cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Practical error bounds for ultrasonic strain estimation using coded excitation

Ultrasound-based strain imaging is an exciting new medical imaging technique that is capable of revealing soft tissue regions that stiffen early in the development of disease processes. In one important application, breast imaging, lesion visibility is limited primarily by decorrelation noise. Accumulating measurements from many small compressions was found to be most effective at reducing decorrelation noise without reducing contrast or spatial resolution provided that we also applied coded pulse excitation to the probing ultrasonic transmission. Improvements were greatest when the echo signal-to-noise ratio (eSNR) was low. To predict the quality of strain estimates when designing systems, generalized coherence functions and the corresponding displacement variance bounds were derived. The contribution of this paper is to extend that treatment to include coded excitation and multicompression techniques. The advantages of coded excitation/multicompression techniques are demonstrated by imaging tissue-like phantoms and comparing results with conventional short pulse/single compression methods.
A Realistic Small-World Model for Wireless Mesh Networks

Small-world network concept deals with the addition of a few Long-ranged Links (LLs) to significantly bring down the average path length (APL) of the network. The existing small-world models do not consider the real constraints of wireless networks such as the transmission range of LLs, limited radios per mesh router, and limited bandwidth for wireless links, therefore, we propose C-SWAWN (Constrained Small-World Architecture for Wireless Network) model for Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs). We then propose three LL addition strategies for reducing APL to the centrally placed Gateway node in WMNs. In moderately large WMNs, a 43% reduction in APL to Gateway can be achieved with the addition of 10% LLs (with respect to number of mesh routers) in our C-SWAWN model with greedy LL addition strategy. Detailed studies show realistic performance benefits with application of small-world concept in WMNs.
Epstein-Barr virus infection of renal proximal tubule cells: possible role in chronic interstitial nephritis

Chronic interstitial nephritis frequently accompanies renal diseases of different etiologies. Far less common is the entity of primary interstitial nephritis wherein the glomerular and vascular structures of the kidney are not the primary focus of the disease process. Using in situ hybridization and the polymerase chain reaction, we detected DNA from the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) exclusively in renal tissue of patients with the idiopathic variety of chronic interstitial nephritis. The EBV genome, but not that of cytomegalovirus or adenovirus, was detected primarily in renal proximal tubule cells. Furthermore, the CD21 antigen, which serves as the receptor for EBV in B lymphocytes, was detected by immunocytochemistry primarily on proximal tubule cells and was markedly upregulated in the EBV-infected tissue. Western blot analysis of primary cultures of normal proximal tubule cells identified a 140-kDa protein, confirming the expression of the CD21 antigen. Colocalization experiments using proximal and distal tubule markers confirmed that EBV DNA and the CD21 antigen are found primarily in proximal tubule cells. EBV infection of renal proximal tubular cells may participate in evoking a cellular immune response that results in a damaged renal interstitium.
3H-l-histidine and 65Zn2+ are cotransported by a dipeptide transport system in intestine of lobster Homarus americanus

SUMMARY The tubular intestine of the American lobster Homarus americanus was isolated in vitro and perfused with a physiological saline whose composition was based on hemolymph ion concentrations and contained variable concentrations of 3 H-l-histidine, 3 H-glycyl-sarcosine and 65 Zn 2+ . Mucosa to serosa (M→S) flux of each radiolabelled substrate was measured by the rate of isotope appearance in the physiological saline bathing the tissue on the serosal surface. Addition of 1–50 μmol l –1 zinc to the luminal solution containing 1–50 μmol l –1 3 H-l-histidine significantly ( P <0.01) increased M→S flux of amino acid compared to controls lacking the metal. The kinetics of M→S 3 H-l-histidine flux in the absence of zinc followed Michaelis–Menten kinetics ( K m =6.2±0.8 μmol l –1 ; J max =0.09±0.004 pmol cm –2 min –1 ). Addition of 20 μmol l –1 zinc to the luminal perfusate increased both kinetic constants ( K m =19±3 μmol l –1 ; J max =0.28±0.02 pmol cm –2 min –1 ). Addition of both 20 μmol l –1 zinc and 100 μmol l –1 l-leucine abolished the stimulatory effect of the metal alone ( K m =4.5±1.7μ mol l –1 ; J max =0.08±0.008 pmol cm –2 min –1 ). In the absence of l-histidine, M→S flux of 65 Zn 2+ also followed the Michaelis–Menten relationship and addition of l-histidine to the perfusate significantly ( P <0.01) increased both kinetic constants. Addition of either 50 μmol l –1 Cu + or Cu 2+ and 20 μmol l –1 l-histidine simultaneously abolished the stimulatory effect of l-histidine alone on transmural 65 Zn 2+ transport. Zinc-stimulation of M→S 3 H-l-histidine flux was significantly ( P <0.01) reduced by the addition of 100 μmol l –1 glycyl-sarcosine to the perfusate, as a result of the dipeptide significantly ( P <0.01) reducing both l-histidine transport K m and J max . Transmural transport of 3 H-glycyl-sarcosine was unaffected by the presence of either l-histidine or l-leucine when either amino acid was added to the perfusate alone, but at least a 50% reduction in peptide transport was observed when zinc and either of the amino acids were added simultaneously. These results show that 3 H-l-histidine and 65 Zn 2+ are cotransported across the lobster intestine by a dipeptide carrier protein that binds both substrates in a bis-complex (Zn-[His] 2 ) resembling the normal dipeptide substrate. In addition, the transmural transports of both substrates may also occur by uncharacterized carrier processes that are independent of one another and appear relatively specific to the solutes used in this study.
Supervisory control development of a fuel cell plug-in hybrid electric vehicle

The design of a supervisory control system for a fuel cell plug-in hybrid vehicle is similar to that of an internal combustion engine plug-in hybrid. However, the desire to maximize the all electric range is lessened due to reduced petroleum usage and tail-pipe emissions of the fuel cell system. This paper presents a control strategy which uses a fuel cell at a low but highly efficient power level during charge depleting operation. Once the charge sustaining operating conditions are achieved the fuel cell system switches to a higher average power operating point. The developed control strategy is simulated using the Powertrain System Analysis Toolkit (PSAT).
De-SUMOylation Enzyme of Sentrin/SUMO-Specific Protease 2 Regulates Disturbed Flow–Induced SUMOylation of ERK5 and p53 that Leads to Endothelial Dysfunction and Atherosclerosis

Rationale: Disturbed flow induces proinflammatory and apoptotic responses in endothelial cells, causing them to become dysfunctional and subsequently proatherogenic. Objective: Although a possible link between SUMOylation of p53 and ERK5 detected during endothelial apoptosis and inflammation has been suggested, the mechanistic insights, especially under the proatherogenic flow condition, remain largely unknown. Methods and Results: SUMOylation of p53 and ERK5 was induced by disturbed flow but not by steady laminar flow. To examine the role of the disturbed flow–induced p53 and ERK5 SUMOylation, we used de-SUMOylation enzyme of sentrin/Small Ubiquitin-like MOdifier (SUMO)-specific protease 2 deficiency ( Senp2 +/− ) mice and observed a significant increase in endothelial apoptosis and adhesion molecule expression both in vitro and in vivo. These increases, however, were significantly inhibited in endothelial cells overexpressing p53 and ERK5 SUMOylation site mutants. Senp2 +/− mice exhibited increased leukocyte rolling along the endothelium, and accelerated formation of atherosclerotic lesions was observed in Senp2 +/− / Ldlr −/− , but not in Senp2 +/+ /Ldlr −/− , mice fed a high-cholesterol diet. Notably, the extent of lesion size in the aortic arch of Senp2 +/− / Ldlr −/− mice was much larger than that in the descending aorta, also suggesting a crucial role of the disturbed flow–induced SUMOylation of proteins, including p53 and ERK5 in atherosclerosis formation. Conclusions: These data show the unique role of sentrin/SUMO-specific protease 2 on endothelial function under disturbed flow and suggest that SUMOylation of p53 and ERK5 by disturbed flow contributes to the atherosclerotic plaque formation. Molecules involved in this newly discovered signaling will be useful targets for controlling endothelial cells dysfunction and consequently atherosclerosis formation.
Problems of Confidentiality in the Administration of Personal Case Records

have become major societal functions in the United States during the past forty years. As the fields have expanded and grown complex, there has been a corresponding increase in the volume of records generated in all phases of their delivery systems. One document-type characteristic of the health and welfare fields, the personal case record, has proliferated. Administration of case records is difficult because they contain data about individuals. Depending on the purpose for which the record was created, and the date when it was compiled, the case record may include age, sex, religious preference, medical history, legal and financial status, marriage, family and social relationships, and residence and employment patterns, all of which may be supplemented by test results, investigations, diagnoses, and notations of courses of therapy or intervention. Because of this sensitive information, case records have been considered confidential by health and welfare professionals, who traditionally restrict access to a select group of colleagues, presumably in the best interests of patients and clients. Records practices are changing, however, under the impact of internal developments in the health and welfare fields and altered social attitudes. The systems approach to administration and planning demands wide dissemination of information, while increased specialization within the fields has necessitated broader sharing of data among professionals. Large-scale programs of insurance, compensation, and assistance have created a substantial class of "third parties" with justiciable claims for access to
Low-wage jobs-housing fit: identifying locations of affordable housing shortages

ABSTRACTFinding the right jobs-housing balance has long been an important concern for urban planners. More recently, attention has turned to jobs-housing fit – the extent to which housing price is well matched to local job quality. Prior analyses have been constrained by a lack of local data on job quality, making it difficult to identify the geography and scale of the problem. We introduce a new methodology for calculating the low-wage jobs-housing fit at both a jurisdiction and neighborhood scale that was designed in collaboration with affordable housing advocates and has been directly applied in urban planning and affordable housing policy efforts. Low-wage fit is particularly important because of ongoing difficulties with affordable housing provision and the disproportionate benefits of reducing transportation costs for low-income earners. We use the calculated metric at both a city and neighborhood scale to identify what can be learned from a low-wage jobs-housing fit metric that is not evident in tr...
Thickness, surface morphology, and optical properties of porphyrin multilayer thin films assembled on Si(100) using copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition.

We report the structure, optical properties and surface morphology of Si(100) supported molecular multilayers resulting from a layer-by-layer (LbL) fabrication method utilizing copper(I)-catalyzed azide−alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), also known as “click” chemistry. Molecular based multilayer films comprised of 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-ethynylphenyl)porphyrinzinc(II) (1) and either 1,3,5-tris(azidomethyl)benzene (2) or 4,4′-diazido-2,2′-stilbenedisulfonic acid disodium salt (3) as a linker layer, displayed linear growth properties up to 19 bilayers. With a high degree of linearity, specular X-ray reflectivity (XRR) measurements yield an average thickness of 1.87 nm/bilayer for multilayers of 1 and 2 and 2.41 nm/bilayer for multilayers of 1 and 3. Surface roughnesses as determined by XRR data fitting were found to increase with the number of layers and generally were around 12% of the film thickness. Tapping mode AFM measurements confirm the continuous nature of the thin films with roughness values slightly large...
Effect of TiH2–Induced Strain on Thermodynamics of Hydrogen Release from MgH2

MgH2 is a prototypical light metal hydride, but it is too stable for use in practical hydrogen storage applications. Experiments with ball-milled MgH2–0.1TiH2 have shown that the enthalpy of reaction of MgH2 in this mixture is lower than for bulk MgH2 (Lu, J. et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2009,131, 15843). We have explored the mechanism for this phenomenon using first-principles density functional theory calculations of MgH2/TiH2 interfaces. We found that epitaxial contact between MgH2 and TiH2 can be formed with strongly favorable interface formation energies. Similar epitaxial interfaces also exist for Mg and TiH2. The strain induced by TiH2(111) on MgH2 and Mg in these interfaces can reduce the enthalpy for H2 release from MgH2.
Educational skills and attitudes toward clinical teaching in medical technologists

A survey was sent to clinical instructors in North Carolina to determine the current status of teaching in the hospital laboratory. Educational skills and the attitudes of medical technologists towards clinical teaching were assessed. The survey identified the educational skills that the majority of clinical instructors possessed. The instructors’ perceptions of the strengths and weaknesses of clinical teaching are described. The majority of instructors found their laboratory positions and their teaching responsibilities to be rewarding.
Evidence of Universal Temperature Scaling in Self-Heated Percolating Networks.

During routine operation, electrically percolating nanocomposites are subjected to high voltages, leading to spatially heterogeneous current distribution. The heterogeneity implies localized self-heating that may (self-consistently) reroute the percolation pathways and even irreversibly damage the material. In the absence of experiments that can spatially resolve the current distribution and a nonlinear percolation model suitable to interpret them, one relies on empirical rules and safety factors to engineer these materials. In this paper, we use ultrahigh resolution thermo-reflectance imaging, coupled with a new imaging processing technique, to map the spatial distribution ΔT(x, y; I) and histogram f(ΔT) of temperature rise due to self-heating in two types of 2D networks (percolating and copercolating). Remarkably, we find that the self-heating can be described by a simple two-parameter Weibull distribution, even under voltages high enough to reconfigure the percolation pathways. Given the generality of ...
Constant Composition Kinetics Studies of the Simultaneous Crystal Growth of Some Alkaline Earth Carbonates and Phosphates

Precipitation processes in aqueous systems frequently involve concomitant crystal growth, dissolution, and phase transformations. The elucidation of the overall mechanisms must therefore take into account more than a single reaction step. In order to limit complications due to phase transformations driven by changes in supersaturation, it is desirable to investigate these processes at constant thermodynamic driving force. This is the basis of the constant composition method that employs multiple ion specific electrodes in order to control the addition of titrants containing the precipitating ions to compensate for the changes induced by crystal growth. In this paper, the dual constant composition method is discussed by the presentation of two examples, the phase transformation of calcium phosphates and the simultaneous crystal growth of strontium and calcium carbonates from their mixed supersaturated solutions. In the former system, ion specific hydrogen and calcium electrodes were used to control titrants for the growth of octacalcium phosphate and the simultaneous dissolution of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, respectively. For the carbonate studies, hydrogen ion and calcium ion electrodes were used to control titrants for strontium carbonate and calcium carbonate crystal growth, respectively. In this case, the crystal growth of both minerals is surface controlled, following rate laws parabolic relative supersaturations. It is interesting, however, that the addition of strontium ion during calcium carbonate crystallization induces the formation of a less thermodynamically stable polymorph, aragonite, with additional lattice incorporation of the foreign ion.
On detecting surface and sub-surface bodies in water by virtue of their surface and water column wakes

This paper presents theoretical and experimental results of detection and parameterization of moving bodies and scuba divers based on their surface and water column signatures under Hudson River estuary conditions. (1) Theoretical and experimental (SIT DL Towing Tank) estimates of wake characteristics for bodies of interest are carried out. (2) The IR-images of ship wakes at the surface of the Hudson River estuary show that a surface ship wake under some natural illumination conditions has different IR-images in different wave length bands. The carried out analysis of thermal surface wakes demonstrates qualitative and quantitative consistency the Hudson River data with the theoretical estimates. The developed coupled bubble-turbulence wake theory predicts the bubble-wake characteristics versus the wake source parameters. The SIT Towing Tank data demonstrate that the coupled bubble-turbulence theory is reliable. (3) The scuba diver detection is presented by results of experimental study of the wake turbulence, the bubble-wake and its surface manifestations in visual and IR bands in the SIT Towing Tank and the Hudson River. The detection, recognition and tracking in visible and infrared bands of ships and their wakes, and scuba divers, using real-time computer processing are also discussed.
Factors affecting fall severity from a ladder: Impact of climbing direction, gloves, gender and adaptation.

Ladder falls cause many fatal injuries. The factors that affect whether a ladder perturbation leads to a fall are not well understood. This study quantified the effects of several factors on a person's ability to recover from a ladder perturbation. Thirty-five participants each experienced six unexpected ladder missteps, for three glove conditions (bare hands, high friction, low friction) and two climbing directions (ascent, descent). Fall severity was increased during ladder descent (p < 0.001). Gloves did not affect fall severity. Females compared to males had greater fall severity during ascent (p < 0.001) and descent (p = 0.018). During ascent, females had greater fall severity during the second perturbation but similar fall severity to males during the other perturbations. Additional protection may be needed when descending a ladder. Also, females may benefit from targeted interventions like training. This study does not suggest that gloves are effective for preventing ladder falls.
Abstract 460: The Molecular Mechanism of Regulation of Macrophages Pinocytosis of Lipoproteins by Akt3

Akt, also known as protein kinase B (PKB), plays an important role in the regulation of numerous cellular processes, including cell growth, glucose metabolism, differentiation, proliferation, migration and apoptosis. We have recently demonstrated that deletion of Akt3 in macrophages promotes foam cell formation by increasing the uptake of native and modified LDL (Low-density lipoprotein) and elevating the level of ACAT-1, an enzyme esterifying excess cholesterol and promoting its storage in cytoplasmic lipid droplets. We ruled out increased scavenger receptor-dependent uptake and receptor-dependent endocytosis of lipoproteins as the mechanism of increased lipoprotein uptake, and demonstrated in vitro enhanced receptor-independent pinocytosis in Akt3-/- macrophages. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of regulation of macrophage pinocytosis by Akt3. Actin assembly is the pivotal process in pinocytosis of lipoproteins. We observed increased actin assembly in Akt3-/- macrophages assessed by phaloidin staining, suggesting that actin assembly can be involved in the elevated pinocytosis in Akt3-/- macrophages. The increase in pinocytosis by Akt3-/- macrophages was reduced in the presence of actin assembly inhibitor, indicating that the enhanced pinocytosis in Akt3-/- macrophages is actin assembly dependent. Colocalization of actin filaments with Akt3 in wild-type murine macrophages using a confocal fluorescence microscopy as well as coimmunoprecipitation of β-actin with Akt3 in transfected HEK293 cells revealed a direct interaction between Akt3 and β-actin. We ruled out the possibility that Akt3 regulates macrophage pinocytosis via major downstream molecules of the Akt signaling pathway (mTOR, GSK3 and NFκB) by using specific pharmacological inhibitors. However, we observed that increased pinocytosis in Akt3-/- macrophages is Src kinases dependent. These results suggest that Akt3 may inhibit actin assembly and subsequent pinocytosis of LDL by direct interaction with β-actin. Taken together, our studies describe a novel mechanism of atheroprotective role of Akt3.
Yesterday's Organizational Framework for Today's Culture of Fractal Systemicity

In a recent study of more than 2500 organizations in more than 90 countries it was found that organizations worldwide are struggling to engage 21st century employees. We contend that using yesterday’s organizational outlook of ‘whole systems’ is harming organizations in today’s hyper-connectivity and fractal organization. We contribute a systemicity approach, that builds on the work of Bakhtin and Morin. Systemicities theory explains people as contributing members to complex organizations. We propose that if organizations’ leaders and team members adopt this way of viewing the organization that their productivity will increase. We test this with Leximancer by reviewing more than 1000 reviews from America’s top companies and the worst companies to work for. We then discuss how this applies to the workplace and how moving towards a culture of systemicity will increase perceived organizational support, improve productivity and profitability.
An implicit slicing method for additive manufacturing processes

All additive manufacturing processes involve a distinct pre-processing stage whereby the part geometry is translated into a process-specific printing plan. This plan is developed in layers or slice...
Postmortem Changes and Estimating the Postmortem Interval

Knowledge of the postmortem chemical and physical processes and the factors that affect them will permit the accurate interpretation of gross and microscopic pathology at necropsy and aid in the estimation of the postmortem interval (PMI). Estimation of the PMI is important in many human and animal death investigations; however, the accuracy in estimation of the time of death has not significantly improved after decades of research. Currently, no single method can be reliably used to accurately estimate the time of death. The investigator should exercise caution when formulating such an estimate, for it is dependent upon multiple circumstantial and environmental factors, and the accuracy and precision of the estimate decrease as the actual PMI increases. Much insight has been gained through studies of human decomposition; however, the veterinary pathologist must use care when attempting to extrapolate data and apply formulas designed for use in humans. Although only several of these methods are currently practical for application in casework, it is expected that future research will result in improved techniques with enhanced accuracy in the estimation of the PMI.
Bayesian network interface for assisting radiology interpretation and education

In this work, we present the use of Bayesian networks for radiologist decision support during clinical interpretation. This computational approach has the advantage of avoiding incorrect diagnoses that result from known human cognitive biases such as anchoring bias, framing effect, availability bias, and premature closure. To integrate Bayesian networks into clinical practice, we developed an open-source web application that provides diagnostic support for a variety of radiology disease entities (e.g., basal ganglia diseases, bone lesions). The Clinical tool presents the user with a set of buttons representing clinical and imaging features of interest. These buttons are used to set the value for each observed feature. As features are identified, the conditional probabilities for each possible diagnosis are updated in real time. Additionally, using sensitivity analysis, the interface may be set to inform the user which remaining imaging features provide maximum discriminatory information to choose the most likely diagnosis. The Case Submission tools allow the user to submit a validated case and the associated imaging features to a database, which can then be used for future tuning/testing of the Bayesian networks. These submitted cases are then reviewed by an assigned expert using the provided QC tool. The Research tool presents users with cases with previously labeled features and a chosen diagnosis, for the purpose of performance evaluation. Similarly, the Education page presents cases with known features, but provides real time feedback on feature selection.
Sums of Independent Random Variables

Two properties play a basic role in the study of independent r.v.’s: the Borel zero-one law and the multiplication theorem for expectations. Two general a.s. limit problems for sums of independent r.v.’s have been investigated: the a.s. convergence problem and the a.s. stability problem. Both of them took their present form in the second quarter of this century.
Editor's choice 2003: Selected online learning resources

Abstract The Editor-In-Chief of The Internet and Higher Education (INTHIG) compiles for the last issue of each year's volume resources that may be useful for researchers, teachers, administrators, or students who wish to locate information about the field of online learning and the uses of the Internet for instructional delivery. Resources are organized into several categories.
Plasmon-Enhanced Chemical Conversion Using Copper Selenide Nanoparticles

The syntheses, properties, and broad utility of noble metal plasmonic nanomaterials are now well-established. To capitalize on this exceptional utility, mitigate its cost, and potentially expand it, non-noble metal plasmonic materials have become a topic of widespread interest. As new plasmonic materials come online, it is important to understand and assess their ability to generate comparable or complementary plasmonic properties to their noble metal counterparts, including as both sensing and photoredox materials. Here, we study plasmon-driven chemistry on degenerately doped copper selenide (Cu2–xSe) nanoparticles. In particular, we observe plasmon-driven dimerization of 4-nitrobenzenethiol to 4,4′-dimercaptoazobenzene on Cu2–xSe surfaces with yields comparable to those observed from noble metal nanoparticles. Overall, our results indicate that doped semiconductor nanoparticles are promising for light-driven chemistry technologies.
Temporal-Clustering Invariance in Irregular Healthcare Time Series

Electronic records contain sequences of events, some of which take place all at once in a single visit, and others that are dispersed over multiple visits, each with a different timestamp. We postulate that fine temporal detail, e.g., whether a series of blood tests are completed at once or in rapid succession should not alter predictions based on this data. Motivated by this intuition, we propose models for analyzing sequences of multivariate clinical time series data that are invariant to this temporal clustering. We propose an efficient data augmentation technique that exploits the postulated temporal-clustering invariance to regularize deep neural networks optimized for several clinical prediction tasks. We introduce two techniques to temporally coarsen (downsample) irregular time series: (i) grouping the data points based on regularly-spaced timestamps; and (ii) clustering them, yielding irregularly-paced timestamps. Moreover, we propose a MultiResolution Ensemble (MRE) model, improving predictive accuracy by ensembling predictions based on inputs sequences transformed by different coarsening operators. Our experiments show that MRE improves the mAP on the benchmark mortality prediction task from 51.53% to 53.92%.
Alleviating Social Pain: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Forgiveness and Acetaminophen.

Background Research has suggested that physical pain (e.g., caused by injury) and social pain (e.g., caused by social rejection) are modulated by some of the same biological systems. Consequently, it is possible that acetaminophen, which is commonly used to alleviate physical pain through neurochemical pathways, may have social pain-relieving effects that interact with forgiveness, which reduces social pain through psychological pathways. To date, however, only a few studies have examined how experiences of social pain change over time, and none have examined how acetaminophen and forgiveness interact to influence these effects. Purpose We addressed these issues by investigating how acetaminophen administration and daily forgiveness are associated with experiences of social pain over 21 days. We hypothesized that acetaminophen-related reductions in social pain across the 21-day study period would be greatest on days following high levels of forgiveness. Method To test this hypothesis, we conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in which we randomly assigned 42 healthy young adults to an acetaminophen condition (1,000 mg of acetaminophen daily), placebo-control condition (400 mg of potassium daily), or empty-control (no pill) condition. We then assessed their levels of forgiveness and social pain for 20 consecutive days. Results As hypothesized, acetaminophen reduced participants' social pain levels over time but only for those exhibiting high levels of forgiveness (i.e., 18.5% reduction in social pain over 20 days). Conclusions These data are the first to show that forgiveness and acetaminophen have interactive effects on experiences of social pain, which is one of the most common and impactful of all human experiences.
Water Resources and Sustainable Water Management

Water resources generally focus on freshwaters of the world, which include precipitation falling as rain or snow, infiltrating into soils and groundwater aquifers, running off into stream networks, evaporating from lakes and transpiring from vegetation, and flowing back into the deltas and estuaries along the continental margins. The geographic distribution and flow of freshwaters (analyzed through water-budget studies) affect supplies available for human use, and associated problems of surplus, scarcity, and pollution. Psychological and behavioral research has focused on perception of these escalating water concerns about flood risks, drought hazards, and decision-making, while phenomenological research has explored deeper meanings of water experience. During the twentieth century, social scientific research on water evolved from description of regional water problems (e.g., in the Tennessee Valley Authority); to economic and institutional analyses of water rights, water markets, and the ‘range of choice’ among water management alternatives; and, more recently, to political and cultural investigations of water and related ecosystem management problems. These developments contributed in the late twentieth century toward ideals of sustainable and integrated water resources management, though those conceptions are now being challenged and refined. Influential debates on social aspects of water have involved Karl Wittfogel's arguments about ‘hydraulic civilizations’ that drew together the key variables of environmental conditions, water use technologies, economic patterns, property regimes, state organization, social classes, and modes of social power. These ideas stimulated intense theoretical and empirical debates, followed by applied research on sustainable water management in many regions of the world, which argues for continuing attention to comparative international research on water resources, including those of transnational and global scales.
Microwave-induced, InCl3-catalyzed Ferrier rearrangement of acetylglycals: synthesis of 2,3-unsaturated C-glycosides

Abstract Indium(III) chloride-catalyzed, microwave-assisted Ferrier rearrangement of different per-O-acetylglycals leads to an efficient synthesis of 2,3-unsaturated C-glycosides in good to excellent yields.
Association Of State Policies With Medicaid Disenrollment Among Low-Income Medicare Beneficiaries

For some low-income Medicare beneficiaries, Medicaid provides financial protection against Medicare’s out-of-pocket costs, but many Medicare beneficiaries who qualify for Medicaid are not continuou...
Proactive versus reactive emotion regulation: A dual-mechanisms perspective

Emotion regulation (ER) relies on cognitive processing, but the foundational control mechanisms involved remain unclear. The process model of ER posits that different strategies occur at different points in time, with antecedent strategies occurring relatively early and response-focused strategies later in the affective time course. In parallel with this model, the dual mechanisms of control (DMC) theoretical framework proposes that cognitive control operates via 2 temporally distinct modes: anticipatory preparation to exert control (proactive control) and momentary cognitive engagement as the need arises (reactive control). However, empirical investigations of the role of proactive and reactive control in ER have been limited. In this article, we examine how ER processes can be characterized within the DMC framework, integrating these 2 theoretical perspectives. We first posit that any ER strategy may take place either prior or subsequent to onset of an emotional stimulus, depending on whether it is proactively or reactively enacted. Then, using reappraisal as an example, we discuss ER strategy use via both control modes. We further assert that proactive ER can be implemented in a global- or stimulus-dependent fashion and discuss how this implementation may affect the time course and cognitive load of ER strategies. We conclude by discussing how controlling for timing in future research may clarify how populations with reduced cognitive control may demonstrate intact ER (i.e., through greater reliance on reactive and/or global strategies) and how incorporation of the DMC perspective may inform ER interventions for clinical populations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Figurines in Hellenistic Babylonia: Miniaturization and Cultural Hybridity

In this volume, Stephanie M. Langin-Hooper investigates the impact of Greek art on the miniature figure sculptures produced in Babylonia after the conquests of Alexander the Great. Figurines in Hellenistic Babylonia were used as agents of social change, by visually expressing and negotiating cultural differences. The scaled-down quality of figurines encouraged both visual and tactile engagement, enabling them to effectively work as non-threatening instruments of cultural blending. Reconstructing the embodied experience of miniaturization in detailed case studies, Langin-Hooper illuminates the dynamic process of combining Greek and Babylonian sculpture forms, social customs, and viewing habits into new, hybrid works of art. Her innovative focus on figurines as instruments of both personal encounter and global cultural shifts has important implications for the study of tiny objects in art history, anthropology, classics, and other disciplines.
Incomplete Hydrolysis of Curcumin Conjugates by β‐Glucuronidase: Detection of Complex Conjugates in Plasma

Scope The diphenol curcumin from turmeric is rapidly metabolized into phase II conjugates following oral administration, resulting in negligible plasma concentration of the free compound, which is considered the bioactive form. Total plasma concentration of curcumin is often quantified after treatment with β-glucuronidase to hydrolyze curcumin-glucuronide, the most abundant conjugate in vivo. The efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis has not been tested. Methods and results Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses the efficiency of β-glucuronidase and sulfatase from Helix pomatia is compared to hydrolyze curcumin conjugates in human and mouse plasma after oral administration of turmeric. Both β-glucuronidase and sulfatase completely hydrolyze curcumin-glucuronide. Unexpectedly, β-glucuronidase hydrolysis is incomplete, affording a large amount of curcumin-sulfate, whereas sulfatase hydrolyzed both glucuronide and sulfate conjugates. With sulfatase, the concentration of free curcumin is doubled in human and increased in mouse plasma compared to β-glucuronidase treatment. Incomplete hydrolysis by β-glucuronidase suggests the presence of mixed glucuronide-sulfate conjugates. LC-MS based searches detect diglucuronide, disulfate, and mixed sulfate-glucuronide and sulfate-diglucuronide conjugates in plasma that likely contribute to the increase of free curcumin upon sulfatase treatment. Conclusion β-Glucuronidase incompletely hydrolyzes complex sulfate-containing conjugates that appear to be major metabolites, resulting in an underestimation of the total plasma concentration of curcumin.
Using Deep Learning to Solve Google reCAPTCHA v2’s Image Challenges

The most popular CAPTCHA service in use today is Google reCAPTCHA v2, whose main offering is an image-based CAPTCHA challenge. This paper looks into the security measures used in reCAPTCHA v2’s image challenges and proposes a deep learning-based solution that can be used to automatically solve them. The proposed method is tested with both a custom object- detection deep learning model as well as Google’s own Cloud Vision API, in conjunction with human mimicking mouse movements to bypass the challenges. The paper also suggests some potential defense measures to increase overall security and other additional attack directions for reCAPTCHA v2.
Regulating Food Craving: From Mechanisms to Interventions

Craving, defined here as a strong desire to eat, is a common experience that drives behavior. Here we discuss the concept of craving from historical, physiological, and clinical perspectives, and review work investigating the effects of cue reactivity and cue-induced craving on eating and weight outcomes, as well as underlying neural mechanisms. We also highlight the significance of cue reactivity and craving in the context of our "toxic food environment" and the obesity epidemic. We then summarize our work developing the Regulation of Craving (ROC) task, used to test the causal effects of cognitive strategies on craving for food and drugs as well as the underlying neural mechanisms of such regulation. Next, we review our recent development of a novel ROC-based intervention that trains individuals to use cognitive strategies to regulate craving, with promising effects on subsequent food choice and caloric consumption. We end by discussing future directions for this important line of work.
Psychosocial Impact of Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation in Patients with Acne Vulgaris

Background: Acne vulgaris is a common, often socially distressing skin condition primarily seen in young adults. Quality of life studies have shown that people with acne are more introverted with increased social setting anxiety compared to a control group. Unfortunately, patients with acne may have residual postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, amplifying impaired psychosocial effects. Objective: To quantify the impact of postinflammatory hyperpigmentation in patients with acne using a psychometric scale. Design: A clinic-based survey was conducted among US adults with facial acne and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation. Outcomes included age, race, gender, and acne-related quality of life. A board-certified dermatologist rated each patient's acne severity and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation. Setting: Dermatology clinic, Anheuser Busch Institute and Des Peres Hospital, Saint Louis, Missouri. Participants: 48 subjects (25 patients with acne and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation; 23 with acne only). Measurements: Acne Quality of Life survey, dermatologist rating of acne and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation severity. Results: Subjects with postinflammatory hyperpigmentation reported statistically significant poorer mean scores on the Acne Quality of Life survey than subjects with acne only. Sixty percent of patients with postinflammatory hyperpigmentation had a "very markedly" impact to at least one aspect of the Acne Quality of Life survey scale compared to none of the acne only patients. There was no association between provider-reported hyperpigmentation severity and psychosocial impact. No differences in psychosocial impact were noted between males and females. Conclusion: Patients with acne and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation had poorer quality-of-life scores compared to patients with only acne. Having postinflammatory hyperpigmentation with acne negatively impacted self-perceptions and social/emotional functioning, especially in groups.
Evaluation of Autologously Derived Biomaterials and Stem Cells for Bone Tissue Engineering

Despite progress, clinical translation of tissue engineering (TE) products/technologies is limited. A significant effort is underway to develop biomaterials and cells through a minimally modified process for clinical translation of TE products. Recently, bone marrow aspirate (BMA) was identified as an autologous source of cells for TE applications and is currently being tested in clinical therapies, but the isolation methods need improvement to avoid potential for contamination and increase progenitor cell yield. To address these issues, we reproducibly processed human peripheral blood (PB) and BMA to develop autologously derived biomaterials and cells. We demonstrated PB-derived biomaterial/gel cross-linking and fibrin gel formation with varied gelation times as well as biocompatibility through support of human bone marrow-derived stem cell survival and growth in vitro. Next, we established a plastic culture-free process that concentrates and increases the yield of CD146+/CD271+ early mesenchymal progenitor cells in BMA (concentrated BMA [cBMA]). cBMA exhibited increased colony formation and multipotency (including chondrogenic differentiation) in vitro compared with standard BMA. PB-derived gels encapsulated with cBMA also demonstrated increased cell proliferation and enhanced mineralization when assessed for bone TE in vitro. This strategy can potentially be developed for use in any tissue regeneration application; however, bone regeneration was used as a test bed for this study.
A practical approach to FISH testing for MYC rearrangements and brief review of MYC in aggressive B-cell lymphomas

Aggressive B-cell lymphomas, including the WHO diagnoses of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, high-grade B-cell lymphoma with MYC and BCL2 and/or BCL6 rearrangements, high-grade B-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified, and Burkitt lymphoma, together account for approximately 40% of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Identification of MYC, BCL2, and BCL6 rearrangements in these neoplasms is critical for diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic purposes. Herein, we address technical issues surrounding identification of these genetic abnormalities, discuss their diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications, and present an algorithm for use of interphase FISH in the work-up of aggressive B-cell lymphomas. To maximize sensitivity while still limiting cost, it is recommended that interphase FISH be performed in all B-cell lymphomas with large cell or high-grade morphology using both IGH/MYC dual-color dual-fusion (D-FISH) and MYC break-apart probes (BAP) as an initial probe set, followed by BCL2 BAP (or IGH/BCL2 D-FISH) and BCL6 BAP if a MYC rearrangement is identified. In pediatric patients or aggressive B-cell lymphomas with Burkitt-like morphology, a complete analysis at the outset using BAP probes for MYC, BCL2 (or IGH/BCL2 D-FISH), and BCL6 as well as D-FISH probes for IGH/MYC, IGK/MYC, and IGL/MYC is recommended.
Large-Scale Noncovalent Functionalization of 2D Materials through Thermally Controlled Rotary Langmuir-Schaefer Conversion.

As two-dimensional (2D) materials are more broadly utilized as components of hybrid materials, controlling their surface chemistry over large areas through noncovalent functionalization becomes increasingly important. Here, we demonstrate a thermally controlled rotary transfer stage that allows areas of a 2D material to be continuously cycled into contact with a Langmuir film. This approach enables functionalization of large areas of the 2D material and simultaneously improves long-range ordering, achieving ordered domain areas up to nearly 10 000 μm2. To highlight the layer-by-layer processing capability of the rotary transfer stage, large-area noncovalently adsorbed monolayer films from an initial rotary cycle were used as templates to assemble ultranarrow gold nanowires from solution. The process we demonstrate would be readily extensible to roll-to-roll processing, addressing a longstanding challenge in scaling Langmuir-Schaefer transfer for practical applications.
Can Investing Diaries be Hazardous to Your Financial Health

Business writers and academics have suggested keeping an investing diary to avoid hindsight bias. In the diary, investors justify their predictions of future events, e.g., “This stock will go up because…” Eliminating hindsight bias should improve future returns. However, psychological research on the “explanation effect” suggests that justifying one’s predictions in writing induces overconfidence and, by consequence, reduces current returns. We test these propositions in a set of prediction markets populated by two types of traders: forecasters who completed a required investing diary task and non-forecasters who did not. The portfolios of forecasters were significantly over-invested in securities associated with the forecaster’s prediction. This is consistent with prior psychological research and a clear sign of investor over-confidence. We further find that forecasters with accurate predictions have higher returns than those with inaccurate predictions. However, the returns for forecasters with inaccurate predictions were generally no worse than the returns of the non-forecasters. Our results suggest that while keeping an investing diary may lead to biased portfolios, it does not have an overall negative effect on current returns. Therefore, contrary to expectations, there is not a trade-off between the long-term and short-term effects of an investing diary.