cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tendon fascicle gliding in wild type, heterozygous, and lubricin knockout mice.

The objective of this study was to investigate the role of lubricin in the lubrication of tendon fascicles. Lubricin, a glycoprotein, lubricates cartilage and tendon surfaces, but the function of lubricin within the tendon fascicle is unclear. We developed a novel method to assess the gliding resistance of a single fascicle in a mouse tail model and used it to test the hypothesis that gliding resistance would be increased in lubricin knockout mice. Thirty-six mouse tails were used from 12 wild type, 12 heterozygous, and 12 lubricin knockout mice. A 15 mm long fascicle segment was pulled proximally after being divided distally. The peak resistance during fascicle pullout and the fascicle perimeter were measured. Lubricin expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The peak gliding resistance in the lubricin knockout mice was significantly higher than in the wild type (p < 0.05). Fascicles from heterozygous mice were intermediate in value, but not significantly different from either wild type or lubricin knockout fascicles in peak gliding resistance. No significant difference was found in fascicle perimeter among the three groups. No correlation was observed between fascicle perimeter and gliding resistance. While lubricin was detected by immunostaining on the fascicle surface in wild type and heterozygous mice, lubricin was not detectable in the tendons of knockout mice. We conclude that the absence of lubricin is associated with increased interfascicular friction and that lubricin may play an important role in interfascicular lubrication. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:384–389, 2011
Single-Molecule Fluorescence Studies of a PH Domain: New Insights into the Membrane Docking Reaction

Proteins containing membrane targeting domains play essential roles in many cellular signaling pathways. However, important features of the membrane-bound state are invisible to bulk methods, thereby hindering mechanistic analysis of membrane targeting reactions. Here we use total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM), combined with single particle tracking, to probe the membrane docking mechanism of a representative pleckstrin homology (PH) domain isolated from the general receptor for phosphoinositides, isoform 1 (GRP1). The findings show three previously undescribed features of GRP1 PH domain docking to membranes containing its rare target lipid, phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate [PI(3,4,5)P3]. First, analysis of surface diffusion kinetics on supported lipid bilayers shows that in the absence of other anionic lipids, the PI(3,4,5)P3-bound protein exhibits the same diffusion constant as a single lipid molecule. Second, the binding of the anionic lipid phosphatidylserine to a previously unidentified secondary binding site slows both diffusion and dissociation kinetics. Third, TIRFM enables direct observation of rare events in which dissociation from the membrane surface is followed by transient diffusion through solution and rapid rebinding to a nearby, membrane-associated target lipid. Overall, this study shows that in vitro single-molecule TIRFM provides a new window into the molecular mechanisms of membrane docking reactions.
4-Acetamido-4,5-dideoxy-l-xylofuranose

4-Acetamido-4,5-dideoxy-l-xylofuranose (IV), a sugar having a ring nitrogen in the five-membered (pyrrolidine type) ring structure, was synthesized. Desulfurization of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3,4-O-isopropylidene-d-glucose diethyl dithioacetal (I) gave 2-acetamido-1,2-dideoxy-3,4-O-isopropylidene-d-glucitol (II). Periodic acid oxidation of II gave 4-acetamido-4,5-dideoxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-l-xylose (III), shown to have the aldehydo structure and characterized as the benzylphenylhydrazone. Hydrolysis of III with aqueous acetic acid removed the O-isopropylidene group, and the product was shown by n.m.r. and infrared spectral data to exist principally in the cyclic furanoid form.
Glacier calving : a numerical model of forces in the calving-speed/water-depth relation

Empirical data suggest that the rate of calving of grounded glaciers terminating in water is directly proportional to the water depth. Important controls on calving may be the extent to which a calving face tends to become oversteepened by differential flow within the ice and the extent to which bending moments promote extrusion and bottom crevassing at the base of a calving face. Numerical modelling suggests that the tendency to become oversteepened increases roughly linearly with water depth. In addition, extending longitudinal deviatoric stresses at the base of a calving face increase with water depth. These processes provide a possible physical explanation for the observed calving-rate/water-depth relation.
Congenital hemangiomas and infantile hemangioma: missing links.

Abstract Rapid postnatal growth and slow involution in childhood characterize the common infantile hemangioma. There are other rare vascular tumors that present fully grown at birth and behave quite differently, as designated by the acronyms: rapidly involuting congenital hemangioma (RICH) and noninvoluting congenital hemangioma (NICH). RICH and NICH have similarities in appearance, location, size, equal sex ratio, and both have overlapping radiologic and histologic features with infantile hemangioma. However, neither type of congenital tumor immunostains for glucose transporter-1 protein, a marker of infantile hemangioma. This raises the question of whether these congenital vascular lesions are variations in a spectrum of hemangioma or are entirely different tumors. We describe two groups of patients that suggest a linkage between postnatal and congenital vascular tumors: Link I (n=5), children who had either RICH or NICH coexisting with infantile hemangioma, and Link II (n=10), children initially diagnosed as having RICH, but regression was incomplete and the residuum was that of NICH. We conclude that these infants exhibit "missing links" between the rare RICH and NICH, and the common infantile hemangioma.
Are baseline prothrombin time/partial thromboplastin time values necessary before instituting anticoagulation?

Study objectives: To determine whether baseline prothrombin time (PT) or partial thromboplastin time (PTT) values provide information that is useful to the clinician before initiating anticoagulation and whether emergency physicians elicit historical information about bleeding disorders before beginning anticoagulant therapy. Design: A three-year retrospective review of the records of 199 patients admitted through the ED with an ICD-9-CM diagnosis of deep-vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolus using a predesigned study sheet that included historical questions, baseline PT and PTT values, treatment given, timing of treatment, and underlying medical problems. Setting: University-affiliated tertiary-care hospital. Measurements and main results: Deep-vein thrombosis was the primary diagnosis in 75% of patients. Pertinent historical items were not documented in 92% to 100% of patients. Baseline PT and PTT values were obtained in 94% of patients. An elevated baseline PT was found in 26 patients, all of whom were taking warfarin. An elevated baseline PTT was found in 21 patients. These results were attributed to laboratory error (one), warfarin use (nine), heparin therapy before baseline tests (five), anticardiolipin antibodies (five, one of whom was on warfarin therapy), and unknown causes (three). Heparin therapy was not altered for any patient. Conclusion: Emergency physicians rarely document pertinent questions about bleeding disorders before initiating anticoagulation therapy. Baseline PT and PTT values are almost routinely obtained despite the fact that they do not alter therapy or serve as sensitive or specific screening tests. Routine baseline PT and PTT values are rarely needed before initiating anticoagulation. Eliminating such routine testing would result in significant cost savings.
Morphological Characterization of Human Vernix: Analysis of Water Content and Comparison to Native Stratum Corneum

Morphological Characterization of Human Vernix: Analysis of Water Content and Comparison to Native Stratum Corneum
Renal responses to acute volume expansion and atrial natriuretic factor in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine whether diuretic and natriuretic effects are altered in response to volume expansion (VE) and atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) in 4-week diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in two groups of male Sprague Dawley rats using streptozotocin (STZ), while a control group of rats was treated with vehicle alone, four weeks prior to the experiment. One group of diabetic rats was treated daily with insulin for the four weeks prior to the experiment. Before, during and after VE (1.2 ml/min for 15 min), urine flow and sodium excretion were measured from innervated and denervated kidneys in the three groups of anesthetized rats. Then the renal response to infusion of ANF (0.25 μg/kg/min for 15 min) were observed in these rats. During VE, urine flow and sodium excretion from innervated kidneys, but not from denervated kidneys, were significantly lower in diabetic rats than those in control rats. Urine flow and sodium excretion from innervated as well as denervated kidneys of the diabetic rats failed to increase compared to the control rats in response to ANF. Correcting the diabetic condition with insulin (third group) rectified the blood glucose levels and the blunted responses to either VE or ANF. At the initial level, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was not significantly different among the three groups. During VE and ANF infusion, changes in GFR was not parallel to changes in excretory parameters, therefore the hemodynamic change may not be the main reason for the blunted renal responses in diabetic rats. This study demonstrates that: (1) the volume reflex is blunted in the 4-week diabetic rats, which is in part due to the presence of tonic renal nerve activity, (2) renal responses to ANF are blunted in the 4-week diabetic rats, and (3) insulin treatment in diabetic rats normalizes the altered renal responses to either acute volume expansion or ANF.
Successful engraftment after primary graft failure in aplastic anemia using G-CSF mobilized peripheral stem cell transfusions.

Successful engraftment after primary graft failure in aplastic anemia using G-CSF mobilized peripheral stem cell transfusions
Isotopic Analysis of Uranium Using Glow Discharge Optogalvanic Spectroscopy and Diode Lasers

A hollow cathode glow discharge has been coupled with tunable lasers for isotopically selective excitation of gaseous uranium atoms produced by cathodic sputtering. A CW argon ion laser-pumped titanium:sapphire ring laser and a semiconductor diode laser were employed. Optogalvanic detection of the discharge atom population allowed identification of [sup 235]U at depleted, natural, and enriched abundances in uranium metal and uranium oxide samples based on the spectral signatures of two transitions. Isotope ratio measurements were precise from run to run (internal precision) to better than +1% relative standard deviation at 1[sigma]; external precision (sample to sample) was on the order of [+-]3% relative standard deviation at 1[sigma]. As in mass spectrometry, the most accurate analysis will be obtained when a bias correction is employed to correct for day to day variations in the laser and discharge conditions. 24 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.
Prevention of Radiation Enteritis in Children, Using a Pelvic Mesh Sling

Abstract Between 1986 and 1991, the authors used polyglycolic acid mesh slings (placed at or above the sacral promontoryl) in eight children with pelvic malignancies to exclude all small bowel from the pelvis during pelvic radiation therapy. The only complications of this treatment were prolonged postoperative ileus (one patient) and temporary, partial small bowel obstruction (one patient). The average amount of radiation administered to the pelvis postoperatively was 5,349 ± 556 cGy. In one of the eight patients, gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhea for 24 hours) developed during radiation therapy. Early radiological evaluation confirmed that the small bowel was out of the pelvis in all five of the patients studied. Mesh disruption occurred between 2 and 5 months postoperatively (mean, 3.4 ± 1.5 months) and was often identified symptom-atically by the patient. Seven of the eight survived, with disease remission in six. Pelvic disease was absent at the time of death in the one patient who did not survive. Throughout the follow-up period (mean, 20 months) no survivor has had delayed symptoms of radiation enteritis. In children with pelvic malignancies in whom aggressive application of pelvic irradiation is required, the use of an absorbable pelvic mesh sling appears efficacious in preventing radiation-associated enteritis.
A comparison of pulse oximetry and respiratory rate in patient screening

Abstract Objective : To examine how well respiratory rate correlates with arterial oxygen saturation status as measured by pulse oximetry, and determine whether respiratory rate measurements detect oxygen desaturation reliably. Methods : Respiratory rate (RR) and oxygen saturation ( S aO 2 ) were measured prospectively on 12 096 consecutive adult emergency department triage patients at a university medical center. Respiratory rate was measured by counting ausculated breath sounds for 1 min. Pulse oximetry was used to measure S aO 2 . Measurements were analysed by age (with one group for 18–19 year olds, groups for every 10 yr from age 20 to age 60, and groups for every 5 yr for subsequent ages). Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated for each age group as well as the weighted average coefficient. Cases having oxygen saturation below 90% were examined to determine how frequently they exhibited increased RR (increased RRs were defined as any rate in the upper five percentile by age. Results : Correlation coefficients ranged from 0·379 to −0·465 with a weighted mean of −0·160. Coefficients for ages 18 through 70 years (representing 10 740 patients) all had magnitude Conclusions : Respiratory rate measurements correlate poorly with oxygen saturation measurements and do not screen reliably for desaturation. Patients with low S aO 2 do not usually exhibit increased RR. Similarly, increased RR is unlikely to reflect desaturation.
Two-photon geometric optical imaging and quantum cryptoFAX

A nonlocal two-photon quantum effect which surprisingly shows some features analogous to geometrical imaging optics is observed. The remote transfer of two-dimensional analog information with a high degree of security (quantum 'cryptoFAX') is demonstrated.
Identification of bacteriochlorophylls in lakes via reverse-phase HPLC

Reverse-phase HPLC has been used successfully to quantify phytoplankton pigments in lakes and oceans. Here we extend the technique to photosynthetic bacterioplankton and demonstrate the identification of five bacteriochlorophylls (BChl a, b, c, d, e) extracted from pure cultures with 90% acetone. The technique was then applied to natural plankton samples from two oligotrophic-mesotrophic lakes in northern Wisconsin. In both lakes, previously undetected layers of phototrophic bacteria were identified based on their pigment compositions. In one of the lakes, the bacterial layer previously had been misidentified as a deep zone of abundant pheopigment. These observations re-emphasize concerns that traditional protocols (i.e. measuring the absorbance of mixed acetone extracts at 665 nm before and after acidification) have serious limitations in natural systems and can lead to misinterpretations of planktonic distributions and processes. The potential importance of phototrophic bacteria in dimictic temperate lakes is demonstrated. Without significantly modifying standard reverse-phase HPLC protocols, unamibiguous determinations of eucaryotic and procaryotic chlorophylls and degradation products can be made simultaneously.
The 7S protein from Brazil nut.

The 7S (6.2S) protein of Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) was isolated by ammonium sulfate solubilization from a high molecular weight fraction which contained primarily the major 11S (10.5S) nut globulin excelsin. Electrophoretic characterization of the protein showed that, in addition to sedimenting more slowly, it differed from excelsin in size, being smaller, and in subunit composition.
Information system organizational resilience

The literature on individual and organizational resilience is reviewed. A theoretical model is developed to address the lack of specific research and theory concerning stress and resilience in the information system field as specified by Thong and Yap (Omega 28 (2000) 681). Specifically, in order to understand organizational resilience in the information system field, the proposed model integrates approaches that specify both individual and organizational levels of response. Organizational structures and processes and extra-organizational factors illustrate potential sources of protection and vulnerabilities to stress on the organizational level. On the individual level proximal chronic stressors of situational demands, constraints, and deficient resources are coupled with individual differences such as dispositions, personality, values, and skills that an individual may call upon during exposure to a stressful event. After the model is elaborated, brief research findings are offered as initial support for the model on the individual level. Implications of the framework for information system practice and future research are discussed.
Spatial Variation in Environment and Physiological Strategies for Forb Distribution on Coastal Dunes

Abstract Our objective was to characterize a barrier island dune chronosequence to determine the relationships between spatial distribution and specific physiological strategies for forb survival in a high stress environment. Specifically, we hypothesized that (1) forbs on dune crests, where water is less available, would exhibit higher water-use efficiency (WUE) with higher δ13C compared with the front and back of each dune, (2) forbs on the primary dune where soil N is lowest would exhibit higher N use efficiency (NUE) with lower C∶N ratio compared with forbs on secondary and tertiary dunes, and (3) the taprooted annual, Conyza sp., would have a lower WUE and NUE compared with two shallow-rooted biennials. For each species, we determined leaf C∶N, %N, δ13C, relative water content, and total chlorides. Environmental characteristics quantified on each dune included depth to water table and soil chlorides, organic matter, and pH. No significant differences were found for δ13C across dune positions or C∶N v...
STUDIES IN EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS IV. THE SURVIVAL OF TREPONEMA PALLIDUM IN THE INTERNAL ORGANS OF TREATED AND UNTREATED RABBITS.

Simultaneous transfers to the testes of normal rabbits of circulating blood, heart muscle, liver, brain, spleen and bone marrow (mixed), inoculated testicle, and popliteal lymph nodes from a series of untreated syphilitic rabbits, demonstrated the persistence of the original infection unifomnly in the lymph nodes and less regularly in the liver, mixed spleen and bone marrow, and testis originally inoculated. In one instance the circulating blood was found to be infectious. Transfer of similar tissues from syphilitic rabbits treated with arsphenamine late in the course of the disease failed to disclose syphilitic infection of any of these tissues. In one animal, in which keratitis developed both before and after treatment, the blood, internal organs, and lymph nodes were found to be non-infectious in spite of the fact that the cornea was shown to be the site of a syphilitic inflammation. Transfer of lymph nodes or internal organs of treated syphilitic rabbits is probably the best method of evaluating an antisyphilitic agent, but it must be supplemented by careful observation of treated animals over an appreciable interval of time following treatment. The results of this study support the idea that failure to reinoculate a treated syphilitic animal does not necessarily mean the existence of the first infection but might beinterpreted as indicating the presence of an acquired resistance which persists in rabbits in which no trace of the first infection can be demonstrated.
Host‐Size Selection by Parasitic Sea Lampreys

Abstract When 171 sea lampreys Petromyzon marinus were each offered a onetime choice of one large and two small lake trout Salvelinus namaycush, the ratio of their attacks (49.1%:27.5%: 23.4%) was similar to the ratio of host surface areas (51.4%:26.3%:22.3%) in laboratory tests conducted over 9 months in 1988–1989. When the smallest offered host was 560 mm total length (TL) or shorter, sea lampreys attacked the smallest host less often and the largest host more often than expected (N = 39) under assumptions that attacks would be either equal among the hosts (numbers-dependent hypothesis) or proportional to the hosts' surface areas (area-dependent hypothesis). When the smallest host was 615 mm TL or longer, observed attacks (N = 132) did not differ significantly from the number of attacks expected by either the numbers-dependent or the area-dependent hypothesis; however, the largest lake trout was almost always attacked more often than either of the smaller fish. These results are similar to field observa...
Lack of inhibition of ultraviolet radiation-induced ornithine decarboxylase activity by retinoic acid.

— Normally present at low levels, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity is induced to higher levels in animal skin by such disparate agents as tumor promoter 12–0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), UV radiation, and hair plucking. Retinoids are known to inhibit induction by TPA. Repeated applications of retinoic acid (RA) in acetone have also been reported to inhibit UV-induced ODC in hairless mice. As a preliminary study, it was of interest to know whether RA in a cream vehicle would have the same effect. Groups of Skh-hairless-1 albino mice were irradiated once with Westinghouse FS-20 lamps (0.045 Joules/cm/). Immediately post-irradiation, RA was applied to the dorsum in different concentrations (0.001%, 0.002%, 0.02%), vehicles (cream and acetone) and on various time schedules (1–5 times). Sacrifice was by cervical dislocation 24 h later. Epidermis was obtained by mild heat separation and two epidermal sheets were pooled for each extract. In all experiments, the 70-fold increase in UV-induced ODC activity was further increased by retinoic acid by a factor ∼ 1.6. Since ODC levels are usually elevated in proliferating systems, the results are in concordance with the fact that both UV radiation and RA induce epidermal hyperplasia.
Screening of foods containing proanthocyanidins and their structural characterization using LC-MS/MS and thiolytic degradation.

A normal-phase HPLC-MS/MS method was applied to screen for proanthocyanidins in 88 different kinds of foods. Thirty-nine foods were found to contain proanthocyanidins. These foods include 19 kinds of fruits, eight cereals/beans, seven nuts, two beverages, two spices, and one vegetable. Twenty-five kinds of foods were found to contain both oligomeric (DP 10), and the other 14 foods contained only oligomers. Procyanidins with B-type linkages were detected as the only components in 21 foods and also as principal components in the others. Propelargonidins were identified in pinto bean, raspberry, strawberry, and almond, etc. Plum, avocado, peanut, curry, and cinnamon were identified as potential sources of A-type proanthocyanidins in addition to cranberry. Thiolytic degradation and MS/MS analyses indicated that the A-type linkages are present as a terminal unit in plum or between the extension units in curry, cinnamon, and avocado, whereas A-type linkages exist at both positions in cranberry and peanut.
Moving beyond security tracks: integrating security in cs0 and cs1

In response to the national computer security crisis, colleges and universities have developed security tracks and specialized security courses. While security tracks are effective at producing security experts, they only reach a small subset of students and occur after students have established a foundation of coding techniques. Most undergraduate computing students learn programming and design with little regard to security issues.To complement our security track and reach all computing students at the beginning of their studies, we piloted security integration across sections of CS0 and CS1, using a series of security laboratory modules. Preliminary results show increased security knowledge in the security-targeted sections. This paper describes the details and results of this pilot, which serves as a model for further integration throughout the CS curriculum.
Writing through Bureaucracy: Migrant Correspondence and Managed Mobility.

Contemporary international migration produces a great deal of bureaucratic writing activity. This article reports on a study of one bureaucratic literacy practice—correspondence—of 25 international migrants in the United States. Contextual and practice-based analysis of data collected through literacy history interviews shows that (a) by virtue of living transnational lives, migrant writers develop correspondence practices that seem vernacular, but in fact take on the hegemonic qualities of modern bureaucracy, and (b) when composing everyday correspondence, migrant writers, rather than being subject to bureaucracy’s whims, take up bureaucratic roles that allow them to manage their own and others’ economic and geographic mobility. These findings complicate claims that migrant correspondence simply maintains relationships or fosters cultural cohesion. Migrant writers, while often corresponding to keep in touch with family and friends elsewhere, also adopt the practices of bureaucracy, becoming participants ...
THE EFFECTS of GAS INJECTION ON the EFFICIENCY of THERMAL ENERGY UTILIZATION IN SPRAY DRYING1

Factorial experimental designs were used to study the effects of gas injection on the efficiency of thermal energy utilization in evaporation by spray drying. Both the main effect and the interactions of this variable with feed pressure, feed concentration, nozzle size, and drying temperature were investigated. the use of gas injection led to a decrease in the thermal energy required for evaporation. the magnitude of this effect was larger at the lower levels of feed pressure, feed concentration, and drying temperature. However, this does not imply that spray drying is more energy efficient than such alternative modes of water removal as multi-effect evaporation and reverse osmosis.
ImagePlus as a model for application solution development

An early effort by IBM to use system integration services to assist in solving complex problems for commercial customers involved developing an image system for USAA, a large financial services association. USAA had well-defined and stringent requirements for a policy services application that required enhancements to existing products to provide the necessary function and performance. Key problems solved included managing a storage hierarchy to handle image size objects, the use of optical storage as a low-cost storage medium, and the capability to compress and decompress images rapidly at a workstation to allow high-speed paging through documents. Additionally, the registering and indexing of documents and management of work flow and recovery issues were undertaken. The effort was a good example of the new role of application solution development in that the solution was developed in conjunction with a specific customer, but has developed into a product. The particular solution described in this paper became IBM's ImagePlus™ MVS/ ESA™ product. Although the specific technical issues were different, the same methodology was used to develop ImagePlus for the System/36 and Application System/400®.
Use of laboratory mice to study genetic relationships among milk yield and number of somatic cells.

Preliminary results of bidirectional selection for increased and decreased somatic cell counts in milk of laboratory mice were used to assess the usefulness of the laboratory mouse as a pilot organism for the study of yield and somatic cell count relationships in dairy cattle. Procedures developed permit relatively rapid and accurate determination of somatic cell counts in milk of mice. Concentration of somatic cells was three to four times greater in mice than in dairy cows, but counts were distributed similarly. A large effect for stage of lactation existed with high counts in late lactation. Within lactation, repeatability of somatic cell counts and relationships between somatic cell counts and milk yield were similar to those reported for dairy cattle. Heritability of lactation average somatic cell count (3 sample d, log base 2, adjusted for stage of lactation) was .24, indicating lines genetically divergent for somatic cell count can be developed.
Computer-aided reporting of the results of neuropsychological evaluations of traumatic brain injury

Abstract The TBI Report Assistant is designed to perform the types of routine tasks that computers do well, while freeing the skilled psychologist to concentrate on tasks best done by knowledgeable humans. The Assistant is intended for reporting the results of neuropsychological evaluation of traumatic brain injury patients using a standard battery. The program encourages the inclusion of additional information by writing to a disk file suitable for editing with a word processor, rather than directly to the printer. The resulting file contains prompts for summary and interpretive statements by the psychologist.
Theoretical study of the X2Π and A2Σ+ states of CUO and CUS

Abstract Theoretical spectroscopic constants ( r e w e , D e ,) and dipole moments (μ, δμ/δ r ) are determined for the X 2 Π an states of CuO and CuS, using extended Gaussian basis sets and incorporating correlation using both configuration interaction (CI) and coupled pair (CPF) methods. Relativistic corrections (Darwin plus mass velocity), included using first-order perturbation theory, are found to be relatively small. At the CPF level, significant configuration mixing with the 3d 9 4s 1 occupation occurs for both states, resulting in some bond shortening and a significant increase in the dissociation energy. Our best spectroscopic parameters are in excellent agreement with experiment for both CuO and CuS. In analogy with CuO, CuS is predicted to have a yet unobserved 2 Σ + state near 10000 cm −1 .
Water growth on metals and oxides: Binding, dissociation and role of hydroxyl groups

We discuss the role of the presence of dangling H-bonds from water or from surface hydroxyl species on the wetting behavior of surfaces. Using scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopies and photoelectron spectroscopy, we have examined a variety of surfaces, including mica, oxides and pure metals. We find that in all cases, the availability of free, dangling H-bonds at the surface is crucial for the subsequent growth of wetting water films. In the case of mica, electrostatic forces and H-bonding to surface O atoms determine the water orientation in the first layer and also in subsequent layers with a strong influence in its wetting characteristics. In the case of oxides like TiO2, Cu2O, SiO2 and Al2O3, surface hydroxyls form readily on defects upon exposure to water vapor and help nucleate the subsequent growth of molecular water films. On pure metals, such as Pt, Pd and Ru, the structure of the first water layer and whether or not it exhibits dangling H-bonds is again crucial. Dangling H-bonds are provided by molecules with their plane oriented vertically, or by OH groups formed by the partial dissociation of water. By tying the two H atoms of the water molecules into strong H-bonds with pre-adsorbed O on Ru can also quench the wettability of the surface.
The advanced thermionic converter with microwave power as an auxiliary ionization source

In the search for auxiliary sources of ionization for the advanced thermionic converter plasma, as required for terrestial applications, the use of externally applied microwave power is considered. The present work is part of the advanced model thermionic converter development research currently performed at the laboratory for Power and Environmental Studies at SUNY Buffalo. Microwave power in the frequency range 1-3 GHz is used to externally pump a thermionic converter and the results are compared to the theoretical model proposed by Lam (1976) in describing the thermionic converter plasma. The electron temperature of the plasma is found to be raised considerably by effective microwave heating which results in the disappearance of the double sheath ordinarily erected in front of the emitter. The experimental data agree satisfactorily with theory in the low current region.
A programmable analog VLSI neural network processor for communication receivers

An analog VLSI neural network processor was designed and fabricated for communication receiver applications. It does not require prior estimation of the channel characteristics. A powerful channel equalizer was implemented with this processor chip configured as a four-layered perceptron network. The compact synapse cell is realized with an enhanced wide-range Gilbert multiplier circuit. The output neuron consists of a linear current-to-voltage converter and a sigmoid function generator with a controllable voltage gain. Network training is performed by the modified Kalman neuro-filtering algorithm to speed up the convergence process for intersymbol interference and white Gaussian noise communication channels. The learning process is done in the companion DSP board which also keeps the synapse weight for later use of the chip. The VLSI neural network processor chip occupies a silicon area of 4.6 mm*6.8 mm and was fabricated in a 2- mu m double-polysilicon CMOS technology. System analysis and experimental results are presented. >
Inhibition of Broad Bean Lipoxygenase

The enzyme lipoxygenase (E.C.1.13.1.13) was extracted from broad bean (Vicia faba) and purified 50-fold. The enzyme reaction was inhibited by phenolic antioxidants, the broad bean coat itself, sulfhydryl compounds, sulfhydryl reagents, and by metal binding agents. The inhibition by metal binding agents could be reversed by the addition of Ca++ and Mn++. Dialysis against 1 × 10−3M cyanide for 24 hr resulted in a complete loss of activity which could be regained by the addition of calcium. The enzyme was completely denaturated by heating at 75°C for 10 sec. A 2-min blanch of the fresh broad beans in boiling water or steam completely inactivated the enzyme.
Rescue in vivo in adult mice of murine sarcoma virus (msv) from a nonproducer rat neoplasm.

SummaryInfectious MSV was rescued from “nonproducer” MSB-1 rat neoplastic cells in MLV-infected 7-week-old BALB/c strain mice. BALB/c mice were first made immunologically deficient by thymectomy at 3 days of age.
Feedback limitation of photosynthesis at high CO2 acts by modulating the activity of the chloroplast ATP synthase.

It was previously shown that photosynthetic electron transfer is controlled under low CO2 via regulation of the chloroplast ATP synthase. In the current work, we studied the regulation of photosynthesis under feedback limiting conditions, where photosynthesis is limited by the capacity to utilise triose-phosphate for synthesis of end products (starch or sucrose), in a starch-deficient mutant of Nicotiana sylvestris Speg. & Comes. At high CO2, we observed feedback control that was progressively reversed by increasing O2 levels from 2 to 40%. The activity of the ATP synthase, probed in vivo by the dark-interval relaxation kinetics of the electrochromic shift, was proportional to the O2-induced increases in O2 evolution from PSII (JO2), as well as the sum of Rubisco oxygenation (vo) and carboxylation (vc) rates. The altered ATP synthase activity led to changes in the light-driven proton motive force, resulting in regulation of the rate of plastoquinol oxidation at the cytochrome b6f complex, quantitatively accounting for the observed control of photosynthetic electron transfer. The ATP content of the cell decreases under feedback limitation, suggesting that the ATP synthesis was downregulated to a larger extent than ATP consumption. This likely resulted in slowing of ribulose bisphosphate regeneration and JO2). Overall, our results indicate that, just as at low CO2, feedback limitations control the light reactions of photosynthesis via regulation of the ATP synthase, and can be reconciled with regulation via stromal Pi, or an unknown allosteric affector.
Measurement of mode III fracture energy of concrete

Abstract The test specimens are cylinders with a circumferential notch, loaded in torsion. Maximum loads of geometrically similar specimens of sizes 1 : 2 : 4 are measured and Baǎnt's size effect method is used to determine from them the value of fracture energy for Mode III (antiplane shear). This value is found to be about three times larger than the Mode I fracture energy and about nine times smaller than the Mode II fracture energy measured before. These differences appear to be explicable by inclined tensile microcracks in the fracture process zone and a dependence of the fracture energy on the confining normal force across the fracture process zone.
Lateral Coordination Mechanisms and the Moderating Role of Arrangement Characteristics in Information Systems Development Outsourcing

Although increased information systems IS development outsourcing is the trend, many of these arrangements fail to meet client expectations. We take a coordination perspective and adopt an information processing lens used by prior organization theorists to conceptualize sets of formal structural and informal nonstructural mechanisms, and predict their positive impacts on the strategic IT benefits achieved by the client. Utilizing a strategic alliance lens, we also predict that two characteristics of the client-vendor arrangement will moderate the impacts of both sets of coordination mechanisms. We test our hypotheses using hierarchical regression techniques on field survey data collected from 141 IS managers in client firms, responsible for IS development outsourcing arrangements. We found that the implementation of both structural and informal mechanisms positively impact the client's strategic IT benefits. In arrangements with greater resource provisioning by the vendor, the positive impacts of informal governance mechanisms are strengthened. In arrangements with higher values similarity, the positive impacts of structural governance mechanisms are strengthened, but the positive impacts of informal mechanisms are weakened. A post-hoc analysis of a mediation model reveals that values similarity also has a positive relationship to both structural and informal governance mechanisms. This study therefore provides empirical support for the validity of an information processing lens to theorize lateral mechanism solutions to the coordination challenges of IS development outsourcing. Implications for research and practice are discussed, including the need for future research to better understand how client managers evolve sets of formal and informal mechanisms over the life of an outsourcing arrangement to achieve strategic objectives for their IT organization.
Effect of an interviewer's tactile contact on willingness to disclose voting choice

The positive effect of tactile contact on compliance has been widely reported in the literature. However, the effect of touch on willingness to disclose confidential information has never been studied. Two days after European Parliamentary elections, people who were walking by in the street were asked by an interviewer who was unknown to them, to reveal for which candidate they had voted. According to a random distribution, some of the people who were questioned were slightly touched on the forearm by the interviewer during the formulation of the request but the rest of the participants were not touched. Results showed that, compared with the participants who were not touched, those who were touched were more likely to be willing to disclose their voting preference (88.6% of the touched group vs. 63.3% of the no-touch group), suggesting that touch is a facilitator of self-revelation.
Evolution of structure and chemistry of bimetallic nanoparticle catalysts under reaction conditions.

Three series of bimetallic nanoparticle catalysts (RhxPd1−x, RhxPt1−x, and PdxPt1−x, x = 0.2, 0.5, 0.8) were synthesized using one-step colloidal chemistry. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) depth profiles using different X-ray energies and scanning transmission electron microscopy showed that the as-synthesized RhxPd1−x and PdxPt1−x nanoparticles have a core−shell structure whereas the RhxPt1−x alloys are more homogeneous in structure. The evolution of their structures and chemistry under oxidizing and reducing conditions was studied with ambient-pressure XPS (AP-XPS) in the Torr pressure range. The RhxPd1−x and RhxPt1−x nanoparticles undergo reversible changes of surface composition and chemical state when the reactant gases change from oxidizing (NO or O2 at 300 °C) to reducing (H2 or CO at 300 °C) or catalytic (mixture of NO and CO at 300 °C). In contrast, no significant change in the distribution of the Pd and Pt atoms in the PdxPt1−x nanoparticles was observed. The difference in restructuring b...
The Highest and Best Use? Urban Industrial Land and Job Creation

Policy makers seeking to rezone urban industrial land often cite the need to attract or retain non-industrial or high-tech businesses that would otherwise locate in outlying areas or other regions. Yet industrial land may still play an important role in the 21st-century economy. This article describes how industrially-zoned land shapes the dynamics of business relocation and expansion in four San Francisco Bay Area cities. The analysis combines two unique data sets (the National Establishment Time Series and historic zoning maps) and uses multivariate analysis to examine the role of zoning in firm expansion, controlling for firm characteristics, industry, building characteristics, and location. Firm size plays the most important role, but the availability of industrially-zoned land and large buildings also helps firms to expand. The article concludes by outlining land use and economic development strategies that help cities target firms creating jobs on industrial land.
Assessing the Assessments: The OPI and the SOPI.

ABSTRACT This paper is an overall examination of the two forms of oral proficiency testing currently in use in most language teaching programs across the country, namely, the Oral Proficiency Interview (OPI) and the Simulated Oral Proficiency Interview (SOPI). The authors, who have extensive experience in conducting the OPI and in training SOPI raters, have attempted to provide readers with an objective assessment of these two oral language tests by comparatively examining the test administration, response elicitation, and rating procedures. At the same time, the paper also provides a concise but general overview of the two test instruments regarding their theoretical underpinnings, administrative support from their test developers, and the test structures and contents. While recognizing that the two tests under discussion are both proven to be valid and reliable oral proficiency measurements, the authors have examined the characteristics that distinguish them as two different tests suitable for different purposes in different situations. Teachers are encouraged to initially identify the specific testing needs of their own institutions, and then align the features of the two oral tests with their institutional requirements before making a decision on a particular form of the test.
Distribution Patterns of Sciurus niger (Eastern Fox Squirrel) Leaf Nests Within Woodlots Across a Suburban/Urban Landscape

To determine habitat characteristics that infl uence Sciurus niger (Eastern Fox Squirrel) abundance and distribution within a suburban/urban landscape in the midwestern United States, I documented the density and placement of fox squirrel leaf nests in 20 woodlots in the Indianapolis metropolitan area, Marion County, IN. The woodlots varied in size (0.94 to 19.5 ha), approximate age, shape, and degree of isolation from other woodlots and suitable squirrel habitat in the surrounding area. Only 8.0% of nests were located in a tree with another nest, and nests were randomly distributed in all but one woodlot, where they were uniformly dispersed. Nest density was not signifi cantly related to woodlot size, approximate age, shape, or degree of isolation. Fox squirrel leaf nests were not found in greater densities along the edge of each woodlot, contrary to previous reports. My results suggest that the distribu- tion patterns of fox squirrels within suburban/urban landscapes are similar to patterns within landscapes fragmented by agriculture.
LXR-Induced Redistribution of ABCG1 to Plasma Membrane in Macrophages Enhances Cholesterol Mass Efflux to HDL

Objectives— This study examines the ABCG1-mediated cholesterol efflux and intracellular cholesterol transport by studying the ABCG1 localization and function in macrophages. Methods and Results— HEK 293 cell overexpressing ABCG1, RNA interference, or macrophages from ABCG1 or ABCG4 knockout mice were used. ABCG1 but not ABCG4 had a major role in the increased cholesterol mass efflux produced by treatment of macrophages with LXR activators. In 293 cells, ABCG1 was found in the plasma membrane, Golgi, and recycling endosomes. In contrast, in basal macrophages, ABCG1 was predominantly intracellular, and redistributed to the plasma membrane after LXR activation. LXR activation increased macrophage cholesterol efflux to high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and cyclodextrin in an ABCG1-dependent fashion. Suppression of ABCG1 expression increased cholesteryl ester formation and decreased SREBP2 target gene expression in macrophages, even in the absence of HDL acceptors. Conclusions— LXR activation induces redistribution of ABCG1 from intracellular sites to the plasma membrane and increases cholesterol mass efflux to HDL in an ABCG1-dependent fashion. ABCG1 acts in the macrophage plasma membrane to increase the availability of cholesterol to a variety of lipoprotein and nonlipoprotein acceptors while limiting the accumulation of cholesterol in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Signaling through Toll-Like Receptors Induces Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68 Reactivation In Vivo

Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) establishes a lifelong infection in mice and is used as a model pathogen to study the role of viral and host factors in chronic infection. The maintenance of chronic MHV68 infection, at least in some latency reservoirs, appears to be dependent on the capacity of the virus to reactivate from latency in vivo. However, the signals that lead to MHV68 reactivation in vivo are not well characterized. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), by recognizing the specific patterns of microbial components, play an essential role in the activation of innate immunity. In the present study, we investigated the capacity of TLR ligands to induce MHV68 reactivation, both in vitro and in vivo. The stimulation of latently infected B cell lines with ligands for TLRs 3, 4, 5, and 9 enhanced MHV68 reactivation; the ex vivo stimulation of latently infected primary splenocytes, recovered from infected mice, with poly(I:C), lipopolysaccharide, flagellin, or CpG DNA led to early B-cell activation, B-cell proliferation, and a significant increase in the frequency of latently infected cells reactivating the virus. In vivo TLR stimulation also induced B-cell activation and MHV68 reactivation, resulting in heightened levels of virus replication in the lungs which correlated with an increase in MHV68-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses. Importantly, TLR stimulation also led to an increase in MHV68 latency, as evidenced by an increase in viral genome-positive cells 2 weeks post-in vivo stimulation by specific TLR ligands. Thus, these data demonstrate that TLR stimulation can drive MHV68 reactivation from latency and suggests that periodic pathogen exposure may contribute to the homeostatic maintenance of chronic gammaherpesvirus infection through stimulating virus reactivation and reseeding latency reservoirs.