cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Heavenly Collaboration: Social Workers and Churches Working to Increase Advance Directive Completion among African American Elderly

The Patient Self-Determination Act (PSDA) was enacted in 1990 as a guarantee to patients that their wishes surrounding end-of-life care would be honored if they expressed verbally or through advance directives the desired level of care they wished to receive at the end of life. Research shows that African Americans have the lowest percentage of advance directives completed among the major racial groups in the United States despite the PSDA's purpose. African American elderly rely on community supports such as social workers and the church to meet physical and spiritual needs. However, these two entities have yet to collaborate to eradicate the dismal percentages of completed advance directives among African American elderly. This article explores how the religious community and social workers can work toward educating this population on the importance of advance directives and empowering them to take the necessary steps at completion if they choose to do so.
A position sensitive proportional detector for a magnetic spectrograph

Abstract A position sensitive detector has been constructed for use at the focal plane of an Enge split-pole spectrograph. The detector is a single-wire gas proportional detector of the Borkowski-Kopp type which derives the position information from the rise time of the pulses from the two ends of a high-resistance wire anode. A position resolution of 0.7 mm was obtained for the 20 cm long detector operated with the magnet. Spectra are presented which were obtained from the Coulomv excitation of transuranic elements by α-particles.
Elementary mechanisms in electrocatalysis: Revisiting the ORR tafel slope

We use microkinetic modeling to demonstrate that deviations from ideal Tafel kinetics, which assume a linear relationship between overpotential and log-current, are an inherent property of multi-step heterogeneous electrocatalytic reactions. We show that in general, deviations from ideal Tafel behavior can often be attributed to a simultaneous increase in the rate of the rate-limiting elementary step and a change in the number of available active sites on the electrode as overpotential is induced. Our analysis shows that in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on Pt electrodes, which exhibits nonlinear Tafel behavior, changing electrode potential affects not only the rate-limiting step (the initial electron transfer to molecular oxygen), but also the concentration of surface intermediates—mainly OH and H 2 O. Based on comparison of measured and predicted changes in Tafel slope (as well as pH dependence), we show that alternative interpretations of the non-ideal Tafel behavior of ORR on Pt, such as changes in rate-limiting step or adsorbate repulsion effects, are inconsistent with the observed ORR kinetics.
Point-spread sensitivity analysis for computational optical-sectioning microscopy

Experimentally determined point-spread functions (PSF) have been used routinely for reconstructions of three-dimensional (3-D) microscopic objects from optical sections (Agard et al., 1989, Meth. Cell Biol., 30: 353–377; Fay et al., 1986, Opt. Meth. Cell Physiol., 40: 51–63). The microscope's PSF is usually measured by imaging a small fluorescent bead. There is a tradeoff in this measurement: very small beads are dim and bleach rapidly, while larger beads are a poorer approximation to a point source. We have simulated the effect of the bead's size on the shape of the PSF by convolving a theoretically determined PSF (of a 40 × 1.0 N.A. oil-immersion lens) with spheres of varying diameters. Simulated data were generated with a 3-D phantom and the theoretical PSF, which is defined to be the ‘true’ PSF for the simulation. Reconstructions of the phantom were obtained with each of the theoretical PSFs obtained from the beads using a regularized linear least-squares method (Preza et al., 1992, J. Opt. Soc. Am., 9: 219–228). Results show a significant drop (more than 50%) in the signal-to-noise ratio of the reconstructions for beads with diameter large than 0.22 μm. These results suggest that the bead used in the PSF measurement should have a diameter less than 30% of the diameter of the first dark ring of the infocus two-dimensional (2-D) PSF. This study quantifies the tradeoff between the quality of the reconstructions and the bead size used in the PSF measurement.
The Impact of Legislator Attributes on Interest-Group Campaign Contributions*

Legislators possess political assets that economic interest groups may find valuable in pursuing their goals. This paper examines the effect these legislative assets have on the campaign contributions made by two large and easily identifiable interest groups: corporations and labor unions. Committee assignment, voting record, and electoral security are significant predictors of both corporate and union contributions to House incumbents, while party affiliation and years in office also influence the behavior of union political action committees.
Establishment of a novel tissue culture method, stem-disc culture, and its practical application to micropropagation of garlic (Allium sativum L.).

A restricted part of the undeveloped stem of the garlic clove, called the “stem disc”, which is just under the basement of the immature foliage leaves, proved to be a very potent explant for the micropropagation of garlic. Twenty to thirty tissue-cultured shoots consistently were differentiated from a single clove during 1 month of culture on phytohormone-free Linsmaier and Skoog medium. In addition, more than 90% of the shoots formed bulblets in vitro during an additional 1 month of culture. Pretreatment of the garlic bulbs at 4 °C for approximately 8 weeks before preparing the stem discs enhanced both shoot development and bulblet formation. This novel method for culturing garlic was designated the stem-disc culture method. Shoot development in this type of in vitro culture apparently is divided into four stages: expansion of tissue zones surrounded by the basal parts of the immature foliage leaves, formation of dome-shaped structures, bud differentiation directly from each dome, and development into shoots and bulblets. The dome-shaped structures appeared within 5 days of the onset of culture and had developed independently into shoots approximately 1 cm high 3 weeks later. Histological observations showed that both the internal cell organization and formation process of the dome-shaped structures were similar to those in the meristem. In addition, events leading to the formation of these dome-shaped structures appeared to be initiated by vigorous cell division in the epidermis of concentric tissue zones surrounded by the basements of immature foliage leaves. The results of several field trials showed that the stem-disc culture method is useful for the production of garlic seed plants, including virus-free plantlets. Furthermore, it is a novel field cultivation system for garlic in that the seedlings produced by in vitro-induced bulblets are used as seed instead of the usual cloves.
Pleural Injury During Laparoscopic Renal Surgery: Early Recognition and Management

ABSTRACTPurpose: Injury to the diaphragm is an uncommon yet recognized complication of several laparoscopic procedures, including laparoscopic renal surgery. As these procedures increase in popularity and use, laparoscopic surgeons should be aware of techniques for avoiding this complication as well as methods of identifying pleural injury and managing it appropriately. We report our experience with the detection and intraoperative management of pleural injury sustained during laparoscopic renal surgery and its subsequent treatment.Materials and Methods: From July 1993 to April 2001 at 4 institutions 1,765 patients underwent laparoscopic renal surgery for benign and malignant disease as well as for live renal donation. We retrospectively reviewed the charts and interviewed the primary surgeons to determine the etiology of pleural injury, intraoperative detection and management, and possible future prevention.Results: Pleural injury occurred in 10 cases (0.6%). In 2 cases injury involved inadvertent trocar...
Binding site polarity and ligand affinity of homologous fatty acid-binding proteins from animals with different body temperatures

Binding affinity and binding-pocket polarity is determined for intracellular fatty acid- binding protein (FABP) from aerobic muscle of Chaenocephalus aceratus, the Antarctic icefish, and from rat heart. FABPs bind fatty acids via weak-bond forces (both ionic and hydrophobic), and these bond forces are temperature sensitive, yet FABPs are present in animals whose body temperatures range over nearly 40°C. To investigate FABPs sensitivity to body temperature, fatty acid binding affinity (Kd) was determined for both rat heart-FABP and icefish heart-FABP at two physiological temperatures (0°C or 37°C). Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids (16:0 and 16:1), delivered in model membranes (liposomes) whose composition is typical of either Antarctic fish (16:0/22:6 phosphatidylcholine) or mammals (bovine-heart phosphatidylcholine) were examined. Incubation at 0°C or 37°C does not significantly affect Kd for rat heart FABP, regardless of liposome composition or fatty acid ligand (Kd = 0.686 ± 0.127 – 1.129 ± 0.356 μM at 0°C, 0.775 ± 0.307 – 1.605 ± 0.427 gM at 37°C). Incubation temperature significantly affects icefish FABPs affinity for 16:1 (0.626 ± 0.093 μM at 37°C vs. 1.896 ± 0.343 μM at 0°C for fatty acid presented in Antarctic fish liposomes; 0.331 ± 0.101 μM at 37°C vs. 0.949 ± 0.121 μM at 0°C for bovine heart liposomes) but not 16:0. Kd is not significantly different between FABPs under any set of conditions (with one exception: Kd is significantly lower in rat FABP vs. icefish FABP for 16:0 at 0°C for fatty acids delivered in bovine heart liposomes). Although Kd values are largely equivalent between the two FABPs, relative contributions from ionic vs. hydrophobic weak-bond forces are different between the two animals. Rat heart FABP has a binding pocket that is significantly more nonpolar than that of icefish FABP (as measured by quantum yield of the bound fluorescent fatty-acid analogue (PA-DPH); Q = 0.067 ± 0.008 vs. 0.034 ± 0.005 at 0°C, 0.030 ± 0.003 vs. 0.019 ± 0.002 at 37°C). This suggests that rat-heart FABP realizes a micromolar Kd with a greater reliance upon hydrophobic interactions than does icefish FABP.
Influence of molecular geometry on uncertainty in distances determined from NOE

Abstract The initial-slope and full-relaxation-matrix methods of extracting internuclear distances from NOE data are examined with special emphasis on the effect of the geometrical arrangement of the spins on the accuracy of the ratios of distances determined. The source of geometric error may be understood in terms of the relationship of molecular conformation to the relative sizes of the eigenvalues of the NOE relaxation matrix. If these eigenvalues differ greatly in magnitude, large distance errors may result. It is shown tha for certain molecular geometries the distance between spins may be accurately measured by either method, while some geometries require the full-matrix analysis for accuracy. There are a few structures which cannot be resolved by either procedure. These distinctions are revealed by an analytical solution for the homonuclear NOE in an isotropically tumbling three-spin system in the limit of long correlation time. This solution was utilized to obtain computer simulation of the NOE for a variety of geometrical arrangements. Contour maps are presented to depict the errors in the distances determined from NOE and to indicate exactly which structures are resistant to NOE analysis.
The physician (ARZT) and the arts

I t is a great honor to have been chosen as the Hayes Martin Lecturer for 1996 and to follow the roster of distinguished recipients of this award who have preceded me. It was 50 years ago, the year I began my surgical training, that I decided my aspiration was to train in Head and Neck Surgery at Memorial Hospital and have the privilege of operating with Dr. Hayes Martin, already a living legend. As a fellow in 1950, I found working with Dr. Martin an exhilarating experience. His encyclopedic knowledge, his meticulous and exacting technique that made each dissection a work of art, and his inspiring teaching during his daily rounds all left their indelible mark. It was due to the pioneering efforts of Hayes Martin that the management of head and neck cancer gained the attention it had lacked up to that time. When I began my residency training, patients with cancer of the mouth and throat were avoided by general surgeons who routinely referred them to radiotherapy regardless of the stage or location of their tumors. But those of us who trained with Dr. Martin fanned out to other institutions-some to community hospitals, others to university facilities-all anxious to emulate the Head and Neck Service developed by our mentor. We imitated the sections of special floors and sought nurses that were trained to care for the complex needs of the head and neck patient, especially tracheostomy care, feeding problems, and speech rehabilitation. More importantly, we set up tumor boards where they were lacking and developed careful follow-up methods to permit the evaluation of our 5-, lo-, and 15-year results. Few of us were fortunate enough to have specialized head and neck residents or fellows and therefore trained general surgical residents to diagnose, operate on, and render postoperative care to these patients. After the founding of the Society of Head and Neck Surgeons in 1954 and mainly through the contributions of members of this society, the management of head and neck cancer was transformed. Previous Hayes Martin Lecturers have offered compelling visions for the continued progress of our specialty. Hayes Martin was not only a gifted surgeon in the operating room, but was also an airplane pilot and a creative artist. His experiences as a Naval Flight Surgeon in World War I instilled in him a lifelong interest in flying.’ His artistic talents were exhibited not only in his elegant anatom-
The spectrum of the curl operator on spherically symmetric domains

This paper presents a mathematically complete derivation of the minimum-energy divergence-free vector fields of fixed helicity, defined on and tangent to the boundary of solid balls and spherical shells. These fields satisfy the equation ∇×V=λV, where λ is the eigenvalue of curl having smallest nonzero absolute value among such fields. It is shown that on the ball the energy minimizers are the axially symmetric spheromak fields found by Woltjer and Chandrasekhar–Kendall, and on spherical shells they are spheromak-like fields. The geometry and topology of these minimum-energy fields, as well as of some higher-energy eigenfields, are illustrated.
Sign of the times: an examination of the self-concept and emotional motivation of travelers on Route 66 (1926-present).

Abstract This research examines the historical phases of Route 66 as they relate to the chief motivating factors in travel and tourism (escape, cultural curiosity, spirituality, education, and social status), as well as literary themes of the road genre. The latter not only reflects the images commonly held about the road, but, more importantly, the images people have of themselves on the road. It is believed that this self-concept, prompted by emotions and circumstances, has led different generations of consumers to brand each phase of Route 66 as a different sign of the times and sustained a tourist destination for eight decades.
Temperature dependent spectral changes of iron and nickel hemoglobins and their derivatives.

Abstract Temperature dependent absolute and difference spectra for deoxy and oxy human hemoglobin, α and β subunits, NiHbA, carboxypeptidase A treated deoxy HbA and NiHbA have been investigated. It is shown for the first time that the α subunits are mainly responsible for the temperature dependent spectral changes in the absorption spectra of Hb in the range from 0°C to 40°C. It has also been found that in the R state the spectral alterations caused by temperature variation are about 85% of those found for the T state of Hb. The value of following the temperature dependence of the porphyrin bands of hemoproteins, as a sensitive probe for subtle changes in the region of the heme, is demonstrated.
A Numerical Case Study of the Development of Large-Scale Thermal Anomalies in the Central North Pacific Ocean

Abstract A 10-level primitive equation ocean circulation model is used to investigate the formation and evolution of large-scale thermal anomalies in the central North Pacific Ocean during the fall and winter of 1976–77. A simplified parameterization of the effects of turbulent vertical mixing produced by wind stirring and surface cooling is included in the model. The numerical experiments consist of prescribed change experiments in which monthly mean ocean temperature anomalies, observed down to 400 m by the North Pacific Experiment (NORPAX), are used to define the prescribed changes (anomalies) in the initial conditions and observed monthly mean anomalies of surface winds, and surface heat fluxes are used to define the prescribed changes in the atmospheric forcing. Oceanic processes are investigated by comparing several prescribed change experiments with observations. With anomalous wind forcing, horizontal advection by anomalous wind-driven surface (Ekman) currents and anomalous wind mixing contribute ...
Long-term neurobehavioral outcome in pediatric brain-tumor patients: Review and methodological critique

This paper provides an overview of pediatric brain tumors and reviews the literature on long-term neurobehavioral outcomes for these children. Progress in this area has been slow due to numerous methodological and practical complications. While some general conclusions can be drawn, the development of comprehensive models awaits more research into the multiplicity of biological and nonbiological events, and their interactions, potentially affecting outcome. Increased theoretical and methodological sophistication will be needed to address this complex classification of diseases. Barriers to research in this area are enumerated as are suggestions for future efforts.
Endoneurial microvascular pathology in feline diabetic neuropathy

Abstract Endoneurial capillaries in nerve biopsies from 12 adult diabetic cats with varying degrees of neurological dysfunction were examined for evidence of microvascular pathology and compared to nerves obtained at necropsy from 7 adult non-diabetic cats without clinical evidence of neurological dysfunction. As reported previously [Mizisin, A.P., Nelson, R.W., Sturges, B.K., Vernau, K.M., LeCouteur, R.A., Williams, D.C., Burgers, M.L., Shelton, G.D., 2007. Comparable myelinated nerve pathology in feline and human diabetes mellitus. Acta Neuropathol. 113, 431–442.], the diabetic cats had elevated glycosylated hemoglobin and serum fructosamine levels, decreased motor nerve conduction velocity and compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude, and markedly decreased myelinated nerve fiber densities. Compared to non-diabetic cats, there was a non-significant 26% increase in capillary density and a significant (P
A Model to Detect Potentially Fraudulent/Abnormal Wires of an Insurance Company: An Unsupervised Rule-Based Approach

ABSTRACT: Fraud prevention/detection is an important function of internal control. Prior literature focused mainly on fraud committed by external parties, such as customers. However, according to a survey by the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE 2009), it was noted that employees posed the greatest fraud threat. This study proposes profiling fraud using an unsupervised learning method. The fraud detection model is based on potential fraud/anomaly indicators in the wire transfer payment process of a major insurance company in the United States. Each indicator is assigned an arbitrary score based on its severity. Once an aggregate score is calculated, those wire transfer payments whose total scores are above a threshold will be suggested for investigation. Our contribution is to report what we have learned and to document our findings using fraud/anomaly indicators to detect potential fraud and/or errors on real data from a major insurance company.
Antigen presenting cells (APCs) from thermally injured and/or septic rats modulate CD4+ T cell responses of naive rat

Abstract Regulation of immune response is marked by complex interactions among the cells that recognize and present antigens. Antigen presenting cells (APCs), the antigen presenting cell component of the innate immune response plays an important role in effector CD4+ T cell response. Thermal injury and/or superimposed sepsis in rats' leads to suppressed CD4+ T cell functions. We investigated modulations of CD4+ T cell function by APCs (purified non-T cells) from thermally injured and/or septic rats. Rats were subjected to 30% total body surface area scald burn or exposed to 37 °C water (Sham burn) and sepsis was induced by cecal-ligation and puncture (CLP) method. At day 3 post-injury animals were sacrificed and CD4+ T cells and APCs from mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) were obtained using magnetic microbead isolation procedure. APCs from injured rats were co-cultured with sham rat MLN CD4+ T cells and proliferative responses (thymidine incorporation), phenotypic changes (Flow cytometry), IL-2 production (ELISA) and CTLA-4 mRNA (RT-PCR) were determined in naive rat CD4+ T cells. The data indicate that APCs from thermally injured and/or septic rats when co-cultured with CD4+ T cells suppressed CD4+ T cell effector functions. This lack of CD4+ T cell activation was accompanied with altered co-stimulatory molecules, i.e., CD28 and/or CTLA-4 (CD152). In conclusion, our studies indicated that defective APCs from thermally injured and/or septic rats modulate CD4+ T cell functions via changes in co-stimulatory molecules expressed on naive CD4+ T cells. This altered APC: CD4+ T cell interaction leads to suppressed CD4+ T cell activation of healthy animals.
Toward guidelines for designing experiments in queuing simulation

The simulation of complex queuing systems is an im portant application for discrete-event digital simula tion. In many cases, the object of the analysis is estimation of steady-state measures (e.g....
Photochemical effects in laser-tissue interactions: photodynamic therapy, an overview

Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is the best-known biomedical application of photochemical approaches to therapeutics. Although regulatory approvals for this modality have been obtained only over the last decade, the concept and indeed clinical studies of PDT are over a century old. During the first part of the last quarter century the focus of PDT applications had been on the treatment of cancer. However in recent years this has been broadened to a variety of non-cancer and diagnostic applications. This may be considered a return to the “roots” of PDT where one of the initial observations that form the basis of this approach was the inactivation of paramecium when exposed to acridine orange and light and the fluorescence of tumors when treated with porphyrins and light. Currently the most successful application of PDT is non-oncologic in the treatment of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) with Visudyne; so far this is the only first line use of PDT. At the present time, other diseases are being explored as targets for PDT in laboratories worldwide with a variety of strategies and PDT may now be considered a platform technology where photochemistry may be directed to specific anatomical sites and molecular targets with potentially a large number of applications.
Present status of spark chambers

Basic operation, construction techniques, and properties of spark chambers are reviewed. Experiments in which spark chambers have been used are listed, and several chambers now in use are described briefly. (A.G.W.)
Differential Expression and Subcellular Localization of Protein Kinase C Isoforms in Neuronal and Cardiac Tissues of Limulus polyphemus

The presence and subcellular distribution of specific protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms in Limulus neuronal and cardiac tissue extracts were determined using polyclonal antibodies to individual PKC isoforms. Western blot analysis revealed that the brain, abdominal ganglia, cardiac ganglia and heart all contained PKC's alpha, beta, gamma, epsilon and zeta. PKC delta was detected in all neuronal tissues. PKC theta was found only in the cardiac ganglia and heart. PKC's gamma and delta were predominantly localized in membrane fractions while the alpha, beta, epsilon, zeta and theta isoforms were found in both fractions. Antibodies to PKC's epsilon and zeta detected relatively high molecular weight bands in membrane fractions and lower molecular weight bands in the cytosolic fractions. The results demonstrate that Limulus neuronal and cardiac tissues differentially express the conventional, novel and atypical isoforms of protein kinase C.
Guiding center magnetostatic particle simulation model in three dimensions

Abstract A magnetostatic particle simulation model has been developed and tested for a low β plasma in a strong magnetic field. The model makes use of a three-dimensional grid elongated in the direction of a magnetic field in order to simulate plasma waves propagating nearly perpendicular to the magnetic field. Linear interpolation is used for a two-dimensional grid perpendicular to a magnetic field while cubic interpolation is used for the direction of the magnetic field. Full particle dynamics has been used for the motion of ions, while the guiding center approximation has been used for the motion of electrons. It is found that energy conservation is good and the fluctuation spectra of the electric and magnetic fields from the simulation agree with theoretical predictions quite well.
An advisor for flexible working sets

The traditional model of virtual memory working sets does not account for programs that can adjust their working sets on demand. Examples of such programs are garbage-collected systems and databases with block cache buffers. We present a memory-use model of such systems, and propose a method that may be used by virtual memory managers to advise programs on how to adjust their working sets. Our method tries to minimize memory contention and ensure better overall system response time. We have implemented a memory “advice server” that runs as a non-privileged process under Berkeley Unix. User processes may ask this server for advice about working set sizes, so as to take maximum advantage of memory resources. Our implementation is quite simple, and has negligible overhead, and experimental results show that it results in sizable performance improvements.
Biodiversity, phenology and temporal niche differences between native- and novel exotic-dominated grasslands

Many exotic species have been introduced or have escaped into grasslands where they form ‘novel ecosystems’ of species with no evolutionary history of interaction. Novel ecosystems are good model systems for understanding how diversity maintenance mechanisms might differ between species with a history of interaction (natives) and species without a history (exotics) in cases where exotics originated from several continents. We tested for lower species diversity and richness in exotic grasslands and found a negative correlation between species diversity measures and proportion of exotic species across 15 grasslands in an observational study in Texas. We then planted 9-species mixtures of all native or all exotics under ambient or elevated summer precipitation to compare dynamics of diversity and to test if exotic species respond more strongly to altered resource availability. Species diversity was lower in communities of exotic than native species by the second year. Reduced diversity in exotic communities resulted from lower complementarity and higher temporal niche overlap among species and occurred in both ambient and irrigated plots. In general, summer irrigation had additive positive effects and did not interact with native–exotic status. Exotic species and communities had much earlier green-up during spring than natives, and altered inter-correlations among phenology variables. There were no differences in flowering dates. Taken together, our results suggest that rapid and synchronous growth may increase niche overlap among exotic species and reduce local diversity in exotic-dominated grassland communities. Earlier green-up by exotics may complicate attempts to ascertain relationships between phenology and climate. An increase in exotic species may cause earlier green-up regardless of any climate change effects and our results suggest that phenology networks should take a species-based rather than an ecosystem approach to evaluate green-up if the abundance of exotics increases within the time-frame in question. These differences between native and exotic species and communities should be considered in future management and restoration projects.
Auditory cortex in the grey squirrel: tonotopic organization and architectonic fields.

The representation of sound frequency within auditory cortex has been investigated with microelectrode mapping techniques in grey squirrels. The cyto- and myeloarchitecture of mapped cortical surfaces was examined and related to recording data. Among the results were the following: (1) A primary field can be defined on the basis of both physiological and anatomical criteria. It occupies nearly half of the auditory responsive area in the squirrel. (2) The best frequency of neurons is relatively constant within vertical penetrations across the active middle cortical layer(s) of the primary field. (3) Best frequencies ranging from 190 Hz to 33 kHz were defined within the primary field. There is an orderly representation of sound frequency (and of the cochlear partition) within the field, with lowest frequencies represented rostrally and highest frequencies represented caudally. A given frequency band (sector of the basilar partition) is represented across a roughly straight belt of cortex of approximately constant width that crosses the mediol-lateral dimension of the primary field. There is a proportionately greater surface area of representation of higher frequency octaves within the field. (4) In different squirrels, there is significant variation in the location of the primary field and in the orientation of the frequency representation within it. (5) Auditory responses were recorded within at least two secondary auditory fields. The total region responsive to tonal stimulation approximately corresponded with the anterior temporal field, as defined by Kaas et al. ('72).
Commentary on "a critical review of the classic metaphyseal lesion: traumatic or metabolic?".

197 Ayoub et al. [1] that classic metaphyseal lesions are not traumatic lesions contradicts published investigations and is made in contrast to the classic discussions of child abuse in publications such as that of John Caffey [5].” Caffey noted these lesions as early as the 3rd (1956) edition of his text, Pediatric X-Ray Diagnosis [5], in which metaphyseal “chip” fractures occurred in the entity he termed “traumatic infantile hyperostosis.” In a 1957 article [6] and the 4th (1961) edition of his text, Pediatric X-Ray Diagnosis [7], Caffey presented a diagram depicting “corner” and “bucket-handle” patterns of metaphyseal injury. In the 6th and subsequent editions of his book, Caffey stated that these injuries were the consequence of the battered child syndrome. Kleinman (Kleinman PK, oral communication, 2013) noted that Frederick Silverman [8] wrote about Caffey’s assertion that these lesions represented inflicted injuries. In 1953, Silverman [9] used the term “metaphyseal lesions,” and stated that these injuries were due to child maltreatment. He continued to do so in the textbook, The Battered Child [10], which led to multiple texts and scientific articles that mentioned similar characteristic inflicted injuries. In 2011, to provide further evidence of the association of classic metaphyseal lesions and abuse, Kleinman et al. [11] identified the absence of metaphyseal abnormalities in 42 low-risk infants versus nine classic metaphyseal lesions in 18 infants who were at high risk for physical abuse, and they found a statistically significant difference (p < 0.0001) between the two groups. According to Dr. Kleinman (Kleinman PK, oral communication, 2013), Ayoub and his coauthors [1] do not justify their stated conclusion that, “Classic metaphyseal lesions are not true fractures but rather a combination of tissue-processing artifacts and misinterpreted findings of healing rickets.” Kleinman and his coinvesCommentary on “A Critical Review of the Classic Metaphyseal Lesion: Traumatic or Metabolic?”
Endocannabinoids in basal ganglia circuits: Implications for Parkinson disease

Endocannabinoids are endogenous lipid messengers that bind the cannabinoid (CB) receptors. These receptors mediate the multiple behavioral effects of l -Δ9 tetrahydrocannabinol, the main psychoactive component of marijuana (cannabis). The endocannabinoid system has been implicated in a large variety of functions, including regulation of appetite and energy metabolism, pain and inflammation, neuroprotection, and modulation of basal ganglia circuits.1 Not surprisingly, the endocannabinoid system has raised great interest as a potential pharmacologic target from management of disorders such as obesity, pain, nausea, and neurologic conditions such as multiple sclerosis and movement disorders. The aim of this article is to briefly review some basic concepts on the biochemistry, pharmacology, and synaptic modulatory role of the endocannabinoid system with focus on the basal ganglia circuits, and the potential implications for Parkinson disease (PD). These subjects have been covered in detail in several reviews.1–6 The family of endocannabinoids includes at least five derivatives of arachidonic acid; the two best characterized are arachydonoyl ethanolamide (named anandamide after the Sanskrit word for bliss, ananda) and 2-arachydonoil glycerol (2AG). These endocannabinoids are synthesized in postsynaptic targets on demand in response to increase in intracellular calcium (Ca2+), triggered by either depolarization or activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors1–3 (figure 1). Figure 1 Schematic representation of endocannabinoid signaling, as illustrated in this case for anandamide Influx of calcium (Ca2+) in the postsynaptic cell activates phospholipase D (PLD), which acts on N-arachydonoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE) to produce anandamide. Anandamide is released into the synaptic cleft and acts via presynaptic cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptors. These receptors are guanine nucleotide binding (G) protein-coupled receptors coupled to Gi/o transduction pathways, and their activation leads to inhibition of adenylate cyclase (AC), opening of presynaptic potassium (K+) channels, and inhibition of presynaptic Ca2+ channels. These effects …
Method for the manufacture of record stampers

An improved method for the manufacture of stampers having formed inner and outer edges is provided in which the inner and outer edges are electroformed in the required configuration by using electroforming guides at the inner edge, the outer edge and preferably both edges.
Asymptomatic excretion of rotavirus before and after rotavirus diarrhea in children in day care centers

A 12-month prospective study of diarrhea in children in day care centers (DCCs) provided an opportunity to evaluate the duration of excretion of rotavirus from children before and after episodes of diarrhea caused by rotavirus. Ninety-nine episodes of rotavirus diarrhea occurred in 94 children. Asymptomatic rotavirus excretion occurred in 50% of children tested on the day before diarrhea occurred, 31% two days before diarrhea, and 9% in days 3 through 5 before diarrhea. Two children had positive specimens 11 and 13 days, respectively, before illness. During the week after cessation of diarrhea, 32% had positive specimens; 12% had positive stool specimens during the second week after diarrhea episodes. Electrophoretic testing of rotavirus RNA from stool specimens showed different electrophoretic migration patterns of the genomic RNA among the pairs tested, but the genomic RNA was the same within each pair of symptomatic and asymptomatic specimens. Excretion of rotavirus before and after diarrhea is common in children in DCCs; the role that asymptomatic excretion plays in the spread of this disease within DCCs is unknown.
A novel role for ABCA1-generated large pre-β migrating nascent HDL in the regulation of hepatic VLDL triglyceride secretion

In Tangier disease, absence of ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) results in reduced plasma HDL and elevated triglyceride (TG) levels. We hypothesized that hepatocyte ABCA1 regulates VLDL TG secretion through nascent HDL production. Silencing of ABCA1 expression in oleate-stimulated rat hepatoma cells resulted in: 1) decreased large nascent HDL (>10 nm diameter) and increased small nascent HDL (<10 nm) formation, 2) increased large buoyant VLDL1 particle secretion, and 3) decreased phosphatidylinositol-3 (PI3) kinase activation. Nascent HDL-containing conditioned medium from rat hepatoma cells or HEK293 cells transfected with ABCA1 was effective in increasing PI3 kinase activation and reducing VLDL TG secretion in ABCA1-silenced hepatoma cells. Addition of isolated large nascent HDL particles to ABCA1-silenced hepatoma cells inhibited VLDL TG secretion to a greater extent than small nascent HDL. Similarly, addition of recombinant HDL, but not human plasma HDL, was effective in attenuating TG secretion and increasing PI3 kinase activation in ABCA1-silenced cells. Collectively, these data suggest that large nascent HDL particles, assembled by hepatic ABCA1, generate a PI3 kinase-mediated autocrine signal that attenuates VLDL maturation and TG secretion. This pathway may explain the elevated plasma TG concentration that occurs in most Tangier subjects and may also account, in part, for the inverse relationship between plasma HDL and TG concentrations in individuals with compromised ABCA1 function.
The effect of the anterior ganglia on forward movements in the earthworm

The role of the anterior ganglia in the ability of the earthworm (L. rubellus) to inhibit movement when substrate contact was lost and to move forward was investigated. In Experiment I, worms were observed during the regeneration period following removal of the anterior five segments. A difference (p =.005) was found between the experimental (removal) and control (nonremoval) groups in ability to prevent falling off an elevated platform. The proportion of forward movements for the experimental group increased from an initial low of.31 to.93 over 31 days, while the control group maintained a high proportion (.97) throughout the experiment. Experiment II replicated the first 36-h period of Experiment I and confirmed the finding that the proportion of forward movements for the experimental group declined slowly to a minimum at 24 h, then increased to.21 by 36 h. The results were discussed in relation to Needham’s (1957) hypothesis of a posterior hormonal and metabolic integrating center.
Rearrangement of N-acyl prostaglandin carboxamides to nitriles and trimethylsilyl esters†

The methoxime derivatives of N-acyl prostaglandin E2 carboxamides (PG imides), when analyzed in the presence of excess N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide by gas chromatography, were converted to nitriles and trimethylsilyl esters. For example, the methoximetrimethylsilyl (MO-TMS) derivative of N-acetyl PGE2 carboxamide was converted to the MO-TMS derivative of 9-keto-11,15-dihydroxy-prost-5,13-dienonitrile and the MO-TMS derivative of PGE2. The ratio of rearrangement products was found to be dependent upon the nature of the N-acyl group, and the rearrangement apparently took place in the vapor phase after silylation of the imide moiety.
Linearized theory of peridynamic states.

A state-based peridynamic material model describes internal forces acting on a point in terms of the collective deformation of all the material within a neighborhood of the point. In this paper, the response of a state-based peridynamic material is investigated for a small deformation superposed on a large deformation. The appropriate notion of a small deformation restricts the relative displacement between points, but it does not involve the deformation gradient (which would be undefined on a crack). The material properties that govern the linearized material response are expressed in terms of a new quantity called the modulus state. This determines the force in each bond resulting from an incremental deformation of itself or of other bonds. Conditions are derived for a linearized material model to be elastic, objective, and to satisfy balance of angular momentum. If the material is elastic, then the modulus state is obtainable from the second Frechet derivative of the strain energy density function. The equation of equilibrium with a linearized material model is a linear Fredholm integral equation of the second kind. An analogue of Poincare’s theorem is proved that applies to the infinite dimensional space of all peridynamic vector states, providing a condition similar to irrotationality in vector calculus.
An analysis of acromioclavicular joint morphology as a factor for shoulder impingement syndrome.

BackgroundThe present study aimed to determine whether acromioclavicular (AC) joint morphology was a factor in the development of symptomatic impingement necessitating AC joint excision.MethodsWe p...
Benchingmark and implementation of a generalized MITL flow model

A generalized magnetically insulated transmission line (MITL) flow model has been developed to treat dynamic MITL problems [1]. By including electron pressure in the model and allowing non-zero values of the electric field at the cathode, this MITL model can treat both emission and re-trapping of flow electrons. Most previous MITL flow models only describe equilibrium flow conditions without emission or re-trapping and cannot adequately treat dynamic situations. Such dynamic situations are common and include impedance transitions along the line, variable impedance transmission lines, coupling to loads, etc., all of which can cause electron emission from the cathode and/or electron re-trapping onto the cathode. The model is being benchmarked against particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations using the LSP code [2]. Of particular interest for this benchmarking effort is the treatment of re-trapping waves that occur when the MITL is terminated by an under-matched load. Ultimately, the model will be incorporated into a transmission line code such a BERTHA [3] so that MITL problems can be studied more quickly and efficiently than with PIC codes.
Adaptation of a Diverse Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Population to a New Host Is Revealed through a Systematic Approach to Identify Amino Acid Sites under Selection

Simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) have had considerable success at crossing species barriers; both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 and HIV-2 have been transmitted on multiple occasions from SIV-infected natural host species. However, the precise evolutionary and ecological mechanisms characterizing a successful cross-species transmission event remain to be elucidated. Here, in addition to expanding and clarifying our previous description of the adaptation of a diverse, naturally occurring SIVsm inoculum to a new rhesus macaque host, we present an analytical framework for understanding the selective forces driving viral adaptation to a new host. A preliminary analysis of large-scale changes in virus population structure revealed that viruses replicating in the macaques were subject to increasing levels of selection through day 70 postinfection (p.i.), whereas contemporaneous viruses in the mangabeys remained similar to the source inoculum. Three different site-by-site methods were employed to identify the amino acid sites responsible for this macaque-specific selection. Of 124 amino acid sites analyzed, 3 codons in V2, a 2-amino acid shift in an N-linked glycosylation site, and variation at 2 sites in the highly charged region were consistently evolving under either directional or diversifying selection at days 40 and 70 p.i. This strong macaque-specific selection on the V2 loop underscores the importance of this region in the adaptation of SIVsm to rhesus macaques. Due to the extreme viral diversity already extant in the naturally occurring viral inoculum, we employed a broad range of phylogenetic and numerical tools in order to distinguish the signatures of past episodes of selection in viral sequences from more recent selection pressures.
A novel method for the fabrication of high-aspect ratio C-MEMS structures

A novel fabrication process was developed to create high aspect ratio (>10:1) carbon posts, all-carbon suspended bridges and wires, self-organized bunches of carbon posts, and carbon plates supported by carbon beams. The structures are all made from a two-step pyrolysis process with SU-8 photoresist as the starting material. In this paper we describe the fabrication of these various new C-MEMS structures and detail an important application of the high aspect ratio carbon posts arrays. The carbon post arrays can be reversible charged/discharged with Li ions, an application that may greatly impact the application of C-MEMS in three-dimensional microbatteries. Complex suspended C-MEMS structures, such as wires, plates, ribbons, and self-organized bunches of posts, were built. Methods to accurately and repeatedly fabricate all the above 3-D C-MEMS structures are given.
Saturated Fat and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, Coronary Heart Disease, Stroke, and Diabetes: a Fresh Look at the Evidence

Dietary and policy recommendations frequently focus on reducing saturated fatty acid consumption for improving cardiometabolic health, based largely on ecologic and animal studies. Recent advances in nutritional science now allow assessment of critical questions about health effects of saturated fatty acids (SFA). We reviewed the evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of lipid and non-lipid risk factors, prospective cohort studies of disease endpoints, and RCTs of disease endpoints for cardiometabolic effects of SFA consumption in humans, including whether effects vary depending on specific SFA chain-length; on the replacement nutrient; or on disease outcomes evaluated. Compared with carbohydrate, the TC:HDL-C ratio is nonsignificantly affected by consumption of myristic or palmitic acid, is nonsignificantly decreased by stearic acid, and is significantly decreased by lauric acid. However, insufficient evidence exists for different chain-length-specific effects on other risk pathways or, more importantly, disease endpoints. Based on consistent evidence from human studies, replacing SFA with polyunsaturated fat modestly lowers coronary heart disease risk, with ~10% risk reduction for a 5% energy substitution; whereas replacing SFA with carbohydrate has no benefit and replacing SFA with monounsaturated fat has uncertain effects. Evidence for the effects of SFA consumption on vascular function, insulin resistance, diabetes, and stroke is mixed, with many studies showing no clear effects, highlighting a need for further investigation of these endpoints. Public health emphasis on reducing SFA consumption without considering the replacement nutrient or, more importantly, the many other food-based risk factors for cardiometabolic disease is unlikely to produce substantial intended benefits.