cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Permeation of Cancer Chemotherapeutic Drugs Through Glove Materials under Static and Flexed Conditions

Abstract Gloves are the most common protective measure against contamination with antineoplastics. However, there is no consensus about which glove material offers the best protection. There are few data on the permeability of gloves to this group of potential carcinogens. All studies have been conducted under static conditions, with no attempt at simulating the flexing and stretching that may be present in the occupational setting. Flexing has been shown to increase the permeability of glove materials to certain chemicals. To investigate the effects of flexing on permeation by antineoplastics, a permeation cell apparatus was modified so that glove materials could be flexed during testing. Surgical latex, exam latex, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) gloves were tested with four drugs: cyclophosphamide, doxirubicin, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil. Utilizing radiolabeled compounds and liquid scintillation counting for a direct and sensitive analytical technique, gloves were tested at times representative of o...
Effects of Calcitonin on 85Sr Whole Body Retention in the Dog

BECAUSE of its inhibitory action on bone, long term administration of calcitonin could be beneficial to humans who have high rates of bone turnover. Nearly all experiments involving calcitonin have been of the order of only a few days or less; we now report a longer study of the effects of calcitonin on the whole body retention of strontium-85 by normal and thyroparathyroidectomized pure bred beagle dogs.
Boaters’ Perceptions of a Mobile App for a Marine Conservation Social Marketing Campaign

This case study explored recreational boaters’ perceptions of a mobile app being developed in the context of a campaign to promote environmental responsibility in a U.S. Florida lagoon. Transcripts...
Diagnostic Evidence of Staphylococcus Warneri as a Possible Cause of Bovine Abortion

Following a routine necropsy of a bovine fetus aborted at 5 months of gestation, placenta, fetal tissue samples, and stomach contents were subjected to a number of laboratory tests. Staphylococcus warneri was isolated in pure culture from the lung, liver, and stomach contents, whereas the placenta yielded S. warneri and a number of contaminants. Gross evaluation of agar plates showed predominant colonies to be morphologically consistent with those of S. warneri and the identity of the agent was further confirmed on a Trek Diagnostic Systems Sensititre, gram-positive identification (GPID) plate. Microscopic evaluation of fetal tissue sections showed extensive necrotizing lesions of the tongue, lung, and placenta in which there were numerous coccoid shaped gram-positive bacteria with morphology consistent with Staphylococcus spp. These results provide strong diagnostic evidence of S. warneri as a possible cause of bovine abortion and suggest there should be further investigations into the abortivirulence of this agent.
Comparison of plasma prolactin levels in cannulated and decapitated rats.

The “surges” of prolactin and LH secretion occurring on the afternoon and evening of proestrus were studied in rats exhibiting 4 day estrous cycles by radioimmunologic analysis of serum collected by decapitation of rats (10/ group) at 2 hr intervals from 1100 hr proestrus to 0300 hr estrus. The prolactin surge had a duration of about 8-10 hr, beginning at approximately 1500 hr and ending at about 2300 hr on proestrus. Baseline values were about 4 ng/ml and maximal values, occurring at 1700-1900 hr, were approximately 40 ng/ml. The pattern of LH values can be similarly described, except that a sharper peak was observed (approximately 60 ng/ml at 1900 hr) and lower basal values in the range of 0.5 ng/ ml were obtained. In rats bearing aortic catheters, implanted at 2000-2200 hr on diestrus-2, the proestrus prolactin surge was of greater duration and had higher maximal values than in the decapitated rats. In contrast, although the LH surge had an equal duration, it reached maximal values that were approximat...
Future prospects for fMRI in the clinic.

Functional MRI (fMRI) has tremendous clinical potential that is as yet unrealized. There are tremendous unmet medical needs that fMRI could address with significant benefit to human health. However, both medical and technical barriers prevent this benefit from accruing today. Technical barriers may be the reflexive focus of the current practitioners of fMRI, a technically savvy group. However, the real challenge lies in the medical realm, and this will require multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary work since the technical aspects of fMRI are ahead of the medical aspects. This can be seen in a range of diseases from Alzheimer's disease to schizophrenia to ischemic stroke: in each case our ability to image changes with fMRI outstrips our ability to do anything useful for the patient with them. Diagnostic imaging will always be linked in the clinic to therapeutic choices, and therefore the most powerful approach to link fMRI more directly to the clinic will be to tie fMRI to therapy development and implementation. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Somatoiopic studies on cerebellar fastigial cells

The somatotopic inputs into fastigial cells have been studied in relation to cutaneous mechanoreceptors of forelimb and hindlimb. Some fastigial cells were very discriminative, not only in respect of the limb, but also to restricted areas of hairy skin and related toe pads. Others were much less so, forelimb and hindlimb cutaneous receptors evoking similar excitatory-inhibitory responses. In addition, from the contralateral hindlimb, responses were evoked which were comparable with those from the ipsilateral limb.
Equal BER power control for uplink MC-CDMA with MMSE successive interference cancellation

For a given decision order, MMSE successive interference cancellation (MMSE-SIC) can simultaneously maximize SIR's of all users. To further increase its efficiency, a power control (PC) algorithm, under equal BER criterion, is proposed in this letter for uplink MC-CDMA. In frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channels, the MMSE-SIC integrated with the equal BER PC suppresses multiple access interference effectively, resulting in a performance very close to the single user bound (SUB).
Second international workshop on ubiquitous crowdsourcing: towards a platform for crowd computing

With the adoption of mobile, digital and social media networked crowds are reporting and acting upon events in smart environments. Existing platforms for crowdsourcing, support specific activity types, such as micro-tasks on the Amazon's Mechanical Turk; and fall short of facilitating general mechanisms for setting up and maintaining crowd networks easily, flexibly and in a variety of domains. Building upon First International Workshop on Ubiquitous Crowdsourcing, in this edition we challenge researchers and practitioners to identify requirements for a platform for crowd computing, arising from experiences in deployment crowdsourcing applications, which engage crowd members as sensors, controllers and actuators in smart cities and environments. This workshop brings together researchers to produce a vision for the universal crowdsourcing platform, documenting it in a theme publication.
Medical and Psychosocial Diagnoses in Women With a History of Intimate Partner Violence

Background We characterized the relative risk of a wide range of diagnoses in women with a history of intimate partner violence (IPV) compared with never-abused women. Methods The sample comprised 3568 English-speaking women who were randomly sampled from a large US health plan and who agreed to participate in a telephone survey to assess past-year IPV history using questions from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (physical, sexual, and psychological abuse) and the Women's Experience with Battering Scale. Medical and psychosocial diagnoses in the past year were determined using automated data from health plan records. We estimated the relative risk of receiving diagnoses for women with a past-year IPV history compared with women with no IPV history. Results In age-adjusted models, compared with never-abused women, abused women had consistently significantly increased relative risks of these disorders: psychosocial/mental (substance use, 5.89; family and social problems, 4.96; depression, 3.26; anxiety/neuroses, 2.73; tobacco use, 2.31); musculoskeletal (degenerative joint disease, 1.71; low back pain, 1.61; trauma-related joint disorders, 1.59; cervical pain, 1.54; acute sprains and strains, 1.35); and female reproductive (menstrual disorders, 1.84; vaginitis/vulvitis/cervicitis, 1.56). Abused women had a more than 3-fold increased risk of being diagnosed with a sexually transmitted disease (3.15) and a 2-fold increased risk of lacerations (2.17) as well as increased risk of acute respiratory tract infection (1.33), gastroesophageal reflux disease (1.76), chest pain (1.53), abdominal pain (1.48), urinary tract infections (1.79), headaches (1.57), and contusions/abrasions (1.72). Conclusion Past-year IPV history was strongly associated with a variety of medical and psychosocial conditions observed in clinical settings.
Globally optimal control of self-adjoint distributed systems

The partial differential equations of motion for an uncontrolled distributed structure can be transformed into a set of independent modal equations in terms of natural co-ordinates. It is common practice to design control forces that recouple the modal equations so that the natural co-ordinates for the open-loop (uncontrolled) system cease to be natural co-ordinates for the closed-loop (controlled) system. This approach is referred to as coupled control. In contrast, the independent modal-space control method is a natural control method, i.e. natural co-ordinates for the open-loop system remain natural co-ordinates for the closed-loop system. Moreover, natural control provides a unique and globally optimal closed-form solution to the linear optimal control problem for the distributed structure. Indeed, discretization is not necessary. The optimal control forces are ideally distributed. The distributed control can be approximated by finite-dimensional control, a process that does not require truncation of the plant. Two numerical examples are presented.
Readmission rates for Hispanic Medicare beneficiaries with heart failure and acute myocardial infarction

Background Hispanics are the fastest growing segment of the US population and have a higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors than non-Hispanic whites. However, little is known about whether elderly Hispanics have higher readmission rates for heart failure (HF) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) than whites and whether this is due to site of care. Methods We examined hospitalizations for Medicare patients with a primary discharge diagnosis of HF and AMI in 2006 to 2008. We categorized hospitals in the top decile of proportion of Hispanic patients as "Hispanic serving" and used logistic regression to examine the relationship between patient ethnicity, hospital Hispanic-serving status, and readmissions. Results Hispanic patients had higher risk-adjusted readmission rates than whites for both HF (27.9% vs 25.9%, odds ratio [OR] 1.11, 95% CI 1.07-1.14, P P P P Conclusions Elderly Hispanic patients are more likely to be readmitted for HF and AMI than whites, partly due to the hospitals where they receive care. Our findings suggest that targeting the site of care and these high-risk patients themselves will be necessary to reduce disparities in readmissions for this growing group of patients.
Sex differences in relational and overt aggression in the late elementary school years

Sex differences in relational and overt aggression among 3rd (n=176), 4th (n=179), and 5th graders (n=145) from three public schools (n=500; 278 girls) were examined. Nominations of relational aggression increased over time among 4th and 5th grade girls, but not among boys or 3rd grade girls. Among 3rd graders, boys received more nominations for relational aggression than girls. By the end of the 5th grade, girls received more relational aggression nominations than boys. There was also a significant rise in nominations of overt aggression among 5th grade girls, but not among 5th grade boys or younger boys and girls. As expected, boys were more likely than girls to be nominated for overt aggression at all grade levels. The findings are helpful for explaining inconsistencies of earlier research pertaining to sex differences in relational aggression and for advancing our understanding of the causes of aggression.
Congressional and Presidential Effects on the Demand for Lobbying

The authors show that the number of lobbyists active in a given issue area is driven not only by social mobilizations and economic trends but also by government activity. The effect of government spending is smaller than that of congressional interest as reflected in the number of hearings. Much lobbying is in response to regulations, not budgets. The authors augment their analysis by considering indicators of presidential activities. In areas where the president is traditionally active, presidential activity is shown to divert lobbying away from Congress, reducing overall lobbying levels. The authors find strong support for the congressional demand model of lobbying.
Dengue virus type 1 DNA vaccine induces protective immune responses in rhesus macaques.

A candidate DNA vaccine expressing dengue virus type 1 pre-membrane and envelope proteins was used to immunize rhesus macaques. Monkeys were immunized intramuscularly (i.m.) or intradermally (i.d.) by three or four 1 mg doses of vaccine, respectively. Monkeys that were inoculated i.m. seroconverted more quickly and had higher antibody levels than those that were inoculated i.d. The sera exhibited virus-neutralizing activity, which declined over time. Four of the eight i.m.-inoculated monkeys were protected completely from developing viraemia when challenged 4 months after the last dose with homologous dengue virus. The other four monkeys had reduced viraemia compared with the control immunized monkeys. The i.d.-inoculated monkeys showed no reduction in viraemia when challenged with the virus. All vaccinated monkeys showed an anamnestic antibody response, indicating that they had established immunological memory. Vaccine-induced antibody had an avidity index similar to that of antibody induced by virus infection; however, no clear correlation was apparent between antibody avidity and virus neutralization titres.
Revisit frequency and its association with quality of care among diabetic patients: Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD)

Abstract Objective To describe patient and provider characteristics associated with outpatient revisit frequency and to examine the associations between the revisit frequency and the processes and intermediate outcomes of diabetes care. Research design and methods We analyzed data from Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD), a prospective, multicenter, observational study of diabetes care in managed care. Results Our analysis included 6040 eligible adult participants with type 2 diabetes (42.6% ≥ 65 years of age, 54.1% female) whose primary care providers were the main provider of the participants’ diabetes care. The median (interquartile range) revisit frequency was 4.0 (3.7, 6.0) visits per year. Being female, having lower education, lower income, more complex diabetes treatment, cardiovascular disease, higher Charlson comorbidity index, and impaired mobility were associated with higher revisit frequency. The proportion of participants who had annual assessments of HbA1c and LDL-cholesterol, foot examinations, advised or documented aspirin use, and influenza immunizations were higher for those with higher revisit frequency. The proportion of participants who met HbA1c ( Conclusions Revisit frequency was highly variable and was associated with both sociodemographic characteristics and disease severity. A higher revisit frequency was associated with better processes of diabetes care, but the association with intermediate outcomes was less clear.
Patterns and Possibilities: Perspectives on the Office of White House Chief of Staff

This paper explores the evolution and institutionalization of the White House chief of staff and the office they oversee, focusing on presidencies from Reagan through Obama. We pay particular attention to the emergence and evolution of four major roles that chiefs of staff perform (administrator, adviser, guardian, and proxy), to the nature and extent of the chief’s participation in the domestic and national security policy processes, and to the differing White House structures that shape and reflect the activities and decisions of chiefs of staff and presidents. Although we find considerable variation in the activities and emphases among the occupants of the COS position, we also provide evidence of “partisan learning” (e.g., Walcott & Hult, 1995), term-cycles (e.g., Rockman, 1985), and presidential (and senior staff) information processing capacities (e.g., Kowert, 2002). Despite the institutionalization of the position and office of White House chief of staff, the COS and his (at least until now) aides in Republican administrations have appeared to perform better in pursuing presidential objectives at the outset of administrations.
Differential Diagnosis of Depression and Dementia

Cognitive complaints and depressive symptoms are common in older adults. While depressive symptoms may represent a primary mood disorder, they may also reflect the early signs of a dementia. Depression and dementia often differ in terms of their cognitive profile as well as the phenomenology of the depressive symptoms. Neuropsychologists can play an important role in making diagnostic decisions by providing objective assessment of both cognitive and psychological functioning. This chapter reviews considerations for differential diagnosis and provides practical tips for the clinician.
Activation Mechanisms of Phospholipase C Isozymes

On binding to their cell surface receptors, many extracellular signaling molecules including hormones, peptide growth factors, neurotransmitters and immunoglobulins, elicit intracellular responses by activating inositol phospholipid-specific phospholipase C (PLC).1 Activated PLC catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-bisphosphate (PIP2) to generate diacylglycerol and inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate (IP3). Diacylglycerol is the physiological activator of protein kinase C (PKC) and IP3 induces the release of Ca2+ from internal stores.1 This bifurcating pathway constitutes the cornerstone of a transmembrane signal transduction mechanism that is now known to regulate a large array of cellular processes, including metabolism, secretion, contraction, neural activity, and proliferation.
PERMUTATION ANALYSES OF FAMILIAL ASSOCIATION ARRAYS FOR LIPOPROTEIN CONCENTRATIONS IN FAMILIES OF THE STANFORD FIVE CITY PROJECT

Permutation models are introduced as a formal method for assigning significance to association matrices that assess the correlation of spouse, parent-offspring, and sibling similarity over an entire class of data transformations (usually, the class of all increasing functions). Analysis of 218 nuclear families who participated in the Stanford Five City Project revealed that parent and offspring triglyceride concentrations correlated more strongly when data transformations emphasized contrasts among low to moderate levels, and that high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol correlated more strongly between family members with relatively higher HDL cholesterol concentrations. Application of family weights to the association matrices revealed a tendency for greater correlation among sibling triglyceride concentrations in larger families. Parent-child, mother-child, father-child, parent-daughter, and sibling total cholesterol concentrations correlated significantly for all monotonically increasing transformations (designated strong association), and father-daughter and parent-son cholesterol concentrations correlated significantly for most increasing transformations of the data (moderate association). There were fewer significant associations for plasma triglyceride concentrations: parent-child and sibling (both strong), parent-daughter and mother-daughter (both moderate), and mother-child (weak). HDL cholesterol showed no strong or moderate familial associations and was weakly associated only among siblings. Thus, concordance in familial lipoprotein levels appears to be restricted to a narrower range of values for triglycerides and HDL cholesterol than total cholesterol levels, possibly reflecting in part the influences of diet or other environmental factors on specific regions of the HDL cholesterol or triglyceride distributions in casual blood samples.
Advanced control of liquid water region in diffusion media of polymer electrolyte fuel cells through a dimensionless number

In the present work, a three-dimension (3-D) model of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) is employed to investigate the complex, non-isothermal, two-phase flow in the gas diffusion layer (GDL). Phase change in gas flow channels is explained, and a simplified approach accounting for phase change is incorporated into the fuel cell model. It is found that the liquid water contours in the GDL are similar along flow channels when the channels are subject to two-phase flow. Analysis is performed on a dimensionless parameter Da0 introduced in our previous paper [Y. Wang and K. S. Chen, Chemical Engineering Science 66 (2011) 3557–3567] and the parameter is further evaluated in a realistic fuel cell. We found that the GDL's liquid water (or liquid-free) region is determined by the Da0 number which lumps several parameters, including the thermal conductivity and operating temperature. By adjusting these factors, a liquid-free GDL zone can be created even though the channel stream is two-phase flow. Such a liquid-free zone is adjacent to the two-phase region, benefiting local water management, namely avoiding both severe flooding and dryness.
Antibiotic Resistance in Shigella Mediated by R Factors

Multiple-antibiotic resistance in shigellae was first noted in Japan in the early 1950's [1, 2]. A majority of the multiresistant strains were resistant to streptomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and sulfonamides, whereas most shigellae isolated previously had been sensitive to all antimicrobial agents or resistant only to sulfonamides. The hypothesis that these shigellae might have received their multiple resistance from Escherichia coli already present in the patient's intestinal tract was substantiated by the demonstration that transfer of resistance could take place in vitro between E. coli and Shigella under conditions which allow cell-to-cell contact [3-8]. Although at the time of their discovery multiresistant strains were uncommon, they rapidly increased in prevalence [8]. By the end of 1967, approximately 80*26 of Shigella strains isolated in Japan were resistant to two or more antimicrobial agents [9]; most of these multiresistant strains harbored transmissible resistance
Numerical Investigations of the Influence of Distributed Roughness on Blasius Boundary Layer Stability

It is well known that surface roughness can have a strong impact on the laminarturbulent transition process. Whereas for isolated roughness some basic understanding of the physical mechanisms promoting transition has been gathered, the relevant physical mechanisms driving the transition process in the presence of distributed roughness are still far from understood. In this paper the influence of two-dimensional distributed wall roughness on the Blasius boundary layer stability is investigated. Distributed surface roughness is simulated by using an immersed boundary technique. This methodology facilitates the investigation of a large parameter range, regarding size, spacing and shape of the roughness elements, which is relevant for the characterization of distributed wall roughness. Some simulation results are compared to experimental results by Gaster. 1 Moreover, it will be demonstrated that these parameters (roughness height, spacing and shape) strongly affect the linear stability characteristics of the boundary layer flow. For example, it was found that small amplitude disturbances experience stronger amplitude growth for sinusoidal roughness elements than for roughness elements with rectangular shape. In addition to investigating the eect of two-dimension roughness on the primary instability we also studied the eect on secondary instabilities.
Forest policies and many governments

In this article, I examine pressures on the forest stock when multiple governments, which control different policies, have distinct revenue needs and respond to different constituencies. I assume one type of government controls public forest harvesting, while other governments (typically local or lower ones) control taxes on productive firms in their constituency. Preservation of public forests provides nontimber benefits, or public goods, for consumers at both local and national levels, and these public goods values may vary across constituencies. I investigate how public goods depend on types of government coordination including revenue sharing, shared constituencies, transfers between governments, and federalism (i.e., where one government responds only to its own revenue needs and constituencies without regarding the impact on other governments' revenues or constituents). The results suggest there are several forms of government coordination that either enhance or reduce fiscal constraints imposed on governments, and these spill over onto the forest stock through policy-induced changes in harvesting. In contrast to previous work, in the forestry case reduced government coordination and fiscal federalism can actually protect forest resources and increase public goods produced from preserving forests. If governments perceive increased revenues from public harvesting, then forest exploitation is reduced by shifting fiscal responsibilities away from governments that own resources. It is also shown that pure transfers may not reduce pressures on forest stocks unless certain restrictive conditions are met, and revenue sharing can provide incentives to increase public harvesting and reduce public goods in order to support revenue collections of all governments. Forest Science 48(1):146-158.
Interviewer effects in subjective survey questions: evidence from Timor-Leste

There is an inherent tension between traditional norms and survey protocols for quantitative data collected in the developing world. Unexpected interactions between the interviewer and respondent can lead to interviewer effects in the data, particularly in the case of subjective or sensitive questions. This paper makes use of a unique data set available from Timor-Leste containing subjective and objective questions to study these effects. In addition to their age and gender, data were collected from the interviewers regarding their opinions on the subjective questions prior to fieldwork. Fixed effects and mixed effects logit models are used to examine the main effects and interactions between interviewer and respondent characteristics. More objective measures serve as a pseudo control group. The paper finds interviewer effects in the both subjective and objective data, but the magnitude is considerably stronger for subjective questions. The paper also finds that female respondents are more susceptible to influence based on the interviewer's beliefs. Despite methodological shortcomings, the study highlights the need to consider more fully the impact of traditional cultural norms when conducting quantitative surveys in the developing world on topics that are outside the standard objective questions.
Comparing two classes of end-to-end machine-learning models in lung nodule detection and classification

End-to-end learning machines enable a direct mapping from the raw input data to the desired outputs, eliminating the need for hand-crafted features. Despite less engineering effort than the hand-crafted counterparts, these learning machines achieve extremely good results for many computer vision and medical image analysis tasks. Two dominant classes of end-to-end learning machines are massive-training artificial neural networks (MTANNs) and convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Although MTANNs have been actively used for a number of medical image analysis tasks over the past two decades, CNNs have recently gained popularity in the field of medical imaging. In this study, we have compared these two successful learning machines both experimentally and theoretically. For that purpose, we considered two well-studied topics in the field of medical image analysis: detection of lung nodules and distinction between benign and malignant lung nodules in computed tomography (CT). For a thorough analysis, we used 2 optimized MTANN architectures and 4 distinct CNN architectures that have different depths. Our experiments demonstrated that the performance of MTANNs was substantially higher than that of CNN when using only limited training data. With a larger training dataset, the performance gap became less evident even though the margin was still significant. Specifically, for nodule detection, MTANNs generated 2.7 false positives per patient at 100% sensitivity, which was significantly (p<0.05) lower than the best performing CNN model with 22.7 false positives per patient at the same level of sensitivity. For nodule classification, MTANNs yielded an area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.8806 (95% CI: 0.83890.9223), which was significantly (p<0.05) greater than the best performing CNN model with an AUC of 0.7755 (95% CI: 0.71200.8270). Thus, with limited training data, MTANNs would be a suitable end-to-end machine-learning model for detection and classification of focal lesions that do not require high-level semantic features. HighlightsMTANNs yielded higher performance than CNNs for nodule detection and classification.Deep CNN architectures achieved higher performance than shallow architectures for nodule detection.CNN architectures with varying depths performed comparably for nodule classification.MTANNs can achieve desired performance with a smaller training dataset than do the CNNs.MTANNs tend to learn the appearance of lesion parts, whereas CNNs attempt to learn the lesion appearance as a whole.
Untangling ciliary access and enrichment of two rhodopsin-like receptors using quantitative fluorescence microscopy reveals cell-specific sorting pathways

Quantitative microscopy shows that protein-sorting signals have opposite effects on ciliary enrichment of G protein–coupled receptors in different cell types, revealing distinct ciliary trafficking...
Notes on Teague

For many people Teague v. Lane has come to represent what is right, or wrong, about the Rehnquist Court’s criminal law jurisprudence. Smoothing retroactivity was the end which the doctrine meant to advance, but its means was to limit the federal writ of habeas corpus. The reality of Teague is that it switches ends and means, but it is the jurisprudence of the death penalty that gives Teague both its hard edge and tempting attractiveness.Teague erected a relatively rigid distinction between direct and collateral review. New rules have full retroactive effect in cases on direct appeal, but have no application to cases in which a defendant’s conviction has become final. By making retroactivity turn on the non-arbitrary factor of the prisoner’s status in the pipeline, the Teague Court could claim that it accorded proper weight to the states’ reliance interests while securing evenhanded justice for criminal defendants.However, a few select issues which arise under Teague, as well as the consequences that flow from Justice Harlan’s insight about how questions of retroactivity should be resolved, are worth further consideration. Some notion of the proper business of habeas courts is necessary in order to consider whether Teague has in fact put habeas courts “out of business,” as has been suggested. In this regard, examination of the intriguing claim of Professor Liebman that Teague in fact restored the parity between habeas and direct appeal is warranted.
Alcohol Injury Damages Intestinal Stem Cells.

Background Alcohol consumption is associated with intestinal injury including intestinal leakiness and the risk of developing progressive gastrointestinal cancer. Alcoholics have disruption of intestinal barrier dysfunction that persists weeks after stopping alcohol intake and this occurs in spite of the fact that intestinal epithelial cells turn over every 3-5 days. The renewal and functional regulation of the intestinal epithelium largely relies on intestinal stem cells (ISCs). Chronic inflammation and tissue damage in the intestine can injure stem cells including accumulation of mutations that may result in ISC dysfunction and transformation. ISCs are a key element in intestinal function and pathology; however, very little is known about the effects of alcohol on ISCs. We hypothesize that dysregulation of ISCs is one mechanism by which alcohol induces long-lasting intestinal damage. Methods In Vivo: Small intestinal samples from alcohol- and control-fed mice were assessed for ISC markers (Lgr5 and Bmi1) and the changes of the β-catenin signaling using immunofluorescent microscopy, Western blotting, and RT-PCR. Ex Vivo: Organoids were generated from small intestine tissue and subsequently exposed to alcohol and analyzed for ISC markers, β-catenin signaling. Results Chronic alcohol consumption significantly decreased the expression of stem cell markers, Bmi 1 in the small intestine of the alcohol fed mice and also resulted in dysregulation of the β-catenin signaling- an essential regulator of its target gene Lgr5 and ISC function. Exposure of small intestine-derived organoids to 0.2% alcohol significantly reduced the growth of the organoids, including budding, and total surface area of the organoid cultures. Alcohol also significantly decreased the expression of Lgr5, p-β-catenin (ser552), and Bmi1 in the organoid model. Conclusions Both chronic alcohol feeding and acute exposure of alcohol resulted in ISC dysregulation which might be one mechanism for alcohol-induced long-lasting intestinal damage. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Unraveling cell-to-cell signaling networks with chemical biology.

Cell-to-cell signaling networks, although poorly understood, guide tissue development, regulate tissue function and may become dysregulated in disease. Chemical biologists can develop the next generation of tools to untangle these complex and dynamic networks of interacting cells.
Psychological Harm and Free Speech on Campus

In this essay, I argue that it is a mistake to deny the existence of psychological harms or that such harms may justify limiting certain sorts of speech acts in certain sorts of circumstances, but that suchcircumstances are not part of the paradigmatic college environment. I begin by providing examples of recent inappropriate limits to speech on college campuses and explaining Frank Furedi’s 2011 analysis of the situation. Partially in contrast to Furedi, I indicate that while demands to prohibit all speech acts that bother listeners must be rejected, some speech causes real psychological harm and can be rightly limited. I proceed to argue that harm—physical, psychological, or other—is the only thing we should accept as justifying interference with individual behavior, invoking John Stuart Mill’s famous harm principle as well as analysis by Joel Feinberg. I show that speech can be harmful in various ways and discuss when and why certain speech acts might reasonably be prohibited if we take Mill’s principle seriously. In the final sections, I indicate why extensive free speech is essential to college environments and show that some speech that might be harmful elsewhere will not be harmful on college campuses. Even when there are some, fairly minimal, harms due to speech on campus, prohibition will often not be permissible. Finally, I address a real concern that college students, like the rest of us, are entitled to their own home spaces safe from speech they find hurtful, but indicate that those spaces are their dorm rooms.
The Influence of Task and Interpersonal Environments on Self-Efficacy Over Time

The stability of self-efficacy over time has important implications for organizations. Extending the literature on efficacy, we develop theory to explore self-efficacy over time as a result of social and organizational moderators. We discuss task and interpersonal environmental factors that influence self- efficacy over time. The results of an empirical test of the moderators found support for the hypotheses. Upper-level leader job design activities, lower-level leader coaching behaviors, and social support were all found to moderate efficacy over time. We discuss the implications for future research.
EQUILIBRIUM RED CELL SHAPES IN OSMOTIC SWELLING

The principle of minimum energy of deformation is used to obtain equilibrium shapes of red blood cells in osmotic swelling. Both bending and shear energies are used in evaluating the total energy of deformation. It is assumed that the normal biconcave shape of the red cell is stress-free and that the membrane is a two-dimensional incompressible material. The equilibrium shapes of the red cell in the osmotic swelling process are described by a polynomial equation with adjustable parameters. A numerical procedure is used to obtain combinations of the parameters for which the shapes have specified surface area and volume. An optimization procedure is then employed to determine the red cell shape for which the deformation energy is a minimum.
Determination of Best Low-Frequency Microwave Antenna Approach For Future High Resolution Measurements From Space

Microwave remote sensing measurements at L-band (~1.2-1.6 GHz) of geophysical parameters such as soil moisture will need to be at higher spatial resolution than current systems (SMOS/SMAP/ Aquarius) in order to meet the requirements of land surface, ocean, and numerical weather prediction models in the near future, which will operate at ~9-15 km global grids and 1–3 km regional grids in the next few years. In order to make progress toward these needed spatial resolutions, advancements in technology are necessary which would lead to improved effective (i.e. equivalent) antenna size. An architecture trade study was conducted to quantitatively define the value and limits of different microwave technology paths, and to select the most appropriate path to achieve the high spatial resolution required by science in the future without sacrificing performance, accuracy, and global coverage.
Four Wings: An Insect-Sized Aerial Robot With Steering Ability and Payload Capacity for Autonomy

This letter introduces a new aerial insect-sized robot weighing 143 mg—slightly more than a honeybee—actuated by four perpendicular wings splayed outward. This arrangement gives the robot more capabilities than previous two-winged designs. These include the ability to actuate around a vertical axis (steering), and enough payload capacity (>260 mg) to carry components such as sensor packages or power systems. To validate the design, the author demonstrated steering actuation in flight, as well as hovering position control using motion capture feedback. Analysis and preliminary experiment additionally suggests that the robot may be passively stable in attitude. The letter concludes by proposing a minimal set of components the robot would need to carry to achieve either sensor-autonomous flight, or power autonomous flight powered by supercapacitors. In both cases, earlier two-winged designs do not have enough lift. This robot therefore represents a mechanical platform that is well-suited to future sensor- and power-autonomous insect robots.
Visual Interpretation of Plain Radiographs in Orthopaedics Using Eye-Tracking Technology

Background Despite the importance of radiographic interpretation in orthopaedics, there not a clear understanding of the specific visual strategies used while analyzing a plain film. Eyetracking technology allows for the objective study of eye movements while performing a dynamic task, such as reading X-rays. Our study looks to elucidate objective differences in image interpretation between novice and experienced orthopaedic trainees using this novel technology. Methods Novice and experienced orthopaedic trainees (N=23) were asked to interpret AP pelvis films, searching for unilateral acetabular fractures while eye-movements were assessed for pattern of gaze, fixation on regions of interest, and time of fixation at regions of interest. Participants were asked to label radiographs as "fractured" or "not fractured." If "fractured", the participant was asked to determine the fracture pattern. A control condition employed Ekman faces and participants judged gender and facial emotion. Data were analyzed for variation in eye movements between participants, accuracy of responses, and response time. Results Accuracy: There was no significant difference by level of training for accurately identifing fracture images (p=0.3255). There was a significant association between higher level of training and correctly identifying non-fractured images (p=0.0155); greater training was also associated with more success in identifying the correct Judet-Letournel classification (p=0.0029). Response Time: Greater training was associated with faster response times (p=0.0009 for fracture images and 0.0012 for non-fractured images). Fixation Duration: There was no correlation of average fixation duration with experience (p=0.9632). Regions of Interest (ROIs): More experience was associated with an average of two fewer fixated ROIs (p=0.0047). Number of Fixations: Increased experience was associated with fewer fixations overall (p=0.0007). Conclusions Experience has a significant impact on both accuracy and efficiency in interpreting plain films. Greater training is associated with a shift toward a more efficient and thorough assessment of plain radiographs. Eyetracking is a useful descriptive tool in the setting of plain film interpretation. Clinical relevance We propose further assessment of eye movements in larger populations of orthopaedic surgeons, including staff orthopaedists. Describing the differences between novice and expert interpretation may provide insight into ways to accelerate the learning process in young orthopaedists.
The Go-VAR (Veterans Active Recovery): An Adjunctive, Exercise-Based Intervention for Veterans Recovering from Substance Use Disorders.

Substance use disorders (SUD) are prevalent among veterans, and the relapse rate is estimated at ≥60% within one year of treatment. Exercise’s broad health benefits make it an appealing adjunctive ...
The computational stance in biology.

The goal of this article is to call attention to, and to express caution about, the extensive use of computation as an explanatory concept in contemporary biology. Inspired by Dennett's ‘intentiona...
Design and investigation of cooperative, scaffolded wiki learning activities in an online graduate-level course

Informed by the literature on community of inquiry, wikis in education, and scaffolding in technology-supported learning environments, this study reports the design, implementation, and investigation of wiki-supported cooperative learning activities in an online graduate-level theories class. The investigation of emerging research questions revealed students’ participation patterns in the wiki learning activities, the relationship between their participation and course performance, and the students’ experiences with the scaffolding strategies designed to support their cooperative activities. The study offers implications for designing and scaffolding wiki-based cooperative learning.
Variational Excitations in Real Solids: Optical Gaps and Insights into Many-Body Perturbation Theory

We present an approach to studying optical band gaps in real solids in which quantum Monte Carlo methods allow for the application of a rigorous variational principle to both ground and excited state wave functions. In tests that include small, medium, and large band gap materials, optical gaps are predicted with a mean absolute deviation of 3.5% against experiment, less than half the equivalent errors for typical many-body perturbation theories. The approach is designed to be insensitive to the choice of density functional, a property we exploit in order to provide insight into how far different functionals are from satisfying the assumptions of many-body perturbation theory. We explore this question most deeply in the challenging case of ZnO, where we show that, although many commonly used functionals have shortcomings, there does exist a one-particle basis in which perturbation theory's zeroth-order picture is sound. Insights of this nature should be useful in guiding the future application and improvement of these widely used techniques.
A non-lethal malarial infection results in reduced drug metabolizing enzyme expression and drug clearance in mice.

Given the central importance of anti-malarial drugs in the treatment of malaria, there is a need to understand the effect of Plasmodium infection on the broad spectrum of drug metabolizing enzymes. Previous studies have shown reduced clearance of quinine, a treatment for Plasmodium infection, in individuals with malaria. The hepatic expression of a large panel of drug metabolizing enzymes was studied in the livers of mice infected with the AS strain of Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi, a nonlethal parasite in most strains of mice with several features that model human Plasmodium infections. C57BL/6J mice were infected with P. chabaudi by intraperitoneal injection of infected erythrocytes and sacrificed at different times after infection. Relative hepatic mRNA levels of various drug metabolizing enzymes, cytokines and acute phase proteins were measured by reverse transcriptase-real time PCR. Relative levels of cytochrome P450 proteins were measured by Western blotting with IR-dye labelled antibodies. Pharmacokinetics of 5 prototypic cytochrome P450 substrate drugs were measured by cassette dosing and high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results were analysed by MANOVA and post hoc univariate analysis of variance. The great majority of enzyme mRNAs were down-regulated, with the greatest effects occurring at the peak of parasitaemia 8 days post infection. Protein levels of cytochrome P450 enzymes in the Cyp 2b, 2c, 2d, 2e, 3a and 4a subfamilies were also down-regulated. Several distinct groups differing in their temporal patterns of regulation were identified. The cassette dosing study revealed that at the peak of parasitaemia, the clearances of caffeine, bupropion, tolbutamide and midazolam were markedly reduced by 60–70%. These findings in a model of uncomplicated human malaria suggest that changes in drug clearance in this condition may be of sufficient magnitude to cause significant alterations in exposure and response of anti-malarial drugs and co-medications.