cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How to stop violence among homeless: extension of voter model and intervention strategies

Interventions to reduce violence among homeless youth are difficult to implement due to the complex nature of violence. However, a peer-based intervention approach would likely be a worthy approach as it has been shown that individuals who interact with more violent individuals are more likely to be violent, suggesting a contagious nature of violence. We propose Uncertain Voter Model to represent the complex process of diffusion of violence over a social network, that captures uncertainties in links and time over which the diffusion of violence takes place. Assuming this model, we define Violence Minimization problem where the task is to select a predefined number of individuals for intervention so that the expected number of violent individuals in the network is minimized over a given time-frame. We extend the problem to a probabilistic setting, where the success probability of converting an individual into non-violent is a function of the number of "units" of intervention performed on them. We provide algorithms for finding the optimal intervention strategies for both scenarios. We demonstrate that our algorithms perform significantly better than interventions based on popular centrality measures in terms of reducing violence.
Ineffable and Weird Fiction

What is the ineffable? If one were to look up the standard definition, they would find that it is generally defined as something ‘ too great, powerful beautiful etc. to be described or expressed.’ The purpose of our retrospective recap is to examine the shift in the place of the ineffable in culture and to point to the arising of the little-known genre, weird fiction, as a possible symptom in the collective because of the displacement of the ineffable. It is to show that by a careful examination of culture and art, particularly as art gives space for the ineffable, one might gain a window into understanding of the current nature of unconscious anxieties of a cultur.
Human meibum chain branching variability with age, gender and meibomian gland dysfunction.

Abstract NMR spectroscopy was used to measure hydrocarbon chain branching variability in meibum with age, gender and Meibomian gland dysfuction (MGD). A cohort of 65 meibum donors without dry eye and 31 donors with MGD was studied. Heteronuclear 2D NMR was used to confirm CH3 resonance assignments allowing us to positively identify 23 of the 27 proton resonances of cholesteryl ester and 1H resonances due to straight chain, iso-branched and anteiso-branched hydrocarbons. Meibum from donors without dry eye contained 57 ± 1% straight-chains, 23 ± 1% iso-branched chains and 20 ± 1% anteiso-branched hydrocarbon chains. Compared with meibum from donors without dry eye, meibum from donors with MGD contained less, 50 ± 2% straight-chains, more, 32 ± 2% iso-branched chains and the same amount, 18.0 ± 0.07%, of anteiso-branched hydrocarbon chains. Meibum hydrocarbon chain branching did not change with age between 22 and 68 years of age, nor was it influenced by gender. Based on previous studies, one would expect anteiso-branched chains would contribute to lowering the phase transition temperature of meibum, decrease the elasticity of the tear film lipid layer and increase the molecular area and spreading of meibum on the surface of the eye. Although we speculate that the observed differences in iso-chain branching do not influence tear film stability or rheology, the speculation has yet to be tested.
Out of Bounds: A Critical Race Theory Perspective on ‘Pay for Play’

Under the amateur/education model, the amount that colleges and universities can provide to their student/athletes is limited to the athlete’s cost of attending their institution. While this model makes sense for most college sports, NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision and Division I men’s basketball tend to generate almost all the revenue to fund their institution’s entire athletic programs, as well as the revenues received by the NCAA. Added to this is the realization that a majority of the elite athletes in these two revenue-generating sports are black. Thus, as revenues generated by these sports has escalated, a contentious debate has raged for over 30 years about the potential racial exploitation of the application of the amateur/education model to these two sports. Both sides of this debate tend to see the issue of racial exploitation in terms of dividing the revenues between the athletes or the NCAA and its member institutions. Either the institutions receive more of the funds to use as they see fit or more of the revenues are provided to the athletes—probably at the expense of the amateur/education model. This article attempts to reformulate this debate about racial exploitation by focusing on the interest of the entire Black community, not just the interest of the elite black male athletes. By taking the Black community’s perspective, a different view of the issue of racial exploitation and, more importantly, potential solutions to the dilemma emerge. In order to counteract the charge that the amateur/education model is potentially racially exploitive, the NCAA and its member institutions could also institute and fund massive programs that would increase the college attendance and graduation rates for the entire Black community. Admittedly, these programs would have to be tailored in such a way as not to run afoul of the current interpretations of anti-discrimination laws, but that is possible.
Interface-phonon-electron interaction potentials and dispersion relations in III-nitride-based structures

In dimensionally confined multilayer heterostructures, phonons that are joint modes of the materials composed of these heterostructures are known to exist over specific frequency ranges. These modes, known as interface phonons, can exhibit phonon-electron interactions that are enhanced as the thicknesses of the layers of the heterostructure are reduced in size to about 10 nm or less. These modes have been shown to be important in phonon engineering and have been applied in optoelectronic and electronic devices, primarily for semiconductor heterostructures with underlying cubic lattices, with few studies existing for heterostructures based on wurtzite III-nitride. Motivated by applications of interface modes in ternary-based nitride structures, such as heat transport, this paper presents generalized expressions for the phonon-electron Frohlich interactions as well as the dispersion relations for these joint modes for the technologically important case of III-nitride materials. Frequency conditions are found to restrict the existence of interface modes as illustrated through several structures.
Precooling, Hyperthermia, and Postexercise Cooling Rates in Humans Wearing American Football Uniforms.

Context Exertional heatstroke is one of the leading causes of death in American football players. Precooling (PC) with whole-body cold-water immersion (CWI) may prevent severe hyperthermia and, pos...
Digital Workflow in the Humanities and Social Sciences: A Data Ethnography

This chapter applies data ethnography, seeking to understand how scholars in the humanities and social sciences (HSS) produce, engage, and make sense of digital data, tools, and resources in their research practices. The study was part of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation–funded Digital Scholarly Workflow project conducted at the Pennsylvania State University from 2012 to 2016, and discussed in several publications (Antonijevic, Amongst Digital Humanists: An Ethnographic Study of Digital Knowledge Production. London/New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015; Antonijevic and Stern-Cahoy, Portal: Libraries and the Academy, 14, 287–306, 2014, Developing Research Tools via Voices from the Field. DH+LIB Special Issue, July 2016. Retrieved from http://acrl.ala.org/dh/2016/07/29/developing-research-tools-via-voices-from-the-field/, Digital Humanities Quarterly, 12(3), 2018). The study focused on understanding how scholars in the humanities and social sciences engage with digital technologies in their research, and how their research workflows transform in the encounter with digital scholarship. Through case studies, observations, surveys, in-depth interviews, and contextual inquiry, the study sought to provide a detailed record and contextualized understanding of HSS scholars’ digital knowledge production observed close to the field. This research thus also analyzed minute details of scholarly workflows, examining how digital data, tools, and resources get integrated at different research activities. It concludes with a discussion of how data ethnography and ethnographic understanding of digital workflows can enhance understanding of digital scholarship in the humanities and social sciences, and recommendations for educational and tool development initiatives in this field.
Achieving Accuracy through Ambiguity: the Interactivity of Risk Communication in Severe Weather Events

Risks associated with natural hazards such as hurricanes are increasingly communicated on social media. For hurricane risk communication, visual information products—graphics—generated by meteorologists and scientists at weather agencies portray forecasts and atmospheric conditions and are offered to parsimoniously convey predictions of severe storms. This research considers risk interactivity by examining a particular hurricane graphic which has shown in previous research to have a distinctive diffusion signature: the ‘spaghetti plot’, which contains multiple discrete lines depicting a storm’s possible path. We first analyzed a large dataset of microblog interactions around spaghetti plots between members of the public and authoritative weather sources within the US during the 2017 Atlantic hurricane season. We then conducted interviews with a sample of the weather authorities after preliminary findings sketched the role that experts have in such communications. Findings describe how people make sense of risk dialogically over graphics, and show the presence of a fundamental tension in risk communication between accuracy and ambiguity. The interactive effort combats the unintended declarative quality of the graphical risk representation through communicative acts that maintain a hazard’s inherent ambiguity until risk can be foreclosed. We consider theoretical and practice-based implications of the limits and potentials of graphical risk representations and of widely diffused scientific communication, and offer reasons we need CSCW attention paid to the larger enterprise of risk communication.
Christi Makes Sense of Sixth-Grade Mathematics.

FALL 1997, A LOCAL PUBLIC MIDDLE school granted me permission to try a new curriculum with twenty-six sixth graders for nine weeks. I wanted to study children in ordinary classrooms using commonly available materials, like an overhead projector and worksheets. These students were randomly selected from 153 low achievers in mathematics on the basis of scores from the Iowa Test of Basic Skills (ITBS) scores below the fortieth percentile and recommendation by a classroom teacher. The mathematics curriculum used for the experimental class was problem centered. Research suggested that this approach aided individual constructions and fostered meaningful communication (Cobb, Wood, and Yackel 1991; Cobb et al. 1991; Thompson 1985). The curriculum used the following classroom model:
Combining Force-Controlled Adaptive Feedrate and Human-Robot Collaborative Strategies to Handle Non-repetitive Micro-drilling Tasks

This paper presents a semi-robotic method that combines force-controlled adaptive drill feed rate and human-robot collaborative strategies to enhance performance of non-repetititve micro-drilling tasks. Different materials afford different drill feed rates for optimal performance. To support the non-repetitive nature of the drilling task where the workpiece material may change from one task instance to the next, the drill feed rate is automatically adapted such that the reaction force sensed by the robot matches a threshold force setting, which is set as a function of the maximum axial-load capacity of the micro-drill. This ensures that the feed-rate and the interaction force gradually build up from zero, resulting in a better interaction between the drill bit and the surface. Aspects of drilling destabilization and non-repetitivity with respect to drill locations are addressed by applying human-robot collaboration in two contexts: 1) Human provides a complementary stabilizing support to the robot by holding its end-effector during task operation, which results in better drill quality. This approach is inspired by humans’ capability to stabilize unstable dynamics while performing contact-based tasks by using selective control of arm mechanical impedance that generates resistance forces against any destabilization caused during drilling and thereby enhancing drilling performance. 2) A human kinesthetically teaches a set of drill coordinates by physically holding the robot and guiding it to the designated locations, which avoids excessive programming effort needed for path planning, saving both time and computational cost. Experimental validation of the proposed approach was carried out by performing micro-drilling of diameters up to a minimum of 0.5 mm. The potential of the proposed approach was illustrated in the domains of composite repairs and bone-drilling in orthopedic surgeries.
Penile Dorsal Vein Rupture Identified by Emergency Department Ultrasound.

Author(s): Scott, Sean E.; Langenohl, Robert; Crisostomo-Wynne, Theodore; Kang, Christopher | Abstract: Case Presentation: We present the case of a young male with high clinical suspicion of a penile fracture found to have dorsal vein rupture by emergency department point-of-care ultrasound. This false form of penile fracture was subsequently confirmed intraoperatively.Discussion: Penile fracture is a rare clinical entity that may be separated into true vs false penile fracture, with only true fracture requiring surgery. The images submitted here add to the sparse literature evidence that point-of-care ultrasound can be used to differentiate between these two clinical entities. Additionally, this case report highlights an opportunity for further research into and application of point-of-care ultrasound to the evaluation of suspected penile fractures.
Microinductor-Fused Atomic Force Microscopy Cantilevers for Dynamic Imaging and Multimodal Manipulation

Recent advances in atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging and force spectroscopy have demonstrated improvements in rapid acquisition of quantitative data for applications in materials science, surface characterization, and biology. However, conventional AFM technology is limited in detection sensitivity and the ability to excite at off-resonance frequencies restricting broad utility of the technology. Here we demonstrate new AFM cantilevers fabricated with a planar microcoil at the tip region, which can be used to generate or sense highly-localized magnetic fields. Torsion/bending actuation of the cantilevers is accomplished with simple experimental configurations, enabling quantitative and simultaneous mapping of both stiffness and friction at the sample surface with more than one order of magnitude improvement in compositional contrast. Our method is compatible with commercial AFM systems, allowing us to clearly resolve small stiffness and friction variations in copolymer and biological samples that were difficult to detect by conventional AFM methods. In combination with fluorescence microscopy, we also generated localized fields to selectively stimulate and monitor structural changes in viable cells with nm-scale detail. Hybrid AFM cantilevers may be useful to characterize a broad range of complex material surfaces, in addition to combined physical and chemical analyses of single cells and biological microenvironments.
Validation experiments on bubbling fluidization of Group B glass particles

Results from validation experiments on bubbling fluidization are presented. The tests were performed in three cylindrical columns having internal diameters of 2.5, 4, and 6 inches. The systems were designed to have considerably higher particle counts compared to the commonly used validation experiments found in published literature. Well-characterized glass particles having a Sauter mean diameter of 332 µm were used. The superficial velocity of air at the inlet was specified at five distinct settings in the range of 0.235–0.423 m/s corresponding to 2.97–5.35 Umf, where Umf = 0.079 m/s is the minimum fluidization velocity measured in the 2.5-inch unit. A systematic procedure was followed for each column involving five replicates of the selected inflow conditions in a randomized order. Uncertainty measures are provided for mean and standard deviation of differential pressure, while the statistics of interface height are reported with pixel threshold dependence. Overall, the findings from these experiments are consistent with the previous studies. The datasets generated are critical to assess coarse-grained modeling techniques developed for large-scale applications like Particle-In-Cell or Coarse-Grained Discrete Element Model, as well as elucidating the underlying physics.
Short and Long-term Recovery after Moderate/Severe Acute Kidney Injury in patients with and without COVID-19

Introduction: Severe AKI is strongly associated with poor outcomes in COVID-19, but data on renal recovery is lacking. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed these associations in 3,299 hospitalized patients (1,338 with COVID-19 and 1,961 with acute respiratory illness but tested negative for COVID-19). Uni- and multi-variable analyses were used to study mortality and recovery after KDIGO Stage 2&3 AKI and Machine Learning (ML) for predicting AKI and recovery using admission data. Long-term renal function and other outcomes were studied in a sub-group of AKI-2/3 survivors. Results: Among the 172 COVID-19 negative patients with AKI-2/3, 74.4% had partial & 44.2% complete renal recovery, while 11.6% died. Among 255 COVID-19 positive patients with AKI-2/3, lower recovery and higher mortality were noted (50.6% partial, 24.7% complete renal recovery, 23.9% died). On multivariable analysis, ICU admission and ARDS were associated with non-recovery, and recovery was significantly associated with survival in COVID-19 positive patients. With ML, we were able to predict recovery from COVID-19-associated AKI-2/3 with an average precision of 0.62 and the strongest predictors of recovery were initial arterial paO2 & CO2, SCr, K, lymphocyte count, & CPK. At 12 months follow-up, among 52 survivors with AKI-2/3, 25.7% COVID-19 positive and 23.5% COVID-19 negative had incident or progressive CKD. Conclusions: Recovery from COVID-19-associated moderate/severe AKI, can be predicted using admission data and is associated with severity of respiratory disease and in-hospital death. The risk of CKD might be similar between COVID-19 positive and negative patients.
Expression of the G-CSF receptor on hematopoietic progenitor cells is not required for their mobilization by G-CSF.

The mechanisms that regulate hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) mobilization from the bone marrow to blood have not yet been defined. HPC mobilization by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), cyclophosphamide (CY), or interleukin-8 but not flt-3 ligand is markedly impaired in G-CSF receptor–deficient (G-CSFR–deficient) mice. G-CSFR is expressed on mature hematopoietic cells, HPCs, and stromal cells, which suggests that G-CSFR signals in one or more of these cell types was required for mobilization by these agents. To define the cell type(s) responsible for G-CSF–dependent mobilization, a series of chimeric mice were generated using bone marrow transplantation. Mobilization studies in these chimeras demonstrated that expression of the G-CSFR on transplantable hematopoietic cells but not stromal cells is required for CY- or G-CSF–induced mobilization. Moreover, in irradiated mice reconstituted with both wild type and G-CSFR–deficient bone marrow cells, treatment with CY or G-CSF resulted in the equal mobilization of both types of HPCs. This result held true for a broad spectrum of HPCs including colony-forming cells, CD34+lineage− and Sca+ lineage−cells, and long-term culture initiating cells. Collectively, these data provide the first definitive evidence that expression of the G-CSFR on HPCs is not required for their mobilization by G-CSF and suggest a model in which G-CSFR–dependent signals act in trans to mobilize HPCs from the bone marrow.
Optical System for the University of Texas 7.6M Telescope

As presently conceived, the large telescope now being planned at The University of Texas will have a Ritchey-Chretien configuration, f/13.5, with a 7.6m diameter f/2 primary of ultra-thin construction, on an alt-azimuth mount.
SemanticBio: building conceptual scientific workflows over web services

We introduce here the SemanticBio system, which allows expressing scientific protocols as workflows that manipulate scientific objects represented in an ontology. The different tasks are executed using web services, which address many interoperability issues, and are available as interfaces to a variety of life science resources.
Imaging Approach to Temporomandibular Joint Disorders

Internal derangement is the most common temporomandibular joint disorder. Degenerative osteoarthritis and trauma are next in frequency. Less common pathology includes rheumatoid arthritis, synovial chondromatosis, calcium pyrophosphate dehydrate deposition disease, pigmented villonodular synovitis, tumors, infection, and osteonecrosis. We provide a systematic approach to facilitate interpretation based on major anatomic structures: disc-attachments, joint space, condyle, and lateral pterygoid muscle. Relevant graphic anatomy and state of the art imaging are discussed in correlation with current clinical and therapeutic highlights of pathologic entities affecting the joint.
Period 2 gene deletion abolishes β-endorphin neuronal response to ethanol

There are clinical reports uncovering a circadian rhythmicity of alcohol intoxication and overdose (Raymond et al., 1992). There also appears to be a relationship between alcohol drinking behavior and altered body circadian functions. In line with these views, alcohol intake has been shown to alter circadian blood pressure (Nakashita et al., 2009; Ohkubo et al., 2009), core body temperature (Devaney et al., 2003), hormone release in humans (Rojdmark et al., 2001), circadian phase shifting and free running period in mice (Seggio et al., 2009), circadian phase resetting and nocturnal activity patters in the hamster (Ruby, 2009), and rhythmicity in hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in rats (Chen et al., 2006). Maternal alcohol drinking profoundly and permanently affects circadian function in the offspring. It is known that prenatal ethanol exposure alters core body temperature, corticosterone rhythms (Handa et al., 2007), NK cell function rhythms (Arjona et al., 2006a), phase shifting ability (Sakata-Haga et. al, 2006), and rhythmic pituitary-adrenal function in rats (Taylor et al., 1982), as well as circadian blood pressure and the heart rate of adolescent humans (Alvarez et al., 1995). Why is the body’s circadian system so vulnerable to alcohol toxicity? One logical explanation for the circadian system vulnerability, may point to a possible alcohol specific target for the gene(s) that regulate circadian functions. The circadian clock-work involves the interaction of the so-called clock genes such as the Period (Per1, Per2, Per3), Clock, Bmal1 and Cryptochrome (Cry1, Cry2) genes into two tightly coupled transcriptional and translational feedback loops, thereby self-sustaining a circadian period of activity of the cell and modulating the expression of clock-controlled genes (Ko and Takahashi, 2006). Of these genes, the Per2 gene appears to be a putative target for alcohol. Support for this view comes from evidence showing that chronic alcohol exposure alters the circadian expression of Period genes in the hypothalamus of adult rats (Chen et al., 2004). Similarly, prenatal alcohol feeding alters circadian expression of Period genes in the hypothalamus and peripheral tissues (Chen et al., 2006; Arjona et al, 2006b; Farnell et al, 2008). Additionally, Per2 gene mutant (Per2Brdm1) mice display enhanced alcohol consumption and preference (Spanagel et al., 2005a), whereas Per1Brdm1 mutant mice do not show such an enhancement in alcohol drinking behavior (Zghoul et al., 2007). Evidence has shown, alcoholics with a specific set of polymorphisms in the Per2 gene consume less alcohol than alcoholics without the polymorphisms (Spanagel et al., 2005a, b). Hence, Per2 appears to be a targeted gene where alcohol may act on to alter circadian functions. In order to more closely elucidate the role of the circadian clock in ethanol’s effects on the brain, we examined the effect of the Per2 mutation on hypothalamic β-endorphin neuronal sensitivity to ethanol.
Alcohol drinking in rats during and following morphine injections

Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats given daily SC injections of 2.5 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg morphine sulfate (for eight days) decreased preference for a 5% (v/v) ethanol solution, and then increased ethanol preference during the postinjection period, relative to a saline control group. These bidirectional effects were directly related to morphine dosage. The results were interpreted as supporting the theory that alcohol drinking is reinforced through its interaction with the endogenous opioid system and can compensate for deficiencies in opioid receptor activity.
Analysis of Error Management Strategies during Cardiac Surgery: Theoretical and Practical Implications

Preventing errors that threaten patient safety is a priority within all healthcare specialties. One approach is to increase the resiliency of healthcare systems by improving error management processes and by making systems more error tolerant. Research has shown that a key marker of surgical excellence is the ability of a surgical team to successfully manage errors and unexpected events during surgery. Proactively improving error management during surgery is difficult however because little is known about the cognitive mechanisms involved in error recovery or the situational factors that impact successful error management processes. This paper describes a systematic analysis of errors and error management processes during cardiovascular surgery. Results are used to develop a theoretical framework that captures the complexity of cognitive and situational factors involved in error management. The utility of this model in identifying areas within healthcare systems that can be redesigned to improve patient s...
Modified ℋ︁‐matrices for convection dominated problems

Hierarchical matrices (ℋ-matrices) provide a technique for the sparse approximation of large, fully populated matrices. These matrices are constructed by using an algorithm that iteratively partitions the (block) index set until a certain admissibility condition is satisfied for an index block. For elliptic operators with L∞-coefficients, the standard partitioning algorithm in connection with the standard admissibility condition lead to hierachical matrices that approximate the (inverse) of the stiffness matrix with an error of the same order as the discretization order while having nearly optimal storage complexity [1]. The standard partitioning and admissibility condition fail to provide satisfactory results when applied to the singularly perturbed convection-diffusion equation. We will introduce a modified (hierarchical) partitioning of the index and block index sets together with a modified admissibility condition, both depending on the (constant) convection direction. Numerical results will illustrate the positive effect of the changes.
Biodegradation of xenobiotics by anaerobic bacteria.

Xenobiotic biodegradation under anaerobic conditions such as in groundwater, sediment, landfill, sludge digesters and bioreactors has gained increasing attention over the last two decades. This review gives a broad overview of our current understanding of and recent advances in anaerobic biodegradation of five selected groups of xenobiotic compounds (petroleum hydrocarbons and fuel additives, nitroaromatic compounds and explosives, chlorinated aliphatic and aromatic compounds, pesticides, and surfactants). Significant advances have been made toward the isolation of bacterial cultures, elucidation of biochemical mechanisms, and laboratory and field scale applications for xenobiotic removal. For certain highly chlorinated hydrocarbons (e.g., tetrachlorethylene), anaerobic processes cannot be easily substituted with current aerobic processes. For petroleum hydrocarbons, although aerobic processes are generally used, anaerobic biodegradation is significant under certain circumstances (e.g., O2-depleted aquifers, oil spilled in marshes). For persistent compounds including polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins, and DDT, anaerobic processes are slow for remedial application, but can be a significant long-term avenue for natural attenuation. In some cases, a sequential anaerobic-aerobic strategy is needed for total destruction of xenobiotic compounds. Several points for future research are also presented in this review.
Checks and Balances on Executive Compensation

Copyright © 2014 Mai Iskandar-Datta. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. In accordance of the Creative Commons Attribution License all Copyrights © 2014 are reserved for SCIRP and the owner of the intellectual property Mai Iskandar-Datta. All Copyright © 2014 are guarded by law and by SCIRP as a guardian.
Makespan Minimization in No-Wait Flow Shops: A Polynomial Time Approximation Scheme

We investigate the approximability of a no-wait permutation flow shop scheduling problem under the makespan criterion. We present a polynomial time approximation scheme (PTAS) for the problem on any fixed number of machines.
Short-term memory limitations in children: Capacity or processing deficits?

This paper evaluates the assertion that short-term memory (STM) capacity increases with age. Initially an analysis is made of the STM system in terms of its parameters and control processes. No evidence was found that can suggest conclusively that either the capacity or the rate of information loss from STM varies with age. On the other hand, substantial evidence exists to show that the processing strategies used by adults are unavailable or deficient in children. Furthermore, considerable differences in the contents and complexity of the long-term memory (LTM) knowledge base (semantic and recognition networks can produce grossly different STM performance between age groups. The second half of this paper reviews three STM-related paradigms—memory span, serial probed recall, and recognition under limited exposure—that have consistently shown performance deficits in children. These deficits are explained in terms of the lack of proper control processes (or processing strategies), as well as an impoverished LTM knowledge base rather than a limitation in STM capacity.
Structural Disorder in Colloidal InAs and CdSe Nanocrystals Observed by X-Ray Absorption Near-Edge Spectroscopy

We report the observation of size dependent structural disorder by x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) in InAs and CdSe nanocrystals 17--80 \AA{} in diameter. XANES of the In and Cd ${M}_{4,5}$ edges yields features that are sharp for the bulk solid but broaden considerably as the size of the particle decreases. FEFF7 multiple-scattering simulations reproduce the size dependent broadening of the spectra if a bulklike surface reconstruction of a spherical nanocrystal model is included. This illustrates that XANES is sensitive to the structure of the entire nanocrystal including the surface.
Theory of plastic vortex creep

is thetemperature, and m is the exponent depending on thegeometry and the dimensionality of the driven medium.The concept of thermally activated creep is ubiquitousin disordered systems and describes a wealth of lowtemperature transport phenomena including the dynamicsof dislocation and/or domain walls in inhomogeneousenvironments [1,2], driven vortex lattices and chargedensity waves [3–6]. The derivation of the fundamentalcreep feature, energy barriers
Modernity, Conservative Religious Movements, and the Female Subject: Newly Ultraorthodox Sephardi Women in Buenos Aires

Conservative religious movements are multivalent. Depending on the context in which they are practiced, they are capable of signifying to their adherents modernity as much as tradition. Women who embrace these movements may find them meaningful and appealing precisely for this reason and irrespective of their apparent patriarchy. In this article, I examine the case of Argentine Jewish women of Syrian descent who have abandoned their self-described traditional form of Jewish practice and embraced Jewish ultraorthodoxy. I focus on how local concerns about modernity and “Third Worldism” inform these transformations. In so doing, I demonstrate that women, as conservative religious actors, may be motivated by the same kinds of public sphere concerns that are normally attributed to their male counterparts.
Carrier location in high-Tc superconductors and the degree of Cu-O covalency.

We exactly solve a realistic three-band extended Hubbard model for the ground and low-lying excited states of a variety of finite clusters representing Cu${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ sheets. Because the virtual state involving the copper ${d}^{10}$ valence fluctuation has its energy sharply lowered by the presence of a carrier hole, a strong stabilization results if the carrier holes are in oxygen orbitals that are strongly coupled to the copper sites: For example, in spite of strong correlation, at carrier densities of interest and with a reasonable choice of energy parameters, the carrier hole wave function is dominated by the $p\ensuremath{\sigma}$ orbital, rather than by the $p\ensuremath{\pi}$ orbital which is favored by the Madelung potential. Our previous conclusions concerning the carrier quasiparticles are supported by these calculations.
Effects of hypericin on the structure and aggregation properties of β-amyloid peptides

We have determined the secondary structure of 1-40 β-amyloid peptides by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and characterized the peptide photophysical properties before and after self-assembly by using intrinsic tyrosine steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence. All measurements were performed in the presence and absence of hypericin (Hyp), an exogenous natural polycyclic pigment that has been shown to inhibit fibril formation and has also been used as a fluorescent probe. We monitored the time course of the aggregation process measuring 405 nm light diffusion at 90° and used thioflavin T to reveal the presence of fibrils. FTIR quantitative analysis evidenced a prevalent random conformation at t = 0 with and without Hyp. Fibrils showed a predominant parallel β-sheet structure and a small percentage of α-helix. The results of fluorescence measurements showed that Hyp does significantly interact with peptides in β-sheet conformation. In conclusion, hypericin does hinder the formation of fibrils, but the percentages of parallel β-sheets were not significantly different from those found in samples not treated with Hyp.
Design of high-magnetic field gradient sources for controlling magnetically induced flow of ferrofluids in microfluidic systems

The use of miniature electromagnets for ferrofluid-actuated liquid dispensing into microfluidic channels has been investigated by numerical simulations using the finite element method and measurements of fluid displacement and flow rate. The simulations illustrate the effect of structural and geometrical parameters of single and paired solenoid coils on the magnetic force experienced by the ferrofluid. Dual solenoids were used for extended fluid displacement. Ferrofluid positioning and flow rates were controlled also by using a solenoid with an iron core. The experimental measurements of fluid flow in capillaries were used to validate the modeling calculations. The results can be used as a basis for the development of on-chip ferrofluid-based devices integrated with microfluidic architectures.
Thermoluminescence of Apollo 12 lunar samples

Thermoluminescence glow curve and decay characteristics of Apollo 12 fines and soil samples, suggesting lower mean daytime surface temperature at site
An increasing number of calcium oxalate stone events worsens treatment outcome

An increasing number of calcium oxalate stone events worsens treatment outcome. Current practice recommends metabolic evaluation of patients who have formed multiple renal stones, but not those with one stone or temporally remote stones. This presumes that recentness and recurrence imply greater risk of new future stones. We hypothesize that number of stones reflects how long patients are permitted to form stones untreated, and that forming more stones, itself, raises risk of future stones despite treatment. Our report is a retrospective analysis of 371 male patients selected from a comprehensive clinical and laboratory data base containing 2,527 patients with nephrolithiasis. Before treatment, number of stone events rises with time of observation, and rate of stone event occurrence is constant or falls. During treatment, relapse is correlated with number of pretreatment stones. Life table analysis showed increasing relapse for patients grouped into those with one, two, and three or more stones. Even though number of stones seems controlled by the interval of observation before treatment, more stones predict higher relapse during treatment. Perhaps by leaving nuclei of crystals as residues, stones appear to promote new stones, and the practice of waiting while patients declare themselves multiple stone formers may not always be the best.
Scheduling Mixed-Criticality Implicit-Deadline Sporadic Task Systems upon a Varying-Speed Processor

A mixed criticality (MC) workload consists of components of varying degrees of importance (or "criticalites"). The problem of executing a MC workload, modeled as a collection of independent implicit-deadline sporadic tasks executing upon a preemptive uniprocessor, is considered. Suitable scheduling strategies are devised for scheduling such systems despite uncertainty and unpredictability in both the amount of execution needed by the tasks, and the effective speed of the processor. These scheduling strategies allow for simultaneously making efficient use of platform resources and ensuring the correctness of the more critical workload components at greater levels of assurance.
Design and Evaluation of an American Sign Language Generator

We describe the implementation and evaluation of a prototype American Sign Language (ASL) generation component that produces animations of ASL classifier predicates, some frequent and complex spatial phenomena in ASL that no previous generation system has produced. We discuss some challenges in evaluating ASL systems and present the results of a user-based evaluation study of our system.
The effect of clinical experience on cue trading for the /r-w/ contrast.

Although the ability of clinicians to perceptually process speech sound productions is a key ingredient in the evaluation and remediation of articulatory disorders, very little attention has been given to this important skill. This study explored the potential of a perceptual task, known as cue trading, to assess perceptual skill among students with varying clinical experience. A cue-trading paradigm for the /r-w/ contrast was used in which a temporal-spectral cue on F2 was balanced against a spectral cue on F3. Results indicated a trading relationship for all students. However, students without clinical experience demonstrated reduced sensitivity to the acoustic cues for /w/ and identification functions that were less clearly separated compared to students with clinical experience. Furthermore, the magnitude of the difference between functions (the trading relationship) was significantly smaller for students without practicum experience: They showed weaker phonetic percepts for /r/ and /w/ than did the s...
Issues in biochemical applications to risk assessment: are short-term tests predictive of in vivo tumorigenicity?

mutagenic but not carcinogenic represented only approximately 20% of the total mutagens. Therefore, an important conclusion to be derived from this study is that the proportion of substances that are carcinogenic but nonmutagenic is far greater than has been reported from studies conducted elsewhere. We believe that further evaluation of chemicals that represent mutagenic noncarcinogens can be constructively approached by looking at the potential genetic toxicity of these chemicals in in vivo systems. These same 73 chemicals currently are being evaluated for their clastogenic effects in vivo, also under code. We will test the possibility that in vivo genetic toxicity assays will be able to help to prospectively distinguish between substances that are in essence hazardous mutagens and those that may be nonhazardous mutagens because of the ability of the rodents to either metabolize or dispose of them in a manner that does not give them effective access to DNA. The major problem then for the prospective use of in Introduction
Hydrogenation of O and OH on Pt(111): A comparison between the reaction rates of the first and the second hydrogen addition steps

The formation of water through hydrogenation of oxygen on platinum occurs at a surprisingly low reaction rate. The reaction rate limited process for this catalytic reaction is, however, yet to be settled. In the present work, the reaction rates of the first and the second hydrogen addition steps are compared when hydrogen is obtained through intense synchrotron radiation that induces proton production in a water overlayer on top of the adsorbed oxygen species. A substantial amount of the produced hydrogen diffuses to the platinum surface and promotes water formation at the two starting conditions O/Pt(111) and (H2O+OH)/Pt(111). The comparison shows no significant difference in the reaction rate between the first and the second hydrogen addition steps, which indicates that the rate determining process of the water formation from oxygen on Pt(111) is neither the first nor the second H addition step or, alternatively, that both H addition steps exert rate control.
Quality: New Directions in the Research.

This article examines questions related to service quality, satisfaction, and outcomes assessment. These three concepts are most likely interconnected, because any behavioral change in people likely depends on whether or not their expectations are met or exceeded.
The Absorption Gain and Back-Scattering Cross Section of the Cylindrical Antenna

The method of Hallen as modified by King and Middleton is applied to the case of the receiving dipole antenna whose axis is parallel to the electric vector of a far-zone field. First-order formulas are given for gain and broadside back-scattering cross section. Measured values of broadside gain and of broadside back-scattering cross section for both unloaded and matched-loaded dipoles are compared with the theory.
Which phonology? Evidence for a dissociation between articulatory and auditory phonology from word-form deafness

Pulvermuller's Hebbian model implies that an impairment in the word form system will affect phonological articulation and phonological comprehension, because there is only a single representation. Clinical evidence from patients with word-form deafness demonstrates a dissociation between input and output phonologies. These data suggest that auditory comprehension and articulatory production depend on discrete phonological representations localized in different cortical networks.
Narrow-Band Photon Pairs Generated from Spontaneous Parametric Down Conversion in a Bragg-Grating Enhanced Waveguide

We propose a new method to narrow the linewidth of photon pairs generated from spontaneous parametric down conversion (SPDC). The single structure device incorporates an internal Bragg grating onto a nonlinear optical waveguide. We study theoretically the spectral characteristics of SPDC under two Bragg grating structures. We show that using the Bragg grating with a midway π- phase shifter is a promising way to implement narrow-line (~GHz to sub-GHz) entangled photon sources.
A content analysis of cognitive and affective uses of patient support groups for rare and uncommon vascular diseases: comparisons of may thurner, thoracic outlet, and superior mesenteric artery syndrome.

Rare disease patients are the predominant group of patients who are now connecting online to patient support groups, yet research on their uses of support groups has received little attention. This...
Why Weakness is a Strength Some Thoughts on the Current State of Urban Analysis

National level studies of the policy process generally focus on the distributional question, Who gets what from government? Urban studies, however, tend to center on some combination of distribution and production—where resources come from as well as where they go. The recent urban literature has emphasized the dependence of cities on external forces. National studies often read as if political decisions are made autonomously. I argue here that the weakness of cities as political entities forces scholars to be more sensitive to fresh theoretical approaches. However, urban analysis also has been more fad driven and less secure in its methodological foundations. The critical issue is whether urban scholarship can transcend its insecure status, serving as a source for change in generally staid mainstream disciplinary work.
DISPERSAL IN THE WOOD FROG (RANA SYLVATICA): IMPLICATIONS FOR GENETIC POPULATION STRUCTURE.

Recapture of marked juvenile and adult wood frogs in five Appalachian Mountain ponds showed adults to be 100% faithful to the ponds in which they first bred, but approximately 18% of the juveniles dispersed to breed in ponds other than the one of origin. Effective population sizes were generally smaller than the population censuses and genetic neighborhoods had an average radius of 1,126 meters. Values of standardized genetic variance based on effective population size and mating success were relatively small. Genetic population structure estimated from the dispersal data suggested that ponds within about a 1,000 meter radius should show little genetic differentiation; ponds separated by a distance greater than 1,000 meters should experience little gene flow and show higher genetic differentiation. Wood frogs in these ponds do not show a meta-population structure as suggested for newts.
The US energy crisis: a scientist's view

Abstract The US energy crisis has been defined and analysed in many different ways: some have even dismissed it as an illusion or a fabrication. Here, Professor White, Director of the recently-formed Energy Laboratory at MIT argues that the crisis is a potential and an economic one, and that growing energy consumption, dwindling domestic reserves and environmental disruption are merely symptoms.
The Andrews-Stanley partition function and $p(n)$: congruences

R. Stanley formulated a partition function t(n) which counts the number of partitions π for which the number of odd parts of π is congruent to the number of odd parts in the conjugate partition π' (mod 4). In light of G. E. Andrews' work on this subject, it is natural to ask for relationships between t(n) and the usual partition function p(n). In particular, Andrews showed that the (mod 5) Ramanujan congruence for p(n) also holds for t(n). In this paper we extend his observation by showing that there are infinitely many arithmetic progressions An + B such that for all n ≥ 0, t(An + B) ≡ p(An + B) = 0 (mod l j ) whenever l ≥ 5 is prime and j > 1.