cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adult Attachment in a Nationally Representative Sample

The explosion of adult attachment research in the last decade has been limited by its reliance on college student and distressed samples. Using a large nationally representative sample of American adults, the authors examined the relation of sociodemographics, childhood adversity, parental representations, adult psychopathology, and personality traits to adult attachment in an effort to replicate previous findings and extend the theory. Distribution of adult attachment styles was similar to that in prior studies: 59% secure, 25% avoidant, and 11% anxious. Adult attachment was associated with several sociodemographic variables (e.g., income, age, race) not previously studied. Childhood adversities of an interpersonal nature were strongly related to insecure adult attachment. Various types of adult psychopathologies and personality traits were also strongly related to adult attachment. Implications for adult attachment theory and future research are discussed.
Variability and selection for characters associated with root regeneration capability in alfalfa

Alfalfa (spp.) is capable of regenerating its root system to survive severe injury by biotic or a biotic stress factors. Four field experiments were conducted in Ithaca, NY to examine variability for characters associated with root regeneration capability and to determine if plant populations could be improved for root regeneration capability by phenotypic recurrent selection. Six-week old seedlings were dug from the greenhouse and their taproots artificially pruned 3 cm below the crown. These plants were transplanted to the field, and the regenerated plants dug 8 to 13 weeks later for root observations. Alfalfa populations ranged more than two-fold for secondary root number, secondary root size, and taproot diameter 1 cm below the crown after root regeneration. The range for fibrous root mass was 1.4-fold. All four root characters were positively associated with each other and with topgrowth vigor. Within a genetically broad-based population, secondary root number ranged from 3 to 23 per plant. Associations among plant characters suggested that more vigorous seedlings are better able to regenerate roots after pruning than are less vigorous seedlings. One to three cycles of phenotypic recurrent selection significantly improved regenerated secondary root number in three of five alfalfa populations. Significant increases in secondary root number ranged from 22 to 45%.
The Role of the Community in the Implementation of the EPA's Rule on Risk Management Programs for Chemical Accidental Release Prevention

Regulations under the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) include requirements for preventing accidental chemical releases. Section 112(r) of the CAAA, the Accidental Release Provisions, requires the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to develop and implement regulations for preventing accidental releases to the air of regulated substances and to minimize the consequences of releases that do occur. The regulations require regulated facilities to have in place the structural elements of a sound process safety program, and to practice, document, and communicate the elements of their program. The rule requires also that registered facilities calculate and make available worst case accidental chemical release information. The rule does not set a level of risk that a facility must achieve after it takes the required compliance steps, the level of risk a community must accept, the limit of consequences the community might suffer from a worst case chemical release, nor the specific actions a community must take in its response plan. These are issues that local communities and local officials must decide. Because the regulation involves the community in many unsettled risk issues the Wharton School initiated a project within the City Philadelphia to evaluate the proposition that productive dialogue on the implementation of the Rule and resolution of unsettled risk issues can take place in advance of a crisis occasioned by a major accidental release. This paper describes the steps taken by Wharton to bring together various stakeholders in the community to explore the implementation of the rule and the reaction of those stakeholders to be involved in such a process. It outlines some principal choices communities will have to make in order to implement 112(r) and explains some of the dilemmas associated with these choices. It describes the stakeholder-based implementation effort being undertaken in Philadelphia in the hope that others may benefit from what has been learned there.
Synchrotron microanalytical methods in the study of trace and minor elements in apatite

Synchrotron X-ray facilities have the capability for numerous microanalytical methods with spatial resolutions in the micron to submicron range and sensitivities as low as ppm to ppb. These capabilities are the result of a high X-ray brilliance (many orders of magnitude greater than standard tube and rotating anode sources); a continuous, or white, spectrum through the hard X-ray region; high degrees of X-ray columniation and polarization; and new developments in X-ray focusing methods. The high photon flux and pulsed nature of the source also allow for rapid data collection and high temporal resolution in certain experiments. Of particular interest to geoscientists are X-ray fluorescence microprobes which allow for numerous analytical techniques including X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis of trace element concentrations and distributions; X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) for chemical speciation, structural and oxidation state information; X-ray diffraction (XRD) for phase identification; and fluorescence microtomography (CMT) for mapping the internal structure of porous or composite materials as well as elemental distributions. We have employed several synchrotron based microanalytical methods including XRF, microEXAFS (Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure), microXANES (X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure) and CMT for the study of minor and trace elements in apatite (and other minerals). We have also beenmore » conducting time resolved X-ray diffraction to study nucleation of and phase transformations among precursor phases in the formation of apatite from solution at earth surface conditions. Summaries of these studies are given to exemplify the capabilities of synchrotron microanalytical techniques.« less
The electrolyte content, osmolarity and site of secretion of the aqueous humor in two teleost fishes (Carassius auratus and Diplodus sargus)

Abstract The sodium, and chloride concentrations, and total osmolarity in the aqueous humor were found to be significantly lower than in the plasma of two teleosts, namely the fresh water Carassius auratus and the marine Diplodus sargus. This gradient of concentration was broken down by repeated paracentesis, and by injection of 10−4 m ouabain in the anterior chamber. Increased sodium chloride in the plasma of Carassius, adapted to higher salinity in the external water, induced increases of sodium and chloride in the aqueous. The gradient of concentration was well maintained for sodium and potassium but not for chloride. Out-flow curves of labelled sodium from the anterior chamber were measured by external counting in the flounder (Platichthys flesus). It is concluded that sodium reabsorption from the aqueous is involved in the mechanism of formation of this fluid in these fish. The site of secretion of the aqueous in Carassius and Sargus most probably is located at the root of the iris in the posterior non-pigmented epithelium. Electronmicrographs of this portion show microvilli, infoldings and sacs of the endoplasmic reticulum as well as a great number of mitochondria. In contrast, the posterior epithelium of the pupillary portion of the iris has a flat posterior cellular membrane and numerous pigment granules without secretory characteristics.
17 Effects of Prolonged Storage or Pasteurization on the Levels And Activity of Host Defense Proteins in Human Milk.

17 Effects of Prolonged Storage or Pasteurization on the Levels And Activity of Host Defense Proteins in Human Milk.
Impaired astrocytic gap junction coupling and potassium buffering in a mouse model of tuberous sclerosis complex

Abnormalities in astrocytes occur in the brains of patients with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) and may contribute to the pathogenesis of neurological dysfunction in this disease. Here, we report that knock-out mice with Tsc1 gene inactivation in glia (Tsc1(GFAP)CKO mice) exhibit decreased expression of the astrocytic connexin protein, Cx43, and an associated impairment in gap junction coupling between astrocytes. Correspondingly, hippocampal slices from Tsc1(GFAP)CKO mice have increased extracellular potassium concentration in response to stimulation. This impaired potassium buffering can be attributed to abnormal gap junction coupling, as a gap junction inhibitor elicits an additional increase in potassium concentration in control, but not Tsc1(GFAP)CKO slices. Furthermore, treatment with a mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor reverses the deficient Cx43 expression and impaired potassium buffering. These findings suggest that Tsc1 inactivation in astrocytes causes defects in astrocytic gap junction coupling and potassium clearance, which may contribute to epilepsy in Tsc1(GFAP)CKO mice.
Diagnosis of prostatic inflammation: Efficacy of needle biopsies versus tissue blocks

Abstract Objectives To assess the variation of inflammation found on single needle biopsies, we compared our results using multiple needle biopsies and surgical samples taken from predetermined areas of prostates removed from patients with prostate cancer. Methods Biopsies and tissue blocks were taken from 25 prostates that had been removed at prostate cancer surgery. These samples were taken from the contralateral side from the cancer whenever possible. The biopsies were taken from the apex, middle, and base, and blocks were taken from the peripheral and transition zones of the middle region. The biopsies were evaluated for density of inflammatory cells and their histologic location (glandular vs. periglandular vs. stromal). Results Inflammation was generally periglandular, with multifocal and diffuse patterns. The severity of the inflammation was quite variable. The overall inflammatory cell counts did not differ among the regions except for lower levels at the base. Correlation coefficients demonstrated significant correlations of the middle region biopsies with the peripheral zone and transition zone blocks (P = 0.02 and P = 0.016); the apical biopsies also correlated with the transition zone blocks. Conclusions Our results suggest that individual, transrectal needle biopsies taken consistently from the peripheral zone or transition zone of the apex or middle region of prostates from patients with incidental prostatitis may serve as well as multiple biopsies for evaluating the degree of inflammation.
Increased regional end-diastolic wall thickness early after reperfusion: A sign of irreversibly damaged myocardium

Two-dimensional echocardiographic measurements of regional left ventricular end-diastolic wall thickness and systolic wall thickening were studied during coronary artery occlusion and early after reperfusion and compared with measurements of regional myocardial infarct size. In 25 closed chest anesthetized dogs with left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion followed by reperfusion, the occlusion period was 3 minutes in group I (n = 4), 20 minutes in group II (n = 4), 60 minutes in group III (n = 5) and 180 minutes in group IV (n = 12). Infarct size in groups III and IV was quantitated using the triphenyltetrazolium chloride technique. After coronary occlusion, wall thickening was replaced by thinning in the center of the ischemic region at the midpapillary echographic short-axis section, and no improvement in function occurred up to 60 minutes after reperfusion, except in group I. Ischemic zone enddiastolic wall thickness did not change significantly from control to the end of the coronary occlusion period, except Group IV. At 60 minutes after reperfusion, enddiastolic wall thickness increased only slightly in groups I and II (by 7.2 and 0.24%, respectively), but a marked increase was observed in groups III and IV (by 41 and 50%, respectively). The percent change in ischemic zone end-diastolic wall thickness from before reperfusion to 60 minutes after reperfusion correlated well with the amount of myocardial necrosis in corresponding segments (r = 0.936, standard error of estimate = 11.4%); an increase in segmental end-diastolic wall thickness of more than 25% was generally associated with 20% or more segmental necrosis. It is concluded that significantly increased regional end-diastolic wall thickness early after reperfusion is associated with irreversibly damaged myocardium, and this might be used as an index of myocardial salvage.
A randomized clinical trial to compare the immediate effects of seated thoracic manipulation and targeted supine thoracic manipulation on cervical spine flexion range of motion and pain.

Design: Randomized clinical trial. Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of seated thoracic manipulation versus targeted supine thoracic manipulation on cervical spine pain and flexion range of motion (ROM). There is evidence that thoracic spine manipulation is an effective treatment for patients with cervical spine pain. This evidence includes a variety of techniques to manipulate the thoracic spine. Although each of them is effective, no research has compared techniques to determine which produces the best outcomes. Methods: A total of 39 patients with cervical spine pain were randomly assigned to either a seated thoracic manipulation or targeted supine thoracic manipulation group. Pain and flexion ROM measures were taken before and after the intervention. Results: Pain reduction (post-treatment–pre-treatment) was significantly greater in those patients receiving the targeted supine thoracic manipulation compared to the seated thoracic manipulation (P<0·05). Although not significant, we did observe...
On the angular momentum conservation and incremental objectivity properties of a predictor/multi-corrector method for Lagrangian shock hydrodynamics

Abstract This article presents an analysis of the global angular momentum conservation and objectivity properties for a predictor/multi-corrector scheme often used in shock hydrodynamics computations in combination with staggered spatial discretizations. As the number of iterations increases, the numerical solution of the predictor/multi-corrector algorithm converges to that of an implicit mid-point time integrator, which preserves global angular momentum and incremental objectivity. In the case of a finite number of iterations, the order of accuracy with which these quantities are preserved is always higher than the order of accuracy of the method, and decays as Δ t 2 i , where i is the iteration index.
A PLEOMORPHIC BACILLUS FROM PNEUMONIC LUNGS OF CALVES SIMULATING ACTINOMYCES

A bacillus was found associated in pure culture with an extensive lobar bronchopneumonia in calves. It occurs in the exudate as a minute bacillus in small groups. In cultures it appears in three forms: as a bacillus, as a coccus-like endospore or arthrospore, and as a conglomerate Actinomyces-like flake or colony with peripheral clubs. The bacillar and coccoid forms occur on agar, the Actinomyces form in the condensation water of coagulated serum (horse). The coccoid form is probably a spore state, the minute refringent spore being contained in a roundish, unstainable mass representing either the remnants of bacillar substance or some capsular material. The somewhat striking similarities between this organism and Actinomyces are expressed by the massed growth with terminal clubs, the bacillar and coccoid stages, all of which are characteristic of Actinomyces. Sealing the tubes is essential for multiplication. Cultures must be renewed within a few days, otherwise multiplication fails. The substance which forms the bulk of the radiate flocculi is probably of capsular nature, greatly overproduced in serum tubes and scarce or absent on agar. Its nature is unknown. The organism is not appreciably pathogenic when injected into certain small laboratory animals.
UEDGE and DEGAS modeling of the DIII-D scrape-off layer plasma☆

Abstract This paper presents work to develop benchmarked theoretical models of scrape-off-layer (SOL) characteristics in diverted tokamaks by comparing shot simulations, using the UEDGE plasma fluid and DEGAS neutral transport codes, to measurements of the DIII-D SOL plasma. The experimental data include the radial profiles of ne, Te, and Ti, the divertor exhaust power, the intensity of Hα emission, and profiles of the radiated power. A very simple model of the anomalous perpendicular transport rates produces consistency between the calculated and measured radial profiles of the divertor power, and of the midplane densities and temperatures. Experimentally, the measured exhaust power is now 80–90% of the input power. The simulated peak power on the outer leg of the divertor floor is now within 20% of the measured power. Various sensitivies of these comparisons to model assumptions are described. Finally, these benchmarked models have been used to examine the effects of various baffle configurations for the radiative divertor upgrade in DIII-D.
Removal of nonionic detergents from proteins by chromatography on sephadex LH-20.

Abstract A simple procedure for the separation of nonionic detergents and protein is described. Mixtures of the detergent and protein are chromatographed on Sephadex LH-20. Aqueous ethylene glycol (or glycerol) is used as the eluting solvent. In this solvent system, the protein emerges with the void volume of macromolecules of greater than 15,000 molecular weight. The detergent is retained on the column in various monomeric and polymeric forms. In addition, much of the detergent is retained as a tightly bound form that adheres to the nonpolar matrix of the modified Sephadex LH-20. This procedure is both simple and applicable to a number of separations that may be particularly difficult. However, the usefulness of the procedure for a given separation must be determined experimentally; some general guidelines for the application of the technique are given. The investigation of the separation of Lubrol from protein was facilitated by the preparation of labeled Lubrol; preparation of labeled or colored derivatives of the detergents affords a simple determination of detergent concentrations.
Surgical smoke and the dermatologist

Background The use of electrosurgery and lasers by dermatologists and dermatologic surgeons has increased in recent years with the growth of technology and procedures performed. These devices produce surgical smoke that has been demonstrated to harbor live viruses and bacteria in addition to hazardous chemicals. Objective We sought to review the literature on surgical smoke, its effects on those exposed, and measures that may be used to protect dermatologists and their staff. Methods We conducted a review of the literature on surgical smoke during the last 25 years. Results The studies reviewed indicate the potential for infection, carcinogenesis, and pulmonary damage as a result of exposure to surgical plume. Limitations There is no inclusion of literature and subsequent findings published greater than 25 years prior. Conclusions It is evident from our review that surgical smoke poses potential health risks to dermatologists who perform procedures using electrocautery and lasers. We recommend diligent use of high-filtration masks in addition to smoke evacuation systems to dermatologists performing laser surgery and using electrocautery. Furthermore, we advocate investigation into quantifying the exposure of dermatologists to surgical smoke in the outpatient setting.
Light-particle emission in the reactions of 16O with Ti

Abstract Inclusive energy spectra and angular distributions for heavy ions (Z ≧ 3) produced in the reactions of 227 MeV and 310 MeV 16 O with Ti were measured. Also measured at the projectile energy of 310 MeV were energy and angular correlations between light charged particles ( Z ≦ 2) and heavy ions. From comparisons with statistical model calculations upper limits to the complete fusion cross sections of 647 mb and 265 mb were derived for projectile energies of 227 MeV and 310 MeV, respectively. At 310 MeV the cross section of incomplete fusion processes was estimated to be over 505 mb. Emission of fast, high-energy α-particles and protons was observed to be a characteristic feature of quasi-elastic, deep-inelastic and fusion-like reactions. Average multiplicities of fast light particles in coincidence with heavy ions at +20° and +40° were estimated to be of the order of 1. The prompt emission of light appears to be the principal mechanism which limits complete fusion. A second component of α-particles observed in coincidence with deep-inelastic projectile-like fragments and having an energy comparable to Coulomb energies of particles emitted from target-like and projectile-like fragments appears as an excess yield in the direction of the recoiling target-like fragments. This component cannot be accounted for in terms of sequential emission processes and may result from a mechanism other than the one which leads to fast particle emission.
Syngeneic reconstitution rescues mice that develop severe GVHD after allogeneic reconstitution

Abstract Background: Our Laboratory has been investigating donor specific hematopoietic reconstitution for the purpose of tolerance induction, a therapy currently limited by GVHD. This study investigates methods by which such GVHD can be managed. Methods and Results: We have established an acute GVHD mouse model by coinjection of T-cell depleted whole bone marrow (TCD-WBM) with CD4+ and CD8+-enriched splenocytes into lethally irradiated recipients. T cell depletion (TCD) was performed by extraction of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and NK1.1+ cells using magnetic beads. 25 Balb/c mice were given allogeneic 5 × 106 TCD-WBM plus 8 × 104 CD44/CD8+-enriched splenocytes. 5 mice were given 5 × 106 TCD-WBM alone. At day 9, 15 mice were rescued using 2, 5 and 10 × 106 syngeneic TCD-WBM, 5 mice in each group. GVHD was monitored by observing total body weight, body habitus, coat condition, and survival. At 42 days, survival of mice given TCD-WBM alone was 100% compared to 40% for mice TCD-WBM and CD4+/CD8+ splenocytes. Survival of mice given 2, 5, and 10 × 106 TCD-WBM was 60%, 60%, and 80% respectively. Weight data correlated as well. By day 16, the group which was given TCD-WBM alone was 10% below the start up weight compared to 41% for the group given TCD-WBM/splenocytes. Autologous rescue with 2, 5, and 10 × 106 TCD-WBM resulted in weights of 28. 28, and 22% of start-up weights, respectively. Peripheral blood of mice in all experimental groups was more than 98% donor-derived at 12 weeks. The group of mice given TCD-WBM/splenocytes and rescued with 2 × 106 autologous rescue cells did not survive beyond 9 weeks, but 99% of their peripheral blood cells was donor derived at 4 weeks. Conclusion: Such data demonstrate that acute GVHD can be alleviated without reverasal of donor-derived reconstitution using syngeneic rescue. These data suggest that such a method might prove useful for treatment of GVHD in methods of tolerance induction which utilize hematpoietic reconstitution.
Schwann cells fail to differentiate when co-cultured in contact with PC12 neurites

Abstract Schwann cells derived from mouse or rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were co-cultured with either DRG neurons or nerve growth factor (NGF)-responsive PC12 pheochromocytoma cells for up to 7 weeks. When Schwann cells were grown in the presence of DRG neurites, they displayed normal ensheathing behavior and produced basal laminae and small diameter collagen fibrils within 5–19 days in vitro. However, when Schwann cells were co-cultured in direct contact with PC12 cells and without DRG neurons, they largely failed to ensheath PC12 neurites, and failed to assemble either basal lamina or small diameter collagen fibrils at any point during 7 weeks. Schwann cell proliferation continued in the presence of PC12 neurites, indicating that PC12 cells produced a mitogenic activity for Schwann cells functionally similar to previously described neurite-associated activities. These results demonstrate that Schwann cell contact with PC12 cells does not elicit the final morphogenetic events in Schwann cells (ensheathment, basal lamina formation and collagen fibril assembly) that normally occur when Schwann cells are co-cultured in contact with DRG neurons.
Benjamin Lee Whorf’s theory of language, culture, and consciousness: A critique of western science

Abstract Benjamin Lee Whorf’s (1897–1941) writings generally fall into two categories: those related to his research on the Hopi and Mayan cultures and languages, and those providing a critique of linguistic theory in particular and Western science in general. This paper is focused on six essays in Carroll’s collection of Whorf’s work: the first two essays, written in the mid-1930s, fall into the first category: “An American Indian Model of the Universe” and “A Linguistic Consideration of Thinking in Primitive Communities”; and the final four essays, written at the end of his life, fall into the second category: “Science and Linguistics” (1940), “Linguistics as an Exact Science” (1940), “Language and Logic” (1941), and “Language, Mind, and Reality” (1942).
Cellular response in rabbit eyes after human fetal RPE cell transplantation.

· Background: This study was carried out to study inflammatory and proliferative cellular responses in the rabbit eye after subretinal transplantation of human fetal retinal pigment epithelial (HFRPE) cells. · Methods: 5-Bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU)-labeled HFRPE cells were injected subretinally into rabbit eyes at three different concentrations. Macrophage, glial, and proliferative responses of the eye tissues were studied by immunohistochemistry and light microscopy at different times after the surgery. · Results: In transplanted eyes, the HFRPE cells were distributed irregularly either as multilayers or monolayers. In eyes receiving high-density cell suspensions, retinal breaks were seen. No retinal breaks were noted in the eyes receiving low-density HFRPE cell suspensions. The highest intensity of inflammatory response was seen at 4–14 days after surgery, with greater expression in transplanted eyes receiving high-density cell suspensions. The host cellular response was characterized initially by local infiltration of the retina and subretinal space by macrophages and glial cells. After day 14, a decline in the number of donor cells was noted in all eyes. At later stages the host cellular response was characterized mainly by local choroidal thickening and infiltration by inflammatory cells. Proliferative response was expressed mainly by retinal cells. · Conclusion: Initial inflammatory and proliferative responses after the xenogenic human to rabbit HFRPE cell transplantation were expressed by retinal cells with later involvement of the choroid. Our results showed a decline in the number of donor cells starting from day 14 after the transplantation. This may suggest a possibility of rejection. The initial quantity of injected cells may be critical for the intensity of the immune and inflammatory responses.
Sequence Analysis of a Cloned Human Rhinovirus Designed For Use in Human Inoculation Studies

T U E S D A Y 920 Upregulation Of Glucocorticoids Beta Receptors In Severe Rsv Bronchiolitis In Infants P. V. Diaz, R. Mammani, R. A. Pinto, A. A. Gaggero, M. R. Bono, J. Guerrero, A. Goecke; Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, CHILE, Faculty of Science, University of Chile, Santiago, CHILE. RATIONALE: The majority of studies on glucocorticoids treatment in RSV bronchiolitis conclude there are no beneficial effects. We hypothesized that RSV infected patients may have an up-regulation of the GCR-b expression, the isoform that is unable to bind cortisol and exert an antiinflammatory action. METHODS:We studied by RT-PCR the expression of a and bGCR in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained from 50 RSV infected infants (less than 1 year of age) of diverse clinical severity, evaluated by a modified Tal’s clinical score (15mild to 85severe). In plasma we analyzed the level of cortisol by RIA and inflammatory cytokines: IL-6, IL-8,TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-12 and IL-10 by cytometric beads assay. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA. RESULTS: There has found a significant up-regulation of b GCR in patients with severe illness compared to those with mild disease (p<0.001) and also to a group of healthy control (p<0.01). The a/b GCR ratio was significantly decreased in infants with severe disease (p<0.05) compared to those with mild illness and with normal controls (p<0.01). The expression of b GCR has been positively correlated with the clinical score of severity (r50.51; p<0.0006). IL-6, IL-8 and cortisol in plasma were significantly increased in severe infected infants compared with mild infected (p<0.05) and healthy controls (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The decrease of the a/bGCR ratio by an up-regulation of b receptors may partly explain the insensitivity to corticoids treatments in RSV infected infants.
Extracardiac thrombotic, embolic, and hemorrhagic causes of sudden death

The integrity of the vascular tree is essential to sustain life. However, blood vessels are the most vulnerable structure in the cardiovascular system, and disruption of the vasculature by occlusion (thrombosis/thromboembolism) or leakage (hemorrhage) can lead to sudden death. This review will concentrate on the extracardiac manifestations of two opposite, but intimately related, pathophysiologic processes that disturb vascular integrity: namely, thrombosis and hemorrhage. Thrombosis is a pathological process that leads to activation of the hemostatic system at an abnormal time and location. We are only just beginning to appreciate the myriad causes of thrombosis, some of which include vascular factors such as stasis and endothelial injury, as well as blood factors such as excessive coagulation, decreased coagulation inhibitors, or decreased fibrinolysis. Hemorrhage is a frequent cause of sudden death and may be attributable to blood vessel disease/rupture or to abnormalities within the blood itself that impair hemostasis. In this review, the pathophysiologic mechanisms of thrombosis/thromboembolism and hemorrhage are delineated and multiple system-specific disease entities are discussed.
Advances in Geographic Information Systems

Abstract Geographic Information Systems (GISs) are computer assisted systems for the capture, storage, retrieval, analysis and display of spatial data. The increase in the use and sophistication of these systems has led to a new academic interest which has resulted in a vigorous and expanding research community. Despite some lack of formalized definitions, categorizations, terminologies and standard data structures. published work shows a remarkable degree of cross disciplinary work. This paper examines published GIS research, in particular on GIS data structures, and concludes that the next generation of graduates will be far better prepared to meet the demand of this new technology.
Correlation Between Sodium Sulfate Mass Transfer and Low-Temperature Hot Corrosion

A mass transfer model is developed that considers diffusive and chemical aspects of sodium sulfate formation and deposition on cooled blades of coal-fired gas turbines. The roles of gas phase condensation of sodium sulfate and multicomponent diffusion across a chemically frozen thin boundary layer are elaborated. A rational procedure is presented for correlating material wastage with laboratory weight gain data obtained by exposing alloy specimens precoated with a thin film of salt to SO{sub 2}-SO{sub 3} in an oxygen environment. The sodium sulfate mass transfer model is used in conjunction with the correlation to project blade corrosion and lifetime as a function of gas turbine inlet temperature, blade cooling, and sodium and sulfur contaminant concentration.
Obesity and Site-Specific Nosocomial Infection Risk in the Intensive Care Unit

Abstract Background: Obese patients are at higher than normal risk for postoperative infections such as pneumonia and surgical site infections, but the relation between obesity and infections acquired in the intensive care unit (ICU) is unclear. Our objective was to describe the relation between body mass index (BMI) and site-specific ICU-acquired infection risk in adults. Methods: Secondary analysis of a large, dual-institutional, prospective observational study of critically ill and injured surgical patients remaining in the ICU for at least 48 h. Patients were classified into BMI groups according to the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute guidelines: ≤ 18.5 kg/m2 (underweight), 18.5–24.9 kg/m2 (normal), 25–29.9 kg/m2 (overweight), 30.0–39.9 kg/m2 (obese), and ≥ 40.0 kg/m2 (severely obese). The primary outcomes were the number and site of ICU-acquired U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-defined infections. Multivariable logistic and Poisson regression were used to determine age-, sex-, ...
Superlattices formed by electrodeposition of silver on iodine-pretreated Pt(111); studies by LEED, Auger spectroscopy and electrochemistry

Reported are studies by LEED and Auger spectroscopy of silver layers electrodeposited on well-characterized Pt(111) surfaces from aqueous solution. Prior to electrodeposition. the Pt(111) surface was treated with I2 vapor to form the Pt(111) (7 × 7)R19.1°-I superlattice which protected the Pt and Ag surfaces from attack by the electrolyte and residual gases. Electrodeposition of silver occurred in four distinct ranges of electrode potential. Ordered layers having (3 × 3) and (18 × 18) (coincidence lattice) LEED patterns were formed at all coverages from the onset of deposition to the highest coverages studied, about twenty equivalent atomic layers. Formation of ordered Ag layers has therefore been demonstrated, at least for deposits of limited thickness. Auger spectra revealed that for deposits of a few atomic layers. The iodine layer remained attached to the surface during multiple cycles of electrodeposition and dissolution of silver from iodine-free solution. Each peak of the voltammetric current-potential scan produced a change in the LEED pattern.
Advances in speech transcription at IBM under the DARPA EARS program

This paper describes the technical and system building advances made in IBM's speech recognition technology over the course of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Effective Affordable Reusable Speech-to-Text (EARS) program. At a technical level, these advances include the development of a new form of feature-based minimum phone error training (fMPE), the use of large-scale discriminatively trained full-covariance Gaussian models, the use of septaphone acoustic context in static decoding graphs, and improvements in basic decoding algorithms. At a system building level, the advances include a system architecture based on cross-adaptation and the incorporation of 2100 h of training data in every system component. We present results on English conversational telephony test data from the 2003 and 2004 NIST evaluations. The combination of technical advances and an order of magnitude more training data in 2004 reduced the error rate on the 2003 test set by approximately 21% relative-from 20.4% to 16.1%-over the most accurate system in the 2003 evaluation and produced the most accurate results on the 2004 test sets in every speed category
Different responses of E:Z-isomers of pesticides in liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry

The mass spectrometric behavior of four pairs of stereoisomers was investigated by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS). The E- and Z-isomers of the pesticides chlorfenvinphos, dimethomorph, mevinphos and phosphamidon-each with one double bond-were chosen for this study. The MS response of the individual isomers was investigated by infusing the isomers individually into the MS or after the separation of isomer mixtures via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In the case of dimethomorph, the same MS response was found for the two isomers. In contrast to that, the individual isomers of chlorfenvinphos, mevinphos and phosphamidon showed different MS response both in the single ion monitoring (SIM) mode in single quadrupole MS and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode in tandem MS. The MS response of the isomers partly depends on (1) the declustering potential of the precursor ion in the SIM mode, (2) the selected transition and (3) the collision energy in the MRM mode. Consequently, quantification by summation of the peak areas of the isomers is inaccurate due to over- or underestimating of one of the stereoisomers. Accurate quantitative results can only be achieved when the compound-specific MS parameters are separately determined for each isomer. This can be done by using pure isomers or by the determination of the MS parameters after HPLC separation and the measurement of the actual isomer ratio with an independent technique.
The Quantum Theory of electronic scattering by Helium

The problem of the collision between an electron and an atom was first considered on the Quantum theory by Born, who has worked out in detail the case of atomic hydrogen, and has obtained formulae giving the variation of scattering with angle both for elastic and inelastic collisions. Born's solution is only approximate. The purpose of this note is to discuss the physical nature of the approximations used by him, and also to extend his results to Helium, for which experimental evidence is now available. It is found that the theoretical curve agrees with the experimental as well as the approximations used would lead one to expect. We shall confine ourselves to elastic collisions.
Factor X deficiency and pregnancy

©Factor X deficiency is a rare disorder, with only 50 cases reported to date. There are only a few published case reports of women with Factor X deficiency undergoing successful pregnancy, each with a unique clinical course and approach to management. In this case report, we review the literature on Factor X deficiency and pregnancy. We describe our approach to management of a patient with severe Factor X deficiency who underwent a successful pregnancy and delivery by minimizing hemostatic risks through rational dose scheduling of factor products. Background
Ophthalmoplegic Migraine: Ischemic or Compressive Neuropathy?

SYNOPSIS It is currently believed that the ophthalmoplegia in ophthalmoplegic migraine (O.M.) is due to compression of the cranial nerves by dilated and swollen carotid or basilar arteries. One of our patients seen recently did not fit the pattern of a compressive neuropathy because the pupil was spared during three episodes of O.M. A review of the literature revealed that contrary to common belief, the pupils are involved completely in only 33% of patients with O.M. Analysis of the clinical features and the relevant anatomy of the vascular supply of the third cranial nerve suggest that the ophthalmoplegia is due to a delayed ischemic neuropathy leading to border zone infarction of the nerve rather than direct compression due to an enlarged vessel.
Unsupervised Learning: Self-aggregation in Scaled Principal Component Space

We demonstrate that data clustering amounts to a dynamic process of self-aggregation in which data objects move towards each other to form clusters, revealing the inherent pattern of similarity. Self-aggregation is governed by connectivity and occurs in a space obtained by a nonlinear scaling of principal component analysis (PCA). The method combines dimensionality reduction with clustering into a single framework. It can apply to both square similarity matrices and rectangular association matrices.
Ring 2 chromosome: ten-year follow-up report.

Cote et al. [1981: Ann Genet 24:231–235] suggested that ring chromosomes without a preceding deletion share a common pattern of phenotypic anomalies, independent of what chromosome is involved. The phenotype of such a “general ring syndrome” consists of growth failure without malformations, few or no minor anomalies, and mild-to-moderate mental retardation. We report on a patient with a ring 2 chromosome with features suggestive of Silver-Russell syndrome at birth and striking postnatal growth retardation with minor intellectual involvement supporting Cote's suggestion. This would be the ninth case of ring 2 chromosome published; the patient is the longest reported survivor, with a 10-year follow-up. Am. J. Med. Genet. 85:117–122, 1999 © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Dimensional stability of Superinvar

Attention is called to new thermal expansion measurements on temporally stable Superinvar. The measurements indicate that its thermal expansivity vs temperature is more desirable than has been suggested by earlier measurements (Berthold et al., 1976). It is pointed out that at approximately 47 C, the thermal expansion coefficient is zero; however, the coefficient increases rapidly as the temperature departs from 47 C. A second zero-crossing of the expansivity is found at -21 C. The magnitude of negative expansivity between -21 C and 45 C remains bounded and small. No disruptive and reversible phase transition is found at temperatures down to -26 C.
Reinforcement/Matrix Interaction in Sic Fiber-Reinforced Ni3a1 Matrix Composites

The interfacial reaction characteristics of two different types of SiC fibers with Ni3A1 (Ni-Al-Cr-Zr-B) matrix have been investigated. The microstructure and chemical compositions across the reaction zone have been analyzed quantitatively using microscopy and electron probe microanalysis. In both types of SiC/Ni3Al composites, it was found that Ni was the dominant diffusing species responsible for the overall reaction. The C-rich layer outside the SCS-6 fiber provided an incubation period, but could not stop the inward diffusion of Ni. It could, however, effectively stop the diffusion of Al, Zr and Cr. No significant increase in reaction zone thickness after exposure at temperatures below 900 °C for up to 100 hours was observed. When the C-rich layer was depleted, a rapid increase in reaction zone thickness and the formation of multilayer reaction products occurred. In the case of Sigma/Ni3A1 composite, extensive reaction between the fiber and the matrix occurred at all the temperatures studied. Diffusion barrier coating for both types of fibers is required to develop nickel aluminide matrix composites.
Cell growth and differentiation on feeder layers is predicted to be influenced by bioreactor geometry.

Tissue function is comprised of a complex interplay between biological and physicochemical rate processes. The design of bioreactors for tissue engineering must account for these processes simultaneously in order to obtain a bioreactor that provides a uniform environment for tissue growth and development. In the present study we consider the effects of fluid flow and mass transfer on the growth of a tissue in a parallel-plate bioreactor configuration. The parenchymal cells grow on a preformed stromal (feeder) layer that secretes a growth factor that stimulates parenchymal stem cell replication and differentiation. The biological dynamics are described by a unilineage model that describes the replication and differentiation of the tissue stem cell. The physicochemical rates are described by the Navier-Stokes and convective-diffusion equations. The model equations are solved by a finite element method. Two dimensionless groups govern the behavior of the solution. One is the Graetz number (Gz) that describes the relative rates of convection and diffusion, and the other a new dimensionless ratio (designated by P) that describes the interplay of the growth factor production, diffusion, and stimulation. Four geometries (slab, gondola, diamond, and radial shapes) for the parallel-plate bioreactor are analyzed. The uniformity of cell growth is measured by a two-dimensional coefficient of variance. The concentration distribution of the stroma-derived growth factor was computed first based on fluid flow and bioreactor geometry. Then the concomitant cell density distribution was obtained by integrating the calculated growth factor concentration with the parenchymal cell growth and unilineage differentiation process. The spatiotemporal cell growth patterns in four different bioreactor configurations were investigated under a variety of combinations of Gz (10−1, 100, and 101) and P(10−2, 10−1, 100, 101, and 102). The results indicate high cell density and uniformity can be achieved for parameter values of P = 0.01, …, 0.1 and Gz = 0.1, …, 1.0. Among the four geometries investigated the radial-flow-type bioreactor provides the most uniform environment in which parenchymal cells can grow and differentiate ex vivo due to the absence of walls that are parallel to the flow paths creating slow flowing regions. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A household hedonic model of rice traits: economic values from farmers in West Africa

Abstract New crop varieties often have been promoted in developing countries based upon superior yield vis-a-vis locally available varieties. This research presents a hedonic price model for upland rice by drawing upon the input characteristics and consumer good characteristics model literature. Model specification tests determine that a combination of production and consumption characteristics best explains the willingness to pay for new upland rice varieties. The household model specification determined that five traits explain the willingness to pay for new rice varieties: plant cycle length, plant height, grain colour, elongation/swelling and tenderness. Yield was not a significant explanatory variable of the willingness to pay for seed. The implications of this model are two-fold. First, varietal development and promotion must include post-harvest characteristics in addition to production traits when determining which varieties to promote for official release. Secondly, non-yield production characteristics such as plant height and cycle length are significant factors in producer's assessments of the value of a new variety. Overall, this paper provides an alternative explanation for limited adoption of modern upland rice varieties in West Africa: varietal evaluation programs have focused too narrowly on yield evaluation and have not promoted varieties with superior non-yield characteristics than locally available varieties.