cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrode pH error, seasonal epilimnetic pCO2, and the recent acidification of the maine lakes

Based on laboratory experiments involving standard pH protocols, on statistical analysis of data from the Eastern Lake survey, and on independent field evidence (1985–86), recent (post 1975) electrometric pH measurements for Maine lakes are reevaluated for accuracy. A standard pH protocol used in Maine up until September 1985 can introduce bias of ca. −0.3 to −0.4 pH units for representative epilimnetic samples with low CO2 concentrations (near atmospheric equilibrium). The bias arises out of the very long electrode equilibration times for such samples. A new protocol using these same Ross combination electrodes provides pH estimates accurate within 0.03 pH units for a wide range of northeastern environmental samples, and independent of sample DOC and conductance. The new pH measurements, when paired with the earliest colorimetric measurements from the same Maine lakes, indicate that epilimnetic pH's may have increased significantly (by 0.1 to 0.2 units) since the pioneering lake surveys of G. P. Cooper (1938–44). Earlier, often-cited, reports documenting historical pH reductions in Maine lakes are apparently vitiated by analytical error in many modern electrode pH measurements. The error also affects the calibration of paleo-ecological models of recent lake acidification in New England.
STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS FOR AMINO ACID INHIBITION OF Na+-DEPENDENT PROLINE UPTAKE BY RAT BRAIN SYNAPTOSOMES

— The structural requirements for amino acid inhibition of Na+-dependent proline uptake by rat brain synaptosomal fractions were investigated. It is shown that the amino group has to be in the α-position to strongly inhibit proline uptake. Hydroxyamino acids are less potent inhibitors than the parent amino acids. Amino acids with net positive or negative charges on their molecules exert no effect, whereas elimination of the net charge results in compounds with profound inhibitory effects. Blocking of the carboxyl group reduces the inhibition, but does not abolish it. Since acetylation of the α-amino group results in elimination of the inhibitory effect whereas N-methylation does not, it is concluded that in the interaction of an amino acid with the proline transport site the positive charge on the amino group plays the most critical role.
Use of principal-component, correlation, and stepwise multiple-regression analyses to investigate selected physical and hydraulic properties of carbonate-rock aquifers

Abstract Correlation analysis in conjunction with principal-component and multiple-regression analyses were applied to laboratory chemical and petrographic data to assess the usefulness of these techniques in evaluating selected physical and hydraulic properties of carbonate-rock aquifers in central Pennsylvania. Correlation and principal-component analyses were used to establish relations and associations among variables, to determine dimensions of property variation of samples, and to filter the variables containing similar information. Principal-component and correlation analyses showed that porosity is related to other measured variables and that permeability is most related to porosity and grain size. Four principal components are found to be significant in explaining the variance of data. Stepwise multiple-regression analysis was used to see how well the measured variables could predict porosity and (or) permeability for this suite of rocks. The variation in permeability and porosity is not totally predicted by the other variables, but the regression is significant at the 5% significance level.
Fluticasone propionate increases CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cell suppression of allergen-stimulated CD4+CD25− T cells by an IL-10–dependent mechanism

Abstract Background Corticosteroids are the most effective anti-inflammatory therapy for allergic diseases, and these drugs inhibit T H 2 T-cell activation. We previously reported that CD4 + CD25 + T cells from atopic donors suppressed allergen-stimulated T cells less than those from nonatopic donors. Objective We sought to determine the effect of fluticasone propionate (FP) on allergen-stimulated CD4 + CD25 − T cells and on the suppressive ability of CD4 + CD25 + T cells. Methods CD4 + CD25 + and CD4 + CD25 − T cells were separated from peripheral blood of atopic and nonatopic volunteers and cultured alone or mixed in the presence of allergen. Effects of FP were assessed by means of addition to cultures or preincubation with CD4 + CD25 + T cells. Results FP inhibited allergen-stimulated proliferation of CD4 + CD25 − T cells in a dose-dependent manner. Preincubation of CD4 + CD25 + T cells in FP increased subsequent suppressive activity of these cells in allergen-stimulated cultures with CD4 + CD25 − T cells. This effect was seen when cells were obtained from both nonatopic and atopic donors but was less for cells obtained from atopic individuals. Prior exposure of CD4 + CD25 + T cells to FP also increased subsequent IL-10 production by these cells when stimulated with allergen, and addition of anti-IL-10 antibody reversed the steroid-induced enhancement of suppression in mixed cultures. Conclusion Increased suppression by CD4 + CD25 + T cells might play a role in anti-inflammatory effects of corticosteroids in asthma and allergic diseases.
The effects of male body size on territorial and mating success in the landmark-defending fly Hermetia comstocki (Stratiomyidae).

. 1 Males of Hermetia comstocki Williston compete for territorial control of certain agaves and yuccas. Winners copulate with females that visit these plants solely to acquire a mate. 2 Males vary in body weight by more than an order of magnitude and larger flies almost always defeat smaller ones in aerial contests for control of landmark territories. 3 The mean body size (as measured by wing-length) was significantly greater for males retaining residency at a site for at least one hour compared to males unable to do so. Likewise, males able to return to a perch site in the study area on more than one day were larger on average than males unable to do so. 4 Male preferences for landmark territories remained similar across years. Large males dominated the perch landmarks most likely to be occupied by males and most likely to be visited by females. 5 Despite the fighting and territorial advantages enjoyed by large males, the mean size of males found mating with females was not significantly larger than that of the general population. 6 The apparent failure of large males to secure a statistically significant mating advantage may be a statistical consequence of the small sample size of males observed mating. On the other hand, any mating advantage of large males may be reduced because (a) receptive females visit many different landmarks, (b) females mate with the first male they encounter at a landmark, regardless of his size, (c) there are usually many vacant landmarks available for smaller males, and (d) even popular territories are often open to small males, thanks to the low site-tenacity of territory owners.
Fundamental processes of protein folding: measuring the energetic balance between helix formation and hydrophobic interactions.

Theories of protein folding often consider contributions from three fundamental elements: loops, hydrophobic interactions, and secondary structures. The pathway of protein folding, the rate of folding, and the final folded structure should be predictable if the energetic contributions to folding of these fundamental factors were properly understood. αtα is a helix-turn-helix peptide that was developed by de novo design to provide a model system for the study of these important elements of protein folding. Hydrogen exchange experiments were performed on selectively 15N-labeled αtα and used to calculate the stability of hydrogen bonds within the peptide. The resulting pattern of hydrogen bond stability was analyzed using a version of Lifson-Roig model that was extended to include a statistical parameter for tertiary interactions. This parameter, x, represents the additional statistical weight conferred upon a helical state by a tertiary contact. The hydrogen exchange data is most closely fit by the XHC model with an x parameter of 9.25. Thus the statistical weight of a hydrophobic tertiary contact is ∼5.8× the statistical weight for helix formation by alanine. The value for the x parameter derived from this study should provide a basis for the understanding of the relationship between hydrophobic cluster formation and secondary structure formation during the early stages of protein folding.
The influence of a temperature gradient on crystal faceting

Abstract Crystals which grow in a faceted manner in an isothermal environment will grow nonfaceted in the presence of a sufficiently large temperature gradient. This behavior is viewed from several different standpoints. From equilibrium considerations one predicts faceting in a temperature gradient only if the edge energy is taken into account in addition to the bulk free energy and the surface energy. The surface energy versus orientation concept is used to examine the stability of a facet in a temperature gradient. An examination of kinetic effects reveals that faceting is favored by anisotropic growth kinetics and rapid growth.
POST‐LANDING BEHAVIOR OF ALATE MYZUS PERSICAE AS ALTERED BY (E)‐β‐FARNESENE AND THREE CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

The potential of 4 chemicals for disrupting the host-selection behavior of the aphid, Myzus persicae, was investigated using a flight chamber with both vertical and horizontal wind flow. (E)-β-farnesene (the aphid alarm pheromone) reduced probe durations, increased wandering, but did not reduce eventual settling. Undecanoic and dodecanoic acids (but not heptadecanoic acid) reduced all host-selection behaviors. Even after multiple landings, aphids never settled on surfaces treated with un-and dodecanoic acids. These laboratory data do not support the prospect that these chemicals would reduce non-persistent virus spread since aphids virtually always probed immediately after landing on any treatment. Other potential uses of these chemicals for aphid control are discussed. RESUME Alteration du comportement de Myzus persicae aile apres atterrissage sur l'hote, par (E)-β-farnesene et trois acides carboxyliques L'aptitude de 4 substances chimiques a interrompre le comportement de selection de l'hote du puceron, Myzus persicae, a ete examinee dans une chambre de vol avec des flux d'air verticaux et horizontaux. La pheromone d'alarme, (E)-β-farnesene, reduit la duree des piqures, accroit le vagabondage, mais ne reduit pas l'etablissement eventuel. Les acides undecanoique et dodecanoique (mais pas l'acide heptadecanoique) reduisent tous les comportements de selection de l'hote. Meme apres de nombreux atterrissages, les pucerons ne s'etablissent pas sur les surfaces traitees avec les acides un-et dodecanoique. Ces resultats de laboratoire ne confirment pas l'espoir que ces substances chimiques pourraient reduire la dispersion de virus non-persistants puisque les pucerons piquent pratiquement toujours immediatement apres atterrissage avec tous les traitements. D'autres utilisations potentielles de ces substances pour la lutte contre les pucerons sont examinees.
MeV Si ion bombardments of thermoelectric BixTe3/Sb2Te3 multilayer thin films for reducing thermal conductivity

Abstract BixTe3/Sb2Te3 multilayer thin films were grown as thermoelectric (TE) materials using electron-beam evaporation. Solid antimony (III) telluride and bismuth (III) telluride were used for the growth of BixTe3 and Sb2Te3 layers. Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) analysis shows that the grown antimony telluride film has the stoichiometry of Sb2Te3 and the bismuth telluride film is Bi1.1Te3. The grown multilayer films have a periodic structure consisting of alternating Bi1.1Te3 and Sb2Te3 layers. The Bi1.1Te3/Sb2Te3 multilayer thin films with five or seven layers were analyzed by RBS. The grown Bi1.1Te3 and Sb2Te3 monolayer thin films and Bi1.1Te3/Sb2Te3 multilayer thin films were bombarded by 5 MeV Si ions. The thermal conductivity of the grown films was measured by a 3ω-method thermal conductivity measurement system. The multilayer structure and MeV Si ion bombardment made the films to have a lower thermal conductivity.
Demon Hunters and Hegemony: Portrayal of Religion on the CW's Supernatural

The authors analyze the religious themes and portrayals in the television program Supernatural, aired on the CW television network since 2005. As fictional entertainment programming, Supernatural incorporates various religions and lore into its episodes, which feature its protagonists fighting monsters, demons, and the occasional evil human. Findings from a content analysis of 60 episodes from the first 3 seasons illustrate a religious hegemony that forwards Catholicism, in the form of weapons used to fight evil, such as holy water, and depictions of priests, as the main and most powerful opponent of evil. Non-Catholic, “other” religions, and their associated villainous characters, in contrast, serve as distractions for the protagonists, thus contributing even more to their marginal stature.
Broadband optical cavities for infrared free electron lasers: analysis and preliminary experimental results

In this work we describe the complete design of a broadband optical cavity for a new IR free electron laser under construction at Stanford using the first section of the Mark III linac. Although the numerical results apply specifically to the Mark III FEL, the general scheme is applicable to any tunable free electron laser. In the last section, some preliminary experimental results for the acoustooptic output coupler are reported and discussed.
The 1,2-Benzenedithiole-Based Cyclocondensation Assay: A Valuable Tool for the Measurement of Chemopreventive Isothiocyanates

Many naturally occurring isothiocyanates (ITCs) show highly promising chemopreventive activities. Humans are commonly exposed to these compounds through the consumption of cruciferous vegetables which are the main source of dietary ITCs. Dietary ITCs may play an important role in cancer prevention and in the well-recognized cancer preventive activities of cruciferous vegetables. A generic analytical method, namely the 1,2-benzenedithiol-based cyclocondensation assay, was previously developed for quantitation of ITCs and their in vivo metabolites. This method has been widely used and has contributed greatly to research on chemoprevention by ITCs. In this article, the discovery and development of the cyclocondensation assay are recapitulated, and its sensitivity and specificity as well as its advantages and limitations are scrutinized. Moreover, detailed discussion is also provided to show how this assay has been used to advance our understanding of the cancer chemopreventive potential and the mechanism of action of ITCs.
Characteristics of fixational eye movements in people with macular disease.

PURPOSE. Fixation stability is known to be poor for people with macular disease and has been suggested as a contributing factor for the poor visual performance of these individuals. In this study, we examined the characteristics of the different components of fixational eye movements and determined the component that plays a major role in limiting fixation stability in people with macular disease. METHODS. Sixteen observers with macular disease and 14 older adults with normal vision (control observers) monocularly fixated a small cross presented using a Rodenstock scanning laser ophthalmoscope, for trials of 30 seconds. The retinal image and the position of the cross on the retina were recorded digitally. Eye movements were extracted from the recorded videos at a sampling rate of 540 Hz using a cross-correlation technique. A velocity criterion of 88/s was used to differentiate between slow drifts and microsaccades. RESULTS. Observers with macular disease demonstrated higher fixation instability, larger amplitudes of slow drifts and microsaccades, and lower drift velocities, when compared with older adults with normal vision. The velocity and the rate of microsaccades were comparable between the two groups of observers. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the amplitude of microsaccades, and to a smaller extent, the amplitude of slow drifts, play a major role in limiting fixation stability. CONCLUSIONS. Fixation stability in people with macular disease is primarily limited by the amplitude of microsaccades, implying that rehabilitative strategies targeted at reducing the amplitude of microsaccades should improve fixation stability, and may lead to improved visual functions. © 2014 The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc.
Biochemical and radiological relationships in patients with pheochromocytoma: lessons from a case control study.

Background An elevation of fractionated plasma or urinary metanephrine (MN) or nor-metanephrine (NMN), collectively called metanephrines (MN and NMN), >4-fold above the upper limit of normal (ULN) is usually considered to be diagnostic for pheochromocytoma (PHEO). There are a greater number of false positive results when the elevations are more modest. Aim To identify biochemical and radiological features in PHEOs with modest elevations ( Methodology We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 112 patients with PHEO (10% extra-adrenal) and 208 patients with a non-PHEO adrenal mass operated from 1997-2011, who had metanephrines measured pre-operatively. We divided PHEO into group 1 (n = 90) with metanephrines ≥4-fold ULN and group 2 (n = 22) with metanephrines Results The median (range) tumour size in group 1 and group 2 was 4·8 cm (1·7-22) and 3·0 cm (1·7-5) respectively (P Conclusions Modest elevations ( 5 cm are almost always falsely positive. Elevations in plasma and urinary MN fraction are less likely to be false positive. The CT pre-contrast attenuation of PHEOs is >10 HU.
Designing Antecedent Strategies for Increasing Safe Driving: A Pledgecard for Encouraging Belts and Discouraging Booze

A pledgecard designed to increase safety belt use and decrease driving under the influence of alcohol was distributed to faculty, staff, and students at a university campus. The pledgecard actually contained two separate pledges - one to use a safety belt (Buckle Up) and one to use safe transportation (Drive Sober). Each portion was designed such that it would be present whenever a decision regarding these behaviors was to be made. The Buckle Up pledge was designed to be hung from the inside rearview mirror of a vehicle, whereas the Drive Sober pledge was designed to fit inside one's purse or wallet.The “Take the Pledge” program encouraged participants to pledge to Buckle Up and Drive Sober for four weeks. Observations of safety belt use were conducted beginning two weeks prior to the beginning of the pledge program and ending ten weeks later. Additionally, surveys were distributed before and after the program to obtain self-report measures of safety belt use and driving under the influence (DUI). Results...
Indian Hedgehog and Its Targets in Human Endometrium: Menstrual Cycle Expression and Response to CDB-2914

Context: Progesterone is critical for secretory endometrial differentiation in women, but its downstream mediators are poorly understood. Objective: Our objective was to investigate endometrial expression of Indian Hedgehog (IHH) and genes involved in its signaling [smoothened (SMO), patched-1 (PTCH1), glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (GLI1), and GLI2] during the menstrual cycle and the effects of the selective progesterone receptor modulator CDB-2914 on its expression. Design and Setting: Comparisons between normally cycling volunteers and women with symptomatic fibroids who received CDB-2914 or placebo were made at a clinical research center. Patients and Interventions: Endometrial biopsy was performed on 34 volunteers, 17 additional women with fibroids. Main Outcome Measures: Endometrial expression of IHH, SMO, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2 by in situ hybridization and/or RT-PCR and IHH, GLI1, and PTCH1 immunohistochemistry were evaluated. Results: RT-PCR showed expression of IHH, SMO, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI...
Gutted adenoviral vectors in hemophilia A

In this issue, Brown and colleagues (page [804][1]) report results of intravenous infusion of helper-dependent (fully deleted) adenoviral vectors encoding canine factor VIII (FVIII) in dogs with hemophilia A. From these findings and from similar reports from other groups,[1][2],[2][3] a picture
Protein docking for low-resolution structures

A typical problem for a docking procedure is how to match two molecules with known 3-D structure so as to predict the configuration of their complex. A very serious obstacle to docking is an inherent inaccuracy in the 3-D structures of the molecules. In general, existing molecular recognition techniques are not designed for cases where (i) conformational changes upon macromolecular complex formation are substantial or (ii) the X-ray data on one or both (macro) molecules are not available, and the structures, based on alternative sources (NMR, modeling), are not well defined. We designed a direct computer experiment using molecules totally deprived of any structural features smaller than 7 A. This was performed on the basis of a previously developed docking algorithm. The modified procedure was applied to a number of known protein complexes taken from the Brookhaven Protein Data Bank. In most cases, a pronounced trend towards the correct structure of the molecular complex was clearly indicated and the real binding sites were predicted. The distinction between the prediction of the antigen-antibody complex and other molecular pairs may reflect important differences in the principles of complex formation. The results strongly suggest the use of our recognition procedure for docking studies where the detailed structures of the molecules are lacking.
Mo1440 Pancreatic Necrosectomy Using a Fully Covered Esophageal Metallic Stent: a New Platform

techniques may be insufficient for very extensive infected WON. Theoretical advantages of combining DEN and STE include ability to reach much deeper into the abdomen and to allow high volume PCD lavage with one-way flow through internal cystenterostomy between interventions. Combined DEN and STE has not been reported. Methods: We reviewed 54 patients (pts) who required intervention for necrotizing pancreatitis between Jul 2009 and Nov 2012 at one center. A step up approach was used for all pts starting with drainage, then minimally invasive debridement as needed, with open surgery reserved only for failures. Interventions included DEN alone (n 35), DEN PCD (n 7), DEN STE (n 5), PCD alone (n 6), PCD STE (n 1). 4/54 pts failed step up approach and required surgery. All cause mortality was 7.4%. The results of only the 5 pts treated with DEN STE are reported. Selection for DEN STE was based on extensive and/or nonresolving WON despite DEN PCD approach. DEN was performed serially by EUS guided cystenterostomy or via spontaneous internal fistula with dilation/stenting, followed by DEN at later sessions as needed. STE was performed with standard gastroscope after dilating a PCD tract. All procedures were done under general anesthesia and with CO2 insufflation. High volume lavage was performed via the PCD catheter between sessions. Results: All 5 pts had infected WON (4 culture proven, 1 suspected). 2 pts had acute renal failure and 1 multiorgan failure. Extension of WON was deep into left pelvis (3 pts), right pelvis (1 pt), and around spleen and to the anterior abdominal wall (1 pt). Mean 3 sessions of DEN and 2.2 sessions of STE per pt. In all cases necrotic cavities could be completely traversed to the other stoma via DEN, STE or both. Complications after DEN and STE consisted of 1 internal fistula to small bowel. No pt developed external fistula or new organ failure following DEN or STE. 4 pts had complete resolution of WON, and 1 underwent open necrosectomy because of failure to respond and died due to multiorgan failure. Conclusion: Combined DEN STE is an effective approach to necrosectomy in pts with infected WON that extends deeply into the flank or that fails to resolve with other techniques.
The Role of the Board and CEO Influence in Earnings Manipulation

CEOs consistently experience enormous pressure to respond to market demands and to increase firm earnings on a regular basis. This study examines the contexts under which they engage in financial m...
Influence of four input conditions on serial output

The influence of four input conditions on serial output was investigated in a replication of earlier studies by Slamecka and by Heslip. Groups of28Ss learned a list of 10 consonants when the cues to correct serial order were temporal input order or spatial location of items. Temporal contiguity of items in input produced more rapid acquisition than spatial information. Ss with both sources of order information learned no faster than Ss with only temporal input order as a source of information for required output.
Loss of fibrinogen in zebrafish results in symptoms consistent with human hypofibrinogenemia.

Cessation of bleeding after trauma is a necessary evolutionary vertebrate adaption for survival. One of the major pathways regulating response to hemorrhage is the coagulation cascade, which ends with the cleavage of fibrinogen to form a stable clot. Patients with low or absent fibrinogen are at risk for bleeding. While much detailed information is known about fibrinogen regulation and function through studies of humans and mammalian models, bleeding risk in patients cannot always be accurately predicted purely based on fibrinogen levels, suggesting an influence of modifying factors and a need for additional genetic models. The zebrafish has orthologs to the three components of fibrinogen (fga, fgb, and fgg), but it hasn’t yet been shown that zebrafish fibrinogen functions to prevent bleeding in vivo. Here we show that zebrafish fibrinogen is incorporated into an induced thrombus, and deficiency results in hemorrhage. An Fgb-eGFP fusion protein is incorporated into a developing thrombus induced by laser injury, but causes bleeding in adult transgenic fish. Antisense morpholino knockdown results in intracranial and intramuscular hemorrhage at 3 days post fertilization. The observed phenotypes are consistent with symptoms exhibited by patients with hypo- and afibrinogenemia. These data demonstrate that zebrafish possess highly conserved orthologs of the fibrinogen chains, which function similarly to mammals through the formation of a fibrin clot.
Determination of CMC of Surfactants Using Polarity Sensitive Aryl Dye

Abstract A spectrophotometric method using a red absorbing aryl dye has been studied for the determination of critical micelle concentrations of surfactants. Cyanine dye related aryl dye compounds may be prepared by condensation of arylcarboxaldehydes with a quaternary salt of a heterocycle having a methyl group in the 2- or 4-position. These dyes have relatively longer absorption and fluorescence wavelengths than the aryl compound itself, allowing the researcher to utilize the lower interference of this region. In this paper one compound that belongs to the aryl dye family obtained by condensing 1-pyrenecarboxaldehyde with 3-ethyl-2-methylbenzothiazolium bromide was used as a hydrophobicity probe to detect formation of micelles. The chromophore has an absorption maximum at 564 nm in ethanol and at 619 nm in aqueous solutions. The analytical utility of these phenomena has been evaluated.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON PROTEIN METABOLISM IN CHROMOSOMES OF NON-DIVIDING CELLS

1. The metabolism of chromosomal proteins has been studied in the pancreas, liver, and kidney of adult mice (a) by measuring the rates of glycine-N15 incorporation into histones and residual chromosome fractions, and (b) by measuring the extent to which N15, once incorporated into chromosomal proteins, is retained. 2. The uptake of isotopic nitrogen by these nuclear constituents was compared with that of protein fractions prepared from the cytoplasm by differential centrifugation in sucrose solutions. One such fraction, which comprises the bulk of the ribosenucleoprotein of the cell sediments as a pellet on high speed centrifugation. The supernatant remaining after this centrifugation is a fraction which, in the pancreas, is rich in the secretory enzymes synthesized by the cell. 3. A comparison of the rates of glycine-N15 uptake shows that cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein is the most active of the protein fractions analyzed. In the pancreas it meets the conditions required of a precursor for the secretory enzymes of the supernate. 4. In all tissues considered the rates of glycine-N15 uptake into histone and residual chromosome fractions are lower, that for histone being the lowest of any of the protein components considered and that for residual protein approximating the over-all rate for cytoplasmic protein. 5. The effects of feeding and fasting upon glycine-N15 incorporation have been studied. In the pancreas, feeding causes a sharp increase in N15 uptake by the mixed tissue proteins and by the nucleoprotein and supernatant protein of the cytoplasm. There is a parallel increase in N15 uptake by the chromosomal constituents—histone and residual protein. 6. A parallelism between N15 uptake in cytoplasmic and chromosomal proteins is also observed in the liver and kidney when over-all protein metabolism is altered by feeding and fasting. 7. The responsiveness of the histones and residual proteins to changes in the environment has also been demonstrated in N15 retention experiments. The loss of isotope once incorporated into chromosomal proteins is much more rapid in fed than in fasted animals.
Mating Types in Paramecium multimicronucleatum

SUMMARY. The mating behavior of 16 stocks of Paramecium multimicronucleatum from 12 states has been studied. Mating always follows a decline in nutritive conditions. The evidence indicates that there exists one set of four interbreeding mating types. The period of subculture strongly influences the mating reactions, many stocks mating only long after isolation from nature and culture in the laboratory under the restricted conditions employed. Selfing was observed to occur in many races, usually after long periods of subculture. It first occurred in only a small proportion of the population, later in a larger proportion. The similarities and differences between P. multimicronucleatum and other species of protozoa showing multiple mating types are discussed.
Canine Comfort: Pet Affinity Buffers the Negative Impact of Ambivalence over Emotional Expression on Perceived Social Support

This study evaluated pet affinity as a buffer between ambivalence over emotional expression (AEE) and social support. AEE occurs when one desires to express emotions but is reluctant to do so and is related to negative psychological outcomes. Individuals high in AEE may have difficulty receiving social support and thus may not gain accompanying benefits. Social support has been associated with positive health outcomes, and pet support is positively associated with human social support. The present study explores the potential protective effect of pet affinity. One hundred ninety-eight undergraduate dog owners completed measures assessing perceived social support, pet affinity, and AEE. AEE was expected to be negatively associated with social support, and pet affinity was expected to buffer the negative effects of AEE on social support. We found that AEE was negatively associated with perceived social support. An interaction between pet affinity and AEE emerged such that the negative association between AEE and social support was weaker among those higher in pet affinity. Thus, at high levels of AEE, those who felt a close connection with their pets reported more perceived social support than those less connected with their pets. Overall, these findings emphasize the potential benefits of pet affinity.
Trans-cinnamaldehyde decreases attachment and invasion of uropathogenic Escherichia coli in urinary tract epithelial cells by modulating virulence gene expression.

Purpose: Uropathogenic Escherichia coli is the primary bacterium causing urinary tract infection in humans. Attachment and invasion of urinary tract epithelial cells by UPEC is the first critical step in establishing a successful urinary tract infection. We investigated the efficacy of subinhibitory concentrations of trans-cinnamaldehyde to inhibit uropathogenic E. coli attachment and invasion of human uroepithelial cells. We also determined the trans-cinnamaldehyde effect on uropathogenic E. coli genes encoding virulence factors critical for uroepithelial cell bacterial attachment and invasion.Materials and Methods: Polystyrene 24-well plates seeded with uroepithelial cells were inoculated with uropathogenic E. coli (about 6.0 log cfu) and subinhibitory concentrations of trans-cinnamaldehyde (0, 325, 560 and 750 μM), and incubated for 60 minutes at 37C. Uroepithelial cells were washed and lysed to enumerate adhered uropathogenic E. coli populations. For the invasion assay uroepithelial cells were treated...
Precision metrology for studying thin films and surfaces

Abstract Evaluation techniques that are appropriate for characterizing the surface topography of optical thin films and surfaces are briefly described. These include microscopes ranging from low power optical microscopes to scanning probe microscopes that can measure topography of individual atoms or groups of atoms, optical non-contact and mechanical contact profilers, some of which can give topographic maps of surface areas, and total integrated scattering and angle-resolved scattering that yield statistical properties of surfaces. Theories are needed to relate scattering to surface topography; these are valid only for certain types of topographies. Examples are given showing how various surface evaluation techniques can be applied to selected surfaces.
Antibodies directed against microtubule proteins from Drosophila melanogaster cross react with similar proteins in the rat brain.

Abstract Monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) were used to delineate the localization of three proteins in rat cerebral cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum. The proteins were identified by Mabs directed against Drosophila melanogaster microtubule proteins (MTP). We have provisionally designated these proteins as Drosophila microtubule-associated proteins (DMAPs). The corresponding monoclonal antibodies are designated Mab DMAP-45, -55 and -66 indicating the molecular weights of each protein. All three Mabs cross-react with proteins of similar molecular weights in the rat brain. Correspondingly, these rat proteins are designated DMAPRs. DMAP-45 binds microtubules in an ATP-dependent manner. The molecular weight and subcellular localization of DMAP-45R differs significantly from previously described mammalian brain MAPs suggesting that it represents a novel MAP. Biochemical evidence suggests it may be an actin-related protein. DMAP-55R co-purifies stoichiometrically with rat brain microtubules and appears to be a previously undescribed isoform of tubulin. DMAP-66, which co-purifies stoichiometrically with Drosophila microtubles, does not do so in the rat brain. Immunohistochemistry performed with all three Mabs revealed a general pattern of staining of cell somata and dendrites in the cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum. Mab DMAP-55 also stained axons. In cerebral cortex all three Mabs preferentially, but not exclusively, stained layer V neuronal somata and dendrites. In hippocampus, Mabs DMAP-45 and -66 stained cell somata and dendrites in all hippocampul subfields, particularly the subiculum and CA3, whereas Mab DMAP-55 was most prevalent in mossy fibers. All three Mahs stain Purkinje cells in cerebellum with additional staining of cerebella basket cells and Golgi cells observed with Mah DMAP-66.
Multiple Scattering Volume-Surface Interactions

The combined problem of scattering from random media with rough boundaries is fairly complicated. Hence, it is important to understand the scattering processes involved so that one may develop approximate methods appropriate for the application at hand. To facilitate this we have presented three different approaches: two using statistical wave theories and the third using the transport theory. Each approach gives a different perspective of the scattering processes involved. Although the transport theory is popularly used for this problem we find that certain multiple scattering volume-surface interactions are ignored in this approach. In contrast, our `unified approach' properly takes into account all multiple scattering processes. One reason for this is that it treats volumetric scattering and surface scattering on an equal footing. We observe that because of multiple scattering, the contributions from volumetric scattering and surface scattering get inextricably coupled, and hence cannot be treated separately as it is done in the transport theoretic approach. However, if one component is much weaker than the other the combined problem may be split into two parts: (1) volumetric scattering, and (2) surface scattering. Thus, the computation of the difficult combined problem may be reduced to the computations of two simple problems. This splitting is not the same as that obtained when employing the single scattering approximation. Our detailed analysis of the problem has enhanced our understanding of the multiple scattering processes involved.
On the Deterministic Complexity of Factoring Polynomials

The paper focuses on the deterministic complexity of factoring polynomials over finite fields assuming the extended Riemann hypothesis (ERH). By the works of Berlekamp (1967, 1970) and Zassenbaus (1969), the general problem reduces deterministically in polynomial time to finding a proper factor of any squarefree and completely splitting polynomial over a prime field Fp. Algorithms are designed to split such polynomials. It is proved that a proper factor of a polynomial can be found deterministically in polynomial time, under ERH, if its roots do not satisfy some stringent condition, called super square balanced. It is conjectured that super square balanced polynomials do not exist.
A Traditional Lecture Versus a PSI Course in Personality: Some Comparisons

Three components of instruction and withdrawal rates are compared after teaching the same course in two different formats.
Mechanisms of heart failure: emerging molecular targets

Sympathetic nervous system activity plays a central role in the pathogenesis of contractile dysfunction in heart failure. Alterations in intracellular Ca2+ signaling pathways include protein kinase A hyperphosphorylation of the cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2)/Ca2+ release channel, which causes the release of the channel-stabilizing subunit calstabin2/FKBP12.6. RyR2 depleted of calstabin2 become ‘leaky’, thereby contributing to contractile dysfunction and potentially providing a trigger for cardiac arrhythmias. This article reviews novel molecular therapeutic targets identified within intracellular Ca2+ signaling pathways in heart failure.
Controlling hidden layer capacity through lateral connections

We investigate the effects of including selected lateral interconnections in a feedforward neural network. In a network with one hidden layer consisting of m hidden neurons labeled 1,2... m, hidden neuron j is connected fully to the inputs, the outputs, and hidden neuron j + 1. As a consequence of the lateral connections, each hidden neuron receives two error signals: one from the output layer and one through the lateral interconnection. We show that the use of these lateral interconnections among the hidden-layer neurons facilitates controlled assignment of role and specialization of the hidden-layer neurons. In particular, we show that as training progresses, hidden neurons become progressively specialized---starting from the fringes (i.e., lower and higher numbered hidden neurons, e.g., 1, 2, m --- 1 m) and leaving the neurons in the center of the hidden layer (i.e., hidden-layer neurons numbered close to m/2) unspecialized or functionally identical. Consequently, the network behaves like network growing algorithms without the explicit need to add hidden units, and like soft weight sharing due to functionally identical neurons in the center of the hidden layer. Experimental results from one classification and one function approximation problems are presented to illustrate selective specialization of the hidden-layer neurons. In addition, the improved generalization that results from a decrease in the effective number of free parameters is illustrated through a simple function approximation example and with a real-world data set. Besides the reduction in the number of free parameters, the localization of weight sharing may also allow for a method that allows procedural determination for the number of hidden-layer neurons required for a given learning task.
Radioprotection by phenylhydrazine: evaluation of stem cell radiosensitivity and potential stimulation of the reticuloendothelial system.

The evidence presented indicates that radioprotection by phenylhydrazine is not associated with an increase in the in vivo radioresistance of hemopoietic stem cells (measured as endogenous spleen colony-forming units) nor with stimulation of the reticuloendothelial system. When the erythropoietic-stimulating effect of phenylhydrazine was quantitatively reduced, radioprotection was also reduced. Finally, this finding indicates that protection depends on induction of a hypererythropoietic state by the drug.
Role of deer in the epizootiology of Babesia microti in Massachusetts, USA.

The role of deer in the epizootiology of human babesiosis was studied by examining deer collected on Nantucket and Naushon Islands, Massachusetts, USA, for evidence of Babesia microti infection and infestation by the vector tick, Ixodes dammini . All stages of this tick were abundant on deer examined. but no Babesia organisms were found in their blood. There was no evidence of infection found in deer experimentally inoculated with B. microti . These observations suggest that deer are important hosts for all active stages of I. dammini but are not reservoirs for B. microti .
Elevated cytotoxicity in combat veterans with long-term post-traumatic stress disorder: preliminary observations.

Abstract Resting immune [WBC and differential cell counts, lymphocyte phenotyping (CD2, CD4, CD8, CD16, CD20, and CD56), and NK activity] and endocrine (cortisol, prolactin, growth hormone, and DHEA-SO 4 ) parameters were measured in 10 male, Vietnam combat veterans diagnosed with long-term post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and 9 control Vietnam combat veterans without a PTSD diagnosis but with a comparable history of alcohol abuse. Subjects completed a battery of psychological questionnaires. We report on preliminary observations of the relationship between PTSD and physiological and psychological parameters. With some important exceptions, PTSD patients did not differ from the age-matched control group with regard to hormone levels or lymphocyte phenotypes. However, NK activity was higher in the PTSD population than in the controls. Beck, Mississippi, and Combat Exposure scores were significantly elevated in the PTSD population. In contrast to previous observations in depressed populations, depression (indicated by elevated Beck scores), comorbid with PTSD, was associated with increased natural cytotoxicity.
Parametric Design of Fixed-Geometry Microvalves: The Tesser Valve

A parametric description of two existing types of planar fixed-geometry micropump valves, the nozzle-diffuser and the Tesla-type, can be accomplished with surprisingly few parameters. The planform shape for the former requires only four parameters and the latter only five. Following this observation, a new valve type, the Tesser valve, was created having features of both the Tesla-type and nozzle-diffuser that required only two additional parameters, for a total of seven. Our overall goal is to utilize formal optimization techniques and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with a experimental testing program to achieve valve efficiency that would be very difficult if not impossible to determine empirically. In this study we utilized two-dimensional computations that revealed a strong dependence of diodicity on Reynolds number in the range common for current micropump designs. The study also showed that the Tesser valve was superior at low Reynolds number 10 < Re < 100, and the Tesla-type valve superior at higher Reynolds number 100 < Re < 2000.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Impact on Montana's Highways of Adopting Canadian Interprovincial and Canamex Limits on Vehicle Size and Weight

The impact on Montana's highways of adopting Canadian Interprovincial, Canamex, or Canamex Short limits on vehicle size and weight was determined. Canadian Interprovincial size and weight limits were developed with due consideration to safety, economy, and damage to highways. Canamex and Canamex Short limits are hybrid size-and-weight systems that retain Montana axle weights coupled with Canadian gross weights. Infrastructure impacts from these new and heavier vehicles were determined by developing new traffic streams, determining the physical impact of these streams on bridges and pavements, and assigning a cost to these impacts. These analyses found that 16 to 20 percent of the bridges systemwide are deficient under Canadian loads (incremental deficiencies above and beyond bridges already deficient under HS20 loads). Incremental deficiencies under Canamex and Canamex Short limits are between 1 and 3 percent of all bridges. Pavement demands on the Interstate and primary systems increased by less than 5 p...
Using Media to Pace Your Class: Tools and Tips for Incorporating Video

When teachers do anything for more than 20 minutes, students get restless. One way to deal with this is to keep a collection of relevant film clips on hand to break up the monotony of discussion, to reenergize a class grown bored. A well-paced, technology-enhanced class feels like it's going by faster and is more enjoyable for students. And when students are enjoying themselves, it's a lot easier to teach them. This article explains the tools you will need to create video clips for class, as well as an explanation for why and how to use them.
A converse Lyapunov theorem for strong global recurrence

Abstract A converse Lyapunov theorem is established for discrete-time stochastic systems modeled by a set-valued mapping under mild regularity conditions. For this class of systems, it is shown that strong global recurrence is a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a smooth Lyapunov function that decreases in expected value along solutions outside of the set that is strongly globally recurrent. Robustness of strong global recurrence to sufficiently small perturbations is also established.