cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Christian deism in eighteenth century England

In eighteenth century England, there were thinkers who said they were Christian deists and claimed pure, original Christianity was deism. Most scholars do not believe these thinkers were sincere about their religious beliefs, but there are many good reasons to believe they were. Three English deists have the best claim to be considered Christian deists because they alone called themselves Christian deists or called their ideas those of a Christian deist. These three thinkers, Matthew Tindal, Thomas Morgan, and Thomas Amory, developed a theology in which Christianity was deism and natural religion. The important point, though, was that their version of natural religion included supernatural elements as well as true religious piety. When read closely, these three thinkers believed in miracles, revelation, prayer, and continuing direct divine inspiration. The Christian deists were neither conventional deists nor traditional Christians. Nevertheless, it is not legitimate to exclude them from either category a...
Role of the membrane in the formation of heme degradation products in red blood cells

Abstract Aims Red blood cells (RBCs) have an extensive antioxidant system designed to eliminate the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Nevertheless, RBC oxidant stress has been demonstrated by the formation of a fluorescent heme degradation product (excitation (ex) 321 nm, emission (em) 465 nm) both in vitro and in vivo. We investigated the possibility that the observed heme degradation results from ROS generated on the membrane surface that are relatively inaccessible to the cellular antioxidants. Main methods Membrane and cytosol were separated by centrifugation and the fluorescence intensity and emission maximum were measured. The effect on the maximum emission of adding oxidized and reduced hemoglobin to the fluorescent product formed when hemin is degraded by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was studied. Key findings 90% of the fluorescent heme degradation products in hemolysates are found on the membrane. Furthermore, these products are not transferred from the cytosol to the membrane and must, therefore, be formed on the membrane. We also showed that the elevated level of heme degradation in HbCC cells that is attributed to increased oxidative stress was found on the membrane. Significance These results suggest that, although ROS generated in the cytosol are neutralized by antioxidant enzymes, H2O2 generated by the membrane bound hemoglobin is not accessible to the cytosolic antioxidants and reacts to generate fluorescent heme degradation products. The formation of H2O2 on the membrane surface can explain the release of ROS from the RBC to other tissues and ROS damage to the membrane that can alter red cell function and lead to the removal of RBCs from circulation by macrophages.
Materials Considerations in FRP Rehabilitation of Concrete Structures

The use of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for the seismic retrofit of columns and piers, flexural strengthening of beams and girders, and strengthening of slabs has been fairly well established on a structural basis. However, aspects related to materials selection and use, design detailing, fracture and failure mechanisms, and durability are still not well understood. The functional efficiency of the rehabilitated structure is largely dependent on materials-related issues, which are highlighted in this paper, emphasizing effects pertaining to constituent materials, interfaces, and overall systems response. Major implications of processing and fabrication schemes are highlighted focusing on materials use efficiency, potential of defect formation, and effects on durability. Examples of the importance of detailing are shown, and design guidelines pertaining to materials are discussed.
RNA: methods and protocols — a new series

This month, Silence launches a new series on methods and protocols to study silencing pathways and analyze nucleic acids and proteins.
Detectable Blood Alcohol After a Motor Vehicle Crash and Screening for Alcohol Abuse/Dependence

Objective To determine the percentage of patients hospitalized after an alcohol-related motor vehicle crash (MVC) who underwent a screening evaluation for alcohol abuse/dependence and had a diagnosis of alcohol abuse/ dependence. Patients and Methods Medical and emergency trauma records were reviewed retrospectively for 1994 through 1996 to identify patients who were hospitalized as a result of being involved in an MVC with any detected blood alcohol at the time of admission to a large midwestern Level I trauma center. The primary outcome measure was the performance of alcohol abuse/dependence screening by a psychiatrist or a chemical dependency counselor. A univariate analysis was performed to identify factors associated with the performance of alcohol abuse/dependence screening. The Fisher exact test and the 2-sample rank sum test were used in the analyses. Results Of the 294 study patients, 78 (26.5%) underwent a screening evaluation for alcohol abuse/dependence by a psychiatrist or a chemical dependency counselor during hospitalization, and 69 (88%) of the 78 patients screened had a diagnosis of alcohol abuse/dependence. Factors associated with the performance of alcohol abuse/ dependence evaluation included a known prior history of alcohol abuse, suspicion of alcohol consumption documented by emergency department personnel, higher blood alcohol level at admission, and longer length of hospitalization (all P 001). Conclusion While the high rate of alcohol abuse/ dependence may be explained partially by distinguishing factors in those screened, these findings suggest that routine alcohol abuse/dependence screening of persons presenting with a detectable blood alcohol level following an MVC may identify patients who would benefit from a chemical dependency intervention.
An axiomatic basis for multiattribute value functions defined on binary attributes

Abstract The insufficiency of solvability axioms for defining an additive conjoint structure in the case of binary attributes motivates an alternative approach to development of an axiomatic basis for multilinear, multiplicative and additive value functions defined on binary attributes. The alternative approach is to define four sufficiency conditions with respect to binary attributes with alternative combinations of these conditions allowing derivation of the multilinear, multiplicative and additive models.
Exploration of Thermolithography for Micro- and Nano-Manufacturing

Lithography is a critical enabling technology for manufacturing micro- and nano-scale devices and structures. The manuscript presents our recent progress in the exploration of a new lithography technique that employs localized heating to induce thermo-chemical crosslinking of photoresist layers. The thermal transport properties of photoresist layers are measured and kinetics of cross-linking reactions is studied using microfabricated heaters as localized heat sources. It is demonstrated that polymer films can be patterned in a controlled manner using heater temperature, heating duration, as well as UV exposure dose as control variables. The data and experimental approaches presented here will help systematic evaluation and development of thermolithography schemes.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
TIME ESTIMATION AMONG SCHIZOPHRENICS

Studies of time estimation among schizophrenics have sometimes been difficult to integrate with one another because of differing methodologies and inconsistent definitions. The present study should increase clarity by employing several methods of time estimation within the same study and maintaining a consistent definition of overestimation and underestimation across tasks. 26 schizophrenic and 26 control subjects were given three types of time-estimation tasks. Longer interval Estimation involved judging, at different points in the interview/testing session, how much time had passed. Verbal Estimation required subjects to judge the length of brief intervals signalled by the examiner. Operative Estimation required subjects to indicate when a specified number of seconds had passed. Schizophrenic subjects were significantly more inaccurate than controls in the Verbal and Operative Estimation tasks. Moreover, with overestimation defined consistently as judging more time to have passed than actually has, both Verbal and Operative Estimation results indicated schizophrenics were significantly more likely to overestimate. These results indicate support for the suggestion that schizophrenics have a disturbed sense of time, with real (clock) time experienced as passing more slowly than is actually the case. Long Interval Estimation produced quite different results, but it was felt that the retrospective and unfocused nature of the time judgments in this task made it a less valid indicator of ability to estimate.
Prevention of work-related cancers.

Occupational cancers are highly preventable through pre-market screening and the application of a systematic hierarchy of controls in the workplace. Manufacturers, employers, workers, unions, health care providers, and occupational health professionals all play important roles in workplace cancer prevention. Regulatory standard-setting and enforcement are an essential complement to voluntary occupational cancer prevention efforts. Occupational cancer prevention efforts must be supported by a fully functional national occupational health system in order to realize their full potential. The integration of work-related and lifestyle-related intervention efforts could improve the overall effectiveness of workplace cancer prevention efforts.
"Kindergarten Truck": Participatory Play in Public.

As a licensed dramatherapist, experienced teacher, applied theatre artist and doctoral candidate in educational theatre, the centre of my research and practice has revolved around the intersection of activism, education, healing and performance aesthetics for the last 20 years. My latest street theatre project, Kindergarten Truck (KT), blended these arenas when I encouraged audiences to participate through role-playing as children. I describe how dramatherapy directly informed my design and facilitation of KT and articulate how a clinical approach to applied theatre helped me consciously veer away from therapy. Interspersed with personal reflection, I also speculate on the impacts and the meanings of these playful engagements with adults in a public setting.
To Square with Genesis: Causal Statements and Shamanic ideas in Wayãpí

To Square with Genesis: Causal Statements and Shamanic ideas in Wayapi. ALAN TORMAID CAMPBELL. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1989. v + 198pp. Illustrated. $28.95 (cloth). ISBN 0–87745–248–2.
The normal range of serum inorganic phosphorus and its utility as a discriminant in the diagnosis of congenital hypophosphatemia.

ABSTRACT The range of serum inorganic phosphorus was determined (Fiske and SubbaRow method) on a normal population of 908 persons. This was accomplished by fitting complex curvilinear functions of phosphorus on age separately for each sex. These functions were deemed necessary, because it became apparent that serum phosphorus concentration varied with both age and sex. Ninetynine per cent confidence limits were placed on the normal functions, and the lower limit of this confidence belt was used as a discriminant for the diagnosis of familial hypophosphatemia. Similar functions were fitted separately by sex to a population of 70 affected persons from five families segregating for familial hypophosphatemia. It was found by studying the overlap between the confidence limits of the normal and abnormal populations that the lower 99 per cent confidence limit of the normal function was a superior diagnostic tool. The true operating characteristics of this discriminant were then determined. This required a genera...
Studies on renal and extra-renal excretion in a freshawater teleost, Salmo gairdneri

Abstract 1. 1. The total waste nitrogen excreted by rainbow trout at 12–14°C declined rapidly during the first 6 days of starvation. It was less variable during the sixth to fourteenth day of starvation and averaged 136 mg N/kg per day. 2. 2. Only about 3 per cent of the total waste nitrogen was excreted via the kidney. 3. 3. The amount of ammonia-N excreted amounted to about 60 per cent of the total nitrogen excreted and followed a similar excretion pattern with starvation. 4. 4. Values for osmotic concentration and daily urine volume are given along with values for concentration of some inorganic ions in both blood and urine. From these data renal clearances for these ions were calculated along with urine plasma concentration ratios.
Synthesis of Spatial Slider-Crank Mechanism for High-Speed Applications

Certain kinematic design constraints can be derived based on requisite dynamic performance requirements of a mechanism. Perhaps a most suitable kinematic synthesis task related to dynamic performance is function generation involving the entire motion cycle of the mechanism. For this purpose the closed-form equation of a spatial slider-crank mechanism is used to obtain approximate equations separating the various harmonics of the crank angle. The approximate equation is in terms of harmonic functions of the crank angle containing coefficients in terms of the linkage geometry. Hence the approximate equations provide an analytical means of relating the harmonic content of the slider position/displacement to the mechanism dimension. The approximate equations are utilized to establish kinematic synthesis constraints that relate to the dynamic behavior of the mechanism. Conditions for optimum dynamic performance are obtained in explicit analytical form in terms of the spatial slider-crank mechanism dimension, and used to demonstrate kinematic synthesis for minimized higher harmonic content in the slider position; thereby reduction of the induced shaking forces.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Image cytometry characterization of ploidy level, proliferative activity and chromatin pattern in 50 nasal polyps.

A computer-assisted microscope analysis of Feulgen-stained nuclei was carried out on a series of 50 nasal polyps in order to try to identify specific biological subgroups. The present series of 50 nasal polyps includes single polyps both associated (n=9) and unassociated (n=9) with allergy and diffuse polyposis both associated (n=7) and unassociated (n=9) with allergy, cystic fibrosis (n=9) and ASA (aspirin-sinusitis-asthma) related polyposis (n=7). The computer-assisted microscope analysis provides 36 quantitative variables which include 1 variable describing proliferative activity, 9 describing the nuclear desoxyribonucleic acid distribution (DNA ploidy level) and 26 describing nucleus morphology, i.e. its size and chromatin pattern. The results show that the methodology proposed here enabled four major groups of nasal polyps to be identified, i.e. diffuse polyposis associated with allergy, cystic fibrosis-related polyposis, single polyps both associated and unassociated either with allergy and a fourth group including diffuse polyposis not associated with allergy and ASA-related polyposis. These four groups of nasal polyps differed markedly in their morphonuclear characteristics, but not in the proliferative activity- and DNA ploidy- related variables.
Voronoi diagrams of random lines and flats

It is proved that, for any fixedd ź 3 and 0 ≤k ≤ d - 1, the expected combinatorial complexity of the Euclidean Voronoi diagram ofn random &-flats drawn independently from the uniform distribution onk-flats intersecting the unit ball in źd is ź(nd/(d-k)) asn ź ź. A by-product of the proof is a density transformation for integrating over sets ofd + 1k-flats in źd
Chaos, Complexity, and Computers: Object-Oriented Programming and Physics Concepts for Undergraduates

This article discusses the issues that have arisen as we have updated a course for undergraduates on computers and physics developed at the University of Chicago by Leo Kadanoff, Michael Vinson, Amy Kolan, and Marcelo Magnasco. This course uses interactive computation to teach concepts in nonlinear dynamics, and, more generally, scientific hypothesis testing. Changing the computer language used from THINK Pascal to the object-oriented programming language Java has led not only to “cosmetic” changes (an increased emphasis on animations), but also to conceptual changes in the course (expansion of the discussion of the concept of universality).
Determination of a calibration factor for the nondestructive assay of Guidant 32P brachytherapy sources.

Abstract A calibration factor (`dial setting') for the nondestructive assay of Guidant TiNi-encapsulated 32 P intravascular brachytherapy wire sources has been determined for measurements with the Capintec CRC-12 (sic. `dose calibrator') ionization chamber. The calibration factor was derived from ionization current measurements with the CRC-12 followed by very quantitative, destructive assays of the 32 P content in two sources.
A ‘Havock Made among Them’: Animals, Empire, and Extinction in the Russian North Pacific, 1741–1810

AbstractIn the second half of the eighteenth century, Russian fur traders in the North Pacific decimated marine mammal populations, a loss made easier to observe by the region's island geography. A...
Inertial‐range anisotropies in the solar wind from 0.3 to 1 AU: Helios 1 observations

[1] In this study we analyze the evolution of solar wind turbulence from 0.3 to 1 AU using a database of 387 intervals from the Helios 1 spacecraft. Our results uphold the conclusion made by Smith et al. (2006), who used data from 1 AU, that the magnetic variance anisotropy scales with both proton beta and the amplitude of fluctuations in the power spectrum all the way down to 0.3 AU. We confirm the result of Bieber et al. (1996) that ∼80% of the energy is contained in the wave vectors perpendicular to the mean magnetic field and in light of Dasso et al. (2005) we compute the fraction of energy in field-aligned wave vectors for high- and low-speed intervals separately. As Hamilton et al. found at 1 AU, we also see no clear reliance of the energy contained in parallel and perpendicular wave vectors based on wind speed at any heliocentric distance between 0.3 and 1 AU in the range of frequencies we study (5 to 20 mHz). These results combine to tell the story that the turbulent properties of the solar wind we analyze are fully consistent with the 1 AU observations and no discernable evolution can be found.
The use of regression methodology for the compromise of confidential information in statistical databases

A regression methodology based technique can be used to compromise confidentiality in a statistical database. This holds true even when the DBMS prevents application of regression methodology to the database. Existing inference controls, including cell restriction, perturbation, and table restriction approaches, are shown to be generally ineffective against this compromise technique. The effect of incomplete supplemental knowledge on the regression methodology based compromise technique is examined. Finally, some potential complicators of this disclosure scheme are introduced.
Calculation of Trim Settings for a Helicopter Rotor by an Optimized Automatic Controller

An automatic feedback system, based on continuous monitoring of hub loads, is used to find the control settings that are required to obtain a given flight condition for a helicopter rotor. Optimum values of gains and time constants are determined, and the limitations of the controller are examined for flap-pitch dynamics. It is found that the present method shows good convergence and is superior to other trim techniques for systems with moderate damping or with many degrees of freedom. B c c C-L CL CM CM [CM] CT CT d
Stepping responses of young and old adults to postural disturbances: kinematics.

Objectives: When large disturbances of upright stance occur, balance must usually be restored by taking a step. We undertook this study to examine the biomechanics of stepping responses to sudden backward pulls at the waist. Primarily, response differences between young and old healthy adults were sought. Design: A controlled laboratory study. Subjects: Two groups of healthy and physically-fit adult females, 12 of mean age 22 (Young) and 12 of mean age 73 years (Old). Measurements: Response kinematics were measured. From them, the stepping strategies of the subjects were derived, including the timing, length, and height of the first step taken and the rotations of major body segments and at major body joints that occurred. Results: In response to sufficiently large backward pull forces, all subjects responded by taking one or more steps backwards. No significant age group difference appeared in the smallest disturbance for which subjects sometimes used a step response. A significant age group difference appeared in the smallest disturbance at which subjects began consistently to use step responses, and that disturbance was larger for the Old than for the Young. Distinct age group differences were found in stepping strategy. At large disturbance levels, the Young mostly responded by taking a single step, whereas the Old mostly responded by taking multiple steps. The steps taken by the Old, compared with those of the Young, were significantly shorter, had significantly smaller heights, and were taken significantly earlier in the responses. Body segment and joint rotations were generally modest, and few significant age group differences were found in these kinematics. Conclusions: In restoration of perturbed balance by step-taking, the responses of the healthy, physically-fit young and old adults studied here were similar in many respects, but they differed in some important features. Joint range of motion (ROM) limitations are unlikely to explain age group differences in stepping responses to postural disturbances among healthy subjects because the ROM actually used in any of the responses observed were substantially smaller than the ROM available.
Vesicular transport across endothelium: a generalized diffusion model.

Abstract This paper generalizes a diffusion model of endothelial vesicular transport, previously described, to the case in which the plasmalemma is considered to behave as an imperfectly absorbing, or “elastic,” barrier for vesicles. The consequences of various anatomical and physiological assumptions, and of assumptions as to the probability of absorption, α, are studied. It was found that for a constant transiting vesicular flux the concentration of free vesicles is relatively insensitive to changes in α unless α ⪡ 1; the consequences of this finding for another diffusion model of vesicular transport are discussed. The recent publication of values estimating the mean attachment time of sessile vesicles in the endothelium of muscle capillaries makes it possible to use this generalized diffusion model to estimate the probability of fusion of free vesicles on collision with the plasmalemma, and for the first time to calculate the diffusion constant for endothelial vesicles and the cytoplasmic viscosity of capillary endothelial cells, if this model is valid. The confidence to be placed in such estimates is limited, however, by uncertainty as to the accuracy of the estimates currently available in the literature for two morphometric parameters of muscle capillaries: The surface density (cm2/cm3) of capillary endothelium and the density of free vesicles in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells.
Design and Synthesis of Peptidomimetic Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Chymotrypsin-like Protease Inhibitors

Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of peptidomimetic severe acute respiratory syndrome chymotrypsin-like protease (SARS-3CLpro) inhibitors for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) are described. These inhibitors exhibited antiviral activity against SARS-CoV in infected cells in the micromolar range. An X-ray crystal structure of our lead inhibitor (4) bound to SARS-3CLpro provided important drug-design templates for the design of small-molecule inhibitors.
Measurement of total photonuclear cross sections using a novel method of photon spectroscopy

Abstract The potentialities of a photon spectrometer, utilizing neutron time-of-flight measurements from deuteron photodisintegration, are demonstrated by measuring the photon absorption cross section of carbon between 20 and 30 MeV.
The rotational spectrum of methyl ethyl ketone in its ground vibrational state

Abstract The molecule 2-butanone, or methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), CH 3 COCH 2 CH 3 , has been studied from 8 GHz to 1 THz using a combination of chirped-pulse Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy and direct absorption millimeter/submillimeter spectroscopy. This molecule is of interest for the field of astrochemistry because it has functional groups in common with several known interstellar molecules, and therefore could serve as a tracer of grain surface formation pathways for complex organics in interstellar clouds. The results of the spectral studies and the analysis of the ground vibrational state of methyl ethyl ketone up to 1 THz are presented here. The challenges of spectral analysis for an organic molecule with spectral complexity arising both from internal rotation and many low-lying vibrational states are discussed. The performances of several standard fitting packages are compared in terms of handling this challenging spectral analysis problem.
MANAGED CARE AND EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE: THE UNTOLD STORY

For many years, social workers have tried to establish their profession as one based on scientific principles. Following the tradition of medicine, influential leaders in social work are challenging clinicians and researchers to develop and implement evidence-based practice (EBP) models. Although various authors have discussed cautions in social work's move toward EBP, 1 issue—the influence of managed care and a market-driven economy on EBP in health and mental health care—has received less discussion. The purpose of this article is to discuss the parallel development of managed care and EBP, the possible influences of managed care on EBP, and the difficult issues faced by social workers in acting in the best interest of clients in a managed-care environment.
Interpersonal trust: An age-period-cohort analysis revisited.

Abstract Building on the previous work of Robinson and Jackson 1 , this study addresses the extent to which interpersonal trust in America is changing due to age, period, or cohort effects (APC). The importance of APC in explaining variations in trust stems from the understanding that the specific source of change can have important – albeit different and possibly, negative – consequences on society. Moreover, 3 years after the previous study concluded, the country experienced the largest concerted terrorist attacks on US soil. Little is known about how the attacks affected the dynamics of interpersonal trust relative to the processes of birth, aging, and historical change – such an investigation has important implications for our understanding of the sources and consequences of interpersonal trust. Two analysis techniques for disentangling APC effects are used: constrained generalized linear models and intrinsic estimator models. The results show that while period effects are an important contributor to declining trust, the attacks exert little influence over one’s decision to trust others. Also, the investigation provides further confirmation that trust in others has fallen dramatically in the US with the scarcity being led by individuals coming of age in the late 1940s, after which, trust falls with each successive cohort. If this trend continues, through the process of cohort replacement, we will become a society of “distrusters”.
Comparative effectiveness of individual angiotensin receptor blockers on risk of mortality in patients with chronic heart failure.

Objective There is little evidence on comparative effectiveness of individual angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). This study compared four ARBs in reducing risk of mortality in clinical practice. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on a national sample of patients diagnosed with CHF from 1 October 1996 to 30 September 2002 identified from Veterans Affairs electronic medical records, with supplemental clinical data obtained from chart review. After excluding patients with exposure to ARBs within the previous 6 months, four treatment groups were defined based on initial use of candesartan, valsartan, losartan, and irbesartan between the index date (1 October 2000) and the study end date (30 September 2002). Time to death was measured concurrently during that period. A marginal structural model controlled for sociodemographic factors, comorbidities, comedications, disease severity (left ventricular ejection fraction), and potential time-varying confounding affected by previous treatment (hospitalization). Propensity scores derived from a multinomial logistic regression were used as inverse probability of treatment weights in a generalized estimating equation to estimate causal effects. Results Among the 1536 patients identified on ARB therapy, irbesartan was most frequently used (55.21%), followed by losartan (21.74%), candesartan (15.23%), and valsartan (7.81%). When compared with losartan, after adjusting for time-varying hospitalization in marginal structural model, candesartan (OR = 0.79, 95%CI = 0.42–1.50), irbesartan (OR = 1.17, 95%CI = 0.72–1.90), and valsartan (OR = 0.98, 95%CI = 0.45–2.14) were found to have similar effectiveness in reducing mortality in CHF patients. Conclusion Effectiveness of ARBs in reducing mortality is similar in patients with CHF in everyday clinical practice. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Piezoelectric Micropumping Device

A dynamic micropumping device has been developed, which is based on acoustic streaming generated by a piezoelectric microtransducer actuated in d31 mode without any check valve. Piezoelectric microtransducers immersed in liquid (water) are used as actuators due to some of their unique properties such as lower noise generation and ease of miniaturization. Quantitative results of maximum local velocity are presented for different tip configuration of the same actuator for comparison. In addition, this work also demonstrates the quantitative measures of the pumping performance such as the pressure head generated as a function of different relevant parameters such as applied electrical field, AC frequency and length of the actuator.© 2009 ASME
Evolution of mitochondrial and ribosomal gene sequences in anophelinae (Diptera: Culicidae): implications for phylogeny reconstruction.

In this study, two mitochondrial genes, cyt b and ND5, and the D2 expansion segment of the 28S nuclear ribosomal gene were used to reconstruct a phylogeny of the mosquito subfamily Anophelinae. The ingroup consisted of all three genera of Anophelinae and five of six subgenera of Anopheles. Six genera of Culicinae were used as the outgroup. Extreme conservation at the protein level coupled with rapid saturation of synonymous positions probably accounted for the lack of meaningful phylogenetic signal in the cyt b gene. In contrast, abundant variation at all codon positions of the ND5 gene allowed recovery of the basal and most of the recent relationships. Phylogenetic analysis of D2 produced results consistent with those of ND5. Combined analysis indicated well-supported monophyletic Anophelinae (with Chagasia basal), Anopheles + Bironella, and subgeneric clades within the genus Anopheles. Moreover, subgenera Nyssorhynchus and Kerteszia were supported as a monophyletic lineage. The Kishino-Hasegawa test could not reject the monophyly of Anopheles, whereas the recently proposed hypothesis of close affinity of Bironella to the subgenus Anopheles was rejected by the analyses of ND5 and combined data sets. The lack of resolution of Bironella and Anopheles clades, or basal relationships among subgeneric clades within Anopheles, suggests their rapid diversification. Recovery of relationships consistent with morphology and previous molecular studies provides evidence of substantial phylogenetic signal in D2 and ND5 genes at levels of divergence from closely related species to subfamily in mosquitoes.
Raw soybean utilization by cecectomized chicks.

Abstract Almquist and Merritt (1952) studied varying ratios of heated to raw soybean meal in diets providing a constant amount of total protein. They observed that increasing proportions of raw meal produced increasingly greater growth depression of chicks. This study, and one by Liener (1953) on the isolation of a growth inhibiting factor from raw soybeans, was subsequently widely interpreted to signify the presence of a toxic substance(s) in raw soybean meal. However, Fisher and Johnson (1958) and Borchers (1958) dispelled this suggestion when they reported improved growth from increasing dietary levels of raw soybean protein for the growing chick and rat. Recently, Nitsan and Alumot (1965) reported on an experiment, in which they repeated the design earlier employed by Almquist and Merritt (1952). They made in vitro measurements of intestinal proteolytic activity and suggested, on the basis of increasing inhibition of intestinal proteolysis, that graded levels of raw soybean meal …
When Less Is More: How Infants Learn to Form an Abstract Categorical Representation of Support

Two experiments explored how infants learn to form an abstract categorical representation of support (i.e., on) when habituated to few (i.e., 2) or many (i.e., 6) examples of the relation. When habituated to 2 pairs of objects in a support relation, 14-month-olds, but not 10-month-olds, formed the abstract spatial category (i.e., generalized the relation to novel objects). When habituated to 6 object pairs in a support relation, infants did not attend to the relation. The results indicate that infants learn to form an abstract spatial category of support between 10 and 14 months and that having fewer object pairs depicting this relation facilitates their acquisition of the abstract categorical representation.
Crystallographic alignment of nanoparticles during self-assembly

Here we report on the partial alignment of equiaxed hcp Co and CoFe/sub 2/O/sub 4/ nanoparticles. In order to crystallographically orient the particles, Brownian rotation must dominate Neel rotation during array formation. The Neel relaxation rate is proportional to exp[KV/kT], where V is the particle volume and kT is the thermal energy. The Brownian relaxation rate is proportional to the effective viscosity and to V/kT.
AIDS viral DNA amplification by polymerase chain reaction employing primers selected by AI expert system and an ART neural network

To diagnose AIDS patients, doctors are starting to use the methodology of amplification induced by thermal annealing and by adding specific primers to imitate the polymerase chain reaction of the denatured DNA mutated by several types of human immunodeficiency viruses. An adaptive resonance theory (ART) neural network working in concert with an artificial intelligence (AI) rule-based system is shown to be efficient for enhancing the choice of the needed good primers. Because of the tradeoff between the simplicity of primers and the specifics of primers, doctors prefer to diagnose different viral types by administering patients with different sets of good primers. Thus, AI provides ART with both the background for self-organization and the foreground for the final goal. >
Progress report of the Jesuit Seismological Association

In the course of the year 1948, 14 member stations of the Jesuit Seismological Association were in operation and at the University of San Francisco a fifteenth was constructed to be put into operation in 1949. The station at Weston College was formally adopted as the Seismological Department of Boston College. Substantial progress was made on the new seismological building at Weston which will house, when completed, the six Benioff components and other earthquake station apparatus, and in addition the seismic prospecting equipment and the offices and shops. A new reflection prospecting truck was built by Daniel Linehan and his associates and equipped with a new Century recording unit and other new facilities. Many overburden and water supply studies were made by Linehan, especially for governmental, state and municipal agencies.
Factors shaping the decision of college students to walk or drive under the influence of alcohol: a test of Rational Choice theory.

Aims: Rational Choice theory was tested to better understand the differences in behaviour regarding walking and driving under the influence of alcohol.Methods: Students at a residential college campus in Virginia were surveyed.Findings: Results show that students were less likely to walk or drive while intoxicated if they believed such behaviour was morally wrong and if they knew few others who had engaged in such behaviour without negative consequences (a measure of punishment avoidance). If students reported that driving while intoxicated was a serious problem, which would result in like punishment, they were less likely to drive under the influence all else equal. Notably, certainty of punishment did not significantly impact differences between students with regard to the likelihood of driving under the influence.Conclusions: We found limited support for Rational Choice theory in understanding differences in the likelihood of walking and driving under the influence of alcohol.
High electron affinities of bicyclo[n, n, 0]perfluoroalkanes

Electron attachment is an important contributor to the chemistry of perfluoroalkanes. The adiabatic electron affinities (AEAs) and vertical electron affinities (VEAs) of bicyclo[n, n, 0]perfluoroalkanes (n, n-BCPFA) (where n= 1, 2, 3, 4) were computed using hybrid density functionals with DZP++ (polarization and diffuse function augmented double-ζ) basis sets. The bicyclo[1, 1, 0]perfluorobutane (1,1-BCPFA) and bicyclo[2, 2, 0]perfluoro-octane exhibit exceptionally high electron affinities for a saturated perfluoroalkane at all the levels of theory (2.20 and 1.86 eV, respectively; KMLYP/DZP++ with zero-point corrections). The predicted zero-point corrected AEAs of the n, n-BCPFAs range from 1.40 to 2.20 eV with the KMLYP/DZP++ level of theory. The structural changes which occur over the different ring sizes are varied and are dictated by the mode of electron binding by the n, n-BCPFA. Spin density and SOMO plots reveal that 1,1-BCPFA and 2,2-BCPFA bind the electron in a C–C antibonding σ* orbital. The 2,2...
Subpixel parameter estimation for elliptical shapes using image sequences

We present a method of ellipse parameter estimation that can be used in performing automated inspection of circular features. In our method, several digital images are taken of each part as it moves past a camera, creating an image sequence. Image enhancement is performed using the image sequence, yielding a high-resolution image. Subpixel edge detection is performed on the high-resolution image, producing a set of data points that is used for ellipse parameter estimation. >
Veterans' disclosure of trauma to healthcare providers

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of patients' trauma disclosure to health professionals. Method A convenience sample of 173 veterans in outpatient treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the Veterans Health Administration completed surveys querying trauma history, reasons for trauma disclosure and perceived provider responses. Results For half of the participants, a healthcare provider was the first person to whom they disclosed. Reasons were primarily external, such as pressure from others. Although 72% were glad to disclose, 45% perceived at least one negative provider response. Conclusion Patients disclose to a wide range of provider types and perceive varied responses. Providers' awareness of the need to be sensitive to trauma disclosure could facilitate treatment for PTSD.
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli CFT073 is adapted to acetatogenic growth but does not require acetate during murine urinary tract infection.

In vivo accumulation of d-serine by Escherichia coli CFT073 leads to elevated expression of PAP fimbriae and hemolysin by an unknown mechanism. Loss of d-serine catabolism by CFT073 leads to a competitive advantage during murine urinary tract infection (UTI), but loss of both d- and l-serine catabolism results in attenuation. Serine is the first amino acid to be consumed in closed tryptone broth cultures and precedes the production of acetyl phosphate, a high-energy molecule involved in intracellular signaling, and the eventual secretion of acetate. We propose that the colonization defect associated with the loss of serine catabolism is due to perturbations of acetate metabolism. CFT073 grows more rapidly on acetogenic substrates than does E. coli K-12 isolate MG1655. As shown by transcription microarray results, d-serine is catabolized into acetate via the phosphotransacetylase (pta) and acetate kinase (ackA) genes while downregulating expression of acetyl coenzyme A synthase (acs). CFT073 acs, which is unable to reclaim secreted acetate, colonized mouse bladders and kidneys in the murine model of UTI indistinguishably from the wild type. Both pta and ackA are involved in the maintenance of intracellular acetyl phosphate. CFT073 pta and ackA mutants were screened to investigate the role of acetyl phosphate in UTI pathogenesis. Both single mutants are at a competitive disadvantage relative to the wild type in the kidneys but normally colonize the bladder. CFT073 ackA pta was attenuated in both the bladder and the kidneys. Thus, we demonstrate that CFT073 is adapted to acetate metabolism as a result of requiring a proper cycling of the acetyl phosphate pathway for colonization of the upper urinary tract.
Nonlinear Changes of Transmembrane Potential During Defibrillation Shocks Role of Ca2+ Current

Abstract—Defibrillation shocks induce complex nonlinear changes of transmembrane potential (ΔVm). To elucidate the ionic mechanisms of nonlinear ΔVm, we studied the effects of ionic channel blockers on ΔVm in geometrically defined myocyte cultures. Experiments were carried out in cell strands with widths of 0.2 mm (narrow strands) and 0.8 mm (wide strands) produced using a technique of directed cell growth. Uniform-field shocks were applied across strands during the action potential (AP) plateau, and the distribution of shock-induced ΔVm was measured using an optical mapping technique. Nifedipine and 4-aminopyridine were applied to inhibit the L-type calcium current (ICa) and the transient outward current (Ito), respectively. In control conditions, the distribution of ΔVm across cell strands was highly asymmetrical with a large ratio of negative to positive ΔVm (ΔV−m/ΔV+m) measured at the opposite strand borders. Application of nifedipine caused a large increase of ΔV+m and a decrease of ΔV−m/ΔV+m, indica...
INTEGRATING EVOLUTION: A CONTRIBUTION TO THE CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE OF CREATION

. Science has demonstrated that the universe creates itself through its own history. This history is the result of a probabilistic process, not a deterministic execution of a plan. Science has also documented that human beings are a result of this universal, probabilistic process of general evolution. At first sight, these results seem to contradict Christian teaching. According to the Bible, history is essentially the history of salvation. Human beings therefore are not an “accident of nature” but special creations to be saved. With deeper theological probing, it becomes clearer, however, that creation must create itself. The Christian God is the loving God who enters into a loving relationship with human beings if they desire to reciprocate. If creation could not create itself, human beings could not be free. Without freedom to ignore or reject God's love, the central act of the Christian God, the drama of salvation, would become a parody played by marionettes in the hands of a supernatural manipulator. Christians should welcome the fundamental insight brought forth by science that the universe, including human beings, created itself through its own history. This article will try to show that this scientific insistence is required and confirmed by the intrinsic character of the orthodox, Judeo-Christian concept of God. That nature has to create itself, including human beings, secures human freedom and with it, the responsibility for human actions. From this perspective one might better understand the Bible in the light of God's revelation through the book of nature.
Declining Shock Value: Satellite Radio and the Mainstreaming of Howard Stern

This article examines the legacy of the shock radio format specifically as it has been defined, and defied, by Howard Stern since his move to satellite radio in 2006. A comparative analysis of The Howard Stern Show before and after his first satellite show examines the cultural relevancy of the program within the context of an increasingly hyper-sexualized, multi-media environment.
THE OUTER SOLAR ATMOSPHERE DURING THE MAUNDER MINIMUM: A STELLAR PERSPECTIVE

By comparing solar data with data of ‘‘flat activity’’ stars at UV and soft X-ray wavelengths, we estimate solar chromospheric, transition region, and coronal emission as it might have existed during the Maunder minimum (1645–1715),themostrecentofseveralepisodesofpersistentlyweaksunspotactivity.Severalflatactivity starsfrom theMountWilsonS-indexsurveyhavebeenobservedwiththeHubbleSpaceTelescopeandROSAT.Drawingonpublished data, we reassess the criteria by which a star may be considered as a Maunder minimum candidate. Of our targets, HD 10700 and HD 143761 are the most likely such candidates. Solar UV spectra from the SOHO and UARS spacecraft, and soft X-ray data from the SNOE spacecraft are compared with the stellar UV and X-ray data. The comparison suggests that the radiative output of the Maunder minimum chromosphere, transition region, and corona were similar to (or at least not much less than) those observed under conditions close to current solar minima. In turn, this suggests that the emitting structures (which on the Sun at sunspot minimum are small scale,TR� ), including the magneticnetwork,werealsosimilar.Theseresultshaveimplicationsforthenatureofthesurfacemagneticfieldsandirradiance during the Maunder and other magnetic minima, and for the solar dynamo. Subject headingg stars: activity — stars: chromospheres — stars: coronae — stars: individual (the Sun)