cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract IA11: Functional and clinical relevance of intratumor heterogeneity in breast cancer

Intratumor heterogeneity is a major obstacle toward understanding and treatment of cancers. We have analyzed cellular genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity in breast tumors using immune-FISH and found that higher pre-treatment genetic diversity predicts therapy resistance and distant metastases are the most diverse. In HER2+ tumors we detected startling heterogeneity for HER2 copy number gain and PIK3CA mutation using STAR-FISH, a novel method we developed, and determined that changes in the topologic distribution of cellular heterogeneity for these genetic alterations during neoadjuvant chemotherapy predicts long-term clinical outcome. We have also developed experimental models of subclonal heterogeneity and shown that polyclonal tumors grow faster and are more metastatic than monoclonal ones, a tumor-driver clone can be a minor subpopulation acting via non-cell-autonomous mechanisms, a dominant clone can outcompete the tumor-driver minor clone leading to tumor collapse, and that cancer therapies intensify clonal competition potentially leading to inadvertent acceleration of disease progression. Our results emphasize the need to study tumors as a whole and to understand the properties of cancer cell populations that compose tumors and interactions among them to be able to predict tumor evolution during disease progression and cancer therapies. Citation Format: Kornelia Polyak. Functional and clinical relevance of intratumor heterogeneity in breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Breast Cancer Research; Oct 17-20, 2015; Bellevue, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2016;14(2_Suppl):Abstract nr IA11.
Opportunistic viral infections.

Les infections virales opportunistes chez les transplantes ou les malades recevant des traitements anticancereux ou les sujets atteints de SIDA
Construction of a model demonstrating neural pathways and reflex arcs.

Employment opportunities in the future will require higher skills and an understanding of mathematics and science. As a result of the growing number of careers that require solid science and mathem...
Clara Louise Maass: a nurse volunteer for yellow fever inoculations--1901.

Les auteurs rappellent l'acte heroique de Clara Louise Maass qui s'est portee volontaire a Cuba en 1901 pour recevoir une inoculation de l'agent de la fievre jaune par piqure de moustique
Spinal cord injury.

Continued investigation of the pathophysiology of primary and secondary neuronal injury following acute spinal cord injury (SCI) has led to positive results in two medical treatment protocols: methylprednisolone and GM1 ganglioside. The advent of improved high resolution radiologic studies has allowed a new dimension in the understanding of the physical and pathomechanical aspects of acute SCI. Advances in rehabilitation continue, allowing improved prognosis and long-term function. Prevention is clearly the best and most effective treatment of all.
Alternative Sources of User Input

In previous chapters, your games have been controlled with traditional desktop computer hardware: a keyboard and a mouse. In this chapter, you’ll explore two alternative sources of user input: gamepad controllers and touchscreen controls. In particular, you will add these alternative sources of user input to the Starfish Collector game that has been featured in previous chapters. If you do not have access to a gamepad with a USB connector (as discussed later in this chapter), you can still follow along; the code will still compile, and you’ll leave keyboard controls as a fallback (a good practice to consider in general for the convenience of your game’s players). Similarly, even if you don’t have access to a device that’s touchscreen capable, learning about the associated design considerations is still worthwhile. Furthermore, touch events and mouse events are handled by the same methods in LibGDX; you can simulate single-touch input (but not multitouch input) with the mouse. On the other hand, if neither gamepad nor touch-based input is of interest to you, this entire chapter may be omitted without loss of continuity.
Empathy and Patient Outcomes

The theoretical link between empathy and positive patient outcomes is based on the following assumptions: When an empathic engagement is formed, then a trusting relationship will develop, the constraints of relationship will diminish, and this will lead to a more accurate diagnosis and greater compliance. In an empathic engagement, the patient perceives the clinician as a helping member of a social support system with all the beneficial health effects of human connection. All of these should theoretically contribute to optimal patient outcomes, including patients’ greater satisfaction with their health care providers, a reduced likelihood of malpractice litigation, and more optimal clinical results. Research findings, showing significant associations between scores of a validated measure of physician’s empathy and tangible patient outcomes in diabetic patients, present strong evidence in support of the link between the health care provider’s empathy and clinical outcomes, independent of patients’ subjective assessments. The psychosocial and biophysioneurological factors involved in interactions between a clinician and the patient are described as the plausible underlying mechanisms that can explain the link between clinician’s empathy and patient outcomes.
Investment Decision on Information System Security: A Scenario Approach

This paper presents scenarios of information security—defending against directed security threats, risk-averse firm’s willingness to invest, and attacker’s propensity to security measures—each enhancing our understanding of a firm’s information security investment under different circumstances. We find that, when a firm tries to defend against directed attacks, the relative size of potential losses is an important factor in determining the level of optimal investment, and the total investment may drop when the system vulnerability is high. And a firm should carefully weight its and the potential attacker’s levels of aversion to risks in order to determine the most optimal level information security investments. The implications, limitations, and future directions of this research are also discussed.
Decision Fusion in Target Detection Using UWB Radar Sensor Network

Ultra Wide Band (UWB), Radar Sensor Network (RSN) can be used to detect target in foliage environment. Information theoretic algorithms like entropy, relative entropy and mutual information are proven methods that can be applied to data collected by various sensors. However, the complexity of the environment posses uncertainty in fusion center and correct decision can only be made by decision fusion. In this paper we propose two methods Dempster and Shafer (D–S) theory of evidence and bayesian network for combining the decision of target detection. We resolved the conflict of decision by applying these methods. We also introduce the improved version of D–S theory for conflicting evidence and compared the performance with D–S and bayesian network. Accurate detection can be achieved by applying these methods, when echoes are in poor quality. The performance of the algorithm was evaluated, based on real world data.
Public Policy Problems

The essence of decision-aiding software is that it is designed to process a set of: 1. goals to be achieved 2. alternatives for achieving them, and 3. relations between goals and alternatives in order to choose the best alternative, combination, or resource allocation in light of the goals, alternatives, and relations.
Card-sorting: From text to themes

Suppose you just ran a survey with the question “What problems are stopping us from meeting our deadlines?” Since you didn’t know the problems in advance, you asked participants to simply write the problems into a textbox. This type of question is called an open-ended question; in contrast to closed-ended questions, which limit participants to a list of predefined answer choices. Your survey was very successful and you received hundreds of responses. Now you want to make sense of the data. How can you do this in a systematic way? In this essay, I will show you how card sorting can infer themes from text responses. You will learn everything you need to know for your first card sort.
Goethe und unsere Zeit

Goethe und unsere Zeit — das Thema ist wichtig, denn erst wenn wir das Verhaltnis Goethes zu unserer Zeit und das Verhaltnis unserer Zeit zu Goethe geklart haben, wissen wir, was wir eigentlich tun, wenn wir uns mit Goethe beschaftigen, welchen Sinn es hat. Hat es uberhaupt einen Sinn? Oder ist das, was in Deutschland und der Welt in diesem Jahr des 250. Geburtstages uber Goethe gesagt und verkundet wird, nichts anderes als der Ausdruck eines abgelebten spatburgerlichen Kulturverstandnisses, das — entgegen der Zeit — an der Vorstellung festhalt, das Dichtung nun mal zur Kulturgeschichte gehort. Haben die Klassiker der Kunst die Funktion der Perlenketten ubernommen, mit denen wir Frauen uns bei Konzert- und Theaterbesuchen schmucken?
Both adhE and a Separate NADPH-Dependent Alcohol Dehydrogenase Gene, adhA, Are Necessary for High Ethanol Production in Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum

Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum has been engineered to produce ethanol at about 90% of the theoretical maximum yield (2 ethanol molecules per glucose equivalent) and a titer of 70 g/liter. Its ethanol-producing ability has drawn attention to its metabolic pathways, which could potentially be transferred to other organisms of interest. Here, we report that the iron-containing AdhA is important for ethanol production in the high-ethanol strain of T. saccharolyticum (LL1049). A single-gene deletion of adhA in LL1049 reduced ethanol production by ∼50%, whereas multiple gene deletions of all annotated alcohol dehydrogenase genes except adhA and adhE did not affect ethanol production. Deletion of adhA in wild-type T.saccharolyticum reduced NADPH-linked alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity (acetaldehyde-reducing direction) by 93%.IMPORTANCE In this study, we set out to identify the alcohol dehydrogenases necessary for high ethanol production in T. saccharolyticum Based on previous work, we had assumed that adhE was the primary alcohol dehydrogenase gene. Here, we show that both adhA and adhE are needed for high ethanol yield in the engineered strain LL1049. This is the first report showing adhA is important for ethanol production in a native adhA host, which has important implications for achieving higher ethanol yields in other microorganisms.
A Synoptic Review of the 1954 “Model Postmortem Examinations Act”:

In 1954, the Uniform Law Commissioners (formerly the National Conference of Commissioners of Uniform State Laws) published a “Model Postmortem Examinations Act” (the Act). This article is a brief summary of the contents of that publication. The Prefatory Note states that the purpose of the Act is to “provide a means whereby greater competence can be assured in determining cases of death where criminal liability may be involved.” The basic idea is that each state could have a Medical Examiner Commission to oversee a state Office of Postmortem Examinations and a Chief Medical Examiner for the state. This concept is one that some Chief Medical Examiners and states may favor, while other Chief Medical Examiners and states may not. In fact, it appears the latter may be the case because as of 2014, there are only 13 states which have such a commission, if not in practice, in state statute. In the sixty years since the Act, only about half of states have a state medical examiner. Thus, neither concept of state m...
A Comparison of Top-k Temporal Keyword Querying over Versioned Text Collections

As the web evolves over time, the amount of versioned text collections increases rapidly. Most web search engines will answer a query by ranking all known documents at the (current) time the query is posed. There are applications however (for example customer behavior analysis, crime investigation, etc.) that would need to efficiently query these sources as of some past time, that is, retrieve the results as if the user was posing the query in a past time instant, thus accessing data known as of that time. Ranking and searching over versioned documents considers not only keyword constraints but also the time dimension, most commonly, a time point or time range of interest. In this paper, we deal with top-k query evaluations with both keyword and temporal constraints over versioned textual documents. In addition to considering previous solutions, we propose novel data organization and indexing solutions: the first one partitions data along ranking positions, while the other maintains the full ranking order through the use of a multiversion ordered list. We present an experimental comparison for both time point and time interval constraints. For time-interval constraints, different querying definitions, such as aggregation functions and consistent top-k queries are evaluated. Experimental evaluations on large real world datasets demonstrate the advantages of the newly proposed data organization and indexing approaches.
Women living with HIV tell their stories with photovoice

23 women shared stories of the realities of living with HIV through photographic documentation and critical dialogue with peers about the challenges they face, how they have overcome these challeng...
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy vs surgical gastrostomy in infants with congenital heart disease.

BACKGROUND Infants with congenital heart disease often require feeding tube placement to supplement oral intake. Gastrostomy tubes may be placed by either surgical or percutaneous endoscopic methods, but there is currently no data comparing outcomes of these procedures in this population. AIMS The aim of our retrospective study was to investigate the perioperative outcomes between the 2 groups to determine if there are clinically significant differences. METHODS We reviewed the charts of all infants with congenital heart disease at a single academic institution having isolated surgical or percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube placement from January 2011 to December 2015. Anesthetic time, defined by cumulative minimum alveolar concentration hours of exposure to volatile anesthetic, was the primary outcome. Operative time, intraoperative complications, and postoperative intensive care admissions were secondary outcomes. RESULTS One hundred and one infants with congenital heart disease were included in this study. Anesthetic exposure was shorter in the endoscopic group than the surgical group (0.20 MAC-hours vs 0.56 MAC-hours, 95% confidence interval 0.23, 0.49, P < .001). Average operative times were also shorter in the endoscopic gastrostomy vs the surgical group (8 ± 0.7 minutes vs 35 ± 1.3 minutes, 95% confidence interval 23.7, 31.0, P < .001). Adjusting for prematurity and preoperative risk category, the surgical group was associated with a 3.45 fold increase in the likelihood of a higher level of care postoperatively (95% confidence interval 1.20, 9.90, P = .02). CONCLUSION In infants with congenital heart disease, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy placement is associated with reduced anesthetic exposure and fewer postoperative intensive care unit admissions compared to surgical gastrostomy.
An XML course as a springboard for teaching fundamental computer science ideas

In computer science programs, we strive to offer courses that are based on fundamental, timeless concepts, while students typically prefer technology-oriented courses that are tightly tied to workplace skills. In this paper, we discuss a course that is ostensibly based on a specific technology, XML, which is in demand by employers, but which also can be used as a basis for presenting a number of important computer science concepts: tree structures, parsing, data modeling, and nonprocedural programming. By organizing the course in terms of computer science principles and showing how the technology is based on these principles, students learn and review abstract concepts at the same time they are learning a useful technology.
Dual-task standing and walking in people with lower limb amputation: A structured review.

Background:People with lower limb amputation report the need to concentrate on walking. Dual-task paradigms are often used to study such interactions between cognition and the control of balance an...
Microplastic in riverine fish is connected to species traits.

Microplastic is a contaminant of concern worldwide. Rivers are implicated as major pathways of microplastic transport to marine and lake ecosystems, and microplastic ingestion by freshwater biota is a risk associated with microplastic contamination, but there is little research on microplastic ecology within freshwater ecosystems. Microplastic uptake by fish is likely affected by environmental microplastic abundance and aspects of fish ecology, but these relationships have rarely been addressed. We measured the abundance and composition of microplastic in fish and surface waters from 3 major tributaries of Lake Michigan, USA. Microplastic was detected in fish and surface waters from all 3 sites, but there was no correlation between microplastic concentrations in fish and surface waters. Rather, there was a significant effect of functional feeding group on microplastic concentration in fish. Neogobius melanostomus (round goby, a zoobenthivore) had the highest concentration of gut microplastic (19 particles fish−1) compared to 10 other fish taxa measured, and had a positive linear relationship between body size and number of microplastic particles. Surface water microplastic concentrations were lowest in the most northern, forested watershed, and highest in the most southern, agriculturally dominated watershed. Results suggest microplastic pollution is common in river food webs and is connected to species feeding characteristics. Future research should focus on understanding the movement of microplastic from point-source and diffuse sources and into aquatic ecosystems, which will support pollution management efforts on inland waters.
Optimizing photoacoustic image reconstruction using cross-platform parallel computation.

Three-dimensional (3D) image reconstruction involves the computations of an extensive amount of data that leads to tremendous processing time. Therefore, optimization is crucially needed to improve the performance and efficiency. With the widespread use of graphics processing units (GPU), parallel computing is transforming this arduous reconstruction process for numerous imaging modalities, and photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT) is not an exception. Existing works have investigated GPU-based optimization on photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) and PACT reconstruction using compute unified device architecture (CUDA) on either C++ or MATLAB only. However, our study is the first that uses cross-platform GPU computation. It maintains the simplicity of MATLAB, while improves the speed through CUDA/C++ − based MATLAB converted functions called MEXCUDA. Compared to a purely MATLAB with GPU approach, our cross-platform method improves the speed five times. Because MATLAB is widely used in PAM and PACT, this study will open up new avenues for photoacoustic image reconstruction and relevant real-time imaging applications.
C-Reactive protein as a predictor of post-operative complications in bariatric surgery patients

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the utility of CRP in early identification of post-operative complications after bariatric surgery. The ability of this marker to acutely predict post-operative complications in bariatric surgery patients has not been determined. A retrospective chart review was conducted of adult patients who underwent a primary and revisional laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) or sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) between 2013 and 2017 at a single institution. Patients were identified using the prospective Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program database. CRP levels were drawn on post-operative day one per standard protocol. Univariate analyses were performed to determine the predictive impact of CRP levels on post-operative complications, readmissions, and reoperations. There were 275 patients who underwent bariatric surgery, 222 primary and 53 revisional. Of the 275 patients, 36 (13.1%) had a complication. Bariatric surgery patients with a post-operative complication had higher CRP levels compared to those who did not (4.8 ± 4.6 vs. 2.9 ± 2.0; p = 0.02). A CRP ≥ 5 mg/dL had a sensitivity for a complication of 27% and a specificity of 88%. There was no difference in CRP levels for patients with a 30-day reoperation or readmission. There were no mortalities. Bariatric surgery patients with elevated post-operative CRP levels are at increased risk for 30-day complications. The low sensitivity of a CRP ≥ 5 mg/dL suggests that a normal CRP level alone does not rule out the possibility of a post-operative complication. However, with its high specificity, there should be an elevated clinical suspicion of a post-operative complication in patients with a CRP ≥ 5 mg/dL.
Unstable Ankle Fracture Fixation Using Locked Fibular Intramedullary Nail in High-Risk Patients

Open reduction internal fixation is the gold standard for unstable ankle fracture fixation; however, complications in patients with multiple medical comorbidities are common. Intramedullary nail fixation of the fibula can help to mitigate these difficulties. A retrospective chart review was performed on all patients who underwent fixation for unstable ankle fracture between January 2015 and March 2016 at our level I trauma center. Comorbidities in the patient sample included were one or several of diabetes, renal disease, hypertension, advanced age with osteoporosis, hemorrhagic blisters, and alcoholism. The primary outcomes studied were wound complications, infections, and hardware failure or failure of fixation. Eighteen patients with a mean age of 61 years underwent fibular intramedullary nail fixation, all of whom were considered at high risk for postoperative complications. Patients presented with Weber B or C fracture patterns. All patients had syndesmotic fixation through the nail by one or two 3.5-mm tricortical screws. A medial malleolus was added if needed for stability. The average follow-up time was 291.1 (range 9 to 14 months) days. The prescribed range of time to weightbearing was 2 to 6 weeks. All patients maintained reduction of the fracture and had no wound complications. No syndesmotic screws broke postoperatively, although most patients to failed comply with the postoperative non-weightbearing restrictions. Intramedullary nailing of the fibula with syndesmotic intranail fixation is minimally invasive, quick, and provides adequate fixation strength. It offers a viable treatment option for patients at high risk for complications or who are suspected to have difficulty with follow-up or compliance.
Interpreting contemporary trends in atmospheric methane

Atmospheric methane plays a major role in controlling climate, yet contemporary methane trends (1982–2017) have defied explanation with numerous, often conflicting, hypotheses proposed in the literature. Specifically, atmospheric observations of methane from 1982 to 2017 have exhibited periods of both increasing concentrations (from 1982 to 2000 and from 2007 to 2017) and stabilization (from 2000 to 2007). Explanations for the increases and stabilization have invoked changes in tropical wetlands, livestock, fossil fuels, biomass burning, and the methane sink. Contradictions in these hypotheses arise because our current observational network cannot unambiguously link recent methane variations to specific sources. This raises some fundamental questions: (i) What do we know about sources, sinks, and underlying processes driving observed trends in atmospheric methane? (ii) How will global methane respond to changes in anthropogenic emissions? And (iii), What future observations could help resolve changes in the methane budget? To address these questions, we discuss potential drivers of atmospheric methane abundances over the last four decades in light of various observational constraints as well as process-based knowledge. While uncertainties in the methane budget exist, they should not detract from the potential of methane emissions mitigation strategies. We show that net-zero cost emission reductions can lead to a declining atmospheric burden, but can take three decades to stabilize. Moving forward, we make recommendations for observations to better constrain contemporary trends in atmospheric methane and to provide mitigation support.
Sharing the Load: Human-Robot Team Lifting Using Muscle Activity

Seamless communication of desired motions and goals is essential for enabling effective physical human-robot collaboration. In such cases, muscle activity measured via surface electromyography (EMG) can provide insight into a person’s intentions while minimally distracting from the task. The presented system uses two muscle signals to create a control framework for team lifting tasks in which a human and robot lift an object together. A continuous setpoint algorithm uses biceps activity to estimate changes in the user’s hand height, and also allows the user to explicitly adjust the robot by stiffening or relaxing their arm. In addition to this pipeline, a neural network trained only on previous users classifies biceps and triceps activity to detect up or down gestures on a rolling basis; this enables finer control over the robot and expands the feasible workspace. The resulting system is evaluated by 10 untrained subjects performing a variety of team lifting and assembly tasks with rigid and flexible objects.
EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN ON PLASTIC ZONE IN NEAR-THRESHOLD FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION IN NIOBIUM

ABSTRACT The effects of hydrogen on plastic zone formation in near-threshold fatigue crack propagation have been investigated in niobium at room temperature. Fatigue tests were performed on a hydrogen-free specimen as well as specimens containing hydrogen in solid solution and in the form of hydride. The specimens were tested using tension-tension loading cycle at a frequency of 4 Hz and two load ratios of 0.05 and 0.4. Microhardness was measured on the fatigued specimens in order to determine the plastic zone size. Analysis of the data indicates that the plastic zone size is controlled by extensive cyclic plasticity, and that the cyclic flow stress is similar to static flow stress which weakly depends on hydrogen concentration. Analysis also shows that a decohesion fracture theory cannot be used to explain experimental results.
Reliability of Intraoperative Testing During Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery.

Introduction Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment for medically refractory Parkinson's disease (PD). During DBS surgery, intraoperative testing is performed to confirm optimal lead placement by determining the stimulation thresholds for symptom improvement and side effects. However, the reliability of intraoperative testing in predicting distant postoperative thresholds is unknown. In this study, we hypothesized that intraoperative testing reliably estimates postoperative thresholds for both symptom improvement and side effects. Methods We retrospectively analyzed a prospective database with intraoperative and postoperative thresholds for symptom improvement and side effects from a cohort of 66 PD patients who underwent STN DBS. We recorded the stimulation locations relative to the mid-commissural point. Within-patient stimulation pairs were generated by clustering the intraoperative stimulation locations closest to the DBS contacts. We computed the distance between stimulation locations and atlas-based pyramidal tract (PT) and medial lemniscus (ML) masks. A leave-one-out cross-validation analysis was performed to determine the reliability of intraoperative testing in predicting postoperative thresholds while controlling for the distance from the relevant tracks. Results Intraoperative testing reliably predicted (area under ROC >0.8) postoperative thresholds for tremor and rigidity improvements, as well as stimulation-induced motor contractions and paresthesias. The reliability was poor for improvement in bradykinesia. Conclusion Intraoperative testing reliably predicts postoperative thresholds. These results are relevant during the informed consent process and patient counseling for DBS surgery. These will also guide the development of future methods for intraoperative feedback, especially during asleep DBS.
Venetoclax in acute myeloid leukemia - current and future directions.

B-cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) inhibition with the targeted oral agent venetoclax (ABT-199) has reshaped the treatment landscape for multiple hematological malignancies. Venetoclax in combinati...
Salvinia weevil, Cyrtobagous salviniae (Calder & Sands) (Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

The salvinia weevil, Cyrtobagous salviniae (Calder & Sands) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) (Figure 1), is a subaquatic (underwater) herbivorous insect native to Brazil (Calder and Sands 1985). This insect feeds on the invasive aquatic plants Salvinia molesta D. S. Mitchell and Salvinia minima (Baker). This insect is an effective classical biological control agent used in several countries to control the invasive giant salvinia, Salvinia molesta (D. S. Mitch). Feeding by Cyrtobagous salviniae larvae and adults kills its invasive host plants and restores recreational, agricultural, and ecosystem functions in aquatic systems. In the United states, the insect has been credited for controlling Salvinia minima in Florida (Jacono et al. 2001) and causing the decline of Salvinia molesta in Texas and Louisiana (Tipping et al. 2008).
Ionic Strength Influences on Biofunctional Au-Decorated Microparticles for Enhanced Performance in Multiplexed Colorimetric Sensors.

The rising development of biosensors offers a great potential for health, food, and environmental monitoring. However, in many colorimetric platforms, there is a performance limitation stemming fro...
Uncovering a unique path: Antidromic AVRT utilizing a left anteroseptal Mahaim-like accessory pathway.

A 40-year-old man presented to our emergency department 2 hours after onset of shortness of breath, palpitations, and presyncope secondary to an adenosine-responsive wide complex tachycardia. Electrophysiology study was diagnostic for antidromic atrioventricular (AV) reentrant tachycardia utilizing a muscular connection from the anterior interventricular vein to the left ventricle with Mahaim-like properties, successfully treated with ablation in the distal coronary sinus (CS) system. This case highlights accessory pathways (a) with unique features (i.e., Mahaim-like characteristics) and (b) involving musculature from the distal CS system, thereby limiting the value of endocardial ablation for durable treatment. Importantly, the coronary venous system is an accessible vascular network for evaluation and catheter ablation of such arrhythmias.
An examination of classes of school climate perceptions among Latinx middle school students

Several studies have replicated the finding that Latinx students tend to have less favorable perceptions of school climate than their White peers. However, because most research compares Latinx students to a White standard, little is known about variation within the Latinx group and thus the opportunity to produce strength-defining counter-narratives has been missed. Using latent class analysis, this study identified meaningful classes of school climate perceptions within 20,050 Grade 7 Latinx students in California. Five climate classes were identified, lending support to the hypothesis that substantial heterogeneity of school climate perceptions exists within the Latinx student population. The results support the utility of latent class modeling for examining school climate perceptions beyond traditional variable-centered approaches. Countering the prevailing deficit narrative, the results indicate that nearly half of all Latinx respondents reported generally positive perceptions of school climate. Conversely, supporting the need for environmental supports that encourage Latinx students to voice their concerns and make decisions regarding systems that affect them, over three-quarters of the responses suggested that Latinx students perceive meaningful participation at school negatively. The results suggest the possibility of a cascade effect in the development of the psychological experience of the school, such that some dimensions of school climate perceptions may be antecedents to others. Implications for further research and intervention are discussed.
Tracheal and esophageal atresia with trachea-esophageal fistula – A rare co-occurrence with high mortality

Abstract We present a rare case of simultaneous esophageal and tracheal atresia with trachea-esophageal fistula in a premature infant with VACTERL association. Although multiple surgical interventions were attempted in the management of this patient, the patient expired, reflecting the low survival rates associated with both esophageal atresia and tracheal atresia. This case highlights the difficulty and urgency in diagnosing this rare constellation of congenital anomalies.
BENFORD'S LAW AND NUMERICAL STYLIZATION OF MONETARY VALUATIONS IN CLASSICAL LITERATURE

In an article published in this journal in 1996, I surveyed number stylization in monetary amounts recorded in Roman-era literature up to the Severan period. I argued that certain leading digits such as 1, 3 and 4 were heavily over-represented in the evidence. For the limited samples I used at the time these findings are not in need of revision. However, as I show here, a more inclusive approach to the material produces a substantially different picture. The most significant shortcoming of my study was my failure to take account of the probable distribution of leading digits in a random sample, which may serve as a benchmark for assessing the nature and extent of number preference. While I noted that lower leading digits were inherently more likely to occur than higher ones, I schematically related observed frequencies to an even distribution of leading digits (in which each of them is expected to make up one-ninth of the total). This benchmarking strategy is invalidated by a widely observed phenomenon known as Benford's Law, according to which leading digits frequently conform to a predictable pattern that greatly favours lower over higher numbers. This is true in particular if observations are spread across several orders of magnitude. Ancient monetary valuations satisfy this condition since recorded amounts range from single digits to hundreds of millions. Yet, to the best of my knowledge, Benford's Law has never been applied to the study of these data.
Open-Economy National Income Accounting and the IS/LM Model

When we introduce macroeconomic models, we assume that goods and services are exchanged within a single country but not across countries. This assumption is useful for understanding some of the primary determinants of output, inflation, and interest rates. In reality, however, economies trade with each other, and the presence of international markets has implications for national economies. In this note, we incorporate international markets to understand how changes in one country can affect other countries. Excerpt UVA-GEM-0128 Rev. Dec. 3, 2018 Open-Economy National Income Accounting and the IS/LM Model When we introduced macroeconomic models, we assumed that goods and services were exchanged within a single country but not across countries (i.e., net exports were assumed to be zero). This assumption is useful for understanding some of the primary determinants of output, inflation, and interest rates. In reality, however, economies trade with each other, and the presence of international markets has implications for national economies. This shows up most directly in the open-economy National Income Accounting Identity (Equation 1): where net exports (NX) are exports minus imports, or net sales of goods and services to foreigners. With more exports to other countries and fewer imports, GDP increases. In this note, we incorporate international markets to understand how changes in one country can affect other countries. Relative to closed-economy models, we expand the notion of GDP to account for net exports. But net exports depend on the exchange rate, which depends on international capital flows, which in turn depend on the interest rate, so adding net exports requires a somewhat more complicated model, the Three-Paned Model. . . .
Unbiased transcriptomic analysis of chondrocyte differentiation in a high-density cell culture model

ABSTRACT In the developing vertebrate skeleton, cartilage is an important precursor to the formation of bones. Cartilage is produced by chondrocytes, which derive from embryonic mesoderm and undergo a stereotypical program of differentiation and maturation. Here we modeled this process in vitro, using primary fetal mouse rib chondrocytes in a high-density cell culture model of cartilage differentiation, and performed genome-wide gene expression profiling over the course of culture. The overarching goal of this study was to characterize the molecular pathways involved in cartilage differentiation and maturation. Our results also enable a comprehensive appraisal of distinctions between common in vitro models for cartilage differentiation, and of differences in their molecular resemblance to cartilage formation in vivo.
Resistivity Impact from Modulated Line-Edge-Roughness with Self-aligned Double Patterning

Self-aligned double patterning (SADP) provides a viable or favorable patterning solution for sub 10nm node without the intervention of EUV. We show the evolution of resulting modulated line-edge-roughness (LER) of non-mandrels from mandrel-cuts with implemented electrical measurements. As to line width down to 70nm, LER led to a reduced effective resistivity due to increased effective line width from LER [Leunissen et al., J. Vac. Sci. Technol., B 24(4), p. 1859, 2006]. For the first time, we report that metal line resistivity increases with the increased effective line width, when line width is further reduced in deep-sub Cu MFP (~20nm). The increase is accredited to excessive electron surface scattering from modulated LER with SADP. The findings are meaningful for comprehensive SADP-adopted product performance analysis (PPA) and can be used to distinguish electron surface scattering and grain boundary scattering from inline sample (there is by far no viable solution for such separation). As the industry continues to scale down and reaches a node where the solution of EUV + SADP is necessary, the findings would become more noteworthy.
Conformational energy (A-value) of the 4-phenyl-1,2,3-triazolyl group

Abstract Conformational energy (A-value) of the 4-phenyl-1,2,3- triazolyl group was estimated as 2.0 kcal mol–1 (8.5 kJ mol–1) using 1H NMR-based conformational study for a set of (4-phenyl-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)cyclohexanes. This provides a reasonable estimation also for the conformational energy of 1,2,3-triazolyl group itself and its substituted analogues.
Regulation of protein synthesis by phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

Publisher Summary Ribosomal protein S6 is a major phosphorylated ribosomal protein in every mammalian cell type and tissue. This chapter focuses on the phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and discusses the role of these phosphorylation events in the regulation of protein synthesis. It proposes that the phosphorylation of S6 could alter the binding or positioning of the message on the 404 ribosomal subunit, thereby affecting translation. It is assumed that there are at least three classes of mRNA that are recognized differentially by 40-S ribosomal subunits: (1) proteins involved in growth—mRNA is preferentially translated in response to growth-promoting compounds when S6 is multiply phosphorylated by the mitogen-stimulated S6 kinase; (2) housekeeping proteins—mRNA is translated under all conditions; the phosphorylation of S6 has no effect; and (3) proteins involved in catabolism—mRNA is preferentially translated in response to elevated levels of cAMP where S6 is phosphorylated by cA kinase. The various classes of mRNA would be differentially recognized by the different phosphorylated states of the ribosome. This differential recognition of the mRNA could be mediated by the primary sequence and conformation of the leader region.
Diffusion of Gold in Sputtered Amorphous Silicon

Diffusion of gold in sputtered amorphous silicon has been investigated using a new technique. By performing scaling experiments [1] and examining the second moment of the gold concentration profile as a function of time, the diffusion coefficient in amorphous silicon has been shown to be both concentration and time dependent. The second moment curves for different temperature anneals can be scaled to a master curve using a factor with an activation enthalpy of 2 eV, which is higher than activation enthalpies found in other investigations.
What do the NAEP math tests really measure

The National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) – often called the nation’s report card – includes math tests administered to representative populations of 4th and 8th grade students in each state. Widely cited by education researchers, the scores are used to track the progress (or lack thereof) of U.S. mathematics education, and they have appreciable influence on national education policies. Until recently, the past two decades have seen 4th and 8th grade NAEP math scores increase, albeit slowly. The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics claimed credit for the trend, pointing to its standards documents and policies, but scores were flat from 2007 to 2009. That prompted U.S. Education Secretary Arne Duncan to call for reforms to “accelerate achievement.” David Driscoll, chair of the National Assessment Governing Board of NAEP argued that the lack of improvement demonstrated the need for better training of elementary school math teachers [1]. But what do the math NAEP tests actually measure? Most problems from the NAEP exams are reused, and are therefore kept secret. However, some items each year are retired and made available to the public. The National Center for Educational Statistics suggests that these released items can be used to “supplement classroom instruction” and “provide additional insight into the content of the assessment” [2]. Two of the algebra problems administered in 2009 are displayed in Figs. 1 and 2.
Hepatic failure and death from erythropoietic protoporphyria.

Abstract A 60-year-old white male presenting with a clinical picture of obstructive jaundice was subsequently found to have erythropoietic protoporphyria. The diagnosis was suspected because of a history of life-long photosensitivity and was confirmed by finding high levels of erythrocyte protoporphyrin. Liver biopsy revealed birefringent deposits of protoporphyrin by polarization microscopy accompanied by severe hepatic injury and fibrosis. The patient died rapidly from liver failure, and at autopsy the biliary tree was patent. Despite the autosomal dominant transmission of erythropoietic protoporphyria, we failed to detect any family members with the disease. This report is concluded with a brief discussion of the liver involvement in erythropoietic protoporphyria.
The Cerebellum and Red Nucleus Are Not Required for In Vitro Classical Conditioning of the Turtle Abducens Nerve Response

The role of the cerebellum during motor learning is a controversial issue. Many authors have suggested that the cerebellum and its connections with the red nucleus are essential for the acquisition of the conditioned eye blink reflex. Although there is little argument that the cerebellum is an important component to the generation of the conditioned response (CR), a number of studies have suggested that the cerebellum is not essential for conditioning. Using an in vitro model of the classically conditioned turtle abducens nerve response, we investigated the effect of cerebellar and red nucleus lesions on the acquisition, extinction, and reacquisition of CRs. Neural discharge was recorded from the abducens nerve after a single shock unconditioned stimulus (US) was applied to the ipsilateral trigeminal nerve. When the US was paired with a conditioned stimulus (CS) applied to the posterior eighth, or auditory, nerve, a positive slope of CR acquisition was recorded in the abducens nerve. After extinction stimuli in which the CS and US were alternated, the number of CRs decreased to near zero. When the CS and US were once again paired, reacquisition at a faster rate was recorded. The CRs showed unusual timing features compared with preparations in which the cerebellum was intact; they had significantly shorter latencies and showed burst-like responses. These data demonstrate that it is possible to classically condition this in vitro preparation in the absence of the cerebellum and red nucleus. However, the latencies of CRs were found to be dramatically altered in the cerebellar-lesioned preparations, suggesting that the cerebellum does play a role in the timing of the CR.
Sleep apnea and complete heart block

Sleep apnea has been associated with various types of cardiac dysrhythmias; however, complete heart block has not been reported to occur in this condition. This brief report describes the case of a patient who developed episodes of prolonged complete heart block during sleep apnea. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure resulted in complete resolution of the heart block.
Description of the oocysts of Eimeria whitakeri n. sp. (Apicomplexa : Eimeriidae) from least shrews, Cryptotis parva (Insectivora : Soricidae)

Oocysts of Eimeria whitakeri n. sp. are described from the faeces of the least shrew, Cryptotis parva (Insectivora: Soricidae), from Texas, USA. The oocysts are spherical to subspherical, 17.4 × 16.4 (15–19 × 13–18.5) μm, with a bi-layered wall; their shape-index (length/width) is 1.1 (1.0–1.2). A micropyle and oocyst residuum are absent, but a large polar granule is present. The sporocysts are ovoidal, 11.2 × 7.5 (9.5–12 × 6.5–8) μm, with Stieda and substieda bodies; their shape-index is 1.5 (1.4–1.6). The sporozoites each possess both anterior and posterior refractile bodies.
Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project Experiment 1: implementation strategy and mid-Pliocene global climatology using GENESIS v3.0 GCM

Abstract. The mid-Pliocene Warm Period (3.29 to 2.97 Ma BP) has been identified as an analogue for the future, with the potential to help understand climate processes in a warmer than modern world. Sets of climate proxies, combined to provide boundary conditions for Global Climate Model (GCM) simulations of the mid-Pliocene, form the basis for the international, data-driven Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project (PlioMIP). Here, we outline the strategy for implementing pre-industrial (modern) and mid-Pliocene forcings and boundary conditions into the GENESIS version 3 GCM, as part of PlioMIP. We describe the prescription of greenhouse gas concentrations and orbital parameters and the implementation of geographic boundary conditions such as land-ice-sea distribution, topography, sea surface temperatures, sea ice extent, vegetation, soils, and ice sheets. We further describe model-specific details including spin-up and integration times. In addition, the global climatology of the mid-Pliocene as simulated by the GENESIS v3 GCM is analyzed and compared to the pre-industrial control simulation. The simulated climate of the mid-Pliocene warm interval is found to differ considerably from pre-industrial. We identify model sensitivity to imposed forcings, and internal feedbacks that collectively affect both local and far-field responses. Our analysis points out the need to assess both the direct impacts of external forcings and the combined effects of indirect, internal feedbacks. This paper provides the basis for assessing model biases within the PlioMIP framework, and will be useful for comparisons with other studies of mid-Pliocene climates.