cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reverse Regression: The Algebra of Discrimination

How should discrimination in the marketplace be defined? The answer is less obvious than it might seem. As Conway and Roberts (1983) suggest, there are various definitions. The data may suggest that for given qualifications, in given jobs, women are paid less than men, suggesting discriminatory behavior. But the same data set may or may not suggest that at given salary levels, women and men have the same qualifications. What should we conclude in the case of a conflict? The reverse is also possible, and it leaves the same problem. All of this may be moot, of course. Discrimination is what we say it is. As generally applied with respect to people already on the job, the law speaks in terms of wages for given qualifications in given jobs. The second form of discrimination mentioned here admits of no clear-cut remedy. As such, at least as commonly applied, the received wisdom defines discrimination (in the setting assumed here) in terms of equal pay. Nonetheless, the identification of the second form of discrimination might be of some interest. The more common view of discrimination fits neatly into a multiple-regression framework. Conway and Roberts (1983) and Kamlich and Polachek (1982) suggest an alternative regression strategy, "reverse regression," for dealing with the second type. Some strong conclusions are drawn in the first of these studies, the primary one being that
Intrinsic Information of Wideband Channels

The ability to exchange secret messages and protect against security attacks becomes increasingly important for providing information superiority and confidentiality in modern information systems. These systems require shared secret keys, which can be generated from common random sources with known distributions. However, the assumption on the distribution of the sources may not hold in many realistic scenarios. In this paper, we establish a mathematical framework for secret-key generation using common unknown deterministic sources (UDSs). In particular, we propose a new information measure called intrinsic information to characterize the achievable length of the secret key that can be generated from a UDS. As a case study, we consider a wideband propagation medium in mobile wireless networks as a UDS and derive its intrinsic information as a function of various network parameters. Our results provide a non-Bayesian perspective for secret-key generation as well as practical implications of this new perspective.
The effect of wave steepness on wave velocity

Theoretical equations are presented for the effect of wave steepness on wave velocity. Experimental data are presented to show that for practical purposes this effect can be neglected.
Let truth be thy aim, not victory: Comment on theory-based exposure process

Abstract The successful application of cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and other anxiety problems is arguably one of the greatest recent success stories in psychotherapy research and practice. Several large clinical trials, multiple meta-analyses, and several effectiveness studies have shown variations of CBT to be effective for treating OCD in both children and adults. Unfortunately, there is also evidence that many individuals who receive the recommended “dose” of CBT experience significant and problematic residual symptoms and relapse after treatment. So it is important that we also make efforts to improve treatment engagement, response, and maintenance. This timely series brought together leading authorities on CBT for OCD to begin to explore whether a better understanding of how exposure-based techniques are incorporated into treatment might provide valuable insights into how to improve outcomes.
Concentration of Mammalian Genomic DNA Using Two-Phase Aqueous Micellar Systems

The concentration of biomarkers, such as DNA, prior to a subsequent detection step may facilitate the early detection of cancer, which could significantly increase chances for survival. In this study, the partitioning behavior of mammalian genomic DNA fragments in a two-phase aqueous micellar system was investigated using both experiment and theory. The micellar system was generated using the nonionic surfactant Triton X-114 and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Partition coefficients were measured under a variety of conditions and compared with our theoretical predictions. With this comparison, we demonstrated that the partitioning behavior of DNA fragments in this system is primarily driven by repulsive, steric, excluded-volume interactions that operate between the micelles and the DNA fragments, but is limited by the entrainment of micelle-poor, DNA-rich domains in the macroscopic micelle-rich phase. Furthermore, the volume ratio, that is, the volume of the top, micelle-poor phase divided by that of the bottom, micelle-rich phase, was manipulated to concentrate DNA fragments in the top phase. Specifically, by decreasing the volume ratio from 1 to 1/10, we demonstrated proof-of-principle that the concentration of DNA fragments in the top phase could be increased two- to nine-fold in a predictive manner.
The probabilities of some epidemic models

A model is proposed that encompasses Downton's carrier-borne epidemic model, which can also be viewed as an extension of the general stochastic epidemic model allowing for removal of susceptibles as well as infectives. A recursive procedure is given leading to a solution for the state probabilities at any point in time and detailed comments are made about the validity of the method for Downton's model.
Critical Liquid Velocities for Low Concentration Sand Transport

The transport of solid particles is a concern for several industries and has been the source of extensive research for many years. One topic that has been studied is the critical velocity required to transport particles, but the transport behavior used to determine the critical velocity can be different. For example, one commonly defined critical velocity is the minimum velocity necessary to keep the particles fully suspended. However, this study examined the sand behavior with two different definitions for critical velocity. The first definition simply requires the sand to move enough to prevent a permanent bed from forming. The sand behavior when this velocity requirement is met can be described as intermittent scouring and stopping. All particles do not need to move continuously. The second definition of critical liquid velocity requires the sand particles to continuously move along the bottom of the pipe. The sand behavior when this velocity requirement is met is described as continuous scouring and not fully suspended. Numerous past experiments have amassed a significant amount of slurry data, but the majority of the data is for particle volume concentrations greater than 1%. However for many cases such as in oil and gas production, particle concentrations much below 1% are present. So to examine transport for lower concentrations, experiments were conducted for volume concentrations of 0.01%, 0.1%, and 1%. Three different sand diameters and two different liquid viscosities were also used to observe their effects on the critical liquid velocities. All tests were conducted in transparent, horizontal pipe to observe particle behavior. Results have shown that as particle size, concentration, and liquid viscosity increase, the required critical liquid velocity also increases. Experimental results are compared to existing data and models to examine the effect of concentration, focusing on volume concentrations below 1%.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Poland's quest for economic stabilisation, 1988–91: Interaction of political economy and economics

Poland’s stabilization program of January 1990 has attracted widespread attention.1 It is so far the boldest attempt to transform a socialist economy suffering from a high degree of instability (inflation, shortages) into a stable capitalist economy. It thus involves two separate components: macroeconomic stabilization and systemic reform. In this chapter we shall be concerned with the first component. This chapter is organized in four sections. In the first two sections we examine, respectively, the Price and Income Operation of February 1988 (the so-called second stage of reform) and the change in policy that ensued under the Rakowski government, including the removal of food subsidies in August 1989. The third section discusses the January 1990 Stabilization program.
Adaptation of an ecdysone-based genetic switch for transgene expression in soybean seeds.

Soybean was used as a model for studies of chemical induction of gene expression in seeds. A chimeric transcriptional activator, VGE, driven by the soybean seed glycinin G1 promoter, was used to induce the expression of an ER-targeted GFPKDEL reporter protein upon addition of the chemical ligand, methoxyfenozide. The chemical gene switch activated gene expression under in vitro conditions in somatic cotyledonary embryos and zygotic seed embryos cultured from transgenic soybean plants, as well as in seeds in planta under greenhouse conditions. The efficiency of induction of GFP expression under different growth conditions was strongly influenced by the developmental stage of the seed and availability of the inducer. The formation of ER-derived GFP-containing protein bodies in seed storage parenchyma cells was correlated with the level of induced expression.
Molecular Interactions between the HSV-1 Capsid Proteins as Measured by the Yeast Two-Hybrid System

Abstract HSV-1 B capsids are composed of seven major proteins, designated VP5, VP19C, 21, 22a, VP23, VP24, and VP26. VP indicates that the capsid protein is also a component of the infectious virion. Capsid proteins 21, 22a, and VP24 are specified by a single open reading frame (UL26) that encodes 635 amino acids. An objective of the work in our laboratory is to identify and map interactions among and between capsid proteins. In the present studies we employed the yeast GAL4 two-hybrid system developed by Fields and his colleagues ( Nature 240, 245–246 (1989)) for this purpose. DNA corresponding to the capsid open reading frames was derived as a PCR product and fused to sequences of the GAL4 activation and DNA binding domains. Using this system each of the capsid proteins has been tested for interactions with all of the other capsid proteins. Three interactions have been identified: a relatively strong self-interaction between 22a molecules (residues 307–635 of UL26), bimolecular interactions between 22a and VP5, and another between VP19C and VP23. The interactions were detected by the expression of β-galactosidase enzyme activity, and yielded 289, 86, and 63 units of enzyme activity, respectively. For the 22a self-interaction, elimination of residues 611–635 resulted in an approximately twofold decrease in enzyme activity. The C-terminal 25 amino acids of 22a were also essential for the bimolecular interaction between 22a and VP5.
Electrostatic parameters of the theoretical quaternary structure of bovine α-crystallin

By changing the ionic strength, the effects of charge modification on the electrostatic properties of our predicted ‘open’ micellar quaternary structure composed of bovine αA subunits were determined. The electrostatic potential values (o) at 6 arbitrary points surrounding the protein and at all atomic sites of the protein were calculated using the non-linear Poisson-Boltzmann equation. The effective charge (q) of our predicted aggregate ranged from 16 at 0.0022 M to 45 at 0.1472 M ionic strengths. The variation of potential (o), as well as charge, is a hyperbolic function of ionic strength (R2, 0.901). Plotting the inverse charge (l/q) against inverse ionic strength (1/I) it is possible to calculate maximum charge (qmax) (-48) at saturation. This value is close to previously reported experimental (50±5), and our theoretical charge (45), values at physiological ionic strength (0.145 M). These data indicate that maximal repulsion among the α-crystallin aggregates occurs at or near physiological ionic strength. Also, half-maximal charge (qmax/2) at 0.003-0.004 M indicates a transition state at very low ionic strength. The calculated volume available for the mobile solvent in our quaternary structure is -70%. These data are in good agreement with experimental values for bovine α-crystallin in solution reported by Xia et al. (Biophys. J., 1994; 66: 861-872). This agreement provides support for our predicted models of α-crystallin and a level of confidence in the reliability of the theoretical calculations. Since an ionic gradient exists between the lens cortical and nuclear regions, the modification of charge on α-crystallin by varying ionic strength could contribute to the function of α-crystallin as a modulator of lens supermolecular order during fiber cell maturation.
Dependency Analyzer: a knowledge-based approach to structural disambiguation

To resolve structural ambiguities in syntactic analysis of natural language, which are caused by prepositional phrase attachment, relative clause attachment, and so on, we developed an experimental system called the Dependency Analyzer. The system uses instances of dependency structures extracted from a terminology dictionary as a knowledge base. Structural (attachment) ambiguity is represented by showing that a word has several words as candidate modifiees. The system resolves such ambiguity as follows First, it searches the knowledge base for modification relationships (dependencies) between the word and each of its possible modifiees, then assigns an order of preference to these relationships, and finally selects the most preferable dependency. The knowledge base can be constructed semi-automatically, since the source of knowledge exists in the form of texts, and these sentences can be analyzed by the parser and transformed into dependency structures by the system. We are realizing knowledge bootstrapping by adding the outputs of the system to its knowledge base.
Renal function in chronic hydronephrosis with and without infection and the role of the lymphatics. An experimental study in dogs

Renal function, rate of urine turnover in the renal pelvis, and the role of the renal lymphatics were studied in dogs during total ureteral occlusion lasting from 6 to 34 days with and without induced infection. — Glomerular filtration rate, effective renal plasma flow, concentration ability, and tubular reabsorption of sodium and potassium were followed. The concentrations of 2 radiolabelled clearance substances, iothalamate and o-iodohippurate, as well as those of sodium, potassium, and total protein were determined in hilar and/or subcapsular lymph obtained by cannulization of the lymphatics. — In uninfected hydronephrosis, concentration ability as well as sodium and potassium reabsorption were impaired as compared with control kidneys. In infected hydronephrosis, these partial functions were not maintained. Turnover in the occluded renal pelvis, ranged from 0.04 to 0.16 ml per minute. Following ureteral occlusion of 1 week, pyelolymphatic reabsorption into hilar, but not subcapsular lymph could be demonstrated.
Fatty acid specificity in the inhibition of cell proliferation and its relationship to lipid peroxidation and prostaglandin biosynthesis

Primary cultures of smooth muscle cells were established from the medial layer of guinea pig aorta. Cells at passage level 4 were treated with different series of fatty acids belonging to the n-9, n-6 and n-3 families. Lipid peroxidation was measured by the thiobarbituric acid assay and prostaglandin biosynthesis was measured by the radioimmunoassay of PGE and 6-keto-PGF1α. Cell proliferation was estimated from the total cell number of cultures seeded at low density. 18∶1(n-9) did not form lipid peroxides and this fatty acid stimulated cell proliferation. All fatty acids which generated lipid peroxides inhibited cell proliferation, but inhibition was correlated with the degree of lipid peroxidation only in the n-9 fatty acid family. 22∶4(n-6) and 22∶6(n-3) inhibited prostaglandin biosynthesis. 18∶2(n-6), 18∶2(n-9), 18∶3(n-3), 20∶2(n-9), 20∶3(n-3) and 20∶5(n-3) had no effect on prostaglandin biosynthesis. 18∶3(n-6), 20∶3(n-6) and 20∶4(n-6) generated prostaglandins. 20∶3(n-9) generated metabolites with prostaglandin immunoreactivity. The inhibition of cell proliferation did not correlate with enhanced or inhibited prostaglandin synthesis. The inhibition of cell proliferation was related to the structures of the different polyunsaturated fatty acid families decreasing in the order n-9>n-6>n-3. Eicosatrienoic acids were the most effective inhibitors of cell proliferation in each fatty acid family and 20∶3(n-9) was the most potent eicosatrienoic acid. These data show that specific as yet unrecognized products of fatty acid metabolism are responsible for the inhibition of cell proliferation.
Neutron capture cross sections near 30 keV using a Moxon-Rae detector

Abstract Neutron radiative capture cross sections have been measured using a Moxon-Rae detector, for neutrons near 30 keV. A time-of-flight system with less than 3 ns resolution and a 7 cm flight path has been shown applicable to small sample measurements. Cross sections at 30 keV for Mo, Cd, Sn, Ta, W, Pt and Au and cross sections versus energy for fluorine, sulphur and yttrium are presented.
On the Basic Dynamics of Regional Cyclogenesis

Abstract This paper investigates the dynamics of regional cyclogenesis from the perspective of local instability of a zonally inhomogeneous baroclinic jet streak in a two-layer quasi-geostrophic beta-plane channel model. When such a representative jet streak is embedded in a background uniform vertical shear UT, there are both local and global unstable normal modes. In the absence of such a background shear (UT = 0), only the local modes are unstable. The shorter the jet is, the fewer local modes would there be. A local mode consists of a group of dominant waves that jointly give rise to a maximum local energy downstream of the jet core. Its existence is independent of the cyclical boundary condition. The growth rate of a local mode diminishes rapidly when the constant part of the basic zonal wind U0 is increased. A global mode, on the other hand, largely consists of a single wave and its growth rate is much less sensitive to U0. These properties are qualitatively similar to those in the WKB solution. The...
Plasma Propulsion Possibilities

Plasma propulsion systems are arranged in three categories according to the cyclic nature of the jet produced; 1) steady, 2) alternating or wave-accelerated, and 3) pulsed. Typical systems within each category are described with emphasis on work being done at the NASA Lewis Research Center. The criteria for evaluating the relative merits of these systems are listed and the advantages and disadvantages pointed out. Such parameters as energy efficiency and propellant utilization must be measured before conclusions can be reached as to the eventual applicability of any of these systems.
The role of tuning curve variables and threshold measures in the estimation of sensory cell loss.

Auditory-evoked potential tuning curves were collected at six frequencies before and 30 days after various noise exposures in 363 chinchillas using a simultaneous masking paradigm. Traditional bivariate and multiple linear regression/correlation analyses were performed in an effort to determine the extent to which sensory cell damage could be estimated from a knowledge of audiometric and tuning curve variables. The results showed strong correlations between percent outer hair cell (%OHC) loss and permanent threshold shift (PTS) and between %OHC loss and the tuning curve variables Q10 dB and high- and low-frequency slopes (SHF, SLF). The correlations were strongest between PTS and %OHC loss. However, the proportion of variability (r2) in %OHC loss attributable to variability in the predictor variable(s) (i.e., PTS) could be increased significantly by adding the Q10 dB of the tuning curve whose probe frequency was centered in the octave band length of the cochlea corresponding to the frequency at which the ...
Accuracy of duplex scanning in the detection of stenosis after carotid endarterectomy

The results of duplex ultrasonography in grading stenosis after carotid endarterectomy (78 sites) were compared with those of contrast angiography in 71 patients studied for recurrent or contralateral occlusive disease of the carotid bifurcation. Duplex and angiographic studies were performed within one month of each other at a mean postoperative interval of 44 months (range 3 to 122 months). Stenosis of the common carotid (CCA) and internal carotid artery (ICA) was classified into five disease categories (normal or less than 15% diameter reduction [DR], 16% to 49% DR, 50% to 75% DR, greater than 75% DR, and occlusion). The overall accuracy of duplex scanning compared with angiography in predicting recurrent carotid bifurcation disease was 83%, a level of agreement similar to classification of disease involving the nonoperated, contralateral bifurcation (overall accuracy 87%). Recurrent stenosis (greater than 50% DR) or occlusion of the CCA or ICA after endarterectomy was identified with an accuracy of 97%. Overestimation of severity of recurrent stenosis accounted for 11 of 13 duplex classification errors (85%). Presence of moderate (30% to 50% DR) recurrent stenosis of the CCA, tortuosity of the ICA, and severe contralateral carotid bifurcation disease were associated with velocity spectra that predicted a more severe recurrent stenosis at the endarterectomy site compared with angiographic grading. The level of agreement between duplex scanning and angiography was comparable to the interobserver variability in angiographic interpretation. The accuracy reported justifies the use of duplex scanning to grade the severity of carotid bifurcation recurrent stenosis and to follow these lesions for disease progression.
Measurement of the lift force developed in an oscillating and translating hydrodynamic sector bearing

Abstract The lift force developed on a hydrodynamic sector bearing during simultaneous transverse oscillation and translation was experimentally measured. The film remained laminar with a film Reynolds number approaching unity. The experimental data were compared with predictions from lubrication theory for several conditions of bearing orientation and vibration amplitude and frequency. At unsteady Reynolds number Reo = 1.19 phase shifts in lift force up to 123.5° and force amplitude increases up to 590% are measured relative to those predicted by lubrication theory. The inertia of the lubricant film is believed to be the principal cause of these effects.
A kinetic study of the photochemical inactivation of adenylate kinases of Mycobacterium marinum and bovine heart mitochondria.

Using incident light energy of about 76 mW.cm-2 in a dye-sensitized photooxidation reaction, we have investigated the possible involvement of one or both of the histidine residues in the catalytic activity of adenylate kinase (ATP:AMP phosphotransferase) of Mycobacterium marinum. We have done this by investigating the kinetics of photochemical inactivation of the enzyme. At pH 7.4, the kinetics of photoinactivation are biphasic with two different pseudo-first-order rate constants. Adenosine 5'-pentaphospho 5'-adenosine (Ap5A), ATP and, to some extent, AMP, all gave protection to the enzyme from inactivation. Amino-acid analysis of the photoinactivated enzyme indicated the loss of the two histidine residues. This, and the fact that photoinactivation occurred faster at alkaline compared to acidic pH, indicated the involvement of the histidine residues in the catalytic activity. A mathematical model is developed which assumes that both histidine residues are required for maximal catalytic activity: one is located peripherally, is exposed, and therefore is readily photooxidized (pseudo-first-order rate constant, k1 = 1.3.10(-2)s-1), while the other is located at the active site, involved in substrate-binding and is shielded (pseudo-first-order rate constant, k2 = 2.9.10(-4)s-1). However, this shielded histidine could be exposed and made more accessible to photooxidation either by raising the pH above 10, or alternatively, by the addition of 8 M acetamide (or 6 M guanidine). Under these conditions, which apparently cause unfolding of the protein molecule, the kinetics of photoinactivation change from biphasic to monophasic, suggesting that both histidine residues are equally exposed and are photooxidized at the same rate. Unlike the enzyme from M. marinum, adenylate kinase from bovine heart mitochondria shows monophasic kinetics of photoinactivation at pH 7.4, suggesting that only one of the six histidine residues is essential for catalytic activity, or if more than one, then they all must be equally exposed. Further, ATP, AMP or Ap5A did not provide protection against photoinactivation, suggesting that the histidine residue(s) involved in the catalytic activity must remain exposed after the substrates bind at the active site of the mitochondrial enzyme.
Effects of stopping leakage on coal mine ventilation systems

This paper deals with the effects of air leakage from intake to return airways through a series of stoppings on the analysis of coal mine ventilation. The mathematical model which assumes continuous leakage along adjoining intake and return airways is reviewed, and a new mathematical approach is presented based upon the concentrated leakage through individual stoppings. The procedure incorporating the new method in the analysis of coal mine ventilation networks is also discussed.
Brain neurosecretory cell and ecdysiotropin activity of the non-diapausing, pre-diapausing and diapausing southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella Dyar

Abstract The location and number of brain neurosecretory cells were studied in the larval southwestern corn borer. One posterior, two median and two lateral groups of paraldehyde-fuchsin positive cells were found in each cerebral hemisphere. Implantation of brain parts containing different groups of neurosecretory cells revealed that the median neurosecretory cells contained higher ecdysiotropic activity than the other cell groups. In vitro culture of ecdysial gland with brain or brain-parts extract showed also that the median neurosecretory cells contained much higher ecdysiotropic activity than other neurosecretory cells. To estimate the ecdysiotropic activity of pre-diapausing 6th instar larvae, their brain or brain extract was incubated in culture medium containing an ecdysial gland from a day-4 last-instar non-diapausing larva. Data showed that the ecdysiotropic activity in the pre-diapausing larvae was far lower than in non-diapausing and diapausing larvae.
DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY TO ENCEPHALITOGENIC PROTEIN IN DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS

Abstract The lymphocytes from two patients with primary demyelinating diseases showed significant transformation when stimulated by a pure encephalitogenic myelin basic protein. In addition lymphoblasts undergoing mitosis were found in their peripheral blood. Radioimmunoassay did not reveal any antibody to the encephalitogenic protein. Both the patients had atopic histories, and one had a brother with disseminated sclerosis.
Treatment of pemphigus vulgaris with brief, high-dose intravenous glucocorticoids

Objective: To determine if intravenous high-dose "pulse" glucocorticoid therapy induced remission or reduced subsequent requirements for orally administered glucocorticoids in pemphigus vulgaris. Design: Retrospective, case-controlled study. Setting: Academic referral center. Patients or Other Participants: Fifteen patients, all of whom had pemphigus vulgaris, were included in the analysis. The group comprised all patients with pemphigus vulgaris seen during 11.5 years who did not initially respond to low doses ( Interventions: One group received very high-dose intravenous pulse(s) of methylprednisolone sodium succinate (Solu-Medrol) (n=9). The other group did not receive intravenous pulse therapy (n=6). Main Outcome Measures: Glucocorticoid dose and status of disease. Results: Patients treated with pulse therapy and control patients treated with conventional oral prednisone had similar initial disease severity. Six of the 9 patients who received pulse therapy showed improvement of their pemphigus vulgaris, and 4 of the 9 had discontinued all glucocorticoids and were in remission at mean (±SEM) 269±27 days. They have continued in remission without receiving prednisone for a mean of 714± 142 days. Therapeutic benefit was seen in patients who received pulse therapy early or late after beginning glucocorticoid therapy. In contrast, none of the 6 control patients has achieved long-term remissions without therapy. All of the controls have had long courses of glucocorticoid therapy, with a mean of 1467±112 days of prednisone treatment. Overall, the mean (±SEM) prednisone dose between days 350 and 500 from onset of glucocorticoid therapy was 9.2±4.2 mg/d for those who received pulse therapy vs 21.0±3.3 mg/d ( P 2 Conclusions: High-dose pulse administration of glucocorticoids is a potentially effective therapy to be considered in the treatment of patients with severe pemphigus vulgaris. Similar patients treated with conventional orally administered doses of prednisone had protracted courses requiring years of glucocorticoid therapy with no long-term remissions. Arch Dermatol. 1996;132:1435-1439
Effects of enhanced UV-B radiation (280–320 nm) on ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase in pea and soybean

Abstract Pea (Pisum sativum (L.) cv. Little Marvel) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Bragg) were grown and exposed to UV-B radiation under greenhouse conditions. The effects of UV-B radiation on activities and kinetics of ribulose-1,5,-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPcase) in both pea and soybean and on growth, chlorophyll, carotenoids and soluble protein in pea were investigated. Plants were irradiated for 6 hr daily from the day of planting with supplemental UV-B radiation which was provided by two Westinghouse FS-40 fluorescent sun lamps filtered with 0.127 mm film of cellulose acetate (UV-B treatment) or 0.127 mm film of Mylar®S (Mylar control). Three UV-B radiation levels were used: 1.09 (treatment T1), 1.36 (treatment T2) and 1.83 (treatment T3) UV-Bseu where 1 UV-Bseu equals to 15.98 mW m−2 of weighted solar UV-B irradiance obtained by applying the weighting function,EXP-[(λ −265)/21]2, which was designed to simulate the DNA absorption spectrum. These UV-B levels corresponded to 6, 21 and 36% calculated decreases in stratospheric ozone concentration for treatment T1, T2 and T3, respectively. In pea plants, stem lengths, plant weights, chlorophyll, carotenoids and soluble protein decreased with increased levels of UV-B radiation. Leaf pigment extracted with 80% acetone from UV-B-treated pea plants showed an increase in absorption in the waveband from 330 to 400 nm. The Vmax (HCO3−1) of RuBP case from T3 pea plant leaves was 58% of that of the control. The Km (CO2) values were 22.4 and 33.9 μM for Mylar control enzyme and T3 enzyme, respectively. The Vmax (RuBP) value of RuBPcase of T3 leaf samples was 42% of that of the conrol. The Km (RuBP) values were 0.36 and 0.14 mM for RuBPcase of the Mylar control and T3 treatment, respectively.
Hypertext in literary education, criticism, and scholarship

After describing the English course and the particular hypertext system that supports it at Brown University, the essay surveys the materials on Context32, that part of the system devoted to literature courses, and narrates how a student uses the system during a typical session in our electronic laboratory/classroom. Next, it presents evidence of the effects of such information technology on student performance, after which it examines the relation of hypertext to contemporary literary theory, in particular to the ideas of decentering, intertextuality, and anti-hierarchical texts. Finally, it explains the continuing developments of Intermedia.
Estimation of the composition of the cuticular wax of the Mormon cricket, Anabrus simplex Hald.

Abstract The lipid solvent extractable material from the cuticle of Anabrus simplex Hald. (Mormon cricket) has been examined in an effort to elucidate its chemical composition. Hydrocarbons, free fatty acids, esters, free cholesterol, and acidic resins are present in measurable amounts. Infra-red spectrophotometry, column chromatography, and gas chromatography have been utilized for the separation and characterization of these various components.
Effect of dose size on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous hydrocortisone during endogenous hydrocortisone suppression

The pharmacokinetics of hydrocortisone were examined following single intravenous doses of 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg hydrocortisone, as the sodium succinate salt, to healthy male volunteers. Endogenous hydrocortisone was suppressed by administration of 2 mg dexamethasone the night before hydrocortisone injection. Plasma samples obtained serially during 8 h after hydrocortisone injection were assayed by reversephase HPLC using a fixed wavelength (254 nm) ultraviolet detector. Initial concentrations of hydrocortisone in plasma were proportional to dose size. The subsequent decline in hydrocortisone concentrations was biphasic, and individual data sets were adequately described in terms of the pharmacokinetic two-compartment open model. Values of pharmacokinetic parameters were similar from the 5, 10, and 20 mg doses. Following the 40 mg dose, the overall elimination rate constant decreased, while the distribution volume, Vdss,and plasma clearance increased, in comparison with the values obtained from lower doses. Changes in the pharmacokinetics of hydrocortisone at high doses may be related to drug concentrationdependent changes in the binding of hydrocortisone to plasma proteins. Previously reported dosedependent changes in some pharmacokinetic parameters following oral hydrocortisone are attributed to absorption rather than distribution or elimination effects.
Evidence-based diabetes screening during pregnancy.

The concept of gestational diabetes was described more than a half century ago and has been studied extensively for more than 30 years. Available data indicate that the prevalence is highly variable, probably reflecting underlying risk factors. In addition, gestational diabetes is not a specific disease, but rather an abnormal laboratory value. Criteria for diagnosis are variable, and there is little agreement about who should be screened, if screening should be selective or universal, or how screening should be performed. Moreover, the most commonly used criteria in the United States differ from the European and World Health Organization standard criteria. This article describes the background for diabetes testing, current evidence for testing and diagnosis in pregnant women, “risks” of diagnosis, and various screening procedures and protocols, using data-based evidence when available. Midwifery practice recommendations are also made, including examination of risk factors as clinical decisions are made about guidelines.
What does sigmoidoscopy really miss?: Lewis JD, Kimmie NG, Hung KE, et al., Detection of proximal adenomatous polyps with screening sigmoidoscopy—a systematic review and meta-analysis of screening colonoscopy, Arch Intern Med 2003;163:413–20

Abstract The relative effectiveness of flexible sigmoidoscopy compared with colonoscopy to screen for colorectal cancer depends on the magnitude of the association between findings in the proximal and distal colon and the false-negative rate of screening sigmoidoscopy for proximal neoplasia. Lewis et al. performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of screening colonoscopy studies. Published studies through July 31, 2000 of asymptomatic patients undergoing screening colonoscopy were identified from the MEDLINE database. The authors generated pooled estimates of the odds ratio for the association between findings in the distal and proximal colon and the prevalence of isolated proximal adenomatous neoplasia. With the sigmoid–descending colon junction used to identify the beginning of the distal colon, the pooled odds ratio for the association between distal adenomatous polyps and any proximal neoplasia was 2.40 (95% confidence interval [Cl] = 1.42–4.05). Diminutive distal adenomatous polyps were also associated with proximal neoplasia (odds ratio = 2.36; 95% CI = 1.30–4.29). Distal hyperplastic polyps were not associated with proximal neoplasia (odds ratio = 1.44; 95% CI = 0.79–6.62). The prevalence of isolated advanced proximal neoplasia in the three studies was 2%, 3%, and 5%, respectively. When the sigmoid–descending colon junction is used to identify the beginning of the distal colon, this yields a pooled estimate of isolated proximal neoplasia of 16.3% (95% CI = 13.6%–19.1%). Distal adenomatous polyps, including diminutive distal adenomatous polyps, are associated with an increasing prevalence of synchronous proximal neoplasia. From 2% to 5% of patients undergoing screening colonoscopy might have isolated advanced proximal neoplasia.
The Structure and Goals of a Student Teaching Program and the Character and Quality of Supervisory Discourse.

Abstract This study compares the form and substance of supervisory discourse between university supervisors and elementary student teachers during postobservation conferences in two teacher education programs with similar organizational structures but with very different ideological orientations. One program represents a traditional-craft orientation to teacher education while the other represents an inquiry-oriented approach. The findings indicate a great deal of similarity with regard to both the form and substance of supervisory discourse in the two programs and suggest the need for changes in the organizational context of student teaching if innovations in the curriculum of student teaching are to be realized.
Nutrition of cephalopods: Fueling the system

Cephalopods offer a unique model for studying animal nutrition due to the predominance of their amino acid metabolism. Since cephalopods grow at rapid rates for most of their life cycle (3–10% body weight d‐1), the demands on protein synthesis are high. As a result, cephalopod body composition ranges between 75–85% protein on a dry weight basis and they are efficient at assimilating proteins (apparent protein digestibility >85%). Furthermore, the protein/energy ratio required for optimum growth (>50 g protein MJ energy‐1) appears to be significantly greater than for other aquatic invertebrates or fishes (20–30 g protein MJ energy‐1). This high protein/energy ratio indicates that protein should not be considered separately from energy in cephalopods. Attempts to supply high levels of protein (>35% of diet on a wet weight basis) to cuttlefishes with moist prepared diets (pellets and surimi) have been successful in terms of palatability (feeding rates ≈ 8% body weight d‐1) but growth rates (0.7–1.0% body wei...
A Review of Carolyn Chen’s Getting Saved in America: Taiwanese Immigration and Religious Experience

Carolyn Chen’ Getting Saved in America: Taiwanese Immigration and Religious Experience examines the impact of immigration on the religious practices of Taiwanese American Christians and Buddhists. In particular, the author studies how recent immigrants from Taiwan either convert to evangelical forms of Christianity or identify as explicit Buddhists as a way to remake the self in a particularly American context. By offering a dual tradition focus, the author provides significant insight into the relationship between gender, religious, and ethnic identities for Taiwanese Americans. Reviewing the centrality of religion in the lives of Taiwanese American Christians and Buddhists and its similar function in the lives of Korean American Buddhists, this review essay addresses how Asian American forms of religion and spirituality are reinterpreted to address the complex renegotiation of identities that take place for recent immigrants. This review essay also examines the process of religious conversion by questioning whether the move from one religious tradition to another can be understood as an additive process rather than a complete transition and addressing the impact of conversion on later generations.
Cortisol release in response to UVB exposure in Xiphophorus fish.

Abstract Xiphophorus fishes are comprised of 26 known species. Interspecies hybridization between select species has been utilized to produce experimental models to study melanoma development. Xiphophorus melanoma induction protocols utilize ultraviolet light (UVB) to induce DNA damage and associated downstream tumorigenesis. However, the impact of induced stress caused by the UVB treatment of the experimental animals undergoing tumor induction protocols has not been assessed. Stress is an adaptive physiological response to excessive or unpredictable environmental stimuli. The stress response in fishes may be measured by an assay of cortisol released into the water. Here, we present results from investigations of stress response during an experimental treatment and UVB exposure in Xiphophorus maculatus Jp 163 B, Xiphophorus couchianus, and F1 interspecies hybrids produced from the mating X. maculatus Jp 163 B × X. couchianus. Overall, cortisol release rates for males and females after UVB exposure showed no statistical differences. At lower UVB doses (8 and 16 kJ/m2), X. couchianus exhibited 2 fold higher levels of DNA damage then either X. maculatus or the F1 hybrid. However, based on the cortisol release rates, none of the fish types tested induced a primary stress response at the UVB lower doses (8 and 16 kJ/m2). In contrast, at a very high UVB dose (32 kJ/m2) both X. maculatus and the F1 hybrid showed a 5 fold increase in the cortisol release rate. To determine the effect of pigmentation on UVB induced stress, wild type and albino Xiphophorus hellerii were exposed to UVB (32 kJ/m2). Albino X. hellerii exhibited 3.7 fold increase in the cortisol release while wild type X. hellerii did not exhibit a significant cortisol response to UVB. Overall, the data suggest the rather low UVB doses often employed in tumor induction protocols do not induce a primary stress response in Xiphophorus fishes.
Treatment of symptoms in multiple sclerosis

The current focus regarding treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) to be on therapies that may alter the course of the disease. Some of the evidence regarding the efficacy of these treatments is based on changes in the appearance of neuroimaging studies of the brain and spinal cord and not on the effect of these treatments on clinical symptomatology. Since most of our patients with MS continue to be symptomatic despite the use of immunomodulating agents, it is important for the treating neurologist to be familiar with treatments for these symptoms, many of which are extremely disabling to the patient. Knowing how to deal with common complaints/symptoms of MS enables us to better practice the art of neurological care.
Influence of positive inotropic agents on intracellular calcium transients. Part I. Normal rat heart

Abstract This study, which was designed to evaluate the effects of positive inotropic agents on intracellular calcium transients ([Ca 2+ ]i), is the first to analyze calcium transients in the whole heart. The positive inotropic agents that augment intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) (dibutyryl CAMP, amrinone, and isoproterenol) caused an increase in developed pressure and [Ca 2+ ]i transients and a decrease in diastolic [Ca2+]i. On the other hand, the glycoside digoxin and the a-adrenoceptor agents, phenylephrine and dobutamine, also caused an increase in [Ca 2+ ]i transients and developed pressure. However, unlike the agents that increase [cAMP]i, they induced an elevation in diastolic [Ca 2+ ]i. With all the positive inotropic agents, developed pressure increased commensurately with the percentage changes in amplitude of the [Ca 2+ ]i transients.
Comment on “Low‐altitude signatures of the cusp and flux transfer events” by Lockwood and Smith

Commentaire de l'article de Lockwood M. et Smith M. F. (1989, Geophys. Res. Lett., 16) et reponse des auteurs
Development of the multi-mode external lighting system for aircraft (M2ESA)

This paper documents the development of the Multi-Mode External Lighting System for Aircraft (M 2 ESA), a solid-state near-IR and visible light emitting diode-based programmable system designed to replace existing incandescent navigation lights on the exterior of military aircraft, and tailored for use with night vision goggles. Integrated systems of optics, electronics and mechanical structures were designed that were compatible with legacy aircraft systems, and which thus conformed to rigid configuration requirements and severe volume constraints. The genesis of the concept, evolution and general architecture of the system, top-level performance and environmental requirements, integration on the designated aircraft platform (the F-15), and general results of flight demonstration assessments are described.
LKB1 preserves genome integrity by stimulating BRCA1 expression

Serine/threonine kinase 11 (STK11, also known as LKB1) functions as a tumor suppressor in many human cancers. However, paradoxically loss of LKB1 in mouse embryonic fibroblast results in resistance to oncogene-induced transformation. Therefore, it is unclear why loss of LKB1 leads to increased predisposition to develop a wide variety of cancers. Here, we show that LKB1 protects cells from genotoxic stress. Cells lacking LKB1 display increased sensitivity to irradiation, accumulates more DNA double-strand breaks, display defective homology-directed DNA repair (HDR) and exhibit increased mutation rate, compared with that of LKB1-expressing cells. Conversely, the ectopic expression of LKB1 in cells lacking LKB1 protects them against genotoxic stress-induced DNA damage and prevents the accumulation of mutations. We find that LKB1 post-transcriptionally stimulates HDR gene BRCA1 expression by inhibiting the cytoplasmic localization of the RNA-binding protein, HU antigen R, in an AMP kinase-dependent manner and stabilizes BRCA1 mRNA. Cells lacking BRCA1 similar to the cell lacking LKB1 display increased genomic instability and ectopic expression of BRCA1 rescues LKB1 loss-induced sensitivity to genotoxic stress. Collectively, our results demonstrate that LKB1 is a crucial regulator of genome integrity and reveal a novel mechanism for LKB1-mediated tumor suppression with direct therapeutic implications for cancer prevention.
Examining the Effects of Race and Communication Style on Ethical Leadership Perceptions

There is a paucity of ethical leadership research examining the effects that a leader’s demographic characteristics and communication style may have on their ethical leadership perceptions. This gap is surprising given empirical evidence suggesting the influence of ethical leadership perceptions to numerous positive organizational outcomes. This study is one of the first to examine the relationship between the race of a leader, a leader’s ethical communication style, and their subsequent ethical leadership perceptions. Using a sample of nearly 200 respondents, we empirically test under what conditions the race of a leader impacts ethical leadership perceptions. Findings indicate that leaders using high ethical communication can mitigate the effects of aversive racism in ethical leadership judgments. Results suggest that organizational leaders should be concerned about the way in which they communicate ethical messages to their employees.