cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
STUDIES INDICATING THE FUNCTION OF CORTIN

There are three lines of approach to the study of the function of cortin the vital hormone of the adrenal cortex; one, through the effects of deprivation, a second through the effects of replacement in deficient subjects, and the third through the action of cortin in normal subjects. The most striking results occur when there is a deficiency of the hormone. In experimental adrenal insufficiency symptoms develop which indicate marked changes in the functions of many tissues of the body. Animals with both adrenals removed not only become fatigued easily when they undertake exercise, but they show a disinclination for exercise. Loss of appetite appears sooner or later, with or without vomiting, and there may be hemorrhages from the mueosa of the alimentary canal or elsewhere. As the animals become worse, they lose interest in their surroundings, finally passing into a state of inertia which verges upon coma or they become easily irritated and may appear irrational (wandering about aimlessly from one place to...
SPHIN: A model checker for reconfigurable hybrid systems based on SPIN

We present SPHIN, a model checker for reconfigurable hybrid systems based on the model checker SPIN. We observe that physical (analog) mobility can be modeled in the same way as logical (discrete) mobility is modeled in the @p-calculus by means of channel name passing. We chose SPIN because it supports channel name passing and can model reconfigurations. We extend the syntax of PROMELA and the verification algorithms based on the expected semantics. We demonstrate the tool's capabilities by modeling and verifying a reconfigurable hybrid system.
The DSM-IV field trial for substance use disorders: major results

“Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 4940 Children’s Place, Box 8134, St. Louis, MO 63110-1093. USA bDepartment of Psychiatry, Veterans Administration Hospital and University of California, 3350 LuJolla Village Dr., San Diego, CA 92161, USA EDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05401, USA ‘University of Colorado Medical Center, Box C-268, 4200 E. 9th Ave., Denver, CO 80262, USA ‘VA Medical Center, 39th Woodland Ave.. Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA ‘Office of the Provost, University of Iowa, Jessup Hall III, Iowa City, IA 52242,
Crosscorrelogram Migration of IVSPWD Data

Drill-bit seismic data can provide valuable information about reflector characteristics above or below the drill bit. In this paper, an interferometric migration method is developed and applied to synthetic data and Union Pacific Resources Corporation (UPRC) drill-bit data. UPRC data are recorded on the earth’s free surface while a tricone drill bit and down hole motor were used to drill along a horizontal trajectory at a depth of 9188 ft in the Austin Chalk formation. Crosscorrelograms were migrated based on the primary-ghost imaging condition. The merit of interferometric or crosscorrelogram migration is that both drill-bit position and pilot signal do not need to be known and is applicable to deviated wells. Synthetic results verify the validity of the reflectivity image obtained by migrating crosscorrelated drill-bit traces generated by a drill bit moving along a horizontal hole. The resulting migration images obtained from the UPRC data are compared with a surface-CDP section adjacent to the well rig. The results show that the crosscorrelogram ghost-migration image roughly correlates with the CDP section. But we also note that there is some spurious noise in the images. Our results suggest that crosscorrelogram migration can be used to image the reflectivity distribution with Inverse Vertical Seismic Profiling While Drilling (IVSPWD) data, but caution is needed so as to not image virtual multiples as actual reflectors.
Heme metabolism in liver and spleen of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU)-treated rats.

The effect of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU), an anticancer alkylating agent of the nitrosourea group, on liver and spleen enzymes involved in the control of heme metabolism was studied. A single oral dose of 50 or 100 mg/kg CCNU caused a time-dependent loss in weight of both spleen and liver. Seven days after CCNU treatment (100 mg/kg) the weights were at 45 and 65% of controls respectively. The activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase (ALA-S), the rate-limiting enzyme in heme biosynthesis, declined in spleen and liver to 11 and 24% of control values, respectively, 7 days after CCNU treatment. Heme oxygenase activity, the rate-limiting enzyme of heme breakdown, was moderately increased in liver and spleen following CCNU administration. In liver, heme oxygenase activity was 142% of control values at 24 hr, and in spleen the activity was 180% of controls at 1 week. Pretreatment of the animals with phenobarbital (PB) (40 mg/kg/day, i.p.) for 4 days caused a reversal in the decline of liver weight with no effect on the decline in spleen weight following CCNU treatment. Similarly, PB pretreatment reversed the decline in hepatic ALA-S activity after CCNU administration but had no effect on the decline in splenic ALA-S activity. This study indicates that CCNU causes significant decreases in the activity of enzymes of heme biosynthesis in spleen and liver. The CCNU hemotoxicity in the liver was reversed by PB pretreatment whereas the splenic hemotoxicity was unchanged.
Distinction between Color Photoreceptor Cell Fates Is Controlled by Prospero in Drosophila

Abstract The Drosophila compound eye consists of ∼750 independently functioning ommatidia, each containing two photoreceptor subpopulations. The outer photoreceptors participate in motion detection, while the inner photoreceptors contribute to color vision. Although the inner photoreceptors, R7 and R8, terminally differentiate into functionally related cells, they differ in their molecular and morphological makeup. Our data indicates that several aspects of R7 versus R8 cell fate determination are regulated by the transcription factor Prospero (Pros). pros is specifically expressed in R7 cells, and R7 cells mutant for pros derepress R8 rhodopsins , lose R7 rhodopsins and acquire an R8-like morphology. This suggests that R7 inner photoreceptor cell fate is acquired from a default R8-like fate that is regulated, in part, via the direct transcriptional repression of R8 rhodopsins in R7 cells. Furthermore, this study provides transcriptional targets for pros that may lend insight into its role in regulating neuronal development in flies and vertebrates.
Copper Dioxygen Adducts: Formation of Bis(μ-oxo)dicopper(III) versus (μ-1,2)Peroxodicopper(II) Complexes with Small Changes in One Pyridyl-Ligand Substituent

The preference for the formation of a particular Cu2O2 isomer coming from (ligand)-CuI/O2 reactivity can be regulated with the steric demands of a TMPA (tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine) derived ligand possessing 6-pyridyl substituents on one of the three donor groups of the tripodal tetradentate ligand. When this substituent is an −XHR group (X = N or C) the traditional CuI/O2 adduct forms a (μ-1,2)peroxodicopper(II) species (A). However, when the substituent is the slightly bulkier XR2 moiety {aryl or NR2 (R ≠ H)}, a bis(μ-oxo)dicopper(III) structure (C) is favored. The reactivity of one of the bis(μ-oxo)dicopper(III) species, [{(6tbp)CuIII}2(O2−)2]2+ (7-O2) (6tbp = (6-tBu-phenyl-2-pyridylmethyl)bis(2-pyridylmethyl)amine), was probed, and for the first time, exogenous toluene or ethylbenzene hydrocarbon oxygenation reactions were observed. Typical monooxygenase chemistry occurred: the benzaldehyde product includes an 18-O atom for toluene/7-18O2 reactivity, and a H-atom abstraction by 7-O2 is apparent from st...
A small foveal avascular zone may be an historic mark of prematurity

Abstract Objective To compare in children the area and diameter of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) of former preterm infants, when no significant retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) developed, to the area and diameter of the FAZ of former term infants. Design Retrospective observational case series and literature review. Participants Forty-nine children (39 former preterm infants and 10 former term infants) between the ages of 1 and 17 years had fluorescein angiograms. All of these children had been appropriate weight for gestational age at birth and had no genetic disorders. Neither eye of any of these children had any macular ectopia or vessel traction, had been treated for active ROP, had developed active ROP >stage 3 mild, or had any refractive error >± five diopters. Every child had a visual acuity of 20/40 or better in both eyes. Methods The area and greatest diameter of the FAZ were measured using digital image analysis of masked fundus fluorescein angiograms. Variables of gender, race, multiple birth, gestational age, birth weight, ROP stage, age, and refraction at the time of fluorescein angiography, and final visual acuity were recorded. Results Increasing FAZ area and greatest diameter correlated significantly with increasing gestational age and birth weight: FAZ area (μm 2 ) versus gestational age (weeks) (R/F/ P = 0.88/166.70/ P = 0.87/151.10/ 2 ) versus birth weight (g) (R/F/ P = 0.88/167.06/ P = 0.87/148.74/ Conclusion This study provides evidence that the FAZ in developing humans is initially densely vascularized with a fine meshwork of inner retinal vessels during vasculogenesis. This vascular meshwork undergoes regression by apoptosis in all infants ≥36 weeks gestational age at birth to form a normal FAZ, but apoptosis almost never occurs in preterm infants ≤30 weeks gestational age at birth. Although there is no effect on final visual acuity, a small or absent FAZ may be an historic mark of prematurity.
Career education and career maturity

Abstract The relationships between career maturity and the career curriculum practices and policies of 38 Melbourne metropolitan secondary schools were investigated in this study. An Australian adaption of the Career Development Inventory was used as the measure of career maturity of random samples of year 9 and year 11 students. Career curriculum practices were ascertained via questionnaires. Questionnaires were completed by the principal, career teacher, and three subject teachers in each of the schools in the study. The questionnaires yielded five factors, one associated with congruence to Super's theory and four assocated with innovation/implementation factors. The results of the study supported the view that schools with career education programs achieved higher gains in the career maturity of their students between years 9 and 11 than schools with no career education programs. The findings also showed a strong relationship between the type of program offered, the support of the school for that program, and the gains in career maturity of the students between years 9 and 11.
Heightened cardiovascular risk in diabetic women: can the tide be turned?

We lack an evidence-based comprehensive strategy for improving cardiovascular outcomes in diabetic women. Until we have one, a prudent clinical approach involves 2 steps. First, we must recognize t...
On compensation and conductivity models for molecular-beam-epitaxial GaAs grown at low temperature

Molecular‐beam‐epitaxial GaAs grown at 200 °C has an extremely high (≳1019 cm−3) concentration of AsGa defects and, after an anneal at 550–600 °C, a high concentration of As precipitates. The relative roles of the AsGa defects and As precipitates in compensation and conductivity is controversial. Here criteria are developed to distinguish between two existing models.
Identification of Microbial Isolates from Vacuum-Packaged Ground Pork Irradiated at 1 kGy

Bacterial cultures from irradiated (1 kGy) and nonirradiated, vacuum-packaged ground pork held at 5°C were isolated and characterized over a 12-day storage period. The initial flora of the meat was composed mostly of Pseudomonas sp. and Enterobacter sp. Although the microflora of nonirradiated samples gradually shifted from Gram-negative to Gram-positive microorganisms, 76% of the isolates were characterized as Gram-negative at the onset of spoilage (9 days at 5°C). In contrast, the irradiated ground pork microflora was mainly Gram-positive (66%) shortly after irradiation and increased to 97% after 9 days at 5°C. A total of 720 isolates were identified to genus.
Superoxide Radical Anion Adduct of 5,5-Dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide. 6. Redox Properties

Cyclic nitrones have been employed for decades as spin trapping reagents for the detection and identification of transient radicals, and have been employed as pharmacological agent against ROS-mediated toxicity. The short half-life of the nitrone−superoxide adducts limits the application of nitrones in biological millieu, and therefore investigaton of the redox properties of the superoxide adducts is important. Moreover, computational investigation of the redox properties of the nitrones and their corresponding spin adducts may provide new insights into the nature of their pharmacological activity against ROS-induced toxicity. In general, electron-withdrawing group substitution at the C-5 position results in higher EAs and IPs making these substituted nitrones more susceptible to reduction but more difficult to oxidize compared to DMPO. One-electron reduction and oxidation of nitrones both resulted in elongated N−C2 bonds indicating the tendency of radical anion and cation forms of nitrone to undergo ring...
Point-wise impulse (blast) response of a composite sandwich plate including core compressibility effects

Abstract This work analyzes the nonlinear impulse response of a composite sandwich plate exposed to a sudden point-wise transverse loading on the top face sheet. The nonlinearity arising from the core compressibility in the thickness direction is modeled and incorporated into the constitutive relations explicitly. As such, one can have a deep insight regarding the stress, strain and displacement profiles into the sandwich plate. The sandwich plate is assumed to be perfectly bonded at the face sheet/core interfaces. The equations of motion are formulated using Hamilton’s principle. The simply supported case is used to illustrate the procedure for solving the nonlinear equations. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the response in terms of the transverse deformation and stresses in the composite sandwich plate. The effects of the variation of the geometrical parameters of the structure on the blast impulse response are also studied. Some conclusions are suggested regarding the associated optimal design of sandwich plates.
Sensitivity calculations for low heat generating defense waste repository temperatures

Abstract Repository temperatures were calculated for Savannah River wastes by using both two- and three-dimensional numerical schemes. The error introduced by using the simpler and more efficient two-dimensional models is less than the present uncertainties introduced by waste power generation and host rock properties. Waste canister temperatures were found to be relatively insensitive to geometric asymmetry and model detail outside the immediate vicinity of the waste canister.
Parkinson’s Disease: Speech Disorder and Released Infantile Oroneuromotor Activity

Thirty subjects with primary Parkinson’s disease, each of whom was classified as being in one of three stages of disease progression, were examined for the presence of infantile oroneuromotor activ...
Optically Pumped Electron Spin Filter

This paper reports the first experimental demonstration of an optically pumped electron spin filter. Unpolarized electrons produced in a cold-cathode discharge drift through a mixture of spin-polarized Rb and a nitrogen or helium buffer gas. Through spin-exchange collisions with the Rb, the drifting electrons become polarized along the optical pumping axis. We study the role of the buffer gas in both the optical pumping and the spin transfer to the free electrons. This spin filter produces electron beams with currents and polarizations comparable to first-generation GaAs polarized electron sources.
Electrical burn injury to the upper extremity

Our experience with a group of 22 patients with electrical injuries to the hand is reported. Some guidelines in management are formulated.
The effects of zearalenone on reproduction in swine. II. The effect on puberty attainment and postweaning rebreeding performance

Eighty-five prepuberal, crossbred gilts received, ad libitum, a diet containing 0 or 10 ppm purified zearalenone for 30 d beginning at 145 to 193 d of age. At the end of this period all gilts were placed on the control diet and exposed daily to a mature boar for 60 d. Within 3 to 5 d of zearalenone ingestion, gilts showed marked vulval swelling and reddening, which continued for the 30-d feeding period. Thereafter symptoms slowly subsided. Zearalenone treated gilts showed first estrus significantly later than controls (P 0.05). The length of the first estrous cycle was not affected by the ingestion of zearalenone before puberty (P>0.05). In a second study, 65 multiparous, crossbred sows were full-fed twice daily a ration containing 0 or 10 ppm of purified zearalenone beginning 14 d before weaning. Postweaning, all sows were fed the control diet, were checked for estrus daily, and inseminated at the first postweaning estrus. Neither sows nor gilts from their litters exhibited signs of hyperestrogenism during treatment. Weaning to estrus interval was significantly extended in zearalenone treated sows (P<0.05), but all other variables of fertility assessed were similar. These data suggest that zearalenone ingestion before puberty delays the stimulation of puberty associated with boar exposure, but does not affect subsequent cyclicity if zearalenone is removed from the ration. Similarly, zearalenone ingestion during lactation delays the return to estrus after weaning, but does not affect subsequent fertility when removed from the ration at weaning.
Damage detection of rubber toughened nanocomposites in the fracture process zone using carbon nanotubes

Abstract A detailed experimental study is conducted using multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as a sensory network to understand damage initiation and growth within the process zone of epoxy particulate composites under opening mode fracture loading. Thermoset epoxy resin composites are toughened with three weight fractions of carboxyl-terminated butadiene acrylonitrile copolymer (CTBN) rubber (10 phr, 20 phr and 30 phr). Single-edge notch tension (SENT) geometry and far-field tensile loading conditions are used for this study. A modified four-point probe methodology coupled with a high-resolution data acquisition system is employed to capture the electrical response within the process zone of fracture test specimens. For each composite, the damage initiation and growth associated with linear and non-linear deformation is analyzed and discussed with respect to the change in crack tip opening displacement (CTOD). Although the electrical response did not differ qualitatively with the addition of both 10 phr and 20 phr rubber to epoxy, addition of 30 phr of rubber showed a significantly different response both qualitatively and quantitatively. This is the result of several mechanisms such as disentanglement and stretching of epoxy matrix molecules, micro-crack blunting, debonding of rubber particles, void growth and propagation.
Absolute measurement of the far-infrared surface resistance of Pb

The far-infrared surface resistance of Pb has been measured absolutely using a new technique of parallel-plate waveguides. These are made from two rolled-metal foils and a dielectric spacing material or by evaporating the metal directly on both surfaces of the dielectric and thus preventing the air from oxidizing the measured metal surface. Measurements of gold and lead at room temperature show good agreement with the Drude theory and illustrate the accuracy of the new technique. The low-temperature measurements of lead carried out between 6 and 280 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ in the superconducting and normal state show the onset of the Holstein process (a simultaneous absorption of a photon and emission of a phonon by an electron) and the superconducting energy gap and fit a new sum rule for the surface resistance. The surface resistance of normal Pb agrees well with calculations by Scher, if impurity scattering is taken into account. The data are also compared with Shaw and Swihart's calculations for strong coupling superconductors. The far-infrared properties of the spacing materials, Teflon and polyethylene, used in this work are also given.
Cluster Tree Based Self Organization of Virtual Sensor Networks

With recent advances enabling the deployment of large-scale collaborative Wireless Sensor Networks, numerous factors point to the need for sensor network deployments where subsets of nodes cooperate on specific tasks or networks supporting multiple applications. Virtual Sensor Networks (VSNs) is a concept to provide such support for the formation, usage, adaptation, and maintenance of subsets of sensors collaborating on a specific task(s). We describe a cluster tree based mechanism to form VSNs, facilitate inter-VSN and intra-VSN communication, and perform other VSN support functions. Simulation based results are used to evaluate its performance. The results indicate that cluster-tree based approach is significantly more efficient and reliable compared to random-routing based protocols.
Children in the archives: epistolary evidence, youth agency, and the social meanings of "coming of age" in interwar Nyasaland.

This study looks at multiracial boys and girls, often referred to as “half castes,” in Nyasaland. It reconstructs the status and agency of these children by assessing the ways in which they maneuvered local African and European communities to explore opportunities that would improve their individual situations. At times they took initiative by writing letters to the Nyasaland administration for financial support. Furthermore, state responses to these letters provide evidence of how the state perceived these children, particularly the moral responsibility felt given that their fathers were often white settlers and at times colonial officials. This article also discusses the general challenges and opportunities that childhood experiences raise, with specific attention to the kind of subaltern social knowledge that such evidence presents—knowledge that challenges conventional visions of what constitutes history and who makes it.
Hydroxylation and epoxidation of chlordene by the mixed-function oxidase of the tropical and cold fresh water fish

Abstract 1. Hydroxylation and epoxidation of the chlorinated cyclodiene insecticide, chlordene, by the hepatic mixed-function oxidase occur maximally at 37°C in the tropical fish, the Kissing Gourami, Helostoma sp., and at 26δC in the cold water fish, the Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus . 2. The optimum pH for these reactions is 7·6 in the Kissing Gourami and 7·4 in the Bluegill and the Lake Trout, Salvelinus fontinalis . 3. The mixed-function oxidase of the Bluegill is 4 times more active in hydroxylating than in epoxidizing chlordene. 4. This system in the Kissing Gourami and the Lake Trout shows low rates of hydroxylation and epoxidation which are similar to the epoxidation level seen with the Bluegill. 5. The Kissing Gourami produce a third metabolite, 1-hydroxyl-2,3-epoxychlordene. 6. The time-course sequence of these reactions is hydroxylation-, epoxidation-, epoxide-hydroxide formation, indicating that different sites of the enzyme may be involved in these reactions.
On Ostwald Ripening

Results on the Ostwald ripening process of aerosols by condensation/evaporation for continuum and kinetic (free molecule) growth laws are presented. It is shown that asymptotic limit distributions are approached which agree substantially with distributions derived from similarity theory. However, the limitations inherent in previous studies of this problem are noted. The dynamics of the approach to asymptotic limit distributions are also described.
Utilization of the THEMIS visible and infrared imaging data for crater population studies of the Meridiani Planum landing site

[1] The Mars Odyssey Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) acquires both visible and thermal infrared images of the Martian surface. This study shows that the daytime infrared images, as well as the visible images, may be utilized successfully for crater population studies. The THEMIS data bridge the resolution gap between higher-resolution Mars Orbiter Camera narrow-angle images and lower-resolution Viking Orbiter images and THEMIS will provide unprecedented global coverage at 100-m resolution by the end of the nominal Mars Odyssey mission. The crater-population data in this work show evidence for the flattening of the mid-sized (∼63 m < D < 1km) crater density curve due to erosion and/or deposition and the upturn of the smaller-diameter (<∼90 m-diameter) crater curve signaling the hiatus of major crater obliteration in Meridiani Planum about 1–10 Ma.
The Relationship Between Type of Attorney and Bail Amount Set for Hispanic Defendants

This research empirically examines the difference that type of counsel, public or private, makes in the bail amount set for Hispanic defendants. Data were collected on all felony defendants assigne...
Three Verbs in a Boat: Conflation in Anglo-Norman Lexis and Lexicography

The cluster of medieval French and Anglo-Norman verbs vaguer, vagrer, and waucrer, all with a tie to sea-faring, are disambiguated semantically and discrete etymologies are identified. Literary passage where they figure, including a key scene in the Tristan romance, are reinterpreted in the light of these findings.
Diagnosis and management of cirrhosis in coinfected patients

HIV coinfection is associated with faster progression of liver disease resulting from hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Thus, liver complications have become a major cause of illness and death in coinfected patients. Controlling HIV through highly active antiretroviral therapy may slow disease progression to nearly the rate of HIV-negative persons. Several antiretroviral regimens have been associated with drug-induced liver injury, however, which is more common in patients coinfected with hepatitis B or C. After development of cirrhosis and decompensation, survival is shorter in coinfected patients. Diagnosis and management of cirrhosis should be the same for coinfected and monoinfected HBV/HCV patients. The main complications of cirrhosis are ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, bleeding esophageal varices, hepatic encephalopathy, the hepatorenal syndrome, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver transplantation is feasible in patients with HIV infection, and early evaluation for this option is crucial because of the accelerated course of complications in HIV coinfection.
Surface topography of phospholipid bilayers and vesicles (liposomes) by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM)

Abstract A technique has been developed to image desiccated and intact, hydrated phospholipid bilayers (liposomes) using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). This technique involves impregnation of the specimens with osmium tetroxide or uranium acetate to improve conductivity. In desiccated samples, formation of discrete globular subunits of approximately 20 nm diameter was observed, corresponding to the theoretically smallest diameter (and maximum curvature) of unilamellar phospholipid vesicles. Images of structures of 0.7 to 1 nm diameter which correspond to the expected size of phosphate head groups have been resolved in hydrated uranyl acetate-impregnated phospholipid bilayers. This work presents the first successful images of hydrated liposomes by STM. STM is expected to be useful in assessing the molecular organization of liposomes with distinct surface characteristics, molecular processes occurring during membrane dehydration, and the organization of phospholipids in the vicinity of membrane-associated proteins, lectins or polymers.
Thermo-structural model of stacked field-programmable gate arrays with through-silicon vias

A new 3-D full-scale thermo-structural finite element model of two-stack field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) with through-silicon vias (TSVs), which is developed from an experimentally validated single-stack FPGA model, is proposed. Typical 3-D distributions and evolutions of temperature and von Mises stress on both the active layers and TSVs are presented.
Nanostructured silicon for high capacity lithium battery anodes

Nanostructured silicon is promising for high capacity anodes in lithium batteries. The specific capacity of silicon is an order of magnitude higher than that of conventional graphite anodes, but the large volume change of silicon during lithiation and delithiation and the resulting poor cyclability has prevented its commercial application. This challenge could potentially be overcome by silicon nanostructures that can provide facile strain relaxation to prevent electrode pulverization, maintain effective electrical contact, and have the additional benefits of short lithium diffusion distances and enhanced mass transport. In this review, we present an overview of rechargeable lithium batteries and the challenges and opportunities for silicon anodes, then survey the performance of various morphologies of nanostructured silicon (thin film, nanowires/nanotubes, nanoparticles, and mesoporous materials) and their nanocomposites. Other factors that affect the performance of nanostructured silicon anodes, including solvent composition, additives, binders, and substrates, are also examined. Finally, we summarize the key lessons from the successes so far and offer perspectives and future challenges to enable the applications of silicon nanoanodes in practical lithium batteries at large scale.
Level shift and charm mass: A test of asymptotic planarity

Level shifts and mixings away from exact exchange degeneracy are examined with respect to the ''asymptotic planarity'' predictions of Chew and Rosenzweig. It is found that the data in the J/sup P/ = 0/sup -/, 1/sup -/, and 2/sup +/ multiplets support neither the general shape nor the special relation proposed by Chew and Rosenzweig for the tensor and vector ''cylinder'' corrections.
An investigation of wave-particle interactions and particle dynamics using electron beams injected from sounding rockets

Electrons with energy up to 40 kV have been injected into semi-trapped orbits from sounding rockets at Wallops Island, Virginia, and at Fort Churchill, Manitoba, Canada. By directing the rocket trajectory to have a horizontal component which in direction and speed matched the bounce displacement of the injected electrons, it was possible to detect conjugate echoes at Wallops and possibly at Churchill, and to study the distribution of the echoes in space, time and energy. By combining observations of many echoes, a composite picture can be obtained of the beam patterns. Atmospheric scattering at the conjugate point of Wallops Island has been extensively studied, and the process produces a scale width of 5-10 m, but with an echo intensity which is only 10% of theoretical estimates.
Response of the antennal receptors of the male Aedes aegypti mosquito

Abstract Extracellular recordings of the spike discharge patterns of single chemoreceptor neurons in the antennae of male Aedes aegypti mosquitos were obtained and compared with similar recordings made from homologous sensilla on the antennae of female A. aegypti. In both male and female mosquitos, the grooved-peg sensilla were associated with two types of neurons sensitive to lactic acid—one excited by lactic acid and the other one inhibited by lactic acid. The short, blunt-tipped sensilla trichodea Type II (A2-II) of the male mosquito house chemosensory neurons sensitive to volatile chemical substances associated with sources of plant nectar, whereas in the female this information is provided by the long, sharp-tipped sensilla trichodea and the female A2-II sensilla respond to oviposition-site attractants.
The Promise of VLSI for Load flow Computation Enhancement

Nascent VLSI circuit technology has enabled the design of high-speed dedicated computing structure using both parallel and pipelined processing concepts. A VLSI processor design is presented which will rapidly triangulate the large, band form, matrices encountered in power system load flow analysis routines significantly faster than any current technique including the array processor approach. A circuit simulation of the proposed computing structure indicates a time savings of two orders of magnitude over traditional serial computer methods and a one order of magnitude savings over attached array processor methods. Results lead to an assessment of the significance of VLSI technology for enhancement of power system analysis and control procedures.
Inhibition of platelet deposition and lysis of intracoronary thrombus during balloon angioplasty using urokinase-coated hydrogel balloons.

BACKGROUND Conventional balloon angioplasty of intracoronary thrombus is associated with a high incidence of abrupt closure, distal embolization, and no-reflow phenomenon. The purpose of this study was to assess a new technique for treating intracoronary thrombus consisting of the local delivery of urokinase directly to the angioplasty site with urokinase-coated hydrogel balloons. METHODS AND RESULTS We assessed local urokinase delivery using hydrogel balloons in four protocols. First, we evaluated the pharmacokinetics of urokinase delivery in vitro using 125I-labeled urokinase to measure drug loading onto hydrogel balloons, drug retention by the hydrogel polymer during blood exposure, and drug transfer from the balloon surface to the arterial wall during balloon dilatation. Second, we measured 125I-urokinase washoff from the hydrogel balloon in the intact circulation and intramural drug delivery during in vivo balloon angioplasty in 10 anesthetized New Zealand rabbits. Third, we assessed the effect of local urokinase delivery on 111In-labeled platelet deposition after balloon angioplasty in vivo in 13 porcine carotid or iliac arteries dilated with urokinase-coated balloons and compared them with contralateral control arteries dilated with saline-coated balloons. Finally, we determined the clinical efficacy of urokinase-coated balloons in 15 patients with intracoronary thrombus, including 7 who demonstrated abrupt thrombotic closure after conventional angioplasty. Between 241 and 1509 U urokinase could be loaded onto hydrogel balloons ranging in size from 2 to 8 mm. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that hydrogel balloons absorbed significantly more urokinase and demonstrated less drug wash-off than nonhydrogel balloons (P < .01). Similarly, both in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated urokinase transfer from the hydrogel to the arterial wall during balloon angioplasty, with greater intramural drug deposition with larger balloons (P < .01). Local urokinase delivery after in vivo porcine angioplasty decreased 111In-labeled platelet deposition by 47% compared with contralateral control vessels (P = .03). Use of urokinase-coated balloons in patients with intracoronary thrombus resulted in thrombus dissolution and reversal of abrupt closure in all cases, without evidence of distal embolization. CONCLUSIONS With the use of hydrogel-coated balloons, urokinase can be delivered locally to an angioplasty site. This technique decreases platelet deposition after in vivo balloon angioplasty and is efficacious in treating intracoronary thrombus in patients, including those with abrupt thrombotic closure.
Abiotic and biotic controls of organic matter cycling in a managed stream

[1] Urbanization often alters the physical, chemical, and biological structure of aquatic ecosystems embedded within them, creating managed ecosystems with different structure and functioning as compared to their unmanaged counterparts. Our work focused on patterns in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) along a managed stream in Phoenix, Arizona. We documented longitudinal changes in DOC concentrations and quality (defined as chemical complexity and measured as specific ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm, SUVA) along a 66 km stream dominated by treated wastewater effluent. DOC concentrations along the stream declined by an average of 64%, and chemical complexity increased substantially. We posed four hypotheses to explain changes in downstream water chemistry; including hydrologic dilution, microbial mineralization, abiotic sorption to suspended sediments, and photodegradation by ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Only the second and fourth hypotheses represent permanent removal mechanisms. Our data most strongly supported predictions from the dilution hypothesis and microbial mineralization as an explanation for the changes in DOC chemistry. Surface-subsurface water linkages were important but altered from unmanaged streams, as deep groundwater was used to augment surface flows. Variation in the use of groundwater was linked to human decision making and engineering related to water management. Reduction in geomorphic complexity increased the importance of dilution in explaining patterns but also increased the importance of UV oxidation as a mechanism influencing DOC chemistry. Our findings suggest urban stream management has shifted dependence on microbially mediated C removal mechanisms to hydrologic dilution to reduce output concentrations. This shift lowers contaminant removal potential and increases dependence on limited groundwater resources.
Macroeconomic Theory After the Crisis

Mainstream macroeconomic theory, especially as synthesized in the New Neoclassical Synthesis, is argued to have many problematic aspects, problems which have been especially underscored by the rece...
The Buoyancy and Wind-Driven Ventilated Thermocline

Abstract An analytical study of the combined wind-driven and buoyancy-driven thermocline problem is presented. The analysis is an extension of the ventilated thermocline model of Luyten et al. An exact solution for the ventilated region of the subtropical gyre is found under the condition that the ratio of the buoyancy flux to Ekman pumping is a function of latitude alone. It demonstrates the general westward shift of streamlines when the subtropical gyre is heated and the enlargement of the eastern shadow zone. The flow in the shadow zone is described, in most instances, for the case of relatively small buoyancy flux. It is shown that the shadow zone, now in motion due to buoyancy forcing, splits into two zones. There is a broad eastward zone in which the deep flow is northeastward and a narrow zone between this branch and the ventilated fluid in which the shadow zone flow is returned in a relatively swift current nearly preserving potential vorticity. For buoyancy/Ekman flux ratios which are nearly inde...
Bariatric surgery before pregnancy--is this a solution to a big problem?

Obesity has reached epidemic levels in the United States. According to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in 1990 no state in the United States had a prevalence of obesity of 15% or more, but by 2010, no state had a prevalence of obesity below 20%, and a third of states had a prevalence of 30% or higher.1 This trend extends to pregnancy; almost a third of women entering pregnancy in the United States are obese.2 Moreover, the prevalence of extreme obesity is also increasing. For example, in pregnant women, the subcategories of obesity that are . . .
Printing and publishing

Fischer: 10 years ago there were significant areas of computer usage in publishing. One was subscription fulfillment; we now have 12 computers exclusively for this function at TIME. An outgrowth of this function may cause problems. The Justice Department is studying the use and reuse of people's personal names and addresses when they were sold for one purpose or being applied in some cases to new lists for other purposes. Time will tell the outcome.
Stereospecific total syntheses of 7α- and 7β-eremophilane-6-one and 7α- and 7β-eremophilane

Abstract The title compounds have been prepared in a highly efficient fashion by a synthetic route involving an intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction of an acetylenic thiazole followed by reductive modification of the resulting fused-ring thiophene.
Resonant hot-electron production in above-threshold ionization

We have observed surprising detailed structure in the photoelectron kinetic-energy spectrum of xenon under high-intensity short pulse conditions. We show that most of the photoelectrons with kinetic energies from 0--50 eV result from resonant processes at intensities up to 1.9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{14}$nW/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. In particular, we find that the high-energy photoelectron structure in above-threshold ionization is actually composed of narrow individual peaks whose energy positions do not shift with intensity. The amplitudes of the structures change rapidly with intensity and turn on at different specific intensities. While those structures appear to be due to resonances, they cannot be attributed to traditional Rydberg transient resonances.
Longitudinal Dissociation of Bachmann's Bundle As a Mechanism Of Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia

Abstract A recent study has identified functional dissociation of atrial conduction in the genesis of sinus nodal reentry. The present study attempted to identify the spread of activation within Bachmann's bundle using the extrastimulus method in 17 dogs to provide further evidence for functional dissociation within or near Bachmann's bundle as a mechanism of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Premature stimuli were introduced in the high left atrium. In nine dogs of Group 1, recordings were obtained from the left atrial portion of Bachmann's bundle, high right atrium and both appendages. In six of the nine dogs achievement of critical delay in the interatrial conduction time (30 to 90 msec) resulted in echo beats with a similar activation sequence to that of high left atrial paced beats. In three of these six dogs the interatrial conduction time was abruptly increased from 25 to 50, 50 to 90 and 15 to 50 msec, respectively (with 10 msec decrements of coupling interval) at the critical coupling intervals, accounting for the discontinuous response curves. In another eight dogs (Group 2) Bachmann's bundle conduction was further studied with two additional recording electrodes impaled along Bachmann's bundle between the high right and high left atrial electrodes. Longitudinal dissociation of Bachmann's bundle was suggested by fragmentation of electrograms with initiation of a secondary wave. Induction and site of reentry appeared to be closely related to the appearance of fragmentation of the electrograms in the area of Bachmann's bundle. It is concluded that (1) Bachmann's bundle could undergo functional dissociation as evidenced by fragmentation of electrograms and discontinuous curves, (2) Bachmann's bundle reentry should be considered one mechanism of supraventricular tachycardia, and (3) reentry within the sinus and atrioventricular nodes, intraatrial or Bachmann's bundle is indistinguishable without precise mapping of atrial activation.
Solid-state microprocessor-controlled detector for doublet peak measurements in flow-injection analysis

Abstract A solid-state detector for time-based transmission measurements in flow-injection analysis (FIA) based on a light-emitting diode (LED) source and photodiode (PD) transducer with microprocessor controller is described. The instrument components cost less than US$ 500. A simple peak-finding algorithm was capable of accurate measurements of the time interval between doublet peaks (Δt). Comparison of results, obtained using the detector, with theory for an acid-base reaction with bromothymol blue indicator is made. Linear relationships between the measured Δt and the logarithm of the injected concentration were obtained for two systems whose injection volumes were 987 and 1650 μl. The correlation coefficients, based on 14 and 13 data points, were 0.999 and 0.992, respectively. The detector could measure transmittance signals corresponding to 0.00098 absorbance above the baseline.
Biochemical and immunological aspects of the exclusion of lambda by superinfection with T4

Abstract UV induction of E. coli W (λ) under our conditions is characterized by a doubling of DNA and total protein before lysis and liberation of lambda phage. Superinfection by T4r+ or T4rII results in the exclusion of lambda from the yield of the majority of cells of induced W (λ). After rII superinfection there is just enough DNA made to account for the T4 DNA synthesized plus that amount attributable to the remaining lambda-producing cells. A proportionate decrease in total protein synthesis was also found in such cells. The lambda main C′-fixing antigen decreased in rough proportion to the amount of lambda phage produced in both the T4r+ and T4rII superinfected cultures. In those cells not producing viable lambda, antigen equivalents are produced to account for not more than about 5% of the normal antigen yield.
Sex differences in stress-induced social withdrawal: role of brain derived neurotrophic factor in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis.

Depression and anxiety disorders are more common in women than men, and little is known about the neurobiological mechanisms that contribute to this disparity. Recent data suggest that stress-induced changes in neurotrophins have opposing effects on behavior by acting in different brain networks. Social defeat has been an important approach for understanding neurotrophin action, but low female aggression levels in rats and mice have limited the application of these methods primarily to males. We examined the effects of social defeat in monogamous California mice (Peromyscus californicus), a species in which both males and females defend territories. We demonstrate that defeat stress increases mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein but not mRNA in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) in females but not males. Changes in BDNF protein were limited to anterior subregions of the BNST, and there were no changes in the adjacent nucleus accumbens (NAc). The effects of defeat on social withdrawal behavior and BDNF were reversed by chronic, low doses of the antidepressant sertraline. However, higher doses of sertraline restored social withdrawal and elevated BDNF levels. Acute treatment with a low dose of sertraline failed to reverse the effects of defeat. Infusions of the selective tyrosine-related kinase B receptor (TrkB) antagonist ANA-12 into the anterior BNST specifically increased social interaction in stressed females but had no effect on behavior in females naive to defeat. These results suggest that stress-induced increases in BDNF in the anterior BNST contribute to the exaggerated social withdrawal phenotype observed in females.
Strategic Similarity and Emergent Conventions: Evidence from Similar Stag Hunt Games☆

Abstract This paper reports evidence on the origin of convention in laboratory cohorts confronting similar but not identical strategic situations repeatedly. The experiment preserves the action space of the game, while randomly perturbing the payoffs and scrambling the action labels in an effort to blunt the salience of retrospective selection principles. Hence, the similarity between stage games is reduced to certain strategic details, like efficiency, security, and risk dominance. Nevertheless, we do observe conventions emerging in half of the laboratory cohorts. When a convention emerges subjects's behavior conforms to the selection principles of efficiency rather than security or risk dominance. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C72, C78, C92, D83.
GREATER STRIATAL DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER DENSITY MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH MAJOR DEPRESSIVE EPISODE

Background We examined striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) distribution volume ratio (DVR) values in subjects with unipolar or bipolar major depressive episode (versus non-depressed healthy volunteers) using the selective DAT radioligand [99mTc]TRODAT-1 and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). We hypothesized that striatal DVR values would be greater in depressed versus non-depressed subjects, and that greater DVR values may represent a possible clinical biomarker of depression.