cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Majorana excitations, spin and mass currents on the surface of topological superfluid 3 He-B

The B-phase of superfluid ${}^{3}$He is a 3D time-reversal-invariant topological superfluid with an isotropic energy gap, $\ensuremath{\Delta}$, separating the ground state and bulk continuum states. We report calculations of surface spectrum and spin and mass current densities originating from the Andreev surface states for confined ${}^{3}$He-B. The surface states are Majorana Fermions with their spins polarized transverse to their direction of propagation along the surface, ${\mathbf{p}}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}$. The negative-energy states give rise to a ground-state helical spin current confined on the surface. The spectral functions reveal the subtle role of the spin-polarized surface states in relation to the ground-state spin current. By contrast, these states do not contribute to the $T=0$ mass current. Superfluid flow through a channel of confined ${}^{3}$He-B is characterized by the flow field, ${\mathbf{p}}_{s}=\frac{\ensuremath{\hbar}}{2}\ensuremath{\nabla}\ensuremath{\varphi}$. The flow field breaks $\mathrm{SO}{(2)}_{{\mathrm{L}}_{\mathrm{z}}+{\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{z}}}$ rotational symmetry and time reversal ($T$). However, the Bogoliubov-Nambu Hamiltonian remains invariant under the combined symmetry, ${U}_{\mathrm{z}}(\ensuremath{\pi})\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}T$, where ${U}_{\mathrm{z}}(\ensuremath{\pi})$ is a $\ensuremath{\pi}$ rotation about the surface normal. As a result the B phase in the presence of a superflow remains a topological phase with a gapless spectrum of Majorana modes on the surface. Thermal excitation of the Doppler-shifted Majorana branches leads to a power-law suppression of the superfluid mass current for $0lT\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.5{T}_{c}$, providing a direct signature of the Majorana branches of surface excitations in the fully gapped 3D topological superfluid, ${}^{3}$He-B. Results are reported for the superfluid fraction (mass current) and helical spin current for confined ${}^{3}$He-B, including the temperature dependencies, as well as dependencies on confinement, pressure and interactions between quasiparticles.
Dynamic Biphasic Counterion Exchange in a Configurationally Stable Aziridinium Ion: Efficient Synthesis and Isolation of a Koga C2-Symmetric Tetraamine Base

An efficient synthetic process for chiral tetraamine base (R,R)-5 is reported that leverages mechanistic understanding to enable control over key transformations. Specifically, a configurationally stable and observable aziridinium ion intermediate was found to undergo counterion exchange impacting the feasibility of the process. Mechanistic investigations revealed that both counterion exchange and trapping of the aziridinium ion were biphasic events and that the former could be suppressed at lower temperatures, facilitating the reaction on both small and large scales. The mechanistic insights gained have led to the development of an efficient one-pot process that enables preparation of multiple kilograms of (R,R)-5 as a crystalline solid without chromatography in excellent chemical and chiral purity.
Gang Leader for a Day: A Rogue Sociologist Takes to the Streets

Perhaps a part of each of us desires to be an explorer into territory that we believe is "unknown" to the larger or "mainstream" world. Our ability to navigate and survive this exploration can then be presented as a badge of honor to those who are not as fearless. The tone of Gang Leader for a Day often reflects this bravado, as Venkatesh recounts his time spent in the Robert Taylor Homes and with J.T., a leader in the Black Kings (BK) gang. Though Venkatesh later expands his research role in the Robert Taylor Homes community, much of his fieldwork centers around the activities to which J.T. exposes him. Early in the book, Venkatesh recounts the "thrill" afforded him by his entree into J.T.'s world. This excitement is repeated three times, in fact, in the space of three pages (pp. 29-31). Here is one example: "It was pretty thrilling to have a gang boss calling me up to go hang out with him" (p. 29). During this account of his exploits, Venkatesh expresses real concern for individuals at Robert Taylor he has grown to care about, but while he regularly states that his work is dispelling the frequent stereotypes of poor people, I am not sure if he has successfully done so in this book. Like Venkatesh, I also spent time in public housing developments (high-rise and low-rise) in the early 1990s, though it was not for the sake of research. (Nearly a decade later, I interviewed scores of families who had moved out of public housing, though this happened after their relocation.) After moving to Philadelphia in 1991, I tutored kids and ran evening youth clubs in two public housing developments, one of which was a couple blocks away from where I lived. The families with whom I built relationships were, like Venkatesh's informants, not necessarily representative of the whole population. Although a handful of the children and teens were from apartments where their mothers suffered from a debilitating
The liquid−liquid extraction of copper(II), nickel(II), and cobalt(II) with 2,2'-pyridil-mono-(2-quinolylhydrazone)

Abstract A 1:1 synthesis of 2-quinolylhydrazine with 2,2′-pyridil yields the hydrazone 2,2′-pyridil-mono-(2-quinolylhydrazone). In either the Z or E isomeric configuration, the molecule can serve as a tridentate ligand. Equilibrium studies were carried out to determine the effects of pH and concentration of ligand and metal on the distribution of the extracted complex into methyl isobutyl ketone. Graphical analysis of the slopes of the plot of the logarithm of the distribution coefficient vs pH, log [ligand], and log [M(II)] will determine the stoichiometry and polymerization of the complex. In the extraction of Cu(II), Ni(II), and Co(II), there is a small change in log D, where D is the distribution coefficient, with pH indicating the presence of a weakly dissociated ligand. Ligand:metal (1:1) ion-paired species are extracted, each having three absorption peaks in the region 400-550 nm. While a spectrophotometrtc method for each element does not seem feasible due to simultaneous extraction and overlapping absorbances, an extractive-atomic absorption method for the analysis of 1.6 ppm of Cu(II) is presented. Excesses of 20-70 ppm Co(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Cl−, NO3−, and SO42− do not interfere.
Should we reject the expertise hypothesis

On the basis of a review of the literature and the results of three experiments with dog experts, Robbins and McKone [Robbins, R. A., & McKone, E. (2006). No face-like processing for objects-of-expertise in three behavioural tasks, Cognition] argue that there is little or no evidence supporting an expertise account of the differences in configural processing that are typically observed between faces and non-face objects. In the spirit of a debate that has become overly polarized, we believe that R&M often emphasized relatively unimportant controversial issues at the expense of bigger, more important questions. We also feel that some of R&M's arguments are rooted in methodological confusions that should be clarified because they have implications beyond this specific debate. In this commentary, we first clarify issues surrounding the proper statistical analysis of the composite paradigm, a methodology that is commonly used to assess configural and holistic effects in both face and non-face objects. We then discuss several theoretical issues that we feel are central to the debate regarding accounts of face-specificity. We also briefly review positive evidence for the correlation between measures of behavioral expertise and neural markers of face-selectivity. Unlike R&M, we believe the positive evidence for expertise effects, both behavioral and neural, greatly outweighs evidence stemming from null results and that it clearly motivates the importance of future work on the role of experience in the specialization of visual cortex.
The Northwoods Factor: A Rural Influence on a Suburban College.

Abstract This paper describes efforts to introduce suburban preservice teachers to a rural setting by providing opportunities for educational interactions with teachers and students in rural schools. Also considered is the enhancement of classes offered by the department's teacher preparation program by conducting them in a rural setting on a campus owned by the institution. Through testing, interviewing preservice teachers, and critiquing courses, these classes were evaluated to discern whether the academic integrity of the courses was maintained and to determine the effects of the rural setting on students' perceptions of teaching. The results point to a growing understanding of rural education among the college students and an appreciation of the rural setting for providing a space for critical reflections and discussions on educational philosophies. It also appears that these courses and practica maintain at least comparable academic rigor to those on the main, suburban campus.
Induction of stress proteins in SV-40 transformed human RPE-derived cells by organic oxidants.

The expression and induction of heat shock proteins (HSPs) were examined in cultured SV-40-transformed human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE)-derived cells following exposure to chemical oxidants. Concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and the organic oxidants tert-butyl hydroperoxide, cumene hydroperoxide and linoleic acid hydroperoxide were used under conditions where cell viability was between 75% and 90% as determined by the trypan blue exclusion tests. The types of HSPs that are either induced and/or elevated from constitutive levels in cultured transformed cells were separated both by SDS-PAGE and by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Subsequent immunoblotting was performed with both a monoclonal antibody (MAb C92) specific for only the stress-inducible form of HSP 70, namely HSP 72, and with a monoclonal antibody (MAb N27) specific for both the stress-inducible HSP 72 and its constitutive form, HSP 73. As positive controls for comparison, other types of stressing agents were used that included heat ...
Application of recent controller configurations to an HVDC system

Abstract This paper deals with the comparison of the performance of various controllers at the rectifier terminal of an HVDC system feeding into a weak AC system. The comparison of these controller configurations is presented in terms of the system stability, system start-up time, and the system recovery following selected faults. The measures considered for system recovery are the dynamic over-voltages and the DC power recovery time. It is found that some controllers are best for improving system stability and start-up while others are best for improving the system recovery from various faults. Hence an intelligent controller could be built whose configuration may be adapted according to the operating conditions.
The Role of Interstitial Fluid Pressurization and Surface Porosities on the Boundary Friction of Articular Cartilage

Articular cartilage is the remarkable bearing material of diarthrodial joints. Experimental measurements of its friction coefficient under various configurations have demonstrated that it is load-dependent, velocity-dependent, and time-dependent, and it can vary from values as low as 0.002 to as high as 0.3 or greater. Yet, many studies have suggested that these frictional properties are not dependent upon the viscosity of synovial fluid. In this paper, a theoretical formulation of a boundary friction modelfor articular cartilage is described and verified directly against experimental results in the configuration of confined compression stress-relaxation. The mathematical formulation of the friction model can potentially explain many of the experimentally observed frictional responses in relation to the pressurization of the interstitial fluid inside cartilage during joint loading, and the equilibrium friction coefficient which prevails in the absence of such pressurization. In this proposed model, it is also hypothesized that surface porosities play a role in the regulation of the frictional response of cartilage. The good agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental results of this study provide support for the proposed boundary friction formulation.
Affective Labor and Governmental Policy: George W. Bush's New Freedom Commission on Mental Health

As affective labor is becoming more dominant in contemporary capitalism, the affect of the body politic is increasingly important. This article argues for a theory of the affective state apparatus to account for the state‟s role in governing the affect of the population. An analysis of George W. Bush‟s Achieving the Promise: Transforming Mental Health Care in America reveals that an affective state apparatus functions to capture, constitute, and circulate the affects of the population. This article contends that an affective state apparatus operates through the very intimacies of our bodies in order to produce ever more efficient and productive capitalist subjects.
Simulation of stable tearing crack growth events using the cohesive zone model approach

Abstract A cohesive zone model (CZM) approach is applied to simulate Mode I and mixed-mode I/II stable tearing crack growth events in Arcan specimens made of 2024-T3 aluminum alloy. The material is treated as elastic–plastic following the J2 flow theory of plasticity, and the triangular cohesive law is employed to describe the traction-separation relation in the cohesive zone ahead of the crack front. Simulations are carried out using the 3D finite element method. CZM parameter values are chosen based on considerations of values suggested in the literature and by matching simulation predictions with experimental data of the load–crack extension curve for a Mode I stable tearing crack growth event. With the same set of CZM parameter values, simulations are performed for mixed-mode I/II stable tearing crack growth events. A good agreement is reached between simulation predictions of the load–crack extension curve and experimental results. To connect with a simulation approach based on the crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) at a fixed distance behind the current crack front, the variation of CTOD with crack extension is examined under both Mode I and Mode I/II conditions. It is found that CZM simulation predictions of the CTOD variation with crack extension agree well with experimental measurements. The results of this study suggest that CZM based simulations can predict the critical CTOD value which, in CTOD based simulations, is used as an input and is conventionally obtained from experimental measurements. The findings of the current study demonstrate the applicability of the CZM approach in mixed-mode stable tearing simulations and establish a connection between the CTOD and CZM based simulation approaches.
Rheological Properties of Heat‐induced Gels from Egg Albumen Subjected to Freeze‐thaw

A back-extrusion device was used to measure gel strength, elasticity, and viscosity index of heat-induced gels of albumen maintained at 80°C from 5 to 30 min. These rheological properties were the same in albumen refrigerated 24 hr at 3°C as those observed in gels from fresh albumen suspensions. Short term frozen storage (−10°C for 24 hr) significantly reduced each gel parameter compared with fresh (control) albumen gels. Incorporation of sucrose into fresh albumen protected rheological properties of the heat-induced gels from deleterious effects of freezing the albumen suspensions. Addition of 5 or 10% NaCl to albumen reduced or eliminated the ability of albumen to form heat-induced gels.
Cardiac resynchronisation therapy in patients with chronic heart failure

Cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT) is common treatment for congestive heart failure (HF) with decreased LV function and wide QRS complex. Its foundations are set in the understanding of the pathophysiology of ventricular dyssynchrony. Over the last several decades, CRT has evolved through changes in implantation techniques, device and lead design, imaging modalities and our growing clinical experience. This review article will discuss the vast clinical experience that has led to current guidelines recommendations for CRT in patients with mild-to-severe HF. In addition, the article will also discuss recent evidence of benefits of CRT in patients beyond the guidelines. The article will also address the issue of non-responders, optimisation of CRT, postimplant evaluation and remote monitoring.
The ethics of animal research

Thinking people have debated the use of animals in biomedicine for more than a century. The debate centers on a concern for the rights of animals, indeed, whether rights accrue to animals. Biomedical research has accrued great benefits from the use of animals, but at a cost. The position offered in this paper is that animal research must continue, but that it must be controlled with meticulous experimental design, concern for the well being of the animal and reduction of the numbers of animals that are used.
The watcher and the watched: social judgments about privacy in a public place

Digitally capturing and displaying real-time images of people in public places raises concerns for individual privacy. Applying principles of Value Sensitive Design, we conducted two studies of people's social judgments about this topic. In Study I, 750 people were surveyed as they walked through a public plaza that was being captured by a HDTV camera and displayed in real-time in the office of a building overlooking the plaza. In Study II, 120 individuals were interviewed about the same topic. Moreover, Study II controlled for whether the participant was a direct stakeholder of the technology (inside the office watching people on the HDTV large-plasma display window) or an indirect stakeholder (being watched in the public venue). Taking both studies together, results showed the following: (a) the majority of participants upheld some modicum of privacy in public; (b) people's privacy judgments were not a one-dimensional construct, but often involved considerations based on physical harm, psychological wellbeing, and informed consent; and (c) more women than men expressed concerns about the installation, and, unlike the men, equally brought forward their concerns whether they were The Watcher or The Watched.
Explanation Of Submarine Landslide Morphology By Stability Analysis And Rheological Models

Abstract : A theoretical study of mass movement on the Mississippi River delta front has been made using recently acquired field data and a simple rheological model. Recent measurements of sediment properties include cohesion, bulk density, pore pressure, and internal friction angle. Also, the geometry of a typical type of instability feature, an elongate slide, is examined in detail. A rheological model describing a Coulomb-viscous plastic in effective stress terms is proposed to describe certain features of the mass movement process. The model is used to derive equations defining the initial failure of the slopes, the mass movement thickness and accelerations, the velocity of flow in the gullies, and the shape of the mud nose scarp in the toe area. The model indicates the importance of pore pressure in controlling sediment dynamics. Results of the model compare favorably with the observed shapes of mud noses. Initial failures on low slopes approximately 0.5 deg are attributed to pore pressures apporaching geostatic values. Flow velocities are calculated to be several feet per second, based upon estimated sediment viscosities and pore pressures during flow. (Author)
An Existence Result for Linear Partial Differential Equations with C ∞ Coefficients in an Algebra of Generalized Functions

We prove the existence of solutions for essentially all linear partial differential equations with C∞-coefficients in an algebra of generalized func­ tions, defined in the paper. In particular, we show that H. Lewy’s equation has solutions whenever its right-hand side is a classical C∞-function.
Impact of mixed feedstocks and feedstock densification on ionic liquid pretreatment efficiency

Background: Lignocellulosic biorefineries must be able to efficiently process the regional feedstocks that are available at cost-competitive prices year round. These feedstocks typically have low energy densities and vary significantly in composition. One potential solution to these issues is blending and/or densifying the feedstocks in order to create a uniform feedstock. Results & discussion: We have mixed four feedstocks – switchgrass, lodgepole pine, corn stover and eucalyptus – in flour and pellet form, and processed them using the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate. Sugar yields from both the mixed flour and pelletized feedstocks reach 90% within 24 h of saccharification. Conclusion: Mixed feedstocks, in either flour or pellet form, are efficiently processed using this pretreatment process, and demonstrate that this approach has significant potential.
A Comparison of an Ecological Model and GIS Spatial Analysis to Describe Niche Partitioning Amongst Carrion Beetles in Nebraska

Carrion beetles depend on vertebrate carcasses to rear their young. Carcasses are a limited resource with patchy distribution, and there is an intense competition among many species for these carcasses. This situation is expected to lead to niche partitioning, such that different beetle species use different resources and thus escape direct competition. Our project used a geographic information system (GIS) and pitfall sampling to characterize carrion beetle preferences for soil texture and land use in Kearney County, Nebraska. The GIS was used to select sites where sampling was conducted using pitfall traps baited with rat carcasses. Attracted beetles were counted, identified to species, and released. The resulting data were used to construct occurrence maps of eleven species of carrion beetles by overlaying soil texture and land use. We then compared the results of EcoSim (an ecological simulation model of niche overlap) with GIS–generated maps of probability of carrion beetle occurrence. Our results are consistent with landscape–level niche partitioning by seven of the eleven examined species. Our application of GIS to the spatial analysis of carrion beetle distributions demonstrates how this technology can be used to test ecological and evolutionary hypotheses, predict habitat associations, and examine the effects of land use on a community of insects. This work could easily be extended to study the habitat preferences of the federally endangered American burying beetle, Nicrophorus americanus.
Holding Power of Threaded External Skeletal Fixation Pins in the Near and Far Cortices of Cadaveric Canine Tibiae

We compared the pin-bone interfaces at the near and far cortical penetration sites of positive-profile end-threaded external fixation pins in cadaveric canine tibiae. The holding power of the pins in each cortical surface was independently measured in 21 pin-bone sections. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to compare subjectively the microstructural appearance of the pin-bone interfaces at the near and far cortical penetration sites in eight pin-bone sections. The far cortical penetration site provided greater holding power than did the near cortical site. SEM evaluation suggested more bony microfractures and debris with less pin-bone SEM evaluation suggested more bony microfractures and debris with less pin-bone interlock in the near cortical penetration sites than in the corresponding far cortical penetration sites. This study showed that after low-speed power insertion of positive-profile end-threaded pins in canine cadaveric tibiae, the near cortical penetration site contributes approximately 25% less to the overall holding power of the pin than does the far cortical penetration site.
Coordination of intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles during spontaneous breathing in the rat

The muscular-hydrostat model of tongue function proposes a constant interaction of extrinsic (external bony attachment, insertion into base of tongue) and intrinsic (origin and insertion within the tongue) tongue muscles in all tongue movements (Kier WM and Smith KK. Zool J Linn Soc 83: 207-324, 1985). Yet, research that examines the respiratory-related effects of tongue function in mammals continues to focus almost exclusively on the respiratory control and function of the extrinsic tongue protrusor muscle, the genioglossus muscle. The respiratory control and function of the intrinsic tongue muscles are unknown. Our purpose was to determine whether intrinsic tongue muscles have a respiration-related activity pattern and whether intrinsic tongue muscles are coactivated with extrinsic tongue muscles in response to respiratory-related sensory stimuli. Esophageal pressure and electromyographic (EMG) activity of an extrinsic tongue muscle (hyoglossus), an intrinsic tongue muscle (superior longitudinal), and an external intercostal muscle were studied in anesthetized, tracheotomized, spontaneously breathing rats. Mean inspiratory EMG activity was compared at five levels of inspired CO2. Intrinsic tongue muscles were often quiescent during eupnea but active during hypercapnia, whereas extrinsic tongue muscles were active in both eupnea and hypercapnia. During hypercapnia, the activities of the airway muscles were largely coincident, although the onset of extrinsic muscle activity generally preceded the onset of intrinsic muscle activation. Our findings provide evidence, in an in vivo rodent preparation, of respiratory modulation of motoneurons supplying intrinsic tongue muscles. Distinctions noted between intrinsic and extrinsic activities could be due to differences in motoneuron properties or the central, respiration-related control of each motoneuron population.
Alterations in function after rotator cuff tears in an animal model

Hypothesis This study examined the effect of multiple rotator cuff tendon tears on shoulder function in an animal model. Materials and Methods Forty-eight Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into uninjured control, supraspinatus tendon detachment, supraspinatus+infraspinatus tendon detachment, or supraspinatus+subscapularis tendon detachment groups. Functional assessment was determined through ambulatory parameters (paw and stride measures) and range of motion prior to tendon detachment and at various time points after tendon detachment. Results Ambulatory parameters and total range of motion, representing measures of shoulder function, were significantly altered with rotator cuff tears. The addition of a second torn rotator cuff tendon (infraspinatus or subscapularis) had further detrimental effects on animal shoulder function compared to uninjured control. Discussion This study demonstrated functional changes in a rat rotator cuff model. Many of the permanent functional changes were likely present because the required motion used for those actions can no longer be performed. For parameters that were transient, compensation with another limb or subsidence of pain may have occurred. Conclusion The findings in this study are consistent with the alterations in shoulder function observed with rotator cuff and other shoulder injuries in the human. Future studies using this model can begin to examine the root of the functional differences, whether it is pain, mechanical deficiency, or a combination of both, which cannot be fully studied clinically. Level of evidence Level 1; Controlled laboratory study.
Social Software and Cyber Networks: Ties That Bind or Weak Associations within the Political Organization?

The 2004 U.S. Presidential election has tapped into the online medium to reach the growing demographic of online citizens. In the Democratic Party's primary season, the Howard Dean campaign organization proved to be phenomenally successful at incorporating the online medium into its fundraising and grassroots mobilization, going beyond the online organizing and fundraising success of campaigns of John McCain in 2000. Both the Dean and McCain organizations were praised for their use of the Web to organize at the "grass-roots" level as well as their accomplishment in raising money. The current paper examines the unique social network ties that are created through the use of social software (i.e. blogs, email, instant messaging, meetup.com), specifically focusing on its use by political campaigns to engage potential voters in what could be considered a growing electronic democracy. Media richness is also taken into account.
A Bayesian Approach for Model Selection in Fractionated Split Plot Experiments With Applications in Robust Parameter Design

This article proposes a Bayesian method for model selection in fractionated split plot experiments. We employ a Bayesian hierarchical model that takes into account the split plot error structure. Expressions for computing the posterior model probability and other important posterior quantities that require evaluation of at most two unidimensional integrals are derived. A novel algorithm called combined global and local search is proposed to find models with high posterior probabilities and to estimate posterior model probabilities. The proposed method is illustrated with the analysis of two real robust design experiments. Simulation studies demonstrate that the method has good performance. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.
Experimental study on an underwater robotic vehicle: ODIN

As underwater application activities mature, the utilization of underwater robotic vehicles becomes more notable. The sophistication required by these URVs have significantly increased, and the development of AUVs are becoming imminent. The Autonomous Systems Laboratory of the University of Hawaii has designed the Omni-Directional Intelligent Navigator (ODIN), its control systems, and its graphic workstation to develop an integrated, real-time, 3-dimensional graphic test platform.
Who got vaccinated against H1N1 pandemic influenza? – A longitudinal study in four US cities

The recent H1N1 pandemic influenza stimulated numerous studies into the attitudes and intentions about the H1N1 vaccine. However, no study has investigated prospective predictors of vaccination behaviour. We conducted a two-wave longitudinal study among residents in four US cities during the course of the H1N1 outbreak, using Internet surveys to assess demographic, cognitive and emotional predictors of H1N1 vaccination behaviour. Surveys were conducted at two time points, before (Time 1) and after (Time 2) the H1N1 vaccine was widely available to the public. Results show that Time 2 vaccination rates, but not Time 1 vaccination intentions, tracked H1N1 prevalence across the four cities. Receipt of seasonal influenza vaccine in the previous year, worry, compliance with recommended interventions, household size and education assessed at Time 1 were significant prospective predictors of vaccination behaviour. Perception of the H1N1 vaccine, social influence and prioritised vaccine recipient status assessed a...
A feedback adaptive variable rate meteor burst communication system

Meteor burst communication (MBC) channels are known for their intermittent nature and large variations of received signal power. For optimum utilization of such channels, a feedback adaptive variable rate (FAVR) system is proposed in which the transmitted bit rate is proportional to channel transmittance (or received signal power). Based on well accepted channel models for low-density meteor bursts, the expected improvement in throughput is significant: approximately five times that of constant-bit-rate systems, and ten times that of constant-bit-rate systems with ARQ (automatic-repeat request). The system adapts automatically to give optimum throughput for both high- and low-density bursts. Considering the occasional presence of high density bursts, the improvement of throughput over a constant rate system is even higher. Two other advantages are: (i) it requires minimum waiting time among MBC systems, and (ii) the transmitted bits can be readily formulated into packets with only minimal loss of the throughput rate. Thus the FAVR-MBC systems can be readily incorporated into any existing communication network. >
Rising risk of testicular cancer by birth cohort in the United States from 1973 to 1995.

AbstractPurpose: Recent epidemiological studies have demonstrated an increasing incidence of testicular cancer in white men which appears to be correlate with the period of birth. Because this birth cohort phenomenon can explain etiological factors in testicular cancer, we determine whether this trend is present throughout the United States based on an analysis of testicular cancer incidence by birth cohort.Materials and Methods: Testicular cancer incidence was obtained from the National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database from 1973 to 1995. Numbers of cases were extracted and grouped by 5-year birth cohorts for all testicular germ cell neoplasms. Poisson regression analysis with variables of age, time of diagnosis and birth cohort were used to determine relative risk. Poisson models were compared using computer log linear model software.Results: Between 1973 and 1995 the incidence of testicular cancer in the United States increased 51% (3.61 to 5.44/100,000). Analysis of ...
INSTABILITY OF THIN PIPES ENCASED IN OVAL RIGID CAVITY

A new model for predicting the buckling pressure of thin circular pipes encased in rigid oval host pipes is presented. This paper also includes experimental work that has been conducted to verify the new model. The results of the experimental work are compared with the proposed model and other analytical models. Conclusions drawn out of this comparison study show that the proposed model provides a good agreement with experimental results.
Credibility in Loss Reserving

This article proposes using credibility theory in the context of stochastic claims reserving. We consider the situation where an insurer has access to the claims experience of its peer competitors and has the potential to improve prediction of outstanding liabilities by incorporating information from other insurers. Based on the framework of Bayesian linear models, we show that the development factor in the classical chain-ladder setting has a credibility expression: a weighted average of the prior mean and the best estimate from the data. In the empirical analysis, we examine loss triangles for the line of commercial auto insurance from a portfolio of insurers in the United States. We employ hierarchical model for the specification of prior and show that prediction could be improved through borrowing strength among insurers based on a hold-out sample validation.
Application of 29Si and 27Al NMR to determine the distribution of anions in sodium silicate and sodium alumino-silicate solutions

Quantitative 29 Si FT-NMR spectra of sodium silicate solutions was used to characterize the distribution of soluble silicate species as a function of solution composition. Silica, alumina, and soda concentrations were employed that are characteristic of those used for zeolite synthesis [1-3 mol% SiO 2 ; SiO 2 /Na 2 O = 1-3; 0-0.5 mol% Al 2 O 3 ]. Silicate structures containing one to twelve Si atoms have been identified. The concentration of these species is a strong function of silicate ratio and can be maximized by adjusting that ratio. Aluminate ions readily react with silicate ions to form new structures containing one or two Si atoms bonded to one Al atom.
L1 0 Ordered Intermetallics for Ultrahigh Density Magnetic Recording Media: Phase Formation and the Role of Alloy Chemistry and Composition

In this paper we provide a summary review of our research regarding the effect of composition on the A1 to L10 transformation in binary FePt with compositions in the range of 39.3 to 55.3 at.% Pt and ternary FeCuPt alloys with Cu additions in the range of 1.0 to 19.4 at.%. These binary and ternary alloy films have been studied using non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) combined with the calculation of TTT diagrams generated via experimentally validated Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov (JMAK) analysis. Composition is found to play a significant role in the transformation kinetics in both FePt and FeCuPt. However, when comparing equivalent FePt and FeCuPt alloys, the addition of Cu has no significant effect. TTT diagrams show that as little as a 90 °C increase in peak temperature from the DSC measurements can result in a >300× increase in the time required for full transformation using isothermal anneals. Our results on the effect of Cu additions are compared with those reported in the literature.
Screening cDNA Libraries Using Partial Probes to Isolate Full-Length cDNAs from Vascular Cells

The purpose of screening cDNA libraries is to isolate a particular cDNA clone encoding a mRNA and by implication, a protein, of interest. The screening is based on identification of the desired clone among a large number of recombinant clones within the library selected (1,2). As an example of both the utility and power of library screening, we will relate our own library screening efforts utilized to isolate the nonmuscle high molecular weight myosin light chain kinase isoform from a human umbilical vein endothelial cell cDNA library (3). This unique nonmuscle myosin light chain kinase isoform phosphorylates myosin light chains, thereby playing an essential role in agonist-mediated endothelial cell contraction, paracellular gap formation and increased vascular permeability. We are hopeful that this step-by-step approach will help the reader to understand the discussed methods.
Analytical solutions for steady two-dimensional suspended sediment transport in channels with arbitrary advection velocity and eddy diffusivity distributions

ABSTRACTAn analytical solution approach is proposed for the steady two-dimensional suspended sediment transport in channels using the generalized integral transform technique (GITT). Previous analytical solutions are limited by advection velocity distribution, eddy diffusivity distribution, or boundary conditions. The contribution of the new approach is to eliminate these limitations. It solves the suspended sediment transport equation with arbitrary advection velocity and eddy diffusivity distributions. The new solution approach also considers realistic boundary conditions at the free surface and the bed. Compared with previous analytical solutions as well as numerical solutions from a high resolution spectral code, the new approach is of high accuracy. It greatly extends the domain of analytical solutions for suspended sediment transport problems.
Wild bee pollination networks in northern New England

Conserving and maintaining a diverse assemblage of wild bees is essential for a healthy and functioning ecosystem, as species are uniquely evolved to deliver specific plant–pollination requirements. Understanding the biology and ecology of bees in poorly studied regions is the first step towards conservation. Detailed surveys in New Hampshire reveal a broad diversity of 118 species of wild bees in different guilds and habitats including 17 bee species representing new state records. Network analyses reveal a complex community structure and relatively poorly connected plant–pollinator associations, thus species may be susceptible to disturbance. Phenological analyses document that at least one representative of five native bee families was present throughout the foraging season and both abundance and diversity were highest in June and July. This study provides important baseline information on bee abundance, diversity, phenology, and host plant associations necessary for future conservation efforts.
The technology of virtual reality and the emluation visible of architecture construction

this article analysis the possibility of carring out constrction experiments which are based on virtual reality technology,give out the frame structure and the design route of this system and finally introduce the main integration technique of it.The design with the implement of this system will make the process of the experiment visualize,lifelike and will decrease the cost of the experiment greatly.
Discussion on Compiling Process of 1∶50000 Geographical Base Map of Geological Map in Tibet Area

In order to provide geographical base map for 1∶50 000 Geological Survey in Tibet,considering the factual circumstance of lacking large-scale topographic map in Demingding district in Tibet,the author discusses a new mapping technlogical method that magnifies 1∶100 000 scale topographic map to 1∶50 000 scale.Geological maps and geographic base maps are compiled and drawn in MapGis platform.The author collects the remote sensing images and other data of the work area for the base map,makes the revision and supplement map of technology and evaluation.
Learning Grounded Language through Situated Interactive Instruction

We present an approach for learning grounded language from mixed-initiative human-robot interaction. Prior work on learning from human instruction has concentrated on acquisition of task-execution knowledge from domain-specific language. In this work, we demonstrate acquisition of linguistic, semantic, perceptual, and procedural knowledge from mixed-initiative, natural language dialog. Our approach has been instantiated in a cognitive architecture, Soar, and has been deployed on a table-top robotic arm capable of picking up small objects. A preliminary analysis verifies the ability of the robot to acquire diverse knowledge from human-robot interaction.
An Overview of Unsteady Analysis Techniques for Natural Wind Turbulence and its Effects on Natural Ventilation

Focusing on the turbulence in natural ventilation and its impact on both occupant thermal comfort and building energy consumption, this paper presents a review of existing unsteady natural ventilat...
Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetric Studies of Biologically-Significant Compounds

Over the last five years adsorptive stripping voltammetry has evolved and grown into a very powerful and versatile electroanalytical technique1. In this version of stripping analysis the preconcentration step is based solely on the interfacial accumulation of the analyte at the electrode surface. The voltammetric response of the surface-confined species is directly related to the surface concentration, with the adsorption isotherm providing the relationship between the bulk and surface concentrations of the adsorbate. The surface-active characteristics of numerous compounds of biological significance (that commonly complicate their conventional voltammetric measurements) can be exploited for obtaining effective adsorptive accumulation. Extremely low levels of compounds such as riboflavin, tetracyclines, methotrexate, cardiac glycosides, mitomycin C, tricyclic antidepressants, cytochrome c, or insulin, can thus be determined at mercury and carbon electrodes. Besides the powerful bioanalytical utility, a useful knowledge of the interfacial and redox behaviors of these, and other, biological compounds is obtained, hence providing valuable insights into their biological function. The interfacial accumulation of macromolecules, such as cytochrome c or ferritin, results in a more favorable interaction between the electrode and the redox center of the molecule, thus allowing direct electrical communication.
The shape of impacts to come: lessons and opportunities for adaptation from uneven increases in global and regional temperatures

Uneven patterns in the rate of climate change have profound implications for adaptation. Assuming a linear or monotonic increase in global or regional temperatures can lead to inefficient planning processes that underestimate the magnitude, pattern, and timing of the risks faced by human and natural systems, which could exaggerate future impacts and the costs of managing them. Adaptation planning needs to move beyond imposing linear thinking and analysis onto nonlinear systems. Doing so would improve research into adaptive management processes that learn from and adapt to new knowledge at a pace that reflects non-linearity. Specifically, the pace of adaptation must consider the potential consequences of uneven increases in weather and climate variables as a means to reduce system vulnerability. Projections simulating periods of relative stability with those of rapid change would lead to more complex and more accurate expectations of future risks and associated consequences for human and natural systems. Adaptation planning based on such projections could then consider the implications of non-linear climate change on the extent of any adaptation effort, including quantified (or qualitative) risks and associated costs and benefits. Adaptation planning could be improved by projections that incorporate more nuanced understandings of how development processes could interact with climate change to alter future risks and vulnerabilities. Two examples are highlighted to illustrate the complexity and dynamic nature of non-monotonic climate-development-response scenarios: vector borne diseases and agricultural productivity.
A comparison of traditional plant knowledge between students and herders in northern Kenya

The Samburu region of northern Kenya is undergoing significant change, driven by factors including greater value on formal education, improvements in infrastructure and development, a shift from community to private ownership of land, increased sedentary lifestyles and global climate change. One outcome of these changes are an increasingly greater likelihood for adolescent boys to be enrolled in school rather than herding livestock on behalf of the family in a landscape shared with numerous native vegetation and wildlife species. This study compared identification and knowledge of native plant species between boys enrolled in school with boys of similar age but primary responsibility as herders, called moran. Study participants walked an approximately 100 m path with 10 flagged points in which they were asked to identify any plant species at that point and associated facts of each species, within a 1 m radius. On average, moran identified 38 species compared to 20 for students, including nearly 13 (of a possible 15) species considered to have high cultural significance. Students identified an average of 8.6 culturally-significant plants. Further, moran shared nearly 18 correct facts about the plants, compared with ten for students. In addition, herding frequency was the only significant predictor of plant identification in a linear regression. The results demonstrate that while formal education undoubtedly provides benefits to students, attendance in school in lieu of the traditional role of herders has consequences on young men in Samburu related to ability to identify native and culturally-significant plants. This further shows the importance for communities like those in Samburu undergoing change need to develop alternative options to transmit local traditional knowledge to its younger generations.
Noncoherent mmWave Path Tracking

Millimeter (mm) wave picocellular networks have the potential for providing the 1000X capacity increase required to keep up with the explosive growth of mobile data. However, maintaining beams towards mobile users and adapting to frequent blockage, requires efficient, dynamic path tracking algorithms. In this paper, we develop and experimentally demonstrate a novel noncoherent compressive strategy for this problem, and compare it with conventional hierarchical and exhaustive beam scanning. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first experimental demonstration of practical, scalable path estimation for mmWave/60GHz picocells. Our results indicate the feasibility of sub-second path tracking with low overhead on today's mmWave hardware, and open up a rich space for design of 5G mmWave networks.