cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Liuhe County HIV/AIDS Epidemiological Analysis

OBJECTIVE To analyze the Liuhe County AIDS virus (HIV) infection and the incidence trend for further provide the basis for AIDS prevention and treatment work. METHOD 1993—2006, HIV / AIDS epidemiological analysis of case information. RESULTS 10 cases of HIV / AIDS infected people (patients) were China, of which eight cases of this County, one cases of Yunnan, one cases Sichuanese.Four cases of overseas locations, two cases in domestic AIDS-endemic areas of Yunnan, Sichuan,four cases in the local (for HIV / AIDS spouse). The main channels of communication channels (8 / 10). CONCLUSION Liuhe County AIDS in the period of rapid growth, strengthening behavioral intervention, dangerous change (sexual) act, which effectively curbed the spread of AIDS and pop the fundamental measures.
Selection in natural populations. IV. British housemice ( Mus musculus )

In a number of populations of semi-commensal housemice in England and Wales, the older individuals are on the average larger and more variable in molar width than the younger individuals of the same populations. Several environmental variables have been shown to be unimportant with respect to these within-population differences, and it therefore seems likely that the differences in this age-invariant character are due to directional and destabilizing natural selection.
Older adult awareness of the influence of cardiovascular disease risk factors on cognitive function

Aims and objectives The aims of the current study were to (i) assess older people's awareness of the association between CVD risk factors and cognitive function; and (ii) examine whether awareness varies as a function of demographic factors. Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors have been linked to subtle deficits in cognitive function. CVD risk factors increase the risk of cognitive decline and dementia. The association between cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and cognitive decrements has been well documented among older people; however, we are unaware of any studies that have measured older people's awareness of this relationship in an effort to assess educational needs. Design A descriptive, cross-sectional survey design was employed. Methods Community-based older adults aged 60 and older completed a survey that assessed their knowledge of the association between CVD risk factors and cognitive function. Results One hundred fifty older adults, with a mean age of 72.88 years, completed the survey. Results showed that over 75% of the sample was aware that CVD risk factors affect cognitive function. White older adults and older adults with greater perceived financial well-being tended to be more aware of these relationships than non-White participants with less perceived financial well-being. Conclusions Results suggest that many, but not all older people have awareness of this relationship. As such, there is a need for increased education about the cognitive effects of CVD risk factors, particularly among older people who are already at risk for developing CVD and those with lesser financial well-being. Implications for Practice Appropriate educational strategies can expose older patients to the importance of healthy lifestyle and self-care to maintain cognitive function. Nurses can incorporate education into care by identifying patients that would benefit from tailored interventions and providing information to at-risk patients about how to maintain their cognitive function through management of specific CVD risk factors.
Morel-Lavallée Lesion of the Knee in a Recreational Frisbee Player.

Traumatic swelling/effusion in the knee region is a relatively common presenting complaint among athletes and nonathletes. Due to its broad differential diagnosis, a comprehensive evaluation beginning with history and physical examination are recommended. Knee joint effusion can be differentiated from other types of swelling by careful physical examination. Imaging, including plain radiography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), is preferred modality. Aspiration of a local fluctuating mass may help with the diagnosis and management of some of these conditions. We present a case of a 26-year-old gentleman with superomedial Morel-Lavallee lesion (MLL) of the knee with history of a fall during a Frisbee game. His MLL was successfully treated with therapeutic aspiration and compression wrap without further sequelae. MLL is a rare condition consisting of a closed degloving injury caused by pressure and shear stress between the subcutaneous tissue and the superficial fascia or bone. Most commonly, MLL is found over the greater trochanter and sacrum but in rare cases can occur in other regions of the body. In most cases, concurrent severe injury mechanisms and concomitant fractures are present. MLL due to sports injuries are very rare. Therapeutic strategies may vary from compression wraps and aspiration to surgical evacuation.
Template Free and Binderless NiO Nanowire Foam for Li-ion Battery Anodes with Long Cycle Life and Ultrahigh Rate Capability.

Herein, NiO-decorated Ni nanowires with diameters ca. 30–150 nm derived from Ni wire backbone (ca. 2 μm in diameter) is directly synthesized on commercially available Ni foam as a renovated anode for Li-ion batteries. Excellent stability with capacity 680 mAh g−1 at 0.5C (1C = 718 mA g−1) is achieved after 1000 cycles. Superior rate capability is exhibited by cycling at extremely high current rates, such as 20C and 50C with capacities ca. 164 and 75 mAh g−1, respectively. The capacity can be recovered back to ca. 430 mAh g−1 in 2 cycles when lowered to 0.2C and stably cycled for 430 times with capacity 460 mAh g−1. The NiO nanowire foam anode possesses low equivalent series resistance ca. 3.5 Ω, resulting in superior power performance and low resistive losses. The NiO nanowire foam can be manufactured with bio-friendly chemicals and low temperature processes without any templates, binders and conductive additives, which possesses the potential transferring from lab scale to industrial production.
Founder Competence, the Environment, and Venture Performance:

This research presents a parsimonious model of venture performance that incorporates individual founder, firm, and environmental characteristics. Specifically, It examines the moderating effect of founder competencies on venture performance in a sample of 155 manufacturing firms in northwestern Pennsylvania. In support of our hypotheses, the results indicate that individual level competencies moderate the relationships between the quality of the opportunity and firm performance and access to resource-based capabilities and firm performance.
Vapor-Phase Raman Spectra and the Barrier to Planarity of Cyclohexane

The vapor-phase Raman spectra of an atmosphere of cyclohexane vapor heated to 90 and 110 °C collected over a large period of time and utilizing a high laser power of 4 W show hot band series starting at 380.8 cm–1 and corresponding to the v6(A1g) ring-inversion vibration. Fitting this data with a one-dimensional potential energy function allows the barrier to planarity of 8600 cm–1 (24.6 kcal/mol) to be calculated. Ab initio calculations (MP2/cc-pVTZ) predict a value of 10 377 cm–1 (29.7 kcal/mol), while DFT (B3LYP/cc-pVTZ) calculations predict 8804 cm–1 (25.2 kcal/mol).
Dynamic energy management needs in low-energy buildings imposed by stochastic solar resources

This paper introduces various electrical and thermal energy generation, consumption, and storage components in solar powered low-energy buildings. Dynamic management of such energy components is essential given the stochastic solar resources. Emphasis is put on power electronic HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning) drives, which can act as an effective electric swing bus to mitigate solar power variability. In doing so, grid power flows become substantially more constant, reducing the need for fast grid resources or dedicated energy storage such as batteries. The concept is equivalent to using building thermal energy as virtual dynamic storage in support of power grid operation. The paper defines a bandwidth over which such HVAC drives can operate. A practical band-pass filter is realized that provides 1) lower frequency bounds such that the building maintains consistent room temperature via the HVAC system as demonstrated by a thermal modeling study, and 2) upper frequency bounds that ensure commanded HVAC fan speeds do not update arbitrarily fast. The latter primarily avoids acoustic discomfort to users. The combination is illustrated by experimental results based on various update rates of a variable frequency fan drive over a sample of actual stochastic solar data. Building electrical and thermal energy systems modeling by MATLAB is addressed throughout the paper, including solar and HVAC systems as well as batteries and water tanks.
The "Rhythmic Fingerprint": An Extension of the nPVI to Quantify Rhythmic Influence

This article is in response to Leigh VanHandel's "The War of the Romantics: An Alternate Hypothesis Using nPVI for the Quantitative Anthropology of Music." (2016) I address comments made in VanHandel's response and propose a new tool, the "rhythmic fingerprint," to move away from representing a composer as a single value (e.g. mean nPVI) and more accurately quantify and classify rhythmic influence within a composer's lifetime.
ATF5 regulates β-cell survival during stress

The stress response and cell survival are necessary for normal pancreatic β-cell function, glucose homeostasis, and prevention of diabetes. The homeodomain transcription factor and human diabetes gene pancreas/duodenum homeobox protein 1 (Pdx1) regulates β-cell survival and endoplasmic reticulum stress susceptibility, in part through direct regulation of activating transcription factor 4 (Atf4). Here we show that Atf5, a close but less-studied relative of Atf4, is also a target of Pdx1 and is critical for β-cell survival under stress conditions. Pdx1 deficiency led to decreased Atf5 transcript, and primary islet ChIP-sequencing localized PDX1 to the Atf5 promoter, implicating Atf5 as a PDX1 target. Atf5 expression was stress inducible and enriched in β cells. Importantly, Atf5 deficiency decreased survival under stress conditions. Loss-of-function and chromatin occupancy experiments positioned Atf5 downstream of and parallel to Atf4 in the regulation of eIF4E-binding protein 1 (4ebp1), a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway component that inhibits protein translation. Accordingly, Atf5 deficiency attenuated stress suppression of global translation, likely enhancing the susceptibility of β cells to stress-induced apoptosis. Thus, we identify ATF5 as a member of the transcriptional network governing pancreatic β-cell survival during stress.
Medical device design - an introduction to systems risk

Medical devices which are developed for human application can be used for diagnostic purposes. Researchers faced with some of the complex tasks that are making a medical device safe for human use. This means that the device should be safe, accurate and cost effective risk management that involves the identification, understand, control, and prevent failures that results in hazards exposures while humans use medical devices. Risk and hazard analysis, is a structured tool for evaluating the potential problems that could lead to encountered in connection with the use of taking a drug, or using a medical device. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the importance analysis of risk analysis, application of risk management tools, and the benefit of the risk management process. The final goal is to minimise use-related hazards, assure that intended users will be able to use the medical devices safely and effectively throughout the product life cycle, and to facilitate review of new device submissions and design control documentation.
Subcellular distribution of serine hydroxymethyltransferase in Plasmodium lophurae.

Abstract Subcellular fractions of the bird malaria, Plasmodium lophurae were prepared by differential centrifugation. Cytochrome oxidase activity was located in the mitochondrial fraction. A major portion of glutamate dehydrogenase activity was found in the mitochondrial fraction with the remainder in the ribosomal and cytosolic fractions. Malate dehydrogenase and serine hydroxymethyltransferase activities were located primarily in the cytosolic fraction.
The rise of reading analytics and the emerging calculus of reader privacy in the digital world

This paper studies emerging technologies for tracking reading behaviors (“reading analytics”) and their implications for reader privacy, attempting to place them in a historical context. It discusses what data is being collected, to whom it is available, and how it might be used by various interested parties (including authors). I explore means of tracking what’s being read, who is doing the reading, and how readers discover what they read. The paper includes two case studies: mass-market e-books (both directly acquired by readers and mediated by libraries) and scholarly journals (usually mediated by academic libraries); in the latter case I also provide examples of the implications of various authentication, authorization and access management practices on reader privacy. While legal issues are touched upon, the focus is generally pragmatic, emphasizing technology and marketplace practices. The article illustrates the way reader privacy concerns are shifting from government to commercial surveillance, and the interactions between government and the private sector in this area. The paper emphasizes U.S.-based developments.
Reducing radiation dose and enhancing imaging quality of 4DCT for radiation therapy using iterative reconstruction algorithms.

Abstract Purpose Four-dimensional computed tomography (CT) images are typically used to quantify the necessary internal target volumes for thoracic and abdominal tumors. However, 4-dimensional CT is typically associated with excessive imaging dose to patients and the situation is exacerbated when using repeat 4-dimensional CT imaging on a weekly or daily basis throughout fractionated therapy. The aim of this work is to evaluate an iterative reconstruction (IR) algorithm that helps reduce the imaging dose to the patient while maintaining imaging quality as quantified by point spread function and contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs). Methods and materials An IR algorithm, SAFIRE, was applied to CT data of a phantom and patients with varying CT doses and reconstruction kernels. Phantom data enable measurements of spatial resolution, contrast, and noise. The impact of SAFIRE on 4-dimensional CT was assessed with patient data acquired at 2 different dose levels during image guided radiation therapy with an in-room CT. Results Phantom data demonstrate that IR reduces noise approximately in proportion to the number of iterations indicated by the strength (SAFIRE 1 to SAFIRE 5). Spatial resolution and contrast are conserved independent of dose and reconstruction parameters. The CNR increases with an increase of imaging dose or an increase in the number of iterations. The use of IR on CT sets confirms the results that were derived from phantom scans. The IR significantly enhances single breathing phase CTs in 4-dimensional CT sets as assessed by CT number discrimination. Furthermore, the IR of the low dose 4-dimensional CT features a 45% increase in the CNR in comparison with the standard dose 4-dimensional CT. Conclusions The use of IR algorithms reduces noise while preserving spatial resolution and contrast, as evaluated from both phantom and patient CT data sets. For 4-dimensional CT, the IR can significantly improve image quality and reduce imaging dose without compromising image quality.
Simultaneous Design of Underwater Acoustic Sensor and Communication Networks

Many papers discuss challenges and solutions pertaining to underwater networks that make use of acoustic waves for either detection or communication purposes. However, no known solution yet exists for jointly conceiving network performing both tasks. This publication proposes a procedure addressing this shortcoming. While considering environmental conditions and physical design decisions, the approach leads to a closed-form expression that has an optimal communication source level solution. Moreover, results compare favorably with experimental data.
Serum albumin concentration and risk of end-stage renal disease: the REGARDS study.

Background Serum albumin concentration is a commonly available biomarker with prognostic value in many disease states. It is uncertain whether serum albumin concentrations are associated with incident end-stage renal disease (ESRD) independently of urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR). Methods A longitudinal evaluation was performed of a population-based community-living cohort from the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study. Participants were ≥45 years of age at study entry and had serum albumin, creatinine, cystatin C and spot urine ACR measured at the baseline visit (n = 19 633). Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was from the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration combined creatinine-cystatin C equation. Baseline serum albumin concentration was the predictor variable, and hazard ratios (HRs) for incident ESRD (from US Renal Data System linkage) were calculated in sequentially adjusted models. Results Age at study entry was 63.9 ± 9.7 years, 62% of the participants were female and 40% were black. Mean eGFR at baseline was 83.3 ± 20.8 mL/min/1.73 m2. Over a median 8-year follow-up, 1.2% (n = 236) developed ESRD. In models adjusted for baseline eGFR, ACR and other ESRD risk factors, the HR for incident ESRD was 1.16 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01-1.33] for each standard deviation (0.33 g/dL) lower serum albumin concentration. The HR comparing the lowest (<4 g/dL) and highest quartiles (≥4.4 g/dL) of serum albumin was 1.61 (95% CI 0.98-2.63). Results were qualitatively similar among participants with eGFR <60 and ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2, and those with and without diabetes. Conclusions In community-dwelling US adults, lower serum albumin concentration is associated with higher risk of incident ESRD independently of baseline urine ACR, eGFR and other ESRD risk factors.
The role of rehabilitation after regenerative and orthobiologic procedures for the treatment of tendinopathy: a systematic review

Aim Significant variability exists in the literature, with no clear consensus to the optimal protocol after a regenerative procedure. Given this uncertainty, the authors systematically reviewed the literature cataloging the different variables that may influence outcomes. Methods Search was limited to randomized clinical trials and prospective cohort studies of regenerative procedures for the treatment of tendinopathy. Variables were predetermined, and included: cyrotherapy, pre- and post-procedure nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs use, recommendations for alternative pain medications, immobilization and duration of rest. Variables were categorized based on the influence of the intervention on the three phases of healing. Results 749 studies were assessed for eligibility, and 60 studies were included. Significant variability existed in the literature. Conclusion Despite the importance of rehabilitation after regenerative procedures, there is a paucity of evidence available to guide clinicians and highlights the need for additional validation.
Saturn: Herr der Ringe

Saturn ist der sechste Planet von der Sonne aus gesehen und damit der entfernteste Planet, der noch mit blosem Auge sichtbar ist. Er bewegt sich am langsamsten durch die Sternbilder des Tierkreises. Die Griechen gaben ihm den Namen Kronos, nach dem Vater Jupiters, wahrend die Romer ihn nach dem Gott des Landbaus benannten. Griechen und Romer verbanden mit ihm den Gott der Zeit.
Reverse Engineering Stone Atlatl Dart Points

Reverse engineering provides a way, in the absence of contemporary documentation, to deduce from physical principles the functional traits of artifacts. Constraints on atlatl dart point design serv...
Analysis of sugars and phenolic compounds in bio-oil

The overall goal of this research is to develop methods for analyzing and recovering sugars and phenolic compounds from bio-oil. Specific objectives include (1) adapting analytical methods developed for sugar analysis in the food industry to measure total water-soluble sugars in the aqueous phase of bio-oil; (2) adapting analytical methods developed for total phenolic analysis of wine to measure total phenolic content of bio-oil; (3) separate the heavy fraction of bio-oil into a concentrated sugar solution and a phenolic oligomer-rich raffinate; and (4) determine the effect of pyrolysis temperature on the yield of sugars and phenolic compounds in bio-oil. Recent research at Iowa State University suggests that bio-oil may be the most economical approach to advanced biofuels production. Produced from the fast pyrolysis of biomass, bio-oil contains hundreds of chemical compounds that complicate their accurate and cost-effective chemical analysis. Among the most commercially important components of bio-oil are sugars and phenolic compounds. Both are difficult to analyze because of the large number of variations that can occur and potential interferences with other bio-oil components. The approach to this research was to adapt chemical analysis methods developed by food chemistry to quantify total sugars and phenolic compounds using standardized test methods. The Association of Analytical Communities, Inc. (AOAC) Official Method of Analysis 988.12 (44.1.30) Phenol-Sulfuric Acid Assay for Total Carbohydrate Determination was utilized to quantify water-soluble sugars and the Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) colorimetry method was used to quantify total phenolic compounds in bio-oil. Bio-oil produced from fast pyrolysis of biomass contains sugars originating from cellulose. Traditional quantification of sugars in bio-oil is accomplished by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) via derivatization, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ion chromatography (IC), or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methodologies. These techniques are highly specific for each sugar, tedious to perform, expensive, and involve the use of hazardous solvents. A standardized test method developed for food and agriculture applications, the Association of Analytical Communities, Inc. (AOAC) Method 988.12 (44.1.30) Phenol-Sulfuric Acid Assay for Total Carbohydrate Determination, was utilized to quantify total sugars in the water-soluble fraction of bio-oil. This study investigated accuracy relative to matrix effects caused by non-sugar compounds using positive and negative controls. Positive controls included levoglucosan, D-glucose, D-mannose, D-xylose, D-fructose, D-galactose, L-arabinose, L-fucose, and cellobiosan. Negative controls included phenol, acetic acid, formic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, acetol, furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5HMF), furfuryl alcohol, 2-methylfuran and 2(5H)-furanone. Potential interference with the quantification of total water-soluble sugars by the AOAC Method 988.12 (44.1.30) was calculated for all positive…
Social and Environmental Control of Reproductive Processes in Animals

Sexual reproduction requires the coordination of two separate organisms with respect to each other and to the physical environment. If the coordination is successful, viable progeny are produced. Within this integrative framework, physiological events subserving reproduction are viewed in two ways: (a) as causes that lead to the performance of appropriate patterns of copulatory behavior (b) as events that are themselves caused by external factors, i.e., stimulation derived from environmental and behavioral events.
Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balances in Three-Day, Combined-Training Horses

Horses competing in the speed and endurance test of three-day combined-training events have electrolyte, acid-base and fluid changes consistent with both high intensity and endurance exercise. After the steeplechase and cross country phases, metabolic acidosis and increases in serum concentrations of protein, albumin Na+, K+, lactate and phosphate occur. Ionized calcium concentrations decrease despite a decrease in pH and metabolic acidosis. During the roads and tracks phase, and one-half to two hours after the completion of the cross country phase, metabolic alkalosis prevails. Total body water, cation balance, and chloride concentration decrease because of sweating and may persist for 12 to 24 hours after completion of the speed and endurance test.
Editorial on "Increased radiation but no benefits in pedicle screw accuracy with navigation versus a freehand technique in scoliosis surgery".

Spine surgery is a rapidly evolving field. Advancements in operative techniques, including the use of navigation, have allowed for reduced operative times, reduced blood loss, lower complication rates, and overall improvements in outcomes. Pedicle screw fixation has been available for several decades and is currently the cornerstone of spinal instrumentation. Although the free-hand technique is a widely adopted method for screw placement, it is operator and experience-dependent with risk of misplacement. Furthermore, misplaced screws may cause reduced biomechanical strength of the construct or injury to neurovascular structures or adjacent organs.
Software challenges for the changing storage landscape

Conventional storage software stacks are unable to meet the needs of high-performance Storage-Class Memory technology. It is time to rethink 50-year-old architectures.
Subspace Averaging of Auditory Evoked Potentials

The auditory evoked potential (AEP) is an electric potential generated in the brain in response to auditory stimuli. It has clinical importance in the detection of newborn infant hearing loss, among other applications. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the AEP is low, so signal averaging is typically employed to estimate it. Often, thousands of trials must be averaged before a sufficiently high SNR estimate is obtained. In this research, we have developed an AEP averaging method called subspace averaging. The subspace averaging method projects onto the signal subspace: the span of the principal eigenvectors of the signal autocorrelation matrix. The signal subspace has low dimensionality and captures the key features of the signal. Also, we introduce a new SNR estimator for AEP trials. Using our estimator, we compare SNR estimates of conventional averaging and subspace averaging. The subspace average has higher SNR compared to the conventional average.
Cultural workers and the character of cities

This paper examines the location choice of cultural producers when cities differ in housing supply and income demographics. We develop a two-region spatial model containing three types of industries: a constant returns to scale traditional sector, a modern sector with external scale economies and a monopolistically competitive cultural sector. The model is initially analyzed when workers supply labor inelastically to their respective industry. Both integration and segregation are never a stable equilibrium, and the conditions for the stability of both concentrated and partially interior equilibrium are solved for. The model is extended to allow for cultural producers to divide their time between cultural production and moonlighting in the traditional sector, in order to smooth their income. Under this extension, there is an equilibrium where a share of cultural producers live isolated from a larger integrated market. We also identify an equilibrium where one region is able to sustain full-time cultural producers, while in the opposite region cultural producers must moonlight in the traditional sector. Under partially interior equilibria, the number of varieties of the cultural good is always larger in the region with the greater supply of housing.
Dielectric Characteristics of the ±1100kV UHVDC Wall Bushing with SF6 Gas Insulation

The ±1100kV UHVDC wall bushing is the important power equipment in the ±1100kV DC power transmission project of China. However, the reported literature rarely mention its design method and the optimization of its insulation structure. In this paper, the “U” type structure including the metal-shielded core have been adopted in the design of the wall bushing. Moreover, the actual operating environment and the rated parameters of the ±1100kV UHVDC wall bushing have been analyzed. Then, the finite element method (FEM) analysis has been applied in the three-dimensional electric stress simulation of the UHVDC wall bushing. The E-field simulation results indicate that with the metal-shielded core, the potential and electric field distribution can be much more uniform along the composite insulator of the bushing. Therefore, the compact design of the wall bushing can be obtained by this designing scheme. On the other hand, with the type of the metal-shielded core, the high E-field strength areas are mainly concentrated on the metal shield and the outer grading ring of wall bushing. The relationship between the flash-over voltage and the insulation distance has been also discussed. This paper can provide the theoretical guidelines for design, manufacture and operation of the UHVDC wall bushing.
On Cross Sections to the Geodesic and Horocycle Flows on Quotients of $\operatorname{SL}(2, \mathbb{R})$ by Hecke Triangle Groups $G_q$

In this paper, we provide a model for cross sections to the geodesic and horocycle flows on $\operatorname{SL}(2, \mathbb{R})/G_q$ using an extension of a heuristic of P. Arnoux and A. Nogueira. Our starting point is a continued fraction algorithm related to the group $G_q$, and a cross section to the horocycle flow on $\operatorname{SL}(2, \mathbb{R})/G_q$ from a previous paper. As an application, we get the natural extension and invariant measure for a symmetric $G_q$-Farey interval map resulting from projectivizing the aforementioned continued fraction algorithm.
Social Control and Deviance, History of

One of the many founding concepts of contemporary social science that arose during the Enlightenment was the idea that society could control the behavior of its citizens by using formal mechanisms of social control. Theoretically, by manipulating the magnitude of punishment or pain guilty persons would experience for their deviant behavior, society could stop offenders before they acted. More specifically, since offenders acted in their own best interests, they would think about the costs and benefits of their behaviors prior to acting. Through punishment, society could make the costs of deviant or criminal behavior outweigh whatever benefits miscreants might otherwise accrue. Moreover, this would translate to more general societal deterrence if the punishments individuals received were certain, swift, and severe. This article reviews the history of these concepts through to the present day.
Three Typological Differences Between the North and the West Germanic DPs

This paper discusses three typological differences between the North Germanic DP and the West Germanic DP. While North Germanic has suffixal definite articles leading to cases of double definiteness, weak adjective endings regulated by definiteness, and doubly-filled definite DPs, West Germanic does not. These three properties cluster together in that they all have to do with definiteness. It is claimed that they can be subsumed under one more general difference. Assuming various subcomponents of definiteness, it is proposed that these components originate low in the structure. North Germanic arranges these components into several individual feature bundles. Some of these bundles move to D, while others remain lower in the structure. Consequently, definiteness components are spelled out separately in different positions. In contrast, West Germanic involves one complex feature bundle containing all definiteness components. In this language family, all of the components move to D as one bundle and, as a consequence, they are all spelled out as one determiner.
Patulous Eustachian tube and palatine defect in a Dachshund with chronic unilateral otitis externa and otitis media.

Background Patulous Eustachian tube (pET) is a rare dysfunction of the Eustachian tube described in humans. It is characterized by failure of the ET to close, resulting in unrestricted passage of air, sound and material between the nasopharynx and the middle ear. Objective To report a case of pET associated with otitis in a dog. Animal A 6-year old-female spayed Dachshund dog. Methods and materials Otoscopic examination, cytological evaluation, culture and susceptibility, computerized tomography (CT), video-otoscopic flushing and surgery. Results Left ear otoscopic examination revealed erythema, purulent frothy discharge, ceruminous gland hyperplasia, stenosis and a partial tear of the tympanum. Cytological evaluation from the left external canal showed neutrophils, macrophages, rods and cocci. Aerobic culture showed predominantly multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The CT findings of the left ear included chronic changes in the external canal, marked lysis of the tympanic bulla and marked dilation of the ET. During video-otoscope flushing, saline drained through the mouth. Bilateral incomplete hypoplasia of the soft palate was noted. Total ear canal ablation and bulla osteotomy with ET dissection were curative. Histopathological findings were compatible with chronic otitis externa (OE) and media. Conclusion and clinical importance To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first case of pET described in animals. The ET dysfunction and palatine defect were likely the cause of the otitis in this dog. Clinicians should investigate pET in animals with signs of OE characterized by frothy liquid and food fragments in the ear canal in addition to sneezing after drinking water.
Beyond the time bind: Gender inequality and the tempo of life in 87 countries:

This article explores the relationship between gender inequality and the tempo of life around the world. By directly situating tempo in sociological theory, I develop a more consistent, embodied, p...
Packing potential index for binary mixtures of granular soil

Abstract Packing procedure is the mechanical process of forming a packing of soil particles, such as funnel pouring, tamping, rodding, pluviation, compaction, vibration, compression, etc. For a sand-silt mixture, packing procedure and particle shape have significant effects on the density of the binary mixture. However, these two factors have not been considered in most of the existing particle packing density models. Thus, the existing particle packing density models are not applicable to sand-silt mixtures. In this paper, we aim to study the packing procedure and particle shape effects on density of binary mixtures. We firstly define a packing potential index, which is a measure of volume reduction potential due to mixing of two components of a binary mixture system under a packing procedure. To understand the nature of packing potential index, we compare the packing potential indices of 24 different types of mixtures collected from the literature; the 24 types of mixtures were formed by two different types of packing procedure (i.e., for achieving minimum and maximum void ratios). It is found that the packing potential index is nearly independent of packing procedure but significantly dependent on the compound particle shapes of a mixture. Then, we mathematically link the packing potential index to the particle interaction parameters used in the particle packing density models. And we analyze the data to discuss the effect of packing procedure on the void ratios of sand-silt mixtures. We then propose an approach within the framework of particle packing density model to predict the void ratios of sand-silt mixtures under different packing procedures with the consideration of particle shape effect.
Theory of Quantum Computation With Magnetic Clusters

We propose a complete, quantitative quantum computing system that satisfies the five DiVincenzo criteria. The model is based on magnetic clusters with uniaxial anisotropy, where two-state qubits are formed utilizing the two lowest lying states of an anisotropic potential energy. We outline the quantum dynamics required by quantum computing for single-qubit structures, and then define a measurement scheme in which qubit states can be measured by sharp changes in current as voltage across the cluster is varied. We then extend the single-qubit description to multiple qubit interactions, facilitated specifically by an entanglement method that propagates the controlled- not quantum gate.
Multi-objective code reviewer recommendations: balancing expertise, availability and collaborations

Modern Code review is one of the most critical tasks in software maintenance and evolution. A rigorous code review leads to fewer bugs and reduced overall maintenance costs. Most existing studies focus on automatically identifying the most qualified reviewers, based on their expertise, to review pull-up requests. However, the management of code reviews is a complex problem in practice due to a project’s limited resources, including the availability of peer reviewers. Furthermore, the history of collaborations between developers and reviewers could affect the quality of the reviews, in positive or negative ways. In this paper, we formulate the recommendation of code reviewers as a multi-objective search problem to balance the conflicting objectives of expertise, availability, and history of collaborations. Our validation confirms the effectiveness of our multi-objective approach on 9 open source projects by making better recommendations, on average, than the state of the art.
Robot-Assisted and Wearable Sensor-Mediated Autonomous Gait Analysis §

In this paper, we propose an autonomous gait analysis system consisting of a mobile robot and custom-engineered instrumented insoles. The robot is equipped with an on-board RGB-D sensor, the insoles feature inertial sensors and force sensitive resistors. This system is motivated by the need for a robot companion to engage older adults in walking exercises. Support vector regression (SVR) models were developed to extract accurate estimates of fundamental kinematic gait parameters (i.e., stride length, velocity, foot clearance, and step length), from data collected with the robot’s on-board RGB-D sensor and with the instrumented insoles during straight walking and turning tasks. The accuracy of each model was validated against ground-truth data measured by an optical motion capture system with N=10 subjects. Results suggest that the combined use of wearable and robot’s sensors yields more accurate gait estimates than either sub-system used independently. Additionally, SVR models are robust to inter-subject variability and type of walking task (i.e., straight walking vs. turning), thereby making it unnecessary to collect subject-specific or task-specific training data for the models. These findings indicate the potential of the synergistic use of autonomous mobile robots and wearable sensors for accurate out-of-the-lab gait analysis.
The Narrow-band Ultraviolet Imaging Experiment for Wide-field Surveys (NUVIEWS)-I: Dust scattered continuum

We report on the first results of the Narrow-band Ultraviolet Imaging Experiment for Wide-field Surveys (NUVIEWS), a sounding rocket experiment designed to map the far-ultraviolet background in four narrow bands. This is the first imaging measurement of the UV background to cover a substantial fraction of the sky. The narrow band responses (145, 155, 161, and 174 nm, 7-10 nm wide) allow us to isolate background contributions from dust-scattered continuum, H2 fluorescence, and CIV 155 nm emission. In our first flight, we mapped one quarter of the sky with 5-10 arcminute imaging resolution. In this paper, we model the dominant contribution of the background, dust-scattered continuum. Our data base consists of a map of over 10,000 sq. degrees with 468 independent measurements in 6.25 by 6.25 sq. degree bins. Stars and instrumental stellar halos are removed from the data. We present a map of the continuum background obtained in the 174 nm telescope. We use a model that follows Witt, Friedman, and Sasseen (1997: WFS) to account for the inhomogeneous radiation field and multiple scattering effects in clouds. We find that the dust in the diffuse interstellar medium displays a moderate albedo (a=0.55+/-0.1) and highly forward scattering phase function parameter (g=0.75+/-0.1) over a large fraction of the sky, similar to dust in star forming regions. We also have discovered a significant variance from the model.
Behavioral Asset Allocation for Foundations and Endowments

The behavioral asset allocation framework developed for individual investors can help foundation and endowment trustees become more comfortable with “uncomfortable” asset classes that would help overall portfolio efficiency. Eleemosynary investment, particularly at smaller charities, is typified by convention and conservatism. The behavioral asset allocation approach helps overcome this tendency by decomposing the total portfolio into timeline-based sub-portfolios that look to secure the nonprofit9s payouts for many years and isolates the “uncomfortable” assets in the longest-term sub-portfolios. We advance and apply the behavioral asset allocation framework in a new context, yet one relevant for high-net-worth individuals with charitable intent.
Smoking Restrictions and Spillover Across Jurisdictions

We use state-level data to estimate the demand for cigarettes and the determinants of smoking prevalence in the United States. The main contribution lies in considering spillovers from geographic smoking restrictions. Results show that price affects cigarette demand, but not smoking prevalence. Cigarette demand turns out be unit elastic and similar in magnitude to the border-price elasticity. Home-based smoking restrictions lower both cigarette demand and participation, while work restrictions only lower participation. Border home restrictions seem inconsequential, whereas border work restrictions have a marginally positive effect, especially on cigarette demand. Policy implications are discussed.
Effects of Cholesterol on the mechanism of fengycin, a biofungicide

Fengycins are a class of antifungal lipopeptides synthesized by the bacteria Bacillus subtilis, commercially available as the primary component of the agricultural fungicide Serenade. They are toxic to fungi, but far less to mammalian cells. One key difference between mammalian and fungal cell membranes is the presence of cholesterol only in the former; recent experimental work showed that the presence of cholesterol reduces fengycin-induced membrane leakage. Since our previous all-atom and coarse-grained simulations suggested that aggregation of membrane-bound fengycin is central to its ability to disrupt membranes, we hypothesized that cholesterol might reduce fengycin aggregation. Here, we test this hypothesis using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, with sampling enhanced via the weighted ensemble method. The results indicate that cholesterol subtly alters the size distribution for fengycin aggregates, limits the lateral range of their membrane disordering, and reduces the ability of aggregates to bend the membrane. Taken together, these phenomena may account for cholesterols9 affects on fengycin activity.
VIBRATION OF NONCIRCULAR FOUNDATIONS

EVALUATION IS MADE OF VARIOUS FACTORS WHICH ARE NOT CONSIDERED IN THE ELASTIC HALF-SPACE THEORY USED IN THE ANALYSIS OF FOUNDATION VIBRATION. FROM THE VIBRATION TESTS OF TWENTY-TWO MODEL FOOTINGS OF VARIOUS SHAPES, SIZES, AND WEIGHTS, IT WAS FOUND THAT SQUARE AND RECTANGULAR FOOTINGS BEHAVED DIFFERENTLY FROM CIRCULAR FOOTINGS, AND THAT THE USE OF "THE EQUIVALENT RADIUS" BASED ON AN EQUAL FOOTING AREA WAS NOT VALID FOR NONCIRCULAR FOOTINGS. ON THE BASIS OF CORRELATION BETWEEN THE TEST RESULTS AND THE THEORY, THE USE OF A MODIFIED EQUIVALENT RADIUS, BASED ON A PERIMETER RATIO, IS SUGGESTED FOR THE ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR FOUNDATIONS. /ASCE/
Lysosomal enzymes in hepatic injury induced by bromobenzene.

In studies with bromobenzene we found increases in the activities of hepatic lysosomal enzymes. The present study was undertaken to determine how these changes are related to the development of hepatic injury after bromobenzene administration. A single intraperitoneal injection of bromobenzene (5 mmoles/kg) caused significant increases in the total activity of lysosomal N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase and s-glucuronidase in rat liver within 8–12 h, whereas it did not alter the free activity of these enzymes. Enhancement of bromobenzene hepatotoxicity by the pretreatment of rats with phenobarbital was not associated with further changes in hepatic N-acetyl-s-glucosaminidase or β-glucuronidase activities. Cycloheximide administered prior to bromobenzene inhibited significantly the effect of bromobenzene on the total N-acetyl-β-glu-cosaminidase activity. The results suggest that lysosomal enzymes are not directly involved in hepatic damage caused by bromobenzene and that the inhibition of protein synthesis may reduce this response to hepatotoxin.
Biomimetic scaffolds for regeneration of volumetric muscle loss in skeletal muscle injuries.

Abstract Skeletal muscle injuries typically result from traumatic incidents such as combat injuries where soft-tissue extremity injuries are present in one of four cases. Further, about 4.5 million reconstructive surgical procedures are performed annually as a result of car accidents, cancer ablation, or cosmetic procedures. These combat- and trauma-induced skeletal muscle injuries are characterized by volumetric muscle loss (VML), which significantly reduces the functionality of the injured muscle. While skeletal muscle has an innate repair mechanism, it is unable to compensate for VML injuries because large amounts of tissue including connective tissue and basement membrane are removed or destroyed. This results in a significant need to develop off-the-shelf biomimetic scaffolds to direct skeletal muscle regeneration. Here, the structure and organization of native skeletal muscle tissue is described in order to reveal clear design parameters that are necessary for scaffolds to mimic in order to successfully regenerate muscular tissue. We review the literature with respect to the materials and methodologies used to develop scaffolds for skeletal muscle tissue regeneration as well as the limitations of these materials. We further discuss the variety of cell sources and different injury models to provide some context for the multiple approaches used to evaluate these scaffold materials. Recent findings are highlighted to address the state of the field and directions are outlined for future strategies, both in scaffold design and in the use of different injury models to evaluate these materials, for regenerating functional skeletal muscle. Statement of Significance Volumetric muscle loss (VML) injuries result from traumatic incidents such as those presented from combat missions, where soft-tissue extremity injuries are represented in one of four cases. These injuries remove or destroy large amounts of skeletal muscle including the basement membrane and connective tissue, removing the structural, mechanical, and biochemical cues that usually direct its repair. This results in a significant need to develop off-the-shelf biomimetic scaffolds to direct skeletal muscle regeneration. In this review, we examine current strategies for the development of scaffold materials designed for skeletal muscle regeneration, highlighting advances and limitations associated with these methodologies. Finally, we identify future approaches to enhance skeletal muscle regeneration.
Does Corrective Advertising Affect the True Claims?: An Experimental Evaluation

Many companies that are required to use corrective advertisements worry that the remedial messages designed to change the deceptive beliefs negatively may also affect the true claims of the company negatively. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a corrective advertisement by Listerine which contained several true claims as well as the FTC-ordered corrective statement, in an experimental setting. Findings indicate that the true claims were effective in substantially increasing the beliefs of the subjects about these claims although they appeared along with the corrective statement in the same remedial message.