cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
El problema constitucional chileno: ¿Superar el Estado subsidiario?

Chile se apresta a vivir un momento unico en su historia republicana, iniciando un inedito proceso constituyente. En el presente texto se revisara el contexto en que surge la actual Constitucion y, principalmente, uno de sus principales nucleos de neutralizacion: la Constitucion Economica. Finalmente, se propone un cambio en ese paradigma en sintonia con un Estado social y democratico de derecho.
Demonstration of a Kilowatt Average Power, 1 Joule, Green Laser

A 1.04 J, λ=515 nm laser at 1 kHz repetition rate was demonstrated by frequency doubling 1.2 J, temporally shaped square 2 ns pulses from a cryogenically cooled Yb:YAG laser in LBO crystals.
Functionalized plasmonic nanostructure arrays for direct and accurate mapping extracellular pH of living cells in complex media using SERS

The extracellular pH (pHe) of living cells is one of the major factors that influence cell behaviors including cycle progression, migration, and proliferation, as well as metastasis and invasion of tumor cells. Thus, accurate sensing and mapping of the pHe is still a critical yet challenging task in the study of pHe-dependent cell behaviors. In this work, we present a method to map pHe of living cells based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). We immobilized a pH probe molecule, 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4-MBA), on a gold quasi three-dimensional plasmonic nanostructure array (Q3D-PNA) to enable an exceptionally sensitive and reproducible pH measurement. We prudentially investigated the influences of cations and complexity of detecting solutions on the responses of 4-MBA SERS spectra to pH variations to ensure the accuracy. Herein, a normal cell line (NIH/3T3) and a tumor cell line (HepG2) were cultured on the 4-MBA modified SERS substrates. Localized pHe was detected and mapped with good spatial resolution and pH sensitivity showing pHe domains on both cells. Moreover, the averaged pHe of tumor cells was shown to be more acidic compared with that of normal cells.
Error and Uncertainty Quantification in the Numerical Simulation of Complex Fluid Flows

The failure of numerical simulation to predict physical reality is often a direct consequence of the compounding effects of numerical error arising from finite-dimensional approximation and physical model uncertainty resulting from inexact knowledge and/or statistical representation. In this topical lecture, we briefly review systematic theories for quantifying numerical errors and restricted forms of model uncertainty occurring in simulations of fluid flow. A goal of this lecture is to elucidate both positive and negative aspects of applying these theories to practical fluid flow problems. Finite-element and finite-volume calculations of subsonic and hypersonic fluid flow are presented to contrast the differing roles of numerical error and model uncertainty. for these problems.
West Nile virus and the safety of plasma derivatives: verification of high safety margins, and the validity of predictions based on model virus data.

BACKGROUND: During the 2002 West Nile virus (WNV) epidemic in the US, virus transmission through solid organ transplantation and transfusion of blood components was observed. This raised concerns about the safety of plasma derivatives. To verify the safety margins of these products, which were initially shown with a panel of model viruses including some very similar to WNV, the effectiveness of the virus inactivation procedures incorporated into their manufacturing processes was reinvestigated. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: An infectivity assay for 1999 New York isolate of WNV was established to investigate virus inactivation steps commonly used during the manufacture of plasma derivatives, such as pasteurization for human albumin, S/D treatment for IVIG and FVIII, vapor heating for FVIII inhibitor-bypassing activity, and incubation at low pH for IVIG. RESULTS: The results show that WNV behaves exactly as had been predicted based on available data for similar model viruses; that is, it is readily inactivated by all the commonly used virus inactivation procedures tested. CONCLUSION: Our investigation verifies the safety margins of plasma derivatives against a potential transmission of WNV and that the model virus concept is valid for predicting the behavior of closely related viruses.
The Role of NGOs in Human Security

Human security is fundamentally concerned with helping people to deal with unforeseeable threats and sudden downturns, whether international financial crises, environmental disasters or incapacitating illnesses. In this paper I argue that NGOs, as one of the most visible sets of actors in the related fields of human development and human rights, can play a significant role in helping to achieve human security. NGOs are especially well suited to action for human security because of their size and reach, closeness to local populations, willingness to confront the status quo, and ability to address transnational threats through coalition-building. While NGOs face many obstacles in reorienting their activities explicitly towards human security, including the cyclical nature of the aid monies on which many of them depend and the high costs of networking, I argue that the human security framework will nonetheless attract many NGOs to its approach.
Fungal Disease Outbreaks and Natural Disasters

Abstract Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are becoming increasingly recognized as an emerging public health issue. These infections are often difficult to treat and can be associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. The observed increases in IFIs are likely to be multifactorial and may include (1) host factors, such as a larger at-risk immunosuppressed population or travel or relocation of immune-naive persons to areas to which certain IFIs are endemic; (2) pathogen factors, such as new virulence or resistance mechanisms; and (3) environmental factors, including changing land use patterns, agricultural antifungal use, and climate change. Some pathogenic fungi, such as Coccidioides, Blastomyces, and Histoplasma, exist within specific ecological niches and are typically restricted to certain geographic regions, whereas other fungi such as Aspergillus and Mucormycetes are thought to be more widespread. Within a defined habitat, weather and seasonal patterns probably influence the growth and distribution of these fungi. Environmental disruption is often a key factor in the dispersal of fungal elements into air, water, or organic matter; this can occur on a relatively small scale, in relation to construction, excavation, or similar activities, or on a larger scale such as extreme weather events or natural disasters. Notably, postdisaster settings can amplify some of the existing clinical and public health challenges associated with the diagnosis and treatment of IFIs.
A Method for Estimating Urban Background Concentrations in Support of Hybrid Air Pollution Modeling for Environmental Health Studies

Exposure studies rely on detailed characterization of air quality, either from sparsely located routine ambient monitors or from central monitoring sites that may lack spatial representativeness. Alternatively, some studies use models of various complexities to characterize local-scale air quality, but often with poor representation of background concentrations. A hybrid approach that addresses this drawback combines a regional-scale model to provide background concentrations and a local-scale model to assess impacts of local sources. However, this approach may double-count sources in the study regions. To address these limitations, we carefully define the background concentration as the concentration that would be measured if local sources were not present, and to estimate these background concentrations we developed a novel technique that combines space-time ordinary kriging (STOK) of observations with outputs from a detailed chemistry-transport model with local sources zeroed out. We applied this technique to support an exposure study in Detroit, Michigan, for several pollutants (including NOx and PM2.5), and evaluated the estimated hybrid concentrations (calculated by combining the background estimates that addresses this issue of double counting with local-scale dispersion model estimates) using observations. Our results demonstrate the strength of this approach specifically by eliminating the problem of double-counting reported in previous hybrid modeling approaches leading to improved estimates of background concentrations, and further highlight the relative importance of NOx vs. PM2.5 in their relative contributions to total concentrations. While a key limitation of this approach is the requirement for another detailed model simulation to avoid double-counting, STOK improves the overall characterization of background concentrations at very fine spatial scales.
EFFECTS OF ONSET AND TYPE OF FATHERS' ABSENCE ON CHILDREN'S LEVELS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION

The present study examined the relationship between onset and type of father's absence and children's levels of psychological differentiation defined along the perceptual dimension of field-depende...
Purification of a bovine hypothalamic factor which elevates pituitary MSH levels in rats.

Beef hypothalamic extracts contain a substance which causes an increase in the pituitary levels of melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) in rats. The active substance was purified by gel filtration on Sephadex columns. Administration of 0.06 μg of this purified material led to significant elevation of the pituitary MSH levels in rats. Other materials known to be present in the hypothalamus did not increase pituitary MSH content. Our findings suggest the presence in mammalian hypothalamic extracts of a specific factor which may cause an inhibition of release of MSH.(Endocrinology 79: 768, 1966)
Evolution of Over-dominance during the Initial Spread of New Alleles

Bodmer and Parsons1–3 have discussed a model for the initial increase in the frequency of newly arising, favourable mutations in a large undivided population and under different mating systems. They argued that over-dominance (higher fitness of heterozygotes over the homozygotes) has evolved in out breeding species during this process as follows: (1) a new allele, say A1, at locus A1–A2 occurs principally in the heterozygotes when it is initially at a low frequency in the population; (2) selection favouring heterozygotes allows a rapid rate of increase in frequency of A1; (3) hence, the modifiers that primarily enhance the fitness of A1A2 particularly when linked, would themselves increase rapidly in frequency and accumulate to form the linked gene complexes; (4) such gene combinations would exhibit so-called segmental (or associative4) over-dominance maintaining a balanced polymorphism.
HOW PHOTONS START VISION

Abstract Recent studies have elucidated how the absorption of a photon in a rod or cone cell leads to the generation of the amplified neural signal that is transmitted to higher-order visual neurons. Photoexcited visual pigment activates the GTP-binding protein transducin, which in turn stimulates cGMP phosphodiesterase. This enzyme hydrolyzes cGMP, allowing cGMP-gated cationic channels in the surface membrane to close, hyperpolarize the cell, and modulate transmitter release at the synaptic terminal. The kinetics of reactions in the cGMP cascade limit the temporal resolution of the visual system as a whole, while statistical fluctuations in the reactions limit the reliability of detection of dim light. Much interest now focuses on the processes that terminate the light response and dynamically regulate amplification in the cascade, causing the single photon response to be reproducible and allowing the cell to adapt in background light. A light-induced fall in the internal free Ca2+ concentration coordinates negative feedback control of amplification. The fall in Ca2+ stimulates resynthesis of cGMP, antagonizes rhodopsin's catalytic activity, and increases the affinity of the light-regulated cationic channel for cGMP. We are using physiological methods to study the molecular mechanisms that terminate the flash response and mediate adaptation. One approach is to observe transduction in truncated, dialyzed photoreceptor cells whose internal Ca2+ and nucleotide concentrations are under experimental control and to which exogenous proteins can be added. Another approach is to observe transduction in transgenic mouse rods in which specific proteins within the cascade are altered or deleted.
Land Use Planning and Exurbanization in the Rural Mountain West Evidence from Arizona

Exurban development is especially prevalent in rural areas of the Mountain West, where rapid population growth has led to the conversion of vast amounts of rural land and natural open space. This a...
Method for the determination of dialkyl phosphate metabolites in urine for studies of human exposure to malathion

A method for reducing the mono- and dicarboxylic acid urinary metabolites of the organosphosphorus pesticide malathion to dialkyl phosphates has been developed as a modification of a standard dialkyl phosphate metabolite procedure. The procedure was employed in the estimation of exposures in workers mixing and applying malathion in citrus orchards
Interactive computer-aided diagnosis of breast masses: computerized selection of visually similar image sets from a reference library.

Rationale and Objectives The clinical utility of interactive computer-aided diagnosis (ICAD) systems depends on clinical relevance and visual similarity between the queried breast lesions and the ICAD-selected reference regions. The objective of this study is to develop and test a new ICAD scheme that aims improve visual similarity of ICAD-selected reference regions. Materials and Methods A large and diverse reference library involving 3,000 regions of interests was established. For each queried breast mass lesion by the observer, the ICAD scheme segments the lesion, classifies its boundary spiculation level, and computes 14 image features representing the segmented lesion and its surrounding tissue background. A conditioned k-nearest neighbor algorithm is applied to select a set of the 25 most “similar” lesions from the reference library. After computing the mutual information between the queried lesion and each of these initially selected 25 lesions, the scheme displays the six reference lesions with the highest mutual information scores. To evaluate the automated selection process of the six “visually similar” lesions to the queried lesion, we conducted a two-alternative forced-choice observer preference study using 85 queried mass lesions. Two sets of reference lesions selected by one new automated ICAD scheme and the other previously reported scheme using a subjective rating method were randomly displayed on the left and right side of the queried lesion. Nine observers were asked to decide for each of the 85 queried lesions which one of the two reference sets was “more visually similar” to the queried lesion. Results In classification of mass boundary spiculation levels, the overall agreement rate between the automated scheme and an observer is 58.8% (Kappa = 0.31). In observer preference study, the nine observers preferred on average the reference lesion sets selected by the automated scheme as being more visually similar than the set selected by the subjective rating approach in 53.2% of the queried lesions. The results were not significantly different for the two methods ( P = .128). Conclusions This study suggests that using the new automated ICAD scheme, the interobserver variability related issues can thus be avoided. Furthermore, the new scheme maintains the similar performance level as the previous scheme using the subjective rating method that can select reference sets that are significantly more visually similar ( P
An Evaluation of the University of Louisville School of Medicine Pediatric Summer Externship Program

Background The Pediatric Summer Externship Program began in 1997. It is a unique program designed to give preclinical medical students early exposure to pediatrics. Rotations are available with subspecialists, general pediatricians, and in rural pediatric offices across the state.
Partnership in Education: Local, National and International Perspective

The goal of partnership in education is to enhance learning and educational development as well as to promote international understanding. Partnership in education depending upon local, national, or international setting, reveals different psychological and sociological dynamics. Partnership at a local level focuses upon family, school dynamics and community issues. Partnership at a national level is concerned with such issues as control of education at the local and state level, democratic vs authoritarian philosophy, concern for exceptional learners and minority population. Partnership from an international perspective involves many issues of sociopolitical, economic and philosophical nature. It is clear that the scope of programs available is directly related to the socioeconomic level of the society.
Tyrosine availability determines stimulus-evoked dopamine release from rat striatal slices

Direct evidence that precursor levels can affect catecholamine release from brain cells has not previously been presented. We observe a dose-dependent relationship between the tyrosine (Tyr) concentration of the superfusing medium and the amount of dopamine (DA) released from rat striatum by trains of electrical pulses. In the absence of exogenous tyrosine, tissue Tyr and DA levels are reduced following stimulation. These findings suggest that DA release from striatal neurons may not be sustained if fluctuations occur in the supply of Tyr to the brain.
A Safety-Assured Development Approach for Real-Time Software

Guaranteeing timing properties is an important issue as we develop safety-critical real-time systems such as cardiac pacemakers. We present a safety assured development approach of real-time software using a pacemaker as our case study. Following the model-driven development techniques, measurement-based timing analysis is used to guarantee timing properties in implementation as well as in the formal model. Formal specification with timed automata is checked with respect to timing properties by model checking technique and is transformed into implementation systematically. When timing properties may be violated in the implementation due to timing delay, it is suggested to measure the time deviation and reflect it to the code explicitly by modifying guards. The model is altered according to the modifications in the code. These changes of the code and the model are considered safe if all the properties are still satisfied by the modified model in re-performed model checking. We demonstrate how the suggested approach can be applied to single-threaded and multi-threaded versions of implementation. This approach can provide developers with a useful time-guaranteeing technique applicable to several code generation schemes without imposing many restrictions.
The effect of parabiosis on audiogenic convulsions in seizure-susceptible mice.

Abstract Four-month-old Swiss mice, genetically predisposed to audiogenic seizures, were joined parabiotically along their flanks to mice resistant to such seizures. Controls consisted of parabiotic pairs of seizure-prone mice. Two to 3 weeks after operations the pairs were retested for seizure response to audiogenic stimulation. In surviving parabiotic pairs of seizure-susceptible mice joined to resistant mice, less than 25% of the susceptible members of the pair continued to respond to sound with convulsions when tested at 2 weeks; tests with trypan blue indicated failure or only minimal establishment of a joint circulation in those few pairs. Parabiotic pairs of seizure-susceptible mice continued to respond with convulsions to sound when tested at 2 weeks, as did 80% of unoperated seizure-prone animals that had given a positive seizure response at the beginning of the experiment. In a few seizure-prone mice that were separated after prolonged parabiosis with resistant controls, convulsions in response to noise reappeared again in animals of the seizure-prone genotype 1 week after removal from the “normal” twin. The results are interpreted to mean that mice predisposed to audiogenic convulsions may either lack a humoral factor or a detoxifying enzyme present in normal seizure-resistant mice.
Involvent of central α-adrenoceptors in the hypotensive and bradycardic effects of (−)-Δ9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol

Abstract I.v. administration of (−)-Δ9-trans-tetrahydrocannabino (Δ9-THC) to chloralose-anesthetized cats produced a decrease in blood pressure and heart rate. Studies conducted to investigate the mechanism of these changes revealed that the hypotensive and bradycardic effects of Δ9-THC (0.1 mg/kg, i.v.) could be significantly antagonized following intraventricular (i.v.t.) perfusion with α-adrenergic receptor blocking agent phentolamine, while a larger dose of Δ9-THC (0.25 mg/kg, i.v.) still produced significant hypotension and bradycardia. I.v.t. perfusion of phentolamine (100 μg/min for 30 min) caused a fall in blood pressure and heart rate which were reversible and produced blockade of central α-adrenergic receptors. These results provide evidence for the involvement of central α-adrenergic receptors in the hypotensive and bradycardic actions of Δ9-THC and indicate that other receptor mechanisms may also be involved in mediating these responses observed following administration of Δ9-THC.
Muscle fiber regeneration after transplantation: prediction of structure and physiology from electromyograms

Digitized electromyographic activity of transplanted extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles in cats differs from that of control EDL and anterior tibialis muscles lying adjacent to transplanted EDL muscles. In autotransplanted muscles, the cross-sectional area of the fibers shows a negative correlation with mean spike frequency and a positive correlation with mean amplitude. The mean frequency-amplitude products correlate with isometric tetanic tensions.
Empiric diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia.

To the Editor.— The Centers for Disease Control have recently modified the case definition of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) to include the empiric diagnosis ofPneumocystis cariniipneumonia (PCP).1In many areas, clinicians are reluctant to make a tissue diagnosis of PCP because doing so may require invasive diagnostic procedures. We believe that PCP should almost always be diagnosed definitively, particularly in patients for whom the diagnosis will establish the presence of AIDS. Diagnosis of PCP does not always require bronchoscopy;Pneumocystiscan be identified in specimens of induced sputum using Giemsa or silver methenamine stains.2,3 We recently evaluated 450 patients believed to have a high probability of PCP on clinical grounds using sputum induction followed by bronchoalveolar lavage and transbronchial biopsy for patients with negative sputum specimens. Two hundred eighty-two (63%) of 450 patients had PCP diagnosed by sputum induction and did not require bronchoscopy. Seventy-seven patients
A non-perturbative analysis in finite volume gauge theory

Abstract We discuss SU(2) gauge theory on a three-torus using a finite volume expansion. Our discovery of natural coordinates allows us to obtain continuum results in a region where Monte Carlo data are also available. The obtained results agree well with the perturbative and semiclassical analysis for small volumes, and there is fair agreement with the Monte Carlo results in intermediate volumes. The simple picture which emerges for the approximate low energy dynamics is that of three interacting particles enclosed in a sphere, with zero total “angular momentum”. The validity of an adiabatic approximation is investigated. The fundamentally new understanding gained, is that non-perturbative dynamics can be incorporated by imposing boundary conditions which arise through the nontrivial topology of configuration space.
Numerical studies of transient and capillary x-ray lasers and their applications

During recent months we have continued investigations of many different aspects of x-ray lasers to characterize and improve the source and applications. This work has included temporal characterization of existing laser-heated x-ray lasers under a wide range of pumping conditions. We have also looked into more details at different applications of x-ray lasers among which was the interferometry of laser-produced and capillary discharge plasmas in several irradiation conditions for different target Z materials. The reduction of pump energy remains the most important for the generation of new compact x-ray lasers. Numerical studies show that there are some ways to improve several of the key parameters of x-ray lasers specifically repetition rates and efficiency.
Fibronectin at Select Sites Binds Multiple Growth Factors and Enhances their Activity: Expansion of the Collaborative ECM-GF Paradigm

Intensive research has demonstrated that extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules and growth factors (GF) collaborate at many different levels. The ability of ECM to modulate GF signals has important implications in tissue formation and homeostasis as well as novel therapies for acute and chronic wounds. Recently, a number of GF-binding sites was identified in fibronectin (FN) and was shown to provide another layer of regulation on GF signaling. Here, we review these new findings on FN interaction with GF in the context of general ways ECM molecules regulate GF signaling.
Requiring chords in cycles

Jamison proved that every cycle of length greater than three in a graph has a chord-in other words, the graph is chordal-if and only if every k-cycle is the sum of k-2 triangles. This result generalizes to having or not having crossing chords and to having strong chords, with similar characterizations of a variety of graph classes that includes chordal bipartite, distance-hereditary, and strongly chordal graphs.
Lemon Juice Aroma Concentration by Reverse Osmosis

Ethanol, a major component of lemon juice, was analyzed to indicate degree of lemon juice aroma concentration. Aroma solution was concentrated from 12.2 to 23.4% ethanol at 8.3 MPa and 19 o C by reverse osmosis. Ethanol rejected by the membrane decreased from the initial 87.7% to 78% at the final aroma concentration of 23.4% ethanol. Membrane rejection of neral, geranial, and terpinene-4-ol was >96% while rejection of the alcohols, n-propanol, 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, and 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol, ranged from 6.9% to 83.5%. Sensory analysis indicated no difference between initial aroma and aroma concentrated by reverse osmosis. Mass balance determined the true recovery of total volatiles was 79.7%. Loss of volatiles was attributed to adsorption in the polymeric matrix of the membrane and some loss was attributed to cleaning
Acid-assisted reductive elimination as a route to platinum(II) products from platinum(IV) tris(pyrazolyl)borate reagents

A series of chiral cationic platinum(II) complexes of the type [κ2-((Hpz*)BHpz*2)Pt(R)(L)][BAr‘4] (R = Me, L = MeCN (3), tBuNC (4), py (5), CO (6), CH2CH2 (7), PMe2Ph (8); R = Ph, L = MeCN (10); pz* = 3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl, BAr‘4 = tetrakis(3,5-trifluoromethylphenyl)borate) has been prepared. Protonation of Tp‘PtMe2H (1) or Tp‘PtPh2H (2) (Tp‘ = hydridotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borate) occurs selectively at a pyrazole nitrogen atom and induces reductive elimination of methane or benzene. Subsequent addition of ligand, L, traps the platinum(II) intermediate and yields 3−8 and 10. Addition of 2 equiv of PMe2Ph led to the formation of trans-[κ1-((Hpz*)BHpz*2)Pt(Me)(PMe2Ph)2][BAr‘4] (9), a square-planar complex containing a rare monodentate protonated tris(pyrazolyl)borate ligand. Deprotonation of the pyrazolium ring (present after protonation of 1 or 2 and trapping with added ligand) led to the synthesis of neutral platinum(II) complexes of the type Tp‘PtR(L) (R = Me, L = MeCN (11), SMe2 (12), CO (13), CH2CH...
A new rat liver phospholipid exchange protein.

Abstract The soluble fraction from several mammalian tissue homogenates is known to stimulate phospholipid exchange between cell membrane fractions or artificial vesicles. All phospholipid exchange proteins purified to data exhibit an acidic isoelectric point. Using an assay that measures the transfer of [ 32 P]phosphatidylcholine from liposomes to beef heart mitochondria, we report the presence of a new phospholipid exchange protein with a basic isoelectric point (8.4) in rat liver cytosol. A purification procedure, consisting of pH adjustment to 5.1, gel filtrations on Sephadex G-75 and DE 52 cellulose, isoelectric focusing between a pH of 5 and 10, and gel filtration on Sephadex G-50, yielded a fraction with high phosphatidylcholine exchange activity per mg of protein. This fraction exhibits a major band and two minor bands on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of the major band (18 700) is close to that for basic exchange protein fraction obtained by gel filtration (17 000). The distribution of basic and acidic exchange proteins differs markedly in various tissues and animal species. About 50 and 35% of phosphatidylcholine exchange activity from rat liver and rat intestine respectively are due to basic phospholipid exchange proteins. In contrast, no basic exchange protein was found in beef heart and only a small amount in beef liver. In the latter organ, less than 10% of phosphatidylcholine exchange activity was due to a basic phospholipid exchange protein fraction.
Limb-Darkening Tables for F0-K0 Main Sequence Stars

Limb-darkening tables for blanketed model atmospheres fitted to main sequence stars in the F0-K0 spectral range are presented. The tables cover the wavelength range λλ3646-24000.
Development Status of Coal-Fired Gas Heaters for Brayton-Cycle Cogeneration Systems

Under contract from the Department of Energy, Rocketdyne is developing the technology of coal-fired gas heaters for utilization in Brayton-cycle cogeneration systems. The program encompasses both atmospheric fluidized bed and pulverized coal combustion systems; and it is directed toward the development of gas heater systems capable of delivering high pressure air or helium at 1550 F, when employing metallic heat exchangers, and 1750 F, when employing ceramic heat exchangers. This paper reports on the development status of the program, with discussions of the completed “screening” corrosion/erosion tests of candidate heat exchanger materials, a description and summary of the operating experience with the 6- by 6-foot AFB test facility and a projection of the potential for relatively near term commercialization of such heater systems.Copyright © 1983 by ASME
R2D2: Embracing Device-to-Device Communication in Next Generation Cellular Networks

Device-to-device (D2D) communications is being pursued as an important feature in next generation cellular networks. D2D can improve resource utilization in two ways: Offloading cellular traffic to D2D, and Reuse of resources used by conventional cellular transmissions for D2D communication. In this paper, we show that in multi-cell environments that employ FFR (Fractional Frequency Reuse), the benefits from D2D toward reuse are limited. We then propose R2D2- a holistic approach to efficient offloading with D2D traffic. R2D2 leverages the flexible nature of D2D traffic (in using downlink/uplink resources) to cater effectively to the spatial and temporal asymmetry in traffic load both across and within cells. R2D2 incorporates a two time-scale solution: a coarse time-scale dynamic FFR scheme that leverages D2D traffic to determine the FFR patterns for downlink and uplink jointly among interfering sectors; and a fine time-scale scheduling solution that intelligently schedules cellular and D2D traffic jointly across DL (Downlink) and UL (Uplink) resources. We establish the hardness of the scheduling problem and present efficient and low complexity algorithms with approximation guarantees. Through extensive evaluations, we confirm that R2D2 delivers the offloading benefits of D2D, with its proposed algorithms performing very close to the optimal.
An inductively coupled plasma-time-of-flight mass spectrometer for elemental analysis. Part III: Analytical performance

A time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOFMS) was evaluated as a mass analyzer for inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The long-term drift of signals was in the range of 7–8% relative standard deviation, whereas the short-term precision was between 5 and 20%, somewhat worse than is typically reported for commercial ICP-MS instruments (5%). However, precision can be improved considerably in the TOFMS by ratioing isotopic peaks or through internal standardization, a consequence of its ability to extract all measured ions simultaneously from the inductively coupled plasma. This feature was demonstrated by monitoring the 206Pb/208Pb ratio with boxcar averagers. In this ratioing mode, precision was improved to approximately 0. 5%. Detection limits were measured with two alternative signal processing systems: (1) discriminator-gated integration and (2) integration of digitized spectra. Both methods improved the signal-to-noise ratio by a factor of from 10 to 100, although detection limits were still 1–2 orders of magnitude poorer for most elements than from the best commercial ICP-MS instruments. The dynamic range of the discriminator-gated integration system is over 4 orders of magnitude, but can be extended to 106 with planned increases in primary ion-beam current, which is currently 10–100 times lower than is found in other instruments. Virtually simultaneous multielement and multiisotope analysis is possible for masses from 7Li to 209Bi with minimal mass bias and detection limits on the 0. 4–2-ppb level.
Aqueous humor formation.

Abstract The various processes and forces underlying aqueous humor formation have been examined both theoretically, as a problem in terms of membrane behavior, and experimentally, using in vitro and in vivo techniques. Mathematical relationships have been developed for the interrelationship of facility, pseudofacility, capillary pressure, active secretion and x c . The accurate measurement of total facility ( C tot ), pseudofacility ( C ps ), intraocular pressure ( P i ) and episcleral venous pressure ( P e ), allows the calculation, from a graphical analysis, of both mean capillary pressure and the active secretion component of aqueous formation. In vitro experiments on isolated ciliary body-iris preparations indicate that ultrafiltration contributes about 60% to the total volume flow of aqueous formation. The reflection coefficient of the ciliary epithelium to NaCl, sucrose and urea is 0·02, and to dextran is unity. Plasma or blood, separated from aqueous or Ringer's solution by the ciliary epithelium, exerts an osmotic pressure of 21 mmHg. In vivo determinations of the reflection coefficient show values of 0·02 for NaCl and sucrose and unity for dextran. The appropriate measurements of fluid permeability ( L p A ), P e , P i , C tot , C true were made and a plot made of C tot P i - C tr P e against L p A ; the slope (26 mmHg) is capillary pressure minus colloid osmotic pressure and the intercept is secretion minus uveoscleral bulk flow. The capillary pressure is 47–50 mmHg and the secretory component to aqueous formation is 35% of the total fluid flow. These results suggest that ultrafiltration is the most important contributing factor to aqueous formation.
Dissociation of increased lauric acid ω-hydroxylase activity from the antilipidemic action of clofibrate

Abstract Clofibrate, an antilipidemic drug that acts by a still obscure mechanism, is known to specifically increase up to 30-fold the activity of the hepatic cytochrome P-450 isozyme that ω-hydroxlates lauric acid. The thesis that accelerated catabolism of medium-length fatty acids initiated by ω-hydroxylation contributes significantly to the antilipidemic action of clofibrate has been examined by measuring the impact on serum triglyceride levels of coadministering clofibrate and a suicide substrate that inactivates the hydroxylase. The results suggest that the antilipidemic action of clofibrate does not depend critically on the enhanced ω-hydroxylation of fatty acids.
Numerical investigation of reacting droplets in homogeneous shear turbulence

Numerical simulations are performed of a compressible oxidizer gas laden with fuel droplets. The carrier phase is considered in the Eulerian context and is simulated via direct numerical simulation (DNS). The fuel droplets are tracked in the Lagrangian frame and interactions between the two phases are taken into account in a realistic two-way coupled formulation. It is assumed that combustion takes place in the vapour phase, resulting in a ‘homogeneous’ reaction described by fuel + oxidizer → products + energy. Several simulations are performed within the configuration of low-Mach-number homogeneous shear turbulence to investigate the effects of the mass loading ratio, the droplet time constant, the Damkohler number, and the heat release coefficient. Initial mass loading ratios up to 0.8 and initial Stokes numbers (based on the Kolmogorov time scale) of 1.23 and 2.46 are considered. The results of these simulations along with those from non-reacting cases are utilized to analyse the droplet size distribution, the fuel vapour, the oxidizer, and the reaction rate and zone. An analysis of the statistics of the two-phase flow indicates that various fields are accurately resolved and the assumptions invoked in the formulation of the problem are satisfied. The mean evaporation rate (normalized with the initial mass of the droplets) decreases with the increase of either the mass loading ratio or the droplet time constant. It is shown that the droplet size distribution can be reasonably approximated by a Gaussian probability density function (p.d.f.) for all of the cases. The joint p.d.f. of the fuel vapour and the oxidizer mass fractions exhibits the features of a premixed reaction. The values of the Taylor microscale of the fuel vapour and the oxidizer are closer in the presence of the chemical reaction than in the evaporating but non-reacting case. The reaction rate exhibits higher values in the regions of the flow containing the droplets while experiencing moderate increase in the high-strain-rate regions. The evaporation rate (per mass of the droplet) is smaller for larger droplets but an opposite trend is observed for the reaction rate. The reaction zone tends to align with the streamwise direction due to the effects of the mean flow on the droplets. The alignment is enhanced with either the increase of the mass loading ratio or the decrease of the droplet time constant, or the decrease of the Damkohler number. The alignment of the fuel vapour and the oxidizer with the mean flow direction decreases and increases, respectively, as a result of the chemical reaction.
Extracellular cAMP formation from host cell ATP by Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase

The effect of exogenously added adenylate cyclase from Bordetella pertussis (strain 114) has been investigated in Y-1 mouse adrenal tumor, chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and several other cells. A partially purified adenylate cyclase was found not to enter cells but, nevertheless, produced large amounts of cAMP in the medium. We could show that this resulted from release of ATP (and not larger molecules). The ATP released by the cells could be (1) directly measured and was replenished after each change of medium; (2) was reciprocally related to the cAMP produced; and (3) was competed for by ATPases present in added serum or by hexokinase and, less effectively, by exoenzymes on the cell surface. The extent of ATP leakage varied widely between different cell lines, being marked in CHO and Y-1 adrenal cells but negligible in transformed lymphocyte lines. The uncertainty of the origin of cAMP found in media of cultured cells requires separate analysis of cell and medium cAMP and an assessment of ATP leakage.
Metabolite cumulation during chronic propafenone dosing in arrhythmia.

The cumulation of propafenone and two of its metabolites, 5-hydroxypropafenone (5-OHP) and N-depropylpropafenone (NDPP), was examined in patients with frequent ventricular ectopy. After 2 weeks of propafenone therapy (300 mg twice a day), propafenone was discontinued and blood samples were drawn for 24 hours. The mean (± SD) steady-state concentrations of propafenone, 5-OHP, and NDPP were 1010 ± 411, 174 ± 113, and 179 ± 93 ng/ml. The concentration ratios of 5-OHP/propafenone and NDPP/propafenone were 0.177 ± 0.049 and 0.227 ± 0.203. Plasma concentrations of 5-OHP and NDPP did not decay in a log-linear manner during the sampling period and thus estimates of their disappearance t½s were not possible. At 24 hours after propafenone dosing, concentrations of 5-OHP and NDPP were 63% ± 37% and 50% ± 21% of their mean steady-state levels. Our data indicate that these propafenone metabolites cumulate in the plasma during chronic oral propafenone therapy, and that their clinical role needs to be elucidated. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1985) 37, 610–614; doi:10.1038/clpt.1985.97
Pharmacokinetics of prenylated hop phenols in women following oral administration of a standardized extract of hops.

SCOPE Women seeking alternatives to hormone replacement therapy for menopausal symptoms often try botanical dietary supplements containing extracts of hops (Humulus lupulus L.). Hops contain 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN), a potent phytoestrogen, the related flavanones 6-prenylnaringenin (6-PN) and isoxanthohumol (IX), and the prenylated chalcone xanthohumol (XN).
Eyewitness Performance in Different Psychological Types

A study of 112 subjects examined the performance on a complex memory task by various Jungian psychological types. Although differences did not emerge in terms of overall accuracy, they did emerge in terms of susceptibility to postevent information. Introverts and intuitives, alone and in combination, were found to be more prone to accept both misleading and consistent postevent information, rendering them more likely to be inaccurate in the first case and more likely to be accurate in the second case. A variety of explanations are considered.
The psychiatrist: healer, prophet, both or neither?

Abstract The psychiatric point of view has permeated society so much that the psychiatrist is called on to solve social problems. Psychiatry is looked for to provide a myth for explaining human nature, social problems are defined in psychiatric terms and interpersonal problems are being made public issues. This unexpected success of his point of view has gone beyond the medical success of the psychiatrist and has given him problems for his professional role. The psychiatrist is forced to decide which of his means are legitimate, how far he can work directly with the community and what the ultimate goals of psychiatric intervention are. In weighing these problems he has to adjust to the claims of other professions, e.g. law and public service, on the same problems. The seduction of the psychiatrist into the role of a social prophet may interfere with his responsibility toward individual patients.
Commentary on “The Essence of Business Marketing…” by Lichtenthal, Mummalaneni, and Wilson: The JBBM Comes of Age

ABSTRACT Business-to-business literature has become a more crowded field over the years. What began as a subset of published articles in general marketing journals branched out on its own in 1971 with the introduction of Industrial Marketing Management. Since then there have been six refereed journals focusing on industrial or business-to-business marketing. This article looks at the evolution of these journals and presents a relative positioning of the journals based on their levels of theoretical foundation and practical applications.
Adaptations of Host and Symbionts in the Intertidal Zone

SYNOPSIS. Different species of larval trematodes that utilize the same intermediate host characteristically exhibit distinctive patterns of response to environmental fluctuations. Not only are the responses distinctive for each species, but also they cannot be correlated with that of the host. The physiological responses of the molluscan host to physical changes in the environment, however, are modified significantly by the presence of a larval trematode infection. The thermal metabolic acclimation patterns of infected Nassarius obsoleta are quite distinct from those of non-infected N. obsoleta . Thex activity patterns during thermal acclimation of cytochrome c oxidase from digestive glands of snails infected with different species of larval trematodes indicate that each species of larval trematodes differentially influences the hosttissue, so that the cytochrome oxidase system does not respond to temperature in the same way as does uninfected host tissue.
Visual Imagery, Various Muscle States and Desensitization Procedures:

30 Ss were asked to imagine 8 different scenes in each of three conditions: muscle relaxation, muscle tension, and usual muscle state. Degree of muscle tension significantly affected the quality of...
Second harmonic generation imaging of endogenous structural proteins

We find that several key endogenous structural proteins including collagen, acto-myosin, and tubulin give rise to intense second harmonic generation (SHG) and that these structures can be imaged in intact tissues on a laser-scanning microscope. Because SHG is a non-resonant process, this modality suffers little inherent photobleaching or toxicity. In this study we demonstrate the clarity of SHG optical sectioning within unfixed, unstained thick specimens, including fish scales, C. elegans , and mouse muscle, where penetration into tissue upwards of 600 microns was achieved. The simultaneous use of SHG and two-photon excited GFP fluorescence allows for the inference of the molecular isoform that gives rise to SHG from the myofilament lattice in C. elegans . The physical origin of SHG within these tissues is addressed and is attributed to the laser interaction with dipolar protein structures. SHG polarization anisotropy is also used to determine the extent of dipolar order and radial symmetry in the helical structures. Comparisons are drawn between SHG and other forms of microscopy including polarization and fluorescence microscopy, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages.© (2003) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Saccadic localization of visual targets by the very young human infant

The direction, latency, and form of the 1- and 2-month-old human infant’s saccadic eye movements toward peripheral targets were investigated. Infants of both ages reliably executed a directionally appropriate first saccade toward a peripheral target introduced as far as 30 deg from the line of sight along the horizontal and both diagonal axes, but only to 10 deg along the vertical axis. The presence of a second target in the central visual field reduced the probability of peripheral target localization. A significant inverse relation was found between target distance from the line of sight and probability of initiating a directionally appropriate saccade. Electro-oculography revealed that latency to first saccade, although highly variable, was less than 500 msec on a significant proportion of trials. Unlike the adult, the first saccade to target was grossly hypometric and was followed by one or more saccades of approximately equal amplitude to the first.