cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bone disease in children and adolescents undergoing successful renal transplantation

Bone disease in children and adolescents undergoing successful renal transplantation. Little is known about the extent and severity of bone disease in children undergoing successful renal transplantation. To address this issue, 47 patients with stable renal function 3.2 ± 1.7 years after transplantation (Tx) underwent iliac crest bone biopsy. The mean age of patients was 12 ± 2.0 years; 36 had received cadaveric renal grafts, whereas 11 had undergone living-related Tx. Immunosuppressive drugs included cyclosporine 0.17± 0.4 mg/kg/day, prednisone 7.5 ± 2.1 mg/kg/day, and either azathioprine 1.6 ± 0.9 mg/kg/day or mycophenolate mofetil 30 ± 3 mg/kg/day. In addition to quantitative bone histomorphometry, the bone mineral content (BMC) of the lumbar spine was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in 24/47 patients. Thirty-one transplant recipients had normal bone formation (N-Bfr), 11 had mild hyperparathyroidism (HPT) and 5 had adynamic skeletal lesions (AD). The interval since Tx, duration of dialysis before Tx and cumulative prednisone dose did not differ among groups. Trabecular bone area was highest in subjects with HPT. Unexpectedly, eroded bone perimeter exceeded normal reference values both in patients with AD and in those with N-Bfr; the osteoid area and osteoid perimeter were also elevated in these two groups. Hyperparathyroidism improved or resolved after Tx in all 14 subjects with this skeletal lesion prior to Tx, but one patient developed AD after Tx. Bone histology did not change after Tx in those with N-Bfr during regular dialysis, but bone formation increased after Tx in two of three patients with AD during regular dialysis. Z-scores for height in pre-pubertal patients after Tx were below age-appropriate values in each histologic subgroup, but values did not differ among groups. Z-scores for bone mineral content at the lumbar spine were also less than age-predicted values, -0.67 ± 1.2. After adjusting for the degree of growth retardation, height-adjusted z-scores for lumbar spine BMC after Tx were above normal in all three histologic groups (0.68 ± 1.0). The results suggest that reductions in bone mass and post-transplant osteoporosis are not prominent findings in pediatric renal transplant recipients when the influence of growth retardation on bone mass measurements by DXA is carefully considered.
Aging and disability: biopsychosocial perspectives

Understanding the complex trajectories of disability and aging requires a biopsychosocial approach that considers disability in the broader context of later adulthood. Although disability service researchers and gerontologists have many shared interests and a similar mission, the fields are relatively new to one another and have had little historical interaction. The purpose of this article is to increase and improve collaboration among investigators in these fields by providing some background in social gerontology to the disability researcher, and by applying key theories in aging to the issue of growing older with physical disability. The article discusses particular problem areas for older adults, including social support, and also discusses the parallel paradoxes of aging and disability.
Nonzero-sum differential games with bargaining solutions

Nash's bargaining solution for finite games is extended to differential games with nonzero-sum integral payoffs. Sufficient conditions for the optimality of a strategy pair are established. An example is given.
Low translational energy mechanisms in the dissociative chemisorption of methane on iridium and platinum surfaces

Abstract Recent molecular beam studies of methane dissociative chemisorption on Ir(1 1 0), Ir(1 1 1) and Pt(1 1 0) surfaces show evidence of a low translational energy pathway to dissociation that had not been seen previously for methane dissociation on any transition metal surface. Earlier molecular beam studies on a variety of transition metal surfaces indicated only a direct dissociative mechanism for methane dissociation, which is active only at high translational energies. Recent studies on Ir and Pt show that at low translational energies the dissociative chemisorption probability decreases as the translational energy increases in contrast to the behavior at higher translational energies, where the direct mechanism is known to be dominant and the chemisorption probability increases with increasing translational energy. The exact mechanism of this low energy pathway is under debate and has been described as either a trapping-mediated mechanism or a steering-assisted direct mechanism.
Integration of sustainability in planning and design programs in higher education: evaluating learning outcomes

Although sustainability has a growing presence in the planning and design professions, little guidance is available on how to incorporate sustainability into planning and design education programs. Sustainability can be covered in most planning or design courses to some degree; however, we demonstrate a purposeful application of sustainability through a variety of courses, some specialized, others broad-based and interdisciplinary. We provide a step-wise rationale for incorporating sustainability into programs by examining the objectives, content, experiences and outcomes that have integrated sustainability into planning and design courses. We discuss our observations of incorporating sustainability concepts and methods, finding that the adoption of sustainability can act as a catalyst leading to strengthening outcomes in planning and design pedagogy.
Cytology of low-grade endocrine neoplasms involving liver: a series of 24 specimens, including 4 with hepatoid or glandular features.

Low-grade endocrine neoplasms (LGENs) involving the liver usually show typical endocrine features. Occasionally these tumors display cytologic characteristics that mimic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or adenocarcinoma (ACA). Twenty-four liver FNABs from 22 patients were reviewed. Twenty specimens showed cytologic characteristics typical of LGENs, including small to medium-sized cells with salt-and-pepper or granular chromatin, moderate to high N/C ratios, and inconspicuous or absent nucleoli. Plasmacytoid cells were observed in 19 cases. Immunocytochemical stains (ICCs) confirmed endocrine differentiation in 9 cases. 4 FNABs were comprised of larger tumor cells that displayed cytologic features that overlapped with HCC or ACA, including transgressing or wrapping endothelium, moderate to abundant cytoplasm, and conspicuous nucleoli. LGENs involving the liver typically demonstrate characteristic cytologic features. Cases comprised of larger cells with abundant cytoplasm, conspicuous nucleoli, and transgressing or wrapping endothelium may pose diagnostic difficulties. ICCs and plasmacytoid morphology are beneficial in classifying the endocrine origin of these tumors. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;30:31–38. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Implications of organizational exchanges for accountability theory

Abstract This article presents interpersonal exchanges with leaders (LMX), team members (TMX) and organization (POS) as factors influencing the accountability process. It is argued that LMX influences perceived accountability developing in the inquiry stage. Variables inspired by the expectancy theory are introduced as moderators of the accountability–performance relationship, and LMX is argued to influence these moderators. In the accounting, judgment, and sanction stages, individuals are expected to account for their behaviors using the process and/or outcomes, based on the nature of their LMX. Finally, high-LMX members are expected to be favored in the judgment and sanctions stages. We also contend that accountability perceptions mediate the relationship between TMX, POS, and outcomes. In summary, relationships that individuals form in organizations influence accountability perceptions and subsequent outcomes.
Faulted Structure of the Bottom Simulating Reflector on the Blake Ridge, Western North Atlantic

Abstract : High-resolution multichannel seismic data collected from the Blake Ridge in the western North Atlantic by the Naval Research Laboratory's Deep Towed Acoustics/Geophysics System (DTAGS) show that the bottom simulating reflector (BSR) in this area is the reflection from the interface between an approx. 440-m-thick section of hydrate bearing sediment overlying and approx. 5- m-thick layer of methane gas-rich sediment. The high resolution attainable by the deep-tow seismic system reveals normal fault offsets of approx. 20 m in the BSR. These growth faults may provide a path for vertical migration of methane initially concentrated beneath the hydrate-bearing sediment, enabling hydrate to form throughout sediment above the BSR. Because the BSR represents a methane gas methane hydrate phase boundary rather than a lithologic or diagenetic horizon, the observed off set of the BSR itself reflects discontinuities in the pressure- temperature field across the fault zones where they intersect the BSR. Directional ambient noise, Bottom scattering, Deep-towed array geophysical system, Ocean-bottom seismometer, Towed array.
The synthesis of 5-iodocytidine phosphoramidite for heavy atom derivatization of RNA

Abstract The synthesis of an RNA phosphoramidite of 5-iodocytidine is reported. This heavy atom cytidine derivative was incorporated into four RNAs. Oligoribonucleotides with 5-iodocytidine will be useful for solving the X-ray crystallographic phase problem and for photochemical cross-linking studies.
Hobbes's philosophy in de Cive and Leviathan

This commentary on Bernard Gert’s Hobbes: Prince of Peace offers criticism of Gert’s assumption that the conceptual basis of the moral and political theory that Hobbes expounds in De Cive is the same as the conceptual basis of his moral and political theory in Leviathan.
A morphological analysis of the design space of input devices

The market now contains a bewildering variety of input devices for communication from humans to computers. This paper discusses a means to systematize these devices through morphological design space analysis, in which different input device designs are taken as points in a parametrically described design space. The design space is characterized by finding methods to generate and test design points. In a previous paper, we discussed a method for generating the space of input device designs using primitive and compositional movement operators. This allowed us to propose a taxonomy of input devices. In this paper, we summarize the generation method and explore the use of device footprint and Fitts’s law as a test. We then use calculations to reason about the design space. Calculations are used to show why the mouse is a more effective device than the headmouse and where in the design space there is likely to be a more effective device than the mouse.
Retrograde amnesia following unilateral temporal lobectomy

Remote memory performance was assessed in a carefully matched sample of temporal lobectomy subjects and normal controls. Left temporal lobectomy subjects exhibited a consistent pattern of remote memory disturbance. Right temporal lobectomy subjects performed at the same level as normal controls. The pattern of impairment observed in left temporal lobectomy subjects was characterized by deficits in recall of chronological information from the past decade and extended to deficits in recall in some aspects of factual knowledge. The disorder could not be attributed solely to language deficits and was at least as severe as accompanying deficits in recent memory. These findings suggest that the left medial temporal region may play a significant role in recall of remote information in addition to its role in recent memory functions.
Accelerator mass spectrometry for human biochemistry: The practice and the potential

Abstract Isotopic labels are a primary tool for tracing chemicals in natural systems. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) quantifies long-lived isotopes that can be used in safe, sensitive and precise biochemical research with human participants. AMS could reduce the use of animals in biochemical research and remove the uncertain extrapolations from animal models to humans. Animal data seldom represent the sort of variability expected in a human population. People, knowingly or not, routinely expose themselves to radiation risks much greater than AMS-based biochemical research that traces μg/kg doses of chemicals containing tens of nCi of 14C for as long as 7 months. AMS is applied to research in toxicology, pharmacology and nutrition.
Exposure to ACGME Core Competencies Through Mentored Basic Science Research: A Pilot Analysis

Since 1998, the Short-Term Training Program (STTP) at the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles has nearly tripled (from 30 to 89) in the number of first-year undergraduate medical students participants. STTP supports mentored research projects in the areas of basic sciences, clinical sciences, medical education, and public health (local and international). Although projects can be very specific in scope, the overall experience in STTP exposes students to some, if not all, of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) six core competencies—Patient Care, Medical Knowledge, Practice-based Learning and Improvement, Interpersonal and Communication Skills, Professionalism, and Systems-based Practice. Thus, STTP has been an important aspect of medical education to prepare our students for residency programs. We describe and analyze the STTP as a model system to introduce the ACGME core competencies at an early point in undergraduate medical education. We conclude with a call to provide more mentored anatomical sciences basic and clinically applied research opportunities.
Species specificity of brain cyclic AMP receptor proteins.

: The cyclic AMP binding proteins present in mouse, rat, bovine, and sheep brains were compared. Extracts were isotopically labeled with 8-azido-cyclic [32P]AMP, a photoaffinity analog specific for cyclic AMP binding sites, and then subjected to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The resulting autoradiographic patterns were generally similar, but showed consistent species variations. Proteins identified by their size and phosphorylatability as regulatory subunits of Type II protein kinase isozymes were present in all species, but with slight variations in pi. A series of charge variants identified as regulatory subunits of Type I kinase isozymes on the basis of their size was also ubiquitously present, as were several smaller proteins postulated to be proteolytic fragments derived from the regulatory subunits. The major species difference was a series of labeled proteins found only in rodent brains and not in the brains of any ruminant, or in other rodent tissues. These proteins had a molecular weight of 54,000 and a pi range of 5.89-6.26, and could not be endogenously phosphorylated. The identities of these proteins and their relationship to the protein kinase regulatory subunits are unknown.
Identification of bomb-produced chlorine-36 in mid-latitude glacial ice of North America

Abstract In 1991, the U.S. Geological Survey collected a 160-meter (m) ice core from the Upper Fremont Glacier (43°07′N, 109°36′W) in the Wind River Mountain Range of Wyoming in the western United States [1]. In 1994–1995, ice from this core was processed at the National Ice Core Laboratory in Denver, Colorado, and analyzed for chlorine-36 (36Cl) by accelerator mass spectrometry at PRIME Laboratory, Purdue University. A tritium bomb peak identified in the work by [1] was used as a marker to estimate the depth of bomb-produced 36Cl. Tritium concentrations ranged from 0 tritium units (TU) for older ice to more than 300 TU at 29 m below the surface of the glacier, a depth that includes ice that was deposited as snow during nuclear-weapons tests through the early 1960's. Maximum 36Cl production during nuclear-weapons tests was in the late 1950's; therefore, the analyses were performed on ice from a depth of 29.8 to 32 m. Calculated flux for 36Cl in ice deposited in the late 1950's ranged from 1.2 ± 0.1 × 10−1 atoms/cm2 s for ice from 29.8 to 30.4 m, to 2.9 ± 0.1 × 10−1 atoms/cm2 s for ice from 31.5 to 32.0 m. Ice samples from a depth of 104.7 to 106.3 m were selected to represent pre-weapons tests 36Cl flux. Calculated flux for 36Cl in this deeper ice was 4.6 ± 0.8 × 10−3 atoms/cm2 s for ice from 104.7 to 105.5 m and 2.0 ± 0.2 × 10−2 atoms/cm2 s for ice from 105.5 to 106.3 m. These flux calculations from the Upper Fremont Glacier analyses are the first for bomb-produced 36Cl in ice from a mid-latitude glacier in North America. It may now be possible to fully quantify the flux of 36Cl from nuclear-weapons tests archived in mid-latitude glacial ice and to gain a better understanding of the distribution of 36Cl and other cosmogenic nuclides.
Correlations between morphological changes in platelet aggregates and underlying endothelial damage in cerebral microcirculation of mice.

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that, once formed, platelet aggregates may injure underlying cerebrovascular endothelium. Such injury could make the same site selectively attractive to the next wave of passing emboli or activated platelets. This vicious circle could account for repetitive, stereotypic symptoms in transient ischemic attacks.In pial arterioles, minor endothelial injury was produced by a laser/dye technique. After various periods of platelet aggregation at the damaged site, the vessels were fixed in situ for electron microscopic study. The degree of platelet activation (rounded and/or degranulated forms) was evaluated by counting these forms in the electron photomicrographs. These counts were related to the degree of endothelial damage ascertained in the micrographs. Other statistical relations were also examined.Endothelial damage progressed in parallel with the duration of platelet aggregation and the degree of platelet degranulation at the site. Correlations were number o...
The utility of a process model in therapy: A comparative study of treatment effects

The clinical utility of adding structured process procedures of Kanfer and Grimm's (1980) process model to therapy was examined in a design comparing the relative effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral, cognitive-behavioral plus structured process, and relationship therapies. Fifty-five nonassertive college females with moderate levels of psychopathology were seen in two separate and sequential replications of treatment. All measures were obtained at pretreatment, posttreatment and at two follow-ups. All treatments were equally effective in reducing overall psychopathology. Cognitive-behavioral and cognitive-behavioral plus sturctured process approaches led to significantly greater increases in assertiveness than did relationship therapy. The cognitive-behavioral plus structured process approach produced the greatest gains on most assertion measures, and was the most effective in increasing postive self-reactions and in enhancing maintenance of treatment effects. The findings support the effectiveness of the process component proposed by Kanfer and Grimm's (1980) model.
Structure−Activity Relationship Studies and in Vivo Activity of Guanidine-Based Sphingosine Kinase Inhibitors: Discovery of SphK1- and SphK2-Selective Inhibitors

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a pleiotropic signaling molecule that acts as a ligand for five G-protein coupled receptors (S1P1–5) whose downstream effects are implicated in a variety of important pathologies including sickle cell disease, cancer, inflammation, and fibrosis. The synthesis of S1P is catalyzed by sphingosine kinase (SphK) isoforms 1 and 2, and hence, inhibitors of this phosphorylation step are pivotal in understanding the physiological functions of SphKs. To date, SphK1 and 2 inhibitors with the potency, selectivity, and in vivo stability necessary to determine the potential of these kinases as therapeutic targets are lacking. Herein, we report the design, synthesis, and structure–activity relationship studies of guanidine-based SphK inhibitors bearing an oxadiazole ring in the scaffold. Our studies demonstrate that SLP120701, a SphK2-selective inhibitor (Ki = 1 μM), decreases S1P levels in histiocytic lymphoma (U937) cells. Surprisingly, homologation with a single methylene unit between...
Rheumatoid hyperviscosity syndrome: reversibility of microvascular abnormalities after treatment.

Abstract PURPOSE: To report a case of rheumatoid hyperviscosity syndrome involving both retinal and choroidal circulation that resolved after treatment. DESIGN: Interventional case report. METHODS: A 58-year-old woman with clinical and serologic evidence of an inflammatory connective tissue disease without any visual complaints was referred for a funduscopic evaluation. RESULTS: Funduscopic examination revealed marked dilation and beading of the venous system, microaneurysms, and telangiectatic capillary beds in the posterior pole. Fluorescein angiography disclosed delayed choroidal filling, prolonged arteriovenous transit time, and areas of capillary nonperfusion. These findings were accompanied by a severe polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia and a 10-fold increase in serum viscosity. The ocular findings were reversible after plasmapheresis and steroid treatment. CONCLUSION: Rheumatoid hyperviscosity syndrome can involve both retinal and choroidal circulation. The prominent microvasculopathy is reversible after appropriate treatment.
SU-E-T-128: A Comprehensive Dosimetric Characterization of the New 160 Leaf Elekta Agility Collimator System

Purpose: A new MLC has been released that includes 160 leaves of 5mm width at isocenter that allows 40×40 cm2, rapid leaf speed, interdigitation, and reduced leaf transmission. We evaluate the dosimetric characteristics of this new Agility Collimator and its impacts on clinical applications. Methods: A dosimetric evaluation of the Agility and the MLCi2 collimator system is performed using a Wellhofer water tank, diode and ion chamber detectors, edge detectors, and rotational delivery QA tools. Characterization includes a comprehensive verification of beam quality (6, 10, and 15 MV), MLC transmission, and delivery efficiency and accuracy of IMRT and VMAT. Results: The Agility system has one set of diaphragm and the MLC replaces the entire X diaphragm, while the older MLCi2 has two sets of diaphragms. Examination of percent depth dose of the photon beam quality is identical except in the buildup region. MLCi2 has a slightly higher dose in the buildup region; attributed to more collimation material in the beam path. For Agility, the averaged MLC leakage is 0.003, and for MLCi2 the averaged leakage is 0.013. Agility (MLC along) is equivalent to MLCi2 (with backup diaphragm) to achieve low out‐of‐field radiation. With equivalent quality Philips Pinnacle3 IMRT and SmartArc/VMAT the delivery time is shorter on AGILITY because of higher MLC speeds and improvements in linac control software (Integrity R3.0) which supports continuously variable dose rate. Conclusion: This work demonstrates that the new Agility collimator assembly has similar beam quality as the original MLCi2 collimator system, except in the buildup region. Agility has less MLC leakage and increased delivery efficiency compared to MLCi2. These findings allow for an expedited commissioning of upgrade to the Agility from the MLCi2. Further features of the leaf speed are under investigation, including their potential for higher modulation in VMAT.
The invertebrate communities associated with a Chrysanthemum coronarium-invaded coastal sage scrub area in Southern California.

The escape of ornamental plants is a main pathway of invasion into many ecosystems. Non-native plants can alter basal resources and abiotic factors leading to effects that ripple throughout an ecosystem. Invertebrates mediate these effects—responding quickly to abiotic and primary producer changes and, in turn, influencing other species. Invasions are of particular concern in the coastal sage scrub ecosystems of Southern California, where habitat loss and urban encroachment increase invasive species propagule sources and decrease native community resistance. The introduced annual Chrysanthemum coronarium (crown daisy) is a common invader with largely undocumented community-level effects. Our study tested the relationships between the invasive Chrysanthemum and a coastal scrub invertebrate community using a field study at the Tijuana River Estuary. We found similar or lower abundances and diversity of canopy fauna in the presence of Chrysanthemum. Community composition dramatically differed, however, in the presence Chrysanthemum, which was associated with higher abundances of dipterans, wasps and flower beetles, and lower abundances of hemipterans and thysanopterans than native shrubs. Differences in communities were consistent at the species- and order-levels, and were associated with the generally greater plant biomass and shadier conditions afforded by the natives. This study reveals that even a proportionally small amount of Chrysanthemum may shift the invertebrate community through alterations of abiotic properties and plant biomass. We recommend that Chrysanthemum be removed at the first sign of invasion or that spread is prevented since effects on the invertebrate community are dramatic and occur quickly.
Effects of etomidate on vasopressor use in patients with sepsis or severe sepsis: A propensity-matched analysis

Abstract Purpose The safety of single-bolus etomidate to facilitate intubation in septic patients is controversial due to its potential to suppress adrenal steroidogenesis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of etomidate on the development of shock when used as an induction agent to facilitate intubation in septic patients. Methods A multicenter, retrospective, propensity-matched cohort study comparing patients with sepsis or severe sepsis who either received etomidate or did not receive etomidate for intubation was conducted. The primary outcome was the difference in the need for vasopressor support within 72 hours after intubation. Secondary outcomes included the use of multiple vasopressors, intensive care unit length of stay, and in-hospital mortality. Results A total of 411 patients were analyzed. Eighty-three patients were matched by propensity score. There was no difference in the matched cohort in regards to vasopressor use within 72 hours of intubation (odds ratio, 0.95; 95% confidence interval, 0.52-1.76; P = .88). Furthermore, there were no significant differences observed with regard to secondary outcomes, including in-hospital mortality (P = .76). Conclusions The use of etomidate for intubation in septic patients did not increase vasopressor requirements within 72 hours after intubation.
Formation of a New Metabolite of Epinephrine and Norepinephrine in Liver and Kidney

IN previous work it was found that after the injection of norepinephrine and epinephrine in rats, a new metabolite of these compounds was excreted in the urine1. Axelrod et al. 2 have isolated recently from the urine of rats a metabolite of epinephrine and norepinephrine, which they have identified as 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy phenyl glycol. We have found that after the intravenous infusion in cats of a mixture containing both norepinephrine-7-3H and epinephrine-1-14C, a similar compound was found in the liver and kidney of this animal.
Localization of the mouse gene for secreted phosphoprotein 1 (Spp-1) (2ar, osteopontin, bone sialoprotein 1, 44-kDa bone phosphoprotein, tumor-secreted phosphoprotein) to chromosome 5, closely linked to Ric (Rickettsia resistance).

Abstract We have used a cDNA probe for mouse secreted phosphoprotein 1 (Spp-1, also known as 2ar, osteopontin, bone sialoprotein 1, 44-kDa bone phosphotein, tumor-secreted protein) to find a restriction fragment length polymorphism in the gene from C57BL 6J and DBA 2J mice. The strain distribution pattern in 25 BXD recombinant inbred lines is identical with that previously determined for the dominant, autosomal gene, Ricr (Rickettsia resistance). This places Spp-1 on mouse chromosome 5 with a 95% confidence limit of being within 4.32 cM of Ric. Evidence supporting the possibility of allelism between Spp-1 and Ric is briefly discussed.
Transient rotator phase induced nucleation in n-alkane melts

Abstract A transient metastable rotator phase occurs on crystallization of n -alkanes into their triclinic crystalline phase from the supercooled melt. This was directly observed using time resolved X-ray scattering. The observed crystallization temperature is shown to be determined by the thermodynamic stability of the transient phase with respect to the liquid. The crystallization kinetics of the homologous series of n -alkanes was measured and explained in terms of a crossover from stability to “long-lived” metastability to transient metastability. This work highlights the importance of transient metastable phases in crystallization.
Empirical examination of a proposed refinement to DSM-IV posttraumatic stress disorder symptom criteria using the National Comorbidity Survey Replication data.

Objective Recently, changes have been proposed to DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to refine the diagnosis because of concerns about its construct validity. Specifically, Spitzer et al. suggested narrowing the PTSD definition of trauma, specifying a symptom onset time frame after the trauma, and removing symptoms that overlap with other anxiety and mood disorders. We examined whether removing these overlapping anxiety/mood disorder symptoms resulted in differences (compared to the original DSM-IV PTSD criteria) in PTSD prevalence rates, diagnostic caseness, comorbidity and mental health-related disability, structural validity, and internal consistency. Method Cross-sectional data were examined from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (N = 5692), a multistage area household probability sample of U.S. residents. PTSD diagnostic and symptom data and diagnostic data for other Axis I disorders were taken from the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. The study was conducted from February 2001 to December 2003. Results After removing PTSD symptoms overlapping with those of other anxiety and mood disorders, we found that the lifetime PTSD prevalence dropped only from 6.81% to 6.42%. Nevertheless, a sizeable proportion of PTSD-diagnosed persons would consequently lose PTSD caseness. Little difference was found between the criteria sets in diagnostic comorbidity and disability, structural validity, and internal consistency. Conclusions These data provide evidence that PTSD's overlapping anxiety and mood disorder symptoms are not responsible for PTSD's prevalence, diagnostic comorbidity, and construct validity. Although the proposed symptom criteria revision would result in fewer symptoms by which to evaluate PTSD, it may not address questions raised about the diagnosis' construct validity.
Lack of effectiveness of sodium bicarbonate in preventing kidney injury in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial.

Study Objective Because alkalinization of the renal tubules can theoretically protect against the mechanisms of acute kidney injury, we sought to determine whether a sodium bicarbonate infusion can prevent acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. Design Prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Setting Cardiac surgery service in a community hospital. Patients Ninety-two patients with stage 3 or higher chronic kidney disease who underwent cardiac surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass. Intervention Forty-eight patients received a perioperative intravenous infusion of 0.9% sodium chloride 154 mEq/L, and 44 patients received an infusion of sodium bicarbonate infusion 150 mEq/L in 5% dextrose solution; the infusions were started 1 hour preoperatively and continued for 6 hours after cardiopulmonary bypass. Measurements and Main Results The primary outcome was the development of any stage of acute kidney injury within 5 days after surgery as defined by the Acute Kidney Injury Network criteria. No statistically significant difference in the primary outcome was noted between the two groups: 32% in the bicarbonate group versus 42% in the sodium chloride group (p=0.12). Likewise, no significant differences in the 30-day hospital mortality rate or other adverse outcomes were noted between the two groups. Conclusion A perioperative infusion of sodium bicarbonate did not reduce the rate of acute kidney injury or adverse outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease who underwent cardiac surgery.
Thinking about data: Exploring the development of mental models for “data use” among teachers and school leaders

Abstract This study aimed at understanding the development of mental models for data use among educators in a small school district located in Texas. Drawing from survey and interview data, the study was guided by three questions: (1) How do educators conceptualize “data” in relation to “evidence” or “information”?; (2) How do teachers and school leaders construe “data” or “data use”?; and (3) What factors affect mental models for data use? Findings indicated that educators approached decision-making from a range of mental models for data use, and that models seemed rooted in ways of thinking about “data” and “data use” that were influenced by formal training, modeling by leaders, social interaction with colleagues, and personal experience.
The genetics of reading disability

Genetic factors contribute substantially to the development of reading disability (RD). Family linkage studies have implicated many chromosomal regions containing RD susceptibility genes, of which putative loci at 1p34-p36 (DYX8), 2p (DYX3), 6p21.3 (DYX2), and 15q21 (DYX1) have been frequently replicated, whereas those at 3p12-q12 (DYX5), 6q13-q16 (DYX4), 11p15 (DYX7), 18p11 (DYX6), and Xq27 (DYX9) have less evidence. Association studies of positional candidate genes have implicated DCDC2 and KIAA0319 in DYX2, as well as C2ORF3 and MRPL19 (DYX3), whereas DYX1C1/EKN1 (DYX1) and ROBO1 (DYX5) were found to be disrupted by rare translocation breakpoints in reading-disabled individuals. Four of the candidate genes (DYX1C1, KIAA0319, DCDC2, and ROBO1) appear to function in neuronal migration and guidance, suggesting the importance of early neurodevelopmental processes in RD. Future studies to help us understand the function of these and other RD candidate genes promise to yield enormous insight into the neurobiologic mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of this disorder.
Phycomycosis of the vulva

A necrotic ulcerative lesion of the vulva in a patient with diabetic ketoacidosis initially resembled necrotizing fasciitis. Debridement and histologic examination led to a diagnosis of phycomycosis. The condition responded to surgical debridement without antifungal therapy.
Mixed function oxidases in marine organisms in relation to petroleum hydrocarbon metabolism and detection

Abstract Several phyla from the coastal Northwest Atlantic were investigated for mixed function oxidases. Enzyme activity was related to petroleum hydrocarbon metabolism and detection in the marine environment.
Inferior vena cava filter tilt and its future clinical implications: a community based practices experience

Purpose IVC filter tilt has long been an issue for interventionists. The degree of tilt can vary based on the experience of the interventionalist as well as the type of filter being deployed. This may play a crucial role in the retrievability of IVC filters in light of recent FDA recommendations and potential for complications of indwelling filters. The purpose of our review is to provide an unbiased analysis of which IVC filters have a higher tendency to tilt at deployment and the potential effect on future retrieval, as well as which approach provides the greatest technical success (measured in the degree of tilt). Materials and Methods Cavography and post-procedural imaging of 523 patients will be retrospectively reviewed and the degree of tilt relative to the vessel wall, the initial vessel approach (femoral vs jugular) and the type of filter will be recorded. We will also document whether our department was requested to retrieve the filter and if retrieval was successful. Results Our preliminary review demonstrated Conclusion In lieu of the recent publicity surrounding IVC filter complications and FDA recommendations, filter tilt will play an even greater factor in retrieval than ever before. No filter utilized by our institution touted a lesser tendency of tilt when compared to one another. There was also no statistical significance in the degree of tilt between the jugular vs femoral approach. The mean degree tilt of unsuccessfully retrieved filter was significantly higher than the degree tilt of successfully retrieved filters 9.24 vs 4.8, respectively (p value= 0.04). Caution is advised considering the small sample size (n=17). However, this finding could be further studied in a larger cohort to guide future IVC retrieval planning, thereby, sparing unnecessary cost and intervention risk.
Fabrication and characterization of large area Cd 0.9 Zn 0.1 Te guarded pixelated detector

Cd 0.9 Zn 0.1 Te (CZT) gamma radiation detectors are presently among the best semiconductor materials for room temperature operation. CZT crystals in pixilated geometry can be efficiently used in the field of Homeland security and medical diagnosis for high resolution imaging purpose and position sensitive measurements using x-rays and high energy gamma rays. Large area CZT single crystals has been grown using a tellurium solvent method. A 10×10 guarded pixilated detector has been fabricated on a ∼19.5×19.5×5 mm3 crystal cut out from the grown ingot. A full area planar Au contact was used as the cathode. Each pixel of the pixilated detector was 1.3×1.3 mm2 in area and pitched at 1.8 mm. A 100 μm wide guard grid was used to reduce inter-pixel leakage. The crystal was characterized in planar configuration using electrical and optoelectronic methods prior to the fabrication of pixilated geometry. Current-voltage (I–V) measurements revealed a leakage current of 29 nA at an operating bias voltage of 1100 V. A resistivity of ∼3.1×1010 ∖.cm was calculated from the I–V measurements. Infrared transmission imaging revealed an average tellurium inclusion/precipitate size less than 8μm. Pockels measurement has revealed a near-uniform depth-wise distribution of the internal electric field. The mobility-lifetime product in this crystal was calculated to be 6.2 × 10−3 cm2/V using alpha ray spectroscopic method. Gamma spectroscopy using a 137Cs source on the pixelated structure showed fully resolved 662 keV gamma peaks for all the pixels, with percentage resolution (FWHM) as low as 1.8 %.
Kinetics of directed oxidation of Al-Mg alloys into A12O3 preforms

Abstract Synthesis of oxide matrix composites by the directed metal oxidation process offers significant advantages over traditional composite processing routes. Much of the previous work on directed oxidation has been focused on the understanding of the microstructural evolution during the process. In this work, growth kinetics of Al 2 O 3 /Al composites through Al 2 O 3 preforms has been studied. The mechanism of oxidation of Al-Mg alloys into Al 2 O 3 preforms has been investigated theoretically and experimentally. Analysis of the oxidation kinetics for various preform particle sizes and durations of oxidation demonstrates that the preform provides preferential sites for Al 2 O 3 nucleation. Furthermore, the weight gain rate increases with decreasing Al in2 O 3 particle size. With increasing oxidation time, liquid metal transport to the oxidation front slows down and becomes a factor in controlling the weight gain rate. The oxidation rate of Al alloys into Al 2 O 3 preforms can be tailored by the control of preform particle size.
Functional expression of Shaker K+ channels in a baculovirus-infected insect cell line

We constructed a recombinant baculovirus, A. californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus, containing the Drosophila Shaker H4 K+ channel cDNA under control of the polyhedrin promoter. When infected with this recombinant baculovirus, the cell line Sf9, derived from the army-worm caterpillar S. frugiperda, expresses fully functional Shaker transient K+ currents, as assayed by whole-cell recording. K+ currents begin to appear at about 15 hr after infection, and they continue to increase over the next 3 days. Over the same period of time, a 75 kd band appears on SDS gels stained with Coomassie blue. The identity of this band as a Shaker gene product is confirmed by Western blot analysis using an anti-Shaker antiserum. The 75 kd band accounts for a substantial fraction of the membrane protein in Shaker-infected Sf9 cells. These results give hope that the baculovirus system, which has been used successfully for high-level expression of soluble proteins from higher eukaryotes, may be appropriate for producing large amounts of cloned ion channel proteins as well.
Convergence or divergence? Recent historical writings on the Rape of Nanjing.

As AN "EVENT AT THE LIMITS," the Nazi Holocaust highlights one of the fundamental dilemmas for historians at the end of the twentieth century: if historical inquiry is admittedly a subjective endeavor, are historians still capable of establishing some form of stable truth and rejecting certain emplotments such as denial? Recent years have seen a proliferation of works that attempt to wrestle with such issues in historiography and memory, including their moral implications. Historian Martin Jay, among others, has called attention to the mechanism that militates against the unfettered freedoms of historians to narrate arbitrarily, arguing that history is not so much a single historian emplotting the past "but rather the institution of historians, now more often credentialed than not, trying to convince each other about the plausibility of their reconstruction."1 The "common, if not universal, acceptance" of a historical narrative, in his view, depends on the "intersubjective judgment of the community rather than on any congruence with the 'truth' of what really happened."2 Advocating "practical realism," Joyce Appleby and others characterize historians as "seekers of a workable truth communicable within an improved society."3 In this sense, consensus or even convergence in the community of historians may take on the significance of a reasonable measure of truthfulness. Obviously, whether a strategy of intersubjective judgment can satisfactorily reconcile the contradiction in historical inquiry concerns historians in all fields. In view of its wider implication for the issue of historical truth, this essay addresses the question of whether there has been any significant convergence among historians writing on the Rape of Nanjing, or the Nanjing Massacre, which is often considered the single most notorious Japanese atrocity during the entire Asian-Pacific War.4
Solution to the μ problem in the presence of a heavy gluino LSP

In this paper we present a solution to the \ensuremath{\mu} problem in an SO(10) supersymmetric grand unified model with gauge mediated and D-term supersymmetry breaking. Peccei-Quinn symmetry is broken at the messenger scale $M\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{12} \mathrm{GeV}$ and enables the generation of the \ensuremath{\mu} term. The boundary conditions defined at M lead to a phenomenologically acceptable version of the minimal supersymmetric standard model with novel particle phenomenology. Either the gluino or the gravitino is the lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP). If the gravitino is the LSP, then the gluino is the next-to-LSP (NLSP) with a lifetime on the order of one month or longer. In either case this heavy gluino, with a mass in the range 25--35 GeV, can be treated as a stable particle with respect to experiments at high energy accelerators. Given the extensive phenomenological constraints we show that the model can only survive in a narrow region of parameter space resulting in a light neutral Higgs boson with a mass $\ensuremath{\sim}(86--91)\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}6 \mathrm{GeV}$ and $\mathrm{tan}\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\sim}9--14.$ In addition the lightest top squark and neutralino have masses $\ensuremath{\sim}100--122 \mathrm{GeV}$ and $\ensuremath{\sim}50--72 \mathrm{GeV},$ respectively. Thus the model will soon be tested. Finally, the invisible axion resulting from Peccei-Quinn symmetry breaking is a cold dark matter candidate.
Diverse roles for histone H2A modifications in DNA damage response pathways in yeast.

There are many types of DNA damage that are repaired by a multiplicity of different repair pathways. All damage and repair occur in the context of chromatin, and histone modifications are involved in many repair processes. We have analyzed the roles of H2A and its modifications in repair by mutagenizing modifiable residues in the N- and C-terminal tails of yeast H2A and by testing strains containing these mutations in multiple DNA repair assays. We show that residues in both tails are important for homologous recombination and nonhomologous end-joining pathways of double-strand break repair, as well as for survival of UV irradiation and oxidative damage. We show that H2A serine 122 is important for repair and/or survival in each of these assays. We also observe a complex pattern of H2A phosphorylation at residues S122, T126, and S129 in response to different damage conditions. We find that overlapping but nonidentical groups of H2A residues in both tails are involved in different pathways of repair. These data suggest the presence of a set of H2A “damage codes” in which distinct patterns of modifications on both tails of H2A may be used to identify specific types of damage or to promote specific repair pathways.
Nitrous oxide production and consumption: regulation of gene expression by gas- sensitive transcription factors

Several biochemical mechanisms contribute to the biological generation of nitrous oxide (N2O). N2O generating enzymes include the respiratory nitric oxide (NO) reductase, an enzyme from the flavo-diiron family, and flavohaemoglobin. On the other hand, there is only one enzyme that is known to use N2O as a substrate, which is the respiratory N2O reductase typically found in bacteria capable of denitrification (the respiratory reduction of nitrate and nitrite to dinitrogen). This article will briefly review the properties of the enzymes that make and consume N2O, together with the accessory proteins that have roles in the assembly and maturation of those enzymes. The expression of the genes encoding the enzymes that produce and consume N2O is regulated by environmental signals (typically oxygen and NO) acting through regulatory proteins, which, either directly or indirectly, control the frequency of transcription initiation. The roles and mechanisms of these proteins, and the structures of the regulatory networks in which they participate will also be reviewed.
Specialized dynamic optimizations for high-performance energy-efficient microarchitecture

We study several major characteristics of dynamic optimization within the PARROT power-aware, trace-cache-based microarchitectural framework. We investigate the benefit of providing optimizations which although tightly coupled with the microarchitecture in substance are decoupled in time. The tight coupling in substance provides the potential for tailoring optimizations for microarchitecture in a manner impossible or impractical not only for traditional static compilers but even for a JIT. We show that the contribution of common, generic optimizations to processor performance and energy efficiency may be more than doubled by creating a more intimate correlation between hardware specifics and the optimizer. In particular, dynamic optimizations can profit greatly from hardware supporting fused and SIMDified operations. At the same time, the decoupling in time allows optimizations to be arbitrarily aggressive without significant performance loss. We demonstrate that requiring up to 512 repetitions before a trace is optimized sacrifices almost no performance or efficiency as compared with lower thresholds. These results confirm the feasibility of energy efficient hardware implementation of an aggressive optimizer.