cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mapping the Multidisciplinary Field of Public Health Services and Systems Research

Context Public health services and systems research (PHSSR) is the field of study charged with evaluating the public health system. PHSSR currently lacks a clear identity integrating the many theories, approaches, and disciplines contributing to the field. Evidence acquisition Experts in PHSSR were consulted to identify 11 key published PHSSR studies. With these articles as a starting point, a newly developed citation data collection system was used to collect a sample of 2986 documents connected to the key articles through citation linkages. Data were collected in October 2009. Evidence synthesis Citation network methods and latent position cluster modeling were used to examine the network of documents. A subset of 108 documents comprising the backbone of the network was identified through main-path analysis. Four unique clusters were identified within the main path. The core cluster consisted of older articles focused on local health department activities, partnerships, and effectiveness. The three non-core clusters focused on public health law, behavioral interventions, and national performance standards. Although all non-core clusters cited the core, there was little crosstalk among the non-core clusters, a pattern consistent with multidisciplinary fields. Conclusions PHSSR appears to be a multidisciplinary field with research happening in silos across different research areas. Developing transdisciplinary research connections across PHSSR is necessary to meet national PHSSR goals.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with acute ischemic hepatitis after elective aortic aneurysm repair: Comparative analysis of 10 cases

Objective: To assess the characteristics of patients with perioperative disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and acute ischemic hepatitis after elective aortic aneurysm repair (AAR). Design: A retrospective case-control study. Setting: A single tertiary referral center. Participants: Between 1982 and 1993, 1966 patients underwent elective AAR. Of these, 10 patients (eight with abdominal and two with thoracoabdominal aneurysms) developed DIC and acute elevation of serum transaminases consistent with acute ischemic hepatitis during or shortly after surgery. The control group included 30 patients matched by age, sex, year of surgery, and aneurysm type and size. Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: None of the patients in either group had preoperative hemostatic abnormalities or other causes for DIC. There was no difference between the two groups in the duration of aortic cross-clamping. In all study patients, severe coagulopathy or systemic hypotension developed after the aortic cross-clamp was released. This resulted in significantly increased surgery time after unclamping (p < 0.001), and increased estimated blood loss (p < 0.001). DIC developed within 24 hours, and mean concentrations of aspartate transaminase (4,021 ± 3,579 IU/L) and lactate dehydrogenase (4,332 ± 2,903 IU/L) peaked on the second postoperative day. Nine (90%) of the study patients required repeat operations (seven for bleeding), and all of them died; the median survival time was 6 days (mean, 8.3 ± 8.2 days). Only one patient in the control group needed a repeat operation. Liver infarction or necrosis was seen in all seven patients who underwent autopsy or biopsy. Conclusions: The combination of DIC and acute ischemic hepatitis (“hepatohemorrhagic syndrome”) rarely occurs after elective AAR and is associated with a very high mortality rate. DIC was temporally related to the release of the aortic cross-clamp. The cause-effect relationship of this rare syndrome cannot be explained by operative course before the release of the aortic cross-clamp.
Desperately Seeking Selznick: Cooptation and the Dark Side of Public Management in Networks

Most literature on public-sector networks focuses on how to build and manage systems and ignores the political problems that networks can create for organizations. This article argues that individual network nodes can work to bias the organization's actions in ways that benefit the organization's more advantaged clientele. The argument is supported by an analysis of performance data from 500 organizations over a five-year period. A classic theoretical point is supported in a systematic empirical investigation. While networks can greatly benefit the organization, they have a dark side that managers and scholars need to consider more seriously.
Working Longer Hours: Pressure from the Boss or Pressure from the Marketers?

The century-long decline in the amount of time spent working for income has been reversed over the last twenty-five years. By one account, this reversal is primarily traceable to a rise in the power fo employers who find more work hours per employee to be in their interest. By another account, that I argue to be the more convincing, the major cause of the change is the growing sophisticated of advertising and marketing which has stimulated demand and led to voluntarydecisions to work more. Education is presented as an example of the effects that rising “marketization” has on a product's nature. Decreased hours of study and grade inflation are offered as two examples of the crowding out of production for oneself at the expense of production for sale in the market. While no attempt is made to draw clear normative conclusions regarding educational trends, the paper concludes with a normative assessment of the trend toward greater time spent in the workplace. I argue that the historically recent rise of “work...
Intrahypothalamic pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide regulates energy balance via site-specific actions on feeding and metabolism

Numerous studies have demonstrated that both the hypothalamic paraventricular nuclei (PVN) and ventromedial nuclei (VMN) regulate energy homeostasis through behavioral and metabolic mechanisms. Receptors for pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) are abundantly expressed in these nuclei, suggesting PACAP may be critical for the regulation of feeding behavior and body weight. To characterize the unique behavioral and physiological responses attributed to select hypothalamic cell groups, PACAP was site-specifically injected into the PVN or VMN. Overall food intake was significantly reduced by PACAP at both sites; however, meal pattern analysis revealed that only injections into the PVN produced significant reductions in meal size, duration, and total time spent eating. PACAP-mediated hypophagia in both the PVN and VMN was abolished by PAC1R antagonism, whereas pretreatment with a VPACR antagonist had no effect. PACAP injections into the VMN produced unique changes in metabolic parameters, including significant increases in core body temperature and spontaneous locomotor activity that was PAC1R dependent whereas, PVN injections of PACAP had no effect. Finally, PACAP-containing afferents were identified using the neuronal tracer cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) injected unilaterally into the PVN or VMN. CTB signal from PVN injections was colocalized with PACAP mRNA in the medial anterior bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, VMN, and lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPB), whereas CTB signal from VMN injections was highly colocalized with PACAP mRNA in the medial amygdala and LPB. These brain regions are known to influence energy homeostasis perhaps, in part, through PACAP projections to the PVN and VMN.
Purification and characterization of hepatic triacylglycerol lipase isolated from rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss

Trialcylglycerol (TG) lipase was isolated and partially purified from rainbow trout liver. Triacylglycerol lipase activity was assayed by measuring14C-oleic acid release from14C-triolein.14C-oleic acid release was linear for up to two hours. Optimal activity occurred at pH 7.0 and 15°C. Most of the lipase activity was recovered in the cytosolic fraction. A 27,000-fold purification was achieved after Sepharose (Bio-gel A 0.5 M, 200–400 mesh) chromatography of a resuspended 20% ammonium sulfate fraction. The molecular weight of the trout hepatic lipase as determined by size-exclusion chromatography and by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was 40–43 kD. Lipase-mediated hydrolysis of TG resulted in the production of diacylglycerols, monoacylglycerols, and fatty acids. Kinetic analysis indicated that Vmax=0.016 nmol/h/mg protein and that Km=0.28 mM triolein. Lipolytic activity was enhanced in the presence of cAMP/ATP-Mg2+. These results suggest that the liver of trout possesses a neutral TG lipase that is responsible for mobilizing stored TG and is catalytically activated by phosphorylation.
Against Bans on Lowering

A number of syntactic theories posit explicit bans on lowering operations. Such bans are largely redundant on cyclic approaches to the syntactic derivation, which can rule out most instances of lowering without an explicit ban. I concentrate here on one instance of lowering not ruled out by the cycle, namely, an Agree relation between a probe and a goal in the probe's own specifier. Facts about Bulgarian wh-movement suggest that operations of this kind are available in principle and that lowering therefore should not be banned.
Discrete-time model for an adaptive optics system with input delay

The standard adaptive optics (AO) system can be viewed as a sampled-data feedback system with a continuous-time disturbance (the incident wavefront from the observed object) and discrete-time measurement noise. A common measure of performance of AO systems is the time average of the pupil variance of the residual wavefront. This performance can be related to that of a discrete-time system obtained by lifting the incident and residual wavefronts. This article derives the corresponding discrete-time model and the computation of the AO system residual variance based on that model. The predicted variance of a single mode of an AO system is shown to be the same as that obtained via simulation.
Point-Casting Service in Wireless Networks

The broadcast nature of existing wireless LANs can produce excessive radio coverage which is often undesirable for applications like wireless IPTV or location-based service. To address this issue, we utilize the characteristics of signal attenuation common to all wireless communications and implement a point-casting service 1 (PCast) over existing wireless networks that can significantly restrict the coverage for transmissions. The principle of PCast is to split and encode the downlink traffic and deliver it to the client via a few surrounding access points (APs). Hence, an unintended client cannot decode a packet without all its fragments. Equivalently, the service area is bounded within the intersection of communication coverage of all APs. The result coverage area can be further reduced via rate and power control at the APs. In this paper, we present our design and implementation of the PCast service on top of an 802.11a wireless LAN. Experiments conducted in a lab environment show that PCast can bound the service region to be within 2 meters around a client, while incurring jitter of less than 1ms, and bandwidth capacity loss of less than 10%.
Histological estimates of ovariole number in honey bee queens, Apis mellifera, reveal lack of correlation with other queen quality measures

Published estimates of the number of ovarioles found in the ovaries of honey bee, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) queens range from 100 to 180 per ovary. Within the context of a large-scale study designed to assay the overall quality of queens obtained from various commercial sources, a simple histology-based method for accurate determination of ovariole number was developed and then applied to a sample of 75 queens. Although all 10 commercial sources evaluated provided queens with ovariole numbers within the expected range, ovariole number was found to vary significantly across sources. Overall, and within most of the individual samples, there was no correlation of ovariole number with other morphological attributes such as thoracic width, wing length, or wet weight. Queens from two of the sources, however, displayed a significant negative relationship between wet weight and ovariole number. This study provides baseline data on ovariole number in commercial honey bee queens in the United States at a time when honey bee populations are declining; the method described can be used in studies relating ovariole number in queens to egg production and behavior.
Characterizing deployment and distribution of self-powered mesh routers in wireless mesh networks

Widely deployed mesh routers (MRs) interconnect to each other and form a multi-hop backbone of a wireless mesh network (WMN), which provides a ubiquitous high-speed network access service for mesh clients (MCs) with a multi-cell architecture. Besides using air-interfaces, a more flexible and low cost MR deployment assumes lack of power cable at the locations of MRs, which enables MRs to be deployed anywhere needed. In deploying such a WMN, the power issue of MRs can be addressed by carry-on batteries that could be recharged by solar panels. The deployment of MRs, on the other hand, should ensure the connectivity of multi-hop backbone network, and an overlapped multi-cell coverage is also necessary to provide seamless connections for MCs. This paper provides analytical models to simultaneously consider connectivity, coverage and energy constraints in MR deployment and derives the necessary MR distribution function. Following the obtained results, we also propose a non-uniform WMN deployment scheme that substantially enhances the network throughput. Simulation results validate the effectiveness and advantages of our deployment strategy.
The epidemiology of panic attacks, panic disorder, and agoraphobia in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.

Context Only limited information exists about the epidemiology of DSM-IV panic attacks (PAs) and panic disorder (PD). Objective To present nationally representative data about the epidemiology of PAs and PD with or without agoraphobia (AG) on the basis of the US National Comorbidity Survey Replication findings. Design and Setting Nationally representative face-to-face household survey conducted using the fully structured World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Participants English-speaking respondents (N=9282) 18 years or older. Main Outcome Measures Respondents who met DSM-IV lifetime criteria for PAs and PD with and without AG. Results Lifetime prevalence estimates are 22.7% for isolated panic without AG (PA only), 0.8% for PA with AG without PD (PA-AG), 3.7% for PD without AG (PD only), and 1.1% for PD with AG (PD-AG). Persistence, lifetime number of attacks, and number of years with attacks increase monotonically across these 4 subgroups. All 4 subgroups are significantly comorbid with other lifetime DSM-IV disorders, with the highest odds for PD-AG and the lowest for PA only. Scores on the Panic Disorder Severity Scale are also highest for PD-AG (86.3% moderate or severe) and lowest for PA only (6.7% moderate or severe). Agoraphobia is associated with substantial severity, impairment, and comorbidity. Lifetime treatment is high (from 96.1% for PD-AG to 61.1% for PA only), but 12-month treatment meeting published treatment guidelines is low (from 54.9% for PD-AG to 18.2% for PA only). Conclusion Although the major societal burden of panic is caused by PD and PA-AG, isolated PAs also have high prevalence and meaningful role impairment.
Family classification without domain chaining

Motivation: Classification of gene and protein sequences into homologous families, i.e. sets of sequences that share common ancestry, is an essential step in comparative genomic analyses. This is typically achieved by construction of a sequence homology network, followed by clustering to identify dense subgraphs corresponding to families. Accurate classification of single domain families is now within reach due to major algorithmic advances in remote homology detection and graph clustering. However, classification of multidomain families remains a significant challenge. The presence of the same domain in sequences that do not share common ancestry introduces false edges in the homology network that link unrelated families and stymy clustering algorithms. Results: Here, we investigate a network-rewiring strategy designed to eliminate edges due to promiscuous domains. We show that this strategy can reduce noise in and restore structure to artificial networks with simulated noise, as well as to the yeast genome homology network. We further evaluate this approach on a hand-curated set of multidomain sequences in mouse and human, and demonstrate that classification using the rewired network delivers dramatic improvement in Precision and Recall, compared with current methods. Families in our test set exhibit a broad range of domain architectures and sequence conservation, demonstrating that our method is flexible, robust and suitable for high-throughput, automated processing of heterogeneous, genome-scale data. contact: [email protected]
Some Almost-Sure Convergence Properties Useful in Sequential Analysis

Abstract Kim and Nelson propose sequential procedures for selecting the simulated system with the largest steady-state mean from a set of alternatives that yield stationary output processes. Each procedure uses a triangular continuation region so that sampling stops when the relevant test statistic first reaches the region's boundary. In applying the generalized continuous mapping theorem to prove the asymptotic validity of these procedures as the indifference-zone parameter tends to zero, we are given (i) a sequence of functions on the unit interval (which are right-continuous with left-hand limits) converging to a realization of a certain Brownian motion process with drift; and (ii) a sequence of triangular continuation regions corresponding to the functions in sequence (i) and converging to the triangular continuation region for the Brownian motion process. From each function in sequence (i) and its corresponding continuation region in sequence (ii), we obtain the associated boundary-hitting point; and...
Dimensions in Classroom Management Derived from Recent Research

(1980). Dimensions in Classroom Management Derived from Recent Research. Journal of Curriculum Studies: Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 343-356.
Cytotoxic effect of lymphocytes from pregnant mice on cultivated tumor cells. I. Specificity, nature of effector cells and blocking by serum.

Lymph-node and spleen cells from pregnant BALB/c mice were found to be cytotoxic (by a microcytotoxicity assay) to cultivated syngeneic tumor cells. Target cells included a series of in vitro transformants derived from BALB/c 3T3 cells (3T3-MSV, 3T3-SV40 and 3T12), as well as two lines of tumors induced in vivo. Skin fibroblasts and nontransformed 3T3 cells were not similarily affected. The cytotoxic lymphocyte effect was decreased by treatment with anti θ serum and complement but was not removed by passage through a column removing cells with immunoglobulin at their surface. It could be blocked by serum taken from pregnant mice and from mice carrying methyl-cholanthrene-induced sarcomas. These sarcomas could be different from the ones used as targets in vitro, but the blocking effect was higher when serum was tested from mice carrying the respective tumor studied. The blocking activity of serum from pregnant mice was removed by absorption with neoplastic cells, taken either from culture or directly from mice, and with fresh embryonic cells, but not to the same extent by absorption with explanted fibroblasts, 3T3 cells, or adult kidney cells. Absorption was most effective when the same line of cells was used as targets. Both the cytotoxic lymphocyte effect and the blocking serum activity were seen already during the first pregnancy and lasted for at least 1 month subsequent to delivery. Serum from pregnant mice could „arm” control lymph-node cells and produce a lymphocyte-dependent cytotoxic effect on neoplastic, but not on control, target cells.
Entropically driven self–assembly and interaction in suspension

In this paper we present fundamental studies elucidating the role of entropy in parti- cle suspensions. We focus on systems composed of large colloidal particles along with a second, usually smaller species such as a particle or polymer. We describe direct measurements of these interactions in suspension, and we systematically show how these forces can be used to control the self-assembly of colloidal particles. The paper provides a unified review of the experiments from our laboratory, and in a few cases touches on very recent results. Entropic forces between macromolecules in suspension are sometimes produced by the addition of other constituents to the background solvent. These added con- stituents are often other (usually smaller) particles, rods or polymers. The resulting entropic forces influence suspension stability, and are of considerable importance in a wide variety of practical materials ranging from frozen desserts to paints to motor oils to living cells. During the last few years we have been studying entropic effects in suspension. We have quantified these forces by direct measurement in a variety of complex fluids, we have identified some novel manifestations of these entropic phe- nomena, and we have used these effects to control the self-assembly of particles. In this paper we provide a unified review of the experiments from our laboratory, and in a few cases touch on very recent results. The starting point of our exposition naturally begins with mixtures of large- and small-diameter hard spheres. Hard-sphere colloids lack attractive and long-range interactions, which typically compete with entropic effects to produce ordered phases. Nonetheless, as Asakura & Oosawa (1958) first noted, in mixtures of different-sized spherical particles, an ordered arrangement of large spheres can increase the total entropy of the system by increasing the entropy of the small spheres. This phe- nomenon is depicted in figure 1. Because the centre of mass of the small sphere
Regularization, adaptation, and non-independent features improve hidden conditional random fields for phone classification

We show a number of improvements in the use of Hidden Conditional Random Fields (HCRFs) for phone classification on the TIMIT and Switchboard corpora. We first show that the use of regularization effectively prevents overfitting, improving over other methods such as early stopping. We then show that HCRFs are able to make use of non-independent features in phone classification, at least with small numbers of mixture components, while HMMs degrade due to their strong independence assumptions. Finally, we successfully apply Maximum a Posteriori adaptation to HCRFs, decreasing the phone classification error rate in the Switchboard corpus by around 1% -5% given only small amounts of adaptation data.
The bioflavonoid compound, sinupret, stimulates transepithelial chloride transport in vitro and in vivo

Objectives/Hypothesis: Dehydration of airway surface liquid (ASL) disrupts normal mucociliary clearance in sinonasal epithelium leading to chronic rhinosinusitis. Abnormal chloride (Cl - ) transport is one mechanism that contributes to this disorder, as demonstrated by the disease cystic fibrosis. Identifying safe compounds that stimulate transepithelial Cl - transport is critical to improving hydration of the ASL and promoting mucociliary transport. Sinupret (Bionorica, LLC, San Clemente, CA), a combination of naturally occurring bioflavonoids, is a widely used treatment for respiratory ailments in Europe. However, the effects of Sinupret on target respiratory epithelium have yet to be fully investigated. The present study evaluated the mechanisms underlying this bioflavonoid therapeutic on transepithelial Cl - transport in respiratory epithelium. Study Design: In vitro and in vivo investigation. Methods: Well characterized murine nasal septal epithelial (MNSE) cultures, and murine nasal potential difference (NPD) techniques were used to evaluate the effects of Sinupret on Cl - secretion. Results: The change in Sinupret-stimulated current (Δ I SC expressed as μA/cm 2 ) in MNSE, representing Cl - secretion, was significantly increased when compared to controls (19.04 ± 1.67 μA/cm 2 vs. 1.8 ± 0.35 μA/cm 2 , respectively; P = .00005). Transepithelial Cl - transport measured in the murine NPD in vivo assay (n = 42) was also significantly enhanced when compared to controls (—0.8 mV vs. -0.9 mV; P = .0004). Importantly, Sinupret-stimulated Cl - transport was substantially more robust in vivo than forskolin, a compound among the strongest known cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator activators (-3.8 mV vs. -1.65 mV; P = .01). Conclusions: Sinupret strongly activates transepithelial Cl - secretion through a mechanism known to hydrate the ASL of respiratory epithelium. This is one means by which the medication is likely to exert therapeutic benefit.
Fixed-time teacher attention to decrease off-task behaviors of typically developing third graders

Evidence to validate the use of fixed-time (FT) reinforcer delivery (i.e., noncontingent reinforcement) with typically developing populations has been relatively rare in the behavioral literature. In those studies that have provided validation, reinforcer delivery schedules appeared to be prohibitively dense for sustained implementation of procedures. This study demonstrated the efficacy of using FT reinforcer delivery to reduce off-task behavior of 2 typically developing third graders using a teacher-selected schedule (FT 4 min). Immediate reductions in off-task behavior were observed for both children. Challenges in identifying the operative mechanism of FT schedules in natural settings are discussed.
Pulmonary complications of pregnancy

Pregnancy induces significant physiologic stresses on the pulmonary and cardiovascular systems that may precipitate respiratory compromise. In addition, certain disease states that are unique to the pregnant woman, such as amniotic fluid emboli syndrome, may be associated with respiratory failure. The physiologic changes that affect the pregnant woman are reviewed. Pregnancy-related conditions are discussed as well as how common diseases, such as the acute respiratory distress syndrome, asthma, pneumonia, and AIDS,have to be approached when balancing the needs of the fetus with maternal well-being.
The Effects of Morphine on the Production and Discrimination of Interresponse Times

Recent experiments suggest that the effects of drugs of abuse on the discrimination of the passage of time may differ for experimenter-imposed and subject-produced events. The current experiment examined this suggestion by determining the effects of morphine on the discrimination of interresponse times (IRTs). Pigeons pecked a center key on a random-interval 20-s schedule of matching-to-sample trials. Once the interval had timed out, a choice trial randomly followed either a short (2- to 3-s) or long (6- to 9-s) IRT on the center key. Pecking the side key lit one color produced food after a short IRT, and pecking the side key lit the other color produced food after a long IRT. Two experimental phases differed in the functional role of the different key colors. Under control conditions, the IRT distributions had two modes, one at the lower bound of the short category and a smaller one at the lower bound of the long category. Pigeons accurately categorized the duration of the IRTs: One key color was pecked following short IRTs and the other key color was pecked following long IRTs. Morphine flattened the IRT distribution and reduced the accuracy of categorizing IRTs. Categorization of long IRTs was particularly disrupted. Morphine did not produce overestimation of time as assessed by the production or categorization of IRTs. These results are similar to those obtained previously for the effects of morphine on the discrimination of the duration of experimenter-imposed events.
Integrating Urban Simulation and Visualization

Urban simulation and visualization are useful to a variety of applications, including content generation for entertainment, simulation, and training, and for regional planning agencies to evaluate alternative transportation investments, land use regulations, and environmental protection policies. In this chapter, we provide a brief overview of urban simulation models, an overview of visualization strategies applied to urban models, and how recent work has built upon a synergy of urban simulation, urban visualization, and computer graphics to produce new approaches that tightly integrate previously separate areas. This last aspect exploits a form of in-situ visualization enhancing the ability of both the simulations and the visualizations. The presented collections of works represent state-of-the-art methods that will educate the reader on the latest thoughts and approaches in the field.
Introduction to Medical Genetics and Methods of DNA Testing

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the basics of medical genetic terminology and molecular-genetic methods. The chapter reviews concepts and terminology and the methodology of medical genetics and DNA testing. It also provides an overview of the benefits and problems associated with an approach to the nervous system based on the identification of disease genes. For centuries, neurology and the classification of neurologic illnesses have mainly relied on the neurologic phenotype. This is particularly true for the movement disorders leading to keen observations on subtle variations of disorders affecting movement control. Effective symptomatic treatments are developed based on the increasing understanding of physiology and pathology of movement disorders. Diseases like the dominant ataxias share a similar inheritance pattern, but phenotypes do not breed true within families and overlap between families is significant. The chapter concludes with a summary of some of the basic knowledge concerning molecular and medical genetics.
New taxonomic status of Foenomorpha Szépligeti as a subgenus of Capitonius Brullé (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Cenocoeliinae) including a revision of species.

Herein I describe 16 new species of Capitonius and formally transfer and redescribe the species Foenomorpha bicolor Szepligeti, F. senlura Braet and Achterberg, and F. rufa Braet and Achterberg to Capitonius as Capitonius bicolor, C. senlura, and C. rufa, new combinations. The following new species are described: Capitonius bellaptera Pitz n. sp. from Brazil, C. boringi Pitz n. sp. from South America, C. catemacoensis Pitz n. sp. from Mexico, C. flavusassumentum Pitz n. sp. from Argentina, C. lateventris Pitz n. sp. from Brazil, C. negrolabiatus Pitz n. sp. from Central and South America, C. nigrum Pitz n. sp. from South America, C. robertsonae Pitz n. sp. from Brazil, C. rondoniaensis Pitz n. sp. from Brazil, C. sarmientoi Pitz n. sp. from Colombia, C. seltmannae Pitz n. sp. from Colombia, C. sharkeyi Pitz n. sp. from Colombia, C. stramentopetiolus Pitz n. sp. from French Guyana, C. stramentosura Pitz n. sp. from Central and South America, C. venezuelaensis Pitz n. sp. from Venezuela, and C. venustus Pitz n. sp. from South America. A key to species of subgenus Foenomorpha is provided.
Ontogeny of Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Its Implication in Cancer Regulation

Macrophages are innate immune cells with evolutionarily conserved functions in tissue maintenance and host defense. As such, macrophages are among the first hematopoietic cells that seed developing tissues, and respond to inflammatory insults by in situ proliferation or de novo differentiation from monocytes. Recent studies have revealed that monocyte-derived tumor-induced macrophages represent a major tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) population, which can further expand following their differentiation in tumors. Compared with tissue-resident (tr)TAMs, these newly differentiated cells are phenotypically distinct, and likely have a unique role in tissue dysregulation and immune modulation in cancer. These findings imply that tumor growth elicits a specific innate immune response. In this review, we explore the different routes of macrophage seeding and maintenance in tissues during steady state and inflammation, and how these principles underlie the responses observed during tumor development. In addition, we highlight the relationship between the origin and function of macrophages in different settings and how this knowledge may be used to create new opportunities for cancer immunotherapy.
How I Teach a Thoracoscopic Lobectomy

Since the initial introduction of lobectomy by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) in the 1990s, there have been many studies comparing its efficacy with that of the standard thoracotomy approach. Currently, there are several demonstrated and recognized advantages of VATS lobectomy over thoracotomy [1]. Although a comprehensive discussion is beyond the scope of this manuscript, in summary VATS lobectomy has demonstrated and recognized superiority over thoracotomy in several areas: (1) perioperative outcomes: fewer respiratory complications, blood transfusions, cardiac arrhythmias, and shorter length of stay [2, 3]; (2) increased efficacy for higher risk populations (eg, elderly, poor pulmonary function) [4–6]; (3) improved cost effectiveness [7]; and (4) facilitated delivery of adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with N1–2 disease [8].
Find Them on Facebook: Using Facebook to Reach Students Where They Already Go

In the digital age, it is increasingly difficult to connect with students. It’s ironic, if you think about it; the more methods of communication that are available, the more difficult it becomes to find one that reaches everyone. Many schools have an extremely difficult time convincing their students to check their school email accounts, and the students who do check them often admit to deleting many messages without reading them, or only checking in sporadically. Furthermore, the students who do check their school email accounts are not the same students who read posted flyers, and those are not the same students who check their school’s YouTube channel, podcasts, “snail-mail,” etc. It can quickly become a huge drain of time and resources to cover every possible base, particularly if you are the only person in your department. I have faced this dilemma many times. Few things are more frustrating than pouring time, effort, and money into orchestrating and advertising a program, only to hear months later from students who say, “That sounds like it was great! I wish I had known about it!” Finally, I reached the point where my question evolved from, “How can I make them use this medium?” to, “How can I reach them where they already go?” The answer was clear: use Facebook. Today’s students not only check Facebook – they check it voluntarily, and they check it often. This piece explores the use of Facebook to reach and support students, whether through monitored groups, open forums, or individual contact. Although this essay arose from a bar support experiment, the same features and ideas may be applied in classes, clinics, campus groups, and more.
Oxidation Behavior of Gamma-Titanium Aluminide Alloys

The oxidation behavior of a number of gamma-TiAl alloys with ternary additions has been studied for extended periods during rapid thermal cycling to temperatures of up to 1000°C in flowing air. Under these conditions, binary alloys, such as Ti-48a/oAl and Ti-52a/oAl form flaking scales with sub-scale embrittlement, although the initial oxidation rate decreases with increasing aluminum content. Ternary Ti-Al-Cr and Ti-Al-Ta alloys with up to 4 a/o Cr or Ta also show a tendency to form spalling scales at these temperatures. On the other hand, the addition of niobium or tungsten results in a dramatic improvement in oxidation resistance at 850°C, although at 1000°C even these alloys begin to spall after an induction period of several hundred hours.
Domestic Rice Varieties: Apparent Resistance to Rice Weevils, Lesser Grain Borers, and Angoumois Grain Moths

Rice weevils, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), lesser grain borers, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), and Angoumois grain moths, Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier), discriminated among rough rice samples of the varieties ‘Colusa’, ‘Calrose’, ‘Nato’, ‘Belle Patna’, ‘Bluebelle’, and ‘Dawn’ in free-choice tests. Attractiveness was judged by the presence of adults, oviposition, and the production of F1 progeny. All 3 species exhibited a definite nonpreference for ‘Dawn’. Intact hulls precluded kernel entry by rice weevils and excluded 91% of lesser grain borer larvae and 72.4% of Angoumois grain moth larvae. The different responses in free-choice tests were related to the tightness of the seed husk, but were not directly proportional to the amount of loose-hull kernels available. Unidentified factors apparently influenced the behavior of the insects. In no-choice tests with brown rice of each variety, the number of F1 progeny produced did not differ significantly in any species tested.
The chemotactic properties of porcine seminal components toward neutrophils in vitro.

Our objectives were to investigate the mechanisms of postbreeding inflammation in swine by examining the chemotactic properties of polymorphonuclear neutrophilic granulocytes (PMN) and of various populations of spermatozoa and seminal plasma. Epididymal spermatozoa from two boars obtained under sterile conditions, washed ejaculated spermatozoa from two boars, and pooled seminal plasma from eight boars of known fertility were examined for chemotaxis to PMN. The chemotaxis of blood-derived PMN in response to sperm and seminal plasma was evaluated and expressed as a percentage of a positive control (lipopolysaccharide-activated blood plasma). The mean chemotactic effect of washed sperm alone (4.4 ± 0.04) and of epididymal sperm alone (3.4 ± 0.06) was not different from that of the negative controls (3.1 ± 0.05) of McCoy's medium with 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum. A marked chemotactic effect was detected when washed ejaculated and epididymal sperm were incubated with blood plasma, compared with blood plasma without spermatozoa (P < 0.001). Washed sperm in blood plasma (86.2 ± 5.6) and epididymal sperm in blood plasma (83.9 ± 7.7) were different from blood plasma alone (11.2 ± 1.5), but no differences were detected between the two populations of sperm. This effect, however, was not completely inhibited by heat inactivation of the blood plasma. The chemotactic response of washed ejaculated and epididymal spermatozoa incubated in lipopolysaccharide-treated, heat-inactivated blood plasma were greater than that of the negative control (P < 0.05). Polymorphonuclear neutrophilic granulocyte migration toward seminal plasma was similar to the negative control (4.0 ± 0.04 vs 3.1 ± 0.05). It seems that porcine epididymal sperm and ejaculated sperm activate chemotactic components in porcine blood plasma and heat-inactivated blood plasma, suggesting that, at least partially, a heat-stable (noncomplement) blood plasma component may be involved in sperm-induced PMN chemotaxis. In contrast, porcine seminal plasma was not chemotactic to PMN. These results support the hypothesis that spermatozoa play an active role in initiating postbreeding endometritis.
HgNO3 sensitivity of AlGaN/GaN field effect transistors functionalized with phytochelating peptides

This study examined the conductance sensitivity of AlGaN/GaN field effect transistors in response to varying Hg/HNO3 solutions. FET surfaces were covalently functionalized with phytochelatin-5 peptides in order to detect Hg in solution. Results showed a resilience of peptide-AlGaN/GaN bonds in the presence of strong HNO3 aliquots, with significant degradation in FET ID signal. However, devices showed strong and varied response to Hg concentrations of 1, 10, 100, and 1000 ppm. The gathered statistically significant results indicate that peptide terminated AlGaN/GaN devices are capable of differentiating between Hg solutions and demonstrate device sensitivity.
What's Left Standing? FECA Citizen Suits and the Battle for Judicial Review

This Article discusses standing to sue the FEC with two principal objectives. First, it attempts to frame the doctrinal inconsistencies between Lujan and Akins that have given rise to ongoing FECA standing litigation and concludes that the Supreme Court should acknowledge its repudiation of Lujan in cases seeking election-related information. Second, it explores the question whether courts may be statutorily required to consider citizen challenges to FEC enforcement actions as a matter of justiciability theory in the first instance, and concludes that courts should turn to the oft-overlooked Akins decision in lieu of Lujan in reviewing suits brought under citizen-suit statutes generally.
Direct Application of Invasive Species Prioritization: The Spatial Invasive Infestation and Priority Analysis Model

Effective and efficient prioritization of invasive species treatments is an important aspect of land management and ecological restoration, as the number and distribution of invasive species increase and budgets decrease. Land managers have a multitude of prioritization frameworks from which to choose, but the vast majority only consider entire species across a landscape rather than individual populations. Here, we discuss the Spatial Invasive Infestation and Priority Analysis (SIIPA) model (built in ESRI ArcGIS software), a customizable tool for rapid application of a prioritization framework to known invasive populations within a preserve, management area, or region. The SIIPA model is based on the framework provided in The Nature Conservancy's Draft Weed Management Plan and prioritizes invasive species based on four characteristics common to many other schema: 1) current extent of the species; 2) current and potential impacts of the species; 3) value of habitats the species infests; and 4) difficulty of control and establishing replacement species. We describe how the model can be customized to have different classes for each characteristic, different weights for each class, and include other characteristics. To demonstrate how the model performs at different scales and for different land management objectives, we consider the application of this model in three different case studies: the Nature Conservancy's Disney Wilderness Preserve in Kissimmee, Florida; the U.S. Forest Service's Apalachicola National Forest near Tallahassee, Florida; and the Heartland Cooperative Invasive Species Management Area in central Florida. The SIIPA model provides land managers with an adaptable, easy-to-utilize decision support tool for making critical prioritization choices.
Modeling Student Cognition in Digital and Nondigital Assessment Environments

Inferences about student knowledge, skills, and attributes based on digital activity still largely come from whether students ultimately get a correct result or not. However, the ability to collect...
Lisdexamfetamine: chemistry, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and clinical efficacy, safety, and tolerability in the treatment of binge eating disorder.

Introduction: The indications for lisdexamfetamine (LDX), a central nervous system stimulant, were recently expanded to include treatment of moderate to severe binge eating disorder (BED).Areas cov...
Responsibility Revisionists and Skeptics

In this chapter, I compare my findings with the work of other responsibility skeptics: Ishtiyaque Haji, Neil Levy, Derk Pereboom, and Manuel Vargas. I will focus how their skepticism bolsters my conclusion about responsibility and, also, how their conclusions with regard to morality relate to mine.
Earthquakes in India and the Himalaya: tectonics, geodesy and history

The record of earthquakes in India is patchy prior to 1800 and its improvement is much impeded by its dispersal in a dozen local languages, and several colonial archives. Although geological studies will necessarily complement the historical record, only two earthquakes of the dozens of known historical events have resulted in surface ruptures, and it is likely that geological data in the form of liquefaction features will be needed to extend the historical record beyond the most recent few centuries. Damage from large Himalayan earthquakes recorded in Tibet and in Northern India suggests that earthquakes may attain M = 8.2. Seismic gaps along two-thirds of the Himalaya that have developed in the past five centuries, when combined with geodetic convergence rates of approximately 1.8 m/cy, suggests that one or more M = 8 earthquakes may be overdue. The mechanisms of recent earthquakes in Peninsular India are consistent with stresses induced in the Indian plate flexed by its collision with Tibet. A region of abnormally high seismicity in western India appears to be caused by local convergence across the Rann of Kachchh and possibly other rift zones of India. Since the plate itself deforms little, this deformation may be related to incipient plate fragmentation in Sindh or over a larger region of NW India.
The Role of Tropomyosin in Heart Disease

Cardiovascular disease is the number one cause of mortality in the Western world, with heart failure representing one of the fastest growing subgroups over the past decade. Heart failure, the progressive loss of cardiac contractile performance resulting in an inability to pump an adequate supply of systemic blood, affects an estimated 5 million Americans with estimated medical costs of $21–$50 billion per year1. A number of common disease disease stimuli can induce heart failure, including hypertension, myocardial infarction, ischemia associated with coronary artery disease, congenital malformation, familial hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathies and diabetic cardiomyopathy. Systolic and diastolic dysfunction is common in patients suffering from coronary artery disease and hypertension and is a main cause of heart failure. Hypertrophic growth of cardiomyocytes also occurs in many forms of heart failure and may contribute to the pathogenesis of the failure state2.
Educational and psychological assessment of children with learning disorders

This article provides an overview of assessment in the educational process and a critical analysis of the standardized tests that are typically seen in educational and psychological reports.
Reevaluating Chimpanzee Vocal Signals: Toward a Multimodal Account of the Origins of Human Communication

The vocalizations of chimpanzees have long been thought to be largely genetically predetermined and therefore unlearnable, involuntarily produced, and broadcast indiscriminately. Tomasello (2008) has recently written that, while chimpanzee vocalizations share these constraints and limitations with the vocal displays of all other non-human animals, the attention-getting gestures of chimpanzees are an “evolutionary novelty” because they are, in his estimation, capable of being produced intentionally. As such, chimpanzee gestures are highly significant to discussions of animal cognition and the evolution of human communication. This chapter challenges Tomasello’s grounds for restricting this evolutionary novelty to the gestural modality. I argue that, in fact, recent evidence suggests that there is a significant functional difference between certain chimpanzee vocalizations and the vocal displays of other animals and that, based on Tomasello’s own criteria for intentionality, gestures do not appear to have a monopoly on intentional communication in chimpanzees. Ultimately, this chapter aims to provide grounds for a multimodal account of the evolution of human communication. I conclude by suggesting that although there is reason to doubt that chimpanzees can communicate intentionally, there is no more reason to doubt this ability in the vocal modality than there is in the gestural modality.