cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Amyloid-β aggregates formed at polar-nonpolar interfaces differ from amyloid-β protofibrils produced in aqueous buffers

The deposition of aggregated amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptides in the brain as senile plaques is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Several lines of evidence indicate that fibrillar and, in particular, soluble aggregates of these 40- and 42-residue peptides are important in the etiology of AD. Recent studies also stress that amyloid aggregates are polymorphic and that a single polypeptide can fold into multiple amyloid conformations. Here we review our recent reports that Abeta(1-40) in vitro can form soluble aggregates with predominant beta-structures that differ in stability and morphology. One class of aggregates involved soluble Abeta protofibrils, prepared by vigorous overnight agitation of monomeric Abeta(1-40) in low ionic strength buffers. These aggregates were quite stable and disaggregated to only a limited extent on dilution. A second class of soluble Abeta aggregates was generated at polar-nonpolar interfaces. Aggregation in a two-phase system of buffer over chloroform occurred more rapidly than in buffer alone. In buffered 2% hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP), microdroplets of HFIP were formed and the half-time for aggregation was less than 10 minutes. Like Abeta protofibrils, these interfacial aggregates showed increased thioflavin T fluorescence and were rich in beta-structure by circular dichroism. However, electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy revealed very different morphologies. The HFIP aggregates formed initial globular clusters that progressed over several days to soluble fibrous aggregates. When diluted out of HFIP these aggregates initially were very unstable and disaggregated completely within 2 minutes. However, their stability increased as they progressed to fibers. It is important to determine whether similar interfacial Abeta aggregates are produced in vivo.
LOSS OF IRON FROM MOUSE PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES IN VITRO AFTER UPTAKE OF [55FE]FERRITIN AND [55FE]FERRITIN RABBIT ANTIFERRITIN COMPLEXES

Mouse peritoneal macrophages in culture for 24 h were exposed to horse [55Fe]ferritin and rabbit antihorse [55Fe]ferritin antibody complex and the amount of 55Fe in the medium was assayed up to 2 days after the pulse uptake. Cell survival was assayed by photographing the same areas of the tissue culture Petri dish on successive days and by counting cell numbers per unit area. In experiments in which quantitative assay for cell death is negligible, about 10–20% of the iron ingested by pinocytosis or phagocytosis is released to iron-free medium containing either freshly dialyzed or deironized newborn calf serum (10%). Over the 2-day postpulse period, iron loss is linear. This loss of iron to the medium is significantly reduced by adding iron-saturated newborn calf serum in the postpulse recovery period. A significant portion of the iron released to the medium is bound to transferrin. When human serum is used in the tissue culture system, similar quantities (10–25%) of the ingested iron are lost to the medium 2 days after the pulse.
MEDICAL CONSEQUENCES OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE

Given the preceding review, differentiating the complications of parenteral drug use, HIV disease, and the toxicity of the drugs such as alcohol or cocaine may be a difficult matter for clinicians. The risk for coexisting morbidities is high. Thus, obtaining accurate and complete medical histories is of paramount importance. Drug-abuse treatment and follow-up medical care after an acute complication often involves multiple health care providers. The integration of primary prevention plans with the reinforcement of drug abstinence requires time, commitment, and the coordination of services. This integration should be a priority for individual patients as well as for public health planning.
What’s Worse in Times of Product-Harm Crisis? Negative Corporate Ability or Negative CSR Reputation?

This study examines the dimensional consequences of (a) having positive prior corporate associations and (b) negative prior corporate associations in times of product-harm crisis by applying two dimensions of corporate associations (corporate ability vs. corporate social responsibility). The findings indicate that the disadvantages of having negative prior corporate ability (CA) associations are bigger than having negative corporate social responsibility (CSR) associations in times of product-harm crisis, whereas the advantages of having positive prior CSR associations are bigger than having positive CA associations. This study also provides directions for how to manage reputational strengths and weaknesses prior to a crisis as part of reputation and crisis management.
Relational schemas, hostile romantic relationships, and beliefs about marriage among young African American adults

The present study tests a developmental model designed to explain the romantic relationship difficulties and reluctance to marry often reported for African Americans. Using longitudinal data from a sample of approximately 400 African American young adults, we examine the manner in which race-related adverse experiences during late childhood and early adolescence give rise to the cynical view of romantic partners and marriage held by many young African Americans. Our results indicate that adverse circumstances disproportionately suffered by African American youth (viz., harsh parenting, family instability, discrimination, criminal victimization, and financial hardship) promote distrustful relational schemas that lead to troubled dating relationships, and that these negative relationship experiences, in turn, encourage a less positive view of marriage.
Use of the anterior mitral leaflet to reinforce the posterior mitral annulus after debridement of calcium

In mitral valve surgery, preservation of continuity between the papillary muscles, chordae, and annulus is associated with preservation of left ventricular function and reduced risk of postoperative left ventricular rupture. However, at mitral valve replacement, extensive annulus and leaflet calcification can necessitate resection of the posterior mitral leaflet. We describe a technique in which the anterior mitral leaflet and its subvalvular apparatus are used to reinforce the posterior mitral annulus after extensive debridement of calcium along the same annulus.
Effects of Heredity, Age, Weight, Puberty, Activity, and Calcium Intake on Bone Mineral Density in Children

Osteoporosis is a disease that plagues older individuals, particularly women. At the usual age of diagnosis, limited therapy is available. By further delineating the factors that influence bone mineral acquisition before peak bone density is achieved, individuals at risk may be identified at an earlier age when therapies may be more effective. This was a study of 16 family units, 16 mothers, eight fathers, and their 28 children between the ages of 5 and 20 years. The evaluation consisted of a focused history, Tanner staging of adolescents, anthropometric data (height, weight), and spinal bone mineral density (BMD) by DEXA (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry). Bone mineral density in the children was compared with multiple environmental factors. Bone mineral density Z-scores were then compared between children and their parents. Variables found to be positively correlated with children's BMDs were: age (r = 0.94, P < 0.001), Tanner stage (r = 0.90, P < 0.001), weight (r = 0.88, P < 0.001), height (r = 0.81, P < 0.001), and body mass index (r = 0.77, P < 0.001). No association was found between calcium intake and BMD, owing possibly to increased calcium intake among children with a family history of osteoporosis. Activity was not significantly associated with BMD. Significant correlations were noted between the children's BMD and that of their father's (r = 0.83, P = 0.01), premenopausal mother's (r = 0.58, P = 0.03), and midparental (the mean value of both parents' BMDs) (r = 0.86, P = 0.01). These data suggest that children who have parents affected by low BMD may be at risk for low BMD themselves.
New Spherically Symmetric Solutions of Nonlinear Schrödinger Equations

Abstract New soliton-like spherically symmetric solutions for nonlinear generalizations of the Schrodiner equation are constructed. A new nonlinear projective invariant Schrodiner equation is suggested and formulae of multiplication of its solutions are found.
Configural processing in face recognition in schizophrenia.

Introduction. There is currently substantial literature to suggest that patients with schizophrenia are impaired on many face-processing tasks. This study investigated the specific effects of configural changes on face recognition in groups of schizophrenia patients. Methods. In Experiment 1, participants identified facial expressions in upright faces and in faces inverted from their upright orientation. Experiments 2 and 3 examined recognition memory for faces and other non-face objects presented in upright and inverted orientations. Experiment 4 explored recognition of facial identity in composite images where the top half of one face was fused to the bottom half of another face to form a new face configuration. Results. In each experiment, the configural change had the same effect on face recognition for the schizophrenia patients as it did for control participants. Recognising inverted faces was more difficult than recognising upright faces, with a disproportionate effect of inversion on faces relative to other objects. Recognition of facial identity in face-halves was interfered with by the formation of a new face configuration. Conclusion. Collectively, these results suggest that people with schizophrenia rely on configural information to recognise photographs of faces.
Les sciences citoyennes. Vigilance collective et rapport entre profane et scientifique dans les sciences naturalistes

Ce colloque s’est tenu a la Maison de l’Universite de Saint-Etienne, a l’initiative du CRESAL (Florian Charvolin) et de l’ENS-LSH (Joelle Le Marec, chercheur au laboratoire C2SO, Communication, culture et societe). Beneficiant de la participation de l’Universite Jean Monnet (Saint-Etienne), de l’Inra et de l’Universite Lumiere (Lyon 2), il avait en outre une dimension internationale grâce au concours de l’ambassade de France aux Etats-Unis. Cette rencontre a permis a des sociologues, des historiens des sciences et des praticiens des sciences naturalistes de croiser leurs champs de recherche sur les « sciences citoyennes ». Il s’agissait de se pencher sur la question du partage des connaissances entre tous, fonde, selon F. Charvolin, sur la reconnaissance d’un pacte republicain implicite entre science et democratie. A ce titre, le cas des sciences naturalistes est exemplaire. En effet, l’engouement populaire pour les sciences de « plein air », d’observation, necessitant du temps mais, a priori, peu de materiel et de prerequis, se manifeste au moins depuis le XIXe siecle, alors meme qu’un processus d’institutionnalisation s’engage, avec des differences liees aux contextes nationaux. Les sciences naturalistes ont toujours fait largement appel au profane (l’amateur du XIXe siecle). On peut alors se demander comment se negocient les rapports entre profanes et scientifiques, avec la montee en puissance des professionnels. Cette question n’est pas seulement historique : les profanes sont aujourd’hui nombreux dans les sciences naturalistes. La reconnaissance qu’ils imposent – ou qu’on leur concede – peut etre source d’une tension bipolaire (curieux/lettre, novice/expert, profane/professionnel...),
Calibrator for alternating voltage, current, and power

A computer-controlled calibrator capable of delivering AC sinusoidal and distorted waveform voltage, current, and power with an accuracy of several parts per million is described. The reference AC voltage is obtained using digital-to-analog conversion and the reference AC current by applying the reference voltage to a reference AC resistor. The phase relation is obtained digitally. A combination of feedback and error-feedforward control strategy, together with the current comparator technique for very accurate ratio measurements, is applied. The parts per million stability of the calibrator permits the use of a multiplexing program for varying the settings and for monitoring several instruments over a long period of time. >
Outcome Analysis of Invasive Aspergillosis in Hematologic Malignancy and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Patients: The Role of Novel Antimold Azoles

Background. Invasive aspergillosis (IA) continues to be a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in hematologicmalignancy(HM)patients.Weevaluatedtheprognostic factors for IA in HM patients. Methods. In this retrospective study, we included all HM patients diagnosed with proven or probable IA between June 1993 and June 2008. Results. A total of 449 HM patients were analyzed, the majority of which (75%) had underlying leukemia. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that neutropenia for more than two weeks during IA, steroid use, and intensive care admission were independently associated with failure to respond to antifungal therapy, as well as increased IA-attributable mortality (all p-values < .01). Antifungal therapy with an antimold azole-containing regimen (voriconazole or posaconazole) was also independently associated with improved response to treatment, as well as decreased IA-attributable mortality (allp-values< .0001). Survival analysis showed that primary or salvage therapy with a regimen that contained antimold azoles was significantly associated with improved survival (p < .001). Conclusions. In HM patients, persistent neutropenia and the need for intensive care are associated with failure to respond to antifungal therapy. Use of novel antimold azoles, either as primary or salvage therapy, improvestheoveralloutcomeandIA-attributabledeath of HM patients with IA. The Oncologist 2011;16: 1049–1060
The receive voltage transmission function of a phased array antenna element

A general method has been developed for determining the voltage response of a phased array element to an incoming electric field. The incident field may arrive from any scan angle, and mutual coupling effects are accounted for in terms of the array element active reflection coefficient. The method defines a receive voltage transmission function \bar{T}(\theta, \phi, f) as a term whose product with the incident electric field E_{i} ( \theta, \phi, f ) results in the array element voltage response. The derivation of \bar{T}(\theta, \phi, f) is obtained by treating each phased array antenna element as a receiving aperture, having an active impedance related to the mutual coupling in the array. The element effective length is formulated using an array element receive equivalent circuit, and the transmission function \bar{T}(\theta, \phi, f) is obtained using this effective length formulation. The usefulness of the transmission function for studying the response of a phased array element to particular radar signal waveforms is suggested, and an experimental evaluation of \bar{T}(\theta \phi, f) is described using mutual coupling measurements on a 37-element crossed dipole test array.
The fetus in prolonged pregnancy

P R o L o N G E o pregnancy has been the subject of numerous studies about the question of damage to the fetus by placental insufficiency. It is obvious that such damage ( "dysmaturity") can occur, as every obstetrician, pediatrician, and pathologist knows from personal experience. Yet there is a wide divergence of opinion regarding the significance of the risk of prolonged pregnancy and the need to avoid it by terminating the pregnancy. This divergence is partly due to variations in the selection and evaluation of patients, but also is partly inherent in the illdefined nature of the condition. Various published results and opinions will not be discussed here because the subject has recently been reviewed by Cushner. 1 The present study primarily concerns the average fetus during prolonged pregnancy, rather than the one suffering obvious deprivation from placental insufficiency. The entire group of postterm pregnancies, among 5,000 consecutive deliveries, will therefore be reviewed with regard to birth weight, signs of fetal distress, death, and anatomic indications of intrauterine deprivation. This will place the conspicuously malnourished fetus in the proper perspective with regard to the broader problem of prolonged pregnancy. The effects of prolonged pregnancy do not
Recent advances in oil-repellent surfaces

During the last years, emerging research has focused on the development and design of novel materials that can successfully repel oils and other liquids. In order to achieve such properties, different fabrication strategies can be followed. Up to now, several reviews have been published that focus and investigate each of these concepts individually without giving an entire overview of all the existing approaches for achieving oil-repellency. In this review pertaining to advances and developments since 2011, we summarise progress on fabrication, design and understanding of all the existing concepts for obtaining materials that are oil-repellent including smooth oleophobic materials, textured superoleophobic and superomniphobic surfaces, and lubricated porous/textured substrates. In each of these categories, we highlight the most successful methods to produce oil-repellent surfaces while their applications are also demonstrated. Finally, recent studies and new trends focusing on the development of oil-repel...
Analysis on network-based security and detection of networked control system

The author expatiated the developing background and the characteristic of Networked Control Security and its affect to the control system.A comprehensive study to the Network used in the simulation of Networked control system and its developing strategy is presented.Some key technologies to the Networked Control Security and its simulation are presented.
Significance of the Changes of Interleukin-3,Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-8 Levels in Serum of Children with Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Objective To explore the clinical significance of IL-3,6,8 levels in serum of children with acute myeloid leukemia(AML).Methods Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)was employed to measure the levels of IL-3,6 and 8 in serum of 58 children with AML(male 34,female 24;aged 3-16 years old,mean 10.19 years old),and 30 healthy children(male 17,female 13;aged 4-14 years old,mean 9.92 years old)were treated as healthy control group.At 7:30 to 8:00 in morning,3 mL fasting venous blood was drawn and centrifuged at 2 500 r/min rate of rotation for 20 minutes in common temperature.The separated serum were stored at-20 ℃ refrigerator until assay.The children with M3 subtype were treated by all trans-retinoic acid and other cases used DA(daunomycin and cytarabine),HA(homoharringtonine and cytarabine)or IAE(idarubicin,cytarabine and etoposide)combination chemotherapy method.After 30-45 days the myelograms were detected.Software of SPSS 10.0 was used to analyze all data.Results The complete remission(CR)was observed in 44 cases,non-remission(NR)in 14 cases.The level of IL-3 was significantly lower at the time of diagnosis than that in healthy control group(P0.01).However the levels of IL-6 and IL-8 were significantly higher at the time of diagnosis than those in healthy control group(Pa0.01).The IL-3 level increased remarkably in AML children at CR stage(P0.01),but was still lower than that in healthy control group(P0.01).However,the levels of IL-6 and IL-8 showed no significant difference between healthy control group and CR group(Pa0.05).The IL-3,6 and 8 levels in NR group showed no significant differences as compared with newly diagnosed children(Pa0.05).The IL-3 level showed no significant differences among various subtypes of AML(Pa0.05).The IL-6 levels of children with M1 and M5 AML were remarkably higher than those of children with the other subtypes of AML(Pa0.01).In children with M4 subtype and M5 subtype,IL-8 levels in serum were much higher than those of children with the other subtypes(Pa0.01).Conclusions IL-3,6 and 8 levels in serum of children with AML are associated with the subtype of AML.Monitoring the levels of IL-3,6 and 8 may have prognostic value in clinical outcome and is useful marker of curative effect in AML children.
Study on Cytotoxicity of Carboxymethyl Glucomannan to L929 Mouse Fibroblasts in vitro

The in vitro cytotoxicities of different degrees of substitution and different concentrations of carboxymethyl konjac glucomannan (CMKGM) were tested by MTT assay. In this study, L929 mouse fibroblasts were used as the target cells. The OD values of cultured cells were measured on the first day. The cell relative growth rates of each group were calculated. The cytotoxicitie grades of each group were determined according to six-grade. Results showed that the cytotoxicity gradation of each group is at the first grade. The tested groups have no significant difference to the negative group (p0.05), while have significant difference to the positive group (p0.01). The concentration of carboxymethyl konjac glucomannan has significant influence on cell activity.
Cumulative pregnancy rates for donor insemination according to ovulatory function and tubal status

From our study of 234 cases of AID with fresh semen, we conclude the following: (1) women who do not have other infertility problems, such as ovulatory dysfunction or evidence of tubal disease, have approximately a 90% chance of pregnancy if they stay in the program for up to 12 cycles; (2) with even greater persistence (i.e., greater than 12 cycles), it is predicted that virtually 100% of these women would conceive, but this conclusion is based on extrapolated data and therefore must be interpreted with caution; (3) women with ovulatory dysfunction who are treated with CC during their AID cycles ultimately achieve the same likelihood of pregnancy as women with normal ovulatory function, but at a slower rate; and (4) women with one patent tube (possibly a marker for generalized tubal damage) have a poorer outcome from AID than those with bilaterally patent tubes, from the standpoint of both the ultimate likelihood of pregnancy and the pregnancy rate per cycle.
The Priority of Event over form in Machiavelli’s Discourse

The history of political philosophy leading to Machiavelli is the history of reasons why human praxis ought to comply with pre-established orders or forms. With Machiavelli human praxis discovered its freedom in the antagonism to the sphere of form, in the experience that orders previously regarded as fixed and unchangeable could be overthrown, in the suspicion that this world of ours does not provide secure foundations to any possible order or form. After Machiavelli, political thinking is confronted with an alternative: either it seeks another foundation for its orders in this difficult new freedom, or it questions the need for free human praxis to depend on the primacy of order. This book reconstructs the reasoning that leads from Machiavelli’s discourse to this alternative; it takes the position, on the basis of this discourse, that the first alternative is impracticable or aporetic, and tries to sketch, from this discourse, some lines of flight for political thought to follow, should it wish to embark, certainly not for the first time, in the second, no less arduous alternative.
Chitosan hemostatic dressing for renal parenchymal wound sealing in a porcine model: implications for laparoscopic partial nephrectomy technique.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES This study was to evaluate the feasibility of using a novel chitosan hemostatic dressing to control hemorrhage and urinary leakage by sealing off the parenchymal wound following LPN. METHODS Nine heparinized domestic swine underwent bilateral laparoscopic partial nephrectomies involving either a polar or wedge resection. Estimated blood loss (EBL), hemostatic score, operative time, and adhesion score of the chitosan dressing were documented during LPN. Retrograde pyelography was performed to assess urinary leakage. RESULTS Of 18 procedures, complete hemostasis after deployment of the chitosan dressing was successfully achieved in 17 of them. The hemostasis score improved significantly after the deployment in both polar (P<0.001) and wedge (P=0.017) resections. The rate of successful pyelocaliceal sealing was 85% (11/13) in polar and 60% (3/5) in wedge resections. Application of a bandage in wedge resections was fraught with greater difficulties in terms of number of applications required and prolonged operative time. However, the differences between this group and polar resection were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS The chitosan hemostatic dressing is capable of being used in LPN procedures as a primary or supplemental material for controlling parenchymal hemorrhage and sealing the renal collecting system in the animal model.
Midazolam for status epilepticus

Midazolam is now the first-line treatment for status epilepticus in children. The drug can be given via several different routes. Transmucosal administration is safe, effective, easier to use and more socially acceptable than rectal diazepam. The aim is to stop convulsive seizures that have lasted longer than five minutes as soon as possible. Transmucosal pre-hospital administration by carers is recommended for patients with a predilection for prolonged seizures, or those with limited access to emergency services. This reduces the time to treat and improves outcomes. General practitioners can obtain midazolam through the Prescriber Bag Drug Supplies section of the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme. For pre-hospital use, 5 mg in 1 mL plastic ampoules is recommended.
Testing ecological and universal models of body shape and child health using a global sample of infants and young children

Aim: To test whether a risk of child illness is best predicted by deviations from a population-specific growth distribution or a universal growth distribution.Subjects and methods: Child weight for...
The Structure of Asymmetric Hollow Fiber Membranes by Oxygen Plasma Ablation

Loeb and Sourirajan invented the first integrally-skinned membrane in 1960 for desalination by phase inversion of cellulose acetate sols (1). In the integrally-skinned membrane, the skin and substructure are composed of the same material. The skin layer determines both the permeability and selectivity of the bilayer, whereas the porous substructure functions primarily as a physical support for the skin. Differences in density between the two layers are the result of interfacial forces and the fact that solvent loss occurs more rapidly from the air-solution and solution-nonsolvent bath interfaces than from the solution interior (2).
New therapeutic agents marketed in 1995.

In 1995, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved 28 new molecular entities (NMEs), 26 of which are for therapeutic use and two of which are diagnostic agents. Fourteen of the NMEs for therapeutic use were both approved and marketed in the United States in 1995. In addition, eight other NMEs and a biological agent for therapeutic use that the FDA approved before 1995 (most in late 1994) were marketed during the year. Thus, a total of 23 therapeutic agents reached the U.S. market for the first time in 1995. Many of the 12 therapeutic agents approved in 1995, but not marketed before the end of the year, were available in early 1996. This review considers the drugs' most important properties and compares them with other available agents with similar properties. This discussion is not intended to be all inclusive; when additional information is needed, more comprehensive references and the product literature should be consulted.
Doughnuts and Discounts — Changes to Medicare Part D under the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018

Doughnuts and Discounts The Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 accelerates changes to Medicare Part D that were begun by the Affordable Care Act. But though the changes reduce beneficiaries’ out-of-pocket burden in the short run, their effects on drug prices in the long run are less clear.
Schlieren photography on freely flying hawkmoth

The aerodynamic force on flying insects results from the vortical flow structures that vary both spatially and temporally throughout flight. Due to these complexities and the inherent difficulties ...
Risk Assessment: The Consumer as an Intuitive Statistician

The authors present an overview of academic research on risk assessment. Consumers assess risk as though they were intuitive statisticians, combining two distinct processes to arrive at their perceptions of risk. With the bottom-up process, consumers rely on specific, individual-level risk factors. With the top-down process, consumers rely on the overall prevalence or “base rate” of a risk. Both processes may lead to over- or underestimation of actual risk, but the biases in each process stem from different sources. These sources of bias may be reduced or eliminated by implementing matching de-biasing techniques. Properly applied, de-biasing techniques may mitigate the negative consequences of over- or underestimation of risk.
Synopsis of the Method

We consider a formulation of the variational principle of magnetohydrodynamics that enables us to calculate equilibrium and stability without recourse to the full equations of motion [3, 37]. Denote the magnetic field by B, the fluid pressure by p and the mass density by p. We assume an equation of state of the form p = pγ where γ is the gas constant. Let $${E_p} = \smallint \smallint \smallint \left[ {\frac{{{B^2}}}{2} + \frac{p}{{\gamma - 1}}} \right]dxdydz$$ stand for the potential energy of a torus of plasma and let $${E_v} = \smallint \smallint \smallint \frac{{{B^2}}}{2}dxdydz$$ stand for the potential energy of the magnetic field in a vacuum region surrounding the plasma. The normal component of B is supposed to vanish at the free boundary separating the plasma from the vacuum. Subject to constraints on B, p and p that will be formulated presently, the variational principle asserts that equilibrium is characterized by a stationary value of the Hamiltonian $$\nabla .B = 0$$
Emission from Volcanic SO Gas on Io at High Spectral Resolution

Jupiter’s moon Io hosts a dynamic atmosphere that is continually stripped off and replenished through frost sublimation and volcanic outgassing. We observed an emission band at 1.707 µm thought to be produced by hot SO molecules directly ejected from a volcanic vent; the observations were made with the NIRSPEC instrument on the Keck II telescope while Io was in eclipse by Jupiter on three nights in 2012–2016, and included two observations with 10 × higher spectral resolution than all prior observations of this band. These high-resolution spectra permit more complex and realistic modeling, and reveal a contribution to the SO emission from gas reservoirs at both high and low rotational temperatures. The scenario preferred by de Pater et al. (2002) for the source of the SO gas – direct volcanic emission of SO in the excited state – is consistent with these two temperature components if the local gas density is high enough that rotational energy can be lost collisionally before the excited electronic state spontaneously decays. Under this scenario, the required bulk atmospheric gas density and surface pressure are n ∼ 10^(11) cm^(−3) and 1–3 nbar, consistent with observations and modeling of Io’s dayside atmosphere at altitudes below 10 km (Lellouch et al., 2007; Walker et al., 2010). These densities and pressures would be too high for the nightside density if the atmospheric density drops by an order of magnitude or more at night (as predicted by sublimation-supported models), but recent results have shown a drop in SO_2 gas density of only a factor of 5 ± 2 (Tsang et al., 2016). While our observations taken immediately post-ingress and pre-egress (on different dates) prefer models with only a factor of 1.5 change in gas density, a factor of 5 change is still well within uncertainties. In addition, our derived gas densities are for the total bulk atmosphere, while Tsang et al. (2016) specifically measured SO_2. The low-temperature gas component is warmer for observations in the first 20 min of eclipse (in Dec 2015) than after Io had been in shadow for 1.5 h (in May 2016), suggesting cooling of the atmosphere during eclipse. However, individual spectra during the first ∼ 30 min of eclipse do not show a systematic cooling, indicating that such a cooling would have to take place on a longer timescale than the ∼ 10 min for cooling of the surface (Tsang et al., 2016). Excess emission is consistently observed at 1.69 µm, which cannot be matched by two-temperature gas models but can be matched by models that over-populate high rotational states. However, a detailed assessment of disequilibrium conditions will require high-resolution spectra that cover both the center of the band and the wing at 1.69 µm. Finally, a comparison of the total band strengths observed across eight dates from 1999 to 2016 reveals no significant dependence on thermal hot spot activity (including Loki Patera), on the time since Io has been in shadow, nor on the phase of Io’s orbit at the time of observation.
Optimizing Parallel Reduction on OpenCL FPGA Platform – A Case Study of Frequent Pattern Compression

Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are becoming a promising heterogeneous computing component in high-performance computing. To facilitate the usage of FPGAs for developers and researchers, high-level synthesis tools are pushing the FPGA-based design abstraction from the registertransfer level to high-level language design flow using OpenCL/C/C++. Currently, there are few studies on parallel reduction using atomic functions in the OpenCL-based design flow on an FPGA. Inspired by the reduction operation in frequent pattern compression, we transform the function into an OpenCL kernel, and describe the optimizations of the kernel on an Arria10-based FPGA platform as a case study. We found that automatic kernel vectorization does not improve the kernel performance. Users can manually vectorize the kernel to achieve performance speedup. Overall, our optimizations improve the kernel performance by a factor of 11.9 over the baseline kernel. The performance per watt of the kernel on an Intel Arria 10 GX1150 FPGA is 5.3X higher than an Intel Xeon 16-core CPU while 0.625X lower than an Nvidia K80 GPU.
A new species of Plaumanniola Costa Lima in French Guiana (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)

The genus Plaumanniola Costa Lima, 1962 was a subject of several taxonomical and morphological studies. It is one of very few scydmaenines originally placed not only in a different beetle family, but even a superfamily. The first species of Plaumanniola , P. sanctaecatharinae Costa Lima, 1962 was confused with myrmecophilous spider beetles and placed in a new subfamily Plaumanniolinae of Ptinidae. Transferred to Scydmaenidae by Lawrence & Reichardt (1966), it remained placed as a separate subfamily, and after merging the ant-like stone beetles with Staphylinidae, as a tribe Plaumanniolini of Scydmaenitae (Newton & Franz 1998; Grebennikov & Newton 2009). Franz (1990) redescribed P. sanctaecatharinae , but Jaloszynski (2013) found his redescription to have been based on a misidentified new species, which he described as P. regina Jaloszynski, 2013. The latter author illustrated previously unknown morphological structures, redefined Plaumanniola and discussed its possible close affinities with Glandulariini (Jaloszynski 2013). The unusually stout and flattened body, with especially flat and broad head (interpreted as possible adaptations towards myrmecophily, e.g., Lenko (1972)), differentiated Plaumanniolini from all other Scydmaeninae, but no other characters were found to support a separate position of this monogeneric tribe. Shortly later, a relatively slender P. simplicissima Jaloszynski, 2014 was described on the basis of material collected in Bolivia. Finally, a discovery made by Jaloszynski (2016) that Euconnus octosetosus Franz, 1994, was in fact a strikingly slender member of Plaumanniola , and that the aedeagus of Plaumanniola highly resembles that of Euconnus ( Rhomboconnus Franz, 1986), lead to placing Plaumanniolini as a junior synonym of Glandulariini. It is possible that in future Plaumanniola will be reduced to a subgenus of Euconnus .
21-Gene Recurrence Score Testing in HER2-positive Patients.

Abstract Introduction The 21-gene recurrence score (RS) has been extensively studied and validated in patients with estrogen receptor-positive (ER+), human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2)-negative breast cancer; however, RS testing is not routinely performed in patients with HER2-positive (HER2+) disease. We sought to determine patterns of RS testing, to characterize RS distributions, and to determine the impact of RS results on clinical decision-making for patients with ER+, HER2+ breast cancer. Materials and Methods Using the Surveillance and Epidemiology End Results program database, we identified women with ER+, HER2+ breast cancer. We stratified patients using TAILORx RS cutoffs and evaluated treatment characteristics across patients. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to determine factors associated with RS testing and receipt of a high-risk RS. Results Overall, 5% of patients with ER+, HER2+, early stage breast cancer underwent RS testing. The distribution of RS testing by TAILORx cutoffs were: high-risk, 17%; intermediate-risk, 49%; and low-risk, 34%. Chemotherapy utilization among those not tested was 66%. Among those tested, utilization was significantly associated with RS results: 67% of high-risk, 30% of intermediate-risk, and 19% of low-risk patients received chemotherapy. Progesterone receptor-negative status, larger tumor size, and high tumor grade were significantly associated with high-risk RS. Conclusions RS testing is used sparingly among patients with HER2+ early-stage breast cancer; however, test results appear to impact clinician’s decision-making on chemotherapy use.
Epilogue: Timeless Teachings of the Gītā—Maxims for Life and Leadership

This chapter distills the essential teachings of the Gitā on life and leadership. It draws together all the myriad strands presented in the foregoing chapters and offers pointers on the path of action (karma yoga), knowledge (jnāna yoga), meditation (dhyāna yoga), and devotion (bhakti yoga). The path of Self-knowledge as taught in the Gitā garners self-awareness, an essential quality of effective leadership. This self-awareness makes us aware of the fact that, at its very core, all life is essentially one. The diversity and multiplicity that we see is an expression of that one Reality in which everything is irrevocably connected to everything else. According to the Gitā, this understanding helps us live a life of selfless service and contribution, the key to personal happiness and social harmony. The Gitā teaches us that true peace can only come by serving the common good and surrendering to the Divine within us.
Reaction of a ruthenium B-carboranyl hydride complex and BH3(SMe2): Selective formation of a pincer-supported metallaborane LRu(B3H8)

Abstract Reaction of a boryl hydride pincer complex (POBOP)Ru(H)(PPh3) (POBOP = 1,7-OP(i-Pr)2-m-2-carboranyl) and BH3(SMe2) at 70 °C led to the selective formation of a pincer-supported metallaborane (POBOP)Ru(B3H8). Single crystal structure of (POBOP)Ru(B3H8) was determined. This complex features coordination of the carborane cluster through adjacent boryl and borane groups that impose significantly different trans-influence on the coordinated B3H8 fragment.
Content of widely viewed YouTube videos about celiac disease.

Abstract Objective To describe the most widely viewed English language videos related to celiac disease on YouTube. Study design This is a cross-sectional study. Methods Videos sorted by number of views yielded the 100 most widely viewed. Number of views, source (consumer, professional, or news agency), and inclusion of specific content were recorded. Results Collectively, the 100 videos were viewed nearly 7 million times. Between 2007 and 2010, 28% were uploaded, while more than 70% were uploaded after 2010. Professionals uploaded almost half (48%), consumers posted 32%, and news sources posted the remaining 20%. While gluten-containing foods/drinks were presented in 57% of the videos, these videos garnered almost 78% of cumulative views. Comparatively few videos provided substantive information related to age at diagnosis, who is at risk for the disease, hereditary nature, or that the disease can inhibit growth and development among children. Most videos (56%) did not cover how celiac disease is diagnosed, and only 14% mentioned family members of diagnosed individuals should be screened for the disease (garnering only 9% of cumulative views). Conclusion Given the popularity and potential reach of YouTube, medical professionals have an opportunity to use this medium to reach a large audience in providing accurate and useful information to the public about celiac disease.
Ford Motor in Belgium

This chapter begins with discussions of Ford’s first Antwerp Plant, and its longer-lasting replacement, Ford Hoboken in Antwerp. This is followed by a more extensive review of the massive Ford Genk, which launched in 1964. The latter survived until 2014, when its shuttering marked the end of Ford’s 92-year run producing cars in Belgium.
Control System for a Continuous Compaction Large Square Baler

Abstract Bale density impacts the cost to harvest, aggregate, store and transport hay or biomass. To achieve legal transport weight limits in many countries, the large square bale (LSBe) wet basis density should be approximately 240 kg·m−3. Current large-square balers (LSBers) create density by employing a reciprocating plunger to apply pressures in excess of 700 kPa to the bale face, but densification by a reciprocating plunger is inefficient because of the intermittent manner that the pressure is applied. What is explored here is an alternative bale densification method that uses an auger and conical compaction rollers to compact material in a continuous fashion. Compared to conventional LSBers, this new baler concept has the potential to create high-density bales with a machine that is less complicated and lighter weight. An important component of this baling mechanism was a closed-loop control system developed to achieve a desired bale density, as well as control bale separation and bale length. The control system varied bale chamber compression panel pressure to alter auger force and subsequent bale density. Using this control system enabled the baler to achieve dry basis densities ranging from 166 to 334 kg·m−3 with auger forces less than 44 kN, nearly a fifteen-fold reduction in force compared to a conventional plunger type LSBer.
Engineering new catalytic activities in enzymes

The efficiency, selectivity and sustainability benefits offered by enzymes are enticing chemists to consider biocatalytic transformations to complement or even supplant more traditional synthetic routes. Increasing demands for efficient and versatile synthetic methods, combined with powerful new discovery and engineering tools, has prompted innovations in biocatalysis, especially the development of new enzymes for precise transformations or ‘molecular editing’. As a result, the past decade has witnessed an impressive expansion of the catalytic repertoire of enzymes to include new and useful transformations not known (or relevant) in the biological world. In this Review we illustrate various ways in which researchers have approached using the catalytic machineries of enzymes for new-to-nature transformations. These efforts have identified genetically encoded catalysts that can be tuned and diversified by engineering the protein sequence, particularly by directed evolution. Discovery and improvement of these new enzyme activities is opening a floodgate that connects the chemistry of the biological world to that invented by humans over the past 100 years. Advances in enzyme performance and capabilities are making them increasingly attractive to synthetic chemists. In this Review Chen and Arnold outline the ways that enzymes have been engineered to achieve reactivities well beyond their original functions.
Climate Change, Climate Justice, and Children's Mental Health: A Generation at Risk?

Climate change poses the greatest threat to those who are the least responsible; those who are already vulnerable to deep-rooted challenges such as poverty and often living in areas with poor air q...
Ice-templated geopolymer beads for dye removal

Geopolymer beads, conceived as alternative low cost adsorbents for wastewater treatment, were shaped by a dripping technique in liquid nitrogen, through an ice-templating process. PEG600 was added as a binder to ease the process, standardizing the beads dimension. The beads were investigated in terms of morphology, microstructure and mechanical strength, following compressive tests by ISO 18591. Functional tests, to verify the adsorption capacity, were conducted using methylene blue (MB) with different concentrations and for different contact time. The removal efficiency was mainly related to the morphology and porosity of the beads, which in turn was directly related to the water content added to the geopolymer slurry. In general, all beads reached an average removal efficiency of 98% after 24 h. However, the best performing beads were able to uptake MB very quickly, attaining a removal efficiency of 76% after only 30 min.
A Community Focus

This book is about people, their neighborhoods, and their relevant community of action. The research findings discussed in the following pages are organized to provide a greater understanding of the concept of community in the lives of urban residents today. The spatial distribution of the social relationships that people have with one another is analyzed, and the concept of neighborhood is then examined in terms of what forms of involvement, commitment, and investment individuals undertake in that area.
So What's Next? Closing Thoughts for this Special Issue and Future Steps for Social Capital and Public Health.

The articles in this special issue nicely highlight numerous dimensions for advancing research and practice on social capital and health. However, with a scholarly subject this broad, obviously no special issue can cover the majority of issues. Hence, in this conclusion to the special issue, we offer five points of focus—some of which are inspired by the articles in this special issue—that we contend are important for researchers and practitioners to be mindful to ensure the fruitful progression and evolution of social capital within health research.
Chapter 226 – Respiratory System

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the respiratory system of insects. The primary goals of the insect respiratory system are to deliver oxygen from the air to the tissues and to transport carbon dioxide from the tissues to air. In contrast to many other animals, most oxygen and carbon dioxide transport occurs in the gas phase, with gases transported through the tracheal system by both diffusion and convection. However, insects do have oxygen-binding pigments that likely assist in gas exchange, with primitive insects having hemocyanin in the hemolymph and probably all insects possessing hemoglobin in certain tissues. The structures and physiological mechanisms of the respiratory system vary dramatically with phylogeny, developmental stage, and habitat. With a given tracheal structure, the ability of the tracheal system to transport gases can be modulated dramatically by varying spiracular opening, ventilation, and the fluid level in the tracheoles. In nut shell, the tracheal respiratory system of insects is a dynamic system, capable of a tremendous range of function and fine control. This light-weight, adaptable, high-capacity respiratory system is certainly one of the major traits which underlie the ecological and evolutionary success of insects.