cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Drivers of growth variation in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): an elasticity analysis approach.

1. Estimating the relative importance of factors affecting key vital rates is an essential challenge for population ecology. In spite of a large literature on individual growth rates of north temperate-zone fishes, relative effect sizes for the wide range of abiotic and biotic factors affecting fish growth are not well characterized, strongly limiting our ability to predict the effects of environmental change on fish populations. 2. We applied generalized linear mixed models to data from a long-term (nine cohorts over 10 years) individual-based (7685 records from 4203 individuals) study of stream-dwelling juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to estimate the relative importance and interactive effects of stream discharge, water temperature and population density on season-specific growth rates. The model explained a large proportion (r2 = 0·95) of observed variation in growth. 3. Elasticity analysis was used to estimate the relative importance of model variables on growth in length for Atlantic salmon between age 0+ autumn and the end of age 1+ winter. Effects of population density were substantially weaker than effects of discharge and temperature across all seasons. Opposing among-season temperature effects reduced the overall importance of temperature on growth in contrast to discharge, where effects were generally positive among seasons. Consistent among-season effects and a greater range of observed variation combined to increase the effect of discharge on growth compared to temperature. 4. These results suggest that robust predictions of body growth in north temperate stream fishes will need to include season-specific estimates of variation in both abiotic (temperature and discharge) and biotic (density) factors, but that variation in discharge will dominate growth responses.
Estrogen suppresses mu-opioid- and GABAB-mediated hyperpolarization of hypothalamic arcuate neurons

The effects of estrogen on the response of hypothalamic arcuate neurons to mu-opioid and GABAB agonists were investigated. Intracellular recordings were made from arcuate neurons in slices prepared from ovariectomized guinea pigs that were pretreated with estrogen or vehicle. Estrogen shifted the dose-response curve to the mu-opioid agonist DAMGO (Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-MePhe-Gly-ol) by 3.4-fold; the EC50 for DAMGO was 240 +/- 25 nM in estrogen-treated females versus 70 +/- 12 nM in the controls. The maximal hyperpolarization induced by DAMGO was equivalent in neurons from both groups. The Ke for the naloxone antagonism of the DAMGO response was similar in both groups, which would indicate that the affinity of the mu-receptor was unchanged. To explore where in the receptor/G-protein/K+ channel cascade estrogen may be acting to attenuate the mu-opioid-mediated hyperpolarization, the response to the GABAB agonist baclofen was also tested. Estrogen treatment also shifted the dose-response curve for the baclofen-induced hyperpolarization by 3.3-fold without altering the maximum hyperpolarization; the EC50 shifted from 11.0 +/- 4.0 microM to 36.0 +/- 5.0 microM. All of the neurons were identified after linking the intracellular biocytin with streptavidin-FITC, and a subpopulation of cells in both groups were immunoreactive for beta-endorphin. We conclude that estrogen decreases the functional coupling of the mu- opioid and GABAB receptors to the inwardly rectifying K+ channel possibly through an action on the G-protein.
The DAL81 gene product is required for induced expression of two differently regulated nitrogen catabolic genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

We demonstrate that the DAL81 gene, previously thought to be specifically required for induced expression of the allantoin pathway genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, functions in a more global manner. The data presented show it to be required for utilization of 4-aminobutyrate as a nitrogen source and for 4-aminobutyrate-induced increases in the steady-state levels of UGA1 mRNA. The DAL81 gene encodes a 970-amino-acid protein containing sequences homologous to the Zn(II)2Cys6 motif and two stretches of polyglutamine residues. Deletion of sequences homologous to the Zn(II)2Cys6 motif did not result in a detectable loss of function. On the other hand, loss of one of the polyglutamine stretches, but not the other, resulted in a 50% loss of DAL81 function.
Developmental analyses of individual differences in intelligence: Comments on Demetriou et al. (2013)

Abstract In this commentary, I mention strengths of the work reported by Demetriou et al. (2013), including sophisticated methods, a powerful integrative theory, and provocative findings. I also suggest ways in which this line of work could be extended, including extending the developmental trajectory, moving beyond tests and tasks, and exploring the full richness of individual variations.
Synthesis of Poly(α-methylstyrene-b-isobutylene) Copolymers by Living Cationic Sequential Block Copolymerization: Investigation on the Crossover from Living Poly(α-methylstyrene) Chain End to Isobutylene

The synthesis of poly(α-methylstyrene-b-isobutylene) (P(αMeSt-b-IB)) copolymers via sequential monomer addition was studied using the adduct of the olefinic αMeSt dimer and HCl (DiαMeSt·HCl) as ini...
ON MEASURE OF SYSTEM INTERVAL AVAILABILITY

Let [script S] be a system that can be in one of two states, up or down. We can interpret the up state as the working state and the down state as the nonworking state for system [script S]. Assume the system [script S] is up at time t = 0. Denote the elapsed time from zero until [script S] enters down state by U1, and the elapsed time from then until [script S] is up again by D1. The interval [0,U1 + D1) is called cycle 1, and, at that point, cycle 2 starts and the sequence is repeated so on and so forth. In general, the up time and down time in the jth cycle are denoted by Uj and Dj, respectively, for j ≥ 1. We can introduce a binary process {X(t), t ≥ 0} to describe the state of [script S] at time t using X(t) = 1(0) to indicate [script S] is up (down). Many problems require finding the probability that [script S] is up at time t, that is, P(X(t) = 1). However, an even more interesting question to answer is what the probability is that [script S] is in the up state in an interval of length w starting at time t, that is, P(X(s) = 1, t ≤ s ≤ t + w). Due to the complexity of this problem, no explicit expressions are available for most systems even in the case where (Uj, Dj), j ≥ 1 are i.i.d. Fortunately, in practice engineers are more interested in the long-run properties of the above two probabilities.
The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ): the Factor Structure and Scale Validation in U.S. Adolescents

The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) is one of the most commonly used instruments for screening psychopathology in children and adolescents. This study evaluated the hypothesized five-factor structure of the SDQ and examined its convergent validity against comprehensive clinical diagnostic assessments. Data were derived from the National Comorbidity Survey - Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A), a nationally representative sample of U.S. adolescents aged 13 to 18 years. Parents/parent surrogates (n=6,483) was asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire including the SDQ and DSM-IV comprehensive diagnostic information on the participating adolescents. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to assess the factor structure of the SDQ. The five-factor solution of the SDQ (including emotional, conduct, hyperactivity-inattention, peer relationship, and prosocial) provided a satisfactory fit to the data, and was invariant across sex, age, race/ethnicity and income subgroups. SDQ scores predicted a significantly increased probability of meeting criteria for a DSM-IV disorder, with better prediction for behavior disorders than for mood disorders. Decreasing the SDQ cutoffs to the 80th percentile significantly increased the sensitivity from 39% to 63% for the SDQ Total Difficulties Score, with an expected decrease in specificity from 93% to 87%. This work confirms the five-factor structure of the SDQ in an ethnically and sociodemogrpahically diverse community sample of adolescents. Our findings strengthen empirical evidence for the use of the parent-reported SDQ as a screening tool for DSM-IV behavioral and emotional disorders in adolescents identified in the general population.
(110) facets and dislocation structure of low-angle grain boundaries in YBa2Cu3O7−δ and Y0.7Ca0.3Ba2Cu3O7−δ thin film bicrystals

The facet and dislocation structure of 5° and 7° [001]-tilt grain boundaries of YBa2Cu3O7−δ (YBCO) and Y0.7Ca0.3Ba2Cu3O7−δ (YCaBCO) thin film bicrystals were studied. A 24° [001]-tilt YBCO grain boundary was also examined to contrast with the low angle grain boundary faceting behavior. All the low-angle grain boundaries exhibit strong faceting along (100)/(010) and (110) and possess both straight symmetric segments containing equally spaced [100] unit dislocations and step asymmetric segments composed of (110) and (100)/(010) facets. Grain boundaries with a higher degree of meander acquired up to 40% (110) facets. The atomic structure of (110) facets was revealed by the atomic resolution Z-contrast imaging. The (110) facets are dissociated for both the YBCO and YCaBCO grain boundaries. We also found the Ca-doped (110) facets to be more extended along the grain boundary plane, consistent with our earlier finding of a dissociated dislocation core in Ca-doped (100) facets. These 5° and 7° misorientations that we studied are just in the range at which YBCO grain boundaries start to become obstacles to current flow. The above results will be helpful for understanding the current transport across YBCO low-angle grain boundaries.
Exact solutions for variable coefficients fourth-order parabolic partial differential equations in higher-dimensional spaces

In this paper analytic solution of variable coefficient fourth-order parabolic partial differential equation in two and three space variables are developed. The calculations are accelerated by using the noise terms phenomenon for nonhomogeneous problems. Numerical examples are investigated to illustrate the pertinent features of the proposed algorithm.
Real-time robot arm collision detection for telerobotics

Abstract The role of real-time collision detection as part of a safety system in telerobotics applications is discussed. We survey a number of proposed collision detection systems. These methods differ in hardware requirements, speed and the information available for use when responding to an immiment collision. In particular, we compare systems based on simulation of the robots' workspace with systems that react mainly to local sensor information (i.e. proximity sensors). Both approaches to collision detection are rapidly improving. Hierarchical data structures allow real-time simulation of the environment with standard microprocessors. Advances in proximity sensor hardware allow for greater information about the current state of the workspace. While at the moment most experimental systems tend to be entirely either simulation or sensor based, future systems are likely to use local sensor input to update a sophisticated model of the workspace. We also examine how precision in the representation vs collision detection time and robot arm stopping time affect the size of the safety buffer required by both approaches. Finally, the problems of gripping and response to imminent collision are addressed.
The origin of magnetization and geochemical alteration in a fault zone, Kilve, England

The origin of an apparently syndeformational chemical remanent magnetization (CRM) and geochemical alteration in a fault zone in the Bristol Channel Basin, southwest England, was investigated. Deformation in the fault zone occurs in Jurassic aged, organic-rich limestones and consists of numerous normal and oblique-slip faults and associated folds. Migration of basinal, radiogenic fluids is indicated by elevated 87Sr/86Sr values for calcite veins that occur throughout the fault zone. Some of the calcite veins contain hydrocarbons sourced from deeper strata. Elevated 87Sr/86Sr values in the host Jurassic limestones indicate that they were also extensively altered by radiogenic fluids that migrated through microfractures in addition to major fault and fracture planes. Folded and tilted host limestones contain a pervasive secondary CRM residing in magnetite that was acquired during deformation in the Tertiary. The association between this pervasive CRM and the pervasive geochemical alteration is consistent with a genetic connection between the orogenic fluids and the CRM although the timing of CRM acquisition (Tertiary) is not consistent with structural interpretations for the timing of most veining. An alternative remagnetization mechanism which is not triggered by externally derived fluids, such as diagenesis of hydrocarbons, might account for the CRM. Hydrocarbon-bearing veins also contain a CRM that resides in magnetite, although the time for remanence acquisition is not well constrained by field tests. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TFB1 or TFB2 is sufficient for Thermococcus kodakaraensis viability and for basal transcription in vitro.

Abstract Archaeal RNA polymerases (RNAPs) are most similar to eukaryotic RNAP II (Pol II) but require the support of only two archaeal general transcription factors, TBP (TATA-box binding protein) and TFB (archaeal homologue of the eukaryotic general transcription factor TFIIB) to initiate basal transcription. However, many archaeal genomes encode more than one TFB and/or TBP leading to the hypothesis that different TFB/TBP combinations may be employed to direct initiation from different promoters in Archaea . As a first test of this hypothesis, we have determined the ability of RNAP purified from Thermococcus kodakaraensis ( T.k .) to initiate transcription from a variety of T.k . promoters in vitro when provided with T.k. TBP and either TFB1 or TFB2, the two TFBs encoded in the T.k. genome. With every promoter active in vitro , transcription initiation occurred with either TFB1 or TFB2 although the optimum salt concentration for initiation was generally higher for TFB2 (∼250 mM K + ) than for TFB1 (∼200 mM K + ). Consistent with this functional redundancy in vitro , T.k . strains have been constructed with the TFB1- ( tfb1 ; TK1280) or TFB2- ( tfb2 ; TK2287) encoding gene deleted. These mutants exhibit no detectable growth defects under laboratory conditions. Domain swapping between TFB1 and TFB2 has identified a central region that contributes to the salt sensitivity of TFB activity, and deleting residues predicted to form the tip of the B-finger region of TFB2 had no detectable effects on promoter recognition or transcription initiation but did eliminate the production of very short (≤5 nt) abortive transcripts.
Racial Taxonomies From an Evolutionary Perspective

ONE of the thorniest problems with which physical anthropologists have attempted to come to grips has been the question of racial origins, and particularly the origins of those groups accepted by the majority as extant races. The hypotheses proposed present the student with a continuum; at one end is the view that the present racial boundaries are quite recent (Washburn 1963); at the other is the theory (the modern restatement is by Coon 1962) that these varieties existed before the evolutionary emergence of Homo sapiens. The lively, to say the least, discussions that have occurred as a result of Coon's thesis, contrasted with the horror among systematists that infra-specific characters could have arisen before specific, has prompted this examination of the issues, and particularly the semantics involved, in an attempt to ascertain if the ends of the continuum are truly mutually exclusive, or if they both possess elements of mutual scientific value.
The influence of mayonnaise pH and storage temperature on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes in seafood salad.

Abstract Seafood salad has been identified as a ready-to-eat food with a relatively high incidence of contamination by Listeria monocytogenes; however, little is known about the behavior of this pathogen in seafood salad as a function of product pH and storage temperature. To produce data towards the development of a predictive growth model, a 6-strain cocktail of L. monocytogenes was inoculated onto the surface of a shrimp-crabmeat product, mixed with mayonnaise that was previously adjusted with NaOH to pH 3.7, 4.0, 4.4, 4.7 or 5.1, and then stored at 4°, 8° or 12 °C under both aerobic and vacuum conditions. At each storage temperature, L. monocytogenes was able to grow in the seafood salad under both aerobic and vacuum conditions. The slowest growth of L. monocytogenes was observed in seafood salad with a mayonnaise pH of 3.7 and a storage temperature of 4 °C under vacuum condition. In salad with the same mayonnaise pH, the growth rate (GR, log10 cfu/h) of L. monocytogenes increased as a function of storage temperature. At the same storage temperature, the lag phase duration (LPD, h) of L. monocytogenes decreased as mayonnaise pH increased. At the same mayonnaise pH and temperature, LPD of L. monocytogenes was greater under aerobic than under vacuum conditions. Regression analyses indicated that mayonnaise pH is the main effector on the LPD of L. monocytogenes in seafood salad, and storage temperature was the main effector on the GR. Secondary models that describe LPD and GR of L. monocytogenes in seafood salad as a function of mayonnaise pH and storage temperature were produced.
Blastocystis hominis, a long-misunderstood intestinal parasite

For over 50 years, Blastocystis hominis has been held to be a harmless intestinal yeast-probably frequent in stool samples from man and other primates, but usually ignored except as a possible source of confusion with Entamoeba histolytica. More recently, its status as a protozoan parasite has been accepted, and it is now increasingly recognized as an agent of intestinal disease - usually self-limiting but occasionally fatal in monkeys. Here, Charles Zierdt reviews the status o f this intriguing protozoan, drawing attention to its unusual biochemistry.
Treatment of thyroid carcinoma

In a review of thyroid surgery performed at Loma Linda University and its affiliated hospitals during the past 20 years, 254 (26%) of the thyroid surgery patients had thyroid carcinoma. The majority of these patients underwent total thyroidectomy and received postoperative radioactive iodine. At the present time, there is considerable disagreement in the literature regarding the extent of treatment needed for what, in many cases, is a low-grade malignancy. In the present series, there are a significant number of patients with extensive disease in which aggressive treatment is warranted to improve the chance of cure. We believe that total thyroidectomy with central node dissection is the minimum surgical procedure required.
Pure Hydrogen Model Atmospheres for Very Cool White Dwarfs

Microlensing events observed in the line of sight toward the LMC indicate that a significant fraction of the mass of the dark halo of the Galaxy is probably composed of white dwarfs. In addition, white dwarf sequences have now be observed in the H-R diagrams of several globular clusters. Because of the unavailability of white dwarf atmospheres for Teff < 4000 K, the cooling timescales for white dwarfs older than ≈10 Gyr are very uncertain. Moreover, the identification of a MACHO white dwarf population by direct observation depends on a knowledge of the colors and bolometric corrections of very cool white dwarfs. In this Letter, we present the first detailed model atmospheres and spectra of very cool hydrogen white dwarfs for Teff < 4000 K. We include the latest description of the opacities of hydrogen, and, significantly, we introduce a nonideal equation of state in the atmosphere calculation. We find that due to strong absorption from H2 in the infrared, very old white dwarfs are brightest in the V, R, and I bands, and we confirm that they become bluer in most color indices as they cool below Teff ≈ 3500 K.
Single-crystal elastic constants of fluorite (CaF2) to 9.3 GPa

The second-order elastic constants of CaF2 (fluorite) have been determined by Brillouin scattering to 9.3 GPa at 300 K. Acoustic velocities have been measured in the (111) plane and inverted to simultaneously obtain the elastic constants and the orientation of the crystal. A notable feature of the present inversion is that only the density at ambient condition was used in the inversion. We obtain high-pressure densities directly from Brillouin data by conversion to isothermal conditions and iterative integration of the compression curve. The pressure derivative of the isentropic bulk modulus and of the shear modulus determined in this study are 4.78 ± 0.13 and 1.08 ± 0.07, which differ from previous low-pressure ultrasonic elasticity measurements. The pressure derivative of the isothermal bulk modulus is 4.83 ± 0.13, 8% lower than the value from static compression, and its uncertainty is lower by a factor of 3. The elastic constants of fluorite increase almost linearly with pressure over the whole investigated pressure range. However, at P ≥ 9 GPa, C 11 and C 12 show a subtle structure in their pressure dependence while C 44 does not. The behavior of the elastic constants of fluorite in the 9–9.3 GPa pressure range is probably affected by the onset of a high-pressure structural transition to a lower symmetry phase (α-PbCl2 type). A single-crystal Raman scattering experiment performed in parallel to the Brillouin measurements shows the appearance of new features at 8.7 GPa. The new features are continuously observed to 49.2 GPa, confirming that the orthorhombic high-pressure phase is stable along the whole investigated pressure range, in agreement with a previous X-ray diffraction study of CaF2 to 45 GPa. The high-pressure elasticity data in combination with room-pressure values from previous studies allowed us to determine an independent room-temperature compression curve of fluorite. The new compression curve yields a maximum discrepancy of 0.05 GPa at 9.5 GPa with respect to that derived from static compression by Angel (1993). This comparison suggests that the accuracy of the fluorite pressure scale is better than 1% over the 0–9 GPa pressure range.
Alpha-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone Attenuates Behavioral Effects of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor in Isolated Guinea Pig Pups

During a 3-hr period of social isolation in a novel environment, guinea pig pups exhibit an initial active phase of behavioral responsiveness, characterized primarily by vocalizing, which is then followed by a stage of passive responsiveness in which pups display a distinctive crouch, eye-closing, and extensive piloerection. Prior treatment of pups with alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) reduces each of the passive behaviors. The onset of passive responding during separation can be accelerated with peripheral injection of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). To examine whether CRF produces its effects through a mechanism similar to that of prolonged separation, we examined the effect of administering α-MSH to pups injected with CRF. As expected, CRF markedly enhanced passive responding during a 60-min period of separation. α-MSH delivered by either intracerebroventricular infusion or intraperitoneal injection significantly reduced each of the passive behavioral responses without significantly affecting active behavior. These findings, together with previous results indicating that it is the anti-inflammatory property of α-MSH that is responsible for its behavioral effects during prolonged separation, suggest that peripheral CRF speeds the induction of passive responding through a mechanism involving enhanced proinflammatory activity.
Analytic Solutions to Long's Model: A Comparison of Nonhydrostatic and Hydrostatic Cases

In this paper, analytic solutions of the nonhydrostatic and hydrostatic forms of Long's model were obtained under two different sets of vertical boundary conditions: The first uses a sumusoidal obstacle at the lower boundary and a rigid-lid top for the upper boundary. The second set applies an isolated obstacle of the “Witch of Agnesi” type at the lower boundary, while still using a rigid lid at the top. Following the solution evaluations, comparisons between the nonhydrostatic and hydrostatic solutions were processed in order to describe several influences introduced by using the hydrostatic assumption in this model.
Sex Differences in Aggressive Behavior Subsequent to Listening to a Radio Broadcast of Violence.

20 male and 20 female Ss were either insulted or not insulted and either listened to hostile or to a neutral news broadcast recording. Ss were then given an opportunity to shock a fellow student under the guise of a learning experiment. The results indicate that male Ss give significantly more shock than female Ss. Female Ss who are insulted and then listen to a hostile broadcast give less shock than those who listen to the neutral broadcast. The reverse is true for non-insulted female Ss. The results were interpreted as indicating the inhibitory effect of violent cues under strong arousal and the facilitating effect of violent cues under weak arousal.
Cardiovascular Manifestations in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is now a pandemic. It afflicts multiple organs, including the cardiovascular system. This occurs by direct invasion as well as opportunistic infections complicating acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The presence of newer highly active antiretroviral therapy has led to longer survival of patients infected with HIV, but the cardiac abnormalities related to HIV have remained less well characterized. It is now evident that cardiac involvement in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is relatively common. This includes coronary artery disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, pericardial effusion, pulmonary hypertension, and ill effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy in the form of lipodystrophy, lipoatrophy, and dyslipidemia. In fact, HIV can now be viewed as a potential risk factor for coronary artery disease, and the dilemma facing clinicians is how to quantify this risk. Awareness of accelerated coronary artery disease and dilated cardiomyopathy is critical to implement preventive measures early in the course of HIV. However, better guidelines are still needed on the basis of prospective randomized controlled studies involving large populations. In conclusion, this review describes cardiac abnormalities associated with HIV, including possible molecular mechanisms. The co-morbid sequelae, their presentation, and pharmacologic management are also discussed.
Convergence of Semidiscrete Galerkin Finite Element Schemes for Nonhomogeneous Parabolic Evolution Problems

Abstract Extension of results of Huang and Thomee (Math. Comput.37, 1981, 327-346) to optimal order error estimates for general types of linear nonhomogeneous parabolic evolution problems is developed.
Self-organization and rigidity in network glasses

Rigidity theory has helped in our understanding of the properties of network glasses. We analyze the connection between rigidity and various non-random features in the network structure. Lack of small rings in the network can lead to a sharper rigidity transition. We review a model of network self-organization that we have proposed, in which the existence of an intermediate phase that is rigid, but stress-free, is predicted. Finally, we discuss recent experiments, in which this intermediate phase may have been observed.
Habitat Value of Intensively Established Pine Plantations for Northern Bobwhite

Abstract Declines in northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus; bobwhite) populations in the southeastern United States may be partially attributable to loss of early successional plant cover associated with greater use of herbicides in forest management. We tested effects of 5 levels of operational plantation establishment intensity on vegetation communities and structure important for bobwhite in 1–5-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantations (n = 4) in the Outer Coastal Plain Mixed Forest of Mississippi. We compared results with values reported in the literature to calculate usable space for winter food, loafing, nesting, and brood-rearing at 2 levels of spatial resolution. Treatments (k = 5) reflected a range of management intensities and were combinations of mechanical site preparation, chemical site preparation (CSP), and herbaceous weed control (HWC). Coverage of winter food plants in the least intensive treatment was more than double that in the most intensive; however, differences in usabl...
A recursive random search algorithm for network parameter optimization

This paper proposes a new heuristic search algorithm, Recursive Random Search(RRS), for black-box optimization problems. Specifically, this algorithm is designed for the dynamical parameter optimization of network protocols which emphasizes on obtaining good solutions within a limited time frame rather than full optimization. The RRS algorithm is based on the initial high-efficiency property of random sampling and attempts to maintain this high-efficiency by constantly "restarting" random sampling with adjusted sample spaces. Due to its basis on random sampling, the RRS algorithm is robust to the effect of random noises in the objective function and it performs especially efficiently when handling the objective functions with negligible parameters. These properties have been demonstrated with the tests on a suite of benchmark functions. The RRS algorithm has been successfully applied to the optimal configuration of several network protocols. One application to a network routing algorithm is presented.
Efficient policy analysis for administrative role based access control

Administrative RBAC (ARBAC) policies specify how Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) policies may be changed by each administrator. It is often difficult to fully understand the effect of an ARBAC policy by simple inspection, because sequences of changes by different administrators may interact in unexpected ways. ARBAC policy analysis algorithms can help by answering questions, such a suser-role reachability, which asks whether a given user can be assigned to given roles by given administrators. This problem is intractable in general. This paper identifies classes of policies of practical interest, develops analysis algorithms for them, and analyzes their parameterized complexity, showing that the algorithms may have high complexity with respect to some parameter k characterizing the hardness of the input (such that k is often small in practice) but have polynomial complexity in terms of the overall input size when the value of k is fixed.
Cytoplasmic pH Responses to Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors in Cultured Rabbit Nonpigmented Ciliary Epithelium

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors lower the rate of aqueous humor (AH) secretion into the eye. Different CA isozymes might play different roles in the response. Here we have studied the effects of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors on cytoplasmic pH (pHi) regulation, using a dextran-bound CA inhibitor (DBI) to selectively inhibit membrane-associated CA in a cell line derived from rabbit NPE. pHi was measured using the fluorescent dye BCECF and the pHi responses to the cell permeable CA inhibitor acetazolamide (ACTZ) and DBI were compared. ACTZ markedly inhibited the rapid pHi changes elicited by bicarbonate/CO2 removal and readdition but DBI was ineffective in this respect, consistent with the inability of DBI to enter the cell and inhibit cytoplasmic CA isozymes. Added alone, ACTZ and DBI caused a similar reduction (0.2 pH units) of baseline pHi. We considered whether CA-IV might facilitate H+ extrusion via Na-H exchange. The Na-H exchanger inhibitor amiloride (1 mM) reduced pHi 0.52 +/- 0.10 pH units. In the presence of DBI, the magnitude of pHi reduction caused by amiloride was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced to 0.26 +/- 0.09 pH units. ACTZ similarly reduced the magnitude of the pHi reduction. DBI also reduced by approximately 40% the rate of pHi recovery in cells acidified by an ammonium chloride (20 mM) prepulse; a reduction in pHi recovery rate was also caused by ACTZ and amiloride. DBI failed to alter the pHi alkalinization response caused by elevating external potassium concentration, a response insensitive to amiloride but sensitive to ACTZ. These observations are consistent with a reduction in Na-H exchanger activity in the presence of DBI or ACTZ. We suggest that the CA-IV isozyme might catalyze rapid equilibration of H+ and HCO3- with CO2 in the unstirred layer outside the plasma membrane, preventing local accumulation of H+ which competes with sodium for the same external Na-H exchanger binding site. Inhibition of CA-IV could produce pHi changes that might alter the function of other ion transporters and channels in the NPE.
Effect of drug treatment and aerosoled antigen sensitization on cyclic AMP and beta adrenergic receptors of guinea pig lung.

The interaction between the number of β adrenergic binding sites and the ability of a β adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol, to increase cyclic AMP content of guinea pig lung slices was studied. A complex relationship was found. Chronic sensitization of the guinea pig to an aerosol of ovalbumin resulted in lung slices which were hyporesponsive to isoproterenol in vitro, yet possessed an unchanged number of beta adrenergic binding sites. Chronic exposure of guinea pigs to aerosoled isoproterenol or acute treatment with hydrocortisone did not change the number of β adrenergic binding sites or the responsiveness of the tissue to isoproterenol in vitro. However, chronic hydrocortisone treatment increased the number of binding sites found on the lung slices by 44%, yet there was no change in the responsiveness of the tissue to isoproterenol in vitro. These data suggest that drugs and disease may change the relationship between the various components of the β adrenergic binding - adenylate cyclase complex of lung.
Internet resource cataloging: the SUNY Buffalo Libraries’ response

Conveys the author’s belief that the cataloging profession is uniquely suited to organize the wealth of information available on the World Wide Web. Focuses on the organization at which the author has worked for seven years (Central Technical Services, University Libraries, State University of New York at Buffalo), where she has capitalized on various OCLC‐inspired opportunities to explore Internet cataloging (i.e. InterCAT and CORC). A list of various procedures that this organization initiated to respond to and embrace Web resources is provided. Tries to impress upon the reader the importance of catalogers’ and bibliographers’ organizational skills when coupled with the progressive attitudes of library directors and staff. Key to ensuring the future success of bricks and mortar libraries and their employees is a committed response to patrons’ needs and the support of World Wide Web resources in the library catalog. Libraries must respond to the twenty‐first century paradigm shift in research methods.
Relationship between onset of egg production and plasma cholesterol levels in the chicken.

SummaryPlasma cholesterol levels have been studied as a function of age and onset of egg production in Leghorn pullets. Following a highly significant increase of 146% with peak value corresponding closely to time of first egg, plasma cholesterol decreases significantly from peak value to 79% above initial value. It is suggested that this relationship be considered when choosing birds for experimental studies on cholesterol metabolism.
Anterior spinal cord syndrome after initiation of treatment with atenolol

Anterior spinal cord syndrome is a rare condition with a variety of precipitating factors. Patients typically complain of weakness or paralysis of the extremities, often accompanied by pain, but frequently without a history of trauma. A 48-year-old man presented to the emergency department complaining of neck pain and inability to move his legs in the absence of trauma. Several hours prior he had seen his private physician and was given a dose of atenolol for elevated blood pressure. He had not previously been on medications for hypertension. His neurological examination revealed bilateral paralysis of the lower extremities. In the upper extremities he had weakness and sensory loss at the level of C6. Rectal tone was decreased and without sensation. Cervical and thoracic spine magnetic resonance imaging showed spondylotic disc disease, with disc herniation at C6-7 causing severe spinal canal stenosis. Despite i.v. methylprednisolone, pressors, and a prolonged intensive care unit course, the patient was discharged 5 weeks later with continued neurological deficits. Anterior spinal cord syndrome results from compression of the anterior spinal artery and often occurs in the absence of traumatic injury. The recognition, management, and prognosis of this condition are discussed.
“We would not take no for an answer”: Women Psychologists and Gender Politics During World War II

This essay explores the complex relationship among gender, professionalization, and ideology that developed as psychologists mobilized for World War II. Upon being excluded from mobilization plans by the male leaders of the profession, women psychologists organized the National Council of Women Psychologists to advance their interests. But while their male colleagues enjoyed new employment opportunities in the military services and government agencies, the women were confined largely to volunteer activities in their local communities. Although women psychologists succeeded in gaining representation on wartime committees and in drawing attention to their professional problems, they were unable to change the status quo in psychology. Situated in a cultural milieu that stressed the masculine nature of science, women psychologists were hampered by their own acceptance of a professional ideology of meritocratic reward, and remained ambivalent about their feminist activities.
Child Behavior Problems at 4 yrs of age and In Utero Cocaine Exposure† 48

Goal: We tested the hypothesis that 4 yr. old children exposed to cocaine in utero will manifest significantly more behavior problems as measured by the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL).
The effect of heparin-coated pulmonary artery catheters on activated coagulation time in cardiac surgical patients.

Objective: To investigate the effect of heparin-coated pulmonary artery catheters (HPACs) on activated coagulation time (ACT) drawn through a nonNheparin-coated introducer sheath. Design: A prospective, observational study. Setting: University teaching hospital. Participants: Patients scheduled for surgical procedures requiring cardiopulmonary bypass. Interventions: With institutional review board approval, 63 patients without prior coagulopathy undergoing procedures requiring cardiopulmonary bypass were studied. Jugular venous and radial arterial ACTs were measured before and immediately after insertion of an HPAC. Additional measurements were obtained 1 hour later and 4 minutes after completion of protamine infusion. Measurements and Main Results: The ACT drawn from the introducer after placement of an HPAC was 48 seconds greater than the ACT drawn before the HPAC was placed (p<0.0001). This difference was still present 1 hour later but not after the administration of protamine or in blood drawn at any time from another site. Baseline ACTs drawn from radial arterial catheters, kept patent using a heparin flush system, resulted in elevated measurements, despite withdrawing seven times the deadspace before taking a sample. Conclusions: Blood obtained from an introducer with an HPAC in situ provides a spuriously high ACT. ACTs drawn from catheters kept patent using heparin flush also result in prolonged measurements. Baseline ACT measurement from an introducer should be obtained before placement of the HPAC. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company
Whole-body skeletal imaging in mice utilizing microPET: optimization of reproducibility and applications in animal models of bone disease

The aims were to optimize reproducibility and establish [18F]fluoride ion bone scanning in mice, using a dedicated small animal positron emission tomography (PET) scanner (microPET) and to correlate functional findings with anatomical imaging using computed tomography (microCAT). Optimal tracer uptake time for [18F]fluoride ion was determined by performing dynamic microPET scans. Quantitative reproducibility was measured using region of interest (ROI)-based counts normalized to (a) the injected dose, (b) integral of the heart time-activity curve, or (c) ROI over the whole skeleton. Bone lesions were repetitively imaged. Functional images were correlated with X-ray and microCAT. The plateau of [18F]fluoride uptake occurs 60 min after injection. The highest reproducibility was achieved by normalizing to an ROI over the whole skeleton, with a mean percent coefficient of variation [(SD/mean)×100] of <15%–20%. Benign and malignant bone lesions were successfully repetitively imaged. Preliminary correlation of microPET with microCAT demonstrated the high sensitivity of microPET and the ability of microCAT to detect small osteolytic lesions. Whole-body [18F]fluoride ion bone imaging using microPET is reproducible and can be used to serially monitor normal and pathological changes to the mouse skeleton. Morphological imaging with microCAT is useful to display correlative changes in anatomy. Detailed in vivo studies of the murine skeleton in various small animal models of bone diseases should now be possible.
Regularity theory of hyperbolic equations with non-homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions. II. General boundary data

Abstract This paper studies the regularity of solutions of general, mixed, second-order, time-dependent, hyperbolic problems of Neumann type. In a previous paper [ I. Lasiecka and R. Triggiani, Ann. Mat. Pura Appl. (IV) CLVII (1990) , 285–367] using pseudo-differential calculus, we have provided sharp regularity results of the solutions and their traces, when the non-homogeneous data are in L2. Now, we complement this study by providing a regularity when the non-homogeneous data are more regular than, as well as less regular than, L2. In contrast with our previous paper, a functional analytic approach based on the L2-results of our previous paper is used throughout.
Influence of Calsporin on Commercial Leghorns

A study was conducted to determine if Calsporin (Bacillus subtilis C-3102), a direct-fed microbial (probiotic), improved performance of commercial Leghorns and eggshell quality. Hyline W36 hens (n = 1,440; age = 65 wk) in90 groups (16 hens/group) were randomly allocated to three dietary protein levels (17.3, 16.1, and 15.0%), and three Calsporin levels (0.0, 0.003 and 0.006%) in a 3 x 3 factorial for 10 wk. A Calsporin x protein interaction was observed on egg specific gravity (SG; P < 0.01). Egg SG increased more in hens fed the higher Calsporin level than in hens fed the lower level when dietary protein was 15%. This Calsporin level effect was reversed as dietary protein was increased to 16.1%. Trends similar to that of SG were also observed on eggshell thickness. Increasing dietary protein had a beneficial effect (P < 0.001) on egg production, feed consumption, and egg weight. Addition of Calsporin to hen diets had no significant influence on feed consumption, egg production, egg weight, or body weight of hens. More research is required to optimize any potential benefit of Calsporin with respect to dietary protein on eggshell quality.
Using Direct Instruction: Teaching Preposition Use to Students With Intellectual Disability.

Purpose Students with intellectual disability often struggle with significant language delays or impairments and can require explicit instruction in language skills. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of direct instruction on the use of and response to prepositions by 3 elementary school students with intellectual disability. Method A multiple-baseline design across prepositions was used in this study with replication across students. Results Results of this study found that students were able to use and respond to prepositions consistently after receiving direct instruction on each of the 3 target prepositions. Furthermore, all 3 students demonstrated maintenance and generalization of the prepositions. Conclusion These results have implications for practice that could influence preposition acquisition for students with intellectual disability, providing educators with a simple, efficient instructional approach.
A determinant property of Catalan numbers

Abstract Catalan numbers arise in a family of persymmetric arrays with determinant 1. The demonstration involves a counting result for disjoint path systems in acyclic directed graphs.
The Drosophila melanogaster z600 gene encodes a chromatin-associated protein synthesized in the syncytial blastoderm.

Abstract The Drosophila melanogaster z600 gene is zygotically expressed with gene transcripts accumulating transiently during early embryogenesis. Based on nucleotide sequence analysis, z600 is predicted to encode a small, basic, histone-like protein. Antibodies generated against a β-galactosidase::z600 fusion protein immunoprecipitated the z600 in vitro translation product and detected a z600 protein present predominantly in 2- to 4-h embryos. We localized the z600 protein in whole-amount embryos by indirect immunofluorescence. These studies show that the protein is located in the nucleus and associated with chromatin in the syncytial blastoderm.
Mentoring as holistic online instruction

This chapter focuses on the role of online educators as mentors and addresses the potential impact of a mentoring relationship on the development and persistence of adult learners in the online medium.
Lead-produced changes in the relative rate of open field activity of laboratory rats.

Abstract Four groups of rats, continuously exposed to one of two lead acetate solutions, ad lib water or a limited amount of water, were tested for three daily 5 min periods on the open field. The effects of treatment on activity, relative to animals drinking ad lib water, depended upon the concentration of the lead acetate solution. Animals exposed to a 10 −4 M lead acetate solution showed increased overall activity while animals exposed to a 10 −2 M lead acetate solution showed changes in the relative rate of activity. Activity was not affected by limiting the amount of water consumed. These findings illustrate the importance of recording activity in a manner which allows assessment of changes in activity as well as absolute level.
Drugs and Appetite An Overview of Appetite Stimulants in the Pediatric Patient

A poor appetite can negatively impact growth and neurodevelopment. In some cases, it may be necessary to use pharmacologic agents to stimulate the child’s appetite. Unfortunately, experience using these drugs in the pediatric patient is limited at best. Most agents have side effects that limit their usefulness solely as an appetite stimulant. The purpose of this article is to review the current agents used for this indication in adults and consider the advantages and disadvantages of each when used in a pediatric patient. Other factors such as taste perversion secondary to medication use will also be briefly discussed.
Internal gravity waves in an atmosphere with wind shear - Validity of the WKB approximation at critical layers in the presence of buoyancy forces.

Abstract The application of the WKB method to internal gravity waves in a compressible fluid with wind shear is studied from the standpoint of dispersion and of the validity of the method. It is shown that at resonance (the level where the phase speed is Doppler-shifted to zero) the validity is dependent only on the local Richardson number; we accept as the criterion that Ri≳1. The wave attenuation obtained by means of the WKB method is very close to that obtained from the “exact” solution.