cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wolf Motor Function Test for characterizing moderate to severe hemiparesis in stroke patients

Abstract Hodics TM, Nakatsuka K, Upreti B, Alex A, Smith PS, Pezzullo JC. Wolf Motor Function Test for characterizing moderate to severe hemiparesis in stroke patients. Objective To extend the applicability of the Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT) to describe the residual functional abilities of moderate to severely affected stroke patients. Design Data were collected as part of 2 double-blind, sham-controlled, randomized interventional studies: the Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in Chronic Stroke Recovery and the tDCS Enhanced Stroke Recovery and Cortical Reorganization. Stroke patients were evaluated with the upper extremity Fugl-Meyer (UFM) and the WMFT in the same setting before treatment. Setting University inpatient rehabilitation and outpatient clinic. Participants Stroke patients (N=32) with moderate to severe hemiparesis enrolled in the tDCS in Chronic Stroke Recovery and the tDCS Enhanced Stroke Recovery and Cortical Reorganization studies. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures WMFT scores were calculated using (1) median performance times and (2) a new calculation using the mean rate of performance. We compared the distribution of values from the 2 methods and examined the WMFT-UFM correlation for the traditional and the new calculation. Results WMFT rate values were more evenly distributed across their range than median WMFT time scores. The association between the WMFT rate and UFM was as good as the association between the median WMFT time scores and UFM (Spearman ρ, .84 vs −.79). Conclusions The new WMFT mean rate of performance is valid and a more sensitive measure in describing the functional activities of the moderate to severely affected upper extremity of stroke subjects and avoids the pitfalls of the median WMFT time calculations.
Validity of self-efficacy as a predictor of writing performance

This exploratory field study examined Bandura's (1977) self-efficacy model to determine how well efficacy expectations predicted writing performance, and whether cognitive (deep processing) and affective (anxiety) variables were related to efficacy expectations. Other variables assessed with respect to efficacy and writing performance were race, sex, an English entrance exam (ACT) score, and locus of control. Subjects were college freshmen enrolled in introductory writing courses. The major findings were that (a) efficacy expectations predicted writing on phase 1 (beginning of writing course) data, but not phase 2 (end of course); (b) depth of processing, locus of control, and anxiety were related in varying degrees to amount of efficacy and to the accuracy of efficacy predictions of writing; (c) subjects significantly overestimated their writing performance, the discrepancy being even larger at phase 2. These results provide partial support for the construct validity of self-efficacy and suggest that cognitive and affective variables influence efficacy.
d.c. electric field stabilization of plasma fluctuations due to a velocity shear in the parallel ion flow

Consideration is given to the suggestion by Basu and Coppi (1988, 1989) that the DE-2 observations of broadband turbulence associated with sheared ion flows can be explained by electrostatic waves driven by a sheared ion flow along the magnetic field. It is pointed out that such a theory ignores the stronger shear in the ion flow transverse to the magnetic field, and that, when this shear is taken into account, the modes described by Basu and Coppi are easily destabilized. The theory of Basu and Coppi is shown to break down even when the shear in the parallel flow exceeds the shear in the transverse flow.
How gravity and joint scaling affect dynamics response

If a scale model of a space structure is ground tested to establish dynamic characteristics of full-scale space structure, two factors need to be taken into consideration: the joint tolerances may not be scaled, and joint preloads (from gravity) may be present. In some situations, these differences may significantly affect dynamic response so that the model is not representative of the structure in space. In this study, joint effects are investigated by considering the response of a single-degree-of-freedom system that is restrained by a joint linkage. The joint is characterized by its initial stiffness, the load at which it slips, its hardening rate, and the distance it can slip (joint 'slop' or gap). The steady-state response of the system is calculated using a harmonic balance approach. It is found that the system response is multivalued for certain ranges of gap dimensions. When this is the case, small changes in system properties can lead to large differences in dynamic response and make it difficult to obtain meaningful results directly from model testing.
A Staffing Model Based on Workload in Three VA Mental Health Clinics

In the era of managed care, agencies that provide mental health care can cope with the increasing volume of patients and the increasing severity of their conditions by having a variety of mental health professionals provide services. A model for determining workforce needs for outpatient mental health clinics is described. The model was used with workload data from three Veterans Affairs clinics to determine that two psychiatrists and five or six nonpsychiatrists should be able to evaluate 400 new patients a year and provide ongoing care for 2,300 patients a year in such settings. The method can be adapted to determine workforce needs for other outpatient clinical settings.
Is a mandatory intensive care unit stay needed after liver transplantation? Feasibility of fast-tracking to the surgical ward after liver transplantation

The continuation of hemodynamic, respiratory, and metabolic support for a variable period after liver transplantation (LT) in the intensive care unit (ICU) is considered routine by many transplant programs. However, some LT recipients may be liberated from mechanical ventilation shortly after the discontinuation of anesthesia. These patients might be appropriately discharged from the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) to the surgical ward and bypass the ICU entirely. In 2002, our program started a fast-tracking program: select LT recipients are transferred from the operating room to the PACU for recovery and tracheal extubation with a subsequent transfer to the ward, and the ICU stay is completely eliminated. Between January 1, 2003 and December 31, 2007, 1045 patients underwent LT at our transplant program; 175 patients were excluded from the study. Five hundred twenty-three of the remaining 870 patients (60.10%) were fast-tracked to the surgical ward, and 347 (39.90%) were admitted to the ICU after LT. The failure rate after fast-tracking to the surgical ward was 1.90%. The groups were significantly different with respect to the recipient age, the raw Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score at the time of LT, the recipient body mass index (BMI), the retransplantation status, the operative time, the warm ischemia time, and the intraoperative transfusion requirements. A multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the raw MELD score at the time of LT, the operative time, the intraoperative transfusion requirements, the recipient age, the recipient BMI, and the absence of hepatocellular cancer/cholangiocarcinoma were significant predictors of ICU admission. In conclusion, we are reporting the largest single-center experience demonstrating the feasibility of bypassing an ICU stay after LT.
The Drosophila dCREB2 Gene Affects the Circadian Clock

We report the role of dCREB2, the Drosophila homolog of CREB/CREM, in circadian rhythms. dCREB2 activity cycles with a 24 hr rhythm in flies, both in a light:dark cycle and in constant darkness. A mutation in dCREB2 shortens circadian locomotor rhythm in flies and dampens the oscillation of period, a known clock gene. Cycling dCREB2 activity is abolished in a period mutant, indicating that dCREB2 and Period affect each other and suggesting that the two genes participate in the same regulatory feedback loop. We propose that dCREB2 supports cycling of the Period/Timeless oscillator. These findings support CREB's role in mediating adaptive behavioral responses to a variey of environmental stimuli (stress, growth factors, drug addiction, circadian rhythms, and memory formation) in mammals and long-term memory formation and circadian rhythms in Drosophila.
Dendritic epidermal gamma/delta T cells (DETC) activated in vivo proliferate in vitro in response to Mycobacterium leprae antigens.

Background gamma/delta T-cell receptor (TCR)+ dendritic epidermal T cells (DETC) are part of a primitive defense system in the skin; they are capable of responding only to a limited number of antigens. The aim of the present study was to test whether DETC can proliferate in vitro in response to antigens of Mycobacterium leprae. Methods DETC were obtained from CBA mouse ear skin by trypsinization and Histopaque gradient centrifugation. The resulting epidermal cell suspension contained up to 20% DETC, as analyzed by the fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) after staining with anti-Thy-1 or anti-gamma/delta TCR monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The freshly isolated cells, or DETC cultured up to 4 weeks with interleukin-2 (IL-2), were exposed in vitro for up to 6 days to varying doses of the following M. leprae antigens: (1) integral (live) M. leprae bacilli; (2) Dharmendra antigen; and (3) PGL-1 (phenolic glycolipid of M. leprae). The DETC response was assessed by tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR) incorporation. Results The freshly isolated DETC, or DETC cultured up to 4 weeks with IL-2, did not respond significantly to any of the M. leprae antigens, although at the same time they were able to respond vigorously to concanavalin A (Con A), as positive control. If, however, DETC were isolated from skin, painted 7 days before with croton oil (10 microL/cm2 to cause irritant dermatitis, they were able to respond to all M. leprae antigens by a 3-4-fold incrase in the 3H-TdR uptake. The most effective stimulator was a 1 : 1 mixture of Dharmendra and PGL-1 (0. 01 microg/mL), which was as effective as 10-fold higher doses of either antigen alone. Cell counts confirmed that increased DNA synthesis was associated with cell proliferation. Experiments employing alpha/beta-TCR CBA murine spleen cells and epidermal cell suspension treated with anti-gamma/delta or antialpha/beta mAbs + C' proved that only the gamma/delta DETC were the responder cells to M. leprae antigens. Conclusions The results suggest that activation of DETC in vivo may make them responsive to M. leprae antigens. A significant increase in the number of class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) positive, nondendritic cells was observed in the croton oil-treated epidermis. We hypothesize that croson oil-induced upregulation of class II MHC expression, which endows epidermal cells with antigen-presenting capabilities, might be an important factor in vivo in delivering an immunogenic signal to resident DETC in the skin.
Exocyclic Amine of the Conserved G·U Pair at the Cleavage Site of the Tetrahymena Ribozyme Contributes to 5‘-Splice Site Selection and Transition State Stabilization†

A phylogenetically conserved guanine.uracil (G.U) pair defines the 5'-exon/intron boundary of precursor RNAs containing group I introns. In this wobble base pair, the G forms two hydrogen bonds with U in a base pairing geometry shifted from that of a canonical Watson-Crick pair. On the basis of thermodynamic measurements of synthetic base pair analogs (inosine, diaminopurine riboside, guanosine, or adenosine paired with U, C, or isocytidine) in place of the G.U pair, we have previously reported that the N2 exocyclic amine of the G is important for docking the 5'-exon into the active site of the Tetrahymena ribozyme [Strobel, S. A., & Cech, T. R. (1995) Science 267, 675-679]. Here we describe kinetic characterization of ribozyme-substrate combinations containing the same series of analogs. By measuring the rate constants of 5'-exon miscleavage (cleavage at incorrect phosphates), we demonstrate that the 5'-exon/intron boundary is primarily defined by the exocyclic amine of the G. The amine makes its contribution (2.5 kcal.mol-1) in the context of all three wobble pairs tested but fails to make a significant contribution (< 0.8 kcal.mol-1) when presented in a Watson-Crick base pairing geometry. We also demonstrate that the exocyclic amine makes a modest contribution to chemical transition state stabilization (1.0 kcal.mol-1 relative to an inosine-U pair). The majority of this transition state contribution (0.7 kcal.mol-1) is independent of that contributed by the 2'-hydroxyl of the neighboring U. This argues against the model in which substantial transition state stabilization is derived from a water molecule bridging between the exocyclic amine of G and the 2'-hydroxyl of U. Instead it suggests that the tertiary interaction between the exocyclic amine and its hydrogen bonding partner in the active site is slightly improved during the chemical transition. We conclude that the exocyclic amine of G is the primary contributor to many characteristics of reactivity that have been ascribed to the conserved G.U pair, including stabilization of the chemical transition state and definition of the 5'-exon/intron boundary.
Corticosteroid Treatment for Idiopathic Facial Nerve Paralysis: A Meta‐analysis

Objective A meta-analysis was designed to evaluate facial recovery in patients with complete idiopathic facial nerve paralysis (IFNP) by comparing outcomes of those treated with corticosteroid therapy with outcomes of those treated with placebo or no treatment. Study Design Meta-analysis of prospective trials evaluating corticosteroid therapy for idiopathic facial nerve paralysis. Methods A protocol was followed outlining methods for trial selection, data extraction, and statistical analysis. A MEDLINE search of the English language literature was performed to identify clinical trials evaluating steroid treatment of IFNP. Three independent observers used an eight-point analysis to determine inclusion criteria. Data analysis was limited to individuals with clinically complete IFNP. The endpoints measured were clinically complete or incomplete facial motor recovery. Effect magnitude and significance were evaluated by calculating the rate difference and Fisher's Exact Test P value. Pooled analysis was performed with a random effects model. Results Forty-seven trials were identified. Of those, 27 were prospective and 20 retrospective. Three prospective trials met the inclusion criteria. Tests of heterogeneity indicate the trial with the smallest sample size (RD = −0.19; 95% CI, −0.58–0.20), to be an outlier. It was excluded from the final analysis. Analyses of data from the remaining two studies indicate corticosteroid treatment improves complete facial motor recovery for individuals with complete IFNP. Rate difference demonstrates a 17% (99% CI, 0.01–0.32) improvement in clinically complete recovery for the treatment group based on the random effects model. Conclusions Corticosteroid treatment provides a clinically and statistically significant improvement in recovery of function in complete IFNP.
Stem cell sources for regenerative medicine: the immunological point of view

Stem cell transplantation consists in the introduction of stem cells or derived products in a diseased organism. Because of the differentiation properties of stem cells, the goal is to replace damaged cells or tissues. Numbers of stem cell were identified and isolated from embryos, fetuses, or adult organs, harboring different properties, and thus providing multiple strategies of regenerative medicine for different diseases. More recently, the artificial induction of stemness properties in adult somatic cells has proposed a new way to generate stem cells. One important concern of stem cell therapy is the possible risk that transplanted stem cells could be rejected by the recipient's immune system. Depending on their source, stem cell transplantation is associated with diverse immunological situations. If some sources allow autologous transplantation, others cannot bypass an allogeneic context between the donor and the recipient. This review summarizes all of the stem cell sources for regenerative medicine and the immunological questions associated to their use. Regarding the emerging strategies compatible with autologous transplantation, this article points notably the complexity of the choice between the immunological safety and the specific advantages of allogeneic stem cells.
Electron diffraction and microscopy of deformed polymer crystals III—Annealing

Abstract Some aspects of annealing close to the vicinity of the melting point of spherulites and fibrils of polyethylene (PE) and single crystals and fibrils of polyoxymethylene (POM) are described. Electron diffraction and microscopy on deformed spherulites reveal considerable tilting of the molecules or lamellae resulting in a roof-tile stacking of the lamellae on annealing at 120°C. Electron diffraction on the same PE crystal before and after heating showed that phase changes induced by the deformation relax on annealing without reverse stress and are elastic. The striations appearing on fibrils pulled from the lamellae of PE and from single crystals of POM are thought to be associated with a folded chain lamellae-like structure in the unannealed fibrils. The change of striation periodicity was measured as a function of annealing time on the POM fibrils. After an initial jump from the periodicity found on unannealed fibrils, it was found to decrease. This depended on the heating rate used, the decrease only being observed when the sample was wrapped in aluminium foil. By comparison with the behaviour of single crystals on annealing, it is thought unlikely that tilting of the chains in the fibrils is responsible for the decrease in periodicity.
Variations in the spectral properties of freshwater and estuarine CDOM caused by partitioning onto river and estuarine sediments

Abstract The optical properties and geochemical cycling of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) are altered by its sorption to freshwater and estuarine sediments. Measured partition coefficients ( K p ) of Satilla River (Georgia) and Cape Fear River estuary (North Carolina) CDOM ranged from 19 to 233 L kg −1 when model freshwater and organic-rich estuarine sediments were added to solution (concentrations of 0.1, 1, or 10 g L −1 ), with the largest K p values measured in solutions with the lowest sediment concentrations. Sorption of Satilla River CDOM was augmented upon raising the ionic strength of solution by mixing with natural seawater, likely due to the ‘salting out effect’ of Ca +2 and Mg +2 ions. For turbid estuarine systems with particle loads of ∼100 mg L −1 , we estimate that ∼1–2% of the CDOM pool sorbs to settling particles, facilitating the transfer to a potentially large colored particulate organic matter (CPOM) reservoir within sediments. Our results also indicate that >30% of the colored organic matter pool within sediment pore waters (sediment concentration > 10 g L −1 ) may exist as CPOM. Spectral slope coefficients (300–700 nm) of initial CDOM samples increased as much as 20% after mixing with 10 g L −1 sediment and 5% after mixing with 1 g L −1 sediment indicating that sorption to particles has the potential to significantly alter the optical properties of CDOM in the water column of turbid shallow environments or in areas of high benthic exchange.
Related Adhesion Focal Tyrosine Kinase and the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mediate the Stimulation of Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase by the G-protein-coupled P2Y2 Receptor PHORBOL ESTER OR [Ca2+] i ELEVATION CAN SUBSTITUTE FOR RECEPTOR ACTIVATION

The activation of growth factor receptors and receptors coupled to heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins) can increase mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activity in many cells. Previously, we demonstrated that the activation of G-protein-coupled P2Y2 receptors by extracellular ATP and UTP stimulated MAP (p42 ERK2) kinase by a mechanism that was dependent on the elevation of [Ca2+]i and the activation of related adhesion focal tyrosine kinase (RAFTK) (also called PYK2, CAKβ, and CADTK) and protein kinase C (PKC). Here, we examine further the signaling cascade between the P2Y2 receptor and MAP kinase. MAP kinase was transiently activated by exposure of PC12 cells to UTP. UTP, ionomycin, and phorbol ester (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) increased MAP kinase activity and also promoted the tyrosine phosphorylation of RAFTK, the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, SHC, and p120cbl. Down-regulation of PKC and inhibition of the elevation of [Ca2+]i, conditions that block the activation of MAP kinase, also blocked the increases in the tyrosine phosphorylation of RAFTK and the EGF receptor. AG1478, a tyrphostin selective for the EGF receptor, reduced the activation of MAP kinase, the tyrosine phosphorylation of SHC, the association of Grb2 with SHC, and the tyrosine phosphorylation of the EGF receptor and p120cbl but did not block the tyrosine phosphorylation of RAFTK. The similar effects of UTP, ionomycin, and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) on these signaling proteins demonstrate that the two signaling molecules from phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate hydrolysis ([Ca2+]i, from inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate production, and diacylglycerol) can individually initiate the activation of MAP kinase in an EGF receptor-dependent manner. These results demonstrate that the P2Y2 receptor-mediated transactivation of the EGF receptor occurs at a point downstream of RAFTK and indicate that the EGF receptor is required for P2Y2 receptor-mediated MAP kinase activation. Although P2Y2 and EGF receptors may both activate a similar multiprotein signaling cascade immediately upstream of MAP kinase, the P2Y2 receptor appears to uniquely utilize [Ca2+]i, PKC, and, subsequently, RAFTK.
Long-term effects of postnatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol on uterine estrogen receptor and growth.

Abstract Diethylstilbestrol (DES) treatment of female rats on postnatal days (PND) 1–5 reduces uterine growth, estrogen receptor (ER) level and gland number by PND 25, while daily DES treatment on PND 1–25 increases uterine growth 4-fold, further reduces ER level and completely suppresses gland formation. We now report the persistence of these effects in adults. By PND 60, uterine weight was 70% of controls in rats injected with DES on PND 1–5 but only 10% of controls in rats injected PND 1–10 or longer. In fact, uterine weights were the same on PND 10 and 60. Uterine gland numbers were reduced to 30% of controls in all DES-treated rats regardless of exposure length; however, luminal and glandular epithelial cell heights were reduced to 2 ) 1 week before sacrifice significantly down-regulated ER to the same concentration in all treatment groups at PND 60 and 90. Following E 2 treatment, all groups also showed increased uterine weight at PND 60 and 90. These data show there is a short period of development (PND 5–10) in which further DES exposure indirectly inhibits uterine growth.
Reduction of bone dust with ultrasonic bone aspiration: implications for retrosigmoid vestibular schwannoma removal.

ObjectivePostoperative headache is not uncommon after retrosigmoid vestibular schwannoma removal. Bone dust dispersed into the subarachnoid space during drilling may be responsible. If dispersion c...
Corporeal elements and principles in the learned German chymical tradition.

AbstractThis paper explores diverse conceptions of the physicality and tangibility of elements and principles in early modern chymistry. By tracing the development of natural philosophical and corpuscular ideas about material elements and principles among several physicans and chymists, including Thomas Erastus, Andreas Libavius, Daniel Sennert, and Anton Gunther Billich, this article locates a learned tradition that developed predominantly in Germany, and which directly challenged a common understanding of matter held by major Paracelsians as well as authors from the French textbook tradition. Likewise, conceptions of incorporeal elements or principles are shown to have developed from the ideas of Paracelsus and Petrus Severinus, whereas authors in the learned tradition emphasised a particular interpretation of Aristotle. The article concludes by suggesting that chymical interpretations of material composition had an important influence throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and that this p...
Assistência democrática e democracias assistenciais

The end to wich care should be directed is to make society as democratic as possible, but many care relationship are not relationship of equailty. In this paper, the author skecthes out some realities of care that raise challenges to current social and political institutions of care.
Minimization of NO during staged combustion of CH3NH2

Abstract Monomethylamine (CH3NH2), serving as a source of fuel-bound nitrogen, has been burned in air with ethylene (C2H4), the primary fuel, in a two stage turbulent flow reactor. The NO emission from the first stage dramatically decreased as the fuel equivalence ratio (φ) was increased. For fuel-rich feeds, air was injected into the secondary stage to achieve an overall fuel-lean system φ. Optimum fuel-rich feed values (φm) were identified which yielded minimum NO emissions from the second stage. These φm values are a function of the CH3NH2 concentration in the feed. Compared with an all fuel-lean base case, the NO emission was reduced by at least 60% with staged combustion. Two elementary reaction mechanisms, drawn from the literature, have been used with a two-zone reactor model to successfully simulate the experimental data. Rate-or-production analyses, based upon the successful modeling, have illuminated the key pathways to NO formation and destruction.
17β-estradiol differentially regulates stress circuitry activity in healthy and depressed women.

Many regions within stress neurocircuitry, including the anterior hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, and medial prefrontal cortex, are densely populated with sex steroid receptors. Substantial evidence from animal studies indicates that the gonadal hormone 17β-estradiol (E2) impacts the structure and function of these regions, but human studies are limited. Characterizing estradiol's role in stress circuitry in vivo in humans may have important clinical implications given the comorbidity between major depressive disorder (MDD), stress circuitry dysfunction and endocrine dysregulation. In this study, we determined estradiol's role in modulating activity within cortical and subcortical stress circuitry regions in healthy and MDD women. Subjects were part of a population-based birth cohort, the New England Family Study. Capitalizing on the endogenous fluctuation in E2 during the menstrual cycle, we conducted a within-person repeated-measures functional neuroimaging study in which 15 women with recurrent MDD, in remission, and 15 healthy control women underwent hormonal evaluations, behavioral testing, and fMRI scanning on two occasions, under low and high E2 conditions. Subjects completed an fMRI scan while undergoing a mild visual stress challenge that reliably activated stress neural circuitry. Results demonstrate that E2 modulates activity across key stress circuitry regions, including bilateral amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus. In healthy women, robust task-evoked BOLD signal changes observed under low E2 conditions were attenuated under high E2 conditions. This hormonal capacity to regulate activity in stress circuitry was not observed in MDD women, despite their remitted status, suggesting that dysregulation of gonadal hormone function may be a characteristic trait of the disease. These findings serve to deepen our understanding of estradiol's actions in the healthy brain and the neurobiological mechanisms that may underlie the pronounced sex difference in MDD risk.
Electrophysiologic endpoint measures in a multicenter ALS drug trial

We report the analysis of a battery of secondary electrophysiologic measurements to assess the progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in a two center, six month, double-blind, three arm trial comparing branched chain amino acids to L-threonine with pyridoxal 5-phosphate to placebo. The endpoint measurements were chosen to separately assess the effects of lower motor neuron loss and collateral reinnervation. For tests of inter-center reliability, we found no differences that could not be readily explained by variations in electrophysiologic testing techniques. Since the drug study was negative for the primary endpoint measure (muscle strength), we combined data from both centers and the three treatment arms. For measures of progression, all measures changed in the expected direction during the 6 months of the trial. We conclude that a battery of electrophysiologic measures can be used in a multicenter ALS drug trial to provide information on changes in lower motor neuron numbers and the effects of collateral reinnervation.
Orthogonality Criteria for Multi-scaling Functions

Necessary and sufficient conditions for the orthonormality of a multi-scaling function φ with integer dilation factoraand multiplicityrare established. Here φ := (φ1, … , φr)Tand satisfies φ(x) =[formula]Pkφ(ax − k), for some positive integerM, withP0, … ,PMbeingr × rreal matrices andP0,PM≠ 0. These conditions also apply to the setting of the usual uni-scaling functions and uni-wavelets (i.e., multiplicityr= 1). The orthonormality of all the multi-scaling functions and multi-wavelets constructed in the wavelet literature can be verified. Extensive demonstrative examples are given.
Uranium-Lead Ages of Minerals from the Stillwater Igneous Complex and Associated Rocks, Montana

Nineteen U-Pb zircon analyses from the Still-water complex basal zone and associated rocks are interpreted as meaning: (1) the Stillwater igneous complex was emplaced about 2,750 m.y. ago; (2) there is little recorded time difference (less than 60 m.y.) between intrusion of the Stillwater complex and emplacement of siliceous igneous rocks at the southeastern end of the complex; (3) the Stillwater complex intruded sediments or metasediments containing approximately 3,140 m.y. old (or older) zircons; and (4) the Stillwater complex contact metamorphism did not reset U-Pb clock in zircons from exposed hornfels, although hornfels zircons appear to have lost from about 10 to 40 percent of their lead due to intrusion of the complex. The discordant zircon data appear to be best explained with an episodic lead loss mechanism; lead having been lost about 2,750 and 100 m.y. ago. The possibilities, however, of uranium gain at these times, or some continuous diffusion lead loss, or both, may not be excluded. Four apatite U-Pb analyses suggest apatite in the Stillwater complex vicinity lost lead or gained uranium about, 1,600 m.y. ago during an event that did not significantly influence the zircon ages. U-Th-Pb data from Mouat quartz monzonite magnetite indicate either uranium and thorium are heterogeneously distributed in the magnetite and/or uranium and thorium are very susceptible to laboratory acid leaching. Limited plagioclase data did not yield useful age information; rather they showed that the lead isotopic compositions of the Stillwater complex anorthosite have been disturbed since the complex was emplaced.
Explosives dust cloud combustion

Data are presented for the lean limit concentrations, explosion pressures, and rates of pressure rise for air-dispersions of the following explosives dusts: HMX, HNS, RDX, TATB, TNT, tetryl, HNAB, PETN, and picric, acid. While the literature contains extensive studies of their detonability and ignition sensitivity as dense solids or packed poweders, data on their explosibility as dust clouds was limited. These explosive dusts sustain flame propagation when dispersed in air above lean limit concentrations of between 100 g/m 3 and 300 g/m 3 . Their explosibility properties at low to moderate concentrations are comparable to those of plastics or carbonaceous dusts containing equivalent combustible volatile fuel contents. At higher concentrations, most are considerably more hazardous. For intermediate particle sizes, in the 20 to 50 μm range, and at low to moderate concentrations, the −NO 2 oxidizer groups in their chemical structure appear to make little or no contribution to their explosibility, because oxygen is already present in excess in the air. However, at higher concentrations and especially for coarser particles with sizes greater than 100 μm, there is a contribution from the −NO 2 groups, and some of the dusts even exhibit explosibility when dispersed in pure nitrogen. Particle size dependency measurements reveal that the finest dusts (below 20 μm) are less explosible in air than dusts of intermediate size (20–50 μm), a behavior markedly different from that of pure fuel dusts. Eventually, for the coarsest sizes, their explosibility diminishes as with pure fuel dusts. Their combustion mechanisms appear to involve two modes of flame propagation: the normal one observed for pure fuel dusts; and a second mode which requires no air, and which is quenched by mixing dilution and heat losses to the dispersing gas. This second, pure monopropellant mode, involves flame zones attached to the particles. The second mode is favored by higher concentrations and coarse particle sizes. The precise nature of the coupling between the two modes requires further study.
Labeling and differential association: Towards a general social learning theory of crime and deviance

This study contends that components from two theories-labeling and differential association-should be incorporated into a general social learning perspective of crime and deviance. Data from waves one, two, and three of the National Youth Survey (n=1725) are used to test the proposed model. Results indicate that labeling effects are mediated by associations with delinquent peers when looking at a 24-item delinquency index. Theoretical implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Odontoblasts: Vacuoles and Inclusions

Lipid granules have been found in the cytoplasm of odontoblasts and in the odontoblastic extensions within the dentinal tubules. It is suggested that these granules represent specific activity on the part of the normal cell as well as an increase in number after injury. While they are not limited to occurrence within the vacuoles in the cytoplasm of the odontoblasts, the relationship of the granules to the vacuoles suggests that the vacuoles are also a part of the physiologic activity of the adult odontoblasts.
Buoyancy forced interaction between estuary and inner shelf: observation

Abstract In May and June of 1990 we explored the hydrographic variability of the Delaware Estuary and the adjacent inner shelf with shipboard instruments. We found significant three-dimensional density variability both within the estuary and on the shelf. We found weak vertical stratification but strong transverse variability within the estuary, with denser water concentrating in the center of the estuary and two branches of lighter water near both shores. On the shelf, the buoyant estuarine water forms a southward flowing coastal current in the direction of Kelvin wave phase propagation (downstream). ADCP observations and thermal wind calculations indicate a flow of 10–20 cm s −1 downstream. Both the width of the coastal current and the magnitude of horizontal density gradients undergo substantial variations along the shelf.
Reassessing community-oriented policing in Latin America

In every part of Latin America, unprecedented levels of violence have even led to questions about the underlying quality of democratic rule. In response to this crisis, governments have enacted an ...
The MOA Live Detection System Based on Wireless Synchronization

The MOA is the main lightning protection equipment in power system, The status is generally monitored by online monitoring and offline test in routine maintenance. Traditional MOA live detection requires a lot of wiring, and has operation problems and safety risks. A new distributed MOA online monitoring wireless measurement is presented in this paper, that is, 433M wireless transmission and GPS clock synchronization technology fulfill distributed wireless synchronization measurement in MOA online monitoring device. Focusing on the design principles, implementation methods and the device composition, it is indicated that the wireless synchronization testing result is same with wired synchronization testing result, which can meet the requirements of MOA online monitoring.
Application of UV laser induced Ge-oxygen defect fluorescence for fibre characterisation

A new technique to monitor germanium oxygen deficiency centre defects (GeODC) and their relation to the refractive index profile in Ge-Si optical fibre have been developed. This method is based on UV excited luminescence of GeODC in silica based optical fibres. The GeODC defect profiles are unique to the fibre refractive index (profile of GeO2) and method of fibre making.
Adolescent Development as a Determinant of Family Cohesion: A Longitudinal Analysis of Adolescents in the Mobile Youth Survey

Previous research has demonstrated the effect of family cohesion on adolescent outcomes. However, little attention has been given to the effect of adolescence on the family environment. Family systems theory suggests that as adolescents develop, their development will impact the family environment. The current study examined the impact of adolescent development on family cohesion. Specifically, 4 years of data from the Mobile Youth Survey, a study of adolescents living in low-income neighborhoods in Mobile, Alabama, were analyzed. Survey participants were between the ages 13 and 16 and 97 % of them were Black American. Adolescent development was measured using three dimensions—identity style, self-worth, and hopelessness. Family cohesion was measured along two dimensions: maternal and paternal warmth. Adolescent gender was used as a covariate. The longitudinal models revealed that parents responded differently to identity styles and to levels of self-worth depending upon the adolescent’s gender. Our study provides evidence that family cohesion, a key predictor of adolescent behaviors, changes in response to adolescent development.
Factors Affecting Academic Achievement in Graduate Management Education.

Abstract This article describes a model developed to explain the variation in academic achievement among students in a graduate management education program. Results of its application show that the model explained 49% of the variation in academic performance. Results also show that the Graduate Management Admissions Test score was a more significant predictor of graduate academic performance than was undergraduate performance, and that the relationship between graduate academic performance and the Graduate Management Admissions Test score was different for Black and White students.
Hemodynamic response changes in cerebral infarction: Implications for fMRI data analysis

The vascular response induced by neuronal activation in function MRI (fMRI) is known as the hemodynamic response function or HRF (Huettel, Song, & McCarthy, 2004). Based on the concentration of deoxygenated hemoglobin (i.e., the Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) signal (Ogawa, Lee, Nayak, & Glynn, 1990)), the HRF in normal (non-brain-damaged) individuals begins to rise shortly after stimulus onset and is estimated to peak at about 5 to 6 seconds post stimulus onset. A slow decline to below baseline follows at roughly 10 seconds post-stimulus and within the next 10-20 seconds the BOLD signal returns to baseline as the blood volume decreases as the vessel returns to its normal diameter. Conventional fMRI analysis assumes a normal hemodynamic response, however, the shape of the BOLD signal may vary with the properties of the evoking stimulus, neuronal activity, and underlying physiology, which may affect BOLD signal detection. For example Carusone, Srinivasan, Gitelman, Mesulam, and Parrish, 2002 showed that three patients with intra and extracranial vascular obstruction the HRF peak was delayed with blunted magnitude, as compared to normal. These data suggest that patients with aphasia resulting from stroke may also show unique blood flow patterns that may influence detection of the BOLD signal. The purpose of this study was to examine the HRF in individuals with aphasia resulting from by stroke. We predict that the HRF in these individuals will be delayed and blunted compared to normal individuals.
SLC7A11 expression is associated with seizures and predicts poor survival in patients with malignant glioma

Glioma is the most common malignant primary brain tumor. Its rapid growth is aided by tumor-mediated glutamate release, creating peritumoral excitotoxic cell death and vacating space for tumor expansion. Glioma glutamate release may also be responsible for seizures, which complicate the clinical course for many patients and are often the presenting symptom. A hypothesized glutamate release pathway is the cystine/glutamate transporter System xc (-) (SXC), responsible for the cellular synthesis of glutathione (GSH). However, the relationship of SXC-mediated glutamate release, seizures, and tumor growth remains unclear. Probing expression of SLC7A11/xCT, the catalytic subunit of SXC, in patient and mouse-propagated tissues, we found that ~50% of patient tumors have elevated SLC7A11 expression. Compared with tumors lacking this transporter, in vivo propagated and intracranially implanted SLC7A11-expressing tumors grew faster, produced pronounced peritumoral glutamate excitotoxicity, induced seizures, and shortened overall survival. In agreement with animal data, increased SLC7A11 expression predicted shorter patient survival according to genomic data in the REMBRANDT (National Institutes of Health Repository for Molecular Brain Neoplasia Data) database. In a clinical pilot study, we used magnetic resonance spectroscopy to determine SXC-mediated glutamate release by measuring acute changes in glutamate after administration of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved SXC inhibitor, sulfasalazine (SAS). In nine glioma patients with biopsy-confirmed SXC expression, we found that expression positively correlates with glutamate release, which is acutely inhibited with oral SAS. These data suggest that SXC is the major pathway for glutamate release from gliomas and that SLC7A11 expression predicts accelerated growth and tumor-associated seizures.
OXIDATION STUDIES OF URANIA-THORIA SOLID SOLUTIONS

Nonstoichiometric solid solutions in the system UO/sub 2/-ThO/sub 2/ were formed by sintering U/sub 3/O/sub 8/-- ThO/sub 2/ and codigest ed nitrate mixtures in air. The oxygen content of the solid so lutions was determined by a weight-loss method. The changes occurring in oxygen content during solid solution formation and densification were determined for a 70.4 mole% UO/sub 2/-- 29.6 mole% ThO/sub 2/ composition formed by sintering U/sub 3/O/sub 8/-- ThO/sub 2/ in air. The first evidence of solid solution occurred at 1000 deg C and solution was complete above 1250 deg C. Thermal cycling of solid solutions in air showed a minimum oxygen-uranium ratio of 2.34 for the compositions studied. The minimum oxygen-uranium ratio obtained during thermal cycling decreased with increasing ThO/sub 2/ content. (auth)
Further Observations on the Secretory Cells in the Optic Tentacles of Helix, with Special Reference to the Results of Vital Staining

Summary When the collar cells or the lateral cells in the tentacles of Helix aspersa are stained with neutral red and other vital dyes, uptake of the dyes occurs chiefly in the lipoidal jS-bodies. Janus green B and dahlia are taken up by the mitochondria. In vitally-coloured preparations, no 'peri-nuclear bodies' are present in the collar and lateral oval cells, such as were previously found in these cells after post-osmication for 14 days. Fixed preparations of similar cells, post-osmicated for different periods, indicate that the peri-nuclear dictyosomes are artifacts due to over-impregnation with osmium. In addition to the lateral oval and lateral processed cells, which lie at intervals along the inner surface of the dermo-muscular sheath in Helix, unicellular calcium glands are found, lying immediately beneath the epithelial surface; these are far more numerous in H. pomatia than in H. aspersa. They contain granules of a calcium salt suspended in a matrix of mucopolysaccharide, and apparently produce the whitish mucoid secretion that is extruded on to the surface of the tentacles when the animal is disturbed. There is no evidence to suggest that the lateral cells are concerned in the production of this mucoid secretion.
Chronic exercise is associated with enhanced cutaneous blood flow in Type 2 diabetes

Impaired blood flow to skin contributes to foot ulceration and amputation. The overall objective of this cross-sectional study was to examine the relationship between chronic physical activity and skin blood flow in Type 2 diabetes. To do so, diabetic and control subjects were separated into four groups based on a physical activity questionnaire: control exerciser (CE), control sedentary (CS), diabetic exerciser (DE), and diabetic sedentary (DS) subjects. After a physical exam and neuropathic testing, skin blood flow was measured noninvasively by continuous laser Doppler assessment of lower limb blood flow in response to various stimuli. Both groups of exercisers had enhanced baseline and ischemia reperfusion (IRP)-induced blood flow. Significant differences in maximal neurogenic dorsal foot skin perfusion were also present (P<.05): CE had greater perfusion than either diabetic group, but CS blood flow was higher than DS only. Since, nitric oxide (NO) is a potent vasodilator, concurrent real-time measurements of NO in cutaneous interstitial fluids were recorded. No significant differences in maximal levels of NO were found among the four groups during any flow condition. Fasting serum glucose levels and HbA(1c) were significantly inversely correlated with skin blood flow during heating. Chronic exercise is associated with enhanced skin blood under certain flow conditions in Type 2 diabetes compared with the sedentary state. As such, regular physical activity may be an invaluable tool in the prevention and reversal of defective skin vasodilation and resultant foot ulcers so common in diabetes.
Influence of Aryl Esters of Indole‐3‐acetic and Indole‐3‐butyric Acids on Adventitious Root Primordium Initiation and Development

Synthetic aryl esters of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) greatly enhanced adventitious root primordium initiation in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Top Crop) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) cuttings, respectively. Bean cuttings produced 95 to 154% more macroscopically visible root primordia in 2 days when treated with phenyl indole-3-acetate (P-IAA), in comparison with an equal concentration of IAA. Substantial but lesser increases occurred when treatment was done with 3-hydroxyphenyl indole-3-acetate (3HP-IAA). On a molar basis, either P-IAA or 3HP-IAA were 10 or more times as efficient as IAA in inducing adventitious root primordium initiation in bean cuttings. Methyl indole-3-acetate was no more effective than IAA in these tests. Phenyl indole-3-butyrate (P-IBA) consistently enhanced the number of rooted jack pine seedling cuttings by 11 to 12% in comparison with a 27% higher concentration of IBA. The number of elongated roots (2 mm or more) after 5 days was 165 to 276% greater for P-IAA than for IAA-treated bean cuttings. Similar but lesser increases occurred as a result of 3HP-IAA treatment. P-IBA in comparison with IBA treatment did not influence either the number of roots or length of the longest root per rooted jack pine cutting. Enzymes in bean and jack pine cuttings hydrolyzed the aryl esters. However, check experiments showed that initial integrity of the esters was required for enhanced activity in inducing root primordium initiation. Treatment of bean cuttings with hydrolysates of P-IAA, or with IAA and phenol, alone or combined, did not influence root primordium initiation or development in a manner different from treatment with IAA alone.