cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effective Leadership in Organization

In this article, different factors that impact organization leadership has been described, and how it effects leadership effectiveness is examined. Different sixty articles have been studied to find integrative model on effective leadership in organization. The aim of the model is to study all the important aspects that builds effective leadership in the organization.
Laser Power Supply Thermo-Structural Analysis for the Mars 2020 Rover

Abstract Operation of the Laser Power Supply (LPS) module provides the dual challenge of high power dissipation, and the need for strict dielectric isolation, while needing to survive in an environment on Mars that will see a chilly night-time temperature of −123°C, and to a daytime instrument environment in excess of 50°C. Additionally, power restrictions prevent the use of survival heating during the night. The harsh mechanical vibration environment of launch and landing provides an additional challenge to reliability. A multi-physics simulation was created that took into account temperature property variations, as well as solving the transient analysis that also included rapid variation in power-pulsing during the operation of the laser. The steady state analysis employed a more traditional finite element based analysis, but with provisions for Mars gas convection and thermal radiation.
Cultivating Global Learning Locally through Community-Based Experiential Education.

Background: Global learning outcomes (GLOs) are increasingly emphasized within higher education because of the advantages they provide in navigating globalized contexts. The process of global learn...
Stigma and Quality of Life in Patients With Advanced Lung Cancer.

Objectives To identify groups of participants with high and low levels of stigma and to examine the influence of stigma on social support, social constraints, symptom severity, symptom interference, and quality of life (QOL). Sample & setting 62 individuals with lung cancer were identified and recruited from a comprehensive cancer center in the southeastern United States. Methods & variables Participants completed a questionnaire that included demographic information and measures of stigma, symptom severity and interference, social support, social constraints, and QOL. IBM SPSS Statistics TwoStep Cluster Analysis was used to identify high- and low-stigma groups. Independent sample t tests were used to compare differences between the groups. Results 22 participants had a high level of stigma; they had significantly higher symptom severity on feeling distressed, problems remembering things, and feeling sad, and greater symptom interference related to mood, relations with others, and enjoyment of life. Participants also had significantly higher levels of social support and lower social constraints. Stigma was significantly related to lower levels of QOL. Implications for nursing Nurses should be aware that stigma may influence various factors throughout the disease trajectory; they can privately assess individuals with lung cancer for access to social supports, feelings of stigma, and QOL, and make appropriate referrals as needed.
History Cytoreductive Surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Peritoneal Metastasis and Evolution and Contemporary Application in Peritoneal Mesothelioma

Cytoreductive surgery with heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS/HIPEC) involves resecting affected organs to remove macroscopic disease along with the administration of intraoperative chemotherapy to treat microscopic disease. Key principles include removing all macroscopic disease and then administering heated mitomycin C or a platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent intraperitoneal for 90–120 minutes intraoperatively. The addition of hyperthermia is synergistic, increasing cytotoxicity of the chemotherapeutic agent, and given the properties of peritoneal cavity, this treatment adds minimal toxicity. CRS/HIPEC has demonstrated utility in cancers that spread in the peritoneal cavity (peritoneal surface malignancies/peritoneal metastasis) and has demonstrated benefits in cancers arising from the ovarian, appendiceal, colon, as well as peritoneal mesothelioma.
hMLH1 Promoter Hypermethylation in Microsatellite Instability-Positive Endometrial Carcinoma: Cause or Consequence?

The prevailing paradigm of cancer as a genetic disorder, arising from the acquisition and subsequent selection of mutations in cancer-causing genes, has propelled much of cancer research over the past two decades and has expanded our understanding of cancer at a phenomenal pace. Cancer-causing genes have been identified at an ever-increasing rate and fall into three major categories: oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and the more recently described mutator genes. The development of a malignant neoplasm usually involves mutations in one or more genes of each category, resulting in abnormal function of the encoded protein through changes in the level of gene expression (eg, amplification) or in the characteristic of the protein (eg, missense mutation or translocation). These fundamental changes disturb normal cellular functions (eg, cell cycle control, apoptosis, DNA mismatch repair) that, in sum, drive the neoplastic process. In turn, the perturbation of normal cellular functions has ramifications for the expression status of countless genes, ultimately resulting in the complexity and heterogeneity inherent to malignant neoplasms. The genetic model of cancer would suggest that only those changes in expression caused by a genetic event are critical to the development of the neoplastic process; all others are simply a consequence of the transformed state. However, recent studies of DNA promoter hypermethylation have called this belief into question. Data are accumulating that support a role for this epigenetic alteration in the inactivation of genes that play a causative role in the development of human tumors.
An improved bound for the Lyapunov rank of a proper cone

Given a proper cone \(K\) in \(\mathbb {R}^{n}\) with its dual \(K^{*}\), the complementarity set of \(K\) is \(C\left( K\right) := \left\{ \left( \mathbf {x},\mathbf {s}\right) : \mathbf {x} \in K, \mathbf {s} \in K^{*}, \left\langle \mathbf {x},\mathbf {s} \right\rangle = 0 \right\} \). A matrix \(\mathbf {A}\) on \(\mathbb {R}^{n}\) is said to be Lyapunov-like on \(K\) if \(\left\langle \mathbf {A}\mathbf {x},\mathbf {s} \right\rangle = 0\) for all \(\left( \mathbf {x},\mathbf {s}\right) \in C\left( K\right) \). The set of all such matrices forms a vector space whose dimension \(\beta \left( K\right) \) is called the Lyapunov rank of \(K\). This number is useful in conic optimization and complementarity theory, as it relates to the number of linearly-independent bilinear relations needed to express the complementarity set. This article is a continuation of the study initiated in Rudolf et al. (Math Program Ser B 129:5–31, 2011) and further pursued in Gowda and Tao (Math Program 147:155–170, 2014). By answering several questions posed in Gowda and Tao (Math Program 147:155–170, 2014), we show that \(\beta \left( K\right) \) is bounded above by \(\left( n-1\right) ^{2}\), thereby improving the previously known bound of \(n^{2}-n\). We also show that when \(\beta \left( K\right) \ge n\), the complementarity set \(C\left( K\right) \) can be expressed in terms of \(n\) linearly-independent Lyapunov-like matrices.
Indirect sexual selection drives rapid sperm protein evolution

Sexual selection can explain rapid evolution of fertilization proteins, yet sperm proteins evolve rapidly even if they are not directly involved in fertilization. Here we demonstrate that FITZAP, an intrinsically disordered sperm protein in the marine mollusk abalone, exploits differences in the intracellular and oceanic ionic environments to package the fertilization protein lysin at extraordinary concentrations inside sperm by forming Fuzzy Interacting Transient Zwitterion (FITZ) complexes. FITZAP binds lysin at the same protein interface as its egg receptor VERL, and as sexual selection rapidly alters the lysin-VERL interface, FITZAP coevolves rapidly to maintain lysin binding. Consequently, FITZAP-lysin interactions exhibit a similar species-specificity as lysin-VERL interactions. Thus, tethered molecular arms races driven by sexual selection can generally explain rapid sperm protein evolution.
Multi-objective model exploration of hepatitis C elimination in an agent-based model of people who inject drugs

Hepatitis C (HCV) is a leading cause of chronic liver disease and mortality worldwide and persons who inject drugs (PWID) are at the highest risk for acquiring and transmitting HCV infection. We developed an agent-based model (ABM) to identify and optimize direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy scale-up and treatment strategies for achieving the World Health Organization (WHO) goals of HCV elimination by the year 2030. While DAA is highly efficacious, it is also expensive, and therefore intervention strategies should balance the goals of elimination and the cost of the intervention. Here we present and compare two methods for finding PWID treatment enrollment strategies by conducting a standard model parameter sweep and compare the results to an evolutionary multi-objective optimization algorithm. The evolutionary approach provides a pareto-optimal set of solutions that minimizes treatment costs and incidence rates.
Applying Visual Research Methods in Pharmacy Education.

Objective. To explore the use of a qualitative visual research method, analysis of Lifenets, to understand students’ conceptions of their social and material worlds. Methods. The Lifenet View model and drawing exercise invites students to create a cognitive map of the self in social and material contexts. Ninety-five undergraduate students enrolled in an online undergraduate human development course created Lifenet drawings depicting their connections to people, places, and things at two points in time: the present and the distant future. They also wrote essays describing their drawings. Researchers used an inductive analytical process to identify patterns in the set of drawings, developing a coding taxonomy used to systematically analyze the data. Results. Results offered insights into participants’ current self-perceptions and their expectations for the future. Analysis of Lifenets allowed researchers to document and gain insight into participants’ perspectives on their current relationships, career aspirations, and assumptions about aging. While students often depicted strong ties to family, friends, and religious entities, few students expressed ties to the secular institutions that define civic and professional life. Conclusion. The Lifenet View exercise may provide instructors with a way to better understand students’ social circumstances and to identify and address specific gaps in the professional education curriculum. Use of the Lifenet View exercise in the pharmacy curriculum could provide valuable opportunities for career exploration and expanded cultural awareness of self and others.
Anxiety sensitivity and pain intensity independently predict opioid misuse and dependence in chronic pain patients

Abstract The United States (US) population consumes an estimated 68% of the world's prescribed opioids each year, and over 2 million adults in the US suffer from an opioid use disorder. Although chronic pain populations are among the highest risk segments of the general population for opioid misuse and dependence, there is little understanding of individual risk characteristics that may contribute to greater risk for these outcomes among this group. The present investigation explored the concurrent role of anxiety sensitivity and pain intensity and their interaction in relation to opioid misuse and dependence among 429 adults with chronic pain (73.9% female, Mage = 38.32 years, SD = 11.07). Results revealed that both anxiety sensitivity and pain intensity were associated with opioid misuse and dependence. There was no evidence of an interaction for either outcome. Post-hoc analyses indicated that of the lower-order anxiety sensitivity facets, physical and mental incapacitation concerns contributed to variance in opioid misuse and only mental incapacitation concerns contributed to variance in opioid dependence. Overall, the current findings suggest the importance of assessing anxiety sensitivity in screening for opioid-related problems among persons with chronic pain, as it may represent a distinct pathway to poorer opioid-related outcomes among this group.
Assessing the Fear of Package Theft

A rapidly growing crime problem in the United States and abroad, package theft is a phenomenon that is of persistent and significant concern to the public. However, the academic study on the subject has been neglected. Because package theft is understudied, the impact it has is difficult to understand, and the crime itself is hard to address. This present study defines package theft, informs readers about package theft, and examines online retail consumers’ fear of the crime. Fear of crime research has typically focused on the fear of violent crime, or it has concentrated on an abstract fear of crime. This study broadens the literature about fear of crime by examining fear of a specific crime, package theft, using an index of eleven questions measuring behavioral, cognitive, and affective impacts. Survey data of 562 participants from 49 states reveal that nearly one quarter (23.8%) have experienced package theft. Fear of package theft was statistically significant among the variables gender (women more than men), residential location (urban and suburban more than rural), and previous victimization of package theft. Additionally, the fear of package theft directly or vicariously harmed consumers and resulted in risk mitigation and risk avoidance behaviors. The present study demonstrates the usefulness of measuring fear through an index of multiple variables, for a specific crime, within an environmental context.
Qur'anic Exegesis at the Confluence of Twelver Shiism and Sufism: Sayyid Ḥaydar Āmulī’s al-Muḥīṭ al-aʿẓam

In this paper, I present a preliminary study of the fourteenth-century Shii–Sufi Sayyid Ḥaydar Āmulī's Qur'an commentary, al-Muḥīṭ al-aʿzam wa'l-baḥr al-khidamm fī taʾwīl kitāb Allāh al-ʿazīz al-mu...
Prison Contraband: Prevalence, Impacts, and Interdiction Strategies

Prison contraband poses a substantial threat to the safety of correctional staff and incarcerated people. Yet there has been little research on critical contraband issues. Using descriptive analyse...
Estradiol effects on spatial memory in women.

Abstract To examine the role of estradiol in hippocampal-dependent spatial memory in women, 86 female undergraduates were tested in a virtual Morris water task (VMWT), a virtual radial arm maze (VRAM), and a mental rotation task (MRT) within a single daily session. The VMWT and RAM were also administered 24 h later to examine the effects of estradiol on memory consolidation. Women on oral contraceptives (OCs) or those who were naturally cycling and exhibited low estradiol (LE) or high estradiol (HE), as determined by salivary assays, were included. At the start of day two, the HE group showed superior spatial reference memory on the VMWT relative to the LE group, as evidenced by significantly shorter distances navigating to the hidden platform. The LE group also had the poorest probe trial performance at the start of day two compared to both other groups. There were no group differences in performance on the RAM or MRT. These results provide support for estradiol’s role in the consolidation of spatial reference memory in women, and emphasize the differential sensitivities of various virtual memory tasks in assessing spatial memory function in women.
It's Alright, Ma, It's Life and Life Only: Have Universities Been Meeting Their Legal Obligations to High-Risk Faculty During the Pandemic?

Even those universities most firmly committed to returning to in-person instruction in fall semester 2020 recognized that for health reasons some exceptions would need to be made. The CDC had identified two groups – people age sixty-five and over, and people with certain medical conditions – as persons “at increased risk of severe illness from COVID-19,” and it had spelled out various special precautions they should take to avoid contracting the virus. Given the CDC’s unique stature, universities very reasonably could have been expected to grant exceptions to faculty falling into either group, but that’s not what many universities did. We argue that, properly understood, four separate legal sources required universities to exempt high-risk faculty in the past academic year from any in-person teaching requirement. Two of the four sources are federal statutes that qualify as major statements of national policy – the Americans with Disabilities Act and the Age Discrimination in Employment Act. The other two sources are important state-law doctrines with strong support in the American Law Institute’s most recent torts restatement – protection from intentional infliction of physical harm, and protection from intentional infliction of emotional distress. A high-risk faculty member who was denied an exemption may well find this Article helpful in trying to decide whether to bring suit. Our primary objective in writing the Article, however, is not to encourage people to sue. Instead, it is to drive home to universities that, going forward, they need to be considerably more conscious of, and conscientious about, their legal obligations than many of them were in formulating policies affecting high-risk faculty in the past academic year. And by “going forward,” we mean not only for the remainder of this pandemic, but also for any crises that the future may hold.
Academe vs. Hollywood: Sweet Liberty, or the Dilemmas of Historical Representation on Film

In Sweet Liberty, writer and director Alan Alda dramatizes the process of turning a scholarly study about the American Revolutionary War into a Hollywood film; he does so in ways that bring out the ethical complexities of adaptation, and eventually takes them to a meta-filmic level rarely seen in non-experimental cinema. While Sweet Liberty initially comes off as a light comedy with a predictable plot and ending, on closer inspection it compels us to reflect on the relationship between historical research and the popular entertainment industry. Although Alda appears to chastise the makers of period films who seek to capitalize on “history” without paying heed to historical facts, his professorial hero is not particularly critically minded either. Intentionally or not, Alda demonstrates that evaluating a mainstream history film cannot be reduced to a dichotomy between truth and fiction, and that research-based knowledge should also be viewed with a healthy skepticism.
Study on estimating probabilities of buffer overflow in high-speed communication networks

The paper recommends new methods to estimate effectively the probabilities of buffer overflow in high-speed communication networks. The probability of buffer overflow in queuing system is very small; therefore the overflow is defined as a rare event and can be estimated using rare event simulation with continuous-time Markov chains. First, a two-node queuing system is considered and the buffer overflow at the second node is studied. Two efficient rare event simulation algorithms, based on the Importance sampling and Cross-entropy methods, are developed and applied to accelerate the buffer overflow simulation with Markov chain modeling. Then, the buffer overflow in self-similar queuing system is studied and simulations with long-range dependent self-similar traffic source models are conducted. A new efficient simulation algorithm, based on the RESTART method with limited relative error technique, is developed and applied to accelerate the buffer overflow simulation with SSM/M/1/B modeling using different parameters of arrival processes and different buffer sizes. Numerical examples and simulation results are provided for all methods to estimate the probabilities of buffer overflow, proposed in this paper.
Amiodarone prevents symptomatic atrial fibrillation and reduces the risk of cerebrovascular accidents and ventricular tachycardia after open heart surgery: results of the Atrial Fibrillation Suppression Trial (AFIST).

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common complication after cardiothoracic surgery (CTS). The role of amiodarone added to beta blocker as a preventive strategy in elderly patients undergoing CTS is not known. The Atrial Fibrillation Suppression Trial (AFIST) was a double blind, placebo-controlled trial that evaluated the efficacy of oral amiodarone in patients 60 years or older undergoing CTS. Beta blockers were administered as part of a critical pathway.
Honda Meets Anastasoff: The Procedural Due Process Argument Against Rules Prohibiting Citation to Unpublished Judicial Decisions

Last year's Eighth Circuit decision of Anastasoff v. United States drew new attention to the much-debated rules limiting citation to unpublished judicial decisions. The scholarly opinion of Chief Judge Richard Arnold sent a shockwave through the bench, bar, and legal academy by ruling that no-citation rules were an unconstitutional expansion of the federal judiciary's Article III powers. Post Anastasoff scholarly commentary has focused on Article III arguments and remolded policy arguments that were made prior to the decision. Little attention has been paid, however, to the way in which no-citation rules impair constitutional rights of individual litigants. This Note traces the historical practice of using prior judicial decisions in arguments to courts, dating back to thirteenth century England. The author then argues that current rules prohibiting the citation of unpublished decisions remove a deeply-rocited common law procedure, and, therefore, deprive litigants of their procedural due process rights.
A reconnaissance study of oxygen, hydrogen and strontium isotopes in geochemically diverse lakes, Western Nebraska, USA

Reconnaissance δ18O,, δD, and δ87Sr data for fifteen lakes in the Western Lakes Region of the Sand Hills of Nebraska indicate dynamic hydrologic systems. The rather narrow range of δ87Sr from lake water (1.1 to 2.1) and groundwater (0.9 to 1.7) indicates that the groundwater is generally unradiogenic. Groundwater residence times and relatively unradiogenic volcanic ash within the dune sediments control the δ87Sr values. Based on the mutual variations of δ18O and δD, the lakes can be divided into three groups. In Group 1, both δ18O and δD values increase from spring to fall. The δ18O and δD values in Group 2 decreased from spring to fall. Group 3 are ephemeral lakes that went dry some time during 1992. The data and isotopic modeling show that variations in the ratio of evaporation relative to groundwater inflow, local humidity conditions, and the δa has substantial influence on the isotopic composition. In addition, isotopic behavior in ephemeral lakes can be rather unusual because of the changing activities of water and mineral precipitation and redissolution. The annual and interannual isotopic variability of these lakes which is reflected in the paleonvironmental indicators may be the rule rather than the exception in these types of systems.
In vitro evaluation of accuracy and precision of automated robotic tooth preparation system for porcelain laminate veneers.

Abstract Statement of problem Controlling tooth reduction for porcelain laminate veneers (PLVs) in fractions of millimeters is challenging. Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess an automated robotic tooth preparation system for PLVs for accuracy and precision compared with conventional freehand tooth preparation. Material and methods Twenty maxillary central incisor tooth models were divided into 2 groups. Ten were assigned to a veneer preparation with a robotic arm according to preoperative preparation design-specific guidelines (experimental group). Ten were assigned to conventional tooth preparation by a clinician (control group). Initially, all tooth models were scanned with a 3- dimensional (3D) laser scanner, and a tooth preparation for PLVs was designed on a 3D image. Each tooth model was attached to a typodont. For the experimental group, an electric high-speed handpiece with a 0.9-mm-diameter round diamond rotary cutting instrument was mounted on the robotic arm. The teeth were prepared automatically according to the designed image. For the control group, several diamond rotary cutting instruments were used to prepare the tooth models according to preoperative preparation design guidelines. All prepared tooth models were scanned. The preoperative preparation design image and scanned postoperative preparation images were superimposed. The dimensional difference between those 2 images was measured on the facial aspect, finish line, and incisal edge. Differences between the experimental and the control groups from the 3D design image were computed. Accuracy and precision were compared for all sites and separately for each tooth surface (facial, finish line, incisal). Statistical analyses were conducted with a permutation test for accuracy and with a modified robust Brown-Forsythe Levene-type test for precision (α=.05). Results For accuracy for all sites, the mean absolute deviation was 0.112 mm in the control group and 0.133 mm in the experimental group. No significant difference was found between the 2 ( P =.15). For precision of all sites, the standard deviation was 0.141 mm in the control group and 0.185 mm in the experimental group. The standard deviation in the control group was significantly lower ( P =.030). In terms of accuracy for the finish line, the control group was significantly less accurate ( P =.038). For precision, the standard deviation in the control group was significantly higher at the finish line ( P =.034). Conclusions For the data from all sites, the experimental procedure was able to prepare the tooth model as accurately as the control, and the control procedure was able to prepare the tooth model with better precision. The experimental group showed better accuracy and precision at the finish line.
Xanthophyll Epoxides, Unlike β-Carotene Monoepoxides, Are Not Detectibly Absorbed by Humans

Increased intake of fruits and vegetables is associated with reduced risk of cancer and other chronic diseases. Epoxycarotenoids are widely distributed in nature and constitute major dietary carotenoids in a number of fruits and vegetables. Previous studies have shown that beta-carotene 5,6-epoxide was absorbed well by humans, and was much more active than beta-carotene in inducing the differentiation of NB4 cells. Xanthophyll epoxides such as neoxanthin, violaxanthin and lutein 5,6-epoxide, are more abundant than epoxy-hydrocarbon carotenes in a number of vegetables and fruits that humans consume. To determine whether xanthophyll epoxides are also absorbed by humans, lutein 5,6-epoxide (taraxanthin) and zeaxanthin 5,6,5'6'-diepoxide (violaxanthin) were chemically prepared, dissolved in corn oil and orally administered to three human subjects. Analysis of plasma for carotenoids within 9 h after a single oral dose of either violaxanthin or taraxanthin failed to show any violaxanthin, taraxanthin or any of their metabolites.
Hl-a antigens on man-mouse hybrid cells.

Cultures of hybrid cells produced by fusion of human peripheral leukocytes with murine cell cultures were studied by means of mixed agglutination tests. All three hybrids studied contain human species-specific antigens. HL-A antigens corresponding to the phenotype of the leukocyte donor were demonstrated in two hybrids. With one of these hybrids, cloning experiments were performed. Five of six clones contained HL-A antigen controlled by one haplotype. In the remaining clone, which did not have human species-specific antigens, no HL-A antigens were detected. The third hybrid contained human alloantigens, but none of the HL-A antigens detected on the donor leukocytes.
Evolutionary analyses of the human genome

The completion of the human genome will greatly accelerate the development of a new branch of science—evolutionary genomics. We can now directly address important questions about the evolutionary history of human genes and their regulatory sequences. Computational analyses of the human genome will reveal the number of genes and repetitive elements, the extent of gene duplication and compositional heterogeneity in the human genome, and the extent of domain shuffling and domain sharing among proteins. Here we present some first glimpses of these features.
Excited H formation by 2-200-keV H + 1 , H + 2 , and H + 3 ion impact on metal surfaces

The coefficient for emission of the Balmer $\ensuremath{\beta}$ line from backscattered H atoms has been measured for 2-200-keV hydrogen ion impact on polycrystalline targets of Mo, Cu, and stainless steel. The dependence on primary energy is successfully modeled using a modification of a formulation used previously at low (2-30-keV) impact energies.
Verification of a Fissile Material Cutoff Treaty: The case of enrichment facilities and the role of ultra-trace level isotope ratio analysis

One challenge to a potential verification regime for a Fissile Material Cutoff Treaty (FMCT) would be to assure that enrichment plants are not producing highly enriched uranium (HEU) for weapons purposes. Namely in some older enrichment plants, operated in nuclear weapon states, environmental sampling techniques might detect particles from historic HEU production. Determination of the age of these particles would be the most direct confirmation of treaty-compliance. While methods are available to determine the age of nuclear materials based on the concentrations of decay products, micron-sized uranium particles are particularly difficult to analyze. We will review the sensitivity requirements for age determination of HEU particles in an FMCT, and assess the potential of advanced measurement techniques available for this application.
Naphthoic acid derivatives as hydrogen bond donors in supramolecular materials

The synthesis of a series of 6-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid derivatives is described. These have been used to form supramolecular main-chain liquid crystalline polymers. These hydrogen bond donors are complexed with a series of bisfunctionalized rigid pyridine species. These associative chain structures were analyzed through differential scanning calorimetry and polarizing light thermal optical microscopy. The liquid crystalline phases formed displayed mainly enantiotropic nematic phases that display an increase in clearing temperature as the rigid portions of the supramolecular system increased in length. A decrease in the clearing temperature was observed as the length of the flexible spacer group increased. Both of these observations follow established trends in liquid crystalline behavior. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 5890–5894, 2006
An unfamiliar Mohr circle construction for finite strain

Abstract Mohr circles for the stretch tensor and the reciprocal stretch tensor are described. They have the useful property that the polar coordinates of points on the circles are the stretches and rotations of material lines.
Early postnatal overnutrition: Potential roles of gastrointestinal vagal afferents and brain-derived neurotrophic factor

Abnormal perinatal nutrition (APN) results in a predisposition to develop obesity and the metabolic syndrome and thus may contribute to the prevalence of these disorders. Obesity, including that which develops in organisms exposed to APN, has been associated with increased meal size. Vagal afferents of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract contribute to regulation of meal size by transmitting satiation signals from gut-to-brain. Consequently, APN could increase meal size by altering this signaling, possibly through changes in expression of factors that control vagal afferent development or function. Here two studies that addressed these possibilities are reviewed. First, meal patterns, meal microstructure, and the structure and density of vagal afferents that innervate the intestine were examined in mice that experienced early postnatal overnutrition (EPO). These studies provided little evidence for EPO effects on vagal afferents as it did not alter meal size or vagal afferent density or structure. However, these mice exhibited modest hyperphagia due to a satiety deficit. In parallel, the possibility that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) could mediate APN effects on vagal afferent development was investigated. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor was a strong candidate because APN alters BDNF levels in some tissues and BDNF knockout disrupts development of vagal sensory innervation of the GI tract. Surprisingly, smooth muscle-specific BDNF knockout resulted in early-onset obesity and hyperphagia due to increases in meal size and frequency. Microstructure analysis revealed decreased decay of intake rate during a meal in knockouts, suggesting that the loss of vagal negative feedback contributed to their increase in meal size. However, meal-induced c-Fos activation within the dorsal vagal complex suggested this effect could be due to augmentation of vago-vagal reflexes. A model is proposed to explain how high-fat diet consumption produces increased obesity in organisms exposed to APN, and may be required to reveal effects of EPO on vagal function.
The role of supercoiling in mycobacteriophage L5 integrative recombination

The genome of temperate mycobacteriophage L5 integrates into the chromosomes of its hosts, including Mycobacterium smegmatis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and bacille Calmette-Guerin. This integrase-mediated site-specific recombination reaction occurs between the phage attP site and the mycobacterial attB site and requires the mycobacterial integration host factor. Here we examine the role of supercoiling in this reaction and show that integration is stimulated by DNA supercoiling but that supercoiling of either the attP or the attB substrate enhances recombination. Supercoiling thus facilitates a postsynaptic recombination event. We also show that, while supercoiling is not required for the production of a recombinagenic intasome, a mutant attP DNA deficient in binding of the host factor acquires a dependence on supercoiling for intasome formation and recombination.
A Volume-Surface Integral Equation for Electromagnetic Scattering by Inhomogeneous Cylinders

This paper presents an integral equation formulation for electromagnetic scattering by inhomogeneous infinite cylinders having arbitrary scalar permittivities and permeabilities. The formulation involves both volume and surface integrals with only one unknown field component, and is applicable to both transverse electric and transverse magnetic cases. This volume-surface integral equation is well-suited for numerical implementation. In this paper, the integral equation is first derived by integrating the wave equation with the aid of the free-space Green's function, and then analyzed from the physical point of view, resulting in a new interpretation for the scattering mechanism. Finally, the equation is programmed using the method of moments with pulse expansion functions and point-matching. Numerical results are shown to demonstrate the validity of the formulation and the new interpretation of the scattering mechanism.
On measuring left ventricular volume.

N APPRECIATION of the size of the heart as an A index of diagnosis and also of prognosis is almost as old as the recognition of cardiac enlargement itself. After all, the heart is a muscular pump, and its action as a pump cannot be defined completely without knowledge of its change in size (shape and volume) from instant to instant throughout the cardiac cycle. Indeed, Starling’ concluded that the heart, free of its hormonal and neural influences, sets free during systole the energy which is directly dependent upon its diastolic volume; but in man, diastolic volume of the heart under its hormonal and nervous influences cannot be determined by measuring other functions of the heart. Because the left ventricle in the normal, and in most disorders of cardiac function, bears the greatest share of the burden placed upon the heart, determination of left ventricular volume throughout systole and diastole is of particular importance. These anatomic changes correlated with functional changes will provide a more complete understanding of the performance of the heart. However, measurements of left ventricular volume and its change are still elusive, at least for some investigators. Even a short review of the past 60 years’ efforts to measure the volume of the heart as a whole engenders a sober and humble estimation of present day measurements of left ventricular volume.
Diagnostic Aspects of Computer Applications in Medical Research at the University of Pennsylvania

The diagnostic implications of medical research utilizing a digital computer are discussed according to the type of mathematical analysis and/or computer technique employed. Illustrative examples include the solution of differential equations in anesthesiology, the use of Fourier analysis in ballistocardiology, and the use of multiple regression analysis in neoplastic chemotherapy.
Choosing among therapies: Illness behavior in the Ivory Coast

Abstract After reviewing the wide variety of medical systems available to inhabitants of the Ivory Coast, the results of utilization surveys of town and village residents are presented. They support the position that the choice of therapy depends more on its accessibility than on any characteristics of the individual patient. The accessibility of the different kinds of medicine is analyzed in terms of time delay, cost, and communication problems, and reasons for the inaccessibility of Western services are discussed. The choice of Western medicine is inhibited not by “unscientific attitudes”, as many social scientists have suggested, but rather by the political and economic forces which limit the usefulness of these services and by the availability of attractive alternatives.
Temporal and spatial features in detecting one- and two-dimensional constraints in complementary visual displays

Spatial complements of visual displays of one- and two-dimensional Markov spatial constraints were successively presented for discrimination. Although each complement alone was sufficient for discrimination, spatial complements interfere when presented successively in time. Substantial changes in performance are observed for temporal separations as short as 10 msec and for spatial separations as short as 1 min in visual angle. Complete processing appears to take place in the interval between successive displays: thresholds are constant for a constant sum of display duration plus the interfield interval. Implications of complementary interference for a general theory of visual masking are briefly discussed.
Photon control of liquid motion on reversibly photoresponsive surfaces.

The movement of a liquid droplet on a flat surface functionalized with a photochromic azobenzene may be driven by the irradiation of spatially distinct areas of the drop with different UV and visib...
Stroke: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management

Stroke : pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management , Stroke : pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management , کتابخانه دیجیتال جندی شاپور اهواز
Temperature Dependence of Energy Gaps of Some III-V Semiconductors

The Brooks-Yu theory is applied to the calculation of the band structure of some III-V semiconductors at finite temperatures. The theory is applied in the context of the empirical pseudopotential method, and utilizes a recent lattice-dynamical calculation of the Debye-Waller factors. The temperature dependence of several band gaps are determined and compared with available experimental data and, in general, good agreement is obtained.
Monitoring drill conditions with wavelet based encoding and neural networks

Abstract Encoding of thrust force signals of microdrilling operations with wavelet transformations and classification of estimated coefficients with adaptive resonance theory (ART2)-type neural networks are proposed for detection of severe tool damage just before complete tip breakage occurs. The coefficients of the wavelets were classified both directly and after a secondary encoding to reduce the humber of inputs. Direct classification of the wavelets was found to be more reliable in the sixty-one cases studied. The proposed approach was also tested with two sampling intervals. Large sampling intervals were used to inspect complete drilling cycles. Smaller sampling intervals were used to focus on thrust force variations during the motion of the machine tool table when it is driven by a stepping motor. It was found that the data collected at smaller sampling intervals were easier to classify to detect severe damage to the tool.
Depression in epilepsy is associated with lack of seizure control.

Depression is common in patients with epilepsy and the strongest predictor of poor quality of life. Few studies have assessed the association of uncontrolled seizures with depression. We used the Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy (NDDI-E), a validated six-item self-report questionnaire, to assess the relationship between depression, seizure control, and antiepileptic drug (AED) and antidepressant drug usage. Two hundred ninety-eight patients were studied. Twenty percent of patients with any epileptic seizures over a 6-month period had NDDI-E scores >15, consistent with major depression. Higher NDDI-E scores were associated with higher seizure frequency (P 15 in patients with no seizures versus any seizure in the past 6 months was 0.48 (95% CI = 0.26-0.88). Higher NDDI-E scores were associated with the number of AEDs taken (P = 0.0023). Major depression is associated with uncontrolled seizures, with a prevalence double that of patients whose seizures are controlled.
Porphyrin-Mediated Photoinduced Conformational Changes to Human Serum Albumin at Physiological and Acidic pH

Many of the biological and non-biological roles and uses of protoporphyrin-IX (PPIX) depend on its ability to bind large macromolecules such as human serum albumin (HSA). HSA is relevant to both biomedical and technological applications of PPIX (both free-base and metal), and its binding site for PPIX-derivatives is well established. Once bound, Heme (FePPIX) has be shown capable of transiently bestowing altered ligand-binding and pseudo-enzymatic properties to HSA that could be linked to biological functions. The irradiation of PPIX non-covalently bound to Beta-Lactoglobulin (BLG) is known to produce protein conformational changes that appear to be pH-dependent due to BLG's intrinsic conformational transitions. These processes have not been extensively studied in non-physiological pH conditions for FePPIX or PPIX bound to HSA. This study implemented a combination of optical methods and computational simulations to compare the binding characteristics of hemin and PPIX to HSA as well as examine the structural effects of low-dose irradiation of the ligand on the protein at different pH. Spectroscopic data suggests that irradiation of the porphyrins’ Soret band, when bound to HSA, is capable of modifying the globular protein structure by direct charge transfer mechanisms at both physiological and acidic pH conformations. Computational docking simulations predict lower free energy of binding for PPIX than for heme.
Further Purification of Follicle Stimulating and Luteinizing Hormones from Urine of Men

Crude follicle stimulating (FSH) and luteinizing (LH) hormones from male urine were prepared by batch chromatography on diethylaminoethylcellulose (DEAEC) in 0.5% ammonium acetate (NH4AC) at pH 6.9. The crude male FSH (FSH/LH ratio =2) was subjected to column chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) in 0.01M NH4Ac at pH 6.0. The nonretained fraction from CMC chromatography contained all of the FSH, with a slight increase in specific activity, and 1 % of the LH. The FSH/LH ratio of the nonretained fraction was 159, indicating a substantial removal of the contaminating LH. Similarly, crude male LH (FSH/LH ratio =0.08) was subjected to CMC chromatography under the same conditions. The retained material, eluted with 0.5M NH4AC at pH 6.0, contained about a fifth of the original LH with a 7-fold increase in specific activity. The FSH/LH ratio of the retained fraction was as low as 0.02, indicating a substantial removal of the contaminating FSH. It was concluded that the LH contamination of crude urinary F...
Effects of the gene Wh on reproduction in the Syrian hamster, Mesocricetus auratus

The gene Wh, causing anophthalmia in the Syrian hamster, Mesocricetus auratus, is a highly pleiotropic gene, which has profound effects upon eye development, pigmentation, and reproduction. Since male hamsters homozygous for this gene are usually sterile, the objective of this study was to determine whether the testes of mutant hamsters differed from the normal phenotype. Accordingly, the testicular tissue from ten normal, ten heterozygous, and ten homozygous mutant animals in the AN/As-Wh strain were compared at the gross, light, and electron microscopic level. Testicular tissue from several mutant animals approached the normal phenotype, due to variable expression of the gene. However, most testes from homozygous mutant hamsters were hypoplastic and aspermic. Abnormalities were observed in Leydig cells, Sertoli cells, and in the developing germ cells. Seminiferous tubules contained germinal epithelium arrested in the early spermatid stage of spermiogenesis, possibly due to premature failure of the Golgi apparatus and subsequent dysgenesis of the acrosome. Since the primary action of the gene is unknown, it was postulated that the gene either acts directly to alter pituitary function, or that the abnormalities in reproduction are due to a failure of eye development and subsequent lack of function of the visual pathway.
Comparison of hyperosmotic shock-induced changes in kinetochore structure with chromosome motion in PtK1 cells

Treatment of metaphase PtK1 cells with 0.2 M to 0.5 M sucrose and anaphase cells with 0.5 M sucrose has previously been shown to stop chromosome motion probably due to a significant alteration in the functional attachment of kinetochore microtubules (kMTs) with the kinetochore lamina. The work presented here examines the effects of 0.15 M to 0.25 M sucrose on PtK1 metaphase and anaphase cells with a focus on the ultrastructural changes in the kinetochore and rates of chromosome motion. Metaphase PtK1 cells treated with 0.15 M and 0.20 M sucrose from 5 to 15 min showed spindle elongation with sister chromatids remaining at the metaphase plate; these cells failed to enter anaphase. Ultrastructural analysis revealed MTs did not insert directly into the kinetochore lamina but rather associated tangentially with an amorphous material proximal to the kinetochore region much like that described previously with higher concentrations of osmotica. Treatment of metaphase cells with 0.25 M sucrose arrested the cell in metaphase and ultrastructural analysis revealed novel osmiophilic spherical structures approximately 0.50 μm in diameter located proximal to kinetochores. MTs appeared to stop just short of. or associate laterally with, these spherical structures. Anaphase PtK1 cells treated with 0.15 M and 0.20 M sucrose showed reduced rates of chromosome segregation during 5 min treatments, suggesting they retained functional kinetochore/kMT interactions. However, treatment of anaphase cells with 0.25 M sucrose blocked anaphase A chromosome motion and produced electron dense spherical structures approximately 0.50 μm in diameter, identical to those observed in similarly treated metaphase cells. Removal of 0.25 M sucrose in treated anaphase cells resulted in normal chromosome segregation within 1 min. Cells released from sucrose treatment showed the absence of spherical structures and reformation of normal kinetochore/MT interactions which was temporally correlated with the resumption of chromosome motion.
Functional long-range interactions of the IgH 3' enhancers with the bcl-2 promoter region in t(14;18) lymphoma cells

Functional long-range interactions of the IgH 3′ enhancers with the bcl -2 promoter region in t(14;18) lymphoma cells