cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Medical school hotline: Looking forward and enriching John A. Burns School of Medicine's curriculum: lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender healthcare in medical education.

An estimated 9 million Americans (nearly 4% of the population) openly identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender (LGBT). This number does not include the 19 million Americans (8.2% of the population) who have engaged in same-sex behavior or the 25.6 million Americans (11% of the population) who have acknowledged same-sex attraction.1 The LGBT community is becoming more visible and will continue to grow, especially given the recent repeal of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA)2 and the legalization of same-sex marriage in seventeen states, including Hawai‘i. The current healthcare system, however, fails to address the special needs of the LGBT community including higher rates of cardiovascular disease,3,4 infectious diseases,5 substance abuse,6 and psychological illness7 than the general public. This translates into a critical population who are being denied comprehensive healthcare.
Multidimensional Nonstationary Maximum Entropy Spectral Analysis by Using Neural Net

A multidimensional version of the nonstationary maximum entropy spectral estimation method has been developed. By applying the neural net technique, the estimated maximum entropy spectral density function has more resolution power than the conventional nonstationary periodogram spectral density function. The application of spectral density functions to simulate multidimensional nonstationary random fields is also investigated.
Bearing Witness: Hope for the Unseen

Beginning with an identification of the ethical and political ambivalence surrounding hope, this essay considers whether an analysis of the activity of bearing witness to truth could offer a theoretical framework for thinking about hope differently. Specifically it argues that hope can be taken as a discipline, or practice, one which is both required for, and enacted in, the act of bearing witness. Through a consideration of the process of bearing witness in Truth and Reconciliation Commissions responding to national and intergenerational trauma, the essay explores the way in which bearing witness is a fundamentally hopeful action in so far as it ceaselessly seeks to speak to the truth of an event while acknowledging the inability to ever fully capture that event in words.
Fire safty analysis for polycrystalline silicon manufacturer processing technique

This article takes Wanzhou Da Quan new Materials Ltd.,which produces 1500 tons polycrystalline silicon per year,as an example.It proposed fire preventive measures for polycrystalline silicon manufacturer through the fire crisis analysis towards current domestic polycrystalline silicon processing technique.It is also proposed specific suggestions of firefighting safty to polycrystalline silicon manufacturer from planning programming to building production.
Looking at the Eye for Clues to Systemic Disease

There are many systemic diseases in which eye signs detectable without an ophthalmoscope may be present. Examples are congenital glaucoma in neurofibromatosis, corneal involvement in mycosis fungoides, chloroma in leukemia, and uveitis and glaucoma in herpes zoster.
Inhaled nitric oxide in primary pulmonary hypertension: A safe and effective agent for predicting response to nifedipine

Abstract Objectives. The purpose of this study was to assess the utility of inhaled nitric oxide (NO), a selective pulmonary vasodilator, for predicting the safety and acute hemodynamic response to high-dose oral nifedipine in primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH). Background. A significant decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance with an oral nifedipine challenge is predictive of an improved prognosis, and potential clinical efficacy in PPH. However, the required nifedipine trial carries significant first-dose risk of hypotension. While inhaled NO has been recommended for assessing pulmonary vasodilator reserve in PPH, it is not known whether it predicts the response to nifedipine. Methods. Seventeen patients with PPH undergoing a nifedipine trial were assessed for hemodynamic response to inhaled NO at 80 parts per million for 5 minutes. The nifedipine trial consisted of 20 mg of nifedipine hourly for 8 hours unless limited by hypotension or intolerable side effects. Patients were classified as responders and nonresponders with positive response defined as ≥20% reduction in mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPA) or pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) with the vasodilator administration. Results. NO was safely administered to all participants. Seven of 17 (41.2%) responded to NO, and 8 of the 17 to nifedipine (47.1%). Nifedipine was safely administered in 14 of the 17. Three suffered either mild or severe hypotension, including one death. All NO responders also responded to nifedipine, and 9 of the 10 NO nonresponders were nifedipine nonresponders, representing a sensitivity of 87.5%, specificity of 100%, and overall predictive accuracy of 94%. All NO responders tolerated a full nifedipine trial without hypotension. There was a highly significant correlation between the effects of NO and nifedipine on PVR (r = 0.67, p = 0.003). Conclusions. The pulmonary vascular response to inhaled NO accurately predicts the acute hemodynamic response to nifedipine in PPH, and a positive response to NO is associated with a safe nifedipine trial. In patients comparable with those evaluated, a trial of nifedipine in NO nonresponders appears unwarranted and potentially dangerous.
Ratat1: A Digital Rat Brain Stereotaxic Atlas Derived from High-Resolution MRI Images Scanned in Three Dimensions

A digital rat brain atlas, in PDF format, was derived from high-resolution in situ magnetic resonance images (MRI). The images depict transverse, sagittal, and horizontal views in contiguous 0.2 mm slices, with a planar resolution of 50 µm. Each slice was indexed to the skull surface as well as the skull landmarks Bregma and Lambda. Using a common interactive file format enables users to customize the images for their application, including image reproduction with or without background or labels. The objective was to provide an open access supplementary guide for stereotaxic neurosurgery that permits more accurate visualization of targets and determination of target coordinates in Long Evans rats. A secondary objective was to present the atlas in the widely used PDF format, not requiring specialized software for viewing, copying or unpacking. A compressed version of the atlas is available as a supplement, while an uncompressed version is available at: https://figshare.com/articles/RatAtlas_2_0_Locked_pdf/3144955.
Taking aim at the genomic diversity of gastrointestinal cancers: a changing landscape.

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are responsible for approximately 1 of every 5 diagnosis with cancer and 1 of every 4 deaths from cancer (1). They encompass a largely heterogeneous and molecularly diverse group of cancers. The process for identifying targets that are “druggable” in this group is only very recent. Back in 2001, the cover of Time magazine featured imatinib as the new generation of revolutionary cancer killing agents that hit their target and spare normal cells. Fifteen years following this historical cover, the revolution towards a “new world order” in the treatment of GI cancers may be finally underway.
The human gene connectome server - An online tool for prioritizing disease-causing gene variants by biological distance

T determine the disease-causing allele(s) underlying human disease, high-throughput genomic methods are applied and provide thousands of gene variants per patient. We recently developed a novel approach, the “human gene connectome” (HGC) – a concept, method and database that describes the set of all in silico-predicted biologically plausible routes and distances between all pairs of human genes. With the HGC, we generated a “gene-specific connectome” for each human gene – the set of all human genes ranked by their predicted biological proximity to the core gene of interest, available at: http://lab.rockefeller. edu/casanova/HGC/. We demonstrated that the HGC is the most powerful approach for prioritizing high-throughput genetic variants in Mendelian disease studies. However, there is currently no effective gene-centric online interface for ranking genes by biological distance. We describe here the human gene connectome server (HGCS): a powerful, easy-to-use interactive online tool that enables researchers to prioritize any list of genes according to their biological proximity to core genes (i.e. genes that are known to be associated with the phenotype), and to predict novel gene pathways. We demonstrated the effectiveness of the HGCS for detecting herpes simplex encephalitis genes in patients’ whole exome sequencing data. The HGCS is freely available to use for non-commercial users at: http://hgc.rockefeller.edu/. Yuval Itan, J Data Mining Genomics Proteomics 2013, 4:5 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2153-0602.S1.004
Patterns of thermotolerance, chlorophyll fluorescence, and heat shock gene expression vary among four Boechera species and Arabidopsis thaliana

Thermotolerance is a property of all organisms, but owing to their sessile nature, this trait is particularly important in plants. Basal thermotolerance is based on inherent tolerance to heat stres...
Computer Science for the Community: Increasing Equitable Opportunity for Youth Through Libraries

Using preliminary qualitative research underway through the American Library Association and Google, Inc., we explore the need for computer science (CS) learning opportunities such as coding activities to be made widely available to students through U.S. libraries, as well as the importance of intentionally infusing computational thinking (CT) skills development into these activities through librarian facilitation. The paper examines factors influencing the perception of, and participation in, CS programs among youth, their family, and educators through analysis of previously-collected Google-Gallup research data on learning opportunities in- and outside of schools. We discuss the development of a library-centric approach to facilitating CT learning and investigate how learning CS in informal environments can mitigate perceptions that curtail participation through an analysis of programs provided by libraries. The paper concludes with recommendations for further investigation, leading to best practices for libraries and other stakeholder institutions. In our presentation, we will engage in discussion with attendees regarding implications of this work in other countries, and we will provide a list of practitioner resources.
Slipping through the cracks: Background investigations after Snowden

Although Edward Snowden set out to expose the extent of the United States (US) government’s surveillance practices so that the public would be aware of the magnitude of the country’s information gathering, Snowden’s actions have actually, at least in the case of background investigations, revealed an inability for the US government to gather all desired information for surveillance purposes. This lack of ability to gain access to information has several major consequences. First, it has created a call for more information to be gathered. It has also affected federal workers’ privacy and whistleblowing capabilities, encouraged a false trust in a fallible system, and has perpetuated the belief that the BI can actually capture the essence or “whole person” of an individual so much that it can tell the future. All of these elements are problematic and help show how surveillance proliferates in modern society.
Broadening Our Understanding of Evidence-Based Practice: Effective and Discredited Interventions

The proliferation of unsubstantiated or discredited interventions underscores the importance of the evidence-based practice (EBP) movement in school psychology. Although researchers have conducted several surveys on discredited interventions in counseling and clinical psychology, no studies have investigated the use of these treatments in school psychology. This survey presented Florida Association of School Psychologist members with three categories of treatment: discredited treatments, treatments with mixed research results, and evidence-based treatments. Participants were asked to rate (1) the likelihood that they would recommend an intervention and (2) an intervention’s level of research support. Participants demonstrated unfamiliarity with discredited treatments, overestimated the research support for ineffective techniques, and expressed a desire to learn about discredited interventions through training and professional development opportunities. Training implications for school psychology programs are discussed.
Lower Resolution Face Recognition in Surveillance Systems Using Discriminant Correlation Analysis

Due to large distances between surveillance cameras and subjects, the captured images usually have low resolution in addition to uncontrolled poses and illumination conditions that adversely affect the performance of face recognition algorithms. In this paper, we present a low-resolution face recognition technique based on Discriminant Correlation Analysis (DCA). DCA analyzes the correlation of the features in high-resolution and low-resolution images and aims to find projections that maximize the pair-wise correlations between the two feature sets and at the same time, separate the classes within each set. This makes it possible to project the features extracted from high-resolution and low-resolution images into a common space, in which we can apply matching. The proposed method is computationally efficient and can be applied to challenging real-time applications such as recognition of several faces appearing in a crowded frame of a surveillance video. Extensive experiments performed on low-resolution surveillance images from the SCface database as well as FRGC database demonstrated the efficacy of our proposed approach in the recognition of low-resolution face images, which outperformed other state-of-the-art techniques.
Qualitative Spatial-Relation Reasoning for Design

Qualitative spatial relations are symbol abstractions of geometric representations, which allow computational analyses independent of, but consistent with, graphical depictions. This paper compiles some of the most commonly used sets of qualitative spatial relations and their logical inference mechanisms. The abstract representation of the relations’ interconnectedness in the form of their conceptual neighborhood graphs offers intriguing insight about the regularity of such complete sets of qualitative relations.
The Nature of the Law and the Role of Citizenship

First of all, I want to thank you for being here tonight to join with me in thinking about something that has been important to me for almost half a century (and I am sure to most of you)—the law. One fundamental question about the law concerns a core issue: what is its essence? In short, what is it about? By tackling in this brief hour this subject, I am hopeful that these thoughts will spur your own reflections on the law and why it is vital to us and to our society. The points I shall make to you may be placed into two complementary categories: the first deals with the essence of the law itself, i.e., what is it that makes the law the law; the second concern deals with the role of the citizen—as lawmaker, administrator, judge, other official, or voter—in defining what the law is and what its content should be. At the outset, these two groups are inextricably related to the vitality of our republican democracy. From my perspective, I know that these two interrelated topics
Parent-Adolescent Communication About Sex and Condom Use Among Young Men Who Have Sex With Men: An Examination of the Theory of Planned Behavior

Background Young men who have sex with men (YMSM) are at disproportionate risk for HIV infection. Parent-adolescent communication about sex, particularly mother-adolescent communication, protects against adolescent sexual risk behavior. However, it is unclear whether these findings generalize to YMSM. Purpose The current study used the theory of planned behavior as a framework to examine how YMSM perceptions of parent-adolescent communication about condoms are associated with determinants of condom use and condomless anal sex among YMSM. Method YMSM ages 14-18 (M = 16.55) completed an online survey (n = 838). Associations between several domains of parent-adolescent communication about condoms (i.e., frequency and specificity, quality, and negative emotionality) and condom-related attitudes, norms, perceived behavioral control, and intentions, as well as instances of condomless anal intercourse (CAI), were examined with structural equation modeling. Results Multiple facets of mother-adolescent communication were associated with attitudes about condoms, subjective norms for condom use, perceived behavioral control, intentions to use condoms, and indirectly, instances of CAI. Father communication was not associated with determinants of condom use behavior. Conclusions Parent-adolescent communication about condoms is associated with determinants of condom use behavior among YMSM, and mother communication exerted an indirect influence on HIV-related sexual risk behaviors. Interventions designed to enhance parent- adolescent communication about condoms could prove efficacious in reducing HIV infections among YMSM.
Optimism Bias and the Demand for Insurance

We explore the demand for insurance in a case where it is commonly assumed that consumers underinsure; specifically, in the health insurance market. Our theory is based on a simple binomial model of the demand for insurance in which consumers make optimistically biased assessments concerning the likelihood of future health outcomes. From this model, we derive an insurance demand equation from which we obtain empirically testable predictions based upon comparative static analysis. Empirical results largely support our theory, in that we fi nd that insurance demand is increasing in wealth and decreasing in optimism bias, premium loading, and the jointinteraction between optimism bias and premium loading.
Fundamentals of Vascular Anastomosis

While subspecialty training is ubiquitous in the current era of surgical education, there remain fundamental aspects of these subspecialties that are still critical in general surgery training. The proper construction of a vascular anastomosis is a necessary tool in the arsenal of any general surgeon. This chapter will review the history and basic principles of vascular surgery, including the methods and maneuvers required to safely gain vascular control. We will describe the important anatomic features inherent in an anastomosis and their physiologic consequences. Various approaches to anastomotic suturing will be described in detail, with a focus on precise surgical technique and the clinical circumstances in which each might be most applicable. Finally, the potential complications of anastomotic creation will be reviewed, with a brief overview of emergency maneuvers that can be employed in the event of uncontrolled situations. These valuable skills will allow a general surgeon to safely gain vascular control in the event of hemorrhage, repair an injured vessel, and create a bypass around an unsalvageable vascular injury.
Applications: Nanobiosystems, Medicine, and Health

Over the past decade, nanomedicine and nanobiology have undergone radical transformations from fantasy to real science. The days of discussing advances in this area in the context of “nanobots” are over, and systems and nanomaterials have emerged that provide major analytical or therapeutic advantages over conventional molecule-based structures and approaches. We have come to recognize that much of biology is executed at the nanoscale level, therefore providing a rational approach to using the structure and function of engineered nanomaterials at the nano-bio interface for interrogation of disease, diagnosis, treatment, and imaging at levels of sophistication not possible before [1]. Fabrication of a host of nanostructures has been coupled with advanced chemical manipulation in order to impart biological recognition and interaction capabilities. Often, chemical manipulation results in nanomaterials that provide performance enhancement of therapeutics, imaging agents, diagnostics, and materials for tissue engineering and for basic science applications.
Does Creativity Decline with Age

Late-life creativity is underrepresented in gerontology and psychology (Chapter 1), and when the topic does receive attention losses are emphasized. With aging, creativity falters (Chapter 3), echoing a gen- eral stance toward aging as a time of decline (Chapter 1).Yet many older individuals in a variety of fields are creative (Chapter 1); decline and age are not necessarily synonymous. Further, decrements in creativity with age are not explained by age, but rather, by certain factors related to or concurrent with age. Even Lehman (1953), the major proponent of the decline position, asserted that creativity peaked for some who were older than 30 and 40. These and other problems with the decline model are critically examined in this chapter, especially the methods used to investigate it and the attitudes that underlie it. Research in opposition to this model is reviewed in subsequent chapters.
The effect of subatmospheric pressure on the simian penis.

Abstract The effects of subatmospheric pressure on the simian penis were studied in nine monkeys under anesthesia. A plastic cylinder was placed over the penis and suction applied until the gauge pressure was —100 to —200 cm. H2O. The intracavernous pressure decreased within one to three seconds to between —60 and —120 cm. H2O followed by a gradual increase as a result of blood flow into the corpora cavernosa. The intracavernous pressure recovery was 50% after 17 seconds and 100% by 30 to 60 seconds. These effects could also be observed when the penile base was partially constricted with a rubber band before applying the partial vacuum. Tumescence resulting from suction disappeared immediately when suction was terminated unless the base of the penis was constricted before and after the application of vacuum. In the latter case tumescence was prolonged (cavernous pressure between 60 and 120 cm. H2O) after suction. The cross-sectional area of the penis expanded to more than 150% of the flaccid state. The increase of intracavernous pressure from intracavernous papaverine injection was similar to that after suction with a constricting rubber band in place at the base of the penis. Subatmospheric pressure induces an expansion of the penis followed by increased blood inflow. The additional volume can be kept in the penis only if a constriction device is placed at the base of the penis. The tumescence induced by suction is passive, occurring without evidence of smooth muscle relaxation or release of neurotransmitters.
On the Atomic Energy Asymptotics

Consider an atom consisting of N quantized electrons at positions x i and a nucleus fixed at the origin. The Schrodinger Hamiltonian of such a system is given by $${H_{Z,N}} = \sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {\left( { - {\Delta _{{x_i}}} - \frac{Z} {{\left| {{x_i}} \right|}}} \right)} + \frac{1} {2}\sum\limits_{i \ne j} {\frac{1} {{\left| {{x_i} - {x_i}} \right|}}} $$ acting on \( = \wedge _{i = 1}^N{L^2} \) (R3) (in this exposition, in order to simplify notation, we neglect spin.) Define the ground state of an atom of charge Z by $$ E\left( Z \right) = {\kern 1pt} \mathop {\inf }\limits_N \mathop {\inf }\limits_{\mathop {\left\| \Psi \right\| = 1}\limits_{\Psi \in } } \;\left\langle {{H_{Z,N\Psi ,\Psi }}} \right\rangle $$ .
Gliosarcoma Stem Cells: Glial and Mesenchymal Differentiation

Gliosarcoma (GS) is a morphological variant of glioblastoma (GBM), characterized by biphasic glial and sarcomatous compartments. It is not clear whether the mesenchymal metaplasia leading to distinct glial and mesenchymal components in GS is related to the well established mesenchymal gene expression in GBMs, which retain the glial identity. GS stem cells, which preserve the genetic alterations of the original tumors and can differentiate into biphasic mesenchymal and glial components in orthotopic xenografts have been identified. Given the poor prognosis for patients diagnosed with GBM or GS, advances in the understanding of the predictive and prognostic consequences, as well as the mechanisms of activation of mesenchymal programs in these malignancies will likely impact clinical management and outcome.
Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation for Chronic Pelvic Pain: A Case Series and Technical Report on a Novel Lead Configuration.

Introduction Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) is an elusive and complex neuropathic condition that is notoriously recalcitrant to treatment. The term "CPP" encompasses a number of treatment-resistant conditions like pudendal neuralgia, interstitial cystitis, coccygodynia, vulvodynia. CPP has been presented neuromodulators attempting to utilize conventional spinal cord stimulation (SCS), with constant frustration and high explant rates. Contrary to SCS, dorsal root ganglion stimulation (DRGS) delivers targeted target to focal areas, does not rely on paresthesias, and is able to reliably capture body parts like the pelvis making it an ideal modality for the treatment of CPP. We present seven patients with intractable CPP, resistant to conventional treatment methods, all successfully treated with DRGS. Methods The case series includes seven patients with severe, CPP who failed to respond to a variety interventional treatments, and in some cases SCS. All seven patients were successfully trialed with DRGS utilizing leads placed over the bilateral L1 and S2 DRG's-to our knowledge, no publications describing either this particular lead configuration, or utilizing DRG stimulation on CPP, exist. Results Following treatment, all seven patients experienced significant pain relief as well as reduction in opioid consumption and some cases improvement with sexual function and urination. Four of these patients have been implanted and continue to self-report sustained pain relief with high-satisfaction and functional improvement. To date no explants or instances of loss of efficacy have occurred (>1 year since implant). Conclusion Like most neuropathic pain states, CPP is resilient, difficult to manage, and typically unresponsive to the traditional therapeutics and SCS. Our case series demonstrates no only that DRGS is potentially effective, long-term treatment modality for CPP, but that the L1/S2 lead placement is the configuration of choice despite distinct differences in etiologies of pain and location.
Recent Progress in Spintronics and Devices

The continuing quest of low- dissipation memory and logic devices is critical to enable a new paradigm of non-volatile computation. Spintronic devices are among the best candidates for a non-volatile platform due to the inherent hysteretic property of magnetic materials and the compatibility of these materials with the standard CMOS process. The first generation of the spintronics memory devices uses current-driven spin-transfer-torque (STT) composed of a magnetic tunneling junction (MTJ) structure (Fig. 1 a) [1]; it however has challenges in scaling. The Recent advances of using relativistic spin orbit coupling (SOC) offer potentials for resolving these challenges. Using topological insulators and taking advantage of the spin-momentum locking at their surfaces, giant SOTs are created, enabling ultralow power switching of magnetization (Fig. 1b) [2]. For SOT devices, I will discuss some drawbacks and solutions of SOT devices in needing an external magnetic field for deterministic switching of perpendicular magnetization by the use of structural asymmetry [3] and exchange bias [4] for enabling deterministic field-free SOT switching (Fig. 1c, d). Second, I will discuss the interface engineering of SOC for devices and circuits. Voltage- controlled spintronics by the use of SOI to manipulate magnetic anisotropy (VCMA) effect is another example (Fig. 2a) [5]. For this kind of devices, a high effective VCMA value reported (120 fJ/V-m) using industrial compatible CMOS back-end-of-line fabrication processes was reported for below a 1 fJ switching energy. Beyond the device level properties, we have simulated array-level memory performance metrics compared with SRAM. VCMA-based memory has much lower write energy and higher density (Fig. 2b) along with innovative circuits for improvements. By combining SOT and VCMA, 3-terminal MTJs have been demonstrated the spin logic applications. I will also provide an overview for other devices of magnonic logic circuits allowing for scaling down to the nanometer range and THz frequency operation. Topologically protected magnetic skyrmions and other topological spin textures are robust against defects and external perturbations and may have practical memory and logic devices applications. By engineering SOT and VCMA, we demonstrated new methods for creating and manipulating a stable skyrmion phase in the CoFeB-MgO material system at room temperature [6], [7] (Fig. 2c). With these recent Advances, we are positioned for a new era of heterogeneous integration of spintronics devices with CMOS [8].
Improving Intercity Passenger Rail Planning using Evidence from Passenger Survey Data

Federal mandates require that states develop comprehensive state rail plans that clarify a vision for the role of intercity passenger rail services in the state’s transportation system and a progra...
Water–Health Nexus: Modeling the Pathways and Barriers to Water-Related Diseases

Under pressure from climate change and other drivers, the risks of water-related infectious and chronic diseases seem poised to increase. Addressing these risks requires shared work in the fields of public health and water resources management. To help in risk assessment, the paper presents a comprehensive conceptual model of water-related health effects and the potential barriers that can be established by water management actions. The model does not indicate unique solution strategies because multiple water management factors cause multiple types of water-related diseases. It uses the water-health nexus to conceptualize the pathways to diseases and help clarify health-related responsibilities for water management and public health officials. Experiences of the U.S. are presented as an exemplar of the links between water management and disease incidence. However, parts of the water management system are not regulated effectively and many countries lack organized utilities and effective water governance.
Case of colonic mucosal Schwann cell hamartoma and review of literature on unusual colonic polyps

Mucosal Schwann cell hamartomas (MSCH) are benign mesenchymal tumours rarely seen in the gastrointestinal tract. They occasionally present as incidental sessile polyps during colonoscopy. A 55-year-old asymptomatic female patient with a medical history of multiple sclerosis presented for a screening colonoscopy. A 5 mm low-risk tubular adenoma was noted in the caecum, and a second 5 mm polyp was found in the ascending colon. Histopathology of the ascending colon polyp showed proliferation of spindle cells without ganglion cells in the lamina propria. Immunohistochemical findings are compatible with an MSCH. Surveillance colonoscopy was scheduled in 5 years based on the presence of a single low-risk tubular adenoma.
Food AdditivesOpen image in new window

This Food Additives chapter is in the newly named Aspects of Food Processing section of the text. The other chapters covering food preservation and food packaging components of the food processing section are discussed in Chaps. 16 and 18, respectively.
Index admission cholecystectomy for acute biliary pancreatitis favorably impacts outcomes of hospitalization in cirrhosis.

BACKGROUND AND AIM Despite higher rates of gallstones in patients with cirrhosis, there are no population-based studies evaluating outcomes of acute biliary pancreatitis (ABP). Therefore, we sought to evaluate the predictors of early readmission and mortality in this high-risk population. METHODS We utilized the Nationwide Readmission Database (2011-2014) to evaluate all adults admitted with ABP. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess independent predictors for 30-day readmission, index admission mortality, and calendar year mortality. RESULTS Among 184 611 index admissions with ABP, 4344 (2.4%) subjects had cirrhosis (1649 with decompensation). Subjects with cirrhosis, when compared with those without, incurred higher rates of 30-day readmission (20.9% vs 11.2%; P < 0.001), index mortality (2.0% vs 1.0%; P < 0.001), and calendar year mortality (4.2% vs 0.9%; P < 0.001). Decompensation in cirrhosis was associated with significantly fewer cholecystectomies (26.7% vs 60.2%; P < 0.001) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographies (23.3% vs 29.9%; P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that severe acute pancreatitis (odds ratio [OR]: 14.8; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.3, 41.2), sepsis (OR: 12.6; 95% CI: 5.8, 27.4), and decompensation (OR: 3.1; 96% CI: 1.4, 6.6) were associated with increased index admission mortality. Decompensated cirrhosis (OR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.1, 3.0) and 30-day readmission (OR: 5.6; 95% CI: 3.3, 9.5) were predictors of calendar year mortality. However, index admission cholecystectomy was associated with decreased 30-day readmissions (OR: 0.6; 95% CI: 0.4, 0.7) and calendar year mortality (OR: 0.44; 95% CI: 0.25, 0.78). CONCLUSIONS The presence of cirrhosis adversely impacts hospital outcomes of patients with ABP. Among modifiable factors, index admission cholecystectomy portends favorable prognosis by reducing risk of early readmission and consequent calendar year mortality.
Applications of epigenetic methylation in body fluid identification, age determination and phenotyping

Abstract In this paper, four different applications are presented in forensic epigenetics using bisulfite modified PCR, HRM, and pyrosequencing. The first application involves the development of a multiplex amplification capable of simultaneous analysis of 4 different body fluid/cell types- blood, saliva, sperm, and vaginal epithelia. We have also developed a method for the detection of sperm high-resolution melt analysis (HRM). Two other applications involve a determination of suspect age and a biomarker for determining smoking status.
Enhanced subwavelength coupling and nano-focusing with optical fiber-plasmonic hybrid probe.

In this erratum, the funding section of our paper [Optics Express, 27, 38098- 38108 (2019)] has been updated.
Library Adoption Dynamics in Software Teams.

When a group of people strives to understand new information, struggle ensues as various ideas compete for attention. Steep learning curves are surmounted as teams learn together. To understand how these team dynamics play out in software development, we explore Git logs, which provide a complete change history of software repositories. In these repositories, we observe code additions, which represent successfully implemented ideas, and code deletions, which represent ideas that have failed or been superseded. By examining the patterns between these commit types, we can begin to understand how teams adopt new information. We specifically study what happens after a software library is adopted by a project, i.e. when a library is used for the first time in the project. We find that a variety of factors, including team size, library popularity, and prevalence on Stack Overflow are associated with how quickly teams learn and successfully adopt new software libraries.
Subject to labor: Racial capitalism and ontology in the post-emancipation Caribbean

Abstract Racial capitalism is often understood as a process that acts upon subjects that are already racialized, facilitating their exploitative incorporation into capitalist processes. In this article, I push past that definition to argue that racial capitalism is a fundamentally ontologizing process by which subjectivity is produced. I advance this point through an analysis of the central role of labor in the foundation of post-emancipation Caribbean subject formation . I argue that in crossing the Atlantic in the service of colonial capital, enslaved Africans, and later indentured Indians, underwent a process that undid previous senses of identity, thus demanding new ontological moorings rooted in plantation labor. The practice and conditions of labor experienced by both groups after emancipation provided a common basis of ontological orientation. Thus, racial capitalism through the instrument of labor, has fundamentally structured the terms and definition of Caribbean identity.
On Binary Matroids Without a $$P_{10}$$ P 10 -Minor

We study the class of binary matroids without a $$P_{10}$$ -minor and find all internally 4-connected non-regular matroids in the class.
Brain executive laterality and hemisity.

Brain laterality refers to the asymmetric location of functional elements within the bilateral brain of animals and humans. Thus far, five lateralized functions have been recognized in humans: handedness, language ability, spatial skills, facial recognition, and emotion recognition. Recently, a sixth asymmetric functional element bearing on personality has been discovered. It is the larger side of the split bilateral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). This appears to be the final output element of the executive system of which, by logic, there can be only one. Which side is somewhat larger varies among the general population in a seemingly idiosyncratic manner, yet with a genetic basis because true-breeding lineages exist. Here, hemisity is binary measure where a person is inherently born either right brain or left brain oriented. This is determined by nine statistically robust sets of four biophysical tests, none of which depend upon personality, and five behavioral questionnaires. Crucially these hemisity methods have been validated by the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)-based discovery that the larger side of the ACC is on the same side as one’s hemisity, making MRI the primary standard for hemisity determination (r = 0.96). There are at least 30 measurable differences in individual characteristics and behaviors between those persons whose hemsity is on the right compared to those with it on the left. The hemisity of 2929 individuals was determined by these methods. Large groups included 1428 junior and senior high schools students both in Hawaii and Utah. There were somewhat comparable numbers present for both types of hemisity. Hemisity of individuals was found stable from infancy to old age. There was no relation between hemisity and handedness. Larger corpus callosum (CC) size of male or female subjects was larger in right brainer that in left brainers. Twin studies demonstrate that CC size is inherited. Thirty-eight percent of individuals of both sexes were right brain oriented, while 62% of individuals of both sexes were left brain oriented. In pairings, there were more than twice as many couples with opposite hemisity. Of these couples, the right brain male and females were dominant. Reproductive outcomes of these were “Like father like son, Like mother like daughter.”
Multimodal high-resolution embryonic imaging with light sheet fluorescence microscopy and optical coherence tomography

A high-resolution imaging system combining optical coherence tomography (OCT) and light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) was developed. LSFM confined the excitation to only the focal plane, removing the out of plane fluorescence. This enabled imaging a murine embryo with higher speed and specificity than traditional fluorescence microscopy. OCT gives information about the structure of the embryo from the same plane illuminated by LSFM. The co-planar OCT and LSFM instrument was capable of performing co-registered functional and structural imaging of mouse embryos simultaneously.
Focusing on a Manageable Research Topic

It is not uncommon for a novice traveler planning a long trip to develop a plan that attempts to visit more places, take in more sights, or do more things than are realistically possible.
On Perceptual Predispositions for Human Speech and Monkey Vocalizations

Early models of infant speech perception posited the existence at birth of special speech-processing mechanisms. More recent research with both adults and infants has questioned the fundamental claim that speech sounds require special sensory coding strategies. Instead, if a speech-specific perceptual mode exists at all, it probably takes the form of certain attentional and interpretive processes enlisted when treating speech signals as linguistic messages. Interestingly, this view is also consistent with some recent research on vocal perception mechanisms used by monkeys. A shift in emphasis from speech-specific sensory codes to interpretive specializations leads to a new model of the development of speech perception capacities.
Compensatory role for proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) during angiogenesis in adult mice lacking endothelial cell focal adhesion kinase (FAK)

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 12-16, 2008; San Diego, CA 5846 Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase that integrates signals from growth factor receptors and integrins leading to changes in cell migration, proliferation, and survival. Pharmacological inhibitors of FAK have shown promising preclinical results as anti-cancer agents potentially via effects on tumor cells. However, FAK also plays a critical role within endothelial cells (EC) during normal development, vascular remodeling, and angiogenesis that can influence tumor progression. Here, we show that pharmacological inhibition of FAK blocks growth factor-induced angiogenesis in adult mice. But surprisingly, tamoxifen-inducible conditional knockout of FAK in adult blood vessels (herein termed ‘i-EC-FAK-KO mice’) produces no vascular phenotype. In fact, these animals are capable of developing robust angiogenic responses to growth factors, serum, or tumors. In contrast to wildtype animals, FAK inhibition does not block the angiogenic response in i-EC-FAK-KO mice, suggesting that adult i-EC-FAK-KO mice develop a compensatory mechanism to bypass the requirement for FAK. Indeed, expression of the FAK-related proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) is elevated and/or activated in i-EC-FAK-KO blood vessels, in ECs following FAK knockdown, and in fibroblasts treated with FAK-specific inhibitors . We propose that Pyk2 functionally compensates for the loss of FAK in i-EC-FAK-KO mice, since angiogenesis in these mice can be blocked by either genetic knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of Pyk2. Our studies reveal the adaptive capacity of endothelial cells to switch to Pyk2-dependent signaling following deletion or inhibition of FAK. This work may have implications for the preclinical development of FAK or dual FAK/Pyk2 kinase inhibitors as anti-cancer and/or anti-angiogenic agents.
Common denominators in death from pediatric back-over trauma.

Low-speed "back-over" injuries comprise a small number of pediatric automobile versus pedestrian (AVP) trauma, however these injuries tend to be more severe and have a higher rate of mortality. The objective of this study was to determine environmental, mechanistic, and demographic factors common in pediatric back-over injuries resulting in death. Patients were identified from the trauma registry of an urban Level I trauma center over a 15-year period. Charts for all pediatric AVP injuries in ages 4 years and younger were reviewed. Mortalities due to back-over injuries were identified. For the study period reviewed (1995-2010) we identified 535 cases of auto versus pedestrian injury in children less than 4-years-old. Of these, 31 (5.79%) were mortalities. Among those 31 mortalities, six (19.3%) were identified as resulting from back-over trauma. Mean age was significantly lower in back-over injuries as compared with non back-over AVP trauma (1.33 ± 0.23 years, vs 3.5 ± 1.0 years, P = 0.001). We noted a trend toward female gender (67%) and Hispanic ethnicity (67%). All sustained massive blunt head trauma as the cause of death. There were no significant differences in Injury Severity Score or Revised Trauma Score in the back-over group. Environmental analysis revealed that cars were the perpetrating vehicle 50 per cent of the time, and sport utility vehicles, vans, or trucks 50 per cent of the time. In all cases, the accidents occurred in the patient's own driveway and by either a family member (67%) or acquaintance (33%). These data suggest that key characteristics of back-over trauma resulting in mortality include very young age, massive head trauma, injury occurring in the patient's own driveway, and with a family member or acquaintance behind the wheel. This may help identify points of injury prevention to decrease the number of victims of back-over trauma in the pediatric population. Language: en
Abstract 11462: Neurocognitive Function and Silent Cerebral Thromboemboli Following Atrial Fibrillation Catheter Ablation

Introduction: Silent cerebral thromboemboli following pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) have been reported, but their clinical impact on neurocognitive dysfunction or longer term persistence remains unclear. Hypothesis: There is no difference in neurocognitive function tested 3-6 months after AF ablation in patients with silent cerebral thromboemboli. Methods: In a prospective pilot study, patients presenting for PVI were approached for inclusion. Consenting patients underwent a battery of 8 neurocognitive tests (see Table) and diffusion-weighted MRI (dMRI) within 3 days before procedure. A follow up dMRI was done within 3 days post procedure. The neurocognitive battery was repeated at 3-6 months after ablation. Results: Of 20 patients included, 6 patients (30%) had a new silent cerebral lesion on the follow up dMRI. A third MRI was done in 2 patients and their dMRI was back to normal. Radiofrequency ablation was done in 18 patients (90%) and Cryo ablation for t...
The Functions of Transaction Costs: Rethinking Transaction Cost Minimization in a World of Friction

This article critically examines the goal of minimizing transaction costs, including the costs of legal decision-making. This goal permeates the law and economics literature and has profoundly influenced public policy. While most transaction cost scholarship has focused upon private law, the minimization goal has strongly influenced public law, where it has contributed to a variety of legal changes aimed at reducing public transaction costs, often through privatization. We argue that transaction costs purchase corollary benefits. They frequently enable those engaging in transactions to obtain information needed to correct for information asymmetries or inadequate information. They perform the functions of facilitating efficient transactions, allowing the avoidance of bad transactions, and serving important equitable goals. It follows that lawmakers must take transaction cost functions into account when deciding whether eliminating them is desirable. We discuss how to identify transaction cost functions and how to take these functions into account in choosing legal rules. In so doing, we extend the transaction cost debate, which has focused predominantly on private law, into the public law arena, or, more precisely, into the debate about the role of private markets in achieving public values. While some transaction costs deserve elimination, we conclude that maintaining or even increasing transaction costs sometimes makes sense. We show that viewing each transaction cost as a simple deadweight loss skews legal theory in both the public and private realms. This article uses the teachings of the Supreme Court's procedural due process jurisprudence, institutional economics, and theories focusing on information to inform analysis of transaction costs. It examines transaction costs' role in both the legal theory and policy-making in a wide variety of areas, including nuisance law, environmental law, intellectual property, corporate law, contract and the privatization of social services.