cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A semialgebraic closure for commutative algebra

Abstract Let A ⊂ R be rings containing the rationals. In R let S be a multiplicatively closed subset such that 1 ∈ S and 0 ∉ S , T a preorder of R (a proper subsemiring containing the squares) such that S ⊂ T and I an A -submodule of R . Define ρ ( I ) (or ρ S , T ( I ) ) to be ρ ( I ) = { a ∈ R | s a 2 m + t ∈ I 2 m for some m ∈ N , s ∈ S and t ∈ T } . We show that ρ is a closure operator on A -submodules, establish some of its properties, and motivate its introduction by considering the assignment of characteristically real multiplicities to points of real varieties and semialgebraic sets.
Age-specific MRI templates for pediatric neuroimaging

This study created a database of pediatric age-specific magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain templates for normalization and segmentation. Participants included children from 4.5 through 19.5 years, totaling 823 scans from 494 subjects. Open-source processing programs (FMRIB Software Library, Statistical Parametric Mapping, Advanced Normalization Tools [ANTS]) constructed head, brain, and segmentation templates in 6-month intervals. The tissue classification (white matter [WM], gray matter [GM], cerebrospinal fluid) showed changes over age similar to previous reports. A volumetric analysis of age-related changes in WM and GM based on these templates showed expected increase/decrease pattern in GM and an increase in WM over the sampled ages. This database is available for use for neuroimaging studies (http://jerlab.psych.sc.edu/neurodevelopmentalmridatabase).
Detection of moving edges

A technique requiring only two frames is presented for finding time-varying edges in a dynamic scene. The frames need not be contiguous. The proposed operator picks up moving edge points which are not easily detected with simple static edge operators. The operator includes both change and edge detection in a way that improves overall performance. Also presented are arguments against the use of three-dimensional operators for scenes where the third dimension is temporal rather than spatial.
Pt-group metal anomalies in the Lower Mississippian of southern Oklahoma

Four iridium (Pt-group elements) abundance anomalies have been found within a stratigraphic span of 3 m in the Lower Mississippian of Oklahoma. In ascending order, the first anomalies occur at the top of the Woodford Shale: Ir = 0.25 ppb, Pt = 48 ppb, Os = 7.5 ppb, and Au = 18 ppb. The anomalies occur just below a redox boundary and we suspect that the enriched elements were precipitated from sea water that contacted the organic- and sulfide-rick black shale. Two more anomalies occur in the Welden Limestone, the lower one weak and the upper one strong (Ir = 0.42 ppb, Pt = 50 ppb, Os = 0.075 ppb, and Au = 0.14 ppb). The excess Ir and Pt (also Co, As, and Ni) might have been enriched from sea water by bacteria at these two horizons. A 70-cm-thick interval of excess heavy siderophiles occurs in the overlying Caney Shale; the interval contains the following peak concentrations: Ir = 0.56 ppb, Pt =150 ppb, Os = 0.51 ppb, Co = 725 ppm, and Ni =1450 ppm. These elements vary in proportion to the Al (clay) content and we suspect that they were carried in with detrital material from erosion of ultramafic source rocks. We found no evidence of microspherules or shocked-mineral grains in any of these anomaly zones.
One-Pion-Exchange-Current Contribution to Neutron-ProtonBremsstrahlung

The electromagnetic current ${\mathrm{j}}_{2}^{\mathrm{OPE}}$ due to the exchange of a charged pion between a neutron and a proton is rederived by comparing the bremsstrahlung matrix element computed from the Schr\"odinger equation with that obtained from the lowest-order Feynman diagrams. No account is taken of renormalization effects or nucleon resonances. The operator $\ensuremath{\int}{d}^{3}x{\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{j}}}_{2}^{\mathrm{OPE}}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{x}}){e}^{\ensuremath{-}i\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{x}}}$ which is needed for neutron-proton bremsstrahlung calculations is evaluated, and an approximation to it obtained as an expansion in powers of (photon energy)/(pion mass), keeping the first two terms. This is expected to be considerably more accurate than expanding the bremsstrahlung matrix element itself in powers of $k$. The second term in the expansion contributes to $^{1}S_{0}\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}^{3}S_{1}$ transitions and may become significant even for small values of $\frac{k}{\ensuremath{\mu}}$. As a preparation for actual calculations the operator is rewritten in terms of irreducible tensors. The treatment of nonlocalities other than charged-pion exchange is discussed briefly.
A new method for the determination of blood ethanol levels in rodents

Abstract A procedure is described for the estimation of ethanol in blood of rodents. The procedure is based on the same principle as the breath analyzer method used with human subjects. Using a specifically designed mask, samples of rebreathed air are collected under equilibrium conditions. These are injected directly into a gas chromatograph for the quantitation of ethanol. We determined the conversion factor for calculating blood ethanol levels from those determined in breath to be 1:2857. The method was validated by comparing blood (from the jugular vein) and breath values obtained on the same animal after the administration of various doses of ethanol either intraperitoneally or intragastrically.
Core concepts in economies where information is almost complete

The paper analyzes the properties of cores with differential information, as economies converge to complete information. Two core concepts are investigated: the private core, in which agents’ net trades are measurable with respect to agents’ private information, and the incentive compatible core, in which coalitions of agents are restricted to incentive compatible allocations.
The Measurement of Stuttering Severity

This report describes the construction of a paper and pencil inventory to assess severity of stuttering. A rationally constructed inventory of behaviors and attitudes related to stuttering was admi...
Reducing PEX13 Expression Ameliorates Physiological Defects of Late‐Acting Peroxin Mutants

Proteins are targeted to the peroxisome matrix via processes that are mechanistically distinct from those used by other organelles. Protein entry into peroxisomes requires peroxin (PEX) proteins, including early-acting receptor (e.g. PEX5) and docking peroxins (e.g. PEX13 and PEX14) and late-acting PEX5-recycling peroxins (e.g. PEX4 and PEX6). We examined genetic interactions among Arabidopsis peroxin mutants and found that the weak pex13-1 allele had deleterious effects when combined with pex5-1 and pex14-2, which are defective in early-acting peroxins, as shown by reduced matrix protein import and enhanced physiological defects. In contrast, combining pex13-1 with pex4-1 or pex6-1, which are defective in late-acting peroxins, unexpectedly ameliorated mutant growth defects. Matrix protein import remained impaired in pex4-1 pex13-1 and pex6-1 pex13-1, suggesting that the partial suppression of pex4-1 and pex6-1 physiological defects by a weak pex13 allele may result from restoring the balance between import and export of PEX5 or other proteins that are retrotranslocated from the peroxisome with the assistance of PEX4 and PEX6. Our results suggest that symptoms caused by pex mutants defective in late-acting peroxins may result not only from defects in matrix protein import but also from inefficient removal of PEX5 from the peroxisomal membrane following cargo delivery.
Using Scientists and Real-World Scenarios in Professional Development for Middle School Science Teachers

Middle school science teachers were involved in a problem-solving experience presented and guided by research scientists. Data on the teachers’ perspectives about this professional development and any impact it may have had on their teaching practices were collected through interviews, surveys, and classroom observations. The findings show that the professional development experience was positive, although one concern expressed by teachers was their lack of understanding of the scientists’ vocabulary. Using scientists and real-world scenarios was shown to be an effective strategy for encouraging middle school teachers to teach science as a process and help them strengthen their science content understanding.
Appraisal of applicants for ministry careers

A proposed evaluation protocol addresses the need for standards of practice in assessing candidates for ministry careers. The protocol is tailored to parish clergy psychological risk and resiliency factors articulated by personnel officers and identified in scholarly literature. It employs readily available psychological tests with demonstrated psychometric qualities. It utilises interview questions to confirm or disconfirm test-generated hypotheses and to probe for evidence of coping with challenging circumstances. The protocol generates data for appraising risk and promoting long-term resilience. Application of the protocol to 120 applicants for clergy careers in the Episcopal Diocese of the Southwest (EDSW) demonstrates that applicants respond to psychological tests in a manner different from general job applicants. Data analysis generates norms for indentifying unusual applicants who may be at risk for troubled careers. Discussion centres on identifying early markers of risk and resiliency in ministry...
The diagnostic consultation and rural community mental health programs

A diagnostic consultation service employing traditional methods is described. The assets and limitations of this method are studied through a follow-up of 27 consecutive evaluations of children with behavior problems. The relevance to community mental health strategies in rural areas is discussed.
A NEW FAR INFRARED FREE-ELECTRON LASER

Abstract The operation of a new ultra compact diffraction grating coupled free-electron laser (FEL) has been demonstrated. The basic elements of the device which is termed a grating coupled oscillator (GCO) are the beam in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a diffraction grating which is mounted in the e-beam focal region of the SEM. The e-beam is controlled by the SEM's electron optical system and distributed feed back is provided by the grating itself. Recent experimental results are presented and techniques for extending the wavelength and power coverage are discussed.
The unique role of natural killer T cells in the response to microorganisms

Natural killer T (NKT) cells influence diverse immune responses, combining features of both the innate and adaptive immune systems. This Review examines the unique role of invariant NKT cells (which have an invariant T-cell-receptor α-chain) in the response to various microbial pathogens. Natural killer T (NKT) cells combine features of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Recently, it has become evident that these T cells have crucial roles in the response to infectious agents. The antigen receptor expressed by NKT cells directly recognizes unusual glycolipids that are part of the membrane of certain Gram-negative bacteria and spirochetes. Moreover, even in the absence of microbial glycolipid antigens, these T cells respond to innate cytokines produced by dendritic cells that have been activated by microbes. This indirect sensing of infection, by responding to cytokines from activated dendritic cells, allows NKT cells to react to a broad range of infectious agents.
Electron capture detector response to low electron affinity aromatic hydrocarbons using positive ion stabilization and alkyl chloride sensitization

The electron capture detector (ECD) response to numerous aromatic hydrocarbons of low electron affinity (EA) is shown to be detrimentally affected by two processes which compete with and typically overwhelm the electron capture reactions of these molecules. It is shown that the effects of these two undesired reactions can be eliminated by the permanent addition of trimethylamine and one of several alkyl monochlorides to the detector make-up gas. These modifications of the detector gas result in greatly increased sensitivity, increased linearity, and increased reproducibility of response. A kinetic model for the ECD responses of low EA resonance capture molecules is developed which appears to explain these improvements.
Effect of temperature and pressure on sulfate ion association in sea water

Abstract The temperature dependences between 2° and 25°C of the stoichiometric association constants of NaSO4− and MgSO4° ion-pairs were determined by a potentiometric procedure. The constant for NaSO4− ion-pairs was also measured at pressures up to 1000 atm. These data were used with estimates of the effect of pressure on MgSO4° ion-pairs to evaluate the effects of temperature and pressure on the major chemical species of sulfate present in sea water. The results indicate that sulfate ion-pairing in sea water increases as the temperature decreases. The NaSO4− ion-pairs dissociate as pressure increases, and the sulfate released causes an increase in the concentration of MgSO4° ion-pairs. These results indicate that the ultrasonic absorption of sea water due to MgSO4° ion-pairs may increase with depth in the ocean, rather than decrease, as is predicted from single-salt solutions.
Visualization of hypersurfaces and multivariable (objective) functions by partial global optimization

Hypersurfaces of the type z=F(x1,...,xn), where F are single-valued functions of n real variables, cannot be visualized directly due to our inability to perceive dimensions higher than three. However, by projecting them down to two or three dimensions many of their properties can be revealed. In this paper a method to generate such projections is proposed, requiring successive global minimizations and maximizations of the function with respect to n-1 or n-2 variables. A number of examples are given to show the usefulness of the method, particularly for optimization problems where there is a direct interest in the minimum or maximum domains of objective functions.
The legend of Eugene debs: Prophetic ethos as radical argument

Eugene Debs, widely acknowledged as one of America's foremost radical figures, spoke at a time when the agrarian “ethos of responsibility” was eroding under the pressures of industrialization. In response, Debs fostered a legend that was heavily ethical and called for a renewal of American virtue. Though his radicalism, viewed from the Graeco‐Roman tradition of Quintilian's “good man speaking well,” seems perversely calculated to ensure defeat and to alienate, a less unidimensional and more sympathetic view of Debs's relationship to his time and of his legacy is achieved by looking at him against the fudeo‐Christian tradition of Old Testament prophecy. Such a perspective at least partially reconciles our modern positive evaluation of Debs with his apparent rhetorical failings in his day.
Use of water-dispersible Fe2O3 nanoparticles with narrow size distributions in isolating avidin

Synthetic approaches that vigorously control the microstructures of water-dispersible γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles such as size and size uniformity are of importance to the potential biological applications of these nanomaterials. In the present paper, water-dispersible γ-Fe2O3 nanocrystals with narrow size distributions (bipy–Fe2O3) were prepared via a site-exchange reaction. These particular materials are superparamagnetic and stable within a wide range of pH. Introduction of the biotin functionality onto the surfaces of bipy–Fe2O3 enabled the affinity isolation of the protein avidin from its incubation solution magnetically with 96% efficiency.
High-pT direct photon azimuthal correlation measurements

Abstract The azimuthal correlations of direct photons ( γ dir ) with high transverse momentum ( p T ), produced at mid-rapidity ( | η γ dir | 1 ) in Au + Au collisions at center-of-mass energy s NN = 200 GeV , are measured and compared to those of neutral pions ( π 0 ) in the same kinematic range. The measured azimuthal elliptic anisotropy of direct photon, v 2 γ dir ( p T ) , at high p T ( 8 p T γ dir 20 GeV / c ) is found to be smaller than that of π 0 and consistent with zero when using the forward detectors ( 2.4 | η | 4.0 ) in reconstructing the event plane. The associated charged hadron spectra recoiled from γ dir show more suppression than those recoiled from π 0 ( I AA γ dir − h ± I AA π 0 − h ± ) in the new measured kinematic range 12 p T γ dir , π 0 24 GeV / c and 3 p T assoc 24 GeV / c .
Thermally Enhanced Edge Registration for Aligning Diffusion-Bonded Laminae☆

Abstract A thermally enhanced edge registration technique is presented for precision aligning large numbers of laminae in diffusion bonding processes. The technique uses the difference in thermal expansion between a graphite fixture and metallic laminae to produce a registration force at the bonding temperature. At room temperature, a clearance is designed into the graphite fixture to allow for easy loading of the laminae. At the bonding temperature, the laminae interfere with the side of the fixture producing the registration force. The technique has been extensively studied and found to consistently provide an average layer-to-layer misregistration of less than 5 μm. The technique provides a plausible means for the high-volume registration of large quantities of diffusion-bonded laminae.
3' tag digital gene expression profiling of human brain and universal reference RNA using Illumina Genome Analyzer

Massive parallel sequencing has the potential to replace microarrays as the method for transcriptome profiling. Currently there are two protocols: full-length RNA sequencing (RNA-SEQ) and 3'-tag digital gene expression (DGE). In this preliminary effort, we evaluated the 3' DGE approach using two reference RNA samples from the MicroArray Quality Control Consortium (MAQC). Using Brain RNA sample from multiple runs, we demonstrated that the transcript profiles from 3' DGE were highly reproducible between technical and biological replicates from libraries constructed by the same lab and even by different labs, and between two generations of Illumina's Genome Analyzers. Approximately 65% of all sequence reads mapped to mitochondrial genes, ribosomal RNAs, and canonical transcripts. The expression profiles of brain RNA and universal human reference RNA were compared which demonstrated that DGE was also highly quantitative with excellent correlation of differential expression with quantitative real-time PCR. Furthermore, one lane of 3' DGE sequencing, using the current sequencing chemistry and image processing software, had wider dynamic range for transcriptome profiling and was able to detect lower expressed genes which are normally below the detection threshold of microarrays. 3' tag DGE profiling with massive parallel sequencing achieved high sensitivity and reproducibility for transcriptome profiling. Although it lacks the ability of detecting alternative splicing events compared to RNA-SEQ, it is much more affordable and clearly out-performed microarrays (Affymetrix) in detecting lower abundant transcripts.
Use of Inverse Gas Chromatography To Study Binary Polymer−Solvent Systems near the Glass Transition Temperature

A new model has been developed for inverse gas chromatography experiments for binary polymer-solvent systems. The model includes both bulk and surface effects and has been solved using the method of Laplace transforms. Retention data near the glass transition temperature were collected from the literature and correlated and predicted with the model. Frequently investigators estimate a polymer's glass transition temperature (Tg) from the Z-shaped retention data that often occur in this temperature range. The results presented here suggest that there is little or no correlation between the Z-shaped retention diagram and the glass transition temperature. New results are also presented on the origins of the Z-shaped retention diagram and on how a combination of bulk absorption, bulk diffusion, and surface adsorption contribute to it.
Brugia malayi and Brugia pahangi: transmission blocking activity of ivermectin and brugian filarial infections in Aedes aegypti

Brugia malayi- or Brugia pahangi-infected, microfilaremic jirds (Meriones unguiculatus) were treated with ivermectin at a single dose of 200 micrograms/kg body weight, administered subcutaneously. After different time intervals, Aedes aegypti mosquitoes were fed on treated or untreated jirds. Sausage stage, L2, and L3 larvae failed to develop in mosquitoes that fed on jirds from 15 to 30 days post-treatment. After 1 month, the numbers of L3 larvae recovered from mosquitoes fed on treated B. pahangi jirds were comparable to controls. However, the number of L3's recovered from mosquitoes fed on B. malayi jirds remained significantly lower than controls, 2 and 3 months after treatment. This reduction suggests that ivermectin may be more effective in blocking transmission of B. malayi than B. pahangi. Ivermectin treatment had no effect on the mean number of circulating microfilariae in treated jirds. Therefore, mosquitoes ingested comparable numbers of microfilariae when compared to those mosquitoes fed on untreated controls. Only in the case of jirds infected with B. malayi did the circulating microfilarial counts fall 30 days after treatment. The failure of microfilariae to develop to the L3 stage in mosquitoes fed on jirds within 30 days of treatment was not due to failure of mosquitoes to ingest microfilariae. Brugia malayi microfilariae also failed to develop to L3 in mosquitoes that were allowed to feed on microfilaremic jird blood treated with ivermectin (50 ng/ml) in vitro, indicating its efficacy at low concentrations. In addition to N-acetyl glucosamine, microfilariae obtained for a period of 15 days from ivermectin-treated but not control jirds showed D-mannose, N-acetyl galactosamine, and L-fucose moieties on the surface of the sheath.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The EHE Neutrino Search Capability of the IceCube Observatory

An initial study of the extremely high energy (EHE) physics capability of the IceCube neutrino observatory is demonstrated by considering a GZK mechanism neutrino production model, which is a guaranteed source for EHE neutrinos. We study EHE event properties in the energy range 10 5 E 10 11 GeV observed by IceCube using detailed Monte Carlo simulation. Results of a simulation study shows that about 0.7 EHE neutrino events per year is expected with the full IceCube configuration over a 0.03 atmospheric muon background which passed an EHE event criteria. It is also shown that with the present partial IceCube detector with the same criteria is capable of studying EHE physics and the sensitivity improves with the number of deployed strings in the ice.
Effect of particle mixing morphology on aerosol scattering and absorption: A discrete dipole modeling study

Atmospheric aerosol particles may undergo phase separation due to differences in miscibility. This alters the morphology of particles such that they are no longer well-mixed, simple spheres. As a result, scattering and absorption of sunlight in Earth’s atmosphere could be affected. In turn, this may alter direct climate forcing by aerosols. In this work we examine the impact of phase separation on aerosol optics for the bi-sphere, core–shell, and engulfed morphologies. We find bi-spherical particles often exhibit very different scattering and absorption cross-sections for a mid-visible wavelength (0.53 lm) relative to an equivalent, volume-weighted spherical case. Optical differences are largely driven by the particle shape, rather than differences in refractive index between phases. However, when averaged across a typical urban particle size distribution, the differences in light scattering largely vanish and bi-sphere and volume equivalent models generally agreed to within 10% for dielectric particles. For particles that are light absorbing, the bi-sphere and volume averaged cases often yielded dissimilar results with the volume-averaged case reflecting absorption >10% more than the phase separated particles. This was particularly true for bi-spheres in which one component particle is strongly light absorbing. Core–shell and engulfed morphologies yield volume scattering efficiencies within a few percent of volume-weighted spheres. However, modeled light absorption between the phase separated and volume averaged models frequently differ by >20% when inclusions absorb light strongly. Therefore, modeling light absorption of mixed-phase particles through the volume-mixing rule cannot be recommended. 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
Prostatic adenocarcinoma metastatic to the head and neck and the workup of an unknown epithelioid neoplasm.

Background. Epithelioid tumors in the head and neck are common and include both primary and metastatic lesions. For metastatic lesions, clinical factors, tumor location, and ancillary immunohistochemical studies must be taken into consideration to help the clinician and the pathologist determine the site of origin. One unusual, but important, primary tumor that can metastasize to the head and neck is carcinoma of the prostate (CAP). Methods. The files of the University of Pennsylvania Department of Pathology were searched for cases of metastatic CAP. All slides were examined, and clinical information was obtained from the referring physician's patient charts. Results. We describe 14 cases of metastatic CAP to the head and neck. Six patients had no history of CAP at the time of biopsy of the head and neck metastasis, and only eight patients had other widespread metastatic disease. Histologically, most of the tumors had epithelioid cells with prominent nucleoli and cribriform, solid, or infiltrating single cell growth patterns. PSA and PSAP immunohistochemical stains were positive in all cases. Seven of 12 patients with known follow-up are alive after radiation or hormonal therapy. Conclusions. These results demonstrate a fair prognosis with possible prolonged survival with metastatic CAP to the head and neck after appropriate diagnosis and subsequent hormone and radiation therapy. Given this survival advantage with treatment, it is critical to consider the diagnosis of metastatic CAP when evaluating a metastatic malignant ephitelioid tumor in the head and neck of an elderly man. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck26: 171-178, 2004.
Effect of carnitine acetyltransferase inhibition on rat hepatocyte metabolism

Carnitine acetyltransferase (CAT) catalyzes the reversible transfer of short chain (less than six carbons in length) acyl groups from acyl-CoA thioesters to form the corresponding acylcarnitines. This reaction has been suggested to be of importance in decreasing cellular content of acyl-CoA under conditions characterized by accumulation of poorly metabolized, potentially toxic acyl-CoAs. To study the importance of the CAT reaction, the effect of CAT inhibitors on rat hepatocyte metabolism in the presence of propionate was examined. Acetyl-DL-aminocarnitine inhibited [14C]propionylcarnitine accumulation by isolated hepatocytes incubated with [14C]propionate (1.0-10.0 mM). Inhibition of propionylcarnitine formation by acetyl-DL-aminocarnitine was concentration dependent and was not due to non-specific cellular toxicity as [14C]glucose formation from [14C]propionate, and [1-14C]pyruvate oxidation were unaffected by the CAT inhibitor. Inhibition of propionylcarnitine formation was increased by preincubating hepatocytes with acetyl-DL-aminocarnitine, suggesting competition for cellular uptake between carnitine and the inhibitor. Hemiacetylcartinium (HAC) and meso-2,6-bis(carboxymethyl)4,4-dimethylmorpholinium bromide (CMDM), potent inhibitors of CAT in broken cell systems, did not inhibit hepatocyte propionylcarnitine formation under the conditions evaluated. Propionate (5 mM) inhibited hepatocyte pyruvate (10 mM) oxidation, and this inhibition was partially reversed by 5 mM carnitine. Addition of 5.0 mM acetyl-DL-aminocarnitine abolished the stimulatory effect of carnitine on pyruvate oxidation in the presence of propionate. These studies establish that acetyl-DL-aminocarnitine inhibits intact hepatocyte CAT activity, and thus provide a useful probe of the role of CAT in cellular metabolism. CAT activity appears to be critical for carnitine-mediated reversal of propionate-induced inhibition of pyruvate oxidation.
Comparison of basal and D-1 dopamine receptor agonist-stimulated neuropeptide gene expression in caudate-putamen and nucleus accumbens of ad libitum fed and food-restricted rats.

Behavioral studies have demonstrated that chronic food restriction augments the rewarding and motor-activating effects of centrally injected psychostimulants and direct dopamine (DA) receptor agonists. Recently, it has been shown that intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of the D-1 DA receptor agonist, SKF-82958, produces an enhanced locomotor-activating effect as well as increased activation of striatal ERK 1/2 MAP kinase, CaM kinase II, CREB, and c-fos in food-restricted (FR) relative to ad libitum fed (AL) rats. Striatal neurons that express the D-1 DA receptor coexpress dynorphin and substance P, and CREB is known to couple D-1 DA receptor stimulation to preprodynorphin (ppD) gene expression. The purpose of the present study was to examine possible genomic consequences of FR using real-time quantitative RT-PCR to measure striatal neuropeptide gene expression 3 h after i.c.v. injection of SKF-82958 (20 μg). Results indicate that, in nucleus accumbens (NAc), basal levels of ppD and preprotachykinin (ppT) mRNA are lower in FR than AL rats. This may reflect a decrease in tonic DA transmission during FR which precedes the compensatory upregulation of postsynaptic D-1 DA receptor-mediated cell signaling. In response to SKF-82958 challenge, however, FR subjects displayed greater levels of ppD and ppT mRNA in NAc than did AL subjects. A similar trend was seen in caudate-putamen (CPu). SKF-82958 also increased preproenkephalin (ppE) mRNA in Nac, but not CPu, with no difference between feeding groups. The present findings regarding ppD and ppT are consistent with prior findings of increased behavioral and cellular responses to acute D-1 DA agonist challenge in FR rats. The functional consequences of increased neuropeptide gene expression in response to acute drug challenge remain to be investigated but may include modulation of behavioral effects that emerge with repeated drug exposure, including sensitization, tolerance, and addiction.
Hospitalizations due to unstable angina pectoris in diastolic and systolic heart failure.

Patients with diastolic heart failure (HF), i.e., clinical HF with normal or near normal left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), may develop unstable angina pectoris (UAP) due to epicardial atherosclerotic coronary artery disease and/or to subendocardial ischemia, even in the absence of coronary artery disease. However, the risk of UAP in ambulatory patients with diastolic HF has not been well studied. We examined incident hospitalizations due to UAP in 916 patients with diastolic HF (LVEF >45%) without significant valvular heart disease and 6,800 patients with systolic HF (LVEF ≤45%) in the Digitalis Investigation Group trial. During a 38-month median follow-up, 12% of patients (797 of 6,800) with systolic HF (incidence rate 435 per 10,000 person-years) and 15% of patients (138 of 916) with diastolic HF (incidence rate 536 per 10,000 person-years) were hospitalized for UAP (adjusted hazard ratio for diastolic HF 1.22, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02 to 1.47, p = 0.032). There was a graded increase in incident hospital admissions for UAP with increasing LVEF. Hospitalizations for UAP occurred in 11% (520 of 4,808, incidence rate 407 per 10,000 person-years), 14% (355 of 2,556, incidence rate 496 per 10,000 person-years), and 17% (60 of 352, incidence rate 613 per 10,000 person-years) of patients with HF, respectively, with LVEF values 55%. Compared with patients with HF and an LVEF 55% were, respectively, 1.17 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.34, p = 0.028) and 1.57 (95% CI 1.20 to 2.07, p = 0.026). In conclusion, in ambulatory patients with chronic HF, a higher LVEF was associated with increased risk of hospitalizations due to UAP. As in patients with systolic HF, those with diastolic HF should be routinely evaluated for myocardial ischemia and managed accordingly.
Collective diffusion model for water permeation through microscopic channels

Water permeation through nanometric channels, generally a coupled many-body process, is described in this study by a single collective coordinate. A collective diffusion model is proposed in which water movement at equilibrium is characterized as an unbiased diffusion along this coordinate and water transport in the presence of a chemical potential difference is described as one-dimensional diffusion in a linear potential. The model allows one to determine the osmotic permeability of a water channel from equilibrium simulations.
Gonadorelin-induced testosterone release: a biological assay for quality assurance of gonadorelin in veterinary medicine.

Two experiments were conducted with bulls administered norgestomet and gonadorelin to determine if the gonadorelin-induced release of testosterone could be developed into a biological assay for qua...
DNA mismatch repair genes hMLH1, hMSH2, and hMSH6 are not inactivated in bronchioloalveolar carcinomas of the lung.

BACKGROUND Defective DNA mismatch repair (MMR) appears to be rare in nonsmall cell carcinomas of the lung. Defective DNA MMR results from genetic or epigenetic alterations that inactivate the DNA MMR genes hMLH1 or hMSH2, and rarely hMSH6. The loss of normal DNA MMR is thought to promote tumorigenesis by accelerating the accumulation of mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Inactivation of hMLH1, hMSH2, and hMSH6 is observed as a loss of expression of these proteins by immunohistochemistry. Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma is a subtype of adenocarcinoma with distinctive clinical and pathologic features. MATERIALS AND METHODS. An immunohistochemical study was performed on paraffin embedded sections of 33 bronchioloalveolar carcinomas (20 nonmucinous and 13 mucinous) for hmlh1, hmsh2, and hmsh6 proteins. RESULTS All the tumors showed normal expression of hmlh1, hmsh2, and hmsh6. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that defective DNA MMR due to inactivation of hMLH1, hMSH2, or hMSH6 does not play a significant role in the pathogenesis of bronchioloalveolar carcinomas. Cancer 2001;92:2898–901. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
The 5′-terminal nucleotides of T7 bacteriophage deoxyribonucleic acid

Selective labeling of the 5′-hydroxyl termini of DNA with polynucleotide kinase has been used to study the number and the identity of the 5′-terminal residues of T7 DNA. The intact strands of native T7 DNA cannot be phosphorylated in the kinase reaction. Prior treatment, however, of the same DNA with phosphatase permits the phosphorylation of the intact strands. The number of nucleotide residues in a single strand of T7 DNA is 4·0 × 10 4 , in agreement with molecular weight estimates by sedimentation and electron microscopy. Only deoxyadenylate and deoxythymidylate are present as 5′-terminal residues of the DNA. In other studies, end-group labeling of polynucleotides has been used to characterize the phosphodiester bond cleavage produced by sonic irradiation of DNA. Sonic irradiation of T7 DNA was found to favor the production of polynucleotides terminated by a 5′-phosphomonoester group.
ON THE OCCURRENCE OF CATALASE IN HUMAN TISSUES AND ITS VARIATIONS IN DISEASES.

1. In work along this line it is most important to have a simple method of determining the catalytic activity of tissues. The method must be such that several observations can be made during a single experiment, so that a better idea can be obtained of the velocity of the reaction at various intervals. 2. The catalytic activity of human tissues varies greatly in diseases. A. Nephritis.-The kidney always shows the most marked reduction although the other tissues examined, blood, lung, liver, spleen, likewise show decrease in their power of decomposing hydrogen peroxide. This reduction varies directly with the severity of the pathological lesion in the kidney and the clinical symptoms. The urine also in cases of nephritis shows a much greater inhibiting power than normal urine. This may be accounted for by the reaction of the urine, and subsequent work must prove whether or not the kidney takes any more active part in nephritis and secretes into the blood and urine a substance which manifests itself by a reduction in the catalytic activity. B. The catalytic activity of the blood in the two cases of eclampsia which we have studied was not reduced. This is the most important fact we have so far obtained, if it can be substantiated, since it can furnish us with a ready ante-mortem means of differentiating eclampsia and nephritis. C.Pneumonia.-The lung in the stage of red hepatization has an increased catalytic activity. This increase varies directly with the number of intact red blood cells in the exudate, and in the engorged capillaries. Strength is given to this conclusion by the fact, that on the one hand, there is no increased activity in gray hepatization, while on the other hand, there is an enormously increased activity in the fresh hemorrhagic infarct. D. Tuberculosis.-The decreased activity of the lung in tuberculosis is probably due, for the most part, to the lack of blood in the diseased area, while the lowered activity which is present in the other organs is to be explained by the anaemia and emaciation which accompanies the process. Whether there is a specific catalytic inhibiting substance generated by the process, has not been determined. E. There was no reduction of the catalytic activity in the cases of diabetes mellitus and jaundice studied. F. In the one case of asphyxiation by illuminating gas, there was decided decrease in the catalytic activity of the blood. G. The tissues in the one case of congenital syphilis showed a marked lowering of the catalytic activity. 3. There is a slight decrease in the catalytic activity of the tissues due to post-mortem change, but this is so slight that it is hardly to be taken into consideration in the interpretation of the results obtained. 4. There is no marked change in the catalytic activity due to age. In concluding, we wish to thank Dr. A. S. Loevenhart, at whose suggestion this enzyme was studied, for the unfailing interest with which he has followed the progress of this work, and for the many valuable suggestions he has given us.
Creating a Career Hotline for Rural Residents

The authors describe a career information hotline for rural and farm residents affected by the farm crisis as one way a university career center and extension division can make their resources more generally available to residents. The rural crisis is real, but a crisis brings opportunities. There are opportunities to provide needed services and help ease the personal cost for families and reduce the declining quality of life in rural communities. (Heffernan & Heffernan, 1985, p. 17)
Efficacy of transdermal estradiol

Abstract Several side effects and risks associated with estrogen replacement therapy are known to stem from the hormone's impact on the liver. With oral administration, the enhanced action at hepatic, as compared with nonhepatic, sites is presumably related to the so-called first-pass effect. Attempts have been made to avoid this action by administering estrogen nonorally, but heightened hepatic effects (comparable with those of other preparations) have nonetheless been seen with both ethinyl estradiol and conjugated equine estrogens given vaginally. We conducted a series of investigations aimed at evaluating the effects of estradiol delivered via a transdermal patch. In a 50-patient study of transcutaneous estradiol (25, 50, 100, or 200 μg/day) versus placebo, a dose-dependent beneficial effect on objectively measured hot flashes was demonstrated. A second study was designed to compare the effects of these doses with those of 0.625 and 1.25 mg conjugated equine estrogen administered orally. Effects on nonhepatic markers were similar for the 50 μg patch and 0.625 mg tablet, as well as for the 100 μg patch and 1.25 mg tablet. None of the doses of transdermal estradiol exerted any measurable action on hepatic markers of estrogen action, whereas both doses of conjugated equine estrogen demonstrated actions on both hepatic protein and lipid synthesis. Our data clearly show that the transdermal administration of estradiol circumvents the enhanced hepatic actions of the hormone. Possible explanations for these results are presented.
Renormalization of strong-coupling expansions

We consider the renormalization of strong-coupling expansions for the Green's functions of a quantum field theory. For the ${g}_{0}{\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{4}$ theory that is an expansion in powers of ${{g}_{0}}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}}$. In less than three space-time dimensions, we find that conventional renormalization, that is mass, coupling-constant, and wave-function renormalization, does not lead to a divergence-free renormalized strong-coupling expansion. In three or more space-time dimensions there is a renormalized strong-coupling expansion which is finite term by term, but the resultant renormalized Green's functions are trivial.
TRPM7-Mediated Ca2+ Signals Confer Fibrogenesis in Human Atrial Fibrillation

Rationale: Cardiac fibrosis contributes to pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation (AF), which is the most commonly sustained arrhythmia and a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Although it has been suggested that Ca2+ signals are involved in fibrosis promotion, the molecular basis of Ca2+ signaling mechanisms and how Ca2+ signals contribute to fibrogenesis remain unknown. Objective: To determine the molecular mechanisms of Ca2+-permeable channel(s) in human atrial fibroblasts, and to investigate how Ca2+ signals contribute to fibrogenesis in human AF. Methods and Results: We demonstrate that the transient receptor potential (TRP) melastatin related 7 (TRPM7) is the molecular basis of the major Ca2+-permeable channel in human atrial fibroblasts. Endogenous TRPM7 currents in atrial fibroblasts resemble the biophysical and pharmacological properties of heterologous expressed TRPM7. Knocking down TRPM7 by small hairpin RNA largely eliminates TRPM7 current and Ca2+ influx in atrial fibroblasts. More importan...
Anisotropic metamaterials as antenna substrate to enhance directivity

Simulations have been carried out on metamaterials in the microwave regime. S-parameters obtained from waveguide simulations of a unit cell are used to retrieve the effective permittivity and permeability with which we compute the far-field radiation of a monopole embedded in a metamaterial substrate using an analytic method. We find that the analytic method is able to predict features of the experimental results, implying that within a certain frequency range, we can treat the metamaterial as being anisotropically homogeneous. Based on the methodology, a structure is optimized for the application of metamaterials as antenna substrate to enhance directivity by minimizing its refractive index. The experimental results are presented and compared with the analytic calculations. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 680–683, 2006; Pubished online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/mop.21441
The Defragmentation of Creativity: Future Directions with an Emphasis on Educational Applications

In recent years, there has been a virtual explosion in the creativity literature of topics, perspectives and methodologies; yet investigators in one subfield often seem entirely unaware of advances in another. The field of creativity research has become increasingly fragmented, but how should defragmentation proceed, if at all? Should researchers attempt to construct a unified systems theory of creativity ? The argument is made that a defragmentation of the creativity field should not entail wholesale reduction to models that fail to help us understand reality and generate new hypotheses. Some models may be hazardous because they distort reality either by oversimplification or, in an opposite vein, by complicating our understanding through attempts to include all aspects and instances of the process of creativity across all cultures into one unified model or by losing sight of the applied goals of our research. Specific models of creativity and specific issues related to enhancing creativity in our schools are presented as part of this discussion.
TCAM-Based Forwarding Engine with Minimum Independent Prefix Set (MIPS) for Fast Updating

Hardware approaches for speedy IP lookups can be realized by making use of TCAMs (Ternary Content Addressable Memories), whose lookups utilize IP addresses as search keys with each search requiring only a single memory access. However, most existing TCAM-based forwarding engines involve shifting TCAM entries when the forwarding table is updated, typically incurring a lengthy update duration. In this paper, a TCAM-based longest prefix forwarding engine with fast updating is proposed. The key idea behind the design is to maintain the forwarding table in a TCAM according to the Minimum Independent Prefix Set (MIPS), totally avoiding the need to shift TCAM entries during updating. Experimental results show that our design is capable of supporting fast TCAM updates, lowering the adverse impact of table updates on IP lookup performance. In addition, our MIPS approach exhibits considerable forwarding table compression.
Gender and letters of recommendation for academia: agentic and communal differences

In 2 studies that draw from the social role theory of sex differences (A. H. Eagly, W. Wood, & A. B. Diekman, 2000), the authors investigated differences in agentic and communal characteristics in letters of recommendation for men and women for academic positions and whether such differences influenced selection decisions in academia. The results supported the hypotheses, indicating (a) that women were described as more communal and less agentic than men (Study 1) and (b) that communal characteristics have a negative relationship with hiring decisions in academia that are based on letters of recommendation (Study 2). Such results are particularly important because letters of recommendation continue to be heavily weighted and commonly used selection tools (R. D. Arvey & T. E. Campion, 1982; R. M. Guion, 1998), particularly in academia (E. P. Sheehan, T. M. McDevitt, & H. C. Ross, 1998).
Apparatus for Absorption Spectroscopy of Liquids under Gas Pressures up to 300 atm at Temperatures up to 600°C

A pressure vessel and furnace for measuring absorption spectra of liquid systems at elevated temperatures and pressures is described. At 600°C, the assembly will operate at 300 atm. This apparatus was designed for use with either the Cary model 11 or the Cary model 14H spectrophotometer. The liquid sample is held in a standard 1-cm square absorption cell with a wide neck attached.