cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extender: a case study for human-robot interaction via transfer of power and information signals

A human's ability to perform physical tasks is limited by physical strength, not by intelligence. The author defines "extenders" as a class of robot manipulators worn by humans to augment human mechanical strength, while the wearer's intellect remains the central control system for manipulating the extender. The author's research objective is to determine the ground rules for the control of robotic systems worn by humans through the design, construction, and control of several prototype experimental direct-drive/non-direct-drive multi-degree-of-freedom hydraulic/electric extenders. The design of extenders is different from the design of conventional robots because the extender interfaces with the human on a physical level. Two sets of force sensors measure the forces imposed on the extender by the human and by the environment (i.e., the load). The extender's compliances in response to such contact forces were designed by selecting appropriate force compensators. The stability of the system of human, extender, and object being manipulated was analyzed. A mathematical expression for the extender performance was determined to quantify the force augmentation. Experimental studies on the control and performance of the experimental extender were conducted to verify the theoretical predictions. >
In the Name of Muumbi and the Nine Daughters: Naming Systems in History and Society Among the Gikuyu of Kenya

This paper will look at pre-colonial, colonial, and postcolonial naming systems and the impacts they have in the makings and remakings of gender and sexuality. Given the fact that names in many parts of Africa play a vital role in various social, cultural, political, and economic positionings of individuals, groups, and communities, what happens when African names are replaced with western ones? In the case of the Gĩkũyῦ of Kenya, what had been gained and what had been lost with introduction of the colonial/Christian naming system?
Global Interactions in the Early Modern Age, 1400–1800: European States and Overseas Empires

In 1684, Philippe Couplet, a Jesuit missionary, gained an audience with the French king, Louis XIV, at his court in Versailles to ask for financial support for the Christian mission to China. To illustrate the potential of the Chinese mission, Couplet introduced Louis to Shen Fuzong, a youthful convert to Christianity preparing for the priesthood. Shen, whose baptized name was Michael Alphonse, demonstrated the use of chopsticks to the enchanted king. The gifts stoked Louis's interest in Chinese culture and his admiration for the renowned Kangxi emperor. Shortly thereafter, the French king authorized a delegation of Jesuit scientists for service in the imperial court, spawning a rich cultural exchange between France and China that has lasted into modern times. For Europe's most powerful monarch, the Qing dynasty under the Kangxi emperor (r. 1661–1722) represented an ideal political order. The emperor wielded absolute power and enjoyed divine blessing; he employed an army of civil servants to govern his dominions; he possessed authority over a vast domain stretching from the eastern coastline to Outer Mongolia and Tibet; and he resided in a magnificent palace that exuded majestic order and power. In many respects, Louis's reign (1643–1715) also embodied these characteristics, though on a less grand scale. Casting himself in the image of Apollo (the Greek god of light and sun), Louis promoted himself as the Sun King and he professed to rule by divine right; he dominated Europe and pushed France's borders to their farthest point; and he too presided over an elaborate court life at Versailles that reflected his prestige and authority.
Response to my critics: Chris Pincock, Lisa Warenski and Jonathan Weinberg

This is my response to the papers by Chris Pincock, Lisa Warenski and Jonathan Weinberg, which were presented at the Book Symposium on my Essays on A Priori Knowledge and Justification, American Philosophical Association Pacific Division Meetings, March 16–19, 2014.
Demographic, Residential, and Socioeconomic Effects on the Distribution of the Statures of Whites in the Nineteenth-Century U.S.

Nineteenth-century U.S. state prison records contain information on European-American stature. The most commonly mentioned reasons for stature variation were diets, disease, and work effort. The statures of whites were positively associated with direct sunlight. Stature and insolation were associated with occupations, and white workers who spent more time outdoors produced more vitamin D and grew taller. The statures of whites also decreased throughout the nineteenth century, and this decrease is observed across the whole stature distribution.
New Tactics in Solving Catalyst Regeneration Problems and General Resource Allocation by Dynamic Programming

Two catalyst regeneration problems are described. The major concern is with the reduction of storage and computations when implementing a dynamic programming strategy. Finally, tactics used in applying dynamic programming to a general resource allocation model are described.
On geometric programming and complementary slackness

When the terms in a convex primal geometric programming (GP) problem are multiplied by slack variables whose values must be at least unity, the invariance conditions may be solved as constraints in a linear programming (LP) problem in logarithmically transformed variables. The number of transformed slack variables included in the optimal LP basis equals the degree of difficulty of the GP problem, and complementary slackness conditions indicate required changes in associated GP dual variables. A simple, efficient search procedure is used to generate a sequence of improving primal feasible solutions without requiring the use of the GP dual objective function. The solution procedure appears particularly advantageous when solving very large geometric programming problems, because only the right-hand constants in a system of linear equations change at each iteration.
Nurturing Careers in Psychology: Combining Work and Family

The academic workplace, with its requirements for achieving tenure within the first 6 years of employment, is designed in ways that discriminate against young faculty with family care responsibilities, most notably mothers. Mason and Goulden (Academe, http://www.aaup.org/publications/Academe/2002/02nd/02ndmas.htm, 2002, Academe, http://www.aaup.org/publications/Academe/2004/04nd/04ndmaso.htm, 2004) found that women faculty who have babies within the first 5 years following the receipt of their doctorate are less likely to earn tenure than women without babies or men in general. Women at research-intensive universities are twice as likely as their male colleagues to report that they had fewer children than they wanted. In addition, only one-third of women who begin their academic career at research-intensive institutions without children will become a mother. These inequities, sometimes called the “baby gap” or “motherhood penalty” make academic institutions difficult places for new faculty with family care responsibilities. Suggestions are provided to assist new faculty in successfully combining their work and family roles (e.g., establish gender equity in parenting and negotiate for family-friendly policies) and to senior faculty and administrators who want to nurture the careers of their younger colleagues (e.g., support the use of family-friendly policies on campus).
Photochemically amplified detection of molecular recognition events: an ultra-sensitive fluorescence turn-off binding assay

Amplified fluorescence quenching methodology based on massive autocatalytic photo-unmasking of a dual function sensitizer–quencher is developed and adopted for photoassisted ultra-sensitive detection of molecular recognition events. The resulting binding assay, based on a molecular recognition-triggered photo-amplified cascade with concomitant decrease of fluorescence is validated with the biotin–avidin pair, achieving attomolar detection.
LIFE HISTORY AND PRODUCTIVITY OF THE PHOXOCEPHALID AMPHIPOD RHEPOXYNIUS ABRONIUS (BARNARD)

ABSTRACT Rhepoxyniusabronius (Barnard) (Amphipoda: Phoxocephalidae) is a predominantly subtidal species of the North American Pacific coast. It is also found sub- and intertidally within the polyhaline region of estuaries of Oregon and Washington. Within the Yaquina Bay estuary, Oregon, R. abronius is an annual species producing one or two broods per year. Recruitment occurs over an extended period from mid to late winter through summer. Mortality was 20-25% per month during mid to late spring through fall, and was low in winter through early spring. Mortality may be largely due to predation. Mortality of males appears higher than that of females during the reproductive season. The annual range in biomass was 40– 180 mg ash-free dry weight (AFDW)/0.5 m2, averaging 104 mg AFDW/0.5 m2. Secondary production was 160-216 mg AFDW/0.5 m2/yr and the annual ratio of production to mean biomass was 1.54-2.08. Production and the production: biomass ratio are similar to values reported for other marine amphipods with one or fewer generations per year.
On the instability of nonlinear vibrations of free-free beams

It is the purpose of this note to discuss the nonexistence of global solutions to a nonlinear partial differential equation which governs the motion of a free-free beam. In [1] it was shown, via reduction to an ordinary differential equation that higher modes are not possible. We give a fairly simple criterion for the nonexistence of solutions directly from the partial differential equation.
Factors That Influence Water Exchange in Spring-Fed Tidal Canals

Environmental factors that influenced the rates of water exchange in a series of tidal, dead-end canals in Crystal River, Florida, were investigated by measuring the rates of dilution of the fluorescent dye Rhodamine WT. Water temperature regime was the most influential of these factors, with type of tidal cycle (spring or neap) and density of submersed vegetation (dominated byHydrilla verticillata) only affecting dye dilution rates in winter treatments. Dye half-lives were shortest in the summer (12–24 h), longest in the fall and spring (60–120 h), and most sensitive to water temperature patterns in the winter (26–60 h). These data provide useful information relating to the timing of hydrilla management using aquatic herbicides in spring-fed tidal systems. A mechanism is proposed that relates the canal water temperatures to tidal water movement and outputs from the adjacent Three Sisters Springs.
The critical contribution of TGF‐β to the induction of Foxp3 expression and regulatory T cell function

Stimulation of mouse CD4+ T cells in the presence of TGF-β results in the expression of Foxp3 and induction of Treg function. Stimulation of human CD4+ T cells under similar conditions results in the expression of Foxp3, but the cells lack regulatory cell function. TGF-β expressed on the surface of Treg also induces Foxp3 expression and Treg function in responder cells. Both of these mechanisms may play a role in vivo in the induction of antigen-specific extra-thymic Treg.
Atomic Interfacial Mixing to Create Water Insensitive Adhesion

Abstract The concept of Atomic Interfacial Mixing (AIM) is suggested to account for the enhanced water-resistant adhesion of plasma-deposited polymer to various substrate materials. The interfacial interactions were achieved using several techniques involving two basic methods. One method involves using ion implantation to modify the interface. The second method involves manipulation of the plasma discharge conditions to control plasma/substrate interactions. A variety of experimental techniques yields results which provide strong support for the concept of AIM.
Physical activity and optimal self-rated health of adults with and without diabetes

Regular physical activity can improve people's overall health and contribute to both primary and secondary prevention of many chronic diseases and conditions including diabetes. The aim of this study was to examine the association between levels of physical activity and optimal self-rated health (SRH) of U.S. adults with and without diabetes in all 50 states and territories of the Unites States. We estimated the prevalence of optimal SRH by diabetes status of 430,912 adults aged 18 years and older who participated in the 2007 state-based survey of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Prevalence ratios were produced with multivariate Cox regression models using levels of physical activity as a predictor and status of optimal SRH as an outcome variable while controlling for sociodemographic and behavioral health risk factors. The prevalence of reporting optimal SRH was 53.3%, 52.2%, and 86.2% for adults with type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and without diabetes, respectively. Also in the aforementioned order, adults who reported being active had an increased likelihood of 81%, 32%, and 18% for reporting optimal SRH, when compared with adults who reported being inactive. Regular physical activity of adults, particularly adults with diabetes, is associated with optimal SRH. The findings of this study underscore the importance of advising and motivating adults with diabetes so that physical activity can be integrated into their lifestyle for diabetes care. Additionally, a population-based effort to promote physical activity in communities may benefit adults in general by improving their overall health and well-being.
London dispersion forces between oxygen atoms

Abstract London dispersion forces between two ground state oxygen atoms have been calculated for different M L values of the two atoms.
FOUR STEP SCHEME FOR GENERAL MARKOVIAN FORWARD-BACKWARD SDES ∗

This paper studies a class of forward-backward stochastic differential equations (FBSDE) in a general Markovian framework. The forward SDE represents a large class of strong Markov semimartingales, and the backward generator requires only mild regularity assumptions. The authors show that the Four Step Scheme introduced by Ma, et al. (1994) is still effective in this case. Namely, the authors show that the adapted solution of the FBSDE exists and is unique over any prescribed time duration; and the backward components can be determined explicitly by the forward component via the classical solution to a system of parabolic integro-partial differential equations. An important consequence the authors would like to draw from this fact is that, contrary to the general belief, in a Markovian set-up the martingale representation theorem is no longer the reason for the well-posedness of the FBSDE, but rather a consequence of the existence of the solution of the decoupling integralpartial differential equation. Finally, the authors briefly discuss the possibility of reducing the regularity requirements of the coefficients by using a scheme proposed by F. Delarue (2002) to the current case.
Evidence-based decisions for the wiki world

US President Barack Obama imagines a 'deliberative democracy' that establishes policies born of the give-and-take of an engaged citizenry, but that also recognises that environmental policies must conform to the scientific evidence. But when online discussions can be easily bombarded by misinformation on complex issues, how should scientific evidence be integrated into environmental policies that are at once politically credible, legally defensible and scientifically sound? This paper describes how recent developments in US administrative law, information technology and statistical analysis create potent new tools to foster environmental policies based on the evidence.
In situ characterisation of CVD diamond growth under H2S addition by optical emission spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy and laser reflection interferometry

Abstract The diamond growth process under the addition of H2S as a precursor for sulfur doping was studied in situ by optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and mass spectroscopy (MS). The changes in gas composition observed were correlated with the growth rate, which was simultaneously measured by laser reflection interferometry (LRI). While MS allows monitoring of the sulfur addition by means of the signal from the original H2S molecule or several reaction products, such as CS, OES only yields a significant signal attributed to S2 molecules. At high substrate temperatures, H2S in the gas phase causes a reduction in the diamond growth rate. A proportional decrease in the concentration of the relevant hydrocarbon growth species was measured. At the same time, the morphology of the diamond films was only weakly influenced by sulfur. Both observations suggest that the influence of sulfur on diamond growth is restricted to modifications of the gas-phase chemistry. At lower substrate temperatures, the behaviour is changed, with the growth rate slightly increased by H2S addition.
The effects of anti-TNF-alpha antibody and dexamethasone on TCDD-induced oxidative stress in mice.

Recent studies have implicated tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in the acute toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Since TNF-α sensitizes and activates phagocytic cells to agents that induce them to release reactive oxygen species, TNF-α may act as an amplifying loop in TCDD-induced oxidative stress (OS). Therefore, the effects of anti-TNF-α antibody (40 µg/mouse) and dexamethasone (2 mg/kg) treatment on TCDD-induced OS as measured by DNA single-strand breaks (SSB) in hepatic nuclei, lipid peroxidation in hepatic mitochondria and microsomes, and activation of peritoneal lavage cells (PLC) in C57BL/6J mice were studied. One day after treatment with 125 µg TCDD/kg, anti-TNF-α resulted in 70, 27, 33 and 21% decreases in DNA-SSB, mitochondrial and microsomal lipid peroxidation and PLC activation, respectively, relative to TCDD-treated mice. Dexamethasone produced 8, 32, 35 and 9% decreases in DNA-SSB, mitochondrial and microsomal lipid peroxidation and PLC activation, respectively, in TCDD-treated animals. The combination of anti-TNF-α and dexamethasone resulted in 67, 55, 61 and 25% decreases in the above parameters of OS, respectively. The results suggest that TNF-α release may play a role in sensitizing and activating phagocytic cells following treatment with TCDD, contributing to the overall OS of animals following exposure to TCDD.
Photophysical Properties of ZnS Nanoclusters with Spatially Localized Mn2

The synthesis and photophysical characterization of nanometer-size ZnS with and without Mn2+ are reported. Without Mn2+, the ZnS nanoclusters emit in the blue upon ultraviolet excitation. ZnS doped with 1−5% Mn2+ (presumably in Zn2+ sites) yields the orange emission observed for bulk Zn:Mn phosphors but with greatly reduced emissive lifetimes. ZnS with surface-bound Mn2+, in contrast, emits in the ultraviolet with even shorter lifetimes. Thus, the physical location of Mn2+ in the ZnS nanocluster determines its optical properties.
Striated visceral muscle of drosophila melanogaster.

Striated visceral muscle cells are scattered singly or in small groups at the base of the intestinal cells of the mid-gut of Drosophila melanogaster larvae. Fibers less than 1 μ in diameter, designated as small, contain a single myofibril, few, if any, dyads and few mitochondria. Fibers of somewhat larger diameter contain dyads and more mitochondria. Both types of fiber have a perforate Z band which appears as discontinuous bodies in longitudinal sections and as a perforate sheet of dense rims and clear perforations in transverse sections. The Z rims contain filaments, 30 to 50 A, oriented in the transverse direction. The number and arrangement of myofilaments and the ultrastructure of the Z band are consistent with the function of these muscles.
False localizing signs in upper cervical spinal cord compression

Proprioceptive loss, paresthesias, and atrophy of the hands can occur with disorders afflicting the upper cervical spinal cord. The diagnosis might be erroneous, because compression in this region might produce signs and symptoms that seem to originate in the lower cervical cord. This article reviews the clinical presentation and radiographic data of a consecutive series of 11 patients who presented between 1992 and 1994 with an extradural lesion above the C4 level. Each patient had a characteristic syndrome of finger and hand dysesthesia, hand atrophy, and occipital or cervical pain. These complaints usually preceded the development of spasticity and gait disturbance. Initial diagnoses included brachial plexopathy, shoulder dysfunction, viral syndrome, and cervical spondylosis at a lower segment. Cervical spondylosis or a herniated disc was the most common pathogenesis. The most commonly involved level was C3-C4. Nine patients underwent a surgical procedure; eight showed significant postoperative improvement (mean time of follow-up examination, 9.7 mo; follow-up range, 1-24 mo). One patient was lost to follow-up. Although the pathophysiology of these findings is unknown, theories include anterior spinal artery ischemia, venous obstruction, and differential decussation of the forelimb and hindlimb fibers of the corticospinal tract. Recognition of this syndrome might prevent inappropriate operative intervention in patients with coexisting pathological conditions of the lower cervical spinal cord.
Interface configurations during the directional growth of salol—II. Thermal stress cracking

Abstract A combined numerical and experimental work is carried out to determine the conditions for the onset of cracking during directional growth of macroscopically faceted crystals. The numerical simulation is based on a combined solidification, thermal and stress model. Results indicate that during growth, regions of the facet which initially experience high shear stresses and high compressive hydrostatic stresses may pass into regions of high tensile hydrostatic stresses. The cracking behavior is predicted from these results. For the screw dislocation assisted growth, the cracking tendency is expected to depend only on the velocity of growth as the temperature gradient and spacing adjust to impose the same stresses for a fixed velocity of growth. For continuous growth and growth in the transitional regime, the stresses experienced by macroscopic facets is a function of (G/V) 1 2 , where G is the axial temperature gradient and V is velocity of the growth.
DNA Ligase IV Deficiency in Mice Leads to Defective Neurogenesis and Embryonic Lethality via the p53 Pathway

DNA ligase IV (LIG4) is a nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) protein used for V(D)J recombination and DNA repair. In mice, Lig4 deficiency causes embryonic lethality, massive neuronal apoptosis, arrested lymphogenesis, and various cellular defects. Herein, we assess potential roles in this phenotype for INK4a/ARF and p53, two proteins implicated in apoptosis and senescence. INK4a/ARF deficiency rescued proliferation/senescence defects of Lig4-deficient fibroblasts but not other phenotypic aspects. In contrast, p53 deficiency rescued embryonic lethality, neuronal apoptosis, and fibroblast proliferation/senescence defects but not lymphocyte development or radiosensitivity. Young Lig4/p53 double null mice routinely died from pro-B lymphomas. Thus, in the context of Lig4 deficiency, embryonic lethality and neuronal apoptosis likely result from a p53-dependent response to unrepaired DNA damage, and neuronal apoptosis and lymphocyte developmental defects can be mechanistically dissociated.
Acto-myosin crossbridge kinetics in humans with coronary artery disease: influence of sex and diabetes mellitus.

Abstract Risk of heart failure (HF) is influenced by sex and diabetes mellitus (DM). To better understand these interactions, sub-epicardial myocardium from 26 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) undergoing coronary bypass surgery was examined in vitro using sinusoidal length perturbation analysis at varying [Ca 2+ ] to determine the viscoelastic properties of myofilaments related to acto-myosin crossbridge kinetics. Half of the patients had CAD only (four female, F-CAD; nine male, M-CAD), while the other half had both CAD and Type 2 DM (six F-DM; seven M-DM). At maximal and sub-maximal myofilament Ca 2+ activation there was a significant effect of sex and disease on frequency of maximum oscillatory work output during sinusoidal perturbation ( P 2+ activation occurred at significantly higher frequencies in F-CAD (5.0 ± 0.3 Hz) than M-CAD (3.3 ± 0.3 Hz), but at similar frequencies in F-DM (3.7 ± 0.3 Hz) and M-DM (4.3 ± 0.2 Hz). Thus, sex influences acto-myosin crossbridge kinetics in myofilaments isolated from CAD patients. These sex-related differences were absent in DM, suggesting that differences in the properties of cardiac muscle contribute to reported sex differences in the incidence and mortality of HF in DM.
Deletion of 14-3-3{varepsilon} and CRK: a clinical syndrome with macrocephaly, developmental delay, and generalized epilepsy

Deletions of chromosome 17p13.3 result in neuronal migration defects such as isolated lissencephaly sequence and Miller-Dieker syndrome. LIS1 is the deleted gene within this region and is thought to directly cause isolated lissencephaly sequence and contribute to Miller-Dieker syndrome. Two additional genes (14-3-3e and CRK) on the telomeric end of chromosome 17p reportedly contribute to the severe phenotype of Miller-Dieker syndrome. We report 2 patients with deletions of chromosome 17p13.3 involving the genes 14-3-3e and CRK but not LIS1 with previously unreported, identical phenotypes of macrocephaly, small stature, dysmorphic features, generalized epilepsy, developmental delay, and nonspecific white matter changes. The findings in this report suggest that patients who have deletions of 14-3-3e and/or CRK should be monitored closely for the development of seizures.
Temporal Externalism and the Normativity of Linguistic Practice

AbstractTemporal externalists expand Putnam’s and Burge’s semantic externalisms to argue that later uses of words transform the semantic significance (extension or meaning) of earlier uses. Conflicting intuitions about temporal externalism often turn on different conceptions of linguistic practice, which have mostly not been thematically explicated. I defend a version of temporal externalism that replaces the familiar regularist and normative-regulist conceptions of linguistic practice or use. This alternative identifies practices neither by regularities of use, nor by determinate norms governing their constituent performances, but by the ways those performances bear upon and are accountable to one another. Performances are intelligible as part of a larger pattern of practice, but different performances extend that pattern in partially conflicting ways. The essentially anaphoric concepts of “issues” and “stakes” allow us to talk about how alternative extensions of past performance conflict or otherwise mis-align (what is “at issue” in those performances), and what differences it would make to extend the practice in one way rather than another (what is “at stake”). The result is to recognize both the interdependence of linguistic performances, and the open texture of concepts, by situating them within broader patterns of discursive interaction with changing circumstances.
The Impact of Autism Spectrum Disorders and Eating Challenges on Family Mealtimes

Feeding disorders are prevalent in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and can have a profound impact on family mealtimes. Mothers of 6 children with ASD were interviewed to explore family mealtime experiences. Narrative and thematic analysis were used. Analysis discovered varying mealtime practices across participants; however, similarities were evident across all families. Mealtimes were important to all families, but challenging to construct, often involving exhaustive work by the mother. Nutrition was a high priority for all and mothers detailed the battle with “healthy food” intake for their child with ASD, as the child displayed atypical food preferences, food selectivity, and disruptive mealtime behaviors. Four core themes emerged as mother’s narrated typical mealtimes in their households: (a) Eating Together, (b) Adapted Mealtime Routines, (c) Constructing Mealtimes Alone, and (d) No Longer Just a Sibling. An overwhelming similarity among mothers was the experience of stress surrounding a...
Diffuse alterations in synaptic protein expression following focal traumatic brain injury in the immature rat.

Introduction The mechanisms responsible for cognitive decline after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in pediatric patients are poorly understood. The present study examined the potential role of synaptic alterations in this process by using an animal model of immature head injury to define the impact of TBI on expression of the synaptic protein, synaptophysin.
Revisiting the scientific method.

“Truth is sought for its own sake. And those who are engaged upon the quest for anything for its own sake are not interested in other things. Finding the truth is difficult, and the road to it is rough.”1 —Ibn al-Haytham So wrote Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), who was born around 965 in Basra (now Iraq, but then part of Persia), lived most of his life in Egypt, and is credited with being an early developer of the scientific method. His road to truth took a wrong turn that almost cost him his life. After claiming that he could use mathematical principles to regulate the flooding of the Nile—and later realizing that this was, in fact, impossible to achieve—he found himself in deep trouble with the reigning powers. To escape execution, he feigned insanity. Placed under permanent house arrest, he continued his scientific explorations (most notably in the field of optics, writing his groundbreaking Book of Optics during this period of confinement) until his death at the age of 76.2 The foundations of the scientific method date back at least a thousand years. Most of us were first introduced to scientific thinking in high school. We were taught that scientific knowledge is based upon a process of gathering observable, empirical, and measurable evidence and then using our powers of reasoning to make sense out of these data.3 It is the scientific method that has enabled our education and training in medicine and plastic … Reprint requests: Jeffrey M. Kenkel, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Plastic Surgery, 1801 Inwood Road, WA4 Dallas, TX 75390. E-mail: Jeffery.Kenkel{at}UTSouthwestern.edu
Transfer of cytoplasmic factors by asymmetric fusion from a cross-incompatible species, Nicotiana repanda to N. tabacum and characterization of cytoplasmic genomes

Abstract Cytoplasmic factors were transferred to Nicotiana tabacum L. by protoplast fusion from a cross-incompatible species, N. repanda Willd., whose nuclei were inactivated by X-irradiation. Among the regenerated plants from the polyethylene glycol-treated (PEG-treated) mixture of protoplasts, two types of sterile plant were found; one showed aberrations in somatic chromosome numbers and carried cytoplasm characteristic of N. tabacum, and the other showed characteristics of cytoplasmic male sterility, such as feminized anthers, and had chloroplast genomes from either of the two parental species. Although mitochondrial genomes of these cytoplasmic male sterile plants were modified by intergenomic recombination, the variation in the structure of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was very small among the cytoplasmic male sterile plants.
Judging the Professional Woman: Changing Research, Changing Values

This article offers a framework for understanding contradictory findings in the field of the personality of working and professional women. Modern theory and research display two patterns: the early pattern of the 1960s, which viewed professional women as violating sex stereotypes, lacking femininity, and having personality disturbances; and the contemporary view, which emerged during the 1970s and suggests the possibility of combining career with family without psychological conflicts and personality disturbances. A critical appraisal of the literature in four areas (psychological role conflict, fear of success, comparison between housewives and career women, and comparisons between women in traditional and pioneer occupations) concludes that little evidence supports the view that professional women have personality disturbances because of their career. Possible explanations for shifting viewpoints and contradictory findings are presented. The article also analyzes the issues and problems professional women currently face and assesses the accessibility of those issues to empirical study.
Assessing the information needs of psychiatric residents.

Objective: Staff at the Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic Library conducted a survey of residents and fellows to determine their informational needs and their interest in an orientation to the library’s resources. Methods: A brief questionnaire was distributed to the facility’s 59 psychiatric residents and fellows to determine their awareness of 12 library resources and services (e.g., online databases and database searches conducted by librarians), their interest in an orientation to these resources and services, their self-rated level of skill in using them, whether they would attend training sessions, and, if so, when the best time for such sessions might be. Results: A total of 28 questionnaires were returned. Respondents favored an orientation (82%) and indicated that a 1-hour session would be appropriate, although the best time to hold it was less clear. Fifty percent or more were aware of each of the six resources they would be most likely to use in their work. Nearly all had used MEDLINE, but most respondents had not used most of the other resources and services. Conclusions: Instruction on the use of information resources can be useful to psychiatric residents and fellows. On the basis of the survey results, a library orientation session was developed to address the information needs indicated by respondents and to enhance their skills in retrieving pertinent literature for clinical care and research. A post-orientation questionnaire indicated that the session was useful and well received.
Graded local cohomology modules and their associated primes: the Cohen¿Macaulay case

It is well-known that the ith local cohomology of a finitely generated R-module M over a positively graded commutative Noetherian ring R, associated to the irrelevant ideal R+ is graded. Furthermore, for every integer n, the nth component HR+i(M)n of this local cohomology module HR+i(M) is finitely generated over R0 and vanishes for n⪢0. In this paper, we want to understand the behavior of HR+i(M)n for n⪡0 in the case where R is a Cohen–Macaulay ring and M is a Cohen–Macaulay R-module. When dimR0=1, we will show that AssR0(HR+i(M)n) becomes constant when n becomes negatively large. When R0 is local, and dimR0=2, we will show that there exists an integer N such that either HR+i(M)n=(0) for all n<N or, HR+i(M)n≠(0) for all n<N.
Haematological cancer: Optimizing the treatment of multiple myeloma

Two large randomized trials have advanced our knowledge of myeloma care. The first study reported that autologous stem-cell transplantation remains the frontline therapy for transplant-eligible patients with multiple myeloma in the current era of novel agents. Together, this study and the second large trial in transplant-ineligible patients demonstrate the value of maintenance treatment with continuous lenalidomide.
A Volterra integral equation of the first kind

In animal studies of the effect of the deposition of radioactive debris in the lung, use is made of very small spheres (about 10 ..mu..m diameter) of ZrO/sub 2/ impregnated with plutonium, an ..cap alpha..-particle emitter. A quality control problem that arises in the manufacture of these spheres is that of determining the radial density distribution of plutonium throughout the sphere. It turns out that the sphere diameters are shorter than the ..cap alpha..-particle range in ZrO/sub 2/ (about 20 ..mu..m), so that, with a knowledge of the energy--path length relation in ZrO/sub 2/, one may obtain information on the plutonium distribution by measuring the energy spectrum of emitted ..cap alpha.. particles. An idealized description of an experimental setup is given. Indeed, a similar instrument has already been built, and a numerical method of obtaining the Pu distribution has been developed. However, the method exhibited numerical instabilities. The purpose of this paper is to examine a stable calculation of the distribution. 3 figures, 2 tables. (RWR)
Class act: Designing a portable approach to multimedia library instruction for the remote classroom

Abstract Bibliographic instruction programs in many academic libraries have become increasingly reliant upon computer technology. Limited network access and space constraints have often restricted instruction librarians to centralized teaching sites located within individual library facilities. Recent innovations in presentation technology now enable librarians to explore affordable solutions for decentralized instruction. This article describes a practical method used by librarians at Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania for bringing computer-based library instruction into non-networked classrooms and other settings beyond the library's walls.
Synthesis and characterization of organostannatranes

Abstract Organostannatranes, RSn(OC2H4)3N, which are pentacoordinated complexes of tin containing an intramolecular dative bond between nitrogen and tin, are prepared by transesterification of RSn(OC2H5)3 and triethanolamine. The compounds are white solids which are monomers in the vapor state and in solution. Pentavalency is confirmed by proton NMR and relative rates of quaternization with methyl iodide. IR and mass spectral data are presented. Evidence for an equilibrium between the pentacoordinated and uncoordinated structure in solution is discussed.
Cognitive Apartheid: On the Manner in Which High School Students Understand Evolution without Believing in Evolution

High school science students are often unwilling to learn about evolution due to a perceived conflict with their religious beliefs. Other students are able to understand evolution despite the fact that they do not believe in evolution. According to Cobern (Sci Educ 80:579–610, 1996), students can wall off that which is believed from that which is not believed in a process he called cognitive apartheid. A mixed-methods study was conducted to determine the extent to which understanding of evolution differed among high school Advanced Placement science students who did and did not believe in evolution. Two students who demonstrate a sophisticated understanding of evolution despite their admonition that they do not believe in evolution were then interviewed. Eight themes emerged from the interview that provide insight into the views of students learning of evolution despite the fact that they do not believe in evolution. Based on these themes, several implications for the teaching of evolution are presented.
Plagiarism in science and technology master's theses: a follow-up study

This study is a follow-up of an earlier exploration of plagiarism in scientific and technological master's theses. In our previous study (Holmberg and McCullough 2005), we attempted to find potenti...
WORKSPACE ANALYSIS OF RECONFIGURABLE ROBOTIC ARMS USING PARALLEL PLATFORMS AS MODULES

In this paper the workspace analysis of reconfigurable hyper-redundant robotic arms using as modules lower mobility parallel platforms is presented. The modules of the reconfigurable robotic arm are the 3-legged translational UPU and orientational UPS parallel platforms. Each arm is composed of a large number of these modules having a very large number of degrees of freedom. New performance indices to characterize the workspace of such arms are defined and used to analyze their different configurations. Results of this analysis are presented in table and graphic forms and the corresponding best designs are identified. All possible arm assembly configurations with two, three, and four parallel platform modules and one configurations with five parallel platform modules have been taken into consideration, analyzed and compared.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Smoothing GPS carrier phase double differences using inertial measurements for high performance applications

This paper will describe an enhancement to the GPS double difference carrier phase measurements on a single airborne platform by smoothing them with inertial measurements while preserving the dynamic bandwidth. This enhancement will reduce the impact of carrier phase multipath and carrier phase noise on baseline determination between multiple antennas on an aircraft when in flight. This type of measurement system has numerous applications where platform pointing and relative body motion must be determined at the mm-level for applications such as sensor stabilization, Synthetic Aperture Radar, long range RADAR (i.e. angle-of-arrival measurements). Lower noise levels (mm-level and below) enable more performance to the stabilized system such as increased aperture for longer range, operation at higher frequencies, and more image resolution. The focus of this paper will be on a technique to provide this enhanced performance for these various applications using the available navigation systems. Additionally, this type of smoothing can effectively remove the additional noise induced by carrier phase measurement differencing. The noise level of a double or triple difference can be reduced below that of the raw measurement. A complimentary synthesized double difference quantity with ultra-low-noise characteristics will be used to smooth the GPS carrier phase double difference measurements without losing dynamic bandwidth since it follows the airborne dynamics. Flight test data will be presented to demonstrate the performance improvement in the midst of aircraft dynamics. Results will show that the noise reduction follows the theoretical prediction.
High heat sink jet fuels. 2. stabilization of a JP-8 with model refined chemical oil/light cycle oil (RCO/LCO)-derived stabilizers

JP-900 is the generic name given to a future jet fuel that will be required to handle an anticipated thermal stress of ∼900 °F (482 °C) for several hours. We report flowing rig scouting results, under approximate JP-900 conditions, examining the effect on both oxidative and pyrolytic stability of the addition of a few volume percent of model refined chemical oil/light cycle oil (RCO/LCO)-derived compounds to a petroleum-derived JP-8. Tetralin, tetralone, and tetralol were used as model hydroaromatic compounds, which, in principle, can be obtained via the hydrotreatment of RCO/LCO blends. Our scouting results suggest that a jet fuel with improved heat sink capabilities could likely be formulated by adding 1% v/v of hydroaromatic compounds to JP-8.
In vivo studies of carnitine and fatty acid metabolism: Problems with use of anesthetics

Abstract The use of ether anesthesia as a technique for obtaining liver tissue and plasma from living rats was compared to decapitation followed by in situ sample freezing. Parameters associated with fatty acid metabolism were examined to demonstrate differences in the two methodologies. Use of ether in fasted rats was associated with lower plasma free fatty acids and acetoacetate concentrations, as well as decreased hepatic total carnitine, carnitine, and acid-soluble acylcarnitine content when compared to decapitated animals. No qualitative differences between the ether and decapitated groups were noted, and the quantitative differences observed were consistent with effects induced by the anesthetic. Thus, with respect to in vivo studies of fatty acid metabolism use of anesthetic agents may induce significant changes without providing advantages over decapitation and in situ freezing.
Relining complete dentures with minimum occlusal error.

Abstract A technique for relining complete dentures is described. An interocclusal centric relation record is made prior to making the impression in order to help position the dentures while the final impressions are made and to orient the dentures on the articulator. A duel impression technique reduces the possibility of moving the upper denture out of its proper relationship to the residual ridge when the final impression is made.
Experimental and theoretical momentum transfer dependence of the He (e, 2e) cross section for incident electron energies 150 eV and 488 eV

The relative triple differential cross section for the electron impact ionization of helium has been measured and calculated for incident energies of 150 eV and 488 eV, and an ejected electron energy 34.5 eV. At both incident energies coplanar (e, 2e) experiments were carried out for a fixed pair of ejected directions +90°, − 90° and a range of scattering angles −30° → +30°, and also for a fixed pair of ejected directions +75°, − 105° and a range of scattering angles −34° → +18°. The kinematics of these experiments cover a momentum transfer range 0.38 → 3 au. The data are presented directly as pairs of (e, 2e) scattered electron angular distributions, and in the manipulated form of their sum, difference and the ratio difference/sum. These are compared with up to five types of theoretical calculations. Good, but not perfect, agreement is found between experiment and calculations that include significant post-collision interaction effects. All calculations predict an almost identical oscillatory feature, in the difference and ratio of the cross sections, which is observed in the experimental data for incident energy 150 eV and is due to the fact that the cross section passes through zero close to, but not exactly at, 0° scattering.
Z-COMPACTIFICATIONS OF OPEN MANIFOLDS

Abstract Suppose an open n -manifold M n may be compactified to an ANR M n so that M n −M n is a Z -set in M n . It is shown that (when n ⩾5) the double of M n along its “ Z -boundary” is an n -manifold. More generally, if M n and N n each admit compactifications with homeomorphic Z -boundaries, then their union along this common boundary is an n -manifold. This result is used to show that in many cases Z -compactifiable manifolds are determined by their Z -boundaries. For example, contractible open n -manifolds with homeomorphic Z -boundaries are homeomorphic. As an application, some special cases of a weak Borel conjecture are verified. Specifically, it is shown that closed aspherical n -manifolds ( n ≠4) having isomorphic fundamental groups which are either word hyperbolic or CAT (0) have homeomorphic universal covers.
kultagg: ludic design for tagging interfaces

While there has been significant research around aspects of tagging systems such as the vocabulary people use and the reasons they tag, there has been little focus on the design of the tagging interface itself. This paper discusses how kultagg, a ludic interface that includes the ability to color tags and place them directly on images, affect people's behavior and attitudes toward tagging. We conducted interviews with 10 people, asking them to use and reflect on kultagg. Color plays a significant role in enhancing a user's interest and enjoyment in tagging and has uses from self-expression to organization. People appreciated on-image tagging for its personal nature, ease of use, and specificity, although these tags tended to be less abstract and holistic than tags created in a more typical interface. Participants' generally positive response to kultagg suggests that including ludic elements in task-oriented domains is useful in creating rich, expressive systems.
Race against time

A committed, transparent research effort into the detection, prevention and treatment of bird flu is now critical. Anthony S. Fauci presents the questions that need answers.