cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Management accounting in ERP integrated MRP and TOC environments

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine traditional costing, activity‐based costing (ABC), and through‐put accounting in an enterprise resource planning (ERP) integrated environment for decision making.Design/methodology/approach – Computer simulation is used to model a manufacturing firm operating under a manufacturing resource planning environment and a theory of constraints environment.Findings – Through the inclusion of both manufacturing and non‐manufacturing costs and the use of both volume and non‐volume‐based cost drivers, ABC captures manufacturing characteristics and resource usage more accurately than traditional costing and through‐put accounting and results in higher profit, lower inventory, and better customer service for both the short and long term.Research limitations/implications – This study only simulates industries that have a relatively high‐overhead content and relatively low labor and raw material costs and inventory evaluations includes only work‐in‐process inventory. St...
Seperation of Nanoparticles by Gravitational Sedimentation

Preparation of nanocrystalline titanium oxide particles by wet chemical method and the separation of these particles by gravitational sedimentation were investigated. A colloidal form of titanium oxide was synthesized by the reaction between titanium fluoride containing solution and hydroxyl ions in an aqueous medium under controlled conditions. Colloidal precipitates produced by this reaction can have different size particles. This titanium oxide suspension was separated using a large liquid column in which different size particles can be collected in different region of the column. Raman and X-ray diffraction were used to investigate the structural properties of these nanocrystalline titanium oxides. The properties of asproduced particles were compared with the properties of annealed samples at different temperatures. As-produced particles had the anatase structure while it was not changed when annealed below 700 °C. High temperature (>700 °C) annealed particles had the rutile structure. The grain size of asproduced samples was varied in the range of 7–90 nm. This study with titanium oxide as the model material indicates that the gravitational sedimentation is a very promising technique to separate a mixture of different size nanoparticles.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
The Language Planning Process and Language Rights in Yugoslavia.

Diese Artikel behandelt die Formulierung und Ausfuhrung der jugoslawischen Sprachpolitik und das Verhaltnis zwischen Sprachrechten und Nationalrechten in Jugoslawien. Die Formulierung bezieht sich auf Entscheidungen der Amts-gewalten hinsichtlich ( 1 ) der Innenstruktur der Sprachvarietaten bzw. ( 2 ) der Funktionszuteilung an die Varietaten innerhalb einer Sprachgemeinschaft. Die Ausfuhrung bezieht sich auf Versuche unter Gemeinschaftsmitgliedern die Sprachpolitik durchzusetzen und Annahme zu finden. In Jugoslawien wird die Unterscheidung zwischen Formulierung und Ausfuhrung durch das hierarchische und dezentralisierte politische Verwaltungssystem beeinflust. Die in allgemeinster Form bundesstaatlich bestimmte Politik wird durch Formulierung einer aus-fuhrlicher Politik der Republiken durchgesetzt, die daruberhinaus in noch aus-fuhrlicher Form durch die Gemeinden durchgesetzt werden.In dieser Artikel soll die jugoslawische Sprachpolitik auf Bundes-, Republiksund Gemeindesebene behandelt werden. Insbesondere werden die Bundesver-fassung, die Verfassung der slowenischen Republik und das Statut der Gemeinde Piran beschrieben. Diese Dokumente bestimmen unter anderem die Sprachpolitik in vier Hauptbereichen: Allgemeinprinzipien, Herausgabe amtlicher Dokumente und Mitteilungen, Gerichts- und Verwaltungsverfahren, und Schul-wesen.Die jugoslawische Sprachpolitik unterscheidet sich von der durch Stalin vollendete Politik in dem Entwurf der Sprach- und Nationalrechte. Die gegen-wartige jugoslawische Sprachpolitik ziehlt auf eine Scheidung der Sprachrechten von den Nationalrechten. Die Verfassungssprachpolitik stellt die Grenzen dar, innerhalb welchen die Nationalrechte werden beschutzt werden und woruber die Rechte nicht hinausgehen durfen.
Migration to the Maya Biosphere Reserve, Guatemala: Why Place Matters

Most migration research examines international migration or urbanization. Yet understudied rural migrants are of critical concern for environmental conservation and rural sustainable development. Despite the fact that a relatively small number of all migrants settle remote rural frontiers, these are the agents responsible for perhaps most of the tropical deforestation on the planet. Further, rural migrants are among the most destitute people worldwide in terms of economic and human development. While some research has investigated deforestation resulting from frontier migration and frontier development, this article explores the necessary antecedent to tropical deforestation and poverty in agricultural frontiers: emigration from origin areas. The data come from a 2000 survey with community leaders and key informants in 16 municipios (municipalities) of migrant origin to the Maya Biosphere Reserve (MBR), Peten, Guatemala. A common denominator among communities of migration origin to the Peten frontier was unequal resource access, usually land. Nevertheless, factors driving resource scarcity were widely variable. Land degradation, land consolidation, and population growth prevailed in some communities but not in others. Despite similar exposure to community and regional level push factors, most people in the sampled communities did not emigrate, suggesting that any one or combination of factors is not necessarily sufficient for emigration.
Epidemiological considerations of concussions among intercollegiate athletes.

The purpose of this study was to examine epidemiological trends of concussions among 15 different intercollegiate sports during the 1997-1998, 1998-1999, and 1999-2000 seasons. Data were collected using the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Injury Surveillance System (ISS). For the 15 sports studied during the 3 academic years, the NCAA ISS documented 3,535 team-seasons, 40,547 reportable injuries, 5,566,924 practice athlete exposures (AEs), and 1,090,298 game AEs. Concussions accounted for 6.2% of all reported injuries during this 3-year study. Of all the reported injuries, women lacrosse players (13.9%) reported the highest percentage of suffering a concussion during a game followed by women's soccer (11.4%), men's ice hockey (10.3%), men's lacrosse (10.1%), football (8.8%), women's basketball, (8.5%), field hockey (7.2%), men's soccer (7.0%), wrestling (6.6%), men's basketball (5.0%), baseball (4.2%), and women's volleyball (4.1%). Female athletes from all 7 sports were found to be at a l...
Lupus Anticoagulant in the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Prolongation of partial thromboplastin time was noted in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) who were admitted to the hospital for diagnosis of opportunistic infection. As biopsy procedures were often indicated, detailed investigation of the abnormal coagulation study was performed in four patients. Results confirmed the presence of a lupus anticoagulant. Partial thromboplastin times of 34 consecutive subsequent patients hospitalized with the diagnosis of AIDS-associated opportunistic infection were recorded; prolongation was noted in 24 of these. None of these 38 patients exhibited clinical evidence of bleeding. One patient had a confirmed thrombotic episode. Prolonged partial thromboplastin time is a common finding in hospitalized patients with AIDS and opportunistic infection. If no clinical history of unusual bleeding is noted, the lupus anticoagulant should be suspected. Many patients with AIDS require invasive procedures for disease management; the lupus anticoagulant, an in vitro phenomenon, should not prevent these studies.
Role of multiple scouting biopsies before Mohs micrographic surgery for extramammary Paget's disease.

Background. Extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) frequently extends subclinically, resulting in high recurrence rates after surgical excision. Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) improves cure rates but may require time-consuming reexcision of subclinical extension. A mechanism to estimate the location and extent of subclinical extension would be helpful. Objective. To describe and evaluate a technique for multiple scouting biopsies before MMS for EMPD. Method. A retrospective review of patients at Mayo Clinic who had multiple scouting biopsies before MMS for EMPD without dermal invasion. Technique. The clinical extent of EMPD is identified. The scouting biopsy sites are determined and documented with photographs. The scouting biopsy specimens are sent for permanent sections. The results of the scouting biopsies help guide the extent of the initial Mohs layer. The tumor is cleared with MMS. An additional 1 mm peripheral margin of tissue is usually submitted for permanent sections. Results. Multiple scouting biopsies were done in five patients. Four of the five patients had at least one true-positive result. At least one true-negative result was obtained in all five patients. Two patients had at least one false-negative result. Conclusion. Multiple scouting biopsies before MMS for EMPD without dermal invasion can be a beneficial adjuvant technique. DAVID L. APPERT, MD, CLARK C. OTLEY, MD, P. KIM PHILLIPS, MD, AND RANDALL K. ROENIGK, MD, HAVE INDICATED NO SIGNIFICANT INTEREST WITH COMMERCIAL SUPPORTERS.
A biomechanical study of distal interphalangeal joint subluxation after mallet fracture injury.

Purpose There is no consensus in the literature regarding the size of a mallet fracture fragment that may lead to subluxation of the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the size of the dorsal articular fragment and DIP joint subluxation in a cadaveric mallet fracture model. Methods Twenty-nine fresh-frozen fingers without evidence of DIP joint osteophytes were dissected to the metacarpal base. The mean age of the 17 donors at the time of death was 69 years (range, 46 to 89 years). Obliquely oriented fractures through the dorsal lip of the distal phalanx were randomly created with an osteotome (range, 27% to 69% of the joint surface). Each finger was fully flexed and extended 1,200 times by applying alternating tension to the flexor and extensor tendons. Fluoroscopic images were obtained and digitized for measurements of fracture fragment size and DIP joint subluxation. Results Sixteen DIP joints remained reduced and 13 distal phalanges subluxated palmarward. Subluxation was not observed when the fracture fragment measured less than 43% of the joint surface, whereas subluxation consistently occurred when the defect measured greater than 52% of the articular surface. Subluxation averaged 18% ± 7% of the overall joint surface in these specimens. There was no correlation between the amount of joint subluxation and the percentage of articular surface damage (p = .22). Conclusions This study supports the concept that a mallet fracture with a large articular fragment may be unstable. Palmar subluxation of a DIP joint without preexisting arthritic deformity is expected when more than one half of the dorsal articular surface is injured.
Non-functional Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Pancreas: Incidence, Tumor Biology, and Outcomes in 2,158 Patients

Pancreatic neuroendocrine cancer is a rare, indolent malignancy with no effective systemic therapy currently available. This population-based analysis evaluated the hypothesis that long-term survival benefit is greater with aggressive, rather than limited, surgical therapy. Non-functional pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma (NF-pNEC) cases diagnosed from 1973 to 2004 were retrieved from the SEER database. A total of 2,158 patients with NF-pNEC were identified, representing 2% of all pancreatic malignancies. The annual incidence increased from 1.4 to 3.0 per million during the study period. On average, tumors measured 59 ± 35 mm (median 50), and age at diagnosis was 59 ± 15 years; 29% of patients were younger than 50. Nodal (44%) and systemic metastases (60%) were common. Overall the 5-, 10-, and 20-year survival rates were 33%, 17%, and 10%, respectively. Removal of the primary tumor significantly prolonged survival in the entire cohort (median 1.2 vs. 8.4 years; p < 0.001) and among those with metastases (median 1.0 vs. 4.8 years; p < 0.001). No survival difference was seen between enucleation and resection of the primary tumor (median 10.2 versus 9.2 years, p = 0.456). This study suggests that surgical therapy improves survival among patients with localized, as well as metastatic, NF-pNEC. Enucleation may be oncologically equivalent to resection.
Structural features of bovine fetuin revealed from analysis of the primary translation product: anomalous behavior on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is due largely to peptide and not solely to carbohydrate.

Abstract Native bovine fetuin is a major α1-glycoprotein in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of fetal calves. We previously reported (Johnson, W. V., and Heath, E. C. (1986) Biochemistry25, 5518–5525) the purification of the primary translation product for fetuin (prefetuin) from a rabbit reticulocyte cell-free translation system and showed that prefetuin contains an 18 amino acid signal peptide. Here we report that although the apparent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel molecular weights of fetuin and prefetuin are 64,000 and 49,000, respectively, when analyzed by gel filtration chromatography under denaturing and reducing conditions, molecular weight values of 48,000 and 40,000 were found for native fetuin and the nonglycosylated prefetuin, respectively. These molecular weight values are in agreement with those expected on the basis of the sedimentation diffusion data of Spiro (Spiro, R. G. (1960) J. Biol. Chem.235, 2860–2869) and indicate that the polypeptide moiety makes a major contribution toward the anomalous SDS gel electrophoretic mobility of fetuin. Therefore, the carbohydrate moiety is not solely responsible for this property. Edman degradation of [35S]methionine-labeled prefetuin indicated that the N-terminal residue is the only methionine present in prefetuin; native fetuin lacks methionine. Additionally, hydroxylamine cleavage of an AsnGly bond in prefetuin localized one of the N-linked carbohydrate side chains to the middle of the polypeptide chain of native fetuin.
The statins in preventive cardiology.

By inhibiting the biosynthesis of endogenous cholesterol, the statin drugs lower elevated blood cholesterol levels much more effectively than any dietary or other drug regimen. Dr. Daniel Steinberg describes how statins have revolutionized preventive cardiology.
Monitoring by Auditors: The Case of Public Housing Authorities

ABSTRACT: We take advantage of the unique reporting requirements of nonprofit public housing authorities (PHAs) to study the effect of audits on financial information both generally and when there are management incentives to misreport financial data. There is little prior research on the effect of audit adjustments in nonprofit settings and conflicting research on how auditors react to management's incentives to misreport. We identify potential financial statement areas at risk of manipulation based on incentives specific to public housing authorities. Using pre- and post-audit financial data for almost 3,600 PHAs across seven years, we find that auditors make economically and statistically significant adjustments to PHA financial statements. In addition, we find evidence that audits appear to reduce potential management bias, particularly to reduce risks of overstatement. Overall, audits appear to matter in this nonprofit, low-litigation risk setting where there is a large concentration of non-Big 4 au...
Measurements of the Size Distribution of Aerosols Produced by Ultrasonic Humidification

Aerosol number and mass distributions produced by an ultrasonic room humidifier and an ultrasonic medical nebulizer were examined in a limited-scale study. Rapid droplet drying occurred at room humidities and under near saturated conditions. A model was tested describing the diameter of dried particles as a function of the dissolved mineral content of the water and the transducer frequency. Water containing 102 mg/L of dissolved minerals in a humidifier with a 1.6 MHz transducer produced droplets with a mass median diameter of 2.9 μm. The number median diameter of particles after drying was computed to be 0.11 μm. The distribution of particles in a nebulizer tube using a NaCl solution was shown to consist of a mixture of dried salt particles and droplets which included coagulated multiplets.
Interleukin-3 induces translocation and down-regulation of protein kinase C in human platelets.

Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of phospholipid-dependent kinases that is involved, along with calcium mobilization, in the activation of human platelets. Since interleukin-3 (IL-3) has been shown to act, in part, by activating PKC, we investigated the effect of IL-3 on PKC activity and content in human platelets. Exposure of platelets to 10 ng/ml of IL-3 was associated with a rapid (i.e., within 3 minutes) translocation of PKC activity and content from the cytosol to the membrane fraction. In addition, treatment with IL-3 effected a time-dependent down-regulation of PKC activity and content. We speculate that IL-3 may act as a modulator of PKC-dependent pathways in the human platelet.
Plant water stress effects on stylet probing behaviors of Homalodisca vitripennis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) associated with acquisition and inoculation of the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa.

The glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis (Germar) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), is a xylem fluid-ingesting leafhopper that transmits χylella fastidiosa Wells et al., a plant-infecting bacterium that causes several plant diseases in the Americas. Although the role of plant water stress on the population density and dispersal of H. vitripennis has been studied, nothing isknown about the effects of plant water stress on the transmission of χ. fastidiosa by H. vitripennis.Alaboratory study was conducted to determine the influence of plant water stress on the sharpshooter stylet probing behaviors associated with the acquisition and inoculation of χ. fastidiosa. Electrical penetration graph was used to monitor H. vitripennis feeding behaviors for 20-h periods on citrus [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] and almond [Prunus dulcis (Miller) D.A. Webb] plants subjected to levels of water stress. Adult H. vitripennis successfully located xylem vessels, then performed behaviors related to the evaluation of the xylem cell and fluid, and finally ingested xylem fluid from citrus and almond plants under the tested fluid tensions ranging from -5.5 to -33.0 bars and -6.0 to -24.5 bars, respectively. In general, long and frequent feeding events associated with the acquisition and inoculation of χ. fastidiosa were observed only in fully irrigated plants (i.e., >-10 bars), which suggests that even low levels of plant water stress may reduce the spread of χ. fastidiosa. Results provided insights to disease epidemiology and support the hypothesis that application of regulated deficit irrigation has the potential to reduce the incidence of diseases caused by χ. fastidiosa by reducing the number of vectors and by decreasing pathogen transmission efficiency.
Pointing and talk by low-income mothers and their 14-month-old children

This study examines maternal talk and uses of the pointing gesture during interaction with young children in order to uncover the relationship between maternal and child pointing and talk. Forty- five low-income mother-child dyads were videotaped in their homes at child age 14 months. Results indicate that: (a) mothers and children who talk more point more during interaction, (b) the majority of pointing gestures are used to direct the hearer's attention, (c) mothers who communicate more with their children view their children as understanding more, (d) more educated mothers point more in the context of discussing a joint focus of attention and for conversation-directing purposes. Findings are discussed in terms of the relationship between maternal communi cative characteristics and child pointing and talk.
Synthesis of N-acetylated deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphates and their utilization in enzymatic formation of single-stranded polydeoxyribonucleotides.

The N-acetylated deoxyadenosine and deoxyguanosine 5′-triphosphates (dAAcTP and dGAcTP) have been synthesized and found competent as substrates for enzymatic chain lengthening of polydeoxyribonucleotides without concomitant loss of the acetyl group. The enzyme used was terminal deoxyribonucleotidyltransferase. The addition of dGAc units proceeds without aggregation that self-limits addition of nonacetylated dG units. The resulting polymer 3′-ended with dGAc units is an efficient initiator for subsequent chain lengthening. Hydrogen bonding is not destroyed by N-acetylation of the dA-dT Watson-Crick pair, although it is considerably weakened. As a practical result of this, a polymer 3′-ended with dAAc units is a much more efficient initiator for enzymatic chain lengthening by dT units than is a corresponding polymer with dA units. Venom phosphodiesterase does not hydrolyze a polymer 3′-ended with dAAc units.
DC resistivity methods for determining resistivity in the earth's crust

Abstract The use of Schlumberger and dipole arrays for crustal-scale resistivity soundings is considered. Advantages and disadvantages of the two methods are described. The depth to which resistivity may be determined from field measurements is discussed as well as the determination from the sounding curves of various parameters associated with layered structure. The interpretation of experimental data using reference curves as well as two approaches used in computer assisted interpretation are discussed.
CHANGES IN BONE-CONDUCTION THRESHOLDS PRODUCED BY MASKING IN THE NON-TEST EAR.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of central masking on both air and bone-conduction thresholds. In the first investigation, 10 normal listeners were tested by air conduction ...
Topics in teaching and using APL2

APL2 is like many subjects in programming and mathematics in that it can appear sprawling, complex, vast and difficult to grasp if a few underlying principles are not well understood. Selecting and emphasising these to the point where they become the basis of ingrained habits on the part of students is the first crucial step towards success in teaching APL2. The next is to use these principles to separate clearly the roles of a set of primitive functions, namely disclose, first, take, pick and index which have strong similarities both in their function and in the symbols used to represent them. Then comes the discipline of using these and other functions in ways that exploit the self-specification nature of APL2, which if applied properly bears the same relation to software engineering as alternative medicine does to the orthodox brand.
In Vivo Contact Mechanics of the Distal Radioulnar Joint of the Normal Wrist Compared to Scapholunate Injury and Surgical Repair

The distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) is a joint of the wrist which allows forearm rotation and force transmission in the upper limb while preserving stability independent of flexion and extension of the forearm and wrist. The DRUJ is a frequently injured joint in the body. Conditions affecting the joint could be positive ulnar variance (Ulnar Impaction Syndrome) or negative ulnar variance (ulnar impingement), which may be congenital or may result from a poorly reduced distal radius fracture or both bone forearm fracture. The DRUJ is also adversely affected by other injuries near the joint. In fact, a significant correlation has been found between negative ulnar variance and scapholunate dissociation [1, 2, 3]. While this could be a predisposing factor, the associate also leads to the question of whether or not scapholunate dissociation may cause changes in the radioulnar joint mechanics. Altered joint mechanics are highly associated with onset of secondary osteoarthritis. An understanding of in vivo distal radioulnar joint contact mechanics in the normal and pathological wrist could help physicians make better clinical recommendations and improve treatment for the primary injury and avoid DRUJ pathology. Successful treatment may possibly reduce risk of or prevent the onset of osteoarthritis.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
The rising share of nonmarital births: fertility choice or marriage behavior?

Much of the sharp rise in the share of nonmarital births in the United States has been attributed to changes in the fertility choices of unmarried and married women—in response, it is often argued, to public policy. In contrast, we develop and test a model that attributes the rise to changes in marriage behavior, with no necessary changes in fertility. A variety of empirical tests strongly support this conclusion and invites focused attention to issues related to marriage behavior as well as to the interactions between marriage and fertility.
mTOR Signaling and Human Cancer

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling and human cancer. Dysregulation of the mTOR signaling is closely associated with human cancer. A frequent activation of the mTOR signaling is observed in human cancer, as detected by examining tissue samples for the level of phospho-S6K, phospho-S6, or phospho-mTOR. Some of these cases are because of the activation of upstream events such as the activation of Akt. Some genetic disorders associated with benign tumor formation occur when upstream regulators of mTOR are mutated. Activating mutations in mTOR can be identified in human cancer. This is possible by mining the human cancer genome database. As the human cancer genome database is rapidly expanding, it raises the possibility that a large number of activating mTOR mutations will be identified in human cancer. Small molecule inhibitors of mTOR have been developed and these inhibitors exhibit efficacy to block tumor growth.
Smoking cessation: An application of theory of planned behavior to understanding progress through stages of change

The purpose of this research was to investigate variables relevant to smoking cessation early in the process of change through an application of the Theory of Planned Behavior [Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. In J. Kuhl and J. Beckman (Eds). Action-control: From cognition to behavior (pp.11-39). Heidelberg: Springer.] to the temporal structure provided by the Transtheoretical Model. Study 1 was a preliminary elicitation study (n=68) conducted to ground the concepts used in the model testing in Study 2 [Ajzen, I., Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.]. Study 2 tested the proposed model fit with data from a sample of 230 adult smokers. Structural equation modeling did not support the Theory of Planned Behavior as a model of motivation for progress through the stages of change and highlighted measurement issues with perceived behavioral control. A modified model using the Theory of Reasoned Action provided a good fit to the data, accounting for approximately 64% of the variance in intention to quit smoking and stage of change. This research addresses the need for a more complete theoretical rationale for progress through stages of change.
Rate of change of blood pressure in premature and full term infants from birth to 4 months.

Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were evaluated in a cohort of 61 non-hypertensive premature [very low birth weight (VLBW),n=16; low birth weight (LBW),n=22] and full-term [normal birth weight (NBW),n=23] newborn infants admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and followed to their 4-month age-adjusted outpatient examination. All were receiving routine postnatal care by 7 days of age. Blood pressure was measured at 7 days of age, at discharge from the NICU, and at the outpatient examination. Simple linear regression of blood pressure on weight was used to fit a straight line to the three measurements for each infant and the average regression line for each birth weight group was then obtained. There was a significant correlation between systolic blood pressure and both weight and length at each of the measurement points and also between the change in systolic, blood pressure and change in weight from the discharge to the 4-month examination. Diastolic blood pressure tended to follow this same pattern. Gestational age was correlated significantly with the 7-day blood pressure, but postnatal age at the outpatient examination was not correlated with either systolic or diastolic blood pressure. The average slopes of systolic and diastolic blood pressure on weight (mmHg/kg body weight) were virtually identical for the LBW and NBW groups; in constrast, the average slope of the VLBW group was greater than the other two groups, and the difference was statistically significant for diastolic blood pressure. These results show significant group differences in mean blood pressure prior to 4 months of age between VLBW, LBW, and NBW groups and, for the VLBW infants, a steeper slope of the estimated regression line of blood pressure on weight between birth and 4 months.
Histone synthesis during infection of monkey kidney cells with Simian Virus 40

Abstract The synthesis of histones during lytic infection of BSC-1 (African Green Monkey kidney) cells with SV40 has been investigated. The synthesis of all five classes of histones was stimulated, and all classes appeared to be stimulated to the same extent. The increase in rate of histone synthesis in response to SV40 infection was detectable several hours before SV40 DNA synthesis was measureable, and the rate of histone synthesis decreased at a time when SV40 DNA synthesis was occuring at a maximal or relatively high rate. In addition, the changes in rates of histone synthesis did not correlate well with the rates of host DNA synthesis during infection. Thus it appears that DNA synthesis and histone synthesis may not be strictly coupled in SV40 infected cells.
Racial Variations in Location and Risk of Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background and Purpose— Risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) vary by location. Incidence rates of ICH are known to be higher in American blacks than whites, but how rates may differ by hemorrhage location is unknown. We sought to define incidence rates for different ICH locations in a biracial population. Methods— All hospitalized patients age ≥20 years with spontaneous ICH were identified in the Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky metropolitan area from May 1998 to July 2001 and August 2002 to April 2003. Incidence rates per 100 000 persons were age, sex, and race adjusted as appropriate to the 2000 US population. Risk ratios (RRs) with 95% CIs were calculated from unadjusted incidence rates. Results— There were 1038 qualifying ICHs. Annual incidence rates per 100 000 persons ≥20 years of age were 48.9 for blacks and 26.6 for whites. Annual incidence rates per 100 000 blacks in lobar, deep cerebral, brain stem, and cerebellar locations were 15.2, 25.7, 5.1, and 2.9, respectively. Annual incid...
Activation of the human glucocorticoid receptor: evidence for a two-step model.

Abstract The relationship between glucocorticoid receptor subunit dissociation and activation was investigated by DEAE-cellulose and DNA-cellulose chromatography of monomeric and multimeric [3H]triamcinolone acetonide ([3H]TA)-labeled IM-9 cell glucocorticoid receptors. Multimeric (7–8 nm) and monomeric (5–6 nm) complexes were isolated by Sephacryl S-300 chromatography. Multimeric complexes did not bind to DNA-cellulose and eluted from DEAE-cellulose at a salt concentration (0.2 M KCl) characteristic of unactivated steroid-receptor complexes. Monomeric [3H]TA-receptor complexes eluted from DEAE-cellulose at a salt concentration (20 mM KCl) characteristic of activated steroid-receptor complexes. However, only half of these complexes bound to DNA-cellulose. This proportion could not be increased by heat treatment, addition of bovine serum albumin, or incubation with RNase A. Incubation of monomeric complexes with heat inactivated cytosol resulted in a 2-fold increase in DNA-cellulose binding. Unlike receptor dissociation, this increase was not inhibited by the presence of sodium molybdate. Fractionation of heat inactivated cytosol by Sephadex G-25 chromatography demonstrated that the activity responsible for the increased DNA binding of monomeric [3H]TA-receptor complexes was macromolecular. These results are consistent with a two-step model for glucocorticoid receptor activation, in which subunit dissociation is a necessary but insufficient condition for complete activation. They also indicate that conversion of the steroid-receptor complex to the low-salt eluting form is a reflection of receptor dissociation but not necessarily acquisition of DNA-binding activity.
Increased life span of human osteoarthritic chondrocytes by exogenous expression of telomerase.

Objective To extend the life span of human osteoarthritic (OA) articular chondrocytes by introduction of the catalytic component of human telomerase while preserving the chondrocyte-specific phenotype. Methods Human articular chondrocytes were isolated from the femoral head and tibial plateau of patients undergoing knee joint replacement for OA. The chondrocytes were cultured as monolayers and infected with a retroviral telomerase expression construct followed by selection with G418 for 10–14 days. Telomeric-repeat amplification protocol assays and telomere terminal restriction fragment length assays were performed on pools of transduced cells in order to measure telomerase activity and telomere length. Growth kinetics and population doubling capacity were assessed by passaging the cells in monolayer culture. Redifferentiation of the monolayer chondrocyte cultures was induced by transfer to suspension culture on poly-(2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate) (polyHEMA)–coated dishes. Induction of the chondrocyte-specific phenotype was monitored by analysis of gene expression utilizing reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. Results OA chondrocytes isolated from 3 different donors (ages 41, 69, and 75 years) were transduced with a retroviral construct expressing telomerase. After selection, pooled populations of cells from all donors and a clonal cell line from 1 donor expressed telomerase activity and exhibited lengthening of telomeres. Chondrocytes expressing telomerase showed an increase of 5–9 population doublings over 234 days of culture in monolayer. The telomerase-transduced cells recovered a chondrocyte-specific gene expression pattern following culture on polyHEMA-coated dishes. Conclusion The exogenous expression of telomerase may represent a way to expand human OA chondrocytes while allowing maintenance of the chondrocyte-specific phenotype. These cells have the potential to be used for restoration of the articular cartilage defects occurring in this disease.
Energetics of Ternary Nitrides: Li-Ca-Zn-N and Ca-Ta-N Systems

High-temperature oxide melt drop solution calorimetry was used to study the energetics of ternary nitride formation. The standard enthalpies of formation of several binary and ternary nitrides were determined. These values in kJ mol-1 are ΔHf°(Li3N) = −166.1 ± 4.8, ΔHf°(Ca3N2) = −439.7 ± 6.6, ΔHf°(Zn3N2) = −43.5 ± 4.1, ΔHf°(Ta3N5) = −849.7 ± 11.7, ΔHf°(Ca2ZnN2) = −378.9 ± 8.6, ΔHf°(Sr2ZnN2) = −385.6 ± 14.3, ΔHf°(LiCaN) = −216.8 ± 10.8, ΔHf°(LiZnN) = −137.5 ± 6.8, and ΔHf°(CaTaN2) = −643.8 ± 9.6. These enthalpies of formation are small in magnitude compared to analogous values for oxides. However, the enthalpies of formation of the ternaries from binary nitrides can be quite substantial, confirming significant energetic stabilization of ternary nitrides. The energetics of ternary nitride formation appears to be dominated by the acid/base character of the cations. A linear relationship was found between the enthalpies of formation of the ternaries from binary nitrides and the ionic potential ratio of the tw...
Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Tornado Path Direction

Abstract Common perception is that tornadoes travel in paths from the southwest quadrant of directions toward the northeast. This study examines path directions for 6,194 tornadoes that occurred in the eastern two-thirds of the United States during the twenty-three-year period 1980–2002. At the national scale, nearly 70 percent of tornadoes included in the study propagated from the west, west-southwest, and southwest, with west-southwest being the highest frequency origin direction. Nevertheless, distinct seasonal and regional variations were found. In central and northern areas of the country, a more westerly or northwesterly path origin prevails during late spring and summer. The midtropospheric flow, convective typology, and synoptic patterns of tornado outbreaks are thought to contribute to the distributions observed in the climatology.
Chemistry of C-Trimethylsilyl-Substituted Heterocarboranes. 25. Syntheses, Structures, and Reactivities of GeCl3-Substituted Half-Sandwich Germacarboranes, closo-1-Ge-2-(SiMe3)-3-(R)-5-(GeCl3)-2,3-C2B4H3 (R = SiMe3, Me, and H)†

Anhydrous GeCl4 reacts with the closo-stannacarboranes 1-Sn-2-(SiMe3)-3-(R)-2,3-C2B4H4 (R = SiMe3 (I), Me (II), and H (III)) in the absence of solvents to give the corresponding closo-germacarboranes 1-Ge-2-(SiMe3)-3-(R)-5-(GeCl3)-2,3-C2B4H3 (R = SiMe3 (IV), Me (V), and H (VI)) in yields of 43%, 22%, and 51%, respectively. Despite the presence of two potential Lewis-acid sites, the reactions of the germacarboranes with the bases C10H8N2, C8H6N4, and C15H11N3 produced exclusively 1-(L)-2-(SiMe3)-3-(R)-5-(GeCl3)-1,2,3-GeC2B4H3 (L = C10H8N2, R = SiMe3 (VII) and Me (VIII); L = C15H11N3, R = SiMe3 (XI)) or, when L = C8H6N4, the bridged complexes 1,1‘-(2,2‘-C8H6N4)-[1-Ge-2-(SiMe3)-3-(R)-5-(GeCl3)-2,3-C2B4H3]2 (R = SiMe3 (IX), Me (X)). The reaction of IV with (η5-C5H5)Fe(η5-C5H4CH2(Me)2N) produced a 1:1 mixture of the salt {[(η5-C5H5)Fe(η5-C5H4CH2]2N(Me)2}+{GeCl3}- (XII) and 1-Ge[(η5-C5H5)Fe(η5-C5H4CH2(Me)2N)]-2,3-(SiMe3)2-5-(NMe2)-2,3-C2B4H3 (XIII), a germacarborane in which a NMe2 group replaced the GeCl3 moie...
Evolution of HIV-1 Isolates that Use a Novel Vif-Independent Mechanism to Resist Restriction by Human APOBEC3G

The human APOBEC3G protein restricts the replication of Vif-deficient HIV-1 by deaminating nascent viral cDNA cytosines to uracils, leading to viral genomic strand G-to-A hypermutations. However, the HIV-1 Vif protein triggers APOBEC3G degradation, which helps to explain why this innate defense does not protect patients. The APOBEC3G-Vif interaction is a promising therapeutic target, but the benefit of the enabling of HIV-1 restriction in patients is unlikely to be known until Vif antagonists are developed. As a necessary prelude to such studies, cell-based HIV-1 evolution experiments were done to find out whether APOBEC3G can provide a long-term block to Vif-deficient virus replication and, if so, whether HIV-1 variants that resist restriction would emerge. APOBEC3G-expressing T cells were infected with Vif-deficient HIV-1. Virus infectivity was suppressed in 45/48 cultures for more than five weeks, but replication was eventually detected in three cultures. Virus-growth characteristics and sequencing demonstrated that these isolates were still Vif-deficient and that in fact, these viruses had acquired a promoter mutation and a Vpr null mutation. Resistance occurred by a novel tolerance mechanism in which the resistant viruses packaged less APOBEC3G and accumulated fewer hypermutations. These data support the development of antiretrovirals that antagonize Vif and thereby enable endogenous APOBEC3G to suppress HIV-1 replication.
On the Efficient Processing of Multilevel Secure Continuous Queries

Data Stream Management Systems (DSMSs) address the data processing needs of situational monitoring applications, where data must be collected on-the-fly and processed in real-time. Sensitive data in situational monitoring applications must be processed such that there is no leakage of confidential information. Towards this end, we design a DSMS that allows continuous queries to be executed on multilevel secure (MLS) data in an efficient and secure manner. We provide a prototype to demonstrate the feasibility of our ideas and present some experimental results that discuss the overhead and performance gain of our approach.
Alterations in central and peripheral adrenergic receptors in deoxycorticosterone/salt hypertensive rats.

Abstract The treatment of uninephrectomized rats with deoxycorticosterone (DOCA) and salt for 6 weeks caused a significant systolic hypertension and cardiac and renal hypertrophy. There was a significant decrease in the density of cardiac α 1 - and β-, and renal α 1 -adrenoceptors in DOCA/salt hypertensive rats, as compared to uninephrectomized salt loaded control rats. In contrast, the cerebral cortex, corpus striatum, hippocampus and hypothalamus/thalamus of hypertensive rats showed a significant increase in adrenoceptor binding in these hypertensive rats. In contrast, muscarinic cholinergic receptors and [ 3 H]yohimbine binding sites were not altered in most tissues of the hypertensive rats. The present study suggests an important role for central and peripheral α 1 - and β-adrenoceptors in the pathogenesis of hypertension.
Possible co-existence of superconductivity and weak ferromagnetism in ErNi2B2C

Abstract Detailed measurements of the field H and temperature T dependent, anisotropic magnetization M ( T , H ) on single crystal ErNi 2 B 2 C indicate that there is a phase transition to a magnetically ordered ground state that has a weak ferromagnetic component of 0.33 μ B /Er for T 2 B 2 C, but, unlike TbNi 2 B 2 C, the ferromagnetic component exists in ErNi 2 B 2 C for temperatures and fields that are well below the T c and H c2 . Therefore, in ErNi 2 B 2 C there appears to be the coexistence of superconductivity and weak ferromagnetism for T H
Coupled Electrohydrodynamic-Dielectrophoretic Pumping of Colloidal Suspensions in a Microchannel

Effective and versatile microfluidic pumps can be designed by utilizing various electrokinetic effects, such as electrohydrodynamics (EHD), induced-charge electroosmosis (ICEO) and dielectrophoresis (DEP). Among these, traveling-wave EHD (twEHD) has emerged as a powerful pumping mechanism due to its potential for miniaturization and the ability to pump a variety of liquids. However, when twEHD is used to deliver colloidal suspensions, the simultaneous presence of traveling-wave DEP (twDEP) effect may favorably or adversely influence the overall pumping performance, depending on the particle-fluid combination and the frequency range of the applied electric field. In this paper, the coupled EHD and DEP flows were studied numerically in a microchannel with a three-phase interdigitated microelectrode array fabricated at the bottom surface. In the numerical model, the particle-fluid interaction due to twDEP was solved using an equivalent mixture model, and the resultant velocity field was compared to that induced by either the repulsion type or the attraction type of EHD. The results show, depending on the frequency range of the traveling wave electric field and the applied thermal boundary condition, the EHD-induced flow can significantly enhance or weaken the twDEP-induced flow, vice versa.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Targeting those with decreased meaning and peace: a supportive care opportunity

Purpose To evaluate if an individual’s level of meaning/peace (M/P) predicts various quality of life (QOL) and mental well-being measures. To identify targets that might enhance the overall spiritual well-being and QOL of ovarian cancer patients.
Large-scale production and characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis insecticidal protein from Escherichia coli

Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis insecticidal protein was produced in recombinant Escherichia coli and purified to near homogeneity to provide quantities of protein for safety-assessment studies associated with the registration of transgenic potato plants. The 68-kDa protein is produced naturally by Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis by translation initiation at an internal initiation site in the native DNA sequence. The gene sequence specific for this truncated protein was expressed in E. coli strain JM 101 and fermented at the 1000-l scale. The protein accumulated as insoluble inclusion bodies, and was purified by extraction at pH␣10.8 with carbonate buffer, selective precipitation at pH 9.0, and differential centrifugation. No chromatography steps were required to produce over 50 g purified protein as a lyophilized powder with a purity greater than 95 % and demonstrating full insecticidal activity against Colorado potato beetle larvae. The protein was further characterized to assure identity and suitability for use in safety-assessment studies.
Enhanced water permeation of reverse osmosis through MFI-type zeolite membranes with high aluminum contents

MFI-type zeolite membranes with different Si/Al ratios were synthesized by seeding and secondary growth. Several factors including alkalinity, synthesis time, and Si/Al ratio were varied to optimize the synthesis conditions. Ion separation of 0.10 M NaCl solution by zeolite membranes was investigated through a cross-flow reverse osmosis system. The aluminum content was found to play an important role in zeolite growth and reverse osmosis separation performance afterward. Membrane hydrophilicity and surface charge measured by the contact angle and particle ζ-potential were found to be strongly dependent on the aluminum composition of the membranes. Both water flux and ion rejection increased considerably as aluminum ions were incorporated into the zeolite framework with a water flux increase from 0.112 to 1.129 kg/m2·h and ion rejection improvement from 90.6% to 92.9%. The enhancement in ion separation and water flux for high aluminum ZSM-5 membranes was further analyzed by enhanced water affinity on the m...
Sustainable Construction Education Using Problem-Based Learning and Service Learning Pedagogies

AbstractIncorporating the concepts of sustainable development in engineering education is becoming a necessity in order to prepare future professionals with the dynamic mindset and broad knowledge needed to effectively and efficiently solve the interdisciplinary challenges of the 21st century. To this end, utilizing the principles of active learning towards sustainable construction education leads to stronger learning outcomes and development for students. The objective is to enhance the undergraduate student skill-set that is required to make them more enabled, aligned, and supported to design, construct, and operate our infrastructure systems. In this paper, the authors provide the associated course development principles grounded in problem-based-learning (PBL) and service-learning (SL) pedagogies, course management strategy, as well as the educational and learning philosophies. To this end, the course PBL activities utilized interrelated and mutually supportive assignments and projects where the assig...