cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SAXS fingerprints of aldehyde dehydrogenase oligomers.

Enzymes of the aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) superfamily catalyze the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids. ALDHs are important in detoxification of aldehydes, amino acid metabolism, embryogenesis and development, neurotransmission, oxidative stress, and cancer. Mutations in genes encoding ALDHs cause metabolic disorders, including alcohol flush reaction (ALDH2), Sjogren-Larsson syndrome (ALDH3A2), hyperprolinemia type II (ALDH4A1), γ-hydroxybutyric aciduria (ALDH5A1), methylmalonic aciduria (ALDH6A1), pyridoxine dependent epilepsy (ALDH7A1), and hyperammonemia (ALDH18A1). We previously reported crystal structures and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analyses of ALDHs exhibiting dimeric, tetrameric, and hexameric oligomeric states (Luo et al., Biochemistry 54 (2015) 5513-5522; Luo et al., J. Mol. Biol. 425 (2013) 3106-3120). Herein I provide the SAXS curves, radii of gyration, and distance distribution functions for the three types of ALDH oligomer. The SAXS curves and associated analysis provide diagnostic fingerprints that allow rapid identification of the type of ALDH oligomer that is present in solution. The data sets provided here serve as a benchmark for characterizing oligomerization of ALDHs.
Coronary Heart Disease in Chronic Renal Insufficiency Some Management Considerations

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading causes of death in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) populations. In an era when CVD mortality in the United States has been declining in the general population, no such reduction in mortality has been noted for ESRD patients in whom mortality from heart
Estimating the Dependence of Spawning Frequency on Size and Age in Gulf of Mexico Red Snapper

In 2011, a large multivessel survey was conducted to provide nearly synoptic sampling of Red Snapper Lutjanus campechanus throughout their reproductive season in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico. A total of 2,487 Red Snapper were caught with a female : male ratio that was approximately 1:1. The ovaries of 1,002 females were histologically examined. Females (n D 391) were found with spawning markers (postovulatory follicles and hydrated oocytes) throughout the study area, but primarily in outer shelf waters. Statistical models were developed to quantify and test the dependence of the proportion of females bearing spawning markers (spawning fraction) on female length and age, time of year, depth, gear type (vertical line or longline), or region (east or west of the Mississippi River). Most of the variance in spawning fraction was explained by the time of year; spawning fractions were generally low in spring, peaked in midsummer, and declined by fall. There was also strong statistical evidence of a positive relationship between spawning fraction and either age or length. The effects of region and gear type were not significant once time of year and size or age were accounted for. These results demonstrate the need to account for differences in the time of year and age structure of the population when the productivity of populations of Red Snapper are compared. For example, productivity has been hypothesized to be greater in the western Gulf than in the eastern Gulf, as evidenced by regional patterns of egg and larval abundance. Our results suggest that this regional difference is not due to any intrinsic difference in the biology of the fish, but simply a consequence of there being more large, old Red Snapper in the western Gulf. Recent stock assessments have indicated that Red Snapper
Comment on ''Group theory of the spontaneously broken gauge symmetries''

Several additions are made to Li's analysis of the patterns of symmetry breaking in $\mathrm{SU}(n)$.
The synthesis of a novel polyimide precursor

A novel blocked polyimide precursor was synthesized by using diethylamine a s the blocking reagent. The s t ructure of the blocked precursor is the bis(N, N-diethylamide) of the polyamic acid derived from pyromellitic dianhydride and 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl e ther . The blocked precursor was more resistant to thermal imidization than the cor­ responding polyamic acid. The weight-average molecular weight of the blocked precur­ so r could be increased by solid-state polymerization. However, the molecular weight of the polyamic acid could not be changed from i t s initial value. Furthermore, the blocked precursor was still completely soluble af ter solid-state polymerization. The solvolytic stability of the blocked precursor in anhydrous N. N-dimethylacetamide was superior to that of the polyamic acid.
Genetic-Fuzzy Approach for Modeling Complex Systems with an Example Application in Masonry Bond Strength Prediction

A genetic-fuzzy learning from examples (GFLFE) approach is presented for determining fuzzy rule bases generated from input/output data sets. The method is less computationally intensive than existi...
Quartz-crystal microbalance studies of the slippage of solid and liquid krypton monolayers on metal(111) and C 60 surfaces

We report a quartz-crystal microbalance (QCM) study of the nanotribology of solid and liquid krypton monolayers adsorbed on Cu(111), Ag(111), Ni(111), and ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ substrates at $77.4\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. We document the liquid-solid phase transition and compare the slip times of the krypton for the various substrates. The slip times for the solid krypton monolayers are longer than the slip times for liquid krypton monolayers on metal substrates and monolayer ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ films, as observed previously for krypton/Au(111). However, for bilayer ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ films, the jump in slip time at the liquid-solid phase transition is absent. We discuss the data within the context of recent molecular dynamics simulations and suggest several potential explanations for the experimental observations.
Identifying the human optic radiation using diffusion imaging and fiber tractography

Measuring the properties of the white matter pathways from retina to cortex in the living human brain will have many uses for understanding visual performance and guiding clinical treatment. For example, identifying the Meyer's loop portion of the optic radiation (OR) has clinical significance because of the large number of temporal lobe resections. We use diffusion tensor imaging and fiber tractography (DTI-FT) to identify the most likely pathway between the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and the calcarine sulcus in sixteen hemispheres of eight healthy volunteers. Quantitative population comparisons between DTI-FT estimates and published postmortem dissections match with a spatial precision of about 1 mm. The OR can be divided into three bundles that are segmented based on the direction of the fibers as they leave the LGN: Meyer's loop, central, and direct. The longitudinal and radial diffusivities of the three bundles do not differ within the measurement noise; there is a small difference in the radial diffusivity between the right and left hemispheres. We find that the anterior tip of Meyer's loop is 28 +/- 3 mm posterior to the temporal pole, and the population range is 1 cm. Hence, it is important to identify the location of this bundle in individual subjects or patients.
Renal insufficiency and the risk of infection from pacemaker or defibrillator surgery.

BACKGROUND Pacemakers and implanted cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) infection rates are rising. Renal insufficiency impairs immune function and is known to increase the risk of infection following implantation of orthopedic hardware. The purpose of the current study is to characterize the risk factors for pacemaker and ICD infection and to evaluate the role of renal insufficiency in this complication. METHODS AND RESULTS A large (n = 4,856) single center experience with pacemaker and ICD procedures was reviewed. Of these, 141 were extractions of infected devices and 76 of these patients had been implanted in the Emory system and had preimplant creatinine information available for analysis. These cases were compared to 76 control patients undergoing device implantation matched by date of implant who had no infective complications. Demographic and clinical data from both groups were compared using both univariate and multivariate analysis. The overall rate of infection was 1.5%. Patients with device infection were more likely to have congestive heart failure (CHF), be diabetic, have generator exchanges, and to take warfarin than controls. There was no difference in the prevalence of coronary disease, atrial fibrillation, steroid use, or malignancy between the two groups. Elevated creatinine (Cr > or = 1.5 mg/dL) was much more frequent in patients with infection than in controls (38% vs 12%, odds ratio 4.6, P < 0.001). Moderate to severe renal disease (GFR < or = 60 cc/min/1.73 m2) was the most potent risk factor for infection, with a prevalence of 42% in infected patients versus 13% in controls (odds ratio of 4.8). CONCLUSIONS Renal insufficiency dramatically increases the risk of infection complicating pacemaker or ICD surgery. This association should be part of the risk-benefit consideration prior to device implantation. Additional study of more extensive perioperative antibiotic therapy in this subset of patients is warranted.
First crystallization of arsenic trisulfide from bulk glass: The synthesis of orpiment

Abstract We report the first laboratory synthesis of crystalline arsenic trisulfide, As 2 S 3 , from bulk glass. Using extended X-ray absorption fine structure techniques, we first determined a thermal cycle that results in a strong tendency to ordering for glassy As 2 S 3 . Based on these results we identified a recipe for, and produced samples of, crystalline As 2 S 3 . The crystalline form of our sample was confirmed with X-ray and Raman experiments. We suggest how our technique might be used for synthesis of other elusive crystals.
Bronchial Carcinoid Tumors

Forty-six patients with bronchial carcinoid tumors were operated on over a 37-year period. The results were reviewed with special reference to presenting complaint, histological diagnosis, location of the tumor, lymphatic involvement, and type of surgical resection. Age at operation ranged from 9 to 86 years (mean, 43.6 years). Presenting symptoms were hemoptysis in 21 instances, chronic cough in 17, and pneumonia in 15. The primary tumor was within the main bronchus in 17 patients. Twenty-one patients required pneumonectomy, and 20 had lobectomy or bilobectomy . Nine of the patients under-going pneumonectomy had severely damaged lung tissue distal to the lesion in the main bronchus. Six patients had metastases to hilar nodes. Four patients died of carcinoid tumor, but none with metastases died of carcinoid tumor. This series confirms the low malignancy potential of bronchial carcinoid tumors, even in the presence of lymphatic involvement. Although conservative resection is an attractive surgical option, only 10 of the 46 (22%) were potential candidates for such intervention. Standard surgical resection resulted in "cure" in 90% of the patients in the series.
Aldosterone metabolism after prolonged ACTH administration in juvenile hypertension

The effect of a 5-day continuous ACTH infusion (Acthar, 40 U/24h) on aldosterone metabolism was evaluated in 3 hypertensive children with hyperaldosteronism, 2 children with essential hypertension, and 1 normotensive control. Plasma aldosterone concentration(PA) and urinary excretion of aldosterone pH1 conjugate(pH1A), tetrahydroaldosterone(THA) and free aldosterone (FA) were measured by radioimmunoassay. In the patients with hyperaldosteronism, PA rose 3-fold and the 3 urinary metabolites showed a sustained 5-fold increase throughout the ACTH test. In the other children, PA and urinary aldosterone. metabolites rose 2-4 fold on the 1st day of ACTH administration, but decreased on the 4th and 5th day. pH1A fell more rapidly than either THA or FA. Consequently, the THA/pH1A ratio rose from 3.0 to 8.6 during the 5-day ACTH test. Conclusions: 1)prolonged ACTH administration induces a shift in the excretory pattern of the aldosterone metabolites leading to increased excretion of THA and FA; 2)pH1A alone is not an adequate index of aldosterone secretion in prolonged ACTH administration; 3) in hyperaldosteronism, ACTH produces an unusual sustained increase of all aldosterone metabolites.
Assessing the Effects of Transforming Growth Factor-β1 on Bladder Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotype. I. Modulation of In Vitro Contractility

Purpose: Modulation of the bladder smooth muscle cell phenotype contributes to the resulting bladder dysfunction in many pathological bladder conditions. Transforming growth factor-β1 is an important regulator of cellular phenotype in fibrotic diseases that has specific effects on bladder smooth muscle cells associated with phenotypic changes. We verified transforming growth factor-β1 expression in neurogenic bladder tissue and investigated its effects on bladder smooth muscle cell collagen gel contraction.Materials and Methods: Transforming growth factor-β1 immunostaining was performed on tissue sections from spinalized rats and quantified based on the ratio of fluorescence to total detrusor area. Rat bladder smooth muscle cells were seeded at different densities on anchored collagen gels and the effect of transforming growth factor-β1 on contractility was assessed by measuring changes in the collagen gel area with time. Phenotypic changes induced by transforming growth factor-β1 were detected by immunos...
Brain Gene Expression During REM Sleep Depends on Prior Waking Experience

In most mammalian species studied, two distinct and successive phases of sleep, slow wave (SW), and rapid eye movement (REM), can be recognized on the basis of their EEG profiles and associated behaviors. Both phases have been implicated in the offline sensorimotor processing of daytime events, but the molecular mechanisms remain elusive. We studied brain expression of the plasticity-associated immediate-early gene (IEG) zif-268 during SW and REM sleep in rats exposed to rich sensorimotor experience in the preceding waking period. Whereas nonexposed controls show generalized zif-268 down-regulation during SW and REM sleep, zif-268 is upregulated during REM sleep in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus of exposed animals. We suggest that this phenomenon represents a window of increased neuronal plasticity during REM sleep that follows enriched waking experience.
An ego-strength scale for the child abuse potential inventory

A series of investigations were conducted to develop an ego-strength scale from items in the Child Abuse Potential Inventory. Using a two-dimensional model of ego-strength, face valid items were selected. After an initial screening of face valid items using Barron's ego-strength scale, a multiple criterion item validation process was conducted using factors from the 16PF questionnaire. This procedure produced a 40-item ego-strength scale where all items had significant item-total correlations. Internal consistency and temporal stability of the ego-strength scale were found to be adequate. Factor analyses suggested the ego-strength scale is unitary, measuring emotional stability in relationships. Moderator variable effects were found to be modest. Most important, ego-strength scale data collected from nurturing parents, general population parents, at-risk parents, and groups engaging in various forms of family violence yielded scores that discriminate between groups in a predictable manner.
Comparison of transport at the anterior and posterior surfaces of the calf lens

Abstract Six systems of transport for amino acids have been identified in the calf lens. The systems are operationally defined as A, L, ASC, Ly+, Gly and β, using the nomenclature of H. N. Christensen. The properties of five of them have been compared at the anterior and posterior faces of the lens with the object of discerning the effect on transport of differentiation of the anterior epithelium. The data indicated that the ASC-, Ly+- and Gly-systems are maintained in the fiber cells, whereas the A- and L-systems regress markedly. The ratio of the rate-coefficient for uptake at the anterior surface to that at the posterior surface ranged from 1·2 to 3·4 for the ASC-, Ly+- and Gly-systems, but was 8·9 for 1-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid (L-component of uptake), 15·0 for l -alanine (A-component) and 23·3 for sarcosine (A-component). The non-saturable component (residual uptake when all saturable uptake is blocked) also declined at the posterior surface. In cells bordering the posterior surface, it was possible to demonstrate accumulation of a number of amino acids which are good substrates for the ASC-system. A fair correlation was noted between the magnitude of the ASC-component and the ratio of concentration in the tissue to that in the medium following incubation for 4 hr. No accumulation was observed of l -arginine (Ly+-substrate) or glycine (Gly-substrate) under similar conditions. Kinetic studies showed that the apparent affinity of amino acids for the ASC-, Ly+- and Gly-systems was not decreased in the differentiated cells, but vmax declined for these systems. The greatly diminished, non-saturable nature of uptake by the fiber cells of substrates for the A- and L-systems suggested that the affinity for these transporters decreased as a result of differentiation of the epithelium.
Real-time functional MRI using pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling.

The first implementation of real-time acquisition and analysis of arterial spin labeling-based functional magnetic resonance imaging time series is presented in this article. The implementation uses a pseudo-continuous labeling scheme followed by a spiral k-space acquisition trajectory. Real-time reconstruction of the images, preprocessing, and regression analysis of the functional magnetic resonance imaging data were implemented on a laptop computer interfaced with the MRI scanner. The method allows the user to track the current raw data, subtraction images, and the cumulative t-statistic map overlaid on a cumulative subtraction image. The user is also able to track the time course of individual time courses and interactively selects a region of interest as a nuisance covariate. The pulse sequence allows the user to adjust acquisition and labeling parameters while observing their effect on the image within two successive pulse repetition times. This method is demonstrated by two functional imaging experiments: a simultaneous finger-tapping and visual stimulation paradigm, and a bimanual finger-tapping task. Magn Reson Med 65:1570–1577, 2011. V C 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Conventional functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) collects blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD)contrast MR images of a subject’s brain while performing a cognitive task, whereas subsequent image reconstruction and analysis are performed offline (i.e., on a separate computer after the experiment is completed). Real-time fMRI is an exciting extension to conventional fMRI techniques that enables the user to analyze fMRI data as it is being collected. Thus, in real-time fMRI, the results are immediately available as the subject is being scanned, and the results can be used to reveal and guide the subject’s cognitive processes. It can also facilitate the experimenter’s parameter selections or a clinician’s interventions (1).
Anxious Conformity: Anxiety and the Sociocentric‐Oriented Self in a Tlaxcalan Community

This article examines emotional conflicts and anxiety associated with the formation and functioning of the sociocentric-oriented self in one highland Mesoamerican community.The principal argument is that cultural mechanisms subordinating individual interests to collective purposes also generate resentment and distress. I examine psychoanalytic concepts of anxiety and relate the deep sense of social responsibility community inhabitants experience to high levels of anxiety arising from inconsistent and often severe socialization practices and moral controls. In this case, individuals subordinate their own interests to collective purposes because their drives and desires cause discomfort and they fear retaliation from social contemporaries and the supernatural realm.
Harmonic oscillators: the quantization of simple systems in the old quantum theory and their functional roles in biology.

This article introduces quantum physics into biology in an intuitive and non-intimidating manner. It extends the quantum aspects of harmonic oscillators, and electromagnetic fields, to their functional roles in biology. Central to this process are the De Broglie wave-particle duality equation, and the adiabatic invariant parameters, magnetic moment, angular momentum and magnetic flux, determined by Ehrenfest as imposing quantum constraints on the dynamics of charges in motion. In mechanisms designed to explain the generation of low-level light emissions in biology we have adopted a biological analog of the electrical circuitry modeled on the parallel plated capacitor, traversed by helical protein structures, capable of generating electromagnetic radiation in the optical spectral region. The charge carrier required for the emissions is an accelerating electron driven, in a cyclotron-type mechanism, by ATP-induced reverse electron transfer with the radial, emission, components, mediated by coulombic forces within the helical configurations. Adenine, an essential nucleotide constituent of DNA, was examined with its long wavelength absorption maximum determining the energetic parameters for the calculations. The calculations were made for a virtual 5-turn helix where each turn of the helix emits a different frequency, generating a biological quantum series. The components of six adiabatic invariant equations were found to be embedded in Planck’s constant rendering them discrete, finite, non-random, non-statistical—Planck’s constant precludes probability. A mechanism for drug-induced hallucination is described that might provide insights as to the possible role of electromagnetic fields in consciousness. Sodium acceleration through a proposed nerve membrane helical channel generated electromagnetic emissions in the microwave region in confirmation of reported microwave emission for active nerves and may explain saltatory nerve conduction. Theoretical calculations for a helical DNA system gave a conduction resistance in agreement with a experimentally determined parameter.
On Being Gay in Medicine

From the Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Children’s Hospital Boston, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass The author has no conflicts of interest to disclose. Address correspondence to Mark A. Schuster, MD, PhD, Division of General Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA (e-mail: mark.schuster@childrens.harvard.edu).
M-mode ultrasonic assessment of equine fetal heart rate

Embryonic heart rate was studied during 87 examinations in 56 mares on Days 25 to 174 post ovulation. Real-time B-mode using a stopwatch and M-mode ultrasonography were compared. For analyses of heart rates, data were grouped into weeks or months. For the stopwatch and M-mode techniques, respectively, heart rates averaged 123 and 133 beats per minute during Month 1, peaked during Month 3 at 172 or 196 beats, then gradually decreased over the duration of the study to 126 and 130 beats during Month 6. There was a significant increase in heart rate from Months 1 to 2 and Months 2 to 3 and a significant decrease from Months 3 to 4 and Months 5 to 6 for both techniques. There was a tendency for a difference (P<0.08) between techniques during Month 1 and a significant difference between techniques for each of Months 2 and 3. The lower heart rate values for the stopwatch technique during Months 1, 2 and 3 may have reflected the difficulties associated with maintaining the transducer field on the fetal heart continuously for an adequate period of time (Months 1 and 2) and difficulty counting fast enough to keep up with the fetal heart (Months 2 and 3). When data were grouped weekly, the largest increase in fetal heart rate occurred between Weeks 4 and 5.
The Natural Distribution of Tritium

The abundance of cosmic-ray-produced tritium has been measured in a variety of natural waters in the Mississippi Valley, the Chicago area, and in a few places elsewhere in the northern hemisphere. Contents ranging between 0.5 and 67 tritium atoms per ${10}^{18}$ hydrogen atoms have been found. These correspond to an average cosmic-ray production rate of about 0.12 tritium atoms per ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ per second if the total rate of transfer of tritium into the oceans by oceanic rain and snow and by rivers carrying continental water is taken as being equal to the total production rate. This is equivalent to assuming short land storage time in terms of eighteen years---the tritium average life. This production rate corresponds to an inventory of about 1800 g, with only about one percent of this in the atmosphere.The tritium contents of vintage wines appear to agree with the time elapsed since bottling, indicating the tritium abundances over the last eighteen years to have been essentially equal to the present ones. Some of the possible applications of natural tritium to problems of hydrology and meteorology are discussed. The present production rate for tritium corresponds to an ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ escape rate from the earth of about 5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{7}$ years or less.
Metrology delay time reduction in lithography via small-lot wafer transport

A small lot Automated Material Handling System (AMHS) is presented as a method to reduce the time between wafer exposure at a photolithography tool and collection of metrology / inspection data. A new AMHS system that is capable of the move rates required by small lot wafer transport is described, its implementation in a photolithography bay is explained, and the resulting reduction in metrology delay time is quantified. In addition, a phased implementation approach is described in which some, but not all, components of the new AMHS would be installed in existing fabs to enhance the move rate capability of traditional overhead transport (OHT) AMHS systems. This partial implementation would enable a partial lot size reduction and corresponding metrology delay time reduction of 60-70%. The full AMHS solution would be installed in new fabs and enable true small lot manufacturing in the litho area and would result in the maximum delay time reduction of 75-85%.
Point-of-Need Collection Development: The Getting It System Toolkit (GIST) and a New System for Acquisitions and Interlibrary Loan Integrated Workflow and Collection Development

The authors developed the Getting It System Toolkit (GIST) software, which integrates with the commercially available ILLiad interlibrary loan (ILL) management software. At the point that a user places an ILL request or a book purchase request, GIST collects information from both the user and from external sources to provide decision-making data, such as whether the title is held locally, whether a free Internet version exists, whether the user has a format or edition preference, and how much the title costs. Working together, GIST and ILLiad simplify the complex ILL and acquisitions processes by allowing loan and purchase requests to pass between the two departments. GIST is an innovative tool designed to reconcile formerly disparate workflows and enable effective collection decision making.
History of sudden unexpected loss is associated with elevated interleukin-6 and decreased insulin-like growth factor-1 in women in an urban primary care setting.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the hypothesis that a history of sudden unexpected loss including number of losses and type of loss (death due to unnatural versus natural causes) would be associated with the magnitude of dysregulation. The sudden unexpected death of a loved one confers risk of morbidity and mortality, perhaps due to dysregulation in the immune/inflammatory and endocrine systems. METHODS Female primary care patients aged >or=40 years (n = 75) completed questionnaires, a clinical interview, and a blood draw. Interleukin (IL)-6 and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 were assayed, using standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay protocols and anticytokine antibody pairs. RESULTS History of sudden loss was positively associated with IL-6 (mean = 4.07 pg/mL; log(10) values, B = 0.314, p = .009) and negatively associated with IGF-1 (mean = 97.05 ng/mL; B = -0.277, p = .023). A linear relationship parsimoniously captured the association between ordered categories of lifetime loss (0, 1, 2-5, 5+) and increases in log(10) IL-6 (B = 0.107, p = .005) and decreases in IGF-1 (B = -0.116, p = .005). Adjusting for illness burden, depressive symptom severity, and obesity did not change the observed associations. The hypothesized effect of type of loss was not supported. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary findings encourage further investigations to elucidate pathways from sudden unexpected loss to biomarker changes that increase risk for morbidity and mortality.
Tolerance of long-term methotrexate infusions by mice.

Abstract Mice were chronically exposed to between 1 × 10 −8 and 5 × 10 −9 M plasma methotrexate (MTX) for 2 months. No signs of toxicity were manifested except minor facial hair loss. At the end of this time they were sacrificed, and the activity of dihydrofolate reductase in crude Tris extracts of small intestine, femur, liver and kidney was determined at pH 7.0 and 8.6. At pH 7.0 the enzyme activity was maintained at control levels in small intestine and femur but was decreased to half of controls in liver and kidney. The enzyme activity at pH 8.6 was increased significantly above controls in small intestine and femur but remained at control levels in liver and kidney. These results suggest that some organs adapt to the chronic presence of MTX by increasing their enzyme synthesis rate while other organs are able to function normally for prolonged periods of time with less than normal amounts of active enzyme.
MR visualization of the popliteomeniscal fascicles.

Objective. Although the popliteomeniscal fascicles are important stabilizers of the lateral meniscus, there have been few studies of their MR appearance. We wished to determine: (1) whether the fascicles are normally seen on MR imaging, and (2) whether certain imaging factors influenced their visualization.
Guided-mode size control over a large range by direct-write mechanisms in chalcogenide glasses: applications for optoelectronic interconnections

Previously, we reported the use of rapid thermal annealing (RTA) on deposited films of Ge/sub 10/As/sub 40/Se/sub 25/S/sub 25/ glasses to yield photoinduced index changes as high as 5% on illumination with 488 nm light from an argon-ion laser. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of this effect to fabricate low-loss channel waveguides, whose guided-mode sizes may be changed over a large dynamic range to achieve many functions required of on-chip optical interconnection: sharp bends, high packing densities, and spot-size conversion.
Developing Habits of Reflection for Meaningful Learning.

Students' formation of meaningful learning through community based activities varies with the nature and quality of reflective skills they develop and apply.
Use of 0.0 mm pathlength gas cell to eliminate CO(g) absorbance from high-CO-pressure solid-state IR spectra of nonclassical metal carbonyls

A transmission-IR gas cell was constructed from 18%-Ni maraging steel so that two parallel 10 mm diameter X 3 mm thick sapphire windows were held approximately 0.1 mm apart. The cell was engineered to withstand static gas pressures up to 150 atm. When 100 atm CO was placed in the cell, the % transmittance was essentially zero between 2200 and 2080 cm-1 because of the intense upsilon (CO) band centered at 2143 cm-1 (this is an important region of interest for the growing subset of metal carbonyl complexes known as nonclassical metal carbonyls). When the cell was assembled with Nujol or Fluorolube mulls of several microcrystalline copper(I) and silver(I) salts between the windows and CO gas was added to the cell, the gas dissolved in the mulling agents and reacted with the metal salts, but no gaseous CO was observed in the spectrum. New spectral bands were observed that are attributed to unusual metal carbonyl species that are stable only under high CO pressure. A relatively weak band due to free CO dissolved in the mulling agents was detected at 2138-2135 cm-1. The new cell was used to demonstrate that the compound Ag(OTeF5) takes up only one equivalent of CO at 100 atm and that the compound Cu(CF3SO3) takes up two equivalents of CO at 136 atm.
Optic tract syndrome secondary to metastatic breast cancer.

Purpose: To report a patient who was initially examined with optic tract syndrome caused by a focal metastasis to the lateral geniculate body and optic tract. Method: Case report. Results: A 44-year-old woman with metastatic breast cancer was initially examined with normal central visual acuity, afferent pupillary defect, homonymous hemianopia, and optic atrophy. Conclusion: This case demonstrates that an isolated optic tract syndrome may occur as a result of metastatic lesions to the lateral geniculate body and optic tract.
Hemoglobin measurement prior to initiating copper intrauterine devices: a systematic review

Abstract Background Women using copper intrauterine devices (IUDs) frequently experience bleeding abnormalities. This review was conducted to evaluate the evidence regarding whether hemoglobin levels should be measured prior to copper IUD insertion. Study Design The PubMed database was searched from database inception through March 2012 for all peer-reviewed articles in any language concerning hemoglobin changes among women with anemia who have copper IUDs inserted. Articles were included if they reported changes in hemoglobin among anemic women over a specified period of time following copper IUD insertion. Articles were excluded in which there were no women with anemia at baseline or outcomes among women with anemia were not reported separately. For indirect evidence, articles were included which addressed hemoglobin changes among women without anemia who had copper IUDs inserted. The quality of each direct study was assessed using the US Preventive Services Task Force grading system. Results Four level I to II-2 studies of fair quality met inclusion criteria as direct evidence. Evidence from one randomized trial and one prospective cohort study showed no statistically significant changes in hemoglobin among copper IUD users with anemia, while two prospective cohort studies showed a statistically significant, but clinically small, mean decrease in hemoglobin levels over 12 months of follow-up. We also identified 21 studies examining changes in hemoglobin among healthy women using copper IUDs as indirect evidence; this body of evidence was not graded. These studies generally showed no clinically significant changes in hemoglobin levels with up to 5 years of follow-up. Conclusions Limited fair-quality evidence was mixed but generally showed no clinically significant changes in hemoglobin among women with anemia who used copper IUDs for up to 12 months. Indirect evidence among healthy women using copper IUDs did not show clinically significant changes in hemoglobin levels when followed for up to 5 years of use.
Invited commentary: cryopreservation as a tool for the study of selectively bred lines in rodent behavioral genetics.

Cryopreserved embryos should survive centuries. Upon rederivation,in vitro survival is high. Upon reimplantation,in vivo survival is substantial. Genetic stability of the embryos at −196°C is theoretically absolute for several decades and likely high for centuries. Cryopreservation and rederivation services are available at a reasonable cost from commercial vendors. Preservation of a sufficient number of embryos can serve as an insurance policy against loss of the lines from several causes. In addition to the protective utility of a single banked sample, repeated preservation during the course of selection offers several advantages. Correlated responses to selection which appear late in selection may be verified by use of a cross-sectional experimental design to take a “snapshot” of the gradually developing response. After attainment of the selection limit, a generation may be chosen retrospectively which represents the best compromise between maximizing response and minimizing inbreeding irrelevant to the selected trait. Estimates of changes in gene frequencies could be derived from molecular biological analyses. An example of such an experiment in progress employing embryos from the COLD and HOT selected mouse lines is discussed.
Acid precipitation: The role of O3‐alkene‐SO2 systems in the atmospheric conversion of SO2 to H2SO4 aerosol

Abstract The atmospheric conversion of SO2 to H2SO4 aerosol is discussed in the context of O3‐alkene‐SO2 reactions and a mechanism is proposed.
Use of Integrated Technology in Team Sports: A Review of Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Directions for Athletes

Integrated technology (IT), which includes accelerometers, global positioning systems (GPSs), and heart rate monitors, has been used frequently in public health. More recently, IT data have been used in sports settings to assess training and performance demands. However, the impact of IT in sports settings is yet to be evaluated, particularly in field-based team sports. This narrative-qualitative review provides an overview of the emerging impact of IT in sports settings. Twenty electronic databases (e.g., Medline, SPORTdiscus, and ScienceDirect), print publications (e.g., Signal Processing Magazine and Catapult Innovations news releases), and internet resources were searched using different combinations of keywords as follows: accelerometers, heart rate monitors, GPS, sport training, and field-based sports for relevant articles published from 1990 to the present. A total of 114 publications were identified, and 39 that examined a field-based team sport using a form of IT were analyzed. The articles chosen for analysis examined a field-based team sport using a form of IT. The uses of IT can be divided into 4 categories: (a) quantifying movement patterns (n = 22), (b) assessing the differences between demands of training and competition (n = 12), (c) measuring physiological and metabolic responses (n = 16), and (d) determining a valid definition for velocity and a sprint effort (n = 8). Most studies used elite adult male athletes as participants and analyzed the sports of Australian Rules football, field hockey, cricket, and soccer, with sample sizes between 5 and 20 participants. The limitations of IT in a sports setting include scalability issues, cost, and the inability to receive signals within indoor environments. Integrated technology can contribute to significant improvements in the preparation, training, and recovery aspects of field-based team sports. Future research should focus on using IT with female athlete populations and developing resources to use IT indoors to further enhance individual and team performances.
Antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxyribonucleotide targeted against ICAM-1: synthetic and biological characterization of a process-related impurity formed during oligonucleotide synthesis

Abstract A phosphorothioate-linked oligonucleotide bearing a 3′-terminal phosphorothioate monoester has been synthesized and characterized. This oligonucleotide has been identified as a process-related impurity formed during synthesis of ISIS 2302. Biological properties of the compound have been determined. Based on these data, it can be concluded that this species (3′-TPT) has biological properties similar to parent drug.
Reproductive success, spontaneous embryo abortion, and genetic load in flowering plants.

Reproductive success is divided into two phases: preemergent (the number of viable seeds that enter the ambient environment) and postemergent (the percentage of progeny that survive to reproduce). We studied preemergent reproductive success (PERS) in flowering plants by measuring the fruit/flower (Fr/Fl) ratio and the seed/ovule (S/O) ratio in a number of species of outcrossing and inbreeding plants, where PERS=the product of (Fr/Fl) and (S/O). In order to determine the influence of the ambient environment (including resource availability) we studied pairs of outcrossing and inbreeding species occurring in the same habitat. Among outcrossing species PERS averaged about 22%, whereas in inbreeding species the average was approximately 90%. The progeny/zygote (P/Z) ratio was studied in hand-pollinated populations in Epilobium angustifolium (a strongly outcrossing species) from populations in Oregon and Utah, by direct observation of embryogenesis at twoday intervals throughout the course of seed development. The P/Z ratio in both populations averaged near 30%, and the developing embryos showed a surprising array of abnormalities that resulted in embryo death. During early development >95% of the ovules had normally developing globular embryos, but beginning with differentiation (cotyledon formation) about 70% of the original globular embryos aborted during the course of embryogenesis and seed development. The clustering of developmental lethals during peroids of major differentiation events parallels the animal model of development. We found little evidence that PERS was limited by the ambient environment (including resource availability), pollination, or factors associated with the inbreeding habit. Instead, PERS was found to be inextricably linked to outcrossing plants, whose breeding systems promote genetic variability. The high incidence of developmental lethals in E. angustifolium and the resulting low P/Z ratio (ca. 30%) is attributed to genetic load (any lethal mutation or allelic combination) possibly working in combination with developmental selection (interovarian competition among genetically diverse embryos). Examples of maternally controlled, fixed patterns of ovule abortion with respect to position or number are discussed. However, we found no need to employ “female choice” as a hypothesis to explain our results for the extensive, seemingly random patterns of embryo abortion in E. angustifolium and other outcrossing species. A more parsimonious, mechanistic explanation based on genetic load-developmental selection is sufficient to account for the differential survivorship of embryos. Likewise, the traditional concept of a positive growth regulator feedback system based on the number of surviving ovules in an ovary can account for subsequent fruit survivorship.
Interactive and delayed effects of pyridostigmine and physical stress on biochemical and histological changes in peripheral tissues of mice.

Gulf War veterans were taking pyridostigmine orally against possible exposure to nerve agents as well as being under physical stress. This study was designed to investigate the delayed effects of pyridostigmine and treadmill exercise on cholinesterase activity, lipid peroxidation and histology of peripheral tissues of mice. Male NIH Swiss mice were divided into four groups of 15 animals each and treated as follows: sedentary control; exercise training for 10 weeks; pyridostigmine (1.2 mg kg−1, p.o.) for 2 weeks during weeks 5 and 6; and pyridostigmine plus exercise training. The mice were sacrificed 24 h after the last exercise, and blood, triceps muscle and sciatic nerve were isolated and analyzed. The group treated with pyridostigmine alone showed decreased plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity (87% of control), whereas pyridostigmine plus exercise significantly decreased the BChE activity (79% of control), indicating an interactive effect of the combination. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity did not alter significantly in red blood cells, platelets or sciatic nerve with either of the treatments. However, AChE activity in triceps muscle decreased significantly (78% of control) in the group treated with pyridostigmine plus exercise. Creatine phosphokinase activity in plasma increased slightly (compared to control, pyridostigmine or exercise group) in mice treated with pyridostigmine plus exercise, which may be indicative of perturbation in the integrity of the skeletal muscle due to combination. However, there were no obvious histological abnormalities in the triceps muscle detected between experimental and control groups. Interaction of pyridostigmine and exercise significantly increased the concentration of the end product of lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) (124% of control) in triceps muscle, indicating an oxidative stress response of the combination. These results indicate that physical stress enhanced the delayed toxic effects of a subchronic oral dose of pyridostigmine primarily in the skeletal muscle of mice. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sloppy Toms Made from Mechanically Deboned Turkey Meat

Abstract Mechanically deboned turkey meat (MDTM) was substituted for ground turkey in a National Turkey Federation Sloppy Tom recipe. The product was served in buns and subjected to various sensory testing procedures. According to the 444 responses obtained at the Wisconsin State Fair, over 80% of the people rated the MDTM Sloppy Toms as good or excellent. The main reasons given as to why they would use the product were convenience and acceptability by the family. In a consumer preference test with 197 responses at the University of Wisconsin Dairy Sales Room, Sloppy Joes were preferred over the Sloppy Tom product. The Sloppy Tom sauce was slightly higher in moisture and lower in protein than the Sloppy Joe product. A descriptive sensory analysis of Sloppy Toms, served fresh or after frozen or canned storage, indicated a nonsignificant preference for the canned sauce, followed by fresh and frozen products. The only significant sensory differences among the products were that the canned product was more reddish in color and the frozen sauce was less juicy. The ingredient cost of the Sloppy Tom product was 10.3¢/100 g, whereas the Sloppy Joe cost was 23.4¢/100 g.
Differences in activity in cerebral methyltransferases and monoamine oxidases between audiogenic seizure susceptible and resistant mice and deermice.

The specific activity of cerebral histamine N-methyltransferase (HMT) was significantly lower in the audiogenic seizure-susceptible (SS) 21-day old DBA/2J mouse when compared to the non-susceptible 70-day old DBA/2J mouse but not when compared to the seizure-resistant (SR) C57B1/6J mouse at 21 days of age. There was no significant difference between the two strains at 70 days of age. The lower HMT specific activity was also observed in a SS mutant of the deermouse Peromyscus maniculatus, relative to the SR, wild-type animal. The activity of cerebral catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) was significantly lower in the DBA/2J mice relative to the C57Bl/6J at 21 and 70 days while, in Peromyscus, it was higher in the SS mutant than in the SR animal. The activity of MAO, B was lower in the 21-day old, relative to the 70-day old DBA/2J and the 21-day old C57Bl/6J mice. There were no differences in MAO A or B between SS and SR Peromyscus. The findings raise the possibility that cerebral methylation may operate at characteristic rates in SS animals.
Continuous video EEG for patients with acute encephalopathy in a pediatric intensive care unit.

Objectives In this study, we aimed to determine the incidence of electrographic seizures among patients in a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) presenting with acute encephalopathy. Risk factors and duration of continuous EEG monitoring needed to capture electrographic seizures were also assessed.