cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selective transcriptional profiling for trait-based eQTL mapping.

Summary There is currently great interest in identifying genetic loci associated with the expression of one or more genes by combining methods for the mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) with microarray technology. Because of the high cost of microarrays, it is useful to develop strategies for selecting a subset of individuals for expression profiling. We describe a method of selective transcriptional profiling that uses available information on individual quantitative traits and marker data to choose an optimal set of individuals for measurement with microarrays. We show how to analyse the resulting data to identify genes whose expression is associated with a QTL for a traditional trait or any other locus. Examples are used to illustrate the method and highlight some challenges associated with the analysis of selected data.
Effect of digoxin and vasodilators on left ventricular function in aortic regurgitation

In order to assess the relative value of digoxin, nifedipine and hydralazine on left ventricular performance at rest and during exercise, we studied 10 men with moderately severe chronic aortic regurgitation using two-dimensional echocardiography. Digoxin after one month at therapeutic serum levels increased resting ejection fraction as compared to control [0.54 +/- 0.08 (SD) vs 0.47 +/- 0.08, respectively, P less than 0.03]. Ejection fraction decreased during exercise but the difference between digoxin and control was maintained. Stroke volume also was higher on digoxin than control at rest (93 +/- 15 vs 83 +/- 17 ml, P less than 0.02) and the larger stroke volume on digoxin was maintained during exercise. By contrast, stroke volume was reduced by one month of therapy with maximally tolerated nifedipine doses compared to control (74 +/- 8 vs 83 +/- 17 ml, P = 0.03) and this difference was maintained during exercise. Hydralazine in doses up to 225 mg/day for one month produced no significant changes in left ventricular performance compared to control at rest or during exercise. However, compared to digoxin ejection fraction at peak exercise was significantly less on hydralazine (0.39 +/- 0.9 vs 0.52 +/- 10, P less than 0.02). These data suggest that digoxin improved left ventricular performance and may be of benefit in the treatment of patients with chronic aortic regurgitation.
Dynamic MR imaging (DEMRI) of microcirculation in bone sarcoma.

If chemotherapy is to be effective against bone sarcoma, the cytotoxic agents must reach all tumor cells in effective quantities. Although many clinical trials include studies of the pharmacokinetics of these agents in blood or cerebrospinal fluid, there have been no accurate or widely applicable methods of determining whether chemotherapeutic agents reach all regions of a solid tumor. This review discusses the use of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DEMRI) to assess the microcirculation and interstitium of bone sarcoma. DEMRI studies provide a means of exploring leakage of contrast agent into tumor interstitium (extracellular extravascular spaces [EES]). In clinical observations of numerous series of patients with bone sarcoma, measures of contrast uptake (access) have convincingly demonstrated a relationship with measures and predictions of the tumor's response to preoperative chemotherapy. The results of these studies have indicated that greater access at the time of presentation, greater decrease in access during therapy, and low access at the completion of preoperative therapy correspond to better response and longer disease-free survival. Although questions remain about how these novel dynamic imaging methods can best be used to measure drug access noninvasively, we are optimistic that such measures can be developed to reflect the range of biological variation within and between naturally occurring solid tumors. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 1999;10:277–285. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
NCI-H292 as an alternative cell line for the isolation and propagation of the human paramyxoviruses.

Primary rhesus monkey kidney (MK) cells have long been the cells of choice for isolation and propagation of the human paramyxoviruses (parainfluenza 1, 2, 3, 4A, 4B, and mumps). However, problems with the supply and cost of MK cells and the presence of endogenous viruses, including herpes B virus and SV-5, necessitated a search for an alternative cell line. Continuous cell cultures of human origin (L132, A-549, HuT-292, HEK, G-293, G-401, A-498, A-704, CAKI-1, RD) and simian origin (LLC-MK2, BSC-1, MA-104, Vero) were evaluated for their capacity to support the growth of the human paramyxoviruses, as followed by cytopathic effect, hemadsorption, hemagglutination, and EIA. NCI-H292 (HuT-292) human lung mucoepidermoid carcinoma cells (ATCC # CRL-1848) proved to be the most sensitive line for cultivating all serotypes and strains of the paramyxoviruses. These cells were also shown to be a suitable substitute for MK in primary isolation of paramyxoviruses from clinical specimens. RPMI-1640 with 1.5µg/ml trypsin was the preferred maintenance medium; alternatively, Eagle's MEM supplemented with 1.5µg/ml trypsin and 0.1% ITS was satisfactory. NCI-H292 cells are a continuous line with excellent growth characteristics, although the genetic polyploidy of the cells may limit the number of passages of usable cells.
Cenozoic mass-transport facies and their correlation with relative sea-level change, New Jersey continental margin

Abstract Mass-transport deposits reveal something of the timing, source areas and depositional processes that contributed to the evolution of the New Jersey continental margin. Many of the mass-transport deposits rest upon prominent stratal surfaces and sequence boundaries permitting evaluation of the relationship between mass wasting and eustatic change. Five distinct mass-transport facies representative of intercanyon regions of the slope, canyons and continental rise settings are recognized in the Ocean Drilling Program Leg 150 Sites (902–906). These mass-transport deposits consist predominantly of muddy slumps and debris flows, and to a lesser extent sandy mass flows and gravity-related flows. The styles of soft-sediment deformation, mineralogy, and biostratigraphy of these mass-transport deposits provide new information on the mass-wasting history of the continental margin. At intercanyon sites beneath the continental slope (Sites 902–904), mud with disseminated sand occurs mainly at sequence boundaries and related stratal surfaces in upper Oligocene to upper Miocene sections. In contrast, muddy and sandy debris flows and slumps occur at sequence boundaries, stratal surfaces and within sequences in upper Miocene through Pleistocene sections. The type and preservation of mass-transport facies (10–15% of the total sediment recovered) on the continental slope through time, is associated with changes in sediment progradation during the Miocene, which led to a change in the morphology and gradient of the slope throughout the late Neogene. Mass-wasting facies are best preserved (36% of the total sediment) in the canyon-fill deposits recovered from Site 906. The fill of modern Berkeley Canyon is composed of debris flows, whereas the fill of a buried middle Miocene canyon consists of clast supported slumps, debris flows, and turbidites, which document an early episode of canyon excavation and infilling. Apparently the middle Miocene canyon cutting event occurred very rapidly (∼2.5 Ma) and can be correlated to a prominent glacioeustatic sea-level lowering event (13.5±0.5 Ma). Approximately 30 m of debris flows and slumps accumulated at Site 905 on the continental rise during the middle Miocene. Lithologies and benthic foraminifer assemblages show that this material was derived from the continental slope. Downslope transport was again significant during the early Pleistocene at Site 905 when 215 m of slumps and debris flows accumulated. The lithology and age of the clasts and matrix suggest that these deposits resulted from episodes of canyon excavation deep into the lithified rocks of the adjacent continental slope.
Far infrared and low frequency gas phase Raman spectra, vibrational assignment, and conformational stability of 1-chloro-2-methylpropane and 1-bromo-2-methylpropane

Abstract The Raman (3200—10cm −1 ) and infrared (3200—50 cm −1 ) spectra of gaseous and solid 1-chloro-2-methylpropane and 1-bromo-methylpropane, as well as the Raman spectra of the liquids, have been recorded and assigned. The gauche asymmetric torsion of the 1-chloro-2-methylpropane molecules has been observed at 110 cm −1 in the Raman spectrum of the gas. For the 1-bromo-2-methylpropane molecule, both the trans and gauche asymmetric torsions have been observed at 106.70 and 103.94 cm −1 , respectively, along with three additional transitions for the gauche conformer. From these data, the asymmetric potential function for the bromide molecules to V 1 = —493 ±16, V 2 = 595 ± 18, and V 3 = 2006 ± 6 cm −1 with the trans conformer being more stable than the gauche conformer by 44 ± 20 cm −1 . The trans form is found experimentally to be more stable in the liquid phase by 30 ± 14 cm −1 (83 ± 40 cal mol −1 ). From the relative intensities, in the Raman spectra, of the CCl stretches measured as a function of temperature, the gauche conformer of the chloride molecules to be 167 ± 71 cm −1 (479 ± 203 cal mol −1 ) more stable than the trans conformer in the gas phase, and 73 ± 10 cm −1 (208 ± 29 cal mol −1 ) more stable in the liquid phase. The methyl torsions for the gauche and trans conformers of both molecules are tentatively assigned in the gas phase and the barriers have been calculated. The results of this study are compared with previous studies on these molecules.
Computation of stock-outs in a multi-installation inventory system

Abstract In this paper the stock-out probabilities are computed at each depot in a parallel multi-installation inventory system operating under a periodic review joint ordering policy in which demand follows an Erlangian distribution. A recurrence relation is established for deriving expressions for the Laplace transform of certain “weighting factors” which appear in the expression for the stock-out probabilities. In addition a recursive scheme is developed for expanding into partial fractions rational functions having in their denominator linear factors with several multiple zeros. These two schemes form the basis for a com- putational efficient numerical procedure for calculating the required probabilities. Some of the computer output results are exhibited in graphical form.
Is hepatitis B infection an indication for orthotopic liver transplantation? the answer, my friend, is Blowin' in the wind

Background. The role of liver transplantation in patients positive for the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is controversial because of the high rate of recurrent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. It has not been determined whether this risk is greater for certain patients and whether the administration of anti-hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBe) immune globulin is beneficial. Methods. We conducted a retrospective study at 17 European centers of 372 consecutive HBsAg-positive patients who underwent liver transplantation between 1977 and 1990. Recurrence of HBV infection was defined as the reappearance of HBsAg in serum. Results. For all 334 patients with follow-up data, the mean (± SE) three-year actuarial risk of recurrence of HBV was 50 ± 3 percent. The risk was 87 ± 4 percent among 163 patients with HBV-related cirrhosis. 32 ± 5 percent among 110 patients with cirrhosis related to hepatitis delta virus, 40 ± 16 percent among 14 patients with fulminant hepatitis delta infection, and 17 ± 7 percent among 39 patients with fulminant HBV infection (P<0.001). Among the patients with HBV-related cirrhosis, the risk of HBV recurrence was greatest (83 ± 8 percent) in those who were seropositive for HBV DNA at the time of transplantation and lowest (56 ± 7 percent) in those with neither HBV DNA nor hepatitis B e antigen detectable in serum. With respect to the use of passive prophylaxis with anti-HBs immune globulin, the risk of HBV recurrence was 75 ± 5 percent among the 67 patients given no immunoprophylaxis, 74 ± 5 percent among the 83 treated for two months, and 36 ± 4 percent among the 209 treated for six months or longer (P<0.001). In a multivariate analysis the predictors of a lower risk of HBV recurrence were the long-term administration of the immune globulin, hepatitis delta virus superinfection, and acute liver disease. For the entire study cohort, survival was 75 percent at one year and 63 percent at three years, but for those in whom HBV infection recurred, survival was 68 percent at one year and 44 percent at three years. Conclusions. In this retrospective study of HBsAg-positive patients, liver transplantation had better results in those who had fulminant hepatitis or delta virus superinfection. An absence of viral replication at the time of transplantation and long-term immunoprophylaxis were associated with a reduced risk of recurrent HBV infection and reduced mortality.
The population genetics of evolutionary rescue.

Evolutionary rescue occurs when a population that is threatened with extinction by an environmental change adapts to the change sufficiently rapidly to survive. Here we extend the mathematical theory of evolutionary rescue. In particular, we model evolutionary rescue to a sudden environmental change when adaptation involves evolution at a single locus. We consider adaptation using either new mutations or alleles from the standing genetic variation that begin rare. We obtain several results: i) the total probability of evolutionary rescue from either new mutation or standing variation; ii) the conditions under which rescue is more likely to involve a new mutation versus an allele from the standing genetic variation; iii) a mathematical description of the U-shaped curve of total population size through time, conditional on rescue; and iv) the time until the average population size begins to rebound as well as the minimal expected population size experienced by a rescued population. Our analysis requires taking into account a subtle population-genetic effect (familiar from the theory of genetic hitchhiking) that involves “oversampling” of those lucky alleles that ultimately sweep to high frequency. Our results are relevant to conservation biology, experimental microbial evolution, and medicine (e.g., the dynamics of antibiotic resistance).
Molecular control of circadian metabolic rhythms.

Circadian metabolic rhythms are fundamental to the control of nutrient and energy homeostasis, as well as the pathogenesis of metabolic disease, such as obesity, lipid disorders, and type 2 diabetes. This temporal organization of tissue metabolism is coordinated through reciprocal cross talk between the biological timing system and the metabolic regulatory networks. In this review, we discuss the signaling mechanisms that serve to couple metabolic regulation to the circadian pacemaker, in particular the role of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1 transcriptional coactivators in integrating clock and energy metabolism.
Relationships between debris fan morphology and flow rheology for wet and dry flows on Earth and Mars: A numerical modeling investigation

Abstract Liquid water may have flowed on the Martian surface in the recent geologic past. Arguments for and against liquid water flows have been made, in part, using interpretations of the morphology of Martian gullies and their associated debris fans. On Earth, sediment transport on steep, debris-flow-dominated hillslopes is often assumed to be a nonlinear function of hillslope gradient. In detail, however, sediment transport on such slopes must also depend on the rheology of the mass movements that drive the majority of transport, both in magnitude and frequency. In this study, we attempt to provide a firmer basis for (1) interpreting flow constituents and/or rheology from debris-fan morphology on Mars and (2) modeling debris-flow-dominated hillslopes on Earth by developing a mass-conservative numerical model that links the rheology of wet and dry granular flows on steep slopes to the morphology of debris fans deposited at their base. Individual flows are routed from initiation points on a slope to stopping points at the base of the hillslope. Model predictions for the shape and average slope of the fans depend on flow rheology. Model results indicate that debris fans associated with dry granular flows may develop average slopes below the kinetic angle of friction. In both the dry and wet cases, the model results suggest that fan morphology depends on the mean properties of the flows involved in fan formation as well as the amount of variation in flow behavior between individual mass movement events. These results provide an improved basis for interpreting the morphology of debris fans on both Earth and Mars.
“Rational” Duopoly Equilibria

This paper examines duopoly models in which each firm tries to guess the reaction of its rival to a change in its output. We seek equilibria in which the guesses are accurate, or "rational." For static models we discover that many output combinations (X, Y) can fit into such equilibria and that our concept of "rationality" must necessarily be one-sided: if a firm has accurate expectations at (X, Y) about its rival's reactions, the competitor's reactions cannot themselves be based on "rational" calculations. Turning to a dynamic model, we find that an oversupply of solution pairs continues to be a problem.
Improvement in melting and baking properties of low-fat Mozzarella cheese

Low-fat cheeses dehydrate too quickly when baked in a forced air convection oven, preventing proper melting on a pizza. To overcome this problem, low-fat Mozzarella cheese was developed in which fat is released onto the cheese surface during baking to prevent excessive dehydration. Low-fat Mozzarella cheese curd was made with target fat contents of 15, 30, 45, and 60 g/kg using direct acidification of the milk to pH 5.9 before renneting. The 4 portions of cheese curd were comminuted and then mixed with sufficient glucono-δ-lactone and melted butter (45, 30, 15, or 0 g/kg, respectively), then pressed into blocks to produce low-fat Mozzarella cheese with about 6% fat and pH 5.2. The cheeses were analyzed after 15, 30, 60, and 120 d of storage at 5°C for melting characteristics, texture, free oil content, dehydration performance, and stretch when baked on a pizza at 250°C for 6 min in a convection oven. Cheeses made with added butter had higher stretchability compared with the control cheese. Melting characteristics also improved in contrast to the control cheese, which remained in the form of shreds during baking and lacked proper melting. The cheeses made with added butter had higher free oil content, which correlated (R2≥0.92) to the amount of butterfat added, and less hardness and gumminess compared with the control low fat cheese.
Viscoelastic properties of wet cortical bone--I. Torsional and biaxial studies.

Abstract The dynamic moduli for frequencies between 2 × 10−3 and 100 Hz and the relaxation modulus between 1 and 105 sec have been measured in torsion for human and bovine cortical bone kept wet in Ringer's solution, as a function of temperature, strain-level and a superposed axial load. At body temperature, the dynamic loss tangent increased from 0.009 at 100 Hz, to 0.013 at 1 Hz, to 0.025 below 0.1 Hz. The total change in shear modulus over 8 decades of time-scale was 15–35%, most of this change occurring at long times in relaxation. Bovine bone, although stiffer, exhibited viscoelastic behavior similar to that of human bone. Nonlinear viscoelastic response, in the form of the isochronous shear modulus increasing with strain level, became apparent for strains above 10−4, and was observed to be less pronounced in dynamic tests than in relaxation. Recovery at long times occurred more slowly than relaxation, but always approached completion asymptotically. This effect, small in human bone and negligible in bovine bone, is accentuated by the superposition of an axial stress on the torsion sample. Biaxial experiments were performed, since bones in the body are subjected to stresses which are more complex than uniaxial tension or shear. An axial tensile stress of 17.2 MN/m2 increased the high frequency loss tangent of human bone by ⋍20% and changed the shear modulus by ⋍1.5%; for bovine bone, the shear modulus was changed by 0.6% by an axial stress of 22.1 MN/m2. The temperature dependence of the viscoelastic response was found to be thermorheologically complex. This implies that bone experiments must be done at body temperature to be relevant to the in vivo situation, and that time-temperature superposition is of questionable validity for bone.
Compact explanatory opinion summarization

In this paper, we propose a novel opinion summarization problem called compact explanatory opinion summarization (CEOS) which aims to extract within-sentence explanatory text segments from input opinionated texts to help users better understand the detailed reasons of sentiments. We propose and study general methods for identifying candidate boundaries and scoring the explanatoriness of text segments using Hidden Markov Models. We create new data sets and use a new evaluation measure to evaluate CEOS. Experimental results show that the proposed methods are effective for generating an explanatory opinion summary, outperforming a standard text summarization method.
Hydrogen planets and high-pressure physics

A theoretical discussion of the composition of the major planets is presented. A simplistic physical model of the giant planets is described. The conclusions of several theoretical explanations of the planetary structure are explained. Curves are developed to show the mass-radius relation for zero temperature spheres of various chemical compositions. The density of isothermal atmospheres of hydrogen as a function of the elevation above a surface of solid hydrogen.
Influence of antihistamines on skin tests with bacterial and fungous antigens.

The question whether antihistamines influence non-anaphylactic or non-atopic skin reactions, i.e. delayed tuberculin type and eczamatous reactions, is still controversial.
Use of preincisional ketorolac in hernia patients: intravenous versus surgical site.

Background and Objectives . This study was designed to determine whether administration of ketorolac directly in the surgical site results in enhanced analgesia. Methods . A randomized double-blind study was undertaken at a university-affiliated tertiary care hospital. Thirty outpatients undergoing unilateral inguinal hernia repair by one of two surgeons under local anesthesia with sedation were evaluated. Patients were invited to participate in this investigation at the time of the preoperative surgical visit. Patients who had a contraindication to the use of ketorolac or who refused repair under local anesthesia with sedation were excluded. Patients received ketorolac 60 mg either via the parenteral route or directly in the surgical site (mixed with the local anesthetic). The outcome measures included visual analog pain scores, measured at two different times in the hospital, pain scores at rest and with movement 24 hours after surgery, time to first analgesic, and total analgesic requirement. Results . The study revealed lower 24 hour movement-associated pain scores ( P P ⋖03), and decreased oral analgesic consumption ( P Conclusions . Ketorolac provides enhanced patient comfort when it is administered in the surgical site in patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair. It is recommended that clinicians add ketorolac to the local anesthetic solution in such patients.
Hyperlucent thorax from rotation. Anatomic basis.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES The authors studied a large group of patients with a computed tomography (CT)-based model to evaluate the presence, significance, and anatomic basis of unilateral hyperlucency from patient rotation. METHODS Chest CT sections at three levels in 65 consecutive patients undergoing routine diagnostic studies were read into a microcomputer. Radiographic transmittance data were calculated across each CT section at different degrees of rotation as well as for lateral decentering. Data were analyzed for the pattern of density variation both individually as well as in stratified subgroups. RESULTS The data showed a trend of increasing radiographic transmission on the side opposite that of the anterior obliquity. The resulting optical density difference was small and was not clinically significant. Lateral decentering produced smaller changes than rotation. The anterior breast/pectoral structures are the etiology for the phenomenon. Optical density differences of 0.1 result from a difference in tissue thickness of 4 mm. CONCLUSIONS The changes in radiographic transmission with rotation are small and are overshadowed by soft tissue compression. Rotation alone will result in decreased radiographic transmission on the side of anterior obliquity; thus, the left side will be more lucent in an right anterior oblique projection.
Strategies in international radio wars: A comparative approach

International radio broadcasting can lead to conflicts or “radio wars”; when nations broadcast unwanted messages. Senders and receivers often develop a series of strategies to broadcast or prevent broadcasts from being received. The radio wars between the U.S. and Cuba and the U.S. and the Soviet Union were examined to see how nations develop these strategies and how existing conditions influence why and how these strategies are used. Patterns were examined to see if strategies can be predicted in the future.
A possible role for saprotrophic microfungi in the N nutrition of ectomycorrhizal Pinus resinosa

We determined whether Pinus resinosa, selected ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic microfungi have access to various organic nitrogen sources commonly found in the forest. Vector analysis demonstrated nitrogen limitation of the P. resinosa in the plantation from which most of the fungi were isolated, establishing this study’s relevance. Nonmycorrhizal P. resinosa seedlings did not absorb significant N from amino acids. The ectomycorrhizal fungi, including Pisolithus tinctorius, Suillus intermedius and Tylopilus felleus, obtained substantial N from amino acids, a limited amount of N from glucosamine, and essentially no N from protein–tannin complex. In contrast, Penicillium and Trichoderma readily acquired N from protein–tannin and glucosamine. Thus, there was an increasing ability to obtain N from complex organic N sources from plant to ectomycorrhizal fungi to saprotrophic fungi. Furthermore, N mineralization from an organic N source by Penicillium depended on the C:N ratio. We conclude that acquisition of relatively simple organic N sources by P. resinosa is likely to be largely indirect via ectomycorrhizal fungi, and that more complex organic N sources may become accessible to ectomycorrhizal fungi (and thus possibly their host plants) following mineralization by saprotrophic fungi such as Penicillium or Trichoderma when C:N ratios are sufficiently low. q 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Acute Physiological and Behavioral Effects of Intranasal Methamphetamine in Humans

Intranasal methamphetamine abuse has increased dramatically in the past decade, yet only one published study has investigated its acute effects under controlled laboratory conditions. Thus, the current study examined the effects of single-dose intranasal methamphetamine administration on a broad range of behavioral and physiological measures. Eleven nontreatment-seeking methamphetamine abusers (two females, nine males) completed this four-session, in-patient, within-participant, double-blind study. During each session, one of four intranasal methamphetamine doses (0, 12, 25, and 50 mg/70 kg) was administered and methamphetamine plasma concentrations, cardiovascular, subjective, and psychomotor/cognitive performance effects were assessed before drug administration and repeatedly thereafter. Following drug administration, methamphetamine plasma concentrations systematically increased for 4 h postdrug administration then declined. Methamphetamine dose dependently increased cardiovascular measures and 'positive' subjective effects, with peaks occurring approximately 5-15 min after drug administration, when plasma levels were still ascending. In addition, cognitive performance on less complicated tasks was improved by all active methamphetamine doses, whereas performance on more complicated tasks was improved only by the intermediate doses (12 and 25 mg). These results show that intranasal methamphetamine produced predictable effects on multiple behavioral and physiological measures before peak plasma levels were observed. Of interest is the dissociation between methamphetamine plasma concentrations with cardiovascular measures and positive subjective effects, which might have important implications for potential toxicity after repeated doses.
N-Methyl-d-aspartate Receptor-dependent Regulation of the Glutamate Transporter Excitatory Amino Acid Carrier 1

Abstract The neuronal transporter excitatory amino acid carrier 1 (EAAC1) is enriched in perisynaptic regions, where it may regulate synaptic spillover of glutamate. In this study we examined potential interactions between EAAC1 and ionotropic glutamate receptors. N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits NR1, NR2A, and NR2B, but not the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor subunit GluR2, were co-immunoprecipitated with EAAC1 from neuron-enriched hippocampal cultures. A similar interaction was observed in C6 glioma and human embryonic kidney cells after co-transfection with Myc epitope-tagged EAAC1 and NMDA receptor subunits. Co-transfection of C6 glioma with the combination of NR1 and NR2 subunits dramatically increased (∼3-fold) the amount of Myc-EAAC1 that can be labeled with a membrane-impermeable biotinylating reagent. In hippocampal cultures, brief (5 min), robust (100 μm NMDA, 10 μm glycine) activation of the NMDA receptor decreased biotinylated EAAC1 to ∼50% of control levels. This effect was inhibited by an NMDA receptor antagonist, intracellular or extracellular calcium chelators, or hypertonic sucrose. Glutamate, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid with cyclothiazide, and thapsigargin mimicked the effects of NMDA. These studies suggest that NMDA receptors interact with EAAC1, facilitate cell surface expression of EAAC1 under basal conditions, and control internalization of EAAC1 upon activation. This NMDA receptor-dependent regulation of EAAC1 provides a novel mechanism that may shape excitatory signaling during synaptic plasticity and/or excitotoxicity.
Implementation of a Student/student Leadership Mentoring Program

Abstract In an effort to initiate a student leadership mentoring program, Montana State University (MSU) has implemented a student/profession and student/student mentor-mentee relationship program through an annual campus Wellness Fair. The program participants consisted of the Health Promotion class (50 students), MSU faculty, various community organizations, the MSU Wellness Coalition and eight Wellness fair committees: fundraising, budget, advertising, health screens, booths, activities, on campus living and big ideas. This program is modeled after a 3-tier step by step mentoring program. First, lower division nutrition students (freshman and sophomores) are informed and encouraged through advising newsletters, Montana Student Dietetic Association, courses and word-of-mouth to become a committee member of the MSU Wellness Fair. The second tier is comprised of upper division student. (juniors and seniors) who provide mentoring to the various committee members. This is our first example of student/student, mentor/mentee relationships. By the second year, the lower division students are ready to co-chair committee and by the third year they chair the committee. The committee chairs are mentored by faculty, staff, and other allied health professionals. The overall Wellness chair is a senior in nutrition who has shown interest and skills in further leadership development of a large encompassing campus committee. This is the third MSU Annual Wellness week where 91% (N=22) of upper division students and 60% (N=52) of lower division students participated in the student leadership mentoring program. In summary, 69% (N=74) of all MSU dietetic students participated in the 1995 Annual Wellness fair which contraindicates Wenberg (JADA 92:1, 71) report that students are too busy to participate in mentoring programs. It is felt that the difference is associated with a positive effect of student peer pressure to participate as mentors of proteges.
Binding of plasma membrane glycoproteins to the cytoskeleton during patching and capping is consistent with an entropy-enhancement model

Concentrations of concanavalin A that induced patching and capping of cell surface receptors on Dictyostelium discoideum also induce binding of the receptors to the cortical cytoskeleton, which was isolated by density-gradient centrifugation. The receptors were solubilized by deoxycholate, purified by affinity chromatography, and used to determine whether the receptors bound directly to the cytoskeletal protein, actin. As the concentration of actin was increased, many of the receptors became bound to purified filamentous rabbit muscle actin, even in the absence of concanavalin A. As in the ligation-induced binding of receptors to the cortical cytoskeleton in cells, concanavalin A induced much stronger binding of the purified receptors to filamentous actin. The results were consistent with a previously stated hypothesis that induction of receptor binding to the cytoskeleton during their patching and capping is driven by clustering the receptors, which reduces their translational entropy and by doing so enhances their avidity for the cytoskeleton.
The two-change problem and calculus students’ thinking about direction and path ☆

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to propose the two-change problem as an important conceptual issue that students experience as they reason about the rate of change of multivariable functions. This paper presents the results of interviews to illustrate how students conceived of the two-change problem and attempted to resolve it. In doing so, they developed initial notions of the dependence of rate of change on direction and path. The paper closes by discussing the implications of the two-change problem for engendering useful ways of thinking about rate of change in three or more dimensions.
SELECTED STARS 1953 ALMANACS

Through the cooperation of the U.S. Nautical Almanac Office and Her Majesty’s Nautical Almanac Office, 57 "Selected Stars" have been chosen to be used in both the Nautical and Air navigational stars previously listed. It can be seen that careful attention has been given both to the brightness and distribution of the stars selected. Beta Crucis, Caph, Dschubba, Mitar, Ruchbah and Polaris have been omitted from the 1752 star list. Ankaa, Gienah, Hadar, Mekar, Schedar and Zubenelgenubi have been substituted. Data for Polaris, as usual, are given on a special page. The reason for selecting exactly 57 stars, as before, is not clear except that such number is, in general, adequate for navigational purposes. It might be noted that there are 57 lines available on the page and then there is the American precedent in the "57 varieties."
BBN: throughput scaling in dense enterprise WLANs with Bind Beamforming and Nulling

Today's Enterprise Wireless LANs are comprised of densely deployed access points. This paper proposes BBN, an interference nulling scheme that leverages the high density of access points to enable multiple mobile devices to transmit simultaneously to multiple access points (APs), all within a single collision domain. BBN also leverages the capability of the APs to communicate with each other on the wired backbone to migrate most of the decoding complexity to the APs, while keeping the design at the mobile clients simple. Finally, we leverage the static nature of the access points to make BBN more practical in networks where the mobility of clients inhibit the use of traditional interference alignment schemes. We implement a prototype of BBN on USRP testbed showing its feasibility. The experiment results show that BBN provides a throughput gain of 1.48X over omniscient TDMA. Results from our trace-driven simulations show that BBN obtains a throughput of up to 5.6X over omniscient TDMA.
Intracranial blood flow velocities during seizures and generalized epileptic discharges.

In 51 children with different types of epilepsy, blood flow velocities in the middle cerebral artery were recorded continuously by transcranial Doppler sonography during a standard electroencephalogram of 30 min duration. In 16 children 33 epileptic seizures were recorded. During tonic seizures, the mean flow velocity increased to a maximum of 133%–191% (median 160%) of the baseline values. Tonic-clonic seizures were also accompanied by a velocity increase. During absence seizures the mean flow velocity decreased to a minimum of 46%–82% (median 71%) of the baseline values. Changes in cerebral metabolism and arterial blood pressure in the presence of disturbed autoregulation are thought to be factors causing these alterations. No alteration of the flow velocities occurred in cases of petit-mal status, electrical status epilepticus and in 35 children with generalized epileptic discharges of up to 5 s duration without clinical manifestations.
The Rewards to Running Prize Structure and Performance in Professional Road Racing

This article explicitly compares the incentive and sorting theories of tournament performance in road races. Regressions omitting controls for runner ability suggest that runners record faster times the greater the loss they would suffer from finishing below their prerace ranking. However, the relationship between prize money at risk and finishing time weakens or vanishes with these controls. These results strongly suggest that races with large prizes record faster times because they attract faster runners, not because they encourage all runners to run faster.
Market System Model to Predict the Effects of Regulatory and Processing Practices on the Removal of Aflatoxin from Peanuts

A spreadsheet model was developed to predict the aflatoxin distribution among peanut lots in the market system from farmer stock marketing through storage, shelling, and blanching. The model calculates the aflatoxin distribution among lots after each major regulatory and processing stage in the market system from the buying point to the manufacturer. Model development is based on statistical and mathematical relationships derived from previous research on the effects of sampling plans and processing methods on the change in aflatoxin levels in peanuts. The USDA and the peanut industry can use the model as a tool to compare and evaluate the efficacy of proposed new regulations and processing methods on removing aflatoxin without actual costly implementation. The model also points out potential areas where information is missing and research is needed to better manage aflatoxin-contaminated peanuts. The model is used to evaluate the peanut market system where farmers' stock peanuts are chemically tested for aflatoxin.
Self-modulation of primary motor cortex activity with motor and motor imagery tasks using real-time fMRI-based neurofeedback

Abstract Advances in fMRI data acquisition and processing have made it possible to analyze brain activity as rapidly as the images are acquired allowing this information to be fed back to subjects in the scanner. The ability of subjects to learn to volitionally control localized brain activity within motor cortex using such real-time fMRI-based neurofeedback (NF) is actively being investigated as it may have clinical implications for motor rehabilitation after central nervous system injury and brain–computer interfaces. We investigated the ability of fifteen healthy volunteers to use NF to modulate brain activity within the primary motor cortex (M1) during a finger tapping and tapping imagery task. The M1 hand area ROI (ROIm) was functionally localized during finger tapping and a visual representation of BOLD signal changes within the ROIm fed back to the subject in the scanner. Surface EMG was used to assess motor output during tapping and ensure no motor activity was present during motor imagery task. Subjects quickly learned to modulate brain activity within their ROIm during the finger-tapping task, which could be dissociated from the magnitude of the tapping, but did not show a significant increase within the ROIm during the hand motor imagery task at the group level despite strongly activating a network consistent with the performance of motor imagery. The inability of subjects to modulate M1 proper with motor imagery may reflect an inherent difficulty in activating synapses in this area, with or without NF, since such activation may lead to M1 neuronal output and obligatory muscle activity. Future real-time fMRI-based NF investigations involving motor cortex may benefit from focusing attention on cortical regions other than M1 for feedback training or alternative feedback strategies such as measures of functional connectivity within the motor system.
A rapid estimation procedure for within-tree populations of red oak borer (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Epidemic populations of red oak borer, Enaphalodes rufulus (Haldeman), a native wood-boring cerambycid beetle, appear to be a primary factor contributing to oak mortality across the Ozark Mountains of Arkansas, Oklahoma and Missouri. We developed a rapid estimation procedure (REP) to quickly, non-destructively and economically assess current density and infestation history of red oak borer in northern red oaks, Quercus rubra L., under outbreak conditions in the Ozark National Forest, Arkansas. The REP is a survey method for classifying individual trees that takes less than 2 min per tree and uses two variables: crown condition and number of emergence holes on the basal 2 m of a tree. Data obtained through intensive and extensive population sampling validate classification of trees into three REP infestation classes, which exhibited significantly different densities of measured red oak borer population variables. Numbers of emergence holes and previous generation galleries increased significantly across infestation classes from I (low) to III (high). Class I trees had significantly fewer attack holes than did Class II or III trees. Numbers of current generation galleries and live larvae were significantly lower in Class I than Class II trees, but Class III trees could not be distinguished from the other classes. The REP is an efficient sampling procedure as it facilitates greatly increased sample sizes, thus, allowing estimation of red oak borer populations at the stand, area and landscape level. Information provided by this kind of survey method may be vital to understand causes and extent of the current outbreak as well as predict future outbreaks and design silvicultural treatments for enhancing forest health.
Transcriptional Activation of the Interleukin-8 Gene by Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Alveolar Epithelial Cells: Nuclear Translocation of the RelA Transcription Factor as a Mechanism Producing Airway Mucosal Inflammation

The most common cause of epidemic pediatric respiratory disease, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), stimulates interleukin-8 (IL-8) synthesis upon infecting airway epithelium, an event necessary for the development of mucosal inflammation. We investigated the mechanism for enhanced IL-8 production in human A549 type II pulmonary epithelial cells. Infection with sucrose-purified RSV (pRSV) produced a time-dependent increase in the transcriptional initiation rate of the IL-8 gene. Transient transfection of the human IL-8 promoter mutated in the binding site for nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) demonstrated that this sequence was essential for pRSV-activated transcription. Gel mobility shift assays demonstrated pRSV induction of sequence-specific binding complexes; these complexes were supershifted only by antibodies directed to the potent NF-kappaB transactivating subunit RelA. Both Western immunoblot and indirect immunofluorescence assays showed that cytoplasmic RelA in uninfected cells became localized to the nucleus after pRSV infection. RelA activation requires replicating RSV, because neither conditioned medium nor UV-inactivated pRSV was able to stimulate its translocation. We conclude that RelA undergoes changes in subcellular distribution in airway epithelial cells upon pRSV infection. The ability of replicating RSV to activate RelA translocation may play an important role in activating IL-8 and other inflammatory gene products necessary for airway mucosal inflammation seen in RSV disease.
Mapping the maze of terms and definitions in dementia-related wandering.

Purpose: An operational definition of dementia-related wandering is proposed to aid in clinical recognition, to promote research precision and validity, and to provide a pathway toward standardization of language in wandering science. Design and Methods: (1) One-hundred-and-eighty-three journal articles from multiple databases (Medline, OVID, CSA Journals, OCLC First Search, Google Scholar, PubMed, EBSCO) were reviewed to extract alternative terms and definitions for wandering or wandering-related behaviours; (2) terms and definitions were ordered alphabetically into a glossary; (3) a consensus approach was used to group glossary terms with related meanings into possible domains of wandering; (4) four domains (locomotion, drive, space and time) were found sufficient to encompass all wandering definitions; (5) wandering terms were placed into a conceptual map bounded by the four domain concepts and (6) a new provisional definition of wandering was formulated. Results: An empirically-based, operational defi...
Nitric oxide donors selectively reduce the expression of matrix metalloproteinases-8 and -9 by human diabetic skin fibroblasts.

Background Chronic, nonhealing skin wounds are a common ailment in uncontrolled diabetes and are associated with significant morbidity. The nonhealing diabetic foot wound displays pathologically elevated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity. In contrast, the concentration of nitric oxide (NO) is significantly reduced in these chronic ulcers. Addition of NO to diabetic wounds improves wound healing, but the mechanism for this effect is poorly understood. Materials and methods Diabetic and nondiabetic human skin fibroblasts were cultured to confluence and then treated with 0, 1, 10, and 100 n m concentrations of three NO donors (NOR-3, SNAP, and SNOG) with varying half-lives for 1, 3, and 7 days. At harvest, the cultures were analyzed for their production of NO and the effect of NO donor treatment on cell proliferation (cell number) and MMP expression (MMP-1, -2, -8, -9, and -13). Results The NO donor with the shortest half-life (NOR-3) produced a rise in NO on day 1 in both normal and diabetic fibroblasts at the highest concentration used; there was a corresponding decrease in both MMP-8 and MMP-9 expression in the diabetic fibroblasts and a decrease in only MMP-9 expression in the normal fibroblasts. After longer times in culture or at lower concentrations, NOR-3 was without effect on NO production or MMP expression. Further, NOR-3 had no effect on cell proliferation. In contrast to NOR-3, NO donors with longer half-lives (SNAP and SNOG) significantly (P Conclusions These experiments show distinct deficits in NO production and elevations in MMP-8 and -9 expression in diabetic human skin fibroblasts compared to normal. In addition, treating these cultures with NO donor compounds with half-lives greater than 5 h selectively raised NO production by the cells, increased cell proliferation, and decreased MMP-8 and -9 expression in a dose-dependent manner. There was no effect of the NO donor compounds on MMP-1, -2, or -13 expression. One possible mechanism to account for NO’s beneficial effect on wound healing may involve stimulation of cell proliferation and down-regulation of MMP expression.