cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protection for sale and political regimes: Empirical evidence

or to complete bans on economic exchange. Embargoes and boycotts both refer to complete bans. The purpose of this paper is to determine and measure the loss to the U.S. due to the embargo of rice and other farm products imposed by the U.S. on Cuba. About 86.2 percent of Cuba's total trade turnover in 1986 was with socialist countries and 13.8 percent, with market economy countries. From 1965 to 1990, the embargo caused the U.S. to lose an estimated $1.97 billion in exports of selected agricultural commodities and the state of Arkansas lost about $235.1 million. (JEL F 10)
Endomorphin-1 alters interleukin-8 secretion in Caco-2 cells via a receptor mediated process

Abstract Administration of opioids that bind to the classical μ opioid receptor has been shown to lead to unintended alterations in immune function. Traditionally, altered immune function has been investigated with circulating immune cells. Effects of μ agonists on intestinal epithelial immune function have not been described. Since the oral route of administration is frequently employed with opiates, we determined if the μ receptor specific agonist endomorphin-1 altered interleukin-8 (IL-8) production by Caco-2 cells. Using RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry, Caco-2 cells were found to constitutively express (mu) μ opioid receptors. Activation of the μ receptor by endomorphin-1 (1 and 10 μM) resulted in significant increases in IL-8 when Caco-2 cells were stimulated with IL-1β. Increased IL-8 secretion due to endomorphin-1 could be blocked by pre-incubating cells with the μ receptor antagonist, β-funaltrexamine. These results indicate that the intestinal epithelial IL-8 response can be altered by a μ opioid receptor mediated mechanism.
Internal Stresses in Model Ceramic Systems

Model ceramic systems of crystals and glass fabricated by vacuum hot compaction were used to study methods of detection of internal stress on the crystalline phase. Effects of the volume fraction of the glass, compaction temperature and time, and crystal particle size in modifying induced internal stress are presented. These effects, together with X-ray diffraction and wetting studies, indicate that internal stress development is closely connected to wetting of the crystal by the glass and the formation of a second crystalline phase. Limited results regarding influence of internal stress on strength of ceramic bodies indicate that increasing internal stress on the crystal phase decreases the modulus of rupture when the particle size of the crystal component remains constant. The results of this work indicate that the full potential of ceramic systems may not be realized with the presence of internal stress.
Tris(benzylthiolato)bismuth. Efficient Precursor to Phase-Pure Polycrystalline Bi2S3

Details of the synthesis, physical and spectroscopic characterization, and thermal decomposition of tris(benzylthiolato)bismuth, (BnS){sub 3}Bi, Bn = CH{sub 2}C{sub 6}H{sub 5}, are presented. Results from pyrolysis of (BnS){sub 3}Bi demonstrate that this compound is a convenient precursor to phase-pure, polycrystalline Bi{sub 2}S{sub 3} with low carbon and hydrogen contamination under mild thermal conditions (ca. 275 C). Flow-tube pyrolysis produces small ({approximately} 1 {micro}m) spherical particles, whereas sealed-tube pyrolysis produces 6-{micro}m diameter spherical particles composed of radiating acicular crystallites. Bi{sub 2}S{sub 3} was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscopy.
Non-existence of a level at 1.35 MeV in 33S

Abstract A natural sulphur target has been bombarded with 2.541 MeV deuterons and the emitted protons have been observed with a magnetic spectrometer. The peak tentatively attributed earlier to a level at an excitation energy of 1.35 in 33 S is shown to be due to levels in 34 S at excitation energies of 4.08 and 4.12 MeV.
Comparison of the unique characteristics of the immune system in different species of mammals

The current interpretation of how cytokines regulate immune responses is based largely on studies conducted in humans and rodents. As summarized here, comparative studies have revealed significant differences in the composition of the immune system in other species. The difference noted emphasize that it will not be possible to fully understand the role of cytokines in immune regulation without comparative studies that include analysis of cytokine function in additional species.
Science-based simulation tools for hazard assessment and mitigation

Solid rocket motors consist of hollow cylindrical grains of energetic solid propellant that are designed to be ignited in the bore and burn from the inside out. However, many common rocket motor accident scenarios involve mechanical or thermal insults to the outside case of the rocket. This can lead to ignition at the interface of the propellant and liner (i.e., outside-in combustion), and a resulting explosion. In this paper, we describe a state-of-the-art high-performance simulation program that can be used to predict the violence of explosions and aid the design of devices to mitigate the violence of accidental explosions during transportation and storage.
The thermal decomposition of surface oxides formed on Graphon

Abstract The thermal decomposition of surface oxides formed during the low pressure oxidation of Graphon was studied. Oxidation reactions were performed at 525°, 575° and 625°C in a static reactor, using initial O 2 pressures between 10 and 200 mtorr. The amount of surface oxide formed was found to increase with decreasing reaction temperature and increasing initial O 2 pressure. The surface oxides were decomposed by raising the temperature at 3°C per min up to 950°C in a closed system and measuring the partial pressures of the CO and CO 2 produced at frequent intervals. Each graph of accumulated CO against temperature consisted of a series of intersecting linear portions, suggesting that desorption was taking place from a number of discrete types of sites. The accumulated CO 2 measured was found to pass through a maximum at about 700°C, after which the partial pressure decreased due to the reaction of CO 2 with the Graphon surface. The rate of this secondary reaction was found to be strongly dependent on the rate of decomposition of the surface oxide, and it is suggested that decomposition of surface oxide leaves highly reactive ‘nascent’ sites on the Graphon surface at which CO 2 can react.
The dorsal raphe nucleus is integral to negative prediction errors in Pavlovian fear

Prediction errors are central to modern learning theories. While brain regions contributing to reward prediction errors have been uncovered, the sources of aversive prediction errors remain largely unknown. Here we used probabilistic and deterministic reinforcement procedures, followed by extinction, to examine the contribution of the dorsal raphe nucleus to negative, aversive prediction errors in Pavlovian fear. Rats with dorsal raphe lesions were able to acquire fear and reduce fear to a non-reinforced deterministic cue. However, dorsal raphe lesions impaired the reduction of fear to a probabilistic cue and fear extinction to a deterministic cue, both of which involve the use of negative prediction errors. The results point to an integral role for the dorsal raphe nucleus in negative prediction error signaling in Pavlovian fear.
Isometric Embedding of Riemannian Manifolds into Euclidean Spaces

This is a review of differential geometry results pertaining to the problem of embedding curved space-time in a pseudo-Euclidean space.
A note on frequency entrainment

Abstract The synchronization of a finite set of weakly coupled oscillators to a small external signal is studied, using a method proposed by Struble. Difficulties with the problem of small divisors are avoided. Conditions for the existence of stationary oscillations are given, and the stability of these oscillations are investigated. The results are applied to two problems.
Oxidative Stress in Airway Diseases

Airway oxidative stress is broadly defined as an imbalance between prooxidative and antioxidative processes in the airway. Given its direct exposure to the environment, the lung has several mechanisms to prevent an excessive degree of oxidative stress. Both enzymatic and nonenzymatic systems can buffer a wide range of reactive oxidative species and other compounds with oxidative potential. In diseases like asthma and chronic obstructive lung disease, airway oxidative stress can occur from a number of sources, including greater exposure to environmental prooxidants, airway infiltration of inflammatory cells, metabolic deregulation, and reduced levels of antioxidants. Airway oxidative stress has been associated with worse disease severity, reduced lung function, and epigenetic changes that can diminish response to steroids. Although oxidative stress has been linked to a wide range of adverse biological effects, it has also been associated with adaptive responses and with resolution of inflammation. Therefore, more than being an imbalance with a predictable threshold after which disease or injury ensues, oxidative stress is a dynamic and continuous process. This might explain why supplementing antioxidants has largely failed to improve diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, the therapeutic potential of antioxidants could be greatly improved by taking an approach that considers individual and environmental risk factors, instead of treating oxidative airway stress broadly.
Phosphatidylcholine removal from brain lipid extracts expands lipid detection and enhances phosphoinositide quantification by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry.

The utilization of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the analytical detection and quantification of phosphoinositides and other lipids in lipid extracts from biological samples was explored. Since phosphatidylcholine species in crude extracts have been shown to cause ion suppression of the MS signals for other lipids, a minicolumn of a silica gel cation exchanger was used to adsorb the cationic lipids including the phosphatidylcholine species from the chloroform phase of fetal and adult murine brain extracts. In positive ion mode, lipid peaks that had been completely suppressed in the crude extract became readily detectable and quantifiable in the flow-through fraction from the column. In negative ion mode, improved sensitivity made it possible to readily detect and measure phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) which had been only marginally detectable before the fractionation. By incorporating an internal standard into the samples, the relative MALDI-TOF MS signals obtained for increasing concentrations of mammalian phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) increased linearly with correlation coefficients >0.95. Using strong cation exchange minicolumn treated extracts, the levels of PtdIns and PIP2 in adult and fetal murine brains were measured and compared. The removal of cationic lipids from the chloroform–methanol murine brain extracts resulted in improved overall detection of neutral and anionic lipids and quantification of phosphoinositides by MALDI-TOF MS.
Chain collapse by lattice simulation

Monte Carlo simulations have been performed on a self-avoiding simple cubic lattice chain with the nearest-neighbor interactions for a range of chain lengths N from 40 to 1000 segments to investigate equilibrium properties of polymer chains from an athermal to a collapsed state. Both the fraction of segments in the clusters and the number of contacts exhibit the three stage process for the chain collapse, consistent with our previous molecular dynamics simulations of a fully atomistic chain. In the collapse region corresponding to the nearest-neighbor interaction parameter larger than 0.5 for a segment-solvent pair, polymer chains are quite spherical and both ends lie nearly randomized within the sphere. The peak height of the specific heat is proportional to N(lnN) 3/11 ', as predicted by the renormalization group theory.
Application of geomorphic analysis and ground-penetrating radar to characterization of paleoseismic sites in dynamic alluvial environments: an example from southern California

Abstract Selecting paleoseismic sites in dynamic, range-front environments can be difficult, because they are sites of rapid deposition and poor preservation of coarse-grained, channelized alluvium. The most obvious tectonic landforms, tall scarps, are often too old to constrain sequences of specific rupture events. The faulted deposits that do provide maximum and minimum earthquake ages, however, are often buried or masked by erosion in active drainage channels. Subsurface images of stratigraphic and structural relationships at multiple sites are useful prior to excavation. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is an effective tool for locating sites suitable for trenching studies. We illustrate the utility of GPR with a case study of a thrust fault in southern California.
Relating relative hydraulic and electrical conductivity in the unsaturated zone

Numerical modeling was used to generate pore-scale structures with different structural properties. They were partially saturated according to wetting and drainage regimes using morphological operations for a range of saturations. The hydraulic and electrical conductivities of the resulting partially saturated grain packs were numerically computed to produce relative hydraulic conductivity versus saturation and relative electrical conductivity versus saturation curves. The relative hydraulic conductivities were then compared to the relative electrical conductivities for the same saturations and it was found that relative hydraulic conductivity could be expressed as relative electrical conductivity to a power law exponent, β. This exponent β was not correlated to porosity, specific surface area, or tortuosity. It did change according to whether the soil was wetting or draining. However, a β value of 2.1 reproduced relative hydraulic conductivity from relative electrical conductivity with little added error. The effects of surface conduction on the observed power law relationship due to either low fluid electrical conductivity or increased clay content were analyzed. The relationship was found to hold for fluid conductivities typical of groundwater and for clay content of less than 5% if the clays were layered perpendicular to electrical flow. The relationship breaks down for electrical flow parallel to clay layers, which makes the choice of electrode arrangement important in cases where clay may be present. This relationship can be used with secondary pressure or saturation data to characterize a soil's hydraulic conductivity curve.
Correlated equilibria and sunspots

We examine when “sunspots” (uncertainty that has no influence on endowments, preferences, or technology) can affect equilibrium in a simple two-period, two-commodity, two-class economy. We find that such an effect is possibly only if the signals (random variables) that different agents observe are imperfectly correlated (neither perfectly correlated nor independent) and at least one commodity is a Giffen good. For two special cases we characterize the set of equilibria due to sunspots. We conclude by showing the intimate connection between the sunspot equilibria of our finite horizon model and those of the overlapping generations literature.
Skeletal muscle function in hypoxia: Effect of alteration of intracellular myoglobin

Abstract Enhancement of oxygen flux through myoglobin containing solutions due to myoglobin facilitated oxygen diffusion is well recognized and is most apparent under conditions of hypoxia. To examine the function of intracellular myoglobin in vivo under conditions of hypoxia, the in situ dog gastrocnemius-plantaris musclle was studied. Administration of 10% oxygen resulted in arterial PO2 values between 32 and 36 mm Hg. Muscle oxygen consumption and isometric tension generation were determined during sustained 3-Hz contractions before and after administration of hydrogen peroxide that converted functional myoglobin to forms incapable of reversible combination with oxygen. Muscle blood flow, perfusion pressure, and muscle oxygen delivery were unchanged by such treatment. Hydrogen peroxide administration resulted in oxidation of intracellular myoglobin with a resultant decrease of 37% in muscle oxygen consumption and 42% in tension generation after 20 min of stimulation. In a control group not receiving hydrogen peroxide muscle oxygen consumption and tension generation decreased by 13% and 12%, respectively. We conclude that intact functional myoglobin is important in maintaining muscle function in isometric exercise under conditions of hypoxia.
Dual graphs and knot invariants

Abstract Let G be a signed plane graph and G d its signed dual graph. Methods from knot theory are used to show that the signed Laplacian matrices L(G) and L(G d ) are Goeritz congruent. There exists diagonal (0,±1) -matrices, Δ 1 and Δ 2 , and a unimodular matrix U such that Δ 1 ⊕L(G)=U(Δ 2 ⊕L(G d ))U t . For Laplacian matrices of an unsigned plane graph and its dual, L(G) is Goeritz congruent to −L(G d ) .
Phase Behavior of New Side Chain Smectic C* Liquid Crystalline Block Copolymers

The liquid crystalline and microphase behavior of new chiral side chain liquid crystalline diblock copolymers is described. The materials, which contain a smectic C* mesogen, are block copolymers of polystyrene and methacrylates containing (s)-2-methyl-1-butyl-4‘-(((4-hydroxyphenyl)carbonyl)oxy)-1,1‘-biphenyl-4-carboxylate mesogens. The influences of the liquid crystalline (LC) mesophase on block copolymer ordering and of the block copolymer morphology on LC properties as a function of molecular weight and block copolymer composition are discussed. Microphase segregated structures were observed for blcok copolymers ranging from 24 to 63% w/w LC block. The lamellar domains of the block copolymers stabilize the layered smectic mesophase, particularly the smectic C* phase. The length of the polystyrene block, as well as the LC block, affected LC phase transition temperatures, probably due to phase mixing and the nature of the block copolymer interface. When the molecular weight is low, and the liquid crystal...
Visualization and Quantification of Rotor Tip Vortices in Helicopter Flows

This paper presents an automated approach for effective extraction, visualization, and quantification of vortex core radii from the Navier-Stokes simulations of a UH-60A rotor in forward flight. We adopt a scaled Q-criterion to determine vortex regions and then perform vortex core profiling in these regions to calculate vortex core radii. This method provides an efficient way of visualizing and quantifying the blade tip vortices. Moreover, the vortices radii are displayed graphically in a plane.
CompreLink: a physician to physician communication network

The Cleveland Clinic Foundation has developed a physician to physician communication network designed to meet the needs of their affiliate physicians—physicians who do not have admitting privileges at the Cleveland Clinic Hospital. This paper provides an overview of the CompreLink network as it exists today, as well as a glimpse into some of their plans for network expansion and development.
Chimpocentrism: Bias in cognitive ethology

Herring gulls drop hard-shelled mollusks and hermit crab-inhabited molluskan prey in order to break the shells and gain access to the edible interior. A field study of predatory shell dropping on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, U.S.A. showed that the gulls usually drop the same shell repeatedly, orient directly to dropping sites that are invisible from the point at which the mollusks are captured, drop preferentially on hard surfaces, adjust dropping heights to suit the area and elasticity of the substrate, orient directly into the wind while dropping, sever the large defensive cheliped of hermit crabs before consumption, and rinse prey that is difficult to swallow. Proficiency in prey dropping is acquired through dropping objects in play, trial-and-error learning, and perhaps, observation learning. Observable attributes of predatory shell-dropping support inferences that the gulls are capable of extended concentration, purposefulness, mental representation of spatially and temporally displaced environmental features, cognitive mapping, cognitive modeling, selectivity, and strategy formation. Identical cognitive processes have been inferred to underlie the most sophisticated forms of chimpanzee tool-use. Advanced cognitive capacities are not restricted to chimpanzees and other pongids, and are not associated uniquely with tool use. The chimpocentric bias should be abandoned, and reconstructions of the evolution of intelligence should be modified accordingly.
Cardiovascular Consequences of Sleep Apnea

Cardiovascular disease has been the leading cause of death since 1900. Strategies for cardiovascular disease and prevention have helped to reduce the burden of disease, but it remains an important public health challenge. Therefore, understanding the underlying pathophysiology and developing novel therapeutic approaches for cardiovascular disease is of crucial importance. Recognizing the link between sleep and cardiovascular disease may represent one such novel approach. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a common form of sleep-disordered breathing, has a high and rising prevalence in the general adult population, attributable in part to the emerging epidemic of obesity and enhanced awareness. OSA has been independently linked to specific cardiovascular outcomes such as hypertension, stroke, myocardial ischemia, arrhythmias, fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events, and all-cause mortality. Treatment of OSA may represent a novel target to reduce cardiovascular health outcomes.
Conformational flexibility of poly (dG-m5dC) under very low salt conditions.

The methylated DNA polymer poly (dG-m5dC) which exhibits a B helical conformation in solutions containing 20 mM NaCl, undergoes a gradual and reversible transition to the Z conformation as the NaCl concentration is lowered. The midpoint of this transition occurs around 5–6 mM NaCl. The conformational flexibility of this polymer at such low NaCl concentrations opens up the possibility of studying the effects of other perturbants with negligible interference from salt concentration effects.
The Interaction between Ratings of Self, Peers' Perceptions, and Reflexive Self-Ratings.

Abstract Two studies with American students demonstrated the utility of interpersonal theory in social psychological research. The hypothesis in Study 1, following Mead's (1934) interactionist viewpoint, was that others' perceptions of an individual relate to how that individual thinks these others view him and that these reflexive self-perceptions are subsequently linked with an individual's self-perceptions. This conceptualization corrected Shrauger and Schoeneman's (1979) erroneous parallelism between self-images and reflected perceptions and between self-images and others' actual perceptions. It extended previous works by using interpersonally based self- and other-acceptance measures, a “naturalistic” setting, and repeated measurements. Three of four regression analyses supported the hypothesis. Study 2 was conducted to investigate further significant differences found between the self-and other-acceptance measures. As predicted from Sullivan's (1953) interpersonal theory, individuals considered it m...
Pulmonary hypertension complicating congenital heart disease

Congenital heart disease can predispose individuals to pulmonary vascular remodeling as a result of the abnormality in pulmonary blood flow and pressure that accompanies the specific congenital defect being considered. Pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with congenital heart defects is an important determinant of functional capacity and survival, especially when the Eisenmenger’s state of reversed shunt is present. The likelihood of right ventricular dysfunction and failure increases with the degree of pulmonary artery pressure. Thus, the aim of disease management in this patient population should be to prevent or improve right heart failure. Current therapies that modify the progression of pulmonary vascular disease—including endothelin-1 receptor antagonists, phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, and prostanoids—should be considered carefully in patients with congenital heart disease-associated pulmonary hypertension. The risks and benefits of altering the balance of pulmonary vascular resistance to systemic vascular resistance must be weighed for each patient.
Canavan disease: molecular basis of aspartoacylase deficiency.

The biochemical deficiency of aspartoacylase (ASPA; EC 3.5.1.15) was established as the basic defect in Canavan disease (CD; McKusick 271900) by Matalon et al (1988). Deficiency of ASPA and accumulation of N-acetylaspartic acid (NAA) in the leukodystrophic brain of CD is unique, and has not been observed in any other nonCanavan leukodystrophies such as Alexander and Krabbe disease, metachromatic leukodystrophy, adrenoleukodystrophy or other andiagnosed leukodystrophies (Matalon et al 1989). The spongy degeneration of brain in CD is accompanied by mental retardation, megalencephaly, hypotonia and early death. The CD is inherited as a Mendelian recessive trait and is more prevalent among Ashkenazi Jews, although patients from other ethnic groups have also been reported
Biology and management of Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in stored products.

Plodia interpunctella (Hubner), the Indian meal moth, is a world-wide insect pest of stored-products and processed food commodities. It can infest a variety of products and is perhaps the most economically important insect pest of processed food. In this review, we summarize the biology of P. interpunctella, discuss oviposition and development in relation to temperature, environment and food source, examine studies involving sampling and detection, describe various aspects of integrated control, summarize the current knowledge regarding management of P. interpunctella, and address potential areas for new research. The use of reduced-risk insecticides, non-chemical control, targeted pest management through spatial analysis and other means of identifying specific locations of infestations, and computer models that simulate population growth, are examples of some of those new areas of research.
The impending crisis in the decline of family physicians providing maternity care.

In their article, “Proportion of Family Physicians Providing Maternity Care Continues to Decline,” Tong et al[1][1] outlined that the proportion of US family physicians who report providing maternity care declined from 23.3% in 2000 to 9.7% in 2010. This decline has major health care
Derivation of the cost equation of a dual replenishment inventory model with two order levels

Abstract This paper investigates an inventory control system where a single product can be ordered in two separate and independent processes within an inventory cycle. The cost equation is developed by deriving the steady-state probabilities for each level of inventory and using those probabilities to define (a) the average level of inventory, (b) time between replenishments and (c) the units acquired using each replenishment. The terms of the equation are represented as a function of two order levels: the least-order level, used to determine the need for two replenishment processes, and the maximum-order level, which represents the highest level of inventory allowed.
A heuristic method for the comparison of related structures

Abstract By extending a technique for testing the difference between two dependent correlations developed by Wolfe, a strategy is proposed in a more general matrix context for evaluating a variety of data analysis schemes that are supposed to clarify the structure underlying a set of proximity measures. In the applications considered, a data analysis scheme is assumed to reconstruct in matrix form the given data set (represented as a proximity matrix) based on some specific model or procedure. Thus, an evaluation of the adequacy of reconstruction can be developed by comparing matrices, one containing the original proximities and the second containing the reconstructed values. Possible applications in multidimensional scaling, clustering, and related contexts are emphasized using four broad categories: (a) Given two different reconstructions based on a single data set, does either represent the data significantly better than the other? (b) Given two reconstructions based on a single data set using two different procedures (or possibly, two distinct data sets and a common method), is either reconstruction significantly closer to a particular theoretical structure that is assumed to underlie the data (where the latter is also represented in matrix form)? (c) Given two theoretical structures and one reconstruction based on a single data set, does either represent the reconstruction better than the other? (d) Given a single reconstruction based on one data set, is the information present in the data accounted for satisfactorily by the reconstruction? In all cases, these tasks can be approached by a nonparametric procedure that assesses the similarity in pattern between two appropriately defined matrices. The latter are obtained from the original data, the reconstructions, and/or the theoretical structures. Finally, two numerical examples are given to illustrate the more general discussion.
Academic Program Approval and Review Practices

This report outlines general and specific processes for both program approval and program review practices found in 50 states and eight foreign countries and regions. Models that depict these procedures are defined and the strengths and weakness of each are discussed. Alternatives to current practice by state agencies in the U.S. are described that might provide for greater decentralization of these practices while maintaining institutional accountability.
Traffic-aware geographic forwarding in vehicular ad hoc networks

Recently Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) is becoming popular because of its promise for improving driving experience with respect to both safety and convenience concerns. One of the most important applications is to disseminate emergency notification messages to drivers in order to notify them the occurrence of an accident. The core challenge of message dissemination schemes in VANET is how to select the next forwarding node to further forward the message. In this paper, we proposed a Traffic-Aware Geographic forwarding (TAG) protocol for VANET message dissemination. The proposed TAG protocol takes both the real map information and traffic flow information into account to identify the vehicles that are "relevant" to the broadcast packet in question, and selects forwarding nodes accordingly aiming to optimize efficiency and minimize the number of unnecessary transmission. We evaluate the performance of our TAG protocol and compare it with three variations through simulations, and the results show that the TAG forwarding protocol can efficiently forward the message with the lowest number of transmission, the lowest involved vehicles ratio without sacrificing much on coverage.
Mercury bioconcentration in fish: Temperature and concentration effects

Abstract Mercury bioconcentration factors in bluegill sunfish ( Lepomis macrochirus ) were investigated over a period of 688 h by exposing the fish to CH 3 HgCl at water temperatures of 9°C, 21°C and 33°C and Hg concentrations of 0·0002, 0·0005, 0·005 and 0·05 ppm. The bioconcentration factor was found to increase exponentially with water temperature at a rate of 0·066 per degree C. Mercury concentration in the water did not influence the bioconcentration factor.
A spectroscopic investigation of a helium plasma arc

Abstract The spectral line radiation from the Poiseuille plasma arc, operated at 100 A and 1 atm pressure in helium, has been investigated. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the state of the plasma can be described as being in local thermodynamic equilibrium with a single temperature or whether additional parameters are needed to describe the state of the plasma. The emission coefficients of six helium lines were measured and these results compared to measurements of the Stark broadening of a line.
Body Modification, Self-Mutilation and Agency in Media Accounts of a Subculture

In this article, I focus on the media's framing of non-mainstream body modification as a social problem. I demonstrate, through an analysis of a sample of 35 newspaper articles on body modification, that a mutilation discourse is one of the dominant frames of meaning used to make sense of body modifiers in the mainstream media. This framing, which effects the pathologization of body modifiers, utilizes the claims making of mental-health experts and relies on a gendered account of body modification as a social problem. While news accounts are a medium for presenting body modification to a large `community of speakers', I find that they have precluded the legitimacy of the claims of subcultural actors. I argue from a poststructuralist perspective that body modifiers' `claims from the underside' are subjugated by accounts that problematize body modification through the dominant discourse of the mental-health model. I suggest that this frame is problematic for its silencing of `underside' or marginal embodied...
A lower bound for 0,1, * tournament codes

Abstract A 0,1,∗ tournament code T of length k is a subset of {0,1,∗} k such that for each distinct pair of codewords a, b ϵ T exactly one of the following holds: (1) ai = 1 and bi = 0 for some i; (2) ai = 0 and bi = 1 for some i, where a = a1a2...ak and b = b1b2...bk. An explicit construction of a family of 0,1,∗ tournament codes of length m2+m+1 and size m3+m2+m+2 is given, which implies that in general, there exist 0,1,∗ tournament codes of length k and size (approximately) k 3 2 . Previously, the largest known examples of 0,1, ∗ tournament codes were of size O(k).
Images of nature: collaboration at the intersection of nature, art and technology

This paper argues that interdisciplinary collaboration between the sciences, the arts/humanities and engineering will provide innovative responses to important changes in our natural environment. Specifically, it will introduce “Images of Nature”, a case study on creative collaboration and a multi-level research project at Purdue University, headed by Prof. Shannon McMullen and Prof. Fabian Winkler. By bringing together scientists, engineers and artists, “Images of Nature” aims to convey the significance of new understandings of nature in images and tangible artifacts (e.g., data visualization, functional devices, generative and kinetic installations) for the public. It is our hope that this project will be the starting point for a flexible network connecting science, engineering and the arts on Purdue’s West Lafayette campus to enrich STEM education and provide a local model for STE(A)M (STEM disciplines plus Art), which emphasizes creativity and innovation; critical thinking and problem solving; flexibility and adaptability; cross-disciplinary communication and collaboration in the context of our changing natural environment.
GENTILITY, GENDER, AND POLITICAL PROTEST The Barbara Bush Controversy at Wellesley College

Using 452 letters sent in 1990 to Wellesley College over a student petition objecting to the choice of Barbara Bush as the graduation speaker, this article explores how an attempt to expand the boundaries of elite women's political behavior created a cultural and symbolic battle that centered upon the content of education, women's “manners” and civility, and their implications for elite women's participation in the broader Hobbesian social contract for citizenship. The article demonstrates that social class in its gendered form is essential to understanding the construction of citizenship.
Synthesis and Crystallographic Characterization of 1-((2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl)methyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole: A Crucial Intermediate for the Synthesis of Azole Antifungal Drugs

Preparation of oxirane 3 was accomplished in two steps. 1H-1,2,4-triazole was reacted with 2,4-difluoro-α-chloroacetophenone 1 in presence of K2CO3 in refluxing toluene to provide compound 2. Compound 2 was treated with trimethylsulfoxonium iodide (TMSI) in aq. NaOH and toluene to provide oxirane 3. Oxirane 3, previously isolated as an oil, was crystallized from (DCM/MeOH) and characterized by X-ray crystallography: triclinic, space group P − 1, a = 7.3225 (15), b = 7.5833 (15), c = 9.856 (2) A, α = 91.908 (12), β = 100.824 (11), γ = 103.800 (11)°, V = 520.28 (18) A3, Z = 2. The molecule has a stepped conformation with nearly parallel triazole and phenyl rings. Lack of classical hydrogen-bond donors leads to packing dominated by weaker interactions, including C–H···N, C–H···F and F···F contacts. This important intermediate, normally an oil, has been crystallized, and its crystal structure includes a stepped conformation with nearly parallel triazole and phenyl rings. Lack of classical hydrogen-bond donors leads to packing dominated by weaker interactions, including C–H···N, C–H···F and F···F contacts.
A simplified model to demonstrate the operation of electronic root canal measuring devices

This article describes how to construct and use a simplified model to demonstrate the operation of electronic root canal measuring devices. The model is effective, more economical than those previously described, and uses readily available materials.
Prevention of bile duct injury: the case for incorporating educational theories of expertise.

Background Over 700,000 laparoscopic cholecystectomies are performed yearly in the US. Despite multiple advantages of laparoscopic surgery, the increased rate of bile duct injury (BDI) compared to the traditional, open approach to cholecystectomy remains problematic. Due to the seriousness of bile duct injury, the time has come for an aggressive educational campaign to better train laparoscopic surgeons in order to reduce the incidence of this life-threatening and expensive complication.
Fluoxymesterone analysis by gas chromatography.

Abstract A new method for analyzing fluoxymesterone by gas chromatography utilizes the large difference in polarity between it and other ketosteroids. Its retention time is selectively shifted beyond their range. This novel procedure of separation might also be expanded to evaluate other steroids and drugs of unusually high polarity in biological fluids.
What the lay person expects of maternity care. Are we meeting these expectations

The questions, Who are the laity? and, Do all lay groups define maternity care in the same way? are considered. It is concluded that what any given lay person expects of maternity care ‐will reflect his or her life experiences, and the resultant problem of meeting an overwhelming variety of expectations is examined. The study points to the value of understanding the maternity patient's culture in our attempts to meet lay maternity needs and expectations.
Impact of gender and age on urinary water and mineral excretion responses to acute caffeine doses

Abstract Urinary excretion of water, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium and chloride are increased for two hours after caffeine consumption in several different human populations of differing age and gender. The results of six previous studies were combined in order to investigate possible differences in response to caffeine-induced water and mineral excretion due to age or gender. 144 subjects were included: 92 females and 52 males, mean age 43 year, range 13–78. Each fasting subject drank a beverage on two separate mornings, one without caffeine and a second to which 6 mg/kg lean body mass caffeine was added, then urine was collected for two hours afterwards. Preload fasting total mineral and creatinine excretion was lower in women than men and increased with age. Urinary excretion of creatinine and phosphorus was not affected by caffeine. When mineral excretion was expressed as ratios to creatinine or increments above preload excretions, both genders had similar, significant caffeine-induced increases in water, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium and chloride excretion. Neither gender or age impacted urinary mineral excretion response to acute caffeine doses when expressed per creatinine excretion or incremental excretion.
Felix Adler and Education for Ethical Culture

This article delves into the various religious influences on Dr. Felix Adler's spiritual development and the resulting theological and philosophical foundations for the Ethical Culture Society that he created in addition to the Society's schools. The discussion focuses on Dr. Adler's personal struggles with traditional Judaism in the face of modernism and progressive religion and also chronicles the influences of progressive Protestant thought on the development of Ethical Culture. Dr. Adler's story illustrates one of the many religious paths taken by one of Abraham's children as he sought to translate the rich tenets of his tradition for the wider world.
Environmental participation in the U.S. sulfur allowance auctions

The 1990 Clean Air Act established a sulfur emissions-trading program among utilities. This was the first large scale adoption of this type of emissions-trading program and the program’s success has attracted international attention. An interesting aspect of this program is that in addition to trades among the polluting firms and brokers or investors, individuals and groups have been participants, buying allowances to retire them and reduce sulfur emissions. This provides a relatively unique way to examine the “willingness to pay” for further reductions of sulfur emissions. I examine environmental participation in the sulfur allowances market, focusing on the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) allowance auctions which have been conducted annually since 1993. The existence of groups purchasing these allowances in order to retire them suggests that the overall cap on sulfur emissions may be higher than the optimal emissions level. The marginal benefits from the first ton of emissions reduction appear to be significantly larger than marginal abatement costs. Total spending to retire sulfur emissions allowances, while small in relation to the total market, is sizeable in terms of the alternate purchases these groups and individuals could have made.
The chemotherapeutic exploitation of virus-specified enzymes.

Abstract The virus-specified thymidine kinase which is induced following infection with herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 can phosphorylate 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)guanine (acyclovir, acycloguanosine) and a number of other acyclic analogs of purine nucleosides which are not substrates for the cellular thymidine kinase. Purine deoxyribonucleosides or arabinosides are not good substrates for this virus-coded enzyme; acyclic derivatives of guanine are better substrates than those of pyrimidines or adenine. The potent and selective anti-herpetic activity of acyclovir is due to its conversion to a monophosphate by the viral-specified thymidine kinase, the subsequent conversion to a triphosphate by cellular enzymes, and the inhibition of the herpes virus-coded DNA polymerase by the triphosphate. Acyclovir triphosphate is both an inhibitor and substrate for DNA polymerases. The virus-coded DNA polymerases induced by herpes viruses incorporate acyclovir more rapidly and are more sensitive to inhibition and inactivation than are the cellular α DNA polymerases. The ability of mouse LM cells, thymidine-deficient LM cells (LTK − ), and LTK − cells transformed to the LTK + phenotype by HSV-1 or HSV-2 genetic information (LTK − C139, LH 7 and D 2 1) to anabolize acyclovir has been investigated. The transformed cells converted acyclovir to its mono-, di- and triphosphates, and showed greater sensitivity to growth inhibition by acyclovir than did the untransformed LTK − cells or the original LM line which contains only cellular thymidine kinase. Evidence has been obtained for the inhibition by acyclovir of the elongation of newly synthesized DNA in LH 7 cells, and for the incorporation of acyclovir into the DNA as a chain-terminating event.
Simultaneous measurement of human joint force, surface electromyograms, and functional MRI-measured brain activation.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been increasingly used in studying human brain function given its non-invasive feature and good spatial resolution. However, difficulties in acquiring data from peripheral (e.g. information from muscle) during fMRI studies of motor function hinder interpretation of fMRI data and designing more sophisticated investigations. Here we describe a system that was designed to concurrently measure handgrip force, surface electromyograms (EMG) of finger flexor and extensor muscles, and fMRI of human brain. The system included a pressure transducer built in a hydraulic environment, a heavily shielded EMG recording element, and a visual feedback structure for online monitoring of force and/or EMG signal, by the subject positioned in the scanner during an fMRI experiment. System evaluation and subsequent fMRI motor function studies have indicated that by using this system, high quality force and EMG signals can be recorded without sacrificing the quality of the fMRI data.
Real-time monitoring of subsurface microbial metabolism with graphite electrodes

Monitoring in situ microbial activity in anaerobic submerged soils and aquatic sediments can be labor intensive and technically difficult, especially in dynamic environments in which a record of changes in microbial activity over time is desired. Microbial fuel cell concepts have previously been adapted to detect changes in the availability of relatively high concentrations of organic compounds in waste water but, in most soils and sediments, rates of microbial activity are not linked to the concentrations of labile substrates, but rather to the turnover rates of the substrate pools with steady state concentrations in the nM-µM range. In order to determine whether levels of current produced at a graphite anode would correspond to the rates of microbial metabolism in anaerobic sediments, small graphite anodes were inserted in sediment cores and connected to graphite brush cathodes in the overlying water. Currents produced were compared with the rates of [2-14C]-acetate metabolism. There was a direct correlation between current production and the rate that [2-14C]-acetate was metabolized to 14CO2 and 14CH4 in sediments in which Fe(III) reduction, sulfate reduction, or methane production was the predominant terminal electron-accepting process. At comparable acetate turnover rates, currents were higher in the sediments in which sulfate-reduction or Fe(III) reduction predominated than in methanogenic sediments. This was attributed to reduced products (Fe(II), sulfide) produced at distance from the anode contributing to current production in addition to the current that was produced from microbial oxidation of organic substrates with electron transfer to the anode surface in all three sediment types. The results demonstrate that inexpensive graphite electrodes may provide a simple strategy for real-time monitoring of microbial activity in a diversity of anaerobic soils and sediments.
On the relationship of minimal conditions to low density material microstructures

Abstract A minimal problem is formulated for determining the microstructure of open celled; low density materials. Solutions are found for both crystalline type order and amorphous forms.