cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Speech and Language Disorders Associated with Prader-Willi Syndrome

The speech and language skills of individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) differ greatly in the severity and type of defi cits that they present, ranging from individuals who are nonverbal to those who acquire normal speech and language skills by adulthood. Due to the low incidence of the disorder—1 in 10,000 to 15,000 individuals—professionals such as speech-language pathologists, physical therapists, and occupational therapists may encounter only a few individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome in their practice. An understanding of the characteristics of Prader-Willi syndrome that may impact speech and language abilities will allow the professional to evaluate each individual for potential contributing factors to communication defi cits and to plan appropriate intervention strategies. The goals of this chapter are to summarize the existing literature on the speech and language skills of those with PWS, to describe features of PWS that may contribute to speech and language disorders, to chart a developmental course of the speech and language skills, and to suggest possible intervention strategies.
Hodgkin's disease. Treatment of the young child.

The survival and cure rates have significantly improved in children with Hodgkin’s disease when compared to adults who were similarly staged and treated. Treatment programs combining low doses of radiation with multiagent chemotherapy achieve cure rates in 85% or more of all children. Treatment programs need to be directed toward refining therapy to the extent of disease while avoiding the potential for skeletal abnormalities, sterility, and malignant tumor induction.
On the Role of Prior Information in Nonlinear Bearing Estimation

The WRSA estimator of bearing uses prior information to enhance resolution. The role played by the prior information is best understood in terms of the weights it causes to be assigned to eigenvectors of the covariance matrix. Viewing the estimators in this way reveals the sources of instability and suggests new techniques for sector focusing.
THE USE OF REED BEDS FOR TREATMENT OF LANDFILL LEACHATES

Safe treatment and disposal of leachates is an important issue at many older landfill sites, where the ingress of rainfall or groundwater is a significant issue needing consideration. Such leachate may typically be relatively weak, but flows are often characterised by large seasonal variations in both volume and strength, in response to winter rainfall. This paper presents long-term data from several long-term, full-scale studies, where reed beds have been used successfully, to provide pre-treatment, polishing treatment, and full treatment of landfill leachates, and to achieve required standards for discharge into public sewers, or into surface watercourses.​
Beyond the Published Retraction

This chapter considers ways in which published corrections of the scholarly record are disseminated throughout the research community. Even when editors and publishers issue corrections, these notifications can still be minimized to the point of irrelevance if they are not reflected in the research practices of other members of the scholarly community. In some humanities disciplines, including philosophy, entries for articles in specialized research databases are not updated to reflect when the status of an article has been changed by a publisher through a retraction, erratum, corrigendum, or expression of concern (“The Database Problem”). At times an article is retracted by a publisher, but then the article is reprinted in another venue without acknowledgment of the retracted status of the original publication (“The Anthology Problem”). Some publishers will correct the electronic version that it hosts in one system but will leave other electronic versions unchanged (“The Platform Problem”). Quite frequently the original uncorrected versions of articles are uploaded on secondary websites outside the control of a publisher. These copies are more accessible to researchers than the corrected versions on the proprietary platforms of publishers, and so researchers download and use the more easily accessible but uncorrected versions (“The Repository Problem”). Furthermore, the authors of record and their institutions at times keep quiet about the changes in status of articles and reference uncorrected versions (“The Pretend-It-Didn’t-Happen-Problem”). I propose clear solutions to these problems and note some positive developments.
Improvement in Sleep-Disordered Breathing Indices Downloaded From a Positive Airway Pressure Machine Following Conversion of Atrial Fibrillation to Sinus Rhythm.

Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is a contributor to atrial fibrillation (AF) and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea can reduce the recurrence of AF following catheter ablation. However, the effe...
Future challenges and opportunities for agricultural and forestry research

—The products of agriculture and forestry are our most important renewable resources. Photosynthesis is the key biochemical process. Through the utilization of solar energy, the leaves of plants provide a net increase to the resources of the earth. This is manifested as food, feed, fiber, and organic raw products for industrial materials. Increased biological productivity holds the key to future availability of renewable resources, and the ease by which the inevitable transition will occur from the non-renewable to the renewable. Some of the many research options available for enhancement of primary productivity are enumerated. For the first time in history, we have both the opportunity and technological capability of providing sufficient food for all people, and to greatly improve the output of our forest resources. The potential capacity for global crop and food animal production is enormous. Attention should be directed toward mission oriented basic research with economically important crops and commodities, and to the application of the results of basic research to the resolution of problems relating to the productivity of renewable resources.
The Legal Duty Rule and Learning about Rules: A Case Study

Early in their law school careers, most students find that the notions they brought with them about law clash with the ideas encountered there. As a traditional first semester course, Contracts is one arena in which students experience most acutely that tension between expectation and reality. Most new law students probably expect law school professors to spend more time teaching basic legal rules.[1] They anticipate the education in black letter law that is the distinctive trait of bar review courses. They are, therefore, surprised by their professors’ suggestion, whether explicit or implicit, that being a good lawyer is not a function just of knowing the rules.[2] Moreover, new law students expect legal rules to operate differently than they often do. Their initial perspective frequently places greater faith on simple rules than the curriculum ultimately suggests is appropriate. They expect law to be more mechanical, to guide with the precision of rules of traffic—when the light turns red, you must stop—–or of rules of games—the tie goes to the runner, the line is in (or out as the case may be).
The absorptive effects of orobuccal non-liposomal nano-sized glutathione on blood glutathione parameters in healthy individuals: A pilot study.

Background Glutathione is an endogenous antioxidant found in oxidized (GSSG) and reduced (GSH) forms. Glutathione depletion is indicative of oxidative stress and occurs in various pathological conditions and following extreme exercise activity. Raising blood glutathione concentration has potential to attenuate and prevent chronic disease and also to improve recovery from exercise. There are a number of challenges to achieving this through traditional dietary supplements, and thus there is a need to develop optimized delivery methods to improve blood glutathione status. This study evaluated the effect of a novel glutathione formulation on blood glutathione parameters in healthy individuals. Methods 15 (8 male) healthy individuals (25±5y old, 78.0±14.6kg) participated in a single-blinded randomized placebo-controlled crossover study, with a minimum one-week washout period between treatments. Participants were overnight fasted and administered 1mL of a non-liposomal nano-size glutathione solution (NLNG) containing 200mg of glutathione or 1mL of placebo lacking glutathione. The solution was held in the mouth for 90 seconds before the remainder was swallowed. Blood was collected at baseline, 5, 10, 30, 60 and 120 minutes post-treatment. Protein-bound plasma and erythrocyte lysate concentrations of GSH and GSSG were measured at all time points using previously validated procedures. Linear mixed effects models were used to compare differences between baseline and post-treatment glutathione concentrations between NLNG and placebo for each parameter. Results There was a significant main effect for treatment type, such that increases in GSH concentration in erythrocyte lysate were greater following NLNG than placebo (p = 0.001). Similar significant main effects for treatment were also found for total (protein bound + erythrocyte lysate) GSH (p = 0.015) and GSSG (p = 0.037) concentration, as well as total blood glutathione pool (GSH+GSSG, p = 0.006). Discussion NLNG increased multiple blood glutathione parameters compared to placebo. Future research should examine whether NLNG can attenuate oxidative stress.
The Pharmacologic Management of Osteoporosis in Primary Biliary Cholangitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Abstract Introduction: Osteoporosis is a common complication of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) yet evidence for effective therapy is lacking. We sought to review all randomized controlled trials evaluating pharmacotherapy against placebo or no intervention for treatment of osteoporosis in PBC. Methodology: A comprehensive database search was conducted from inception through 29 March 2017. The primary outcome was incidence of fractures; secondary outcomes were change in bone mineral density (BMD) and adverse events. We assessed studies for risk of bias, graded quality of evidence, and used meta-analysis to obtain overall effect by pooling studies of the same drug class. Results: We identified 11 randomized controlled trials evaluating bisphosphonates (3), hormone replacement therapy (2), ursodeoxycholic acid (1), obeticholic acid (1), cyclosporin A (1), vitamin K (1), calcitriol (1), and sodium fluoride (1). No intervention significantly reduced fractures compared to control. Although significant improvement in BMD was seen in one study with alendronate, a third-generation bisphosphonate, no significant improvement was seen on pooled analysis of all bisphosphonates including first-generation bisphosphonates (standard mean difference 0.41, p = 0.68). On pooled analysis, hormone replacement therapy modestly improved lumbar BMD (standard mean difference 0.69, p = 0.02), but with significantly increased adverse events (odds ratio 8.82, p = 0.01). Conclusions: There is a lack of high-quality evidence supporting the efficacy of any treatment of osteoporosis in PBC. This may be explained by lack of power in the included studies. However, our current understanding of PBC-related osteoporosis indicates that it results from decreased bone formation, which may explain the attenuated effect of traditional antiresorptive agents. Future studies should investigate newer anabolic bone agents.
Aortoesophageal fistula treated with staged aortic stent graft and subsequent homograft interposition.

Abstract Aortoesophageal fistula (AEF) is a rare complication of esophageal interventions. We present a 49-year-old woman who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass with a recurrent gastrojejunal anastomotic leak requiring covered esophageal stent placement. She presented 1 month later with abdominal pain, leukocytosis, and hematemesis. A computed tomography scan demonstrated migration of the esophageal stent with aortic erosion concerning for AEF. She underwent emergent endovascular exclusion of an AEF to the descending thoracic aorta with subsequent esophageal resection and diversion and aortic endograft explant, resection, and homograft repair on postoperative day 6 allowing for staged removal of prosthetic material and maintenance of inline flow.
Opioid Overdose in Taos, New Mexico

In 1898, Bayer Pharmaceuticals introduced heroin to America. Today in the United States, modern prescription pain medications have surpassed heroin in overdose deaths, resulting in nearly 19,000 fatalities annually (compared to 10,574 overdose deaths per year attributed to heroin). In low-income, rural communities suffering from this epidemic, efforts are underway to reduce harm associated with opioids, including pain medication and heroin, and to increase access to naloxone, a life-saving opioid antagonist. A better anthropological perspective on this epidemic is needed to understand the social and cultural factors of drug overdose and its control. This study, conducted in Taos County, New Mexico, utilizes participant observation among local medical professionals to examine their unique experiences and perspectives on the topic of opioid overdose in this community. A total of 1616 demographically varied medical workers in Taos also served as informants through semi-structured interviews conducted for this qualitative analysis. Our findings indicate that prescription and illicit opioid abuse are intertwined and affect a wide range of people in Taos. Local attitudes toward treatment including concerns regarding treatment efficacy and social stigma are also important considerations. This study illustrates the multi-faceted complexity of overdose culture and reveals the need for additional attention to existing treatments, increased education and more accessible resources.
From exceptional to normal: changes in the structure of US banking since 1920

A century ago the US commercial banking system was exceptional in two ways. It was by good measure the largest commercial banking system of any country. And it was different from the commercial banking systems of other leading countries in having tens of thousands of independent banks with very few branches rather than the more typical pattern of a far smaller number of banks with many branches. Today, a century later, the US system is more normal than exceptional, dominated by a small number of very large banks with extensive branch systems. This article describes the US banking-structure transition from exceptional to normal. It closes with an interesting contrast of US and European banking developments.
Technology Employment, Information and Communication in the Digital Age

The recent global explosion in Internet usage has enhanced worker productivity and the availability of information to remote and economically disadvantaged population segments unimagined just decades ago. Continued increases in computer processing speeds when combined with decreased production costs has resulted in vast new information technology employment opportunities worldwide. The worldwide 2020-21 COVID-19 pandemic takes place in an environment where users find relatively new Internet Communication tools such as the Zoom platform to provide education to homebound students worldwide and populations under mandatory quarantine. The pandemic has also had a devastating impact on small businesses and created job loss and food insecurity worldwide. In the face of profound economic hardship, standing almost alone is the need for an additional 3.1 million professionals in the U.S. alone to fill the demand for cyber talent. As 2021 begins, the United States is presented with an ongoing and massive cyber hack of many U.S. government agencies and Fortune 500 corporate enterprises. In the pages to follow, the authors explore living and communicating in a digital world. We present a brief overview of topics such as: the selection and use of different types of computers, desktop and mobile, and many of their supported applications; an examination of the advantages and pitfalls of cloud computing and social networking; cyber security considerations; and projects designed to promote collaborative communication using multimedia and web technology.
Barriers to physical distancing among healthcare workers on an academic hospital unit during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Physical distancing among healthcare workers (HCWs) is an essential strategy in preventing HCW-to-HCWs transmission of severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). OBJECTIVE: To understand barriers to physical distancing among HCWs on an inpatient unit and identify strategies for improvement. DESIGN: Qualitative study including observations and semistructured interviews conducted over 3 months. SETTING: A non-COVID-19 adult general medical unit in an academic tertiary-care hospital. PARTICIPANTS: HCWs based on the unit. METHODS: We performed a qualitative study in which we (1) observed HCW activities and proximity to each other on the unit during weekday shifts July-October 2020 and (2) conducted semi-structured interviews of HCWs to understand their experiences with and perspectives of physical distancing in the hospital. Qualitative data were coded based on a human-factors engineering model. RESULTS: We completed 25 hours of observations and 20 HCW interviews. High-risk interactions often occurred during handoffs of care at shift changes and patient rounds, when HCWs gathered regularly in close proximity for at least 15 minutes. Identified barriers included spacing and availability of computers, the need to communicate confidential patient information, and the desire to maintain relationships at work. CONCLUSIONS: Physical distancing can be improved in hospitals by restructuring computer workstations, work rooms, and break rooms; applying visible cognitive aids; adapting shift times; and supporting rounds and meetings with virtual conferencing. Additional strategies to promote staff adherence to physical distancing include rewarding positive behaviors, having peer leaders model physical distancing, and encouraging additional safe avenues for social connection at a safe distance.
Removing detector distortions with machine learning

Benjamin Nachman discusses the OmniFold algorithm, which combines detector simulations with machine learning to correct detector distortions.
Social Networks and Cognitive Reserve: Network Structure Moderates the Association between Amygdalar Volume and Cognitive Outcomes.

OBJECTIVE The cognitive reserve hypothesis has been proposed as a key mechanism explaining the link between social networks and cognitive function but has rarely been empirically tested using neuroimaging data. This study examines whether social network attributes moderate the association between amygdalar volume and cognitive function. METHODS Data were from the Social Networks in Alzheimer Disease study (N=154) and Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center. Social networks were measured using the PhenX Social Network Battery. Regional data from MRI (amygdalar volume; AV) were analyzed using FreeSurfer software. Cognitive function was measured using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and consensus diagnosis. Linear regression analyses were conducted to test the moderating role of social networks on the association between AV and cognitive function. RESULTS Participants with greater ability to span multiple social roles and subgroups within their networks scored higher on the MoCA after adjusting for sociodemographic variables, depression, frequency of contact, and AV. Social networks moderated the association between AV and cognitive function. CONCLUSIONS Among participants who engaged in diverse and loosely connected social networks, the expected adverse cognitive effects of brain volume in regions implicated in socioemotional processing were attenuated. These findings suggest that cognitive stimulation achieved through social interaction with a diverse array of social relationships across multiple contexts may help promote cognitive reserve.
Configural Frequency Analysis: Methods, Models, and Applications

Contents: Preface. Part I: Concepts and Methods of CFA. Introduction: The Goals and Steps of Configural Frequency Analysis. Log-Linear Base Models for CFA. Statistical Testing in Global CFA. Descriptive Measures for Global CFA. Part II: Models and Applications of CFA. Global Models of CFA. Regional Models of CFA. Comparing k Samples. Part III: Methods of Longitudinal CFA. CFA of Differences. CFA of Level, Variability, and Shape of Series of Observations. Part IV: The CFA Specialty File and Alternative Approaches to CFA. More Facets of CFA. Alternative Approaches to CFA. Part V: Computational Issues. Software to Perform CFA. Part VI: References and Indices. Appendices: A Brief Introduction to Log-Linear Modeling. Table of a*-Levels for the Bonferroni and Holm Adjustments.
Cholera and Vibrio cholerae: New Challenges from a Once and Future Pathogen

Cholera is a severe diarrheal illness caused by several strains of Vibrio cholerae that produce a powerful enterotoxin. Effective treatment for cholera is now well established and inexpensive. V. cholerae is a comma-shaped gram-negative halophilic rod that swims with rapid darting movements, propelled by a single polar flagellum. As a pathogen, toxigenic V. cholerae has remarkable host specificity. Studies of the molecular taxonomy of epidemic V. cholerae suggest that the sixth and seventh pandemics were caused by independently derived clones. In the current pandemic, several mechanisms have been documented by which V. cholerae can be introduced into new geographic areas. The first and perhaps the most important is via a person who travels while harboring an incubating infection. Food-borne transmission is an important component of many epidemics and has been the predominant mode of transmission in some. Moist grains eaten without reheating or acidification are a common vehicle as V. cholerae can grow rapidly on rice, lentils, or other cooked grains. Epidemic cholera can be controlled by reducing the risk of sustained transmission following introduction. In the developed world, this control was achieved by the engineered separation of the human fecal stream from water and food streams. The search for better cholera vaccines has yielded a substantially improved understanding of virulence mechanisms and of the nature of a protective immune response.
Zeta functions of Selberg's type for some noncompact quotients of symmetric spaces of rank one

In a previous paper [5], one of the present authors has worked out a theory of zeta functions of Selberg’s type for compact quotients of symmetric spaces of rank one. In the present paper, we consider the analogues of those results when G/K is a noncompact symmetric space of rank one and Γ is a discrete subgroup of G such that G/Γ is not compact but such that vol( G/Γ ) Γ is a non-uniform lattice. Certain mild restrictions, which are fulfilled in many arithmetic cases, will be put on Γ , and we shall consider how one can define a zeta function Z Γ of Selberg’s type attached to the data ( G, K, Γ ).
Chlamydia trachomatis and parainfluenza 2 virus: a shared antigenic determinant?

A tracheal aspirate from which parainfluenza 2 (PI-2) virus but not chlamydiae was isolated demonstrated positive immunofluorescence of elementary body- and reticulate body-like particles on direct examination with anti-chlamydia monoclonal antibodies (Syva Co.). In subsequent studies, we found this reagent to show specific staining of this strain of PI-2 as well as of 3 of 18 additional PI-2 strains that were evaluated. Images
Molecular epidemiology of Shigella infections: plasmid profiles, serotype correlation, and restriction endonuclease analysis.

Plasmid isolation was used to refine the epidemiologic analysis for 168 shigellosis cases in Pima County, Ariz. Plasmids of less than 20 kb were used for comparison of plasmid profiles. Plasmid patterns for each species were distinct. A total of 57 of 74 (77%) Shigella flexneri strains could be placed into seven plasmid patterns, 70 of 79 (89%) Shigella sonnei strains could be placed into seven patterns, 12 Shigella boydii strains could be placed into six patterns, and each of 3 Shigella dysenteriae strains differed. There was a correlation between plasmid patterns and serotypes for S. flexneri, and multiple plasmid patterns were found in serotypes 1, 2, and 6, offering a refinement beyond serotyping. In previous studies we found an association between Mexican travel and an S. sonnei 5.1-kb plasmid. When this plasmid was used as a probe, strong homology was seen with numerous small plasmids in all Shigella species: restriction endonuclease analysis revealed a 1.1-kb AvaI-AvaII fragment common to various plasmids of S. sonnei. S. flexneri, and S. boydii independent of species. Of 34 Pima County Shigella isolates from the mid-1970s. 8 showed plasmid patterns similar to those of the recent isolates. Some plasmids from S. sonnei, S. flexneri, and S. boydii strains isolated in the 1970s also contained the AvaI-AvaII fragment. The conservation of this specific fragment in our population for more than 12 years suggests that it may contain genes important in virulence or survival. Images
2-Pyridinesulfenyl Bromide

(X = Br) [66715-65-9] C5H4BrNS (MW 190.07) InChI = 1S/C5H4BrNS/c6-8-5-3-1-2-4-7-5/h1-4H InChIKey = RRFMVIYCHQJIAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N (X = Cl) [59089-57-5] C5H4ClNS (MW 145.62) InChI = 1S/C5H4ClNS/c6-8-5-3-1-2-4-7-5/h1-4H InChIKey = LPSGLVVLTUUMIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (electrophilic sulfenylation agents used for unsymmetrical disulfide synthesis,1 deprotection of specific thiol protecting groups,2 enolate sulfenylation,3 and N-sulfenylation of amides4) Physical Data: yellow powder. Solubility: normally used in anhydrous HOAc; may also be used in dry DMF; rapidly decomposes in the presence of moisture. Preparative Method: the 2-pyridinesulfenyl halides are generated as needed from 2,2′-Dipyridyl Disulfide. Treatment of 2,2′-dipyridyl disulfide in petroleum ether or dichloromethane with either Chlorine or Bromine at 20 °C results in 2-pyridinesulfenyl halide generation after 1–2 h. Isolation through evaporation of solvent provides a yellow powder with a pungent odor.1, 2, 5 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: the 2-pyridinesulfenyl halides demonstrate instability, especially in the presence of moisture. Although the isolated powder may tolerate short-term storage in a well sealed vial or ampule, most work involving these reagents has utilized freshly prepared material. Solutions in anhydrous HOAc are reported to be stable for several hours.2 The reagent is corrosive and must be handled accordingly. The reaction with moisture generates HCl and 2-pyridylsulfenic acid (stench, toxic). Handling of these reagents should be confined to a fume hood.
A structured approach to develop concurrent programs in UML

This paper presents a methodology to develop synchronization code based on the global invariant (GI) approach in the context of the Unified Process in UML. This approach has the following advantages: (1) it is a formal approach that enables formal verification of programs being developed, (2) the most important activity in the programming process lies at a high level; namely, specification of GIs, (3) GIs are platform independent, and (4) existing GIs may be composed to produce GIs for more complex synchronization. We provide a set of useful GIs which work as basic patterns. Programmers can compose these GIs to produce appropriate GIs for specific applications.
1‐(4,5‐Dihydro‐4‐phenyl‐2‐oxazolyl)‐2‐(diphenylphosphino) ferrocene

[163169-12-8] C31H26NOPFe (MW 515.39) InChI = 1S/C26H21NOP.C5H5.Fe/c1-4-11-20(12-5-1)24-19-28-26(27-24)23-17-10-18-25(23)29(21-13-6-2-7-14-21)22-15-8-3-9-16-22;1-2-4-5-3-1;/h1-18,24H,19H2;1-5H;/t24-;;/m1../s1 InChIKey = QHWSWZGJUBBRJV-PPLJNSMQSA-N (chiral ligand for asymmetric transition metal-catalyzed reactions including ketone and imine reductions, cuprate additions to enones, allylic cross-coupling reactions with Grignard reagents, and the enantioselective ring opening of oxabicyclic alkenes) Physical Data: dark brown solid, mp 184–185 °C (decomposed)1 [α]D +36.8 (c = 0.005 g mL−1, CHCl3).2 Solubility: soluble in most common organic solvents. Not soluble in water. Form Supplied in: not currently commercially available. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1H NMR, 13C NMR. Preparative Methods: this compound can be prepared from the corresponding ferrocenyl oxazoline via a diastereoselective metalation with an alkyl lithium base followed by trapping with chlorodiphenylphosphine.3, 4 The diastereoselectivity of the metalation can vary significantly depending on the base, and the greatest selectivity is observed using sec-butyllithium/TMEDA in diethyl ether or hexanes (but not in THF).5, 6 Purification: flash chromatography. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: no special instructions for storage and handling are mentioned in the literature. Use in a fume hood.
Growth, gas exchange, and root respiration of Quercus rubra seedlings exposed to low root zone temperatures in solution culture

Spring planting is standard operational practice in the Central Hardwood Region, though little is known about potential impacts of low root temperature (RT) common during spring on establishment success of temperate deciduous forest tree species. The effects of low RTon growth, gas exchange, and root respiration following winter dormancy were studied in 1-year-old northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) container seedlings grown in solution culture at uniform air temperatures, but exposed to three different root zone temperatures (10, 15, and 25 8C). After 14 days of treatment, net photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (gs), and transpiration (E) were significantly affected by RT; however, these treatment effects did not persist for the remaining measurement period (days 21 and 28) despitegrowth reductions. After 28 days, new shoot length, leaf area, and number of new roots were reducedwith decreasing RT. Shootdry masswas higherin seedlings exposed to 25 8Ccompared with those in 10 8C, while an opposite trend occurred for root-to-shoot ratio. Leaf water potential (cw) at day 28 and days to budbreak were not significantly altered by RT treatments. Root O2 uptake in seedlings exposed to 10 8C was 65% lower than for those seedlings at 25 8C. Low RT has a physiological role in the control of root growth and root respiration, which could potentially affect establishment success of northern red oak seedlings planted in spring when soil temperatures are still low. # 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Some properties of the communality in multiple factor theory

Several theorems concerning properties of the communaltiy of a test in the Thurstone multiple factor theory are established. The following theorems are applicable to a battery ofn tests which are describable in terms ofr common factors, with orthogonal reference vectors. 1. The communality of a testj is equal to the square of the multiple correlation of testj with ther reference vectors. 2. The communality of a testj is equal to the square of the multiple correlation of testj with ther reference vectors and then—1 remaining tests. Corollary: The square of the multiple correlation of a testj with then—1 remaining tests is equal to or less than the communality of testj. It cannot exceed the communality. 3. The square of the multiple correlation of a testj with then—1 remaining tests equals the communality of testj if the group of tests containsr statistically independent ests teach with a communality of unity. 4. With correlation coefficients corrected for attenuation, when the number of tests increases indefinitely while the rank of the correlational matrix remains unchanged, the communality of a testj equals the square of the multiple correlation of testj with then—1 remaining tests. 5. With raw correlation coefficients, it is shown in a special case that the square of the multiple correlation of a testj with then—1 remaining tests approaches the communality of testj as a limit when the number of tests increases indefinitely while the rank of correlational matrix remains the same. This has not yet been proved for the general case.
A mathematical criterion based on phase response curves for stability in a ring of coupled oscillators

Canavier et al. (1997) used phase response curves (PRCs) of individual oscillators to characterize the possible modes of phase-locked entrainment of an N-oscillator ring network. We extend this work by developing a mathematical criterion to determine the local stability of such a mode based on the PRCs. Our method does not assume symmetry; neither the oscillators nor their connections need be identical. To use these techniques for predicting modes and determining their stability, one need only determine the PRC of each oscillator in the ring either experimentally or from a computational model. We show that network stability cannot be determined by simply testing the ability of each oscillator to entrain the next. Stability depends on the number of neurons in the ring, the type of mode, and the slope of each PRC at the point of entrainment of the respective neuron. We also describe simple criteria which are either necessary or sufficient for stability and examine the implications of these results.
Displacement of the THF solvent molecule from (η5-C5H5)Mn(CO)2THF by simple two electron donor ligands: evidence for a dissociative mechanism and determination of the Mn–THF bond strength

Abstract The reaction between CpMn(CO) 2 THF (Cp= η 5 -C 5 H 5 , THF=tetrahydrofuran) and nitrogen containing ligands is studied in THF solution. In all cases the products of the reaction are the known CpMn(CO) 2 L complexes (L=piperidine, 4-acetylpyridine). The reaction of the solvated complex with both ligands studied proceeds through a purely dissociative mechanism. In good agreement with previous thermochemical measurements, kinetic analysis yields an average value of 24.0±3.0 kcal mol −1 for the CpMn(CO) 2 –THF bond dissociation energy. The results of the present study clarify the relationship between metal–solvent bond strengths obtained by kinetic methods and those obtained by thermochemical measurements.
Response of fractured osteoporotic bone to polymethylmethacrylate after vertebroplasty: case report

Abstract Background context Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is the most commonly used bone cement for vertebroplasties to treat osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (VCFs). Several studies have described the reaction of normal bone to PMMA, but it is still unclear how fractured osteoporotic bone responds to PMMA. Purpose To describe the response of fractured osteoporotic bone to PMMA after vertebroplasty. Study design/setting Case report. Methods A 69-year-old woman with a previous vertebroplasty at T8 to treat an osteoporotic VCF was admitted to the hospital after she developed lower extremity motor weakness, diffuse hypoesthesia and decreased rectal tone. Magnetic resonance imaging studies of the thoracic spine showed that she had severe spinal cord compression at the level of T8 and T9, as well as a kyphotic deformity. A corpectomy of T8 and T9 was performed as part of a spinal cord decompression procedure. Tissue from vertebral body T8, intervertebral discs T7–T8 and T8–T9 and the PMMA implant were then submitted for histologic evaluation. Results Vertebral body T8 demonstrated viable bone trabeculae, osteoid, fibrosis, granulation tissue and multinucleated giant cells containing PMMA. Scattered necrotic bone fragments were identified throughout the vertebral body, most evident near the PMMA. PMMA leakage into the T7–T8 disc was identified without significant disc inflammation or necrosis. Conclusion Fractured osteoporotic bone is capable of undergoing a reparative healing response after vertebroplasty using PMMA.
EXPRESSION OF RECOMBINANT RAT INTERLEUKIN-13 (IL-13) AND GENERATION OF A NEUTRALIZING RAT IL-13 ANTISERUM

Using baculoviral and bacterial systems, we expressed biologically active recombinant rat IL-13 and generated neutralizing rat IL-13 antiserum. Recombinant rat IL-13 produced by baculovirus-infected insect cells stimulated proliferation of TF-1 premyeloid cell line and induced expression of 15-lipoxygenase mRNA in human peripheral blood monocytes. Antiserum generated by immunizing a rabbit with recombinant bacterial rat IL-13 specifically inhibited TF-1 proliferation induced by baculoviral rat IL-13 but did not neutralize human IL-13 mitogenic activity. Western blotting with anti-rat IL-13 serum revealed a approximately 12 kD protein band in supernatants of insect cells infected with recombinant baculovirus carrying the rat IL-13 cDNA. The availability of recombinant rat IL-13 and rat IL-13 antibodies should facilitate studying the role of IL-13 in rat models of human inflammatory disorders.
Sequential aminodiene Diels-Alder approach to the ergoline skeleton.

Through a novel sequence of aminodiene Diels−Alder reactions, several substituted amidofurans were readily converted to tricyclic ketones in good yield. The formation of the tricyclic ketone system is the result of a ring opening and dehydration of a transient oxabicyclic adduct formed by an intramolecular Diels−Alder cycloaddition of an amidofuran with a cyclohexenone moiety tethered such that it participates in the cycloaddition as the 2π component. A convenient way to construct the cyclohexenone is to make use of some aminodiene chemistry developed by Rawal. An angular carbomethoxy group is required in order to activate the olefin toward cycloaddition with Rawal's diene. The presence of this activating group not only prevents the isomerization of the advanced ergoline intermediate to a naphthalene but can also be leveraged for an oxidation to provide Uhle's ketone (13). The easily formed Kornfeld ketone analogue 25 was readily transformed into the corresponding triflate 41 by the action of triflic anhy...
Residential Location and the Biophysical Environment: Exurban Development Agents in a Heterogeneous Landscape:

Agent-based models offer a promising framework for analyzing interactions between agents and a heterogeneous landscape. Researchers have identified a complex of factors that influence exurban devel...
Physicians Prescribing “Medicine” for Enhancement: Why We Should Not and Cannot Overlook Safety Concerns

The target article confirms that developing a thorough best practices guide for physicians to understand the ethical, legal, and policy ramifications of prescribing of drugs or devices for enhancem...
Critique of probabilistic models: Application of the Semi‐Markov model to migration

The role of probabilistic models, with special reference to application of the Semi‐Markov model to the analysis of internal migration, is discussed. Advantages of probabilistic models over more conventional methods based on regression analysis are detailed. Probabilistic models have stood apart from the rest of the literature, in migration as well as other areas of application, because they have no substantive content. It is argued that unless their parameters are related to the causal structure and exogenous determinants of the migration process, probabilistic models will be of little practical and scientific use. A strategy for integrating probabilistic models with theoretical and empirical analysis is sketched, to be carried out in the next article.
ATF4 mediation of NF1 functions in osteoblast reveals a nutritional basis for congenital skeletal dysplasiae

The transcription factor ATF4 enhances bone formation by favoring amino acid import and collagen synthesis in osteoblasts, a function requiring its phosphorylation by RSK2, the kinase inactivated in Coffin-Lowry Syndrome. Here, we show that in contrast, RSK2 activity, ATF4-dependent collagen synthesis, and bone formation are increased in mice lacking neurofibromin in osteoblasts (Nf1ob−/− mice). Independently of RSK2, ATF4 phosphorylation by PKA is enhanced in Nf1ob−/− mice, thereby increasing Rankl expression, osteoclast differentiation, and bone resorption. In agreement with ATF4 function in amino acid transport, a low-protein diet decreased bone protein synthesis and normalized bone formation and bone mass in Nf1ob−/− mice without affecting other organ weight, while a high-protein diet overcame Atf4−/− and Rsk2−/− mice developmental defects, perinatal lethality, and low bone mass. By showing that ATF4-dependent skeletal dysplasiae are treatable by dietary manipulations, this study reveals a molecular connection between nutrition and skeletal development.
Potential pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer disease. A comparison of various forms of physostigmine administration.

This paper reviews clinical trials with physostigmine administered to Alzheimer patients using three different routes of administration: oral, i.v. and intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.). It compares results obtained with three different routes by the authors as well as by other authors. Particular emphasis is given to a novel type of physostigmine administration, the i.c.v. route. Advantages and disadvantages, as well as side effects of each route are presented and discussed.
Adults' Meaning in Life:

The present study, by using 96 subjects ranging in age from 30 to 80 yr., set out to extend knowledge about meaning in life content areas of college students to the entire adult life span. The subjects were asked to write about, rank in order, and give an example of each of the three strongest meanings in their life. High interrater reliability (91% agreement) was achieved in categorizing the essays on meaning. Only 3% reported no meaning. The category of Relationships was most often reported followed by Belief, Health, Growth, Life Work, Service, and Understanding. The accompanying revisions, as well as suggested modifications, appear to be appropriate for describing categories of meaning across the adult life span.
2D/3D image registration using regression learning

In computer vision and image analysis, image registration between 2D projections and a 3D image that achieves high accuracy and near real-time computation is challenging. In this paper, we propose a novel method that can rapidly detect an object's 3D rigid motion or deformation from a 2D projection image or a small set thereof. The method is called CLARET (Correction via Limited-Angle Residues in External Beam Therapy) and consists of two stages: registration preceded by shape space and regression learning. In the registration stage, linear operators are used to iteratively estimate the motion/deformation parameters based on the current intensity residue between the target projection(s) and the digitally reconstructed radiograph(s) (DRRs) of the estimated 3D image. The method determines the linear operators via a two-step learning process. First, it builds a low-order parametric model of the image region's motion/deformation shape space from its prior 3D images. Second, using learning-time samples produced from the 3D images, it formulates the relationships between the model parameters and the co-varying 2D projection intensity residues by multi-scale linear regressions. The calculated multi-scale regression matrices yield the coarse-to-fine linear operators used in estimating the model parameters from the 2D projection intensity residues in the registration. The method's application to Image-guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT) requires only a few seconds and yields good results in localizing a tumor under rigid motion in the head and neck and under respiratory deformation in the lung, using one treatment-time imaging 2D projection or a small set thereof.
Improving Prediction Accuracy via Subspace Modeling in a Statistical Geometry Based Computational Protein Mutagenesis

A computational mutagenesis is detailed whereby each single residue substitution in a protein chain of primary sequence length N is represented as a sparse N-dimensional feature vector, whose M
Lectin binding patterns in developing canine retina.

Abstract Developing canine retina, fixed in Bouin's or Tellyesniczky's acetic alcoholic formalin, was examined with a battery of biotinylated lectins. ConA and WGA consistently bound to all retinal layers including the tapetum cellulosum, retinal pigment epithelium, inner and outer segments, plexiform layers and ganglion cells. Binding became more intense with increased age. S-WGA bound to apical portions of the retinal pigment epithelium and to outer segments. Outer segments also bound ConA, WGA and RCA. DBA preferentially labelled all inner segments, while PNA bound to a subpopulation of inner segments. RCA bound intensely to retinal vessels as did PNA after neuraminidase treatment. UEA did not consistently bind to any layers. There was transient binding by some lectins at different developmental stages. This study indicates that canine retina demonstrates differential expression of glycoproteins, as indicated by lectin binding, during development and that this expression is temporally and topographically regulated.
A useful approach to tricyclic compounds and medium ring diketones through the phosphoniosilylation reaction.

Abstract The use of the “PSi” reaction in the construction of tricyclic structures has been probed. One example of the preparation of a medium ring compound is also provided.
Recruitment of the prefrontal cortex and cerebellum in Parkinsonian rats following skilled aerobic exercise

Exercise modality and complexity play a key role in determining neurorehabilitative outcome in Parkinson's disease (PD). Exercise training (ET) that incorporates both motor skill training and aerobic exercise has been proposed to synergistically improve cognitive and automatic components of motor control in PD patients. Here we introduced such a skilled aerobic ET paradigm in a rat model of dopaminergic deafferentation. Rats with bilateral, intra-striatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesions were exposed to forced ET for 4weeks, either on a simple running wheel (non-skilled aerobic exercise, NSAE) or on a complex wheel with irregularly spaced rungs (skilled aerobic exercise, SAE). Cerebral perfusion was mapped during horizontal treadmill walking or at rest using [(14)C]-iodoantipyrine 1week after the completion of ET. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was quantified by autoradiography and analyzed in 3-dimensionally reconstructed brains by statistical parametric mapping. SAE compared to NSAE resulted in equal or greater recovery in motor deficits, as well as greater increases in rCBF during walking in the prelimbic area of the prefrontal cortex, broad areas of the somatosensory cortex, and the cerebellum. NSAE compared to SAE animals showed greater activation in the dorsal caudate-putamen and dorsal hippocampus. Seed correlation analysis revealed enhanced functional connectivity in SAE compared to NSAE animals between the prelimbic cortex and motor areas, as well as altered functional connectivity between midline cerebellum and sensorimotor regions. Our study provides the first evidence for functional brain reorganization following skilled aerobic exercise in Parkinsonian rats, and suggests that SAE compared to NSAE results in enhancement of prefrontal cortex- and cerebellum-mediated control of motor function.