cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selective fallopian tube cannulation: initial experience in an infertile population

We have studied a group of 19 patients presenting with proximal tubal occlusion. Seventy-three percent (22/30) of tubes attempted were successfully cannulated. Sixty-two percent (5/8) of tubes remained patent in limited follow-up at 3 to 6 months. We conclude that selective fallopian tube cannulation may provide an alternative to microsurgical tubal anastomosis in selected patients.
Native Pests: The Impact of Deer in Highly Fragmented Habitats

Destruction of native habitat due to conversion to agriculture, logging, and urbanization, and subsequent fragmentation of the remaining habitat, has affected many species negatively (Guttenspergen 1983). Affected organisms include those dependent upon large blocks of habitat such as forest interior birds (Robbins 1980, Robbins et al. 1989), and large predators including the gray wolf (Fritts and Carbyn 1995) and grizzly bear. Other species like the North American bison required large blocks of habitat (Risser 1990), and they also may have migrated from summer to winter ranges (Dary 1974). Such migration would have been disrupted by habitat fragmentation. Even populations of perennial plant species persisting and reproducing in fragmented habitats can experience decline in genetic heterozygosity. These isolated populations, with limited gene flow, are threatened with local extirpation (White et al. 1983).
Race in Older but Not Younger Patients Associated With Greater Glycemic Burden in Primary Care Patients.

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to determine if race disparities in glycemic control differ in young vs older white and African American patients with diabetes.MethodsElectronic medical record ...
Fabrication of Redistribution Structure Using Highly Reliable Photosensitive Polyimide for Fan Out Panel Level Packages

Positive tone photosensitive polyimide (posi-PSPI) having low temperature curability and extremely good Cu migration was developed. In order to develop, we investigated the effect of polyimide structure for reliability. We observed the polyimide structure affected the Cu migration resistance mainly. Polyimide having soft segment shows better Cu migration resistance. Soft segment unit in polyimide back-bone may add better flowability to cover Cu without any damage to show better Cu migration resistance. Posi-PSPI using the high reliable polyimide offers fine pattern $(3 m\mathrm{m}$ trench and $5 m\mathrm{m}$ line and space) with good sensitivity (300 mJ/cm $^{2}(\mathrm{i} -$line)) by photolithographic system, and shows high chemical resistance toward resist strippers.We also successfully developed redistribution structure by using the above posi-PSPI and all wet Cu plating processes. To obtain the structure, patterned Cu was obtained by non-electrical plating on photosensitive polyimide layer with a mask of photo-resist. We coated the posi-PSPI by a slit coater and found a suitable wet surface treatment to obtain good adhesion to plated Cu. The all wet Cu processes are composed of wet activation process and electro-Cu plating process. By combining all these processes, $40 m\mathrm{m}$ line and space Cu pattern was obtained by using a 500-600mm glass panel. In addition $2 m\mathrm{m}$ line and space Cu pattern was obtained on a 8 inch glass wafer.
Exercise restores chloride homeostasis and decreases spasticity through the BDNF-KCC2 pathway after chronic SCI

Activity-based therapies are routinely integrated in rehabilitation programs to induce repetitive activation of the neuromuscular system and facilitate functional recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). Among the beneficial effects of physical therapy is a reduction of hyperreflexia and spasticity in SCI individuals, but the precise mechanism by which exercise regulates spinal networks and facilitate recovery remains elusive. Spasticity is a debilitating condition that affects ~ 75% of the SCI population and interferes with residual motor function. Current pharmacological treatments not only have serious side effects but also actively depress spinal excitability and interferes with motor recovery. Understanding how activity-based therapies contribute to decrease spasticity will help identify critical pharmacological targets and optimize rehabilitation programs. KCC2, a neuron-specific Cl- extruder, is critical to the maintenance of [Cl-]i and its downregulation after SCI leads to a shift in chloride homeostasis that contributes to develop spasticity. We have shown in earlier studies that not only exercise promotes reflex modulation but also restores KCC2 expression in motoneurons. KCC2 is dynamically modulated by several signaling pathways, the most prevalent being BDNF-TrkB. Interestingly, activity-dependent processes triggered by exercise include an increase in the expression of BDNF in the lumbar spinal cord. However, whether the increase in KCC2 contributes to functional recovery and rely on BDNF activity have not been established. Our objective was to determine 1) whether the activity-dependent upregulation of KCC2 contributes to decrease spasticity after SCI; 2) if BDNF regulates KCC2 expression in an activity-dependent manner. Using a model of complete SCI, we investigated this possible causal effect by intrathecally delivering VU0240551, a specific KCC2 blocker, or TrkB-IgG, a BDNF scavenger. Drugs were specifically delivered during the daily rehabilitation sessions to transiently prevent KCC2/BDNF activity. We provide evidence that the beneficial effect of exercise on functional recovery relies on a BDNF-dependent increase in KCC2 expression on motoneurons and the restoration of endogenous inhibition to a mature state. We identify, for the first time, that the increase in KCC2 activity with activity-based therapies functionally contributes to H-reflex recovery and critically depends on BDNF activity. This provides a new perspective on our understanding of how exercise impact hyperreflexia by identifying the biological basis of recovery of function. Acting directly on chloride homeostasis through BDNF to restore endogenous inhibition rather than actively depress excitability can diminish the reduction in motor output associated with the current pharmacological management of SCI and improve the outcome of rehabilitation programs.
MHC Genes, Chemosignals, and Genetic Analyses of Murine Social Behaviors

In many ways, behavior genetics is a dual discipline (Fuller and Thompson, 1978), and two types of behavior genetics are described in this section. These are labeled as Type I and Type II behavior genetics.
Clinicopathologic analysis of a large series of microinvasive breast cancer.

1129 Background: Microinvasive breast cancer (Tmic) is defined by the AJCC as extension of cancer cells beyond the basement membrane with no single focus larger than 1 mm. The clinical behavior of ...
Barriers to eye care among participants of a mobile eye clinic.

Purpose: Barriers to health care present complex challenges to improving eye health in the U.S., yet few studies have quantitatively measured the impact of these barriers. This study investigated t...
Dissecting the chitinolytic activity of mammalian chitinases

Chitin is an abundant polysaccharide used by a large range of organisms for structural rigidity and water repulsion. As such, the insoluble crystalline structure of chitin poses significant challenges for enzymatic degradation. Vertebrates do not produce chitin, but do express chitin degrading enzymes. Acidic mammalian chitinase, the primary enzyme involved in the degradation of environmental chitin in mammalian lungs, is a processive glycosyl hydrolase that may be able to make multiple hydrolysis events for each binding event. Mutations to acidic mammalian chitinase have been associated with risk factors for asthma, and genetic deletion of the enzyme in mice results in significantly increased morbidity and mortality with age. Aside from the local catalytic mechanism at the active site, the mechanisms by which acidic mammalian chitinase binds, orients, and processes on crystalline chitin are poorly understood. Previous efforts to quantify activity have been limited either by the use of short oligomeric substrates or by signal-to-noise considerations that limited throughput or quantifiability. Here, we develop new methods to quantify chitinase activity using a colloidal chitin source and a fluorogenic enzyme-coupled assay, which allows us to dissect total activity into catalysis and binding, with sufficient throughput to quantify the effects of multiple mutations. We use this technique to measure the effect of the carbohydrate-binding domain on activity, to quantify differences in activity between acidic mammalian chitinase and chitotriosidase, the other chitinase expressed by mammals, and to characterize the effects of both naturally occurring mutations and mutations identified by a directed evolution screen to increase activity with oligomeric substrates. Our results underscore the importance of measuring activity using crystalline chitin substrates to understand the mechanisms of chitin degradation, and provide a new tool to facilitate effective quantification of binding and catalysis with these complex substrates. We anticipate that this approach will be useful for further studies of chitinase function, as well as for any future efforts at engineering glycosyl hydrolases.
GLIAL CELLS IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE LEECH; THEIR MEMBRANE POTENTIAL AND POTASSIUM CONTENT.

1. Resting potentials have been recorded in glial cells of the central nervous system of the leech in a wide range of potassium concentrations.
The feminist futures of cultural studies

The future of Critical Cultural Studies depends on the questions we have asked, are asking, and will ask. I hope that central to the present and future of critical cultural studies is the question:...
Chapter 18 – Wireless Networking

Publisher Summary Wireless networking, or more generally “wireless communications,” refers to the transmission of signals through a wireless medium, such as air or space, instead of through a physical cable. Wireless communications signals are transmitted and received via antennae. More specifically, a transmitting antenna radiates electromagnetic waves into the air and a receiving antenna collects these waves from the air. Each different type of communications style involves a different type of wireless network. There are also different wireless network technologies associated with each network such as the Bluetooth Technology. It is a short-range wireless technology that enables any Bluetooth-enabled device to communicate with each other via radio links. It enables mobile PCs, mobile phones, and other portable telecommunications devices to be interconnected via short-range radio links instead of conventional and often inconvenient cable attachments. It provides a radio interface connection instead of a cable attachment. The primary advantages of any wireless communications strategy include fast setup times and convenience. Installing a wireless infrastructure is easier and faster than installing a wired infrastructure. There is no need to drill through walls or lay cables—two very time consuming and messy tasks.
Speciation in electrolytes using the COSMO-RS solution model

Abstract A novel speciation theory solves for the identities and concentrations of all molecular compounds and complexes in an equilibrium state. The speciation range refers to the identity of all molecular compounds, their isomers, and their coordination complexes that co-exist in the mixture. An example equilibrium state is defined as the solution composition that minimizes the Gibbs energy at in a closed, isothermal, isobaric system, and the speciation model uses COSMO-RS to compute species chemical potentials. Measurements of LiPF 6 solubilities in propylene carbonate and methyl-2,2,2 trifluoroethyl carbonate solutions between 12 °C and 50 °C enable the calculation of the Gibbs energy of fusion of LiPF 6 . COSMO-RS illustrates a thermodynamic inconsistency in the speciation models because the computed salt Gibbs energy of fusion is significantly different between solutions of different solvents. The inconsistency requires further study with additional data sets and careful parameterization.
Which Identity Frames Boost Support for and Mobilization in the #BlackLivesMatter Movement? An Experimental Test

The Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement has organized hundreds of disruptive protests in American cities since 2013 (Garza 2014; Harris 2015; Taylor 2016). The movement has garnered considerable attention from the U.S. media and is well recognized by the U.S. public (Horowitz and Livingston 2016; Neal 2017). Social movement scholars suggest that such robust mobilizations are typically predicated on clear social movement frames (Benford and Snow 2000; Snow et al. 1986). Tillery (2019b) has identified several distinct message frames within the social media communications of BLM activists. In this paper, we use a survey experiment to test the effect of three of these frames—Black Nationalist, Feminist, and LGBTQ+ Rights—on the mobilization of African Americans. We find that exposure to these frames generates differential effects on respondents’ willingness to support, trust, canvass, and write representatives about the Black Lives Matter movement. These findings raise new questions about the deployment of intersectional messaging strategies within movements for racial justice.
Precarious familismo among Latinas/os/xs: Toward a critical theoretical framework centering queer communities:

Among the Latina/o/x community, familismo is often deemed as one of the most important institutions of support. Research has consistently demonstrated the various and affirming ways in which the cu...
Thermochemistry of the Ir + + SO 2 reaction using guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometry and theory

Kinetic energy dependences of the reactions of Ir+ (5F5) with SO2 were studied using a guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer and theory. The observed cationic products are IrO+, IrS+, and IrSO+, formed in endothermic reactions. Bond dissociation energies (BDEs) of the products are determined by modeling the kinetic energy dependent product cross sections: D0(Ir+–O) = 4.27 ± 0.11 eV, D0(Ir+–S) = 4.03 ± 0.06 eV, and D0(Ir+–SO) ≥ 2.95 ± 0.06 eV. The oxide BDE agrees well with literature values, whereas the two latter results are novel measurements. Quantum mechanical calculations are performed at the B3LYP level of theory using the def2-TZVPPD basis set for all product BDEs with additional calculations for IrS+, IrO2+, and IrSO+ at the coupled cluster with single, double, and perturbative triple excitation levels with def2-QZVPPD and aug-cc-pVXZ (X = T and Q and for IrS+, also X = 5) basis sets and complete basis set extrapolations. These theoretical BDEs agree reasonably well with the experimental values. 1A1 (IrO2+), 5Δ4 (IrS+), and 3A″/1A′ (IrSO+) are found to be the ground states after including empirical spin–orbit corrections. The potential energy surfaces including intermediates and transition states for each reaction are also calculated at the B3LYP/def2-TZVPPD level. The formation of MO+ (M = Re, Os, and Ir) from M+ + SO2 reactions is compared with those from the M+ + O2 and M+ + CO reactions, where interesting trends in cross sections are observed. Overall, these studies suggest that the M+ + O2 reactions had restrictions associated with reactions along A′ and A″ surfaces.
Process Humidity Affects Salmonella Lethality at the Surface and Core of Impingement-Cooked Meat and Poultry Products

Recent revisions to USDA FSIS compliance and safe harbor guidelines for ready-to-eat meat and poultry products addressed process humidity requirements. Given the lack of prior data for impingement-cooked products, this project aimed to evaluate the impact of process humidity on Salmonella lethality at the product core and surface, and compliance of the results with USDA FSIS lethality performance standards. Whole muscle beef strips, ground beef patties, whole muscle chicken breast fillets, and breaded ground chicken patties were inoculated with an 8-serovar cocktail of Salmonella. Beef and chicken samples were cooked in a pilot-scale moist-air impingement oven to a core temperature of 70.0 or 72.8°C, respectively, immediately quenched in liquid nitrogen, and dissected to obtain core and surface samples. Variables included oven temperature (218, 232°C), air velocity (0.7 and 2.8 m/s), and oven humidity (0.7, 15, 30, or 70% moisture by volume (% v/v)). Additional treatments were performed to examine the impact of supplemental critical control processes, such as increased endpoint temperature, post-oven carryover time, and pre- or post-oven steam treatments. Salmonella reductions of >7 log were reliably achieved in chicken patties regardless of the processing variables; however, none of the treatments reliably ensured >6.5 log reductions of Salmonella in ground beef. A majority of whole-muscle samples failed to meet the required performance lethality when processed at 0.7% v/v; however, Salmonella inactivation was significantly improved (P 30% v/v. Dry oven conditions achieved greater Salmonella lethality at the core than at the surface for multiple products (P < 0.05). The efficacies of minimal and supplemental critical controls were product-, process-, and humidity-dependent (P < 0.05). Overall, process humidity and product variability should be considered in regulatory requirements and process validations.
Preparing for a Better End: Expert Lessons on Death and Dying, for You and Your Loved Ones: by Dan Morhaim and Shelley Morhaim. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2020, 260 pp, $25.00 (Hardcover), ISBN 978-1421439167

This book introduces the reader to the very sensitive, emotional, and sometimes intimidating topic of death and dying. It shows the reader how to communicate their decisions about their end-of-life...
A Comparative Examination of the Purpose of the Criminal Justice System

A recent Gallup poll found that only 20% of Americans have a substantial amount of confidence in our criminal justice system, a 14% decline from only four years ago. Since the legitimacy of our criminal justice system depends upon the public’s confidence in that system, this is matter of great concern. As a result of my acquaintance with both our system and the inquisitorial system used in Europe and elsewhere, I am aware of the specific areas that lead the American public to distrust our process and the way in which those areas are dealt with in the inquisitorial system. As is noted in this article, a fundamental difference arises from the fact that, as one distinguished American author has noted, our adversarial system is based on the “fight theory” while the inquisitorial system is based on the “truth theory.” The article identifies each of the areas in our system that can give rise to public mistrust, such as plea bargaining, constitutional questions, selection and training of judges, prosecutorial discretion, and our trial process. I then describe the inquisitorial approach to each issue, and point out how that approach is less troublesome to the public and better promotes the ascertainment of truth. I also discuss why there is a disconnect between our judges and lawyers who value our system highly and the great majority of Americans who distrust the process. I then review what we can learn from the inquisitorial process that might assist us in restoring Americans’ faith in our criminal justice system.
From Global Dispossession to Local Repossession: Towards a Worldly Cultural Geography of Occupy Activism

Occupy Wall Street (OWS) activism in 2011 suddenly tied global cities associated with the boom times of financial globalization and a world of discontent linked to global dispossession. Doing so most novelly within the affluent urban control centers and partially privatized public spaces of American capitalism, the direct action of the OWS encampments and associated protests also made a global capitalist class – the so-called 1 percent – a new focus for global critique. As Naomi Klein explained in a speech to OWS activists at Zuccotti Park, there was an important political–geographic shift made manifest in this critique: a shift from a geography of blaming territories – wealthy nation-states – to targeting transnational geographies of class domination. “It seems as if there aren’t any more rich countries,” she underlined. “Just a whole lot of rich people. People who got rich looting the public wealth and exhausting natural resources around the world. The point is today everyone can see that the system is deeply unjust and careening out of control” (Klein 2011). Here, I want to argue that this shift was also very much a cultural–geographic shift too, partly because of how it reframed and communicated concerns about global class domination through local placebased action but also because of how it simultaneously made clear the worldwide resonance and relays of the activism in articulating new communities of cross-border and cross-cultural solidarity. Critical awareness about the global system careening out of control was thereby spreading from places in the global South, where it had long been obvious, to places of former plenty and complicity. “The world has come to Occupy Wall Street,” noted Andy Kroll, in an article that went on to document the multiple cross-cultural connections articulated by and in the new global–local ties:
A Low-Cost Disaster Recovery Method for 1.323 Based VoIP Network

VoIP network is proliferating worldwide in lightning pace. As it grows and matures in terms of number of users and variety of services, it faces the burden of overcrowding, overload and service sustenance challenges. In a typical scenario of recovery from a network-wide power outage, the VoIP Telephony servers may face sudden and huge load of service requests coming from the users. This may lead to unwanted situations like congestion, service delay, service disruption, etc. causing a potentially disastrous revenue loss for the service providers. In usual overload control mechanism, valuable system resource is spent in constantly monitoring the traffic and performing additional work if an overload is detected. This may prove costly and ineffective under extreme load conditions. This paper presents a simple and novel way of handling very heavy load without any overload control overhead. We employ the inherent characteristics of IP and H. 323 networks to handle sudden and extreme load in a H. 323 based VoIP network, providing a cost effective disaster recovery solution.
Quantitative Methods and Socio-Economic Applications in GIS.

Fifteen years ago, Goodchild and colleagues (2000) pointed out that the existing research and educational infrastructure were insufficient to meet the rapidly increasing demand for spatial approach...
Implicit Monte Carlo Radiation Transport Simulations of Four Test Problems

Radiation transport codes, like almost all codes, are difficult to develop and debug. It is helpful to have small, easy to run test problems with known answers to use in development and debugging. It is also prudent to re-run test problems periodically during development to ensure that previous code capabilities have not been lost. We describe four radiation transport test problems with analytic or approximate analytic answers. These test problems are suitable for use in debugging and testing radiation transport codes. We also give results of simulations of these test problems performed with an Implicit Monte Carlo photonics code.
Free Speech and Hostile Environments

One major concern about sexual harassment law is that employers will restrict employee speech in order to avoid hostile environment liability, thus violating free speech principles. In this Essay, Professor Balkin argues that this “collateral censorship” is constitutionally permissible when there are good grounds for vicarious liability. Because employers actively control workplace culture, and because they are better able to prevent hostile environments than individual employees, vicarious liability for employee speech is more justified than in the case of distributors or common carriers.
Surface energetics of alkaline-earth metal oxides: Trends in stability and adsorption of small molecules

We present a systematic theoretical investigation of the surface properties, stability, and reactivity of rocksalt type alkaline-earth metal oxides including MgO, CaO, SrO, and BaO. The accuracy of commonly used exchange-correlation density functionals (LDA, PBE, RPBE, PBEsol, BEEF-vdW, and hybrid HSE) and random-phase approximation (RPA) is evaluated and compared to existing experimental values. Calculated surface energies of the four most stable surface facets under vacuum conditions, the (100) surface, the metal and oxygen terminated octopolar (111), and the (110) surfaces, exhibit a monotonic increase in stability from MgO to BaO. On the MgO(100) surface, adsorption of CO, NO, and ${\text{CH}}_{4}$ is characterized by physisorption while ${\text{H}}_{2}\text{O}$ chemisorbs, which is in agreement with experimental findings. We further use the on-top metal adsorption of CO and NO molecules to map out the surface energetics of each alkaline-earth metal oxide surface. The considered functionals all qualitatively predict similar adsorption energy trends. The ordering between the adsorption energies on different surface facets can be attributed to differences in the local geometrical surface structure and the electronic structure of the metal constituent of the alkaline-earth metal oxide. The striking observation that CO adsorption strength is weaker than NO adsorption on the (100) terraces as the period of the alkaline-earth metal in the oxide increases is analyzed in detail in terms of charge redistribution within the $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ and $\ensuremath{\pi}$ channels of adsorbates. Finally, we also present oxygen adsorption and oxygen vacancy formation energies in these oxide systems.
Reoperative "valve-in-valve" transapical transcatheter mitral valve replacement in a high-risk patient with a recent transapical transcatheter aortic valve replacement and a degenerated bioprosthetic mitral valve.

Transapical transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAAVR) can safely be performed in high-risk patients who are not candidates for conventional replacement. However, using the transapical transcatheter (TA) approach as a reoperative strategy in patients who have undergone previous TA valve surgery has not been well described. We therefore report the first known case of a patient who recently underwent TA-AVR and subsequently developed severe prosthetic mitral regurgitation that was managed with a ‘‘valve-invalve’’ TA mitral valve (MV) replacement.
Improving Documentation of Pain Management at MedStar Washington Cancer Institute

After one plan-do-study-act cycle, the authors achieved their goal of a 90% pain documentation rate. They continue quarterly monitoring of documentation rate, as well as education and orientation of new staff members.
White light lateral shear interferometer with holographic shear lenses and spatial Fourier transform

Lateral shear interferometer is a simple yet powerful method for testing wavefronts or measuring refractive index changes. Previously, we have reported a method of using two holographic lenses to obtain shear and to generate a spatial frequency carrier, which was used for quantitative analysis. This technique has some advantages such as stability and instantaneous measurements. In this Letter, we report a method of using white light with holographic gratings to obtain shear and also to perform wavefront analysis using the spatial carrier fringes generated at a specific selected wavelength from the white light spectrum. We show that the sensitivity of the setup can be changed by selecting different wavelengths from the spectrum.
Eliminating beta-continuation from Heaviside projection and density filter algorithms

Projection methods and density filters based on the Heaviside step function are an effective means for producing discrete (0---1) solutions in continuum topology optimization. They naturally impose a minimum length scale on designed features and thereby prevent numerical instabilities of checkerboards and mesh dependence, as well as provide the designer a tool to influence solution manufacturability. A drawback of the Heaviside approach is that a continuation method must be applied to the continuous approximation so as not to approach the step function too quickly. This is achieved by gradually increasing a curvature parameter known as β as the optimization progresses. This is not only inefficient, but also causes slight, artificial perturbations to the topology. This note offers simple modifications to optimizer algorithms and/or Heaviside formulation that allow this continuation method to be eliminated. The modifications are tested on minimum compliance and compliant inverter benchmark problems and are shown to be effective and efficient.
Commissioning of a multiple-frequency modulation smoothing by spectral dispersion demonstration system on OMEGA EP

A one-dimensional smoothing by spectral dispersion (SSD) demonstration system for smoothing focal-spot nonuniformities using multiple modulation frequencies (multi-FM SSD) was commissioned on one long-pulse beamline of OMEGA EP—the first use of such a system in a high-energy laser. System models of frequency modulation-to-amplitude modulation (FM-to-AM) conversion in the OMEGA EP beamline and final optics were used to develop an AM budget. The AM budget in turn provided a UV power limit of 0.85 TW, based on accumulation of B -integral in the final optics. The front end of the demonstration system utilized a National Ignition Facility preamplifier module (PAM) with a custom SSD grating inserted into the PAM’s multipass amplifier section. The dispersion of the SSD grating was selected to cleanly propagate the dispersed SSD bandwidth through various pinholes in the system while maintaining sufficient focal-spot smoothing performance. A commissioning plan was executed that systematically introduced the new features of the demonstration system into OMEGA EP. Ultimately, the OMEGA EP beamline was ramped to the UV power limit with various pulse shapes. The front-end system was designed to provide flexibility in pulse shaping. Various combinations of pickets and nanosecond-scale drive pulses were demonstrated, with multi-FM SSD selectively applied to portions of the pulse. Analysis of the dispersion measured by the far-field diagnostics at the outputs of the infrared beamline and the frequency-conversion crystals indicated that the SSD modulation spectrum was maintained through both the beamline and the frequency-conversion process. At the completion of the plan, a series of equivalent-target-plane measurements with distributed phase plates installed were conducted that confirmed the expected timeintegrated smoothing of the focal spot.
Self-restraint and self-injury: a demonstration of separate functions and response classes

We evaluated the self-injurious behavior (SIB) and self-restraint (SR) of an 11-year-old boy with severe mental retardation that were suspected to be functionally unrelated. A functional analysis (consequences provided for SIB) resulted in near-zero levels of SIB across experimental conditions and did not indicate a specific function of SIB. In contrast, high, undifferentiated levels of SR were observed during the attention, control, alone, and demand conditions. Further analysis of a possible tangible function of SIB using pairwise comparisons resulted in a high rate of SIB during the contingent tangible condition, no SIB in the noncontingent tangible condition, and comparable levels of SR in both conditions. A subsequent analysis using restraint blocking during play and no-play contexts suggested that SR produced automatic reinforcement under conditions of low ambient stimulation. Thus, SIB and SR were shown to be functionally independent and maintained by distinct consequences. The results are briefly discussed and suggestions for future research are provided. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High Peclet number mass transfer in the acoustic streaming flow between two concentric cylinders

Abstract Local and average convective diffusive mass transfer rates are analyzed numerically for high Peclet number acoustic streaming flow between two concentric cylinders. The streaming flows analyzed are for low to moderate streaming Reynolds numbers, where counter-rotating inner and outer recirculating flow cells exist. Thin concentration boundary layers form at the inner cylinder surface, across the streamline that divides the inner and outer flow cells, and at the outer cylinder surface. The core of each recirculating flow cell contains a well-mixed region of nearly uniform composition. The numerical results are used to develop Sherwood number correlations that relate convective mass transfer rates to dimensionless forms of the oscillation amplitude, oscillation frequency, and physical properties of the system. Numerical results are shown to agree with published experimental results.
Gamma knife radiosurgery of meningiomas involving the foramen magnum

Background: Foramen magnum meningiomas represent a challenging clinical entity. Although resection is performed for those with a mass effect, complete resection is not always feasible. For some patients, stereotactic radiosurgery may be used as the primary treatment modality. We evaluatedthe long-term outcome of Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) for the treatment of patientswith a foramen magnum meningioma. Materials and Methods: Between 1991 and 2005, 222 patients with a meningioma in the posterior fossa were treated with GKRS at the University of Virginia. Of these patients, 5 had meningiomas involving the foramen magnum. At the time of GKRS, the median age of the patients was 60 years (range, 51-78). Three patients were treated with radiosurgery following an initial resection and 2 were treated with upfront radiosurgery. The patients were assessed clinically and radiologically at routine intervals following GKRS. Results: The median tumor volume was 6.8 cc (range 1.9-17 cc). The GKRS tumor received a marginal dose of 12 Gy (range 10-15), and the median number of isocenters was 5 (range 3-19). The mean follow-up was 6 years (range 4-13). One lesion increased in size following GKRS requiring a second treatment, resulting in size stabilization. At the time of the last follow-up, all meningiomas had either demonstrated no growth (n = 4) or reduction in size (n = 1). No patients experienced post-radiotherapy complications. Conclusions: GKRS affords a high rate of tumor control and preservation of neurologic function for patients with foramen magnum meningiomas. Further study of its role in the neurosurgical management of such patients seems warranted.
Dynamic Structure Factor of the Calogero-Sutherland Model

We evaluate the dynamic structure factor S(q, omega) of a one-dimensional quantum Hamiltonian with the inverse-square interaction (Calogero-Sutherland model). For a fixed small q, the structure factor differs from zero in a finite interval of frequencies of the width deltaomega proportional to q2/m. At the borders of this interval S(q, omega) exhibits power-law singularities with exponents depending on the interaction strength. The singularities are similar in origin to the well-known Fermi-edge singularity in the x-ray absorption spectra of metals.
Epigenetic Regulatory Mechanisms Distinguish Retinoic Acid-mediated Transcriptional Responses in Stem Cells and Fibroblasts

Retinoic acid (RA), a vitamin A metabolite, regulates transcription by binding to RA receptor (RAR) and retinoid X receptor (RXR) heterodimers. This transcriptional response is determined by receptor interactions with transcriptional regulators and chromatin modifying proteins. We compared transcriptional responses of three RA target genes (Hoxa1, Cyp26a1, RARβ2) in primary embryo fibroblasts (mouse embryonic fibroblasts), immortalized fibroblasts (Balb/c3T3), and F9 teratocarcinoma stem cells. Hoxa1 and Cyp26a1 transcripts are not expressed, but RARβ2 transcripts are induced by RA in mouse embryonic fibroblasts and Balb/c3T3 cells. Retinoid receptors (RARγ, RXRα), coactivators (pCIP (NCOA3, SRC3)), and p300 and RNA polymerase II are recruited only to the RARβ2 RA response element (RARE) in Balb/c3T3, whereas these proteins are recruited to RAREs of all three genes by RA in F9 cells. In F9, RA reduces polycomb (PcG) protein Suz12 and the associated H3K27me3 repressive epigenetic modification at the RAREs of all three genes. In contrast, in Balb/c3T3 cells cultured in the +/−RA, Suz12 is not associated with the Hoxa1, RARβ2, and Cyp26a1 RAREs, whereas slow levels of the H3K27me3 mark are seen at these RAREs. Thus, Suz12 is not required for gene repression in the absence of RA. Even though the Hoxa1 RARE and proximal promoter show high levels of H3K9,K14 acetylation in Balb/c3T3, the Hoxa1 gene is not transcriptionally activated by RA. In Balb/c3T3, CpG islands are methylated in the Cyp26a1 promoter region but not in the Hoxa1 promoter or in these promoters in F9 cells. We have delineated the complex mechanisms that control RA-mediated transcription in fibroblasts versus stem cells.
Co-ingestion of prescription opioids and other drugs among high school seniors: Results from a national study

Abstract Background The objective of this study was to determine the past-year prevalence rates and behavioral correlates of co-ingestion of prescription opioids and other drugs among high school seniors in the United States. Methods Nationally representative probability samples of high school seniors in the United States were surveyed as a part of the Monitoring the Future (MTF) study. Data were collected in schools via self-administered paper-and-pencil questionnaires during the spring of each cohort's senior year. The sample consisted of five cohorts (senior years of 2002–2006) made up of 12,441 high school seniors (modal age 18), of which 53% were women. Results The estimated prevalence of any past-year co-ingestion of prescription opioids and other drugs for these cohorts was 4.4%, and 69.8% among nonmedical users of prescription opioids. The substances most commonly co-ingested with prescription opioids included marijuana (58.5%), alcohol (52.1%), cocaine (10.6%), tranquilizers (10.3%), and amphetamines (9.5%). Nonmedical users who co-ingested prescription opioids with other drugs were more likely to report intranasal administration, recreational motives, oxycodone use, and greater subjective high when using prescription opioids than nonmedical users who did not co-ingest prescription opioids and other drugs. Conclusions Nearly 7 out of every 10 nonmedical users of prescription opioids reported co-ingestion of prescription opioids and other drugs in the past year. The findings indicate that the co-ingestion of prescription opioids and other drugs by high school seniors in the United States serves as a marker for substance abuse and represents a significant public health concern.
New 6-hydroxyflavonoids and their methyl ethers and glycosides from Neurolaena oaxacana

Abstract Six new and nine known flavonoids were obtained from Neurolaena oaxacana. The known flavonoids are 6-hydroxykaempferol 3,7-dimethyl ether, quercetagetin 3,7-dimethyl ether, quercetin 3-methyl ether, axillarin, nodifloretin, 6-hydroxyluteolin 7-glucoside, kaempferol 3-glucoside, quercetagetin 7-glucoside and patulitrin. The new compounds are 6-hydroxykaempferol 3-methyl ether, quercetagetin 3,7-dimethyl ether 6-galactoside, quercetagetin 3-methyl ether 7-glucoside, the 6- and 7-glucosides of 6-hydroxykaempferol 3-methyl ether and quercetagetin 3-methyl ether 7-sulfate.
Isolation and identification of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenyl glucuronide from bile of rainbow trout exposed to 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol.

Abstract A polar 14 C metabolite was purified from bile of rainbow trout exposed to 14 C (ring-UL) 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM). Analysis by thin-layer chromatography, uv-visible and infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography, β-glucuronidase hydrolysis and mass spectroscopy indicated that the material was the glucuronide conjugate of unchanged TFM. The amount of metabolite isolated from the bile of eight 125-g fish represented the conversion of approximately 3% of the total amount of TFM in the tank water in 24 hr.
Muscle maturation: implications for gene therapy

Skeletal muscle is a promising target tissue for gene therapy, for both muscle and non-muscle disorders. A variety of methods have been studied to transfer genes into skeletal muscle, including retroviral, adenoviral and herpes simplex viral vectors. However, various factors impede muscle-based viral gene therapy. Here, we discuss why some viral vectors cannot efficiently transduce mature muscle fibers, and describe some new approaches to overcome this barrier.
Self-monitoring structural materials

Abstract Self-monitoring (or intrinsically smart) structural materials, including concrete containing short carbon fibers, and polymer-matrix and carbon-matrix composites containing continuous carbon fibers, were reviewed. Each material is capable of monitoring its own reversible strain and damage through the effects of these on the electrical resistance of the material. This capability is valuable for structural control and structural health monitoring. Among these three materials, the concrete gives the highest strain sensitivity or gage factor (up to 700), while the carbon-carbon composite gives the highest damage sensitivity (i.e., sensitivity even to the damage after the first cycle of tensile loading within the elastic regime). The origin of the self-monitoring ability differs among the three materials. For the concrete, it is related to slight fiber pull-out during strain and fiber and matrix fracture during damage. For the polymer-matrix composite, it is related to the increase in the degree of fiber alignment and reduction of fiber pre-stress during tension in the fiber direction and to fiber fracture and delamination during fatigue. For the carbon-carbon composite, it is related to dimensional changes during strain and fiber and matrix fracture during damage. © 1998 Elsevier Science S.A.
New parametrization of the Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix and its implications

We propose a new parametrization of the quark mixing matrix (the Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix) in terms of four independent moduli of its matrix elements: /vert bar//ital V//sub /ital us///vert bar/, /vert bar//ital V//sub /ital cb///vert bar/, /vert bar//ital V//sub /ital td///vert bar/, and /vert bar//ital V//sub /ital ub///vert bar///vert bar/V/sub cb//vert bar/. Based on this convenient parametrization, we study the constraints on the top-quark mass and the quark mixing elements /vert bar//ital V//sub /ital ij///vert bar/ from the recent measurement of epsilon'/epsilon, the ARGUS result on /ital B//sub /ital d///sup 0/-/bar B/ /ital d//sup 0/ mixing, the ratio /vert bar//ital V//sub /ital ub///vert bar///vert bar/V/sub cb//vert bar/, and the mixing parameter epsilon in the /ital K//sup 0/-/ital K/bar // /sup 0/ system taking into account all the uncertainties in the input.
Quasibound states and heteroclinic structures in the driven Morse potential

We have studied the classical and quantum dynamics of the Morse system driven by time-periodic external field. Floquet energies and Husimi probability distributions of quasibound states of the driven system are obtained using exterior complex scaling method and Floquet theory. As we increase the external field strength, the number of quasibound states is decreased and the Husimi distribution of the quasibound state shows the enhanced positive momentum distribution that appears to be supported by the classical homoclinic tangles that develop on the positive momentum side of the phase space.
Iowa Discriminant Index for endogenous depression: family history correlates.

Abstract We examined the risk of psychiatric illness in the first-degree relatives of the 257 depressed inpatients upon whom we constructed the Iowa Discriminant Index (IDI) for endogeneous depression. Nonendogeneous depressives had a higher rate of alcoholism and antisocial personality in their families. IDI endogenous subtyping was not associated with a family history of depression. These results provide additional support for the validity of the empirically derived IDI.
The effects of Calliphora vomitoria tachykinin-i and the FMRFamide-related peptide perisulfakinin on female Phormia regina crop contractions, in vitro

The dipteran crop is an elaborate diverticulation of the foregut that serves as an important food reservoir and feeding regulator. Peptidergic innervation has been associated with the crop of the blow fly Phormia regina and myotropic neuropeptides have been previously demonstrated to affect crop contraction rates, in vitro. The blow fly peptide, callitachykinin-1 was found to increase the rate of contractions and alter the contractile morphology of the P. regina crop, in vitro. The cockroach peptide perisulfakinin, however, had no measurable affect on crop contractions.
Optimal Inspection and Replacement Policies with Age-Dependent Failures and Fallible Tests

Optimal inspection and replacement policies for a device subject to non-Markovian stochastic failures are derived in the case of inspections that may fail to provide a correct description of the state of the system. Two types of policies are considered, differing in the strategy followed in case of reported failure: one-test policies prescribe replacement, whereas two-test policies prescribe a more accurate work-up, designed to avoid the replacement of a functioning unit. For both cases and arbitrary failure distributions, general optimality conditions and algorithms that reduce the infinite horizon optimization to two dimensions are derived. Properties of the optimal policy, like monotonicity of the times between inspections, are studied. Methods for the implementation of fast computational algorithms are suggested.
Competition between α and β globin messenger RNA

Abstract Addition to an unfractionated reticulocyte lysate of either α or β globin mRNA or reticulocyte initiation factors does not alter the overall rate of globin synthesis. Addition of β mRNA results in enhanced synthesis of β product and decreased production of α; conversely, addition of α mRNA results in enhanced synthesis of α globin and decreased production of β. We conclude that the amount of any putative α mRNA or β mRNA-specific factor does not normally limit the rate of synthesis of α or β chains; rather, the two mRNAs compete for some non-specific rate-limiting component of chain initiation.
On distributed fault simulation

The authors examine the computational aspects of fault simulation of digital circuits and address issues related to the efficient partitioning of a fault simulation task to a number of subtasks assignable for execution to the nodes of a distributed system. They review the basic concepts involved in the operation of fault simulation. They describe the implementation of a distributed fault simulation facility, called DFSim, using a heterogeneous local area network consisting of a number of workstations with different computing resources and different versions of Unix operating systems. >
Endodontics 1776–1976: a bicentennial history against the background of general dentistry

The history of endodontics is presented against the background of general dentistry, and the early beginnings of endodontic treatment are traced to the present state of the science and art.