cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gene Cattie Enterprises

This case concerns Gene Cattie Enterprises (GCE), a manufacturer of a variety of fabricated metal house accessories, including mailboxes and window boxes. Founded in 2001 by Gene Cattie, a former HR professional for a large diversified financial-services company, GCE manufactures window boxes in five basic colors in a small plant in central Virginia. Historically, GCE has competed by providing a low-cost, high-quality product, sold mostly to specialty stores and catalog retailers. Competitive pressures have recently made delivery lead time an issue. Cattie believes that if he can significantly reduce the manufacturing lead time, he will be able to respond to market fluctuations as well as provide a line of custom-made window boxes. He wonders whether he can improve the effectiveness of his window-box production operation. As a former HR professional, he is unsure what his choices are. He is even unsure of the measures he should use to evaluate his decisions. He is, however, sure of one thing: his goal is to make money. His gut tells him that he is not making as much as he could.
Obesity as a risk factor in drug-induced organ injury. IV. Increased gentamicin nephrotoxicity in the obese overfed rat.

Obese humans suffer from excessive organ dysfunction, altered drug pharmacokinetics and may be at increased risk of various drug toxicities. A recent report shows that gentamicin nephrotoxicity in critically ill patients is more frequent and more severe than usual in individuals who are substantially overweight. The present study utilizes an overfed rat model to examine the influence of obesity on the nephrotoxic potential of gentamicin. After 52 weeks on an energy-dense diet, obese animals outweighed pellet controls by more than 80% (913 +/- 86 vs. 507 +/- 52 g; X +/- S.D., n = 7). When animals were treated twice daily for 6 days with 30 mg/kg of gentamicin i.p. based on total body mass, obese rats sustained more cortical necrosis than control (median score 3+ vs. 0), higher serum creatinine (4.36 +/- 2.72 vs. 0.71 +/- 0.17) and greater creatinine adjusted N-acetyl hexosaminidase excretion. The impact of obesity on intrinsic susceptibility to gentamicin nephrotoxicity was assessed by dosing animals for 5 days to ideal body mass plus 40% of excess body mass, the current clinical practice for achieving normal gentamicin concentrations in obese patients. Obese rats again sustained more frequent and severe cortical necrosis (2+ vs. 0) and excreted more N-acetyl hexosaminidase than control animals. Urine pH averaged 1.7 U below normal in obese animals, but restoration to normal values by 2 weeks on the pellet diet did not diminish the toxicity increase. Results from the overfed rat closely resemble the recent clinical observation that obese patients sustain more frequent and severe kidney damage from aminoglycoside antibiotics.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Structure and stoichiometry in supervalent doped Li7La3Zr2O12

The oxide garnet material Li7La3Zr2O12 shows remarkably high ionic conductivity when doped with supervalent ions that are charge compensated by Li vacancies and is currently one of the best candidates for development of a technologically relevant solid electrolyte. Determination of optimal dopant concentration, however, has remained a persistent problem due to the extreme difficulty of establishing the actual (as compared to nominal) stoichiometry of intentionally doped materials and by the fact that it is still not entirely clear what level of lattice expansion/contraction best promotes ionic diffusion. By combining careful synthesis, neutron diffraction, high-resolution X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman measurements, and density functional theory calculations, we show that structure and stoichiometry are intimately related such that the former can in many cases be used as a gauge of the latter. We show that different Li-vacancy creating supervalent ions (Al3+ vs Ta5+) affect the structure very differently,...
The Community College's Role in Helping to Make Democracy Work as It Should

This chapter examines how the work of community colleges relates to the democratic work that citizens must do and makes the case for better alignment between the two.
Initiators for Continuous Activator Regeneration Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate and Styrene with N-Heterocyclic Carbene as Ligands for Fe-Based Catalysts

Iron-based N-heterocyclic carbene (FeX3(NHC)) complexes were used in initiators for continuous activator regeneration atom transfer radical polymerization (ICAR ATRP). A series of ICAR ATRPs of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and styrene (St) were carried out using FeX3(IDipp) where IDipp = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene with X = Cl (I–Cl) or Br (I–Br) and FeX3(HIDipp) (HIDipp =1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolidin-2-ylidene) with X = Cl (H–Cl) or Br (H–Br). The polymerizations showed good activity, resulting in polymers with controlled molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distribution (MWD) with low loading of catalysts (50 ppm). In particular, I–Br and H–Br generated polymers with narrower MWD. For example, ICAR ATRP of MMA with 50 ppm catalysts (H–Br) after 24 h at T = 60 °C in 50% v/v anisole resulted in PMMA with Mw/Mn = 1.20 at 65% monomer conversion. ICAR ATRP of St after 72 h resulted in PSt with Mw/Mn = 1.15 at 53% monomer conversion.
The Effects of IGV Wake Impingement on the Boundary Layer and the Near-Wake of a Rotor Blade

This paper examines the response of a rotor blade boundary layer and a rotor near-wake to an impinging wake of an Inlet Guide Vane (IGV) located upstream of the rotor blade. Two-dimensional Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements are performed in a refractive index matched turbomachinery facility that provides unobstructed view of the entire flow field. Data obtained at several rotor phases enables us to examine IGV-wake-induced changes to the structure of the boundary layer and how these changes affect the flow and turbulence within the rotor near-wake. We focus on the suction surface boundary layer, near the blade trailing edge, but analyze the evolution of both the pressure and suction sides of the near-wake. During IGV-wake impingement, the boundary layer becomes significantly thinner, with lower momentum thickness and more stable profile compared to other phases at the same location. Analysis of available terms in the integral momentum equation indicates that the phase-averaged unsteady term is the main contributor to the decrease in momentum thickness within the impinging wake. Thinning of the boundary/shear layer extends into the rotor near wake, making it narrower and increasing the phase averaged shear velocity gradients and associated turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) production rate. Consequently, the TKE increases during wake thinning, with as much as 75% phase-dependent variations in its peak magnitude. The paper introduces a new way of looking at PIV data by defining a wake oriented coordinate system which enables to study the structure of turbulence around the trailing edge in great detail.© 2008 ASME
Development of a Cultural Competency Curriculum for Physician Assistants

Authors desiring to contribute to “Cultural Perspectives” should forward submissions to Dawn Morton-Rias, EdD, PA-C, Dean, College of Health Related Professions, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Box 94, Brooklyn, NY 11203. Telephone: 718-270-7709; fax: 718-270-7702; e-mail: Dawn.Morton-Rias@Downstate.edu. Feature Editor’s Note: PA educators are charged with the responsibility of ensuring that graduates possess entry-level knowledge and skills to meet the evolving needs of a dynamic patient population. Educators must not only introduce students to expanding technology, clinical innovation, and evidence-based practice, we must also ensure that they acquire basic interpersonal, clinical, and therapeutic skills: no small undertaking within the confines of a 24to 27-month PA curriculum. Shifting demographics and alarming health outcome statistics provide a clarion call for curricular revision. Wei Chao Chang, MPAS, PA-C, a surgical PA at Good Samaritan Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland, and a doctoral student at Nova Southeastern University, was inspired by his clinical experiences and consideration of the literature to explore cultural competency in PA education. This article, which is first in a three-part series on diversity in PA education, provides preliminary evidence to suggest a need for cultural competency education for physician assistants.—Dawn Morton-Rias Wei Chao Chang, MPAS, PA-C, MT (ASCP) Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
Macro-Defect-Free Cement: A Review

Cement-based materials have been traditionally formed by casting. The amount of water used in the casting process determines the porosity of the hardened material. The water requirements, and the tendency for cement grains to agglomerate, result in hardened cement paste having high porosity and a wide range of pore sizes. Consequently, such materials are not very strong and contain critical flaws whose dimensions are of the order of 0.1 mm. Although improvements in particle packing and particle dispersion to reduce porosity have resulted in significant increases in strength, such materials are still very brittle and have relatively low tensile and flexural strengths.
Cowgirls: Women of the American West

American lore has slighted the cowgirl, although at least one can still be found in nearly every ranching community. Like her male counterpart, she rides and ropes, understands land and stock, and confronts the elements. The writer and photographer Teresa Jordan traveled sixty thousand miles in the American West, talking with more than a hundred authentic cowgirls running ranches and performing in rodeos. The result is a fascinating book that also situates the cowgirl in history and literature. A new preface and updated bibliography have been added to this Bison Book edition.
Effects of whole brain radiation on blood counts

Background: Whole brain radiation therapy is commonly used in the treatment of patients with CNS metastatic disease. Radiation to other areas of the body is associated with decrease in bone marrow proliferation. It is unclear what the effects ofWBRT have on blood counts. Methods: Retrospective chart review of patients with brain metastases treated with WBRT with recorded hematologic valuesbefore and after treatment. Univariate analysis was performed to identify statistical differences in outcome via paired t -testing. Results: Forty-nine patients were analyzed. Median age was 61 and 36 subjects were female. Analysis revealed significantly amedian decrease of 0.87 g/dL in hemoglobin values ( p .05). Conclusion: WBRT leads to a decrease in Hgb and platelets but does not appear to affect WBC counts. Physicians and patientsshould be aware of this side effect of WBRT.KeyWords: Whole brain radiotherapy, Anemia, Metastatic brain cancer
Nitric Oxide and Asymmetric Dimethlyarginine Levels in Malignancy Associated Thrombosis and Their Modulaiton by Anticoagulants.

Abstract Nitric oxide (NO) represents one of the major endothelial derived vasoactive mediators. Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an endogenous competitive inhibitor of NO synthase which inhibits NO production at Pathophysiologic levels. While the association of ADMA in cardiovascular diseases is known, no information on the ADMA levels is available in cancer patients. To test the hypothesis that endothelial dysfunction in cancer patients may result in increased ADMA levels, plasma samples were analyzed from an open label, multidose, active comparator designed study in which all patients (n=110) were initially treated with low molecular weight heparin, enoxaparin (E) at 1–1.5 mg/kg sc for 5 days. These patients were further subdivided. One group continued to receive E whereas the other group received warfarin (W) for up to 12 weeks. Baseline blood samples (BL), 5 days post E (IPE) and 4–6 week samples from the E and W were analyzed for ADMA and NO levels (Cardiovasics, Palo Alto, CA; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, respectively). In comparison to the aged matched controls both the ADMA and NO levels were markedly elevated in cancer patients. The E treated group showed a marked decrease in the ADMA levels which persisted throughout the treatment period. However in the W converted group the ADMA levels rebounded to an increased level indicating that E differentially regulated ADMA in these patients. The down regulation pattern of NO was similar for both enoxaparin and warfarin. These results suggest that patients with cancer and thrombosis exhibit simultaneous up regulation of ADMA and NO. While enoxaparin and warfarin show a differential regulation of ADMA both result in down regulation of NO. The fact that E regulates ADMA is highly suggestive of its regulatory role in iNOX which may be involved in the inflammatory response in cancer patients. Furthermore, these studies underscore the anti-inflammatory mechanisms by which low molecular weight heparins such as E, mediate their therapeutic effects in cancer asscoiated thrombosis. Group Nitric Oxide (uM) ADMA (uM) Aged matched controls 18±5 1.51±0.52 BL 63±18 5.34±1.5 IPE 22±9 2.81±0.9 4–6 weeks enoxaparin 20±8 2.45±0.9 4–6 weeks warfarin 25±8 3.67±1.1
White-collar workers’ hemodynamic responses during working hours

In the present study, two investigations were conducted at a communication center, to examine white-collar workers' hemodynamic responses during working hours. In investigation I, hemodynamic responses were measured on a working day; and in investigation II, cardiovascular responses were verified on both working and non-working days. In investigation I, blood pressure, cardiac output, heart rate, stroke volume, and total peripheral resistance were measured in 15 workers during working hours (from 9:00 am to 18:00 pm) on one working day. Another 40 workers from the same workplace participated in investigation II, in which blood pressure and heart rate were measured between the time workers arose in the morning until they went to bed on 5 working days and 2 non-working days. The results showed that blood pressure increased and remained at the same level during working hours. The underlying hemodynamics of maintaining blood pressure, however, changed between the morning and the afternoon on working days. Cardiac responses increased in the afternoon, suggesting that cardiac burdens increase in the afternoon on working days. The present study suggested that taking underlying hemodynamic response into consideration is important for managing the work-related cardiovascular burden of white-collar workers.
Spillover Alleviation in Active Control of Flexible Structure

Abstract This paper proposes a new method for spillover alleviation in active control-of large space structures. The technique consists in a nonlinear modification of the control in the vicinity of the equilibrium point, which makes the composite system (controller + observer + residual modes) benefit of the inherent asymptotic properties of the open-loop system The method applies to both linear and nonlinear state feedback control. It does not require the knowledge of the residual modes and does not place any restriction on sensors and actuators number and location
A fuzzy adaptive differential evolution for multi-objective 3D UAV path optimization

This paper presents a fuzzy adaptive differential evolution (DE) for 3D UAV path planning. The path-planning problem is formulated as a multi-objective unconstrained optimization problem in the aim of minimizing the fuel and the threat cost as well as finding the shortest path. A fuzzy logic controller is used to find the parameter values of DE during this optimization process. The mutation operation of DE is modified in a way to strike a balance between the DE/rand/1 and DE/best/1 strategies. This method is compared with both DE/rand/1 and DE/best/1 and it relatively outperformed both the classical variations. As it is often tedious to find the right parameter values for DE, this method will give freedom from the process of finding the parameter values for the acceptable performance in 3D path planning optimization.
Abstract 174: The BH3-Only Protein BNIP3 Induces Mitochondrial Clearance via Multiple Pathways

Autophagy plays an important role in cellular quality control and is responsible for removing protein aggregates and dysfunctional organelles. BNIP3 is an atypical BH3-only protein which is known to cause mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death in the myocardium. Interestingly, BNIP3 can also protect against cell death by promoting removal of dysfunctional mitochondria via autophagy (mitophagy). We have previously reported that BNIP3 is a potent inducer of mitophagy in cardiac myocytes and that BNIP3 contains an LC3 Interacting Region (LIR) that binds to LC3 on the autophagosome, tethering the mitochondrion to the autophagosome for engulfment. However, the molecular mechanism(s) underlying BNIP3-mediated mitophagy are still unclear. In this study, we discovered that BNIP3 can mediate mitochondrial clearance in cells even in the absence of a functional autophagy pathway. We found that overexpression of BNIP3 led to significant clearance of mitochondria in both wild type (WT) and autophagy deficient Atg5-/- MEFs. BNIP3 caused an increase in LC3II levels in WT MEFs, indicating increased formation of autophagosomes. In contrast, LC3II was undetectable in Atg5-/- MEFs. Furthermore, we found that BNIP3-mediated clearance in WT and Atg5-/- MEFs did not require the presence of Parkin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase which plays a critical role in clearing dysfunctional mitochondria in cells. Also, overexpression of Parkin did not enhance BNIP3-mediated mitochondrial clearance. When investigating activation of alternative cellular degradation pathways, we found that BNIP3 induced activation of the endosomal-lysosomal pathway in both WT and Atg5-/- MEFs. Mutating the LC3 binding site in BNIP3 did not interfere with the activation of the endosomal pathway and clearance of mitochondria in Atg5-/- MEFs. Thus, these findings suggest that BNIP3 can promote clearance of mitochondria via multiple pathways in cells. The role of autophagy in removing mitochondria is already well established and we are currently exploring the roles of the endosomal and alternative autophagy pathways in BNIP3-mediated mitochondrial clearance in myocytes.
Dealing with stroke: Perspectives from stroke survivors and stroke caregivers from an underserved Hispanic community

Globally, stroke is the leading cause of death and disease burden. While post-stroke studies have been conducted, they excluded survivors and caregivers from underserved communities. It can be argued that the impact of stroke on survivors and caregivers from underserved communities may be greater. Using qualitative exploratory research design, the purpose of this study was to examine the lived experiences of post-stroke recovery and readjustment among stroke survivors and stroke caregivers from an underserved community. Two separate focus groups were conducted, one each for stroke survivors and caregivers. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Finding meaning in life is the general theme of stroke survivors' and stroke caregivers' journey of post-stroke recovery and readjustment. For stroke survivors, the transition to stroke recovery required time, life goal reconfiguration, willpower, humor, and network support. Post-stroke caregiving is a daily navigation and negotiation influenced by internal and external processes. Personal, economic, and socio-cultural nuances play a role in how post-stroke recovery is lived and experienced. Study findings highlight the importance of policies to support family-centered and system-level advocacy in post-stroke care.
Turbidite Sandstone Bodies

Turbidite sand bodies comprise part of a broad spectrum of sediments deposited by subaqueous gravity processes in deep-water marine environments. These processes are diverse in type (Figure 6.1), but all constitute part of a continuum. This continuum was classified formally by Middleton and Hampton (1973), who recognized four classes ranging from debris flow to grain flow to fluidized sediment flow to turbidity currents. Figure 6.1 shows a modification of their classification scheme and adds one other end member, namely the large submarine slumps and slides which have been described and recognized from several places (Moore, 1977; Booth, 1979; Doyle et al., 1979; Keller et al., 1979; Schlee et al., 1979). The sediment support mechanism for each of these transport processes is different and permits segregation into distinct classes, as suggested by Middleton and Hampton (1973), although it must be emphasized that the role of internal pore pressure and liquefaction, as well as relative water content, makes it difficult under natural conditions to observe these class distinctions so clearly (Lowe, 1976; Lawson, 1979a). Although this chapter will review the slump processes, as well as the four groups of processes proposed by Middleton and Hampton (1973), which comprise part of one continuum (Figure 6.1), and use the terms they suggested, care must be take in their application because of the total gradational relations that exist between each class.
The Subsidy Provided by Eximbank Financing

This chapter discusses the subsidy that is provided by Eximbank Financing. The export financing at concessionary interest rates not only provides a subsidy to foreign importers and/or to domestic exporters, but also affects the allocation of resources among countries and among sectors within a country. The subsidy thus differs from the welfare effects of that financing to the extent that the output of the supported goods is affected and resources are directed to the supported sectors. The chapter presents the estimates of the subsidy which do not take into account the effects of Eximbank financing on prices or profits; therefore, the estimates are not measures of the welfare consequences for foreign importers or for the United States. The welfare effect on the United States of Eximbank financing is not equivalent to this direct cost, however, because in the case of perfectly competitive export industries, Eximbank financing can be expected to result in price changes in the export industries. The total cost of the Bank's financing thus involves the direct cost plus any consumer welfare gains or losses associated with changes in domestic prices, less the increased profits received by exporters as a consequence of Eximbank financing.
25-OR: SEQUENTIAL ANALYSIS OF HLA-C1q FOLLOWING AN HLA INCOMPATIBLE RENAL TRANSPLANTATION

Aim Transplantation across HLA antibody barriers is associated with an increased risk for early antibody mediated rejection (AMR). Post-transplant monitoring of donor specific HLA-antibody (DSA) is critical to allow for effective anti-rejection intervention. In this HLA incompatible case, we sought to determine whether HLA-C1q data provides additional information regarding the deleterious nature of the DSA or the stage of an immune response (expansion vs. contraction) during an active AMR. Methods HLA-antibodies were assessed in sequential sera using solid phase immunoassays (Lifecodes Single Antigen, Imunor; and C1qScreen, One Lambda). AHG enhanced T cell CDC crossmatch (XM) tests were also performed. Results On Day +5 post transplant, both HLA-IgG and C1q assays showed a rise in DSA (HLA-A68). Anti-rejection therapy included alternate day plasmapheresis, low dose intravenous Ig (100mg/kg), bortezomib, rituximab, and eculizimab. By Day +9, C1q-MFI for A68 was nearly twofold stronger than the HLA-IgG MFI and the CDC-XM converted from negative to positive. On Day +13, the HLA-IgG MFI remained stable, consistent with a positive CDC-XM, while the HLA-C1q MFI dramatically decreased by tenfold. A negative CDC-XM confirmed the decrease observed on the C1q assay [ Table 1 ]. Conclusions In this case, HLA-C1q analysis provided additional functional information regarding the quality of the DSA that preceded any change observed on the HLA-IgG immunoassay. This decrease in HLA-C1q may reflect a class switch to a less efficient complement fixing IgG subclass or an affinity change in the dominant clones comprising the DSA antibody repertoire.
Stress Field in Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Composites with Multiple Interfacial Layers

Using the Composite Cylinders Assemblage (CCA) model, a generalized algorithm for the microstress analysis of multiply coated continuous fiber-reinforced composites under axisymmetric mechanical and/or hygrothermal loading is presented. An arbitrary number (p) of fiber coatings/layers (i.e., concentric interphases between fiber and matrix) are considered. All the p-phases are assumed to be transversely isotropic with respect to their stiffness and thermal and moisture expansion coefficients. Temperature and moisture fields can be different in each phase; uniform field becomes a specific case. Some of the earlier formulations reported in the literature, which are based on four- or five-phase CCA models, are derivable from the general algorithm presented in the paper. The formulation presented is expected to be useful especially for the analysis of metal-matrix composites where a number of reaction zones (phases) with distinctly different properties are found to exist between the coating and the matrix, or more than one type of coating is applied on the fiber.
Diagnostic Uses of Ultrasonic Imaging

Man is a latecomer on the scene of application of ultrasonics to biological problems. This form of energy has been used for millions of years for purposes of orientation within the environment. This process, termed “echolocation”, has been adapted to both the aerial and aquatic environments.
Partial Preference Information and First Order Differential Optimality: An Illustration

Suppose that objective vectors \( y \in {{\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{R}}^{M}} \) are ranked by a value function v(y|θ) involving an unknown or partially known parameter θ. The set of values to which θ is restricted by prior information will be denoted ⊝. If y and z are objective vectors, say that y is dominated by z under ⊝, and write $$ y{ < _{\theta }}z\quad if\;v(y\left| {\theta ) < v(z} \right|\theta )\quad for\,all\;\theta \in \theta $$ .
Unilateral Thalamic Deep Brain Stimulation Versus Focused Ultrasound Thalamotomy for Essential Tremor.

Background The predominant neurosurgical approach to medication-refractory essential tremor is thalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS). The emergence of magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) thalamotomy has reawakened the debate surrounding the use of DBS versus thalamotomy for this indication. Herein, we aimed to provide a contemporary comparison between DBS and MRgFUS. Methods Two controlled trials that evaluated DBS and MRgFUS for the unilateral treatment of refractory essential tremor were compared. Clinical outcomes extracted included postural tremor score in the treated upper extremity, quality of life (QoL), and incidence of adverse events (AE). Results Baseline patient characteristics were comparable in the 2 studies, except that DBS patients were younger and had more severe baseline tremor. Both DBS- and MRgFUS-treated patients had significant tremor improvement that was sustained for 1-year posttreatment, and significant improvement in QoL. The MRgFUS cohort had higher rates of persistent neurologic AE, whereas the DBS group had higher rates of surgery- and hardware-related AEs, including intracranial hemorrhage. Conclusions In context of prior literature, both DBS and MRgFUS significantly improve tremor control and QoL. The 2 approaches are predominantly differentiated by their AE-profile. Additional head-to-head comparison on matched clinical populations are required to more accurately compare clinical efficacy and long-term outcomes.
TCTAP C-021 Now You See It, Now You Don't.

### Patient Initials or Identifier Number YKV ### Relevant Clinical History and Physical Exam A 50-year-old gentleman with hypertension presented initially in February 2018 for inferior MI, was successfully thrombolysed and coronary angiogram done a few days later only showed a mild coronary
In-situ characterization and quantification of melt pool variation under constant input energy density in laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing process

Abstract Size and shape of a melt pool play a critical role in determining the microstructure in additively manufactured metals. However, it is very challenging to directly characterize the size and shape of the melt pool beneath the surface of the melt pool during the additive manufacturing process. Here, we report the direct observation and quantification of melt pool variation during the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) additive manufacturing process under constant input energy density by in-situ high-speed high-energy x-ray imaging. We show that the melt pool can undergo different melting regimes and both the melt pool dimension and melt pool volume can have orders-of-magnitude change under a constant input energy density. Our analysis shows that the significant melt pool variation cannot be solely explained by the energy dissipation rate. We found that energy absorption changes significantly under a constant input energy density, which is another important cause of melt pool variation. Our further analysis reveals that the significant change in energy absorption originates from the separate roles of laser power and scan speed in depression zone development. The results reported here are important for understanding the laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing process and guiding the development of better metrics for processing parameter design.
Longitudinal dynamics of high baryon density matter in high-energy heavy-ion collisions

In high-energy heavy-ion collisions, the two colliding nuclei pass through each other leaving behind an almost baryon-free central rapidity region. Most of the baryons are carried away by the nuclear remnants and are located in the so-called fragmentation regions. In previous papers [M. Li and J. I. Kapusta, Phys. Rev. C 95, 011901 (2017); arXiv:1808.05751], it has been argued that very high baryon densities, more than ten times larger than the normal nuclear density, can be achieved in these fragmentation regions. In this paper, we assume the high baryon density matter is thermalized at the same time as the baryon-free quark-gluon plasma in the central rapidity region. We perform a 1+1D (temporal + longitudinal) hydrodynamic simulation covering both the fragmentation regions and the central rapidity region with the baryon diffusion equation included. Baryons are found to diffuse from the fragmentation regions to the central rapidity region driven by fugacity gradients. The baryon chemical potential at freezeout monotonically increases from the central rapidity region to the fragmentation regions, suggesting a rapidity scan in high-energy heavy-ion collisions might be helpful in searching for the critical point of the quantum chromodynamics phase diagram.
The Invention of Neo-Socialism: The Dynamics of Schism and Doctrinal Distinction in the French Socialist Party

What is the relationship between schism and political identity? Existing scholarship has tended to focus on the determinants of schism while treating the ideational basis on which schisms are made as largely fixed. In this paper, I develop a new interpretation of the 1933 “neo-socialist schism” within the French Socialist Party to highlight how new political identities can be constituted in and through the process of schism itself. The 1933 schism is often understood as the convergence of a doctrinal revision called “neo-socialism” and a separate tactical challenge to the party's parliamentary practice. But a careful reading of the factional conflict within the party reveals that it was the preceding tactical debate over ministerial participation that was transformed over time into a debate over socialist doctrine. This distinction between “tactics” and “doctrine” performatively defined the limits of acceptable party discourse, and as such was both a weapon and a stake in the factional conflict. I trace the evolution of this conflict and show that, so long as the minority faction was weak, the issue of participation was widely considered “tactical” and thus safe for discussion. But when minority strength grew, the majority sought to redefine the conflict as doctrinal to delegitimate the challengers. Finally, only when a schism appeared inevitable did the challengers themselves adopt the label of “neo-socialism.” Neo-socialism was thus not a pre-constituted political heresy driving the schismatic process, but the contingent and emergent outcome of this very process.
Discrimination, Social Support, and Telomere Length: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

Abstract Purpose We sought to assess the association of reports of discrimination with leukocyte telomere length (LTL) and effect measure modification by social support. Methods This study used data from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis Stress Ancillary Study (n = 1153). Discrimination was measured using the everyday discrimination and the major experiences of discrimination scales. LTL was defined as the ratio of telomeric DNA to single-copy control gene (mean = 0.916, SD = 0.205). Linear regression models were used to examine the relationship between discrimination and LTL. Results We found no association between either measure of discrimination and LTL, but there was evidence of effect modification by social support (P (χ2) = 0.001) for everyday discrimination only. Among those with low social support, reporting moderate and high everyday discrimination was associated with a 0.35 (95% CI: −0.54 to −0.16) and a 0.17 (95% CI: −0.34 to −0.01) shorter telomere length, respectively, compared to reporting no discrimination, after adjusting for demographic factors, health behaviors, and health conditions. There were no associations between discrimination and LTL among those reporting moderate or high social support. Conclusions These findings underscore the importance of continued investigation of the potential health consequences of chronic unfair treatment in the absence of supportive resources.
The effect of microbial phytase in a pearl millet-soybean meal diet on apparent digestibility and retention of nutrients, serum mineral concentration, and bone mineral density of nursery pigs.

Eighteen gilts (initial BW of 10.9 kg; age 4 wk) were used in a 35-d experiment to study the effects of adding microbial phytase to a pearl millet-soybean meal-based diet on growth, apparent digestibility and retention of nutrients, and bone mineral status. The dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 x 3 factorial with two levels of P (.58%, low-P or .95%, adequate-P) and three levels of microbial phytase (0, 700, or 1,000 units/kg of diet). Phosphorus, Ca, and N balance were determined from d 32 to 35. Blood samples were collected on d 0 and 35 for serum mineral analysis. Global bone mineral content (GBMC) and global bone mineral density (GBMD) were determined on d 0 and 35 using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). A microbial phytase level x P level interaction was observed for final BW, ADG, gain:feed (P < .001), and serum P concentration (P < .003). Phytase supplementation of the low-P diets increased final BW, ADG, gain: feed, and serum inorganic P concentration but did not improve growth or serum inorganic P concentration in pigs fed the adequate-P diets. The addition of microbial phytase to the low-P and adequate-P diets reduced fecal P (P < .01), fecal N (P < .05), increased P absorption and retention (P < .01), and increased N absorption (P < .05). Pigs fed the adequate-P diets absorbed more P (P < .01) but excreted more P (P < .01) in the feces. Phytase tended to increase Ca (P < .07) and N (P < .10) retention, apparent threonine digestibility (P < .06), and serum Zn concentration (P < .09). Phytase increased GBMC and GBMD (P < .04). Phosphorus also increased GBMC and GBMD (P < .007 and P < .002, respectively). These results show that supplemental microbial phytase in pearl millet-soybean meal diets increased P availability, decreased the amount of P excreted in feces, and increased bone mineralization in nursery pigs.
Rapid Memory Footprint Access Diagnostics

Footprint and reuse distance measure temporal locality and therefore do not capture the significance of access patterns (spacial locality). A strided access pattern has the largest possible footprint but usually has the best performance. To highlight exposed memory latency, we separate footprint into strided (prefetchable) and irregular (non-prefetchable) access components and calculate the growth rate of each. To rapidly compute these footprint access diagnostics, we present two methods, whole-program and precise. Current footprint analyses can cause 200× or more slowdown with realistic inputs and are therefore impractical. Our whole-program method reduces the overhead to 10% by computing upper bounds, but still yields inter-procedural insight through a call path profile. Our precise method uses additional static analysis and profiling to refine the upper bounds for intra-procedural loop nests. We evaluate our approaches using benchmarks that vary access patterns (strided vs. unpredictable), sparsity (all words in a cache line vs. some), and reuse (varying and repeated accesses per element). Notably, for loop nests with unpredictable accesses, the precise method's accuracy is within 10% of ideal. The whole-program method has sufficient accuracy to diagnose bottlenecks.
An introduction to the UKMSSNA and the challenges of 2020

Emily Whisker offers an introduction and background to the UK Multiple Sclerosis Specialist Nurse Association (UKMSSNA) and its committee members. She looks at the experiences of the multiple scler...
High-energy-density-physics measurements in implosions using Bayesian inference

Convergent high-energy-density (HED) experimental platforms are used to study matter under some of the most extreme conditions that can be produced on Earth, comparable to the interior of stars. There are many challenges in using these systems for fundamental measurements currently being addressed by new analysis methods, such as the combination of a reduced physics model and Bayesian inference, allowing a self-consistent inference of physical quantities with a robust error analysis. These methods in combination with simple (as compared to inertial confinement fusion implosions) implosion platforms, which can be modified to show sensitivity to different physical mechanisms of interest, are used to study the physical properties of matter under extreme conditions. This work discusses a subset of implosion targets for studying opacity effects, electron–ion equilibration, and thermal conductivity and, as an example, a system consisting of a thick-shelled, gas-filled laser-direct-drive implosion is used to show how a reduced model and Bayesian inference can help inform experimental design decisions such as diagnostic choice. It is shown that for this system that a combination of neutron and x-ray self-emission diagnostics is critical for constraining the details of the thermodynamic states in the system and that the conductivity exponent in a Spitzer like framework can be constrained to the 30% level in deuterium at gigabar conditions. This process can be applied to many HED systems to make underlying model assumptions explicit and facilitate experimental design and analysis.
Ultra-low-power neurotransmitter sensor using novel “click” chemistry aptamer-functionalized deep subthreshold Schottky barrier IGZO TFT

This report implements for the first time an alkyne-azide “click” chemistry to position dopamine-specific aptamer receptors on InGaZnO (IGZO) thin film transistor (TFT) surfaces for sensitive and selective detection of dopamine. It incorporates catalytic attachment of an alkyne-terminated silane to an azide-anchored aptamer that precludes the need of an intermediate molecular cross-linking bond. The TFTs demonstrate high-gain (~ 1000) Schottky action in deep subthreshold regime achieved through high-quality metal–semiconductor contact engineering which enables almost unity voltage operation. The aptamer is specifically synthesized for selectivity towards dopamine and volt-order-calibrated responses with empirical and theoretical detection limits of 1 nM and 100 pM are achieved.
Transfer Doping in Diamond for Channel Doping and Electrical Contacts

This article reports on the use of transfer doping (TD) to create holes in a diamond substrate using defects in Al2O3 that are located at an energy below the top of the diamond valence band. The energy bands of a metal–Al2O3–diamond structure are analyzed for use as a method to make electrical contact to the diamond. The structure is also analyzed for use as part of a field-effect transistor, where the metal acts as the gate. While it is found that the metal can easily dominate the charges in a thin Al2O3 layer, preventing efficient TD of the diamond, we found that the use of a thick Al2O3 layer, a high defect density, or a high work function metal can all serve to permit efficient TD. It is shown that a metal–Al2O3–diamond structure, utilizing a high defect density in a few nm thick Al2O3 layer, can provide a good electrical contact to the diamond because electrons can tunnel through the Al2O3 layer and because a high hole concentration is formed under the metal contact in the diamond substrate.
A deep learning algorithm for potato tuber hollow heart classification

Novel deep learning algorithms are proposed for hollow heart detection which is an internal tuber defect. Hollow heart is one of many internal defects that decrease the market value of potatoes in the fresh market and food processing sectors. Susceptibility to internal defects like the hollow heart is influenced by genetic and environmental factors so elimination of defect-prone material in potato breeding programs is important. Current methods of evaluation utilize human scoring which is limiting (only collects binary data) relative to the data collection capacity afforded by computer vision or are based upon x-ray transmission techniques that are both expensive and can be hazardous. Automation of defect classification (e.g. hollow heart) from data sets collected using inexpensive, consumer-grade hardware has the potential to increase throughput and reduce bias in public breeding programs. The proposed algorithms consists of ResNet50 as the backbone of the model followed by a shallow fully connected network (FCN). A simple augmentation technique is performed to increase the number of images in the data set. The performance of the proposed algorithm is validated by investigating metrics such as precision and the area under the curve (AUC).
Creating Better Teaching Tools Through Examining Teachers' Understanding of Data Representations

Social studies teachers regularly use digital tools to teach data literacy - the ability to understand, analyze and interpret data visualizations including charts, graphs, and timelines. These digital tools, such as websites for creating charts and graphs, aid in teaching data literacy as they allow students and teachers to visualize large numerical data sets that would be difficult to manipulate without the use of computational tools. However, the data visualization tools that are easily accessible to teachers are rarely built specifically for teaching and require methods for inputting or manipulating data with which teachers are unfamiliar. I propose that by examining how K-12 teachers understand data representations and building tools which scaffold that understanding, digital data visualization tools can be created that will be more usable by teachers and more likely to be adopted into classroom use.
Levels of active ubiquitin carrier proteins decline during erythroid maturation.

Energy-dependent proteolysis is lost during maturation of rabbit reticulocytes to erythrocytes (Speiser, S., and Etlinger, J.D. (1982) J. Biol Chem. 257, 14122-14127), but nothing is known about the fates of individual components in the multienzyme ATP- and ubiquitin (Ub)-dependent proteolytic pathway during this process. Rabbit reticulocytes contain five low molecular weight carrier proteins (E2s) that form labile Ub adducts in the presence of Ub-activating enzyme (E1) (Pickart, C. M. and Rose, I. A. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 1573-1581). A method to estimate levels of active E2s in erythroid cells has been developed involving: 1) stepwise anion exchange fractionation of a soluble lysate; 2) addition of purified E1, MgATP, and radioiodinated Ub to the fractions followed by gel electrophoresis of the resulting E2-Ub adducts; and 3) quantitative densitometry of autoradiographs. Levels of active E2s are much lower in (rabbit) erythrocytes than in reticulocytes. Mean -fold decreases are: E235K, 6 x; E2(25K), 11 x; E2(20K), 18 x; E2(17K), not detected in erythrocytes; E2(14K), 12 x. The large decreases in levels of E2(20K) and E2(14K) are consistent with known functions of these proteins in DNA repair and Ub-dependent proteolysis, respectively. Decreases in levels of the other E2s, whose biological roles are presently unknown, suggest diminished requirements, if any, for them in erythrocyte metabolism. The analysis revealed two previously undescribed carrier proteins, one of which has a high molecular weight. Additional catalytic properties of E2(35K) and E2(14K) are reported.
Where have all the young men gone? Keeping men in obstetrics and gynecology

Some of the fears and myths of the gender-discrimination role-reversal in gynecology are explored. Women entered male-advantaged medicine by acquiring skills traditionally believed to be masculine strengths (such as mathematics, chemistry, and analytical skills); by the same token, men may be able to adapt to the current female-advantaged environment by acquiring some traditionally female skills such as good communication and empathy.
Should intakes with beneficial actions, often requiring supplementation, be considered for RDAs?

The conceptual framework upon which the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) was derived is being replaced by a new, less population-based and more individualistic view of nutrition that relates to health more broadly than merely the prevention of overt nutrient deficiency disease. As this has occurred, problems have become apparent concerning the RDA, which constitutes the key linkage between nutrition understanding and dietary guidance, calling for its redefinition. Any reconstruction of the RDA must be based on the paradigm for nutrition that has, in fact, been adopted ; this will require, where evidence warrants, the incorporation into the new construct of intakes with beneficial actions without regard for whether this may require supplementation in the context of contemporary diets.
Charging and discharging of Lexan in vacuum

Lexan (polycarbonate) samples cut from commercially available sheets were equipped with vacuum-evaporated aluminum electrodes, and subjected to voltages of 1000 V and either 3000 or 5000 V. The charging and discharging currents were measured from a starting time of 15 s after voltage application to 1000 s. The electrode configuration allowed both surface and bulk currents. By changing the size of the electrodes, the total current was separated into perimeter-dependent and area-dependent terms. The experiments were carried out in vacuum and samples were kept in vacuum for various lengths of time to observe the effects of loss of volatiles on the measured currents. The effect of the vacuum aging on the currents 60 s after the step voltage was applied for a soap-cleaned sample was evaluated. The results indicate that sample-to-sample differences are more important than vacuum aging. >