Holocaust on survivors. Second, conceptual issues are explored in order to facilitate a better understanding of the nature and needs of victims of the Holocaust. These include a review of mental health consequences of extreme stress, the role and importance of coping style and coping resources, and the interaction of stress, aging and res...