cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Continuous Bisphenol A Exposure from Early Gestation on 90 Day Old Rat Testes Function and Sperm Molecular Profiles: A CLARITY-BPA Consortium Study

Abstract Bisphenol A (BPA) is a ubiquitous industrial chemical that has been identified as an endocrine disrupting compound (EDC). There is growing concern that early life exposures to EDCs, such as BPA, can adversely affect the male reproductive tract and function. This study was conducted as part of the Consortium Linking Academic and Regulatory Insights on BPA Toxicity (CLARITY-BPA) to further delineate the toxicities associated with continuous exposure to BPA from early gestation, and to comprehensively examine the elicited effects on testes and sperm. NCTR Sprague Dawley rat dams were gavaged from gestational day (GD) 6 until parturition, and their pups were directly gavaged daily from postnatal day (PND) 1 to 90 with BPA (2.5, 25, 250, 2500, 25,000, 250,000 μg/kg/d) or vehicle control. At PND 90, the testes and sperm were collected for evaluation. The testes were histologically evaluated for altered germ cell apoptosis, sperm production, and altered spermiation. RNA and DNA isolated from sperm were assessed for elicited changes in global mRNA transcript abundance and altered DNA methylation. Effects of BPA were observed in changes in body, testis and epididymis weights only at the highest administered dose of BPA of 250,000 μg/kg/d. Genome-wide transcriptomic and epigenomic analyses failed to detect robust alterations in sperm mRNA and DNA methylation levels. These data indicate that prolonged exposure starting in utero to BPA over a wide range of levels has little, if any, impact on the testes and sperm molecular profiles of 90 day old rats as assessed by the histopathologic, morphometric, and molecular endpoints evaluated.
Die interaktionelle Übertragungs-Analyse

Die interaktionelle Ubertragungs-Analyse versteht sich nicht als eine Alternative zu den bisherigen Behandlungsmethoden, sondern als eine spezifische Erganzung, die in bestimmten Situationen und bei manchen Patienten zum Einsatz kommen kann, wahrend der uberwiegende Teil der Behandlung im gewohnten Setting verlauft. Sie beinhaltet allerdings auch eine etwas veranderte Behandlungstheorie, die der Therapeut-Patient-Beziehung insgesamt eine deutlich andere Qualitat verleiht.
Photochemical Cleavage and Release of Carboxylic Acids from α-Keto Amides

1 2 3 a (R = Et, R' = H) 94 : 6 b (R = iPr, R' = Me) 0 : 100 c (R = Ph, R' = H) 100 : 0 LG = CH 3 CO 2 - , PhCH 2 CO 2 - , C 6 H 5 CO 2 - , 4-NCC 6 H 4 CO 2 - , CH 3 CONHCH 2 CO 2 - , BocAla, GABA, Glu In aqueous media, α-keto amides LGCH 2 COCON(R)CH(R')CH 3 (la, R = Et, R' = H; 1b, R = i Pr, R' = Me; 1c, R = Ph, R' = H) with various carboxylate leaving groups (LG) at the C-3 position undergo photocleavage and release of carboxylic acids with formation of diastereomeric 5-hydroxy-oxazolidin-4-ones 2a,c in the cases of la,c or 5-methyleneoxazolidin-4-ones 3b in the case of 1b. For 1a,b, Φ(photocleavage) = 0.24-0.38, whereas Φ(photocleavage) = ca. 0.05 for 1c. The proposed mechanism involves transfer of hydrogen from an N-alkyl group to the keto oxygen to produce zwitterionic intermediates 4a-c that eliminate carboxylate anions. The resultant imminium ions, H2C=C(OH)CON+(R)=C(R')CH3 5a-c, cyclize intramolecularly to 3b or undergo intermolecular addition of water followed by tautomerization and cyclization to give 2a,c. These inter- or intramolecular trapping reactions of 5 release protons that decrease the pH and cause bleaching of the 620 nm band of the pH indicator, bromocresol green. Determination of the bleaching kinetics by laser flash photolysis methods in the case of la gives time constants of 18-137 μs, depending on the leaving group ability of the carboxylate anion, whereas amides 1b show only a small leaving group effect. For la, the large leaving group effect is consistent with rate-limiting carboxylate elimination from 4a, whereas the proton release step would be largely rate determining for 1b. Photolyses of la (LG = CH 3 CO 2 - , PhCH 2 CO 2 - ) in neat CH 3 CN results in carboxylate elimination to form imminium ion 5a, followed by internal return to give aminals.
Thermal Canisters for IPS Mounted Payloads

ABSTRACT A protoflight thermal canister has been acceptance tested and readied for flight as part of an Office of Space Sciences' payload on the Space Transportation System (STS, i.e., Space Shuttle). The canister is designed to provide a constant temperature (±1 ° C) enclosure to house a wide range of instruments while the external environment may change from full sun to deep space. The control mechanism is a system of feedback controlled variable conductance heat pipes with either hardwired proportional band control or microprocessor control, allowing the controlled temperature of the enclosure to be selectable within the range of -5 to 30 ° C. This paper reviews the canister thermal control concept and compares the thermal canister instrument design approach to conventional thermal design approaches. Included is a comparison of conventional and canister designs for a typical instrument cluster mounted to the Instrument Pointing System. The comparison shows how the canister simplifies thermal design of instruments, minimizes use of STS power for thermal control, decouples the instruments from the STS radiators and simplifies flight analysis.
The Relation between Nocturnal MCS Evolution and Its Outflow Boundaries in the Stable Boundary Layer: An Observational Study of the 15 July 2015 MCS in PECAN

AbstractThe vertical structures of a leading outflow boundary ahead of a continental nocturnal MCS and of the upstream environment are examined in order to answer the question of whether this verti...
Benefits of Exposing K-12 Students to Computer Science through Summer Camp Programs

In this paper we provide an overview of the CS@SC Summer Camps, which is a week-long exposure program to teach K-12 students about computer science. Students attend the program on campus at the University of Southern California, experiencing life as a college student while learning about a valuable field that is currently in high demand. The camps have a proven record of drawing interest from groups that are under- represented in computer science: girls (over 40% attended), minorities (over 70% attended), and low income families (over 80% of attendees with an annual family income less than $40k). Although a majority of the attendees expressed interest in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields prior to attending camp, the camps further increased interest by over 12%. We conclude that exposure programs such as CS@SC serve an important purpose, that of increasing the diversity and number of students pursuing education and careers in STEM fields.
Synthesis and cytotoxic activity of 2‐dialkylamino‐alkyl‐1,3‐dihydropyrrolo[3,4‐c]quinoline‐1,3‐diones and 6‐(2‐dimethylaminoethyl)‐1H‐dibenz[c,e]azepine‐5,7‐dione

The title compounds were synthesized. Cyclodehydration of aromatic 1,2-dicarboxylic acids, in the presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, to the corresponding N-substituted imides is discussed. Compounds 8 and 10 were tested in vitro against K562 and HL-60 cell lines. Compound 10 exhibited moderate cytotoxic activity.
Institutional Ownership Decomposition and Stock Market Returns

Evidence presented in Dasgupta et al. (2011) indicates that financial institutions can be net buyers or sellers of a stock over consecutive quarters, implying the existence of trends in a stock’s institutional ownership. I investigate the relation between institutional ownership and returns after controlling for trends by decomposing a stock’s institutional ownership into level, slope, and residual components. I find that the level, slope, and residual components have, respectively, positive but relatively weak, strongly positive, and strongly negative relations with returns. These relations are strongest within arbitrage-constrained stocks and are the result of financial institutions investing and actively managing their equity positions based on differences and changes in underlying firm fundamentals.
Remote instruction and distance education: A response to COVID-19

The purpose of the qualitative study was to explore how middle and secondary school agriscience teachers define remote instruction and distance education. This research was conducted as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Data for the study were collected during the time schools were closed and/or offering remote instruction. A purposive sample of seventeen agriscience education teachers in the States of Alabama and Georgia were selected for this qualitative study. Data were collected using a structured interview questionnaire and analyzed using constant comparisons. The conceptual framework of this study was developed using transactional distance theory and bound by strategic analysis. Findings showed that secondary agriscience education teachers did not collectively define remote instruction and distance education in the same manner. Some defined them similarly, and some noted specific differences in how the terms are defined and used. These teachers identified strengths and opportunities that should be exploited and weaknesses and threats that should be mitigated. Recommendations for training in appropriate use of distance education delivery strategies are provided. Recommendations for additional research into the impact on student learning are provided.
Defining the Relationship: An Examination of Sexual Behaviors and Relational Contexts across Tween, Teen, and Young Adult U.S. Television

Although content analytic research has examined casual sexual scripts in television programming, less is known about how the relational context of sexual behaviors is depicted by age. Using a sampl...
Techno-economic and greenhouse gas emission analysis of dimethyl ether production via the bi-reforming pathway for transportation fuel

Abstract This study describes the techno-economic analysis (TEA) of Dimethyl ether (DME) production via methanol dehydration where methanol is synthesized through bi-reforming CH4, water, and CO2. A conceptual DME production plant of 500 MTPD capacity is simulated in Aspen Plus™. In the model, the CO2 is sourced from an ammonia production facility (CFA) or from landfill gas (CFL). The estimated minimum fuel-selling price (MFSP) is $0.87 and $0.91/gal for the CFA and CFL cases, respectively. The equivalent diesel price ranges from $1.63 to $1.70/gal, which would be competitive with the market price of conventional diesel fuel. Sensitivity analysis investigated factors such as feedstock prices, capital costs, and production scale on the MFSP. Uncertainty of the MFSP resulting from varying LFG compositions is also analysed using Monte Carlo simulation. A cradle-to-gate greenhouse gas (GHG) emission analysis, performed using GREET software, showed that emissions range from −38.2 to 34.8 kg CO2eq/MMBtu. Using landfill gas sourced CO2, the process achieved negative emissions whereas using CO2 from an ammonia plant results in higher emissions than conventional diesel (17.7 kg CO2eq/MMBtu). These results indicate that bi-reforming could be an economically and environmentally feasible pathway for DME production as a diesel substitute.
Activation of reverse Na+-Ca2+ exchanger by skeletal Na+ channel isoform increases excitation-contraction coupling efficiency in rabbit cardiomyocytes.

A number of studies suggest that the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) activated by Na+ currents is involved in the process of excitation-contraction (EC) coupling in cardiac ventricular myocytes. Although ...
Hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 drives divergent immunomodulatory functions in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is a heterodimeric (HIF-1α/ HIF-1β) transcription factor in which the oxygen-sensitive HIF-1α subunit regulates gene transcription to mediate adaptive tissue responses to hypoxia. HIF-1 is a key mediator in both regulatory and pathogenic immune responses because ongoing inflammation in localized tissues causes increased oxygen consumption and consequent hypoxia within the inflammatory lesions. In autoimmune diseases, HIF-1 plays complex and divergent roles within localized inflammatory lesions by orchestrating a critical immune interplay sponsoring the pathogenesis of the disease. In this review, we have summarized the role of HIF-1 in lymphoid and myeloid immunomodulation in autoimmune diseases. HIF-1 drives inflammation by controlling the Th17/Treg /Tr1 balance through the tipping of the differentiation of CD4+ T cells in favor of proinflammatory Th17 cells while suppressing the development of anti-inflammatory Treg /Tr1 cells. On the other hand, HIF-1 plays a protective role by facilitating the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 in and expansion of CD1dhi CD5+ B cells, known as regulatory B cells or B10 cells. Apart from lymphoid cells, HIF-1 also controls the activation of macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells, thus eventually further influencing the activation and development of effector/regulatory T cells by facilitating the creation of a pro/anti-inflammatory micro-environment within the auto-inflammatory lesions. Based on the critical immunomodulatory roles that HIF-1 plays, this master transcription factor seems to be a potent druggable target for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
Searching for housing in the digital age: Neighborhood representation on internet rental housing platforms across space, platform, and metropolitan segregation:

Understanding residential mobility, housing affordability, and the geography of neighborhood advantage and disadvantage relies on robust information about housing search processes and housing marke...
Analysis and Control of Six Switch Inverter Symmetrical Two-Phase Induction Motor (STPIM) Drive with Front End Single - Phase Boost Rectifier

Symmetrical two-phase induction motor (STPIM) can attain equivalent performance of the three-phase counterpart while avoiding the problems of the conventional single-phase induction motor. A symmetrical two-phase induction motor drive system based on the six-switch inverter topology presents opportunities to achieve high power density while maintaining good dc bus utilization. The conventional PWM implementation for the six-switch inverter is shown to result in increased voltage stresses unbalance for the switching devices and DC bus underutilization. The increased switching stress is alleviated by a discontinuous space vector implementation approach that involves certain voltage injections. A front end, single phase boost rectifier is added to elucidate a practical drive system. A control law based on the estimation of the first and third harmonic disturbance dynamics of the rectifier is combined with the known rotor flux orientation control to achieve the overall control of the drive system. The control low minimizes the distortion in the grid current in spite of the presence of second harmonic oscillations in the dc link capacitor voltage.
An extended Petri net model for supporting workflow in a multilevel secure environment

This paper makes three contributions to the area of multilevel secure (MLS) workflow management systems (WFMS). First, it proposes a multilevel secure workflow transaction model. This model identifies the task dependencies in a workflow that cannot be enforced in order to meet multilevel security constraints. Second, it shows how Petri nets, a mathematical as well as a graphical tool, can be used to represent various types of task dependencies. Third, it extends the original Petri net (PN) model by proposing a Secure Petri Net (SPN) that can automatically detect and prevent all the task dependencies that violate security. This paper then presents algorithms to construct and execute MLS workflow transactions.
Interdisciplinary Automation and Control in a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) Laboratory

The University of Bridgeport’s School of Engineering created a new PLC Industrial Control Lab to accommodate lab-based, hands-on training using different types of Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs). The Lab and associated courses were designed to meet ABET’s EC2000 standards and prepare students for the workforce.
Birman-Schwinger and the number of Andreev states in Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer superconductors

The number of bound states resulting from inhomogeneities in a BCS superconductor is usually established either by variational means or via exact solutions of particularly simple, symmetric perturbations. Here, we propose estimating subgap states using the Birman-Schwinger principle. We derive upper bounds on the number of subgap states for small normal regions and find a suitable Cwikel-Lieb-Rozenblum inequality. We also estimate the number of such states for large normal regions using high dimensional generalizations of the Szego theorem. The method works equally well for local inhomogeneities of the order parameter and for external potentials.
Crystal Structure of a Bacterial Type IB DNA Topoisomerase Reveals a Preassembled Active Site in the Absence of DNA

Abstract Type IB DNA topoisomerases are found in all eukarya, two families of eukaryotic viruses (poxviruses and mimivirus), and many genera of bacteria. They alter DNA topology by cleaving and resealing one strand of duplex DNA via a covalent DNA-(3-phosphotyrosyl)-enzyme intermediate. Bacterial type IB enzymes were discovered recently and are described as poxvirus-like with respect to their small size, primary structures, and bipartite domain organization. Here we report the 1.75-A crystal structure of Deinococcus radiodurans topoisomerase IB (DraTopIB), a prototype of the bacterial clade. DraTopIB consists of an amino-terminal (N) β-sheet domain (amino acids 1–90) and a predominantly α-helical carboxyl-terminal (C) domain (amino acids 91–346) that closely resemble the corresponding domains of vaccinia virus topoisomerase IB. The five amino acids of DraTopIB that comprise the catalytic pentad (Arg-137, Lys-174, Arg-239, Asn-280, and Tyr-289) are preassembled into the active site in the absence of DNA in a manner nearly identical to the pentad configuration in human topoisomerase I bound to DNA. This contrasts with the apoenzyme of vaccinia topoisomerase, in which three of the active site constituents are either displaced or disordered. The N and C domains of DraTopIB are splayed apart in an “open” conformation, in which the surface of the catalytic domain containing the active site is exposed for DNA binding. A comparison with the human topoisomerase I-DNA cocrystal structure suggests how viral and bacterial topoisomerase IB enzymes might bind DNA circumferentially via movement of the N domain into the major groove and clamping of a disordered loop of the C domain around the helix.
Tracking locations of moving hand-held displays using projected light

Lee et al. have recently demonstrated display positioning using optical sensors in conjunction with temporally-coded patterns of projected light. This paper extends that concept in two important directions. First, we enable such sensors to determine their own location without using radio synchronization signals – allowing cheaper sensors and protecting location privacy. Second, we track the optical sensors over time using adaptive patterns, minimizing the extent of distracting temporal codes to small regions, thus enabling the remainder of the illuminated region to serve as a useful display while tracking. Our algorithms have been integrated into a prototype system that projects content onto a small, moving surface to create an inexpensive hand-held display for pervasive computing applications.
Freedom of the Press under Attack during the 1938 Labor Uprisings in Jamaica: The Prosecution of the Publishers of the Jamaica Labour Weekly

Abstract In 1938, a new movement began in Jamaica that forced the British government to embrace universal suffrage and, ultimately, independence. Begun by workers agitating for better wages, it was co-opted by trade unionists and became part of a larger focus on self-government. As the movement evolved, the rhetoric became increasingly radical. The ideology of the movement found its way into written form in the Jamaica Labour Weekly, published by Hugh Buchanan and Stennett Kerr-Coombs. As part of a broad strategy to halt the movement, authorities prosecuted the Weekly publishers for seditious libel. This article traces their prosecution and six-month sentence and places it in the context of the 1938 uprisings.
Fluctuations in Superconductors

In this paper I shall discuss how thermodynamic fluctuations affect the observable properties of superconductors, both above and below T. Although fluctuation effects can be observed also in such properties as electron tunneling, I shall restrict attention here to the basic hallmarks of superconductivity, perfect conductivity and perfect diamagnetism. First, I shall outline how the idealized properties of superconductors without fluctuations can be understood within the conceptual framework of the Ginzburg-Landau (GL) theory. Then I shall consider how fluctuations modify the idealized sharp transitions.
An unusual adenocarcinoma of the ovary; a case simulating Schiller's mesonephroma.

Abstract A case of adenocarcinoma of the ovary is presented which showed three forms of differentiation. These are described as (1) adenocarcinomatous elements, (2) glomeruloid structures, and (3) embryoid bodies. It is postulated that the glomeruloid structures arose from carcinomatous glands in the tumor, rendering a mesonephric concept of their origin unnecessary. The occurrence of embryoid bodies illustrates the close resemblance of certain primitive ovarian and testicular tumors.
Savoring: A New Model of Positive Experience

This book is about savoring life—the capacity to attend to the joys, pleasures, and other positive feelings that we experience in our lives. The authors enhance our understanding of what savoring is and the conditions under which it occurs. Savoring provides a new theoretical model for conceptualizing and understanding the psychology of enjoyment and the processes through which people manage positive emotions. The authors review their quantitative research on savoring, as well as the research of others, and provide measurement instruments with scoring instructions for assessing and studying savoring. Authors Bryant and Veroff outline the necessary preconditions that must exist for savoring to occur and distinguish savoring from related concepts such as coping, pleasure, positive affect, emotional intelligence, flow, and meditation. The book’s lifespan perspective includes a conceptual analysis of the role of time in savoring. Savoring is also considered in relation to human concerns, such as love, friendship, physical and mental health, creativity, and spirituality. Strategies and hands-on exercises that people can use to enhance savoring in their lives are provided, along with a review of factors that enhance savoring. Savoring is intended for researchers, students, and practitioners interested in positive psychology from the fields of social, clinical, health, and personality psychology and related disciplines. The book may serve as a supplemental text in courses on positive psychology, emotion and motivation, and other related topics. The chapters on enhancing savoring will be especially attractive to clinicians and counselors interested in intervention strategies for positive psychological adjustment.
The cDNA for the ubiquitin-52-amino-acid fusion protein from rat encodes a previously unidentified 60 S ribosomal subunit protein.

Rat cDNAs for a 52-amino-acid ribosomal protein (CEP52) that is typically formed as a ubiquitin fusion protein, were cloned following reverse transcription and PCR amplification. CEP52 sequence conservation is demonstrated by the similarity of the human and rat cDNA sequences and the identity of the predicted proteins. Amplification of rat cDNA with a primer specific for the 3´ non-coding region of the CEP52 gene, in combination with a consensus primer for the 5´ end of the ubiquitin coding sequence, provided evidence that the rat CEP52 gene is fused to a ubiquitin reading frame. Direct sequence analysis of this PCR product confirmed the in-frame fusion of a ubiquitin coding sequence to the rat CEP52 gene. Antibodies against a synthetic CEP52 peptide were used to show that expressed CEP52 is associated with the 60 S ribosomal subunit, and that it is not linked to ubiquitin. The quantity of CEP52 found in different tissues is quite variable, but appears to correspond to the amount of ribosomes present. Although the human, Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum CEP52 genes contain introns within the CEP52 coding region, the rat CEP52 coding sequence appears to lack insertions.
Observations on the decrease in sloughing of potato tissue slices on soaking in distilled water

Thin slices of potato tissue were soaked in distilled water under various conditions of time, temperature, and volume of water. In one group of studies, the potato slices were drained and cooked in distilled water. In a second group of studies, the soak water from the potato tissue slices obtained under the various conditions was used as part of the water for cooking soaked and unsoaked potato tissue slices. The amount of tissue which did not disintegrate was weighed directly and was reported as the cooked potato weight (CPW). The CPW is inversely related to the amount of sloughing.
Solution-mediated phase transformation of uric acid dihydrate

Various crystalline phases of uric acid are frequently identified components of human kidney stones, including anhydrous uric acid (UA) and uric acid dihydrate (UAD). Herein we report a quantitative study of the solution-mediated phase transformation of metastable UAD to UA as a function of pH as well as in model urine solution. Using a combination of X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, and optical microscopy techniques, the UAD to UA transformation was found to go to completion within 48 hours at 37 °C in buffered solutions with pH between 4.0–6.5 with no evidence for intermediate crystalline phases. In solutions with pH > 6.8, UAD transformation to a different monosodium urate monohydrate phase becomes dominant. In artificial urine solution, the transformation occurs on a slightly faster timescale and results in smaller UA crystals. Seeding and saturation experiments indicate that the rate-limiting step in the overall transformation is the dissolution of UAD. The kinetics of these transformation processes suggest that interconversions between various solid state forms of uric acid are relevant under the physiologic conditions which lead to stone formation.
Faculty sensitivity in detecting medical students' clinical competence

The purpose of this study was to determine the sensitivity of subjective faculty evaluations (1) in detecting the levels of clinical competence exhibited by third-year medical students in a junior clerkship and (2) in correlating with objective measures of the students' performance. Forty-eight third-year medical students were evaluated during the course of a 10-week surgery clerkship. Each student was subjectively evaluated by four surgery faculty members and by a number of objective measures. Unlike the subjective evaluations, the objective testing clearly demonstrated students' deficiencies. None of the seven students identified as underachieving by the battery of objective tests was identified as deficient by any of the faculty evaluators. The subjective scores in this study did not correlate highly with objective tests of either knowledge or performance. Reliance on subjective clinical evaluations as the sole measure of clinical ability is clearly not warranted. To better define clinical competence i...
β-LYTIC PROTEASE, A NEUTRAL SORANGIOPEPTIDASE*

The specificity of β-lytic protease of Sorangium is found to be similar to neutral proteases of bacterial origin. The β-enzyme did not hydrolyze any of the common esters of pancreopeptidases; however, an affinity for the peptide bond between R and R1 in the molecular arrangement X-R-R1-NH2 was shown. The substitution occurred at the N-terminal of a hydrophobic amino acid whose carboxyl end was not terminal. 3-(2-furyl-acryloyl)-glycyl-L-leucine amide was the substrate of choice since accurate spectrophotometric rate assays could be accomplished with this substrate. A close relationship existed between the mammalian proteases and Sorangium proteases. The β-enzyme was similar to carboxypeptidase (non-serine protease) in some respects, and the α, δ, enzymes of Sorangium were, to some extent, similar to serine proteases of mammalian origin. In agreement with the nomenclature of other neutral proteases, a more specific name of ‘Neutral Sorangiopeptidase’ has been suggested.
Nonmelanoma skin cancer

Therapy for basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) does not end with treatment of the initial lesion because almost 50% of patients with one nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) develop another NMSC in the next 5 years. An integrated program of skin cancer awareness, sun protection, and prophylactic approaches is critical. The risk profile of the tumor influences which therapies and specialties will be involved. Most NMSCs may be treated with outpatient methods. Primary care physicians may treat low-risk tumors, but dermatologists specially trained in cutaneous oncology and a multidisciplinary team should manage high-risk lesions. Superficial BCC and SCC may be treated adequately with superficial modalities such as electrodesiccation and curettage (EDC) and cryotherapy. Topical 5-fluorouracil is effective for small in situ lesions. Invasive but low-risk lesions may be treated with EDC and cryotherapy provided that the tumor is limited to the papillary dermis, is not recurrent, and does not have high-risk features. High-risk tumors are best treated with excision and histologic examination or Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS). MMS is the therapeutic gold standard for all NMSCs in terms of cure rates, margin control, and tissue conservation. Because of its higher cost and specialized process, MMS is best reserved for specific indications.
Aerodynamic response of turbomachinery blade rows to convecting density wakes

A two–dimensional computational study was conducted to characterize the density wake induced force and moment fluctuations on a compressor blade row. The flow simulations indicate unsteady blade excitation generated by: (1) density wake fluid directed to the blade suction surface, (2) axial deflection of the blade passage shock wave position and (3) formation of a separation bubble on the blade suction surface. The blade force and moment fluctuation amplitudes are found to scale with the nondimensional density wake width w/c and a non–dimensional density parameter ρ*.Copyright © 2000 by ASME
Lipoxygenase Products in Normal and Diseased Glomeruli

Figure 4 is a schematic summary of current evidence implicating products of the 15-lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism, principally 15-S-HETE and LXA4, as endogenous antagonists for the proinflammatory actions of leukotrienes. Here, we have presented evidence for the pathophysiologic relevance of leukotrienes in glomerular immune injury and the emerging data on the multifaceted counterinflammatory actions of 15-lipoxygenase products as they relate specifically to the renal glomerulus. Clearly, these concepts are of a broader nature and would be expected to pertain to inflammatory reactions in general, be they in the glomerulus, the renal interstitium, or in extrarenal sites. The extent to which these early observations can be exploited to design strategies for the control of self-destructive inflammatory reactions in the kidney and elsewhere will be determined by future studies. Imaginative design of molecular tools for the manipulation of these enzyme systems in vivo, however, represents a potentially fruitful area of research towards the attainment of a highly worthwhile goal: the cure of glomerulonephritis.
Transient analysis of the DSIFs and dynamic T-stress for particulate composite materials—Numerical vs. experimental results

The fracture behavior of particulate composite materials when subjected to dynamic loading has been a great concern for many industrial applications as these materials are particularly susceptible to impact loading conditions. As a result, many numerical and experimental techniques have been developed to deal with this class of problems. In this work, the fracture behavior of particulate composites under impact loading conditions is numerically studied via the two most important fracture parameters: dynamic stress intensity factors (DSIFs) and dynamic T-stress (DTS), and the results are compared with the experimental data obtained in Refs. [1,2]. Here, micromechanics models (self-consistent, Mori–Tanaka, …) or experimental techniques need to be employed first to determine the effective material properties of particulate composites. Then, the symmetric-Galerkin boundary element method for elastodynamics in the Fourier-space frequency domain is used in conjunction with displacement correlation technique to evaluate the DSIFs and stress correlation technique to determine the DTS. To obtain transient responses of the fracture parameters, fast Fourier transform (FFT) and inverse FFT are subsequently used to convert the DSIFs and DTS from the frequency domain to the time domain. Test examples involving free–free beams made of particulate composites are considered in this study. The numerical results are found to agree very well with the experimental ones.
Detectivity of plasmonic enhanced photodetectors based on nondegenerate two-photon absorption process

Mid-infrared photodetectors are the subject of many research efforts within the last two decades for enhancing their operating parameters such as temperature stability, detectivity and quantum efficiency. This is due to their wide range of applications like biosensing, night vision, and short range communication. However, mid-infrared photons have much smaller energy compared with the band gap energy of well known semiconductors including III-V and II-VI families. One way to overcome this problem is to utilizing quantum confinement effects by absorbing a photon through the intersubband transition of a conduction electron or valance hole. Fabricating devices at the nanoscale size to achieve quantum confinement is costly and imposes limitations for further device preparation. In addition, the optical properties of quantum confined devices are sensitive to nanoscale geometrical parameters which make them vulnerable to fabrication imperfections. The other approach of detecting mid-infrared light is by exploiting the non-degenerate two photon absorption process (TPA). Two photons with different energies can be absorbed simultaneously by a semiconductor with the band gap energy less than the overall energy of two photons. Thus, a mid-infrared photon as the signal can be detected by a bulk semiconductor with much larger band gap energy when a near-infrared photon as the gate assists the absorption process through TPA.
Andragogy: Student centered classrooms in criminal justice programs

Historically, much of the teaching-learning transactions in criminal justice classrooms have been teacher-centered. Teacher-centered approaches are rooted in the behavioral and cognitive theories of education. Andragogy, a philosophical orientation for adult education, receives little attention in the criminal justice literature. Yet the tenets of andragogy form an organizing framework that is consistent with many contemporary and evolving criminal justice practices. This paper defines andragogy and presents an “andragogical guide,” which may be useful for criminal justice educators who desire to experiment with innovative approaches to foster a more effective teaching-learning transaction.
Contextual factors and anxiety in minority and European American youth presenting for treatment across two urban university clinics

The current study compared ethnic minority and European American clinically-referred anxious youth (N=686; 2-19 years) on internalizing symptoms (i.e., primary anxiety and comorbid depression) and neighborhood context. Data were provided from multiple informants including youth, parents, and teachers. Internalizing symptoms were measured by the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children, Child Depression Inventory, Child Behavior Checklist and Teacher Report Form. Diagnoses were based on the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Children. Neighborhood context was measured using Census tract data (i.e., owner-occupied housing, education level, poverty level, and median home value). Ethnic minority and European American youth showed differential patterns of diagnosis and severity of anxiety disorders. Further, ethnic minority youth lived in more disadvantaged neighborhoods. Ethnicity and neighborhood context appear to have an additive influence on internalizing symptoms in clinically-referred anxious youth. Implications for evidence-based treatments are discussed.
Process of Infection with Bacteriophage φX174 XXXIII. Templates for the Synthesis of Single-Stranded Deoxyribonucleic Acid

The origin of the templates for the synthesis of {varphi}X174 progeny single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid was studied by means of the mutagenic activity associated with the decay of incorporated 3H-labeled 5-cytosine. The results indicate that the single-strand synthesis occurs in an asymmetric semiconservative manner using as template the complementary strands of the pool of replicative from molecules accumulated during the eclipse period. These complementary strands are repeatedly used as templates, and there is no detectable preferential use of complementary strand templates made early in the eclipse versus those made late.
Attenuation of brain edema, blood-brain barrier breakdown, and injury volume by ifenprodil, a polyamine-site N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, after experimental traumatic brain injury in rats.

OBJECTIVE Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been shown to induce a significant change in polyamine metabolism. Polyamines and polyamine-dependent calcium influx play an important role in mediating the effects of excitotoxic amino acids at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor site. We studied the effects of ifenprodil, known as a noncompetitive inhibitor of polyamine sites at the NMDA receptor, on brain edema formation, blood-brain barrier breakdown, and volume of injury after TBI. METHODS Experimental TBI was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by a controlled cortical impact device, functioning at a velocity of 3 m/s to produce a 2-mm deformation. Ifenprodil or saline (10 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally immediately after the cortical impact injury and then every 90 minutes until 6 hours after TBI. Blood-brain barrier breakdown was evaluated quantitatively 6 hours after injury by fluorometric assay of Evans blue extravasation. Brain water content, an indicator of brain edema, was measured with the wet-dry method 24 hours after TBI. Injury volume was quantitated from the brain slices stained with 2% cresyl violet solution 7 days after TBI. RESULTS Blood-brain barrier breakdown was significantly lower in the traumatic cortex of the ifenprodil-treated group than in the saline-treated group (84.4 +/- 26.8 microg/g versus 161.8 +/- 27 microg/g, respectively, P < 0.05). Brain edema was significantly reduced in the cortex of the ifenprodil-treated group relative to that in the saline-treated group (80.9 +/- 0.5% versus 82.4 +/- 0.6% respectively, P < 0.05). Ifenprodil treatment reduced injury volume significantly (14.9 +/- 8.1 mm3 versus 24.4 +/- 6.7 mm3, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The polyamine-site NMDA receptor antagonist ifenprodil affords significant neuroprotection in a controlled cortical impact brain injury model and may hold promise for the discovery and treatment of the mechanism of delayed neurological deficits after TBI.
Imaging of Cardiovascular Dynamics in Early Mouse Embryos with Swept Source Optical Coherence Tomography

Congenital cardiovascular defects are very common, occurring in 1% of live births, and cardiovascular failures are the leading cause of birth defect-related deaths in infants. To improve diagnostics, prevention and treatment of cardiovascular abnormalities, we need to understand not only how cells form the heart and vessels but also how physical factors such as heart contraction and blood flow influence heart development and changes in the circulatory network. Mouse models are an excellent resource for studying cardiovascular development and disease because of the resemblance to humans, rapid generation time, and availability of mutants with cardiovascular defects linked to human diseases. In this work, we present results on development and application of Doppler Swept Source Optical Coherence Tomography (DSS-OCT) for imaging of cardiovascular dynamics and blood flow in the mouse embryonic heart and vessels. Our studies demonstrated that the spatial and temporal resolution of the DSS-OCT makes it possible to perform sensitive measurements of heart and vessel wall movements and to investigate how contractile waves facilitate the movement of blood through the circulatory system.
The solid-liquid surface tension at a helium/cesium interface

The existence of a wetting transition for helium adsorbed on cesium provides an experimental opportunity to investigate the solid-liquid surface tension. We have extracted the temperature dependence of the solid-liquid surface tension at the4He/Cs interface from our earlier measurements of the wetting temperature of pure4He on thin layers of cesium overlaying gold. More recently we have measured the wetting temperature as a function of the3He concentration for3He-4He mixtures. An analysis of these experiments paralleling Andreev's investigation of the free surface reveals3He bound states at the helium/cesium interface.
On the choice and linkage of large scale forecasting models

Abstract Different kinds of large scale forecasting models are compared on the basis of their forecasting time horizons. The choice of model or models should be guided by the decisions to be made. The linkage between models will be facilitated by further developments that will make the models epistemologically compatible. To enhance utilization, the imbedding of forecasting models in some use-oriented framework may be more important than the linkage between models.
Fetal Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Responses to Estradiol Sulfate

Estradiol (E2) is an important modifier of the activity of the fetal hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. We have reported that estradiol-3-sulfate (E2SO4) circulates in fetal blood in far higher concentrations than E2 and that the fetal brain expresses steroid sulfatase, required for local deconjugation of E2SO4. We performed the present study to test the hypothesis that chronic infusion of E2SO4 chronically increases ACTH and cortisol secretion and that it shortens gestation. Chronically catheterized fetal sheep were treated with E2SO4 intracerebroventricular (n = 5), E2SO4 iv (n = 4), or no steroid infusion (control group, n = 5). Fetuses were subjected to arterial blood sampling every other day until spontaneous birth for plasma hormone analysis. Treatment with E2SO4 attenuated preparturient increases in ACTH secretion near term without affecting the ontogenetic rise in plasma cortisol. Infusion of E2SO4 intracerebroventricularly significantly increased plasma E2, plasma E2SO4, and plasma progesterone...
Growth of cubic GaN crystals from hexagonal GaN feedstock

Abstract The ammonothermal transport and spontaneously nucleated recrystallization of cubic GaN using a NH 4 Cl/LiCl mineralizer system and h-GaN nutrient has been studied. Conditions of temperature, fill and mineralizer concentrations were varied independently to determine their effect on the system. It was found that the rate at which GaN deposits in the cool zone increases with increasing hot-zone temperature and NH 3 fill, and that a temperature difference of at least 110 °C between the hot and cool-zones is necessary for transport to occur. Addition of more NH 4 Cl has little effect on transport rate once a threshold of about 0.015 M is reached. The LiCl co-mineralizer concentration is very significant, and the transport rate is very low when LiCl is absent. There seems to be an effect of scale and run time on the phase purity of the deposit in the cool zone with the fraction of hexagonal phase GaN increasing with both increasing run time and with the amount of mass transported.
Modeling Item-Level and Step-Level Invariance Effects in Polytomous Items Using the Partial Credit Model.

Measurement invariance is a common consideration in the evaluation of the validity and fairness of test scores when the tested population contains distinct groups of examinees, such as examinees receiving different forms of a translated test. Measurement invariance in polytomous items has traditionally been evaluated at the item-level, corresponding to what is broadly referred to as differential item functioning. However, recent advances in the study of measurement invariance in polytomous items has documented the value in examining invariance at the level of each step of the polytomous item, referred to as differential step functioning. To date, little documentation exists of methodology that can simultaneously evaluate both item-level and step-level invariance effects using a common parametric model. In this article, we describe how to use the partial credit model to simultaneously evaluate item-level and step-level invariance effects. A simulation study as well as a large empirical example are presente...
Induction of hepatic mono-oxygenase systems of pregnant rats with phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene.

Abstract When sodium phenobarbital was given to pregnant and non-pregnant female rats (40 mg/kg for 4 days), ethylmorphine N -demethylase, a cytochrome P-450-dependent system, was induced about 4-fold in non-pregnant females, but only 2-fold in pregnant females. The induction of microsomal cytochrome P-450 was also lower in pregnant animals. This impairment of phenobarbital induction occurred within 3 days of conception and disappeared after parturition within 5 days. 3-Methylcholan-threne induction of hepatic benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase, a cytochrome P 1 -450-dependent mono-oxy-genase system not inducible by phenobarbital, was not impaired during pregnancy. The depressed response of the maternal liver to phenobarbital induction can be partially reversed by the coadministra-tion of 3-methylcholanthrene. The administration of a higher dose of sodium phenobarbital (80 mg/kg day for 4 days) overcame the pregnancy-related lowered response to phenobarbital induction observed with the smaller dose of the barbiturate. The similarity in responses of the maternal and fetal livers to inducing agents suggests that a common regulatory mechanism operates in both the fetus and the pregnant female.
In Vitro and Cellular Self-Assembly of a Zn-Binding Protein Cryptand via Templated Disulfide Bonds.

Simultaneously strong and reversible through redox chemistry, disulfide bonds play a unique and often irreplaceable role in the formation of biological and synthetic assemblies. In an approach inspired by supramolecular chemistry, we report here that engineered noncovalent interactions on the surface of a monomeric protein can template its assembly into a unique cryptand-like protein complex (C81/C96RIDC14) by guiding the selective formation of multiple disulfide bonds across different interfaces. Owing to its highly interconnected framework, C81/C96RIDC14 is well preorganized for metal coordination in its interior, can support a large internal cavity surrounding the metal sites, and can withstand significant alterations in inner-sphere metal coordination. C81/C96RIDC14 self-assembles with high fidelity and yield in the periplasmic space of E. coli cells, where it can successfully compete for Zn(II) binding.