cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Various Methods of Debeaking Broilers

Abstract THERE is considerable evidence that pelleting poultry feed increases feed consumption and feed efficiency, but also increases feather pulling and the incidence of barebacks. It is quite possible, therefore, that the feeding program will determine the need for debeaking and the degree of debeaking necessary. Poultrymen have reported considerable losses resulting from improper debeaking of baby chicks, and this study was initiated in an effort to ascertain under what feeding methods debeaking is necessary and the degree of debeaking required for the most satisfactory results. A natural complement to this study was a comparison of mash versus a crumbles and pellet feeding program. Bice (1946) described an electric debeaking method and recommended that ¼ to ½ of the maxilla be removed anytime after 3 days of age. Quisenberry and Draper (1946) reported that cannibalism could be controlled by burning off the point of the maxilla. Debeaking has been recommended by …
CPS in little pieces: composing partial continuations

This paper presents a new two-stage CPS algorithm. The first stage plants trivial partial continuations via a recursive-descent traversal and the second stage is a rewrite system that transforms all nontail calls into tail calls. The algorithm combines the metaphors of the Plotkin-style CPS transformation along with reduction in the λ-calculus.
What Do We Know about Anesthetic Mortality

A detailed review of the published literature on systematic studies on anesthetic deaths after 1950 is made in this article. According to the author the high estimate of errors in all these studies resulted from failure to entertain the possibility of any cause of death other than anesthetic error. The myth that anesthetic drugs are different from all other drugs and that they are absolutely safe unless someone errs is to be dispelled. Drugs used in clinical anesthesia are potent and potentially lethal and have primary desired actions and unwanted side effects. The role of anesthesia in surgical mortality is greater than anyone has yet imagined; risks are not completely preventable because patients do not respond to drugs with stereotyped responses but at times with adverse responses.
Heme oxygenase/carbon monoxide signaling pathways: regulation and functional significance.

Carbon monoxide (CO), a gaseous second messenger, arises in biological systems during the oxidative catabolism of heme by the heme oxygenase (HO) enzymes. HO exists as constitutive (HO-2, HO-3) and inducible isoforms (HO-1), the latter which responds to regulation by multiple stress-stimuli. HO-1 confers protectionin vitroandin vivoagainst oxidative cellular stress. Although the redox active compounds that are generated from HO activity (i.e. iron, biliverdin-IXa, and bilirubin-IXa) potentially modulate oxidative stress resistance, increasing evidence points to cytoprotective roles for CO. Though not reactive, CO regulates vascular processes such as vessel tone, smooth muscle proliferation, and platelet aggregation, and possibly functions as a neurotransmitter. The latter effects of CO depend on the activation of guanylate cyclase activity by direct binding to the heme moiety of the enzyme, stimulating the production of cyclic 3’:5’-guanosine monophosphate. CO potentially interacts with other intracellular hemoprotein targets, though little is known about the functional significance of such interactions. Recent progress indicates that CO exerts novel anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects dependent on the modulation of the p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK)-signaling pathway. By virtue of these effects, CO confers protection in oxidative lung injury models, and likely plays a role in HO-1 mediated tissue protection. (Mol Cell Biochem 234/235: 249–263, 2002)
Redox Reactions of Cross-linked Haemoglobins with Oxygen and Nitrite

Redox reactions of haemoglobin (Hb) with oxygen can initiate a cascade of oxidative reactions that appear to underlie the adverse side reactions observed when cell-free Hbs are introduced into the circulation to enhance oxygen delivery to respiring tissues. Redox reactions of cell-free Hbs with nitrite may also be of significance in vivo, as these reactions can lead to formation of nitrosylated Hb (NO-Hb) along with oxidised Hb (MetHb). To clarify the factors governing these redox reactions we measured the kinetics of nitrite-induced and oxygen-induced heme oxidation and obtained oxygen binding and oxidation curves for unmodified human Hb and four cross-linked Hbs. The four cross-linked Hbs studied were generated by cross-linking Hb with glutaraldehyde, dextran, O-raffinose or bis(3,5-dibromosalicyl)fumarate. Oxygen binding by the cross-linked Hbs occurred with reduced oxygen affinity, reduced cooperativity and reduced responses to organic phosphate effectors. The redox potentials of the cross-linked Hbs were shifted to higher potentials relative to unmodified Hb in the absence of allosteric effectors, indicating a reduced thermodynamic driving force for oxidation. In spite of this, these Hbs showed increased rates in oxidative reactions. Elevated rates of heme oxidation were observed for their oxy derivatives under aerobic conditions, and upon exposure to nitrite under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. These results show that heme accessibility rather than heme redox potential is the major determinant of the kinetics of redox reactions of Hb with both oxygen and nitrite.
Evidence-Based Science Filmmaking Initiative: Study No. 1

This Report summarizes the preliminary conclusions of Study No. 1 in the Cultural Cognition Project’s “Evidence-based Science Filmmaking Initiative.” Conducted in collaboration with the Annenberg Public Policy Center at the University of Pennsylvania, the goal of the initiative is to promote the integration of the emerging science of science communication into the craft of science filmmaking. A principal aim of the first study was to develop a valid and reliable science curiosity scale. The report describes the development of the scale, its psychometric properties, and its success in predicting engagement with a science documentary on evolution produced by Initiative collaborator Tangled Bank Studios. The report also presents evidence on variation in science curiosity, and engagement with the documentary conditional on science curiosity, among culturally diverse groups, including ones holding opposing beliefs on human evolution. Provisional conclusions, and plans for follow up research, are discussed.
Non-phototherapy Treatment

Several treatment regimens for hyperbilirubinemia not involving phototherapy have evolved over many years. Phototherapy-based treatment is described in the next chapter. Of the non phototherapy-based treatments, some have been directed at stimulating or increasing conjugation of bilirubin, while others are attempts to reduce the levels of circulating unconjugated bilirubin.
Paleoecological Information in Predator Tooth Marks

This paper reviews the evidence for tooth marks made by sharks, crocodiles, dinosaurs, rodents, and especially mammalian carnivores on modern and fossil bones. The ecological and taphonomic information revealed in tooth marks, including: predator identity, prey preferences, and feeding behavior and ecology are discussed, and a compilation of metric measurements of taxon-specific modern and fossil mammalian carnivore tooth marks from the published literature is also provided. Some recommendations intended to improve the scope and scale of future tooth-damage research are also presented.
Carbonic anhydrase and chemoreception in the cat carotid body

To test the hypothesis that CO2 and O2 chemoreception in the carotid body (CB) may depend on its carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity, we used an in vitro cat CB preparation and studied the effects of methazolamide, a permeable CA inhibitor (pK 7.3), on the chemosensory responses to CO2, O2, and nicotine. The isolated CB was perfused and superfused with Tyrode solution, free of CO2-HCO3-, at 36.0 +/- 0.5 degrees C. The frequency of chemosensory discharges was recorded from the whole carotid sinus nerve. The responses to bolus injections (0.3-0.5 ml) of Tyrode solution equilibrated with PCO2 of 38-110 Torr, switching from HEPES to CO2-HCO3- Tyrode (PCO2 = 25-60 Torr) for about 3 min, hypoxic Tyrode (PO2 = 25-30 Torr) for 2-8 min, perfusate flow interruptions for approximately 4 min, and bolus injections of nicotine (4 nmol) were studied before, during, and after perfusion (30-45 min) with methazolamide (42.4 microM). Methazolamide reversibly inhibited, delayed, and reduced the responses to transient CO2 stimulus, diminished the onset of but not the late response to prolonged CO2 stimulus, and delayed but did not decrease the responses to hypoxia and perfusate interruption. The response to nicotine did not change. The results indicated that CA in the glomus cells played a crucial role primarily in the speed and magnitude of the initial response to CO2 stimulus and indirectly influenced O2 chemoreception. These effects were upstream from the nicotine receptor-mediated sensory response.
Maturation of dendritic cells infected by recombinant adenovirus can be delayed without impact on transgene expression.

Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to dendritic cells is highly efficient and often used, but the relationship among cell maturation, viral infection and expression of a transferred gene remains unclear. To study this relationship, we introduced a recombinant replication-defective adenovirus encoding the gene for green fluorescent protein to normal human immature myeloid dendritic cells. We induced maturation by the addition of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and prostaglandin E2 to the medium and assessed cell maturity by the levels of the secreted p40 subunit of IL-12 and of membrane-bound CD83. We quantified the efficiency of gene expression by GFP fluorescence and analyzed the data by a mixed-model analysis of variance; the model explained more than 97% of the effects. CD83 expression and p40 secretion depended solely on incubation time and maturation medium. The cells cultured in the absence of maturation medium remained immature and maintained the ability to respond to the later addition of the maturation irrespective of adenovirus infection and transferred gene expression. This expression was independent of cell maturation. In comparison with mature cells, the transferred gene was expressed in immature dendritic cells with a lag compatible with the less effective initial step (infection and/or gene transfer) in the absence of the maturation medium rather than less effective later GFP synthesis. Expression of CD83 and p40 were unaffected by adenovirus infection and transferred gene expression. Thus, immature dendritic cells infected with recombinant adenoviruses can be matured when desired after transferred gene expression.
The plasma pharmacokinetics and cerebrospinal fluid penetration of the thymidylate synthase inhibitor raltitrexed (Tomudex) in a nonhuman primate model.

Purpose: Raltitrexed (Tomudex™), ZD1694) is a novel quinazoline folate analog that selectively inhibits thymidylate synthase. Intracellularly, raltitrexed is polyglutamated to its active form which can be retained in cells for prolonged periods. The pharmacokinetics of raltitrexed in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were studied in a nonhuman primate model. Methods: Animals received 3 mg/m2 (n= 1), 6 mg/m2 (n= 3), or 10 mg/m2 (n= 3) i.v. over 15 min, and frequent plasma samples were obtained over 48 h. CSF samples were drawn from an indwelling 4th ventricular Ommaya reservoir over 48 h. Plasma and CSF raltitrexed concentrations were measured with a novel, sensitive enzyme inhibition assay with a lower limit of quantification of 0.005 μM. A three-compartment pharmacokinetic model was fitted to the raltitrexed plasma concentration-time data. Results: The plasma concentration-time profile of raltitrexed was triexponential with a rapid initial decline and a prolonged terminal elimination phase (t1/2 > 24 h), which was related to retention of raltitrexed in a deep tissue compartment. At the peak approximately 30% of the administered dose was in the deep tissue compartment, and 24 h after the dosing >20% of the administered dose remained in the body with >99% in the deep tissue compartment. The mean peak (end of infusion) plasma concentrations after the 3, 6, and 10 mg/m2 doses were 1.5, 2.4 and 4.8 μM, respectively. The clearance of raltitrexed ranged from 110 to 165 ml/min per m2, and the steady-state volume of distribution exceeded 200 l/m2. The CSF penetration of raltitrexed was limited (0.6 to 2.0%) and drug could only be detected in the CSF following a 10 mg/m2 dose. Conclusions: The elimination of raltitrexed is triexponential with a prolonged terminal elimination phase. The pharmacokinetic profile is consistent with extensive polyglutamation and intracellular retention of ralitrexed. The three-compartment model presented here may be useful for the analysis of the pharmacokinetics of raltitrexed in humans.
Reperfusion injury is not affected by blockade of P-selectin in the diabetic mouse heart

We examined the mechanisms responsible for myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI-R) injury in a well-characterized animal model of type II diabetes mellitus. Diabetic (db/db) mice and their littermat...
Alleanze, antagonismi e avanguardie (Lacerba, L’Italia futurista e altro)

L’avanguardia e stata spesso descritta come un’alleanza di scrittori, artisti e teorici accomunati dal desiderio di contravvenire le regole della cultura dominante: una cultura concepita come antagonistica. Tuttavia, se si osserva la storia delle avanguardie soffermandoci su casi specifici – qui soprattutto Lacerba e L’Italia futurista – possiamo renderci conto che tali alleanze non furono sempre pacifiche. Nell’ambito di uno stesso contingente certe direttive spesso assunsero accenti diversi e provocarono la formazione di sottogruppi. Fra i tratti che contraddistinsero il futurismo toscano vi furono il comune intento di rinnovare la tradizione e l’italianita, e anche il disprezzo nei confronti di cio che era concepito “altro” dal gruppo. L’ “altro” era costituito dai nemici della nazione, dai borghesi passatisti e dalle donne e uomini con un lato femminile “troppo” sviluppato, e per questo concepiti come “deboli” e “inferiori”. Da un lato, i motivi che sottesero la formazione del futurismo toscano si ric...
Significance of Serum Galectin-3 Level Judging Prognosis in Postoperative Biliary Atresia Children

Objective To investigate the serum galectin-3(Gal-3),hyaluronic acid(HA) levels in postoperative biliary atresia(BA) patients and the relation of these levels with liver dysfunction,liver fibrosis. Methods The children after Kasai surgery as the BA group(n=35),normal physical examination of children as the healthy control group(n=10).BA group were divided into jaundice group(n=11) and non-jaundice group(n=24) according to the level of bilirubin,and were divided into portal hypertensionl(PH) group(n=27) and non PH group(n=8) according to the esophageal varices.All children′s liver function was measured by automatic biochemical analyzer,and the serum level of Gal-3 was determined by ELISA,while the level of HA was measured by radioimmunoassay. Results The degrees of liver dysfunction and liver fibrosis were severer in BA group than those in healthy control group,the serum Gal-3 and HA levels were higher than those of healthy control group(Pa0.05);The degrees of liver dysfunction and liver fibrosis of jaundice group were severer compared with non-jaundice group,and serum Gal-3 and HA levels were higher than those of non-jaundice group(Pa0.05);BA patients in jaundice group had considerably higher serum galectin-3 level than those in non-jaundice group(P0.05).BA patients with portal hypertension had considerably higher serum Gal-3 level than those without portal hypertension(P0.05);There was close positive correlation between serum levels of Gal-3 and total bilirubin,alanine aminotransferase,γ-glutamyl transpeptidase(Pa0.05),and close positive correlation between serum levels of Gal-3 and HA(P0.05). Conclusions Serum Gal-3 level is closely associated with liver dysfunction and liver fibrosis in patients with postoperative BA.It is useful in monitoring the clinical outcome of patients with postoperative BA.
Integration of ovulation rate, potential embryonic viability and uterine capacity into a model of litter size in swine.

A mathematical model of litter size in swine was developed from ovulation rate, potential embryonic viability and uterine capacity. The model assumed that ovulation rate was reduced to potentially viable embryos by factors innate to the ovum and embryo. Potentially viable embryos then could be further reduced to uterine capacity, the maximum number of fetuses that a female can carry to term. Consequently, litter size can be no greater than either ovulation rate or uterine capacity. Means and variances of ovulation rate and potential embryonic viability used in the model were based on experimental results. The mean and variance of uterine capacity were varied until the simulated mean and variance of litter size were equal to experimental results. Simulated results of relationships among ovulation rate, embryo survival and litter size were similar to observed experimental relationships. Heritabilities of simulated litter size and embryo survival were similar to literature values when the heritability of ovulation rate was set at .25 and the heritability of uterine capacity was set at either .15 or .20. Litter size was simulated for 25 combinations of average ovulation rate and uterine capacity to develop equations relating mean ovulation rate and uterine capacity to litter size, embryo survival and correlations among them. Results suggest that changing either ovulation rate or uterine capacity independently will not result in large changes in litter size. Consequently, the model suggests that a single gene, hormonal manipulation or nutritional change will not result in large increases in litter size and that combinations of factors will be needed to increase litter size.
The first in situ split of a liver in the USA performed by two geographically distant transplant centers--enhancing, sharing, and expanding the cadaveric liver organ pool.

In situ split of the liver was performed in a heart-beating cadaveric organ donor for the first time in the U.S.A. by two geographically distant transplant centers. The procedure, initiated by a transplant team in Oklahoma City, was a joint project of the transplant teams from Oklahoma City and New York City. The in situ split resulted in two liver grafts. A left graft (left lateral segment) which was transplanted into a 7-year-old pediatric recipient in Oklahoma City and a right graft (right lobe and segment IV) which was transplanted into a 52-year-old adult recipient in New York City. Initial graft function was excellent in the two patients. The adult recipient was discharged home 10 days after the transplant and is doing well. The pediatric recipient died two and a half months later from multi-system organ failure. The recently introduced in situ split technique provides two excellent liver grafts from one donor and enhances sharing of liver grafts between transplant centers.
Treatment of myositis with cyclosporin a and intravenous immunoglobulin

Introduction: Corticosteroids remain the agents of choice for the initial empiric treatment of inflammatory myopathy, but many patients will require the addition of a non-steroidal immunosuppressive (IS) drug to control myositis or its extramuscular features. Multiple IS drugs have been used including methotrexate, azathioprine, cyclosporine, and mycophenolate mofetil. Alkylating agents, such as cyclophosphamide and chlorambucil, and novel immunosuppressives, such as tacrolimus and fludarabine, have also been studied in controlledand openprospective fashion. Numerous combination IS regimens are being reported, and intravenous immune globulin (IVIg) has been shown to be beneficial in a wide variety of diseases with a suspected immunologic basis, including myositis. The difficulty with assessing the treatment of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) relates to many factors. The disease is rare and quite heterogeneous leading to a paucity of well-controlled prospective trials. Most studies are cross-sectional in nature and involve single centers with a relatively small number of patients. Treatment trials often include patients with acute and chronic disease, creating the dilemma of determining the relative contributions of potentially reversible disease activity versus irreversible damage, which is unlikely to respond to therapeutic intervention. To complicate matters further, agreed-on outcome measures have yet to be developed and tested.
News aus Newtown? – Berichterstattung US-amerikanischer Massenmedien nach schweren Gewalttaten

Die Autoren analysieren die offentliche Debatte zum School Shooting von Newtown (2012) und fokussieren dabei auf kulturelle (z.B. Waffenbesitz) und sozialpsychologische (z.B. Faszination fur Gewalt und Gewalttater) Aspekte, die dabei zum Tragen kamen. Des Weiteren analysieren sie die Entwicklung, den Verlauf und die Ausdehnung der Berichterstattung in amerikanischen Leitmedien. Auf dieser Grundlage stellen sie einen neuen Denkansatz fur Journalisten bei der Berichterstattung zu derartigen Taten vor.
Energy Management for an 8000 hp Hybrid Hydraulic Mining Shovel

There has been an increasing interest in concept of hybrid architecture which is penetrating the heavy industry machines, in recent years, including for hydraulic mining shovels (HMSs). Achieving increased machine efficiency, productivity, and performance, reduced emissions, and prolonged lifetime are the main goals in developing hybrid shovel structures. This paper presents the energy management concept for an electric HMS, which uses high power density energy storage systems to supplement the diesel-powered generators. A 2.25-MW ultracapacitor system is applied to improve the sluggish dynamic response of the diesel engines during sudden load changes and to reduce the engine power requirements by maintaining an optimal engine speed. In addition to the engine dynamic improvement, the ultracapacitor system supports the engine during peak power demand allowing for a smaller engine size, which results in higher fuel savings and less exhaust emissions. Detailed control schemes for the converters and system are described. Results of simulations, off-board testing, and on-board testing for an implemented 8000 hp mining shovel are provided and discussed. The machine operates smoothly at varying load conditions. The initial assessments indicate a 30% increase in machine productivity and 26% increase in fuel efficiency compared with a 120-ton conventional hydraulic machine.
Characteristic study of electronic voltage transformers' accuracy on harmonics

Harmonics in electric power systems can affect the measurement, quality analysis and relay protection of the power grid, making the accurate measurement of harmonics a necessity. The broad frequency range of electronic transformers makes them suitable for measuring harmonics. The requirements of accuracy on harmonics for electronic transformers are put forward in the standards GB/T 20840.8-2007 and IEC60044-8:2002. But because there was no system for this measuring in China, the accuracy test on harmonics haven't been done yet. So the measuring system for electronic voltage transformer's (EVT) accuracy on harmonics had been studied and found in this article. Then the preliminary measuring of accuracy on harmonics of different kinds of electronic voltage transformer has been done. And the test results have also been analysed. All the results shows that: under the condition of voltage from 0 to 80kV, frequency from 50Hz to 650Hz, the measuring system for accuracy on harmonics we found can meet the requirements of standards. In terms of accuracy on harmonics, the variation of the active electronic voltage transformers' ratio error is less than the passive electronic voltage transformers' with the increase of the harmonic order. And the variation of the active electronic voltage transformers' phase displacement is more than the passive electronic voltage transformers' with the increase of the harmonic order. The test results of accuracy on harmonics of passive electronic voltage transformer can meet the requirements of standards. And the active electronic voltage transformer need to improve the production craft to meet the requirements.
Large sets of edit-metric sequence identification tags to facilitate large-scale multiplexing of reads from massively parallel sequencing

Massively parallel DNA sequencing technologies provide exponential increases in the amount of data returned from the sequencing process, relative to traditional (Sanger-based) techniques. Use of unique, synthetic oligonucleotides (identifying sequence tags) on each sample enables the deconvolution of samples pooled prior to massively parallel sequencing. To counteract oligonucleotide synthesis and sequencing errors, sequence tags should be drawn from combinations with sufficient differences and with an appropriate error-correcting code over the alphabet [A,C,G,T]. This method ensures that errors within the tags do not cause sequences to be assigned to the wrong sample while also enabling correction and recovery of incorrectly-sequenced or incorrectly-synthesized tags. The set of available tags should be large, allowing sample multiplexing to scale with rapid changes in sequencing platform output. The set of tags should also account for errors possible during both the oligonucleotide synthesis and sequencing processes. Most tags in current use have been designed to maintain a particular Hamming distance: a scheme that ensures the distance between tag sequences is maintained in the presence of substitutions. However, sequence identification tags conforming to the edit-metric are more appropriate: edit-metric sequence tags are robust to insertions, deletions, and substitution errors. We present edittag, a python package containing several tools to facilitate the design of edit-metric-based sequence identification tags, check existing sets of sequence identification tags for conformance to the edit-metric, and apply sequence identification tags to primers and/or adapters. We use edittag to design several large sets of edit-metric sequence tags ranging from four to 10 nucleotides in length and edit distance three to nine. Finally, we test a set of fusion primers designed with the software developed here, demonstrating high levels of successful amplification. Researchers using sequence identification tags should consider using edit-metric-based sequence tags in place of the more common, Hamming-distance-based alternatives. Edit-metric sequence tags are robust to insertion, deletion, and substitution errors, thus more robust to all forms of error present during the DNA sequencing process. Edittag facilitates the generation and application of these robust sequence tags.
Reengineering deep brain stimulation for movement disorders: Emerging technologies

Abstract Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a neurosurgical technique that consists of continuous delivery of electrical pulses through chronically implanted electrodes connected to a neurostimulator, programmable in amplitude, pulse width, frequency, and stimulation channel. DBS is a promising treatment option for addressing severe and drug-resistant movement disorders. The success of DBS therapy stems from a combination of surgical implantation techniques, device technologies, and clinical programming strategies. Changes in device settings require highly trained and experienced clinicians to achieve maximal therapeutic benefit for each targeted symptom, and optimization of stimulation parameters can take many clinic visits. Thus, the development of innovative DBS technologies that can optimize the clinical implementation of DBS will lead to wider scale utilization. This review aims to present engineering approaches that have the potential to improve clinical outcomes of DBS, focusing on the development novel temporal patterns, innovative electrode designs, computational models to guide stimulation, closed-loop DBS, and remote programming.
Isolation of Mitochondrial DNA from Single, Short Hairs without Roots Using Pressure Cycling Technology:

Hairs are commonly submitted as evidence to forensic laboratories, but standard nuclear DNA analysis is not always possible. Mitochondria (mt) provide another source of genetic material; however, manual isolation is laborious. In a proof-of-concept study, we assessed pressure cycling technology (PCT; an automated approach that subjects samples to varying cycles of high and low pressure) for extracting mtDNA from single, short hairs without roots. Using three microscopically similar donors, we determined the ideal PCT conditions and compared those yields to those obtained using the traditional manual micro-tissue grinder method. Higher yields were recovered from grinder extracts, but yields from PCT extracts exceeded the requirements for forensic analysis, with the DNA quality confirmed through sequencing. Automated extraction of mtDNA from hairs without roots using PCT could be useful for forensic laboratories processing numerous samples.
Phytophthora cinnamomi as a driver of forest change: Implications for conservation and management

Abstract Phytophthora cinnamomi is a soil-borne plant pathogen of global significance, threatening many forest tree species around the world. In contrast to other well-known tree pathogens, P. cinnamomi is a generalist pathogen that, in many cases, causes less immediately obvious symptoms, making P. cinnamomi more difficult to diagnose. This creates special challenges for those trying to assess and manage diseases caused by P. cinnanmomi. P. cinnamomi affects a wide range of tree species across the world including chestnuts, particularly American and European chestnuts, Eucalyptus and Banksia species in Australia, and oaks in Mediterranean Europe. We believe that forest professionals should incorporate an understanding of the diseases caused by P. cinnamomi in conservation, management, and restoration of threatened ecosystems dominated by P. cinnamomi-affected tree species. Here we review the impact of P. cinnamomi on forest ecosystems internationally and suggest three major strategies for improving forest resilience to P. cinnamomi: (1) Improving site quality to reduce risk of P. cinnamomi-related disease, (2) Genetically improving threatened species to improve resistance to P. cinnamomi, and (3) Restricting further spread (especially by nursery trade) of P. cinnamomi.
Working with Probability

Chapter 3 was a coherent presentation of material on descriptive statistics and probability distributions, which are viewed as theoretical populations. Chapter 4 follows with seven sections that are grouped into three themes. The first four sections treat inferential statistics, beginning with an introductory section that introduces the central question of whether a test population is the same as or different from a general population. This is followed by a section that presents the Cramer–von Mises test for consistency of a data set with a normal distribution. This test serves as a convenient analytical tool for observing the convergence as n → ∞ of distributions of means of samples of size n to a normal distribution, regardless of the underlying distribution from which the samples are drawn. Section 4.3 presents the central limit theorem, which is then used in Section 4.4 to address statistical inference. Section 4.5 serves as a brief introduction to maximum likelihood, and the chapter closes with two sections on conditional probability. Many of the problems use real data sets that were introduced in Chapterer 3.
Distribution of spermidine and spermine in blood from cystic fibrosis patients and control subjects.

Previous studies have shown an abnormality of the spermidine-to- spermine (Spd/Spm) ratio in whole blood of cystic fibrosis homo-and heterozygotes. To investigate Spd and Spm distribution amoung blood components as a possible cause of the abnormality, blood was fractionated using Rabinowitz's glass bead technique and Boyum's Ficoll- Hypaque method. Free (unconjugated) polyamines were extracted with perchloric acid and quantitated on an amino acid analyzer. In controls, mean +/- SEM concentrations in nmoles/10(9) cells of Spd and Spm, respectively, were 1.02 +/- 0.08 and 0.894 +/- 0.28 for erythrocytes; 126 +/- 31 and 357 +/- 105 for lymphocytes; 36 +/- 16 and 240 +/- 33 for granulocytes; and less than 0.5 and less than 0.5 nmoles/ml for plasma. When converted to the concentration in whole blood, it was found that greater than 90% of Spd and over 70% of Spm was associated with erythrocytes. While the higher cellular concentration in leukocytes was not unexpected, the fact that Spd and Spm in whole blood were primarily associated with erythrocytes was a new finding. Comparison with controls revealed that the Spd/Spm ratio in both whole blood and erythrocytes was significantly higher in the group of cystic fibrosis patients.
Regulation of Metabolite Flow

When stimulated, plant cell cultures are capable of large changes in gene expression which results in altered metabolism. As demonstrated in this meeting, this property has permitted the isolation of inducible proteins by two-dimensional Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and their identification by direct sequencing in a gas phase sequenator (Inze, Sato). In addition, fungal elicitors have been added to the list of tools used to alter metabolism (Barz, Brodelius, Ebel, Eilert, Tyler), and both circumstantial and direct evidence indicates that this occurs as a result of de novo protein biosynthesis. The effects of elicitors seem to be widespread and several reports have demonstrated that a number of secondary metabolic pathways could be induced or repressed (several authors). Our ability to harness the biochemical machinery of the cell for production has, however, not been matched by an understanding of how diese changes came about. The renewed interest in, and the apparent success of organ-specific secondary product synthesis by hairy root cultures (see Rhodes), reflects our lack of understanding of the biochemical processes involved and their regulation.
Known Vaccine-Associated Adverse Events

The most beneficial worldwide health interventions in the twentieth century include vaccines. Despite and in part because of their success, adverse events following immunization (AEFIs) are increasingly scrutinized. Thus, there is a need for practitioners to be aware of common and expected as well as serious or more publicized AEFIs. Likewise, practitioners need to be aware of the challenges involved in differentiating AEFIs truly caused by vaccines (causally related) from events that coincidently occur soon after vaccines (temporally related). Consequently, despite being listed on Internet sites or in databases, e.g., Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), some AEFIs may be temporally related but not causally related to vaccines, e.g., autism.
Exploration of risk factors for osteoporotic fracture following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

10080Background: The incidence of fractures following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) ranges from 5% to 12% and the rates are up to 10 times greater than in the general population. T...
Salvage extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in induction-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome in acute leukemia patients: A case series.

Background:The prognosis of hematologic malignancies has improved over the past three decades. However, the prognosis in hematologic malignancies with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome has...
The placenta: A site of end-organ damage after Fontan operation. A case series.

Abstract Background Placental insufficiency may be the cause of the high preterm birth rate in women after Fontan operation. In this study we reviewed the clinical course and pregnancy outcome of women with Fontan physiology with a focus on placental pathology. Methods We reviewed clinical charts and placental pathology from 7 women with Fontan physiology who had pregnancies at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. The review was limited to cases where placental pathologic specimens were rigorously examined. Results Seven women had 13 deliveries between 2002 and 2018. Only 2 of 13 deliveries were at term (>37 weeks). Mean maternal age at time of last delivery was 27.5 ± 3.2 years. Preeclampsia was noted during 2 pregnancies and 2 women had preterm premature rupture of membranes at 24 and 35 weeks gestation, respectively. Placental abruption with bleeding occurred in 2 pregnancies. An additional 4 pregnancies were complicated by intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Median placental weight was 441.5 g (IQR 305.5–622.5 g). Median placental weight percentile for gestational age was 10th to 25th, but varied greatly; two placentas were 90th percentile for gestational age. Two umbilical cords contained a single umbilical artery. Prominent subchorionic fibrin deposition was a consistent feature in all placentas. Villous hypermaturity was noted in 4 placentas. Conclusions Fontan physiology may be associated with poor placental health. High systemic venous pressure and low cardiac output may contribute to stagnation of placental blood flow and result in subchorionic fibrin deposition and variable villous hypoplasia. This may explain the high preterm birth rate in women with Fontan physiology. Preterm deliveries and small-for-gestational-age (SGA) newborns should be anticipated in this patient population. Analysis of placental pathology may help determine both candidacy for future pregnancy and long-term effects of pregnancy for women with Fontan physiology.
Stratifying clinical complexity of dermatology outpatient visits: validation of a pilot instrument.

Abstract The United States population is aging and increasing in comorbidity, and patient care is accordingly growing increasingly complex. Complexity impacts patterns of resource consumption, adverse event and medical error rates, health-related quality of life, physician burnout, and more. Tools capturing complexity can be of benefit in the modern value-based reimbursement landscape and have been well-studied in specialties other than dermatology. In this paper, we describe the validation of a tool specific to outpatient dermatologic care that captures the complexity of clinical visit medical decision-making. We performed a cross-sectional retrospective study to determine the inter-rater reliability and face validity of the tool. By objectively grading a clinical encounter based on clinical complexity, there is increased awareness of opportunities to improve clinical care and the allocation of healthcare costs and resources within the dermatologic community can be better assessed.
The Validity of Patient-reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Parent Proxy Instruments to Assess Function in Children With Talipes Equinovarus.

Background Idiopathic talipes equinovarus (ITEV) is a prevalent structural deformity of the foot and ankle in children. The disease-specific instrument (DSI) has commonly been used as an outcomes metric in these patients. The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) was developed to examine the quality of life across various medical conditions. PROMIS has been validated for multiple conditions; however, no studies have evaluated the use of the PROMIS in children with ITEV. Methods A prospective analysis was performed whereby the 2 questionnaires were mailed out to the parents of 91 patients, aged 5 to 17 years, with ITEV. Construct validity of the PROMIS Parent Proxy Profile short forms version was assessed by comparing its domains of Mobility, Fatigue, Pain Interference, and Pain Intensity to the DSI Function domain and PROMIS domains of Anxiety, Depressive Symptoms, Peer Relationships, and Pain Intensity to DSI Satisfaction domain. Results Thirty-one complete responses (34% response rate) were returned. The patients' current mean age was 8.8 years, 7 were female individuals, and 12 had unilateral ITEV. Bivariate correlation analysis, using Spearman correlation coefficients, demonstrated a moderate positive correlation between the DSI Function domain and the PROMIS Mobility domain (rs=0.52) and a moderate negative correlation between the DSI Function domain and the PROMIS Pain Interference domain (rs=-0.56), as well as the PROMIS Pain Intensity domain (rs=-0.75). A fair negative correlation (rs=-0.38) with PROMIS Fatigue domain was found. Correlations between the DSI Satisfaction domain and the PROMIS domains were fair or had little relationship. Conclusions These results provide support for the validity of the PROMIS Mobility, Pain Interference, and Pain Intensity domains in this population, however there are no items in PROMIS that can assess overall satisfaction, as with the DSI. Level of evidence Level II-prospective comparative study.
Interaction of Tubby-Like Protein-1 (Tulp1) and Microtubule-Associated Protein (MAP) 1A and MAP1B in the Mouse Retina

Tubby-like protein-1 (Tulp1) is a photoreceptor-specific protein involved in the transport of specific proteins from the inner segment (IS) to the outer segment (OS) in photoreceptor cells. Mutations in the human TULP1 gene cause an early onset form of retinitis pigmentosa. Our previous work has shown an association between Tulp1 and the microtubule-associated protein, MAP1B. An allele of Mtap1a, which encodes the MAP1A protein, significantly delays photoreceptor degeneration in Tulp1 mutant mice. MAP1 proteins are important in stabilizing microtubules in neuronal cells, but their role in photoreceptors remains obscure. To investigate the relationship between Tulp1 and MAP1 proteins, we performed western blots, immunoprecipitations (IP), immunohistochemistry and proximity ligand assays (PLA) in wild-type and tulp1-/- mouse retinas. Our IP experiments provide evidence that Tulp1 and MAP1B interact while PLA experiments localize their interaction to the outer nuclear layer and IS of photoreceptors. Although MAP1A and MAP1B protein levels are not affected in the tulp1-/- retina, they are no longer localized to the OS of photoreceptors. This may be the cause for disorganized OSs in tulp1-/- mice, and indicate that their transport to the OS is Tulp1-dependent.
New Movement Practices: A Foucauldian Learning Community to Disrupt Technologies of Discipline

Sociologists of sport and coaching have repeatedly drawn upon the theoretical tools of Michel Foucault to map and critique the negative effects of coaches’ use of disciplinary practices. Three SCCs and two coach developers participated in multiple learning community meetings interrogating Foucault’s concepts to understand how power moves, create new, less disciplinary practices, and address the problems produced by too much discipline. The findings present new conceptual tools to train and move differently by disrupting disciplinary practices: spasmodic tempo training, atemporal training, variable geographic training, variable intra-geographic training, fluid and fragmented periodization, explorative coaching, and strength coach as sage. We call for an appreciation of poststructural informed sport coaching and the development of a discursive sociology of sport coaching praxis
Diffusion in Translucent Media

We show in optical measurements and simulations that the scaling of transmission, intensity profiles of transmission eigenchannels, and the statistics of transmission eigenvalues are the same in translucent and opaque media.
Some Alternative Approaches to System Reliability Modeling

This work contains a review and development of the ideas concerning some alternative methods in stochastic modeling of reliability we worked on the last decade. Part of the presented material is published for the first time. Another part which has already appeared or will appear in the coming months, now is presented in a newer, “simpler” way, as our teaching experience on that has grown during many professional discussions.
Using Solvents To Reduce the Metal Content in Crude Bio-oil from Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Microalgae

We produced biocrude oil from microalgae at two hydrothermal liquefaction conditions and recovered the biocrude with eight different organic solvents to explore their influence on biocrude yields a...
Abstract P6-04-20: Proteogenomic analysis of estrogen modulated breast cancer metastasis

Background: Estrogen Receptor (ER) positive breast cancer is the most common subtype (70%) and associated with the most deaths from the disease. Almost all deaths from breast cancer are caused by metastasis. While metastatic ER-positive breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death, metastasis studies have largely focused on ER-negative breast cancer. A major reason for such imbalance is the lack of physiologically relevant mice models for studying ER-positive breast cancer. The patient derived xenograft (PDX) technique provides us with a powerful means to study highly clinically relevant human ER-positive breast cancer in mice, but most studies using PDX models still focus on orthotopic rather than metastatic tumor growth. Here we describe studies of the metastatic process using PDX models to more comprehensively understand the value of these PDX lines for therapeutic modelling. These findings will empower us to develop therapeutics designed to control systemic disease, not just orthotopic tumor growth. Experimental design and methods: We have studied 14 ER positive PDX lines in ovariectomized SCID beige mice with and without estradiol supplementation. We have analyzed both orthotopic tumor and a variety of metastatic sites including liver, lung, brain and bone. Data is being generated using next-generation DNA and RNA sequencing, mass spectrometry-based proteomics. We use integrated bioinformatics pipelines to shed light on the metastatic process. Results: We have generated macro-metastatic maps that record sites with observable metastatic nodules of each PDX line in mice. IHC of Liver, bone, brain, lung of each mouse also generated micro-metastatic maps. The most common organ of metastasis in mice is the lung. In some PDX lines, the sites of metastasis differ between groups with and without estradiol supply. The ongoing proteogenomic profiling of orthotopic and metastatic tumors reveals potential molecular drivers of metastasis in ER+ breast cancer. Conclusion: Here, we describe an approach to the systematic investigation of the ER+ breast cancer metastasis process. This approach will allow us to identify druggable targets that may interrupt the metastatic process and/or inhibit tumor growth at metastatic sites. Citation Format: Anran Chen, Purba Singh, Beom-Jun Kim, Lacey E Dobrolecki, Alana L Welm, Michael T Lewis, Matthew J Ellis. Proteogenomic analysis of estrogen modulated breast cancer metastasis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-04-20.
Age-related expression of SARS-CoV-2 priming protease TMPRSS2 in the developing lung

Summary The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 novel coronavirus has led to a global pandemic (COVID-19), with more than 5 million cases as of May 20201. Available data suggest that severe illness and death from COVID-19 are rare in the pediatric population2. Integrating single-cell RNA sequencing of the developing mouse lung with temporally-resolved RNA-in-situ hybridization (ISH) in mouse and human lung tissue, we found expression of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein primer TMPRSS2 was highest in ciliated cells and type I alveolar epithelial cells (AT1) and increased with aging in mice and humans. SARS-CoV-2 RNA colocalized with TMPRSS2 mRNA in lung cells from a patient who died of SARS-CoV-2. Together, these data suggest developmental regulation of TMPRSS2 may underlie the relative protection of infants and children from severe respiratory illness.