cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A physics‐based strategy for cyber resilience of CPS

Naval forces rely heavily on Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) to conduct operations and achieve mission success. As CPS infrastructure becomes exposed to the contested world through networks, CPS security becomes much more important. In a CPS, the cyber components manage the physical components. ONR proposes that the overall goal for CPS resiliency is to have the physical systems behave properly regardless of fault and disruption. Our approach to CPS resiliency focuses on the physical components. We observed that the inertia of the physical components provides a natural but limited resilience, and is capable of tolerating short-term disruption without affecting the health and safety of the CPS. This and the fact that a CPS has a large difference between physical and cyber time scales, enables a unique approach to CPS resiliency. We present Byzantine Fault Tolerant++ (BFT++), a cyber resilient architecture that engineers the cyber components to be brittle against attack, which consequently forces cyber attacks and related disruptions to be short-lived and within tolerance of the physical system’s inertia.
Utility of Routine Blood Cultures for Inpatient Hematology/Oncology Patients Receiving Antimicrobials.

Abstract Background Blood cultures are drawn regularly on hematology/oncology patients due to the concern for infectious complications. However, this practice is costly in many ways, and there are limited data to support this practice. We aimed to investigate the frequency with which blood cultures are drawn in these patients, and moreover, how frequently they provide meaningful data. Materials and Methods We performed a single-center retrospective review study in hematology/oncology patients admitted to our hospital. We reviewed 1,437 blood cultures from 220 unique patients between July 1, 2013 and June 30, 2014. We reviewed the proportion and characteristics of the positive blood cultures, as well as organisms isolated. Results Of all 1,437 blood cultures drawn during the study period, 111 (8%) of the blood cultures grew a clinically meaningful organism. Gram-positive organisms were more likely than gram-negative organisms, with coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus being most common. In patients who were receiving broad-spectrum antimicrobials, only 13 (4%) of 358 blood cultures collected grew a clinically meaningful organism, all of which were performed for clearance. None of these 13 positive blood cultures represented a new infectious organism. No patient receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics with blood cultures drawn in response to a fever had a positive culture. Conclusions In hospitalized cancer patients receiving broad-spectrum antimicrobials, the likelihood of growing a new clinically significant organism from a blood culture was extremely low. We speculate that the practice of repeating blood cultures in hospitalized cancer patients on broad-spectrum antimicrobials, particularly in response to fever alone, should be eliminated.
Double-Row Repair for Recalcitrant Medial Epicondylitis.

Background:Various techniques have been described for surgical treatment of recalcitrant medial epicondylitis (ME). No single technique has yet to be proven the most effective.Purpose:To evaluate t...
Control of defects in the multilayer dielectric materials and coatings in the microwave range

The development of modern engineering is inextricably linked with the development of the new types of multilayer dielectric materials. Existing radio wave methods for monitoring interlayer defects in such materials exhibit low accuracy in reconstructing the geometric parameters of defects. The results of studying extended interlayer defects in the three-layer coating consisting of polymethyl methacrylate, F-4D PTFE, and semi-hard rubber by the method of surface electromagnetic waves are presented. The method is based on the solution of inverse problems in the reconstruction of the geometric parameters of extended interlayer defects of special multilayer materials and coatings from the frequency dependence of the attenuation coefficient of the field of a slow surface electromagnetic wave. Unlike the methods that make use from the complex reflection coefficient we proposed to increase the accuracy of the reconstruction of the geometric parameters of extended interlayer defects taking into account the linear frequency dependence of the attenuation coefficient as well as reducing the number of fixed measurement frequencies. Moreover, the determination procedure is rather simple, since only the field strength of the surface electromagnetic wave is measured, and there is no need for phase measurements. Experimental data obtained on a multifrequency measuring complex in the range of 10 – 11 GHz were used for reconstruction of the interlayer defects in the coating under study. The developed method provided a relative error of thickness estimation below 10%. The proposed method approach can be used in studying multilayer dielectric coatings on the metal for detection of delamination in the lack of glue or poor adhesion between the layers. The developed method is also suitable for control of the defects in semiconductors, ferrite and composite materials.
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Presenting with Second-Degree Type I Sinoatrial Exit Block: A Case Report.

The understanding of neural regulation of the cardiovascular function and the implications of a “Heart-Brain Axis “has been a topic of interest for clinicians for many years. Electrocardiographic (ECG) and structural cardiac changes, ranging from mild, asymptomatic, transient alteration in cardiovascular function to severe, irreversible, and potentially life-threatening injury, can actually be a manifestation of several neurological disorders. When managing cardiac disorders, a high index of clinical suspicion, detailed history-taking and physical examination skills, and an extensive workup that covers both cardiac and non-cardiac causes should be utilized. It is important to consider that cardiovascular dysfunction of an underlying neurological etiology may lead to difficulty in diagnosing and optimizing treatment of the latter. We report the case of a middle-aged female with the chief complaint of syncope preceded by a headache with no focal neurological deficits, originally diagnosed with- and whose syncope was attributed to sinus bradycardia and type I sinoatrial (SA) exit block on ECG. Subsequently, when the patient became altered, however, computer tomography (CT) angiography revealed subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) with middle cerebral artery aneurysm. This presentation emphasizes the importance of tabulating neurological injury as one of the differential diagnoses while managing ECG changes in cardiovascular disease (CVD), as missing and delaying the former can result in disastrous consequences.
Trajectories of Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors From Preschool Through Late Adolescence.

Objective Suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs) represent a significant and escalating public health concern in youth. Evidence that STBs can emerge in the preschool years suggests that some pathways leading to clinically significant STBs begin early in life. Method This prospective longitudinal study examined the developmental trajectories of STBs in children from ages 3 to 17, oversampled for preschool-onset depression. Results Three unique trajectories of STBs across childhood and adolescence were identified: low class (n = 273) characterized by low rates of STBs, early-persistent class (n = 21) characterized by steadily increasing STBs, and late-onset class (n = 21) characterized by low rates of STBs through age 10 followed by a dramatic increase from ages 11 to 14 years. Preschool measures of depression symptoms, externalizing symptoms, impulsivity, and lower income relative to needs were associated with both high-risk STB classes. Both high-risk STB classes reported greater functional impairment, more externalizing symptoms, and more cumulative stressful life events in adolescence relative to the low class; the late-onset class also reported poorer academic functioning relative to both the early-persistent and low classes. Conclusion A significant minority of this prospectively followed group of preschool children evidenced STBs by and/or after age 10. Although relatively rare before age 10, approximately half of the children who experienced STBs in adolescence first exhibited STBs in early childhood and comprised a trajectory suggesting increasing STBs. In contrast, approximately half of children first exhibited STBs in early adolescence. Early screening and identification of at-risk youth during both preschool and late childhood is important for early intervention regarding STBs.
Validation of the Alopecia Areata Patient Priority Outcomes (AAPPO) Questionnaire in Adults and Adolescents with Alopecia Areata.

INTRODUCTION Individuals with alopecia areata (AA) may experience significant impacts on their health-related quality of life. The novel Alopecia Areata Patient Priority Outcomes (AAPPO) questionnaire has been developed to assess hair loss signs, emotional symptoms, and activity limitations associated with AA. The objective of this study was to evaluate psychometric properties and establish scoring of the AAPPO in adults and adolescents with AA. METHODS Scoring and measurement properties of the AAPPO were examined using baseline and 2-week follow-up data from a prospective, noninterventional, web-based study of 121 patients with AA (85 adults aged ≥ 18 years, 36 adolescents aged 12-17 years) with Severity of Alopecia Tool (SALT) ≥ 25% scalp hair loss. RESULTS Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis supported four single Hair Loss (HL) items, an Emotional Symptoms domain (ES; 4 items), and an Activity Limitations domain (AL; 3 items). Among all patients, the multi-item ES and AL domains had strong internal consistency (α ≥ 0.87); all HL items and domain scores had strong test-retest reliability (weighted kappa or intraclass correlation coefficients ≥ 0.78). All HL item scores demonstrated strong construct validity (r ≥ 0.52) compared with the patient-reported Alopecia Areata Symptom and Impact Scale (AASIS) hair loss subscale score; ES and AL domain scores exhibited strong construct validity (r ≥ 0.66) compared with the SF-36 Mental Component Summary (MCS) score. Using SALT scores, HL mean item scores were better (lower) in the 25-49% SALT subgroup versus those with highest SALT scores (76-100%); however, ES mean domain scores were better in the SALT 76-100% subgroup in the same comparison (p < 0.0001). Using AASIS and MCS score-created subgroups, ES and AL mean domain scores demonstrated hypothesized differences across subgroups (all p values < 0.0001). CONCLUSION The AAPPO questionnaire is a reliable, valid disease-specific measure of hair loss severity and impact in individuals with AA.
Distributed Chemical Reaction Systems

A distributed chemical reaction system occupying a region V with a bounding surface S is completely characterized by the state variables u(r) = (cl(r),..., c N (r), T(r)) and the mean velocity v(r) given at each point r∈V. Diffusive fluxes of chemical species and thermal energy exist at each point of the system due to gradients in the concentrations and the temperature. These gradients are maintained by means of the chemical reactions, acting as sources or sinks of chemical species and thermal energy. System and surroundings exchange chemical species and thermal energy through the bounding surface S.
Regulation of development in Dictyostelium discoideum: I. Initiation of the growth to development transition by amino acid starvation

Abstract Evidence is presented which indicates that amino acid starvation is the specific stimulus initiating the developmental phase of the life cycle of Dictyostelium discoideum: (i) Amoebae were washed free of complex growth medium and placed in buffer supplemented with specific nutrients; amino acids were the only nutrients that specifically inhibited the initiation of development. (ii) A partially defined growth medium allowing selective starvation for amino acids or glucose during growth is described. Amoebae initiated development only when starved for amino acids. Any effect of glucose on the primary control of the initiation of development is an indirect result of its utilization as a source of precursors for endogenously synthesized amino acids.
Subacute necrotizing funisitis. A variant of cord inflammation with a high rate of perinatal infection.

Sixteen cases (eight stillborn and eight live-born neonates) of a rare variety of funisitis are presented and compared with the usual form of acute funisitis. The distinctive findings are a necrotizing inflammation of Wharton's jelly, proliferative endovasculitis, lymphocytic and plasma cell infiltrates, and a gross appearance suggestive of calcification. The peculiar morphology may well be related to the characteristic anatomy of the umbilical cord which normally lacks capillaries and lymphatics. Fifteen of the 16 neonates weighed less than 2,000 gm at birth. The high rates of perinatal infection (13 out of 16 patients), perinatal death (nine out of 16 patients), and recurrent infections in survivors (four out of seven patients) make recognition of the entity of practical importance. The incidence is higher than expected based on only four similar recorded cases. The clinical and pathologic findings strongly suggest an ascending antenatal infection.
Molecular cloning and characterization of a parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor: a member of an ancient family of G protein-coupled receptors.

The parathyroid hormone (PTH)/parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) receptor belongs to a newly discovered family of G protein-coupled receptors. Members of this family, which have been isolated from mammals, include the receptors for PTH/PTHrP, calcitonin, secretin, growth hormone-releasing h
Marginal Projected Multivariate Linear Models for Clustered Angular Data

Summary Among the diverse frameworks that have been proposed for regression analysis of angular data, the projected multivariate linear model provides a particularly appealing and tractable methodology. In this model, the observed directional responses are assumed to correspond to the angles formed by latent bivariate normal random vectors that are assumed to depend upon covariates through a linear model. This implies an angular normal distribution for the observed angles, and incorporates a regression structure through a familiar and convenient relationship. In this paper we extend this methodology to accommodate clustered data (e.g., longitudinal or repeated measures data) by formulating a marginal version of the model and basing estimation on an EM-like algorithm in which correlation among within-cluster responses is taken into account by incorporating a working correlation matrix into the M step. A sandwich estimator is used for the parameter estimates’ covariance matrix. The methodology is motivated and illustrated using an example involving clustered measurements of microbril angle on loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) Simulation studies are presented that evaluate the finite sample properties of the proposed fitting method. In addition, the relationship between within-cluster correlation on the latent Euclidean vectors and the corresponding correlation structure for the observed angles is explored.
Cottonseed meal or feather meal supplementation of ammoniated tropical grass hay for yearling cattle.

Despite high N intake by cattle consuming ammoniated forages, improvements in ADG might be expected be feeding proteins that supply ruminally available and(or) undegraded intake protein. Growth studies with 220-kg steers were conducted to evaluate ammoniated hay plus a liquid cane molasses-based supplement containing urea or a combination of urea and .07, .14, or .21 kg of CP daily from cottonseed meal (CSM) or feather meal (FM). Steers grazed dormant pasture and were fed hay plus 1.36 kg of DM daily per steer of the supplement. In each of 3 yr, total DM intake was similar (P > .60) among treatments, averaging 3.0% of BW. Daily gain by steers supplemented with urea and maximum ADG were similar across years, ranging from .21 to .23 kg and .50 to .60 kg, respectively. In all years for CSM supplementation, and in two of the three years for FM supplementation, increasing level of CP supplementation resulted in linear (P .10) between the protein sources. In one year, ADG and GF by steers supplemented with FM were maximized at the .07 kg of CP level, suggesting greater efficiency of protein utilization in FM. Improved performance by cattle fed ammoniated tropical grass hay may be obtained by feeding a protein supplement that provides preformed protein that is either moderately or highly resistant to ruminal degradation. Ruminal degradation characteristics of protein sources may influence efficiency of protein utilization in cattle fed ammoniated tropical grass hay plus molasses-based supplements.
On the question of using an altimeter designed for bathymetry for monitoring ocean mesoscale variability

We present promising results suggesting that an altimeter designed to measure ocean bathymetry might also produced credible and reliable estimates of ocean mesoscale circulation variability
Meprobamate Use in the Elderly

Meprobamate use was studied in an ambulatory elderly population in Dunedin, Florida. All participants taking this medication were mailed a questionnaire concerning their pattern of use. From 2,278 subjects, 30(1.3%) reported the use of this drug. The average age of participants using this drug was 81.3 years. Five participants began using the drug over 27 years ago and over one-half of the respondents reported using the drug on a regular basis for over 10 years. With this type of history of meprobamate use, one might expect to encounter a large number of patients in the future who, in a similar manner, have been using benzodiazepines for many decades.
Effects of Salicylate and Lanthanides on Outer Hair Cell Motility and Associated Gating Charge

Salicylate, one of the most widely used drugs, is known to induce reversible tinnitus and hearing loss. Salicylate interferes with outer hair cells (OHCs), which are believed to underlie normal auditory frequency selectivity and sensitivity. In the present experiments, the effects of salicylate and lanthanides on OHC motility and nonlinear capacitance were investigated by using isolated guinea-pig OHCs while attempting to avoid inadvertent intracellular pressure change, which itself can affect OHC motility and capacitance. Either extracellularly or intracellularly applied salicylate reduced nonlinear peak capacitance (Cmpk) and shifted the voltage at peak capacitance to depolarized levels. Concentration-response curves for reduction in Cmpk by salicylate and GdCl3 revealed a half-maximal concentration and Hill coefficient of 1.6 mM and 1.0, and 0.6 mM and 1.2, respectively. In comparable groups of OHCs, the normal Cmpk values of which were near 40 pF, average Cmpk decreased to 28 and 36 pF for intracellularly and extracellularly applied salicylate, respectively. Salicylate reduced, but did not completely block, the voltage-induced length change. Extracellularly, but not intracellularly, applied lanthanide blocked voltage-induced movement and capacitance almost completely. After intracellular trypsin treatment, salicylate reduced voltage-dependent capacitance reversibly, suggesting that salicylate directly acts on the sensor/motor and not via effects on intracellular structures, such as the subsurface cisternae. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the dissociated, charged form of salicylate directly interacts with the sensor/motor on the inner aspect of the OHC plasma, whereas lanthanides interact on the outer aspect.
Metabolism of Poly-β-Hydroxybutyrate and Acetoin in Bacillus cereus

Kominek, Leo A. (University of Illinois, Urbana), and H. Orin Halvorson. Metabolism of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoin in Bacillus cereus. J. Bacteriol. 90:1251–1259. 1965.—The synthesis of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) in Bacillus cereus strain T begins after the cessation of logarithmic growth. Its accumulation is preceded by the formation of acetoacetyl coenzyme A reductase, an enzyme used for its biosynthesis. Exogenous acetic acid present in the medium owing to incomplete glucose oxidation serves as the carbon source for polymer formation during the initial stages of its synthesis. Pyruvic acid is converted to acetoin by an enzyme system that is formed during vegetative growth. The formation of this enzyme system is dependent on a low pH in the medium. As the cells enter the sporulating stage, they lose the ability to form acetoin. The acetoin that accumulates is utilized via the 2,3-butanediol cycle which begins to function late in the sporulation stage. This cycle generates acetic acid which is used for PHB synthesis and is also oxidized to carbon dioxide. PHB accumulation reaches a maximum just prior to the formation of spores, and it is degraded during the process of sporulation. The effect of sporulation inhibitors and pH on PHB and acetoin metabolism are discussed.
Antigens of Pasteurella tularensis: Preparative Procedures

Ether-water (EW) extraction of Pasteurella tularensis produced better antigens than five other chemical procedures. EW extracts produced from stationary-phase, liquid-grown, saline suspensions of strain SCHU S4 cells regularly induced agglutinin and precipitin formation in rabbits. Mice, guinea pigs, and monkeys also responded to EW extracts but with lower antibody levels. The use of strains of lower virulence, acetone-dried cells, organisms grown on a solid medium, and abbreviated extraction conditions all resulted in extracts with a diminished antigenicity, but logarithmic-phase and stationary-phase cells yielded equivalent EW extracts. The use of adjuvant, hyperimmunization, and large doses of antigen increased the precipitin responses of rabbits without appreciably altering the agglutinin response. By the appropriate combination of centrifugal fractionation of EW extracts, use of adjuvant, and vaccination schedule, rabbit antisera with either predominantly agglutinating or precipitating activities were obtained.
Distribution of immunoreactive growth hormone releasing factor (1–44)NH2 in the tuberoinfundibular system of the rhesus monkey

Abstract Using an antiserum which reacts with the carboxyl terminus of GRF(1–44)NH 2 , the distribution of immunoreactive growth hormone releasing factor (GRF) in the rhesus monkey hypothalamus was delineated by peroxidase immunocytochemistry. Immunoreactive material was present in dense terminal fields in the median eminence closely associated with portal capillaries but in a location distinct from that noted for immunoreactive thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) or somatostatin. GRF-immunoreactive cell bodies were identified in the arcuate nucleus and ventromedial nucleus. These studies provide evidence for the presence of GRF(1–44)NH 2 in the primate brain and demonstrate that in the hypothalamus it is localized exclusively in cells and fibers corresponding to the tuberoinfundibular system.
A passive end effector change-out mechanism for on-orbit robotic servicing

Abstract This paper presents an end effector change-out mechanism (EECM) which embodies all the features and satisfies all the requirements necessary to perform zero-gravity robotic tool exchanges safely. Analysis of the mechanism has shown the exchange procedure to be sufficiently secure, and the latch mechanisms to have sufficient strength margins, to meet space flight requirements. Laboratory testing of the hardware has verified that the exchange procedure is secure and smooth, and has validated the operator feedback scheme. The final EECM design has proved so simple and easy to integrate that it is believed to have commercial potential.
Θ-correspondences (U(1),U(2)), Part I: unramified case

Abstract We find an explicit decomposition for the oscillator (Weil) representation restricted to either member of the reductive dual pair U 1 , U 2 in Sp ˜ 4 , F where F is a p-adic field with p odd.
Mapping of the focal adhesion kinase (Fadk) gene to mouse Chromosome 15 and human Chromosome 8

Focal adhesion kinase (pp125FAK or FAK) is a cytoplasmic protein-tyrosine kinase stimulated in response to cell interactions with extracellular matrix components and by exposure to a variety of agonists, including neuropeptides. FAK lacks Srchomology SH2 and SH3 domains, is highly conserved across species, and may represent the prototype for a tyrosine kinase family involved in novel signal transduction pathways. We have identified sequence variants in the 3′ untranslated regions of the focal adhesion kinase gene in mice and used a PCR-based oligonucleotide hybridization assay to map the mouse gene (Fadk) to Chromosome (Chr) 15 distal to the myelocytomatosis protooncogene (Myc). The human homolog (PTK2) has been assigned to human Chr 8 on a panel of somatic hybrid cell lines. On the basis of synteny of mouse and human chromosomal maps, the position of the human PTK2 gene probably corresponds to human Chr 8q24-qter.
Positions of Trp Codons in the Leader Peptide-Coding Region of the at Operon Influence Anti-Trap Synthesis and trp Operon Expression in Bacillus licheniformis

Tryptophan, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and several other metabolites are all synthesized from a common precursor, chorismic acid. Since tryptophan is a product of an energetically expensive biosynthetic pathway, bacteria have developed sensing mechanisms to downregulate synthesis of the enzymes of tryptophan formation when synthesis of the amino acid is not needed. In Bacillus subtilis and some other Gram-positive bacteria, trp operon expression is regulated by two proteins, TRAP (the tryptophan-activated RNA binding protein) and AT (the anti-TRAP protein). TRAP is activated by bound tryptophan, and AT synthesis is increased upon accumulation of uncharged tRNA(Trp). Tryptophan-activated TRAP binds to trp operon leader RNA, generating a terminator structure that promotes transcription termination. AT binds to tryptophan-activated TRAP, inhibiting its RNA binding ability. In B. subtilis, AT synthesis is upregulated both transcriptionally and translationally in response to the accumulation of uncharged tRNA(Trp). In this paper, we focus on explaining the differences in organization and regulatory functions of the at operon's leader peptide-coding region, rtpLP, of B. subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis. Our objective was to correlate the greater growth sensitivity of B. licheniformis to tryptophan starvation with the spacing of the three Trp codons in its at operon leader peptide-coding region. Our findings suggest that the Trp codon location in rtpLP of B. licheniformis is designed to allow a mild charged-tRNA(Trp) deficiency to expose the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and start codon for the AT protein, leading to increased AT synthesis.
Highly Sensitive and Selective Gold(I) Recognition by a Metalloregulator in Ralstonia metallidurans

A MerR family metalloregulatory protein CupR selectively responds to gold stress in Ralstonia metallidurans. A distorted trigonal geometry appears to be used by CupR to achieve the highly sensitive (Kd ∼10−35 M) and selective recognition of gold(I).
Four decades of progress in seismic identification help verify the CTBT

How well a Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) can be verified has been debated for many decades. Verification was of major contention in 1999 during the U.S. Senate debate on ratification. Then-governor George Bush claimed in 2000 and again in 2002 as president that the treaty, which the U.S. signed in 1996, is not verifiable. Since 1995, the international CTBT Organization focused on detecting and locating globally many small seismic events. While its staff filters out many obvious earthquakes, the identification of nuclear explosions and problem seismic events is reserved for national CTBT agencies. Since the findings of national authorities typically are classified, it is difficult to ascertain how well seismic events can be identified. Nevertheless, only a tiny fraction of events detected over the past 42 years were singled out in unclassified scientific and governmental documents or the media as problem events whose identification potentially compromises the verifiability of a CTBT.
Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma involving cervical heterotopic gastric mucosa (inlet patch) in a patient with gastric malt lymphoma

Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma involving cervical heterotopic gastric mucosa (inlet patch) in a patient with gastric malt lymphoma
Synthesis of N-Aminopyrazinium Analogs of Cytidine and 2′-Deoxycytidine

Abstract N-Aminopyrazine analogues of cytidine and 2′-deoxycytidine were prepared from 1-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,2-dihydro-2-oxopyrazine and 1-(2-deoxy-β-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,2-dihydro-2-oxopyrazine, respectively, by amination with O-mesitylenesulfonylhydroxylamine.
Institutional constraints on legislative lobbying: The case of Indian casino advocacy in New York☆

Abstract Prevailing theory holds that lobbyists primarily lobby their legislative allies, yet the literatures on advocacy and legislative organization suggest that we should not always expect this to be true. Institution design gives some legislators disproportionately greater power, and jurisdictional requirements often create a contentious environment forcing lobbyists to lobby their ideological opponents. Drawing on these literatures, I revise the basic lobbying model to predict conditions where we might expect to see advocates lobby their foes. I test my hypotheses with data on campaign contributions made in New York on the contentious issue of American Indian gambling casinos. I find that while advocates often lobbied their allies, they were more likely to contribute heavily to legislative leaders regardless of position, and often even contributed to rank-and-file opponents as the environment became more competitive. I also find some evidence that this was different for Indian nations, who may have employed a more naive advocacy strategy than more traditional interest groups.
Sterically Congested Ligands: Synthesis and Solution Conformation of Bisphosphite Ligand Precursors

Abstract The synthesis and characterization of precursors to sterically hindered bisphosphite ligands containing the dibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepin and dibenzo[d,g][1,3,2]dioxaphosphocin ring system is described. The δG # for ring inversion of the dibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepin ring was determined by VT 31P(1H) NMR spectroscopy. The 1H NMR spectra of the dibenzo[d,g][1,3,2]dioxaphosphocin ligands were consistent with the eight-membered ring adopting a boat-chair conformation in solution.
Synthesis and evaluation of a new series of 17α-[123I]iodovinyl estradiols

A series of 17α-substituted estradiols was synthesized in which the stereochemical characteristics of carbons 20 and 21 were modified. It was found that the (Z)-isomer demonstrated more favorable receptor binding affinity than the corresponding (E)-isomer.
Rehearsing the Revolution: Radical Performance, Radical Politics in the English Restoration. By Odai Johnson. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2000; pp. 184. $34.50 cloth.

This superb monograph examines how radical politics found expression in performance in the decade prior to the Glorious Revolution. The years from 1678 to 1688 saw the English monarchy rocked by successive crises, ranging from allegations of secret Catholic plots to murder the king (largely fabricated) to murmurings of dark dealings between Louis XIV and Charles II (largely true). The inability of Charles II to produce a legitimate heir also worried a Protestant citizenry who feared that the line of succession would devolve to James, the Catholic brother of Charles II. Arbitrary rule, strict censorship, excessive taxation, and an atmosphere of Stalinesque surveillance further inflamed the populace. As Johnson wryly notes, the problem with the Restoration was that it restored too much, especially the oppressive political attitudes that caused the Civil War in the first place. Amid this tumult, Johnson situates the patent theatres and street performance. He is certainly not the first scholar to do so, but he is, happily, the first in a long time to combine keen intelligence with common sense. That he tells this compelling story stylishly and with verve gives one all the more reason to read this first-rate study.
Effect of helicity on renormalized eddy viscosity and subgrid scale closure for hydrodynamic turbulence

We apply the difference recursive renormalization-group theory to helical hydrodynamic turbulence with particular attention to the problem of subgrid scale closure. We find that helicity has no effect on the renormalized eddy viscosity and plays no role in the evolution of the resolvable scales.
An investigation of the levels of N-nitrosodimethylamine, apparent total N-nitroso compounds and nitrate in beer.

Over 170 retail samples of beer have been analysed for N‐nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), apparent total N‐nitroso compounds (ATNC) and nitrate. Levels of NDMA ranged from below 0.1 up to 1.2 μg/kg with a mean of 0.2 μg/kg. ATNC was detected in 42% of the samples in concentrations of up to 569 μg(N‐NO)/kg. The levels of nitrate ranged from less than 0.2 up to 143 mg/kg with a mean of 16.8 mg/kg. There was no correlation between the amounts of NDMA and ATNC found in the retail beers. Samples taken during the course of fermentation showed that NDMA was unaffected by the bacterial reduction of nitrate which causes ATNC formation. HPLC studies using a photolysis/chemiluminescence detector revealed that the ATNC in beer are highly polar species of as yet unknown identity.
Psychodynamic theories of opiate addiction: New directions for research☆

Abstract The numerous clinical and research reports on the personality dynamics in opiate addiction present a number of differing and at times contradictory viewpoints. Predominant are formulations that consider opiate addiction as an attempt to deal with intense depression related to feelings of deprivation by seeking a soothing, infantile, symbiotic experience, or as an attempt to seek relief from cruel, harsh, excessively punitive parental standards that create feelings of being unacceptable and worthless, or as a defense against the emergence of profound and overwhelming aggressive impulses that could precipitate an underlying psychotic potential. Clinical and empirical investigations indicate that while there may be a small group of addicts who function at a psychotic or borderline level, most opiate addicts are severely neurotic or character disordered, dealing with intense depression. Clinical experience and research findings indicate that opiate addicts have serious difficulty managing painful, dysphoric affects, especially depression, anxiety and anger. Depression is often considered a central issue for many heroin addicts. Depression in opiate addiction is often discussed as focused around feelings of deprivation, neglect, and a lack of affection and love. But recent evidence suggests that issues of guilt, shame, and profound feelings of self-criticism and worthlessness are paramount. Rather than being able to contain depression and/or anxiety, or finding appropriate ways for expressing their anger, opiate addicts prefer to withdraw from the pain and stress of interpersonal relationships into self-induced grandiose, omnipotent experiences of bliss. Subsequent research is needed to confirm and elaborate these formulations and in particular longitudinal research is needed which will permit the differentiation of whether these personality factors are the cause or the consequence of opiate addiction. Also, while these formulations seem appropriate for opiate addicts as an overall group, evidence suggests that there may be several different subtypes of individuals who are vulnerable to intense involvement with opiate and subsequent research should be directed toward attempting to identify meaningful subtypes among individuals with opiate addiction.
Benzoates as deterrents for small arms propellants

The depth of penetration of a homologous series of benzoic acid esters into a spherical nitrocellulose matrix was studied. It was found that the depth of penetration was related to the shift in infrared hydroxyl stretching frequency when the individual esters were incorporated into cast films of nitrocellulose. Further, these findings are discussed in terms of Taft's σ* values for the individual esters. Conclusions regarding the use of benzoic acid esters as deterrents for small arms propellants were made.
Dynamics of cytoplasmic dynein in living cells and the effect of a mutation in the dynactin complex actin-related protein Arp1

Abstract Cytoplasmic dynein is a minus-end-directed microtubule motor that participates in multiple cellular activities such as organelle transport and mitotic spindle assembly [1]. To study the dynamic behavior of cytoplasmic dynein in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans , we replaced the gene for the cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain, nudA, with a gene encoding a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged chimera, GFP–nudA . The GFP–NUDA fusion protein is fully functional in vivo : strains expressing only the GFP-tagged nudA grow as well as wild-type strains. Fluorescence microscopy showed GFP–NUDA to be in comet-like structures that moved in the hyphae toward the growing tip. Retrograde movement of some GFP–NUDA comets after they arrived at the tip was also observed. These dynamics of GFP–NUDA were not observed in cells treated with a microtubule-destabilizing drug, benomyl, suggesting they are microtubule-dependent. The rate of GFP–NUDA tip-ward movement is similar to the rate of cytoplasmic microtubule polymerization toward the hyphal tip, suggesting that GFP–NUDA is associated and moving with the polymerizing ends of microtubules. A mutation in actin-related protein Arp1 of the dynactin complex abolishes the presence of these dynamic GFP–NUDA structures near the hyphal tip, suggesting a targeting role of the dynactin complex.
Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and prognosis in oral cavity squamous carcinoma: a preliminary study.

Summary Objectives Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in the microenvironment reflect may tumor biology and predict outcome. We previously demonstrated that infiltrates of CD4, CD8, and FoxP3 positive lymphocytes were associated with HPV-status and survival in oropharyngeal cancers. To determine if TILs were of prognostic importance in oral cancer, TIL levels were evaluated retrospectively in 52 oral cancer patients treated with surgery and correlations with outcome determined. Methods Complete TIL and clinical data were available for 39 patients. Levels of CD4, CD8, FoxP3 (Treg), CD68 and NK cells were assessed by immunohistochemistry in tumor cores on a tissue microarray. Associations with clinical variables, tobacco and alcohol use and histologic features were assessed using Spearman correlation coefficient and the non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis testing. Time-to-event outcomes were determined using univariate and multivariate Cox models. Median follow up was 60 months. Results The ratio of CD4/CD8 (p = .01) and CD8 infiltrates (p = .05) were associated with tumor recurrence but not overall survival. Lower CD4 infiltrates were associated with alcohol use (p = .005) and poor tumor differentiation (p = .02). Interestingly, higher levels of CD68+ macrophages were found associated with positive nodes (p = .06) and poorer overall survival (p = .07). Overall and DSS survival were significantly shorter for patients with positive nodes, extracapsular spread, or perineural invasion. Conclusion Infiltrating immune cell levels in oral cavity cancer appear influenced by health behaviors and tumor characteristics. In contrast to oropharynx cancer, infiltrates of CD68 positive tumor associated macrophages may contribute to metastatic behavior and outcome in advanced oral cavity carcinoma.
Determination of charge carriers in superconducting La-Ba-Cu-O by thermoelectric measurements.

Majority-charge carriers in high-${T}_{c}$ superconducting La-Ba-Cu-O are shown to be positive (holelike) carriers as determined by thermoelectric measurements in the temperature range of 300 to 28 K, the superconducting transition temperature.
Polarization modulation Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Polarization modulation Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy can be measured by either double modulation FTIR or interferometric modulation FTIR techniques. The principles of both techniques are presented with examples of representative measurements. The relative advantages and disadvantages of each method are compared.
Inhibition of production of LTB4 and chemotactic agent from rat alveolar macrophages treated with t-butyl hydroperoxide is independent of ATP depletion.

In rat alveolar macrophages treated with 100 μM t-butyl hydroperoxide (tBOOH), leukotriene B4 (LTB4) synthesis was significantly lower than the basal level while levels of cyclooxygenase pathway products were increased. LTB4, 5,6-dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5,6-DiHETEs), and 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) production in macrophages was significantly stimulated by 2 μM A23187, but this was suppressed 40% by simultaneous addition of 10 μM tBOOH and completely abolished by 100 μM tBOOH. Basal and A23187-stimulated macrophage production of chemotactic agents were similarly suppressed by addition of tBOOH; this effect paralleled depression of cellular LTB4 synthesis. In contrast to the significant depression of A23187-stimulated formation of 5-lipoxygenase products by 10 μM tBOOH, cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was unchanged. Macrophages pretreated with KCN led to a 42% decline in ATP levels; however, LTB4, 5,6-DiHETEs, and 5-HETE production in response to A23187 was not suppressed. The results indicate that inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase pathway products in macrophages treated with tBOOH did not occur by depletion of cellular ATP levels.
Key to the Species of Campodea (Campodea) from Eastern North America and Description of a New Species from Virginia (Diplura: Campodeidae)

Twenty-four species of Campodea have been described from North America. The subgenera in the genus are characterized and a key is given for the eight species in the nominate subgenus that occur east of the Mississippi River. A new species, Campodea (sensustricto) hannahae , is described from Virginia and West Virginia where it appears to be widespread and common in the mountainous areas.
PADGEM: an adhesion receptor for leukocytes on stimulated platelets and endothelial cells.

Platelets are anucleate cells that circulate in the blood in a resting form. At the site of tissue injury, platelets undergo a variety of morphological and biochemical modifications. These include a shape change with the formation of pseudopodia (1); the secretion of the content of storage granules, namely the α-granules, the dense granules, and the lysosomes (2); and the expression of new receptors (3) and of procoagulant activity (4) on the cell surface. In vitro, this activation process can be triggered by numerous agonists, such as thrombin, collagen, epinephrine, ADP, and the calcium ionophore A23187 (5). Upon activation, platelets also shed membrane microparticles rich in procoagulant activity (6).Using a monoclonal antibody, KC4, raised against activated platelets that does not bind to unstimulated platelets, we identified a novel protein that is expressed on the surface of platelets only after their activation (7). This protein was designated platelet activation-dependent granule to external membr...
Silica and polymer-tethered Pd-SCS-pincer complexes: evidence for precatalyst decomposition to form soluble catalytic species in Mizoroki-Heck chemistry

Abstract Palladium(II)–SCS-pincer complexes have been covalently immobilized on porous silica and polynorbornene supports and evaluated in the Mizoroki–Heck reaction of iodobenzene and n -butyl acrylate. Kinetic experiments and poisoning studies indicate that the pincer complexes decompose under reaction conditions via rupture of the palladiumligand bonds to liberate active Pd(0) homogeneous species. There is no evidence for catalysis by the intact Pd(II) pincer complex under any conditions evaluated, ruling out a Pd(II)–Pd(IV) catalytic mechanism that has been postulated for palladacycle catalysts under the conditions used here.
Conversion of cellulose materials into nanostructured ceramics by biomineralization

Synthesis of hierarchically ordered silica materials having ordered wood cellular structures has been demonstrated through in-situ mineralization of wood by means of surfactant-directed mineralization in solutions of different pH. At low pH, silicic acid penetrates the buried interfaces of the wood cellular structure without clogging the pores to subsequently “molecularly paint” the interfaces thereby forming a positive replica following calcinations. At high pH, the hydrolyzed silica rapidly condenses to fill the open cells and pits within the structure resulting in a negative replica of the structure. Surfactant-templated mineralization in acid solutions leads to the formation of micelles that hexagonally pack at the wood interfaces preserving structural integrity while integrating hexagonally ordered nanoporosity into the structure of the cell walls following thermal treatment in air. The carbothermal reduction of mineralized wood with silica at high temperature produces biomorphic silicon carbide (SiC) materials, which are typical aggregations of β-SiC nanoparticles. To understand the roles of each component (lignin, crystalline cellulose, amorphous cellulose) comprising the natural biotemplates in the transformation to SiC rods, three different cellulose precursors including unbleached and bleached pulp, and cellulose nanocrystals have been utilized. Lignin in unbleached pulp blocked homogeneous penetration of silica into the pores between cellulose fibers resulting in non-uniform SiC fibers containing thick silica layers. Bleached pulp produced uniform SiC rods with camelback structures (80 nm in diameter; ∼50 μm in length), indicating that more silica infiltrates into the amorphous constituent of cellulose to form chunky rather than straight rod structures. The cellulose nanocrystal (CNXL) material produced clean and uniform SiC nanowires (70 nm in diameter; >100 μm in length) without the camelback structure.
HOMOZYGOUS DELETION OF AMINO ACIDS 487–489 IN P450c17 CAUSES SEVERE 17α-HYDROXYLASE (17-OH) DEFICIENCY

17-OH and 17,20 lyase activities are mediated by cytochrome P450cl7. 17-OH deficiency is rare and only a few cases have been investigated at a molecular genetic level. A 14 y. o. female from rural Thailand was seen by one of us (PM) for fever and muscle weakness for 2 days. Birth and development were unremarkable. Findings included BP 170/120, pre-pubertal breasts, genitalia and axillae and symmetric muscle weakness. Laboratory findings included: Na 149, K 2.1, Cl 100, CO2 30, BUN 6, cortisol 1.0 μg/dl, LH 94 mIU/ml, FSH 99 mIU/L, undetectable aldosterone, testosterone and estraidiol and 46XX karyotype. Ultrasonography showed a prepubertal uterus with normal adrenals and kidneys. A 4-day IM ACTH test showed undetectable 24 h pregnenetriol, 0.9→0.4 mg/24 h pregnenediol, 1.4→3.0 mg/24 h 17KS and 7.6→8.0 mg/24 h 17OHCS. To prove the diagnosis of 17-OH deficiency, the patient's P450cl7 gene was amplified and sequenced by our PCR tactic (Lin et al J Biol Chem 266:15992, 1991). All sequencing was normal except for a 9 bp deletion in exon 8 that deletes the codons for residues 487-489 of P450c17. This deletion creates a BclI site (underlined) in the mutant allele that is absent in the normal, permitting the distinction between homo- and heterozygosity. PCR followed by BelI digestion showed the patient's lesion was homozygous, while the mother and two of three siblings were heterozygous, showing proper Mendelian segregation. This is the first report of this genetic lesion in 17-OH deficiency and the first report of any lesion in a Southeast Asian population.