cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contributions of Lake-Effect Periods to the Cool-Season Hydroclimate of the Great Salt Lake Basin

AbstractAlthough smaller lakes are known to produce lake-effect precipitation, their influence on the precipitation climatology of lake-effect regions remains poorly documented. This study examines the contribution of lake-effect periods (LEPs) to the 1998–2009 cool-season (16 September–15 May) hydroclimate in the region surrounding the Great Salt Lake, a meso-β-scale hypersaline lake in northern Utah. LEPs are identified subjectively from radar imagery, with precipitation (snow water equivalent) quantified through the disaggregation of daily (i.e., 24 h) Cooperative Observer Program (COOP) and Snowpack Telemetry (SNOTEL) observations using radar-derived precipitation estimates. An evaluation at valley and mountain stations with reliable hourly precipitation gauge observations demonstrates that the disaggregation method works well for estimating precipitation during LEPs. During the study period, LEPs account for up to 8.4% of the total cool-season precipitation in the Great Salt Lake basin, with the larg...
Alpha-Linolenic Acid-Induced Increase in Neurogenesis is a Key Factor in the Improvement in the Passive Avoidance Task After Soman Exposure.

Exposure to organophosphorous (OP) nerve agents such as soman inhibits the critical enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) leading to excessive acetylcholine accumulation in synapses, resulting in cholinergic crisis, status epilepticus and brain damage in survivors. The hippocampus is profoundly damaged after soman exposure leading to long-term memory deficits. We have previously shown that treatment with three sequential doses of alpha-linolenic acid, an essential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, increases brain plasticity in naive animals. However, the effects of this dosing schedule administered after a brain insult and the underlying molecular mechanisms in the hippocampus are unknown. We now show that injection of three sequential doses of alpha-linolenic acid after soman exposure increases the endogenous expression of mature BDNF, activates Akt and the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), increases neurogenesis in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus, increases retention latency in the passive avoidance task and increases animal survival. In sharp contrast, while soman exposure also increases mature BDNF, this increase did not activate downstream signaling pathways or neurogenesis. Administration of the inhibitor of mTORC1, rapamycin, blocked the alpha-linolenic acid-induced neurogenesis and the enhanced retention latency but did not affect animal survival. Our results suggest that alpha-linolenic acid induces a long-lasting neurorestorative effect that involves activation of mTORC1 possibly via a BDNF-TrkB-mediated mechanism.
Amphotericin B in the treatment of oral monilial infections

Abstract Amphotericin B was administered to thirty-three patients with lesions of the oral mucous membranes in which C. albicans was implicated, either as a primary etiological factor or as a secondary invader. These lesions included denture stomatitis, angular stomatitis, oral moniliasis of unknown etiology or association, and antibiotic-induced stomatitis. Amphotericin B was found to have marked suppressant or curative effects on all lesions studied. Inasmuch as the lesions investigated are frequently dependent upon predisposing systemic factors, such as hypovitaminosis, or local exciting factors, such as closed-bite or trauma, the satisfactory management of these lesions demands the eradication of all influences predisposing to the disturbance.
Laser surgery: CO 2 or HF

Laser surgery may be improved by modifications based on similar processes in industrial applications. A major problem in materials processing is minimizing heat diffusion from the site of laser exposure. The same problem exists in the surgery of tissue with a CO 2 laser. A model based on vitreous surgery is described which indicates that radiation at 2.9 μm (HF laser) in short duration pulses, shorter than the thermal relaxation time (1.7 μs) of its 1μm thick absorption depth in water, will minimize thermal diffusion, and also take advantage of the large amount of heat removed by the phase change of water into steam. This model suggests that, for deep cuts, many pulses are preferable to a single long duration exposure, and that more delicate surgery may be possible with such short pulse, shallow absorption depth types of energy delivery. For coagulation (hemostasis control) as well as ablation, two simultaneous wavelengths are required: 2.9μm for cutting, and another with less absorption (such as Nd: YAG or argon lasers) for more penetration and heating of deeper layers and blood vessels. Among the secondary benefits of the use of the HF laser at 2.9μm is the ready availability of flexible optical fibers for a delivery system.
Experimental investigations of the flowfield of an airfoil with spoiler

An experiment was performed on the flowfields of an airfoil with deflected spoiler at low speed. Surface pressure distributions and boundary-layer and wake profiles were measured systematically to evaluate the effects of angle of attack and spoiler deflection on mean and fluctuating quantities. Boundary-layer and base pressure characteristics were analyzed. The development of wake with angle of attack is hypothesized by the variation of base pressure. The location of hinge bubble depends on boundary-layer characteristics. The wake is self-preserved if a virtual origin is introduced.
The modular respiratory complexes involved in hydrogen and sulfur metabolism by heterotrophic hyperthermophilic archaea and their evolutionary implications

Hydrogen production is a vital metabolic process for many anaerobic organisms, and the enzyme responsible, hydrogenase, has been studied since the 1930s. A novel subfamily with unique properties was recently recognized, represented by the 14-subunit membrane-bound [NiFe] hydrogenase from the archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. This so-called energy-converting hydrogenase links the thermodynamically favorable oxidation of ferredoxin with the formation of hydrogen and conserves energy in the form of an ion gradient. It is therefore a simple respiratory system within a single complex. This hydrogenase shows a modular composition represented by a Na(+)/H(+) antiporter domain (Mrp) and a [NiFe] hydrogenase domain (Mbh). An analysis of the large number of microbial genome sequences available shows that homologs of Mbh and Mrp tend to be clustered within the genomes of a limited number of archaeal and bacterial species. In several instances, additional genes are associated with the Mbh and Mrp gene clusters that encode proteins that catalyze the oxidation of formate, CO or NAD(P)H. The Mbh complex also shows extensive homology to a number of subunits within the NADH quinone oxidoreductase or complex I family. The respiratory-type membrane-bound hydrogenase complex appears to be closely related to the common ancestor of complex I and [NiFe] hydrogenases in general.
Intraspecific variation among clones of a naïve rare grass affects competition with a nonnative, invasive forb

Intraspecific variation can have a major impact on plant community composition yet there is little information available on the extent that such variation by an already established species affects interspecific interactions of an invading species. The current research examined the competitiveness of clones of a globally rare but locally common native grass, Calamagrostis porteri ssp. insperata to invasion by Alliaria petiolata, a non-native invasive species. A greenhouse experiment was conducted twice over consecutive years in which 15 clones from three populations of Calamagrostis were paired with rosettes of Alliaria in pots containing native forest soil previously uninvaded by Alliaria. Both species showed a negative response to the presence of the other species, although Alliaria more so than Calamagrostis. Moreover, the effect of Calamagrostis depended upon population, and, to a lesser extent, the individual clone paired with Alliaria. Competitive effects were stronger in the first experiment compared with when the experiment was repeated in the second year. The influence of Calamagrostis clones on the outcome of the experiment varied among populations and among clones, but also between years. Clones from one of the three populations were more influential than clones from the other two populations. Only one of 15 clones, both from the same population, was influential in both experiments. This research supports a growing literature indicating that intraspecific variability among clones of a dominant species can affect interspecific interactions and that such variability in a native species can affect performance of an invading species.
The variance and covariance of a generalized index of similarity especially for a generalizaition on an index of hellinger and bhattacharyya

Formulae are derived for approximating the variance or a general similarity measlire and the covariance between two similarity measures for multinomial populations.
Planning for Kinematically Smooth Manipulator Trajectories

This paper presents a general methodology and accompanying formulation for planning kinematically smooth path trajectories for serial robot manipulators. Starting from an initial point on the path, it is required to traverse a path trajectory without halting the motion (typically due to switch from one inverse solution to another). The problem focuses on determining a starting configuration at the initial point on the path. The problem is formulated in terms of a constraint function and characterized by a system of differential-algebraic equations (DAEs) of index 2. These DAEs are solved numerically by Runge-Kutta (RK) methods while a best starting configuration is chosen using a cost-function driven optimization method. The formulation is demonstrated through a planar 3 degree of freedom robot manipulator.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Simulation of Mechanical Deformation and Tribology of Nano-Thin Amorphous Hydrogenated Carbon (a:Ch) Films Using Molecular Dynamics

Molecular dynamics computer simulations are used to study the effect of substrate temperature on microstructure of deposited amorphous hydrogenated carbon (a:CH) films. A transition from dense diamond- like films to porous graphite-like films is observed between substrate temperatures of 400 and 600 K for a deposition energy of 20 eV. The dense a:CH film grown at 300 K and 20 eV has a hardness ({similar_to}50 GPa) about half that of a pure carbon (a:C) film grown under the same conditions.
Reconfigurable antennas, preemptive switching and virtual channel management under partial observations

Summary form only given. This work considers the performance of wireless communication systems that utilize reconfigurable or pattern-dynamic antennas. The focus is on finite-state channels with memory and performance is assessed in terms of discounted throughput. In a wireless setting, when a slow fading channel enters a deep fade, the corresponding communication system faces the threat of successive decoding failures at the destination. Under such circumstances, rapidly getting out of deep fades becomes a priority. Recent advances in fast reconfigurable antennas provide new means to alter the statistical profile of fading channels and thereby reduce the probability of prolonged fades. This potential for enhanced performance motivates this study of the behavior of point-to-point communication systems with reconfigurable antennas. This work centers around scenarios where only partial state information is available at the transmitter, naturally leading to partially observable decision processes. Situations where using reconfigurable antennas yield substantial performance gains in terms of throughput and average delay are identified. Although pattern-dynamic antennas have been and continue to be the subject of concerted research efforts in the antennas and propagation community, a detailed analysis of their repercussions on the foundations of signal processing and digital communications is still lacking. Key to the widespread adoption of such technologies is provable gains in terms of capacity, delay-throughput profile and network connectivity. Our work seeks to address the need for better understanding the impact of adaptive antenna systems in the context of delay-sensitive communications under limited observation models.
Repulsive Guidance Molecule RGMa Alters Utilization of Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) Type II Receptors by BMP2 and BMP4

Abstract Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily of multifunctional ligands that transduce their signals through type I and II serine/threonine kinase receptors and intracellular Smad proteins. Recently, we identified the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored repulsive guidance molecules RGMa, DRAGON (RGMb), and hemojuvelin (RGMc) as coreceptors for BMP signaling (Babbit, J. L., Huang, F. W., Wrighting, D. W., Xia, Y., Sidis, Y., Samad, T. A., Campagna, J. A., Chung, R., Schneyer, A., Woolf, C. J., Andrews, N. C., and Lin, H. Y. (2006) Nat. Genet. 38, 531–539; Babbit, J. L., Zhang, Y., Samad, T. A., Xia, Y., Tang, J., Schneyer, A., Woolf, C. J., and Lin, H. Y. (2005) J. Biol. Chem. 280, 29820–29827; Samad, T. A., Rebbapragada, A., Bell, E., Zhang, Y., Sidis, Y., Jeong, S. J., Campagna, J. A., Perusini, S., Fabrizio, D. A., Schneyer, A. L., Lin, H. Y., Brivanlou, A. H., Attisano, L., and Woolf, C. J. (2005) J. Biol. Chem. 280, 14122–14129). However, the mechanism by which RGM family members enhance BMP signaling remains unknown. Here, we report that RGMa bound to radiolabeled BMP2 and BMP4 with Kd values of 2.4 ± 0.2 and 1.4 ± 0.1 nm, respectively. In KGN human ovarian granulosa cells and mouse pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells, BMP2 and BMP4 signaling required BMP receptor type II (BMPRII), but not activin receptor type IIA (ActRIIA) or ActRIIB, based on changes in BMP signaling by small interfering RNA inhibition of receptor expression. In contrast, cells transfected with RGMa utilized both BMPRII and ActRIIA for BMP2 or BMP4 signaling. Furthermore, in BmpRII-null pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells, BMP2 and BMP4 signaling was reduced by inhibition of endogenous RGMa expression, and RGMa-mediated BMP signaling required ActRIIA expression. These findings suggest that RGMa facilitates the use of ActRIIA by endogenous BMP2 and BMP4 ligands that otherwise prefer signaling via BMPRII and that increased utilization of ActRIIA leads to generation of an enhanced BMP signal.
That’s a good one! Belief in efficacy of mnemonic strategies contributes to age-related increase in associative memory

The development of associative memory during childhood may be influenced by metacognitive factors. Here, one aspect of metamemory function--belief in strategy efficacy-was tested for a role in the effective use of encoding strategies. A sample of 61 children and adults (8-25 years of age) completed an associative recognition memory test and were assessed on belief in the efficacy of encoding strategies. Independent of age, belief ratings identified two factors: "deep" and "shallow" encoding strategies. Although the strategy factor structure was stable across age, adolescents and adults were more likely to prefer using a deep encoding strategy, whereas children were equally likely to prefer a shallow strategy. Belief ratings of deep encoding strategies increased with age and, critically, accounted for better associative recognition.
Safety awareness continuity in transportation and space systems

Abstract The paper discusses safety awareness in transportation and space systems, the roles of definitions, statistics and accident investigation in relation to transportation safety using examples of naval and commercial aircraft historical data, and the Space Shuttle Challenger investigation.
Ultraviolet Spectroscopy of the ``Jetlike'' Condensations of NGC 4151

The spectrometers aboard the IUE are used to obtain UV spectroscopy of the jetlike condensations seen extending 18 arcsec from the nucleus of the nearby Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 4151. New data reduction techniques are used to detect, delineate, and measure weak nebular emission in IUE spectra. Spatially resolved extended emission is seen in both semiforbidden C III 1909 A and C IV 1549 A. The deduced integrated fluxes in the jet are 10 to the 14th and 4 x 10 to the 14th ergs/sq cm/s for C III and C IV, respectively. The observed fluxes are compared with predictions based upon a central source photoionization model. The implied high C IV/C III flux ratio is shown to be inconsistent with this model and suggests an additional source of ionization for the jet.
The Saro in the political life of early Port Harcourt, 1913–49

The western-educated Krio population of Sierra Leone participated in British imperial activity along the West African coast in the nineteenth century. Facing a far more complex ethnic configuration than their counterparts in Yorubaland, the Sierra Leoneans (Saro) in Port Harcourt, Nigeria, acquired much influence through the manipulation of class and ethnic relations. Though most Saro here had a modest education and were working-class, a few came to form the cream of the petty-bourgeoisie and were active in economic life and city administration. Potts-Johnson, arguably their most famous member, developed a flair for operating in his middle-class world, and also in the cultural orbit of the local and immigrant working-class. I. B. Johnson, another prominent Saro, lacked this quality. Though presenting a homogenous ethnic front, celebrated in the Sierra Leone Union and in church activity, Saro society was sharply polarized on class lines, a weakness not to be lost on the numerically superior and ambitious indigenous population. Faced with a choice, the indigenes opted for the avuncular Potts-Johnson, for whom they felt a greater social affinity than for the more distant I. B. Johnson. After Potts-Johnson, however, no Saro was to be allowed scope to develop a similar appeal.
A Model of Data Collection on School-Based Alcohol and Other Drugs (AOD) Prevention Programs

A school district's Alcohol and Other Drugs (AOD) prevention programs are analyzed. A protocol is developed to collect data on school-based AOD prevention programs.
Pharmacological and environmental determinants of relapse to cocaine-seeking behavior

Animal models have been developed that simulate relevant features of relapse to cocaine-seeking behavior in humans. These models have provided valuable information about pharmacological and environmental factors that precipitate reinstatement of extinguished cocaine-seeking in rats and monkeys, as well as new insights about potential pharmacotherapies for relapse prevention. Reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior in animals can be induced by cocaine priming or by cocaine-paired environmental stimuli: however, maximum reinstatement of drug-seeking appears to be induced when cocaine priming and cocaine-paired stimuli are combined. Drugs that share cocaine's indirect dopamine agonist properties or that act as direct agonists at D2-like dopamine receptors also induce reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior, whereas with some exceptions (e.g., caffeine, morphine) drugs from other pharmacological classes do not. D1-like receptor agonists block rather than mimic the priming effects of cocaine, suggesting different roles for D1- and D2-like receptor mechanisms in cocaine relapse. Although considerable overlap exists, drugs that exhibit cocaine-like discriminative stimulus and/ or reinforcing effects in other situations do not invariably induce cocaine-like reinstatement of drug-seeking and vice versa, implying that these effects are not simply different behavioral expressions of a unitary neurobiological process. Finally, recent findings with D1-like receptor agonists, partial agonists, and antagonists suggest that some of these drugs may be viable candidates for development as antirelapse pharmacotherapies.
Building novel Web3D user interfaces: a case study from architecture and structural engineering

In this paper, we describe and reflect on our experiences building a full-featured Web3D design tool for architects and structural engineers: the Structure And Form Analysis System (SAFAS). The SAFAS intends to tighten the design cycle for space frame structures by coupling an interactive 3D design interface with a structural simulation server. In this way, users can iteratively design, evaluate and compare their structures with real forces, loads and displacements. The client design tool was implemented in Java using a Model-View-Controller pattern, using the open-source Xj3D toolkit as the 3D 'View'. We describe the design and realization of a full-featured Web3D User Interface and application and demonstrate that the use of software design patterns provides improved compatibility and code re-use across platforms. We reflect on this experience and the fuzzy boundary between 'application' and 'general-purpose' scene graph standards.
SHAPE-BASED RETRIEVAL: A CASE STUDY WITH TRADEMARK IMAGE DATABASES

Abstract Retrieval efficiency and accuracy are two important issues in designing a content-based database retrieval system. We propose a method for trademark image database retrieval based on object shape information that would supplement traditional text-based retrieval systems. This system achieves both the desired efficiency and accuracy using a two-stage hierarchy: in the first stage, simple and easily computable shape features are used to quickly browse through the database to generate a moderate number of plausible retrievals when a query is presented; in the second stage, the candidates from the first stage are screened using a deformable template matching process to discard spurious matches. We have tested the algorithm using hand drawn queries on a trademark database containing 1100 images. Each retrieval takes a reasonable amount of computation time (∼4–5 s on a Sun Space 20 workstation). The topmost image retrieved by the system agrees with that obtained by human subjects, but there are significant differences between the ranking of the top-10 images retrieved by our system and the ranking of those selected by the human subjects. This demonstrates the need for developing shape features that are better able to capture human perceptual similarity of shapes. An improved heuristic has been suggested for more accurate retrievals. The proposed scheme matches filled-in query images against filled-in images from the database, thus using only the gross details in the image. Experiments with database images used as query images have shown that matching on the filled-in database extracts more images within the top-20 retrievals that have similar content. We believe that developing an automatic retrieval algorithm which matches human performance is an extremely difficult and challenging task. However, considering the substantial amount of time and effort needed for a manual retrieval from a large image database, an automatic shape-based retrieval technique can significantly simplify the retrieval task.
Angiotensin II receptors in the fowl aorta.

Abstract In the domestic fowl, angiotensin II (ANG II) causes an in vivo depressor response and in vitro relaxation of aortic rings which appear to be a direct action of ANG II on the blood vessels. Thus, we determined whether binding sites specific to ANG II exist in the membrane fraction of the fowl aorta. The particulate fraction of aortas from adult female fowl, Gallus gallus, exhibits high specific binding to ANG II ligand. 125I-[Ile5]ANG II (0.5 nM) binding to the above fraction (30 μg protein) in 50 mM Tris (pH 7.2), 10 mM MgCl2, and 0.2% bovine serum albumin at 12° (1) is rapid, saturable, and reversible; (2) increases as a function of ligand or membrane concentration, time, and temperature; and (3) optimally fits to a two-site (high and low affinity) model. The equilibrium dissociation constant (0.15 ± 0.03 nM) and binding site concentration (28.7 ± 8.1 fmol/mg protein) of the high affinity site as well as association (0.055 nM−1 · min−1) and dissociation (0.0122 min−1) rate constants are similar to those of mammalian vascular ANG II receptors. Both 125I-[Ile5]ANG II and 125I[Val5]ANG II are competitively displaced by unlabeled ANG II. These results suggest that specific ANG II receptors exist in the fowl aorta.
Growth Inhibition of Bacteria by Salsa Mexicana

ABSTRACT: Antimicrobial activity of salsa mexicana against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied. The pressed salsa juice suppressed completely the growth of E. coli, B. subtilis, and S. aureus. K. pneumoniae and B. cereus were suppressed partly but Saccharomyces cerevisiae was not suppressed at all by the juice. Three types of microbicidal or microbiostatic components have been found: (1) H+, (2) volatile compounds, and (3) non-ionized carboxylic acids or analogous compounds. It is proposed that the supplementation of stink bugs in the salsa seen widely in the south of Mexico is used to intensify the herbal odor of the salsa.
Inhibition of NO Synthesis Enhances Chronic Cardiovascular and Renal Actions of Leptin

Acute studies suggest that leptin has pressor and depressor actions, including stimulation of sympathetic activity as well as increased release of NO from the vascular endothelium. The goal of this study was to examine the role of NO in modulating the chronic blood pressure, heart rate, and renal responses to hyperleptinemia, comparable to that found in obesity-induced hypertension. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with arterial and venous catheters, and mean arterial pressure and heart rate were monitored continuously 24 h/d. After a 4-day control period, the rats were infused with isotonic saline vehicle (n=6) or N G-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 10 μg/kg per minute; n=9) to inhibit NO synthesis for 7 days. After 7 days of vehicle or L-NAME administration, leptin was infused intravenously for 7 days at a rate of 0.5 μg/kg per minute, followed by a leptin infusion at 1.0 μg/kg per minute for 7 days, along with vehicle or L-NAME. A 21-day infusion of L-NAME alone (n=6) served as a control for the L-NAME+leptin rats. Although the low dose of leptin alone did not significantly elevate arterial pressure, it raised the heart rate by 18±3 bpm. The higher leptin infusion rate raised arterial pressure from 96±3 to 104±3 mm Hg but did not increase the heart rate further. L-NAME+leptin increased arterial pressure by 40±6 mm Hg and heart rate by 79±19 bpm compared with pretreatment levels. In control L-NAME rats, mean arterial pressure increased by 31±4 mm Hg, whereas the heart rate was not altered significantly compared with pretreatment levels. Neither chronic leptin infusion alone nor L-NAME alone altered the glomerular filtration rate or renal plasma flow significantly, but L-NAME+leptin reduced glomerular filtration rate by 27±11% and renal plasma flow by 47±9%. These results indicate that impaired NO synthesis mildly enhances the chronic renal hemodynamic and hypertensive effects of leptin but markedly amplifies the tachycardia caused by hyperleptinemia.
Event-driven open service platform based remote healthcare system

A lot of remote healthcare systems have been applied to monitoring and manipulating vital signs for people with chronic disease living at home or inpatients living in hospital. Although useful, medical device are difficult to integrate and use. This paper outlines an approach to make use of international standard and open service platform to decrease the barrier and use easily. The approach was implemented in the event-driven, auto-configuration network management system. In the system, the open service gateway has the Broadband forum CWMP TR-069 CPE functionality and ISO/IEEE 11073 manager functionality to monitor health status of people and operation state of OSGi service gateway.
Whose Compelling Interest? The Ending of Desegregation and the Affirming of Racial Inequality in Education

This article provides a critical race analysis of the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision to declare voluntary public school integration unconstitutional in Parents v. Seattle School District No.1. The author contends that the high Court used a perpetrator perspective of racial discrimination to privilege the self-interests of white families over students of color opportunity to attend the Seattle metropolitan area’s top public high school. This paper not only explains how the decision locks-in racial inequity in education, but also, how education policies created to improve the learning opportunities for students of color are resisted, and ultimately thwarted by Whites. The article concludes with a discussion for the continuance of race as a proportional instrument to achieve equity in education.
Stress relaxation of dental amalgam alloys

Short-term stress relaxation of four dental amalgam alloys was studied. Test materials included two conventional lathe-cut restoratives, a spherical alloy, and a dispersed phase product. Specimens were 24-hr-old 4 X 8-mm cylinders. The specimens were compressed and held at constant strain on development of a stress (So) of 28 MN/m2. Subsequent stress relaxation (Dt) was recorded for 60 sec. Data were obtained at eight nominal temperatures between 0 and 55 degrees C. Over the experimental temperature range, fractional stress losses at 60 sec (Dt/So/60) for specimens made from lathe-cut alloys increased from 10% to 58%. The spherical material and the dispersed phase alloy showed fractional stress losses (Dt/So/60) ranging from 9% to 47% and 9% to 31%, respectively. It would appear that particle morphology and alloy composition affect stress-relaxation behavior of dental amalgam. Stress decay patterns enhance significantly the mechanical characterization of amalgam alloys.
The Minimal Cue Hypothesis: How Black Candidates Cue Race to Increase White Voting Participation

Racial group interests can compete in politics. One way competition may occur is when Black candidates cue racial thinking among Whites, leading to rivalry at the ballot box. I address this hypothesis with theories of identity, affect, and racial cognition. I argue that Black Congressional candidates cue these factors among Whites, leading the factors of White racial prejudice and White race liberalism to impact Whites' voting participation. I employ logistic regression analysis of data from the American National Election Study in 1988, 1992, and 2000. The effects of racial prejudice on the predicted probability of voting occur among all Whites, as well as White Republicans, White Democrats, and White conservatives. The effects of White race liberalism occur among all Whites, as well as White Democrats and White liberals. The effects are strongest when Whites are in elections with Black candidates that are either challengers or in open seats.
An Analysis of Journal Use by Structural Biologists with Applications for Journal Collection Development Decisions

This paper defines and examines structural biology as a subdiscipline of molecular biology. Using bibliometric methodologies, it analyzes the publication and citation patterns of a sample group of structural biologists from multiple institutions. The citations analyzed covered a very large subject range, demonstrating the multidisciplinary nature of this subfield. The results were consistent with several models for journal selection. These models were used to compile a short list of specialized titles supporting structural biology. Although the research was performed on a relatively small group of local researchers, it has broader applications for other institutions attempting to develop similar collections.
Modeling effects of tidal and wave mixing on circulation and thermohaline structures in the Bering Sea: Process studies

[1] Ocean circulation and the tidal current in the Bering Sea are simulated simultaneously using a coupled ice-ocean model (CIOM) with tidal and parameterized wave mixing to investigate several important physical processes. The simulated circulation pattern in the deep basin is relatively stable, cyclonic, and has little seasonal change. The Bering Slope Current is estimated at 5 Sv and the Kamchatka Current at 20 Sv. The modeled volume transports through the Aleutian passes compared reasonably well with observations. It is confirmed that subtidal clockwise circulation around St. George and St. Paul islands are driven by tidal rectification. The simulation results show that wind-wave mixing and tidal stirring are the main factors controlling the formation of the upper and the bottom mixed layers, respectively. The mechanism of thermocline and the cold pool (summer minimum-temperature water) formation in the middle shelf are investigated in depth. The CIOM reproduces the cold winter-convective water in the middle shelf that forms the bottom cold pool, which persists throughout the summer until sea surface cooling and strong wind mixing in fall, leading to an unstable vertical water column and eventually to vertically well-mixed water in the winter. Sensitivity experiments show that tidal and wind-wave mixing are two important factors in accurately estimating the volume of the cold pool, which is the ideal marine habitat for cold water species.
Specification and design of embedded hardware-software systems

Embedded-system specification and design consists of describing a system's desired functionality and mapping that functionality for implementation by a set of system components such as processors, ASICs, memories, and buses. This paper discusses the key problems of system specification and design, including specification capture, design exploration, hierarchical modeling, software and hardware synthesis, and cosimulation. The authors highlight existing tools and methods for solving those problems and describe a "specify-explore-refine" methodology for meeting today's embedded-system product development requirements. >
A preliminary investigation of acceptance and commitment therapy as a treatment for marijuana dependence in adults

In this investigation, 3 adults who met criteria for marijuana dependence were treated using an abbreviated version of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT). The treatment was delivered in eight weekly 90-min individual sessions. The effects of the intervention were assessed using a nonconcurrent multiple baseline across participants design. Self-reported marijuana use, confirmed through oral swabs, reached zero levels for all participants at posttreatment. At a 3-month follow-up, 1 participant was still abstinent and the other 2 were using but at a lower average level of consumption compared to baseline. Depression, anxiety, withdrawal symptoms, and general levels of experiential avoidance generally improved. This preliminary test suggests that additional development and testing of ACT for marijuana use are warranted.
Boosted Markov Chain Monte Carlo Data Association for Multiple Target Detection and Tracking

In this paper, we present a probabilistic framework for automatic detection and tracking of objects. We address the data association problem by formulating the visual tracking as finding the best partition of a measurement graph containing all detected moving regions. In order to incorporate model information in tracking procedure, the posterior distribution is augmented with Adaboost image likelihood. We adopt a MRF-based interaction to model the inter-track exclusion. To avoid the exponential complexity, we apply Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method to sample the solution space efficiently. We take data-oriented sampling driven by an informed proposal scheme controlled by a joint probability model combining motion, appearance and interaction among detected regions. Proposed data association method is robust and efficient, capable of handling extreme conditions with very noisy detection.
Sporulation and Heat Resistance of Psychrophilic Strains of Bacillus

Abstract Sporulation and heat resistance were studied for nine strains of eight species of Bacillus that had been found able to grow at low temperatures, and activation of spores by heating was studied for one strain, B. cereus . Sporulation was best at the optimal growth temperature (25 to 30C) and on the surface of nutrient agar plus .05% MgSO 4 and .05% MnSO 4 . D Values for spores of the nine strains deteimined in skimmilk at 90C were 4.4 to 6.6min, and z values for four strains were 9.4 to 11.0C (16.9 to 19.8F). Vegetative cells in skimmilk were destroyed rapidly by heating at 65C. More than 99% of spores of the strain of B. cereus in skimmilk were destroyed by heating at 87.8C for 20sec, storage at 32C for 4 hr, and reheating at 76.7C for 20sec, whereas heating at 87.8C for 20sec without the final heat treatment only destroyed 32%. Results indicate that extension of shelf life (about 3 days at 7.2C) provided by the two heat treatments with intervening storage is decreased slightly by addition of sucrose, corn syrup solids, carrageenan, sodium citrate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, or sodium hexametaphosphate to skimmilk before heating.
Free tissue reconstruction following excision of head and neck arteriovenous malformations.

Objective To evaluate free tissue transfer (FTT) as a safe and effective reconstructive technique to treat arteriovenous malformations. Vascular lesions that present a significant clinical challenge to the head and neck reconstructive surgeon are often difficult to treat and can leave large, complex defects. Methods Retrospective, single-institution case series. Results We describe 8 patients treated for extensive lesions in various parts of the head and neck reconstructed with free flaps. These malformations have a tendency to recur, which was the case in 75% of our patients (6 of 8) during a mean follow-up period of 5 years. Revision procedures are expected at a mean rate of 6.75 per person in our series. Conclusions Arteriovenous malformations are uncommon and challenging lesions. Use of FTT can ameliorate the large defects resulting from excision of these lesions.
RECENT INVESTMENT RETURN ON INDUSTRIAL STOCKS

THE POSSIBILITY OF obtaining above-average returns on commonstock investments by concentrating on "growth" stocks has received widespread attention in the professional journals and financial press of recent years. There are logical reasons for suspecting that this possibility may prove to be as difficult to exploit by the great majority of investors as that of obtaining a superior return through the older maxim of "buying low and selling high" (which includes the Dow theory as well as more recent "formula investment" based on statistical projections of a normal trend). The purpose of the present paper is not to develop the logic of the argument, however, but to contribute some statistical evidence on the relative yields that have been available over the five-year period 1952-56 from a large number of stocks in "growth" industries as compared to those in "defensive" and "cyclical" industries. The stocks for this grouping are drawn from the former "industrial" index of Standard and Poor's Corporation; they are therefore broadly representative of the better-known issues in manufacturing and mining and to a smaller extent in trade and service. For each stock, statistics have been compiled showing dividend yields each year (related to the price at the beginning of the year), relative price changes each year and for the five-year period, and the combined effect of dividends and price changes upon the "over-all" yield. The study also examines the interrelationships among price changes, dividend yields, and rates of dividend growth within each industry group. The findings are subjected to variance analysis, so that inferences may be drawn as to their statistical significance and as to the extent that they seem to suport or cast doubt upon various popular beliefs regarding the three types of industry.
The Complexities of Systems Change in Creating Equity for Students With Disabilities in Urban Schools

This article was recognized by the American Education Research Association, Special Interest Group, Systems Change: Best scholar-practitioner article on systemic change. Also designated by Sage Publications as an Urban Education Editor’s Choice Publication.
Inadequate screening in patients evaluated by nongynecologists for cervical cancer: a case control analysis.

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of unsatisfactory Papanicolaou tests between gynecology and nongynecology providers at a single institution. Study Design Vanderbilt University Medical Center data were used to obtain a list of all liquid-based cervical Papanicolaou smears that were collected between September 2002 and October 2006. Unsatisfactory samples were identified as 2 groups (gynecology vs nongynecology) for statistical comparison. Results There were 69,129 Papanicolaou smears that had been collected between September 2002 and October 2006; 47,165 smears were in the gynecology group, and 21,964 smears were in the nongynecology group. Of these, 1206 smears were designated to be "unsatisfactory." A nongynecology provider was more likely to have an unsatisfactory Papanicolaou test result, compared with a gynecology physician (3% [602/21,964] vs 1% [604/47,165]; P Conclusion Rates of liquid-based smears reported as unsatisfactory are higher among nongynecology providers. Competency-based learning programs might help to address this discrepancy.
Fetal neurobehavioral development: Associations with socioeconomic class and fetal sex

This longitudinal study investigated neurobehavioral development in the human fetus from 24 to 36 weeks gestation. Subject were stratified by socioeconomic class. (N 5 103) Fetal data were collected for 50 min at three intervals, and included measures of heart rate, movement, and biobehavioral patterns. Repeated measures analysis of variance by fetal sex and maternal socioeconomic status was used to detect maturation effects and group differences. With advancing gestation, fetuses exhibited reduced heart rate, increased heart rate variability and coupling between movement and heart rate, increased movement vigor, and more biobe- havioral concordance. Male fetuses displayed higher heart rate variability throughout gestation and somewhat earlier emergence of biobehavioral organization than females. Fetuses of women of lower socioeconomic status had reduced heart rate variability, moved less often and with less vigor, showed less coupling between movement and heart rate, and had fewer episodes of synchronous quiescence/activity. Results are discussed in terms of development of the central nervous system. q 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Dev Psychobiol 33: 79- 91, 1998
Targeting of interleukin-13 receptor α2 for treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma induced by conditional deletion of TGF-β and PTEN signaling

Background The sixth leading class of cancer worldwide is head and neck cancer, which typically arise within the squamous epithelium of the oral mucosa. Human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is known to be difficult to treat and has only a 50% five-year survival rate. With HNSCC, novel therapeutics are needed along with a means of rapidly screening anti-cancer agents in vivo, such as mouse models.
Primary Localized Amyloidosis of The bladder:: Experience With Dimethyl Sulfoxide Therapy

ABSTRACTPurpose: We present our long-term experience with intravesical dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for primary localized amyloidosis of the bladder.Materials and Methods: The study included 4 males and 2 females 28 to 68 years old (mean age 54) at diagnosis of biopsy proven primary localized amyloidosis involving the bladder diffusely or extensively in 1 locale. All patients had normal upper urinary tracts. They continued to be symptomatic (hematuria in 3, irritative voiding symptoms in 1, and hematuria and irritative voiding symptoms in 2) despite conventional transurethral destructive therapy. Every 2 weeks they received 30-minute instillations of 50 ml. 50% DMSO intravesically for 3 months (patient 1), 6 months (1) and 1 year (4).Results: Therapy failed at 3 and 6 months in 2 patients of whom 1 with a contracted bladder underwent cystectomy and another was stabilized for 1 year with laser therapy. In the remaining 4 patients who were followed for 6 years disease stabilized for 2 to 6 years (mean 3.5) but...
A Theorem of Polynomial Algebra

What is usually called “Gauss’s lemma” today differs from Gauss’s actual lemma (Disquisitiones Arithmeticae, Art. 42).
Forms of forward quadrupedal locomotion. II. A comparison of posture, hindlimb kinematics, and motor patterns for upslope and level walking.

Smith, Judith L., Patricia Carlson-Kuhta, and Tamara V. Trank. Forms of forward quadrupedal locomotion. III. A comparison of posture, hindlimb kinematics, and motor patterns for downslope and level...
The Influence of Race and Gender on Pain Management: A Systematic Literature Review

Racial and gender disparities in health are well documented in health science literature. Racial minorities and women are known to receive disproportionately poorer quality of health care when compared to non-Hispanic Whites. It is unknown why women and particular racial and ethnic minorities are more susceptible to experience disparities in patient care. Moreover, with pain being the most common complaint for those entering the healthcare system, gaps in understanding the potential relationship between the nurse provider's gender and/or race and ethnicity and pain management deserve exploration. A systematic literature review has been conducted to explore the current state of knowledge related to providers, health disparities, and pain. Much of the research to date has focused on the provider-patient relationship to health disparities in pain management. Further research is needed to examine how provider-patient interactions may influence patient outcomes, satisfaction, adherence and disparities in health.
Till the Judge Do Them Part: The Prospect of Absolute Divorce in the Philippines

The Philippines is the only member State of the United Nations without a general divorce law which is attributed to the influence of the Roman Catholic Church for more than 300 years of Spanish colonization. Currently, the Philippine legal regime permits legal separation, annulment, and declaration of nullity of marriage, although divorce by Muslims and indigenous people as well as one validly obtained abroad by a foreigner against a Filipino spouse, is recognized. Legal separation authorizes the couple’s separation from bed and board but leaves the marital cord unsevered. Any new relationship for either party may result in criminal prosecution in a country where marital infidelity is a crime. Annulment and declaration of nullity are concerned with validity and nullity issues. Causes of marital discord that develop after the couple take each other as husband and wife are beyond the province of the latter two remedies. The Constitution protects marriage as an inviolable social institution. It is argued that this is not an express or implied prohibition of divorce as the dissolution of marital unions where vows of love and fidelity are routinely breached and debased is also necessary to preserve the sanctity of marriage. Divorce is now customary international law which the Philippines must honor, judging from the fact all other UN member States permit it. Divorce is also an aspect of the human rights to marry and to life which the Philippines committed to respect, protect, and fulfill under its treaty obligations. Moreover, despite its strong Roman Catholic background, Philippine culture is receptive to divorce and in fact had a general divorce law for 33 years mostly as a colony of the United States. Religious dogma as basis for Congress’ phlegmatic attitude to divorce is misplaced in view of the separation of religion and State and the fact that even Canon Law authorizes annulment of marriage.