cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A requirement for cell elongation protein RodZ and cell division proteins FtsN and DedD to maintain the small rod morphology of Escherichia coli at growth temperatures near 8°C

As similarly observed in nutrient-poor media at 37°C, Escherichia coli forms small rods in nutrient-rich media at temperatures near 8°C, the minimum temperature of growth. A study was initiated to identify proteins required to facilitate the small rod morphology at low temperature. E. coli contains three nonessential SPOR domain proteins (DamX, RlpA, and DedD) that have been demonstrated to bind to the septal ring. In contrast to the normal growth and small rod morphology of damX and rlpA null mutants at 10°C, the dedD null mutant exhibited reduced growth and formed filamentous cells. The presence of plasmid-encoded DedD restored growth and small rods. Plasmid-encoded FtsN, an essential SPOR domain protein that functions to stabilize the septal ring and to initiate septation, in the dedD null mutant resulted in increased growth and the formation of shorter chained cells. However, plasmid-encoded DedD failed to restore growth and cell division of cells lacking FtsN at 10°C. In contrast to cell division protein DedD, RodZ is a cell elongation protein particularly required for growth at 30°C. However, the rodZ null mutant grew similarly as the wild type strain and produced cocci in LB broth at 10°C. Moreover at 10°C, the concerted deletion of dedD and rodZ resulted in severe inhibition of growth accompanied with the formation of swollen prolate ellipsoids due to a block in septal ring assembly and cell elongation. The data indicate the cellular requirement of both FtsN and DedD for septation as well as RodZ for cell elongation to maintain the small rod morphology at temperatures near 8°C. In comparison to the growth and small rods of the wild type in M9-glucose minimal media at 37°C, the dedD null mutant grew at the same rate and produced elongated cells while the rodZ null mutant grew at a slightly slower rate and produced cocci. The data indicate that DedD and RodZ are also required to maintain the small rod morphology in nutrient-poor media, but there is a higher cellular requirement of DedD for growth and cell division in nutrient-rich media at low temperature.
Purification of Chloromethane by Selective Adsorption of Dimethyl Ether on Microporous Coordination Polymers

The use of microporous coordination polymers with coordinatively unsaturated metal centers in the removal of dimethyl ether from chloromethane via flow was explored as an alternative to current industrial methods. Three different materials examined, Co/DOBDC, MIL-100(Fe), and HKUST-1, were able to efficiently purify chloromethane through selective adsorption of dimethyl ether. The recyclability of Co/DOBDC after separation was also examined, and little loss of capacity for dimethyl ether over the course of multiple regeneration cycles was observed.
A Case of ALK+ Anaplastic Large T Cell Lymphoma (ALCL) with Lymphomatous Meningitis

Abstract 5226 Background: Anaplastic large T cell lymphoma may present with indolent cutaneous T cell infiltration, progressing to more aggressive skin disease and systemic involvement. In adults lymphomatous meningitis is very rare complication. Case Report: A 62 year old Jamaican woman had been diagnosed with biopsy proven psoriasis when 42 years of age. Ustekinumab had been initiated without effect two months prior to her presentation to us. A new cutaneous nodule on her left neck was then found, shave biopsy of which revealed psoriasiform dermatitis with epidermotropism, suspicious for early patch stage mycosis fungoides. The lesion was CD30+, suggestive of ALCL and was positive for ALK. Positron emission tomography revealed an SUV of 6.0 in the neck mass, but lymph nodes in all regions had an SUV of <2.3. Axillary lymph node biopsy, bone marrow biopsy and flow cytometry were negative. Local electron beam radiation was administered to the left supraclavicular space with complete resolution of the cutaneous nodule. About 2 months following completion of radiation therapy she noted anorexia, 30 lb weight loss, night sweats and left hip pain. Physical examination revealed a sick woman, with whole body scaling red-brown macules and plaques. CBC was normal except for Hb of 10 g/dl, platelets 453,000/dl. Hepatic and renal function studies were normal. ESR was 84 mm/hr, lactic dehydrogenase 670 IU (reference range 300–600 IU) and calcium 15.1 mg/dl. HTLV1, HIV, hepatitis panel and anti-nuclear antibody serologies were negative. Computer automated tomography of the pelvis demonstrated 6×2×8 cm soft tissue mass on the sacrum invading left sacro-iliac joint and ilium. Biopsy revealed ALCL, positive for CD43, CD2dim, CD7dim, CD30, and nuclear and cytoplasmic ALK1, while negative for CD43, 3, 4, 5, 8, 19,20, 34, 138, PAX5, AE1/AE3, Cam5, S100 and TdT. The mass was irradiated with alleviation of pain, but cutaneous nodules progressively appeared and continuous fever developed with negative blood cultures. There was increasing confusion, blurred vision and bilateral abducens paralysis. Magnetic resonance imaging of the head and spine revealed dural enhancement and multiple extra- and intercranial interosseous masses, one of which involved the posterior sella turcica. Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone were initiated; lumbar puncture was refused. Within 2 days after treatment initiation the cutaneous nodules disappeared, fever subsided, the left abducens palsy resolved completely while the right improved. Conclusion: Our patient's long standing indolent skin disease abruptly progressed to cutaneous and systemic ALCL, with evidence of lymphomatous meningitis. The response of her abducens palsies and other CNS findings to systemic chemotherapy alone suggests that her meningeal involvement may have arisen from that of adjacent bones. Involvement of CNS in ALK positive systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma is rare and reported in mainly pediatric cases. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Finding the Connection: Research Data Management and the Office of Research

EDITOR'S SUMMARY Academic and research librarians can enhance the services they provide to researchers by collaborating with university offices of research. The requirement that projects have data management plans to qualify for federal funding has stimulated alignment, partnering and pooling of resources between service providers. The author's experiences in data librarian positions illustrate various routes and results of interaction, from demonstrating the value of reusing data for different purposes to promoting data ethics and best practices in data management. Librarians should seek out opportunities to collaborate with their campus research offices, understand commonalities in service to researchers and focus on data management as a complement to research professionals' work.
Thermal and electrical resistivities of rhenium from 2°K to 20°K

Abstract Measurements of the thermal and electrical resistivities of highly pure monocrystals of rhenium have been made at temperatures between 2°K and 20°K. The ideal resistivities can be described by ρi ∞ Tm (in the electrical case) and by ωi ∞ Tn (in the thermal case) only if m and n are allowed to vary with temperature. The values of m and n fall smoothly from 5.1 and 3.3 at 20°K and become 2 and 1, respectively, at the lowest temperatures. The anisotropy at all temperatures is found to be approximately ρi⊥/ρi∥ ~ 1.3 and ωi⊥/ωi∥ ~ l.1, where the parallel orientation is along the c axis of the hexagonal-close-packed lattice of rhenium. Below about 11°K the ideal resistivities obey a Wiedemann-Franz law with a Lorenz number of roughly 0.5 × 10− 8V2/deg2.
Interest in multipurpose prevention technologies to prevent HIV/STIs and unintended pregnancy among young women in the United States

Abstract Objective High rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unintended pregnancy suggest a role for multipurpose prevention technologies (MPTs) designed to combine contraception and infection prophylaxis into one unified method. This study aims to determine factors associated with interest in MPTs among US women. Study Design We administered a national cross-sectional survey via MTurk. Eligibility criteria included female gender, age 18–29 years, residence in the USA, and sexual activity with a male partner in the past three months. In total, 835 surveys were suitable for analysis. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regressions were performed to determine factors associated with interest in MPTs. Results Eighty-three percent of women were interested in MPTs. Factors associated with interest included oral sex in the past three months (aOR 1.87, 95% CI 1.07, 3.53), recent use of oral contraceptive pills (OCPs; aOR 1.78, 95% CI 1.08, 2.93), HIV test within one year (aOR 2.10, 95% CI 1.29, 3.40), and increased STI worry score (aOR 1.98, 95% CI 1.36, 2.86). No use of contraception in the past three months was associated with decreased interest in MPTs (aOR 0.31, 95% CI 0.17, 0.58). HIV risk factors including race were not associated with MPT interest. Conclusion Our data show that young, sexually active, US women are interested in MPTs. Women who used contraception, specifically OCPs, or evidenced concern for infection were most likely to be interested in such a product. Women reporting unsafe sexual habits were less likely to be interested, highlighting the importance of HIV/STI prevention education. Implications Women in the USA are interested in multipurpose prevention technologies, particularly those women who currently use contraception or are concerned about their risk of infection. Our results emphasize the importance of moving forward with MPT development as well as continued HIV/STI prevention education.
FILM AND THE AMERICAN PRESIDENCY Ed. Jeff Menne and Christian B. Long. Routledge, 2015. 280 pp. $145 cloth.

Jeff Menne and Christian B. Long's new collection, Film and the American Presidency, argues that cinematic representations of presidents—both actual and imaginary—have not only influenced how real ...
13 - Financial Markets, Regulation and Supervision: The Major Issues

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the major issues of financial markets, regulations, and supervisions. The regulation and supervision of financial markets raise a number of important issues for policy makers, practitioners and also members of the economics profession. The new issues deal with the impact of reduction and elimination of barriers to capital mobility, as along with the impact of this new freedom on the actual and optimal architecture of the regulatory framework. There is, at present, no established, accepted, and comprehensive body of theory giving guidance to what is the optimal structure of regulation during different stages of economic and financial evolution.
Fatigue among patients with renal cell carcinoma receiving adjuvant sunitinib or sorafenib: patient-reported outcomes of ECOG-ACRIN E2805 trial.

E2805 was a phase III trial to test whether adjuvant sunitinib or sorafenib could improve disease-free survival compared to placebo in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Patient-reported outcomes (PRO), focusing on fatigue, were evaluated as a secondary endpoint. A total of 463 patients participated in the PRO study. Fatigue was measured by the FACIT Fatigue scale and PROMIS Fatigue SF1 measure at baseline, week 10, and week 22. The primary endpoint was change in fatigue score from baseline to week 22, measured by the FACIT Fatigue scale. Secondarily, the psychometric properties of PROMIS Fatigue SF1 were assessed in relation to the FACIT Fatigue scale. Fatigue got significantly worse on all arms after 2 cycles of treatment, and especially so in patients on sunitinib (− 9.6 vs. − 5.6 on sorafenib vs. − 4.7 on placebo). Fatigue remained stable during week 10 and week 22. Overall, the mean score change between baseline and week 22 was − 7.9 (p < 0.001) on sunitinib, − 6.4 (p < 0.001) on sorafenib and − 5.6 (p < 0.001) on placebo arm. The difference in score change was not statistically significant between the two experimental arms and the placebo arm (difference = − 2.34 [p = 0.110] and − 0.87 [p = 0.535] for sunitinib vs. placebo and sorafenib vs. placebo). PROMIS Fatigue SF1 had good internal consistency reliability and construct and criterion validity, and was highly correlated with the FACIT Fatigue scale score. Fatigue got worse during study period, especially in patients on sunitinib. The PROMIS Fatigue SF1 was highly correlated with FACIT Fatigue and produced similar results.
Developmental Molecular Psychopharmacology in Early-Onset Psychiatric Disorders: From Models to Mechanisms

Detailed information about the temporal sequence and requisite biologic mechanisms of normal development permits the empirical study of developmental hypotheses of early-onset psychiatric disorders. This article briefly reviews the conceptual issues that must be considered in any hypothetical formulation of a psychiatric disorder as a disturbance in brain development and focuses in particular upon the ontogeny of dopaminergic neuronal systems. Biologic and molecular mechanisms that may be relevant to developmental models of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, self-injurious and self-mutilative behavior in the developmentally delayed, and schizophrenia are reviewed in detail. In this context, new directions for the study of these disorders using basic science techniques are examined to illustrate how a mechanistic understanding of development and its disturbances can provide insight into the early-onset disorders and the necessary tools to prevent or treat these disorders.
A comparison of the flow of iodine 125 through three different intestinal anastomoses: standard, Gambee, and stapler

Angiogenesis determines blood supply, and it is postulated that after surgery, the healing of a wound is directly related to the blood supplied to the surrounding tissues. As a first step in evaluating the process of flow through different surgical anastomoses, the flow rate of /sup 125/I through three different types of anastomoses in the intestines of dogs was determined. When the results were compared, the flow rate through the stapler anastomosis was significantly higher than the flow rate through the standard and Gambee anastomoses.
Development and characterization of an automatic technique for the alignment of fMRI time series.

An automatic technique for the registration of fMRI time series has been developed, implemented and tested. The method assumes the human brain to be a rigid body and computes a head coordinate system on the basis of three reference points that lies on the directions corresponding to two of the principal axes of the volume at the intersections with the head boundary. Such directions are found computing the eigenvectors of the symmetric inertia matrix of the image. The inertia components were extracted weighting pixels' coordinates with their intensity values. The three reference points were found in the same position, relative to the head, in both the test and the reference images. The technique has been tested using T2*-weighted Magnetic Resonance (MR) images in which known rigid body transformations have been applied. The results obtained indicate that the method offers subvoxel accuracy in correcting misalignment among time points in fMRI time series
The Coming Crisis in Student Aid: Report of the 1978 Aspen Institute Conference on Student Aid Policy.

The Aspen Institute Program for Education in a Changing Society reviews and considers major issues of public policy concerniJig the movement of citizens into and through formal and informal educational programs. At the postsecondary level, one set of these issues is the provision of public support to those who would be unable to participate without student aid. Recognizing the opportunity provided by the need to pas's new legislation in 1979 or 1980, reauthorizing the Federal student aid programs, the Aspen Institutereceived the support of the Ford Foundation for an invitational conference to identify the policy questions that must be addressed. This report describes the outcomes of that conference. The Conference on Student Aid Policycoritinues the role of both the Institute and its education program to provide a neutral ground on which representatives of different interests and backgrounds can discuss problems of mutual concern. In the past, the education program has produced reports intended to serve as the basis for policy discussions and program developments by state and local governments, private institutions, the Congress and Federal agencies. The financing of students in postsecondary education is one area in which the development of a comprehensive and fully-articulated public policy is crucial to the achievement of many larger social goals. The Institute is pleased to be able to offer this contribution to the debate which must occur in the development of that policy.
Homology and Phylogeny of Proteolytic Enzymes

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the homology and phylogeny of proteolytic enzymes. The process of evolution has been in the direction of greater diversity both in chemical structure and biological specificity, but as the proteins of the current era contain vestiges of their evolutionary precursors they bear discernible relations to one another, and such relationships provide additional means for the elucidation of the structure and function of a given protein. The concepts of chemical and conformational homology serve to define the structural relationships among members of a given class. Chemical homology refers to the similarity in the amino acid sequence of proteins that is greater than would be predicted by chance alone. To the extent that the linear assembly of the amino acid residues determines the conformation of proteins, it may be expected that a pair of chemically homologous proteins should reveal similar three-dimensional features and, thus, will exhibit conformational homology. The functional relationships among members of a class of homologous proteins are documented by the findings that, enzymes belonging to the same class operate by the same mechanism.
Investigating bulk metallic glasses as ball-and-cone locators for spacecraft deployable structures

Abstract Ball-and-cone locators are the standard latching mechanism for spacecraft with deployable structures. Similar to other spacecraft components, the locators require the use of materials with low density and high performance. Bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) and their composites are alloys with superior mechanical properties with potential for spacecraft applications. In this study, Ti-based BMGs and their composites were prototyped for next-generation ball-and-cone locator inserts.
Pharmacotherapy of the Suicidal Patient

Medication is frequently an adjunct to crisis therapies and initially may be the primary treatment method. The choice of a regimen depends on the identification of a drug-responsive syndrome (see Chart I) and on the evaluation of possible risks from medical conditions, side effects, potential abuse, and other medications. If suicidal symptoms interfere with adequate cooperation in psychotherapy the clinician should administer medication early in treatment. Intense confusion, feelings of helplessness and despair, and preoccupation with internal cues may predominate the patient’s awareness, particularly in individuals with major affective disorders or schizophrenialike psychoses. These characteristics may significantly limit the usefulness of ego supportive approaches, that encourage cooperation and rapport with the clinician, reestablishment of previously effective social attachments, and the mobilization of cognitive defenses. Frequently, patients with affective and psychotic disorders improve only after therapeutic doses of medication are administered for several weeks. The sedative, antianxiety, and neuroleptic properties of antipsychotic agents and the cyclic antidepressants, however, provide more immediate relief.
Aiding Transformation from Student to Practitioner by Defining Threshold Concepts for the Pharmacists' Patient Care Process.

Objective. To explore critical milestones in the transition from student to practitioner by identifying the threshold concepts associated with learning the Pharmacists’ Patient Care Process (PPCP). Methods. A threshold concept represents a transformed way of thinking about a topic or discipline. This study convened five focus groups to identify possible threshold concepts related to learning the PPCP. The data were analyzed by deductive content analysis and confirmed by an expert consensus panel using a modified nominal group technique. Results. Moving beyond the process outlined by the PPCP, the five focus groups identified additional elements of learning required in becoming a patient care practitioner. These elements were focused on the more intangible aspects of patient-centered care, such as practitioner priorities, attitude, and approach. As such, the data help to describe how practitioner’s think, feel, and act (ie, their identity). Deductive content analysis resulted in five Patient Care Threshold Concepts (PCTC), which were confirmed by the expert consensus panel. Conclusion. The five PCTCs provide pharmacy educators with an additional tool to use in teaching the PPCP. The PCTCs can aid in the student-practitioner transformation by helping to make implicit aspects of patient care more explicit. They are supplements to patient care competencies that help explain the practitioner’s priorities, attitude, and approach. They can also serve as guidance to pharmacy educators in evaluating curricular activities and assessments, as well as identity formation. This approach can be applied to the identification of threshold concepts in other areas of pharmacy education, such as leadership.
Abstract 502: Aldo-keto reductase 1B8 (AKR1B8) deficiency causes intestinal immune deficiency

Background: Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are crucial mediators of intestinal immunity. IECs defects may disrupt development and maturation of intestinal immunity. Aldo-keto reductase 1B10 (AKR1B10) is a regulator of de novo fatty acids synthesis and lipid synthesis by mediating acetyl-CoA carboxylase-α (ACCA) stability. Aldo-keto reductase 1B8 (AKR1B8) is an ortholog in mice of human AKR1B10, which has similar regulatory function in fatty acid/lipid synthesis. AKR1B8 deficiency causes IECs defects in proliferation and self-renewal, which may lead to dysregulation of intestinal immunity. Methods: AKR1B8 -/- mice mouse stain was produced by homozygous recombination. Immune cells were isolated from colonic lamina propria (cLP) and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN). Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining were applied for immune cell sorting and measurements. Microbiota composition were quantified by next generation sequencing. Results: AKR1B8 deficiency causes infiltration of neutrophils, mast cells and basophils in the colon. Also, AKR1B8 deficiency causes impaired γδT cells and T helper cells (Th cells) immunity, such as IFNγ, IL17, IL4 or IL22 production, in colon and mesenteric lymph nodes, while enhances distinct arm of CD8 activity and Treg cells. These alterations may be due to the changes of MHCII+ DCs and CD103+ DCs in AKR1B8 deficient mice. Meanwhile, AKR1B8 inhibits the phosphorylation of p-AKT (T308 and S473) and p-ERK (1/2) in IECs, and suppresses the regulation IKKα/NF-κB signaling cascades. Furthermore, AKR1B8 deficiency induces gut microbiota shifts with higher ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes. Conclusions: AKR1B8 is a critical mediators for IECs signaling and immune homeostasis. Loss of AKR1B8 in IECs induces Th cells immune deficiency. This study identified a new compensatory mechanism under IECs defects for maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis. Citation Format: Xin Wang, Deliang Cao. Aldo-keto reductase 1B8 (AKR1B8) deficiency causes intestinal immune deficiency [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 502.
PCB Microstrip Line Far-End Crosstalk Mitigation by Surface Mount Capacitors

In this paper, a technique by adding SMT capacitors at the spacing between two adjacent microstrip lines is applied to mitigate far-end crosstalk. By adding SMT capacitors with optimized capacitance value taking into account the SMT parasitic parameters and frequencydependent solder-mask-coated microstrip line RLGC perunit length parameters, the far-end crosstalk can be minimized. That will make microstrip line structure a realistic channel physical layer option for high-speed system card and board design. This technique can also be applied to differential net applications by adding the SMT capacitors only at the off-pair spacing. Potential application examples are shown for 32Gb/s cases. Vendor SMT capacitor SPICE model including parasitic parameters is used for linear network analysis and transient circuit simulations to optimize and verify the FEXT mitigation.
The Effects of Temporal Distance on Intra-Firm Communication: Evidence from Daylight Savings Time

Cross-border communication costs have plummeted and enabled the global distribution of work, but frictions attributable to distance persist. We estimate the causal effects of temporal distance stemming from time zone differences on intra-firm communication. We argue that temporal distance reduces synchronous and impromptu communication from first-best levels, and presents an especially costly friction for knowledge-intensive work. Exploiting detailed data from a large multinational firm and discrete changes in temporal distance due to shifts to and from Daylight Savings Time, we show that office pairs that lose one or two shared business hours due to DST reduce their total communication volumes by 9.2 percent on average from baseline levels, an effect driven by decreases in scheduled calls & meetings (-10.7 percent) and in instant-message chat volumes (-8.7 percent). When office pairs gain one or two shared business hours, volumes of unscheduled calls increase (+17.6 percent). Volumes of asynchronous communication (e-mail), in contrast, show no significant responses to changes in temporal distance. Examining heterogeneity by employee function, we find evidence that the shadow value of additional shared time is higher for knowledge-intensive (RD however, such adjustments do not fully offset lost communication during business hours. We discuss the implications of our findings for distributed work and for firms’ spatial organization.
Effects of a Literacy Feature in an Augmentative and Alternative Communication App on Single Word Reading of Individuals with Severe Autism Spectrum Disorders.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) app with transition to literacy (T2L) software features (i.e., dynamic text and speec...
Implications of Longevity Bias for Explaining, Evaluating, and Responding to Social Inequality

Longevity bias is the tendency to assume that longstanding states of the world are better and more right than their more recent (but otherwise identical) counterparts. In the current study, we take an individual differences approach by directly measuring people’s endorsements of the assumptions underlying longevity bias and consider several downstream implications of this bias for the perpetuation and maintenance of inequality. Specifically, we test the idea that the assumptions underlying longevity bias correspond with intrinsic explanations for social inequality, the justification of inequality as good and right, and thus prevent or subdue moral outrage and reduce motivation for meaningful social change. Our findings indicate that people vary in their susceptibility to conflate longevity of existence with goodness and rightness, individual variation in longevity bias predicts explanations for and the perceived legitimacy of social inequality, and this translates into psychological barriers for enacting social change.
The Phenomenology of the Nomos

The phenomenology of the nomos reflects the ways in which human identity becomes constructed and transformed by the structure of meaning this interaction provides. Though the process of nomic ordering will always reflect some degree of change, it may become problematic when this evolving structure begins to invalidate certain aspects of formerly accepted social behavior, even when these attitudes and belief remain important pillars for specific manifestations of the self and individual identity. The phenomenology of terrorism is often predicated upon these shifts in social meaning.
Die offene Dokumentenarchitektur ODA als Basis der Bürokommunikation

Die Dokumentenarchitektur ODA, die als ein internationaler Standard den Dokumentenaustausch in offenen Netzen ermoglichen soll, gewinnt gegenwartig einen immer starkeren Einflus auf den Bercich der Burokommunikation. Sowohl neue Applikationen, die unmittelbar auf dieser Architektur basieren, als auch Konverter, die die Brucke zu gegebenen Anwendungen schlagen, werden im Rahmen von europaischen Kooperationsprojckten entwickelt. Zusatzlich besitzt ODA auch einen Einflus auf Herstellerarchitekturcn und zukunftsorientierte Anwendungen wie Hypertextsystemc. Insbesondere in Bezug auf derartige, neue Anwendungsbereiche zeigen sich aber auch die Grenzen der Architektur. In diesem Beitrag werden Erfahrungen aus der Mitarbeit an europaischen Kooperationsprojekten wiedergegeben, die die obigen Aspekte der Verwendung von ODA als Basis fur die Burokommunikation beleuchten.
Body composition, nitrogen metabolism, and energy utilization with feeding of mildly restricted (4.2 MJ/d) and severely restricted (2.1 MJ/d) isonitrogenous diets

To determine the effects on weight loss of feeding isonitrogenous diets in mildly restricted (4.2 MJ/d) and severely restricted (2.1 MJ/d) amounts, we measured body composition, weight loss-energy deficit ratio, and nitrogen metabolism in 14 obese women housed in a metabolic ward consuming hypoenergetic diets for 21 d. Subjects consumed either a 4.2-MJ/d diet (50 g protein, 175 g carbohydrate) or a 2.1-MJ/d diet (50 g protein, 75 g carbohydrate). Body composition and leucine oxidation and turnover were determined before and after weight loss. Energy deficit was calculated from resting metabolic rates. Subjects fed the 2.1-MJ/d diet showed a greater weight loss (6.1 +/- 0.5 vs 4.5 +/- 0.5 kg; mean +/- SE, P less than 0.05) and fat loss (3.9 +/- 0.3 vs 3.0 +/- 0.3 kg, P less than 0.05). Weight loss-energy deficit ratio was the same with both diets. Nitrogen balance and leucine oxidation and turnover were similar in both groups. We conclude that with feeding of isonitrogenous hypoenergetic diets, severe restriction of energy content (2.1 MJ/d, 75 g carbohydrate) will enhance weight and fat loss without increasing nitrogen loss compared with mild restriction of energy (4.2 MJ/d).
A Method for Pragmatic Communication in Graphic Displays

This paper presents a method for connotatively weighting information presented in graphic displays. The method involves determining a compatibility (unction that describes the degree of correspondence between an implied attribute of the display and the linguistic category that summarizes values of this attribute. Compatibility functions can then be used to guide the graph-construction process.
The lateral spread of signal between bipolar cells of the tiger salamander retina

When mapped with a small spot of light, the central receptive fields of bipolar cells in the salamander retina are much larger than the extent of bipolar cell dendrites. Furthermore responses of bipolar cells to distant spots of light are considerably delayed relative to proximal spots. Using quantitative modelling, electrical coupling between bipolar cells is examined and rejected as a sufficient explanation of the data. An active process appears to shape signal waveform as signals spread laterally in the bipolar cell layer. Chemical synaptic coupling between bipolar cells is considered and shown to be inconsistent with the data. It is suggested that local, transient negative feedback from amacrine cells is involved in shaping bipolar cell signals.
Energy exchange between earth-sheltered structures and the surrounding ground

Abstract A program of measurements is underway at Williamson Hall, an earth-sheltered building on the campus of the University of Minnesota. The temperature and the moisture field in the ground adjacent to the building, as well as the heat flux through the building walls, are measured continuously and recorded on magnetic tape and are thus available for evaluation. The thermal conductivities of soil samples at various moisture contents were measured with a novel, unsteady method. Temperature fields in the soil adjacent to the building were also calculated on an electronic computer using the unsteady heat-conduction equation. The paper describes the present status of this study and presents samples of the results obtained to date.
Anisotropic microwave absorption of Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O single crystals

We have measured the microwave absorption of ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2.1}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{1.6}\mathrm{Ca}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{x}$ single crystals as a function of the temperature $T$ and the dc magnetic field $H$. A huge anisotropy, greater than 1000:1, is observed in the absorption, depending on the orientation of the microwave electric field relative to the $c$ axis of the crystal. This result is consistent with the view that superconductivity in this compound may be quasi-two-dimensional. There is an additional, but much smaller, dependence on the orientation of an applied dc magnetic field.
Radial evolution of solar wind thermal electron distributions due to expansion and collisions

ISEE 3 electron observations near 1 AU show that the solar wind thermal electron temperature anisotropy, T(parallel)/T(perpendicular), is typically 1.0 to 1.5, with densest distributions most nearly isotropic, but is sometimes much higher when density is low. For a small observational subset characterized by high density and low bulk speed, T(perpendicular) can exceed T(parallel). Based on these and other observations, a simple model is proposed for radial evolution of thermal electrons in a structureless solar wind under the influence of Coulomb collisions and geometric expansion in a spiral interplanetary magnetic field. The model, which satisfactorily explains the 1 AU observations, shows that the evolution of electron temperature and T(parallel)/T(perpendicular) is controlled by plasma density, flow speed, and initial temperature, with density the most important factor. The model makes predictions for radial distances other than 1 AU and for high solar latitudes.
A New Xenotransplantation Model Reveals Tumor-Initiating Cells in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Two articles by Patel et al. in this issue demonstrate reproducible, high-frequency xenografting of both primary human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) tissue and single-cell suspensions, as well as the existence of a small population of CD133+ tumor-initiating cells that are capable of regenerating the hierarchical organization and histology of the original tumor through multiple xenograft passages.
Computational Study of Pulsed Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition of Aluminum Nitride

Particles of aluminum nitride (AlN) have been observed to form during epitaxial growth of AlN films by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Particle formation is undesirable because particles do not contribute to the film growth, and are detrimental to the hydraulic system of the reactor. It is believed that particle formation is triggered by adducts that are formed when the group-III precursor, namely tri-methyl-aluminum (TMAl), and the group-V precursor, namely ammonia (NH3 ), come in direct contact in the gas-phase. Thus, one way to eliminate particle formation is to prevent the group-III and the group-V precursors from coming in direct contact at all in the gas-phase. In this article, pulsing of TMAl and NH3 is numerically investigated as a means to reduce AlN particle formation. The investigations are conducted using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis with the inclusion of detailed chemical reaction mechanisms both in the gas-phase and at the surface. The CFD code is first validated for steady-state (non-pulsed) MOCVD of AlN against published data. Subsequently, it is exercised for pulsed MOCVD with various pulse widths, precursor gas flow rates, wafer temperature, and reactor pressure. It is found that in order to significantly reduce particle formation, the group-III and group-V precursors need to be separated by a carrier gas pulse, and the carrier gas pulse should be at least 5–6 times as long as the precursor gas pulses. The studies also reveal that with the same time-averaged precursor gas flow rates as steady injection (non-pulsed) conditions, pulsed MOCVD can result in higher film growth rates because the precursors are incorporated into the film, rather than being wasted as particles. The improvement in growth rate was noted for both horizontal and vertical reactors, and was found to be most pronounced for intermediate wafer temperature and intermediate reactor pressure.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
HMO penetration and the geographic mobility of practicing physicians

In this study, we assessed the influence of changes in health maintenance organization (HMO) penetration on the probability that established patient care physicians relocated their practices or left patient care altogether. For physicians who relocated their practices, we also assessed the impact of HMO penetration on their destination choices. We found that larger increases in HMO penetration decreased the probability that medical/surgical specialists in early career stayed in patient care in the same market, but had no impact on generalists, hospital-based specialists, or mid career medical/surgical specialists. We also found that physicians who relocated their practices were much more likely to choose destination markets with the same level of HMO penetration or lower HMO penetration compared with their origin markets than they were to choose destination markets with higher HMO penetration. The largely negligible impact of changes in HMO penetration on established physicians' decisions to relocate their practices or leave patient care is consistent with high relocation and switching costs. Relocating physicians' attraction to destination markets with the same level of HMO penetration as their origin markets suggests that, while physicians' styles of medical practice may adapt to changes in market conditions, learning new practice styles is costly.
Generational Patterns in Academic Performance: The Variable Effects of Attitudes and Social Capital

Abstract This paper uses recent data on tenth graders’ performance, and school and family lives to provide a current assessment of generational disparities in math and reading scores, and to evaluate the roles played by a broad range of predictors in creating the observed relative performance of immigrant, second- and third-generation students. In the presence of a wide range of predictors, we find that preschool-aged immigrants outperform the third-plus generation in reading, while the third-plus generation scored higher than school-aged immigrants in reading and outperformed the second generation in both math and reading. We also find that all children of immigrants benefit from very high parental expectations, and that recently arrived immigrants have strong feelings of school attachment which they manifest in pro-school behaviors. In contrast, third-plus generation students socialize more heavily and are relatively indifferent toward school, but have access to more and stronger forms of between-family social capital. These generational differences in attitudes and social capital, and their subsequent effects on generational disparities in academic performance, lend considerable support to the immigrant optimism hypothesis.
The influence of localized excitations on spin-selective electron scattering and auger emission in transition metals

Observed spin asymmetry of polarized electrons backscattered from ferromagnetic metallic glasses and spin polarization of Auger electrons in magnetic transition metals can be explained qualitatively in terms of spin-selective scattering involving intermediate excitation of a transient 3p → 3d localized state. Consideration of photoemission data and of prior theoretical models indicates that this state decays selectively by Auger emission, producing the observed main MVV Auger peak. The final state of this transition is identified with the state whose direct excitation is observed in photoemission for the transition metals as a 6–7 eV satellite.
Copper-catalysed cross-coupling: an untapped potential

Copper is emerging as a viable catalytic metal for cross-coupling reactions to construct carbon–carbon (C–C) bonds. Recent revelations that Cu-catalysts can execute with high efficacy the cross-couplings of a variety of organometallic reagents, including organomagnesium, organoboron, organosilicon, organoindium and organomanganese, with alkyl, aryl and heteroaryl halides clearly demonstrate the versatility of Cu-based catalytic systems in conducting these reactions. In addition, Cu-catalysts are exhibiting a unique reactivity pattern that allows ligandless cross-coupling for aryl–heteroaryl and heteroaryl–heteroaryl bond formation, a transformation that generally requires special custom-designed ligands with Pd-catalysts. This review summarises early discoveries and subsequent advancements made in the area of Cu-catalysed cross-couplings of organometallic reagents with organohalides to form C–C bonds.
Relativistic ab initio molecular structure calculations including configuration interaction with application to six states of TlH

A system for the inclusion of spin-orbit coupling along with moderate scale CI in calculations for molecules containing very heavy elements is demonstrated. In this effective potential procedure rigorous ab initio spin-orbit integrals are computed and added to the conventional integral set after the SCF and integral transformation steps of the calculation. This avoids the use of complex coefficients in the integral transformation and yet includes spin-orbit corrections on an equal footing with electron correlation. The diagonalization of the resulting complex CI plus SO matrix requires only about twice the time of a real CI diagonalization. Our present calculations on the two lowest 0/sup +/ and 1 states and the lowest 0/sup -/ and 2 states of TlH indicate that this procedure allows adequate flexibility in the electronic coupling, resulting in bonding curves which are in good agreement with the experimentally established curves. The results also help to understand and to confirm previously conjectural interpretations of other spectral data.
The Effects of a Mountain on the Propagation of a Preexisting Convective System for Blocked and Unblocked Flow Regimes

Abstract Observations and previous research of squall lines impinging on mountain ranges have revealed that the squall lines sometimes stall upstream of the mountains for several hours leading to copious accumulations of precipitation. It has been hypothesized that squall-line stagnation may be more prone to occur in flows where the Froude number (F = U/Nh, where U is the basic-state wind, N is the Brunt–Vaisala frequency, and h is the mountain height) is low. This hypothesis is tested herein through a series of idealized, two-dimensional experiments where a convective system was triggered upstream of a mesoscale mountain in conditionally unstable flow. For simulations with relatively low Froude numbers, stagnation of the preexisting convective system was not observed. In the simulations with high values of F, squall lines were noted to stagnate between 100 and 200 km upstream of the mountain. This result indicates that squall-line stagnation may be more favored for moderate to large values of F for condi...
Aerodynamic analysis of Commercial Experiment Transporter re-entry capsule

An aerodynamic analysis of the Commercial Experiment Transporter re-entry capsule has been performed using the laminar thin-layer Navier-Stokes solver LAURA. Flowfield solutions were obtained at Mach numbers 1.5, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 27.5. Axisymmetric and 5-, 10-, and 20-deg angles of attack were considered across the Mach-number range, with the Mach 25 conditions taken to 90-deg angle of attack and the Mach 27.5 cases taken to 60-deg angle of attack. Finite-rate chemistry solutions were performed above Mach 10; otherwise, perfectgas computations were made. Drag, lift, and pitching-moment coefficients were computed, and details of a wake flow are presented. The effect of including the wake in the solution domain was investigated, and base-pressure corrections to forebody drag coefficients were numerically determined for the lower Mach numbers. Pitchingmoment comparisons were made with direct simulation Monte Carlo results in the more rarefied flow at the highest Mach numbers, showing agreement within 2%. Thin-layer Navier-Stokes computations of the axial force were found to be 15% higher than the empirical/Newtonian-based results used during the initial trajectory analyses.
Optimal Sox-based fluorescent chemosensor design for serine/threonine protein kinases.

Abstract Fluorescent chemosensors of protein kinase activity provide a continuous, high-throughput sensing format for the study of the roles of these enzymes, which are crucial for regulating cellular function. Specifically, chemosensors using the nonnatural amino acid, Sox, and physiological Mg 2+ levels report phosphorylation with dramatic fluorescence changes that are amenable to real-time and high-throughput analysis. In this article, we report 15 probes for a total of six distinct serine/threonine kinases with large fluorescence increases and good reactivity toward the target kinase. The sensing mechanism is detailed, and the optimal sensing motif is determined. These versatile and powerful sensors provide tools for researchers studying the roles of the targeted kinases in signal transduction, and the design principles provide guidelines for the generation of future fluorescent chemosensors for any serine/threonine kinase.
Labor in the Global South: Transnational Turmoil, Latin American Lessons

Mark S. Anner opens Solidarity Transformed by referencing two wrenching changes that have transformed the world for workers: neoliberalism—the scaling back of welfare states, industrial policies, and labor protections—and globalization. He questions how these shifts have affected workers and how worker organizations in diverse settings have responded.
Approach-avoidance: Potency in psychological research

Women heard another person state attitudes that were either in high agreement or high disagreement with their own attitudes. The potency of an approach-avoidance dependent variable was compared with traditional dependent variables for this situation, ratings of inter-personal attraction. Eighty-five percent of those hearing high agreement volunteered to return to the laboratory to continue participation in the study at a later time. Nobody who heard high disagreement volunteered to return. This difference between the two treatment conditions was considerably greater than the difference for ratings of attractiveness. It was concluded that the increased potency of the approach-avoidance measure came from its importance to the subjects and that approach-avoidance would be a good measure to use in comparing different predictions from the several theoretical positions that attempt to account for the effects of agreement and disagreement.