cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Delay modeling and timing of bipolar digital circuits

An approach for timing simulation of bipolar ECL (emitter-coupled-logic) digital circuits is described. The approach is based on the development of a switch-level model of the transistor and on the representation of the circuit by a switch graph. The circuit is partitioned into subcircuits, and symbolic logic expressions are generated which represent the logic states of the nodes in terms of subcircuit inputs and initial conditions. Timing information is computed using an analytical delay model which relates outputs of a subcircuit to its input waveforms. The model includes the effects of the transistor SPICE parameter model as well as the circuit parameters. The combination of the switch-level graph model and the delay model provides fast and accurate timing simulation of ECL circuits. In addition, the switch-graph model provides a unified way for simulating BIMOS circuits. >
Facial nerve monitoring in surgery for congenital auricular atresia

Surgery for congenital auricular atresia places the facial nerve at risk because of its potential aberrancy; iatrogenic facial paralysis is a well-known potential risk. Five cases of congenital auricular atresia are presented. All patients had intraoperative monitoring of the facial nerve. The facial nerve was found to be abnormally displaced, usually due to hypoplasia of the tympanic ring. Preoperative and postoperative facial nerve function was unchanged by surgery. Facial nerve monitoring is an important adjunct in congenital ear surgery because it allows for early and precise identification of the nerve in the absence of normal surgical landmarks and provides for continuous monitoring of the nerve
Indigo dyeing of cotton denim yarn: correlating theory with practice

The previously reported correlations in indigo dyeing of cotton denim between distribution of indigo in the cross-section of denim yarn, colour yield and dyebath pH are reviewed. Statistical analysis reveals that even with the experimental uncertainty of the absolute pKa values associated with the ionisation of the reduced form of indigo, distribution of indigo in the denim yarn cross-section and the resulting colour yield still are strongly correlated with dyebath pH.
Welfare Transformed: Universalizing Family Policies That Work

Welfare Transformed: Universalizing Family Policies That Work, by Robert Cherry. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. 240 pp. ISBN-13: 978-0-19-518312-2 (hbk.). US$27.95. If I had to bet, I'd s...
Digital angiography and osteoblastoma of the triquetrum

A patient had persistent pain in left wrist of 2 years' duration. Only intravenous digital subtraction angiography was specific in establishing a tumor in the left triquetrum as the cause. The tumor was an osteoblastoma.
Skin pH Following High Voltage Pulsed Galvanic Stimulation

Prolonged electrotherapeutic treatment increases the probability of skin irritation beneath the electrodes. One probable cause is acid and base formation under the electrodes. It has been assumed that high voltage pulsed galvanic stimulators do not produce these chemical reactions. The validity of this hypothesis was tested on 40 healthy subjects. Three groups of subjects received stimulation with different high voltage pulsed galvanic units, and one group of subjects served as a control group. Pretreatment and posttreatment measures of skin pH revealed no chemical reaction under the electrodes.
Should newborns be circumcised? Yes.

Compelling published medical evidence, particularly over the past 20 years, has shown that circumcision offers protection against multiple medical conditions.[1][1] The most important role of primary care physicians, particularly when caring for children, is preventive health care, as exemplified by
Geriatric Cardiology: A Fellow’s Perspective

“Why would I need to learn geriatric cardiology? All of my patients are old. It’s what I practice every day.” —Anonymous general cardiologist Is the term geriatric cardiology redundant? Technically, geriatric cardiology refers to cardiovascular care of patients 65 years of age or older.
Microfinance Guarantees: A Basic Primer and Review of Experiences in Latin America and the Caribbean

The purpose of this report is to provide an overview of current practice in microfinance guarantees, highlighting some of the lessons learned to date and issues to be addressed in the future. The paper?s annexes provide a partial inventory of guarantee funds operating in Latin America and the Caribbean. The study focuses primarily on institutional guarantees, due to the increasing use of the models for microfinance, the emerging consensus in the field that this is the most appropriate guarantee mechanism to support microenterprise lending, and the possibility that this mechanism may be more sustainable than other types of guarantees. More traditional models, such as individual guarantees for small business loans or loan portfolio guarantees to banks serving the small business sector, will be discussed only briefly. A strong debate has developed around the issue of sustainability for all types of guarantee schemes, including intermediary guarantees. Should guarantee funds be sustainable, both in the economic and financial sense? In what cases and for how long are subsidies justifiable? While some argue that guarantees of any type are unjustifiable since they are more expensive than other measures designed to solve the same problems (i.e. information asymmetry or regulatory barriers), others concede that when used as a short-term measure, guarantees are the best proven way to open up capital markets to nonbank microfinance institutions. Both camps agree that not enough hard data is available about the costs and benefits of guarantee funds to make a sound judgment either way. Two brief case studies in this paper address issues related to the cost structure, sustainability, and management of intermediary guarantee funds.
A revision of Japanese Epuraeinae (Coleoptera, Nitidulidae). Part I. Epuraea subgenera: Dadopora Thomson, Epuraea Erichson, and Epuraeanella Crotch

Three subgenera of Epuraea: Dadopora Thomson, Epuraea Erichson, and Epuraeanella Crotch, are revised for Japan. Thirty-six species are recognized. The following six are new records for Japan: Epuraea (Epuraea) laferi Kirejtshuk; E. (E.) melina Erichson; E. (E.) pygmaea (Gyllenhal); E. (E.) quadrangula Motschulsky; E. (E.) reichardti Sjoberg; and E. (Dadopora) vicaria Kirejtshuk & Kvamme. The following species are synonymized: E. (E.) hisamatsui Nakane with E. (E.) rufomarginata (Stephens) syn. nov.; and E. (E.) alpicola Nakane with E. (E.) terminalis (Mannerheim) syn. nov. The following two species are removed from the Japanese fauna: E. (Dadopora) fuscicollis (Stephens) and E. (E.) longula Erichson; the former was erroneously recorded as E. fuscicollis (Stephens, 1835) by Kashizaki & Hisamatsu (2011), and the latter is corrected as E. (E.) pseudorapax Kirejtshuk. The following three species are described as new: E. (E.) apiciclara sp. nov.; E. (E.) camura sp. nov.; and E. (E.) foramina sp. nov. Dorsal habitus, antenna, protibia, male and female genitalia, internal sac sclerites of male genitalia, and other important diagnostic characters of all species are illustrated. Keys are presented to Epuraeinae tribes, genera, subgenera, and Epuraea species of in the following subgenera: Dadopora, Epuraea, and Epuraeanella.
Does El Niño intensity matter for California precipitation

The sensitivity of California precipitation to El Nino intensity is investigated by applying a multimodel ensemble of historical climate simulations to estimate how November–April precipitation probability distributions vary across three categorizations of El Nino intensity. Weak and moderate El Nino events fail to appreciably alter wet or dry risks across northern and central California, though odds for wet conditions increase across southern California during moderate El Nino. Significant increases in wet probabilities occur during strong El Nino events across the entire state. In California's main northern watershed regions, simulations indicate an 85% chance of greater than normal precipitation and a 50% probability of at least 125% of normal. Our results indicate that both the statewide average and the spatial distribution of California precipitation are sensitive to El Nino intensity. Forecasts of El Nino intensity would thus contribute to improved situational awareness for California water planning and related water resource impacts.
Postdischarge complications following nonoperative management of blunt splenic injury

Abstract Background Nonoperative management (NOM) is the standard of care in majority of blunt splenic injuries. However, little is known about the postdischarge complications. Methods Patients admitted for blunt splenic injury were identified in the California State Inpatient Database (2007 to 2011). We examined patterns and risk factors for postdischarge complications among these patients. Results In total, 2,704 (61.45%) patients had NOM without splenic artery embolization (SAE) and 257 (5.84%) had NOM with adjunct SAE. Thirty-day readmission rate was higher in those who had adjunct SAE (12.84% vs 7.36%, P = .002). Subsequent operations during readmission were seen in 18.10% of readmitted patients and 38.10% of all patients were readmitted at nonindex hospitals. Major diagnoses on readmission were spleen injury (36.2%) and respiratory complications (9.05%). Adjunct SAE was an independent risk factor for readmission (adjusted odds ratio 1.82, 95% confidence interval 1.19 to 2.78). Conclusions Nearly one fifth of readmitted patients initially managed nonoperatively required an operative intervention. Improving predischarge assessments and postdischarge follow-up may reduce readmissions among these patients.
Acrylic Elastomers Preparation and Properties of Vulcanizable Acrylic Ester-Acrylonitrile Copolymers

Abstract Copolymers of various acrylic esters, from ethyl to octyl, with 5 to 15 per rent acrylonitrile or methacrylonitrile, were prepared by refluxing emulsion polymerization and in two instances by redox polymerization. These copolymers were easily vulcanized with sulfur and triethylene tetramine recipes. Heat-resistant vulcanizates were obtained from the copolymers of acrylonitrile with ethyl, butyl, amyl, and hexyl acrylates and also from the copolymer of methacrylonitrile with butyl acrylate. The octyl acrylate-acrylonitrile copolymers and the octyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, and acrylonitrile terpolymerse did not show similar heat resistance. Terpolymers obtained from ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, and acrylonitrile, however, produced heat-resistant vulcanizates. The vulcanizates of lowest brittle points were obtained from copolymers of the higher acrylic esters, but regardless of the acrylic ester used, the brittle point was considerably increased with increasing acrylonitrile content of the copol...
The “Dawn Phenomenon” — A Common Occurrence in Both Non-Insulin-Dependent and Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

The dawn phenomenon is a condition recently described in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) that is characterized by abrupt increases in fasting levels of plasma glucose or insulin requirements or both between 5 and 9 a.m., in the absence of antecedent hypoglycemia. To determine its potential clinical relevance, we assessed its frequency and reproducibility in 20 patients with IDDM and in 13 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) during overnight closed-loop (feedback-controlled) intravenous insulin infusion. After 6 a.m., plasma glucose levels increased similarly in NIDDM (89 +/- 2 mg per deciliter, midnight to 6 a.m., vs. 98 +/- 2 mg per deciliter, 6 to 9 a.m.; P less than 0.01). Insulin requirements increased at least 50 per cent for 1 1/2 hours in 77 per cent of patients with NIDDM and in 75 per cent of patients with IDDM. In five patients with IDDM who were studied on four occasions, the phenomenon occurred during 17 of the 20 observation periods, with insulin requirements after 6 a.m. increasing 225 +/- 34 per cent; coefficients of variation in individual patients ranged from 4 to 25 per cent. Thus, the dawn phenomenon occurs commonly in both NIDDM and IDDM, but its potential variability must be taken into consideration when one is attempting to adjust insulin doses.
A potentially functional variant in the serotonin transporter gene is associated with premenopausal and perimenopausal hot flashes.

Objective An increase in the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and/or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) to relieve menopausal hot flashes (HFs) has been observed recently. However, response to them has been heterogeneous. We hypothesized that this heterogeneity might be partially attributed to genetic variations in genes encoding the serotonin and/or norepinephrine transporters (SLC6A4 and SLC6A2). As a first step in testing the role of genetics in response to SSRIs/SNRIs, we examined the association between HFs and genetic variants within these two genes. Methods We tested 29 haplotype-tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms within SLC6A4 and SLC6A2 for their association with HFs separately for European-American (396 cases and 392 controls) and African-American (125 cases and 81 controls) premenopausal and perimenopausal women. Results We found that the minor allele of SLC6A4_rs11080121 was associated with protection against HFs (odds ratio, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.60-0.94) only in European-American women. Bioinformatics analyses indicated that rs11080121 is fully correlated with rs1042173 in the 3' untranslated region of SLC6A4. The minor allele of rs1042173 seems to disrupt a conserved binding site for hsa-miR-590-3p microRNA. Conclusions Disruption of a microRNA binding site leads to higher expression of SLC6A4, higher expression of SLC6A4 leads to depletion of serotonin in synaptic clefts, and depletion of serotonin triggers the presynaptic autoreceptor feedback mechanism to produce more serotonin, which is protective against HFs. This is the first study to test the association between HFs in both European-American and African-American premenopausal and perimenopausal women and genetic variants in two neurotransmitter transporter genes, SLC6A2 and SLC6A4. This information can be used in tailoring the pharmaceutical use of SSRIs/SNRIs for HF relief.
The Derivative of the Total Variation Function

(1971). The Derivative of the Total Variation Function. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 78, No. 10, pp. 1110-1112.
A Steep-Slope Tunnel FET Based SAR Analog-to-Digital Converter

This paper explores the energy efficiency advantage of a 6-bit III-V heterojunction tunnel field-effect transistor (HTFET) based successive-approximation register (SAR) analog- to-digital converter (ADC) with 20-nm gate length. Compared with the Silicon FinFET (Si FinFET) ADC, the HTFET SAR ADC achieves approximately 3 times power consumption reduction and 6 times size reduction. Signal-to-noise and distortion ratio is 31. 4d B for the HTFET SAR ADC, which is 2.81 dB higher than the Si FinFET ADC due to the decreased quantization noise rising from the high ON-current characteristic of HTFET at low supply voltage. The energy per conversion step for both HTFET and Si FinFET ADC designs are 0.43 and 1.65 fJ/conversion-step, respectively, at a fixed supply voltage of 0.30 V. Index Terms—Analog-to-digital converter (ADC), heterojunc- tion tunnel FET (HTFET), successive-approximation register (SAR), ultra-low-power.
Dissolved organic nitrogen in drinking water supplies: a review

Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) is an issue for the water field primarily due to the formation of disinfection by-products of health concern, and its potential role in membrane fouling. This article reviews the following DON issues: (1) analytical measurement, (2) occurrence, (3) structural composition, and (4) treatability during potable water treatment. There is no direct measurement for DON, rather DON is calculated by the difference between total dissolved nitrogen and inorganic nitrogen ions. DON concentrations range from 10 mg N/l with a median value of ∼0.3 mg N/l in surface waters. DON sources include wastewater discharges, agricultural fertilizers, algae, forest litter and soils. DON is comprised of a broad spectrum of molecular weight compounds encompassing multiple N-containing functional groups. Carbon to nitrogen ratios (C/N or DOC/DON) range between 5 and 100 mg C/mg N (median ∼15 mg C/mg N), and may be a good indicator of organic matter sources. During chlorination higher org-N content leads to (1) increasing chlorine demand, (2) production of di-HAA>tri-HAA, (3) production of HAA>THM, and (4) production of higher levels for halogenated (nitromethanes, HANs) and non-halogenated (NDMA) org-N DBPs. Information on DON removal during potable water treatment is lacking and should be a focus of future research.
Capacitive Coupling Detection and Characteristic Analysis of Partial Discharge in High-voltage XLPE Power Cable Joints

Five models of typical internal insulation defects are designed and a test platform for partial discharge(PD) research on cable accessories also is constructed in order to study PD characteristics of internal insulation defects in 110 kV XLPE cable joints.By use of capacitive coupling method,plenty of PD data are obtained for various models and the construction of related phase-resolved PD diagrams.Based on the third-order and fourth-order characteristic parameters,discharge characteristic analysis of a single pulse current is presented.The experimental results show that capacitive coupling method is effective for detecting PD signals from internal defects of cable joints without harmful influence on insulation properties of cables and cable joints.In addition,there are significant differences in the some statistical parameters(e.g.,discharge interval,discharge repetition rate)of PRPD(phase resolved partial discharge) diagrams and the third-order and fourth-order characteristic parameters of time-domain PD waveform which can be used as reference points for PD patterns.
Research of Computer Supported Collaborative Design Based on Intelligent Decision Support System

After analyzing the intelligent decision-making requirement for CSCD(Computer Supported Collaborative Design ),this paper puts forward a new intelligent decision-making-based CSCD framework (a.k.a.IDCF).It describes IDCF’s classify and refactory mechanism.Finally,it attemps to deal with the above requirement using a hybrid algorithm model combining greedy algorithm and similarity matching algorithm.
Perceived Physical Appearance: Assessing Measurement Equivalence in Black, Latino, and White Adolescents.

Author(s): Epperson, Anna E; Depaoli, Sarah; Song, Anna V; Wallander, Jan L; Elliott, Marc N; Cuccaro, Paula; Tortolero Emery, Susan; Schuster, Mark | Abstract: ObjectiveThis aim of this study was to examine whether the construct of physical appearance perception differed among the three largest racial/ethnic groups in the United States using an adolescent sample.MethodsBlack (46%), Latino (31%), and White (23%) adolescents in Grade 10 from the Healthy Passages study ( N = 4,005) completed the Harter's Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents-Physical Appearance Scale (SPPA-PA) as a measure of physical appearance perception.ResultsOverall, Black adolescents had a more positive self-perception of their physical appearance than Latino and White adolescents. However, further analysis using measurement invariance testing revealed that the construct of physical appearance perception, as measured by SPPA-PA, was not comparable across the three racial/ethnic groups in both males and females.ConclusionsThese results suggest that observed differences may not reflect true differences in perceptions of physical appearance. Measures that are equivalent across racial/ethnic groups should be developed to ensure more precise measurement and understanding.
A Qualitative Exploration of Romantic Partners’ Motives for and Content of Communication with Friends Following Negative Relational Events

The purpose of this study was to explore young adults’ motives for and content of extradyadic interactions with friends following a negative relational event in a romantic relationship. Focus group discussions with young adults revealed the following partner motives: improving affect, managing uncertainty, obtaining clarity, and entertainment. In turn, friends were motivated by issues of honesty, friendship quality, and a desire to protect or comfort their friend. Both partners and friends discussed the use of a variety of negative, neutral, and positive message content. Results provide an exploratory look at extradyadic interactions that may have important implications for relationship functioning.
Possibilities for Changing Capitalism from Within: Perspectives on Critical Management Studies

Scholars in the humanities and social sciences have given considerable attention to the deleterious effects of neoliberal, capitalist systems; however, the critique of capitalism does not emanate singularly from these academic areas. There is also an active and growing critique of capitalist systems from within the field of business by critical management studies theorists. This essay introduces the contemporary perspectives of Critical Management Studies (CMS) to an interdisciplinary audience for its potential to bridge some perceived ideological gaps between those disciplines that likewise offer critique of the systems of power that perpetuate the neoliberal state. I argue that CMS has a potentially important political voice to offer because of its inherently critical consideration of the normalized assumptions of organizations that reflect the aims of economic capitalism. Additionally as a political resource, CMS offers additional possibilities to de-center neoliberal discourse because of its academic location within the discipline of business. I suggest that CMS could be a vehicle for providing analytical focus on, and an accessible public voice to, those power structures of domination that populate the capitalist market system. This essay also provides a brief demonstration of the potential intersection of interdisciplinary and CMS scholarship through Clegg‘s circuits of power model.
A First Rare Species Action List for La Suerte and Ometepe: Correlates with Extinction, Invasion, Declines, the Allee Effect, and no Good Recovery in Island Habitats

Rare and endangered species attract attention everywhere; this is certainly true within the Western world. During any inventory work at the stations, questions about rare and endangered species come up quickly. It is a very popular topic and many individuals and organizations are interested in trying to save and study these species, or at least to claim doing so in public. It must be seen as a phenomenon why this topic ranks so high on the agenda for the public, in the commercial media, and with many conservationists and students? Perhaps rare species are indicative of how we as a society, perceive, interact with, and understand nature?
A nonlinear flow-transition criterion for the onset of slugging in horizontal channels and pipes

In this work, the interfacial instability and transition of a two-fluid flow from a stratified state to large amplitude waves or slugs is considered. By combining an asymptotic approximation of the linear Orr-Sommerfeld analysis with nonlinear resonant wave interaction theory, a novel nonlinear slug-transition criterion is derived. This criterion corresponds to a bounding condition on the upper fluid’s velocity in order to limit the amount of energy (provided by the linear instability) which is transferred to long waves through resonant wave interactions. It is proposed that such a condition can predict the formation of large-amplitude long waves and/or slugs. Quantitative comparisons of the onset of slugging are made between the prediction by the nonlinear transition criterion and the experimental measurements carried out in a horizontal square channel. Good agreement is observed. An additional heuristic model is developed which generalizes the transition criterion to flow through horizontal pipes. Comparisons are made for flows through different pipe diameters and over a wide range of fluid properties. Good agreement between the present theoretical predictions and the experimental measurements is also observed.
H&E-stained Whole Slide Image Deep Learning Predicts SPOP Mutation State in Prostate Cancer

The genetic basis of histological phenotype is well known in molecular pathology, such as CDH1 loss leading to a lobular rather than ductal phenotype in breast cancer. Unfortunately, these phenotypes are qualitative. Moreover, a single genetic alteration may evidence multiple and non-unique histologic features, such as TMPRSS2-ERG fusion giving rise to macronuclei, blue-tinged mucin, and cribriform pattern. A quantitative model to genetically interpret the histology is desirable to guide downstream immunohistochemistry, genomics, and precision medicine. We constructed a statistical model that predicts whether or not SPOP is mutated in prostate cancer, given only the digital whole slide after standard hematoxylin and eosin [H&E] staining. Using a cohort of 177 prostate cancer patients where 20 had mutant SPOP, we trained multiple ensembles of residual networks, accurately distinguishing SPOP mutant from SPOP wild type patients. To our knowledge, this is the first statistical model to predict a genetic mutation in cancer directly from the patient's digitized H&E-stained whole microscope slide.
Redox Paradox: Can Hypoxia Heal Ischemic Hearts?

Adult cardiomyocytes are largely thought to lack proliferative and therefore regenerative potential. Reporting in Nature, Nakada et al. (2016) find that a hypoxic regime reduces mitochondrial metabolism and promotes proliferation in adult mouse cardiomyocytes, resulting in increased regeneration following myocardial infarction. These findings suggest the potential to transform post-MI care.
Tumuge' Påpa' (Writing It Down): Chamorro Midwives and the Delivery of Native History

The Chamorro phrase tuge' pA¥pa' is a command to write it down. Over the years, "writing it down" would come to have different, often conflicted, meanings for me. As a Chamorro woman and writer, tuge' pA¥pa' would also come to mean access to nothing less than a complex Chamorro past and present of which I am a part. This essay considers the multiple applications of tuge' pA¥pa' within that broader enterprise Donna Haraway calls writing as a "freedom project." It explores the liberating and fraught moments of narrating the history of Chamorro women, especially through the use of family stories and memories. Examples will be drawn from a master's thesis on i pattera siha , prewar Chamorro nurse-midwives who underwent medical training and certification by the U.S. Naval Administration of Guam in the early 1900s.
Early Assessment and Correlations of Nanoclay's Toxicity to Their Physical and Chemical Properties.

Nanoclays’ functionalization with organic modifiers increases their individual barrier properties, thermal stability, and mechanical properties and allows for ease of implementation in food packaging materials or medical devices. Previous reports have shown that, while organic modifiers integration between the layered mineral silicates leads to nanoclays with different degrees of hydrophobicity that become easily miscible in polymers, they could also pose possible effects at inhalation or ingestion routes of exposure. Through a systematic analysis of three organically modified and one pristine nanoclay, we aimed to relate for the first time the physical and chemical characteristics, determined via microscopical and spectroscopical techniques, with the potential of these nanoclays to induce deleterious effects in in vitro cellular systems, i.e. in immortalized and primary human lung epithelial cell lines. To derive information on how functionalization could lead to toxicological profiles throughout nanocla...
Comparison of three multiplex gastrointestinal platforms for the detection of gastroenteritis viruses.

Abstract Background Viruses are major etiological agents of childhood gastroenteritis. In recent years, several molecular platforms for the detection of viral enteric pathogens have become available. Objective/study design We evaluated the performance of three multiplex platforms including Biofire’s Gastrointestinal Panel (FilmArray), Luminex xTAG ® Gastrointestinal Pathogen Panel (GPP), and the TaqMan Array Card (TAC) for the detection of five gastroenteritis viruses using a coded panel of 300 archived stool samples. Results The FilmArray detected a virus in 199 (96.1%) and the TAC in 172 (83.1%) of the 207 samples (187 samples positive for a single virus and 20 samples positive for more than one virus) whereas the GPP detected a virus in 100 (78.7%) of the 127 (97 positive for one virus and three positive for more than one virus) samples. Overall the clinical accuracy was highest for the FilmArray (98%) followed by TAC (97.2%) and GPP (96.9%). The sensitivity of the FilmArray, GPP and TAC platforms was highest for rotavirus (100%, 95.8%, and 89.6%, respectively) and lowest for adenovirus type 40/41 (97.4%, 57.9% and 68.4%). The specificity of the three platforms ranged from 95.6% (rotavirus) to 99.6% (norovirus/sapovirus) for the FilmArray, 99.6% (norovirus) to 100% (rotavirus/adenovirus) for GPP, and 98.9% (astrovirus) to 100% (rotavirus/sapovirus) for TAC. Conclusion The FilmArray demonstrated the best analytical performance followed by TAC. In recent years, the availability of multi-enteric molecular testing platforms has increased significantly and our data highlight the strengths and weaknesses of these platforms.
Structure: Multiplicity and Multiple in Deleuze and Badiou

This Chapter attends to multiplicity as structure in Deleuze’s and Badiou’s works, structures that are not articulated according to traditional philosophical conceptions of ‘the many,’ but are rather associated with mathematical paradigms. Bernhard Riemann’s continuous manifoldness and certain of its operational accompaniments inform Deleuze’s work, which I show in his account of the virtual Idea in Difference and Repetition and to the account of smooth and striated spaces in Plateau “1440: the Smooth and the Striated” in A Thousand Plateaus. Georg Cantor’s distinction of inconsistent from consistent multiples are at the foundation of Badiou’s ontology; Zermelo’s axiom of separation solves a problem (crystallized in Russell’s Paradox) about any possible relation between inconsistent and consistent multiples. Badiou’s work in Being and Event and a short description of inconsistent multiplicity in Briefings on Existence are the texts under investigation here.
Effectiveness of developmental intervention in the first five years of life.

Developmental intervention in the first 5 years of life is an expanding, complex enterprise. Documenting efficacy by traditional scientific methods has proven to be elusive for a number of practical reasons, e.g., target population heterogeneity, methodology variability, inadequate outcome measures, and cost of longitudinal cohort designs. Nevertheless, despite these shortcomings, there is accumulating research information as to which types of intervention approaches are likely to be most beneficial to specific groups of infants and children and their families. It is quite clear that preventive strategies for at-risk children and families are different than ameliorative strategies for children with established disabilities. It is also clear that comprehensive evaluation of effectiveness must include consideration of both functional child gains (e.g., social, communication, mobility, and adaptive skills) and enhancement of family function. It is the pediatrician's responsibility to be adequately informed about contemporary developmental interventions in order to balance parental hopes and needs with potential benefits.
Biological Studies of the Nosology of the Major Psychoses: A Status Report on the Schizoaffective Disorders

Although there are various criteria for schizoaffective disorders, all of them embody some combinations of symptoms associated with both schizophrenia and affective disorders, together with some features of the course of schizophrenia or affective disorders and various exclusionary provisions (Brockington and Meltzer 1983). The combination of clinical features usually associated with the two major forms of psychosis is the essence of the schizoaffective concept. Some theories of schizoaffective illness suggest that it is a form of schizophrenia (American Psychiatric Association 1968; Lehmann 1975), a form of affective illness (Pope and Lipinski 1978), or some intermediate state (Procci 1976) or that it may be part of a continuum which embraces all the major psychoses (Tsuang and Simpson 1984). Genetic (Abrams 1984), clinical outcome (Harrow and Grossman 1984), treatment response (Goodnick and Meltzer 1984), and biological studies (Meltzer et al. 1984a) have been utilized to attempt to clarify these issues.
Pace of Life and Quality of Life: The Slow City Charter

This chapter introduces the Slow City movement and presents case studies of Italian, German, and British towns. The Slow City movement – sometimes also called Citta Slow or Citta Lente – began in October 1999 when four Italian towns started to apply the ideas of Slow Food to urban planning. Since then, more than 77 cities have joined and are committed to implementing a charter and adhere to a 54-point criteria list. The criteria represent a unique community quality-of-life indicator system that addresses issues of environmental protection and sustainable urban development, urban design and form, the support of local products, and educational awareness. The Slow City charter forms the philosophical basis for a set of action-oriented indicators. Member towns are obliged to pursue local projects that protect local traditions and cultures, contribute to a relaxed pace of life, create conviviality and hospitality, and promote a unique sense of place and local distinctiveness. We describe the Slow City Movement approach to indicator systems that strives for broad sustainability and place-making goals and deep commitments to policy action.
Liquid medication dosing errors.

Background Our goal was to examine the following issues relevant to the use of liquid medications: (1) which liquid medication dosing devices are commonly owned and used; (2) the ability of potential patients to accurately measure liquids using 3 different dosing devices; (3) their ability to correctly interpret a variety of dosing instructions; and (4) their ability to correctly interpret a pediatric dosing chart. Methods One hundred thirty volunteers from the waiting areas of 3 primary care clinics in the St. Paul, Minnesota, area were interviewed. Participants were shown 7 liquid dosing devices and were asked which they had in their homes and which they had ever used. The participants were tested and scored on their ability to measure liquid medicines and interpret dosing instructions accurately. The total performance score was determined, with a maximum obtainable score of 11. Results A household teaspoon was the device most frequently used for measuring liquid medication. Women and participants with more education had higher total performance scores. Common errors included misinterpreting instructions, confusing teaspoons and tablespoons on a medicine cup, and misreading a dosage chart when weight and age were discordant. Conclusions Clinicians need to be aware that many people continue to use inaccurate devices for measuring liquid medication, such as household spoons. They should encourage the use of more accurate devices, particularly the oral dosing syringe. Clinicians should always consider the possibility of a medication dosing error when faced with an apparent treatment failure.
Outcome in 242 in vitro fertilization-embryo replacement or gamete intrafallopian transfer-induced pregnancies.

Abstract Two centers combined data on 152 in vitro fertilization embryo replacement and 90 gamete intrafallopian transfer generated pregnancies. The outcomes of the pregnancies with respect to abortion, ectopic gestation, and multiple gestation were evaluated independently by method and by center. Only with multiple gestation by center was a difference seen. Variables examined included estradiol levels, luteal phase support, maternal age, and prior reproductive history, and the number of eggs or embryos replaced.
Self-reported reproductive health experiences in women with von Willebrand disease: a qualitative interview-based study.

Von Willebrand disease (VWD) is the most commonly inherited bleeding disorder (Sadler et al. 2000). Up to 1% of the population may have evidence of VWD on laboratory testing, though only a small pe...
Spall fracture in additive manufactured tantalum

We present a series of experiments on the response of additive manufactured (AM) tantalum to dynamic loading, specifically the spall strength. Rectangular plates of AM tantalum were produced, with subsequent characterization revealing a highly anisotropic microstructure. Samples were taken from these plates to investigate the effect of anisotropy on the spall strength: the resistance to high strain-rate tensile damage. A conventional, wrought tantalum sample, possessing an equiaxed microstructure, was also tested to serve as a control. Shock loading was performed via light gas-gun flyer-plate impact experiments, with laser velocimetry on the rear of the samples to record the shock wave profiles and soft-recovery techniques to allow post-mortem analysis. In general, the AM samples were found to have a higher Hugoniot elastic limit, the dynamic yield strength under shock loading, while having a reduced spall strength, when compared to the wrought tantalum samples.
A Western-Type Dietary Pattern Induces an Atherogenic Gene Expression Profile in the Coronary Arteries of the Ossabaw Pig.

Background Current cardiovascular risk reduction guidance focuses on shifts in dietary patterns, rather than single foods or nutrients. Experimental studies are needed to identify the mechanisms by which food-based diets affect the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 2 food-based dietary patterns and statin therapy on the transcriptome of the left anterior descending coronary artery of the Ossabaw pig. Methods Pigs were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups and fed isocaloric diets for 6 mo; Heart Healthy-style diet (HHD) (high in unsaturated fat, unrefined grain, fruits/vegetables) or Western-style diet (WD) (high in saturated fat, cholesterol, refined grain), with or without atorvastatin. A 2-factor edge R analysis was used to determine differential gene expression in the left anterior descending coronary artery. Results Relative to the HHD, the WD resulted in the differential expression of 143 genes, of which 139 genes were upregulated and 4 genes were downregulated (all log fold change ≥0.6, false discovery rate <0.10). The WD, compared with the HHD, resulted in the statistically significant upregulation of 8 atherosclerosis-associated pathways implicated in immune and inflammatory processes. There were no genes with significant differential expression attributable to statin therapy. Conclusions These data suggest that a WD induces alterations in the transcriptome of the coronary artery consistent with an inflammatory atherogenic phenotype in the Ossabaw pig with no significant modification by concurrent statin therapy.
A comprehensive review of compound inundation models in low-gradient coastal watersheds.

Abstract Extreme coastal flooding poses a major threat to human life and infrastructure. Low-gradient coastal watersheds can be vulnerable to flooding from both intense rainfall and storm surge. Here we present a comprehensive review of the most recent studies that quantify extreme flooding using variations of a compound inundation model. A compound inundation model may consist of different numerical models, observed data, and/or a combination of these. The definitions, advantages, and limitations of each joining technique are discussed with the goal of enabling and focusing subsequent research. Future investigation should focus on the development of a tight-coupling procedure that can accurately represent the complex physical interactions between storm surge and rainfall-runoff. A more accurate compound flood forecast tool can help decision-makers, stakeholders and authorities converge on better coastal resiliency measures that can potentially save human lives, aid in the design of structures and communities, and decrease property damage.
H3+, the ideal probe for in situ measurement of the Galactic cosmic rays.

The reason why H3+ is an ideal probe for in situ measurement of cosmic ray energy density in the Galaxy is discussed. The variation of measured values of cosmic ray ionization rate of H2 since the ...
A Ball-Rod Rolling Contact Fatigue Tester

This paper describes the development of an accelerated rolling contact fatigue tester that minimizes the testing variables through the use of simple, expendable components. The important design features of the tester and the specimen and rolling element finishing technique are described. Test results comparing two similar testers are presented for both steel and ceramic.
The Adaptive Expertise of Expert ELT Textbook Writers

Although the ELT (English Language Teaching) materials development literature points to the influence of classroom experience on materials design, the literature is less specific about how such exp...
Calibration and Processing of a Waveform MDRF for a Clinical Gamma Camera

A classic clinical gamma camera was reverse engineered and retrofitted for the use of time dependent waveform maximum-likelihood techniques for the task of gamma-ray event parameter estimation. The original detector electronics were outfitted with tap-in circuit boards that intercept the photomultiplier tube (PMT) signals. These amplifiers send the temporal PMT voltage signal to off-camera 12-bit waveform digitizers. To include the temporal waveform data into the maximum-likelihood estimation of gamma-ray event parameters, waveform Mean Detector Response Functions (MDRF) are necessary. The collection of this MDRF differs substantially from conventional MDRFs because additional high-speed acquisition electronics must be used. The MDRF calibration requires 3 main processing steps which are done with a conventional MDRF: a spectral filter; a smoothing/fitting step; and a position-estimation filter. The waveform MDRF information can then be extracted from this result by tracking which events are filtered out from the dataset.
Differential and synergistic roles of 17β-estradiol and progesterone in modulating adult female rat nucleus accumbens core medium spiny neuron electrophysiology

Naturally occurring cyclical changes in sex steroid hormones such as 17β-estradiol and progesterone can modulate neuron function and behavior in female mammals. One example is the estrous cycle in rats, which is composed of multiple phases. We previously reported evidence of differences between estrous cycle phases in excitatory synapse and intrinsic electrophysiological properties of rat nucleus accumbens core (AcbC) medium spiny neurons (MSNs). The AcbC is a nexus between the limbic and premotor systems and is integral for controlling motivated and reward-associated behaviors and disorders, which are sensitive to the estrous cycle and hormones. The present study expands our prior findings by testing whether circulating levels of estradiol and progesterone correlate with changes in MSN electrophysiology across estrous cycle phases. As part of this project, the excitatory synapse and intrinsic excitability properties of MSNs in late proestrus of adult female rats were assessed. Circulating levels of estradiol correlate with resting membrane potential, the time constant of the membrane, and rheobase. Circulating levels of progesterone correlate with miniature excitatory postsynaptic current (mEPSC) frequency and amplitude. Circulating levels of estradiol and progesterone together correlate with mEPSC amplitude, resting membrane potential, and input resistance. The late proestrus phase features a prominent and unique decrease in mEPSC frequency. These data indicate that circulating levels of estradiol and progesterone alone or in combination interact with specific MSN electrophysiological properties, indicating differential and synergistic roles of these hormones. Broadly, these findings illustrate the underlying endocrine actions regarding how the estrous cycle modulates MSN electrophysiology.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This research indicates that estradiol and progesterone act both differentially and synergistically to modulate neuron physiology in the nucleus accumbens core. These actions by specific hormones provide key data indicating the endocrine mechanisms underlying how the estrous cycle modulates neuron physiology in this region. Overall, these data reinforce that hormones are an important influence on neural physiology.
P > .05: The incorrect interpretation of "not significant" results is a significant problem.

Statistically nonsignificant (p > .05) results from a null hypothesis significance test (NHST) are often mistakenly interpreted as evidence that the null hypothesis is true-that there is "no effect" or "no difference." However, many of these results occur because the study had low statistical power to detect an effect. Power below 50% is common, in which case a result of no statistical significance is more likely to be incorrect than correct. The inference of "no effect" is not valid even if power is high. NHST assumes that the null hypothesis is true; p is the probability of the data under the assumption that there is no effect. A statistical test cannot confirm what it assumes. These incorrect statistical inferences could be eliminated if decisions based on p values were replaced by a biological evaluation of effect sizes and their confidence intervals. For a single study, the observed effect size is the best estimate of the population effect size, regardless of the p value. Unlike p values, confidence intervals provide information about the precision of the observed effect. In the biomedical and pharmacology literature, methods have been developed to evaluate whether effects are "equivalent," rather than zero, as tested with NHST. These methods could be used by biological anthropologists to evaluate the presence or absence of meaningful biological effects. Most of what appears to be known about no difference or no effect between sexes, between populations, between treatments, and other circumstances in the biological anthropology literature is based on invalid statistical inference.
Public Health Approach to Gun Violence Prevention: Remove the Gun Handle

This chapter provides an overview of the public health approach to addressing injury and illness, and recounts successes in the field. It then details strategies for a public health approach to gun violence, and includes recommendations for the future.
Parietooccipital Symptomology: The Split-Brain Perspective

During the period in which Lashley was promoting the view that cortical functions in the rat defied localization, clinical observations of humans with focal brain lesions were painting quite a different picture of cerebral organization. Localized damage to specific cortical regions was found to result in specific behavioral disturbances. Moreover, the behavioral disorders that emerged seemed to be dependent on the hemisphere damaged as well as on the intrahemispheric location of the pathology. This approach to brain and behavior caught on, and the field of neuropsychology was the result.
A Polarization Contrast Retina Using Patterned Iodine-doped PVA Film

Many insect species and some animals can sense light polarization in their environment, but humans are blind to this property of light. In this paper, we present a one-dimensional polarization imager as an example of a polarization retina, and we describe recent advances in developing a high resolution, integrated, two dimensional polarization retina. We discuss how iodine-doped poly(vinyl alcohol) linear polarizers can be processed using standard microfabrication lithographic techniques to delineate features with resolution comparable to pixel sizes of standard imagers.