cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Probing Dynamics in Higher-Lying Electronic States with Resonance-Enhanced Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy

Femtosecond stimulated Raman scattering (FSRS) measurements typically probe the structural dynamics of a molecule in the first electronically excited state, S1. While these measurements often rely on an electronic resonance condition to increase signal strength or enhance species selectivity, the effects of the resonance condition are usually neglected. However, mode-specific enhancements of the vibrational transitions in an FSRS spectrum contain detailed information about the resonant (upper) electronic state. Analogous to ground-state resonance Raman spectroscopy, the relative intensities of the Raman bands reveal displacements of the upper potential energy surface due to changes in the bonding pattern upon S n ← S1 electronic excitation, and therefore provide a sensitive probe of the ultrafast dynamics in the higher-lying state, S n. Raman gain profiles from the wavelength-dependent FSRS spectrum of the model compound 2,5-diphenylthiophene (DPT) reveal several modes with large displacement in the upper potential energy surface, including strong enhancement of a delocalized C-S-C stretching and ring deformation mode. The experimental results provide a benchmark for comparison with calculated spectra using time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) and equation-of-motion coupled-cluster theory with single and double excitations (EOM-CCSD), where the calculations are based on the time-dependent formalism for resonance Raman spectroscopy. The simulated spectra are obtained from S1-S n transition strengths and the energy gradients of the upper (S n) potential energy surfaces along the S1 normal mode coordinates. The experimental results provide a stringent test of the computational approach, and indicate important limitations based on the level of theory and basis set. This work provides a foundation for making more accurate assignments of resonance-enhanced excited-state Raman spectra, as well as extracting novel information about higher-lying excited states in the transient absorption spectrum of a molecule.
An algorithm for learning phonological classes from distributional similarity

Author(s): Mayer, Connor | Advisor(s): Hayes, Bruce | Abstract: An outstanding question in phonology is to what degree the learner uses distributional information rather than substantive properties of speech sounds when learning phonological structure. This paper presents an algorithm that learns phonological classes from only distributional information: the contexts in which sounds occur. The input is a segmental corpus, and the output is a set of phonological classes. The algorithm is first tested on an artificial language with both overlapping and nested classes reflected in the distribution. It retrieves the expected classes, and performs well as distributional noise is added. It is then tested on four natural languages. It distinguishes between consonants and vowels in all cases, and finds more detailed, language-specific structure. These results improve on past approaches, and are encouraging given the paucity of the input. Further refined models may provide additional insight into which phonological classes are apparent in the distributions of sounds in natural languages.
Evaluating alternative policies to reduce pesticide groundwater pollution in Dutch arable farming

This article develops a dynamic optimal control modelof farmers' production decisions and applies it to panel data from Dutch arable farms to assess the effectiveness of different policy interventi...
Solid State Compounds with Tin−Tin Bonding. Yb36Sn23: A Novel Compound Containing Oligomeric Tin Anions

Reaction of appropriate amounts of the elements in Ta at 1100 °C leads to formation of the title phase in high yield. Hydrogen impurities in small amounts do not obscure its formation. Yb36Sn23 crystallizes in tetragonal space group P4/mbm (No. 127) with a = 12.3869(5) A, c = 22.935(1) A, Z = 2. The structure features a linear tin hexamer, five dimers, and seven isolated tin atoms per formula unit. These proportions lead to a closed-shell oxidation state count for simple octet assignments (Yb+2)36(Sn6-14)(Sn2-6)5(Sn-4)7 and a Zintl phase classification. Dimensionally, all cations appear to be YbII. The hexamer of tin atoms has as its genesis the close contact of Sn atoms that center confacial square antiprismatic arrangements of Yb atoms (closely related to the parent W5Si3 structure). These interconnect with elongated square prisms in a 6:1 proportion to generate the n = six member of Parthe's homologous series A5n+6B3n+5. Electrical conductivity measurements as a function of temperature show that the co...
Deletion of LysM in LysMCre Recombinase Homozygous Mice is Non-contributory in LPS-Induced Acute Lung Injury

Lysozyme is an important component of the innate immune system and has roles in peptidoglycan cleavage of gram-positive organisms. Myeloid cells highly express the isoform, lysozyme M, and its promoter has been used to direct Cre recombinase expression to target deletion of floxed genes in myeloid cells. However, generation of the LysMCre mouse effectively disrupts the LysM gene, and mice homozygous for the Cre allele lack the LysM gene product. To test the contribution of LysM in sterile acute lung injury, we generated LysMCre mice homozygous for the Cre allele (+/+) or wild-type allele (-/-). These mice were challenged with LPS delivered via oropharygneal aspiration. Mice were monitored and weighed daily, and BAL cell counts, differential, protein, and cytokine levels were assessed at days 2 and 4. LysMCre+/+ and LysMCre-/- had similar weight loss and recovery, and similar inflammatory responses to LPS at days 2 and 4. These findings indicate that loss of LysM and expression of Cre recombinase are non-contributory in sterile acute lung injury.
How should diabetic dyslipidemia be treated

TO THE EDITOR : The case presented by Hsueh and colleagues[1][1] is interesting and illustrative. The options for fibric acid derivatives are equally listed as gemfibrozil and fenofibrate. It should be noted, however, that current multisociety guidelines recommend statin treatment for most patients
Interaction of APOE, cerebral blood flow, and cortical thickness in the entorhinal cortex predicts memory decline

The e4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene, a risk factor for cognitive decline, is associated with alterations in medial temporal lobe (MTL) structure and function, yet little research has been dedicated to understanding how these alterations might interact to negatively impact cognition. To bridge this gap, the present study employed linear regression models to determine the extent to which APOE genotype (e4+, e4-) modifies interactive effects of baseline arterial spin labeling MRI-measured cerebral blood flow (CBF) and FreeSurfer-derived cortical thickness/volume (CT/Vo) in two MTL regions of interest (entorhinal cortex, hippocampus) on memory change in 98 older adults who were cognitively normal at baseline. Baseline entorhinal CBF was positively associated with memory change, but only among e4 carriers with lower entorhinal CT. Similarly, baseline entorhinal CT was positively associated with memory change, but only among e4 carriers with lower entorhinal CBF. Findings suggest that APOE e4 carriers may experience concomitant alterations in neurovascular function and morphology in the MTL that interact to negatively affect cognition prior to the onset of overt clinical symptoms. Results also suggest the presence of distinct multimodal neural signatures in the entorhinal cortex that may signal relative risk for cognitive decline among this group, perhaps reflecting different stages of cerebrovascular compensation (early effective vs. later ineffective).
Automated text analysis for understanding radical activism: The topical agenda of the North American animal liberation movement:

It is difficult to study radical social movements due to their often covert, fluid, and fleeting qualities. As a consequence, data limitations and/or theoretical disagreements abound within researc...
Clinical Implementation of Dual-Energy CT for Gastrointestinal Imaging

Please see the Editorial Comment by Mohammed F. Mohammed discussing this article. Dual-energy CT (DECT) overcomes several limitations of conventional single-energy CT (SECT) for the evaluation of g...
Adaptive integration of self-motion and goals in posterior parietal cortex

Animals engage in a variety of navigational behaviors that require different regimes of behavioral control. In the wild, rats readily switch between foraging and more complex behaviors such as chase, wherein they pursue other rats or small prey. These tasks require vastly different tracking of multiple behaviorally-significant variables including self-motion state. It is unknown whether changes in navigational context flexibly modulate the encoding of these variables. To explore this possibility, we compared self-motion processing in the multisensory posterior parietal cortex while rats performed alternating blocks of free foraging and visual target pursuit. Animals performed the pursuit task and demonstrated predictive processing by anticipating target trajectories and intercepting them. Relative to free exploration, pursuit sessions yielded greater proportions of parietal cortex neurons with reliable sensitivity to self-motion. Multiplicative gain modulation was observed during pursuit which increased the dynamic range of tuning and led to enhanced decoding accuracy of self-motion state. We found that self-motion sensitivity in parietal cortex was history-dependent regardless of behavioral context but that the temporal window of self-motion tracking was extended during target pursuit. Finally, many self-motion sensitive neurons conjunctively tracked the position of the visual target relative to the animal in egocentric coordinates, thus providing a potential coding mechanism for the observed gain changes to self-motion signals. We conclude that posterior parietal cortex dynamically integrates behaviorally-relevant information in response to ongoing task demands.
VPS13D bridges the ER to Miro containing membranes

Abstract Mitochondria, which are excluded from the secretory pathway, depend on lipid transport proteins for their lipid supply from the ER, where most lipids are synthesized. In yeast, the outer mitochondrial membrane GTPase Gem1 is an accessory factor of ERMES, an ER-mitochondria tethering complex that contains lipid transport domains and that functions, partially redundantly with Vps13, in lipid transfer between the two organelles. In metazoa, where VPS13, but not ERMES, is present, the Gem1 orthologue Miro was linked to mitochondria dynamics but not to lipid transport. Here we show that Miro, including its peroxisome-enriched splice variant, recruits the lipid transport protein VPS13D, which in turn binds the ER in a VAP-dependent way and thus could provide a lipid conduit between the ER and mitochondria. These findings reveal a so far missing link between function(s) of Gem1/Miro in yeast and higher eukaryotes, where Miro is a Parkin substrate, with potential implications for Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis. Summary VPS13D mutations result in severe mitochondrial defects. Guillen-Samander et al, show that VPS13D binds VAP in the ER, and interacts with Miro on mitochondria and peroxisomes, so that it can provide a bridge for lipid transport between these organelles.
Holistic face recognition is an emergent phenomenon of spatial processing in face-selective regions

Spatial processing by receptive fields is a core property of the visual system. However, it is unknown how spatial processing in high-level regions contributes to recognition behavior. As face inversion is thought to disrupt typical holistic processing of information in faces, we mapped population receptive fields (pRFs) with upright and inverted faces in the human visual system. Here we show that in face-selective regions, but not primary visual cortex, pRFs and overall visual field coverage are smaller and shifted downward in response to face inversion. From these measurements, we successfully predict the relative behavioral detriment of face inversion at different positions in the visual field. This correspondence between neural measurements and behavior demonstrates how spatial processing in face-selective regions may enable holistic perception. These results not only show that spatial processing in high-level visual regions is dynamically used towards recognition, but also suggest a powerful approach for bridging neural computations by receptive fields to behavior.
Mitochondrial Fragmentation and Dysfunction in Type IIx/IIb Diaphragm Muscle Fibers in 24-Month Old Fischer 344 Rats.

Sarcopenia is characterized by muscle fiber atrophy and weakness, which may be associated with mitochondrial fragmentation and dysfunction. Mitochondrial remodeling and biogenesis in muscle fibers occurs in response to exercise and increased muscle activity. However, the adaptability mitochondria may decrease with age. The diaphragm muscle (DIAm) sustains breathing, via recruitment of fatigue-resistant type I and IIa fibers. More fatigable, type IIx/IIb DIAm fibers are infrequently recruited during airway protective and expulsive behaviors. DIAm sarcopenia is restricted to the atrophy of type IIx/IIb fibers, which impairs higher force airway protective and expulsive behaviors. The aerobic capacity to generate ATP within muscle fibers depends on the volume and intrinsic respiratory capacity of mitochondria. In the present study, mitochondria in type-identified DIAm fibers were labeled using MitoTracker Green and imaged in 3-D using confocal microscopy. Mitochondrial volume density was higher in type I and IIa DIAm fibers compared with type IIx/IIb fibers. Mitochondrial volume density did not change with age in type I and IIa fibers but was reduced in type IIx/IIb fibers in 24-month rats. Furthermore, mitochondria were more fragmented in type IIx/IIb compared with type I and IIa fibers, and worsened in 24-month rats. The maximum respiratory capacity of mitochondria in DIAm fibers was determined using a quantitative histochemical technique to measure the maximum velocity of the succinate dehydrogenase reaction (SDH max ). SDH max per fiber volume was higher in type I and IIa DIAm fibers and did not change with age. In contrast, SDH max per fiber volume decreased with age in type IIx/IIb DIAm fibers. There were two distinct clusters for SDH max per fiber volume and mitochondrial volume density, one comprising type I and IIa fibers and the second comprising type IIx/IIb fibers. The separation of these clusters increased with aging. There was also a clear relation between SDH max per mitochondrial volume and the extent of mitochondrial fragmentation. The results show that DIAm sarcopenia is restricted to type IIx/IIb DIAm fibers and related to reduced mitochondrial volume, mitochondrial fragmentation and reduced SDH max per fiber volume.
Envy-free division of sellable goods

We study the envy-free allocation of indivisible goods between two players. Our novel setting includes an option to sell each good for a fraction of the minimum value any player has for the good. To rigorously quantify the efficiency gain from selling, we reason about the price of envy-freeness of allocations of sellable goods--the ratio between the maximum social welfare and the social welfare of the best envy-free allocation. We show that envy-free allocations of sellable goods are significantly more efficient than their unsellable counterparts.
Raman gain enhanced FWM 160 Gb/s OTDM demultiplexer with highly-nonlinear-fiber

Error free demultiplexing of 160 Gbps data to 10 Gbps was demonstrated with less than 2 dB power penalty using Raman gain enhanced four-wave-mixing in highly-nonlinear-fiber. A 19 dB efficiency increase over FWM without Raman was achieved by using 400 mW of Raman pump power.
Religion, Toleration, and British Writing, 1790-1830

Acknowledgments Preface 1. Romanticism and the writing of toleration 2. 'Holy hypocrisy' and the rule of belief: Radcliffe's gothics 3. Coleridge's polemic divinity 4. Sect and secular economy in the Irish national tale 5. Wordsworth and 'the frame of social being' 6. 'Consecrated fancy': Byron and Keats 7. Conclusion: the inquisitorial stage Selected bibliography Index.
Design, construction and utilization of a new reduced-scale model for the study of hybrid (AC and DC) line corona

The design, construction and utilization of a reduced-scale model is described for the study of hybrid (AC and DC) high voltage transmission line corona. The importance of this research and its objectives are briefly introduced, followed by reduced-scale modeling principles. The test setup, voltage sources and instrumentation of the experimental model used for this design project are then described. Experimental results obtained by the new reduced-scale model are given. These results are compared with data from full-scale facility tests, former reduced-scale model tests and computer simulations. Finally, new production test-results are presented. >
EFFECT OF LIMING MATERIALS ON MEDIA pH AND OVERALL GROWTH AND NUTRITION OF DWARF NANDINA

ABSTRACT Ground dolomitic limestone (CaCO3/MgCO3) is used throughout the southeastern United States as a fertilizer amendment to soilless media. In addition to neutralizing media acidity, carbonate-based limestone also provides a source of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) for growth of many woody ornamental species, among these dwarf nandina. This study was conducted to compare the effects of CaO and CaO/MgO/CaCO3 blends to ground dolomitic limestone on the growth, marketable quality, and foliar nutrition of Nandina domestica ‘Nana Purpurea’ grown in soilless media. Materials were preplant incorporated based on the calcium carbonate equivalence (CCE, or acid-neutralizing equivalence) of ground dolomitic limestone (CCE=63) and plants were arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD). Growth indices (GI) were determined and plants harvested for tissue dry matter weights and foliar nutrient content. Plants amended with CaO, agricultural gypsum (CaSO4ċ2H2O), or pelletized dolomitic limestone, were of simil...
Synthesis of Bottlebrush Polymers via Transfer-To and Grafting-Through Approaches Using a RAFT Chain Transfer Agent with a ROMP-Active Z-Group

A novel dithiocarbamate chain transfer agent (CTA1) with a directly polymerizable Z-group was synthesized for use in reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT). This CTA effectively mediated RAFT polymerization of styrenic and acrylic monomers with dispersities (Đ) 90%). Bottlebrush polymers made by a transfer-to strategy were also synthesized from CTA1. In this case, ROMP was first carried out to produce poly(CTA1) (PCTA1), then RAFT was performed from the PCTA1 backbone. This technique allows for the preparation of high molecular weight bottlebrush polymers without radical coupling between bottlebrush polymers. Lastly, regardless of the synthetic method, all bottlebrush polymers produced using CTA1 are composed of polymeric side chains that are attached to the bottlebrush backbone through a labile dithiocarbamate linkage that can be cleaved in the presence of nucleophiles such as amines. The unique combination of these capabilities allows for the study of bottlebrush polymer formation by both transfer-to and grafting-through strategies using a single agent.
Serum total homocysteine increases with the rapid proliferation rate of tumor cells and decline upon cell death: a potential new tumor marker.

Background: We were interested to know why cancer patients are frequently associated with elevated circulating total homocysteine (tHcy) even though they are not treated with anti-folate drugs. Methods: We employed tissue cultures to compare both the homocysteine (Hcy)-released and production of tumor markers between tumor and normal cell lines. Results: We detected much higher concentrations of homocysteine (Hcy) released by the tumor cells. However, much less difference was found between normal and tumor cell lines when Hcy concentration was expressed per the same number of cells. During the cell culture, the increase of Hcy and the increase of tumor marker concentration paralleled each other for the first 7 days. After the seventh day of the culture when cells started dying, tumor markers continued to rise, whereas levels of Hcy and cell numbers leveled off. We found that the serum concentration of Hcy fluctuated in circulation coinciding with that of tumor marker in individual cancer patients unless taking anti-neoplastic drug. Conclusions: The elevation of tHcy concentration may be caused by the rapid tumor cell proliferation and reflect only the number of live cells. Serum Hcy may be a potentially useful tumor marker to monitor tumor activity.
Memoryless H ∞ Controllers for Discrete-Time Systems with Time Delay

This paper considers the problem of H"~ stabilization of discrete-time systems with state delays and exogenous bounded-energy l"2 disturbances. Specifically, an H"~ state feedback control design problem for discrete-time systems with time delay is addressed. The principal result involves sufficient conditions in terms of a modified Riccati equation for characterizing state feedback controllers that enforce a bound on H"~ performance and guarantee closed-loop stability in the face of system state delay.
Transport of Proteins and RNAs in and out of the Nucleus

We are most grateful to Dr. Ueli Aebi and Dr. Brian Burke for the drawing of the NPC on which Figure 2Figure 2 is based, and to an anonymous reviewer who provided suggestions for condensing and improving the manuscript. We hope colleagues will accept our sincere apologies for omitting, due to space limitations, many citations of very important contributions to the field. Work on nuclear transport in this laboratory was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health and the Human Frontier Science Program Organization. Gideon Dreyfuss is an Investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
Gold nanoparticles and radiofrequency in experimental models for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most lethal and chemo-refractory cancers, clearly, alternative treatment strategies are needed. We utilized 10nm gold nanoparticles as a scaffold to synthesize nanoconjugates bearing a targeting antibody (cetuximab, C225) and gemcitabine. Loading efficiency of gemcitabine on the gold nanoconjugates was 30%. Targeted gold nanoconjugates in combination with RF were selectively cytotoxic to EGFR expressing Hep3B and SNU449 cells when compared to isotype particles with/without RF ( P P From the Clinical Editor In a model of hepatocellular carcinoma, the authors demonstrate that non-invasive RF-induced hyperthermia applied with cetuximab targeted delivery of Au NP-gemcitabine conjugate is more effective and safe at dosages ~ 275-fold lower than the current clinically-used systemic dose of gemcitabine.
Notes on Oregon Orthoptera with descriptions of new species and races.

While associated with the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station, from 1919 to 1924, the writer collected and studied the Orthoptera of the state as opportunity permitted while carrying on the regular economic work. The more important results of these studies are brought together in this paper, which is not intended as a complete list of the Orthoptera of Oregon. The part on distribution and ecological relations is placed last so that reference to new species and races will not precede their description.
Modeling the impact of the 1992 El Niño on new production in Monterey Bay, California

Abstract New primary production is estimated using a physiologically driven model of phytoplankton utilization of nitrate for the Monterey Bay, California region. Primary inputs for the model come from temperature and phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll) from 3 moorings, allowing daily estimation of surface new production. The model successfully reproduces the seasonal pattern of nitrate utilization determined from shipboard experiments using traditional stable-isotope techniques, with a spring peak corresponding to upwelling favorable conditions, a more oceanic fall period, and low values during winter. Comparison of the climatological model output to discrete bottle measurements from 1989–1995 provided an r 2 value of 0.74 for surface waters. This correlation decreased to 0.52 when bottle depths from the 50% light level were included, suggesting that the model does not perform well in subsurface waters due to the lack of an irradiance-response in the modeled N uptake. We use the model to explore the effects of the 1992 El Nino event. There was a small decrease in primary production during the 1992 even with no discernible change in vertical export of organic material ( Chavez, 1996 ; Pilskaln et al., 1996 ). In contrast, this model demonstrates a substantial decrease in new production (about four fold) during 1992, while during this same period, new production was greatly reduced (more than four-fold) farther from shore and presumably downstream during the spring upwelling season. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that moderate upwelling during 1992 provided sufficient nutrients near the coast to maintain “normal” levels of primary productivity, but that productivity downstream and offshore from the upwelling centers was impacted due to the suppression of the themocline and nitracline associated with the ENSO event.
Binding of Na+, Mg+, and Al+ to the π Faces of Naphthalene and Indole: Ab Initio Mapping Study

Binding energy maps have been calculated for the binding of Na+, Mg+, and Al+ to the entire π-facial region of indole and to the parts of the naphthalene face near the long central axis. Binding sites exist for all three cations over the phenyl ring and over the pyrrole ring of indole, although for Na+ the pyrrole site almost disappears. The phenyl binding site of indole is in all cases about 4 kcal mol-1 more stable than the pyrrole site and about 6 kcal mol-1 more stable than the similar site in naphthalene. The Hartree−Fock calculations suggested an additional stable binding site for the open-shell Mg+ ion over the nitrogen atom of indole, but this site was not reproduced by density-functional calculations and may well be a computational artifact. A differential electrostatic picture is considered in which the π face of indole is equivalent, in its cation interactions, to the π face of naphthalene, with the addition of a differential electrostatic field equal to the difference in the electrostatic fiel...
Cough‐Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the cardiac catheterization laboratory: Hemodynamics during an episode of prolonged hypotensive ventricular tachycardia

Cough-CPR, a deep rhythmic forceful cough repeated 30–60 times per minute, can be an effective resuscitative technique during emergencies occurring in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. We provide documented evidence on the potential of cough-CPR to maintain adequate systemic arterial blood pressure and consciousness during malignant ventricular arrhythmias, including the longest cough-CPR episode (75–90 sec), with continuous hemodynamics recorded. Results in three patients disclose that (1) mean arterial pressure during cough-CPR was 47–66% of nonarrhythmic baseline at a cough rate of 38–46% of normal sinus rhythm heart rate; (2) mean arterial pressure during hypotensive ventricular tachycardia was 17–60 mm Hg higher with than without cough-CPR; (3) at comparable diastolic pressures (33 vs. 31 mm Hg), systolic arterial pressure during cough-CPR was 40 mm Hg higher than basic CPR; and (4) consciousness can be maintained with cough-CPR during prolonged malignant ventricular arrhythmias. Thus cough-CPR can be a valuable adjunct in maintaining patient stability while definitive therapy for the malignant ventricular arrhythmia is administered.
THE STATE OF NUCLEAR ARCHAEOLOGY IN NORTH AMERICA

We address three main topics in this paper. First, we briefly review the history of neutron activation analysis (NAA) as an archaeological tool in the United States and Canada. Second, we assess the current potential for undertaking NAA in North America. Third, we comment on methodological and technical issues in archaeometric NAA that are raised by other papers included in this special section.
Estimating windblown PM-10 emissions from vacant urban land using GIS

Abstract This paper presents a Geographic Information Systems (GIS)-based methodology to estimate annual area-wide airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 μm (PM-10) emissions, and identify zones with high emissions in order to efficiently implement mitigation strategies. Application of the methodology is demonstrated using the land disposal boundary within Clark County, NV as the study area, which is currently classified as a non-attainment area by United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). The estimated PM-10 emissions depend on the extent of disturbed vacant land area, undisturbed vacant land area, emission factors by soil group, and wind speeds. Portable wind tunnel field test data were used to estimate emission factors at 78 sites in the study area. Portable wind tunnel results were categorized by the wind speed range and the corresponding site soil group in order to estimate emission factors by soil group and the wind speed range. Wind speed data were obtained from the Clark County Health District's air quality monitoring stations. The proximal area over which the wind speeds are same is obtained by constructing “Thiessen” polygons around each wind speed monitoring station. PM-10 emissions were estimated as a function of the extent of disturbed vacant lands, the measured or estimated erodibility of the soil surfaces, and the intensity, duration and frequency of erosive wind events.
Electro-oxidation of BH4− in dimethylsulfoxide and dimethylformamide studied by rotating disk electrode voltammetry

Abstract Borohydride (BH 4 − ) is a promising new fuel for fuel cells, yet its practical implementation has been hindered by a deleterious hydrolysis reaction to form H 2 in aqueous solvents, especially at the high BH 4 − concentrations necessary for high-power fuel cells. We investigated a wide array of nonaqueous solvents for their ability to hold BH 4 − at higher concentrations and allow effective electro-oxidation at Pt and Au, two well-studied BH 4 − anode materials. Only dimethylsulfoxide and dimethylformamide were found to be suitable, and precluded BH 4 − decomposition to H 2 in bulk solution (hydrolytic or otherwise). BH 4 − decomposition at electrode surfaces was still observed, however. Current densities in these solvents were about an order of magnitude below those observed in aqueous solution, and onset potentials were 0.7 V less favorable. MeOH addition, to stabilize oxidized states of boron, did not increase current.
Health Literacy Tools for the Veteran Population

Various health literacy and information tracking systems have been designed by the government to assist the Veteran population in taking charge of their own health and health education. My HealtheVet is one such platform that was launched in 2008 as a method of tracking the physical and mental conditions of each veteran by both the primary care team and the veteran. This system allows the veteran to view results of any medical testing or procedures, input health goals, and view charts indicating progress of health goals. My HealtheVet also synthesizes all health data that are placed in each veteran's health care chart to provide veterans with clear, concise information about current and future status of their health.
Role of point defects on conductivity, magnetism and optical properties in In2O3

Abstract In order to assess the effects of point defects including transition metal doping on its electronic structure, the self-consistent band structure of the transparent oxide In2O3 (in the Ia3 structure) has been calculated with oxygen vacancies, oxygen and indium interstitial atoms and several transition metal dopants using density functional theory based first principles calculations. An oxygen vacancy alone does not act as a strong native donor but when combined with interstitial indium and (substitutional) transition metal doping, shallow donor levels close to the conduction band are formed. Spin polarized calculations show measurable magnetism in some of the transition metal doped systems while the dielectric functions indicate whether such systems remain transparent among other things.
8-(6-Aminohexyl)-amino-adenine nucleotide derivatives for affinity chromatography.

Abstract 8-(6-Aminohexyl)-amino-AMP and 8-(6-aminohexyl)-amino-NAD(H) are synthesized from AMP and NAD + , respectively, in a two-step procedure via the 8-Br-adenine nucleotides. The AMP derivatives and the NAD + derivatives possess some biological activity as substrates in the adenylate kinase and as coenzymes in the alcohol and lactate dehydrogenase systems, respectively. The synthesized derivatives may be coupled to Sepharose by cyanogen bromide activation. The covalently attached ligands show strong affinities for various dehydrogenases. Examples of the selective purification of several dehydrogenases using the new affinity columns are presented.
Differential-Difference Equations

Publisher Summary A systematic development of the theory of differential–difference equations was not begun until E. Schimdt published an important paper about fifty years ago. The subsequent gradual growth of the field has been replaced, in the last decade or so, by a rapid expansion due to the stimulus of various applications. This chapter introduces the study of differential–difference equations and discusses some of the main features of the theory. The role of differential–difference equations is vital in some areas, such as engineering problem and fluid mechanics. In engineering problem, the problem of controlling the temperature in a reaction tank is addressed using differential difference equations. The temperature variation is reported because of random disturbances, inherent effects due to u being non-zero, and the operation of the control device. The chapter discusses the asymptotic behavior of solutions and the problem of stability.
An integrable model for stable: unstable wave coupling phenomena

Abstract We report instability structures and nonlinear phenomena that arise when unstable and stable nonlinear wave fields are coupled nonlinearly. This interaction is modelled with an integrable system of cubic nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) equations and plane wave data. The linearized analysis is straightforward, and robust to non-integrable perturbations. The coupled nonlinear Schrodinger (CNLS) model is chosen for several purposes: to contrast previous results on wave coupling phenomena for two stable or two unstable NLS fields; to exploit the rare tools of integrability to explicitly construct and visualize nonlinear homoclinic manifolds associated with these instabilities; and to work out results for two coupled scalar fields as a model for potential applications of these observations to wave-division multiplexing of optical pulse propagation. From earlier work of Forest, McLaughlin, Muraki and Wright (2000), a nonlinear coupling instability arises between two stable or two unstable scalar NLS fields, localized in wavenumbers which scale proportional to the background wave. Here we show the coupling of a stable and an unstable NLS field creates instability structures at wavelengths inversely proportional to the background. Two dramatic phenomena result for sufficiently longwave background data: • a combined energy transfer and pulse compression mechanism : a focusing plane wave, coupled to a weaker defocusing field, transfers energy at an exponential rate into the defocusing field at short wavelengths; • a mechanism for stabilization of the modulational instability of focusing NLS fields : longwave instabilities of a focusing plane wave can be stabilized by coupling to a stronger defocusing plane wave.
A two-step approach to estimating state-to-state commodity trade flows

A major problem in developing interregional–interindustry models, including multiregional input–output (MRIO) models, is how to combine seemingly incompatible databases. This research aims to estimate state-to-state commodity trade flow tables by major industrial sectors for the US useful for creating an MRIO-type model, the National Interstate Economic Model (NIEMO). The model is based on IMPLAN and related data for 2001. Constructing NIEMO was challenging because of the limited availability of commodity freight shipment data between the states. This helps to explain why a Chenery-Moses-type model such as NIEMO has not been developed in recent years. Two basic sets are necessary to construct NIEMO. Interregional trade tables to estimate trade coefficients by states and industry had been available from the US Commodity Transportation Survey Data since 1977, but reporting was discontinued for some years. For the years since 1993, this data deficit can be met to some extent with the recent Commodity Flow Survey (CFS) data from the Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS). Available since 1993, the CFS data are widely used, but they have several inherent problems. Recent attempts to estimate interregional trade flows using data from the 1997 CFS, based on IMPLAN data made this clear to us. This study suggests a new approach to estimate the trade tables between all 50 states plus D.C. and the rest of the world. These tables are assembled via a two-step method, to adjust for incomplete reported trade flows, and to update the adjusted trade flows by estimating values via a Fratar Model based on the 1997 CFS data. Reconciliation of the IMPLAN and CFS databases presents various problems that are addressed in this paper.
The influence of sex-role orientation on ratings of perceived exertion

Previous research has shown that feminine-typed women have an aversion to strenuous physical activity and when engaging in cross-sex behavior may experience psychological distress. Given the growing interest in aerobic exercise, the present study was designed to test whether sex-role orientation mediated the report of physical exertion. Subjects were 33 college-aged women selected from three categories: masculine, feminine, and androgynous. Procedures required that each subject complete two one-hour testing sessions. The first session was employed to collect anthropometric data and to evaluate maximum aerobic capacity, while the second session consisted of subjects completing a preperformance affect scale and subsequently running for 30 minutes at a preestablished work intensity. Results revealed that those who were feminine-typed gave significantly higher exertional ratings than either the masculine or androgynous women. The fact that the feminine group was less positive about the task suggests that the observed perceptual differences may have been due to affective schemata which have been hypothesized to mediate the perception of pain.
Population growth in some Mesostoma species (Turbellaria) predatory on mosquitoes

SUMMARY 1. Turbellarian predators of the genus Mesostoma prey on the aquatic stages of mosquitoes. In order to evaluate their potential as control agents, a comparison of population parameters has been made on three species from Australia, Africa and Papua New Guinea: M. appinum, M. zariae and M. timbunke. 2. The life cycle of these species is relatively short at higher temperature ranges (22–30°C) and varies from 12 to 35 days, depending on the temperature. M. appinum does not increase in numbers at 30°C, white M. timbunke is unable to reach sexual maturity at 15°C. M. appinum, but not M. zariae, multiplies slowly at 15°C, although both species survive at this temperature. The fastest population growth was obtained for M. appinum at 22°C, and for M. zariae and M. timbunke at 30°C. The doubling time for the population is about 6–7 days in the multivoltine species, M. appinum and M. zariae, and about 18.5 days in univoltine M. timbunke. 3. A significant part of the growing population is composed of immature individuals, which corresponds to the high values of the reproductive parameters Ro and rm. In M. appinum and M. zariae, individuals rarely produce dormant resting eggs except under deteriorating conditions. M. timbunke produces only dormant eggs, and in this respect resembles arctic and subarctic species. A convergence of the reproductive modes between this equatorial species and the high latitude species might be interpreted as adaptation to harsh environments. 4. The overall population growth of all Mesostoma spp. is several times faster than in Dugesia dorotocephala and D. trigrina, other flatworms studied as potential biological control agents of mosquitoes
The Astronomy of the Atom

The world is just entering upon a period of development of atomic mechanics, or of the astronomy of the atom, which has many points in common with the period of development of celestial mechanics which occupied the two or two and a half centuries following Galileo. Celestial mechanics was made possible through the invention of the telescope. The spectroscope bears precisely an analogous position with respect to atomic mechanics. The telescope made it possible to determine the exact orbits of heavenly bodies and to check by precise observation of such phenomena as the time of eclipses the theoretical results which are consequences of the Newtonian laws. Similarly, to-day the spectroscope has furnished the physicists with means for the quantitative testing of the recently developed laws of atomic mechanics, and it is to-day furnishing as exacting proof of the orbital theory of electronic motions as the telescope furnished a century earlier for the orbital theory of the motions of heavenly bodies.
Biotin reagents for antibody pretargeting. 2. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of biotin dimers and trimers for cross-linking of streptavidin.

Polymerization and/or cross-linking of recombinant streptavidin (r-SAv) with biotin derivatives containing two biotin moieties (biotin dimers) or three biotin moieties (biotin trimers) has been investigated as a model for reagents to be used to increase the amount of radioactivity on cancer cells in tumor pretargeting protocols. In the investigation, six biotin dimers and three biotin trimers were synthesized. Most biotin derivatives synthesized had ether containing linker molecules incorporated to improve their aqueous solubility. The synthesized biotin dimers contained linker moieties which provided distances (when fully extended) of 13-49 A between biotin carboxylate carbon atoms, and the biotin trimers contained linker moieties which provided distances of 31-53 A between any two biotin carboxylate atoms. All of the biotin derivatives were evaluated for their ability to polymerize r-SAv in solution. When the biotin derivatives were mixed with r-SAv, none of the biotin dimers caused polymerization, but all of the biotin trimers resulted in complete polymerization. Some of the biotin dimers did cross-link r-SAv (to form r-SAv dimers, trimers, etc.), but the percentage of cross-linking was low ( or = 23 A. Cross-linking of streptavidin bound in polystyrene wells with biotin dimers and trimers was also examined. In those experiments, an excess of each biotin derivative was incubated at 37 degrees C for 10-30 min in polystyrene wells containing bound SAv. After the excess biotin derivative was rinsed from the wells, an excess of r-[125I]SAv was incubated for another 10-30 min. The amount of r-[125I]SAv bound after rinsing the excess from the wells was an indicator of the extent of cross-linking that occurred. The process of alternating additions of reagents was repeated four times to demonstrate that bound radioactivity could be increased with each addition of [125I]SAv. The results of cross-linking r-SAv in polystyrene wells paralleled results from cross-linking in solution.
The role of power in shaming interactions: how social control is performed in a juvenile court

Shaming is a mechanism theorists have highlighted as an important means of social control. However, this concept and the ways in which officials use shame in the context of formal social control is not easily studied. Interviews with a Southern California juvenile court judge and observations of his interactions with youths on probation are used to illustrate the reflexive nature of social control interactions. This ethnographic study illustrates how the emotion of shame is used to manage delinquent and defiant young people in a justice setting. A nuanced analysis of the various strategies used by this juvenile court judge to evoke signs of remorse, accountability, and deference from young offenders is provided. Such an investigation informs theoretical perspectives on how social control is employed, highlights the important role of power in the interactions, and provides a better understanding of theoretical concepts, such as reintegration and stigmatization.
Data fusion using artificial neural networks: a case study on multitemporal change analysis

Abstract In this paper, we present a formulation framework for data fusion in land cover characterization and a case study on multitemporal change analysis using artificial neural networks. Neural networks have the coherent advantage of overcoming the difficulties in merging data from multiple sources since they are distribution-free and it is not required to model the data. Based on a review on remotely sensed data fusion, the neural network-based approach to multitemporal change analysis and its implementation are then explored, which includes network training issues and algorithms, such as the backpropagation algorithm, selection of network architecture including number of hidden layers and number of nodes in each layer, and parameter determination. Experimental results using multitemporal Thematic Mapper (TM) data are provided. Several factors contribute to the selection of an appropriate fusion technique and the neural network-based approach is found to be one of the promising methods. ©
Multilevel Latent Class Analysis: Parametric and Nonparametric Models

Latent class analysis is an analytic technique often used in educational and psychological research to identify meaningful groups of individuals within a larger heterogeneous population based on a set of variables. This technique is flexible, encompassing not only a static set of variables but also longitudinal data in the form of growth mixture modeling, as well as the application to complex multilevel sampling designs. The goal of this study was to investigate—through a Monte Carlo simulation study—the performance of several methods for parameterizing multilevel latent class analysis. Of particular interest was the comparison of several such models to adequately fit Level 1 (individual) data, given a correct specification of the number of latent classes at both levels (Level 1 and Level 2). Results include the parameter estimation accuracy as well as the quality of classification at Level 1.