cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DRUGS IN THE FIRST TRIMESTER OF PREGNANCY AND THE FETAL LIFE OF HOMO SAPIENS.

Abstract 1. 1. Although human development may be described as a splendid sequence of molecular events, the mechanisms of human teratology in molecular terms are, at the present time, unknown. 2. 2. Epidemiologic data from the Fetal Life Study would indicate that “drugs in general” are not an important factor in “congenital malformations in general.” 3. 3. Since most congenital malformations in association with the ingestion of drugs in the first trimester of pregnancy cannot be explained etiologically, no drug can be shown to be free of a low incidence teratogenic effect. 4. 4. Only a few drugs, all within the past two decades, have been observed to be closely associated with congenital malformations in human beings. 5. 5. The problem of drugs and congenital malformations has human as well as scientific implications which are not independent of each other. 6. 6. Animal experimentation is essential to develop hypotheses but these hypotheses must be confirmed in rather than extrapolated to the human species. 7. 7. The ultimate test of any drug or biological product will be extensive human use. 8. 8. Utilization of any drug or therapeutic procedure involves a risk and a complete understanding of this risk is not always possible. 9. 9. A calculated risk must be assumed in the release of new drugs and biological products if further pharmacologic and therapeutic advances are to be made. 10. 10. Awareness of early pregnancy is generally not possible. Therefore women at risk of becoming pregnant should avoid medication in the latter half of the menstrual cycle unless the medical indications are urgent and the effectiveness of the procedure well established. 11. 11. The physician should be deciding the calculated risks and observing the results. Alert clinicians in the past have been our most sensitive warning system. 12. 12. Life is based on probabilities and risks. The odds are never known. It behooves us to remain alert. However, alertness must be tempered with wisdom and emotion directed toward constructive ends.
EBOARST: An Efficient Edge-Based Obstacle-Avoiding Rectilinear Steiner Tree Construction Algorithm

Obstacle-avoiding Steiner routing has arisen as a fundamental problem in the physical design of modern VLSI chips. In this paper, we present EBOARST, an efficient four-step algorithm to construct a rectilinear obstacle-avoiding Steiner tree for a given set of pins and a given set of rectilinear obstacles. Our contributions are fourfold. First, we propose a novel algorithm, which generates sparse obstacle-avoiding spanning graphs efficiently. Second, we present a fast algorithm for the minimum terminal spanning tree construction step, which dominates the running time of several existing approaches. Third, we present an edge-based heuristic, which enables us to perform both local and global refinements, leading to Steiner trees with small lengths. Finally, we discuss a refinement technique called segment translation to further enhance the quality of the trees. The time complexity of our algorithm is O(nlogn). Experimental results on various benchmarks show that our algorithm achieves 16.56 times speedup on average, while the average length of the resulting obstacle-avoiding rectilinear Steiner trees is only 0.46% larger than the best existing solution.
The informal single negotiating text (committee ii): A geographical perspective

Abstract From the second session of the Third United Nations Law of the Sea Conference came single‐text documents from the chairmen of each of the three main committees plus an “informative paper”; on the settlement of disputes. The Committee II Working Paper, which considered the traditional law of the sea issues, contains many geographical implications; among those analyzed in this paper are: (1) natural baselines and zonal measurements delimited therefrom; (2) artificial baselines as supplements to, or replacements of, natural baselines; (3) the nature of linear representation on maps and charts, their description and methods of giving publicity thereto; (4) boundary delimitation between states; and (5) the nature and definition of the continental shelf margin. Some of the language in the Negotiating Test is too imprecise‐for example, the delimitation of boundaries between states and the limit of the continental shelf—and will require additional negotiation. Although the articles may prove to be very g...
Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1995

Abstract The 1995 Atlantic hurricane season is described. There were eight tropical storms and 11 hurricanes for a total of 19 named tropical cyclones in the Atlantic basin during 1995. This is the second-largest number of tropical storms and hurricanes in over 100 years of records. Thirteen named tropical cyclones affected land.
Weakly Supervised Role Identification in Teamwork Interactions

In this paper, we model conversational roles in terms of distributions of turn level behaviors, including conversation acts and stylistic markers, as they occur over the whole interaction. This work presents a lightly supervised approach to inducing role definitions over sets of contributions within an extended interaction, where the supervision comes in the form of an outcome measure from the interaction. The identified role definitions enable a mapping from behavior profiles of each participant in an interaction to limited sized feature vectors that can be used effectively to predict the teamwork outcome. An empirical evaluation applied to two Massive Open Online Course (MOOCs) datasets demonstrates that this approach yields superior performance in learning representations for predicting the teamwork outcome over several baselines.
Niccolò Machiavelli: An Intellectual Biography

Since the turn of the century at least five biographies of Machiavelli have appeared in English: Maurizio Viroli’s Niccolo’s Smile (Hill & Wang, 2000), Ross King’s Machiavelli (HarperCollins, 2007)...
Multi-Electron Bubbles and Roton Scattering in Super fluid4He

The scattering of rotons from multi-electron bubbles in liquid 4He is shown to account for the mobilities of the "fast" and "exotic" negative carriers that have been observed. The "fast carrier" is shown, by a detailed calculation of mobility, to be a two-electron bubble with a radius of approximately 30A. A crucial role is played by the unusual kinematics of rotons, which have not previously been adequately treated. Some of the other "exotic" carriers are bubbles containing 3, 4, and 5 electrons.
Cocaine-induced encephalocele: case report and literature review.

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE: The abuse of cocaine can lead to significant destruction of midline craniofacial structures. This process occurs secondary to myriad mechanisms, including ischemic necrosis, irritation by chemical adulterants, and direct trauma during its administration. Coupled with a prolonged chronic infection of intranasal and anterior skull base regions, an encephalocele can be formed. We report a case of an encephalocele secondary to cocaine use and its associated complications. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 56-year-old man presented with altered mental status and cerebritis secondary to the presence of an intranasal encephalocele. On computed tomography, extensive destruction of the anterior cranial fossa was observed. The patient had a 30-year history of intranasal cocaine abuse, and his urine tested positive for the presence of cocaine on admission. The patient was treated with intravenous antibiotics and underwent a repair of his cranial defect and resection of the encephalocele. The patient made a good recovery after treatment. CONCLUSION: Alternative causes of an encephalocele, including trauma, surgery, and congenital malformation, were ruled out in this patient. Histopathological analysis of the necrotic tissue and the absence of renal or pulmonary disease also indicated that the patient did not suffer from Wegener granulomatosis, a known cause of spontaneous intranasal lesions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of an encephalocele likely induced solely by cocaine abuse.
Bewegte Uhren werden langsamer, bewegte Stöcke schrumpfen

In Kap. 5 sind wir zu dem Schluss gekommen, dass in einem gegebenen Bezugssystem synchronisierte Uhren, die in diesem System in einem Abstand D voneinander ruhen, in einem anderen, gegenuber dem ersten mit der Geschwindigkeit v entlang ihrer Verbindungslinie bewegten Bezugssystem nicht synchronisiert sind: Die vordere Uhr geht gegenuber der hinteren um eine Zeitspanne T nach, fur die gilt: $$T=Dv/c^{2}.$$ (6.1)
MAIN FACTORS CONTROLLING HYDROCARBON ACCUMULATION AND DISTRIBUTION IN THE SECOND MEMBER OF NANTUN FORMATION,WUERXUN DEPRESSION

Main factors which control the hydrocarbon accumulation and distribution in the second member of Nantun Formation in Wuerxun depression are unclear due to the complex geologic conditions in the faulted basin and the limited knowledge,constraining the deepening of exploration in the study area.Based on the characteristic analysis of regional petroleum geologic conditions,the mechanisms of hydrocarbon reservoiring in the second member of Nantun Formation in Wuerxun depression are studied by using various techniques,such as balanced cross section,hydrocarbon expulsion history modeling of the source rocks,authigenic illite K-Ar isotopic dating,geochemical analysis and 3D modeling of hydrocarbon migration and accumulation.The results show that structural transitional zone,temporal and spatial combination of source-cap rocks,features of faults and hydrocarbon migration and accumulation are the main control factors of hydrocarbon reservoiring in the study area.They also indicate that differences in the spatial combination of the quality of source-cap rocks,combination of fault and source rocks,fault sealing ability,source rock conditions and the forms of hydrocarbon migration and accumulation are the main causes of the differential hydrocarbon distributions in the southern and northern parts of Wuerxun depression.
Exact solution for the self-induced motion of a vortex filament in the arc-length representation of the local induction approximation.

We review two formulations of the fully nonlinear local induction equation approximating the self-induced motion of the vortex filament (in the local induction approximation), corresponding to the Cartesian and arc-length coordinate systems. The arc-length representation put forth by Umeki [Theor. Comput. Fluid Dyn. 24, 383 (2010)] results in a type of $1+1$ derivative nonlinear Schr\"odinger (NLS) equation describing the motion of such a vortex filament. We obtain exact stationary solutions to this derivative NLS equation; such exact solutions are a rarity. These solutions are periodic in space and we determine the nonlinear dependence of the period on the amplitude.
There's the Rub: Court-Agency Friction in Nebraska

There is a certain amount of tension inherent in the court-agency relationship. They share a statutory duty to insure safety and stability for abused, neglected or dependent children in the state’s care. Nebraska appellate courts have demonstrated they will extend DHHS (the child protection agency) a good deal of latitude when reviewing case plans. So long as the DHHS can demonstrate some reasonable relationship between a proposed goal or task and the basis of adjudication, the goal or task should be approved. However, the court has the authority and the duty to ensure that a proposed rehabilitation plan will provide or lead to safety and stability for children. When these counter-balanced branches of government are prudent in the exercise of legislatively granted powers, children in the care of Nebraska’s government will receive the safe and stable lives to which they are entitled.
Medication Safety in the Operating Room: A Survey of Preparation Methods and Drug Concentration Consistencies in Children’s Hospitals in the United States

Article-at-a-Glance Background Medication errors in the perioperative environment are an important source of iatrogenic harm to patients. In 2010 the Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation (APSF) initiated an effort to reduce medication errors in the operating room environment. One of the components of this effort was designed to minimize error opportunities for the anesthesia provider by having the hospital pharmacy supply premixed solutions from in-house pharmacies or outside pharmaceutical companies. Methods In a convenience sample of representatives of 34 children's hospitals across all geographic regions of the United States, the current state of the APSF medication safety paradigm was assessed. A telephone questionnaire study was conducted from June 2012 through August 2012 to determine each center's practices in providing, packaging, and administering standard anesthesia-related medications. Results All 34 institutions required at least one anesthetic drug to be prepared by the anesthesia provider in the operating room. Vasopressors were the most common class of drugs to be supplied as prefilled syringes by a hospital pharmacy or pharmaceutical company. For example, 27 of the 34 hospitals surveyed supply epinephrine in a prefilled syringe at a concentration of 0.1mg/mL (1:10,000 solution), commonly used in cardiac arrest scenarios. Several different anesthetic medications were supplied in different concentrations both between institutions and often within the same institution. None of the surveyed children's hospitals were using bar-code medication administration technology. Conclusions Some children's hospitals use standardized medication concentrations, and pharmacy-prepared syringes of anesthetic medications; however, the majority of anesthetic medications were still prepared by the anesthesia provider at the anesthetizing location.
Association between duration of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 viral suppression prior to renal transplantation and acute cellular rejection.

Renal transplant has become an important option for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients with end-stage renal disease; however, these patients experience a high rate of acute cellular rejection (ACR). Guidelines do not currently exist for the optimal duration of viral suppression prior to transplantation. In a retrospective cohort analysis of 47 HIV-infected renal transplant recipients, we compared the rate of ACR between patients based on the length of time of viral suppression prior to transplantation. Of the patients who achieved viral suppression for >6 months but less than 2 years prior to transplantation (n = 15), 60% experienced ACR compared to 41% of patients suppressed at least 2 years or more (n = 32) prior to transplant (p = 0.21). Patients suppressed <2 years experienced ACR at 2.48 times the rate of those suppressed 2 years or longer. Induction immunosuppression, HLA mismatch and panel-reactive antibodies (PRAs) did not significantly differ between the two groups.
The effect of age on relational encoding as revealed by hippocampal functional connectivity.

Abstract The neural processes mediating cognition occur in networks distributed throughout the brain. The encoding and retrieval of relational memories, memories for multiple items or multifeatural events, is supported by a network of brain regions, particularly the hippocampus. The hippocampal coupling hypothesis suggests that the hippocampus is functionally connected with the default mode network (DMN) during retrieval, but during encoding, decouples from the DMN. Based on prior research suggesting that older adults are less able to modulate between brain network states, we tested the hypothesis that older adults’ hippocampus would show functional connectivity with the DMN during relational encoding. The results suggest that, while the hippocampus is functionally connected to some regions of the DMN during relational encoding in both younger and older adults, older adults show additional DMN connectivity. Such age-related changes in network modulation appear not to be mediated by compensatory processes, but rather to reflect a form of neural inefficiency, most likely due to reduced inhibition.
Empower multiplex cell and tissue-specific CRISPR-mediated gene manipulation with self-cleaving ribozymes and tRNA

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/Cas9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system has emerged in recent years as a highly efficient RNA-guided gene manipulation platform. Simultaneous editing or transcriptional activation/suppression of different genes becomes feasible with the co-delivery of multiple guide RNAs (gRNAs). Here, we report that multiple gRNAs linked with self-cleaving ribozymes and/or tRNA could be simultaneously expressed from a single U6 promoter to exert genome editing of dystrophin and myosin binding protein C3 in human and mouse cells. Moreover, this strategy allows the expression of multiple gRNAs for synergistic transcription activation of follistatin when used with catalytically inactive dCas9-VP64 or dCas9-p300core fusions. Finally, the gRNAs linked by the self-cleaving ribozymes and tRNA could be expressed from RNA polymerase type II (pol II) promoters such as generic CMV and muscle/heart-specific MHCK7. This is particularly useful for in vivo applications when the packaging capacity of recombinant adeno-associated virus is limited while tissue-specific delivery of gRNAs and Cas9 is desired. Taken together, this study provides a novel strategy to enable tissue-specific expression of more than one gRNAs for multiplex gene editing from a single pol II promoter.
Nobody Seems to Speak English Here Today: Enhancing Assessment and Training in Aviation English

In 2003 the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) strengthened the provisions that English be made available for international radiotelephony communication. ICAO also developed standards for English proficiency for international pilots and air traffic controllers. However, these standards are applied variably from country to country and in no country are native speakers of English tested for their ability to employ what has been termed "interactional competence" when using English for intercultural communication. Problems with this situation are reviewed and suggestions made for improving English assessment and training.
Paradigm lost: Reinvigorating the study of organizational culture

In spite of the importance of organizational culture, scholarly advances in our understanding of the construct appear to have stagnated. We review the state of culture research and argue that the ongoing academic debates about what culture is and how to study it have resulted in a lack of unity and precision in defining and measuring culture. This ambiguity has constrained progress in both developing a coherent theory of organizational culture and accreting replicable and valid findings. To make progress we argue that future research should focus on conceptualizing and assessing organizational culture as the norms that characterize a group or organization that if widely shared and strongly held, act as a social control system to shape members’ attitudes and behaviors. We further argue that to accomplish this, researchers need to recognize that norms can be parsed into three distinct dimensions: (1) the content or what is deemed important (e.g., teamwork, accountability, innovation), (2) the consensus or how widely shared norms are held across people, and (3) the intensity of feelings about the importance of the norm (e.g., are people willing to sanction others). From this perspective we suggest how future research might be able to clarify some of the current conflicts and confusion that characterize the current state of the field.
Rituximab dosing in B cell lymphoma

Rituximab has been extensively used in the treatment of CD20-expressing B cell neoplasms in the last two decades. Despite that, its dose and scheduling are still being questioned as they are supported my minimal scientific evidence. Our retrospective study of patients with indolent B cell lymphoma showed that older males and patients with higher weight had worse outcomes when treated with first line rituximab-containing chemotherapy, probably due to faster rituximab clearance. This suggests that a subset of patients with indolent B cell lymphoma may be sub-optimally dosed with rituximab as commonly administered. These results are in line with other studies in aggressive lymphoma where rituximab pharmacokinetics were shown to be affected by gender, age and weight and can affect outcomes. Our study also highlights the challenge of presenting the newer anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies as intrinsically superior to rituximab when they are given at higher dose and more frequent administration.
Cycling around Lysine Modifications

Recent studies have revealed the existence of a plethora of previously unknown protein acyl-lysine modifications, affecting the functions of targets involved in diverse cellular processes. A recent study from the Hirschey laboratory has provided new chemical insights into the mechanisms of protein acylation.
Altering Sharing Behaviors Through Stimulus Control

The present study employed an ABA design to investigate relationships between play materials and sharing behaviors in four groups of elementary school-age children. During the first baseline condition, the children were provided with a restricted number of play materials in order to facilitate sharing among the youngsters. During the second phase, when each child was supplied with all play materials, sharing behaviors were eliminated in all groups. With return to baseline condition (i.e., limited access to sharing materials), sharing interactions were documented again in the groups of children. Data from this investigation clearly indicate that inanimate stimulus properties of settings (i.e., play materials) have the potential to enhance or impede sharing behaviors in youngsters.
Analog VLSI Building Blocks

Since the number of synapses is typically much larger than the numbers of neurons on a VLSI chip, the characteristics of an analog multiplier used for the synapse cell determines the accuracy, the silicon area, and the power consumption of the neuroprocessor chip. Several design issues should be carefully addressed for performance optimization of the synapse cell.
Aeromacs analyses and simulations for spectrum planning

Wireless broadband networks denoted as the Aeronautical Mobile Airport Communications System (AeroMACS) are being considered for implementation in the National Airspace System (NAS). These networks can provide high-data-rate communications in the airport environment in support of Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) operations.
Predicting 911 Calls Using Spatial Analysis

A 911 call may be a result of an emergency medical need, fire attack, natural disaster, crime or an individual or group of persons needing some form of emergency assistance. Policy makers are normally faced with difficult decisions of providing resources to handle these emergencies, but due to lack of data and their inability to foresee the occurrences of these problems, they are caught by surprise. In this paper, we develop a model that will help policy makers anticipate the occurrences of emergencies. Spatial analysis methods such as hotspot analysis are used that can help policy makers distribute resources fairly by needs.
Selective Hydrogenation of Acetylene to Ethylene in the Presence of a Carbonaceous Surface Layer on a Pd/Cu(111) Single-Atom Alloy

Reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) was used to simultaneously monitor gas-phase and surface species in the presence of ambient pressures of acetylene and hydrogen over a single-atom alloy (SAA). The alloy consisted of isolated Pd atoms at surface coverages in the range of 0.0028–0.085 ML in a Cu(111) surface. When C2H2(g) is present, but not H2(g), the RAIR spectra are similar for Cu(111) with and without Pd, independent of C2H2(g) pressure for temperatures between 180 and 500 K. The addition of H2(g) leads to different RAIR spectra depending on the presence of Pd. With a C2H2:H2 ratio of 1:100 and a SAA-Pd/Cu(111) surface with less than 1% Pd, C2H2(g) is converted to C2H4(g) at 400 K at total pressures up to 10 Torr. From the rate of change in the gas-phase IR peaks, a range of initial turnover frequencies was estimated, which depend on which sites are assumed to be active for hydrogenation. Postreaction surface analysis with Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) showed a significant carbon ...
Taking Stock, Taking Action

This chapter provides a synthesis and reflection on the preceding chapters. In sum, my project finds that Tyson obscures their actions toward animals and the environment by talking about them abstractly or not at all. The chapter also reflects on possible future research as well as how change may be effected.
Activated charcoal does not catalyze sucrose hydrolysis in tissue culture media during autoclaving

Tissue culture media or aqueous sucrose solutions containing activated charcoal buffered to pH 5.5 and autoclaved did not undergo appreciable sucrose hydrolysis as reported. Rather, the extent of sucrose hydrolysis in media containing activated charcoal was found to be directly proportional to the hydrogen ion concentration (pH). This finding is consistent with the known mechanism of acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of acetals such as sucrose. Several types of charcoal were identified that acidified culture media to the extent that considerable acid-catalyzed sucrose hydrolysis occurred under autoclave conditions, making it appear as though activated charcoal was responsible for catalyzing sucrose hydrolysis. A simple mathematical expression was empirically derived that can be used to predict the extent of sucrose hydrolysis based on the post-autoclave pH of the media.
Relationships between Characteristics of Urban Green Land Cover and Mental Health in U.S. Metropolitan Areas.

Urbanization increases risk for depression and other mental disorders. A growing body of research indicates the natural environment confers numerous psychological benefits including alleviation of mental distress. This study examined land cover types and landscape metrics in relation to mental health for 276 U.S. counties within metropolitan areas having a population of 1 million or more. County Health Rankings and Behavioral Risk and Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) provided a measure of mental health. The 2011 National Land Cover Database (NLCD) provided data on green land cover types, from which seven landscape metrics were generated to characterize landscape patterns. Spearman’s rho correlation and stepwise logistic regression models, respectively, were employed to examine bivariate and multivariate relationships. Models were adjusted for county population and housing density, region, race, and income to account for potential confounding. Overall, individual measures of landscape patterns showed stronger associations with mental health than percent total cover alone. Greater edge contrast was associated with 3.81% lower odds of Frequent Mental Distress (FMD) (Adjusted Odd’s Ratio (AOR) = 0.9619, 95% CI = 0.9371, 0.9860). Shrubland cohesion was associated with greater odds of FMD (AOR = 1.0751, 95% CI = 1.0196, 1.1379). In addition, distance between shrubland cover was associated with greater odds of FMD (AOR = 1.0027, 95% CI = 1.0016, 1.0041). Although effect sizes were small, findings suggest different types of landscape characteristics may have different roles in improving mental health.
Rulemaking for Insider Threat Mitigation

This chapter continues the topic we started to discuss in the previous chapter – the human factors. However, it focuses on a specific method of enhancing cyber resilience via establishing appropriate rules for employees of an organization under consideration. Such rules aim at reducing threats from, for example, current or former employees, contractors, and business partners who intentionally use their authorized access to an organization to harm the organization. System users can also unintentionally contribute to cyber-attacks, or themselves become a passive target of a cyber-attack. The implementation of work-related rules is intended to decrease such risks. However, rules implementation can also increase the risks that arise from employee disregard for rules. This can occur when the rules become too restrictive, and employees become more likely to disregard the rules. Furthermore, the more often employees disregard the rules both intentionally and unintentionally, the more likely insider threats are able to observe and mimic employee behavior. This chapter shows how to find an intermediate, optimal collection of rules between the two extremes of “too many rules” and “not enough rules.”
Optical Bistability: Steady-State and Transient Behavior

An optical system that can exist in either of two distinct stable transmission states for a given input intensity is said to exhibit optical bistability. For this to occur, the system’s transmission properties must depend on its output; that is, feedback is necessary. This feedback can be provided by placing a nonlinear material inside an optical resonator. Two mechanisms can then give rise to bistability, and the bistability is classed as absorptive or dispersive according to the nature of the responsible nonlinearity. In absorptive bistability, the input light is resonant with both the resonator and the absorbing medium. For low input intensities, the medium attenuation prevents appreciable feedback from taking place, and the system’s transmission is low; at some higher input intensity, sufficient light gets through the medium to the output mirror and is reflected back to help saturate the absorption. This in turn means that more light gets through the medium, and the process continues in a runaway manner until the absorption is fully saturated. The result is complete constructive interference in the resonator and hence a large system transmission. The saturation persists as the input intensity is decreased, resulting in hysteresis in the transmission as shown in Fig. 1. Dispersive bistability occurs when the frequency of the input light is offset from resonance with the- medium and with the resonator; the intensity-dependent nonlinear dispersion can then bring the cavity into resonance, making the transmission high.
Use of the Quinolones for Treatment and Prophylaxis of Bacterial Gastrointestinal Infections

The fluoroquinolones provide various advantages over other antimicrobial agents used to treat acute gastrointestinal infections, including a broad spectrum of activity against nearly all enteric bacterial pathogens, high fecal concentrations of drug after oral administration, minimal perturbations of the normal intestinal microflora, good patient tolerance, and low levels of resistance. The quinolones are highly active in vitro against common bacterial enteropathogens, including toxigenic strains of Escherichia coli , Campylobacter jejuni , Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Vibrio cholerae , V. parahaemolyticus , Yersinia enterocolitica , Aeromonas spp., and Plesiomonas shigelloides. The quinolones exert a strong suppressive effect on the aerobic Gram-negative bacteria in the gut, whereas the aerobic Gram-positive bacteria are only moderately affected. Ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and temafloxacin have demonstrated to have a stronger suppressive effect on the aerobic Gram-positive bacteria in the intestine than other quinolones, such as norfloxacin, lomefloxacin, and pefloxacin. Most quinolones cause little or no suppression of the anaerobic microflora of the gut, however, the new fluoroquinolone gatifloxacin has relatively potent in vitro activity against a number of different Gram-positive and Gram-negative anaerobes, and thus is likely to have more potent suppressive effects on the intestinal microflora.
Computer assisted volumetric stereotactic resection of superficial and deep seated intra-axial brain mass lesions.

The integrated computer-based stereotactic system for volumetric resection of brain mass lesions, which has been developed by the author, is described.
Cohomology of Extension Spaces for Classical Domains

The Grassmann manifolds are considered to be the most important and canonical examples in compact Kahler manifolds. The Grassmann manifold G(m + n, n) consists of the set of all n-dimensional linear subspaces in ℂ m+n , and can be realized as $$G\left( M+n,n \right)=\left\{ \Im \left| \Im anm\times \left( m+n \right)matrix,rank\Im =m,{{\Im }_{1}}\sim {{\Im }_{2}}\Leftrightarrow {{\Im }_{1}}=Q{{\Im }_{2}},\det Q\ne 0 \right. \right\}.$$ (12.1)
Stimulation of lipogenesis in bovine adipose tissue by insulin and insulin-like growth factor.

The present study was undertaken to determine if insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) stimulated lipogenesis in bovine adipose tissue and determine the effects of insulin on lipogenic capacity in adipose tissue cultured for 48 h. In contrast to previous studies, insulin markedly stimulated lipogenesis in short-term (2 h) incubations. The stimulation of lipogenesis by insulin was dependent upon the source of bovine serum albumin used in the buffer. Insulin-like growth factor 1 also stimulated lipogenesis; however, the potency was 80- to 100-fold lower than for insulin. Lipogenic capacity was decreased approximately 75% after 48 h of culture in the absence of insulin. When insulin was present in the culture medium, the reduction in lipogenic capacity was attenuated in a dose-dependent manner. However, insulin alone did not totally maintain lipogenic capacity after 48 h. In contrast, inclusion of hydrocortisone (HC; 50 ng/ml) and insulin (10 ng/ml) in the medium completely prevented the decline in lipogenic capacity of cultured bovine adipose tissue. In summary, these results indicate that bovine adipocytes are quite sensitive to insulin in short-term in vitro incubations and that insulin plays a predominant role in maintenance of lipogenic capacity of bovine adipose tissue during culture. Furthermore, the marked potentiation of insulin's effects of lipogenesis after 48 h of culture by HC suggests that the glucocorticoid is involved in regulation of insulin receptor number and(or) other cellular proteins (e.g., enzymes) which are important for lipogenesis to occur.
A Note on Graaskamp’s Methodological Contribution to Academic Real Estate

For much of his academic career, Jim Graaskamp approached every conceptual issue affecting real estate and urban land economics vigorously and aggressively. His challenge was to bear the torch of a forgotten legacy: the role of institutions in understanding real estate market behavior. Virtually alone among academicians in the 1970s and 1980s in his belief in the values and usefulness of institutionalism for real estate analysis, Jim Graaskamp found himself battling in his quest for answers to the leading questions in the field. While academic real estate grew in other ways and in other directions, Jim kept the institutionalist flame burning. His greatest contribution may prove to be his constant reminder about the importance of real estate institutions before one can claim any expertise about the field.
DPSIM Modelling: Dynamic Optimization in Large Scale Simulation Models

Although it is well established that dynamically optimal policies should be “closed loop” so that policies take into account changing conditions of a system, it is rare for such optimization to actually be carried out in large-scale simulation models. Computational limitations remain a major barrier to the study of dynamically optimal policies. Since the size of dynamic optimization problems grows approximately geometrically with the state space, this problem will continue to inhibit the identification of dynamically optimal policies for the foreseeable future. In this chapter, we explore in detail the problem of solving dynamic optimization problems for large-scale simulation models and consider methods to work around the computational barriers. We show that a reasonable approach is to solve a small-scale problem to identify an approximate value function that can then be embedded directly in the simulation model to find approximately optimal time-paths. We present and compare two ways to specify the small-scale problem: a traditional “meta-modelling” approach, and a new “direct approach” in which the simulation model is embedded directly in the dynamic optimization algorithm. The methods are employed in a model of the Gulf of Mexico’s red snapper fishery and used to identify the dynamically optimal total allowable catch for the recreational and commercial sectors of the fishery.
IgG4-Related Lung Disease

Pulmonary involvement in IgG4-related disease can manifest in any intrathoracic compartment including the lung parenchyma, airways, lymph nodes, mediastinum, and pleura. Although most patients with IgG4-related lung disease have extrapulmonary manifestations, some patients present with isolated pulmonary disease and may be difficult to diagnose. Approximately one-half of those with IgG4-related lung disease have respiratory symptoms at presentation. The most common form of intrathoracic involvement is mediastinal and/or hilar lymphadenopathy. Parenchymal manifestations of IgG4-related lung disease include single or multiple rounded opacities and interstitial lung disease. Airway disease can cause airway narrowing and asthma-like symptoms. Aside from mediastinal lymphadenopathy, IgG4-related fibrosing mediastinitis has also been reported. Pleural manifestations include pleural masses and pleural effusions. These patterns of intrathoracic disease are best characterized by CT (including high-resolution images of the lung parenchyma). Diagnostic confirmation of IgG4-related lung disease may require bronchoscopic or surgical biopsy, partly depending on the site of involvement. Histopathologic findings associated with IgG4-related lung disease are similar to those seen in extrapulmonary organs, but characteristic storiform fibrosis is not as apparent in lung biopsies. IgG4-related lung disease generally responds well to corticosteroid therapy.
Bald-faced lies: how to make a move in a language game without making a move in a conversation

According to the naive, pre-theoretic conception, lying seems to be characterized by the intent to deceive. However, certain kinds of bald-faced lies appear to be counterexamples to this view, and many philosophers have abandoned it as a result. I argue that this criticism of the naive view is misplaced; bald-faced lies are not genuine instances of lying because they are not genuine instances of assertion. I present an additional consideration in favor of the naive view, which is that abandoning it comes at an extremely high price; alternative accounts which eschew the intent-to-deceive condition on lying have difficulty distinguishing lies from non-literal speech.
Interval changes in ROTEM values during cardiopulmonary bypass in pediatric cardiac surgery patients

Rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) has been shown to reduce the need for transfused blood products in adult and pediatric cardiac surgery patients. However, similar evidence in newborns, neonates, and young infants is lacking. We quantified ROTEM value changes in pediatric patients on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) before, during and after blood product transfusion. Each surgery had at least four interventions: initiating CPB; platelet administration during rewarming phase; post-CPB and following protamine and human fibrinogen concentrate (HFC) administration; and further component therapy if bleeding persisted and ROTEM indicated a deficiency. ROTEM assays were performed prior to surgery commencement, on CPB prior to platelet administration and following 38 mL/kg platelets, and post-CPB after protamine and HFC administration. ROTEM assays were also performed in the post-CPB period after further blood component therapy administration. Data from 161 patients were analyzed. Regression models suggested significant changes in HEPTEM clotting time after all interventions. PLT administration during CPB improved HEPTEM α by 22.1° (p < 0.001) and FIBTEM maximum clot firmness (MCF) by 2.9 mm (p < 0.001). HFC administration after CPB termination significantly improved FIBTEM MCF by 2.6 mm (p < 0.001). HEPTEM MCF significantly increased after 3/4 interventions. HEPTEM α significantly decreased after two interventions and significantly increased after two interventions. Greatest perturbances in coagulation parameters occurred in patients ≤90 days of age. CPB induced profound perturbations in ROTEM values in pediatric cardiac surgery patients. ROTEM values improved following PLT and HFC administration. This study provides important clinical insights into ROTEM changes in pediatric patients after distinct interventions.
Synthesis of 2′-Fluorinated Northern Methanocarbacyclic (2′-F-NMC) Nucleosides and Their Incorporation Into Oligonucleotides

This article describes chemical synthesis of 2'-fluorinated Northern methanocarbacyclic (2'-F-NMC) nucleosides and phosphoramidites, based on a bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane scaffold bearing all four natural nucleobases (U, C, A, and G), and their incorporation into oligonucleotides by solid-supported synthesis. This synthesis starts from commercially available cyclopent-2-en-1-one to obtain the fluorinated carbocyclic pseudosugar intermediate (S.13), which can be converted to the uridine intermediate by condensation with isocyanate, followed by cyclization, and to adenine and guanine precursors by microwave-assisted reactions. All four 2'-F-NMC phosphoramidites are synthesized from S.13 in a convergent approach, and the monomers are used for synthesis of 2'-F-NMC-modified oligonucleotides. © 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Basic Protocol 1: Preparation of fluorinated carbocyclic pseudosugar intermediate Basic Protocol 2: Preparation of 2'-F-NMC uridine and cytidine phosphoramidites Basic Protocol 3: Preparation of 2'-F-NMC adenosine phosphoramidite Basic Protocol 4: Preparation of 2'-F-NMC guanosine phosphoramidite Basic Protocol 5: Synthesis of oligonucleotides containing 2'-F-NMC.
Arid Inland Community Survey on Water Knowledge, Trust, and Potable Reuse. I: Description of Findings

AbstractPlanned potable water reuse has the potential to improve the sustainability and reliability of water supplies, but implementation has faced public acceptance challenges. Although the US Dep...
Abstract IA14: Targeting the DNA damage response in head and neck cancers

The discovery that BRCA1/2 mutant cancer cells are exquisitely sensitive to inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) has ushered in a new era of research on biomarker-driven synthetic lethal treatment strategies for different cancers. The therapeutic landscape of antitumor agents targeting the DNA damage response (DDR) has rapidly expanded to include inhibitors of other key mediators of DNA repair and replication, such as ATM, ATR, CHK1 and CHK2, DNA-PK, and WEE1. Efforts to optimize these therapies are ongoing across a range of cancers, including head and neck cancer. These approaches have involved evaluation of molecular predictive biomarker of response beyond BRCA1/2 mutations, and the development of rational, tolerable combinations with novel molecularly targeted agents to create a BRCAness phenotype, other DDR inhibitors, and immune-checkpoint inhibitors. Citation Format: Timothy A. Yap. Targeting the DNA damage response in head and neck cancers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-AHNS Head and Neck Cancer Conference: Optimizing Survival and Quality of Life through Basic, Clinical, and Translational Research; 2019 Apr 29-30; Austin, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2020;26(12_Suppl_2):Abstract nr IA14.
Does the quality of life differ for shift workers compared to day workers

It is often assumed the quality of life of dayworkers is better than that of shiftworkers. Our findings from United States Navy (USN) sailors (N = 804, 78.4% males) showed dayworkers slept better, ...
Hurricanes and Health: Vulnerability in an Age of Climate Change

The prevalence and severity of hurricanes are increasing. This chapter examines the physical and mental health effects of hurricane exposure within our changing climate. We explore a range of physical health effects, including mortality, morbidity, injuries, infectious disease, chronic disease, and mold-related illnesses. We also examine several mental health consequences of hurricane exposure, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and risk factors for poor post-disaster mental health outcomes, as well as factors that protect against poor mental health. We use evidence from public health, sociology, psychology, and geography to highlight the health effects from the most recent, as well as most powerful, hurricanes to strike the continental United States. Our goal is to provide evidence of the wide-range health consequences caused by direct and indirect hurricane exposure, and bring attention to areas that need further investigation as the intensity of hurricanes grows due to our changing climate.
Narrative persuasion and stigma: Using news accounts to denormalize texting while driving.

Abstract Despite nearly universal texting while driving bans in U.S. states, distracted driving still poses a major risk for American motorists and pedestrians on a daily basis. We argue texting while driving behavior, due to its cultural, social, and psychological motivations, may be addressed by cultivating a stigma to denormalize TWD much in the same way public health campaigns and bans did with tobacco use. While extant strategies may similarly stigmatize this risky behavior, we contend the stigmatizing effect of news narratives offers an untapped and unexamined resource. In this paper we draw on emergent findings in narrative persuasion work to present an exploratory analysis and evidence indicates news narratives, through narrative engagement, can both stigmatize TWD behavior and diminish attitudes toward distracted driving. These initial findings are then validated against an independent sample. If applied widely, this method may be applied to increase social pressure against distracted driving, leading to fewer people engaging in TWD behavior, and making roads safer.
The Individual AMT: Problems and Potential Solutions

Originally targeted at high-income households, the individual alternative minimum tax (AMT) is now on the verge of switching from a "class" tax to a "mass" tax. Under current law, the AMT will encr...