cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dissociation of ribonucleic acid and protein synthesis in mammalian cells deprived of potassium.

Abstract Using culture media prepared with the normal K + concentration (about 6 m m ) and with a variety of reduced K + concentrations, it was possible to regulate the rate of growth of several cultured mammalian cell lines (3T3, SV-3T3, and 3T6). Macromolecular synthesis was measured by incorporation of [ 3 H]uridine into RNA, [ 3 H]thymidine into DNA, and [ 3 H]leucine into protein. Less than 2 m m K + halted protein synthesis, but did not effect RNA synthesis. These results are comparable to those obtained by others studying the effects of K + depletion on bacterial cells and offers another system for studies of the interrelationships between transcription and translation in eukaryotic cells.
A socio‐pragmatic perspective of argument fields

The concept of “fields of argument” was originally introduced by Stephen Toulmin. This article outlines a socio‐pragmatic perspective for defining and observing fields of argument. The perspective guides one to describe a field based upon the patterns of behaviors (talk) which enact a situation. The perspective is illustrated by describing public policy making as a field of argument, using observations from a case study of the Utah State Legislature. Values, norms, and past actions (precedent) are viewed as the linking pins in an emerging “web” of justification. They become the standards of rationality in the field. The necessity to maintain the “web” limits strategies for disagreement to reconstructing and overriding.
A Radical Economic Revision of the Transformation Problem

The transformation problem results from extending Marxs analysis to include reproduction. Existing resolutions assume equilibrium and accept Ricardo's conclusion that production conditions in basics determine the profit rate. But capitalism cannot be shown to reach a Neo-Ricardian equilibrium. And the Ricardian basics theory of the profit rate is either a physical-standard theory of the profit rate or a capital-productivity theory. Without equilibrium, Marns exploitation theory of the profit rate is consistent with capitalist pricing and implies that capitalism cannot achieve long-run equilibrium, and decentralized pricing behavior can generate nominal-price movements as well as equalizing profit rates.
Enhanced grain growth in yttria-doped zirconia thin film structures synthesized under photon irradiation

Enhanced grain growth in ultra-thin yttria-doped zirconia (YDZ) films synthesized under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is reported. The mean grain size in UV-synthesized 7.5 mol% YDZ films nearly 56 nm thick increased to 85 nm upon annealing in an oxygen-rich ambient at 900°C for 1 h, while in thermally grown YDZ they grew only to ∼15 nm under identical annealing conditions. In situ electron microscopy kinetic studies reveal an enhanced kinetic constant and self-limiting grain growth behaviour in the UV-synthesized oxide films. The difference between UV and thermally grown films was not significant in undoped films when compared to the case of 7.5 mol% YDZ.
Effect of Soil Fulvic Acid on Nickel(II) Sorption and Bonding at the Aqueous-Boehmite (γ-AlOOH) Interface

The influence of soil-derived fulvic acid (SFA) on NiII sorption and speciation in aqueous boehmite (γ-AlOOH) suspensions was evaluated using a combination of sorption experiments and Ni K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy measurements. Co-sorption of SFA at the aqueous-boehmite interface modifies both the extent of NiII sorption as well as the local structure of the sorbing NiII ions. In SFA-free suspensions, NiII sorbs by forming inner-sphere bidentate mononuclear complexes with surface aluminol groups. Addition of SFA increases NiII sorption at pH conditions below the sorption edge observed in SFA-free suspensions and diminishes NiII sorption at pH above the SFA-free sorption edge. When SFA is co-sorbed to boehmite, NiII sorbs by forming both ligand-bridging ternary surface complexes (NiII−SFA−boehmite) as well as surface complexes in which NiII remains directly bonded to aluminol groups, that is, binary NiII−boehmite or metal-bridging ternary surface complexes (SFA−NiI...
CEBAF:A microscope for nuclei

Abstract The newest major construction project planned by the Energy Research Office of the US Department of Energy is CEBAF, the 4 GeV continuous electron beam accelerator facility dedicated to basic nuclear physics research. The status of the project, its physics program, and present plans for the initial complement of experimental equipment are briefly reviewed.
Application of Bacterial Biocathodes in Microbial Fuel Cells

This review addresses the development and experimental progress of biocathodes in microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Conventional MFCs consist of biological anodes and abiotic cathodes. The abiotic cathode usually requires a catalyst or an electron mediator to achieve high electron transfer, increasing the cost and lowering the operational sustainability. Such disadvantages can be overcome by biocathodes, which use microorganisms to assist cathodic reactions. Biocathodes are feasible in potentiostat-poised half cells, but only very few studies have investigated them in complete MFCs. The classification of biocathodes is based on which terminal electron acceptor is available. For aerobic biocathodes with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor, electron mediators, such as iron and manganese, are first reduced by the cathode (abiotically) and then reoxidized by bacteria. Anaerobic biocathodes directly reduce terminal electron acceptors, such as nitrate and sulfate, by accepting electrons from a cathode electrode through microbial metabolism. Biocathodes are promising in MFCs, and we anticipate a successful application after several breakthroughs are made.
See one, do one, and teach none: resident experience as a teaching assistant

Abstract Background Training of surgical residents depends on graduated autonomy in and out of the operating room. We sought to define trends in operative volume and number of teaching cases in graduating surgical residents over time. Methods We queried the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education general surgery case log (1999–2012) for all case categories in which graduating chief residents performed a median of 20 or more cases during their training. Median (10th and 90th percentiles) number of cases performed as surgeon chief, surgeon junior and teaching assistant (TA) were analyzed using R 2 for all trends. Results The median number of cases performed by graduating chief residents remained stable over time (965–971; R 2 = 0.01). Surgeon junior cases increased slightly (718–725; R 2 = 0.07), whereas surgeon chief cases decreased slightly (246–235; R 2 = 0.08). The most frequently performed cases were in the categories of the large intestine (125 [85,167], biliary (109 [74,167]), and abdominal hernia (99 [67.5,139]). The median number of TA cases decreased by 79% (126–27; R 2 = 0.34), with the most significant decrease occurring early in the study period (median: 126–22; R 2 = 0.91). The number of median teaching cases decreased in every category analyzed, with the most pronounced occurring in the categories of thoracic (9–0 [100%]; R 2 = 0.37) and breast (6–0 [100%]; R 2 = 0.55). The only categories with a median number of teaching cases >1 in 2012 were the large intestine (5), biliary (4), and abdominal hernia repairs (3). Conclusions Despite a relative stability of case volume over time, GSRs are graduating with relatively few cases recorded as TA. Improved opportunities for trainees to take on the role of TA while in residency may lead to improved confidence as surgeons on graduation.
Dynamics of the Greenbelt Amenity Effect on the Land Market—The Case of Seoul's Greenbelt

Seoul's greenbelt has been maintained for twenty years with little change, although Seoul has grown rapidly. Therefore, Seoul's greenbelt is interesting to examine for the dynamic impacts of a greenbelt regulation in a growing city. These impacts are examined in this article which also exploits a unique time series of Seoul property values (1970–1989). The results show that the amenity value of Seoul's greenbelt is quite high. However, the marginal value of greenbelt accessibility has been decreasing since 1980, in notable contrast to earlier years. A simple welfare analysis demonstrates that as the city grows, the greenbelt eventually loses its efficiency as a policy tool, even though earlier it may have achieved economic efficiency.
Interventional pediatric cardiology: state of the art and future perspective

Interventional catheter therapy has drastically changed the practice of cardiac catheterization and the treatment of congenital heart disease. In some centers, interventions amount to 30% or more of all cardiac catheterizations. For some lesions, surgery has become obsolete. For valvular pulmonary stenosis, balloon dilatation is the therapy of choice and results in permanent elimination of pressure gradients. Balloon dilatation is also indicated for valvular aortic stenosis and results in mild residual stenosis with gradients below 35 mmHg. Aortic insufficiency, mostly mild, is induced in 15%-20%. Native and post-operative coarctation can be successfully dilated. About 50% of pulmonary artery stenoses can be relieved by balloon dilatation. Stent placement increases the success rate to 75%-80%. Stent implantation is also being investigated for other lesions. Valvular pulmonary atresia can be opened by catheter technique. In the majority of patients over 6 kg, the patent ductus arteriosus is transvenously closed by implantation of the Rashkind occluder. Secundum or similar atrial septal defects and muscular ventricular septal defects can also be closed by catheter technique, but suitable specific occluders are not generally available at present. Therapeutic vascular occlusions, radiofrequency ablation of aberrant conduction pathways and arrhythmia foci are examples of other catheter interventions.
The proper latin designation of Duvaucel’s gecko, with comments on specimens of historical note

Abstract Duvaucel’s gecko is properly referred to as Hoplodactylus duvaucelii; other renderings of the specific epithet are incorrect. The existence of some historically important specimens of the species, including a newly rediscovered syntype, is noted.
Errors-in-Variables Regression Using Stein Estimates

Abstract A method is proposed for estimating regression parameters from data containing covariate measurement errors by using Stein estimates of the unobserved true covariates. The method produces consistent estimates for the slope parameter in the classical linear errors-in-variables model and applies to a broad range of nonlinear regression problems, provided the measurement error is Gaussian with known variance. Simulations are used to examine the performance of the estimates in a nonlinear regression problem and to compare them with the usual naive ones obtained by ignoring error and with other estimates proposed recently in the literature.
Socioeconomic gains and spillover effects of geographically targeted initiatives to combat economic distress: An examination of Chicago’s Empowerment Zone

Using 1990 and 2000 census data, the purpose of this study is to examine just how effective Chicago’s Empowerment Zone programs were at alleviating poverty and improving socioeconomic conditions both within the zone itself, and in the equally distressed adjacent neighborhoods. Findings indicate that the zone area did experience significant socioeconomic gains in the form of poverty and unemployment reductions. Findings also suggest that decreases in poverty did spill over into adjacent neighborhoods, but other socioeconomic gains did not. We interpret these findings as suggestive of supporting the efficacy of spatial interventions in the American city. However, we also raise questions about whether such programs can really be assessed adequately with the available data and how these questions should impact urban policy initiatives directed at revitalizing distressed urban areas.
Effect of local cooling on sweating rate and cold sensation.

Subjects resting in a 39 C environment were stimulated in different skin regions with a water-cooled thermode. Results indicate that cooling different body regions produces generally equivalent decreases in sweating rate and increases in cold sensation, with the forehead showing a much greater sensitivity per unit area and temperature decrease than other areas. The high thermal sensitivity of the face may have evolved when it was the thinnest-furred area of the body; today's clothing habits have reestablished the importance of the face in the regulation of body temperature.
Simultaneous Interpreting across Modalities

In this paper I examine simultaneous sign language interpreting with a focus on two dimensions: interpreting between languages of different modalities, and interpreting between two different languages. As I discuss, there is interplay between the two: At times, the task at hand is modality-driven, and at other times, structure-driven. When sign language interpreters are at work, the two dimensions come together in interesting ways, and as I will argue, offer ways to understand the task of simultaneous interpreting between spoken languages. I discuss sign language phonology and how it interacts with the constraints of simultaneous interpreting; I also discuss the possibilities of visual and spatial representation in sign languages, and how these present interesting dilemmas for interpreters working under time constraints.
Metrics for Evaluating Energy Saving Techniques for Resilient HPC Systems

The metrics used for evaluating energy saving techniques for future HPC systems are critical to the correct assessment of proposed methods. Current predictions forecast that overcoming reduced system reliability, increased power requirements and energy consumption will be a major design challenge for future systems. Modern runtime energy-saving research efforts do not take into account the energy spent providing reliability. They also do not account for the increase in the probability of failure during application execution due to runtime overhead from energy saving methods. While this is very reasonable for current systems, it is insufficient for future generation systems. By taking into account the energy consumption ramifications of increased runtimes on system reliability, better energy saving techniques can be developed. This paper demonstrates how to determine the impact of runtime energy conservation methods within the context of failure-prone large scale systems. In addition, a survey of several energy savings methodologies is conducted and an analysis is performed with respect to their effectiveness in an environment in which failures occur.
Childhood Obstructive Sleep-Disordered Breathing: A Clinical Update and Discussion of Technological Innovations and Challenges

Childhood sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) has been known to be associated with health and cognitive impacts for more than a century, and yet our understanding of this disorder is in its infancy. Neuropsychological consequences in children with snoring or subtle breathing disturbances not meeting the traditional definition of sleep apnea suggest that "benign, or primary snoring" may be clinically significant, and that the true prevalence of SDB might be underestimated. There is no standard definition of SDB in children. The polysomnographic technology used in many sleep laboratories may be inadequate to diagnose serious but subtle forms of clinically important airflow limitation. In the last several years, advances in digital technology as well as new observational studies of respiratory and arousal patterns in large populations of healthy children have led to alternative views of what constitutes sleep-related breathing and arousal abnormalities that may refine our diagnostic criteria. This article reviews our knowledge of childhood SDB, highlights recent advances in technology, and discusses diagnostic and treatment strategies that will advance the management of children with pediatric SDB.
The 1990s: the formative years of digital libraries

Purpose – This article aims to discuss some of the principal digital libraries projects during the 1990s and the impact that they had on modern libraries.Design/methodology/approach – The paper combines information from contemporary papers about the projects with recollections by the author who was personally associated with many of the projects.Findings – The paper reveals that, about 1990, computing reached a point where it became economically possible to mount large collections online and to access them over networks. The result was a flurry of experiments and prototypes. Many are almost forgotten, yet the libraries of today were formed by the energy and creativity of these efforts. The paper places some of the most influential projects in context and discusses why some prototypes and experiments succeeded while others fell by the wayside.Research limitations/implications – Several of the projects were never described formally in the academic literature, and there are no contemporary records to check s...
The equilibrium form of pure gold crystals

Abstract The equilibrium form of Au crystals supported on α-SiC substrates has been determined. Unlike previous measurements performed on graphite substrates, where the Au surface is likely to be contaminated by C, no carbon is found on the Au surfaces of crystallites supported on α-SiC. The general shape of the Au crystals consists of {111} and {100} facets connected by sharp edges to curved surfaces, indicating the existence of missing orientations on the equilibrium form. These results are qualitatively similar to the previous measurements. However, small but significant differences are found between the current and previous measurements. The results obtained are also compared with other studies of the stability of surfaces in the vicinity of {111} and {100} surfaces, and evidence is found for the existence of predicted “magic” vicinals near {100} orientations.
Self-efficacy of early childhood special education teachers: Links to classroom quality and children's learning for children with language impairment

Abstract This study described the self-efficacy of early childhood special education (ECSE) teachers (n = 28) and investigated relations among teacher self-efficacy, classroom quality, and language and literacy gains of children with language impairment (LI; n = 108), as well as the extent to which classroom quality moderated the relations between teacher self-efficacy and children's language and literacy gains. Overall, ECSE teachers received high ratings for their self-efficacy. Lower levels of ECSE teachers' self-efficacy were associated with greater gains in children's language and literacy when children with LI were in classroom with a higher instructional support.
Solubilization of fluasterone

Solubilization of nonpolar drugs constitutes one of the most important tasks in parenteral formulations design. This study investigates and assesses the solubility enhancement of Fluasterone by various techniques including cosolvency, micellization, and complexation. Of the solubilizing agents used, the modified beta-cyclodextrins were found to be the most effective. The solubility of Fluasterone is 1.55 x 10(-4) mM, 3.13 mM, and 4.04 mM in water, 20% sulfobutyl ether-beta-cyclodextrin (SBEbetaCD), and 20% hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPbetaCD), respectively.
Critical Flow of Potassium Vapor Through Instrumented Converging-Diverging Nozzle

To add to the analytical techniques for the fluid design of potassium-vapor turbines, a converging-diverging nozzle, instrumented with wall static taps, was calibrated using compressed air and tested in wet potassium vapor. The object of the test was to determine the polytropic exponents of the expansion process in potassium vapor. By injecting liquid potassium ahead of the nozzle, the inlet-vapor quality was varied between 82 and 98 percent. The nozzle was tested over a temperature range from 1450 to 1580 F with the result that average polytropic exponents determined by experiment agreed closely with values obtained by means of a theory set forth in the paper.Copyright © 1965 by ASME
Landmarks in defense literature

Report from Iron Mountain on the Possibility and Desirability of Peace. By Leonard C. Lewin. New York: Dial Press (1967)
Perceived fairness of biodata as a function of the purpose of the request for information and gender of the applicant

Using a 2×2 experimental design and data from 86 business students, the present study examined the main and interactive effects of the purpose of the request (personnel selection vs. career tracking), and applicant gender (male vs. female) on the perceived fairness of biodata. Results revealed a significant main effect for purpose and a purpose x gender interaction. Implications for the collection of biodata in the personnel selection process are discussed.
Effect of thymus cell injections on germinal center formation in lymphoid tissues of nude (thymusless) mice.

Abstract Nude mice, partially backcrossed to Balb/c or DBA/2, were injected iv with 5 × 10 7 thymus cells from the respective inbred strain. The response of these mice to immunization with Brucella abortus antigen was studied, with respect to both antibody production and the formation of germinal centers in their lymphoid tissues. The results were compared to those obtained with nude mice to which no thymus cells were given, as well as to Balb/c, DBA/2, or +/? litter mate controls. Nude mice formed less 19S as well as 7S antibody than did litter mate controls and completely lacked germinal centers in lymph nodes and gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Those nude mice which had been injected with thymus cells made a much better secondary response, both for 19S and for 7S antibody, and had active germinal centers in their lymph nodes as early as 3 wk after thymus cell injection. Intestinal lymphoid tissue in nude mice showed only slight reconstitution of germinal center activity several months after thymus cell injection and none at earlier times. Irradiated (3000 R) thymus cells appeared as effective as normal cells in facilitating germinal center appearance and 7S antibody production in the nude mice.
Glucose-regulated proteins in cancer: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential

The glucose-regulated proteins (GRPs) are stress-inducible chaperones that mostly reside in the endoplasmic reticulum or the mitochondria. Recent advances show that the GRPs have functions that are distinct from those of the related heat shock proteins, and they can be actively translocated to other cellular locations and assume novel functions that control signalling, proliferation, invasion, apoptosis, inflammation and immunity. Mouse models further identified their specific roles in development, tumorigenesis, metastasis and angiogenesis. This Review describes their discovery and regulation, as well as their biological functions in cancer. Promising agents that use or target the GRPs are being developed, and their efficacy as anticancer therapeutics is also discussed.
Containerless Processing Studies in the MSFC Electrostatic Levitator

Levitation or containerless processing represents an important tool in materials research. Levitated specimens are free from contact with a container, which permits studies of deeply undercooled melts, and high-temperature, highly reactive materials. Containerless processing provides data for studies of thermophysical properties, phase equilibria, metastable state formation, microstructure formation, undercooling, and nucleation. Levitation techniques include: acoustic, aero-acoustic, electromagnetic, and electrostatic. In microgravity, levitation can be achieved with greatly reduced positioning forces. Microgravity also reduces the effects of buoyancy and sedimentation in melts. The European Space Agency (ESA) and the German Aerospace Center (DLR) jointly developed an electromagnetic levitator facility (MSL-EML) for containerless materials processing in space. The MSL-EML will be accommodated in the European Columbus Facility on the International Space Station (ISS). The electrostatic levitator (ESL) facility at the Marshall Space Flight Center provides support for the development of containerless processing studies for the ISS. The capabilities of the facility and recent results will be discussed.
Incidence of specific absolute neurocognitive impairment in globally intact children with histories of early severe deprivation.

Postnatal deprivation is associated with neurocognitive delay/dysfunction. Although “catch up” in global cognition following adoption has been reported, this study examined the incidence of specific absolute impairment in adopted children with intact global cognitive functioning. Eighty-five children (38 males, mean age = 112.8, SD = 30.3 months; range 61–209 months) raised from birth in orphanages underwent comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation. Fifty-four were deemed globally intact (IQ > 85). Of those deemed globally intact, 46% evidenced absolute impairment in at least one domain of functioning. Duration of stay in the orphanage was directly associated with incidence of impairment and number of domains affected. A substantial proportion of participants evidenced persistent, absolute impairment in one or more domains of neurocognitive function despite integrity of basic intellectual functions.
Symbolic Representations in Motor Sequence Learning

It has been shown that varying the spatial versus symbolic nature of stimulus presentation and response production, which affects stimulus-response (S-R) mapping requirements, influences the magnitude of implicit sequence learning (Koch & Hoffman, 2000). Here, we evaluated how spatial and symbolic stimuli and responses affect the neural bases of sequence learning. We selectively eliminated the spatial component of stimulus presentation (spatial versus symbolic), response execution (manual versus vocal), or both. Fourteen participants performed the alternating serial reaction time task under these conditions in an MRI scanner, with interleaved acquisition to allow for recording of vocal response reaction times. Nine regions of interest (ROI) were selected to test the hypothesis that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) was preferentially engaged for spatially cued conditions and cerebellum lobule HVI, crus I & II were associated with symbolically cued learning. We found that left cerebellum lobule HVI was selectively recruited for symbolic learning and the percent signal change in this region was correlated with learning magnitude under the symbolic conditions. In contrast, the DLPFC did not exhibit selective activation for learning under spatial conditions. The inferior parietal lobule exhibited increased activation during learning regardless of the condition, supporting its role in forming an abstract representation of learned sequences. These findings reveal different brain networks that are flexibly engaged depending on the conditions of sequence learning.
Hyperthermia depletes adenosine triphosphate and decreases glutamate uptake in rat hippocampal slices

The central nervous system is especially vulnerable to hyperthermia-induced dysfunction, yet the mechanism for this susceptibility is poorly understood. High levels of adenosine triphosphate are necessary to maintain normal re-uptake of glutamate and aspartate, the major excitatory amino acids, by excitatory amino acid co-transporters. We hypothesized that excitotoxic neurotransmitters accumulate extracellularly when hyperthermia depletes adenosine triphosphate, leading to decreased uptake or release of excitatory amino acids by these co-transporters. Incubation of hippocampal slices at 42 degrees C, a temperature that results in coma in vivo, reduced adenosine triphosphate to 70% of control values and decreased uptake of the transportable excitatory amino acid analogue, D,L threo-beta-hydroxyaspartate, to 50% of control values. The degree of adenosine triphosphate depletion induced by hyperthermia was highly correlated with decreases in excitatory amino acid uptake. Severe adenosine triphosphate depletion (< or = 20% of control) induced by hyperthermia in combination with metabolic insults was highly correlated with the release of endogenous glutamate and aspartate. Preloading slices with excitatory amino acid analogues potentiated hyperthermia-induced alterations of excitatory amino acid transport, strongly suggesting that the hyperthermia-induced changes were largely due to altered excitatory amino acid co-transporter activity. Immunocytochemical studies suggested glutamate-like immunoreactivity was lost from axonal terminals during hyperthermia in a similar manner to losses induced by metabolic toxins. Hyperthermia due to infectious diseases or heat stroke my induce disorientation and coma. These dysfunctions may be due, in part, to altered excitatory amino acid transport induced by adenosine triphosphate depletion.
Evaluation of Multithreaded Uniprocessors for Commercial Application Environments

As memory speeds grow at a considerably slower rate than processor speeds, memory accesses are starting to dominate the execution time of processors, and this will likely continue into the future. This trend will be exacerbated by growing miss rates due to commercial applications, object-oriented programming and micro-kernel based operating systems. We examine the use of coarse-grained multithreading to address this important problem in uniprocessor on-line transaction processing environments where there is a natural, coarse-grained parallelism between the tasks resulting from transactions being executed concurrently, with no application software modifications required. Our results suggest that multithreading can provide significant performance improvements for uniprocessor commercial computing environments.
Intensity Range Based Quantitative FRET Data Analysis to Localize Protein Molecules in Live Cell Nuclei

Forster (fluorescence) resonance energy transfer (FRET) is an ideal technique to estimate the distance between interacting protein molecules in live specimens using intensity-based microscopy. The spectral overlap of donor and acceptor— essential for FRET—also generates a contamination of the FRET signal. There are a number of algorithms available to remove this spectral bleedthrough (SBT) contamination and in this paper we compare two popular algorithms to estimate the SBT element and to calculate a more precise level of energy transfer efficiency, and with that a more accurate distance estimate.
ROLE OF THE EASTERN CHIPMUNK (TAMIAS STRIATUS) IN THE EPIZOOTIOLOGY OF LYME BORRELIOSIS IN NORTHWESTERN ILLINOIS, USA

The role of the eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus) in the epizootiology of Lyme borreliosis was evaluated in Castle Rock State Park, Illinois (USA), an enzootic region, from June to August 1993. Prevalence, intensity, and molting rate of immature Ixodes scapularis were determined for chipmunks, white footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus), and raccoons (Procyon lotor). Chipmunks were the primary host for I. scapularis nymphs and an important secondary host for I. scapularis larvae. Based upon ear punch biopsy analysis, B. burgdorferi prevalence in chipmunks was similar to that of mice in August and greater than that of mice in June and July. Thus we propose that chipmunks are the primary source of B. burgdorferi infection for I. scapularis nymphs and an important secondary source of infection for larvae.
A Histopathologic Study of the Position of the Shearing Intraocular Lens in the Posterior Chamber

Three human eyes that had successfully undergone Shearing posterior-chamber intraocular lens implants were examined post mortem. Supporting loops of these lenses were located deep within the ciliary body adjacent to a major ciliary artery (the superior loop in two cases), within the ciliary sulcus (the superior loop in one case), within the lens capsule bag (the inferior loop in two cases), and embedded within the iris stroma (the inferior loop in one case).
Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol excites rat VTA dopamine neurons through activation of cannabinoid CB1 but not opioid receptors

Behavioral, biochemical and recent electrophysiological data have increasingly implicated the involvement of dopamine in the central actions of cannabinoid compounds. However, the site and mechanism by which cannabinoids stimulate dopamine systems has been somewhat controversial. Central opioid systems have also been suggested to play a role in some cannabinoid-induced behaviors as evidenced by their attenuation in the presence of the opioid antagonist naloxone. However, recent studies using the cannabinoid receptor-selective antagonist SR141716A suggest that the central actions of psychoactive cannabinoids are mediated principally through activation of CB1 receptors. Using single cell electrophysiological recordings in the rat we assessed the effects of both SR141716A and naloxone on delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-induced activation of ventral tegmental dopamine neurons. While dopamine cell firing was dose-dependently increased following cumulative dosing with delta9-THC it was partially or completely inhibited following pretreatment with 0.5 and 2 mg/kg SR141716A, respectively. However, 1 and 10 mg/kg naloxone failed to alter the response to delta9-THC. These data provide the first evidence that delta9-THC-induced changes in mesolimbic dopamine neuronal activity are mediated by the CB1 cannabinoid receptor, but a causal link for the involvement of opioid systems could not be established.
The effect of temperature on ventilation in the green iguana (Iguana iguana).

Abstract 1. 1. Respiratory minute volume ( V E ) and oxygen consumption ( V O 2 ) were measured simultaneously in the green iguana, Iguana iguana , at 20, 30 and 35°C. The volume of air the iguanas breathed per unit of oxygen consumed ( V E V O 2 ) decreased with temperature. 2. 2. These results are similar to those of Jackson (1971) for the turtle and support the hypothesis that reptiles adjust their breathing at different temperatures in order to maintain constant relative alkalinity of their blood.
Shaping Perceptions to Motivate Healthy Behavior: The Role of Message Framing

Health-relevant communications can be framed in terms of the benefits (gains) or costs (losses) associated with a particular behavior, and the framing of such persuasive messages influences health decision making. Although to ask people to consider a health issue in terms of associated costs is considered an effective way to motivate behavior, empirical findings are inconsistent. In evaluating the effectiveness of framed health messages, investigators must appreciate the context in which health-related decisions are made. The influence of framed information on decision making is contingent on people, first, internalizing the advocated frame and, then, on the degree to which performing a health behavior is perceived as risky. The relative effectiveness of gain-framed or loss-framed appeals depends, in part, on whether a behavior serves an illness-detecting or a health-affirming function. Finally, the authors discuss the cognitive and affective processes that may mediate the influence of framed information on judgment and behavior.
Analysis and Design of Advanced Miniscale Mechatronic Systems: Synthesis of Intelligent Flight Servos

The flight vehicle performance (flight and handling qualitites, agility, controllability, maneuverability, et cetera) depends upon flight actuators, which displace the control surfaces. Intelligent flight servos must be designed to achieve the specified criteria, requirements, and standards. Miniscale electromechanical flight actuators are actuated by electric servo-motors, and brushless permanent-magnet synchronous machines are perfectly suited due to their efficiency, reliability, high torque density, low cost and maintenance, simplicity, and ruggedness. However, conventional controllers do not ensure the dynamic performance of flight actuators in the full operating envelope under rapidly changing flight and environmental conditions and aerodynamic loads. An intelligent flight servo is designed using the developed neural networks synthesis procedure. The Hopfield equations are modified to incorporate delay for finite switching. The effect of even small delays due to finite switching for composite large ...
Surface functionalization of nanodiamond particles via atom transfer radical polymerization

Abstract Ultradispersed diamond (UDD)/polymer brushes having excellent solution dispersibilities are prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using the “grafting-from” synthesis strategy. ATRP initiators, covalently attached to oxidized surface carbon atoms of UDD aggregates using esterification chemistry, initiate polymerization of methacrylate monomers to form hydrophobic UDD/poly(iso-butyl methacrylate) and UDD/poly(tert-butyl methacrylate) polymer brushes. Acid hydrolysis of a UDD/poly(tert-butyl methacrylate) polymer brush affords a hydrophilic UDD/poly(methacrylic acid) polymer brush. Based on surface area measurements and GPC data, the calculated surface density of a representative UDD/polymer brush material is ca. five polymer chains/100 nm 2 . A wide variety of UDD/polymer brush materials having controlled dispersibility and functional group reactivity are now potentially available using this synthesis strategy.
Bile ascites in infancy: Diagnosis with 131I-rose bengal

B I L E ASCITES, o f t e n r e f e r r e d to as e i t h e r b i le per i ton i t i s or c h o l e p e r i t o n e u m , is a ra re d isease o f early infancy wh ich may be p r e s en t in e i the r an acute or a ch ron ic fo rm. In the acute fo rm the pa t i en t m a y h a v e an acute surgical a b d o m e n , wi th rapid d e v e l o p m e n t of pa in , d i s t ens ion , and toxicity, wi th or w i t h o u t icterus. T h e m o r e c o m m o n chron ic fo rm is charac te r ized by the gradual onse t o f f luctuat ing juandice , acholic s tools , a n d abdomina l d i s t ens ion wi th ascites and inguinal " f lu id herniae."l ,2 Mos t pa t i en t s have s p o n t a n e o u s pe r fo ra t ions of the c o m m o n bile duct, a l t hough predispos ing factors such as obs t ruc t ion , s tones , and var ious biliary t ract mal for m a t i o n s h a v e b e e n repor ted. Surgery is cu ra t ive in m o s t cases bu t a s ignif icant mor ta l i ty rate has b e e n repor ted , L3 especially in pa t i en t s no t ope ra ted upon . 1,3 W e h a v e recent ly e n c o u n t e r e d an i n f a n t w i th ch ron ic bile asci tes in w h o m we were able to d e m o n s t r a t e leakage o f 13q-rose benga l into the per i tonea l cavity, and uti l ized th i s t echn ique to arr ive at an appropr ia t e diagnosis.
Conditions favourable for the formation of warm-climate aeolian sand sheets

Aeolian sand sheets are areas of aeolian sand where dunes with slipfaces are generally absent. Sand sheets are ubiquitous to modern, warm-climate sand seas, generally occurring marginal to dune fields, although they may exist within the interior of a sand sea or independent of a dune field. Sand-sheet deposits are recognized in ancient aeolian sequences, where they may account for significant accumulations of low-angle aeolian stratification. We suggest that the occurrence of sand sheets instead of dunes indicates that conditions are outside the range within which dunes form or that one or more factors interfere with dune development while also favouring the accumulation of sand sheets. A study of six modern sand sheets in North America (located at Great Sand Dunes, Gran Desierto, Dumont, Algodones, Padre Island, and Colorado River delta) indicates that the factors favourable for sand-sheet development are: (1) a high water table, (2) surface cementation or binding, (3) periodic flooding, (4) a significant coarse-grained sediment population, and (5) vegetation. These factors are reflected in the nature of stratification and the accessory features of sand-sheet accumulations within the areas of modern sand sheets as well as in their ancient counterparts in the Triassic Dolores and Pennsylvanian-Permian Rico formations.
Biochemistry of Sporulation in Oocysts of Eimeria acervulina

Oocysts of Eimeria acervulina Tyzzer, 1929 were collected at the time of their first massive discharge into the chick intestine, and isolated in the cold by means of continuous centrifugal flotation in high-density media. Maximum numbers (90%) of sporoblastic oocysts were obtained by incubating at 30°C for 10 hr and sporulation was considered complete within 20 hr. The initial Qo2 (dry-weight basis) of 9.5 decreased linearly to < i/3 this value in 20 hr, and more slowly thereafter to very low levels. The QCO2 was higher than Qo2 only during the first 10 hr. A 15% decrease in dry weight in 15 hr was due chiefly to disappearance of alkali-stable carbohydrate, probably identical with glycogen. In the later stages carbohydrate was resynthesized. Lipids were not oxidized during sporoblast formation, but disappeared rapidly betweem 10 and 30 hr. Total nitrogen remained constant, indirect evidence suggesting that protein was not used to supply oxidative energy The change-over from carbohydrate to fat metabolism corresponded with observed changes in the respiratory quotient, and also with near-completion of sporulation. Apparently carbohydrate provided the energy needed for the earlier stages of sporulation, whereas oxidation of lipids supported the teal stages as well as the metabolism during dormancy.
Electronic structure and properties of a permanent-magnet material: NdFe11TiNx

The hard-magnet properties such as anisotropy field and Curie temperature of ${\mathrm{NdFe}}_{11}$Ti improve considerably upon nitrogenation. Self-consistent spin-polarized electronic-structure calculations using the linear muffin-tin orbitals method are carried out to derive the magnetic properties of this system. The calculated density of states compares well with the photoemission data. The magnetization does not change much upon nitrogenation, but the calculated value is larger than the experimental result. The theoretical magnetic moments are compared with the available Mo\ifmmode\ddot\else\textasciidieresis\fi{}ssbauer and neutron-scattering data. Based on spin-fluctuation theory, the calculated increase in the Curie temperature on nitrogenation is in very good agreement with the experimental result. The single-ion anisotropy of Nd, based on its valence-electron distribution, changes from a planar to a c-axis configuration upon nitrogenation in qualitative agreement with the experimental results.
Binomial-Weighted Orthogonal Polynomials

This paper discusses a set of polynomials, {pr(s)}, orthogonal over a discrete range, with binomial distribution, b(s; n, p), as the weighting function. Two recurrence relations are derived. One expresses pr in terms of pr-1 and Dpr-1, while the other relates pr with pr-1 and pr-2. It is shown that these polynomials are solutions of a finite difference equation. Also considered are two special cases. The first is the set of Hermite polynomials derived as a limiting case of the binomial-weighted orthogonal polynomials. The second deals with the Poisson distribution used as the weighting function.
Preliminary results of 12 GHz radiometric measurements in Brazil

In an effort to fill in the lack of experimental data on slantpath rain attenuation for tropical and equatorial climates, a propagation experiment utilising 12 GHz radiometers is being conducted in Brazil. This work presents six month cumulative distributions of rain rate and attenuation, covering the 1987–1988 rainy season, for three sites located in such climatic regions.
Antibodies to the Chlamydial 60 Kilodalton Heat Shock Protein in Women With Tubal Factor Infertility

Introduction: Fallopian tube damage and subsequent infertility are common sequelae of upper genital tract infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. This fallopian tube damage is thought to be immune mediated. The 60 kilodalton chlamydial heat shock protein (hsp) may be the key antigen associated with this pathogenic response. Our objective was to study the relationship between antibody response to 60 kilodalton chlamydial hsp and tubal factor infertility (TFI). Subjects and Methods: Twenty-three women with TFI and 33 women with male factor infertility (controls) were studied. Tubal factor infertility was defined as infertility for one year with hydrosalpinx or distal tubal occlusion. Patients’ sera were tested for antibodies to the chlamydial hsp using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A stepwise logistic regression was performed by each patient’s age, race/ethnicity, self-reported history ofchlamydia infection, gonorrhea, or pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), history of ectopic pregnancy, and antibodies to the chlamydial hsp. Results: Eighteen of the 23 women with TFI had a positive result on the hsp ELISA (78.6%) versus 23.4% of controls. Risk factors for TFI were a history ofPID (P 0.022), "nonwhite" race (P 0.004), history ofectopic pregnancy (P 0.027), and antibodies to the 60 kilodalton chlamydial hsp (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Antibodies to 60 kilodalton chlamydial hsp are strongly associated with TFI. Infect.
Induction of patching and its reversal on surface-activated human platelets.

Summary. Fibrinogen coupled to colloidal gold (Fgn/Au) has been used to follow GPIIb-IIIa receptors on surface-activated platelets and to evaluate the effects of the anti-actin agent, cytochalasin B (CB), on the movement of receptor-ligand complexes. Fgn/Au binds diffusely to spread platelets, but is translocated rapidly from the peripheral margin to cell centres and to channels of the open canalicular system (OCS). CB added after spreading and incubation with Fgn/Au reverses the centripetal movement of receptor-ligand complexes. Fgn/Au particles move back toward the margins of spread cells and form patches. The patches of receptor-ligand complexes overlie segments of the OCS filled with Fgn/Au. Washing out the CB reverses the process and receptor-ligand complexes are again translocated toward platelet centres.
Floating Rafts of Calcite Crystals in Cave Pools, Central Texas, U.S.A.: Crystal Habit vs. Saturation State

ABSTRACT Calcite precipitation at the air-water interface in cave pools in central Texas (U.S.A) produces floating rafts of interconnected, low-Mg calcite crystals with individual crystal habits that range from equant (length to width = 1:1) to prismatic (4:1). Saturation state for the waters ranges from -0.19 to +1.35 (SIc = log IAP/K). Equant crystals precipitate from waters with a lower saturation index (SIc) and form rafts with a fused fabric whereas prismatic crystals precipitate from higher-SIc waters and form rafts with an interlaced fabric. The pools contain low-magnesium (molal Mg/Ca < 0.6), calcium-bicarbonate, and calcium-bicarbonate-nitrate type waters with temperatures that range from 13.8°C to 20.7°C and pH readings from 6.7 to 8.4. Equant euhedral crystals precipitate from water with saturation states close to equilibrium. Visible defects in the equant crystals include incomplete edges between faces and nearly circular (mean diameter 9 µm) to angular holes in faces. The holes apparently result from crystallite growth around foreign objects on the crystal surface such as gas bubbles. Prismatic crystals precipitate from supersaturated water. Faces of these subhedral crystals are smaller in area than the faces of the equant crystals. No intrafacial circular holes are seen, but trigonal intercrystallite pores are common in the prismatic crystals. The variety in crystal habits, from equant to prismatic, is due to preferential growth along one crystallographic axis. Thus, in these cave pools crystal habit is related to the saturation state of the water.