cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ALLOZYME GENOTYPE-ENVIRONMENT RELATIONSHIPS. I. VARIATION IN NATURAL POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA PACHEA

Remarkable geographic and seasonal uniformities in gene and genotype frequencies were found for four enzyme loci. Principal component analysis revealed two patterns of allele frequency changes in three of the allozyme loci (Est-b, Est-c and Acph) and one pattern in the Mdh-d locus. These patterns accounted for 90% to 100% of the variability at these loci. Significant positive correlations were obtained between several of the components and the variability in the non-saponifiable and alkaloid fractions of the senita cactus host plant. The genetic variance within a single locality (Guaymas, Mexico) was as great as the variance between all localities sampled. This is interpreted as a local founder effect. The temporary nature of the rotting cactus breeding site, the delayed maturation and the differential maturation rate of females and males are three factors proposed to cause forced outbreeding and counter the local founder effect. A combination of selection resulting from a direct interaction of the genotype and the environment, in addition to migration, is proposed to maintain the uniform gene frequencies.
An analysis of perceptual instability during haptic texture rendering

This paper investigates the problem of perceived instability during haptic texture rendering. We focus on the perceptual analysis of the stability of textured surfaces rendered with a force-reflecting device. The method of limits is used to assess the detection thresholds for perceived instability in terms of the stiffness of the virtual textured surfaces. We varied texture rendering method, exploration mode, and the amplitude and spatial wavelength of a sinusoidal surface texture model. Our results show that the maximum stiffness value for perceptually stable texture rendering is quite small (<0.45 N/mm) for the range of textured surfaces tested. We also found that the stiffness thresholds depend on many factors such as rendering method, exploration mode, inter-subject difference, and surface model. Our current and future work focuses on the sources of perceived instability during haptic texture rendering. With these studies, we hope to develop strategies that can mitigate the problem of perceived instability during texture and other types of haptic rendering.
Effect of transgenic overexpression of NR2B on NMDA receptor function and synaptic plasticity in visual cortex

The NMDA receptor (NMDAR) is a heteromer comprised of NR1 and NR2 subunits. Mice that overexpress the NR2B subunit exhibit enhanced hippocampal LTP, prolonged NMDAR currents, and improved memory (Tang et al., 1999). In the current study, we explored visual cortex plasticity and NMDAR function in NR2B overexpressing transgenic mice. Unlike the hippocampus, in vitro synaptic plasticity of the visual cortex was unaltered by NR2B overexpression. Consistent with the plasticity findings, NMDAR excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) durations from layer 2/3 pyramidal cells were similar in wild-type (wt) and transgenic (tg) mice. Furthermore, temporal summation of NMDAR EPSCs to 10, 20, and 40 Hz stimulation did not differ between cells from wt and tg mice. Finally, although in situ studies clearly demonstrate overexpression of NR2B mRNA in visual cortex, we failed to observe a significant elevation in the synaptic expression of NR2B protein. We conclude that the synaptic ratio of NR2B over NR2A in the NMDA receptor complex in the visual cortex is not significantly influenced by the transgene overexpression. These data suggest that mRNA availability is not a limiting factor for the synthesis of NR2B protein in the visual cortex, and support the hypothesis that levels of NR2A, rather than NR2B, normally determine the subunit composition of NMDARs in visual cortex.
Multi-query Unification for Generating Efficient Big Data Processing Components from a DFD

This paper proposes multi-query unification, a technique for generating unified components from a DFD aimed at reducing the total cost of data transmission between components that are deployed to a computing fabric that includes processing nodes and interconnection services. The method focuses on generating components of the two primary data processing methodologies: cumulative data processing (CDP) and data stream processing (DSP). The method utilizes multi-query unification and generates a unified query by applying two methods depending on the order sensitivity of processes in a DFD. Nesting unification composes a unified query by embedding the query of a process into the query of the next process as a subquery. Clause assembly unification composes a query using templates for each clause of the original query. For clause assembly is applicable only to processes that is executable simultaneously, we define the criteria called order sensitivity for applying clause assembly and propose two-stage unification in which nesting unification is always applied after clause assembly. The performance evaluation based on a virtual DFD shows that applying two-stage unification reduces the execution time of components by 60 percent in DSP, however, execution time is reduced by only 10 percent in CDP. On the other hand, nesting unification alone reduces the execution time by 30 percent. Based on those results, we conclude that clause assembly should be applied to DSP using Esper but should not be applied to CDP using Hive.
The management of raised intracranial pressure in children

Raised intracranial pressure in children can arise from many conditions and may lead to serious morbidity or death despite modern intensive-care management. The presenting signs may be subtle in very young children, leading to delays in recognition and treatment. This review discusses the pathophysiology, differential diagnosis, and clinical management of intracranial hypertension in children, with particular emphasis on the practical aspects of intensive-care management.
Single‐cell dissection and microdroplet chemistry

The unique roles of individual cells may be critical to the physiology of an organism. In such cases, micromethods are essential to elucidating the molecular biology, biochemistry and biophysics of the specialized cells or even subcellular compartments of the important cells. The great proliferation of micromethods testifies to their value and no single review can be comprehensive. This review therefore provides only a generalized overview of one approach, namely dissection that provides a pure sample for subsequent extraction and analysis by microdroplet chemistry. As a means of illustrating the utility of this approach, an application-study of the interaction of cytosolic malate concentration and guard-cell phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase-is provided.
Learning in an introductory expert systems course

The first author, a graduate student in computer science, had just completed an introductory knowledge-based systems course taught by the other, a professor of computer science, when they read a recent IEEE Expert article title, 'Teaching an Introductory Course in Expert Systems' (p.59-63, Winter 1986). Because their respective experiences differed substantially from those of the authors of the above article, they describe such a course here as seen primarily through the eyes of the learner. The present authors provide two distinct perspectives. The first shares the student's background, motivations, and expectations, leading to a discussion of what he learned and did not learn during the course. The second (the professor's) comments on overall project and course results, including lessons learned by the professor. >
Petrology of Smoky Hill Member, Niobrara Chalk (Upper Cretaceous), in Type Area, Western Kansas

The Smoky Hill Member of the Niobrara Chalk is composed primarily of olive-gray, well-laminated to nonlaminated impure chalk, which is mostly foraminiferal pelmicrite with packstone or wackestone texture. The rock is characterized by well-stratified grain fabric. Ubiquitous constituents include coccolith-rich fecal pellets, mostly well-preserved tests of planktonic forams, wisps and silt-sized grains of black organic matter, fish bones and scales, and minute framboids of pyrite or its oxidized equivalent. Inorganic detritus is common in all samples, but only sparse grains of angular quartz silt are detected commonly in thin sections. Scattered through the member are thick to very thin beds of lighter colored, bioturbated (probably microbioturbated), and granular chalk. These are mostly foraminiferal and pelletal micritic wackestones, which lack well-stratified grain fabric; in thin sections, fecal pellets are less obvious than in well-stratified chalks, organic matter is much less common, and pyrite framboids are less common in the matrix. Diagenetic features of Smoky Hill stratified chalks include compactional deformation of fecal pellets, forams, burrow structures, and macroinvertebrate remains; dissolution of aragonitic skeletal material; incipient microstylolites; sparry calcite cement in foram chambers; interstitial calcite cement, and secondary calcite overgrowths on coccoliths, especially in the matrix. Bioturbated and granular beds are less well compacted than the stratified chalks and have greater amounts of secondary calcite as interstitial cement and overgrowths on coccoliths. In these chalks lithification was initiated earlier than in the stratified chalks. Bioturbation of these and related Kansas chalk deposits produced textures similar to those ascribed by others to deep-burial diagenesis and extensive sol tion transfer. Thin-section and scanning-electron-microscope (SEM) data suggest that most reduction of original porosity to the present average of 38% was accomplished by gravitational compaction. The remainder of porosity reduction resulted from the limited addition of secondary calcite, which was derived mainly from dissolution of abundant aragonitic skeletal remains and in small part from pressure solution. The Smoky Hill chalk is a pelagic, deeper water outer shelf deposit, which was laid down mostly as a soft, perhaps mostly soupy, coccolith-rich ooze on a nearly flat sea floor under conditions of normal or nearly normal salinity and generally poor bottom-water circulation. At irregularly spaced intervals, deposition of purer ooze furnished substrates suitable for a burrowing endobenthos, which bioturbated sediments and helped to initiate earlier lithification than in nonbioturbated deposits.
More versatile scientific documents

The electronic representation of scientific documents (journals, technical reports, program documentation, laboratory notebooks, etc.) presents challenges in several distinct communities. We see five distinct groups who are concerned with electronic versions of scientific documents: (1) publishers of journals, texts and reference works, and their authors; (2) software publishers for OCR/document analysis and document formatting; (3) software publishers whose products access "contents semantics" from documents, including library keyword search programs, natural language search programs, database systems, visual presentation systems, mathematical computation systems, etc.; (4) institutions maintaining access to electronic libraries, which must be broadly construed to include data and programs of all sorts; and (5) individuals and programs acting as their agents who need to use these libraries to identify, locate and retrieve relevant documents. It would be good to have a convergence in design and standards for encoding new or pre-existing (typically paper-based) documents in order to meet the needs of all these groups. Various efforts, some loosely coordinated, but just as often competing, are trying to set standards and build tools. This paper discusses where we are headed.
N-linked protein glycosylation is required for full competence in Campylobacter jejuni 81-176

The recent sequencing of the virulence plasmid of Campylobacter jejuni 81-176 revealed the presence of genes homologous to type IV secretion systems (TFSS) that have subsequently been found in Helicobacter pylori and Wolinella succinogenes. Mutational analyses of some of these genes have implicated their involvement in intestinal epithelial cell invasion and natural competence. In this report, we demonstrate that one of these type IV secretion homologs, Cjp3/VirB10, is a glycoprotein. Treatment with various glycosidases and binding to soybean agglutinin indicated that the structure of the glycan present on VirB10 contains a terminal GalNAc, consistent with previous reports of N-linked glycans in C. jejuni. Site-directed mutagenesis of five putative N-linked glycosylation sites indicated that VirB10 is glycosylated at two sites, N32 and N97. Mutants in the N-linked general protein glycosylation (pgl) system of C. jejuni are significantly reduced in natural transformation, which is likely due, in part, to lack of glycosylation of VirB10. The natural transformation defect in a virB10 mutant can be complemented in trans by using a plasmid expressing wild-type VirB10 or an N32A substitution but not by using a mutant expressing VirB10 with an N97A substitution. Taken together, these results suggest that glycosylation of VirB10 specifically at N97 is required for the function of the TFSS and for full competence in C. jejuni 81-176.
On the optimization of visualizations of complex phenomena

The problem of perceptually optimizing complex visualizations is a difficult one, involving perceptual as well as aesthetic issues. In our experience, controlled experiments are quite limited in their ability to uncover interrelationships among visualization parameters, and thus may not be the most useful way to develop rules-of-thumb or theory to guide the production of high-quality visualizations. In this paper, we propose a new experimental approach to optimizing visualization quality that integrates some of the strong points of controlled experiments with methods more suited to investigating complex highly-coupled phenomena. We use human-in-the-loop experiments to search through visualization parameter space, generating large databases of rated visualization solutions. This is followed by data mining to extract results such as exemplar visualizations, guidelines for producing visualizations, and hypotheses about strategies leading to strong visualizations. The approach can easily address both perceptual and aesthetic concerns, and can handle complex parameter interactions. We suggest a genetic algorithm as a valuable way of guiding the human-in-the-loop search through visualization parameter space. We describe our methods for using clustering, histogramming, principal component analysis, and neural networks for data mining. The experimental approach is illustrated with a study of the problem of optimal texturing for viewing layered surfaces so that both surfaces are maximally observable.
Gravity waves from the Kerr/CFT correspondence

Dynamics at large redshift near the horizon of an extreme Kerr black hole are governed by an infinite-dimensional conformal symmetry. This symmetry may be exploited to analytically, rather than numerically, compute a variety of potentially observable processes. In this paper we compute and study the conformal transformation properties of the gravitational radiation emitted by an orbiting mass in the large-redshift near-horizon region.
Applications of the Implicit Function Theorem

Suppose Λ is a Banach space, Ω ⊂ ℝ × ℝ n , G ⊂ Λ are open sets, f:Ω × G → ℝ n is continuous, D x f(t, x, λ)is continuous for (t, x) ∈ Ω, λ ∈ Λ, and consider the initial value problem $$ \begin{gathered}\mathop x\limits^. = (t,x,\lambda ) \hfill \\ x(\sigma ) = \xi \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ (1.1) where (σ, ξ) ∈ Ω.
Flexible Opto-Fluidic Fluorescence Sensors Based on Heterogeneously Integrated Micro-VCSELs and Silicon Photodiodes

We present mechanically flexible opto-fluidic fluorescence sensors based on heterogeneously integrated microscale vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (micro-VCSELs) and silicon photodiodes (Si-PDs). Micro- and millimeters-scale, printable forms of 850 nm-emitting micro-VCSELs and Si-PDs are coassembled into integrated fluorescence sensor arrays over large area in flexible, liquid-proof constructions on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate, where lithographically defined optical isolation trenches and multilayer-based wavelength- and angle-selective spectral filters are incorporated to effectively block the wave-guided and reflected excitation light to the Si-PD and, thus, significantly enhance the signal-to-noise ratio and detection limit. The resulting optoelectronic fluorescence sensors integrated with elastomeric fluidic channels on plastics also enable mechanically bendable operation at a bending radius of down to ∼50 mm, as well as multiplexed, real-time monitoring of fluorescent analytes...
Infrared Absorption Spectra of 2-Oxo-1,3-bis-(phenylhydrazono) Derivatives and Related Bis- and Tris-phenylhydrazones.

The infrared absorption spectra of six 2-oxo-1,3-bis(phenylhydrazones), four tris(phenylhydrazones), and six related mono- and bis-(phenylhydrazono) derivatives are presented. For comparison, partial spectra of ten selected aromatic azo compounds are also given and discussed. The important features of the absorption bands arising from the N = N (1579 to 1558 cm-1 and 1447 to 1408 cm-1), N-H (bending) (1557 to 1515 cm-1), and Ph-N (1163 to 1123 cm-1) groups are presented and discussed.
Homochiral frameworks formed by reactions of lanthanide ions with a chiral antimony tartrate secondary building unit.

A chiral cluster compound, dipotassium bis(μ-tartrato)diantimony(III), K2Sb2L2 (H4L = l-tartaric acid), was used as a secondary building unit to react with lanthanide ions. Three series of homochiral coordination compounds were obtained: 0D [La(H2L)(H2O)4]2[Sb2L2]·7H2O (0D-La), 1D Ln(Sb2L2)(H2O)5(NO3)·H2O (1D-Ln) (Ln = La–Lu or Y, expect Pm), 2D(I) [(Ln(H2O)5)2(Sb2L2)3]·5H2O (2D(I)-Ln) (Ln = La, Ce, Pr), and 2D(II) [(La(H2O)5)2(Sb2L2)3]·6H2O (2D(II)-La). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies indicated that 0D-La crystallizes in space group P1, and the structure contains isolated Sb2L22– units located between chains of composition La(H2L)(H2O)4. The series of 1D-Ln compounds is isostructural and crystallizes in space group P212121. In the structure, Sb2L22– units are coordinated to two Ln ions by two out of the four free tartrate oxygen atoms to form a linear chain. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of a homochiral structure that can be formed for the whole lanthanide series. In th...
Visual analytics for ontology matching using multi-linked views

Ontology matching is the key to data integration on the Semantic Web. Advanced ontology matching systems incorporate a variety of algorithms. However, they do not always guarantee a complete and correct alignment (set of mappings). Hence, user involvement in the matching process is essential for complex ontologies. In this paper, we explore the power of multi-linked views, where actions in one view affect the display of the other views, thereby extending significantly the state of the art in ontology matching visualization in general and that of visual analytics for ontology matching in particular. A preliminary assessment of our approach that uses the ontologies of the OAEI Conference Track points to the effectiveness of our approach.
3D Single-Molecule Super-Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy with the Corkscrew Point Spread Function

The Moerner Laboratory has been engineering the point spread function (PSF) of a wide-field fluorescence microscope in order to obtain simultaneous X, Y, and Z spatial information from single molecules over a large Z-range. The new PSFs (e.g., the double-helix, tetrapod, and corkscrew PSFs) change their shapes or positions as the single-molecule emitter moves along the optical (Z) axis—thus conveying rich information about the Z position of the molecule. These approaches are relevant both for tracking individual biomolecules at low concentration as well as reconstructing super-resolution images by single-molecule localization microscopy. The corkscrew PSF is special because it behaves like a single Gaussian spot of light that moves along a U-shaped path as the emitter moves along the optical axis. Hence, the corkscrew PSF occupies less space on the camera as compared to our other 3D PSFs and allows us to image a sample more quickly at a higher density of localizations per camera frame.In this work, we use the corkscrew PSF to image a rectilinear array of nanoholes filled with fluorescent molecules to calibrate the three-dimensional response of our microscope. This involves mapping the 3D object space of molecules within a sample to the 2D image space on our camera. By sampling the microscope's response throughout the field of view, we account for field-dependent aberrations that would otherwise cause errors in the position measurements of single molecules. Recent progress in imaging biomolecules with the corkscrew PSF will be summarized.
Cannabinoids for treatment of glaucoma.

Purpose of reviewThe purpose of this article is to review the current status of cannabis in the treatment of glaucoma, including the greater availability of marijuana in the USA.Recent findingsThe potency of marijuana, as measured by the concentration of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, has increased from ∼
Analysis of Homogeneous Water Oxidation Catalysis with Collector–Generator Cells

A collector–generator (C–G) technique has been applied to determine the Faradaic efficiencies for electrocatalytic O2 production by the homogeneous water oxidation catalysts Ru(bda)(isoq)2 (1; bda = 2,2′-bipyridine and isoq = isoquinoline) and [Ru(tpy)(bpz)(OH2)]2+ (2; tpy = 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine and bpz = 2,2′-bipyrazine). This technique uses a custom-fabricated cell consisting of two fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) working electrodes separated by 1 mm with the conductive sides facing each other. With a catalyst in solution, water oxidation occurs at one FTO electrode under a sufficient bias to drive O2 formation by the catalyst; the O2 formed then diffuses to the second FTO electrode poised at a potential sufficiently negative to drive O2 reduction. A comparison of the current versus time response at each electrode enables determination of the Faradaic efficiency for O2 production with high concentrations of supporting electrolyte important for avoiding capacitance effects between the electrodes. The C–...
On Finding Solutions which Dominate Equilibrium Solutions to some N-Person Differential Games

Some N-person differential games have an equilibrium solution. Each person may infer in some way the control of the others; he then chooses a control to maximize his payoff or minimize his penalty function. This results in what is called in an equilibrium solution. However, it may be that one player may announce a different control, and if the others continue to play the strategy mentioned above, the payoff of every person will be increased; that is, the new solution dominates the equilibrium control. A gradient method is applied to obtain a new solution, for which further improvement of this type is not possible. The technique has analogs in areas such as foreign aid, on-the-job training, etc.. A simple analog is considered first.
The evolution of hotel revenue management

In this article, I discuss the history of hotel revenue management (RM) and trace its evolution over the past 25 years. The most important change in hotel RM has been its evolution from a tactical inventory management approach to a more strategic marketing approach.
INTERNET RESOURCES: This science isn’t just for mathematicians anymore

Les mathematiques sont a la mode et le Web constitue un bon outil de vulgarisation. L'article enumere quelques sources d'information specialisee disponibles sur Internet : Metasites, sites de societes mathematiques, serveurs, journaux electroniques, bases de donnees, bibliotheques electroniques, sites biographiques, etc.
Imaging of Entrapped Peripheral Nerves

Abstract The peripheral nerves can be affected by different diseases, and these diseases can be broadly categorized, according to etiology, as either entrapment or nonentrapment neuropathies. Entrapment syndrome is a neuropathy due to a structural abnormality that results in compression, displacement, or traction of the nerve ( Miller & Reinus, 2010 ). The main diagnostic work-up includes clinical history, physical examination, and electrodiagnostic testing. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can also play a crucial role by providing further information about the exact anatomic location of the pathology, as well as the alternative findings. MRI can show both the nerve involvement (e.g., change in caliber, increased signal, and enhancement) and the abnormalities of the associated innervated muscles (e.g., increased signal and denervation edema in early stages and atrophy with fatty replacement in more severe and chronic cases). The purpose of the chapter is to briefly review the imaging of the common entrapment syndromes in the upper and lower extremities.
Patients with retinoblastoma and chromosome 13q deletions have increased chemotherapy-related toxicities.

Background A total of 5–10% of patients with retinoblastoma (RB) harbor deletion of the long arm (q) chromosome 13 (13q-). The treatment-related toxicities in this population have not been described. Methods Sixty-eight RB patients on a single institutional protocol (RET5) from 2005 to 2010 were reviewed. Genetic screening identified 11 patients (seven female) with 13q-. Patients with early (Reese-Ellsworth [R-E] group I–III) disease (6/23 with 13q-) received eight courses of vincristine/carboplatin (VC). Patients with advanced (R-E group IV-V) bilateral disease (2/27 with 13q-) received two courses of vincristine/topotecan (VT) followed by nine courses of alternating VT/VC. Patients undergoing upfront enucleation received histopathology-based chemotherapy: intermediate risk (2/8 with 13q-) or high risk (1/10 with 13q-). Dose reductions were mandated for >7 day delay in two consecutive courses following hematologic toxicity. Grades 3 and 4 hematologic, infectious, and gastrointestinal toxicities were compared between RET5 patients with and without 13q-. Results Demographics were similar between groups. When present, prolonged neutropenia (median 7 days, range 0–14 days) delayed chemotherapy and resulted in more frequent dose reductions among 13q- patients (5/11) than non-13q- patients (4/57) (P < 0.01). GI toxicity was similar between groups (5/11 13q- vs. 13/57 non-13q-; P = 0.14), but halted chemotherapy in one 13q- patient. Infectious complications and disease outcomes were similar between groups. At follow-up, all patients are alive (median 6.1 years, range 7.6 months–9.5 years). Conclusions 13q- RB patients had a higher incidence of neutropenia requiring chemotherapy dose reductions, but did not have increased treatment failure.
Lessons Learned for Online Health Community Moderator Roles: A Mixed-Methods Study of Moderators Resigning From WebMD Communities

Background: Online health community (OHC) moderators help facilitate conversations and provide information to members. However, the necessity of the moderator in helping members achieve goals by providing the support they need remains unclear, with some prior research suggesting that moderation is unnecessary or even harmful for close-knit OHCs. Similarly, members’ perceptions of moderator roles are underexplored. Starting January of 2013, WebMD moderators stopped working for WebMD communities. This event provided an opportunity for us to study the perceived role of moderators in OHCs. Objective: We examine the OHC members’ perception on OHC moderators by studying their reactions toward the departure of moderators in their communities. We also analyzed the relative posting activity on OHCs before and after the departure of moderators from the communities among all members and those who discussed moderators’ departures. Methods: We applied a mixed-methods approach to study the posts of all 55 moderated WebMD communities by querying the terms relating to discussions surrounding moderators’ disappearance from the WebMD community. We performed open and axial coding and affinity diagramming to thematically analyze patients’ reactions to the disappeared moderators. The number of posts and poster groups (members and moderators) were analyzed over time to understand posting patterns around moderators’ departure. Results: Of 821 posts retrieved under 95 threads, a total of 166 open codes were generated. The codes were then grouped into 2 main themes with 6 total subthemes. First, patients attempted to understand why moderators had left and what could be done to fill the void left by the missing moderators. During these discussions, the posts revealed that patients believed that moderators played critical roles in the communities by making the communities vibrant and healthy, finding solutions, and giving medical information. Some patients felt personally attached with moderators, expressing they would cease their community participation. On the other hand, patients also indicated that moderators were not useful or sometimes even harmful for peer interactions. The overall communities’ posting activity, which was already in decline, showed no significant difference before and after the moderators’ departure. In fact, the overall posting activities of the communities were declining well before the moderators’ departure. These declining posting activities might be the reason why WebMD removed the moderators. Conclusion: Compassionate moderators who provide medical expertise, control destructive member posts, and help answer questions can provide important support for patient engagement in OHCs. Moderators are in general received positively by community members and do not appear to interfere with peer interactions. Members are well aware of the possibility of misinformation spreading in OHCs. Further investigation into the attitudes of less vocal community members should be conducted. [J Med Internet Res 2016;18(9):e247]
X-ray production in heavy-ion—atom collisions: 3 d σ and 4 f σ electron promotion

In this paper, a systematic study of x-ray production in ion-atom collisions is presented for electron promotion by both $3d\ensuremath{\sigma}$ and $4f\ensuremath{\sigma}$ molecular orbitals. $L$ x-ray production cross sections and high-resolution $L$ x-ray spectral measurements are presented for ${\mathrm{P}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{S}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{+}$, and ${\mathrm{K}}^{+}$ projectiles incident on Ar and C${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$ gas targets for projectile energies between 15 and 200 keV. Average values of the fluorescence yield and total $L$-shell ionization cross sections are determined. A dramatic $Z$ dependence observed in the x-ray production cross section is attributed to changes in fluorescence yield. Theoretical calculations of fluorescence yield are found not to agree with experimentally determined values. Finally, inner-shell vacancy production by $3d\ensuremath{\sigma}$ electron promotion is found to be much less efficient than $4f\ensuremath{\sigma}$ electron promotion for the collision systems studied in this paper.
Conformational and electronic effects on the formation of anti cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in G-quadruplex structures

Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) are the most commonly formed photochemical products when nucleic acids interact with UV radiation. In duplex DNA, the relative inflexible structure allows for only the cis, syn CPD isomer to be formed. G-quadruplex structures, however, have loops that are more flexible and allow for different orientations of the bases to interact. As a result, the highly unusual formation of an anti CPD has been observed in these structures. Due to the close proximity between two opposing loops containing the TTA sequence in two G-quadruplex structures (called “form-3” and “basket”), a high yield of anti CPD formation was expected in these structures. However, while significant yields of anti CPDs are observed in form-3, the anti CPD is hardly observed in the basket structure. To account for this inconsistency, we examine the process of anti CPD formation in form-3 and basket structures using simulations at the atomistic level. Here, we consider the conformational effect using MD simulations, which show whether the formation of the anti CPD is structurally feasible. Quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) calculations of excited states are also used to consider the electronic effect by an adjacent guanine base which can quench the formation of the anti CPD through charge transfer (CT). Our results are in qualitative agreement with the experimental results, predicting a significant yield of the anti CPD in the form-3 structure and a negligible yield in the basket structure, while they also predict the formation of the cis, syn CPD between two opposing loops in form-3. Most importantly, our simulation results show that the yields of the anti CPD in the G-quadruplex are affected significantly by both conformational and electronic effects.
Myelopathy due to Intramedullary Herniated Nucleus Pulposus

This is a case of thoracic myelopathy due to intramedullary herniation of the nucleus pulposus.
Experimental observations of canine mandibular regeneration following segmental removal, freezing, and reimplantation

Mandibular replacement subsequent to major extirpative head and neck surgery is predisposed to complications in the best of hands. The most suitable prosthesis appears to be the previously resected mandible, both from the standpoint of antigenicity and configuration. This study establishes that in the canine mandible a healthy, revitalized osseous network is reestablished subsequent to resection, freezing and replacement of the mandibular body when the graft is immobilized. The neoosteogenesis is borne out by in vivo (technetium 99, methylene diphosphonate scanning) and histopathological (tetracycline fluorescence and polarizing microscopy) studies. This early work in the canine suggests the potential for application in the human when the procedure is further refined and perfected.
From setback to comeback: Motivations for withdrawn IPO firms to return

Abstract Are withdrawn IPOs that return to the market driven by the same acquisition motive as first-time IPOs? We examine the investment decisions of second-time IPO firms after successfully going public. Our findings show that, contrary to first time IPOs, second-time IPOs are not active acquirers and spend significantly more on CAPEX and R&D than first-time IPOs. Unlike acquisitions in the post-IPO period, CAPEX and R&D spending benefit second-time IPOs’ long run performance.
A Wntless–SEC12 complex on the ER membrane regulates early Wnt secretory vesicle assembly and mature ligand export

Wntless (Wls) transports Wnt molecules for secretion; however, the cellular mechanism underlying the initial assembly of Wnt secretory vesicles is still not fully defined. Here, we performed proteomic and mutagenic analyses of mammalian Wls, and report a mechanism for formation of early Wnt secretory vesicles on ER membrane. Wls forms a complex with SEC12 (also known as PREB), an ER membrane-localized guanine nucleotide-exchange factor (GEF) activator of the SAR1 (the SAR1A isoform) small GTPase. Compared to palmitoylation-deficient Wnt molecules, binding of mature Wnt to Wls increases Wls-SEC12 interaction and promotes association of Wls with SAR1, the key activator of the COPII machinery. Incorporation of Wls into this exporting ER compartment is affected by Wnt ligand binding and SEC12 binding to Wls, as well as the structural integrity and, potentially, the folding of the cytosolic tail of Wls. In contrast, Wls-SEC12 binding is stable, with the interacting interface biochemically mapped to cytosolic segments of individual proteins. Mutant Wls that fails to communicate with the COPII machinery cannot effectively support Wnt secretion. These data suggest that formation of early Wnt secretory vesicles is carefully regulated to ensure proper export of functional ligands.
Demonstration that a Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae isolated from an insect (Nezara viridula) harbors a plasmid-borne type IV secretion system.

Previously, we reported the isolation of Klebsiella pneumoniae subspecies pneumoniae strain Kp 5-1 from a southern green stink bug (Nezara viridula) that is a significant pest of numerous economically important crops. We subsequently sequenced the strains whole genome. Here, we report the presence of a functional plasmid-borne type IV secretion (TFSS) system that was identified using genomic mining of the annotated genome. Comparison of the Kp 5-1 resident 186 kb plasmid (pKp 5-1) with nine other Klebsiella with plasmids of comparable size from clinical and environmental strains revealed putative TFSS with identities ranging from 70 to 99%. A primer set was designed at the pKp 5-1 region that shared homology with traC of the conjugation capable F-plasmid. The 2.4 kb amplified PCR product was cloned, sequenced, and used in hybridization experiments verify that the predicted gene was extra-chromosomally located. Based on biparental mating experimental results, a K. pneumoniae Kp 5-1 derivative transformed with the non-self-transmissible pMMB207αβ (an IncQ RSF1010 derivative) mobilized the vector into the parental strain with transfer frequencies of 10−3 transconjugants/donor. Identification of a TFSS in strain Kp 5-1 is significant since in other systems the mobilization capacity is involved in dissemination of plasmids that may confer antibiotic resistance and/or the delivery of virulence proteins into host cells, and thus may have an important role in the fitness of this strain as well. This is the first report that both compared and demonstrated functionality of a plasmid-harbored TFSS in a K. pneumoniae isolated from a N. viridula.
Introduction to Strategy

Strategy is complex, requiring clarity about organizational objectives as well as the variety of external forces—competitive, economic, and technological—that come into play. Ultimately, strategy is an integrative exercise. This technical note provides a concise basis for a comprehensive discussion of strategic concerns. Excerpt UVA-S-0183 Rev. May 18, 2011 INTRODUCTION TO STRATEGY Managers, consultants, and analysts are frequently asked to identify and assess the strategy of businesses and organizations. Whether it is to properly value a business or acquisition target, undertake a new corporate initiative, or enter a new market, one needs an understanding of a company's strategy to formulate an informed and robust recommendation. But what exactly is strategy? Kenneth Andrews provides the following definition: [S]trategy is the pattern of decisions in a company that determines and reveals its objectives, purposes, or goals, produces the principal policies and plans for achieving those goals, and defines the range of business the company is to pursue, the kind of economic and human organization it is or intends to be, and the nature of the economic and noneconomic contribution it intends to make to its shareholders, employees, customers, and communities. . . .
Two patients with daptomycin induced eosinophilic pneumonia with different presentations and treatment.

Abstract We present two cases of daptomycin-induced eosinophilic pneumonia with characteristic chest x ray, CT scan and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) findings. It is not a commonly seen complication of Daptomycin but when it happens, it could cause a diagnostic and treatment dilemma. Patients could present acutely with hypoxic respiratory failure or a less dramatic chronic presentation is also possible. Our two patients presented with acute hypoxic respiratory failure and presentation resembles that of an infectious etiology. Diagnosis is confirmed by bronchoscopy with BAL in one of them and the other was treated empirically as the clinical and radiologic presentation was typical. Treatment includes removal of the offending agent, daptomycin. Corticosteroids are used if symptoms are severe and can result in rapid clinical improvement. There is no agreed upon dose and duration of steroids and we suggest a long taper of steroids for patients who present with severe symptoms and a short course steroid for patients with milder symptoms.
Weakly Supervised Facial Attribute Manipulation via Deep Adversarial Network

Automatically manipulating facial attributes is challenging because it needs to modify the facial appearances, while keeping not only the person's identity but also the realism of the resultant images. Unlike the prior works on the facial attribute parsing, we aim at an inverse and more challenging problem called attribute manipulation by modifying a facial image in line with a reference facial attribute. Given a source input image and reference images with a target attribute, our goal is to generate a new image (i.e., target image) that not only possesses the new attribute but also keeps the same or similar content with the source image. In order to generate new facial attributes, we train a deep neural network with a combination of a perceptual content loss and two adversarial losses, which ensure the global consistency of the visual content while implementing the desired attributes often impacting on local pixels. The model automatically adjusts the visual attributes on facial appearances and keeps the edited images as realistic as possible. The evaluation shows that the proposed model can provide a unified solution to both local and global facial attribute manipulation such as expression change and hair style transfer. Moreover, we further demonstrate that the learned attribute discriminator can be used for attribute localization.
Essays in Memory of Imre Lakatos

Lakatos was born in Hungary in 1922, under the given name of Imre Lipschitz. Later, under the Nazi occupation of Hungary, he changed his name to the sager, less Jewish Imre Molnar. Still later, after the war, he again took a new name, retaining his original initials "I.L.," settling on Imre Lakatos. If Lakatos was a man of many names, he was also a man of many qualities, as this volume of forty collected papers shows.
The 2017 Election Results: An Earthquake, a Typhoon, and Another Landslide

The 2017 general election played out in very similar ways to 2014. Turnout remained low, and the coalition of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) and Kōmeitō retained its two-thirds majority. The big story of the election was a schism within the opposition and the formation of two new parties, the Party of Hope and the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan (CDP), divided primarily on the issue of constitutional revision. We examine how these new parties fared in terms of votes and seats, and across districts of varying population density. Our analysis suggests that even perfect opposition coordination would not have defeated the governing coalition, which dominated across all regions. The best showing on the opposition side was by the CDP, but whether it can pose a credible threat to the LDP going forward is still uncertain.
The role of magnesium glycyl-glutamine chelate in muscle regeneration.

A atividade fisica intensa desencadeia uma serie de reacoes metabolicas que podem levar ao catabolismo muscular para a producao de energia. O mesmo pode ser dito as outras causas de estresse fisico, como as infeccoes, e ao jejum/desnutricao. Para evitar o catabolismo muscular e promover a sintese proteica, os mecanismos envolvidos nesses processos devem estar nutridos adequadamente. A glutamina e um aminoacido com funcoes anabolicas, sendo que existe uma correlacao direta entre a taxa de sintese proteica e a concentracao de glutamina extramuscular. O magnesio e um mineral que participa de diversos processos metabolicos, entre eles a ativacao de enzimas necessarias a contracao muscular e sintese proteica. Esses dois nutrientes sao interdependentes e essenciais para o aumento da massa muscular. O magnesio glicil-glutamina quelato fornece magnesio e glutamina em uma molecula unica e estavel. Estudos demonstram que este composto possui alta biodisponibilidade e e capaz de promover o anabolismo muscular em niveis comparaveis ao esteroide anabolico testosterona, com a vantagem de nao produzir efeitos colaterais
A. vinelandii Fe Protein: MgATP Induced Conformational Change and Reduction to an all Ferrous State

A crucial early step in the nitrogenase reaction is the conformational change that occurs when the Fe protein binds MgATP. Previous studies have identified three regions of the polypeptide, switch I, switch II and the highly conserved region that includes M156 and A157, as being important for this conformational change. An A157S Fe protein variant binds MgATP but is unable to undergo the conformational change and is inactive (N. Gavini, B.K. Burgess 1992). The purification and characterization of an inactive M156C variant and a partially active A157G variant have been completed. Both are able to undergo the conformational change but chelation data suggest that they do so at a slower rate than the wild-type and that they are defective in their ability to bind productively to the MoFe protein. For the A157G variant once the conformational change has occurred electron transfer and MgATP hydrolysis can proceed normally suggesting that the region may be critical for the initial conformational change but not for subsequent reactions.
The United States: The Rise and Fall of the Constitutional Exclusionary Rule

In the English common law, all evidence was admissible in court regardless of how it was gathered, perhaps with the exception of statements which were the product of torture or other cruel treatment. The United States, with its 1791 Bill of Rights, however, was the first country to recognize that evidence gathered in the violation of constitutional rights—such as the Fourth Amendment right to be free of unreasonable searches and seizures, or those conducted without a well-founded search warrant, and the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination—was inadmissible in court. This Chapter traces the evolution of U.S. constitutional exclusionary rules from the 1914 Weeks case and 1961 Mapp case, dealing with the Fourth Amendment and the 1967 Miranda decision dealing with the Fifth Amendment, up to its modern jurisprudence. The doctrines of “fruits of the poisonous tree”, referring to evidence (often physical) derived indirectly from constitutional violations, and its exceptions of “independent source” and “inevitable discovery”, along with an exception for “good faith” have been since adopted in many countries. The “fall” of the constitutional exclusionary rule, refers to recent doctrine, which is carving out more exceptions and is returning to the original common law position of presumed admissibility of evidence, and use of a “balancing” test which will only exclude evidence if the constitutional violations were intentional and egregious.