cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transient response study on rolling effectiveness of multiple control surfaces

A study of the effectiveness of trailing- and leading-edge control surfaces has been made for a rolling wing-fuselage model. An experimental model and wind tunnel test are used to assess the theoretical results. The theoretical model includes the inherently nonlinear dry friction damping moment that is present between the spindle support and the experimental aeroelastic wing model. The roll trim equation of motion and the appropriate aeroelastic equations are solved for different combinations of leading- and trailing-edge control surface rotations using a reduced-order aerodynamic model based upon the fluid eigenmodes of three-dimensional vortex lattice aerodynamic theory. The focus is on the transient response of the system. The present paper provides new insights into the transient dynamic behavior and design of an adaptive aeroelastic wing using trailing- and leading-edge control surfaces.
Enhanced Performance and Thermal Stability of a-Si:H TFTs

We report the effect of anneal time on the performance and temperature stability of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin-film-transistors (TFTs). The subthreshold swing and off-current are reduced by a factor of 2.5 and by almost 2 orders of magnitude for 48 h annealed TFTs, respectively, when compared to unannealed TFTs. Furthermore, long annealed TFTs show significant temperature stability when compared to the unannealed TFTs. The subthreshold swing, hysteresis, electron mobility, and off-current are stable even at elevated temperatures. The stability at elevated temperatures and better performance of long annealed TFTs are attributed to improved a-Si:H channel and/or the a-Si:H/insulator interface.
Seismoelectric and seismomagnetic measurements in fractured borehole models

Seismoelectric and seismomagnetic fields generated by seismic waves in fluid-saturated fractured borehole models are experimentally investigated with an electrode and a Hall-effect sensor. In a borehole with a horizontal fracture, the Stoneley and flexural waves induce seismoelectric and seismomagnetic fields on the borehole wall and an electromagnetic wave propagating at light speed at the horizontal fracture. In a borehole with a vertical fracture, the acoustic field generated by a monopole or dipole source is similar to that in a borehole without a vertical fracture. However, the acoustic wave propagating along the vertical fracture induces seismoelectric and seismomagnetic fields, whose apparent velocities are equal to that of a Stoneley wave. Experimental results show that two different kinds of electric and magnetic fields are generated by acoustic waves in borehole models with horizontal and/or vertical fractures. One is an electromagnetic wave propagating with light speed. The second is a stationary or localized seismoelectric and seismomagnetic field. Seismoelectric and seismomagnetic measurements might be a new logging technique for exploring fractures in a borehole.
American Religious Bodies, Just War, and Vietnam

The overshadowing problem before us is in the international realm. The political complexities of our involvement in an undeclared war in Viet nam are so baffling that I feel presumptuous even in asking questions. But since there is a rather general consensus that what we are doing in Vietnam is wrong...we wonder if some logical, straightforward explanation might be given with out endangering whatever military or political advantage we hold.1
Interactive transfer of expertise: acquisition of new inference rules

TEIRESIAS is a program designed to function as an assistant in the task of building large, knowledge-based systems. It embodies a particular model of interactive transfer of knowledge from a human expert to the system, and makes possible knowledge transfer in a high level dialog conducted in a restricted subset of natural language. This paper explores an example of TEIRESIAS in operation, and demonstrates how it guides the acquisition of new inference rules. The concept of meta-level Knowledge is described, and an illustration given of its utility and contribution to the creation of intelligent programs. This work was supported in part by the Bureau of Health Sciences Research and Evaluation of HEW under Grant HS-01544 and by the Advanced Research Projects Agency under ARPA Order 2494. It was carried out on the SUMEX Computer System, supported by the NIH under Grant RR-00785. The views expressed are solely those of the author.
Lethal manifestations of neurofibromatosis type-1 in childhood

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1), also known as von Recklinghausen's disease, is a relatively common, inherited neurocutaneous disorder. Although 37% of patients with the disease die as a result of it, this is usually considered a late feature. Life threatening complications are infrequent before the age of 30, although deaths from NF-1 do occur in the paediatric age group. The following series demonstrates the clinicopathological features of 4 lethal cases taken from the autopsy files at the ACH during the period 1952 to 1991. All patients had cafe au lait patches and neurofibromas. Case 1: A 2 year-old female with hypsarrhythmia and mental retardation, died from pneumonia. Autopsy demonstrated diffuse gliosis but no tumours. Case 2: An 11 year-old female with NF-1 and a hypothalamic glioma at age 3. This responded well to radiotherapy until the age of 10 when the patient presented with fitting. This was presumed to be due to vascular insufficiency, as angiography showed occlusion of the R. internal carotid. Gradual deterioration was followed by death 9 months later. At autopsy a cystic astrocytoma of the cerebellum was found in addition to the original hypothalamic glioma. Case 3: A 15 year-old male with NF-1 diagnosed at birth. Severe scoliosis required numerous admissions to hospital. At 2 years of age he was noted to have a mediastinal mass but no action was taken at the time. At age 15 the patient developed severe abdominal pain and ultrasound revealed a large tumour displacing the liver and spleen. The patient died unexpectedly whilst in hospital. Autopsy demonstrated haemorrhage into a plexiform neurofibroma, in association with a malignant schwannoma. Case 4: A 13 year-old male with NF-1 diagnosed at the age of 5. No problems occurred until age 12, when he developed a L. thalamic glioma. There was an initial good response to radiotherapy followed by gradual deterioration. Death occurred and at autopsy he was found to have gliomatosls cerebri. These cases demonstrate that death may occur in childhood due to NF-1 by a variety of mechanisms. Malignancy is a significant risk and was seen in two patients, Including two primary brain tumours in Case 2. Although sudden death is not usually considered an outcome of NF-1, it was found in 1 of the 4 patients.
Direct immunofluorescence of renal biopsy specimens using a liquid fixative. Comparison with a rapid freezing method.

Immunofluorescence findings of renal biopsy specimens were compared on portions of the same specimen using a liquid fixative and a standard freezing method. Twenty-four biopsy specimens were examined from patients with a variety of nephropathies. Specimens were fixed for 4 hours to 18 days. No significant differences in the IgG, IgA, IgM, C3, and fibrinogen fluorescence intensities were observed.
Accountable Care Organizations in California: Market Forces at Work?

Accountable care organizations (ACOs), one of the most recent and promising health care delivery innovations, encourage care coordination among providers. While ACOs hold promise for decreasing costs by reducing unnecessary procedures, improving resource use as a result of economies of scale and scope, ACOs also raise concerns about provider market power. This study examines the market-level competition factors that are associated with ACO participation and the number of ACOs. Using data from California, we find that higher levels of preexisting managed care leads to higher ACO entry and enrollment growth, while hospital concentration leads to fewer ACOs and lower enrollment. We find interesting results for physician market power - markets with concentrated physician markets have a smaller share of individuals in commercial ACOs but a larger number of commercial ACO organizations. This finding implies smaller ACOs in these markets.
Self-diffusivity and interdiffusivity of molten aluminum-copper alloys under pressure, derived from molecular dynamics

We use molecular dynamics (MD) to simulate diffusion in molten aluminum-copper (AlCu) alloys. The self-diffusivities and Maxwell-Stefan diffusivities are calculated for AlCu mixtures using the Green-Kubo formulas at temperatures from 1000 to 4000 K and pressures from 0 to 25 GPa, along with additional points at higher temperatures and pressures. The diffusivities are corrected for finite-size effects. The Maxwell-Stefan diffusivity is compared to the diffusivity calculated from the self-diffusivities using a generalization of the Darken equation. We find that the effects of cross-correlation are small. Using the calculated self-diffusivities, we have assessed whether dilute hard-sphere and dilute Lennard-Jones models apply to the molten mixture. Neither of the two dilute gas diffusivities describes the diffusivity in molten Al and Cu. We report generalized analytic models for the self-diffusivities and interdiffusivity (mutual diffusivity) that fit the MD results well. The MD-derived transport coefficients are in good agreement with the available experimental data. We also report MD calculations of the viscosity and an analytic fit to those results. The ionic thermal conductivity is discussed briefly.
Prevention of infections associated with vascular catheters.

Intravascular devices have become indispensable tools in the care of seriously and/or chronically ill patients. However, the benefits derived from these devices may be offset by the morbidity and mortality resulting from catheter-related infection and the high cost of managing such a complication. Catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) represents the most frequent life threatening complication of intravascular catheters [1, 2]. Moreover, most nosocomial bloodstream infections are related to the use of intravascular devices. For instance, an intensive care units (ICU) surveillance by the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance (NNIS) system hospitals during the years 1986–1990 showed that patients with intravascular devices had substantially higher rates of bloodstream infection than those without such devices [3].
A Mixed-Method Analysis of Fatal Attacks on Police by Far-Right Extremists

Several recent high-profile homicides of police officers have brought increased attention to issues of far-right extremist violence in the United States. We still, however, know very little about w...
Looking back on two decades of poverty and well-being in India

This paper provides an overview of poverty and well-being trends in India since the mid-1990s. Poverty reduction since 2005 has been much faster than the earlier decade, as a result of broad-based growth across most geographic areas. Underlying this is a pattern of high mobility in economic status that has led to an emerging middle class. Still, a vast (and rising) share of the population faces significant risk of slipping back into poverty. India's poor are increasingly concentrated in low-income states with historically lower rates of economic progress. Even as India has reduced poverty faster than the developing world as a whole, the degree of poverty reduction associated with growth has been substantially lower than in some of its middle-income peers. India faces important challenges in nonmonetary dimensions of welfare as well. Despite success on important fronts, such as infant and child mortality and secondary education, progress has been slow in others, such as sanitation and nutrition, and lags behind some other countries that are at a similar stage of development.
Dishonest Gauss Newton method based power system state estimation on a GPU

To control a fast changing power system in real time, it is important to accelerate the computation processes related to it. Being one of the most time-consuming processes, state estimation needs to be made fast and scalable. Different methods were introduced in the literature over time to serve the purpose. It is high time to make the best out of them to find the fastest estimator with current parallel computation technology. In this study, the dishonest Gauss Newton method is implemented in a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU). As the method is not well explored in the literature, the performance of it is investigated first. Then different aspects of the parallel implementation is explained. It runs in hundreds of microseconds for IEEE 118-bus systems which is the fastest according to the authors findings. For very large systems, the required configuration of a GPU and the corresponding time are also estimated.
Network Centered Multiple Resource Scheduling in e-Science Applications

Workflows generated from e-Science applications require the simultaneous use of multiple types of resources. In this paper, we present the Multiple Resource Reservation Model (MRRM), which enables the monitoring and scheduling of multiple heterogeneous and distributed resources. MRRM provides a unified representation for multiple types of distributed resources, and represents resource constrains such as compatibility and accessibility. Using MRRM, we solve the Multiple Resource First Slot problem based on a collection of algorithms that are customized for different request and resource types. Our simulation results demonstrate efficiency and scalability of our algorithms for various sizes of networks and resource sets.
Prolonged PR Interval Is a Risk Factor for Bradycardia During Spinal Anesthesia

Background and Objectives Bradycardia occurs during 9%-13% of spinal anesthetics and may lead to cardiac arrest. Several risk factors for the development of bradycardia have been identified, but the risk conferred by presence of abnormalities detected on preoperative electrocardiogram (ECG) has not been examined. The authors undertook the study to correlate abnormal ECG findings with the incidence of bradycardia. Methods The database was previously collected from 952 patients undergoing spinal anesthesia. Patient records were reviewed and 537 had ECGs performed within 6 months of surgery. Intraoperative bradycardia was defined as a heart rate 10% decrease from baseline). Abnormalities recorded from the ECG were prolonged PR interval (PR > 0.2 sec), atrial-ventricular conduction abnormalities, evidence of chamber hypertrophy, ischemia, and infarction. The findings were compared with incidence of bradycardia using contingency tables. Significant correlations were then evaluated with logistic regression. Significance was defined as P Results The incidence of bradycardia in this population was 12%. Patients with a prolonged PR interval had an increased incidence of bradycardia (25%, P = .01). Other ECG abnormalities did not correlate with increased incidence of bradycardia. Duration of PR interval did correlate significantly (P = .001) but poorly (r2 = 0.014) with baseline heart rate. However, logistic regression demonstrated that prolonged PR interval was a significant and independent predictor for bradycardia (odds ratio = 3.2, P = .01). Conclusions Risk factors previously identified for the development of bradycardia during spinal anesthesia include: baseline heart rate
Modeling of inelastic collisions in a multifluid plasma: Ionization and recombination

A model for ionization and recombination collisions in a multifluid plasma is formulated using the framework introduced in previous work [H. P. Le and J.-L. Cambier, Phys. Plasmas 22, 093512 (2015)]. The exchange source terms for density, momentum, and energy are detailed for the case of electron induced ionization and three body recombination collisions with isotropic scattering. The principle of detailed balance is enforced at the microscopic level. We describe how to incorporate the standard collisional-radiative model into the multifluid equations using the current formulation. Numerical solutions of the collisional-radiative rate equations for atomic hydrogen are presented to highlight the impact of the multifluid effect on the kinetics.
Profiling a Warehouse-Scale Computer

Datacenters are quickly becoming the platform of choice for modern applications. In order to understand how datacenter software utilizes the hardware and to improve future server processor performance, the authors profiled more than 20,000 Google machines over a three-year period, while serving the requests of billions of users.
Cyanoacrylate Fixed Silicone Sheet in Medial Blowout Fracture Repair

Indications for medial blowout fracture repair may include persistent diplopia due to entrapped orbital contents or enophthalmos. In such cases a barrier must be placed along the medial orbital wall to prevent recurrence of entrapment and to minimize enophthalmos. Firm fixation of these barriers may be technically difficult. In seven patients silicone sheets were fixed in place along the medial orbital wall with butyl-2-cyanoacrylate cement. These patients have done well postoperatively with a mean time since surgery of 21 months.
Pathogenesis of reovirus infections of the central nervous system

Reovirus infection in rodents, and predominantly mice, has been extensively utilized as an experimental model system for studying the pathogenesis of viral disease of the CNS (for review see Tyler and Fields 1988, 1996; Tyler 1991; Virgin et al. 1997). Rare cases of reovirus-induced neurological disease in humans, including encephalitis and meningitis (Van Tongeren 1957; Krainer and Aronson 1959; Joske et al. 1964; Johansson et al. 1996; Tyler, unpublished) have been reported. Isolated case reports purporting to show an association between reovirus infection and atypical forms of motor neuron disease and chronic mental illness are totally unconvincing (Averback 1982; Szirmai et al. 1983). Reovirus has also been associated with neurological illnesses in nonhuman animals, including hydrocephalus in monkeys (Sabin 1959), encephalitis in dogs (Masste and Shaw 1966), and ataxia in cats (Csiza 1974).
Decarboxylative Cascade Reactions of Dihydroxyfumaric Acid: A Preparative Approach to the Glyoxylate Scenario

An operationally simple protocol is reported to generate an α-hydroxyacyl anion by the decarboxylation of dihydroxyfumaric acid. To date, the “missing” utilization of the hydroxyacyl anion in highly chemo- and stereoselective cascade reactions enables short and direct construction of carbohydrates.
Human menopausal gonadotropin stimulation in monkeys: blockade of the luteinizing hormone surge by a highly transient ovarian factor

Women and monkeys treated with human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) often fail to demonstrate timely luteinizing hormone (LH) or follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) surges despite serum estradiol (E 2 ) levels sufficient to elicit positive feedback of LH and FSH secretion. Here we explored the mechanism of this blockade of estrogen-mediated positive feedback by hMG and the duration of this effect in acutely ovariectomized monkeys. Cycling cynomolgus monkeys ( n =14) were administered hMG (22.5IU, intramuscularly) daily beginning on cycle day 3. Three monkeys received an E 2 -benzoate challenge on day 10, resulting in peak E 2 levels of 892±313pg/ml, without subsequent LH or FSH surges. Four monkeys underwent bilateral ovariectomy on day 12, followed within 60 to 90minutes by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) administration (15 μ g, intravenously). Five intact monkeys underwent a similar GnRH challenge. LH response to GnRH in the intact monkeys was significantly suppressed in comparison with the ovariectomized group. None of the animals manifested an FSH response to GnRH administration. Two additional monkeys did have a spontaneous LH surge during hMG administration. We conclude that hMG stimulates the production of an ovarian factor(s) which blocks the pituitary LH response to GnRH. This blockade of GnRH action on the pituitary may be the mechanism by which hMG stimulation prevents estrogen-mediated positive feedback of LH secretion. The putative ovarian factor(s) has a relatively short circulatory half-life and/or binding time, resulting in loss of its blocking activity within 90minutes after bilateral ovariectomy. Evidence is presented to suggest that this factor(s), designated gonadotropin surge-inhibiting factor, belongs to an amorphous group of nonsteroidal ovarian hormones that remain to be further characterized.
Prioritizing subwatersheds for stormwater pollution to Wachusett Reservoir.

The Wachusett Reservoir is a primary drinking water resource for the greater Boston, Massachusetts, area. With a drainage area of 280 km 2 , the watershed has been gradually urbanized with increased residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation land uses. Increased impervious surface area as a result of urbanization results in increased runoff volume and pollutant loads to the reservoir. This study estimated annual stormwater pollutant mass loads in the watershed to prioritize sub-basins and to identify areas susceptible to stormwater pollution. Catchment Prioritization Index (CPI) was calculated using annual stormwater pollutant mass loads, which were further used to identify clustered hotspots through application of the Getis-Ord Gi * statistic. Validation with observed data showed higher levels of fecal coliform bacteria loading from identified hotspots. This approach will be useful to prioritize sub-basins for future (1) development of stormwater monitoring strategies and (2) best management practices (BMPs) in the watershed. 1.
Accounting and Financial Statements

Accounting has often been called the language of business (Piper, 2013). Through the debits and credits, revenues and expenses, and assets and liabilities found on financial statements, companies com-municate to stakeholders the financial health of the organization and the progress it is making in achieving its financial-oriented goals and objectives (Botan, 2006; Coombs & Holladay, 2010; Hallahan, Holtzhausen, van Ruler, Vercic, & Srirmesh, 2007; Smith, 2012).
Computational multiheterodyne spectroscopy

Dual-comb spectroscopy allows for high-resolution spectra to be measured over broad bandwidths, but an essential requirement for coherent integration is the availability of a phase reference. Usually, this means that the combs’ phase and timing errors must be measured and either minimized by stabilization or removed by correction, limiting the technique’s applicability. We demonstrate that it is possible to extract the phase and timing signals of a multiheterodyne spectrum completely computationally, without any extra measurements or optical elements. These techniques are viable even when the relative linewidth exceeds the repetition rate difference and can tremendously simplify any dual-comb system. By reconceptualizing frequency combs in terms of the temporal structure of their phase noise, not their frequency stability, we can greatly expand the scope of multiheterodyne techniques.
The functions of the professional association.

organization of practitioners who judge one_another as profpssionally competent and who have banded together to perform social functions which they catnot perform in their separate capacity as individuals. It is typically a voluntary association. The degree to which it is voluntary may, however, differ greatly from case to case. It may range from the extreme in which the option to join is small since the penalties of not belonging are great, as in the case of county medical societies, to the other extreme, in which the option is large since thepenalties for not belonging are negligible, as in tie case of the more than seventy-five national engineering societies. Professional associations differ also in their structure. They may be closely controlled from a central office or may allow considerable autonomy to local branches of the association. I do not, however, intend to explore these variations of structure, important as they are, for it is not its structure which most significantly characterizes the professional society, but its functions. The professional association is as the professional association does: its manifest and latent social functions, not the structure designed to put these functions into effect, are its social excuse for being. That is why we can largely neglect, in this short examination, the organizational
Fire Durations of Concern for a Modern Legal-Weight Truck Cask

The response of a truck package to a radiation fire model is simulated for a range of fire durations using three-dimensional finite element analysis. A model is developed to determine the cumulative seal degradation from its temperature-versus-time history. This model is used to determine the minimum fire duration that causes the seal to lose containment integrity. The fire durations that cause the cladding to reach its long-term creep deformation and burst rupture temperatures are determined and found to be longer than the durations that cause the seal to lose containment integrity. These simulations are repeated for package models without the compliant regions of the impact limiters, and for a package with the impact limiter completely removed. Those simulations quantify the level of thermal protection the impact limiters provide to the seals and cladding during simulated fires.
Chloroform as a Carbon Monoxide Precursor: In or Ex Situ Generation of CO for Pd-Catalyzed Aminocarbonylations

Conditions for the rapid hydrolysis of chloroform to carbon monoxide (CO) using heterogeneous CsOH·H2O are described. CO and 13CO can be generated cleanly and rapidly under mild conditions and can be captured either in or ex situ in palladium-catalyzed aminocarbonylation reactions. Utilizing only 1–3 equiv of CO allows for the aminocarbonylation of aryl, vinyl, and benzyl halides with a wide variety of primary and secondary amines giving amide products in good to excellent yields.
Tales of Two Cities: Using Social Media to Understand Idiosyncratic Lifestyles in Distinctive Metropolitan Areas

Lifestyles are a valuable model for understanding individuals’ physical and mental lives, comparing social groups, and making recommendations for improving people's lives. In this paper, we examine and compare lifestyle behaviors of people living in cities of different sizes, utilizing freely available social media data as a large-scale, low-cost alternative to traditional survey methods. We use the Greater New York City area as a representative for large cities, and the Greater Rochester area as a representative for smaller cities in the United States. We employed matrix factor analysis as an unsupervised method to extract salient mobility and work-rest patterns for a large population of users within each metropolitan area. We discovered interesting human behavior patterns at both a larger scale and a finer granularity than is present in previous literature, some of which allow us to quantitatively compare the behaviors of individuals of living in big cities to those living in small cities. We believe that our social media-based approach to lifestyle analysis represents a powerful tool for social computing in the big data age.
Chromatography-Free and Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Aryl Tosylates and Mesylates

Two chromatography-free and eco-friendly protocols have been developed to synthesize aryl tosylates and mesylates by the tosylation and mesylation of the corresponding hydroxyarenes, respectively. These protocols are superior to other known ones regarding the simplicity, reaction time and conditions, the range of substrates, yields, and environmental friendliness.
Price Index Aggregation: Plutocratic weights, Democratic Weights, and Value Judgments

The question o f how to aggregate individual cost-of-living indexes is not a simple one. The recent National Research Council Panel’s report (Schultze et al. (2002). At What Price? Conceptualizing and Measuring Cost-of-Living and Price Indexes. Washington: National Academy Press) discusses two methods. The first, the “ plutocratic” method uses expenditure weights in the a ggregation; t he second, the “ democratic” method weights each household equally. This paper argues that the choice of weights depends on value judgments about i ncome distribution. It i s s hown that, save in v ery special circumstances, neither the plutocratic nor the democratic method is satisfactory.
Nickel Hydride Complexes

Nickel hydride complexes, defined herein as any molecules bearing a nickel hydrogen bond, are crucial intermediates in numerous nickel-catalyzed reactions. Some of them are also synthetic models of nickel-containing enzymes such as [NiFe]-hydrogenase. The overall objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of this specific type of hydride complexes, which has been studied extensively in recent years. This review begins with the significance and a very brief history of nickel hydride complexes, followed by various methods and spectroscopic or crystallographic tools used to synthesize and characterize these complexes. Also discussed are stoichiometric reactions involving nickel hydride complexes and how some of these reactions are developed into catalytic processes.
Application of a Palladium‐Catalyzed C−H Functionalization/Indolization Method to Syntheses of cis‐Trikentrin A and Herbindole B

We describe herein formal syntheses of the indole alkaloids cis-trikentrin A and herbindole B from a common meso-hydroquinone intermediate prepared by a ruthenium-catalyzed [2+2+1+1] cycloaddition that has not been used previously in natural product synthesis. Key steps include a sterically demanding Buchwald-Hartwig amination as well as a unique C(sp(3) )-H amination/indole formation. Studies toward a selective desymmetrization of the meso-hydroquinone are also reported.
Subgroup selection in adaptive signature designs of confirmatory clinical trials

Summary The increasing awareness of treatment effect heterogeneity has motivated flexible designs of confirmatory clinical trials that prospectively allow investigators to test for treatment efficacy for a subpopulation of patients in addition to the entire population. If a target subpopulation is not well characterized in the design stage, it can be developed at the end of a broad eligibility trial under an adaptive signature design. The paper proposes new procedures for subgroup selection and treatment effect estimation (for the selected subgroup) under an adaptive signature design. We first provide a simple and general characterization of the optimal subgroup that maximizes the power for demonstrating treatment efficacy or the expected gain based on a specified utility function. This characterization motivates a procedure for subgroup selection that involves prediction modelling, augmented inverse probability weighting and low dimensional maximization. A cross-validation procedure can be used to remove or reduce any resubstitution bias that may result from subgroup selection, and a bootstrap procedure can be used to make inference about the treatment effect in the subgroup selected. The approach proposed is evaluated in simulation studies and illustrated with real examples.
Northwestern University, the University of Missouri and the “Student-Athlete”: Mobilization Efforts and the Future

Student-athletes have a powerful voice in issues that matter to them. This was most recently demonstrated in two ways, including the 2014 Northwestern University football team’s unsuccessful attempt to organize as a union, and the 2015 University of Missouri’s successful demonstration, both in-person and via social media, ultimately resulting in the resignation of the president of the University. The paper explores the history of student-athlete mobilizations and demonstrates that it should come as no surprise to see increasingly public attempts in the future as student-athletes become more aware of their rights and the campaigns and concerns of others. Student-athletes may continue to influence public opinion and NCAA member institutions as the NCAA rules evolve in the era of social media and instant access to causes and campaigns.
Cube term blockers without finiteness

We show that an idempotent variety has a d-dimensional cube term if and only if its free algebra on two generators has no d-ary compatible cross. We employ Hall’s Marriage Theorem to show that an idempotent variety $${\mathcal{V}}$$ of finite signature whose fundamental operations have arities n 1, . . . , n k, has a d-dimensional cube term for some d if and only if it has one of dimension $${1 + \sum_{i=1}^{k} (n_{i} - 1)}$$ . This upper bound on the dimension of a minimal-dimension cube term for $${\mathcal{V}}$$ is shown to be sharp. We show that a pure cyclic term variety has a cube term if and only if it contains no 2- element semilattice. We prove that the Maltsev condition “existence of a cube term” is join prime in the lattice of idempotent Maltsev conditions.
Perspectives on process monitoring of industrial systems

Abstract Process monitoring systems are necessary for ensuring the long-term reliability of the operation of industrial systems. This article provides some perspectives on progress in the design of process monitoring systems over the last twenty years. Methods for each step of the process monitoring loop are summarized. The challenges in the field and opportunities for future research are discussed. When looking into the future, it is argued that advances are likely to come from combining different methods to exploit the strengths of various techniques while minimizing their weaknesses.
Equivariant algebraic K-theory of G-rings

A group action on the input ring or category induces an action on the algebraic K-theory spectrum. However, a shortcoming of this naive approach to equivariant algebraic K-theory is, for example, that the map of spectra with G-action induced by a G-map of G-rings is not equivariant. We define a version of equivariant algebraic K-theory which encodes a group action on the input in a functorial way to produce a genuine algebraic K-theory G-spectrum for a finite group G. The main technical work lies in studying coherent actions on the input category. A payoff of our approach is that it builds a unifying framework for equivariant topological K-theory, Atiyah’s Real K-theory, and existing statements about algebraic K-theory spectra with G-action. We recover the map from the Quillen–Lichtenbaum conjecture and the representational assembly map studied by Carlsson and interpret them from the perspective of equivariant stable homotopy theory.
Pyramid capitalism: Cronyism, regulation, and firm productivity in Egypt

We present novel evidence suggesting that cronyism had a negative effect on economic growth in Egypt, during a period when international organizations praised the country for its reforms of business regulation. We identify 385 politically connected firms under the Mubarak regime. This large database allows us to show that 4-digit sectors that experienced crony entry between 1996 and 2006 exhibited lower aggregate employment growth subsequently than those that did not. In manufacturing, labor productivity grew more slowly in sectors that experienced crony entry. Ample, though not definitive evidence suggests that this effect was causal. Crony entry skewed the distribution of employment toward smaller, less productive firms; crony firms do not appear to have entered sectors that would have also grown more slowly even in the absence of crony entry; and they enjoyed multiple regulatory and fiscal privileges that reduced competition and investments by non-crony firms, including trade protection and energy subsidies. These privileges account for the higher profits of politically connected firms.
The impact of weather insurance on consumption, investment, and welfare

I develop and estimate a dynamic stochastic optimization model to assess the impact of weather insurance on the consumption, investment, and welfare of farmers in developing countries. Weather insurance has the potential to provide large welfare gains, equivalent to a permanent increase in consumption of almost 17%. Moreover, it can allow for the adoption of riskier but more productive seeds, further enhancing welfare. The interplay with other uninsured risks, the presence of liquidity constraints, basis risk, and loading factor on the insurance premium may account for the low take‐up that is often empirically observed. Weather insurance welfare technology adoption G22 O12 O13 O16 O33 Q14
Ectopic models for endochondral ossification: comparing pellet and alginate bead culture methods.

Key aspects of native endochondral bone development and fracture healing can be mimicked in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) through standard in vitro chondrogenic induction. Exploiting this phenomenon has recently emerged as an attractive technique to engineer bone tissue, however relatively little is known about the best conditions for doing so. The objective of this study was to compare the bone forming capacity and angiogenic induction of hypertrophic cell constructs containing human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) primed for chondrogenesis in two different culture systems: high-density pellets and alginate bead hydrogels. hASC constructs were subjected to 4 weeks of identical chondrogenic induction in vitro, encapsulated in an agarose carrier, and then implanted subcutaneously in immune-compromised mice for 8 weeks to evaluate their endochondral potential. At the time of implantation, both pellets and beads expressed aggrecan and type II collagen, as well as alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and type X collagen. Interestingly, ASCs in pellets formed a matrix containing higher glycosaminoglycan and collagen content than that in beads, and ALP activity per cell was higher in pellets. However, after 8 weeks in vivo, pellets and beads induced an equivalent volume of mineralized tissue and a comparable level of vascularization. Although osteocalcin and osteopontin-positive osteogenic tissue and new vascular growth was found within both types of constructs, all appeared to be better distributed throughout the hydrogel beads. The results of this ectopic model indicate that hydrogel culture may be an attractive alternative to cell pellets for bone tissue engineering via the endochondral pathway.
Semi-External Memory Sparse Matrix Multiplication for Billion-Node Graphs

Sparse matrix multiplication is traditionally performed in memory and scales to large matrices using the distributed memory of multiple nodes. In contrast, we scale sparse matrix multiplication beyond memory capacity by implementing sparse matrix dense matrix multiplication (SpMM) in a semi-external memory (SEM) fashion; i.e., we keep the sparse matrix on commodity SSDs and dense matrices in memory. Our SEM-SpMM incorporates many in-memory optimizations for large power-law graphs. It outperforms the in-memory implementations of Trilinos and Intel MKL and scales to billion-node graphs, far beyond the limitations of memory. Furthermore, on a single large parallel machine, our SEM-SpMM operates as fast as the distributed implementations of Trilinos using five times as much processing power. We also run our implementation in memory (IM-SpMM) to quantify the overhead of keeping data on SSDs. SEM-SpMM achieves almost 100 percent performance of IM-SpMM on graphs when the dense matrix has more than four columns; it achieves at least 65 percent performance of IM-SpMM on all inputs. We apply our SpMM to three important data analysis tasks—PageRank, eigensolving, and non-negative matrix factorization—and show that our SEM implementations significantly advance the state of the art.
The Relationship Between Professional Burnout and Quality and Safety in Healthcare: A Meta-Analysis.

Background Healthcare provider burnout is considered a factor in quality of care, yet little is known about the consistency and magnitude of this relationship. This meta-analysis examined relationships between provider burnout (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment) and the quality (perceived quality, patient satisfaction) and safety of healthcare.
LOSS Revisited. II. The Relative Rates of Different Types of Supernovae Vary between Low- and High-mass Galaxies

In Paper I of this series, we showed that the ratio between stripped-envelope (SE) supernova (SN) and Type II SN rates reveals a significant SE SN deficiency in galaxies with stellar masses $\lesssim 10^{10}~{\rm M}_\odot$. Here, we test this result by splitting the volume-limited subsample of the Lick Observatory Supernova Search (LOSS) SN sample into low- and high-mass galaxies and comparing the relative rates of various SN types found in them. The LOSS volume-limited sample contains 180 SNe and SN impostors and is complete for SNe Ia out to 80 Mpc and core-collapse SNe out to 60 Mpc. All of these transients were recently reclassified by us in Shivvers et al. (2017). We find that the relative rates of some types of SNe differ between low- and high-mass galaxies: SNe Ib and Ic are underrepresented by a factor of ~3 in low-mass galaxies. These galaxies also contain the only examples of SN 1987A-like SNe in the sample and host about 9 times as many SN impostors. Normal SNe Ia seem to be ~30\% more common in low-mass galaxies, making these galaxies better sources for homogeneous SN Ia cosmology samples. The relative rates of SNe IIb are consistent in both low- and high-mass galaxies. The same is true for broad-line SNe Ic, although our sample includes only two such objects. The results presented here are in tension with a similar analysis from the Palomar Transient Factory, especially as regards SNe IIb.
Magnetocardiographic estimate of cardiac intervals in guinea pigs. Comparison between conscious and anesthetized conditions.

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility and reliability of Magnetocardiographic mapping (MCG), for the measurement of cardiac intervals and quantitative estimate of other MCG ventricular repolarization (VR) parameters, in unrestrained conscious Guinea pigs (GPs), taking into account possible gender-related differences, and in comparison with MCG of the same animals under anesthesia. 12 adult GPs (6 males and 6 females) were investigated with an unshielded 36-channel MCG system. Two sets of measurements were performed from each animal, at the age of 14 months: 1) awake (prone posture), 2) under anesthesia (supine). RR, PR, QRS, QTpeak, QTend, JTpeak, JTend and Tpeak-end intervals were measured. MCG imaging and quantitative analysis were automatically obtained as magnetic field maps (MFMs) and with the Equivalent Current Dipole (ECD) inverse solutions. As concerns interval durations, measured in the two sessions, a statistically significant difference was found only for the Tpeak-end interval. No gender-related differences of VR intervals were observed. Although MFMs were different as a function of the posture, the ECD localization at the QRSpeak, was properly centered in the heart and coincided within a 3-D uncertainty of less that 10 mm. MCG mapping is reliable for the assessment of cardiac intervals and VR, both in awake and in anaesthetized GPs. In non-aggressive rodents, MCG mapping does not require anesthesia and can be repeated multiple times, for circadian or long-term longitudinal pharmacological studies.
Transit migration : all roads lead to America

The paths of many migrants include multiple destinations and transit routes, yet this pattern is almost never reflected in empirical analyses. For example, 9 percent of recent immigrants to the United States arrived from a transit country as opposed to the country where they were born. Among those arriving from many high-income countries, the transit migration ratio exceeds 30 percent. To explain these patterns, this paper constructs a dynamic model of global migration that allows transit migration opportunities to impact the attractiveness of locations. After estimating the structural parameters of the model, the paper simulates various counterfactual scenarios to highlight the spillovers of transit migration paths.
Tails from the Orphanage

Examining a portion of the northern Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) footprint, we detect at least three and possibly seven halo debris streams. One of these (PS1-D) was recently detected in the Pan-STARRS1 3π survey, and the remaining two are also evident as extensions of the SDSS detections. All of these streams are metal-poor and are found at a distance of around 21 ± 5 kpc. The streams are between 65° and 70° in length, oriented almost north–south, and are nearly parallel and somewhat convergent with the neighboring Orphan stream. Surface densities ranging from 1.5 to 0.5 stars per square degree down to g = 21.7 correspond to surface brightnesses between 35 and 37 mag per square arcsecond. The streams each appear to be more than 300 pc across, suggesting either dwarf/ultrafaint galaxy progenitors or long-term heating of very ancient globular cluster streams. The orbits of all but one of these streams appear to be nearly radial, and the orbit normals suggest that all of the streams are part of the Vast Polar Structure, a relatively narrow plane that contains most of the known satellite galaxies, globular clusters, and stellar streams.
The thermodynamic evolution of the hurricane boundary layer during eyewall replacement cycles

Eyewall replacement cycles (ERCs) are frequently observed during the lifecycle of mature tropical cyclones. Although the kinematic structure and intensity changes during an ERC have been well-documented, comparatively little research has been done to examine the evolution of the tropical cyclone boundary layer (TCBL) during an ERC. This study will examine how the inner core thermal structure of the TCBL is affected by the presence of multiple concentric eyewalls using a high-resolution moist, hydrostatic, multilayer diagnostic boundary layer model. Within the concentric eyewalls above the cloud base, latent heat release and vertical advection (due to the eyewall updrafts) dominate the heat and moisture budgets, whereas vertical advection (due to subsidence) and vertical diffusion dominate the heat and moisture budgets for the moat region. Furthermore, it is shown that the development of a moat region within the TCBL depends sensitively on the moat width in the overlying atmosphere and the relative strength of the gradient wind field in the overlying atmosphere. These results further indicate that the TCBL contributes to outer eyewall formation through a positive feedback process between the vorticity in the nascent outer eyewall, boundary layer convergence, and boundary layer moist convection.
Algorithmic graph minors and bidimensionality

Graph Minor Theory, developed by Robertson and Seymour over two decades, provides powerful structural results about a wide family of graph classes (anything closed under deletion and contraction). In recent years, this theory has been extended and generalized to apply to many algorithmic problems. Bidimensionality theory is one approach to algorithmic graph minor theory. This theory provides general tools for designing fast (constructive, often subexponential) fixed-parameter algorithms, kernelizations, and approximation algorithms (often PTASs), for a wide variety of NP-hard graph problems for graphs excluding a fixed minor. For example, some of the most general algorithms for feedback vertex set and connected dominating set are based on bidimensionality. Another approach is "deletion and contraction decompositions", which split any graph excluding a fixed minor into a bounded number of small-treewidth graphs. For example, this approach has led to some of the most general algorithms for graph coloring and the Traveling Salesman Problem on graphs. I will describe these and other approaches to efficient algorithms through graph minors.