cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crack closure in 2219-T851 aluminum alloy

Abstract The effects of specimen thickness, stress ratio ( R ) and maximum stress intensity factor ( K max ) on crack closure (or opening) were studied using a 2219-T851 aluminum alloy. The crack length and the occurrence of crack closure were measured by an electrical potential method. The experimental work was carried out within the framework of linear-elastic fracture mechanics. The experimental results show that the onset of crack closure (or opening) dependes on R, K max ), and specimen thickness. In terms of the “effective stress intensity range ratio” ( U ), as defined by Elber, the results show that U tends to increase for increasing R , decrease for increasing K max , and decrease with increasing specimen thickness. From these trends, it is shown that the “effective stress intensity range” ( ΔK eff ) does not always increase with increasing stress intensity range ( ΔK ). The experimental results show that crack closure cannot fully account for the effects of stress ratio, specimen thickness and K max on fatigue crack growth. The use of ΔK eff as a parameter for characterizing the mechanical driving force for fatigue crack growth is questioned.
Compound Model for Heavy Particles

A static model is considered in which all heavy particles are compounded out of two basic units, taken here to be the $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ and nucleon $N$ (and/or the cascade particle $\ensuremath{\Xi}$). The model suggests the existence of some unstable particle states accessible to experiment: the $\ensuremath{\rho}$ meson, a boson with $I=0$; the ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{**}$, a highly excited $I=0$ state of the $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$; the $Z$ hyperon unstable against rapid decay by $Z\ensuremath{\rightarrow}K+N$. Without artificial assumption the model directly indicates that in the present strangeness classification no metastable $V$ particles exist beyond those already known. The model is compatible with and somewhat favors the assumption of a high degree of symmetry between $N$ and $\ensuremath{\Xi}$. Its general tenor is thus to emphasize the charge displacement $a=q\ensuremath{-}{I}_{z}$ as a physically significant parameter rather than the strangeness $S$. An unavoidable implication of the model is that all heavy particles have comparable interaction strengths, apparent exceptions being possible over limited energy ranges. The model provides a vehicle for study of the parity doublet scheme, which introduces greater complication in return for an added flexibility at present unnecessary in the model.
Exeunt omnes: transition and exit when work life is dysfunctional

Conditions and terms of work in the United States have seen a decades‐long decline, making a steady and progressive work life increasingly difficult to achieve. The reasons include the ascendant conservative opposition to the social safety net and job security, competitive pressures due to globalization and most of all, the decline of US manufacturing. It resulted in the loss of millions of middle skill jobs, the eclipse of much of heavy industry and, as science and technology were increasingly pre‐empted by the military sector, a lag in commercial product innovation. Rising productivity is often cited as an offset, but the measures used are shown to be largely spurious and irrelevant, reflecting the explosion of overhead in the “information age” and rising need to respond to complications elsewhere in society. There are more constructive alternatives like infrastructure renewal, but these are now nowhere in prospect.
Shunt-related headaches: the slit ventricle syndromes.

Purpose The purpose of this work is to review the pathophysiology and treatment of severe headache disorders in patients having a shunt for hydrocephalus.
Studies on the rate of synthesis of phage-induced enzymes in relation to the multiplicity of infection.

Abstract Since the first report by Flaks and Cohen (1959) of the phage-induced formation of hydroxymethylase, a number of other phage-induced enzymes have been reported ( Kornberg et al. , 1959 , Somerville et al. , 1959 , Koerner, et al. , 1960 and Keck et al. , 1960 ). Kinetic studies revealed that in E. coli infected with 4–5 phage particles per bacterium, these enzymatic activities increase during the first minutes after infection and then level off at a constant value approximately fifteen minutes after infection. If the phage were irradiated with an appropriate dose of u. v. light, the enzymatic activities continue to rise even after fifteen minutes of infection ( Dirksen et al. , 1960 ). The factors that govern the synthesis of these enzymes, both in terms of the rate and the final level, are not known. We wish to report in this communication some experimental results which show that the rate of synthesis of these enzymes in infected bacteria is not directly related to the multiplicity of infection.
Ruthenium nanoparticles supported on magnesium oxide: A versatile and recyclable dual-site catalyst for hydrogenation of mono- and poly-cyclic arenes, N-heteroaromatics, and S-heteroaromatics

Abstract The development of catalysts capable of promoting hydrogenation of aromatics while being resistant to poisoning by nitrogen- and sulfur-containing species is of much interest in connection with hydrotreating of fossil fuels. We report a catalyst composed of ruthenium nanoparticles supported on magnesia, designed to promote heterolytic hydrogen splitting and surface ionic hydrogenation pathways. The catalyst, prepared through a one-pot procedure, promotes the hydrogenation of mono- and poly-cyclic arenes, as well as N- and S-heteroaromatics representative of fossil fuels components. Of particular significance are the superior activity and wider substrate scope of the catalyst, in relation to other known supported noble metals, and the excellent recyclability and long catalyst lifetime. Based on our experimental data, a dual-site catalyst structure and an associated dual-pathway mechanism are proposed, which may have interesting implications for the development of new poison-tolerant noble metal catalytic systems.
pH and drug resistance in tumors.

Uptake of weakly ionizing drugs by tumours is greatly influenced by the interstitial and intracellular pH, and the ionization properties of the drug. Extracellular pH in tumors is acidic, while the intracellular pH is in the neutral-to- alkaline range.Tumors of the bladder, kidney and gastrointestinal system in particular are exposed to extremes of pH. Strategies for exhancing and exploiting acid-outside plasmalemmal pH gradients to drive the uptake of weak acid drugs into tumors are discussed, as are techniques for alkalinizing tissues to improve response to weak base drugs. The participation of acidic intracellular vesicles in non-specific drug resistance is explored. ≈ 2000 Harcourt Publishers Ltd
Effects of temperature change on the catfish S-potentials

Abstract Effects of temperature change on the resting (dark) level and light-induced potential ( S-potential ) of the catfish S-space or horizontal cells were observed. The rise and decay time of the S-potential were found most sensitive to temperature change while the resting level was least affected by change in temperature of preparation ranging from 5 to nearly 30°. Though change in temperature resulted in marked change in the wave form of S-potentials , the fit of the amplitude vs . log intensity relation to the logistic function was reasonably good from about 7 to nearly 30°. However, the slope of the curve became less steep when the temperature of the preparation was less than 7°.
Developing an instrument to characterise peer‐led groups in collaborative learning environments: assessing problem‐solving approach and group interaction

Collaborative learning is being used extensively by educators at all levels. Peer‐led team learning in a version of collaborative learning that has shown consistent success in science, technology, engineering and mathematics disciplines. Using a multi‐phase research study we describe the development of an observation instrument that can be used to assess peer‐led group learning. This paper illustrates the development of a classification system for peer‐led learning groups and an instrument based on this classification system. The instrument evaluates small learning groups on two important aspects of group learning: problem solving approach and group interaction style. We provide evidence of the factor structure of the two dimensions using both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. We also provide information about the reliability of the two scales as measured by the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data from a large peer‐led learning programme was used to conduct the factor analysis. Results from the...
The energetic cost of calling in the variable field cricket, Gryllus lineaticeps

. Female preferences for conspicuous male calls have been documented in many groups. However, relatively few studies have examined the metabolic costs associated with the production of call types preferred by females. We measured the oxygen consumption of calling male Gryllus lineaticeps Stal crickets using closed chamber respirometry. Calling song was recorded concurrently. The average increase in mass-specific oxygen consumption during calling was 2.7 times basal rates of oxygen consumption, and calling males consumed approximately 1.2ml O2g-lh-1. Oxygen consumption increased with increasing chirp rate and pulse duration, but not with increasing chirp duration. Females of this species prefer higher chirp rates, thus some call types that increase the male's attractiveness to females require more metabolic energy to produce.
Genomic approaches to analyzing natural variation in Arabidopsis thaliana

The genomics tools available for studying Arabidopsis thaliana are a great resource for researchers trying to characterize and understand the genetic basis of natural variation. Abundant polymorphic markers aid quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping, the fully sequenced genome provides rapid identification of candidate loci, and extensive knockout collections allow those candidate loci to be tested. Combining QTL mapping of classic phenotypic traits with biochemical or expression analysis is providing mechanistic insight into the traits of interest. Conversely, natural variation studies are now being done on genomic traits such as methylation or chiasma frequency.
The magnitude and nature of situational influence on Japanese snacking: The role of fruit

This study examines the role of fruit in Japanese snacking behavior. Rather than relying on conventional consumer demographic- and product attribute-based segmentation methods, this study explores an alternative segmentation method, situational segmentation. The study uses repeated-measure analysis of variance to examine the statistical significance (F ratios) and practical significance (ω2/percentage of variance explained) of individual, product, and situational main and interaction effects. Because the crucial product x situation interaction effect is found to be significant, the study proceeds by using a regression procedure to characterize 18 competitive snack products (including six fruits) with respect to three situational factors that affect snack food choice. The results show that fruits tend to occupy the morning end of the morning/afternoon snacking continuum, the snacking alone end of the alone/with others continuum, and snacking at home end of the home/away from home continuum. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Quantum statistical mechanics in a closed system

A closed quantum-mechanical system with a large number of degrees of freedom does not necessarily give time averages in agreement with the microcanonical distribution. For systems where the different degrees of freedom are uncoupled, situations are discussed that show a violation of the usual statistical-mechanical rules. By adding a finite but very small perturbation in the form of a random matrix, it is shown that the results of quantum statistical mechanics are recovered. Expectation values in energy eigenstates for this perturbed system are also discussed, and deviations from the microcanonical result are shown to become exponentially small in the number of degrees of freedom.
Mobiles for literacy in developing countries: An effectiveness framework

In recent years, the advent of low-cost digital and mobile devices has led to a strong expansion of social interventions, including those that try to improve student learning and literacy outcomes. Many of these are focused on improving reading in low-income countries, and particularly among the most disadvantaged. Some of these early efforts have been called successful, but little credible evidence exists for those claims. Drawing on a robust sample of projects in the domain of mobiles for literacy, this article introduces a design solution framework that combines intervention purposes with devices, end users, and local contexts. In combination with a suggested set of purpose-driven methods for monitoring and evaluation, this new framework provides useful parameters for measuring effectiveness in the domain of mobiles for literacy.
Weaning from mechanical ventilation.

Patients that require positive pressure ventilation to maintain sufficient alveolar ventilation or pulmonary gas exchange may eventually reach a point in the course of their care wherein mechanical ventilation is no longer necessary. This process of transferring the work of breathing from the ventilator back to the patient is referred to as ventilator weaning. The term "ventilator weaning" may be used to refer to all methods by which this transfer of workload may be accomplished. In many patients, particularly those with short-lasting or readily correctable causes of respiratory insufficiency (eg, general anesthesia), the discontinuation of positive pressure ventilation may be easily achieved. Indeed, in patients awakening from general anesthesia, the axiom "awake enough to blink, awake enough to breath" may prove to be a sufficient guideline. However, in those patients requiring long-term mechanical ventilatory support, the process can prove to be both frustrating and exceptionally challenging. It is of crucial importance to identify those patients that may be successfully weaned because of both the financial impact of prolonged intensive care unit hospitalization and the risks imposed on the patient by the process of positive pressure ventilation. To be able to predict which patients may be ready to be weaned from the ventilator requires an understanding of the balance between the work of breathing (ventilatory load) and the ability of the patient's respiratory pump to meet those needs (ventilatory capacity). The management of patients experiencing difficulty during the weaning process requires that the clinician recognize imbalances between ventilatory load and capacity and to correct these imbalances once identified.
Effects of Halo-effect Instructions on Level of Ratings and Intercorrelations.

This study is from a program of empirical examinations of the effects of format on students' ratings of effectiveness of college teaching. One crucial inadequacy of rating scales in general, and student rating scales in particular, is the "halo effect." The "halo effect" was defined by Stalnaker and Remmers (1928) as the tendency to allow the general impression of the ratee to influence markedly the evaluation of specific traits. Unpublished empirical evidence indicates intercorrelations of .30 or higher among most items. This implies a "halo effect." There is also considerable conjecture that the "halo effect" operates in students' ratings. The purpose of this exploratory study was to investigate if mere instructions ro students to rate each item independently of all other items would produce lower ratings and also lower intercorrelations than directions without this instruction. If the simple instruction to rate each item independently produced lower ratings and intercorrelarions then the cumbersome and little used forced choice format would not have to be used. Two classes in education at the University of South Florida in December, 1973 constituted the student samples. One instructor taught guidance and the other taught curriculum. Within each class, students were randomly assigned to the two treatment groups, Halo, or Conventional (no anti-Halo instruction). Ss were told they were participating in a study of the language of instructors' raring scales, and to rate the instructor and course as they ordinarily would if no study were being conducted. The rating scale was a conventional 15-item instructor and course rating scale developed at the University. Rating categories were: Far Above Average ( 5 ) , Above Average (4) . Average ( 3 ) , Below Average ( 2 ) , Far Below Average ( 1 ) . Ns, group reliability estimates based on analyses of variance, means adjusted for the five-point scale, and total unadjusted means and standard deviations, respectively, for Instructor 1 were: 24, .go, 4.07, 61.08 and 7.30 for Halo; and 26, .90, 4.11, 61.63 and 7.74 for Conventional. The same statistics for Instructor 2 were: 23, 9 1 , 3.37, 50.57 and 9.14 for Halo; and 25, .86, 3.51, 52.60 and 8.82 for Conventional. Separate analyses of variance of ratings indicated no significant differences on either total score or on any individual item for either instructor. Inspection of the items' intercorrelations within each group gave no noticeable differences in magnitudes of correlations for either instructor. The intercorrelations for each instructor ranged mostly from .OO to .60 with relatively few higher or lower. Some items for both treatments had noticeably higher intercorrelations than others but there were no noticeable differences between instructions. It is concluded that mere instruction to student raters to consider each item independently of all other items does not reduce halo effect.
Addressable Arrays Implemented with One Metal Level for MOSFET and Resistor Variability Characterization

Addressable array test structures for rapid collection of statistical distributions of MOSFET parameters and parasitic resistances are described. A unique feature of these designs is that they require only one level of metal, yet are compact for placement in the scribe line for early process learning. MOSFET measurements are made over full range of I-V characteristics including leakage currents of individual devices in the sub-threshold region. A modular approach for test structure integration and parallel testability enables high efficiency in design and data acquisition.
PLASTICITY IN SPEECH ORGANIZATION FOLLOWING COMMISSUROTOMY

For three-and-a-half years we have been studying the cognitive and conscious mechanisms in a remarkable 18-year-old man: Case P.S. This unique individual had his corpus callosum divided in order to control intractable epilepsy. Although for some time after the operation he appeared like other split-brain patients, unable to describe verbally stimuli directed to his mute right hemisphere, he behaved as if he was capable of comprehending a wide range of language-related stimuli directed to that hemisphere. Spelling by choosing the appropriate letters with his left hand, he could process nouns, verbs, rhymes, antonyms, and superordinate concepts. When asked about tachistoscopic presentations delivered to his left visual field, he either said he had seen nothing, or only a flash of light. He was also unable to identify verbally tactile 'sterognostic' inputs to his left hand. In the last year P.S. has begun to speak about stimuli directed to his right hemisphere. This series of experiments suggests that this speech is not interhemispheric transfer within the visual modality. Further, plotting the relative increased proficiency of verbal description of inputs directed to the right hemisphere, this speech system seems to be in a process of continuing development.
Haptic feedback enhances rhythmic motor control by reducing variability, not improving convergence rate

Stability and performance during rhythmic motor behaviors such as locomotion are critical for survival across taxa: falling down would bode well for neither cheetah nor gazelle. Little is known abo...
TYPES OF SHELTER SITES USED BY THE GIANT WHIPSCORPION MASTIGOPROCTUS GIGANTEUS (ARACHNIDA, UROPYGI) IN A HABITAT CHARACTERIZED BY HARD ADOBE SOILS

Abstract Shelter site selection by Mastigoproctus giganteus in an atypical microhabitat in the northern Chihuahuan Desert characterized by hard adobe soils is described for the first time. The majority of the 321 whipscorpions (70.4%) were found within rock crevices during periods of highest daytime ambient temperatures, as compared to those found under plant debris (4.4%) or inside small mammal holes (25.2%). The percentage of available crevices, holes or plant debris that were occupied by whipscorpions was 41.5, 3.8 and 7.3%, respectively. Most occupied crevices (66.7%) were in the shade. Depths of occupied crevices ranged from 6.4–36.7 cm. Crevice widths ranged from 0.7–2.9 cm. Whipscorpions used crevices whose height above the surface of the ground ranged from 6.5 cm–1.1 m. No whipscorpions were observed at the ground surface, even in shaded areas, between 0645 and 1910 hr (CST).
Inflammatory factors are elevated in brain microvessels in Alzheimer’s disease

Abstract In Alzheimer’s disease (AD) inflammatory processes occur in pathologically vulnerable brain regions. The objective of this study is to compare both the release and the presence of microvessel-associated cytokines in vessels isolated from the brains of AD patients to microvessels from control brains. Microvessels are isolated from the cortices of AD patients and age-matched controls, without evidence of neurodegenerative disease. Inflammatory factors in the media are quantitated by ELISA and microvessel-associated mediators assessed by Western blot. Our results demonstrate that unstimulated AD microvessels release significantly higher levels of interleukin-1β-(IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) compared to non-AD microvessels. Levels of microvessel-associated monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) and IL-1β are high in AD-derived microvessels, but not detectable in non-AD microvessels. These results suggest that the cerebral microcirculation contributes inflammatory mediators to the milieu of the AD brain and may be involved in the pathogenesis of neuronal injury and death in this disorder.
Coherent beam amplification with a photorefractive liquid crystal.

Coherent amplification of a signal beam by a strong pump beam is observed in thin films of fullerene-doped nematic liquid crystal. Exponential gain constants as high as 2890 cm-1 with no phase cross talk are achieved at low applied dc bias voltage and pump beam intensity. The underlying mechanism is the electro-optically induced spatially reorientation of the liquid-crystal axis and the resultant phase-shifted index grating required for two-beam coupling.
Timeline-based space operations scheduling with external constraints

We describe a timeline-based scheduling algorithm developed for mission operations of the EO-1 earth observing satellite. We first describe the range of operational constraints for operations focusing on maneuver and thermal constraints that cannot be modeled in typical planner/schedulers. We then describe a greedy heuristic scheduling algorithm and compare its performance to both the prior scheduling algorithm - documenting an over 50% increase in scenes scheduled with estimated value of millions of dollars US. We also compare to a relaxed optimal scheduler showing that the greedy scheduler produces schedules with scene count within 15% of an upper bound on optimal schedules.
The Molecular Basis for Implantation Failure in Endometriosis

: Endometriosis is a benign gynecologic disorder associated with pelvic pain and infertility, with the latter being due, in part, to failure of embryonic implantation in the maternal endometrium. Adequacy of the endometrium for fertility has been classically investigated by histologic evaluation of a mid-late luteal phase biopsy and, historically, normal histology has been reassuring. However, recent studies demonstrate histologically normal, but biochemically abnormal, endometrium during the window of implantation in some women with endometriosis. In the pregenomic era, a “one-by-one” approach has been adopted to investigate proteins and genes expressed in the window of implantation, and several genes or gene products have been found to be aberrantly expressed in endometrium of women with endometriosis either during the implantation window or at other times of the cycle. Some of these are related to failure of implantation, while others likely contribute to the establishment and growth of endometriotic lesions. The time has come for a genome-wide approach to evaluate uterine endometrium for embryonic implantation. Knowing the biochemical mechanisms underlying normal implantation and the abnormalities in endometriosis will facilitate development of new diagnostic criteria beyond histologic evaluation and will permit identification and validation of molecular targets for future drug discovery. This monograph reviews (a) some of the evidence of compromised fertility in women with endometriosis and treatments targeted to improve their fertility; (b) the concept of the window of implantation; (c) genes/gene products aberrantly expressed in endometrium during the window of implantation or other times of the cycle in women with endometriosis; and (d) the use of microarray technology to investigate endometrial gene expression in human endometrial stromal cells and preliminary data resulting from a collaborative consortium effort of a genome-wide investigation of gene expression in the window of implantation of women with versus without endometriosis.
Précis of How the brain got language: The Mirror System Hypothesis

The short answer to the question of How the Brain Got Language is “through biological and cultural evolution.” The challenge is to be more specific. I use the term “the language-ready brain” to suggest that the brain of early Homo sapiens was adequate to support language but that it required tens of millennia for humans to be able to exploit these innate neural capabilities to develop, cumulatively, languages and the societies that made languages possible and necessary. The ability to surf the World Wide Web is a recent example of society's expanding ability to develop technologies and social structures which allow humans to exploit their neural capabilities in ways that were not part of the adaptive pressures for biological evolution.The two-fold challenge of the book, then, is to understand (i) what are the mechanisms of the language-ready brain and what adaptive pressures evolved them biologically; and (ii) how did those mechanisms support the emergence of language as well as modern-day patterns of language change, acquisition and use, and the social interactions which support them?
Allatostatin-like-immunoreactive neurons of the tobacco Hornworm, Manduca sexta, and isolation and identification of a new neuropeptide related to cockroach allatostatins

The YXFGLamide C-terminus serves to define most members of a family of structurally related neuropeptides, the YXFGLamides. These peptides have been identified from the nervous system of various insects and include the allatostatins of cockroaches and crickets, the schistostatins of locusts, and the callatostatins of blowflies. The YXFGLamides have been shown to have various functions, including inhibition of juvenile hormone biosynthesis in cockroaches and crickets and inhibition of contraction of certain insect visceral muscles. We wanted to know if these peptides occur in Manduca sexta and what functions they might have. A new peptide, AKSYNFGLamide, was isolated and identified from M. sexta and has been named “lepidostatin-1”; this is the first YXFGLamide to be found in a lepidopteran, and there are indications that additional YXFGLamides occur in M. sexta. An antiserum to cockroach allatostatins (YXFGLamides) was shown to recognize lepidostatin-1 of M. sexta and was used to map YXFGLamide-immunoreactive neurons in larvae. Because immunoreactive interneurons were found to form an extensive neuropil, YXFGLamides probably function as neuromodulators in M. sexta. Neuroendocrine cells in the brain, abdominal ganglia, and their respective neurohemal organs were YXFGLamide immunoreactive and appear to release YXFGLamides as neurohormones. Immunoreactivity to YXFGLamides and M. sexta diuretic hormone were found to be colocalized and appear to be coreleased in these neuroendocrine cells, indicating that YXFGLamides may be involved in regulation of fluid transport. Innervation of the corpora allata by YXFGLamide-immunoreactive processes was very sparse, suggesting that this innervation does not play an important role in allatostasis. Many thoracic motor neurons were YXFGLamide immunoreactive, suggesting that YXFGLamides may have a myomodulatory or myotrophic function in larvae. However, this immunoreactivity disappeared early in metamorphosis and did not reappear in the adult. The YXFGLamide-immunoreactive neurons in the terminal abdominal ganglion were found to innervate the hindgut, indicating that YXFGLamides may be involved in the control of the rate of myogenic contractions of the larval hindgut. J. Comp. Neurol. 385:265–284, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
GENETIC EVIDENCE FOR TWO INTRODUCTIONS OF THE FORMOSAN SUBTERRANEAN TERMITE, COPTOTERMES FORMOSANUS (ISOPTERA: RHINOTERMITIDAE), TO THE UNITED STATES

Abstract Exotic introductions of Formosan Subterranean Termite (FST) to the United States from Asia have had significant economic consequences. Multiple introductions through marine transport have been proposed, but identification of these routes has yet to reveal more than one lineage in the continental U.S. DNA sequencing of a 640-bp cytochrome oxidase II (COII) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) marker to 60 disjunct populations, revealed two independent lineages spanning the continental U.S., Hawaii, Japan, and China. Limited genetic variation was observed with this marker. Group I constitutes a largely Asian clade, while Group II is comprised of both Asian and southern U.S. populations. This is the first study which has documented 2 distinct lineages to continental United States and Hawaii.
Schwingungen elastischer Körper

Bei der Betrachtung der Schwingungen elastischer Korper soll angenommen werden, das die Korper homogen und isotrop sind und dem Hookeschen Gesetze folgen. Die im vorigen Kapitel fur ein System von Massenpunkten aufgestellten Differentialgleichungen der Bewegung finden auch hier Anwendung.
Web Document Prefetching on the Internet

As a general system technique to reduce the access latency by fetching to-beused documents based on predictions before they are requested, prefetching has been studied in the Web environment. Several kinds of prefetching schemes are proposed to reduce client perceived latency in different steps. In this chapter, we will review and examine prefetching techniques, focusing on document prefetching.
Engine-in-the-Loop Testing for Evaluating Hybrid Propulsion Concepts and Transient Emissions - HMMWV Case Study

This paper describes a test cell setup for concurrent running of a real engine and a vehicle system simulation, and its use for evaluating engine performance when integrated with a conventional and a hybrid electric driveline/vehicle. This engine-in-the-loop (EIL) system uses fast instruments and emission analyzers to investigate how critical in-vehicle transients affect engine system response and transient emissions. Main enablers of the work include the highly dynamic AC electric dynamometer with the accompanying computerized control system and the computationally efficient simulation of the driveline/vehicle system. The latter is developed through systematic energy-based proper modeling that tailors the virtual model to capture critical powertrain transients while running in real time. Coupling the real engine with the virtual driveline/vehicle offers a chance to easily modify vehicle parameters, and even study two different powertrain configurations. In particular, the paper describes the engine-in-the-loop study of a V8, 6L engine coupled to a virtual 4x4 HighMobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV). The results shed light on critical transients in a conventional powertrain and their effect on NOx and soot emissions. Next, the conventional HMMWV powertrain is replaced with a parallel hybrid electric configuration and two power management strategies are examined. Comparison of the conventional and hybrid propulsion options provides detailed insight into fuel economy – emissions tradeoffs at the vehicle level.
Services Liberalization and Computable General Equilibrium Modeling: Beyond Tariff Equivalents

The services sector is the next frontier in trade liberalization, and progress in this area is likely to bring enormous economic gain to developed and developing economies. A major impediment to its liberalization, however, is the lack of rigorous analytical work on the potential impact of services trade liberalization. Our aim in this paper is to propel the policy relevant research forward. Restrictions to services trade are far more complex than those on goods. While goods trade liberalization is relatively straightforward to model and its implications are fairly well understood, the same is not true for services. Services trade policy is often opaque and does not fit easily into computational models. Our survey of the current literature reveals a set of stylized facts that we hope will be useful in this area of computable general equilibrium modeling research: (1) barriers to trade in services are complex and heterogeneous across sectors; (2) services have significant effects on downstream industries; (3) market structure assumptions are crucial; (4) foreign presence is often necessary for services trade, and (5) many barriers are entry or fixed cost barriers that restrict foreign and domestic new entrants.
Conformational stability from variable-temperature infrared spectra of xenon solutions, r0 structural parameters, and vibrational assignment of pyrrolidine.

The infrared spectra of gaseous and variable-temperature liquid xenon solutions of pyrrolidine have been recorded. The enthalpy difference has been determined to be 109 ± 11 cm ―1 (1.30 ± 0.13 kJ mol ―1 ) with the envelope-equatorial conformer more stable than the twist form with 37 ± 3% present at ambient temperature. Ab initio calculations utilizing various basis sets up to MP2(full)/aug-cc-pVTZ have been used to predict the conformational stabilities, energy at the equatorial-axial saddle point, and barriers to planarity. From previously reported microwave rotational constants along with MP2(full)/6-311+G(d,p) predicted structural values, adjusted r 0 parameters have been obtained for both conformers. Heavy atom distances (A) of equatorial[twist] conformer are as follows: N 1 ―C 2 = 1.469(3)[1.476(3)], N 1 ―C 3 = 1.469(3)[1.479(3)], C 2 ―C 4 = 1.541(3)[1.556(3)], C 3 ―C 5 = 1.541(3)[1.544(3)], C 4 ―C 5 = 1.556(3)[1.543(3)]; and angles (deg)∠N 1 C 2 C 4 = 102.5(5)[107.6(5)], ∠N 1 C 3 C 5 = 102.5(5)[105.4(5)], ∠C 2 C 4 C 5 = 104.3(5)[104.6(5)], ∠C 3 C 5 C 4 = 104.3(5)[103.7(5)], ∠C 2 N 1 C 3 = 104.1(5)[103.9(5)], τC 2 C 4 C 5 C 3 = 0.0(5)[13.5(5)]. A complete vibrational assignment is proposed for both conformers.
Semiconductor Quantum-Well Heterostructures

Activities in semiconductor heterostructures are reviewed, with focus on the fundamental physics aspects in the quantum regime and with emphasis on recent experimental observations. The GaAs-GaAlAs is used to illustrate the general electronic properties of interest, which are obtained through various measurement techniques. Other heterostructures, including III–V, II(IV)–VI, and IV materials, are covered to the extent that they exhibit new and specific features.
The effect of investment in attractive structures on allocation to male and female functions in plants

Expressions for male and female fitnesses of partially self-fertilizing cosexual plants are derived, assuming that allocation to pollinator attraction at the time of flowering may decrease resources available for male and female primary structures. The total female fertility is assumed to be controlled by factors at two stages, flowering-time and fruiting-time, with resources for fruit maturation being limited so that maximum seed production may be limited by the availability of these resources. The fitness formulas are used to calculate ESS (evolutionarily stable strategy) allocations at flowering time to primary male and female sex functions and to attractive structures. These are compared with some data that are available for dry weights of different flower parts. The fitnesses of unisexual mutant forms are calculated, assuming that they are introduced into a population consisting mostly of the initial cosexual form and that they obey the same gain curves as that form. When compared with the fitness of the ESS cosexual form, this enables one to ask whether unisexual forms will be favored. We show that the spread of females is unlikely, unless there is high inbreeding depression and a rather high selfing rate, and that in some circumstances a linear relation between number of fertilized ovules and number of seeds matured can be less favorable for the invasion of females than is a highly concave relation. With a nearly linear relation between numbers of fertilized ovules and mature seeds, invasion by females is more likely when investment in attraction is low than when it is high. These effects are discussed in relation to the distribution of dioecy. The spread of male mutants is never likely in these models.
Evaluation of short research experiences in cancer.

Abstract For the past 5 years, the Cancer Education Committee of Louisiana State University Medical School (LSUMS) has selected premedical and medical students to participate in cancer research during the summer months. The students’ participation is funded through a NCI R‐25 training grant. Each year, LSUMS faculty from both the clinical and basic science departments provide opportunities for the students to participate in cancer research. The students also attend weekly seminars on cancer‐related topics and biweekly multi‐disciplinary Tumor Conferences. At the end of the summer, the students are required to submit and present a summary of their research project and to complete an evaluation form of the program. The overall evaluation of this experience has been favorable. Seventy‐nine percent of the students agreed that the experience exceeded their expectations, and 83% responded that they would be willing to repeat the program. However, when asked if they planned to pursue a career in cancer research ...
Review on Brown Rice Enzyme Fermentation Technology

Brown rice enzyme is a kind of hybrid enzyme system made by microbial fermentation with brown rice,honey and corn germ oil as raw material. This paper mainly reviews on fermentation technology, nutritional value, applications and prospects of brown rice enzyme.
Language in the times of The Absent City: Competing for the Creation of the Master Narrative in Times of Repression in Buenos Aires

ABSTRACT The Absent City (2000), by Ricardo Piglia, is a detective novel that narrates the transition of Argentina from an authoritarian regime to a democracy. Piglia employs language as a major point of contention in the novel between the governing elite and a group of anarchists. The battle over cultural production and the creation of one Master Narrative versus multiple truths hinges upon “the Eva machine,” a device that transmits memories and re-produced texts to the Argentine masses telepathically. This paper studies language with aid from some of the major founding fathers of linguistics. It discusses theories put forth by Claude Levi-Strauss, Ferdinand de Saussure, Friedrich Nietzsche, Jacques Lacan, among others. Through a linguistic study of Piglia's dystopian novel, this paper seeks to underscore how cultural agency determines what narrative(s) exists in the new Argentine democracy. This paper includes a discussion on relevant Nation-state and cultural studies theorists to underline how the life...
Building nurses' capacity to address health inequities: incorporating lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender health content in a family nurse practitioner programme.

Aims and objectives In this discursive paper we describe our experience in incorporating lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) health content into the family nurse practitioner curriculum at a Midwestern college of nursing in the United States. Background Globally, LGBT people face disparities in the domains of physical health, behavioral risks, mental health, and victimization. There remains a paucity of nursing research on most aspects of LGBT health and access to care. To date, nursing leadership and curricular bodies have not provided clear guidance on the role of nurse educators in preparing nursing students to provide care to LGBT people. Design Discursive paper describing the development of an LGBT health learning module for inclusion in a family nurse practitioner program. Methods We summarize health disparities experienced by LGBT people, describe the process of module development, and outline the learning content included in the module. We also discuss challenges faced in incorporating LGBT content into nursing curricula. Conclusions Despite the lack of formal direction from the nursing sector, nursing faculty should prepare nursing students to provide culturally sensitive and competent care to LGBT people. Our experience incorporating LGBT-specific content into the family nurse practitioner program has proven to be positive for both students and faculty. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Reduced perchlorate in West Antarctica snow during stratospheric ozone hole

Snowpit samples collected at the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) Divide location in January 2013 were analysed to investigate the levels and variations of perchlorate concentrations in Antarctic snow. During 2008–12, the perchlorate concentration in WAIS Divide snow ranged between 6–180 ng l–1 and followed a seasonal cycle. The highest concentrations appeared in the autumn, and the lowest in winter and spring. No apparent correlation was observed between perchlorate and nitrate or chloride concentrations in snow. Since perchlorate is believed to form in the atmosphere when chlorine species are oxidized in reactions involving ozone, perchlorate concentrations were hypothesized to be high during the spring, based on the assumption that stratospheric ozone depletion enhances tropospheric perchlorate production. The data show that perchlorate concentrations in snow were sharply reduced during stratospheric ozone depletion events; the evidence, therefore, does not support the hypothesis. Instead, the results suggest a stratospheric origin of perchlorate in Antarctic snow.
Analysis of new measurements of Calvert Cliffs spent fuel samples using SCALE 6.2

Abstract High quality experimental data for isotopic compositions in irradiated fuel are important to spent fuel applications, including nuclear safeguards, spent fuel storage, transportation, and final disposal. The importance of these data has been increasingly recognized in recent years, particularly as countries like Finland and Sweden plan to open the world’s first two spent fuel geological repositories in 2020s, while other countries, including the United States, are considering extended dry fuel storage options. Destructive and nondestructive measurements of a spent fuel rod segment from a Combustion Engineering 14 × 14 fuel assembly of the Calvert Cliffs Unit 1 nuclear reactor have been recently performed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). These ORNL measurements included two samples selected from adjacent axial locations of a fuel rod with initial enrichment of 3.038 wt% 235 U, which achieved burnups close to 43.5 GWd/MTU. More than 50 different isotopes of 16 elements were measured using high precision measurement methods. Various investigations have assessed the quality of the new ORNL measurement data, including comparison to previous measurements and to calculation results. Previous measurement data for samples from the same fuel rod measured at ORNL are available from experiments performed at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in the United States and the Khoplin Radium Institute in Russia. Detailed assembly models were developed using the newly released SCALE 6.2 code package to simulate depletion and decay of the measured fuel samples. Results from this work show that the new ORNL measurements provide a good quality radiochemical assay data set for spent fuel with relatively high burnup and long cooling time, and they can serve as good benchmark data for nuclear burnup code validation and spent fuel studies.
Interpreting diagnostic tests with continuous results and no gold standard: a common scenario explained using the tuberculin skin test.

Practitioners of evidence-based medicine commonly encounter diagnostic tests with continuous results and no gold standard. In contrast, the traditional critical appraisal teachings assume a binary test (2×2 table) with a gold standard. In this guide, we use the example of the tuberculin skin test to illustrate a simple approach facilitated by using stratum-specific likelihood ratios and odds of developing future patient-important events. This approach can aid practitioners in the interpretation and application of diagnostic tests to patient care.
Trust Management of Ubiquitous Multi-Display Environments

While a lot of research has been devoted to improving the security and the reliability of ubiquitous display environments, work on the user experience factor of trust is still scarce. To ensure that ubiquitous environments find acceptance among users, the user experience factor of trust should, however, not be underestimated. In this paper, we present a decision-theoretic approach to trust management that we consider particularly appropriate when a system has to balance the benefits and risks of a decision carefully. In the paper, we define decision policies that help maintain trust in critical situations, such as the loss of sensor data or the presence of unknown people. The approach has been employed in three interactive applications that have been developed as part of a university-wide ubiquitous displays management system.