cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatial Counterpoint and the Impossible Experience of Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band

The mono version of Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band presents a unique challenge to the listener. Without the literal spatial cues of stereo, the sonic intricacies of the album correspond with an equally diverse array of issues in spatial perception. The musical/spatial content of each song acts in counterpoint against the structure, lyrical content, and presentation of the album as a whole. The result is a confusing sonic geography that thrives on the often paradoxical nature of such interactions. Contradictory spatial and aural information is thus used over the course of Sgt. Pepper to create an experiential parade that in turn requires listeners to use their own imagination as a means of reconciling what strongly appears to be impossible. In this way, the album has the effect of conveying a quasi-psychedelic experience to the listener: one is allowed the opportunity to make sense of the work’s sounds and spaces in one’s own mind and for one’s own gain. In turn, the listener is encouraged to discover new truths about themselves and the world—a notion that is explicitly embraced as the thematic crux of the album.
Vapor-Phase Carbenylation of Hard and Soft Material Interfaces

This study describes the formation of functional organic monolayers on hard and soft interfaces via a vapor-phase carbene insertion into Si–H and C–H bonds. We demonstrate that functional diazirine molecules can be used to form monomolecular coatings on silicon, silicon nitride, and urethane–acrylate polymers under mild vacuum conditions and exposure to UV light. We investigate the molecular coverage and the long-term stability of the resulting monolayers in air, isopropanol, and water. Our results suggest that vapor-phase carbenylation can be used as a complementary technology to the traditional self-assembly, permitting functionalization of various passivated substrates with stable and functional molecular coatings under mild and scalable conditions.
Expression of Tropomodulin1 (Tmod1) in the Heart Rescues Embryonic Lethality of Tmod1 Null Mice and Results in a Mild Hemolytic Anemia Due to Absence of Tmod1 in Red Blood Cells.

Tropomodulin1 (Tmod1) caps the pointed ends of actin filaments in the red blood cell (RBC) membrane skeleton and is proposed to regulate actin filament lengths and organization in the membrane skeleton. Tmod1 is first expressed at E7.5 of mouse embryogenesis in blood islands of the yolk sac and in the cardiac myocytes of the developing heart tube. Targeted deletion of the Tmod1 gene in mice leads to abnormal cardiac development and defective vasculogenesis and hematopoesis in the yolk sac, followed by embryonic lethality between E9.5–10. To investigate the function of Tmod1 in RBCs we rescued the embryonic lethality of the Tmod1 null mouse by crossing with a TOT mouse that expresses a Tmod1 transgene in the heart under the control of the α-myosin heavy chain promoter. Genotyping of litters from crosses of Tmod1-/+;TOT+ mice with Tmod1+/− mice demonstrates that embryos with no endogenous Tmod1 but expressing the Tmod1 transgene (Tmod1−/−;TOT+) develop to term with no apparent defects in vasculogenesis or hematopoeisis. Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining demonstrates that Tmod1 protein is present in the heart but absent from RBCs in Tmod1−/−;TOT+ rescued embryos or adult mice. Instead, the Tmod3 isoform that is normally present in embryonic RBCs, but not detected in adult RBCs of wild-type mice, is increased on the membranes of Tmod1-deficient adult RBCs. Hematological analyses reveal that these Tmod1-deficient mice exhibit a compensated mild hemolytic anemia, with decreased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), increased red cell distribution width (RDW), and reticulocytosis. Quantitative western blotting demonstrates that major RBC membrane proteins are not altered in the absence of Tmod1, but that there is about a two-fold increase in levels of actin and tropomyosin on the membrane, suggesting that actin filaments may be longer than in normal RBCs. We conclude that 1) Tmod1 in RBCs is not required for embryonic development or viability, 2) yolk sac and hematopoetic defects in Tmod1 null mice are secondary to cardiac defects, 3) Tmod’s function in embryonic RBCs may be performed by the Tmod3 isoform that is normally expressed in these RBCs, and 4) the absence of Tmod1 in adult RBCs is incompletely compensated by up-regulation of Tmod3, leading to altered actin filaments, decreased membrane stability and a mild hemolytic anemia.
The Digital Dilemma: Preservation and the Digital Archaeological Record

The long-term care of collected and created data is an ethical obligation in the fields of archaeology and cultural heritage management. With the growing application of digital methodologies in these fields and the complexity of the resulting data, this task has become complicated. Digital data preservation firms have emerged since this methodological shift, but their policies—championing the democratization of academic data—may conflict with the legal obligations dictated by the countries where data originate. Scholars thus face an inevitable choice between two obligations, one ethical and one legal. While the amount of digital data grows and the options for preservation remain fundamentally misaligned with research norms and project workflows, the digital dilemma places the integrity of data at risk of loss. This article addresses this dilemma by evaluating the existing data publication, archiving, and preservation repositories and considering how, as solutions to the digital dilemma, they can be integrated into multiple workflows. I also propose new directions for archaeological associations, suggesting that they should establish a means of evaluation and approval for third-party preservation firms managing the future of academic research prior to their inevitable ubiquity.
Traumatic Right Ventricular Rupture after Blunt Cardiac Injury: CT Diagnosis after False Negative Pericardial Window on FAST Due to Concomitant Pericardial Rupture.

Blunt cardiac injury encompasses multiple injuries, including contusion, acute valvular disorders, and chamber rupture. Blunt traumatic cardiac rupture is a very rare occurrence accounting for 0.5% of blunt trauma cases with a very high mortality rate. Coexisting pericardial rupture in patients with cardiac rupture obscures the diagnosis and contributes to mortality. False negative pericardial ultrasound secondary to a concomitant pericardial laceration and subsequent decompression of the cardiac hemorrhage into the ipsilateral pleural space is extremely rare and has only been recently described in the literature. This image depicts a case of traumatic right ventrictular rupture from blunt cardiac injury and highlights the importance of considering an underlying cardiac injury in the presence of a negative FAST pericardial window in patients with a traumatic hemothorax.
Humanism and the Assessment of Averroes in the Renaissance

Despite Renaissance humanists’ polemics against Averroes, interest in his writings grew during the sixteenth century. This interest was related to humanism. As Aristotelians became increasingly aware of the Greek commentators on Aristotle, many saw Averroes as an heir to the ancient tradition. Thus they believed that by reading his works they could gain access to a purer form of Aristotelianism. As a result, a number of scholars wrote commentaries on Averroes’s natural philosophical works, and the Commentator became a subject for both philosophical and philological commentary.
Captured on film: a critical examination of representations of physical education at the movies

ABSTRACTBackground: Throughout this mediated society, young people, in particular, are mass consumers of corporatized media. The mediation of sport has long been critically examined within sociology and physical cultural studies [(e.g. Mcdonald, M. G., and S. Birrell. 1999. “Reading Sport Critically: A Methodology for Interrogating Power.” Sociology of Sport Journal 16: 283–300)]. Due to our society’s media consumption, physical education (PE) teachers and students are mediated and socially constructed individuals, which influences one’s ability to teach and learn within a school environment.Purpose: In this paper, we critically examine and analyze movie content of PE, primarily in the U.S. We explore the representations for what they tell us about the place of PE in society and compare them to best practices in regards to appropriate content and methods.Data collection and analysis: A critical analysis of 43 movies with PE content was conducted spanning the years 1939–2012. All PE scenes were transcribed...
A Defense of First and Second-Order Theism: The Limits of Empirical Inquiry and the Rationality of Religious Belief

We argue that the use of the term “supernatural” is problematic in philosophy of religion in general, and in the contribution by Thornhill-Miller and Millican (TMM) in particular. We address the disturbing parallel between Hume’s case against the rationality of belief in miracles and his dismissal of reports of racial equality. We do not argue that because Hume was a racist (or an advocate of white superiority) therefore his view against miracles is faulty, but we draw attention to how Hume sets up a framework that, for similar reasons, discounts evidence of black intelligence and divine intelligence (or evidence of acts of God). We go on to argue against TMM’s revision of Hume on miracles. We then argue that empirical testing on the veracity of petitionary belief is impossible for there is no control case (everyone is prayed for) and that empirical testing can no more evaluate the evidential merits of most religious experiences than it can assess the merits of any robust philosophical position in epistemology, metaphysics, value theory, logic and mathematics. We express doubts about the integrity and scope of how one might enjoy the good of religion without belief. In a final section we offer a defense of the rationality of believing in specific religious traditions based on religious experience along with what we refer to as sufficient philosophical reasoning .
Chemical Assembly of Antibody-Drug Conjugates

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a rapidly expanding class of pharmaceuticals for the treatment of cancer. Currently, two ADCs are FDA approved and over 60 are in clinical trials. Although many ADCs involve non-specific drug attachment via lysine and cysteine residues, the desire to produce homogeneous ADCs has led to the development of several site-specific chemical assembly strategies. The first site-specific ADCs are just beginning to enter clinical trials and are expected to have improved efficacy with reduced toxicity.
Sustainability and Economic Theory: A Policymaker's Guide to the 21st Century Economy

Neoclassical economic theory, which has come to dominate much of the policymaking world, reduces the factors of production to labor and capital. Yet, the classical economists as far back as Adam Smith considered land to be perhaps the most important factor of production. The link between land - or more generally natural capital and ecosystem services - with the economy has effectively been severed by neoclassical economic thought. In that aftermath, both policymakers and academics understandably struggle to synthesize economic theory and the environmental sink in a systematic fashion. This paper is intended to serve as a policy guide that attempts to link economic theory with other issues that are either ignored or not yet synthesized into mainstream economic thought.
Oral administration of ginger-derived nanolipids loaded with siRNA as a novel approach for efficient siRNA drug delivery to treat ulcerative colitis.

Aim: To develop novel siRNA delivery system overcoming the limitations of synthetic nanoparticles, such as potential side effects, nonspecificity and economic production for ulcerative colitis therapy. Materials & methods: Nanoparticles composed of edible ginger-derived lipid, termed ginger-derived lipid vehicles (GDLVs) were generated from ginger lipids through hydration of a lipid film, a commonly used method for a liposome fabrication. The morphology, biocompatibility and transfection efficiency of GDLVs loaded with siRNA-CD98 (siRNA-CD98/GDLVs) were characterized by standard methods. Results: Orally administered siRNA-CD98/GDLVs were effectively targeted specifically to colon tissues, resulting in reduced expression of CD98. Conclusion: These GDLVs have great promise as efficient siRNA-delivery vehicles while potentially obviating issues related to the traditional synthetic nanoparticles. As such, they help shift the current paradigm of siRNA delivery away from artificially synthesized nanoparticles t...
Evolution of the Adaptive Landscape

Evolution is sometimes pictured in terms of hill climbing on an adaptive landscape (Wright, 1932), therefore as an optimization process. This imagery certainly should be treated with certain cautions—for one never knows the structure of the landscape, there is difficulty saying in general what precisely is to be optimized (i.e. it is difficult to define fitness), and it is possible that optima, even accessible optima, are never reached. However, there can hardly be any doubt that the mechanism of evolution through variation and natural selection potentially subserves an optimization process in some very general sense, that even if the products of evolution are not actually optimal they are qualitatively the most sophisticated forms in nature, and that the imagery of the adaptive landscape has been scientifically fruitful.
P169 Is it really homozygous? Identifying 6P loss in the HLA typing

Aim A peripheral blood sample for HLA typing was received in the lab for a prospective HCT patient. As with all HCT patients, SeCore™ Sequence-Based Typing and One Lambda LABType™ SSOP were performed. Sequence analysis performed using uTYPE results were A∗02:01, A∗02:01; B∗08:01, B∗08:01, C∗07:01, C∗07:01; DQB1∗03:02, DQB1∗03:02, DRB1∗04:04, 04:04. DPB1 at first glance was determined to be DPB1∗04:01, DPB1∗04:01. However, on closer inspection, the Z38 GSSP primer typed as DPB1∗10:01, and the Z39 GSSP primer typed as DPB1∗04:01. The LABType SSOP typing was A∗02, A∗03; B∗08, 08; C∗07, 07; DPB1∗04:01, 04:01; DQB1∗03, 03; and DRB1∗04:04, 04:04. The heterozygous A locus typing gave a clear indication that our sequencing had not picked up the complete typing. The B and C and DPB1 locus typings appeared homozygous, but there were a few false positive and high negative beads present, indicating the possible presence of B∗27, C∗02 and DPB1∗10:01. The DQB1 and DRB1 were concordant with the homozygous sequencing results, with no cut off adjustments necessary to obtain the typings. Methods SeCore™ Sequence-Based Typing and One Lambda LABType™ SSOP were performed. High Resolution typing was performed using LABType SSOP. Results Reexamining to the sequencing data, and inserting B∗27:05 for the B locus and C∗02:02 for the C locus into the allele comparator on uTYPE, very small double peaks could be seen at all of the points of mismatch for the B∗08:01, 27:05 typing, and C∗02:02, 07:01 typing. At this point, cytogenetics analysis performed on this patient, and if 6p loss had been detected. The laboratory confirmed that the patient’s leukemia cells exhibited partial 6p loss. Buccal swab sample was requested by the HLA lab to perform HLA typing. The buccal swab typing was A∗02:01p, 03:01; B∗08:01, 27:05p; C∗02:02p, 07:01p; DPB1∗04:01, 10:01; DRB1∗04:04, 04:04; DQB1∗03:02, 03:02. Conclusions This example confirms the necessity of performing two typing methods. It also demonstrates the key benefit of communication from the Cytogenetics Laboratory whenever 6p loss is detected in prospective HCT patients. In this case, DNA from a buccal swab was absolutely required for assurance of an accurate typing due to the homozygous DRB1 and DQB1 present in the patient.
Environmental toxicant exposure and the epigenome

Abstract Epigenetic modifications (e.g., DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications, and microRNAs) play a vital role in embryonic development, tissue differentiation, and disease development through control of gene expression. There is increasing evidence that such alterations can greatly impact human health and may be particularly relevant for environmental toxicant-associated diseases. In this chapter, we discuss several high-priority toxicants and their relationship to epigenetic modifications. For each of these toxicants, epigenetic alterations are believed to play an important role in their associated detrimental effects. Specifically, we focus on representative toxicants from three different chemical classes: carcinogenic metals, endocrine disruptors, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. We detail the current understanding of epigenetic alterations associated with exposure to each of these toxicants as well as how these alterations may contribute to deleterious health effects.
Aesthetic Regime Change: The Burnham Plans and US Landscape Imperialism in the Philippines

Taking Daniel Burnham’s 1904–1905 visit to the Philippines as a starting point, this article examines the unrealized dream of US colonial officials to extend American empire through the production of space, particularly the aesthetic dimensions or what might be called a landscape vision of US empire. It offers a brief but intimate history of the making of the Burnham plans for Manila and Baguio so as to better understand how the ideological contradictions of the imperial moment were built into American colonial spaces, sometimes brutally but sometimes through aesthetic means in the formation of setting and landscape. Keywords: landscape • urban planning • Daniel H. Burnham • W. Cameron Forbes • US Insular Government
Conductance-based profiling of nanopores: Accommodating fabrication irregularities.

Solid-state nanopores are nanoscale channels through otherwise impermeable membranes. Single molecules or particles can be passed through electrolyte-filled nanopores by, e.g. electrophoresis, and then detected through the resulting physical displacement of ions within the nanopore. Nanopore size, shape, and surface chemistry must be carefully controlled, and on extremely challenging <10 nm-length scales. We previously developed a framework to characterize nanopores from the time-dependent changes in their conductance as they are being formed through solution-phase nanofabrication processes with the appeal of ease and accessibility. We revisited this simulation work, confirmed the suitability of the basic conductance equation using the results of a time-dependent experimental conductance measurement during nanopore fabrication by Yanagi et al., and then deliberately relaxed the model constraints to allow for (1) the presence of defects; and (2) the formation of two small pores instead of one larger one. Our simulations demonstrated that the time-dependent conductance formalism supports the detection and characterization of defects, as well as the determination of pore number, but with implementation performance depending on the measurement context and results. In some cases, the ability to discriminate numerically between the correct and incorrect nanopore profiles was slight, but with accompanying differences in candidate nanopore dimensions that could yield to post-fabrication conductance profiling, or be used as convenient uncertainty bounds. Time-dependent nanopore conductance thus offers insight into nanopore structure and function, even in the presence of fabrication defects. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Survival, functional status, and reoperations after repair of tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia.

Data: Among 139 patients who underwent repair of tetralogy with pulmonary atresia, survival rates at 1 month and at 1, 5, 10, and 20 years were 85%, 82%, 76%, 69%, and 58%, respectively. The hazard function (instantaneous risk of dying) was greatest immediately after operation and declined thereafter, but a low constant hazard persisted for as long as the patients were followed up. Multivariately, the postrepair ratio between peak right ventricular and left ventricular pressures measured in the operating room provided the most information relative to the probability of death after repair, and cardiopulmonary bypass time the next When morphologic abnormalities of the pulmonary circulation were considered in the multivariate analysis for risk factors for death, the size of the pulmonary arteries provided the most information, followed by the number of large aortopulmonary collateral arteries. The postrepair peak right ventricular/left ventricular pressure ratio was lower the day after operation than in the operating room in 65% of the patients in whom the measurements were made. Recurrent or residual ventricular septal defects necessitating rerepair occurred in four patients (3% of hospital survivors). Most surviving patients were in New York Heart Association class I at the time of follow-up. Inferences: Early, intermediate, and long-term survival is less good after repair of tetralogy with pulmonary atresia than after repair of tetralogy with pulmonary stenosis. This is related primarily to the greater prevalence of high peak right ventricular/left ventricular pressure ratio measured in the operating room in the former group. Both the postrepair peak right ventricular/left ventricular pressure ratio in the operating room and the probability of death are inversely related to the size of the pulmonary arteries and directly to the number of large aortopulmonary collateral arteries. This and inferences from other risk factors may be helpful in achieving better results in the future.
Modeling Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis in Humanized Severe Combined Immunodeficient Mice

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fibrotic lung disease of unknown etiopathogenesis with limited therapeutic options. IPF is characterized by an abundance of fibroblasts and loss of epithelial progenitors, which cumulates in unrelenting fibrotic lung remodeling and loss of normal oxygenation. IPF has been challenging to model in rodents; nonetheless, mouse models of lung fibrosis provide clues as to the natural progression of lung injury and remodeling, but many have not been useful in predicting efficacy of therapeutics in clinical IPF. We provide a detailed methodologic description of various iterations of humanized mouse models, initiated by the i.v. injection of cells from IPF lung biopsy or explants specimens into severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)/beige or nonobese diabetic SCID γ mice. Unlike cells from normal lung samples, IPF cells promote persistent, nonresolving lung remodeling in SCID mice. Finally, we provide examples and discuss potential advantages and pitfalls of human-specific targeting approaches in a humanized SCID model of pulmonary fibrosis.
Otopetrin-1: A sour-tasting proton channel.

Tight control of intracellular pH (pHi) is fundamental to cellular homeostasis. Liman and colleagues’ discovery of a new family of H+-permeable ion channels conserved from nematodes to insects and man (see [Tu et al.][1]) represents an exciting new development. The work is likely to identify new
Structures of Violence Throughout the Life Course: Cross-Cultural Perspectives of Gender-Based Violence

Gender-based violence is a significant health, economic, social, and political problem that affects every inhabited corner of the globe. Although the research community first took note of gender-based violence 40 years ago, it has only been in the last 20 years that significant policy and legal frameworks have been generated and adopted to ensure countries are working to prevent and end the scale and scope of violence in their communities. This chapter discusses the broad framework of gender-based violence, and focuses most specifically on the two forms of violence most prevalent across the globe: domestic violence and sexual violence. Providing an overview of social science research conducted at the local level, this chapter exposes how forms of violence impact people in their everyday lives. Lastly, the chapter explores how violence impacts particular demographic categories in different ways, and how programs and policies must better attend to the diversity of experiences people have with violence.
Orthostatic Edema: Diagnosis

In establishing the diagnosis of orthostatic edema, it is necessary both to exclude the presence of the many other known types of edema and to demonstrate that fluids are retained only in the erect posture. A careful history and physical examination will frequently suffice to indicate the cause and type of edema present in a patient complaining of fluid accumulation. Depending on the information elicited, a number of special inquiries, observations, measurements, and laboratory tests may be needed to exclude specific types of edema and to make a positive diagnosis of orthostatic edema.
STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP STUDY OF AFFINITY LABELS THAT ARE SPECIFIC FOR μ OPIOID RECEPTORS

Naltrexamine derivatives which contain electrophilic groups have been synthesized and tested in the electrically stimulated guinea pig ileum. The 6β epimers irreversibly and specifically block μ opioid receptors, whereas the corresponding compounds in the 6α series are reversibly acting agents.
Ethical Dilemmas in Male Infertility

Recent decades have witnessed a significant rise in the numbers of couples seeking infertility care worldwide (Balen 2008). This phenomenon has been driven, in part, by the availability of assisted reproductive therapies (ART) and the social circumstances that motivate couples to defer having children until they are older. If both these phenomena persist into the future, we can anticipate that more patients will seek treatment for infertility and more healthcare providers will choose to specialize in reproductive health to meet these needs. Therefore, it is increasingly important that physicians evaluate and treat these patients in ways that are both ethically and medically sound.
An Investigation of Optically Very Thin Ice Clouds from Ground-Based ARM Raman Lidars

Optically very thin ice clouds from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) and ground-based Raman lidars (RL) at the atmospheric radiation measurement (ARM) sites of the Southern Great Plains (SGP) and Tropical Western Pacific (TWP) are analyzed. The optically very thin ice clouds, with ice cloud column optical depths below 0.01, are about 23% of the transparent ice-cloudy profiles from the RL, compared to 4–7% from CALIPSO. The majority (66–76%) of optically very thin ice clouds from the RLs are found to be adjacent to ice clouds with ice cloud column optical depths greater than 0.01. The temporal structure of RL-observed optically very thin ice clouds indicates a clear sky–cloud continuum. Global cloudiness estimates from CALIPSO observations leveraged with high-sensitivity RL observations suggest that CALIPSO may underestimate the global cloud fraction when considering optically very thin ice clouds.
Interaction of Hydrogen with MB6 (M = Ba, Ca, La, and Sr) Surfaces from First Principles.

We show results of basic energetics and interacting behavior of hydrogen with metal hexaboride surfaces using a combination of self-consistent density functional calculations and dynamics based on the Car–Parrinello method. Our results show that hydrogen is strongly attracted to localized exposed boron atoms and interactions with the terminal cations are strictly repulsive. From these, preliminary local adsorption energy calculations suggest that a single hydrogen molecule per surface unit-cell is possible (one ML). Strongest bonds are found when hydrogen is above the terminal boron atoms affected by reduced coordination and dangling bonds. This location serves to restore the hexaboride unit to a more stable structure by providing electronic density to the deficient surface octahedra. Additionally, trajectories from dynamic simulations provide insight into how hydrogen recombination reactions occur on the surface through dissociative adsorption and the method of travel prior to recombination to be along t...
Los tzánticos amenazan la ciudad: la performance poética de la indig-nación en el Ecuador moderno

En este articulo analizo la primera performance del Movimiento Tzantzico (Ecuador, 1961-1968), el recital “Cuatro gritos en la oscuridad” (1962) y el mas prominente de sus poemarios, Un gallinazo cantor bajo un sol de a perro (1970), escrito por Humberto Vinueza. Conocidos como los tzantzicos —los reductores de cabezas— estos autores apelan al caracter desestabilizador y persuasivo de la poesia comprometida para combatir el capitalismo. Al ocuparme del primer recital busco elucidar el gesto parricida del movimiento y la insolencia con la que cuestionan la politica cultural y elitista de la institucionalidad estatal. En cambio, en el abordaje del poemario de Vinueza me ocupo especialmente de las lecturas y relecturas de la historia que ponen en tela de juicio la Historia Oficial . En los analisis de la performance y del poemario, sin perder de vista la actitud iconoclasta de los tzantzicos que se refleja en su propuesta escritural, demuestro que a esta generacion de poetas se le debe la modernizacion de la poesia ecuatoriana y, tambien, la de la figura publica del intelectual comprometido frente al poder.
Enhancing Interdomain Transport via Economic Software-Defined Exchange Points

Current pricing mechanisms for end-to-end Internet transport involve heavyweight service-level agreements (SLAs) between providers, which are enforced through policy configurations in the Border Gateway Protocol. One drawback of this practice is that BGP gives preference to a single path, and thus inherently limits the richness of the network topology available to users at any time. Moreover, the coarse granularity and long time scales of interdomain SLAs limit the effect of competition and market forces. In this paper, we show how the use of software-defined infrastructure, in the form of an Economic Software-Defined Exchange Point (ESDX), can help enable a more dynamic interdomain ecosystem. In particular, providers can use the ESDX to establish short-term contracts and thus access a much richer set of path alternatives and contracts. We show that transparent pricing mechanisms are possible and that a pricing network equilibrium can be achieved.
Synthesis of functional and boronic acid-containing aliphatic polyesters via Suzuki coupling.

Imparting additional functionalities along the side chains of polyesters remains a challenge due to the laborious nature of monomer synthesis and limited polymer functionalization methods for polyesters. To address this challenge, a carbon–carbon bond forming reaction was studied to introduce pendent functional groups in polylactides. This functionalization approach was applied for preparing boronic acid-containing polylactides, an unexplored class of polymers.
Nef-induced differential gene expression in primary CD4+ T cells following infection with HIV-1 isolates

Almost 80% of viral transcripts during early HIV-1 infection encode the Nef protein, which has been implicated in altering expression of a number of genes. In this study, we infected primary human CD4+ T cells with pseudotyped Nef-containing or Nef-deleted (Δ-nef) NL4-3 virus and used RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) for transcriptomic analysis. Our results showed that the interferon response, IL-15 and JAK/STAT signaling, as well as genes involved in metabolism, apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, and ribosome biogenesis were all altered in the presence of Nef. These early Nef-mediated transcriptional alterations may play a role in priming the host cell for cellular activation and viral replication.
Transient 1,1-Dimethyl-1-germene, (CH3)2GeCH2. Gas-Phase Pyrolytic Generation and EIMS, Matrix Isolation FTIR, and Theoretical Studies

Vacuum pyrolyses of 1,1-dimethyl-1-germa-3-thietane (2) and 1,1,3,3-tetramethyl-1-germacyclobutane (3) most likely proceed with the formation of the same transient species, 1,1-dimethyl-1-germene (1), detected both in the gas phase by electron impact mass spectrometry (EIMS) and in argon solid matrixes at 12 K by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The production of methylgermylene (6) in the reactions studied has also been suggested, probably as a result of secondary isomerization of 1 into methylethylgermylene (8) and subsequently to 1-methyl-1-germacyclopropane (9), and further dissociation of 9 at higher temperatures, in agreement with the theoretical consideration of the suggested mechanism. Full vibrational assignments for the IR spectra of 1 and 6 have been proposed on the basis of ab initio and density functional theory calculations of the harmonic vibrational frequencies and infrared intensities, and of literature data on related molecules. The assignment of a high-intensity IR band a...
Time decay for Schrödinger equation with rough potentials

We obtain certain time decay and regularity estimates for 3D Schrodinger equation with a potential in the Kato class by using Besov spaces associated with Schrodinger operators.
The Importance of Oral Health in Immigrant and Refugee Children

According to the Migration Policy Institute, 2017 data revealed that a historic high 44.5 million people living in the United States (US) were foreign-born [1], more than double the number from 1990 [2]. Since the creation of the Refugee Resettlement Program in 1980, refugee families have settled in the US more than in any other country in the world [3]. In 2018, for the first time, Canada overtook the US in numbers of refugees accepted [1]. Foreign-born people now account for 13.7% of the total US population [1]. Further, a quarter of children in the United States currently live in households with at least one foreign-born parent [4]. These population shifts are important to note because immigrant and refugee families bring cultural influences and health experiences from their home countries which can greatly affect the overall health and well-being of children. For these new arrivals, oral health is often a significant health issue. The severity of dental disease varies with country of origin as well as cultural beliefs that can hinder access to care even once it is available to them [5,6]. As pediatricians and primary care providers, we should acknowledge that oral health is important and impacts overall health. Healthcare providers should be able to recognize oral health problems, make appropriate referrals, and effectively communicate with families to address knowledge gaps in high-risk communities.
Sustained Dopaminergic Plateaus and Noradrenergic Depressions Bias Transitions into Exploitative Behavioral States

ABSTRACT We are constantly faced with the trade-off between exploiting past actions with known outcomes and exploring novel actions whose outcomes may be better. The balance between exploitation and exploration has been hypothesized to rely on multiple neuromodulator systems, namely dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC). However, little is known about the dynamics of these neuromodulator systems during exploitative and exploratory states, or how they interact. We developed a novel behavioral paradigm to capture exploitative and exploratory behavioral states, and imaged calcium dynamics in genetically-identified dopaminergic SNc neurons and noradrenergic LC neurons during the transitions between these states. We found dichotomous changes in sustained activity in SNc and LC during exploitative bouts of action-reward, with SNc showing higher and LC showing lower sustained activity. Exploitative states were also marked by a lengthening of positive SNc response plateaus and negative LC response depressions, as well as hysteretic dynamics in SNc networks. Chemogenetic enhancement of dopaminergic and noradrenergic excitability favored exploitative and exploratory states, respectively. Together, these data suggest that opponent changes in dopaminergic and noradrenergic activity states modulate the transitions between exploitative and exploratory behavioral states, with important implications for downstream circuit dynamics.
Abstract P137: Women Experience A Greater Decline In Brachial Artery Distensibility With Age Than Men

Introduction: Brachial artery distensibility is reduced in type 1 diabetes and can predict future coronary artery disease (CAD). Although women generally have reduced cardiovascular risk as compare...
Resistance to excision determines efficiency of hepatitis C virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibition by nucleotide analogs.

NS5B is the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase that catalyzes the replication of the hepatitis C virus genome. It is a major target for antiviral drugs including nucleoside analogs, such as the prodrugs mericitabine and sofosbuvir, which get metabolized to 2′-fluoro-2′C-methylcytidine-5′-triphosphate and 2′-fluoro-2′C-methyluridine-5′-triphosphate, respectively. These analogs act as chain terminators after they are incorporated during RNA synthesis. Recently, it has been shown that NS5B can efficiently remove chain terminators by a nucleotide-mediated excision reaction that rescues RNA synthesis. In this study, we use transient-state kinetics to understand the efficiency of inhibition for five nucleoside analogs. We show that CTP analogs are readily incorporated into a growing primer by NS5B but are also efficiently excised. In contrast, although UMP analogs are more slowly incorporated, the excision of UMP is slow and inefficient, and modifications to the 2′-carbon of the UTP ribose ring further decreased rates of excision to an undetectable level. Taken together, these data suggest that the clinical effectiveness of sofosbuvir is largely a function of being intractable to nucleotide-mediated excision compared with similar nucleoside analogs.
Track and field injuries resulting in emergency department visits from 2004 to 2015: an analysis of the national electronic injury surveillance system

Determine national estimates of injuries, mechanisms of injury (MOI), and injury severity among men and women engaging in track and field activities in the United States (U.S.), aged 18 years and o...
The (n)–solvable filtration of link concordance and Milnor’s invariants

We establish several new results about both the .n/‐solvable filtration of the set of link concordance classes and the .n/‐solvable filtration of the string link concordance group, C m . The set of .n/‐solvable m‐component string links is denoted by F m n . We first establish a relationship between Milnor’s invariants and links, L, with certain restrictions on the 4‐manifold bounded by ML , the zero-framed surgery of S 3 on L. Using this relationship, we can relate .n/‐solvability of a link (or string link) with its Milnor’s x ‐invariants. Specifically, we show that if a link is .n/‐solvable, then its Milnor’s invariants vanish for lengths up to 2 nC2 1. Previously, there were no known results about the “other half” of the filtration, namely F m:5 =F m nC1 . We establish the effect of the Bing doubling operator on .n/‐solvability and using this, we show that F m n:5 =F m nC1 is nontrivial for links (and string links) with sufficiently many components. Moreover, we show that these quotients contain an infinite cyclic subgroup. We also show that links and string links modulo .1/‐solvability is a nonabelian group. We show that we can relate other filtrations with Milnor’s invariants. We show that if a link is n‐positive, then its Milnor’s invariants will also vanish for lengths up to 2 nC2 1. Lastly, we prove that the grope filtration of the set of link concordance classes is not the same as the .n/‐solvable filtration. 57M25
Fingertip Pulse-Echo Ultrasound and Optoacoustic Dual-Modal and Dual Sensing Mechanisms Near-Distance Sensor for Ranging and Material Sensing in Robotic Grasping *

To improve robotic grasping, we are interested in developing a new non-contact fingertip-mounted sensor for near-distance ranging and material sensing. Here we report new progress in combining direct pulse-echo ultrasound and optoacoustic effects in sensor design to deal with optically and/or acoustically challenging targets (OACTs). Our dual-modal and dual sensing mechanisms (DMDSM) sensor design is enabled by a novel wideband ultrasound transmitter embedded inside a piezoelectric (lead zirconate titanate - PZT) ring transducer. The new DMDSM sensor is capable of differentiating a variety of OACTs. To verify our design, both distance ranging tests and material sensing tests have been conducted. The ranging tests show the sensor can perform both optoacoustic ranging (for light-absorbing materials) and pulse-echo ultrasound ranging (for reflective or transparent materials). For material sensing, the dual-modal spectra from OACTs are collected to compare the new sensor with previous designs. The overall 100% accuracy from the confusion matrices indicates the initial success of our sensor design in differentiating conventional targets as well as the OACTs with the new DMDSM sensor.
Characterization of Chebyshev approximation by weak Markoff systems

In this paper we prove a theorem which characterizes a best chebyshev approximation by a weak Markoff system. We give several applications of this result which include best approximation by spline functions.
Interference from the Deep Space Network's 70-m High Power Transmitter in Goldstone, CA to 3G Mobile Users Operating in the Surrounding Area

The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) has allocated 2110-2200 MHz for the third generation (3G) mobile services. Part of the spectrum (2110-2120 MHz) is allocated for space research service and has been used by the DSN for years for sending command uplinks to deep space missions. Due to the extremely high power transmitted, potential interference to 3G users in areas surrounding DSN Goldstone exists. To address this issue, a preliminary analytical study has been performed and computer models have been developed. The goal is to provide theoretical foundation and tools to estimate the strength of interference as a function of distance from the transmitter for various interference mechanisms, (or propagation modes), and then determine the size of the area in which 3G users are susceptible to interference from the 400-kW transmitter in Goldstone. The focus is non-line-of-sight interference, taking into account of terrain shielding, anomalous propagation mechanisms, and technical and operational characteristics of the DSN and the 3G services.
The Objects of Perception

Our perceptions, beliefs, thoughts and memories have objects. They are about or of things and properties around us. I perceive her, have beliefs about her, think of her and have memories of her. How are we to construe this aboutness (or ofness) of our cognitive states?1 There are four major choices on the philosophical market. There is an interaction approach which says that the object of cognition is fixed by and understood in terms of what cognizers physically and sensorily interact with — or, alternatively, in terms of what the information delivered by such interaction is about. There is the satisfactional approach which says that the object of a cognitive state is whatever satisfies the representation constitutive of that state. There is also a hybrid approach which requires both physical/sensory interaction and representational satisfaction in the fixation of the object of cognition. And there is, finally, the direct acquaintance approach which says that only an immediate cognitive contact with things and properties can establish them as objects of cognition.2 The latter, as far as I can tell, goes the way perception goes, so only the remaining three approaches look like serious contenders.
Business organization and the myth of the market economy: Introduction: the wealth of three nations

Historical foundations for the “invisible hand” In 1975 the noted institutional economist Robert A. Gordon entitled his American Economic Association presidential address “Rigor and Relevance in a Changing Institutional Setting.” Gordon argued that “the mainstream of economic theory sacrifices far too much relevance in its insistent pursuit of ever increasing rigor.” “We economists,” he complained, “pay too little attention to the changing institutional environment that conditions economic behavior.” Gordon continued, “We do not often enough reexamine our basic postulates in light of changes in this environment, and, perhaps more important, we shy away from the big questions about how and why the institutional structure is changing – and where it is taking us.” In the history of economic thought, economists have not always ignored the “big questions.” Indeed the attempt to relate economic institutions to economic development was first taken up in a serious way in the late eighteenth century when Adam Smith inquired into the “nature and causes of the wealth of nations.” Writing on the eve of the world's first industrial revolution in an era when ownership and control of the manufacturing enterprise were a proprietary affair, Smith emphasized how the growth of economic individualism would benefit the growth of the economy. And, indeed, as I shall outline in Chapter 1, Britain's rise to its position of industrial leadership in the nineteenth century did rely on highly specialized proprietary firms, the activities of which were coordinated by market relations.
The Kabbalah and Monads

Most commentators are willing to agree that Leibniz’s substitution of “force” for “mind” as the defining characteristic of substance represented an evolution in his thinking that ultimately banished the last traces of Cartesian dualism from his system and led to the concept of monads. In the Discourse substances are divided into two essentially different classes, those with minds which are imperishable and those without minds which, although they continue to exist, essentially perish as individuals because of their lack of mind and memory: [Paragraph 34]... no substance perishes, although it can become completely different. They also express the whole universe, although more imperfectly than minds do. But the principal difference is that they do not know what they are nor what they do, and consequently, since they do not reflect on themselves, they cannot discover necessary and universal truths. It is also because they lack reflection about themselves that they have no moral qualities. As a result, though they may pass through a thousand transformations, like those we see when a caterpillar changes into a butterfly, yet from the moral or practical point of view, the result is as if they had perished; indeed, we may even say that they have perished physically, in the sense in which we say that bodies perish through their corruption. But the intelligent soul, knowing what it is — having the ability to utter the world “I,” a word so full of meaning — does not merely remain and subsist metaphysically, which it does to a greater degree than the others, but also remains the same morally and constitutes the same person. For it is memory or the knowledge of this self that renders it capable of punishment or reward.