cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward integrated global models: From economic engineering to social science modeling

Abstract It is argued that political and military variables are so crucial in decision making that they ought to be included in world models. Three projects, including our own, are described in brief to give a sense of the theories and data that have been employed in some existing global modeling efforts based on this assumption. The project entitled Computer Simulations for Decision Making in International Affairs utilizes an adaptive macromodel of global political, military, and economic processes into which a host of empirically based minimodules are introduced. The Nations in Conflict studies have focused thus far on an econometric model comprised of three primary components: domestic growth and external expansions, competition for foreign resources, market, allies, and strategic advantage, and the dynamics of crisis behavior. The Alker simulation studies have utilized artificial intelligence techniques to study the structuring and restructuring of international systems of social interaction. The theoretical and empirical materials developed in these projects are highly relevant to the enterprise of integrated global modeling. The earliest efforts were begun to build models of the political and military components of international processes. Subsequent world modelers of the Forrester-Meadows inspired genre focused on the economic aspects of the globe, including its demography. It is argued that the convergence of these two traditions be accomplished in a synthetic fashion in ongoing as well as future work.
The adsorption and oxidation of acetic acid and acetaldehyde on Cu(110)

Abstract Acetic acid adsorbed on Cu(110) at 140 K in a molecular state and XPS showed the double C 1s emission expected for this species. UPS emissions compatible with molecular acetic acid were observed, but the 13a' orbital exhibited a chemisorption bonding shift, indicating that the molecule binds to the surface through the oxygen non-bonding lone-pair orbital of the OH group. Upon heating to 370 K some acetic acid desorbed at 240 K, hydrogen was evolved at 310 K, and the O 1s spectrum narrowed revealing that the remaining tightly bound species possessed identical oxygen atoms. The coverage of the moiety was 3.5 × 10 14 cm -2 . This species appears to be an acetate, and the outermost valence levels in the UPS closely resembled those observed for the formate. The acetate did not decompose until ∼590 K. The reaction products indicated the formation of another intermediate, acetic anhydride, which decomposed to yield mainly CO 2 , CH 4 , CH 3 COOH, H 2 C 2 O (ketene), and carbon fragments. Oxygen preadsorption enhanced acetate formation and resulted in its presence in the photoelectron spectra even at 140 K; the oxygen removed the acid hydrogens to form water at low temperatures. Acetaldehyde adsorbed on the clean surface at 140 K in a molecular state and desorbed without reaction at 200 K. When oxygen was preadsorbed, acetaldehyde reacted with it to form the acetate.
An analysis of ten international radio news broadcasts in English to Africa

Abstract This study examines news broadcasts and news features/commentary from ten international radio broadcasting services to Africa on December 12, 1977. The authors first discuss the background and motivations for African broadcasts from the services. Data generated after coding tapes of the short‐wave broadcasts are discussed with regard to: (1) 20 identified news stories from the services; (2) the ordering of news stories; (3) the amount of time devoted to stories about Africa‐related news; and (4) news features and commentary. Broadcasting services included in the study are: British Broadcasting Corporation, Radio Station Peace and Progress (USSR), Radio Moscow, Voice of America, Voice of Nigeria, Radio Canada International, Broadcasting Service of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Israeli Broadcasting Authority, Radio Nederland, and Radio South Africa.
An effective location fingerprint model for wireless indoor localization

A model for predicting precision and accuracy performance of indoor fingerprint based positioning systems is very desirable for system designers as it helps estimate the probability of location selection before actual deployment. Such information can be used to tune the fingerprint database or improve the offline fingerprint collection phase. This paper presents a new analytical model that applies proximity graphs for approximating the probability distribution of error distance given a location fingerprint database using WLANs received signals, and its associated statistics. Simulations are used to validate the analytical model, which is found to produce results close to that from simulations. The model permits an analysis of the internal structure of location fingerprints. We employ the analysis of the fingerprint structure to identify and eliminate inefficient location fingerprints stored in the fingerprint database. Knowledge of where the inefficient fingerprints are can potentially be employed in a better location fingerprint collecting scheme from a grid system in the offline phase.
Group Supervision of Supervision: A Relational Approach for Training Supervisors.

The issue of training psychologists to become competent supervisors has only been clearly articulated in the past two decades. In this article a rationale for training supervisors in a group format is given. Then, a supervision of supervision group is presented that the authors co-led with two successive cohorts of four predoctoral interns in a large university counseling center as part of its training program. The authors focus on the need to attend to group process and relational themes. Finally, the authors discuss the inevitable boundary concerns that emerge given the multiple levels of relationships that exist among several tiers of trainees and supervisors.
Abiotic gas formation drives nitrogen loss from a desert ecosystem.

In arid environments such as deserts, nitrogen is often the most limiting nutrient for biological activity. The majority of the ecosystem nitrogen flux is typically thought to be driven by production and loss of reactive nitrogen species by microorganisms in the soil. We found that high soil-surface temperatures (greater than 50°C), driven by solar radiation, are the primary cause of nitrogen loss in Mojave Desert soils. This abiotic pathway not only enables the balancing of arid ecosystem nitrogen budgets, but also changes our view of global nitrogen cycling and the predicted impact of climate change and increased temperatures on nitrogen bioavailability.
Wall interference effects in wind-tunnel testing of STOL aircraft.

Wind tunnel wall interference effects in wind tunnel testing of STOL aircraft by inducing interference velocities
Morphologic, cytochemical and neurochemical characterization of the human medulloblastoma cell line TE671

Medulloblastoma cell line TE671 was characterized by morphologic, cytochemical, neurochemical, and growth criteria. In contrast to the uniform, in vivo histopathologic appearance of the tumor, TE671 in vitro exhibits six morphologic subtypes (Types I–VI) in varying percentages over 14 days in culture. TE671 grows as a monolayer by the merging of separate foci. Cells were positive for Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) and reticulum, and negative for the glial marker, glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP). Receptors for human Cab (EAC) were present on 19% of the cells. Neural associated isoenzymes, neuron specific enolase (NSE) and creatine kinase (CK-BB) were demonstrated in TE671. Progeny of a single clonogenic cell manifested the morphologic heterogeneity of cell types (I–VI). The absence of markers specific for glial cells suggests that TE671 is an early (less differentiated) precursor. TE671, the only continuous human medulloblastoma cell line, provides an experimental model with which to compare and identify the subpopulation of neoplastic cells in medulloblastoma ex vivo.
Diagnosis and management of hyperbilirubinemia in the term neonate: for a safer first week

New data support restructuring the approach toward diagnosis and management of hyperbilirubenia in the term neonate to make it more physician-friendly and gain wider implementation. The authors advocate clear criteria for patient safety, preventive approaches, and timely interventions. Structural changes to facilitate a system-based approach should include predischarge bilirubin management; follow-up bilirubin management; and lactational support and nutritional management. The authors advocate total serum bilirubin screening and a scoring system based on clinical risk factors as predischarge screening strategies; we should screen all babies for hyperbilirubinemia and for targeted follow-up based on an hour-specific total serum bilirubin measured for risk assessment. We should also provide focused universal education emphasizing adequate lactational nutrition, to decrease severe hyperbilirubinemia and thus prevent kernicterus.
Cost savings associated with detection and treatment of diabetic eye disease.

Objective: Diabetic retinopathy, which leads to macular oedema and retinal neovascularisation, is the leading cause of blindness among working age Americans. Research has demonstrated significant cost savings associated with detection of eye disease in Americans and Europeans with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM, type I diabetes) and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM, type II diabetes). In this report, we estimate the current and potential savings in both the United States and in a European country resulting from the screening and treatment of retinopathy in persons with diabetes. Design: Computer modelling, incorporating data from population-based epidemiological studies and multicentre clinical trials. Monte Carlo simulation was used, combined with sensitivity analysis and present value analysis of cost savings. Results: Detection and treatment of diabetic eye disease in both the United States and Scandinavia is not only cost effective, but is actually cost saving from the governmental perspective. Potential savings in the United States exceed $US600 million annually, while, in Sweden, potential savings of 36 million SEK might be realised. These findings are comparable given the differences in population between the 2 countries. Conclusions: Our analysis indicates that prevention programmes aimed at improving eye care for persons with diabetes not only reduce needless vision loss, but also provide a financial return on the investment of public funds.
Do women in the community recognize hereditary and sporadic breast cancer risk factors

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To describe knowledge of hereditary, familial, and sporadic breast cancer risk factors among women in the community and to identify characteristics associated with this knowledge. DESIGN: Descriptive, cross-sectional. SETTING: Community settings in the San Francisco Bay Area. SAMPLE: 184 women who had never been diagnosed with cancer, were 30-85 years old (mean = 47 + 12), and agreed to complete a questionnaire in English. Participants were from diverse racial and cultural backgrounds (i.e., 43% European descent, 27% African descent, 16% Asian descent, and 14% Hispanic descent). Many (49%) were college graduates, and 24% had a median annual family income of $30,000-$50,000. METHODS: Survey. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Knowledge of hereditary, familial, and sporadic breast cancer risk factors and characteristics associated with this knowledge. FINDINGS: Although most women recognized heredity as a risk factor, some did not understand the impact of paternal family history on risk. Some women did not recognize the relationship between breast and ovarian cancer, risk factors associated with the Gail model, and that aging increases risk. Education level was the most important characteristic associated with knowledge of risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Although age and family history are independent predictors of sporadic, hereditary, and familial breast cancer risk, women in the community could not distinguish between the three forms of the disease. Although the sample included a large number of educated women, their knowledge of breast cancer risk factors appeared incomplete. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Advanced practice nurses should provide individualized risk assessment and education regarding breast cancer risk factors.
A new definition of flexibility for chemical process design

Abstract A new definition of flexibility in plant design is described, and a technique of calculating a scalar measure of flexibility explained.
Using AMDAHL's Law as a Metric to Drive Code Parallelization: Two Case Studies

Using Amdahl's law as a metric, the authors illustrate a technique for developing efficient code on massively parallel processor performance-class networks to solve nontrivial, high performance scientific problems. They also show the importance of collective communication within the message-passing interface paradigm for some applications. Given the popularity of Beowulf-like clusters of workstations, this work also indicates the necessity of a scalable high performance network for obtaining efficient performance in parallel code. Using this approach, the authors were able to obtain an effective speedup (comparison with the best sequential time) of 170 when using 256 of the Cray T3E 900 processing elements to solve a carbon, molecular-dynamic problem. The authors also examine the approach on a very different application: a Lanczos eigenvalue solver.
A clock recovery algorithm for software defined radios and performance analysis over a frequency nonselective fading channel

In this paper performance of a symbol synchronization algorithm for software defined radios (SDR) is analyzed over frequency nonselective fading channels. This algorithm operates in the presence of large frequency or phase errors and offers a significant reduction in complexity. With the aid of simulation, we analyze the performance of the proposed time estimator for a frequency nonselective Rayleigh fading channel for M-ary PAM modulation scheme. It is shown here that the performance of the M-ary PAM system which utilizes the proposed algorithm parallels that of a receiver with perfect synchronization. Also the implementation aspect of this algorithm is studied here.
Structural Basis for the Interaction of a Hexameric Replicative Helicase with the Regulatory Subunit of Human DNA Polymerase α-Primase

DNA polymerase α-primase (Pol-prim) plays an essential role in eukaryotic DNA replication, initiating synthesis of the leading strand and of each Okazaki fragment on the lagging strand. Pol-prim is composed of a primase heterodimer that synthesizes an RNA primer, a DNA polymerase subunit that extends the primer, and a regulatory B-subunit (p68) without apparent enzymatic activity. Pol-prim is thought to interact with eukaryotic replicative helicases, forming a dynamic multiprotein assembly that displays primosome activity. At least three subunits of Pol-prim interact physically with the hexameric replicative helicase SV40 large T antigen, constituting a simple primosome that is active in vitro. However, structural understanding of these interactions and their role in viral chromatin replication in vivo remains incomplete. Here, we report the detailed large T antigen-p68 interface, as revealed in a co-crystal structure and validated by site-directed mutagenesis, and we demonstrate its functional importance in activating the SV40 primosome in cell-free reactions with purified Pol-prim, as well as in monkey cells in vivo.
The long-wavelength limit of the structure factor of amorphous silicon and vitreous silica.

Liquids are in thermal equilibrium and have a non-zero structure factor S(Q --> 0) = [ - (2)]/ = rho(0)k(B)Tchi(T) in the long-wavelength limit where rho(0) is the number density, T is the temperature, Q is the scattering vector and chi(T) is the isothermal compressibility. The first part of this result involving the number N (or density) fluctuations is a purely geometrical result and does not involve any assumptions about thermal equilibrium or ergodicity, so is obeyed by all materials. From a large computer model of amorphous silicon, local number fluctuations extrapolate to give S(0) = 0.035 +/- 0.001. The same computation on a large model of vitreous silica using only the silicon atoms and rescaling the distances gives S(0) = 0.039 +/- 0.001, which suggests that this numerical result is robust and perhaps similar for all amorphous tetrahedral networks. For vitreous silica, it is found that S(0) = 0.116 +/- 0.003, close to the experimental value of S(0) = 0.0900 +/- 0.0048 obtained recently by small-angle neutron scattering. Further experimental and modeling studies are needed to determine the relationship between the fictive temperature and structure.
Medicinal therapy for hearing loss resulting from noise exposure

A large-scale review of the literature concerning the effects of noise on hearing, published primarily during the 1970s, was initiated by the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke in 1981. This review demonstrated a continuing search for medicinal treatment for the adverse effects of noise on hearing. The present article focuses on the results of investigations of human subjects. The literature in this area is primarily European and deals principally with treatment of acoustic trauma, although a few reports have described attempts to render the ear less susceptible to the hazards of chronic noise exposure. Much of the published information is of questionable value because of inadequate experimental design and control. To date, the search for effective medicinal treatment for hearing loss caused by noise has been unsuccessful. Results reported from studies of the effects of carbogen are encouraging and suggest that continued rigorous investigation of this agent is warranted.
Thermally robust chelating adsorbents for the capture of gaseous mercury: Fixed-bed behavior

Abstract Thermally robust chelating adsorbents for the capture of vapor-phase mercuric chloride (HgCl 2 ) have been developed, to address the issue of mercury removal from flue gases from coal-fired power plants. The adsorbents are mesoporous silica substrates functionalized with a chelating agent and coated with an ionizing surface nano-layer. This architecture enables selective, multi-dentate adsorption of mercury directly from the gas phase with high capacity. The capture efficiency of the adsorbents was evaluated in the fixed-bed mode for oxidized mercury at 160 °C. Two chelating adsorbents, one functionalized with 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTS) and the other with 2-mercaptobenzothialzole (MBT), were studied. For both adsorbents a high mercury uptake capacity was observed, several times higher than that of commercial activated carbon. The mechanism for mercury uptake in the two adsorbents is different. The effect of pore size on uptake was also evaluated. It was found that pore size does not have a significant effect on the mercury adsorption, and mercury diffusion through the ionic coating is believed to be the rate-limiting step for capture.
Net neutrality, computing and social change

Hello. Net neutrality, preserving a free and open Internet, is a critical issue. An information revolution similar to the industrial revolution has occurred and Internet policies are being formed. "Non-discrimination" provisions like Net Neutrality have governed the nation's communications networks since 1930. However such a doctrine needs to be put into law. In the same way that National Public Radio and public television are publicly governed, an open net is critical for the continuation of democracy.
FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A CHICKEN MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX CLASS II B GENE PROMOTER

A 0.7 kilobase (kb) DNA fragment from the 5′ flanking region of a chicken major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II B gene was cloned into chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter vectors and was transfected into a chicken macrophage cell line that expresses a low level of MHC class II antigens. Positive orientation-dependent promoter activity of the chicken DNA was evident in a reporter construct containing an SV40 enhancer. Deletion analysis of this 0.7 kb DNA fragment revealed a short fragment in the 3′ end that was crucial for the promoter function and negative regulatory elements (NRE) located further upstream. The conserved MHC class II X and Y boxes did not have a significant effect on promoter activity. Sequence analysis of the 0.7 kb class II B gene upstream region suggests possible involvement of interferon (IFN), E twenty-six specific (ETS)-related proteins, and other factors in regulating this promoter. A chicken T-cell line culture supernatant increased surface expression of MHC class II antigens, as well as class II promoter activity, in this macrophage cell line. This first functional characterization of a chicken MHC class II B gene promoter will aid in understanding the regulatory mechanisms that control the expression of these genes.
Mock Juror Attribution of Criminal Responsibility: Effects of Race and the Guilty But Mentally III (GBMI) Verdict Option1

The present study examined three questions relevant to the insanity defense: Does the availability of the alternative verdict “Guilty But Mentally III” affect juror assessment of criminal responsibility? Does race of defendant significantly affect juror decision-making about who should be acquitted under the insanity defense? And does race of victim significantly influence how jurors decide their final insanity defense verdicts? Race of defendant (black or white), race of victim (black or white), and verdict choice set [(Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity (NGRI), Guilty, and Not Guilty) vs. (Guilty but Mentally III (GBMI), NGRI, Guilty, and Not Guilty)] were systematically varied. The mock-trial was presented to 197 college student subjects by means of an audiotape and slide show. Following the re-enacted trial, subjects answered a series of questions regarding the case. The main dependent variable was the rendered verdict. Both χ2loglinear analyses revealed a significant relationship between race of defendant and verdict such that the defendant, when presented as black, was acquitted NGRI significantly more often than when the defendant was presented as white. No significant effects were found for race of victim. The availability of the GBMI verdict option resulted in a twofold effect: There was a two-thirds reduction in both NGRI and straight guilty verdicts when the GBMI verdict option was made available. The implications for legal policy and future research are discussed.
Modular representations of odorants in the glomerular layer of the rat olfactory bulb and the effects of stimulus concentration.

To study the mechanism whereby odorants are encoded in the nervous system, we studied the glomerular-layer activity patterns in the rat olfactory bulb evoked by closely related odorants from different chemical families. These odorants had a common straightchain hydrocarbon structure, but differed systematically in their functional groups. Neural activity was mapped across the entire glomerular layer by using the [ 14 C]2-deoxyglucose method. Group responses were averaged and compared by using data matrices. The glomerular activity patterns that resulted from this analysis were comprised of modules. Unique combinations of modules were activated by each odorant, demonstrating what may be part of the neural code for odorants. Most of the modules were clustered together in the bulb, perhaps providing for enhanced contrast between related chemicals by means of lateral inhibition. We also determined whether changes in odorant concentration would affect spatial patterns of glomerular activity. Two odorants, pentanal and 2-hexanone, evoked different patterns at increased concentrations, with additional glomeruli being recruited at a great distance from glomeruli in which activity was evoked at lower concentrations. Humans report that both of these odorants change in perceived odor with increasing concentration. Three other odorants (pentanoic acid, methyl pentanoate, and pentanol) did not recruit new areas of glomerular activation with increasing concentration, and humans do not report a changed odor across concentrations of these odorants. The results suggest that changes in modular glomerular activity patterns could underlie altered odor perception across odorant concentrations, and they provide additional support for a combinatorial, spatially based code in the olfactory system. J. Comp. Neurol. 422:496 ‐509, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Indexing terms: chemical senses; 2-deoxyglucose; 2-hexanone; mapping; odor; pentanal
Abstract ES9-1: Adjuvant Treatment of HER2 Positive Breast Cancer: The Next Installment

The treatment of HER2 positive breast cancer radically changed in 2005; at ASCO that year adjuvant trials reported that the addition of trastuzumab consistently showed a major improvement in progression free survival in the treatment of early breast cancer that was HER2 positive. A benefit was seen when trastuzumab was given either concurrently with chemotherapy or sequentially. The trials generally studied one year of trastuzumab although data from Finland showed a benefit for 3 months of treatment. Additional, yet to be reported studies, have explored durations of 6 months and 2 years. Initially there was concern about cardio toxicity and the potential for significant long-term harm, but the rate of cardio toxicity remains low and usually is seen early in the treatment. To further improve outcomes, new agents have been studied in the neo and adjuvant settings. The large ALTTO study randomized patients to either chemotherapy with either a year of trastuzumab, a year of lapatinib (the TKI inhibitor with efficacy in the metastatic arena), the combination of both agents or sequential use of each agent. The lapatinib monotherapy arm was shown to be inferior in an interim analysis and discontinued. Final data is pending although extrapolating from the NEOALTTO study, one may expect heightened activity from dual blockade. The BETH study added bevacizumab to trastuzumab in a 2-arm study trying to combat angiogenesis with HER2 blockade; this study has not reported. Although the same combination studied in the AVEREL study in the advanced setting did not show a benefit, this may not be the case in earlier disease and we need to wait for data. Dual blockade with two antiHER2 agents has been beneficial in the advanced setting and this has led to the APHINITY study, which is comparing chemotherapy with standard trastuzumab or trastuzumab with another antiHER2 antibody, pertuzumab. This study is accruing well and will provide evidence for whether dual blockade with two antibodies is of benefit. It will also provide some clinical trial data for small tumors, as these are eligible for enrollment in this trial. Other new agents, including TDM 1, are being taken into the neoadjuvant setting and will be in adjuvant trials soon. Subcutaneous trastuzumab may provide easier treatment for women over their year of adjuvant therapy. A big question is whether all HER2 tumors are the same or whether we can begin tailoring treatment according to molecular features. Are there some cancers that will be cured with a short course of chemotherapy and trastuzumab while others may need multiple antiHER2 agents combined to acquire the same result? With the collection of tumor samples we can hopefully begin to further understand this. Tailored treatment has the potential to decrease toxicity and improve quality of life issues, provide more rational use of costly resources, and finally develop more intensive therapy for resistant tumors thus improving outcomes overall. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr ES9-1.
Arterial inflammation in patients with HIV.

Context Cardiovascular disease is increased in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but the specific mechanisms are unknown. Objective To assess arterial wall inflammation in HIV, using 18 fluorine-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography ( 18 F-FDG-PET), in relationship to traditional and nontraditional risk markers, including soluble CD163 (sCD163), a marker of monocyte and macrophage activation. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional study of 81 participants investigated between November 2009 and July 2011 at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Twenty-seven participants with HIV without known cardiac disease underwent cardiac 18 F-FDG-PET for assessment of arterial wall inflammation and coronary computed tomography scanning for coronary artery calcium. The HIV group was compared with 2 separate non-HIV control groups. One control group (n = 27) was matched to the HIV group for age, sex, and Framingham risk score (FRS) and had no known atherosclerotic disease (non-HIV FRS-matched controls). The second control group (n = 27) was matched on sex and selected based on the presence of known atherosclerotic disease (non-HIV atherosclerotic controls). Main Outcome Measure Arterial inflammation was prospectively determined as the ratio of FDG uptake in the arterial wall of the ascending aorta to venous background as the target-to-background ratio (TBR). Results Participants with HIV demonstrated well-controlled HIV disease (mean [SD] CD4 cell count, 641 [288] cells/μL; median [interquartile range] HIV-RNA level, Conclusion Participants infected with HIV vs noninfected control participants with similar cardiac risk factors had signs of increased arterial inflammation, which was associated with a circulating marker of monocyte and macrophage activation.
Preventable Disease Practices Among a Lower SES, Multicultural, Nonurban, U.S. Community: The Roles of Vaccination Efficacy and Personal Constraints

In spite of knowledge that early vaccination against contagious diseases such as swine flu reduces morbidity and contains contagion, rates of vaccination in the most recent three annual disease cycles were lower than anticipated. Some previous research suggests that lower socioeconomic status, mixed-racial population composition, and a nonurban environment may all contribute to lower vaccination rates. This study adopts the health belief model to create two composite indexes—vaccine efficacy and personal constraints—to analyze the role of each in predicting vaccination behavior/intention and to explore the role of each on behavior/intention in terms of information sources. Findings indicate that vaccine efficacy significantly predicts vaccination behavior and intention to receive the vaccine and that personal constraints do not significantly predict either. Social media and a notification from a school or employer were the most important information sources for persons who had received the vaccine, while ...
Independent Justice: The Federal Special Prosecutor in American Politics

The Office of the Special Prosecutor was created in 1978 with the mandate to insure the rule of the law, to check abuses of power in the executive branch and to restore public confidence in government after the Watergate scandal. This work looks how the office has operated in practice.
Concatenated toolkit for quantum optimal control wave-function propagation.

Numerical propagation of the Schrodinger equation is the bottleneck in many quantum optimal control computations. For a quantum system of N states with an electric-field-dipole interaction, the use of a propagation toolkit introduced in a prior work yields an O(N) reduction in floating-point operations per wave function propagation. A concatenation scheme for the toolkit method is introduced, and a scaling analysis shows a significant additional reduction in computational cost. The method exploits the fact that the same sequences of discretized control field values are often repeated many times in a control simulation. The concatenated toolkit is benchmarked against the standard toolkit in a numerical simulation.
(Even Radical) Illustration Requires (Normalizing) Convention: The Case of ‘Genre Art’ in Early Modern Japan

Pictures that portray the ‘now’ of a lived reality from the vantage of witnesses emerged in Japan during the 17th century, when the mundane social life of contemporary commoners blasted into the visual repertoire of illustrated books. This change, a revolutionary one, belongs to the broader experience of early modernity, from Amsterdam to Nanjing, as seismic economic transitions helped occasion a new immediacy in social representation. Yet the radical newness of the imagery was quickly tamed by convention, which the author argues is indispensable to the legibility of all illustration. The visual conventions explored here include the ‘ordinary pictorial site’ (in the Japanese case such public spaces as theaters and bathhouses but quintessentially the street) that artists treated in a style of ‘generic factuality’ (combining a loving attention to material detail with stereotypical renderings of faces and bodies). Not so paradoxically, the very tropes and treatments used to convert novelty into normalcy also...
Adhesion of Contaminant Particles to Advanced Photomask Materials

A challenge to the use of extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) is contamination of the mask during its processing and storage since current techniques for contamination prevention, such as pellicles, cannot be used with the mask materials under EUVL conditions. This paper characterizes the adhesion forces between model contaminant particles and photomask and thin film surfaces relevant to extreme ultraviolet and deep ultraviolet lithography. Specifically, experimental studies of the adhesion of nanoscale and microscale silica and silicon nitride particles to surfaces such as chromium oxynitride, quartz, MoSi, tantalum oxynitride, and ruthenium in air are described. In addition, an adhesion force mapping scheme, the “force band diagram,” is presented. This method allows upper and lower limits to be imposed on the adhesion force between given particle-substrate pairs. Two extremes of behavior are considered in the force bands, a rough prolate spheroid (minimum adhesion force) and a smooth oblate spheroid (maximum adhesion force). Experimental data are compared with the force band models and in all cases the measured adhesion forces fall within the established boundaries for particle sizes ranging from the nanoscale to the microscale. This technique is general, and can be applied to other surfaces of interest to the microelectronics manufacturing community.
The role of exchange and emotion on commitment: A study of teachers.

Recent experimental work in social exchange offers keen insight into factors that enhance commitment to individuals, groups, and relationships. In this article we explore the relevance of this work to school settings. Specifically, we use structural equation modeling and data from the 2004 Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS) to test whether the commitment-enhancing processes laid out in Lawler’s affect theory of social exchange might reduce teacher turnover, an issue plaguing school districts across the country. Our results support such a model and demonstrate the importance of interdependence for fostering commitment among teachers, with interaction, affect, and cohesion as intervening factors.
Stimulated and spontaneous radiative frequency shifts of a two-level system

The quantum-electrodynamic frequency shifts of a two-level system in spontaneous emission and in an intense quantized radiation field are given up to eighth order in the coupling parameter, using the recursive perturbation method developed previously by one of the authors. The first six orders of the latter agree with the semiclassical result of Shirley and thus disagree with Chang and Stehle's calculation. The eighth-order term agrees with a recent semiclassical calculation by Ahmad and Bullough. The transition from the quantum mechanical case (the number of photons small) to the classical case (the number of photons very large) is also exhibited in our approach.
Effects of mnemonic strategy manipulation in a Von Restorff paradigm.

Abstract Subjects were instructed to use either rote or eleborative strategies to memorize words in a Von Restorff paradigm. When instructed to use rote strategies, subjects displayed a higher Von Restorff effect and a lower recall performance than when instructed to use elaborative strategies. Furthermore the amplitude of the P300 component of the event-related brain potential predicted subsequent recall only when subjects used rote strategies. When subjects used elaborative strategies, the relationship between P300 amplitude and subsequent recall was not observed. These results confirm and expand, in a within-subjects design, the results reported by Karis, Fabiani and Donchin (1984) who capitalized on different strategies used by different subjects. These results also lend support to a 3-phase model of the Von Restorff effect.
Identification, synthesis, isolation and spectral characterization of potential impurities of montelukast sodium

During the process development of montelukast sodium, three polar impurities and one non-polar impurity with respect to montelukast sodium were detected by simple reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Initially, all the four impurities were identified by the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) data and out of four impurities, three have been prepared by the synthetic method and remaining one is isolated by preparative HPLC. Based on the spectral data (IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and MS), the structure of these impurities 1-4 were characterised as 1-[[[(1R)-1-[3-[(1E)-2-(7-chloro-2-quinolinyl)ethenyl]phenyl-3-[2-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)phenyl]propyl]thio]methyl]cyclopropane acetamide (impurity-1), {1-[1-{3-[2-(7-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)-vinyl]-phenyl}-3-(2-isopropenyl-phenyl)-propylsulfanylmethyl]-cyclopropyl}-acetic acid (impurity-2), 1-[[[(1R)-1-[3-[(1E)-2-(7-chloro-2-quinolinyl)ethyl]phenyl-3-[2-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)phenyl]propyl]thio]methyl]cyclopropaneacetic acid (impurity-3) and 1-[[[(1R)-1-[3-[(1E)-2-(2-quinolinyl)ethenyl]phenyl-3-[2-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)phenyl]propyl]thio]methyl]cyclopropaneacetic acid (impurity-4).
Influenza and pneumococcal immunization in medical clinics, 1978-1980.

• In 1978 to 1979, the General Medicine Clinic (GMC) immunization program at the University of Chicago immunized 54% of 1,543 high-risk patients with influenza vaccine. In 1979 to 1980, 45% of 1,462 high-risk patients were immunized, including 72% of the patients who had been immunized the year before. Many patients who were immunized were initially undecided or did not want the vaccine. In 1978 to 1980, pneumococcal vaccine was given to 784 GMC patients, including 24% of 2,229 high-risk patients seen at least once during the two immunization program periods. Twenty-two patients (2.8%) were inadvertently reimmunized. The GMC programs were approximately seven to ten times more effective in immunizing patients than were physicians in medical subspecialty clinics without such programs. Since many patients hospitalized with influenza and pneumonia have recently received care in hospitals, organized programs for immunization in hospitals could make a substantial contribution to the prevention of these diseases. ( Arch Intern Med 1983;143:2066-2069)
Functional classifications of coastal barrier island vegetation.

. Due to the complexity of coastal barrier vegetation, it is useful to apply a functional-type approach to assess the response of barrier island vegetation to climate change. In this paper, a simple clustering analysis is applied to a group of 19 plant associations, based on six plant attributes and six environmental constraints. This analysis results in the suggestion that the main division of the vegetation types at Virginia Coast Reserve is between herbaceous and woody types, which differs from the existing classification which recognizes three groups: xeric-mesic herbaceous, woody and hydric-halophytic herbaceous. Considerations about grouping plant functional types are also addressed in this paper. At a global scale, inclusion of barrier plant functional types may not be so important for the climate-change response of vegetation, but it may be necessary to consider these important systems for spatially explicit modelling of landscape responses.
Stimulated emission in atomic hydrogen at 656 nm

Abstract Laser radiation at 205 nm is used to simultaneously photodissociate H 2 S and two-photon pump the Lyman-β (1S→3D) transition to produce output consistent with amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) at 656 nm from the Balmer-α (3D→2P) transition. The 656 nm output is increased by cooling the hydrogen atoms with helium.
Spin degeneracy and conductance fluctuations in open quantum dots.

The dependence of conductance fluctuations on parallel magnetic field is used as a probe of spin degeneracy in open GaAs quantum dots. The variance of fluctuations at high parallel field is reduced from the low-field variance (with broken time-reversal symmetry) by factors ranging from roughly 2 in a $1\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}{}^{2}$ dot to greater than 4 in $8\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}{}^{2}$ dots. The factor of 2 is expected for Zeeman splitting of spin-degenerate channels. A possible explanation for the larger suppression based on field-dependent spin-orbit scattering is proposed.
Synthesis of the Parent and Substituted Tetracyclic ABCD Ring Cores of Camptothecins via 1-(3-Aryl-2-propynyl)- 1,6-dihydro-6-oxo-2-pyridinecarbonitriles

A new synthetic pathway to the parent and substituted ABCD ring cores of the camptothecin family of alkaloids was developed. The N-alkylation of 1,6-dihydro-6-oxo-2-pyridinecarbonitrile (2) with 3-bromo-1-phenylpropyne provided 3a using Curran's protocol. Treatment of 3a with a catalytic amount of DBU (5 mol %) at 110 °C for 12 h produced indolizino[1,2-b]quinolin-9(11H)-one (6a), the parent ABCD ring core of camptothecin, in essentially quantitative yield.
Clinical challenge I: Control of recurrent symptomatic atrial fibrillation

Control of recurrent symptomatic atrial fibrillation should be directed at: (1) alleviation of symptoms associated with atrial fibrillation and (2) reduction of the risk of embolization. Approximately 50-60% of patients treated with conventional agents such as quinidine will develop recurrent atrial fibrillation in the first year of treatment. Because of this relapse rate and the side effects associated with quinidine and other type Ia antiarrhythmic agents, it is important to investigate the efficacy and safety of newer antiarrhythmic agents such as propafenone and sotalol. In our institution, 100 patients with recurrent symptomatic atrial fibrillation who had failed therapy with at least one type Ia agent were randomized to propafenone or sotalol. Propafenone and sotalol were equally effective in preventing recurrent atrial fibrillation at 6 and 12 months after onset of therapy independent of arrhythmia pattern or left atrial size. Both agents were well tolerated with only 10% of patients discontinuing therapy due to side effects. We combined data from this randomized study with a stepped care trial of propafenone and sotalol to examine risk factors for the development of recurrent atrial fibrillation. In patients treated with propafenone or sotalol, there was no significant difference in response to therapy based on age, gender, or aetiology of heart disease. Patients with dual-chamber pacing had improved maintenance of sinus rhythm as compared to those individuals without pacemakers. Left atrial size did not significantly influence the likelihood of maintaining sinus rhythm in these trials. Pharmacological management of the patient with recurrent symptomatic atrial fibrillation remains a difficult problem. Patient symptom severity and the clinical profile should be examined prior to instituting antiarrhythmic therapy in any given patient. These studies indicate that propafenone and sotalol are equally effective when used to maintain sinus rhythm in our population. As more data on the merits and risks of antiarrhythmic therapy for the treatment of atrial fibrillation become available, the role of propafenone and sotalol in the treatment of this disorder will be better understood.
Comparing methods for identifying future high-cost mental health cases in Medicaid.

Abstract Objective This article examines methods for identifying future high-cost cases of Medicaid-covered mental health care services. Methods Florida Medicaid claims data are used to compare methods based on prior cost, and concurrent and prospective diagnosis-based models. Individuals with prior year expenditures in the top decile or with predicted expenditures in the top decile from the diagnosis-based models were expected to be high-cost individuals. Results Individuals in the top decile of prior year costs averaged $13,684 (US dollars) in costs in the following year with 50% remaining in the top decile of spending. Individuals classified as high cost by diagnosis-based models averaged $10,935 to $10,974, with 34% meeting the criteria for a high-cost case in the following year. Conclusion In contrast to research on high-costs cases for physical health care, prior cost was superior to diagnosis-based models at identifying future high cases for mental health care.
Caspase-3 Controls both Cytoplasmic and Nuclear Events Associated with Fas-Mediated Apoptosis in vivo

Both caspase-1- and caspase-3-like activities are required for Fas-mediated apoptosis. However, the role of caspase-1 and caspase-3 in mediating Fas-induced cell death is not clear. We assessed the contributions of these caspases to Fas signaling in hepatocyte cell death in vitro. Although wild-type, caspase-1−/−, and caspase-3−/− hepatocytes were killed at a similar rate when cocultured with FasL expressing NIH 3T3 cells, caspase-3−/− hepatocytes displayed drastically different morphological changes as well as significantly delayed DNA fragmentation. For both wild-type and caspase-1−/− apoptotic hepatocytes, typical apoptotic features such as cytoplasmic blebbing and nuclear fragmentation were seen within 6 hr, but neither event was observed for caspase-3−/− hepatocytes. We extended these studies to thymocytes and found that apoptotic caspase-3−/− thymocytes exhibited similar “abnormal” morphological changes and delayed DNA fragmentation observed in hepatocytes. Furthermore, the cleavage of various caspase substrates implicated in mediating apoptotic events, including gelsolin, fodrin, laminB, and DFF45/ICAD, was delayed or absent. The altered cleavage of these key substrates is likely responsible for the aberrant apoptosis observed in both hepatocytes and thymocytes deficient in caspase-3.
Tissue engineering: Perfusable vascular networks

A rapid vascular casting approach that uses carbohydrate glass as a sacrificial template allows tissues to be built that can be kept alive for longer in the laboratory until needed for transplantation.
Charge distribution in arylhydrazine-centered mixed valence compounds with smaller bridges (five to nine bonds between closest nitrogens).

Charge distribution in six aromatic-bridged, aryldialkylhydrazine-centered mixed valence radical cations is discussed through consideration of their optical spectra. The compounds considered have two 2-phenyl-2,3-diazabicyclo-[2.2.2]octane-3-yl (HyPh) charge-bearing units linked by a 1,4-phenylene bridge and its p-methoxyphenyl (HyAn) analogue, as well as the (HyPh) 2 -substituted 1,4-naphthalene, 2,6-naphthalene, 9,10-anthracene, and 4,4'-biphenyl compounds in methylene chloride and acetonitrile. Consideration of band shape and position leads us to assign the 1,4-phenylene- and 2,6-naphthalene-bridged compounds as charge-delocalized (class III) in both solvents, but the 1,4-naphthalene-bridged one lies closer to the borderline, and appears to be charge-localized (class II) in acetonitrile. The 4,4'-biphenyl-bridged compound is clearly class II in acetonitrile, and possibly also in methylene chloride. The lowest energy absorption band for the 9,10-anthracene-bridged compound is assigned as a bridge-to-HyPh band, and its charge distribution is not clear. Problems with the often-used relationship that the electronic coupling is half the transition energy for the lowest energy band of class III mixed valence compounds are discussed, as is interpretation of the vertical reorganization energy near the class II, class III borderline.