cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Medical therapies for chronic stable angina

Chronic stable angina is a widespread problem with a considerable socioeconomic burden. While addressing risk factor modification and providing medical therapy aimed at vasculoprotection in patients with coronary artery disease, it is also important to attend to anginal symptom control. In accordance with accepted guidelines, this article recommends pharmacologic treatment using the traditional classes of antianginals (β-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and nitrates) alone or in combination as the initial approach in most patients with angina. In patients with angina refractory to traditional pharmacologic therapy, revascularization to relieve angina should be considered. This article also 1) addresses new and alternative strategies for the treatment of refractory angina; 2) discusses the role of a new pharmacologic agent, ranolazine, as well as alternative therapies such as enhanced external counterpulsation, electrical neurostimulation, and laser revascularization; and 3) details a practical approach to the medical treatment of angina and the recommended clinical follow-up intervals.
Middle Triassic paleomagnetic results from Central Hubei Province, China and their tectonic implications

Twenty one sites consisting of 4 to 7 samples per site were drilled from the redbeds of the Middle Triassic Badong Formation from central Hubei province, China. These samples were subjected to progressive thermal demagnetization which revealed two components of magnetization. The low temperature (A) component was probably acquired at a late stage of folding and is similar in direction to the late Mesozoic overprint widely observed in the eastern Yangtze Block. The high temperature (B) component is prefolding with dual polarity. Unlike the prefolding paleomagnetic directions observed in eastern Sichuan, western Hubei and northwestern Hunan, the B component resolved from central Hubei indicates no significant rotation with respect to other parts of the Yangtze Block. Since one of the two sampled sections is in the strongly deformed foreland fold-thrust belt of the Qinling Fold Belt, this would seem to negate the possibility that the differential rotations observed in the border area between Sichuan, Hubei, Hunan and Guizhou are associated with the collision of the Yangtze Block with the North China Block.
Revision of the Desert Cottontail, Sylvilagus Audubonii, in the Southwest

Individual, secondary sexual and geographic variations are analyzed in Sylvilagus audubonii in the Southwest. Ways of distinguishing this species from both S. floridanus and S. nuttallii in this region are presented. A method of selecting homogeneity in age of specimens is suggested. Individual variation appears to be average and secondary sexual variation probably unimportant in most characters. Cranial and external characters are most useful in studying geographic variation while color, except in one subspecies, is of little significance. The geographic location of character shifts in 12 characters is shown graphically. Those shifts showing a high degree of concordancy form the primary basis for subspecific boundaries. Four subspecies of S. audubonii ( warreni, arizonae, minor and goldmani ) are recognized, and the name cedrophilus is placed in synonymy. Strong local variation occurring in certain subspecies is described. The Mogollon Plateau is shown to have been a most important geographic feature affecting the differentiation within this species in Arizona.
Superconductivity in pressure quenched CdS at 77 K

Abstract Observations of magnetic field induced collapse of Meissner sized diamagnetism with a coincident decrease in electrical conductivity in pressure quenched CdS material at 77 K are reported. These results are consistent with the existence of superconducting regions in the specimens at this temperature.
Pilot Interaction With Cockpit Automation: Operational Experiences With the Flight Management System

Results are presented of two studies on the potential effect of cockpit automation on the pilot's performance, which provide data on pilots' difficulties with understanding and operating one of the core systems of cockpit automation, the Flight Management System (FMS). The results of both studies indicate that, although pilots do become proficient in standard FMS operations through ground training and subsequent flight experience, they still have difficulties tracking the FMS status and behavior in certain flight contexts and show gaps in the understanding of the functional structure of the system. The results suggest that design-related factors such as opaque interfaces contribute to these difficulties, which can affect the pilot's situation awareness.
Mixing of an underexpanded rectangular jet ejector

An experimental investigation was carried out on a rectangular ejector (constant area mixing duct) with an underexpanded rectangular jet as the primary flow. From the wall static pressure measurements, the ejector performance was found to show irregular variations with the primary jet pressure. Hot-wire measurements, together with schlieren photographs, showed that better performance was obtained when the flow was well mixed. The well-mixed flow was found when the screech tone Strouhal number was in the 0.11-0.14 range, which agrees with the most unstable Strouhal number of the free underexpanded rectangular jet. By incorporating a phase-locked technique with shlieren flow visualization, we were able to photograph standing waves excited by the screech tones inside the ejector mixing duct. The interactions between the jet flow and the screech tones were studied using this flow visualization technique.
Triatomic Method for Correlation of Retention of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Normal Phase HPLC

Abstract A trlatomic additivity method for correlating retention indices of polynuclear aromatic compounds on nitrogen-containing polar bonded phase in normal phase high performance liquid chromatography is described. The method of trigonal additivity shows good correlation with all the four amino bonded phases studied and compares favorably with the well known connectivity index of Randic.
Magnetomechanical Damping at Low Temperatures

Magnetomechanical damping (MMD) at low temperatures sbows marked departures from the well-established phenomenological description of MMD at room temperature. There is enhanced damping (the Bruner-Heller rise) dt low amplitudes generally said to have a magnetic origin, be hysteretic, and sometimes amplitude-dependent, but the falloff in the transition to higher temperatures is frequency-dependent. A recent model considers that the Rayltigh MMD at room temperature arises from successive cooperative shifts (self-similar transformations) of the whole domain structure at once. It appears that the Bruner-Heller rise in pure iron may well he a manifestation of the localized hysteretic bowing motion of domain walls, the equivalent of the Granato-Lucke damping for dislocations. For alloys, the data are supportive but incomplete.
ECG identification of left ventricular hypertrophy. Relationship of test performance to body habitus

Obesity is associated with the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and, conversely, with decreased sensitivity of the electrocardiogram (ECG) for LVH due to attenuating effects on QRS amplitudes. Although the Framingham-adjusted Cornell voltage, incorporating age, sex, and body mass index (BMI), was developed to correct for the effects of obesity on the accuracy of the ECG, the impact of body habitus on ECG detection of LVH for newer, more accurate ECG criteria based on the time-voltage area under the QRS complex has not been determined. The authors examined the test accuracy of the Sokolow-Lyon voltage, Cornell voltage, Cornell product (product of QRS duration and Cornell voltage), Framingham-adjusted Cornell voltage, and time-voltage area of the horizontal plane vector QRS for the detection of echocardiographic LVH in relation to body habitus in 250 patients. Normal-weight or overweight status was based on sex-specific population-based BMI partitions. Using partitions with a matched specificity of 98% in the overall population without LVH, the sensitivity of standard ECG criteria varied according to body habitus. Sensitivity of the Framingham-adjusted Cornell voltage was less in normal-weight than in overweight patients (49 vs 59%, P = .0004); there were also trends toward lower sensitivity in normal-weight patients for the Cornell voltage (40 vs 65%, P = .10) and the Cornell product (43 vs 65%, P = NS), but sensitivity of the Sokolow-Lyon voltage was lower in obese than in nonobese patients (18 vs 50%, P = .025). In contrast, the horizontal plane vector area had similar sensitivity in obese and normal-weight patients (76 vs 74%, P = NS). Specificity varied with body habitus only for the Framingham-adjusted Cornell voltage: 100% in normal-weight vs 95% in overweight patients (P < .05). Thus, accuracy of the Framingham-adjusted Cornell voltage and Sokolow-Lyon voltage varies significantly with body habitus. In contrast, accuracy of the Cornell voltage and the Cornell product appears less dependent on BMI, and the time-voltage area of the QRS minimizes the effects of obesity on the accuracy of the ECG for LVH.
Europe's Economy Looks East: Implications for Germany and the European Union

1. Introduction Stanley Black Part I. Trade Relations: 2. An economic assessment of the integration of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland into the European Union Drusilla Brown, Alan Deardorff, Simeon Djankov and Robert Stern Comments J. David Richardson and L. Alan Winters 3. Potential trade with core and periphery: industry differences in trade patterns Hari Vittas and Paulo Mauro Comment Susan M. Collins 4. Impact on German trade of increased division of labor with Eastern Europe Dieter Schumacher Comments Wolfgang Maennig and Ellen Meade Part II. Investment Patterns: 5. Investment and its financing during the transition in Central and Eastern Europe Stanley Black and Mathias Moersch Comments Holger Wolf and Douglas Todd 6. Privatization, structural change and productivity: towards convergence in Europe? Paul J. J. Welfens Comments Bruce Kogut and Jan Mladek Part III. Labor Market Issues: 7. Integrating the East: the labor market effects of immigration Thomas Bauer and Klaus Zimmerman Comments Barry Bosworth and Robert LaLonde Part IV. The Process of Integration: 8. Joining the club: options for integrating Central and Eastern Countries into the European Union Michael Koop Comments Barry Eichengreen and Hans-Jurgen Vosgerau Index.
IT education in the flattening world

The irresistible wave of globalization is transforming our society and our educational institutions. Profound IT-related challenges and opportunities stimulate IT research and lead to constant IT curriculum changes. This paper discusses the significance and impact of globalization and emerging technologies on IT curriculum and IT education in general. With a brief discussion of emerging technologies in the computing discipline including Grid Computing, Storage Area Networks, Entertainment Computing, Service Computing, Pervasive Computing, and Trustworthy Computing, this paper suggests some IT research topics and a new course that could be added to IT curriculum - International IT Project Management.
Ethnic Retention as a Predictor of Academic Success: Lessons from the Children of Immigrant Families and Black Children

Educators and policymakers often believe that immigrant children perform better in school if they and their families culturally assimilate and assume the characteristics prevalent in the dominant mainstream society. Therefore, ethnic retention (i.e., immigrant families and people of color embracing their own ethnic values, artifacts, and practices) is frequently thought to be a major factor leading to academic underachievement. However, based on empirical evidence, ethnic retention is actually predictive of higher academic achievement among children from immigrant families. For blacks, although the academic benefits of cultural retention seems credible, the matter is more complex given the longer history of social oppression collectively experienced in the community. In this article, the author discusses the classroom and policy implications of these empirical findings.
Three Roles of Language in Motivation Theory

Motivation theories, when viewed from the perspective of one versed in organizational communication, focus on language that informs and that reduces worker uncertainty. An extension of current theories to include the impact of three kinds of speech acts—uncertainty-reducing acts (perlocutionary), meaning-making acts (locutionary), and human-bonding acts (illocutionary)—on motivation is proposed.
Ethical Issues in Geriatric Nephrology: Overview

Developments in medical care over the past five to six decades have provided remarkable life-sustaining technologies (LST) that have contributed to prolongation of the life span of patients, as well as to a general increase in health and well-being. End-stage renal disease (ESRD) treatment is a prototype of these LST treatments and of the issues surrounding provision of chronic/catastrophic care. This remarkable progress has been accompanied by ethical dilemmas that include allocation of scarce resources, and initiation and termination of care with LST. Consideration of these ethical dilemmas are especially poignant for the elderly, because they raise "hard choices" and there are no easy answers to these ethical dilemmas. This is a US government work. There are no restrictions on its use.
A comparative evaluation of three post and core techniques

An in vitro study was performed evaluating three post and core techniques with and without full crown coverage on extracted mandibular molar teeth. The materials evaluated were amalgam, composite resin, and stainless steel posts, and a combination of cast-gold and stainless steel posts. The results indicate that the method of post and core technique may not be as significant as the placement of full coverage cast-gold crown restorations with sound design and placement of margins beyond the buildup restoration.
Familial Occurrence of Congenital Aneurysm of the Muscular Interventricular Septum

Congenital aneurysms of the muscular interventricular septum are rare. We report two brothers with this disease and their father, who had marked thinning of part of the muscular interventricular septum with paradoxical motion. These cases lend support to the idea that these aneurysms are the result of an inherited defect in the myocardium.
Epidermal growth factor modulates release of arachidonic acid from embryonic cells

The calcium ionophore A23187 stimulates release of free [3H]arachidonic acids from radiolabeled cultures of MEPM cells which are growing, but not from those which are confluent. However, when confluent MEPM cells are pretreated with EGF or PMA, release of [3H]arachidonic acids does occur in response to A23187. Since neither EGF nor PMA themselves stimulate release of [3H]arachidonic acids from these cells, but do activate protein kinase C, these data support the hypothesis that protein kinase C modulates the activities of phospholipid hydrolases in MEPM cells.
Substituent Effect on Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding in beta-Amino Acid-Containing Polyamides.

An alkyl substitution in the β-amino acid-containing polyamides 1, 2, and 3 leads to an increase in the population of intramolecularly hydrogen bonded conformations. However, the most stable conformation is not always the same one when the substituent is changed from a methyl group to an isopropyl group. For the β-amino acid derivatives of succinic acid, a methyl group enhances the formation of a head-to-tail type of folding pattern through an 11-membered ring (2b), but an isopropyl group appears to decrease the enhancement. For β-amino acid derivatives of glutaric acid, an isopropyl group promotes the formation of a bifurcated conformation (3c). The thermodynamic parameters for the equilibrium between non-hydrogen-bonded states and the head-to-tail type of folding of 2a and 2b are obtained by a van't Hoff analysis of the variable-temperature NMR data, which gives a ΔH of −1.0 kcal/mol and a ΔS of −4.7 eu for triamide 2a and a ΔH of −1.0 kcal/mol and a ΔS of −3.7 e.u. for triamide 2b, each with a correlat...
Multiple conductance classes of mouse nicotinic acetylcholine receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes.

Abstract Acetylcholine receptor (AcChoR) subunit mRNAs transcribed from mouse BC3H-1 cDNAs were injected into Xenopus oocytes and the expressed AcChoR channels were examined by single channel recording. Injection of alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-subunit mRNAs produced two predominant channel classes with conductances of approximately 50 and approximately 12 pS, while infrequent openings of approximately 25-pS channels were also observed. Injection of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-subunit mRNAs produced a single class of approximately 12-pS AcChoR channels, which resembled the smallest conductance channels present in alpha beta gamma omega-injected oocytes. Assembly of delta-less channels may thus explain the lowest conductance AcChoR channels in alpha beta gamma delta-injected oocytes and might also account for similar channels that have been observed in vertebrate skeletal muscle.
Angiotensin II effects on ischemic focal ventricular tachycardia are predominantly mediated through myocardial AT2 receptor

Ischemic focal ventricular tachycardia (VT) occurs in animals and humans. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and receptor blockers reduce sudden death in patients with ischemic heart disease. In our dog model of coronary artery occlusion (CAO), we tested the hypothesis that angiotensin II (AGII) will selectively promote focal VT and that the specific AT2 blocker PD-123319 (PD), or AT1 blocker losartan, will affect this VT. Anesthetized dogs (n = 90) underwent CAO, followed by three-dimensional activation mapping of inducible VT. Dogs without VT in 1–3 h after CAO received AGII, and those with VT received either PD or losartan. Focal endocardium excised from ischemic sites was studied in vitro with standard microelectrode. Of 33 dogs with no inducible VT, AGII infusion resulted in sustained VT of only focal Purkinje origin in 13 (39%) compared with 0 of 20 dogs with saline. Of 26 dogs with inducible VT at baseline, given PD, reinduction was blocked in 8 of 10 (P < 0.05) focal VT, but only 1 of 15 with reentry. In contrast, of 11 dogs given losartan, reinduction of either mechanism was not blocked. In vitro triggered activity in Purkinje was blocked by PD in 13 of 19 (P < 0.05), but not by losartan in 8. Also, triggered activity was promoted by AGII, losartan, or the combination in 9 of 12 tissues. AGII promotes only focal, mainly Purkinje ischemic VT. PD, but not losartan, preferentially blocked focal VT, which is likely due to triggered activity due to delayed afterdepolarizations in Purkinje.
Does transnational terrorism reduce foreign direct investment? Business-related versus non-business-related terrorism

Although several existing studies examine the economic impact of transnational terrorism by referring to its potential to reduce foreign direct investment (FDI), they overlook possible differences ...
Maximizing a submodular function by integer programming: Polyhedral results for the quadratic case☆

Abstract We give a new mixed integer programming (MIP) formulation for the quadratic cost partition problem that is derived from a MIP formulation for maximizing a submodular function. Several classes of valid inequalities for the convex hull of the feasible solutions are derived using the valid inequalities for the node packing polyhedron. Facet defining conditions and separation algorithms are discussed and computational results are reported.
A Study in Classification: Style and Visual Perception

The authors explore the process by which people determine that one object is similar to, or different from, another, and investigate how the process might affect our understanding of archaeological classification. Exploratory Data Analysis [Tukey] was conducted on measurements from 159 conical fired pots excavated at al-Hiba in Iraq. Although frequency distributions of single parameters did not show clear and consistent categories, certain correlated parameters showed a clear bimodal frequency distribution into two basic shapes which matched the traditional archaeological subdivision into “cups” and “bowls.” Stylistic subdivisions perceived by undergraduate students (91, from Brooklyn College and New York University), when asked to sort profile drawings of pots (73) into perceived divisions and then group divisions into styles, agreed with the bimodal objective division. Exploratory Data Analysis can identify objective stylistic grouping of archaeological artifacts. Other findings of the authors during th...
Kinetics and activation thermodynamics of methane monooxygenase compound Q formation and reaction with substrates.

The transient kinetics of formation and decay of the reaction cycle intermediates of the Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b methane monooxygenase (MMO) catalytic cycle are studied as a function of temperature and substrate type and deuteration. Kinetic evidence is presented for the existence of three intermediates termed compounds O, P, and P forming after the addition of O(2) to diferrous MMO hydroxylase (H(r)) and before the formation of the reactive intermediate compound Q. The Arrhenius plots for these reactions are linear and independent of substrate concentration and type, showing that substrate does not participate directly in the oxygen activation phase of the catalytic cycle. Analysis of the transient kinetic data revealed only small changes relative to the weak optical spectrum of H(r) for any of these intermediates. In contrast, large changes in the 430 nm spectral region are associated with the formation of Q. The decay reaction of Q exhibits an apparent first-order concentration dependence for all substrates tested, and the observed rate constant depends on the substrate type. The kinetics of the decay reaction of Q yield a nonlinear Arrhenius plot when methane is the substrate, and the rates in both segments of the plot increase linearly with methane concentration. Together these observations suggest that at least two reactions with a methane concentration dependence, and perhaps two methane molecules, are involved in the decay process. When CD(4) is used as the substrate, a large isotope effect and a linear Arrhenius plot are observed. Analogous plots for all other MMO substrates tested (e.g., ethane) are linear, and no isotope effect for deuterated analogues is observed. This demonstrates that a step other than C-H bond breaking is rate limiting for alternative MMO substrates. A two step Q decay mechanism is proposed that provides an explanation for the lack of an isotope effect for alternative MMO substrates and the fact that rate of oxidation of methane by Q exceeds that of many other hydrocarbons with weaker C-H bonds.
Seismic analysis of towers including foundation uplift

Abstract A seismic analysis procedure including soil-structure interaction and partial foundation uplift for tower structures is developed. The nonlinear equations of motion are derived with the aid of Lagrange's equation. Parametric studies are performed to evaluate the effects of factors such as: soil stiffness, ratio of tower height to foundation width, and partial separation of the foundation from the soil. The studies indicate that the effects of soil stiffness on a short tower are greater than on a slender one. The height-width ratio affects the seismic response of the tower significantly, especially for a tower at a rock-like location. The allowance of foundation uplift may substantially reduce the seismic response of moment and foundation rotation in the case of hard soil and a slender tower, or may greatly increase the seismic response of shear in the case of hard soil and a short tower. The study concludes that uplift is not always beneficial and its effects could be significant for structures under strong seismic motions.
Application of gradient corrections to density-functional theory for atoms and solids.

Gradient corrections have been shown to improve the accuracy of density-functional theory (DFT) when applied to homonuclear dimers, small molecules, and bulk properties of transition metals (such as Fe). A more thorough evaluation is needed before adopting these corrections for large-scale computations in solids. We investigate a broad range of different systems by using the most recently proposed gradient correction to DFT by Perdew and Wang, which is expected to give a marked improvement over earlier attempts. We find that when this correction is used to calculate the energy of atoms it gives better agreement with experiment than the local-density approximation (LDA). When applied to bulk properties, this correction gives results which are not consistently better and tend to overcorrect LDA results.
Automated metrology recipe creation

A Metrology Recipe Automation capability has been have developed and deployed at GLOBALFOUNDRIES with the objective to support daily metrology recipe setup for foundry operations. Previous publications on this capability focused on recipe validation and benefits to process control through improved metrology. In this paper an overview of GLOBALFOUNDRIES' Metrology Recipe Automation (MRA) solution will be provided. The benefits and justification of an MRA solution will be reviewed, and insight will be given into the production application, examining the primary business processes, software architecture and typical use case of the application. Necessary interaction with the design and tape out processes to integrate the necessary data will be covered, and the complexities of coordinating fab setup activities with design activities will be discussed. The paper will conclude with a discussion of the opportunities for improving vendor metrology tool software interaction, as well as the challenges of collaboration between fabless design firms with foundry manufacturing to insure the necessary data is available to enable automation.
Why HLA-B27? My thirty-year quest: The friedenwald lecture

The custom on the occasion of a named lectureship is to recount one's achievements and thank those who have contributed to it. A good scientist, however, must be an iconoclast. Consequently, I considered recounting my failures rather than the triumphs. I rapidly concluded, however, that the time was insufficient for the former and I have settled on the latter.
Angular momentum transport in the solar nebula

It is proposed that gravitational torques can furnish a mechanism for the radial outward transport of angular momentum in the solar nebula. For this effect to be present the disc of the nebula must have a spiral structure with trailing arms. A mathematical model is constructed with the main object of seeing whether purely advective inward eddy transports of angular momentum could offset the gravitational torques. It is found that for a protosun much more massive than the disc the eddy transport is small, allowing the gravitational effects of predominate. In such a case convergence of angular momentum is to be expected at the outer edge of the disc. The possibility exists that matter could be shed to large distances perhaps giving rise to the cloud of comets surrounding the solar system as proposed byJ. H. Oort.
Molybdenum tris(2,5-dimethylpyrrolide), a rare homoleptic molybdenum(III) monomer.

The monomeric, homoleptic molybdenum(III) complex molybdenum tris(2,5-dimethylpyrrolide) has been prepared. Reduction with KC8 in THF yields the molybdenum(II) complex potassium [molybdenum tris(2,5-dimethylpyrrolide)], while protonation with [H(OEt2)2][BArF4] yields a cationic species that contains an η1-3H-pyrrole ligand.
Hepatic and pulmonary microsomal benzene metabolism in CYP2E1 knockout mice

Benzene is an occupational and environmental toxicant. The major health concern for humans is acute myelogenous leukemia. To exert its toxic effects, benzene must be metabolized via cytochrome P450. CYP2E1 has been identified as the most important cytochrome, P450 isozyme in hepatic benzene metabolism in mice, rats, and humans. In pulmonary microsomes CYP2E1 and members of the CYP2F subfamily are both significantly involved. In the current study CYP2E1 knockout mice and wild-type controls were used to further examine the cytochrome P450 isozymes involved in metabolism of 24 μM benzene. The results show that CYP2E1 is the most important isozyme in the liver, accounting for 96% of the total hydroxylated metabolite formation. However, in the lung CYP2E1 was responsible for only 45% of the formation of total hydroxylated metabolite. Chemical inhibitors of CYP2E1 and CYP2F2 were used to further examine the contributions of these isozymes to benzene metabolism. The results confirmed the finding that while CYP2E1 is the most important isozyme in the liver, CYP2F2 and CYP2E1 are both significantly involved in the lung.
Improving service rate for a tree-type three-echelon supply chain system with backorders at retailer's level

AbstractThis research deals with a distributive or tree-type three-echelon production-distribution supply chain system with allowable backorder. Allowing backorder could reduce the total of a production-distribution system by reducing holding cost due to the lower average inventory, even though backorders carry some cost and lower a company's goodwill. The main purpose of this research is to develop replenishment policies for a tree-type three-echelon supply chain system with allowable backorder. The supply chain network is composed of a producer, multiple distributors, and multiple retailers. This research attempts to improve service rate by reducing the backorder at the retailer level. The distributors are allowed to ship product to retailer quicker in order to reduce backorder. The total cost function of the proposed model is developed. Since the total cost function contains some integer variables, differentiating the function with respect to the variables could not be used as a basis to solve for the ...
The difficult pediatric airway

Summary From this discussion, it is clear that difficult airway management in the pediatric population is a potentially high-risk endeavor. The normal pediatric variations in anatomy and physiology, combined with factors creating a difficult airway in a patient who is often uncooperative with medical interventions, can produce a very challenging situation for the clinician. It is important to keep in mind the principles of recognition, preparation, and development of management strategies with the pediatric caveats described in this article. Using good clinical judgment combined with appropriate application of the guidelines herein should prove useful in helping to care for the pediatric difficult airway population.
A morphological analysis of the early implantation stages in the rat

By making use of the known sequence of ovulation and fertilization in Holtzman rats, the Pontamine Blue reaction, and electron microscopy, the first stages in implantation were studied. Implantation is initiated when the blastocyst becomes clasped by the endometrium and hence assumes a fixed position (evening of day 5). At this stage, the trophoblast cells are in close association with the uterine epithelial cells, with interdigitating microvilli in places, but decidualization of the fibroblasts is just beginning. In the second stage of implantation the decidualized fibroblasts form a cup around the luminal epithelium. Evidence of adhesion of the cell membranes of trophoblast cells with the cell membranes of luminal epithelial cells can be seen at this time. The layer of fibroblasts immediately surrounding the luminal epithelium becomes epithelioid, resulting in a relative isolation of the luminal epithelium from its vascularization. This stage is well-developed by the afternoon of day 6. By the morning of day 7, the luminal epithelium has disappeared from the region of the forming ectoplacental cone down to the level of the abembryonic trophoblast. The trophoblast cells on the lateral aspect of the blastocyst are directly in contact with the residual basement membrane of the luminal epithelial cells, and are separated by this structure and a small connective tissue cleft from the stromal cells. The importance of the relative isolation of the epithelium by the stromal reaction and the adhesion of the cell membrane of the trophoblast cells to the cell membranes of epithelial cells with regard to removal and phagocytosis of epithelial elements are discussed, and many of the cytological features observed during the process are described.
On the Social Psychology of Social Mobility Processes

For the past twenty years the status attainment model of social mobility has included social psychological measures which are used to help explain the levels individuals come to occupy in the stratification system. The early elaborations of the Blau-Duncan "basic model" of status attainment, proposed by Sewell and others, modeled social psychological factors affecting educational attainment. More recently, two kinds of research have evolved which provide a basis for further clarification of the occupational attainment portions of the mobility model. One of these is the "new structuralism" approach to the world of work which has emphasized the importance of sectors of the economy, the structure of firms, vacancy chains, internal labor markets and career lines. The other is the "work and personality" literature which is concerned with the interrelations between the structure of the work setting and the personal qualities of the worker. Suggestions are made for the integration of these approaches with earlier attempts to explain social mobility. Methodological and conceptual issues are discussed, and the need to recognize the interrelated contributions of structural and social psychological perspectives is emphasized. A life course approach to social mobility processes appears to provide the basis for accomplishing the needed integration of the structural and social psychological perspectives.
General Education Pre-Service Teachers’ Levels of Concern on Response to Intervention (RTI) Implementation

Revisions to Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEIA) proposed alternative models, such as Response to Intervention (RTI), as a preventive measure that supports students at r...
The epidemiology of atopic dermatitis.

Atopic dermatitis is a common inflammatory skin disease characterized by recurrent episodes of itching and a chronic, relapsing course. Since its description as a form of “prurigo diasthe ´sique” 1 by Ernest Besnier in 1892, contributors to the literature have attributed more than 20 different names to this disease. Our modern usage derives from Wise and Sulzberger, who in 1933 coined the term “atopic dermatitis” 2 to signify its association with respiratory atopy. The prevalence of atopic dermatitis has risen dramatically since these initial descriptions. Nearly six decades ago, estimates of prevalence in Scandinavia revealed that 1.3% of patients suffered from the disease. 3 By 1993, the prevalence of atopic dermatitis in Scandinavia had increased more than 20-fold to 23%. 4 Similar rising trends have been documented worldwide. Despite the pervasiveness of this disease, an understanding of atopic dermatitis has been hampered by a number of factors. Both genetic and environmental factors clearly play a role in influencing this phenotype, and an understanding of how these factors interact remains incomplete. The simple act of reliably identifying affected patients has suffered from the impressive clinical variability of the disease within populations and its variability even within a single individual over time. Although subsets of patients may demonstrate serum abnormalities such as elevations of IgE or eosinophilic cationic protein, 5 these markers are neither highly sensitive nor specific, and many of those affected lack these abnormalities. Likewise, histologic evaluation of symptomatic skin is not specific for the disease. Although recent advances in basic science have revolutionized our understanding of the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis, at present, no single clinical, laboratory, or histologic marker exists that will definitively diagnose atopic dermatitis. Recent efforts in describing the epidemiology of atopic dermatitis have aided in the characterization of this disease by helping to more consistently identify affected patients (for enrollment in basic scientific and clinical studies) and by helping to provide a better understanding of the socioeconomic impact of this pervasive condition. This article reviews our current understanding of the epidemiology of atopic dermatitis, with special emphasis on recent efforts to standardize diagnostic criteria as well as on data regarding the prevalence, demographics, risk factors, and social costs of this disease.
American Sign Language Generation: Multimodal NLG with Multiple Linguistic Channels

Software to translate English text into American Sign Language (ASL) animation can improve information accessibility for the majority of deaf adults with limited English literacy. ASL natural language generation (NLG) is a special form of multimodal NLG that uses multiple linguistic output channels. ASL NLG technology has applications for the generation of gesture animation and other communication signals that are not easily encoded as text strings.
The fallacy of the “shallow-water problem” in marine CSEM exploration

The recent explosion of activity in offshore controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) exploration has shown, both theoretically and in practice for the time-harmonic case, that shallow-water environments (depths less than, say, 300 m ) can pose a significant challenge for detection and characterization of thin resistive targets in the subsurface because the weakly attenuated atmospheric response overprints the weaker target response. As an alternative, the transient CSEM experiment is considered to explore the nature of the “airwave” signature when viewed from the perspective of CSEM time series. The signature of a thin, isolated, resistive horizon is computed by using the quasi-analytic solution for a 1D earth in response to excitation by a horizontal electric dipole antenna. That signature, clearly seen in the transient data, generally lies in the time interval between the arrivalof the airwave and the late-time seawater response.The fact that either decreasing the water depth or increasing the source-r...
Internal fracture of a pediatric broviac catheter.

Indwelling central venous catheters have become an integral part of the care of bone marrow transplant patients. Current technology provides the physician with repeated, reliable accesses to the central venous system via centrally placed silastic (Broviac) catheters. This report describes an unusual mechanical complication and a method for catheter salvage. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition13:560-561, 1989)
Solving the Secular Equation Including Spin Orbit Coupling for Systems with Inversion and Time Reversal Symmetry

A computational method for computing the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a class of matrices that arise in quantum mechanics involving time reversal and inversion symmetry is described. The algorithms presented have greatly reduced the computational effort required to solve this problem and also produce a stable, more accurate solution.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of black pigment dispersing hormone from the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed for black pigment dispersing hormone (BPDH) obtained from the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator. Immunoreactive BPDH, as high as 8.8 ± 0.9 ng/50 μl, was found in the hemolymph of crabs with dispersed black pigment. High potassium saline caused 4.5 ± 0.4 ng immunoreactive BPDH to be released into the medium from isolated crab eyestalks in 5 min.
Chronic kidney disease incidence, and progression to end-stage renal disease, in HIV-infected individuals: a tale of two races.

Background Little is known about the racial differences in the incidence and progression of HIV-related chronic kidney disease (CKD) that underlie African American–white disparities in HIV-related end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
A 100 pJ/bit, (32,8) CMOS Analog Low-Density Parity-Check Decoder Based on Margin Propagation

One of the key factors underlying the popularity of low-density parity-check (LDPC) code is its iterative decoding algorithm which is amenable to efficient analog and digital implementation. However, different applications of LDPC codes (e.g. wireless sensor networks) impose different sets of constraints which include speed, bit error rates (BER) and energy efficiency. Our previous work reported an algorithmic framework for designing margin propagation (MP) based LDPC decoders where the BER performance can be traded off with its energy efficiency. In this paper we present an analog current-mode implementation of an MP-based (32,8) LDPC decoder. The implementation uses only addition, subtraction and threshold operations and hence is independent of transistor biasing. Measured results from prototypes fabricated in a 0.5 μm CMOS process verify the functionality of a (32,8) LDPC decoder and demonstrate the trade-off capability which is realized by adapting a system hyper-parameter. When configured as a min-sum LDPC decoder, the proposed implementation demonstrates superior BER performance compared to the state-of-the-art analog min-sum decoder at SNR greater than 3.5 dB. We show that an optimal configuration of the same MP-based decoder can also deliver up to 3 dB improvement in BER compared to the benchmark min-sum LDPC decoder.
Early-Age Properties of Cement-Based Materials: I. Influence of Cement Fineness

The influence of cement fineness on early-age properties of cement-based materials is investigated using a variety of experimental techniques. Properties that are critical to the early-age performance of these materials are tested, including heat release, temperature rise, chemical shrinkage, and autogenous deformation. Measurements of these properties for two cements of widely different fineness are supplemented with other performance measures, specifically acoustic emission measurements to listen for microcracking occurring in high performance w/c=0.35 mortars and dual-ring paste shrinkage measurements conducted under sealed conditions to assess residual stress development. The measured properties are observed to be quite different for the coarse and the fine cement. The current emphasis on high early-age strength within the construction industry may result in the specification of cements that are more prone to early-age cracking.
Marine Invasions by Non-Sea Snakes, with Thoughts on Terrestrial–Aquatic–Marine Transitions

Few species of snakes show extensive adaptations to aquatic environments and even fewer exploit the oceans. A survey of morphology, lifestyles, and habitats of 2552 alethenophidian snakes revealed 362 (14%) that use aquatic environments, are semi-aquatic, or aquatic; about 70 (2.7%) of these are sea snakes (Hydrophiinae and Laticaudinae). The ancient and aquatic family Acrochordidae contains three extant species, all of which have populations inhabiting brackish or marine environments, as well as freshwater. The Homalopsidae have the most ecologically diverse representatives in coastal habitats. Other families containing species exploiting saline waters with populations in freshwater environments include: the Dipsadidae of the western hemisphere, the cosmopolitan Natricidae, the African Grayinae, and probably a few Colubridae. Species with aquatic and semi-aquatic lifestyles are compared with more terrestrial (fossorial, cryptozoic, and arboreal) species for morphological traits and life histories that are convergent with those found in sea snakes; this may provide clues to the evolution of marine snakes and increase our understanding of snake diversity.
Analysis of trace transition elements and heavy metals in fish otoliths as tracers of habitat use by American eels in the Hudson River estuary

Transition and heavy metals within the calcified otoliths of estuarine fishes may represent valuable tracers of environmental exposures, allowing inferences on natality, habitat use, and exposure to pollution. Accurate measurement of very low concentrations of these metals in otoliths by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is often precluded by the interferences of predominant calcium matrix. We coupled a solid phase extraction procedure to an ICP-MS instrument to overcome the matrix problems and improve the limits of detection. To test this novel application and the utility of otolith transition and heavy metals as tracers of habitat use, otoliths of American eel (Anguilla rostrata) captured from 6 locations (George Washington Bridge, Haverstraw, Newburgh, Kingston, Athens, and Albany) throughout the Hudson River estuary were analyzed for site specific differences expected due to varying environmental exposure. Several trace elements, including Al, Bi, Cd, Co, Cu, Ga, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn, were selectively extracted from otolith solutions and preconcentrated on a microcolumn of chelating resin. The concentrations of all elements inA. rostrata otoliths were above the limits of detection that ranged from 0.2 ng g−1 for Co to 7 ng g−1 for Zn. Differences in the elemental composition of the otoliths among the groups were significant indicating different levels of exposure to environmental conditions. Discriminant analysis yielded an overall location classification rate of 78%. Al, Bi, Cd, Mn, Ni, and V contributed most to the discriminant function. Samples collected at George Washington Bridge showed 100% discrimination from other locations, and higher levels of many transition and heavy metals, consistent with higher exposure to these metals in the most polluted region of the Hudson River estuary.
Pluralism, the Lucas critique, and the integration of macro and micro

Mainstream macroeconomics has pursued ‘micro founded’models based on the explicit optimization by representative agents. The result has been a long and wasteful detour. But elements of the Lucas critique are relevant, also for heterodox economists. Challenging common heterodox views on microeconomics and formalization, this paper argues that (i) economic models should not be based purely on empirically observed regularities, (ii) heterodox economists must be able to tell an integrated story about goal-oriented micro behavior in a speci…c macro environment, and (iii) relatively simple analytical models have an essential role to play.