cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interfacial Forces and Spectroscopic Study of Confined Fluids

In this chapter we discuss three specific issues which are relevant for liquids in intimate contact with solid surfaces. (1) Studies of the hydrodynamic flow of simple and complex fluids within ultra-narrow channels show the effects of flow rate, surface roughness and fluid–surface interaction on the determination of the boundary condition. We draw attention to the importance of the microscopic particulars to the discovery of what boundary condition is appropriate for solving continuum equations and the potential to capitalize on slip at the wall for purposes of materials engineering. (2) We address the long-standing question of the structure of aqueous films near a hydrophobic surface. When water was confined between adjoining hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces (a Janus interface), giant fluctuations in shear responses were observed, which implies some kind of flickering, fluctuating complex at the water–hydrophobic interface. (3) Finally we discuss recent experiments that augment friction studies by measurement of diffusion, using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). Here spatially resolved measurements showed that translation diffusion slows exponentially with increasing mechanical pressure from the edges of a Hertzian contact toward the center, accompanied by increasingly heterogeneous dynamical responses. This dynamical probe of how liquids order in molecularly thin films fails to support the hypothesis that shear produces a melting transition.
A New Learning Controller For Mechanical Manipulator

A new learning controller for motion control of mechanical manipulators undergoing periodic tasks is developed. This controller does not require exact knowledge of the manipulator dynamical structure or its parameters, and is computationally efficient. In addition, no actual joint acceleration is needed in the control law, and the full nonlinear dynamics of the manipulator is fully accounted for in the convergence proof. Simulation results of this algorithm applied to a realistic Scara type manipulator [8], which includes friction, pay-load inertia variations, actuator/sensor noise, and unmodeled dynamics is also presented.
4/ Growth in Supervision:

This essay reviews the status of supervisory models, presents an overarching schemata of stage models of supervisee development, and finally, describes a three stage model of supervisor development. The terms "counseling" and "psychotherapy" are used synonymously, as are "trainee", "supervisee", "student", and "psychotherapist."
Primary mediastinal tumors in children.

Mediastinal masses in children constitute a heterogeneous group of malignant and benign neoplasms. The majority of malignant tumors in our series of 188 children with a mediastinal mass were Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (87 patients) arising in the anterior and middle mediastinum. Ganglioneuroma (17) arising in the posterior mediastinum made up the bulk of benign tumors (52). Infants less than 2 yr old presented with symptoms of tracheal compression, whereas older children had fewer symptoms but a far greater likelihood of having a malignancy. In the assessment of patients with mediastinal tumors, the posteroanterior and lateral chest roentgenograms were most often diagnostic, and computed tomograhpy of the chest provided the most information concerning preoperative resectability. The excellent survival of patients with stage I and II Hodgkin's disease reflects the radiosensitivity of the tumor; in our series of 33 patients, survival was not increased by radical resection. Unlike lymphomatous tumors, neurogenic masses should be completely excised. When initial exploration reveals unresectability, biopsy followed by radiation therapy and second-look excision of the tumor can be accomplished. In patients with primary mediastinal sarcomas, total resection should be carried out if possible. In our series, adjuvant radiation therapy or chemotherapy was effective in only 1 of 15 children with sarcoma. Surgical treatment of all mediastinal masses except lymphoma should be complete excision. In cases of suspected lymphoma, cervical or supraclavicular node biopsy can yield adequate tissue for diagnosis.
Two c-Type Cytochromes from Light- and Dark-Grown Euglena

A pigment-protein complex can be extracted, in aqueous 2-percent digitonin, from Euglena grown in the light. When further fractionated by acetone and ammonium sulfate this flagellate yields a c-type cytochrome. By similar extraction of dark-grown, nonphotosynthetic Euglena, another c-type cytochrome can be isolated. The cytochrome from the light-grown Euglena- is like that of cytochrome c isolated from a photosynthetic bacterium. The cytochrome from the dark-grown Euglena is like cytochrome f found in the chloroplasts of higher plants.
Perception of effort during high-intensity exercise at low, moderate and high wet bulb globe temperatures

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of low, moderate and high wet bulb globe temperatures (Twbg) on cardiovascular variables and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) during moderately prolonged, high-intensity exercise. Six subjects [four men and two women; mean (SD) age, 22.0 (1.2) years; maximum oxygen consumption ({ie519-1}), 51.0 (8.4) ml · kg−1 · min−1] completed 30 min of exercise (80% {ie519-2}) on a cycle ergometer at low [14.7 (2.1)°C], moderate [21.0 (1.5)° C], and high [27.4 (2.3)° C]Twbg. Two additional subjects completed 20 min of exercise in the high temperature condition, but completed 30 min in the moderate and lowTwbg. Heart rate (fc), blood pressure, blood lactate (La), mean skin temperature (\(\bar T\)sk),\(\dot V\), and RPE were measured at 10, 20 and 30 min. Results showed thatfc, rate pressure product, RPE, pulmonary ventilation and ventilatory equivalent for oxygen increased (P < 0.05) across time for all conditions, while\(\bar T\) decreased across time.\(\bar T\)sk andfc were significantly greater across time in the high condition [35.9 (0.65)° C; 176 (12.6) beats · min−1] compared to the moderate [34.6 (1.5)° C; 170 (17.2) beats · min−1] and the low condition [31.7 (1.5)° C; 164 (17.1) beats-min−1]. However, there were no differences throughout exercise in RPE [high,.16.2 (2.0); moderate, 16.4 (2.2); low, 16.3 (1.9)] and\(\dot V\) across the conditions. These data suggest that RPE is closely related to metabolic intensity but is not a valid indicator of cardiovascular strain during exercise in highTwbg conditions.
How technology affects students' departures from online learning communities

In online learning communities, graduations are both joyous and sad events when students must "disengage" from their shared experience. Using technologies to interact during online learning means that technologies have an effect on any social process, including disengaging. Even the simplest technology hurdles can affect people's departures from online learning communities. These effects of technology on disengaging have implications for the design of systems that support online communities. This paper explores the technology problems that students encounter in disengaging from online learning communities, and develops design implications for such communities. To set the stage, it provides a discussion of how online learners build and maintain their learning communities.
PAIN MANAGEMENT AT THE END OF LIFE

This article reviews the problems which lead to less than adequate treatment of pain for patients at the end of life. The public has demonstrated a tremendous increase in concern about dying, the possibility for uncontrolled pain during the terminal stages of life, and the desire to assure dignity and control at the time of death. The concerns, particularly about uncontrolled pain, have helped drive the assisted-suicide discussions. Review of the current status of pain treatment and discussion of barriers to improved treatment are the first steps to improving patient care and providing meaningful reassurance to patients. Assisting clinicians to provide the best possible care, particularly adequate pain relief, and to overcome the barriers whenever they can is in the patient's best interest.
Fast Mumford-Shah segmentation using image scale space bases

Image segmentation using the piecewise smooth variational model proposed by Mumford and Shah is both robust and computationally expensive. Fortunately, both the intermediate segmentations computed in the process of the evolution, and the final segmentation itself have a common structure. They typically resemble a linear combination of blurred versions of the original image. In this paper, we present methods for fast approximations to Mumford-Shah segmentation using reduced image bases. We show that the majority of the robustness of Mumford-Shah segmentation can be obtained without allowing each pixel to vary independently in the implementation. We illustrate segmentations of real images that show how the proposed segmentation method is both computationally inexpensive, and has comparable performance to Mumford-Shah segmentations where each pixel is allowed to vary freely.
Myocardial tissue elastic properties determined by atomic force microscopy after stromal cell–derived factor 1α angiogenic therapy for acute myocardial infarction in a murine model

Objectives Ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction begins with massive extracellular matrix deposition and resultant fibrosis. This loss of functional tissue and stiffening of myocardial elastic and contractile elements starts the vicious cycle of mechanical inefficiency, adverse remodeling, and eventual heart failure. We hypothesized that stromal cell–derived factor 1α (SDF-1α) therapy to microrevascularize ischemic myocardium would rescue salvageable peri-infarct tissue and subsequently improve myocardial elasticity. Methods Immediately after left anterior descending coronary artery ligation, mice were randomly assigned to receive peri-infarct injection of either saline solution or SDF-1α. After 6 weeks, animals were killed and samples were taken from the peri-infarct border zone and the infarct scar, as well as from the left ventricle of noninfarcted control mice. Determination of tissues' elastic moduli was carried out by mechanical testing in an atomic force microscope. Results SDF-1α–treated peri-infarct tissue most closely approximated the elasticity of normal ventricle and was significantly more elastic than saline-treated peri-infarct myocardium (109 ± 22.9 kPa vs 295 ± 42.3 kPa; P P Conclusions Direct quantification of myocardial elastic properties demonstrates the ability of SDF-1α to re-engineer evolving myocardial infarct and peri-infarct tissues. By increasing elasticity of the ischemic and dysfunctional peri-infarct border zone and bolstering the weak, aneurysm-prone scar, SDF-1α therapy may confer a mechanical advantage to resist adverse remodeling after infarction.
Voluntary nystagmus, saccadic suppression, and stabilization of the visual world.

Abstract Voluntary nystagmus, a series of rapidly alternating saccadic eye movements accompanied by a failure of subjective stabilization of the visual world, was used to test the strength of relationship between subjective stabilization and saccadic suppression. Suppression of a full-field flash was similar during voluntary nystagmus and during voluntary saccades of the same magnitude (about 0.5 log unit threshold increase in each case) despite the difference in stabilization experienced in the two conditions. In a second experiment, the failure of subjects to perceive movement of a stabilized retinal image during voluntary nystagmus showed that no extraretinal signal was influencing apparent stimulus position. The results contradict the hypothesized role of saccadic suppression in subjective stabilization. The similarity of saccadic suppression during voluntary nystagmus and voluntary saccades (experiment 1) points out a significant similarity between the two types of eye movement, while the difference in subjective stabilization (experiment 2) reveals a significant distinction between them.
Localisation of staphylococcal l-asparaginase☆

Staphylococcal l-asparaginase has been shown to be cell-bound and does not occur in a free state in the culture fluid. Alkaline phosphatase activity was associated with the protoplasts, and the majority of the RNase was released during protoplast formation.
EVALUATION OF INSECTICIDES FOR CONTROL OF LARVAL EUROPEAN CORN BORER, 1999

EVALUATION OF INSECTICIDES FOR CONTROL OF LARVAL EUROPEAN CORN BORER ON WHORL STAGE CORN, 1998: Planting time and whorl applied insecticides were evaluated for efficacy against larval ECB in whorl stage field corn near Clay Center, NE. Experimental design was a RCB with four replicates. Each plot consisted of a single 40 ft long row with 30-inch row spacing. 'Dekalb 641' hybrid field corn was planted on 6 May at a rate of 29,900 seeds/acre. Soil type was a Butler and Crete silt loam with <1% slope. Soil temperature at 4 inches was 60°F with low moisture availability. A CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer mounted on the planter was used to apply liquid insecticides. Microtubes positioned between the disc openers were used to direct an in-furrow spray solution of either 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0 gpa (LP). Substantial hail injury occurred to plots on 13 Jun. Five plants per plot were artificially infested with 10 ECB egg masses each on 29 Jun. These plants were free of larval whorl injury prior to infestation based on visual inspection. Crop growth stage was an extended leaf height of 41-53 inches. Larvae began hatching on date of infestation. Whorl treatments were applied on 6 Jul. Air temperature was 74-79°F and the relative humidity was near 100%. Liquid insecticides were broadcast over the top of the plant whorl with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer at 20 gpa at 30 psi (L). Granular insecticides were applied using two 10-inch Almaco smooth belt cones rear mounted on a Hahn Hi-Boy. Preweighed amounts of insecticide granules were distributed uniformly around the belt cone by a divider funnel and applied over the top of the plant whorl (G). On 6 Jul, 1.7 inches of rain was recorded overnight. The artificially infested plants were evaluated on 28-29 Jul. Stalks were split lengthwise and the number of tunnels per plant were used to evaluate ECB larval damage. The percent infestation at evaluation was determined by the number of plants with a minimum of 1 cavity. Data were analyzed by PROC GLM for RCB with mean separation using Fisher protected LSD (alpha = 0.05).
Rotational and vibrational excitations in nuclear molecular spectra

All the available data concerning barrier region resonances in the $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ + $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ system have been examined within the framework of the molecular symmetry model suggested by Iachello. The model accounts very well for the energies and spins of the observed resonances in terms of vibrational and rotational excitations of a well-defined diatomic molecule.
Technique for lumbar decompression of spinal stenosis

Abstract This article presents a technique for lumbar laminectomy and decompression in patients suffering from acquiredlumbar spinal stenosis. The technique is discussed in detail and illustrated accordingly. The discussion reviewed a “typical” L3 to S1 (ie, L3-4, L4-5, and L5-S1) lumbar laminectomy without fusion.
Selective Targeting of Tumorigenic Cancer Cell Lines by Microtubule Inhibitors

For anticancer drug therapy, it is critical to kill those cells with highest tumorigenic potential, even when they comprise a relatively small fraction of the overall tumor cell population. We have used the established NCI/DTP 60 cell line growth inhibition assay as a platform for exploring the relationship between chemical structure and growth inhibition in both tumorigenic and non-tumorigenic cancer cell lines. Using experimental measurements of “take rate” in ectopic implants as a proxy for tumorigenic potential, we identified eight chemical agents that appear to strongly and selectively inhibit the growth of the most tumorigenic cell lines. Biochemical assay data and structure-activity relationships indicate that these compounds act by inhibiting tubulin polymerization. Yet, their activity against tumorigenic cell lines is more selective than that of the other microtubule inhibitors in clinical use. Biochemical differences in the tubulin subunits that make up microtubules, or differences in the function of microtubules in mitotic spindle assembly or cell division may be associated with the selectivity of these compounds.
The interaction between bending fractures and the emitted stress waves

Abstract An experimental investigation of the interaction between the brittle fractures which are observed in glass beams in flexure, and the stress waves generated by these fractures is described. A number of different experimental techniques have been employed. These are (a) The use of resistance strain gages to detect and record the waves generated; (b) High speed photography with a Kerr-Cell framing camera. This camera was also used to take high speed photoelastic patterns of the stress distributions set up during fracture; (c) Direct measurements of the duration of the fracture process by measuring the interval between the breaking of two electrical contacts on opposite sides of a glass specimen. It was found that the fracture started at some point on the side of the specimen which was under tension, and rapidly traversed about 70% of the cross section; it then slowed down as it further penetrated the zone which was initially under compression. When the bar was sufficiently long, i.e. when there was no interference from reflected pulses, the crack was found to take a sharp turn and travel slowly (i.e. at velocities very much lower than the wave velocities in glass) in a direction parallel to the axis of the beam. Fracture was finally completed when the compressive longitudinal pulses generated by the fracture returned from the ends of the beam as pulses of tension, and reached the fracture plane. This last stage could be lengthened either by using very long rods or by suitably changing the acoustic conditions at the ends of a rod. It is shown that the shapes of the emitted pulses which are observed some distance from the fracture plane can be adequately predicted by the assumption used earlier for tensile fractures, namely that as fracture progresses, the emitted wave corresponds to that expected from the relief of the stress present in the fracture cross section before fracture started.
Renormalisation group theory for two problems in linear continuum mechanics

Abstract We consider the problems of: (1) the stress field in an infinite wedge when a moment is applied at the tip, and (2) the flow of an inviscid incompressible fluid past an infinite wedge. Both problems are linear, but nevertheless exhibit anomalous dimensions for wedge angles, α, larger than a critical value α c . In (1) it is the stress field and in (2) it is the velocity potential which can have anomalous power law behaviour in distance from the tip. We use these problems as simple examples to illustrate how partial differential equations can be solved using the renormalisation group.
Surface shape control using constrained optimization on the B-spline representation

Abstract Shape control for surfaces is an important problem in CAD/CAM design as well as in other areas. Until recently, shape control has required the use of skilled engineering labor. This paper presents methods that will help to make this shape control process automatic. The particular problem considered is that of controlling the curvature of isoparametric lines for parametric tensor product spline surfaces. Conditions for curvature control are presented in terms of the B-spline coefficients. These conditions allow the problem to be stated as a constrained optimization problem and to be solved using modern optimization techniques.
Do financial expert directors affect the incidence of accruals management to meet or beat analyst forecasts

Evidence that firms adjust accruals to meet or beat analyst forecasts is pervasive. However, the implications for earnings quality are not clear. Managers can use this practice to mislead investors or to signal future earnings growth. Assuming boards are concerned about providing higher quality financial information, they should discourage managers from adjusting earnings to beat the target if adjustment diminishes earnings quality. Consistent with this prediction, I find a significantly negative relation between the probability that a firm beats the target by adjusting accruals and the presence of independent audit committee financial expert for firms with poor future performance.
CtBP1 overexpression in keratinocytes perturbs skin homeostasis.

Carboxyl-terminal–binding protein-1 (CtBP1) is a transcriptional corepressor with multiple in vitro targets, but its in vivo functions are largely unknown. We generated keratinocyte-specific CtBP1 transgenic mice with a keratin-5 promoter (K5.CtBP1) to probe the pathological roles of CtBP1. At transgene expression levels comparable to endogenous CtBP1 in acute skin wounds, the K5.CtBP1 epidermis displayed hyperproliferation, loss of E-cadherin, and failed terminal differentiation. Known CtBP1 target genes associated with these processes, e.g., p21 Brca1 , and E-cadherin, were downregulated in K5.CtBP1 skin. Surprisingly, K5.CtBP1 pups also exhibited a hair loss phenotype. We found that expression of the Distal-less 3 ( Dlx3 ), a critical regulator of hair follicle differentiation and cycling, was decreased in K5.CtBP1 mice. Molecular studies revealed that CtBP1 directly suppressed Dlx3 transcription. Consistently, K5.CtBP1 mice displayed abnormal hair follicles with decreased expression of Dlx3 downstream targets Gata3 Hoxc13 , and hair keratins . In summary, this CtBP1 transgenic model provides in vivo evidence for certain CtBP1 functions predicted from in vitro studies, reveals—to our knowledge—previously unreported functions and transcriptional activities of CtBP1 in the context of epithelial–mesenchymal interplay, and suggests that CtBP1 has a pathogenic role in hair follicle morphogenesis and differentiation.
PUTTING YOUR LIBRARY ON THE MAP

I'm a fairly visual person in that I can grasp the meaning of something faster when I see it than when I hear it. Since pictures stay with me longer than does print, I am intrigued by the new GUI software (meaning Graphical User Interface and pronounced “gooey”), such as Windows, and its applications. GUI software for such non‐Windows applications as Lotus 1–2–3, Releases 2.3 and 3.1, and Quattro Pro Version 3 tout their WYS‐IWYG (What You See Is What You Get and pronounced “wizzy‐wig”) graphical environment. Of course, all Macintosh fans will cry “copycat” because they've been dealing with GUI for years.
Stabilized images: probe analysis of pattern and color analytic mechanisms.

Abstract Four experiments investigated the sensitivity of receptive fields when achromatic and monochromatic dots and lines were inserted into a circular field from which a stabilized test line had faded. The data support the conclusion that the human visual cortex processes pattern, in part through the activities of spatial analytic mechanisms which receive input through independent color channels.
Oral chelation: should it be used with young children?

Deferasirox, the only oral iron chelator approved in the US and Canada, achieved a pediatric label indication down to 2 years of age. FDA-mandated post-marketing safety surveillance in children under age 6 is ongoing. We wish to raise a non-safety-related concern with deferasirox chelation in very young children (2–5 years old). Specifically, the circumstances required for reliable daily ingestion of deferasirox do not mesh well with the developmental characteristics common in young children, which may limit adherence and cause parental distress. We review developmental challenges associated with oral chelation in this age group and provide suggestions to improve adherence in this population. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;55:603–605. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
1365 SURFACTANT APOPROTEINS IN INFANTS WITH RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (RDS)

We have measured levels of pulmonary apoprotein (Apo) in tracheal aspirates (TA) of infants with RDS during the course of their treatment. This was done with an ELISA capable of detecting concentrations as low as 10 ng/ml in samples as small as 50 ul. The assay employs an affinity-purified rabbit IgG raised against human apoproteins. A similar assay was established to measure albumin (Alb) in the same samples. Determinations were also made on amniotic fluid (AF) of full-term infants and infants subsequently developing RDS. TA samples from infants with RDS were obtained within six hours of birth and then daily while intubated. Values shown below are from TA's soon after birth, and 3-4 days of age when the infants were recovering from RDS. We conclude that this measure will be useful not only for prediction of RDS, but also for postnatal diagnosis and assessment of clinical course.
Advances in Vascular Cognitive Impairment 2005

Diagnosis of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) or vascular dementia (VaD) is highly dependent on operational definitions. Among 480 cases of incident dementia in the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) Cognition Study, Lopez et al1 demonstrated how findings from brain imaging and choice of diagnostic criteria influence the classification of VaD. As shown by previous investigators, the number of cases classified as VaD increases with the availability of imaging. Furthermore, the widely-used NINDS-AIREN criteria (42 probable VaD) are more conservative than the DMS IV (62 VaD) or California ADDTC criteria (117 probable VaD). In the CHS cohort, several baseline MRI findings (in addition to history of stroke) were identified as risk factors for incident VaD: white matter hyperintensities (WMH), number of MRI infarcts, and ventricular size.2 Increased incidence of Alzheimer disease (AD) was also increased by the severity of coronary and peripheral atherosclerosis.3 Thus, MRI or systemic measures of CVD may offer important surrogate markers for VCI. VaD is purported to be more common than AD in Asia. In a study of 34 807 persons, aged 65 or older, living in several Chinese communities, Zhang et al4 reported a prevalence of 4.8% for AD and 1.1% for VaD. These results suggest that the prevalence of dementia subtypes in China is similar to Western countries. It should be noted, however, that the application of NINDS-AIREN criteria and the absence of brain imaging may underestimate the extent of underlying CVD. Costs related to VCI for society and individuals have been examined. According to 2 studies5,6 annual utilization of health care resources and primary caregivers are higher for VaD than AD. In the CHS cohort,7 median survival from dementia onset to death was shorter in VaD (3.9 year) than in AD (7.1 years) and …
Who, when, where: Timeslot assignment to mobile clients

We consider variations of a problem in which data must be delivered to mobile clients en-route, as they travel towards their destinations. The data can only be delivered to the mobile clients as they pass within range of wireless base stations. Example scenarios include the delivery of building maps to firefighters responding to multiple alarms, and the in-transit “illumination” of simultaneous surface-to-air missiles. We cast this scenario as a parallel-machine scheduling problem with the little-studied property that jobs may have different release times and deadlines when assigned to different machines. We present new algorithms and also adapt existing algorithms, for both online and offline settings. We evaluate these algorithms on a variety of problem instance types, using both synthetic and real-world data, including several geographical scenarios, and show that our algorithms produce schedules achieving near-optimal throughput.
Another Pathway to Large-Scale Power Generation: Concentrating Solar Power

Photovoltaics is not the only means of using sunlight to generate electricity. Another major solar technology is called “concentrating solar power” or CSP. CSP technologies use concentrating optics to generate high temperatures that are used to drive conventional steam or gas turbines. CSP is generally considered a central generation technology, rather than a source of distributed generation. That is, a large amount of power is generated in one location, with transmission and distribution to the various points of use, rather than generating small amounts of the power at numerous points of use. Because of this feature, CSP is predominantly a utility-scale source of power.
Comparison of MR imaging sequences for liver and head and neck interventions: is there a single optimal sequence for all purposes?

Abstract Rationale and objectives To compare the appropriate pulse sequences for interventional device guidance during magnetic resonance (MR) imaging at 0.2 T and to evaluate the dependence of sequence selection on the anatomic region of the procedure. Materials and methods Using a C-arm 0.2 T system, four interventional MR sequences were applied in 23 liver cases and during MR-guided neck interventions in 13 patients. The imaging protocol consisted of: multislice turbo spin echo (TSE) T 2 w, sequential-slice fast imaging with steady precession (FISP), a time-reversed version of FISP (PSIF), and FISP with balanced gradients in all spatial directions (True-FISP) sequences. Vessel conspicuity was rated and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) was calculated for each sequence and a differential receiver operating characteristic was performed. Results Liver findings were detected in 96% using the TSE sequence. PSIF, FISP, and True-FISP imaging showed lesions in 91%, 61%, and 65%, respectively. The TSE sequence offered the best CNR, followed by PSIF imaging. Differential receiver operating characteristic analysis also rated TSE and PSIF to be the superior sequences. Lesions in the head and neck were detected in all cases by TSE and FISP, in 92% using True-FISP, and in 84% using PSIF. True-FISP offered the best CNR, followed by TSE imaging. Vessels appeared bright on FISP and True-FISP imaging and dark on the other sequences. Conclusion In interventional MR imaging, no single sequence fits all purposes. Image guidance for interventional MR during liver procedures is best achieved by PSIF or TSE, whereas biopsies in the head and neck are best performed using FISP or True-FISP sequences.
Psychiatric disturbances in neurological patients: detection, recognition, and hospital course.

The Mini-Mental State and General Health Questionnaire were used to detect cognitive defects and emotional disturbances, respectively, in 126 consecutively admitted neurological patients. The Mini-Mental State was revalidated in this sample as a measure related to cerebral disorder. Sixty-seven percent of the patients tested had cognitive defect, emotional disturbance, or both. Thirty percent of the patients with psychiatric disturbance were not recognized by their physician. The majority of psychiatric disturbances persisted at the time of discharge. Since psychiatric disturbances are common among neurological inpatients and are frequently unrecognized, further evaluation of the psychiatric training of neurologists is needed. Simple screening tests may help to increase the recognition of psychiatric disturbance. It is concluded that the Board requirement for neurologists to know psychiatry accurately reflects "the nature of their case material."
Multiple novel roles of luteinizing hormone

LH is a heterodimeric glycoprotein hormone released from the anterior pituitary gland in response to GnRH stimulation from the hypothalamus. It is structurally and functionally related to hCG, which is primarily secreted by syncytiotrophoblasts in the human placenta. Both hormones signal through the same receptor, which is a transmembrane glycoprotein that belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor superfamily. Because hCG has a longer circulatory half-life, binds to the receptor with a higher affinity, is readily available, and is easy to radioiodinate, it is preferred for clinical and research use.
Mechanisms, models and methods of vapor deposition

Abstract The condensation and assembly of atomic fluxes incident upon the surface of a thin film during its growth by vapor deposition is complex. Mediating the growth process by varying the flux, adjusting the film temperature, irradiating the growth surface with energetic (assisting) particles or making selective use of surfactants is essential to achieve the level of atomic scale perfection needed for high performance films. A multiscale modeling method for analyzing the growth of vapor deposited thin films and nanoparticles has begun to emerge and is reviewed. Ab-initio methods such as density functional theory are used to provide key insights about the basic mechanisms of atomic assembly. Recent work has explored the transition paths and kinetics of atomic hopping on defective surfaces and is investigating the role of surfactants to control surface atom mobility. New forms of interatomic potentials based upon the embedded atom method, Tersoff and bond order potentials can now be combined with molecular dynamics to investigate many aspects of vapor phase synthesis processes. For example, the energy distribution of atoms emitted from sputtering targets, the effects of hot atom impacts upon the mechanisms of surface diffusion, and the role of assisting ions in controlling surface roughness can all be investigated by this approach. They also enable the many activation barriers present during atomic assembly to be efficiently evaluated and used as inputs in multipath kinetic Monte Carlo models or continuum models of film growth. This hierarchy of modeling techniques now allows many of the atomic assembly mechanisms to be incorporated in film growth simulations of increasing fidelity. We identify new opportunities, to extend this modeling approach to the growth of increasingly complicated material systems. Using the growth of metal multilayers that exhibit giant magnetoresistance as a case study, we show that the approach can also lead to the identification of novel growth processes that utilize adatom energy control, very low energy ion assistance, or highly mobile, low solubility chemical species (surfactants) to control surface diffusion controlled film growth. Such approaches appear capable of enabling the creation of multilayered materials with exceptionally smooth, unmixed interfaces, with significantly superior magnetoresistance.
Neurotoxic effects of neonatal triethyltin (TET) exposure are exacerbated with aging

Neonatal Long-Evans rats dosed with TET (5 mg/kg; IP) or saline on postnatal day (PND) 10 were examined across the life span for neural damage and performance on spatial learning tasks. A subset of rats were sacrificed to assess early damage with Nissl-staining, Timm's histochemistry, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunohistochemistry 2, 7, or 14 days after dosing. Littermates were tested behaviorally in a T-maze spatial delayed alternation task on PND 23 or PND 90, and in a Morris water maze place learning task at 3, 12, or 24 months postdosing and then sacrificed for histological analysis. In neonatal rats, histological analysis indicated gliosis in discrete cortical regions, loss of Nissl-stained neurons in the hippocampal formation, entorhinal cortex and piriform cortex, and loss of Timm's staining in the entorhinal cortex. The behavioral assessment at PND 23 indicated a significant impairment in the T-maze. However, no significant impairments were observed in the T-maze at 3 months or the water maze at 3 or 12 months postdosing. At 24 months, TET-treated rats showed significant deficits in acquisition and retention of the water maze task compared with age-matched controls. Both groups of 24 months old rats were significantly impaired compared with young controls. At 24 months, there was a general age-related decrease in the optical density of Timm's staining in cortical regions (9%), compounded by a further decrease in the entorhinal cortex and outer molecular layer of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in TET treated rats (30%). These data indicate that early developmental exposure to an organometal resulted in morphological damage that was apparent behaviorally only during early postnatal development and with advanced aging.
Interactive Querying over Large Network Data: Scalability, Visualization, and Interaction Design

Given the explosive growth of modern graph data, new methods are needed that allow for the querying of complex graph structures without the need of a complicated querying languages; in short, interactive graph querying is desirable. We describe our work towards achieving our overall research goal of designing and developing an interactive querying system for large network data. We focus on three critical aspects: scalable data mining algorithms, graph visualization, and interaction design. We have already completed an approximate subgraph matching system called MAGE in our previous work that fulfills the algorithmic foundation allowing us to query a graph with hundreds of millions of edges. Our preliminary work on visual graph querying, Graphite, was the first step in the process to making an interactive graph querying system. We are in the process of designing the graph visualization and robust interaction needed to make truly interactive graph querying a reality.
Articulatory and acoustic studies on domain-initial strengthening in Korean

Abstract This study examines the effect of prosodic position on segmental properties of Korean consonants /n, t, t h , t * / along the articulatory parameters peak linguopalatal contact and stop seal duration, and several acoustic parameters. These parameters were compared in initial position in different domains of the Korean prosodic hierarchy. The first result is that consonants initial in higher prosodic domains are articulatorily stronger than those in lower domains, in the sense of having more linguopalatal contact. Second, there is a strong correlation between linguopalatal contact and duration (both articulatory and acoustic), suggesting that “strengthening” and “lengthening” is a single effect in Korean. We interpret this relation as one of undershoot: in weaker positions, consonants are shorter and undershoot contact targets. The different consonant manners of Korean can be characterized as varying in both duration and contact in this way. Third, there is another, less consistent, kind of lengthening and strengthening specific to Korean, namely that tense and aspirated consonant oral articulations can be longer and stronger word-medially than word-initially. Fourth, the acoustic properties VOT, total voiceless interval, %voicing during closure, nasal energy minimum, and to a lesser extent stop burst energy and voicing into closure, were found to vary with prosodic position and, in some cases, to correlate with linguopalatal contact. They could thus potentially provide cues to listeners about prosodic structure.
Translating Research Into Practice Preservice Teachers' Beliefs About Curriculum-Based Measurement

In this study, we examined the beliefs of preservice teachers following their viewing of one of two videotaped presentations on curriculum-based measurement (CBM). In one presentation, statistical information that supported CBM's validity and utility was provided. In the second presentation, anecdotal "first-person" accounts supporting CBM's utility and validity were provided by a teacher who supposedly used CBM in her classroom. Following the videotape, participants responded to a questionnaire addressing their beliefs about CBM's utility and validity. Questions fell into five categories and were asked from three different orientations. Results revealed no effects for presentation format (statistical or anecdotal), but an interaction between category and question orientation was noted. In general, participants' beliefs were more positive about the utility of CBM than about its validity. This difference was most pronounced for student-oriented questions. Across all question types, participants rated as le...
Portal hypertension predisposes the gastric mucosa to hemorrhagic shock/reperfusion injury.

We have previously demonstrated that the portal hypertensive (PHT) gastric mucosa has unique functional and morphologic features which predispose it to increased damage by noxious agents such as aspirin or alcohol. In this study we examine the PHT gastric mucosa following hemorrhagic shock and reperfusion. Portal hypertension was produced in 12 rats using staged portal vein occlusion, and seven animals (controls) underwent sham procedures. All rats received 2 ml 0.1 N HCl intragastrically. Shock was then induced by withdrawing blood to reduce systemic arterial pressures to approximately 30 mm Hg for 20 min. Blood was then reinfused and stomachs were excised 20 min later for gross and microscopic quantitation of injury. We found that gross damage to gastric glandular mucosa was more than doubled in PHT rats over sham-operated controls. In PHT gastric mucosa, deep histologic necrosis involved 22.5 ± 3.8% of mucosal section lengths compared with 6.9 ± 2.0% in control mucosa (P < 0.005). Histologically, mucosal injury patterns were predominantly ischemic, with deep necrosis and disintegration of glands and microvessels, all prominently more extensive in PHT mucosa. We conclude that PHT gastric mucosa has significantly increased susceptibility to damage following hemorrhagic shock/reperfusion compared with portal normotensive mucosa. Since hemorrhagic shock is a frequent complication of portal hypertension, this study suggests clinical investigations of gastric mucosal function and pathophysiology in PHT patients following hemorrhage and resuscitation.
Improved purification procedure for rabbit muscle amylo-1,6-glucosidase/Oligo-1,4 → 1,4-glucantransferase☆

Abstract An improved purification procedure for rabbit muscle amylo-1,6-glucosidase/oligo-1,4 → 1,4-glucantranferase has been developed. The method utilizes the stability of the glucosidase-transferase in the presence of 2 M urea to denature phosphorylase. Removal of phosphorylase at an early stage in the purification allows the procedure to be considerably shortened and gives a higher yield. The purified material prepared by the new procedure appears to be identical to that prepared by the previous method. An ultramicro fluorometric assay was utilized to measure glucosidase-transferase activity on glycogen phosphorylase limit dextrin.
Revisiting the medication possession ratio threshold for adherence in lipid management

AbstractObjective:We sought to evaluate the relationship between different levels of medication possession ratio (MPR) attained and achievement of clinically meaningful reductions in lipid levels.Research design and methods:This was a retrospective cohort study of 4691 new statin users from the Department of Veteran Affairs (VA). Subjects were required to be eligible for VA medical and pharmacy services throughout the 1 year study period from index date and to have complete data for exposure, outcome, and adjustment variables. MPR was defined as number of days supplied with prescription medication divided by days of observation.Main outcome measures:Achieving 25% or greater reduction from baseline in lipid levels for three lipid outcomes: non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and total cholesterol (TC).Results:We observed a statistically significant trend of an increasing proportion of study subjects achieving a 25% reduction or more for all three l...
Integrated test and package methods for integrated photonics

Arrangements of discrete photonic waveguide devices are currently being integrated to form circuits. These Photonic Integrated Circuits (PICs) require test methods that are adaptable as circuit size and complexity grows. Here, we describe tests used to characterize a GaAs/GaAlAs waveguide-based PIC being developed for phase-shift control in phased-array antenna applications. The various elements of the PIC include digital and analog waveguide modulators, light-guide splitters and combiners, turning mirrors, and input-output polarization-maintaining single-mode optical fibers. These basic elements are combined to perform higher-order functions such as optical frequency translation (single side-band suppressed carrier modulation), and phase shifting on multiple optical taps. Tests used to characterize the elements include optical loss, guided-wave modal characteristic, antireflection coating effectiveness, electro-optical (phase) modulation efficiency, electrical frequency response, and optical frequency translation. These tests are integrated with the fiber attachment and RF packaging sequence to construct working device prototypes. They are currently being applied to discrete components of the circuit, and will be adapted as the various parts are integrated.
Weak-Diffusion Theory of NMR Signal in Magnetically Heterogeneous Media

Abstract A general theory is developed for the effect of molecular diffusion on the NMR signal obtained from magnetically heterogeneous media in the limit of weak diffusion. The theory is based on a rigorous expansion in the diffusion constant D , with the correction to first order in D being given explicitly for unrestricted, isotropic diffusion. The expansion allows for an arbitrary sequence of field gradients and 180° spin-flip pulses, making it applicable to a wide variety of NMR protocols. The theory may be useful for estimating the magnitude of diffusion effects and in determining some of a medium's microscopic magnetic properties.
On the dynamics of meteoroid streams

Zodiacal dust evolves from cometary debris through a stage called a meteoroid stream. Meteoroid streams produce meteor showers if a node of the stream is near 1 AU. On occasion, Earth encounters a stream of meteoroids that has not dispersed wide enough to be detected annually. A rare and often short lived enhancement of rates is observed during which the meteors typically have smaller radiant dispersion and sometimes anomalous fragmentation properties and end heights. Here, we summarize recent observations of these meteor outbursts and discuss how the results constrain our knowledge of the early stages of meteoroid stream formation. These stages tie meteoroid streams to cometary dust trails and are an important step in the dynamical evolution from cometary to zodiacal dust.
TICLE: a tangible interface for collaborative learning environments

This work explores new ways that technology can enhance education. We are developing a system that "watches" students as they play with a Tangram puzzle on a physical tabletop, and offers help at appropriate times. Thus instead of making the computer a central part of the educational experience, our system acts as a "guide on the side" that students may either turn to for occasional help or ignore completely. This system will be installed and evaluated at the Goudreau Museum of Mathematics in Art and Science during spring 1999.
Escherichia coli sampling reliability at a frequently closed Chicago Beach: monitoring and management implications.

Monitoring beaches for recreational water quality is becoming more common, but few sampling designs or policy approaches have evaluated the efficacy of monitoring programs. The authors intensively sampled water for E. coli (N=1770) at 63rd Street Beach, Chicago for 6 months in 2000 in order to (1) characterize spatial-temporal trends, (2) determine between and within transect variation, and (3) estimate sample size requirements and determine sampling reliability. E. coli counts were highly variable within and between sampling sites but spatially and diurnally autocorrelated. Variation in counts decreased with water depth and time of day. Required number of samples was high for 70% precision around the critical closure level (i.e., 6 within or 24 between transect replicates). Since spatial replication may be cost prohibitive, composite sampling is an alternative once sources of error have been well defined. The results suggest that beach monitoring programs may be requiring too few samples to fulfill manag...