cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Green Chemical Approaches toward High-Quality Semiconductor Nanocrystals

Green chemistry principles have gradually been implemented into the development of the synthetic chemistry of high-quality semiconductor nanocrystals. In comparison with the original organometallic approach, the resulting alternative routes are safe, simple, inexpensive, reproducible, versatile, "user friendly", and yield nanocrystals with well-controlled size, shape, and size/shape distribution. Further developments in this direction will promote the understanding of crystallization in general.
From the Littlewood-Offord problem to the Circular Law: universality of the spectral distribution of random matrices

The famous \emph{circular law} asserts that if $M_n$ is an $n \times n$ matrix with iid complex entries of mean zero and unit variance, then the empirical spectral distribution (ESD) of the normalized matrix $\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}} M_n$ converges almost surely to the uniform distribution on the unit disk $\{z \in \C: |z| \leq 1 \}$. After a long sequence of partial results that verified this law under additional assumptions on the distribution of the entries, the full circular law was recently established in \cite{TVcir2}. In this survey we describe some of the key ingredients used in the establishment of the circular law, in particular recent advances in understanding the Littlewood-Offord problem and its inverse.
Techniques of accurate analytic terminal rendezvous in near-circular orbit

The analytic treatment of the problem of impulsive terminal rendezvous in near-circular orbit is presented in this chapter. The velocity change imparted to the active maneuvering vehicle is determined with high accuracy, such that, the error in interceptmg the passive spacecraft in a given time is negligible. This error is evaluated by numerically integrating both spacecraft orbits, by accounting for the second zonal harmonic J2. A typical large transfer where the two vehicles are initially separated by 2000 km, is achieved with an interception error of 5 km.
Frequency domain analysis of robust signal estimators

This paper addresses the problem of robust linear estimations of systems perturbed by noise with a wide sense stationary (WSS) process, with its spectral density known only to be in a neighborhood of some specified spectral density. The asymptotic efficiency of the least-square (LS) estimator relative to the best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE) is known to depend upon the degree of the variance of the spread of the noise spectral density at the frequencies where the spectral mass of the system's impulse response function is concentrated. A signal estimator in the frequency domain is considered and it is demonstrated that where the Fourier transform is applied to the observed data, robust estimation occurs.
Preparation of [2.2]meta- and ortho-Paracyclophanes Containing the Cyclohexano Group

[2.2]Metaparacyclophane (20, cis-tricyclo[9.2.2.14,8]octadeca-4,6,8(16)-triene) and [2.2]orthoparacyclophane (22, cis-tricyclo[10.2.2.04,9]octadeca-4,6,8-triene) containing a 1,4-cyclohexano group bridged with two carbons are prepared through a coupling reaction to form the dithiacyclophanes, oxidation yields the sulfones followed by pyrolysis.
Clay Polymerization in Carbonate Rocks: A Silicification Reaction Defined

A carbonate rock silicification reaction has been defined and shown to be dependent on the presence of clay in the host rock. Introduction of silica in soluble form(s) serves to polymerize the clay fraction, forming a continuous three-dimensional network. This siliceous network (polymer) can be separated from the rock by leaching away the carbonate minerals. Laboratory silicification of argillaceous carbonate rocks under controlled conditions has served to define critical variables.
A reflective Gaussian coronagraph for ExAO: Laboratory performance

We report laboratory results of a coronagraphic testbed to assess the intensity reduction differences between a "Gaussian" tapered focal plane coronagraphic mask and a classical hard-edged "Top Hat" function mask at Extreme Adaptive Optics (ExAO) Strehl ratios of ~94%. However, unlike a traditional coronagraph design, we insert a reflective focal plane mask at 45 o to the optical axis and used a "spot of Arago blocker" (axicon stop) before a final image in order to block additional mask edge-diffracted light. The testbed simulates the optical train of ground-based telescopes (in particular the 8.1m Gemini North telescope) and includes one spider vane and different mask radii (r= 1.9λ/D, 3.7λ/D, 7.4λ/D) and two types of reflective focal plane masks (hard-edged "Top Hat" and "Gaussian" tapered profiles). In order to investigate the performance of these competing coronagraphic designs with regard to extra-solar planet detection sensitivity, we utilize the simulation of realistic extra-solar planet populations (Nielsen et al. 2006). With an appropriate translation of our laboratory results to expected telescope performance, a "Gaussian" tapered mask radius of 3.7λ/D with an axicon stop performs best (highest planet detection sensitivity). For a full survey with this optimal design, the simulation predicts ~30% more planets detected compared to a similar sized "Top Hat" function mask with an axicon stop. Using the best design, the "point contrast ratio" between the stellar PSF peak and the coronagraphic PSF at 10λ/D (0.4" in H band if D = 8.1m) is 1.4 x 10 6 . This is ~10 times higher than a classical Lyot "Top Hat" coronagraph.
Small-ring cyclic cumulenes: synthesis of a kinetically stable eight membered ring allene

Abstract 1-tert-Butyl-1,2-cycloctadiene is prepared in four steps from cycloheptanone, and is found to be stable to dimerization.
An Analysis of Traction Drive Torsional Stiffness

The tangential compliance of elastic bodies in concentrated contact applied to traction drive elements to determine their torsional stiffness was analyzed. Static loading and rotating conditions are considered. The effects of several design variables are shown. The theoretical torsional stiffness of a fixed ratio multiroller drive is computed and compared to experimental values. It is shown that the torsional compliance of the traction contacts themselves is a relatively small portion of the overall drive system compliance.
Virtual bronchoscopic approach for combining 3D CT and endoscopic video

To improve the care of lung-cancer patients, we are devising a diagnostic paradigm that ties together three-dimensional (3D) high-resolution computed-tomographic (CT) imaging and bronchoscopy. The system expands upon the new concept of virtual endoscopy that has seen recent application to the chest, colon, and other anatomical regions. Our approach applies computer-graphics and image-processing tools to the analysis of 3D CT chest images and complementary bronchoscopic video. It assumes a two-stage assessment of a lung-cancer patient. During Stage 1 (CT assessment), the physician interacts with a number of visual and quantitative tools to evaluate the patient's 'virtual anatomy' (3D CT scan). Automatic analysis gives navigation paths through major airways and to pre-selected suspect sites. These paths provide useful guidance during Stage-1 CT assessment. While interacting with these paths and other software tools, the user builds a multimedia Case Study, capturing telling snapshot views, movies, and quantitative data. The Case Study contains a report on the CT scan and also provides planning information for subsequent bronchoscopic evaluation. During Stage 2 (bronchoscopy), the physician uses (1) the original CT data, (2) software graphical tools, (3) the Case Study, and (4) a standard bronchoscopy suite to have an augmented vision for bronchoscopic assessment and treatment. To use the two data sources (CT and bronchoscopic video) simultaneously, they must be registered. We perform this registration using both manual interaction and an automated matching approach based on mutual information. We demonstrate our overall progress to date using human CT cases and CT-video from a bronchoscopy- training device.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Dynamics of “Small Galaxies” in the Hubble Deep Field

We have previously found in the Hubble Deep Field (HDF) a significant angular correlation of faint, high-color redshift objects on scales below 1'', or several kiloparsecs in metric size. A correlation at this scale is most likely due to physical associations. We examine the correlation and nearest neighbor statistics to conclude that 38% of these objects in the HDF have a companion within 1'' (or ~6 kpc), 3 times the number expected in a random distribution with the same number of objects; the total excess approaches 1.5 objects by separations of 10''. We next examine three possible dynamical scenarios for these object multiplets: (1) the objects are star-forming regions within normal galaxies, whose disks have been relatively dimmed by K-correction and surface brightness dimming; (2) they are fragments merging into large galaxies; (3) they are satellites accreting onto parent normal L* galaxies. We find that hypothesis 1 is most tenable. First, large galaxies in the process of a merger formation would have accumulated too much mass in their centers (5 × 1012 M☉ inside 2 kpc) to correspond to any abundant category of present-day objects. Second, accretion by dynamical friction occurs with a predictable slope in density versus radius that is not seen among the faint HDF objects. Since the dynamical friction time is roughly 1 Gyr, a steady state should have been reached by redshift z 5. In the context of these two dynamical scenarios, we consider the possible effects of a gradient in mass-to-light ratio caused by induced star formation during infall. We note that star-forming regions within galaxies clearly present no dynamical problems, but also that large spirals would still appear as such in the HDF, which leads us to favor a scenario in which the faint compact sources in the HDF are giant star-forming regions within small normal galaxies, such as Magellanic irregulars. Last, we note that the "excess" number of correlated objects near a given faint source approaches 1.5, suggesting that the previous counts of objects have overestimated the number of galaxies by a factor of 2.5 while underestimating their individual luminosities by the same factor.
NINE EXPERTS DESCRIBE THE ESSENCE OF RATIONAL-EMOTIVE THERAPY WHILE STANDING ON ONE FOOT

The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of agreement among a panel of rational-emotive therapy (RET) experts about the essence of RET. The panel of experts consisted of the 9 members of The International Training Standards and Review Committee of the Institute for Rational-Emotive Therapy in New York. The question that the experts were asked was an adaptation of a Talmudic story known in Jewish lore as “While Standing on One Foot.” Responses were assigned to either of 2 categories: general cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) or RET-specific. There seems to be a range of responses that capture the essence of RET. A strong case can be made for subsuming many aspects of CBT under RET because much of what is associated with CBT has its origins in RET. The confusion about where RET ends and general CBT begins goes to the very heart of RET’s status today.
Observational Biases Masquerading as Cosmological Effects? A Cautionary Tale About Blue Tilts and Other Trends in Globular Cluster Systems

The high spatial resolution of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) has led to tremendous progress in many areas of astronomy. The ability of the HST to peer into the bright inner regions of galaxies and distinguish between globular clusters (GCs) and background objects has been particularly beneficial to the study of clusters. However, the very virtue of the HST that has been an asset to such research can be its pitfall if the consequences of superior angular resolution are not considered in detail. Recent HST studies show a small, but consistent, color-magnitude correlation in the metal-poor halo GCs of nearby galaxies. This "blue tilt" has been interpreted as a mass-metallicity relationship, implying self-enrichment in the higher mass GCs. We show that the "blue tilt" is likely the consequence of a small, but measurable with HST, mass-size relationship in GCs. The combined effects of Poisson noise and surface brightness fluctuations can explain other apparent correlations of the "blue tilt" with environment. Some HST-based studies have similarly suggested that the mean metallicity of the blue, metal-poor, halo clusters increases with host galaxy mass, indicating that GC metallicity is linked to the size of the host galaxy halo. We show that this correlation is also likely due to the effects of GC size in high-resolution HST images. We also point out that the presumed fundamental plane of GCs itself varies with the galactocentric distance due to GC size trends, and ultracompact dwarfs may simply reflect the tail of the globular cluster distribution.
X-Ray Absorption by the Hot Intergalactic Medium

The current census of observed baryons in the local universe is still missing a significant fraction of them according to standard big bang nucleosynthesis. Numerical simulations predict that most of the missing baryons are in a hot intergalactic medium, which is difficult to observe through its X-ray emission or the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect. We show that the next generation of X-ray satellites will be able to detect this gas through the X-ray absorption lines imprinted by its highly ionized metals on the spectrum of a background quasar. For the metallicity typically found in intracluster gas, up to 70% of the baryons produce O VIII absorption lines with an equivalent width 0.1 eV. The spectrum of any high-redshift quasar is expected to show several such lines per unit redshift due to intervening gaseous halos of galaxy groups. These lines will be detectable at a signal-to-noise ratio of 5 after a day of integration with the future Constellation-X telescope for any of the several tens of the brightest quasars across the sky.
Degenerate Cases in Using the Direct Method

A recent stability analysis, the Direct Method, for linear time invariant, time delayed systems (LTI-TDS) is revisited in this work considering the degenerate system dynamics. The principal strengths and enabling novelties of the method are reviewed along with its structured steps involved for assessing the stability. Uncommon in the literature, the Direct Method can handle large dimensional systems (e.g., larger than two) very comfortably. It returns an explicit formula for the exact stability posture of the system for a given time delay, as such it reveals the possible detached stability pockets throughout the time delay axis. Both retarded and neutral classes of LTI-TDS are considered in this work. The main contribution here is to demonstrate the ability of the Direct Method in tackling degenerate cases. Along with the analytical arguments, example case studies are provided for a group of degeneracies. It is shown that the new method is capable of resolving them without any difficulty.
Topological Charge in Lattice Gauge Theory

A useful definition of the topological charge of a lattice gauge field configuration is given. This definition is used to calculate the topological susceptibility chi/sub t/ = /V in SU(2) lattice gauge theory by means of a Monte Caro simulation. chi/sub t/ = (170 +- 25 MeV)/sup 4/ is obtained, in good agreement with the current algebra prediction. Other possible uses of this operator are suggested.
HOST GALAXIES OF LUMINOUS QUASARS: STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES AND THE FUNDAMENTAL PLANE

We present stellar velocity dispersion measurements in the host galaxies of ten luminous quasars (MV < –23) using the Ca H&K lines in off-nuclear spectra. We combine these data with effective radii and magnitudes from the literature to place the host galaxies on the fundamental plane (FP) where their properties are compared with other types of galaxies. We find that the radio-loud (RL) QSO hosts have similar properties to massive elliptical galaxies, while the radio-quiet (RQ) hosts are more similar to intermediate-mass galaxies. The RL hosts lie at the upper extreme of the FP due to their large velocity dispersions (σ* = 321 km s–1), low surface brightness (μ e (r) = 20.8 mag arcsec–2), and large effective radii (Re = 11.4 kpc), and have M * = 1.5 × 1012 M ☉ and M/L = 12.4. In contrast, properties of the RQ hosts are σ* = 241 km s–1, M * = 4.4 × 1011 M ☉, and M/L ~ 5.3. The distinction between these galaxies occurs at σ*~ 300 km s–1, Re ~ 6 kpc, and corresponding M * ~ 5.9 ± 3.5 × 1011 M ☉. Our data support previous results that Palomar-Green QSOs are related to gas-rich galaxy mergers that form intermediate-mass galaxies, while RL QSOs reside in massive early-type galaxies, most of which also show signs of recent mergers or interactions. Previous authors have drawn these conclusions by using estimates of the black hole mass and inferring host galaxy properties from that, while here we have relied purely on directly measured host galaxy properties.
Using Perturbative Least Action to Recover Cosmological Initial Conditions

We introduce a new method for generating initial conditions consistent with highly nonlinear observations of density and velocity fields. Using a variant of the least action method, called perturbative least action (PLA), we show that it is possible to generate several different sets of initial conditions, each of which will satisfy a set of highly nonlinear observational constraints at the present day. We then discuss a code written to test and apply this method, and present the results of several simulations.
An additional Gibbs' state for the cubic Schrödinger equation on the circle

An invariant Gibbs' state for the nonlinear Schrodinger equation on the circle was constructed by Bourgain [2,3] and McKean [6] out of the basic Hamiltonian using a trigonometric cutoff. The cubic nonlinear Schrodinger equation is a completely integrable system having an infinite number of additional integrals of motion. In this paper we construct the second invariant Gibbs' state from one of these additional integrals for the cubic NLS on the circle. This additional Gibbs' state is singular with respect to the Gibbs' state previously constructed from the basic Hamiltonian. Our approach employs the Ablowitz-Ladik system, a completely integrable discretization of the cubic Schrodinger equation. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Selective Phenol Alkylation: An Improved Preparation of Efaproxiral

Abstract An improved, two‐step synthesis of efaproxiral, used in breast cancer therapy, is described, utilizing inexpensive commodity chemicals for starting materials. Selective amide formation and O‐alkylation in the presence of multireactive functional groups is demonstrated, thus avoiding protection/deprotection steps.
Infrared conductivity of cuprate metals: Detailed fit using Luttinger-liquid theory

Measurements of infrared conductivity in the normal state of the cuprate layer metals show a characteristic behavior in the plane of the layers which is in essential agreement among many experiments. A simple parametrization of this behavior, proposed originally by Collins and Schlesinger, and exploited by Bontemps and her group, which gives an adequate fit over frequencies from a few hundred ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ to g5000 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, is that the phase angle of the complex conductivity is independent of frequency. This fit is shown to be a natural consequence of Luttinger-liquid theory with charge-spin separation, and determines the exponent of the singularity at the Fermi surface to be \ensuremath{\sim}0.15\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05.
Differential cross sections and spin density matrix elements for gamma p -> phi p from CLAS

Preliminary differential cross‐sections and the ρMM’0 spin density matrix elements (SDME) for the reaction γρ → φp for both charged‐ (φ → K+K−) and neutral‐mode (φ → KL0KS0) topologies obtained from CLAS are presented. Our kinematic coverage is from near production threshold (s∼1.97 GeV) to (s = 2.84 GeV), with a wide coverage in the production angle. As seen in previous LEPS results, the differential cross‐sections show a localized “bump” between (s∼2 and 2.2 GeV that is not expected from a simple Pomeron exchange picture. Comparisons between the charged‐ and neutral‐mode results and possible effects from the K+Λ(1520) channel are discussed. Our SDME results confirm the well‐known deviations from t‐channel helicity conservation (TCHC) for Pomeron exchange, but s‐channel helicity conservation (SCHC) is also seen to be broken.
A free radical route to the benzazepines and dibenzazepines

Abstract Free radical ring expansion of six membered azocycles provides a new entry to the preparation of benzazepines and dibenzazepines.
Synthesis of novel dihydrothiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidinone derivatives

Condensation of 2-amino-4-hydroxy-2-mercaptopyrimidine (2) hydrate and ethyl 4-bromocrotonate gave a mixture of ethyl 7-amino-2,3-dihydro-5-oxo-5H-thiazolo [3,2-a] pyrimidine-3-acetate (4) and 2a,3-dihydro-1-thia-5,8,8b-triazaacenaphthylene-4,7(2H)-dione (5) whereas reaction of 2 with 4-bromocrotononitrile afforded only 7-amino-2,3-dihydro-5-oxo-5H-thiazolo [3,2-a] pyrimidine-3-acetonitrile. Reaction of the tricycle 5 (which was isolated as a hemihydrate) with excess methyl iodide/potassium carbonate in dimethylformamide resulted in both ring hydrolysis and methylation to give 3,4-dihydro-1,7-dimethyl-4-([methylthio) methyl]-2H-pyrimido [1,6-a] pyrimidine-2,6,8(1H,7H)-trione (10). Methylating 5 with excess methyl iodide/sodium methoxide in methanol also resulted in ring fragmentation and methylation but instead afforded methyl 7-methylamino-2,3-dihydro-5-oxo-7H-thiazole [3,2-a] pyrimidine-3-acetate. The mechanistic aspects of these reactions are discussed
Structures and relative stabilities of bisulfite ion isomers

Abstract The structure and equilibria of the bisulfite ion in the gas phase are investigated using ab initio electronic structure methodology. The structures analysed were the C 3v structure and the syn and anti tautomers of the C s structure. Optimized geometries and total energies were determined for a variety of basis sets and levels of theory. Polarization functions had profound effects on both geometries and relative energies. Addition of diffuse functions was found to affect significantly both relative stabilities and geometries at the MP2/3–21 + G ∗ level. However, diffuse functions had minor effects at the MP2/6–31 + G ∗ level. Inclusion of electron correlation via second-order (MP2) and full fourth-order (MP4SDTQ) Moller-Plesset perturbation treatments was found to have moderate effects on geometries and relative stabilities. Normal mode vibrational frequencies were calculated for all isomers studied. The lowest energy structure was found to be an asymmetric form of the syn conformation of the C s tautomer.
Phosphorous acid route synthesis of iron tavorite phases, LiFePO4(OH)xF1−x [0 ≤ x ≤ 1] and comparative study of their electrochemical activities

New synthesis routes were employed for the synthesis of three derivatives of iron hydroxo-, fluoro-, and mixed hydroxo-fluoro phosphates LiFePO4(OH)xF1−x where 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 with the tavorite structure type, and their detail electrochemical activities have been presented. The hydrothermal synthesis of the pure hydroxo-derivative, LiFePO4OH, using phosphorous acid as a source of phosphate yielded good quality crystals from which the crystal structure was solved for the first time using SC-XRD (single crystal X-ray diffraction). The fluoro derivative, LiFePO4F, was prepared as a very fine powder at low temperature in a solvent-less flux-based method employing phosphorous acid and mixed alkali metal nitrates. A mixed anionic hydroxo-fluoro iron tavorite phase, LiFePO4(OH)0.32F0.68, was also synthesized by a hydrothermal route. The electrochemical performance of the three phases was studied with galvanostatic charge–discharge tests, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). All three phases showed facile Li-insertion through the reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ at an average voltage in the range of 2.4–2.75 V, through the variation of the anion from pure OH to pure F. An increase of 0.35 V was observed as a result of F substitution in the OH position. Also, good cyclability and capacity retention were observed for all three phases and a reversible capacity of more than 90% was achieved for LiFePO4F. The results of EIS indicated that lithium ion mobility is highest in the mixed anion.
Holography and renormalization in Lorentzian signature

De Boer et. al. have found an asymptotic equivalence between the Hamilton-Jacobi equations for supergravity in (d+1)-dimensional asymptotic anti-de Sitter space, and the Callan-Symanzik equations for the dual d-dimensional perturbed conformal field theory. We discuss this correspondence in Lorentzian signature. We construct a gravitational dual of the generating function of correlation functions between initial and final states, in accordance with the construction of Marolf, and find a class of states for which the result has a classical supergravity limit. We show how the data specifying the full set of solutions to the second-order supergravity equations of motion are described in the field theory, despite the first-order nature of the renormalization group equations for the running couplings: one must specify both the couplings and the states, and the latter affects the solutions to the Callan-Symanzik equations.
Higher-order Analogues of the Slice Genus of a Knot

For certain classes of knots we define geometric invariants called higher-order genera. Each of these invariants is a refinement of the slice genus of a knot. We find lower bounds for the higher-order genera in terms of certain von Neumann $\rho$-invariants, which we call higher-order signatures. The higher-order genera offer a refinement of the Grope filtration of the knot concordance group.
Three-Dimensional Turbulent Boundary Layer in a Rotating Helical Channel

Analytical and experimental investigation of the characteristics of a three-dimensional turbulent boundary layer in a rotating helical channel. Expressions are developed for the velocity profiles in the inner layer, where viscous effects dominate, and the outer layer, where viscous effects are small. The velocity profiles, wall shear stress, and limiting streamline angles are measured inside the passages of a flat-plate inducer at various radial and chordwise locations using rotating probes. Flow near the blade tip is found to be highly complex, due to interaction of blade boundary layers and annulus wall, resulting in appreciable radial inward flow, as well as a defect in mainstream velocity near the mid-passage. A wall shear stress correlation, which includes the effect of both Reynolds number and rotation parameter, is derived from the measured data.
Radiation in a Magnetic Field

IN the very interesting summary of our present knowledge of the Zeeman effect, Mr. Preston has interpreted a number of results I obtained by the interferometer and the echelon spectroscope in such a way as to cast a general doubt over the performances of these instruments. Some of these interpretations are undoubtedly the result of misunderstandings due to my own want of clearness. I venture, therefore, to present a summary of the principal results, emphasising where necessary the points which require further explanation.
Suppression of laser spiking by intracavity second harmonic generation

Laser spiking in a long pulse Nd:YAG laser has been substantially suppressed by intracavity second harmonic generation with very little loss of laser pulse energy.
Codes on Graphs: Fundamentals

This paper develops a fundamental theory of realizations of linear and group codes on general graphs using elementary group theory, including basic group duality theory. Principal new and extended results include: normal realization duality; analysis of systems-theoretic properties of fragments of realizations and their connections; "minimal = trim and proper" theorem for cycle-free codes; results showing that all constraint codes except interface nodes may be assumed to be trim and proper, and that the interesting part of a cyclic realization is its "2-core;" notions of observability and controllability for fragments, and related tests; relations between state-trimness and controllability, and dual state-trimness and observability.
Auditing in the United States: A Historical Perspective

This article reports several archival auditing discoveries and episodes, including significant previously unpublished ones, in a context that relates auditing to early corporate enterprises in the United States. While the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad’s reliance on its audit committee of directors from its inception in 1827 and the functions of the auditing committee of the Mobile and Ohio Railroad in the 1850s are the principal subjects of the article, other railroad examples are also provided. These uses of auditing in the early corporate United States provide materials which provide a useful perspective for today’s accounting researchers and practitioners as to the fundamental control and governance values of the auditing function. The article advances the basis for explaining the origins and development of auditing in the United States.
Minimizing energy for wireless web access with bounded slowdown

On many battery-powered mobile computing devices, the wireless network is a significant contributor to the total energy consumption. In this paper, we investigate the interaction between energy-saving protocols and TCP performance for Web-like transfers. We show that the popular IEEE 802.11 power-saving mode (PSM), a "static" protocol, can harm performance by increasing fast round trip times (RTTs) to 100 ms; and that under typical Web browsing workloads, current implementations will unnecessarily spend energy waking up during long idle periods.To overcome these problems, we present the Bounded-Slowdown (BSD) protocol, a PSM that dynamically adapts to network activity. BSD is an optimal solution to the problem of minimizing energy consumption while guaranteeing that a connection's RTT does not increase by more than a factor p over its base RTT, where p is a protocol parameter that exposes the trade-off between minimizing energy and reducing latency. We present several trace-driven simulation results that show that, compared to a static PSM, the Bounded-Slowdown protocol reduces average Web page retrieval times by 5-64%, while simultaneously reducing energy consumption by 1-14% (and by 13× compared to no power management).
Disciplinary actions and pain relief: analysis of the Pain Relief Act.

I am a forty-six-year-old registered nurse who specializes in oncology care and education. I am also a patient who suffers from chronic nonmalignant pain, and this malady has been the most frightening, the most humiliating, and the most difficult ordeal of my life.... The general tenor of the medical advice that was given to me was this: I would just have to learn to live with the pain.... ... I found myself begging, as though I were a criminal. Defensive and angry and yet in such great need, I would beg forgiveness for having this pain. I became withdrawn, completely disabled by my terrible, relentless pain. I was unable to function professionally. I was unable to be much of a wife or a mother, a daughter or a friend.... ... Now, when I see unnecessary suffering caused by intractable, “mismanaged” chronic pain, I am disgusted. As a health care provider, I am ashamed.4
Syntheses, structures, and magnetic and optical properties of the compounds [Hg3Te2][UCl6] and [Hg4As2][UCl6]

Two new quaternary salts, [Hg{sub 3}Te{sub 2}][UCl{sub 6}] and [Hg{sub 4}As{sub 2}][UCl{sub 6}], have been synthesized and their structures determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. [Hg{sub 3}Te{sub 2}][UCl{sub 6}] is the product of a reaction involving UCl{sub 4}, HgCl{sub 2}, and HgTe at 873 K. The compound crystallizes in space group P2{sub 1}/c of the monoclinic system. [Hg{sub 4}As{sub 2}][UCl{sub 6}] results from the reaction of U, Hg{sub 2}Cl{sub 2}, and As at 788 K. It crystallizes in space group Pbca of the orthorhombic system. [Hg{sub 3}Te{sub 2}][UCl{sub 6}] has a two-dimensional framework of {sub {infinity}}{sup 2}[Hg{sub 3}Te{sub 2}{sup 2+}] layers, whereas [Hg{sub 4}As{sub 2}][UCl{sub 6}] has a three-dimensional framework of {sub {infinity}}{sup 2}[Hg{sub 3}As{sub 2}] layers interconnected by Hg atoms linearly bonded to As atoms. Both framework structures contain discrete [UCl{sub 6}]{sup 2-} anions between the layers. [Hg{sub 3}Te{sub 2}][UCl{sub 6}] exhibits temperature-independent paramagnetism. The optical absorption spectra of these compounds display f-f transitions. - Graphical abstract: Views of the structures of [Hg{sub 3}Te{sub 2}][UCl{sub 6}] and [Hg{sub 4}As{sub 2}][UCl{sub 6}].
Isometries, rigidity and universal covers

The goal of this paper is to describe all closed, aspherical Riemannian manifolds M whose universal covers M have have a nontrivial amount of symmetry. By this we mean that Isom(M) is not discrete. By the well-known theorem of Myers-Steenrod [MS], this condition is equivalent to [Isom(M) : π1(M)] = ∞. Also note that if any cover of M has a nondiscrete isometry group, then so does its universal cover M . Our description of such M is given in Theorem 1.2 below. The proof of this theorem uses methods from Lie theory, harmonic maps, large-scale geometry, and the homological theory of transformation groups. The condition that M have nondiscrete isometry group appears in a wide variety of problems in geometry. Since Theorem 1.2 provides a taxonomy of such M , it can be used to reduce many general problems to verifications of specific examples. Actually, it is not always Theorem 1.2 which is applied directly, but the main subresults from its proof. After explaining in §1.1 the statement of Theorem 1.2, we give in §1.2 a number of such applications. These range from new characterizations of locally symmetric manifolds, to the classification of contractible manifolds covering both compact and finite volume manifolds, to a new proof of the Nadel-Frankel Theorem in complex geometry.
IS VOYAGER 1 INSIDE AN INTERSTELLAR FLUX TRANSFER EVENT

Plasma wave observations from Voyager 1 have recently shown large increases in plasma density, to about 0.1 cm–3, consistent with the density of the local interstellar medium. However, corresponding magnetic field observations continue to show the spiral magnetic field direction observed throughout the inner heliosheath. These apparently contradictory observations may be reconciled if Voyager 1 is inside an interstellar flux transfer event—similar to flux transfer events routinely seen at the Earth's magnetopause. If this were the case, Voyager 1 remains inside the heliopause and based on the Voyager 1 observations we can determine the polarity of the interstellar magnetic field for the first time.
Systems of One-dimensional Random Walks in a Common Random Environment

We consider a system of independent one-dimensional random walks in a common random environment under the condition that the random walks are transient with positive speed. We give upper bounds on the quenched probability that at least one of the random walks started in an interval has experience a large deviation slowdown. This leads to both a uniform law of large numbers and a hydrodynamic limit for the system of random walks. We also identify a family of distributions on the configuration of particles (parameterized by particle density) which are stationary under the (quenched) dynamics of the random walks and show that these are the limiting distributions for the system when started from a certain natural collection of distributions.
Nonuniform Flow Through Nozzles

The jet thrust and the required throat area for a propulsion nozzle may be calculated from the measured stagnation pressure, the stagnation temperature, and the upstream static pressure of the flow entering the nozzle. For flows with nonuniformities in the stagnation quantities and in exit static pressure, integral relations are developed which allow the calculation of increments to thrust and throat area due to the nonuniformities. To illustrate the important nonuniformity interactions, the integral relations are linearized for the special case of uniform 7. As a result, one finds expressions for the correction factors to thrust and area which are the sum of terms that consist of nonuniformity parameters multiplied by sensitivity or influence coefficients. The magnitude of these influence coefficients depends on nozzle parameters and show the relative importance of various kinds of nonuniformities.
Further studies on oxazoline and thiazoline oxidations. A reliable route to chiral oxazoles and thiazoles

Abstract Oxazoles and thiazoles containing amino groups and stereocenters at the 2-(α) position are reached without racemization during aromatization.
Dehydrogenation of imidazolines to imidazoles with Pd-carbon.

Abstract A new and mild method for converting imidazoline derivatives to imidazole derivatives using Pd-C is described. The dehydrogenation of 2-and 2,4-disubstituted imidazolines is carried out in refluxing toluene using Pd-C in good yields. Mixed results are obtained with 4-substituted imidazolines.
Stochastic dynamics of a finite-size spiking neural network

We present a simple Markov model of spiking neural dynamics that can be analytically solved to characterize the stochastic dynamics of a finite-size spiking neural network. We give closed-form estimates for the equilibrium distribution, mean rate, variance, and autocorrelation function of the network activity. The model is applicable to any network where the probability of firing of a neuron in the network depends on only the number of neurons that fired in a previous temporal epoch. Networks with statistically homogeneous connectivity and membrane and synaptic time constants that are not excessively long could satisfy these conditions. Our model completely accounts for the size of the network and correlations in the firing activity. It also allows us to examine how the network dynamics can deviate from mean field theory. We show that the model and solutions are applicable to spiking neural networks in biophysically plausible parameter regimes.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Molecular Modeling of a Layered Manganese(II) Phosphate: Mn3(PO4)4·2(H3NCH2CH2)3N·6(H2O)

A novel layered manganese(II) phosphate, Mn3(PO4)4·2(H3NCH2CH2)3N·6(H2O), has been synthesized solvothermally using tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (TREN) as a template. The structure was solved ab initio using X-ray powder diffraction data and confirmed by molecular modeling. The compound was further characterized by SEM, IR spectroscopy, photoluminescence, and elemental and thermal analysis. The compound crystallizes in the trigonal space group P3c1 with a = 8.8706(4) A, c = 26.158(2) A, and V = 1782.6(2) A3. The structure consists of layers of corner sharing Mn(II)O4 and PO4 tetrahedra forming infinite [Mn3(PO4)4]6- macroanions with 4.6 net topology, sandwiched by layers of TREN and water molecules. The protonated TREN molecules provide charge balancing for the inorganic sheets; the interlayer stability is accomplished mainly by a network of hydrogen bonds between water molecules and the inorganic macroanions. This hybrid organic/inorganic layered material can be reversibly dehydrated.
Synthesis of a novel chiral binaphthyl phospholane and its application in the highly enantioselective hydrogenation of enamides.

A new chiral phosphine, (R,R)-1,2-bis{(R)-4,5-dihydro-3H-dinaphtho[2,1-c:1‘,2‘-e]phosphepino}benzene {abbreviated as (R,R)-binaphane] was prepared on the basis of a practical route from a readily a...
Simulation of range-resolved DIAL measurements on in-flight rocket plumes

Feasibility studies were carried out for a ground-based experiment using the differential absorption LIDAR (DIAL) method, to measure spatially resolved rocket plume temperature profiles from solid-aluminized propellants. The core of this effort was a numerical simulation of the dynamics of the laser-plume interaction and the retrieval of average temperatures from the received signals using parameters appropriate to a low-altitude rocket plume. Signal-to-noise ratios were adequate for the assumed experimental conditions and for both a clear and moderately clear atmosphere, to ensure detectability of the returned signals over most of the plume. For the chosen laser frequencies, the simulated experimental results indicate reasonable quantitative agreement with flowfield model predictions.
Reactions of Laser-Ablated Nickel Atoms with Dioxygen. Infrared Spectra and Density Functional Calculations of Nickel Oxides NiO, ONiO, Ni2O2, and Ni2O3, Superoxide NiOO, Peroxide Ni(O2), and Higher Complexes in Solid Argon

Laser-ablated nickel atoms react with dioxygen to form the primary oxides NiO and ONiO, some of which combine to form the secondary oxides Ni2O2 and ONiONiO during condensation in excess argon at 10 K. The insertion product dioxide ONiO is linear based on natural nickel and 18O isotopic substitution and DFT calculations. Annealing produces the cyclic adducts reported in earlier thermal nickel experiments and the new NiOO superoxide species, which are characterized by isotopic shifts and DFT structure and frequency calculations. In addition, dioxygen complexes with NiO and ONiO were also observed. Finally, the matrix provides sharp bands and the resolution to observe nickel isotopic splittings which characterize the Fermi-resonance interaction in the ONiOO and (O2)Ni(O2) molecules.
A Theory of Concentrators of Solar Energy on a Central Receiver for Electric Power Generation

The modeling of the performance of large-area solar concentrators for central receiver power plants is formulated using a continuum field representation of ideal heliostat arrays that accounts for two governing factors: the law of reflection of light rays imposes steering constraints on mirror orientations; the proximity of mirrors creates shadow effects by blocking the incident and/or reflected solar radiation. The results of a steering analysis which develops the space-time characteristics of heliostats and of a shadow analysis which determines the local effectiveness of mirrors in reflecting solar energy to a central point are combined to obtain in closed analytical form the global characteristics of circular concentrators. These characteristics which appear as time profiles for mirror orientations, for effective concentration areas (i.e., reflected solar flux), and for concentration ratios, establish theoretical limits of performance against which actual or realistic solar power systems can be compared and assessed.
Navier-Stokes Analysis of the Flow About a Flap Edge

The current study computationally examines one of the principal three-dimensional features of the e ow over a high-lift system, the e ow associated with a e ap edge. Structured, overset grids were used in conjunction with an incompressible Navier ‐Stokes solver to compute the e ow over a two-element highlift cone guration. The computations were run in a fully turbulent mode using the one-equation Baldwin‐Barth model. Specie c emphasis was given to the details of the e ow in the vicinity of the e ap edge, and so the geometry was simplie ed to isolate this region. The geometry consisted of an unswept wing, which spanned a wind-tunnel test section, equipped with a single-element e ap. Two e ap cone gurations were computed: a full-span and a half-span Fowler e ap. The chord-based Reynolds number was 3.7 3 10 6 for all cases. The results for the full-span e ap agreed with two-dimensional experimental results and verie ed the method. Grid topologies and related issues for the half-span e ap geometry are discussed. Results of the half-span e ap case are compared with three-dimensional experimental results, with emphasis on the e ow features associated with the e ap edge. The results show the effect of the vortex created by the e ap edge, including the impact on e ow separation and spanwise lift distribution.
Impact of government-sponsored pollution prevention practices on environmental compliance and enforcement: evidence from a sample of US manufacturing facilities

A two-way fixed effects Poisson model is used to investigate the impact of 43 EPA-sponsored pollution prevention (P2) practices on compliance and enforcement for a sample of facilities in the US manufacturing sector. I find that P2 adoption reduces environmental violations in three industries while increasing violations in two others. P2 adoption also spurs fewer enforcement actions in three industries. I further partition the P2 practices into three categories based on their approach to improve environmental performance. In doing so, I find that practices that involve changes in operating procedures—about a third of adopted P2 practices—such as instituting a self-inspection and monitoring program to discover spills or leak sources, improving maintenance scheduling and/or labeling procedures, are effective in reducing violations while practices that involve equipment or material changes are not. I also find that adopters of practices that require changes in either procedures or manufacturing equipment—about half of adopted practices—are rewarded with a more cooperative treatment of environmental infractions with fewer enforcement actions.
A Direct Tool Path Planning Algorithm for Line Scanning Based Stereolithography

This paper presents a novel tool path planning approach for polygonal mirror scanning based Stereolithography (SL) process. Compared with traditional laser scanning and mask projection based SL process, the polygonal mirror scanning based process can build part with high surface quality and precision without losing the fabrication efficiency. As an emerging additive manufacturing process, no efficient tool path planning algorithm is available in current system. This paper presented a direct tool path planning algorithm without converting the 3-Dimentional model into 2-Dimentional contours. Different test cases are used to verify its efficiency and effectiveness. Compared with the commercial software, the proposed algorithm is several times faster. Physical parts are also built using the tool path generated by the proposed algorithm.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Coordination of converter and fuel cell controllers

Load following fuel cell systems depend on control of reactant flow and regulation of DC bus voltage during load (current) drawn from them. To this end, we model and analyse the dynamics of a fuel cell system equipped with a compressor and a DC–DC converter. We then employ model-based control techniques to tune two separate controllers for the compressor and the converter. We demonstrate that the lack of communication and co-ordination between the two controllers entails a severe tradeoff in achieving the stack and power output objectives. A co-ordinated controller is finally designed that manages the air and the electron flow control in an optimal way. We demonstrate our results during specific and critical load changes around a nominal operating point. Although our analysis does not cover wide operating region, it provides insight on the level of controller co-ordination necessary in non-hybridized fuel cell power supply. The shut-down and start-up procedures will be investigated in future work. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.