cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Capsaicin-induced neurotoxicity in cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons: Involvement of calcium-activated proteases

We examined the mechanism by which capsaicin produces its toxic effects on cultures of rat sensory neurons. Capsaicin caused a robust increase in [Ca2+]i in a subpopulation of cultured rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Similarly, a brief exposure to capsaicin resulted in delayed degeneration of a subpopulation of the cells. This subpopulation (about 35% of the cells present) was characterized by a capsaicin-induced uptake of Co2+, which could be detected cytochemically. Both capsaicin-induced Co2+ uptake and capsaicin-induced cell death were blocked by the capsaicin antagonist Ruthenium Red. Cell death was also prevented by removal of external calcium or by inhibiting calcium-activated proteases such as calpain. Evidence that calpain activity was increased was provided by examining the amount of degradation of the preferred calpain substrate alpha-spectrin. Capsaicin treatment produced a significant increase in the levels of the 150,000 molecular weight spectrin breakdown product. Furthermore, applying the protease inhibitors E64 or MDL 28,170 reduced capsaicin-mediated cell death. It is concluded that capsaicin kills a subpopulation of sensory neurons by activating a receptor-operated channel. The consequent Ca2+ ion influx causes large increases in [Ca2+]i and subsequent activation of Ca(2+)-sensitive proteases. This model provides support for the role of [Ca2+]i as the orchestrator of delayed neuronal degeneration.
Strategies for engineering water-stress tolerance in plants

Water deficit is the commonest environmental stress factor limiting plant productivity. The ability of plants to tolerate water deficit is determined by multiple biochemical pathways that facilitate retention and/or acquisition of water, protect chloroplast functions, and maintain ion homeostasis. Essential pathways include those that lead to synthesis of osmotically active metabolites and specific proteins that control ion and water flux, support scavenging of oxygen radicals, or may act as chaperones. The ability of plants to detoxify radicals under conditions of water deficit is probably the most critical requirement. Many stress-tolerant species accumulate methylated metabolites, which play a crucial dual role as osmoprotectants, and as radical scavengers. Their synthesis is correlated with stress-induced enhancement of photorespiration. However, transfer of individual genes from tolerant plants only confers marginally increased water-stress tolerance to stress-sensitive species: tolerance engineering will probably require the transfer of multiple genes.
Self-forces on extended bodies in electrodynamics

In this paper, we study the bulk motion of a classical extended charge in flat spacetime. A formalism developed by W. G. Dixon is used to determine how the details of such a particle's internal structure influence its equations of motion. We place essentially no restrictions (other than boundedness) on the shape of the charge, and allow for inhomogeneity, internal currents, elasticity, and spin. Even if the angular momentum remains small, many such systems are found to be affected by large self-interaction effects beyond the standard Lorentz-Dirac force. These are particularly significant if the particle's charge density fails to be much greater than its 3-current density (or vice versa) in the center-of-mass frame. Additional terms also arise in the equations of motion if the dipole moment is too large, and when the ``center-of-electromagnetic mass'' is far from the ``center-of-bare mass'' (roughly speaking). These conditions are often quite restrictive. General equations of motion were also derived under the assumption that the particle can only interact with the radiative component of its self-field. These are much simpler than the equations derived using the full retarded self-field; as are the conditions required to recover the Lorentz-Dirac equation.
A safety evaluation of canakinumab for the treatment of systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

Introduction: Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is the key molecule of a strong pro-inflammatory pathway in the innate immune system. The IL-1 family harbors components with pro- and anti-inflammatory effects essential for the regulation of the inflammation process. Auto-inflammatory diseases and systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) are examples of chronic inflammatory diseases that are IL-1 dependent. IL-1 blockade has proven to be very effective and has greatly improved the outcome of these disorders.Areas covered: This review describes the components of the IL-1 family and the available IL-1 blocking agents for clinical practice. Among them, canakinumab was more recently introduced. Based on the published clinical trials one can conclude that the clinical efficacy in auto-inflammatory diseases is at least as good as other IL-1 blocking agents. The safety data are limited to those registration studies (Phase 2 and 3). In short term the adverse events described are not very different from the other IL-1...
Vine and Bob: Their Contributions to WSSA’s American Indian Studies Section

I’d like to consider the social atmosphere in Indian country as this AIS Section of WSSA emerged in 1981. Native activism, federal policy and legislation, and concurrent social and political developments created a confusing landscape of opportunities and hazards as people like Bob and Vine pushed for new directions in higher education for Native peoples. Amid the chaos of those times, a number of Native people in higher education circles realized the necessity of relying upon Native perspectives in research, communications and policy-making so that “Indian self-determination” in its broadest sense could become a reality. I think it was clear to Vine and Bob that Native people and their friends would be needed in greater numbers in new degree programs, new publishing and media ventures, and in academic debate. Creating and maintaining a Native intellectual crucible is an intergenerational, ever-present challenge, as we all know. After all, “peoples” live beyond the individuals of any one time. I think Vine and Bob saw the Native pathway in higher education as many of us continue to see it today. And, in their efforts to build the AIS program at the University of Arizona and this AIS section in the WSSA annual conference, they applied their own scholarship, their heart-felt commitment and their political savvy to the task. I think Vine and Bob’s legacy sets a high bar for success “doing what can be done” in one’s times.
(Non-)use of Foucault’s Archaeology of Knowledge and Order of Things in LIS journal literature, 1990-2015

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a close, detailed analysis of the frequency, nature, and depth of visible use of two of Foucault’s classic early works, The Archaeology of Knowledge and The Order of Things, by library, and information science/studies (LIS) scholars. Design/methodology/approach – The study involved conducting extensive full-text searches in a large number of electronically available LIS journal databases to find citations of Foucault’s works, then examining each citing article and each individual citation to evaluate the nature and depth of each use. Findings – Contrary to initial expectations, the works in question are relatively little used by LIS scholars in journal articles, and where they are used, such use is often only vague, brief, or in passing. In short, works traditionally seen as central and foundational to discourse analysis appear relatively little in discussions of discourse. Research limitations/implications – The study was limited to a certain batch of LIS...
Multiple Perceived Reasons for Major Discrimination and Depression

Although perceived discrimination is linked to poor mental health, little is known about the mental health significance of the number of perceived reasons for discrimination. Using survey data from a community-based sample of adults living in Miami, Florida (n = 1,944), this study tests whether those reporting multiple perceived reasons for major discriminating events are at increased risk for depression. Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses reveal those reporting multiple reasons for major discrimination are at increased risk for lifetime major depression and subsequent depressive symptoms. While social support and mastery partially mediated the link between multiple perceived reasons for discrimination and subsequent depressive symptoms, this psychological risk was not fully explained by these coping resources. Together the findings underscore the psychological toxicity of perceived discrimination and the importance of considering multiple perceived reasons for discrimination as a risk factor for p...
Relation between the limiting viscosity number of urea-formaldehyde prepolymer and the blue electronic ink microcapsules

In order to optimize the polymerization conditions of urea-formaldehyde (UF) prepolymer, the orthogonal design method was used to study the effect of the polymerization conditions on the limiting viscosity number of prepolymer. The results indicate that the optimal conditions are: T=75℃, t=60 min, the mole rate of U/F=1 : 1.75 and pH=9.0. The limiting viscosity number of UF prepolymer prepared at the optimal conditions was above 1,5. UF prepolymer with different limiting viscosity numbers was used to prepare the blue electronic ink microcapsules containing an electrophoretic display liquid (surface modified phthalocyanine blue BGS dispersed in tetrachloroethylene (TCE)). It was founded that the mean diameter of capsules reduced, the mechanical intensity heightened and the surface roughness decreased with the increase of the limiting viscosity number. The blue display particles homodispersed inside the capsule can move reversibly under a 0.1 V/μm DC electric field.
Radiologic Features of Septooptic Dysplasia: de Morsier Syndrome

The clinical and neuroradiologic features in 22 patients with septooptic dysplasia are reviewed. The most consistent abnormality seen in 15 patients was absence of the septum pellucidum and flattening of the roofs and inferior pointing of the floors of the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles. Hypoplasia of the anterior optic pathways was seen in 10 patients and a primitive optic ventricle was seen in two others. All patients had clinical optic disc hypoplasia; 12 patients had pituitary hormonal deficiencies. In most instances the diagnosis of septooptic dysplasia can be established by physical examination but neuroradiologic study is required to document associated structural abnormalities.
Mind Your $$R, \varPhi $$s: Location-Based Privacy Controls for Consumer Drones Transcript of Discussion

Thanks for the introduction. Today I'm going to talk about privacy controls for consumer drones. This is going to be another split talk: I'm going to let my PhD student take over at some point.
Attachment to Conventional Institutions and Adolescent Rapid Repeat Pregnancy: A Longitudinal National Study Among Adolescents in the United States.

Introduction There is limited research on rapid repeat pregnancies (RRP) among adolescents, especially using nationally representative samples. We examine distal factors-school, family, peers, and public/private religious ties-and their associations with RRP among adolescent mothers. Methods Guided by social development theory, we conducted multivariate logistic regression analyses, adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, to examine associations between RRP and attachment to school, family, peers, and religion among 1158 female respondents from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) who reported at least one live birth before age 20. Results Attachments to conventional institutions were associated with lower likelihood of RRP. Adolescent mothers who had a stronger relationship with their parents had reduced odds of RRP (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.83, 95 % CI 0.71-0.99). Increased odds of RRP were associated with anticipating fewer negative social consequences of sex (aOR 1.18, 95 % CI 1.02-1.35), never praying (versus praying daily; aOR 1.47, 95 % CI 1.10-1.96), and never participating in church-related youth activities (versus participating once a week; 1.04, 95 % CI 1.01-1.07). Discussion After an adolescent birth, social support from family, peers, and the community can benefit young mothers. Private aspects of religiosity may be especially important. Understanding the processes by which these distal factors are linked to the likelihood of RRP is needed to create multifaceted intervention programs that provide diverse methods of support customized to specific circumstances of adolescent mothers.
How Not to Avoid Wishful Thinking

In 2002, Cian Dorr offered a new challenge to metaethical non-cognitivism: the wishful thinking problem. Based on considerations from epistemology, it is quite distinct from the usual problems associated with the title ‘Frege-Geach’ which assail non-cognitivists in the philosophy of language, and, in contrast to the Frege-Geach Problem, it poses a challenge for non-cognitivist views in ethics which does not arise for similar views about, for example, probability judgments, epistemic modals, or conditionals. But, after an immediate round of attempted solutions from sympathists (James Lenman) and critics (David Enoch) of non-cognitivism alike, the ripples in the pond have somewhat quieted.
Cognitive fusion, experiential avoidance, and their interactive effect: Examining associations with thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness

Abstract Within the interpersonal theory of suicide (Joiner, 2005; Van Orden et al., 2010), the experience of thwarted belongingness (akin to, “I am alone”) and perceived burdensomeness (akin to, “I am a burden”) is considered necessary for suicidal desire. Researchers describe suicide as being the most extreme form of experiential avoidance. Yet, the relevancy of experiential avoidance and other central processes of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), such as cognitive fusion, to thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness remain unexamined. This study examined the relevancy of experiential avoidance, cognitive fusion, and their interactive effect in relation to thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness among United States community adults (N =352) recruited through the internet. As predicted, experiential avoidance and cognitive fusion interacted in relation to perceived burdensomeness. The pattern of the interaction indicated that experiential avoidance and cognitive fusion both shared a stronger association with perceived burdensomeness at high, relative to low, scores of the other ACT process. The interaction was unaccounted for by demographic variables, hopelessness, or depressive symptoms. Contrary to predictions, the interaction was not found in relation to thwarted belongingness. Results indicate that the aggregate effect of experiential avoidance and cognitive fusion may be relevant to perceived burdensomeness. Conceptual and therapeutic implications are discussed.
Assessment in Schools – Oracy

Knowing how well a student is acquiring oral language is important information for teachers as children learn new language skills associated with academic achievements, including learning to read and write. This article notes the neglect of assessment of oracy in schools among native speakers suggesting reasons for this situation and discussing ways to effectively assess listening and speaking skills in the classroom. The article covers key aspects of oral-language assessment, including operationalizing construct definitions, testing for different purposes, test-development approaches, and administration considerations, as well as testing diverse learners. It concludes with suggested future research and development in these areas.
Molecular Imaging of Brain Tumours Using Single Domain Antibodies

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant type of brain neoplasm with an average patient survival of 15 months under the current treatment regime. The failure of therapeutic approaches including surgical resections is due to multiple factors, including molecular diversity of GBMs, invading micro-metastases, presence of tumor stem cells, molecular drug resistance, as well as difficulties of delivering therapeutics across the vascular brain-tumor barrier. Non-invasive imaging of molecular make-up of GBM could facilitate the identification of critical disease features and tailoring of treatments to individual disease variants, respectively. Development of such molecular imaging agents requires integration of tumor biomarker discovery with the development of biomarker-targeting molecular imaging agents, and their validation in pre-clinical disease models. This chapter will describe processes and techniques involved in the pre-clinical development of molecular imaging agents for brain tumors, with the particular emphasis on workflows leading from biomarker selection to developing single-domain antibody-targeted imaging probes to visualize and evaluate biomarker expression by in vivo imaging using various imaging modalities.
A teleost (Tilapia mossambica) gonadotropin that resembles luteinizing hormone.

Abstract A purified gonadotropin preparation was obtained from pituitaries of a teleost fish ( Tilapia mossambica ). This gonadotropin was found to resemble LH in that it behaved identically to mammalian and non-mammalian LHs in several chromatographic systems, and stimulated testerone production in isolated rat Leydig cells. In this assay, specific for LH, the Tilapia gonadotropin was less potent than mammalian LHs but significantly more active than avian, reptilian or amphibian LHs. The Tilapia gonadotropin was found to be a glycoprotein; preliminary amino acid composition data show resemblances to both mammalian and non-mammalian LHs.
Adrenergic Receptors on Astrocytes Modulate Gap Junctions

Abstract Adrenergic receptors in astrocytes have both direct and indirect impact on intercellular communication in the nervous system. Direct mechanisms include activation of second messenger pathways that produce posttranslational modifications of the gap junction proteins [connexins (Cxs)] or activate transcription factors or other processes such as miRNAs that dictate or modify Cx gene expression or protein translation. These direct effects change the strength of intercellular communication through modifying open probability of the gap junction channels, altering balance between delivery to the membrane and degradation or through regulation of transcript abundance. Indirect actions with potentially profound implications for glial and neuronal network activity include alterations in the intracellular concentration of metabolites, energy-supplying molecules and second messengers, thereby changing the diffusional driving force responsible for intercellular spread. Although direct effects target the gap junction channels themselves to affect gating, assembly, and turnover, indirect action to liberate intracellular molecules may also produce rapid dynamic changes in spread of these factors throughout the coupled networks.
Addressing supply issues for natural products in the clinic.

Natural products isolated from marine sources have served as the basis for numerous structurally intriguing compounds with potent biological activity ( 1 ). Securing access to sufficient quantities of these often scarce compounds is frequently a key impediment to demonstrating their clinical potential. Strategies to overcome this “supply problem,” include harvesting natural source organisms, aquaculture, cell culture of compound-producing organisms (i.e., microbial symbionts), and chemical synthesis ( 1 – 3 ). On page 218 of this issue, Wender et al. ( 4 ) report a new approach to addressing supply issues associated with the marine natural product bryostatin 1—an efficient chemical synthesis. This synthesis provides increased access to this potent protein kinase C modulator and should facilitate continued clinical investigation of bryostatin 1 as an anticancer agent, Alzheimer's treatment, and HIV latency-reversing agent ( 5 ).
The Dietary Inflammatory Index is associated with elevated white blood cell counts in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

White blood cells (WBCs) are considered a reliable biomarker of inflammation. Elevations in both WBCs and pro-inflammatory cytokines are associated with several chronic conditions. Diet is a strong moderator of inflammation and WBCs. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®) and WBCs using data from the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). NHANES is a cross-sectional study that occurs in two-year cycles. Respondents from five cycles (n = 26,046) with available data on diet (collected through a single 24-h dietary recall [24HR]) and WBCs (derived using the Coulter method) were included. The DII (theoretical range is about -8 to +8) was derived from the micro and macronutrients calculated from the 24HR. Linear regression models, using survey design procedures, were used to estimate adjusted mean WBC (i.e., total, lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils) counts and percentages by DII quartiles. Among all participants no statistically significant difference in WBCs were observed when comparing DII quartile 4 (most pro-inflammatory) to quartile 1 (most anti-inflammatory). However, a one-unit increase in the DII was associated with a 0.028 (1000 per µL) increase in total WBCs (p = .01). Additionally, a 0.024 increase in neutrophils (p < .01) was observed for a one-unit increase in the DII. In the group of participants with normal body mass index (BMI, 18.5-24.9 kg/m2), those in DII quartile 4 had higher levels of total WBCs compared to subjects with normal BMI in DII quartile 1 (7.12 vs. 6.88, p = .01). Similar comparisons were observed for monocytes and neutrophils. However, these relationships were not observed for participants who were overweight or obese, which are pro-inflammatory conditions. Normal-weight individuals consuming more pro-inflammatory diets were more likely to have elevated WBCs. Because of its cross-sectional design, NHANES cannot inform directly on temporal relations, thus limiting causal inference. Future research is needed to examine the impact of anti-inflammatory diet adoption on lowering levels of WBCs, in addition to other inflammatory mediators.
Genetic modifiers of severity in sickle cell disease

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is one of the most common single disease disorders world-wide. It is remarkable for its clinical heterogeneity, even among individuals with identical genotypes. Some individuals experience morbidity and mortality in early childhood, while others have a relatively mild course, and normal or near normal life expectancy. Many clinical complications are associated with SCD; most notably frequent pain episodes, stroke, acute chest syndrome, avascular necrosis, nephropathy, retinopathy and pulmonary hypertension. While the effects of higher fetal hemoglobin (HbF) levels, UGTA1A polymorphisms, alpha-thalassemia and G6PD deficiency on SCD has been extensively studied, these variables do not explain all of the clinical heterogeneity of SCD. It is not known why some patients develop certain complications, and it is difficult to predict which complications a particular patient will experience. Much work has been done to identify genetic variants associated with these disease complications; many associations remain unvalidated. As the field continues to move beyond small sample collections and candidate gene approaches into whole genome sequencing and merging of samples from all over the world, we will identify more genetic variants associated with development of specific SCD related complications, and hopefully leverage this knowledge into targeted therapies.
Pathology of Metabolic Bone and Joint Diseases

Adult human bone is continually being remodelled by a process in which small microscopic packets are removed by osteoclasts from trabecular bone surfaces or from within compact bone (Parfitt 1986). They are replaced at these sites by new osteoid matrix which is laid down and calcified by osteoblasts. There are 1–2 million bone remodelling sites or units in the normal adult human skeleton and their number may be increased in conditions in which there is excessive local or systemic release of osteoclast-activating factors. Bone formation is typically coupled to sites of bone resorption and thus normal bone remodelling does not significantly disturb the bone microarchitecture. In many conditions, however, the local or systemic release of osteoclast or osteoblast stimulating factors can lead to osteopenia or to osteolytic or osteosclerotic lesions which may be visible radiologically. in this chapter, the pathological features of the main metabolic bone and joint diseases will be outlined with an emphasis on how excessive local or systemic secretion of osteotropic factors can lead to gross and/or microscopic abnormalities of bone architecture.
A Matter of National Importance: The Persistent Inefficiency of Deceptive Advertising Class Actions

Deceptive advertising class actions have recently become increasingly popular. However, an examination of their functioning reveals that they are inefficient for all parties involved: plaintiffs, defendants, and the court system itself. In response to concern that cases of national importance were getting mired in state courts, Congress passed the Class Action Fairness Act of 2005 (CAFA), a statute that purported to streamline class action procedure. But CAFA can only do so much in the deceptive advertising realm, where the entrenched state law nature of the claim continues to stymie efficient and effective litigation. Settlements remain challenging and often unsatisfying for both plaintiffs and defendants, and continued litigation of the class action often results in duplicative litigation and inconsistent precedent, with forum-shopping and jurisdictional manipulations a matter of course. In this day and age, most advertising is nationwide and most harm suffered is thus also nationwide. This Article argues that there is therefore no reason for deceptive advertising to remain a state cause of action. Further, deceptive advertising is not the sort of injury that should be vindicated by class action at all, and the field of deceptive advertising should be restored to its regulatory roots. © 2013 Stacey M. Lantagne * J.D., Harvard Law School; B.A., Boston College. Ms. Lantagne is currently a Westerfield fellow at Loyola University New Orleans College of Law. A Matter of National Importance 118 Journal of Business & Technology Law
Regularity in infinite dimensions

The theme of this chapter has origins in the early days of functional analysis and the Banach open mapping theorem, which concerns continuous linear mappings from one Banach space to another. The graphs of such mappings are subspaces of the product of the two Banach spaces, but remarkably much of the classical theory extends to set-valued mappings whose graphs are convex sets or cones instead of subspaces. Openness connects up then with metric regularity and interiority conditions on domains and ranges, as seen in the Robinson–Ursescu theorem. Infinite-dimensional inverse function theorems and implicit function theorems due to Lyusternik, Graves, and Bartle and Graves can be derived and extended. Banach spaces can even be replaced to some degree by more general metric spaces.
Exertional Heat Stroke within Secondary School Athletics

Exertional heat stroke (EHS) remains one of the leading causes of sudden death in sport despite clear evidence showing 100% survivability with the proper standards of care in place and utilized. Of particular concern are student athletes competing at the secondary school level, where the extent of appropriate health care services remains suboptimal compared with organized athletics at the collegiate level and higher. While rapid recognition and rapid treatment of EHS ensures survival, the adoption and implementation of these lifesaving steps within secondary school athletics warrant further discussion within the sports medicine community. Establishing proper policies regarding the prevention and care of EHS coupled with utilizing an interdisciplinary care approach is essential for 1) minimizing risk and 2) guaranteeing optimal outcomes for the patient.
Survival of Primary Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy Compared With Surgery for Operable Stage I/II Non-small Cell Lung Cancer.

Background Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is an accepted primary treatment option for inoperable early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The role of SBRT in the treatment of operable disease remains unclear. We retrospectively evaluated patients with operable early-stage NSCLC who elected to receive primary SBRT, examined factors associated with SBRT, and compared overall survival after surgical resection and SBRT. Methods The National Cancer Database was queried for patients with stage I/II, N0 NSCLC from 2004 to 2016. The proportion of patients who refused recommended surgery and were treated with SBRT was calculated. A propensity score predicting the probability of refusing surgery and receiving SBRT was generated and used to match SBRT and resected patients. Long-term overall survival was compared in the matched cohort using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression. Results We identified 1359 patients (0.98%) who refused recommended surgery and elected SBRT. This proportion increased annually, from 0.1% in 2004 to 1.7% in 2016. Factors associated with SBRT were older age, black race, Medicaid coverage, lower T stage, and more recent diagnosis year. Propensity matching resulted in 1315 well-balanced pairs. Surgery was associated with higher median survival (74 vs 47 months, P Conclusions Median survival was significantly higher after surgery compared with SBRT in a risk-adjusted matched cohort of patients judged to be surgical candidates. Operable patients considering primary SBRT should be educated regarding this difference in survival.
The ultraviolet excess of quasars. III - The highly polarized quasars PKS 0736 + 017 and PKS 1510 - 089

Ultraviolet/optical/infrared spectrophotometry of the highly-polarized quasars (HPQ's) PKS 0736 + 047 and PKS 1510 089 is analyzed. A blazer continuum component like that in BL Lac objects (e.g. with violent variability, high polarization, and a steep power-law shape) contributes about half the visual light of 1510 - 089, and at least three-quarters of that in 0736 + 017. The remaining light has the same spectrum as normal (low-polarization) quasars, including an ultraviolet excess or blue bump, which is easily detected in the IUE spectra of 1510 - 089, and weakly detected in 0736 + 017. The line fluxes do vary, but not as much as the continuum. The ratios of the broad emission lines, and the Balmer continuum are normal in both quasars.
Security Provision for Vehicular Fog Computing

Vehicular networks are expected to significantly improve the efficiency and safety of transportation system. The number of connected vehicles is estimated to exceed 200 millions by 2020. With the rapid developed technologies such as the fifth generation cellular networks, various real-time network applications will be applied in vehicular networks. Considering the limited capability of devices installed on vehicles, cloud computing can be used to provide sufficient storage and computational power. However, the numerous vehicles with massive applications will generate tremendous volume of data and exhaust finite bandwidth. It is difficult for the conventional cloud computing paradigm to satisfy stringent quality of service requirements of vehicular networks, especially for delay-sensitive applications. Then vehicular fog computing, in which servers are allocated close to vehicles, has been proposed to reduce the latency. Vehicular fog computing is still in its early stage. How to provide reliable and secure fog service to client vehicles has not been well addressed. In this paper, we propose a scalable and efficient security provision scheme based on Chinese Remainder Theory. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme significantly reduces the authentication delay.
Trust as a Test for Unethical Persuasive Design

Persuasive design (PD) draws on our basic psychological makeup to build products that make our engagement with them habitual. It uses variable rewards, creates Fear of Missing Out (FOMO), and leverages social approval to incrementally increase and maintain user engagement. Social media and networking platforms, video games, and slot machines are all examples of persuasive technologies. Recent attention has focused on the dangers of PD: It can deceptively prod users into forming habits that help the company’s bottom line but not the user’s wellbeing. But PD is not inherently immoral. We can take advantage of our psychological biases to make beneficial changes in ways that enhance our agency rather than limit it. Knowing that a tool is persuasively designed is a consideration in favor of using it when we are trying to break bad habits, such as smoking. How are we to conceptually distinguish between ethical and unethical uses of PD? In this paper, I argue that unethical uses of PD betray or erode our trust. Annette Baier offers a moral test for trust: If gaining knowledge about what other parties do with our trust in them would lead us to stop trusting, then that trusting relationship is immoral. I apply this test to the case of PD. Using trust as a litmus test for ferreting out unethical PD has several advantages, one of which is that it reveals how the harm of unethical PD extends beyond the individual to her wider social network. I close the paper by investigating these cascading effects.
Next generation tomosynthesis image acquisition optimization for dedicated PET-DBT attenuation corrections

A next generation tomosynthesis (NGT) prototype is under development to investigate alternative acquisition geometries for digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT). A positron emission tomography (PET) device will be integrated into the NGT prototype to facilitate DBT acquisition followed immediately by PET acquisition (PET-DBT). The aim of this study was to identify custom acquisition geometries that (1) improve dense/adipose tissue classification and (2) improve breast outline segmentation. Our lab’s virtual clinical trial framework (OpenVCT) was used to simulate various NGT acquisitions of anthropomorphic breast phantoms. Five custom acquisition geometries of the NGT prototype, with posteroanterior (PA) x-ray source motion ranging from 40-200 mm in 40 mm steps, were simulated for five phantoms. These acquisition geometries were compared against the simulation of a conventional DBT acquisition geometry. Signal in the reconstruction was compared against the ground truth on a voxel-by-voxel basis. The segmentation of breast from air is performed during reconstruction. Within the breast, we use a threshold-based classification of glandular tissue. The threshold was varied to produce a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, representing the proportion of true fibroglandular classification as a function of the proportion of false fibroglandular classification at each threshold. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was the figure-of-merit used to quantify adipose-glandular classification performance. Reconstructed breast volume estimation and sensitivity index (d’) were calculated for all image reconstructions. Volume overestimation is highest for conventional DBT and decreases with increasing PA source motion. AUC and d’ increase with increasing PA source motion. These results suggest that NGT can improve PET-DBT attenuation corrections over conventional DBT.
11.4 A High-Accuracy Multi-Phase Injection-Locked 8-Phase 7GHz Clock Generator in 65nm with 7b Phase Interpolators for High-Speed Data Links

The ever-increasing Internet data demand imposes stringent requirements on wireline transceiver speed, jitter, and power. A low-noise, multi-phase clock generator (MPCG) is a crucial building block in both forwarded-clock and clock-data-recovery (CDR) based clocking systems (Fig. 11.4.1). In CDR-based systems, a global phase-locked loop generates a low-noise, differential clock and distributes it to each lane, where a local phase adjuster, consisting of a multi-phase clock generator and phase interpolators (PIs), compensates the frequency and phase errors between the incoming data and quadrature clocks; while in a forwarded-clock system, the forwarded clock from the transmitter is adjusted by a delay line for phase deskew and the MPCG generates multiple phases for the ADCs. Multi-phase injection-locked ring oscillators (MPILOSCs) [1], [2] provide accurate, low-noise, multi-phase clocks thanks to their wide locking range and symmetric structure, but generating the multi-phase injection signals with a poly-phase filter [1] or from a double/quadruple frequency [2] is power-hungry. Also, the circuits in [1], [2] lack calibration for ROSC free-running frequency (f OSC ) variations over PVT. Two-phase (0° and 180°) IL-ROSCs with a quadrature-locked loop (QLL) are low-power, low-area MPCGs for PIs [3] –[5]; differential clocks are injected into the ROSC, while the QLL adjusts the ROSC biasing to suppress the 10 output error, assuming that when the $f_{OSC}=f_{inj}$, the injection frequency, the smallest 10 output error and the widest ROSC noise suppression bandwidth are obtained for a given injection strength. However, simulations (Fig. 11.4.2) show that the smallest IQ error occurs when f OSC is near the lower edge of the locking range due to the imbalance introduced by two-phase injection, while the optimum jitter point remains at $f_{OSC}=f_{inj}$. As a result, when using a QLL, the injection strength has to be increased to get a sufficiently large noise suppression bandwidth. However, the stronger injection degrades the amplitude and slope balance between stages with injection, and stages without injection, which degrades the phase accuracy. In a QLL-based architecture, there is a tradeoff among IQ accuracy, jitter, and power consumption.
Exploring underprepared undergraduate students’ mathematical problem posing

This study investigated 45 undergraduate students’ mathematical problem posing based on four problem situations. This study was designed to better understand the kinds of problems they pose, and the kinds of mathematical ideas exhibited when problem posing. The findings of this study support that underprepared college students can pose mathematical problems and were largely capable of engaging with the critical mathematical ideas embedded in problem-posing tasks. Problem-posing tasks, then, appear to be a context within which underprepared undergraduate students can successfully engage with key mathematical ideas. The main implication of these findings is that problem posing appears to be amenable to being harnessed as a pedagogical tool for developmental mathematics courses.
Vibronic Spectra of Sr F 2 : Sm 2 + and Ba F 2 : Sm 2 +

Recent work of Wood and Kaiser has yielded vibronic data on ${\mathrm{Sm}}^{2+}$ doped in two isomorphic crystals, Sr${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ and Ba${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$. The present work proposes a model using Born-von Karmann boundary conditions, which predicts the number of vibronic satellites and the $k=0$ selection rules. It is shown, however, that the $k=0$ selection rules are too restrictive to explain the vibronic spectrum and that to obtain a satisfactory explanation one must consider transitions involving vibrations away from $k=0$. The model, when such transitions are taken into account, is shown to be consistent with the observed data. It is proposed that one of the modes observed in the vibronic spectrum corresponds to vibrations of the transverse optical branch, a second to the longitudinal optical branch, and a third to transitions away from $k=0$ involving the Raman active branch. This model is able to qualitatively explain the differences observed in the two host lattices. It is contrasted with an $X {Y}_{8}$ complex model, proposed by Axe and Sorokin to explain the same data. Raman scattering data have been obtained placing the ${F}_{2g}$ mode (at $k=0$) at 280 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ in Sr${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ and at 243 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ in Ba${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$.
Two Nucleic Acid-dependent Nucleoside Triphosphate Phosphohydrolases from Vaccinia Virus PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION

Abstract Two nucleic acid-dependent nucleoside triphosphate phosphohydrolases have been found in vaccinia virus cores. Both enzymes hydrolyze ATP to ADP and Pi in the presence of nucleic acid. The enzymes were solubilized from purified viral cores by treatment with sulfhydryl-reducing agent, salt, and sodium deoxycholate in a Tris buffer at alkaline pH. DNA-free viral extracts were prepared by adsorption of viral DNA to DEAE-cellulose columns in the presence of high salt, and the two enzymes were purified by DNA-cellulose chromatography. Phosphohydrolase I was purified 300- to 400-fold with yields of 80 to 90 % and is approximately 95 % pure. A molecular weight of approximately 61,000 was calculated for the native enzyme using Sephadex gel chromatography and sucrose gradient sedimentation. A molecular weight value of 68,000 was obtained under denaturing conditions of sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, indicating that phosphohydrolase I is a monomeric enzyme. The smaller amount of phosphohydrolase II prevented accurate determinations of specific activity or purity. The molecular weight of the native enzyme was calculated to be 68,000 and it may also consist of a single polypeptide. Nucleic acids were required by phosphohydrolase I and II for the hydrolysis of ATP, and optimal activities were obtained at neutral pH in the presence of divalent cations. The hydrolysis of ATP resulted in the production of stoichiometric amounts of ADP and Pi. The Km values of phosphohydrolases I and II were 1.4 x 10-4 m and 6.4 x 10-4 m, respectively.
Computer Circuit Concepts

Computer circuit concepts , Computer circuit concepts , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
An Indiana Declaratory Judgment

Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/fss_papers Part of the Agency Commons, Civil Law Commons, Civil Rights and Discrimination Commons, Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, Conflicts of Law Commons, Constitutional Law Commons, Contracts Commons, Courts Commons, Ethics and Professional Responsibility Commons, Evidence Commons, Housing Law Commons, Jurisprudence Commons, and the Law and Society Commons
Tropospheric Ozone: Transport or Chemistry?

This study examines the contributions of large scale atmospheric transport to the behavior of tropospheric ozone and identifies potential roles for tropospheric chemistry. The GFDL general circulation/ transport model, with photochemistry in the top (middle stratosphere) level only, is used to simulate the climatology of tropospheric ozone for upper and lower limits of surface removal rates. The transport model’s vertical profiles of mixing ratio and variability are in qualitative agreement with observation, and, south of 40°N, the same is true for the local seasonal cycles and the latitude gradient. However, the transport simulation needs an additional destruction mechanism at low latitudes over the ocean, has the wrong seasonal cycle at mid- and high-northern latitudes, and produces too much ozone at high latitudes in the north. The lack of tropospheric chemistry plays an important role in the first two disagreements between simulation and observation, but the cause of the excess O3 at high northern latitudes is not clear.
Biomass supply and nutrient runoff abatement under alternative biofuel feedstock production subsidies

Abstract The objective of this paper is to design two types of subsidies for biofuel feedstock production and water quality improvement and to analyze how each subsidy affects biomass supply and the abatement of nutrient runoff associated with the conversion of cropland to biomass production. Per-hectare (per-ha) subsidy was designed as a system that pays producers for each ha of cropland converted to switchgrass production and per-megagram (per-Mg) subsidy was a system that pays producers for each Mg of switchgrass produced. This study focuses on Oostanaula Creek watershed in East Tennessee. The analysis used a dynamic programming model coupled with a Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) simulation model to predict profit-maximizing fertilizer application rates, crop yields, and nitrogen (N) runoff for a biofuel feedstock (switchgrass) and a conventional crop (corn) across 28 different landscapes in the watershed. A Monte Carlo analysis was conducted to simulate the impact of stochastic N fertilizer and corn prices and yields on subsidies over a ten-year planning horizon. A per-ha subsidy system is more cost effective and feasible than a per-Mg system because the former has significantly lower subsidy than the latter for each kilogram (kg) of N reduction and for each Mg of switchgrass harvested. Converting all of the cropland from corn to switchgrass over ten years results in 124,084 dry Mg of switchgrass and 23% reduction in nitrogen runoff for the per-ha system and 122,347 dry Mg of switchgrass and 3% reduction for the per-Mg subsidy system.
Effect of lateral perturbations on psychophysical acceleration detection thresholds

In understanding how the human body perceives and responds to small slip-like motions, information on how one senses the slip is essential. The effect of aging and plantar sensory loss on detection of a slip can also be studied. Using psychophysical procedures, acceleration detection thresholds of small lateral whole-body perturbations were measured for healthy young adults (HYA), healthy older adults (HOA) and older adults with diabetic neuropathy (DOA). It was hypothesized that young adults would require smaller accelerations than HOA's and DOA's to detect perturbations at a given displacement. Acceleration detection thresholds to whole-body lateral perturbations of 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 mm were measured for HYAs, HOAs, and DOAs using psychophysical procedures including a two-alternative forced choice protocol. Based on the subject's detection of the previous trial, the acceleration magnitude of the subsequent trial was increased or decreased according to the parameter estimation by sequential testing methodology. This stair-stepping procedure allowed acceleration thresholds to be measured for each displacement. Results indicate that for lateral displacements of 1 and 2 mm, HOAs and DOAs have significantly higher acceleration detection thresholds than young adults. At displacements of 8 and 16 mm, no differences in threshold were found among groups or between the two perturbation distances. The relationship between the acceleration threshold and perturbation displacement is of particular interest. Peak acceleration thresholds of approximately 10 mm/s2 were found at displacements of 2, 4, 8, and 16 mm for HYAs; at displacements of 4, 8, and 16 mm for HOAs; and at displacements of 8 and 16 mm for DOAs. Thus, 2, 4, and 8 mm appear to be critical breakpoints for HYAs, HOAs, and DOAs respectively, where the psychometric curve deviated from a negative power law relationship. These critical breakpoints likely indicate a change in the physiology of the system as it responds to the stimuli. As a function of age, the displacement at which the group deviates from a negative power law relationship increases from 2 mm to 4 mm. Additionally, the displacement at which subjects with peripheral sensory deficits deviate from the negative power law relations increases to 8 mm. These increases as a function of age and peripheral sensory loss may help explain the mechanism of falls in the elderly and diabetic populations.
Fragmentation of RNA in Virus Particles of Rhinovirus Type 14

Purified particles of rhinovirus type 14 lose infectivity during incubation at 34.5 C as a result of fragmentation of RNA genomes within intact virions.