cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical Salmonellosis Accidentally Induced by Feed and Water Deprivation of One-Week-Old Broiler Chicks

Abstract Bierer (1960) found that mortality in poults artificially exposed to Salmonella typhimurium infection was greatest when exposure occurred during the first day, was less severe with exposure on the second and third days, and was nonexistent if exposure occurred after the third day. Bierer (1961a) reported that chicks artificially exposed to S. pullorum experienced a higher mortality when brooder temperature was 26.7°C compared to chicks similarly exposed but brooded at 32.2°C. Deaths in 100 pen mate chicks not inoculated were 40% in the low temperature group, compared to 1% in the chicks brooded at 32.2°C. Bierer (1961b) was unable to satisfactorily induce clinical S. typhimurium infection by per os inoculation of baby chicks, but succeeded when the bacteria were sprayed on pipping eggs in the incubator. Williams (1959) listed water starvation as one of a number of items sometimes associated with paratyphoid infection under field conditions. In this report the…
The Transformation of Canadian Property Rights

Les juristes tendent a situer le developpement des droits dans les cours constitutionnelles. Cependant, des recherches recentes dans la tradition Droit et Societe montrent que les choix individuels ou ceux d'organismes prives peuvent egalement transformer la signification des droits. En allant plus loin, cet article pose que la transformation de droits se produit egalement a travers de petites modifications de politiques que les elus et les fonctionnaires regionaux font, incluant ceux qui ajoutent de nouvelles significations aux dispositions et aux droits. Cet article s'appuie sur l'exemple des reglements concernant les droits de propriete et l'utilisation du territoire pour tester cette hypothese. Il conclut que les elus et les fonctionnaires canadiens attribuent constamment des significations aux droits, dont la rationalite se definie a partir de valeurs constitutives de la territorialite.. Legal scholars tend to situate the development of rights in constitutional courts. However, recent studies in the law and society tradition find that individual choices or choices by private organizations also can transform the meaning of rights. Further extending this argument, this paper hypothesizes that the transformation of rights also occurs through incremental policy changes made by subnational officeholders and administrators, including changes that "layer" new meanings onto law and rights. To examine the hypothesis, this paper uses the example of property rights and land use regulation. It concludes that Canadian officeholders and administrators engage in an ongoing development of the meaning of rights within a rationality defined by entrenched constitutive values about territoriality.
Engineering a Polymeric Gene Delivery Vector Based on Poly(ethylenimine) and Hyaluronic Acid

In this work, the effects of primary amines, ligand targeting, and overall charge on the effectiveness of branched poly(ethylenimine)-hyaluronic acid conjugate (bPEI-HA) zwitterionic gene delivery vectors are investigated. To elucidate the relative importance of each of these parameters, we explored the zeta potential, cytotoxicity, and transfection efficiency for a variety of formulations of bPEI-HA. It was found that the length of the hyaluronic acid (HA) oligosaccharide had the most significant effect on cytotoxicity and transfection efficiency with human mesenchymal stem cells. Test groups of bPEI incorporating HA with a length of 10 saccharides had significantly higher transfection efficiency (14.6 ± 2.0%) and lower cytotoxicity than other formulations tested, with the cytotoxicity of the group containing the greatest mass of 10 saccharide showing similar results as the positive controls at the highest polymer concentration (100 μg/mL). Additionally, molar incorporation of HA, as opposed to the saccharide length and HA mass incorporation, had the greatest effect on zeta potential but a minor effect on both cytotoxicity and transfection efficiency. This work demonstrates the relative importance of each of these tunable design criteria when creating a zwitterionic polymeric gene delivery vector and provides useful specific information regarding the design of bPEI-HA gene delivery vectors.
Direct coupling of nitriles and aniline to form the triazapentadiene species RhIII{NHC(R)N(Ph)C(R)NH}

The facile and high-yield reaction between aniline and cis-positioned nitriles of [(tbpy)2Rh(NCR)2][OTf]3 [R = Me (2), Ph (3); tbpy = 4,4′-di-tert-butyl-2,2′-bipyridine; OTf = CF3SO3−] produces the RhIII-triazapentadiene species [(tbpy)2Rh{NHC(R)N(Ph)C(R)NH}][OTf]3 [R = Me (4), Ph (5)]. It represents the first example of direct coupling between two RCN ligands and a primary amine to form this type of metallacycle. X-ray structures of 2 and 4 are reported.
Wabash River Freshwater Drum Aplodinotus grunniens Diet: Effects of Body Size, Sex, and River Gradient

Abstract The objectives of this study were to describe the diets of freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens in the Wabash River in the Midwestern United States. We used a multivariate ordination approach (nonmetric multidimensional scaling) to describe drum diets combined with a generalized linear model to test for covariation of diet with body size, sex, and longitudinal river gradient. Hydropsychidae (trichoptera, caddisfly larvae), pleuroceridae (gastropoda), and heptageniidae (ephemeroptera, mayfly larvae) were the most consumed prey items (∼75% of overall diets). Among all freshwater drum, hydropsychidae, pleuroceridae, and heptageniidae were present in 69%, 23%, and 38% of stomachs, respectively. Freshwater drum diets were similar along an upstream–downstream river gradient spanning 350 river km, but varied with body size and sex. Small- and medium-sized fish tended to consume more diptera and annelids compared with the largest individuals, which fed on mollusks and crayfish. With control for body siz...
Near-zero gate bouncing in high-frequency converters with shield-plate FETs

The gate bouncing of the Shield-Plate FETs (SP-FETs) in synchronous buck converters is investigated in this work for the first time. A comparative analysis between a 30V SP-FET and a 30V TP-FET (Trench Power MOSFET) working as a synchronous switch is provided by experimental results and mixed-mode simulation. Although the current conduction during the deadtime is due to different mechanisms, the extremely low Crss/Ciss ratio (<; 0.01) is identified as the main responsible for the negligible gate bouncing in SP-FETs. The gate bouncing immunity is presented as a new paradigm for the circuit/device co-design, thus allowing the reduction of the driver deadtime and the MOSFET threshold voltage in order to achieve efficiency peaks above 90% for 12V-to-1.2V conversion at 1MHz operation frequency.
Structural Analysis of Cylindrical and Spherical Supramolecular Dendrimers Quantifies the Concept of Monodendron Shape Control by Generation Number

In 1989, it was predicted that a change in dendritic shape to a nearly spherical one should occur upon increasing the generation number (Naylor, A. M.; Goddard, W. A., III; Kiefer, G. E.; Tomalia, D. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 2339). The absence of long-range order required for X-ray analysis allowed only indirect evidence to be provided for this concept. This publication reports the synthesis of three generations of self-assembling monodendrons based on the AB3 building block methyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate. The first 3,4,5-tris[p-(n-dodecan-1-yloxy)benzyloxy]benzoic acid and the second-generation methyl 3,4,5-tris{3‘,4‘,5‘-tris[p-(n-dodecan-1-yloxy)benzyloxy]benzyloxy}benzoate monodendrons self-assemble into cylindrical supramolecular dendrimers that self-organize in a two-dimensional p6mm lattice. The third-generation monodendron 3,4,5-tris(3‘,4‘,5‘-tris{3‘‘,4‘‘,5‘‘-tris[p-(n-dodecan-1-yloxy)benzyloxy]benzyloxy}benzyloxy)benzoate self-assembles in a spherical dendrimer that self-organizes in a thr...
Radioligand-dependent differences in the molecular properties of the mouse and rat hepatic aryl hydrocarbon receptor complexes.

Abstract A comparison of the molecular properties of the male Long-Evans rat and male C57BL/ 6 mouse hepatic cytosolic aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor complex was determined using 2,3,7,8-[ 3 H]tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD) and 2,3,7,8-[ 3 H]tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) as radioligands. In low salt buffer, the sedimentation coefficients, Stokes radii, relative molecular masses, frictional ratios, axial ratios and gel permeation chromatographic properties of the rat receptor complexes were ligand independent. In contrast, there were several ligand-dependent differences in the mouse Ah receptor complexes formed after incubation in low salt buffer and these include: sucrose density gradient analysis of the 2,3,7,8-[ 3 H]TCDF receptor complex gave a 9.5 S specifically bound peak and a 2.6 S nonspecifically bound peak whereas the corresponding 2,3,7,8-[ 3 H]TCDD receptor complex gave a single 9.6 S specifically bound peak; sucrose density gradient analysis of the two major peaks eluted from a Sephacryl S-300 column chromatographie separation of the 2,3,7,8-[ 3 H]TCDF receptor complex gave two specifically bound peaks at 9.2 and 5.1 S. The molecular properties of the rat hepatic cytosolic receptor complexes incubated in high salt (0.4 m KCl) buffer were ligand independent with one exception, namely the significant difference in the sedimentation coefficient of the specifically bound disaggregated 2,3,7,8-[ 3 H]TCDD receptor complex (6.8 S) and the corresponding 2,3,7,8-[ 3 H]TCDF receptor complex (5.0 S). The major ligand-dependent differences in the mouse receptor complexes incubated in high salt (0.4 m KCl) were associated with the sedimentation coefficients of the complexes derived after direct incubation and after gel permeation chromatography. For example, both ligands gave two specifically bound complexes after chromatography on Sephacryl S-300 column and centrifugation of these fractions gave both the ~9 and ~5 S peaks; this suggested that there was some equilibration between the aggregated and disaggregated receptor complexes. The behavior of the 2,3,7,8-[ 3 H]TCDF mouse receptor complex was similar after incubation in low or high salt buffer except that sucrose density gradient analysis of the gel permeation Chromatographic fractions gave an additional specifically bound peak which sedimented at 7.2 S. These studies demonstrate that the molecular properties of the Ah receptor were dependent on the source of the cytosolic receptor preparation, the ionic strength of the incubation media, and the structure of the radioligand.
Consistent inhibition of peripheral cholinesterases by neurotoxins from the freshwater cyanobacterium Anabaena flos-aquae: Studies of ducks, swine, mice and a steer

Freshwater algal blooms associated with outbreaks of sudden death in ducks and swine were examined for cholinesterase (ChE)-inhibiting toxins as the possible cause of death. In both investigations, Anabaena flos-aquae was identified as the predominant alga in the bloom material. In both cases, assays on tissues from mice dosed intraperitoneally with algal extracts revealed inhibition of ChE in whole blood, plasma, diaphragm and lung, but not in brain. With algae from the field case involving ducks, toxicosis was experimentally reproduced by oral intubation in ducks and swine, but not in mice and a steer. However, the steer, as with other species, was susceptible to toxicosis induced by parenteral administration of an algal extract. Assays on tissues from affected animals revealed inhibition of ChE in whole blood, plasma, red blood cells, diaphragm, lung and pectoral muscle, but not in brain or retina. In vitro electric eel (EC 3.1.1.7) ChE assays with HPLC-purified extracts of the same alga revealed direct inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. Clinical signs in all animals were compatible with muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic stimulation. Death of exposed animals is an apparent result of peripheral ChE inhibition.
Pancreatic regeneration after partial pancreatectomy

The ability of the pancreas to regenerate and the effects of trophic hormones on regeneration of the pancreas after partial pancreatectomy are not completely understood. We investigated the effects of the trypsin inhibitor FOY-305 (an agent that stimulates endogenous cholecystokinin) on pancreatic regeneration after partial pancreatectomy in rats. FOY-305 or water was administered for either 13 days or 27 days by gavage feeding, after sham operation or partial pancreatectomy (n = 6 to 8 animals per group). FOY-305 stimulated hypertrophy of the pancreatic remnant at 13 days; prolonged treatment for 27 days produced both hypertrophy and hyperplasia. The magnitude of pancreatic growth after FOY-305 administration was significantly greater at 27 days in the pancreatic remnant than growth of the equivalent pancreatic segment (duodenal and parabiliary) in sham-operated rats treated with FOY-305. Our results suggest that endogenous cholecystokinin released by FOY-305 stimulates regeneration after partial pancreatectomy. The pancreatic remnant is more sensitive to trophic stimulation in comparison to the normal pancreas. FOY-305 may be a useful agent in the treatment of pancreatic insufficiency after extensive subtotal pancreatectomy or chronic pancreatitis.
Cellular and molecular investigations of the adhesion and mechanics of Listeria monocytogenes lineages’ I and II environmental and epidemic strains

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to probe the mechanical and adherence properties of eight Listeria monocytogenes' strains representative of the species' two phylogenetic lineages I and II. From a functional perspective, lineage' I strains were characterized by lower overall adhesion forces and higher specific and nonspecific forces compared to lineage' II strains. From a structural perspective, lineage' II strains were characterized by higher Young's moduli and longer and stiffer biopolymers compared to lineage' I strains. Both lineages' I and II strains were similar in their grafting densities. Finally, our results indicated that epidemic and environmental strains of L. monocytogenes and irrespective of their lineage group were characterized by similar Young's moduli of elasticities and adhesion forces at the cellular level. However, at the molecular level, epidemic strains were characterized by higher specific and nonspecific forces, shorter, denser, and more flexible biopolymers compared to environmental strains.
The relationship of lead II to lead I in posterior infarction and its bearing on the configuration of lead aVF.

T HE controversy on the relative merits of the standard limb leads and of the augmented Wilson limb leads in the diagnosis of posterior myocardial infarction was brought into sharp focus by the almost simultaneous appearance of two articles by competent observers with apparently contradictory conclusions. Lowen and Pardee state that “The criteria derived from the unipolar limb leads are not dependable in the diagnosis of posterior infarction. The conventional limb leads more often give a positive sign.” On the other hand, Myers and associates’ state “Because of the demonstrated inferiority of the evidence furnished by the standard leads to that furnished by Lead aVp for diagnosis of posterior infarction, a statistical summary of the findings in the standard leads in this series of 110 cases does not justify the space required.” These two diametrically opposite conclusions may simply be an expression of the greater interest and experience that one group of observers has with one set of leads. The different conclusions may also be due to different criteria used by each group for the diagnosis of posterior infarction by the augmented Wilson leads. These latter leads are of comparatively recent origin, and new requirernents for the criteria of both the normal and the abnormal are still being introduced. It has not been stressed in the recent contributions on these leads that there are but two independent equations that represent both the three conventional limb leads and the three Wilson limb leads. Any variation in one set of leads must lead to a variation in the other set of leads. One is a translation of the other. One set of leads may be more readily interpreted than another either because the language of one set of leads is more familiar to the interpreter or because of a general theory that is applicable to one set and not to the other. The purpose of this paper is to show that there is no intrinsic diagnostic superiority of one set of leads over the other for the diagnosis of posterior myocardial infarction.
Photoelectropolymerization of aniline in a dye-sensitized solar cell

A dye-sensitized solar cell was constructed using a porphyrin photosensitizer and, in place of the usual iodide redox system, a solution in aniline solvent containing lithium perchlorate electrolyte, camphorsulfonic acid, and poly(ethylene oxide) copolymer. Irradiation generated polyaniline within the cell, initially following a proposed photoelectropolymerization mechanism, and eventually operating as a solar cell with polyaniline as the hole transport medium. Overall energy conversion efficiency was 0.8% at moderate light intensities (14.6 mW cm−2) but lower at higher light intensities due to conductivity limitations.
Zeros of the partial sums of $\cos(z)$ and $\sin(z)$ II

We study here in detail the location of the real and complex zeros of the partial sums of $\cos (z)$ and $\sin (z)$ , which extends results of Szego (1924) and Kappert (1996).
Invariance theory for nonlocal variational principles—II weak invariance and global conservation laws☆

Abstract The several different forms of momentum-energy complexes that are required by the nonlocal variational calculus are developed. The results established in the first of this series of papers is then used to obtain necessary and sufficient conditions that a collection of vector fields generate weak coordinate or point invariance of a nonlocal functional relative to a given function in the domain of definition of the functional. It is shown that weak invariance leads to pointwise laws of balance, while the global corresponding laws are laws of conservation. Although the nonlocal character of the problem is evident throughout, the existence of global laws of conservation without local laws of conservation is a characteristic of the nonlocality of the problem.
A METHOD FOR MEASURING UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT VAPOR UPTAKE AND ITS APPLICABILITY TO QUANTITATIVE INHALATION RISK ASSESSMENT

A thorough understanding of the toxicity of any substance requires knowledge of the relationships between exposure concentration and dose delivered to the critical target site. This is particularly true for inhalation exposures because inspired particles and vapors do not deposit uniformly in the respiratory tract. The current report describes in detail a methodology for measuring upper respiratory tract (URT) uptake of vapors in the rat. A urethane-anesthetized animal model is utilized in which two endotracheal tubes are inserted: one leading toward the lung to facilitate respiration, and the other toward the nose to allow air sampling through the nasal passages. The animal is placed in a nose-only exposure chamber and test vapor is drawn through the nose for periods up to 1 h. Uptake efficiency is calculated from the difference in vapor concentration between the inspired (chamber) air and air exiting the URT. Uptake data are provided for acetaldehyde and nicotine vapors, and a suggested experimental design that includes multiple air flow regimes and inspired concentrations is described. The data obtained by this methodology are not necessarily reflective of uptake efficiencies in normally breathing animals due to the nonphysiologic airflow regimes and the invasiveness of the procedure. The data so obtained are best utilized to support and validate state-of-the-art mathematical simulation models of regional vapor uptake. These models increase scientific rigor and reduce uncertainty in quantitative risk assessments for inhaled materials.
Cabassous tatouay (Cingulata: Dasypodidae)

Cabassous tatouay (greater naked-tailed armadillo) is the largest naked-tailed armadillo. This fossorial denizen of forest and savanna habitats burrows for ants and termites in east-central South America. C. tatouay is listed as “Least Concern” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.
Venus bowshock precursor.

Significantion and electronflux enhancementsimmediatelyupstreamof the Venusbowshockhave been observed by the Electron TemperatureProbeon the PioneerVenus Orbiter. It is shown that mass loadingof the solar wind by oxygen ions(without the effect of MHDturbulei~e)accounts for only about3.5% of the observedeffect. Finally,evidenceis presentedthat turbulencemayplay a nonnegligiblerole in the ion pickupprocess in frontof the Venus bowshock.
Active transport of vesicles in neurons is modulated by mechanical tension

Effective intracellular transport of proteins and organelles is critical in cells, and is especially important for ensuring proper neuron functionality. In neurons, most proteins are synthesized in the cell body and must be transported through thin structures over long distances where normal diffusion is insufficient. Neurons transport subcellular cargo along axons and neurites through a stochastic interplay of active and passive transport. Mechanical tension is critical in maintaining proper function in neurons, but its role in transport is not well understood. To this end, we investigate the active and passive transport of vesicles in Aplysia neurons while changing neurite tension via applied strain, and quantify the resulting dynamics. We found that tension in neurons modulates active transport of vesicles by increasing the probability of active motion, effective diffusivity, and induces a retrograde bias. We show that mechanical tension modulates active transport processes in neurons and that external forces can couple to internal (subcellular) forces and change the overall transport dynamics.
In quest of the sacred baboon: A scientist's journey

By Hans Kummer. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1995. 337 pp. ISBN 0-691-03071-9. $29.95 (cloth). © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Evolution of minimally invasive bariatric surgery.

Abstract Background. Minimally invasive Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is a procedure that is being performed with increasing frequency. It is an advanced laparoscopic procedure with a steep learning curve. With experience, it can be performed in a reasonable amount of time with minimal morbidity. Methods. We first performed minimally invasive gastric bypass with the hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery (HALS) technique. After significant experience with HALS, we changed our approach to completely laparoscopic (LS). Our technique for all cases involves a circular stapled gastrojejunostomy with a 25-mm anvil passed transgastrically. Results. From June 1998 to January 2002, 304 patients underwent minimally invasive gastric bypass. Our first 81 cases were with HALS, and the rest were LS. The incidence of early major and minor perioperative complications for the entire series was 5.6% and 7.9%, respectively. Early reoperation (less than 30 days) was required in 4.6% of all patients. There was 1 leak (1.2%) in the HALS group and 4 anastomotic leaks (1.8%) in the LS group. Other measured outcomes were similar in each group with the exception of wound hernia (16% HALS vs 0.9% LS). Weight loss after 1 year was 44% for HALS and 56% for LS. We have not had any deaths in our series. Conclusions. HALS may have certain advantages in selected patients and early in a surgeon's experience with minimally invasive gastric bypass. With experience, good results are possible with either approach. (Surgery 2002;132:565-72.)
Geographical Proximity and Issue Salience: Their Effects on the Escalation of Militarized Interstate Conflict:

The role of contiguity and territorial issues in conditioning states toward increasingly intense conflict has been a persistent theme in the literature of international relations. This paper investigates one particular aspect of the escalation puzzle in regard to these two dimensions, namely, their impact on the likelihood that militarized disputes will escalate in hostility and severity once the initial threshold of conflict has been broken. The results of ordinal level analyses reveal an interesting pattern. It appears that neither geographical proximity nor issue-type produce the expected positive effect in terms of hostility escalation. Both of these factors do, however, significantly increase the probability that conflict episodes will be marred by increasing numbers of lives lost, once uses of force are taken. These two sets of results suggest that when leaders are faced with the deaths of soldiers in the field, they are significantly less likely to stay the course of engagement if the stakes of con...
A search for the metabolic signal that sensitizes lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation in food-restricted rats

Food deprivation and restriction increase the rewarding potency of food, drugs of abuse, and electrical brain stimulation. Based on evidence that the rewarding effects of these stimuli are mediated by the same neuronal circuitry, lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation (LHSS) was used to investigate the involvement of various metabolic signals in the sensitization of reward. In Experiment 1, glucoprivation with 2-deoxy-d-glucose (150 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)) and lipoprivation with nicotinic acid (150 mg/kg, subcutaneously (s.c.)), individually and in combination, failed to affect the LHSS threshold in ad lib.-fed rats. These results suggest that signals associated with acute shortage of metabolic substrate do not sensitize reward. Because numerous responses to more prolonged negative energy balance are mediated by neuropeptide Y (NPY), the effect of exogenous neuropeptide Y upon LHSS was investigated in Experiment 2. Intraventricular infusion of orexigenic neuropeptide Y doses (2.0, 5.0, and 12.5 g), in ad lib.-fed rats, had no effect on LHSS threshold. In Experiment 3, other concomitants of prolonged negative energy balance--high circulating levels of free fatty acids (FFA) and beta-hydroxybutyrate (HDB)-were investigated. Nicotinic acid (250 mg/kg, s.c.), which suppressed serum HDB and FFA levels, had no effect on LHSS in food-restricted or ad lib.-fed rats. Mercaptoacetate (68.4 mg/kg, i.p.), which suppressed serum HDB levels and exacerbated the elevation of FFA levels, also had no effect. Thus, the brain reward system, if modulated by these substances, is not affected by transient, though marked, changes in their levels. To investigate the effect of a sustained increase in levels of FFA and HDB, a "ketogenic" diet was employed. Although this diet produced a fourfold increase in serum HDB levels, it had no effect on LHSS thresholds. Moreover, the failure of mercaptoacetate (68.4 mg/kg, i.p.) to decrease LHSS thresholds in these rats supports the conclusion that acute shortage of metabolic substrate does not sensitize reward. Other possible mechanisms of reward sensitization, including sustained decreases in circulating insulin and leptin and increases in corticosterone, are discussed.
The beam-gas spectra of silicon, sulfur and oxygen☆

Abstract The beam-gas technique has been used to obtain the VUV spectra of the ions of Si, S and O in the 500–1200 A range. System resolutions of 0.6–0.8 A were used to record the various spectra, which were analyzed by the fitting routine SAMPO. Each ion was accelerated at various energies between 0.4 and 2.0 MeV in an effort to make charge state assignments of the newly observed lines by the intensity variation method. A large number of new but relatively weak lines in Si and O have been analyzed. The S spectra contained an abundance of both weak and strong lines previously unclassified.
Bovine liver cDNA clones encoding a precursor of the α-subunit of the mitochondrial ATP synthase complex

Summary cDNA clones encoding a precursor of the α-subunit of the mitochondrial ATP synthase complex have been isolated from a bovine liver cDNA library using the α-subunit gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a probe. Analyses of the nucleotide sequence of these cDNA clones reveal that the bovine liver ATP synthase α-subunit is initially synthesized as a precursor with an amino-terminal extension 43 amino acids in length. This aminoterminal presequence contains seven basic residues, no acidic residues, and seven polar uncharged serine and threonine residues. A single mRNA species, approximately 1.85 kb in length, was detected for the ATP synthase α-subunit precursor in both bovine liver and heart.
Reduction of Central Line–Associated Bloodstream Infections in a Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Population

This study reports the results of an initiative to reduce central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) among pediatric hematology/oncology patients, a population at increased risk for CLABSI. The study design was a pre-post comparison of a series of specific interventions over 40 months. Logistic regression was used to determine if the risk of developing CLABSI decreased in the postintervention period, after controlling for covariates. The overall CLABSI rate fell from 9 infections per 1000 line days at the beginning of the study to zero in a cohort of 291 patients encompassing 2107 admissions. Admissions during the intervention period had an 86% reduction in odds of developing a CLABSI, controlling for other factors. At the study team's institution, an initiative that standardized blood culturing techniques, lab draw times, line care techniques, and provided physician and nurse education was able to eliminate CLABSI among pediatric hematology/oncology patients.
THE OCCURRENCE DURING ACUTE INFECTIONS OF A PROTEIN NOT NORMALLY PRESENT IN THE BLOOD : I. DISTRIBUTION OF THE REACTIVE PROTEIN IN PATIENTS' SERA AND THE EFFECT OF CALCIUM ON THE FLOCCULATION REACTION WITH C POLYSACCHARIDE OF PNEUMOCOCCUS

The serum obtained from human beings and monkeys during the acute phase of diverse infections contains a protein which is precipitable by the C polysaccharide of pneumococcus. The distribution of this protein in acute phase serum has been studied, and the effect of calcium on the precipitation reaction with the C polysaccharide is described. Other distinctive features of this reaction are discussed. 1. When heated above 65 degrees C., serum obtained from patients during certain acute infections loses the property of reacting in precipitation tests with the C polysaccharide of pneumococcus. The loss of activity under these conditions occurs at temperatures known to denature many proteins. 2. The reactive component in "acute phase" serum which precipitates with the C polysaccharide is tentatively regarded as a protein. 3. The reactive substance is associated with the albumin fraction of serum. 4. In the reaction between patients' serum and C polysaccharide, flocculation is conditioned by the presence of calcium ions. 5. The following distinctive features of the C-reaction are discussed with reference to known characteristics of antigen-antibody phenomena: (a) the occurrence of the reactive component in blood only during the acute stage of the infection; (b) the lack of specificity of the reaction with respect to the inciting cause of the disease; (c) the presence of the active substance in the albumin fraction of the serum; (d) the action of calcium in producing flocculation.
Mutants of satellite bacteriophage P4 that are defective in the suppression of transcriptional polarity.

The satellite bacteriophage P4 relies on a helper such as P2 to supply the gene products necessary for virion assembly and cell lysis (Six, 1975). P4 has the unique capacity to activate the late genes of P2 by a mechanism that differs from the one normally used by P2 itself. This process has been termed transactivation (Calendar et al., 1977). In addition, P4 is able to suppress the strong polarity associated with certain P2 amber mutations. The isolation of P4 mutants solely defective in polarity suppression (psu−) demonstrates that the ability of P4 to suppress polarity is non-essential for P4 growth. In particular, polarity suppression plays no essential role in either transactivation or head size determination. The product of the P4 psu gene has been identified as a 19,900 Mr P4 late protein.
Philosophy: Modernity: Calibrating Revolution

Abstract In this essay I focus on the descriptive, evaluative, and polemical senses of “revolution” in David Walsh's magisterial The Modern Philosophical Revolution, which offers a spirited and comprehensive defense of modern philosophy from Kant to Derrida. With regard to the descriptive or analytic sense of “revolution,” I argue that Walsh supports a view of change in philosophical discourse which, if it involves significant discontinuity, also involves a measure of continuity. With respect to the evaluative sense, I underscore Walsh's claim that although there are real losses in the shift from premodern to modern philosophical discourse, there are also huge gains on the existential and moral axes. With regard to the polemical sense of “revolution,” I underscore Walsh's positive evaluation with contemporary historiographies that emphasize fall. This includes the historiography of Eric Voegelin, who has had significant influence on Walsh's work.
APOE polymorphisms and cognitive functions in patients with brain tumors

Objective: The goal of this study was to assess whether the APOE e4 allele and other APOE single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) influence neuropsychological and neuroimaging outcomes in patients with brain tumors. Methods: Two hundred eleven patients with brain tumors participated in the study. All patients completed standardized neuropsychological tests and provided a blood sample for APOE genotyping. Ratings of white matter abnormalities were performed on MRI scans. Patients were classified into 2 groups based on the presence (n = 50) or absence (n = 161) of at least one APOE e4 allele. Additional APOE SNPs were genotyped in a subset of 150 patients. Results: Patients with at least one APOE e4 allele had significantly lower scores in verbal learning and delayed recall, and marginally significant lower scores in executive function, in comparison to noncarriers of an e4 allele. Patients with at least one e4 allele and history of cigarette smoking had significantly higher scores in working memory and verbal learning than e4 carriers who never smoked. Nine additional APOE SNPs were significantly associated with attention and executive and memory abilities. There were no significant differences between e4 carriers and noncarriers on the extent of white matter abnormalities on MRI. Conclusions: The findings suggest that patients with brain tumors who are carriers of the APOE e4 allele may have increased vulnerability to developing memory and executive dysfunction, and that additional SNPs in the APOE gene may be associated with cognitive outcome.
Effect of atriopeptin II on contrast medium-inducd changes in renal blood flow

Effect of atriopeptin II on contrast medium-induced changes in renal blood flow. Volume expansion has been shown to attenuate the vasoconstrictive efifects of contrast medium. Since endogenous circulating levels of atrial natriuretic peptides are elevated during volume expansion and since atrial natriuretic peptides have been shown to blunt or block the vasoconstrictive effects of various pharmacologic agents, we examined the effect of atriopeptin II infusion on contrast medium-induced alterations in renal blood flow. Transient changes in renal blood flow were measured with an electromagnetic flow probe following bolus injections of the contrast medium, sodium meglumine diatrizoate (Re-novist II, 2 ml/4 sec), into the renal arteries of dogs. Under control conditions (that is, saline vehicle), the bolus of contrast medium caused an initial 15 to 21% increase in renal blood flow at 14 to 21 seconds, followed by a subsequent 5 to 13% decrease in renal blood flow at 43 to 59 seconds after injection. Infusion of atriopeptin II (0.05 pg/kg/min) into the renal artery did not alter arterial blood pressure, glomerular filtration rate, or baseline renal blood flow, but did produce increases in urine flow rate and clearance of sodium. The infusion of atriopeptin II attenuated the contrast medium-induced reduction in RBF, but the infusion of a threshold dose of bradykinin (1 ng/kg/min) had no effect. These results suggest that low doses of atriopeptin II can selectively attenuate the vasoconstrictive effects of contrast medium on renal blood flow without influencing systemic hemodynamics.
Duct systems in large commercial buildings: Physical characterization, air leakage, and heat conduction gains

Abstract Through field studies in large commercial buildings and reviews of building plans, we investigated the effective leakage areas (ELAs), air-leakage rates, and conduction heat gains of duct systems. Different methods for measuring air-leakage rates were also compared. ELAs of supply ducts ranged from 0.4 to 2.0 cm 2 per square meter of floor area served, and from 1.0 to 4.8 cm 2 per square meter of duct surface area. On a per-unit-floor-area basis, these duct ELAs are comparable to the values measured in residences. The corresponding values of duct leakage class were 60 to 270, much higher than the range of 3 to 12 reported by ASHRAE [ASHRAE Standard 111-1988, Practices for Measurement, Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing of Building Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Systems, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, 1988] as attainable for quality duct construction and sealing practices when leakage at connections to duct-mounted equipment is not considered. The measured air-leakage rates as a percentage of the inlet air flow rate varied from 0% to 30%, with most of the measurements falling between 10% and 20%. Large inconsistencies among the air-leakage rates determined from different measurement procedures exemplify the need for further development and evaluation of measurement methods. Heat gains between the outlet of the cooling coils and the supply registers caused supply air temperatures to increase, on average, by 0.6°C to 2°C. The corresponding values of conduction effectiveness were 0.75 to 0.90; thus, heat conduction decreased the cooling capacity of the supply air exiting registers by 10% to 25%. Because these results are based on studies in only a few buildings, generalizations from these findings are premature.
Genuine Counterexamples to the Simple Conditional Analysis of Disposition: A Reply to Choi

Choi (Philosophia, 38(3), 2010) argues that my counterexamples in Lee (Philosophia, 38(3), 2010) to the simple conditional analysis of disposition ascription are “bogus” counterexamples. In this paper, I argue that Choi’s arguments are not satisfactory and that my examples are genuine counterexamples.
Efficient all solid-state UV source for satellite-based lidar applications.

A satellite-based UV-DIAL measurement system would allow continuous global monitoring of ozone concentration in the upper atmosphere. However such systems remain difficult to implement because aerosol-scattering return signals for satellite-based lidars are very weak. A suitable system must produce high-energy UV pulses at multiple wavelengths with very high efficiency. For example, a nanosecond system operating at 10 Hz must generate approximately 1 J per pulse at 308-320 nm. An efficient space-qualified wavelength-agile system based on a single UV source that can meet this requirement is probably not available using current laser technology. As an alternative, we're pursuing a multi-source approach employing all-solid-state modules that individually generate 300-320 nm light with pulse energies in the range of 50-200 mJ, with transform-limited bandwidths and good beam quality. Pulses from the individual sources can be incoherently summed to obtain the required single-pulse energy. These sources use sum-frequency mixing of the 532 nm second harmonic of an Nd:YAG pump laser with 731-803 nm light derived from a recently-developed, state-of-the-art, nanosecond optical parametric oscillator. Two source configurations are under development, one using extra-cavity sum-frequency mixing, and the other intra-cavity sum-frequency mixing. In either configuration, we hope to obtain sum-frequency mixing efficiency approaching 60% by carefully matching the spatial and temporal properties of the laser and OPO pulses. This ideal balance of green and near-IR photons requires an injection-seeded Nd:YAG pump-laser with very high beam quality, and an OPO exhibiting unusually high conversion efficiency and exceptional signal beam quality. The OPO employs a singly-resonant high-Fresnel-number image-rotating self-injection-seeded nonplanar-ring cavity that achieves pump depletion > 65% and produces signal beams with M 2 ≈ 3 at pulse energies exceeding 50 mJ. Pump beam requirements can be met in the laboratory using a commercial Nd:YAG laser system, but only after extensive modifications.
Cartesian internal coordinates: translational and rotational invariance

Abstract Using translational and rotational invariance conditions for energy derivatives, we show that at a nonstationary point on the molecular potential energy surface the Hessian has at least three zero eigenvalues. Only at a stationary point can there be shown to be six (five for collinear geometries) zero eigenvalues. An infinitesimal transformation is defined such that the six (five for collinear geometries) transformed dependent Cartesian-like coordinates have zero gradients. From the form of this infinitesimal transformation, a translation-rotation free surface walking algorithm is defined. Numerical tests show that this surface walking procedure is practical for both non-collinear and collinear molecules.
Parameter dependence of the impact dynamics of thin plates

Abstract Noise generation by the impact of thin plates is an example of energy transfer from the low frequency vibration of the fundamental modes to high frequency vibration modes. The noise radiation from the impact is determined by the impact dynamics. In this paper, we extract low-dimensional models for the impact dynamics. Detailed analysis is conducted on a single-degree-of-freedom system. Qualitative understanding of the dynamic behavior is achieved through the bifurcation sets which represent the partition of the parameter space into qualitatively different regions. It is found that many (possibly infinite) periodic solutions bifurcate from the grazing bifurcation point. Most of these periodic orbits terminate at secondary grazing bifurcations. The impact dynamics influences the impact velocity tremendously. The ‘nominal impact velocity’ which designers might use as a reference can be very different from the actual impact velocity. Experiments are conducted on a thin plate impacting a striker. The experimental observation that the impact when forced above resonance frequency is stronger (larger impact velocity and larger sound pressure level) than forced below resonances agrees with the theoretical predictions. Data on both the impact velocity and the noise level are acquired.
Particulate Protein-Nitrogen in North Atlantic Surface Waters

Depth profiles of particulate protein-nitrogen at 4 oceanic and 2 upwelling stations in the North Atlantic Ocean were measured by a new fluorometric method. The protein-nitrogen in the upper 20 m ranged from 0.19 to 1.61 μg-at N/1 at the oceanic stations and from 0.43 to 3.54 μg-at/1 at the upwelling stations. The mean values in the euphotic zone were 0.54 μg-at N/1 for the oceanic stations and 1.70 μg-at N/1 for the upwelling stations. The ratio of protein-nitrogen to chlorophyll at the two sets of stations was 2.83 and 0.54 μg-at N/μg chlorophyll, respectively. Regression analysis of the pooled data yielded a detritus and zooplankton-free ratio of 0.38 μg-at N:μg chlorophyll. Calculations of the phytoplankton protein-nitrogen, based on this ratio, suggest that in the oceanic water only 20% of the sestonic protein-nitrogen is associated with the phytoplankton. In the upwelling waters, the phytoplankton may account for 65% of the sestonic proteinnitrogen.
The analysis of potential mating trajectories and grasp sites

An efficient analysis of potential mating trajectories employs a two-dimensional approximation of the part geometry to obtain a reasonable approximation of the volume still remaining for the, as yet, unspecified gripper. This analysis is useful in determining the suitability of potential mating sequences when the actual robot and gripper to be used in the final assembly operations are unspecified. The complexity of the algorithm is analysed. Several examples of the application of the algorithm are provided to illustrate the algorithm's ability to choose between various gripper types and different mating trajectories.
Nutrient cycling in the palaeorecord: Fluxes from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems

Transfer of nutrients from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems is a natural process with climatic, biotic, and geologic controls. Recently, increasing concern about human manipulation of global nutrient cycles has required a long-term approach to assessing the nutrient status of aquatic systems. Data available in palaeorecords can assess current trophic status, baseline conditions, and long-term processes controlling nutrient fluxes on decadal to millennial timescales. Here, we review three palaeolimnological methods used to reconstruct nutrient cycling: (1) chemical compounds preserved in lacustrine sediment, (2) aquatic biotic indicators (often using a quantitative transfer function), and (3) quantitative empirical sediment flux estimates. The millennial-scale regulation of nutrient cycling by climate and catchment geochemistry leads to a gradual trajectory of dystrophication over the Holocene in many temperate lakes. In many systems, the magnitude of recent anthropogenic changes to nutrient cycling is la...
Signal amplification on microarrays: techniques and advances in tyramide signal amplification (TSA)

Increased sensitivity for differential mRNA expression analysis on microarrays is rapidly becoming a serious need as the technology matures. Current techniques using direct cyanine labeled targets are effective for expression analysis of abundant mRNA sources but have limited utility for analysis where mRNA quantities are limited. Tyramide signal amplification (TSATM) applied to microarray detection provides dramatic improvements in sensitivity, allowing the reduction of sample sizes by as much as 200-fold. The technique includes hapten labeling of two separate RNA populations, microarray hybridization and detection of each hapten with sequential signal amplification steps. The system uses fluorescein and biotin nucleotide analogs as the hapten pair. Hybridized fluorescein and biotin labeled targets are sequentially reacted with horseradish peroxidase and cyanine 3 and cyanine 5 tyramides, resulting in the numerous depositions of these fluorophors on the array. Differential gene expression analysis of LNCaP and PC3 prostate cancer cell lines using one microgram of total RNA and TSA detection, indicates good correlation with results obtained starting with 100 micrograms ((mu) g) of total RNA in a conventional cyanine 3 and cyanine 5 nucleotide analog labeling and detection system (i.e., the direct method).© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.