cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulatory inertia versus ICT dynamics: The case of product innovations☆

Abstract This article conjectures that the legacy industry-specific regulation that has governed the telecommunications sector for a long time is in basic conflict with the dynamics and product innovations that characterize the modern information and communications technology (ICT) sector. Reasons for the failure of legacy regulation to promote product innovations are explained and proposals for alternatives, such as deregulation and regulatory reform are discussed. Both regulation and competition policy are more difficult for ICT than for other sectors. Therefore both, regulation and competition policy may need reforms in order to deal with new problems. The most drastic and most realistic alternative to legacy-type regulation remains deregulation and a move to competition policy. Symmetric regulation, smart regulation, quasi-Coasean approaches and subsidies all have some limited applicability to specific situations, but are all associated with complications that have to be resolved, while competition policy is a comprehensive alternative. Last-mile access and gatekeeper access are analyzed as two main areas of legacy regulation, which are in danger of being exported to other ICT areas. Such exports may negatively affect the dynamics of the ICT industry. Rather than being exported, legacy regulations should be reduced in order to enhance product innovations.
Animals as the Symptom of Psychoanalysis Or, The Potential for Interspecies Co-emergence in Psychoanalysis

Harold Searles urged psychoanalysis to incorporate animals and the nonhuman environment within the clinical space, claiming we ignore the nonhuman at our peril. But as Searles outlined, our relatio...
Effects of chain-extending stabilizer on bioplastic poly(lactic acid)/polyamide blends compatibilized by reactive extrusion

Abstract The immiscible bio-plastic blend of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and polyamide11 (PA11 or Nylon11) was compatibilized, using a catalyzed the ester-amide interchange chemical reaction during reactive extrusion. The effects of screw configuration on mixing and reaction optimization were explored. It was found that effective mixing and minimized degradation were achieved when kneading elements were installed only near the die end of the extruder rather than near the beginning of the melt section. However, significant degradation of PLA could not be avoided during processing, which led to a decrease in mechanical strength of blend. To prevent the molecular weight reduction, tris(nonylphenyl) phosphite (TNPP) stabilizer was introduced to improve the thermal stability of PLA matrix. Improvement to both tensile strength and elongation were achieved in the resulting PLA/PA11/TsOH/TNPP blend.
On the Nature of an Intermediate that is Formed during the Enzymatic Conversion of Phenylalanine to Tyrosine

The enzymatic conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine proceeds according to equations 1 and 2 [1].
De-centered analysis

The following text is limited to a study of two important theoretical structures: American ethnomethodology and European structuralism. The claim will be made that the relationship between the two is homologous. That is to say: even though they are functionally different theories, they possess a similar internal structure as well as a similar structural place in their respective theoretical organisms. Briefly stated, the homology is that both employ language as a primary theoretical resource with the result that both eventuate in a criticism of the theoretical phenomenon sociologists know best by the name
Approaches to Teaching Public Policy: Analysis, Transformation, and Interpretation/Policy Choices and Public Action Charles F. Bonser, Eugene B. McGregor Jr., and Clinton V. Oster Jr./Basic Methods of Policy Analysis and Planning Carl V. Patton and David S. Sawicki/Transforming Public Policy: Dynamics of Policy Entrepreneurship and Innovation Nancy C. Roberts and Paula J. King/How Does a Policy Mean? Interpreting Policy and Organizational Actions Dvora Yanow

(1998). Approaches to Teaching Public Policy: Analysis, Transformation, and Interpretation/Policy Choices and Public Action Charles F. Bonser, Eugene B. McGregor Jr., and Clinton V. Oster Jr./Basic Methods of Policy Analysis and Planning Carl V. Patton and David S. Sawicki/Transforming Public Policy: Dynamics of Policy Entrepreneurship and Innovation Nancy C. Roberts and Paula J. King/How Does a Policy Mean? Interpreting Policy and Organizational Actions Dvora Yanow. Journal of Public Affairs Education: Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 157-168.
Building the injury field in North America: the perspective of some of the pioneers.

After the publication in 1985 of Injury in America and the establishment of an injury center at the Centers for Disease Control, there was a concerted attempt to create an “injury field.” Thirty-six (36) pioneers in the injury prevention field responded to questions about the major accomplishments and failures of their profession since the publication of the seminal Institute of Medicine report Injury in America in 1985. Much has been accomplished. Indeed, it is difficult to believe that before the 1990s there was no federal agency focused on preventing fall injuries, drownings, sport concussions or bullying in schools. There was no readily available surveillance data on fatal injuries, no national associations of injury researchers or practitioners, no American Public Health Association (APHA) injury and emergency health services (ICEHS) section and few injury journals. Hardly anyone wore seatbelts and virtually no cigarettes were fire-safe. Sadly, there has been little success at limiting firearm and overdose deaths as injury prevention remains a step-child in the health field with funding not nearly commensurate to the size of the problem. Training in effective advocacy has been proposed both to help attract funding and reduce injuries. Injury prevention pioneers have much to teach current public health students, researchers and practitioners about the history and future of the field.
Simultaneous Lateral Tarsal Strip and Medial Spindle Procedures for Cicatricial Ectropion.

Background Lateral tarsal strip (LTS) and medial spindle (MS) procedures are surgical techniques used to address cicatricial ectropion. Objective To evaluate the clinical characteristics and efficacy of simultaneous LTS and MS procedures for repair of cicatricial ectropion occurring after dermatologic surgeries. Methods A retrospective review of all cases of symptomatic, cicatricial, lateral, and medial punctal ectropion in 1 author's (C.C.) practice over 2 years was performed. Those resulting from dermatologic surgical procedures and repaired with simultaneous LTS and MS procedures were included. Results Fifty-six tumors involving the lower eyelid were considered highly at risk and treated with Mohs micrographic surgery and reconstruction in the senior author's practice during the review period, resulting in 3 (5.3%) cases of cicatricial ectropion. Five additional cases resulted from Mohs surgery and 7 resulted from excisions of pigmented lesions, all performed by other surgeons. One postoperative complication (6.7%) of undercorrection required reoperation, with initial surgical success rate being 93.3% and overall surgical success being 100% after the single reoperation. Conclusion Simultaneous LTS and MS are useful procedures for dermatologic surgeons yielding high surgical success and a low complication rate for correction of medial and lateral cicatricial ectropion with punctal eversion.
Relatively Complete Pushdown Analysis of Escape Continuations

Escape continuations are weaker than full, first-class continuations but nevertheless can express many common control operators. Although language and compiler designs profitably leverage escape continuations, all previous approaches to analyze them statically in a higher-order setting have been ad hoc or imprecise. We present \(\mathrm {MCCFA}2\), a generalization of \(\mathrm {CFA}2\) that analyzes them with pushdown precision in their most-general form. In particular, the summarization algorithm of \(\mathrm {MCCFA}2\) is both sound and complete with respect to a conservative extension of \(\mathrm {CFA}2\)’s abstract semantics. We also present an continuation age analysis as a client of \(\mathrm {MCCFA}2\) that reveals critical function call optimizations.
FDG PET/CT for metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of unknown primary of the head and neck.

Abstract Objective The role of FDG PET/CT is uncertain in squamous cell carcinoma of unknown primary (SCCUP). Published data are limited by heterogeneity of pathology, varied diagnostic criteria, and small sample size. Materials/methods This retrospective study was conducted in 40 patients who had FDG PET/CT for SCCUP. Prior to PET/CT, patients had underwent standard clinical evaluations including flexible rhinolaryngoscopy. The majority of the patients had anatomic imaging. All subjects had histopathological investigations, and follow-up data after PET/CT. Results FDG PET/CT detected the primary in 16 of 40 patients (40%), and the most common locations of the primary were in the base of the tongue, palatine tonsil, and hypopharynx. There were 10 false positive and 6 false negative PET/CT scans. There was no difference in the mean SUVs of the suspected primary lesions between true and false positive groups. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and overall accuracy of FDG PET/CT for SCCUP in this patient cohort were 72.7% (16/22), 44.4% (8/18), 61.5% (16/26), 57.1% (8/14), and 60% (24/40), respectively. The tonsil was the site with the most false positive and false negative findings. Conclusions FDG PET/CT might be an effective single shot of whole-body imaging for detection of the primary in SCCUP. Low specificity remained the most notable weakness of FDG-PET in work-up for SCCUP. In addition to varied physiologic uptake or inflammatory related uptake in the common locations of the primary, the image indication bias might be another significant contributor of high false positive rate.
The role of seasonal timing and phenological shifts for species coexistence

Shifts in the phenologies of coexistence species are altering the temporal structure of natural communities worldwide. However, predicting how these changes affect the structure and long-term dynamics of natural communities is challenging because phenology and coexistence theory have largely proceeded independently. Here, I propose a conceptual framework that incorporates seasonal timing of species interactions into a well-studied competition model to examine how changes in phenologies influence long-term dynamics of natural communities. Using this framework I demonstrate that persistence and coexistence conditions strongly depend on the difference in species' mean phenologies and how this difference varies across years. Consequently, shifts in mean and interannual variation in relative phenologies of species can fundamentally alter the outcome of interactions and the potential for persistence and coexistence of competing species. These effects can be predicted by how per-capita effects scale with differences in species' phenologies. I outline how this approach can be parameterized with empirical systems and discuss how it fits within the context of current coexistence theory. Overall, this synthesis reveals that phenology of species interactions can play a crucial yet currently understudied role in driving coexistence and biodiversity patterns in natural systems and determine how species will respond to future climate change.
Optical Beam Induced Current and Time Resolved Electro-Luminescence in Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers During Accelerated Aging

Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers are characterized under a high magnification optical microscope for reliability during accelerated aging using Optical Beam Induced Current and Electroluminescence imaging and spectroscopy, and also with electrical IV characterization. EL image data is captured with time resolution during device failure, and compared to the OBIC images, yielding insight into failure mechanisms. In particular, sudden, localized, permanent reductions in EL intensity around the outside of the laser oxide aperture are observed during the period of failure, indicating step-wise rather than gradual degradation in laser performance. These failure events are temporally correlated with sudden increases in low-injection junction current. Both OBIC and IV characterization suggest mid-gap defect formation as the cause of the observed failures.
Endogenous Avian Leukemia Viruses

Endogenous retroviruses have been recovered from reptiles, birds and mammals. Virtually all eucaryotic cells harbor DNA sequences that encode structural genes related to species-specific, RNA tumor viruses. Retroviral DNA sequences (proviruses) related to congenitally transmitted avian leukemia viruses (ALVs) occur in the Red jungle fowl, the progenitor of the domestic chicken (1). In this monograph the abbreviation ALV is used for both endogenous and exogenous avian leukemia viruses. During the evolution of Gallus gallus var. domesticus, endogenous viral (ev) sequences were presumably acquired through infection of the germ line with a progenitor to contemporary ALVs. Endogenous proviruses have persisted as single-copy genes in virtually all domestic chickens. Individual White Leghorns have been reported to carry as many as 10 ev genes (2), Currently, more than 20 ev genes, identified as distinct restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), have been phenotypically associated with various levels of ALV gene expression in inbred and commercial lines of chickens.
Protracted alterations in muscle activation strategies and knee mechanics in patients after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Altered quadriceps muscle activity can contribute to reduced ability of the muscle to quickly generate force and appropriately attenuate landing forces, exacerbating poor landing and movement strategies commonly seen after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). The purpose was to evaluate if electromyographic (EMG) activity and knee biomechanics during a single-limb forward hop task are influenced by a history of ACLR. Twenty-six individuals with a history of unilateral ACLR (age 20.2 ± 2.7 years, height 1.7 ± 0.1 m; weight 69.6 ± 12.4 kg; time from surgery, 2.9 ± 2.7 years; graft type, 21 bone-patellar-tendon bone, 5 hamstring) and 8 healthy controls (age 23.3 ± 1.8 years, height 1.7 ± 0.1 m; mass 66.3 ± 13.9 kg) volunteered. Sagittal plane knee kinetics and EMG of the vastus lateralis were synchronized and measured using a three-dimensional motion analysis system during a single-limb forward hop task. Mixed-effect models were used to assess the effect of group on kinetic and EMG variables. Kinetic outcomes (peak and rate of knee extension moment) and temporal muscle activity and activation patterns differed between the ACLR limb and healthy-control limb. Inter-limb asymmetries in the ACLR group were observed for all variables except EMG onset time; no limb differences were observed in the healthy cohort. Years after ACLR, persistent quadriceps functional deficits are present, contributing to altered neuromuscular control strategies during functional tasks that may increase the risk of reinjury. To counteract these effects, emerging evidence indicates that clinicians could consider the use of motor learning strategies to improve neuromuscular control after ACLR. III.
Infusion Center Outpatient Acuity: An Integrative Review of the Literature

Abstract Problem: Patient acuity is a concept used in the health care setting and is a driver of nurse staffing and patient scheduling practices, but it is sometimes used without any well-defined understanding of its true meaning. As healthcare transitions to the ambulatory setting, which includes infusion centers, it is imperative that it provides high-quality care that increases patient and provider satisfaction. An integrative literature review was conducted to identify the current state of outpatient acuity and opportunities for classifying patients in the infusion center. Eligibility criteria: Key words included outpatient acuity and nurse satisfaction with workload from peer-reviewed sources in the English language and nursing discipline. Associated MeSH terms were also included in the search. Sample: Articles from the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Ovid, CINAHL, and SCOPUS databases were used for this analysis. Results: Forty-five relevant abstracts and 13 were included in the analysis. Conclusion: There is no systematic way to assign nurse workload in the ambulatory setting. A review of the articles revealed themes of effective resource allocation, satisfaction, and classification and acuity tools, which supports the implementation or use of an acuity system to assign patient workload in the ambulatory setting. Implications: The lack of research evidence also supports the need for additional research. Leaders must take an active role in researching the evidence and developing evidence-based practice guidelines to ensure that safe and quality care is consistently rendered. Research is needed to test the impact of a patient acuity system for the pediatric ambulatory infusion center on nurse satisfaction.
Maternal psychosocial functioning, obstetric health history, and newborn telomere length

There is growing interest in elucidating the determinants of newborn telomere length, given its potential as a biomarker of lifetime disease risk affected by prenatal exposures. There is limited evidence that increased maternal stress during pregnancy predicts shorter newborn telomere length. However, the few studies published to date have been conducted primarily with small samples utilizing inconsistent definitions of maternal stress. Moreover, the potential influence of fetal sex as a moderator of maternal stress effects on newborn telomere length has been largely ignored despite compelling evidence of likely impact. In a prospective cohort study of pregnant women seeking routine prenatal care, we tested whether a range of maternal measures of stressor exposures, subjective feelings of stress, and mental health (depression, anxiety) were associated with newborn telomere length assessed from cord blood among 146 pregnant women and their newborn infants. We further examined whether the pattern of associations differed by infant sex. Sociodemographic and maternal and newborn health indicators were considered as potential covariates. When examined within the whole sample, none of the maternal psychosocial measures were associated with newborn telomere length. Among potential covariates, maternal history of smoking and preeclampsia in a previous pregnancy were negatively associated with newborn telomere length. In adjusted linear regression analyses that considered potential sex-specific effects, maternal depression, general anxiety, and pregnancy-specific anxiety symptoms were positively associated with newborn telomere length among males. Overall, the findings provide some evidence for an association between maternal psychosocial wellbeing in pregnancy and newborn telomere length in males, although in the opposite direction than previously reported. Maternal smoking and obstetric history prior to conception may be associated with shorter offspring telomere length.
Seasonal hydrological loading from GPS observed data across contiguous USA using integrated R and Hadoop-GIS framework

Hydrological water mass redistribution on the Earth’s surface causes elastic loading deformation. In this study, vertical crustal deformation is assessed by an integrated spatio-temporal approach based on R statistical software and Hadoop-GIS framework at both regional and local scales. Specifically, the study examines the relationship between seasonal vertical loading deformation and seasonal hydrological loading from rain and snow. The vertical loading deformation is characterized by time-series estimated from continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) network across the contiguous USA for a timeframe of 48 months (January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2016) which coincides with California’s most extreme recent drought. The data processing used custom-built R programming scripts and spatial libraries that were integrated with Geographic Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS), Geographic Information System (GIS), and Hive framework which is a data warehouse extension of Apache Hadoop used as a database query interface. The relationships of vertical displacement are explored by visualization techniques such as spatial maps and wavelet coherence plots. Additional analysis of the relationships can be performed through interactive web-based interface.
Emerging Endoscopic Interventions in Bariatric Surgery

Although obesity rates are growing across the world, endoscopic modalities to treat obesity and its metabolic consequences are advancing rapidly. Multiple devices and techniques dedicated to weight management are being developed and have either been approved for use or are undergoing clinical trial. This article reviews many of these endoscopic interventions in bariatric surgery, including gastric aspiration devices, incisionless magnetic anastomotic systems, endoluminal bypass barrier sleeves, primary surgery obesity endoluminal, endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty, and duodenal mucosal resurfacing. These effective techniques may serve either as a primary therapy or as a bridge to bariatric surgery.
A BSD formula for high-weight modular forms

Abstract The Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture – which is one of the seven million-dollar Clay Mathematics Institute Millennium Prize Problems – and its generalizations are a significant focus of number theory research. A 2017 article of Jetchev, Skinner and Wan proved a Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer formula at a prime p for certain rational elliptic curves of rank 1. We generalize and adapt that article's arguments to prove an analogous formula for certain modular forms. For newforms f of even weight higher than 2 with Galois representation V containing a Galois-stable lattice T, let W = V / T and let K be an imaginary quadratic field in which the prime p splits. Our main result is that under some conditions, the p-index of the size of the Shafarevich-Tate group of W with respect to the Galois group of K is twice the p-index of a logarithm of the Abel-Jacobi map of a Heegner cycle defined by Bertolini, Darmon and Prasanna. Significant original adaptations we make to the 2017 arguments are (1) a generalized version of a previous calculation of the size of the cokernel of a localization-modulo-torsion map, and (2) a comparison of different Heegner cycles.
Ambulatory Cardiovascular Monitoring Via a Machine-Learning-Assisted Textile Triboelectric Sensor

Wearable bioelectronics for continuous and reliable pulse wave monitoring against body motion and perspiration remains a great challenge and highly desired. Here, a low-cost, lightweight, and mechanically durable textile triboelectric sensor that can convert subtle skin deformation caused by arterial pulsatility into electricity for high-fidelity and continuous pulse waveform monitoring in an ambulatory and sweaty setting is developed. The sensor holds a signal-to-noise ratio of 23.3 dB, a response time of 40 ms, and a sensitivity of 0.21 µA kPa-1 . With the assistance of machine learning algorithms, the textile triboelectric sensor can continuously and precisely measure systolic and diastolic pressure, and the accuracy is validated via a commercial blood pressure cuff at the hospital. Additionally, a customized cellphone application (APP) based on built-in algorithm is developed for one-click health data sharing and data-driven cardiovascular diagnosis. The textile triboelectric sensor enabled wireless biomonitoring system is expected to offer a practical paradigm for continuous and personalized cardiovascular system characterization in the era of the Internet of Things.
Gastric Electrical Stimulation for Refractory Gastroparesis: Predictors of Response and Redefining a Successful Outcome

Gastroparesis is a syndrome of delayed gastric emptying in the absence of mechanical obstruction.1 Symptoms include early satiety, postprandial fullness, nausea, vomiting, bloating, and abdominal pain. Gastroparesis significantly affects patients’ quality of life, increases health care costs through hospitalizations and treatment costs, and is associated with significant morbidity for affected patients. Common etiologies include diabetes (29%), idiopathic (36%), and postsurgical causes (13%).2 High-frequency, low-intensity gastric electrical stimulation (GES) (Enterra™; Medtronic, Inc., Minneapolis, MN) has been shown in previously published literature to improve symptoms and quality of life in patients with medically refractory gastroparesis.3–8 However, the definition of what constitutes “improvement” in the literature is ill-defined and has lacked standardization in published studies to date. As a result, a significant amount of skepticism exists regarding the usefulness of GES in the treatment of gastroparesis.9, 10 We sought to define the degree of improvement in various subgroups of patients based on the degree of change in total symptom severity score (TSS) as well as patients’ perception of improvement, and to compare its effectiveness (as measured by these two benchmarks of treatment success) in patients with diabetic and idiopathic etiologies.
Interagency Collaboration with High-Risk Gang Youth

This study examines the process of collaboration between agencies working with high-risk gang youth. Using semi-structured interviews with direct practitioners and observations of a collaborative event at a juvenile prison, this theory-generating study examined the strengths of and barriers to collaboration between adolescent-serving agencies. Practitioners indicated the importance of communication and cooperation as elements of a successful collaboration. In practice, however, these elements were often replaced by premature termination of collaborative arrangements, blaming other agencies for failure of youth, and diffusion of responsibility (“passing the buck”). This study proposes agency fear as a factor separating desired from actual practice, and proposes potential causes and outcomes of agency fear.
Engineering economics on the Web-progress report

Summary form only given. In the Summer of 1997, development was started for a web site for SIE 265, Engineering Economic Analysis. The eventual goal of the site is to act as a stand-alone learning tool for students to use to learn the course material. This report represents the progress to date on the project.
Design of a Passive Ranging System Using Existing Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) Signals & Transmitters

The US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is developing alternative navigation concepts to maintain operational capacity and efficiency even with the loss of Global Positioning System (GPS). One concept being studied for alternative position navigation and timing (APNT) is a ground based passive ranging system. This system has few capacity constraints and can provide other benefits. The APNT passive ranging system would use existing FAA terrestrial infrastructure, particularly distance measuring equipment (DME) ground beacons. APNT project team has developed a DME Pseudolite (PL) concept that enables a passive ranging signal on DME that is compatible with existing DME operations. It can provide additional benefits for APNT and non-APNT users with its data transmission. This paper introduces the DME PL concept and assesses the potential performance of the system. The paper focuses on signal structure design for best data capacity. It formulates a methodology and modeling for the developing the design. Copyright © 2015 Institute of Navigation.
Evidence for the Bs meson in the Υ(5S) data

Employing exclusive and inclusive reconstruction techniques, evidence for the Bs meson is established in 0.42 fb−1 of data collected at the Υ(5S) resonance with the CLEO III detector. It is found that at the energy of the Υ(5S) resonance the Bs meson production proceeds predominantly through the creation of Bs*s* pairs and the ratio of the Bs(*)s(*) production to the total b quark pair production is (21 ± 3 ± 9)% (model dependent). All results are preliminary.
Unsupervised clustering of gene expression data points at hypoxia as possible trigger for metabolic syndrome.

Background Classification of large volumes of data produced in a microarray experiment allows for the extraction of important clues as to the nature of a disease.
Level set estimation via trees [signal processing applications]

Tree-structured partitions provide a natural framework for rapid and accurate extraction of the level sets of a multivariate function f from noisy data. In general, a level set is the set S on which f exceeds some critical value (e.g., S={x:f(x)/spl ges//spl gamma/}). Boundaries of level sets typically constitute manifolds embedded in the high-dimensional observation space. The identification of these boundaries is an important theoretical problem with applications for digital elevation maps, medical imaging, and pattern recognition. Because level set identification is intrinsically simpler than field denoising or estimation, explicit level set extraction methods can achieve higher accuracy than more indirect approaches (such as extracting a level set from an estimate of the function). The trees underlying our method are constructed by minimizing a complexity regularized data-fitting term over a family of dyadic partitions. Our method automatically adapts to spatially varying regularity of both the level set and the field underlying the data. Level set extraction using multiresolution trees can be implemented in near linear time and specifically aims to minimize an error metric sensitive to both the error in the location of the level set and the associated field estimation error.
608: Apgar scores in very preterm births and risk of long-term severe neurodevelopmental disability

NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITY TAMULA PATTERSON, ALAN TITA, FRED BIASINI, SUZANNE CLIVER, ROBERT GOLDENBERG, WILLIAM ANDREWS, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Birmingham, Alabama, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Psychology, Birmingham, Alabama, Drexel University College of Medicine, Obstetrics & Gynecology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between Apgar scores and long-term major neurodevelopmental disability at age 6 years among very preterm births (VPTB) 32 weeks. STUDY DESIGN: Secondary analysis of a follow-up study of long-term outcome in survivors among 375 consecutive births between 23 and 32 weeks was conducted at our institution. Surviving infants (and their mothers or caregivers) underwent a battery of psychological and neurodevelopmental tests. Risk of major neurodevelopmental disability (including IQ 70, cerebral palsy, and a composite major disability) were compared by low ( 6) vs. normal (7-10) Apgar score at 1 and 5 minutes. RESULTS: A total of 261 (70%) of 375 surviving infants were successfully recruited and evaluated at a mean of 6.8 0.7 years. The mean delivery gestational age and birthweight were 28.8 2.2 weeks and 1163 382 grams, respectively. Univariate analysis suggested an association between low Apgar scores and severe long-term neurodevelopmental disability at 1, but not at 5 minutes (Table). However, after adjusting for differences in gestational age, there was no association between Apgar scores and long-term outcome. CONCLUSION: Apparent associations between a one minute Apgar score of 6 and long-term adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes (including low IQ and cerebral palsy) are actually due to confounding by gestational age.
Subthreshold Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) as a Predictor of Depression, Alcohol Use, and Health Problems in Veterans

SUMMARY Veterans who meet DSM-IV criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often experience comorbid depression, alcohol use, and poor health. Recent research suggests that some patients who express subclinical PTSD symptoms may be at risk for similar problems. The purpose of this study is to forecast comorbidities in patients who have classic or subclinical PTSD. Participants were 1,968 previously deployed male and female peacekeepers who completed a battery of questionnaires, including measures of PTSD symptoms, depression, alcohol use, and physical health. Logistic regression was used to forecast alcohol, depression and health problems in groups of veterans with classic, subclinical, or no PTSD. Findings suggest that subthreshold PTSD can also be comorbid alcoholism, depression, and poor health but is not as strong of an indicator as classic PTSD.
Tolerance of Phyllospadix scouleri seedlings to hydrogen sulfide

Abstract Phyllospadix scouleri is a common seagrass along the rocky intertidal coast of the Pacific Northwest. Previously we established a correlation between increased sulfide and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and Zostera marina seedling senescence. While Z. marina grows in soft sediment environments, here we evaluate the possibility that P. scouleri may experience similar decreases in health when exposed to increasing H2S loading. To do this, seedlings were immersed in various concentrations of H2S, in axenic media, and photosynthetic and respiratory output was measured. We found that at high doses (mM) of H2S Photosystem II was inhibited whereas Photosystem I remained active. At lower levels, total photosynthetic output decreased with increasing H2S concentrations. Using these data we produced an LD50 of 430 μM at 48 h and 86 μM at 7 days. Our study confirms that Phyllospadix seedlings are also vulnerable to increasing sulfide loads.
SPIRAL TUBULES IN PALM PHLOEM.

Spiral tubule structures were observed in sieve elements of Pritchardia and Cocos palms. The spiral tubules were 80-120 nm wide and composed of altemating electron-lucent and electrondense bands 11-16 nm wide which spiraled around a central core. IN THE COURSE of a continuing ultrastructural study of mycoplasmalike organisms (MLO) associated with lethal declines of palms (Thomas, 1979), unusual spiral tubule structures were observed in sieve elements of Pritchardia palms. Preliminary observations suggested that these spiral tubules might be associated with MLO as reported by Carling and Millikan (1978) for the aster yellows MLO and that they were restricted to the genus Pritchardia. However, subsequent examinations demonstrated their presence in healthy Pritchardia palms as well as in one healthy and one MLO-infected coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) palm. The spiral tubules have been found in 21 of 29 individual palms from eight Pritchardia species and in 2 of 43 coconut palms examined in this lab. The tubules were not observed in 140 palms from 32 genera other than Pritchardia and Cocos.
Receptor-Mediated Transport of Human Amyloid β-Protein 1–40 and 1–42 at the Blood–Brain Barrier

Since amyloid beta-protein (A beta) is the primary component of both vascular and parenchymal amyloid deposits in Alzheimer's disease, information regarding its permeability at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) will help elucidate the contribution of circulating A beta to vascular and parenchymal A beta deposition in this disease and in brain aging. The permeability of the D- and L-enantiomers of A beta 1-40 and L-A beta 1-42 at the BBB was determined in the normal adult rat by quantifying the permeability coefficient-surface area product (PS) for each protein after correction for the residual plasma volume (Vp) occupied by the protein [labeled with a different isotope of iodine (125I vs 131I)] in blood vessels of different brain regions. After a single i.v. bolus injection, the plasma pharmacokinetics determined by TCA precipitation, paper chromatography, and SDS-PAGE were similar for both 125I-L-A beta 1-40 and 125I-L-A beta 1-42. The PS at the BBB for L-A beta 1-42 was significantly (1.4- to 1.8-fold) higher than for L-A beta 1-40 and ranged from 17.7 to 26.4 x 10(-6) ml/g/s for different brain regions. A comparison of the PS values at the BBB for L-A beta 1-40 showed no significant difference when determined at 15 or 30 min after i.v. bolus injection, times that reflect different levels of degradation in plasma (37.9% at 15 min and 65.5% at 30 min). The PS values obtained, therefore, were representative of the intact protein rather than degradation products. The PS values obtained for the all-D-enantiomer of A beta 1-40 were very low and comparable to that of albumin and IgG, whose mechanism of transport is by passive diffusion. Taken together, these data imply a stereoisomer-specific, ligand-receptor interaction at the BBB for the L-A beta proteins. The high PS values observed for L-A beta 1-40 and 1-42 compare to insulin, whose uptake is decidedly by a receptor-mediated transport process, and suggest a similar mechanism for L-A beta entry into the brain.
Testing equivalence of mediating models of income, parenting, and school readiness for white, black, and Hispanic children in a national sample.

This paper examines complex models of the associations between family income, material hardship, parenting, and school readiness among White, Black, and Hispanic 6-year-olds, using the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS–K). It is critical to test the universality of such complex models, particularly given their implications for intervention, prevention, and public policy. Therefore this study asks: Do measures and models of low income and early school readiness indicators fit differently or similarly for White, Black, and Hispanic children? Measurement equivalence of material hardship, parent stress, parenting behaviors, child cognitive skills, and child social competence is first tested. Model equivalence is then tested by examining whether category membership in a race/ethnic group moderates associations between predictors and young children's school readiness.
Corrigendum to “Statistical representation of equatorial waves and tropical instability waves in the Pacific Ocean” [Atmospheric Research 94 (2009) 37—44]

Corrigendum to “Statistical representation of equatorial waves and tropical instability waves in the Pacific Ocean” [Atmospheric Research 94 (2009) 37—44] Toshiaki Shinoda , George N. Kiladis , Paul E. Roundy c a Center for Ocean-Atmosphere Prediction Studies, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA b NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA c Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, New York, USA
English Education: The Critical Imagination, Terror, and Totalitarianism

In T. S. Eliot's (1950) play "Murder in the Cathedral," the Archbishop of Canterbury, engaged in a clash of wills with his monarch Henry II, confronts three tempters. After the last tempter speaks, the Archbishop ruminates: "The last temptation is the greatest treason / To do the right thing for the wrong reason" (196). We teachers of literature and composition believe we are doing the right thing by teaching literary analysis and encouraging our students to assume the intellectual rigor of serious study of the language arts. However, we seldom justify the teaching of these courses with reasons other than the practical ones of going to college or finding a job. In our dollar-driven world, this "single-vision," to borrow William Blake's phrase, is eminently natural, but is it the only, the best, or the right reason? In recent years, I have attempted, in remarks primarily intended for teachers of advanced placement literature and composition courses but relevant to all language arts instructors, to clarify our justifications for teaching literature and composition courses. Of course, most of us would agree that the worlds of language and imagination have inherent worth. Although Immanuel Kant's argument for the "aesthetic response" has less currency in our theory-driven world than it once did, somewhere deep in our souls many of us, perhaps secretly, delight in Marianne Moore's (1990) "imaginary gardens with real toads" (1318). However, without losing sight of the sheer pleasure of "imaginary gardens," I have, in the past, challenged instructors to remember that teaching literature and composition to students offers them other-less concrete but, nonetheless, practical-rewards, such as empowerment, selfunderstanding, and effective communication skills. The relevance of the kind of thinking and writing most literature and composition courses require, exemplified at the advanced levels by the advanced placement examinations, seem questionable not only to teachers and administrators but also to our students. Since the collapse of Enron and WorldCom, since the indictments of stock analysts and traders, and especially since September 11, we Americans struggle to cope with a loss of innocence comparable to that which horrified the world in 1917. In the space of a few hours after the collapse of the World Trade Center, we realized that the bombing of our embassy in Sudan, the attack on the battleship Cole, and the killing of our soldiers in Saudi Arabia all represented what Bernard Lewis (2001), the distinguished Princeton professor of history, calls the "clash of civilizations." Herein this clash of values lies one of the right reasons for engaging students in literature courses, even if it means simply having them discuss passages from literature and analyze characterizations and plot structures.
Abstract P3-12-06: Biomarkers of Malignant Potential in Breast Tissue in Relation to Short-Term Breast Cancer Risk

Background: Biomarkers expressed in benign or normal breast tissue may be important indicators of subsequent risk of malignancy, but investigations identifying such have been few. Limited previous evidence suggests that loss of expression of several breast cancer tumor markers in benign tissue, relative to normal tissue, may contribute to malignant progression. We examined expression of markers implicated in tumorigenesis among women who developed breast cancer shortly after benign biopsy. Material and Methods: We conducted a nested case-control study within a population-based cohort of 15,000 women who received benign breast biopsies between 1996 and 2005 in six New Mexico counties. We identified 95 women who developed breast cancer within 5 years of biopsy, and matched them to 3 similar controls who did not develop cancer. Benign breast as well as adjacent normal tissue was assayed using immunohistochemistry for epithelial and stromal markers plausibly related to risk of cancer development. Logistic regression models were employed to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for breast cancer risk after adjustment for age, race/ethnicity, and risk category of benign biopsy. Results: Women who expressed estrogen receptor alpha in their normal tissue (10% or greater staining) had a 2.9-fold increased breast cancer risk (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.0-8.3). Those who expressed Cytokeratin 5/6 (Odds ratio (OR) 3.3; 95% CI 1.2-8.8) or Her2/neu (30% or greater staining) (OR 8.2; 95% CI 0.9-70.6) in normal tissue also appeared to have an elevated breast cancer risk, relative to those with expression below the threshold. In contrast, the presence of these markers in benign tissue was unrelated to subsequent development of breast cancer. Estrogen receptor staining of 10% or greater in normal tissue, but absence of staining in benign tissue, was not a risk factor for progression to breast malignancy (OR 4.9; 95% CI 0.7-34.8) Discussion: Our results suggest that biomarker expression in normal breast tissue may be an important component of risk assessment among women whoreceive benign breast biopsies. Findings such as these aim to identify women at highest risk for breast cancer development, allowing for the implementation of more frequent follow-up and new targeted interventions, while classifying most women as at low risk, providing reassurance and reducing the need for chemoprevention. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-12-06.
Stratigraphy of total metals in PIRLA sediment cores

Sediment cores from 30 low-alkalinity lakes in northern New England (NE), New York (NY), the northern Great Lakes States (NGLS) of Minnesota, Michigan, and Wisconsin, and Florida (FL) have been dated by 210Pb and analyzed for water and organic content, eight major elements (Al, Ti, Fe, Mn, Ca, Mg, Na, K) plus four trace metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, and V). Variations in the percentages of major elements through time are dominated by long-term independent variations in the abundance of SiO2, FeO, and to a lesser extent Ca and Al. Additional variations are caused by varying proportions of inorganic matter. Major variations in chemistry are generally unrelated to documented distrubances in the watersheds; most disturbances are minor fires or selective logging.
Raman and infrared spectra, vibrational assignment, barriers to internal rotation and ab initio calculations of methyl fluoroformate and methyl fluoroformate-d3

Abstract The Raman (3200-10 cm −1 ) and i.r. (3500-50 cm −1 ) spectra of methyl fluoroformate, CH 3 OC(O)F, and its deuterated analog, CD 3 OC(O)F, have been recorded in both the gaseous and solid phases. Additionally, the Raman spectra of the liquids have been recorded and depolarization ratios obtained. These data have been interpreted on the basis that the only stable conformation present at ambient temperature is the s-trans (methyl group trans to the fluorine atom). From far i.r. spectra of the vapor obtained at 0.1 cm −1 resolution, the methoxy torsional fundamental has been observed to shift from 182 to 168 cm −1 upon deuteration of the methyl group. The methyl torsional fundamental has been observed in these spectra at 122 and 93 cm −1 for the d 0 and d 3 compounds, respectively, and from these frequencies the barriers to internal rotation are calculated to be 369 cm −1 (1055 cal/mol) and 356 cm −1 (1018 cal/mol) for the CH 3 and CD 3 rotors, respectively. The structure, barriers to internal rotation and vibrational frequencies have also been determined from ab initio Hartree—Fock gradient calculations using both the 3-21G and 6-31G * basis sets. These results are compared to those obtained experimentally and to similar quantities for related molecules.
Evidence for Intermediate Channeling in Mitochondrial β -Oxidation (∗)

The accumulation of β-oxidation intermediates was studied by incubating normal and β-oxidation enzyme-deficient human fibroblasts with [2H4]linoleate and L-carnitine and analyzing the resultant acylcarnitines by tandem mass spectrometry. Labeled decenoyl-, octanoyl-, hexanoyl-, and butyrylcarnitines were the only intermediates observed with normal cells. Intermediates of longer chain length, corresponding to substrates for the β-oxidation enzymes associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane, were not observed unless a cell line was deficient in one of these enzymes, such as very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, or electron transfer flavoprotein dehydrogenase. Matrix enzyme deficiencies, such as medium- and short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenases, were characterized by elevated concentrations of intermediates corresponding to their respective substrates (octanoyl- and decenoylcarnitines in medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency and butyrylcarnitine in short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency). These observations agree with the notion of intermediate channeling due to the organization of β-oxidation enzymes in complexes. The only exception is the incomplete channeling from thiolase to acyl-CoA dehydrogenase in the matrix. This situation may be a consequence of only one 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase being unable to interact with the several acyl-CoA dehydrogenases in the matrix.