cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temperature-Induced Changes in Blood Gas Equilibria in the Albacore, Thunnus Alalunga, a Warm-Bodied Tuna

Samples of unbuffered, whole blood from freshly-caught albacore (Thunnus alalunga Bonnaterre) were equilibrated at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 °C and at 0 and 1 % CO2 for construction of oxygen dissociation curves. A strong Bohr effect (−1.17), a negligible Root effect, and a reverse temperature effect (ΔH = +1.72 for 0% CO2 and +0.26 for 1% CO2) characterized these hyperbolic (Hill9s n = 1.1) curves. The unusual reverse temperature effect was especially pronounced when blood was quickly warmed or cooled, simulating passage through the heat exchanging, countercurrent vascular rete system of this warm-bodied fish. A diagrammatic model of blood gas dynamics in the rete incorporating these in vitro data illustrates protection of arterial oxygen from premature haemoglobin dissociation and consequent loss to the venous circulation as blood warms in the rete. More conventional temperature effects on the carbon dioxide equilibria of albacore blood lower the Pcoco2 of venous blood being cooled in the rete. This reduces the venous-arterial Pcoco2 gradient, thereby minimizing the diffusion of CO2 to arterial blood with resulting haemoglobin-oxygen dissociation via the strong Bohr effect. The temperature range (10–30 °C) over which the albacore haemoglobin-oxygen binding exhibits the reversed thermal effect closely matches the maximum thermal gradient (ambient water-core body temperature) typically present in this fish, suggesting that its highly specialized haemoglobin-oxygen dissociation characteristics evolved within-and now establishes thermal limits upon-the existing geographic distribution of this species.
Basic Clinical and Laboratory Features of Filoviral Hemorrhagic Fever

The filoviruses Marburg and Ebola cause severe hemorrhagic fever (HF) in humans. Beginning with the 1967 Marburg outbreak, 30 epidemics, isolated cases, and accidental laboratory infections have been described in the medical literature. We reviewed those reports to determine the basic clinical and laboratory features of filoviral HF. The most detailed information was found in descriptions of patients treated in industrialized countries; except for the 2000 outbreak of Ebola Sudan HF in Uganda, reports of epidemics in central Africa provided little controlled or objective clinical data. Other than the case fatality rate, there were no clear differences in the features of the various filovirus infections. This compilation will be of value to medical workers responding to epidemics and to investigators attempting to develop animal models of filoviral HF. By identifying key unanswered questions and gaps in clinical data, it will help guide clinical research in future outbreaks.
Identification of AN Optimal Groundwater Management Strategy in a Contaminated Aquifer

A groundwater hydraulic management model is used to identify the optimal strategy for allocating limited fresh-water supplies and containing wastes in a hypothetical aquifer affected by brine contamination from surface disposal ponds. The present cost of pumping from a network of potential supply and interception wells is minimized over a five-year planning period, subject to a set of hydraulic, institutional, and legal constraints. Hydraulic constraints are formulated using linear systems theory to describe drawdown and velocity variables as linear functions of supply and interception well discharge decision variables. Successful validation of the optimal management strategy suggests that the model formulation can feasibly be applied to define management options for locally contaminated aquifer systems which are used to fulfill fresh-water demands.
Reduced burst speed is a cost of rapid growth in anuran tadpoles: problems of autocorrelation and inferences about growth rates

Summary 1It is becoming clear that individual growth rates are optimized to suit local conditions rather than maximized to be as fast as possible. To understand this adaptive variation in growth rates, we need to understand the costs of rapid growth. 2Recent work in teleost fish suggests that a trade-off between growth rate and critical swimming speed may be common. The current study demonstrates that the trade-off also occurs in anuran tadpoles with regard to burst speed. 3Individual growth rate and burst speed were compared in Bufo americanus and Scaphiopus hamondi, representatives of two distantly related anuran families. Path analysis showed that growth rate is negatively correlated with burst speed. Because the trade-off between growth rate and swimming speed occurs in two such distantly related anuran species as well as teleosts, it may be general for all vertebrates. 4However, identifying costs of rapid growth is complicated by the indirect effects of growth rate on body size which will also often correlate with performance factors. Distinguishing between direct effects of growth rate and indirect effects through body size is difficult because the two necessarily result in collinearity. A randomization test shows just how severe this problem can be.
Behavioral Responses of Rhagoletis cingulata (Diptera: Tephritidae) to GF-120 Insecticidal Bait Enhanced with Ammonium Acetate

GF-120 is a baited formulation of the insecticide spinosad containing 1% ammonium acetate, developed for control of economically important fruit flies. The response of feral cherry fruit flies, Rhagoletis cingulata Loew, to GF-120 augmented with 0, 5, or 10% ammonium acetate was evaluated under orchard conditions. Significantly more flies were observed within 30 cm of bait droplets with 10% ammonium acetate added compared with standard bait or to a water control. These fly visits to GF-120 enhanced with 10 or 5% ammonium acetate lasted an average of 263.2 ± 85.2 and 337.6 ± 72.6 s, respectively, compared with 50.3 ± 36.4 s for standard GF-120. Droplets containing additional ammonium acetate also were contacted by more flies, and more flies fed upon these droplets than on GF-120 or the water control. Furthermore, the duration of feeding on GF-120 bait enhanced with either level of additional ammonium acetate was significantly greater compared with standard GF-120 or water. Feeding events lasted between 61.5 ± 30.7 and 73.4 ± 21.0 s on enhanced GF-120 compared with 6.8 ± 5.7 s on standard GF-120. Collectively, these results indicate that the interaction of feral R. cingulata with GF-120 droplets and the toxicant spinosad can be increased by addition of ammonium acetate.
Should the Cell Saver Autotransfusion Device* be used routinely in all infrarenal abdominal aortic bypass operations?

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to attempt to identify a group of patients undergoing infrarenal aortic bypass in whom blood loss is consistently less than 2 units, making the routine use of autotransfusion devices unnecessary. Methods: Four groups of patients were prospectively studied as follows: abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair with tube graft ( n = 21), AAA repair with bifemoral or biiliac bypass ( n = 19), and aortobifemoral bypass (AFB) or biiliac bypass for occlusive disease either with Cell Saver Autotransfusion Device (Haemonetics Corp., Braintree, Mass.) ( n = 18) or without Cell Saver ( n = 18). The latter two groups were randomized on an alternating basis. Results: The following parameters were obtained on all patients: preoperative hemoglobin values, estimated blood loss, Cell Saver return volumes, intraoperative and postoperative homologous blood transfused, postoperative hemoglobin values on the day of surgery and on postoperative days 1 and 4, complications, and length of hospital stay. In comparing the groups undergoing AFB with Cell Saver and AFB without Cell Saver by the above parameters, we found no statistically significant differences, except for a higher hemoglobin level on postoperative day 1 in the group undergoing AFB with Cell Saver (mean 11.86 vs 10.74, p = 0.02). The estimated blood loss and Cell Saver return volumes were less for those patients undergoing AFB for occlusive disease compared with those undergoing AFB for aneurysmal disease. Interestingly, estimated blood loss and Cell Saver return volumes for patients with AAA with tube graft and patients undergoing AFB with Cell Saver were similar. Conclusions: We conclude that routine setup and use of rapid autotransfusion devices may not be necessary in every patient undergoing routine aortofemoral bypass for occlusive disease. Furthermore, the possibility that some patients may undergo AAA repair with tube grafts without use of the Cell Saver may be deserving of further investigation. (J VASC SURG 1993;18:261-5.)
Baroclinic Equilibration and the Maintenance of the Momentum Balance.Part I: A Barotropic Analog

In this two-paper series the basic dynamics concerning the equilibration of a baroclinic jet are described, using as a reference the simple Charney‐Boussinesq model. Though this problem has been studied in the past in more realistic configurations than considered here, this approach is novel. By describing the equilibration in terms of the eddy redistribution of momentum some insight is gained on the role of the momentum balance for thermal homogenization at the surface and, more generally, on why three-dimensionality is important for the equilibration of the baroclinic jet. Part I of this series introduces the basic formalism and provides a reference framework in which to understand the three-dimensional equilibration. A simple geometric constraint is derived that implies that there is a limit to the reduction of the negative potential vorticity (PV) gradient by short modes, and this constraint is shown to apply to the equilibration of the 2D problem. The maintenance of the momentum balance in the forceddissipative case is also discussed. This is very simple for the 2D problem, as there is a local balance between the eddy forcing of momentum (the PV flux) and the nonconservative forcing. This implies that, when the PV fluxes are everywhere downgradient, there must be a negative (positive) PV gradient over those regions in which the mean flow acceleration is westerly (easterly).
Surveillance for Neuraminidase Inhibitor Resistance among Human Influenza A and B Viruses Circulating Worldwide from 2004 to 2008

The surveillance of seasonal influenza virus susceptibility to neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors was conducted using an NA inhibition assay. The 50% inhibitory concentration values (IC 50 s) of 4,570 viruses collected globally from October 2004 to March 2008 were determined. Based on mean IC 50 s, A(H3N2) viruses (0.44 nM) were more sensitive to oseltamivir than A(H1N1) viruses (0.91 nM). The opposite trend was observed with zanamivir: 1.06 nM for A(H1N1) and 2.54 nM for A(H3N2). Influenza B viruses exhibited the least susceptibility to oseltamivir (3.42 nM) and to zanamivir (3.87 nM). To identify potentially resistant viruses (outliers), a threshold of a mean IC 50 value + 3 standard deviations was defined for type/subtype and drug. Sequence analysis of outliers was performed to identify NA changes that might be associated with reduced susceptibility. Molecular markers of oseltamivir resistance were found in six A(H1N1) viruses (H274Y) and one A(H3N2) virus (E119V) collected between 2004 and 2007. Some outliers contained previously reported mutations (e.g., I222T in the B viruses), while other mutations [e.g., R371K and H274Y in B viruses and H274N in A(H3N2) viruses) were novel. The R371K B virus outlier exhibited high levels of resistance to both inhibitors (>100 nM). A substantial variance at residue D151 was observed among A(H3N2) zanamivir-resistant outliers. The clinical relevance of newly identified NA mutations is unknown. A rise in the incidence of oseltamivir resistance in A(H1N1) viruses carrying the H274Y mutation was detected in the United States and in other countries in the ongoing 2007 to 2008 season. As of March 2008, the frequency of resistance among A(H1N1) viruses in the United States was 8.6% (50/579 isolates). The recent increase in oseltamivir resistance among A(H1N1) viruses isolated from untreated patients raises public health concerns and necessitates close monitoring of resistance to NA inhibitors.
Integrative gene network construction for predicting a set of complementary prostate cancer genes

Motivation: Diagnosis and prognosis of cancer and understanding oncogenesis within the context of biological pathways is one of the most important research areas in bioinformatics. Recently, there have been several attempts to integrate interactome and transcriptome data to identify subnetworks that provide limited interpretations of known and candidate cancer genes, as well as increase classification accuracy. However, these studies provide little information about the detailed roles of identified cancer genes. Results: To provide more information to the network, we constructed the network by incorporating genetic interactions and manually curated gene regulations to the protein interaction network. To make our newly constructed network cancer specific, we identified edges where two genes show different expression patterns between cancer and normal phenotypes. We showed that the integration of various datasets increased classification accuracy, which suggests that our network is more complete than a network based solely on protein interactions. We also showed that our network contains significantly more known cancer-related genes than other feature selection algorithms. Through observations of some examples of cancer-specific subnetworks, we were able to predict more detailed and interpretable roles of oncogenes and other cancer candidate genes in the prostate cancer cells. Availability: http://embio.yonsei.ac.kr/~Ahn/tc.php. Contact: sanghyun@cs.yonsei.ac.kr Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Pseudomonas fluorescens isolated from bulk tank milk.

Abstract Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates (n=55) isolated from farm bulk tank milk (n=55) from dairy herds in eastern South Dakota and western Minnesota were examined for phenotypic (biotype, proteolytic, and lipolytic profiles) and genotypic (plasmid profiles and 16S-23S PCR ribotypes) characteristics. The observed phenotypic and genotypic characteristics were used to conduct phylogenetic analysis. Pseudomonas fluorescens belonged to 28 API 20 NE biotypes and 14 proteolytic and lipolytic profiles. It was observed that 80, 91, and 58% of the isolates were proteolytic at 7, 22, and 32°C, respectively. Only 7, 44, and 7% of the isolates were lipolytic at the same three temperatures. Pseudomonas fluorescens was more likely to produce proteinases at 7 and 22°C and lipases at 22°C. Only 9 of 55 isolates of P. fluorescens harbored plasmids. This small percentage of plasmid-bearing isolates provided insufficient data for inferences related to the distribution of plasmid-bearing clonal types. Based on 16S-23S PCR ribo-typing, P. fluorescens belonged to 14 subtypes. The 16S-23S PCR ribotyping technique allowed differentiation between strains; however, it did not concur with the biotypes and proteolytic and lipolytic profiles. Use of biotypes in conjunction with proteolytic and lipolytic profiles might have practical value for conducting trace-back studies related to P. fluorescens . Based on phylogenetic analysis, it was inferred that for the given geographical area and time period, P. fluorescens isolated from farm bulk tank milk consists of a large heterogeneous group of organisms.
Increased Acid Stability of the Hemagglutinin Protein Enhances H5N1 Influenza Virus Growth in the Upper Respiratory Tract but Is Insufficient for Transmission in Ferrets

Influenza virus entry is mediated by the acidic-pH-induced activation of hemagglutinin (HA) protein. Here, we investigated how a decrease in the HA activation pH (an increase in acid stability) influences the properties of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus in mammalian hosts. We generated isogenic A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (H5N1) (VN1203) viruses containing either wild-type HA protein (activation pH 6.0) or an HA2-K58I point mutation (K to I at position 58) (activation pH 5.5). The VN1203-HA2-K58I virus had replication kinetics similar to those of wild-type VN1203 in MDCK and normal human bronchial epithelial cells and yet had reduced growth in human alveolar A549 cells, which were found to have a higher endosomal pH than MDCK cells. Wild-type and HA2-K58I viruses promoted similar levels of morbidity and mortality in C57BL/6J mice and ferrets, and neither virus transmitted efficiently to naive contact cage-mate ferrets. The acid-stabilizing HA2-K58I mutation, which diminishes H5N1 replication and transmission in ducks, increased the virus load in the ferret nasal cavity early during infection while simultaneously reducing the virus load in the lungs. Overall, a single, acid-stabilizing mutation was found to enhance the growth of an H5N1 influenza virus in the mammalian upper respiratory tract, and yet it was insufficient to enable contact transmission in ferrets in the absence of additional mutations that confer α(2,6) receptor binding specificity and remove a critical N-linked glycosylation site. The information provided here on the contribution of HA acid stability to H5N1 influenza virus fitness and transmissibility in mammals in the background of a non-laboratory-adapted virus provides essential information for the surveillance and assessment of the pandemic potential of currently circulating H5N1 viruses.
The effect of diphenylhydantoin on atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction in man

Abstract The effects of DPH on atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction were studied in 13 patients using an electrode catheter technique for recording His bundle activity. DPH was found to enhance A-V conduction (i.e., shorten the P-H interval) over various paced heart rates. DPH did not prolong I-V conduction as measured by the H-Q interval.
Changes in Visual Receptive Fields with Microstimulation of Frontal Cortex

The influence of attention on visual cortical neurons has been described in terms of its effect on the structure of receptive fields (RFs), where multiple stimuli compete to drive neural responses and ultimately behavior. We stimulated the frontal eye field (FEF) of passively fixating monkeys and produced changes in V4 responses similar to known effects of voluntary attention. Subthreshold FEF stimulation enhanced visual responses at particular locations within the RF and altered the interaction between pairs of RF stimuli to favor those aligned with the activated FEF site. Thus, we could influence which stimulus drove the responses of individual V4 neurons. These results suggest that spatial signals involved in saccade preparation are used to covertly select among multiple stimuli appearing within the RFs of visual cortical neurons.
Stereocontrolled [3 + 2] annulations with arene chromium tricarbonyl complexes: construction of spirocyclic compounds related to fredericamycin A.

An efficient method has been developed for the stereocontrolled construction of polycyclic and spirocyclic compounds, including the spirocyclic core of the antitumor agent fredericamycin A. The strategy involves a one-pot aldol addition/Brook rearrangement/cyclization sequence beginning from arene chromium tricarbonyl complexes and can formally be described as a [3 + 2] annulation.
Regulatory control or oxidative damage? Proteomic approaches to interrogate the role of cysteine oxidation status in biological processes

Oxidation is a double-edged sword for cellular processes and its role in normal physiology, cancer and aging remains only partially understood. Although oxidative stress may disrupt biological function, oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions in a cell are often tightly regulated and play essential physiological roles. Cysteines lie at the interface between these extremes since the chemical properties that make specific thiols exquisitely redox-sensitive also predispose them to oxidative damage by reactive oxygen or nitrogen species during stress. Thus, these modifications can be either under reversible redox regulatory control or, alternatively, a result of reversible or irreversible oxidative damage. In either case, it has become increasingly important to assess the redox status of protein thiols since these modifications often impact such processes as catalytic activity, conformational alterations, or metal binding. To better understand the redox changes that accompany protein cysteine residues in complex biological systems, new experimental approaches have been developed to identify and characterize specific thiol modifications and/or changes in their overall redox status. In this review, we describe the recent technologies in redox proteomics that have pushed the boundaries for detecting and quantifying redox cysteine modifications in a cellular context. While there is no one-size-fits-all analytical solution, we highlight the rationale, strengths, and limitations of each technology in order to effectively apply them to specific biological questions. Several technological limitations still remain unsolved, however these approaches and future developments play an important role toward understanding the interplay between oxidative stress and redox signaling in health and disease.
Fast and automated generation of attack signatures: a basis for building self-protecting servers

Large-scale attacks, such as those launched by worms and zombie farms, pose a serious threat to our network-centric society. Existing approaches such as software patches are simply unable to cope with the volume and speed with which new vulnerabilities are being discovered. In this paper, we develop a new approach that can provide effective protection against a vast majority of these attacks that exploit memory errors in C/C++ programs. Our approach, called COVERS, uses a forensic analysis of a victim server's memory to correlate attacks to inputs received over the network, and automatically develop a signature that characterizes inputs that carry attacks. The signatures tend to capture characteristics of the underlying vulnerability (e.g., a message field being too long) rather than the characteristics of an attack, which makes them effective against variants of attacks. Our approach introduces low overheads (under 10%), does not require access to source code of the protected server, and has successfully generated signatures for the attacks studied in our experiments, without producing false positives. Since the signatures are generated in tens of milliseconds, they can potentially be distributed quickly over the Internet to filter out (and thus stop) fast-spreading worms. Another interesting aspect of our approach is that it can defeat guessing attacks reported against address-space randomization and instruction set randomization techniques. Finally, it increases the capacity of servers to withstand repeated attacks by a factor of 10 or more.
Use of belowground growing degree days to predict rooting of dormant hardwood cuttings of Populus

Planting Populus cuttings based on calendar days neglects soil temperature extremes and does not promote rooting based on specific genotypes. Our objectives were to: 1) test the biological efficacy of a thermal index based on belowground growing degree days (GDD) across the growing period, 2) test for interactions between belowground GDD and clones, and 3) identify beneficial planting windows based on combinations of genotypes and belowground GDD. We tested two clones of Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh (D133, D134) and four hybrid clones of P. deltoides x P. maxi mowiczii A. Henry (DM101, DM105, NC14105, NC14107). Cuttings, 20 cm long, were planted in randomized complete blocks at 15- x 15-cm spacing across three planting dates during 1999 at Alexandria, Minnesota, USA (45.9°N, 95.4°W) and Fertile, Minnesota, USA (47.3°N, 96.2°W). Temperatures at 20 cm belowground were converted to GDD with a base temperature of 10°C. We measured root, top, and total dry weight, along with number of roots after 14 d of growth. Relatively warmer and cooler soil temperatures promoted rooting for the cottonwoods and hybrids, respectively. We recommend planting after reaching a threshold of 163 belowground GDD for P. deltoides clones and planting before reaching a threshold of 173 belowground GDD for P. deltoides x P. maximowiczii clones.
A Systematic Review of COPC: Evidence for Effectiveness

Purpose . This systematic review was conducted to assess the evidence for effec - tiveness of the community oriented primary care (COPC) model and discuss alternative approaches to community medicine practice and education. Methods . A literature search for all articles referring to COPC was conducted. Articles were categorized by type, and the extent of the use of elements of the COPC model, and the level of community involvement. Results . The majority of articles on COPC (60% of those reviewed) describe the general theory or educational use of the methodology. Many published studies are project descrip- tions not utilizing the complete model as initially described. Few of project descriptions include all elements of COPC or document community participation. Evidence for or against the effectiveness of the COPC model in improving community health outcomes (using the Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT) classification system as evidence) was found to be limited. Conclusions . Most publications related to COPC do not use the complete COPC model as originally described and evidence for its effectiveness is lacking. Further research with evaluation of community health outcomes and community participation is needed. Diverse models of community health intervention can be considered for training and collaborative practice with underserved populations.
Integration of transient strain events with models of plate coupling and areas of great earthquakes in southwest Japan

We model the crustal deformation caused by two long-term subduction slip transients in southwest Japan, which we refer to as the 2000–2004 Tokai and the 2002–2004 Bungo Channel slow slip events (SSEs). We use re-analysed GEONET position time-series, and a Kalman filter based network inversion method to image the spatiotemporal slip variation of the two events on the plate interface during the period of 1998–2004.67 and 2000–2005. Both events are found to have complex slip histories with multiple subevents. In addition to a newly identified slip subevent in 2002–2003, we find that the major event in the Bungo Channel SSE initiated in early 2003 beneath the northeastern corner of the region and expanded southwestward, in contrast to the slip characteristics suggested by other studies. The re-analysed GPS data in the Tokai region shows a renewed slip activity for the Tokai SSE in early 2003–2004 at a similar location as in the period of 2001–2002. The equivalent M_w for both the Tokai and Bungo Channel SSEs are about 7.0. Our results show that the Tokai SSE appears to start before the Miyaki-Kozu seismovolcanic event. Integrating plate coupling and SSEs shows that the transient slip zones are located in a region between the locked zones and the epicentres of the low frequency earthquakes (LFEs). At least part of the interseismic slip deficit is released by episodic SSEs beneath the Bungo Channel region. We find excellent temporal correspondence between transient slip and adjacent LFEs for both SSE, suggesting that they are closely related and possibly reflect that long-term slow slip may modulate the occurrence of LFEs.
Natural Actor-Critic

In this paper, we suggest a novel reinforcement learning architecture, the Natural Actor-Critic. The actor updates are achieved using stochastic policy gradients employing Amari's natural gradient approach, while the critic obtains both the natural policy gradient and additional parameters of a value function simultaneously by linear regression. We show that actor improvements with natural policy gradients are particularly appealing as these are independent of coordinate frame of the chosen policy representation, and can be estimated more efficiently than regular policy gradients. The critic makes use of a special basis function parameterization motivated by the policy-gradient compatible function approximation. We show that several well-known reinforcement learning methods such as the original Actor-Critic and Bradtke's Linear Quadratic Q-Learning are in fact Natural Actor-Critic algorithms. Empirical evaluations illustrate the effectiveness of our techniques in comparison to previous methods, and also demonstrate their applicability for learning control on an anthropomorphic robot arm.
Spirituality in Medicine: A Surgeon's Perspective

Technological advances over the past 50 years have contributed to change the focus of medicine from a caring, nurturing model to a technological, evidence-based, result-oriented model. Lost in this "Brave New World" of technology is the role of human spirituality. Just how ones' own faith and/or spiritual well-being affects ones' own health has only recently regained the attention of the medical community. Whether faith and spirituality, as independent factors, affect measurable outcomes in healthcare is certainly a difficult task to prove (or disprove, for that matter). This is especially true in the surgical specialties, where successes and failures are usually readily quite apparent.
The Human Rights of Indigenous Peoples, in Light of the New Declaration, and the Challenge of Making Them Operative: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of Indigenous People

The present report is submitted in accordance with Human Rights Council resolution 6/12, and is the first report of Professor S. James Anaya in his capacity as Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous people. The resolution requires the Special Rapporteur, inter alia, to promote the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and other international instruments relevant to the advancement of the rights of indigenous peoples. On this basis, the Special Rapporteur provides an analysis of the Declaration, in the context of other international instruments specifically regarding indigenous peoples and human rights instruments of general applicability. Reflecting the common international body of opinion regarding the rights of indigenous peoples, the Declaration elaborates on general human standards as they apply to the specific context of indigenous peoples, with a particular emphasis on the remedial measures required to address the historical and contemporary denial of their rights. The last section of the report analyses the different measures required to implement and make operative the rights affirmed in the Declaration, a process which involves a joint effort by States, the United Nations system, indigenous peoples and relevant civil society actors.
Does the level of economic development and the market size of immigrants' country of birth matter for their engagement in entrepreneurial activities in the USA? Evidence from the Princeton's New Immigrant Surveys of 2003 and 2007

In order to examine the impacts of economic status and market size of immigrants’ country of birth on their propensity to become entrepreneurs in the USA, we estimate a gravity model that involves immigrants’ decisions to pursue entrepreneurship in the USA by employing data from the Princeton's New Immigrant Surveys of 2003 and 2007. Our results show that immigrants coming from economically advanced countries are more likely to be engaged in entrepreneurial activities in the USA, not only at the beginning stage of their arrival, but also after spending some time (4 years) in the USA However, we find that the market size of immigrants’ country of origin, as measured by population size does not have any significant effect on their decision to be self-employed in the USA. In addition, we report a positive relationship between immigrants’ commitment to work and their likelihood of pursuing entrepreneurship in the USA. Furthermore, we find a U-shaped relationship between immigrants’ working experience as self-...
Mucosal T-Cell Function

Lymphocytes in the intestinal lamina propria probably differ from lymphocyte populations in the circulation or in other tissue sites in a number of ways. First, lamina propria lymphocytes are phenotypically distinct in that few of these cells normally express the Leu-8 or CD45RA antigens. The presence of these molecules on CD4 T cells correlates with suppressor and suppressor-inducer function, and therefore the majority of CD4 T cells in the intestinal lamina propria have the phenotype associated with high helper activity. A substantial proportion of lamina propria lymphocytes also have evidence of activation, based on expression of the IL-2R alpha chain and HLA-DR molecules. Lymphocytes in the intestinal lamina propria are different in their potential for expression of lymphokine gene products, because activated cells from the lamina propria have high expression of mRNA for IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, and IFN-gamma in comparison to circulating lymphocytes. Mesenteric lymph node T cells also differ from circulating lymphocytes in their high expression of IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA. A further difference between mesenteric lymph node and lamina propria T cells is that the former can proliferate in response to IL-4, whereas the latter cannot. These phenotypic and mRNA differences of lamina propria lymphocytes also correlate well with their high helper activity in vitro for immunoglobulin synthesis in the pokeweed mitogen system. T cells with the potential for cytolytic activity are present in the intestinal lamina propria, although there is no definitive evidence that they are cytolytically active under physiologic or pathologic conditions. Finally, in a model system of intestinal inflammation, lymphogranuloma venereum in nonhuman primates, lamina propria T cells at the site of inflammation were unable to respond to specific antigens with proliferation but did respond with high helper activity. These observations are all consistent with the conclusion that T cells in the lamina propria are pleomorphic but are highly enriched for subpopulations of activated memory cells that are geared for effector functions such as helper and cytolytic functions. These functions are likely to be critical in maintaining normal host defense in the mucosal environment.
Interpretation of research data: other multivariate methods

Four techniques of multivariate data analysis are described: discriminant analysis, factor analysis, cluster analysis, and multidimensional scaling. Objectives and applications, data requirements, mechanism of operation, methods of evaluation, and advantages and disadvantages of each method are covered. Multivariate methods are not substitutes for the researcher's use of proper study design. Investigators should try to avoid using a favorite or familiar technique across all research situations.
An environmental perspective on the water management policies of the Upper Delaware River Basin

Since 1954, the Delaware River has been managed under the framework of a Supreme Court decree and the subsequent concomitant intergovernmental collaboration between New York State, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, New York City (NYC) and the US federal government. Taking an environmental perspective, we review the evolution of water release policies for three NYC reservoirs from the issuance of the 1954 decree through the implementation of the Flexible Flow Management Program (FFMP) of 2007–2015 and examine the policies9 impact on the upper Delaware River. We describe governmental and institutional constraints on the development of Delaware water policy and show how modifications of release policies have enhanced aquatic habitat and ecological health in the upper Delaware while reliably delivering water to NYC and the Delaware9s other principal stakeholders. We describe the development of the FFMP in 2006, its subsequent modification, and its augmentation by NYC9s Operations Support Tool in 2012. Finally, we discuss the negative ecological consequences of the 2010–2016 stalemate on Delaware water policy resulting from conflicts between the decree parties about current and future water rights, and how the stalemate derives partially from the decision structure imposed by the 1954 decree and the Good Faith Agreement of 1983.
Second-wave white teacher identity studies: toward complexity and reflexivity in the racial conscientization of white teachers

AbstractIn this article, we introduce our special issue, ‘Second-Wave White Teacher Identity Studies: Toward Complexity and Reflexivity in the Racial Conscientization of White Teachers.’ We characterize white teacher identity studies as a developing field with important implications for education research and teacher education. Early work in this field focused on documenting, how white teachers denied and evaded the significance of race and white privilege in their work and lives. The articles in this special issue exemplify a second wave of white teacher identity studies which builds on and responds critically to this earlier work. Crucial concerns of this second-wave work include attending to the nuances and complexities of white racial identities, as well as examining the pedagogical, curricular, and institutional contexts within which these identities are taken up.
A Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act Census: Examining the Status and Trends of Culturally Affiliating Native American Human Remains and Associated Funerary Objects between 1990 and 1999

The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) is human rights legislation that regulates the treatment and control of Native American human remains and certain cultural items. While NAGPRA and its implementing regulations require a host of duties and obligations, the Act essentially has two overarching but independent objectives: 1) the repatriation of culturally affiliated Native American human remains, funerary objects, sacred objects, and objects of cultural patrimony to Indian tribes and Native Hawaiian organizations that federal agencies and museums held in their collections prior to the law’s November 16, 1990 enactment; and 2) the in-situ protection of these cultural items on federal and tribal lands, and when excavated or removed after NAGPRA’s enactment their disposition to Indian tribes and Native Hawaiian organizations. This article examines the implementation of NAGPRA’s “repatriation objective” by analyzing federal agency and museum decisions to culturally affiliate human remains and funerary objects between 1990-1999. In addition to providing nationwide statistics, this initial investigation illuminates the mechanics of NAGPRA repatriation, identifies patterns in the cultural affiliation process, notes differences in how federal agencies and museums implement the Act, and highlights trends in the cultural affiliation record.
Kingdon's “Streams” Model at Thirty: Still Relevant in the 21st Century?

John Kingdon's multiple-streams model, developed to explain the policy formulation process, is often cited in the policy literature, and remains a staple of policy courses. In spite of critiques suggesting Kingdon's work is theoretically shaky and difficult to observe empirically, the work seems to retain a prominent place in the policy literature, garnering hundreds of citations since its publication. This article provides a review of the literature employing Kingdon's work, from 1984 to the present. The results show that the model has been used across all inhabited continents but suggest a decline in the use of the model in the U.S. scholarly literature. Other theories are liberally used in conjunction with Kingdon's model. The study provides an update on recent trends in the model's use and offers guidelines for interested researchers about topics that are considered as a productive endeavor, going forward. Related Articles Knutsen, Wenjue Lu. 2012. “An Institutional Account of China's HIV/AIDS Policy Process from 1985 to 2010.” Politics & Policy 40 (1): 161-192. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2011.00339.x/abstract Weiner, Terry. 2007. “Touching the Third Rail: Explaining the Failure of Bush's Social Security Initiative.” Politics & Policy 35 (4): 872-897. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2007.00087.x/abstract David, Charles-Philippe. 2015. “Policy Entrepreneurs and the Reorientation of National Security Policy under the G. W. Bush Administration (2001-04).” Politics & Policy 43 (1): 163-195. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12106/abstract Related Media Kingdon, John W. https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/John_W._Kingdon Dow, Katheryn. 2013. “Kingdon's 3 Streams.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s-wIyS-hFNI Urban Policy Lab Konstanz. 2015. “Multiple Streams Approach: An Introduction.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JUlvyBVoJiI
Adrenomyeloneuropathy Causing Spastic Paresis

Adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) is a variant of adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), both of which are rare inherited disorders of perixosomes characterized by the accumulation of very long chain fatty acids in plasma, the central and peripheral nervous systems, adrenal glands, and testes, which leads to dysfunction of these organs and systems.
Optimal Stopping with General Risk Preferences

We characterize in terms of primitives on risk preferences the stopping and the continuation regions of optimal stopping problems, where an agent without commitment decides when to stop a diffusion. We consider separately the case of a naive agent who is unaware of the possible time inconsistency and the case of a sophisticated agent who is fully aware of a possible time inconsistency in her behavior. Among other things, we apply the general results to fully characterize the extreme cases of never stopping for the naive and never starting for the sophisticate across an extensive range of non-expected risk preference models.
La piel en espera: el porvenir del cuerpo de Severo Sarduy

Este articulo se propone una primera lectura del archivo familiar de Severo Sarduy. Adquirido por la Universidad de Princeton a finales de 2014, el archivo cuenta con un aproximado de 1000 cartas dirigidas a su familia desde 1959, ano en el que el escritor sale de Cuba. A partir de lo que leo como un espectaculo somatico, en el que Sarduy narra los cambios que su cuerpo experimenta en el extranjero y en el que tanto la fotografia como los objetos que envia a su familia juegan un papel decisivo, me propongo entender esta correspondencia y sus protesis como un primer ensayo del cuerpo. Sarduy necesita de una mudanza material para entonces atravesar los limites corporales, nacionales y heteronormativos pero tambien para traspasar los propios limites de la vida. El porvenir del cuerpo cobra sentido en una tautologia material capaz de trascender la temporalidad de la maquinaria biologica. Planteo, entonces, leer el archivo como piel en espera de un lector que active su membrana material.
Unintended Consequences of EHR Systems: A Narrative Review:

Healthcare is at a different place than it once was, over the past few decades, there has been an accelerated revolution with information technology (IT) and how it is used. Electronic Health Recor...
A New Species of Oreophryne (Anura: Microhylidae) from the Mountains of Southeastern Papua New Guinea

Abstract: I describe a new frog of the microhylid genus Oreophryne from the mountains of southeastern Papua New Guinea that is unique in its combination of having a ligamentous connection between the procoracoid and scapula, webbing that reaches to the middle or distal to the penultimate tubercle of the fifth toe, fifth and third toes subequal in length, largely unpatterned dark-brown dorsum, and an advertisement call consisting of rapidly delivered unpulsed notes that sounds to the human ear like a rattle. The new species is known from the uplands of Cape Nelson and from the nearby Mt. Dayman/Mt. Suckling massif. Although its total range is relatively small, it inhabits remote high-quality rainforests that are largely undisturbed by humans at this time, although rapid climate change could pose a future threat to the species. Sixteen endemic Oreophryne species are now reported from Milne Bay Province.
Lay Patient Navigators' Perspectives of Barriers, Facilitators and Training Needs in Initiating Advance Care Planning Conversations With Older Patients With Cancer.

Context:Respecting Choices is an evidence-based model of facilitating advance care planning (ACP) conversations between health-care professionals and patients. However, the effectiveness of whether...
Worsening Dual-Task Gait Costs after Concussion and their Association with Subsequent Sport-Related Injury.

Abstract Prior studies suggest that concussion may lead to an increased risk of a subsequent time-loss sport-related injury, but the mechanisms responsible are unknown. We measured the symptom and ...
Evidence for generative homology of cerebellum and cerebellum‐like structures in an elasmobranch fish based on Pax6, Cbln1 and Grid2 expression

The majority of neurons in the mammalian brain reside within the cerebellum (Cb). Yet, the evolutionary origins of the Cb are not well understood. There are several sensory nuclei present across vertebrate phylogeny collectively termed cerebellum-like structures (CbLS) due to a shared anatomy and physiology with the Cb. Despite the similarities, the CbLS are clearly not phylogenetically homologous with the Cb. Common structure and function may arise due to a shared genetic and developmental toolkit. To examine this possibility, we used sequence analysis, western blotting, immunohistochemistry and RT-qPCR to test for the expression of three genes that are critical for mammalian cerebellar development in the Cb and CbLS of an elasmobranch fish, Leucoraja erinacea. In the mammalian Cb, Pax6 is necessary for parallel fiber development, while Cbln1 and Grid2 code for proteins necessary for parallel fiber-principal cell synaptogenesis. Pax6 and Cbln1 are expressed by granule cells in the Cb and CbLS of the adult skate and stage 31 embryo. Grid2 is expressed by principal cells in the Cb and CbLS of the adult and stage 31 embryo. RT-qPCR showed this expression is spatially and temporally restricted to the Cb and CbLS. If Pax6, Cbln1 and Grid2 perform the same functions in the skate Cb and CbLS as they do in the mammalian Cb, then these structures may develop using a shared genetic toolkit and be considered generatively homologous. It is possible that the evolutionary genesis of the Cb was the result of duplication or expansion of the cerebellum-like developmental toolkit.