cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spall Strength of Silicon Carbide Under Normal and Simultaneous Compression-Shear Shock Wave Loading

Spall strength data of sintered and hot-pressed silicon carbide show an initial increase with an increase in the shock-induced stress to around 4 GPa. At impact stress around 6 GPa and above, spall strength data of these materials show a continuous decrease in the magnitude of spall strength.1 This unusual trend in the spall strength of silicon carbides may be due to the competing roles of (i) localized plasticity, (ii) generation and propagation of cracks taking into consideration their relative dominance below and above a given magnitude of stress. This work presents the results of spall experiments conducted to test the relative dominance hypothesis by determining whether the observed initial increase in spall strength of silicon carbide is due to dominance of localized plastic deformation over crack-dominated brittle deformation, while the observed decline in the spall strength with an increase in the shock-induced stress reflects a dominance of crack-induced brittle deformation over plastic deformation.
In Vitro Antimalarial Activity of Novel Semisynthetic Nocathiacin I Antibiotics

Presently, the arsenal of antimalarial drugs is limited and needs to be replenished. We evaluated the potential antimalarial activity of two water-soluble derivatives of nocathiacin (BMS461996 and BMS411886) against the asexual blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum. Nocathiacins are a thiazolyl peptide group of antibiotics, are structurally related to thiostrepton, have potent activity against a wide spectrum of multidrug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria, and inhibit protein synthesis. The in vitro growth inhibition assay was done using three laboratory strains of P. falciparum displaying various levels of chloroquine (CQ) susceptibility. Our results indicate that BMS461996 has potent antimalarial activity and inhibits parasite growth with mean 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) of 51.55 nM for P. falciparum 3D7 (CQ susceptible), 85.67 nM for P. falciparum Dd2 (accelerated resistance to multiple drugs [ARMD]), and 99.44 nM for P. falciparum K1 (resistant to CQ, pyrimethamine, and sulfadoxine). Similar results at approximately 7-fold higher IC50s were obtained with BMS411886 than with BMS461996. We also tested the effect of BMS491996 on gametocytes; our results show that at a 20-fold excess of the mean IC50, gametocytes were deformed with a pyknotic nucleus and growth of stage I to IV gametocytes was arrested. This preliminary study shows a significant potential for nocathiacin analogues to be developed as antimalarial drug candidates and to warrant further investigation.
Construction, Deconstruction, and Reconstruction The Roots of Successful Aging Theories

The authors' goals are to examine the evolution of the concept of successful aging and its relevance to nursing science and practice. First, the history of positivist construction of aging in light of disengagement and activity theories is presented. Second, an analysis of the postmodern deconstruction of aging is illustrated with the development of the ageism phenomenon. Third, the beginning of the reconstruction of aging is presented and exemplified by Troutman's middle-range nursing theory of successful aging, as connected to Roy's model. Finally, ways in which these theories can be made applicable to nursing practice and research are proposed.
Molecular basis of allergic diseases.

Abstract This review examines our current understanding of the mechanisms underlying allergic diseases. The IgE molecule plays a central role in the pathogenesis of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by virtue of its capacity to bind specifically to high-affinity IgE receptors on mast cells and mediate the release of various mast cell-derived mediators and proinflammatory cytokines on exposure to allergen. Clinically significant allergic responses are followed by a late-phase response dominated by eosinophils and T lymphocytes. The majority of T cells in allergic responses are memory T cells secreting helper type 2 (T H 2)-like cytokines, i.e., interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13, but not interferon-γ. These cytokines regulate IgE synthesis and promote eosinophil development, thus contributing to allergic inflammatory responses. Failure to control immune activation early in the course of allergic disease blunts responses to glucocorticoid therapy and contributes to disease progression. The identification of key cells and molecules involved in the initiation and maintenance of allergic inflammation is likely to become an important target in the treatment of this common group of illnesses.
Convergence studies of the analog hyperstable adaptive recursive filter

An adaptive recursive filter, which has both adaptive zeros and adaptive poles, can offer a reduced computational load compared to non-recursive filters, which have only adaptive zeros, for a given level of performance. Most applications of adaptive filtering are implemented using digital components. The digital implementation is appropriate in narrowband applications, such as in the telephone channel. However, in wideband and high-data-rate applications, a digital implementation may result in an undesirable and often infeasible system design. The analog implementation can overcome these difficulties. In recent years, research has been carried out in analog adaptive filtering. In the research of continuous-time hyperstable adaptive recursive filtering (CTHARF), there is an assumption, the validity of which is not shown, in the proof of convergence of the algorithm (Larimore et al. 1980 and Cornett, 1992). In order to gain insight into convergence, the present paper considers the convergence properties of the CTHARF with practical structures. The structures are discussed, and the convergence properties are investigated by way of computer simulations. >
Aspects of Buildings

A precise characterization of buildings as chamber systems holds for all ranks. It has long been known that the corresponding idea of a building as a geometry, gets a bit strange in infinite rank. Some precise description of the departure of these two concepts in infinite rank is given. Some speculations are offered about which “classical” infinite-rank geometries may still possess characterizations by point-line axioms.
Infant Attention to Dynamic Audiovisual Stimuli: Look Duration From 3 to 9 Months of Age

The goal of this study was to examine developmental change in visual attention to dynamic visual and audiovisual stimuli in 3-, 6-, and 9-month-old infants. Infant look duration was measured during exposure to dynamic geometric patterns and Sesame Street video clips under three different stimulus modality conditions: unimodal visual, synchronous audiovisual, and asynchronous audiovisual. Infants looked longer toward Sesame Street stimuli than geometric patterns, and infants also looked longer during multimodal audiovisual (synchronous and asynchronous) presentations than during unimodal visual presentations. There was a three-way interaction of age, stimulus type, and stimulus modality. Significant differences were found within and between age groups related to stimulus modality (visual or audiovisual) while viewing Sesame Street clips. No significant interaction was found between age and stimulus type while infants viewed dynamic geometric patterns. These findings indicate that patterns of developmental change in infant attention vary based on stimulus complexity and modality of presentation.
Improved survival beyond 5 years after coronary bypass surgery in patients with left main coronary artery disease.

Abstract To determine the truly late survival of surgically treated patients with left main coronary arterial stenosis, the fafe of 134 consecutive patients with greater than 50 percent stenosis of the luminal diameter of the main left coronary artery who underwent coronary bypass surgery between 1968 and 1973 was determined. Eighty-seven percent (117 or 134) of the patients were men; the mean age was 57 years (range 37 to 70). In addition to left main stenosis, coexistent significant coronary disease was present in other vessels in 128 patients (95.5 percent), with multivessel disease present 109 (81 percent). Ventricular function was good (end diastolic pressure less than 15 mm Hg and no localized contraction abnormality) in 88 patients (66 percent) and poor in 46 patients (34 percent). The perioperative mortality rate was 13 percent (17 patients) in the total group and 11 percent (10 of 88) among patients with good left ventricular function. Postoperative graft patency in 33 patients was 85 percent (58 of 68). All patients were followed up at least 5 years after operation. The survival rate was 79 percent (106 of 134) for the total group, 81 percent (71 of 88) in patients with good ventricular function and 76 percent (35 of 46) in patients with poor ventricular function. Late annual attrition rates were 1.5 percent and 2.1 percent for patients with good and poor ventricular function, respectively. Comparison of these results with the normal U. S. population of identical age and sex distribution indicates that late attrition (excluding perioperative mortality) is almost normal after operation for patients with good ventricular function. Since this early experience between 1968 and 1973, results have improved markedly. These results indicate that excellent long-term survival can be obtained from operation in these patients with severe disease.
Prognostic value of motor evoked potentials elicited by multipulse magnetic stimulation in a surgically induced transitory lesion of the supplementary motor area: A case report

Surgery involving the supplementary motor area (SMA) places the patient at risk of transient motor deficit. To predict outcome in patients with early postoperative hypokinesis would be relevant to both the patient and the surgical team. A 15 year old girl with a large left thalamic tumour removed through a left transcallosal approach is described. Despite intraoperatively preserved muscle motor evoked potentials (mMEPs) from all limbs, elicited by multipulse electrical stimulation, she awoke with a right hemiplegia and mutism. On the first postoperative day, neurophysiological evaluation using a multipulse magnetic stimulation technique, with a train of four magnetic stimuli, confirmed the presence of mMEPs from the hemiplegic right limbs. Slight spontaneous motor activity of the right limbs and initial speech were seen later on the same day with dramatic improvement over subsequent days. It is concluded that multiple rather than single magnetic stimulation techniques may be needed to elicit mMEPs for an early postoperative differential diagnosis of SMA damage versus injury to the primary motor cortex or the corticospinal tract.
Time Pressure Affects Process and Performance in Hidden-Profile Groups:

In the present experiment, members of three-person groups read information about two hypothetical cholesterol-reducing drugs and collectively chose the better drug under high or low time pressure. ...
Insect eggs at a transition between diffusion and reaction limitation: Temperature, oxygen, and water

In diverse animal taxa, eggs and embryos are incapable of transporting oxygen by convection. In such cases, internal oxygen distributions are determined jointly by rates of oxygen consumption and diffusive transport. Here we develop a mathematical model of oxygen consumption and transport in insect eggs, with the goal of understanding-for eggs in variable-temperature environments-the interactive effects of the two processes on development. We fit the model to previously published data on development time of eggs of a sphingid moth, Manduca sexta. The fitted coefficients suggest that eggs develop at a transition point between reaction- and diffusion-limitation. We test then this conclusion with independent data on development times of eggs distributed across a set of temperatures generated by a thermal gradient bar. Finally, we develop an extension of the model that considers tradeoffs between oxygen transfer to eggs versus water loss from them. The model results provide both a rationale for why development is often mass-transfer limited and a set of new predictions about oxygen-water tradeoffs.
Approximating geodesic tree distance

Billera, Holmes, and Vogtmann introduced an intriguing new phylogenetic tree metric for weighted trees with useful properties related to statistical analysis. However, the best known algorithm for calculating this distance is exponential in the number of leaves of the trees compared. We point out that lower and upper bounds for this distance, which can be calculated in linear time, can differ by at most a multiplicative factor of 2.
Health disparities in risk for cervical insufficiency

BACKGROUND The purpose of the study was to examine racial/ethnic differences in cervical insufficiency risk.
Risk factors for suicidal behaviors among Filipino Americans: a data mining approach.

Filipino Americans have lower suicide rates than other Asian ethnic groups. The present study examined risk factors for suicide ideation and attempt among Filipino Americans with random forest. The data were from the Filipino American Community Epidemiological Study (Takeuchi, 2011). The results showed that the important predictors for suicide ideation were depressive disorder, substance use disorder, and years in the United States. The important predictors for suicide attempt were the number of family relatives and family conflict. Clinicians are advised to investigate familial and cultural factors among Filipino Americans. How family and cultural factors may affect suicidal behaviors were further discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Ventral subicular interaction with the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus : evidence for a relay in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis

The axonal projections of the ventral subiculum to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) were examined in the rat with the anterograde neuronal tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L). Axons originating in the ventral subiculum coursed to the BST through either the fimbria-fornix, or a pathway involving the stria terminalis via the amygdala. Ventral subicular axons gave rise to dense terminal networks that were preferentially distributed in medial and ventral subregions of the BST. The distribution of subicular fibers and terminals was examined in relation to BST neurons that project to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). In these cases, discrete iontophoretic injections of the retrograde tracer Fluoro-gold were made in the PVN, with PHA-L delivered to the ipsilateral ventral subiculum. An immunocytochemical double-labeling protocol was then employed for the simultaneous detection of PHA-L and Fluoro-gold, and provided light microscopic evidence for subicular input to PVN-projecting cells located within the BST. In a second series of experiments, the gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)ergic nature of the BST was examined by in situ hybridization histochemistry for detection of transcripts encoding GAD67 mRNA. The studies revealed that a high proportion of BST neurons express GAD67 transcripts. Also, experiments combining Fluoro-gold tracing with GAD67 in situ hybridization suggested that a proportion of PVN-projecting neurons in the BST are GABAergic. Taken together, the results of these sets of studies suggest that the inhibitory influences of the hippocampus on the PVN might be relayed through specific portions of the BST. These findings may have important implications for our understanding of the neural regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
Stable Expression of Full-Length and Truncated Bovine Peptidylgylcine α-Amidating Monooxygenase Complementary DNAs in Cultured Cells

Peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (PAM; EC 1.14.17.3) catalyzes the production of alpha-amidated peptides from their glycine-extended precursors, a posttranslational modification often required for full biological activity. We have previously cloned cDNAs encoding a 108-kDa bovine PAM precursor. To confirm that this cDNA encodes a functional alpha-amidating enzyme and to begin to examine the structural requirements for the biosynthesis of an active PAM enzyme, we constructed expression vectors that placed the cDNA for either the full-sized enzyme or a form truncated at the carboxyl-terminal (and thus lacking the transmembrane domain) under the control of the mouse metallothionein-1 promoter. We used the resultant plasmids to transfect AtT-20 mouse anterior pituitary corticotrope cells and selected stable lines that expressed increased levels of PAM activity. Transfected cells in which expression from the metallothionein promoter had been induced had up to 15-fold higher levels of PAM mRNA and up to 7.5-fold higher levels of PAM activity than wild-type cells. The PAM activity in the transfected cells shared many enzymatic characteristics with PAM-B, a 38-kDa soluble form of PAM purified from bovine neurointermediate pituitary. These included copper- and ascorbate-dependent activity, an alkaline pH optimum for the peptide substrate D-Tyr-Val-Gly, similar affinities for several other synthetic substrates, and comparable apparent size during gel filtration. Compared to extracts of wild-type cells, extracts from transfected cells showed increased production of five different amino acid alpha-amides. These data indicate that a single enzyme can act on a variety of peptide substrates, and that the full structure of the PAM precursor is not necessary during biosynthesis for expression of active PAM enzyme.
Multidrug-Resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Strains Resulting from Combination Antiretroviral Therapy

Multidrug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strains with reverse transcriptase (RT) mutations at codons A62-->V, V75-->I, F77-->L, F116-->Y, and Q151-->M have been reported in patients receiving combination therapy with zidovudine (AZT) and didanosine (ddI). Infectious clones with each mutation alone, all five mutations together, and various combinations of mutations were created by site-directed mutagenesis. Mutation Q151-->M conferred partial resistance to AZT, ddI, zalcitibine, and stavudine, whereas a combination of four mutations conferred increased resistance to AZT, ddI, zalcitibine, and stavudine. The positions of residues 75, 77, and 151 in the three-dimensional crystal structure of HIV-1 RT suggest that these residues may affect the ability of the enzyme to discriminate between deoxynucleoside triphosphates and nucleoside analog RT inhibitors. Replication experiments showed that clones with mutation F77-->L but without V75-->I (HIV-1(77), HIV-1(77,151), and HIV-1(77,116,151) had attenuated growth compared with that of the original HIV-1NL4-3 strain and strains containing mutations at both positions 75 and 77 (HIV-1(75,77,151) and HIV-1(75,77,116,15)). Sequence analysis of viral RNA and proviral DNA from several patients indicated that RT mutations developed in a sequential and cumulative pattern over the course of a 2- to 4-year observation period. The present results suggest that drug resistance and viral replicative capacity both may play a role in selection of HIV-1 RT mutations.
Evaluating In-Clique and Topological Parallelism Strategies for Junction Tree-Based Bayesian Network Inference Algorithm on the Cray XMT

Long viewed as a strong statistical inference technique, Bayesian networks have emerged as an important class of applications for high-performance computing. We have applied an architecture-conscious approach to parallelizing the Lauritzen-Spiegelhalter Junction Tree algorithm for exact inferencing of Bayesian networks. In optimizing the Junction Tree algorithm, we have implemented both in-clique and topological parallelism strategies to best leverage the fine-grained synchronization and massive-scale multithreading of the Cray XMT architecture. Two topological techniques were developed to parallelize the evidence propagation process through the Bayesian network. The first technique involves performing intelligent scheduling of junction tree nodes based on the tree's topology and the relative sizes of nodes. The second technique involves decomposing the junction tree into a finer state graph representation to offer many more opportunities for parallelism. We evaluate these optimizations on five different Bayesian networks and report our findings and observations. From this development and evaluation, we demonstrate the application of massive-scale multithreading for load balancing and use of implicit parallelism-based compiler optimizations for designing scalable inferencing algorithms.
Aerosol nucleation in the winter Arctic and Antarctic stratospheres

The formation rate of sulfuric-acid-water aerosol particles is calculated as a function of altitude for the conditions of the winter Arctic and Antarctic stratospheres. The theoretical results indicate that sulfate particle formation can occur in the polar winter stratosphere. Conditions for new particle formation are increasingly favorable as the altitude increases between 20 and 30 km because of the decrease in surface area of preexisting particles and increasing sulfuric-acid vapor supply. The theoretical predictions are consistent with observations of a high-altitude CN layer over Antarctica in the spring. Available vapor-pressure data indicate that ternary particles composed of sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and water are not thermodynamically stable under winter stratospheric conditions.
Teachers’ Uses of a Learning Trajectory in Student-Centered Instructional Practices:

The growing national attention to students’ learning trajectories (LTs) renews the opportunity to explore the ways that teachers may use students’ thinking in their instruction. In this article, we examine teachers’ learning of two frameworks, one for students’ thinking in a particular domain and one for broad student-centered instructional practices, in the context of an elementary grades mathematics professional development setting. As a part of a retrospective analysis of a design experiment, we analyzed 19 lessons of teachers who participated in 60 hr of professional development designed to support their learning of one LT and one framework about student-centered instructional practices. Our findings describe the ways in which teachers brought together these frameworks to enact instructional practices that elicit and use students’ mathematical thinking in classroom instruction. We conclude by arguing that LTs can serve as a referent for student-centered instructional practices, bridging guidelines for...
Optimum Consumption Patterns in High-Income Nations

A transformation in the pattern of consumer expenditures has occurred in the nations that have reached high income levels during the past century. Smaller fractions of national income are spent on food, clothing, and shelter; larger fractions on recreation, medical care, education, and luxury goods. Crosssectional studies of family budgets have been fairly reliable indicators of this trend. As early as 1857 Ernst Engel had pronounced his famous law about food expenditures on the basis of Edouard Ducpetiaux's Belgian budget studies. Similar assertions by others about clothing, fuel, and shelter followed; and in 1919 William Ogburn published his statistics of Washington, D.C., family budgets, indicating, in effect, that income elasticities of demand were highest for amusement and education.' As the pattern slowly emerged, economists were not much disturbed. Why should consumers not be left alone in choosing between carrots and bedrooms? Interference with choices among luxury goods and services seemed even less warranted. Advertising posed no problem beyond encouragement of elementary veracity. In the past decade, however, this unconcern has faded. Several economists have joined sociologists, moralists, and general philosophers in questioning trends in consumer expenditures. Their concem is less with morals and social repercussions than with optimum consumption patterns in terms of economic value and resource allocation. Advertising in particular is no longer reproached merely for a bent towards mendacity. It is seen as more insidious, as manipulating consumers' choices by kindling subconscious anxieties. It puts consumers in a squirrel cage in which production and the want-satisfying process create wants that would otherwise not exist.2 An improved allocation of resources among consumer goods and services, however, requires more than misgivings about advertising. It may be that
Aortopulmonary collaterals: Angiogenesis, or a whole lot more?

C O N G is mediated by HIF-1. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2006;291: R1085-93. 22. Lorquet S, Berndt S, Blacher S, Gengoux E, Peulen O, Maquoi E, et al. Soluble forms of VEGF receptor-1 and -2 promote vascular maturation via mural cell recruitment. FASEB J. 2010;24:3782-95. 23. Ebihara I, Hirayama K, Kaneko S, Nagai M, Ogawa Y, Fujita S, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 in septic shock patients treated with direct hemoperfusion with a polymyxin B-immobilized fiber column. Ther Apher Dial. 2008;12:285-91. 24. van Weel V, Seghers L, de Vries MR, Kuiper EJ, Schlingemann RO, Bajema IM, et al. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, stromal cell-derived factor-1, and CXCR4 in human limb muscle with acute and chronic ischemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007;27:1426-32. 25. Rossi RN, Hislop A, Anderson RH, Martins FM, Cook AC. Systemic-topulmonary blood supply in tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia. Cardiol Young. 2002;12:373-88. 26. Smith AO, Bowers SL, Stratman AN, Davis GE. Hematopoietic stem cell cytokines and fibroblast growth factor-2 stimulate human endothelial cell-pericyte tube co-assembly in 3D fibrin matrices under serum-free defined conditions. PLoS One. 2013;8:e85147. 27. Suda K, Matsumura M, Miyanish S, Uehara K, Sugita T, Matsumoto M. Increased vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with cyanotic congenital
Chefs Move to Schools: a pilot study of the influence of outside chefs on school lunchroom behavior (808.11)

Objective: Since the announcement of the Chefs Move to School program, little research has been done to document its impact on student behaviors. The objective of this study was to examine how a pr...
Promissory Education: Reforming the Federal Student Loan Counseling Process to Promote Informed Access and to Reduce Student Debt Burdens

Student loan debt in the United States is now estimated to exceed one trillion dollars. However, in obtaining financial assistance, many postsecondary students do not contemplate the long-term implications of the legal obligations that they accept as conditions to obtain student loan funds. This mass failure to realize the requirements attached to signing promissory notes and entering into binding loan contracts has recently led to several rounds of reform by the federal government. Unfortunately, these reforms have done little to stem the tide of rising student loan debt, most of which is not dischargeable in bankruptcy. This Article examines how the student debt crisis showcases the newest front in the battle for access to higher education. It outlines the rapid escalation of university and college costs over the last thirty years and the potential harms that accompany those costs. These harms extend beyond the direct, financial impact on students to the civic community and economic growth of the country. To help to ameliorate these harms, amendments are needed to the statutory provisions of the Higher Education Act, and their implementing regulations, regarding the counseling that is attached to the disbursement of student loans for all institutions whose students receive Title IV aid. If adopted, these statutory and regulatory amendments would promote informed access without diminishing the quality of higher education or turning students’ investments in their futures into unsustainable burdens.
DIETARY CALCIUM INTAKE AS A MITIGATING FACTOR IN COLON CANCER

A population-based case-control study was conducted in Utah to test the hypothesis that calcium decreases the risk of developing colon cancer. A total of 231 cases and 391 controls were identified and interviewed between 1979 and 1982. A quantitative food frequency instrument was used to ascertain individual dietary intake two years prior to diagnosis for the cases and two years prior to interview for the controls. Calcium, calcium per 1,000 calories, and total dairy product consumption were used as indicators of dietary calcium intake. Categories of dietary intake were determined by the distribution of these variables in the control population. A protective effect was observed for males for intake of calcium (odds ratio (OR) = 0.48), calcium per 1,000 calories (OR = 0.35), and total diary products (OR = 0.49). The magnitude of the protective effect from calcium intake increased after adjusting for intake of calories (OR = 0.41), protein (OR = 0.31), and fat (OR = 0.46). Calcium provided less of a protective effect in females, with the odds ratio for calcium being 0.50, 0.55, and 0.56 after adjusting for calories, protein, and fat, respectively. Risk associated with calories, protein, and fat also increased after adjusting for calcium. Of interest is an odds ratio of 5.30 in males for protein after adjusting for calcium. A biologic mechanism is presented to help explain the role of calcium in the development of colon cancer.
The Morphologic Sites of Bacteriolytic Antibody Formation to E. Coli Antigen in Mice

The presence of immunoglobulins and antibody in cells associated with germinal centers of lymphoid follicles has been demonstrated by a number of investigators during the past few years [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. The distribution of antibody-containing cells in such follicles seems to follow a characteristic pattern. In addition, a number of investigators have indicated that antigen may be “trapped” in lymphoid follicles and associated germinal centers [9, 10, 11, 12, 13].
The design of a hardware testing system for the D Zero detector

The authors describe the use of IBM-compatible personal computers in a hardware test system that can run on any size system from an engineer's test bench to the entire subsystem in the D Zero detector. The test system uses a PC-to-VME bus interface for the local testing and the Token Ring network for more global testing. This system has been implemented for several different hardware systems in D Zero. >
HIV protease inhibitor (PI) therapy for liposarcoma

9564 Background: Liposarcomas are the second most common soft-tissue sarcoma. Highly-active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) with HIV PIs results in “HIV-1 protease inhibitor associated lipodystroph...
Cross sectional association between spatially measured walking bouts and neighborhood walkability

Walking is the most popular choice of aerobic physical activity to improve health among U.S. adults. Physical characteristics of the home neighborhood can facilitate or hinder walking. The purpose of this study was to quantify neighborhood walking, using objective methods and to examine the association between counts of walking bouts in the home neighborhood and neighborhood walkability. This was a cross-sectional study of 106 adults who wore accelerometers and GPS devices for two weeks. Walking was quantified within 1, 2, and 3 km Euclidean (straight-line) and network buffers around the geocoded home location. Walkability was estimated using a commercially available index. Walking bout counts increased with buffer size and were associated with walkability, regardless of buffer type or size (p < 0.001). Quantification of walking bouts within (and outside) of pre-defined neighborhood buffers of different sizes and types allowed for the specification of walking locations to better describe and elucidate walking behaviors. These data support the concept that neighborhood characteristics can influence walking among adults.
Human Oral Sensory Systems and Swallowing

Numerous oral sensations contribute to the flavor experienced from foods. Texture is sensed throughout the mouth by nerve endings in the oral epithelium. Chemesthetic sensations, including irritati...
Effects of hemorrhage and tilting on Na, Cl and H2O absorption from the intestine.

SummaryHemorrhage of 6% of estimated blood volume does not alter the ability of the gut to absorb Na or Cl against a concentration difference. Hemorrhage at the 12% level increased the ability of the gut to absorb Na against a concentration gradient. Hemorrhage at the 25% level and head upward tilting increased the ability of the gut to absorb Na against a concentration difference and also increased the volume of H2O absorbed. Causes of the effects were not determined; but it is possible that the effects are related to cardiovascular and/or hormonal responses produced by hemorrhage and head upward tilting.
Expression,Purification and Identification of 3D Protein N Terminal T Cell Epitope Recombinant Protein of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus

In order to obtain the recombinant protein that contained N terminal T cell epitopes in 3D protein of FMDV,the gene was synthesized according to the sequences of N terminal 115 amino acids.The recombinant expression vector pET28a-115 was constructed by cloning the gene of 115 amino acids into the prokaryotic expression plasmid pET-28a.The BL21(DE3) was transformed with pET28a-115 and the protein corresponding to the gene of 115 amino acids was expressed after induction with IPTG.SDS-PAGE and Western-blot showed that the molecular mass of the protein was approximately 16 kD.The soluble analysis showed that the recombinant protein was almost solubly expressed.The high purity and activity protein was obtained after purified by Ni-NTA resins.The results showed that the recombinant protein that contained N terminal 115amino acids of 3D protein was expressed solubly and efficiently in E.coli.The purified protein has good antigenicity,which lays foundation for developing the diagnosis antigen and genetic engineering vaccine of FMDV.
Molecular features of cell-cell adhesion molecules.

Publisher Summary Two cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), the neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) and the neuron–glia cell adhesion molecule (Ng-CAM), have been shown to play crucial roles in intercellular interactions. The N-CAM and the Ng-CAM are critical for the formation and maintenance of neuronal contacts. In addition, the liver cell adhesion molecule (L-CAM) is expressed with N-CAM throughout development in a coordinate fashion, suggesting a general role for N-CAM and L-CAM in morphogenesis and histogenesis. N-CAM, Ng-CAM, and L-CAM are large cell surface glycoproteins that are subject to a variety of post-translational modifications, which may regulate their expression and activities. L-CAM appears as a single glycoprotein and, unlike N-CAM and Ng-CAM, both its structure and activity are dependent on calcium ions. A variety of data indicates that the NILE glycoprotein is the mammalian equivalent of Ng-CAM. N-CAM is distinguished by large amounts of polysialic acid on at least one of its four Asn-linked oligosaccharides and includes two polypeptides that are translated from two large messenger RNAs derived from a single gene.
Optimizing ultrashort laser pulse compression by two photon absorption

Demonstrated is an approach for relative optimization of ultrashort pulses using two-photon generated photocurrent in a GaAsP photodiode. Two-photon absorption is a nonlinear process, allowing for highly sensitive tuning of ultrashort laser systems.
Effects of accountable care and payment reform on substance use disorder treatment: evidence from the initial 3 years of the alternative quality contract.

Background and aims Global payment and accountable care reform efforts in the United States may connect more individuals with substance use disorders (SUD) to treatment. We tested whether such changes instituted under an Alternative Quality Contract (AQC) model within the Blue Cross Blue Shield of Massachusetts' (BCBSMA) insurer increased care for individuals with SUD. Design Difference-in-differences design comparing enrollees in AQC organizations with a comparison group of enrollees in organizations not participating in the AQC. Setting Massachusetts, USA. Participants BCBSMA enrollees aged 13-64 years from 2006 to 2011 (3 years prior to and after implementation) representing 1 333 534 enrollees and 42 801 SUD service users. Measurements Outcomes were SUD service use and spending and SUD performance metrics. Primary exposures were enrollment into an AQC provider organization and whether the AQC organization did or did not face risk for behavioral health costs. Findings Enrollees in AQC organizations facing behavioral health risk experienced no change in the probability of using SUD services (1.64 versus 1.66%; P = 0.63), SUD spending ($2807 versus $2700; P = 0.34) or total spending ($12 631 versus $12 849; P = 0.53), or SUD performance metrics (identification: 1.73 versus 1.76%, P = 0.57; initiation: 27.86 versus 27.02%, P = 0.50; engagement: 11.19 versus 10.97%, P = 0.79). Enrollees in AQC organizations not at risk for behavioral health spending experienced a small increase in the probability of using SUD services (1.83 versus 1.66%; P = 0.003) and the identification performance metric (1.92 versus 1.76%; P = 0.007) and a reduction in SUD medication use (11.84 versus 14.03%; P = 0.03) and the initiation performance metric (23.76 versus 27.02%; P = 0.005). Conclusions A global payment and accountable care model introduced in Massachusetts, USA (in which a health insurer provided care providers with fixed prepayments to cover most or all of their patients' care during a specified time-period, incentivizing providers to keep their patients healthy and reduce costs) did not lead to sizable changes in substance use disorder service use during the first 3 years following its implementation.
Ambiguous electrocatalytic CO2 reduction behaviour of a nickel bis(aldimino)pyridine pincer complex

The electrochemical properties of two Ni(NNN)X2 pincer complexes are reported where X = Cl or Br and NNN is N,N'-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)bis-aldiminopyridine. Cyclic voltammetry under 1 atm of CO2 suggests electrocatalytic CO2 reduction activity, however, bulk electrolysis shows a poor Faradaic efficiency for CO evolution with a high Faradaic yield for H2 evolution.
Modeling Coupled Human–Natural Systems of Pastoralism in East Africa

Sustainability science studies the drivers of change that alter natural and human systems now and into the future. Systems with natural and human components (coupled systems) may be resilient or nonresilient to these changes. Our focus is on rangelands of East Africa, where drivers of change include rapid population growth, poverty, degraded rangelands, declining wildlife populations, land fragmentation, reduced mobility, and more frequent drought associated with climate change. Computational simulation is a widely used approach to understand coupled systems. Modeling allows us to simplify the representation of systems and to control system elements. Coupled systems applications often include one or more models simulating ecosystem responses, joined to an agent-based model representing individuals or households. With those applications, ecosystem attributes can affect human decision making, and decisions people make affect ecosystems. Internal drivers of change are incorporated into the processes and rules of the models. External drivers are assessed through scenario analyses. We applied a coupled systems approach to Samburu, Kenya, where residents raise cattle, goats, and sheep. We quantified the effects of immigration of herds during drought and changing wildlife populations on local household well-being. Immigration of outside animals caused a 0.5 decline in the number of animals per person and an increase in the amount of supplemental foods needed. Increasing wildlife populations caused declines in livestock numbers, as expected, but payments of the magnitude that may be expected did not offset losses. The coupled systems approach allows more direct inference of changes, and for changes in the ecosystem and human components to influence each other. Challenges include the complexity of the endeavor and the issues addressed, difficulties in model validation, the rates of change, and the political will that may override what scientists view as sustainable solutions. Modeling will improve as psychological research refines decision making rules, the temporal and spatial grain of the simulations increases, and the ability to model many thousands of agents expands.
So Why Do You Think That Way?: Examining the Role Implicit Attitudes and Motivation Play in Audience’s Perception of a Racially Charged Issue

Events in Ferguson (MO), the Eric Garner incident, and most recently Chicago (IL), have again brought perceptions of race to the forefront of the public’s conscience. Often perceptions of racially charged events are split along racial lines with Whites often siding with law enforcement and Blacks seeing a miscarriage of justice. Bifurcated perceptions along racial lines are nothing new, dating back to the early 1900s. Despite this schism, few analyses have examined the genesis of this difference in perceptions on racial issues. This analysis looks to fill that gap. Specifically, we examine the role media frames and people’s preexisting attitudes and motivations play in determining what they think of contentious race issues and the people involved in them. Using the Jena Six incident as a case study, we find that people with less egalitarian racial attitudes—and low motivation to hide those attitudes—are less likely to blame race-related problems on mitigating cultural factors. They are also more likely ju...
Abstract 1043: Blocking constitutive aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling attenuates androgen receptor activity

PURPOSE: The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a member of the basic-helix-loop-helix family of transcription factors. AhR is widely known for regulating the transcription of drug metabolizing enzymes involved in the xenobiotic metabolism of carcinogens and therapeutic agents, such as cytochrome P450-1B1 (CYP1B1). Additionally, AhR has also been reported to interact with multiple signaling pathways during prostate development. Here we investigate the effect of sustained AhR signaling on androgen receptor function in prostate cancer cells. METHODS/RESULTS: Immunoblot analysis shows that AhR expression is increased in androgen independent (C4-2) prostate cancer cells when compared to androgen sensitive (LNCaP) cells. qRT-PCR studies revealed constitutive AhR signaling in C4-2 cells without the ligand induced activation required in LNCaP cells. A reduction of AhR activity by short RNA mediated silencing in C4-2 cells reduced expression of both AhR and androgen responsive genes. The decrease in androgen responsive genes correlates to a decrease in phosphorylated androgen receptor and androgen receptor expression in the nucleus. CONCLUSION: These data indicates that AhR is required to maintain hormone independent signaling by the androgen receptor in C4-2 cells. Collectively, these data provide evidence of a direct role for AhR in androgen independent signaling and provides insight into the molecular mechanisms responsible for sustained androgen receptor signaling in hormone refractory prostate cancer. These studies were supported by the RCMI grant 2G12RR003062-22. Citation Format: Maryam Ghotbaddini, Aaron Hemphill, Joann B. Powell. Blocking constitutive aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling attenuates androgen receptor activity. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 1043. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-1043
Improving Cloud Performance with Router-Based Filtering

Our goal in this chapter is to introduce a router-based filtering technology aimed at enhancing the availability and performance of cloud computing. When this technology is integrated with cloud auditing methods, it can make use of cloud auditing information to detect malicious intrusion and traffic anomalies, and to define appropriate filtering rules that can be exchanged between routers in the network, for filtering malicious traffic early and rerouting excessive legitimate requests to other suitable replicated servers. We first give an overview of the specification and generation of filtering rules used by routers. Then we present a theoretical model to find the best locations for hardware routers in a network to block malicious traffic, and discuss how to integrate this theoretical model with cloud auditing techniques. Finally, we present results of experiments that validate our router-based filtering approach.
Prevention of Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis(MAP) Infection in Balb/c mice by Feeding Lactobacillus acidophilus Strain NP-51®

The immune responses of 390 BALB/c mice fed the probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus strain NP51 ® and infected with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) were evaluated in a 6-month trial. Mice were randomized to nine treatment groups that fed either viable- or heat-killed NP51 and inoculated with either viable- or heatkilled MAP or sterile phosphate-buffered saline. Feeding the NP51 resulted in higher numbers of T lymphocytes in the spleen including the CD8 + cytotoxic T lymphocytes. In addition, feeding the NP51 lowered the number of immune suppressive T regulatory cells CD4 + CD25 + and CD8 + CD25 + cells in the spleen. Additionally, feeding the NP51 resulted in higher concentration of interferon-gamma in the supernatant of splenocytes cultured in vitro. These results suggest that feeding the NP51 to BALB/c mice might prevent the progression of MAP infection in mice.
Predictors of treatment retention in postpartum women prescribed buprenorphine during pregnancy.

Abstract Aim To determine variables related to treatment retention in women six and twelve months postpartum that were in medication treatment using buprenorphine during pregnancy. Methods: This retrospective cohort study of 190 maternal-infant dyads exposed to buprenorphine during pregnancy examines rates of treatment retention at six and twelve months postpartum and also analyzes a variety of potential predictors of treatment retention including illicit drug use in the third trimester, delayed entry into medication treatment and co-occurring mental health diagnoses requiring prescription medication. Results At 12 months postpartum, women appeared more likely to remain in medication treatment if they entered treatment early in pregnancy (defined as either being in treatment at the time of conception, p = 0.001, or entering medication treatment prior to 13 weeks gestation, p = 0.037). Being prescribed an antidepressant medication during the third trimester was also associated with enhanced treatment retention at six months postpartum (p = 0.005). At both six and twelve months postpartum, the use of illicit drugs (including opioids, cocaine and benzodiazepines) during the third trimester was negatively correlated with treatment retention (p = 0.012 and p Conclusions Early access to medication treatment is associated with treatment retention in women prescribed buprenorphine during pregnancy. This has important public health implications as access to treatment is limited in many parts of the country and many women are only able to obtain treatment after becoming pregnant. Being prescribed an antidepressant medication during pregnancy may enhance treatment retention, supporting the work of previous authors.