cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spectrum-efficient stochastic channel assignment for opportunistic networks

The uncertainty in channel quality due to fading and shadowing along with the unpredictability of primary user (PU) activity make channel assignment in opportunistic spectrum access (OSA) networks quite challenging. In this paper, we propose two per-link channel assignment models under channel uncertainty: a static single-stage and an adaptive two-stage. In the static model, channel assignment is performed once, such that the rate demands are met with a probability greater than a certain threshold. This model is appropriate for a distributed network with no centralized spectrum manager. The adaptive model is a two-stage assignment model, where the initial assignment may be corrected once the uncertainties are partially revealed, such that the excess spectrum is returned back to the spectrum manager. This adaptive model is more appropriate when a centralized spectrum manager is available. Our channel assignment algorithms account for adjacent channel interference (ACI) by introducing guard-bands between adjacent channels that are assigned to different links. These algorithms aim at maximizing the spectral efficiency, considering the impact of guard-bands. The static ACI-aware channel assignment problem is formulated as a chance-constrained stochastic subset-sum problem (CSSP), and the adaptive assignment problem is formulated as a two-stage chance-constrained stochastic subset-sum problem with recourse (CSSPR). We develop heuristic algorithms for both models and test their performance. Preliminary results demonstrate that the proposed heuristic algorithms are highly efficient.
Current Therapies for Asthma: Promise and Limitations

Effective treatments for asthma exist, but morbidity and mortality have continued to climb. Many attempts have been made to refine rather than change therapy over the past 20 years. Drugs currently used to treat asthma include β 2 -agonists, glucocorticoids, theophylline, cromones, and anticholinergic agents. For acute, severe asthma, the inhaled β 2 -agonists are the most effective bronchodilators. Short-acting forms give rapid relief; long-acting agents provide sustained relief and help nocturnal asthma; and serious adverse effects are rare when these drugs are used properly. First-line therapy for chronic asthma is inhaled glucocorticoids, the only currently available agents that reduce airway inflammation. Their side effects can be reduced by rinsing the mouth or by using large-volume spacers. Theophylline is a bronchodilator that is useful for severe and nocturnal asthma, but recent studies suggest that it may also have an immunomodulatory effect. Although theophylline is inexpensive, monitoring its plasma concentrations is both expensive and inconvenient. Cromones work best for patients who have mild asthma: they have few adverse effects, but their activity is brief, so they must be given four times daily. The anticholinergic bronchodilators are more useful for treating COPD than for chronic asthma. These drugs have virtually no side effects, and their onset is slower and their action longer than inhaled β 2 -agonists. The new direction in treating asthma will be orally administered medication that has few side effects and is targeted specifically to the pathogenesis of asthma.
Novel approach towards performance enhancement of all semiconducting carbon nanotube devices for printed electronics

Carbon nanotube based semiconducting inks are now being widely used by researchers for several exotic applications including but not limited to flexible TFTs, biosensors and printed electronics. As this point it is crucial to be able to have a precise control over the electronic performance of such devices. In this work, we present our progress towards thin film transistor fabrication where 99% semiconducting nanotubes ink is used as the starting material. By controlling the density of nanotubes in the network, we laid down a road map to predict and enhance the device performance based on their mobility and on/off ratio. From this work the DC analysis of devices characterization shows a mobility more than 90 cm2/V-s and also on/off ratios as high as, 105 have been achieved.
High strain rate deformation of Mo and Mo-33re by shock loading: Part I. Substructure development

The details of substructure development in Mo and Mo-33Re deformed at ultrahigh strain rates by shock loading have been studied quantitatively with optical, electron optical, and X-ray diffraction techniques. The finite rates of dislocation generation, apparently limited to rates of the order of 10 21 m−2 s−1, cause shock-induced dislocation densities to decrease at short shock pulse durations for a constant shock pulse amplitude. Similarly, the volume fraction of deformation twins in Mo-33Re also decreases at short pulse durations. Twin thicknesses were found to be 32 nm and 200 nm for Mo-33Re and Mo, respectively, with these thicknesses independent of pulse duration. Measurements of the dislocation loop densities support the concept of loop formation by a dislocation mechanism, rather than through the agglomeration of shock-induced excess point defects.
Taurine and ethanol interactions: behavioral effects in mice

Taurine is an abundant amino acid in the brain that shares pharmacological effects and similar potency with ethanol. Recently, taurine-containing beverages have been reported to enhance the euphoric effects of ethanol, though the extent of this effect and the role of taurine remain speculative. The present study was designed to explore interactions between taurine and ethanol on several behaviors including locomotion, ataxia, and loss of righting. Two strains of mice, C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice, were used to examine potential strain differences. In the first experiment, effects of various doses of taurine (0.3-3.0 g/kg), ethanol (1.0-4.2 g/kg), or taurine in combination with ethanol were assessed in a within-subjects design. Although taurine did not appear to alter effects of ethanol on any measure in either strain, the development of tolerance to locomotor effects and sensitization to ataxic effects of ethanol in DBA/2J mice complicated interpretation of these results. In a second experiment, drug-naive mice were assigned to one of four treatment groups: saline+saline, saline+ethanol (1.78 g/kg), taurine (1.78 g/kg)+saline, or ethanol+taurine. In this experiment, taurine pretreatment significantly attenuated the locomotor-stimulating effect of ethanol in both strains (but to a greater extent in C57BL/6J mice) and appeared to reduce the ataxic effects of ethanol in C57BL/6J mice. In conclusion, the interaction between taurine and ethanol is subtle. Further, results are inconsistent with the notion that taurine plays a major role in the locomotor, ataxic, or loss of righting effects of ethanol.
Operability analysis of an exothermic semi-batch reactor

Abstract Operability characteristics for a semi-batch reactor with a single exothermic reaction are presented. We focus on how the desired reactor temperature profile determines the required jacket temperature and feed flowrate profiles. For example, a constant feed flowrate profile can be selected to meet jacket temperature constraints. We also show how the feed conditions and flowrate affect dynamic characteristics, including open-loop stability and nonminimum phase (“inverse response” or “wrong way”) behavior, which has a direct effect on the controllability of the process. The example system studied involves the production of a pharmaceutical intermediate with a large heat of reaction. Due to heat transfer limitations in large-scale manufacturing equipment, this reactor must be operated in semi-batch mode. We show how to select the operating strategy to ensure good operability when scaled-up to the manufacturing level.
Interleukin-6 Exacerbates Early Atherosclerosis in Mice

Acute-phase proteins, which respond to systemic proinflammatory cytokines such as interleuken-6, are elevated in cardiovascular disease and are predictive markers of future ischemic events, even over decades. This suggests a role for proinflammatory cytokines and/or acute phase proteins in early lesion development. To explore this issue, we fed C57Bl/6 and nonobese diabetic male mice high-fat (20% total fat, 1.5% cholesterol) diets and ApoE-deficient male mice both high-fat and normal chow diets for 6 to 21 weeks, injecting them weekly with either 5000 U recombinant interleukin-6 (rIL-6) or saline buffer. Blood was collected when animals were euthanized and assayed for cytokines, acute-phase proteins, and cholesterol. Across all mice, IL-6 injection resulted in significant increases in proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, 4.6-fold; IL-1beta, 1.6-fold; and tissue necrosis factor-alpha, 1.7-fold) and fibrinogen (1.2-fold) and with decreased concentrations of albumin (0.9-fold) in plasma. Total cholesterol levels were unchanged between rIL-6-treated and nontreated groups. Serial sections through the aortic sinus were stained with oil red O to detect fatty streaks, and area of the lesions was determined by image analysis. Although no fatty streaks were detected in the nonobese diabetic mice with or without rIL-6 treatment, rIL-6 treatment increased lesion size in C57Bl/6 and ApoE-deficient mice 1.9- to 5.1-fold over lesions in saline-treated animals. These results suggest that under the appropriate circumstances changes in circulating proinflammatory cytokines and acute-phase proteins may be more than just markers of atherosclerosis but actual participants in early lesion development.
Dynamics of a crystal lattice containing isotopes

Synopsis By means of a moment method, the vibration spectrum of a monoatomic crystal containing several isotopes, whose atoms are distributed at random throughout the lattice points, is obtained in terms of the solution of the conventional vibration problem of a single isotope crystal and in terms of the quantities Δ μ p > A υ = ∑ i c i Δ μ i p = ∑ i c i ( μ i - μ > A υ ) p , where ci is the concentration of the i-th isotope and Δμi the deviation of its inverse atomic mass μi from the average value 〈μ〉 = Σi ciμi. The frequency distribution is represented by a series development following the increasing powers of a heterogeneity parameter to which all the Δμi are assumed to be proportional. The first term is the frequency distribution of a fictious crystal whose atoms would all have the mass 〈μ〉Av−1. The next two terms are proportional to 〈Δμ2〉Av and 〈Δμ3〉Av; the fourth term brings contributions in 〈Δμ4〉Av and in 〈Δμ2〉2, etc. These three additional terms have been written down explicitly, but the following ones could be easily obtained. Each term but the first one brings contributions of the form ∫ δ(λ − λ′) K(λ′) dλ′, where λ is the square of the angular frequency. These functionals may not be simply put equal to K′(λ), as K(λ) has singularities which must be carefully considered. In thermodynamic applications, however, this difficulty is irrelevant for then the δ′ function is simply replaced by the λ-derivative of the desired thermodynamic function of the harmonic oscillator and the remaining integral is trivial.
Using bilingual ETD collections to mine phrase translations

Phrase translation lists can enhance cross-language information retrieval. However, finding translations for technical phrases is difficult. Bilingual dictionaries have limited coverage for specialized fields, and even more limited coverage of technical phrases. Since phrases can have very specific meanings in technical fields, this limits the quality of translations produced by generic machine translation systems. We hypothesize that digital libraries of electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs) are a good source of technical phrase translations. We have acquired a collection of 3,086 Spanish ETDs about computer science from Scirus, the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (Mexico City), and Universidad de las Americas (Puebla). By using English ETDs from NDLTD, we have a comparable corpus of computing-related documents from which to mine phrase translations. We describe our method and its formative evaluation.
Automated synthesis of distillation sequences using fuzzy logic and simulation

An automated distillation sequencing system (DSEQSYS) is presented, which consists of three components: a control program, a fuzzy heuristic synthesis program, and a process simulator. DSEQSYS, when applied to problems previously reported in the literature, overcomes some of the disadvantages of using heuristics or mathematical programming alone. DSEQSYS can address problems involving nonsharp separations, nonideal chemical behavior, and conflicting heuristics. A simple approach for converting the traditional separation heuristics into corresponding fuzzy heuristics is also demonstrated.
Using Solubility Difference to Achieve Surface Phase Separation in Dimethylsiloxane-Urea-Urethane Copolymers

Abstract Effects of the casting solvent on the surface compositions of a series of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)–urethane–urea copolymers were investigated. The solvent pair investigated was tetrahydrofuran (THF) and mineral spirits (MS). Factors that determine solubility of a copolymer in a mixture of THF and MS include the solvent composition and the ratio between the sizes of the soft and the hard segments. The effectiveness of using mixed solvent to enhance surface PDMS enrichment varies with the copolymer composition. The benefits are maximized when the average molecular weight of the PDMS segments is 10,000.
Differences in survival, length of stay, and discharge disposition of older trauma patients admitted to trauma centers and nontrauma center hospitals.

Purpose: To examine the relationship of level of care (trauma center [TC], nontrauma center [NTC] hospitals) on three outcomes: survival, length of stay, and discharge disposition. Design: Retrospective secondary analysis of a subset of data (1,418 patients age 65 to 99 years) from a large statewide study in which the purpose was to compare admission patterns (TCs and NTCs) of motor vehicle (MV) trauma patients according to age and sex. The New Jersey UB-92 Patient Discharge Data for 2000 were used in this analysis. Methods: Demographic and clinical variables were compared using descriptive data, independent samples t tests, Pearson chi square, and Mann-Whitney U analyses. Logistic regression and multiple regression analyses were performed to examine relationships between level of care and three outcome variables, survival, length of stay, and discharge disposition, while controlling for age and severity of injury. Results: NTC admission was the only predictor of survival and discharge to home, but injury severity was the strongest predictor of length of stay, followed by NTC care. The odds of survival and discharge home decreased slightly as age and injury severity increased. Conclusions: This analysis indicated preliminary evidence that level of care influences survival, length of stay, and discharge disposition. Studies are warranted for researchers to examine the influence of postinjury variables, including complications, stress reaction, and depression on outcomes.
IDENTIFYING COMBUSTION INTERMEDIATES VIA TUNABLE VACUUM ULTRAVIOLET PHOTOIONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY

ABSTRACT The analysis of complex, reactive mixtures in flames remains challenging, but the need to understand the formation mechanisms of pollutants such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and soot drives innovation in this area. We have used molecular beam sampling and single-photon, tunable vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) ionization mass spectrometry to spatially resolve and identify the isomers of PAH precursors in low-pressure, one-dimensional, laminar H2/1,3-butadiene/O2/Ar flames. We have measured the photoionization efficiency spectra of many species in these flames to obtain their ionization thresholds. By comparison with literature ionization energies, the isomers can be uniquely identified. The approach shows promise as a universal probe of PAHs and their precursors from combustion processes.
αβ-Dehydro-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine derivatives: Rate and mechanism of formation

Abstract The amino acid l -3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), when present in the primary sequence of proteins, does not form melanin upon oxidation to the quinone, since its amine moiety participates in a peptide bond and cannot undergo internal cyclization. Instead, peptidyl DOPA quinone is available for other reactions. We have investigated the oxidation chemistry of a low molecular weight peptidyl DOPA analog, N -acetylDOPA ethyl ester (NAcDEE), and have shown that a major product of oxidation is an unsaturated DOPA derivative, N -acetyl-α,β-dehydroDOPA ethyl ester (NAcΔDEE) (see companion paper, Rzepecki et al. , Arch. Biochem. Biophys. (1991) 285, 17–26 . In the present study, we have explored kinetic and mechanistic features of the conversion of NAcDEE to NAcΔDEE and found that the reaction requires: (i) oxidation of NAcDEE to the quinone, (ii) the presence of a Lewis base as a catalyst (phosphate anion was the best of those tried in the pH range 6.0–8.0), and (iii) prevention of competing reactions such as Michael additions. Conversion efficiencies in the presence of Lewis bases ranged between 12 and 19% at pH 8.0 and 35 and 90% at pH 6.0. At least two separate reaction mechanisms appeared necessary to explain the kinetic data: (i) a pseudo-first-order mechanism at pH 6.0 and above, and (ii) an additional second-order mechanism at higher pH which involved both NAcDEE catechol and quinone. The apparent pseudo-first-order rate constants increased with pH from 2.36 × 10 −4 s −1 at pH 6.0 to about 30 × 10 −4 s −1 at pH 8.0 in 0.1 m sodium phosphate. Tautomerization of DOPA quinone to dehydroDOPA may thus be a factor in the sclerotization of natural structures incorporating DOPA containing proteins.
Monocular motion estimation using a long sequence of noisy images

A kinematic model based approach is discussed for the estimation of 3-D motion and structure parameters from a sequence of noisy monocular images. The approach is based on representing the constant velocity translation and constant angular velocity motion using nine rectilinear motion parameters, which are the 3-D vectors of initial position, linear velocity, and angular velocity. The rotational motion is propagated in the kinematic model using the standard 3*3 rotation matrix. The measurements are noisy perturbations of 2-D image locations of feature points. It is assumed that the 3-D feature points are extracted from the images and matched over the frames. The structure of the moving object is represented by the coordinates of feature points in a 3-D coordinate system fixed on the object. A nonlinear least squares method is used to formulate the batch estimation of motion and structure parameters. >
“Crack smoke” is a respirable aerosol of cocaine base ☆

Abstract The smoking of cocaine carbonate (“crack”) has emerged as a significant substance abuse problem. A detailed characterization of cocaine smoke is a prerequisite for studies of its pharmacokinetics, abuse potential and toxicity. Model pipes were used to generate cocaine smoke analogous to that inhaled by human “crack” abusers. Using procedures to minimize pyrolysis, cocaine base smoke determined to be 93.5% cocaine particles with the remainder being cocaine vapor. The average particle size generated from all model pipes was 2.3 μ which is small enough to ensure deposition into the alveolar region of the human lung. Although this particle size is eminently respirable by primates, a much smaller fraction will reach the alveolar region of rodents. Special generating procedures would therefore be required to expose rodents to meaningful doses of airborne cocaine that mimic the rapid absorption achieved by “crack” smokers.
Review essay : Narcissism and the Interpersonal Self

Interpersonal approaches to the concept of a core self are explored in a review of Narcissism and the Interpersonal Self (John Fiscalini and Alan Grey, Editors). The role of the self as system and self as identity - both the interpersonal, adaptive self and the personal, core self - is used to understand the evolution of the Interpersonal School and its varied approaches to narcissism
Interaction of Three-Dimensional Protuberances with a Supersonic Turbulent Boundary Layer

A comprehensive computational fluid dynamics study of the surface-pressure fluctuations induced by a cylindrical protuberance in a supersonic turbulent boundary layer is presented. The effects of two important parameters on the surface-pressure fluctuations are investigated: protuberance height to boundary-layer thickness and surface curvature. The turbulent boundary layer is modeled using a hybrid Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes and large-eddy-simulation approach known as detached-eddy simulation. At first extensive comparisons to experimental data for the surface-pressure coefficient and the unsteady surface-pressure coefficient were performed. Results from our computational-fluid-dynamics computations compared well to the experimental data in the wake region downstream of the protuberance and in the vicinity of the protuberance at other locations. Increasing the protuberance height relative to the boundary-layer thickness resulted in higher sound-pressure levels on the surface. In addition, the surface...
Compensation of laser beam projection through turbulence in multimirror adaptive optics system with phase retrieval method

An application of a phase retrieval method for correcting strong scintillation effects of laser beam projection through turbulence in multimirror adaptive optics system is reported. In this approach, two deformable mirrors are used in the system and the phase applied to the deformable mirrors is obtained based on the phase retrieval method. An extended random beacon is used to provide input signals for the wave front sensor. Computer simulations are used to evaluate the performance of the system in the presence of strong turbulence. Our results show that this phase retrieval method with two deformable mirrors yields better performance compared with the conventional adaptive systems.
Automatic data allocation to minimize communication on SIMD machines

Straightforward compilation of array operations onto massively parallel SIMD machines results in a significant amount of interprocessor data motion. Careful allocation of data across the processors eliminates much of this interprocessor data motion. Researchers are working on extending programming languages to include user directives for specifying good data allocation. Our focus is to automate the data allocation through compiler techniques to achieve portability without sacrificing efficiency. These techniques can be used to fully automate the data allocation process or can be integrated with alignment directives. We present here a complete compiler algorithm for the automatic layout of data to minimize interprocessor data motion. Arrays are aligned by mapping them onto the processors based on their usage. Arrays may be mapped differently in different sections of the program, eliminating much of the interprocessor data motion resulting from a static mapping of arrays. We describe an integrated technique for determining the alignment of arrays locally within regions of the program and minimizing communication globally among these regions. This technique starts with the alignments specified by the directives, if any, and determines the alignment for the remaining arrays. The algorithms proposed in this paper were used in the SIMD compilers at Compass, Inc. Preliminary results from the initial implementation of the data optimization techniques described here suggest a significant decrease of the interprocessor data motion. More analysis is required to better understand the range of expected gains and the conditions under which those gains are achieved.
Hepatic DNA adducts and production of mutagenic urine in 2,6-dinitrotoluene-treated B6C3F, male mice

Abstract The hepatocarcinogen 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT) is an intermediate in the chemical synthesis of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and polyurethane products and can contaminate the waste stream emitted by these industries. In this study, the production of mutagenic urine metabolites and the formation of hepatic DNA adducts is examined in the B6C3F 1 male mouse. Animals were administered 50 mg/kg 2,6-DNT by gavage for 3 consecutive days. No body or liver weight effects were observed in treated animals. Following sacrifice, the livers were excised and DNA isolated for examination of 2,6-DNT-derived DNA adducts. During 2,6-DNT treatment, urine was collected, concentrated, and tested for mutagenicity in the Salmonella reversion bioassay. Mutagenic urine metabolites (469 ± 53 revertants/ml urine) were excreted from B6C3F 1 mice treated with 2,6-DNT and were comparable to results obtained for CD-1 mice and Fischer 344 rats. Two distinct hepatic DNA adducts (0.8 ± 0.1 and 0.6 ± 0.1 RAL/10 8 nucleotides) were detected in B6C3F 1 mice by 32 P-postlabeling and thin layer chromatography which differed from the four adducts observed in hepatic DNA from 2,6-DNT-treated Fischer 344 rats.
Variation in and Correlation between Intrinsic Rate of Increase and Carrying Capacity

Intrinsic population growth rate and density dependence are fundamental components of population dynamics. Theory suggests that variation in and correlations between these parameters among patches within a population can influence overall population size, but data on the degree of variation and correlation are rare. Replicate populations of a specialist aphid (Chaetosiphon fragaefolii) were followed on 11 genotypes of host plant (Fragaria chiloensis) in the greenhouse. Population models fit to these census data provide estimates of intrinsic growth rate and carrying capacity for aphid populations on each plant genotype. Growth rate and carrying capacity varied substantially among plant genotypes, and these two parameters were not significantly correlated. These results support the existence of spatial variation in population dynamic parameters; data on frequency distributions and correlations of these parameters in natural populations are needed for evaluation of the importance of variation in growth rate and density dependence for population dynamics in the field.
Auditory detection behavior in parathion-treated squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)

Effect of the organophosphorus insecticide parathion on auditory detection behavior in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) was investigated. Eight male squirrel monkeys were assigned to two groups and systematically exposed to daily oral doses of technical parathion. There were four monkeys in the control group and four in the 0.1-mg/kg group. The exposure period was 148 days. The control group received placebos for the entire 148 days. Prior to dosage assignment the monkeys were adapted to the laboratory and trained to bar-press in response to a 0.1-sec tone for hearing threshold testing. Daily threshold testing employed the method of constant stimuli. Hearing thresholds were determined at 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000, and 16,000 Hz. Parathion exposure began after the eight monkeys were divided into two, four-animal statistically matched groups based on stable baseline hearing threshold data. An analysis of variance was performed on hearing thresholds and standard deviations of hearing thresholds. The parathion-exposed group showed a significant (p < 0.025) increase in the standard deviation of hearing thresholds after 40 days of parathion exposure. The magnitude of the standard deviation continued to grow for 54 additional days and thereafter declined. Mean hearing thresholds between the control and exposed groups did not vary significantly. It was concluded that daily oral doses of parathion at 0.1 mg/kg caused a decrement in the squirrel monkey's tonereporting behavior during hearing threshold testing.
Dancing limbs and darting tongue.

A 10-year-old boy presented with a 1-week history of abnormal movements of the right arm and leg. Two weeks earlier, he had 1 day of fever but no other systemic abnormalities. Movements began with the right leg and then spread to the arm. Movements disappeared with sleep and worsened with stress. He began having difficulty with writing and using utensils. He was ambulating with difficulty. Abnormal mouth movements and repetitive protrusion of the tongue were also present (Figure). He was noted to have a new cardiac murmur and elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 30. Throat swab for group A streptococcus ribosomal RNA testing was positive. Serum anti-DNAse B and anti-streptolysin O titers were elevated at 1420 IU/mL (normal, 0-250 IU/mL) and 2240 IU/mL (normal, 0-195 IU/mL), respectively. Echocardiography revealed aortic regurgitation. The final diagnosis was rheumatic fever with chorea and carditis. He was treated initially with intramuscular penicillin G and started on oral penicillin prophylaxis. Aspirin was started at 4 mg/kg/day. The chorea was not severe enough to require symptomatic treatment. On follow-up 2 weeks after hospital discharge, the chorea had improved significantly. Sydenham chorea was described by Thomas Syden
Trauma and posttraumatic stress in users of the Anxiety Disorders Association of America Web site

The Web site for the Anxiety Disorders Association of America (ADAA) receives more than 5 million visits per month and thus represents a unique medium for the study of anxiety disorders. ADAA Web site users from October 2002 to January 2003 were invited to complete a survey oriented toward trauma history and psychiatric sequelae. A diagnostic approximation of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was based on responses to the Trauma Questionnaire, the Davidson Trauma Scale, and questions about impairment. The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale was also used. Variables were tested for their association with PTSD. Among 1558 participants, 87% had a history of trauma, and 38% had current PTSD. The population was comprised predominantly of white middle-class women, half of whom were married. More than 90% were first-time users of the site. Factors associated with PTSD included death of, or harm to, a loved one; personal history of incest, rape, or physical abuse; lower age; lower income; unemployment; missed work; increased medical care; dissatisfaction with psychotropic medication; depressive symptoms; and lower resilience. In this selective convenience sample, there were high rates of traumatization and PTSD. The demographics of this group are similar to those seen in previously studied populations that had contacted the ADAA. Furthermore, the factors associated with PTSD were like those in many community surveys. The ADAA Web site has the opportunity to benefit large numbers of highly distressed individuals.
Band spreading in molecular-sieve chromatography

Abstract Band spreading was studied in aqueous molecular-sieve chromatography systems using carbohydrate solutes. Bio-Gel P-2, Sephadex G-10, and Sephadex G-15 were used. P-2 gel was prepared in three size fractions by wet screening and elutriation. All gel preparations were characterized by extensive size measurements with a digital coding microcomparator. The band spreading behavior of solutes followed a theory based on the additivity of the mechanisms of axial dispersion and slow mass transfer. The molecular diffusion of solute in the gel phase was found to be the controlling mechanism of mass transfer (with substances of low molecular weight). A diameter equivalent to the most probable spherical volume was used in describing slow gel phase diffusion. Using the random walk theory of eddy diffusion, it was found that a diameter equivalent to the most probable specific area of the particles was best to describe axial dispersion.
The consequences of dishonesty

We review recent findings that illustrate that dishonesty yields a host of unexpected consequences. We propose that many of these newly-identified consequences stem from the deceiver choosing to privilege other values over honesty, and note that these values may relate to compassion, material gain, or the desire to maintain a positive self-concept. Furthermore, we argue that conflict between these values and honesty can be used to explain the unexpected consequences of dishonest behavior. We demonstrate that these consequences need not be negative, and discuss research that illustrates that dishonest behavior can help actors generate trust, attain a sense of achievement, and generate creative ideas. In addition, we discuss recently-identified negative consequences that can result from privileging other values over honesty.
Development of New LC Chiral Stationary Phases Based on Ruthenium Tris(diimine) Complexes

Enantiopure ruthenium(II) tris(diimine) complexes have been covalently bonded to silica and evaluated as chiral stationary phases for LC. Three binding chemistries were tested and the CSP synthesized by reductive amination of the aldehyde-functionalized silica provided the largest enantioselectivity. The Ru complex bonded CSP showed selectivity toward a variety of racemic compounds. Circular dichroism (CD) detection was used to confirm the enantiomeric separations. This CSP worked especially well for the enantiomeric separation of binaphthyl type compounds in the normal phase mode and appeared to be selective for acidic compounds in the polar organic mode. Effects of mobile phase composition on the enantioseparations were also studied.
Target track classification for airport surveillance radar (ASR)

The aim of this paper is to identify false tracks that arise from weather and biological targets, and to increase the air traffic security and safety level by detecting aircrafts lacking secondary surveillance radar (SSR) data. In this paper a single-source target classification after tracking using support vector machines (SVM) is introduced, which gives each track an updated probability value based on its likelihood behavior to conform to aircraft and non-aircraft targets. We introduce various features and evaluate different combinations in order to achieve the highest clustering index. The experimental classification results with real radar data provide good evidence that machine target classification is viable, with the capability of being implemented in real time.
A case against K d -based transport models: natural attenuation at a mill tailings site

This study compares numerical modeling results of contaminant transport using a multi-component coupled reactive mass transport model and a distribution coefficient (Kd)-based transport model. The study site is a contaminated groundwater aquifer underneath a uranium mill tailings pond in the western USA. Advective-dispersive-reactive transport is simulated for a 5-year period of intrusion of tailings fluid into the shallow aquifer, followed by flushing with uncontaminated upgradient groundwater for 1600 years. The coupled model shows that groundwater-sediment interactions result in multiple concentration waves, strong interactions among solutes, and chemical heterogeneity in both space and time. As a result, calculated Kd values vary spatially and temporarily. None of these characteristics can be simulated with a Kd-based model. These results illustrate the shortcomings of the Kd approach, the usage of which is prevalent in the regulatory environment.
In Search of Molecular Ratchets

TMPDO (2.58 g, 69%, m.p. 498 K (493 K 1221) was prepared by treatment of 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine (2.95 g, Aldrich) in CH,CI, (50 mL) with potassium peroxomonosulfate (66.6 g, 5 equiv; OXONE, Aldrich) in H,O (400 mL) with vigorous stirring at 298 K for 24 h. TCNE (Aldrich) was purified by multiple sublimation (373 K, 0.05 mmHg) through activated charcoal. Conditions for the BenesiHildebrand analysis: [TMPDO] =1.90m~; [TCNE] =18.7, 34.0, 51.1, 66.4, 75.7, and 90.6m~. Purple crystals of (TMPDO),TCNE were prepared by cooling a mixture of TMPDO (40m~) and TCNE (20m~) in CH,CN to 253 K for 2-5 h. Red prismatic crystals of (TMPDO),TCNE were prepared analogously, after 2-3 d crystallization. Crystal X-ray diffraction was performed on a Siemens SMART diffractometer with CCD area detection at 293 (purple (111) and 173 K (red 1131) with monochromatic Mo,.radiation (A = 0.71073 8,). Solution and refinement (against were performed with SHELXTL. No absorption correction was employed. Hydrogen atoms were placed in calculated positions (0.95 8, from the methyl carbon atom with tetrahedral angles). They were given torsional freedom and their thermal parameters were set to 1.2 x Oc, of the bonded carbon atom. Crystallographic data (excluding structure factors) for the structures reported in this paper have been deposited with the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre as supplementary publication no. CCDC-100438. Copies of the data can be obtained free of charge on application to The Director, CCDC, 12Union Road, Cambridge CB21EZ, UK (fax: int.
An implicit, exact dual adjoint solution method for turbulent flows on unstructured grids

An implicit algorithm for solving the discrete adjoint system based on an unstructured-grid discretization of the Navier–Stokes equations is presented. The method is constructed such that an adjoint solution exactly dual to a direct differentiation approach is recovered at each time step, yielding a convergence rate which is asymptotically equivalent to that of the primal system. The new approach is implemented within a three-dimensional unstructured-grid framework and results are presented for inviscid, laminar, and turbulent flows. Improvements to the baseline solution algorithm, such as line-implicit relaxation and a tight coupling of the turbulence model, are also presented. By storing nearest-neighbor terms in the residual computation, the dual scheme is computationally efficient, while requiring twice the memory of the flow solution. The current implementation allows for multiple right-hand side vectors, enabling simultaneous adjoint solutions for several cost functions or constraints with minimal additional storage requirements, while reducing the solution time compared to serial applications of the adjoint solver. The scheme is expected to have a broad impact on computational problems related to design optimization as well as error estimation and grid adaptation efforts.
Water sorption and diffusion in starch/polyolefin blends

The kinetics of water sorption by starch filled polyolefins has been investigated using blends of a commercial starch masterbatch with low density polyethylene (LDPE), high density PE (HDPE), and copolymers of ethylene with methyl acrylate (EMA), ethyl acrylate (EEA), and n-butyl acrylate (EBA). Transient state diffusion coefficients (D) of water in the blends were determined using Fickian analysis of the initial stages of the sorption isotherms. Measured D values were several orders of magnitude lower than values reported for either pure starch or LDPE by various investigators. Resin effects on D were in the order D HDPE < D LDPE < D EBA < D EEA < D EMA . The resin effects diminished as the starch content increased. The lower magnitude of D in the blends relative to pure LDPE was attributed to the sorption of water by the dry starch particles, in a manner similar to dual-mode sorption in glassy polymers. Copolymer effects were consistent with reduction in crystallinity caused by the comonomers. The dependence of the diffusion coefficient on starch content was not described by mixing models of heterogeneous systems or percolation theory.
Effects of variable wind speed and direction on radon transport from soil into buildings: model development and exploratory results

Abstract We describe a novel modeling technique, based on Duhamel’s theorem, to study the effects of time-varying winds on radon transport in soil near buildings. The technique, implemented in the model RapidSTART, reduces computational times for transient, three-dimensional, wind-induced soil-gas and radon transport by three to four orders of magnitude compared with conventional finite-difference models. To test model performance, we compared its predictions to analytical solutions of one-dimensional soil-column flow, finite-difference simulations of flow around a full-scale house, and measurements of transient soil–gas and radon entry into an experimental basement structure. These comparisons demonstrate that RapidSTART accurately simulates time-dependent radon transport through soil and its entry into buildings. As demonstrated in a previous study, steady winds can significantly affect radon entry. In this paper, we extend the findings of that study by applying RapidSTART to explore the impacts of fluctuating wind speed and direction on radon entry into a prototypical house. In soils with moderate to high permeability, wind fluctuations have a small to moderate effect on the soil-gas radon concentration field and entry rate into the building. Fluctuating wind direction dominates the impact on radon entry rates, while fluctuating wind speed has little effect. For example, in a soil with a permeability of 10-10 m2, diurnal oscillations in wind direction can increase the predicted radon entry rate by up to 30% compared to steady-state predictions.
Fleeing the body: A terror management perspective on the problem of human corporeality

From the perspective of terror management theory, the human body is problematic because it serves as a perpetual reminder of the inevitability of death. Human beings confront this problem through the development of cultural worldviews that imbue reality-and the body as part of that reality-with abstract symbolic meaning. This fanciful flight from death is in turn the psychological impetus for distancing from other animals and the need to regulate behaviors that remind us of our physical nature. This analysis is applied to questions concerning why people are embarrassed and disgusted by their bodies' functions; why sex is such a common source of problems, difficulties, regulations, and ritualizations; why sex tends to be associated with romantic love; and why cultures value physical attractiveness and objectify women. This article then briefly considers implications of this analysis for understanding psychological problems related to the physical body and cultural variations in the need to separate oneself...
Influence of Sex and Age on Natural Resistance to St. Louis Encephalitis Virus Infection in Mice

A difference was observed in susceptibility of adult male and female mice to St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) virus as measured by the death rate after intravenous challenge. Female mice that had susceptibility similar to that of males at 2 months of age had increased resistance to SLE virus at 3 and 4 months of age. The increased resistance occurred after sexual maturity, indicating that the resistance factor possibly was related to an aging process in the female. The susceptibility of male mice remained unchanged over the 2- to 4-month period. Neither pregnancy nor castration had any effect on resistance of adult mice to St. Louis encephalitis virus.
A Measurement of Atomic X-ray Yields in Exotic Atoms and Implications for an Antideuteron-Based Dark Matter Search

The General AntiParticle Spectrometer (GAPS) is a novel approach for the indirect dark matter search that exploits cosmic antideuterons. GAPS utilizes a distinctive detection method using atomic X-rays and charged particles from the exotic atom as well as the timing, stopping range and dE/dX energy deposit of the incoming particle, which provides excellent antideuteron identification. In anticipation of a future balloon experiment, an accelerator test was conducted in 2004 and 2005 at KEK, Japan, in order to prove the concept and to precisely measure the X-ray yields of antiprotonic exotic atoms formed with di erent target materials [1]. The X-ray yields of the exotic atoms with Al and S targets were obtained as 75%, which are higher than were previously assumed in [2]. A simple, but comprehensive cascade model has been developed not only to evaluate the measurement results but also to predict the X-ray yields of the exotic atoms formed with any materials in the GAPS instrument. The cascade model is extendable to any kind of exotic atom (any negatively charged cascading particles with any target materials), and it was compared and validated with other experimental data and cascade models for muonic and antiprotonic exotic atoms. The X-ray yields of the antideuteronic exotic atoms are predicted with a simple cascade model and the sensitivity for the GAPS antideuteron search was estimated for the proposed long duration balloon program [3], which suggests that GAPS has a strong potential to detect antideuterons as a dark matter signature. A GAPS prototype flight (pGAPS) was launched successfully from the JAXA/ISAS balloon facility in Hokkaido, Japan in summer 2012 [4, 5] and a proposed GAPS science flight is to fly from Antarctica in the austral summer of 2017-2018.
Order-of-Entry Effects for Service Firms in Developing Markets: An Examination of Multinational Advertising Agencies

The internationalization process of service firms has received increased attention in recent years. Yet the question whether entry order affects firm performance for service firms in developing markets has remained unanswered. Despite lacking empirical evidence, prior research has suggested that first-mover advantages (FMAs) do not translate to service firms and developing markets. However, framed in a resource-advantage theory perspective, the authors' empiri- cal analysis of 379 multinational subsidiaries of advertising agencies in 43 developing markets indicates a significant relationship between entry order and firm performance. The authors also examine the moderating effects of inter- national experience, firm size, subsidiary ownership structure, and rate of economic development to assess how late entrants can mitigate late-mover disadvantages. The authors provide empirical evidence that, contrary to recent litera- ture, service firms do enjoy FMAs. They add to the understanding of the FMA phenomenon as well as to the broader issue of the internationalization process and performance effects for service firms.
Enhanced Performance and Flexibility in Silicon Modulators Based on a Coupled-Ring-Resonator Structure

We propose a high-speed (up to 30 Gb/s) silicon-based coupled-ring modulator that requires small resonance shift and achieves high extinction ratio compared with conventional single ring modulator. Optimized chirp enables reach extension at 1 dB power penalty from 6 to 22 km for 20 Gb/s NRZ data transmission.
Stabilization of a coordinated network of rotating rigid bodies

In this paper we present a stabilizing and coordinating control law for a network of spinning rigid bodies with unstable dynamics. The control law stabilizes each rigid body to spin about its unstable, intermediate axis while also aligning all of the spinning rigid bodies so that their orientations in inertial space are identical. The control law is derived using kinetic energy shaping for stabilization and potential shaping for coupling. The coupled system is Lagrangian with symmetry, and energy methods are used to prove stability and coordinated behavior.
Windows NT multi-threaded design in a multi-link translator and display system

The future vision of communication systems suggests a global grid will be used to enable links among any battlefield participant to any other participant. In the meantime, there are many diverse data links that have grown over many years, consumed substantial investment of effort and funding, and are not amenable to wholesale modernization. Consequently, there is a need for a set of tools to allow interconnected communications among the existing data links. The multi-link translator and display system (MTDS) offers this set of tools. The MTDS provides three basic capabilities: to receive and display tactical data link information, to translate between tactical data link message sets, and to route the data link information between various physical interfaces. MTDS translates between Tactical Digital Information Link (TADIL) A, TADIL B and TADIL J. This paper first describes the MTDS and then presents its Windows NT multi-threaded design.