cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Growth, electronic and magnetic properties of doped ZnO epitaxial and nanocrystalline films

We have used oxygen plasma assisted metal organic chemical vapor deposition along with wet chemical synthesis and spin coating to prepare CoxZn1-xO and MnxZn1-xO epitaxial and nanoparticle films. Co(II) and Mn(II) substitute for Zn(II) in the wurtzite lattice in materials synthesized by both methods. Room-temperature ferromagnetism in epitaxial Co:ZnO films can be reversibly activated by diffusing in Zn, which occupies interstitial sites and makes the material n-type. O-capped Co:ZnO nanoparticles, which are paramagnetic as grown, become ferromagnetic upon being spin coated in air at elevated temperature. Likewise, spin-coated N-capped Mn:ZnO nanoparticle films also exhibit room-temperature ferromagnetism. However, the inverse systems, N-capped Co:ZnO and O-capped Mn:ZnO, are entirely paramagnetic when spin coated into films in the same way. Analysis of optical absorption spectra reveals that the resonances Co(I)↔Co(II)+e- CB and Mn(III)↔Mn(II)+h+ VB are energetically favorable, consistent with strong hybridization of Co (Mn) with the conduction (valence) band of ZnO. In contrast, the resonances Mn(I)↔Mn(II)+e- CB and Co(III)↔Co(II)+h+ VB are not energetically favorable. These results strongly suggest that the observed ferromagnetism in Co:ZnO (Mn:ZnO) is mediated by electrons (holes).
Compensatory ability of strawberries to bud and flower removal: implications for managing the strawberry bud weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).

The strawberry bud weevil, Anthonomus signatus Say, is considered a major pest of perennial matted row strawberry plantings in the eastern United States with an economic threshold of 2 clipped buds per meter row. No relationship was found between the number of naturally clipped buds per meter (range, 0–20) and subsequent yield over 2 field seasons for the strawberry cultivar ‘Earliglow’ indicating the potential for compensatory fruit production. In field experiments, flower buds or open flowers were removed by hand and the impact on yield for 3 strawberry cultivars measured. For the cultivar ‘Jewel’, removal of all primary or secondary buds did not result in a significant decrease in yield relative to control plots, although the removal of all tertiary plus higher order buds did result in a significant decrease. For ‘Seneca’ and ‘Kent’, removal of all primary, secondary, or tertiary buds did not significantly decrease yield compared with control plots. Compensation to bud removal was achieved by increasing fruit weight of remaining buds and increasing the number of higher order buds matured. When similar treatments were applied to flowers, we observed a negative impact on yield for all 3 cultivars. In 1996 we assessed the benefit of treating for strawberry bud weevil when injury reached the economic threshold at 7 commercial strawberry operations in upstate New York. Untreated plots had significantly more clipped buds per meter than treated plots (13 versus 4), however, there was no difference in yield.
Influence of Two-Phase Thermocapillary Flow on Cryogenic Liquid Retention in Microscopic Pores

Previous experiments indicate that the bubble point pressure of spacecraft liquid hydrogen acquisition devices is reduced substantially when the ullage is pressurized with heated hydrogen vapor. The objective is to determine whether the two-phase thermocapillary convection arising from thermodynamic non-equilibrium along the porous surfaces of such devices could lead to this observed degradation in retention performance. We also examine why retention capability appears to be unaffected by pressurization with heated helium or direct heating through the porous structure. Computational assessments based on coupled solution of the flowfield and liquid free surface indicate that for highly wetting fluids in small pores, dynamic pressure and vapor recoil dictate surface morphology and drive meniscus deformation. With superheating, the two terms exert the same influence on curvature and promote mechanical equilibrium, but with subcooling, the pressure distribution produces a suction about the pore center-line that degrades retention. This result points to thermocapillary-induced deformation arising from condensation as the cause for retention loss. It also indicates that increasing the level of non-equilibrium by reducing accommodation coefficient restricts deformation and explains why retention failure does not occur with direct screen heating or helium pressurization.
An adaptive power management framework for autonomic resource configuration in cloud computing infrastructures

Power is becoming an increasingly important concern for large-scale cloud computing systems. Meanwhile, cloud service providers leverage virtualization technologies to facilitate service consolidation and enhance resource utilization. However, the introduction of virtualization makes the cloud infrastructure more complex, and thus challenges cloud power management. In a virtualized environment, resource needs to be configured at runtime at the cloud, server and virtual machine levels to achieve high power efficiency. In addition, cloud power management should guarantee high users' SLA (service level agreement) satisfaction. In this paper, we present an adaptive power management framework in the cloud to achieve autonomic resource configuration. We propose a software and lightweight approach to accurately estimate the power usage of virtual machines and cloud servers. It explores hypervisor-observable performance metrics to build the power usage model. To configure cloud resources, we consider both the system power usage and the SLA requirements, and leverage learning techniques to achieve autonomic resource allocation and optimal power efficiency. We implement a prototype of the proposed power management system and test it on a cloud testbed. Experimental results show the high accuracy (over 90%) of our power usage estimation mechanism and our resource configuration approach achieves the lowest energy usage among the compared four approaches.
Tetrapod Ichnofacies and Ichnotaxonomy: Quo Vadis?

A report on the symposium on Terrestrial Tetrapod Ichnofacies and Ichnotaxonomy, convened by Maria Allesandra Conti and Christian A. Meyer at the 32nd International Geological Congress, Florence, I...
Antemortem MRI based Structural Abnormality Index (STAND)-Scores Correlate with Postmortem Braak Neurofibrillary Tangle Stage

The clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) does not exactly match the pathological findings at autopsy in every subject. Therefore, in-vivo imaging measures, such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) that reflect underlying pathology, would be clinically useful independent supplementary measures of disease stage. We have developed an algorithm that extracts atrophy information from individual patient's 3D MRI scans and assigns a STructural Abnormality iNDex (STAND)-score to the scan based on the degree of atrophy in comparison to patterns extracted from a large library of clinically well characterized AD and CN (cognitively normal) subject's MRI scans. STAND-scores can be adjusted for demographics to give adjusted-STAND (aSTAND)-scores which are >0 for subjects with brains identified as abnormal by the algorithm. Since histopathological findings are considered to represent the "ground truth", our objective was to assess the sensitivity of aSTAND-scores to pathological AD staging. This was done by comparing antemortem MRI based aSTAND-scores with postmortem grading of disease severity in 101 subjects who had both antemortem MRI and postmortem Braak neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) staging. We found a rank correlation of 0.62 (p<0.0001) between Braak NFT stage and aSTAND-scores. The results show that optimally extracted information from MRI scans such as STAND-scores accurately capture the severity of neuronal pathology and can be used as an independent approximate surrogate marker for in-vivo pathological staging as well as for early identification of AD in individual subjects.
KINETIC PARAMETERS FOR THERMAL INACTIVATION OF PANTOTHENIC ACID

Decimal reduction values (D values) and activation energies for destruction of pantothenic acid (PA) in KH phthalate buffer, pH 4, 5 and 6, in meat puree and in pea puree at temperatures between 118-143°C were determined using the thermal death time tube method and the Arrhenius equation, Samples were assayed according to AOAC (1975) microbiological method for pantothenic acid. Activation energies ranged from 20,000-38,000 Cal/mole. As pH increased from 4 to 7, activation energies also increased. The D1 2 1 values ranged from 4-32 hr for buffered systems and from 38-40 hr for food systems. These large D values for foods would indicate that PA is not very heat labile and is more stable in these food systems compared to buffered systems.
The effects of familiarity on thought--action fusion.

Abstract The present study examined whether beliefs about the importance of thoughts (i.e., thought–action fusion; TAF) are related to the target subject of the negative thought. One hundred and seven undergraduate students were randomly assigned to imagine either a beloved relative or a stranger being diagnosed with cancer and provided in vivo ratings of anxiety, likelihood, moral wrongness, urge to neutralize, and how upsetting the event would be if it occurred. Results indicated that thinking of a relative being diagnosed with cancer provoked more distress, urges to neutralize, and higher estimates of likelihood, as well greater use of mental neutralizing behaviors, compared to thinking of a stranger . Contrary to our prediction, the groups did not differ in their ratings of the moral wrongness. These findings broadly support the assertion that the more personally significant a negative intrusive thought, the more it will provoke distress and urges to neutralize. Results are discussed in terms of the cognitive model of obsessions and clinical implications are addressed.
A second-order standard addition method with application to calibration of a kinetics–spectroscopic sensor for quantitation of trichloroethylene

Presented here is an algorithm for analysis of second order data by the method of standard additions. The method of standard additions is applicable when matrix effects make traditional calibration unreliable. The algorithm employs a generalized eigenproblem to mathematically separate the instrument response of the analyte from the instrument response of any interfering species. A scheme for determining the eigenvectors (and hence the concentration estimate) that uniquely correspond to the analyte of interest is given. These eigenvectors can readily be distinguished from any eigenvector that corresponds to the spectrum of the interferents or both the interferents and analyte. The stability of the estimated analyte concentration is verified by Monte Carlo simulations. The algorithm is applied to the analysis of trichloroethylene in samples that have matrix effects caused by an interaction with chloroform.
Pup exposure differentially enhances foraging ability in primiparous and nulliparous rats.

Abstract The role of maternal experience (i.e., pregnancy and pup exposure) on rats' performance in a foraging task was assessed. Primiparous (P) and nulliparous (N) animals were either exposed to pups for 21 days (+) or received no pup exposure (−). Following habituation trials, all animals were tested in spatial and cued versions of the dry land maze (DLM) for three days (three trials per day). In the spatial DLM, the presence of pups decreased latencies in both N and P groups in Trial 5 and P+ rats exhibited shorter latencies to baited food wells than P− animals on Trial 6. In the subsequent probe trial, P+ animals spent significantly more time in proximity to the previously baited well than P− rats. Pups enhanced performance of both P+ and N+ groups in trial 6 of the cued test. Thus, in the spatial task, the individual components of the maternal experience (e.g., pregnancy, parturition, lactation, and pup exposure) converge to produce behavioral modifications in the DLM spatial and probe tasks that enable the female to care for her offspring, in this case, by enhancing foraging behavior. Further, in one trial of each version of the task, pup exposure enhanced performance in N animals suggesting that, in isolation, pup exposure may be a more important influence on ancillary maternal behavior than the pregnancy itself.
Effect of droplet size on the phosphine depression of calcium atomic emission signals in flame spectrometry

Abstract The effect of the droplet size on the magnitude of the phosphine depression of calcium signals is discussed. The droplet size governs the time required for droplet desolvation in the flame. It is during the desolvation process that the combustion products of phosphine, PO x , diffuse into the droplet and form a refractory compound with the analyte. The longer the desolvating droplet resides in the PO x -contaminated flame, the more severe the depression. A uniform droplet generator, a pneumatic nebulizer spray chamber system, and a glass-frit nebulizer spray chamber system were the sample introduction systems studied. Droplet sizes of (55 μm, 0.5–10 μm (2 μm mean), and
Confined disposal facility characterization for beneficial reuse of dredged material: a case study to demonstrate a structured approach to sampling and data analysis

Confined disposal facilities (CDFs) are widely used for disposal of navigation dredged material, but many are running out of capacity. Removal of dredged material for beneficial use offers potential for sustainable operations, but requires characterization with a high degree of confidence. Few data are available to inform characterization efforts in these artificial depositional environments; thus, a CDF case study was used to demonstrate a structured approach to sampling and data analysis. Selected data analysis procedures were applied to data collected from a CDF, with the objective of illustrating the utility of these procedures in (1) maximizing information obtained from limited data and (2) assessing the adequacy of the data in terms of estimating parameters of interest. In this case, the data were used to estimate the abundance of the desired fraction (sand), the contaminant levels in the sand and residual fractions, and the uncertainty of the parameters measured. From the outcome of this analysis, a stepwise approach to CDF characterization and data analysis was developed. The available dataset proved sufficient to estimate the distribution of sand in the CDF, although estimate reliability was constrained by the small number of samples and the lack of samples along the western facility boundary. Soot, organic carbon, and oil and grease were statistically significant regressors for many contaminants of concern; however, data were too limited and variable to permit prediction of contaminant concentrations in unanalyzed samples on the basis of the sorptive phases. A contour surface of benzo(a)pyrene concentration was generated to illustrate the utility in identifying areas of the CDF that may be problematic with respect to meeting regulatory criteria or guidelines for beneficial use; such areas may require additional processing to remove more highly contaminated fractions. Of the graphical data analysis techniques evaluated, the most useful were: the aerial site view showing sample locations and per cent sand; the ternary diagram comparing sample characteristics; the contour map and the sand isopach map, representing aerial variation of sand thickness; and the depiction of contaminant concentrations as a contour surface. The predictive capability of the data was limited, but may have been aided with the addition of density fractionation and a larger dataset.
Persistence and colonization strategies of playa wetland invertebrates

Wetland invertebrates have evolved numerous means of inhabiting spatially and temporally flooded wetland environments. The ability of invertebrates to either colonize from other sources and/or to persist in dry wetlands through diapause has seldom been simultaneously studied. We compared strategies of colonization and persistence by invertebrates in variable environments (playa wetlands on the Southern High Plains of Texas). We also examined emergence response time, following flooding, of taxa that persist in playa soil using field experiments and microcosms. At least 26 of 87 invertebrate taxa survive seasonal drying of playas through aestivation in soil. More invertebrate taxa only colonized flooded playas (70.1%) than only persisted in dry soil (29.9%) (P < 0.05). Of the invertebrate taxa that persisted in dry soil, more (P < 0.05) of these were active colonists or relied strictly on diapause rather than a combination of aestivation and colonization. Invertebrate densities were not statistically different among taxa that practiced colonization and persistence (5.2 invertebrates/m2, SE = 2.0) or that only persisted (1.5 invertebrates/m2, SE = 0.5) in playas (P=0.918). The average amount of time for a taxon to first appear in a microcosm was about 3 weeks less in 1995–96 than 1994–95, which was likely due to greater precipitation during 1995–96. We found that both colonization and persistence was practiced more often than a single strategy for those invertebrates sampled in microcosms. Conservation efforts for playa invertebrates should be implemented at the landscape level and focus on playas with intact watersheds, because these playas have relatively undisturbed hydroperiods.
Elementary Excitations in Liquid $^3$ He

The two isotopes of helium offer unique opportunities to test fundamental theories of quantum fluids. In the case of liquid /sup 4/He, a Bose liquid, the elementary excitations have been studied extensively over the last two decades by neutron inelastic scattering. Similar studies of liquid /sup 3/He, the Fermi liquid counterpart of liquid /sup 4/He, have become possible only recently. From the results obtained so far for normal liquid /sup 3/He the existence of zero sound as a well defined density excitation at finite wave-vectors (q approx. = q/sub F/) and finite temperatures (T approx. = T/sub F/) has been verified and the spin fluctuation spectrum has been measured. By comparing the neutron scattering results for the density fluctuation spectrum to RPA calculations with generalized polarization potentials important information has been obtained about the effective spin-symmetric interaction between /sup 3/He atoms. The spin fluctuation spectrum is in agreement with the paramagnon model if a value close to unity is assumed for the contact dimensionless paramagnon parameter anti I. This implies that the nuclear spin system in normal liquid /sup 3/He is close to ferromagnetic.
Directing Neurite Growth in 3D Collagen Scaffolds With Gradients of Mechanical Properties

Biomaterial scaffolds for nerve and spinal cord regeneration must not only promote neurite re-growth but also direct it. Several cell types, including neurons, respond to the mechanical properties of the substrate on which they are grown. We believe that gradients of mechanical properties can be used to direct neurons. To spatially control the mechanical properties, gradients of genipin — a naturally occurring, cell-tolerated crosslinking agent — are created in 3D through a compliant collagen gel using microfluidics. Gradients of mechanical properties are evaluated by measuring genipin-induced fluorescence, which we have previously correlated to mechanical properties. Growth of neurites was evaluated in gels of uniform stiffness and a gradient generated by incubation in 0 to 1 mM genipin for 12hrs to produce approximately an order of magnitude change in the shear modulus. Neurite growth was evaluated 5 days after gradient formation. Neurites demonstrated a directional bias against the gradient of stiffness. These results demonstrate that neurites can respond to subtle gradients of mechanical properties within a 3D scaffold and point to opportunities to manipulate properties for directed nerve and spinal cord regeneration.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Age-related change in the number of neurons in the human vestibular ganglion.

Dysequilibrium of aging in humans has been speculated to arise from progressive deterioration within anatomical components of the vestibular system. An integral part of this system is vestibular ganglions, which are bipolar neurons that relay peripheral vestibular information to the central nervous system. To assess the effect of aging on the number of human vestibular ganglion neurons, assumption-free stereology in the form of the optical fractionator was used on 20 serially sectioned archival human temporal bone specimens. Donors had no history of vestibular pathology and ranged in age from 2 to 88 years. An average of 25,812 (coefficient of variation = 0.13) vestibular ganglion neurons was found throughout this age range, a significant departure from the results of past studies. Logistics-based regression analysis pointed to a nonlinear pattern of decline in the neuronal population: the number of cells remained roughly constant at about 28,952 cells in youth and then declined gradually between 30 and 60 years of age before leveling off at approximately 23,349 cells in older individuals. This study confirmed the existence of an age-related decline in the primary neurons of the human vestibular system, thus providing one anatomical basis for the increased incidence of imbalance seen with age. J. Comp. Neurol. 431:437–443, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Low temperature magnetic transition and high temperature oxidation in INCONEL alloy 718

X-ray diffraction and temperature dependent (5 K–380 K) magnetic measurements have been carried out in INCONEL 718 superalloy before and after high temperature aging treatments. (INCONEL is a trademark of the INCO family of companies.) The nominal composition of this alloy is Ni (52.5%), Cr (19.0%), Fe (18.5%), Nb (5.1%), Mo (3.0%), Ti (0.9%), Al (0.5%), Cu (0.15%), and C (0.08%), and it yields an x-ray diffraction pattern consisting of a fcc phase with α = 3.5987 (3) A and an orthorhombic phase associated with δ-Ni3Nb. It is concluded that the fcc pattern is due to both the γ austenitic phase and γ′ Ni3(Al, Ti) phase of alloy 718. The standard annealing and aging treatment carried out in air at temperatures between 621 and 982 °C produces surface oxides (Cr, Fe)2O3 and FeNbO4 (which are easily removed by etching and polishing) and contracts the lattice. Magnetic measurements show a distinct phase transition at Tc = 14 K, which has been attributed to the γ′-Ni3(Al, Ti) phase by the process of elimination and by observing that it has most of the characteristics of the weak itinerant ferromagnet Ni74.5Al25.5. This transition may have some effects on the cryogenic applications of this alloy.
Evoked potential evidence for a stripe-rearing effect on rat visual cortex

Restricting visual experience to lines of one orientation during development modifies visual cortex physiology in cats but not in rabbits. To test the importance of binocular convergence in this stripe-rearing species difference, hooded rats, which, like the rabbit, have a highly decussated visual system, were studied. Subjects were reared in darkness and binocularly exposed, for 25 to 40 h during the 3rd to 7th weeks after birth, to a visual field of vertical or horizontal stripes. Visual cortical evoked potentials to stroboscopically illuminated vertical and horizontal stripe stimuli were recorded during the 8th week. The relative amplitude of the early positive component of the visually evoked potential was greater for stimuli matching the rearing orientation than for stimuli of the opposite orientation. Evoked responses to stimuli of other orientations were generally smaller than those to the exposure orientation. In rats reared in normal cyclic light or in total darkness, there were no differences in the response to vertical vs. horizontal stripe stimuli. The results indicate that evoked potentials are modified by developmental restriction of experience to oriented contours without differential input to the eyes in an organism with limited binocular convergence.
Post-pollination hybridization barriers in Nicotiana section Alatae

Nicotiana section Alatae contains eight species with variable flower sizes and morphologies. Section members readily hybridize in the glasshouse, but no hybrids have been observed in natural sympatric and parapatric populations. To investigate interspecific crossing relationships with respect to mechanisms preventing hybridization, all members of section Alatae were intercrossed in a complete diallel. We found positive correlation between the pistil length of the pollen donor and interspecific seed set relative to the conspecific cross. Pollen tube growth rate and pollen donor pistil length were positively correlated as well. Furthermore, pollen from short-pistil members of section Alatae could only grow a maximum distance proportional to, but greater than, their own pistil lengths. Our results show that pollen tube growth capacity (i.e., rate and distance), provides a hybridization barrier in long-pistil species × short-pistil species crosses. We also found another hybridization barrier not specifically related to pollen tube growth capacity in short-pistil species × long-pistil species. Taken together, these barriers can generally be described by a ‘pistil-length mismatch’ rule; in section Alatae, pollen has the most success fertilizing ovules from species with pistil lengths similar to their own. This rule could contribute to hybridization barriers in Section Alatae because the species display dramatically different pistil lengths.
Spatial Frequency Response of Certain Photographic Emulsions

The frequency response of a linear system is unique, whereas the response of a nonlinear system depends upon the wave form used to make the measurement. Characterizing the filtering properties of a photographic system by a single spatial frequency response curve is therefore valid only if the system is linear. It is shown that certain common emulsion-developer systems can be satisfactorily treated by linear methods; an example is also given of a system where such methods are inadequate. A simple model is introduced to aid in specifying the frequency response and transient or “edge” response of the photographic systems tested. Damping constants based upon this model are tabulated for several emulsion-developer combinations and limitations of the model are discussed.
Maygh: building a CDN from client web browsers

Over the past two decades, the web has provided dramatic improvements in the ease of sharing content. Unfortunately, the costs of distributing this content are largely incurred by web site operators; popular web sites are required to make substantial monetary investments in serving infrastructure or cloud computing resources---or must pay other organizations (e.g., content distribution networks)---to help serve content. Previous approaches to offloading some of the distribution costs onto end users have relied on client-side software or web browser plug-ins, providing poor user incentives and dramatically limiting their scope in practice.In this paper, we present Maygh, a system that builds a content distribution network from client web browsers, without the need for additional plug-ins or client-side software. The result is an organically scalable system that distributes the cost of serving web content across the users of a web site. Through simulations based on real-world access logs from Etsy (a large e-commerce web site that is the 50th most popular web site in the U.S.), microbenchmarks, and a small-scale deployment, we demonstrate that Maygh provides substantial savings to site operators, imposes only modest costs on clients, and can be deployed on the web sites and browsers of today. In fact, if Maygh was deployed to Etsy, it would reduce network bandwidth due to static content by 75% and require only a single coordinating server.
Beyond disbelief: A confession of religion, technology and academic conceit

My professional life has been built on taking a position of apostasy, or the rejection of belief, toward many if not all of the major articles of faith within the fields of literacy studies, teacher education, and instructional technology. I justified my stance and my research practices through my reading of Pierre Bourdieu’s analysis of the relation between belief and practice, and was successful for many years in getting published in top academic journals. My disbelief was shaken, however, after a trip to a university in Morocco and subsequent efforts to bring students in the US and myself into direct exchange with Arab/Islamic culture. These experiences provide the basis for re-examining the efficacy of apostasy as an epistemological stance, and through the critique of Jacques Ranciere speak to the power of intimacy, empathy, and redefined forms of believing and belonging as paths of insight into one’s own and others’ cultures.
Tolerance of spring wheat to a salt-fluxing residue containing potassium and magnesium

Abstract Field and greenhouse studies were conducted in Idaho in 1985 to document the maximum levels of a salt fluxing residue (slag) material that can be safely applied to agricultural soils without reducing spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) growth. The slag material, which contains significant quantities of Mg and K, was applied to Mission (coarse‐silty, mixed, frigid Andic Fragiochrepts) and Palouse (fine‐silty, mixed, mesic Pachic Ultic Haploxerolls) silt loam soils at rates ranging from 0 to 40,000 kg/ha. Parameters evaluated included: (1) germination, (2) plant vigor, (3) yield, and (4) soil and plant tissue K, Ca and Mg. Under field conditions slag application rates of 4,000 and 8,000 kg/ha reduced wheat stands and vigor; however, yields were not adversely affected when compared with the control. Application rates in excess of 8,000 kg/ha resulted in reduced germination, plant vigor, and yield and are consequently not recommended. Greenhouse studies provided further evidence to substantiate the fiel...
A portrait of Brent Ritchie

I can remember reading The Five People You Meet in Heaven by author Mitch Album a few years ago, in which the main character in the book meets five people that have changed his life. At the time I ...
Coarse-Grained Energy Modeling of Rollback/Recovery Mechanisms

As high-performance computing systems continue to grow in size and complexity, energy efficiency and reliability have emerged as first-order concerns. Researchers have shown that data movement is a significant contributing factor to power consumption on these systems. Additionally, rollback/recovery protocols like checkpoint/restart can generate large volumes of data traffic exacerbating the energy and power concerns. In this work, we show that a coarse-grained model can be used effectively to speculate about the energy footprints of rollback/recovery protocols. Using our validated model, we evaluate the energy footprint of checkpoint compression, a method that incurs higher computational demand to reduce data volumes and data traffic. Specifically, we show that while checkpoint compression leads to more frequent checkpoints (as per the optimal checkpoint frequency) and increases per checkpoint energy cost, compression still yields a decrease in total application energy consumption due to the overall runtime decrease.
Human Heart Development Pathways

This pathway has been largely adapted from an article by Deepak Srivastava, Cell. 2006 Sep 22;126(6):1037-48. In this pathway are known transcription factors, miRNAs and regulatory proteins that impact the regional specificity of the human heart. Activating signals are indicated by arrows while inhibitory signals are indicated by T-bars. Special thanks to Kim Cordes for her assistance in revising this pathway, based on recent heart development research. A live version of the pathway can be found at http://www.wikipathways.org/index.php/Pathway:WP1591
On atmospheric zonal to eddy kinetic energy exchange for January 1963

An estimate of the exchange of kinetic energy between the large-scale atmospheric eddies and the zonal flow for January 1963 for the troposphere north of 20°N latitude has been made by means of a quasigeostrophic method. This more complete result is compared with the anomalous one obtained earlier by WIIN-NIELSEN, BROWN and DRAKE (1964). The monthly averaged exchange values are in very good agreement. However, the results of the present study indicate that the estimates of the lateral and vertical boundary terms must be taken into account when studying the kinetic energy balance over this portion of the atmosphere. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1967.tb01454.x
The photon sensitivity of a moderated activation neutron detector

A method is described for estimating the overresponse produced by neutrons generated in the hydrocarbon moderator of a neutron dosimetry system by photon reactions. It is shown that photon interactions in the moderator produce an apparent neutron fluence per unit absorbed dose of 1.40 x 10/sup 6/ n/cm/sup 2//Gy-x for a flattened 33-MV x-ray beam and 2.66 x 10/sup 6/ n/cm/sup 2//Gy-x for the same beam without the flattening filter in place. The photon response of the moderated activation neutron detector was found to decrease rapidly with end point energy of the x-ray beam in the range 33 to 18.7 MeV.
Cocreation is chaotic: What it means for marketing when no one has control

The co-creation of value is emerging as the new frontier in marketing. Value creation is now conceptualized as shared by both producers and consumers, making the terminology separating these roles ...
Reducing the computational cost of the ECF using a nuFFT: A fast and objective probability density estimation method

A nonuniform, fast Fourier transform can be used to reduce the computational cost of the empirical characteristic function (ECF) by a factor of 100. This fast ECF calculation method is applied to a new, objective, and robust method for estimating the probability distribution of univariate data, which effectively modulates and filters the ECF of a dataset in a way that yields an optimal estimate of the (Fourier transformed) underlying distribution. This improvement in computational efficiency is leveraged to estimate probability densities from a large ensemble of atmospheric velocity increments (gradients), with the purpose of characterizing the statistical and fractal properties of the velocity field. It is shown that the distribution of velocity increments depends on location in an atmospheric model and that the increments are clearly not normally distributed. The estimated increment distributions exhibit self-similar and distinctly multifractal behavior, as shown by structure functions that exhibit power-law scaling with a non-linear dependence of the power-law exponent on the structure function order.
Isolation of a stimulatory factor for nuclear DNA replication

Aqueous extracts of isolated nuclei and intact plasmodia of Physarum contain a heat-stable stimulator of nuclear DNA replication. The stimulatory factor is present throughout the mitotic cycle, and its activity is unaffected by prior exposure of plasmodia to cycloheximide. The stimulatory substance has been partially purified by heat treatment, precipitation with ethanol, chromatography on DEAE cellulose, and gel filtration. The purified material contains both carbohydrate and protein, and exhibits a molecular weight of about 30 000. The active substance increases the rate and overall extent of DNA replication in S-phase nuclei, but does not trigger the initiation of DNA synthesis in nuclei isolated from G2-phase plasmodia. The stimulatory material contains little or no deoxyribonuclease or DNA polymerase activity, and it does not affect DNA polymerase activity assayed using a purified DNA template.
Does Marriage Matter

When politicians point to the high social costs and taxpayer burden imposed by disintegrating `family values they overlook the fact that individuals do not simply make the decisions that lead to unwed parenthood marriage or divorce on the basis of what is good for society. They weigh the costs and benefits of each of these choices to themselves--and sometimes their children. But how much do individuals know about these costs and benefits? I think that we as demographers have something to contribute here. As individual researchers we investigate the relationship between marriage and longevity wealth earnings or childrens achievements but we rarely try to pull all this evidence together. I would like to argue that we have an opportunity and an obligation to do that and to tell people what their decisions about marriage and family potentially mean for them as individuals. That is my objective here. (EXCERPT)
Publicly verifiable grouped aggregation queries on outsourced data streams

Outsourcing data streams and desired computations to a third party such as the cloud is a desirable option to many companies. However, data outsourcing and remote computations intrinsically raise issues of trust, making it crucial to verify results returned by third parties. In this context, we propose a novel solution to verify outsourced grouped aggregation queries (e.g., histogram or SQL Group-by queries) that are common in many business applications. We consider a setting where a data owner employs an untrusted remote server to run continuous grouped aggregation queries on a data stream it forwards to the server. Untrusted clients then query the server for results and efficiently verify correctness of the results by using a small and easy-to-compute signature provided by the data owner. Our work complements previous works on authenticating remote computation of selection and aggregation queries. The most important aspect of our solution is that it is publicly verifiable - unlike most prior works, we support untrusted clients (who can collude with other clients or with the server). Experimental results on real and synthetic data show that our solution is practical and efficient.
Impact of location and availability of behavioral health services for children.

Literature suggests advantages for co-locating behavioral health care in primary care. We compared the impact of location of services on attendance at behavioral health appointments when access to care was assured for externalizing behavior problems with referral as usual. Two primary care pediatric practices had an evidence-based parenting program co-located in the practice for parents of children aged 2–12 years and two practices had the program available using an enhanced-referral procedure for locations external to the practices. The program was available at the regional children’s hospital (referral as usual). During an 8-month period, the rate of attendance at first appointments was significantly higher in the co-located than the enhanced referral condition (.38 and .12 % of patient visits, respectively; χ2 = 13.32; p < .0003; OR = 3.10; 95 % CI: 1.63, 5.89). These outcomes, while low, were better than the near 0 rate of attendance to referral as usual. Availability of behavioral health services in both conditions increased rates of attended appointments. However, the low rates of attendance indicate increasing availability of services, alone, is not sufficient to decrease the unmet need of children with behavioral problems. Factors other than availability must be addressed in order to improve outcomes for children.
Quadriceps fatigue alters human muscle performance during a novel weight bearing task.

Limited information is currently available regarding muscle synergistic patterns and triggered reflex responses during dynamic weight-bearing activities in the presence of muscle fatigue. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of quadriceps muscle fatigue on patterns of muscle activation and performance in response to sudden, unexpected perturbations during a weight-bearing task. Methods: Motion of the knee was measured as subjects were asked to track a visual target as accurately as possible while performing a resisted single leg squat task. Random perturbations were delivered in 20% of the trials by unexpectedly releasing the resistance during the flexion phase of the exercise. Absolute and constant errors were calculated to evaluate target tracking performance. Quadriceps and hamstring muscle activity was recorded during both perturbed and unperturbed trials. Twelve healthy women were tested before and after completing a repetitive submaximal eccentric quadriceps fatigue protocol. A second group of 12 women served as controls. Unexpected perturbations elicited long-latency responses characterized by facilitation of the quadriceps and inhibition of the hamstrings. Results: Muscle fatigue increased the amplitude of the long-latency response in vastus lateralis by 4.3% maximum voluntary isometric contraction (P = 0.004). Changes in tracking error occurred in response to perturbations after fatigue in spite of significantly increased quadriceps muscle activity, especially during the extension phase of the exercise. Conclusion: Quadriceps muscle fatigue alters the patterns of coordinated muscle activity and may render subjects less able to cope with unexpected perturbations during weight-bearing tasks.
School-Based Health Centers: Strategies for Meeting the Physical and Mental Health Needs of Children and Families.

School-based health centers are fast becoming a part of mainstream health care in the United States. The centers provide enhanced access to comprehensive physical and mental health services for children and families. Although originally established in urban areas, they can also have a significant impact on service delivery for children in rural and suburban areas. This manuscript describes the role and primary functions of school-based health centers, describes several important issues in developing and implementing the centers, and reviews the effectiveness of services provided through school-based health centers. School psychologists are in an excellent position to provide leadership for the establishment of school-based health centers. Participation in school-based health services delivery enables school psychologists to expand their role and broadens both their client population and the range of services. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 40: 279–287, 2003.
Clinicopathologic findings in patients with infantile hemiparesis and epilepsy

Abstract Infantile hemiparesis may be associated with significant morbidity and may have a profound impact on a child's physical and social development. There are little published data evaluating the clinicopathologic features of patients with infantile hemiparesis. The present study retrospectively examines these clinicopathologic features in a surgical series of 21 patients with infantile hemiparesis. The study group was comprised of 21 patients, 13 females and 8 males, ranging in age from 5 to 41 years (mean, 20 years) at the time of surgery. Hemiparesis involved the right side in 16 patients and the left side in 5 patients. Imaging studies identified porencephaly in 8 patients (38%), encephalomalacia in 5 patients (24%), focal cerebral atrophy in 9 patients (43%), ventricular dilatation in 6 patients (29%), and white matter hyperintensities in 4 patients (19%). Concomitant neurologic diseases included medically intractable epilepsy in all 21 patients and visual field defects in 11 patients (52%). Significant perinatal history included prematurity in 7 patients (33%) and cesarean section, forceps delivery, placental abruption, fetal distress, and prolonged rupture of membranes each in 1 patient (5%). The remainder of the patients had an uncomplicated perinatal course (43%). Twelve patients underwent functional hemispherectomy (57%), 8 patients underwent lobectomy (38%) and 1 patient underwent "cyst" resection (5%). Histological evaluation demonstrated lesional (corresponding to radiographic findings) tissue in 15 of the 21 cases (71%). Infarction, malformations due to abnormalities of cortical development (cortical dysplasia) and gliosis with microcalcifications were each found in 6 patients (29%). Infarction and a geographically distinct area of cortical dysplasia were found to coexist in 1 case. Histopathologic findings in the 6 cases in which excised tissue was considered nonlesional included gliosis in all 6 of the cases, hippocampal sclerosis in 2 cases (10%), and neuronal heterotopia in 2 cases (10%). An osteoma was identified in 1 patient. The most common pathological findings observed in our series were infarction and cortical dysplasia, although radiographically, infarct-related changes were the most evident. Hippocampal sclerosis was encountered in 2 patients, suggesting that a subset of cortical dysplasias and hippocampal sclerosis may be caused by an in utero ischemic event.
The Conjunction Fallacy: A Task Specific Phenomenon?

The present investigation adopted a debiasing approach to the judgmental error known as the conjunction fallacy (Tversky & Kahneman, 1982). Such an approach was used to determine the extent to which the conjunction fallacy reflects task specific misunderstanding of particular judgment problems. The results suggest that (a) subjects' misunderstanding of conjunction problems is indeed somewhat task specific, and (b) a debiasing approach can effectively lower but not eliminate the conjunctive error rate for problems that do not strongly implicate representativeness thinking. Educational strategies based on statistical and probabilistic knowledge are discussed as an approach to debiasing inferential errors like the conjunction fallacy.
Performance Monitoring by the Anterior Cingulate Cortex During Saccade Countermanding

Consensus is emerging that the medial frontal lobe of the brain is involved in monitoring performance, but precisely what is monitored remains unclear. A saccade-countermanding task affords an experimental dissociation of neural signals of error, reinforcement, and conflict. Single-unit activity was monitored in the anterior cingulate cortex of monkeys performing this task. Neurons that signaled errors were found, half of which responded to the omission of earned reinforcement. A further diversity of neurons signaled earned or unexpected reinforcement. No neurons signaled the form of conflict engendered by interruption of saccade preparation produced in this task. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the anterior cingulate cortex monitors the consequences of actions.
Work-Related Daydreams: A Qualitative Content Analysis.

This study was conducted to develop and examine the work-related daydream construct. The content of undergraduate college students’ daydream journals were analyzed using an exploratory qualitative research methodology. The data suggested that the work-related daydream phenomenon was a tangible and accessible process that presented fully developed career narratives. Embedded within these career narratives were elements of individuals vocational self-concepts (i.e., work values, aspirations, life roles, and lifestyle choices). Six work-related daydreams are described in detail. Implications for the use of work-related daydreams as a career assessment technique are discussed.