cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association between low‐dose aspirin and periodontal disease: results from the continuous national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES) 2011–2012

AIM Low-dose aspirin has been hypothesized as being a potential host modulatory agent for periodontitis treatment. We investigated the relationship between low-dose aspirin use and periodontitis prevalence in the continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011-2012. METHODS We analysed n = 2335 adult men and women who received a full-mouth periodontal examination and responded to an aspirin use questionnaire. Periodontal disease was defined as severe, moderate or mild according to established case definitions. Mean full-mouth probing depth, attachment loss and tooth loss were also considered. Low-dose aspirin was defined by any self-reported, physician prescribed aspirin use of ≤162 mg/day. RESULTS Participants had mean age (SE) 55.8 years (0.42). The prevalences of periodontitis and low-dose aspirin use were 49.5% and 25% respectively. In multivariable logistic regression models controlling for age, sex, race, socioeconomic variables and comorbidities, the odds ratios [95%CI] for moderate or severe periodontitis among low-dose aspirin users (versus non-users) were: 0.91 [0.56-1.50] and 1.06 [0.74-1.50] respectively. Results were unchanged among participants without diabetes or coronary heart disease. CONCLUSIONS Within the limitations of this cross-sectional study we conclude that low-dose aspirin is not associated with prevalent periodontal status in a nationally representative sample of US adults.
Preservation as ‘Disaster Capitalism’: The Downside of Site Rescue and the Complexity of Community Engagement

As ethics have increasingly become a topic of interest for archaeologists, ‘heritage preservation’ has become harder to define. What was once thought to be a very simple and benign idea is now seen clearly as a colonial construction. There are no reliable rules to guide decisions about how heritage should be preserved, even if it is possible to determine which heritage should be preserved. However, most archaeologists and preservationists accept that the final say belongs with the people whose heritage or community is the focus of a preservation programme. In this paper I consider how imposed preservation schemes, buttressed by hyped-up public concern about the ‘loss’ of archaeological sites, can alienate people from their resources, making them vulnerable to predatory organizations. I bring in contrasting case studies from my own work in Belize and Kyrgyzstan to exemplify the complex ramifications of promoting preservation.
Role of polyamine structure in inhibition of K+‐Cl− cotransport in human red cell ghosts

1K+-Cl− cotransport in human red cell ghosts is inhibited by divalent inorganic cations, soluble polycations and amphipathic organic cations. These findings suggest a common mechanism of inhibition, namely, binding of the cations to negative charges at the surface of a hydrophobic structure. 2We have characterized the inhibitory capacity of a number of polyamines in order to obtain information about the nature of the charges with which they interact. Neomycin inhibited swelling-stimulated cotransport. The diquaternary amines dimethonium and decamethonium were relatively ineffective inhibitors. These compounds are thought to shield negative charges, but not bind to them. 3Comparison of a homologous series of polyamines indicated that primary amines were better inhibitors than secondary amines, that inhibition increased with the charge of the polyamine, and that inhibition increased as the distance separating the amines increased. 4The results indicate that the negative charges to which polycations bind are multiple and mobile. Since they must be associated with a hydrophobic environment, it is likely that they are negatively charged phospholipids located in the inner leaflet of the bilayer membrane. 5Heating red cells or ghosts to 49 °C denatures spectrin. Heating markedly increased K+ uptake in swollen ghosts but not in shrunken ghosts. The increase in uptake was reversed when swollen ghosts were shrunk even though denaturation of spectrin was not reversed. Polyamines, which inhibited swelling-activated K+ uptake in control ghosts, similarly inhibited the increased uptake in heated ghosts. 6We speculate that spectrin, which is closely associated with the inner bilayer leaflet, shields negative charges in a volume-dependent manner and so regulates volume-sensitive K+ transport.
Proteolytic enzymes as probes for the triple-helical conformation of procollagen.

Abstract Type I procollagen was thermally denatured and partially refolded by cooling to 20°C. The partially refolded protein was then used as a model system for testing proteolytic enzymes as probes for quantitative assay of fully aligned triple-helical molecules. Pepsin and chymotrypsin both digested fully denatured procollagen. However, digestion times of greater than 60 min were required, even with a large molar excess of the proteinases. These enzymes therefore are only useful for examining the folding of procollagen under conditions in which the process occurs at a slow rate. In contrast, trypsin cleaved the collagen domain of denatured procollagen within 2 min. Trypsin did not efficiently remove the precursor specific peptides, and therefore a mixture of chymotrypsin and trypsin was employed as an appropriate proteolytic probe for triple-helical conformation.
Magneto-optical properties of self-assembled (Cd, Mn)Se quantum dots

A systematic study of the magneto-optical properties of semimagnetic (Cd,Mn)Se quantum dots is performed. The data proves the successful incorporation of the magnetic Mn ions into the QDs providing zero-dimensional magnetic entities for controlling single carrier spins.
An empirical model for plagioclase equilibrium in hydrous melts

Heat capacity models for anorthite (An) and albite (Ab) crystal and supercooled liquid, together with the assumption of ideal mixing of these components were used to derive average values of enthalpy and volume of melting from phase equilibrium data that are in significant disagreement with some recently published thermodynamic data. In an effort to find a means of calculating both liquidus temperature and crystal composition of plagioclase for a given hydrous melt composition, the activity models for feldspar components in hydrous melts and solubility calculations suggested by Burnham (1975) and the enthalpy data above were tested by comparing predicted and observed liquidi. These assumptions lead to satisfactory agreement in the systems Ab-An-H2O and Ab-Si4O8-H2O but liquidi in the system An-Si4O8-H2O and complex systems differ radically from those calculated. For hydrous complex melts an empirical model using the above solubility and activity assumptions was fit to experimental data on coexisting melt and plagioclase compositions. Despite the demonstrable theoretical limitations of the assumptions involved, this empirical model apparently balances inaccuracies and reproduces the original data with absolute mean errors for 66 experiments of 17°C and 5 mol% An. It is sufficiently precise for use in kinetic crystallization models and may be useful as a geothermometer in some applications; it is probably not sufficiently accurate to be used as a geobarometer.
Plasmonic Control of Near-Interface Exciton Dynamics in Defect-Rich ZnO Thin Films

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is an attractive material for many electro-optical applications, but the control of impurities remains an issue in device fabrication. For this paper, the dynamics of defect states produced by annealing ZnO thin films at temperatures of 400–800 °C were probed by band-edge pump-probe spectroscopy in differential reflection and transmission. The distinction between the differential reflection and transmission spectra allowed for the analysis of ultrafast near-interface dynamics, which cannot be separated from the bulk thin-film dynamics by traditional ultrafast spectroscopies. In particular, simultaneous differential reflection and transmission spectroscopy provided clear evidence that the band-edge recombination dynamics in samples annealed at 400 °C were absent near the ZnO/substrate interface. However, the Purcell enhancement observed in Ag/ZnO heterostructures resulted in the dramatic emergence of the band-edge recombination signal nearly two orders of magnitude greater in intensity than the defect differential reflectivity. This indicates that the spatial range of the Purcell effect is at least twice as large as inferred from previous photoluminescence studies.
Ground‐layer disturbance and initial conditions influence gap partitioning of understorey vegetation

Summary 1 Differential species responses to canopy gap formation may dominate organization of understorey plant community composition in many forests. Gap creation may enhance heterogeneity in understorey plant communities and could influence biodiversity patterns in young managed forests. 2 Our objective was to determine whether understorey plant communities exhibit patterns indicative of gap partitioning and to quantify environmental variables related to these patterns. 3 Patterns in understorey vegetation were studied on transects across harvested canopy gaps in four young, Douglas-fir (Psuedotsuga menziesii) dominated forest stands in western Oregon. Variation in ground-layer disturbance and resource gradients in relation to patterns in understorey plant community composition was also assessed. 4 Understorey plant community composition differed significantly by location relative to gap in 0.4-ha gaps, but not 0.1-ha gaps, supporting the gap-size partitioning hypothesis. 5 The concurrent effects of ground-layer disturbance, gap size-related differences in resource gradient intensity, and pre-gap community composition and vegetation structure interact to influence the existence of gap partitioning in understorey plant communities. 6 Gap creation can influence small-scale heterogeneity in understorey plant communities and thus could be an important management tool in efforts to increase heterogeneity and biodiversity in stands and landscapes dominated by young, second growth forests.
FAILURE TO CONDITION TETRAHYMENA

APPLEWHITE, PH. B., GARDNER, F., FOLEY, D. & CLENDENIN, M. Failure to condition Tetrahymena. Scand. J. Psychol., 1971, 12, 65–67.–Experiments were performed in attempts to condition Tetrahymena to light-shock. Negative results were obtained.
Efficacy of intranasal administration of a truncated NS1 modified live influenza virus vaccine in swine.

In the U.S., despite available swine influenza virus (SIV) vaccines, multiple influenza subtypes as well as antigenic and genetic variants within subtypes continue to circulate in the swine population. One of the challenges to control and eliminate SIV is that the currently used inactivated influenza virus vaccines do not provide adequate cross-protection against multiple antigenic variants of SIV in the field. We previously generated a recombinant H3N2 swine influenza virus (SIV) based on the influenza A/SW/TX/4199-2/98 virus (TX98) containing an NS1 gene expressing a truncated NS1 protein of 126 amino acids, TX98-NS1Δ126 virus. This recombinant strain was demonstrated to be highly attenuated in swine and showed potential for use as a modified live-virus vaccine (MLV) after intratracheal application in pigs. However, this route of inoculation is not practical for vaccination in the field. In the present study, we first compared intramuscular and intranasal routes of application of the MLV, and found that the intranasal route was superior in priming the local (mucosal) immune response. Pigs were then vaccinated via the intranasal route and challenged with wild type homologous TX98 H3N2 virus, with a genetic and antigenic variant H3N2 SIV (influenza A/SW/CO/23619/99 virus, CO99) and a heterosubtypic H1N1 SIV (influenza A/SW/IA/00239/2004 virus, IA04). The intranasally vaccinated pigs were completely protected against homologous challenge. In addition, MLV vaccination provided nearly complete protection against the antigenic H3N2 variant CO99 virus. When challenged with the H1N1 IA04 virus, MLV vaccinated animals displayed reduced fever and virus titers despite minimal reduction in lung lesions. In vaccinated pigs, there was no serologic cross-reactivity by HI assays with the heterologous or heterosubtypic viruses. However, there appeared to be substantial cross-reactivity in antibodies at the mucosal level with the CO99 virus in MLV vaccinated pigs.
Cranial bone grafts for post-traumatic facial defects.

Recent Interest in onlay cranial bone grafts has shown it to be a preferred technique in the reconstruction of facial defects. This paper reports seven patients in whom outer table cranial bone grafts were used to reconstruct posttraumatic facial deformities. These included orbital and zygomatic deformities (2 patients), maxillary defects (2 patients), mandibular defects (2 patients), and nasal deformity (1 patient). A brief review of the development of membranous bone grafting for maxillofacial reconstruction is given. Good cosmetic results were obtained in six of seven patients with no evidence of graft resorption. One patient required removal of the graft because of inadequate soft tissue coverage. No patient suffered any significant donor site morbidity. In summary, this technique is extremely useful in treating posttraumatic bony deformities of the facial skeleton. The excellent graft survival and ease in harvesting the graft make this technique preferable to traditional endochondral grafts taken from the iliac crest and rib.
WE‐E‐L100J‐04: Coherent Scatter Imaging for Mammography

Purpose: To develop a new screening tool for the detection of breast cancer by the wide‐field collection of x‐ray coherent scatter from the human breast, to potentially improve the diagnosis of breast cancer.Method and Materials: Coherent scatter analysis is normally performed using a highly collimated narrow beam. This complicates adding coherent scatter analysis to screening mammography. A technique has been developed which allows broad field discrimination of coherent scatter using standard high ratio Bucky grids. Using the Kα line from a standard Mo tube, the coherent scattering angle (2θ) for normal breast tissue and cancertissue would be 9 and 13 degrees, respectively. For the first step of work, pork and beef fat (2θ = 9 degrees) were used as a phantom for normal human breast tissue, while graphite (2θ = 12.16 degrees) was used as a phantom for breast cancertissue. The coherent scatter images were recorded with CR plates. Tests were carried out with a 10:1 grid for a series of tilt angles and sample‐to‐grid distances. Results: The intensity distribution showed that the coherent scatter from the graphitecancer phantom where observable above the fat background at certain grid tilt angles and sample‐to‐grid distances. Theoretical calculations for the intensity distributions were compared to measurements. Conclusion: This work indicates promising potential for including coherent scatter analysis in screening mammography. The patient is not exposed to any additional x‐ray radiation. Coherent scatter is normally present but not collected. This technology provides an entirely new basis for diagnosis, which may improve the sensitivity and specificity of mammography.
Globalisation, workers and the northern league

This article seeks to explain why the Northern League's main basis of support now comes primarily from Northern workers and artisans. To explain the nature of the League's support, we hypothesise that a fear of globalisation has led workers in the north to vote for the party that has put the greatest emphasis on the protection of local identities. We analyse survey data to document the affect globalisation has on the voting patterns of Northern workers. From our data, we construct a regression model to identify the issues and socioeconomic factors that predict support for the Northern League. In addition to the regression model, we also present cross‐tabulated data revealing that Northern League supporters tend to be extremely provincial, yet they are convinced that global forces are threatening their quality of life.
Two-loop β-functions and low-energy string effective action for the two-dimensional bosonic non-linear σ-model with a Wess-Zumino-Witten term

Abstract We compute the two-loop β -function for the two-dimensional bosonic non-linear σ -model with a Wess-Zumino-Witten term. It satisfies an integrability condition which leads to a low-energy effective action relevant for string scattering amplitudes up to quartic terms in the antisymmetric tensor field.
Imaging of a translucent object hidden in a highly scattering medium from the early portion of the diffuse component of a transmitted ultrafast laser pulse

A translucent object hidden in a highly scattering medium is shown to be visible when the early portion of the transmitted diffuse pulse (snake photons) is detected. The use of the snake scattered photons to image objects depends on the scattering characteristics along a quasi-straight-line path that the photons traverse across the medium. A translucent object with different scattering characteristics compared with its surrounding medium will change the intensity of the snake photons. By scanning the medium across the laser beam and detecting only the snake photons, a translucent object hidden in a highly scattering medium could be located.
FRAGMENTATION AND FETISHISM: THE POSTMODERN IN MARX

Abstract In these remarks, I consider some of the consequences of a critical engagement with postmodernism for the reaffirmation of a Marxism for which conditions now seem so ripe. I begin by clarifying what is at issue in the relation between postmodernism and Marxism by defining the former and seeing how the problems posed there relate to the latter, specifically in Marx's discussion of the fetishism of commodities. I then turn to the implications of these theoretical dilemmas for how we think about politics with reference to globalization, if this term is to account not only for the mobility of capital, but also the socialization of labor. My aim is to see how we get from the critique of capital to the critique of labor and its others.
Solar Cycle Variations of Electron Density and Temperature in the Venusian Nightside Ionosphere

The return of periapsis to low altitudes during the Summer and Fall of 1992 provided a unique opportunity for the Pioneer Venus Orbiter (PVO) to make in situ measurements in the Venusian ionosphere at much lower levels of solar activity (F10.7=120) than existed when periapsis was at low altitudes in 1979 and 1980 (F10.7=220). We present the observations of electron density (N(sub e)) and temperature (T(sub e)) made by the Orbiter Electron Temperature Probe (OETP) during the Entry Period. Empirical models of the Ne and Te height variations are presented and compared with similar models based on OETP measurements made at solar maximum. The median Ne at the ionospheric peak (approx. 140 km) was essentially unchanged from its solar maximum value, but the ionosphere was increasingly depleted at higher altitudes, reaching a factor of 7 lower densities at 200 km. T(sub e) was lower by almost a factor of 2 at 140 km but was rather significantly enhanced at higher altitudes; exceeding its solar maximum values by a factor of 1.3 at 200 km and a factor of 2 at 500 km. In general these results support the earlier conclusions that the nightside upper ionosphere is depleted at lower levels of solar activity by a reduction of the nightward ion flow. The lack of N(sub e) variation near the peak (between solar maximum and entry) suggests that nightward ion transport does not play as large a role in the peak formation as does local ion production by energetic particles. The decrease in T(sub e) at low altitudes suggests that the low densities of the upper ionosphere at the time of PVO entry could no longer support the conduction of heat from the dayside ionosphere, thus allowing the lower nightside ionosphere to cool by collisions with ions and neutrals, and by heat conduction to the cooler regions below.
The mandate for innovation in pediatric surgery; creating the environment for success, parity, and excellence.

To create an environment of success and excellence in pediatric surgery, we must establish parity of leadership between surgeons and pediatricians, and manpower must be reexamined, with safety and quality driving our deployment. To determine our own destiny, Pediatric Surgeons will have to be proactive in setting public policy standards for safety and maintenance of competency. To insure an intellectually vibrant field, we must continue to generate new knowledge and techniques through research and discovery, and dissemination through teaching and education.
A Nonlinear Dynamic Model and Free Vibration Analysis of Deployable Mesh Reflectors

This paper presents a dynamic model of deployable mesh reflectors, in which geometric and material nonlinearities of such a space structure are fully described. Then, by linearization around an equilibrium configuration of the reflector structure, a linearized model is obtained. With this linearized model, the natural frequencies and mode shapes of a reflector can be computed. The nonlinear dynamic model of deployable mesh reflectors is verified by using commercial finite element software in numerical simulation. As shall be seen, the proposed nonlinear model is useful for shape (surface) control of deployable mesh reflectors under thermal loads.
WELMAR—COMPUTER PROGRAMS TO ANALYZE DIALOGIC TIME PATTERNS

This paper describes a computerized system (for the PDP-12) for analyzing patterns arising from two-speaker dialogues. Programs detect the presence and absence of sound from each speaker at a sampl...
Tricuspid annular displacement predicts survival in pulmonary hypertension.

Rationale: Right ventricular (RV) function is an important determinant of prognosis in pulmonary hypertension. However, noninvasive assessment of the RV function is often limited by complex geometry and poor endocardial definition.Objectives: To test whether the degree of tricuspid annular displacement (tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion [TAPSE]) is a useful echo-derived measure of RV function with prognostic significance in pulmonary hypertension.Methods: We prospectively studied 63 consecutive patients with pulmonary hypertension who were referred for a clinically indicated right heart catheterization. Patients underwent right heart catheterization immediately followed by transthoracic echocardiogram and TAPSE measurement.Results: In the overall cohort, a TAPSE of less than 1.8 cm was associated with greater RV systolic dysfunction (cardiac index, 1.9 vs. 2.7 L/min/m2; RV % area change, 24 vs. 33%), right heart remodeling (right atrial area index, 17.0 vs. 12.1 cm2/m), and RV–left ventricular (L...
tides as reporters for molecular associations.

The 1,6-dihydro-3(2H)-pyridinone unit is an amino acid surrogate that favors the extended beta-strand conformation when incorporated in an oligopeptide ("@-tide") strand. We now report that the circular dichroism (CD) signature of the vinylogous amide in the @-unit is sensitive to conformation in organic and aqueous solvents and, therefore, is useful as a quantitative measure of @-tide association and folding processes that involve this moiety. Moreover, this method can be employed in the micromolar concentration range, which is not readily accessible using other techniques. Measurements of @-tide dimerization and beta-hairpin folding equilibria not only demonstrate the utility and generality of this approach but also provide a way to quantify amino acid side chain-side chain interactions relevant to beta-sheet stability.
Novel hyperbranched dendron for gene transfer in vitro and in vivo

Novel hyperbranched dendron (HD) polymers were synthesized using a low molecular weight poly(ethyleneimine) core (BPEI). Using successive attachment of ethyleneimine moieties to the PEI core, the relative ratio of linear-to-branched structures was lowered from 1.17 to 0.70. We found that the more extensive branching of PEI enables the condensation of plasmid DNA into nanostructures with a size of 70-100 nm. The obtained complexes were stable at least for 3 weeks at 4 degrees C. The HD-DNA complexes prepared using secondary and tertiary amine-containing dendrons exerted a very low cytotoxicity in vitro during a coincubation with cells for 48 h. Using firefly luciferase as a marker of protein expression, we established that HD complexes were efficient in transfecting cells in the presence of serum. Under optimized conditions, the transfection activity at a nitrogen-to-phosphate (N/P) ratio of 6 was approximately six times higher than that of the commercially available polycationic transfection reagent. Bioluminescent imaging of in vivo gene expression using a luciferase reporter gene showed the increase of the signal in the liver and in submandibular lymph nodes in live mice. Our preliminary in vivo gene expression data demonstrates the potential of HD polymers as in vivo transfection agents that could be potentially useful for lymph node gene delivery.
Distribution function for the radius of gyration for theta chains attached at one end to an impenetrable surface

Chains that are unperturbed by the intramolecular excluded volume effect are examined in the free state and under conditions where one of the ends is attached to an impenetrable surface. The density of the attachment of the chains to the surface is so low that interchain interactions can be ignored. The shapes of the distribution functions for the squared end-to-end distance, r2, and squared radius of gyrations, s2, are evaluated in both situations. As is well-known from previous work, attachment of the chains to the impenetrable surface produces an increase in 〈r2〉 and (to a lesser extent) 〈s2〉. It also narrows the distribution function for r2. There is, however, no detectable effect on the shape of the distribution function for s2. The narrowing of the distribution function for r2, coupled with the absence of any effect on the shape of the distribution function for s2, is rationalized with a very simple model.
Anatomy of hydathodes and pigment disks in leaves of Ficus diversifolia (Moraceae)

In Ficus diversifolia, “mistletoe fig”, hydathodes are scattered over the leaf lamina. They open to the adaxial surface via a circular, slightly depressed epidermal pad studded with 20–30 water pores. The epithem is a cylinder of small cells, irregular in shape, with conspicuous intercellular spaces, bounded by a close-fitting sheath of unpigmented cells. Hydathodes occur above characteristic junctions of three or more minor veins, from which short tracheary strands extend upward into the epithem and end blindly. Phloem does not seem to be involved. Unsuccessful attempts were made to induce guttation. Red pigment spots occur abaxially in the axils of major veins. They are compact internal disks of parenchyma cells containing granules of various sizes. A vascular bundle arches downward, passes over the disk, then curves upward to rejoin other bundles. The central large disk has a palisade epidermis of slender elongate cells separated from each other by cuticle; the other disks have a normal epidermis.
Sodium nitrate particles: physical and chemical properties during hydration and dehydration, and implications for aged sea salt aerosols

Abstract Experiments probing the phase and behavior of NaNO3 particles at different relative humidities, important for elucidating the role these particles play in the chemistry and radiative properties of marine regions, are presented. Changes in NaNO3 particles during hydration were studied using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and conventional SEM coupled with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM/EDX). Mixtures of NaNO3 and NaCl, which are typical of partially processed sea salt particles, were also studied. Complementary studies using long path FTIR were carried out to determine the extent of water association with NaNO3 aerosols, and for comparison, NaCl, MgCl2, and NH4NO3, as a function of relative humidity. The combination of these techniques shows that NaNO3 particles exist as unusual metastable, amorphous solids at low relative humidity that undergo continuous hygroscopic growth with increasing relative humidity. While other evidence for this phenomenon has been reported, this is the first direct observation using ESEM.
Isomerization of the diphosphine ligand 3,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)-5-methoxy-2(5H)-furanone (bmf) at a triosmium cluster and P–C bond cleavage in the unsaturated cluster 1,1-Os3(CO)9(bmf): Synthesis and X-ray diffraction structures of the isomeric Os3(CO)10(bmf) clusters and HOs3(CO)8(μ-C6H4)[μ-PhPCC(Ph2P)CH(OMe)OC(O)]

The labile cluster 1,2-Os 3 (CO) 10 (MeCN) 2 ( 1 ) reacts with the chiral diphosphine ligand 3,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)-5-methoxy-2(5H)-furanone (bmf) to furnish 1,2-Os 3 (CO) 10 (bmf) ( 2a ) in high yield. Heating cluster 2a over the temperature range 358–383 K under CO leads to isomerization of the bmf ligand and formation of the diphosphine-chelated cluster 1,1-Os 3 (CO) 10 (bmf) ( 2b ) and an equilibrium mixture consisting of 2a and 2b in a 15:85 ratio. Extended thermolysis of an equilibrium mixture of Os 3 (CO) 10 (bmf) is accompanied by CO loss and ortho-metalation of an aryl ring to afford an inseparable mixture of three diastereomeric hydride clusters HOs 3 (CO) 9 (C 29 H 23 O 3 P 2 ) ( 3a – c ). Thermolysis of HOs 3 (CO) 9 (C 29 H 23 O 3 P 2 ) ( 3a – c ) in refluxing toluene leads to P–C bond cleavage and formation of the benzyne-substituted clusters HOs 3 (CO) 8 (μ-C 6 H 4 )(μ-C 23 H 19 O 3 P 2 ) ( 4a,b ) as a 4:1 mixture of diastereomers. The unequivocal identity of the major benzyne-substituted cluster has been determined by X-ray diffraction analysis, where the activation of one of the phenyl groups situated α to the furanone carbonyl group in the bmf ligand has been established. The isomerization and activation of the bmf ligand are contrasted with other Os 3 (CO) 10 (diphosphine) derivatives prepared by our groups.
A real options perspective on entrepreneurial entry in the face of uncertainty

In this paper we develop and test theory regarding whether entrepreneurs contemplating starting a new venture account for the value of the option to defer the entry decision. While others have illuminated the theoretical applicability of real options theory to entrepreneurship, empirical evidence in this context is lacking. Consistent with predictions derived from real options theory, we find that high uncertainty in the target industry dissuades entry, and that the irreversibility of the entry decision moderates this relationship. Furthermore, we find that the irreversibility of the investment decision can be influenced by industry-level, firm-level and even individual-level factors. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incidence of maxillofacial involvement in arthrogryposis multiplex congenita

Abstract Purpose This study determined the incidence of maxillofacial involvement in patients diagnosed with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC), Patients and Methods Twenty-three patients were evaluated by the pediatric physical medicine and rehabilitation, orthopedic surgery, and pediatric oral and maxillofacial surgery departments. Any patient in whom the diagnosis of AMC was in doubt was excluded from the study. All patients with limited mandibular function underwent computed tomography (CT) examination of their temporomandibular joints (TMJ). The results of physical therapy were followed. Results Five of the 23 patients diagnosed with AMC were found to have maxillofacial involvement, eg, presence of cleft palate, Robin-like sequence, high-arched palate, open-bite deformity, facial muscle weakness, esophageal dysfunction, and limited mandibular opening. No TMJ abnormalities were found by CT scan. Physical therapy was used for treatment of the limited opening, but relapse occurred quicky after therapy was discontinued. Conclusion The incidence of maxillofacial findings is similar to that of most other reports. Treatment involves surgical correction of abnormal anatomy when possible (ie, cleft repair), symptomatic management (ie, esophageal dysfunction), and physical therapy.
Stable 20 W/mm AlGaN-GaN MOSHFET

The first stable operation (>100 h) of a AlGaN/GaN metal-oxide semiconductor heterostructure field effect transistor (MOSHFET) at very high RF power levels (∼20 W/mm at 2 GHz and 55 V drain bias) is reported. These record values are attributed to a current collapse-free performance resulting from using a field-plate over a leaky dielectric, and to the low forward gate currents owing to the MOS-design.
The use of "tailored detection" to improve the S/N of an inverse-detected heteronuclear 2D J experiment

Twoand three-bond long-range heteronuclear couplings between carbons and protons ( ’ JCH), particularly those observed between carbonyl carbons and their neighboring protons, provide valuable structural information in the analysis of peptides (l-3). In the past decade, many methods have been developed to extract these data, via both the direct observation of the carbon magnetization (3-5) and the more sensitive observation of the proton magnetization (inverse detection) (6, 7, 9-12). Here we show that the sensitivity of a previously proposed inverse-detected heteronuclear 2D Jexperiment ( 7) (henceforth referred to as LR-2DJ) can be significantly improved by using a standard ‘H‘H 2D J as a template to extract the ‘H13C couplings from those of ‘H-‘H origin via the technique of “tailored detection” (8) (referred to here as TD). In a standard Fourier transform, the contribution of a sinusoid at frequency w to the time-domain signal (S(t)) is determined by taking the product of the signal in question with a complex exponential in w and integrating over time:
Effects of cysteamine on pulsatile growth hormone release and plasma insulin concentrations in sheep

The effects of cysteamine (CSH; 0, 50, or 100 mg/kg BW), a somatostatin depleting agent, on growth hormone (GH) and insulin (INS) secretion were studied in sheep (Ovis aries). Cysteamine was administered as a single intragastric bolus on day 0 (0900). Jugular blood samples were collected at 15-min (GH) and 2-hr (INS) intervals over an 8-hr period (1100-1900) on day 0, 3, and 7. Intragastric administration of CSH at 50 mg/kg BW augmented (quadratic, P = .04) mean plasma GH concentration, with the greatest response occurring on day 3. Baseline GH concentrations were elevated in wethers dosed with 50 mg/kg BW CSH on day 3, whereas wethers dosed with 100 mg/kg BW CSH had lower baseline GH concentrations on day 0 (CSH x day interaction, P = .02). Cysteamine administration increased GH pulse amplitude (quadratic, P = .15), with the greatest magnigtude of change occurring with 50 mg/kg BW CSH on day 0 and 3. Frequency of GH pulses was increased (quadratic, P = .10) following CSH treatment. Administration of 100 mg/kg BW CSH augmented plasma INS on day 0 (CSH x day interaction, P = .09). These findings indicate that CSH alters GH and INS secretion in a dose-dependent and temporal manner. The observed changes in mean and baseline plasma GH concentrations associated with 50 mg/kg BW CSH are consistent with somatostatin depletion; however, higher doses of CSH appear to disrupt GH secretion by an alternative mechanism.
The farmer, the planner, and the local citizen in the dell: how collaborative groups plan for farmland preservation

Collaborative planning aims to shift decision-making from government officials to citizens and stakeholders. Recently, scholars and practitioners have focused a great deal of attention on such efforts, particularly in the context of watershed management planning and ecosystem management. Collaborative planning, some argue, can lead to better land use plans as well as foster increased community capacity to constructively address important issues. But the policy implications of collaborative planning are not well understood. To date, scant research has focused on understanding how participants without binding legal authority arrive at specific plans and what those plans contain. This study offers insights into this process, through a cross-case comparison of 15 community-based advisory task forces to develop farmland preservation plans in Ohio, USA. Analysis of plan documents, combined with task force member and local government official interviews, reveal patterns of plan contents and planning processes across different contexts. Results suggest that several contextual variables are associated with the sophistication level of completed plans, while group size and financial resources are linked to the amount of network-building fostered by the planning process.
Infection after ERCP, and antibiotic prophylaxis: a sequential quality-improvement approach over 11 years

Background Infection is a known complication of ERCP procedures, and the role of antibiotic prophylaxis is uncertain. Objective To document the incidence of infection after ERCP while changing the policy for antibiotic prophylaxis. Design Retrospective analysis of data collected prospectively on infection complications, with progressive reduction in the use of prophylactic antibiotics. Setting Single-center university referral hospital. Patients A total of 11,484 ERCP procedures were documented prospectively over a period of 11 years. Interventions After baseline assessment, the use of prophylactic antibiotics was sequentially reduced and simplified in 3 phases. Main outcome measurements Incidence of infection, categorized by severity. Results The infection rate was low overall and decreased significantly with time, from 0.48% to 0.25%, despite a marked reduction in the proportion of patients given antibiotics (from 95% to 25%). Multivariate analysis also showed that the only category of patients at increased risk for infection (despite antibiotics) was the subgroup undergoing interventions for biliary problems after liver transplantation. Limitations A lack of routine follow-up may mean that some delayed infectious complications were not recorded. The low risk of infection in this series may reflect the high technical success rate for relief of biliary obstruction; thus, our current minimalist antibiotic policy may not be generalizable to community practice. Conclusions Infectious complications of ERCP can be kept to a minimum with a limited use of prophylactic antibiotics.
Absence of ras oncogene activation in rat urinary bladder carcinomas induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea or N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine.

Previously, we demonstrated point mutations of the H-ras gene in N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide (FANFT)-induced rat urinary bladder carcinomas. In this study, ras oncogene activation was examined in urinary bladder carcinomas induced by N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN) or N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) administration followed by uracil treatment. In the first experiment, MNU (20 mg/kg body wt) was i.p. injected into 11 male F344 rats twice a week for 4 weeks, followed by feeding 3% uracil for 20 weeks (MNU/uracil group). Ten rats were given only 3% uracil without MNU pretreatment. In the second experiment, 20 male F344 rats were given 0.05% BBN in the drinking water for 4 weeks, then fed 3% uracil for 20 weeks (BBN/uracil group). Another 20 rats were fed 3% uracil without the BBN pretreatment. Transitional cell carcinomas were induced in the urinary bladder of all rats in the MNU/uracil and BBN/uracil groups. Papillomas and hyperplasias were present in the rats given uracil without prior BBN or MNU. DNA and protein were extracted from the tumors (MNU/uracil or BBN/uracil groups) or from the scraped bladder epithelium (uracil alone groups). Sequences around codons 12, 13 and 61 of H-, K- and N-ras genes were examined by direct sequencing after polymerase chain reaction, and p21 was examined by Western blotting. No mutation was found within the examined sequences and p21 showed no changes in mobility. There was no difference in the level of p21 expression between rats treated with MNU/uracil or BBN/uracil compared to corresponding uracil alone groups. These results indicate that the ras oncogene was not activated in urinary bladder carcinomas induced by BBN or MNU in combination with uracil treatment, in contrast to previous findings with FANFT.
Transformation through poetic awareness of the inner pain of the prisoner

Prisoners feel immense pain due to their surroundings, loss of freedom and, often, self-condemnation. Through encouragement, they can become more aware of their negative behavioral patterns and seek transformation through self-exploration. One method used to create such transformation potential is the use of poetry and psychodrama in the group therapy setting. This method creates the possibility of insights for the prisoner, leading to change in their internal thought process and increased self-esteem. By opening up an appropriate emotional channel, the prisoner regains a wider range of human expression.
The future World‐system? A dynamic model

The growing complexity of global political economy renders difficult our understanding of important phenomena and the forecasting of their trajectories. Global‐historical theory, modeled dynamically, offers a useful approach for integrating a large array of variables and plotting their changes over time. We construct a global dynamic model, based on a modified version of world‐systems theory, to plot the trajectories of key phenomena. Although the findings suggest the longterm stability of the system, considerable dynamism is observable for population, janissarization, capital concentration and intensity, core‐core conflict, and the power of international governmental organizations. Disturbing changes are also evident for nonelite incomes, inequality, government resources, and anti‐systemic movements. The implications of the findings are then discussed.
Do predation risk and food availability modify prey and mesopredator microhabitat selection in eelgrass (Zostera marina) habitat

Positive relationships between organismal abundance and habitat structural complexity are common in seagrasses, but the role of habitat selection in structuring these relationships (as opposed to differential mortality among habitat treatments) has been little explored. Moreover, active habitat selection may be modified by factors such as perceived predation risk or food availability, and may differ between prey and predator species. We employed mesocosms to test whether two species that are abundant in southern California eelgrass (Zostera marina) habitat, the epifaunal grass shrimp Hippolyte californiensis and the mesopredatory juvenile giant kelpfish Heterostichus rostratus, a primary predator of grass shrimp, select habitat based on structural complexity (shoot density), and if habitat selectivity is modified by predation risk and food levels. We found that juvenile giant kelpfish displayed clear preference for high complexity artificial eelgrass habitat that was not altered by predation risk or food availability, spending the majority of their time in high complexity habitat even when predators were present in high complexity habitat and food was made available only in low complexity habitat. In contrast, grass shrimp exhibited no preference for high complexity habitat in mesocosms and appeared to primarily remain on whatever habitat was initially encountered. In field experiments within naturally occurring eelgrass habitat, however, grass shrimp remained in high complexity eelgrass but fled from low complexity eelgrass regardless of predator presence. Our research highlights the important role of active habitat selection in determining species distributions in seagrass beds, the strong and overriding influence of structural complexity on habitat selection, and the importance of comparing results from controlled laboratory experiments to those from naturally occurring habitat.
Gender, judicial dissent, and issue salience: the voting behavior of state supreme court justices in sexual harassment cases, 1980–1998

Abstract The importance of women on the bench and the influence of gender on decision making has garnered much scholarly attention. Based in large part on the belief that women will act as “representatives” of their gender, much of the literature attempts to determine if women in fact do support the pro-women position in judicial cases. However, because the literature assumes women will act in a prescribed manner given the opportunity, the literature fails to question the willingness of women justices, given the political context of a case, to fulfill this responsibility. I propose that decision making by female justices on state supreme courts is dependent not only on the attitudinal predisposition women may have in support of the pro-women position in gender-sensitive judicial cases, but also upon the political and institutional context of any given case. Accordingly, I examine the voting behavior of state supreme court justices in sexual harassment cases decided between 1980 and 1998. I find that women justices do support the pro-women position in sexual harassment cases prior to 1992 and the Anita Hill–Clarence Thomas sexual harassment Senate hearings. However, after 1992, there is no significant difference in the voting behavior of male and female justices suggesting the increased salience of the sexual harassment issue influenced judicial votes.
Benefits of moderate weight loss in patients with type 2 diabetes

Weight loss is a primary goal of therapy in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes. This review examines whether positive patient outcomes are observed even after relatively small amounts of weight loss, that is, weight loss being more easily attainable in practice. Clinical studies demonstrate that therapeutic benefit rises with increasing weight loss, but that losses as low as 0.45-4 kg (1-9 lb) have positive effects on metabolic control, cardiovascular risk factors and mortality rates. Even the intention to lose weight, without significant success, can improve outcomes in patients with diabetes, presumably because of the healthy behaviours associated with the attempt. The current data support a continued focus on weight loss, including moderate weight loss, as a key component of good care for overweight patients with type 2 diabetes.
3-D broadband terahertz synthetic aperture imaging

3-D imaging at terahertz (THz) frequencies provides a capability for a number of applications, such as explosives detection and non-destructive evaluation. Many current 3-D techniques require mechanical scanning, and often lack spectral resolution required for chemical detection. In this paper, 3-D broadband synthetic aperture imaging techniques are demonstrated by imaging familiar objects with a 2-D planar synthetic array of THz sensors.
Biotin-Enhanced Fragmentation for Direct Deoxyribo-Nucleic Acid Sequencing Using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry:

Fragmentation of synthetic oligonucleotides under the influence of biotin was investigated using 3-hydroxypicolinic acid (3-HPA) as a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) matrix. Add...
Planning for a multi-national synergy

Abstract If the headquarters of a multi-national company is to justify its existence, it must plan movements of products, ideas, money and people so that synergistic benefits of multi-national co-ordination exceed the behavioral costs of intervening in the affairs of subsidiaries. Planning in the corporate headquarters of a multi-national company is more complex than in a domestic company in any one nation, so it appears sensible to use analytical tools developed in operations research and organization theory. The benefits from global movements can be estimated by formulating operations research models; these benefits provide bounds against which to gauge the behavioral costs. That is to say, the base case for analysis is that of independent national subsidiaries, with a passive holding company headquartes. It is a geographically diversified portfolio; there are no communication problems for nothing is communicated, neither are there control problems; the stigma of nationalism is minimized.