cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gamma aminobutyric acid radioreceptor assay : a confirmatory quantitative assay for toxaphene in environmental and biological samples

Abstract Toxaphene is a complex mixture of polychlorinated monoterpenes. Before its ban in 1982, it was the most heavily used insecticide with a cumulative world use of 409,000 metric tons. Toxaphene was found to be acutely and chronically toxic to aquatic and wild life and poses a carcinogenic risk to humans. Although the use of toxaphene has been severely limited or eliminated, it is still found in the environment due to its relative persistence with an estimated half life time of about 10 years in soils. Residue analysis of toxaphene in environmental and biological samples rely mostly on instrumental analysis such as gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. These require extensive sample clean up. These instrumental analyses still have a problem of interference from other chlorinated hydrocarbons, mainly PCBs and DDT metabolites, and may not detect environmentally altered toxaphene products. Although toxaphene is a mixture of more than 200 isomers its neurotoxicity is only attributed to few isomers with a mode of action through binding to the chloride channel of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor ionophore complex. [35S] tertiary butylbicyclophosphorothionate (TBPS) with specific activity higher than 60 Ci/mmole has a high binding affinity to the same sites and is now commercially available and can be used to label the GABA receptor for the development of radioreceptor assay technique. The GABA receptor was prepared by a sequence of ultra centrifugation and dialysis of mammalian (rats, cows, catfish and goats) brain homogenates. The receptor is then labeled with [35S] TBPS and the assay was conducted by measuring the displacement of radioactivity following incubation with the sample containing the analytes. The assay is fast, sensitive and requires very little or no sample preparation prior to the analysis.
The coat proteins of cauliflower mosaic virus.

Abstract Four polypeptides with molecular weights and molar ratios (in parentheses) of 96,000 and 88,000 (both 0.08), 64,000 (0.15) and 37,000 (0.77) were found in purified preparations of cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV). Two further polypeptides were found in some preparations and one was shown to be a degradation product of the major polypeptide. The four proteins found consistently had uniform charge/size ratio and gave positive but faint reaction to periodate-Schiff stain for glycoprotein. It is proposed that CaMV particles are composed of a T = 7 shell of the major protein surrounding a T = 1 core of the 64,000 molecular weight protein.
Synthesis and conformations of chromium tricarbonyl substituted diarenes

Abstract The metallation of a series of seven planar and bent diarenes has been examined to determine the conformations of the mono- and dimetallated products. It has been found that bent diarenes can be metallated on either the convex ( syn ) or concave ( anti ) faces of the arene. In the absence of other directing groups, metallation at the concave face is favored. Dimetallation of planar diarenes results in exclusive trans metallation. Dimetallation of bent diarenes yields the trans isomer as the major species, but cis dimetallation of the convex face is also observed. Conformational assignments have been made using 1 H and 13 C NMR spectral evidence.
Spontaneous ignition characteristics of gaseous hydrocarbon-air mixtures

Experiments are conducted to determine the spontaneous ignition delay times of gaseous propane, kerosine vapor, and n-heptane vapor in mixtures with air, and oxygen-enriched air, at atmospheric pressure. Over a range of equivalence ratios from 0.2 to 0.8 it is found that ignition delay times are sensibly independent of fuel concentration. However, the results indicate a strong dependence of delay times on oxygen concentration. The experimental data for kerosine and propane demonstrate very close agreement with the results obtained previously by Mullins and Lezberg respectively.
How are we doing?: Presenting System Confidence Information to Support Trust Calibration and Adaptive Function Allocation

The “strong but silent” design of many decision support systems (DSS) has contributed to problems such as automation bias and trust miscalibration. The present study examined whether these difficulties can be overcome by providing continually updated information regarding a system's confidence in its own ability to perform its task(s) accurately and reliably. The application domain for this research was in-flight icing. Two groups of pilots flew a motion-based simulator in simulated icing conditions and were assisted by a neural net-based DSS that detected, and identified the location of, ice accretion. One group of pilots received information about overall system reliability only, whereas a second group was presented with a trend display of system confidence. Pilots in the latter group were better calibrated in terms of when to follow the system's advice. They were also more likely to reverse their actions when system-recommended actions were unsuccessful. Consequently, they experienced fewer icing-induc...
Reciprocity, Trust, and Payoff Privacy in Extensive Form Bargaining

Abstract We report decision making in two-person extensive form game trees, using six treatments that vary matching protocol, payoffs, and payoff information. Our objective is to examine game theoretic hypotheses of decision making based on dominance and backward induction in comparison with the culturally or biologically derived hypothesis that reciprocity supports more cooperation than predicted by game theory. We find strong support for cooperation under complete information, even in single-play treatments and in games of trust, unreinforced by the prospect of punishment for defection from reciprocity. Only under private information do we observe strong support for noncooperative game theory. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C78, C92.
Incorporation of embryonic CA3 cell grafts into the adult hippocampus at 4-months after injury: effects of combined neurotrophic supplementation and caspase inhibition.

Abstract As receptivity of the injured hippocampus to cell grafts decreases with time after injury, strategies that improve graft integration are necessary for graft-mediated treatment of chronic neurodegenerative conditions such as temporal lobe epilepsy. We ascertained the efficacy of two distinct graft-augmentation strategies for improving the survival of embryonic day 19 hippocampal CA3 cell grafts placed into the adult hippocampus at 4-months after kainic acid induced injury. The donor cells were labeled with 5′-bromodeoxyuridine, and pre-treated and grafted with either brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3 and a caspase inhibitor or fibroblast growth factor and caspase inhibitor. The yield of surviving grafted cells and neurons were quantified at 2-months post-grafting. The yield of surviving cells was substantially greater in grafts treated with brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3 and caspase inhibitor (84%) or fibroblast growth factor and caspase inhibitor (99% of injected cells) than standard cell grafts (26%). Because ∼85% of surviving grafted cells were neurons, increased yield in augmented groups reflects enhanced survival of grafted neurons. Evaluation of the mossy fiber synaptic re-organization in additional kainic acid-lesioned rats receiving grafts enriched with brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3 and caspase inhibitor at 3-months post-grafting revealed reduced aberrant dentate mossy fiber sprouting in the dentate supragranular layer than “lesion-only” rats at 4 months post-kainic acid, suggesting that some of the aberrantly sprouted mossy fibers in the dentate supragranular layer withdraw when apt target cells (i.e. grafted neurons) become available in their vicinity. Thus, the yield of surviving neurons from CA3 cell grafts placed into the adult hippocampus at an extended time-point after injury could be enhanced through apt neurotrophic supplementation and caspase inhibition. Apt grafting is also efficacious for reversing some of the abnormal synaptic reorganization prevalent in the hippocampus at later time-points after injury.
JMML patient-derived iPSCs induce new hypotheses.

In this issue of Blood , Gandre-Babbe et al have, in part, overcome the obstacle of validating the molecular underpinnings of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) with the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from individuals with JMML.[1][1] ![Figure][2] Peripheral blood
Class properties for security review in an object-capability subset of Java: (short paper)

Joe-E is a subset of the Java language, with additional restrictions enforced by a static source-code verifier. We explore several semantic properties of classes relating to immutability and object identity that can be declared by the programmer and are checked by the Joe-E verifier. We present the simple, modular analyses we use to verify these properties and describe how they are useful in performing security reviews of applications.
Evolutionary learning in reaction-diffusion neurons

Reaction-diffusion neurons are neuron models in which synaptic inputs are processed by diffusion of second-messenger substances across a grid of fixed readout enzymes. This model is based upon the role of cyclic AMP in real neurons as an intraneuronal messenger, triggered by postsynaptic activation of cyclase enzymes, and exerting its effects by causing the phosphorylation of membrane proteins which regulate ion permeabilities. The firing behavior of such a neuron can be controlled by varying the distribution of kinase enzymes on the membrane. This suggests that a plausible neural learning mechanism involves the selection of nets of neurons with appropriately distributed kinases. We have developed a model of (ontogenetic) evolutionary learning which uses variation, propagation, and selection to generate optimal behaviors in small circuits of these cells. To test the capabilities of such a system, we simulate a simple motion learning task, in which the robot motor neurons are governed by internal reaction-diffusion dynamics, and we characterize the learnable behaviors. We argue that the neuronal dynamics of the cyclic nucleotide system contributes to the effectiveness of this evolutionary learning process.
Collective Flow with PHOBOS

This paper reviews recent results on directed and elliptic flow from the PHOBOS experiment using data taken during Au+Au runs at RHIC. The systematic dependence of flow on pseudorapidity, energy, transverse momentum and centrality is discussed.
A Note on a Simple Dynamic Programming Approach to the Single-Sink, Fixed-Charge Transportation Problem

The single-sink, fixed-charge transportation problem has a variety of applications, including supplier selection, product distribution/fleet selection, and process selection. In this paper we present a dynamic programming algorithm for solving this important problem that is very easy to implement and that improves considerably in terms of computational attractiveness on the best methods in the literature.
Competence and Memory: Integrating Psychosocial and Cognitive Correlates of Child Depression

Positive and negative peer nominations of multiple competencies and incidental recall of positive and negative self-referential adjectives were measured in relatively depressed and nondepressed fourth-, sixth-, and eighth-grade children (9 to 15 years old). Positive and negative peer evaluations related significantly to children's ability to recall positive and negative self-referential information (respectively), even after controlling for concurrent depressive symptoms. Positive and negative peer evaluations also related strongly to children's self-reported depressive symptoms. Incidental recall of positive and negative information significantly related to self-reported depression. In fact, the relation between recall of negative information and depression significantly increased in the eighth grade. Finally, preliminary support emerged that cognitive processes related to the incidental recall of negative self-descriptive information may mediate the relation between peer evaluations and depression. Implications for further research into the social determinants of cognitive processes and into the social and cognitive determinants of depression are discussed.
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM AND CAUSALITY

I am honored and challenged by the invitation to give this talk. 1 have chosen this topic because symbolic interactionism embodies a kind of general theory as to the nature of the causes that produce the complex forms of social behavior with which sociologists are concerned. I am also moved to discuss causality by the recent development of what may be called causal promiscuity by what has been called “The New Causal School.” It seems to have become astonishingly easy to find many causes, even in areas where our ignorance is most profound. This multiplication of causes leads, I think, to the devaluation of the concept just as money is devalued when there is too much of it around. My arguments will be presented by means of an example, which I hope will do a lot of my arguing for me. Before going on to this, however, I’d like to reminisce briefly about my experiences as a graduate student at the University of Chicago that started me along the symbolic interactionist path. It was in the fall of 193 I that I enrolled there. I had courses from such persons as Park, Burgess, Ellsworth Faris, Wirth, Blumer, Ogburn, Stuart Rice, and Radcliffe-Brown. My greatest debt was to Dr. Blumer who introduced me to Meadian social psychology and related lines of thought and who got me started in the study of drugs, which turned out to be a growth industry. My first choice of a thesis topic was homosexuality and I began interviewing in this area. When I consulted my professors on this project they seemed to lack enthusiasm and I sometimes thought that they looked with some suspicion at me as though they might be wondering what kind of a deviant I might be. At any rate, I tired of this project and dropped it in favor of the idea of doing a nice clean library project on German sociology. It was shortly thereafter that Dr. Blumer approached me with the idea that I undertake a study of drug addicts in connection with a project being set up for that purpose. The suggestion that I be asked to do this originated from one Broadway Jones, the professional thief and drug addict who wrote the bulk of Sutherland’s book, The Projessional Thiej’: I had become well acquainted with Jones after he appeared as a guest lecturer in one of Sutherland’s classes. He and I obtained jobs in the Illinois relief program for homeless men and worked in the same office. He suggested to Blumer that I be asked to undertake the drug study.
Interaction of a solubilized membrane ATPase with aqueous dispersions of bilayer lipid membranes

Abstract 1. 1. Aqueous dispersions of phosphatidylcholine have been used to study the interaction of a soluble ATPase with phospholipid bilayers. Binding of the membrane-derived ATPase to the phospholipid was demonstrated by differential centrifugation of mixtures of the soluble enzyme and multilamellar phosphatidylcholine liposomes. Mg 2+ was found to increase the ATPase binding to the model membranes. The upper limit of the molar ratio of the phosphatidylcholine to ATPase in the bilayer-ATPase complex was approximately 8000:1. 2. 2. The bilayer-ATPase interaction was also investigated using homogeneous phosphatidylcholine vesicles, 270 A in diameter. Electron microscopy was employed to determine whether morphological changes occurred as a result of the vesicle-ATPase interaction. At short incubation times, it was found that large vesicles were generated in the mixture; after an hour, multilamellar structures appeared. The lamellar spacings of these phospholipid-ATPase structures were 54 rA compared with 44 A in the absence of the protein. 3. 3. The addition of the ATPase was also observed to cause a line broadening and a concomitant decrease in the signal intensity in the high resolution PMR spectrum of sonicated phosphatidylcholine vesicle.
HPV E7 viral oncoprotein disrupts transcriptional regulation of L1Md retrotransposon

Murine L1Md-A5 retrotransposon is a redox-inducible element regulated by Nrf-2/JunD and E2F/Rb-binding sites within its promoter (5′-UTR). Because the human papillomavirus (HPV) oncoprotein E7 interacts with retinoblastoma (pRb) and members of the AP1 family, studies were conducted to examine functional interactions between HPV E7, pRb, and histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) in the regulation of L1Md-A5. Using a transient heterologous transcription system we found that HPV E7 alone, or in combination with HDAC2, disrupted pRb-mediated L1MdA-5 transactivation. HPV E7 also ablated the transcriptional response of L1Md-A5 to genotoxic stress, but did not interfere with basal activity. We conclude that HPV E7 associates with proteins involved in the assembly of macromolecular complexes that regulate antioxidant and E2F/Rb sites within L1MdA-5 to regulate biological activity
On the mutual relevance of art theory and personality theory.

In a recent article, Duke (2001) explored the mutual relevance of art theory and psychological theory, drawing on the contributions of Gombrich and Brunswik, among others. In this commentary, the early interactions of Gombrich and Brunswik are reviewed and alternative applications and depictions of the Brunswik lens model are examined. Aspects of Duke's self-image response theory are related to current developments in personality theory. Whether a hybrid communication and inference model or a set of two distinct models best serves the conceptual requirements of self-image response theory is considered.
Loss of heterozygosity of the VHL gene identifies malignancy and predicts death in follicular thyroid tumors

Abstract Background Follicular thyroid tumors (FTT) usually require resection to distinguish adenoma from carcinoma. Better markers that predict histologic subtype and prognosis are needed for FTT. Methods Seventeen benign and malignant FTT with follow-up were selected. Pathologic diagnosis was confirmed, tumor and normal tissue were microdissected, and DNA was extracted. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products for a microsatellite marker at the von Hippel Lindau gene (VHL) gene locus (3p26) were analyzed with semiquantitative capillary gel electrophoresis to detect loss of heterozygosity (LOH). Data were assessed for statistical significance with χ 2 . Results Mean follow-up was 77 months (range 29 to 120 months). Four cases were uninformative (homozygous microsatellite). Among 13 evaluable patients (6 adenomas, 7 follicular cancers) LOH of VHL was present only in carcinomas ( P = .013). LOH was present in 4/4 patients with recurrence and 0/3 patients without recurrence ( P = .017). Death from disease has occurred in 3 patients. LOH of VHL was strongly associated with death from disease ( P = .034). Conclusions FTT can be analyzed for LOH at the VHL gene locus. In this initial study, LOH of VHL was highly specific for malignancy and predicted death from disease. The analysis of VHL may provide for preoperative detection in cytologic samples with potential impact on clinical management of FTT.
Optical Coatings With Graded Index Layers For High Power Laser Applications: Design

Graded index layers provide a greater flexibility for the design of optical coatings than "homogeneous" layers. A graded index layer can replace the whole or a part of a traditional multilayer stack of alternating thin films of high and low refractive index. This paper presents design examples for broadband antireflection coatings, narrowband high reflectors (also referred to as minus filters or rejection line filters), and non-polarizing beam splitters. Optimized refractive index profiles are derived for broadband antireflection coatings for various combinations of incident medium and substrate. The rejection line filter example uses a sinusoidal (rugate) index profile. The non-polarizing beamsplitter summarizes the topical contents of a paper presented in another conference at the same symposium.
The "top N" news recommender: count distortion and manipulation resistance

The broad motivation for our research is to build manipulation resistant news recommender systems. However, there can be several different algorithms that are used to generate news recommendations, and the strategies for manipulation resistance are likely specific to the algorithm (or class of algorithm) employed. In this paper we will focus on a common method used by many media sites of recommending the N most read (or popular) articles (e.g. New York Times, BBC, Wall Street Journal all prominently use this). Through simulation results we show that whereas recommendation of the N most read articles is easily susceptible to manipulation, a simple probabilistic variant is more robust to common manipulation strategies. Further, for the "N most read" recommender, probabilistic selection has other desirable properties. Specifically, the (N+1)th article, which may have "just" missed making the cutoff, is unduly penalized under common user models. Small differences initially are easily amplified -- an observation that can be used by manipulators. Probabilistic selection, on the other hand, creates no such artificial penalty. We also use classical results from urn models to derive theoretical results for special cases.
Residual Moisture in Freeze-Dried Egg Mixtures

Abstract The residual moisture in freeze-dried albumen-yolk mixtures varies with platen temperature and the protein level in the dry product. Moisture levels as high as 6.47% were observed in albumen which contained 80% protein dried at −7°C. while yolk dried at 66°C. had only 0.2% moisture. Albumen, whole egg and yolk dried at 3°C. had moisture levels of 5.21, 1.57, and .83%, respectively. Addition of 10 percent salt decreased the residual moisture in freeze-dried egg white and whole egg but not in yolk. Sucrose increased residual moisture slightly.
Bridging the Gap between Economic Development and Cultural Empowerment HBCUs’ Challenges for the Future

The purpose of this article is to specifically examine the role that historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) have played and continue to play in economic development, how these institutions have contributed to the cultural empowerment of African Americans, and the important ways HBCUs have bridged the gap between the two to make a valuable contribution to African Americans specifically and America in general.
Electrohydrodynamic pumping of cable oil

Abstract Electrohydrodynamic pumping of a heated cable oil was demonstrated in a geometry similar to that of an underground pipe-type cable. The apparatus consisted of a closed channel approximately 5 m in length containing a 1.8 m pumping electrode. When driven with a three phase high voltage supply, the pump produced a steady oil circulation in the channel despite the fact that natural convection and flow instability severly disturbed the temperature gradients inside the fluid. A theory for electric pumping which neglects these disturbances was in fair agreement with experimental results. Extrapolation of these results to higher electric fields indicates that EHD pumping will produce oil velocities high enough for forced cooling of underground pipe cables.
Acid monolayer functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles as catalysts for carbohydrate hydrolysis

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were functionalized with a quasi-monolayer of 11-sulfoundecanoic acid and 10-phosphono-1-decanesulfonic acid ligands to create separable solid acid catalysts. The ligands are bound through carboxylate or phosphonate bonds to the magnetite core. The ligand-core bonding surface is separated by a hydrocarbon linker from an outer surface with exposed sulfonic acid groups. The more tightly packed monolayer of the phosphonate ligand corresponded to a higher sulfonic acid loading by weight, a reduced agglomeration of particles, a greater tendency to remain suspended in solution in the presence of an external magnetic field, and a higher catalytic activity per sulfonic acid group. The particles were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), potentiometric titration, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). In sucrose catalysis reactions, the phosphonic–sulfonic nanoparticles (PSNPs) were seen to be incompletely recovered by an external magnetic field, while the carboxylic–sulfonic nanoparticles (CSNPs) showed a trend of increasing activity over the first four recycle runs. The activity of the acid-functionalized nanoparticles was compared to the traditional solid acid catalyst Amberlyst-15 for the hydrolysis of starch in aqueous solution. Catalytic activity for starch hydrolysis was in the order PSNPs > CSNPs > Amberlyst-15. Monolayer acid functionalization of iron oxides presents a novel strategy for the development of recyclable solid acid catalysts.
Trajectory tracking of Wheeled Mobile Robots: A kinematical approach

This paper presents a novel control approach for trajectory tracking control of nonholonomic Wheeled Mobile Robots (WMRs) which is named “Lyapunov-based Guidance Control (LGC)”. To date, various methodologies have been suggested for solving this problem. However, the proposed kinematical method of this investigation has some advantages in terms of its mathematical simplicity, and good tracking performance due to the developed “Guidance” scheme. The controller is designed to guide the robot to its proper orientation at each instant. In this paper, a heading angle scheduler is first proposed which provides an appropriate heading angle of the mobile robot at each instant. Then, to adjust the linear and angular velocities of the robot, a set of control laws is proposed based on the appropriate heading angle. It is also proved that the closed-loop control system is stable. The achieved results of the proposed scheme are compared with those of Model Predictive Control (MPC), Linear State Tracking Control (LSTC) and Nonlinear State Tracking Control (NSTC) methods. The experimental implementation results obtained through a WMR test-bed show the effectiveness of the proposed kinematical controller.
Frequency dependence of the Drude relaxation time in metal films: Further evidence for a two-carrier model

We examine optical and energy-loss data on a variety of metals in light of a recently proposed two-carrier model of metallic optical conductivity in which the two carriers are electrons located in crystallites and in grain boundaries, respectively. We find that many of the published measurements of optical properties of metals appear to be strongly influenced by sample crystallinity and that these measurements support this simple model.
The neuroprotective effect of deferoxamine in the hypoxic-ischemic immature mouse brain

The iron chelator deferoxamine is efficacious in ameliorating hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in some models, perhaps by decreasing oxidative stress. Transgenic copper/zinc superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) overexpression in neonatal mice increases brain injury after hypoxia-ischemia compared to non-transgenic wildtype littermates because of increased oxidative stress. A neonatal mouse model of hypoxia-ischemia was used to examine histopathological damage, iron histochemistry and free iron concentration in the brains of SOD1 transgenic and non-transgenic littermates. Deferoxamine significantly decreased injury in non-transgenics compared to controls with a trend toward neuroprotection in the transgenics. There was no difference in free iron concentrations in the brains of SOD1 overexpressors or non-transgenics. Deferoxamine may protect the neonatal brain by a number of anti-oxidant mechanisms including iron chelation, enhancement of stress gene expression, or induction of other factors responsible for neuroprotection.
Developmental controls of morphological mutants of Phaseolus vulgaris L.: Differential expression of mutant loci in plant organs

Developmental controls of morphological mutants of Phaseolus vulgaris L. conditioned by two independent loci, DL1 and DL2, were examined through grafting experiments and hydroponic studies. Phenotypes of mutant classes were duplicated by unions of scions and stocks derived from different genotypes. Results indicate that DL1 and DL2 regulate a root and shoot factor respectively, contributing to the mutant types. The allelic dosages of DL1 in the root and DL2 in the shoot rather than the genotype of the whole plant per se determine the severity of the mutant expression. Plants heterozygous for both loci with a temperature-sensitive expression of the mutant phenotype were used to determine physiological components involved. The primary abnormal developmental event associated with the appearance of mutant phenotypes, the restricted root growth at high temperature, could be overcome by the addition of cytokinin in hydroponic solution. These observations suggest that DL1 and DL2 may be related to the regulation of hormonal function or metabolism.
A note on the influence of acetaldehyde on colour of strawberry juice

Addition of acetaldehyde to strawberry juice caused an increase in colour density and decrease in anthocyanin content on storage. When both acetaldehyde and catechin were added, these changes were intensified. However, addition of catechin alone did not affect colour density. The results indicated that an increase in colour density required the simultaneous presence of anthocyanins, acetaldehyde and catechin. Big differences in colour measured by Hunter colorimeter were also obtained between strawberry juices with and without acetaldehyde.
The Structure of Dimeric ROCK I Reveals the Mechanism for Ligand Selectivity

ROCK or Rho-associated kinase, a serine/threonine kinase, is an effector of Rho-dependent signaling and is involved in actin-cytoskeleton assembly and cell motility and contraction. The ROCK protein consists of several domains: an N-terminal region, a kinase catalytic domain, a coiled-coil domain containing a RhoA binding site, and a pleckstrin homology domain. The C-terminal region of ROCK binds to and inhibits the kinase catalytic domains, and this inhibition is reversed by binding RhoA, a small GTPase. Here we present the structure of the N-terminal region and the kinase domain. In our structure, two N-terminal regions interact to form a dimerization domain linking two kinase domains together. This spatial arrangement presents the kinase active sites and regulatory sequences on a common face affording the possibility of both kinases simultaneously interacting with a dimeric inhibitory domain or with a dimeric substrate. The kinase domain adopts a catalytically competent conformation; however, no phosphorylation of active site residues is observed in the structure. We also determined the structures of ROCK bound to four different ATP-competitive small molecule inhibitors (Y-27632, fasudil, hydroxyfasudil, and H-1152P). Each of these compounds binds with reduced affinity to cAMP-dependent kinase (PKA), a highly homologous kinase. Subtle differences exist between the ROCK- and PKA-bound conformations of the inhibitors that suggest that interactions with a single amino acid of the active site (Ala215 in ROCK and Thr183 in PKA) determine the relative selectivity of these compounds. Hydroxyfasudil, a metabolite of fasudil, may be selective for ROCK over PKA through a reversed binding orientation.
Transport of glutathione by renal basal-lateral membrane vesicles

Transport of glutathione was studied in membrane vesicles derived from the basal-lateral region of the plasma membrane of rat kidney proximal tubules. The integrity of the vesicle preparation was demonstrated by showing that vesicles were osmotically sensitive, with GSH uptake at equilibrium varying inversely with medium osmolality. Analysis of vesicle content by high-pressure liquid chromatography and competition experiments with glycine and cysteinylglycine confirmed that measured uptake of GSH represented transport of intact tripeptide rather than transport of degradation products. The initial rate of GSH uptake in the presence of either the sodium or potassium salt of the permeant thiocyanate anion showed that the uptake was sodium-dependent. This suggests that a GSH-Na+ cotransport system exists in these membranes.
Phosphate binding protein as the biorecognition element in a biosensor for phosphate

This work explores the potential use of a member of the periplasmic family of binding proteins, the phosphate binding protein (PBP), as the biorecognition element in a sensing scheme for the detection of inorganic phosphate (Pi). The selectivity of this protein originates from its natural role which, in Escherichia coli, is to serve as the initial receptor for the highly specific translocation of Pi to the cytoplasm. The single polypeptide chain of PBP is folded into two similar domains connected by three short peptide linkages that serve as a hinge. The Pi binding site is located deep within the cleft between the two domains. In the presence of the ligand, the two globular domains engulf the former in a hinge-like manner. The resultant conformational change constitutes the basis of the sensor development. A mutant of PBP (MPBP), where an alanine was replaced by a cysteine residue, was prepared by site-directed mutagenesis using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The mutant was expressed, from plasmid pSD501, in the periplasmic space of E. coli and purified in a single chromatographic step on a perfusion anion-exchange column. Site-specific labeling was achieved by attaching the fluorophore, N-[2-(1-maleimidyl)ethyl]-7-(diethylamino)coumarin-3-carboxamide (MDCC), to the protein through the sulfhydryl group of the cysteine moiety. Steady-state fluorescence studies of the MPBP-MDCC conjugate showed a change in the intensity of the signal upon addition of Pi. Calibration curves for Pi were constructed by relating the intensity of the fluorescence signal with the amount of analyte present in the sample. The sensing system was first developed and optimized on a spectrofluorometer using ml volumes of sample. It was then adapted to be used on a microtiter plate arrangement with microliter sample volumes. The system's versatility was finally proven by developing a fiber optic fluorescence-based sensor for monitoring Pi. In all three cases the detection limits for the analyte were in the sub-microMolar range. It was also demonstrated that the sensing system was selective for phosphate over other structurally-similar anions, paving the way for the design and development of a new family of biosensors utilizing the specific binding properties of periplasmic proteins. c2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Interest groups in the criminal justice process

Abstract This article reviews recent research about interest groups in criminal justice policy making and considers the state of knowledge in this area. Portions of major studies by Downs, Berk et al., and Berk and Rossi are discussed. These studies came to varying conclusions about the nature and importance of interest group influence. Three points are suggested by the research described: (1) groups composed of criminal justice professionals (law enforcement personnel, corrections officials, attorneys) are more influential than those with social service or reform concerns, (2) particular social, cultural, and economic conditions in the various states affect interest group structure, power, and goals, (3) criminal justice legislation is generally enacted on a consensual basis without open conflicts in state legislatures and without major public involvement in the process. Some evidence that would tend to modify these conclusions is also presented. Avenues of future research concern are suggested and a framework for further analysis of interest groups in the politics of criminal justice is proposed.
Hepatic Cryoablation-Induced Acute Lung Injury: Histopathologic Findings

Abstract We have previously shown that hepatic cryoablation (cryo), but not partial hepatectomy, induces a systemic inflammatory response, with distant organ injury and overproduction of NF-κB-dependent cytokines. Serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) levels are markedly increased 1 h and beyond after cryo compared with partial hepatectomy where no elevation occurs. NF-κB activation (by electrophoretic mobility shift assay) is strikingly increased in the noncryo liver (but not in the lung) at 30 min and in both the liver and lung tissue 1 h after cryo, returning to the baseline by 2 h and beyond. The current study investigated the histopathologic changes associated with cryoablation-induced acute lung injury. Animals underwent 35% hepatic resection or a similar volume hepatic cryo and were sacrificed at 1, 2, 6, and 24 h. Pulmonary histologic features were assessed using hematoxylin and eosin and immunoperoxidase staining with a macrophage-specific antibody (anti-lysozyme, 1:200 dilution, Dako, Carpinteria, CA). The following features were graded semiquantitatively (0–3): perivascular lymphoid cuffs, airspace edema and hemorrhage, margination of neutrophils within pulmonary vasculature, and the presence of macrophages with foamy cytoplasm in the pulmonary interstitium. Hepatic resection ( n = 21) resulted in slight perivascular edema at 1, 2, 6, and 24 h post-resection, but there were no other significant changes. Pulmonary findings after hepatic cryo ( n = 22) included prominent perivascular lymphoid cuffs 1 and 2 h following hepatic injury that were not present at any other time point ( P 0.01). Marginating PMNs and foamy macrophages were more common after cryo at all time points ( P P 0.03). In follow-up studies immediate resection ( n = 15) of the cryo-treated liver prior to thawing prevented the pulmonary changes. The findings of pulmonary perivascular interstitial macrophages 2 h following hepatic cryo suggests that hepatic cytokine production may induce downstream recruitment of pulmonary macrophages, which may contribute to subsequent severe lung injury. This study suggests that a soluble mediator from direct liver injury leads to neutrophilic lung inflammation and this is associated with the thawing phase of cryoablation.
Continuous reorganization leads to extensive polymorphism in a monkey centromeric satellite.

Previously we reported the existence of a highly polymorphic satellite, decasatellite, in the African green monkey genome; deca-satellite probe anneals to complex sets of repeated restriction endonuclease fragments that differ from individual to individual in the monkey population. Here we present experiments aimed at clarifying the structure and organization of deca-satellite sequences and investigating the mechanisms that generate the polymorphisms. Deca-satellite represents less than 1% of the monkey genome but the percentage varies from one monkey to another. The core sequence 5′-C-C-G-G within the ten base-pair deca-satellite repeat unit is well conserved and the central 5′-C-G is sometimes but not always methylated. Restriction endonuclease analysis with BamHI and EcoRI defines separate satellite domains that have evolved in an independent manner. In situ hybridization shows deca-satellite to be located at the centromeric regions of some but not all monkey chromosomes. This location is independently confirmed by a high frequency, in monkey libraries, of segments containing junctions between deca-satellite and α-satellite, the main monkey centromeric satellite. The total number of metaphase chromosomes that show centromeric grains after in situ hybridization with a deca-satellite probe varies from one monkey to another. Moreover, in situ hybridization to endoreduplicated diplochromosomes showed that deca-satellite is occasionally distributed asymmetrically on one or the other of the two pairs of sister chromatids in one diplochromosome. This indicates that major reorganization of the satellite can occur frequently in somatic cells. We discuss several possible mechanisms by which deca-satellite sequences could be either amplified or deleted during a single replicative cycle. Also, on the basis of the marked fluidity of deca-satellite abundance and organization and other well-known attributes of centromeric satellites, we suggest that the existence and maintenance of centromeric satellite rests on the role of the tandem repeats themselves and not on any particular nucleotide sequence, repeat length or organization.
A Comparison of the Pearson Chi-Square and Kolmogorov Goodness-of-Fit Tests with Respect to Validity

Abstract This paper compares the Pearson Chi-Square and Kolmogorov good-ness-of-fit tests with respect to validity under the following conditions: (1) the N independent observations are tabulated and arranged into k mutually exclusive groups that are equally probable under the hypothesis to be tested; and (2) both N and k are “small”; i.e., not greater than 50. A random sampling experiment was performed, and the results show that in general for the conditions considered, the Pearson test is more valid than the Kolmogorov test.
ON SAINT-VENANT'S PRINCIPLE AND THE TORSION OF SOLIDS OF REVOLUTION.

Although a comprehensive review of the literature on SAINT-VENANT'S principle in the linearized equilibrium theory of elastic solids would serve a useful purpose, such a survey is clearly beyond the scope of these introductory remarks. The principle was originally introduced by SAINT-VENANT in connection with, and with limitation to, the problem of extension, torsion, and flexure of slender cylindrical or prismatic beams. Renewed interest in the intriguing theoretical questions posed by SAINT-VENANT'S principle was stimulated by VON MISES [1] ,(1945), who brought into focus the vagueness of the traditional universal statements of the principle, which go back to BOUSSINESQ [2]. Guided by BOUSSINESQ'S own efforts in support of the principle, and on the basis of two specific examples, YON MISES was led to interpret and amend the conventional statements in terms of assertions concerning the order of magnitude of the stresses at interior points of an elastic body under loads that are confined to several distinct portions of its boundary. The limit process underlying these assertions refers to the contraction of the regions of load-application to fixed points of the boundary and the prevailing order of magnitude of the internal stresses depends upon the nature of the individual load resultants. A mathematical formulation and proof of von Mises' version of SAINT-VENANT'S principle was supplied later by STERNBERG [3]* (1952).
Screening of a cosmid library of Mycobacterium bovis BCG in Mycobacterium smegmatis for novel T-cell stimulatory antigens

We have developed a novel method for screening a Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) cosmid library in Mycobacterium smegmatis for the detection of immunostimulatory T-cell antigens (Ag). Distinctive protein bandling patterns were demonstrated in culture filtrates of three of 30 recombinant M. smegmatis clones: pBCCS13 (41 and 73 kDa); pBCCS221 (30, 50 and 68 kDa); pBCCS223 (100 kDa). Western immunoblots indicated that monoclonal antibodies (mAb) directed to the previously characterized 19-, 30-, 38-, 65- and 71-kDa mycobacterial Ag were not reactive with the distinctive recombinant proteins. Furthermore, T-cell Western blots demonstrated that fractions containing the distinctive proteins were immunostimulatory. A given tuberculin-positive donor expressed unique patterns of blastogenic reactivity to protein fractions isolated from each of the three recombinant clones. Restriction enzyme digests of the three recombinant BCG inserts revealed distinctive DNA-banding patterns. The immunostimulatory Ag, therefore, are most likely encoded within different regions of the BCG genome, as contained within three distinct inserts. T-cell Western blots further indicated a heterogeneity in the repertoire of BCG-responsive T cells since tuberculin-positive donors varied in the pattern of reactivity to protein fractions isolated from the same recombinant filtrate. Most likely, immunity to M. tuberculosis results from activation of a heterogenous array of T cells targeted to multiple immunostimulatory Ag. The method we describe should greatly enhance our ability to define the full spectrum of T-cell Ag encoded by mycobacteria, particularly those which are secreted proteins.
Clonal and solitary anemones (Anthopleura) of western North America: population genetics and systematics

Francis (1979) proposed that clonal and solitary forms of the anemone Anthopleura elegantissima are actually two species. In 1984 and 1985, samples from two to six California populations of all known forms and species of California Anthopleura were analyzed electrophoretically to determine their taxonomic relationships. Data from 14 enzymes and 18 loci, 17 of them polymorphic, show that the two forms of A. elegantissima are virtually identical electrophoretically, and there is no evidence of reduced gene flow between them. We conclude there are three species of Anthopleura in California: A. elegantissima (Brandt, 1835), A. xanthogrammica (Brandt, 1835) and A. artemisia (Dana, 1848). Genetic variation in the two species capable of asexual reproduction, A. elegantissima and A. artemisia, is extremely high, approximately 2.5 times that of the strictly sexual A. xanthogrammica.
Induced Drag Computations on Wings with Accurately Modeled Wakes

References Kabe, A. M., ‘‘Stiffness Matrix Adjustment Using Mode Data,’’ AIAA Journal, Vol. 23, No. 9, 1985, pp. 1431 – 1436. Doyle, J. F., ‘‘A Genetic Algorithm for Determining the Location of Structural Impacts,’’ Experimental Mechanics, March 1994, pp. 37 – 44. Larson, C. B., and Zimmerman, D. C., ‘‘Structural Model Re nement Using a Genetic Algorithm Approach,’’ Proceedings of the 11th International Modal Analysis Conference (Kissimmee, FL), Society for Experimental Mechanics, Bethel, CT, 1993, pp. 1095 – 1101. Dunn, S. A., ‘‘The Use of Genetic Algorithms and Stochastic HillClimbing in Dynamic Finite-Element Model Identi cation,’’ Computers and Structures (submitted for publication). KrishnaKumar, K., ‘‘Micro Genetic Algorithms for Stationary and Non-Stationary Function Optimization,’’ SPIE Proceedings Volume 1196, SPIE Intelligent Control and Adaptive Systems Meeting (Philadelphia, PA), Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, Paper 1196-32, 1989.
Changes in Teaching Efficacy during a Professional Development School-Based Science Methods Course.

This mixed methods study offers a theoretically grounded description of a field-based science methods course within a Professional Development School (PDS) model (i.e., PDS-based course). The preservice teachers' (n= 21) experiences within the PDS-based course prompted significant changes in their personal teaching efficacy, with the opportunities working with children afforded in the course attributed as a source of these beliefs. However, the preservice teachers' teaching outcome expectancy beliefs did not significantly shift. The results of this study support the extant literature in that field experiences with science methods courses can facilitate preservice teacher development in meaningful ways. This study expands upon this literature by considering a PDS context for science teacher preparation, more specifically, a science methods course purposefully integrated in elementary classrooms at a PDS where preservice teachers facilitated scientific inquiry projects with children. The findings should prompt new ways of thinking about teacher preparation, particularly related to science, that provide systematic and intentional connectivity between university programs and K–12 schools so preservice teachers can connect theory and practice.