cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 1744: Hsp27 overexpression enhances the chemosensitivity to MCF7 doxorubicin resistance cells

Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major obstacle in cancer chemotherapy and its inhibition is an effective way to reverse cancer drug resistance. In the present study we report that over expression of HSP27 down-regulated MDR1 expression in MCF7/Doxorubicin (MCF7/DOX), a human breast MDR cancer cell line. In MCF7/Dox cells, mutant p53 was found to be accumulated, whereas Hsp27 level is completely depleted. Since Hsp27 was shown to enhance Akt phosphorylation and G2/M cell cycle arrest, a common pathway of Dox-induced cell death in MCF7 cells, we hypothesized that over expression of Hsp27 in resistant cell will sensitize for chemotherapy. HSP27 over expression significantly inhibited mutant p53 and MDR1 (P-gp) expression and MDR1 mRNA. The suppression of MDR1 was accompanied by partial recovery of intracellular drug accumulation and increased cytotoxicity of Doxorubicin, indicating that HSP27 reversed the MDR phenotype by inhibiting the drug efflux function of MDR1. Moreover, nuclear factor-KB activity and IKB degradation were inhibited by HSP27 over expression through down regulation of mutant p53. Interestingly, the over expression of HSP27 negatively regulated the cell growth with significant G 2 /M arrest of cell cycle, and it could up-regulate endogenous p21 in a p53 independent manner leading to enhanced caspase activation to promote intracellular apoptotic signaling for cell death. Taken together, our results suggested that HSP27 is down regulated in MCF7/Dox resistant cells, and when re-expressed, it down regulates MDR1 expression via p53 and NF-KB., which results in growth suppression and higher sensitivity to Doxorubicin. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1744. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1744
Biologically inspired stealth peptide-capped gold nanoparticles.

Introduction into the human body makes most nanoparticle systems susceptible to aggregation via nonspecific protein binding. Here, we developed a peptide-capped gold nanoparticle platform that withstands aggregation in undiluted human serum at 37 °C for 24 h. This biocompatible and natural system is based on mimicking human proteins which are enriched in negatively charged glutamic acid and positively charged lysine residues on their surface. The multifunctional EKEKEKE-PPPPC-Am peptide sequence consists of a stealth glutamic acid/lysine portion combined with a surface anchoring linker containing four prolines and a cysteine. Particle stability was measured via optical spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering in single protein, high salt, and undiluted human serum solutions. In vitro cell experiments demonstrate EKEKEKE-PPPPC-Am capped gold nanoparticles effectively minimize nonspecific cell uptake by nonphagocytic bovine aortic endothelial cells and phagocytic murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Cytotoxi...
Normal Infant Brain Anatomy: Correlated Real-Time Sonograms and Brain Specimens

An investigation of the identifiable real-time sonographic features of the normal infant brain in the horizontal, coronal, inclined coronal, and midsagittal planes was undertaken. Correlations were made of sonograms of intact brains in vitro, corresponding brain sections, and sonograms in vivo. A large number of anatomic structures could be consistently depicted including cisterns, fissures, falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, ventricles, brainstem, cerebellum, basal ganglia, thalami, and corpus callosum. Pulsations of intracranial arteries, visible by real-time sonography, were of considerable help in identifying various structures. The investigation provides a reference of sonographic anatomy of the brain displayed in four clinically useful imaging planes.
Experimental Studies on Critical Radius of Rod-Plane Air Gaps at Different Altitudes

During the tests of positive switching impulse discharge voltage of rod-plane air gap,the radius of the end of rod electrode would influences the discharge voltage.To obtain the regularity of discharge voltage varying with the radius of the end of rod electrode,the spherical surface with radii from 19 mm to 475 mm are chosen as the end of the rod electrode to achieve the discharge voltage of rod-plane air gaps while the air gaps are from 2 m to 5 m.Testing data show that when the radius of the end of rod electrode increases to a certain critical value,the discharge voltage starts to increase sharply,so this critical value is called the critical radius of the end of rod electrode.A new method to calculate critical radius is proposed and the reason causing the critical value is analyzed.To investigate the variation of critical radius of rod-plane air gap under different altitudes,the same tests are performed in Beijing whose altitude is 50 m and in Yangbajing located in Tibet whose altitude is 4300 m respectively,and the critical radius of the two places are obtained.Tested results show that the value of critical radius varies with both air gap distances of rod-plane and altitude where the air gap locates.
Fundamental Properties of One-Dimensional Zinc Oxide Nanomaterials and Implementations in Various Detection Modes of Enhanced Biosensing

Recent bioapplications of one-dimensional (1D) zinc oxide (ZnO) nanomaterials, despite the short development period, have shown promising signs as new sensors and assay platforms offering exquisite biomolecular sensitivity and selectivity. The incorporation of 1D ZnO nanomaterials has proven beneficial to various modes of biodetection owing to their inherent properties. The more widely explored electrochemical and electrical approaches tend to capitalize on the reduced physical dimensionality, yielding a high surface-to-volume ratio, as well as on the electrical properties of ZnO. The newer development of the use of 1D ZnO nanomaterials in fluorescence-based biodetection exploits the innate optical property of their high anisotropy. This review considers stimulating research advances made to identify and understand fundamental properties of 1D ZnO nanomaterials, and examines various biosensing modes utilizing them, while focusing on the unique optical properties of individual and ensembles of 1D ZnO nanomaterials specifically pertaining to their bio-optical applications in simple and complex fluorescence assays.
Application of the Stage, Size, Grade, and Necrosis (SSIGN) Score for Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma in Contemporary Patients

Background The tumor stage, size, grade, and necrosis (SSIGN) score was originally defined using patients treated with radical nephrectomy (RN) between 1970 and 1998 for clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), excluding patients treated with partial nephrectomy (PN).
Effects of Eddy Variability on the Circulation of the Japan/East Sea

The effect of mesoscale eddy variability on the Japan/East Sea mean circulation is examined from satellite altimeter data and results from the Naval Research Laboratory Layered Ocean Model (NLOM). Sea surface height variations from the Geosat-Exact Repeat Mission and TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter satellites imply geostrophic velocities. At the satellite crossover points, the total velocity and the Reynolds stress due to geostrophic mesoscale turbulence are calculated. After spatial interpolation the momentum flux and effect on geostrophic balance indicates that the eddy variability aids in the transport of the Polar Front and the separation of the East Korean Warm Current (EKWC). The NLOM results elucidate the impact of eddy variability on the EKWC separation from the Korean coast. Eddy variability is suppressed by either increasing the model viscosity or decreasing the model resolution. The simulations with decreased eddy variability indicate a northward overshoot of the EKWC. Only the model simulation with sufficient eddy variability depicts the EKWC separating from the Korean coast at the observed latitude. The NLOM simulations indicate mesoscale influence through upper ocean-topographic coupling.
Introduction: East Asia in the Globalizing World

This chapter introduces globalization, a key concept for this book. After explaining the causes and consequences globalization, it puts the rapidly rising East Asian economies in the backdrop of globalization, and shows that the rise of East Asia provides opportunities and more importantly threats to the United States and other old economies. It ends by building a sense of urgency and the need to understand Asia, and laying out the objective of the book: learn from Asia, help the United States and other old economies to compete and win.
Allylmagnesium Halides Do Not React Chemoselectively Because Reaction Rates Approach the Diffusion Limit

Competition experiments demonstrate that additions of allylmagnesium halides to carbonyl compounds, unlike additions of other organomagnesium reagents, occur at rates approaching the diffusion rate limit. Whereas alkylmagnesium and alkyllithium reagents could differentiate between electronically or sterically different carbonyl compounds, allylmagnesium reagents reacted with most carbonyl compounds at similar rates. Even additions to esters occurred at rates competitive with additions to aldehydes. Only in the case of particularly sterically hindered substrates, such as those bearing tertiary alkyl groups, were additions slower.
Surgery for Vulvovaginal Pain Disorders and Dyspareunia

Vulvovaginal pain is often difficult to diagnose and treat. This chapter highlights a diagnostic algorithm that may aid health care providers in differentiating the cause of chronic vulvar pain caused by known etiologies such as lichen sclerosus or chronic candidiasis, and unknown causes such as vulvodynia. In the setting where pain persists despite conservative measures, refined surgical techniques may be indicated. Select populations that may favorably respond to surgical interventions include those suffering from pudendal neuralgia, vulvar vestibulitis/neuroproliferative vestibulodynia, lichen sclerosus, and hidradenitis suppurativa. This chapter will discuss relevant anatomy, conditions that might merit surgical intervention, and technical details of these procedures.
Breeding barriers: Duplicate S genes form new barrier.

Recognition between proteins encoded by genes duplicated from the self-incompatibility S locus causes intraspecific unilateral incompatibility in Brassica rapa.
Positive health check: developing a web-based video counseling tool for HIV primary care clinics

ABSTRACTHIV prevention efforts are increasingly aimed at engaging people living with HIV (PLWH) in healthcare to enhance treatment adherence and retention in care. Clinics need evidence-based interventions to support these goals and guidance on how to successfully implement these interventions in clinical settings. We describe the development of Positive Health Check (PHC) digital health intervention to support adherence and retention in care as well as a pilot implementation to determine feasibility. We developed PHC using input from seven HIV primary care providers. Over 15 months, providers gave feedback on the development of PHC by participating in nine inquiries, via online methods or webinars, addressing topics related to intervention development and implementation. After a 1-month pilot test, four providers shared their impressions of PHC implementation via a structured, open-ended interview. Providers’ comments resulted in script revisions, feedback on the filming of four virtual doctors (actors) ...
Nanoparticle Precipitation in Irradiated and Annealed Ceria Doped with Metals for Emulation of Spent Fuels

Epsilon-phase alloy precipitates have been observed with varied compositions and sizes in spent nuclear fuels, such as UO2. The presence of the inclusions, along with other oxide precipitates, gas bubbles, and irradiation-induced structural defects, can significantly degrade the physical properties of the fuel. To predict fuel performance, a fundamental study of the precipitation processes is needed. This study uses ceria (CeO2) as a surrogate for UO2. Polycrystalline CeO2 films doped with Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, and Re (surrogate for Tc) were grown at 823 K using pulsed laser deposition, irradiated at 673 K with He+ ions, and subsequently annealed at higher temperatures. A number of methods, including transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography, were applied to characterize the samples. The results indicate that there is a uniform distribution of the doped metals in the as-grown CeO2 film. Pd particles of ∼3 nm in size appear near the dislocation edges after He+ ion irradiation to ∼13 dpa. Thermal...
Things Fall Apart: Hard Choices in Public Interest Law

This essay frames the dilemmas of law school clinic and public interest law firm triage decision-making against the backdrop of the current national crisis in access to justice. The essay coincides with a moment of renewed academic interest and resurgent legal activism in inner cities for advocates pursuing law reform campaigns, academics studying social justice movements, and activists organizing low-income communities, especially historically burdened communities of color. The essay proceeds in four parts. Part I briefly traces the history of a community-based law reform campaign recently advanced in Miami and the nettlesome public interest legal ethics questions left in its wake. Part II examines the basic form and content of public interest law triage regimes and the difficult dilemmas of lawyer and law firm triage decision-making in the context of community-based advocacy. Part III considers the dominant norms and practices of the community lawyering movement explicated by the founders of the Community Justice Project, a path breaking Florida public interest law firm and a national leader in the field of social justice. Part IV assesses an alternative set of norms and practices of social justice lawyering deduced from current work on the ethics of movement lawyering.
Targeted analysis of microbial-generated phenolic acid metabolites derived from grape flavanols by gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry.

Abstract Grape-derived products contain a wide array of bioactive phenolic compounds which are of significant interest to consumers and researchers for their multiple health benefits. The majority of bioavailable grape polyphenols, including the most abundant flavan-3-ols, i.e. (+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin, undergo extensive microbial metabolism in the gut, forming metabolites that can be highly bioavailable and bioactive. To gain a better understanding in microbial metabolism of grape polyphenols and to identify bioactive metabolites, advanced analytical methods are needed to accurately quantitate microbial-derived metabolites, particularly at trace levels, in addition to their precursors. This work describes the development and validation of a high-throughput, sensitive and reproducible GC-QqQ/MS method operated under MRM mode that allowed the identification and quantification of 16 phenolic acid metabolites, along with (+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin, in flavanol-enriched broth samples anaerobically fermented with human intestinal bacteria. Excellent sensitivity was achieved with low limits of detection and low limits of quantification in the range of 0.24–6.18 ng/mL and 0.480–12.37 ng/mL, respectively. With the exception of hippuric acid, recoveries of most analytes were greater than 85%. The percent accuracies for almost all analytes were within ±23% and precision results were all below 18%. Application of the developed method to in vitro samples fermented with different human gut microbiota revealed distinct variations in the extent of flavanol catabolism, as well as production of bioactive phenolic acid metabolites. These results support that intestinal microbiota have a significant impact on the production of flavanol metabolites. The successful application of the established method demonstrates its applicability and robustness for analysis of grape flavanols and their microbial metabolites in biological samples.
Heterogeneous Atmospheric Chemistry of Nitrogen Oxides: New Insights from Recent Field Measurements

The heterogeneous chemistry of nitrogen oxides that occurs in the dark is important to both the overall budgets of reactive nitrogen in the atmosphere, as well as the formation of oxidants. Two of the most relevant processes include the conversion of NO2 to HONO on ground surfaces and the uptake of N2O5 to produce either HNO3 or ClNO2 on aerosol surfaces. Results from recent field measurements that have investigated the latter process have demonstrated several important findings. First, the uptake of N2O5 is highly variable, and the uptake coefficient, γ(N2O5), is often smaller than model parameterizations based on laboratory studies would suggest. Second, production of ClNO2 is much more efficient than previously thought, and is formed in relatively high yields even at interior continental sites that are well removed from direct sources of sea spray. Finally, N2O5 uptake and ClNO2 production both vary strongly with height in the nocturnal boundary layer, leading to significant complexity in this nighttime chemistry.
Punctuated Equilibrium and Language Change

Punctuated equilibrium is a theory developed in evolutionary biology and has been applied by several people to language change. In the most common application of the theory, sociocultural events are taken to affect (and to some extent predict) types of change in language families. Although all languages are constantly in a state of change, some languages change much faster than others; some areas are suitable for reconstruction by traditional methods, while other language groups seem intractable. The model has been applied to several areas of the world, notably Australia, with differing degrees of success, and opinions on its usefulness are mixed.
The moderating effect of impulsivity on negative affect and body checking

Abstract This study examined the moderating effects of different aspects of trait impulsivity on trajectories of negative affect prior to and following body checking in the natural environment in women with anorexia nervosa (AN). Body checking is a compulsive behavior that may maintain the cycle of eating disordered behavior through negative reinforcement. Previous studies regarding the relationship of negative affect to body checking have been inconsistent, making it unclear how negative affect functions as an antecedent to this behavior in the natural environment. We hypothesized that individual differences in trait impulsivity may influence body checking in response to negative affect. Negative urgency (NU) (the tendency to act rashly under distress) and (lack of) perseverance (the tendency to give up on goal directed behavior) may be unique facets of impulsivity that play a role in body checking. Women with AN (n = 82) completed a self-report measure of impulsivity and used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to record negative affect and body checking for two weeks. Results indicated that women with low (lack of) perseverance experienced a greater increase in negative affect than those with high (lack of) perseverance prior to and following body checking. Overall, results indicate that individual differences in trait impulsivity moderated the relationship of negative affect to body checking in women with AN.
Maternal arsenic exposure and nonsyndromic orofacial clefts

Background Arsenic is widely distributed in the environment in both inorganic and organic forms. Evidence from animal studies suggests that maternal inorganic arsenic may lead to the development of orofacial clefts (OFC)s in offspring. This evidence, together with the limited epidemiologic data available, supports the need for a comprehensive examination of major sources of arsenic exposure and OFCs in humans. Methods Using interview data collected in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, public and well water arsenic sampling data, and dietary arsenic estimates, we compared expert-rater assessed occupational arsenic exposure, individual-level exposure to arsenic through drinking water, and dietary arsenic exposure between mothers of OFC cases (N = 435) and unaffected controls (N = 1267). Associations for each source of exposure were estimated for cleft lip ± palate (CL/P) and cleft palate (CP) using unconditional logistic regression analyses. Results Associations for maternal drinking water arsenic exposure and CL/P were near or below unity, whereas those for dietary arsenic exposure tended to be positive. For CP, positive associations were observed for maternal occupational arsenic and inorganic arsenic exposures, with confidence intervals that excluded the null value, whereas those for drinking water or dietary arsenic exposures tended to be near or below unity. Conclusions Positive associations were observed for maternal occupational arsenic exposure and CP and for maternal dietary arsenic exposure and CL/P; the remainder of associations estimated tended to be near or below unity. Given the exploratory nature of our study, the results should be interpreted cautiously, and continued research using improved exposure assessment methodologies is recommended.
Lifting cognition: a meta-analysis of effects of resistance exercise on cognition.

The health benefits of resistance exercises are well established; however, the effects of resistance training on cognition are not as well understood. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the evidence of resistance exercise’s effects on cognition. A systematic search identified 24 studies that were included in the analyses. These articles ranged in the protocols utilized and in how they studied the effects of resistance training on cognition. Four primary analyses were carried out to assess the effects of resistance exercise on cognitive outcomes: (1) composite cognitive scores, (2) screening measures of cognitive impairment, (3) measures of executive functions, and (4) measures of working memory. Results revealed positive effects of resistance training on composite cognitive scores (SMD 0.71, 95% CI 0.30–1.12), screening measures of cognitive impairment (SMD 1.28, 95% CI 0.39–2.18), and executive functions (SMD 0.39, 95% CI 0.04–0.74), but no effect on measures of working memory (SMD 0.151, 95% CI − 0.21 to 0.51). High heterogeneity was observed in all analyses. Resistance training appears to have positive effects on cognition; however, future research will need to determine why the effects are so variable.
Celebrating the Innovators

This chapter discusses the planning and execution of the Innovation Celebration and the Innovation Chase Game, the two EdTech initiatives intended to celebrate and reward those who adopted both educational technology and the values the EdTech team wanted to espouse (risk-taking, community-building, and innovation). Change theorists describe cultural artifacts as drivers of change. As the EdTech team looked to organize the celebrations and the rewards-and-badges game, they tried to identify places in those initiatives where culture was transmitted through those artifacts and they tried to ensure that the culture transmitted aligned with the values they wanted to espouse. This chapter discusses the Innovation Celebration and the Innovation Chase Game in the context of cultural artifacts.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Prostate Biopsy for Detecting Cribriform Gleason Pattern 4 Carcinoma and Intraductal Carcinoma in Paired Radical Prostatectomy Specimens: Implications for Active Surveillance

Purpose:Prostatic adenocarcinoma with cribriform morphology and/or intraductal carcinoma has higher recurrence and mortality rates after radiation and surgery. While the prognostic impact of these ...
Robert Bosch: From Dominos To Traveling Salespeople

Robert (Bob) Bosch is Professor of Mathematics at Oberlin College and an award-winning writer and artist. He specializes in optimization, the field of study concerned with optimal performance. Sinc...
An Analysis of Freight Forwarder Operations in an International Distribution Channel.

Abstract : The Air Force supports weapons systems sold worldwide through the Security Assistance Program. The channel of distribution to deliver the material consists of the Air Force or a contractor in the U.S., a commercial freight forwarder, and the recipient country. When material is lost somewhere in the distribution channel, the mission capability of the U.S. Air Force and the foreign air force may be impaired. In many instances, the U.S. Air Force must pay the replacement costs for items lost in shipment. The freight forwarded, who provides a variety of services, is the international distribution channel link and is contractually bound to the foreign government. This research examines the effectiveness of services the freight forwarders provide their customer, the foreign country. Fifteen variables were tested to determine their relationship with the amount of material lost in the distribution channel. It was found that no single variable could establish such a relationship. Principle component factor analysis was used to form new groups from the fifteen original variables. When the new groups were tested, a relationship between the transportation facilitating variables and the amount of material lost was identified.
Diamond Lamb wave spin-mechanical resonators with optically coherent nitrogen vacancy centers

We report the design and fabrication of diamond Lamb wave spin-mechanical resonators embedded in a two-dimensional (2D) phononic crystal square lattice. The rectangular resonator features gigahertz in-plane compression modes protected by the phononic bandgap of the square lattice. A membrane-in-bulk approach is developed for the fabrication of the suspended 2D structure. This approach overcomes the limitations of fabrication approaches, which are either incompatible with the necessary high-temperature thermal annealing or unsuitable for 2D structures with the required feature size. Graded soft oxygen etching, with the etching rate decreased gradually to below 1 nm/min, is used to remove defective surface layers damaged by reactive ion etching. Combining the graded etching with other established surface treatment techniques reduces the optical linewidth of nitrogen vacancy centers in resonators with a thickness below 1 μm to as narrow as 330 MHz.
Dynamic evolution of major element chemistry in protoplanetary disks and its implications for Earth-enstatite chondrite connection

Abstract Chondrites are the likely building blocks of Earth, and identifying the group of chondrite that best represents Earth is a key to resolving the state of the early Earth. The origin of chondrites, however, remains controversial partly because of their puzzling major element compositions, some exhibiting depletion in Al, Ca, and Mg. Based on a new thermochemical evolution model of protoplanetary disks, we show that planetesimals with depletion patterns similar to ordinary and enstatite chondrites can originate at 1–2 AU outside where enstatite evaporates. Around the “evaporation front” of enstatite, the large inward flow of refractory minerals, including forsterite, takes place with a high pebble concentration, and the loss of those minerals results in depletion in Al, Ca, and Mg. The fractionation driven by the loss of forsterite would also create a complementary Mg-rich reservoir just inside the depleted region, creating two chemically distinct reservoirs adjacent to each other. The region around the evaporation front of enstatite has the highest dust concentration inside the snow line, and thus the streaming instability is most likely to be triggered therein. Planetesimals with two different major element compositions could naturally be created in the terrestrial region, which could evolve into parent bodies for Earth and chondrites. This can explain why Earth and enstatite chondrites share similar isotopic signatures but have different bulk compositions.
Anomalous Antiferromagnetism in Metallic RuO_{2} Determined by Resonant X-ray Scattering.

National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Through Massachusetts Institute of Technology Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, DMR-1419807)
Is Nature fundamentally continuous or discrete, and what violations of the Null Energy Condition tell us about information exchange between prior to present universes ?

Our contention, is that reality is actually analog, but that at a critical limit, as when the Octonian gravity condition kicks in, that for a time it is made to appear discrete. This due to an initial phase transition just at the start of the big bang. Our second consideration is, that symmetry breaking models, i.e. the Higgs boson are in themselves not appropriate or necessary for the formation of particles with mass just before Octonionic gravity which could arise in pre Planckian physics models without a potential. Also the necessity of potentials for pre Octonionic gravity physics can be circumvented via judicious use of Sherrer k essence physics The universe is now dominated by DE leading to renewed acceleration, so what we can do is to examine how DE arose in the first place, and what role cosmologies not obeying the null energy condition play in terms of facilitating information exchange from a prior to the present universe.
Revelation of Fe(V)/Fe(IV) Involvement in the Fe(VI)–ABTS System: Kinetic Modeling and Product Analysis

To quantitatively probe iron intermediate species [Fe(V)/Fe(IV)] in Fe(VI) oxidation, this study systematically investigated the reaction kinetics of Fe(VI) oxidation of 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic)acid (ABTS) at different ratios of [ABTS]0/[Fe(VI)]0 (i.e., >1.0, =1.0, and 1.0, experimental data and model simulation both indicated that the reaction stoichiometric ratio of Fe(VI)/ABTS•+ increased from 1.0:1.0 to 1.0:1.2 as [ABTS]0 was increased. Furthermore, the Fe(VI)-ABTS-substrate model was developed to successfully determine reactivity of Fe(V) to different substrates (k = (0.7-1.42) × 106 M-1 s-1). Overall, the improved Fe(VI)-ABTS kinetic model provides a useful tool to quantitatively probe Fe(V)/Fe(IV) behaviors in Fe(VI) oxidation and gains new fundamental insights.
On the robustness of inference of association with the gut microbiota in stool, rectal swab and mucosal tissue samples

The gut microbiota plays an important role in human health and disease. Stool, rectal swab and rectal mucosal tissue samples have been used in individual studies to survey the microbial community but the consequences of using these different sample types are not completely understood. In this study, we report differences in stool, rectal swab and rectal mucosal tissue microbial communities with shotgun metagenome sequencing of 1397 stool, swab and mucosal tissue samples from 240 participants. The taxonomic composition of stool and swab samples was distinct, but less different to each other than mucosal tissue samples. Functional profile differences between stool and swab samples are smaller, but mucosal tissue samples remained distinct from the other two types. When the taxonomic and functional profiles were used for inference in association with host phenotypes of age, sex, body mass index (BMI), antibiotics or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) use, hypothesis testing using either stool or rectal swab gave broadly significantly correlated results, but inference performed on mucosal tissue samples gave results that were generally less consistent with either stool or swab. Our study represents an important resource for determination of how inference can change for taxa and pathways depending on the choice of where to sample within the human gut.
The Impact of Climate Change on the Prevalence of Mental Illness Symptoms

Background: The repercussions of climate change threaten the population with an increased prevalence of extreme climate events. We explored the impact of climate change induced sea level rise (SLR) and tropical cyclone (TC) exposure on mental illness symptom prevalence. Methods Using three datasets, TC exposure scores were calculated for each subject to determine how exposure affects posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and major depressive disorder (MDD) symptom prevalence. Inundation mapping of various SLR and storm surge (SS) scenarios were performed for the susceptible region of Miami-Dade and Broward counties to determine the population impact of flooding. Results: We found an elevated risk of mental illness symptoms from exposure to more high- intensity TCs and identified demographic variables that may contribute to this risk. Furthermore, inundation mapping demonstrated severe and widespread impact of SLR and SS on the mental health of communities. Limitations: This study did not include data directly measuring comorbidity, resilience, preparedness, or ability to adapt to climate change. Also, multiple imputation using chained equations may have been imperfect. Finally, when conducting inundation mapping, static mapping may overestimate flooding severity. Conclusion: The impacts of climate change have been frequently studied in terms of physical health, natural disaster prevalence, and economic impacts, but rarely on mental health burden. However, it is vital that national, state, and local governments develop and deploy plans to address mental health needs along with expenditures for protecting infrastructure, the economy, and physical health from the combined effects of SLR and climate change-induced natural disasters.
Exploring DMS oxidation and implications for global aerosol radiative forcing

Abstract. Aerosol indirect radiative forcing (IRF), which characterizes how aerosols alter cloud formation and properties, is very sensitive to the preindustrial (PI) aerosol burden. Dimethyl sulfide (DMS), emitted from the ocean, is a dominant natural precursor of non-sea-salt sulfate in the PI and pristine present-day (PD) atmospheres. Here we revisit the atmospheric oxidation chemistry of DMS, particularly under pristine conditions, and its impact on aerosol IRF. Based on previous laboratory studies, we expand the simplified DMS oxidation scheme used in the Community Atmospheric Model version 6 with chemistry (CAM6-chem) to capture the OH-addition pathway as well as the H-abstraction pathway and the associated isomerization branch. These additional oxidation channels of DMS produce several stable intermediate compounds, e.g., methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and hydroperoxymethyl thioformate (HPMTF), delay the formation of sulfate, and hence, alter the spatial distribution of sulfate aerosol and radiative impacts. The expanded scheme improves the agreement between modeled and observed concentrations of DMS, MSA, HPMTF, and sulfate over most marine regions based on the NASA Atmospheric Tomography (ATom), the Aerosol and Cloud Experiments in the Eastern North Atlantic (ACE-ENA), and the VAMOS Ocean-Cloud-Atmosphere-Land Study Regional Experiment (VOCALS-REx) measurements. We find that the global HPMTF burden, as well as the burden of sulfate produced from DMS oxidation are relatively insensitive to the assumed isomerization rate, but the burden of HPMTF is very sensitive to a potential additional cloud loss. We find that global sulfate burden under PI and PD emissions increase to 412 Gg-S (+29 %) and 582 Gg-S (+8.8 %), respectively, compared to the standard simplified DMS oxidation scheme. The resulting annual mean global PD direct radiative effect of DMS-derived sulfate alone is −0.11 W m−2. The enhanced PI sulfate produced via the gas-phase chemistry updates alone dampens the aerosol IRF as anticipated (−2.2 W m−2 in standard versus −1.7 W m−2 with updated gas-phase chemistry). However, high clouds in the tropics and low clouds in the Southern Ocean appear particularly sensitive to the additional aqueous-phase pathways, counteracting this change (−2.3 W m−2). This study confirms the sensitivity of aerosol IRF to the PI aerosol loading, as well as the need to better understand the processes controlling aerosol formation in the PI atmosphere and the cloud response to these changes.
Rural Legislation or Rubrical Legerdemain

Prior to the Rural Development Act of 1972, enactments by Congress did not focus specifically on the issue of poverty in rural areas. More particularly, none dealt with the problems of spatial mobility, job accessibility, and temporal distance of the rural economically disadvantaged. Each can be analyzed statically, but doing so obviates the relationships between the problems. Isard (1975) uses his “crude” gravity model to define commuting fields in any type of communication or transportation phenomenon. This model captures a number of distance-related barriers to interchange besides the purely physical one; these include social distance, psychological (temporal) distance, political distance, and economic (transportation-cost) distance. Legislation dealing with unemployment, economic development, and substandard housing of the poor was aimed almost entirely at urban areas (U.S. Code: PL 86–372, 1960; PL 87–70, 1962). The legislation did not address the absence of gravitational “pulls” inherent in rural demographic sparsity (Isard, 1975).
Parallel Simulated Annealing for Efficient Data Clustering

In this paper, we investigate parallel simulated annealing strategies for data clustering. We introduce an asynchronous error-free technique which distributes tuples of a database among processors such that moves are proposed and evaluated independently in distinct processors. Synchronization among the processors has been reduced significantly. Such an approach may thus achieve a speedup that is linear in the number of processors. Experimental results are also included. Our analysis considers both the quality of the optimizations and the efficiency of the execution strategies. Compared with a sequential simulated annealing technique, the proposed asynchronous approach achieves the same quality with a very impressive speedup. The asynchronous method was implemented on a 32-node shared memory system to investigate its scalability. Our extensive experimental measurements indicate that the technique and the shared memory paradigm form a coherent combination for efficient parallel implementation of simulated annealing for data clustering. Another feature of the asynchronous strategy is that it also conforms nicely to the computation requirements of message-passing systems.
Problems Caused by Microbes and Treatment Strategies Anaerobic Hydrocarbon Biodegradation and Biocorrosion: A Case Study

The anaerobic biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons is important for the intrinsic remediation of spilt fuels (Gieg and Suflita, 2005), for the conversion of hydrocarbons to clean burning natural gas (Gieg et al., 2008; Jones et al., 2008) and for the fundamental cycling of carbon on the planet (Caldwell et al., 2008). However, the same process has also been implicated in a host of difficult problems including reservoir souring (Jack and Westlake, 1995), oil viscosity alteration (Head et al., 2003), compromised equipment performance and microbiologically influenced corrosion (Duncan et al., 2009). Herein, we will focus on the role of anaerobic microbial communities in catalysing biocorrosion activities in oilfield facilities. Biocorrosion is a costly problem that remains relatively poorly understood. Understanding of the underlying mechanisms requires reliable information on the carbon and energy sources supporting biofilm microorganisms capable of catalysing such activities.
Changes in solubility, non-enzymatic glycation, and fluorescence of collagen in tail tendons from diabetic rats.

Abstract The increase in acid-insoluble collagen (AIC) from tail tendons of streptozotocin-diabetic rats was measured and compared with that for control rats. AIC increased from 10% initially to 75% after 12 weeks of diabetes. It then increased slowly to 85% after 45 weeks. AIC for control rats was constant for the first 12 weeks and then increased slowly to 40% after 45 weeks. These data are consistent with an increase in the number of acid-stable cross-links in the collagen due to diabetes. The quantity of collagen solubilized by pepsin at 4 degrees C was unaltered due to diabetes, strong evidence that formation of diabetes-induced cross-links between helical regions of collagen molecules cannot explain the increase in AIC observed. Non-enzymatic glycation (NEG) increased linearly over 45 weeks, but the rate of NEG was much slower than the rate of increase in AIC observed for diabetics. The level of NEG for diabetics was about three times that for controls at a given time, but there was still less than 1 mol of glucose detected/mol of collagen at near maximum acid insolubility. Fluorescence associated with tail tendons was measured to test the hypothesis that fluorescent cross-links form as a consequence of NEG and result in decreased collagen solubility. Fluorescence (lambda ex 370; lambda em 430) increased slowly with age but was similar for control and diabetic tendons of the same age. Fluorescence was not increased in AIC compared with acid-soluble collagen derived from a given tendon sample. NEG of collagen reached near-diabetic levels in non-diabetic rats whose growth was inhibited by restricted feeding, but there was no associated increase in AIC. These data suggest that NEG and the subsequent formation of fluorescent cross-links do not contribute significantly to the rapid increase in AIC in the streptozotocin-rat model of diabetes.
Competencies for Program Evaluators in Light of Adaptive Action: What? So What? Now What?

This chapter considers next steps in the development and use of evaluator competencies in the United States and globally. It begins with a brief grounding in definitions, then applies the framework of adaptive action (Eoyang & Holladay, 2013), asking “What?” to first describe the current status of evaluator competencies, “So what?” to discuss the implications of that status, and finally “Now what?” to identify potential actions that might attend to the complexity of change in the field of evaluation. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
Maker Metadata: Problems and Possibilities

Information about makers is critical to bibliographic research, and special collections cataloging norms provide maker metadata. Still, access to maker metadata is hampered in online library catalogs. This article investigates the betterment of maker metadata in (or alongside) library catalogs using existing content guidelines, encoding schemas, and data models. Discussion finds that libraries have appropriate tools for improving access to maker metadata. This article thus encourages the profession to coordinate access to maker metadata. Cooperative maker description and the merger and/or linking of datasets generated by the research community are suggested areas for future investigation.
Minimal phase shift microstrip PIN diode attenuators

Variable attenuators with a minimum amount of phase shift are necessary to minimize instrumentation and measurement errors. A PIN diode microstrip attenuator is described which produces a 0.14 degrees /dB phase shift at a 14-dB attenuation at 9 GHz. This design utilizes a series of sectionalized ABCD matrices. The theoretical and measured performances of a PIN diode attenuators based on this design closely agreed. It was found that the intercomponent distance on the microstrip is a parameter whose sensitive adjustment minimizes the overall phase shift of the attenuator. >
The immigrant paradox: immigrants are less antisocial than native-born Americans

Purpose Although recent research on crime and violence among immigrants suggests a paradox—where immigrants are more socially disadvantaged yet less likely to commit crime—previous research is limited by issues of generalizability and assessment of the full depth of antisocial behavior.
Optimizing technical success of renal revascularization: The impact of intraoperative color-flow duplex ultrasonography

Abstract Purpose: Technical problems with renal revascularization can be difficult to detect, especially with end points of transaortic renal endarterectomies or anastomosis of bypass grafts to small distal renal arteries. If missed, such technical mishaps may not be recognized until after operation, when the chance for timely renal salvage has often been lost. Methods: To evaluate the value of newer color-flow duplex imaging, we performed intraoperative ultrasonography on 35 patients undergoing revascularization of 64 renal arteries, 29 patients undergoing transaortic endarterectomy, and 6 undergoing bypass grafting. Most patients (24/35; 69%) underwent concomitant aortic reconstruction. Ninety-four percent had hypertension, whereas 66% had associated chronic renal insufficiency. Results: Technical abnormalities prompting operative revision were identified during surgery in 10.9% of reconstructed main renal arteries (7/64). These included two occlusions, three intimal defects, and one extrinsic tissue band after endarterectomy plus one graft anastomotic stenosis. Color-flow imaging revealed all of them. Technical defects were also associated with higher peak-systolic flow velocities (mean 2.62 m/sec; range 2.00 to 3.50 m/sec) than normal-appearing arteries (mean 1.34 m/sec; range 0.40 to 2.50 m/sec) ( p = 0.004). Eighty-six percent of the defects (6/7) were immediately correctable. One patient required nephrectomy. Postoperative angiograms revealed two asymptomatic small branch—vessel occlusions (3%). Compared with preoperative levels ( p Conclusion: Intraoperative color-flow duplex detection and surgical correction of technical problems with renal revascularization have enhanced our technical success and been associated with long-term results comparable to those of patients undergoing normal intraoperative studies. (J VASC SURG 1993;17:849-57.)
Shell-model interpretation of the resonances in 19F

Abstract The experimental energies and widths of the resonances in 19F are compared with those of a shell-model calculation. This model predicts positive parity 2p-1h states that are formed by treating the target 18O as the core. It is assumed that these doorway states fragment via couplings with more complex configurations. Except for the 840-keV 1 2 + resonance, each positive parity level with strong proton width observed experimentally up to 3.2 MeV can be associated with a doorway state. Both the data and the model indicate that the 5 2 + level observed at 2.768 MeV may be identified as the analog of the 3.16-MeV level in 19O; however, isobaric spin impurities are present.
Ultrafast Spectroscopy of Laser-driven Shock Waves in Molecular Materials

Abstract The “nanoshock technique” for generating shock waves in molecular materials at high repetition rates is described. Ultrafast spectroscopy is used to study shock waves in crystalline anthracene, a high explosive NTO, and a molecular nanomachine, the heme protein myoglobin.
Role of Tissue Factor in Cancer

Tissue factor (TF) is the primary initiator of blood coagulation and plays a central role in hemostasis and the maintenance of vascular integrity after injury. In addition to its procoagulant activity, TF modulates cellular processes such as growth, migration and adhesion. TF mediates cell signaling directly through its cytoplasmic domain, or indirectly by activating cell surface receptors as a consequence of activation of the coagulation cascade. TF procoagulant and signaling functions play an important role in cancer biology, mediating tumor growth, angiogenesis, metastasis, and cancer-associated intravascular thrombosis. This review discusses the role TF plays in cancer biology.
Learning through Service: A Course Designed to Influence Positively Students' Disability-Related Attitudes.

How can we, as teacher educators, encourage preservice teachers (candidates) to develop an awareness of disability issues? How do we prepare them to look beyond labels to appreciate the individuali...