cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of satisfaction with work–life balance among U.S. Gynecologic Oncology fellows: A cross-sectional study

To characterize the state of satisfaction with work–life balance (WLB) among gynecologic oncology fellows in training, risk factors for dissatisfaction, and the impact of dissatisfaction on career plans. A cross-sectional evaluation of gynecologic oncology fellows was performed using a web-based survey. Demographic data, fellowship characteristics, and career plans were surveyed. The primary outcomes were satisfaction with WLB and career choices. p < 0.05 was used as a test for significance. Regression analysis was used to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs) for various potential risk factors for dissatisfaction. Of 52.5% responding fellows, 22.2% were satisfied with WLB, but 83.3% would be physicians again and 80.3% would select gynecologic oncology again. Satisfaction with WLB was significantly associated with age (PR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.54–0.91), working fewer than 80 h per week (PR = 4.35, 95% CI: 1.34–14.10), and fatigue (PR = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.12–0.75). Career and WLB satisfaction were not associated with gender, marital status, and whether or not the fellow is a parent. Those satisfied with WLB planned to work an average of 3.5 years longer than those who were not (p < 0.05). Gynecologic oncology fellows are not generally satisfied with their WLB, although this does not alter their overall career or specialty satisfaction. Satisfaction with WLB predicts a longer post-fellowship career. Further studies are needed to determine the workforce impact of this lack of perceived balance.
Parasitism of the Tobacco Flea Beetle By A Sphaerulariid Nematode Howardula Sp.

Epizootics of an undescribed Howardula sp. nematode (family Sphaerulariidae) occurred in tobacco fields among larval populations of the tobacco flea beetle, Epitrix hirtipennis (Melsheimer), at Oxford, NC in 1974 and 1975, and Clayton, NC in 1975. The parasitic adult ♀ nematode produced juveniles in about 70% of the parasitized flea beetle larvae. The potentially infective juveniles were able to exit from the parasitized larvae. Also, from 0 to over 50% of the adult E. hirtipennis were parasitized which resulted in greatly reduced fecundity among afflicted ♀ beetles.
Discuss of the Appearance Metal Sheets about One Mincar

Introduce the matching areas of the appearance metal sheets of one minicar,and illuminate the process of their matching.
MAINTAINING FUNCTIONAL INDEPENDENCE BY MOBILIZING THE AGED

Maintaining mobility among the geriatric population is key to preventing unnecessary nursing home placement. Older patients who become bedridden as the result of acute illness or injury are at high risk of morbidity and mortality from the physical and mental effects of deconditioning. The primary care physician plays an important role in encouraging the mobilization of patients who have been confined to bed. Although mobilization is contraindicated in some patients, many others can be gotten 'back on their feet' again with a stepwise mobilization procedure.
Stabilization of exponentially unstable linear systems with multiple input delays by truncated predictor feedback

This paper considers the problem of stabilizing exponentially unstable linear systems with multiple delays in the input. A truncated predictor feedback law, parameterized in a scalar parameter, is constructed. Stability analysis shows that, when the delays satisfy a certain condition, a range of the parameter values can be determined within which the closed-loop system is asymptotically stable. Furthermore, under some additional conditions on the open loop system, we show that bound on the allowable delays approaches infinity as all open-loop poles of the system approach the imaginary axis. A numerical example illustrates the theoretical results.
Evaluation of the Optimum Percentage of RAP and RAS in Asphalt Mixes in Texas Using Accelerate Pavement Testing

The first APT project at the University of Texas at Arlington took place between May 2012 and August 2015. The project, funded by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT), aimed to validate the maximum allowable percentage of Recycled Asphalt Pavement (RAP) and Recycled Asphalt Shingles (RAS) allowed by TXDOT Specifications. To accomplish the validation, twelve pavement structures were built and subjected to APT loading. The experiment was a factorial combination of four asphalt surface mixes with different percentages of RAP and RAS tested for their resistance to rutting, fatigue cracking and reflection cracking. The project also aimed to validate that poor results on lab prepared asphalt mixes containing RAP and RAS translates to poor field performance under full-scale axle loads and to verify overlay design tools recently developed by Texas A&M Transportation Institute (TTI) to predict mix cracking and rutting of new asphalt overlays. The paper presents the development of the APT experiment, briefly discusses the recorded performance of the studied mixes and provides a summary of the results obtained in this experiment.
Upper limb kinematics of adults with cerebral palsy on bilateral functional tasks

Adults with cerebral palsy (CP) often show upper limb impairments which impact their ability to execute activities of daily living (ADLs). Three adults with CP and five healthy adults performed three types of bilateral and unilateral ADLs: drink, pour, and pick and place tasks. An affordable bilateral assessment system (BiAS) was used to measure wrist kinematic trajectories. Four metrics, total completion time, maximum velocity, smoothness, and phase difference, were used to evaluate each functional task. Overall, adults with CP took a longer time than the healthy subjects to complete all unilateral functional tasks with their non-dominant hand. Moreover, while the healthy controls had similar mean velocities in the dominant and non-dominant hands during the bilateral tasks, adults with CP typically exhibited slower mean velocities in the dominant hand during the bilateral tasks than during the unilateral dominant tasks. Similar to existing literature, we found that adults with CP compensated by slowing the dominant arm to match the non-dominant arm in order to complete the tasks, showing the importance of utilizing bilateral training in upper limb rehabilitation treatments.
NAVIS-based knowledge transfer from system experts to their heirs apparent

All organizations that survive for decades or more face the challenge of training new personnel to follow in the footsteps of system experts. The need for efficient and effective transfer of knowledge from system experts to the next generation of designers, builders, operators, and maintainers within complex systems is of critical importance in high-consequence domains (e.g., nuclear power, nuclear weapons, hazardous chemicals, bridge building, aircraft transport, space exploration, electric power grids). Unfortunately, data have indicated the presence of 10–40 year cyclical trends where organizations “forget” critical knowledge, experience an incident or accident, then “regain” critical knowledge for a finite period of time. While the causes of these recurring cases of “organizational amnesia” are varied, there is evidence that part of the problem is due to ineffective knowledge transfer from experts to their heirs apparent. Recently, a decision making process was developed that incorporates a unique taxonomy for understanding and aiding mitigation of perceptual/decision making biases. This taxonomy is comprised of twenty-seven recognized biases ordered into the categories of normative knowledge, availability, and individual specific biases (NAVIS). Foundational to the NAVIS approach are ten, welldefined critical thinking processes that can be used to mute the impact of undesirable biases, regulate the application of one’s knowledge to a decision, and guide information gathering activities. In this paper, an application of the NAVIS approach is described which may greatly improve the efficiency and effectiveness of knowledge transfer from system experts to those seeking expert status.
A Mediation Analysis of Motivational, Reduction, and Usual Care Interventions for Smokers Who Are Not Ready to Quit

Introduction We recently conducted a large randomized controlled trial (RCT) (N = 560) that failed to replicate our initial RCT's findings that brief motivational and reduction interventions increased quit attempts (QA) and point-prevalence abstinence (PPA) in smokers not ready to quit. The present study aimed to test why our interventions were ineffective. Methods A secondary analysis of a 3-arm RCT tested (1) whether telephone-based motivational or reduction interventions changed the following hypothesized mediators more than usual care: cigarettes per day (CPD), dependence, pros of smoking, cons of smoking, self-efficacy, or intention to quit; (2) whether changes in these hypothesized mediators predicted QAs and PPA at a 6-month follow-up, and (3) whether the interventions affected QAs and PPA via the hypothesized mediators. Results In comparison to usual care, the motivational intervention did not significantly influence the hypothesized mediators. The reduction intervention resulted in a significantly greater decrease in CPD and pros of smoking and increase in self-efficacy and intention to quit than usual care. Decreases in CPD and dependence and increases in self-efficacy and intention to quit were associated with increased QAs. The reduction intervention's influence on QAs was mediated by decreases in CPD and increases in self-efficacy and intention to quit. Findings regarding PPA were similar. Conclusion Our failure to replicate may be due, in part, to the fact that, compared to usual care, (1) the motivational intervention had no effect on the hypothesized mediators, and (2) the reduction intervention had a statistically significant but clinically insignificant effect on the hypothesized mediators. Implications This study demonstrates that mediation analysis may be useful to understand why an intervention is not more effective than usual care. We identified reductions in CPD and dependence and increases in self-efficacy and intention to quit as predictors of quitting. Further research should focus on developing more effective interventions to target these constructs, and cause clinically significant changes among smokers who are not ready to quit.
Quantum Brownian Motion

Brownian motion is perhaps the simplest dissipative process, and of course the classical theory of it is well understood. One starts from the Langevin equation $$M\ddot Q = - \eta \dot Q + F\left( t \right);$$ (1) here η is the friction constant of the (one-dimensional) Brownian particle and F(t) is the memoryless Gaussian random force on it, sufficiently strong to drive the particle to equilibrium at temperature T, = 2ηkT δ(t-t’).
Comparing the Influence of Hyperglycemia on Flow Mediated Endothelium-dependent Vasodilation between Healthy Males of Average Fitness and Endurance Athletes

Endothelial dysfunction has been determined to be an indicator of atherosclerosis, an early stage in the development of cardiovascular disease. To detect potential endothelial dysfunction, the use of flow-mediated dilation (FMD) techniques, like reactive hyperemia (RH), is widely used in this area of research. An artery experiences FMD when there is an increase in blood velocity, resulting in an increase in the shear stress on the endothelium of the artery. In response to this, the artery’s endothelium will release compounds to vasodilate the artery. A growing body of research has found that a hyperglycemic state, through the ingestion of glucose, may hinder the endothelium’s ability to vasodilate in response to an increase in shear stress, thus leading to transient dysfunction of the artery. Furthermore, research is also exploring ways to attenuate this decrease in dilation. For example, one study has found that the use of exercise after ingesting glucose will attenuate this decrease in FMD response. However, research has not yet explored the relationship between fitness level and FMD in a hyperglycemic state. As a result, the purpose of this study is to compare the FMD response in sedentary participants to active participants during hyperglycemia.
Transmitter Co-Expression Reveals Key Organizational Principles of Local Interneuron Heterogeneity in the Olfactory System

Heterogeneity of individual neurons within a population expands the computational power of the entire neural network. However, the organizing principles that support heterogeneity within a neuronal class are often poorly understood. Here, we focus on a highly heterogeneous population of local interneurons whose traits co-vary seemingly at random. We asked if local interneurons (LNs) in the antennal lobe (AL) of Manduca sexta express fixed, predictable combinations of neurotransmitters, or if transmitter co-expression can be explained by random probability. We systematically determined the co-expression of neuropeptides and GABA by LNs and found variable patterns of co-expression for all neuropeptides, except for tachykininergic LNs which exhibited highly stereotyped co-expression on a neuron-by-neuron basis. To test if observed patterns of co-expression were random, we used a computational model and found that the probabilities of transmitter co-expression cannot be explained by independent expression of each transmitter. We also determined that setting a single rule in the model, while leaving the rest of the co-expression up to random probability, allowed the model to replicate the overall heterogeneity of transmitter co-expression across antennal lobe LNs. This implies that certain co-expression relationships contribute to the ground plan of the AL, but that otherwise, transmitter expression amongst LNs may be random, allowing heterogeneous co-expression patterns to emerge. Furthermore, neuropeptide receptor expression suggests that peptidergic signaling from LNs may simultaneously target olfactory receptor neurons, LNs and projection neurons, and thus the effects of different peptides do not segregate based on principal AL cell type. Our data suggest that while specific constraints may partially shape transmitter co-expression in LNs, a large amount of flexibility on a neuron-by-neuron basis produces heterogeneous network parameters.
Agrivoltaic potential on grape farms in India

Abstract Aggressive growth of land-based solar photovoltaic (PV) farms can create a land use conflict with agricultural production. Fortunately, this issue can be resolved using the concept of agrivoltaics, which is co-development of land area for both solar PV and agriculture. To investigate and quantify PV generation potential, without significantly harming agriculture output, this study explores the viability of agrivoltaic farms deployment on existing grape farms in India. Considering the shade tolerance of grapes, an techno-economicanalysis is run for the installation of PV systems in the area available between the trellises on a grape farm. The electrical energy generation potential is determined per unit area and economic benefits for the cultivators is quantified over a number of design options. The results show the economic value of the grape farms deploying the proposed agrivoltaic systems may increase more than 15 times as compared to conventional farming, while maintaining approximately the same grape production. If this dual use of land is implemented nationwide, it can make a significant impact by generating over 16,000 GWh electricity, which has the potential of meeting the energy demands of more than 15 million people. In addition, grape-based agrivoltaics can be implemented in rural areas to enable village electrification.
Gayatri Spivak: An “Indian” Reading of Hegel

This chapter looks at an “Indian” reading of Hegel by the noted postcolonial and feminist critic Gayatri Spivak. Here, as in many of her writings, Spivak rejects any outright opposition between East and West or colonized and colonizer. She argues in fact that there is a kind of complicity between Hegel and the Bhagavad Gitā in that they both suspend history as lived experience in favor of general laws, each with an ideological interest. The Gitā aims to give sanction to the Indian hierarchical caste system, while Hegel suppresses the actual development of Indian history and aesthetics in his attempt to demote it. Nonetheless, according to Spivak, there is no historically available authentic Indian point of view that can somehow reclaim its place in the narrative of world history.
160 Implementation of serious illness care programme uk for patients with advanced cancer: feasibility study

The Serious Illness Care Programme is a complex intervention developed in the US to improve communication between clinicians and patients with serious illness. In collaboration with Aridane Labs the programme has been developed for use within the UK, with pilot implementation funded by NHS England. Within the programme, clinicians are trained in use of a Serious Illness Conversation Guide (the guide), to structure conversations with patients/families. A feasibility of the UK programme is underway, within one North West cancer centre. Aim To present interim results from the feasibility study Methods Data on the use and experience of the UK programme, from the perspective of clinicians and patients Quantitative Data: Questionnaires: Clinicians – pre/post training: confidence; attitudes to care of the dying; acceptability of serious illness care programme Patients – pre/post serious illness conversation: Quality of clinical communication; Quality of life; Anxiety; depression. Qualitative Data: In depth interviews: Clinicians: experience of the UK programme, education and training and engaging patients in serious illness conversations Patients: experience of engaging in serious illness conversations, including their acceptability of the approach Results Quantitative Data: Results will be presented to assess the feasibility and acceptability of the UK programme: Proportion of patients identified conversations and participation in study measures Illustrate any indicative improvements in communication and patient outcomes. Qualitative Data: Thematic Analysis to explore perceptions and experience of the programme: results will highlight main themes, such as: Conversation Value; Holistic and Compassionate; Opening up conversations with family members; Breaking the ice; Timing of conversation and Prognosis. Conclusion Results from this study suggest these conversations promote shared decision making and individualised care planning, and espouse 9holistic9 and 9person centred9 care. Further research and evaluation is required to understand the effect of the UK programme on patient outcomes.
Segmentation of Edges and Lines

In order to recognize or measure objects in images, it is necessary to distinguish them from their surroundings. This is the familiar problem of separating figure from ground, which we can also generalize to include separating features from other, touching ones.
Thermal denaturing of proteins: Equilibrium and transient studies using nonlinear infrared probes

Thermal unfolding of β-sheets in ribonuclease A and ubiquitin is revealed by disappearance of cross peaks in 2D IR spectra. Transient unfolding probed with vibrational echoes following a temperature jump reveals nanosecond to millisecond dynamics.
Chemical Durability of Borate Glasses

The Na2O-B2O3 binary system has been studied extensively. The work of Krogh-Moe and others, summarized by Griscom,l has attempted to explain the structural reasons for various property changes that occur as the ratio of Na2O to B2O3 is varied. Many inflections in the curves relating properties and composition seem to occur at about 15–20% Na2O, the so-called “B2O3 anomaly”. This has been interpreted as indicative of a structural connectivity maximum. Other information, such as that obtained by nuclear magnetic resonance, suggests that there is a smooth continuous structural change through the system, with BO3 units converting to BO4 units as Na2O is increased up to one to one ratio of Na2O to B2O3.
Specification of Left-Right Asymmetry

There has been considerable progress in understanding how restricted patterns of gene expression and differentiation are set up along the anteriorposterior (A-P) and dorsal-ventral (D-V) axes of the vertebrate embryo, and how these provide the fundamental framework for regionalized visceral, neural and cardiovascular organogenesis. Intimately linked, and in many ways equally important, is the morphogenesis that occurs orthogonal to these axes and leads to the left-right (L-R) asymmetric body plan. This plan is evident in all vertebrates as a stereotypical looping of the heart, gut, and the positioning of associated organs. In humans, complete inversion of the normal L-R body plan, called situs inversus, is not deleterious to health, but situations in which some tissues adopt the normal orientation while others are inverted (heterotaxia or situs ambiguus), have profound medical consequences, such as improper connections of the large blood vessels and abnormally chambered hearts (see Kathiriya and Srivastava 2000). Up to 1 in 8500 of human births have congenital defects associated with laterality defects, but there are likely to be many more losses that are unaccounted for in utero. Although the L-R asymmetry program appears to be quite sensitive to a variety of environmental and genetic disturbances, the overall uniformity of L-R patterning both within and between vertebrate species implies a strong, and to some degree conserved, underlying genetic regulation.
Introduction to Cellular Mobile Communications

This chapter discusses the evolution of cellular communication systems, leading to the definition of 5G. For each cellular generation, we provide an overview of the multiple access techniques and network architectures, as well as their relevant shortcomings. The 3GPP standards group release time line is summarized to highlight the demand for increased data rates, increased system capacity, and lower latency capabilities as well as the exponential increase in system features. The IMT-2020 requirements for 5G have targeted wide-ranging system requirements from its inception, as indicated by the definition of three use case pillars: enhanced mobile broadband, massive machine to machine communications and ultra-reliable and low-latency communications. To address the widely varying requirements for these use cases, a dynamic system is required that supports: flexible orthogonal frequency division multiple access systems parameters, a network architecture utilizing software-defined networking principles, spectral agility utilizing different deployments (licensed, unlicensed, and shared spectrum) over wider frequency ranges such as millimeter wave bands. The essential technologies such as massive multi-antenna systems, carrier aggregation, higher-order modulation, and orthogonal and non-orthogonal multiple access techniques are also discussed.
Robust receding horizon control strategy for replenishment planning of pharmacy robotic dispensing systems

Abstract This paper presents a robust receding horizon control strategy (RHC-RO) to enhance replenishment planning and inventory control of robotic dispensing systems in central fill pharmacies (CFPs). Replenishment in CFPs is a key process greatly influenced by several stochastic factors, such as demand volume and process times. In this research, a robust mixed integer quadratic programming (RMIQP) model is proposed to determine the number of allocated canisters and the schedule of replenishment operations considering multiple scenarios. A receding horizon control (RHC) mechanism, which divides the optimization horizon into smaller time windows, is applied to enhance the solution quality and reduce the computational burden. The proposed RHC-RO strategy is evaluated using simulation against offline, robust optimization (RO), and RHC strategies in terms of total replenishment costs. The results indicate that RHC-RO outperforms the offline, RO, and RHC strategies by generating 19.7%, 18.3%, and 5.6% less replenishment costs on average, respectively. The results also show that the RHC-RO strategy enables timely, accurate, and robust replenishment decisions.
Clinical pathways on a mobile device

Clinical pathways have been successfully implemented in the primary care setting in New Zealand, Australia and the UK. Despite wide adoption and decreased costs, these pathways have yet to translate evidence into clinical practice while also saving providers time—an important barrier for the translation of evidence at the point of care. The goal of this project was to determine if future development of a point-of-care mobile application should be undertaken with design principles using the theoretical framework of Hick’s law. Three new-to-practice providers participated in three plan-do-study-act cycles using these pathways installed on mobile devices to determine if they were a feasible, efficient and useful method to implement evidence. The project was a success with all three participants wishing to continue using the pathways after project completion. Participants felt the digital clinical pathways were the next evolution of the popular UpToDate software platform and helped them apply the latest evidence better than other available tools. While these results are promising, there were also limitations. Participants felt the lack of chart integration coupled with time constraints made full integration challenging and suggested launching the platform using a variety of delivery systems. The project’s findings suggest that future application development using the developed design principles would be worth further consideration. If this mobile application ultimately proved successful, the application framework could be implemented on a larger scale, thus improving patient outcomes and saving providers time.
The oxygen reactivity of an artificial hydrogenase designed in a reengineered copper storage protein.

The O2 reactivity of an artificial biomolecular hydrogenase, the nickel binding protein (NBP) is investigated. Kinetic analyses revealed a complete 4e− reduction of O2 to H2O under catalytic conditions with associated k0 for ET in the order of 10−6 cm s−1. Protein destabilization and S oxygenation are contributing factors to the deactivation of NBP under oxic conditions. Computational studies provided insight into the S oxygenation and the reaction intermediates of a proposed mechanistic pathway for O2 activation by NBP.
Attending Substance Abuse Groups and Identifying as Spiritual but not Religious

In recent years, the number of people who identify as “spiritual but not religious” has grown. At the same time, many addiction recovery programs such as Alcoholics Anonymous promote spiritual beliefs to help those suffering from alcohol use disorders. In this paper, we hypothesize and test to see whether individuals who have attended substance abuse groups such as Alcoholics Anonymous are more likely to identify as spiritual but not religious (SBNR). Using longitudinal data from the Midlife Development in the United States study (N = 1711), we find that those who have attended substance abuse groups are more likely to identify as SBNR. Further, frequency of attendance in these groups is positively and significantly associated with being SBNR when compared to being both religious and spiritual. Implications for understanding the connections among religion, spirituality, and substance abuse recovery programs are discussed.
Rulemaking and Inscrutable Automated Decision Tools

Complex machine learning models derived from personal data are increasingly used in making decisions important to peoples’ lives. These automated decision tools are controversial, in part because their operation is difficult for humans to grasp or explain. While scholars and policymakers have begun grappling with these explainability concerns, the debate has focused on explanations to decision subjects. This Essay argues that explainability has equally important normative and practical ramifications for decision-system design. Automated decision tools are particularly attractive when decisionmaking responsibility is delegated and distributed across multiple actors to handle large numbers of cases. Such decision systems depend on explanatory flows among those responsible for setting goals, developing decision criteria, and applying those criteria to particular cases. Inscrutable automated decision tools can disrupt all of these flows. This Essay focuses on explanation’s role in decision-criteria development, which it analogizes to rulemaking. It analyzes whether, and how, decision tool inscrutability undermines the traditional functions of explanation in rulemaking. It concludes that providing information about the many aspects of decision tool design, function, and use that can be explained can perform many of those traditional functions. Nonetheless, the technical inscrutability of machine learning models has significant ramifications for some decision contexts. Decision tool inscrutability makes it harder, for example, to assess whether decision criteria will generalize to unusual cases or new situations and heightens communication and coordination barriers between data scientists and subject matter experts. The Essay concludes with some suggested approaches for facilitating explanatory flows for decision-system design.
Teaching NeuroImages: Amyloid myopathy: Not your usual suspects.

A 31-year-old man presented with a 6-year history of slowly progressive calf atrophy and weakness. EMG showed distal myopathy with fibrillation potentials. Creatine kinase (CK) was 2,848 U/L (normal T and novel c.145-1G>A variants in the dysferlin gene ( DYSF ). Intramuscular interstitial amyloid deposits can occur in systemic amyloidosis (AL or ATTR)1 or less commonly in muscular dystrophies ( DYSF and ANO5 ).2 Longstanding symptoms, young age at onset, calf atrophy, markedly elevated CK, and lack of systemic involvement are suggestive of muscular dystrophies.2
Integrating Preemption Thresholds with Limited Preemption Scheduling

The benefits of the limited preemption scheduling model serve to minimize preemption overhead while enabling cooperative scheduling between real-time tasks. Preemption point placement (PPP) algorithms are employed to select a suitable subset of preemption locations for limited preemption scheduling that optimize task worst case execution time. Similarly, preemption threshold scheduling enhances schedulability in a fully-preemptive environment by taking advantage of execution time slack in a task set by adjusting preemption thresholds to permit tasks to completely execute non-preemptively where possible. The ability to execute non-preemptively offers reduced cache related preemption delay (CRPD) further enhancing limited preemption schedulability. In this work, we integrate limited preemption scheduling using preemption placement with preemption threshold scheduling to realize further task set schedulability benefits. A case study using synthetically generated tasksets will demonstrate the significantly improved (up to a 30% increase in breakdown utilization) schedulability benefits of our proposed integrated PPP and optimal threshold assignment (OTA) algorithm.
Summing Up: Problems and Prospects for a Global Church in the Twenty-first Century

From a small, esoteric group in upstate New York, the Mormon movement has expanded around the world and splintered into numerous well-established religions. While occasionally referencing other religions within the Mormon movement, this chapter will primarily focus on The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, which is the largest and most international of the Mormon religions. The international expansion of the LDS Church initially took place in fits and starts. As Bartholomew, McDannell, Otterstrom and Plewe, and Stewart detailed in their chapters in this volume, the policy of gathering stunted international growth for much of the first century of the religion (1830–1930), preventing the religion from building a local base of members in the various countries where the leadership sent missionaries. Once converts were encouraged to stay where they were, international growth increased.
Identifying student opinion leaders to lead e-cigarette interventions: protocol for a randomized controlled pragmatic trial

After the US Surgeon General declared youth electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use an epidemic in 2018, the number of youth e-cigarette users continued to surge, growing from 3.8 million in 2018 to over 5 million 2019. Youth who use e-cigarettes are at a substantially higher risk of transitioning to traditional cigarettes, becoming regular cigarette smokers, and increasing their risk of developing tobacco-related cancer. A majority of youth are misinformed about e-cigarettes, often believing they are not harmful or contain no nicotine. Middle school students using e-cigarettes have been affected by its normalization leading to influence by their peers. However, social and group dynamics can be leveraged for a school-based peer-led intervention to identify and recruit student leaders to be anti-e-cigarette champions to prevent e-cigarette initiation. This study outlines a project to use social network analysis to identify student opinion-leaders in schools and train them to conduct anti-e-cigarette programming to their peers. In the 2019–2020 academic school year, 6th grade students from nine schools in the Pittsburgh area were recruited. A randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted with three arms—expert, elected peer-leader, and random peer-leader—for e-cigarette programming. Sixth grade students in each school completed a network survey that assessed the friendship networks in each class. Students also completed pre-intervention and post-intervention surveys about their intention-to-use, knowledge, and attitudes towards e-cigarettes. Within each peer-led arm, social network analysis was conducted to identify peer-nominated opinion leaders. An e-cigarette prevention program was administered by (1) an adult content-expert, (2) a peer-nominated opinion leader to assigned students, or (3) a peer-nominated opinion leader to random students. This study is the first to evaluate the feasibility of leveraging social network analysis to identify 6th grade opinion leaders to lead a school-based e-cigarette intervention. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04083469 . Registered on September 10, 2019.
The Q Theory of Investment, the Capital Asset Pricing Model and Real Estate Valuation: A Synthesis

This paper combines Tobin's Q theory of real investment with the capital asset pricing model to produce a new and relatively simple procedure for the valuation of real estate assets using the income approach. Applications of the method are provided.
Gestational Trophoblastic Diseases

Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) includes hydatidiform moles, reactive trophoblastic proliferations, and gestational trophoblastic neoplasms. While morphological evaluation continues to be the first step and mainstay of pathology diagnosis, the diagnostic workup of molar gestations—complete and partial hydatidiform moles—have incorporated new ancillary tools in recent years, leading to the development of improved diagnostic algorithms. Further, new immunohistochemical markers and molecular techniques have significantly enhanced the diagnosis of gestational trophoblastic neoplasms, which continue to pose a diagnostic challenge due to their rarity and unusual clinical presentations. This chapter aims to provide answers to the most frequent questions related to diagnostic workup of hydatidiform moles, including the indications and potential pitfalls of p57 immunohistochemistry and molecular genotyping. The morphological and immunophenotypical characteristics of gestational trophoblastic neoplasms are also discussed, along with their differential diagnoses and potential prognostic and therapeutic implications.
Major Federal Environmental Decisions, 2017

This paper describes key environmental decisions issued by federal appellate courts and the SCOTUS during the 2016-17 term, focusing on the ESA, NEPA, and the standing doctrine.
Erratum: Effect of Polydispersity on Stresses in Granular Shear Flow

In Figure 2 of the aforementioned paper by Alam, Clelland, and Hrenya, the stresses obtained using molecular dynamic simulations of binary sized systems were compared to stresses obtained using the kinetic theory model for binary mixtures developed by Willits and Arnarson (Phys. Fluids, 11, p. 3116, 1999). An error was found in calculations for the Willits and Arnarson theory. Figure 1 (below) shows the corrected theoretical predictions, along with the original simulation data. These corrections result in an improved match between simulations and theory. In particular, the theoretical predictions compare well with the simulation data across the entire range of diameter ratios investigated.
A new approach to the synthesis of substituted 2(1H)‐quinolinones

A new synthetic approach for the preparation of substituted 2(1H)-quinolinones 5 from readily available anilines has been developed. The four step procedure resulted in the synthesis of a variety of substituted 2(1H)-quinolinones in good yields and under mild reaction conditions.
Beyond expected utility in the economics of health and longevity

We document various limitations of the expected utility model for the study of health and longevity. The model assumes individuals are indifferent between early and late resolution of uncertainty. This assumption gives rise to predictions regarding the economic value of life that are inconsistent with relevant evidence. For example, poor individuals would price life below the present value of foregone income or even negatively. We show that a non-expected utility model disentangling intertemporal substitution from risk aversion can overcome these limitations. We illustrate the quantitative implications of our model for the economic value of life across countries and time.
Computational Macroeconomics for the Open Economy

Policymakers need quantitative as well as qualitative answers to pressing policy questions. Because of advances in computational methods, quantitative estimates are now derived from coherent nonlinear dynamic macroeconomic models embodying measures of risk and calibrated to capture specific characteristics of real-world situations. This text shows how such models can be made accessible and operational for confronting policy issues. The book starts with a simple setting based on market-clearing price flexibility. It gradually incorporates departures from the simple competitive framework in the form of price and wage stickiness, taxes, rigidities in investment, financial frictions, and habit persistence in consumption. Most chapters end with computational exercises; the Matlab code for the base model can be found in the appendix. As the models evolve, readers are encouraged to modify the codes from the first simple model to more complex extensions. Computational Macroeconomics for the Open Economy can be used by graduate students in economics and finance as well as policy-oriented researchers.
Image denoising using neighbouring wavelet coefficients

The denoising of a natural image corrupted by Gaussian noise is a classical problem in signal or image processing. Donoho and his coworkers at Stanford pioneered a wavelet denoising scheme by thresholding the wavelet coefficients arising from the standard discrete wavelet transform. This work has been widely used in science and engineering applications. However, this denoising scheme tends to kill too many wavelet coefficients that might contain useful image information. In this paper, we propose one wavelet image thresholding scheme by incorporating neighbouring coefficients for both translation-invariant (TI) and non-TI cases. This approach is valid because a large wavelet coefficient will probably have large wavelet coefficients at its neighbour locations. Experimental results show that our algorithm is better than VisuShrink and the TI image denoising method developed by Yu et al. We also investigate different neighbourhood sizes and find that a size of 3 × 3 or 5 × 5 is the best among all window sizes.
Continuous Predictive Line Queries for On-the-Go Traffic Estimation

Traffic condition is one vital piece of information that any commuter would wish to obtain to plan an efficient route. However, most existing works monitor and report only current traffic, which makes it too late for commuters to change their routes when they realize they are already stuck in the traffic. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a traffic prediction approach by defining and solving a novel continuous predictive line query. The continuous predictive line query aims to accurately estimate traffic conditions in the near future based on current movement of vehicles on the roads, and continuously update the predicted traffic conditions as vehicles move. The predicted traffic condition will not only help redirect commuters in advance but also help relieve the overall traffic congestion problem. We have proposed three algorithms to answer the query and carried out both theoretical and empirical study. Our experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our approach.
Reformulation versus cutting-planes for robust optimization

Robust optimization (RO) is a tractable method to address uncertainty in optimization problems where uncertain parameters are modeled as belonging to uncertainty sets that are commonly polyhedral or ellipsoidal. The two most frequently described methods in the literature for solving RO problems are reformulation to a deterministic optimization problem or an iterative cutting-plane method. There has been limited comparison of the two methods in the literature, and there is no guidance for when one method should be selected over the other. In this paper we perform a comprehensive computational study on a variety of problem instances for both robust linear optimization (RLO) and robust mixed-integer optimization (RMIO) problems using both methods and both polyhedral and ellipsoidal uncertainty sets. We consider multiple variants of the methods and characterize the various implementation decisions that must be made. We measure performance with multiple metrics and use statistical techniques to quantify certainty in the results. We find for polyhedral uncertainty sets that neither method dominates the other, in contrast to previous results in the literature. For ellipsoidal uncertainty sets we find that the reformulation is better for RLO problems, but there is no dominant method for RMIO problems. Given that there is no clearly dominant method, we describe a hybrid method that solves, in parallel, an instance with both the reformulation method and the cutting-plane method. We find that this hybrid approach can reduce runtimes to 50–75 % of the runtime for any one method and suggest ways that this result can be achieved and further improved on.
Silent Listeners: The Evolution of Privacy and Disclosure on Facebook

Over the past decade, social network sites have experienced dramatic growth in popularity, reaching most demographics and providing new opportunities for interaction and socialization. Through this growth, users have been challenged to manage novel privacy concerns and balance nuanced trade-offs between disclosing and withholding personal information. To date, however, no study has documented how privacy and disclosure evolved on social network sites over an extended period of time. In this manuscript we use profile data from a longitudinal panel of 5,076 Facebook users to understand how their privacy and disclosure behavior changed between 2005---the early days of the network---and 2011. Our analysis highlights three contrasting trends. First, over time Facebook users in our dataset exhibited increasingly privacy-seeking behavior, progressively decreasing the amount of personal data shared publicly with unconnected profiles in the same network. However, and second, changes implemented by Facebook near the end of the period of time under our observation arrested or in some cases inverted that trend. Third, the amount and scope of personal information that Facebook users revealed privately to other connected profiles actually increased over time---and because of that, so did disclosures to ``silent listeners'' on the network: Facebook itself, third-party apps, and (indirectly) advertisers. These findings highlight the tension between privacy choices as expressions of individual subjective preferences, and the role of the environment in shaping those choices.
Hardness of approximate compaction for nonplanar orthogonal graph drawings

We show that several problems of compacting orthogonal graph drawings to use the minimum number of rows or the minimum possible area cannot be approximated to within better than a polynomial factor in polynomial time unless P=NP. However, there is a fixed-parameter-tractable algorithm for testing whether a drawing can be compacted to a given number of rows.
The role of policy driven incentives to attract PPPs in renewable-based energy in developing countries : a cross-country analysis

This paper presents new global evidence on the key determinants of public-private partnership investment in electricity generated by renewable energy based on a panel data analysis for 105 developing countries over a period of 16 years from 1993 to 2008. It aims to identify the key factors affecting the private investor's decision to enter renewable-based energy generation, through a probit analysis and the amount of investment sunk in this market segment, based on Heckman's sample selection analysis. One of the key results of the paper is that the market for renewable-based energy is strongly driven by supportive policies. Support policies serve not only to attract the entry of private investors, but also to determine the level of investment. In the latter case, its impact is less significant, suggesting the need over time to revisit the power of the incentive schemes, as well as the implied allocation of risks between the public and private sector to ensure that feed-in tariffs produce the desired amount of investment. In contrast, broader economy-wide governance factors, including control for corruption and degree of political competition, are considered by private investors mainly for taking the decision to enter into renewable-based generation. This reinforces the expectation that private investors seem to be adequately protected against their risks, so that once they have entered the market, they can accommodate the governance environment. Private investors in renewable-based energy also require technical and regulatory certainty about the availability of renewable-ready transmission resources, if they are to finance investments. Private investors entering the market look more at the size of the market rather than the income level, whereas when determining the level of investment they assess both the size and"affordability"level. This raises some concerns on the sustainability of support mechanisms and their financing, particularly when the incremental costs implied by renewable-based generation are passed through to consumers.
Extended Kalman Filter for Spacecraft Pose Estimation Using Dual Quaternions

Based on the highly successful quaternion multiplicative extended Kalman filter for spacecraft attitude estimation using unit quaternions, this paper proposes a dual quaternion multiplicative extended Kalman filter for spacecraft pose (i.e., attitude and position) and linear and angular velocity estimation using unit dual quaternions. By using the concept of error unit dual quaternion, defined analogously to the concept of error unit quaternion in the quaternion multiplicative extended Kalman filter, this paper proposes, as far as the authors know, the first multiplicative extended Kalman filter for pose estimation. The state estimate of the dual quaternion multiplicative extended Kalman filter can directly be used by recently proposed pose controllers based on dual quaternions, without any additional conversions, thus providing an elegant solution to the output dynamic compensation problem of the full six degree-of-freedom motion of a rigid body. Three formulations of the dual quaternion multiplicative e...