cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predatory Pricing and Marketing Theory: Applications in Business-to-Business Context and Beyond

ABSTRACT There is an increasing gap between the insights from modern economic and strategic theory, and the current judicial policy to evaluate predatory pricing cases. Marketing insights, data collection, and analysis methods can uniquely aid decision-making in the courts and lead the way for a contemporary antitrust approach. The contributions and limitations of the existing paradigm in enforcement are summarized. The courts' current decision-making paradigm is detailed in four steps: Is the defendant business sacrificing current profits? Can the business recoup its strategic sacrifice? How are the business' relevant competitors affected? And ultimately, will there be injury to buyer welfare? Each step is substantiated with expanded perspectives and insights from marketing, and examples in business-to-business context to synthesize theory and practice. A managerial decision-making framework is developed. Future research perspectives are identified. A cross-disciplinary timetable of the evolution of pred...
Preparation and characterization of unilamellar vesicles from cholate-phospholipid micelle treated with cholestyramine

Cholestyramine, a well-known bile-salt sequestrant, can be used effectively to remove cholate or deoxycholate from a solution of phosphatidylcholine-bile salt mixed micelle. Upon removal of the bile salt, unilamillar phospholipid vesicles form essentially instantaneously. Cholestyramine resin could be pelleted and removed from the vesicle solution after a low speed centrifugation. Based on phosphate analyses, the recovery of vesicles was approximately 60% of the starting material. The average diameter of these vesicles, as estimated by gel exclusion chromatography on sephacryl S-1000 beads and by trapped volume measurement using [3H]sucrose, ranged between 85 to 121 nm. Phosphatidylethanolamine, cholesterol, or n-alkane such as tetradecane can be incorporated into the vesicles without any selective loss; however, selective loss was experienced when negatively charged phospholipid species such as phosphatidylglycerol or phosphatidylserine was included in vesicle formation.
Syringe drivers in palliative care: a review:

The continuous subcutaneous administration of drugs is both convenient and practical. Portable, battery-driven syringe drivers enable predictable amounts of analgesics or antiemetics to be delivered parenterally. The methods and drugs used are reviewed, including drug compatibility and potential problems.
Preagostic Rh−H Interactions and C−H Bond Functionalization: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Rhodium(I) Phosphinite Complexes

Three Rh−phosphinite complexes with the general structural formula [RhCl(i-Pr2POXy)(L)]2 (Xy = 2,3-xylyl; L = PPh3, PMe3, t-BuNC) were synthesized. Characterization of these complexes using crystallographic and spectroscopic techniques revealed rare examples of preagostic C−H···M interactions. 1H NMR chemical shielding calculations on a geometry-optimized model complex were used to provide a connection between the solution and solid-state data, which additionally supported assignment of the preagostic interaction. One of these Rh−phosphinite complexes (L = PPh3) was used to catalyze the ortho alkylation of phosphinites and phenols with an unactivated alkene. Finally, DFT calculations were used to provide evidence for the involvement of the observed preagostic interaction in the cyclometalation step of the catalytic cycle.
Rates and predictors of DUI among U.S.-Mexico border and non-border Mexican Americans

This paper examines driving under the influence (DUI) arrests and other related factors among Mexican Americans living in U.S.–Mexico border and non-border areas. Respondents in the non-border areas (primarily Houston and Los Angeles) constitute a multistage probability sample (N = 1288) of these areas, interviewed as part of the 2006 Hispanic Americans Baseline Alcohol Survey (HABLAS). Respondents in the border area (N = 1307) were interviewed between March 2009 and July 2010 and constitute a household probability sample of Mexican Americans living on the border. In both surveys, data were collected during computer assisted interviews conducted in respondents’ homes. The HABLAS and the border sample response rates were 76% and 67%, respectively. Border or non-border residential location was not associated with self-reported DUI, 12 month DUI arrest, or lifetime DUI arrest. An increase in consumption of 5 drinks per week was associated with an 18% increase in the chance of self-reporting DUI and an 18% increase in the probability of a lifetime DUI arrest. Binge drinkers were more likely to self-report a DUI event (OR = 2.85, 95% CI = 1.61–5.03; p < .001) and a lifetime DUI arrest (OR = 2.81; 95% CI = 1.43–5.53, p < .01). Most respondents, independent of residential location, recognized DUI as a major problem affecting Hispanics. However, while most correctly identified the legal blood alcohol content to drive in their state as .08 g/dl or lower, approximately one third of individuals were unaware of the legal limit. Compared to their non-border counterparts, border men were more likely to identify a bar/tavern/club and border women were more likely to identify a friend or relative's home as the places of last drink before the most recent DUI trip originated. In conclusion, border and non-border Mexican Americans are not different regarding DUI rates. These rates are high in both groups, especially among men. Intervention strategies to decrease DUI should be implemented not only in drinking establishments but also with families.
Distance matters: Exploring proximity and homophily in virtual world networks

Distance has long been a powerful force that influences the ways in which we organize our personal relationships and collaborations. In the past two decades, globalization and the advent of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have brought profound changes to the formation and maintenance of communication networks in contemporary work and social settings by eliminating the constraints of physical distance on human interaction. To study the role of distance in ICT-enabled virtual worlds, we propose three dimensions of proximity-space, time, and homophily-and analyze the impact of distance, time zones, gender, age, and game age on building collaborative relations in online games. The results show that spatial proximity, temporal proximity, and homophily in age and game age still have a strong impact on players' behavior in creating online relations in virtual worlds, however, there is no evidence of gender homophily. This study suggests that offline proximity plays an important role in bringing people together in virtual worlds.
Superposition models of the discharge patterns of units in the lower auditory system.

Abstract Superposition of point processes has often been suggested as an abstract model for the generation of neural discharge patterns due to its simplicity (input spike trains are simply merged and then retransmitted by the model neuron). The properties of the superposition of two renewal processes are examined in relation to the properties of its components. A satisfactory condition is found so that the superposition of two renewal processes possesses negative serial dependence of interevent intervals. However, the imposition of a dead time of approximately the same duration as that of the components on their superposition process is shown to remove much of this dependence. Thus, the adequacy of the simple superposition of renewal processes as a model for discharge patterns from regions that are typified by negative serial dependence (such as the lateral superior olive) may be limited, but may suffice for the discharges of primary-like units.
Experimental Measurements and Modeling of the Effects of Large-Scale Freestream Turbulence on Heat Transfer

The influence of freestream turbulence representative of the flow downstream of a modern gas turbine combustor and first stage vane on turbine blade heat transfer has been measured and analytically modeled in a linear, transonic turbine cascade. High intensity, large length-scale freestream turbulence was generated using a passive turbulence-generating grid to simulate the turbulence generated in modern combustors after passing through the first stage vane row. The grid produced freestream turbulence with intensity of approximately 10–12% and an integral length scale of 2 cm (Λx /c = 0.15) near the entrance of the cascade passages. Mean heat transfer results with high turbulence showed an increase in heat transfer coefficient over the baseline low turbulence case of approximately 8% on the suction surface of the blade, with increases on the pressure surface of approximately 17%. Time-resolved surface heat transfer and passage velocity measurements demonstrate strong coherence in velocity and heat flux at a frequency correlating with the most energetic eddies in the turbulence flow field (the integral length-scale). An analytical model was developed to predict increases in surface heat transfer due to freestream turbulence based on local measurements of turbulent velocity fluctuations and length-scale. The model was shown to predict measured increases in heat flux on both blade surfaces in the current data. The model also successfully predicted the increases in heat transfer measured in other work in the literature, encompassing different geometries (flat plate, cylinder, turbine vane and turbine blade) and boundary layer conditions.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
TRALI is due to pulmonary venule damage from leucocytes with cholesterol crystal formation.

Background There are two presumed mechanisms for the pulmonary oedema in transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI). One is antibodies to leucocytes while the other is biologically active lipids. We evaluated the vascular injury due to the former. Methods The pulmonary vasculature was studied by light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in three fatal cases of TRALI and compared with that of two autopsied control patients. Lung tissue from two of the TRALI cases and both controls was studied by gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) to identify crystals present in the former. Results All three TRALI cases exhibited massive pulmonary oedema by weight and light microscopy and extensive defects by SEM in the endothelium of venules of the lungs. Such endothelial defects were absent in controls. Thrombi, composed of crystals, were present in venules and small veins diffusely throughout the lungs in Case 1. Similar crystals were identified in Case 2. The crystals in the lung vessels were identified morphologically as cholesterol and were proximate to the cytoplasmic defects of the endothelial surfaces. By GC–MS, there were markedly elevated levels of cholesterol and fatty acids in the two TRALI lungs tested compared with the lungs of the two controls. Conclusions Pulmonary damage in TRALI is related to formation of cholesterol crystals that appear to pierce endothelial membranes of venules. The endothelial defects lead to plasma extravasation into the alveoli causing TRALI.
25 The effect of lipase supplementation on upper gastrointestinal symptoms and gastric myoelectrical activity induced by a high fat meal in healthy volunteers.

Background/Aims: Dyspepsia symptoms of abdominal discomfort, fullness, early satiety, and nausea occur after ingestion of meals in 20–30% of the population. Gastric dysrhythmias are exhibited by approximately 55% of dyspepsia patients. Currently there are limited therapies to reduce these symptoms. Gastric and pancreatic lipases are key enzymes in fat digestion, and hydrolyze fat into fatty acids and monoglycerides. The aims of this study were to characterize the effects of a high fat meal on upper gastrointestinal symptoms and gastric myoelectrical activity, and to evaluate the effect of acid-resistant lipase supplementation on the same outcomes. Methods: Sixteen healthy volunteers enrolled in a double-blind, placebo controlled, cross-over trial were given a high fat meal (Pulmocare®) that was 55% fat, 28% carbohydrates, and 17% protein (237 ml; 355 Kcal). A capsule containing 280 mg of acid-resistant lipase (Amano Enzyme USA) or placebo was administered immediately before ingestion of the meal. The order of conditions was counterbalanced, and visits were separated by at least one week. At each visit, individuals completed a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) concerning symptoms of nausea, stomach fullness, hunger, bloating, and abdominal discomfort at baseline, immediately after the meal, and at 10, 20, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after the meal. Electrogastrograms (EGGs) were recorded throughout each visit to assess gastric myoelectrical activity. Results: Nausea, bloating, and stomach fullness were significantly increased 10 min after ingestion of the meal (ps < 0.05), and hunger was significantly decreased (p < 0.001); there was also a significant decrease in normal gastric myoelectrical activity (3 cycles min−1), and a significant increase in tachygastria (3.7–10 cycles min−1) at 10 min after the meal (ps < 0.05). By 45 min after the meal, dyspepsia symptoms and tachygastria had decreased significantly from immediately after the meal, and normal gastric myoelectrical activity had increased significantly (ps < 0.05). Stomach fullness was significantly lower with lipase supplementation than with placebo condition at 20 and 30 min after the meal (p < 0.05); no effect of lipase supplementation on gastric myoelectrical activity was detected. Conclusions: (1) The high fat meal induced dyspepsia symptoms and gastric dysrhythmias, suggesting the meal may be a useful test for assessing gastric neuromuscular disorders; and (2) Acid-resistant lipase supplementation decreased stomach fullness after ingestion of the meal, and warrants further study in individuals with functional dyspepsia.
Permutation congruent transformations of the freudenthal triangulation with minimum surface density

Linear transformations of the Freudenthal triangulation with permutation congruent simplexes are characterized, and within this class those transformations yielding minimum normalized surface density are identified.
Stimulation of insulin release from pancreatic islets by quinones

Coenzyme Q (CoQ0) and other quinones were shown to be potent insulin secretagogues in the isolated pancreatic islet. The order of potency was CoQ0≃benzoquinone≃hydroquinonemenadione. CoQ6 and CoQ10 (ubiquinone), duroquinone and durohydroquinone did not stimulate insulin release. CoQ0's insulinotropism was enhanced in calcium-free medium and CoQ0 appeared to stimulate only the second phase of insulin release. CoQ0 inhibited inositol mono-, bis- and trisphosphate formation. Inhibitors of mitochondrial respiration (rotenone, antimycin A, FCCP and cyanide) and the calcium channel blocker verapamil, did not inhibit CoQ0-induced insulin release. Dicumarol, an inhibitor of quinone reductase, did not inhibit CoQ0-induced insulin release, but it did inhibit glucose-induced insulin release suggesting that the enzyme and quinones play a role in glucose-induced insulin release. Quinones may stimulate insulin release by mimicking physiologically-occuring quinones, such as CoQ10, by acting on the plasma membrane or in the cytosol. Exogenous quinones may bypass the quinone reductase reaction, as well as many reactions important for exocytosis.
Short communication: Comparison of serology and isolates for the identification of infecting leptospiral serogroups in Hawaii, 1979–1998

Summary Laboratory confirmation of leptospirosis is usually accomplished serologically, without isolates, using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). However, optimal performance of the MAT is dependent on the knowledge of enzootic serogroups and serovars so that an appropriate MAT antigen testing battery can be established. Infecting leptospiral serogroups can be identified serologically without isolates, using the MAT, or by serogrouping of isolates, but little information is available regarding the correlation between these methods. The identification of infecting serogroups for 53 culture-confirmed leptospirosis cases, diagnosed in Hawaii between 1979 and 1998, using serology and culture isolates were compared. The overall agreement between the two methods was good (κ = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.56, 0.86). However, the agreement varied between serogroups from 0 to 100%. In establishing the prevalence of serogroups, results obtained via MAT serology (in the absence of serogrouped isolates) should be considered presumptive rather than definitive.
Middle cerebral artery Doppler velocimetric deceleration angle as a predictor of fetal anemia in Rh-alloimmunized fetuses without hydrops.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the screening performance of a new middle cerebral artery Doppler velocimetric index for the prediction of fetal anemia. Study Design: Doppler velocimetry of the middle cerebral artery was performed before cordocentesis in 24 Rh-alloimmunized fetuses without hydrops on 52 occasions. The angle between the line describing the average slope during the diastolic phase of the cardiac cycle and the vertical, the middle cerebral artery standardized deceleration angle, was measured. The deceleration angle values were expressed in multiples of the median for gestational age. The screening performances of deceleration angle for the prediction of anemia (difference between expected mean hemoglobin level and measured value ≥2 g/dL) and severe anemia (hemoglobin deficit ≥5 g/dL) were determined. Results: The mean (±SD) gestational age at cordocentesis was 28.6 ± 5.7 weeks' gestation. The risk of fetal anemia increased with decreasing deceleration angle values. The sensitivity and false-positive rate for the detection of anemia in cases with no previous transfusions (one measurement per patient) were 72.0% and 13.3%, respectively; among those with one previous transfusion the values were 90.0% and 0.0%, respectively. For severe anemia the corresponding values were 100% and 0%, respectively, among those with no previous transfusions and 100.0% and 16.7%, respectively, among those with one previous transfusion. There was no risk of severe anemia when the angle was >0.9 multiples of the median. The risk of anemia was significantly reduced with an angle greater than the median for gestational age (deceleration angle >1.0 multiples of the median; relative risk, 0.09; 95% confidence interval, 0.02-0.37). The risk was significantly increased with an angle less than the median for gestational age (deceleration angle Conclusion: The risk of fetal hydrops is remote in the absence of severe anemia. With a new Doppler velocimetric index in the middle cerebral artery the risk of severe anemia was found to be low when the deceleration angle was >0.9 multiples of the median. Anemia can also be predicted with this index. The high sensitivities and acceptable false-positive rates support the potential clinical applicability of the method to reduce the reliance on cordocentesis in Rh alloimmunization. Our findings appear to validate the utility of the deceleration angle for the prediction of fetal anemia. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183:746-51.)
A novel synthesis of 1,4-diarylpiperazines

1,4-Diarylpiperazines are readily prepared, generally in good yields, by the reaction of substituted aromatic amines with two thirds of an equivalent of tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate.
Limb salvage therapy for soft tissue sarcomas of the foot.

Abstract From 1974 to 1988, 20 patients with soft tissue sarcomas of the foot underwent attempted limb preservation at UCLA. Eighteen patients had localized tumor and two had metastases. Sixteen patients had previously untreated tumors and four patients had experienced 2–4 local recurrences before definitive management. Eleven patients had grade 3 sarcomas and nine had grade 2 sarcomas. Fourteen patients had an excisional biopsy and six had an incisional biopsy. At the time of definitive local treatment, nine patients had palpable tumor ranging from 2–10 cm (median 5 cm). Sixteen patients received sequential preoperative chemotherapy and irradiation followed by attempted conservative resection. Four patients underwent immediate conservative resection followed by postoperative irradiation. Preoperative chemotherapy was administered over 3 days intraarterially, intravenously or by a combination of routes. Fifteen patients received 60–90 mg doxorubicin and one received 120 mg doxorubicin plus 220 mg cisplatinum. Preoperative irradiation was delivered in 350 cGy fractions to total doses of 3500 cGy (one patient), 2800 cGy (8) or 1750 cGy (7). Postoperative irradiation doses were 4140–6480 delivered in 180–200 cGy fractions. Fifteen of 16 preoperatively treated patients had limb salvage surgery. Four of these 15 had positive histopathologic margins and none received postoperative irradiation. One patient required a primary amputation due to gross involvement of the os calcis. Three of four patients undergoing immediate conservative excision had positive margins and one had gross residual disease. Five patients received chemotherapy following local treatment: 3 adjuvantly and 2 for metastatic disease. Follow-up for salvage patients ranged from 6 to 99 months (median 36). Local control was achieved in 17 of 19 (90%). Two patients recurred in-field at 24 and 30 months. Fourteen of 15 preoperatively treated and salvaged patients maintained local control. Three of four managed with excision and postoperative irradiation were controlled. The actuarial local control at 3 years was 83%. One patient recurred in the inguinal lymph nodes and three patients died of metastatic disease. The actuarial survival and relapse-free survival at 3 years were 83% and 63%. Eleven patients developed acute complications and four had late complications. Of 14 patients surviving with local control, function was good or excellent in 86%. No patient has required an amputation for complications or a dysfunctional foot. Limb salvage therapy for a selected patient with a soft tissue sarcoma of the foot can reasonably be expected to result in a high probability of local control and useful function without compromising survival.
Corner-rounding study

Precise measurement of pattern corner rounding is essential for determining the quality of current and next-generation photomask reticles. Using an appropriate test target with precise critical dimensions (CDs) and feature sizes, photomasks were written on an ETEC CORE 2564 laser writer with changes in focus from -1.0 to 1.0 micrometers at various exposure doses (mj/cm2). Using this methodology, the corner rounding of the CORE 2564 imaged feature was changed and compared to the ETEC MEBES III system generated pattern. The KLA 239HRS photomask inspection system was used to examine the effects of corner rounding at 0.25 micrometers with its most sensitive detectors at a 0.05 tolerance level. The optimization of writing tool performance and process parameters was enabled in two ways: by using the KLA 239HRS system, which did on-line biasing and rounding in 0.12 micrometers increments; and by using the Leitz AMS200 CD measurement tool, Micron Focused-Ion-Beam (FIB) system, and a binary image system, which measured the rounding of the mask features.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Formation and characterization of long-chained alkylsiloxane self-assembled monolayers on atomic-layer-deposited aluminum oxide surfaces

We report the formation of highly robust long-chained alkylsiloxane self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on aluminum oxide films prepared by atomic-layer deposition (ALD). The surface chemistry and the morphological characteristics of the SAMs were examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, atomic-force microscopy, and contact-angle goniometry. The octadecylsiloxane-derived SAMs initially hydrolyze and deposit on the alumina surface as ∼1.8 nm thick, monolayer-high islands ≤50 nm in diameter. The size of these islands increases with time, likely through a surface-diffusion aggregation process. Coalescence of neighboring islands leads to a densely packed and robust monolayer on the alumina surface. The SAMs on ALD alumina are expected to be useful in a number of nanostructure applications where the combination of conformal alumina deposition and conformal coverage of the alumina by an organic layer is critical.
Conditions for extended substituent atom clustering in partly cobalt substituted yttrium barium cuprate

Abstract Structural and superconducting properties of title compounds with a variety of reducing (RP) or oxygenating (OP) preparations are presented with emphasis on equilibrium preparations. An attempt is made to explain their general behavior based on two complementary phenomena: the establishment of varying degrees of order in a cluster matrix for T > 1000K and the extent of O chain growth in this matrix for T 2 , respectively. It is kinetically frozen for RP with Co but not with Fe. This can explain opposing trends e.g. concerning T c of RP and OP between M = Co and Fe. Genesis for different M clusters and opportunities with expanded synthesis conditions for novel materials of relevance to questions of coexistence of magnetism and superconductivity (e.g. flux pinning) are discussed.
Chromosomal and Plasmid-Encoded Factors of Shigella flexneri Induce Secretogenic Activity Ex Vivo

Shigella flexneri is a Gram-negative, facultative intracellular pathogen that causes millions of cases of watery or bloody diarrhea annually, resulting in significant global mortality. Watery diarrhea is thought to arise in the jejunum, and subsequent bloody diarrhea occurs as a result of invasion of the colonic epithelium. Previous literature has demonstrated that Shigella encodes enterotoxins, both chromosomally and on the 220 kilobase virulence plasmid. The Shigella Enterotoxins 1 and 2 (ShET1 and ShET2) have been shown to increase water accumulation in the rabbit ileal loop model. In addition, these toxins increase the short circuit current in rabbit tissue mounted in Ussing chambers, which is a model for the ion exchange that occurs during watery diarrhea. In this study, we sought to validate the use of mouse jejunum in Ussing chamber as an alternative, more versatile model to study bacterial pathogenesis. In the process, we also identified enterotoxins in addition to ShET1 and ShET2 encoded by S. flexneri. Through analysis of proteins secreted from wildtype bacteria and various deletion mutants, we have identified four factors responsible for enterotoxin activity: ShET1 and Pic, which are encoded on the chromosome; ShET2 (encoded by sen or ospD3), which requires the type-III secretion system for secretion; and SepA, an additional factor encoded on the virulence plasmid. The use of mouse jejunum serves as a reliable and reproducible model to identify the enterotoxins elaborated by enteric bacteria. Moreover, the identification of all Shigella proteins responsible for enterotoxin activity is vital to our understanding of Shigella pathogenicity and to our success in developing safe and effective vaccine candidates.
Major histocompatibility complex class I-mediated inhibition of neurite outgrowth from peripheral nerves

Studies of mice deficient in classical major histocompatability complex class I (MHCI) revealed that MHCI plays an important role in neurodevelopment in the central nervous system. We previously studied the effects of recombinant MHCI molecules on wildtype retina explants and observed that MHCI can inhibit retina neurite outgrowth, with self-MHCI molecules having greater inhibitory effect than non-self MHCI molecules. Here, we examined classical MHCI's effects on axon outgrowth from neurons of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). We used the embryonic dorsal root ganglia (DRG) explant model since their neurons express MHCI and because DRG explants have been widely used to assess the effects of molecules on axonal outgrowth from PNS neurons. We observed that picomolar levels of a recombinant self-MHCI molecule, but not non-self MHCI molecules, inhibited axon outgrowth from DRG explants. This differential sensitivity to self- vs. non-self MHCI suggests that early in development, self-MHCI may "educate" PNS neurons to express appropriate MHCI receptors, as occurs during natural killer cell development. Furthermore, we observed that a MHCI tetramer stained embryonic DRG neurons, indicating the expression of classical MHCI receptors. These results suggest that MHCI and MHCI receptors play roles during early stages of PNS development and may provide new targets of therapeutic strategies to promote neuronal outgrowth after PNS injury.
Measuring the environmental effect of marine mining

Marine mining may disturb the natural marine environment-solids, fluids, or organisms-by removal of materials, addition of foreign material, in-place mixing of existing material, or removal and subsequent replacement of material. Measuring the scope of such disturbances, of course, requires knowing the environmental conditions both before and after mining. Scientists disagree on what constitutes an adequate knowledge of baseline (premining) conditions, and instrumentation and techniques for measuring are not yet satisfactory. A wide range of instrumentation is necessary to measure the many physical, chemical, and biological factors involved. Some measurements must span enough time to encompass natural cyclic changes, but such long-term measurements are hampered by the lack of reliable submersible instrumentation. Inadequacy of measurement capability, for technical or economic reasons or both, is particularly evident regarding dispersion of fine solids and dissolved chemicals in mid-water and benthic layers and, to a lesser extent, in the surface layer of seawater. Especially difficult to measure or predict is the biological effect of mining. The most significant changes may be induced subsequent to the mining operation and may be some distance from it. Secondary effects resulting from these changes may not be obvious, but it is important that they be identified so that predictions can be made for other operations. Planned experiments to improve capability for prediction of effects should reduce the variety of measurement required. Many investigators fail to recognize the value of existing data banks, which consequently receive insufficient institutional financial support.
Transient or sustained transcriptional activation of the genes encoding rat adrenomedullary catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes by different durations of immobilization stress

Abstract The impact of stress on the transcription of rat adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine β-hydroxylase genes was examined. Nuclear run-on assays revealed that repeated immobilization stress elicited marked (about threefold) increases in the relative rates of transcription, being sustained for at least one day. Parallel changes in the steady-state messenger RNA levels for tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine β-hydroxylase were also observed. A single episode of stress triggered similar enhancements in their relative transcription rates. Depending on the duration of the stress signal, the effect on gene transcription varied in its persistence. After very short (5 min) immobilization, there was a marked transient rise in the transcription of both genes, without an accumulation of the corresponding mRNAs. Longer episodes of stress (30 min) increased the relative rate of tyrosine hydroxylase transcription for hours, causing elevations in the steady-state messenger RNA levels. In contrast, although dopamine β-hydroxylase transcription was elevated to a similar extent by 30-min immobilization stress, the effect was transient and not reflected in significant accumulation of its messenger RNA. The results of our studies emphasize that the stress-evoked increases in the expression of the genes encoding adrenomedullary catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes involve transcriptional activation. Depending on the duration and reiteration of the stress signal, different transcriptional mechanisms may be employed.
Combustion of Fuel Droplets

Droplets in the size range commonly encountered in spray combustors (50 to 200 /x) were produced in dilute sprays with a narrow size-distribution by means of an electrostatic atomizer. They were allowed to fall through a flat premixed methane-oxygen-nitrogen flame. As the droplets entered the flame, they ignited and subsequently burned in the hot gases resulting from the combustion of methane. The composition and temperature of these gases were controlled by adjusting the composition of the preflame gaseous mixture. The point of droplet ignition and the droplet lifetime under various experimental conditions were measured by optical methods. Such measurements were made with a variety of fuels. In the presence of sufficient oxygen to sustain combustion, it was found that ignition occurred in less than about 0.1 msec. However, the burning lifetime of the droplets varied from 2 to 20 msec depending on the initial droplet diameter and the gaseous environment. In the absence of sufficient oxygen for complete combustion, both evaporation of the droplet and thermal cracking of the fuel vapor were noted. The experimental data can be interpreted in terms of a model in which the rate of conductive heat transfer to the droplet controls its burning rate under specified conditions of oxidizer and fuel composition.
Differential Regulation of Human T Lymphocyte Protein Kinase C Activity by Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Administration of γ-linolenic acid suppresses active synovitis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. We therefore examined the effects of γ-linolenic acid and its first metabolite, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, on protein kinase C, a key element in transduction of signals from cell surface to nucleus. We report here that γ-linolenic acid and dihomo-γ-linolenic acid suppress total protein kinase C activity, but facilitate translocation of protein kinase C activity from cytosol to membrane in human peripheral blood T lymphocytes stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. Arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid do not influence total protein kinase C activity and have only modest effects on enzyme translocation. These findings in whole cells are in contrast to results of experiments performed with isolated protein kinase C, in which unsaturated fatty acids uniformly enhance protein kinase C activity. The differential effects of unsaturated fatty acids underscore the complexity of protein kinase C regulation and indicate that γ-linolenic and dihomo-γ-linolenic acids influence T lymphocyte protein kinase C metabolism in a manner that is unique among unsaturated fatty acid precursors of eicosanoids.
Pretranslational regulation of ectopic hCGα production in ChaGo lung cancer cells by sodium butyrate

Abstract Ectopic production of hCG and its free α subunit by ChaGo lung cancer cells is stimulated by sodium butyrate. To investigate pretranslational regulation in this system, we examined the response of the hCGα and β subunit mRNAs in ChaGo-Kl cells, a clone that produces free hCGα but no hCG or hCGβ in the basal state. When a Northern blot of total RNA from ChaGo cells was hybridized to a [ 32 P]- labeled hCGα cDNA probe, a single band was detected that was identical in size (∼ 850 bases) to placental hCGα mRNA. RNA from butyrate-stimulated (5 mM, 24 h) ChaGo cells contained 7.7 times as much hCGα mRNA as RNA from control ChaGo cells. This increase appeared to be relatively selective since no difference in total polyA-containing mRNA levels was detected between butyrate-treated and control cells by [ 32 P]oligo(dT) hybridization. In addition, no hCGβ mRNA was detected when Northern and dot blots were hybridized to an hCGβ cDNA probe. In a time course experiment, hCGα mRNA accumulation in butyrate-treated cells increased significantly by 8 h with a maximum increase of 6.1-fold at 24 h compared to control values. Major differences in immunoactive hCGα accumulation were not apparent, however, until after 24 h. These studies show that stimulation of ChaGo hCGα production by butyrate can be completely accounted for by pretranslational events and that failure to detect hCG or free hCGβ production by these cells is not due to poorly translatable RNA or post-translational protein degradation. Thus, exclusive ectopic production of only one of the hCG subunits is likely to be due to selective genomic expression.
Determinants of youth tobacco use in West Virginia: a comparison of smoking and smokeless tobacco use.

Purpose: To identify and compare the determinants of different types of tobacco use among rural youths and discuss the implication of these differences for youth tobacco use cessation. Methods: Ninth grade participants (n = 883) were 95% white, between 13 and 19 years old with a mean age of 14.6 years. Students were classified into four exclusive groups: non–tobacco use, smoking only, smokeless tobacco (ST) use only, and conjoint smoking and ST use. The influences of 14 specific risk factors on tobacco use were investigated for each group using separate multiple logistic regression analyses. Results: Among participants, 20% were smokers only, 6% were ST users only, and 10% were conjoint users. Students who had more friends (odds ratio [OR] =] 2.75) and siblings (OR = 1.96) who smoke, family problems (OR = 1.70), and favorable attitudes toward tobacco use (OR = 1.12) were more likely to smoke than were other students. Among students who used only ST, gender was a primary determinant (95% were male). Exclud...
Criticism and Perspectivism: The transition between Nietzsche's two truths

(1997). Criticism and Perspectivism: The transition between Nietzsche's two truths. The European Legacy: Vol. 2, Fourth International Conference of the International Society for the Study of European Ideas, pp. 388-393.
Cytogenetics and molecular genetics of bone and soft-tissue tumors.

The cytogenetic and molecular findings in bone and soft-tissue sarcomas are summarized. A table presenting all such tumors, with their specific translocations and the genes involved, is included, along with a list of those tumors that most likely result from a stepwise process of numerous genetic changes.
Pulling open novel doors and drawers with equilibrium point control

A large variety of doors and drawers can be found within human environments. Humans regularly operate these mechanisms without difficulty, even if they have not previously interacted with a particular door or drawer. In this paper, we empirically demonstrate that equilibrium point control can enable a humanoid robot to pull open a variety of doors and drawers without detailed prior models, and infer their kinematics in the process.
Not the Lun yu : The Chu script bamboo slip manuscript, Zigao , and the nature of early Confucianism

This article includes a line-by-line translation and textual analysis of the Warring States period Chu script bamboo slip manuscript, Zigao 子羔. It argues that the manuscript differs from the transmitted Confucian tradition, but would have been considered a ru 儒 (“Confucian”) text. Unusual features include: (1) The disciple is Zigao, who is described negatively in the Lun yu. (2) The term tian zi 天子, “son-of-sky/heaven” is used literally, to refer to the divinely conceived progenitors of the three royal lineages. (3) The term san wang, “three kings”, refers to these progenitors rather than the founding rulers. (4) Confucius advocates abdication. (5) The progenitors of the dynastic lineages, rather than the founding rulers, are juxtaposed to Shun 舜, who received the rule from Yao because of his merit. A Chinese edition, with direct transcriptions and alternative readings of the Chu script graphs, is appended.
Indium Tin Oxide Thin Films Deposited at Low Temperature Using Dual Ion Beam Sputtering

ITO samples were sputtered at room temperature by ion assisted dual ion beam sputtering using atomic or molecular oxygen. The electrical properties appear to depend on the oxygen flow rate during deposition and the resistivity decreases for samples sputtered at a higher oxygen flow rate (1–5 sccm). The resistivity is lowest at an oxygen flow rate of 4 sccm. The average absorption in the visible part of the spectrum also decreases as a function of the oxygen flow rate and is lower for samples sputtered with atomic oxygen. The figure of merit, i.e. the ratio of the conductivity versus the average absorption in the visible range, increases for higher oxygen flow rates and is typically 20–60% higher for samples sputtered using an atomic oxygen assist beam.
Clinical monitoring and correlates of nephropathy in SIV-infected macaques during high-dose antiretroviral therapy

In many preclinical AIDS research studies, antiretroviral therapy (ART) is administered to experimentally simian immunodeficiency (SIV)-infected rhesus macaques for reduction of viral load to undetectable levels. Prolonged treatment of macaques with a high dose of PMPA (9-[2-(r)-(phosphonomethoxy) propyl] adenine or tenofovir; 30 mg/kg of body weight subcutaneously once daily) can result in proximal renal tubular dysfunction, a Fanconi-like syndrome characterized by glucosuria, aminoaciduria, hypophosphatemia, and bone pathology. In contrast, chronic administration of a low dose of PMPA (10 mg/kg subcutaneously once daily) starting at birth does not seem to be associated with any adverse health effects within 3 years of treatment. In contrast to PMPA, limited information on systemic toxicity in rhesus monkeys is available for FTC (5-fluoro-1-(2R,5S)-[2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl]cytosine; emtricitabine) and stavudine (d4T). In this study, the clinical and biochemical correlates of tubular nephrosis in SIV-infected rhesus macaques associated with systemic administration of high-dose ART consisting of the three nucleoside analog inhibitors PMPA, FTC, and d4T were investigated. It was found that acute renal failure was uncommon (7.1% of treated animals) and that morphologic evidence of nephropathy, which persisted for more than 300 days following discontinuation of the drug cocktail, was more frequent (52.4% of treated animals). While parameters from single time points lacked predictive value, biochemical alterations in Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) and phosphorus were frequently identified longitudinally in the blood of ART-treated animals that developed evidence of nephropathy, and these longitudinal changes correlated with disease severity. Recommendations are proposed to limit the impact of drug-induced renal disease in future SIV macaque studies.
Derivation and validation of a risk stratification model to identify coronary artery disease in women who present to the emergency department with potential acute coronary syndromes.

OBJECTIVES: To derive and validate a model to identify women who would benefit from further evaluation of chest pain after an initial negative emergency department (ED) evaluation for acute coronary syndrome (ACS). METHODS: The derivation and validation cohorts were comprised of women who presented to the ED with chest pain at two university hospitals. Patients were excluded if the initial electrocardiogram (ECG) or cardiac markers were consistent with ACS. Patients were followed for 30 days after the index visit to identify evidence of coronary artery disease (CAD), which was defined as a positive diagnostic study, myocardial infarction, or death. The authors performed a logistic regression analysis to identify significant predictors of CAD. A scoring system was developed based on the B-coefficient of these significant predictors. Levels of risk were assigned by summing and categorizing the cumulative risk score into low-, moderate-, and high-risk groups. RESULTS: The derivation and validation sets were comprised of 733 and 2,440 women, respectively. From the derivation set predictors of CAD (score) were history of CAD (1), age > or = 60 years (1), and high clinical suspicion (3). Low risk was defined as a score = 0, moderate risk score = 1-2, high risk score > or = 3. In the validation set, the numbers of patients with evidence of CAD were four of 1,348 (0.30%), 18 of 498 (3.6%), and 71 of 594 (11.9%) in the low-, moderate-, and high-risk groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of underlying CAD in women who present to the ED with potential ACS may be determined using a simple risk stratification score.
Commentary on ‘entry into new market segments in mature industries: endogenous and exogenous segmentation in the U.S. brewing industry’ by A. Swaminathan

Anand Swaminathan’s paper, ‘Entry into new market segments in mature industries: Endogenous and exogenous segmentation in the U.S. brewing industry’, offers three contributions. First, the focal purpose of the paper is to test competing ecological predictions about how new industry segments arise. Second, the implications of the conceptual argument and empirical analysis help us understand how the interplay between exogenous environmental change, endogenous industrial change, and firm capabilities shapes industry evolution. Third, the study provides an example of how to reach generalizable conclusions about the effects of idiosyncratic firm capabilities. The first contribution provides a useful bridge between organizational ecology theory and strategy research, while the second and third contributions are fundamentally important in shaping our understanding of business strategy and our approaches to strategy research. The primary focus of the paper is to compare niche formation and resource partitioning, which are two ecological theories about industry segmentation, as alternative predictors of entry rates to new industry segments in mature industries. Niche formation theory emphasizes exogenous changes such as new consumer preferences, regulatory regimes, and technology as the drivers of segmentation. In the niche formation view, the size of a new exogenously created segment
Further Studies on Immunity in Experimental Cryptococcosis.

Following infection with 103 cells of Cryptococcus neoformans, progressive multiplication occurred in all tissues for 7 to 28 days. Thereafter, most mice gained control of the infection so that 3 to 6 months after inoculation, tissues were usually sterile or contained only small numbers of cryptococci. Survivors challenged 1 to 4 months after infection with 103 cells lived longer than controls and had an increased survival rate. Pretreatment with bacterial endotoxin also resulted in protection against cryptococcal challenge. Endotoxin-protected animals showed no ability to limit the infection until circulating antibody could be demonstrated. Histologic studies revealed an increased cellular infiltration in the brains of specifically protected and endotoxin-protected mice 1 to 2 weeks after challenge. However, control of cryptococcal multiplication could be correlated with the presence of antibody but could not be correlated with the enhanced cellular response. Although protection against cryptococcal challenge appears to be antibody-dependent, it is unclear whether protective antibody is to be found in plasma or is tissue-bound.
Strained-layer InGaAs-GaAs-AlGaAs lasers with monolithically integrated photodiodes by selective-area MOCVD

Fabrication, design, and operation of strained layer, InGaAs-GaAs-AlGaAs lasers with monolithically integrated photodiodes fabricated by selective-area epitaxy are presented. Threshold currents as low as 8 mA (/spl sim/300 A/cm/sup 2/) were obtained for uncoated devices operating cw at room temperature. A responsivity of 71 /spl mu/A/mW was obtained for a device with a photodiode etched facet angle of 3/spl deg/ and a photodiode bias of 0 V. >
Commentary: Tackling the Challenges of Developing Targeted Therapies for Cancer

This article comments on the approaches to solving problems in the development of targeted drug therapies for cancer as outlined by expert collaborative panels and described in this issue by Amit et al., Abrams et al., and Clark et al.