cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IP fast reroute in networks with shared risk links

IP fast reroute is a mechanism that is used to reroute packets around a failed link as soon as the link fails. Most of the IP fast reroute mechanisms, that have been proposed so far, focus on single or dual link failures but can not handle Shared Risk Link Group (SRLG) failures when several links fail at the same time because of some common underlying component failure. Furthermore, most of current work is based on the assumption that each node in the network has access to some global topology information of the network. In this paper, we present the first IP fast reroute mechanism for SRLG failures that is not based on the assumption that the nodes in the network have global topology information of the network. In our mechanism, nodes in the network use “relay bits” to identify themselves as “relay nodes” for a reroute link in a fully distributed mannner. Through simulation, we show that our mechanism succeeds in rerouting around SRLG failures alomst 100% of the time, with average length of a reroute path about 1.5 times the re-converged shortest path.
The Law of Child Abuse and Neglect in Connecticut

This book is designed as a handbook for lawyers who represent clients in child-protection matters, as well as social workers, teachers, mental health professionals, physicians, nurses, law enforcement officers, and other professionals who work with abused and neglected children and their families.
SPECIFICITY DETERMINANTS IN PHOSPHOINOSITIDE DEPHOSPHORYLATION: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF AN ARCHETYPAL INOSITOL POLYPHOSPHATE 5-PHOSPHATASE

Inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases are central to intracellular processes ranging from membrane trafficking to Ca(2+) signaling, and defects in this activity result in the human disease Lowe syndrome. The 1.8 resolution structure of the inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase domain of SPsynaptojanin bound to Ca(2+) and inositol (1,4)-bisphosphate reveals a fold and an active site His and Asp pair resembling those of several Mg(2+)-dependent nucleases. Additional loops mediate specific inositol polyphosphate contacts. The 4-phosphate of inositol (1,4)-bisphosphate is misoriented by 4.6 compared to the reactive geometry observed in the apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1, explaining the dephosphorylation site selectivity of the 5-phosphatases. Based on the structure, a series of mutants are described that exhibit altered substrate specificity providing general determinants for substrate recognition.
Comparison of single-dose oral granisetron versus intravenous ondansetron in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by moderately emetogenic chemotherapy: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized parallel study.

PURPOSEThe antiemetic effectiveness and safety of single-dose oral granisetron were compared with intravenous (I.V.) ondansetron in chemotherapy-naive patients who received moderately emetogenic chemotherapy.PATIENTS AND METHODSIn this double-blind, parallel-group study, patients naive to emetogenic chemotherapy (N = 1,085) who were scheduled to receive cyclophosphamide- (500 to 1,200 mg/m2) or carboplatin (> or = 300 mg/m2) based chemotherapy, were randomized to receive either oral granisetron (n = 542) or I.V. ondansetron (n = 543). Efficacy assessments included the proportion of patients in each treatment group with total control over the 24 and 48 hours following chemotherapy initiation, as well as incidence and severity of nausea and emesis and use of antiemetic rescue medication. Prophylactic corticosteroids were allowed. Safety assessment was based on patients' reports of adverse experiences.RESULTSApproximately 80% of patients received prophylactic corticosteroids. Single-dose oral granisetron (2 ...
Investigation of over-the-skin electrical stimulation parameters for different normal muscles and subjects

Abstract The signal parameters for over-the-skin electrical stimulation of the left finger flexor muscles of one subject have been reported by the authors in a previous paper ( J. Biomechanics 14 , 579–585). This paper presents results of similar tests on the right finger flexor, biceps and calf muscles of the same subject. Comparative results from tests on twenty-three different subjects are given. It is found that the optimal stimulation patterns are the same for all the performed tests. The muscle force response to the stimulation, however, is considerably different for the different subjects and muscles and is highly dependent on the area of the electrodes and their location over the muscle.
Thermal Motion of Holes in Potassium Iodide

Previous studies of the anisotropic absorption of oriented ${V}_{K}$ centers (self-trapped holes) in KI showed that thermal reorientation occurs by a jumping motion in which the ${V}_{K}$ axis changes direction by 60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and is characterized by a thermal activation energy of 0.27 eV. An investigation of a possible motion along the ${V}_{K}$ center's axis, which cannot be detected by anisotropic absorption methods, is reported here. The thermal activation energy for the long-range diffusion of ${V}_{K}$ centers was measured in two ways: (a) by monitoring the isothermal decrease of the principal ${V}_{K}$ absorption band, and (b) by monitoring the luminescence which is the result of diffusing ${V}_{K}$ centers annihilating trapped electrons. The activation energy needed for diffusion was found to be the same, within experimental error, as that needed for reorientation. On this basis it is concluded that the dominant mode of motion for holes in the temperature range of these experiments is by a series of reorientation jumps.
Preparation of Pt/γ-Al2O3Pellets with Internal Step-Distribution of Catalyst: Experiments and Theory

Abstract Step-type Pt/γ-Al2O3catalyst pellets were prepared by coimpregnation and sequential impregnation of hexachloroplatinic and citric acids. A diffusion–adsorption model based on Fickian diffusion and Langmuir adsorption was formulated. The parameters of the model were determined from separate experiments. Adsorption constants were obtained in the absence of diffusional resistances, while effective diffusivities were obtained in the absence of adsorption or desorption. In order to extend the Langmuir adsorption equations to the multicomponent system, two new parameters were introduced, which accounted for solution effects and steric hinderances. Catalyst distribution inside the pellet and the effects of various impregnation parameters were predicted satisfactorily by the multicomponent diffusion–adsorption model. The platinum distribution of pellets prepared by the two impregnation techniques was similar, although sequential impregnation gave thinner catalyst step widths.
Genetic Algorithm-Based Protocol for Coupling Digital Filtering and Partial Least-Squares Regression: Application to the Near-Infrared Analysis of Glucose in Biological Matrices

A multivariate calibration procedure is described that is based on the use of a genetic algorithm (GA) to guide the coupling of bandpass digital filtering and partial least-squares (PLS) regression. The measurement of glucose in three different biological matrices with near-infrared spectroscopy is employed to develop this protocol. The GA is employed to optimize the position and width of the bandpass digital filter, the spectral range for PLS regression, and the number of PLS factors used in building the calibration model. The optimization of these variables is difficult because the values of the variables employ different units, resulting in a tendency for local optima to occur on the response surface of the optimization. Two issues are found to be critical to the success of the optimization: the configuration of the GA and the development of an appropriate fitness function. An integer representation for the GA is employed to overcome the difficulty in optimizing variables that are dissimilar, and the ...
TAT is not capable of transcellular delivery across an intact endothelial monolayer in vitro.

Developing delivery vehicles capable of penetrating cell barriers is critical for drug delivery to the brain due to the presence of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are one potential solution since they can enter cells; however, it is unclear whether CPPs can pass through cell barriers. In this study, the ability of the TAT CPP to cross an endothelial barrier without disrupting the integrity of its tight junctions was investigated. Endothelial cell monolayers (bEnd.3) were exposed to the TAT peptide, and cell integrity was quantified by zona occludens-1 immunofluorescence, trans-endothelial electrical resistance, and hydraulic conductivity. None of these parameters were significantly altered following exposure to TAT. To evaluate the passage of TAT through the monolayer, the permeability of a green fluorescent protein (GFP)–TAT fusion protein was not significantly different from the permeability of GFP or fluorescent dextrans of similar sizes. Furthermore, GFP–TAT was unable to significantly transduce astrocytes on the opposite side of the bEnd.3 monolayer. We conclude, therefore, that although TAT may not be an efficient delivery vehicle for trans-BBB delivery, our TAT construct may have utility in delivering therapeutic cargos to endothelial cells or to the brain parenchyma after BBB disruption.
On Ryser's maximum term rank formula

Abstract A simple proof is given for the maximum term rank of matrices of 0's and 1's with a specified row and column sum vector.
SERT II thruster space restart - 1974

The results of testing the flight thrusters on the SERT II spacecraft during the 1974 test period are presented. The most notable result was the clearing of the high voltage short from thruster 2 and the successful stable operation of its ion beam. Test periods were limited to 70 minutes or less by earth eclipse of the spacecraft solar array and by ground station coverage limitations. Thruster 2 was restarted 26 times with an ion beam produced 21 times. The high voltage short remains in thruster 1, but the cathodes were restarted 12 times to demonstrate continued restart capability. The propellant feed systems, power processors, and spacecraft ancillary equipment were demonstrated to be functional after 4-1/2 years in space. In addition to the thruster tests, a neutralizer cathode was operated separately to demonstrate that the potential level of a spacecraft could be controlled by the neutralizer alone.
Effects of medial septal lesions on an operant delayed go/no-go discrimination in rats

Male hooded rats received either a medial septal lesion or a control operation. The rats were then tested on an operant go/no-go discrimination task, first without a delay contingency (20 days), followed by 25 days under an 8-s delay. A discrete trial procedure with symmetrical reinforcement was used. Each trial began with the operant chamber darkened, except for back illumination of a centrally located press panel. Depression of this panel extinguished the back light and initiated a random presentation of either the go stimulus (2800 Hz tone) or the no-go stimulus (10 Hz pulsing light) for 3 s. Stimulus termination initiated the appropriate delay contingency (0 s or 8 s), which was followed by the cued availability of a lever for 2 s. If the rat pressed the lever on go trials, or refrained from pressing the lever on no-go trials, a food pellet was delivered. The data (% correct responses) were averaged over 5-day blocks. Overall, the septal-lesioned rats performed significantly better than the control rats under both 0-s delay (p 0.05) or the first block of the 8-s delay (septals 54% correct, controls 53% correct, p > 0.05), the septal-lesioned animals performed significantly better than the controls during all the remaining phases of the experiment. For example, during the final 5-day block of the 8-s delay, the septal-lesioned rats averaged 71% correct and the control rats averaged 61% correct (p < 0.001). The results support the hypothesis that damage to the septal area produces a deficit in response memory which, in turn, induces a compensatory enhancement of stimulus memory. Medial septum Hippocampus Go/No-go discrimination Working memory Multiple memory systems
Salting-out in intercalation compounds: Removing copper from Cu3Mo6S8 by intercalating lithium

Abstract We study the removal of the copper in Cu 3 Mo 6 S 8 by the intercalation of lithium. For 0 x Cu 3 Mo 6 S 8 is a single phase compound. For x ⩾1, the copper atoms are forced out of the Mo 6 S 8 host. We present a lattice-gas model which shows how the intercalation of Li can force the Cu out of the host.
Weekly E-mail reminders influence emergency physician behavior: a case study using the Joint Commission and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Pneumonia Guidelines.

Objectives: Improving physician compliance with evidence-based guidelines is challenging. The authors wanted to determine if weekly e-mail reminders to emergency department (ED) staff increase compliance with Joint Commission and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) community-acquired pneumonia quality measures. Methods: One nurse administrator reviewed records on a weekly basis for all adult patients admitted to the hospital from the ED with a working diagnosis of pneumonia. An e-mail was then sent to all ED staff indicating the percentage of patients with antibiotic timing less than 4 hours from arrival. The names of individuals who administered antibiotics in less than 1 hour were highlighted. This study compared the time to antibiotics for 11 months before and 11 months after commencing this intervention. Results: There were 281 patients in the control cohort, and 37 met exclusion criteria, leaving 244 for analysis. There were 342 patients in the intervention cohort, and 40 met exclusion criteria, leaving 302 for analysis. The median time from arrival to chest radiograph order decreased significantly from 61 to 47 minutes (p < 0.001). The median time interval from chest radiograph order to antibiotic administration did not change significantly (92 to 88 minutes, p = 0.294). The overall median time from arrival to antibiotic administration decreased significantly from 162 to 146 minutes (p = 0.018). The percentage of patients with antibiotic administration within 4 hours increased from 77.5% to 86.1% (p = 0.009). Conclusions: Weekly e-mail reminders listing performance on antibiotic administration recommendations are associated with increased compliance with a clinical guideline.
Fostering Academic Researcher‐Practitioner Co‐operation

Researchers and organisational practitioners must become partners in the research effort; both parties must accept the other's knowledge as valid information. A process model is presented, based on applied research, for use in various disciplines of applied research where co‐operation between academic and practitioner is paramount, and where both become members of research steering groups. Recommendations are made on how such groups can become effective in operation and for further research.
Transport of tyrosine and phenylalanine across the rat nasal mucosa.

Abstract Transport of tyrosine (Tyr) and phenylalanine (Phe) across the rat nasal mucosa was studied using an in situ perfusion technique. It was found that both amino acids were absorbed by active, saturable transport processes. The Km and Vmax values were calculated to be 0.6 mM and 0.44 mM/hr for L-Tyr, and 0.40 mM and 0.39 mM/hr for L-Phe, respectively. The values for L-Tyr agr agreed well with the results previously reported. When D-Tyr and D-Phe were used as substrates, the extent of nasal absorption was significantly reduced indicating the specific affinity of the carrier for the L-amino acids. When mixtures of L-Tyr and L-Phe were used as perfusates, both amino acids were found to be concomitantly absorbed in a competitive manner. This implied that at least one common carrier system was present in the nasal mucosa. In addition the transport appears to be Na + -dependent and may require metabolic energy as a driving force as seen from the inhibition of the L-Phe uptake by ouabain and 2,4-dinitrophenol.
Modal possessive constructions: Evidence from Russian

The Modal Existential construction (ModEx)—as in Russian Mne est’ cto pocitat’, ‘There is something for me to read’—has received much attention in the literature. This paper analyzes a related construction in Russian which contains in subject position, not a dative DP, but a PP headed by the preposition u, ‘at’—U menja est’ cto pocitat’, ‘I have something to read’. Because u marks possessors, I term this construction the Modal Possessive (ModPoss). Although both constructions contain an infinitival wh-clause embedded under an existential predicate, I identify several syntactic and semantic differences between ModPoss and ModEx, including: (1) the dative DP in ModEx, but not the possessor in ModPoss, is the subject of the infinitival clause, and (2) ModPoss, but not ModEx, asserts the existence of an individual in the actual world. I argue that the differences are fully explained by the presence of a Possessor Phrase (PossP) in ModPoss. PossP (1) introduces an additional argument and (2) requires that its complement be a set of individuals, forcing low existential closure of the world variable introduced by the infinitive. The present analysis also relates ModPoss to embedded questions, free relatives, and correlatives.
A note on limiting distributions for spacings statistics

Hajek's projection method is used to prove asymptotic normality for a class of spacings statistics.
Individual constancy of Local search strategies in the giant tropical ant, Paraponera clavata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Paraponera clavata workers engage in a period of local search after encountering a small amount of artificial nectar. Giving-up times from local search are not distributed normally; there is a strong skew to longer times. There is no statistically significant relationship between the amount of time required to collect the food and the subsequent search time. Giving-up time in response to the first reward presented to an ant is positively correlated with that ant's response to a second such reward. However, giving-up times diminish when an ant is presented with a series of rewards. Local search is a function of individual strategies, which remain relatively constant in the short term.
An experimentally based model for the origin of tonalitic and trondhjemitic melts

Abstract The results of melting experiments have been used to establish equations relating melt composition to temperature ( T ), pressure ( P ) and water content of the source ( Y H2O ) for tonalitic and trondhjemitic melts produced by partial melting of average Archean tholeiite (AAT). A normative classification diagram for these rocks has been translated into a T - P - Y H2O diagram showing the required conditions of partial melting. Tonalites form at high temperatures, low pressures and high water contents, while trondhjemites form at lower temperatures, higher pressures and lower water contents. As pressure increases, the K content increases, but the melts never achieve the composition of a granodiorite or granite. A method for estimating the conditions for the formation of natural tonalites and trondhjemites is proposed. The method has been successfully tested against other experimental studies and natural rocks where the temperature-pressure conditions have been constrained by traditional geochemical methods.
Localization of enkephalinergic neurons in the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum projecting to the spinal cord of the cat

The dorsolateral pontine tegmentum of the cat is known to contain enkephalinergic neurons, with most of the enkephalin co-contained in the catecholaminergic neurons; however, enkephalinergic cells projecting to the spinal cord have not been identified. This study employs retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase in combination with methionine-enkephalin or tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemistry to 1) determine the locations of pontospinal enkephalinergic neurons and 2) compare these with the locations of pontospinal catecholaminergic neurons. Pontospinal enkephalinergic neurons were observed in the nuclei locus coeruleus and subcoeruleus and the Kolliker-Fuse nucleus. A high concentration of these neurons was evident in the Kolliker-Fuse nucleus when compared to the nuclei locus coeruleus and subcoeruleus (P less than .01). Both the enkephalinergic and catecholaminergic neurons projecting to the spinal cord were located in the same general areas of the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum and there was no significant difference in the mean diameters of these two neuronal types (P greater than .05). Quantitative data concerning the pontospinal enkephalinergic neurons correlated well with previous data on pontospinal catecholaminergic neurons (Reddy et al., Brain Res. 491:144-149, '89). A majority of the descending neurons from the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum contain enkephalin (72-80%) and catecholamine (80-87%). The observations suggest that enkephalin is contained in many of the pontospinal catecholaminergic neurons.
Pressure drop fluctuations and bubble-slug transition in a vertical two phase air-water flow

Abstract Evolution of the probability density function of pressure drop fluctuations with increasing volumetric quality in a vertical two phase air-water flow is is presented. The measurements are used to develop two quantitative criteria for identification of the bubble-slug transition.
Lead Accumulation in Roadside Soil and Grass

LEAD alkyl additives in petrol are combusted and emitted into the ambient atmosphere. Their coarser fractions are responsible for the high concentrations of lead in vegetation near roads1,2. Fine lead aerosols have been shown to travel long distances and be washed out of the atmosphere in polar snows3. In this communication I report studies on lead isotopes in samples of roadside soil and grass.
Bullatalicin, a novel bioactive acetogenin from Annona bullata (Annonaceae)

Abstract Bullatalicin, a novel bioactive acetogenin having two nonadjacent tetrahydrofuran rings, has been isolated from the bark of Annona bullata (Annonaceae). Its structure has been elecidated from chemical and spectral data. This compound showed potent and selective cytotoxic activities for certain human tumor cell lines with ED50 values as low as 10−7 mcg/ml.
Neurophysiological effects of intracerebroventricular administration of urocortin.

Abstract The recently isolated Corticotropin Releasing Factor (CRF) related peptide, urocortin, has been reported to elicit a different behavioral profile than that of CRF. CRF is a potent anxiogenic agent and stimulant of motor activity whereas under similar conditions urocortin is a potent anorectic and mild locomotor stimulant. The neurophysiological effects of this newly synthesized peptide have not yet been examined. The present study evaluated the effects of intracerebroventricular administration of 3 doses of urocortin on the electroencephalogram (EEG) and on Event–Related Potentials (ERPs) in rats. Twenty male Wistar rats were implanted with electrodes in the amygdala and dorsal hippocampus, a cannula into the lateral ventricle, and skull surface electrodes over the frontal and parietal cortices. Following recovery from surgery, urocortin (0.01–1.0 μg) was infused into the lateral ventricle 5 min prior to the recording of EEG (10 min) and ERPs (10 min). Urocortin at any of the doses, did not produce any electrographic or behavioral signs of seizure activity. The predominant effect of urocortin infusion on EEG spectral activity was an increase in mean power in the 4–16 Hz range in the frontal cortex and a decrease in EEG stability in the frontal cortex and amygdala. Urocortin administration also decreased the latency of the P3 component of the ERP in the amygdala and hippocampus. These neurophysiological effects, that only partially overlap with those of CRF, are consistent with the behavioral profile described following urocortin administration in rats. Overall, these data further support the assertion that urocortin functions as a mild CNS stimulant enhancing arousal, as measured by EEG, and modulating the speed of stimulus evaluation as measured by ERPs.
Switching processes and dielectric breakdown in polycrystalline Nb 2 O 5 films

Repetitive resistive switching from the high-to the low-resistance state in thin polycrystalline Nb2O5 films was investigated. The switching process, and dielectric breakdown, are associated with four successive conduction states. The thermal activation energy in the first conduction state is 0.35 eV and in the second state is 0.047 eV; in the third and fourth resistance states the temperature coefficient of resistance exhibits metallic behavior. The I-V relationship changes from the Poole-Frenkel mechanism in the first state to space-charge-limited conduction in the second state and a linear relation in the third and fourth states. These and other results indicate that dielectric breakdown occurs through a process of a metallic precipitation increasing in each consecutive state and the formation of a highly conductive filament in the fourth and final state in the dielectric breakdown process. The values of important switching parameters such as the threshold field for switching Es, holding current and voltage Ih and Vh, switching time τs, delay time τd and recovery time τr are presented. The dependence of the delay time τd on the applied voltage and temperature is studied and the relation τd∝exp(−k(V/Vs)) is established, with k showing only a slight temperature dependence.
Age at first birth and breast atypia

The relation between age at first birth and the occurrence of fibrocystic breast disease of different atypia subtypes was evaluated using data from a cohort study of the health effects of oral-contraceptive use. Multivariate case-control analysis was performed on 218 parous women with biopsied fibrocystic disease and 928 parous controls. Fibrocystic breast disease, as a whole and as atypia subtypes, was found to be unrelated to age at first birth. Furthermore, the estimated effect of age at first birth did not vary from one atypia subtype to another. Women with high parity were found to be at decreased risk of fibrocystic breast disease compared to those with low parity. Age at completion of education, used as an indicator of socio-economic status, was found to be moderately associated with fibrocystic breast disease. The estimated effect of parity and age at completion of education also did not vary among subtypes. More epidemiologic studies specific to histopathologic classifications of benign breast disease are called for.
Combined chemoimmunotherapy and radiation therapy of inflammatory breast carcinoma

Thirty-two patients with a diagnosis of primary inflammatory breast carcinoma were treated with combination chemoimmunotherapy consisting of 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adria-mycin), and cyclophosphamide (FAC) plus BCG followed by radiation therapy. This group of patients was compared to a group of 32 consecutive historical controls treated with radiation therapy alone. The estimated mean disease-free interval for the FAC-BCG group was 16 months, compared to 9 months for the radiation therapy alone group (P <0.01). The estimated median survival for the FAC- BCG treated group was 24 months, compared to 18 months for the radiation therapy alone group (P = 0.03). The combined modality approach consisting of chemoimmunotherapy and radiation therapy significantly improved the disease-free interval and survival of patients with inflammatory breast carcinoma.
Conductivity of Polycrystals

The problem of the prediction of the effective electric or thermal conductivity of a polycrystal in terms of the conductivities of the constituting single crystals is treated by a variational method. It is assumed that the crystals are all of the same kind and randomly oriented. Consequently, the polycrystal is assumed to be homogeneous and isotropic in the large. However, no assumptions about the shape of the crystals have to be introduced.Lower and upper bounds for the effective conductivity are derived on the basis of a new variational formulation of the conductivity problem in anisotropic and nonhomogeneous media. For reasons of mathematical analogy the results are also valid for the effective dielectric constant and magnetic permeability of polycrystals. The bounds obtained are close when the anisotropy of the single crystals is not too large.
Dual variables for lattice gauge theories and the phase structure of Z ( N ) systems

The 't Hooft disorder parameters are constructed within the framework of $\mathrm{SU}(N)$ lattice gauge theories in three or four dimensions. It is found that these operators arise naturally from a duality transformation which is similar to the standard transformation for $Z(N)$ gauge theories. To illustrate the behavior of dual variables in a simpler context, we study the Villain form of the $Z(N)$ gauge system in three and four dimensions. The techniques include duality, strong-coupling expansions, and the electrodynamic representation. In four dimensions it is found that for $Ng{N}_{c}\ensuremath{\approx}4$, the system possesses at least three phases: a strong-coupling phase with electric confinement, a weak-coupling phase with magnetic confinement, and an intermediate phase which resembles QED, with a massless photon and no confinement. We also study an $\mathrm{SU}(N)$-Higgs system, which interpolates between the $Z(N)$ and $\mathrm{SU}(N)$ systems.
1002-86 Direct Quantitation of Atrial Septal Defect Size by Volume-Rendered Three-Dimensional Echocardiography: In Vitro Validation Studies

The ability of volume-rendered three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) in displaying atrial septal defects (ASD) in a dynamic mode has been demonstrated; however the quantitative accuracy of 3DE in sizing the defect is not known. In this study, we examined the reliability of measuring the ASD size directly on 3-D image reconstructions. In 10 explanted pig hearts, we created a total of 10 ASDs of various types and shapes (2 primum, 5 secundum and 3 sinus venosus). Suspending the hearts in a water bath, 2DE images were collected. An ultrasound transducer was mounted on a motorized parallel scanning device and we attained 21 6 slices over a distance of 60 mm. Digital reformation, interpolation and segmentation (threshold and opacity) were subsequently performed, and 3DE reconstructions accomplished; Appropriate cut planes were used to display the ASDs en face . Using a new processing algorithm, measurements of maximum diameter (Max D) and minimum diameter (Min D) were done directly on the 3DE image. These were compared with independently measured anatomic data. In addition, interobsever variability was also assessed. Results All 3D reconstructions successfully displayed the ASDs of all types. The site, shape and size were well appraised in it's true form and corresponded well with the anatomic specimens. The Maximum D was (Mean ± SD in mms): 16.9 ± 5.6 (range 8.5–27.5) by anatomy and 17.5 ± 4.8, (range 9–4) by 3DE; Minimum D was: 12.3 ± 4 (range 6–18) by anatomy, and 12.6 ± 4 (range 7–19) by 3DE. The correlations between 3DE (y) and anatomy (x) were: Maximum D: y = 0.83x + 3.4; r = 0.97, p l 0.001. Min D: y = 0.92x + 1.3, r = 0.92, p l 0.001. Interobserver concordance was also excellent for both Max and Min diameters (r = 0.93 and r = 0.98). Conclusion 3DE provides excellent visualization of ASDs in unique en face projections not available in conventional imaging techniques. 3DE makes it possible to derive multiple diameter measurements of ASDs not attainable from 2DE. Measurements of ASD, now readily performed directly on 3DE images, accurately define the size of ASDs. These qualitative and quantitative capabilities of 3DE enhance the clinical potential of this technique in sizing the ASDs required for catheter or surgical interventions.
Gifting the other, or why are nineteenth-century German bourgeois men acting like Trobriand Islanders?:

Taking its lead from analyses of gift exchange by Marcel Mauss and Marshall Sahlins as well as of contact by Charles Long and Jonathan Z Smith, this article elaborates a theory of the exchange, among dominant social subjects, of representations of their subjected proximate others in order to rectify the crisis precipitated by contact with otherness that threatens their claims to autonomy, authority, homogeneity, and universality. Specifically it situates the polemical exchange of representations of women among Friedrich Schlegel (Lucinde/Lucinde), G W F Hegel (Antigone/Phenomenology of Spirit), and Karl Gutzkow (Wally/Wally the Skeptic) as exemplary German male bourgeois efforts to rectify the crises to subject formation generated, in part, by the emergence of gender-coded bifurcated bourgeois society and signaled by the Kantian and French Revolutions. The public dissemination of apotropaic representations screened the dependence upon proximate others by, and determined the positions among, exchange parti...
Concrete for long-time service in sulfate environment

Abstract Data on concretes soaked continuously in a 2.1 percent sodium sulfate solution and alternately soaked and dried served for predicting service life. Sixteen out of 19 concretes made with Type V and II cements showed life expectancies of less than 50 years. Concretes containing different pozzolans showed a spectrum of effects ranging from deleterious to highly beneficial. Only 6 out of 33 pozzolan concretes had life expectancies of less than 50 years. Fly ash, pumice, and two calcined products markedly improved sulfate resistance. Seven of 11 concretes having a life expectancy in excess of 100 years, some possibly up to 200 years, contained fly ash. Revision of present day specifications for sulfate resisting concrete is recommended.
Four-Phonon Interactions among Acoustic and Optic Modes in Strontium Titanate

A Hamiltonian used by Silverman to discuss electric susceptibility in the paraelectric phase of a ferro-electric material is here adapted to the calculation of the temperature dependence of thermal conductivity. First-order time-dependent perturbation theory is used to calculate relaxation times for longitudinal acoustic (L.A.), transverse acoustic (T.A.), and the lowest transverse optic (T.O.) branch, assuming the scattering is by four-phonon processes. These processes are selected as being the lowest order in which the temperature-dependent band of T.O. phonons of low wave number can cause appreciable scattering of other modes. In strontium titanate, it is found that four-phonon processes can indeed cause such large scattering of L.A. and T.O. modes that these modes may be absent from the heat current about 60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. It is not, however, the participation of unstable, temperature-dependent modes which is responsible, but rather the fact that a degeneracy between L.A. and T.O. branches permits appreciable interaction of acoustic with optic phonons of low wave number. On the assumption that T.A. modes are the carriers, a thermal-conductivity-versus-temperature curve which is slightly convex downward is predicted between 32 and 70\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, in qualitative agreement with experiment. Because of the neglect of frequency dispersion, so that phonon frequencies depend linearly on wave number, the analysis is inapplicable to high temperatures. Thus only conjectures can be made as to the cause of the very slow decline of thermal conductivity with temperature above 70\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K.
Creep parameters for pile settlement equations

Experimental tests involving model steel piles embedded in frozen sand provided data showing that change in a given test variable can alter the numerical value for some of the creep parameters. The test variables included static, incremental, and dynamic loading; pile surface roughness. soil ice content; and sand particle size. Changes observed included the apparent effect on creep rate when a small dynamic load was superimposed on the static load
Does the study of Latin affect spelling proficiency

This investigation explores Latin study as a possible route to superior spelling proficiency. The spelling ability of two groups of academically able eleventh graders — students of Latin and students of other second languages — is compared. It was found that the Latin students were superior in general spelling ability and were particularly proficient at spelling words of Latin origin. In addition, analysis of the spelling of derivatives for which knowledge of Latin could either facilitate or mislead the speller shows that Latin students were differentially affected by the two types of derivatives. In contrast, students of other second languages, lacking the knowledge of Latinate derivatives, simply made more errors on both types of words. Thus, it appears that Latin study does have an effect on spelling performance. Whether it can fully account for the superior spelling proficiency of the Latin students, however, remains a question to be answered by a prospective longitudinal investigation. Implications for instruction drawn from the present study are discussed.
Distribution of polymer deposition in plasma polymerization. III. Effect of discharge power

Distribution of polymer deposition in an inductively coupled rf discharge system is studied as a function of level of discharge power with acetylene and styrene as monomers. When a fixed flow rate is used, the discharge power has a relatively small effect on the pattern of distribution of polymer deposition as long as values of W/FM, where W is discharge wattage, F is flow rate, and M is molecular weight of monomer, are maintained above a critical level to maintain full glow in the reaction tube. It has been shown that plasma polymerization of two monomers which have different molecular weights can be compared in a fair manner by selecting conditions to yield similar value of W/FM.
Energy of the Quasi-Free Electron in Supercritical Krypton near the Critical Point

Field ionization measurements of high-n CH3I and C2H5I Rydberg states doped into krypton are presented as a function of krypton number density along the critical isotherm. These data exhibit a decrease in the krypton-induced shift of the dopant ionization energy near the critical point. This change in shift is modeled to within ±0.2% of experiment using a theory that accounts for the polarization of krypton by the dopant ion, the polarization of krypton by the quasi-free electron that arises from field ionization of the dopant, and the zero point kinetic energy of the free electron. The overall decrease in the shift of the dopant ionization energy near the critical point of krypton, which is a factor of 2 larger than that observed in argon, is dominated by the increase in the zero point kinetic energy of the quasi-free electron.
Retinal vascular permeability determined by dual-tracer fluorescence angiography.

Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in working age individuals in the United States. Breakdown of the blood–retinal barrier is one of the earliest events in the progression of diabetic retinopathy. Ideally, therapeutic measures would be directed at this early stage, but there are few sensitive, quantitative methods to assess the retinal vascular barrier in vivo. We present here a method that combines fluorescence microangiography and the simultaneous use of two fluorescent tracers to quantitatively assess the retinal vascular barrier. PS F (permeability X surface area / flow) describing the retinal vasculature of Long Evans rats was found to be 0.086 ± 0.031 (n=13, avg.±s.d.). Based on estimates of flow and surface area, we estimate the permeability of sodium fluorescein to be approx 1.2 X 10-5cm/s. Infusion of a hyperosmolar solution of 1.6 M mannitol for 5 min significantly increased PS/F in individual veins and significantly increased a flow weighted PS/F from 0.073 ± 0.028 to 0.16 ± 0.034 (n=3).In conclusion, we have adapted indicator dilution techniques to quantitatively assess the retinal vasculature in vivo. We have found dual-tracer fluorescence angiography to be a sensitive indicator of increases in the blood–retinal barrier produced by hyperosmolar mannitol. This methodology is a promising new minimally invasive strategy which may be adapted to quantitatively track retinal vascular permeability. © 2001 Biomedical Engineering Society.
Phenylarsine Oxide Binding Reveals Redox-Active and Potential Regulatory Vicinal Thiols on the Catalytic Subunit of Protein Phosphatase 2A

Our earlier finding that the activity of protein phosphatase 2A from rat brain is inhibited by micromolar concentrations of the dithiol cross-linking reagent phenylarsine oxide (PAO) has encouraged the hypothesis that the catalytic subunit (PP2Ac) of PP2A contains one or more pairs of closely-spaced (vicinal) thiol pairs that may contribute to regulation of the enzyme. The results of the present study demonstrate using immobilized PAO-affinity chromatography that PP2Ac from rat brain formed stable DTT-sensitive adducts with PAO with or without associated regulatory subunits. In addition, a subset of the PAO-binding vicinal thiols of PP2Ac was readily oxidized to disulfide bonds in vitro. Importantly, a small fraction of PP2Ac was still found to contain disulfide bonds after applying stringent conditions designed to prevent protein disulfide bond formation during homogenization and fractionation of the brains. These findings establish the presence of potentially regulatory and redox-active PAO-binding vicinal thiols on the catalytic subunit of PP2A and suggest that a population of PP2Ac may contain disulfide bonds in vivo.
Effect of silicone oil on solid propellant combustion in small motors

The feasibility of reducing troublesome nozzle blockage (by condensation deposits) in laboratory-scale solid rockets by addition of a silicone oil as a propellant ingredient was explored experimentally. An aluminized composite propellant and its counterpart with 1% silicone oil replacing part of the binder were fired in a 63.5 mm diameter, end-burning, all-metal burner. Pressure-time histories were recorded for all of the tests by a Taber gauge mounted at the downstream end of the chamber; temperature-time data at the nozzle throat were obtained in some of the runs by thermocouples having junctions positioned at the wall but insulated from the metal. Deposition of condensables on the nozzle walls causing a progressive increase in the chamber pressure with time was noted. The fraction of firings exhibiting practically no condensation was 59% with silicone and 32% without. On the average, temperature readings at the nozzle throat were higher with the silicone propellants. Although various phenomena may contribute to these findings, the results are not understood completely.
On the Determination of Stresses and Deflections for Anisotropic Homogeneous Cantilever Beams

Abstract : The effect of anisotropy on beam flexibility is analyzed by the derivation of upper and lower bounds, through use of the principles of minimum potential and complementary energy, for the load-deflection ratios of narrow rectangular cross section cantilever beams. The basic assumption is a class of stress-strain relations of such nature that normal strains are caused not only by normal stresses but also by shearing stresses, and shearing strains are caused not only by shearing stresses but also by normal stresses.
Tidally forced internal waves and overturns observed on a slope: Results from HOME

Abstract Tidal mixing over a slope was explored using moored time series observations on Kaena Ridge extending northwest from Oahu, Hawaii, during the Survey component of the Hawaii Ocean Mixing Experiment (HOME). A mooring was instrumented to sample the velocity and density field of the lower 500 m of the water column to look for indirect evidence of tidally induced mixing and was deployed on a slope in 1453-m water depth for 2 months beginning in November 2000. The semidiurnal barotropic tidal currents at this site have a significant cross-ridge component, favorable for exciting an internal tidal response. A large-amplitude response is expected, given that the slope of the topography (4.5°) is nearly the same as the slope of the internal wave group velocity at semidiurnal frequency. Density overturns were inferred from temperature profiles measured every 2 min. The number and strength of the overturns are greater in the 200 m nearest the bottom, with overturns exceeding 24 m present at any depth nearly ...
THE URBAN FOREST OF NEW ORLEANS: AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS OF RELATIONSHIPS

Relationships between attributes of the urban forest and the built environment and social characteristics of New Orleans, Louisiana are examined using several exploratory statistical techniques. In the relatively young field of urban forestry, much research has focused on the biophysical attributes and functional benefits of urban forests, including wildlife habitats, climatic amelioration, and noise abatement. Recognizing that urban forests are anthropogenic, the research reported here explores the urban forest in relation to urban land uses and social groups. Socioeconomic factors, as measured by census variables, are shown to be important determinants of the distribution of the urban forest as measured by tree canopy cover.
Phenolics and antioxidant capacity of table grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars grown in Chile.

: Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) possess health-promoting effects attributed to their supply of a wide variety of bioactive phenolics. Juice and skin fractions of 4 varieties of table grapes: Red Globe, Crimson Seedless, Autumn Royal, and Ribier were prepared to determine and compare their total phenolics content, antioxidant capacity (DPPH, FRAP, and ORAC), anthocyanins, and specific phenolics (caffeic acid, gallic acid, resveratrol, and catechin) content, since a series of positive health benefits are expected from the intake of any of these fractions. Higher amounts of total phenolics and antioxidant capacity were observed in the skin fractions (P < 0.05). Blue grapes (Autumn Royal and Ribier) exhibited higher phenolics content and antioxidant capacity (P < 0.05) than red grapes. The most abundant phenolic compound observed was catechin (P < 0.05). Significant correlations between the antioxidant capacity and total phenolics were observed in grape juice and skin fractions. Autumn Royal juice provides a very high amount of phenolics, anthocyanins, and exhibits the highest antioxidant capacity, offering the best health promoting properties compared with the other grape varieties studied. Practical Application: Grapes possess health-promoting effects attributed to their supply of a wide variety of bioactive phenolics. Grape juice made with blue grapes (Autumn Royal, Ribier) exhibit higher phenolics content and antioxidant capacity than juice elaborated with red grapes (Red Globe, Crimson Seedless). The skin is a good source of phenolics and has a high antioxidant capacity. Specific health-promoting phenolics are more abundant in blue grapes, mainly in their skin fraction, which should not be discarded.
Distribution of total mercury in the fishes of Lake Oahe

Abstract In 1971, a joint Federal-State survey was conducted to investigate the total mercury content of fish and sediment in Lake Oahe, South Dakota. Average total mercury concentration of 225 fish flesh samples was 0.27 mg kg −1 ; game fish samples averaged 0.31 mg kg −1 and nongame fish samples averaged 0.22 mg kg −1 . Frequency distributions of total mercury concentrations in the fish are presented by fish species and sampling location. Data include total mercury analyses of 43 sediment samples.