cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Age-related changes in 5′-nucleotidase and alkaline phosphatase activities in mouse thymocytes

Abstract Enzymatic activities of thymocytes isolated from Swiss albino mice were studied at various ages from immediately post weaning until 100 weeks of age, approaching the life expectancy of these animals. Between 5 and 10 weeks of age, the activities of lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase decreased to a level that was maintained throughout the remainder of the aging profile. Neutral β-glycerophosphatase (pH 7.5) activity in a thymus membrane preparation was similar in all age groups. The activity of membrane-bound 5′-nucleotidase, that is, AMP-hydrolyzing activity inhibited by 100 μM α,β-methyleneadenosine 5′-diphosphate, progressively increased as a function of age, indicating thymocyte population changes occurring very late in life. In thymocytes of the oldest mice examined (100 weeks of age), 5′-nucleotidase specific activity was approximately ten-fold greater than the activity found in 5-week-old mice. Thus, membrane-bound 5′-nucleotidase activity in thymocytes increased markedly as a function of age in Swiss albino mice; yet several other enzymatic activities, including alkaline phosphatase, remained relatively unchanged in mature mice.
Physicians' Perceptions and Practices Regarding Patient Reports of Multiple Chemical Sensitivity

Ninety physicians practicing in the state of Virginia USA completed a mail survey regarding Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (MCS). Survey questions addressed demographics; familiarity with MCS; etiology; overlapping conditions; accommodations made for patients and practices regarding evaluation, treatment, and referral. A little over half of respondents were familiar with MCS. Under a third had received any medical training regarding chemical sensitivity, only 7% were “very satisfied” with their knowledge, and 6% had a treatment protocol for the condition. Participants cited a range of etiologies and overlapping conditions including asthma, Reactive Airway Dysfunction Syndrome (RADS), Sick Building Syndrome (SBS), Chronic Fatigues Syndrome (CFS), and Fibromyalgia. Physicians infrequently considered chemicals as a cause of illness when seeing new patients. Evaluation techniques included interviews, blood work, immune profiles, and allergy testing. Interventions recommended included chemical avoidance, alterations in the home environment, diet restrictions, the use of air filters, and referrals to outside specialists.
Neutron yield functions for the nucleonic component of cosmic radiation

In view of recent proposed changes of cosmic ray geomagnetic co-ordinates and primary spectra, calculations have been made to determine if the yield function for the nucleonic component of cosmic radiation introduced by Fonger is in need of revision. As a result of these calculations, a modified form of Fonger’s yield function is proposed for calculations with the revised spectra and co-ordinate system. The implications of this modification for the spectra of solar flare radiation are considered.
Global patterns of plant diversity

Using 94 data sets from across the globe, we explored patterns of mean community species richness, landscape species richness, mean similarity among communities and mosaic diversity. Climate affected community species richness primarily through productivity while other climatic factors were secondary. Climatic equability affected species richness only in temperate regions where richness was greatest at high levels of temperature variability and low levels of precipitation variability. Landscape species richness correlated positively with community species richness. A global gradient in mean similarity existed but was uncorrelated with community species richness. Mean similarity was least and mosaic diversity was greatest between 25 and 30° latitude. The most diverse landscapes (low mean similarity) correlated with warm temperatures, high elevations, large areas and large seasonal temperature fluctuations. The most complex landscapes (high mosaic diversity) correlated with large areas, high productivity and warm winters. We compared diversity measures among continents and found only one significant difference: Australian landscapes have greater mosaic diversity than African landscapes. Based on our analyses we propose two hypotheses: (1) for plants, biotic interactions are more important in structuring landscapes in warmer climates and (2) longer isolated landscapes have more clearly differentiated ecological subunits.
Metaphase chromosome structure: Evidence for a radial loop model

Abstract Electron micrographs of thin sections of metaphase chromosomes isolated from HeLa cells provide new insight into the higher-order arrangement of the nucleoprotein fiber. Micrographs obtained from chromosomes swollen by chelation of the divalent cation are particularly revealing. Under these conditions, chromosomes swell in width by a factor of about 4 and the basic, thick nucleoprotein fiber (200–300 A) relaxes to the thin fiber (100 A), which is probably a linear array of nucleosomes. Cross sections show a central area from which the fibers emerge in a radial fashion, often forming loops which are 3–4 μm long. Chromosomes fixed in the presence of 1 mM MgCl 2 are more compact, having an average chromatid diameter of about 1 μm, and consist of the thick (200–300 A) fiber. Radial loops of about 0.6 μm can be observed frequently in these chromosomes, although the loops are more difficult to visualize due to the compactness of the structure and the material contaminating the periphery. Chromosomes isolated with the help of hexylene glycol are extremely compact (diameter about 0.6 μm) but quite free of cytoplasmic material. They consist of a 500 A fiber that forms rather regular projections at the periphery. These projections appear to be loops of the thick fiber (200–300 A), possibly shortened by twisting into a short supercoil. The chromatin loops observed in the intact chromosomes are thought to be structurally related to the DNA loops observed previously in the histone-depleted chromosomes (Paulson and Laemmli, 1977). In this paper, we discuss a model in which the nucleoprotein fiber is folded into loops which are arranged in the chromatid in radial fashion, in such a way that their bases become the central axis of the chromatid.
A relational information resource dictionary system

A relational implementation of IRDS using SQL demonstrates how the flexibility of the relational environment enhances the extensibility of the IRDS while at the same time providing more powerful dictionary capabilities than are typically found in relational systems.
Mentoring at the University of Pennsylvania: results of a faculty survey.

Research suggests mentoring is related to career satisfaction and success. Most studies have focused on junior faculty. To explore multiple aspects of mentoring at an academic medical center in relation to faculty rank, track, and gender. Cross-sectional mail survey in mid-2003. Faculty members, 1,432, at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Self-administered survey developed from existing instruments and stakeholders. Response rate was 73% (n = 1,046). Most (92%) assistant and half (48%) of associate professors had a mentor. Assistant professors in the tenure track were most likely to have a mentor (98%). At both ranks, the faculty was given more types of advice than types of opportunities. Satisfaction with mentoring was correlated with the number of types of mentoring received (r = .48 and .53, P < .0001), job satisfaction (r = .44 and .31, P < .0001), meeting frequency (r = .53 and .61, P < .0001), and expectation of leaving the University within 5 years (Spearman r = −.19 and −.18, P < .0001), at the assistant and associate rank, respectively. Significant predictors of higher overall job satisfaction were associate rank [Odds ratio (OR) = 2.04, CI = 1.29–3.21], the 10-point mentoring satisfaction rating (OR = 1.27, CI = 1.17–1.35), and number of mentors (OR = 1.60, CI = 1.20–2.07). Having a mentor, or preferably, multiple mentors is strongly related to satisfaction with mentoring and overall job satisfaction. Surprisingly, few differences were related to gender. Mentoring of clinician–educators, research track faculty, and senior faculty, and the use of multiple mentors require specific attention of academic leadership and further study.
A Security Review of the Cell Broadband Engine Processor

The Cell Broadband Engine processor is a multicore processor that provides high throughput for vector processing that is being considered for use in secure communication and data processing environments. Prior to its acceptance in these facilities, its security features and flaws must be fully explored. However, as a the Cell BE is a multicore system composed of one "normal" core and 8 smaller, SIMD cores, the analysis is of a different order of difficulty than that of a single core processor. This paper highlights some concerns seen in the Cell BE when considered from a security perspective and possible solutions to some of these security concerns.
Primary nonphylloides breast sarcomas.

Abstract Background The prevalence of primary breast sarcoma is low, occurring in fewer than 1% of women with breast malignancies. The purpose of this study was to examine the presentation, treatment, and prognosis of patients presenting with these neoplasms. Methods This was a retrospective review of patients with a primary breast sarcoma treated at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, between 1975 and 2001. Follow-up information was obtained. Results Of the 55 patients, 17 had breast-conserving therapy and 38 women had mastectomy. The mean patient age at presentation was 52 years (range 22 to 82). The types of sarcoma included angiosarcoma (18), malignant fibrous histiocytoma (11), stromal sarcoma (8), liposarcoma (4), leiomyosarcoma (4), dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (4), osteosarcoma (3), fibrosarcoma (2), and rhabdomyosarcoma (1). Follow-up information was available for 53 patients, with a mean follow-up of 81 months. Twenty-nine of 53 patients (55%) developed recurrent sarcoma, and 23 patients (43%) died of their disease. Twenty-seven patients had no evidence of recurrence, and 3 patients were alive with disease at last follow-up. Overall median survival of patients with breast sarcoma was 58 months. Patients with angiosarcoma had a poorer outcome than other sarcoma patients. Twelve of 18 patients (67%) died of angiosarcoma, compared with 11 of 32 patients (34%) of all other sarcoma patients combined. Of 34 patients who did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation, 13 died of their disease (38%), as compared with 10 of 16 patients (63%) who did receive adjuvant therapy. Conclusions While primary nonphylloides breast sarcomas are rare tumors, their treatment and prognosis are poor. Adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation did not improve survival in this report. Surgical extirpation remains the only effective treatment.
The inescapable relevance of bioethics for the practicing clinician.

Key Points 1Historically, medical ethics focused on the proper conduct of physicians as members of a profession. 2Bioethics has emerged as a distinct field over the past several decades and has a broader scope than traditional medical ethics. The field of bioethics includes research ethics, public health ethics, organizational ethics, and clinical ethics. 3Several factors contributed to the emergence of bioethics, helping to shape it, including the following: abuses of human subjects in research; advances in medical therapeutics and medical technology; and complex societal changes. 4Principlism is an important approach to ethics, and in bioethics it includes the following core principles: respect for autonomy; beneficence; nonmaleficence; and justice. 5Clinical ethics is a major part of bioethics and is concerned with ethical issues encountered in the care of patients. 6Clinicians should recognize that every interaction between a doctor and a patient has a moral component, and that competency in bioethics is required to competently practice medicine. 7Deficiencies exist in bioethics knowledge and performance among practicing clinicians and trainees; therefore, bioethics education is needed for learners at all levels (ie, medical students, trainees, and practicing clinicians). 8Bioethics is a dynamic, multidisciplinary field with several dedicated journals, a national organization, and numerous centers and institutes 9Important scholarly work in bioethics, both empirical and conceptual, is being conducted and disseminated, providing important information for practicing clinicians.
Linked-function origins of cooperativity in a symmetrical dimer

Abstract The thermodynamic origins of substrate binding cooperativity in a dimeric enzyme that can bind one substrate (A) and one allosteric ligand (X) to each of two identical subunits are discussed. It is assumed that maximal activity is not subject to allosteric modification and that the substrates and allosteric ligands achieve binding equilibrium in the steady state. Each uniquely ligated form is assumed to be capable of exhibiting unique binding properties, and only the principles of thermodynamic linkage are used to constrain the system further. The explicit relationship between the Hill coefficient, the concentration of X, and the magnitudes of the relevant coupling free energies and dissociation constants is derived. In the absence of X only the homotropic coupling between substrate sites contributes to a nonhyperbolic substrate saturation profile. An allosteric ligand, X, can alter the cooperativity in two distinct ways, one mechanism being manifested when X is saturating and the other only when X is present at subsaturating concentrations. By evaluating the concentration of substrate required to produce half-maximal velocity as a function of [X], as well as the Hill coefficients when X is absent and fully saturating the dissociation and coupling constants most important for understanding the mechanisms of allosteric action in an enzyme of this type can be determined.
Fish oil induced hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress in BioF1B hamsters is attenuated by elderberry extract

We have previously reported fish oil induced hyperlipidemia in BioF1B hamsters compared with Golden Syrian (GS) hamsters. Elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) extract is abundant in anthocyanins and is b...
Discriminative stimulus effects of two doses of fentanyl in rats: pharmacological selectivity and effect of training dose on agonist and antagonist effects of mu opioids.

Rationale: Discriminative stimulus effects of mu opioids vary systematically as a function of training dose. Differences among training doses may arise from multiple mechanisms. Objectives: In vivo apparent pA2 analyses were used to examine the contributions of opioid mechanisms to stimulus control by low and high training doses of the mu opioid fentanyl. Methods: Saline and one of two doses of fentanyl, administered s.c., were established as discriminative stimuli in two groups of rats (low training dose group: 0.01 mg/kg; high training dose group: 0.04 mg/kg). Generalization tests and in vivo apparent pA2 analyses were used to evaluate receptor mechanisms of stimulus control. Results: Fentanyl, etonitazene, methadone, and morphine evoked full fentanyl generalization in both groups but were more potent in the low-dose group. Spiradoline and d-amphetamine did not evoke generalization in either group. Naltrexone antagonized stimulus and rate-altering effects of fentanyl in both groups, with apparent pA2 values of 7.6 in the low-dose group and 7.5 in the high-dose group. Nalbuphine and nalorphine evoked full generalization in the low-dose group but less than 40% generalization in the high-dose group. In the high-dose group, nalbuphine and nalorphine antagonized the stimulus and rate-altering effects of fentanyl with apparent pA2 values of 5.3 and 6.1, respectively, demonstrating lower efficacy mu actions. Conclusions: Changes in fentanyl training dose preserved the mu opioid selectivity of stimulus control but altered the intensity of the transduced mu opioid stimulus required for generalization. These differences in intensity of the fentanyl stimulus determined whether low efficacy mu opioids would evoke or antagonize fentanyl generalization.
Baryons and baryonium in QCD2

Abstract The light particle spectrum of quantum chromodynamics in (1 + 1) dimensions is considered for the limit of strong coupling (g ⪢ m), where g is the coupling constant and m is the bare mass of the fermions. The spectrum is shown to be composed of baryons and baryon-antibaryon bound states. The spectrum is computed to lowest order in m/g and the results are compared with those of other treatments of QCD2.
Optimal Health Insurance

My goal in this paper is to use neoclassical welfare economics to discuss the optimal form of insurance arrangements for medical services. My focus will be on insurance for services rather than on insurance to cover lost wages or other non-medical costs associated with illness, although I will consider these costs brie y at some points. Despite recent criticism of the use of neoclassical welfare economics by some (Evans, 1997; Rice, 1997), I will use it in this paper; my defense for doing so is that there is no obvious alternative normative criterion to use, and the arguments against this approach are substantially overstated (Pauly, 1997; Gaynor and Vogt, 1997). To avoid the most common objections, I will explicitly assume that other income has been redistributed to achieve what society regards as a fair distribution, and that there are no feelings of envy of one citizen toward another's use of medical care.
A 0.27V 30MHz 17.7nJ/transform 1024-pt complex FFT core with super-pipelining

Recently, aggressive voltage scaling was shown as an important technique in achieving highly energy-efficient circuits. Specifically, scaling V dd to near or sub-threshold regions was proposed for energy-constrained sensor systems to enable long lifetime and small system volume [1][2][4]. However, energy efficiency degrades below a certain voltage, V min , due to rapidly increasing leakage energy consumption, setting a fundamental limit on the achievable energy efficiency. In addition, voltage scaling degrades performance and heightens delay variability due to large I d sensitivity to PVT variations in the ultra-low voltage (ULV) regime. This paper uses circuit and architectural methods to further reduce the minimum energy point, or E min , and establish a new lower limit on energy efficiency, while simultaneously improving performance and robustness. The approaches are demonstrated on an FFT core in 65nm CMOS.
Family Coping and Premenstrual Symptomatology

Objective To examine how families cope when the woman experiences premenstrual symptomatology. Design A descriptive panel design and purposive, nonprobability sampling through interviews and questionnaires. Setting Participants' homes. Participants One hundred four couples who met the study criteria were recruited from medical practices and community seminars and through media announcements. Measures Study outcome measures were formulated after data collection. Results High‐symptom families used spiritual coping strategies more frequently than low‐symptom families (R = .427 , p= 0.003 in women , p 0.001 in men). Husbands were more likely than wives to report that their families coped by believing that the problem would go away if they waited long enough ( t = −3.06 , p= 0.003). Husbands of women with high symptomatology reported that their families used this passive approach to a significant degree ( t = −3.43 , p= 0.001). Conclusions Religious or spiritual support may be especially important to families in which the woman suffers from premenstrual symptomatology. These families may also keep problems within the family and be socially detached. Nurses may help by encouraging the use of social supports, religious or spiritual support, and other family resources.
The cost-effectiveness of two intravenous additive systems☆

Abstract The current health-care economic environment with increasing managed care and prospective payment systems presents nurse administrators with the ongoing dilemma of providing optimal patient care while reducing or holding down the costs of that care. Evaluation of systems and processes used in the provision of care is key to containing expenditures. This study evaluates the cost-effectiveness of two intravenous (IV) additive systems, comparing the material, wastage, and labor costs and analyzing the effects of each system on nursing productivity. Results indicate that the higher material costs experienced with the implementation of the ADD-Vantage ® additive system (Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, IL) are completely offset by the reduced labor expense. The introduction of a more efficient system also has a positive impact on nursing productivity demonstrated by the staff's use of their saved time in higher-level nursing functions.
Protein bound to the genome RNAs of cowpea mosaic virus.

Evidence is presented for a previously undiscovered protein that is associated with the virion of cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV). It co-purified with the viral RNA. The bond between this genomeassociated protein and the viral RNA is stable to treatments that generally disrupt non-covalent bonds, including heating in sodium dodecylsulfate solution and extraction with phenol. The protein has been characterized by peptide mapping and gel electrophoresis; its molecular weight was estimated to be ∼5000 from mobility in gels. One of the zones seen on autoradiographs of gel electrophoresis profiles of ribonuclease T1-digested 32P-labeled CPMV RNAs was designated oligonucleotide-proteinT1. Only this zone was found when the digestion was repeated using iodinated RNA. This zone was proteasesensitive, while other T1-generated oligonucleotides were not. The oligonucleotide-proteinT1 was not a substrate for polynucleotide kinase, though other ribonuclease-T1-genearted oligonucleotides did accept a 5′-terminal phosphoryl group under the same conditions. Since the intact CPMV RNAs also were not substrates for polynucleotide kinase and lack any of the usual 5′-ends [Klootwijk, J., Klein, I., Zabel, P. & van Kammen, A., Cell, 11, 73–82 (1977)], this substance is probably (an apparently covalent) protein-oligonucleotide complex derived from the 5′-end of CPMV RNAs.
The Acceleration Principle and the Nature of Business Cycles

I. Introduction, 403. — II. Demand equations and evidence for acceleration, 404. — III. The nonstochastic case: no oscillations without acceleration, 406. — IV. Autocovariances of a linear stochastic system, 408. — V. Spectral densities of a linear stochastic system, 411. —VI. Conclusions, 417.
Architectural tradeoffs in the design of MIPS-X

The design of a RISC processor requires a careful analysis of the tradeoffs that can be made between hardware complexity and software. As new generations of processors are built to take advantage of more advanced technologies, new and different tradeoffs must be considered. We examine the design of a second generation VLSI RISC processor, MIPS-X.MIPS-X is the successor to the MIPS project at Stanford University and like MIPS, it is a single-chip 32-bit VLSI processor that uses a simplified instruction set, pipelining and a software code reorganizer. However, in the quest for higher performance, MIPS-X uses a deeper pipeline, a much simpler instruction set and achieves the goal of single cycle execution using a 2-phase, 20 MHz clock. This has necessitated the inclusion of an on-chip instruction cache and careful consideration of the control of the machine. Many tradeoffs were made during the design of MIPS-X and this paper examines several key areas. They are: the organization of the on-chip instruction cache, the coprocessor interface, branches and the resulting branch delay, and exception handling. For each issue we present the most promising alternatives considered for MIPS-X and the approach finally selected. Working parts have been received and this gives us a firm basis upon which to evaluate the success of our design.
Changes in cell cycle-associated gene expression in a model of impaired liver regeneration

Following partial hepatectomy (PH) there is compensatory regeneration of the remnant liver which eventually restores hepatic mass and function. The response to PH was studied in normal BALB/c and athymic nude mice, a model of impaired liver regeneration. Following PH, nude mice demonstrated diminished peak hepatic [3H]thymidine uptake and delayed liver mass restoration through 60 h post-PH. However, between 72–120 h there was no significant difference in mass restoration between the groups. The expression of genes associated with different stages of the cell cycle was evaluated in both models. In nude mice, there was an increase in peak expression of c-jun transcripts, while c-myc transcript expression was moderately attenuated. Thymidine kinase (TK) and cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) mRNA expression was also diminished in athymic nude mice. The results suggest that while the defect in the regenerative response of the nude mouse after PH affects events in several phases of the cell cycle, mass restoration of the liver is only delayed and not attenuated.
Osteonectin content in human osteogenesis imperfecta bone shows a range similar to that of two bovine models of OI.

Samples of human osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) bone were analyzed for osteonectin content by SDS gel electrophoresis and immunodetection on Western blots. The OI bone osteonectin content varied from normal to severely depressed. Previously, we showed that two clinically identical but genetically unrelated bovine methods of OI were differentiated biochemically by their bone osteonectin content: one OI mode had normal bone osteonectin while the other was severely depressed in this parameter. The data in this pilot study suggest that further investigation of bone osteonectin content may prove useful in the clinical assessment of human OI cases.
Surgical management of adrenocortical tumours

The surgical treatment of adrenal tumours has evolved over the past century, as has our understanding of which hormones are secreted by the adrenal glands and what these hormones do. This article reviews the preoperative evaluation of patients with adrenal tumours that could be benign or malignant, including metastases. The biochemical evaluation of excess levels of hormones is discussed, as are imaging characteristics that differentiate benign tumours from malignant tumours. The options for surgical management are outlined, including the advantages and disadvantages of various open and laparoscopic approaches. The surgical management of adrenocortical carcinoma is specifically reviewed, including controversies in operative approaches as well as surgical management of invasive or recurrent disease.
Transient EPR at 240 GHz of the excited triplet state of free-base tetra-phenyl porphyrin

The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum measured at 240 GHz of the lowest excited triplet state of the free-base tetra-phenyl porphyrin (H2-TPP) molecule is presented. The high frequency that is employed allows for the full resolution of theg-anisotropy (2.00354(2), 2.00272(15), and 2.00194(5) forx, y, andz zero-field axes respectively), and the obtained values are compared to those of other porphyrin-based systems. These results are one of the first addressing theg-anisotropy in the photoexcited state of porphyrins. The usefulness of high-field transient EPR in elucidating not only the principal values of theg-tensor but also the orientation of theg-tensor principal axes with respect to those of the zero-field splitting tensor in porphyrin disordered systems is also discussed.
Interpreting neural representations of aged animals.

It is becoming more clear that normal age-related cognitive decline ischaracterized not so much by signiﬁcant cell loss in memory-related brainstructures like the hippocampus, but rather by a change in the functionalorganization of information processing of its neural elements. Conse-quently, investigations of the changes in neural plastic abilities of the agedbrain represent an approach that could reasonably be expected to result inimportant advances in our understanding of age-related cognitive decline.To this end, the recent ﬁndings reported by Tanila et al. (1997) and Barneset al. (1997) move the ﬁeld forward in signiﬁcant respects. The datapresented in Tanila et al. (1997) suggest that hippocampal place ﬁelds ofaged rats are remarkably stable across different environments, while Barneset al. (1997) showed that a subset of hippocampal place ﬁelds of old ratsrepresent spatial locations less reliably when animals are repeatedly testedacross familiar environments. At ﬁrst glance, these results appear in conﬂict.The recent commentary on this apparent discrepancy by Peter Rapp (1998)suggests the interesting possibility that in old rats there is greaterinterference between similar cues that were used in the different testsituations of Barnes et al. (1997), and that such interference was not presentin the Tanila et al. (1997) study. The results of both the Tanila and Barnesgroup suggest that aged animals show a change in hippocampal representa-tional plasticity.Additional issues deserve to be emphasized in the context of the abovedebate. The ﬁrst issue concerns the behavioral interpretation of theobserved unit correlates, and the second issue deals with age-relatedcompensation of function and its relationship to neural representationwithin and outside of hippocampus. Regarding the ﬁrst issue, there is evenmore converging behavioral and neurophysiological evidence that old ratsand their place cells have difficulty when using familiar spatial informationin different behavioral contexts. Barnes et al.’s data are entirely consistentwith recent behavioral data (Mizumori et al., 1996) showing that agedanimals are signiﬁcantly slower at acquiring a spatial working memory taskon a radial maze than young rats when acquisition training occurs in aspatial environment that is familiar to the rat (room A). In contrast, andparallel to the Tanila data, the
Dosimetric selection for helical tomotherapy based stereotactic ablative radiotherapy for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer or lung metastases.

Background No selection criteria for helical tomotherapy (HT) based stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) to treat early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) or solitary lung metastases has been established. In this study, we investigate the dosimetric selection criteria for HT based SABR delivering 70 Gy in 10 fractions to avoid severe toxicity in the treatment of centrally located lesions when adequate target dose coverage is desired. Materials and Methods 78 HT-SABR plans for solitary lung lesions were created to prescribe 70 Gy in 10 fractions to the planning target volume (PTV). The PTV was set to have ≥95% PTV receiving 70 Gy in each case. The cases for which dose constraints for ≥1 OAR could not be met without compromising the target dose coverage were compared with cases for which all target and OAR dose constraints were met. Results There were 23 central lesions for which OAR dose constraints could not be met without compromising PTV dose coverage. Comparing to cases for which optimal HT-based SABR plans were generated, they were associated with larger tumor size (5.72±1.96 cm vs. 3.74±1.49 cm, p<0.0001), higher lung dose, increased number of immediately adjacent OARs ( 3.45±1.34 vs. 1.66±0.81, p<0.0001), and shorter distance to the closest OARs (GTV: 0.26±0.22 cm vs. 0.88±0.54 cm, p<0.0001; PTV 0.19±0.18 cm vs. 0.48±0.36 cm, p = 0.0001). Conclusion Delivery of 70 Gy in 10 fractions with HT to meet all the given OAR and PTV dose constraints are most likely when the following parameters are met: lung lesions ≤3.78 cm (11.98 cc), ≤2 immediately adjacent OARs which are ≥0.45 cm from the gross lesion and ≥0.21 cm from the PTV.
Risk and Protective Factors for Binge Drinking Among Hispanic Subgroups in Florida

Abstract This study examines differences in risk and protective factors for binge drinking among six ethnic/national subgroups of Hispanic adolescents in Florida. We note differences in the frequency of binge drinking by gender and ethnic subgroup as well as differences in the salience of items drawn from the five domains of risk and protective factors among these subgroups. Rather than treating all Hispanics as a unitary culture, tailoring of prevention programs to address risk and protective factors that differentially affect national/ethnic subgroups may be a valuable strategy when adolescents live in communities that are relatively homogenous in terms of nationality/ethnicity.
A Symbolic Interactionist Perspective on Leadership

This article describes leader-follower interactions in a symbolic interactionism framework (Blumer, 1969). The meaning placed on leader behaviors by followers is of importance in understanding the ...
Residency Recruitment: Postmatch Survey Says…

ABSTRACT: Background Information is limited regarding the most effective methods of recruitment in internal medicine residency programs. To address this deficiency, we conducted a 4-year survey of students who interviewed at our program addressing aspects of the application and interview process to maximize recruitment. Methods A 25-item questionnaire was mailed after the match to all students who interviewed but did not match with our program from 1994 to 1997. Results The response rate varied from 35% in 1994 to 70% in 1997. Variables that showed significant improvement after intervention included brochure mailings, resident greeting, resident luncheon, and perceived resident satisfaction. There was a 50% increase in program applications and the percent of applicants rating our program in their first 3 choices rose from 21% in 1995 to 51% in 1997. Conclusions The major factors influencing our applicant’s decisions regarding our program included resident involvement and brochure development/mailings. We have focused our efforts on those components to make the greatest impact on increasing the attractiveness of our program for internal medicine training.
A New Geraniol Chemotype of Ocimum gratissimum L.

ABSTRACT The essential oils which were obtained from the leaves, flowers and stems of Ocimum gratissimum in concentrations of 1.34%, 1.49% and 0.14% respectively, were examined by GC/MS. Fifteen constituents in the essential oil were identified with geraniol (83.7–88.8%) as the major constituent. Other major components included γ-muurolene (1.58–3.88%), β-caryophyllene (1.2–2.29%), neral (1.35–3.82%) and limonene (0.74–1.91%). Essential oil composition was similar among plant parts. Eugenol and thymol reported as the major constituent of Nigerian and Indian oil could not be detected in this oil. This is the first report of a geraniol-rich essential oil from O. gratissimum.
Induced resistance of trypsin to sodium dodecylsulfate upon complex formation with trypsin inhibitor

The stabilities of trypsin and soybean trypsin inhibitor in sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) were examined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Both samples contained several bands, all of which migrated to positions corresponding to the appropriate molecular weight or less, even when the samples were unheated, suggesting that both the trypsin and trypsin inhibitor are susceptible to SDS-induced denaturation. When they were mixed together prior to addition of SDS-PAGE sample buffer (1% SDS), a new smearing band appeared which corresponded to a molecular weight of around 46,000, suggesting that these proteins form a stable complex in SDS. This was confirmed by electroblotting and sequence analysis, which indicated that this band contains both the trypsin and inhibitor sequences. At a fixed concentration of the inhibitor, increasing concentrations of the trypsin resulted in an increase in the intensity of the complex band. When the mixture was heated for 10 min in 1% SDS, the complex band disappeared in a temperature-dependent manner. The melting temperature determined under the experimental conditions used was about 35|MoC. Similar results were obtained with Bowman-Birk trypsin inhibitor, except that the complex with the above inhibitor had a higher melting temperature, around 41|MoC, suggesting that the Bowman-Birk inhibitor/trypsin complex is more stable than the soybean inhibitor/trypsin complex.
Localization of oxidative enzyme systems in the uterus and vagina of the rat.

THE evolution of histochemical methods for the localization of oxidative enzyme systems in tissues1 has made it possible to study the effects of endogenous hormones on the intensity and distribution of such enzymes in reproductive organs. Enzyme systems concerned with succinate and lactate oxidation in the uterus and vagina of the rat have been previously shown to be markedly under the influence of changes in the normal endogenous hormonal balance in the female albino rat2. We have now followed the histochemical changes in the uterus and vagina of the rat through the œstrous cycle.
Oxidative protein folding in eukaryotes mechanisms and consequences

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) provides an environment that is highly optimized for oxidative protein folding. Rather than relying on small molecule oxidants like glutathione, it is now clear that disulfide formation is driven by a protein relay involving Ero1, a novel conserved FAD-dependent enzyme, and protein disulfide isomerase (PDI); Ero1 is oxidized by molecular oxygen and in turn acts as a specific oxidant of PDI, which then directly oxidizes disulfide bonds in folding proteins. While providing a robust driving force for disulfide formation, the use of molecular oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor can lead to oxidative stress through the production of reactive oxygen species and oxidized glutathione. How Ero1p distinguishes between the many different PDI-related proteins and how the cell minimizes the effects of oxidative damage from Ero1 remain important open questions.
Cellulose synthase (CesA) genes in algae and seedless plants

Microfibril structure is determined largely by the organization of arrays of integral plasma membrane protein particles known as “terminal complexes”, which include cellulose synthase catalytic subunits encoded by CesA genes. Although the CesA genes of plants and bacteria share conserved regions, variations in terminal complex and microfibril structure presumably result from sequence differences. Thus, the CesA domains that influence terminal complex assembly may be revealed by examining the differences between CesA genes from green algae in which terminal complex structure ranges from rosettes (plant-like) to linear (bacteria-like). This report describes a second CesA gene that has been cloned from Mesotaenium caldariorum, a unicellular green alga from the order Zygnematales, which have rosette terminal complexes. Both McCesA1 and McCesA2 are similar to seed plant CesAs in domain structure and intron position. Seed plants have multiple CesAs and CesA-like (Csl) genes, some of which appear to be expressed specifically during cell expansion, secondary cell wall deposition in vascular tissue, or tip growth. Diversification of the CesA and Csl gene families can be explored by comparing these genes in mosses, which lack vascular tissue with secondary cell walls, and early divergent vascular plants such as ferns. Degenerate primers were used to amplify and clone five unique CesA and Csl fragments from genomic DNA isolated from Physcomitrella patens. Probes derived from the cloned fragments were used to isolate several clones from a Physcomitrella genomic library. One Csl fragment was amplified from genomic DNA isolated from the fern Ceratopteris richardii. Phylogenetic analysis supports the presence of CslD genes in both mosses and ferns, but does not support the presence of secondary cell wall specific CesA orthologs in mosses.
A computational study of structure and bonding in aggregates of lithiated uracil

Abstract Extensive experimental and computational studies have shown that most organolithium compounds exist as aggregates in solutions. Semiempirical MNDO calculations have been previously shown to give accurate results for compounds containing lithium-nitrogen and lithium-oxygen bonds, and has been used to predict the solution structures of lithiated uracils. Our calculations predict that lithiated uracil can exist as a mixture of several aggregates in both hydrocarbon and ether solvents, but as a single mixed aggregate with lithium chloride or methoxide.
Effect of Iproniazid Treatment on the Metabolism of Labelled Epinephrine in the Leghorn Chicken

Abstract The results of recent investigations concerning the metabolism of epinephrine by mammals has encouraged the initiation of similar studies upon the chicken and other lower forms of vertebrates. The role of two enzymes,o-methyl-transferase and monoamine oxidase, has been clarified in the cat (Kirschner, 1960) and in the mouse and rat (Alexrod, 1960). The evidence from radioactivity recovery experiments performed upon 6–7 week old Leghorn chickens is reported as an initial indication that a monoamine oxidase is involved in the inactivation of epinephrine in this animal. Nine Leghorn chickens were divided into three groups and treated by intraperitoneal injections as follows: 1) Experiment 1, each of three birds received 0.7 mg. DL-epinephrine-D-bitartrate-C14,3 in water, 2) Experiment 2, each of three birds received 1.0 mg. DL-epinephrine-D-bitartrate (methyl C14) 3 in water, and 3) Experiment 3, each of three birds received 50 mg. of iproniazid and four hours later (1.0 mg. of DL-epinephrine-D-bitartrate …
Eosinophil ablation and tumor development

Tissue eosinophilia in squamous cell carcinoma has long been recognized; however, the role of eosinophils in tumor development remains unclear. Studies have reported both favorable and unfavorable prognoses for patients with tumors exhibiting tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia (TATE). This study seeks to elucidate the potential role of the eosinophil in squamous cell carcinoma development and provide an experimental model for future studies. The carcinogen-induced hamster oral cancer model was found to fulfill these objectives. Eosinophils progressively infiltrate into this carcinogen-induced oral cancer model. We now demonstrate that TATE is completely abolished by the use of an anti-interleukin-5 monoclonal antibody (mAb) preparation, TRFK-5. Clinical observations revealed that TRFK-5-treated hamsters exhibited smaller tumor burden and delayed onset of tumor development. The results suggest that anti-interleukin-5 antibody treatment may delay and/or inhibit tumor development, and that eosinophils may have a tumor-promoting role.
Information-technology security in higher-education curricula

This research investigates how the curricula of educational institutions have responded to the need for increased security professionals in the post 9/11 Era. We hypothesise that the world of academia would respond to this increased emphasis on information technology (IT) security since they typically serve as the feeder system for organisations seeking to fill professional vacancies. In particular, we address the response of universities to the need for security professionals by analysing if Master of Public Administration (MPA) and Master of Business Administration (MBA) programme curricula include IT-security. In addition, we analyse higher-education curricula for inclusion of the security of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition networks, which form the critical infrastructures that are crucial to the national and economic safety of the USA.
Effects of a Professional Development Program on Classroom Practices and Outcomes for Latino Dual Language Learners.

Abstract A randomized, controlled study was conducted to assess the effects of the Nuestros Ninos professional development program on classroom practices and child outcomes related to language development and early literacy skills in both English and Spanish. Fifty-five teachers and 193 Latino dual language learners (DLLs) enrolled in the North Carolina More at Four Pre-Kindergarten Program participated in the study. The content of the professional development program consisted of research-based instructional practices designed to complement the core curriculum and scaffold learning for DLLs, and the format included professional development institutes, individualized consultation, and community of practice meetings. The results showed that the intervention led to measurable improvements in both the overall quality of teachers’ language and literacy practices as well as those specific to working with Latino DLLs, and greater gains in children's phonological awareness skills in their primary language.
Non-Science Majors’ Critical Evaluation of Websites in a Biotechnology Course

Helping students develop criteria for judgment and apply examination skills is essential for promoting scientific literacy. With the increasing availability of the Internet, it is even more essential that students learn how to evaluate the science they gather from online resources. This is particularly true because publishing information on the web is not restricted to experts, and content quality can vary greatly across websites. The responsibility of evaluating websites falls upon the user. Little research has examined undergraduates’ evaluation of web sites in science classes. The purpose of this study was to investigate on which websites college students selected and how they evaluated the websites used when developing individual positions about stem-cell research. We used a qualitative approach in search of patterns in undergraduates’ website selection and evaluation criteria. We found that students used a variety of web resources from eleven types of websites to complete their independent research report. Students also used eleven evaluation criteria to evaluate these sources, some useful (e.g., credibility) and some not useful (e.g., readability). We found that university students struggled with critically evaluating online resources. Undergraduates need prompts to learn how to critically evaluate the science content provided within websites. This type of scaffold can facilitate useful evaluation and promote critical thinking required for becoming scientifically literate.
Complex electrical (impedance/dielectric) properties of electroceramic thin films by impedance spectroscopy with interdigital electrodes

Abstract The complex electrical properties of isotropic, electroceramic thin films can be measured with interdigital electrodes, analyzed by impedance spectroscopy (IS). A periodic two-dimensional film/interdigital electrode (IDE) structure was simulated by finite-difference numerical method and a generalized model was developed to characterize the electrical properties of thin films. Variable frequency simulations showed that the film/IDE system can be modeled as a parallel resistor–capacitor equivalent circuit. Equations were developed to extract from the equivalent circuit's fitted resistance and capacitance, the materials properties of the thin film, both conductivity and permittivity. The electrical properties of a polydomain BaTiO 3 film grown on a MgO substrate were measured with an IDE structure by IS to demonstrate how the methodology can be readily used.
Geoarchaeological Investigations in the Upper North Fork River Valley in Southern Missouri

AbstractThe first geoarchaeological investigations in the upper North Fork River valley in 1993 and 1994 revealed the presence of multiple terraces and associated sediment assemblages that contain archaeological deposits. Most of the field work, however, focused on the two lowest and youngest sediment assemblages. These include an aggrading flood plain (F-1) and a low terrace (T-1). The flood plain sediment assemblage is late Holocene in age, probably less than 2,000 years old. Although not common, Late Woodland and Mississippian artifacts are deeply buried in this unit. The T-1 appears to be late Pleistocene in age. Artifacts dating from Late Paleoindian to Mississippian times are very common on T-1 landforms, but they appear to be restricted to the upper 1 m of the sediment assemblage. Alluvial deposits similar to the F-1 sediment assemblage appear to be widespread in the Ozarks, whereas chronological and sedimentological discrepancies exist between the T-1 sediment assemblage in the North Fork River va...