cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ex vivo biomechanical comparison of barbed suture and standard polypropylene suture for acute tendon laceration in a canine model

Objectives: Evaluate performance and resistance to gap formation of a non-absorbable, barbed, monofilament suture, in comparison with a non-absorbable, smooth, monofilament polypropylene suture, in two different suture patterns: three-loop pulley (3LP) and modified Bunnell-Mayer (BM). Sample size: Seventy-two medium-sized cadaveric superficial digital flexor muscle tendon units. Methods: After manual transection and suture repair, individual specimens were placed in an electromechanical tensile testing machine and tested to monotonic failure using tensile ramp loading. Video data acquisition allowed evaluation of failure mode and quantification of gap formation. Results: Incidence of gap formation between tendon ends was significantly greater in tenorrhaphies repaired with barbed suture compared to those repaired with smooth polypropylene. Use of a 3LP suture pattern caused significantly less gapping between tendon ends when compared to the BM pattern. Conclusion: Smooth polypropylene suture was consistently superior in load performance than a unidirectional barbed suture. The 3LP pattern was more resistant than a BM pattern at preventing gap formation. Clinical significance: Smooth polypropylene should be recommended over barbed unidirectional suture for use in canine tendinous repair to provide increased resistance to gap formation. The 3LP is superior to the BM suture pattern, requiring significantly more force to cause tenorrhaphy gap formation and failure, which may translate to increased accrual of repair site strength and tendinous healing in clinical situations.
Low latency relaying schemes for next-generation cellular networks

The reduction in both user and control plane latency is a major goal for next generation (4G) cellular networks, specifically the Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A) standard. At the same time, relay stations, which introduce additional latency into transmissions, are seen as a potential means to improve cell spectral efficiency and coverage. This paper extends a number of existing relaying schemes to the case where a stricter latency constraint is applied. These low latency schemes are first evaluated for convolutional codes, for which they quickly approach the performance of full decoding at the relay with little additional latency over memoryless relaying. The schemes are then adapted for the turbo code in the LTE standard and shown to be preferable to full decoding and memoryless relaying for certain LTE-A relay types.
Biological effects of pramipexole on dopaminergic neuron-associated genes : relevance to neuroprotection

Pramipexole (PRX) is a non-ergot dopamine (DA) D2/D3 receptor agonist. Experimental studies have provided evidence that PRX may exert neuroprotective effects on the nigro-striatal system. Recent studies have demonstrated a slower decline of DAT density in Parkinson's disease patients treated with PRX as measured by SPECT. The aim of this study is to determine whether PRX has direct biological effects on DAergic neuron-associated genes expression, including DAT, VMAT2, and Nurr1. The human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells were treated with PRX for various time periods and harvested to measure the mRNA and protein products of these genes. Treatment with PRX at 10 microM significantly increased DAT mRNA levels by 54-130% in 4-8 h, VMAT2 mRNA levels by 34% in 4 h, and Nurr1 mRNA levels by 31-39% in 2-4 h, which was the earliest induction among these three genes. The protein levels of DAT, VMAT2, and Nurr1 were markedly increased after PRX treatment, among which the increase of Nurr1 protein level was the highest at first 2 h treatment of PRX. Nafadotride, a D3 DA receptor antagonist, blocked the increase of Nurr1 gene expression induced by PRX, while eticlopride, a D2 DA receptor antagonist, didn't show this effect. Our findings that PRX has biological regulatory effects on DAergic neuron-associated genes may explain both the slower decline of imaged DAT and the neuroprotective effect of PRX. Furthermore, our results suggest that the induction of Nurr1 gene expression by PRX may be mediated by D3 DA receptor.
Planets Around Pulsars: A Review

The discovery last year of a planetary system orbiting a millisecond pulsar raises important questions in pulsar evolution, planet formation, and planetary dynamics. We review the literature concerning pulsar-planetary systems, emphasizing particularly the contributions to the meeting Planets around Pulsars held at Caltech in 1992.
Defensive marketing strategies: an equilibrium analysis based on decoupled response function models

The entry of a new product (attacker) into a competitive market is likely to provoke responses from some or all of the existing products (defenders). This paper investigates the development of optimal defensive strategies based on an understanding of the possible reactions of all the defenders to an optimal attack. Following Lane (Lane, W. J. 1980. Product differentiation in a market with endogenous sequential entry. Bell J. Econom. 11(1, Spring) 237–260.) we assume that N products each enter sequentially with perfect foresight on subsequent entry. Then, based on new technology, an unanticipated attacker enters. The N defenders respond in price but not position according to Lane's model. Once this equilibrium is obtained, advertising and distribution response functions scale sales. We show that under these decoupled response function models of advertising and distribution, uniformly-distributed tastes, and nonincreasing market size, the optimal defense for all existing brands is to decrease their respecti...
Body image avoidance: An under-explored yet important factor in the relationship between body image dissatisfaction and disordered eating

Abstract Body dissatisfaction is highly predictive of disordered eating cognitions and behavior, however many more individuals experience body dissatisfaction than disordered eating. While several variables appear to influence the relationship between body dissatisfaction and disordered eating, one potential under-studied construct is experiential avoidance (EA) of body image. Individuals with high body image EA may be more likely to engage in behaviors designed to reduce body dissatisfaction and its associated cognitions and emotions, including disordered eating (i.e., restricting, purging, laxative use, etc.). The Body Image-Acceptance and Action questionnaire (BIAAQ; Sandoz, Wilson, Merwin, & Kellum, 2013 ) was recently developed to assess EA of body image, however despite promising initial validation data, it is still a relatively novel instrument and additional validation is warranted. The present study includes a series of cross-sectional studies designed to accomplish three goals: (1) to provide additional validation data for the BI-AAQ, (2) to assess the potential indirect effect of EA on the relationship between body image dissatisfaction and disordered eating cognition and behavior, and (3) to compare the BI-AAQ to an existing measure of body avoidance. Overall, results indicate that the BI-AAQ is a valid measure of body image EA; it partially explains the relationship between body image dissatisfaction and disordered eating. The measure also appears to have incremental validity over pre-existing measures. Future research is needed to further clarify the role of body image EA and to examine whether treatments targeting this construct can prevent or treat disordered eating.
Blind null-space learning for spatial coexistence in MIMO cognitive radios

This paper proposes a blind technique for MIMO cognitive radio Secondary Users (SU) to transmit in the same band simultaneously with a Primary User (PU) under a maximum interference constraint. In the proposed technique, the SU is able to meet the interference constraint of the PU without explicitly estimating the interference channel matrix to the PU and without burdening the PU with any interaction with the SU. The only condition required of the PU is that for a short time interval it uses a power control scheme such that its transmitted power is a monotonic function of the interference inflicted by the SU. During this time interval, the SU iteratively modifies the spatial orientation of its transmitted signal and measures the effect of this modification on the PU's total transmit power. The entire process is based on energy measurements which is very desirable from an implementation point of view. The scheme can also be used as a multiple access technique in networks where users have equal priority, however, active users are protected from interference by new users.
Hypoferremia of infection: a double-edged sword?

Pharmacologic modulation of iron metabolism may be a potential strategy to control infection caused by the intracellular bacteria Salmonella enterica var. Typhimurium (S. typhimurium) (pages 419–424). The molecular mechanism involves the estrogen-related receptor γ (ERRγ) in the liver, which can be targeted with an inverse agonist to improve survival of infected animals.
Interpretação e teoria nas ciências naturais e nas ciências humanas: comentários a respeito de Kuhn e Taylor

O objetivo do artigo e o de extrair dos escritos de Taylor uma critica da concepcao de Kuhn a respeito de uma possivel unidade entre as ciencias naturais e as ciencias humanas, e dos de Kuhn uma critica a caracterizacao proposta por Taylor para as ciencias naturais. Deste empreendimento resulta uma reconceptualizacao da unidade das ciencias.
Conventional- and no-tillage effects on upper root zone soil conditions☆

One major objective of tillage is to loosen a soil and, thereby, create an improved soil condition for water infiltration, crop establishment, and plant growth. This implies that where tillage is not performed, as with no-tillage, soil conditions might be inferior to those of a tilled soil. However, no major adverse effects of no-tillage on soil conditions have been noted in the semiarid region of Texas. Also, crop yields on dryland have been favorable. This study was conducted to determine the effects of conventional- and no-tillage crop production methods on water retention, organic matter concentration, mean weight diameter of water-stable aggregates, bulk density, and penetrometer resistance of Pullman clay loam (Torrertic Paleustoll) at Bushland, Texas. These factors were significantly affected, but there was no consistent advantage or disadvantage for either tillage method. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) yields have been favorable in the dryland rotation fields that were sampled for the soil measurements. Grain sorghum yielded 5.10 Mg ha−1 of grain with conventional tillage and an average of 5.32 Mg ha−1 of grain with no-tillage in 1987, the year in which the soil conditions were evaluated. The favorable yields indicate that no-tillage management does not adversely affect any of the measured Pullman (Torrertic Paleustoll) soil physical conditions to the point that crop yields are adversely affected.
Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is still a major medical emergency with significant morbidity, mortality, and cost. Management of UGIB requires prompt risk stratification and adequate medical and endoscopic therapy to minimize morbidity and mortality.
A director reflects back on a peer review

The North Dakota Higher Education Computer Network (ND-HECN) benefited from an ACM-SIGUCCS peer review conducted in December 1982. Unlike other reviews conducted for a single institution, this review focused on a network.
The Human Cricothyroid Muscle: Three Muscle Bellies and Their Innervation Patterns

We hypothesized that the phonatory and respiratory functions of the human cricothyroid (CT) muscle are subserved by separately controlled muscle bellies. In this work, 30 autopsied adult human hemilarynges were used to determine the neuromuscular organization of the CT muscle using microdissection, histology, and Sihler's stain. The results showed that the human CT was composed of three bellies: rectus, oblique, and horizontal. External superior laryngeal nerve (ESLN) was found to enter into the CT muscle as a single trunk (37.5%) or multiple (two to five) branches (62.5%). Within the CT muscle, the ESLN gave off three to seven branches to innervate the rectus belly and one or two branches to supply the oblique and horizontal bellies, respectively. Notably, ESLN also gave off branches to innervate the ipsilateral thyroarytenoid muscle (46%) and subglottic mucosa (67%) or connect with the recurrent laryngeal nerve (25%). These findings suggest that the CT bellies appear to be functionally designed for different motor tasks. The data are also useful for further clarifying the functions of the CT bellies and the ESLN branches and for developing belly-based reinnervation procedures to treat laryngeal paralysis.
Histometric evaluation of interproximal bone responses to electrosurgical mucoperiosteal incisions in dogs

The periosteal and endosteal interproximal bone remodeling activity following clinically simulated blade and electrosurgical mucoperiosteal incisions was investigated by histologic and morphometric analyses. Undecalcified histologic sections were prepared and evaluated using standard bone morphometric techniques. Periosteal and endosteal bone surfaces subjacent to incisions were examined and the percentages of forming, resorbing, and quiescent surfaces, and the number of osteoclasts per millimeter of bone surface, were calculated. Based on indices of bone remodeling activity, the potentials for activation of interproximal bone remodeling by clinically appropriate blade and electrosurgery incisions in dogs appear to be similar.
Offshoring manufacturing: Implications for engineering jobs and education: A survey and case study

Abstract One result of globalization is the rapid growth of offshoring, i.e., the outsourcing of functions and jobs to offshore locations. In the USA, offshoring has progressed to the point where it already affects everyday lives, from the cars we drive (of which a large portion of the work and components are outsourced) to computers (which are typically manufactured offshore and shipped back to the USA), to electronic diagnostics (where calls are answered overseas). This phenomenon has implications on our lives and on the jobs that engineers and scientists will assume both now and in the future. Further, it is something that all highly developed and even some lesser-developed countries must face. Consequently, the growth of outsourcing will have a major impact on the educational objectives of engineering programs and the resultant engineering curricula worldwide. This paper presents recent data on product and job offshore migrations and discusses the various dimensions of this phenomenon. In addition to the potential loss of engineering and other high-end technical jobs, sociological and cultural aspects, intellectual property issues, strategic planning concerns, and macro-economic issues are presented. For example, the effects of offshoring on the societal fabric of the countries that are recipients of manufacturing and service center outsourcing, such as China and India, are significant, rapid, and controversial. Offshoring has also begun to change the way that engineering programs in these countries educate their students. In addition, intellectual property issues create a major risk to companies considering outsourcing to certain less-developed countries. These issues can be broadly categorized into: the robustness and strength of intellectual property laws, and the degree to which these laws are implemented and enforced. Further, such factors as currency fluctuations and geo-political conditions can substantially impact outsourcing decisions and profitability. The phenomenon of offshoring, which is now affecting engineering careers, will play a major role in shaping engineering education worldwide. The next generation of engineers will need to possess the ability to work seamlessly across cultures, have outstanding communication skills and be familiar with the principles of project management, logistics, and systems integration. Some educational models that begin to address these requirements will be presented.
π+−π0 mass difference at finite temperature

Abstract The electromagnetic mass difference of pions at finite temperature is computed. The finite temperature contribution to δm2π ≡ m2π+ − m2π0 is obtained to be παT2, neglecting the corrections due to the ϱ and A1 mesons. It has the same sign as the zero temperature value and is comparable to it in magnitude around T ≈ 200 MeV. The calculation is also done in case of supersymmetric QCD where it is known that at T = 0 δm2π = 0. The results may have implications for cosmology and for relativistic heavy ion collisions.
Self-deception and the ethics of belief*

To ask whether self-deception is an important criterion for the assessment of a person's religious beliefs is to remind ourselves that what Nietzsche calls "schooling in suspicion" is an essential part of the ethics of belief. Like all of Nietzsche's important insights though, this sharp and incisive view is a sword that cuts both ways. On the one hand, he sometimes suggests that our lives are bearable only because we have the capacity to evade the truth, especially at those times in life when too much truth might undermine and erode those basic commitments which enable us to make sense of the world. In the "Preface" to his Human, All Too Human, Nietzsche addresses this theme when he Offers his own somewhat ambivalent confession to rationalize his youthful enthusiasm for Schopenhauer and Wagner. Not surprisingly, he suggests that if there is any excuse for failing to see the failings of our avatars, it is because there is never any reason to ask for the whole truth when a little truth will suffice: "... what do you know, what could you know, of how much cunning in serf-preservation, how much reason and higher safeguarding, is contained in such deception or how much falsity I shall require if I am willing to permit myself the luxury of my truthfulness . . . . Enough, I am still living, and life is, after all, not a product of morality: it wants deception, it lives on deception ...'1 In the world according to Nietzsche then, our lives are livable only because each person has an excuse for their illusions; namely, that a finite and limited perspective is what makes human life possible. And yet Nietzsche offers us a contrasting ideal, what one might call the life of philosophical virtue which is captured by his portrait of the "free spirit," the person who assumes the risks of free inquiry even though it might lead to the erosion of his life-preserving deceptions. Anticipating the meditations
Development of acoustic ganglia in tissue cultures of embryonic chick otocysts.

Abstract Otocysts with the associated acoustic ganglion of 4-day-old chick embryos were cultivated in Rose's multipurpose culture chambers under a dialysis membrane. The ganglion cells underwent maturation which was characterized by the nucleus becoming centrally located and by the development of Nissl substance which was distributed throughout the cytoplasm. As the ganglion cells matured the nerve fibers became enveloped in Schwann cells, thickened, and subsequently myelin-developed. Myelin was demonstrated as a refractile sheath with phase contrast optics, as birefringent with polarizing optics and could be stained with Sudan black B. Myelinated axons had well formed nodes of Ranvier and incisures of Schmidt-Lantermann. A phase of degeneration affecting a few ganglion cells occurred when a majority of the neurons reached maturity. Most of the cells were restored to health and stability but a few cells degenerated completely. The factors involved are discussed. Results obtained with four different media show that the best of these supported cytodifferentiation, myelination and maintenance. Other media supported only cytodifferentiation and maintenance but did not allow adequate myelin formation.
The problem of sodium and water needs of patients

Abstract An approach to the determination of sodium and water needs of patients has been developed on the principles that disorders of sodium balance are primarily extracellular volume disorders and that disorders of water balance are primarily osmolality disorders. The physiology of regulation and symptomatology support this view. A classification of disorders which implies therapy is presented, and the diagnosis and treatment of the various disorders are discussed.
Congenital herpes simplex virus infection initially resembling epidermolysis bullosa

BECAUSE MORE THAN 50% of neonates infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV) have external involvement, 1 physicians must be familiar with the various dermatologic manifestations of congenital HSV infections. One of these findings, skin denudation, has been described but n ot emphasized. 2 Two newborn infants with HSV infection with skin denudation resembling epidermolysis bullosa are the subject of this report. CASE REPORTS Patient 1. This 960-gm male infant was born after 28 weeks' gestation to a 20-year-old gravida 2 para 1 mother. The spontaneous vaginal delivery was complicated ,by abruptio placenta. Pregnancy was complicated by amnionic fluid leak during the last nine weeks. The mother also complained of dysuria and vaginal pain without fever one week prior to delivery. The infant was transferred to Children's Hospital of Philadelphia at 24 hours of age with respiratory distress. Purulent bullae were present on the scalp, trunk, and extremities, and there was widespread denudation. None of the borders of the skin lesions were erythematous. Tzanck smear of the floor of the bullae disclosed multinucleated giant cells. Viral cultures of the bullae and pustules yielded herpes simplex virus type 1. Cultures of blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid were negative for HSV, other viruses, and bacteria. Serum antibody titers were obtained and revealed HSV 1:64, rubella 1:32, cytomegalovirus <1:8, toxoplasma negative. The serologic test for syphilis was negative. Immunoglobulin M concentration in the cord blood was 48 mg/dl. No antiviral therapy was administered. Local care to the skin lesions (Fig. 1) included aluminum acetate compresses and silver sulfadiazine cream. The patient's dermatologic abnormalities resolved within several weeks, but his subsequent hospital course was complicated by chorioretinitis induced by herpes simplex virus, mild bronchopulmonary dysplasia, hyperbilirubinemia attributed to prematurity (requiring exchange transfusions), poor growth, and multiple congenital defects including patent ductus arteriosus, left dislocated hip, bilateral inguinal hernias, and Sprengel deformity of the left shoulder. The child was discharged
Expression, purification, and characterization of Thermotoga maritima membrane proteins for structure determination.

Structural studies of integral membrane proteins typically rely upon detergent micelles as faithful mimics of the native lipid bilayer. Therefore, membrane protein structure determination would be greatly facilitated by biophysical techniques that are capable of evaluating and assessing the fold and oligomeric state of these proteins solubilized in detergent micelles. In this study, an approach to the characterization of detergent-solubilized integral membrane proteins is presented. Eight Thermotoga maritima membrane proteins were screened for solubility in 11 detergents, and the resulting soluble protein–detergent complexes were characterized with small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, and chemical cross-linking to evaluate the homogeneity, oligomeric state, radius of gyration, and overall fold. A new application of SAXS is presented, which does not require density matching, and NMR methods, typically used to evaluate soluble proteins, are successfully applied to detergent-solubilized membrane proteins. Although detergents with longer alkyl chains solubilized the most proteins, further characterization indicates that some of these protein–detergent complexes are not well suited for NMR structure determination due to conformational exchange and protein oligomerization. These results emphasize the need to screen several different detergents and to characterize the protein–detergent complex in order to pursue structural studies. Finally, the physical characterization of the protein–detergent complexes indicates optimal solution conditions for further structural studies for three of the eight overexpressed membrane proteins.
The atmosphere of Jupiter

Jupiter atmospheric composition, gas and dust cloud formation as clues to origin and evolution of solar system
Effect of fasting on insulinase activity and on hypoglycemic response to insulin.

THE inactivation and degradation of insulin by homogenates of rat livers are decreased when such homogenates are prepared from livers of fasted rats (1, 2). Slices of livers from fasted rats, however, show an increase in the rate of inactivation of insulin (3). Since neither homogenates nor slices of liver necessarily reflect the actual state of physiological processes, it became pertinent to determine the influence of fasting on the rate of insulin destruction by intact animals and thereby establish which of the above findings are of physiological significance. Further, since a change in the rate of destruction of insulin may result in a change in the hypoglycemic response to a standard dose of exogenous insulin, the effect of fasting on the response of rats and mice to insulin was determined.
The Assassin's Accomplice: Mary Surratt and the Plot to Kill Abraham Lincoln

Set against the backdrop of the Civil War, The Assassin's Accomplice tells the gripping story of the conspiracy to assassinate Abraham Lincoln through experience of its only female participant. Confederate sympathizer Mary Surratt ran a boarding house in Washington, and the depth of her complicity in the murder of President Lincoln has been debated since she was arrested on April 17, 1865. Calling upon long-lost interviews, confessions, and court testimony, historian Kate Clifford Larson magnificently captures how Surratt's actions defied nineteenth-century norms of piety and allegiance. A riveting account of espionage and murder, The Assassin's Accomplice offers a revealing examination of America's most remembered assassination.
Rotation of 3D volumes by Fourier-interpolated shears

Algorithms for rotation of 2D images by multiple shearing transformations are well known; algorithms which use as few as four shears to perform an arbitrary 3D rotation on a 3D volume have also been described. By using Fourier transform methods to implement these shears, rotations can be performed completely reversibly and without loss of information. This is of great utility when the rotated data are used as input to statistical calculations, for example in human brain imaging. In general, six different patterns of four shears can be used to implement a given 3D rotation. We examine the mathematical and implementation details of these rotation algorithms. This paper provides a classification of these patterns, demonstrates that a consistent scheme must be used to select shear patterns for various rotations, and presents several such consistent schemes.
Ignition and chemical kinetics of acrolein–oxygen–argon mixtures behind reflected shock waves

In order to address increasing greenhouse gas emissions, the future fossil fuel shortage and increasingly stringent pollutant emission regulations, a variety of biofuels are being progressively incorporated into conventional transportation fuels. Despite the beneficial impact of biofuels on most regulated pollutants, their combustion induces the increase of a variety of aldehydes that are being considered for specific regulations due to their high toxicity. One of the most hazardous aldehyde compounds is acrolein, C_2H_3CHO. Despite its high toxicity and increased formation during bioalcohol and biodiesel combustion, no experimental data are available for acrolein combustion. In the present study, we have investigated the ignition of acrolein–oxygen–argon mixtures behind reflected shock wave using three simultaneous emission diagnostics monitoring OH∗, CH∗ and CO_2∗. Experiments were performed over a range of conditions: Φ = 0.5–2; T_5 = 1178–1602 K; and P_5 = 173–416 kPa. A tentative detailed reaction model, which includes sub-mechanisms for the three measured excited species, was developed to describe the high-temperature chemical kinetics of acrolein oxidation. Reasonable agreement was found between the model prediction and experimental data.
A Semicausal Model for Recursive Filtering of Two-Dimensional Images

A two-dimensional discrete stochastic model for representing images is developed. This representation has lower mean square error, compared to a standard autoregressive Markov representation. Application of the model to linear filtering of images degraded by white noise leads to scalar recursive filtering equations requiring only 0(N2log 2 N) computations for N x N images. The filter algorithm is a hybrid algorithm where the image is transformed along one dimension and spatially filtered, recursively, in the other. Examples on a 255 X 255 image are given.
Overview of metal injection moulding

Metal injection moulding (MIM) is a metalworking technology for cost-effectively producing small, complex, precision metal parts in high run volumes. An overview is given of both the process and the industry. The process steps will be reviewed and, where appropriate, compared with the conventional powder metallurgy. The overview includes a review of selected design parameters and their limits of applicability, the relative economics of the process, and the competitive position of MIM in relation to other metalworking technologies. Market segments that are presently being served will be identified, and the present and projected size of the US industry will be indicated. The overview is based primarily on the manufacturing and marketing experiences of the Remington Arms Co in producing parts both for firearms and the commercial market using the MIM process.
Infrared Focal Plane Arrays Based on Dots in a Well and Strained Layer Superlattices

In this paper, we will review some of the recent progress that we have made on developing single pixel detectors and focal plane arrays based on dots-in-a-well (DWELL) heterostructure and Type II strained layer superlattice (SLS). The DWELL detector consists of an active region composed of InAs quantum dots embedded in InGaAs/GaAs quantum wells. By varying the thickness of the InGaAs well, the DWELL heterostructure allows for the manipulation of the operating wavelength and the nature of the transitions (bound-to-bound, bound-to-quasibound and bound-to-continuum) of the detector. Based on these principles, DWELL samples were grown using molecular beam epitaxy and fabricated into 320 x 256 focal plane arrays (FPAs) with Indium bumps using standard lithography at the University of New Mexico. The FPA evaluated was hybridized to an Indigo 9705 readout integrated circuit (ROIC). From this evaluation, we have reported the first two-color, co-located quantum dot based imaging system that can be used to take multicolor images using a single FPA. We have also been investigating the use of miniband transitions in Type II SLS to develop infrared detectors using PIN and nBn based designs.
Laparoscopic treatment of Crohn's disease.

The surgical and medical management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has significantly evolved over the course of the last two decades. On the medical side, the introduction of biologic therapy has significantly changed the characteristics of the patients undergoing surgery for Crohn’s disease (CD), while its impact on the need for surgical intervention and the surgical outcomes of these patients is still debated. On the surgical side, the introduction of and the growing experience with minimally invasive approaches to IBD have had a significant impact on outcomes and quality of life in this patient population. During the past three decades the evidence has been accumulating in favor of a minimally invasive approach to CD. Clearly, this is probably one of the most challenging diseases to treat laparoscopically for the colorectal surgeon, especially when the disease is located in the colon and involves multiple segments.
Experimental and theoretical study of gust response for a wing–store model with freeplay

Abstract An experimental delta wing/store model with freeplay in a periodic gust field has been designed and tested in the Duke wind tunnel. The wing structure is modeled theoretically using von Karman plate theory that accounts for geometric strain–displacement nonlinearities in the plate wing structure. A component modal analysis is used to derive the full structural equations of motion for the wing/store system. A 3-D time domain vortex lattice aerodynamic model including a reduced order model aerodynamic technique and a slender body aerodynamic theory for the store are also used to investigate the nonlinear aeroelastic system. The effects of the freeplay gap, the gust angle of attack and the initial conditions on the gust response are discussed. The quantitative correlations between the theory and experiment are reasonably good, but in the range of the dominant resonant frequency of this nonlinear system, i.e. at larger response amplitudes, the correlations are not good. The theoretical structural model needs to be improved to determine larger amplitude motions near the resonant frequency.
Density functional studies of small silicon clusters adsorbed on graphite (0001) and diamond (100)

The structural and electronic properties of small silicon clusters (${\mathrm{Si}}_{n}$ with $n=2--7$) adsorbed on graphite (0001) and diamond (100) substrates are studied by density functional theory within periodic boundary conditions. A three-layer graphene slab with 60 carbon atoms in each layer is used to represent the graphite substrate. The diamond substrate is described by an eight-layer slab involving a $p(8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4)$ surface cell. Side adsorption geometry of ${\mathrm{Si}}_{n}$ on the substrates is considered. Maximum stability is encountered for particle site adsorption of the ${\mathrm{Si}}_{n}$ clusters on the graphite surface and for bridge site adsorption on diamond. Weak covalent interaction prevails between the cluster and the graphite substrate, while much stronger bonding effects are observed for adsorption on diamond, leading to considerable structural deformation of the cluster. Partial density of states distributions are calculated for the ${\mathrm{Si}}_{n}$ adsorbates. From this analysis, the clusters exhibit a distinct narrowing of their energy gaps upon deposition on the surfaces. This effect is found to be weak for the graphite and very substantial for the diamond substrate. In the latter case, it is attributed to the emergence of spectral lines close the Fermi energy of the cluster-substrate composite, reflecting sizable interaction between the $p$-electron subsystems of ${\mathrm{Si}}_{n}$ and diamond.
Thermodynamics of gradient driven transport: application to single-particle tracking.

Single-particle tracking techniques allow measurements of the trajectories of individual particles (and sometimes single molecules) as they move. Here, we show, in accord with an equality derived by Bier et al. (Phys. Rev. E 1999, 59, 6422−6432), that even in the presence of gradients of pressure, temperature, electric field strength, and so forth, the ratio of the probabilities for forward and backward trajectories between any two points is given by the exponential of the difference between the particle’s free energy at the start and end points of the trajectory, that is, P(xa → xb, Δt) = P(xb → xa, Δt) exp(−ΔG/kBT), where ΔG = G(xb) − G(xa). Thus, experimental approaches based on single-particle tracking can be used to map the free-energy landscape for transport of a particle without reference to whether the overall system is, or is not, in thermodynamic equilibrium.
Technology Mentoring: A Cooperating Teacher and Student Teacher Case Study

Abstract This study investigated the practice of a cooperating teacher preparing a student teacher to integrate technology into teaching and learning activities. Descriptive statistics and qualitative methods were used for data collection. Data were gathered from multiple venues during a semester-long student teaching experience. Sources included electronic transcripts from online discussion forums, transcripts of workshop discussions, transcripts of semistructured interviews with the cooperating teacher and student teacher, field notes, scores from a self-evaluation rubric assessing technology skills, and data from a final questionnaire. This case study provides descriptions of technology-mentoring practice from the perspective of both the cooperating teacher and the student teacher. Mentoring strategies included one-on-one tutoring, modeling, connecting technology use to the curriculum, establishing expectations, using questioning strategies, providing positive support, reciprocal mentoring, and posing ...
Flame stretch interactions of laminar premixed hydrogen/air flames at normal temperature and pressure

Abstract Effects of positive flame stretch on the laminar burning velocities of hydrogen/air flames were studied both experimentally and computationally, considering freely (outwardly) propagating spherical laminar premixed flames. Measurements were based on motion picture shadowgraphy, while numerical simulations were based on typical contemporary chemical reaction mechanisms. Flame conditions studied included hydrogen/air flames having fuel-equivalence ratios in the range 0.3–5.0 at normal temperature and pressure. Both measured and predicted ratios of unstretched (plane flames) to stretched laminar burning velocities varied linearly with Karlovitz numbers over the test range (Karlovitz numbers up to 0.4), yielding Markstein numbers that were independent of Karlovitz numbers for a particular reactant mixture. Markstein numbers were in the range −1 to 6, with unstable (stable) preferential-diffusion conditions observed at fuel-equivalence ratios below (above) roughly 0.7. Present stretch-corrected laminar burning velocities were in reasonably good agreement with other determinations of laminar burning velocities at fuel-lean conditions where Markstein numbers, and thus effects of stretch, are small. In contrast, the stretch-corrected laminar burning velocities generally were smaller than other measurements in the literature at fuel-rich conditions, where Markstein numbers, and thus effects of stretch, are large. Finally, predicted unstretched laminar burning velocities and Markstein numbers were in reasonably good agreement with measurements, although additional study to improve the comparison between predictions and measurements at fuel-rich conditions should be considered.
Axisymmetric stagnation point flow and mass transfer for power-law fluids

Abstract The boundary-layer equations for axisymmetric stagnation point flow of a power-law fluid are solved by a similarity transformation, and values of the wall shear rate are obtained. Theoretical expressions for local and average Sherwood numbers are derived from the convective diffusion equation for systems with high Schmidt numbers. The results can be used to predict diffusion coefficients of dilute species in fluids with specified power-law characteristics.
Invasive species profiling? Exploring the characteristics of non-native fishes across invasion stages in California

Summary 1. The global spread of non-native species is a major concern for ecologists, particularly in regards to aquatic systems. Predicting the characteristics of successful invaders has been a goal of invasion biology for decades. Quantitative analysis of species characteristics may allow invasive species profiling and assist the development of risk assessment strategies. 2. In the current analysis we developed a data base on fish invasions in catchments throughout California that distinguishes among the establishment, spread and integration stages of the invasion process, and separates social and biological factors related to invasion success. 3. Using Akaike's information criteria (AIC), logistic and multiple regression models, we show suites of biological variables, which are important in predicting establishment (parental care and physiological tolerance), spread (life span, distance from nearest native source and trophic status) and abundance (maximum size, physiological tolerance and distance from nearest native source). Two variables indicating human interest in a species (propagule pressure and prior invasion success) are predictors of successful establishment and prior invasion success is a predictor of spread and integration. 4. Despite the idiosyncratic nature of the invasion process, our results suggest some assistance in the search for characteristics of fish species that successfully transition between invasion stages.
Hidden configurations and effective interactions: A comparison of three different ways to construct renormalized hamiltonians for truncated shell-model calculations

Abstract We discuss in general some criteria and methods for constructing effective Hamiltonians. Then three different methods are compared for constructing an effective Hamiltonian to be used in nuclear shell-model calculations for A = 17–20, allowing (A-16) active nucleons in the d 5 2 , s 1 2 vector space. For all three methods, the aim is to obtain a d 5 2 , s 1 2 model which will simulate the results of a given full d 5 2 , s 1 2 , d 3 2 model. The three methods for finding the effective Hamiltonian are. 1. (a) conventional low-order perturbation theory; 2. (b) a projection technique, in which we construct a Hamiltonian whose eigenvalues excactly match a selected subset of d 5 2 , s 1 2 , d 3 2 eigenvalues, and whose eigenvectors excatly match the projections of d 5 2 , s 1 2 , d 3 2 eigenvectors on the d 5 2 , s 1 2 space; and 3. (c) least-square fit to selected d 5 2 , s 1 2 , d 3 2 energies. For all three methods, we first restrict the effective Hamiltonian to a linear combination of 1-body and 2-body operators. Then for the perturbation and projection techniques, we also calculate the 3-body-operator terms in the effective Hamiltonian. When the effective Hamiltonians are limited to 1-body and 2-body terms, the leastsquare method yields the best overall fit to the low-lying spectrum of d 5 2 , s 1 2 , d 3 2
Chemical Optimization of Protein Extraction from Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) Peel

Proteins isolated from sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas) have been shown to possess antidiabetic, antioxidant, and antiproliferative properties. The objective of this study was to chemically optimize a process for extracting proteins from sweet potato peel. The extraction procedure involved mixing peel with saline solvent to dissolve proteins and then precipitating with CaCl2. Quadratic and segmented models were used to determine the optimum NaCl concentration and peel to solvent ratio to maximize protein solubility while minimizing solvent usage. A segmented model was also used to optimize the concentration of CaCl2 used for precipitation. The highest yield was obtained by mixing blanched peelings with 59.7 mL of 0.025 mM NaCl per g peel and then precipitating with 6.8 mM CaCl2. The results of this study show that potentially valuable proteins can be extracted from peel generated during processing of sweet potatoes and industrial costs can be minimized by using these optimum conditions.
Comparison of darbepoetin alfa and epoetin alfa in the management of anemia of critical illness.

Study Objective. To compare the effectiveness of darbepoetin alfa with epoetin alfa (recombinant human erythropoietin [rHuEPO]) for achieving transfusion independence and increasing hemoglobin concentrations in critically ill patients. Design. Retrospective, descriptive study. Setting. Level I trauma center intensive care units. Patients. Seventy-two patients who spent at least 3 days in the cardiothoracic, medical, or surgery-trauma intensive care units and received at least one weekly dose of rHuEPO 40,000 units (33 patients) or darbepoetin alfa 100 μg (39 patients). Measurements and Main Results. Number of rHuEPO and darbepoetin alfa doses, hemoglobin concentrations, and cumulative number of transfusions were recorded for up to 28 days after the first dose was given, and the data were statistically analyzed. Beginning a median of 10 days after the patients were admitted to the intensive care unit, they received a median of 3.5 doses of darbepoetin alfa or 4 doses of rHuEPO. Mean hemoglobin concentrations at which treatment with darbepoetin alfa and rHuEPO were started were 8 and 8.2 g/dl, respectively (p=0.41). Transfusion independence was achieved in 44% of patients in the darbepoetin alfa group compared with 36% of patients in the rHuEPO group (p=0.63). Patients in both groups received a mean of 2.7 units of packed red blood cells during the 28-day study period. The mean change in hemoglobin levels from baseline over time did not significantly differ between groups (p=0.75). Conclusions. Patients receiving darbepoetin alfa 100 μg/week and those receiving rHuEPO 40,000 units/week for anemia of critical illness achieved similar rates of transfusion independence and increases in hemoglobin concentrations from baseline at 28 days. Compared with previously published studies, erythropoietic agents were administered late in the course of critical illness in response to low hemoglobin concentrations.
THE STATE AND THE MAKING OF THE WORKING-CLASS - FRANCE AND THE UNITED-STATES, 1880-1914

Site of the modern world's first democratic revolution, the United States has become the world's great conservative power. Already by 1914, the United States had fallen behind most economically advanced European countries in the development of public welfare programs; and later advances have left the American welfare state still "a flawed and fragmented creation ... notorious among Western democracies for the narrow and niggardly protections it provided."3 The slow and limited development of the American welfare state has reflected the weakness of radical political movements in the United States. In most European countries, public welfare programs were established at the behest of labor movements joining socialist and communist political parties with radical labor unions. Only the United States has a conservative labor union movement opposed to radical social change; and the United States alone has never had a strong socialist party.4