cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toxicity Management: Development of a Novel and Immune-Mediated Adverse Events Algorithm

Background Novel immunotherapy and biologic agents are being developed with the potential to improve outcomes and reduce long-term toxicities among individuals with hematologic malignancies. These emerging drugs affect neoplastic cells and the surrounding microenvironment, causing unique immune-mediated toxicities. . Objectives The aim was to develop an algorithm for clinical staff to manage unique toxicities associated with next-generation immunotherapies indicated in the hematologic population, using a system-focused approach. . Methods Data were collected using specific toxicities based on the four major novel biologic classes. Immune-mediated adverse events were reported across studies. Based on published literature, institutional experience, and group consensus, a novel algorithm for managing immune-mediated toxicities was created. . Findings The development of this treatment algorithm provides a more streamlined approach for managing common but unique toxicities and improves safety, compliance, patient outcome, and quality of life with novel immuno-oncologic agents.
Transition to Subspecialty Sign-Out at an Academic Institution and Its Advantages:

Many pathology departments are introducing subspecialty sign-out in surgical pathology. In 2014, the University of Vermont Medical Center transitioned from general sign-out to partial subspecialty sign-out to include gastrointestinal and breast/cervix subspecialty benches; other specimens remained on general benches. Our experiences with the transition are described, including attending pathologist, trainee, support staff, and clinician satisfaction. A survey was e-mailed to all University of Vermont Medical Center anatomic pathology attendings, pathology trainees, pathologist assistants and grossing technicians, and clinicians who send surgical pathology specimens, immediately before and 1 year after transitioning to partial subspecialty sign-out. Quality assurance metrics were obtained for the 18 months prior to and following the transition. Gastrointestinal and breast/cervix attendings were more satisfied with partial subspecialty sign-out compared to those on the general benches. Overall, trainees were more satisfied with general sign-out because of the rotation schedule but preferred partial subspecialty sign-out due to improved teaching and more focused learning while on subspecialty benches. Clinicians remained very satisfied with our department and our reports; no differences were observed. Turnaround time was unchanged. After switching to partial subspecialty sign-out, there were significantly fewer discrepancies following multidisciplinary conference review for gastrointestinal and breast/cervix cases but remained the same for general cases. Fewer formal internal consults were performed after transitioning to partial subspecialty sign-out across all areas, but more notable for gastrointestinal and breast/cervix cases. Our data show improved quality assurance metrics and trainee education in a subspecialty sign-out setting compared to general sign-out setting.
Finding the Good in Grief: What Augustine Knew but Meursault Couldn't

Meursault, the protagonist of Camus's The Stranger, was unable to experience grief at his mother's death—and was in fact condemned for this inability. Should Meursault's inability to grieve be pitied, or should it be welcomed inasmuch as grief is a painful and highly distressing experience? With the assistance of Augustine's remarks on grief in his Confessions, I argue that Meursault's plight is to be pitied. The emotional pains of grief are genuine and cannot be recast either as masochistic pleasures or as instrumental costs to be borne in exchange for grief's benefits. These pains are instead experienced as good inasmuch as they are components of a complex valuable experience. More specifically, because we experience grief at the deaths of those with whom we stand in identity-constituting relationships, grief is both a powerful source of, and motivator for, substantial self-knowledge.
Automated concentration of [18F]fluoride into microliter volumes.

Abstract Concentration of [18F]fluoride has been mentioned in literature, however, reports have lacked details about system designs, operation, and performance. Here, we describe in detail a compact, fast, fully-automated concentration system based on a micro-sized strong anion exchange cartridge. The concentration of radionuclides enables scaled-up microfluidic synthesis. Our system can also be used to provide highly concentrated [18F]fluoride with minimal water content. We demonstrate how the concentrator can produce varying concentrations of [18F]fluoride for the macroscale synthesis of N-boc-5-[18F]fluoroindole without an azeotropic drying process, while enabling high starting radioactivity. By appropriate choice of solid-phase resin, flow conditions, and eluent solution, we believe this approach can be extended beyond [18F]fluoride to other radionuclides.
FGF-23 Counter-Regulatory Hormone for Vitamin D Actions on Mineral Metabolism, Hemodynamics, and Innate Immunity

Abstract Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23), a bone-derived phosphaturic hormone, participates in unexpected endocrine networks to counteract the multiple functions of Vitamin D, including regulation of mineral homeostasis, the renin-angiotensin system ( Chapters 45 and 84 (vol. 2 of this book)), and innate immune responses (Chapter 103 (vol. 2 of this book)). FGF23 targets fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)–α-Klotho complexes in the kidney to suppress 1,25(OH)2D production, thereby creating a bone/kidney axis to protect against vitamin D toxicity and to coordinate renal phosphate handling with bone mineralization and turnover. Excess FGF23-induced hypertension through FGFR–α-Klotho-dependent stimulation of distal tubular sodium transport and suppression of ACE2 expression in the kidney also counteracts the potential beneficial cardiovascular effects of Vitamin D. FGF23 and α-Klotho are ectopically expressed in activated macrophages in response to infection, leading to proinflammatory responses that may also counter the antiinflammatory effects of vitamin D. In addition, abnormalities of FGF23 production underlie many inherited and acquired disorders of phosphate homeostasis, and FGF23 plays important adaptive and maladaptive roles in chronic kidney disease. This review will discuss the known and emerging functions of FGF23 and α-Klotho.
Ratiometric Fluorescent Sensor Array as a Versatile Tool for Bacterial Pathogen Identification and Analysis

Rapid and reliable identification of pathogenic microorganisms is of great importance for human and animal health. Most conventional approaches are time-consuming and require expensive reagents, sophisticated equipment, trained personnel, and special storage and handling conditions. Sensor arrays based on small molecules offer a chemically stable and cost-effective alternative. Here we present a ratiometric fluorescent sensor array based on the derivatives of 2-(4′-N,N-dimethylamino)-3-hydroxyflavone and investigate its ability to provide a dual-channel ratiometric response. We demonstrate that, by using discriminant analysis of the sensor array responses, it is possible to effectively distinguish between eight bacterial species and recognize their Gram status. Thus, multiple parameters can be derived from the same data set. Moreover, the predictive potential of this sensor array is discussed, and its ability to analyze unknown samples beyond the list of species used for the training matrix is demonstrate...
Moving towards a bilingual baseline in second language phonetic research

This investigation compared adult sequential bilinguals and native speakers (NSs) with the intention of determining if bilinguals are an appropriate comparison group for second language (L2) learners in L2 phonetic research. To that end, 16 Spanish-English bilinguals were compared to 20 NSs of English on their perception and production of two English vowels. In perception, both groups had a similar category boundary and acoustic cue weighting. In production, both groups produced distinct vowels that were highly intelligible, although the bilinguals produced the phonemes closer together in the vowel space and had more variable performance than the NSs. The inspection of these two participant groups reveals that bilinguals have the ability to perceive and produce a difficult L2 phonemic contrast, with slight and inconsequential differences when compared to NSs. Thus, I argue that bilinguals who have acquired a target structure are an apt comparison group in L2 phonetic experiments.
Mechanotransduction in Cardiac Remodeling and Heart Failure

Mechanotransduction is the process by which the cells of the heart convert mechanical signals to chemical signals responsible for cellular adaptation and remodeling. When this system cannot meet the demands of increased loading conditions, the cellular response will not be adequate, and eventually the pumping function of the heart will fail. Mechanical signaling and force transmission within and outside the myocyte are important players in the mechanotransduction process, and the cytoskeleton is a key component in the structural link between the force-generating sarcomere, the cell membrane and putative intra-cellular stress-sensing components. Several defects in cytoskeletal components have been linked to cardiac dilation and heart failure. LIM proteins are one such structural component of the cytoskeleton, and defects in these proteins lead to both right and left ventricular dysfunction. Although these proteins may have chemical signaling roles in mechanotransduction, their structural role in force transmission and mechanical signaling is being investigated and characterized. Thus, there is evidence that structural components of the myocardium such as the myocyte cytoskeleton play a critical role in mechanotransduction and are part of the mechanism behind cardiac remodeling and eventual heart failure.
Use of Albumin Gradients for X and Y Sperm Separation and Clinical Experience with Male Sex Preselection

Semen samples obtained from 18 normal males and 37 husbands requesting male child preselection were separated on concentration gradients of human serum albumin. Separated semen obtained from the husbands was then used for artificial homologous insemination (AIH). A significant increase in the sperm motility, progressive drive, and percentage of Y-bearing sperm along with a decrease in the total sperm count and percentage of abnormal forms were observed in separated specimens. Fathers of three or more female children had a slightly smaller but statistically significant percentage of Y-bearing sperm in their semen samples than did normal males. Ten conceptions were achieved with separated semen. Seven pregnancies terminated in normal deliveries of five male and two female infants, one ended in a spontaneous abortion of a male fetus, and two patients are still expecting. The ratio of male to female conceptions in this small study parallels the ratio of Y to X sperm in the final specimen used for AIH.
Errors in Cognitive Mapping: A Behavioral Interpretation

An especially exciting area of investigation in the field of environment and behavior that reflects the active role people play in evolving schemata of the physical environment has come to be called cognitive mapping. Cognitive maps, alternatively referred to as mental maps or environmental images, refer to people’s cognitive representations of the spatial environment. Cognitive mapping has referred to the process of acquisition, amalgamation, and storage of these cognitive representations (Downs & Stea, 1973). As mentioned earlier, the seminal work in this area was conducted by Lynch (I960), who collected cognitive maps of Boston, Jersey City, and Los Angeles. Some later studies followed Lynch’s lead and gathered cognitive maps of a number of cities throughout the world — Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and The Hague (de Jonge, 1962), Chicago (Saarinen, 1969), Ciudad Guayana (Appleyard, 1969, 1970), Milan and Rome (Francescato & Mebane, 1973). Though cognitive maps can be generated through a range of verbal or graphic mediums, the predominant technique has been through map drawing as established by Lynch (Stea & Downs, 1970).
Incorporation of Fibers in Foods: A Food Engineering Challenge

Dietary fiber has been a focus of food industry research for some time now, owing to its importance in diet and the serious lack of fiber in commonly consumed foods. While the fortification of foods with fiber is, in theory, a simple way of increasing fiber consumption in the population, it is complicated by major engineering challenges. The incorporation of dietary fiber into processed foods often greatly compromises the texture and sensory quality of the food and also makes processing difficult. Physical, chemical, and enzymatic modifications of fiber have been investigated as strategies to improve its functionality. Modification strategies have mainly been aimed at changing the supramolecular and/or molecular structure of the fiber so as to improve its functionality. Several techniques for testing fibers for their functionality, including rheological tests such as solution rheology, lubricated squeezing flow, and capillary rheometry, are available. These techniques can be used to assess the quality of native or modified fibers and to predict their functionality under actual processing conditions. The macromolecular structure of fiber greatly affects its behavior during processing. Thus, a study of the structure of the fiber is complementary to the study of the rheological properties of the fiber, which can provide valuable information about its functionality. Some important structural characterization techniques include chemical analysis, spectroscopy techniques, and light-scattering techniques. Data regarding chemical modification of corn bran for incorporation into an extruded product, along with results of rheological and structural tests, are presented here to demonstrate the application of these techniques. The use of these modification strategies and fiber quality assessment techniques will help the food processor to formulate fiber-enriched products that will not hamper processing operations or the sensory quality of the product, while still imparting the health benefits associated with fiber consumption.
QuerioCity: a linked data platform for urban information management

In this paper, we present QuerioCity, a platform to catalog, index and query highly heterogenous information coming from complex systems, such as cities. A series of challenges are identified: namely, the heterogeneity of the domain and the lack of a common model, the volume of information and the number of data sets, the requirement for a low entry threshold to the system, the diversity of the input data, in terms of format, syntax and update frequency (streams vs static data), and the sensitivity of the information. We propose an approach for incremental and continuous integration of static and streaming data, based on Semantic Web technologies. The proposed system is unique in the literature in terms of handling of multiple integrations of available data sets in combination with flexible provenance tracking, privacy protection and continuous integration of streams. We report on lessons learnt from building the first prototype for Dublin.
Long-term impact of head and neck cancer (HNC) and treatment on financial distress and employment of HNC survivors.

e21575Background: Increasing HNC survival highlights the importance of understanding late biopsychosocial outcomes. Financial and occupational impacts of HNC remain unexplored, thus we undertook a ...
The effects of combined oxytocin and cognitive behavioral social skills training on social cognition in schizophrenia

BACKGROUND Individuals with schizophrenia have deficits in social cognition that are associated with poor functional outcome. Unfortunately, current treatments result in only modest improvement in social cognition. Oxytocin, a neuropeptide with pro-social effects, has significant benefits for social cognition in the general population. However, studies examining the efficacy of oxytocin in schizophrenia have yielded inconsistent results. One reason for inconsistency may be that oxytocin has typically not been combined with psychosocial interventions. It may be necessary for individuals with schizophrenia to receive concurrent psychosocial treatment while taking oxytocin to have the context needed to make gains in social cognitive skills. METHODS The current study tested this hypothesis in a 24-week (48 session) double-blind, placebo-controlled trial that combined oxytocin and Cognitive-Behavioral Social Skills Training (CBSST), which included elements from Social Cognition and Interaction Training (SCIT). Participants included 62 outpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia (placebo n = 31; oxytocin n = 31) who received 36 IU BID, with supervised administration 45 min prior to sessions on CBSST group therapy days. Participants completed a battery of measures administered at 0, 12, and 24 weeks that assessed social cognition. RESULTS CBSST generally failed to enhance social cognition from baseline to end of study, and there was no additive benefit of oxytocin beyond the effects of CBSST alone. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that combined CBSST and oxytocin had minimal benefit for social cognition, adding to the growing literature indicating null effects of oxytocin in multi-dose trials. Methodological and biological factors may contribute to inconsistent results across studies.
Effectiveness of intravenous acetaminophen for postoperative pain management in shoulder arthroplasties: A population-based study.

Abstract Background Intravenous acetaminophen (IV APAP) is an option in multimodal postoperative analgesia. Prior trials focus on hip and knee arthroplasties, whereas large-scale data on utilization and effectiveness in shoulder arthroplasties are lacking. Methods Data on 67,494 (452 hospitals) partial/total shoulder arthroplasties were extracted from the Premier claims database (2011–2016). Patients were categorized by receipt and dosage of IV APAP. Multilevel models measured associations between IV APAP and opioid utilization (in oral morphine equivalents), length/cost of stay and opioid-related complications. Effect estimates (adjusted % change) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are reported. Results IV APAP was used in 17.7% (n = 11,949) of patients with an increasing utilization trend. Most patients received only one dose on the day of surgery (69.5%; n = 8308). When adjusting for relevant covariates, IV APAP was not associated with meaningful effects on outcomes. Specifically, its use (versus no use) was not associated with decreased (but rather somewhat increased) opioid utilization: + 5.4% (CI 3.6–7.1%; P Conclusion In this first large-scale study that assesses IV APAP in shoulder arthroplasties, IV APAP use was not associated with decreased opioid utilization or the length/cost of stay. These results do not support routine use of IV APAP in this cohort, especially given its high cost. The translational potential for this article Multimodal pain control to assist in reducing the opioid pain medications are seen as a route to improved postoperative patient outcomes, better pain control and expedited hospital discharge. Acetaminophen plays a significant role in these protocols in many institutions, but it is not established if this expensive IV formulation is superior to the oral formulation. This study evaluates the use and effectiveness of IV acetaminophen following shoulder arthroplasty at a large number of institutions.
From Environmental Action to Ecoterrorism? Towards a Process Theory of Environmental and Animal Rights Oriented Political Violence

For those studying terrorism and political violence, our attention is usually drawn to the deadliest and most current groups, like the Islamic State, al-Qaeda, the Provisional Irish Republican Army...
Configurable architecture for smart pixel research

A new and efficient design of a 4 /spl times/ 4 array of single bit optical reduced instruction set computer (RISC) processors demonstrating data distribution through an integrated CMOS photodetector and photoreceiver alleviating bandwidth and interconnect delay limitations is presented. The proposed chip monolithically integrates optical sensors with CMOS based logic circuits with a RISC to create a generically programmable smart pixel.
The FEES box: A novel barrier to contain particles during aerosol-generating procedures.

Abstract Purpose Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) such as flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) have been deemed high-risk and in some cases restricted, indicating the need for additional personal protective equipment. The aim of this study was to erect and study a protective barrier for FEES. Materials and methods A PVC cube was constructed to fit over a patient while allowing for upright endoscopy. A plastic drape was fitted over the cube, and the protective barrier was subsequently named the “FEES Box.” Three different particulate-generating tasks were carried out: sneezing, coughing, and spraying water from an atomizer bottle. Each task was completed within and without the FEES Box, and particulate was measured with a particle counter. The average particles/L detected during the three tasks, and baseline measurements, were statistically compared. Results Without the FEES Box in place, the sneezing and spraying tasks resulted in a statistically significant increase in particles above baseline (p Conclusion The FEES Box effectively contained particles generated during sneezes and an atomizer spray. It would also likely mitigate coughing particulate, but coughing did not generate a significant increase in particles above baseline. Further research is warranted to test the efficacy of the FEES Box in containing particulate matter during a complete FEES procedure.
KINETICS OF CARBON COMBUSTION IN PLASMA AIR

A new equipment and method for measuring the kinetics of carbon combustion in plasma air have been designed. The activation energies of graphite combustion in this condition have been given: E_1=74.780 kJ / mol (900-1560 K) E_2=44.720 kJ / mol (1560-2100 K)
Sensory Coding of Limb Kinematics in Motor Cortex across a Key Developmental Transition.

Primary motor cortex (M1) undergoes protracted development in mammals, functioning initially as a sensory structure. Throughout the first postnatal week in rats, M1 is strongly activated by self-generated forelimb movements—especially by the twitches that occur during active sleep. Here, we quantify the kinematic features of forelimb movements to reveal receptive-field properties of individual units within the forelimb region of M1. At postnatal day 8 (P8), nearly all units were strongly modulated by movement amplitude, especially during active sleep. By P12, only a minority of units continued to exhibit amplitude tuning, regardless of behavioral state. At both ages, movement direction also modulated M1 activity, though to a lesser extent. Finally, at P12, M1 population-level activity became more sparse and decorrelated, along with a substantial alteration in the statistical distribution of M1 responses to limb movements. These findings reveal a transition toward a more complex and informationally rich representation of movement long before M1 develops its motor functionality. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Primary motor cortex (M1) plays a fundamental role in the generation of voluntary movements and motor learning in adults. In early development, however, M1 functions as a prototypical sensory structure. Here, we demonstrate in infant rats that M1 codes for the kinematics of self-generated limb movements long before M1 develops its capacity to drive movements themselves. Moreover, we identify a key transition during the second postnatal week in which M1 activity becomes more informationally complex. Together, these findings further delineate the complex developmental path by which M1 develops its sensory functions in support of its later-emerging motor capacities.
Novel data analysis method for obtaining better performance from a complex 3D-printed collimator

Abstract Additively manufactured scattered beam collimators are increasingly being employed to boost the sample to cell peak signal ratio in high pressure neutron diffraction studies because of manufacturing versatility and performance improvements. We study how the measured diffraction pattern is affected by the presence of a collimator downstream of the sample, and develop a novel protocol that provides more effective background rejection. This protocol takes into account critical performance-determinants that were identified in this study, namely: (i) effectively identifying the collimator pattern on the detector; (ii) understanding the dependence of this pattern on sample and cell composition; and (iii) accurately identifying and differentiating the different regions of the pattern on the detector based on the dependency of the cell or sample and finally (iv) resolving the intensities at regions of the detector where neutrons scattered from the sample are preferentially represented, in order to boost the sample to cell peak signal ratio. Application of this novel analysis protocol is shown to increase the collimator performance over the traditional method.
Comparative Analysis of Sampling Methods for Data Quality Assessment

Data quality assessment is an integral part of maintaining the quality of a system. The purpose of implementing an assessment is to make reading and using data easier, and it is also a prerequisite for data analysis. Low-quality data can be an obstacle for fast analysis, which is one of the reasons for financial issues in countries, companies, and hospitals. Jesmeen et al. [6] and Laranjeiro et al. [7] pointed out that poor quality data costs approximately $13.3 million per organization and $3 trillion per year for the entire US economy. Not only does poor data impact financial resources, but it also negatively impacts efficiency, productivity, and credibility. Therefore, data quality assessment has become one of the most attractive technologies to help improve data quality. In this work, we use data samples to assess the overall data quality. First, the sample size is determined and a control dataset is created to validate the proposed method. Next, four sampling methods were used to obtain different sized samples. Based on the three quality dimensions, the sampling results are compared using various statistical methods.
Studies of Elongation Factor G-Dependent tRNA Translocation by Three-Dimensional Cryo-Electron Microscopy

This chapter presents a detailed analysis of cryo-EM results, which reveal conformational changes of both elongation factors (EFs)-G and the ribosome. Fusidic acid was used to stabilize the binding of EF-G in the GDP state; its presence, following GTP hydrolysis, prevents the dissociation of EF-G from the ribosome. The binding position of the anticodon stem of the A-site tRNA and the tip portion of domain IV of EF-G show substantial overlap. The chapter makes use of information from hydroxyl radical probing of EF-G on the ribosome to locate positions of various ribosomal RNA fragments on the ribosome. Burma and coworkers and Mesters and coworkers showed that EF-dependent GTPase activity changes the conformation of the naked ribosome. However, in the absence of a 3-D map, the nature of these conformational changes was unknown. The results conclusively show that a number of ribosomal regions undergo a change of conformation upon EF-G binding. A very recent cryo-EM localization study of Tet(O) protein reveals that Tet(O) indeed has a structure similar to that of EF-G and binds in the same position on the 70S ribosome. From the comparison of the binding of all these factors to the ribosome, it appears that they use the same anchoring points on the ribosome and make contact with the same GTPase-associated center while differing substantially in their functions.
In Defense of Circular Reasoning: The Affordable Care Act and the Resilience of Law and Self-Reference

This paper looks at circular, self-referential phenomena in the health system as a means of understanding the functions circularity may serve, and how law, itself a self-referential system, interacts with social ordering of a circular nature.This article examines two examples of circular decisions in the health system and two corresponding provisions of a particular U.S. legal regime that addresses these recursive patterns, namely, the Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA). First, treatment decisions, as held to the negligence standard of care exemplify circular self-regulation, and the comparative effectiveness research provisions enacted in the ACA seek to affect these decisions. Second, adverse selection and risk segmentation, which characterize the decisions to buy and sell health insurance, are circular phenomena, trapping the market in a suboptimal equilibrium, a condition that the ACA’s individual mandate aims to rectify. In Part I, I use the notion of “autopoiesis” and other systems theory concepts elaborated by German lawyer and sociologist Niklas Luhmann to describe the function of self-reference in both treatment decisions and in insurance purchase transactions. Circularity, in this account, helps us, as social creatures, cope with the ultimate lack of grounding for complex, high-stakes decisions involving significant uncertainty. Through self-referential processes, we can diffuse responsibility for these decisions by generating mutually understood expectations that are not attributable to any one source. The circular process of developing such expectations masks and relieves our anxiety about the lack of external grounding for those decisions. Evidence, while helpful to a treating physician, is always indeterminate when applied to an individual patient, and decisions about whether to insure or not depend on the ultimate unknowability of whether someone will incur significant medical costs in the future. Yet circularity enables us to make such decisions routinely and with relative stability.In Part II, I argue that the interaction of each of these two self-referential phenomena with their corresponding legal provision in the ACA yields a counternarrative to that animating the popular hostility to health reform, but also to certain strands of legal scholarship suggesting that the law of the post-New Deal modern regulatory state -- with which health reform has been associated -- must be fundamentally reconsidered to deal with the complex social landscape of our times. State regulation, even ambitious regulation, such as that embodied in the ACA, is not, as some would suggest, as incompatible with circularity, the token of our complex and contingent world.
Bohr's Conception of the Quantum Mechanical State of a System and Its Role in the Framework of Complementarity

What Niels Bohr called the ‘epistemological lesson’ of ‘complementarity’ was the result of reasoning analogically from the classical conception of a mechanical state to a new quantum mechanical conception of an ‘object’ in a mechanical state. Bohr proposed to redefine the ‘objectivity’ essential for scientific description in terms of the epistemological demand for unambiguously communicable descriptions of observational results, a move which has profound consequences for how we can understand the concept of the quantum mechanical state and the nature of the ‘system’ which is ‘in’ this state. Here it is argued that the old notion of the ‘object’ which is in a classical mechanical state is drawn from a substance/property ontology derived from Aristotle’s analysis of categorical propositions. In moving to describing a system in a quantum mechanical state, the system that is ‘in’ such a state can no longer be so regarded as a substance possessing properties. Bohr argues that the concept refers to an interaction which has a feature of wholeness or ‘individuality’ that implies that the distinction between ‘object system’ and ‘observing system’ is relative to the context of the description. This conclusion, in turn, implies the need for a combination of complementary modes of description; however, because of his reticence in making ontological claims, he failed to develop this dimension of his new framework of complementarity.
Knowledge, Representation, and Rational Self-Government

It is commonplace in artificial intelligence to draw a distinction between the explicit knowledge appearing in an agent's memory and the implicit knowledge it represents. Many AI theories of knowledge assume this representation relation is logical, that is, that implicit knowledge is derived from explicit knowledge via a logic. Such theories, however, are limited in their ability to treat incomplete or inconsistent knowledge in useful ways. We suggest that a more illuminating theory of nonlogical inferences is that they are cases of rational inference, in which the agent rationally (in the sense of decision theory) chooses the conclusions it wishes to adopt. Thus in rational inference, the implicit beliefs depend on the agent's preferences about its states of belief and on its beliefs about its states of belief as well as on the beliefs themselves. The explicit representations possessed by the agent are not viewed as knowledge themselves, but only as materials or prima facie knowledge from which the agent rationally constructs the bases of its actions, so that its actual knowledge, as a set of attitudes, may be either more or less than the attitudes entailed logically by the explicit ones. That is, we keep the idea that the explicit knowledge represents the implicit knowledge, but change the nature of the representation function from logical closure under derivations to rational choice. In this theory, rationality serves as an ideal every bit as attractive as logicality, and moreover, provides satisfying treatments of the cases omitted by the narrow logical view, subsuming and explaining many AI approaches toward reasoning with incomplete and inconsistent knowledge.
Differentiation and characterization of T cells.

This paper outlines current standard methods of inducing T lymphopoiesis in vitro and in vivo. Reference is made to both murine and human systems. In addition to differentiation assays, methods to optimally characterize output cells are discussed. In bringing together a number of existing protocols, many techniques important in investigating T cell development can be reviewed in one place. Keywords: T cell development; Fetal thymic organ culture (FTOC); Intrathymic injection; T cell characterization
Above and below knee femoropopliteal VIABAHN

Objectives To assess the clinical outcomes of VIABAHN® stent grafts deployed across the knee to those deployed above the knee. Background The placement of stent-grafts across the knee joint and extending into the distal popliteal artery has been avoided due to a perceived higher risk of stent fractures, restenosis, and thrombosis due to the unique hemodynamic forces in this region. Methods A retrospective evaluation was conducted of 114 patients in 127 limbs. Patients were divided into two groups based on the location of the distal end of the deployed VIABAHN® stent: above knee (AK) (n = 89) in which the VIABAHN® implant ended at or above the femoral condyles and below the knee (BK) (n = 38) with extension of the graft into the below knee popliteal segment. Study end points were loss of primary, assisted, and secondary patency. Results One year primary, assisted, and secondary patency rates in the AK versus BK group were 67.7% vs. 47.2% (P = 0.0092), 77.1% vs. 53.7% (P = 0.0022), and 86.3% vs. 59.8% (P = 0.0035), respectively. Univariate analysis demonstrated an increased relative risk of a primary [RR = 2.07 (P = 0.001)], assisted [RR = 2.34 (P = 0.002)], or secondary events [RR = 2.98 (P = 0.002)] in patients when the stent was placed below the femoral condyles. Major amputations occurred in 10% of AK and 34% of BK patients (P = 0.002). Conclusions VIABAHN® stent grafts have a significantly lower clinical patency and higher rates of amputation when they extend across the knee joint. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tuning the Electromechanical Properties of Single DNA Molecular Junctions

Understanding the interplay between the electrical and mechanical properties of DNA molecules is important for the design and characterization of molecular electronic devices, as well as understanding the role of charge transport in biological functions. However, to date, force-induced melting has limited our ability to investigate the response of DNA molecular conductance to stretching. Here we present a new molecule-electrode linker based on a hairpin-like design, which prevents force-induced melting at the end of single DNA molecules during stretching by stretching both strands of the duplex evenly. We find that the new linker group gives larger conductance than previously measured DNA-electrode linkers, which attach to the end of one strand of the duplex. In addition to changing the conductance the new linker also stabilizes the molecule during stretching, increasing the length a single DNA molecule can be stretched before an abrupt decrease in conductance. Fitting these electromechanical properties to a spring model, we show that distortion is more evenly distributed across the single DNA molecule during stretching, and thus the electromechanical effects of the π-π coupling between neighboring bases is measured.
Surgical management of non‐colorectal hepatic metastasis

Isolated hepatic metastases from non-colorectal primary tumors are rare. Patients with neuroendocrine tumors have an indolent biology compared with other non-colorectal histologies. This article discusses the surgical management options for patients with neuroendocrine liver metastases and, separately, for those with non-colorectal, non-neuroendocrine metastases. Emphasis is placed on the importance of patient selection, understanding the tumor biology and response to systemic therapy.
Expert Psychological Testimony in the United States: A New Playing Field? 1This paper is based in part on material presented at greater length in Cutler & Penrod (in press), Fulero (1993) and Penrod, Fulero, & Cutler (1994).

This paper examines the legal and scientific aspects of expert psychological testimony in the United States and discusses the possible implications for such testimony of a recent decision by the United States Supreme Court. We consider expert testimony on eyewitness identification issues as an illustration of the reaction of the courts to, particularly, novel scientific evidence offered in adversarial settings. First, an historical perspective on the use of expert testimony is traced with particular attention to the criteria that state and federal courts have used in determining whether to admit expert testimony. We then examine the new Supreme Court decision and discuss its implications for the use of expert eyewitness testimony. We conclude by illustrating how eyewitness research and research on jury decisionmaking is likely to assume new importance in light of new expert evidence criteria.
Genetic Evidence for a Morphogenetic Function of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Pho85 Cyclin-Dependent Kinase

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae PHO85 gene encodes a nonessential cyclin-dependent kinase that associates with 10 cyclin subunits. To survey the functions provided by Pho85, we identified mutants that require PHO85 for viability. We identified mutations that define seven Pho E ighty- F ive R equiring or Efr loci, six of which are previously identified genes— BEM2 ( YER155C ), SPT7 ( YBR081C ), GCR1 ( YPL075W ), SRB5 ( YGR104C ), HFI1 ( YPL254W ), and BCK1 ( YJL095W )—with one novel gene ( YMR212C ). We found that mutations in the EFR genes involved in morphogenesis are specifically inviable when the Pho85-associated G1 cyclins encoded by PCL1 and PCL2 are absent. pcl1 Δ bem2, pcl1 Δ pcl2 Δ cla4 Δ, and pcl1 Δ pcl2 Δ cdc42-1 strains are inviable. pcl1 Δ pcl2 Δ mpk1 Δ, pcl1 Δ pcl2 Δ bck1 , and pcl1 Δ pcl2 Δ cln1 Δ cln2 Δ strains are also inviable, but are rescued by osmotic stabilization with 1 m sorbitol. We propose that the G1 cyclins encoded by PCL1 and PCL2 positively regulate CDC42 or another morphogenesis promoting function.
3.5. Simulation models

Abstract This paper summarizes some basic assumptions and procedures for simulation approaches. A brief discussion of system dynamics is presented. A description of the International Petroleum Exchange Model (IPE) developed at MIT is presented. As a simulation model of the world oil market, IPE shows the interactions, adjustments, and behavior of major actors and agents, and of the underlying supply, demand, and price relationships. Illustrations of model results are presented along with comparison of alternative simulation scenarios.
An astrophysical view of Earth-based metabolic biosignature gases.

Abstract Microbial life on Earth uses a wide range of chemical and energetic resources from diverse habitats. An outcome of this microbial diversity is an extensive and varied list of metabolic byproducts. We review key points of Earth-based microbial metabolism that are useful to the astrophysical search for biosignature gases on exoplanets, including a list of primary and secondary metabolism gas byproducts. Beyond the canonical, unique-to-life biosignature gases on Earth (O2, O3, and N2O), the list of metabolic byproducts includes gases that might be associated with biosignature gases in appropriate exoplanetary environments. This review aims to serve as a starting point for future astrophysical biosignature gas research. Key Words: Exoplanet—Biosignature—Microbial redox reactions. Astrobiology 12, 61–82.
Negotiation styles of industrial buyers

Abstract Much research has been done on negotiation, but little of it has focused specifically on the interactions of industrial buyers and sellers. In this study, a five-category typology borrowed from the organizational behavior literature was tested for its applicability in describing the negotiation behavior of industrial buyers. The results suggest that industrial buyers perceive themselves primarily as collaborative in their dealings with industrial sellers.
Synthesis of nanophase ZnO, Eu2O3, and ZrO2 by gas-phase condensation with cw-CO2 laser heating

Abstract This Letter describes cw-CO 2 laser vaporization and gas-phase condensation of nanophase ZnO, Eu 2 O 3 and ZrO 2 (particle diameters range from 5–280 nm, 2–30 nm, and 1–13 nm, respectively). ZnO forms in the usual room-temperature crystal structure but Eu 2 O 3 crystallizes in a metastable monoclinic phase.
Mothers’ Motivations for Intimate Partner Violence Help-Seeking

The purpose of this study was to determine motivators for intimate partner violence (IPV) help-seeking among mothers. This qualitative study used English and Spanish-speaking focus groups and a grounded theory approach. Sixty-two mothers participated in eight groups. Motivators for IPV help-seeking fell into two broad categories, internal and external motivators. Although participants cited numerous motivators for IPV help-seeking, recognizing the negative effects of IPV on their children, labeling the partner’s behavior as abusive and the intervention of others were particularly important. For many participants, the effects of IPV on their children were the most important motivator. Few women made the decision to seek help without the encouragement of others. Unique to the Spanish-speaking participants was the influence of immigration status and limitations to disclosure created by using significant others as translators. Exploration of incorporating these motivators into IPV intervention efforts is warranted.
Teaching a writing-intensive criminal justice course: An educational challenge

College faculty members and administrators have expressed a growing concern that undergraduate students' writing abilities are not being developed sufficiently. One solution to this perceived problem has been to require that students complete a given number of courses designated as writing-intensive. Although most faculty members applaud this goal, many are reluctant to volunteer to teach a writing-intensive course. This paper describes how one criminal justice department has responded to a university mandate to offer such a course, and suggests that these courses can provide advantages for both faculty and students.
Eine Approximation der Binomialverteilung durch die Normalverteilung der Ordnung 1/ n

The class (1) of transformations of a binomial variablek is studied. The famous De Moivre-Laplace local and integral limit theorems are generalized for the asymptotically standardized transformations (2). The transformation (4) respectively (3) is singled out as the only one with an error of order 1/n. Besides it is shown, that the error term of ordern −1/2 of the identical transformation, the angular transformation, and the logarithmic transformation are in proportion to 1/6, −1/12, and −1/3. Results on the influence of a correction of unbiasedness are mentioned in the last section. Such corrections allow a slight improvement of our new transformation.
MO-A-352-01: Fluoroscopic Imaging Equipment

Modern fluoroscopyimaging equipment is designed to simultaneously monitor x‐ray beam attenuation, detector exposure rate, contrast‐to‐noise ratio, x‐ray generator parameters, and x‐ray tube loading. Knowledge of system design is essential to understanding equipment operation; and understanding equipment operation can facilitate optimization of performance. Under pre‐programmed control,fluoroscopysystems automatically make adjustments to the parameters controlling x‐ray production, beam filtration, detector signal output, digital image processing, and image presentation. The result is that reduction of patient dose does not necessarily require a loss of image quality. Optimizing performance begins with the determination of which system parameters are dynamically controlled, and the identification of the trigger points for changes in these parameters. Secondly, an understanding of how system parameters affect each other, affect image quality, and affect patient dose can lead to better choices in how the system should be set up for specific applications. This presentation will systematically describe the functions of the major system components including automatic exposure rate control, variable pulse‐rate fluoroscopy, generator operating curves, spectral beam filtration, and other factors that affect the ability of the imagingsystem to deliver optimum diagnostic images at moderate patient dose. Educational Objectives: 1. Provide an understanding of modern fluoroscopic imagingsystem component design and functionality. 2. Describe specific ways in which equipment settings can enhance or detract from optimum performance.
Family and Workplace Conflict Examining Metaphorical Conflict Schemas and Expressions Across Context and Sex

This investigation examined 620 metaphorical conflict expressions generated by 169 participants who either were employed full-time or had previous work experience. First-order metaphorical (schema) analyses indicated that participants predominately used “conflict is impotence” schemas. No sex differences emerged in either schemas or in second-order (linguistic) analyses of metaphorical expressions. However, participants reported different schemas, depending on the conflict context, but particularly for the supervisor and departmental member contexts. The supervisor context also exhibited a pattern of linguistic choices, suggesting that male and female respondents objectified their supervisors. Finally, respondents reported greater frequency and intensity of conflicts in family contexts than in any of the work contexts.