cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Overwintering hosts for the exotic leafroller parasitoid, Colpoclypeus florus: implications for habitat manipulation to augment biological control of leafrollers in pome fruits.

Thirty sites of managed and native habitats were surveyed for leafrollers (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in the apple producing region of central Washington State and northern Oregon from September through November 1997–2000 to discover species that supported overwintering by the parasitoid Colpoclypeus florus (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). C. florus, a species introduced from Europe, requires medium to large host larvae late in autumn on which to overwinter, and few leafroller species display this biology. Over the four years, five potential C. florus hosts were collected, including: Ancylis comptana (Froelich), Xenotemna pallorana (Robinson), and Syndemis sp. (Tortricidae), Filatima sp. (Gelechiidae), and Caloptilia burgessiellia (Zeller) (Gracillariidae). Of these, A. comptana, Syndemis sp., and Filatima sp. have been confirmed as overwintering hosts for C. florus. During the four years, the Syndemis sp. was rare and observed at only one location feeding on redosier dogwood, Cornus sericea L. (Cornales: Cornaceae) although, at this location, many of the larvae collected were parasitized by C. florus. Filatima sp. was common in the Yakima valley feeding on balsam poplar, Populus balsamifera L. ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook) Brayshaw (Malpighiales: Salicaceae) but was rarely parasitized. A. comptana, however, was collected at many locations in central Washington and was frequently found as an overwintering host for C. florus. A. comptana was found feeding on two Rosaceae: Wood's rose, Rosa woodsii Lindl., and strawberry, Fragaria ananassa Duchesne (Rosales: Rosaceae). Based on the number of host larvae collected, A. comptana appears to be the primary overwintering host for C. florus in Washington. Introduction of A. comptana populations to near-orchard habitats may facilitate biological control of leafrollers that are orchard pests.
Scenario Planning for Effective Regional Governance: Promises and Limitations:

Regional governance has improved efficiencies in various common goods such as transportation. Attempts to take advantage of such regional economies through regulation of land use run into the problems of existing local government controls and lack of existing alternative authority. One way to help promote regional solutions is to foster coordination among land use entities in local government. Scenario planning provides a participatory process, allows for thinking systematically about the future, and has been tested for its potential in furthering regional governance. An ongoing effort called the Maryland Scenarios Project is leveraged. The process of scenario building is assessed, and four scenarios are compared. The outcomes show different local and regional impacts under different possible futures. The analysis helps identify strategies for local governments including reacting to or collaborating with neighboring jurisdictions. The findings suggest that scenario planning encourages rational decision ma...
Pyridostigmine Bromide (PYR) Alters Immune Function in B6C3F1 Mice

Pyridostigmine bromide (PYR) is an anticholinesterase drug indicated for the treatment of myasthenia gravis and neuromuscular blockade reversal. It acts as a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor and was used as a pretreatment for soldiers during Operation Desert Storm to protect against possible nerve gas attacks. Since that time, PYR has been implicated as a possible causative agent contributing to Gulf War Illness. PYR's mechanism of action has been well-delineated with regards to its effects on the nervous system, yet little is known regarding potential effects on immunological function. To evaluate the effects of PYR on immunological function, adult female B6C3F1 mice were gavaged daily for 14 days with PYR (0, 1, 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg/day). Immune parameters assessed were lymphoproliferation, natural killer cell activity, the SRBC-specific antibody plaque-forming cell (PFC) response, thymus and spleen weight and cellularity, and thymic and splenic CD4/CD8 lymphocyte subpopulations. Exposure to PYR did not alter splenic and thymus weight or splenic cellularity. However, 20 mg PYR/kg/day decreased thymic cellularity with decreases in both CD4+/CD8+ (20 mg/kg/day) and CD4-/CD8- (10 and 20 mg/kg/day) cell types. Functional immune assays indicated that lymphocyte proliferative responses and natural killer cell activity were normal; whereas exposure to PYR significantly decreased primary IgM antibody responses to a T-cell dependent antigen at the 1, 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg treatment levels for 14 days. This is the first study to examine the immunotoxicological effects of PYR and demonstrate that this compound selectively suppresses humoral antibody responses.
A Comparison Between two Types of Visually-Evoked Nystagmus in the Monkey

Similarities between optokinetic nystagmus (O.K.N.) and flicker-induced nystagmus (F.I.N.) include: response buildup and occurrence during the entire period of stimulation; absence of habituation; after-nystagmus in the same direction; occasional after-after-nystagmus to the opposite side; frequency spectrum, peak frequency and existence of lower and upper frequency thresholds. Phenomena are different in that for O.K.N. the stimulus is in motion; binocular and monocular stimulation are effective; direction is determined by direction of motion; unidirectionality is absent; there is minimal influence of background illumination, posture, labyrinthine receptors, and section of crossed optic fibers. For F.I.N. the stimulus is stationary; the response is elicited only by monocular stimulation; the direction is determined by the stimulated eye; there is exclusive unidirectionality; it is abolished by background illumination, optic chiasm section and bilateral labyrinthectomy; it is strongly influenced by posture...
A cluster finding trigger processor for a high energy physics experiment searching for new source of CP violation

A trigger processor was designed, built, and used in a high-energy physics experiment which was designed to search for a second source of charge-conjugate-parity (CP) violation. An 804-element lead-glass array measured the energies and positions of the final state electromagnetic showers, called clusters. A cluster is defined as an island of connected glass blocks each with more than 1 GeV of energy deposited. The processor selected four clusters events which constituted less than 10% of the total. The trigger contributed negligible deadtime to the data acquisition system. Erasable programmable logic devices were used extensively to search in parallel for the clusters. A typical event took about 30 mu s to be processed the reduction in trigger rate by more than one of magnitude resulted in an experiment that has the highest reported statistics and sensitivity for the measurement of the CP violation parameter epsilon "/ epsilon . >
Performance Characteristics of a Laser Initiated Microdetonator

The test results of 320 units of a laser initiated microdetonator are summarized. The commercially fabricated units used a lead styphnate/lead azide/HMX (1 mg/13.5 mg) explosive train design contained in a miniature aluminum can that was capped with a glass-metal seal window. The test parameters were the laser energy, temperature, laser pulse duration, laser wavelength and nuclear radiation (5,000,000 rad of 1 MeV gamma rays). The performance parameters were the laser energy for ignition and the actuation response time.
Uses and Limitations of Portable Monitoring for Diagnosis and Management of Obstructive Sleep Apnea

om The proper management of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a common disorder associated with significant morbidity and mortality, requires accurate assessment. Polysomnography (PSG) is the standard test for diagnosis of suspected sleep-related breathing disorders and for positive airway pressure (PAP) titration to choose an effective level of PAP for treatment. Attended PSG is costly and requires highly trained personnel for adequate study performance and interpretation. Access to PSG in a timely manner is limited or delayed in some locales and has prompted use of limited channel sleep monitoring for the diagnosis of OSA. Such testing is sometimes called portable monitoring (PM) or home sleep testing (HST). The tests are not always performed in the home and can be performed in the sleep center or hospital. In addition, testing often does not determine the amount of sleep (no electroencephalogram [EEG] recorded). Hence the terms HST or PM are not ideal but are used in much of the literature on this subject. For simplicity, limited channel sleep monitoring is termed PM in this article except when discussing Medicare coverage, where the term HST is used. Although PSG is the standard test to diagnose OSA in the United States, more limited studies are routinely used in other locales. For example, Flemons and colleagues stated in
Memory Retrieval and Interference: Working Memory Issues.

Working memory capacity has been suggested as a factor that is involved in long-term memory retrieval, particularly when that retrieval involves a need to overcome some sort of interference (Bunting, Conway, & Heitz, 2004; Cantor & Engle, 1993). Previous work has suggested that working memory is related to the acquisition of information during learning, along with the management of interference and the use of inhibition during long-term memory retrieval. This paper reports a study that further addressed the role of working memory capacity on long-term memory retrieval. Our results showed that working memory capacity is somewhat related to the integration of information into situation models, and the management of interference, but not to the ability to suppress irrelevant information. The role of other cognitive processes, such as general situation model processing and general inhibitory ability, were also explored.
Truth Definitions, Skolem Functions and Axiomatic Set Theory

§1. The mission of axiomatic set theory . What is set theory needed for in the foundations of mathematics? Why cannot we transact whatever foundational business we have to transact in terms of our ordinary logic without resorting to set theory? There are many possible answers, but most of them are likely to be variations of the same theme. The core area of ordinary logic is by a fairly common consent the received first-order logic. Why cannot it take care of itself? What is it that it cannot do? A large part of every answer is probably that first-order logic cannot handle its own model theory and other metatheory. For instance, a first-order language does not allow the codification of the most important semantical concept, viz. the notion of truth, for that language in that language itself, as shown already in Tarski (1935). In view of such negative results it is generally thought that one of the most important missions of set theory is to provide the wherewithal for a model theory of logic. For instance Gregory H. Moore (1994, p. 635) asserts in his encyclopedia article “Logic and set theory” that Set theory influenced logic, both through its semantics, by expanding the possible models of various theories and by the formal definition of a model; and through its syntax, by allowing for logical languages in which formulas can be infinite in length or in which the number of symbols is uncountable.
Manifesto for a growth econometrics

While the last three decades have seen remarkable advances in the econometric analysis of many areas of microeconomics and macroeconomics, growth economics has not experienced anything close to such progress. This is so despite the veritable explosion of theoretical and empirical studies of economic growth that has occurred in the last 15 years. A sign of the need for a growth econometrics is made clear when one re#ects on how little the empirical and theoretical literatures on economic growth make contact. For example, while spillover e!ects and attendant nonlinearities continue to be hallmarks of the new endogenous growth theory, empirical practice still largely focuses on linear models whose speci"cation is suggested by the neoclassical exogenous growth model of Solow and whose empirical implementation is often asserted to provide evidence in favor of that model (cf. Barro, 1991). It is no exaggeration to say that the theoretical and empirical growth literatures are evolving with little interaction. It is only through an econometrics that can link theory to data analysis and hypothesis testing that a synergy can be achieved. Empirical analyses of growth generally follow a common strategy. A crosssection or panel of countries is employed in which per capita output growth rates are assumed to depend over a common time horizon on two sets of variables. One set of variables consists of initial per capita output, savings and population growth rates, variables that are suggested by the Solow growth model. The second set of variables consists of control variables that correspond to whatever additional determinants of growth a researcher wishes to examine. In a survey published last year, Danny Quah and I (Durlauf and Quah, 1999) found that over 90 di!erent additional variables had appeared in the literature as of 1998. The current number is certainly much larger, despite the fact that only about 120 countries are available for analysis in the standard data sets. A result of this paucity of data relative to theories is the vast number of nonoverlapping studies that have appeared. A number of the problems that plague empirical growth analysis represent variants of traditional problems with the interpretation of econometric models.
Design of anhydrous electrorheological (ER) suspensions based on I2-doped poly(pyridinium salt)

A rigid-rod aromatic poly (pyridinium salt) [(C 5 H 2 N + [Ph] 2 )-Ph-(C 5 H 2 N + [Ph] 2 )-Ph-Ph] n was synthesized and doped with iodine for making anhydrous electrorheological (ER) fluids. The I 2 -doped particles were further processed into ones having insulating skins. Dielectric properties and current densities of the suspensions containing these particles were studied to elucidate the roles of conductivity of the dispersed phase in the ER suspension
Computation of winding inductances of permanent magnet brushless DC motors with damper windings by energy perturbation

A method for the calculation of motor winding inductances is presented in which damping effects due to metallic retainment sleeves and intentionally introduced damper bar (amortisseur) windings are included. The inductance computation method makes use of the combined energy perturbation concept and finite-element field solutions. These parameters are necessary for the prediction of the dynamic performance of such motors with rotor damping. This modeling approach accounts for all saliency effects, and is entirely carried out in the natural abc frame of reference. Thus, it facilitates the process of integration of the modeling of the motor and its associated power electronics. The approach is most effective in the design of damper bar systems for enhancement of the performance of such motors, as demonstrated in the application of this approach to a 15 hp, 120 V, 6-pole, samarium-cobalt, permanent-magnet brushless DC motor. >
Systemic Exposure to Thiopurines and Risk of Relapse in Children With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Children’s Oncology Group Study

Importance Variability in prescribed doses of 6-mercaptopurine (6MP) and lack of adherence to a 6MP treatment regimen could result in intra-individual variability in systemic exposure to 6MP (measured as erythrocyte thioguanine nucleotide [TGN] levels) in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The effect on relapse risk of this variability is unknown. Objective To determine the effect of high intra-individual variability of 6MP systemic exposure on relapse risk in children with ALL. Design, Setting, and Participants We used a prospective longitudinal design (Children’s Oncology Group study [COG-AALL03N1]) to monitor 6MP and disease relapse in 742 children with ALL in ambulatory care settings of 94 participating institutions from May 30, 2005, to September 9, 2011. All participants met the following eligibility criteria: (1) diagnosis of ALL at 21 years or younger; (2) first continuous remission in progress at the time of study entry; (3) receiving self-, parent-, or caregiver-administered oral 6MP during maintenance therapy; and (4) completion of at least 6 months of maintenance therapy at the time of study enrollment. The median patient age at diagnosis was 5 years; 68% were boys; and 43% had National Cancer Institute–based high-risk disease. Main Outcomes and Measures Daily 6MP regimen adherence was measured over 68 716 person-days using an electronic system that recorded the date and time of each 6MP bottle opening; adherence rate was defined as the ratio of days that a 6MP bottle was opened to days thata 6MP bottle was prescribed. Average monthly 6MP dose intensity was measured over 120 439 person-days by dividing the number of 6MP doses actually prescribed by the number of planned protocol doses (75 mg/m 2 /d). Monthly erythrocyte TGN levels (pmol/8 × 10 8 erythrocytes) were measured over 6 consecutive months per patient (n = 3944 measurements). Using intra-individual coefficients of variation (CV%), patients were classified as having stable (CV% Results Adjusting for clinical prognosticators, we found that patients with 6MP nonadherence (mean adherence rate P = .01) compared with patients with a mean adherence rate of 95% or greater. Among adherers, high intra-individual variability in TGN levels contributed to increased relapse risk (hazard ratio, 4.4; 95% CI, 1.2-15.7; P = .02). Furthermore, adherers with varying TGN levels had varying 6MP dose intensity (odds ratio [OR], 4.5; 95% CI, 1.5-13.4; P = .01) and 6MP drug interruptions (OR, 10.2; 95% CI, 2.2-48.3; P = .003). Conclusions and Relevance These findings emphasize the need to maximize 6MP regimen adherence and maintain steady thiopurine exposure to minimize relapse in children with ALL.
Mutation of the Conserved Calcium-Binding Motif in Neisseria gonorrhoeae PilC1 Impacts Adhesion But Not Piliation

Neisseria gonorrhoeae PilC1 is a member of the PilC family of type IV pilus-associated adhesins found in Neisseria species and other type IV pilus-producing genera. Previously, a calcium-binding domain was described in the C-terminal domains of PilY1 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and in PilC1 and PilC2 of Kingella kingae. Genetic analysis of N. gonorrhoeae revealed a similar calcium-binding motif in PilC1. To evaluate the potential significance of this calcium-binding region in N. gonorrhoeae, we produced recombinant full-length PilC1 and a PilC1 C-terminal domain fragment. We show that, while alterations of the calcium-binding motif disrupted the ability of PilC1 to bind calcium, they did not grossly affect the secondary structure of the protein. Furthermore, we demonstrate that both full-length wild-type PilC1 and full-length calcium-binding-deficient PilC1 inhibited gonococcal adherence to cultured human cervical epithelial cells, unlike the truncated PilC1 C-terminal domain. Similar to PilC1 in K. kingae, but in contrast to the calcium-binding mutant of P. aeruginosa PilY1, an equivalent mutation in N. gonorrhoeae PilC1 produced normal amounts of pili. However, the N. gonorrhoeae PilC1 calcium-binding mutant still had partial defects in gonococcal adhesion to ME180 cells and genetic transformation, which are both essential virulence factors in this human pathogen. Thus, we conclude that calcium binding to PilC1 plays a critical role in pilus function in N. gonorrhoeae.
Hormonal Emergency Contraception

In the 1960s, high-dose estrogen was identified as a highly effective emergency contraceptive but was associated with a high frequency of nausea and vomiting. The combination of low-dose estrogen and a progestin (the Yuzpe regimen) is highly effective and much better tolerated. Recently, a progestin-only regimen containing levonorgestrel was found to be more effective than the Yuzpe regimen and caused significantly less nausea and vomiting. Danazol, an antigonadotropin, is well tolerated but has questionable efficacy. Mifepristone has several pharmacologic actions that make it highly effective with an adverse-effect profile similar to that of the Yuzpe regimen. Progress has been made in the last 3 years toward increasing the number of emergency contraceptives that are accessible to women in the United States, and several highly effective options are available. The most effective and well-tolerated regimen available is levonorgestrel. However, the barriers to access and low patient and provider awareness limit the impact of emergency contraception on the rate of unintended pregnancies.
The Thermodynamics of Soil Solutions

Soil chemistry has spawned a number of textbooks in the last 5 years, and this is one of the best. The mathematical treatment makes the reading heavy going, but it will provide many rewards. The book's scope is too narrow and the treatment too detailed for beginning soil chemistry courses, but it is excellent for advanced soil chemistry courses. It is also an excellent book for those wishing an introduction to the thermodynamics of terrestrial waters contacting sediments. Some people object to the use of equilibrium in natural open systems because, in the strict sense, they never reach equilibrium. Soils seem to be close enough, and their rate of change slow enough, that equilibrium thermodynamics often apply. Brought into the laboratory and made a closed system, soils can attain at least a partial equilibrium.
Wave evolution over a gradual slope with turbulent friction

The evolution of a weakly nonlinear, weakly dispersive gravity wave in water of depth d over a bottom of gradual slope δ and Chezy friction coefficient Cf is studied. It is found that an initially sinusoidal wave evolves into a periodic sequence of solitary waves with relative amplitude a/d = α1 = 15δ/4Cf if α1 < αb, where αb is the relative amplitude above which breaking occurs. This prediction is supported by observations (Wells 1978) of the evolution of swell over mudflats.
Putting things in perspective: building on our experience

The science and policy underlying food labeling and food fortification have evolved over the past 30 years to a point where dietary guidance and nutrition labeling now provide consumers with highly sophisticated, very specific information about links between diet and health. The focus was once on prevention of nutrient deficiency diseases, but today it is on reducing the risk of chronic diseases and health-related conditions. The Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990, with its provisions for authorization of health claims on food labels, has provided a gateway through which a broader realm of nutrition and health information can be made available to consumers. However, the interpretation and implementation of the health claim provisions must evolve, based on a strong foundation of supporting science, so that industry may more readily make health information available to consumers in a form that is easily understood and effectively used in making their dietary choices. We must develop a database to support claims of beneficial effects of food components. We must be assured that the beneficial effects are not outweighed by safety concerns. And we must develop an environment that is conducive to conducting the research to develop these data. This can only be accomplished through the collaborative efforts of industry, academia, consumers and public health agencies.
Censal-Ratio Methods

In the late 17th century, John Graunt estimated the population of London and then of the whole of England and Wales using what today is known as a censal-ratio method (Devlin 2008: 93-94). Not long afterward, in the 18th century, the French mathematician, Laplace, also used a censal-ratio method in combination with recorded births and a population sample to estimate the population of France (Stigler, 1986:163-164). However, methodological development really only took off in the late 1930s and early 1940s, fueled in large part by the need for low-cost and timely information generated by the great depression of the 1930s and World War II (Bryan, 2004; Eldridge, 1947; Shryock, 1938; Shryock and Lawrence, 1949). In modern times, the censal-ratio method is usually traced to Bogue (1950) who introduced the “vital rates method.”
Laboratory detection and analysis of four cases of food poisoning in rural banquet

Objective:To analyze the cause of four cases of food poisoning in rural banquet and conduct laboratory confirmation,providing scientific basis for control and prevention of food poisoning in rural banquet.Methods: By collecting epidemiological investigation and laboratory test records of food poisoning in rural banquet,a retrospective analysis of food poisoning caused by common strains in local banquet was conducted.Results: Four rural banquet food poisoning were mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus,diarrheagenic Escherichia coli,salmonella.Conclusion: Rural banquet food poisoning need to cause enough attention,food safety supervision departments should strengthen the health quality supervision and monitoring of the rural banquet.
Effects of Ethylmethanesulfonate and Mitomycin-C upon Duration of Adult Life Span in Bracon serinopae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Haploid and diploid males of the parasitic wasp Bracon serinopae Cherian were fed with ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS) and mitomycin-C in sucrose solution every 24 hours in separate experiments. The number of living males was recorded daily, survivorship curves were established, and mean lifespans were calculated. Both mutagens reduced length of life. However, the haploid males were not differentially affected from diploid males in EMS treatment, while diploid males were less affected by mitomycin-C than were haploid males. A single dose of EMS was not effective in reducing the lifespan of haploid males, whereas a single dose of mitomycin-C drastically reduced length of life in haploid males. These results suggest that aging in Bracon may be mimicked by somatic mutations induced by EMS and mitomycin-C, although the mechanism of influence is different in each case.
A Footnote to the Anthropological Approach to the Study of American Culture

DEVELOPMENTS in anthropological theory and practice in recent years make it possible to apply the methods used in studying primitive societies to an analysis of modem American culture. The American way of life, so much a part of the polemics of wartime and of peace, has remained, curiously enough, beyond the direct scrutiny of most social scientists, and the ironical fact is that more is actually understood about the culture of the Trobriand Islanders, for example, than of American. For the most part social scientists have taken American culture for granted, or used it as a norm, without venturing upon analysis of more than some of its parts. That the domain of American culture can be probed as soberly as that of a primitive group is indicated by the work of such anthropologists as Benedict,' Mead2 Linton,3 and others.4 Benedict's efforts have been directed toward delineating patterns of culture in a total configuration or gestalt, while Linton and Kardiner, and their followers, have sought at the other extreme to uncover the basic personality structure of selected primitive societies. During the war period analysis of cultures was extended to modern peoples of Europe and Asia: Benedict's The Chrysanthemum and the Sword6 is an illustrative study of Japanese culture. In the field of philosophy, Northrop6 has attempted to demonstrate the philosophy of cultures; his materials on Mexican and British cultures, in particular, illustrate the contribution available in an ideological approach. Lynd7 and Panunzio8
TDL Absorption Sensor for Temperature Measurements in High-Pressure and High-Temperature Gases

The development and demonstration of a tunable diode laser (TDL) absorption sensor for temperature measurements in high-pressure and high-temperature gases is presented. This sensor uses a wavelength modulation spectroscopy with second-harmonic detection (WMS-2f) technique with a sensor bandwidth of 10 kHz. Two-color thermometry was performed using water vapor absorption features near 1392 and 1469 nm. Sensor performance was validated with measurements in a heated static cell and shock-heated N2-H2O mixtures in the Stanford High-Pressure Shock Tube (HPST). Experiments were conducted at gas temperatures and pressures between 600-2200 K and 2-22 atm, respectively.
The role of social buffering on chronic disruptions in quality of care: evidence from caregiver-based interventions in foster children

ABSTRACTThere is growing evidence that social support can buffer the physiological stress response, specifically cortisol reactivity. We use a developmental framework to review the importance of social buffering in early childhood, a period of heightened plasticity for programming of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The social environment, in which parents play the largest role in early life, is a critical agent in the developmental trajectory of the HPA axis. A prevailing model of social buffering primarily focuses on the role of social support in the context of acute stressors and cortisol response. This review expands this model to provide evidence of the mechanism of social buffering, or lack thereof, across periods of chronic stress by applying the social buffer model to children involved in the child welfare system. We also highlight current interventions that capitalize on the mechanism of social buffering to modify HPA axis functioning across childhood. Last, we synthesize our findin...
Costs incurred by family caregivers of patients with palliative care needs

Commentary on : Gott M, Allen R, Moeke-Maxwell T, et al. ‘No matter what the cost’: a qualitative study of the financial costs faced by family and whānau caregivers within a palliative care context. Palliative Med 2015;29:518–528.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3] With increasing healthcare costs, there has been a shift from providing palliative and end of life care from hospital to community settings. This shift has implications for community healthcare providers and … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DPalliative%2BMed%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1177%252F0269216315569337%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F25680378%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1177/0269216315569337&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=25680378&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febnurs%2F19%2F3%2F93.atom
Investigation of a dermatitis outbreak caused by poisonous eucleid caterpillars

Objective With the changes in environment and climate in recent years, the dermatitis outbreaks, caused by poisonous eucleid caterpillars, has increased. This investigation aims to determine the cause of this disease and find out the risk factors and route of exposure.Methods A case study and an environmental survey were carried out among the villagers with symptoms, and the epidemiological characteristics of cases were described. A case control study(2∶1) was performed, and experts were invited to identify the species of caterpillars.Results The attack rate(AR) in the village was 71.70%(223/311),highest among villagers over 80 years of age and those under 9 years of age. The AR in the village was higher than those in other villages. In the village, the AR was higher in the northern part than in the southern part and higher in the western part than in the eastern part. The environmental survey showed that a large number of caterpillars bred on aPterocarya stenopteratree near the Furun River at the northwestern corner of the village, and the experts identified the caterpillars as poisonous eucleid caterpillars.The case control study showed that the risk factors for dermatitis caused by poisonous eucleid caterpillars were walking past the tree(≥4 times/d)(OR=12.0, 95%CI:3.9-51.0), washing the body with river water(OR=10.0, 95%CI:1.5-448.0), washing vegetables and clothes with river water(OR=4.5, 95%CI:1.4-19.0), and swimming in the river(OR=6.6, 95%CI:1.5-62.0).Conclusion The outbreak of dermatitis was caused by poisonous eucleid caterpillars, whose poisonous hair might contact the human skin by moving with wind or contaminating water.
The Idea of Justice in the Great Religions

In Chapter 2 we outlined what we had in Chapter 1 called rationalistic theories, especially its modem examples. Here we will try to discuss the other kind, namely, the metaphysical-religious conceptions of justice - not, indeed, all its examples, but only those illustrated by the great religions of the world. We start with Hinduism.
Regional Systems in History: Pax Sinica and the Japanese Sphere of East Asian Coprosperity

Three regional orders are said to have existed in East Asia prior to the end of the Second World War.1 One was largely a function of the US Open Door policy. It was in effect more a balancing act centring around the US attempt to bring about some order in East Asia, particularly through the 1921–22 Washington Conference. But ‘the spirit of the Washington Conference’, which committed major regional powers to a cooperative arrangement, quickly dissipated under the onslaught of fervent Chinese nationalism, ‘Japanese unilateralism’ and the emerging communism in the Soviet Russia.2 The multilateral diplomacy of the 1920s and 1930s ultimately failed to stop Japanese imperialism and pre-vent the outbreak of the Pacific War. This failed attempt may have some significant implications for contemporary discussions of regional security arrangements, but does not seem to be particularly relevant for the recent attempt to form multilateral economic regimes in the Asia-Pacific region.
Towards Building Multidisciplinary Knowledge on Management of Technology: An Introduction to the Special Issue

Management of technology (MOT) concerns the processes by which innovations in technology are transformed to ultimately diffuse into the marketplace. As such, operations management contributes to the multidisciplinary realm of MOT through its study of a firm's resource capabilities. This special issue offers a broad and deep discussion on the interface between MOT and POM. The contributions of the MOT special issue are fourfold. First, we invited scholars from a variety of disciplines to write papers that highlight a broad perspective of emerging problems in MOT that can be addressed by POM researchers. Second, a set of contributed papers is included in the special issue spanning several themes at the intersection of POM and MOT. Third, much of this article is devoted to a deep discussion of an emerging theme that represents a fundamental challenge to the modern, knowledge-intensive firm. Specifically, we explore how firms develop and leverage internal and external knowledge-based resource capabilities to respond to the dynamic opportunities and threats created by innovations in technology. Lastly, we provide a comprehensive discussion of future research opportunities that relate to the challenges in managing the knowledge-intensive firm. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Development and assessment of a higher-spatial-resolution (4.4 km) MISR aerosol optical depth product using AERONET-DRAGON data

Abstract. Since early 2000, the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) instrument on NASA's Terra satellite has been acquiring data that have been used to produce aerosol optical depth (AOD) and particle property retrievals at 17.6 km spatial resolution. Capitalizing on the capabilities provided by multi-angle viewing, the current operational (Version 22) MISR algorithm performs well, with about 75 % of MISR AOD retrievals globally falling within 0.05 or 20 % × AOD of paired validation data from the ground-based Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET). This paper describes the development and assessment of a prototype version of a higher-spatial-resolution 4.4 km MISR aerosol optical depth product compared against multiple AERONET Distributed Regional Aerosol Gridded Observations Network (DRAGON) deployments around the globe. In comparisons with AERONET-DRAGON AODs, the 4.4 km resolution retrievals show improved correlation (r = 0. 9595), smaller RMSE (0.0768), reduced bias (−0.0208), and a larger fraction within the expected error envelope (80.92 %) relative to the Version 22 MISR retrievals.
Taxanes can enhance immunotherapy of cancer - importance of timing

2068 The taxanes, paclitaxel and docetaxel are widely used in the treatment of ovarian, breast and prostate cancer. Immunotherapy of cancer is extensively being studied with limited success in patients with large disease burden. As taxanes reduce tumor burden and potentially also the associated immune suppressive pathways, combination taxane-immunotherapy is intriguing. However, more insight into the immune suppressive effects of taxanes and the optimum timing of co-administration is needed. The present study evaluated the feasibility and scheduling of taxane-based chemo-immunotherapy with the immune modulating antibodies MAb-B43.13 (anti-CA125, oregovomab) and AR47.47 (anti-PSA). Upon injection, the MAbs form immune complexes with their respective circulating antigens, leading to enhanced processing and T cell activation. To assess the effects of taxanes on immune cells and antigen processing, two parallel approaches were conducted: a) an in vitro co-culture system of immature DC, tumor and T cells; and b) a time course study of docetaxel (15 mg/kg) in CT26 tumor bearing mice. In vitro, paclitaxel and docetaxel did not affect T cell or DC survival at concentrations ≤ 25 µg/mL. Interestingly, both taxanes enhanced maturation of DC (increased CD86 and CD83 expression), decreased the percentage of FoxP3+CD4+CD25+ T reg cells and enhanced T cell proliferation to non-specific stimuli (anti-CD3/CD28) as well as to the co-cultured tumor cells. The in vivo time course study confirmed minor effects of docetaxel on T and B cell survival. DC migration to the tumor, including about 30% expressing CD83 and CD80, increased by Day 7-10 compared to non-treated tumor-bearing control mice. Further, the taxane significantly reduced T regs and myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in the draining LN, tumor, PBMC and spleen (Day 3-5); however, reduction was transient with recovery to baseline levels noted by Day 10. The reduction in T reg and MDSC correlated with a sharp increase in T and B cell responsiveness at Day 3-5. Further, we observed a more than 3-fold increase in T cell infiltrate to the tumor at Day 5-7 and in B cell infiltrate at Day 3. A Phase II combination chemo-immunotherapy study of oregovomab with front-line paclitaxel/carboplatin in stage III/IV ovarian cancer patients revealed that the immune response to oregovomab was not abrogated by concurrent administration of chemotherapy but in fact had an immune-adjuvant effect on both humoral and cellular responses. The data favored a simultaneous over a 1-week delayed administration schedule with regard to immune induction and possibly clinical outcome. The immune modulating effects of taxanes appear to synergize with immunotherapy, particularly as reduction in T reg and MDSC paired with recruitment of T cells and mature DC to the tumor could render immunotherapy-induced T cells more effective within the tumor microenvironment.
Dental Student-Delivered Care at a Student-Faculty Collaborative Clinic in a Correctional Facility.

The article discusses the implementation of a dental clinic in a city jail in tandem with medical and mental health care, during which dental students delivered dental care with a supervising dentist, provided patient oral health education, and trained other students to conduct oral screenings. Topics included the impact of incarceration on overall patient health, the benefits of interdisciplinary training of health professionals, and an increase in the availability of dental services for patients.
The effect of near-peer tutoring on medical students' performance in anatomical and physiological sciences.

Introduction: Healthcare professional schools across the world are implementing near-peer tutoring (NPT) programs owing to numerous benefits to both tutors and tutees. This study determined whether higher attendance at NPT sessions led to improvements in course grades for high and low performing students. Methods: Fourth-year medical students used the USMLE Step 1 question format to tutor first-year medical students during the second half of the Structure and Function (SF) module, i.e., SF2. Attendance was recorded and students were accordingly divided into three groups: high, moderate, and low-no attendance. Students' performances in SF1 and SF2 were compared using Student's t-test. Differences among the three groups were analyzed using ANOVA and Scheffe post hoc test (P< 0.05). Students who earned 70-79% (C) in SF1 were further examined on the basis of their attendance rate and performance in SF2. Those who attended three or more sessions completed a survey evaluating the NPT program. Results: Course grades were significantly higher in SF2 than SF1 for all students, regardless of attendance rate. However, students who received a C grade in SF1 and had high or moderate attendance improved significantly in their SF2 course grade. Most students agreed that the NPT program was valuable and they evaluated the tutors highly. They also agreed that NPT prepared them for course exams and Step 1, but did not reduce anxiety and stress about Step 1. Conclusions: The positive effect of the NPT program resulted in its expansion to include all first-year modules. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Multitasking in older adults with type 2 diabetes: A cross-sectional analysis.

Background and purpose Deficits in the ability to multitask contribute to gait abnormalities and falls in many at-risk populations. However, it is unclear whether older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) also demonstrate impairments in multitasking. The purpose of this study was to compare multitasking performance in cognitively intact older adults with and without DM and explore its relationship to measures of gait and functional ability. Methods We performed a cross-sectional analysis of 40 individuals aged 60 and older with type 2 DM and a matched group of 40 cognitively intact older adults without DM. Multitasking was examined via the ambulatory Walking and Remembering Test (WART) and seated Pursuit Rotor Test (PRT). Self-selected normal and fast walking speed and stride length variability were quantitatively measured, and self-reported functional ability was assessed via the Late Life Function and Disability Index (LLFDI). Results Participants with DM walked slower and took more steps off path when multitasking during the WART. No between-group differences in multitasking performance were observed on the PRT. Multitasking performance demonstrated little correlation with gait and functional ability in either group. Discussion and conclusions Older adults with DM appear to perform poorly on an ambulatory measure of multitasking. However, we analyzed a relatively small, homogenous sample of older adults with and without type 2 DM and factors such as peripheral neuropathy and the use of multiple comparisons complicate interpretation of the data. Future research should explore the interactions between multitasking and safety, fall risk, and function in this vulnerable population. Clinicians should recognize that an array of factors may contribute to gait and physical dysfunction in older adults with type 2 diabetes, and be prepared to assess and intervene appropriately.
Hair Follicle Development in Mouse Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Skin Organoids

The mammalian hair follicle arises during embryonic development from coordinated interactions between the epidermis and dermis. It is currently unclear how to recapitulate hair follicle induction in pluripotent stem cell cultures for use in basic research studies or in vitro drug testing. To date, generation of hair follicles in vitro has only been possible using primary cells isolated from embryonic skin, cultured alone or in a co-culture with stem cell-derived cells, combined with in vivo transplantation. Here, we describe the derivation of skin organoids, constituting epidermal and dermal layers, from a homogeneous population of mouse pluripotent stem cells in a 3D culture. We show that skin organoids spontaneously produce de novo hair follicles in a process that mimics normal embryonic hair folliculogenesis. This in vitro model of skin development will be useful for studying mechanisms of hair follicle induction, evaluating hair growth or inhibitory drugs, and modeling skin diseases.
Abstract ES2-3: Managing increased breast cancer risk based on high and moderate penetrance gene mutations

Genetic testing in the modern era increasingly examines multiple genes using next generation technologies. Most assays include the high penetrance genes, which confer lifetime breast cancer risk greater than 5-fold, include BRCA1/2, TP53, CDH1 and PALB2. Moderate penetrance genes are associated with lifetime breast cancer risk in the range of 2-3 fold, and include ATM, NF1, CHEK2 (mutation-specific) and NBN, with BARD1 and others potentially joining the group. Substantial data has emerged from studies of women with BRCA1/2 mutations, evaluating the performance of screening technologies, such as mammogram, breast MRI and ultrasound, and the efficacy of risk-reducing breast and ovarian/fallopian tube surgical procedures. Guidelines exist in the NCCN (US) and ESMO guidelines in Europe, among others, trying to provide recommendations for the age at which to initiate screening or undergo risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomies, for example. Data are increasing on the moderate penetrance genes but there is still much reliance on extrapolation from the high-penetrance genes, which should be done thoughtfully. One approach is to estimate the age at which lifetime breast cancer risk equals the risk from a high penetrance gene when screening is to begin and initiate imaging surveillance at that time. For example, initiation of annual breast imaging would be at age 40 for ATM (RR 2.8) instead of age 25 as is done for BRCA1/2 or age 20 as for TP53. However, there are no data that this is the correct age at which to initiate screening, so this practical suggestion must meet criteria for reasonableness as well as effectiveness. Other source of data may include more precise gene-specific risk estimates from focused genetic epidemiology studies, and ongoing data from studies of prospectively identified mutation carriers. Further understanding of the mechanisms of carcinogenicity for mutation carriers may also help to provide insights that can guide therapeutic and preventive approaches. For example, the work on RANK ligand by Lindeman et al has led to the development of a definitive breast cancer prevention trial examining the RANK-Ligand inhibitor Denosumab in BRCA1 mutation carriers, entitled BRCA-P, being led by C. Singer of the ABCSG and Dr. Lindeman, and to be conducted in sites around the world. Other approaches are in development and will be discussed. Citation Format: Garber JE. Managing increased breast cancer risk based on high and moderate penetrance gene mutations [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr ES2-3.