cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inducing Greater Transparency: Towards the Establishment of Ethical Rules for Econometrics

An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 2003 Joint Statistical Meetings and the George Mason Summer Institute for the Preservation of the History of Economics in Economics. We have benefitted from the comments of William Seltzer and Margo Anderson and, especially, this journal's referee. The paper began with a conversation between Levy and Paul David at the Economics of Science Conference at Notre Dame in April 1997 and was greatly stimulated by Perci Diaconis's as yet unpublished 1998 IMS Lecture. Preliminary versions were presented at the George Washington University Economics Seminar, the 1999 Canadian Law and Economics Association meetings, the George Mason Statistics Department Seminar, and the University of Alberta Econometrics Seminar. We have benefitted from comments from James Buchanan, Adolf Buse, Roger Congleton, Tyler Cowen, Mark Crain, Don Gantz, Jim Gentle, Bruce Kobayashi, David Meiselman, John Miller, David Ribar, Robert Tollison, and other participants. The command files to replicate the Monte Carlo study are available upon request.
Role of mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiac glycoside toxicity

Cardiac glycosides, which inhibit the plasma membrane Na(+) pump, are one of the four categories of drug recommended for routine use to treat heart failure, yet their therapeutic window is limited by toxic effects. Elevated cytoplasmic Na(+) ([Na(+)](i)) compromises mitochondrial energetics and redox balance by blunting mitochondrial Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](m)) accumulation, and this impairment can be prevented by enhancing [Ca(2+)](m). Here, we investigate whether this effect underlies the toxicity and arrhythmogenic effects of cardiac glycosides and if these effects can be prevented by suppressing mitochondrial Ca(2+) efflux, via inhibition of the mitochondrial Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger (mNCE). In isolated cardiomyocytes, ouabain elevated [Na(+)](i) in a dose-dependent way, blunted [Ca(2+)](m) accumulation, decreased the NADH/NAD+redox potential, and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS). Concomitant treatment with the mNCE inhibitor CGP-37157 ameliorated these effects. CGP-37157 also attenuated ouabain-induced cellular Ca(2+) overload and prevented delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs). In isolated perfused hearts, ouabain's positive effects on contractility and respiration were markedly potentiated by CGP-37157, as were those mediated by β-adrenergic stimulation. Furthermore, CGP-37157 inhibited the arrhythmogenic effects of ouabain in both isolated perfused hearts and in vivo. The findings reveal the mechanism behind cardiac glycoside toxicity and show that improving mitochondrial Ca(2+) retention by mNCE inhibition can mitigate these effects, particularly with respect to the suppression of Ca(2+)-triggered arrhythmias, while enhancing positive inotropic actions. These results suggest a novel strategy for the treatment of heart failure.
Complementary Spectroscopic Assays for Investigating Protein−Ligand Binding Activity:: A Project for the Advanced Chemistry Laboratory

A protein−ligand binding, guided-inquiry laboratory project with potential application across the advanced undergraduate curriculum is described. At the heart of the project are fluorescence and spectrophotometric assays utilizing biotin-4-fluorescein and streptavidin. The use of the same stock solutions for an assay that may be examined by two distinct spectroscopic techniques offers an opportunity to discuss not only protein−ligand binding but also to compare instrumental techniques and to discuss the underlying physical principles that are the origins of the assays. In addition to critically evaluating analytical techniques, students are pushed to develop quantitative pipetting, estimation, and experimental-design skills to collect and analyze their data.
Alcohol use and tobacco abstinence among adolescents in cessation treatment: preliminary findings.

Abstract Although adult alcohol use is negatively associated with tobacco cessation, this relationship has not been reported for adolescents. We assessed the relationship between alcohol use and point prevalence abstinence from smoking in a sample of tobacco-dependent adolescents undergoing cessation treatment. Alcohol use both at baseline and) during tobacco cessation treatment was examined as predicting smoking abstinence in 101 adolescents (age = 15.1 years, S.D. = 1.31 years; age at first cigarette = 11.3 years, S.D. = 1.93 years; age at first drink = 12.01 years, S.D. = 2.87 years) attending a total of 642 treatment visits. Mixed regression analysis showed that participants who reported alcohol use during tobacco cessation treatment were significantly less likely to abstain from tobacco smoking (OR = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.23–0.78, t = − 2.78, df = 540, p = 0.0057). However, pre-enrollment alcohol use was not significantly associated with either short- or long-term tobacco abstinence. If confirmed in a larger group of adolescents, our findings suggest that youths attempting to quit smoking should abstain from alcohol.
Early interaction between perceptual load and involuntary attention: an event-related potential study

Whether selective attention affects C1, the first (earliest) visual cortical component of the event-related potential (ERP), remains controversial. We used a cued, involuntary attention task requiring discrimination of targets under low and high levels of perceptual load to examine early attentional modulation in visual cortex. Potential confounds due to physical stimulus differences between load conditions and cue-target sensory interaction were minimized. An interaction between perceptual load and involuntary attention was observed for the P1m component (peak latency between 100 and 140 ms). Furthermore, the parieto-central C1 component (peak latency 80 ms) was modulated by attention, but only under the high-load condition. Thus, whereas attention typically modulates the later P1 component, attentional modulation of C1 is possible under optimal conditions. Specifically, a high perceptual load is necessary for eliciting this earliest attentional effect on cortical processing.
Whole CNS radiotherapy – a modification of the lower spinal field to reduce organ doses in the abdominal cavity

Summary Introduction A modification of the lower spinal field in the whole CNS irradiation technique was introduced at the Radiotherapy Department, University Children's Hospital of Krakow. We developed a modification of the standard technique since we were not able to use high-energy electron beams wanted to obtain maximum protection of healthy tissues in the irradiated children. Materials and methods 7 patients (2 girls and 5 boys) have been subjected to radiation treatment by a modified technique since 2002. The changes involved rotation of the gantry and the table column in the lower spinal field. Results A more homogenous dose distribution in the spinal canal volume (in the area of the spinal field junction) was achieved. The maximum liver dose was reduced by 5 Gy. The total maximum and mean ovarian doses however increased by 0.6 Gy and 0.4 Gy, respectively. The mean dose to the intestines increased by 2 Gy, which was due to the larger volume of the organ covered by the radiation field in the modified technique. The doses to other organs were similar in both techniques. Conclusions The modified technique made it possible to decrease the dose delivered to the liver and to achieve homogenous dose distribution in the spinal canal volume. This modification, however led to an increase in the mean dose to the intestines by 2 Gy and the total maximum and mean ovarian doses by 0.6 Gy and 0.4 Gy, respectively. Therefore the modified technique is recommended for boys rather than girls.
EFFECTS OF INJECTED AND DIETARY ARGININE ON PLASMA INSULIN LEVELS AND GROWTH OF PACIFIC SALMON AND RAINBOW TROUT

1. 1. Amino acids (arginine, alanine and lysine) injected intraperitoneally 6.6 μmol/g body weight elevate, while histidine decreases plasma circulating levels of insulin in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). 2. 2. Insulinotropic action of arginine (0.03–6.6 μmol/g body weight) can be observed at 0.5–5.0 hr after injection. The effect of arginine is dependent on the season being more prolonged in winter when water temperature is low. 3. 3. Insulinotropic action of arginine seems to be direct rather than through stimulation of glucagon or glucagon-like peptide secretion. 4. 4. Feeding coho salmon, Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) and rainbow trout (O. mykiss) diets supplemented with arginine caused elevation of plasma insulin levels. Arginine supplemented diets (20–30 g/kg dry diet over the content of regular diet) had a short-lasting stimulatory effect on fish growth, an effect which could be detected only in fingerlings.
Sustained Wnt protein expression in chondral constructs from mesenchymal stem cells.

Wnt genes encode a number of secreted glycoproteins which are closely associated with the cell surface and the extracellular matrix. Recently, members of Wnt family have been implicated in regulating chondrocyte differentiation, but their roles in the chondrogenic process are not fully understood. To contribute to an understanding of the roles of Wnts during chondrogenesis, we have analysed the spatiotemporal expression patterns of Wnt using in vitro models for chondrogenesis of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). In chondrogenic aggregate culture system, RT-PCR analysis revealed expression of Wnt5a and Wnt4 during late chondrogenesis (days 10 and 15). Immunohistochemical analysis showed widespread distribution of Wnt5a and Wnt4 throughout the aggregates at this late phase of culture (days 14 and 21). In addition, in this aggregate culture system, immunohistochemical staining of Wnt4 and Wnt5a showed similar spatiotemporal expression patterns to that of type II collagen or type X collagen. To confirm the results obtained by immunostaining, the specificity of the anti-Wnt4 or anti-Wnt5a antibody was assessed by Western blot analysis. Of Wnt4 and Wnt5a, only Wnt5a was immunodetectable by Western blot analysis. Western blot analysis showed that Wnt5a was expressed as two different molecular weight forms of 40 and 44 kDa. Treatment with PNGase F, which removes N-linked oligosaccharides, revealed that the mass difference between these two forms could be accounted for by the N-glycosylation status of the protein. When hMSCs were seeded on a porous gelatin sponge, immunolocalization studies showed that type II collagen and type X collagen were detected particularly at the periphery at day 7 of culture. In contrast, Wnt4 and Wnt5a showed even distribution throughout the hMSC/gelatin sponge constructs. Their different spatial expression patterns suggest that Wnt4 and Wnt5a proteins are not functionally linked to type II collagen and type X collagen synthesis in in vitro chondrogenic models of hMSCs. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
GLADE: a scalable framework for efficient analytics

In this paper we introduce GLADE, a scalable distributed framework for large scale data analytics. GLADE consists of a simple user-interface to define Generalized Linear Aggregates (GLA), the fundamental abstraction at the core of GLADE, and a distributed runtime environment that executes GLAs by using parallelism extensively.GLAs are derived from User-Defined Aggregates (UDA), a relational database extension that allows the user to add specialized aggregates to be executed inside the query processor. GLAs extend the UDA interface with methods to Serialize/Deserialize the state of the aggregate required for distributed computation. As a significant departure from UDAs which can be invoked only through SQL, GLAs give the user direct access to the state of the aggregate, thus allowing for the computation of significantly more complex aggregate functions.GLADE runtime is an execution engine optimized for the GLA computation. The runtime takes the user-defined GLA code, compiles it inside the engine, and executes it right near the data by taking advantage of parallelism both inside a single machine as well as across a cluster of computers. This results in maximum possible execution time performance (all our experimental tasks are I/O-bound) and linear scaleup.
A kinetic model of population dynamics.

The relations between fertility, mortality, growth rate and age distribution in closed populations have been derived by means of a set of differential equations based on the well known theory of chemical kinetics. The classical relations for stable populations are easily obtained in this model by simple algebraic manipulations. A rough but useful further simplification is to divide the population into three groups—pre-reproductive, reproductive, and post-reproductive. For this three-group model simple algebraic expressions connect fertility, mortality, growth rate and the fractions of the population in each group. Although the relations obtained are not precise, they serve to illustrate simply and directly the interactions among the basic population variables.
Human and Host Species Transferrin Receptor 1 Use by North American Arenaviruses

At least five New World (NW) arenaviruses cause hemorrhagic fevers in South America. These pathogenic clade B viruses, as well as nonpathogenic arenaviruses of the same clade, use transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) of their host species to enter cells. Pathogenic viruses are distinguished from closely related nonpathogenic ones by their additional ability to utilize human TfR1 (hTfR1). Here, we investigate the receptor usage of North American arenaviruses, whose entry proteins share greatest similarity with those of the clade B viruses. We show that all six North American arenaviruses investigated utilize host species TfR1 orthologs and present evidence consistent with arenavirus-mediated selection pressure on the TfR1 of the North American arenavirus host species. Notably, one of these viruses, AV96010151, closely related to the prototype Whitewater Arroyo virus (WWAV), entered cells using hTfR1, consistent with a role for a WWAV-like virus in three fatal human infections whose causative agent has not been identified. In addition, modest changes were sufficient to convert hTfR1 into a functional receptor for most of these viruses, suggesting that a minor alteration in virus entry protein may allow these viruses to use hTfR1. Our data establish TfR1 as a cellular receptor for North American arenaviruses, highlight an “arms race” between these viruses and their host species, support the association of North American arenavirus with fatal human infections, and suggest that these viruses have a higher potential to emerge and cause human diseases than has previously been appreciated. IMPORTANCE hTfR1 use is a key determinant for a NW arenavirus to cause hemorrhagic fevers in humans. All known pathogenic NW arenaviruses are transmitted in South America by their host rodents. North American arenaviruses are generally considered nonpathogenic, but some of these viruses have been tentatively implicated in human fatalities. We show that these North American arenaviruses use the TfR1 orthologs of their rodent host species and identify TfR1 polymorphisms suggesting an ongoing “arms race” between these viruses and their hosts. We also show that a close relative of a North American arenavirus suggested to have caused human fatalities, the Whitewater Arroyo species complex virus AV96010151, uses human TfR1. Moreover, we present data that imply that modest changes in other North American arenaviruses might allow these viruses to infect humans. Collectively, our data suggest that North American arenaviruses have a higher potential to cause human disease than previously assumed.
Carcinoma of the stomach in childhood.

sepsis. She recovered with intravenous gentamycin therapy, but an upper gas- trointestinal series 36 days after admission demon- strated a large ulcer of the lesser curvature of the stomach extending into the previously noted mass (Figs. I and 2). No further tumor regression was noted by 92 days after admission. At that time, a single dose of Adriamycin 60 mg/m2 was given in- travenously. She subsequently developed signs of per- itonitis, and a gastric perforation was demonstrated by contrast studies. At laparotomy the large tumor mass, which included the perforation at the superior margin, was removed by subtotal gastric resection. The mucosal surface of the tumor consisted of mul- tiple folds of tannish, soft, friable mucosae containing multiple areas of hemorrhage and a 2.5
Structural Plasticity and Conformational Transitions of HIV Envelope Glycoprotein gp120

HIV envelope glycoproteins undergo large-scale conformational changes as they interact with cellular receptors to cause the fusion of viral and cellular membranes that permits viral entry to infect targeted cells. Conformational dynamics in HIV gp120 are also important in masking conserved receptor epitopes from being detected for effective neutralization by the human immune system. Crystal structures of HIV gp120 and its complexes with receptors and antibody fragments provide high-resolution pictures of selected conformational states accessible to gp120. Here we describe systematic computational analyses of HIV gp120 plasticity in such complexes with CD4 binding fragments, CD4 mimetic proteins, and various antibody fragments. We used three computational approaches: an isotropic elastic network analysis of conformational plasticity, a full atomic normal mode analysis, and simulation of conformational transitions with our coarse-grained virtual atom molecular mechanics (VAMM) potential function. We observe collective sub-domain motions about hinge points that coordinate those motions, correlated local fluctuations at the interfacial cavity formed when gp120 binds to CD4, and concerted changes in structural elements that form at the CD4 interface during large-scale conformational transitions to the CD4-bound state from the deformed states of gp120 in certain antibody complexes.
Sociogenomics: social life in molecular terms.

Spectacular progress in molecular biology, genome-sequencing projects and genomics makes this an appropriate time to attempt a comprehensive understanding of the molecular basis of social life. Promising results have already been obtained in identifying genes that influence animal social behaviour and genes that are implicated in social evolution. These findings — derived from an eclectic mix of species that show varying levels of sociality — provide the foundation for the integration of molecular biology, genomics, neuroscience, behavioural biology and evolutionary biology that is necessary for this endeavour.
Influence of Tillage in Peppermint on Fumibotys fumalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), Common Groundsel, Senecio vulgaris, and Soil Chemical Components

Fall or spring plowing (10–14 cm deep) in peppermint, Mentha piperita L., significantly reduced emergence of adult Fumibotys fumalis (Guenee) and suppressed common groundsel, Senecio vulgaris L. Disking (5–9 cm deep) reduced F. fumalis adult emergence, but did not sufficiently control S. vulgaris to replace current herbicide treatments. Plowed plots had a more uniform pH and distribution of nutrients in the 0- to 15-cm soil stratum. Plowed plots had significantly higher pH and Ca in the 0- to 5-cm stratum and higher P and K in the 5- to 15-cm stratum compared with untilled plots. Disking had an intermediate effect on pH and distribution of soil nutrients. Plowing and disking did not affect peppermint oil yield.
Contribution by symbiotically luminous fishes to the occurrence and bioluminescence of luminous bacteria in seawater

Seawater samples from a variety of locations contained viable luminous bacteria, but luminescence was not detectable although the system used to measure light was sensitive enough to measure light from a single, fully induced luminous bacterial cell. When the symbiotically luminous fishCleidopus gloriamaris was placed in a sterile aquarium, plate counts of water samples showed an increase in luminous colony-forming units. Luminescence also increased, decreasing when the fish was removed. Light measurements of water samples from a sterile aquarium containingPhotoblepharon palpebratus, another symbiotically luminous fish, whose bacterial symbionts have not been cultured, showed a similar pattern of increasing light which rapidly decreased upon removal of the fish. These experiments suggest that symbiotically luminous fishes release brightly luminous bacteria from light organs into their environment and may be a source of planktonic luminous bacteria. Although planktonic luminous bacteria are generally not bright when found in seawater, water samples from environments with populations of symbiotically luminous fish may show detectable levels of light.
Severe asthma: Lessons from the Severe Asthma Research Program

Severe asthma affects only a small percentage of the asthma population. However, these patients remain poorly understood and difficult to treat. Because the numbers are relatively small (10% or less of the asthma population), a network approach with shared protocols, samples, and data provides a unique opportunity to recruit the numbers of subjects necessary to perform adequately powered studies. The Severe Asthma Network (Severe Asthma Research Program) was established by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute in 2001 to advance collectively the study of severe asthma to determine factors that differentiated these patients or subjects from those with milder asthma. Nearly 800 subjects have been recruited in less than 4 years to begin to address these differences. Future studies will specifically evaluate the role of inflammatory/oxidative processes, infection, genetics, and the distal lung in the pathogenesis of severe asthma.
Development of items that assess physical function in children who use wheelchairs.

Purpose To assess the content, format, and comprehension of the Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) pediatric physical function related to mobility items for children who use wheelchairs (WCs).
The Significance of "Others" in the Thought of Alfred Schutz: a Reply to Malhotra and Deegan's Comments

Schutz is indeed in need of a defense from my strictures. However, Professors Malhotra and Deegan have not provided it because they want to have it both ways. The nature of the defense, if I may sketch it briefly, would take the following into account: (1) His domain of interest was in a constitutive phenomenology of everyday life and as a true disciple of Husserl, he set about doing this. (2) Hence, his interest in the question of the other, self, socialization and interaction was minimal. (3) In his work, he systematically develops the methods by which an individual constitutes the world, other individuals, science, art, etc. (4) In fulfilling this program, he was quite successful. In dealing with the work that arose out of these concerns, should one stick only to the questions with which Schutz was concerned? If one does not, would he be violating a "fundamental axiom of exegesis"? This is a very curious axiom. If one were to follow this "axiom" all comparative work and analysis would have to cease forthwith-because by the nature of the case, each author would have to be dealt with only in terms of the questions that he raised. As such one would have to discuss Adolf Hitler's works only in terms of the questions that he raised, etc. I contend that there are other ways-other axioms?-by which exegetical work can be undertaken: how does a work address itself to and solve certain general problems of central interest to an intellectual tradition-in this case a sociology conceived in the manner of Marx, Durkheim, Weber, Cooley, and Mead. Asking this question of Schutz's work, I concluded that the other was of minimal significance in his work and that therefore it was different from the work of Cooley and Mead (and others), and not very useful to sociology. In fact, the authors in spite of their proclamation of the exegetical "axiom," then go on to claim that Schutz was in fact dealing with others, interaction, and self! This is indeed a laughable claim-in no manner of way can the Schutzian "ego" be equated with the Meadian "self," nor the "we relation" be equated to the "generalized other." The work of Schutz, in common with that of other phenomenologists is a contribution to that body of knowledge well-titled "The Triumph of Subjectivity: An Introduction to Transcendental Phenomenology," by Lauer (1958). (See also his analysis of the other under the rubric of "The Other Explained Intentionally.") In such a view of the world, the other is constituted "intentionally" by the subject. The other too as a subject constitutes another intentionally, but any interest the one
Identification of workplace dress by low‐income job seekers

The author examined how low-income job seekers participating in a workplace dress program identified traditional business and business casual dress. Seventy low-income job seekers identified clothing items as traditional business (e.g., suits, ties), similar to identifications made by professionals and image consultants in previous literature. Garments selected as business casual varied than did selections for traditional business. Garments identified as casual business varied from preprogram to postprogram, whereas selections for traditional business remained relatively stable. The results suggest a need to clarify the parameters of business casual in workplace dress programming and future research.
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF RENAL TUMORS 4 CM. OR LESS IN A CONTEMPORARY COHORT

Purpose:: We evaluated a patient cohort with renal tumors 4 cm. or less treated with partial or radical nephrectomy. We compared patient and tumor characteristics, and survival in these 2 groups.Materials and Methods:: We retrospectively analyzed the records of 670 patients with a median age of 63 years treated surgically for renal cell carcinoma between July 31, 1989 and July 31, 1997. Renal tumors 4.0 cm. or less were noted in 252 patients (38%) who underwent a total of 262 procedures, including 183 radical (70%) and 79 partial (30%) nephrectomies. Ten patients required 2 operations each because of bilateral renal cell carcinoma. Median followup was 40 months. We compared clinicopathological parameters in the partial and radical nephrectomy groups using chi-square or Wilcoxon analysis as appropriate. Survival analysis was determined by the log rank test and Cox regression model.Results:: The partial and radical nephrectomy groups were comparable with respect to gender ratio, tumor presentation, histolog...
Cone biopsy and pathologic findings at radical hysterectomy in stage I cervical carcinoma

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between cone biopsy and pathologic findings at radical hysterectomy in stage I cervical carcinoma. METHODS: Fifty-four patients diagnosed by cone biopsy with stage I cervical carcinoma and treated with radical hysterectomy comprised the study group. The association between the depth of invasion on conization, lymph-vascular invasion, positive cone margins, positive endocervical curettage (ECC), and the depth of residual invasion in the radical hysterectomy specimen was examined using Pearson r and point biserial correlation. Independent predictors of the depth of residual invasion were determined by multiple regression. RESULTS: The depth of residual invasion correlated significantly with the depth of invasion (r = .374) and presence of lymph-vascular invasion (rpb= .372) in the conization specimen, post-cone ECC status (rpb = .669), and age at diagnosis (r = .347). The same factors were jointly assessed using multiple regression (R2 = .636, P CONCLUSION: Depth of invasion, presence of lymph-vascular invasion, and age at diagnosis were independent predictors of the depth of residual invasion in the subsequent hysterectomy specimen. These factors should be considered in treatment planning. Patients with a combination of these factors may have increased risk for deep residual invasion, positive hysterectomy margins, and adjuvant radiation.
High temperature dynamic yielding in metastable Ti–6.8Mo–4.5F–1.5Al

The discontinuous yield behavior of TIMETAL LCB (Ti–6.8Mo–4.5Fe–1.5AI), a prototypic metastable β titanium alloy, has been examined between 840 and 1290°C over strain rates of 2×10−4–1 s−1. These studies have shown that the magnitude of the discontinuous yield drop exhibits, at constant strain rate, a broad maximum with increasing test temperature, the temperature of this maximum increasing with increasing strain rate. Incremental straining experiments indicate that the discontinuous yield phenomena observed is associated with mobile dislocation generation from grain boundaries, plastic deformation then spreading inwards towards the grain interior with increasing strain. These observations are consistent with the dynamic approach to Johnston and Gilman's dynamic yield theory—that grain boundaries act as sources for mobile dislocation generation. Activation analysis further suggests that the temperature dependence of the discontinuous yield drop is related to unlocking of dislocation sources through localized dislocation climb, boundary migration and/or solute rearrangement.
X-ray characterization of Nd2BaCuO5

Abstract The synthesis and the X-ray powder pattern of Nd2BaCuO5 are reported. This compound crystallizes in space group P4/mbm with cell parameters a = 6.6977(4) and c = 5.8209(4) A . It is shown to be isostructural with La2BaCuO5, as observed diffracted intensities match well those calculated from the known structure of La3.6Ba2.4Cu1.8O9.6.
Making Space for Theory: The Challenges of Theorizing Space and Place for Spatial Analysis in Criminology

During the 1998 ASC Annual Meeting in Washington, DC Jacqueline Cohen and I (George Tita) approached then-editor of JQC Michael Maltz about our idea for a special issue pertaining to the spatial analysis of homicide. Having worked with a number of scholars as part of the National Consortium on Violence Research (NCOVR) "Space and Time" working group, we were convinced that the Journal of Quantitative Criminology was the right "space" for a collection of articles that employed spatial analysis in an attempt to describe and explain the recent "youth homicide epidemic." It was also the right "time"--at the same moment a growing number of scholars began wrestling with explaining the spatial patterns of homicide, especially events involving minority males in urban centers, advances in both desk top mapping solutions (e.g., ESRI's ArcView, MapInfo) and statistical software such as Anselin's SpaceStat were making it much easier to conduct ecological studies of crime and violence. We were thril... Language: en
Peak power and cooling energy savings of shade trees

Abstract In summer of 1992, we monitored peak power and cooling energy savings from shade trees in two houses in Sacramento, CA. The collected data include air-conditioning electricity use, indoor and outdoor dry bulb temperatures and humidities, roof and ceiling surface temperatures, inside and outside wall temperatures, insolation, and wind speed and direction. Shade trees at the two monitored houses yielded seasonal cooling energy savings of 30%, corresponding to an average daily savings of 3.6 and 4.8 kWh/d. Peak demand savings for the same houses were 0.6 and 0.8 kW (about 27% savings in one house and 42% in the other). The monitored houses were modeled with the DOE-2.1E simulation program. The simulation results underestimated the cooling energy savings and peak power reductions by as much as twofold.
The Use of Linear-Model Methodology to Rate High School or College Football Teams

Abstract A procedure for rating high school or college football teams is developed by applying linear-model methodology to the point spread for each game. The model includes effects for the home-field advantage and for the mean performance levels of the participating teams. The procedure can be modified to use only win-loss information or to ignore victory margins greater than a given margin. When applied to the results of the 1975 college football season, it produced predictions whose accuracy compares favorably with those of sportswriters and bookmakers.
Postoperative Care of the Transplanted Patient

The successful delivery of optimal peri-operative care to pediatric heart transplant recipients is a vital determinant of their overall outcomes. The practitioner caring for these patients must be familiar with and treat multiple simultaneous issues in a patient who may have been critically ill preoperatively. In addition to the complexities involved in treating any child following cardiac surgery, caretakers of newly transplanted patients encounter multiple transplant-specific issues. This chapter details peri-operative management strategies, frequently encountered early morbidities, initiation of immunosuppression including induction, and short-term outcomes.
Four-electron reduction of dinitrogen during solution disproportionation of the organodimetallic (η-C5Me4R)2Ta2(μ-Cl)4(R = Me, Et) to a new μ-η1,η1-N2 complex and odd-electron organotrimetallic cluster

(C5Me5R)2Ta2Cl4 (d2–d2) disproportionates under dinitrogen to [(C5Me4R)TaCl2]2(μ-N2) and the D3h cluster cation (C5Me4R)3Ta3(μ-Cl)6+ with anionic (C5Me4R)TaCl4−.
Deep-burrowing earthworm additions changed the distribution of soil organic carbon in a chisel-tilled soil

Abstract We investigated the influence of earthworms on the three-dimensional distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) in a chisel-tilled soil. By burrowing, foraging, and casting at the surface and throughout the soil, anecic earthworms such as Lumbricus terrestris L. may play a major role in regulating the spatial distribution of organic matter resources both at the surface and within the soil. In the fall of 1994, we manipulated ambient earthworm communities, which were without deep burrowing species, by adding 100 earthworm individuals m −2 in spring and fall for 3 years. Overall, the biomass of L. terrestris was increased with earthworm additions and total earthworm biomass declined compared with ambient control treatments. To investigate the spatial variability in soil organic carbon due to this shift in earthworm community structure, we sampled soil on a 28×24 cm grid from the surface to 40 cm in four layers, 10 cm deep. Samples were analyzed for total carbon. We found that additions of anecic earthworms significantly increased average soil organic carbon content from 16.1 to 17.9 g C kg −1 for the 0–10 cm soil, and from 12.4 to 14.7 g kg −1 at 10–20-cm depth, and also changed the spatial distribution of soil organic carbon from uniform to patchy, compared with the ambient treatment.
Two distinct mechanisms generate endogenous siRNAs from bidirectional transcription in Drosophila melanogaster.

Two distinct mechanisms generate endogenous siRNAs from bidirectional transcription in Drosophila melanogaster
An autonomous fuzzy logic architecture for multisensor data fusion

Fuzzy logic techniques have become popular to address various processes for multisensor data fusion. Examples include: (1) fuzzy membership functions for data association, (2) evaluation of alternative hypotheses in multiple hypothesis trackers, (3) fuzzy-logic-based pattern recognition (e.g., for feature-based object identification), and (4) fuzzy inference schemes for sensor resource allocation. These approaches have been individually successful but are limited to only a single subprocess within a data fusion system. At The Pennsylvania State University, Applied Research Laboratory, a general-purpose fuzzy logic architecture has been developed that provides for control of sensing resources, fusion of data for tracking, automatic object recognition, control of system resources and elements, and automated situation assessment. This general architecture has been applied to implement an autonomous vehicle capable of self-direction, obstacle avoidance, and mission completion. The fuzzy logic architecture provides interpretation and fusion of multisensor data (i.e., perception) as well as logic for process control (action). This paper provides an overview of the fuzzy logic architecture and a discussion of its application to data fusion in the context of the Department of Defense (DoD) Joint Directors of Laboratories (JDL) Data Fusion Process Model. A new, robust, fuzzy calculus is introduced. An example is provided by modeling a component of the perception processing of a bat. >
Single-molecule photon stamping FRET spectroscopy study of enzymatic conformational dynamics

The fluorescence resonant energy transfer (FRET) from a donor to an acceptor via transition dipole-dipole interactions decreases the donor's fluorescent lifetime. The donor's fluorescent lifetime decreases as the FRET efficiency increases, following the equation: E(FRET) = 1 - τ(DA)/τ(D), where τ(D) and τ(DA) are the donor fluorescence lifetime without FRET and with FRET. Accordingly, the FRET time trajectories associated with single-molecule conformational dynamics can be recorded by measuring the donor's lifetime fluctuations. In this article, we report our work on the use of a Cy3/Cy5-labeled enzyme, HPPK to demonstrate probing single-molecule conformational dynamics in an enzymatic reaction by measuring single-molecule FRET donor lifetime time trajectories. Compared with single-molecule fluorescence intensity-based FRET measurements, single-molecule lifetime-based FRET measurements are independent of fluorescence intensity. The latter has an advantage in terms of eliminating the analysis background noise from the acceptor fluorescence detection leak through noise, excitation light intensity noise, or light scattering noise due to local environmental factors, for example, in a AFM-tip correlated single-molecule FRET measurements. Furthermore, lifetime-based FRET also supports simultaneous single-molecule fluorescence anisotropy.
Assessment of cardiovascular risk factors in the elderly: the Framingham Heart Study.

In elderly Framingham men and women, systolic blood pressure and cigarette smoking status, as well as a subject's age and sex, strongly influenced the risk of developing cardiovascular disease during ten years of follow-up. Multivariable proportional hazards models were used to assess the roles of several primary risk factors and to examine their secondary effects. The first three factors were noted in both sexes, separately and combined, but the risk function for blood pressure was steeper in men than in women (hazard ratio, HR, 1·53 per 20 mmHg, 95 per cent confidence interval, CI, 1·33 to 1·75 in men; HR = 1·19, 95 per cent CI 1·07 to 1·33 in women). Systolic pressure measured ten years earlier also contributed to CVD risk (HR = 1·16 per 20 mmHg, 95 per cent CI 1·04 to 1·30), even after accounting for current level. Smoking was associated with a 64 per cent elevation in risk, male sex with a 51 per cent increase, and each 5 years increment in age with a 22 per cent increase. Body mass index measured 10 years ago had a modest association, but current body mass index did not. Among diabetic subjects, total serum cholesterol had an asymmetrical U-shaped risk function, the risk increasing to either side of sex-specific median values; diabetes per se, however, was not significant in the final model. In non-diabetic subjects, there was little change in CVD risk up to the median cholesterol values and a modest increase thereafter. None of the risk functions was age dependent.
An analysis of mortality in the grower/finisher phase of swine production in the United States

Abstract Over a 6-month period, the mean mortality risk (based on 393 operations participating in the United States National Animal Health Monitoring System 1995 National Swine Study, and representing operations with ≥ 300 market hogs in 16 states), was 2.3 ± 0.2% in the grower/finisher production phase (where figures after the ± represent the standard error of the estimate). Mortality ≥ 4% was experienced by 13.5 ∓ 2.9% of grower/finisher operations, while 63.6 ± 5.3% had ≤ 2% mortality. To identify factors associated with ≥ 4% mortality, stepwise logistic regression [Statistical Analysis Systems, (1989). SAS/STAT® User's Guide, Version 6, 4th edn, Vol. 2. SAS Institute, Cary, NC, 794 pp.]was performed twice: once using operations with all mortality rates, and again excluding operations with between 2% and 4% mortality. Final models were run with SUDAAN [Shah, B.V., Barnwell, B.G., Bieler, G.S., (1996). SUDAAN User's Manual, Version 6.40, 2nd edn. Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC, 492 pp.] to take the sample design into account. In addition, SAS and SUDAAN logistic regression models were developed to analyze factors associated with > 2.3% mortality among grower/finisher pigs. Mean weaning age ≤ 28 days entered all models as being associated with increased mortality in the grower/finisher unit. Not obtaining all grower/finisher pigs from farrowing units belonging to the operation was associated with ≥ 4% mortality among grower/finisher swine. Not typically giving grower/finisher pigs antibiotics or other agents as disease-preventives or growth-promotants in the feed or water, and ranking producer organizations as very or extremely important sources of antibiotic information were associated with ≤ 2.3% mortality in the grower/finisher phase.
Next generation internet protocol -Technical realms

Even as the rate of IPv6 deployment increases, there continues to be a number of key technical, operational and political challenges that have limited the overall adoption rate of IPv6. This paper is intended to explore the IPv6 technical features, advantages, research improvements, potential business benefits. This paper also investigates how some of the challenges have slowed the transition process to date and will also address some of the common myths about IPv6 adoption. A special attention is paid on this paper to highlight the key issues behind the IPv6 co-existence with IPv4 and to accelerate and promote the research directions. The paper will help the companies and enterprises to realize the benefits and move to the immediate deployment of IPv6 enterprise environments globally.
Evaluation of Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) measures of live fuel moisture and fuel condition in a shrubland ecosystem in southern California

[1] Dynamic changes in live fuel moisture (LFM) and fuel condition modify fire danger in shrublands. We investigated the empirical relationship between field-measured LFM and remotely sensed greenness and moisture measures from the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS). Key goals were to assess the nature of these relationships as they varied between sensors, across sites, and across years. Most AVIRIS-derived measures were highly correlated with LFM. Visible atmospherically resistant index (VARI) and visible green index (VIg) outperformed all moisture measures. The water index (WI) and normalized difference water index (NDWI) had the highest correlations of the moisture measures. All relationships were nonlinear, and a linear relationship only applied above a 60% LFM. Changes in the fraction of green vegetation (GV) and nonphotosynthetic vegetation (NPV) were good indicators of changes in fuels below the 60% LFM threshold. AVIRIS- and MODIS-derived measures were highly correlated but lacked a 1:1 relationship. MODIS-derived greenness and moisture measures were also highly correlated to LFM but generally had lower correlations than AVIRIS and varied between sites. LFM relationships improved when data were pooled by functional type. LFM interannual variability impacted relationships, producing higher correlations in wetter years, with VARI and VIg showing the highest correlations across years. Lowest correlations were observed for sites that included two different functional types or multiple land cover classes (i.e., urban and roads) within a MODIS footprint. Higher correlations for uniform sites and improved relationships for functional types suggest that MODIS can map LFM effectively in shrublands.
Personality and cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites in alcoholics and controls.

• Alcoholics as a group have been consistently reported to show differences from controls on various personality-inventories. Moreover, neurobiologic substrates have been postulated to underlie personality dimensions. Therefore, we compared alcoholics with controls on measures of personality and investigated relationships between measures of personality and cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolite concentrations. The alcoholics were significantly different from controls on many personality measurements. There were significant, negative correlations between interview-derived lifetime aggression scores and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of both the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and the dopamine metabolite homovanillic acid. However, there were no significant correlations between any cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolite concentrations and scores on personality inventories.
Asphalt flocculation and deposition : II. Formation and growth of fractal aggregates

Extensive small-angle X-ray and neutron-scattering data, as well as results of precipitation measurements, are analyzed to delineate the structure of the asphalt and asphaltene aggregates that are formed when a solvent is injected into a system containing crude oil. The two types of data strongly suggest that both small and large aggregates have a fractal structure, with well-defined fractal dimensions. If the system is aged long enough at low enough temperature, large asphalt particles will have the structure of diffusion-limited cluster-cluster aggregates with a fractal dimension D{sub f} {approx_equal} 1.8, while the small ones are similar to diffusion-limited particle aggregates with a fractal dimension d{sub f} {approx_equal} 2.5. High temperatures increase the rotational motion of the particles, disturb the structure and mechanical stability of the aggregates, and decrease their fractal dimension. Aging and concentration effects of the asphalts in the solution, and the type of the solvent on the structure of the aggregates are also investigated. Implications of these results for the structure, mechanical stability, and molecular-weight distribution of asphalts and asphaltenes are detailed. A new molecular-weight distribution for asphalt aggregates predicts the experimental data excellently.
Analysis of complications of endoscopic sphincterotomy for biliary stones in a consecutive series of 546 patients.

Background: Endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) plays an important role in treatment of biliary stones; however, there remain some controversies concerning complications of ES, which in most cases seem not to be predictable. Methods: The aim of this study was a retrospective analysis of complications in 546 consecutive patients (267 males, 279 females, average age 63.7 years) who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERCP) for biliary stones from 1988 to 1995. Results: ES was performed in 535 patients (98%), and extraction of stones was successful in 493 (92%). In all, 29 complications (5.4%) were observed, including bleeding 13, cholangitis seven, cholecystitis four, pancreatitis three, retroduodenal perforation two; of these, four (14%) required an operation. Overall mortality was 0.3%. Conclusion: While a significant decrease of the incidence of complications was observed in the course of the study, due to constantly improving experience, no correlation between risk factors and complications was identified.