cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy Is Successful and Accurate in Male Breast Carcinoma

Background Men and women with breast cancer have similar risks of morbidity related to axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy minimizes this risk. We report results from the largest series of SLN biopsies for male breast cancer and compare this experience with that of female counterparts treated concurrently. Study Design The Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center SLN biopsy database showed that 7,315 SLN biopsy procedures were performed for primary breast cancer from September 1996 to July 2005. Of these, 78 (1.0%) procedures were performed in men. Followup data were obtained from medical record review. Results SLN biopsy was successful in 76 of 78 (97%) patients. Negative SLNs were found in 39 of 76 (51%) patients. In 3 (8%) patients with negative SLNs, a positive non-SLN was found, identified by intraoperative palpation. Positive SLNs were found in 37 of 76 (49%) patients. In 22 of 37 (59%), node positivity was determined intraoperatively, prompting immediate ALND. In 15 of 37 (41%) patients with positive SLNs, node positivity was determined postoperatively. Of these 15, 9 (60%) underwent completion ALND. In the 2 of 78 (3%) patients with failed SLN biopsy procedures, ALND was performed and yielded positive nodes. At a median followup of 28 months (range 5 to 96 months), there were no axillary recurrences. Compared with their female counterparts, men with breast cancer had larger tumors and were more likely to have positive nodes. Conclusions SLN biopsy is successful and accurate in male breast cancer patients. Although a larger proportion of men have positive nodes, for men with negative nodes, SLN biopsy may reduce morbidity related to ALND.
Microbial Communities of Pyrenophora-Infested Wheat Straw as Examined by Multivariate Analysis

Winter wheat straw naturally infested withPyrenophora triticirepentis andSeptoria nodorum was incubated in the field in one of three placements: buried in the soil, placed directly on the soil surface, or placed 2 cm above the soil within a straw layer. Periodically between June and April, straws from each treatment were collected and assayed by dilution plating to determine microbial populations in the following categories: total yeasts, total actinomycetes, total other bacteria, and genera or species of fungi. The data were analyzed by the multivariate procedures of ordination and classification, using detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and cluster analysis, respectively. The major DCA axis displayed a gradient starting with pioneer colonizer communities of above-soil straw (dominated byPyrenophora, Septoria, Alternaria, andCladosporium), through on-soil straws (colonized by secondary saprophytes such asAcremonium strictum, Diplodia, Fusarium, and bacteria) to buried straws (dominated by actinomycetes, bacteria, and soil-inhabiting fungi). The second DCA axis showed a gradient separating different types of late secondary communities. In vitro tests for degradative abilities of straw-inhabiting organisms showed that low-temperature cellulolysis is characteristic of pioneer and early secondary colonizers, whereas chitin degradation is limited to secondary colonizers, particularly soil inhabitants. The results suggest the vulnerability ofPyrenophora andSeptoria to displacement by secondary colonists in an active microbial community, and indicate a number of organisms that may be useful in biological control of these plant parasites through exploitative or interference competition in plant residues.
Tetrodotoxin-sensitive voltage-dependent Na currents recorded from Xenopus oocytes injected with mammalian cardiac muscle RNA.

Abstract Voltage-sensitive sodium (Na) channel currents recorded from mammalian cardiac muscle are blocked by tetrodotoxin (TTX) with a Kd of 1–3 μM. We have observed a Kd for TTX of 4–10 nM for Na currents recorded from Xenopus oocytes injected with RNA extracted from rabbit cardiac muscle. This result suggests that the degree of TTX sensitivity of Na channels encoded by cardiac muscle mRNA is in part determined by post-translational modification(s) or of associations with accessory proteins in the membrane.
Transcription Factor MSY-1 Regulates Expression of the Murine Growth Hormone Receptor Gene

Previous studies identified and partially characterized a 42-base pair regulatory element in the 5′-flanking region of the L1 transcript of the murine growth hormone (GH) receptor gene that interacted with both double- and single-stranded DNA-binding proteins. We present evidence that the double-stranded DNA-binding protein is NF-Y, a CCAAT box-binding protein. Experiments with a dominant negative form of NF-Y indicate that NF-Y does not play a direct role in regulating the activity of the FP42 element. A cDNA clone that specifically interacts with the upper (coding) strand of the regulatory element was isolated by screening a cDNA expression library using the Southwestern technique. DNA sequencing, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, Southwestern blot analysis, and supershift EMSA confirm the identity of the single-stranded binding protein to be MSY-1, a DNA-binding protein that is evolutionary conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. Mapping of single-stranded DNA configurations reveals that MSY-1 can facilitate the formation of single-stranded DNA regions in the GH receptor 5′-flanking region. Transient transfection experiments support the role of MSY-1 as a repressor of GH receptor gene activation. Southwestern blot analysis indicates that the levels of nuclear MSY-1 are decreased in the livers of pregnant mice, suggesting a role for MSY-1 in the increased expression of the GH receptor during pregnancy.
Reliability Centered Prediction Technique for Diagnostic Modeling and Improvement.

A diagnosability prediction metric is developed for system modeling of component failure rates and unjustified removals. The metric emphasizes ambiguity of system component indications as well as system structure. The metric is evaluated using historical data from the bleed air control system (BACS) on the Boeing737-300. Four design changes are suggested based on improving system diagnosability by changing component functions, modifying indications, and adding or changing sensors. The resulting designs are compared via Boeing's life cycle cost mechanism, DEPCOST model, based on cost improvements. It is shown that system improvements based on this prediction technique will increase the quality of a product since increased diagnosability decreases life cycle costs.
Usefulness of the Substitution of Nonangiographic End Points (Death, Acute Myocardial Infarction, Coronary Bypass and/or Repeat Angioplasty) for Follow-Up Coronary Angiography in Evaluating the Success of Coronary Angioplasty in Patients With Angina Pectoris

Historically, restenosis after coronary angioplasty has been assessed angiographically at about 6 months. The desirability of avoiding routine follow-up angiography as well as the recognition that angiographic and clinical assessments are not necessarily the same has prompted greater interest in following patients clinically after angioplasty. Clinical restenosis has been defined as the composite of death, myocardial infarction, coronary surgery, or additional angioplasty within 6 months of the index procedure. Clinical restenosis was observed in 2,340 of 11,473 patients (20.4%). The mortality at 6 months was only 1%. Although there were somewhat more acute myocardial infarctions and coronary surgical procedures, the most frequent event was additional angioplasty. Angiographic restenosis was noted in 30% of patients without clinical restenosis and in 87% of patients with clinical restenosis (p < 0.0001). Patients with clinical restenosis were less likely to be women, had more systemic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, more severe angina originally, fewer prior myocardial infarctions, more multivessel and left anterior descending artery disease, more multisite procedures, more branch site procedures, and longer and tighter stenoses both before and after the procedure. The year of the procedure did not correlate with restenosis. Clinical restenosis is less common than angiographic restenosis and the most common event is additional angioplasty. Although clinical restenosis is rarely fatal, it does result in inconvenience and additional resource consumption.
A comparative density functional theory study of the direct synthesis of H2O2 on Pd, Pt and Au surfaces

Abstract The direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) from hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) on Pd(1 1 1), Pt(1 1 1), PdH(2 1 1) and Au0.89Pd0.11(2 2 1) catalysts was investigated through the use of Density Functional Theory calculations. Three formation steps and their competing (decomposition) counterparts were examined on all model surfaces: O2 hydrogenation versus O2 dissociation, OOH hydrogenation versus OOH dissociation, and H2O2 desorption versus H2O2 dissociation. We have found that as we change the surface from Pd to Pt to Au, the step which governs the non-selective formation of water shifts from O2 dissociation to OOH dissociation to H2O2 decomposition.
Confirmation and efficacy tests against codling moth and oriental fruit moth in apples using combination heat and controlled atmosphere treatments.

Codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), and oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), are serious pests of apples (Malus spp.) grown in the United States and other countries. In countries where these species are not found, there are strict quarantine restrictions in place to prevent their accidental introduction. The treatment used in this study consisted of hot, forced, moist air with a linear heating rate of 12°C/h to a final chamber temperature of 46°C under a 1% oxygen and 15% carbon dioxide environment. We found that the fourth instar of both species was the most tolerant to the treatment, with equal tolerance between the species. Efficacy tests against the fourth instar of both oriental fruit moth and codling moth by using a commercial controlled atmosphere temperature treatment system chamber resulted in >5,000 individuals of each species being controlled using the combination treatment. Confirmation tests against codling moth resulted in mortality of >30,000 fourth instars. These treatments may be used to meet quarantine restrictions for organic apples where fumigation with methyl bromide is not desirable.
Preparation and properties of fibers containing mixed polymers. II. Polyacrylonitrile-cellulose fibers†

In the previous paper the preparation and properties of fibers containing both polyacrylonitrile and cellulose acetate were discussed. It has proved possible to hydrolyze the cellulose acetate without extensive side reactions to produce fibers containing both cellulose and polyacrylonitrile. The properties of such fibers are discussed in this paper. The fibers have been examined optically and using x-ray diffraction techniques. The absorptive capacity for water and direct dyes, the density, the electrical resistivity, and the mechanical properties of the fibers have been measured. The results are compatible with a structure consisting of submicroscopic regions of each polymer throughout the fiber interspersed with void spaces that are probably produced during drawing.
Optical anisotropy in thermally evaporated a-Ge0.95Sn0.05Se2 columnar thin films

Optical anisotropy (OA) was found using a differential polarized optical transmission technique on a-Ge0.95Sn0.05Se2 thin (<1.5 μm) columnar morphology films deposited by thermal evaporation at various angles on mica substrates. Low incident power (0.9 mW), sub-bandgap (633 nm) polarized light was used. By estimating an upper limit, we found that differential absorption alone cannot account for the observed OA. Assuming a simple uniaxial birefringent model, a linear dependence of the difference in effective refractive indices on the sine of the column inclination was found. These results are also compared with earlier OA observations in pulsed laser deposited a-GeSe2 thin films.
SIMPLE THEORY OF TRANSFUSIONS.

A transfusion can be hypothesized to be required when a determination factor (D=probability of adverse effects if transfusion not given/adverse effects if transfusion is given) exceeds some predetermined value.D varies between the limits 0 and ∞, and in most clinical situations will be a small number on the order of 20. Since the probabilities contributing to the denominator ofD are essentially independent of each other, they can be summed to obtain the probability of ill effects. A method of handling an exception to this, the incompatibility reactions following multiple transfusions within a short time interval, is pointed out. The probability of adverse effects if a transfusion is not given is more difficult to evaluate; values gathered from the literature are presented, as well as methods for obtaining further data. Two techniques for estimating future transfusion requirements are discussed. One is a correlative procedure, which functions by analyzing similar cases admitted to the hospital. The second procedure is an estimate of stability (homeostasis), based on a parameter introduced by B. C. Patten (Scince,134, 1010–1011, 1961). The dilution of endogenous cells and plasma by transfusions is considered and the consequences of many small transfusions compared with those of few (and larger) transfusions.
The phylogenetic history of immunodeficiency viruses

Knowledge of the phylogenetic history of the human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV-1 and HIV-2) is important for our understanding of the epidemiology of AIDS, the disease caused by these viruses. Reconstruction of the evolutionary tree is hampered, however, by two problems. One is the high variation in nucleotide sequence between the known HIV isolates which can create formidable difficulties in identifying homologous genomic sites that may be used in a molecular phylogenetic reconstruction. Another impediment has been the lack of unequivocal time calibration points: there is only a sparse 'fossil record' for HIV and limited historical epidemiological data. We have largely overcome these difficulties by: (1) a thorough optimal-sequence alignment analysis; (2) the inclusion of sequences of an early (1976) HIV-1 isolate, a recent (1986) HIV-2 isolate and two simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) along with five other HIV-1 isolates; and (3) the reconstruction of a minimum-length evolutionary tree based on the envelope-gene variable positions. We conclude that HIV-1 may have evolved from its common ancestor with HIV-2 as recently as 40 years ago.
Bilinear algorithms for discrete cosine transforms of prime lengths

This paper presents a strategy to design bilinear discrete cosine transform (DCT) algorithms of prime lengths. We show that by using multiplicative groups of integers, one can identify and arrange the computation as a pair of convolutions. When the DCT length p is such that (p - 1)/2 is odd, the computation uses two (p - 1)/2 point cyclic convolutions. When (p - 1)/2 = 2m q with m > 0 and q odd, the computation requires one (p - 1)/2 point cyclic convolution and a combination of a q point cyclic convolution and a 2m point Hankel product. Using bilinear algorithms for convolutions and Hankel products, one gets a bilinear DCT algorithm. We also show that the additions required beyond the convolutions can be minimized by a small modification to the convolution algorithms. This minimization exploits the fact that efficient bilinear convolution algorithms are almost always based on Chinese Remainder Theorem.
Inhibition of N- and L-type Ca2+ channels by the spider venom toxin omega-Aga-IIIA.

Abstract omega-Aga-IIIA, an 8.5-kDa peptide toxin isolated from the venom of Agelenopsis aperta, was found to be a highly potent inhibitor of Ca channels in cardiac muscle and in peripheral and central neurons of rats and frogs. Cardiac L-type Ca channels were completely (Kd approximately 0.6 nM) blocked by omega-Aga-IIIA. In sensory neurons, the toxin inhibited most high-threshold Ca current but not T-type Ca current. omega-Aga-IIIA blocked with similar potency (Kd approximately 1.5 nM) both omega-conotoxin GVIA-sensitive and dihydropyridine-sensitive current components but left a fraction (approximately 35%) of high-threshold current that was also resistant to omega-conotoxin and dihydropyridines. The toxin blocks N- and L-type channels with equal potency and therefore may identify a high-affinity binding site common to these two Ca channel types.
Can tools help unify organization theory? Perspectives on the state of computational modeling

Scholars engaged in the study of work group and organizational behavior are increasingly calling for the use of integrated methods in conducting research, including the wider adoption of computational models for generating and testing new theory. Our review of the state of modern computational modeling incorporating social structures reveals steady increases in the incorporation of dynamic, adaptive, and realistic behaviors of agents in network settings, yet exposes gaps that must be addressed in the next generation of organizational simulation systems. We compare 28 models according to more than two hundred evaluation criteria, ranging from simple representations of agent demographic and performance characteristics, to more richly defined instantiations of behavioral attributes, interaction with non-agent entities, model flexibility, communication channels, simulation types, knowledge, transactive memory, task complexity, and resource networks. Our survey assesses trends across the wide set of criteria, discusses practical applications, and proposes an agenda for future research and development.
The effect of acute and chronic treatment with SCH 23390 on the spontaneous activity of midbrain dopamine neurons.

Abstract The effect of acute and chronic administration of SCH 23390 on the spontaneous activity of dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) was studied. Two groups of rats were given an acute subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of the specific D-1 DA receptor blocker SCH 23390 (0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg). In four separate chronic experiments, SCH 23390 was administered repeatedly for 21 days either s.c. (0.5 or 1 mg/kg) or orally (5 or 10 mg/kg). No change in the number of spontaneously active DA neurons was found either after acute or chronic treatment with SCH 23390. On the other hand, chronic (21 days) haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg per os) produced a marked reduction in the number of spontaneously active DA neurons both in the SNc and VTA, a finding previously shown to be due to the development of depolarization block. It is concluded that chronic D-1 DA receptor blockade, may not be involved in the development of depolarization block produced by chronic treatment with antipsychotic drugs.
TURBULENT DRAG REDUCTION IN POLYMERIC SOLUTIONS CONTAINING SUSPENDED FIBERS

Both polymeric solutions and fiber suspensions have separately been known to exhibit drag reduction under turbulent flow conditions. It has recently been shown that the mechanisms of drag reduction differ appreciably in these two kinds of systems. The objective of this study was to show that both mechanisms may be exploited concomitantly to achieve unusually low friction factors. Drag reductions in excess of 95% have been obtained in a 2.4-cm tube and there is no evidence that even more dramatic results could not be obtained under optimal conditions.
High-frequency and -field EPR of a pseudo-octahedral complex of high-spin Fe(II): bis(2,2'-bi-2-thiazoline)bis(isothiocyanato)iron(II).

A pseudo-octahedral complex of high-spin Fe(II), bis(2,2‘-bi-2-thiazoline)bis(isothiocyanato)iron(II), which has a cis-FeN‘2N4 chromophore, has been investigated by high-frequency, high-field electron paramagnetic resonance (HFEPR). Complementary Mossbauer and DC magnetic susceptibility studies were also performed. HFEPR spectra of powder samples were recorded at frequencies up to 700 GHz and over a magnetic field range of 0−25 T. Analysis of the field−frequency data set yields the following set of spin Hamiltonian parameters for S = 2: D = +12.427(12) cm-1, E = +0.243(3) cm-1; gx = 2.147(3), gy = 2.166(3), gz = 2.01(1). The parameters are analyzed by use of a simple crystal-field model. This study represents the first precise determination by HFEPR of spin Hamiltonian parameters in six-coordinate high-spin Fe(II) and indicates the applicability of HFEPR to the study of high-spin Fe(II) in coordination complexes and biological model compounds.
COOL-1: the next step in RSFQ computer design

Abstract Recent progress in the design of a superconductor digital system for high-performance computing, based on the RSFQ logic family, is briefly outlined.
Correlated Variations in the Solar Neutrino Flux and the Solar Wind and the Relation to the Solar Neutrino Problem

Solar wind parameters from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) plasma experiment on the IMP 8 spacecraft overlap ∼19 years of published neutrino flux observations from the Homestake experiment. A strong correlation is found between neutrino flux and solar wind properties, in particular, the solar wind mass flux. The correlation is significantly better than any anticorrelation with sunspot number and is comparable to those previously found with photospheric magnetic flux and shifts in p -mode frequencies. If current notions of solar structure are correct, these observations require new fundamental physics of neutrinos. For a proper choice of neutrino parameters, the level of variations is consistent with resonant conversion of electron neutrinos to a nondetected flavor eigenstate mediated by the magnetic field in the sun's convective zone. The solar wind mass flux may act as a proxy for this field, producing the solar wind-neutrino flux connection.
Graded Morita Theory for Infinite Groups

Abstract Having shown that not all graded rings are graded equivalent (via classical Morita theory) to a skew group ring, we extend classical Morita theory, which is based on rings with identity, to a generalized graded Morita theory for rings with local units. This enables us to give necessary and sufficient conditions for graded Morita equivalence between two rings graded by a group. We show that the strongly graded property is a graded Morita invariant and we show that a graded ring is graded Morita equivalent to a skew group ring (namely, (R#G)∗G) if and only if it is strongly graded. These results extend the classical Cohen-Montgomery duality theory to rings graded by infinite groups. The fundamental tools include rings with local units and the results of Boisen.
Single-lung transplantation for pulmonary hypertension. Three-month hemodynamic follow-up.

BACKGROUNDShorter waiting times, relative technical simplicity, and satisfactory application to a broad spectrum of patients has made single-lung transplantation an attractive option in the treatment of patients with end-stage pulmonary hypertension.METHODS AND RESULTSSeven patients with pulmonary hypertension underwent single-lung transplantation. Simultaneous closure of associated atrial septal defects was accomplished in two patients. Despite severely compromised pretransplant right ventricular function in all patients, there was no early or late mortality. Right ventricular functional recovery as characterized by hemodynamic assessment before and at a mean of 13 weeks posttransplant was nearly uniform and characterized by a drop in 1) pulmonary arterial systolic pressure from 92 +/- 7 mm Hg to 29 +/- 6 mm Hg (p = 0.001), 2) central venous pressure from 10 +/- 6 mm Hg to 1 +/- 2 mm Hg (p = 0.02), and 3) pulmonary vascular resistance index from 1,924 +/- 663 to 232 +/- 73 dyne.sec.cm-9 (p = 0.001). Radi...
Generalized congestion of power systems: insights from the massive blackouts in India

The Indian power system underwent two separate massive blackouts on 30th and 31st of July 2012. These blackouts exposed a series of inherent problems underlying the power system of India, such as its generation planning, transmission planning, grid infrastructure, management systems, primary energy resources, environmental constraints, electricity market, and information technology, which together aggravate the massive blackouts. These factors which affect the adequacy and security of the power supply in a similar manner as the transmission congestion of physical grids does, can be called by a generic term as generalized congestion. Competitive manipulations and “game-playing” between various interested parties further intensifies these congestions. Here, from the perspective of generalized congestions, the paper reflects the inevitability of India’s massive blackouts, discusses occasional effects of trigger events, inherent evolution law of blackouts and the enlightenment on power industry in China, and explores risk control measures to defend blackouts in China. The positive role of strong smart grid in insuring energy and environment security is highlighted.
An automated swim alley for small animals: I. Instrumentation

A swim alley for testing the long-term performance capacity of rats is described. Rats swim back and forth in an alley, in temperature-controlled water, between platforms that are alternately and automatically raised and lowered. At the end of each traverse, an animal is allowed to rest on a raised platform for a period of time before the platform is lowered, which initiates the next traverse. Continuous measurement is made of speed of movement between platforms.
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE OF PHOSPHORUS IN DEOXYTHYMIDINE POLYNUCLEOTIDES.

Terminal monoester and diester phosphate of deoxythymidine polynucleotide identified by nuclear magnetic resonance
Effect of intracoronary injections of sonicated microbubbles on left ventricular contractility.

Abstract Despite the recent interest in contrast-enhanced echocardiography as a means of defining myocardial perfusion, the effects of echo contrast agents on left ventricular (LV) contractility in humans remains poorly defined. This is particularly relevant because intracoronary injection of contrast agents used for angiographic visualization of coronary arteries produces significant alterations in LV hemodynamics. The relation of LV end-systolic wall stress ( δ es ) to rate-corrected velocity of fiber shortening (Vcfc), a load-independent index of contractility, was studied in 7 patients undergoing elective coronary arteriography. Two-dimensional and targeted M-mode echocardiographic and central aortic pressure tracings were recorded during injections of standard volumes of angiographic (7 to 9 ml of nonsonicated Renografin-76) and echocardiographic (1.5 to 2.0 ml of sonicated Renografin-76) contrast agents into the left main coronary artery. The order in which agents were injected was randomly determined. Myocardial contractility was assessed under control conditions and 5 and 15 seconds after injection. Alterations in contractility relative to control were measured as the change in Vcfc after elimination of afterload ( α es ) as a confounding variable. An injection of Renografin-76 adequate for angiographic imaging of coronary artery anatomy resulted in a significant depression of LV contractility (p
Modular Propagation of Epileptiform Activity: Evidence for an Inhibitory Veto in Neocortex

What regulates the spread of activity through cortical circuits? We present here data indicating a pivotal role for a vetoing inhibition restraining modules of pyramidal neurons. We combined fast calcium imaging of network activity with whole-cell recordings to examine epileptiform propagation in mouse neocortical slices. Epileptiform activity was induced by washing Mg2+ ions out of the slice. Pyramidal cells receive barrages of inhibitory inputs in advance of the epileptiform wave. The inhibitory barrages are effectively nullified at low doses of picrotoxin (2.5-5 microM). When present, however, these inhibitory barrages occlude an intense excitatory synaptic drive that would normally exceed action potential threshold by approximately a factor of 10. Despite this level of excitation, the inhibitory barrages suppress firing, thereby limiting further neuronal recruitment to the ictal event. Pyramidal neurons are recruited to the epileptiform event once the inhibitory restraint fails and are recruited in spatially clustered populations (150-250 microm diameter). The recruitment of the cells within a given module is virtually simultaneous, and thus epileptiform events progress in intermittent (0.5-1 Hz) steps across the cortical network. We propose that the interneurons that supply the vetoing inhibition define these modular circuit territories.
Highly Viscoelastic Wormlike Micellar Solutions Formed by Cationic Surfactants with Long Unsaturated Tails

Cationic surfactants having long (C22) mono-unsaturated tails were studied in aqueous solutions containing salt using steady and dynamic rheology. The surfactant erucyl bis(hydroxyethyl)methylammonium chloride self-assembles into giant wormlike micelles, giving rise to unusually strong viscoelasticity. Under ambient conditions, the viscosity enhancement due to surfactant exceeds a factor of 107. Some samples behave as gel-like solids at low temperatures and revert to the viscoelastic (Maxwellian) response only at higher temperatures. These samples display appreciable viscosities (>10 Pa·s) up to very high temperatures (ca. 90 °C). Salts with counterions that penetrate into the hydrophobic interior of the micelles, such as sodium salicylate, are much more efficient at promoting self-assembly than salts with nonbinding counterions, such as sodium chloride. Changing the surfactant headgroup to the more conventional trimethylammonium group reduces the viscosity at high temperatures.
Two Cheers and a Qualm for Behavioral Environmental Economics

Behavioral economics can gain more in-roads into environmental economics if we better understand why exchange institutions fail, more effectively reduce health risks and environmental conflicts, encourage more coordination and cooperation, design better incentive systems, more accurately estimate economic measures of value, and promote more protection at less cost. Behavioral economics deserves two cheers for advancing ideas of context-dependence and social preferences, which we illustrate with two examples of recent research.
Delayed puberty due to posttraumatic hypothalamic pituitary failure

Abstract A 16-year-old female was evaluated for delayed puberty. The results suggest hypothalamic-pituitary failure. This is attributed to closed head injury with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Follow-up of growth curve and the dynamic testing of hypothalamic-pituitary hormone reserve are essential to reach a diagnosis in such patients.
Immediate, late, and delayed skin test responses to Centruroides vittatus scorpion venom.

significant increase in airway inflammation as determined by BAL fluid cytologic evaluation with total white blood cells 11.4 + 3 cells/ml × 104 at baseline versus 14 + 4 cells/ml × 104 after treatment (~o = 0.45). Cell differential showed no significant changes in percentage of alveolar macrophages (p = 0.3), lymphocytes (p = 0.5) or neutrophils (p = 0.15). Furthermore, gene transcripts of the proinflammatory molecules interleukin (IL)-lt3 (p = 0.46) and IL-8 (p = 0.26) showed no evidence for upregulation after rIFN--/therapy (Table II). Thus treatment with rIFN-~ did not enhance T,1 cell-mediated inflammation. Of potentially greatest interest, we observed that four of the five patients had a decrease in the percent of BAL eosinophils (Table I). Robinson et al. 7 have recently shown that improvement in asthma after treatment with a course of prednisolone may be related to the observed decrease in BAL cells expressing mRNA for IL-4 and IL-5 (a TH2 pattern) and an increase in cells expressing mRNA for IFN--/, with decreased number of BAL eosinophils. Because IFN--/ has been shown to inhibit TH2 cell function, immunomodulation of IL-4 and IL-5 cytokine production could lead to decreased eosinophil infiltration and activation with a decrease in TH2 cell-mediated inflammation. Future studies are needed to examine the potential role of nebulized rIFN--/ in asthma and other pulmonary diseases.
Automated external defibrillator rescues among children with diagnosed and treated long QT syndrome.

Background Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a potentially lethal yet highly treatable cardiac channelopathy. A comprehensive LQTS-directed treatment program often includes an automated external defibrillator (AED). Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of AED rescues among children evaluated, risk-stratified, and treated in an LQTS specialty center. Methods We performed a retrospective review of the electronic medical records to identify 1665 patients evaluated in our Genetic Heart Rhythm Clinic (1999–2013). Subset analysis was performed on 291 children managed without an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). Results The average age at diagnosis was 8.3 ± 5.7 years with an average. QTc of 463 ± 40 ms (17% ≥500 ms). The represented LQTS genotypes included type 1 (LQT1) in 52%, type 2 (LQT2) in 35%, and type 3 (LQT3) in 7%. During follow-up, 3 of 291 children (1%) had a cardiac arrest with an appropriate AED rescue (2/51 symptomatic, 1/240 asymptomatic). The first AED rescue occurred during exercise in a symptomatic 3-year-old boy with compound LQT1 treated with beta-blocker and videoscopic left cardiac sympathetic denervation (LCSD). The second AED rescue occurred in a remotely symptomatic 14-year-old boy with high-risk LQT2 (QTc >550 ms) on a beta-blocker who previously declined a prophylactic ICD. The third AED rescue involved an asymptomatic 17-year-old girl with LQT3 on mexiletine who collapsed in school. Conclusion An AED should seldom be necessary in an appropriately treated child with LQTS. Nevertheless, despite only 3 AED rescues in more than 1700 patient-years, an AED can be a lifesaving and cost-effective part of an LQTS patient's comprehensive sudden death prevention program.
The quasi-static and cyclic fatigue fracture behavior of 2014 aluminum alloy metal-matrix composites

In this article, the quasi-static and cyclic fatigue fracture behavior of aluminum alloy 2014 discontinuously reinforced with fine particulates of aluminum oxide are presented and discussed. The discontinuous particulate-reinforced 2014 aluminum alloy was cyclically deformed under fully reversed, tension-compression loading over a range of strain amplitudes, well within the plastic domain of the engineering stress-strain curve, resulting in cyclic fatigue lives of less than 104 cycles. The influence of both ambient and elevated temperatures on cyclic stress and cyclic stress-strain response is highlighted. The underlying mechanisms governing the fracture mode during quasi-static and cyclic fatigue are discussed and rationalized in light of the concurrent and mutually interactive influences of intrinsic composite microstructural features, deformation characteristics of the metal matrix and reinforcement particulate, cyclic strain amplitude and resultant fatigue life, and test temperature.
"On the Banks"--1873

The article provides some early history of Rutgers song "On the Banks" and other songs associated with the College.
Empirical relation between sulphur dioxide emissions and acid deposition derived from monthly data

Empirical relation between sulphur dioxide emissions and acid deposition derived from monthly data
A preconditioned Richardson method for solving three‐dimensional thin film problems with first order derivatives and variable coefficients

A preconditioned Richardson method for solving three‐dimensional thin film elliptic problems with first order derivatives and variable coefficients has been developed based on the idea of the modified upwind difference scheme and the fact that the thickness of the thin domain is small. This method is simple because only a tridiagonal linear system is needed to solve for each iteration. The computation speed is fast since the spectral radius of the iterative operator is small. Numerical example shows the method to be efficient.
HIV infection during limited versus combined HIV prevention programs for IDUs in New York City: The importance of transmission behaviors

Abstract Objectives As no single HIV prevention program has eliminated HIV transmission, there is growing interest in the effectiveness of “combined” prevention programming. To compare HIV infection among persons injecting in the initial programs environment (IPE) in New York City (self-initiated risk reduction, methadone, education/outreach, and HIV testing) to HIV infection among persons injecting in a combined programs environment (CPE) (above programs plus large-scale syringe exchange). To identify potential behavioral mechanisms through which combined programs are effective. Methods Subjects were recruited from the Beth Israel drug detoxification program. A risk behavior questionnaire was administered and HIV testing conducted. Subjects who injected only between 1984 and 1994 (IPE) were compared to subjects who injected only between 1995 and 2008 (CPE). Results 261 IPE subjects and 1153 CPE subjects were recruited. HIV infection was significantly lower among the CPE subjects compared to IPE subjects: prevalence 6% versus 21%, estimated incidence 0.3/100 person-years versus 4/100 person-years (both p Conclusions Combined prevention programs can greatly reduce HIV transmission. Reducing distributive sharing by HIV seropositive injecting drug users (IDUs) may be a critical component in reducing HIV transmission in high seroprevalence settings.
Prevention of Post-PTCA Restenosis

Significant improvements in the success of angioplasty combined with a major reduction in complications have led to widespread use of the technique in the treatment of symptomatic patients with coronary disease. Restenosis, however, remains the most significant limitation of angioplasty, occurring in 20-50% of patients following a successful procedure. Over the past 10 years, more than 40 large randomized pharmacological trials have attempted to address this problem. Currently no single agent has clearly been shown to reduce restenosis. As a consequence of intensive research, improved understanding of the pathophysiology of restenosis as well as the design of clinical studies necessary to study the process has resulted. Recent experimental studies suggest that vascular remodeling may be as important as intimal hyperplasia, and future trials will need to address this aspect of the restenosis process. Current approaches to preventing restenosis include the use of combined drug therapy to attack several pathophysiological processes, local delivery of drug at the site of the injury to maximize drug effect, and the use of highly specific drugs including local gene therapy.
In older adults, high- vs standard-dose influenza vaccine reduced laboratory-confirmed influenza

Source Citation DiazGranados CA, Dunning AJ, Kimmel M, et al. Efficacy of high-dose versus standard-dose influenza vaccine in older adults. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:635-45. 25119609
Board-based collaboration in cross-cultural pairs

This work in progress reports a study of cross-cultural collaboration mediated by board-based collaborative systems. American-Chinese and American-American pairs performed collaborative design tasks either face-to-face or remotely. Survey data, video recording, and design products were collected to examine the impact of culture (American-American vs. American-Chinese), medium (face-to-face vs. remote), and system (MimioTM vs. SMART BoardTM) on the process and outcomes of collaboration. Results from the survey showed significant effects of these variables on several reliable measures of common ground, cognitive consensus building, perceived performance, and satisfaction. The effects on perceived performance were robust. American-Chinese pairs reported a significantly lower level of consensus when using a system that supports uni-directional (Mimio™) rather than bi-directional interaction on the board.
Observation of a Critical Gradient Threshold for Electron Temperature Fluctuations in the DIII-D Tokamak

A critical gradient threshold has been observed for the first time in a systematic, controlled experiment for a locally measured turbulent quantity in the core of a confined high-temperature plasma. In an experiment in the DIII-D tokamak where ${L}_{{T}_{e}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}=|\ensuremath{\nabla}{T}_{e}|/{T}_{e}$ and toroidal rotation were varied, long wavelength (${k}_{\ensuremath{\theta}}{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{s}\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.4$) electron temperature fluctuations exhibit a threshold in ${L}_{{T}_{e}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$: below, they change little; above, they steadily increase. The increase in $\ensuremath{\delta}{T}_{e}/{T}_{e}$ is concurrent with increased electron heat flux and transport stiffness. Observations were insensitive to rotation. Accumulated evidence strongly enforces the identification of the experimentally observed threshold with $\ensuremath{\nabla}{T}_{e}$-driven trapped electron mode turbulence.
Diffusion length and lifetime determination in p-n junction solar cells and diodes by forward-biased capacitance measurements

A new method is described and illustrated for determining the value and the temperature dependence of the minority-carrier diffusion length and lifetime in the base region of p-n junction solar cells and diodes. The method applies to devices after the p-n junction is formed, and thus includes the influence of the junction fabrication on the diffusion length and lifetime. The method requires only forward-biased capacitance measurements at the device terminals. It combines the dependencies of the low-frequency and high-frequency capacitance on forward bias in such a way as to yield the component of the capacitance associated with the minority carriers in the quasi-neutral base region. From this quasi-neutral-base capacitance the minority-carrier diffusion length and lifetime are then deduced. The accuracy of this method is estimated to be ±5 percent based on the accuracy of the capacitance bridges and of the measured temperature. To illustrate the method and its accuracy, it is applied to a set of silicon p-n junction diodes having base doping concentrations ranging from about 1014to 1018cm-3, and the values of the diffusion lengths determined by the capacitance method are compared with those obtained using the current response to X-ray excitation. Excellent agreement is seen. In contrast, the open-circuit-voltage-decay method yields values of the diffusion length that differ appreciably from those determined by the capacitance and X-ray methods. The reasons for the relative inaccuracy of the open-circuit-voltage-decay method applied to silicon devices are discussed. The practical limitations of the capacitance method are indicated, and an extension of the method is discussed that makes it applicable to devices having highly doped base regions and surface (emitter) layers. In such devices, the capacitance of the quasi-neutral emitter region can contribute appreciably to the total forward-biased capacitance, and the method can yield information about the material properties of the degenerately doped surface layer. The material properties determined are the phenomenological emitter lifetime and a measure of the energy bandgap narrowing in the emitter.
A microcomputer approach for simulating truck haulage systems in open pit mining

Abstract A low cost microcomputer system for simulating truck haulage in open pit mining is presented. An actual analysis of a working mine evaluating computer dispatching is described. The system employs SLAM II and FITPLUS for simulating and statistically analyzing mining models. Issues concerning simulation software, statistical support software, processing times and implementation costs are addressed. Results demonstrate that with the proper tools simulation can be performed on microcomputers in an accurate, timely and cost-effective manner.
Person-environment fit theory and organizations: Commensurate dimensions, time perspectives, and mechanisms

Abstract There are many theories of person-environment (PE) fit. One unique feature of the framework is its operationalization—the assessment of the P and E components along commensurate dimensions. This paper describes other facets of the theory, studies which have adhered most strictly to its framework, experiments in improving PE fit, and five areas for future research. One such area is the role of past, present, and anticipated PE fit on well-being and employee behavior. Another is the question of whether there are differences in such outcomes when PE fit is changed by altering P (e.g., abilities and aspirations), E (e.g., job demands and rewards), or some combination. Who brings about the adjustive change (self or other) is also considered as a determinant of employee wellbeing. It is suggested that an adequate intervention theory for improving PE fit in work settings is one which includes the systemic properties of organizations as a predictor of the likelihood and nature of individual change.
Assessing Cognitive Load Theory to Improve Student Learning for Mechanical Engineers

Abstract A computer programming class for students of mechanical engineering was redesigned and assessed: Cognitive Load Theory was used to redesign the content; online technologies were used to redesign the delivery. Student learning improved and the dropout rate was reduced. This article reports on both attitudinal and objective assessment: comparing student performance on identical final exams and student reviews. Note is made of improved learning by female and other nontraditional engineering students. This article also reports on two additional teaching strategies that were deployed to improve learning.
Evidence that somatostatin inhibits proinsulin synthesis and insulin release by isolated pancreatic islets of the rat

Abstract Conflicting reports on the direction and magnitude of the effect of somatostatin on (pro)insulin synthesis prompted our investigation. Two assays for proinsulin synthesis were designed in which [4,5- 3 H]-L-leucine incorporation into proinsulin was normalized on the basis of postincubation insulin levels rather than on the number of islets incubated. Somatostatin at a concentration of 10 μg/ml inhibited 300 mg/dl glucose-stimulated proinsulin synthesis by 25% from 448 ± 25 dpm/μU insulin to 336 ± 25 dpm/μU insulin (disintegrations per minute in the proinsulin peak per microunit extractable insulin) ( p p p
Seismic anisotropy under extended crust: evidence from upper mantle xenoliths, Cima Volcanic Field, California

Abstract A model of P-wave velocity anisotropy and shear-wave splitting for upper mantle under extended crust is derived from comparisons of seismic field measurements and observed xenolith anisotropies. Seismic velocity measurements and anisotropies calculated from petrofabric measurements of 15 upper mantle xenoliths from the Cima Volcanic Field, Eastern Mojave Desert, California show average maximum anisotropies of 6.9% for V p and 4.5% for V s . Xenolith compressional wave velocities corrected for upper mantle temperature and pressure agree well with field observations in the vicinity of the Cima Volcanic Field. The velocities calculated from the olivine fabrics suggest that upper mantle foliations beneath the region are horizontal, and lineations trend ENE. The fabrics are believed to originate from early Cenozoic extension in the area, which had the same trend as the lineations. The unusually high upper mantle temperatures in this region apparently have not significantly affected upper mantle fabrics.