cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changes in postprandial plasma and extracellular and ruminal fluid volumes in wethers fed or unfed for 72 hours.

Postprandial shifts in body water compartments might limit feed intake by ruminants, especially when an animal becomes partially dehydrated during transportation or other periods of water deprivation. This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of feed and water deprivation on postprandial changes in body water compartments in wethers. Hampshire wethers (n = 8; average BW 42 +/- 2 kg) were used in a crossover design. During each period, four wethers were limit-fed (540 g DM/d: FED) and four were deprived of feed and water for 72 h (DEPRIVED). Wethers were infused i.v. with Evans blue and sodium thiosulfate and intraruminally with Cr- or Co-EDTA, after which blood and ruminal samples were collected for the next 4 h. All wethers were then fed 540 g of feed DM, and infusions were repeated 30 min after feeding. Body water compartment volumes were determined with linear regression using plasma concentrations of Evans blue (plasma volume), and sodium thiosulfate (extracellular volume), and using ruminal fluid concentrations of Cr or Co. Feed and water deprivation decreased (P < .01) extracellular water space but did not affect plasma or ruminal water space. After feeding, extracellular water space decreased (P < .01) and ruminal volume increased (P < .05) in the FED and DEPRIVED wethers. Plasma pools of Na, K, and Mg were not affected by feeding in FED wethers but decreased (P < .05) in DEPRIVED wethers. The increase in ruminal fluid pools of Na, K, and Mg were greater (P < .05) in FED than in DEPRIVED wethers. These results indicate that abnormal water and electrolyte shifts may be factors partially responsible for the decreased feed intake by ruminants subjected to transportation or feed and water deprivation stress.
Unravelling Structure, Localization, and Genetic Crosstalk of KLF3 in Human Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is the most prevailing disease among women. It actually develops from breast tissue and has heterogeneous and complex nature that constitutes multiple tumor quiddities. These features are associated with different histological forms, distinctive biological characteristics, and clinical patterns. The predisposition of breast cancer has been attributed to a number of genetic factors, associated with the worst outcomes. Unfortunately, their behavior with relevance to clinical significance remained poorly understood. So, there is a need to further explore the nature of the disease at the transcriptome level. The focus of this study was to explore the influence of Kruppel-like factor 3 (KLF3), tumor protein D52 (TPD52), microRNA 124 (miR-124), and protein kinase C epsilon (PKCe) expression on breast cancer. Moreover, this study was also aimed at predicting the tertiary structure of KLF3 protein. Expression of genes was analyzed through real-time PCR using the delta cycle threshold method, and statistical significance was calculated by two-way ANOVA in Graphpad Prism. For the construction of a 3D model, various bioinformatics software programs, Swiss Model and UCSF Chimera, were employed. The expression of KLF3, miR-124, and PKCe genes was decreased (fold change: 0.076443, 0.06969, and 0.011597, respectively). However, there was 2-fold increased expression of TPD52 with p value < 0.001 relative to control. Tertiary structure of KLF3 exhibited 80.72% structure conservation with its template KLF4 and was 95.06% structurally favored by a Ramachandran plot. These genes might be predictors of stage, metastasis, receptor, and treatment status and used as new biomarkers for breast cancer diagnosis. However, extensive investigations at the tissue level and in in vivo are required to further strengthen their role as a potential biomarker for prognosis of breast cancer.
Prediction of Flame Length in Opposed-Flow Flame Spread: Global Similarity Analysis and Experiments

Opposed-flow flame spread over solid fuels is an important case of fire safety studies. Spread rate and flame structure depend on fuel nature and burning conditions, and they can be used to study m...
Biophysical demonstration of co-packaging of glutamate and GABA in individual synaptic vesicles in the central nervous system

Summary Many mammalian neurons release multiple neurotransmitters to activate diverse classes of ionotropic receptors on their postsynaptic targets. Entopeduncular nucleus somatostatin (EP Sst+) neurons that project to the lateral habenula (LHb) release both glutamate and GABA, but it is unclear if these are packaged into the same or segregated pools of synaptic vesicles. Here we describe a novel method combining electrophysiology, spatially-patterned optogenetics, and computational modeling designed to analyze the mechanism of glutamate/GABA corelease. We find that the properties of PSCs elicited in LHb neurons by optogenetic activation of EP Sst+ terminals are only consistent with co-packaging of glutamate and GABA into individual vesicles. Furthermore, serotonin, which acts presynaptically to weaken EP Sst+ to LHb synapses, does so by altering the release probability of vesicles containing both transmitters. Our approach is broadly applicable to the study of multi-transmitter neurons throughout the brain and our results constrain mechanisms of neuromodulation in LHb.
Risk Sharing, Investment Efficiency, and Welfare with Feedback Effects

Financial markets enable risk sharing and efficient allocation of capital. We characterize how these roles interact in a “feedback effects” model with diversely informed, risk-averse investors and a manager who learns from prices when making an investment decision. While learning from prices always improves investment efficiency, we identify a novel channel by which it can reduce welfare. Namely, investment decisions change the stock’s exposure to underlying shocks and, consequently, investors’ ability to hedge risk. We show that this is a robust feature of general investment decisions, and outline implications for firm governance and policy.
Impact of facility-volume on achieving a textbook oncologic outcome following primary debulking surgery for advanced-stage epithelial ovarian carcinoma

Objectives: Composite outcomes have emerged as a more accurate marker of optimal oncologic care. We evaluated the impact of facility-volume on achieving a ‘textbook oncologic outcome’ (TOO) among patients diagnosed with advanced stage epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) undergoing primary debulking surgery (PDS) followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. Methods: Patients diagnosed between 2004-2015 with stage IIIC-IV EOC who underwent PDS at the reporting facility followed by adjuvant chemotherapy were identified in the National Cancer Database. Annual facility PDS volume was calculated and high-volume facilities were defined those performing at least 12 PDS per year. TOO was defined as achievement of complete gross resection (CGR), no 90-day mortality, no prolonged hospitalization (>10 days), no unplanned readmission within 30-days from discharge, and initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy within 42 days from surgery and evaluated among patients with available data for all variables. Median overall survival (OS) was compared with the log-rank test and a Cox multivariate model was constructed to control for confounders. Results: A total of 19875 patients were used to calculate annual PDS facility-volume. Final analysis cohort included 6984 patients with available data for all variables of interest; 14.8% were managed at a high-volume center. A TOO was achieved for 1764 (25.3%) patients. Rate of CGR was 42.8%, while rate of prolonged hospitalization was 15.2%. Unplanned re-admission (8%) and death within 90-days (1.4%) were rare, while 28.6% of patients experienced a delay in chemotherapy administration. Patients managed at high-volume centers were more likely to achieve a TOO (28.1% vs 24.8%, p=0.022). After controlling for age, race, insurance, and comorbidities, PDS at a high-volume center was associated with a higher likelihood of achieving a TOO (OR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.36). Median OS of patients who did and did not achieve a TOO was 58.45 and 42.51 months respectively, p Conclusions: PDS at a high-volume center was associated with superior oncologic outcomes for patients with advanced-stage EOC. Centralization of care of these patients to centers of excellence should be considered.
An Exact Hot-Tube Solution for Thin Tape Helix Traveling-Wave Tube

The exact small-signal hot-tube dispersion relation for a thin tape helix traveling-wave tube (TWT) is derived, based on the exact cold-tube dispersion relation by Chernin et al.1. This is an attempt to provide a reliable determination of Pierce's “AC space-charge” parameter $Q$ for a realistic TWT, for which there is no general formulation. We found that in addition to Q, another parameter, q, is necessary to account for the space-charge effects on the circuit mode. This $q$ modifies the circuit mode in Pierce's 3-wave theory of TWT. In a realistic example, the effect of $q$ is equivalent to a modification of the circuit phase velocity by as much as two percent. We will compare our results against commonly used models for Q2, 3.
Contractor Attitudes Toward Construction R & D

Results are presented from a survey of contractor activities and attitudes of construction research and development. Responses from 148 members of the Associated General Contractors of America are presented and examined. The survey shows that virtually no organized R & D activities are practiced internally by construction companies. Moreover, little use is made of universities or professional research organizations in solving construction problems. Although there is a slight wariness of the ability of universities to make meaningful construction research contributions, most contractors are willing to participate in R & D activities of specific interest. The survey enumerates many technical problems of a recurring nature, appropriate for engineering research. Contractors also are interested in subscribing to an R & D publication with appropriate information.
The Sound of Exodus (EX3), “World Building” and the Museum of the Future: Adaptive, Listener-Centered Auditory Display for Multimodal Narrative in Advanced Visualization Spaces

In the transdisciplinary world of cyber-archaeology, the “EX3 – Exodus, Cyber-archaeology and the Future” (EX3) exhibition offered a unique opportunity for researchers from many academic disciplines to work together in a collaborative space to help create “the museum of the future.” In creating a narrative for the exhibition, the team happened to independently develop the same method of “World Building” advocated by the 5D Institute (http://5dinstitute.org/events/science-of-fiction) in order to create the world of the Exodus. One of the most innovative contributions to this effort comes from the Sonic Arts. In this chapter, a new approach to enriching the experience of cyber-archaeology and other advanced museum and visualization efforts is discussed. Using advanced, adaptive, listener-centered audio systems in development at UCSD, the authors experimented with computer-audio digital signal processing and acoustical design strategies to provide a well-controlled listening environment that complemented the advanced display technologies of EX3, with the goal of improving the overall audience experience of the show. Several supporting technologies and systems were integrated to control and deliver audio in close synchronization with visual content. Primary hardware and software components included custom control and signal processing software, unique content creation rendered by highly directional small format speaker arrays for optimal auditory intelligibility, and human image tracking that drives the auditory content rendering. Acoustical engineering was also employed in service of an extremely media-rich environment comfortably serving visiting audiences of up to 100 people, concentrated in a relatively small physical space. Specific techniques and design/engineering challenges are discussed; prospects for future work are noted.
Planewave Pseudopotential Methods

A perusal of the electronic structure literature during the late 1970’s and early 1980’s when density functional calculations and particularly ab initio total energy methods were first showing their muscle, reveals that the field was largely dominated by planewave based pseudopotential methods. There is an interesting parallel today. The advent of ab initio molecular dynamics using the Car-Parrinello (CP) method has resulted in a quantum leap in the capability of planewave based density functional methods, and application of these approaches has permitted the solution of numerous previously intractable problems. But even now, fully eight years after the publication of Car and Parrinello’s 1985 paper, no substantial application to non-planewave based methods has occurred. Why?
Yaba Tumor Poxvirus Synthesis In Vitro III. Growth Kinetics

Abstract Yohn, David S. (Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo, N.Y.), Victoria A. Haendiges, and Etienne de Harven. Yaba tumor poxvirus synthesis in vitro. III. Growth kinetics. J. Bacteriol. 91:1986–1991. 1966.—The infectious synthetic cycle of Yaba poxvirus by BSC-1 cells at 35 C is described and discussed together with related observations obtained by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. After adsorption of virus at 25 C, at least 6 hr of incubation at 35 C was required before viral eclipse was demonstrable. Infectious progeny appeared after an additional 48 hr of incubation at 35 C. Newly synthesized virus particles were seen at 68 hr but not at 44 hr by electron microscopy. Maximal maturation occurred between 100 and 120 hr. Maximal yields were obtained from the 5th through the 8th day. The differences in kinetics between Yaba and vaccinia poxviruses, as described for the latter in the literature, are discussed. Possible factors accounting for these differences are enumerated.
Medieval Domestic Devotion

For generations, scholars of history, religion, anthropology, theology and other disciplines have pored over texts, artifacts, and ritual behaviors, seeking to understand better the nature of medieval religious experience. Yet until recently, the intriguing intersections of home and the holy during the Middle Ages received little sustained attention – a circumstance due to issues of both limited sources and historiographical emphasis. Informed by interdisciplinary contributions from gender studies, anthropology, spatial studies, and other fields, however, recent research has cast new light on how medieval women and men constructed and enacted devotional practice in domestic spaces. This article introduces readers to both the historical and historiographical patterns shaping current understandings of domestic devotion during the Middle Ages. After a brief survey of key scholarly shifts in the late twentieth century that set the stage for new approaches, focus turns to ways in which medieval people encountered the sacred at home: these include prayer, reading (devotional books and books of hours), and the use of material objects in spiritual practice such as relics, rosaries, and portable altars. The final section suggests several possible directions for future research.
Model-Simulated Influences of Shelterbelt Shape on Wind-Sheltering Efficiency

Abstract The authors report results of a numerical model used to simulate wind and turbulence fields for porous, living shelterbelts with seven different cross-sectional shapes. The simulations are consistent with results of Woodruff and Zingg whose wind-tunnel study demonstrated that all shelterbelts with very different shapes have nearly identical reduction of wind and turbulence. The simulations also showed that the pressure-loss (resistance) coefficient for smooth-shaped or streamlined shelterbelts is significantly smaller than that for rectangle-shaped or triangle-shaped shelterbelts with a windward vertical side. However, the shelter effects are not proportional to the pressure-loss coefficient (drag). Analysis of the momentum budget demonstrated that in the near lee and in the far lee, both vertical advection and pressure gradient have opposite roles in the recovery of wind speed. This behavior, combined with differences in permeability, is the likely cause of reduced sensitivity of shelter effects...
Hostile Worlds or Connected Lives? Research on the Interplay Between Intimacy and Economy

AbstractEconomic sociologists have devoted most of their attention to the activities of individuals and firms inmarkets. However, recent attempts have pushed for a better understanding of the relationship betweenintimacy and economy. Such efforts have been inspired, in large part, by Viviana Zelizer (2000, 2005).Inherinquiryonthepurchaseof intimacy,Zelizerproposedseminaldifferentiationsbetweenthe“hostileworlds,”“nothingbut,”and“connectedlives”perspectives,andadvancedaculturalrelationalanalysisofthe economy. In this essay, we review research that applies Zelizer’s framework, and suggest substantiveand analytical avenues for future research on economy/intimacy nexus. IntroductionEconomic sociologists have largely shied from discussing the intersection of intimacy andeconomy,andhavepaidmostattentiontotheembeddednessofmarketsandfirms 1 (forreviewsof the field see Smelser and Swedberg 2005, Portes 2010). A prominent exception is VivianaZelizer, who has provided a seminal conceptualization of the intimacy/economy link in herbook The Purchase of Intimacy (2005). For Zelizer, intimacy refers to relations which “dependon particularized knowledge received, and attention provided by, at least one person –knowledge and attention that are not widely available to third parties” (Zelizer 2005, 16),and therefore pertains to connections of sexual nature, family ties, friendship, and also client–therapist relations, for instance. Research on the intimacy/economy nexus therefore examineshow such intimate relations may nevertheless be penetrated by the economic, or “activitiesconcerned with the production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of scarce goods andservices” (Smelser and Swedberg 2005, 3). We also consider the intimacy/economy nexus toencompass intimate objects, such as bodies, or bodily parts and looks, and consider interpreta-tions of their potential economic exchange.Zelizer surveyed the broader social scientific and legal scholarship to identify three differentapproachestotheintimacy/economynexus.Tothequestion,howdoscholarsconceiveofthisrelationship, Zelizer provides the following answer:
Maximum Likelihood Estimation in Network Models

We study maximum likelihood estimation for the statistical model for both directed and undirected random graph models in which the degree sequences are minimal sufficient statistics. In the undirected case, the model is known as the beta model. We derive necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of the MLE that are based on the polytope of degree sequences, and wecharacterize in a combinatorial fashion sample points leading to a nonexistent MLE, and non-estimability of the probability parameters under a nonexistent MLE. We formulate conditions that guarantee that the MLE exists with probability tending to one as the number nodes increases. By reparametrizing the beta model as a log-linear model under product multinomial sampling scheme, we are able to provide usable algorithms for detecting nonexistence of the MLE and for identifying non-estimable parameters. We illustrate our approach on other random graph models for networks, such as the Rasch model, the Bradley-Terry model and the more general p1 model of Holland and Leinhardt (1981).
Responsiveness, Minimal Detectable Change, and Minimally Clinically Important Differences for the Disorders of Consciousness Scale.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the responsiveness, minimal detectable change (MDC95), and minimally clinically important difference (MCID) of the Disorders of Consciousness Scale (DOCS-25) in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to report the percentages of patients' change scores exceeding MDC and MCID after 3 weeks of inpatient rehabilitation. SETTING: Post-acute rehabilitation hospitals. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred seventy-two patients with severe TBI. Ninety-two were included in the DOCS-25 3-week analysis. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. MAIN MEASURE(S): Disorders of Consciousness Scale, Glasgow Coma Scale. RESULTS: The effect size and standardized response mean of the DOCS-25 for those who improved were 0.45 and 1.3, respectively-moderate to large by Cohen criteria. The MDC95 (95% confidence interval) was 5.6. Distribution-based MCIDs for small (0.20 SD), moderate (0.33 SD), and large (0.50 SD) differences were 2.6 units, 4.4 units, and 6.6 units, respectively. The anchor-based MCID was 8.6 units. On average, patients who improved (n = 57) gained 14.5 units by week 3, exceeding the anchor-based MCID. On average, patients who did not improve (n = 35) declined by 7.2 units, which exceeds both the MDC95 and the largest distribution-based MCID. CONCLUSION(S): The DOCS-25 is a responsive, clinician-observed assessment tool for capturing change in neurobehavioral function in adults recovering from severe TBI. This is the first study to provide evidence for the size of neurobehavioral function change that might indicate meaningful recovery in patients with severe TBI. RESULTS from this study may support future research by better informing sample size calculations for clinical trials and also assist clinicians in identifying when variation in level of consciousness is consequential enough to warrant changes in intervention. Language: en
Musculoskeletal Oncology of the Spine: Recognition and Management of Primary Spine Tumors

Resection of primary spinal malignancies requires management that is distinct from metastatic or benign lesions to maximize the likelihood of cure. This article reviews the surgical considerations in en bloc spine resections in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine, with attention to specific techniques used in each location to achieve margin-free resection and reconstructions.
Neural Circuits in Schizophrenia-Reply

In reply McCarley et al note the converging evidence for implicating the STG in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and that STG findings correlate with positive psychotic symptoms. They assert that the STG should be on the list of neural circuits that we presented and on all investigators' lists of items differentiating subgroups of schizophrenia. We agree with the data but not with their conclusions. First, the neural circuits presented in the article were selected to illustrate the advantages of studying schizophrenia from a coherent theoretical framework and not to provide an exhaustive review of brain findings. Second, although the STG, as a single structure, may be very important in schizophrenia, we emphasized composite corticalsubcortical, parallel, segregated neural circuits subserving complex behavioral phenomenon such as psychosis. We do not agree that the STG defines a neural circuit, but we do include it as a cortical component of the anterior cingulate neural circuit already
Are 150-Hour Accounting Programs Meeting Their Intended Objectives?

Abstract In this study, the authors assessed the effects of the 150-hour education requirement on accounting curricula by surveying administrators at AACSB-accredited business schools. Their results indicate that most accounting programs have responded to the 5-year requirement by simply encouraging CPA candidates to obtain a master's degree in accounting or a master's in business administration (MBA). The authors argue that this approach is inconsistent with the stated objectives of the 150-hour mandate. They suggest that the current implementation of the 5-year programs is not a viable long-term solution because its primary effect has been to increase the costs of accounting education, with questionable benefits.
Hyperplasia of Type 2 Pneumocytes and Nitrogen Dioxide (10 ppm) Exposure

An ultrastructural quantitative study of the lungs of 12 guinea pigs exposed continuously to 10 ppm nitrogen dioxide for six weeks, and eight control lungs, revealed greatly increased ratios of type 2 pneumocytes to other cells for the exposed group. The findings, derived from 304 electron photomicrographs at a magnification of 1,700× and a total of 9,307 cells counted, implicate an adverse effect by 10 ppm NO2 on cellular ecology and function, in particular a thickening of the blood-gas barrier through replacement of ultrathin type 1 cells by cuboidal or columnar type 2 pneumocytes. Of 676 type 2 pneumocytes of the exposed group studied for the frequency of “fine and closely packed lamellae,” 66 (9.8%) contained 170 such bodies (2.6/cell) versus 10 of 247 (4%) control type 2 cells containing 17 bodies (1.7/cell). The lungs of the exposed animals also exhibited more frequent intra-cellular and extracellular lipid bodies.
Molecular engineering of coordination pockets in chloro-tris-phenoxo complexes of titanium(IV)

Abstract The chloro-tris-phenoxo complexes [TiCl(OAr)3] (OAr = OC6H4CMe3-4 (1), OC6H3Me2-2,4 (2), OC6H2Me3-2,4,6 (4), OC6H3(CHMe2)2-2,6 (5), OC6H3(CMe3)2-2,4 (6) and OC6H4Ph-2 (8) are prepared by heating 3 equivalents of the phenol and [TiCl4] in toluene. X-ray crystal structure determinations show that 2 is a phenoxy-bridged dimer with the ortho-methyl groups making the beginning of a pocket about the terminal chloro ligand and 6 is a tetrahedral monomer in which the pocket is more well developed by the ortho-tert-butyl groups. Both 2 and 6 react with dmbipy to give [TiCl(OAr)3(dmbipy)] [OAr = OC6H3Me2-2,4 (3) and OC6H3(CMe3)2-2,4 (7)] in which the original pocket is destroyed. Reaction of TiCl4 with 3 equivalents of LiOC6H4Ph-2 in diethyl ether gives [TiCl(OC6H4Ph-2)3(diethyl ether)] (9) for which an X-ray crystal structure determination shows a trigonal bipyramidal coordination geometry with the diethyl ether lying trans to the chloro ligand. The three phenoxide ligands make up the equatorial plane which takes the 2-phenyl substituent on each phenoxo ligand away from the chloro ligand resulting in a partially collapsed cavity. The tied-back analogues of 2 and 6, [TiCl{(OC6H2Me2-2,4-CH2-6)3N}] (11) and [TiCl({OC6H2(CMe3)2-2,4-CH2-6}3N)] · diethyl ether (12), are prepared by adding (HOArCH2)3N [Ar = C6H2Me2-2,4 and C6H2(CMe3)2 2,4] to [TiCl(OCHMe2)3] in diethyl ether. An X-ray crystal structure of 12 showed a trigonal bipyramidal structure with a coordination environment about the terminal chloro ligand similar to that found in 6. Complex 12 reacts with pyridine to form the 6-coordinate complex [TiCl({OC6H2(CMe3)2-2,4-CH2-6}3N)(py)] (13).
Evaluating preference for familiar and novel stimuli across a large group of children with autism

Abstract This study examined relative preference for familiar and novel stimuli for 31 children with autism. Preference surveys, completed by 39 staff members, identified high and low preference familiar stimuli for each participant. Novel stimuli were selected by experimenters and included items that were not reported on a preference survey for that child. Subsequently, two paired-stimulus preference assessments were conducted comparing staff-reported high preference stimuli to (1) staff-reported low preference stimuli and (2) experimenter-selected novel stimuli. Results indicated that 27 of 31 participants (87%) frequently selected stimuli that were reportedly less preferred or novel. The inclusion of a wide array of familiar and novel stimuli may increase the number of preferred stimuli identified for use within behavioral interventions for children with autism.
FOOT'S SILVER AND ACRIDINE-ORANGE FLUORESCENCE STAINING OF PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII IN SMEARS AND IN SECTIONS.

Pneumocystis carinii was stained intensely by the modification of Hortega's silver carbonate method for reticulum. Paraffin sections and smears were fixed in formalin, then processed through all the steps of the staining technique as given in McClung's Handbook (Jones 1950), p. 258. Fluorescence microscopy was also very helpful in disclosing the parasite in air-dried smears. These, were processed through descending grades of ethanol and then stained in 0.01% Acridine orange in phosphate buffer, pH 6.0, for 2 min. The microorganism appeared in a brownish to red range of fluorescence, whereas disintegrated cellular nuclei ranged from green to yellow. A standard binocular microscope equipped with a high-pressure 200-watt mercury vapor burner (HBO 200, Osram) and the necessary filters (BG 12 as exciting and OG 5 or OG 4 as barrier filters) were used.
Efficacy of intralesionally administered cisplatin-impregnated biodegradable polymer for the treatment of 9L gliosarcoma in the rat.

OBJECTIVE : Use of biodegradable polymers for the local delivery of chemotherapy is a promising new strategy in the treatment of high-grade gliomas. We examine the benefit of local delivery of cisplatin, via biodegradable polymer, in the treatment of intracranial glioma in rats. This treatment is compared against intralesionally administered free cisplatin and systemic cisplatin. METHODS : The Fischer 344 9L gliosarcoma rat model was used with a cannula placed in the right frontal lobe. On Day 0, 5 x 10 3 9L gliosarcoma cells were infused. Treatment was initiated on Day 7. In Experiment 1, polymer alone was infused intralesionally to rule out any inherent toxic or tumoricidal properties. In Experiment 2, polymer impregnated with 0.5, 5.0, and 25 mg/m 2 cisplatin was infused intralesionally. In Experiment 3, the most effective dose of drug containing polymer was compared against a similar dose of intralesionally administered free cisplatin and the systemic administration of cisplatin. RESULTS : In Experiment 1, polymer alone demonstrated no inherent toxic or tumoricidal properties. In Experiment 2, polymer impregnated with 0.5 mg/m 2 was 100% effective in eradicating intracranial tumor with minimal histological evidence of toxicity. At the 5.0 and 25 mg/m 2 doses, local brain toxicity was significant. In Experiment 3, at Day 60, 8 of 12 animals treated with polymer containing 0.5 mg/m 2 cisplatin were alive and tumor free. This compared with 3 of 13 tumor-free survivors for the group treated with intralesionally administered free cisplatin, and 0 of 13 and 0 of 11 survivors for the 50 and 100 mg/m 2 intraperitoneally administered doses, respectively. CONCLUSION : The local instillation of cisplatin-impregnated biodegradable polymer, allowing the sustained release of high-dose chemotherapy locally, seems to be effective treatment for intracranial 9L gliosarcoma in the rat. Treatment was superior to intralesionally administered free or systemic cisplatin.
Effect of instrumental response pretraining in classical-to-instrumental transfer of a differential reward magnitude discrimination

Amount of preliminary bar-press training (25 vs 125 discrete fixed-ratio trials) and amount of noncontingent pre training (0 vs 500 presentations of cues and associated reward magnitudes with the lever retracted) were manipulated factorially prior to contingent discrimination between five- and one-pellet cues. The 500-presentation groups demonstrated differential responding in start speed earlier in the contingent phase than the O-presentation groups, confirming previous findings of classical-to-instrumental transfer of the discrimination. The major effect of the lever pre training was a higher small-reward start speed in the 125-trial groups than in the 25-trial groups. Ratio speed data differed markedly from start speed data in showing large differences in favor of one-pellet ratio speeds early in training and very little evidence of five- over one-pellet discrimination late in training.
Expression of foreign proteins in Trypanosoma congolense.

Abstract An expression vector was constructed to express foreign genes in Trypanosoma congolense . The foreign gene and a neomycin phophotransferase (NPT) gene are flanked by glutamate and alanine rich protein (GARP) gene processing signals and their expression is driven by a ribosomal RNA gene promoter. The plasmid is not maintained as an episome in T . congolense , but the NPT gene permits selection of cells in which the plasmid has integrated into the genome. We used this plasmid to express luciferase, green fluorescent protein and a surface protein of Trypanosoma brucei , glycine–proline–glutamate–glutamate–threonine procyclic acidic repetitive protein (GPEET PARP). The plasmid-derived GPEET PARP is expressed on the surface of procyclic T . congolense and comigrates on a polyacrylamide gel with native GPEET PARP from T . brucei procyclic cells. We also attempted to use the plasmid to overexpress a previously identified T . congolense cysteine protease. The plasmid-derived cysteine protease mRNA species occurs in the transfected cells, but we were unable to detect increased levels of protein or protease activity.
The influence of dietary lipid source and alpha-tocopheryl acetate level on product quality of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)☆

Abstract Rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri ) were fed practical diets containing either fish oil or swine fat and supplemented with 0, 50, 500, or 1500 mg of alpha-tocopheryl acetate per kg of diet for 4 months prior to harvest. The effects of diet on sensory attributes, fatty acid composition, tissue alpha-tocopherol level, and lipid oxidation during forzen storage were determined. Dietary fat source or alpha-tocopheryl acetate did not significantly affect sensory attributes of trout fillets evaluated fresh or after prolonged frozen storage. The fatty acid composition of the muscle and viscera were influenced by dietary fat source, most markedly in the levels of n −3 and n −6 fatty acids. Tissue alpha-tocopherol levels were significantly increased at dietary levels of 500 and 1500 mg alpha-tocopheryl acetate per kg diet. The dietary level of alpha-tocopheryl acetate required to prevent vitamin E deficiency signs was higher in fish fed the fish oil diet than in the fish fed the swine fat diet. Fish fed diets containing 500 and 1500 mg alpha-tocopheryl acetate had lower levels of malonaldehyde after frozen storage at −80°C for 4 months, but not after frozen storage at −20°C for 10 months.
The reaction of 8-quinolinol with copper(II) salts

Abstract 8-quinolinol (C 9 H 6 NOH) was reacted with CuSO 4 ·5H 2 O, Cu(NO 3 ) 2 ·3H 2 O, CuCl 2 ·2H 2 O, CuCl 2 , CuBr 2 , Cu(C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 2 ·H 2 O and Cu(ClO 4 ) 2 ·6H 2 O. The reaction was carried out in both methanol and water at varying concentrations of the copper salts. Two forms of Cu(C 9 H 6 NO) 2 were prepared. Cu(C 9 H 6 NO)X, where X is Cl or Br, was prepared when halide salts were used. These various copper (II) quinolinolates have unusual magnetic and spectral properties.
Structural Determinants of Pip2 Regulation of Inward Rectifier KATP Channels

Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) activates KATP and other inward rectifier (Kir) channels. To determine residues important for PIP2 regulation, we have systematically mutated each positive charge in the COOH terminus of Kir6.2 to alanine. The effects of these mutations on channel function were examined using 86Rb efflux assays on intact cells and inside-out patch-clamp methods. Both methods identify essentially the same basic residues in two narrow regions (176–222 and 301–314) in the COOH terminus that are important for the maintenance of channel function and interaction with PIP2. Only one residue (R201A) simultaneously affected ATP and PIP2 sensitivity, which is consistent with the notion that these ligands, while functionally competitive, are unlikely to bind to identical sites. Strikingly, none of 13 basic residues in the terminal portion (residues 315–390) of the COOH terminus affected channel function when neutralized. The data help to define the structural requirements for PIP2 sensitivity of KATP channels. Moreover, the regions and residues defined in this study parallel those uncovered in recent studies of PIP2 sensitivity in other inward rectifier channels, indicating a common structural basis for PIP2 regulation.
The forced vibration of singly modified damped elastic surface systems

Abstract A technique is developed to predict the forced vibration of membranes, beams, plates or shells when they have attached to them at a single point a linear lumped parameter element or assembly of elements. The distributed parameter element is treated as viscously damped and the lumped parameter assembly may also contain viscous dampers. Solution is obtained in terms of generalized Fourier series in the unmodified eigenfunctions for the distributed portion of the system and the principle of superposition is used to handle the imposed forces and those generated at the attachment. The method is illustrated by investigating a uniformly forced simply supported rectangular plate with a lumped mass at its center and that of a point forced simple beam with a rigid pin support imposed at some arbitrary point.
Separation, properties, and regulation of acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenases from bovine heat and liver.

Abstract A simple two-step procedure has been developed for the separation of bovine liver butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.2), medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.3), which is most active with octanoyl-CoA as a substrate, and long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.3) which acts preferentially on dodecanoyl-CoA. The same method was used for separating the acyl-CoA dehydrogenases present in bovine heart. Three acyl-CoA dehydrogenases were thus identified and found to be identical with the bovine liver enzymes as judged by their chromatographic behaviors, chain length specificities, and kinetic properties. Medium-chain and long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenases are active with a wide range of substrates from butyryl-CoA to stearoyl-CoA. However, their chain length specificities are clearly different from each other although insufficiently so to draw a firm conclusion regarding their physiological functions. The effects of mitochondrial coenzymes and metabolites, including intermediates of β oxidation, on the activities of the bovine acyl-CoA dehydrogenases, were investigated. Most noteworthy are the inhibitions of butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase by acetoacetyl-CoA (KI = 10−6 M) and of medium-chain and long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenases by 3-ketodecanoyl-CoA. The KI values for 3-ketodecanoyl-CoA with medium-chain and long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenases were found to be 8 × 10−7 and 7.5 × 10−8 m , respectively. We propose that the rate of fatty acid oxidation in heart is tuned to the energy demand of the tissue by a sequence of feedback controls which include the regulation of acyl-CoA dehydrogenases by 3-ketoacyl-CoA compounds.
Symbol error rate analysis for cooperative diversity networks by distributed embedded space time code

In this paper a special version of cooperative distributed space time coding for the relays network is proposed. According to this system model relays cooperatively collaborate with the sources to transmit the space time code to the destination. Process of the transmission consists of two phases. In the first time phase source broadcast the information to the destination and relay. In the next time phase, the source and relay cooperatively send signals to the destination by using an embedded space time coding. Structure of embedded space time code is based on singular value decomposition of circulant matrix. Relays are assumed to be non-regenerative amplify-and-forward. Theoretical analysis for calculating the bit error rate (BER) has been done based on maximum ratio combining (MRC). Simulation results for the case of one relay, one source and destination through the Rayleigh fading channel has been done and compared with the scenario when transmitter and relay used the Alamouti code.
Stress Approximation Technique for Helical Compression Springs Subjected to Lateral Loading

Helical compression springs are commonly used devices capable of storing kinetic energy. Typical applications vary in simplicity, ranging from low stress amplitudes and in favorable environments, e.g. ball point pen spring at room temperature, to millions of cycles in elevated temperatures, e.g. valve train spring in IC engines. Regardless of the load or environment, springs are able to use the intrinsic elasticity of the material and the initial geometry to resist plastic deformation, all while allowing for the transfer of load over various distances. Generally, these loads are parallel to the axis of the spring; however, as more complex designs arise, these uniaxial springs are gaining popularity in a variety of off-axis loading situations, e.g. flexible shaft couplings, invalidating traditional stress/strain equations. As such, equivalent stress and strain equations have been developed capable of fast, real-time calculations based upon visual inspection of the bent helix. Coupled with the initial dimensions and material of the spring, the state of equivalent stress/strain can be resolved at any position within the wire. Experiments were conducted on several off-the-shelf steel springs (conforming to ASTM A229), then compared to FEA and analytical solutions. Ultimately, it was observed that through an approximation of the bent helix, the equivalent stress and strain can be determined at any location within the wire, allowing for the approximation of life and crack initiation locations of the spring.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Amitriptyline in the Acute Treatment of Adolescent Major Depression

ABSTRACT Objective To determine amitriptyline's (AMI) efficacy in the acute treatment of adolescent major depressive disorder (MOD). Method Subjects aged 12 through 17 years meeting Research Diagnostic Criteria for MOD, diagnosed with the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children (K-SADS), participated in a 2-week placebo-washout followed by an 8-week, randomized, double-blind, parallel-design, placebo-controlled trial of AMI, 5 mg/kg per day. The K-SADS nine-item scale, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, and the Clinical Global Impressions rating scale were used as outcome measures. Results Thirty-one subjects were randomized (18 AMI, 13 placebo). Twenty-two subjects were study completers (12 AMI, 10 placebo). AMI's efficacy was suggested by the Clinical Global Impressions but not the K-SADS-derived data. Perhaps the primary limitation of the current study is its small sample size. Conclusion No definitive recommendation can be made regarding the efficacy of tricyclic antidepressants in the treatment of adolescent MOD.
High Technology and the Improvement of Instruction

Technology in the hands of a skilled and knowledgeable princi pal is an extremely powerful combination for the improvement of instruction, says this writer, who describes a "high tech" instructional improvement plan that can be developed by princi pals.
Direct measurement of the binding energy of the linear He⋯I35,37Cl(X) isotopomers

Abstract Two color, pump–probe action spectra were recorded by tuning an excitation laser through the ICl B–X, 2–0 spectral region and monitoring the fluorescence induced by a probe laser, which was fixed on either the I 35 Cl or the I 37 Cl E–B, 13–2 bandhead. A continuum signal is observed above a discrete energy in each of the action spectra that is attributed to bound-free transitions of the He⋯I 35,37 Cl complexes with preferred linear equilibrium geometries. The shifts of the onsets of the continuum signals from the transition energies of the respective I 35 Cl and I 37 Cl B–X, 2–0 band origins correspond to ground state binding energies of 22.3(1.2) and 22.5(1.1) cm −1 for the linear He⋯I 35 Cl(X, v ′′ =0) and He⋯I 37 Cl(X, v ′′ =0) isotopomers.
Use of 17O/16O to trace atmospherically‐deposited sulfate in surface waters: A case study in Alpine watersheds in the Rocky Mountains

Building on the discovery of excess 17O in atmospheric sulfate by Lee et al. (2001), we have carried out a case study to determine whether 17O might provide a new tool for quantifying the impact of atmospheric deposition on surface-water sulfate loads. In Rocky Mountain alpine regions, excess 17O was found to be characteristic of atmospheric sulfate deposited in snow. Excess 17O was also evident in stream sulfate in one of two high-elevation watersheds where analyses were made. Isotope mass balance calculations gave surprizingly low atmospheric contributions to stream sulfate suggesting that (1) despite abundant outcrop and sparse soil in these areas, significant sulfate may be taken up and released by soil microbes before being exported in streams, and (2) surface waters can carry multiple non-atmospheric sulfate types, some possibly anthropogenic. Measurements of 17O may prove very useful in studies of sulfate behavior in a variety of surficial environments.
Evaluation of developmental neurotoxicity of organotins via drinking water in rats: dimethyl tin.

Organotins such as monomethyltin (MMT) are widely used as heat stabilizers in PVC and CPVC piping, which results in their presence in drinking water supplies. Concern for neurotoxicity produced by organotin exposure during development has been raised by published findings of a deficit on a runway learning task in rat pups perinatally exposed to MMT (Noland EA, Taylor DH, Bull RJ. Monomethyl and trimethyltin compounds induce learning deficiencies in young rats. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 1982;4:539-44). The objective of these studies was to replicate the earlier publication and further define the dose-response characteristics of MMT following perinatal exposure. In Experiment 1, female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed via drinking water to MMT (0, 10, 50, 245 ppm) before mating and throughout gestation and lactation (until weaning at postnatal day [PND] 21). Behavioral assessments of the offspring included: a runway test (PND 11) in which the rat pups learned to negotiate a runway for dry suckling reward; motor activity habituation (PNDs 13, 17, and 21); learning in the Morris water maze (as adults). Other endpoints in the offspring included measures of apoptosis (DNA fragmentation) at PND 22 and as adults, as well as brain weights and neuropathological evaluation at PND 2, 12, 22, and as adults. There were no effects on any measure of growth, development, cognitive function, or apoptosis following MMT exposure. There was a trend towards decreased brain weight in the high dose group. In addition, there was vacuolation of the neuropil in a focal area of the cerebral cortex of the adult offspring in all MMT dose groups (1-3 rats per treatment group). In Experiment 2, pregnant rats were exposed from gestational day 6 until weaning to 500 ppm MMT in drinking water. The offspring behavioral assessments again included the runway task (PND 11), motor activity habituation (PND 17), and Morris water maze (as adults). In this second study, MMT-exposed females consumed significantly less water than the controls throughout both gestation and lactation, although neither dam nor pup weights were affected. As in Experiment 1, MMT-exposure did not alter pup runway performance, motor activity, or cognitive function. These results indicate that perinatal exposure to MMT, even at concentrations which decrease fluid intake, does not result in significant neurobehavioral or cognitive deficits. While mild neuropathological lesions were observed in the adult offspring, the biological significance of this restricted finding is unclear.