cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interdisciplinary development of a standardized introduction to gene drives for lay audiences

While there is wide consensus that the public should be consulted about emerging technology early in development, it is difficult to elicit public opinion about innovations unfamiliar to lay audiences. We sought public input on a program of research on genetic engineering to control mosquito vectors of disease that is led by scientists at the University of California and funded by the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). In preparation for this effort, we developed a series of narrated slideshows to prompt responses to the development of gene drive mosquito control strategies among lay people. We describe the development and content of these slideshows and evaluate their ability to elicit discussions among focus group participants. In developing these materials, we used an iterative process involving input from experts in molecular genetics and vector control. Topics were chosen for their relevance to the goals of the scientists leading the program of research. Significant time was devoted to crafting explanations that would be accessible to uninitiated members of the public but still represent the science accurately. Through qualitative analysis of focus group discussions prompted by the slideshows, we evaluated the success of these slideshows in imparting clear technical information sufficient to inform lay discussion. The collaboration resulted in a series of four narrated slideshows that were used to anchor discussions in online focus groups. Many participants described the slideshows as interesting and informative, while also raising concerns and possible risks that were not directly addressed in the material presented. Open-ended comments from participants suggest that the slideshows inspired critical questions, reflection, and conversation about genetically engineered and gene drive mosquitoes. After the final and most technically complex slideshow, however, some respondents made comments suggestive of overwhelm or confusion. Our narrated slideshows prompted engaged conversations about genetically engineered mosquitoes among members of the public who were generally naive to this technology. Narrated slideshows may serve as viable and useful tools for future public engagement on other controversial emerging medical and public health technologies.
Surgical and oncologic outcomes of hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for uterine leiomyosarcoma: A systematic review of literature

Abstract Objective To examine the perioperative and survival outcomes in women with disseminated peritoneal uterine leiomyosarcoma (uLMS) who underwent cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC). Methods A comprehensive systematic review of literature was conducted using multiple public search engines, PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library, in compliance with the PRISMA guidelines. Women with disseminated peritoneal uLMS treated with CRS-HIPEC were analyzed. Perioperative morbidity and mortality rate as well as oncologic outcomes related to CRS-HIPEC were assessed. Results Ten studies met the inclusion criteria from 2004 to 2020, including 8 case series (n=28) and 2 original articles (n=47). Of the 75 patients, 68 (90.7%) were women with uLMS whereas 7 women were non-uLMS. Of these, 64 (85.3%) had recurrent disease, and 39 (52.0%) received chemotherapy or radiotherapy prior to CRS-HIPEC. The perioperative mortality rate was 4.0% (intraoperative 1.3%, and postoperative 2.7%), and postoperative complications (grade ≥3) rate ranged 21.4-22.2%. With regard to HIPEC regimens (n=75), cisplatin was most frequently used (n=55, 73.3%) followed by melphalan (n=17, 22.7%) and others (n=3, 4.0%). Among the two observational studies, the median overall survival after CRS-HIPEC treatment was 29.5-37 months. In one limited comparative effectiveness study (n=13), albeit statistically non-significant CRS-HIPEC was associated with higher progression-free survival versus CRS alone (3-year rates, 71.4% versus 0%, P=0.10). When the HIPEC regimens were compared, melphalan use was associated with decreased uLMS-related mortality compared to a cisplatin-based regimen, but the association was not statistically significant (hazard ratio 0.35, 95% confidence interval 0.04-3.05, P=0.35). Conclusion Effectiveness of CRS-HIPEC for disseminated peritoneal uLMS is yet to be determined. As interpretation of the available data on survival is limited due to small sample sizes or the lack of an active comparator, further study is warranted to examine the safety and survival effect of CRS-HIPEC in disseminated peritoneal uLMS.
Pricing Fast and Slow: Limitations of Dynamic Pricing Mechanisms in Ride-Hailing

Ride-hailing platforms update prices dynamically to efficiently balance supply and demand. But rapidly changing prices create incentives for riders to wait for high prices to drop. When supply builds up and prices do eventually drop, these patient customers may request en masse, causing a sharp drop in supply that triggers the pricing algorithm to increase prices. We present a simple fluid model that shows how dynamic pricing inherently creates such oscillations in supply and prices when riders are patient and strategic. Moreover, we show that these oscillations in supply levels are inherently inefficient due to the convexity of pickup times as a function of “open” (dispatchable) supply. We then show that by changing the service model to allow riders to enter a formal FIFO-queue for low prices – instead of requiring them to engage in ad hoc waiting for the price to drop – this inefficiency can be overcome. Further, by managing the system as a spatial priority queue, the platform can operate even more efficiently than it would in the absence of patient riders. We find that this insight is robust with respect to different model assumptions, and continues to hold in stochastic simulations that supplement our analytical results.
Infections Associated with Endotracheal Intubation and Tracheostomy

Bacterial infection is the most common cause of excess morbidity and mortality in patients who require endotracheal intubation or tracheostomy. The normal lung is sterile distal to the central carina, despite the daily inoculation of bacteria. Aspiration of liquids is prevented by reflex closure of the glottis following stimulation of receptors in the larynx and trachea and by the vigorous coughing that such stimulation evokes. Impairment of mucociliary function and mucus hypersecretion leads to pooling of secretions in the airways of intubated patients. Bacteria presented to the lung in a liquid bolus, such as contaminated upper-airway secretions, are cleared more slowly than bacteria presented as aerosols. Colonization by gram-negative bacilli (GNB) and other cextends to multiple contiguous sites including the oropharynx, endotracheal tube, tracheobronchial secretions, and stomach. Tracheobronchitis can be diagnosed when secretions become purulent, usually associated with an increased volume, viscosity, or both, with no new infiltrates visible on the chest radiograph. Tracheobronchitis frequently precedes nosocomial pneumonia in patients with endotracheal tubes or tracheostomies. Respiratory infection in patients with artificial airways is a dynamic process with virtually continuous inoculation of the airways with a changing bacterial flora, most of which is contained by lung defenses but with varying degrees of resultant inflammation. Sinusitis is clearly associated with an increased risk of nosocomial pneumonia, presumably due to the likelihood of aspiration of grossly infected material into the distal airways.
VIII Steady Generalized Oseen Flow in Exterior Domains

The Oseen approximation, which we analyzed to a large extent in the previous chapter, aims at describing the motion of a Navier–Stokes liquid around a rigid body, s, that moves with a constant and “sufficiently small” purely translational velocity.
Symmetries in World Geometry and Adaptive System Behaviour

We characterise aspects of our worlds (great and small) in formalisms that exhibit symmetry; indeed symmetry is seen as a fundamental aspect of any physical theory. These symmetries necessarily have an impact on the way systems exhibit reactive behaviour in a given world for a symmetry determines an equivalence between states making it appropriate for an reactive system to respond identically to equivalent states. We develop the concept of a General Transfer Function (GTF) considered as a building block for reactive systems, define the concept of full symmetry operator acting on a GTF, and show how such symmetries induce a quotient structure which simplifies the process of building an invertible domain model for control.
Taste Aversion Learning

Learned avoidance of a specific food resulting from negative postingestive consequences is known as taste aversion learning (TAL) or flavor aversion learning. Although TAL causes avoidance behavior, taste aversion is a unique category of avoidance. Taste aversions arise specifically from exposure to stimuli that produce nausea and a qualitative shift in palatability (Pelchat, Grill, Rozin, & Jacobs, 1983). Taste aversions are the product of a hard-wired system connecting the nose and mouth, gastrointestinal tract, and brain that allows animals to learn about toxic foods and limit intake (Provenza, 1995). Subsequent to this affective (subconscious) process, taste is further integrated with other sensory attributes of the food, such as color, odor, or texture. Such cognitive associations are said to be potentiated by taste because aversions are formed to the taste cue first. Together, these affective and cognitive processes yield an adaptive system that enables animals to learn which foods are safe to eat and which are not. Keywords: affective; behavior by consequences; diet selection; flavor; learning
Anisotropic viscosity changes subduction zone thermal structure

Abundant observations of seismic anisotropy in subduction zones attest that the material in the mantle wedge has a strong fabric and therefore should be mechanically anisotropic. In this paper, we examine the effect of anisotropic viscosity on the thermal structure of subduction zone mantle wedges and quantify its importance relative to other thermal and rheological factors. Using two-dimensional finite element kinematic models we find that anisotropic viscosity results in two substantial changes: a hotter slab-wedge interface and time variability of the melt production rate and excess temperatures. Although not as significant as the effect of temperature-dependent viscosity, anisotropy leads to an increase of up to 35°C in the temperature along the slab-wedge interface. A hotter slab-wedge interface can change the depth extent of the seismogenic zone, limit the depth to which hydrous minerals can carry water, and influence flux melting. Time variability of the thermal field is a novel result of adding anisotropic viscosity to our models. This time variability results from heterogeneity in material alignment and could explain temporal changes in subduction zone magmatism without invoking a change in the wedge geometry, slab age, or composition.
Safety concerns of herbal products and traditional Chinese herbal medicines: dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids and aristolochic acid

In many countries, including the United States, herbal supplements, tisanes and vegetable products, including traditional Chinese medicines, are largely unregulated and their content is not registered, monitored or verified. Consequently, potent plant toxins including dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids and other potential carcinogens can contaminate these products. As herbal and food supplement producers are left to their own means to determine the safety and purity of their products prior to marketing, disturbingly often good marketing practices currently in place are ignored and content is largely undocumented. Historical examples of poisoning and health issues relating to plant material containing dehydopyrrolizidine alkaloids and aristolochic acids were used as examples to demonstrate the risk and potential toxicity of herbal products, food supplements, or traditional medicines. More work is needed to educate consumers of the potential risk and require the industry to be more responsible to verify the content and insure the safety of their products.
The Words Children Hear: Picture Books and the Statistics for Language Learning

Young children learn language from the speech they hear. Previous work suggests that greater statistical diversity of words and of linguistic contexts is associated with better language outcomes. One potential source of lexical diversity is the text of picture books that caregivers read aloud to children. Many parents begin reading to their children shortly after birth, so this is potentially an important source of linguistic input for many children. We constructed a corpus of 100 children’s picture books and compared word type and token counts in that sample and a matched sample of child-directed speech. Overall, the picture books contained more unique word types than the child-directed speech. Further, individual picture books generally contained more unique word types than length-matched, child-directed conversations. The text of picture books may be an important source of vocabulary for young children, and these findings suggest a mechanism that underlies the language benefits associated with reading to children.
Neuronal hypertrophy in acute appendicitis.

Abstract Objective.—The pathogenesis of appendicitis remains poorly understood. However, there is increasing evidence of involvement of the enteric nervous system in immune regulation and in inflammatory responses. This study was set up to characterize the status of the enteric nervous system in normal and in inflamed appendixes. Methods.—S100– and 2′,2′-cyclic nucleotide 3′ phosphodiesterase–positive Schwann cells, synaptophysin, and neuron-specific, enolase-positive nerve fibers and tryptase-positive mast cells were evaluated with immunohistochemical staining in surgically resected appendixes from 20 children with histologically proven acute appendicitis (HA), 10 histologically normal appendixes (HN) from patients with a clinical diagnosis of appendicitis, and 10 normal appendixes from patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery. Immunostained sections were subjected to quantitative image analysis. The number and size of ganglia and the number of nerve fibers, Schwann cells, and mast cells in each ti...
Effect of Peanut Skin Incorporation on the Color, Texture and Total Phenolics Content of Peanut Butters

The impact of incorporating ground dry-blanched or roasted peanut skins (PS, three types: light-, medium- and dark-roasted) into peanut butter as a functional food ingredient was examined. A desirable grind size for the PS of less than 300 μm was achieved in most cases by milling the skins with the sugar. Adding ground PS to peanut butter at 1.25, 2.5, 3.75 and 5.0% (w/w) resulted in a concentration-dependent change in the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage L* C* h values. Peanut butters formulated with medium- and dark-roasted PS showed an increase in hardness, and were generally more adhesive than those without PS or with dry-blanched PS. A marked change in spreadability was found with greater than 2.5% added PS. Incorporation of dry-blanched PS, especially at levels below 3.75%, produced the fewest alterations in physical properties of the peanut butters compared with the control. Importantly, a concentration-dependent increase in the total phenolics content (TPC) was evident with PS fortification. Dry-blanched PS had a TPC of ∼166 mg (+)-catechin equivalents/g extract and yielded peanut butters with a 32, 33 and 38% higher TPC than found with light-, medium- and dark-roasted skin incorporation, respectively. Correspondingly, dry-blanched PS addition at 1.25, 2.5, 3.75 and 5.0% (w/w) resulted in an increase in the TPC by 86, 357, 533 and 714%, respectively, compared with peanut butters without PS fortification. Practical Applications Peanut skins (PS) are a rich, inexpensive source of potentially health-promoting compounds, notably proanthocyanidins. However, PS are not often utilized as a functional food ingredient in value-added products. As the primary by-product of the peanut industry, PS are usually discarded as waste with only a small amount used as animal feed. According to our study, ground PS incorporation into peanut butters effectively enhances the total phenolics content of the product and offers product line diversification while still retaining the product's standard of identity. Summarily, our research will aid the peanut industry via (1) by-product/waste stream utilization; and (2) diversification of product lines by creating a value-added peanut product with potential beneficial health properties.
SiGe-HBT active receive mixers for basestation applications

In basestation applications, receive mixers must achieve superior intermodulation and noise performance simultaneously. Active SiGe mixers are described in this paper with 11 dB of conversion gain (CG) and input third order intercept, IIP3=+20 dBm, noise figure (NF)=15 dB at 1 GHz, and IIP3=+17 dBm, NF=14 dB at 2 GHz.
Effects of Anesthetics on Divalent Cation Binding and Fluidity of Phosphatidylserine Vesicles

Divalent cation binding to sonicated phosphatidylserine (PS), as affected by added anesthetics, was examined by electron paramagnetic resonance, used in conjunction with the paramagnetic Ca2+ analogue Mn2+. Long- and short-chain normal alkanols (up through pentadecanol), benzyl alcohol, chloroform, procaine, and tetracaine all inhibited Mn2+ binding to PS. With increasing chain length, the normal alcohols became more effective in displacing the divalent cation from the vesicles. This appeared to be related to the dependence of alcohol lipid/water partition coefficients on the number of carbons in the methylene chain. Chloroform, on the other hand, although reported to be comparable to hexanol in its partitioning characteristics and anesthetic potency, was a much weaker inhibitor of manganese binding than the latter. The perturbation of PS fluidity by the anesthetics was monitored through EPR spectral observations on a cholestane spin probe. When anesthetic concentrations were adjusted approximately to equalize effects on manganese binding, the lower normal alkanols, benzyl alcohol, and chloroform all fluidized the vesicles substantially, as evidenced by enhanced mobility of the probe. The higher alcohols and the amine anesthetics, in contrast, produced little or no fluidization of the vesicles. The results are discussed in terms of possible molecular explanations for the phenomena and suggested mechanisms for anesthesia.
Visualizing the radial and circumferential strain distribution within vessel phantoms using synthetic-aperture ultrasound elastography

Noninvasive elastography (NIVE) produces elastograms that are difficult to interpret because NIVE visualizes strain in the transducer coordinate system. In this paper, we hypothesized that transforming normal and shear strain elastograms to the vessel coordinate system will produce better strain elastograms. To corroborate this hypothesis, we acquired synthetic-aperture (SA) ultrasound data from simulated and physical vessel phantoms. In both studies, SA echo frames were reconstructed from data acquired with a sparse transducer array. The simulation study was performed with homogeneous and heterogenous phantoms, but in the experimental study we used a modified ultrasound scanner to acquire SA data from homogeneous (n = 1) and heterogeneous (n = 3) vessel phantoms. Axial and lateral displacements were estimated by performing two-dimensional cross-correlation analysis on the beamformed RF echo frames. We generated radial and circumferential strain elastograms by transforming normal and shear strain elastograms to the vessel coordinate system. The results revealed: 1) radial and circumferential strain elastograms acquired from simulated data had a relative root mean squared error on the order of 0.1%; 2) experimentally acquired radial and circumferential strain elastograms had elastographic contrast-to-noise ratio (CNRe) between 10 and 40 dB, and elastographic signal-to-noise ratio (SNRe) between 10 and 35 dB, depending on the number of active transmission elements employed during imaging; 3) radial and circumferential strain elastograms produced with fewer than 8 active transmission elements were inferior to those computed with a greater number of active elements; and 4) plaques were evident in the strain elastograms, except in those obtained with the sparsest transducer array. This study demonstrated that a syntheticaperture ultrasound system could visualize radial and circumferential strain noninvasively.
Performance following ESOP formations by publicly-held corporations

The study assesses the stock performance of publicly-traded firms following ESOP formations. The results show that ESOPs contributing common stock elicit a more favorable market response than ESOPs contributing convertible preferred stock. This result is consistent with the argument that the convertible preferred contribution reduces the regularity of the repurchase of common shares in the market. Also, ESOPs intended to defend against takeovers elicited no market reaction while other ESOPs elicited a favorable market response. This result supports the hypothesis that ESOPs intended to prevent takeovers may eliminate external market discipline. The study also assesses the long-term performance of firms following ESOP formations to determine whether some hypothesized effects of ESOPs are realized. Results of the analysis suggest that firms experienced favorable long-term valuation effects following the creation of new ESOPs. However, the expansion of existing ESOPs was not as favorable. Differences in the effect can be attributed to the loss of external discipline when an expanded ESOP leads to an increase in proportional ownership. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A00HA012 00006
Weights whose biorthogonal polynomials admit a Rodrigues formula

Abstract Let α > 0 and ψ ( x ) = x α . Let w be a non-negative integrable function on an interval I . Let P n be a polynomial of degree n determined by the biorthogonality conditions ∫ I P n ψ j w = 0 , j = 0 , 1 , … , n − 1 . We determine for which weights w , P n admits an analogue of the classical Rodrigues formula for orthogonal polynomials, and present the formula whenever it exists. We also provide generating functions and fairly explicit representations for P n .
A comparison of the intestinal absorption, lymph and plasma transport, and tissue uptake of α- and γ- tocopherols in the rat.

Abstract 1. 1. The intestinal absorption into lymph of α- and γ-tocopherols was studied in rats with mesenteric lymph cannulae. γ-Tocopherol was consistently absorbed to an extent 15% lower than that of α-tocopherol. Both appeared in the lymph unchanged and were distributed similarly among the lymph lipoproteins. 2. 2. When a mixture of α- and γ-tocopherols bound to chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins was injected intravenously into rats, the distribution of the two tocopherols in the plasma lipoproteins was similar. A detailed study of the lipo-protein distribution of α-tocopherol, cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid in rat plasma revealed that α-tocopherol was not specifically associated with any one lipo-protein group, but that its distribution most nearly resembled that of total lipid. 3. 3. α-Tocopherol and γ-tocopherol after intravenous injection were equally taken up from plasma by red cells and liver, but there was an initial preferential uptake of γ-tocopherol by the spleen. After 24 h, all tissues had lost γ-tocopherol more rapidly than γ-tocopherol.
A synthetic multicellular system for programmed pattern formation

Pattern formation is a hallmark of coordinated cell behaviour in both single and multicellular organisms. It typically involves cell–cell communication and intracellular signal processing. Here we show a synthetic multicellular system in which genetically engineered ‘receiver’ cells are programmed to form ring-like patterns of differentiation based on chemical gradients of an acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) signal that is synthesized by ‘sender’ cells. In receiver cells, ‘band-detect’ gene networks respond to user-defined ranges of AHL concentrations. By fusing different fluorescent proteins as outputs of network variants, an initially undifferentiated ‘lawn’ of receivers is engineered to form a bullseye pattern around a sender colony. Other patterns, such as ellipses and clovers, are achieved by placing senders in different configurations. Experimental and theoretical analyses reveal which kinetic parameters most significantly affect ring development over time. Construction and study of such synthetic multicellular systems can improve our quantitative understanding of naturally occurring developmental processes and may foster applications in tissue engineering, biomaterial fabrication and biosensing.
Optimization of Thermoelectric Modules for Computer System Thermal Management and Infrastructure Energy Efficiency

With the proliferation of multiple cores on a single processor and the integration of numerous stacked die in chip packages, the resulting non-uniformity in power dissipation necessitates spatially and temporally localized control of temperature in the package. Thermoelectric (TE) devices can potentially provide one mechanism to achieve such control. Unfortunately, at typical junction-to-ambient temperatures, the coefficient-of-performance (COP) of existing bulk TE devices tends to be quite low. As a result, for many high-power systems, the additional power input required to operate a TE cooling module can lead to an increase in the overall system cost-of-ownership, causing TE cooling solutions to be excluded from cost-sensitive thermal management solutions in high-volume computer systems. However, recent trends of compaction and consolidation of computer servers in high-density data centers have resulted in a dramatic increase in the burdened cost-of-ownership of mission-critical IT facilities. For example, the energy consumption of the cooling infrastructure for many high-density data centers can equal or exceed the power consumption of the compute equipment. Thus, for the growing enterprise thermal management segment, the appropriate metric is no longer the COP of the thermal solution but rather the COP of the cooling ensemble, which takes into account the energy efficiency of cooling solutions in the chip, system, rack, data center and facility. To examine the effects of chip-level COP on the ensemble-level COP, this paper explores a case study comparing two ensemble solutions. In one case, local hotspots on a chip in a three-dimensional package are mitigated by increasing fan power at the system level (and subsequently, in the computer room and the rest of the ensemble). In another case, local hotspots at the chip are mitigated through spot-cooling via TE cooling modules. For each of these cases, the COP of the ensemble is evaluated. The model suggests that while feasible, the benefit of using TEs at current performance levels is limited. However, ongoing research that may improve TE performance in the future has the potential to enhance infrastructure energy efficiency.© 2008 ASME
The changing context of academic science: university-industry relations in biotechnology and the public policy implications.

The issue of university-industry relations in the field of biotechnology illustrates the changing context of academic science. Research has become an organizational enterprise and no longer can be seen as simply the accumulation of individual efforts. This development complicates the normative context of academic science and in so doing introduces important policy questions, especially regarding interaction between industry and universities. Funding, faculty conflict of Interest, and the ownership of intellectual property resulting from research are policy issues which are analyzed in the context of some of the recent organizational changes in the performance of academic research.
Role of the massive transfusion protocol in the management of haemorrhagic shock

The concept of rapid delivery of multiple blood products to the bedside of a massively haemorrhaging patient seems to be a logical approach to the management of the massively bleeding patient. However, controversy exists in the use of fixed blood component ratios. Assessing the extent of the coagulopathy through point-of-care testing might provide patients with product administration as needed, and avoid excessive transfusion and its associated complications.
HLA-Derived Peptides as Novel Immunotherapeutics

Soluble forms of HLA may be natural immunoregulatory molecules and may explain the "transfusion effect" seen in transplant patients in the precyclosporine era. Synthetic peptides corresponding to short linear sequences of HLA molecules have inhibitory effects on human T lymphocytes in vitro and cause tolerance induction in a rat heterotopic heart transplant model. Recent studies indicate that a subset of these peptides causes an increase in intracellular calcium which appears to account for T cell unresponsiveness and tolerance induction. The peptides bind to members of the heat-shock protein 70 family in a specific manner, depending upon peptide sequence. These studies provide a mechanism to explain the biologic activities of these new immunotherapeutic reagents.
Beta adrenergic receptor localization in rat brain by light microscopic autoradiography

The characteristics of 3H-dihydroalprenolol (3H-DHA) binding to mounted tissue sections of rat brain were studied. The binding had all the characteristics of a beta-receptor. It was reversible, saturable (KD 2.3 nM, Bmax 23 fmol/mg tissue, wet wt) and was inhibited only by beta-adrenergic drugs. The forebrain binding had the properties of a beta-1 receptor, while cerebellar binding had beta-2 characteristics. Beta-adrenergic receptors were widely distributed in the rat brain. High concentrations were localized in the superficial layers of the neocortex, in the caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercles, substantia nigra, nucleus interpeduncularis, subiculum and pia mater. Areas containing intermediate concentrations of receptors included the cerebellum, hippocampus and thalamus. Areas containing low concentrations of receptors included the hypothalamus, amygdala, brainstem and medulla. Co-incubation with low concentrations of zinterol to preferentially block beta-2 receptor resulted in an inhibition of most of the binding to the cerebellum and pia matter and produced only a small and generalized decrease in the rest of the brain. Beta receptors were found in many areas known to contain noradrenergic nerve terminals. Paradoxically some areas with high densities of dopaminergic nerve terminals, had high densities of receptors. Results of electrophysiologica and lesion studies are also discussed.
The degree of inefficiency in the football betting market: Statistical tests

Abstract This paper tests the hypothesis that the football betting market is efficient. Our statistical tests are stronger than those in previous studies, and we examine both NFL and college data over a sample period of fifteen years. Our statistical tests detect two specific biases in the NFL market and an unspecified bias in the college market. We examine the year-to-year consistency and magnitudes of the biases and find that the NFL bias against home teams has been nearly eliminated, while the bias against underdogs has increased. Profitable exploitation of the biases depends upon transaction costs.
Purification of acid-proteases by affinity partitioning in aqueous two-phase systems

An affinity polymer derivative was synthesized with the group specific acid protease inhibitor pepstatin attached to dextran (M.W. 500,0001). This derivative was used in an aqueous two-phase system with hydroxypropyldextran to purify crude solutions of chymosin and Endothia parasitica (EP) acid proteases. Chymosin was purified by a factor of 6.2 with an overall yield of 83%. EP protease was similarly purified. A new pepstatin binding protease was discovered in crude EP extracts.
New insights into receptor ligand binding domains from a novel assembly assay

Previous studies have demonstrated that hormone binding stabilizes the ligand binding domain (LBD) of the nuclear hormone receptors against proteolysis. We have confirmed and extended this observation using a newly developed assembly assay. In this assay, the LBD is divided into two parts, of which one includes the first helix of this domain and the other corresponds to the remainder of the LBD. Several independent criteria demonstrate that these two fragments can assemble into a functional LBD in the presence of a ligand, but not in its absence, and that this is a reflection of the stabilizing effect of ligand. We have also used this assay to demonstrate that binding of the nuclear receptor corepressor NCoR can directly stabilize the LBD. Overall, these results highlight the dynamic nature of the LBD and suggest that current models for activation based solely on allosteric effects on the C-terminal helix may be too limited.
Utilization of β-Cyclodextrin for Improved Flavor Retention in Thermally Processed Foods

: Four flavorants were complexed individually with β-cyclodextrin, and the resulting inclusion complexes were used to flavor hard candy, fruit leathers, and angel food cake. Flavor retention during preparation using complexed and liquid flavor forms was assessed by instrumental analysis. Complexation of flavors in β-cyclodextrin markedly improved heat stability in some cases; the more severe the heat treatment experienced by the food, the greater the observed benefit; for example, 86-fold better retention of l-menthol in a hard candy. However, results of sensory evaluation were mixed, indicating that the benefits of enhanced flavor retention achieved through the use of flavor/cyclodextrin complexation could be mitigated by poor release from inclusion complexes during consumption.
Methanogenesis and microbial lipid synthesis in anoxic salt marsh sediments

In anoxic salt marsh sediments of Sapelo Island, GA, USA, the vertical distribution of CH4 production was measured in the upper 20 cm of surface sediments in ten locations. In one section of high marsh sediments, the concentration and oxidation of acetate in sediment porewaters and the rate and amount of14C acetate and14CO2 incorporation into cellular lipids of the microbial population were investigated. CH4 production rates ranged from <1 to 493 nM CH4 gram sediment−1 day−1 from intact subcores incubated under nitrogen. Replacement with H2 stimulated the rate of methane release up to nine fold relative to N2 incubations. Rates of lipid synthesis from CO2 averaged 39.2 ×10−2nanomoles lipid carbon cm3 sediment−1 hr−1, suggesting that CO2 may be an important carbon precursor for microbial membrane synthesis in marsh sediments under anoxic conditions. Qualitative measurements of lipid synthesis rates from acetate were found to average 8.7 × 10−2 nanomoles. Phospholipids were the dominant lipids synthesized by both substrates in sediment cores, accounting for an average of 76.6% of all lipid radioactivity. Small amounts of ether lipids indicative of methanogenic bacteria were observed in cores incubated for 7 days, with similar rates of synthesis for both CO2 and acetate. The low rate of ether lipid synthesis suggests that either methanogen lipid biosynthesis is very slow or that methanogens represent a small component of total microbial lipid synthesis in anoxic sediments.
Complete Sets of Mutually Orthogonal Hypercubes and Their Connections to Affine Resolvable Designs

Recently, Laywine and Mullen proved several generalizations of Bose's equivalence between the existence of complete sets of mutually orthogonal Latin squares of order n and the existence of affine planes of order n. Laywine further investigated the relationship between sets of orthogonal frequency squares and affine resolvable balanced incomplete block designs. In this paper we generalize several of Laywine's results that were derived for frequency squares. We provide sufficient conditions for construction of an affine resolvable design from a complete set of mutually orthogonal Youden frequency hypercubes; we also show that, starting with a complete set of mutually equiorthogonal frequency hypercubes, an analogous construction can always be done. In addition, we give conditions under which an affine resolvable design can be converted to a complete set of mutually orthogonal Youden frequency hypercubes or a complete set of mutually equiorthogonal frequency hypercubes.
The (3He, 6Li) reaction on several nuclei in the region A = 10 to 27

Abstract Angular distributions for the (3He, 6Li) reaction were measured on the targets 12C, 16O, 19F, 23Na and 27Al at a 3He bombarding energy of 40.7 MeV, on 10B, 12C, 16O and 19F at 30.0 MeV and on 19F at 22.4 MeV. The reaction was described within the framework of the zero-range DWBA theory, and triton reduced widths for the target nuclei were extracted. These experimental widths are compared with the theoretical triton reduced widths predicted by j−j coupling.
Bivariate direct quadrature method of moments for coagulation and sintering of particle populations

Abstract The direct quadrature method of moments (DQMOM) is applied to a bivariate population balance equation governing the joint number density function n ( v , a ) of particle volume and area. Using a test case proposed by Wright et al. [2001. Bivariate extension of the quadrature method of moments for modeling simultaneous coagulation and sintering of particle populations. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 236, 242–251], it is shown that DQMOM reproduces the results found by using bivariate extensions of QMOM. The effects of the choice of bivariate moments and the order (N) of the quadrature approximation are also discussed. In general, it is found that for fixed N all non-singular sets of bivariate moments yield nearly identical results as reported by Wright et al. However, particular sets leading to lower condition numbers for the linear system used to compute the source terms in DQMOM are preferable for numerical reasons. For any value of N ⩾ 3 , the bivariate moment predictions are very similar. Overall, it is found that the coagulation and sintering kernels used in this test case are easily handled by lower-order moment methods, and are relatively insensitive to the choice of bivariate moments used for DQMOM.
Rubella and rubeola

Rubella and rubeola are common viral exanthems that may affect women of reproductive age. Effective vaccination programs have greatly decreased their incidence. Although Rubella is a relatively innocuous illness for the nonpregnant patient, transplacental fetal infection with rubella can result in significant and crippling fetal malformations and handicap. Because some women of reproductive age are not appropriately immunized, rubella is still a threat. The practitioner needs to be vigilant in assuring vaccination of susceptible individuals when seen for routine health maintenance. Additionally, at times the obstetrician will be challenged with the evaluation and care of a susceptible pregnant patient who is exposed to rubella. In contrast, rubeola (measles) infection during pregnancy has not been associated with congenital malformations. Affected mothers, however, experience a higher incidence of spontaneous abortions and premature delivery and are themselves at risk for serious complications such as pneumonia and encephalitis.
CONFORMATIONAL ANALYSIS. 50. C-METHYL-1,2,3,4-TETRAHYDROISOQUINOLINES

Conformational equilibria in 1-, 3-, and 4-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines (THIQs) and the diastereomeric pairs of their 1,3- and 1,4-dimethyl homologs have been determined by measurement of H3/H4(trans) coupling constants and have been confirmed by molecular mechanics [MMP2(85)] calculations. The experimental −ΔG° values (a → e) for the monomethyl compounds (computed values in parentheses) in kcal mol-1 are Me-1, 0.56 (0.46); Me-3, 1.63 (1.53); and Me-4, −0.32 (−0.22). Agreement of experimental and calculated values is very good as is the additivity of values for the dimethyl compounds (Table 1). Values for the corresponding hydrochlorides are Me-1, 0.19 (−0.34); Me-3, l.15 (1.46); and Me-4, 0.35 (0.10) kcal mol-1. The less than satisfactory agreement of experimental with computed data here is probably due to neglect of solvation. The very small or negative ΔG° values for Me-1 and Me-4 were ascribed not only to the pseudoaxial (rather than axial) nature of Me(ax) and the absence of a syn-axial hyd...
ON THE EXIT LAW FROM SADDLE POINTS

Abstract We consider the effects of adding an asymptotically small random (Brownian) perturbation to a planar dynamical system with a saddle point equilibrium. By applying techniques developed for the problem of exit from a stable equilibrium, we obtain a new limit law for the exit time from a neighborhood of the saddle, assuming the initial point is on the stable manifold. The limit law shows that the exit distribution depends on (the logarithm of) the noise parameter in an additive way. This gives a more accurate description of the exit law than the previous (but more general) results of Kifer and Mikami. Generalization to higher dimensions seems likely, although only if the unstable manifold has dimension 1.
Variation in the Form of Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Behavior among Outbred Male Sprague-Dawley Rats from Different Vendors and Colonies: Sign-Tracking vs. Goal-Tracking

Even when trained under exactly the same conditions outbred male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats vary in the form of the Pavlovian conditioned approach response (CR) they acquire. The form of the CR (i.e. sign-tracking vs. goal-tracking) predicts to what degree individuals attribute incentive salience to cues associated with food or drugs. However, we have noticed variation in the incidence of these two phenotypes in rats obtained from different vendors. In this study, we quantified sign- and goal-tracking behavior in a reasonably large sample of SD rats obtained from two vendors (Harlan or Charles River), as well as from individual colonies operated by both vendors. Our sample of rats acquired from Harlan had, on average, more sign-trackers than goal-trackers, and vice versa for our sample of rats acquired from Charles River. Furthermore, there were significant differences among colonies of the same vendor. Although it is impossible to rule out environmental variables, SD rats at different vendors and barriers may have reduced phenotypic heterogeneity as a result of genetic variables, such as random genetic drift or population bottlenecks. Consistent with this hypothesis, we identified marked population structure among colonies from Harlan. Therefore, despite sharing the same name, investigators should be aware that important genetic and phenotypic differences exist among SD rats from different vendors or even from different colonies of the same vendor. If used judiciously this can be an asset to experimental design, but it can also be a pitfall for those unaware of the issue.
Heat shock factor-1 mediates the transcriptional activation of Alzheimer's β-amyloid precursor protein gene in response to stress

Abstract Stress may be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. There is a heat shock element located at position − 317 bp on the β-amyloid precursor protein (β-APP) gene promoter. Recently we demonstrated [4] that stress, in the form of heat shock, ethanol and sodium arsenite treatment, transcriptionally activates the β-APP gene. Inthis report we demonstrate that the nuclear factor that mediates this activation is heat shock factor-1.
Effective treatment of experimental ES-2 human ovarian cancers with a cytotoxic analog of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone AN-207.

The receptors for luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) are found In 80% of human ovarian carcinomas. These receptors can be used for targeted chemotherapy with cytotoxic analogs of LHRH, such as AN-207, consistingof 2-pyrrolinodoxorubicin (AN-201) linked to [D-Lys 6 ]LHRH. We investigated the effects of AN-207 and AN-201 on the In vivo growth of LHRH receptor-positive ES-2 human ovarian cancers. The effects of the treatment on mRNA and protein levels of human epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors (EGFR and HER-2) in ovarian tumors were determined by RT-PCR and immunoblotting. In Experiment 1, nude mice bearing ES-2 ovarian tumors were injected i.v. with 250 nmol/kg doses of AN-207, AN-201, the carrier [D-Lys 6 ]LHRH, an unconjugated mixture of AN-201 and [D-Lys 6 ]LHRH or vehicle. AN-207 caused a significant (p<0.01) 59.5% inhibition in tumor growth while its components were Ineffective. In Experiment 2, mice with large ES-2 tumors were treated with AN-207 or AN-201 at 250 nmol/kg. Again, AN-207, but not AN-201, inhibited tumor growth. in Experiment 3, the site of action of AN-207 was investigated.The blockade of LHRH receptors with Cetrorelix partially suppressed the antitumor effect of AN-207. Treatment with AN-207 significantly (p < 0.01) decreased the expression of mRNA for EGFR, and HER-2 by 27 and 34%, respectively, as compared to controls and reduced the receptor protein levels of EGFR and HER-2 by 35 and 36%, respectively (p< 0.05). The results indicate that cytotoxic LHRH analog AN-207 could be considered for chemotherapy of ovarian cancers expressing LHRH receptors.
A facile route to 1-trifluoromethyl-2,3,4,5-tetramethylcyclopentadienyl ruthenium half- and mixed-sandwich compounds

A series of half- and mixed-sandwich (Cp⧧ = 1-trifluoromethyl-2,3,4,5-tetramethylcyclopentadienide) ruthenium compounds have been synthesized from a new Cp⧧Ru synthon, [Cp⧧Ru(NCCH3)3](PF6). [Cp⧧Ru(NCCH3)3](PF6) is efficiently generated by photolysis of [Cp⧧RuBz](PF6) in acetonitrile with a quantum yield of approximately 0.34. The methods described here should be useful for the synthesis of other compounds that contain the Cp⧧Ru group.
Several intact or broken stringers attached to an orthotropic sheet with a crack

Several intact or broken stringers which are continuously attached to a cracked orthotropic sheet through an adhesive are considered. The effect of orthotropy on the stress intensity factors is investigated. The stringers are assumed to be partially debonded due to high stress concentrations. The shear stress distribution between the stringers and the plate and the stress intensity factors are obtained from an integral equation which represents the continuity of displacements along the bond lines.
Degradation of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coastal sediments: Importance of microbes and polychaete worms

Rates of degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were examined after addition of crude oil enriched with anthracene, fluoranthene, benz(a)anthracene, and benzo(a)pyrene to coastal sediments in a laboratory (20°) flowing seawater system. Three types of sediment (fine sand, medium sand, and marsh sediment) with and without the benthic polychaete worm, Capitella capitata, were used. After extraction from the sediment, PAH concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography with fluorescent detection. Microbial degradation was studied by incubating sediments with radioactive PAH and measuring subsequent production of 14C02. Concentrations of the four PAH decreased significantly with time in fine and medium sized sands. PAH levels also decreased in marsh sediment but trends were not significant (P < 0.05). C. capitata stimulated PAH degradation. Microbial degradation was more rapid in upper surfaces than in lower layers of the sediments.
PROPERTIES OF LOW-POROSITY ALITE PASTES

Abstract Alite pastes having an initial water-solid ratio 0.25 and hydrated from 6 hours to 90 days at temperatures 5, 25 and 50°C were studied. The degree of hydration, porosity, compressive strength and the volume changes of the pastes as well as the lime-silica ration of the hydration products are described.