cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A systematic approach to the complete study of a signaling molecule: ribosomal p90rsk as an example

Abstract Ribosomal p90rsk is a kinase of central importance in transducing mitogenic signals from an activated receptor to the cell nucleus and for protein synthesis. Here, we analyze the optimal steps to fully describe this kinase in both normal neutrophils and leukemic cell lines. These are: (i) immunological analyses (immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation); (ii) enzyme activity assays (in vitro and “in-gel”); and (iii) immunobiochemical combination methods (immunoprecipitation/kinase assay, immunoprecipitation/“in-gel” assay and ion exchange chromatography/immunoblotting). For the enzyme assays, we describe a novel method to measure ribosomal p90rsk kinase activity “in-gel”, based on a renatured-protein method that allows for the direct quantitation of enzyme activity. Finally, we present an algorithm that can be readily implemented to the quantification of the extent of stimulation of a kinase in response to a particular extracellular stimuli. In our case, it was found that activation of p90rsk was higher in proliferating leukemic cells than in mature neutrophils, indicating that a suppression of key signal transduction links could contribute to the maturational arrest typical of acute leukemia. All the techniques and strategies described here for p90rsk could be easily extrapolated to the study of any signal transduction molecule, provided it has a phosphotransferase activity.
AKAP (A-kinase anchoring protein) domains: beads of structure–function on the necklace of G-protein signalling

AKAPs (A-kinase anchoring proteins) are members of a diverse family of scaffold proteins that minimally possess a characteristic binding domain for the RI/RII regulatory subunit of protein kinase A and play critical roles in establishing spatial constraints for multivalent signalling assemblies. Especially for G-protein-coupled receptors, the AKAPs provide an organizing centre about which various protein kinases and phosphatases can be assembled to create solid-state signalling devices that can signal, be modulated and trafficked within the cell. The structure of AKAP250 (also known as gravin or AKAP12), based on analyses of milligram quantities of recombinant protein expressed in Escherichia coli , suggests that the AKAP is probably an unordered scaffold, acting as a necklace on which ‘jewels’ of structure–function (e.g. the RII-binding domain) that provide docking sites on which signalling components can be assembled. Recent results suggest that AKAP250 provides not only a ‘tool box’ for assembling signalling elements, but may indeed provide a basis for spatial constraint observed for many signalling paradigms. The spatial dimension of the integration of cell signalling will probably reflect many functions performed by members of the AKAP family.
Investigations and interpretations of the vertical distribution of U, TH, and K: South Africa and Canada

Investigations of the distribution of U, Th, and K in deep profiles exposed by Precambrian doming have been presented for Vredefort, South Africa and have recently been completed for a similar structure near Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. An evaluation of the Vredefort data shows evidence of a major crustal repetition of the vertical radioelement distribution with depth. A simple explanation is that the South African basement is geochemically layered, with repetition occurring from layer to layer. This implies a sawtooth, or “serrated” distribution with depth. Preliminary results from the Sudbury investigation show a rise in heat production with distance from the Sudbury Structure, corresponding to decreasing depth in the basement rocks. The repetition of the radioelement distribution observed at Vredefort does not appear in the Sudbury data. Although Th and K make a jump at nearly the same depth, the U data show no corresponding increase. U loss is suspected in the project area, affecting the overall distribution of heat production in the Sudbury basement. Given its complex history and geographic location, the material in the sample area may not be representative of the Superior Province.
Fiber optic microendoscopy for preclinical study of bacterial infection dynamics

We explore the use of fiber optic microendoscopy to image and quantify bacterial infection in the skin and lungs using an animal model. The contact probe fiber bundle fluorescence microendoscope has a 4 µm resolution, a 750 µm field of view, and a 1 mm outer diameter. Subcutaneous and intra-tracheal infections of fluorescent Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) bacteria were detected in situ from inocula down to 104 and 107 colony forming units, respectively.
Simulation optimization for allocation of epidemic-control resources

We consider the problem of resource allocation (RA) in the control of epidemics where a fixed budget is allocated among competing healthcare interventions to achieve the best health benefits, and propose a simulation-optimization framework to address a general form of the problem. While traditional approaches to the epidemic RA problem suffer from restrictive assumptions to facilitate exact analytical solutions, a simulation-based technique relaxes such assumptions and provides a more realistic representation of the epidemic. Coupling the simulation model with optimization techniques enables us to analyze the behavior of RA outcomes with regard to different investment strategies and seek optimal allocations. We discuss implementation steps and illustrate our approach for an RA problem in the control of influenza pandemic with several interacting healthcare interventions.
Fire Safety in Spacecraft

Fire prevention, detection, and suppression requirements for spacecraft are based on those established for terrestrial and aircraft systems. In the weightless (or microgravity) environment of an orbiting spacecraft, however, the buoyant upward flow typical of fires in terrestrial environments is nearly absent; and this feature profoundly influences fire characteristics and responsive safety strategies. This paper reviews the findings of microgravity-combustion research that are relevant to techniques of spacecraft fire safety. These practical applications are further illustrated by descriptions of some fire-safety requirements and design features of the Shuttle and those in progress for the International Space Station.
Simplifying Pyridoxal: Practical Methods for Amino Acid Dynamic Kinetic Resolution

Metal complexes of picolinaldehyde are identified as low-cost and environmentally benign catalysts, providing high reaction rates and turnovers for the racemization of amino acids. These pyridoxal surrogates demonstrate activity toward a variety of amino acid esters. Applications to chemoenzymatic dynamic kinetic resolutions provide access to amino acids in high yields and with excellent enantioselectivities, demonstrating their compatibility with protease-mediated transformations.
Parotidectomy versus limited resection for benign parotid masses.

Summary Parotidectomy for benign parotid masses in 86 patients has been reviewed. Morbidity, although common, was mild and transient. Recurrence and permanent facial nerve weakness did not occur in any patient with 5 to 13 year follow-up. Superficial and conservative parotidectomies remain the procedures of choice for most benign tumor masses.
Evaluating the Usability of a Professional Modeling Tool Repurposed for Middle School Learning

This paper reports the results of a three-stage usability test of a modeling tool designed to support learners’ deep understanding of the impacts of climate change on ecosystems. The design process involved repurposing an existing modeling technology used by professional scientists into a learning tool specifically designed for middle school students. To evaluate usability, we analyzed students’ task performance and task completion time as they worked on an activity with the repurposed modeling technology. In stage 1, we conducted remote testing of an early modeling prototype with urban middle school students (n = 84). In stages 2 and 3, we used screencasting software to record students’ mouse and keyboard movements during collaborative think-alouds (n = 22) and conducted a qualitative analysis of their peer discussions. Taken together, the study findings revealed two kinds of usability issues that interfered with students’ productive use of the tool: issues related to the use of data and information, and issues related to the use of the modeling technology. The study findings resulted in design improvements that led to stronger usability outcomes and higher task performance among students. In this paper, we describe our methods for usability testing, our research findings, and our design solutions for supporting students’ use of the modeling technology and use of data. The paper concludes with implications for the design and study of modeling technologies for science learning.
Predicting Leaf/Stem Ratio and Nutritive Value in Grazed and Nongrazed Big Bluestem

Recent advancements in describing morphological development of perennial grasses have provided a useful index for identifying dates to harvest hay or graze pasture. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman) morphological developmental stage, days from 1 May, and accumulated growing degree days (GDD) and leaf/stem ratio, crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in grazed and nongrazed swards. The grazing experiment was conducted in eastern Nebraska during 1997 and 1998. Six grazing treatments consisting of all combinations of two herbage allowances (22 or 66 kg of herbage dry matter per animal unit day) and three grazing dates (late May, early June, and mid-June) were randomly assigned to seven paddocks (900 m 2 ) in each of four blocks along with a nongrazed control treatment. Random samples consisting of 50 or more tillers were hand-clipped weekly at ground level in each paddock beginning in late May and ending in early August. Morphological developmental stage of the samples were determined, and a mean morphological stage based on shoot count [mean stage count (MSC)] was calculated. Samples were hand-separated to determine leaf/stem ratio and analyzed for CP and NDF. Regression analysis showed that good relationships were found between MSC (R 2 = 0.61-0.81), days from 1 May (R 2 = 0.45-0.76), and GDD (R 2 = 0.44-0.74) and leaf/stem ratio in nongrazed big bluestem and high herbage allowance swards. All three were adequate predictors of nutritive value and leafiness, but MSC may be more useful to researchers who want a more descriptive measure of plant morphological development, particularly when comparing cultivars or species.
A web based video tool for MR arthrography

Abstract Objective. Our objective was to integrate digital video and web technology to construct a useful self paced learning tool to deliver recorded techniques of magnetic resonance (MR) arthrography for junior radiology residents and medical students. Conclusion. The streaming of audio media, an emerging technology, is an effective vehicle to deliver educational material over the Internet using commercially available PCs and modems, especially when teaching resources are limited.
Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer risk stratification.

Introduction Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) comprises about 70% of all newly diagnosed bladder cancer, and includes tumors with stage Ta, T1 and carcinoma in situ (CIS.) Since, NMIBC patients with progression to muscle-invasive disease tend to have worse prognosis than with patients with primary muscle-invasive disease, there is a need to significantly improve risk stratification and earlier definitive treatment for high-risk NMIBC. Materials and methods A detailed Medline search was performed to identify all publications on the topic of prognostic factors and risk predictions for superficial bladder cancer/NMIBC. The manuscripts were reviewed to identify variables that could predict recurrence and progression. Results The most important prognostic factor for progression is grade of tumor. T category, tumor size, number of tumors, concurrent CIS, intravesical therapy, response to bacillus Calmette-Guerin at 3- or 6-month follow-up, prior recurrence rate, age, gender, lymphovascular invasion and depth of lamina propria invasion are other important clinical and pathological parameters to predict recurrence and progression in patients with NMIBC. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) and the Spanish Club UrologicoEspanol de Tratamiento Oncologico (CUETO) risk tables are the two best-established predictive models for recurrence and progression risk calculation, although they tend to overestimate risk and have poor discrimination for prognostic outcomes in external validation. Molecular biomarkers such as Ki-67, FGFR3 and p53 appear to be promising in predicting recurrence and progression but need further validation prior to using them in clinical practice. Conclusion EORTC and CUETO risk tables are the two best-established models to predict recurrence and progression in patients with NMIBC though they tend to overestimate risk and have poor discrimination for prognostic outcomes in external validation. Future research should focus on enhancing the predictive accuracy of risk assessment tools by incorporating additional prognostic factors such as depth of lamina propria invasion and molecular biomarkers after rigorous validation in multi-institutional cohorts.
Hybrid channel access scheduling in ad hoc networks

We present the hybrid activation multiple access (HAMA) protocol for ad hoc networks. Unlike previous channel access scheduling protocols that activate either nodes or links only, HAMA is a node-activation channel access protocol that also maximizes the chance of link activations using time- and code-division schemes. HAMA only requires identifiers for the neighbors within two hops from each node to schedule channel access. Using this neighborhood information, each node determines whether to transmit in the current time slot on a dynamically assigned spreading code. A neighbor protocol supplements HAMA with up-to-date two-hop neighborhood information by reliably propagating the one-hop neighbor updates through a novel random access technique. The throughput and delay characteristics of HAMA in randomly-generated multihop wireless networks are studied by analyses and simulations. The results of the analyses show that HAMA achieves higher channel utilization in ad hoc networks than a distributed scheduling scheme based on node activation, similar throughput as a well-known scheduling algorithm based on complete topology information, and much higher throughput than the ideal CSMA and CSMA/CA protocols.
The Genus Euparagia Cresson (Hymenoptera: Vespidae; Euparagiinae)

A new species of the wasp genus Euparagia Cresson, 1879, is described: unidentata Carpenter and Kimsey. The phylogenetic relationships of this and the other species in the genus are analyzed cladistically. A key to and catalog of the species are provided.
Overactive bladder in men: special considerations for evaluation and management

Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men may arise from a variety of underlying causes, including benign prostatic hyperplasia. LUTS may have a significant component of storage symptoms (urgency, frequency, urge incontinence) at presentation; however, the absence of overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms does not necessarily imply pure outlet obstruction nor does their presence indicate the lack thereof. Symptomatic correlates to urodynamic findings are high when considering isolated OAB symptoms. However, mixed presentations or more overtly obstructive scenarios have less correlation with baseline symptom appraisal instruments. The ideal approach for diagnosis and management is predicated on a graded approach, with more invasive evaluation withheld for those men in whom presumptive therapy fails or who present with associated complex symptoms and in whom a higher level of intervention is being considered. The increasing incidence of LUTS with age implies a partial detrusor contribution, which must be considered in the overall management schema.
Reasoning with probabilistic inputs

We suggest a new approach for reasoning in fuzzy models that have probabilistic inputs. It utilizes a belief structure interpretation of the probabilistic signal. We obtained result that is computationally effective and can be useful in the applications of fuzzy systems in a noisy environment. >
Relation between lesion characteristics and risk with percutaneous intervention in the stent and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa era: An analysis of results from 10,907 lesions and proposal for new classification scheme.

Background—The currently used American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association lesion classification scheme dates from an era when balloon angioplasty was the only percutaneous treatment available and major complications occurred in ≈7% of patients. Major advances in treatment options would suggest that this scheme may be outmoded, but the schemes that have been suggested to update lesion classification have not been widely accepted. Methods and Results—Four thousand one hundred eighty-one consecutive patients (6676 lesions) formed a training set and 2146 patients (4231 lesions) formed a validation set treated from 1995 to 1997 at a single center used by 3 hospital groups. Twenty-seven pretreatment candidate variables were analyzed with the use of stepwise proportional logistic regression, and 9 (nonchronic total occlusion with TIMI flow 0, degenerated vein graft, vein graft age >10 years, lesion length ≥10 mm, severe calcium, lesion irregularity, large filling defect, angulated ≥45 degrees plus ...
Phase-conjugate feedback into a continuous-wave ring dye laser.

Optical feedback from a BaTiO3 passive phase-conjugate reflector into an untuned cw ring dye laser can narrow the linewidth to 1.3 GHz. Self-scanning effects are also observed. The linewidth results are interpreted in terms of spatial hole burning and longitudinal-mode competition.
Genetic disruption of the copulatory plug in mice leads to severely reduced fertility.

Seminal fluid proteins affect fertility at multiple stages in reproduction. In many species, a male's ejaculate coagulates to form a copulatory plug. Although taxonomically widespread, the molecular details of plug formation remain poorly understood, limiting our ability to manipulate the structure and understand its role in reproduction. Here I show that male mice knockouts for transglutaminase IV (Tgm4) fail to form a copulatory plug, demonstrating that this gene is necessary for plug formation and lending a powerful new genetic tool to begin characterizing plug function. Tgm4 knockout males show normal sperm count, sperm motility, and reproductive morphology. However, very little of their ejaculate migrates into the female's reproductive tract, suggesting the plug prevents ejaculate leakage. Poor ejaculate migration leads to a reduction in the proportion of oocytes fertilized. However, Tgm4 knockout males fertilized between 3–11 oocytes, which should be adequate for a normal litter. Nevertheless, females mated to Tgm4 knockout males for approximately 14 days were significantly less likely to give birth to a litter compared to females mated to wild-type males. Therefore, it appears that the plug also affects post-fertilization events such as implantation and/or gestation. This study shows that a gene influencing the viscosity of seminal fluid has a major influence on male fertility.
Representing trees in genetic algorithms

We consider the problem of representing trees (undirected, cycle-free graphs) in genetic algorithms. This problem arises, among other places, in the solution of network design problems. After comparing several commonly used representations based on their usefulness in genetic algorithms, we describe a new representation and show it to be superior in almost all respects to the others. In particular, we show that our representation covers the entire space of solutions, produces only viable offspring, and possesses locality, all necessary features for the effective use of a genetic algorithm. We also show that the representation will reliably produce very good, if not optimal, solutions even when the problem definition is changed. >
Magnetic resonance imaging differentiates between necrotizing and non-necrotizing fasciitis of the lower extremity

Abstract Background: Distinction between uncomplicated infective fasciitis and early necrotizing fasciitis can be extremely difficult without operation, yet the management and prognosis of both conditions depend greatly on early recognition and assessment of the extent of involvement. Study Design: This was a prospective review of the utility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in nine patients with suspected infective or necrotizing fasciitis treated at an academic medical center or a Veterans Administration hospital. Results: Magnetic resonance imaging documented fascial inflammation, characterized by low intensity on T 1 -weighted images and high intensity on T 2 -weighted images, in all nine patients. Absence of gadolinium contrast enhancement on T 1 -weighted images reliably detected fascial necrosis in all six patients who required operative debridement. Magnetic resonance imaging was extremely useful in defining the extent of fasciitis and was more accurate in predicting necrosis or pyomyositis than was myoglobinuria or elevation of serum creatine kinase or lactate dehydrogenase. Operation was avoided in two patients without evidence of necrosis on MRI. One patient without evidence of necrosis, explored because of contradictory clinical findings, was confirmed at operation to have cellulitis without necrosis. Conclusions: Magnetic resonance imaging with gadolinium contrast accurately determines the presence of necrosis and the need for operation in patients with fasciitis of the lower extremity. Preoperative determination of the extent of involvement facilitates operative planning.
Effect of "Ground Truth" on Image Binarization

Image binarization has a large effect on the rest of the document image analysis processes in character recognition. Algorithm development is still a major focus of research. Evaluation of image binarization has been done by comparison of the result of OCR systems on images binarized by different methods. That has been criticized in that the binarization alone is not evaluated, but rather how it interacts with the downstream processes. Recently pixel accurate "ground truth" images have been introduced for use in binarization algorithm evaluation. This has been shown to be open to interpretation. The choice of binarization ground truth affects the binarization algorithm design, either directly if design is by automated algorithm trying to match the provided ground truth, or indirectly if human designers adjust their designs to perform better on the provided data. Three variations in pixel accurate ground truth were used to train a binarization classifier. The performance can vary significantly depending on choice of ground truth, which can influence binarization design choices.
Analysis of the Influence of Hospital Bed Height on Kinematic Parameters Associated with Patient Falls During Egress

Abstract Despite the fact that falls comprise a large percentage of hospital injuries, little is known quantitatively about what induces patient falls. Our study quantified kinematic and temporal parameters at key events of the sit-to-walk movement during hospital bed egress. Sixty five older adults (67.6 +/-14.1 years) with a history of falls (Morse Fall Scale score 53.3 +/- 21.4) comprised the study population. Full-body biomechanics during unconstrained sit-to-walk movements were captured as participants exited an adjustable, instrumented hospital bed at three bed heights classified as high, medium, and low. Trunk momentum during peak vertical velocity (i.e. rising) was significantly smaller during high bed exits than the other two bed heights. Change in center of mass velocity between seat-off and first toe-off was significantly faster during medium bed exits vs low bed exits. Temporal variables in low bed conditions revealed delays in rising and gait initiation. These temporal delays indicate lack of confidence and prioritization of postural stability. Since sit-to-walk momentum values were not significantly different between bed heights, this suggests individuals are using similar strategies to generate motion but executing the motion differently in each condition. Therefore lower bed heights may be inappropriate for fall-prone individuals due to increased postural demands. If an optimal setting for hospital bed height exists, our data indicate it may lie in the range of knee height or slightly higher.
Asymptotic scaling and continuum limit of pure SU(3) lattice gauge theory

Recently the Yang-Mills gradient flow of pure SU(3) lattice gauge theory has been calculated in the range from $\ensuremath{\beta}=6/{g}_{0}^{2}=6.3$ to 7.5 (Asakawa et al.), where ${g}_{0}^{2}$ is the bare coupling constant of the SU(3) Wilson action. Estimates of the deconfining phase transition are available from $\ensuremath{\beta}=5.7$ to 6.8 (Francis et al.). Here it is shown that the entire range from 5.7 to 7.5 is well described by a power series of the lattice spacing $a$ times the lambda lattice mass scale ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}_{L}$, using asymptotic scaling in the 2-loop and 3-loop approximations for $a{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}_{L}$. In both cases identical ratios for gradient flows versus deconfinement observables are obtained. Differences in the normalization constants with respect to ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}_{L}$ give a handle on their systematic errors.
Application of Derivative Voltammetry in the Analysis of Methanol Oxidation Reaction

Application of derivative voltammetry to methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) has been studied, and its advantage in the analysis of various aspects of MOR with regard to direct methanol fuel cell has been delineated. The derivative technique of voltammetric analysis was employed in evaluating and comparing MOR activities of carbon-supported mono-, bi-, and tri-metallic electrocatalysts. Significant enhancement in the accuracy of estimating voltammetric peak potential and onset potential of methanol oxidation current can be achieved in derivative voltammetry. Furthermore, the better signal-to-noise ratio of derivative voltammetry practically eliminates charging current. From a mechanistic point of view, derivative voltammetry is highly sensitive in resolving a peak due to parallel path mechanism. Electrochemical stability of anode catalysts can be better evaluated and monitored employing derivative voltammetry. Nevertheless, the derivative technique is simple and does not require further instrumentation or c...
Spontaneous dissection of the carotid and vertebral arteries.

When a tear occurs in one of the major arteries in the neck and allows blood to enter the wall of the artery and split its layers, the result is either stenosis or aneurysmal dilatation of the vessel. This process was long thought to be a rare cause of stroke, particularly in the absence of trauma, and the diagnosis was usually not made until the postmortem examination.1–3 It was not until the late 1970s, when Fisher et al.1 and Mokri et al.2 described dissections of carotid and vertebral arteries as detected by modern diagnostic approaches, that dissections began to . . .
Research on college instructors' information literacy:a case study of naval academies

Based on the survey of information literacy of instructors in military academies,it indicates that the level of instructors' information literacy is uneven.On the whole,the level of information literacy is low,which couldn't satisfy the need of information-based education.It should be improved through education and training.It is suggested that divisions of education management should enhance the training of instructors,and improve the system and environment to advance information literacy.On the other hand,instructors should pay much attention to information awareness,information knowledge,information capability,and information morality.Instructors should also establish the idea of lifelong learning,and raise their level of information literacy through systematic training,educational work and research.
Continuance of Nutritional Care in the Terminally Ill Patient

Food and water can be naturally delivered to dying patients, or they can be medically delivered. If medically delivered, they are called nutrition and fluids. As such they should be regarded just like all other medical interventions when calculating their burdens and benefits to dying patients. A set of guidelines is proposed on which a policy might be based.
Dimensionen internationaler Marktbearbeitungsstrategien

Fiir die intemationale Dimension von Strategien herrscht in der Literatur Mehrdeutigk:eit in Bezug auf den Begriff der Internationalisierungsstrategie. Der Facettenreichtum von Inter• nationalisierungsstrategien ist Gegenstand umfangreicher Forsclnmgen. Die meisten Auto• ren betrachten und definieren die IDtemationalisierungsstrate~ nicht umfassend, sondern beziehen sich aufbestim.mte Teilstrategien und StoBrichtungen.
Precatory Words and the Creation of Trusts in a Commonwealth Caribbean Jurisdiction

The following article is a presentation of precatory words and the creation of trusts in a Commonwealth Caribbean jurisdiction. Re Codrington, U.S.P.G. v. Attorney-General concerned a bequest in the will of Christopher Codrington, who was once Chief Governor of the Leeward Islands, and who died in 1710. His will was admitted to probate in Barbados in 1711. The will contained, inter alia, a bequest of his two plantations in Barbados to the United Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. This Society entered into possession of the Codrington Estates in 1712 and from that date applied the whole of the income from the estates towards the fulfilment of the testator's wishes as expressed in the bequest. From 1745 until 1775, and again from 1789 until 1830, a grammar school was maintained by the Society. From 1830 Codrington College was maintained by the Society as an institution of higher learning and students received instruction in theology and the classics. However, according to the Society, the income was now insufficient to maintain the College in its present form, and therefore it sought the direction of the Court.The main question which the Court was asked to determine was whether the terms of the will created binding trusts or not. The High Court of Barbados held that a trust was created. The United Society for the Propagation of the Gospel was incorporated in 1701 by letters-patent under the privy seal of King William III. Its objects are set out in the preamble of its charter and were clearly charitable. Now, "equity looks to the intent rather than the form" and, therefore, neither technical nor special words are necessary to create a trust. The paramount consideration of the court is to ascertain the testator's intention from the words used in the instrument. Precatory words, therefore, can create a trust, if the court is satisfied that the testator's clear intention in using these words was to create one. However, the modem attitude to precatory words in the courts of the United Kingdom is to construe them with circumspection.Of course, trusts can be imposed by any language which is clear enough to show an intention to impose them; and in a proper case, the court will hold that a trust is created if, on the true construction of the intention of the testator, a trust was intended. It was, therefore, interesting to see how the High Court of Barbados would construe the will. Sir William Douglas C.J. proposed three main principles. He said: "Firstly, the will must be construed in accordance with the law as it stood in 1702, when the will was made".This view is clearly right, for although the court is in fact ascertaining the intention of the testator from the words used in his will, the attitude of the courts towards precatory words which prevailed in the earlier cases until the turning point in Lambe v. Eames should prevail. The court should take the view which a court in 1702 would have taken. This view was that precatory words did create a trust.
From Towns to Hotels: Changes in Mining Accommodation Regimes and Their Effects on Labour Union Strategies

A radical shift in the spatial organization of the global mining industry has occurred over the last three decades. I argue that the shift from the traditional mining town, where workers lived close to the mine, to the new model of long distance commuting, where workers are transported in from distant cities for their shifts, transforms labour union strategies. Drawing on an in-depth case study from Peru, I show that long distance commuting reduces workers’ capacity to mobilize locally by affecting the dynamics in three social spaces: the mining camp, the home and the union hall. Moreover, and in contrast to prior research, I detail how mining unions have developed new compensatory strategies to maintain their bargaining power.
Ultrafast Dynamics of Metal Plasmons Induced by 2D Semiconductor Excitons in Hybrid Nanostructure Arrays

With the advanced progress achieved in the field of nanotechnology, localized surface plasmon resonances are actively considered to improve the efficiency of metal-based photocatalysis, photodetection, and photovoltaics. Here, we report on the exchange of energy and electric charges in a hybrid composed of a two-dimensional tungsten disulfide (2D-WS2) monolayer and an array of aluminum (Al) nanodisks. Femtosecond pump–probe spectroscopy results indicate that within ∼830 fs after photoexcitation of the 2D-WS2 semiconductor energy transfer from the 2D-WS2 excitons excites the plasmons of the Al array. Then, upon the radiative and/or nonradiative damping of these excited plasmons, energy and/or electron transfer back to the 2D-WS2 semiconductor takes place as indicated by an increase in the reflected probe at the 2D-exciton transition energies at later time delays. This simultaneous exchange of energy and charges between the metal and the 2D-WS2 semiconductor resulted in an extension of the average lifetime ...
Metabolomics: A Primer

Metabolomics generates a profile of small molecules that are derived from cellular metabolism and can directly reflect the outcome of complex networks of biochemical reactions, thus providing insights into multiple aspects of cellular physiology. Technological advances have enabled rapid and increasingly expansive data acquisition with samples as small as single cells; however, substantial challenges in the field remain. In this primer we provide an overview of metabolomics, especially mass spectrometry (MS)-based metabolomics, which uses liquid chromatography (LC) for separation, and discuss its utilities and limitations. We identify and discuss several areas at the frontier of metabolomics. Our goal is to give the reader a sense of what might be accomplished when conducting a metabolomics experiment, now and in the near future.
Integrated membrane and microbial fuel cell technologies for enabling energy-efficient effluent Re-use in power plants.

Abstract Municipal wastewater is an attractive alternative to freshwater sources to meet the cooling water needs of thermal power plants. Here we offer an energy-efficient integrated microbial fuel cell (MFC)/ultrafiltration (UF) process to purify primary clarifier effluent from a municipal wastewater treatment plant for use as cooling water. The microbial fuel cell was shown to significantly reduce chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the primary settled wastewater effluent upstream of the UF module, while eliminating the energy demand required to deliver dissolved oxygen in conventional aerobic treatment. We investigated surface modification of the UF membranes to control fouling. Two promising hydrophilic monomers were identified in a high-throughput search: zwitterion (2-(Methacryloyloxy)-ethyl-dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl ammoniumhydroxide, abbreviated BET SO3−), and amine (2-(Methacryloyloxy) ethyl trimethylammonium chloride, abbreviated N(CH3)3+). Monomers were grafted using UV-induced polymerization on commercial poly (ether sulfone) membranes. Filtration of MFC effluent by membranes modified with BET SO3− and N(CH3)3+ exhibited a lower rate of resistance increase and lower energy consumption than the commercially available membrane. The MFC/UF process produced high quality cooling water that meets the Electrical Power Research Institute (EPRI) recommendations for COD, a suite of metals (Fe, Al, Cu, Zn, Si, Mn, S, Ca and Mg), and offered extremely low corrosion rates (
Trends in Prevalence, Management and Cost of Scrotal Pain in the United States between 2007 and 2014

Abstract Introduction We characterize trends in the prevalence, diagnosis and management of scrotal pain in men in the United States and the financial impact on the health care system. Methods We analyzed subjects from the Truven Health MarketScan® claims database from 2007 to 2014. Clinical encounters and diagnoses of scrotal pain were identified using ICD-9 and CPT® codes. Trends in office visits, emergency department encounters, radiological evaluation, scrotal surgeries and pharmaceutical prescription were identified, as well as net financial cost. Results A total of 1,083,350 men with scrotal pain were analyzed during 8 years, amounting to 4,356,581 patient-years of followup. Overall prevalence increased from 0.8% to 1% between 2007 and 2014. Increasing numbers of varicoceles, hydroceles, spermatoceles and testicular torsion were also noted in these men. The percentage of men with scrotal pain evaluated by ultrasonography increased from 39% to 45%, while the percentage of those with scrotal pain presenting to the emergency department increased from 8% to 10%. Scrotal surgery rates did not change substantially (decreasing from 1.7% to 1.6%). However, prescription of opiates and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs increased from 14% to 42% and from 13% to 46% for all clinic visits, respectively. Yearly cost attributable to scrotal pain was $55,923,986 and median annual cost per patient increased between 2007 and 2014. Conclusions Incidence of scrotal pain and associated use of prescription medication have increased in the last decade, contributing to a high economic burden. A greater understanding of the evaluation and management of scrotal pain is necessary.
Conscious Motivations of Adolescent Visual Artists and Creative Writers: Similarities and Differences

This exploratory study was designed to expand the field’s understanding of talented adolescent visual artists and creative writers and their conscious motivations for engaging in these creative act...
Using Lithium in Children and Adolescents with Bipolar Disorder: Efficacy, Tolerability, and Practical Considerations

Lithium has been an intriguing treatment option in psychiatry for over a century. While seemingly just a simple elemental compound, it has powerful treatment effects for both depression and bipolar disorder. The evidence base for treatment of pediatric bipolar disorder is relatively small, but, in recent years, additional clinical trial data have enabled lithium to re-emerge as a valuable and, in many cases, preferred treatment. Pharmacologically, lithium is complex, with varied effects at both intracellular and extracellular levels. As a treatment for bipolar disorder in pediatrics, lithium is challenging, given its narrow therapeutic window and myriad of potential side effects. However, the efficacy of lithium continues to match that of newer pharmacologic agents, and its tolerability has been shown to be comparable with more commonly prescribed medications. Lithium is still one of few drugs that have been proven to reduce the risk of suicidality, and it may have utility in illnesses beyond affective disorders. Practically, as a primary agent or as an adjunct, lithium continues to claim a rightful place in the treatment armamentarium of child psychiatry. New dosing paradigms have improved tolerability and reduced potential side effects. Recent evidence affirms that lithium is effective for pediatric bipolar disorder in multiple phases of the illness.
Beam Filtration in Diagnostic Radiology

The spectrum of energies produced by an X-ray tube has a very broad distribution. Each imaging requirement will have an ideal monochromatic energy or narrow band of energies which will yield good image contrast and minimum patient exposure. The energy distribution can be altered by such techniques as operating the tube at constant potential, by the use of k-edge filters which have a greater energy attenuation above a particular value, or by the use of copper foil filters which tend to have a greater absorption of lower energies to reduce patient incident exposure. Beam filtration should vary with the application, in particular, as a function of the voltage applied to the X-ray tube. It is obvious that filtration appropriate to low-voltage operation will not be optimum for high-voltage operation of the same tube. Another constraint is imposed by limitations of tube anode dissipation. As beam filtration is increased (as in the case of chest radiography), anode dissipation per exposure must also increase and becomes a practical limit to the increase of beam filtration.
RENAL STRESS RESPONSE AND ACUTE RENAL FAILURE

When kidneys are injured in vivo, the reaction of the renal epithelial is heterogeneous. Some cells, especially those of the proximal tubule, undergo necrosis, other cells undergo apoptosis, and still others survive the injury apparently intact. In addition, injured tubules are relined with new cells actively engaged in DNA synthesis. Nephrotoxic and ischemic renal damage also is accompanied by a typical immediate early gene (IEG) response, which does not always occur in cells that undergo DNA synthesis, suggesting that the role of the IEG response is not necessarily proliferative in this setting. The activation of parts of this pathway is mediated by the stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs), which may induce cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. Downregulation of the SAPKs improve renal function and improve long-term outcome during ischemic renal failure. It is thus possible that manipulation of this pathway could ameliorate acute renal failure. Clues to the pertinent pathways and genes to target therapy to alter the course of renal failure will come from continued understanding of the transduction pathways activated by renal cell stress and the identification of factors that promote survival of renal cells.
Exploring Innovative Ways to Incorporate the Association of College and Research Libraries Framework in Graduate Science Teacher Education ePortfolio Projects

This article investigates ways in which student voice informed design-based research into information literacy instruction. The instruction occurred across a year-long graduate science education eP...
Converging through difference: A case of empathic incongruence in treatment of an elderly woman with psychosis.

Abstract Contemporary person-centered psychotherapy often references empathy as a basic component of the therapeutic alliance and, thus, effective treatment, such that nascent clinicians study this basic skill early in training. However, the psychotherapy literature often presumes a collective agreement about how empathy manifests as a clinical tool, in the process institutionalizing the ideal of omnipresent alignment with a client, applied across populations of patients, regardless of their conditions, ages, and personal and cultural characteristics. Misalignments between clinicians and clients have the potential to bely broadly imagined ethics of empathy (and the notion of collective agreement about what it is) by demonstrating the ways tension, difference, and incongruence promote treatment. Through an autoethnography of a 12-month psychotherapy dyad with an elderly woman committed for treatment at a U.S. psychiatric hospital, we discuss how moments of incongruence between clinician and client expand conceptualizations of empathy in treatment of psychosis. Specifically, in this context, deployment of empathy-as-alignment becomes a fallacy of care, risking the effectiveness of treatment through impossible epistemological assumptions of and counterproductive joining with the client. As such, this transtheoretical discussion presents two types of incongruence in the dyad—developmental and subjective—as a backdrop for expressing empathy. This paper makes space for a theory of empathy as the practice of working in genuine and careful service of the client's psychology through acts of incongruence as much as alignment.
Different strokes for balanced birds

![Graphic][1] Hummingbirds are small, nimble fliers that must work to remain stable in the face of gusts of wind. Not much is known about how they deal with gusts that could potentially roll them upside down, rotating them along an axis running the length of their body from head to tail
Development of a national childhood obesogenic environment index in the United States: differences by region and rurality.

Diverse environmental factors are associated with physical activity (PA) and healthy eating (HE) among youth. However, no study has created a comprehensive obesogenic environment index for children that can be applied at a large geographic scale. The purpose of this study was to describe the development of a childhood obesogenic environment index (COEI) at the county level across the United States. A comprehensive search of review articles (n = 20) and input from experts (n = 12) were used to identify community-level variables associated with youth PA, HE, or overweight/obesity for potential inclusion in the index. Based on strength of associations in the literature, expert ratings, expertise of team members, and data source availability, 10 key variables were identified – six related to HE (# per 1000 residents for grocery/superstores, farmers markets, fast food restaurants, full-service restaurants, and convenience stores; as well as percentage of births at baby (breastfeeding)-friendly facilities) and four related to PA (percentage of population living close to exercise opportunities, percentage of population < 1 mile from a school, a composite walkability index, and number of violent crimes per 1000 residents). Data for each variable for all counties in the U.S. (n = 3142) were collected from publicly available sources. For each variable, all counties were ranked and assigned percentiles ranging from 0 to 100. Positive environmental variables (e.g., grocery stores, exercise opportunities) were reverse scored such that higher values for all variables indicated a more obesogenic environment. Finally, for each county, a total obesogenic environment index score was generated by calculating the average percentile for all 10 variables. The average COEI percentile ranged from 24.5–81.0 (M = 50.02,s.d. = 9.01) across US counties and was depicted spatially on a choropleth map. Obesogenic counties were more prevalent (F = 130.43,p < .0001) in the South region of the U.S. (M = 53.0,s.d. = 8.3) compared to the Northeast (M = 43.2,s.d. = 6.9), Midwest (M = 48.1,s.d. = 8.5), and West (M = 48.4,s.d. = 9.8). When examined by rurality, there were also significant differences (F = 175.86,p < .0001) between metropolitan (M = 46.5,s.d. = 8.4), micropolitan (M = 50.3,s.d. = 8.1), and rural counties (M = 52.9,s.d. = 8.8) across the U.S. The COEI can be applied to benchmark obesogenic environments and identify geographic disparities and intervention targets. Future research can examine associations with obesity and other health outcomes.