cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Blockade of α2-adrenergic receptors in prelimbic cortex: impact on cocaine self-administration in adult spontaneously hypertensive rats following adolescent atomoxetine treatment.

Research with the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) model of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder demonstrated that chronic methylphenidate treatment during adolescence increased cocaine self-administration established during adulthood under a progressive ratio (PR) schedule. Compared to vehicle, chronic atomoxetine treatment during adolescence failed to increase cocaine self-administration under a PR schedule in adult SHR. We determined if enhanced noradrenergic transmission at α2-adrenergic receptors within prefrontal cortex contributes to this neutral effect of adolescent atomoxetine treatment in adult SHR. Following treatment from postnatal days 28–55 with atomoxetine (0.3 mg/kg) or vehicle, adult male SHR and control rats from Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and Wistar (WIS) strains were trained to self-administer 0.3 mg/kg cocaine. Self-administration performance was evaluated under a PR schedule of cocaine delivery following infusion of the α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist idazoxan (0 and 10–56 μg/side) directly into prelimbic cortex. Adult SHR attained higher PR break points and had greater numbers of active lever responses and infusions than WKY and WIS. Idazoxan dose-dependently increased PR break points and active lever responses in SHR following adolescent atomoxetine vs. vehicle treatment. Behavioral changes were negligible after idazoxan pretreatment in SHR following adolescent vehicle or in WKY and WIS following adolescent atomoxetine or vehicle. α2-Adrenergic receptor blockade in prelimbic cortex of SHR masked the expected neutral effect of adolescent atomoxetine on adult cocaine self-administration behavior. Moreover, greater efficacy of acute idazoxan challenge in adult SHR after adolescent atomoxetine relative to vehicle is consistent with the idea that chronic atomoxetine may downregulate presynaptic α2A-adrenergic autoreceptors in SHR.
The Hite Report on Female Sexuality

The Hite Report: A Nationwide Study of Female Sexuality was originally published in 1976 and reprinted in 2004 with an updated introduction by its author, Shere Hite. The intent of the report was “to discover how women view their own sexuality.” Five domains were assessed in the report: orgasms, sexual activities, relationship status, life stage, the ending. The Hite Report was innovative in its approach to female sexuality, that is, it asked women about their opinions on sex and how sex or orgasms really feel rather than telling them how they should feel. The report profoundly shaped the way that contemporary culture thinks about female sexuality, sexual slavery, and female orgasms. Keywords: gender politics; gender equality; sex: beliefs and customs; sexual behaviors; sexuality
Imaginary Companions of School Boys and Boys with Dissociative Identity Disorder/Multiple Personality Disorder: A Normal to Pathologic Continuum

Adults with dissociative identity disorder/multiple personality disorder often describe having had very vivid imaginary companions in childhood. Little is known, however, about the phenomenon of imaginary companions in children with dissociative disorders. This article explores differences in the number, nature, and functions of imaginary companions of abused, severely dissociative boys and of normal school boys.
Sixteen Years after the Passage of the U.S. Semiconductor Chip Protection Act: Is International Protection Working

Sixteen years ago, the U.S. Congress passed the Semiconductor Chip Protection Act ("SCPA") in an attempt to provide national protection from chip piracy to U.S. chip manufacturers and encourage international efforts to reduce chip piracy worldwide. In this Article, the author evaluates the SCPA's effectiveness. The author concludes that the Act has influenced foreign legislation and international treaty provisions, but has provided virtually no real chip protection. Instead, technological advances, market changes, and improvements in industry practice have protected chip manufacturers from chip piracy. Before reaching his conclusion, the author describes the origins of the SCPA and gives an overview of the Act, including general provisions and a criticism of the protected subject matter's scope. The author then compares foreign chip protection acts and international chip provisions with the SCPA, arguing that worldwide chip piracy has declined mostly for reasons unrelated to foreign chip legislation. While changes in technology and the market have mostly rendered chip protection laws obsolete in technologically advanced nations, the author concludes by hinting that such laws might be helpful in less technologically developed nations.
ASYMPTOTIC PROPERTIES OF MAXIMUM PROBABILITY ESTIMATES IN THE IID CASE

Let X 1 , …, X n be i.i.d. r.v.'s with a given p.d.f. depending on a real-valued parameter θ. It is shown that, under suitable conditions and with probability tending to one as n tends to infinity, there exists at least one maximum probability estimate d ^ n = d ^ n (X 1 , …, X n ). These estimates are square root n consistent - in the probability sense - and asymptotically normal. The conditions under which these results are derived are the weakest yet obtained.
A Primer on Genetics, Genomics and Plant Breeding

The focus of this book, as the title indicates, is on the genetic improvement of bioenergy crops. Chapter 4 deals with the biochemistry and genetics of cell wall biosynthesis, and Chapters 7–15 focus on individual crops, with an emphasis on the breeding strategies that can be employed to improve these crops for bioenergy production. These chapters are written with the assumption the reader has basic knowledge of plant genetics and plant breeding. In order to make this book accessible to a broad audience, this primer is intended to provide basic background information on plant molecular genetics and plant breeding. The chapter is written for an audience with basic knowledge of biology and chemistry. Textbooks that offer a more detailed and extensive treatise on the various topics are referenced throughout the text. It should be possible to read the main Sections (2.2, 2.3, etc.) independently from each other.
Reducing Noise in Images by Forcing Monotonic Change Between Extrema

A novel method of reducing noise in images is presented. The significant extrema (maxima and minima) in the image are selected using a simple low pass Fourier filter. The method forces the pixel values in the image to vary monotonically between the selected extrema. For example, the pixel values in the filtered image should decrease monotonically in all directions from an isolated maximum. Because the algorithm that performs the monotonic fits is one dimensional, we approximate monotonic change in all directions by doing monotonic fits along line segments throughout the image. The filtering operation on each line segment replaces the pixel values on that segment with a monotonie sequence that fits the original pixel values best in a least squares sense. Monotonie change is enforced along line segments in as many directions as desired. The method is simple, reasonably fast and quite stable. Good results can be obtained for images with SNR’s as low as 0.5.
Gain Characterization of p-Doped 1.3 μm InAs Quantum Dot Lasers on Silicon: Theory and Experiment

We investigate, both experimentally and theoretically, the gain characteristics of modulation p-doped 1.3 μm quantum dot lasers epitaxially grown on silicon. The inhomogeneous broadening is extracted to be 10 meV. A p-doped quantum dot active region has been found to show lower transparency current and higher material gain.
Critical Security Studies: How is Peace Interpreted?

Critical security studies (CSS) is a diverse subfield of International Relations (IR). Perhaps one reason for this variety is the dominance of realist perspectives in traditional security studies. Despite some important exceptions, many realists avoid discussing even liberal, let alone more critical, perspectives on security issues. Thus, critical security studies is a broad arena in which many voices try to be heard on a range of security-related topics. In order to understand what issues are of importance in CSS, this paper provides an overview of different approaches. Of course, some scholars, such as Vivienne Jabri and Karin Fierke, blend Giddens, Habermas, Foucault, Robert Cox, Judith Butler, and others in intriguing ways in their studies of security and violent conflict. Given the significant breadth of scholarship, this paper is an exploratory study of the different ‘schools of thought’ as a means to survey the range of interpretations of peace in critical security studies. Clearly, the subject of peace is part of critical security studies, and yet the question remains as to how various scholars interpret it. Actually, initial findings indicate that, unlike (critical) peace studies, peace is not nearly the focus of study as much as problems of in/security.
Making Scholarship Meaningful: Equitable Terms of Exchange in (Transnational) Publication

Academic publication is not as easy for scholars around the world to produce--whether they are on the side of authors or that of reviewers and editors--as it is for institutions to demand it. It is even harder to make transnational publication meaningful, unless we keep making the process more accessible, product more locally relevant, and exchange across borders more equitable. . . .
Restating the Architecture of Property

Property law has proven difficult to restate, with none of the American Law Institute’s previous Restatements coming close to covering the full breadth of this area. In addition to trying to fill this gap, those working on the current Fourth Restatement aim to capture the architecture of property. In the terms of complex systems theory, a Restatement should reflect the arrangement and interactions, the groupings, and the coherence (sometimes) of property law, rather than treating it as a heap of full detachable rules and components. Conventional strong versions of the bundle of rights picture of property, reinforced by the nature of the Restatement process, make it difficult to address property as a complex system. Using examples of possession and the property torts, the paper shows how a Restatement can begin to incorporate property’s architecture and why it matters to the operation and the development of the law.
ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY INCIDENCE, RISK FACTORS, AND COSTS AMONG US PATIENTS UNDERGOING PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY PROCEDURES

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) remains a serious complication for patients undergoing coronary angiography (CAG) and/or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Evidence is lacking in contemporary AKI trends and related costs in the U.S. We assessed national trends of AKI incidence, risk factors,
Early studies of airway submucosal glands

This historical article provides a comprehensive review of early research on the structure and function of airway submucosal glands. The literature before 1950 or so, is virtually unknown, but in a...
A systematic review of the word sentence association paradigm (WSAP).

Abstract Background and objectives The Word Sentence Association Paradigm (WSAP) was originally designed to assess and modify interpretive biases (IB) in socially anxious individuals. Researchers have since modified the WSAP for use across various populations. Despite its widespread use, no studies have systematically reviewed the WSAP to determine its validity and reliability. Methods: We review variations to the WSAP, populations in which the WSAP has been used, reliability data, and effect sizes across 41 studies published between 2008 and March 2018. Results Results indicate that the WSAP has been utilized to target 18 disorders and symptoms in adults and children. Modifications include stimulus content, timing parameters, and presentation order of word and sentence pairs. Reported internal consistency and test-retest reliability suggest good to excellent reliability. Medium to large effect sizes were reported when comparing control samples to those with psychopathology and in pre-post comparisons of the modification version of the WSAP. Limitations: Studies varied regarding which indices of the WSAP were presented and specific task parameters used, making it challenging to compare effects. Conclusions The WSAP is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing and modifying interpretive biases with unique characteristics compared with other IB assessment and modification tasks.
Potential Moderating Effects of Sex/Gender on the Acute Relative Reinforcing and Subjective Effects of Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes in Vulnerable Populations

Author(s): Streck, Joanna M; Davis, Danielle R; Pang, Raina D; Sigmon, Stacey C; Bunn, Janice Y; Bergeria, Cecilia L; Tidey, Jennifer W; Heil, Sarah H; Gaalema, Diann E; Hughes, John R; Stitzer, Maxine L; Reed, Ellaina; Higgins, Stephen T | Abstract: IntroductionReports in relatively healthy smokers suggest men are more sensitive than women to the subjective effects of reduced nicotine content cigarettes (RNCCs). We know of no reports examining sex differences in the relative reinforcing effects of RNCCs, an important outcome in assessing smoking's addiction potential. The aim of the present study is to address this gap by examining sex/gender differences on reinforcing effects while examining whether sex differences in subjective effects are discernible in vulnerable populations.MethodsSecondary analysis of a within-subject, double-blinded experiment examining acute effects of cigarettes varying in nicotine content (0.4, 2.4, 5.2, 15.8 mg/g) among 169 adult smokers with psychiatric conditions or socioeconomic disadvantage. Effects of dose, sex, and their interaction were examined on reinforcing (concurrent-choice and Cigarette Purchase Task [CPT] testing), and subjective effects (Cigarette Evaluation Questionnaire [CEQ] and craving/withdrawal ratings).ResultsReducing nicotine content decreased the relative reinforcing effects of smoking in concurrent-choice and CPT testing (p's l .05) with no significant effects of sex nor dose × sex/gender interactions. Reducing nicotine content decreased CEQ ratings with only a single significant effect of sex (higher Psychological Reward scores among women than men, p = .02) and no significant dose × sex/gender interactions. Results on craving/withdrawal paralleled those on the CEQ.ConclusionsReducing nicotine content decreases the addiction potential of smoking independent of sex in populations highly vulnerable to smoking and addiction, with no indication that women are less sensitive to subjective effects of RNCCs or would benefit less from a policy reducing the nicotine content of cigarettes.ImplicationsA policy reducing the nicotine content of cigarettes has the potential to reduce the addiction potential of smoking across men and women who are especially vulnerable to smoking, addiction, and tobacco-related adverse health impacts.
Misdiagnosis of Lyme Disease With Unnecessary Antimicrobial Treatment Characterizes Patients Referred to an Academic Infectious Diseases Clinic.

Background Although Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne infection in the United States, diagnostic accuracy within community settings is not well characterized. Methods A retrospective observational cohort study of patients referred to an academic center with a presumed diagnosis or concern for Lyme disease between 2000 and 2013 was performed to analyze diagnoses and treatments. Characteristics of those with Lyme disease and those misdiagnosed as having Lyme disease were compared. Results Of 1261 patients, 911 (72.2%) did not have Lyme disease, 184 (14.6%) had active or recent Lyme disease, 150 (11.9%) had a remote history of Lyme disease, and 16 (1.3%) were identified as having possible Lyme disease. Patients without current Lyme disease were more likely to be female (odds ratio [OR], 1.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-2.45), to have had symptoms for >3 months (OR, 8.78; 95% CI, 5.87-13.1), to have higher symptom counts (OR per additional symptom, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.02-1.13), to have had more Lyme-related laboratory testing (OR per additional laboratory test, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.03-1.32), and to have been diagnosed with what were regarded as coinfections (OR, 3.13; 95% CI, 1.14-8.57). Of the 911 patients without Lyme disease, 764 (83.9%) had received antimicrobials to treat Lyme disease or their coinfections. The percentage of patients established to have Lyme disease was lower than in earlier studies of referred populations. Conclusions Among patients referred to an academic Infectious Diseases practice for Lyme disease, incorrect diagnoses and unnecessary antibiotic treatment were common, both for Lyme disease and for coinfections.
The two types of society: Computationally revealing recurrent social formations and their evolutionary trajectories.

Comparative social science has a long history of attempts to classify societies and cultures in terms of shared characteristics. However, only recently has it become feasible to conduct quantitative analysis of large historical datasets to mathematically approach the study of social complexity and classify shared societal characteristics. Such methods have the potential to identify recurrent social formations in human societies and contribute to social evolutionary theory. However, in order to achieve this potential, repeated studies are needed to assess the robustness of results to changing methods and data sets. Using an improved derivative of the Seshat: Global History Databank, we perform a clustering analysis of 271 past societies from sampling points across the globe to study plausible categorizations inherent in the data. Analysis indicates that the best fit to Seshat data is five subclusters existing as part of two clearly delineated superclusters (that is, two broad “types” of society in terms of social-ecological configuration). Our results add weight to the idea that human societies form recurrent social formations by replicating previous studies with different methods and data. Our results also contribute nuance to previously established measures of social complexity, illustrate diverse trajectories of change, and shed further light on the finite bounds of human social diversity.
Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 and mTORC1 Signaling Promote the Intestinal Regenerative Response After Irradiation Injury.

Background & Aims Intestinal crypts have a remarkable capacity to regenerate after injury from loss of crypt base columnar (CBC) stem cells. After injury, facultative stem cells (FSCs) are activated to replenish the epithelium and replace lost CBCs. Our aim was to assess the role of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) to activate FSCs for crypt repair. Methods The intestinal regenerative response was measured after whole body 12-Gy γ-irradiation of adult mice. IGF-1 signaling or its downstream effector mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) was inhibited by administering BMS-754807 or rapamycin, respectively. Mice with inducible Rptor gene deletion were studied to test the role of mTORC1 signaling in the intestinal epithelium. FSC activation post-irradiation was measured by lineage tracing. Results We observed a coordinate increase in growth factor expression, including IGF-1, at 2 days post-irradiation, followed by a surge in mTORC1 activity during the regenerative phase of crypt repair at day 4. IGF-1 was localized to pericryptal mesenchymal cells, and IGF-1 receptor was broadly expressed in crypt progenitor cells. Inhibition of IGF-1 signaling via BMS-754807 treatment impaired crypt regeneration after 12-Gy irradiation, with no effect on homeostasis. Similarly, rapamycin inhibition of mTORC1 during the growth factor surge blunted the regenerative response. Analysis of Villin-CreERT2;Rptorfl/fl mice showed that epithelial mTORC1 signaling was essential for crypt regeneration. Lineage tracing from Bmi1-marked cells showed that rapamycin blocked FSC activation post-irradiation. Conclusions Our study shows that IGF-1 signaling through mTORC1 drives crypt regeneration. We propose that IGF-1 release from pericryptal cells stimulates mTORC1 in FSCs to regenerate lost CBCs.
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Management of Dejerine-Roussy Syndrome: a Comprehensive Review.

Post-stroke pain represents a complex condition with few standardized diagnostic criteria. As such, the array of symptoms is often difficult to categorize and diagnose. Central post-stroke pain (CPSP), also known as Dejerine–Roussy syndrome, presents as painful paresthesia in any part of the body that is usually coupled with sensory abnormalities. In patients who had experienced a cerebrovascular accident, CPSP typically affects the same areas of the body that are also impacted by the general motor and sensory deficits that result from stroke. Though it is generally debated, CPSP is thought to result from a lesion in any part of the central nervous system. Pain usually presents in the range of 3–6 months after the occurrence of stroke, manifesting contralaterally to the lesion, and most commonly involving the upper extremities. For the most accurate diagnosis of CPSP, a thorough history and clinical examination should be supplemented with imaging. Infarcted areas of the brain can be visualized using either CT or MRI. First-line treatment of CPSP is pharmacologic and consists of a three-drug regimen. Despite this, CPSP is often refractory to medical management producing only modest pain reduction in a limited subset of patients. Adverse effects associated with pharmacologic management of CPSP and frequent recalcitrance to treatment have driven alternative minimally invasive methods of pain control which include transcranial stimulation, deep brain stimulation, and neuromodulation. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive update to recent advances in the understanding of the treatment and management of CPSP.
Systematic review: Predictors of students' success in baccalaureate nursing programs

Nursing schools strive to select a diverse student population who are likely to succeed by ensuring timely student progression through the program and effective use of educational sources. The purpose of this systematic literature review is to explore the preadmission variables and selection criteria that predict student success in 4-year baccalaureate nursing programs in the U.S. Sixteen articles met the eligibility criteria, and six measures were used to define student success: (a) early academic success, particularly during the first and second year; (b) attrition; (c) timely completion of the program; (d) graduation; (e) performance in nursing courses; and (f) academic performance in other science courses. Typically, the core set of cognitive predictors used in the admission process in nursing schools were pre-nursing GPA, pre-nursing collegiate science GPA, and scores on standardized aptitude exams. This review suggests that it is challenging to isolate one single variable as the best predictor of student success; however, using a combination of variables can offer a reliable prediction method. More researchers should consider using a theoretical basis to guide their inquiry on this topic. Additionally, researchers should examine admission variables that are most relevant across programs.
Donor-Derived Cell-Free DNA: Is It All the Same? The Jury Is Still Out

Monitoring kidney transplant recipients for evidence of rejection is essential to mitigate the risk of graft failure. Donor-derived cell-free DNA (dd-cfDNA) is a dynamic marker of cell turnover in the allograft that can be used as a surrogate marker of allograft injury and allows for noninvasive monitoring (1⇓–3). Quantification of the dd-cfDNA fraction requires differentiation of donor and recipient genomes. Early methodologies relied on detection of genes found on the Y chromosome, which limited use to women recipients with men organ donors, or genome sequencing, which required separate genotyping of the donor (4). Targeted next generation sequencing (NGS) techniques use panels of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to differentiate dd-cfDNA from recipient cell-free DNA. Currently available NGS platforms for dd-cfDNA fraction quantification include AlloSure (CareDx, Inc., Brisbane, CA) and Prospera (Natera, Inc., San Carlos, CA). Although both rely on panels of SNPs, their methodologies are distinct. AlloSure previously used a panel of 266 SNPs selected from across all 22 somatic chromosomes with sufficient separation and low linkage (5), and it has since been updated to include 405 SNPs as noted in the recent publication by Melancon et al . (6). Prospera uses 13,392 SNPs concentrated across four chromosomes (3). The latter was adapted for use in kidney transplantation from an approach developed for noninvasive prenatal monitoring. Both of these tests allow for the measurement of dd-cfDNA in kidney transplant recipients without requiring knowledge of donor genotypes. In his recent publication, Melancon et al . (6) reported results from simultaneous AlloSure and Prospera tests performed in 76 patients …
A Quad-Output Elastic Switched Capacitor Converter and Per-Core LDO with 87% Power Efficiency and 2.5× Core-Frequency Range Improvement

A quad-output elastic switched capacitor converter with four cores and per-core digital low dropout regulators (LDOs) is designed in 130nm CMOS. This design routes power on demand by sharing the total switching capacitance network across all the cores and delivering power to each core in a time interleaved manner. As the current demand of a core increases, more switching capacitance and switch area resources are automatically allotted to the core. In case of further power demand, if the power delivery module can no longer allocate further resources, then it autonomously changes the voltage conversion ratio till the demand is met. Measurements reveal 87% peak power efficiency and 2.5× increase in core-frequency range, thus enabling wider dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS).
Surrogate modeling for structural response prediction of a building class

Abstract Buildings are vital for critical community functions, and it is of great importance to efficiently invest the limited societal resources in the design of the buildings. To achieve this goal, careful assessment of risk from future hazards is required. In practice, the risk to building structures is regulated by structural design codes through target reliability levels, which are reflected in many code factors, including partial safety factors, load combination factors, and modification factors. Optimizing the target reliability levels often requires running a large number of nonlinear dynamic analyses of complex finite element models, which imposes a significant burden on the computational resources. Computation time can be reduced considerably by employing surrogate models that can efficiently approximate the relation between input design and hazard intensity variables with building response output. This paper explores the different surrogate models, namely, support vector machines, kriging, and neural networks, for structural response prediction of a building class so that they can be used in the target reliability index optimization of a building class (a group of buildings with the same load-carrying characteristics). The uniqueness of this study is in developing a single surrogate model for a group of buildings instead of a single building design. The investigation on the performance of the surrogate models in structural response prediction is conducted for mid-rise office building class by comparing the computation time, accuracy, and robustness.
A Rare Professor: Processing Social Location as a Taiwanese American Male in Academia and Clinical Training

The combination of my Taiwanese American male identity interacts with a profession that has challenged my cultural norms and has created an internal dialog around social location. In this chapter, I perceive my social location from an intersectionality perspective and detail how I use my academic position of power to interact with my program, students, and mental health community. Social power attribution as an MFT program director and clinical director is discussed along with the label as a “model minority.” I reflect on how my cultural heritage and gender combination have impacted the interactions with my students, the community, and the MFT culture. Finally, cultural pursuit of balance is discussed in moderating my academic responsibilities and social location.
CD11c+CD88+CD317+ myeloid cells are critical mediators of persistent CNS autoimmunity

Natalizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody (mAb) against α4-integrin, reduces the number of dendritic cells (DC) in cerebral perivascular spaces in multiple sclerosis (MS). Selective deletion of α4-integrin in CD11c+ cells should curtail their migration to the central nervous system (CNS) and ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We generated CD11c.Cre+/−ITGA4fl/fl C57BL/6 mice to selectively delete α4-integrin in CD11c+ cells. Active immunization and adoptive transfer EAE models were employed and compared with WT controls. Multiparameter flow cytometry was utilized to immunophenotype leukocyte subsets. Single-cell RNA sequencing was used to profile individual cells. α4-Integrin expression by CD11c+ cells was significantly reduced in primary and secondary lymphoid organs in CD11c.Cre+/−ITGA4fl/fl mice. In active EAE, a delayed disease onset was observed in CD11c.Cre+/−ITGA4fl/fl mice, during which CD11c+CD88+ cells were sequestered in the blood. Upon clinical EAE onset, CD11c+CD88+ cells appeared in the CNS and expressed CD317+. In adoptive transfer experiments, CD11c.Cre+/−ITGA4fl/fl mice had ameliorated clinical disease phenotype associated with significantly diminished numbers of CNS CD11c+CD88+CD317+ cells. In human cerebrospinal fluid from subjects with neuroinflammation, microglia-like cells display coincident expression of ITGAX (CD11c), C5AR1 (CD88), and BST2 (CD317). In mice, we show that only activated, but not naive microglia expressed CD11c, CD88, and CD317. Finally, anti-CD317 treatment prior to clinical EAE substantially enhanced recovery in mice.
PAL: Wearable and Personalized Habit-support Interventions in Egocentric Visual and Physiological Contexts

Habits are automatic actions in stable contexts and can help sustain behavior change. We created a wearable device, called PAL, to recognize egocentric visual and physiological contexts and deliver just-in-time habit-support interventions using open-ear audio output. PAL supports personalized goals, reminder contexts, and reminder messages, and uses on-device deep learning for privacy-preserving and low-shot context detection to enable self-tracking and context-aware habit-support interventions for behavior change.
Online Gaming and Racism: Impact on Psychological Distress Among Black, Asian, and Latinx Emerging Adults:

Although online racism occurs frequently and explicitly in online gaming (e.g., anti-Black hate speeches), no research has examined the psychological impact on racial/ethnic minority players. Thus,...
Orally Administered Natural Lipid Nanoparticle-Loaded 6-Shogaol Shapes the Anti-Inflammatory Microbiota and Metabolome.

The past decade has seen increasing interest in microbiota-targeting therapeutic strategies that aim to modulate the gut microbiota’s composition and/or function to treat chronic diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), metabolic symptoms, and obesity. While targeting the gut microbiota is an innovative means for treating IBD, it typically requires an extended treatment time, hampering its potential application. Herein, using an established natural-lipid nanoparticle (nLNP) platform, we demonstrate that nLNPs encapsulated with the drug candidate 6-shogaol (6S/nLNP) distinctly altered microbiota composition within one day of treatment, significantly accelerating a process that usually requires five days using free 6-shogaol (6S). In addition, the change in the composition of the microbiota induced by five-day treatment with 6S/nLNP was maintained for at least 15 days (from day five to day 20). The consequent alteration in the fecal metabolic profile stemming from this compositional change manifested as functional changes that enhanced the in vitro anti-inflammatory and wound-healing efficacy of macrophage cells (Raw 264.7) and epithelial cells (Caco-2 BBE1), respectively. Further, this metabolic compositional change, as reflected in an altered metabolic profile, promoted a robust anti-inflammatory effect in a DSS-induced mouse model of acute colitis. Our study demonstrates that, by near-instantly modulating microbiota composition and function, an nLNP-based drug-delivery platform might be a powerful tool for treating ulcerative colitis.
Differential Impact on Economic Development: An Analysis of Colonial Legacy on Sub-Saharan Africa

Why are some countries wealthier than others? There are numerous ways to address this question; however, there is substantial literature in development economics suggesting that a nation’s colonial history plays an integral part in pre-determining who is rich, and who is poor. Previous studies suggest that among former African colonies, British or French colonies experienced marginally faster growth rates than Portuguese, Belgian, or Italian ones. This provides additional insight to suggest that differentiation in economic growth could be explained by a nation’s colonial history. This study attempts to understand the differential impacts of British and French colonialism on the economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa. By investigating the different approaches to colonizing, is it possible that one of these previous imperial powers better equipped their colonies with formidable institutions conducive for economic growth after independence?
Use of a deslorelin implant for management of hyperandrogenism associated with excessive sex hormone production in a female spayed pet rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Abstract Objectives The GnRH analogue, deslorelin, is commonly used for hormonal suppression in a wide range of species. Case Description A 5-year-old mixed breed spayed female pet rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) presented for evaluation of behavioral changes including inappropriate urination and sexual aggression. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed left adrenal enlargement with a nodule located on the cranial pole. Increased concentrations of serum testosterone suggested adrenal pathology and hyperandrogenism. Subcutaneous placement of a 4.7 mg deslorelin implant intrascapularly resulted in lower testosterone levels, suppressed clinical signs, and decreased adrenal gland size. As of the submission of this paper (13 months later), presenting clinical signs have not returned and testosterone levels continue to remain in the normal reference range. Conclusion This implant was successful at suppressing presenting clinical signs and lowering serm testosterone levels. Case Relevance The clinical experience from this case suggests that this deslorelin implant may be used to manage clinical signs in similar cases where adrenalectomy may not be an option. The use of this implant in pet rabbits should be considered where it is ethically and legally allowed.
Monarchs and Milkweed: A Migrating Butterfly, A Poisonous Plant, and Their Remarkable Story of Coevolution

Anurag Agrawl. 2017. Monarchs and Milkweed: A Migrating Butterfly, A Poisonous Plant, and Their Remarkable Story of Coevolution. (ISBN-13: 978-0-691-16635-3, hbk). Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, U.S.A. (Orders: press.princeton.edu). $29.95 US, 295 pp., color photos, drawings, graphs, 7" × 9".
Acute respiratory tract infection visits of veterans with spinal cord injuries and disorders: rates, trends, and risk factors.

Background/Objectives: Respiratory complications are a major cause of illness and death in persons with spinal cord injuries and dysfunction (SCI&Ds). The objectives of this study were to examine r...
Use and value of information sources by parents of child psychiatric patients.

Objective: With Web 2.0, the variety of information sources for parents of paediatric psychiatric patients has increased dramatically. Information use theory suggests newer sources supplement rather than supplant traditional sources of health information. This study sought to determine the use and value of traditional and emerging sources of information and whether the subjects had access to highly valued sources of information. Methods: One hundred parents indicated the use and value of six sources of information on the child’s symptoms, diagnoses and treatment. The data were analyzed to determine if significant relationships existed between type of source and the use and value of the information sources. Results: Ninety-four percent of the subjects had access to the Internet and almost half of those reported using the Social Web. Eighty-five percent had at least one high-value information source. The psychiatrist in the clinic, the Internet and the primary care physician were the most highly used and valued sources. Conclusion: Use of digital information sources was greater than found in other studies of similar populations. This use appears to complement rather than supplant more traditional sources. Further studies are needed to see if the negative impact of lack of Internet access is replicated.
Biosynthesis of Plasma Lipoproteins INCORPORATION OF 14C-GLUCOSAMINE BY CELLS AND SUBCELLULAR FRACTIONS OF RAT LIVER

Abstract The incorporation of glucosamine-14C into plasma lipoproteins has been measured in the intact rat, in liver slices, and in the liver microsome fraction. The labeling of lipoprotein was studied in microsome subfractions, both in vivo with glucosamine-14C and in vitro with UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-14C. After isolation of lipoproteins with the aid of carrier plasma, labeled lipoproteins were found in smooth endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi membranes, but not in rough endoplasmic reticulum or ribosomes. Approximately 100 times as much smooth membrane protein as Golgi membrane protein was required to isolate the same total amount of labeled lipoprotein, in vivo as well as in vitro. High density lipoproteins had 3 times as much total label as low density lipoproteins, which may be related to the larger amount of the former molecules found in plasma. It is concluded that carbohydrate is attached to the lipoprotein after it has left the ribosome and that the Golgi apparatus plays a major role in this process.
Tree-Based Methods

In this chapter, we describe tree-based methods for regression and classification. These involve stratifying or segmenting the predictor space into a number of simple regions. In order to make a prediction for a given observation, we typically use the mean or the mode of the training observations in the region to which it belongs. Since the set of splitting rules used to segment the predictor space can be summarized in a tree, these types of approaches are known as decision tree methods.
The biosynthesis of DNA by insects. IV. Metabolism of purine deoxyribonucleosides during adult development of the Cecropia silkmoth.

Abstract Injected deoxyadenosine labels both the adenine and guanosine of DNA in developing Cecropia adults, while injected deoxyguanosine is not significantly incorporated. In vitro experiments demonstrate potent deoxyadenosine deaminase activity which converts deoxyadenosine to deoxyinosine. Deoxyinosine serves as precursor for both dAMP and dGMP.
Aberrant capping of membrane proteins on neutrophils from patients with leukocyte adhesion deficiency

Several functional defects have been found in neutrophils from leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) patients who fail to express the CD11/CD18 leukoadhesins: Mo1, LFA-1, and p150,95. To better understand the functional defects of LAD neutrophils, we have performed capping experiments. Purified normal or LAD neutrophils were labeled with fluorochrome-conjugated concanavalin A (Con A) or F(ab′)2 fragments of antiurokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), anti-Fc gamma RIII (CD16), anti-Mo5, and anti-CD14 antibodies. F(ab′)2-labeled cells were capped using a second-step F(ab′)2 fragment of an antimurine Fab antiserum. Cells were capped for 30 minutes at 37 degrees C, then observed by fluorescence microscopy. LAD neutrophils were found to be deficient in capping, but not clustering of all of the reagents tested to date. The percent of cells exhibiting capping of Con A, Fc gamma RIII, urokinase receptor, CD14, and Mo5 were 52%, 67%, 70%, 25%, and 64% for normal neutrophils but were only 10%, 5%, 2%, 3%, and 1%, respectively, for LAD neutrophils. Capping of this panel of membrane components in LAD or normal neutrophils was not augmented by the addition of either 10(-5) mol/L colchicine or 10(-7) mol/L FMLP. Because capping requires membrane-to-cytosol communication and an intact microfilament linkage, we suggest that leukoadhesins may play a broad role in promoting the redistribution of membrane components including adherence-related receptors such as Fc gamma RIII and the urokinase receptor.
Plants and Vegetation: Positive interactions: mutualism, commensalism, and symbiosis

Mutualism, commensalism, symbiosis. Plant–plant co-operation (facilitation, protection, oxygen, shading). Plant–fungus co-operation (mycorrhizae, lichens). Plant–animal co-operation: pollination by birds, seed dispersal by animals (tapir, ants, rodents), the fates of seeds, dodos. The costs of sexual reproduction. The value of sexuality. Animals defending plants. Symbiosis in animal guts: a consequence of cellulose. Models of mutualism. Conceptual obstacles in the study of mutualism. Introduction Definitions Mutualism is an interaction between two species or individuals that is beneficial to both. It is, in other words, a +/+ interaction, in contrast with competition, which is the reverse, a −/− interaction (Chapter 5). Mutualism is sometimes confused with symbiosis, but the term symbiosis denotes merely that two species are living together in close association. Close association is insufficient evidence for the occurrence of mutualism. Some of the problems and issues that arise in the study of mutualism are related to those that arose in the study of competition (Chapter 5), since the same problems can arise whether one is trying to assess positive or negative interactions among individuals. Further, just as competition can be asymmetric, where one individual experiences more negative effects than the other, so too can mutualism be asymmetric. Since it is, in fact, rather unlikely that both individuals in a mutualistic relationship will receive identical benefits from the association, most mutualistic interactions probably are asymmetric.
Business Education Students' Preferred Learning Styles

"Student outcomes are the bottom line of a school program. The demand for higher standards, so prevalent today, may result in raising the bar higher but not in helping students vault it. The key to helping more students achieve in our schools would seem to involve offering them different ways to reach common goals" (Jenkins, 1988, p. 41). Early in this millennium education reform has again become a focal point for politicians and educators. And, as in years past, it appears to focus primarily on English and math skills. One could hardly argue their value and merit. However, to simply require more English and math courses without any kind of student diagnosis would be analogous to telling our students they will all get new shoes; and, since a size 8 is common, everyone will get size 8 shoes! Of course they would all get the same thing, but it clearly would not-literally-fit their needs.
Evaluating innovation. Part 2: Development in neurosurgery

OBJECT Patients, practitioners, payers, and regulators are advocating for reform in how medical advances are evaluated. Because surgery does not adhere to a standardized developmental pathway, how the medical community accepts a procedure remains unclear. The authors developed a new model, using publication data and patterns, that quantifies this process. Using this technique, the authors identified common archetypes and influences on neurosurgical progress from idea inception to acceptance. METHODS Seven neurosurgical procedures developed in the past 15-25 years were used as developmental case studies (endovascular coil, deep brain stimulation, vagus nerve stimulation, 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-l-nitrosourea wafer, and 3 radiosurgery procedures), and the literature on each topic was evaluated. A new metric the authors termed "progressive scholarly acceptance" (PSA) was used as an end point for community acceptance. PSA was reached when the number of investigations that refine or improve a procedure eclipsed the total number of reports assessing initial efficacy. Report characteristics, including the number of patients studied, study design, and number of authoring groups from the first report to the point of PSA, were assessed. RESULTS Publication data implicated factors that had an outsized influence on acceptance. First, procedural accessibility to investigators was found to influence the number of reports, number of patients studied, and number of authoring groups contributing. Barriers to accessibility included target disease rarity, regulatory restrictions, and cost. Second, the ease or difficulty in applying a randomized controlled trial had an impact on study design. Based on these 2 factors, 3 developmental archetypes were characterized to generally describe the development of surgery. CONCLUSIONS Common surgical development archetypes can be described based on factors that impact investigative methods, data accumulation, and ultimate acceptance by society. The approach and proposed terminologies in this report could inform future procedural development as well as any attempts to regulate surgical innovation.
MECHANICAL DESIGN OF SPICULE-REINFORCED CONNECTIVE TISSUE: STIFFNESS

Many animals from different phyla have, embedded in their pliable connective tissues, small bits of stiff material known as spicules. The tensile behaviour of spicule-reinforced connective tissues from various cnidarians and sponges, as well as of model spiculated ‘tissues’, is here investigated in order to elucidate the effects on mechanical properties of spicule size and shape, and of their packing density and orientation within a tissue. The main conclusions are: 1.Spicules increase the stiffness of pliable connective tissues probably by mechanisms analogous to those by which filler particles stiffen deformable polymers-local strain amplification, and interference with molecular re-arrangement in response to a load. 2.The greater the volume fraction of spicules, the stiffer the tissue. 3.The greater the surface area of spicules per volume of tissue, the stiffer the tissue. Thus, a given volume of spicules of high surface-area-to-volumeratio ( S/V ) have a greater stiffening effect than does an equal volume of spicules of low S/V . Furthermore, a high volume fraction of large spicules in a tissue can have the same stiffening effect as a lower volume fraction of smaller spicules. 4.Spicules that are anisometric in shape have a greater stiffening effect parallel to their long axes. 5.Spicules with very high aspect ratios appear to act like reinforcing fibres-stress is transferred by shearing from the pliable matrix to the stiff fibres, which thus bear in tension part of the load on the composite. 6.Spicule-reinforced tissues exhibit stress-softening behaviour, which is more pronounced in heavily spiculated tissues.