cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acclimation of leaf traits in seasonal light environments: Are non-native species more plastic?

In temperate deciduous forests, understorey light environments vary dramatically throughout spring, summer and autumn due to tree canopy leaf display. This variability in light level is a physiological challenge for understorey species that produce sun‐adapted leaves in the spring before being shaded by the tree canopy. Similarly, some understorey species display leaves late into autumn after the tree canopy senesces. Many species in North American deciduous forests with extended leaf display are not native to North America. Since many non‐native species have been shown to have greater plasticity than natives, we hypothesized that leaves of non‐native species may be more plastic with respect to seasonal light changes than natives, and that this plasticity may allow them to assimilate more carbon in the same environment. We measured leaf traits and photosynthetic capacity of 17 native and 13 non‐native understorey shrub species in a common garden in Syracuse, New York, during spring, summer and autumn. We tested for the contribution of seasonal mean and variance (plasticity) of leaf traits to a species’ average photosynthetic rate and total leaf production. We also analysed the extent to which leaf adjustments depended on whether plants continued to produce new leaves over the growing season. Leaf traits of both native and non‐native species varied seasonally, but plasticity varied in extent and contribution to overall carbon gain. Non‐native species had the highest seasonal plasticity, but, contrary to our hypothesis, such plasticity did not contribute to their overall carbon gain. However, leaf trait plasticity was adaptive for native species that continued to produce leaves throughout the year, primarily due to increases in quantum efficiency and electron transport rate in leaves produced mid‐year compared to leaves produced early in the year. Synthesis. Despite large adjustments in leaf traits across seasonal light environments for both native species and non‐native species, we found little evidence that leaf‐level plasticity drives non‐native invasion or contributes strongly to annual carbon gain or productivity in understorey species. Instead, differences in mean leaf traits across seasons are sufficient to explain carbon gain advantages of non‐native woody species in deciduous forests.
Miocene Hominoid Mandibles

It is axiomatic in vertebrate paleontology that mandibles and mandibular fragments are among the most frequently recovered specimens from fossil localities. The dense, cohesive structure of the mandibular corpus and embedded tooth roots improve the likelihood that they will survive, in some form, the vagaries of deposition and postdepositional diagenetic processes. This is as true in the hominoid fossil record as it is in other areas of paleontology, a fact that mandates continuing analysis of the factors that mediate mandibular size and shape. As is true for all mammals, the morphology of primate mandibles is influenced in many ways, including patterns of food procurement, masticatory mechanics, cranial growth trajectories, and body size. Such influences can be analyzed to reconstruct functional/behavioral patterns, and, to a more limited extent, provide data useful in phylogenetic assessments.
Feasibility of Formal Mindfulness-Based Stress-Resilience Training Among Surgery Interns: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance Among surgical trainees, burnout and distress are prevalent, but mindfulness has been shown to decrease the risk of depression, suicidal ideation, burnout, and overwhelming stress. In other high-stress populations, formal mindfulness training has been shown to improve mental health, yet this approach has not been tried in surgery. Objective To test the feasibility and acceptability of modified Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) training during surgical residency. Design, Setting, and Participants A pilot randomized clinical trial of modified MBSR vs an active control was conducted with 21 surgical interns in a residency training program at a tertiary academic medical center, from April 30, 2016, to December 2017. Interventions Weekly 2-hour, modified MBSR classes and 20 minutes of suggested daily home practice over an 8-week period. Main Outcomes and Measures Feasibility was assessed along 6 domains (demand, implementation, practicality, acceptability, adaptation, and integration), using focus groups, interviews, surveys, attendance, daily practice time, and subjective self-report of experience. Results Of the 21 residents included in the analysis, 13 were men (62%). Mean (SD [range]) age of the intervention group was 29.0 (2.4 [24-31]) years, and the mean (SD [range]) age of the control group was 27.4 (2.1 [27-33]) years. Formal stress-resilience training was feasible through cultivation of stakeholder support. Modified MBSR was acceptable as evidenced by no attrition; high attendance (12 of 96 absences [13%] in the intervention group and 11 of 72 absences [15%] in the control group); no significant difference in days per week practiced between groups; similar mean (SD) daily practice time between groups with significant differences only in week 1 (control, 28.15 [12.55] minutes; intervention, 15.47 [4.06] minutes;P = .02), week 2 (control, 23.89 [12.93] minutes; intervention, 12.61 [6.06] minutes;P = .03), and week 4 (control, 26.26 [13.12] minutes; intervention, 15.36 [6.13] minutes;P = .04); course satisfaction (based on interviews and focus group feedback); and posttraining-perceived credibility (control, 18.00 [4.24]; intervention, 20.00 [6.55];P = .03). Mindfulness skills were integrated into personal and professional settings and the independent practice of mindfulness skills continued over 12 months of follow-up (mean days [SD] per week formal practice, 3 [1.0]). Conclusions and Relevance Formal MBSR training is feasible and acceptable to surgical interns at a tertiary academic center. Interns found the concepts and skills useful both personally and professionally and participation had no detrimental effect on their surgical training or patient care. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier:NCT03141190
Clinically Meaningful Improvement After Treatment of Cartilage Defects of the Knee With Osteochondral Grafts

Background:Mosaicplasty and fresh osteochondral allograft transplantation (OCA) are popular cartilage restoration techniques that involve the single-stage implantation of viable, mature hyaline car...
Expanding production value: The culture and scale of television and new media:

Web, or networked, distribution technologies have challenged the power of US media corporations, which set high technical standards for production value, a measure of content quality. Legacy TV com...
The Potential Economic Benefits of an Oceanographic Satellite System to Commercial Ocean Operations

In 1978 the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration will launch SEASAT-A, the first satellite dedicated to the remote sensing of the ocean environment. Concurrently with the development of the technical concepts for SEASAT-A, a two-year study has been performed to estimate the potential economic impact of an operational SEASAT system on ocean-based industries. The results of this study show that substantial, firm benefits could be obtained in areas that are extensions of current operations such as marine transportation and offshore oil and natural gas exploration and development. Very large potential benefits from the use of SEASAT data are possible in an area of operations that is now in the planning or conceptual stage, namely, the transportation of oil, natural gas and other resources by surface ship in the Arctic regions. In this case, the benefits are dependent upon the rate of development of the resources that are believed to be in the Arctic regions, and also dependent upon the choice of surface transportation over pipelines as the means of moving these resources to the lower latitudes. Our studies have also identified that large potential benefits may be possible from the use of SEASAT data in support of ocean fishing operations. However, in this case the size of the sustainable yield of the oceans remains an unanswered question; thus, a conservative viewpoint concerning the size of the benefit should be adopted until the process of biological replenishment is more completely understood.
Infections in Intestinal and Multivisceral Transplantation

Intestinal and multivisceral transplantation are associated with a significantly higher risk of infectious complications compared to other transplants. In this chapter we describe the approach to common infections after intestinal and multivisceral transplantation along with recent developments in the understanding of the gut microbiota and intestinal immune homeostasis.
Predicting Health and Wellness Outcomes for Probation and Parole Officers: An Exploratory Study:

Probation and parole research in the late 1980s and early 1990s explored the negative health and wellness effects that officers may experience. However, little current research exists on health and...
Traffic Sign Detection Under Challenging Conditions: A Deeper Look into Performance Variations and Spectral Characteristics

Traffic signs are critical for maintaining the safety and efficiency of our roads. Therefore, we need to carefully assess the capabilities and limitations of automated traffic sign detection systems. Existing traffic sign datasets are limited in terms of type and severity of challenging conditions. Metadata corresponding to these conditions are unavailable and it is not possible to investigate the effect of a single factor because of the simultaneous changes in numerous conditions. To overcome the shortcomings in existing datasets, we introduced the CURE-TSD-Real dataset, which is based on simulated challenging conditions that correspond to adversaries that can occur in real-world environments and systems. We test the performance of two benchmark algorithms and show that severe conditions can result in an average performance degradation of 29% in precision and 68% in recall. We investigate the effect of challenging conditions through spectral analysis and show that the challenging conditions can lead to distinct magnitude spectrum characteristics. Moreover, we show that mean magnitude spectrum of changes in video sequences under challenging conditions can be an indicator of detection performance. The CURE-TSD-Real dataset is available online at https://github.com/olivesgatech/CURE-TSD .
Deep learning for compute-efficient modeling of BMP impacts on stream- aquifer exchange and water law compliance in an irrigated river basin

Abstract Inefficient irrigation practices in the alluvial Lower Arkansas River Basin (LARB) of Colorado are contributing to salinization, waterlogging, reduced crop yields, and harmful concentrations of pollutants in the stream-aquifer system. Intensive data collection and modeling efforts in the LARB over the past 20 years have resulted in development of the GIS-based basin-scale decision support system River GeoDSS. Parallel efforts in regional-scale calibration and application of the MODFLOW-SFR2-RT3D-OTIS stream-aquifer system model permit evaluation of best management practices (BMPs) designed to mollify adverse environmental impacts. Since BMP implementation is allowable only if water laws are not violated, a deep learning model is developed to serve as an accurate, compute-efficient surrogate of MODFLOW-SFR2 and is imbedded in River GeoDSS for assessing basin-scale impacts of BMP implementations on stream-aquifer exchange and water rights. It is shown that BMPs can be implemented while maintaining reasonable water law compliance with development of a new reservoir storage account.
The Intersection of Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Race/Ethnicity on Cardiovascular Health: a Review of the Literature and Needed Research

This review discusses the current literature about the cardiovascular health of sexual and gender minority (SGM) individuals with a particular focus on the intersection between SGM identity and race/ethnicity, describes potential contributions to observed differences, and suggests interventions to begin to improve cardiovascular health equity in this community. Research on cardiovascular health in SGM individuals predominantly focuses on individual cardiovascular health risk factors and has conflicting results. The studies assessing cardiovascular health outcomes in SGM people show mixed results and are limited by reliance on self-reported cardiovascular diagnoses. Research examining the intersectional influences of race/ethnicity and SGM identity on cardiovascular health is even more sparse, particularly in gender minority cardiovascular health. While some studies suggest disparate prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors like tobacco use, hypertension, and obesity in SGM people of color, the small number of these studies limits the interpretation of this body of research. The etiology for differential cardiovascular health is likely multifactorial, with contribution of inequitable access to appropriate healthcare, lack of SGM culturally competent clinicians, and discrimination within the healthcare system. Another potential component is the link between minority stress and physical health, a growing area of research in SGM health. Systematic research about the intersectional influences of race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and gender identity on cardiovascular health is urgently needed. A first step could be to enable electronic health record capture of demographic characteristics that include sexual orientation and gender identity in addition to race/ethnicity. This intervention, combined with training for healthcare providers and staff, would be a powerful step toward providing more equitable cardiovascular care for this underserved community.
Testing the Forensic Confirmation Bias: How Jailhouse Informants Violate Evidentiary Independence

Research has demonstrated that primary confessions corrupt perceptions of forensic evidence, such as handwriting evidence. Additionally, research on secondary confessions indicates that statements made by jailhouse informants influence juror decision making to the same degree as primary confessions. The goal of the current study was to investigate whether jailhouse informant statements bias perceptions of forensic evidence. Participants were presented with a brief case summary about a bank robbery along with confession evidence from a jailhouse informant, in which both reliability and incentive presence were manipulated. Participants were then asked to examine a pair of either matching or mismatching handwriting samples before making case-relevant judgments. Results indicated that participants exposed to the reliable jailhouse informant were more likely to believe the samples were matching as well as rate them higher in similarity. These findings suggest that participants fell prey to the forensic confirmation bias.
Anesthesia for Endovascular Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Repair (TEVAR)

Thoracic endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (TEVAR) was initially introduced as alternative to open repair in high-risk patients. TEVAR is presently the standard of care for Type B dissections due to the lower risk of procedural complications compared with open repairs. Conversion to open or hybrid procedure may become necessary intraoperatively. Vascular access is through percutaneous or surgical cutdown. The choice of anesthetic is best decided on a case-by-case basis after considering the case-specific surgical requirements and the patient’s comorbidities. Anesthetic options available include local anesthetic and sedation, neuraxial block techniques, or general anesthesia. Neurologic injury due to ischemia, embolization, or vascular occlusion by the endograft is the most feared complication of TEVAR. Precise blood pressure management before, during, and after endograft deployment is critical. In this chapter, we present a brief description of anesthesia considerations for TEVAR.
The Importance of Transcendental Unifying Values for Decentralization

Chapter 10 highlights the need for the establishment and maintenance of unifying transcendental values of decentralized organizations. Unlike scientific laws, transcendental values cannot be stated formally and explicitly. The power of a decentralized organization derives from its ability to unite its members in service to the goal of their shared values. The strength a decentralized network is measured by summing the power of each member in their individual autonomy. Yet, their very autonomy requires the members to construct the unifying ideals for themselves. They are individually responsible for the establishment, nourishment, and revitalization of those unifying ideals, continually.
Efficient and optimal programs when investment is irreversible: A duality theory

An attempt is made in this paper to formulate a satisfactory duality theory of efficient and optimal programs in intertemporal models with irreversible inveatment. The introduction of the constraint that depreciated capital stock cannot be used for present consumption makes the meaningful choice and interpretation of dual variables a more difficult problem, as is pointed out by means of an example. A new definition of a competitive program is introduced, and this is seen to lead to useful characterizations of efficient and optimal programs.
Metabolic activation of 2,4-diaminoanisole, a hair-dye component—I: Role of cytochrome P-450 metabolism in mutagenicity in vitro

Abstract The activation of 2, 4-diaminoanisole to a mutagen in the Salmonella test system by liver fractions of rats and mice is increased by treatments of animals with inducers of the cytochrome P-450 system and is decreased by in vivo and in vitro inhibitors of cytochrome P-450. Higher revenant rates were seen with 2, 4-diaminoanisole in aromatic hydrocarbon responsive mice than in nonresponsive mice after treatment with β-naphthoflavone. Mutagenic activity of 2, 4-diaminoanisole is also induced in kidney and lung as well as transplacentally in fetal liver after treatment with β-naphthoflavone. We suggest that metabolic activation of 2, 4-diaminoanisole to the hydroxylamine(s) may be the underlying reaction for the formation of mutagenic intermediates.
Effect of bovine pancreatic polypeptide on the opossum lower esophageal sphincter.

Abstract The purpose of the present investigation was to study the effect and mechanism of action of bovine pancreatic polypeptide on the lower esophageal sphincter of the opossum. The pressures from the lower esophageal sphincter were measured by a continuously perfused catheter assembly which was anchored in the sphincter. The pancreatic polypeptide was administered through the arterial supply of the sphincter. The pancreatic polypeptide produced an almost linear dose-related rise in the sphincter pressure in doses ranging from 0.15 to 5 μg/kg. The smaller doses of 0.037 μg/kg and 0.075 μg/kg also caused a rise in sphincter pressure, but this was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). A dose of 10 μg/kg produced a smaller increase in pressure than a dose of 5 μg/kg. The effect of very high doses of 40 and 80 μg/kg was studied in one animal. These doses produced inhibition of the sphincter. The contractile effect of pancreatic polypeptide was partly antagonized by tetrodotoxin and atropine. The sphincter contraction was not antagonized by adrenergic, serotoninergic, and histaminergic antagonists or prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor. These studies suggest that: (a) bovine pancreatic polypeptide causes contraction of the opossum lower esophageal sphincter, and (b) its action is partly due to stimulation of cholinergic neurons and partly due to the direct activation of the sphincter smooth muscle.
Diurnal Changes in the Fatty Acid Patterns of Rat Liver Lipids

Certain changes in the fatty acid composition of liver lipids could be related to diurnal cycles. To examine this, the fatty acid profiles of liver triglycA©rides, phospholipids and cholesterol esters were determined at 6-hour intervals using rats fed a high fat (corn oil) diet either ad libitum or hourly, one twenty-fourth of the food consumed by the former group. Diurnal changes were most prominent in the triglycA©ride fraction, and in the ad libitum-fed group reflected the pattern of dietary intake. One cycle, affecting linoleate and arachidonate, was on an 18â€”6hour basis and the second, primarily affecting palmitate, was uniform with 12-hour phases. The maxima were dis placed 12 and 6 hours, respectively, by hourly feeding and may be related to the light cycle. Consistent in both groups and in all fractions was the increase in arachidonate towards the end of the light period. J. Nutr. 103: 899-903, 1973. INDEXING
Heart-specific Rpd3 downregulation enhances cardiac function and longevity

Downregulation of Rpd3, a homologue of mammalian Histone Deacetylase 1 (HDAC1), extends lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster. Once revealed that long-lived fruit flies exhibit limited cardiac decline, we investigated whether Rpd3 downregulation would improve stress resistance and/or lifespan when targeted in the heart. Contested against three different stressors (oxidation, starvation and heat), heart-specific Rpd3 downregulation significantly enhanced stress resistance in flies. However, these higher levels of resistance were not observed when Rpd3 downregulation was targeted in other tissues or when other long-lived flies were tested in the heart-specific manner. Interestingly, the expressions of anti-aging genes such as sod2, foxo and Thor, were systemically increased as a consequence of heart-specific Rpd3 downregulation. Showing higher resistance to oxidative stress, the heart-specific Rpd3 downregulation concurrently exhibited improved cardiac functions, demonstrating an increased heart rate, decreased heart failure and accelerated heart recovery. Conversely, Rpd3 upregulation in cardiac tissue reduced systemic resistance against heat stress with decreased heart function, also specifying phosphorylated Rpd3 levels as a significant modulator. Continual downregulation of Rpd3 throughout aging increased lifespan, implicating that Rpd3 deacetylase in the heart plays a significant role in cardiac function and longevity to systemically modulate the fly's response to the environment.
Hands‐on and online: scientific explorations through distance learning

Laboratory experiments are often considered the defining characteristic of science courses. Such activities provide students with real‐world contexts for applying scientific concepts, while also allowing them to develop scientific ways of thinking and promoting an interest in science. In recent years, an increasing number of campuses have moved their instruction to the online learning environment. Consequently, in the sciences there is a growing need to develop best practices related to the integration of laboratory‐based activities with online science coursework. This research study explored how online students engaged in scientific processes as they conducted relevant and real‐world experiments from their own locations. An analysis of three online science courses revealed that laboratory experiments can be performed successfully by distance learning students.
Serological techniques for detection of antibody to galactocerebroside.

Abstract Two serological techniques were developed for the detection of antibody to galactocerebroside using liposomes as a carrier for the lipid hapten. One assay is a radioimmunoprecipitation test employing [ 3 H]cholesterol as a marker in the galactocerebroside-liposomes. The other is a less sensitive but quick and easy galactocerebroside-liposome agglutination assay. Specificity is demonstrated by comparison of titers when other lipid haptens replace galactocerebroside in the liposomes, and when other anti-glycolipid antisera are reacted with galactocerebroside-liposomes.
Development of a computational framework to adjust the pre-impact spine posture of a whole-body model based on cadaver tests data

A method was developed to adjust the posture of a human numerical model to match the pre-impact posture of a human subject. The method involves pulling cables to prescribe the position and orientation of the head, spine and pelvis during a simulation. Six postured models matching the pre-impact posture measured on subjects tested in previous studies were created from a human numerical model. Posture scalars were measured on pre- and after applying the method to evaluate its efficiency. The lateral leaning angle θL defined between T1 and the pelvis in the coronal plane was found to be significantly improved after application with an average difference of 0.1±0.1° with the PMHS (4.6±2.7° before application). This method will be applied in further studies to analyze independently the contribution of pre-impact posture on impact response using human numerical models.
The structure of heme proteins Compounds I and II: some misconceptions.

Abstract Many reactions catalyzed by heme proteins involve an oxidation of the heme to one or two equivalents above the ferric state. Such intermediates are often referred to as Compound II and Compound I, respectively. Several different notations are used in the literature to describe the chemical structures of these compounds, which has led to errors and misinterpretations. The main problems are: 1. For many biochemists the notations X—FeIV Download : Download full-size image O and X—Fe++++ Download : Download full-size image O are equivalent and are used interchangeably, whereas other biochemists interpret these notations to have quite different meanings. 2. It is inaccurate and misleading to illustrate the increased oxidation state of Compound I by just adding two positive charges to the structure. 3. The bond between the oxygen and iron is not a conventional double bond and illustrating it as such leads to misconceptions concerning its properties. 4. In several instances, including horseradish peroxidase Compound I, there is reason to doubt that the radical moiety of the porphyrin ring (or of the protein in other peroxidases) carries a positive charge. The purpose of this article is to promote the use of uniform, as well as chemically correct, formulae and equations in describing the structures and reactivities of Compounds I and II. To accomplish this, a new notation is proposed for the iron-oxygen bond in these compounds.
Estimated vs. empirical values of scaled‐score ranges on Wechsler's intelligence scales: A correction

An error in the procedure that recently was presented for evaluating the abnormality of scaled-score ranges is corrected. The correction does not alter the earlier conclusion, that the procedure appears sufficiently accurate for most clinical applications.
Generalized de Moivre's theorem, quaternions, and Lorentz transformations on a Minkowski space

Abstract A generalized de Moivre formula is obtained and used to find the structure of the Minkowski space of quaternion-like operators. The automorphisms of this space are shown to be Lorentz transformations.
Linguistic Determinants of the Difficulty of True-False Test Items

Adults read a prose passage and responded to questions based on it which were either true or false and were phrased either affirmatively or negatively. True negatives yielded most errors, followed in order by false negatives, true affirmatives, and false affirmatives. The discrepancy from the ordering Wason (1961) found for binary propositions and the implications for construction of true-false examinations are discussed.
Parallel merging: algorithm and implementation results

Abstract An efficient parallel algorithm for merging two sorted lists is presented. The algorithm is based on a novel partitioning algorithm that splits the two lists among the processors, in a way that ensures load balance during the merge. The partitioning algorithm can itself be efficiently parallelized, allowing the solution to scale with increased numbers of processors. A shared memory multiprocessor is assumed. The time complexity for partitioning and merging is O(N/p + log N), where p is the number of processors and N is the total number of elements in the two lists. Implementation results on a twenty node Sequent Symmetry multiprocessor are also presented.
Differentiation of nonmetastatic and metastatic rodent prostate tumors with high spectral and spatial resolution MRI.

MR images can be acquired with high spectral and spatial resolution to precisely measure lineshapes of the water and fat resonances in each image voxel. Previous work suggests that the high-resolution spectral information can be used to improve image contrast, SNR, sensitivity to contrast agents and to physiologic and biochemical processes that affect local magnetic susceptibility gradients. The potential advantages of high-resolution spectroscopic imaging (SI) suggest that it might be useful for early detection and characterization of tumors. The present experiments evaluate the use of high-resolution SI to discriminate between metastatic and nonmetastatic rodent Dunning prostate tumors. SI datasets were obtained at 4.7 Tesla with an in-plane resolution of 350–500 μ in a single 1.0-mm slice, and 6–8 Hz spectral resolution, before and after i.v. injection of an iron oxide contrast agent. Images of water signal peak height in nonmetastatic tumors were smoother in the tumor interior than images of metastatic tumors (P < .004 by t-test) before contrast media injection. This difference was stronger in contrast-enhanced images (P < .0004). In addition, the boundary between the tumor and muscle was more clearly demarcated in nonmetastatic than metastatic tumors. Combinations of image texture, tumor edge morphology, and changes in T following contrast media injection improved discrimination between metastatic and nonmetastatic tumors. The data presented here do not demonstrate that effective discrimination between metastatic and nonmetastatic tumors depends on the use of high-resolution SI. However, the results suggest that SI and/or other MR methods that provide similar contrast might be used clinically for early and accurate detection of metastatic disease. Magn Reson Med 45:1046–1055, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Catalytic oxidation of cycloalkane heteroanalogs as a way to polyfunctional compounds

Liquid phase oxidation of cycloalkane diheteroanalogs catalyzed by compounds of Cu2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Cr3+, Fe3+ has been studied. It has been established that these catalysts can be applied to intensify, oxidize and increase the selectivity of this process.
Design Of Dammann Gratings For Optical Symbolic Substitution

Symbolic substitution is a method for manipulating binary data that depends on both the value of the data and its spatial location to realize logical operations [1,2]. A substitution system requires only a pattern recognizer, a nonlinear device, and a pattern scriber. The operation of both the recognition and scribing subsystems is based on the replication of an input object to produce several output images; the replicated images are then translated and overlayed. For optical implementation of symbolic substitution the recognizer and scriber systems can be constructed using classical and holographic optical elements; single-channel and dual-channel systems have been proposed [3]. In a single-channel system holographic elements are used either to replicate an input object or combine several shifted images. The holgraphic elements in a dual-channel system perform both replication and translation. A zero-based representation of binary-phase gratings developed by Dammann [4] has been reported as one method for designing beam splitters and combiners [5,6]. Dammann's method assumes a symmetric one-dimensional display of the replicated images and determines the locations of phase changes based on the number of desired replicas. The application of this method to the design of systems for symbolic substitution requires an extension of Dammann's method to asymmetric displays [3] and an extension to two dimensions. These extensions are discussed herein and results are also presented. A brief review of the requirements for image replication and combination in an optical symbolic substitution system is presented in Section 2. Section 3 discusses Dammann's method and its extensions. Practical considerations with respect to design are discussed in Section 4 and results are presented. Some limitations of the implementation of Dammann's method as well as other concluding remarks are discussed in Section 5.
ESL design and multi-core validation using the System-on-Chip Environment

Design at the Electronic System-Level (ESL) tackles the increasing complexity of embedded systems by raising the level of abstraction in system specification and modeling. Aiming at an automated top-down synthesis flow, effective ESL design frameworks are needed in transforming and refining the highlevel design models until a satisfactory multi-processor system-on-chip (MPSoC) implementation is reached. In this paper, we provide an overview of the System-on-Chip Environment (SCE), a SpecC-based ESL framework for heterogeneous MPSoC design. Our SCE framework has been shown effective for its designer-controlled top-down refinement-based design methodology. After reviewing the SCE design flow, this paper highlights our recent extension of the SCE simulation engine to support multi-core parallel simulation for fast validation of large MPSoC designs. We demonstrate the benefits of the parallel simulation using a case study on a H.264 video decoder application.
Exposure of the Circumflex Coronary Artery

Abstract A simplified method of obtaining exposure of the circumflex coronary artery using a mesh envelope is described. The device is constructed of readily available materials. Its construction, use, and clinical application are presented.
On the two-step nature of bacteriophage adsorption

Abstract The rate of adsorption of bacteriophages to host cells increases proportionally to the bacterial concentration B at low B and reaches a maximum rate which is independent of B at high B . The fraction of phage-bacterial collisions leading to irreversible union of these two bodies, estimated to be of the order of 0.1 at 15°C, decreases with temperature. Three alternative theories involving a second step besides collision in the mechanism of bacteriophage adsorption are proposed and discussed to account for the experimental observations. One theory envisions the phage particles as oscillating between an “active” and an “inactive” state. The other two theories involve the concept of a reversible attachment of virus to host cell. The half-life of the “active” state or of the reversible attachment is of the order of 15 seconds at 15°C.
Determination of the minimal clinically important difference in the FIM instrument in patients with stroke.

Abstract Beninato M, Gill-Body KM, Salles S, Stark PC, Black-Schaffer RM, Stein J. Determination of the minimal clinically important difference in the FIM instrument in patients with stroke. Objective To define the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for the FIM instrument in patients poststroke. Design Prospective case series discharged over a 9-month period. Setting Long-term acute care hospital. Participants Patients with stroke (N=113). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Admission, discharge, and change scores were calculated for the total FIM, motor FIM, and cognitive FIM. Assessments of clinical change were rated at discharge on a 15-point (−7 to +7) Likert scale by attending physicians, with MCID defined at a cutoff score of 3. The FIM change scores associated with MCID were identified from receiver operating characteristic curves. Bayesian analysis was used to determine the probability of individual patients achieving MCID. Results FIM change scores associated with MCID were 22, 17, and 3 for the total FIM, motor FIM, and cognitive FIM, respectively. The accuracy of the MCID was greater when subjects were categorized based on admission FIM scores than when considering the sample as a whole. Larger FIM change scores were related to MCID in subjects with lower admission FIM scores. Conclusions These findings will assist in the interpretation of FIM change scores relative to physicians' assessments of important clinical change.
Temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry of reversible and irreversible first-order transitions

Abstract Temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry of first-order transitions has led to many new observations. Some of these involve non-linear processes or deal with transformations of practically instantaneous response. The latter may cause serious lags within the calorimeter due to limited thermal conductivity of the sample and the instrument. In both cases the “reversing heat capacity” or a “complex heat capacity” is not a precise representation of the transition since both are computed from abbreviated Fourier transforms, limited to the evaluation of the first harmonic component. One has in these cases to work in the time-domain with the raw output. But even from these analyses in the time-domain many interesting new insights about the transition and the calorimeter performance can be generated.
Analysis of visible band sensors for personnel detection

Research currently underway at Georgia Tech focuses on various sensor modalities for detecting covert personnel. One component of that research examines visible band signatures as a means of detection. In particular, concepts centered on non-imaging and low pixel count sensors have been investigated. This paper presents results from that study with particular emphasis on non-imaging spectral sensor concepts. Results from analysis, modeling, and measurements will be presented. Additional concepts for low pixel count sensors will also be presented. Environmental effects including local lighting conditions have been incorporated into the analyses to derive sensor requirements.
TGF-beta family signal transduction in Drosophila development: from Mad to Smads.

Abstract The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily encompasses a large group of soluble extracellular proteins that are potent regulators of development in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Drosophila TGF-β family members include three proteins with homology to vertebrate bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs): Decapentaplegic (Dpp), Screw, and Glass bottom boat-60A. Genetic studies of Dpp signaling led to the identification of Smad proteins as central mediators of signal transduction by TGF-β family members. Work in mammalian tissue culture has elucidated a biochemical model for signal transduction, in which activation of receptor serine–threonine kinase activity leads to phosphorylation of specific Smad proteins and translocation of heteromeric Smad protein complexes to the nucleus. Once in the nucleus Smad proteins interact with other DNA binding proteins to regulate transcription of specific target genes. Dissection of Dpp-response elements from genes expressed during embryonic mesoderm patterning and midgut morphogenesis provides important insights into the contributions of Smad proteins and tissue-specific transcription factors to spatial regulation of gene expression. Genetic studies in Drosophila are now expanding to include multiple BMP ligands and receptors and have uncovered activities not explained by the current signal transduction model. Identification of more ligand sequences and demonstration of a functional Drosophila activin-like signal transduction pathway suggest that all TGF-β signal transduction pathways are present in flies.
The effect of grain boundaries on the athermal stress of tantalum and tantalum-tungsten alloys

The temperature dependence of the yield stress of polycrystalline Ta, Ta-2.47 wt pct W (Ta-2.5W), and Ta-9.80 wt pct W (Ta-10W) was measured to study the effect of grain boundaries and tungsten concentration on athermal strength components. Compression tests were performed over a temperature range from 77 to 1223 K at strain rates of 10−4 and 10−1 s−1. The test results show that the yield stress of Ta becomes independent of temperature above about 400 K, indicating an “athermal” regime. In contrast, the temperature dependence of yield stress was still significant for Ta-10W up to the maximum test temperature. An analysis of the test data using single-crystal data in conjunction with Taylor factors was performed to assess the effect of grain boundaries on the athermal component of flow stress at 600 K. The results indicated that the long-range athermal stress at the yield point due to grain boundaries is approximately 13 to 41 MPa for the study materials and decreases with an increase in tungsten concentration. These results are discussed with regard to constitutive modeling of flow stress.
Hemodynamic Effects of Experimentally Induced Atrial and Ventricular Tachycardia

AbstractThe effects of experimentally induced atrial and ventricular tachycardias on the cardiovascular dynamics were studied in anesthetized dogs. It was found that atrial and ventricular tachycardias decrease mean systemic arterial pressure, cardiac output, and depress ventricular function curves. Moreover, the tachycardias increase myocardial contractile force, pulmonary arterial pressure, left and right atrial pressures, and total peripheral resistances. The magnitude of these hemodynamic changes observed in atrial or ventricular tachycardia of the same focus increases in proportion to increases in heart rate (from 180 to 280 beats/min). Furthermore, the magnitude of the hemodynamic changes observed in ventricular tachycardia of a given rate is much greater than that observed in atrial tachycardia of an equivalent rate. Coupling with these observations, studies on the pressure pulses of the left ventricle, aorta and left atrium reveal the impairment of ventricular filling in both atrial and ventricula...
Truncation of the Bechhofer–Kiefer–Sobel Sequential Procedure for Selecting the Normal Population which has the Largest Mean (III): Supplementary Truncation Numbers and Resulting Performance Characteristics

In this paper we provide a supplementary set of truncation numbers (n0) for δ ∗-values not studied in Bechhofer and Goldsman (1987). These are necessary to implement the truncated sequential selection procedure (p BT ). Performance characteristics are given for p BT used with the new n0-values. A by-product of this study was the discovery of a remarkable and completely unexpected pattern among the estimated n0-values. The practical implications of this finding are indicated.
Optical Parallel Processors for Optical Coherence Tomography

We present new schemes based on low free spectral range optical processors that enable high speed or large imaging depth imaging for swept-source or spectral domain optical coherence tomography, respectively.
Angiotensin II potentiates responses of the rabbit basilar artery to adrenergic nerve stimulation.

Abstract Angiotensin II has little contractile effect on the isolated rabbit basilar artery; however, it markedly potentiates contractile responses to adrenergic nerve stimulation. This is not a post-synaptic effect of angiotensin, as responses to exogenous norepinephrine are not altered. Angiotensin increases stimulation-evoked release of norepinephrine, and this effect probably accounts for the increased response to adrenergic nerve stimulation. Since sympathetic stimulation may protect the cerebral circulation from hypertensive damage, increased responsiveness to adrenergic nerve activity produced by angiotensin may have a beneficial effect.
Geochemistry. Mantle recycled in Sardinia.

The origin of the 'EM-1 signature' evident in certain basalt rocks is a long-standing puzzle. Comparison of data from Pitcairn Island and Sardinia may shed some light on the enigma.
LSND neutrino oscillation results and implications

The LSND experiment at Los Alamos has conducted searches for {anti {nu}}{sub {mu}} {r_arrow} {anti {nu}}{sub e} oscillations using {anti {nu}}{sub {mu}} from {mu}{sup +} decay at rest and for {nu}{sub {mu}} {r_arrow} {nu}{sub e} oscillations using {nu}{sub {mu}} from {pi}{sup +} decay in flight. For the {anti {nu}}{sub {mu}} {r_arrow} {anti {nu}}{sub e} search, a total excess of 51.8{sub {minus}16.9}{sup +18.7} {+-} 8.0 events is observed with e{sup +} energy between 20 and 60 MeV, while for the {nu}{sub mu} {r_arrow} {nu}{sub e} search, a total excess of 18.1 {+-} 6.6 {+-} 4.0 events is observed with e{sup {minus}} energy between 60 and 200 MeV. If attributed to neutrino oscillations, these excesses correspond to oscillation probabilities (averaged over the experimental energies and spatial acceptances) of (0.31 {+-} 0.12 {+-} 0.05)% and (0.26 {+-} 0.10 {+-} 0.05)%, respectively. For the future, the BooNE experiment at Fermilab could prove that neutrino oscillations occur and make precision measurements of {Delta}m{sup 2} and sin{sup 2}2{theta}.
Sharpening Ockham's Razor: The role of psychopathology and neuropsychopathology in the perpetration of domestic violence

Abstract Current major explanatory theoretical views of domestic violence perpetration can be summarized as feminist/socio-cultural, social learning theory-based intergenerational transmission, and psychological/psychosocial. Of those, psychological/psychosocial views offer the most parsimonious and thorough explanations, while feminist/socio-cultural theory relies on the metaphysical usage of the construct “patriarchy” and miniscule empirical support, and research guided by intergenerational transmission suffers from small effect sizes. This review summarizes these theoretical perspectives and evaluates them according to epistemological criteria of parsimony, elegance, and empirical utility. A more in-depth review examines empirical links between psychological and neuropsychological disorders and domestic violence perpetration. This effort at theory-building advances the premise that domestic violence perpetration is better and more accurately understood as maladaptive coping, symptomatic of a range of psychological and neuropsychological disorders than as either a culturally supported strategy for male domination of women or as only learned behavior.
Pkh1 and Pkh2 differentially phosphorylate and activate Ypk1 and Ykr2 and define protein kinase modules required for maintenance of cell wall integrity.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Pkh1 and Pkh2 are functionally redundant homologs of mammalian protein kinase, phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1. They activate two closely related, functionally redundant enzymes, Ypk1 and Ykr2 (homologs of mammalian protein kinase, serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible protein kinase). We found that Ypk1 has a more prominent role than Ykr2 in mediating their shared essential function. Considerable evidence demonstrated that Pkh1 preferentially activates Ypk1, whereas Pkh2 preferentially activates Ykr2. Loss of Pkh1 (but not Pkh2) reduced Ypk1 activity; conversely, Pkh1 overexpression increased Ypk1 activity more than Pkh2 overexpression. Loss of Pkh2 reduced Ykr2 activity; correspondingly, Pkh2 overexpression increased Ykr2 activity more than Pkh1 overexpression. When overexpressed, a catalytically active C-terminal fragment (kinase domain) of Ypk1 was growth inhibitory; loss of Pkh1 (but not Pkh2) alleviated toxicity. Loss of Pkh2 (but not Pkh1) exacerbated the slow growth phenotype of a ypk1Δ strain. This Pkh1-Ypk1 and Pkh2-Ykr2 dichotomy is not absolute because all double mutants (pkh1Δ ypk1Δ, pkh2Δ ypk1Δ, pkh1Δ ykr2Δ, and pkh2Δ ykr2Δ) were viable. Compartmentation contributes to selectivity because Pkh1 and Ypk1 were located exclusively in the cytosol, whereas Pkh2 and Ykr2 entered the nucleus. At restrictive temperature, ypk1-1ts ykr2Δ cells lysed rapidly, but not in medium containing osmotic support. Dosage and extragenic suppressors were selected. Overexpression of Exg1 (major exoglucanase), or loss of Kex2 (endoprotease involved in Exg1 processing), rescued growth at high temperature. Viability was also maintained by PKC1 overexpression or an activated allele of the downstream protein kinase (BCK1-20). Conversely, absence of Mpk1 (distal mitogen-activated protein kinase of the PKC1 pathway) was lethal in ypk1-1ts ykr2Δ cells. Thus, Pkh1-Ypk1 and Pkh2-Ykr2 function in a novel pathway for cell wall integrity that acts in parallel with the Pkc1-dependent pathway.