cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hack.edu: Examining How College Hackathons Are Perceived By Student Attendees and Non-Attendees

College hackathons have become popular in the past decade, with tens of thousands of students now participating each year across hundreds of campuses. Since hackathons are informal learning environments where students learn and practice coding without any faculty supervision, they are an important site for computing education researchers to study as a complement to studying formal classroom learning environments. However, despite their popularity, little is known about why students choose to attend these events, what they gain from attending, and conversely, why others choose *not* to attend. This paper presents a mixed methods study that examines student perceptions of college hackathons by focusing on three main questions: 1.) Why are students motivated to attend hackathons? 2.) What kind of learning environment do these events provide? 3.) What factors discourage students from attending? Through semi-structured interviews with six college hackathon attendees (50% female), direct observation at a hackathon, and 256 survey responses from college students (42% female), we discovered that students were motivated to attend for both social and technical reasons, that the format generated excitement and focus, and that learning occurred incidentally, opportunistically, and from peers. Those who chose not to attend or had negative experiences cited discouraging factors such as physical discomfort, lack of substance, an overly competitive climate, an unwelcoming culture, and fears of not having enough prior experience. We conclude by discussing ideas for making college hackathons more broadly inclusive and welcoming in light of our study's findings.
Testing for Chlamydia Reinfection Among Adolescent Patients in Different Clinical Settings How Are We Doing

Introduction Chlamydia trachomatis is the most frequently reported infectious disease in the United States, with high reinfection rates and highest prevalence among adolescents and young adults. National guidelines suggest testing for reinfection 3 months after chlamydia treatment, and 3 to 4 weeks after treatment during pregnancy. Our needs assessment evaluated retesting rates among adolescent and young adult patients across several clinical settings within one community. Methods We performed retrospective chart reviews to examine chlamydia retest rates among 14 to 21-year-old patients treated for chlamydia within three different settings: an academic primary care site with family medicine and pediatrics clinics, an adolescent health center, and a group of school-based health centers (SBHCs). Per CDC guidelines, the goal treatment window was defined as retests conducted between 60 to 183 days after documented treatment for nonpregnant patients, and those conducted within 21 to 42 days posttreatment for pregnant patients. Results Overall, 77/134 (57.5%) of patients were retested, with 59/143 (44%) retested within the goal time frame. Site rates of retesting within guideline timeframe were as follows: 38.5% at the academic family medicine site, 46.2% at the academic pediatrics site, 42.7% at the adolescent health center, and 55.0% at SBHCs. The reinfection rate among those appropriately retested was 22.0% (13/59). Of patients not retested appropriately, 25.3% had return visits at which they were not retested (a missed opportunity). Conclusions Our results indicate a need for interventions that encourage patients to return for retesting, and that trigger retesting during unrelated return visits.
Reentry Needs: Men Who Are Young, Hispanic, Older, or With Mental Illness

Perceptions of the needs for successful reentry among incarcerated men from diverse backgrounds were investigated using phenomenological qualitative methods. Twenty-nine men serving time in a northeastern U.S. correctional facility, which concentrated on treatment of substance use, participated in four focus groups. Young men found it most important to make personal changes, Hispanic men to maintain personal identity, older men to receive structural support, and men with mental illness to connect with family.
Guideline for Discharge Opioid Prescriptions after Inpatient General Surgical Procedures.

Background There is a paucity of data to inform appropriate opioid prescribing for patients who are discharged after a hospital admission for a surgical procedure. Study Design We studied 333 inpatients discharged to home after bariatric, benign foregut, liver, pancreas, ventral hernia, and colon surgery. Chronic opioid users or patients who had complications were excluded. Home opioid usage was quantified in 90% of the remaining patients by questionnaires and phone surveys. Results Eighty-five percent of patients were prescribed an opioid and 38% of prescribed opioid pills were taken. Fifteen opioid pills satisfied the opioid needs of 88% of patients discharged on postoperative day (POD) 1. For patients discharged after POD 1, in multivariate analysis, the number of opioid pills used at home was associated with the number taken the day before discharge (p Conclusions For patients admitted after surgical procedures, post-discharge opioid use is best predicted by usage the day before discharge. Use of this guideline could decrease opioid prescriptions substantially and effectively treat patients' pain.
Small-angle neutron scattering measurements of δ-phase deuteride (hydride) precipitates in Zircaloy 4

Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements have been performed under ambient conditions to characterize deuteride (hydride) particles in Zircaloy 4, a fuel cladding material used in pressurized light-water nuclear reactors. Hydrogen pickup by the cladding leads to a rim structure in which large circumferential hydride plate-like particles preferentially form on the cooler water-side region of the cladding. Deuterium substitution has been used to increase the coherent response and decrease the incoherent background of the SANS measurements. Four bulk deuterium concentrations were investigated, approximately 100, 400, 500 and 1000 parts per million by weight (w.p.p.m.) deuterium, as well as a zero-deuterium-concentration reference sample. The net SANS response from the deuteride phase was determined at all concentration values after subtraction of the reference SANS response, which effectively subtracted the strong scattering from second-phase particles in as-received Zircaloy. The net SANS response consisted of strong Porod scattering from deuteride particles over the entire measured Q range (0.005–0.4 A−1). The net SANS response was anisotropic at concentrations greater than 100 w.p.p.m. and required elliptical averaging analysis. A significant sample orientation effect on the intensity of the SANS response was observed, due to preferential alignment of deuteride particles. The effect of ex situ applied stress at elevated temperature on deuteride phase dissolution and reprecipitation was investigated; a weak effect was observed with SANS that could not be confirmed by optical microscopy.
A Literature Review on Knowledge Process Outsourcing (KPO)

Following Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO) and Business Process Outsourcing (BPO), Knowledge Process Outsourcing (KPO) is currently an emerging Business Process Management (BPM) area. Believed to have its origins in India, this emerging industry trend is now on the rise in other markets like Eastern Europe and is expected to grow at CAGR of 23.12 percent over the period 2013-2018. We conduct an exploratory literature review to find out the current state of academic research in this topic, which perspective or industry scholars have examined and if there is any gap or potential avenues that may be explored for future academic research. We followed a two-stage method to find relevant articles regarding KPO research. First, we queried the keywords “KPO,” “Knowledge Process Outsourcing,” “Knowledge Outsourcing” and “Outsourcing” in Google Scholar and Stevens Institute of Technology Library to find the first batch of relevant articles. Second, we looked for additional articles using the references of the articles found in the first step. The final results were 26 articles on KPO research, ranging from 2004 to 2013. In addition, to add context to our exercise we review relevant findings on outsourcing literature dating back to 1992, as suspected we find little to none research reviewed in KPO.
ANTIREFLUX SURGERY: Indications, Preoperative Evaluation, and Outcome

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is an extremely common disorder. Many patients require lifelong medical therapy for symptom control. In patients being considered for antireflux surgery, thorough evaluation is required. Laparoscopic antireflux surgery is a safe and effective method of treating patients who have severe, refractory, or complicated GERD. Excellent long-term results are obtained with minimal morbidity, freeing the patient from the burden of chronic medical therapy.
Mutants of tRNA, Ribosomes and mRNA Affecting Frameshifting, Hopping or Stop Codon Read-Through

Programmed non-standard translation elongation events, frameshifting, hopping and read-through, are important in the decoding of a minority of mRNAs from diverse sources. In this chapter we provide an overview of some of the approaches we are taking to investigate this “recoding” (Gesteland et al., 1992). Also included is an overview of some current studies on mutants which cause frameshifting and read-through, at sites where it does not normally occur i.e., non-programmed events.
Is There a Right to Education? A Philosophical Analysis Through U.S. Lenses

This essay is a philosophical analysis of the concept of the “right to an education” — a concept central to several important U.S Supreme Court cases. It provides a rationale and a criticism of two views of education as a right: namely the welfare right to schooling and the right to be prepared for adult life, arguing that neither of these conceptions does justice to the importance of critical thinking in developing educated persons. It draws on the philosophical work of Ronald Dworkin and Joel Feinberg to suggest that the right to education should be viewed as akin to a general moral principle that I call “critical literacy,” the inclination and capacity to think critically for oneself and make informed decisions in one’s own interests. It also connects its philosophical analysis to the evolution of linguistic usage in the United States, to the history of compulsory education and schooling, and to several Supreme Court cases where notions of education were central to the argumentation. The essay’s force is programmatic — inviting philosophers of education to extend the dialogue about society’s obligation to provide an adequate education to its youth to contemporary political and legal contexts where this obligation finds its natural home.
Clustering of temporal gene expression data with mixtures of mixed effects models with a penalized likelihood

Motivation Clustering algorithms like K-Means and standard Gaussian mixture models (GMM) fail to account for the structure of variability of replicated data or repeated measures over time. Additionally, a priori cluster number assumptions add an additional complexity to the process. Current methods to optimize cluster labels and number can be inaccurate or computationally intensive for temporal gene expression data with this additional variability. Results An extension to a model-based clustering algorithm is proposed using mixtures of mixed effects polynomial regression models and the EM algorithm with an entropy penalized log-likelihood function (EPEM). The EPEM is used to cluster temporal gene expression data with this additional variability. The addition of random effects in our model decreased the misclassification error when compared to mixtures of fixed effects models or other methods such as K-Means and GMM. Applying our method to microarray data from a fracture healing study revealed distinct temporal patterns of gene expression. Availability and implementation https://github.com/darlenelu72/EPEM-GMM. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
VMAT2 Inhibitors in Neuropsychiatric Disorders.

The basal ganglia and dopaminergic pathways play a central role in hyperkinetic movement disorders. Vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) inhibitors, which deplete dopamine at presynaptic striatal nerve terminals, are a class of drugs that have long been used to treat hyperkinetic movement disorders, but have recently gained more attention following their development for specific indications in the United States. At present, there are three commercially available VMAT2 inhibitors: tetrabenazine, deutetrabenazine, and valbenazine. Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and dosing vary significantly between the three drugs, and likely underlie the more favorable side effect profile of the newer agents (deutetrabenazine and valbenazine). Tetrabenazine and deutetrabenazine have demonstrated safety and efficacy in the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington’s disease, including in randomized controlled trials, although direct comparison studies are limited. Both deutetrabenazine and valbenazine have demonstrated safety and efficacy in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia, with multiple double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, whereas tetrabenazine has been studied less rigorously. There have been no blinded, prospective trials with tetrabenazine in Tourette’s syndrome (TS); however, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials in TS are ongoing for both deutetrabenazine and valbenazine. Given the favored side effect profile of newer VMAT2 inhibitors, clinicians should be aware of the distinctions between agents and become familiar with differences in their use, especially as there is potential for their utilization to increase across the range of hyperkinetic movement disorders.
Abstract P159: Neural Inflammation Results in Cardiac Sympathetic Afferent Sensitization in Post-Myocardial Infarction Rats

Sympatho-excitation is a hallmark of the chronic heart failure (CHF) state. The enhanced cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex (CSAR) contributes to the elevated sympathetic tone in CHF. However, the...
Cognitive Rehabilitation of Acquired Calculation Disturbances

Acalculia is an acquired disorder in calculation abilities, usually associated with left posterior parietal damage. Two types of acalculic disorders are usually distinguished: (1) primary acalculia or anarithmetia, where the patient presents a loss of numerical concepts (difficulties are observed both in oral and written calculations), and (2) secondary acalculia due to a different disturbance in cognition and affecting mathematical abilities. Secondary acalculias are associated with aphasia, alexia, agraphia, executive function disorders, or visuospatial difficulties. This paper is a proposal for clinical intervention to rehabilitation of acquired primary and secondary acalculias.
Morphine promotes neovascularizing retinopathy in sickle transgeneic mice.

Neovascularizing retinopathy is a significant complication of sickle cell disease (SCD), occurring more frequently in HbSC than HbSS disease. This risk difference is concordant with a divergence of angiogenesis risk, as identified by levels of pro- vs anti-angiogenic factors in the sickle patient’s blood. Because our prior studies documented that morphine promotes angiogenesis in both malignancy and wound healing, we tested whether chronic opioid treatment would promote retinopathy in NY1DD sickle transgenic mice. After 10 to 15 months of treatment, sickle mice treated with morphine developed neovascularizing retinopathy to a far greater extent than either of the controls (sickle mice treated with saline and wild-type mice treated identically with morphine). Our dissection of the mechanistic linkage between morphine and retinopathy revealed a complex interplay among morphine engagement with its μ opioid receptor (MOR) on retinal endothelial cells (RECs); morphine-induced production of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-6 (IL-6), causing increased expression of both MOR and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) on RECs; morphine/MOR engagement transactivating VEGFR2; and convergence of MOR, VEGFR2, and IL-6 activation on JAK/STAT3-dependent REC proliferation and angiogenesis. In the NY1DD mice, the result was increased angiogenesis, seen as neovascularizing retinopathy, similar to the retinal pathology occurring in humans with SCD. Therefore, we conclude that chronic opioid exposure, superimposed on the already angiogenic sickle milieu, might enhance risk for retinopathy. These results provide an additional reason for development and application of opioid alternatives for pain control in SCD.
Physical properties data of extruded composites from recycled wind turbine blade material.

Abstract Wind turbine blades (WTB) mechanically recycled and used as a feedstock for thermoplastic composites. Physical properties (water sorption (WA), Thickness swelling (TS)) dataset of composites made from recycled wind turbine blades presented. Dataset also presented the influence of resin level, mill screen size and coupling agents on the physical properties of composites (Mamanpush et al., 2019).
A randomized-control trial testing the impact of a multidisciplinary team response to older adult maltreatment.

Forensic center multidisciplinary teams (MDTs) have emerged to address older adult maltreatment; however, little research is available on this approach. The current study employed a randomized-cont...
Emotional Intelligence, Relationship Quality, and Partner Selection

For over a century, researchers have been trying to understand whether people favor similarity in sexual partners, and what determines satisfaction in sexual relationships (Galton, 1869; Mowrer, 1935). Emotions are at the very core of human interaction and relationships; thus, it is no surprise that relationship researchers have begun to investigate the role of the emotion-related skills that comprise emotional intelligence (EI; Mayer & Salovey, 1997). Accumulating evidence suggests that EI, which includes the abilities to perceive emotion, use emotion to facilitate thought, understand emotion, and manage emotion, is important for both relationship satisfaction and partner selection (Brackett, Warner, & Bosco, 2005; Brackett et al., 2006; Carstensen, Gottman, & Levenson, 1995; Carton, Kessler, & Pape, 1999; Fitness, 2001a).
Sandpaper: mitigating performance interference in CDN edge proxies

Modern content delivery networks (CDNs) allow their customers (i.e., operators of web services) to customize the processing of requests by uploading and executing code at the edges of the CDN's network. To achieve scale, CDNs have forgone heavyweight virtualization techniques. Instead, all requests often execute within the same OS or even process. However, performance interference may arise when these requests have differing demands on multiple system resources. In this paper, we study the sources of performance interference based on workloads from real customers, identify the lack of multi-resource fairness as the culprit, and show that existing schedulers available in commodity OSs are insufficient to enforce fairness between customers. We then design Sandpaper, a new and practical multi-resource request scheduler for mitigating performance interference in CDN edge environments. Sandpaper enforces fairness despite constraints, such as sitting within the application runtime and running atop the OS's underlying resource schedulers. By leveraging key insights about the differences between theoretical system models and real systems, Sandpaper bridges the trade-off between resource utilization and multi-resource fairness that plagues existing schedulers. We implement Sandpaper atop Varnish, an open-source CDN edge proxy, and show that it mitigates performance interference while maintaining high resource utilization and with little performance overhead.
Sex and macrocyst formation in Dictyostelium.

Sex in Dictyostelia involves a remarkable form of cannibalism in which zygotes attract large numbers of surrounding amoebae and then ingest them. Before they are consumed, the attracted amoebae help the zygote by synthesising an outer wall around the aggregate that traps them inside and helps to protect the mature developed zygotic structure, the macrocyst. Competition between cells vying to contribute genetically to zygotes and through to the next generation seems likely to have promoted the evolution of several unusual features of dictyostelid sex: individual species often have more than two mating types, increasing haploid cells’ chances of matching with a compatible partner, and fusion of many gametes to form transient syncytia allows cytoplasmic mixing and lateral transmission of mitochondrial genomes. This review will summarise recent advances in our understanding of mating-type determination, gamete fusion, and inheritance in Dictyostelium, and highlight the key gaps in our understanding of this fascinating set of phenomena.
How we got here: Short-scale change in identity labels for trans, cis, and non-binary people in the 2000s

Though understudied in research on language variation and change, the lexicon is a crucial domain for sociopolitical transformations of language. This paper presents a corpus-based sociolinguistic analysis of changes in terms for transgender, cisgender, and non-binary individuals in four online communities on the social media blogging site, LiveJournal.com – one for trans women, one for trans men, one for non-binary people, and another for transgender people in general – that were popular in the 2000s. Using innovative corpus methods that utilize general purpose cloud computing tools, we focus on changes in the popularity of labels for trans, cis, and non-binary people, the factors that impact the variable use of these terms, and what kinds of differences can be observed across the four LiveJournal communities of practice studied. It thereby contributes both to the study of language and identity in trans and queer communities and to the development of methods for studying large datasets of technologically-mediated communication.
Accounting for Inter-Annual and Seasonal Variability in Assessment of Water Supply Stress: Perspectives from a humid region in the USA

Stresses on water systems can be quantitatively assessed through indices that account for water demand relative to water availability, e.g., the Water Supply Stress Index (WaSSI). However, as a result of adopting deterministic supply-driven approaches, limited attention is paid to the potential impacts of climatic variability on quantifying water stresses. The current study aimed to account for the impacts of inter-annual and intra-annual variability in the WaSSI stress index and to provide insights into potential opportunities for better water management practices. The results from our analysis indicate that looking only at average stresses can substantially mask the important impacts of climate variability. Louisiana, as a typical example of humid regions in the USA, is subjected to high levels of stresses (WaSSI exceeds 1.0) with higher inter-annual variability in watersheds where thermoelectric power plants exist and extensive water is used for cooling process. In addition, intra-annual variability in some watersheds shows periodicity in terms of seasonal stress distributions due to variability in surface water supply and water demand. Our analysis indicated that the stress variability grows as the median WaSSI increases but up to a certain threshold level and then the variability decreases for very high stress levels. For the annual and monthly scales, the peak variability, quantified as the width of the 2.5–97.5 stress percentiles, reached 68% for a median annual WaSSI of 1.00 and 100% for a median monthly WaSSI of 1.15, respectively. Various decisions related to water use and management can be driven by such variability, at both annual and intra-annual scales. Hence, these results have important implications for applied water resource studies aiming to formulate water management policies and improve water system sustainability under climate variability.
Corruption research: A need for an integrated approach

This article reviews the main corruption literature trends and theoretical foundations and points out the challenges of existing explanations of corruption. The emphasis on broad national-level var...
Leveraging High-Impact, Collaborative Learning in an Undergraduate Nonprofit Studies Course Toward Bolstering Career Readiness

Applied fields such as nonprofit and philanthropic studies are uniquely positioned to benefit from curricula that emphasize high-impact practices. As such, this paper presents a case study focused on the deep connection of high-impact practices to student-learning outcomes in undergraduate nonprofit studies with the explicit purpose of supporting students’ career readiness. We specifically explore the role of collaborative learning, and we hope that this case will illustrate how nonprofit studies educators can leverage high-impact, collaborative learning toward pedagogical improvement and undergraduate student career readiness. Subscribe to JNEL
A Distributed Computationally Aware Quantizer Design via Hyper Binning.

We design a distributed function aware quantization scheme for distributed functional compression. We consider $2$ correlated sources $X_1$ and $X_2$ and a destination that seeks the outcome of a continuous function $f(X_1,\,X_2)$. We develop a compression scheme called hyper binning in order to quantize $f$ via minimizing entropy of joint source partitioning. Hyper binning is a natural generalization of Cover's random code construction for the asymptotically optimal Slepian-Wolf encoding scheme that makes use of orthogonal binning. The key idea behind this approach is to use linear discriminant analysis in order to characterize different source feature combinations. This scheme captures the correlation between the sources and function's structure as a means of dimensionality reduction. We investigate the performance of hyper binning for different source distributions, and identify which classes of sources entail more partitioning to achieve better function approximation. Our approach brings an information theory perspective to the traditional vector quantization technique from signal processing.
Manzuaat wa Musharadat, Uprooted and Scattered: Refugee Women Escape Journey and the Longing to Return to Syria.

Author(s): Rizkalla, Niveen; Adi, Suher; Mallat, Nour Khaddaj; Soudi, Laila; Arafa, Rahma; Segal, Steven P | Abstract: ObjectiveViolent conflict forced millions of Syrians to flee their homes to host countries. This study examines Syrian refugee women's experiences from the war's outset through their journey to Jordan. It addresses the toll this journey had on their lives.MethodsTwenty-four in-depth interviews were completed with Syrian refugee women who currently reside in urban areas of Jordan. Researchers translated, transcribed, and analyzed the interviews using group narrative methodology.ResultsThe Syrian women had unique nostalgic memories of times before the war. They experienced atrocities during the war that forced their decision to escape Syria. Their journey narratives testify of internal displacement, personal and collective traumatic journeys via legal and illegal routes. Almost all the women were placed in refugee camps during their transitions to host country residency. In Jordan, they faced diverse hurdles of displacement and extremely different realities compared to the ones they had in Syria. Despite how very different but difficult each of their journeys were, every single woman longed to return home to Syria.ConclusionsThis study presents a new understanding of the role and process of the journeys undertaken and highlights the concept of "return" as the defining element for Syrian refugee women. Regardless of the hardships women endured to escape their homeland to find safety, "return" marks an ending to their horror journey and the beginning of a new journey of hope for a better future.
Reversibility of testosterone-induced acyclicity after testosterone cessation in a transgender mouse model

Objective To establish if the cessation of testosterone (T) therapy reverses T-induced acyclicity in a transgender mouse model that allows for well-defined T cessation timing. Design Experimental laboratory study using a mouse model. Setting University-based basic science research laboratory. Animals A total of 10 C57BL/6NHsd female mice were used in this study. Intervention(s) Postpubertal C57BL/6NHsd female mice were subcutaneously implanted with T enanthate (n = 5 mice) or placebo (n = 5 mice) pellets. Pellets were surgically removed after 6 weeks to ensure T cessation, after which the mice were followed for four estrous cycles after the resumption of cyclicity. Main Outcome Measure(s) Primary outcomes included daily vaginal cytology and weekly T levels before, during, and after T enanthate or placebo pellet implantation and removal. Secondary outcomes included ovarian follicle distribution and corpora lutea numbers, body metrics, and terminal diestrus hormone levels. Result(s) T-treated mice (100%) resumed cycling within one week of T pellet removal after six weeks of T therapy. T levels were significantly elevated during T therapy and decreased to control levels after surgical pellet removal. No detectable differences were observed in the follicle count, corpora lutea formation, diestrus hormone levels, or body metrics after four estrous cycles, with the exception of persistent increased clitoral area between T-treated mice and controls. One T-treated mouse was sacrificed early due to vaginal prolapse and not included in subsequent analyses. Conclusion(s) Our results demonstrated a close temporal relationship between estrous cycle return and T levels dropping to control levels following T pellet removal. The return of regular cyclic ovulatory function is also supported by the formation of corpora lutea and the lack of detectable differences in key reproductive parameters as compared to controls four cycles after T cessation. These results may be relevant to understanding the reversibility of T-induced amenorrhea and possible anovulation in transgender men interested in pausing T to pursue pregnancy or oocyte donation. Results may be limited by the duration of T treatment, lack of functional testing, and physiological differences between mice and humans.
Perceived Discrimination and Intergroup Commonality Among Asian Americans

Group dynamics are central to understanding race in America. Research reveals that Blacks and Latinos who report discrimination are more likely to feel interracial political commonality and intragroup linked fate. However, these findings may not extrapolate to Asian Americans, a heterogeneous group with a recent immigration history. This study examines whether type and context of perceived discrimination influence this relationship for Asian Americans. I find that interpersonal discrimination is associated with political commonality with Hispanics, whereas jobs discrimination is associated with political commonality with Blacks. Both are associated with intraracial and intraethnic linked fate. Neither housing discrimination nor police mistreatment predicts political commonality or linked fate. These findings suggest that promoting solidarity across and within racial groups requires acknowledging the differential impacts of perceived discrimination.
Fruit and vegetable intake at and away from school during participation in the FIT Game.

Background:The FIT Game is a multicomponent school-based incentive program aimed at increasing children’s fruit and vegetable (FV) intake. There has been no previous report on how playing the game ...
Negotiated Transfer Pricing and Divisional vs. Firm‐Wide Performance Evaluation

A firm with two divisions, each run by a risk‐averse manager, contracts with the two managers to operate their divisions and possibly engage in interdivisional trade. Each division can increase the total surplus generated through interdivisional trade by making costly relationship‐specific investments. The terms of trade are determined through negotiations between the two managers. Managerial compensation contracts are linear functions of divisional profit and firm‐wide profit. If managers are compensated solely on the basis of their divisional profits, they invest less than the first‐best amounts. While compensation contracts based on firm‐wide profits alone can induce first‐best investments, they impose extra risk on risk‐averse managers. Therefore, we find that optimal linear compensation contracts will contain both divisional and firm‐wide components. Our analysis also identifies a feature of negotiated transfer pricing, namely interdivisional risk sharing, and characterizes its impact on the design o...
Aesthesiometer-Based Testing for Laryngopharyngeal Hyposensitivity.

Objectives/hypothesis To develop a method for threshold estimation of the laryngeal adductor reflex (LAR) response using Cheung-Bearelly monofilaments. Study design Cross-sectional. Methods Twenty-two healthy adults (12 men, 10 women) were tested for LAR response outcome using 30 mm 5-0 and 4-0 nylon monofilaments. Tactile stimuli were delivered to the aryepiglottic (AE) fold and medial pyriform sinus (MPS). Dichotomous classifier features and performance (area under the curve (AUC)), the LAR response outcome agreement and disagreement matrix, and test-retest reliability were examined. From those data, a test protocol that would minimize patient burden to estimate the LAR triggering threshold was formulated. Results Classifier performance of 5-0 monofilament stimulation of the AE fold (sensitivity = 0.63, specificity = 0.63, PPV = 0.74, NPV = 0.25) and MPS (sensitivity = 0.45, specificity = 0.77, PPV = 0.74, NPV = 0.23,) was slightly below that of 4-0 monofilament stimulation of the AE fold (sensitivity = 0.82, specificity = 0.50, PPV = 0.82, NPV = 0.50) and MPS (sensitivity = 0.84, specificity = 0.64, PPV = 0.90, NPV = 0.56), based on AUC. LAR response outcome agreement for 5-0 and 4-0 stimulations was high (93%) for 5-0 positive response, but low (29%) for 5-0 negative response. Aesthesiometer test-retest reliability for LAR response outcome was excellent (Cronbach's alpha = 0.97). Conclusions Threshold estimation of the LAR response may be operationalized by adopting a decision tree protocol. For negative LAR response to initial 5-0 monofilament stimulation and positive response to subsequent 4-0 monofilament stimulation, the higher threshold is confirmed. Positive LAR response to 5-0 or 4-0 monofilament stimulation is expected in over 90% of asymptomatic adults. Negative LAR response to 4-0 monofilament stimulation identifies patients at risk for laryngopharyngeal hyposensitivity. Level of evidence 3b Laryngoscope, 2021.
"I Don't Do Religion": Using Nature Photographs to Engage Patients in Spiritual Reflection.

Abstract When caring for healthcare patients, professional chaplains may find an increasing proportion of individuals in the U.S. who do not identify as religious and who may benefit from creative approaches to discussing their spiritual and existential concerns. One approach to engaging patients is using a “third voice,” as shared in a personal narrative in which a chaplain uses landscape photographs to engage a patient for discussion of spiritual and existential concerns. The content of the conversation may inform decisions about treatment, quality of life, and person-centered care.
Post-Great-Recession Human Migration Patterns in the U.S.: The Overlooked Impacts of Entrepreneurial Activity and Personal Freedom

Effectively no scholarly research has been published in peer-reviewed journals on the potential migration impacts of environments that are more conducive to entrepreneurship. Similarly, the potential migration impact of personal freedom also is essentially ignored in the literature. This study seeks to add to the literature by investigating the impacts of both entrepreneurial activity and personal freedom on state in-migration patterns. Using a panel dataset for the post-Great Recession period 2010-2017, the empirical analysis reveals that all three of the Kauffman indices of entrepreneurial activity are found to exercise a positive and statistically significant impact on both net in-migration and gross in-migration. In addition, the index of overall personal freedom is found to exercise a positive and statistically significant impact on both of these in-migration measures. Thus, it appears that there may be good reason for future migration studies to take such variables into account when seeking to explain, understand, and predict migration patterns in the U.S.
So Much Accomplished: So Much to be Done

Much has been written about the changing face of engineering education. Since the 1980s the community has realized that the engineering educational program must do more than prepare our students with strong foundations in science,mathematics, the engineering sciences, and the specialized courses of themany disciplineswithin engineering. Over these last few decades this need has become increasingly more evident. Serious consideration began as to whether in the decades since the 1950s, the pendulumof change in engineering education to be much more engineering science centric at the expense of engineering practice had perhaps swung too far. Such issues as providing an educational environment nurturing of synthesis as well as analysis, the need for students to understand their work and profession in a broad societal context, or the need for students to be aware of the business and marketing aspects of the products of engineering practice became part of the conversation. In more recent years many additional exposures and characteristics for graduates to attainwere identified. The dilemma then, and to a great extent still today, is how to accomplish all that wewould like. The chapters preceding this have elucidatedmany of these issues from both a historical perspective as well as excellent examples of actions taken. The mid-1980s saw growing pressures facing engineering schools across the country. Several national and international studies had cited the shortcomings in engineering education in the United States [1,2,3]. In the late 1980s, the National Science Foundation’s Education and Human Resources Directorate initiated a significant challenge and support process to the engineering education community calling for change in engineering
Effects of nonuniform column packing in analytical gel chromatography. II. Associating solutes.

Abstract Effects of nonuniform column packing on boundary profiles for selfassociating systems have been investigated by computer simulation. Migration rate of each of the interconverting solute species changes along the column as a result of nonuniform packing, and the difference in velocity of monomer and n -mer is not constant as the sample moves down the column. A greater amount of overall axial dispersion results, as compared to the constant-column case. Procedures developed in this study can be applied to any experimentally measured column nonuniformity.
Response - Patent Remedies and Practical Reason

In this Response, Professor Thomas Cotter compares his concept of “practical reason,” which emphasizes the need for choice, deliberation, and communication in the face of radical uncertainty and conflicting norms, with Golden’s five principles for patent remedies. Cotter argues that the application of Golden’s principles would be grounded in a form of practical reason; both methodologies take a nondogmatic approach to making rational judgments under conditions of uncertainty. But Cotter also offers two critiques of Golden: first, Golden sometimes seems to betray a Platonic longing for something more determinate than practical reason; and second, Cotter disagrees with Golden’s analysis on specific issues within the field of patent remedies.
Rat liver fatty acid synthetase: Inactivation of the component enzyme catalysing condensation-CO2 exchange reaction by chloroacetyl CoA

Summary Rat liver fatty acid synthetase is inhibited by chloroacetyl CoA. The inhibition is rapid and results from the covalent transfer of chloroacetyl group to the enzyme. A stoichiometric relationship exists between the moles of inhibitor bound and the loss of enzyme activity for fatty acid synthesis. Two moles of inhibitor are bound for complete inactivation and this inhibition results from the loss of activity for the critical condensation-CO2 exchange component reaction. These and other data are consistent with the presence of two sites on the enzyme for condensation between enzyme bound acetyl-and malonyl groups.
Abstract A35: Integration of melanoma genotyping in clinical care

Background: Molecularly targeted therapy is improving response rates and overall survival in subsets of melanoma patients. However, targeted therapy for triple negative patients (BRAF, NRAS and c-KIT wild type) is not yet defined. In addition, new evidence suggests that germline variants may have an impact in melanoma progression and response to therapy. In this study, we attempt to define the utility of a recently developed clinical assay that encompasses targeted sequencing of 50 genes with known impact on cancer progression. Methods: We used the AmpliSeq Cancer Panel HotSpot.V2 from Ion Torrent. The panel targets sequencing of Hotspot regions including 2,800 COSMIC mutations within 50 oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Tumor and blood germline DNAs were studied. All identified mutations were independently validated by Sanger sequencing. We then linked the molecular profile to extensive clinicopathological information including treatment and prospective clinical follow-up. Results: We examined 35 tumor samples from 35 melanoma patients (2 patients had 2 specimens). 14/35 (40%) had BRAF mutations, 15/35 (34%) had NRAS, KRAS or HRAS mutations and 1 had c-KIT mutant tumor. Eight patients were triple negative and presented with mutations in TP53, ERBB4, PIK3CA, NOTCH, EZH2 and VHL. We detected germline variants in TP53 (49%), KDR (VEGFR2 - 34%), APC (31%), KIT (23%) and PIK3CA (14%) genes. Notably, KDR Q472H has been shown to affect VEGFR2 function. Patients with KDR Q742H had higher microvessels density and higher VEGF production. In addition, melanoma cell lines with KDR Q472H variant proliferate and invade more when compared with WT cell lines. More important, only cell lines with that variant respond to anti-VEGFR2 treatment. Finally, the presence of the KDR Q472H variant is associated with a higher prevalence of brain metastases and with a shorter survival (15.1 months compared to 54.6 months). Conclusions: Sequencing using a validated clinical assay was informative of several targetable mutations in triple negative melanoma. Inhibitors targeting some of these mutations are already FDA approved for non-melanoma and others are currently tested in clinical trials. Our data also revealed a role of germline variant KDR Q472H in melanoma progression, that was not reported before, suggesting that further functional studies are warranted. Citation Format: Amel Salhi, Ines Pires Da Silva, Kevin P. Lui, Naima Ismaili, Chaowei Wu, Eleazar C. Vega-Saenz de Miera, Richard L. Shapiro, Russell S. Berman, Anna C. Pavlick, Judy Zhong, Adriana Heguy, Iman Osman. Integration of melanoma genotyping in clinical care. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Melanoma: From Biology to Therapy; Sep 20-23, 2014; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(14 Suppl):Abstract nr A35.
Environmental Justice and Community Empowerment: Learning from the Civil Rights Movement

Introduction 230 I. The Struggle for Social Justice in the Environmental Context 233 A. Pursuing Environmental Justice 234 1. Litigation strategies 234 a. The Equal Protection Clause 234 b. Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 236 2. Proposed legislation 239 3. Executive Order 12,898 241 4. The EPA’s Environmental Justice Strategy 243 B. Analyzing and Critiquing Proposed Strategies 245 1. The problems with litigation strategies 245 2. The problems with legislation 246 3. The EPA’s “Common Sense” Initiative 248 II. The Importance of Community Empowerment Strategies .... 249 A. The Path of Least Resistance 249 1. The problem of siting: NIMBY 249 2. The problem of enforcement 252 B. The Public Choice Process 253 C. Transforming the Path of Least Resistance: Community Empowerment Strategies 255 D. Community Empowerment in Action: St. James Citizens for Jobs and the Environment--the Shintech, Inc. Controversy 257
Foreign Direct Investment and Knowledge Flows: Evidence from Patent Citations

Knowledge flows tend to be highly geographically localized. This has lead researchers to try to find a means through which this localization effect can be minimized. Foreign Direct Investment has been proposed as a possible medium that enhances the ability of nations to exchange knowledge about new ideas. In this paper I use data on more than 1.8 million patents granted in the US and 8.8 million citations belonging to firms of more than thirty countries to determine whether FDI facilitates the flow of knowledge between firms of different nationality. The results indicate a strong positive effect of FDI on knowledge flows. Specifically, I find that on average for all countries in the sample 1) domestic firms are 57% more likely to receive knowledge from foreign firms when the latter are located in the same country. 2) Foreign firms are 78% more likely to receive knowledge from domestic firms when they are located in the same country 3) an extra $1 million in FDI leads to an average of 4% increase in knowledge flows between the investing and the host nations. These results are robust to dropping the US - the country with the largest number of patents in the sample - and to splitting it along economic development lines, and by technological field. I find that Developed Countries' firms can expect to gain knowledge equally well both by locating abroad in countries where intense innovative activity takes place and from MNC subsidiaries that open affiliates in their home country. However, for Newly Industrialized Countries (NIC's), knowledge flows from inward FDI to domestic firms is more than three times as large as that for domestic firms of Developed countries. For NIC's outward FDI, there is no difference between what the home-base can obtain by monitoring the activities of innovating firms abroad from their headquarters at home, and what they can get from their affiliates overseas. Thus, for NIC's it is much more pertinent to try to attract inward FDI than to worry about investing abroad.
The American Academy of Pediatrics and Integrative Medicine: past, present and future

A century ago, paediatricians were dismissed as ‘baby doctors’ as the medical care of children was considered the secondary responsibility of general practitioners. Over the past century, though, the specialised medical care of infants and children has come to be an accepted and valued profession. This article provides an opportunity to reflect on where we are, how we got here and where we would like to be.