cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What limits the achievable areal densities of large aperture space telescopes

This paper examines requirements trades involving areal density for large space telescope mirrors. A segmented mirror architecture is used to define a quantitative example that leads to relevant insight about the trades. In this architecture, the mirror consists of segments of non-structural optical elements held in place by a structural truss that rests behind the segments. An analysis is presented of the driving design requirements for typical on-orbit loads and ground-test loads. It is shown that the driving on-orbit load would be the resonance of the lowest mode of the mirror by a reaction wheel static unbalance. The driving ground-test load would be dynamics due to ground-induced random vibration. Two general conclusions are derived from these results. First, the areal density that can be allocated to the segments depends on the depth allocated to the structure. More depth in the structure allows the allocation of more mass to the segments. This, however, leads to large structural depth that might be a significant development challenge. Second, the requirement for ground-test-ability results in an order of magnitude or more depth in the structure than is required by the on-orbit loads. This leads to the proposition that avoiding ground test as a driving requirement should be a fundamental technology on par with the provision of deployable depth. Both are important structural challenges for these future systems.
The chemistry and quantitative utility of Sodium Cobaltinitrite in the determination of phenols

Abstract The reaction of p-cresol with acidified cobaltinitrite has been qualitatively and quantitatively studied. On an analytical scale, the reaction predominantly leads to 2-nitro-p-cresol. The dimer of this compound has also been identified as a minor product. Two methods have been devised for quantitative analysis. These procedures represent rapid, accurate and precise techniques for analyzing p-cresol and may be applicable to other p-substituted phenols.
Quantitation of naturalistic behaviors

Naturalistic behaviors are behaviors that organisms exhibit 'in nature'. Eating, sleeping and sexual behaviors are examples. Since naturalistic behaviors are observed to occur without any apparent training or learning, some people mistakenly believe that all naturalistic behaviors are unlearned, and are thus different from laboratory behaviors. We maintain that naturalistic behaviors can be studied profitably in the toxicological laboratory, using quantitative techniques from behavioral neuroscience. Understanding of toxicity and underlying mechanisms is enhanced when naturalistic behaviors are thought of as responses to stimuli. Stimuli that influence naturalistic behaviors may arise inside the organisms (e.g., physiological signals of hunger) or outside the organisms (e.g., the smell of food or the start of the nocturnal lighting cycle). A practical, noninvasive, automated system can be used to improve upon the cage-side observation currently used to evaluate naturalistic behaviors in toxicity screening. Effects of alkyltins and other neurotoxicants upon eating, drinking, rearing, and the daily cycle of rest-activity will be shown. The rodent's pattern of nocturnal activity has proven to be particularly sensitive to neurotoxicants, and thus deserves additional attention in developing neurobehavioral toxicology.
Political parties on the Net ‐ 4 years closer to cyber‐utopia?

This paper examines the websites of 11 political parties in the run up to the general election of 7th June 2001, to determine whether parties have got to grips with the Internet as a medium for information delivery and campaigning. The websites of all the parties were analysed; and their content, design, interactivity, multimedia features and currency evaluated. Overall, the parties appeared to have developed a more professional and corporate attitude to web design since 1997, and certainly made efforts to keep their web pages up to date. However, the parties tended to conform to a rather sterile design lacking in multimedia features, and mounted only predictable content. Only a few parties had made any special effort to draw users to their websites. Similarly, although interactive features were present, few of these allowed more than a token input into party policy.
Serial serum potassium and glucose levels during treatment of premature labor with oral terbutaline

Abstract The effects of prolonged use of orally-administered terbutaline on mothers and their infants were studied. The only side effect observed in all patients was transient maternal tachycardia. Fifty-six percent of the patients experienced palpitations, nervousness and tremors during the first few days of therapy, which thereafter resolved. This is contrary to the serious side effects reported during intravenous infusion of β-mimetic agents. Maternal serum potassium and plasma glucose levels remained in the normal range during the entire therapy. Neonatal apgar, birthweight and metabolic parameters were all appropriate for gestational age. It appears that orally-administered terbutaline produces no significant maternal biochemical or biophysical changes, or any side effects on the fetus.
Ante-mortem failure of the aural microphonic in the guinea pig.

SummaryThe aural microphonic of guinea pigs was recorded from the round window and from copper wires applied to or passing through tiny holes drilled through the bony shell of the cochlea. When the guinea pig's respiration fails gradually, the microphonic falls to a few percent of its original strength before the heart stops. The failure is partly reversible if respiration improves.Frequently near the postmortem level the microphonic undergoes partial or complete half-wave rectification. The phase corresponding to condensation in the external canal is more depressed than the phase corresponding to rarefaction. This effect also is temporarily reversible.Extensive surgical injury including amputation of the two apical turns may cause little or no change in the microphonic (1000 cycles per second) at the round window over several hours.
Incorporating Art-Making into the Cultural Practice of Social Work

In this article, the author considers how the diversity of art-making can help groups that face oppression consolidate their identity and support, build awareness of the greater community about the injustices the group faces, and foster cultural development useful in confronting social injustice through arts-informed social action. After addressing the challenges in defining what constitutes the arts and art-making, the author examines how art-making facilitates healing and catharsis, enables dissent, protest, and resistance, engenders emotional knowledge, and instills consciousness. The author then shows how art-making can enhance cultural practice through multiple strategies for representing oppression by those groups who must cope with its causes and consequences.
Hemodynamic impacts of entrainment of heart rate and stride rate

Abstract Synchronization of heart rate and step rate has been hypothesized to create a hemodynamically favorable situation where heart motion and bodily motion are in constant harmony so that stroke volume and cardiac output enhanced and oxygen delivery to the tissues is increased. The primary aim of the present investigation was to determine the impact of synchronization of step rate and heart rate on cardiovascular functions. Twenty-three apparently healthy subjects performed treadmill running in three different conditions, one that the step rate was matched with the heart rate (matched condition), one that the step rate was ∼10 steps greater or lower than heart rate (unmatched conditions). Beat-by-beat blood pressure was measured using the finger plethysmography, and stroke volume and cardiac output were calculated using the validated Model Flow method. Average heart rate and blood pressures were not different among the 3 conditions. There were no differences in double products among the 3 conditions. Stroke volume and cardiac output were greater ( P
A review of the literature on the gaseous products and toxicity generated from the pyrolysis and combustion of rigid polyurethane foams

The literature on rigid polyurethane foam was reviewed with an emphasis on the gaseous products generated under various thermal-decomposition conditions and the toxicity of those products. The review is limited to publications in English through 1984. Carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) were the predominant toxicants found among more than 100 other gaseous products. The generation of CO and HCN was found to increase with increasing combustion temperatures. Many test methods were used to assess the acute inhalation toxicity of combustion products from various rigid polyurethane foams. Lethality, incapacitation, physiological, and biochemical parameters were employed as biological and points. In general, the combustion products generated from rigid polyurethane foam in the flaming mode appear to be more toxic than those produced in the non-flaming mode. The LC50 values for 30 minute exposures ranged from 10 to 17 mg/l in the flaming mode and were greater than 34 mg/l in the nonflaming mode. With the exception of one case in which a reactive type phosphorus containng fire retardant was used, the addition of fire retardants to rigid polyurethane foams does not appear to generate unusual toxic combustion products.
POST‐OCCLUSION ‘HYPEREMIA’: A STUDY ON A MODEL

The hydrodynamic properties of the capillaron, i.e. a compliant capsule which encloses one or more soft-walled permeable capillaries together with extravascular fluid, can account for the known characteristics of reactive hyperemia. This has been demonstrated in a model of the capillaron. A constant arterial pressure head delivered fluid to the enclosed capillary and thence to a venous sink. The flow rate varied with the perfusion pressure and with the calibre of the soft-walled vessel. Vascular calibre depended on the transmural capillary pressure. A positive pressure opens the capillary completely and the flow rate for the perfusion pressure is maximal. Capillary permeability results in ‘ultrafiltration’ which raises the extravascular pressure, thereby lowering the transmural pressure, until the capillary is partially collapsed. In the ‘resting’ or basal state, the flow rate through the capillaron is only a small percentage of the maximal flow through the system. Occlusion of the arterial supply is followed by drainage of extravascular fluid across the permeable membrane and tissue pressure falls progressively with the duration of the occlusion. Reopening of the artery raises the intravascular pressure and the positive transmural pressure opens the capillary, with the result that flow approaches maximal values. The flow during the hyperemic phase is affected by the duration of occlusion, the arteriovenous perfusion pressure, the permeability of the capillary, and the compliance of the capsule. The effects of these changes on transcapillary fluid exchanges are described. Several variations of the hyperemic manoeuvre, including the effects of arterial occlusion without hyperemia, hyperemia without occlusion, hypoemia, the inter- relationships between blood and ultrafiltrate flows, and the potential exchanges of diffusible and of filterable materials are demonstrated and shown to correspond to the findings in man and animals.
Potential solar earth-water distillate yields in Africa

Abstract A model for predicting solar earth-water distillate yield for soil moisture contents up to saturation is presented. The model developed by join-point analysis for a 20 cm tall solar still with reflective interior siding is: Water Yield = C1(SR) + C2(T MIN ) + C3(T MAX ) − 30.65 + C4(∣T MAX − 30.65∣) + C5(MC − 8.0 + C6(∣MC − 8.0∣ + I Where SR , T MAX , T MIN , and MC represent the total daily solar radiation, maximum and minimum daily temperatures, and soil moisture content, respectively. C 1, C 2, C 3, C 4, C 5, and C 6 are the regression coefficients in the predictive model, and I is the intercept. The model indicates that maximum yield can be obtained at 8% soil moisture. The equation is used to predict potential earth-water distillate yields for 8 locations in Africa. Four levels of soil moisture content (5, 10, 15, and 20% by dry weight), and 50% and 100% of clear-day solar radiation and appropriate temperature values are used. For the four tested soil moisture contents the predicted daily earth-water yields vary from a minimum of 0.56 1 m −2 -day −1 at 5% soil moisture and 50% solar radiation to a maximum of 2.12 1 m −2 -day −1 at 10% soil moisture and 100% solar radiation. Distillate yields increase as soil moisture content increases from 5 to 10%. Above 10% soil moisture, the earth-water yield decreases as the moisture content increases. Distillate yield varies with soil moisture in the following manner: Y 10% > Y 15% > Y 20% > Y 5% , where Y is the predicted yield.
Dual-band laser transmitter for above- and under-water communications using third-harmonic generation of fiber-laser system at 1.5µm

We report viable dual-band laser transmitter for emerging marine OCOMM applications. Eye-safe, picosecond fiber-laser system with pulse picking is frequency-tripled into transparency window of seawater in sequence of two PPLN crystals operating at room temperature.
The benefits and challenges of multiple health behavior change in research and in practice.

Abstract Objective The major chronic diseases are caused by multiple risks, yet the science of multiple health behavior change (MHBC) is at an early stage, and factors that facilitate or impede scientists' involvement in MHBC research are unknown. Benefits and challenges of MHBC interventions were investigated to strengthen researchers' commitment and prepare them for challenges. Method An online anonymous survey was e-mailed to listservs of the Society of Behavioral Medicine between May 2006 and 2007. Respondents (N = 69) were 83% female; 94% held a doctoral degree; 64% were psychologists, 24% were in public health; and 83% targeted MHBC in their work. Results A sample majority rated 23 of the 24 benefits, but only 1 of 31 challenge items, as very to extremely important. Those engaged in MHBC rated the total benefits significantly higher than respondents focused on single behaviors, F(1,69) = 4.21, p Conclusion It appears that individuals focused solely on single behaviors do not fully appreciate the benefits that impress MHBC researchers; it is not that substantial barriers are holding them back. Benefits of MHBC interventions need emphasizing more broadly to advance this research area.
Exact results on the quench dynamics of the entanglement entropy in the toric code

We study quantum quenches in the two-dimensional Kitaev toric code model and compute exactly the time-dependent entanglement entropy of the nonequilibrium wave function evolving from a paramagnetic initial state with the toric code Hamiltonian. We find that the area law survives at all times. Adding disorder to the toric code couplings makes the entanglement entropy per unit boundary length saturate to disorder-independent values at long times and in the thermodynamic limit. There are order-one corrections to the area law from the corners in the subsystem boundary but the topological entropy remains zero at all times. We argue that breaking the integrability with a small magnetic field could change the area law to a volume scaling as expected of thermalized states but is not sufficient for forming topological entanglement due to the presence of an excess energy and a finite density of defects.
Unraveling the Spanish Inquisition: Inquisitorial Studies in the Twenty‐First Century

In the 1970s and 1980s, there was an important revisionist moment in the historical study of the Spanish Inquisition. Now, in the early twenty-first century, scholars are beginning to revise and add nuance to these now classic surveys of inquisitorial history. New historical studies have used Inquisition sources to revise depictions of the converso and morisco communities of early modern Spain; they have mined them on questions of gender. In addition, with the proliferation of Anglophone scholarship on the Spanish Inquisition, historians are uprooting the last vestiges of the Black Legend.
Tree-growth models: Derivations employing the pipe-model theory

Models of the growth rates of tree basal area and height are derived using the pipe-model theory of tree form. It is assumed that a tree can be totally partitioned into pipes and that each pipe undergoes steady-state growth. The model of basal area growth rate is derived from the growth rate of the aggregate area of the cross sections of all of the pipes comprising the tree. The model of height growth rate is derived considering only those pipes extending to the apex of the crown of the tree. The likelihood of dieback in the crown of a defoliated tree is discussed in light of the resultant model.
Prolongation of morphine anaesthesia in a patient with Gilbert's disease: report of a case.

The case is presented of a patient with Gilbert's Disease who received a predominantly morphine anaesthetic for cardiac surgery. He was excessively obtunded in the post-operative period. It is postulated that the defect responsible for the inadequate bilirubin conjugation which is characteristic of Gilbert's Disease may also
The trauma patient - critical decision making - when to explore the chest?

The critical decisions regarding thoracotomy for trauma occur soon after the injury, when decisions have to be made that may influence survival or have an impact on morbidity if operation is delayed. Roadside thoracotomy is impractical, and should not be considered; instead, patients should be taken rapidly to the nearest hospital. Endotracheal intubation prior to transport appears to be beneficial, but the application of MAST trousers and the infusion of large volumes of fluid for hypovolaemia before control of haemorrhage offers no advantage and may be hazardous. On the whole, resuscitative thoracotomy is associated with a low salvage rate, especially for the patient sustaining blunt trauma, but may be worthwhile in the patient with penetrating trauma. Urgent, as opposed to immediate thoracotomy, should be undertaken once the patient has been stabilized. This may occur in most patients with penetrating injuries of the heart who survive to reach hospital, those with continuing, significant haemorrhage th...
Second-order necessary conditions in optimal control: Accessory-problem results without normality conditions

An optimal control problem, which includes restrictions on the controls and equality/inequality constraints on the terminal states, is formulated. Second-order necessary conditions of the accessory-problem type are obtained in the absence of normality conditions. It is shown that the necessary conditions generalize and simplify prior results due to Hestenes (Ref. 5) and Warga (Refs. 6 and 7).
Understanding distributions and data types

Abstract To comprehend some of the fundamental concepts of statistical analysis, itis important to appreciate the importance of the distribution of data points in the sample that is drawn to represent the population. Furthermore, one must understand the classification of data types. Data type and the distribution pattern of their values influence the choice of appropriate statistical tests. Emphasis will be placed on the normal, or Gaussian, distribution. This is an important distribution to understand because the assumption of this distribution underlies the use of many common statistical tests. The purpose of this article is to familiarize the clinician with some basic biostatistical concepts without delving into the statistical theory or debate associated with these concepts. There will be no presentation of mathematical formulas. The interested reader is referred to several texts, which will provide greater depth and rigor for those seeking additional knowledge. These texts were chosen specifically for their general readability and clarity and are referenced at the end of the article.
An improved computational technique for perturbations of the generalized symmetric linear algebraic eigenvalue problem

A technique is developed and presented which improves the accuracy of the predictions for the eigenvalues of the usual first order perturbation scheme for the generalized symmetric linear algebraic eigenvalue problem. The improved method very simply replaces the usual B-norms appearing in the denominator of the expressions for the first order changes in the eigenvalues by BP-norms where BP is the perturbed B matrix. With increasing sizes for the perturbations the improved technique produces results whose accuracy approaches those of the usual second order predictions. Numerical studies are presented to support the analysis.
Urinary Reflux – The Physician’s Dilemma

Urinary reflux needs careful evaluation and prompt treatment. Presenting complaints include failure to thrive, and/or recurrence of a urinary tract infection. If bladder outlet obstruction is present,
Oriented matroids, complex manifolds, and a combinatorial model for BU

Abstract We introduce a new notion of complex oriented matroid and develop some basic properties of this object. Our definition of complex oriented matroids bears the same relationship to classical oriented matroids that the stratification of the complex plane into nine components corresponding to the signs of the complex and real parts has with the three-component sign stratification of the real line. We then use these complex oriented matroids to set up the foundations of a combinatorial version of complex geometry analogous to MacPherson's combinatorial differential manifolds; in this world, the representing object for the functor of (combinatorial) complex vector bundles is the nerve of a poset of complex oriented matroids. We conclude by showing that this space is homotopy equivalent to the complex Grassmannian, thus deducing that our combinatorial world is able to completely capture the notion of complex vector bundles.
The use of new computer technology in chromatography

Recent developments in computer technology have led to decreasing prices and increased computing capabilities of computers and micro processors. A result of this has been the parallel evolution of two types of systems which bring the power of the computer within the budgetary capabilities of many laboratories. The first type uses a powerful micro processor which is built in as an integral part of either a reporting integrator or a processor controlled chromatograph. Both are single channel devices which provide processing of the data to the form of a final printed report. The second is a multichannel system which uses a mini computer with as much as 64K internal memory. The systems are described and compared, and applications are presented.
Transitory changes in plasma progestins, estradiol, and luteinizing hormone approaching ovulation in the bovine.

Progestins, estradiol, and luteinizing hormone were measured by radioimmunoassay in bovine plasma samples collected from indwelling jugular catheters daily on days minus 6 to minus 4, every 6 h on days minus 3 and minus 2, and every 2 h from day minus 1 to ovulation. Least squares analyses characterized time trends within animals and interrelationships between these hormones. Plasma progestins decreased from 5.7 ng/ml at day minus 6 to .07 ng at the peak of luteinizing hormone. No preovulatory peripheral increase in plasma progestins was detected. Estradiol increased from 2 pg/ml at day minus 4 to 6 pg at minus 12 h and then increased abruptly to 7.4 pg at the peak of luteinizing hormone. This matter increase in estradiol was synchronous with the acute preovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone. Association was positive between estradiol and luteinizing hormone, but negative between progestins and estradiol. Estradiol decreased 50% by 5 h following the peak of luteinizing hormone with a return to base (2 pg) at 14 h. An increase of .1 ng luteinizing hormone/ml plasma per day was linear from day minus 6 to 8 h prior to the luteinizing hormone peak. Luteinizing hormone increased to a peak of 13.5 ng/ml and remained elevated for 10.5 h. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that an increase at proestrus in estradiol rather than progestins triggers the preovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone in the bovine.
Chromatin remodeling and cancer, part I: covalent histone modifications

Dynamic chromatin remodeling underlies many, if not all, DNA-templated biological processes, including gene transcription; DNA replication and repair; chromosome condensation; and segregation and apoptosis. Disruption of these processes has been linked to the development and progression of cancer. The mechanisms of dynamic chromatin remodeling include the use of covalent histone modifications, histone variants, ATP-dependent complexes and DNA methylation. Together, these mechanisms impart variation into the chromatin fiber, and this variation gives rise to an 'epigenetic landscape' that extends the biological output of DNA alone. Here, we review recent advances in chromatin remodeling, and pay particular attention to mechanisms that appear to be linked to human cancer. Where possible, we discuss the implications of these advances for disease-management strategies.
Reoperative aortic valve replacement: partial upper hemisternotomy versus conventional full sternotomy.

Abstract Objective: We developed techniques for partial upper hemisternotomy for reoperative aortic valve replacement and compared the results with those of reoperative aortic valve replacement by way of conventional full resternotomy. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data from 19 patients who underwent conventional full sternotomy and 20 patients who underwent partial hemisternotomy for isolated elective reoperative aortic valve replacements performed between November 1996 and September 1998. Univariable and multivariable analyses were used to document the differences between the groups. Results: The 2 groups were similar with respect to age, sex, New York Heart Association functional class, valve pathologic characteristics, and numbers and types of previous operations. There were neither any operative deaths nor any postoperative valve-related morbidities in either group. There was 1 injury to a cardiac structure, which occurred in the conventional full sternotomy group. Univariable analysis documented that patients in the conventional full sternotomy group were significantly more likely to have at least 1000 mL blood loss during the first 24 hours after the operation (odds ratio 8.1, P = .02), were more likely to require transfusion of more than 5 units of packed red blood cell (odds ratio 3.6, P = .08), and were more likely to have a total operative duration longer than 5 hours (odds ratio 3.6, P = .08). In the multivariable analysis conventional full resternotomy remained a risk factor for greater blood loss (odds ratio 5.7, P = .06), greater transfusion requirement (odds ratio 2.4, P = .25), and longer total operative duration (odds ratio 7.7, P = .03). Conclusions: Partial upper hemisternotomy for reoperative aortic valve replacement avoids unnecessary lower mediastinal dissection, thereby reducing blood loss, transfusion needs, and total operative duration. These beneficial effects, which are accomplished without compromising the efficacy of the valve operation, make the partial upper hemisternotomy an excellent alternative to conventional full resternotomy for reoperative aortic valve replacement. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999;118:991-7)
Isovector deformation parameters from coupled-channel analysis of (p,n) reactions

The (p,n) reaction to the analog of the first excited ${2}^{+}$ state in $^{56}$,54Fe at 35 MeV is analyzed with coupled-channel calculations which couple together the ground state, the first ${2}^{+}$ state, and their analogs. These employ a Lane model optical potential and vibrational model couplings for the inelastic transitions. The potential parameters and transition strengths are constrained by requiring that the calculations simultaneously fit data for the (p,p), (p,p')${2}^{+}$, (n,n), (n,n')${2}^{+}$, (p,n)${0}^{+}$, and (p,n,)${2}^{+}$ cross sections. At this energy the two-step processes ${0}^{+}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${2}^{+}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${2}^{+}$ analog, and ${0}^{+}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${0}^{+}$ analog \ensuremath{\rightarrow}${2}^{+}$ analog, are essential components of the reaction. Interference between the two-step and the direct one-step (${0}^{+}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${2}^{+}$ analog) amplitudes allows both the magnitude and sign of the isovector deformation parameter ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{1}$ to be determined. We find ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{1}$ is negative in $^{54}\mathrm{Fe}$ but positive or zero in $^{56}\mathrm{Fe}$. The results are consistent with \ensuremath{\beta} values obtained by comparing measurements with different probes.
Arteriotomy and local circulation in children: The value of oscillometry†

The effects of arteriotomy on the local circulation were studied in 25 patients at varying intervals following cardiac catheterization. Manual palpation of the peripheral pulses provided only a fair index of the flow through the incised artery, whereas oscillometric examination (a significantly more sensitive method) indicated that arterial flow had been compromised in all patients who had brachial arteriotomies and in 83 per cent of patients who had femoral arteriotomies. Despite signifcant reduction in major arterial flow, examination of the digital pulse indicated that perfusion of the limb was unaltered in these children, probably because adequate collateral circulation had been established. These studies stress the importance of using objective methods for examining the arterial circulation in children, and the need for establishing standard oscillometric indices for the pediatric age group.
Soft microcontact printing with force control using microrobotic assembly based templates

In this study, soft microcontact printing with force control using microrobotic assembly based templates is investigated. Polystyrene microparticles are assembled automatically in a 2-D desired pattern on a glass substrate using an atomic force microscope nanoprobe installed on a nanopositioning stage. A force-controlled printing process of the patterned stamp is conducted after making a template and stamp from the assembled microparticles. Aluminum sputtering of the pattern on the glass and ultrasonically removing the microparticles is used to make a template. Soft lithography method is used to mold elastomeric polymers on the template to make a stamp. The stamp is inked and printed with a force-controlled system on a Petri dish substrate. Depending on the particle size and contact force, a smaller micro or nanometer size pattern can be formed. Since the spherical patterns on the stamp collapse due to the interfacial contact force, force-controlled microcontact printing is crucial. Using a fluorescent protein for inking the stamps enables the fluorescent imaging of the imprints. Preliminary experiments using 5 mum and 10 mum diameter polystyrene particles showed the feasibility of our technique. Thus, it is possible to get nanopatterns using assembled microparticle based stamps in high volumes
Some engineering models for interactions of electric and magnetic fields with biological systems

The objective of this paper is to review some of the fundamental mechanisms for the interaction of electric and magnetic fields with biological systems at variable levels of field strengths and to examine several possible ways by which weak fields may influence these systems. We begin with a review of the basic equations by which electric or magnetic fields interact with biological fluids and follow it with a look at the effects of inserting a simple cell membrane. The initial starting points are the force equations on charged particles and dipoles. We examine their effects on current flow, the orientation of long-chain molecules, and the forces which can be exerted by particles of magnetite on membranes. This is followed by a very simple model for the effects of a cell membrane on the overall current distribution and a model for current flow through a membrane. Some sources of nonlinearities which might serve as mechanisms for converting weak electrical signals from one frequency to a more biologically significant frequency are described. Additionally, three models by which a biological system may extract weak signals from noise are presented. The first of these is the injection-locking of oscillating processes where the signal-to-noise ratio may be less than unity. The second is parametric amplification which allows the external signal and the biological process to be at different frequencies and where stability requirements on the external pump frequency discriminates against the noise. The third approach is to examine a computer model for a neural network which can be trained to identify a 60 Hz field at signal-to-noise ratios much less than one. The key to each of these models for possible interactions of magnetic fields with biological systems is the long-term coherence of the signal with respect to the noise. Finally, we briefly examine the possibility of using scanning force and tunneling microscopes to give a better description of the characteristics of the cell surface.
Genetic Sensitivity to Peer Behaviors: 5HTTLPR, Smoking, and Alcohol Consumption

We investigate whether the serotonin transporter-linked polymorphic region (5HTTLPR), a gene associated with environmental sensitivity, moderates the association between smoking and drinking patterns at adolescents' schools and their corresponding risk for smoking and drinking themselves. Drawing on the school-based design of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health in conjunction with molecular genetic data for roughly 15,000 respondents (including over 2,000 sibling pairs), we show that adolescents smoke more cigarettes and consume more alcohol when attending schools with elevated rates of tobacco and alcohol use. More important, an individual's susceptibility to school-level patterns of smoking or drinking is conditional on the number of short alleles he or she has in 5HTTLPR. Overall, the findings demonstrate the utility of the differential susceptibility framework for medical sociology by suggesting that health behaviors reflect interactions between genetic factors and the prevalence of these behaviors in a person's context.
Source code indexing for automated tracing

Requirements-to-source-code traceability employs information retrieval (IR) methods to automatically link requirements to the source code that implements them. A crucial step in this process is indexing, where partial and important information from the software artifacts is converted into a representation that is compatible with the underlying IR model. Source code demands special attention in the indexing process. In this paper, we investigate source code indexing for supporting automatic traceability. We introduce a feature diagram that captures the key components and their relationships in the domain of source code indexing. We then present an experiment to examine the features of the diagram and their dependencies. Results show that utilizing comments has a significant effect on traceability link generation, and stemming is required when comments are considered.
Vagal modulation of the heart and central hemodynamics during handgrip exercise

Blood pressure and continuous electrocardiogram recordings were obtained from 12 participants during spontaneous breathing (SB1), dynamic handgrip exercise at 20% (HG20) of maximal voluntary contra...
TGFβ-stimulated Smad1/5 phosphorylation requires the ALK5 L45 loop and mediates the pro-migratory TGFβ switch

During the course of breast cancer progression, normally dormant tumour-promoting effects of transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta), including migration, invasion, and metastasis are unmasked. In an effort to identify mechanisms that regulate the pro-migratory TGFbeta 'switch' in mammary epithelial cells in vitro, we found that TGFbeta stimulates the phosphorylation of Smad1 and Smad5, which are typically associated with bone morphogenetic protein signalling. Mechanistically, this phosphorylation event requires the kinase activity and, unexpectedly, the L45 loop motif of the type I TGFbeta receptor, ALK5, as evidenced by studies using short hairpin RNA-resistant ALK5 mutants in ALK5-depleted cells and in vitro kinase assays. Functionally, Smad1/5 co-depletion studies demonstrate that this phosphorylation event is essential to the initiation and promotion of TGFbeta-stimulated migration. Moreover, this phosphorylation event is preferentially detected in permissive environments such as those created by tumorigenic cells or oncogene activation. Taken together, our data provide evidence that TGFbeta-stimulated Smad1/5 phosphorylation, which occurs through a non-canonical mechanism that challenges the notion of selective Smad phosphorylation by ALK5, mediates the pro-migratory TGFbeta switch in mammary epithelial cells.
EFFICIENT GMM ESTIMATION OF HIGH ORDER SPATIAL AUTOREGRESSIVE MODELS WITH AUTOREGRESSIVE DISTURBANCES

In this paper, we extend the GMM framework for the estimation of the mixed-regressive spatial autoregressive model by Lee(2007a) to estimate a high order mixed-regressive spatial autoregressive model with spatial autoregressive disturbances. Identification of such a general model is considered. The GMM approach has computational advantage over the conventional ML method. The proposed GMM estimators are shown to be consistent and asymptotically normal. The best GMM estimator is derived, within the class of GMM estimators based on linear and quadratic moment conditions of the disturbances. The best GMM estimator is asymptotically as efficient as the ML estimator under normality, more efficient than the QML estimator otherwise, and is efficient relative to the G2SLS estimator.
Intimacy in Psychoanalysis

In a similar context (Billow & Mendelsohn, Chapter 23), I have defined intimacy as a cognitive state that relates to knowledge of one’s psychic reality. I have also suggested that one’s emotional attitude towards this knowledge is the affective component of intimacy. Whereas intimacy is thus an intrapsychic process, it is an interpersonal process as well. One must first be intimate with oneself before one can be intimate with others. Psychoanalysis is a technique in which the major goal is increasing knowledge of one’s psychic reality, that is, where the major goal is intimacy.
The importance of reproductive interference in ecology and evolution: from organisms to communities

Knowledge of species interactions is vital to understand ecological and evolutionary patterns in nature. Traditional species interactions (e.g., competition, predation, symbiosis) have received a great deal of deserved attention and their general importance in shaping the evolution of populations and structure of communities is unquestioned. Recently, reproductive interference has been receiving attention as an important species interaction. Reproductive interference is defined as interspecific reproductive activities that decrease the fitness of at least one of the species involved in the interaction. Reproductive interference has the potential to affect the evolutionary trajectories of populations and structure of communities. Here, I comment on seven papers that make up this special feature on reproductive interference. Along the way I highlight key discoveries of these studies and areas of research that may contribute to our understanding of the causes and consequences of reproductive interference.
Progesterone Implants Delay Age-Related Declines in Regular Estrous Cyclicity and the Ovarian Follicular Reserve in Long-Evans Rats

The present study examined the effects of progesterone (P 4 ) treatments on estrous cyclicity and the loss of ovarian follicles during aging. Young rats received repeated treatments with P 4 or empty implants between 3.5 and 8 mo of age. At 8 mo, ovaries were obtained from some animals to determine the numbers of resting follicles, and estrous cycle patterns and hormone levels were determined from other groups of treated females. In contrast to the cyclic increases in P 4 , estradiol (E 2 ), LH, and FSH in control animals, P 4 -implanted rats exhibited elevated serum P 4 but low E 2 , LH, and FSH levels. After implant treatments, the follicular reserve was significantly (p < 0.05) larger in P 4 -treated females (2012 < 297 resting follicles per ovary, n = 5 rats per group) than in regularly cyclic control rats (713 ± 226 follicles per ovary, n = 7). The effects of P 4 implants on the follicular reserve were associated with a subsequently higher incidence of regular estrous cycles after P 4 treatment. These results demonstrate that P 4 prevents cyclic increases in E 2 secretion and is associated with a conservation of the ovarian follicular reserve and the maintenance of regular estrous cycle patterns, indicating a protective effect of P 4 on the age-related loss of ovarian follicles.
Inhibition of the 4Fe-4S Proteins IspG and IspH: an EPR, ENDOR and HYSCORE Investigation

IspG and IspH are proteins that are involved in isoprenoid biosynthesis in most bacteria as well as in malaria parasites and are important drug targets. They contain cubane-type 4Fe–4S clusters that are involved in unusual 2H+/2e− reductions. Here, we report the results of electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopic investigations of the binding of amino- and thiolo-HMBPP (HMBPP = E-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-but-2-enyl 4-diphosphate) IspH substrate-analog inhibitors to both proteins, as well as the binding of HMBPP and an acetylene diphosphate inhibitor, to IspG. The results show that amino-HMBPP binds to reduced IspH by Fe–C π-bonding with the olefinic carbons interacting with the unique 4th Fe in the 4Fe–4S cluster, quite different to the direct Fe–N ligation seen with the oxidized protein. No such π-complex is observed when amino-HMBPP binds to reduced IspG. No EPR signal is observed with IspH in the presence of dithionite and thiolo-HMBPP, suggesting that the 4Fe–4S cluster is not reduced, consistent with the presence of a 420 nm feature in the absorption spectrum (characteristic of an oxidized cluster). However, with IspG, the EPR spectrum in the presence of dithionite and thiolo-HMBPP is very similar to that seen with HMBPP. The binding of HMBPP to IspG was studied using hyperfine sublevel correlation spectroscopy with 17O and 13C labeled samples: the results rule out direct Fe–O bonding and indicate π-bonding. Finally, the binding to IspG of a potent acetylene diphosphate inhibitor was studied by using electron-nuclear double resonance spectroscopy with 13C labeled ligands: the large hyperfine couplings indicate strong Fe–C π-bonding with the acetylenic group. These results illustrate a remarkable diversity in binding behavior for HMBPP-analog inhibitors, opening up new routes to inhibitor design of interest in the context of anti-bacterial and anti-malarial drug discovery, as well as “cubane-type” metallo-biochemistry, in general.
Optical interconnects & nanophotonics

Optical interconnect technology will play an increasingly important role in servers and supercomputers. High density and low-cost optical packaging concepts are required. We consider optical interconnects for board-level and chip-level communication.
A mosaic 2q24.2 deletion narrows the critical region to a 0.4 Mb interval that includes TBR1, TANK, and PSMD14†

Interstitial deletions involving 2q24 have been associated with a wide range of phenotypes including intellectual disability and short stature. To date, the smallest common region among reported cases of deletions in this region is approximately 2.65 Mb and contains 15 genes. In the present case report, we describe an 18-year-old male with mild intellectual disability, short stature, and mosaicism for a 0.422 Mb deletion on 2q24.2 that was diagnosed by comparative genomic hybridization and confirmed with fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). This deletion, which is present in approximately 61% of cells, includes three genes: TBR1, TANK, and PSMD14. The findings suggest that the critical region for intellectual disability and short stature in 2q24.2 can be narrowed to a 0.422 Mb segment. TBR1, a transcription factor involved in early cortical development, is a strong candidate for the intellectual disability phenotype seen in our patient and in patients with larger deletions in this region of the genome.
Solar proton events and the fair weather electric field at ground

[1] Previous works have demonstrated the ability of solar energetic particles to affect mesospheric electric fields. In this work, we suggest that such particles can also affect the fair-weather electric field at ground level. Our model applies previously derived changes in the high-altitude atmospheric conductivity profile to the global electric circuit. We find that the strongest flare-generated proton events are capable of creating a measurable change to the electric field at ground level (∼5% change), but these changes are small in comparison to those associated with passing thunderstorms.
The Experience of Migration

Abstract Current thinking in mental health has begun to incorporate the centrality of culture in organizing people's lives, relational patterns, and meaning systems. However, not much is understood regarding the impact of living in two or more cultures due to immigration. This paper addresses the losses, trauma, and adjustment difficulties suffered by people who leave behind significant frames of reference and relational contexts that sustain their identifications. Attempts are made to provide a relational frame for understanding people's dilemmas within the therapeutic context. It is hoped this will help to expand providers' frame of reference when servicing immigrants and their families.
Citizen Sensing, Social Signals, and Enriching Human Experience

In this article, I introduce the exciting paradigm of citizen sensing enabled by mobile sensors and human computing - that is, humans as citizens on the ubiquitous Web, acting as sensors and sharing their observations and views using mobile devices and Web 2.0 services.
Material Properties of TiO2 Nanotube Arrays: Structural, Elemental, Mechanical, Optical and Electrical

In this chapter, we examine the structural, elemental, crystallization, optical, electrical, and mechanical properties of the anodization-synthesized titania nanotube arrays.
Effect of Lower Anogenital Squamous Terminology Recommendations on the Use of p16 Immunohistochemistry and the Proportion of High-Grade Diagnoses in Cervical Biopsy Specimens.

Objectives: The Lower Anogenital Squamous Terminology (LAST) group has recommended that cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) terminology be replaced by squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) terminology, with p16 immunohistochemistry used to separate lesions formerly diagnosed as CIN grade 2 into high-grade SILs (HSILs) and low-grade SILs. This study investigated the impact of these changes on the frequency of p16 testing and the diagnosis of high-grade lesions. Methods: Pathology reports for all cervical biopsy specimens in the 1 year before and after the introduction of LAST recommendations (July 2011 to June 2013) were examined. Results: Before and after the implementation of LAST, 365 (15.4%) of 2,376 cases were diagnosed as high grade (CIN 2/3) vs 486 (17.6%) of 2,761 cases diagnosed as HSILs ( P = .0343), and p16 was performed 79 (3.3%) times vs 383 (13.9%) times ( P < .0001). Conclusions: Immunohistochemistry for p16 increased dramatically as a result of LAST recommendations, and high-grade diagnoses increased.