cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary Psychology and Rape Avoidance

Females of many species have recurrently faced the adaptive problem of rape. In humans, rape of women by men has occurred throughout history and across cultures. The costs associated with rape are severe, including psychological, physical, and reproductive costs. Thus, it is likely that women therefore may have evolved psychological mechanisms that motivate rape avoidance behaviors or cognitions that may diminish the likelihood of a rape occurring. Here I provide an overview of theoretical and research literature addressing women’s rape avoidance psychology and behavior from an evolutionary perspective.
Nonlinear Imputation of PaO2/FIO2 From SpO2/FIO2 Among Mechanically Ventilated Patients in the ICU: A Prospective, Observational Study.

Objectives:In the contemporary ICU, mechanically ventilated patients may not have arterial blood gas measurements available at relevant timepoints. Severity criteria often depend on arterial blood gas results. Retrospective studies suggest that nonlinear imputation of PaO2/FIO2 from SpO2/FIO2 is acc
Neprilysin Is Required for Angiotensin-(1-7)'s Ability to Enhance Insulin Secretion via Its Proteolytic Activity to Generate Angiotensin-(1-2).

Recent work has renewed interest in therapies targeting the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) to improve β-cell function in type 2 diabetes. Studies show that generation of angiotensin-(1–7) by ACE2 and its binding to the Mas receptor (MasR) improves glucose homeostasis, partly by enhancing glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Thus, islet ACE2 upregulation is viewed as a desirable therapeutic goal. Here, we show that, although endogenous islet ACE2 expression is sparse, its inhibition abrogates angiotensin-(1–7)–mediated GSIS. However, a more widely expressed islet peptidase, neprilysin, degrades angiotensin-(1–7) into several peptides. In neprilysin-deficient mouse islets, angiotensin-(1–7) and neprilysin-derived degradation products angiotensin-(1–4), angiotensin-(5–7), and angiotensin-(3–4) failed to enhance GSIS. Conversely, angiotensin-(1–2) enhanced GSIS in both neprilysin-deficient and wild-type islets. Rather than mediating this effect via activation of the G-protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) MasR, angiotensin-(1–2) was found to signal via another GPCR, namely GPCR family C group 6 member A (GPRC6A). In conclusion, in islets, intact angiotensin-(1–7) is not the primary mediator of beneficial effects ascribed to the ACE2/angiotensin-(1–7)/MasR axis. Our findings warrant caution for the concurrent use of angiotensin-(1–7) compounds and neprilysin inhibitors as therapies for diabetes.
The Failure Rates of Mixtures

Mixtures of distributions of lifetimes occur in many settings. In engineering applications, it is often the case that populations are heterogeneous, often with a small number of subpopulations. In survival analysis, selection effects can often occur. The concept of a failure rate in these settings becomes a complicated topic, especially when one attempts to interpret the shape as a function of time. Even if the failure rates of the subpopulations of the mixture have simple geometric or parametric forms, the shape of the mixture is often not transparent.
Physiology in Perspective: Physiology Provides Insight into Health.

I’m a physiologist, so I have no excuse. I know that exercise is good for me, but all too often I neglect physical activity for other pursuits, sitting at my desk for hours working on my computer. I know to get up and move around, to become more active. Sound familiar? Like so many of us, my
Image-Based Analysis to Dissect Vertical Distribution and Horizontal Asymmetry of Conspecific Root System Interactions in Response to Planting Densities, Nutrients and Root Exudates in Arabidopsis thaliana

Intraspecific competition is an important plant interaction that has been studied extensively aboveground, but less so belowground, due to the difficulties in accessing the root system experimentally. Recent in vivo and in situ automatic imaging advances help understand root system architecture. In this study, a portable imaging platform and a scalable transplant technique were applied to test intraspecific competition in Arabidopsis thaliana. A single green fluorescent protein labeled plant was placed in the center of a grid of different planting densities of neighboring unlabeled plants or empty spaces, into which different treatments were made to the media. The root system of the central plant showed changes in the vertical distribution with increasing neighbor density, becoming more positively kurtotic, and developing an increasing negative skew with time. Horizontal root distribution was initially asymmetric, but became more evenly circular with time, and mean direction was not affected by the presence of adjacent empty spaces as initially hypothesized. To date, this is the first study to analyze the patterns of both vertical and horizontal growth in conspecific root systems. We present a portable imaging platform with simplicity, accessibility, and scalability, to capture the dynamic interactions of plant root systems.
A stable partitioned FSI algorithm for rigid bodies and incompressible flow in three dimensions

Abstract This paper describes a novel partitioned algorithm for fluid–structure interaction (FSI) problems that couples the motion of rigid bodies and incompressible flow. This is the first partitioned algorithm that remains stable and second-order accurate, without sub-time-step iterations, for very light, and even zero-mass, bodies in three dimensions. This new added-mass partitioned (AMP) algorithm extends the previous developments in [1] , [2] by generalizing the added-damping tensors to account for arbitrary three-dimensional rotations, and by employing a general quadrature for the surface integral over a rigid body to derive the discrete AMP interface condition for the fluid pressure. Stability analyses for two three-dimensional model problems show that the algorithm remains stable for bodies of any mass when applied to the relevant model problems. The resulting AMP algorithm is implemented in parallel using a moving composite grid framework to treat one or more rigid bodies in complex three-dimensional configurations. The new three-dimensional algorithm is verified and validated though several benchmark problems, including the motion of a sphere in a viscous incompressible fluid and the interaction of a bi-leaflet mechanical heart valve and a pulsating fluid. Numerical simulations confirm the predictions of the stability analysis even for complex problems, and show that the AMP algorithm remains stable, without sub-iterations, for light and even zero-mass three-dimensional rigid bodies of general shape. These benchmark problems are further used to examine the parallel performance of the algorithm and to investigate the conditioning of the linear system for the pressure including the newly derived AMP interface conditions.
BET’ing on Dual JAK/BET Inhibition as a Therapeutic Strategy for Myeloproliferative Neoplasms

In this issue of Cancer Cell, Kleppe et al. describe a combination strategy designed to inhibit BET bromodomain and JAK/STAT signaling as a method for effectively inhibiting NF-κB and cytokine production in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). The results provide a strong rationale for clinical evaluation of dual BET/JAK inhibition in MPNs.
Daytime O/N 2 Retrieval Algorithm for the Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON)

The NASA Ionospheric Connection Explorer Far-Ultraviolet spectrometer, ICON FUV, will measure altitude profiles of the daytime far-ultraviolet (FUV) OI 135.6 nm and N2 Lyman-Birge-Hopfield (LBH) band emissions that are used to determine thermospheric density profiles and state parameters related to thermospheric composition; specifically the thermospheric column O/N2 ratio (symbolized as $\Sigma$ O/N2). This paper describes the algorithm concept that has been adapted and updated from one previously applied with success to limb data from the Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI) on the NASA Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) mission. We also describe the requirements that are imposed on the ICON FUV to measure $\Sigma$ O/N2 over any 500-km sample in daytime with a precision of better than 8.7%. We present results from orbit-simulation testing that demonstrates that the ICON FUV and our thermospheric composition retrieval algorithm can meet these requirements and provide the measurements necessary to address ICON science objectives.
Treaty, Custom and the Cross-fertilization of International Law

¶1 The title of this timely and innovative new journal raises basic questions about the connection between human rights norms and development norms. What is their hierarchical relationship? How does the content of one inform that of the other, if at all? Is the international legal order a "bric-a-brac" or a "system"? Is it an aggregate of disparate elements haphazardly brought together or a systematically organized and coherent structure? If the latter, what organizing techniques, if any, exist to assure hierarchy? ¶2 In this Article, I set out some introductory thoughts on the relationship between and the hierarchy among different norms of international law. To be clear, the subject of relationship and hierarchy has several aspects. One is the general relationship between different sources of legal obligation, in particular between treaty and custom. A second is the relationship between different subject matter areas of international law: For example, which prevails in a conflict between treaty norms of the law of development and the law of human rights, or between the law of international trade and the law of the environment? A third aspect merges the first two: What is the relationship between a treaty norm arising in one area of international law and a customary norm arising in another? In this paper, I focus on the third issue, which has received surprisingly little attention, while touching also on the first aspect. ¶3 The relationship between treaty and custom—particularly across subject matter areas— may appear rather esoteric. In fact, it is a problematic subject that arises with increasing frequency. The world of international law is, in institutional terms at least, significantly transformed from that of a generation ago in at least two ways. First, there are more international "legislatures"—formal international institutions, conferences of the parties established by treaties, and so on—which are adopting ever
Reproductive Endocrinology of Amphibians

Amphibians have the same basic repertoire of reproductive hormones as other vertebrates. For example, their hypothalamus synthesizes a decapeptide that is structurally and functionally similar to the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (LH-RH) of mammals. LH-RH stimulates the pituitary gland of amphibians to release two distinct gonadotropins, referred to as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) after the homologous mammalian gonadotropins. The gonadotropins travel through the blood to the gonads and stimulate gametogenesis and the synthesis of steroid hormones (progesterone, 17β-estradiol, testosterone, and 5&#x03B1-dihydrotestosterone). Despite similarities between the reproductive hormones of mammals and amphibians, amphibians are not simply hairless laboratory rats. In many respects, the reproductive endocrinology of amphibians is interesting and unique.
Measurement of Lactic Acid and Amino Acids in the Cerebral Cortex of Head-Injured Patients Using Microdialysis

Lactic acidosis and release of excitotoxic amino acids may contribute to secondary brain damage following head injury [1–6]. Microdialysis is one of the most promising new methods for analyzing these neurochemical alterations in the intensive care setting [7–17]. We analyzed the chemical composition of the extracellular space of the brain, which was continuously sampled using microdialysis in 15 brain-injured patients, and correlated these neurochemical data with information regarding intracranial pressure, jugular venous oxygen saturation, clinical events, and patient outcome.
Practice Patterns and Factors Influencing Selection of Patients for Bypass Surgery

Practice patterns of bypass surgery vary throughout the country depending upon the accessibility of catheterization and surgical facilities and upon the criteria used for patient selection. In the State of Washington, 1600 bypass operations were done in eight hospitals in 1975.1- The incidence of bypass surgery varied strikingly between eastern Washington (Spokane) and western Washington (Seattle). In western Washington, with a 2,391,140 population, 769 people had bypass surgery in 1975—an incidence of 32.2 per 100,000—whereas in western Washington, with a 737,500 population, 585 people had bypass surgery—an incidence of 79.3 per 100,000. In Alaska, where there are currently no cardiac surgery facilities, only 8.6 out of 100,000 people were sent to hospitals in Washington State for bypass surgery in 1975; a small unknown additional number were sent to more distant states for surgery. By comparison, 54,000 bypass operations were done nationwide in a population of 210,000,000 in 1975, an incidence of 23.8 bypass operations per 100,000 people.
Impact of Liner Metals on Copper Resistivity at Beyond 7nm Dimensions

The impacts of ruthenium and cobalt liners on copper resistivity have been investigated at beyond 7nm dimensions. Liner metal conduction was carefully evaluated in a Cu resistivity derivation using the temperature coefficient of resistivity (TCR) approach. Cu resistivity with Ru liner is higher than with a Co liner by 10-15%, which is verified by RC plot. The resistivity difference is attributed to interface scattering and possibly grain boundary scattering. Interface ab initio calculations show 3-7% increase of Cu resistivity from Co liner to Ru liner.
Ethical Issues Related to New Cellular Therapies and the IMPACT on Nursing Practice

Topic Significance & Study Purpose/Background/Rationale Nursing care for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) patients has always presented ethical challenges throughout the care continuum. Recent research indicates HSCT nurses frequently experiencing moral distress in situation related to diminished patient care quality due to poor team communication; provider giving false hope to patient or family; following family wishes to continue life support even when not in best interest of patient; patient care suffering due to lack of provider continuity; and initiating extensive life-saving actions when it is likely to only prolong death. With the addition of new cellular therapies, HSCT nurses find themselves caring for patients with hematologic and solid tumor malignancies with advanced or progressive disease. The promise of these new therapies with possible profound adverse effects promotes nursing concerns of unrealistic or uncertain patient expectations; questionable benefit versus harm in view of adverse events which have occurred in early clinical trials; and questionable patient understanding of the efficacy of phase 1 trials. Unresolved ethical issues may also contribute to team members’ burnout, compassion fatigue, and moral distress affecting recruitment and retention of healthcare team members. Methods, Intervention, & Analysis To assist nurses managing with these additional challenges the nursing leadership teams on the HSCT, leukemia and lymphoma units requested regular nursing ethics rounds to provide clinical nurses the opportunities to openly discuss their experience and distress with difficult patient situations. Nursing ethics rounds have been conducted monthly or every other month on different units for both days and night shift nurses. Clinical nurses have discussed concerns about patient selection, patient preparation for all possible outcomes, and their participation in administering treatment with uncertain or adverse outcomes. Current literature is presented on a relevant topic and continued education units are provided. Nurses are reminded of the resources available for immediate situational assistance (ethics consult) and individual assistance (employee assistance program). Findings & Interpretation Clinical nurses have discussed concerns about patient selection, patient preparation for all possible outcomes, and their participation in administering treatment with uncertain or adverse outcomes. Current literature is presented on a relevant topic and continued education units are provided. Nurses are reminded of the resources available for immediate situational assistance (ethics consult) and individual assistance (employee assistance program). Discussion & Implications Informal feedback has been positive and nurses have expressed appreciation for the opportunity to discuss their feelings about these new challenges.
Detection of respiratory phase and rate from chest surface measurements

Respiration is commonly monitored using direct measurement of airflow with a mouthpiece or other access to breathing airflow. Indirect methods, such as those based on electrocardiography or chest impedance, may be advantageous especially if they already need to be performed. When direct access to breathing airflow is difficult or inconvenient an indirect approach may be needed. Some physiological signals are known to be affected by respiration, suggesting possible utility for extracting a respiratory signal from these signals. In the current study, the performance of several non-invasive methods for respiratory flow monitoring was compared. The study investigated the correlation between lung volume changes and other physiological signals including: chest wall movement (WM), chest galvanic skin response (GSR) and seismocardiographic (SCG) signals. Respiratory airflow was simultaneously measured along with the proposed candidate modalities. The measured airflow signal was integrated to determine lung volume changes, which was chosen as the reference signal. A respiratory signal was extracted from each of the proposed modalities and compared with the lung volume signal. Using airflow measurements, the average respiratory rate was found to be 13.8 breath per minute in the study subjects. Comparisons of the respiratory rate from different methods suggested that the respiratory rate was successfully detected by all proposed methods (accuracy between 85-100%). The ability of different methods to detect the correct respiratory phase in the time domain varied. Among the proposed methods, GSR was found to have the highest agreement with the reference method in respiratory phase detection (94-98%). This indicates that GSR may be used to accurately identify both respiratory rate and lung volume phases. One important GSR benefit is that it only requires chest surface sensors, which would offer operational advantages when direct access to breathing airflow stream is undesirable.
Elite figure skaters’ experiences of harm in the coach-athlete relationship: A person-centered theory perspective

Carl Rogers’ person-centered theory indicates that genuineness, empathy, and unconditional positive regard (UPR) are critical for nurturing psychological development, well-being, and full functioni...
Investigating conflict perceptions among health profession students in an interprofessional education activity

Abstract Background If a goal of interprofessional education (IPE) is to facilitate a culture of collaboration among diverse professionals, then understanding the role of conflict among interprofessional education teams is necessary. Purpose The study investigated medical and nursing students’ perceptions of conflict and team satisfaction as well as individual performance to identify relationships between these variables. Method 121 medical and 44 nursing students from a Midwestern college of osteopathic medicine were randomly assigned to teams for a low-stakes, disaster triage activity and measured on their perceptions of task conflict, relationship conflict, team satisfaction, and also their performance on the triage activity. Discussion There was no statistically significant correlation between performance and any of the other three variables; however, there was a small, negative, significant correlation between relationship conflict and satisfaction, rs = −.181, p = .020, which had an effect size of R2 = .0327. Conclusion While the effect size is small, the findings raise the question of how the perception of conflict in interprofessional exposure activities might impact students’ willingness to pursue team-based approaches in their professional practice when the stakes are much higher.
Data democracy for psychology: how do people use contextual data to solve problems and why is that important for AI systems?

Abstract Psychology is a discipline with a long past, but short history. Psychological influences are found in every discipline from fine art to abstract mathematics because psychological forces are at play within the human behavior that necessitated the inception of those disciplines. Likewise, most disciplines' understanding of psychology is fundamentally similar, though the language used to describe the same psychological considerations may vary between an engineer and a writer. In psychology, we look at how individuals develop a pattern of behavior over the different developmental stages and then scaffold in new information to fit into the evolving schema over time. This chapter takes a similar approach to investigating why and how contextual understanding is important in developing more efficient artificial intelligence.
Ring-opening metathesis polymerization of cobaltocenium derivative to prepare anion exchange membrane with high ionic conductivity

Abstract An efficient method to incorporate a cobaltocenium cation into polymers for anion exchange membranes is described. A cobaltocenium-containing norbornene derivative has been synthesized. It can be homopolymerized, or copolymerized with norbornene, by ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) with quantitative yields. The composition of the random copolymers can be precisely controlled by adjusting the feed ratio of the monomers. The resulting polymers can be cast into thin robust membranes. The morphology of the membranes is characterized by humidity controlled SAXS and TEM, showing disordered interconnected cobaltocenium domains. The high ionic conductivity suggests that such membranes are good candidates for anion exchange membranes.
Enoxaparin Effect on Pregnancy Outcomes in a Patient with Elevated Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1.

Background Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) inhibits tPA and creates a prothrombotic state. Gene polymorphisms of PAI-1 are associated with elevated levels and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Case A 36-year-old gravida 6, para 1-1-3-1 with elevated prepregnancy PAI-1 levels, a history of early-onset preeclampsia with severe features superimposed on chronic hypertension, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), presented with a dichorionic-diamniotic twin gestation. She was managed with aspirin and enoxaparin and delivered appropriately grown twins at 36 weeks and 3 days, due to the development of preeclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension. She was discharged not on enoxaparin and represented with pulmonary edema on postoperative day 8. Conclusion It is reasonable to consider testing certain patients with recurrent pregnancy loss and/or early preeclampsia with severe features for PAI-1. If levels are elevated, treatment with prophylactic enoxaparin may be beneficial. Further research is needed to determine the effect of this therapy in patients with exceedingly poor perinatal outcomes to better assess for any impact on improved outcomes.
Hybrid RANS-LES Methods with Continuous Mode Variation

The most convenient way to overcome the cost issue of large eddy simulation (LES) for high Reynolds number (Re) turbulent wall flows and the reliability problem of Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations is the development of hybrid RANS-LES methods (Frohlich et al. in Prog. Aerosp. Sci. 44(5):349–377, 2008, [3]; Chaouat in Flow Turbul. Combust. 99(2):279–327, 2017, [2]).
An ecological driver for the macroevolution of morphological polymorphism within colonial invertebrates

Colonial marine invertebrates, such as corals and bryozoans, have modular growth. Individual modules within a colony are homologous to an individual solitary animal body. But in contrast to the predominately sexual origin of solitary animal bodies, modules within a colony are always produced asexually. The repetition of modules and the indeterminism of their organization gives colonies the ability to grow in ways solitary animals cannot. Colonial invertebrates consequently grow in such a way as to resemble weeds, bushes, or trees. The multitude of growth forms of colonial invertebrates arise from differences how individual colonies within a species tend to invest their energy into modular growth, persistence, asexual propagation, and sexual reproduction. Moreover, many colonial invertebrates possess several body types, morphological polymorphism among modules, where modules qualitatively differ in shape, size, and function. In this paper, I propose a mechanism that links the origin of novel body types to the evolution of life-history strategies among species. When colonies first evolve from solitary ancestors, the life-history strategy of the colony remains constrained by the life-history strategies of the individual modules within the colony until a new polymorph type evolves. The addition of novel body types within a colony introduces potential variation in life-history strategies. Colonies can then change strategies by regulating the frequencies of body types within the colony. This, along with the ability of body types to simplify their structure permits colonies to evolve more complex life-histories. Each new polymorph type that evolves permits more variation in colonial life-histories to exist.
Functional Assessment of Intestinal Permeability and Neutrophil Transepithelial Migration in Mice using a Standardized Intestinal Loop Model

The intestinal mucosa is lined by a single layer of epithelial cells that forms a dynamic barrier allowing paracellular transport of nutrients and water while preventing passage of luminal bacteria and exogenous substances. A breach of this layer results in increased permeability to luminal contents and recruitment of immune cells, both of which are hallmarks of pathologic states in the gut including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Mechanisms regulating epithelial barrier function and transepithelial migration (TEpM) of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are incompletely understood due to the lack of experimental in vivo methods allowing quantitative analyses. Here, we describe a robust murine experimental model that employs an exteriorized intestinal segment of either ileum or proximal colon. The exteriorized intestinal loop (iLoop) is fully vascularized and offers physiological advantages over ex vivo chamber-based approaches commonly used to study permeability and PMN migration across epithelial cell monolayers. We demonstrate two applications of this model in detail: (1) quantitative measurement of intestinal permeability through detection of fluorescence-labeled dextrans in serum after intraluminal injection, (2) quantitative assessment of migrated PMN across the intestinal epithelium into the gut lumen after intraluminal introduction of chemoattractants. We demonstrate feasibility of this model and provide results utilizing the iLoop in mice lacking the epithelial tight junction-associated protein JAM-A compared to controls. JAM-A has been shown to regulate epithelial barrier function as well as PMN TEpM during inflammatory responses. Our results using the iLoop confirm previous studies and highlight the importance of JAM-A in regulation of intestinal permeability and PMN TEpM in vivo during homeostasis and disease. The iLoop model provides a highly standardized method for reproducible in vivo studies of intestinal homeostasis and inflammation and will significantly enhance understanding of intestinal barrier function and mucosal inflammation in diseases such as IBD.
The Potential Contribution of the Health System to Reducing Stunting in SUN Countries.

Background:The global nutrition community has called for a multisectoral approach to improve nutritional outcomes. While most essential nutrition interventions are delivered through the health syst...
Parent Ratings of Generalized and Indirect Effects of Functional Communication Training for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Functional communication training (FCT) is a behavioral treatment that has been shown to reduce problem behavior and increase appropriate communication in young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In this study, we assessed the effects of FCT on targeted and nontargeted problem behaviors outside of the training context, as well as parent stress, for 30 young children with ASD and their parents. Indirect measures of generalization treatment effects were administered prior to and following FCT treatment delivered via telehealth. Children demonstrated significant improvement on both targeted (measured via observation) and nontargeted (measured via checklist) problem behaviors, both within and outside of the training context, and parent stress was significantly reduced following treatment. These results suggest that the impact of FCT may extend beyond the training context for both the children being treated and the parents delivering treatment, even when generalization is not specifically programmed for during treatment.
Setting Standards: The National Quality Forum

When AHRQ assumed the responsibility from the Quality Interagency Coordination Task Force (QuIC) report, Doing What Counts for Patient Safety, to develop practice changes to reduce harm from medical errors, it faced two problems: there were few proven safe practices, and there was a dearth of standards by which to evaluate them. A standard setter was needed.
A Review of Research on Disparities in the Care of Black and White Patients With Cancer in Detroit.

Racial disparities in cancer incidence and outcomes are well-documented in the US, with Black people having higher incidence rates and worse outcomes than White people. In this review, we present a summary of almost 30 years of research conducted by investigators at the Karmanos Cancer Institute’s (KCI’s) Population Studies and Disparities Research (PSDR) Program focusing on Black-White disparities in cancer incidence, care, and outcomes. The studies in the review focus on individuals diagnosed with cancer from the Detroit Metropolitan area, but also includes individuals included in national databases. Using an organizational framework of three generations of studies on racial disparities, this review describes racial disparities by primary cancer site, disparities associated with the presence or absence of comorbid medical conditions, disparities in treatment, and disparities in physician-patient communication, all of which contribute to poorer outcomes for Black cancer patients. While socio-demographic and clinical differences account for some of the noted disparities, further work is needed to unravel the influence of systemic effects of racism against Black people, which is argued to be the major contributor to disparate outcomes between Black and White patients with cancer. This review highlights evidence-based strategies that have the potential to help mitigate disparities, improve care for vulnerable populations, and build an equitable healthcare system. Lessons learned can also inform a more equitable response to other health conditions and crises.
Glacier geometry and flow speed determine how Arctic marine-terminating glaciers respond to lubricated beds

Abstract. Basal conditions directly control the glacier sliding rate and the dynamic discharge of ice flow. Recent glacier destabilization events indicate that some marine-terminating glaciers quickly respond to lubricated beds with increased flow speed, but the underlying physics, especially how this vulnerability relates to glacier geometry and flow characteristics, remains unclear. This paper presents a 1-D physical framework for glacier dynamic vulnerability assuming sudden basal lubrication as an initial perturbation. In this new model, two quantities determine the scale and the areal extent of the subsequent thinning and acceleration after the bed is lubricated: Peclet number (Pe) and the product of glacier speed and thickness gradient (dubbed J0 in this study). To validate the model, this paper calculates Pe and J0 using multi-sourced data from 1996–1998 for outlet glaciers in Greenland and Austfonna Ice Cap, Svalbard, and compares the results with the glacier speed change during 1996/1998–2018. Glaciers with lower Pe and J0 are more likely to accelerate during this 20-year span than those with higher Pe and J0, which matches the model prediction. A combined factor of ice thickness, surface slope, and initial speed for ice flow physically determines how much and how fast glaciers respond to lubricated beds, as forms of speed, elevation, and terminus change.
Combining Evidence from Multiple Studies

The analysis of multiple carcinogenicity studies, each dealing with the same agent or compound, has not received much attention in the literature. The main reason for this is that such studies usually are not repeated by the same sponsor. The data from multiple studies might be available, but usually the studies are conducted on a variety of species in different laboratories.
COST SAVINGS FROM AVMC SYSTEMS IN TRUCKING

This paper presents a brief overview of a methodology by which the cost savings of advanced vehicle monitoring and communication (AVMC) systems in long distance or intercity trucking can be quantified. The model can be used for two purposes: 1) for initial feasibility of studies of AVMC systems; and, 2) for evaluation of systems that are in place.
Chapter 7 Genetic studies on the functions of membrane-forming phospholipids

Publisher Summary Advances in the ability to assign a specific function to a particular subclass of lipids have come from the analysis of mutants that are defective in a specific phospholipid (PL) biosynthetic reaction. This chapter illustrates example in which genetic studies have implicated a particular subset of lipids in a specific membrane function, such as the involvement of acidic phospholipids in the initiation of chromosome replication and in protein translocation in Escherichia coli. The ability of the yeast cell to maintain a critical phospholipid composition in Golgi membranes is an important factor for sustained Golgi secretory function. The production of PLs is essential to the growth of E. coli—the defects in the production of phosphatidic acid in plsB, plsX double mutant strains result in the cessation of growth after PL content has been reduced by 30%. The chapter also describes the pathways of phospholipid synthesis in Sacchnronlyces cerevisiae. Mutations in the LCB1 gene cause defects in the synthesis of 3-ketosphinganine and result in phytosphingosine auxotrophy.
The Sleepless Child

The sleepless child is a frequent concern in pediatric office visits. Approximately 20–30 % of children have bedtime problems or nighttime awakenings. Sleep issues are a result of the combination of biological, circadian, and neurodevelopmental factors which interact with both environmental and behavioral variables. It is important to ascertain from the history the nature and consequence of the insomnia versus a variation of normal sleep, perceived as a problem by family or child. This chapter describes the clinical presentation, evaluation, and treatment options of the sleepless child. Insomnia may describe a child having difficulty falling asleep or refer to a child having multiple awakenings during the night. Insomnia symptoms in children may be caused by a medical sleep disorder or due to behaviors on the part of the child or caregiver. Therefore the evaluation includes clinical history and may include diagnostic tests specific to possible diagnoses. Treatment should first focus on the underlying medical sleep disorder causing the difficulty to fall asleep or stay asleep. Behavioral modifications (behavioral treatments) may be effective alone or during concurrent treatment for the medical sleep disorder. Expectations of treatment should also be discussed clearly with caregivers.
The organometallic chemistry of phenalene : Neutral and cationic η2-complexes of phenalene

Abstract The first η 2 -complexes of phenalene (I) have been prepared and characterized. The most stable of these is (η 2 -phenalene)MnCpMe(CO) 2 obtained from the photolysis of I and (methylcyclopentadienyl)tricarbonylmanganese(O) in hexane. Two iron complexes were also prepared: (phenalene)tetracarbonyliron(O) and dicarbonyl(η 5 -cyclopentadienyl)(η 2 -phenalene)iron(II) tetrafluoroborate.
Establishment of Left-Right Asymmetry in Vertebrates: Genetically Distinct Steps are Involved

Vertebrates exhibit a characteristic pattern of asymmetrical positioning of the visceral organs along the left-right axis. A remarkable developmental step establishes this pattern--primitive organs migrate from symmetrical midline positions of origin into lateral positions. The first organ to pursue such movement is the cardiac tube, which forms a rightward 'D' loop; other organs follow concordantly. The signals and mechanisms directing such organ migration can be studied by analysis of heritable defects of humans and mice. In general, these defects behave as loss-of-function mutations that lead to random determination of visceral situs: for an affected embryo there is an equal chance of correct situs or situs inversus. Distinct phenotypes and patterns of inheritance of these defects suggest that at least three genes are involved in left-right determination, apparently members of a developmental pathway. These genes should be amenable to molecular analysis. We are studying a recessive allele of the mouse called inversus viscerum (iv). Using linkage analysis with cloned restriction fragment length polymorphism markers, we have genetically mapped the iv gene to the distal portion of mouse chromosome 12. We are now pursuing isolation of the gene using methods of positional cloning. Analysis of the iv gene product and of its site and timing of expression may offer clues to how left-right lateralization occurs.
La entrevista y los pactos comunicativos: ¿Quién detenta el poder?

The paper focuses on th e analysis of an interview with a psychiatrist from the perspective of communicative exchanges and their impact on the interviewee and interviewer in order to investigate the circulation of power and the construction of the semiolinguistics world. Key wor ds: Discourse analysis - interdisciplinary - social sciences – interview - power Resume Le document met l'accent sur l'analyse d'un entretien avec un psychiatre du point de vue des echanges de communication et leur impact sur l'interviewe et intervieweur afin d'enqueter sur la circulation du povoir et la construction semiolinguistique du mo nde. Mots - cles: Analyse du discours - sciences sociales - interdisciplinaire - interviewer - pouvoir
Tracking healthy behaviors in Head Start children (251.7)

Background. Overweight among preschoolers remains a public health concern, especially in low-income children. Methods. To encourage healthy behaviors, Head Start families participated in a 6-week p...
Hypoelliptic random heat kernels: A case study

We consider the fundamental solution of a simple hypoelliptic stochastic partial differential equation in which the first-order term is modulated by white noise. We derive some short-time asymptotic formulae. We discover that the form of the dominant short-time asymptotics depends nontrivially upon the interplay between the geometry of the noisy first-order term and the geometry defined by the hypoelliptic operator.
Induction of nuclear factor κB after low-dose ionizing radiation involves a reactive oxygen intermediate signaling pathway

Reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) have been found to be the messengers in the activation of the kappa B transcription regulator in mitogen- or cytokine-stimulated cells, operating in conjunction with or independently of various other mechanisms; these include Ca(++)-dependent and PKC-dependent cytoplasmic signaling pathways. We have recently reported that low-dose ionizing radiation induces NF-kappa B in human lymphoblastoid 244B cells. Since ionizing radiation generates free radicals in cells, we have investigated whether the ROIs generated by ionizing radiation induce NF-kappa B activity, and also whether they do so by a similar mechanism as in cells treated with PMA or H2O2. The results not only confirm a previous observation from our laboratory that low-dose ionizing radiation (0.1-2.0 Gy) activates kappa B transcription factor transiently with a maximal induction at 0.5 Gy exposure, but also demonstrate mechanistically that the activation of NF-kappa B by low-dose ionizing radiation can be inhibited considerably by the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine, indicating that at least the major part of the activation process is mediated by ROIs. These findings support the idea that ROIs can regulate the kappa B elements which in turn can serve as response elements for oxidant stress.
Interpreting adult stature in industrial London

Objectives This study examines adult stature and its association with risk of mortality in two skeletal collections from industrializing London, taking sex and socioeconomic status into account as potential sources of heterogeneity in frailty. Methods Mean femur and tibia lengths and the distributions of short femora and tibiae were examined in adult skeletons from the cemeteries at Lower Saint Bride's (low status) and Chelsea Old Church (high status). Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine if stature was associated with risk of mortality and how that relationship varied with sex and socioeconomic status. Results High-status females had significantly longer femora, but not tibiae, on average, than low-status females. There were no status-based differences in mean element lengths among males. There were sex and status based differences in the distribution of short femora and tibiae, and there was a significant negative association between tibia length and risk of mortality in high-status females. Discussion The results may be explained by differences in subadult mortality, potentially due to variation in infant feeding practices. Low-status infants were more likely to live in pathogenic environments and less likely to be breastfed, leading to both stature and immunological deficits, thus minimizing the association between adult stature and mortality, as the shortest individuals did not survive into adulthood. The ways in which migration and repeated epidemics of plague may have shaped stature variation during industrialization are also discussed, highlighting the importance of context in understanding the association between stature and mortality. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Event qualification: a gateway to at-speed system testing

The author describes an event qualification architecture that can be designed into ICs to provide the timing and control required to activate an IC's test logic effectively during normal system operation. The proposed approach combines boundary test logic with a patented event qualification (EQUAL) architecture that can be incorporated into IC designs. While the EQUAL architecture can be used to control a variety of different IC test structures, combining it with boundary test logic is ideal for testing at-speed data transfers between ICs on a board design. EQUAL's ability to enable boundary test logic to capture at-speed data transfers between ICs allows testing for timing-sensitive and/or intermittent failures that may occur during system operation. The capabilities described here are based on results from an experiment in which a board was designed with prototype ICs that include boundary test logic and EQUAL architecture. Experimental results showed that the approach allowed meaningful at-speed test data to be obtained nonintrusively from an operating circuit board, using only scan access to set up the test and extract the results. >
Path dependence of three-phase or two-phase end points in fluid binary lipid mixtures.

The phase behavior of anionic/zwitterionic mixtures can be controlled by tuning the charge state of the anionic lipid. In the case of dioleoylphosphatidic acid (DOPA)/dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (D...
Fundamentals of statistical signal processing: estimation theory

(1995). Fundamentals of Statistical Signal Processing: Estimation Theory. Technometrics: Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 465-466.
FULL AB INITIO COMPUTATION OF PROTEIN-WATER INTERACTION ENERGIES

A method to perform full quantum mechanical (ab initio) calculation of interaction energy involving a macromolecule like protein has recently been developed. This new scheme, named molecular fractionation with conjugate caps (MFCC), decomposes a protein molecule into amino acid-based fragments. These individual fragments are properly treated to preserve the chemical property of the bonds that are cut. Through proper combination of interaction energies between the molecule and individual fragments and their conjugate caps, the full protein-molecule interaction energy can be obtained to a high degree-of-accuracy by full ab initio calculations. Here we report a benchmark full ab initio calculation of interaction energy between a HIV-1 gp41 protein (with 982 atoms) and a water molecule at various geometries using HF (Hartree Fock), DFT (density functional theory) and MP2 (second-order Moller-Plesset perturbation theory) methods on a standard workstation.
Chlorophyll differences in Mono Lake (California) observable on Landsat imagery

In Mono Lake (California), a large saline lake, chlorophyll concentrations in the euphotic zone increased from 4 to 45 µg l−1 between July and October 1979. These seasonal changes in chlorophyll are detectable on imagery obtained with the multispectral scanner on Landsat. Computer-compatible tapes of Landsat images were normalized for solar zenith and corrected for atmospheric scatter and absorption to obtain Landsat band 4 emittances (W m−2 str−1) of 13.4 ± 0.5 when chlorophyll was 4 µg l−1 and 4.6 ± 0.3 when chlorophyll was 45 µg l−1. Lake wide, spatial heterogeneity of chlorophyll of 2 µg l−1 in July and 8 µg l−1 in October was not detectable on the Landsat imagery.
A DESENSITIZED DISPLACEMENT INTERFEROMETER APPLIED TO IMPACT RECOVERY EXPERIMENTS

A variable sensitivity displacement interferometer (VSDI) used to monitor both normal and in‐plane particle displacements in stress wave propagation experiments is introduced. The general system consists of two interferometers working in tandem. Normally reflected light is interfered with each of two symmetrically diffracted light beams generated by the specimen rear surface. In cases where the surface motion simultaneously exhibits both in‐plane and normal displacements, the fringes represent a linear combination of the longitudinal and transverse components of motion. Decoupling of the normal and in‐plane displacement histories can be achieved through a linear combination of the two VSDI records. The variable sensitivity feature of the VSDI greatly desensitizes normal displacement measurements and is particularly well suited for wave propagation studies. Experimental results are presented which demonstrate the application of this technique to monitoring particle motion histories in pressure‐shear recove...