cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of temperature, rainfall and planting date on aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination in commercial Bt and non-Bt corn hybrids in Arkansas

Corn (maize, Zea mays) is susceptible to contamination with aflatoxins, fumonisins and other mycotoxins, particularly in the southeastern USA. In principle, mycotoxin contamination could be reduced in commercial corn hybrids with shorter growing seasons by planting at dates which minimize plant stress during the critical kernel-filling period. To evaluate this strategy, commercial Bt and non-Bt hybrids were planted in Arkansas in mid-April and early May of 2002, 2004 and 2005. The mid-April planting date resulted in lower aflatoxin contamination in harvested corn each yr and in significantly less frequent contamination above a regulatory action level in 2005 and overall than did the early-May planting date in both Bt and non-Bt corn. The mid-April planting date resulted in significantly lower total fumonisin contamination in harvested corn and in less frequent contamination above a regulatory advisory level than the early May planting date in 2 of 3 yr and overall in both Bt and non-Bt corn. All fumonisin subtypes studied were reduced. Frequent co-occurrence of aflatoxin and fumonisin was observed. Fumonisin levels averaged lower in Bt hybrids than in non-Bt hybrids at all plantings. Reduced aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination with mid-April planting could not be explained by any measure of heat stress during the kernel-filling period.
Origins of analysis methods used to design high-performance commercial buildings: Whole-building energy simulation

Many commercial buildings today do not perform the way they were simulated. One potential reason for this discrepancy is that designers using building energy simulation programs do not fully understand the analysis methods that the programs are based on and may therefore have unreasonable expectations about the actual system performance or energy use. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to trace the origins of the most widely used building energy simulation programs and the analysis methods of thermal envelope loads used in the software to analyze high-performance commercial buildings in the United States. Such an analysis is important to better understand the capabilities of building energy simulation programs so they can be used more accurately to simulate the performance of an intended design. In this study, a new comprehensive genealogy chart was developed to support the explanations for the origins of the analysis methods of thermal envelope loads used in whole-building energy simulation programs...
Influence of alveolar oxygen on pulmonary vasoconstriction in newborn lambs versus sheep

Fetal lung has vigorous hypoxic vasoconstriction and is exposed continuously to an O2 tension less than 20 mmHG, which is well below that experienced by adult lungs. We wondered if the newborn lamb, with muscular arteries similar to the fetus, might not have a different O2 tension for developing alveolar hypoxic vasoconstriction in addition to having stronger vasoconstriction than the less muscular adult lung. Therefore, regional hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in newborn lambs (mean of 5 days) and adult sheep (older than 2 yr) was compared at graded levels of alveolar oxygen tension. Animals were anesthetized with pentobarbital, and each main bronchus was cannulated to allow ventilation of one lung with N2 or other O2/N2 mixtures as a "hypoxic" challenge while ventilation of the other lung with O2 maintained systemic oxygenation. Distribution of perfusion to the 2 lungs during bilateral O2 ventilation was first determined with 13N and a positron camera. The lambs significantly (p less than 0.05) decreased the distribution of perfusion to the test lung compared with O2 control (PAO2, 620 +/- 15) by 44 +/- 1% SEM with PAO2 of 22 +/- 1 mmHg, 22 +/- 3% with PAO2 of 96 +/- 1 mmHg, and 12 +/- 2% with PAO2 of 360 +/- 3 mmHg in contrast to the sheep that significantly decreased the distribution of perfusion to the test lung compared with O2 control distribution of perfusion by only 22% at a PAO2 of 19 +/- 2 mmHg and not at higher alveolar O2 tensions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Transoral robotic surgery and human papillomavirus status: Oncologic results.

Background Patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) have been shown to have distinct outcome profiles based on their human papillomavirus (HPV) status. The purpose of this study was to assess HPV-related outcomes after transoral robotic surgery (TORS) with adjuvant therapy as indicated. Methods This study consisted of a retrospective review of 50 patients with OPSCC within a prospective single-arm cohort study. Outcome measures included HPV status, margin status, relapse pattern, and survival. Results Thirty-seven patients were HPV-positive (74.0%) with 34 patients (91.9%) being serotype-16. Negative margins were achieved in 92.3% (HPV-negative) and 94.6% (HPV-positive). In the HPV-negative group, there were no local recurrences and 1 patient had both regional and distant recurrence (7.7%). In the HPV-positive group, there were no local or regional recurrences and 2 patients (5.4%) had distant recurrences. There were no statistically significant differences in survival between the 2 cohorts (overall survival, disease-specific survival, disease-free survival). Conclusion TORS as a primary surgical modality, followed by adjuvant therapy as indicated, offers disease control in both HPV-negative and HPV-positive groups. We believe that multi-institutional studies are warranted to further evaluate this novel approach for patients who are HPV negative and HPV positive. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Calibration of the 10HS Soil Moisture Sensor for Southwest Florida Agricultural Soils

AbstractPrecision irrigation is crucial in decreasing water demands of irrigated agriculture, which account for the largest source of water withdrawal in most regions. One necessity of precision irrigation is the knowledge of soil moisture content in the root zone of irrigated crops. Dielectric soil moisture sensors can provide this information at a relatively low cost ($100) compared with other techniques; however, their accuracy cannot be guaranteed in all soils without site-specific calibration, the need for which has limited the use of these sensors. This study examined the Decagon 10HS soil moisture sensor in order to determine the accuracy of the manufacturer-supplied calibration equation on southwest Florida (SWFL) agricultural soils, and analyze whether it performs consistently in different soils found in SWFL. Laboratory calibration of the 10HS was done on four SWFL soils that represent the majority of agricultural land in the region and regression calibration equations were obtained. It was foun...
Homozygous Cell Typing for the Rabbit RLA-D Antigens in Animals from Commercial Breeders

We have previously reported that several of theRLA haplotypes of our rabbits have anRLA-D allele in common, i. e., they fail to cross stimulate in the MLC test. To investigate the possibility that these haplotypes originated in unrelated animals, a panel of homozygous rabbits was selected to partially characterize noninbred rabbits from five commercial sources for their alleles at theRLA-D locus. In the 47 rabbits tested, 4 homozygous animals and 12 heterozygous animals were detected with the four alleles chosen for typing. At least two independent pairs of rabbits shared identicalRLA-D genotypes. Our results indicate that theRLA-D locus is not extremely polymorphic and that rabbits cannot be assumed to be completely mismatched for theRLA complex simply because they are from different breeds or from independent suppliers.
Concerns about infectious hepatitis and Delacorte's Welfare Island Fountain.

In 1969, philanthropist George T. Delacorte donated a spectacular water fountain to New York City on the southern tip of Welfare Island. Architects designed the fountain's jet geyser to pump a plume of water from the East River more than 400 feet into the air. Public health experts feared that the water from the heavily polluted East River could be a possible source for the spread of infectious hepatitis. Water droplets could be airborne by the prevailing winds to land on the densely populated east side of Manhattan. Upon the insistence of the New York City Department of Health, the fountain's water intake source was chlorinated. This action was initiated before the discovery of the hepatitis A virus (HAV) in 1973. A miscellany of continuing problems plagued the fountain for about two decades, causing the donor to label the fountain “Delacorte's Folly.” Eventually, Delacorte gave up. In the late 1980s, the fountain ceased spouting and was finally dismantled.
CONSTRUCTION AND VALIDATION OF THE DALTON VOCATIONAL IMPORTANCE QUESTIONNAIRE: A TEST OF GINZBERG'S THEORY OF OCCUPATIONAL CHOICE

Summary.-A 22-item questionnaire of elements (interests, capacities, and values) mentioned in the literature was pilot tested and checked for readability. Following revision, it was administered to 1,220 subjects from varied backgrounds from 5th to 12th grades and the responses factor analyzed. Three factors (Capacities, Interests, and Values) with 8, 5, and 5 items and 96, .94, and .94 reliabilities accounted for 32.4% of the total variance. Four items were discarded as not suitable. The revised questionnaire was used to test Ginzberg's theory of occupational choice at the Tentative period. No support for che theory was obtained. Ginzberg, et al. (1951) proposed a developmental theory of occupational choice which incorporated the concept of life stages in the vocational process. Although differences in details and interpretations exist, this theory revised and restated (Ginzberg, 1972) has been accepted by a number of theorists of divergent views, at least as a set of guiding principles. According to Ginzberg's theory, vocational decision-making consists of chree sequential periods: Fantasy, Tentative, and Realistic. The Fantasy stage coincides with the psychoanalytic latency stage from about ages 6 to 11 yr.; the second peiiod from about 11 to 18 yr.; and the third period, early adulthood. Within the Tentative period, Ginzberg posited four sequential substages, each of which for most persons lasts about two years. These substages are Interest (ages 11-12 yr.); Capacity (ages 13-14 yr.); Value (ages 15-16 yr.); Transition (ages 17-18 yr.). The theory has come under close scrutiny by researchers and practitioners and while useful and provocative, has not received strong support from research. Critics (Bujold, 1972) have pointed out the poor design of the study, faulty mechodology, the small size (N = 64) and biased nature of the population (upper middle class) and the lack of clear and concise operational definitions of crucial terms used. The purpose of this study was to develop and field-test an instrument to measure the importance of interests, capacities, and values to a population within the age range of 11 through 18 yr. or Grades 5 through 12. The ultimate purpose was to test Ginzberg's theory as it relates to [he Tentative period. lnterests refers to the individual's awareness that certain avenues are more likely to provide satisfactions than others; c4acities refers to strengths or competencies needed to implement a particular vocacional choice; values refers
Impact of mental health reform on service use

Abstract This article will explore the impact of early implementation of mental health reform on community mental health service use by clients. The results from a review of agency charts for mental health clients are reported. Service use for all clients in the sample, for elderly clients, for ethnic minority clients, and for clients who are chronically mentally ill was compared for a 3-month period prior to implementation of the mental health reform and a 3-month period subsequent to reform. The following questions were addressed: (a) Did use of case management services increase in comparison to day treatment and individual therapy services? (b) Did use of medication management services increase? (c) Did use of vocational services increase? (d) Did use of crisis services increase? (e) Did use of substance abuse services increase? (f) Following implementation of the mental health reform, were clients more likely to receive a wider range of services than prior to reform?
Open sourced organizational learning: implications and challenges of crowdsourcing for human resource development (HRD) practitioners

As the value of organizational learning as a source of competitive advantage has become increasingly evident, human resource development (HRD) practitioners may face stronger demands to develop training more quickly and efficiently and increase rates of training transfer. One approach is to externally source organizational learning. In using this approach, it may be important for HRD practitioners to both develop training to engage external participants while utilizing organization development solutions to help internal employees adjust to the change. By examining the impact of open sourced and crowdsourced organizational learning on HRD practitioners, it is hoped that HRD practitioners may engage in informed workplace learning practice, even as the nature of the employment contract changes.
The management of complex distal humerus nonunion in the elderly by elbow capsulectomy, triple plating, and ulnar nerve neurolysis.

Six elderly patients (average age, 68 years) were treated for a complex, low supracondylar nonunion of the humerus. Each nonunion had in common an associated ulnar neuropathy, extensive periarticular fibrosis, a low synovial nonunion, and osteopenic bone. The surgical approach included ulnar nerve neurolysis, complete elbow capsulectomy, three strategically placed plates, and autogenous iliac crest bone graft. All the nonunions healed and all six patients regained ulnar nerve function. The average arc of elbow motion was 102°, with an average flexion of 122° and a flexion contracture of 19°. Radiographic follow-up revealed only one case with a focal area of avascular necrosis involving a previously ununited intraarticular fracture of the trochlea.
Variational and diffusion Monte Carlo study of post-d group 13–17 elements

We present ab initio calculations of atomic and molecular systems containing the first-, second-, and third-row post-d elements (Ga-Br, In-I, and Tl-At) using several methods including variational and diffusion Monte Carlo. In the quantum Monte Carlo calculations, we used the recent scalar-relativistic energy-consistent Hartree-Fock pseudopotentials [M. Burkatzki et al., J. Chem. Phys. 126, 234105 (2007)], which are nonsingular at the origin. For the first- and second-row elements, the calculated ionization energies and electron affinities are in excellent agreement with those obtained using CCSD(T) with large basis sets and with experiment after correcting approximately for spin-orbit effects. For the third-row elements, where relativistic effects cannot be adequately included by a simple j-averaging, the results are in excellent agreement with CCSD(T) energies obtained with a large (5-zeta) basis set. Benchmark calculations of the dissociation energies, vibration frequencies, and equilibrium bond lengths of several diatomic molecules including As(2), Br(2), Sb(2), and I(2) as well as the hydrides XH (X = Ga, Br, In, I, and At) are presented.
Comparing the functional consequences of human stem cell transplantation in the irradiated rat brain

Radiotherapy is a frontline treatment for the clinical management of CNS tumors. Although effective in eradicating tumor cells, radiotherapy also depletes neural stem and progenitor cells in the hippocampus that are important for neurogenesis and cognitive function. Consequently, the use of radiation to control primary and metastatic brain tumors often leads to debilitating and progressive cognitive decrements in surviving patients, representing a serious medical condition that, to date, has no satisfactory, long-term solutions. As a result, we have explored the use of stem cells as therapeutic agents to improve cognition after radiotherapy. Our past work has demonstrated the capability of cranially transplanted human embryonic (hESCs) and neural (hNSCs) stem cells to functionally restore cognition in rats 1 and 4 months after head-only irradiation. We have now expanded our cognitive analyses with hESCs and quantified both survival and differentiated fates of engrafted cells at 1 and 4 months after irradiation. Our findings indicate the capability of hESC transplantation to ameliorate radiation-induced cognitive dysfunction 1 month following cranial irradiation, using a hippocampal-dependent novel place recognition task. Irradiated animals not engrafted with stem cells experienced prolonged and significant cognitive dysfunction. Stereological estimates indicated that 35% and 17% of the transplanted hESCs survived at 1 and 4 months postgrafting, respectively. One month after irradiation and grafting, phenotypic analyses revealed that 26% and 31% of the hESCs differentiated into neurons and astrocytes, while at the 4-month time, neuronal and astrocytic differentiation was 7% and 46%, respectively. Comparison between present and past data with hESCs and hNSCs demonstrates equivalent cognitive restoration and a preference of hNSCs to commit to neuronal versus astrocytic lineages over extended engraftment times. Our data demonstrate the functional utility of human stem cell replacement strategies for ameliorating the adverse effects of cranial irradiation on cognition.
The effects of exposure time and rate on the survival and yield of lettuce, barley and wheat*

Experiments were conducted to compare the effects of 137 Cs gamma radiation given as either 1-, 4-, 8- or 16-hr treatments at constant rates (CR) with 36-hr fallout decay simulation (FDS) or buildup and fallout decay simulation (Bu + FDS) treatments with variable exposure rates. Seedlings of lettuce were given Bu+FDS, FDS and 1-, 4-, 8- and 16-hr CR treatments. Barley and wheat seedlings were given FDS, 8- and 16-hr CR treatments. Following irradiation the lettuce plants were transplanted to the field, barley to the greenhouse and wheat to a growth chamber. The criteria of effect used were survival and yield. Young barley seedlings were given a total exposure of 1600 R at 32 different rates ranging from 60 R/hr to 4800 R/hr. The first leaf of each seedling was measured after 8 days of growth. For equal total exposures, FDS treatments were more effective than 16-hr CR treatments in reducing survival and yield of all three crops. The ratio 16-hr CR/FDS at the LD 50 was 1·43 for lettuce, 1·23 for barley and 1·37 for wheat. For yield, the FDS was more effective only at exposures above the LD 50 . Lettuce survival increased with exposure time between 1 hr and 16 hr but this was a linear increase only after 4 hr. Barley seedling height decreased as the exposure rate increased from 60 R/hr to about 1000 R/hr. Above 1000 R/hr further increases in exposure rate had no further effect on seedling height. The greater effectiveness of the high exposure rates observed in these experiments substantiate our conclusion that the increased effect of an FDS treatment compared to a 16-hr CR treatment is attributable to the high initial exposure rates of the former. Similar results for survival and yield reduction for the 8-hr CR treatment and the FDS treatment were observed. Hence, those investigators lacking the facilities to simulate fallout decay could use an 8-hr CR treatment to approximate the same effects as simulated fallout decay treatments.
Referred Ocular Pain Relieved by Suboccipital Injection

Pain originating from ophthalmic disease has been well documented. A series of patients presenting with eye or peri-orbital pain attributed to cervical region dysfunction were diagnosed and treated with injections of subcutaneous lidocaine followed by triamcinolone acetonide. Twelve patients, 11 women and I man, ranging in age from 20 to 82 years had an evaluation including a complete eye examination, and laboratory tests and neuroimaging as dictated by the history to exclude structural abnormalities or systemic disease. All patients had marked focal suboccipital tenderness ipsilateral to the side of their headache and eye pain. A subcutaneous injection with 2% lidocaine followed by triamcinolone acetonide 40 mg was administered directly to the site of focal tenderness. After injection, five patients described total relief of pain, five patients described some degree of pain relief, and two patients had no relief of headache. Duration of pain relief ranged from several hours to 3 months. Patients may present with periorbital or eye pain as a result of disease affecting the cervical sensory roots with subsequent stimulation of the trigeminal apparatus. Subcutaneous injection of lidocaine and triamcinolone acetonide may be of help in the diagnosis of these patients and provide temporary relief.
Determination of optimum experimental conditions using dispersion main effects and interactions of factors in replicated factorial experiments

Dispersion main effects and two-factor interactions are first defined and then estimated in replicated factorial experiments. A method based on Union-Intersection rules, using dispersion main effects and two factor interactions is proposed for finding the level combinations of control factors so that the response variability due to noise is minimum. Illustrative examples are also given.
Fractal geometry of colloidal aggregates

Measurement of the fractal dimension, $D$, of colloidal aggregates of small silica particles is reported. We observe power-law decay of the structure factor $[S(k)\ensuremath{\sim}{k}^{\ensuremath{-}D}]$ by both light and x-ray scattering showing that the aggregates are fractal. $D$ is found to be 2.12\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05, which is intermediate between recent numerical results for the kinetic models of diffusion-limited aggregation ($D=2.5$) and cluster aggregation ($D=1.75$), but is rather close to the value for lattice animals ($D=2.0$), which are equilibrium structures.
THEORY AND MEASUREMENT OF VISUAL MECHANISMS : I. A VISUAL DISCRIMINOMETER. II. THRESHOLD STIMULUS INTENSITY AND RETINAL POSITION

Monocular threshold stimulus intensities (ΔIo, photons) were measured along the 0–180° meridian of human retinae for three observers. The test image was small (= 0.08°) and of short duration (= 0.20 second). ΔIo was found to decrease as the angular distance from the fovea was increased. Actual counts of the number of retinal elements per mm.2 along the 0–180° meridian (Osterberg) were compared with the obtained results. No direct correlation was found to exist between visual sensitivity and the number of retinal elements. Binocular threshold stimuli were also measured along the same meridian. The form of the function relating binocular visual sensitivity and retinal position was discovered to be essentially similar to that for monocular sensitivity, but is more symmetrical about the center of the fovea. The magnitude of the binocular measurement is in each case smaller than that of the monocular threshold stimulus intensity for the more sensitive eye. The ratio is statistically equal to 1.4 (a fact which suggests Piper's rule). These results are shown to be consistent with the hypothesis that the process critical for the eventuation of the threshold response is localized in the central nervous system. They are not consistent with the view that the quantitative properties of visual data are directly determined by properties of the peripheral retina.
Cervical dilation and station of the fetal vertex in relation to epidural use and the risk of cesarean delivery for dystocia

Abstract Objective: To examine the relationship between fetal station in the early active phase of labor and the risk for cesarean delivery due to dystocia in nulliparous women and to determine whether this relationship is altered by epidural analgesia use during labor. Methods: Retrospective analysis was made of nulliparous women with term singleton gestations in spontaneous labor delivered when epidural analgesia was restricted (‘before‘ period) compared with a similar group of women delivered when epidural analgesia was available on request (‘after‘ period). Analysis of risk for cesarean delivery due to dystocia was performed by stratifying patients according both to cervical dilation and to station of the fetus. Dilation Mantel-Haenszel Relative Risk 95% Confidence Interval P 4 cm 1.09 0.83, 1.42 .54 5 cm 1.20 0.88, 1.62 .25 6 cm 0.96 0.74, 1.25 .78 7 cm 1.02 0.74, 1.41 .89 Station −2 0.89 0.66, 1.21 .46 −1 1.10 0.87, 1.39 .43 0 1.16 0.91, 1.47 .24 +1 1.02 0.53, 1.95 .95 Results: Epidural analgesia was used during labor in 6 of 557 women (1.0%) delivered in the ‘before‘ period and 643 of 772 women (83%) in the ‘after‘ period. Cesarean delivery for dystocia was performed in 53 of 557 women (9.5%) in the ‘before‘ period and 76 of 772 (10.5%) in the ‘after‘ period (RR = 1.02, 95% CI, 0.87, 1.18). The sample size was sufficient to provide 80% power to exclude a 60% (RR–1.6) increase in the incidence of cesarean delivery for dystocia from a baseline rate of 10%, after controlling for fetal station, between the two study periods. Conclusion: The risk of cesarean delivery for dystocia relative to fetal station during the early active phase of labor is not altered by the use of epidural analgesia during labor.
Synthesis of Optimal Chemical Reactor Networks

The reactor is the most influential unit operation in many chemical processes. Reaction systems and reactor design often determine the character of the flowsheet. However, research in reactor network synthesis has met with limited success because of nonlinear reaction models, uncertain rate laws, and numerous possible reactor types and networks. In this paper we take advantage of attainable-region properties derived from geometric targeting techniques to design a concise reactor module for reactor network synthesis. The reactor module is made up of a continuous stirred tank reactor and a plug flow reactor (for two dimensional targeting) or a differential sidestream reactor (for higher dimensions). These modules are used to synthesize the optimal reactor network target with respect to a specific objective function, and the problem is formulated as a compact mixed integer nonlinear program. This new algorithm overcomes many of the drawbacks of existing algorithms. Finally, we solve several example problems ...
Transition between a valley and a high at the axis of mid-ocean ridges

An examination of 339 topographic profiles crossing the world mid-ocean ridge system indicates that the axial topographic signature is correlated to both the local spreading rate and the absolute depth of the ridge axis. The spreading rate (which controls the temperature structure at the ridge axis) and the depth of the ridge axis (which is an indicator of crustal thickness) are both expected to influence the rheology of the axial lithosphere, which in turn should control the shape of the axial topographic signature. The topographic signature of the axis is determined by fitting an axial high or an axial valley on a trend that follows the thermally driven subsidence of the ridge flanks. At a given axial depth the transition between an axial valley and a high takes place abruptly, over a relatively small change in spreading rate (∼15 mm/yr).
Safety of patent ductus arteriosus closure in premature infants without tube thoracostomy

During a 30-month period, 34 premature infants underwent surgical closure of a patent ductus arteriosus. The mean gestational age at birth was 25 +/- 0.3 weeks and the mean age at the time of operation was 3 +/- 0.3 weeks (mean weight, 829 +/- 54 g). Indomethacin therapy had failed in 32 patients, and 2 had contraindications to its use. The initial 8 patients had parascapular incision and ligation of the patent ductus arteriosus; the last 26 patients had a short transaxillary incision and clipping. The average duration of the operation from the time of incision to skin closure was 36 +/- 2 minutes (range, 15 to 65 minutes). One patient (3%) needed chest tube insertion intraoperatively because of visceral pleura disruption. Two patients (5.8%) had a "small pneumothorax" (< 10% of the lung field) that resolved within 24 hours. There was no morbidity or mortality directly related to the operative procedure, although 3 patients (8.8%) ultimately died from problems related to their severe prematurity. We conclude that surgical closure of patent ductus arteriosus without chest tube drainage can be accomplished safely in premature infants. Postoperative nursing care is simplified and the cost is reduced because the need for the chest tube and drainage system is eliminated and the number of chest radiograms needed postoperatively is reduced.
Anatomy of siliceous hot springs: examples from Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA

Abstract Numerous siliceous hot spring systems in the Norris and Lower Geyser Basins of Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, provide insights into spring geometries, depositional facies, and lithofacies associated with modern hot springs. Analyses of active (Cistern Spring, Octopus Spring, Deerbone Spring, and Spindle Geyser) and inactive (Pork Chop Geyser) siliceous hot springs have facilitated the construction of a facies model for siliceous hot spring deposits at Yellowstone. Yellowstone's siliceous springs tend to group into four broad morphological categories: siliceous spires and cones, domal mounds, terraced mounds, and ponds. Siliceous spires/cones are subconical accumulations up to 5–7 m high and about 2 m in diameter, and are common deposits in Yellowstone Lake. Domal mounds are characterized by siliceous precipitates with a broad lens or shield geometry (2–3 m in vertical relief), discharge channels, and an areal accumulation of approximately 150 m2. In contrast, terraced mounds have a stair-step morphology, a substantial pool (∼8–10 m in diameter), “shrubby” precipitates, and occupy areas of ∼2000 m2. Siliceous ponds are variable in size, have little outflow, and exhibit low amounts of silica precipitation. Of these morphological varieties, domal mounds and terraced mounds are thought to have the best long-term preservation potential. The four spring morphotypes are composed of up to eight cumulative hot spring depositional facies: (1) vent (>95 °C), (2) proximal vent ( Precipitation of siliceous sinter is the result of abiotic and biotic processes. Abiotic precipitational processes are dominant in the vent area, whereas biotic influences on the precipitate fabric become progressively more important downflow.
On Parsons' Model of the Ocean Circulation

Abstract A model is constructed for the circulation of a combined subtropical and subpolar ocean. The model is similar to that first proposed by Parsons with the important difference that where the isopycnal separating the upper and lower layer outcrops, the Ekman flux is allowed to freely cross the outcrop fine instead of being blocked by the isopycnal. It is shown that this completely alters the global circulation pattern. Outcropping of the cold layer still occurs but along the path described by Luyten, Pedlosky and Stommel, i.e., without an associated separated “Gulf Stream” current. The Ekman flux across the outcrop line implies a water mass conversion which can be calculated directly from the wind stress distribution and is of the order of 5 Sverdrups. This water is allowed to return to the cold water domain along the northern rim and forms a novel branch to the classical Stommel-Arons circulation picture. A free parameter in this model is the depth of the warm water layer, H, on the eastern boundar...
Does consumption buy happiness? Evidence from the United States

We examine the association between various components of consumption expenditure and happiness in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a nationally representative sample of older Americans. We find that only one component of consumption is positively related to happiness—leisure consumption. In contrast, consumption of durables, charity, personal care, food, health care, vehicles, and housing are not significantly associated with happiness. Second, we find that leisure consumption is associated with higher levels of happiness partially through its effect on social connectedness, as indexed by measures of loneliness and embeddedness in social networks. On one hand, these results counter the conventional wisdom that “material goods can’t buy happiness.” One the other hand, they underscore the importance of social goods and social connectedness in the production of happiness.
Basal ganglia choline levels in depression and response to fluoxetine treatment: An in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study

We have investigated proton magnetic resonance spectra of the basal ganglia in 41 medication-free outpatients with major depression, prior to starting an 8-week standardized trial of open-label fluoxetine, and 22 matched comparison subjects. Upon completing the trial, depressed subjects were classified as treatment responders ( n = 18) or nonresponders ( n = 23), based on changes in the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Depressed subjects had a lower area ratio of the choline resonance to the creatine resonance (Cho/Cr) than comparison subjects. This statistically significant difference between the depressed subjects and comparison subjects was more pronounced in the treatment responders than in the nonresponders. There were no differences in the relative volumes of gray matter or white matter in the voxel used for proton spectroscopy in depressed subjects relative to comparison subjects. These results are consistent with an alteration in the metabolism of cytosolic choline compounds in the basal ganglia of depressed subjects and, in particular, those who are responsive to fluoxetine.
Resurgence of genetic instability in Antirrhinum majus

Abstract The frequent somatic change pallida—recurrens (pal—rec) → Pallida (Pal) in Antirrhinum majus to give full or spotted pigmentation varies inversely with temperature and is regulated by a stabiliser (st—St) system. Some Pal/Pal lines derived from highly unstable pal—rec/pal—rec had many pale sites indicating a resurgence of genetic instability. F1s between these resurgent (R) lines and lines homozygous recessive for different pigment-controlling genes showed numerous acyanic and occasional unstable rec areas. The frequency of these sites on the flowers also varied inversely with temperature and with the pal—rec stabiliser constitution. The application of 0.25% caffeine quadrupled the frequency of pale sites in R/R plants. Unstable somatic rec-type sites occurred de novo in crosses of R/R/ with 4 acyanic (or partially acyanic) genotypes. The administration of chemically defined precursors to the sites identified the genes involved somatically. Two contrasting types of instability in A. majus are described and compared. In the first, a blocked pigment-producing gene resumes its function (e.g. pal—rec → Pal) to give pigmented sites against an acyanic background. In the second, acyanic (or pale) sites are seen against an otherwise fully pigmented background. These occurrences together with the occasional appearance of new rec-type sites in crosses with the resurgent R/R lines are considered in terms of transposition of controlling elements.
Understanding Culture and Worldview in Family Systems: Use of the Multicultural Genogram

Thefield offamily counseling has recognized the importance of context on individuals' lives. However, few tools for assessing the influence of culture exist. This article describes the multicultural genogram, which assesses both the culture and worldview offamily members. The multicultural genogram can be used to assess cultural factors as well as to establish rapport with diverse families. Cultural variables explored in the genogram include race, ethnicity, gender, immigration, social class, and spirituality. Clinical examples are provided.
Evidence that response inhibition is a primary deficit in ADHD

The present study examined response inhibition in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; n = 58) and controls (n = 84) using three go/no-go tests -- one with high working memory demand (cognitive), one with low working memory demand (simple), and one with rewards and response costs (motivation linked) in which emphasis was on reward for responding to "go" stimuli. Results of a repeated measure analysis of variance showed a significant effect of diagnosis for errors of commission for the simple, cognitive, and motivation-linked go/no-go tests, such that children with ADHD made significantly more errors than controls. Furthermore, a significant effect of test was noted across groups, such that both children in the ADHD and control groups performed worse on the cognitive and motivation-linked tests than they did on the simple test. The diagnosis by test interaction was not significant, suggesting that ADHD participants showed a similar degree of impairment to that of controls, regardless of the degree of working memory load or feedback provided in the test. In children with ADHD, response inhibition appears to be a primary deficit that is observed even when executive function demands of tasks are minimal. Although increasing working memory demand appears to impede response inhibition, this effect is similar in ADHD and typically developing children.
Biodiversity: The Need for a National Policy

Abstract Because biodiversity does not conform to political boundaries, a national policy for biodiversity is needed in the United States. The cost of protecting biodiversity and who should bear those costs are among the key policy considerations. Given the size of biotic resources in the U.S., costs for identifying and protecting these resources will be high. A national policy should define biodiversity, articulate goals, coordinate competing objectives, create a mechanism for setting priorities, and identify a leadership role for the U.S. federal government.
Calculated particle collection efficiencies of single droplets including inertial impaction, brownian diffusion, diffusiophoresis and thermophoresis

Abstract Particle collection efficiencies of a single 100 μm dia. water droplet were calculated with a Runge-Kutta numerical solution for the particle equation of motion. The bulk gas properties were held constant at 65°C and 100 per cent r.h. whereas the water droplet temperature ranged from 10°C (water vapor condensing on the droplet) to 82°C (water evaporating from droplet). Potential flow was assumed for the gas flow profile around the droplet moving at its settling velocity of 30.0 cm s−1. The results show that over the 0.01–10μm particle dia. range, the calculated particle collection efficiency is significantly increased with colder water temperatures and decreased with warmer water temperatures. The calculated results for the case with both the water and gas temperature at 65°C (only inertial impaction and Brownian diffusion mechanisms) compares reasonably with previous reports.
Leading- and trailing-edge flaps on a low Reynolds number airfoil

An experimental study was conducted on a two-dimensional Wortmann FX63-137 airfoil model with a 13%-chord leading-edge flap and a 25%-chord trailing-edge flap at chord Reynolds numbers of 1.0 and 1.5 x 10. Deflecting the leading edge was shown to increase the maximum lift coefficient up to 9.2% while also increasing the maximum l/d. Q/Q experienced negligible improvement with leading-edge deflection. A leading-edge droop angle of about 5 deg was found to provide the best performance. Deflecting the trailing edge alone was shown to increase the maximum lift coefficient by up to 14.7%. Deflecting both the leading and trailing edges increased the maximum lift by up to 22.7%. Flow visualization revealed that drooping the leading edge moved the laminar separation bubble slightly downstream. Deflecting the trailing edge downward was shown to shift the line of turbulent separation toward the leading edge.
Morocco and the US Free Trade Agreement: A specific factors model with unemployment and energy imports

Abstract This paper examines the impact in Morocco of its pending free trade agreement with the US in a specific factors model with unemployment and energy imports. Projected price scenarios across eight industries lead to adjustments in outputs, energy imports, rural wages, urban wages, and the unemployment rate. The model predicts substantial adjustments for reasonable price scenarios. Rural wages fall unless agriculture is subsidized. Unemployment, assumed inversely related to output, is sensitive to price changes. Factor substitution only affects the degree of output adjustments. Adjustments in capital returns lead to industrial investment and subsequent long run output adjustments.
HIGH CONCENTRATION OF INJECTED TITANIUM DIOXIDE IN ABDOMINAL LYMPH NODES

In the rat the greatest accumulation, in any anatomical structure, of titanium dioxide following its intravenous injection was found in two small clusters of lymph nodes in upper abdomen behind the peritoneum. These are the lymph nodes of the liver. This extraordinary quantitative characteristic of the abdominal clusters is attributed to their topography which results in progressive filtration of particulate matter from hepatic lymph.
Trypanosoma brucei: Effect of inhibition of N-linked glycosylation on the nearest neighbor analysis of the major variable surface coat glycoprotein

As an assay for the surface deposition of newly synthesized major variable surface coat glycoprotein (VSCG) we have treated intact Trypanosoma brucei cells with the cleavable cross-linking reagent dithiobis-(succinimidyl propionate). Under appropriate conditions, surface VSCG is converted to oligomers of n not less than 8. The oligomeric protein, apparent molecular weight greater than 4 x 10(5), does not migrate more than 1 to 2 mm into a 3-15% linear polyacrylamide gradient gel containing 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate, hence the appearance of newly synthesized radiolabeled protein in the top 2 mm of the gel indicates the translocation of VSCG from the site of synthesis to the surface and the gross establishment of normal interactions among the molecules. In addition, purified VSCG treated with the cross-linking reagent yielded a dimeric product on gel electrophoresis. To examine the role of N-linked carbohydrate in the translocation of the protein and in intermolecular interactions we have allowed trypanosomes to incorporate L-[14C] serine into protein in the presence of the antibiotic tunicamycin. Our results show that N-linked carbohydrate is not essential to the transfer of VSCG to the cell surface nor does its absence interfere with gross intermolecular interactions in the short term. On the other hand N-linked carbohydrate does appear to play an essential role in dimer formation.
A one-sided test of homogeneity against simple tree alternative for right-censored data

A test for homogeneity of several populations against the simple tree alternative is proposed when the observations in various groups are subject to the same pattern of random right-censorship. The test is a generalization of the one proposed by Slivka (1970) which is useful when testing time is expensive so that an early termination of an experiment is desirable. The power of the test is examined in a simulation study.
Mechanism of Light Flicker Fusion during the Course of Dark and Light Adaptation

IT follows from the data of Schaternikoff, Fedorov and Fedorova1, R. Lithgoe and K. Tansley2, and others, that during dark adaptation the critical flicker frequency for photopic vision is decreased. It has been shown by Alexanian and Livshiz in Orbeli's laboratory (Leningrad) that the same is the case in scotopic vision provided the effect produced by the change of threshold sensitivity during dark adaptation is eliminated. Critical frequency was therefore always determined for a light intensity which was a multiple of the threshold at the given moment. In the course of light adaptation the critical frequency is, on the contrary, increasing (R. Lithgoe and K. Tansley). The purpose of the present study was to analyse the causes underlying the above change of critical flicker frequency in the course of dark and light adaptation. Both dark and light adaptation were therefore studied by means of a special optical device which afforded the possibility of watching in a homogeneously illuminated field (angular size about 10°) the flickering of a central point visible within an angle of 1°, the brightness of which was equal to that of the background.
Editorial Comment: Current Approaches to the Management of Lumbar Disc Herniation

D isorders of the spine continue to be a common health problem worldwide affecting people of all ages. Lifetime prevalence of simple back pain in industrialized nations is estimated at 60% to 70%, and is worst in the most productive adult years. Back pain is a major cause of lost work time as well as disability [3]. Disc herniation is a common cause of back related complaints, and prevalence is reported to range from 1% to 3% [1]. For data specific to Medicare, annual incidence of lumbar decompression or discectomy has been reported to be 2.1/1000 enrollees, with increasing trends and substantial variation across the country [5]. This substantial socioeconomic burden coupled with wide variation in treatment make this a very important condition to understand. There are several variables of interest to the practitioner caring for patients with symptomatic lumbar disc herniation. Classification and predictors of outcomes help guide initial decision-making. The use of steroid injections have been contested recently [4], but there is a large body of evolving literature to help guide appropriateness [2] of this intervention. For surgery, there are many questions that arise. What kind of outcomes can be expected, and does the surgical technique matter? What is the most correct timing for surgery? What are the results with revisions? What kind of function can be expected following recovery? Lastly, there have been important advances in the basic science of pain and disc herniation, which may form the basis of newer treatment paradigms in the future. In this symposium, a group of authors from around the world and from many disciplines within medicine and surgery seek to answer these questions and others. Their papers provide a broad cross section of the best-available evidence on these important topics. I am grateful to these authors for their superb contributions.
Lyapunov exponents of linear stochastic functional-differential equations. II. Examples and case studies

We give several examples and examine case studies of linear stochastic functional differential equations. The examples fall into two broad classes: regular and singular, according to whether an underlying stochastic semi-flow exists or not. In the singular case, we obtain upper and lower bounds on the maximal exponential growth rate $\overline{\lambda}_1 (\sigma)$ of the trajectories expressed in terms of the noise variance ƒÐ . Roughly speaking we show that for small $\sigma$, $\overline{\lambda}_1 (\sigma)$ behaves like $-\sigma^2 /2$, while for large $\sigma$, it grows like $\log \sigma$. In the regular case, it is shown that a discrete Oseledec spectrum exists, and upper estimates on the top exponent $\lambda_1$ are provided. These estimates are sharp in the sense that they reduce to known estimates in the deterministic or nondelay cases.