cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nucleate boiling from smooth and rough surfaces - Part 2: Analysis of surface roughness effects on nucleate boiling

Abstract The effect of surface roughness on nucleate boiling heat transfer is not clearly understood. This study is devised to conduct detailed heat transfer and bubble measurements during boiling on a heater surface with controlled roughness. This second of two companion papers presents an analysis of heat transfer and bubble ebullition in nucleate boiling with new measures of surface roughness: area ratio, surface mean normal angle, and maximum idealized surface curvature. An additional length scale of importance, the maximum base diameter of an emergent bubble, is identified. Measurements of bubble departure diameters, growth periods, ebullition periods, and void fraction above the surface are obtained from high-speed videographic visualizations by an automated procedure. Correlations of heat transfer coefficient and bubble ebullition characteristics with different measures of surface roughness are compared in terms of relative uncertainty. The data set of results for pool boiling in the perfluorinated dielectric liquid, FC-72, are found to correlate best with a length-scale filtered value of average roughness Ra, filt. Over a larger database with three different data sets including FC-72, FC-77, and water at atmospheric pressure, the most reliable correlations were obtained with the appropriately filtered area ratio. FC-72 bubble growth curves are well correlated for all test conditions with the normalized relationship D* ∼ (t*)1/3. Finally, the maximum void fraction in the region above the surface is correlated with normalized heat flux for these data and for water as the two-thirds power of heat flux.
The atmosphere of mars analyzed by integral inversion of the Mariner IV occultation data

Mars atmosphere analyzed by integral inversion of Mariner 4 radio occultation data, obtaining height profiles of refractivity for upper and lower atmospheres
Short-stay carotid endarterectomy in a tertiary-care Veterans Administration hospital.

Abstract Background This study focused on 200 carotid endarterectomies (CEA) performed at our Veterans Administration Hospital (VAH) to determine whether 1-day hospitalization after CEA is safe and the degree to which it can be achieved. Methods Over 36 months, 200 CEAs were performed for asymptomatic stenosis (n = 104), transient ischemic attacks (n = 68), and stroke (n = 28). General anesthesia was used in 189 procedures. Results The hospital stay was 1 day for 132 procedures and more than 1 day in 68 CEAs. The average stay was 1.69 ± 1.5 days. After surgery there were 3 strokes, 5 hematomas that required evacuation, and 5 myocardial infarctions. There were no deaths. Four patients were readmitted in the 1-day and the greater than 1-day stay groups. History of myocardial infarction, renal insufficiency, longer operative time, and complications correlated with a greater than 1-day stay (P Conclusion A 1-day hospital stay is safe and practical in a VAH setting, resulting in good clinical outcomes.
Gluon saturation effects in relativistic U+U collisions

Abstract We examine entropy production in relativistic U + U collisions on the basis of a color glass condensate (CGC) type picture as implemented in the Kharzeev–Levin–Nardi model (KLN). In this framework, we find that the peak entropy density produced in tip-on-tip U + U collisions is about 30% greater than that seen in central Au + Au collisions. Although the resulting difference in the produced charged particle multiplicity between tip-on-tip and side-on-side collisions is smaller than that predicted by previous Glauber model estimates, it is still large enough to allow for experimental discrimination between average orientations of the uranium nuclei. We also point out that in the saturation/CGC approach the collision geometry plays a more important role than previously believed, and that the observed centrality dependence of the produced particle multiplicity per participant in Au + Au collisions can be qualitatively reproduced even without running coupling effects.
Perspectives on the College Cost Crisis

Stretching the Higher Education Dollar: How Innovation Can Improve Access, Equity, and Affordability. Edited by Andrew P. Kelly and Kevin Carey. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Education Press, 2013. 272 pa...
Acoustic scattering by buried objects in a rigid porous material

Land mines buried a few inches below the surface of the ground can be found by acoustic excitation of the porous ground surface and measuring the particle velocity at the surface. There are various theoretical models describing the ground: from a rigid porous frame model to a compete layered poroelastic description. The goal of this paper is to use the approach of Berry et al. to calculate the acoustic field at points on the ground surface in the vicinity of an object buried in a rigid, porous soil. The excitation is point sound source placed in the air above the ground, which is modeled a rigid, porous frame. A boundary element method is used for numerical integration to calculate the scattered acoustic field due to the presence of the object. This study represents the first step towards developing a complete model of acoustic scattering from near-surface objects embedded in a layered poroelastic material. The predicted disturbance associated with the buried object is much smaller than observed in field measurements.
Remediation of Cr(VI) and Pb(II) aqueous solutions using supported, nanoscale zero-valent iron

Borohydride reduction of an aqueous iron salt in the presence of a support material gives supported zero-valent iron nanoparticles that are 10−30 nm in diameter. The material is stable in air once it has dried and contains 22.6% iron by weight. The supported zero-valent iron nanoparticles (“Ferragels”) rapidly separate and immobilize Cr(VI) and Pb(II) from aqueous solution, reducing the chromium to Cr(III) and the Pb to Pb(0) while oxidizing the Fe to goethite (α-FeOOH). The kinetics of the reduction reactions are complex and include an adsorption phase. About 10% of the iron in the material appears to be located at active surface sites. Once these sites have been saturated, the reduction process continues but at a much lower rate, which is likely limited by mass transfer. Rates of remediation of Cr(VI) and Pb(II) are up to 30 times higher for Ferragels than for iron filings or iron powder on a (Fe) molar basis. Over 2 months, reduction of Cr(VI) was 4.8 times greater for Ferragels than for an equal weigh...
Modeling of Carbon Concentration Profile Development During Both Atmosphere and Low Pressure Carburizing Processes

Heat treaters need an effective simulation tool to predict the carburization performance of a variety of steels. The tool is needed to not only predict the carbon profile but also optimize the process in terms of the cycle time and the total cost. CarbTool© has been developed to meet these needs for gas and vacuum carburization. In this article, CarbTool© predictions were compared with industrial experimental results for three types of steels (AISI 8620, 5120, and 4320), heat treated by both gas and vacuum carburizing processes. Based on the agreement of model predictions and experimental results, it is found that CarbTool© could be used to predict the carbon concentration profile for a variety of alloys in both gas and vacuum carburizing processes.
Estimating the effect of emissions strategies on wet deposition of sulfates

The computer model RADM (Regional Acid Deposition Model) has been developed to study the effect of emissions reduction strategies on acid deposition. By running RADM on past meteorology under both present and proposed emissions, it is possible to assess the impact of a change in emissions on acid deposition. Combining these computer simulations with daily monitoring data available at select locations allows for much more precise and possibly much less biased estimation of the effect of the change of emissions on wet deposition than just using the computer simulations. This paper investigates changes in wet sulfate deposition, although the same procedures can be applied to any other component of precipitation computed by RADM and measured at least daily at a monitoring site.
Governing Through the Dao: A Non-Anarchistic Interpretation of the Laozi

Within the literature, Daoist political philosophy has often been linked with anarchism. While some extended arguments have been offered in favor of this conclusion, I take this position to be tenuous and predicated on an assumption that coercive authority cannot be applied through wuwei. Focusing on the Laozi as the fundamental political text of classical Daoism, I lay out a general account of why one ought to be skeptical of classifying it as anarchistic. Keeping this skepticism in mind and recognizing the importance of wuwei in arguments for the anarchist conclusion, I provide a non-anarchistic interpretation of wuwei as a political technique that is consistent with the text of the Laozi. Having presented a plausible alternative to the anarchist understanding of wuwei, I close my discussion with a brief sketch of a positive account of the political theory of the Laozi.
A Measure of Association for Nonparametric Statistics

A number of x2 based nonparametric tests are used to determine the level of statistical significance. Once the significance level is determined with x2, Cramer's V can be used to measure the strength of association. Values for the maximum possible x2 are given for six nonparametric tests in order to facilitate the computation of an extension of V denoted as V'. An example is given where V' is applied to a one-way analysis of variance test for ranked data. Chi square based measures of association have been applied almost exclusively to nominal level contingency tables. The most often used x2 based measure of association is Cramer's
TMS: using the theta-burst protocol to explore mechanism of plasticity in individuals with Fragile X syndrome and autism.

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), also known as Martin-Bell Syndrome, is a genetic abnormality found on the X chromosome.1,2 Individuals suffering from FXS display abnormalities in the expression of FMR1 - a protein required for typical, healthy neural development.3 Recent data has suggested that the loss of this protein can cause the cortex to be hyperexcitable thereby affecting overall patterns of neural plasticity.4,5 In addition, Fragile X shows a strong comorbidity with autism: in fact, 30% of children with FXS are diagnosed with autism, and 2 - 5% of autistic children suffer from FXS.6 Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability via the application of localized magnetic field pulses 7,8) represents a unique method of exploring plasticity and the manifestations of FXS within affected individuals. More specifically, Theta-Burst Stimulation (TBS), a specific stimulatory protocol shown to modulate cortical plasticity for a duration up to 30 minutes after stimulation cessation in healthy populations, has already proven an efficacious tool in the exploration of abnormal plasticity.9,10 Recent studies have shown the effects of TBS last considerably longer in individuals on the autistic spectrum - up to 90 minutes.11 This extended effect-duration suggests an underlying abnormality in the brain's natural plasticity state in autistic individuals - similar to the hyperexcitability induced by Fragile X Syndrome. In this experiment, utilizing single-pulse motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) as our benchmark, we will explore the effects of both intermittent and continuous TBS on cortical plasticity in individuals suffering from FXS and individuals on the Autistic Spectrum.
Perceptual learning in vernier acuity: What is learned?

Abstract It has been suggested that the improvement of vernier acuity in the course of practice reflects “fine tuning” of the visual mechanisms underlying vernier acuity. Masking studies suggest that an important source of information by which the visual system may accomplish fine vernier acuity is the activity in orientation tuned channels. Therefore, we investigated whether improvement in vernier acuity after training was accompanied by systematic changes in the orientation tuning characteristics of vernier acuity (as revealed by simultaneous spatial noise masking). The results show large interindividual variation in learning vernier acuity. However, they reveal a close correspondence between the improvement in vernier acuity and the narrowing of the orientation tuning function. Thus, the results provide some support for the notion of narrowing of the orientation characteristics of vernier acuity in the course of learning.
Learning about leadership and firm growth through monthly data collection and dialogue with entrepreneurs

Academics often are criticized for doing research that is irrelevant and esoteric. Additionally, the review cycle is lengthy, and even when high quality research is produced, results are unlikely to reach the practitioner for years. Thus, in order to address the needs of both scientists and practitioners, a monthly survey of entrepreneurs was begun. Although the research study topic is how firms grow, the focus of this paper is on the research method used to understand the subject. The paper will lay out the logic for the monthly research process, explain the outcomes of the system, and provide the reader with some early and tentative findings from the ongoing work on how firms grow.
On the evaluation of scaling of QCA devices in the presence of defects at manufacturing

In this paper, we evaluate scaling of quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) devices (majority voter and inverter) in the presence of defects due to process variations in QCA manufacturing. Simulation results using the two engines of QCADesigner are provided and compared to show the defect tolerance of these devices.
Adrenocortical carcinoma: The influence of large vessel extension

Background The impact of large vessel extension (LVE) as a prognostic factor for adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is not fully understood. This study aimed to assess outcome of ACC in the presence and absence of LVE. Methods A retrospective review of 57 patients undergoing curative intent resection for ACC over 10 years is presented comparing those with and without LVE. LVE was defined as vascular wall invasion or intraluminal extension of the neoplasm into the inferior vena cava or renal vein. Preoperative diagnostics, operative details, pathology, overall survival (OS), and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were analyzed. Results Multivariable regression analysis showed a significant association for decreased survival with Stage III and IV disease and LVE. Patients with LVE had more functional neoplasms, greater preoperative serum hormone levels, and more positive margins than those without LVE. Median OS was 6 years and RFS 3 years. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated a significant decrease in OS and RFS with LVE. Median OS with and without LVE was 18 vs 111 months and median RFS was 11 vs 64 months. Three-year OS with and without LVE were 29% vs 93% and 3 year RFS was 15% vs 67%. Conclusion In addition to systemic and lymph node metastases, LVE is associated with poorer OS and RFS.
Saccades require focal attention and are facilitated by a short-term memory system

We performed two sets of experiments in which observers were instructed to make saccades to an odd colored target embedded in an array of distractors. First, we found that when the colors of the target and distractors switched unpredictably from trial to trial (the mixed condition), saccadic latencies decreased with increasing numbers of distractors. In contrast, saccadic latencies were independent of the number of distractors when the color of the target and distractors remained the same on each trial (the blocked condition). This pattern of results mirrors visual search tasks in which focal rather than distributed attention is required (Bravo, M.J., Nakayama, K. (1992). The role of attention in different visual search tasks. Perception and Psychophysics, 51, 465‐472.). Second, we found that saccades to an odd target were made more quickly and accurately when the target was the same color as on previous trials than when it changed color. This priming of the target color accumulates across five to seven trials over a period of approximately 30 s. A similar priming effect has been previously shown for the deployment of focal attention (Maljkovic, V., Nakayama, K. (1994). Priming of popout: III. Role of features. Memory and Cognition, 22(6), 657‐672.). Thus, we show a close congruence between the pattern of saccadic eye movement latencies and the deployment of focal attention. This supports the view that (1) the execution of saccades requires focal as opposed to distributed attention and that (2) this focal attention is guided by a short term memory system which facilitates the rapid refixation of gaze to recently foveated targets. © 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Enzymatic Transition States and Transition State Analog Design

All chemical transformations pass through an unstable structure called the transition state, which is poised between the chemical structures of the substrates and products. The transition states for chemical reactions are proposed to have lifetimes near 10(-13) sec, the time for a single bond vibration. No physical or spectroscopic method is available to directly observe the structure of the transition state for enzymatic reactions. Yet transition state structure is central to understanding catalysis, because enzymes function by lowering activation energy. An accepted view of enzymatic catalysis is tight binding to the unstable transition state structure. Transition state mimics bind tightly to enzymes by capturing a fraction of the binding energy for the transition state species. The identification of numerous transition state inhibitors supports the transition state stabilization hypothesis for enzymatic catalysis. Advances in methods for measuring and interpreting kinetic isotope effects and advances in computational chemistry have provided an experimental route to understand transition state structure. Systematic analysis of intrinsic kinetic isotope effects provides geometric and electronic structure for enzyme-bound transition states. This information has been used to compare transition states for chemical and enzymatic reactions; determine whether enzymatic activators alter transition state structure; design transition state inhibitors; and provide the basis for predicting the affinity of enzymatic inhibitors. Enzymatic transition states provide an understanding of catalysis and permit the design of transition state inhibitors. This article reviews transition state theory for enzymatic reactions. Selected examples of enzymatic transition states are compared to the respective transition state inhibitors.
kHz range pulsed fields in partial vacuum

Insulating materials play a significant role in the performance of high voltage power systems, because, the high performance electrical insulation materials and structures must be free from unwanted and unpredictable dielectric breakdown through the insulator as well as over the surface, and along the interface between the insulator/electrode/ambient.
Chronic pain among liver transplant candidates.

Context—Little systematic research has been conducted to understand pain among persons with end-stage liver disease, especially among liver transplant candidates. Appropriate pain assessment and management are important areas of consideration as treatment options are limited.Objective—To describe the nature of chronic pain in patients with end-stage liver disease, the extent to which pain affects daily level of functioning, and the variety and effectiveness of current treatments.Design—Retrospective chart review.Setting—Academic medical center in the Southeastern United States.Patients—Data were collected from 108 consecutive adult liver transplant candidates.Results—Most (77%) reported having experienced moderate levels of bodily pain within the past 24 hours. Patients with only alcoholic cirrhosis reported less pain than patients with cirrhosis due to other causes (alcoholism and hepatitis C, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, only hepatitis C). Pain interfered significantly across all 10 functional domains ...
Replication Clamps and Clamp Loaders

To achieve the high degree of processivity required for DNA replication, DNA polymerases associate with ring-shaped sliding clamps that encircle the template DNA and slide freely along it. The closed circular structure of sliding clamps necessitates an enzyme-catalyzed mechanism, which not only opens them for assembly and closes them around DNA, but specifically targets them to sites where DNA synthesis is initiated and orients them correctly for replication. Such a feat is performed by multisubunit complexes known as clamp loaders, which use ATP to open sliding clamp rings and place them around the 3' end of primer-template (PT) junctions. Here we discuss the structure and composition of sliding clamps and clamp loaders from the three domains of life as well as T4 bacteriophage, and provide our current understanding of the clamp-loading process.
A multilevel matrix decomposition algorithm for analyzing scattering from large structures

A multilevel algorithm is presented for analyzing scattering from electrically large surfaces. The algorithm accelerates the iterative solution of integral equations that arise in computational electromagnetics. The algorithm permits a fast matrix-vector multiplication by decomposing the traditional method of moment matrix into a large number of blocks, with each describing the interaction between distant scatterers. The multiplication of each block by a trial solution vector is executed using a multilevel scheme that resembles a fast Fourier transform (FFT) and that only relies on well-known algebraic techniques. The computational complexity and the memory requirements of the proposed algorithm are O(N log/sup 2/ N).
Systems biology studies of adult paragonimus lung flukes facilitate the identification of immunodominant parasite antigens.

Background: Paragonimiasis is a food-borne trematode infection acquired by eating raw or undercooked crustaceans. It is a major public health problem in the far East, but it also occurs in South Asia, Africa, and in the Americas. Paragonimus worms cause chronic lung disease with cough, fever and hemoptysis that can be confused with tuberculosis or other non-parasitic diseases. Treatment is straightforward, but diagnosis is often delayed due to a lack of reliable parasitological or serodiagnostic tests. Hence, the purpose of this study was to use a systems biology approach to identify key parasite proteins that may be useful for development of improved diagnostic tests. Methodology/Principal Findings: The transcriptome of adult Paragonimus kellicotti was sequenced with Illumina technology. Raw reads were pre-processed and assembled into 78,674 unique transcripts derived from 54,622 genetic loci, and 77,123 unique protein translations were predicted. A total of 2,555 predicted proteins (from 1,863 genetic loci) were verified by mass spectrometric analysis of total worm homogenate, including 63 proteins lacking homology to previously characterized sequences. Parasite proteins encoded by 321 transcripts (227 genetic loci) were reactive with antibodies from infected patients, as demonstrated by immunoaffinity purification and high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Serodiagnostic candidates were prioritized based on several criteria, especially low conservation with proteins in other trematodes. Cysteine proteases, MFP6 proteins and myoglobins were abundant among the immunoreactive proteins, and these warrant further study as diagnostic candidates. Conclusions: The transcriptome, proteome and immunolome of adult P. kellicotti represent a major advance in the study of Paragonimus species. These data provide a powerful foundation for translational research to develop improved diagnostic tests. Similar integrated approaches may be useful for identifying novel targets for drugs and vaccines in the future.
Minimum-output-energy method for blind equalization of OFDM and systems with sufficient or insufficient cyclic prefix

A new blind equalization method is proposed for systems, such as OFDM, with a cyclic prefix. With constrained minimum-output-energy (MOE) optimization, a bank of equalizers can be derived without the help of FFT/IFFT. Algorithms are developed for blindly estimating the constraints and equalizers. When the cyclic prefix is sufficient, i.e., longer than the channel length, the complexity of the method is comparable to traditional FFT-based receivers. A special property is that the new method works similarly even if the cyclic prefix is insufficient, i.e., shorter than the channel length. Therefore, it provides an effective way to improve bandwidth efficiency with shorter cyclic prefix length. Simulations demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed method.
Automated detection of api refactorings in libraries

Software developers often do not build software from scratch but reuse software libraries. In theory, the APIs of a library should be stable, but in practice they do change and thus require changes in software that reuses the library. Our previous study of five reusable components shows that more than 80% of these API changes are caused by refactorings. If these refactorings could be automatically detected, they could be used to automatically upgrade applications. In this paper, we present a technique and its supporting tool, RefacLib, to automatically detect refactorings in libraries. RefacLib uses syntactic analysis in the first phase to quickly detect refactoring candidates across two versions of a library. In the second phase, RefacLib uses various heuristics to refine the results. We used RefacLib to detect refactorings in five open source libraries and frameworks. The experiments show that RefacLib can process realistic code bases and detects refactorings with practical accuracy
Maintaining hemostasis in acquired von Willebrand syndrome: a review of intravenous immunoglobulin and the importance of rituximab dose scheduling.

Background The acute management of acquired von Willebrand syndrome (AVWS) is aimed at achieving hemostasis with von Willebrand factor replacement, counteracting the pathologic antibodies with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), and supportive care with blood transfusions. However, strategies for the long-term management of AVWS are not described, resulting in persistent use of these acute strategies to achieve hemostasis via high utilization of blood products. Herein, we provide an updated review of the use of IVIG and rituximab for AVWS and present rituximab maintenance as an effective and durable strategy for the management of these patients. Case Report We report the successful treatment of AVWS with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy (375 mg/m2 rituximab as four weekly doses followed by 375 mg/m2 every 90 days) in a patient with concurrent monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis allowing for the early discontinuation of blood product support after only 2 g/kg IVIG achieved acute hemostasis control. Results This is the first documentation of the successful long-term management of AVWS without prolonged blood product or IVIG support. This result contrasts sharply to previously reported rituximab strategies that were deemed ineffective in AVWS. Conclusion A maintenance regimen of rituximab may be an effective long-term management strategy for AVWS associated with lymphoproliferative disorders, which may minimize the use of blood products and IVIG.
Reference-based indexing of sequence databases

We consider the problem of similarity search in a very large sequence database with edit distance as the similarity measure. Given limited main memory, our goal is to develop a reference-based index that reduces the number of costly edit distance computations in order to answer a query. The idea in reference-based indexing is to select a small set of reference sequences that serve as a surrogate for the other sequences in the database. We consider two novel strategies for selecting references as well as a new strategy for assigning references to database sequences. Our experimental results show that our selection and assignment methods far outperform competitive methods. For example, our methods prune up to 20 times as many sequences as the Omni method, and as many as 30 times as many sequences as frequency vectors. Our methods also scale nicely for databases containing many and/or very long sequences.
WebQuests as Perceived by Teachers: Implications for Online Teaching and Learning

The WebQuest as an instructional tool has recently been widely adopted in K-16 education. However, its underlying principles and functionality are not well understood, which has resulted in an inconsistency in practice. This study identifies the underlying constructs of WebQuests as perceived by teachers and variables affecting their perceptions on WebQuests. A survey was conducted on teachers (n = 226) recruited from one large research university in the USA and a professional listserv. The findings reveal three constructs perceived by teachers as critical to WebQuests: constructivist problem solving, social interaction and scaffolded learning. Results also show that variables like purpose of WebQuest use, years of teaching, years of WebQuest use and gender predict, at various degrees, teachers' perceptions on WebQuests. Discussions are made on how the constructs identified can be used to improve online teaching and learning. Suggestions for future study are included by examining the influences of social, psychological and affective factors on learners' learning in WebQuests.
An Alternating Mesh Quality Metric Scheme for Efficient Mesh Quality Improvement

Abstract In the numerical solution of partial differential equations (PDEs), high-quality meshes are crucial for the stability, accuracy, and convergence of the associated PDE solver. Mesh quality improvement is often performed to improve the quality of meshes before use in numerical solution of the PDE. Mesh smoothing (performed via optimization) is one popular technique for improving the mesh quality; it does so by making adjustments to the vertex locations. When an inefficient mesh quality metric is used to design the optimization problem, and hence also to measure the mesh quality within the optimization procedure, convergence of the optimization method can be much slower than desired. However, for many applications, the choice of mesh quality metric and the optimization problem should be considered fixed. In this paper, we propose a simple mesh quality metric alternation scheme for use in the mesh optimization process. The idea is to alternate the use of the original inefficient mesh quality metric with a more efficient mesh quality metric on alternate iterations of the mesh optimization procedure in order to reduce the time to convergence, while solving the original mesh quality improvement problem. Typical results of using our application scheme to solve mesh quality improvement problems yield approximately 40-55% improvement in comparison to the original mesh optimization procedure. More frequent use of the efficient metric results in greater speed-ups.
Genetic and Environmental Variation for Tomato Flesh Color in a Population of Modern Breeding Lines

The genetic and environmental variation for flesh color of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruit was quantified using 41 red-fruited breeding lines, open-pollinated cultivars, and hybrids that are representative of the diversity of tomatoes grown for whole-peel processing in the midwestern and eastern United States and Ontario, Canada. Objective color measurements were made for 2 years from replicated experiments with 2 to 4 blocks per year. Genotypes differed significantly in lightness value (L*), saturation (chroma), and hue angle. Variation within fruit and among fruit in plots accounted for more than 75% of the environmental variation for the color traits. The crimson locus (og c ) accounted for less than one-third of the variation in fruit color among genotypic means, and explained 18% to 27% of the genotypic variation for L*, chroma, and hue. Estimates of variance components were used to develop sampling strategies for improving selection efficiency. Genotypes were identified that may be useful for studying genetic differences that lead to quantitative variation for fruit color in red-fruited populations of tomato. Color is a defining attribute of quality for fresh and processed tomatoes. Given the predominance of red fruit in tomato com- merce, our breeding goal is to obtain genotypes that consistently produce fruit with color that is saturated, dark, and red. Breeding red tomatoes of improved color from modern breeding lines requires that we be able to distinguish between genetic and environmental effects in populations exhibiting continuous phe- notypic variation. Moreover, the identification of breeding lines that differ in color is a required first step towards understanding how genetic differences lead to these small, but horticulturally important, differences in phenotype. Pigmentation in tomato is controlled by many genes (Stommel and Haynes, 1994; Tigchelaar, 1986). Nine classically defined genetic loci (with a total of 15 alleles) have large effects on the flesh color of ripe tomatoes. These loci include: old gold crimson (og c ) and it's allele Beta-carotene; apricot; Delta; diospyros; green flesh; Green ripe; high pigment-1; high pigment-2; dark green; Intense pigment; modifierBeta-carotene; red color in yellow fruit; sherry; tangerine; and yellow flesh (Jenkins and Mackinney, 1953, 1955; Kerr, 1958; Rick and Chetelat, 1993; Thompson et al., 1967; Tomes et al., 1953, 1956; Van Tuinen et al., 1997; Young, 1956). Many of these genes affect fruit color by control- ling the quantities and/or types of pigments produced (Khudairi, 1972). Unfortunately, many of these classically defined genes are of no direct use for breeding red tomatoes. Genotypes with the high pigment genes (including dark green) increase total caro- tenoid pigments and improve fruit color, but typically exhibit undesirable characteristics such as poor germinability and brittle
Neonatal Resuscitation: Improving the Outcome

Prudent veterinary intervention in the prenatal, parturient, and postpartum periods can increase neonatal survival by controlling or eliminating factors contributing to puppy morbidity and mortality. Postresuscitation or within the first 24 hours of a natural delivery, a complete physical examination should be performed by a veterinarian, technician, or knowledgeable breeder. Adequate ingestion of colostrum must occur promptly (within 24 hours) postpartum for puppies and kittens to acquire passive immunity.
Biology of Nonpathogenic, Host-Associated Spirochetes

(1973). Biology of Nonpathogenic, Host-Associated Spirochetes. CRC Critical Reviews in Microbiology: Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 457-489.
Abstract 3160: Tolerance to a Tilt Table Standing Protocol In an Acute Stroke-Unit Setting: A Pilot Study

Background: objective was set to describe and examine physiological and self-reported indices of tolerance of a standing tilt table protocol (STTP) among patients following an acute stroke. Design:...
¡Ya basta con la ciudadanía restrictiva!: Undocumented Latina/o Young People and Their Families’ Participatory Citizenship

This article describes a community-based participatory action research project (PAR), “Voces Diversas e Importantes” [Diverse and Important Voices] that the intergenerational Family School Partnership (FSP) collective enacted to support citizenship participation and increase the possibilities undocumented Latina/o students and families have for transforming practices and perspectives within the school context and community. In this PAR project undocumented young people and their families challenge the notion that legal citizenship alone provides educational rights and equity. Central to this study is how participants troubled and disrupted the racialization and gendered components of citizenship as well transformed their participation into leadership practices that leveraged organizational changes and heightened positive educational pathways for young undocumented students in the high school.
Soluble Toxic Products of the Enteritidisparatyphoid B Group and their Action Especially in Relation to Blood Sugar

Recent bacteriologic investigations of Dick and Dick,1 Parker 2 and Olitsky and Kliger 3 tend to show that the pathologic action of bacteria such as streptococcus, staphylococcus and B. dysenteriae, which are not usually recognized as toxin producers, can be identified with soluble products which they elaborate. Since suspensions of organisms of the enteritidis paratyphoid B group when injected intravenously give immediate hyperglycemia,4 5 accompanied later by characteristic morphologic lesions, it was thought that if those phenomena could be elicited with filtrates or chemical compounds obtained from the bacteria it would afford valuable evidence that the pathologic action was in large part due to soluble toxic products. Gaertner 6 demonstrated that live organisms were not necessary to produce toxic symptoms with B. enteritidis, and Fischer 7 found broth filtrates of the same organism to be toxic. More recently Ecker 8 and Branham,9 whose papers contain bibliographies of the early literature, have considerably extended our information regarding the properties and action of these toxic filtrates.
Efficient Base Control for Spacecraft-Mounted Manipulators

Robotic manipulators mounted on spacecraft have been proposed for a variety of on-orbit tasks, including satellite retrieval, repair, and servicing. To date, many control methods assume the attitude of the spacecraft is not actively controlled while the manipulator is in use, relying on conservation of momentum relations to identify and compensate for the efiect of the base motion on the manipulator. These methods are motivated by a desire to eliminate the need for base actuation, but sufier in the neighborhood of so-called dynamic singularities|manipulator conflgurations where the base reaction exactly ofisets the endefiector motion in some direction. The Reduced Base-Torque Control (RBTC) makes e‐cient use of base actuation only when needed to avoid regions of dynamic singularities during a maneuver. The controller exploits kinematic redundancy using a task priority scheme to phase in base actuation only as necessary. Stability is proved using Lyapunov’s direct method. Simulation is used to demonstrate the controller suitability for position and trajectory control.
Compatibility of Insect Growth Regulators and Chrysocharis parksi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) for the Control of Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae)

The insect growth regulators (IGRs) cyromazine 75W [ N -cyclopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine] and Ro 13-5223 IE (ethyl [2-(p-phenoxyphenoxy)ethyl]carbamate) were evaluated for their ability to control Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) and for their compatibility with the endoparasite Chrysocharis parksi (Crawford). These IGRs provided >80% control of L. trifolii; cyromazine acted on larvae within mines and significantly ( P 0.05) was detected when parasite emergence was compared from treated and untreated plants.
Computational Reconstruction of NFκB Pathway Interaction Mechanisms during Prostate Cancer

Molecular research in cancer is one of the largest areas of bioinformatic investigation, but it remains a challenge to understand biomolecular mechanisms in cancer-related pathways from high-throughput genomic data. This includes the Nuclear-factor-kappa-B (NFκB) pathway, which is central to the inflammatory response and cell proliferation in prostate cancer development and progression. Despite close scrutiny and a deep understanding of many of its members' biomolecular activities, the current list of pathway members and a systems-level understanding of their interactions remains incomplete. Here, we provide the first steps toward computational reconstruction of interaction mechanisms of the NFκB pathway in prostate cancer. We identified novel roles for ATF3, CXCL2, DUSP5, JUNB, NEDD9, SELE, TRIB1, and ZFP36 in this pathway, in addition to new mechanistic interactions between these genes and 10 known NFκB pathway members. A newly predicted interaction between NEDD9 and ZFP36 in particular was validated by co-immunoprecipitation, as was NEDD9's potential biological role in prostate cancer cell growth regulation. We combined 651 gene expression datasets with 1.4M gene product interactions to predict the inclusion of 40 additional genes in the pathway. Molecular mechanisms of interaction among pathway members were inferred using recent advances in Bayesian data integration to simultaneously provide information specific to biological contexts and individual biomolecular activities, resulting in a total of 112 interactions in the fully reconstructed NFκB pathway: 13 (11%) previously known, 29 (26%) supported by existing literature, and 70 (63%) novel. This method is generalizable to other tissue types, cancers, and organisms, and this new information about the NFκB pathway will allow us to further understand prostate cancer and to develop more effective prevention and treatment strategies.
The Plant Phenology Monitoring Design for the National Ecological Observatory Network

Phenology is an integrative science that comprises the study of recurring biological activities or events. In an era of rapidly changing climate, the relationship between the timing of those events and environmental cues such as temperature, snowmelt, water availability, or day length are of particular interest. This article provides an overview of the observer-based plant phenology sampling conducted by the U.S. National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON), the resulting data, and the rationale behind the design. Trained technicians will conduct regular in situ observations of plant phenology at all terrestrial NEON sites for the 30-yr life of the observatory. Standardized and coordinated data across the network of sites can be used to quantify the direction and magnitude of the relationships between phenology and environmental forcings, as well as the degree to which these relationships vary among sites, among species, among phenophases, and through time. Vegetation at NEON sites will also be monitored with tower-based cameras, satellite remote sensing, and annual high-resolution airborne remote sensing. Ground-based measurements can be used to calibrate and improve satellite-derived phenometrics. NEON's phenology monitoring design is complementary to existing phenology research efforts and citizen science initiatives throughout the world and will produce interoperable data. By collocating plant phenology observations with a suite of additional meteorological, biophysical, and ecological measurements (e.g., climate, carbon flux, plant productivity, population dynamics of consumers) at 47 terrestrial sites, the NEON design will enable continental-scale inference about the status, trends, causes, and ecological consequences of phenological change.
Epidemiological Analysis of the Japanese B Encephalitis in Quanzhou City during 1963-2009

Objective In order to provide information for control and prevention Japanese B encephalitis(JE),we analyzed the epidemic features of JE in Quanzhou city during 1963-2009.Method JE incidence data was analyzed by descriptive epidemiological method.Results The incidence of JE has gradually decreased.Incidence in mountain counties were higher than in coastal counties since 2005.Season of the peak incidence was shifted ahead for 1 month during 1990-2009.Comparing with previous years,the incidence proportion of children under 10 years old decreased 50% during 2005-2009.Among the JE cases of 50% was not immunized.Conclusions The incidence of JE has decreased from 34.93 /100 000 in the 60's to 0.08 /100 000.It showed that the effectiveness of the JE prevention and control has achieved enormous success.But they are more necessary methods of decreasing JE incidence.However,it is necessary to implement surveillance and control of JE in floating population areas,remote mountain areas,and country side areas weak in immunization program,in order to prevent and control of JE.
'No touch' technologies for environmental decontamination: focus on ultraviolet devices and hydrogen peroxide systems.

Purpose of reviewThis article reviews ‘no touch’ methods for disinfection of the contaminated surface environment of hospitalized patients’ rooms. The focus is on studies that assessed the effectiveness of ultraviolet (UV) light devices, hydrogen peroxide systems, and self-disinfecting surfaces to r
Empirical Exploration of the Structure of Costs

Manufacturing costs obviously play an important role in the functioning of an economy. They are a major determinant of production and pricing policies. They constitute an initiating point in the process of income distribution. They are directly influenced by, and may well influence, secular economic forces as well as short-term fluctuations. Thus technological advances, the depletion of natural resources, and changes in the scale of production probably exert much of their pressure on the farther reaches of the economy through their immediate impact on production costs in manufacturing. Costs are likewise deeply imbedded within the network of interactions involved in recurrent changes in price levels, investment requirements and employment. In addition, costs provide a means of measuring changes in the allocation of resources among industries as well as in the porportions in which each industry combines major productive resources.
Pancreas Divisum and Minor Papilla Interventions

Pancreas divisum is the most common congenital anomaly of the pancreas. Defined in its classic form by absence of fusion of the dorsal and ventral pancreatic ducts, pancreas divisum has been associated with pancreatitis. Despite this association, its clinical relevance remains uncertain. Endoscopic therapies aimed at improving dorsal pancreatic duct drainage have improved over the years, although its role in the treatment of patients with chronic pancreatitis and chronic abdominal pain, however, is much less established. A randomized, large multi-center, prospective therapeutic trial of endotherapy in symptomatic patients with pancreas divisum is much needed. For now, the risk-benefit ratio of performing ERCP with possible therapeutic intervention needs to be thoroughly reviewed with the patient and care team.
Teamwork and Organizational Factors

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the evolution of teamwork, most commonly called Crew Resource Management (CRM), and the many meanings and misconceptions that the term has acquired during the past decades. A new definition of CRM removes all the ambiguities and clearly identifies the meaning and focus of CRM. This discussion leads to the recognition and definition of good leader attributes and to the realization of the ubiquity of errors in the aviation industry. It shows the importance of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) and the role they play in the safety culture of organizations. It also addresses the organization and clearly defines the different cultures that ultimately make up a true safety culture. A safety culture can only start at the top of an organization and will not permeate the entire organization unless it has the support and backing, in writing, of the leaders. Although an organization can have an overall healthy safety culture, it is possible for departments within the company to differ greatly. The theme of this chapter is that crewmembers and organizations can capably manage their errors.