cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isoreticular chiral metal-organic frameworks for asymmetric alkene epoxidation: tuning catalytic activity by controlling framework catenation and varying open channel sizes.

A family of isoreticular chiral metal−organic frameworks (CMOFs) of the primitive cubic network topology was constructed from [Zn4(μ4-O)(O2CR)6] secondary building units and systematically elongated dicarboxylate struts that are derived from chiral Mn-Salen catalytic subunits. CMOFs 1−5 were synthesized by directly incorporating three different chiral Mn-Salen struts into the frameworks under solvothermal conditions, and they were characterized by a variety of methods, including single-crystal X-ray diffraction, PXRD, TGA, and 1H NMR. Although the CMOFs 1 vs 2 and CMOFs 3 vs 4 pairs were constructed from the same building blocks, they exhibit two-fold interpenetrated or non-interpenetrated structures, respectively, depending on the steric sizes of the solvents that were used to grow the MOF crystals. For CMOF-5, only a three-fold interpenetrated structure was obtained due to the extreme length of the Mn-Salen-derived dicarboxylate strut. The open channel and pore sizes of the CMOF series vary systematical...
Governmental Litigants, Underdogs, and Civil Liberties: a Reassessment of a Trend in Supreme Court Decisionmaking:

Over the past thirty years, several studies have examined the impact of litigant resources on decisional outcomes in Supreme Court litigation. Judicial scholars have found that litigant status does provide one explanation for the variation found in decisions to grant writs of certiorari (Ulmer 1981; Teger and Kosinski 1980; Songer 1979; Tanenhaus, et al. 1963). Additionally, a number of studies have found litigant status to be significantly related to outcomes on the merits in the lower courts (Sheehan and Songer 1989; Wheeler et. al. 1987; Wanner 1975; Owen 1971). Most of these studies draw on the theoretical premise proposed by Galanter (1975) which suggests that "repeat players" are more likely than "one shot" players to be successful in the courts. One particular type of litigant that has been consistently favored in the Supreme Court is the governmental litigant. Over a slightly longer period many studies have demonstrated the overwhelming success of federal agencies appearing before the Court (Sheehan 1989; Crowley 1987; Handberg 1979; Canon and Giles 1972; Tanenhaus 1960; Pritchett 1948). These studies indicate that federal agencies win over two-thirds of the cases in which they participate. Other studies have demonstrated the high rates of success for the Solicitor General when appearing as amicus curiae (Segal 1988; Segal and Reedy 1988; Puro 1981). Less attention has been given to the success of states and local governments in Supreme Court litigation. Early studies (Barnard 1955; Snyder 1956) indicate that state and local litigants are only slightly less successful than the federal government. A recent study suggests that states generally are not as successful as the federal government in criminal litigation. The authors do find considerable variation in support for different states (Epstein and O'Connor 1988).
Power Plant Heat Rejection System Modeling and Comparison

As noted in a Summer 2007 EPRI Journal article entitled Running Dry At The Power Plant, “Securing sufficient supplies of fresh water for societal, industrial, and agricultural uses while protecting the natural environment is becoming increasingly difficult in many parts of the United States. Climate variability and change may exacerbate the situation through hotter weather and disrupted precipitation patterns that promote regional drought.” [1] Currently, in the United States, thermoelectric power production accounts for approximately 41% of freshwater withdrawals [2] and 3% of overall fresh water consumption. [3]The Electric Power Research Institute, EPRI, as part of its Technology Innovation (TI) program, is collaborating with Johnson Controls to conduct a feasibility study comparing the performance of a water saving Thermosyphon Cooling Hybrid System (TCHS) with other heat rejection systems for power plant applications. The TCHS employs a sensible heat rejection device, a thermosyphon cooler (TSC) in conjunction with an evaporative heat rejection device, an open cooling tower, to satisfy the annual cooling requirements of a given power plant. By reducing the evaporative heat load, the TCHS can significantly reduce the annual water consumed for cooling while still maintaining peak power plant output on the hottest summer days.Details of the interactive simulation program developed to compare various power plant heat rejection systems on an annual 8,760 hourly basis are discussed. Examples of the types of results and comparisons that can be made from the data obtained from the simulation program are presented.© 2013 ASME
Denitration Technology for Power Station Boiler and its Application Status

This paper introduces the formation mechanism of nitrogen oxides existing in boiler flue gas and several methods for reducing NOX emissions,focus on introducing NOX combustion technology and denitration technology of tail gas using catalytic reduction(SCR) method.Aiming at denitration actual condition of the power plant,some suggestions to reduce NOX emissions are proposed.
Riding the Bubble

What we have reviewed are several ways a banking system can be abused in financial transactions with some private good but no public good. Private good is when some economic agents earn wealth; and public good is when private gain benefits the whole society as well. Abuses of the public good occur in two kinds of banking corruption, individual corruption and institutional corruption. The case of Libor was deliberate corruption of the index by a group of individual traders, lying about the index. The case of mortgage securitization in the 2007–2008 Wall Street collapse was deliberate corruption by investment banking institutions, selling off rents from capital assets and thus destroying their future liquidity (toxic assets).
Kinetic Stability of Proteins in Beans and Peas: Implications for Protein Digestibility, Seed Germination, and Plant Adaptation.

Kinetically stable proteins (KSPs) are resistant to the denaturing detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Such resilience makes KSPs resistant to proteolytic degradation and may have arisen in nature as a mechanism for organismal adaptation and survival against harsh conditions. Legumes are well-known for possessing degradation-resistant proteins that often diminish their nutritional value. Here we applied diagonal two-dimensional (D2D) SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), a method that allows for the proteomics-level identification of KSPs, to a group of 12 legumes (mostly beans and peas) of agricultural and nutritional importance. Our proteomics results show beans that are more difficult to digest, such as soybean, lima beans, and various common beans, have high contents of KSPs. In contrast, mung bean, red lentil, and various peas that are highly digestible contain low amounts of KSPs. Identified proteins with high kinetic stability are associated with warm-season beans, which germinate at h...
Conductivity tuning of the ITO sol-gel materials by adjusting the tin oxide concentration, morphology and the crystalline size

Abstract A facile epoxide-driven method has been used to synthesize a series of highly electrically conductive mesoporous indium tin oxide (ITO) sol-gel nanomaterials with different morphologies and particle sizes. By altering the Sn content, the morphology and particle size of these materials undergo a drastic change. The effect of altering the morphology ultimately results in significant changes in the observed conductance of these materials. It became apparent that increasing the dopant concentration in the In2O3 matrix resulted in an increase in the average crystallite size present in the material. Additionally, altering Sn concentration modifies the morphology of the materials which at low concentration exhibit a sponge-like microstructure that gradually changes to a to spherical-type architecture as the concentration of Sn increases. The coupling of the changing effect of particle size and morphology resulted in an observable difference in the materials conductivity. There was a general increase in conductivity observed which correlated with increasing Sn concentration with the maximum conductivity being observed for the sample with 17 wt% Sn. Increasing the Sn concentration above this point resulted in a decrease in the observed conductivity. This work provides a simple method to tune to the conductivity of ITO aerogels by simply altering the Sn concentration to modify the morphology and crystallite size of present within the materials.
A randomized phase 2 study of MK-2206 versus everolimus in refractory renal cell carcinoma.

ABSTRACT Background Activation of the phosphoinisitide-3 kinase (PI3K) pathway through mutation and constitutive upregulation has been described in renal cell carcinoma (RCC), making it an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. We performed a randomized phase II study in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy refractory patients to determine whether MK-2206, an allosteric inhibitor of AKT, was more efficacious than the mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor everolimus. Patients and methods A total of 43 patients were randomized in a 2:1 distribution, with 29 patients assigned to the MK-2206 arm and 14 to the everolimus arm. Progression-free survival (PFS) was the primary endpoint. Results The trial was closed at the first futility analysis with an observed PFS of 3.68 months in the MK-2206 arm and 5.98 months in the everolimus arm. Dichotomous response rate profiles were seen in the MK-2206 arm with one complete response and three partial responses in the MK-2206 arm versus none in the everolimus arm. On the other hand, progressive disease was best response in 44.8% of MK2206 versus 14.3% of everolimus-treated patients. MK-2206 induced significantly more rash and pruritis than everolimus, and dose reduction occurred in 37.9% of MK-2206 versus 21.4% of everolimus-treated patients. Genomic analysis revealed that 57.1% of the patients in the PD group had either deleterious TP53 mutations or ATM mutations or deletions. In contrast, none of the patients in the non-PD group had TP53 or ATM defects. No predictive marker for response was observed in this small dataset. Conclusions Dichotomous outcomes are observed when VEGF therapy refractory patients are treated with MK-2206, and MK-2206 does not demonstrate superiority to everolimus. Additionally, mutations in DNA repair genes are associated with early disease progression, indicating that dysregulation of DNA repair is associated with a more aggressive tumor phenotype in RCC.
Letters to the EditorBeware of Right Renal Vein Valves in Transplanted Kidneys: Renal Vein Valvuloplasty in a Donor KidneySeizure Caused by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Inhibitor-Induced Central Nervous System DemyelinationPositron Emission Tomography-Positive Pleural-Based Nodule Following Talc Pleurodesis

# Beware of Right Renal Vein Valves in Transplanted Kidneys: Renal Vein Valvuloplasty in a Donor Kidney {#article-title-2} Here we present an unusual case of renal vein thrombectomy after renal allograft reperfusion secondary to venous outflow obstruction (VOO). While VOO is an unfortunate
A Green's function method for two-dimensional reactive solute transport in a parallel fracture-matrix system

Abstract The reactive solute transport in a single fracture bounded by upper and lower matrixes is a classical problem that captures the dominant factors affecting transport behavior beyond pore scale. A parallel fracture-matrix system which considers the interaction among multiple paralleled fractures is an extension to a single fracture-matrix system. The existing analytical or semi-analytical solution for solute transport in a parallel fracture-matrix simplifies the problem to various degrees, such as neglecting the transverse dispersion in the fracture and/or the longitudinal diffusion in the matrix. The difficulty of solving the full two-dimensional (2-D) problem lies in the calculation of the mass exchange between the fracture and matrix. In this study, we propose an innovative Green's function approach to address the 2-D reactive solute transport in a parallel fracture-matrix system. The flux at the interface is calculated numerically. It is found that the transverse dispersion in the fracture can be safely neglected due to the small scale of fracture aperture. However, neglecting the longitudinal matrix diffusion would overestimate the concentration profile near the solute entrance face and underestimate the concentration profile at the far side. The error caused by neglecting the longitudinal matrix diffusion decreases with increasing Peclet number. The longitudinal matrix diffusion does not have obvious influence on the concentration profile in long-term. The developed model is applied to a non-aqueous-phase-liquid (DNAPL) contamination field case in New Haven Arkose of Connecticut in USA to estimate the Trichloroethylene (TCE) behavior over 40 years. The ratio of TCE mass stored in the matrix and the injected TCE mass increases above 90% in less than 10 years.
Thermoregulation in Adult Seabirds

In simple terms, an animal is fit in an evolutionary sense, if it can reproduce, obtain food, and avoid becoming someone else’s food. Those animals leaving the most viable offspring at the least possible cost can be considered the most fit. In birds, a major portion of the cost of survival is spent in maintaining a relatively high (38–42°C) body temperature (homeothermy). The maintenance of a relatively constant body temperature is based on a balance between heat production (metabolism), heat transfer from the environment, and heat transfer to the environment.
Chemical Equilibrium for Ideal Gases

The treatment of ideal gases thus far has referred essentially to the determination of the thermodynamic functions for pure substances. In considering chemical equilibrium, however, we are dealing with homogeneous mixtures of gases in which two chemical changes, one the reverse of the other, are occurring at equal rates at a constant total pressure and temperature. One must enquire to what extent the expressions deduced in the earlier chapters are applicable to ideal gases in ideal gas mixtures. Without deriving the result rigorously we will say immediately that the results are applicable without modification. This is because, in a mixture of ideal gases, each gas is independent of the others and behaves as if they were not present, apart from any chemical interactions among them. Just as the molar thermodynamic properties of a pure ideal gas depend only on its pressure and temperature, so also do those of an ideal gas in an ideal gas mixture depend only on its partial pressure and temperature. This is true for E, H, S, G, and A. Moreover, E and H are even independent of pressure. It follows that the values for E0, H0, S0, G0, and A0 deduced earlier for pure ideal gases apply to these gases in ideal gas mixtures when they are individually at a partial pressure of one atmosphere.
A Step-Wise Plan for Intervention

Psychologists typically must complete four years of coursework, a year of full-time internship, and an additional year of supervised, post-doctoral experience in order to meet minimum licensing requirements. However, virtually no graduate programs or state licensing boards require any specific coursework or training in crisis intervention.
Analysis of a Freight Pipeline System

This paper examines the aerodynamic characteristics of a freight pipeline system in which freight capsules are individually propelled by electrical motors. The fundamental difference between this system and the more extensively studied pneumatic pipeline is the different role played by aerodynamic forces. In a driven system the propelled capsules are resisted by aerodynamic forces and, in reaction, pump air through the tube. In contrast, in a pneumatic system external blowers pump air through the tubes and this provides thrust for the capsules. An incompressible transient analysis is developed to study the aerodynamics of multiple capsules in a cross linked two-bore pipeline. An aerodynamic friction coefficient is used as a cost parameter to compare the effects of capsule blockage and headway and to assess the merits of adits and vents. We conclude that optimum efficiency for off-design operation is obtained with long platoons of capsules in vented or adit connected tubes.
Places Are Subjective and Historical

Like Issue C1, Issue C6 has a positive and critical form. In its positive form, its point is that subjectivity, personal experience and history play an important role in the dynamics of places. This part of C6 is self-evident and does not need testing. The critical form of C6, however, does need to be addressed. It basically argues that, while scholars involved in the study of place know that history and subjectivity play an important role in health, they ignore this type of research, opting instead for quantitative analysis.
Joint downlink resource allocation in LTE-Advanced heterogeneous networks

Abstract Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A) heterogeneous network constituted by macro cells and small cells has attracted wide attentions as a solution to the data surge problem in the developing wireless networks, e.g., 5G mobile communication systems, demanding for higher bandwidth and better quality. Taking also cognitive radio into account, we develop here a dynamic resource allocation algorithm for the downlink transmission which involves resource blocks, component carriers, modulation and coding schemes, and frequency partitions with an overall consideration. Specially, we consider not only to determine the multiple kinds of resources at each transmission time interval, but also to enforce the constraints specific to the LTE-A system with carrier aggregation. To this end, we conduct a mathematical programming model which involves nonlinear constraints on binary variables to formulate the stochastic optimization problem, and introduce a submodular-based greedy algorithm to resolve the high-dimensional NP-hard allocation problem involved. In addition, for the traffic and channel conditions to be time-varying in practice, our approach based on the Lyapunov drift-plus-penalty framework requires no prior knowledge of such information to alleviate the system overhead. Given that, the greedy allocation algorithm embedded is further used to guarantee the performance of allocation by means of submodularity. Finally, the numerical evaluation is conducted to verify our approach, revealing its performance benefits complementing the previous works that pay no special attention to the issues addressed here.
Mill on Growth: Summary and Conclusions

In the early chapters of this work, I introduced John Stuart Mill’s conception of human growth. I used the word ‘growth’ to encapsulate a host of closely related terms, also used by Mill, such as development, progress, improvement, cultivation, and the elevation of character. Growth is a process of desirable, positive change. It brings us nearer to some ideal standard such as nobleness or perfection. It constitutes an increase in that which is desirable and worthwhile, such as cultivating the higher pleasures, education, and self-realization. It is a process that affects individuals, and it has application to groups and to the whole of civilization. It is also a stature or end in itself. Thus, growth can be thought of as a process and as a product. For Mill, growth constitutes the goal we all should seek. This study has demonstrated that Mill’s conception of human growth is among the most fundamental and dominant ideas in his thought and that it runs through his work as a consistent theme. By the manner in which he lived, Mill exemplified an unrelenting commitment to his personal improvement and to the improvement of humankind. Moreover, throughout the corpus of his writings, it is evident that considerations of human development play a decisive role in shaping and guiding his moral, social, and political philosophy. I refer to this unifying theme as his ‘growth ethic.’
Nonverbal synchrony as a marker of patient racial attitudes in oncology interactions.

e22126Background: Patient-physician communication during racially discordant oncology interactions (about 80% of Black patients’ interactions) is often poorer than in racially concordant interactio...
Open2C: open-source generator for exploration of coherent cache memory subsystems

A cache-coherent memory subsystem plays an important role in complex digital computing systems. It maintains memory consistency across on-chip caches that hide the memory latency to improve computational performance. Being managed by hardware, the cache subsystem facilitates multi-core system programming and allows developers to focus on other crucial aspects. However, due to extensive protocol-related traffic and lack of explicit data movement management, cache memory scalability becomes a big concern. Existing evaluation techniques, such as cycle-approximate estimation or cycle-accurate simulation, do not guarantee accurate and fast results in the first case or require tremendous amount of efforts to implement and modify the system in the second. We present Open Cache Coherence (Open2C). The project aims to provide a powerful yet flexible and easy-to-extend tool that enables exploring coherent cache memory subsystem for upcoming large-scale computing systems. Open2C includes a library of basic parameterized components that are required to build a complex coherent cache memory subsystem, such as miss register, TAG array, replacement policy unit, etc. The Open2C generator is written in Chisel language that allows each component to be accessed through provided methods in a functional and modular way. The generated system can be simulated using existing Chisel-based simulation tools or be compiled into the RTL and placed on FPGA for further evaluation. Open2C reduces the amount of effort researches spend on system implementation - allowing them to focus on the protocol itself or a separate unit optimization.
Preliminary Evidence for Infusing Mindfulness, Yoga and Parenting Education Training on the Resilience-building Capacity for Incarcerated Fathers

Background and Purpose: Research has shown correlations between mindfulness, yoga and reduced risky behaviors among incarcerated and high-risk populations. Research has also shown that yoga can increase positive mental and physical health. Purpose: The present study extends current knowledge by combining a parenting program with yoga instruction in a 12-session series delivered to incarcerated fathers. We hypothesized that participants' resilience and parenting knowledge would increase from beginning to end of program. Methods: Using three measures for parental resiliency and one program scale for parenting, we assessed pretest to posttest changes in 65 of 112 criminal justice-involved fathers who completed a parenting curriculum that includes yoga and mindfulness instruction. Results: Participants significantly improved on two of three measures of resilience: overall Self Compassion Scale (SCS), and overall Whole Person Scale (WPS), which includes a total of three of six SCS subscales and three of four WPS subscales, from pretest to posttest; and on a parenting scale (Fit2bFathers Program Scale). Conclusion: The study provides preliminary evidence that a parenting program with yoga instruction may be an effective intervention for high-risk populations where parenting skills may be limited or stressed.
Pedicle Corridors and Vessel Options for Free Flap Reconstruction following Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery: A Systematic Review

Introduction Microvascular free flaps offer an alternative to local and regional flaps for coverage of complex or large skull base defects. Routes and approaches to these reconstructive options are complicated and require an understanding of complex head and neck anatomy. Methods A systematic review of the literature was performed using a set of search terms with the help of a qualified librarian. Articles were reviewed and selected for inclusion based on relevance. We were interested in reporting possible routes for free flap accessibility to the skull base as well as microvascular vessel options, as this choice may affect the geometry and accessibility to the defect. Results A total of 1,917 articles were obtained from a comprehensive search and 11 articles were ultimately found to be relevant to this review. Published options for vessel anastomosis and corridors to the skull base following endoscopic endonasal surgery are reviewed, including Caldwell-Luc/transbuccal space, prevertebral space, transpterygoid/parapharyngeal, and transmaxillary approaches. Conclusion The field of endoscopic surgery has continued to advance and provide options for tumors of the skull base. This has led to a need for creative routes to the skull base for free flap reconstruction.
Schema formalism for OEM-based XML DTD schema

Schemas for semistructured data differ, however, from those for relational or object-oriented data. Therefore, typing system and schema formalisms for XML-based semistructured data are extensively studied, and a formal description of OEM-based XML DTD schema is proposed in this paper.
Comprehensive Evaluation of an Educational Information Management Solution for Parents: MyStudentScope

Existing electronic student information systems used by schools were designed from the perspective of the educators or students, not the parents. Parents and caregivers have challenges optimizing their use of information regarding their children’s education (Matthews and Feng 2017). To address this challenge, we developed MyStudentScope (MSS), a web portal that aims at assisting parents in managing information regarding their children’s education. MSS has four primary functions to aid its users in accessing and analyzing collected data: monitoring, retrieving, communication and decision making (Matthews et al. 2018a).
The perils of metric fixation.

Most of us are involved in organizations with managerial hierarchies. Probably you are both a manager, responsible for people under you, and managed, in that you’re responsible to people above you....
Dinuclear Silver Complexes in Catalysis

Over the past two decades, there has been a substantial increase in the number of synthetically useful transformations catalyzed by silver. Across the range of silver-catalyzed reactions that have been reported, dinuclear species often emerge as a common feature, either as the (pre-)catalysts themselves or as intermediates during catalysis. This Minireview explores the role of dinuclear silver complexes in homogeneous catalysis, which we hope will aid in the development of improved design principles for silver catalysts.
Advances in Immunotherapy for Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a heterogeneous disease that is normally treated with combination chemotherapy combined with the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab. Although about two-thirds of patients are cured with initial chemo-immunotherapy, a sizable minority of patients will have relapsed or refractory (r/r) DLBCL. Standard therapy for r/r DLBCL is salvage chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT); however, a minority of patients have long-term remission with this approach. In recent years, there has been a proliferation of immunotherapies for the treatment of DLBCL that have expanded our treatment options for these patients, providing the opportunity for durable remissions that were not previously possible. In this review, we discuss these novel immunotherapies, including monoclonal antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, bispecific antibodies and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. The plethora of novel agents leaves patients with more therapeutic options, but leaves the practitioner faced with challenging decisions regarding the timing and indications for use of these immunotherapies. Although studies are ongoing, no agents have been verified as alternatives to standard salvage therapy followed by ASCT at first relapse. The opportunity for durable response and broad age range eligibility makes a strong case for CAR T cells to be used as third-line therapy. The remainder of the agents discussed can be useful in specific clinical scenarios including in patients who are not candidates for ASCT or CAR T cells, as bridging therapy to CAR T cells, or in the r/r setting after CAR T cell therapy failure.
Emergence of Southern Hemisphere stratospheric circulation changes in response to ozone recovery

Depletion of stratospheric ozone in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) during the late twentieth century cooled local air temperature, which resulted in stronger stratospheric westerly winds near 60° S and altered SH surface climate. However, Antarctic ozone has been recovering since around 2001 thanks to the implementation of the Montreal Protocol, which banned production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances. Here we show that the post-2001 increase in ozone has resulted in significant changes to trends in SH temperature and circulation. The trends are generally of opposite sign to those that resulted from stratospheric ozone losses, including a warming of the SH polar lower stratosphere and a weakening of the SH stratospheric polar vortex. Observed post-2001 trends of temperature and circulation in the stratosphere are about 50–75% smaller in magnitude than the trends during the ozone depletion era. The response is broadly consistent with expectations based on modelled depletion-era trends and variability of both ozone and reactive chlorine. The differences in observed stratospheric trends between the recovery and depletion periods are statistically significant (P < 0.05), providing evidence for the emergence of dynamical impacts of the healing of the Antarctic ozone hole. Antarctic ozone-hole recovery has caused significant changes in Southern Hemisphere stratospheric circulation, according to atmospheric reanalysis and global climate modelling.
IOL Power Calculation

Intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation is challenging in pediatric eyes. These eyes have short axial length, steep cornea and shallow anterior chamber. The measurements are performed under general anesthesia in infants and young children where it is difficult to ensure central fixation. There are no IOL calculation formulae designed for pediatric eyes. Most surgeons undercorrect the IOL power to account for ocular growth and to prevent large myopic shifts by adulthood. In this chapter, we discuss the biometry techniques, IOL power formulas and principles for IOL power selection in pediatric eyes. There is a need to better understand the pediatric eye growth and to develop IOL power calculation formula specifically designed for pediatric eyes that are tailored for each eye to achieve best refractive outcomes. Residual refractive correction and amblyopia management are additional measures needed to promote good visual outcomes.
Proteins as Fractals

Fig. 1 illustrates a fractal curve with properties relevant to a polypeptide. It is a fractal with geometric self-similarity. It has two elements: an initiator, which here is the largest N-sided structure that spans the interval 0 to R. In this example, N happens to be 8, and each leg of the structure, r, is 1/4 of the initiator length, R. The top equation in Fig. 1 is the most general relationship characterizing a fractal curve such as this. Here d is the fractal dimension. If, as in this example, each of the r i , is the same length, r, then the second expression in Fig. 1 is true.
Determination of Human Maternal Serum Copper Levels by AAS and DCP Spectra-Span VI™ Techniques

Previous work in our department showed maternal serum copper is elevated significantly during labor1,2. A preliminary study on 26 patients with threatened preterm labor indicated significant correlation between maternal serum copper levels, effect of tocolysis, and labor outcome. Those with levels 2.5 ppm showed either arrest with tocolytic therapy and decreased copper levels, or continued elevated copper and progressive labor despite tocolytic therapy3. We plan to extend this study using a larger patient population and analyzing serial samples during labor.
Quantitative estimation of tannins, phenols and antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of Imperata cylindrica

The aim of present study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the Methanolic root extract of Imperata cylindrica (MEIC) by using various in-vitro models of antioxidant activity. The extract was comprised to phytochemical screening and quantitative determination of tannins and total phenols by spectrophotometric methods. Scavenging of nitric oxide by MEIC was estimated by using Gries's reagent. Reducing the ability of MEIC was studied by using FeCl3 reagent. Ascorbic acid was used as standard in all the three methods. The extract showed the IC50 value for nitric oxide scavenging method as 400.15± 1.934 µg/ml as compared to the standard ascorbic acid with IC50 value 269.75± 0.852 µg/ml. The extract was found to have been strong reducing power and the activity was comparable to the standard ascorbic acid. The hydrogen peroxide scavenging capacity of MEIC was reported as IC50 value of 185.6± 1.551µg/ml as compared to the IC50 value of the standard ascorbic acid 128.5 ± 0.683µg/ml. MEIC showed significant antioxidant activity in all the three antioxidant models comparable to the standard. The phytochemical screening of the MEIC revealed the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, triterpenoids, phenolic compounds/tannins, flavonoids, proteins and volatile oils. The tannin content of MEIC was found to be 12.53 ± 0.56mg tannic acid equivalent g-1 extracted powder. The total phenolic content was found to be 7.09 ± 0.14mg gallic acid equivalent g-1 extracted powder. The antioxidant potential of the methanolic extracts of Imperata cylindrica may be due to the presence of tannins and phenolic compounds.
Minimizing the Weight of Aluminum Body Panels

General guidelines are provided in this paper that can minimize the weight of aluminum body panels. Denting, local stiffness, torsional and/or bending stiffness, strength, and vibration of body panels are considered. High strength alloys will provide the least panel weight when the governing criteria are denting, permanent set and crippling. Redesign to reduce size of unsupported outer panel areas or to increase inner panel rib size will provide the least weight when the governing criterion is stiffness.
Place of Death among Hospitalized Patients with Cancer at the End of Life

Abstract Background: The majority of hospital deaths in the United States occur after ICU admission. The characteristics associated with the place of death within the hospital are not known for patients with cancer. Objective: The study objective was to identify patient characteristics associated with place of death among hospitalized patients with cancer who were at the end of life. Methods: A retrospective cohort study design was implemented. Subjects were consecutive patients hospitalized between 2003 and 2007 at a large comprehensive cancer center in the United States. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to identify patient characteristics associated with place of death (ICU, hospital following ICU, hospital without ICU) among hospital decedents. Results: Among 105,157 hospital discharges, 3860 (3.7%) died in the hospital: 42% in the ICU, 14% in the hospital following an ICU stay, and 44% in the hospital without ICU services. Individuals with the following characteristics had an increase...
Asp-286----Asn-286 in polyomavirus large T antigen relaxes the specificity of binding to the polyomavirus origin.

We isolated revertants of a polyomavirus whose origin of DNA replication contains a point mutation in the palindrome to which large T antigen binds. Four independent second-site revertants contain an Asp-286----Asn-286 substitution in large T antigen. This mutant large T antigen activates replication of DNAs containing the mutant polyomavirus origin as well as replication of DNAs containing the wild-type origin; however, replication of DNAs with enhancer mutations is not activated by this large T antigen. The Asn-286 mutation occurs in a positively charge region of large T antigen near the location of several mutations which inactivate DNA replication. We suggest that this region of large T antigen is responsible for recognition of specific DNA sequences at the origin and that ionic forces are important for this interaction. Images
Effects of document generation and source presentation on historical understanding and thinking

Students in an Introduction to Lifespan Development course (N = 108) participated in an experiment with a 2x2 randomized factorial design that explored the effects of document generation (control, document generation; DGT) and presentation format (single text, multiple documents) on historical understanding and thinking. As predicted, there were no improvements in students' historical understanding in the DGT or presentation format conditions. However, there were main effects for DGT and presentation format on students' depth of processing as measured by the number of added, borrowed and transformed sentences in an argument writing task. There was also a main effect for DGT on students' recall of document source information, an indication of the use of a sourcing heuristic and component of expert historical thinking. Results provide cautionary evidence for educational policy and classroom practice about document-based assessment practices, and the continued advocacy of multiple primary source document use.
The detrimental effects of electric current on normal human sperm.

This in vitro study was conducted to determine the direct effects of electric current and associated increase in temperature on human sperm. Washed sperm samples from normal volunteers were subjected to an electric current (0 to 100 mA) in a small, customized Plexiglas chamber for up to 10 minutes. Resistive heating was monitored by a miniature temperature probe. An aliquot (7 microliters) obtained from the exposed sample (at 0, 3, 7, and 10 minute intervals) was evaluated for sperm motion parameters, viability, gross morphology, and electron microscopic analyses. As the current increased, there was a time-dependent decrease in the percentages of motility, viability, and curvilinear velocity. Light and electron microscopic evaluations of the sperm showed no demonstrable damage to the head, mid piece, or tail regions on electric stimulation. A gradual time-dependent increase in the temperature of the medium was observed with electric current. Separate evaluations in the absence of an electric current showed a significant increase in percent motility and curvilinear velocity until 40 degrees C. These results suggest that an electric current, independent of temperature (up to 40 degrees C), is detrimental to sperm motion and viability. Further studies are indicated to evaluate whether electric current during electroejaculation may be in part responsible for poor sperm recovery in men with spinal cord injury. Language: en
Photodecomposition of bilirubin and biliverdin in vitro.

Summary Decomposition of bilirubin and biliverdin under intense fluorescent light was studied in vitro at p H levels ranging from 7.4 to 13.0. Photodecay of bilirubin was more rapid at a higher p H if albumin was absent, but more rapid at a lower p H if albumin was present, whereas biliverdin was more stable at a lower p H, with or without albumin. During illumination at lower p H levels, albumin stabilized biliverdin but accelerated decay of bilirubin; these effects were not altered by competitive uncoupling of bilirubin from albumin or by chelation of contaminant divalent cations with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Studies with a variety of fluorescent lamps demonstrated that wavelengths between 400 and 600 mμ were most effective in destroying bilirubin, ultraviolet light was less effective, and red light (>600 mμ) was ineffective. Photodecay of both bilirubin and biliverdin was oxidative, but exclusion of oxygen did not arrest photodecay of bilirubin if albumin was present also. Presumably, albumin itself or the vinyl side chain of bilirubin substituted for oxygen as a hydrogen acceptor. By radiochromatography and by reillumination of photoderivatives of 14 C-bilirubin, it was shown that the process of photodecay proceeded from bilirubin to biliverdin to weakly diazo-reactive derivatives to highly polar, diazo-negative products.
The contribution of cysteine residues to antigenicity and extent of processing of herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein D.

Abstract Glycoprotein D (gD) is an envelope component of herpes simplex virus types 1 (gD-1) and 2 (gD-2). The gD-1 polypeptide contains seven cysteine residues among its 369 amino acids; six are located on the N-terminal or luminal portion of the glycoprotein, and a seventh is located in the transmembrane region. Previous studies used a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to define gD epitopes as continuous or discontinuous. Purified gD, denatured by reduction and alkylation, loses discontinuous epitopes, whereas continuous epitopes are retained. The contribution of disulfide bonds to maintenance of discontinuous epitopes is, therefore, significant. In the present study, our objective was to determine the contribution of individual cysteine residues to folding of gD-1 into its native conformation. Site-directed oligonucleotide mutagenesis was used to create seven mutants, each with a serine residue replacing a cysteine. The mutated genes were cloned into a eucaryotic expression vector and transfected into COS-1 cells, and the proteins were separated by nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, followed by immunoblotting. Replacement of cysteine 7 (residue 333) had only a minimal effect on the antigenic properties of gD-1. In contrast, replacement of any one of the other six cysteine residues resulted in either a major reduction or a complete loss of binding of those MAbs that recognize discontinuous epitopes, with no effect on the binding of MAbs which recognize continuous epitopes. These mutations also had profound effects on the extent of oligosaccharide processing of gD-1. This was determined by digestion of the expressed proteins with various endoglycosidases, followed by electrophoresis and Western blotting (immunoblotting) to observe any mobility changes. Three mutant gD proteins which did not express discontinuous epitopes contained only high-mannose-type oligosaccharides, suggesting that processing had not proceeded beyond the precursor stage. Two mutant forms of gD exhibited reduced binding of MAbs to discontinuous epitopes. A small proportion of the molecules which accumulated at 48 h posttransfection contained complex oligosaccharides. One mutant exhibited reduced binding of MAbs to discontinuous epitopes, but was present at 48 h posttransfection only in the precursor form. The cysteine 7 mutant was processed to the same extent as wild-type gD. We conclude that the first six cysteine residues are critical to the correct folding, antigenic structure, and processing of gD-1, and we speculate that they form three disulfide-bonded pairs.
Breast milk transmission of viral disease.

Breast-feeding is, in general, nutritionally ideal, economically sound, immunologically advantageous, hygienically sterile and emotionally satisfying. Nevertheless, in certain maternal viral illnesses there is a substantial risk of maternal-infant transmission by breast milk. This is particularly true for HIV-1, HTLV 1, HTLV 2 and, to a lesser extent, CMV infection. Further, in the presence of acute infection with many viral agents, breast-feeding may be contraindicated.
Controlling Self and Others: A Theory of Anxiety, Mental Control, and Social Control

This address integrates social and personality variables by studying the impact of social structure on basic human motivations and anxiety. When situations threaten the ability to meet basic human needs, people become anxious and attempt to restore control Social structures of power threaten people's sole control over meeting basic needs for competence, self-esteem, and a benevolent world. Depending on the need under threat, people may cope with their anxiety in different ways. For example, anxiety over different threatened needs may cause powerless people either to be hyper vigilant toward those in power or to discount negative information about them and align with them. Just as people who are anxious because of social powerlessness may attempt to restore control by social cognitive processes, trait-anxious people may attempt to restore control by their impression formation strategies.
Power Allocation for distributed detection in a multiple-ring cluster

Power Allocation (PA) strategies are evaluated for distributed detection in a single-hop, multiple-ring cluster. The Detection Error Probability (DEP) is affected by the observation Signal-to-Noise Ratios (SNRs), the channel SNRs, and node distances. We seek the PA maximizing the total expected deflection coefficient of the received signals at the fusion center under different constraints: a total power constraint and a per-ring power constraint. Both optimization problems are convex, so the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions lead to analytical expressions for the optimal PA. The DEPs from a uniform PA and the proposed PA are compared for various observation SNRs, channel SNRs, number of nodes, and number of rings.
A New Department and a Panel Discussion

Editor in Chief Gabriel Taubin discusses the magazine's new Graphics Math & Code department and the Meet the Editors panel discussion at VisWeek 2011.
Phosphatidylcholine of blood lipoprotein is the precursor of glycerophosphorylcholine found in seminal plasma.

Abstract Glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC) concentration of the male reproductive tract increases from under 0.1 mM in the efferent ducts of the testis to 10–50 mM in the cauda epididymidis. It is reasonable to assume that choline-containing phospholipids serve as precursor(s) of GPC but the identity and source of these precursors had not been established. We performed in vivo labeling experiments in rabbits to distinguish between two types of phospholipid metabolism that might account for epididymal GPC formation: (a) addition of phospholipids to sperm during epididymal transit with degradation of these phospholipids by sperm to yield GPC or (b) degradation of phospholipids by epididymal epithelial cells with excretion of GPC into the duct lumen. We concluded that the latter route accounted for most of the GPC accumulation and that the primary source of the choline moiety of GPC was phosphatidylcholine of blood lipoprotein. We believe that these observations establish a specific, vectorial metabolism of phospholipids whereby circulating lipoproteins on one side of the epididymal epithelial cell are transferred to the cell, the lipoproteins degraded by the epithelial cell to GPC, and the GPC moved into the lumen.
Identifying the dimensions of the experience construct

SUMMARY This article proposes a holistic, three phase model structured to incorporate the major components of the Experience construct. While speculation about what constitutes an experience abound, the complex relationship among value, service quality, satisfaction, and experience is in its infancy. Before this relationship can be fully examined, dimensions of these four critical components need to be incorporated into a unified, holistic model that includes the three primary constructs of Service Quality, Value, and Satisfaction. This article focuses on the first challenge by developing a model and offering some propositions to encourage future research about the experience construct in hospitality.