cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A 3d model of Complex A, La Venta, Mexico

Abstract La Venta was a large regional center located near the Gulf coast in Tabasco, Mexico. From ca. 800–400 BC it was the major Olmec capital in Mesoamerica. Despite its significance La Venta has received little archeological attention. The clay structures of its ritual precinct, Complex A, excavated in the 1940s–50s, were subsequently destroyed. Unfortunately, the published reports on those excavations are inadequate, with misleading archeological drawings. In order to obtain a more precise and comprehensive understanding of La Venta the original excavation records were consulted, and field drawings and maps were digitized to create more accurate 2d images as well as a 3d model of Complex A. This article summarizes the process of digitizing the archival records and the interpretive benefits from utilizing 3d visualizations of the site. Recounting the process may inform similar projects dependent on archival records when field mapping or excavation are no longer possible.
Likelihood of Using Food Stamps during the Adulthood Years

Abstract Objective The Food Stamp Program represents the cornerstone of the federal nutrition assistance safety net. This article estimates the likelihood that Americans will use such food assistance at some point during their adulthood. The probability and duration of food stamp use are estimated for the population as a whole and for differences in race, education, and gender. Based on these food stamp percentages, a lower boundary is also estimated with regard to the life course risk of food insecurity. Design, Setting, and Analysis Thirty waves (1968 to 1997) of the nationally representative Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) data set were merged for analysis. Food stamp use is defined as an individual being in a household that has used the Food Stamp Program at some point during the year. Approximately 260 000 person-years of information on food stamp use are analyzed using both life table techniques and logit modeling. Results Between the ages of 20 and 65, slightly over half (50.8%) of all Americans will, at some point, receive food stamps. Use of the program takes place over relatively short periods of time but typically recurs at several points in the life course. Race and education exert a profound influence on the odds of program participation. Based on the life course patterns of food stamp use, it is estimated that at least 42% of the American population will experience food insecurity at some point between the ages of 20 and 65. Conclusions and Implications The overall life course patterns reveal a substantial need and use of food stamps within the US population. These results also suggest a significant risk of food insecurity across the life course. The implications for nutritionists are discussed.
Highly Crosslinked Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene in Total Hip Arthroplasty: No Further Concerns-Affirms

Concerns regarding wear and subsequent osteolysis with the use of ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) in total hip arthroplasty (THA) have been well documented. Advances in materials engineering led to the creation of highly-crosslinked ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (HXLPE). Initial in-vitro studies demonstrated superior wear characteristics with HXLPE, but some authors raised concerns with the material's durability. As experience with HXLPE has increased numerous in-vitro and in-vivo studies have demonstrated both the superior wear characteristics of HXLPE, as well as its ability to maintain overall structural integrity. More recent studies have also supported the use of HXLPE with the use of larger (36mm and above) femoral head sizes in THA.
Diversity and Transport of Microorganisms in Intertidal Sands of the California Coast

Forced by tides and waves, large volumes of seawater are flushed through the beach daily. Organic material and nutrients in seawater are remineralized and cycled as they pass through the beach. Microorganisms are responsible for most of the biogeochemical cycling in the beach; however, few studies have characterized their diversity in intertidal sands, and little work has characterized the extent to which microbes are transported between different compartments of the beach. The present study uses next-generation massively parallel sequencing to characterize the microbial community present at 49 beaches along the coast of California. In addition, we characterize the transport of microorganisms within intertidal sands using laboratory column experiments. We identified extensive diversity in the beach sands. Nearly 1,000 unique taxa were identified in sands from 10 or more unique beaches, suggesting the existence of a group of “cosmopolitan” sand microorganisms. A biogeographical analysis identified a taxon-distance relationship among the beaches. In addition, sands with similar grain size, organic carbon content, exposed to a similar wave climate, and having the same degree of anthropogenic influence tended to have similar microbial communities. Column experiments identified microbes readily mobilized by seawater infiltrating through unsaturated intertidal sands. The ease with which microbes were mobilized suggests that intertidal sands may represent a reservoir of bacteria that seed the beach aquifer where they may partake in biogeochemical cycling.
Long-term pharmacotherapy for elevated low density lipoprotein levels in children: A retrospective analysis

Background There is limited research detailing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) trends over the long term in children on various lipid-lowering medications. Objectives This study sought to assess factors associated with stability of LDL-C levels in children on long-term pharmacotherapy and their ability to reach the LDL-C goal of ≤130 mg/dL while on pharmacotherapy. Methods Medical records of children seen in a university pediatric cholesterol clinic between 1998 and 2012 treated with a statin, ezetimibe, or both were reviewed. Aggregate data were obtained to determine the number of children able to reach an LDL-C level of ≤130 mg/dL while on pharmacotherapy. Kaplan–Meier curve and proportional hazard regression analysis were used to examine the propensity for LDL-C levels to stabilize over time while on pharmacotherapy as well as factors affecting this propensity. Results Overall, 76 patients who contributed 864 total visits were included. Of the 76 patients, 56 developed a stable LDL-C with median time to stability of 28 months on pharmacotherapy. Younger age at first visit and higher medication potencies/doses were associated with an increased propensity to stabilize. Only 36 patients were able to reach an LDL-C of ≤130 mg/dL, with only 11 of 38 patients with probable familial hypercholesterolemia reaching this goal. Conclusions Most children reached LDL-C stability on pharmacotherapy after a median 28-month interval. However, most children had difficulty in reaching the LDL-C goal of ≤130 mg/dL even with aggressive medication titration. This was specifically true for those with probable familial hypercholesterolemia.
In vitro Incorporation of C14-Lysine into Bence-Jones Protein.

SummaryIt was shown that bone marrow cells from a myeloma patient were capable of incorporating in vitro, C11-lysine into a substance having the characteristics of a Bence-Jones protein.The author wishes to express thanks to Dr. Frank W. Putnam for many valuable suggestions and to Dr. Donald Steiner and Dr. Herbert Anker for making available details of their cell-culture technics prior to publication.
Almost Cross Varieties of Aperiodic Monoids with Central Idempotents

It is known that the class \({\fancyscript{A}}\) of aperiodic monoids with central idempotents contains precisely two finitely generated, almost Cross subvarieties. The present article exhibits the first example of a non-finitely generated, almost Cross subvariety of \({\fancyscript{A}}\) and verifies that it is in fact unique. Consequently, the class \({\fancyscript{A}}\) contains precisely three almost Cross subvarieties.
Controlled-Potential Electromechanical Reshaping of Cartilage.

An alternative to conventional "cut-and-sew" cartilage surgery, electromechanical reshaping (EMR) is a molecular-based modality in which an array of needle electrodes is inserted into cartilage held under mechanical deformation by a jig. Brief (ca. 2 min) application of an electrochemical potential at the water-oxidation limit results in permanent reshaping of the specimen. Highly sulfated glycosaminoglycans within the cartilage matrix provide structural rigidity to the tissue through extensive ionic-bonding networks; this matrix is highly permselective for cations. Our studies indicate that EMR results from electrochemical generation of localized, low-pH gradients within the tissue: fixed negative charges in the proteoglycan matrix are protonated, resulting in chemically induced stress relaxation of the tissue. Re-equilibration to physiological pH restores the fixed negative charges, and yields remodeled cartilage that retains a new shape approximated by the geometry of the reshaping jig.
A Richer, Brighter Vision for American High Schools

In today's high schools, education is often reduced to a means of achieving financial security, leading to an overemphasis on quantifiable measures of performance. This approach encourages academically talented students to focus on test scores and rankings rather than intellectual enrichment, and discourages students with non-academic talents from pursuing them. A Richer, Brighter Vision for American High Schools advocates instead a unifying educational aim of producing better adults, which would encompass all aspects of students' lives: intellectual, physical, moral, spiritual, social, vocational, aesthetic, and civic. Nel Noddings offers suggestions to improve high schools by increasing collegiality among students and faculty, enriching curricula with interdisciplinary themes, renewing vocational education programs, addressing parenting and homemaking, and professionalizing the teaching force. This thought-provoking book will act as an important guide for teachers, teacher educators, administrators, and policy makers.
Hands-On Electronics: Introduction to operational amplifiers

An operational amplifier is a high-gain DC-coupled amplifier with differential inputs and single-ended output. Op amps were originally developed as vacuum-tube circuits to be used for analog computation. Nowadays they are packaged as integrated circuits (ICs). Such devices can closely approximate the behavior of an ideal amplifier, and their use avoids the necessity of coping with the messy internal details of amplifier circuitry. Thus, an IC op amp is often the device of choice in scientific instrumentation. In this chapter we will introduce the op amp and its most common applications. Apparatus required Breadboard, oscilloscope, multimeter, two 741 op amps, one further 741 (optional), one 100 Ω, three 10 k, two 100 k, one 1 M 14 W resistors, and four more 10 k resistors (optional). The 741 operational amplifier The IC we shall be using is a general purpose op amp designated by the number 741. The 741 is a very popular and successful design, useful for signals from DC to beyond audio frequency (though in recent years FET-input op amps such as the LF411 have been gaining on the 741 in popularity). It is available from most manufacturers of linear integrated circuits (chips that produce an output proportional to their inputs, as opposed to digital ICs, whose outputs have typically only two states). Each manufacturer has a different system of nomenclature for ICs, e.g. National Semiconductor calls the 741 an LM741, Fairchild a μA741, etc., but the 741s made by different manufacturers are all electrically compatible.
3D printing technology for RF and THz antennas

Additive manufacturing (AM), or often called 3D printing is an emerging research area which has received much attention recently. It allows 3D objects with arbitrary geometry to be printed automatically layer by layer. 3D printing technology offers several advantages compared to conventional manufacturing techniques such as capability of more flexible design, prototyping time and cost reduction, less human interaction and faster product development cycle. This paper reviews state-of-the-art 3D printed antennas from microwave to THz frequencies and offers practical and futuristic perspectives on the potentials and challenges of 3D printed antennas.
Stabilizing traffic flow via a single autonomous vehicle: Possibilities and limitations

In certain flow regimes, the ideal uniform vehicle flow on the road is unstable, and stop-and-go traffic develops. The instability that leads to this less fuel-efficient unsteady flow results from the collective behavior of all human drivers. This work studies under which circumstances the presence of a single autonomous vehicle (AV) can locally stabilize the flow, without changing the way the humans drive. If possible, this can enable traffic flow control via very few AVs serving as mobile actuators. First, the analysis of car-following models reveals that in idealized conditions (no system noise), the flow can in fact be made linearly stable by means of a low fraction of control vehicles. Second, we highlight the fundamental limitations of this sparse control when considering models with noise.
State Estimation and Localization for ROV-Based Reactor Pressure Vessel Inspection

A vision-based extended Kalman filter is proposed to estimate the state of a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) used for inspection of a nuclear reactor pressure vessel. The state estimation framework employs an overhead, pan-tilt-zoom (PTZ) camera as the primary sensing modality. In addition to the camera state, a map of the nuclear reactor vessel is also estimated from a prior. We conduct experiments to validate the framework in terms of accuracy and robustness to environmental image degradation due to speckling and color attenuation. Subscale mockup experiments highlight estimate consistency as compared to ground truth despite visually degraded operating conditions. Full-scale platform experiments are conducted using the actual inspection system in a dry setting. In this case, the ROV achieves a lower state uncertainty as compared to subscale mockup evaluation. For both subscale and full-scale experiments, the state uncertainty was robust to environmental image degradation effects.
Policing and Punishment for Profit

This paper examines ethical considerations relating to the current role of financial incentives in policing and punishment in the USA, focusing on the two methods of punishment most popular in the USA: (1) fines and forfeitures and (2) incarceration. It examines how financial incentives motivate much of our penal system, including how and when laws are enforced; discusses relevant ethical considerations and concerns connected with our current practices; proposes a theoretical solution for addressing these problems that involves realigning existing incentives to better serve the interests of justice; and considers how that theoretical solution can be applied in practice. While there are no easy solutions to resolving many of the current ethical problems related to policing and punishment, this paper will argue that some of our current practices, practices that many people believe are morally problematic (e.g., our current approach to prison labor), not only are not problematic, but also can point us toward more effective and efficient policy solutions in other areas.
Moderating Effects of Resilience on Depression, Psychological Distress, and Suicidal Ideation Associated With Interpersonal Violence:

Resilience has been found to attenuate the effects of negative mental health symptomology associated with interpersonal victimization; however, existing research has largely focused on resilience t...
Circadian clock neurons constantly monitor environmental temperature to set sleep timing

Circadian clocks coordinate behaviour, physiology and metabolism with Earth's diurnal cycle. These clocks entrain to both light and temperature cycles, and daily environmental temperature oscillations probably contribute to human sleep patterns. However, the neural mechanisms through which circadian clocks monitor environmental temperature and modulate behaviour remain poorly understood. Here we elucidate how the circadian clock neuron network of Drosophila melanogaster processes changes in environmental temperature. In vivo calcium-imaging techniques demonstrate that the posterior dorsal neurons 1 (DN1ps), which are a discrete subset of sleep-promoting clock neurons, constantly monitor modest changes in environmental temperature. We find that these neurons are acutely inhibited by heating and excited by cooling; this is an unexpected result when considering the strong correlation between temperature and light, and the fact that light excites clock neurons. We demonstrate that the DN1ps rely on peripheral thermoreceptors located in the chordotonal organs and the aristae. We also show that the DN1ps and their thermosensory inputs are required for the normal timing of sleep in the presence of naturalistic temperature cycles. These results identify the DN1ps as a major gateway for temperature sensation into the circadian neural network, which continuously integrates temperature changes to coordinate the timing of sleep and activity.
Employment and weight status: The extreme case of body concern in South Korea.

Abstract For an industrialized nation, obesity rates in South Korea are extremely low. Yet, reflecting an extremely fat-averse, thin-positive society, efforts to lose weight are now reportedly very common. Since the 1980s, South Korea has experienced an increasingly flexible and insecure labor market which was exacerbated by the 1997 economic recession. In this social and economic setting, body shape and weight status, as human capital, may have gained significant bargaining power in the labor market. Consequently, we propose that Koreans, particularly those who are employed in “stable” jobs (i.e., non-manual and regular jobs), would increasingly engage in intense weight management and reduction activities even when not technically overweight or obese as a means to job security and upward mobility. Using nationally-representative data from the Korean Nutrition and Health Examination Survey (KNHANES), we identify the changing role of weight concerns versus actual body weight in predicting South Korean efforts to lose weight between 2001 (KNHANES-phase 1) and 2007–2009 (phase 4). The patterns were examined by occupation type (manual and non-manual jobs) and status (regular and non-regular jobs). Oaxaca decomposition analysis supported that people’s perception of being “fat,” rather than actual weight status, was crucial to explaining accelerated weight management efforts in South Korea over the decade (coef. = 0.062 and p-value
Indigenous Siberian Food Sharing Networks: Social Innovation in a Transforming Economy

The sustainability of indigenous communities in the Arctic, and the vulnerable households within, is in large part dependent on their continuing food security. A social food-sharing network within the Ust’-Avam community on the Taimyr Peninsula in northern Siberia is analyzed for underlying patterns of resilience and key evolutionarily stable strategies supporting cooperative behavior. Factors influencing the network include interhousehold relatedness, reciprocal sharing, and interaction effects. Social association also influences sharing. Evidence for multiple determinants of food sharing in this sample is discussed in reference to major evolutionary hypotheses and comparable studies. In sum, the findings illustrate the robustness of self-organizing distribution networks in an economic context of uncertainty.
Calculation of Thermochemical Properties of Carbon-cluster Ablation Species

Carbon clusters and hydrocarbons are constituents of the pyrolysis gases injected into the boundary layer of a space vehicle with a carbonaceous heat shield. These molecules have absorption spectra in the VUV and UV region that match the emission spectra of atomic nitrogen and oxygen. Hence, they can potentially absorb the radiation impinging on the heat shield of the space vehicle. This paper studies the ground state thermochemical properties and low-lying excited electronic states of potential radiation absorbing molecules present in the boundary layer using ab initio quantum chemistry methods. These results provide a more accurate prediction of the radiative heat flux on the surface which can lead to improvement in the design of the thermal protection system.
The Epiblast Origin of Avian Somite Cells

Our laboratory has been engaged in the study of the acquisition by prospective somite cells of the developmental commitment to form somites. It was shown by the explantation of the so-called unsegmented somite meso-derm (the segmental plate) of chicken and Japanese quail embryos that the entire segmental plate was already committed to somite formation (Sandor and Amels, 1970; Packard and Jacobson, 1976; Sandor and Fazakas-Todea, 1980) and, furthermore, that the future somite pattern was already specified (Packard, 1978; 1980a; 1980b). I suggested at that time that the segmental plate contained about 10 to 12 “prospective somites” that were converted to definitive somites by the process of cleavage (Packard, 1978; 1980a). At about this time Meier (1979) discovered that a segmental pattern could be distinquished on the chick segmental plate through the use of stereo scanning electron microscopy. This pattern consisted of 10 to 12 tandem circular cellular domains that he termed “somitomeres.” Subsequent collaborative efforts between us demonstrated that somitomeres and prospective somites were one and the same and that these somitomeres became somites through a process of compaction (Packard and Meier, 1983; 1984; Cheney and Lash, 1984; Lash, 1985). Recent studies have suggested that the somitomere pattern may be adjusted to some extent following experimental manipulations (Packard, 1986).
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY INFORMATION

ABSTRACT Information is the basis of major decisions of the plan/design/build process. The importance of building technology information is accentuated with the use of expanding options available for the production, delivery and procurement of built facilities. Due to the organization of the process, the changed sequence, and increased speed and concentration of decisions at certain points, the major information packages must be prepared in advance of the particular projects. The availability of this general information is all the more important, since decisions which commit most of the resources of the project are made early in the process, before the complete project team is assembled. Analysis of the decision–making process shows that much of the information is used and reused several times throughout the projects in various forms by various participants. Many of the time/cost/quality advantages of modern bulling technology and modern management methods cannot be realized without the availability of a complex building technology information base.
Probabilistic temporal planning with uncertain durations

Few temporal planners handle both concurrency and uncertain durations, but these features commonly co-occur in real-world domains. In this paper, we discuss the challenges caused by concurrent, durative actions whose durations are uncertain. We present five implemented algorithms, including ΔDURprun, a planner guaranteed to find the optimal policy. An empirical comparison reveals that ΔDURexp, our fastest planner, obtains orders of magnitude speed-up compared to ΔDURprun--with little loss in solution quality. Importantly, our algorithms can handle probabilistic effects in addition to stochastic durations, and they are effective even when duration distributions are multi-modal.
BIOMEDICAL POSITRON GENERATORS

Presently-developed biomedical positron generators, including 44 ti/ 44 Sc, 52 Fe/ 52m Mn, 62 Zn/ 62 Cu, 68 Ge/ 68 Ga, 72 Se/ 72 As, 82 Sr/ 82 Rb, and 122 Xe/ 122 I, are reviewed. reviewed. Other potential positron generators, including 100 Pd/ 100 Rh, 118 Te/ 118 So, 128 Ba/ 128 Cs, 134 Ce/ 134 La, 140 Nd 140 Pr, and 146 Gd/ 146 Eu, are discussed.
Abstract 1396: Pathway-directed DNA demethylation as an epithelial to mesenchymal targeting strategy

It has been proposed that by silencing tumor suppressor genes, DNA methylation plays an important function in cancer initiation and progression. DNA hypomethylating agents are being developed as anti-cancer agents. However, this approach causes unrestricted hypomethylation, which could potentially activate tumor-promoting mechanisms. Therefore a strategy capable of inducing hypomethylation of selected genes is needed. Towards this goal, we designed a strategy to induce demethylation of a coordinated gene program by using Ten-eleven translocation (TET1) dioxygenase, which converts 5 -methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. We constructed a fusion gene TET1-DBD containing the catalytic domain of TET1 and the DNA binding domain of Snail, the transcription factor that regulates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We hypothesized that this fusion gene will bind to promoters targeted by Snail, induce hypomethylation, reactivate gene expression, and block EMT. To test this hypothesis, we used TET1-DBD and measured induction of EMT in an ovarian (SKOV3) and breast cancer (MCF10A) model driven by TGF-β. Genome-wide DNA methylation was assessed by Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing (RRBS) to measure the downstream targets of TET1-DBD. TET1-DBD increased mRNA and protein expression levels of E-cadherin in transfected cells and prevented TGF-β induced expression of fibronectin and vimentin in MCF10A and SKOV3 cells. RRBS analysis demonstrated hypomethylation of genes targeted by Snail-DBD. Our results suggest that TET1-DBD selectively binds to and hypomethylates promoters of genes targeted by Snail, resulting in inhibition of the EMT program. We propose a novel approach to induce selective promoter hypomethylation and to block key oncogenic processes by using TET1 fused to a transcription factor “carrier”. Citation Format: HAO HUANG, Qing Yu, Maooj Kandpal, Ramana V. Davuluri, Daniela Matei. Pathway-directed DNA demethylation as an epithelial to mesenchymal targeting strategy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1396.
Silicon expansion at the service of safety – A reversible potential-dependent switch for safer batteries

Abstract An intrinsic electrochemical potential-dependent safety switch has been designed to create safer lithium-ion batteries . This device takes advantage of the large volumetric change in silicon upon electrochemical reaction with Li ions at low potentials. This electrochemically-induced mechanical expansion disconnects the anode from the power source and prevents undesired and dangerous overcharging. This is the first time the well-studied silicon expansion is applied as a positive feature in favor of battery safety. The device response is ensured since it is located inside the cell as part of the anode, hence, too low potential, typically responsible for destructive overcharging automatically activates the protection mechanism. The potential at which the anode is “switched off” can be controlled by changing the dimensions of the silicon. The device is designed to fit into commercial battery cases. The safety switch successfully protected the anode at an applied abuse potential and showed reversibility, thus allowing the reuse of the battery after emergency shutdown.
Heart Rate and Perceived Exertion Among Young Adult Obese Males During One-Handed Carrying:

Obesity is an increasing problem across the globe that has been strongly associated with work-related injury. One-handed carrying is considered one of the most fatiguing methods of load carrying. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of obesity and load magnitude on heart rate and ratings of perceived exertion among young adult males during one-handed carrying. Load magnitude was observed to have a statistically significantly effect on heart rate and perceived exertion of the arm, back and whole body, whereas obesity was significant only for perceived exertion of the arm. The results suggest that young adult obese males can carry similar loads as young adult non-obese males without having a statistically significant increase in heart rate or perceived exertion. However, more research is needed to validate these results for longer distances and carrying times.
Voter Identification Requirements and Aggregate Turnout in the U.S.: How Campaigns Offset the Costs of Turning Out When Voting Is Made More Difficult

Abstract In spite of the attention that has been lavished upon the subject in recent years, scholars have found little evidence demonstrating that voter identification laws have a substantial effec...
The Mongol Conquests of China and Korea and Invasion of Japan

The final burst of global warming enabled the Mongols to rise from subarctic obscurity to world-conquerors. They quickly subdued Korea, went on to take China, and unsuccessfully invaded Japan and Vietnam. The end of the Medieval Warm Period and the beginning of the Little Ice Age proved fatal to Mongol rule in the east. Meanwhile, the Mongol Empire in the west fell apart, as grandsons of Chinggis Khan fought each other and adjusted to new homes in Russia, Mesopotamia, and Central Asia. Nativist rebellions in China and Korea restored Ruist ideals and traditional forms, but the absolutist rule of the Mongols proved too attractive to resist. The Mongols, with their world empire, created a society extremely open to new ideas, especially from the western world via Central Asia. New foods, medicines, and political ideas poured into China and eventually spread throughout East Asia. Trade flourished.
Hypothesis Testing Reconsidered

Hypothesis testing is a common statistical analysis for empirical data generated by studies of perception, but its properties and limitations are widely misunderstood. This Element describes several properties of hypothesis testing, with special emphasis on analyses common to studies of perception. The author also describes the challenges and difficulties with using hypothesis testing to interpret empirical data. Many common applications of hypothesis testing inflate the intended Type I error rate. Other aspects of hypothesis tests have important implications for experimental design. Solutions are available for some of these difficulties, but many issues are difficult to deal with.
Tuning Intercalation Sites in Nickel Hexacyanoferrate Using Lattice Nonstoichiometry

Reversible intercalation/deintercalation of K+ in nickel hexacyanoferrate (NiHCF) thin films occurs in two energetically distinct, largely noninteracting, sites whose proportions are set by lattice nonstoichiometry. Principal component analysis (PCA) is used to correlate the stoichiometry of NiHCF, measured using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), with intercalation processes measured via cyclic voltammetry (CV). NiHCF voltammograms are well-known to exhibit two reversible peaks for K+-containing electrolytes; each peak represents a different local cation intercalation/deintercalation environment. PCA of 59 different CV-EDS data sets shows (to first order) that the relative sizes of the two CV peaks are proportional to the lattice nonstoichiometry, but the peak locations (energies) are largely independent of stoichiometry. Intercalation sites in stoichiometric lattices are energetically favored compared to sites associated with defects (ΔG ≈ −10 kJ/mol K+). The proportionality of CV peak sizes, a...
On preconditioning the self-consistent field iteration in real-space Density Functional Theory

Abstract We present a real-space formulation for isotropic Fourier-space preconditioners used to accelerate the self-consistent field iteration in Density Functional Theory calculations. Specifically, after approximating the preconditioner in Fourier space using a rational function, we express its real-space application in terms of the solution of sparse Helmholtz-type systems. Using the truncated-Kerker and Resta preconditioners as representative examples, we show that the proposed real-space method is both accurate and efficient, requiring the solution of a single linear system, while accelerating self-consistency to the same extent as its exact Fourier-space counterpart.
Agricultural Development in Russia in Conditions of Import Substitution

This article discusses agricultural development trends in Russia, the results of import substitution in the agricultural sector of the economy, and means of ensuring the country’s food security. The consumption differentiation within the main types of agricultural products and food is shown depending on the income level of the population. The problem of import substitution associated with the provision of the agroindustrial complex with domestic material and technical resources is analyzed. It is noted that the duration of the import substitution process for various types of agricultural products will largely depend on the effectiveness of the organizational and economic mechanism in the agroindustrial complex (AIC). Growth opportunities in the agricultural sector due to taking over the market share occupied by imports are limited. With the development of import substitution, conditions will be created for increasing the export of agricultural products and foodstuffs and for the transition from import dependence to the development of export potential.
E-136 Blood Pressure Management 24 Hours after Mechanical Thrombectomy for Acute Ischemic Stroke

Objective/Purpose Mechanical thrombectomy (MT) has become the standard of care for patients with acute ischemic stroke with large vessel occlusion; however, there are still no well-established guidelines for blood pressure (BP) management after this groundbreaking procedure. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether variance in BP management in the first 24 hours after MT has a measurable effect on patient outcome. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study in consecutive ischemic stroke patients who underwent MT at our comprehensive stroke center between January 2013 and August 2017. Eligible patients were included for analysis of maximum, minimum, average systolic and diastolic BP on arrival and in the first 24 hours after the MT. For the functional outcome measures, discharge and after 90 days modified Rankin scale (mRS) were utilized. The effect of BP management on outcome was analyzed using multivariable regression analysis. Results Among the 216 consecutive patients admitted after MT for acute ischemic stroke in the defined time, 83 (38.4%) met all inclusion criteria, and 41 (49%) had a good functional outcome with mRS of 0–3 at 90 days. Average systolic BP was 128.4 mmHg (range 96.9 - 152.2 mmHg) in the first 24 hours after MT. Of all measures investigated, increasing age of the patient (R2 = 0.41, p = 0.0001), elevated systolic BP on arrival (R2 = 0.34, p = 0.0015), and maximum systolic BP in the first 24 hours (R2 = 0.30, p = 0.005) were associated with poor functional outcomes at discharge and 90 days. No significant difference in functional status was observed when evaluating the average BP maintained during the first 24 hours after MT (R2 = 0.15, p = 0.16) or the ethnicity of the patient (R2 = 0.08, p = 0.46). Conclusion Increasing age, elevated systolic BP on arrival, and maximum systolic BP in the first 24 hours after MT were associated with worsened outcomes in our single-center retrospective study. Prospective, multicenter and randomized control trials are necessary to identify and establish future BP guidelines post MT. Disclosures M. Farag: None. W. Yu: None. S. Suzuki: None.
High-Resolution Imaging in Arbitrarily Heavily Scattering Random Media with Speckle Correlations over Object Position

A general theory is presented for speckle intensity correlations over object position that allows an arbitrary object to be imaged through an amount of random scatter limited by detector noise, with retention of subwavelength information.
Detecting Low-level Radiation Sources Using Border Monitoring Gamma Sensors

We consider a problem of detecting a low-level radiation source using a network of Gamma spectral sensors placed on the periphery of a monitored region. We propose a computationally light-weight, correlation-based method which is primarily intended for systems with limited computing capacity. Sensor measurements are combined at the fusion by first generating decisions at each time step and then taking their majority vote within a time widow. At each time step, decisions are generated using two strategies: (i) SUM method based on a threshold decision on a correlation statistic derived from measurements from all sensors, and (ii) OR method based on logical-OR of threshold decisions based on correlations statistics of individual sensor measurements. We derive analytical performance bounds for false alarm rates of SUM and OR methods, and show that their performance is enhanced by the temporal smoothing of majority vote within a time window. Using measurements from a test campaign, we generate a border monitoring scenario with twelve 2" ×2" NaI Gamma sensors deployed on the periphery of 42 × 42 m2 outdoor region. A Cs-137 source is moved in a straight-line across this region, starting several meters outside and finally moving away from it. We illustrate the performance of both correlation-based detection methods, and compare their performances with each other and with a particle filter method. Overall, under small false-alarm conditions, the OR fusion is found to produce better detection performance.
Association between MTNR1B polymorphisms and obesity in African American: findings from the Jackson Heart Study

Melatonin is a hormone that is secreted at night by the pineal gland. It exerts its function by binding to the MT1 and MT2 receptors, which are encoded by the MTNR1A and MTNR1B genes, respectively. Previous studies reveal that MTNR1B variants are associated with insulin secretion impairments and an increased body mass index (BMI) in individuals of European and Asian ancestries. Obesity is highly prevalent in the US and disproportionately affects African Americans. Here, we hypothesized that common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) imputed in 1000 Genomes in the MTNR1B gene are associated with adiposity in African American adult men and women and that the association is modified by insomnia. We used an additive genetic model to describe the association between the adiposity traits (BMI and waist circumference) and selected MTNR1B variants in 3,029 Jackson Heart Study participants, with an average age of 55.13 ± 12.84 years, and 62% were women. We regressed the adiposity measures on the estimated allelic or genotypic dosage at every selected SNP and adjusted for age, sex, population stratification, and insomnia. Thirty common SNPs, spanning the MTNR1B gene, with a minor allele frequency ≥ 5%, a call rate ≥ 90%, a Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium p value > 10–6, were available for the analysis. The allele T of rs76371840 was associated with adiposity (OR = 1.47 [1.13—1.82]; PFDR-adjusted = 0.0499), and the allele A of rs8192552 showed a significant association with waist circumference (β = 0.023 ± 0.007; PFDR-adjusted = 0.0077) after correcting for multiple testing. When insomnia was included in the adiposity analysis model, the following four variants became significantly associated with adiposity: rs6483208; rs4388843; rs4601728; and rs12804291. Our data indicate that polymorphisms in the MTNR1B gene are associated with obesity traits in African Americans. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to explore the effect of insomnia on the association between the circadian MTNR1B genetic variants and metabolic traits in an African American sample population. We observed that insomnia affected the association between the MTNR1B variants and adiposity.
Structures of additional crystal forms of Satellite tobacco mosaic virus grown from a variety of salts

The structures of new crystal forms of Satellite tobacco mosaic virus (STMV) are described. These belong to space groups I2, P21212 (a low-resolution form), R3 (H3) and P23. The R3 crystals are 50%/50% twinned, as are two instances of the P23 crystals. The I2 and P21212 crystals were grown from ammonium sulfate solutions, as was one crystal in space group P23, while the R3 and the other P23 crystals were grown from sodium chloride, sodium bromide and sodium nitrate. The monoclinic and orthorhombic crystals have half a virus particle as the asymmetric unit, while the rhombohedral and cubic crystals have one third of a virus particle. RNA segments organized about the icosahedral twofold axes were present in crystals grown from ammonium sulfate and sodium chloride, as in the canonical I222 crystals (PDB entry 4oq8), but were not observed in crystals grown from sodium bromide and sodium nitrate. Bromide and nitrate ions generally replaced the RNA phosphates present in the I222 crystals, including the phosphates seen on fivefold axes, and were also found at threefold vertices in both the rhombohedral and cubic forms. An additional anion was also found on the fivefold axis 5 A from the first anion, and slightly outside the capsid in crystals grown from sodium chloride, sodium bromide and sodium nitrate, suggesting that the path along the symmetry axis might be an ion channel. The electron densities for RNA strands at individual icosahedral dyads, as well as at the amino-terminal peptides of protein subunits, exhibited a diversity of orientations, in particular the residues at the ends.
Artifact detection in cardiovascular time series monitoring data from preterm infants.

Abstract Artifacts in clinical intensive care monitoring lead to false alarms and complicate data analysis. They must be identified and processed to obtain true information. In this paper, we present a method for detecting artifacts in heart-rate (HR) and mean blood-pressure (BP) data from a physiological monitoring system used in preterm infants. The method uses three different types of artifact detectors: limit-based detectors, deviation-based detectors, and correlation-based detectors. Each identifies artifacts in the monitoring data from a different perspective. By integrating the individual detectors, we develop a parametric artifact detector, called CVDetector. The CVDetector is parametric because its performance depends on the specific values for the parameters in its component detectors. In a huge space of CVDetector instances, we have successfully discovered an optimal CVDetector instance, denoted by CVDetector. The sensitivity and specificity of CVDetector for HR artifacts is 94.8% (SD = 7.6%) and 90.6% (SD = 6.9%), respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of CVDetector for BP artifacts is 94.2% (SD = 5.3%) and 80.0% (SD = 12.4%), respectively.
Polarographic analysis using potassium iodide as a supporting electrolyte

The polarography of arsenic(III) in 0.1 or 1.0 M potassium iodide solutions has been studied.
Visualizing text readability

Many readability tests have been developed to assess the reading difficulty of a text document. They are largely based on two categories of readability metrics: word complexity and sentence complexity. However, most of the readability tests assign a single readability index for the entire document, making it difficult to assess how the various readability metrics are distributed across the document. We have developed a method for visualizing the text readability metrics that allows readers and writers to quickly identify the distribution of complex words and sentences across a document. Using our visualization, users can quickly compare not only the sentence lengths but also the syntactic structures of sentences. Our readability visualization can help readers and writers to quickly identify complex words, sentences, or paragraphs that are more difficult to read, or quickly compare multiple documents based on their reading complexity.
Reticulocytosis and anemia are associated with an increased risk of death and stroke in the newborn cohort of the Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease

Prior analyses of the Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease (CSSCD) newborn cohort identified elevated white blood cell (WBC) count, low baseline hemoglobin and dactylitis between the ages of 1 and 2 years as markers of severe disease. Reticulocytosis was also associated with severe disease. Here, we further analyzed data collected on enrolled CSSCD infants for the predictive value of those markers for stroke and death later in life. Three hundred fifty-four CSSCD subjects were identified who had absolute reticulocyte counts (ARC) measured during infancy (2 to 6 months of age). Infants with higher ARC had significantly increased risk of stroke or death during childhood; lower hemoglobin levels also increased the risk but to a lesser degree than ARC. WBC levels and dactylitis were not predictive of death or stroke. These data suggest that reticulocytosis among asymptomatic infants with sickle cell anemia is associated with an increased risk of death or stroke during childhood.
Human category learning 2.0

During the 1990s and early 2000s, cognitive neuroscience investigations of human category learning focused on the primary goal of showing that humans have multiple category-learning systems and on the secondary goals of identifying key qualitative properties of each system and of roughly mapping out the neural networks that mediate each system. Many researchers now accept the strength of the evidence supporting multiple systems, and as a result, during the past few years, work has begun on the second generation of research questions-that is, on questions that begin with the assumption that humans have multiple category-learning systems. This article reviews much of this second generation of research. Topics covered include (1) How do the various systems interact? (2) Are there different neural systems for categorization and category representation? (3) How does automaticity develop in each system? and (4) Exactly how does each system learn?
Multiple myeloma in a child

A 12-year-old girl with the diagnosis of multiple myeloma is described. She presented with a nasopharyngeal mass which was histologically found to be a plasmacytoma. Serum immunoelectrophoresis revealed an IgA-kappa M-protein (4.9 g/dl). There were approximately 20% atypical plasma cells in a bone marrow biopsy specimen. The diagnosis was further supported by immunohistochemical demonstration of cytoplasmic monoclonal IgA-kappa in the tumor cells of both the nasopharyngeal and bone marrow biopsies. The patient was treated with chemotherapy for 1 year, at which time she became refractory to treatment, based on serum IgA levels. Five months after cessation of therapy, she continues to exhibit a significant objective response, remaining clinically well with a stable, elevated serum IgA level.
One objective for physicists

Unity of Forces in the Universe. By A. Zee. World Scientific (distributed by Wiley): 1983. Two volumes, pp. 1,076. Each volume hbk £40, $57; pbk £16.50, $25.
Large-scale simulations of sodium silicate glasses

Abstract Half million and million atom systems of sodium silicate glass have been simulated using classical molecular dynamics, and their structures have been examined. Although the structural features are reasonable for the intended glasses, and have a lower configurational energy than smaller systems, they contain features which are indicative of an effective internal, or configurational, temperature higher than the target temperature. This observation is ascribed to the use of a thermostat which controls only the kinetic energy, or momenta, of the particles, and because of the non-equilibrium nature of the simulations, there is no requirement that the potential, or configurational, energy and kinetic energy be coupled. The use of alternative thermostats is suggested.