cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Windy Commons

Wind power generation is growing rapidly in the United States, doubling nearly every three years since 1998. Yet, wind is an open access resource, and past experiences with open access resources suggest that tragedies of the commons may occur. While the engineering literature has focused on turbine siting within a wind farm to maximize profits and minimize interaction effects, the economics literature has overlooked interaction effects between windfarms. We provide a qualitative framework for measuring wake externalities and use simulation modeling to determine their magnitude. We find that: a) turbine wake externalities (and thus losses) to downwind sites increase with the square of wind velocity and can be substantial, b) decentralized ownership across wind farms leads to overcapitalization in upwind sites and undercapitalization in downwind sites relative to sole ownership, c) when multiple potential patches are considered, more land will be used upwind for wind power under decentralized ownership, and d) numerical simulations suggest that total rents are reduced under decentralized ownership by up to 12%, while total power produced increases by approximately 10%. Under our central parameters, decentralized ownership may be preferred to a sole owner, depending on the value society places on clean power relative to dirty power.
Magnetic resonance imaging of carotid plaque inflammation in acute coronary syndromes: a sign of multisite plaque activation.

Abstract Widespread plaque inflammation has been demonstrated in acute coronary syndromes (ACS). We evaluated signs of plaque inflammation in carotid arteries of patients with ACS by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Carotid MRI was performed in 13 patients with ACS and in 9 controls having at least 1 carotid plaque with a stenosis ≥40%. MRI criteria of plaque inflammation were: increased T2 signal >50% of the plaque areas (tissue oedema) and/or enhancement after gadolinium injection (neo-vascularization). MRI signs of inflammation were found in 95% and in 33% of patients with ACS and controls, respectively ( p Carotid artery MRI may serve as a window to the entire cardiovascular system, to identify "vulnerable" patients.
The Development of MANIC

Chapter 1 emphasized the implicit benefits of a monolithic interferometer, those being stability, ease of integration, and simplification of the in-field alignment process. Chapter 5 compared MANIC to the PICTURE nuller giving only a basic description of how they function.
Early-Life Adversity Interacts with FKBP5 Genotypes: Altered Working Memory and Cardiac Stress Reactivity in the Oklahoma Family Health Patterns Project

Exposure to stress during critical periods of development can have adverse effects on adult health behaviors, and genetic vulnerabilities may enhance these stress effects. We carried out an exploratory examination of psychological, physiological, and behavioral characteristics of 252 healthy young adults for the impact of early-life adversity (ELA) in relation to the G-to-A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs9296158, of the FKBP5 gene. FKBP5 is a molecular cochaperone that contributes to the functional status of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and to the quality of corticosteroid signaling. FKBP5 expression is upregulated by cortisol exposure during stressful episodes, with greater upregulation seen in A-allele carriers. As such, FKBP5 expression and GR function may be environmentally sensitive in A-allele carriers and therefore suitable for the study of gene-by-environment (G × E) interactions. Compared with FKBP5, GG homozygotes (N=118), A-allele carriers (N = 132) without psychiatric morbidity had progressively worse performance on the Stroop color-word task with increasing levels of ELA exposure (Genotype × ELA, F=5.14, P=0.007), indicating a G × E interaction on working memory in early adulthood. In addition, heart rate response to mental stress was diminished overall in AA/AG-allele carriers (F=5.15, P=0.024). Diminished working memory and attenuated autonomic responses to stress are both associated with risk for alcoholism and other substance use disorders. The present data suggest that FKBP5 in the GR pathway may be a point of vulnerability to ELA, as seen in this group of non-traumatized young adults. FKBP5 is accordingly a potential target for more extensive studies of the impact of ELA on health and health behaviors in adulthood.
MR Angiography of Renal Transplant Vasculature with Ferumoxytol:: Comparison of High-Resolution Steady-State and First-Pass Acquisitions.

Rationale and Objectives This work aimed to quantify the differences in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and vessel sharpness between steady-state and first-pass magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) with ferumoxytol in renal transplant recipients. Materials and Methods We performed a retrospective study of adult patients who underwent steady-state and first-pass MRA with ferumoxytol to evaluate renal transplant vasculature. SNR was calculated in the external iliac artery, and vessel sharpness was calculated in the external iliac and renal transplant arteries for both acquisitions. Data were compared using Student's t test. Results Fifteen patients were included (mean age 56.9 years, 10 males). The mean SNR of the external iliac artery was 42.2 (SD, 11.9) for the first-pass MRA and 41.8 (SD, 9.7) for the steady-state MRA (p = 0.92). The mean vessel sharpness was significantly higher for the steady-state MRA compared to first-pass MRA for both external iliac (1.24 vs. 0.80 mm −1 , p −1 , p Conclusion Steady-state MRA using ferumoxytol improves vessel sharpness while maintaining equivalent SNR compared to conventional first-pass MRA in renal transplant patients.
Commentary to 'Putting the past behind us - Social stress induced urinary retention can be overcome'.

The authors have expanded upon their previous work with cyclosporine and stress-induced bladder dysfunction by looking at delayed administration of treatment and analyzing the long-term effects. Their data effectively demonstrates that after a period of stress, the administration of a well-tolerated dose of cyclosporine results in voiding pattern normalization. This does not seem to be due to detectable physiologic changes in the bladder, but somehow is related to the calcineurinNFAT pathway. The authors acknowledge that
Combustion Characteristics of a 2-Stroke Large Bore Natural Gas Spark-Ignited Engine

Naturally, there are complex interactions among internal combustion engine parameters such as in-cylinder pressure, emissions, speed, and load. These basic relationships are studied in a naturally aspirated, spark-ignited, two-stroke large bore natural gas engine. The typical application for such an engine is in the oil and gas industry, operating heavy machinery such as large compressors and oil field pump jacks.Cylinder pressure measurements averaged over 300 cycles are captured for speeds of 350 and 525 RPM and load ratings of 50%, 75%, and 100% of rated torque at each respective speed. Non-sequential individual cycle pressure curves are also captured to depict cycle-to-cycle variation within the engine at each operating point. Emissions data are captured and presented for each operating point. At another 8 test conditions, pressure measurements averaged from 100 cycles are taken to specifically investigate disagreement among compression pressure curves; these conditions include 350, 400, 440, and 470 RPM at 50% and 85% of the rated load.It is found that low load cycle-to-cycle variation is extreme, having COV of IMEP values over 30%. Such engines are not designed to operate at low-load conditions. Cyclic variation is shown to decrease with increasing load and decreasing speed. As expected, peak pressures increase with increasing load and decrease with increasing speed. Emissions of THC and CO decrease with increasing load, while emissions of NO are highest at low speed and high load. It is also shown that compression pressure behavior after exhaust port closure but before ignition is different among different speeds and loads. This may be characteristic of scavenging and heat transfer behavior.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Four-Dimensional B-Mode and Color Doppler Echocardiography of the Human Fetus

Development of 4D ultrasound represents a major advance in non-invasive diagnostice technology and its introduction in clinical practice has initiated a significant paradigm shift in medical ultrasound imaging. Four-dimensional echocardiography allows a more comprehensive assessment of the fetal cardiac anatomy and hemodynamics than has been achievable in any of the current or legacy systems. It has the real potential of significantly expanding the scope of in utero diagnosis of congenital heart disease and other abnormalities of the fetal heart. This is a very new technology and there is a real dearth of investigations critically evaluating its promises and limitations in the fetal application. This is especially relevant for extending its use outside the domain of experts and enthusiasts. At present, traditional 2D B-mode and Doppler sonography will continue to be the standard of practice for fetal cardiac assessment with substantial supplemental assistance from the 4D echocardiography which, however, has the strong potential to become the mainstream approach in the future.
Funding Urban Mass Transit in the United States

As urbanized areas have grown across the United States, roads have quickly developed with them. Yet many cities have developed this infrastructure at the cost of failing to adequately fund urban mass transit, in spite of the important services it provides for the poor, commuters, and the environment. Consequently, many urban mass transit systems have struggled with deficits, increased fares, and reduced service. This study examines six major systems in the United States and analyzes data from these systems to provide policy recommendations regarding urban mass transit funding.
Facile rhenium–peptide conjugate synthesis using a one-pot derived Re(CO)3 reagent

We have synthesized two Re(CO)3-modified lysine complexes (1 and 2), where the metal is attached to the amino acid at the Ne position, via a one-pot Schiff base formation reaction. These compounds can be used in the solid phase synthesis of peptides, and to date we have produced four conjugate systems incorporating neurotensin, bombesin, leutenizing hormone releasing hormone, and a nuclear localization sequence. We observed uptake into human umbilical vascular endothelial cells as well as differential uptake depending on peptide sequence identity, as characterized by fluorescence and rhenium elemental analysis.
Analysis of the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan core protein (CSPGCP) gene in achondroplasia and pseudoachondroplasia.

Abstract Achondroplasia and pseudoachondroplasia are autosomal dominant skeletal dysplasias resulting in short-limbed dwarfism. Histologic and ultrastructural studies of the cartilage in pseudoachondroplasia and in homozygous achondroplasia have suggested a structural abnormality in chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG), a major structural protein in the extra-cellular matrix. The gene encoding CSPG core protein (CSPGCP) is thus a logical "candidate gene" for analysis in these conditions. cDNA probes encoding CSPGCP were used to identify restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in DNA from a panel of control individuals. No gross alterations at the CSPGCP locus were noted in DNA from 37 individuals with achondroplasia and 5 individuals with pseudoachondroplasia. In addition, allelic frequencies of the RFLPs were not significantly different among controls and patients with either condition. In one three-generation family with achondroplasia, close linkage of the CSPGCP locus and the skeletal dysplasia was excluded using a Bgl II polymorphism. Similarly, in a three-generation family with pseudoachondroplasia, the CSPGCP gene was not tightly linked to the disease phenotype. These results indicate that mutations at the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan core protein locus do not cause achondroplasia or pseudoachondroplasia in these families.
“Censorship is Official Critique”: Contesting the Limits of Scholarship in the Censorship of the Hallische Jahrbücher

While censorship touched upon the careers of every German writer in the nineteenth century, a few cases stood out to contemporaries, defining their era. If the Demagogenverfolgung stamped the early 1820s and the prohibition of Young Germany the 1830s, the assault on left-wing or “Young” Hegelianism in 1842–43 was the major censorship case of the decade. Banning the Deutsche Jahrbucher, Rheinische Zeitung, and Leipziger Allgemeine Zeitung was part of a significant, coordinated effort to undermine a small but influential faction of radical social critics. This wave of intellectual persecution radicalized the left, sowing the seeds for Marx's thoroughgoing assault on the foundations of European state and society. Understanding these cases in the context of a broader process of the transformation of censorship practices in modern Germany, however, remains an incomplete project for historians.
Percent Black and Lynchings Revisited

Interestingly, the two sentences quoted from me by Tolnay et al. were contained in a mere footnote in connection with a power threat argument that relied much more heavily on several other sorts of data, namely the Dixiecrat vote in the 1948 national elections (assumed to be primarily a white vote) and the percentage of blacks who were not registered to vote in the 1950 election (as an indicator of white mobilization). In both of these instances, the choice of denominator was relatively straightforward. Not so with respect to lynch rates, as the present debate makes abundantly clear. Indeed, it was partly this ambiguity in one's choice of denominator that led me to confine my remarks to that single footnote. In addition, however, there is the question of the proper choice of unit of analysis. Should it be the state, the county, a community, or some other unit? If the unit becomes too small, one encounters instability in lynch rates. But if it is too large the "symbolic" nature of the act may be unclear to all concerned, though this will depend on the extent and nature of the publicity surrounding the lynching. We encounter here, as well, a conceptual and methodological problem in the use of so-called "ratio variables." At base, we have a ratio (lynchings divided by some population-related number) being used as an indicator of a propensity or risk factor. Tolnay et al. choose to formulate the problem so as to eliminate the denominator problem, but this does not really resolve the issue since an appropriate equation then needs to be formulated to explain the number of lynchings L. In this connection, I fail to understand the logic behind their use of an equation in which the population size N merely appears in a single additive term on the righthand side. The proper use of a ratio-variable model requires reasoning and assumptions based on a micro theory in those instances where the underlying rationale refers to individual motivations and propensities, here involving discriminatory behaviors based on a perceived threat. If our theory is formulatd at the micro level, but allows for contextual influences (here the minority percentage), then in the ideal we might prefer to have a direct measure of such a propensity or risk, rather than a relative
Stabilizing small molecules on metal oxide surfaces using atomic layer deposition.

Device lifetimes and commercial viability of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and dye-sensitized photoelectrosynthesis cells (DSPECs) are dependent on the stability of the surface bound molecular chromophores and catalysts. Maintaining the integrity of the solution-metal oxide interface is especially challenging in DSPECs for water oxidation where it is necessary to perform high numbers of turnovers, under irradiation in an aqueous environment. In this study, we describe the atomic layer deposition (ALD) of TiO2 on nanocrystalline TiO2 prefunctionalized with the dye molecule [Ru(bpy)2(4,4′-(PO3H2)bpy)]2+ (RuP) as a strategy to stabilize surface bound molecules. The resulting films are over an order of magnitude more photostable than untreated films and the desorption rate constant exponentially decreases with increased thickness of ALD TiO2 overlayers. However, the injection yield for TiO2-RuP with ALD TiO2 also decreases with increasing overlayer thickness. The combination of decreased injection yield ...
Chronic Groin Pain Following Anterior Hernia Surgery

Inguinal herniorrhaphy is one of the most common general surgery operations performed in the United States with nearly 600,000 repairs annually. An anterior approach is the most common method for surgical repair, which may be performed as either a tissue repair or tension-free mesh repair. While recurrence rates are lower with tension-free repairs, long-term neuralgia is a feared complication. Chronic post-herniorrhaphy groin pain is defined as pain lasting >3 months following hernia repair. Studies show an incidence of chronic pain of 11 %. Treatments for chronic groin pain include nonoperative interventions such as pain control with or without narcotic pain medications, and injection-based therapies such as nerve blocks and radiofrequency neurolysis. Additionally, operative intervention has been used for refractory chronic groin pain. Surgical treatments include single nerve resection, triple neurectomy, and mesh removal.
The MIDAS touch for Accurately Predicting the Stress-Strain Behavior of Tantalum

Testing the behavior of metals in extreme environments is not always feasible, so material scientists use models to try and predict the behavior. To achieve accurate results it is necessary to use the appropriate model and material-specific parameters. This research evaluated the performance of six material models available in the MIDAS database [1] to determine at which temperatures and strain-rates they perform best, and to determine to which experimental data their parameters were optimized. Additionally, parameters were optimized for the Johnson-Cook model using experimental data from Lassila et al [2].
Determination of Caffeine in Beverages of Uncertainty in Measurement

Objective The uncertainty evaluation of caffeine in beverages was measured by HPLC method,and the uncertainty was analyzed for providing a good reference for improving determination method and finding the key steps in determination. Method In accordance with JJF-1059-1999 method,finding the factors which impacts the uncertainty evaluation in determination process,and the components of the uncertainty were evaluated and combined. Results The measurement uncertainty of caffeine in beverages by HPLC methods were evaluated (2. 2 μg /ml). Conclusion Uncertainty in determination process was evaluated with a standard curve for quantity,which possesses guiding significance for finding the key steps in the job and improving determination quality in the future.
Co-restoring Multimodal Microscopy Images

We propose a novel microscopy image restoration algorithm capable of co-restoring Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) microscopy images captured on the same cell dish simultaneously. Cells with different phase retardation and DIC gradient signals are restored into a single image without the halo artifact from phase contrast or pseudo 3D shadow-casting effect from DIC. The co-restoration integrates the advantages of two imaging modalities and overcomes the drawbacks in single-modal image restoration. Evaluated on a datasets of five hundred pairs of phase contrast and DIC images, the co-restoration demonstrates its effectiveness to greatly facilitate the cell image analysis tasks such as cell segmentation and classification.
Venous levels of lidocaine and bupivacaine after midtarsal ankle block.

Background. No data are available on blood levels of local anesthetics after ankle block. Methods. Eighteen patients received 13 ml 2% lidocaine and ten received 30 ml 0.75% bupivacaine for unilateral or bilateral midtarsal ankle blocks, respectively. Blood levels were drawn at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes after injections. All patients had forefoot surgery with elastic bandages (Esmarch) applied as a tourniquet immediately above the ankle intraoperatively. Results. The mean peak level of lidocaine was 1.1 μg/ml, and of bupivacaine, 0.5 μg/ml. The mean duration of analgesia was 17 hours with 0.75% bupivacaine. Duration could not be assessed in the lidocaine group because these were ambulatory patients. Conclusion. The low peak level of local anesthesia and the prolonged analgesia confirmed the safety and efficacy of midtarsal ankle block for forefoot surgery and suggest that bupivacaine may be the local anesthetic agent of choice.
Alarums false, alarums real: challenges and threats to the future of epidemiology.

Purpose A review of recent threats and challenges to epidemiology suggests that some represent an opportunity to advance the discipline while others are a major threat to conducting epidemiologic work. Methods Two issues are identified which should advance the publication and conduct of epidemiologic research. Three are discussed that exemplify current threats. Results Epidemiologists have a role in helping journalists improve the communication of risk information in the media. Methodological advances for studies of rare exposure being related to rare disease should reduce the frequency of conflicting results in the epidemiologic literature. Three significant external forces that threaten epidemiologic research are identified. These are: unbridled discovery during litigation as exemplified by Bendectin, breast implants and cellular telephones; over zealous privacy laws; and the negative impact of managed care on epidemiologic research. Conclusions The American College of Epidemiology has a major role to play in protecting the profession from some of the real threats that face it, and in helping meet the challenges.
Measurement of disgust proneness

Disgust has been described as a basic emotion that evolved largely as a defensive mechanism. Although initially described as the ‘forgotten emotion’, research on the emotion of disgust has seen a considerable rise in the last few decades. Accordingly, investigation regarding individual differences in disgust responding has become increasingly more prominent among the emotion literature over the last three decades. With this increase in attention, a parallel evolution in the development of disgust assessment has also emerged. Each measure has its own strengths and weaknesses and choosing the appropriate measure may vary depending on the research question of interest, the study population, and research methodology. The present chapter will review the assessment of disgust through the available self-report and behavioral measures. Implications for understanding disgust and its measurement will be discussed.
Speech Masking in Normal and Impaired Hearing: Interactions Between Frequency Selectivity and Inherent Temporal Fluctuations in Noise

Recent studies in normal-hearing listeners have used envelope-vocoded stimuli to show that the masking of speech by noise is dominated by the temporal-envelope fluctuations inherent in noise, rather than just overall power. Because these studies were based on vocoding, it was expected that cochlear-implant (CI) users would demonstrate a similar sensitivity to inherent fluctuations. In contrast, it was found that CI users showed no difference in speech intelligibility between maskers with and without inherent envelope fluctuations. Here, these initial findings in CI users were extended to listeners with cochlear hearing loss and the results were compared with those from normal-hearing listeners at either equal sensation level or equal sound pressure level. The results from hearing-impaired listeners (and in normal-hearing listeners at high sound levels) are consistent with a relative reduction in low-frequency inherent noise fluctuations due to broader cochlear filtering. The reduced effect of inherent temporal fluctuations in noise, due to either current spread (in CI users) or broader cochlear filters (in hearing-impaired listeners), provides a new way to explain the loss of masking release experienced in CI users and hearing-impaired listeners when additional amplitude fluctuations are introduced in noise maskers.
Charge Characterization Of An Electrically Charged Fiber Via Electrostatic Force Microscopy

The charge of a corona charged electret fiber as well as an uncharged glass fiber was characterized via Electrostatic Force Microscopy (EFM). Electrostatic force gradient images were obtained by monitoring the shifts in phase between the oscillations of the biased EFM cantilever and those of a piezoelectric driver. EFM measurements were performed using noncontact scans at a constant tip-sample separation of 75 nm with varied bias voltages applied to the cantilever. A mathematical expression, based on the Coulombic and induced polarization effects, were used to model the EFM phase shifts as a function of the applied tip bias voltages. There was quantitative agreement between the experimental data and the mathematical expression, and the quantitative interpretation for charges on the fiber was made.
O-Glcnacylation: Nutrient Sensor That Regulates Cell Physiology

O-GlcNAcylation, which is the cycling of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) on nuclear and cytosolic proteins, has extensive cross talk with phosphorylation to serve as a nutrient sensor that regulates nearly all aspects of cellular metabolism. O-GlcNAc cycling is tightly regulated by only two gene products, O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase that are targeted to substrates by a multitude of binding partners. Research over the past three decades has shown that O-GlcNAcylation is fundamentally important in regulating transcription, modulating signaling pathways, and modifying the activities of metabolic enzymes and kinases in response to nutrients.
Cancer Incidence and Mortality Patterns Among Chinese Americans

Chinese is the largest Asian ethnic group in the USA with four million individuals accounting for 23.1 % of the total Asian Americans and 1.3 % of the total US population. Given its large population size and the long history of migration to many countries throughout the world, Chinese immigrants are a valuable resource for epidemiologic investigations of cancer and other diseases to identify environmental and lifestyle risk factors and to understand the interactions between genetics and environment in disease etiology. Using data from population-based cancer registries, this chapter examines the sex-specific cancer incidence and mortality rates of common cancers among Chinese Americans and their relative risks as compared to whites or non-Hispanic (NH) whites. Comparisons of incidence trends and age-specific patterns by cancer type between Chinese Americans and Chinese in China are also provided. For most of the cancers examined, Chinese Americans have lower incidence and mortality rates than the NH whites, but they have substantially higher risk for nasopharyngeal, liver, and stomach cancers and slightly higher risk of gallbladder cancer. Except for lung and colorectal cancer, Chinese Americans display intermediate-risk level between the US whites and Chinese in China. The cancer experience of Chinese Americans highlights the significance of environmental and lifestyle factors in cancer development.
Circuits for ultra-low power millimeter-scale sensor nodes

Bell's Law predicts continual scaling of the size of computing systems, and next of these systems is about to emerge: millimeter-scale sensor nodes. These miniature wireless sensors will enable multiple new applications in a wide range of fields, including medical diagnosis, infrastructure monitoring and military surveillance. However, this form factor remains beyond the capabilities of modern integrated circuit design techniques due to extremely small battery size. This paper describes new circuit design techniques for ultra-low power operations that can be applied to digital processors, memory, power management, and a special focus on standby mode operation, which will bring mm3 sensor nodes into reality.
Utah flora: Rosaceae

A revision of the rose family, Rosaceae, is presented for the state of Utah. Included are 115 species and 9 varieties of indigenous and introduced plants in 35 genera. A key to the genera and species is provided, along with detailed descriptions, distributional data, and pertinent comments. Proposed as a new taxon is Crataegus douglasii Lindl. var. duchesnensis Welsh. New combinations include Potentilla concinna Richards var. bicrenata (Rydb.) Welsh & Johnston; P. concinna var. modesta (Rydb.) Welsh & Johnston; P. concinna var. proxima (Rydb.) Welsh & Johnston; P. glandulosa Lindl. var. micropetala (Rydb.) Welsh & Johnston; P. ovina J. M. Macoun var. decurrens (Wats.) Welsh & Johnston; P. pensylvanica L. var. paucijuga (Rydb.) Welsh & Johnston.
The progress of US hospitals in addressing community health needs

Objectives. To identify how US tax-exempt hospitals are progressing in regard to community health needs assessment (CHNA) implementation following the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.Methods. We analyzed data on more than 1500 tax-exempt hospitals in 2013 to assess patterns in CHNA implementation and to determine whether a hospital’s institutional and community characteristics are associated with greater progress.Results. Our findings show wide variation among hospitals in CHNA implementation. Hospitals operating as part of a health system as well as hospitals participating in a Medicare accountable care organization showed greater progress in CHNA implementation whereas hospitals serving a greater proportion of uninsured showed less progress. We also found that hospitals reporting the highest level of CHNA implementation progress spent more on community health improvement.Conclusions. Hospitals widely embraced the regulations to perform a CHNA. Less is known about how hospitals are moving forw...
Adherence to gender-typical behavior and high-frequency substance use from adolescence into young adulthood

Substance use is prevalent among adolescents in the U.S., especially males. Understanding the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between gender norms and substance use is necessary to tailor substance use prevention messages and efforts appropriately. This study investigates the relationship between adherence to gender-typical behavior (AGB) and substance use from adolescence into young adulthood. Participants in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health completed self-report measures on the frequency of binge drinking, cigarette smoking and marijuana use as well as various behaviors and emotional states that captured the latent construct of AGB. Sex-stratified logistic regression models revealed cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between AGB and high frequency substance use. For example, an adolescent male who is more gender-adherent, compared to less adherent males, has 75% higher odds of high frequency binge drinking in adolescence and 22% higher odds of high frequency binge drinking in young adulthood. Sex-stratified multinomial logistic regression models also revealed cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between AGB and patterns of use. For example, a more gender-adherent adolescent male, compared to one who is less adherent, is 256% more likely to use all three substances in adolescence and 66% more likely to use all three in young adulthood. Cross-sectional and longitudinal results for females indicate greater gender-adherence is associated with lower odds of high frequency substance use. These findings indicate adherence to gender norms may influence substance use behaviors across the developmental trajectory, and inform strategies for prevention efforts.
Applying police legitimacy, cooperation, and collective security hypotheses to explain collective efficacy and violence across neighbourhoods

ABSTRACTThis study examines views about police legitimacy and competence in neighbourhoods over time. The study compares theories about police legitimacy, the cooperation hypothesis, and the collective security hypothesis to predict violence. Findings suggest that when police legitimacy is deficient in neighbourhoods, a culture supportive of violence to resolve disputes may develop. Results show the importance of police competence to suppress violence and build collective efficacy. Finally, police are more successful in neighbourhoods that are collectively efficacious. The cooperation hypothesis is fully supported, but the collective security hypothesis and LaFree’s legitimacy theory receive partial support. Findings underscore the merit of examining neighbourhood consequences of police legitimacy, including how institutions, like police, can impact neighbourhood socialisation processes and are impacted by them.
Is red really romantic? Two pre-registered replications of the red-romance hypothesis.

Abstract. Red has been reported to enhance attraction for women rating men (Elliot et al., 2010) and men rating women (Elliot & Niesta, 2008). We replicated one of these studies online and in-person. To ensure rigor, we obtained original materials, planned for informative sample sizes, pre-registered our study, used a positive control, and adopted quality controls. For men, we found a very weak effect in the predicted direction (d = 0.09, 95% CI [−0.17, 0.34], N = 242). For women, we found a very weak effect in the opposite direction (d = −0.09, 95% CI [−0.30, 0.12], N = 360). The original studies may have overestimated the red effect, our studies may be an underestimate, or there could be strong moderation of the effect of red on attraction.
State of the Art for Treatment of Vesicovaginal Fistula

Vesico-vaginal fistulae (VVF) remain the most prevalent genitourinary fistula detrimentally impacting quality of life. The purpose of this review is to examine relevant literature on management of VVF. Obstructed labor is the leading cause of VVF in the developing world with most repairs performed via the transvaginal approach. Conversely, the predominate etiology in industrialized nations is iatrogenic injury with an increasing trend towards abdominal repair via a minimally invasive (laparoscopic and robotic) approach. No studies have compared transvaginal repair to minimally invasive transabdominal approaches. Further, an increasing number of authors have developed algorithms to determine optimum surgical approaches and risk factors for persistent incontinence. As surgeons become more facile with laparoscopic and robotic skills, there is a growing trend for minimally invasive surgical management of VVF in developed countries, perhaps widening the disparity gap between developing nations where transvaginal approaches predominate with good success. Further studies are needed to compare transvaginal to minimally invasive transabdominal approaches.
Ear spools, ceramics, and burial mounds from southwest Missouri: Caddoan and Spiro connections on the Northern Frontier

A Caddoan presence in the extreme southwest portion of Missouri was firmly established after investigations were conducted in the upper White River valley in the late 1950s. Later, James Brown expo...
Reflections On The Last Bar Examination - 2009

This article criticizes the 2009 California Bar Exam Property question for its irrelevance to modern practice.
THE INTEGRATIVE SURGICAL THEATER: Combining Intraoperative Optical Coherence Tomography and 3D Digital Visualization for Vitreoretinal Surgery in the DISCOVER Study.

Purpose To evaluate the feasibility of integrating intraoperative optical coherence tomography (OCT) with a digital visualization platform for vitreoretinal surgery. Methods The DISCOVER study is a prospective study examining microscope-integrated intraoperative OCT across multiple prototypes and platforms. For this assessment, a microscope-integrated OCT platform was combined with a three-dimensional (3D) surgical visualization system to allow for digital display of the OCT data stream on the large immersive display. Intraoperative OCT scans were obtained at various surgical milestones that were directly overlaid to the surgical view in a 55-inch passive 3D 4K high-definition display. Surgeon feedback was obtained related to system performance and integration into the surgical procedures through a prespecified surgeon questionnaire. Results Seven eyes of seven subjects were identified. Clinical diagnosis included epiretinal membrane (n = 3), macular hole (2), symptomatic vitreous opacity (1), and proliferative vitreoretinopathy (1). Optical coherence tomography images were successfully obtained and displayed on the 4K screen in all cases. Intraoperative OCT images facilitated identification of subtle retinal alterations. Surgeons reported that the 4K screen seemed to provide improved visualization of the OCT data stream compared with the semitransparent ocular view. Surgeons were able to examine the OCT data on the 4K screen without reverting to the external display system of the microscope. The system provided a uniform surgical visualization experience for both the surgeon and the assistant. In addition, the digital platform allowed all surgical personnel to simultaneously view both the OCT and the surgical field. All eyes underwent uneventful vitrectomy without reverting to the conventional microscope. No intraoperative adverse events occurred. Conclusion Integration of OCT into the digital visualization system may enable unique opportunities for surgeon feedback of intraoperative diagnostics. The overlay of the OCT data onto the 4K monitor seemed to provide excellent visualization of OCT details. Further research is needed to compare the conventional microscope-based approach to the digital 3D screen approach in regards to intraoperative OCT.
Ferrarese Chronicles in the Modern Era

En 1928, Giuseppe Pardi va publicar la primera de tres croniques del segle XV sobre Ferrara. La seua edicio d'un d'aquestes tres croniques, el Diari ferrarese dall’anno 1409 sino al 1502, va substituir versio del segle XVIII publicada per Ludovico Muratori. Pardi va mostrar una comprensio dels reptes que presenta la transcripcio de documents antics, refusant alterar aquest material i enriquint les croniques amb un aparell critic complet. Malgrat la disponibilitat i facil acces a materials inimaginables fins fa poc, les transcripcions de finals del segle XX no arriben als estandards establerts per Pardi. Aquest article explora les transcripcions de les croniques, en particular les de Pardi, il·lustrant com els inicis del segle XX van ser una epoca daurada sense igual abans o despres.
Fatal retropleural hematoma from a ruptured abdominal aortic pseudo-aneurysm.

Farmley et al [1] reported that five patients, or 38% of the 13 cases studied, who had primary penetrating wounds of the aorta caused by missiles and stabbing and who survived the immediate posttraumatic period, developed a false aneurysm which ultimately ruptured. In the absence of a pathologic tract leading away from the retroperitoneal space and peritoneal cavity, any rupture of the abdominal aorta will result in accumulation of blood in the retroperitoneal space or peritoneal cavity, or both. After a thorough search of the literature the author concludes that the case reported here appears to be the only case of retropleural hematoma where the source of the bleeding is the abdominal aorta. Further, this is the only case of a traumatic abdominal aortic pseudo-aneurysm spontaneously rupturing into the retropleural space in the absence of a pathologic tract connecting the retropleural and retroperitoneal and peritoneal spaces without hemorrhage in the latter two spaces. Correct radiographic interpretation of the chest films in the early stages of the development of retropleural hemorrhage can be made by noting the effacement of aortic shadow and the left primary sulcus by a convex homogenous density in the posterior mediastinum and by correlating these results with the clinical presentation.
The chloroplast cytochrome b 6 f complex can exist in monomeric and dimeric states.

The cytochrome b6f complex isolated from spinach chloroplast membranes can be resolved into two forms, a monomeric and a dimeric form, by centrifugation on sucrose gradients. The conversion of the dimeric form of the complex into the monomeric form could be prevented by cross-linking with the homobifunctional reagent, dithiobis(succinimidylpropionate) but not by cross-linking with disuccinimidyltartrate or glutaraldehyde. SDS-PAGE analyses of the monomeric and dimeric forms of the cytochrome complex showed the presence of specific cross-linked products in each respective form of the complex. For example, the monomeric form contained a cross-linked product of cytochrome f, cytochrome b6f and subunit IV while the dimeric form contained a cross-linked dimer of cytochrome b6f. The presence of the former in the isolated cytochrome b6f complex prepared by the method of Hurt and Hauska (Eur J Biochem 117: 591–599, 1981) indicates the presence of the monomer in his preparation.
The impact of fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion in isolated left-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia on left-sided cardiac dimensions.

OBJECTIVES Fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion (FETO) is offered to fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) and severe lung hypoplasia to promote lung growth and may secondarily affect left heart growth. The effects of FETO on left heart hypoplasia (LHH) are not described post-CDH repair. METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed for fetuses with left-sided CDH who underwent FETO and severity-matched controls from 2007 to 2016 at our institution. Echocardiographic, ultrasound, and MRI data were reviewed. Left heart dimensions were assessed prenatally and postnatally. Primary clinical outcome evaluated was death. RESULTS Twelve FETO patients and 18 controls were identified. Fetal LHH was noted in both groups and worsened after FETO. Postnatal mitral valve dimensions were larger in the FETO group pre-CDH repair (P = .03). Post-CDH repair, mitral valve and left ventricular dimensions were not significantly different between groups (P = .79 and P = .63 respectively) while FETO aortic valve dimensions were smaller (P = .04). Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation use was lower in the FETO group. No associations were found between left heart dimensions and outcomes. CONCLUSION Although increased lung growth was seen after FETO, fetal LHH persisted with relative normalization seen post-repair. Persistent LHH post-FETO could be secondary to a small contribution of pulmonary venous return to the fetal left heart and increased intrathoracic pressures post-FETO.
P051 Low-level antibody against shared epitopes – are they relevant?

This case illustrates the importance of considering low-level antibody reactivity against HLA shared epitopes. A 58 year African American female patient with ESDR due to DM type 2 was evaluated for simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplantation. Although the patient had 4 pregnancies, based on the One Lambda Single Antigen (SA) results, the patient had only weak ( ∼ 500 MFI. To investigate this discrepancy, phenotype bead assay (LSPRA) was performed, which clearly detected the presence of weak antibodies against A2, A68, and A69, which are known to share an epitope 144TKH (Figure 1B). Reactivity against A2 was additionally confirmed using surrogate crossmatches. We concluded that due to epitope sharing the single antigen bead assays may not have reflected the true strength of the patient’s antibodies and listed A2, A68, and A69 as unacceptable antigens in UNOS. The patient was successfully transplanted on 9/26/17 avoiding pre-existing DSAs. Interestingly, 10 days after transplant A2, A68, A69 increased to ∼ 20,000 MFI (Figure 1C). Since these specificities were not DSAs, no further action required. However, this case underscores that although low-level antibody against a shared epitope may not be effectively detected by solid-phase platforms, but still may result in positive crossmatch and increase the risk of AMR post-transplant. This case shows that setting positive cut-offs solely based on MFI values may be misleading if a patient has antibody against shared epitopes and that any discrepancy between virtual and cell-based crossmatch needs to be investigated. This case also highlights that use of epitope analysis and multiple assays help to evaluate immunological risk post-transplant more accurately.
Imbalance Learning Using Neural Networks for Seizure Detection

Around 1% of world's population suffer from epileptic seizures which can lead to injuries and even unexpected death. Making use of EEG signals, which are proven to be the best indicators of seizures, we aim to build an Artificial Neural Networks to classify seizure and non-seizure events. However, the limited availability of seizure events in the EEG data makes it difficult for the automatic classifiers in general to accurately classify seizure events. To improve this, we propose an imbalance learning approach to improve accuracy of highly imbalanced seizure dataset. Since each patient provides a different response to the seizure, we personalize the classification models in terms of training data and model parameters. The proposed imbalance learning method provides an average F-measure accuracy above 86% for Physionet MIT dataset.
Japan’s Normalization

This chapter evaluates the ongoing normalization processes within Japan. Political and military normalization are evaluated by presenting evidence that despite serious constitutional limitations, Japan has begun to pursue an active foreign policy that has been characterized by increased security cooperation with countries that have ongoing territorial disputes with China. Furthermore, Japan’s military is slowly moving out of its traditional support role under the United States–Japan alliance and has begun to acquire assets which allow it to project military power. The end of the chapter presents Japan’s South China Sea policy and concludes that Japan’s strategic competition with China, and concerns over the security of its sea lanes of communication has led it to embrace deeper economic and military cooperation with Vietnam and the Philippines.
Symptomatic Treatment of Residual Neurological or Psychiatric Disease

Abstract Due to the effects of brain copper accumulation, neuropsychiatric symptoms are common in Wilson disease (WD). Movement disorders are the most frequent neurological manifestations of the disease. Psychiatric disorders such as depression, personality changes, and psychosis are also common and may emerge independent of hepatic or neurological symptoms. Despite treatment with chelating agents, residual neurological and psychiatric symptoms can persist in affected patients. Moreover, some patients experience further worsening of symptoms after chelation therapy is initiated. Additional treatment for neurological symptoms may therefore be necessary to improve residual symptoms, but the lack of evidence-based pharmacological and other treatments in WD is a challenge to the clinician. In the current chapter, we review the most frequent neuropsychiatric manifestations in WD and the therapeutic options available at present.
Hypertension Treatment in Diabetes: Focus on Heart Failure Prevention

Diabetes is strongly associated with development of cardiovascular disease and poor cardiovascular outcomes. Management of hypertension reduces cardiovascular outcomes among patients with diabetes. Many studies have examined the benefits of various classes of antihypertensives among patients with diabetes. Based on these, the American Diabetes Association has advised that all patients (particularly those with microalbuminuria) be treated first with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or an aldosterone receptor blocker followed by a calcium channel blocker or diuretic. Recently, sodium glucose transporter 2 inhibitors have been identified for their benefit in blood pressure control and cardiovascular risk reduction in patients with diabetes.
An empirical comparison of back burners, hookups, and friends with benefits relationships in young adults

The current research locates back burners on the spectrum of human sexual and relational behavior by examining an array of dimensions that might highlight both similarities and differences between ...