cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of risk area size and location on native collateral resistance and ischemic zone perfusion

To examine the effect of risk area size on collateral resistance and ischemic region perfusion, we produced different sized risk areas by occluding either the left anterior descending (LAD) or the circumflex (Cx) coronary artery at different sites. The most proximal occlusion of the LAD and Cx produced risk areas of 43 +/- 5 and 36 +/- 2% of left ventricular (LV) mass, respectively, whereas distal LAD and Cx occlusions produced risk areas of 13 +/- 2 and 17 +/- 2% of LV weight, respectively. Although total collateral flow was highest to the largest risk areas, collateral flow per 100 g of ischemic myocardium was 80% higher to the small LAD risk area compared with the large LAD risk area and 43% higher to the small Cx risk area compared with the large Cx risk area. Collateral resistance, calculated from the transcollateral pressure and perfusion per 100 g of myocardium was significantly lower in the small risk areas than in the large ones. We examined the effect of risk area location on collateral perfusion and resistance. Small risk areas (6% LV mass) were created near the base and at the apex of 10 hearts. Collateral flow per 100 g was 60% higher and transcollateral resistance per 100 g 50% lower at the apex than at the base. These experiments show that collateral resistance is influenced both by ischemic region size and location. Small risk areas receive more collateral flow per mass of tissue than large risk areas, and apical risk areas receive greater quantities of collateral flow than those located at the base.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Optimal Design of Optical Fiber-Holding Microclips in Silicon V-Grooves

A simple and efficient theoretical model within the framework of infinitesimal theory of beam has been developed to optimally design the geometry of the fiber holding microclips with the prescribed clamping force and end displacement for fixing an optical fiber in a V-groove. The effect of the beam thickness and material property on the optimal section has been studied. It has been demonstrated that geometry obtained by the optimal model leads to minimal structure weight
Evaluation and Validation of GPM Dual-Frequency Classification Module after Launch

AbstractThe Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) on board the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory has reflectivity measurements at two different frequencies: Ku and Ka bands. The dual-frequency ratio from the measurements has been used to perform rain type classification and microphysics retrieval in the current DPR level 2 algorithm. The dual-frequency classification module is a new module in the GPM level 2 algorithm. The module performs rain type classification and melting region detection using the vertical profile of the dual-frequency ratio. This paper presents an evaluation of the performance of the GPM dual-frequency classification module after launch. The evaluation process includes a comparison between the dual-frequency classification results and the TRMM legacy single-frequency results, as well as validation with ground radars.
Computational Fluid Dynamics and System Design

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods are well documented (e.g., Versteeg & Malalasekera 1996; Tannehill et al. 1997; Ferziger & Peric 2002; Durbin & Medic 2007; Tu et al. 2008; among others). They are routinely applied to gain new physical insight and to improve engineering system design and hence performance. Nowadays in aircraft, automobile and machine-part design, CFD simulations have replaced wind-tunnel or other experimental tests, relying often on general-purpose (or problem-specific) commercial CFD software tools. Such software has to run efficiently on suitable computer platforms, which is especially important in light of parallel processing, computing speed and numerical accuracy. Needless to mention, experimental analysis will remain important for obtaining new discoveries, verifying theories, and validating computer models. Salient features of any CFD model are depicted in Fig. 10.1.
The Scope and Purposes of Correctional Treatment

In this chapter, corrections, correctional treatment, punishment, rehabilitation, and models of treatment are defined and explained. The history of correctional treatment is reviewed, describing the economic, social, and political factors that have an effect on the emphasis that is given to either punishment or treatment of criminal offenders in a society. The use of the “medical” model for treatment of adult and juvenile offenders is contrasted with the use of the “just deserts ” and “justice” models.
Self-Esteem and Alcohol Use Among Youths

ABSTRACTThe primary aim of this study was to investigate the impact of self-esteem on recent alcohol use (past 30 days) and recent binge drinking (five or more alcoholic beverages on one occasion) among youths. This study performed a secondary data analysis of the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent to Adult Health. All youth participants were in grades 7 through 12. Overall, recent alcohol use and recent binge drinking increased by grade level. Youths with low self-esteem were at increased odds for recent binge drinking among male and female students, White students, and students in grades 7 and 8 and grades 11 and 12.
Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian Method for Transient Fluid-Structure Interactions

An arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian method used to describe the fluid motion together with a Lagrangian method used to analyze the structural response for solving fluid-structure interaction problems ...
Enhancing the drug encapsulation efficiency of liposomes for therapeutic delivery

Nano-delivery vehicles have been a staple in point of care innovations for nearly two decades. Chief among these are liposomes, which are one of the best developed FDA delivery systems. A critical step of the optimization process is the loading of drugs within the core of the nano-carrier, known as encapsulation. Several procedures have been developed to increase the encapsulation efficiency, however, none are universal and can often change the native form of the drug. Here, we highlight an approach for rapidly and efficiently loading liposomes with the chemotherapeutic, Doxorubicin. We then use this method to deliver liposomal drugs to cancer cells in vitro.
Technology of irreversible electroporation and review of its clinical data on liver cancers

Introduction: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) has developed as a novel percutaneous ablative technique over the past decade and its utility in the treatment of primary and metastatic liver disea...
Augmenting ESD and EOS physical analysis with per pin ESD and leakage DFT

Based on technical and functional evaluation of high volume products returned from customers, Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) and Electrical Overstress (EOS) induced damages are the two significant causes of customer return in recent times. These customer returns are expected to rise as silicon scales down, as devices are becoming more susceptible to EOS. With ESD diodes ubiquitously being used as the protection device for IC Input/Output (I/O) pin, there is a lack of on-die test structures to validate these circuits automatically. Concerned by zero defect targets and high EOS failure rate from customers, there is an increasing need to define new test methods and techniques that are able to reproduce EOS failure, improve IC robustness against EOS events and isolate EOS and ESD failures. This paper proposes Design for Test (DFT) techniques that can be used to augment physical analysis used to screen EOS and ESD failures.
Structural Aspects of Magnetic Interactions in Metallic Spin Glasses

The dilute magnetic alloy or spin-glass problem is a very interesting but apparently quite difficult statistical mechanical problem. There are several alloy systems, e.g., Cu(Mn), Ag(Mn) and Au(Fe) which show common features such as susceptibility and resistivity maxima at low temperatures. Marshall, Klein and Brout, Friedel and others have developed theories, based on RKKY coupling of magnetic moments on the impurity atoms, that are able to explain some of the experimental facts in the above systems.1 However, there are also other alloys which show anomalous behavior and it is the purpose of this paper to review our experimental studies of several such systems.
Nonimmunologic mechanisms of glomerular injury.

The importance of immunologic processes in the pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis has long been recognized, and over the past 30 years considerable progress has been made. However, the importance of nonimmunologic factors in causing glomerular damage has only recently been emphasized in spite of many older studies on the effects of reduction of functioning renal mass, manipulation of diet, and induction of high blood pressure. Furthermore, the possibility that these factors might be important in the pathogenesis of chronic renal disease in general has received little attention.
David Oliver: Clinical records, plain English, and professional terminology

In 2014 the award winning author John Lanchester argued in his book How to Speak Money 1 that the global financial crash had occurred partly because most of us have little understanding of finance, especially of its professional terminology and jargon. But he also acknowledged that, while jargon can be lazily or deliberately obfuscating and can exclude the public, it can also provide precise, succinct shorthand that’s much harder to explain in plain English. Among his glossary were “derivatives markets,” “consumer surplus,” “short selling,” “Laffer curve,” and “VIX index.” Search these online, and they require lengthy explanations in plain English, with further definitions of the terms used to describe them. For instance, a derivative is “a contract that derives its value …
UNIT 1D Reporting of Diagnostic Cytogenetic Results

This appendix, developed by the staff at the Center for Advanced Molecular Diagnostics in the Department of Pathology at the Brigham and Women's Hospital, includes a comprehensive list of current “macros” or standardized statements used to facilitate reporting of cytogenetic results. These are provided as a useful reference for other laboratories. The statements are organized under the general categories of constitutional or acquired abnormalities and subdivided into analysis type (GTG-banding, FISH, or chromosomal microarray). Multi-specimen usage macros are included that can be applied to two or more specimen types. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: clinical cytogenetics; diagnostic; reporting; test results
Cyber Victimization and Its Association with Substance Use, Anxiety, and Depression Symptoms Among Middle School Youth

There is limited research examining outcomes associated with cyber victimization among middle school age youth, which is a time of increased online usage and risk for problem behaviors. The current study evaluated associations between cyber victimization, lifetime substance use, and anxiety and depression symptoms over an academic year while also considering physical and relational victimization. Surveys were completed by 260 students (53% male, ages 11–15) in middle school within a small, rural area in the fall and spring of an academic year. Regression analyzes indicated that cyber victimization was linked to increased risk for substance use concurrently and prospectively. Cyber victimization, however, was not related to anxiety or depression symptoms at either time point when also considering physical and relational victimization. Cyber victimization is evident in middle school and increases the risk for substance use.
Bad data identification in power system based on Optimized GSA algorithm

This paper proposes an improved gap statistics algorithm (GSA) to mine the data of the power system and complete the identification of bad data in the power system. The algorithm has been improved on the basis of neural network and cluster analysis. The original measurement data is preprocessed by RBF neural network, and the test results are clustered by k-means algorithm combined with the maximum and minimum distance. The elbow criterion obtains the best number of clusters. Through the clustering algorithm, bad data is separated from normal data to identify bad data in the power system. Compared with the traditional algorithm, it determines the number of clusters faster, shortens the running time, and improves the accuracy of identification. Finally, the data of IEEE33 node is used as the test data. The algorithm program is written by Matlab, and the simulation analysis is carried out by considering various bad data. The correctness and effectiveness of the algorithm are verified.
ANGEL: An Intelligent Digital Twin Framework for Microgrid Security

The ANGEL Digital Twin for Cyber-Physical System Security is a novel approach for improving the security of critical and non-critical infrastructure. Digital Twin technology, widely used in the aviation, manufacturing and automotive industries, has the potential to improve the security and resiliency of the microgrid. In this paper, we present a framework for adapting the Digital Twin to the application of microgrid security. The Digital Twin is a real-time, physics-based simulation that runs alongside the physical system providing for its constant monitoring and control. The Automatic Network Guardian for ELectrical systems, or ANGEL, will model both the cyber and physical layers of the microgrid and provide real-time data visualization. As a result, users will be aided in assessing the health of the physical plant and overall behavior over a range of operating conditions. The ANGEL Digital Twin will be able to use the real-time two-way coupling between the simulation and physical system to update and evolve the simulation to provide greater insight into the physical system. Ultimately ANGEL will provide the ability to diagnose and heal the physical system, mitigating both component failures and the effects of cyber attack. This paper will explain the methodology behind the design of this digital twin and the advantages of such an approach. To demonstrate the current capabilities of the ANGEL framework as a Level III digital twin, a simulation example is presented on the IEEE 39-bus benchmark.
Chapter 23 – Renal Tumors

Publisher Summary Renal tumors comprise approximately 6% of all childhood cancers and nearly 10% of all malignancies among children aged 1–4 years. 2. Wilms' tumor (nephroblastoma) is the most common primary renal tumor of childhood and the sixth most common childhood malignancy in the United States. Wilms' tumor, clear cell sarcoma of the kidney and malignant rhabdoid tumor of the kidney occur predominantly in younger children and are rarely seen after 10 years of age. Wilms' tumor is usually sporadic, but 1% of cases are familial. The majority of renal tumors occurring in adolescents are renal cell carcinomas. Congenital anomalies occur in 12–15% of cases. The most frequently diagnosed congenital anomalies are aniridia, genitourinary anomalies and hemihypertrophy. Three syndromes associated with Wilms' tumor include WAGR syndrome, Denys–Drash syndrome, and Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome. Standard treatment of Wilms' tumor in North America consists of surgery and chemotherapy. Treatment of Wilms' tumor in other parts of the world generally involves prenephrectomy chemotherapy. The chemotherapy regimens use the same agents at slightly different doses and durations of therapy.
Predicting the Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Clades

ABSTRACT Evolution is a process of change where mutations in the viral RNA are selected based on their fitness for replication and survival. Given that current phylogenetic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 identifies new viral clades after they exhibit evolutionary selections, one wonders whether we can identify the viral selection and predict the emergence of new viral clades? Inspired by the Kolmogorov complexity concept, we propose a generative complexity (algorithmic) framework capable to analyze the viral RNA sequences by mapping the multiscale nucleotide dependencies onto a state machine, where states represent subsequences of nucleotides and state-transition probabilities encode the higher order interactions between these states. We apply computational learning and classification techniques to identify the active state-transitions and use those as features in clade classifiers to decipher the transient mutations (still evolving within a clade) and stable mutations (typical to a clade). As opposed to current analysis tools that rely on the edit distance between sequences and require sequence alignment, our method is computationally local, does not require sequence alignment and is robust to random errors (substitution, insertions and deletions). Relying on the GISAID viral sequence database, we demonstrate that our method can predict clade emergence, potentially aiding with the design of medications and vaccines.
Novel Risk Loci in Tinnitus and Causal Inference With Neuropsychiatric Disorders Among Adults of European Ancestry

Importance Tinnitus affects at least 16 million US adults, but its pathophysiology is complicated, and treatment options remain limited. A heritable component has been identified in family and twin studies; however, no large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been accomplished. Objective To identify genetic risk loci associated with tinnitus, determine genetic correlations, and infer possible relationships of tinnitus with hearing loss and neuropsychiatric disorders and traits. Design, Setting, and Participants A GWAS of self-reported tinnitus was performed in the UK Biobank (UKB) cohort using a linear mixed-model method implemented in BOLT-LMM (linear mixed model). Replication of significant findings was sought in the nonoverlapping US Million Veteran Program (MVP) cohort. A total of 172 995 UKB (discovery) and 260 832 MVP (replication) participants of European ancestry with self-report regarding tinnitus and hearing loss underwent genomic analysis. Linkage-disequilibrium score regression and mendelian randomization were performed between tinnitus and hearing loss and neuropsychiatric disorders. Data from the UKB were acquired and analyzed from September 24, 2018, to December 13, 2019. Data acquisition for the MVP cohort was completed July 22, 2019. Data analysis for both cohorts was completed on February 11, 2020. Main Outcomes and Measures Estimates of single nucleotide variation (SNV)–based heritability for tinnitus, identification of genetic risk loci and genes, functional mapping, and replication were performed. Genetic association and inferred causality of tinnitus compared with hearing loss and neuropsychiatric disorders and traits were analyzed. Results Of 172 995 UKB participants (53.7% female; mean [SD], 58.0 [8.2] years), 155 395 unrelated participants underwent SNV-based heritability analyses across a range of tinnitus phenotype definitions that explained approximately 6% of the heritability. The GWAS based on the most heritable model in the full UKB cohort identified 6 genome-wide significant loci and 27 genes in gene-based analyses, with replication of 3 of 6 loci and 8 of 27 genes in 260 832 MVP cohort participants (92.8% men; mean [SD] age, 63.8 [13.2] years). Mendelian randomization indicated that major depressive disorder had a permissive effect (β = 0.133;P = .003) and years of education had a protective effect (β = −0.322,P = Conclusions and Relevance This large GWAS characterizes the genetic architecture of tinnitus, demonstrating modest but significant heritability and a polygenic profile with multiple significant risk loci and genes. Genetic correlation and inferred causation between tinnitus and major depressive disorder, educational level, and hearing impairment were identified, consistent with clinical and neuroimaging evidence. These findings may guide gene-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to this pervasive disorder.
Christ is Really Present, Even in Holy Communion via Online Worship

I used to be a digital skeptic, dubious that virtual connectedness could foster any meaningful relating among us. Getting diagnosed with incurable cancer, however, provided all sorts of opportuniti...
Production by Systemic Enkephalin of Hemodynamic Effects by Afferent Modulation of Autonomic Nervous System Tone

In our conscious, chronically instrumented dog model, systemic administration of methionine-enkephalin (Met5-ENK) and leucine-enkephalin (Leu5-ENK), 10–100 μg/kg, produces dose-dependent increases in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR); responses typically begin within 10–15 s after injection, reach maximal values by 30 s, and then terminate by 150 s [21]. Similar responses have been reported in conscious rats, rabbits, cats, and adult ewes [15, 25, 26, 28]. More recently, we have demonstrated indentical hemodynamic responses in humans; in nine subjects, intravenous Met5-ENK produced a positive dose-effect relationship for HR, and systolic, diastolic, and mean systemic arterial pressure. Statistically significant increases in diastolic blood pressure occurred at Met5-ENK doses of 1 μg/kg [12]. In conscious dogs, intravenous Met5-ENK also increases minute ventilation, as a result of increases in both tidal volume and respiratory rate [6]. All of these hemodynamic changes are prevented by pretreatment with the opiate antagonist naloxone, indicating that the observed responses are mediated at specific opiate receptors [6, 21]. These excitatory enkephalin (ENK) responses in the conscious state are reversed by pretreatment with barbiturates and benzodiazepine, indicating the critical importance of conscious animal models [22, 23]. The simultaneous occurrrence of increases in HR and MAP indicates baroreceptor suppression, and thus suggests that circulating ENK may physiologically function as chemoreceptor agonists, and thus produce hemodynamic responses by modulating afferent autonomic nervous system input into the CNS.
Regularization of the boundary control method for numerical solutions of the inverse problem for an acoustic wave equation

The total variation minimization is proposed for use in recovering the mass density of a fluid medium from back-scattered acoustic waves by the dynamical version of the boundary control method. Thi...
Genotype by environment interactions in coral bleaching

Climate-driven reef decline has prompted the development of next-generation coral conservation strategies, many of which hinge on the movement of adaptive variation across genetic and environmental gradients. This process is limited by our understanding of how genetic and genotypic drivers of coral bleaching will manifest in different environmental conditions. We reciprocally transplanted 10 genotypes of Acropora cervicornis across eight sites along a 60 km span of the Florida Reef Tract and documented significant genotype × environment interactions in bleaching response during the severe 2015 bleaching event. Performance relative to site mean was significantly different between genotypes and can be mostly explained by ensemble models of correlations with genetic markers. The high explanatory power was driven by significant enrichment of loci associated DNA repair, cell signalling and apoptosis. No genotypes performed above (or below) bleaching average at all sites, so genomic predictors can provide practitioners with 'confidence intervals' about the chance of success in novel habitats. These data have important implications for assisted gene flow and managed relocation, and their integration with traditional active restoration.
Detecting Climate Signals in Southern Ocean Krill Growth Habitat

Climate change is rapidly altering the habitat of the most abundant keystone species of the Southern Ocean food web, Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba). Krill are a critical element of Southern Ocean ecosystems as well as biogeochemical cycles, while also supporting an international commercial fishery. In addition to trends forced by global-scale, human-driven warming, the Southern Ocean is highly dynamic, displaying large fluctuations in surface climate on interannual to decadal timescales. The dual roles of forced climate change and natural variability affecting Antarctic krill habitat, and therefore productivity, complicate interpretation of observed trends and contribute to uncertainty in future projections. We use the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble (CESM-LE) coupled with an empirically-derived model of krill growth to detect and attribute trends associated with “forced,” human-driven climate change, distinguishing these from variability arising naturally. Detection of circumpolar trends can provide insight beyond the regional scale due to the dominance of natural variability at smaller scales. The forced trend in krill growth is characterized by a poleward contraction of optimal conditions and an overall reduction in Southern Ocean krill habitat. However, the amplitude of natural climate variability is relatively large, such that the forced trend cannot be formally distinguished from natural variability at local-scales over much of the Southern Ocean by 2100. Our results illustrate how natural variability is an important driver of regional krill growth trends and can mask the forced trend until late in the 21st century. Given the ecological and commercial global importance of krill, this research helps inform current and future Southern Ocean krill management in the context of climate variability and change.
Mycoplasma genitalium

Mycoplasma genitalium was initially isolated from men with nongonococcal urethritis in 1980. Subsequent studies to assess the association of M. genitalium with human disease were inhibited however because on repeated attempts the organism proved extremely difficult to culture. Fortunately, the development and use of specific polymerase chain reaction assays allowed progress in this arena and provided evidence of the association between M. genitalium and urethritis, cervicitis, and endometritis. A serologic association has also been noted between M. genitalium antibody and salpingitis and tubal factor infertility. In addition, sexual transmission of M. genitalium in heterosexual partners has also been demonstrated. Currently, studies are underway to further assess these associations and provide additional information about the significance of this organism with regards to sexual transmission, infertility in women, and its association with other genital tract disease processes. Recent studies have suggested that M. genitalium-associated infections are best treated with azithromycin.
Mental healthcare barriers and facilitators experienced by homeless women with serious mental illness

Homeless women are adversely affected by serious mental illness (SMI). More research is needed to address specific barriers they face to gaining access to mental healthcare and recommendations for ...
Biodegradation kinetics of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid by aquatic microorganisms

Biological degradation of organic pesticides,1 when provided as the sole substrate, has seldom been examined in aquatic systems. It would be extremely desirable, therefore, to develop a model system from which two pertinent questions could be answered: (a) What is the biological availability of various organic pesticides to degradation, and (b) What is the rate of this availability?
Whorf, Benjamin Lee

When he died in 1941, Benjamin Lee Whorf was known for his work in the insurance industry and for his scholarly research on the ancient civilizations of Mexico and Central America. Whorf is best known today for his writing on the relationship between thought and language. Whorf's view that the language one speaks can affect the way one thinks about the world is known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis or the linguistic relativity hypothesis. Keywords: Sapir, Edward; linguistics; language; grammar
Vertical integration in the statistical knowledge network

Building the Statistical Knowledge Network (SKN) is a goal of the GovStat project. The SKN would make statistical information across agencies and levels of aggregation seamlessly available to people in a context that would help them understand what they found and relate it to their needs.
Reward Influence on the Heart: Cardiovascular Response as a Function of Incentive Value at Five Levels of Task Demand

This study examined cardiovascular effects of incentive value in men and women confronted with cognitive challenges that were more and less difficult to meet. Participants performed computer memory tasks varying in difficulty from low to high, with instructions that they could earn chances toward a $100 prize or $10 prize by attaining a 90% success rate. Analysis of cardiovascular responses assessed during work revealed an interaction between difficulty and incentive value for heart rate. Participants' heart rate responses were proportional to task difficulty and unaffected by incentive value in all conditions except for the most difficult one. Where difficulty was greatest, $100 participants showed relatively high heart rate responsiveness, whereas $10 participants showed low heart rate responsiveness. This heart rate finding corroborates and extends cardiovascular results from previous experiments, and lends further support to the view that cardiovascular responses will be proportional to incentive value only under some task conditions.
Impedance boundary conditions for general transient hemodynamics

SUMMARY We discuss the implementation and calibration of a new generalized structured tree boundary condition for hemodynamics. The main idea is to approximate the impedance corresponding to the vessels downstream from a specific outlet. Unlike previous impedance conditions, the one considered here is applicable to general transient flows as opposed to periodic ones only. The physiological character of the approach significantly simplifies calibration. We also describe a novel way to incorporate autoregulation mechanisms in structured arterial trees at minimal computational cost. The strength of the approach is illustrated and validated on several examples through comparison with clinical data. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
LA DESCOLONIZACIÓN DE LA ECONOMÍA POLÍTICA Y LOS ESTUDIOS POSTCOLONIALES: Transmodernidad, pensamiento fronterizo y colonialidad global

This article discusses the epistemic implications of the de-colonial turn of the decolonization of the «global capitalism» concept, as it has been used in the paradigms of political economy and cultural studies. Other terms that are discussed include «colonization of power», «border epistemologies» and «transmodernity» to start thinking not in «new utopias»,but rather in «other utopias» based on a different cartography of global power relationships of the «world-system Europe/Euro-Northamerican modern/colonial capitalist/patriarchical». The article argues that there is a necessity to use the aforementioned concept (even though it is more extensive) and to abandon the category of «capitalist world-system» or «global capitalism».
Synthetic Biology Approaches for Vaccine Development

Several approaches to vaccine design exist, including inactivated and live attenuated vaccines. Live attenuated vaccines tend to promote longlasting immunity by activating both cellular and antibody responses. By taking advantage of technologies developed in synthetic biology, attenuated polioviruses and influenza viruses have been synthesized and shown to protect susceptible mice from infection. The live attenuation of these viruses was achieved by a novel approach to vaccine design, synthetic attenuated virus engineering (SAVE), in which changes to the preferential usage of certain codons and codon pairs to encode amino acids and adjacent amino acid pairs have been incorporated into the virus during synthesis. By choosing the extent of under-represented codons or codon pairs incorporated (which also results in a concomitant increase of rare CpG and UpA dinucleotide frequencies), viruses can be attenuated in both cell culture and mouse models in a tunable fashion. This approach has been extended to HIV retroviruses and the bacterium, Streptococcus pneumonia. With the increased pace of advance in vaccine designs, a view that includes disease eradication rather than just control is advocated. With initial positive results in viral attenuation using SAVE, investigations in other virus families may show SAVE to have a broad applicability. Keywords: codon usage (also referred to frequently as “codon bias”); codon pair bias (CPB); shuffling/scrambling; synthetic attenuated virus engineering (SAVE); deoptimization
Protein Synthesis in Brine Shrimp Embryos

Dormant and developing embryos of Artemia salina contain equivalent amounts of eIF-2, the eukaryotic initiation factor which forms a ternary complex with GTP and Met-tRNAf. The factor was purified from 0.5 M NH4Cl ribosomal washes by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, followed by chromatography on heparin-Sepharose, DEAE-cellulose, hydroxyapatite and phosphocellulose. Purified preparations from dormant and developing embryos have similar specific activities and nucleotide requirements. The mobility of both proteins in dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis is indistinguishable, and each contains three major polypeptide chains of molecular weight 52 000, 45000 and 42000. Both proteins are also immunologically identical, and each stimulates amino acid incorporation in a cell-free system of protein synthesis. The binding of [35S]Met-tRNAf to 40-S ribosomal subunits is catalyzed by eIF-2 isolated from dormant or developing embryos and is dependent upon GTP and AUG. Binding of [35S]Met-tRNAf to 40-S ribosomal subunits, and ternary complex formation with eIF-2, GTP, and [35S]Met-tRNAf is stimulated 2–3-fold by a factor present in the 0.5 M NH4Cl ribosomal wash and which elutes from DEAE-cellulose at 50 mM KCl. This protein does not exhibit GTP-dependent binding of [35S]Met-tRNAf. Binding of GDP and GTP was investigated with purified eIF-2 from developing embryos. The factor forms a binary complex with GDP or GTP, and eIF-2-bound [3H]GDP exchanges very slowly with free nucleotides. Our results suggest that eIF-2 does not limit resumption of embryo development following encystment, nor does it limit mRNA translation in extracts from dormant embryos.
Jacobson Radical Theory

Historically, the notion of the radical was a direct outgrowth of the notion of semisimplicity. It may be somewhat surprising, however, to remark that the radical was studied first in the context of nonassociative rings (namely, finite-dimensional Lie algebras) rather than associative rings. In the work of E. Cartan, the radical of a finite-dimensional Lie algebra A (say over ℂ) is defined to be the maximal solvable ideal of A: it is obtained as the sum of all the solvable ideals in A. The Lie algebra A is semisimple iff its radical is zero, i.e., iff it has no nonzero solvable ideals. Cartan characterized the semisimplicity of a Lie algebra in terms of the nondegeneracy of its Killing form, and showed that any semisimple Lie algebra is a finite direct sum of simple Lie algebras. Moreover, he classified the finite-dimensional simple Lie algebras (over ℂ). Therefore, the structure theory of finite-dimensional semisimple Lie algebras is completely determined.
Psychobiology of early social attachment in rhesus monkeys. Clinical implications.

"Attachment" has been viewed as the process by which the infant bonds to a caregiver and develops and maintains affiliative social relationships. Whereas past theories suggested that the neurobiological mechanisms that enable the infant to engage in regulated social interactions develop autonomously, the more current view is that the organization of cognitive and emotional systems that regulate social behavior depends on early caregiver-infant attachment. It is well known that disruption of caregiver-infant attachment produces abnormal behavior and increases or decreases the activity of different brain neurochemical systems in rhesus monkeys. Furthermore, it has been suggested that these effects might serve as a model for the etiology of some forms of human psychopathology. Current research indicates that caregiver privation alters the development of usual interrelationships among the activity of several neurochemical and neuroendocrine systems and alters basic cognitive processes. In line with the idea that the caregiver usually exerts a potent organizing effect on the infant's psychobiology, the long-standing effects of caregiver privation on behavior and emotionality are probably attributable to changes in multiple regulatory systems and cognitive-emotional integration rather than restricted effects on the activity of any specific set of neurochemical systems.
Ultrawideband near-ground outdoor propagation channel measurements and modeling

Ultrawideband near-ground outdoor wireless communication has many envisioned applications such as outdoor wireless broadband and distributed sensor networks, but the development of any suitable communication system for this purpose requires accurate propagation channel measurement and modeling. In this paper, we present a detailed description of a measurement campaign performed in an outdoor near-ground propagation channel environment. For the measurements, we employ a multitone sounding waveform generated by an arbitrary-waveform generator, and designed to provide high Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at select evaluation frequencies. The receiver uses a sampling oscilloscope to record the receive waveform from which the channel frequency response (CFR) is obtained. We find that in particular the pathloss coefficient depends significantly on the height of transmitter and receiver, while shadowing variance and delay spread show smaller dependence. We also find a rather low dependence of the pathloss on the frequency.
Toward a Most Thorough Understanding of the World: Sexual Orientation and Early Childhood Education

Written collaboratively by five educators from the Bank Street College of Education, this article focuses on sexual orientation and early childhood education, an issue that is often overlooked. The authors describe research projects they have undertaken to explore elementary school teachers' thoughts and attitudes about sexual orientation in relation to children's sexuality and parents' sexual orientation. Building form there, they examine the connections between teachers' reflections of their own childhood experience and their current attitudes towards sexual orientation. They then move from exploring adult conceptions of family to examining those of children. Finally, the authors describe the process of transformation at Bank Street College as the institution struggles to include gay and lesbian lives in the early childhood and graduate school curriculum. Throughout the article, the authors continually connect their proactive stance for inclusion around sexual orientation with their larger vision of a m...
Competition and Innovation: Did Monsanto’s Entry Encourage Innovation in GMO Crops?

In 1996, the chemical firm Monsanto bought a plant breeder that had developed a new corn hybrid, which could withstand Monsanto’s powerful herbicide Roundup. Due to the pre-existing structure of the US plant-breeding industry, this acquisition and Monsanto’s acquisition of five other corn breeders meant that Monsanto had also entered soy breeding, in addition to corn. As a result, the market structure of the soy industry shifted from a quasi monopoly (by Pioneer Hi-Bred) to a duopoly with a competitive fringe. At the same time, Monsanto’s acquisitions created no significant change in the market structure for other crops, such as wheat or cotton. New data on field trials enable us to investigate the effects of these changes on innovation. These data indicate that Pioneer innovated less in response to Monsanto’s entry. Field trial data also show that the competitive fringe innovated less after Monsanto entered. Data on patent applications, however, indicate that Pioneer and the competitive fringe patented more, after Monsanto entered.
Learning styles and student perceptions of the use of interactive online tutorials

This study examined the effects of learning styles on learner perceptions of the use of interactive online tutorials. Learners were categorised into five learning style categories and four learning modalities. The responses to a questionnaire with four survey dimensions were analysed in order to ascertain differences based on learning styles, gender and class standing. Researchers investigated whether relationships, interactions, main effects and associations between the variables and survey dimensions existed. The majority of learners perceived the tutorials as useful, accessible, well designed and helpful in completing assignments. Researchers found significant main effects for both gender and learning style, and gender and the perception of usefulness. The relationship between learning styles and gender was statistically significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Callose synthase (CalS5) is required for exine formation during microgametogenesis and for pollen viability in Arabidopsis

Summary Callose (β-1,3-glucan) is produced at different locations in response to biotic and abiotic cues. Arabidopsis contains 12 genes encoding callose synthase (CalS). We demonstrate that one of these genes, CalS5, encodes a callose synthase which is responsible for the synthesis of callose deposited at the primary cell wall of meiocytes, tetrads and microspores, and the expression of this gene is essential for exine formation in pollen wall. CalS5 encodes a transmembrane protein of 1923 amino acid residues with a molecular mass of 220 kDa. Knockout mutations of the CalS5 gene by T-DNA insertion resulted in a severe reduction in fertility. The reduced fertility in the cals5 mutants is attributed to the degeneration of microspores. However, megagametogenesis is not affected and the female gametes are completely fertile in cals5 mutants. The CalS5 gene is also expressed in other organs with the highest expression in meiocytes, tetrads, microspores and mature pollen. Callose deposition in the cals5 mutant was nearly completely lacking, suggesting that this gene is essential for the synthesis of callose in these tissues. As a result, the pollen exine wall was not formed properly, affecting the baculae and tectum structure and tryphine was deposited randomly as globular structures. These data suggest that callose synthesis has a vital function in building a properly sculpted exine, the integrity of which is essential for pollen viability.
Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin Proteins Are Phosphorylated by TNF-α and Modulate Permeability Increases in Human Pulmonary Microvascular Endothelial Cells

Endothelial cells (ECs) respond to TNF-alpha by altering their F-actin cytoskeleton and junctional permeability through mechanisms that include protein kinase C (PKC) and p38 MAPK. Ezrin, radixin, and moesin (ERM) regulate many cell processes that often require a conformational change of these proteins as a result of phosphorylation on a conserved threonine residue near the C terminus. This study tested the hypothesis that ERM proteins are phosphorylated on this critical threonine residue through TNF-alpha-induced activation of PKC and p38 and modulate permeability increases in pulmonary microvascular ECs. TNF-alpha induced ERM phosphorylation on the threonine residue that required activation of p38, PKC isoforms, and phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase Ialpha, a major enzyme generating phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, and phosphorylated ERM were prominently localized at the EC periphery. TNF-alpha-induced ERM phosphorylation was accompanied by cytoskeletal changes, paracellular gap formation, and increased permeability to fluxes of dextran and albumin. These changes required activation of p38 and PKC and were completely prevented by inhibition of ERM protein expression using small interfering RNA. Thus, ERM proteins are phosphorylated through p38 and PKC-dependent mechanisms and modulate TNF-alpha-induced increases in endothelial permeability. Phosphorylation of ERM likely plays important roles in EC responses to TNF-alpha by modulating the F-actin cytoskeleton, adhesion molecules, and signaling events.
The surface-radical-surface-olefin recombination step for CVD growth of diamond. Calculation of the rate constant from first principles

Abstract Recombination of a surface-radical with a surface-olefin (SR-SOR) to form a six-membered ring is a critical step in the current mechanism for chemical vapor deposition growth of the diamond (100) surface. We estimate the rate constant for SR-SOR by combining quantum chemistry calculations, molecular mechanics calculations, and transition state theory. The ab initio calculations include extensive electron correlation (MP2 and GVB ∗ SD CI) on cluster models which were corrected for steric interactions of the cluster with the rest of the surface and for stran effects on the lattice. The ab initio vibrational frequencies, which were used to construct a partition function for calculating the entropy, were calculated at the MP2 level. Transition state theory was used to obtain the rate constant, k = 5.6 x 10 12 e −8800 RT s −1 . This implies that under normal growth conditions SR-SOR is fast compared to competing gas-surface reactions.
Approximating minimum bending energy path in a simple corridor

In this paper, we consider the problem of computing a minimum bending energy path (or MinBEP) in a simple corridor. Given a simple 2D corridor C bounded by straight line segments and arcs of radius 2r, the MinBEP problem is to compute a path P inside C and crossing two pre-specified points s and t located at each end of C so that the bending energy of P is minimized. For this problem, we first show how to lower bound the bending energy of an optimal curve with bounded curvature, and then use this lower bound to design a (1+@e)-approximation algorithm for this restricted version of the MinBEP problem. Our algorithm is based on a number of interesting geometric observations and approximation techniques on smooth curves, and can be easily implemented for practical purpose. It is the first algorithm with a guaranteed performance ratio for the MinBEP problem.
A NOTE ON THE USE OF TELEPHONE DIRECTORIES AS A SAMPLE SOURCE

The grounds for this view stem largely from the failure of the Literary Digest to predict the 1936 presidential election. This failure, after a prior series of remarkably accurate predictions, led to an extensive examination of the techniques employed by the magazine. Three major sources of error were identified. First, the data were collected through the use of mailed questionnaires, which are not returned in the same proportion by upper and lower socioeconomic groups. Second, the data were collected early in the campaign and did not catch later shifts in political alignments made by certain categories of voters. And finally, the sample was drawn from telephone directories and automobile registration lists, which underrepresent persons in lower socioeconomic categories.2 The Literary Digest's 1936 failure thus involved more than the use of a biased sample source. All three of the errors described above are considered important problems to take into account in conducting survey research, and all are the subject of a large body of literature. Had the Literary Digest not made any one of the three errors, its 1936 prediction might have been much better. Yet discussion of the case in methodology textbooks focuses almost entirely on the use of telephone directories as a sample source. The requirements for drawing a simple random sample are well known, but there are many pragmatic problems associated with
Electrodynamics of Metallic Photonic Crystals and the Problem of Left-Handed Materials

An analytical theory of low frequency electromagnetic waves in metallic photonic crystals with a small volume fraction of a metal is presented. The evidence for such waves has been obtained recently by experiments and computations. The cutoff frequency of these waves, ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}$, is studied. An analytical expression for the permittivity $ϵ$ is obtained and shown to be negative below ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}$. If the crystal is embedded into a medium with a negative $\ensuremath{\mu}$, there are no propagating modes at any frequency. Thus, such a compound system is not a left-handed material (LHM). The recent experimental results on the LHM are discussed.