cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elements of Effective Governance: Measurement, Accountability and Participation

Elements of Effective Governance: Measurement, Accountability and Participation is one of the first books to explore the relationship between accountability, government performance, and public participation. It discusses two main assumptions: greater accountability leads to better performance; and the more the public is involved in the measurement of government performance, the more they can hold government accountable for its performance.Presenting an introduction to each topic, this book provides a thorough understanding of theories, concepts, and practices. The beginning sections explore the basics of performance measurement, look at public sector accountability, and examine the rationale for and against direct citizen participation. The later sections provide an integrated discussion of performance measurement, accountability, and citizen participation and demonstrate how the strategic alignment of these critical concepts can lead to more effective governance. The final section incorporates in-depth case studies of a variety of efforts to implement performance measurement, hold individuals and organizations accountable for results, and involve the public in the deliberative process.Through theoretical and practical discussions, this book highlights the importance of, as well as the challenges associated with, government performance, accountability, and citizen participation. By combining these components under one cover, this book demonstrates the importance of their mutually reinforcing relationships. This volume provides the tools needed to design and develop strategies to improve government performance and demonstrate accountability. It provides a balanced perspective with its rational discussion of performance measurement and its skeptical assessment of the relationship between performance improvement and the demands for greater accountability.
Foliage attenuation and ground reflectivity measurements in forest stands at millimeter-wave frequencies

In this paper, outdoor experimental procedures as well as two-way foliage attenuation and ground reflectivity data acquired using a nadir-looking radar operating at 35-GHz are presented. The outdoor measurements were conducted at Aberdeen, Maryland, on two distinct forest stands, one being deciduous (Spesutie Island test site) and the other one mostly coniferous (Edgewood test site). The foliage parameters of these stands, including tree density, height, trunk diameter, location, foliage coverage, etc., were also characterized accurately. This type of data is the first of its kind and has not been reported before in the open literature. It was collected during a foliage-covered target detection experiment.
Social Cost of Biomass Energy from Switchgrass in Western Massachusetts

Producing biomass energy requires much land, and effects of biomass production on ecosystem services could greatly affect total biomass energy cost. This study estimates switchgrass production cost in western Massachusetts at three levels: private production cost, private cost plus social cost of nitrogen fertilizer externalities, and those costs plus the social opportunity cost of foregone forest ecosystem services. Values for nitrogen externalities and forest ecosystem services estimated with benefit transfer suggest that social cost is much greater than private switchgrass production cost. The benefit-transfer estimates are only first approximations, but conclusions are robust to a large range of values.
On augmenting database design-support environments to capture the geo-spatio-temporal data semantics

A database design-support environment supports a data analyst in eliciting, articulating, specifying and validating data-related requirements. Extant design-support environments--based on conventional conceptual models--do not adequately support applications that need to organize data based on time (e.g., accounting, portfolio management, personnel management) and/or space (e.g., facility management, transportation, logistics). For geo-spatio-temporal applications, it is left to database designers to discover, design and implement--on an ad-hoc basis--the temporal and geospatial concepts that they need to represent the miniworld. To elicit the geo-spatio-temporal data semantics, we characterize guiding principles for augmenting the conventional conceptual database design approach, present our annotation-based approach, and illustrate how our proposed approach can be instantiated via a proof-of-concept prototype. Via a proof-of-concept database design-support environment, we exemplify our annotation-based approach, and show how segregating "what" from "when/where" via annotations satisfies ontologic- and cognition-based requirements, dovetails with existing database design methodologies, results in upward-compatible conceptual as well as XML schemas, and provides a straightforward mechanism to extend extant design-support environments.
Clonal gammopathies and allogeneic stem cell transplantation.

recentlypublishedinyourjournal.Inthepaper,theauthorsclaimedthat there was an increase of clonal gammopathiesfollowing alemtuzumab-based reduced-intensity condition-ing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The authorsconcludethattherewasnodifferenceinthenumberofviralinfections (that is, CMV and HBV) in patients developingclonal gammopathies. The majorcausative role forthedevelopment of clonal gammopathies after organ trans-plantation is thought to be EBV as supported by severalreports in the literature.
A new application for the Antoine equation in formulation development.

Characterization of formulation components in pre-formulation and formulation studies will be made easier if a rapid method to evaluate the evaporation characteristics of an ingredient in the formulation is developed. This study aims at providing a simple and rapid thermogravimetric method for estimating the vapor pressure characteristics using the Antoine equation as the analytical tool. The heat treatment for the majority of benzoic acid derivatives follows zero-order rate processes that are in good correlation with their evaporation process. The optimum conditions for the rising temperature experiments were found when the heating rate was 10 degrees C/min in an atmosphere of dry nitrogen (100 ml/min). Methyl paraben was taken as the calibration compound since its Antoine constants are reported in the literature, and its selected thermodynamic parameters were evaluated using the Langmuir equation. The coefficient of vaporization (k macro) was determined to be 124,525+/-0.8, with units being reported in the S.I. system. The corresponding vapor-pressure plots were obtained for the remaining compounds and their Antoine constants calculated.
Circadian rhythm of corticosterone in mice: The effect of chronic consumption of alcohol

The effect of chronic consumption of alcohol on the circadian variations of the plasma corticosterone was investigated in DBA/2J male mice. After 15 weeks of alcohol consumption (3.8%w/v for the first week and 7.5% for subsequent weeks) the alcohol groups exhibited a flattened circadian corticosterone curve, the level being intermediate between the peak and trough values of the water control groups. The diurnal patterns of food and liquid consumption were still present at the 10th week of alcohol treatment in the alcohol groups, although the absolute amount of food and liquid consumed at each of the 6-h intervals was somewhat different between the alcohol and water groups. The blood alcohol showed a peak at early morning with the mean of 100 mg/100 ml, but the levels of alcohol during the remaining periods were remarkably stable, the means ranging from 30 to 46 mg/100 ml. Chronic consumption of alcohol, even relatively low concentrations, appears to affect the neural sites in the CNS controlling the circadian rhythm of ACTH release.
Is there a re-entrant spinodal in liquid water ?

The supercooled and stretched regions of the phase diagram of simulated liquid water are investigated by calculating the equation of state of the ST2 pair-potential. We and that simulated water does not display a re-entrant spinodal and that the protection of the density maximum line on the plane of pressure and temperature becomes positiively sloped on stretching. The well known anomalous behavior of supercooled water is tentatively associated with the existence of an inaccessible critical point. Evidence is presented that suggests the association of this new critical point with the transition between low density and high density amorphous solid water
Oxygen consumption in the kidney: effects of nitric oxide synthase isoforms and angiotensin II.

Oxygen consumption in the kidney: Effects of nitric oxide synthase isoforms and angiotensin II. Background Oxygen mitochondrial effects consumption by the kidney (Qo 2 ), is linearly related to sodium reabsorption (T na ), but recent studies suggest this relationship is variable and that metabolic efficiency (Qo 2 /T na ) in kidney is regulated by hormonal factors. In the dog, nonselective inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) increase Qo 2 and Qo 2 /T na . Glomerular hemodynamic and reabsorptive consequences of NOS inhibition require angiotensin II (Ang II), implying an antagonistic relationship between nitric oxide and Ang II. Effects of NOS inhibition in the rat, the role of Ang II and the responsible NOS isoform have not been elucidated. Methods Kidney blood flow [renal blood flow (RBF)], glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and Qo 2 /T na were measured before and during intravenous administration of N G -monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), a nonselective NOS inhibitor, in control and losartan (Ang II receptor blocker)-treated rats and rats administered S-methyl-L-thiocitrulline (SMTC), a NOS-1 inhibitor. Effects of SMTC on oxygen consumption were also examined in freshly harvested proximal tubules. Results L-NMMA and high-dose SMTC decreased RBF, but L-NMMA + losartan and low-dose SMTC did not. Qo 2 /T na increased in both L-NMMA groups. Both low- and high-dose SMTC also increased Qo 2 /T na . SMTC increased Qo 2 in proximal tubules in vitro at presumed lower levels of vectorial NaCl transport. Results suggest this effect was not mediated by influences on sodium transport alone. Conclusion Nonselective NOS inhibition increases the oxygen costs of kidney function independent of Ang II. Kidney NOS-1 is responsible for these in vivo and in vitro effects. In vitro observations suggest that NOS-1 acts in part via effects on basal metabolism and mitochondrial function.
Data and the internal medicine houseofficer: alumni's views of the educational value of a residency program's research requirement.

The authors surveyed 112 recent alumni and 92 current residents (70% responded) at a residency program that requires original research. Most alumni felt that the research project was a valuable learning experience, particularly in improving their abilities to critically review the medical literature. Almost a third felt that it had influenced their career choices (academic medicine vs private practice). The overall learning value of no other residency program component was rated significantly higher than that of the research project. While 65% of current residents supported making the senior resident research project optional, 64% of alumni opposed this change (p<0.0001). These results support requiring formal oral presentations and encouraging original research projects as a part of residency training.
Implementation as Ongoing and Incremental: Case Study of Web 2.0 Use for Staff Communication

Web 2.0 implementations in academic libraries tend to concentrate on rolling out a functioning system first and training of personnel second. This article offers a case analysis documenting one approach to implementation, whereby a Web site slowly integrates Web 2.0 technologies in a just-in-time orientation and the impact on improving staff communication and cultivating community awareness for a small academic library. Findings underscore the need to reexamine the implementation process as a continuous, adaptive, and nondemanding engagement with colleagues and staff based on active awareness of developments and needs.
The immunoglobulin constant region contributes to affinity and specificity

A central dogma in immunology is that antibody specificity is solely the result of variable (V)-region interactions with an antigen. However, this view is not tenable in light of numerous reports that constant heavy (C H ) domains can affect binding affinity and specificity and V-region structure. Kinetic and thermodynamic proof for the occurrence of this phenomenon is now available. C H -region effects on affinity and specificity suggest new mechanisms for generating antibody diversity and polyreactivity (multispecificity) that impact current views on idiotype regulation, autoimmunity, and B cell selection and change our understanding of vaccine responses.
Limit theorem for the spread of branching diffusion with stabilizing drift

In the present paper we derive a formula describing the limiting behavior of R t , the position of the rightmost particle over a time interval [0, t] in the one-dimensional branching diffusion with a stabilizing drift, and generalize the result to a multidimensional case.
When protein destruction runs amok, malignancy is on the loose

Ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis ensures that specific protein functions are turned off at the right time, in the right place, and in a unidirectional fashion. The high substrate specificity of the system is determined by a large family of ubiquitin ligases, which competes with the protein kinases to be the largest family of enzymes in mammals. Given the crucial function of the proteolytic machinery, altered degradation of cellular regulators contributes to the unchecked proliferation typical of cancer cells. Here we review the aberrant activity of a variety of ubiquitin ligases in human cancer, hence the prospect of targeting them in cancer therapy.
Achieving human presence in space exploration

One of the primary goals of human spaceflight has been putting human cognition on other worlds. This is at the heart of the premise of what we call space exploration. But Earth-controlled telerobotic facilities can now bring human senses to other worlds and, in that respect, the historical premise of exploration, of boots on the ground, no longer clearly applies. We have ways of achieving remote presence that we never used to have. But the distances over which this must be achieved, by humans based on the Earth, is such that the speed of light seriously handicaps their awareness and cognition. The highest quality telepresence can be achieved not only by having people on site, but also by having people close, and it is that requirement that truly mandates human spaceflight. In terms of cost, safety, and survival, getting people close is easier than getting people all the way there. It is suggested here that to the extent that space exploration is best accomplished by achieving a sense of real human off-Earth presence, that presence can be best achieved by optimally combining human spaceflight to mitigate latency, with telerobotics, to keep those humans secure. This is culturally a new perspective on exploration.
Facilitating Elementary Principals' Support for Instructional Teacher Leadership.

Purpose: This exploratory study examines conditions that lead elementary principals to support the work of school-based instructional teacher leaders. The study asks, How do principals' knowledge o...
Cytochalasin‐Induced reorganization of actin in allium root cells

The effect of cytochalasins on F-actin was investigated in Allium root cells stained with rhodamine-phalloidin. With cytochalasin D (CD), the normal interphase network of actin fibers is replaced by dispersed rods and specks similar to those seen in animal cells. However, during division, the specks accumulate at the poles in the form of one to a few large aggregates. The effects intensify with increasing concentration (0.5–5 mg/ml) and exposure time (0.5–3 hr). Further, similar behavior is observed with cytochalasin B, but dihydroCB has little effect. Double localizations show that during preprophase, aggregates cluster in association with microtubule foci at the new poles located near the nuclear envelope. From metaphase through anaphase, the aggregates are often found near the tips of kinetochore fibers, while in telophase they are often appressed to the pole side of the daughter nuclei. No association is seen between actin and the other microtubule arrays. The reorganization of F-actin into small specks is unaffected by sodium azide, but aggregation at the poles is very sensitive to this agent. Polar clustering is also blocked by oryzalin, colchicine, and isopropyl n-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate, but taxol has no effect. Experiments with scleroderma serum 5051 show that CD-induced aggregates are embedded in centrosomal material at the poles. The results reveal that the reorganization of actin in response to cytochalasins differs during the cell cycle. Furthermore, the aggregation of actin during division is probably governed by an energy-dependent interaction with microtubules.
Radiographic wear measurements in a cementless metal-backed modular cobalt-chromium acetabular component.

Linear polyethylene wear was measured radiographically and correlated with direct measurements of wear from 21 of 24 liners retrieved at revision. An optical comparator was used to assess linear wear using the shadowgraph technique. Postoperative and prerevision radiographs were reviewed to measure the amount of linear wear radiographically. Seven radiographic methods described in the literature were used: 5 were manual techniques, and 2 techniques used a computer-assisted digitizer. Linear regression analysis showed that there was a statistically significant correlation between the radiographic measurements compared with the direct mea- surement for 4 of the 5 manual techniques but only 1 of the 2 computerized techniques. Based on these results, radiographic wear measurements of cementless, modular components should be considered qualitative rather than quantitative. There is a significant difference in the measurements obtained among various published techniques. The addition of computer digitization to enhance manual methodology does not improve accuracy. Key words: wear, THA, polyethylene, Livermore.
The Acceptance Model of Intuitive Eating: A Comparison of Women in Emerging Adulthood, Early Adulthood, and Middle Adulthood

The acceptance model of intuitive eating (Avalos & Tylka, 2006) posits that body acceptance by others helps women appreciate their body and resist adopting an observer's perspective of their body, which contribute to their eating intuitively/adaptively. We extended this model by integrating body mass index (BMI) into its structure and investigating it with emerging (ages 18-25 years old, n = 318), early (ages 26-39 years old, n = 238), and middle (ages 40-65 years old, n = 245) adult women. Multiple-group analysis revealed that this model fit the data for all age groups. Body appreciation and resistance to adopt an observer's perspective mediated the body acceptance by others-intuitive eating link. Body acceptance by others mediated the social support-body appreciation and BMI-body appreciation links. Early and middle adult women had stronger negative BMI-body acceptance by others and BMI-intuitive eating relationships and a stronger positive body acceptance by others-body appreciation relationship than emerging adult women. Early adult women had a stronger positive resistance to adopt observer's perspective-body appreciation relationship than emerging and middle adult women.
Genetic algorithm identification of alternative sensor parameter sets for monitoring

We are faced with the problem of identifying and selecting the most significant data sources in developing monitoring applications for which data from a variety of sensors are available. We may also be concerned with identifying suitable alternative data sources when a preferred sensor may be temporarily unavailable or unreliable. This work describes how genetic algorithms (GA) were used to select useful sets of parameters from sensors and implicit knowledge to construct artificial neural networks to detect levels of chlorophyll-a in the Neuse River. The available parameters included six multispectral bands of Landsat imagery, chemical data (temperature, pH, salinity), and knowledge implicit in location and season. Experiments were conducted to determine which parameters the genetic algorithms would select based on the availability of other parameters, e.g., which parameter would be chosen when temperature wasn't available as compared to when near infrared data was not available.© (2003) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Entomology in 4-H Club Work—at Camps

A study of field entomology in 4-H Club camps has been undertaken and found to serve a good purpose. Missouri has been studying different phases of nature study work for the past three years in its 4-H Club camp work. Each club member was to collect ten specimens of insects, mount them properly, and identify them while in camp. It has been gratifying to know that many other states have attempted this type of work in one way or another. The effect of reaching more people is a point that should not be overlooked in this type of work. Training while in camp was undoubtedly worthwhile and the effects and results in the years to follow will be interesting.
Acoustic Signal Classification of Breathing Movements to Virtually Aid Breath Regulation

Monitoring breath and identifying breathing movements have settled importance in many biomedical research areas, especially in the treatment of those with breathing disorders, e.g., lung cancer patients. Moreover, virtual reality (VR) revolution and their implementations on ubiquitous hand-held devices have a lot of implications, which could be used as a simulation technology for healing purposes. In this paper, a novel method is proposed to detect and classify breathing movements. The overall VR framework is intended to encourage the subjects regulate their breath by classifying the breathing movements in real time. This paper focuses on a portion of the overall VR framework that deals with classifying the acoustic signal of respiration movements. We employ Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs) along with speech segmentation techniques using voice activity detection and linear thresholding to the acoustic signal of breath captured using a microphone to depict the differences between inhale and exhale in frequency domain. For every subject, 13 MFCCs of all voiced segments are computed and plotted. The inhale and exhale phases are differentiated using the sixth MFCC order, which carries important classification information. Experimental results on a number of individuals verify our proposed classification methodology.
Carbene Rearrangements Unsurpassed: Details of the C7H6 Potential Energy Surface Revealed

The rearrangement of phenylcarbene (1) to 1,2,4,6-cycloheptatetraene (3) has been studied theoretically, using SCF, CASSCF, CASPT2N, DFT (B3LYP), CISD, CCSD, and CCSD(T) methods in conjunction with the 6-31G*, 6-311+G*, 6-311G(2d,p), cc-pVDZ, and DZd basis sets. Stationary points were characterized by vibrational frequency analyses at CASSCF(8,8)/6-31G* and B3LYP/6-31G*. Phenylcarbene (1) has a triplet ground state (3A‘‘) with a singlet−triplet separation (ΔEST) of 3−5 kcal mol-1. In agreement with experiment, chiral 3 is the lowest lying structure on this part of the C7H6 potential energy surface. Bicyclo[4.1.0]hepta-2,4,6-triene (2) is an intermediate in the rearrangement of 1 into 3, but it is unlikely to be observable experimentally due to a barrier height of only 1−2 kcal mol-1. The enantiomers of 3 interconvert via the 1A2 state of cycloheptatrienylidene (4) with an activation energy of 20 kcal mol-1. The “aromatic” 1A1 state, previously believed to be the lowest singlet state of 4, is roughly 10 kc...
Specific incorporation of molybdopterin in xanthine dehydrogenase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

All known molybdoenzymes other than nitrogenase contain the metal in association with molybdopterin or one of its dinucleotide variants. All eukaryotic molybdoproteins have been found to contain only molybdopterin, whereas the majority of bacterial enzymes contain one or another of the dinucleotides of molybdopterin. In contrast, xanthine dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa contains molybdopterin rather than a dinucleotide. To examine whether P. aeruginosa contains any dinucleotide of molybdopterin, cells were subjected to an analytical procedure which converts molybdopterin variants to the highly fluorescent Form A derivatives. The results showed that P. aeruginosa cells do contain molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide. The same procedure showed that rat liver does not contain any of the dinucleotides of molybdopterin.
Analysis of Virus-Specific CD4+ T Cells during Long-Term Gammaherpesvirus Infection

Major histocompatibility complex class II-mediated antigen presentation after intranasal infection with murine gammaherpesvirus 68 differs in mediastinal lymph nodes and spleen. Evidence that virus-specific CD4+ T cells were being stimulated was found as late as 6 to 8 months after infection, and cells specific for the viral gp15067–83 and ORF11168–180 peptides were maintained as a fairly stable proportion of the total response.
Effect of Group vs. Single Housing on Phenotypic Variance in C57BL/6J Mice

Objective: To determine if group housing affects the variance of body composition parameters in a highly inbred mouse strain. Research Methods and Procedures: Thirty 3-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were obtained from the Jackson Laboratory. Fifteen mice were housed individually, and 15 mice were housed in groups of 5/cage. Animals were fed ad libitum and maintained in the same room under a 12:12-hour light/dark photoperiod at 22 °C for 9 weeks. Animals were killed, and fat mass, soft-lean tissue mass, bone mineral density (BMD), and bone mineral content (BMC) were determined by DXA. At necropsy, weights of the paired epididymal fat pads, paired retroperitoneal fat pads, right inguinal fat pad, liver, kidneys, paired testes, and seminal vesicles were obtained. Results: Relative to mice housed singly, group-housed mice showed significantly greater variance in percentage of body fat, testes weight, and BMC. Group-housed mice tended to show greater variance in liver weights and BMD. Mice housed singly were smaller, had less soft-lean tissue mass and BMC, and lower BMD when compared with group-housed mice. Discussion: These results suggest that with respect to body composition parameters, mice housed singly are more similar to one another than are group-housed mice, most likely because of a reduction in environmental (predominately behavioral/social) effects. Thus, mice housed singly may be more representative of genotypic effects on body composition than group-housed mice. Whether other inbred strains of mice show similar responses to housing condition is unknown.
Characterisation of rotavirus isolates from sub-clinically infected calves by genome profile analysis

Rotaviruses isolated from 43 sub-clinically infected calves from a single farm were analysed by genome profile analysis. The isolates showed genomic variation and eight different profiles were observed, including one which was atypical for Group A rotaviruses. The 3' terminal labelling method for the analysis of genome profiles used in this study required only 1 ng of viral RNA, an increase of 1000-fold in sensitivity over ethidium bromide staining for detecting all rotavirus genome segments. However, dual infections involving two rotaviruses with distinct profiles could not be detected if the concentrations of the viruses differed by greater than 10-fold.
A preliminary investigation of the effect of selected electromagnetic field devices on healing of cannon bone osteotomies in horses.

Summary The effect of electrical stimulation by means of selected electromagnetic field devices on healing of cannon bone osteotomies in horses was examined. The defects were created as 3 cm × 1 mm longitudinal osteotomies through the dorsal cortices of the mid-metacarpi/metatarsi of adult horses. This type of defect would asses bone healing in a situation similar to an acute, stable fracture of the cortex. Three electromagnetic devices of different design were tested in three different groups of horses. Healing was evaluated radiographically and histologically. Results showed that osteotomies treated with the electromagnetic devices healed similarly to untreated controls. Our conclusion is that the electromagnetic devices studied did not have a local effect on the repair process of an acute, stable, osseous defect.
Projected Future Seasonal Changes in Tropical Summer Climate

The authors analyze changes in the tropical sea surface temperature (SST), surface wind, and other fields from the twentieth to the twenty-first century in climate projections using the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP3) multimodel ensemble, focusing on the seasons January‐March (JFM) and July‐September (JAS). When the annual mean change is subtracted, the remaining ‘‘seasonal changes’’ have robust, coherent structures. The JFM and JAS changes resemble each other very closely after either a change of sign or reflection about the equator. The seasonal changes include an increase in the summer hemisphere SST and a decrease in the winter hemisphere SST. These appear to be thermodynamic consequences of easterly trade winds strengthening in the winter subtropics and weakening in the summer subtropics.TheseinturnareassociatedwiththeweakeningandexpansionoftheHadleycirculation,documented by previous studies, which themselves are likely consequences of changes in extratropical eddies. The seasonal SST changes influence the environment for deep convection: peak precipitation in the summer hemisphere increases by around 10% and convective available potential energy (CAPE) increases by as much as 25%. Comparable fractions of these changes are attributable to the annual mean change and the seasonal changes, though the two have very different spatial structures. Since the annual mean change is marked by relative warming in the Northern Hemisphere compared to the Southern Hemisphere, the seasonal changes oppose the annual mean change in JFM and enhance it in JAS.
The Very Large Array Expansion Project

The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is proposing to upgrade and expand the Very Large Array (VLA). This project, known as the VLA Expansion Project, will transform the VLA into the Expanded Very Large Array (EVLA) -- a new telescope whose observational capabilities will be at least an order of magnitude better than those of the VLA in every key instrumental parameter: sensitivity, frequency flexibility, spectral resolution, and spatial resolution. These improvements will be obtained at less than one third the investment cost of the VLA because the antennas, array design and infrastructure will be retained, while most of the electronics signal transmission system, and signal processing will be replaced with modern systems. The EVLA will be utilized by scientists from around the world for cutting-edge research throughout astronomy, providing unique information in such diverse areas as magnetic fields, cosmic sources in dusty regions, transient phenomena, and the formation of stars and galaxies.
Adding Deleuze to the mix

In this article I will suggest ways in which adding the French philosopher Gilles Deleuze to the mix can complement and extend the 4EA approach to cognitive science. In the first part of the paper, I will show how the Deleuzean tripartite ontological difference (virtual/intensive/actual) can provide an explicit ontology for dynamical systems theory. The second part will take these ontological notions and apply them to three areas of concern to the 4EA approaches: (a) the Deleuzean concept of the virtual will clarify the ontological status of perceptual capacity as sensorimotor skill; (b) the Deleuzean concept of “intensive individuation” will clarify the ontological status of the genesis of perceptually guided behavior; (c) the Deleuzean critique of confusing the actual and the virtual will enable us to intervene in the realism/idealism debate. These aspects will not be addressed sequentially but will be interwoven into an unfolding argument.
Species composition, distribution, and invertebrate prey of fish assemblages in the Columbia River Estuary

Abstract The fish community of the Columbia River Estuary was sampled with trawl, beach seine, and purse seine over an 18 month period during 1980–1981. Seasonality of abundance and species richness in the estuary reflect the timing of migrations and the reproductive cycles of marine and anadromous species. Composition of the fish community and dominant species in the Columbia River estuary are similar to many smaller estuaries in the Pacific Northwest. These similarities reflect the influence of the nearshore marine environment on fish community structure throughout the West Coast as well as the wide geographic distribution and considerable physiological tolerance of many dominant euryhaline species. The distribution of fish assemblages within the Columbia River estuary is influenced by large seasonal variation in river discharge and salinity. Within large areas or salinity zones, species assemblages use different habitats and invertebrate prey. The distribution of abundance and the stomach fullness of fishes vary directly with the density of potential prey. We hypothesize that fish production may be limited by dynamic physical processes that control prey availability or the feeding efficiencies of predators in the highly turbid estuary.
Discrepancies in interpretation of ED body computed tomographic scans by radiology residents.

Abstract Objective In academic institutions, radiology residents are often relied on for providing preliminary reports of imaging studies done in the ED. We examined the prevalence of discrepant interpretations of body computed tomographic (CT) scans in our institution. Methods We conducted a retrospective study on a consecutive series of body CT scans at an urban ED. We compared the preliminary interpretation by radiology residents with the final interpretation by radiology attending physicians. An interpretation was characterized as having no discrepancy, minor discrepancy, or major discrepancy. A major discrepancy was defined as a discrepancy that resulted in a change in diagnosis, treatment, or disposition. Results Two hundred three body CT scans were identified during the study period. Of these CT scans, 20 had major discrepancies (10%), 40 had minor discrepancies (20%), and 143 had no discrepancy (70%). Major discrepancies included missed appendicitis, normal appendix, missed bowel obstruction, and missed colon cancer. Computed tomographic scans with abnormal findings were more likely to contain major discrepancies (relative risk = 6.0; 95% confidence interval = 1.8-2.0). Conclusion Discrepancies between radiology residents and radiology attending physicians were common at our institution. Emergency department physicians should exercise caution when relying on residents' interpretation of body CT scans.
Desperate diplomacy: The Zionist‐Maronite Treaty of 1946

(1992). Desperate diplomacy: The Zionist‐Maronite Treaty of 1946. Studies in Zionism: Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 147-163.
Effects of maternal transport on admission patterns at a tertiary care center

Abstract Majoer changes have occurred in the delivery of perinatal care during the last two decades. Documentation of perinatal regionalization statistics at Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island in Providence support (1) the increasing proportion of low birth weight infants in the region being born at the tertiary care center, (2) the decreasing number of neonatal transports in concert with an increasing number of maternal transports, and (3) the increasing proportion of neonatal transports with birth weights ⩾2500 gm. Patterns of modern perinatal care are materially changing the delivery of health care at tertiary care facilities.
Millimeter Wave Atmospheric Turbulence Measurements: Preliminary Results

The effects of atmospheric turbulence on millimeter wave propagation are not as well understood as the corresponding effects on optical propagation, generally because of the strong dependence of turbulence effects on the absolute humidity structure parameter CQ2 (as opposed to just the temperature structure parameter CT2 and the cross-correlation CTQ) in this frequency range. Scattered results at 35, 94, 140, and 220 GHz are available, but in almost all cases, available atmospheric data are inadequate, generally because turbulence measurements were obtained incidental to other propagation experiments. This paper attempts to compare available results to theory, and shows that agreement in most cases is plausible. An experiment designed to characterize millimeter wave turbulence at several frequencies of interest, while at the same time determining values of appropriate atmospheric parameters, will be discussed. Included in the planned investigation are measurements of the mutual coherence function showing angle-of-arrival effects and intensity fluctuations.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Hollow plastic waveguides for sensor applications

Leaky-type waveguides were fabricated using flexible hollow polymer tubing of bore sizes in the 840 to 3000 ?m range. The tubing used included polycarbonate, polyetherether ketone (PEEK), butyrate and polyimide. The losses for the 2000 ?m bore hollow polycarbonate waveguide were as low as 0.055 dB/m at 10.6 ?m. This is the lowest loss ever measured for a hollow waveguide. These waveguides exhibit a nearly flat spectral response from 3 to 16 ?m, so that they are well suited for broadband IR applications. The output beam profile for the small bore (840 ?m) waveguides is mainly single mode but, higher order modes propagate for the larger bore sizes. Bending the waveguides resulted in a highly multimode output for all the bore sizes.
The effect of estradiol benzoate on the association of 2,4,5,2′,4′,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl with rainbow trout plasma lipoproteins

The mechanism by which persistent polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are redistributed from maternal storage depots to developing oocytes during estrogen-dependent vitellogenesis in rainbow trout is unknown. Since PCBs have been shown to be associated with mammalian plasma lipoproteins, and since estrogens alter lipoprotein profiles in fish, the in vitro interaction of 14C-2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (6-CB) with lipoproteins was assessed in corn oil- and estradiol benzoate (EB)-pretreated sexually immature rainbow trout. Serum was collected and pooled, and aliquots were incubated with 0.04 nmoles 6-CB for 48 hours at 12 degrees C. Lipoproteins were separated by density flotation. Radioactivity, as well as, triacylglycerol, cholesterol, phospholipid phosphorus and protein content were assessed in each fraction. 6-CB was found to be associated with all lipoprotein classes, as well as the protein-rich bottom fraction. EB administration resulted in dose-dependent alterations in lipoprotein profiles and a shift in 6-CB association from protein and lipoproteins of higher density to those of lower density. A significant positive correlation was observed between the triacylglycerol or cholesterol content of the fractions and the percentage of 6-CB which was distributed in that fraction.
Expression and characterization of human group V phospholipase A2

Group V phospholipase A2 (GV-PLA2) has been shown to be involved in signal transduction and inflammatory processes in cellular studies, but the physical and biochemical properties of this important enzyme have been unclear. We report the over-expression and characterization of GV-PLA2. The GV-PLA2 cDNA was synthesized from human heart polyA+ mRNA by RT-PCR, and an expression construct containing the GV-PLA2 was established. After expression in Escherichia coli cells, the protein was solubilized and purified to homogeneity in a single step using nickel affinity chromatography. The purified GV-PLA2 protein was folded to form active enzyme. The recombinant GV-PLA2 has an absolute requirement for Ca2+ for enzymatic activity. The optimum pH for this enzyme is pH 8.5 in Tris-HCl buffer with sonicated vesicles as substrate. GV-PLA2 preferentially hydrolyzes phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) vesicles compared to phosphatidylcholine (PC) vesicles. However, hydrolysis of PC and PE is equivalent in mixed vesicles of the phospholipids. The fatty acid preference of GV-PLA2 is linoleoyl>palmitoyl>arachidonyl with a PC head group and sonicated vesicles. 3-(3-Actamide-1-benzyl-2-ethylindolyl-5-oxy)propane phosphonic acid (LY311727), a potent inhibitor of human group IIA PLA2, strongly inhibits GV-PLA2 with an IC50 value of about 36 nM which is comparable to its inhibition of group IIA PLA2.
Rapid Detection of Pathogens and Antimicrobial Resistance in Intensive Care Patients Using Nucleic Acid‐Based Techniques

Infections in patients requiring intensive care, especially nosocomial bacteremias, can result in significant morbidity and mortality, prolonged hospital stays and added costs. Of particular concern are infections caused by methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin‐resistant enterococci (VRE) and extended spectrum beta‐lactamase (ESBL) producing gram‐negative bacilli. Nucleic acid‐based testing methods, compared with conventional culture‐based methods, have the potential to provide much more rapid detection of pathogens and determination of antimicrobial resistance. Application of nucleic acid‐based methods in critically ill patients should have the potential for improving outcomes by providing the information necessary for rapid delivery of appropriate antimicrobial therapy.
Plasmonic Diagnostics for Tribology: In Situ Observations Using Surface Plasmon Resonance in Combination with Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

The generation of transfer films is a common wear and lubrication mechanism of solid lubricants, such as polymers and lamellar solids. Material can transfer from a solid lubricant to a counter surface as early as the first cycle of sliding, initiating the formation of a transfer film, which can persist for the duration of sliding. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was used to monitor incipient molecular wear of a solid lubricant as performed here using a gold coated (50 nm) quartz prism in situ during sliding experiments. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a complementary technique enabling the analysis of ultra-thin transfer films. SPR and SERS experiments confirm that polytetrafluoroethylene and graphite transfer readily, with observed changes in SPR signal after one cycle of sliding, while ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene shows little transfer to the gold during sliding in the in situ SPR experiment. This shows the feasibility of SPR and SERS as important diagnostic tools for tribological studies.
A more robust view of the revenue stream: are students a tool for corporate finance?

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the viewpoint that college students serve the same function as customers purchasing products from corporations.Design/methodology/approach – This paper gives comparisons and differences between the process of students learning through higher education and the process of customers buying a consumer good.Findings – This paper recommends that while similarities exist between students and consumers, a more robust view should be maintained and communicated as a means of preserving the true nature of the academic enterprise above and beyond simple consumer activity.Originality/value – This paper presents a clear acknowledgment that while all students consume knowledge, they are also all held to the expectation to return new knowledge. This reciprocity is not part of the ordinary consumer interchange.
Juvenile Anadromous Atlantic Salmon of Three Lakes of Newfoundland

Anadromous Atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salar) were captured from three Newfoundland lakes. Yearling and 2 year parr were captured most often in shallow water <2 m deep around lake perimeters and were not abundant at greater depths. The 3+ and 4+ parr age groups were rarely found inshore (<2 m) but were captured in deeper offshore areas. Though the parr population in one deep lake was too small to be estimated by mark-recapture, estimates of the yearlings plus 2+ age groups in two shallower lakes were 55 and 63 parr ha−1. respectively. No under yearlings were found in lake habitats. Parr density in the three study lakes varied inversely with mean lake depth. Lacustrine parr growth rate was greater than or equal to that of stream dwelling parr. It is concluded that some shallow lakes of Newfoundland provide major rearing areas for juvenile anadromous Atlantic salmon.
Static validation of a model of a disc valve system used in shock absorbers

The aim of the paper is to validate statically an equivalent model of a disc-spring valve system used in automotive shock absorbers. The intention behind developing the model is to provide better understanding of stress and strain in disc-spring valve system under specified load. Three versions of the model, namely the simplified linear, the simplified nonlinear and the advanced non-linear, are considered. The paper discusses assumptions, applicability conditions and accuracy of the model and compares its performance in simulations with static measurements conducted on the Instron® load frame machine. Experimental validation proved the simulation to have accuracy higher than 90%.
1842676957299765Latent class cluster analysis to understand heterogeneity in prostate cancer treatment utilities

Background Men with prostate cancer are often challenged to choose between conservative management and a range of available treatment options each carrying varying risks and benefits. The trade-offs are between an improved life-expectancy with treatment accompanied by important risks such as urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction. Previous studies of preference elicitation for prostate cancer treatment have found considerable heterogeneity in individuals' preferences for health states given similar treatments and clinical risks.
Generation of photon echos from large area pulses in doped fibers at cryogenic temperatures

Abstract We investigate the effects of the Kerr nonlinearity, and higher order temporal effects on the generation of photon echos from resonant large area pulses in a cryogenically cooled active fiber. We show that the quality and magnitude of the echo produced by a pair of pulses, with a given large area, deteriorate as the magnitude of the active atom dipole decreases. This degradation is due to the enhanced Kerr nonlinear effects in the fiber resulting from the corresponding increase of the magnitude of the electric field of the excitation pulses. We also show that the magnitude of the echo is not necessarily maximized for the usual sequence of ( π 2 , π) pulses.