cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinicopathologic and Genomic Analysis of TP53-Mutated Endometrial Carcinomas.

Purpose: Copy number–high endometrial carcinomas were described by The Cancer Genome Atlas as high-grade endometrioid and serous cancers showing frequent copy-number alterations (CNA), low mutational burden (i.e., non-hypermutant), near-universal TP53 mutation, and unfavorable clinical outcomes. We sought to investigate and compare the clinicopathologic and molecular characteristics of non-hypermutant TP53-altered endometrial carcinomas of four histologic types. Experimental Design: TP53-mutated endometrial carcinomas, defined as TP53-mutant tumors lacking microsatellite instability or pathogenic POLE mutations, were identified (n = 238) in a cohort of 1,239 endometrial carcinomas subjected to clinical massively parallel sequencing of 410–468 cancer-related genes. Somatic mutations and CNAs (n = 238), and clinicopathologic features were determined (n = 185, initial treatment planning at our institution). Results: TP53-mutated endometrial carcinomas encompassed uterine serous (n = 102, 55.1%), high-grade endometrial carcinoma with ambiguous features/not otherwise specified (EC-NOS; n = 44, 23.8%), endometrioid carcinomas of all tumor grades (n = 28, 15.1%), and clear cell carcinomas (n = 11, 5.9%). PTEN mutations were significantly more frequent in endometrioid carcinomas, SPOP mutations in clear cell carcinomas, and CCNE1 amplification in serous carcinomas/EC-NOS; however, none of these genomic alterations were exclusive to any given histologic type. ERBB2 amplification was present at similar frequencies across TP53-mutated histologic types (7.7%–18.6%). Although overall survival was similar across histologic types, serous carcinomas presented more frequently at stage IV, had more persistent and/or recurrent disease, and reduced disease-free survival. Conclusions: TP53-mutated endometrial carcinomas display clinical and molecular similarities across histologic subtypes. Our data provide evidence to suggest performance of ERBB2 assessment in all TP53-mutated endometrial carcinomas. Given the distinct clinical features of serous carcinomas, histologic classification continues to be relevant.
Continuous Glucose Monitoring Adds Little Benefit, Especially in Adults.

In patients who have diabetes mellitus who are treated with intensive insulin regimens, continuous glucose monitoring modestly decreases A1C in short-term, unmasked studies.
The Role of Dispersed Information in Inflation and Inflation Expectations

We solve a rational expectations model of price formation with nominal rigidity and information frictions analytically to study how dispersed information impacts inflation and inflation expectations, without imposing strong structural assumptions on the aggregate marginal cost. The closed-form solution implies an ARMA(1,1) nowcast error and an ARMA(1,2) one-step-ahead forecast error of inflation, both supported by the Survey of Professional Forecasters data. We derive a Phillips curve that links inflation, average inflation forecast (i.e., a first-order expectation), and the net effect of higher-order expectations (HOEs). We quantify the essential role of dispersed information in generating predictable average nowcast and forecast errors and estimate the net effect of HOEs on the Phillips curve.
Watching the Grass Grow: Does Recreational Cannabis Legalization Affect Labor Outcomes?

Over the past several years, cannabis has become legal for recreational use in several U.S. states and jurisdictions around the world. The opening of these markets has led to the establishment of hundreds of cannabis production and retail firms with accompanying demand for labor, leading to concerns about spillover effects on wages from incumbents. We study the markets for agricultural and retail labor in Washington and Colorado, early legalizers with now-established cannabis markets. Using a synthetic control technique to account for the possibility of border-state spillover effects and machine learning techniques for data imputation and variable selection, we find no evidence that cannabis legalization is associated with increases in per-employee wages, neither within industries most similar to cannabis production or retail, nor in more broad industry categories. We conclude that cannabis legalization is unlikely to negatively impact incumbent firms through the labor market channel.
A Review of “Information Literacy Beyond Library 2.0”

Described as a “watershed moment,” the introduction of Web 2.0 into the library world has always produced mixed results. The title of this book reflects that ambiguity; while some essays have the o...
Processes and Patterns of Sedimentation at Blind Pass, Florida

TIDWELL, D.A. and WANG, R, 2006. Processes and patterns of sedimentation at Blind Pass, Florida. Journal of Coastal Research, SI 39 (Proceedings of the 8th International Coastal Symposium), 509 514. Itajai, SC, Brazil, ISSN 0749-0208. A field-oriented sedimentation study was conducted at Blind Pass Florida, shortly after the last channel dredging in the summer of 2000. Blind Pass is a wave-dominated tidal inlet that has been migrating southward for over 3,000 meters before it was stabilized by a series of hard-engineering structures since 1937. Thereafter, the inlet has been maintained by frequent dredging. The dredged material was typically used to nourish the adjacent beaches, especially the downdrift Upham Beach. Time-series measurements of tidal currents and bathymetry were conducted in the inlet channel. The ebb-dominated main channel, roughly 6 m deep, extends along the southern side, where peak ebb current approached 150 cm/s. Along the northern side of the inlet, the ebb currents are much weaker, as compared to both the flood current and ebb current in the main channel. Shortly after the 2000 dredging, rapid sedimentation was measured along the northern side of the inlet. This accumulation is likely resulted from the predominant southward longshore sand transport, bypassing the north jetty. The northern part of the inlet is dominated by flood-directed current and the weak ebb current is not adequate to flush the bypassed sediment out of the inlet. Along the southern side with the deep channel, active sediment flushing is evident as indicated by the coarse, shelly lag deposit on the bottom. Roughly 28 months after the channel dredging, the northern side near the entrance has become shallow enough to induce wave breaking over the shoal. Distinctive seasonal patterns of sedimentation are measured thereafter in the inlet channel, influenced by the seasonal wave climate. ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS: Tidal inlets, near shore sediment transport, coastal morphodynamics.
Apoptosis of Mycobacterium avium-infected macrophages is mediated by both tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and Fas, and involves the activation of caspases.

Mycobacterium avium causes disseminated infection in AIDS patients and several forms of infection in immunocompetent hosts. Recent studies have shown that M. avium infection of macrophages in vitro leads to apoptosis of significant numbers of infected cells. Several strains of M. avium used to infect human macrophages for 5 days (multiplicity of infection of 10) triggered 28–46% higher levels of apoptosis than observed with uninfected macrophages at the same time points. Mycobacterium avium strains unable to replicate intracellularly (rep−) resulted in a 15% rate of apoptosis, while M. smegmatis-infected monolayers showed the same percentage of apoptotic cells as the uninfected macrophage control. The presence of anti-TNF-α antibody reduced apoptosis to 17% and the presence of anti-Fas antibody reduced apoptosis to 10%. When both antibodies were used together, the apoptosis level was 5% above the control. Treatment with TGF-β also reduced the number of apoptotic cells in infected monolayers. If intracellular growth was inhibited, apoptosis of macrophages decreased significantly. It was also shown that apoptosis was associated with IL-1β-converting enzyme (ICE) activation and was significantly reduced by a caspase inhibitor. Gaining understanding of the mechanisms of M. avium-associated apoptosis of macrophages will provide important insight into M. avium pathogenesis.
Effect of Integrated Sex Factor on Transduction of Chromosomal Genes in Escherichia coli

Pittard, James (Yale University, New Haven, Conn.). Effect of integrated sex factor on the transduction of chromosomal genes in Escherichia coli . J. Bacteriol. 89: 680–686. 1965.—Generalized transducing phage P1kc can contransduce the markers tna and ilv in Escherichia coli K-12 at a frequency of approximately 25%. When sex factor is integrated into the donor chromosome between tna and ilv , as in Hfr AB313, the entire sequence tna F ilv is not cotransduced at a detectable frequency, nor is F cotransduced with either tna or ilv . The frequency with which ilv is transduced from Hfr AB313 to female recipients is approximately one-eighth the frequency obtained when either F + or female strains are used as donors. This reduction of transduction frequency does not occur if the recipient is an Hfr male similar to AB313. The reduction is attributed to pairing difficulties which occur when the transduced fragment carrying the ilv genes also carries sex-factor material. When ilv + is transduced from a female to an ilv − derivative of AB313, 70% of the transductants are converted to F + males. A model is proposed to account for all of these observations.
Observed Southern Hemisphere Eddy Statistics at 500 mb: Frequency and Spatial Dependence

Abstract Nearly eight years of daily Southern Hemisphere analyses at 500 mb have been used to define the spatial dependence of the variance fields of geopotential height and the two geostrophic wind components, the corresponding covariance fields, and the transient kinetic energy. The fields are further examined in the frequency domain by using Lorenz' (1979) “poor man's spectral analysis” technique. In view of the small variation in eddy statistics as a function of the time of the year in the SH, this study removes the first four harmonies of the annual cycle and then considers all data together, so that contributions from all time scales from 2 to 4096 days (∼11 years) can be resolved. The main results are based on analyses from May 1972–January 1978 but are verified with analyses from the relatively data-rich FGGE period. Results for the zonal mean statistics are compared with those from previous studies. The zonal means of the geopotential height and westerly wind component have spectra which roughly ...
THE FORMATION OF BACTERIAL VIRUSES IN BACTERIA RENDERED NON-VIABLE BY MUSTARD GAS

E. coli B and Staphylococcus muscae rendered non-viable by aqueous solutions of mustard gas at pH 7.5 to 8 can still produce phage.
Spectra of Maser Radiation from a Turbulent, Circumnuclear Accretion Disk. II. High-Velocity Features

Calculations for radiative transfer in a turbulent medium are presented that emphasize the high-velocity, spectral line features due to masing at the sides of a Keplerian disk. The focus is on understanding the highly refined observational data about the 22 GHz masers in the thin, subparsec disk around the presumed massive black hole at the nucleus of the galaxy NGC 4258. Only a minimal description of velocity irregularities in the disk—we use turbulent velocities created by statistical sampling with a Kolmogorov-like power spectrum—is necessary to obtain spectra that reflect the basic properties of the observations. A small number of sharp features are produced at the sides of the disk and are dispersed over Doppler velocities of some 200 km s-1 as in the observations. By treating the radiation as emerging at the observed angle of 7° from the average plane of the disk, we demonstrate that the flux of maser radiation from the high-velocity features and from the center of the disk are compatible with the premise that the physical properties of the front and the sides of the disk are statistically equivalent. Spectra computed with rms velocities of turbulence that are equal to the speed of sound are in satisfactory agreement with the observed spectra when the 7° angle is included in the calculations. A limited effort is reported to examine the changes in the observed spectra with time that result from the Keplerian rotation.
Optical pulse shaping system based on aperture-coupled striplines for OMEGA pulse shaping applications

An optical pulse shaping system based on an aperture-coupled stripline electrical waveform generator is discussed. Shaped electrical and optical pulses have been produced. The measured pulse shapes agree well with our models.
Coupling endoplasmic reticulum stress to the cell death program in dopaminergic cells: effect of paraquat.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) features oxidative stress and accumulation of misfolded (unfolded, alternatively folded, or mutant) proteins with associated loss of dopaminergic neurons. Oxidative stress and the accumulated misfolded proteins elicit cellular responses that include an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response that may protect cells against the toxic buildup of misfolded proteins. Chronic ER stress and accumulation of misfolded proteins in excessive amounts, however, overwhelm the cellular ‘quality control’ system and impair the protective mechanisms designed to promote correct folding and degrade faulty proteins, ultimately leading to organelle dysfunction and neuronal cell death. Paraquat belongs to a class of bipyridyl herbicides and triggers oxidative stress and dopaminergic cell death. Epidemiological studies suggest an increased risk for developing PD following chronic exposure to paraquat. The present study was carried out to determine the role of paraquat in triggering cellular stress particularly ER stress and to elucidate the pathways that couple ER stress to dopaminergic cell death. We demonstrate that paraquat triggers ER stress, cell dysfunction, and dopaminergic cell death. p23, a small co-chaperone protein, is cleaved during ER stress-induced cell death triggered by paraquat and blockage of the caspase cleavage site of p23 was associated with decreased cell death. Paraquat also inhibits proteasomal activity that may further trigger accumulation of misfolded proteins resulting in ER stress. Our results indicate a protective role for p23 in PD-related programmed cell death. The data also underscore the involvement of ER, caspases, and the proteasomal system in ER stress-induced cell death process.
The industrial hygiene audit: purposes and implementation.

The increased implementation of industrial hygiene programs in industry, with the associated increase in funds allocated to safety and health programs, has introduced the concept of evaluative measures for program performance. The audit is a frequently used and valuable tool for the safety specialist, but it has been infrequently used by the hygienist. We differentiate the audit from 1) program guidelines and 2) program evaluation. The latter implies relating program activities to articulated measures of effectiveness. The audit, in contrast, utilizes widely accepted industrial hygiene program structural elements. In an audit a qualitative or numerical rating scale is assigned each audit program element to indicate the extent to which the element is present. The audit is an essential tool for the manager of an industrial hygiene program. Audits are not a substitute for program evaluation, but program evaluation is a very uncertain matter because the industrial hygiene profession has yet to focus on measures of program progress in terms similar to those of the safety field, i.e. accident frequencies and severities. Program elements and qualitative and quantitative rating scales are described. Preparation, conduct and reporting of the audit are discussed.
Risk factors for repeat elective abortion.

Objective Repeat abortions account for 48% of all induced abortions in the United States. This study aims to identify correlates of repeat abortion in a US clinic. Study Design This cross-sectional study investigates a consecutive sample of 398 women who received elective abortion in an urban hospital. All participants answered demographic, reproductive, and other questions. Results Older women were more likely to have had a previous abortion than teenagers (odds ratio for women 20-29 years old, 2.9 [95% CI, 1.5-5.7]; odds ratio for women ≥30 years old, 6.7 [95% CI, 2.8-16.0]). Alcohol/drug abuse (odds ratio, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.3-5.3) also correlated with increased odds of previous abortion. Depo medroxyprogesterone acetate use approached a significant association (odds ratio, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.0-10.5). Conclusion The associations between both alcohol/drug abuse and depo medroxyprogesterone acetate use and repeat abortion are new findings. Future studies are needed to identify modifiable risk factors for repeat abortion and to identify populations in which interventions, such as long-term contraception, may lower the risk.
The development of malignancy in the course of the Aldrich syndrome.

Neoplasia occurred in two of four male siblings, all of whom had the Aldrich syndrome. Similar development of malignancy has been observed in five additional instances of the Aldrich syndrome. The possible reasons for the increased incidence of neoplastic changes in this syndrome are discussed.
The fundamental mechanism of motion detection in the insect visual system.

The basic principle of motion detection by fibers of the optic lobes of flies were studied with a pair of small spots and a variety of paired intensity variations. These show that the process of correlation of adjacent field regions to detect motion is confined to a small area. The presence of small field units with small field adjacent inhibition in the system was detected. The optimum spot spacing for maximum reactions corresponded to the facet spacings. Selective motion detection responses from minimum information consisting of evaluating the difference between the spot intensities and the rate of change of the trailing spot relative to the motion direction was shown. However, additional properties best determined by white-noise experiments designed from this study were found.
The pioneering character of demonstration school teachers

From the very first the distinctive feature of the normal school or teachers college has been the use of a school for children as an integral part of the institution. The Reverend Samuel R. Hall opened the first normal school in Concord, Vermont, in 1823 and admitted a few children for the purpose of having a class to be used in his demonstrations of how to teach. In 1825 Reverend Thomas H. Gallaudet
Using Both Sides of Your Brain: The Case for Rapid Interhemispheric Switching

Individual brain hemispheres are often specialized for specific aspects of a behavior. How both sides of the brain coordinate their output to produce a perfectly seamless behavior is not known. Songbirds appear to achieve this by rapidly switching back and forth between hemispheres.
Alternatives to the tuberculin skin test: Interferon-γ assays in the diagnosis of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis infection

For nearly a century, there were no alternatives to the tuberculin skin test (TST) for diagnosing latent tuberculosis infection. Because of advances in immunology and genomics, for the first time, an alternative has emerged in the form of T cell based interferon-g (IFN-gamma) assays, a new generation of in vitro tests of cellular immunity. These assays measure cell mediated immune response by quantifying IFN-gamma released by T cells in response to stimulation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens. Although early versions of IFN-gamma assays used purified protein derivative (PPD) as the stimulating antigen, newer versions use antigens that are significantly more specific to M. tuberculosis. These specific antigens include ESAT-6 and CFP-10. These proteins, encoded by genes located within the region of difference 1 (RD1) segment of the M. tuberculosis genome, are more specific to M. tuberculosis than PPD because they are not shared with any BCG substrains or several nontuberculous mycobacterial species. A review of current evidence on the performance of IFN-gamma assays and TST suggests that both the TST and IFN-gamma assays have advantages and limitations, and both tests appear to be useful at this time. The emergence of IFN-gamma assays is a much anticipated, welcome development that has, for the first time, increased the choice of tests available for diagnosing latent tuberculosis infection. Because both tests have their strengths and limitations, the decision to select one over the other will depend on the population, the goal of testing, and the resources available. To fully evaluate the utility of IFN-gamma assays in high burden countries such as India, long-term cohort studies are needed to determine the association between positive IFN-gamma results and the subsequent risk of active disease.
Delineation of the Site of Action of an Antistaphylococcal α‐Globulin

Summary. The isolation of an antibacterial α-globulin from the sera of humans as well as selected animal species has been reported. While antibacterial agent (ABA) reduced the respiration of intact cells by 55%, the anti-respiratory effect was increased to 67% and 85% for spheroplasts and L-forms, respectively. Studies indicated that neither cell wall nor peptidoglycan could absorb ABA quickly enough to inhibit its membrane damaging effects. Although the ribitol teichoic acid-free mutant Staphylococcus aureus H52A5 was not susceptible to ABA, the lack of ribitol teichoic acid may have altered structurally the cell wall so that ABA access to the cell membrane was precluded. The activity of ABA was neutralized by prior exposure of staphylococci to exogenous coagulase, presumably by masking unknown receptor sites for ABA on the cell surface. In our studies with cell wall deficient organisms, we could not demonstrate coagulase reversal of ABA activity.
Antiplatelets, ACE inhibitors, and statins combination reduces stroke severity and tissue at risk

Background: Antiplatelets (APL), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (ACEI), and statins (STAT) are commonly used for stroke prevention. The authors examined whether combination therapy with these agents has additive protective effects in reducing ischemic stroke severity. Methods: The authors retrospectively analyzed data from 210 consecutive patients presenting within 24 hours of stroke onset. Baseline NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI), and PWI–DWI mismatch lesion volumes as clinical and radiologic measures of stroke severity were measured among patients who were not taking APL, ACEI, or STAT before stroke onset vs those who were taking APL alone or in combination with either ACEI, STAT, or both. Results: Sixty-nine patients were not on APL, ACEI, or STAT at stroke onset; 47 were on APL alone, 43 on dual (14 APL + STAT, 29 APL + ACEI), and 20 on triple combination therapy. Patients on triple therapy had lower NIHSS score ( p = 0.001) and smaller mean PWI–DWI mismatch lesion volumes ( p = 0.03) than those on two agents, APL alone, or no prestroke therapy. Higher percentages of patients on triple therapy had shorter length of hospitalization and better functional status upon discharge. Age, risk factor profile, blood pressure, glucose levels, onset to evaluation time, stroke subtypes, and DWI lesion volumes were comparable among all groups. Conclusions: Prestroke use of available drugs for stroke prevention, in combination, may result in additive reduction in stroke severity, as measured by NIH Stroke Scale, and the volume of ischemic tissue at risk, as assessed by perfusion-weighted imaging–diffusion-weighted imaging mismatch. These findings require further validation in larger-scale, randomized, prospective studies.
mild Interlaminar Decompression for the Treatment of Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: Procedure Description and Case Series With 1-year Follow-up

Objectives mild interlaminar decompression is a minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of patients with symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis. This report describes the mild procedure and presents 1-year clinical outcomes of patients treated with mild. Methods mild treats lumbar spinal stenosis by removing portions of the lamina and ligamentum flavum to restore space in the lumbar spine. The procedure is conducted under fluoroscopic guidance, and is performed with moderate sedation. One-year follow-up was obtained for 17 patients treated with the mild procedure. Clinical evaluations were conducted at baseline and at 1-year follow-up with the 10-point Visual Analog Score and Oswestry Disability Index. Results mild treatments were completed with no major device-related or procedure-related complications. The baseline mean Visual Analog Score of 7.6 improved at 1 year after the procedure to 2.3, a decrease of 5.4 cm points, or an average percentage decrease of 70.0%. Average baseline Oswestry Disability Index of 48.4 improved to 21.7 at 1 year, an improvement of 26.6 points. Discussion The mild technique provides an attractive early option for the treatment of symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis after failed injection therapy, but before more invasive surgical treatment. For 17 patients with 1-year follow-up, the mild procedure provided significant pain relief and increased mobility. This procedure leaves no implants behind, and therefore does not limit subsequent, more invasive procedures that require implants.
Estimate of Net Trophic Transfer Efficiency of PCBs to Lake Michigan Lake Trout from Their Prey

Most of the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) body burden accumulated by lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from the Laurentian Great Lakes is from their food. We used diet information, PCB determinations in both lake trout and their prey, and bioenergetics modeling to estimate the ef ficiency with which Lake Michigan lake trout retain PCBs from their food. Our estimates were the most reliable estimates to date because (a) the lake trout and prey fish sampled during our study were all from the same vicinity of the lake, (b) detailed measurements were made on the PCB concentrations of both lake trout and prey fish over wide ranges in fish size, and (c) lake trout diet was analyzed in detail over a wide range of lake trout size. Our estimates of net trophic transfer efficiency of PCBs to lake trout from their prey ranged from 0.73 to 0.89 for lake trout between the ages of 5 and 10 years old. There was no evidence of an upward or downward trend in our estimates of net trophic transfer efficiency for lake trout ...
Perineural spread in pelvic malignancies can be an alternate explanation for pelvic bony metastases rather than hematogenous spread. A report of two cases

We propose that pelvic malignancies can spread to bone and cause bony metastases using nerves as conduits. We reviewed two cases of pelvic malignancy with perineural spread of bladder cancer and prostate cancer. In a patient with prostate cancer, we identified six lesions that were positive on the (11)C-choline PET/CT scan and MRI; in a patient with bladder cancer, we identified two lesions positive on the (18)F-deoxy-glucose PET/CT scan and MRI. We carefully reviewed the imaging studies, and using established sclerotome maps we identified spinal nerves supplying each of eight pelvic bony lesions. All these spinal nerves showed evidence of tumor infiltration with extension toward the affected bones. We theorize that perineural tumor spread may serve as an additional mechanism of pelvic osseous metastases in pelvic malignancies.
As Condições da Ação na Reforma Parcial do Código de Processo Penal Brasileiro

The purpose of this study is to briefly comment on the current state of the conditions of prosecution after the reform of the Brazilian Code of Criminal Procedure by Law 11,719/2008, due to the gap caused by the suppression of Article 43 of said law, and the laconic wording of Article 395. This academic endeavor is aligned with the segment of legal doctrine which denies the "general theory of procedure", and sets itself with those who believe in the necessity of developing a General Theory of Penal Procedural Law. It defends, therefore, that the conditions of action as designed by the monistic doctrine are inexistent, and that these should be conceived as those conditions that have historically hindered the inception of criminal proceeding, namely, apparent vagueness, concrete punishableness, standing and just (probable) cause.
Lillian Borrone: Weaving a web to revitalize port commerce in New York and New Jersey

In 1988, when Lillian Borrone became the director of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey’s Port Commerce Department, she was the first woman in the world to head a major port. During her 12-year tenure, she revitalized the port’s cargo trade. She spearheaded the recovery of a faltering entity through vision, astute marketing, and an inclusive, participatory management style. Her achievements contain valuable lessons for all managers who want to revitalize agency operations. Her career path also serves as a key information source for how women can advance in the male-dominated transportation field.
Letter by Ng Regarding Article, “Prospective Study of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Incident Coronary Heart Disease and Heart Failure: The Sleep Heart Health Study”

To the Editor: In reference to the recent article by Gottlieb et al,1 I would like to point out that patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) have a higher prevalence of atrial fibrillation. The relationship between atrial fibrillation and OSA was first demonstrated 26 years ago by Guilleminault et al.2 They reported atrial fibrillation prevalence …
Endocrine factors in the development of transplantable adrenal cortical tumors. I. Inhibition of the growth rate by corticotropin (acth).

The growth rate of transplantable adrenocortical tumors in male LAF 1 mice was found to be inhibited in hypophysectomized and in adrenalectomized animals. Castration and sex hormones did not affect the growth of these tumors. In intact mice a striking inhibition of the growth rate of adrenocortical tumors was brought about by the administration of ACTH. Evidence was obtained that ACTH inhibited growth by a direct action on the tumor cells. When expressed in terms of units of DNA, the biochemical and cytochemical effects on adrenocortical tumor cells appeared qualitatively similar to the effects of this hormone on the normal adrenal cortex. A single injection of ACTH stimulated the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Repeated administration of ACTH produced an increased oxygen uptake by sliced tissue and a moderate accumulation of RNA in the microsomal fraction. Water extracts of acetone powdered, ACTH-treated, adrenocortical tumors had lower dCMP-deaminase activity than extracts from untreated tumors. When expressed in terms of units of DNA, the homogenates of ACTH-treated adrenocortical tumors had a higher succinoxidase activity and the sliced tissue had a lower rate of anaerobic glycolysis than did corresponding samples of untreated adrenocortical tumors. FACTEURS ENDOCRINIENS DU DEVELOPPEMENT DES TUMEURS TRANSPLANTABLES DE LA CORTICOSURRENALE I. INHIBITION DE LA CROISSANCE PAR LA CORTICOTROPHINE (ACTH) Il a ete constate que la vitesse de croissance des tumeurs transplantables de la corticosurrenale chez des souris LAF 1 mǎles etait ralentie chez les animaux soumis a l'ablation de l'hypophyse et des surrenales. La castration et les hormones sexuelles n'avaient aucun effet sur la croissance de ces tumeurs. Chez les souris intactes, l'administration d'ACTH a provoque un ralentissement frappant de la croissance des tumeurs corticosurrenaliennes. On a recueilli des donnees montrant que l'ACTH exerce cette action de facon directe sur les cellules tumorales. Exprimes en fonction de l'unite d'ADN, les effets biochimiques et cytochimiques sur les cellules tumorales sont apparus qualitativement semblables aux effets de cette hormone sur le cortex surrenalien normal. Une injection unique d'ACTH a stimule l'activite de la glucose-6-phosphate deshydrogenase. L'administration repetee d'ACTH a provoque une augmentation de l'absorption d'oxygene par le tissu decoupe et une accumulation moderee d'ARN dans les microsomes. Les extraits aqueux de tumeurs corticosurrenaliennes traitees par l'ACTH et „poudrees” a l'acetone avaient une plus faible activite de la dCMP-desaminase que les extraits de tumeurs non traitees. Exprimes en fonction de l'unite d'ADN, les homogenats de tumeurs traitees par l'ACTH avaient une plus grande activite de la succinoxydase et le tissu decoupe un plus faible taux de glycolyse anaerobie que les specimens non traites.
Prior experience and patterning in a Prisoner's dilemma game

State University of New York at Stony Brook, USAABSTRACTFemale college students ﬁrst played a pseudo-prisoner’s dilemma (PPD) gamewith the experimenter, who followed a ﬁxed strategy. In the ﬁrst experiment theexperimenter’s strategies for di•erent groups of subjects were: (a) play tit-for-tat;(b) play randomly; (c) always cooperate; (d) always defect (‘cooperation’ and‘defection’, deﬁned as in an actual prisoner’s dilemma game). Only the tit-for-tatgroup increased cooperation over trials; other groups decreased cooperation.After playing the PPD with the experimenter, subjects played an actual prisoner’sdilemma (PD) game with each other. In the PD game, subjects began cooperatingmoderately but cooperation deteriorated regardless of what the experimenter’sstrategy had been in the earlier (PPD) game. In a second experiment, subjectsagain played a PPD game with the experimenter and then played a PD game witheach other. Half played one trial at a time as in the ﬁrst experiment while halfplayed in patterns of four trials at a time. In the PD game, patterning of trialsretarded the development of mutual defection regardless of previous experience.The cooperation-preserving e•ect of patterning of trials in this social task iscompared with similar e•ects on individual tasks involving self-control and risk-aversion. #1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non-redundant inhibitor of differentiation (Id) gene expression and function in human prostate epithelial cells.

BACKGROUND The four Id (inhibitor of differentiation) proteins (Id1, Id2, Id3, and Id4) dimerize and neutralize the transcriptional activity of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins. The Id proteins negatively regulate differentiation and promote proliferation hence the expression of specific subsets of Id proteins is high in many different types of cancers. However, the expression of all the Id isoforms and their potential function in specific cancer cell types is not known. In this study, the expression and function of all four Id isoforms in prostate cancer cell lines was investigated to gain a better understanding of the role of each Id isoform in normal prostate epithelial and prostate cancer cells. METHODS Id gene and protein expression was evaluated in the context of androgen response. The cellular function of Id isoforms was evaluated by targeted loss of function of Id genes. RESULTS The four Id isoforms are differentially expressed and regulated in normal human prostate epithelial cells versus prostate cancer cell lines DU145 and LNCaP. Id4 is present only in AR positive cells (normal and LNCaP) and its expression regulated by androgens. Loss of Id1 and Id3 expression by siRNA results in loss of proliferation. Loss of Id2 had no effect on proliferation but increased apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS A complex equilibrium between Id isoforms determines the cell fate. Id1 and Id3 target cellular proliferation, Id2 targets apoptosis, and Id4 may act as a potential tumor suppressor in prostate epithelial cells. Prostate 66: 921–935, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
General circulation model simulations of superrotation in slowly rotating atmospheres - Implications for Venus

The results of three-dimensional general circulation model experiments simulating the earth atmosphere with planetary rotation rates between 1 and 1/64th times the earth's and diurnally averaged thermal forcing are used to evaluate Venus atmospheric superrotation theories invoking the upward transport of angular momentum from the solid planet by the zonal mean circulation. While the theories predict that superrotation is a common feature of slowly rotating planetary atmospheres, suggesting that superrotation should appear in the present, slowly rotating cases, the steady state circulations are noted to include only weak globally averaged superrotation, consistent with previously reported results from lower resolution models. The thermally driven equator-to-pole circulation rapidly generates zonal mean winds during spinup, near the planetary surface, precluding vertical angular momentum transport and suppressing further superrotation development.
Effects of mast cell membrane stabilizing agents in a rat lung ischemia-reperfusion model.

Abstract Background . The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that agents which stabilize the mast cell membrane may modulate the phenotype of the vascular wall in a lung ischemia-reperfusion model, including altering expression of endothelial and leukocyte adhesion receptors and the inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS-2). Methods . Three sets of rats were given either intravenous saline (group A), ketotifen (group B), or cromolyn (group C), respectively. The left pulmonary artery was ligated temporarily and reopened after 2 hours of ischemia. Then, after a 2-hour period of reperfusion, the left lung was excised. ICAM-1 and NOS-2 were measured at the protein level by Western blotting, and cGMP levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the lung tissue specimens for each drug group. Results . ICAM-1 expressions, determined as the intensity of a given band on the Western blot, were 197 ± 59 in group B and 195 ± 83 in group C versus 369 ± 114 in group A ( p = 0.002 for analysis of variance). In contrast with ICAM-1, NOS-2 expression was increased by ketotifen or cromolyn treatment (464 ± 82 in group B and 507 ± 93 in group C, compared with 377 ± 44 for group A, p = 0.007). The finding of increased NOS-2 expression in groups B and C is consistent with the observed increase in tissue cGMP levels in the same groups (1.92 ± 0.9 pmol/mL for group A versus 7.8 ± 3.5 pmol/mL for group B, and 12.4 ± 5.8 pmol/mL for group C, p = 0.0004). Conclusions . These data establish that mast cell stabilizing agents modulate the vascular phenotype in the setting of pulmonary ischemia and reperfusion by decreasing ICAM-1 expression, augmenting expression of NOS-2, and increasing tissue cGMP levels. As decreasing ICAM-1 expression and increasing cGMP levels have proven useful to limit proinflammatory mechanisms of tissue injury, mast cell stabilizing agents may provide a new therapeutic option to improve organ function in the setting of reperfusion.
Teaching, practice, and research: an integrative approach benefiting students and faculty.

Abstract A project showing the integration of teaching, practice, and research is described. The project involved using information gathered as part of baccalaureate nursing students' assessments of women's perceptions of and responses to cesarean birth to extend a program of nursing research. Benefits to student learning and faculty research programs are identified. The project serves as a prototype for the teaching, practice, and research activities of all students and faculty in nursing and other professional disciplines. J Prof Nurs 19:17-21, 2003. Copyright 2003 Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.
Amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity: Case study with syndrome analysis

Amiodarone is often prescribed for the control of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. While generally effective, the potential for a variety of side effects is substantial. Pulmonary toxicity, leading to acute or chronic respiratory failure, manifests with cough, dyspnea, infiltrates on chest radiograph, and a potential for progression to death. Although routinely cited as an adverse effect of amiodarone, it is relatively rare in terms of statistical incidence. In an effort to shed light on this syndrome, we present a stereotypical case study in amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity, as a prelude to a review of theorized pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, therapeutics, monitoring recommendations, and areas for future research.
The Newborn of Diabetic Rat. I. Hormonal and Metabolic Changes in the Postnatal Period

Summary: In this study we investigated the effects of streptozotocin-induced maternal diabetes on fetal body weight and alterations in the plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, glucagon and catecholamines, and in the concentrations of pancreatic insulin and glucagon and of hepatic glycogen and cAMP in newborn rats during the first 6 h of life. Hyperglycemia was regulated in one group of diabetic pregnant rats by administration of insulin twice a day from day 18 of gestation. On day 22 of gestation the body weight of newborns of the insulin-treated diabetic rats was significantly higher than that of normal rats, whereas untreated maternal diabetes caused a reduction in the body weight of the newborns. The newborns of insulin-treated diabetic rats maintained lower concentrations of plasma glucose for a longer period compared to the age-matched neonates of normal rats. At birth and during the first 6 postnatal h of life, plasma insulin was significantly higher in the neonates of both treated and untreated diabetic rats than the age-matched pups of normal rats. There was an increase in the concentration of plasma pancreatic glucagon in the newborns of normal rats within 30 min after birth, in contrast, a gradual reduction or no change in the concentrations of plasma glucagon was observed in the neonates of both groups of diabetic rats during the 6 h postnatal period. The concentrations of plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine were very high at birth in the three groups of newborns, and declined rapidly during the first postnatal h. Significant secondary increases in the concentrations of these two hormones occurred in the three groups of neonates after the plasma glucose concentration had declined to below 2 mM. Changes in the insulin:glucagon molar ratio was associated with a delay in the postnatal increase in hepatic cAMP concentrations and also in the initiation of hepatic glycogenolysis in the neonates of both groups of diabetic rats compared to normal animals. The findings of macrosomia, postnatal hyperinsulinemia, prolonged lowered plasma glucose and attenuated plasma glucagon observed in the newborns of the insulin-treated diabetic rats are similar to the findings reported in the newborn infants of insulin-dependent diabetic women. Speculation: Diabetes during pregnancy in the rats described in this study is reproducible and can be regulated with insulin administration. This experimental model should prove useful in quantifying alterations in hepatic glycogen metabolism and gluconeogenesis, and the mechanism(s) responsible for the attenuated glucagon secretory response in newborns of diabetic mothers.
Stable Formation of Compositionally Unique Stress Granules in Virus-Infected Cells

Stress granules are sites of mRNA storage formed in response to a variety of stresses, including viral infections. Here, the mechanisms and consequences of stress granule formation during poliovirus infection were examined. The results indicate that stress granules containing T-cell-restricted intracellular antigen 1 (TIA-1) and mRNA are stably constituted in infected cells despite lacking intact RasGAP SH3-domain binding protein 1 (G3BP) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4G. Fluorescent in situ hybridization revealed that stress granules in infected cells do not contain significant amounts of viral positive-strand RNA. Infection does not prevent stress granule formation in response to heat shock, indicating that poliovirus does not block de novo stress granule formation. A mutant TIA-1 protein that prevents stress granule formation during oxidative stress also prevents formation in infected cells. However, stress granule formation during infection is more dependent upon ongoing transcription than is formation during oxidative stress or heat shock. Furthermore, Sam68 is recruited to stress granules in infected cells but not to stress granules formed in response to oxidative stress or heat shock. These results demonstrate that stress granule formation in poliovirus-infected cells utilizes a transcription-dependent pathway that results in the appearance of stable, compositionally unique stress granules.
A hierarchical cost estimation tool

The estimation of the manufacturing cost of a part in all phases of the design stage is crucial to concurrent engineering. To better estimate the cost for a product, data must be available from both engineering systems and business systems. This paper presents a cost estimation system being developed to support design time cost estimation using the Federated Intelligent Product EnviRonment (FIPER), which is being developed as part of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Advanced Technology Program (ATP). The FIPER research team is developing an architecture that interconnects design and analysis software tools in a peer level architecture to support multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO), design for six sigma (DFSS) and robust design.
Numerical solution of periodic vortical flows about a thin airfoil

A numerical method is developed for computing periodic, three-dimensional, vortical flows around isolated airfoils. The unsteady velocity is split into a vortical component which is a known function of the upstream flow conditions and the Lagrangian coordinates of the mean flow, and an irrotational field whose potential satisfies a nonconstant-coefficient, inhomogeneous, convective wave equation. Solutions for thin airfoils at zero degrees incidence to the mean flow are presented in this paper. Using an elliptic coordinate transformation, the computational domain is transformed into a rectangle. The Sommerfeld radiation condition is applied to the unsteady pressure on the grid line corresponding to the far field boundary. The results are compared with a Possio solver, and it is shown that for maximum accuracy the grid should depend on both the Mach number and reduced frequency. Finally, in order to assess the range of validity of the classical thin airfoil approximation, results for airfoils with zero thickness are compared with results for airfoils with small thickness.
Chromosome terminal deletion formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells

To investigate the fate of unrejoined DNA double-strand breaks, the frequency of 60Co gamma-ray- and restriction-enzyme-induced terminal chromosome deletions, a marker of unrejoined breaks, was determined in CHO-K1 and in xrs-5 cells. The xrs-5 cell is a DNA double-strand break repair-deficient derivative of CHO-K1. Terminal deletion frequency was small in both CHO-K1 and xrs-5 cells when cells were irradiated or treated with restriction enzyme while in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. In contrast, previous studies have shown that treatment of cells in G2 leads to large deletion frequencies, especially in xrs-5 cells. Cell cycle analyses show large G2 blocks in irradiated xrs-5 cells with only partial recovery over a 24-96-h period. These results suggest that most CHO cells with unrejoined breaks are blocked in G2 and, therefore, do not contribute to chromosome mutation frequencies. The small frequencies of terminal deletions that are found in these cells may reflect either an inefficiency in the G2 checkpoint mechanism or, perhaps, a modification of broken ends that allows passage through G2.