cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Need for an Integration of Technology, Behavior-Based Instructional Design, and Contingency Management: An Opportunity for Behavior Analysis

Behavior analysis has a long history of relying on technology for its advances and in turn, behavior analysis provides a framework for approaching technological implementations in a pragmatic manner. One of the field’s earliest technological innovations was teaching machines, a development that is well-represented by today’s use of computer-based instruction in both education and training. However, effective technology such as computer-based instruction requires an alignment between an analysis of behavior and an analysis of instructional content. This paper will cover the early historical development of technology in behavior analysis and the need for behavior- based instructional design in coordinating technology with the science of behavior. The paper will also provide a brief overview of the behavior-based instructional design process proposed by designers such as Susan Meyer Markle.
OCCUPATIONAL SEX SEGREGATION AND ECONOMIC INEQUALITY UNDER SOCIALISM: Earnings Attainment and Earnings Decomposition in Yugoslavia

An increase in scholarly attention to income differences between sex-typed occupations has generated a burgeoning literature. Typically-female occupations require preemployment education, not prolonged on-the-job training; receive less renumeration for work autonomy than male-typed occupations; and are concentrated in economically disadvantaged industrial sectors. However, these issues have received only preliminary consideration regarding noncapitalist societies and research has lacked an integrative, analytical focus. This study compares the earnings effects of education, type of work, and industrial sector between female- and male-dominated occupations in socialist Yugoslavia. As expected, average earnings are significantly higher in male than in female occupations. The results from the earnings regressions reveal a higher explained variance and larger economic returns to education among female- dominated occupations, especially in the managerial and professional strata. A decomposition of the earnings difference between sex-typed occupations suggests a variation in the source of inequality across skill strata. In the discussion, a comparison of capitalism and socialism reveals that while some aspects of the earnings attainment process may be unique to socialism, others are not.
Compiler Algorithms on If-Conversion, Speculative Predicates Assignment and Predicated Code Optimizations

Instruction level parallelism has become more and more important in today's microprocessor design. These microprocessors have multiple function units, which can execute more than one instruction at the same machine cycle to enhance the uniprocessor performance. Since the function units are usually pipelined in such microprocessors, branch misprediction penalty tremendously degrades the CPU performance. In order to reduce the branch misprediction penalty, predicated operation has been introduced in such microprocessor design as one of the new architectural features, which allows compilers to remove branches from programs.
Impact of molybdenum contamination on stacking faults in epitaxial silicon

While contamination of BF 2 + implants by double charged molybdenum has been well documented, the impact of that contamination on antimony implants has not been investigated and is the subject of this study. Many advanced power processes incorporate buried p and n regions created by implanting the substrate prior to growing the final epitaxial silicon layer. One such process is our 0.35um 80V HV CMOS process used in this study. For n-type regions, either arsenic or antimony is typically implanted. Antimony has the advantage of lower diffusion coefficients and therefore less auto-doping issues during the epitaxial silicon process compared with arsenic. While low levels of molybdenum contamination during the antimony implant will not impact the process, it was found that higher levels of contamination, above 3.2 ×1011 ions/cm2, can create both ‘mound’ defects (Figure 2) and planar stacking faults (Figure 3) in the epitaxial silicon layer. For the specific process studied, the estimated yield impact is approximately 0.5%.
Determination and metabolism of dithiol chelating agents. VI. Isolation and identification of the mixed disulfides of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid with L-cysteine in human urine.

Abstract Virtually nothing is known about the biotransformation of the heavy metal chelating agent, meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA). Two fasted, normal, young men wera given 10.0 mg DMSA/kg po, and their urines were collected over a 14-hr period. Urine samples were analyzed, before and after electrolytic reductive treatment, for DMSA and its biotransformants using bromobimane derivatization, HPLC separation, and fluorescence detection. Metabolites were isolated by HPLC, ion-pairing extraction, ion-exchange extraction, and TLC. By 14 hr after DMSA administration, 87% of the total DMSA and 95% of the total l -cysteine found in urine consisted of altered forms of these compounds. The urinary excretion of altered DMSA, at 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, and 14 hr after administration of DMSA, when compared to the urinary excretion of altered l -cysteine had a correlation coefficient of 0.952 and p l -cysteine. The remaining 10% was found as cyclic disulfides of DMSA. Of the mixed disulfides found in 4- to 6-hr urine, 97% consisted of two l -cysteine residues per one DMSA and the remaining 3% consisted of one l -cysteine per one DMSA. The 2:1 mixed disulfides (97%) were isolated as three distinct species by TLC, consisting of 77, 12, and 8% of the total mixed disulfides found. In addition to the novelty of these biotransformants of DMSA, the DMSA-cysteine mixed disulfides indicate a thiol-disulfide interchange between DMSA and l -cystine. The discovery of the formation of these water soluble DMSA-cysteine mixed disulfides should encourage the evaluation of DMSA in the treatment of cystinuria.
Performance of multicode DS/CDMA with noncoherent M-ary orthogonal modulation and parallel interference cancellation

We derive an approximation for the bit error rate of uplink multicode direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS/CDMA) with noncoherent M-ary modulation in multipath fading channels, when parallel interference cancellation is used at the equal-gain combining receiver. The analysis takes into account the effect of incorrect decisions and the fact that all codes of a multicode user fade along the same propagation path.
Support leg loading in punt kicking.

Abstract A kicker from a team in the Big 8 Football Conference was filmed at 200 frames per second while punting (N = 20) on a sophisticated force platform. The platform measured the three components of force and two torques. A formula and film data were used to predict distance (criterion variable). With the support leg centered under the kicker's nose, vertical reaction force was significantly inversely correlated with distance (r = −.53, p ≤ .001). The area under the curve for somersault torque was the only other force platform output to correlate significantly (r = .43, p ≤ .03) with distance. Maximum distance is associated with a maximum force transfer to the ball rather than a maximum force transfer through the ground via the support leg. For maximum distance, tread lightly.
The Comorbidity of Post‐traumatic Stress Disorder and Suicidality in Vietnam Veterans

Vietnam veterans (N = 232) recruited from three sources were assessed for suicidal thinking and behaviors, and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. Findings support the notion that suicidal thoughts are prevalent in this group, with veterans in psychotherapy reporting a greater likelihood of such symptoms (82.6%) than veterans in the community (35.7%) or those seeking assistance through a veteran's outreach center (66.7%). Thoughts of ending one's life and a previous suicide attempt were significantly correlated with a diagnosis of PTSD (r = .53, p < .001; and r = .33, p < .001, respectively). Veterans with a diagnosis of PTSD and depression or dysthymia were also more likely to report suicidal thinking and behaviors than veterans with only one of the diagnoses.
Rapid nickel oxalate thermal decomposition for producing fine porous nickel metal powders: Part 3: Mechanism

Thermal decomposition of nickel oxalate begins by nucleation of elemental nickel within oxalate particles, or microcontainers. The decomposition reaction takes place homogenously throughout the microcontainer; no preferred reaction zones or patterns exist within the microcontainer. The vacating of the product carbon dioxide as decomposition progresses leads to an increase in the microcontainer porosity, which has the effect of increasing the amount of internal elastic transformation strain within the microcontainer. The strain is relived via grain breakup, resulting in an increase in the particle specific surface area. As the reaction rate slows, grain coalescence results in specific surface area reduction. A model accounting for these effects is proposed that predicts the grain (primary particle) size and the particle specific surface area during the decomposition process. Surface and grain boundary self-diffusion of nickel are the likely sintering mechanisms. The model requires sintering parameters to be fit to the experimental specific surface are data. Nickel self-diffusion coefficients can be estimated from these sintering parameters.
Analyzing Media Messages: Using Quantitative Content Analysis in Research

Contents: Preface. Introduction. Defining Content Analysis as a Social Science Tool. Designing a Content Analysis. Measurement. Sampling. Reliability. Validity. Data Analysis. Computers.
A distributed coalition service registry for ad-hoc dynamic coalitions: a service-oriented approach

It is often necessary for organizations to come together in a coalition to share services, without prior planning, to accomplish certain tasks. The dynamic coalition-based access control (DCBAC) model facilitates the formation of dynamic coalitions through the use of a registry service, where available services can be advertised by potential coalition members. The central component of the DCBAC model is the distributed coalition service registry (DCSR). Depending upon the levels of service needed by the service providers and requesters, DCSR provides different functionality. We define three levels of DCSR services: (i) Registry Service (ii)Authenticator Service, and (iii) Query Service. For the last service, DCSR answers a specific question directly by using the information resources of service providers, when the requester has needed credentials. No direct interactions are needed between the coalition members in this level of service. In this paper, we describe our service-oriented approach to DCSR design and show the flexibility that it offers. The design features are tested through a prototype DCBAC system built using the .Net framework.
170 nm nuclear magnetic resonance imaging using magnetic resonance force microscopy

Abstract We demonstrate one-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of the semiconductor GaAs with 170 nm slice separation and resolve two regions of reduced nuclear spin polarization density separated by only 500 nm. This was achieved by force detection of the magnetic resonance, magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM), in combination with optical pumping to increase the nuclear spin polarization. Optical pumping of the GaAs created spin polarization up to 12 times larger than the thermal nuclear spin polarization at 5 K and 4 T. The experiment was sensitive to sample volumes of 50 μm 3 containing ∼ 4×10 11 71 Ga / Hz . These results demonstrate the ability of force-detected magnetic resonance to apply magnetic resonance imaging to semiconductor devices and other nanostructures.
New lunar microcrater evidence against a time varying meteoroid flux

An attempt to measure the relative times of formation of 25 microcraters on lunar rock 60015 is discussed which was carried out as part of a study of the flux of interplanetary dust and possible time variations of that flux over periods of 1000 to 1 million yr. The data obtained could indicate that the formation rate of 100-micron-sized pits was lower in the past as compared with the formation rate of micron-sized pits, that the flux of particles forming 100-micron-sized pits may have varied relative to that of particles forming micron-sized pits, or that 100-micron-sized pits are forming now at a higher rate, relative to the formation rate of accretionary disks, than in the past. The last suggestion is shown to be almost untenable, and the overall results are found to lead to a logical paradox. It is concluded that the attempt probably failed and that the reason for failure raises serious questions regarding the use of lunar rock surfaces as meteoroid detectors.
UTD at TREC 2014: Query Expansion for Clinical Decision Support

Abstract : This paper describes the medical information retrieval (MIR) systems designed by the University of Texas at Dallas (UTD) for clinical decision support (CDS) which were submitted to the TREC 2014. We investigated the impact of various knowledge bases for automatic query expansion in the four officially submitted runs. Each of these systems exploits both Wikipedia and PubMed corpus statistics in order to automatically extract keywords. Extracted keywords were then expanded by relying on structured medical knowledge bases, such as the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS), the Systemized Nomenclature of Medicine { Clinical Terms (SNOMED-CT), and Wikipedia as well as unsupervised distributional representations based Google's Word2Vec deep learning architecture. Our highest scoring submission achieved an inferred AP score of 0.056 and an inferred NDCG score of 0.205.
Leaf biomechanical properties in Arabidopsis thaliana polysaccharide mutants affect drought survival

Individual sugars are the building blocks of cell wall polysaccharides, which in turn comprise a plant׳s overall architectural structure. But which sugars play the most prominent role in maintaining a plant׳s mechanical stability during large cellular deformations induced by drought? We investigated the individual contributions of several genes that are involved in the synthesis of monosaccharides which are important for cell wall structure. We then measured drought tolerance and mechanical integrity during simulated drought in Arabidopsis thaliana. To assess mechanical properties, we designed a small-scale tensile tester for measuring failure strain, ultimate tensile stress, work to failure, toughness, and elastic modulus of 6-week-old leaves in both hydrated and drought-simulated states. Col-0 mutants used in this study include those deficient in lignin, cellulose, components of hemicellulose such as xylose and fucose, the pectic components arabinose and rhamnose, as well as mutants with enhanced arabinose and total pectin content. We found that drought tolerance is correlated to the mechanical and architectural stability of leaves as they experience dehydration. Of the mutants, S096418 with mutations for reduced xylose and galactose was the least drought tolerant, while the arabinose-altered CS8578 mutants were the least affected by water loss. There were also notable correlations between drought tolerance and mechanical properties in the diminished rhamnose mutant, CS8575 and the dehydrogenase-disrupted S120106. Our findings suggest that components of hemicellulose and pectins affect leaf biomechanical properties and may play an important role in the ability of this model system to survive drought.
Hämatologische Veränderungen im akuten Strahlensyndrom

Zusammenfassung Quantitative and qualitative effects of total body irradiation on lymphocytes in the intestinal lymph of the rat 1. Die Zellzahl in der Intestinallymphe von Ratten andert sich nach Bestrahlung in gleichem Ausmas und zur gleichen Zeit wie die Lymphozytenzahl des peripheren Blutes. 2. Der fluoreszenzmikroskopisch mit Acridinorange nachweisbare RNS-Gehalt des Cytoplasmas von Ratten-Lymphozyten in Blut und Intestinallymphe ist nach Bestrahlung nicht erhoht. 3. Die Relation zwischen Follikellymphozyten und Sinuslymphozyten von Ratten in Blut und Intestinallymphe wird durch eine Ganzkorperbestrahlung zugunsten der Follikellymphozyten verschoben. Summary Haematological changes in acute radiation syndrome 1. Cell numbers in the intestinal lymph of rats change in a similar degree and at a similar time to the lymphocyte numbers in the peripheral blood. 2. There was no increase in the RNA content of the cytoplasm (demonstrated by acridinorange fluorescence) of lymphocytes in blood or intestinal lymph after irradiation. 3. The relationship between follicle lymphocytes and sinus lymphocytes of rats in blood and intestinal lymph moves in favour of follicle lymphocytes after total body irradiation. Resume L'influence quantitative et qualitative de l'irradiation corporelle totale sur les lymphocytes de la lymphe intestinale des rats 1. Le nombre des cellules contenues dans la lymphe intestinale des rats se modifie dans le meme rapport et en meme temps que le nombre des lymphocytes du sang peripherique. 2. La teneur du cytoplasma des lymphocytes du rat en acide RN qu'il est possible de mettre en evidence par fluorescence grâce a l'orange d'acridine n'est augmentee ni dans le sang, ni dans la lymphe intestinale. 3. La relation entre des lymphocytes folliculaires et les lymphocytes des sinus dans le sang et la lymphe intestinale des rats est modifiee par l'irradiation totale au profit des lymphocytes folliculaires. Resumen Influjo cuanti y cualitativo de los linfocitos en la linfa intestinal de ratas tras la irradiacion del organismo completo 1. El numero de celulas en la linfa intestinal de ratas se altera tras la irradiacion en grado igual y al mismo tiempo que el numero de linfocitos de la sangre periferica. 2. El contenido en acido ribunucleico, identificable al microscopio de fluorescencia con anaranjado de acridina, del citoplasma de los linfocitos en sangre y linfa intestinal de ratas no se halla aumentado tras la irradiacion. 3. La relacion entre los linfocitos foliculares y los sinusales en sangre y linfa intestinal de ratas se desplaza por medio de la irradiacion de todo el organismo a favor de los linfocitos foliculares.
The systematic position of Placusa Erichson and Euvira Sharp : the tribe Placusini described (Coleoptera : Staphylinidae : Aleocharinae)

. The genera Placusa Mannerheim and Euvira Sharp share the 4, 4, 5 tarsal segmentation with other members of the aleocharine tribe Bolitocharini. Placusa has usually been placed together with other subcortical members of this tribe into the subtribe Homalotina or its taxonomic equivalent. Members of the very distinctive genus Euvira are not subcortical. The systematic position of this latter genus has been uncertain though it has been most often placed in the tribe (or subtribe) Autaliini. Because of the striking differences in habitus and habits of members of these two genera, they have always been considered to be, at most, distantly related within the Bolitocharini. Study of the larvae and adults of both genera has revealed that they share a diverse set of derived features (eight in adults; ten in larvae). Many of these are unique to the Aleocharinae. These features are described and illustrated and a discussion of their systematic importance is provided. Four conclusions are drawn: (1) Placusa and Euvira form a monophyletic group; (2) these two genera are misplaced in the tribe Bolitocharini; (3) these two genera do not share derived features with members of any other described tribe of aleocharines; and (4) Placusa and Euvira must be grouped into a redefined tribal level taxon, the Placusini. The tribe Placusini is defined and its composition and systematic placement discussed.
Rotational wave packet dynamics correlated to ultrafast non-time-stationary linear and nonlinear optical susceptibilities

Rotational wavepacket dynamics produced by a ultrafast pulses are related to linear and nonlinear optical susceptibilities. Limitations of wavepacket dynamic probing through optical susceptibilities are revealed. Correlations between nonlinear order and fractional revivals are discussed.
Post-hyperventilation hypopnea in humans during NREM sleep

We wished to determine if mild hypocapnia above the "apneic threshold" would result in apnea or hypopnea during NREM sleep. Hypocapnia was induced by nasal mechanical hyperventilation for 1 min either under normoxia (51 trials, n = 7) or hyperoxia (43 trials, n = 5). Cessation of mechanical ventilation resulted in hypopnea due to reduced VT without a change in f. Central apnea occurred mostly under hyperoxic conditions (9/43 versus 2/51 trials under normoxic conditions), and only when complete inhibition of ventilatory motor output occurred during mechanical ventilation. Significant correlation between the magnitude of hypocapnia and nadir VE was noted under both normoxic and hyperoxic conditions. However, nadir VE was variable when hypocapnia was modest (-2 mmHg); further hypocapnia (-4 mmHg) was associated with consistent reduction in nadir VE below 30% of control under normoxic conditions, and central apnea under hyperoxic conditions. We conclude that: (1) Brief hyperventilation during NREM sleep is followed by hypocapnic hypopnea due to reduced VT and not breathing frequency; (2) Hypocapnia due to brief mild hyperventilation does not cause central apnea unless peripheral chemoreceptors are also inhibited; (3) Sustained hyperventilation or more severe hypocapnia may be required for the development of hypocapnic central apnea during NREM sleep.
Movement, Home Range, and Growth of a Rare Southwestern Trout in Improved and Unimproved Habitats

Abstract Data collected on 129 recaptured Gila trout (Salmo gilae) in three streams on the Gila National Forest, New Mexico, indicated that this endangered trout tended to stay near home (mean movement < 0.1 km) and grew less, both in streams containing larger fish populations and streams containing log improvement structures, than in other streams. Those fish that moved went greater distances downstream. Few fish (<2%) moved upstream over habitat-improvement structures, and such movement was limited by structures [greater than or equal to]0.5 m high. In one intermittent stream, these fish oriented to permanent-water reaches. Future introductions of this rare trout should be in headwater areas, and habitat improvement should be done with a conservative number of low (0.5 m) structures.
Three-dimensional viscoelastic simulation of woven composite substrates for multilayer circuit boards

Viscoelastic properties of woven composite substrates are essential to design dimensionally stable multilayer printed circuit boards. Unlike most existing numerical work which rely on simplified constitutive (elastic) and geometrical models, this study involves a fully three-dimensional viscoelastic model of a plain weave composite with accurate characterization of the woven geometry. Comparisons between numerical predictions and experimental data clearly indicate that the creep compliance of the composite depends not only on the relaxation of the matrix, but also on the time-dependent flexural deformations of the woven fabric bundles. Predictions of the inhomogeneous deformation fields over the repeating cell agree with experimental observations.
Flavonols from Saffron Flower: Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity and Inhibition Mechanism†

A common flavonol, kaempferol, isolated from the fresh flower petals of Crocus sativus L. (Iridaceae) was found to inhibit the oxidation of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) catalyzed by mushroom tyrosinase with an ID(50) of 67 microgram/mL (0.23 mM). Interestingly, its 3-O-glycoside derivatives did not inhibit this oxidation. The inhibition kinetics analyzed by a Lineweaver-Burk plot found kaempferol to be a competitive inhibitor, and this inhibitory activity presumably comes from its ability to chelate copper in the enzyme. This copper chelation mechanism can be applicable for all of the flavonols as long as their 3-hydroxyl group is free. However, quercetin, kaempferol, and galangin each affect the oxidation of L-tyrosine in somewhat different ways.
Coalition formation under limited communication

Abstract Given a finite set of players, we investigate coalition formation under restricted communication. One random “call” per player is allowed and coalitions form only after the calls, which unite subsets of players, one by one, are executed. This mechanism provides a simple model of bounded rationality. We characterize possible topologies of the induced communications networks. A cooperative game is defined on the set of coalitions admissible according to a call realization. Such a game may have an empty core, but we demonstrate a restricted class of these games and a related communication game which have nonempty cores.
A contrast of hyperactive, learning disabled, and hyperactive‐learning disabled boys

Abstract When hyperactive‐learning disabled boys, normal achieving hyperactive boys and normally active learning disabled boys were contrasted separately on three classes of variables, psychosocial measures best separated the groups, with the greatest weight provided by parent ratings of aggressivity, experimenter ratings of home stimulation potential, and the child's ability to take another's perspective. A discriminant analysis combining all three classes of variables successfully classified 84% of the subjects. This result needs replication, but it appears hyperactive‐learning disabled children do constitute a valid subgroup. Although these doubly handicapped hyperactive‐LD subjects could not be significantly discriminated from the other two groups on WISC (cognitive) variables alone they had, as expected, below average scores on the ACID pattern (Swartz, 1974). But, on a laboratory task designed to elicit attentional deficits, the hyperactive‐LD subjects did not perform significantly worse overall tha...
Detection of Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase (KPC) Production in Non-Klebsiella pneumoniae Enterobacteriaceae Isolates by Use of the Phoenix, Vitek 2, and Disk Diffusion Methods

In this study, we tested the abilities of the Vitek 2, BD Phoenix, and Kirby Bauer disk diffusion tests to detect carbapenemase production in a collection of 14 Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing non-Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. In addition, we evaluated 13 KPC-positive K. pneumoniae isolates by using each of these methods and applied both 2009 and 2010 CLSI carbapenem interpretive guidelines.
Blast wave radiation source measurement experiments on Z

The Dynamic Hohlraum (DH) radiation on the Z facility at Sandia National Laboratories is a bright source of radiant energy that has proven useful for High Energy Density (HED) physics experiments. To be useful for HED experiments, where computer simulations need to be compared with experimental measurements, the radiation output from a DH on Z needs to be well-known. We present in this paper a new method for measuring the delivered radiation energy deposited in an experiment, specifically, an experiment driven by a Z DH. This technique uses a blast wave produced in a SiO 2 foam, which is initially super-sonic but transitions to sub-sonic, producing a shock at the transition point that is observable via radiography. The position of this shock is a sensitive measure of the radiation drive energy from the Z DH. Computer simulations of been used to design and analyze a Z foam blast wave experiment. This experiment has been shot on Z and experimental results compare favorably with the computations.
Retrieval processes in distance cognition

Two studies were performed to evaluate the role of information retrieval in the cognition of traversed distance. In Study 1, subjects walked a pathway containing intersections that were labeled with either high-frequency or low-frequency proper names. The pathway with high-frequency names was estimated as longer than the pathway with low-frequency names. Subsequent tests of memory for names indicated that high- and low-frequency names were recognized equally well, but that the former were recalled more easily. Prompting subjects with intersection names eliminated the difference in distance estimation between highand low-frequency name conditions. A second study demonstrated that category prompts that increased information recall also increased estimated distance. Results were interpreted as suggesting a significant role of information retrieval in distance cognition.
Pseudostate expansions in a simplified model of electron-hydrogen scattering

A simplified model of electron-hydrogen scattering is considered in which all terms involving nonzero angular momenta are neglected. Elastic scattering and excitation cross sections for the 2s and 3s states are calculated for this model with the use of close-coupling expansion with four different pseudostate bases. Pseudothreshold structure is observed and removed. It is found that, after removal of this structure, the results agree quite well with each other and with exact results for this model which were given previously by Poet.
Production, dissociation and reactivity of carbon cluster anions

Abstract Negative carbon cluster ions, C − n ( n ⩽ 13), produced by the direct laser vaporization of graphite have been studied by using Fourier transform mass spectrometry. Low-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID) of C − n ( n = 5–13) results in loss of neutral C 3 which also competes with electron detachment. The ion/molecule reactions of C − n ( n = 4–13) with F 2 and C 2 N 3 indicate that only linear C − n are formed by direct laser vaporization. No evidence for structural isomers of C − n is observed, although product ion isomers are formed in the reaction of C − n with C 2 N 2 . The C 5 C 2 N − 2 isomers are differentiated by differences in their reactivity and CID spectra. The differences observed in the reactivity and CID of reaction products for odd and even n are consistent with polyacetylene (even n ) and cumulene (odd n ) structures for the carbon clusters. These results are compared with previous C − n studies, including a discussion of structural implications and formation mechanisms of C − n produced by various techniques.
The biopsychosocial model of human unsustainability: a move toward consilience

This article introduces one type of comprehensive complex systems model to explain why humanity continues to be frustrated by its lack of progress toward sustainability. Human overconsumption has now raised concern over the depletion of resources and environmental decay to critical levels that threaten the integrity of the human species, the planet's biodiversity and the global ecosystem in general. The focus on biopsychosocial explanations of human unsustainability is framed to encourage an interdisciplinary approach to problem solving towards a global bioethics. This framework relies on three essential elements: the first concerns the notion that human overconsumption behavior is principally driven by an unconscious set of evolutionary (biological) predispositions to survive and prosper; the second element focuses on our unique psychological make-up, which at its core is universal and naturally selected over a geologic period that spans at least the 200–250 million-year natural history of mammals; the t...
Gross-National Stereotypes of Locus of Control in University Students

Abstract Stereotypes of locus of control were studied in male and female university students from eight countries (Canada, France, West Germany, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, United States). The subjects took the Rotter Internal-External Locus of Control (I-E) Scale in standard fashion (“own” scores) and then in the role of students similar to themselves in their own country (attributed own) and in selected other countries (attributed other). Using the difference between “own” scores and “attributed” scores as the operational measure of stereotype, the results indicate (1) that scores attributed to students in a given country bear little relationship to those students “own” scores, thereby suggesting the presence of stereotypes of locus of control; (2) students in most countries attribute greater externality to the average student in their own country compared to themselves; (3) countries vary in the degree to which they stereotype other countries with the U.S. students significantly attributing greater ex...
Evaluation of a microcavity hollow cathode discharge emission source

A microcavity hollow cathode discharge emission source has been designed and evaluated for ultratrace analysis of sub-μL samples of solution residues. It was found that sample drying time and cathode precondition had a significant effect on the signal-to-background and signal-to-noise ratios. Detection limits for Cu and Pb were determined to be 10 pg and 210 fg, respectively.
An optimal guarding scheme for thermal conductivity measurement using a guarded cut-bar technique, part 1 experimental study

Abstract In the guarded cut-bar technique, a guard surrounding the measured sample and reference (meter) bars is temperature controlled to carefully regulate heat losses from the sample and reference bars. Guarding is typically carried out by matching the temperature profiles between the guard and the test stack of sample and meter bars. Problems arise in matching the profiles, especially when the thermal conductivities of the meter bars and of the sample differ, as is usually the case. In a previous numerical study, the applied guarding condition (guard temperature profile) was found to be an important factor in measurement accuracy. Different from the linear-matched or isothermal schemes recommended in literature, the optimal guarding condition is dependent on the system geometry and thermal conductivity ratio of sample to meter bar. To validate the numerical results, an experimental study was performed to investigate the resulting error under different guarding conditions using stainless steel 304 as both the sample and meter bars. The optimal guarding condition was further verified on a certified reference material, pyroceram 9606, and 99.95% pure iron whose thermal conductivities are much smaller and much larger, respectively, than that of the stainless steel meter bars. Additionally, measurements are performed using three different inert gases to show the effect of the insulation effective thermal conductivity on measurement error, revealing low conductivity, argon gas, gives the lowest error sensitivity when deviating from the optimal condition. The result of this study provides a general guideline for the specific measurement method and for methods requiring optimal guarding or insulation.
Relation of performance tests to actual fires

The author discusses methods of describing performance of materials and products in actual fires, based on small-scale tests.
The small cardioactive peptides: a class of modulatory neuropeptides in Aplysia

Abstract Two members of a new class of neuropeptides, termed the small cardioactive peptides (SCPs), were recently purified from Aplysia and sequenced. The sequence of the precursor for the two SCPs was obtained by molecular genetic analyses. SCPs are synthesized in, and released from, individual identified neurons, some of which also contain classical transmitters such as acetylcholine or in some cases other neuropeptides. SCPs are present in neuronal cell bodies, fibres and varicosities throughout the nervous system and peripheral tissues, and appear to be released locally near their sites of action. The peptides have widespread modulatory actions on spontaneously active tissues such as heart or gut and on synaptic transmission at central and peripheral synapses. Most of these modulatory actions are also produced by serotonin and are mediated by increased intracellular cAMP levels.
A comparative study of grain boundary structure and critical current density in 123-YBaCuO, 2212-BiSrCaCuO and 2223-TlBaCaCuO high temperature superconductors

Abstract A systematic study of the structure of symmetric and asymmetric tilt boundaries in 123-YBaCuO and 2223-TlBaCaCuO superconductors is carried out using geometrical modelling. The coincidence site lattice (CSL) configurations of the a−b and a−c type grain boundaries with the CSL unit cell are presented and the important differences between them pointed out. The fraction of the continuous superconducting CuO planes and the charge associated with the boundary void configurations are determined as a function of the misorientation angle of the a−b boundaries. Two different orientations in the a−c -type boundaries arising from the interchange of the a and c lattice directions are described. The differences in the a−c -type boundaries in 123-YBaCuO and 2223-TlBaCaCuO are discussed with special reference to the continuity of the CuO planes and the current-carrying capacity. The geometrical modelling is also extended to describe the distortions, the unbalanced charge and the continuity of the CuO planes in the asymmetric tilt boundaries and disclinations in the 123-YBaCuO system. The critical current density associated with the boundaries is studied in terms of tunnelling of superconductor pairs through the coalesced regions containing distortions. The critical current density obtained in terms of the depression of the order parameter, the width and the coalesced region of the boundary is found to agree with the experimental observations. Specifically, the temperature dependence of the critical current density is explained in terms of the variations in the order parameter and the transmission coefficient. Most importantly, the intergrain critical current density is found to decrease with the misorientation angle, which is in good agreement with previous experimental observations.
Switch therapy in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia: Tigecycline vs. Levofloxacin

Switch therapy is a management approach combining early discontinuation of intravenous (IV) antibiotics, switch to oral antibiotics, and early hospital discharge. This analysis compares switch therapy using tigecycline versus levofloxacin in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). A prospective, randomized, double-blind, Phase 3 clinical trial; patients were randomized to IV tigecycline (100 mg, then 50 mg q12h) or IV levofloxacin (500 mg q24h). Objective criteria were used to define time to switch therapy; patients were switched to oral levofloxacin after ≥6 IV doses if criteria met. Switch therapy outcomes were assessed within the clinically evaluable (CE) population. In the CE population, 138 patients were treated with IV tigecycline and 156 were treated with IV levofloxacin. The proportion of the population that met switch therapy criteria was 67.4% (93/138) for tigecycline and 66.7% (104/156) for levofloxacin. The proportion that actually switched to oral therapy was 89.9% (124/138) for tigecycline and 87.8% (137/156) for levofloxacin. Median time to actual switch therapy was 5.0 days each for tigecycline and levofloxacin. Clinical cure rates for patients who switched were 96.8% for tigecycline and 95.6% for levofloxacin. Corresponding cure rates for those that met switch criteria were 95.7% for tigecycline and 92.3% for levofloxacin. Switch therapy outcomes in hospitalized patients with CAP receiving initial IV therapy with tigecycline are comparable to those of patients receiving initial IV therapy with levofloxacin. These data support the use of IV tigecycline in hospitalized patients with CAP when the switch therapy approach is considered. NCT00081575
Does Knowing the Oceanic PDO Phase Help Predict the Atmospheric Anomalies in Subsequent Months

AbstractBased on analysis of a coupled model simulations with and without variability associated with the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), it is demonstrated that knowing the current value of the ocean surface temperature–based index of the Pacific decadal oscillation (the OPDO index), and the corresponding atmospheric teleconnection pattern, does not add a predictive value for atmospheric anomalies in subsequent months. This is because although the OPDO index evolves on a slow time scale, it does not constrain the atmospheric variability in subsequent months, which retains its character of white noise stochastic variability and remains largely unpredictable. Further, the OPDO adds little to the atmospheric predictability originating from the tropical Pacific during ENSO years.
Navier-Stokes Analog of Quantum Mechanics

Bohm's formulation of quantum mechanics as a modified set of Hamilton-Jacobi equations is rewritten as a quantum-mechanical Navier-Stokes equation.
Autoradiographic studies of ethylenediurea distribution in woody plants.

Abstract Carbon-14-labelled ethylenediurea (EDU), synthesised from diethylenetriamine and 14 C-urea, was stem-injected into 2-year-old seedlings of sugar maple, white ash, flowering dogwood and flowering crabapple. At time intervals ranging from 1 h to 42 days after treatment, macroautoradiographs of leaf, stem and root tissue were made to determine relative distribution patterns of labelled chemical. Translocation of 14 C-EDU was very rapid and predominantly acropetal, especially after the first few hours. Maximum quantities of 14 C were found in leaf tissue approximately 7–10 days following injection, after which the intensity of the labelled chemical declined over the remainder of the study (42 days). Distribution patterns of 14 C-EDU were correlated with observed levels of protection afforded most plants when the chemical is injected 7 days before fumigation with ozone.
Phosphatidylinositol kinase, phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate kinase and diacylglycerol kinase activities in rat brain subcellular fractions

Abstract Subcellular fractions isolated and purified from rat brain cerebral cortices were assayed for phosphatidylinositol (PI-), phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PIP-), and diacylglycerol (DG-) kinase activities in the presence of endogenous or exogenously added lipid substrates and [γ-32P]ATP. Measurable amounts of all three kinase activities were observed in each subcellular fraction, including the cytosol. However, their subcellular profiles were uniquely distinct. In the absence of exogenous lipid substrates, PI-kinase specific activity was greatest in the microsomal and non-synaptic plasma membrane fractions (150–200 pmol/min per mg protein), whereas PIP-kinase was predominantly active in the synaptosomal fraction (136 pmol/min per mg protein). Based on percentage of total protein, total recovered PI-kinase activity was most abundant in the cytosolic, synaptosomal, microsomal and mitochondrial fractions (4–11 nmol/min). With the exception of the microsomal fraction, a similar profile was observed for PIP-kinase activity when assayed in the presence of exogenous PIP (4 nmol/20 mg protein in a final assay volume of 0.1 ml). Exogenous PIP (4 nmol/20 mg protein) inhibited PI-kinase activity in most fractions by 40–70%, while enhancing PIP-kinase activity. PI- and PIP-kinase activities were observed in the cytosolic fraction when assayed in the presence of exogenously added PI or PIP, respectively, but not in heat-inactivated membranes containing these substrates. When subcellular fractions were assayed for DG-kinase activity using heat-inactivated DG-enriched membranes as substrate, DG-kinase specific activity was predominantly present in the cytosol. However, incubation of subcellular fractions in the presence of deoxycholate resulted in a striking enhancement of DG-kinase activities in all membrane fractions. These findings demonstrate a bimodal distribution between particulate and soluble fractions of all three lipid kinases, with each exhibiting its own unique subcellular topography. The preferential expression of PIP-kinase specific activity in the synaptic membranes is suggestive of the involvement of PIP2 in synaptic function, while the expression of PI-kinase specific activity in the microsomal fraction suggests additional, yet unknown, functions for PIP in these membranes.
U-Pb ages of detrital zircons from the Tertiary Mississippi River Delta in central Louisiana: Insights into sediment provenance

The sources of the tremendous amount of Cenozoic siliciclastic sediment deposited in the Gulf of Mexico region remain debated because of a lack of definitive provenance-identifying characteristics. In an effort to build on prior provenance analysis, we present 101–160 single-grain detrital zircon U-Pb ages for each of 10 outcrop samples from Upper Paleocene to Upper Miocene sandstones from a ∼10,000 km 2 swath of central Louisiana corresponding to the ancient Mississippi River Delta, the largest Cenozoic depocenter in the northern Gulf of Mexico region. Sample depositional age control is derived from biostratigraphy and/or regional lithostratigraphic correlation. U-Pb ages in each of the samples range from Cenozoic to Archean, and correspond to the ages of various geologic terranes that underlie the modern Mississippi River drainage basin. However, the prominence of various age distributions changes systematically through the Cenozoic stratigraphy, and pronounced shifts in the abundance of certain age distributions between stratal packages appear to be correlated to shifts in heavy mineral assemblages recorded across the northern Gulf of Mexico coastal plain. Comparison of coastal plain detrital zircon age distributions to age distributions from North American sedimentary cover and the ages of major North American crystalline basement rocks, aided by a sediment mixing model, illuminates the provenance of each of the stratal packages, and suggests that (1) the Mississippi River catchment has resembled its present configuration, at least in the east-west dimension, for much, if not all, of the Cenozoic, and (2) depositional episodes on the Louisiana coastal plain characterized by high sediment supply also corresponded to high proportions of sediment sourcing from the Sevier-Laramide region of the interior western United States. Sediment supply to the Louisiana coastal plain by the paleo–Mississippi River has generally been high during the Cenozoic, except for an anomalous low during the Middle Eocene, when the abundance of sediment derived from the Rocky Mountain region decreased dramatically relative to sediment derived from the Appalachian region.