cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intervention Strategies for Changing Health Behavior: Applying the Disconnected Values Model

Changing habits, particularly habits that are self-destructive and unhealthy, is among the most challenging goals of therapists and coaches who work with clients in promoting a healthier lifestyle. The purpose of this book is to "help the helper," that is, to assist the person whose professional mission it is to provide a service that enables clients or patients to acknowledge their unhealthy habits and to replace them with more desirable, healthier routines. It focuses on the power of helping clients identify: (1) the inconsistency between their core values – what they consider most important in life – with one or more unhealthy habits, (2) the costs and long-term consequences of this inconsistency, called a "disconnect" in the model, and (3) their willingness to conclude that the consequences of this inconsistency is unacceptable. At that stage, (4) clients should be prepared to work with a coach in developing and carrying out an action plan that aims to remove the disconnect between the client’s values and at least one of their unhealthy habits.
Leaching and anaerobic digestion of poultry litter for biogas production and nutrient transformation.

Abstract Anaerobic digestion of poultry litter is a potentially sustainable means of stabilizing this waste while generating biogas. However, technical challenges remain including seasonality of litter production, low C/N ratios, limited digestibility of bedding, and questions about transformation of nutrients during digestion. This study investigated biogas production and nutrient transformations during anaerobic digestion of poultry litter leachate and whole litter. Use of fresh litter collected from within the house was also compared to waste litter cake that was stored outdoors on the farm. The results showed that litter leachates had higher biomethane potential (0.24–0.30 L/gVS) than whole litter (0.15–0.16 L/gVS) and the insoluble bedding material left after leaching (0.08–0.13 L/gVS). Leachates prepared from waste litter cake had lower uric acid and higher acetic acid concentrations than fresh litter indicating that decomposition had occurred during storage. Consequently, waste litter cake had faster initial biogas production but lower final biogas yields compared to fresh litter. In all reactors, uric and acetic acids were completely consumed during digestion, phosphate levels decreased but ammonium levels increased. The results demonstrate that poultry litter leachate is amenable to digestion despite a low C/N ratio and that the remaining insoluble bedding material has been partially stripped of its nutrients. Moreover, litter can be stored prior to digestion but some losses in biomethane potential should be expected due to decomposition of organics during storage.
Calorie restriction protects neural stem cells from age-related deficits in the subventricular zone

The brain can generate new neurons from neural stem cells throughout life. However, the capacity for neurogenesis declines with age, reducing the potential for learning and repair. We explored the effects of calorie restriction, an established anti-aging intervention, on neural stem cells in the subventricular zone of young and aged mice. Calorie restriction transiently enhanced proliferation of neural progenitor cells in young, but not aged mice. However, calorie restriction prevented the age-related loss of neurogenesis in the aged brain. Calorie-restricted mice showed enhanced olfactory memory compared with ad libitum-fed controls, suggesting that calorie restriction can produce functional improvements in the aged brain. Calorie restriction also mitigated the age-related activation of microglia and subsequent increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines. Likewise, calorie restriction prevented increases in senescent cells normally observed in the subventricular zone in aged mice, further protecting this neurogenic niche from pro-inflammatory signals. Together, these data suggest that calorie restriction protects the subventricular zone microenvironment from age-related inflammation, thereby preserving neurogenesis into old age.
A national study of Veterans with major upper limb amputation: Survey methods, participants, and summary findings

Introduction A comprehensive study to assess quality and outcomes of care for Veterans with upper limb amputation is needed. This paper presents methods and summary findings from a national survey of Veterans with upper limb amputation. Methods After completion of a pilot study to develop and refine methods, computer-assisted telephone interviews were conducted with 808 Veterans with upper limb amputation (response rate = 47.7%; cooperation rate = 63.3%). Results Respondents were 776 unilateral and 32 bilateral amputees, 97.5% male, mean age 63.3 (sd 14.1). Prostheses were used by 60% unilateral and 91% bilateral, the majority used body powered devices. Prostheses were used ≥8 hours/day by 52% unilateral and 76% bilateral. Prosthetic training was received by 71% unilateral and 59% bilateral. Mean prosthetic satisfaction was 3.9 (sd 0.6) and 3.8 (sd 0.7) as measured by TAPES; and 25.0 (sd 5.1) and 25.7 (sd 4.5) as measured by OPUS CSD for unilateral and bilateral respectively. Mean perceived disability (measured by QuickDASH) scores were 49.5 (sd 20.7) for unilateral and 34.7 (sd 22.0) for bilateral. VR-12 PCS scores were below population norms. The majority reported contralateral limb pain, musculoskeletal conditions, back and neck pain. Phantom limb pain was reported in 83.4% of unilateral and 68.8% of bilateral, and residual limb pain in 65.1% of unilateral and 68.8% of bilateral. Most, (81.8% unilateral, 84.4% bilateral) had been to a Veterans Affairs medical center (VA) for amputation care, while 57% of unilateral and 81.3% of bilateral had been to a VA amputation clinic. Discussion/Conclusion Veterans with upper limb amputation have moderately impaired physical functioning. Prosthesis use rates were lower than previously reported. Although satisfied with their prostheses, nearly half used them ≤8 hours/day. Rates of musculoskeletal problems, phantom and residual limb pain were higher than previously reported. A substantial proportion never received prosthetic training, or VA amputation care.
Experimental Setup of Ac Thermoelectric Power Measurements in a Cryocooler PPMS System and Its Implementation to Superconductors, Topological Insulator, and Thermoelectric Materials

We have designed and developed an experimental setup to measure the Seebeck coefficient of a variety of samples at cryogenic temperatures and under magnetic fields up to 7 T employing the physical property measurement system (PPMS). The measurement technique uses a low frequency ac thermal gradient generated by two thin film heaters in thermal contact with the sample. Heaters and temperature sensors are all fitted on a standard PPMS sample puck. The validity of this method is tested by measuring the thermoelectric power of several superconductors and thermoelectric samples. We have used this technique to measure the thermoelectric power of various topological insulator single crystals (Pb0.8Sn0.2Te, Bi2Te3, Bi2Se2.1Te0.9, and Sb2Te3). The developed hardware and software control is suitable for studying the thermoelectric power of small samples (length 2 mm) in a commercial cryomagnetic system (PPMS) and it allows for studying superconductor, semiconductor, thermoelectric, or topological insulator material in wide temperature (2–300 K) and magnetic field (0–7 T) ranges.
404 ETHNIC CULTURE AND SURVIVORS' EXPERIENCES OF A SIGNIFICANT DEATH.

Purpose Excellent perimortem care addresses survivors9 experiences. Culture likely frames such experiences, but little research guides physicians in meeting survivors9 needs. Methods We used hypothesis-generating, open-response interviews to study, by ethnic group, survivors9 experiences of a significant death. We asked 26 Mexican Americans (MAs), 18 Euroamericans (EAs), and 14 African Americans (AAs), aged 50 to 79, to describe the deaths of people closest to them. Content analysis identified themes in responses. Results Many MAs, EAs, and AAs related negative experiences. Some detailed their grieving (38%, 50%, and 43%, respectively) or remembered the funerals negatively (31%, 45%, and 36%, respectively). Importantly, all subjects younger than 42 when the significant person died and 24 of 25 who cited their mothers as that person remembered the funerals negatively. More MAs and AAs than EAs said family presence at a death is important (31% and 43% vs 17%). Yet equal percentages of MAs recalled family unsupportiveness and supportiveness at the significant death (31%), and more AAs recalled family unsupportiveness than supportiveness (21% versus 14%). Some subjects, especially MAs, related positive experiences. More MAs than EAs or AAs remembered the funerals positively (23% vs 6% and 14%) or expressed hope that the dead reached heaven (36% vs 11% and 19%). MAs alone, especially women (25%), said that one should say only good things about the dead. EA men9s memories were especially bleak: 71% remembered the funerals negatively, none remembered the funerals positively, and none recalled family supportiveness at the death. Conclusion Physicians should encourage family presence and support at a death. Certain survivors_the young, children of any age whose mothers die, and EA men_may need special attention through the grieving process.
Abstract 165: What Domains of Health Are Most Impacted After Ischemic Stroke?

Background: Multiple domains of health are impacted in patients with ischemic stroke, which may vary by degree of disability. The objective of this study was to examine patient-reported health for ...
Towards Household Asset Protection: Findings from an Inter-generational Asset Transfer Project in Rural Kenya

Excluded from economic institutions, social opportunities, and legal protections, poor communities are often unable to break generational cycles of poverty. In sub-Saharan Africa, communities facing socio-economic and political exclusions are particularly susceptible to asset loss and wealth misappropriation, especially after the death of a main income earner. To address these vulnerabilities, Urithi intervention provided households in rural Kenya with tools to protect household assets through succession/inheritance planning. Using lessons learned from financial literacy curricula in asset-based programs, the intervention introduced and guided participants through the legal and financial concepts aligned to the country’s customary and statutory rules adjudicating the smooth transfer of assets. The intervention facilitated asset protection by providing participants with tools to assist them in writing a will and documenting property, as a means of safeguarding family assets. The post-test quantitative data presented here (N = 101) were part of a mixed methods study designed to evaluate the intervention. Structural equation modeling determined that participation in this intervention was significantly associated with succession/inheritance planning. The study concludes that including a legal component alongside financial education would further support vulnerable householders’ efforts to secure assets for their dependents.
How people judge policing

By most contemporary accounts, the judgments that people make about their contacts with the police have a strong bearing on their broader attitudes toward the police, including especially their tru...
Superficial brachioulnar artery and its clinical significance

The authors report a rare variation of the vasculature in the upper limbs of an 84-year-old male cadaver. A high bifurcation of the brachial artery occurred bilaterally at the proximal one-third of each arm. The radial arteries were larger than the ulnar arteries and gave origin to the common interosseous arteries. At the cubital fossa, the ulnar arteries traversed medial to the median nerves, continuing superficial to all forearm muscles except the palmaris longus tendon, characteristic of superficial brachioulnar arteries. The aforementioned variations have rarely been reported in previous literature and demonstrate important clinical significance in relation to accidental intra-arterial injections, errors in blood pressure readings, as well as orthopedic, plastic, and vascular surgeries of the upper limbs.
Performance degradation of uncoded and sequentially decoded PSK systems due to lognormal fading

This paper offers an analytical model for predicting the effects of lognormal fading on medium-rate phase-shift-keyed telemetry. Because the model incorporates the effects of the noisy derived carrier reference in the receiver, it permits the determination of the optimum modulation index which minimizes the error rate for a given link.
MicroRNA-509-3p inhibits cellular migration, invasion, and proliferation, and sensitizes osteosarcoma to cisplatin.

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary pediatric malignancy of the bone having poor prognosis and long-term survival rates of less than 30% in patients with metastasis. MicroRNA-509 was reported to be downregulated in OS. We and others previously published that miR-509-3p can strongly attenuate cellular migration/invasion and sensitize ovarian cancer to cisplatin. Here, we show that overexpression of miR-509-3p inhibited migration of primary OS cell lines U2OS, HOS, and SaOS2 as well as metastatic derivatives 143B and LM7. miR-509-3p overexpression also inhibited proliferation and invasion of HOS and 143B cells and sensitized cells to cisplatin. Luciferase reporter assays using 3′-UTRs of predicted miR-509-3p targets associated with metastatic phenotypes revealed ARHGAP1 could be one of the downstream effectors of miR-509-3p in HOS. To find the global impact of miR-509-3p overexpression and cisplatin treatment we performed Reverse Phase Protein Analysis (RPPA). AXL, which has been reported to play a critical role in cisplatin resistance and confirmed as direct target of miR-509-3p was downregulated upon miR-509-3p treatment and further down-regulated upon miR-509-3p + cisplatin treatment. We propose that the miR-509-3p/AXL and miR-509-3p/ARHGAP1 axes have the potential to uncover new druggable targets for the treatment of drug resistant metastatic osteosarcoma.
Hypoxia Produces Pro-arrhythmic Late Sodium Current in Cardiac Myocytes by SUMOylation of NaV1.5 Channels.

Acute cardiac hypoxia produces life-threatening elevations in late sodium current (ILATE) in the human heart. Here, we show the underlying mechanism: hypoxia induces rapid SUMOylation of NaV1.5 channels so they reopen when normally inactive, late in the action potential. NaV1.5 is SUMOylated only on lysine 442, and the mutation of that residue, or application of a deSUMOylating enzyme, prevents hypoxic reopenings. The time course of SUMOylation of single channels in response to hypoxia coincides with the increase in ILATE, a reaction that is complete in under 100 s. In human cardiac myocytes derived from pluripotent stem cells, hypoxia-induced ILATE is confirmed to be SUMO-dependent and to produce action potential prolongation, the pro-arrhythmic change observed in patients.
Opportunities for Reasoning: Digital Task Design to Promote Students’ Conceptions of Graphs as Representing Relationships between Quantities

We posit a dual approach to digital task design: to engineer opportunities for students to conceive of graphs as representing relationships between quantities and to foreground students’ reasoning and exploration, rather than their answer-finding. Locally integrating Ference Marton’s variation theory and Patrick Thompson’s theory of quantitative reasoning, we designed digital task sequences, in which students were to create different graphs linked to the same video animations. We report results of a qualitative study of thirteen secondary students (aged 15–17), who participated in digital, task-based, individual interviews. We investigated two questions: (1) How do students conceive of what graphs represent when engaging with digital task sequences? (2) How do student conceptions of graphs shift when working within and across digital task sequences? Two conceptions were particularly stable – relationships between quantities and literal motion of an object. When students demonstrated conceptions of graphs as representing change in a single quantity, they shifted to conceptions of relationships between quantities. We explain how a critical aspect: What graphs should represent, intertwined with students’ graph-sketching. Finally, we discuss implications for digital task design to promote students’ conceptions of mathematical representations, such as graphs.
Time to address disparities in care by appointment time

Quality of care systematically decreases over the course of the day. Ensuring that patients seen later in the day receive the same care as patients seen first thing in the morning has broad clinical and economic implications for our health care system. In this article, we outline feasible near-term solutions to direct clinicians and patients toward consistently better primary care decisions, throughout the day. These insights could be adapted to address similar challenges in other health care settings.
Carotenoid deprivation and beta-carotene's effects on male and female turtle color.

Abstract Carotenoid-colored integuments commonly function as sexually selected honest signals because carotenoid pigments can be costly to obtain, ingest, absorb, metabolize or transport before being deposited into the integument. As such, carotenoid pigmentation is often sexually dichromatic, with males being more colorful than females. Sexual dichromatism may also occur in ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths, which is visible to organisms who possess UV-sensitive photoreceptors. The stripes and spots of painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) are carotenoid-based and reflect UV wavelengths. This research describes UV sexual dichromatism in painted turtles and shows how carotenoid deprivation changes spot and stripe color in male and female painted turtles. Adult turtles were fed a diet that was supplemented with carotenoids (i.e., C diet) or deprived of carotenoids (C-). Stripe and spot color were measured with UV–vis spectrometry, and blood was drawn from all turtles before and after the dietary treatment. HPLC analysis revealed five carotenoids (4 xanthophylls and beta-carotene) circulating in turtle blood. C-diet reduced yellow chroma and increased brightness of yellow and red stripes or spots, relative to the C diet, but there was no sexually dimorphic effect of carotenoid deprivation on color, nor did carotenoid deprivation affect UV reflectance. Carotenoid deprivation reduced all circulating carotenoids, but beta-carotene was the only pigment with a significant effect on post-experimental carotenoids, implying that changes in color were due in part to reduction in circulating levels of beta-carotene. Color generation appears to be complex in turtles and have dietary as well as non-dietary components.
Relighting the Charitable Deduction: A Proposed Public Benefit Exception

This Article critically examines the efficiency of the quid pro quo test and its need for an exception in order to conform to the purpose of the charitable deduction; acting as a subsidy to those organizations the government feels provides a community benefit. Throughout the country, firefighters risk their lives on a daily basis to keep the public safe. It is, therefore, imperative they receive the best possible training. One invaluable training method is live-burn training, in which a structure is set on fire providing firefighters with “a level of realism that is unsurpassed.” For over thirty five years, relying on a United States Tax Court case, many believed a taxpayer could claim a charitable deduction for the donation of the taxpayer’s home to the local municipality for live-burn training, while still retaining ownership of the underlying land (live burn donation). In recent years, however, there has been much confusion and debate on whether live burn donations qualify for charitable deductions culminating in the Internal Revenue Service specifically targeting live burn donations and the United States Tax Court overruling its long standing opinion. While it appears that the Service has won the fight in the Courts, this article proposes the live burn donation not be extinguished. Instead, Congress should consider exceptions to the application of the quid pro quo test when the benefit of the donation to the public substantially outweighs the benefit received by the taxpayer (the public benefit exception). Ultimately, this will encourage donations that otherwise would be underfunded, as is the case in live burn donations. In conclusion, this Article proposes an amendment to charitable deductions, thereby allowing a charitable deduction for live burn donations, while recognizing the need for limitations given the perceived abuse and the valuation difficulties of the live burn donation.
Botanical Context for Domestication in North America

Pitseed goosefoot, Chenopodium berlandieri Moq., is a widespread allotetraploid weed having 2n = 4x = 36 (AABB subgenomes) found throughout North America from Mexico to Alaska. It is a critical genetic resource for adaptive improvement of its South American cousin and descendant, quinoa (C. quinoa Willd.). It has also been important in its own right at various times throughout history and prehistory, having been domesticated at least twice in the Americas north of the Isthmus of Panama. Botanically, C. berlandieri belongs to Section Chenopodium Subsection Cellulata along with its allotetraploid allies C. quinoa, weedy South American C. hircinum Schrad., and a complex of putative A-genome diploids concentrated in the semiarid southwestern region of North America. This chapter reviews the botanical and ecological context of C. berlandieri and its potential as a genetic resource for improving quinoa.
Theology and Philosophy of Amos Yong: The First Twenty Years

Reflecting on the work of Amos Yong is a daunting task. From my perspective as a graduate student committed to research in Pentecostal theology, I believe a compelling argument can be made for describing Yong as the most influential contemporary Pentecostal theologian. On more than one occasion, I have felt inspired with an “original idea,” only to do preliminary research and discover that Yong has already written an entire book on the topic. Perhaps, then, part of Yong’s legacy is keeping ambitious young scholars like me humble. Not only is Yong’s work important for its breadth but also for its influence beyond the world of North American Pentecostalism.
Fish Sauce with Red Soil

Welcome to the second edition of the JAFPT for 2021. The articles in this edition reflect the global nature of this journal with submissions from countries within the boundaries of Asia to the far ...
Are Women or Men Business-to-Business Salespeople More Engaged on the Job?

Research Implications: This exploratory study investigates three possible antecedents to engagement and highlights the differences that gender plays in engaging employees. Overall, this research sh...
A Multi-Wideband Compact Antenna Design for Vehicular Sub-6GHz 5G Wireless Systems

This paper presents a multi-wide band monopole antenna for automotive application in the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and 5G systems that covers the frequency range from 617MHz to 5GHz with reasonable rejection on the L1/L2/L5 GNSS bands. The antenna is suitable for placement on a car roof within a shark-fin radome due to its physical dimensions and performance. The antenna is simulated using software and then fabricated and measured on a one-meter ground plane and on a vehicle roof. The measurement results of the fabricated prototype are presented and plotted in terms of reflection coefficient, radiation patterns, antenna efficiency, and linear average gain (LAG). The proposed antenna shows very good properties that makes it suitable for the automotive industry.
The Price of Justice

America’s legal system is extremely expensive to use, placing government justice beyond the reach of most people. These high costs are largely the result of deliberate government policy, making them an injustice attributable to the state. The state ought to provide adequate legal services without charge, so as to satisfy its duty to provide justice to all.
Association between particulate matter air pollution and heart attacks in San Diego County.

Air pollution is one of the major risk factors contributing to adverse public health outcomes worldwide. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been repeatedly associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events, including heart attacks. Because PM2.5 is unequally distributed with elevated concentrations near high-traffic and industrial zones, PM2.5 is an environmental justice issue of major public health concern. In this study, we reviewed the relationship between PM2.5, emergency visits due to heart attacks, and environmental justice in San Diego County using data from CalEnviroScreen 3.0. Our results indicate that PM2.5, diesel PM emissions, and emergency visits due to heart attacks are weakly, but positively correlated (r = 0.3, R2 < 0.1). Areas classified as environmental justice communities, communities comprised more dominantly of nonwhite populations, and communities closer to the San Diego-Tijuana border are exposed disproportionately to air pollution in San Diego County. Overall, this work demonstrates that there is an association between elevated local PM concentrations in San Diego County communities with emergency hospital visits due to heart attacks, and that these associations are an environmental justice issue disproportionally affecting disadvantaged communities.Implications: Particulate matter is an adverse contributor to overall health throughout the lifespan, contributing to diseases such as asthma, hypertension, stroke, and increased risk of cardiovascular events. Here, we assess the relationship between particulate matter and heart attacks in San Diego County using CalEnviroScreen3.0. Using these tools, we also examine correlations between this relationship and different sociodemographic indicators such as age, race, income, and proximity to the high-traffic U.S.-Mexico border. Overall, we show that specific communities around San Diego are more highly exposed to particulate matter, and that these relationships may be disproportionately contributing to heart attacks in disadvantaged communities.
Integration of Internet of Things Devices in Manufacturing Workspaces: A Systematic Literature Review.

The manufacturing workspace has evolved rapidly alongside the advancement of information technology. This has led to significant improvements in not only manufacturing output, but also safety and quality standards tracking. The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies into the manufacturing workspace has been a major component in this evolution and contributes to Industry 4.0. This article looks to conduct a bibliometric analysis of IoT technologies and their increasing relevance as it relates to Safety Monitoring and Industry 4.0. This is accomplished through the use of readily available software tools such as MAXQDA, Harzing, CiteSpace and VOSviewer. Through use of these tools, key topics like Internet of Things, Safety Monitoring, Industry 4.0 can be readily analyzed and compiled into easy to interpret figures and data collectives. This report includes examples of the outputs of these tools as they relate to IoT, safety monitoring, and Industry 4.0. Through this analysis, it can be concluded that IOT integration into manufacturing is growing in popularity and will have a major effect on monitoring in the manufacturing workspace for the foreseeable future.
Facing the Ties That Bind: Understanding Experiences of Men With An Incarcerated Romantic Partner

This study examines what it means to be a man with an incarcerated romantic partner. Despite recognition that those experiencing familial incarceration are a heterogeneous group, the extant literature lacks a clear focus of the experience of men with incarcerated romantic partners. Using a phenomenological design, the researchers interviewed seven men with incarcerated romantic partners to explicate the essential structures of their lived experience. The interviews are explicated into six essences illuminating the experience of being a man with an incarcerated partner. Identified essences explored are: embodying the social tie facilitator, love and commitment living in future time, the sense of something missing, felt confinement, and the new normal. Fifteen additional sub-themes are discussed. These findings inform implications for both future research and policies that can aid in maintaining the ties that bind during familial incarceration.
Skeletal traction for the treatment of severe scoliosis. The University of Illinois halo-hoop apparatus.

Skeletal Traction for the Treatment of Severe Scoliosis: THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS HALO-HOOP APPARATUS RONALD DEWALD;ROBERT RAY; The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery
Tuberculous pericarditis; a study of forty-one cases with special reference to prognosis.

Abstract 1. 1. A study has been made of forty-one cases of clinically primary tuberculous pericarditis. Relevant clinical and laboratory data have been presented. Special attention has been devoted to those clinical features which appear to be of prognostic significance. 2. 2. The prognosis may be considered grave in the presence of advanced age (over 50 years), a gradual onset of symptoms, the occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias, and positive proof of tuberculous etiology. No prognostic significance may be given to the presence of a pericardial friction rub, pericardial effusion, or congestive failure. 3. 3. The mortality rate in the first year after the onset of symptoms is approximately 50 per cent.
Properties of purine nucleoside phosphorylases from spores and vegetative cells of Bacillus cereus and their modification by orthophosphate.

Abstract The purine nucleoside phosphorylases (PN-phosphorylase) from spores and vegetative cells of Bacillus cereus were each purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. The turnover numbers for the spore and vegetative cell enzymes were 145 and 181 moles of inosine cleaved per mole of enzyme per sec, respectively. The PN-phosphorylase from vegetative cells was more anionic than that from the spores during gel electrophoresis in low concentrations of phosphate buffer. The Stokes' radii and sedimentation constants of the vegetative cell enzyme were constant over a wide range of phosphate concentrations. However, these parameters of the spore enzyme were concentration-dependent with respect to phosphate ion. The spore and vegetative cell enzymes were identical in mobility in acrylamide gel electrophoresis and heat resistance only at phosphate concentrations above the Michaelis constants for orthophosphate (7.3 x 10-3 m and 5.1 x 10-3 m, respectively). The molecular weight of the spore enzyme increased from 87,000 to 123,000 while that of the vegetative cell enzyme remained at 107,000 over the phosphate concentration range 0 to 0.05 m. The half-life of spore PN-phosphorylase at 60° was 25 min in the absence of phosphate, but decreased to 5 min in 0.05 m phosphate, the value characteristic of the vegetative cell PN-phosphorylase.
The system factory approach to software engineering education

The System Factory project seeks to investigate the problems of large-scale software engineering through a combine effort in research, development and education. This report describes the System Factory approach to software engineering education as developed and practiced at USC. It describes the genesis and history of the System Factory project the SF approach to software engineering, our experiences in softwre technology transfer, and concludes with some observations and potentials for large-scale software engineering projects in academic settings. Central to the SF approach is a joint focus on three key determinants of the outcomes of large-scale software development: the products developed, the process through the products are developed, and the production setting where the process of creating products occurs. Accordingly, we outline the software tools we employ, the techniques we developed for engineering software systems throughout their life cycle, and the strategies for managing large software engineering projects we employ.
Eosinophilic gastroenteritis with esophageal involvement.

A patient with a lifelong history of asthma and hay fever was investigated because of symptoms of esophageal spasm. Esophageal biopsies revealed elongated papillae and basal zone hyperplasia of the epithelial layer with eosinophilic infiltration of the lamina propria and muscularis mucosae. There was no evidence of reflux. Small bowel biopsies revealed a flat mucosal pattern with absent or blunted villi, tall columnar surface epithelium, and eosinophilic infiltration of the lamina propria. He did not respond to a gluten-free diet. This patient is thought to have eosinophilic gatroenteritis with esophageal involvement, the first such case reported.
Epistaxis: the factors involved in determining medicolegal liability

Background: The purpose of this study was to examine lit- igation involving epistaxis and analyze factors that deter- mine liability. Methods: Jury verdicts and selements regarding cases involving epistaxis were gathered utilizing the Westlaw database. Factors involved in litigation gathered included demographics, defendant specialty, procedure, alleged cause of malpractice, outcome, monetary award, and other variables. Results: A total of 26 cases were analyzed. The majority of cases (57.7%) were decided in favor of the plaintiff or set- tled out of court. Total awards amounted to $24,501,252. Av- erage awards for cases decided in favor of the plaintiff were $2,260,893 and ranged from $499,845 to $9,022,643. Set- tlements averaged $1,084,375 and ranged from $300,000 to $3,800,000. Common causes of malpractice encoun- tered included delay in diagnosis, complications from med- ical procedures, and failure to recognize complications in a timely manner. Conclusion: Contrary to previous reports analyzing mal- practice for varying medical procedures and complica- tions, litigation in epistaxis is more commonly resolved in favor of the plaintiff or resolved through out-of-court selements. Substantial financial awards and therapeu- tic complications from blindness to death make epistaxis a candidate for litigation. Of importance from a medi- colegal stand is the fact that 30.8% (8) of the patients involved in epistaxis litigation died, either from complica- tions of therapy or from experiencing epistaxis as a com- plication of another procedure/pathology. Using necessary diagnostic imaging, ensuring proper management tech- niques, and recognizing complications in a timely manner can serve to limit legal liability and enhance patient safety. C 2013 ARS-AAOA, LLC.
Enhanced T/sub c/ and H/sub c2/ near the metal/insulator transition

We have studied the behavior of H/sub c2/ for the Nb/sub 1-x/Ti/sub x/ system as a function of disorder (i.e, x). To account for the observed behavior we substituted expressions for /spl gamma/ and T/sub c/, previously derived for disordered systems, into the GLAG expression for H/sub c2/. This extension accounts very well for the data for the NbTi system and, accordingly, we are studying its application to data for several other superconducting systems.
Complementarities and competition: Unpacking the drivers of entrants' technology choices in the solar photovoltaic industry

Entrants in new industries pursue distinct technologies in hopes of winning the technology competition and achieving sustainable competitive advantage. We draw on the complementary assets framework to predict entrants' technology choices in an emerging industry. Evidence from the global solar photovoltaic industry supports our arguments that entrants are more likely to choose technologies with higher technical performance and for which key complementary assets are available in the ecosystem. However, diversifying entrants are more likely to trade off superior performance for complementary asset availability whereas start-up entrants are more likely to trade off complementary asset availability for superior performance. This difference is largely due to diversifying entrants with pre-entry capabilities related to the industry. The study offers a novel illustration of how complementarities and competition shape entry strategies.
Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2-Encoded Type III Secretion System Mediates Exclusion of NADPH Oxidase Assembly from the Phagosomal Membrane

Salmonella typhimurium requires a type III secretion system encoded by pathogenicity island (SPI)-2 to survive and proliferate within macrophages. This survival implies that S. typhimurium avoids or withstands bactericidal events targeted to the microbe-containing vacuole, which include intraphagosomal production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phagosomal acidification, and delivery of hydrolytic enzymes to the phagosome via fusion with lysosomes. Recent evidence suggests that S. typhimurium alters ROS production by murine macrophages in an SPI-2-dependent manner. To gain insights into the mechanism by which S. typhimurium inhibits intraphagosomal ROS production, we analyzed the subcellular distribution of NADPH oxidase components during infection of human monocyte-derived macrophages by wild-type (WT) or several SPI-2 mutant strains of S. typhimurium. We found that the membrane component of the NADPH oxidase, flavocytochrome b(558), was actively excluded or rapidly removed from the phagosomal membrane of WT-infected monocyte-derived macrophages, thereby preventing assembly of the NADPH oxidase complex and intraphagosomal production of superoxide anion. In contrast, the NADPH oxidase assembled on and generated ROS in phagosomes containing SPI-2 mutant S. typhimurium. Subversion of NADPH oxidase assembly by S. typhimurium was accompanied by increased bacterial replication relative to that of SPI-2 mutant strains, suggesting that the ability of WT S. typhimurium to prevent NADPH oxidase assembly at the phagosomal membrane represents an important virulence factor influencing its intracellular survival.
Kinetics and phase evolution during carbothermal synthesis of titanium carbide from carbon-coated titania powder

Abstract Kinetics and phase evolution of the TiC formation process by carbothermal reduction of carbon-coated titania (TiO 2 ) powder were investigated using TGA, XRD, and chemical analysis. The TiC synthesis in the present work proceeded via forming titanium oxycarbide (TiC x O y ) followed by its purification toward titanium carbide (TiC). The formation of TiC x O y was achieved via two routes. The uniformly coated pyrolytic carbon on fine titania particles formed the first TiC x O y phase at temperature of 1000 °C. The additional TiC x O y formed from Ti 3 O 5 as temperature increased. The activation energy of the additional TiC x O y formation process was calculated to be 278.1 kJ mole . The resultant TiC powders prepared at 1550 °C for 4 h in flowing argon showed fine particle size (0.1–0.3 μm), oxygen content of 0.57 wt%, lattice parameter of 4.331 A, uniform particle shape, and loose agglomeration between particles.
NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF THE PRECORE REGION IN PATIENTS WITH SPONTANEOUS REACTIVATION OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B

The role of HBV precore mutations in the spontaneous reactivation of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is currently unknown. We studied 10 patients with CHB; five were HBeAg+ (group I) and five were anti-HBe+ (group II). All 10 had spontaneous reactivation of CHB as defined by the appearance of clinical symptoms along with an increase of serum ALT activity at least 5× above baseline values, in the absence of any other known causes of liver disease or CHB reactivation. The precore (87 nt) and proximal core (81 nt) regions were sequenced after PCR amplification. From each patient three serum samples were studied: one 3–12 months before, one during, and one six months after reactivation. Prior to reactivation, none of the group I patients harbored an HBV strain having a mutation that prevented HBeAg synthesis; however, 2/5 developed such a mutation during reactivation (G to A transition at nt 1896). Among the group II patients, three harbored an HBeAg defective mutant both before and during reactivation; after six months, two of these three patients were HBV DNA negative in serum by PCR. Several other sequence polymorphisms, some of which changed the predicted amino acid sequence, were either present initially or developed during reactivation. In conclusion, in this small group of CHB patients who were HBeAg+ spontaneous reactivation was accompanied in some cases by a shift to an HBeAg defective mutant, while in patients who were anti-HBe+, such mutations were frequently present prior to reactivation. In patients already harboring precore defective mutants, spontaneous reactivation may precede an attenuation of viral replication.
Differentiation of solutions of boundary value problems with respect to boundary conditions

We consider solutions of boundary value problems for the ordinary differential equation, , which satisfy , 1≤i≤n, where x 1 < … < x n and , 1 ≤ i ≤ n. Results are established in which solutions of the boundary value problems are differentiated with respect to the boundary conditions.
Recharge Distribution Determined by Analog Modela

A two-dimensional, passive element electric analog model was used to determine the spatial distribution of natural ground-water recharge in the Santa Cruz River basin of southern Arizona. Existing records were used to draw a ground-water level contour map of the area in its undeveloped condition. The model was made to duplicate these contours by varying inputs from known locations of recharge. Recharge distribution as determined by the model was consistent with previous estimates, but no direct correlation was found with the contributing drainage area.
Asset Prices and the Financial Crisis of 2007-09: An Overview of Theories and Policies

The financial crisis of 2007-09 has led to a rethinking of the role of monetary and financial regulatory policy. It has also called into question the benefits of financial innovation and monetary policy that focuses solely on inflation and the output gap. This paper discusses financial instabilities in general, the recent financial crisis as well as the appropriate role of monetary and financial regulatory policy in dealing with asset bubbles. The paper concludes by evaluating appropriate policies to reduce the economic impact of future financial crises.
Incidence of the fungus Coelomomyces punctatus and C. dodgei in larval populations of the mosquito Anopheles crucians in two Louisiana ponds.

Abstract The incidence of Coelomomyces punctatus and C. dodgei was studied in larval populations of Anopheles crucians in two ponds (Chloe 3 and Chloe TNT) in southwestern Louisiana for 4 1 4 and 2 1 4 years, respectively. The annual level of infection of C. punctatus in Chloe 3 decreased progressively each year from a high of 67% in 1966 to a low of 12% in 1970; about one-third of all larvae collected from this pond were infected. In Chloe TNT, the level of infection of C. dodgei was lowest in 1968 (24%) and increased each year to a high of 59% in 1970; almost half the larvae collected were infected. In Chloe TNT, the highest average monthly levels of infection occurred in January and September, and the highest occurred in Chloe 3 in January, March, and October. In Chloe TNT which dried only one time, no relationship was seen between levels of infection and temperature. Also in this pond, the incidence of parasitism generally increased as the larval populations increased although this difference was not significant. The persistence of C. punctatus was especially apparent since it appeared in larval populations after an absence of 29 wks caused principally by lack of water.
Conservation Throughout Mammalia and Extensive Protein-Encoding Capacity of the Highly Repeated DNA Long Interspersed Sequence One

We report an investigation of the structure, evolutionary history, and function of the highly repeated DNA family named Long Interspersed Sequence One (L1). Hybridization studies show, first, that L1 is present throughout marsupial and placental mammalian orders. Second, L1 is more homologous within these species than between them, which suggests that it has undergone concerted evolution within each mammalian lineage. Third, on the whole L1 diverges in accordance with the fossil record. This suggests that it arose in each lineage rather by inheritance from a common ancestral family, which was present in the progenitor to mammals, than by cross-species transmission. Alignment of 1.6 X 10(3) bases of primate and mouse L1 DNA sequences shows a predominance of silent mutations within aligned long open reading frames, indicating that at least this part of L1 has produced functional protein. The observation of additional long open reading frames in further unaligned DNA sequences suggests that a minimum of 3.2 X 10(3) bases or at least half of the L1 structure is a protein-coding sequence. Thus L1, which contains about 100,000 members in mouse, is by far the most repetitive family of which a subset comprises functional protein-encoding genes. The ability of the putative protein-encoding regions of mouse L1 to hybridize to L1 homologs throughout the Mammalia implies that these sequences have been subject to conservative selection upon protein function in all mammalian lineages, rather than in a few. L1 is therefore a highly repeated family of genes with both a widespread and an ancient history of function in mammals.
Diffraction dissociation of neutrons in the reaction dp → pppπ− at 25 GeV/c

We observe the reaction dp ~ Pspec (p~r-)p in a bubble chamber exposure at 25 GeV/c incident deuteron momentum. The (pTr-) system with invariant mass below 2.0 GeV is inter- preted as neutron diffraction dissociation. The (prr-) mass spectra show little if any direct evidence of N* production. The decay angular distributions and the momentum transfer dis- tributions of the (pTr-) system suggest a smooth increase in contributions from higher partial waves (J t> 3) with increased mass or momentum transfer. A simple partial-wave analysis shows a Pll contribution below 1.3 GeV for small -t' and a dominant D13 contribution elsewhere. Both the Pll and D13 amplitudes peak far below the N*(1470) and N*(1520) re- sonances. We also find evidence for the charge-exchange reaction np --, p(pTr-). In this pro- cess the (p~r-) system shows evidence for A°(1236) and N*(1520) production.
A coherent environment of software improvement tools for CMS

Abstract CMS has developed approximately one million lines of C++ code and uses many more from HEP, Grid and public domain projects. We describe a suite of tools which help to manage this complexity by measuring software dependencies, quality metrics, and CPU and memory performance. This coherent environment integrates and extends existing open-source tools where possible and provides new in-house components where a suitable solution does not already exist. This is a freely available environment with graphical user interface which can be run on any software without the need to recompile or instrument it. We have developed ignominy which performs software dependency analysis of source code, binary products and external software. CPU profiling is provided based on oprofile, with added features such as profile snapshots, distributed profiling and aggregate profiles for farm systems including server-side tools for collecting profile data. Finally, we have developed a low-overhead performance and memory profiling tool, MemProf, which can perform (gprof-style) hierarchical performance profiling, in a way that works with multiple threads and dynamically loaded libraries (unlike gprof). It also gathers exact memory allocation profiles including which code allocates most, in what sizes of chunks, for how long, where the memory is getting freed and where it is getting leaked. We describe this tool suite and how it has been used to enhance the quality of CMS software.