cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IN SITU MEASUREMENTS OF MACROSCOPIC FILM STRESS DURING GROWTH, COOLING, AND THERMAL CYCLING OF THIN FILM PTiO3

ASTRACT Coherent Gradient Sensing is a full-field optical technique that produces real-time images of macroscopic wafer curvature that, for thin films, can be related to stress through Stoney's equation. Here we descrie the use of CGS as an in situ diagnostic to oserve film stress during chemical vapor deposition. We discuss the oserved changes in wafer curvature as a thin film of PTiO3 is deposited by chemical vapor deposition on single crystal MgO, cooled to room temperature, and then thermally cycled.
Randomised clinical trial: faecal microbiota transplantation by colonoscopy vs. vancomycin for the treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection.

SummaryBackground Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from healthy donors is considered an effective treatment against recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Aim To study the effect of FMT via colonoscopy in patients with recurrent C. difficile infection compared to the standard vancomycin regimen. Methods In an open-label, randomised clinical trial, we assigned subjects with recurrent C. difficile infection to receive: FMT, short regimen of vancomycin (125 mg four times a day for 3 days), followed by one or more infusions of faeces via colonoscopy; or vancomycin, vancomycin 125 mg four times daily for 10 days, followed by 125–500 mg/day every 2–3 days for at least 3 weeks. The latter treatment did not include performing colonoscopy. The primary end point was the resolution of diarrhoea related to C. difficile infection 10 weeks after the end of treatments. Results The study was stopped after a 1-year interim analysis. Eighteen of the 20 patients (90%) treated by FMT exhibited resolution of C. difficile-associated diarrhoea. In FMT, five of the seven patients with pseudomembranous colitis reported a resolution of diarrhoea. Resolution of C. difficile infection occurred in 5 of the 19 (26%) patients in vancomycin (P < 0.0001). No significant adverse events were observed in either of the study groups. Conclusions Faecal microbiota transplantation using colonoscopy to infuse faeces was significantly more effective than vancomycin regimen for the treatment of recurrent C. difficile infection. The delivery of donor faeces via colonoscopy has the potential to optimise the treatment strategy in patients with pseudomembranous colitis.
Calculation of Oscillator Strength in the Sc I-Spectrum

The oscillator strengths of the main transition from the 3d 4s 4p-states to the groundstate 3d 4s2 of Sc I are calculated on using wave functions derived by diagnolization of the interaction matrix elements of the 3d 4s 4p-, 3d2 4p- and 4s2 4p-configurations. The relevant dipole matrix elements are reduced by application of tensor algebra to the unknown one-electron matrix elements 〈4s‖r‖4p> and <3d‖r‖4p〉. These radial integrals are calculated from experimental lifetimes and oscillator strengths as well as from theoretical models. The resulting absolute oscillator strengths show a fairly good agreement with the experimental data, the uncertainties being smaller than 10 percent for the strongest transitions. Berechnung von Oszillatorenstarken im SC I-Spektrum Unter Verwendung von Wellenfunktionen, die uber die Diagonalisierung der Wechselwirkungsmatrix der 3d 4s 4p-, 3d2 4p- und 4s2 4p-Konfigurationen gewonnen wurde, werden die Oszillatorenstarken der wesentlichen Ubergange von den 3d 4s 4p-Zustanden in den Grundzustand 3d 4s2 von Sc I berechnet. Die relevanten Dipol-Matrixelemente werden mit Hilfe der Tensor-Algebra auf die unbekannten Einelektronen-Matrixelemente 〈4s‖r‖4p〉 und <3d‖r‖4p reduziert. Diese Radialintegrale werden uber experimentell bestimmte Lebensdauern sowie uber verschiedene theoretische Modelle berechnet. Die resultierenden absoluten Oszillatorenstarken zeigen innerhalb der Unsicherheiten von weniger als 10% fur die starksten Ubergange eine gute Ubereinstimmung mit experimentellen Werten.
Distributed coordination of dynamic rigid bodies

This paper provides a design methodology to construct a set of distributed control laws for a group of rigid bodies moving in 3D space. The motion of the rigid bodies is restricted by a nonholonomic constraint that prohibits the agents from spinning around their velocity vectors. The connections between two seemingly different flocking control laws presented by Tanner et al. [1] and by Justh and Krishnaprasad [2] are studied, and it is shown that they are actually the same laws expressed in different coordinate systems. The former is expressed in the fixed world frame, whereas the latter is expressed in the moving body frame.
A Comparison of Performance-Enhancing Strategies for Parallel Numerical Object-Oriented Frameworks

Performance short of that of C or FORTRAN 77 is a significant obstacle to general acceptance of object-oriented C++ frameworks in high-performance parallel scientific computing; nonetheless, their value in simplifying complex computations is inarguable. Examples of good performance for object-oriented libraries/frameworks are interesting, but a systematic analysis of performance issues has not been done. This paper explores a few of these issues and reports on three mechanisms for enhancing the performance of object-oriented frameworks for numerical computation. The first is binary operator overloading implemented with substantial internal optimizations, the second is expression templates, and the third is an optimizing preprocessor. The first two have been completely implemented and are available in the A++/P++ array class library, the third, ROSE++, is work in progress. This paper provides some perspective on the types of optimizations that we consider important in our numerical applications using OVERTURE involving complex geometry and AMR on parallel architectures.
UT-Scope: Towards LVCSR under Lombard effect induced by varying types and levels of noisy background

Adverse environments impact the performance of automatic speech recognition systems in two ways - directly by introducing acoustic mismatch between the speech signal and acoustic models, and indirectly by affecting the way speakers communicate to maintain intelligible communication over noise (Lombard effect). Currently, an increasing number of studies have analyzed Lombard effect with respect to speech production and perception, yet limited attention has been paid to its impact on speech systems, especially within a larger vocabulary context. This study presents a large vocabulary speech material captured in the recently acquired portion of UT-Scope database, produced in several types and levels of simulated background noise (highway, crowd, pink). The impact of noisy background variations on speech parameters is studied together with the effects on automatic speech recognition. Front-end cepstral normalization utilizing a modified RASTA filter is proposed and shown to improve recognition performance in a side-by-side evaluation with several common and state-of-the-art normalization algorithms.
Characterization of Clostridium perfringens TpeL Toxin Gene Carriage, Production, Cytotoxic Contributions, and Trypsin Sensitivity

Large clostridial toxins (LCTs) are produced by at least four pathogenic clostridial species, and several LCTs are proven pivotal virulence factors for both human and veterinary diseases. TpeL is a recently identified LCT produced by Clostridium perfringens that has received relatively limited study. In response, the current study surveyed carriage of the tpeL gene among different C. perfringens strains, detecting this toxin gene in some type A, B, and C strains but not in any type D or E strains. This study also determined that all tested strains maximally produce, and extracellularly release, TpeL at the late-log or early-stationary growth stage during in vitro culture, which is different from the maximal late-stationary-phase production reported previously for other LCTs and for TpeL production by C. perfringens strain JIR12688. In addition, the present study found that TpeL levels in culture supernatants can be repressed by either glucose or sucrose. It was also shown that, at natural production levels, TpeL is a significant contributor to the cytotoxic activity of supernatants from cultures of tpeL-positive strain CN3685. Lastly, this study identified TpeL, which presumably is produced in the intestines during diseases caused by TpeL-positive type B and C strains, as a toxin whose cytotoxicity decreases after treatment with trypsin; this finding may have pathophysiologic relevance by suggesting that, like beta toxin, TpeL contributes to type B and C infections in hosts with decreased trypsin levels due to disease, diet, or age.
A cognitive-enabled experimental system

To address the recent FCC initiatives that encourage the use of locally unused or under-used television broadcast spectrum for unlicensed broadband wireless access, a cognitive-enabled experimental system was developed to explore secondary spectrum utilization and user coordination through autonomous operation on a non-interference basis. This paper describes the enabling technologies and concepts, such as secondary spectrum usage, spectrum opportunity identification, user coordination, and interference mitigation that were incorporated into the experimental system
Infantile hemangioendothelioma of the liver

Tumeur benigne chez une fille de 2 mois. Echographie, tomodensitometrie. Etude anatomopathologique de la fievre operatoire
Neural Mechanisms for Encoding Binocular Disparity: Receptive Field Position Versus Phase

The visual system uses binocular disparity to discriminate the relative depth of objects in space. Because the striate cortex is the first site along the central visual pathways at which signals fr...
Hyperacute Therapies for Childhood Stroke: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Objective. The optimal management of pediatric patients with arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) is not known. Despite this, goal-oriented, time-sensitive therapies geared to rapid reestablishment of arterial blood flow are occasionally applied with beneficial effects. The inconsistent approach to AIS is in part due to a lack of knowledge and preparedness. Methods. Case report of a 12-year-old male with right middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion resulting in dense left hemiplegia and mutism and review of the literature. Intervention(s). Mechanical thrombectomy, intra-arterial administration of rt-PA, vasodilators, and platelet inhibitors, and systemic anticoagulation and subsequent critical care support. Results. Restoration of right MCA blood flow and complete resolution of neurologic deficits. Conclusion. We report the gratifying outcome of treatment of a case of AIS in a pediatric patient treated with hyperacute therapies geared to arterial recanalization and subsequent neurologic critical care and review the pertinent literature. Guidelines for the emergency room management of pediatric AIS from prospective, randomized trials are needed.
Behavioral Principles in the Practice of Management

The article reviews the book “Behavioral Principles in the Practice of Management,” by W.E. Scott and P.M. Podsakoff.
A single chip vector quantization processor for real-time speech coding

Vector quantization (VQ) is discussed as a viable technique for low-bit rate coding of speech and image data. Special-purpose processors are required for real-time implementations of a VQ algorithm due to its high computational complexity. A single chip vector quantizer for real-time speech coding application in contrast to earlier off-the-shelf and multichip implementations is described. The architectural considerations and the implementation details of the modules with their estimated performance are presented. The real-time VQ speech encoder can use a codebook up to a size of 400 with a vector dimension of 4. The codebook size can be further increased with a hierarchical VQ configuration. Larger codebooks are also possible with an increase in vector dimension. >
Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Water Vapor and Liquid Water with the Nimbus 5 Microwave Spectrometer

The Nimbus 5 satellite is provided with a passive microwave spectrometer (NEMS) incorporating channels at 22.235 and 31.4 GHz to measure atmospheric water vapor and liquid water over ocean. The discussion covers principles of atmospheric water determination, accuracy of measurements, observations of specific storms and fronts, and observations of water vapor and liquid water on a global scale. The NEMS experiment has demonstrated the ability of a two-channel microwave spectrometer to determine integrated abundances of water vapor and liquid water with estimated rms accuracies of 0.2 and 0.01 g per sq cm, respectively. The data can be used to plot global maps or accumulate global statistics.
Oklahoma’s recent earthquakes and saltwater disposal

Over the past 5 years, parts of Oklahoma have experienced marked increases in the number of small- to moderate-sized earthquakes. In three study areas that encompass the vast majority of the recent seismicity, we show that the increases in seismicity follow 5- to 10-fold increases in the rates of saltwater disposal. Adjacent areas where there has been relatively little saltwater disposal have had comparatively few recent earthquakes. In the areas of seismic activity, the saltwater disposal principally comes from “produced” water, saline pore water that is coproduced with oil and then injected into deeper sedimentary formations. These formations appear to be in hydraulic communication with potentially active faults in crystalline basement, where nearly all the earthquakes are occurring. Although most of the recent earthquakes have posed little danger to the public, the possibility of triggering damaging earthquakes on potentially active basement faults cannot be discounted.
Brown Pelican Foraging Success and Kleptoparasitism by Laughing Gulls

Previous studies have shown age-related differences in feeding success for a number of bird species, particularly those found in marine environments. We compared the foraging success of adult and immature Brown Pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis) feeding along the Playa Miramar northwest of Manzanillo, Colima, Mexico. On many of the feeding dives, Laughing Gulls (Larus atticilia) were attracted to pelicans and often behaved aggressively in attempts to obtain food from them. Adult Brown Pelicans were significantly more successful than immatures. Laughing Gulls were attracted to successful pelicans regardless of the age of the pelican. The proportion of unsuccessful immature pelicans not attracting gulls was higher than that of unsuccessful adult pelicans. Particularly inept immature pelicans are probably easily identified by gulls and ignored completely. Although we found no differ- ences in the frequency of pelican-gull physical contact (which we used as a measure of gull aggressiveness) between immature and adult pelicans, such behavior was directed almost exclusively toward successful pelicans. Gull aggression was also more intense when pelicans were attacked by groups of gulls. Received 26 May 1982, accepted 21 March 1983.
Treatment of chronic granulocytic leukemia with melphalan

Thirty-three patients with newly diagnosed chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) were treated with melphalan between 1968 and 1976. Within 3 mo of beginning therapy subjective and objective disease parameters improved. Disease control was easily maintained with this agent until hematologic exacerbation occurred. The median duration of disease control was 25.3 mo, and the median duration of survival was 28.6 mo. Serious side effects were not produced. Thus melphalan appears to be another agent that may be used to control the manifestations of CGL prior to hematologic exacerbation.
Immunosuppressive Therapy in Myocarditis: Acute Viral Versus Chronic Idiopathic Myocarditis

The myocardium is involved during a variety of acute viral illnesses [41]. This acute myocarditis is most commonly an incidental clinical finding but more rarely presents as acute myocardial dysfunction and congestive heart failure, or a life threatening arrhythmia [16, 13]. The acute inflammatory process involving lymphocytes and other round cells is usually present in a diffuse distribution and associated with myocardial cell necrosis. Contrasting acute viral myocarditis is a more chronic, indolent disorder, again characterized by round cell infiltration into the myocardium, but the distribution can be focal or diffuse [2]. The intensity of the inflammatory process is usually less impressive, and viral neutralizing titers are less consistent. The clinical presentation is one of a dilated cardiomyopathy of recent onset, with or without preceding viral illness, and the diagnosis is made by screening endomyocardial biopsy or at autopsy [33]. Because of the presence of myocardial inflammation, manipulation of the immune system or use of anti-inflammatory agents has been attempted in both of these scenarios, with inconsistent results. This paper reviews both the experimental and clinical data available on immunosuppressive (and immunomanipulative) treatment of myocarditis.
Convexity and Empirical Option Costs of Fixed Rate Mortgages

This article computes empirical option costs for fixed rate mortgages and compares them to brokers' forecasts. Estimates of risks for mortgage derivatives such as IOs are also examined and shown to have very substantial errors and very substantial differences in the forecasts by different brokers.
Is refrigeration enough to restrain foodborne pathogens

Holding foods at 5°C has traditionally been viewed as adequate to restrain the growth of foodborne pathogens. However, a group of "new" foodborne pathogens has emerged, some of which are capable of competitive growth at 5°C in foods. Bacteria fitting this criterion include Clostridium botulinum type E, Yersinia enterocolitica , enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli , Listeria monocytogenes and Aeromonas hydrophilia . A second area discussed is the effect of low temperature (5°C) on survival of foodborne pathogens. Both Campylobacter jejuni and Brucella survive for longer periods at 5°C compared to 25 or 37°C. A third area considered is the growth of certain pathogens ( Salmonella , Staphylococcus aureus , Vibrio parahaemolyticus , Bacillus cereus ) at temperatures slightly above 5°C up to 12°C. Hence, temperature abuse of a food could readily generate a hazard in a food. The use of refrigeration (5°C holding of a food) can no longer be deemed sufficient to keep foods safe from bacterial hazards either by growth of the "new" pathogens or increased survival. Further, even brief temperature abuse can create hazards from certain bacteria.
Hygric stresses and strategies in maintaining the association between crayfish and ectosymbiotic worms across vastly different environments

Crayfish and their ectosymbiotic worms may be a valuable model system for studying strategies to maintain symbiotic relationships strained by host-induced environmental shifts. Ectosymbiotic branchiobdellidan worms are thought to be dependent on crayfish hosts for reproduction. However, many crayfish species leave surface waters to excavate and reside in subterranean burrows. During this semi-terrestrial phase, crayfish are frequently out of water, subjecting their associated worms to desiccation. Water balance characteristics of Cambarincola mesochoreus, an ectosymbiont of Procambarus clarkii, were examined to elucidate strategies for surviving emersion while maintaining host associations. Emersed worms were characterized by a high water loss rate and low tolerance for dehydration. A lack of direct water contact eventually prompted a coiled, immobile dormant state where water loss was temporarily suppressed. This dormant state was broken by addition of water and re-entered by subsequent emersion. Neither group effects by clustering of many worms, nor water vapor absorption were utilized as mechanisms to increase desiccation hardiness. When crayfish leave surface or subterranean water, worm survival while maintaining host contact is likely facilitated by facultative quiescence. However, this strategy only allows for survival during relatively short-term, cyclic bouts of emersion. Survival of longer-term emersion periods would require worms to leave hosts and remain behind in surface or subterranean water. These strategies likely incur counterbalancing trade-offs: increased mortality but maintenance of host association versus increased survival but temporary or permanent loss of host association and sites for reproduction.
Evaluating the effects of anxiety disorder on physical and psychosocial measures for indigent patients with severe lower extremity osteoarthritis

Background:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of anxiety disorder on preoperative physical and psychosocial measures for patients undergoing lower extremity total joint arthroplasty. It was hypothesized that patients with anxiety disorder would express higher levels of pain, worse
Dispersal of blacklegged tick (Acari:Ixodidae) nymphs and adults at the woods-pasture interface.

Marked nymphal and adult blacklegged ticks, Ixodes scapularis Say, were released in 4 host-exclusion cages and 4 similar control areas, all straddling the woods-pasture interface. Both nymphs and adults were recaptured by flagging at regular intervals outside the cages, having therefore actively dispersed > 4.5 m (i.e., without involvement of vertebrates). Nymphs were recaptured much more often ( > 90%) in the woods than pastures, whereas 62.8% of recaptured adults were taken in pastures. Females were recaptured in equal numbers in pastures and woods, but 75.4% of recaptured males were in pastures. Adults that dispersed into pastures were recaptured an average of 1.6 and 3.7 m from the woods edge in 1992 and 1993, respectively, and as far as 7-8 m from the woods edge. Nymphs dispersed shorter distances than adults with 66% of the recaptured nymphs found 2-3 m from their release points, and > 46% of recaptured adults found > 5 m from their release points. Twice as many nymphs were recaptured from the caged than uncaged sites. The lower numbers of nymphs recaptured from control sites compared with caged sites are probably the result of host acquisition; the absence of this discrepancy with the adults may reflect by their ability to move relatively quickly from the host-exclusion cages and become available for host contact.
Assemblages of the Dead: Interpreting the Biocultural and Taphonomic Signature of Afro-Cuban Palo Practice in Florida

Anthropologists encounter what are commonly called “Santeria skulls” in United States cities with large populations of Caribbean immigrants. These human skulls are frequently found within cauldrons, stained with wax, soil, or animal blood, and associated with mercury, beads, sticks, and faunal remains. To interpret these assemblages, anthropologists should consider them within the African diaspora cultural and religious contexts in which they were created and deposited. These contexts include not only the belief system of Ocha (Santeria) but also the less well-known Palo. These Afro-Cuban religious formations can result in different material cultural signatures, and the patterns exhibited by the so-called Santeria skulls are more consistent with Palo than Ocha. Informed by data from Florida forensic anthropology cases (n = 42), we synthesize a regional biocultural and taphonomic signature of related Palo practices. This study informs both anthropological investigations, and the cultural treatment of these...
Value of repeated bronchoscopy in diagnosis of lung cancer

【Objective】To explore the value of repeated bronchoscopy in diagnosis of lung cancer.【Methods】 Clinical data of 155 patients who received repeated bronchoscopy were analyzed retrospectively. 【Results】In 208 patients 155 (74.5%) who received repeated bronchoscopy were diagnosed as lung cancer with pathological evidence. Of which, 141 patients (91.0%) received repeated bronchoscopy only once, and 118 patients (76.1%) received repeated bronchoscopy in a week, mucosa swelling was seen in 74 patients (47.7%) and intra-bronchial mass was seen in 53 patients (34.2%).【Conclusion】Repeated bronchoscopy is recommended when initial pathological results are inconsistent with clinical manifestations, x-ray results, or especially morphological changes under endoscope. Once or twice more examinations may be an appropriate option, and it should be done as early as possible. The application of varied bronchoscope techniques may be helpful in improving positive rate.
Inhibition of Implantation in the Golden Hamster by Zona-Precipitating Antibody *

Antisera prepared against saline extracts of hamster ovary, and made specific to ovary by absorption with small intestine, precipitated the zona pellucida of provulatory hamster ova and all early embryonic stages examined, including the pronuclear, 2-, 4-, 8-, and 16-cell, morula, and blastocyst stages; this indicates that (1) the zona antigen is present during oocyte maturation and early embryonic development and (2) the antigen does not change its ability to react with zonaprecipitating antibody. Embryos in the morula and blastocyst stages, treated in vitro with zona-precipitating antibody, pre-immunization rabbit serum, or control media were transferred into synchronized pseudopregnant recipients. Precipitation of zonae by specific antibody inhibited implantation by blocking the process known as zona shedding, and thereby prevented the embryo from making contact with the uterus.
Federal nutrition policies: impact on dietetic practice.

Current federal nutrition policies are likely to have a major impact on dietetic practice. Several examples have been selected to explain why and how members of The American Dietetic Association and other nutrition professionals should become involved in policy development and implementation. J Am Diet Assoc 89: 944-9471989.
Primary care physicians' views on screening and management of alcohol abuse: inconsistencies with national guidelines.

BACKGROUND The effects of patients' abuse of and dependence on alcohol are well known, but screening for problem drinking by primary care physicians has been limited. The National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) recommends that all patients be screened for alcohol use, all users be screened with the CAGE questionnaire, and all nondependent problem drinkers be counseled. We evaluated primary care physicians' screening methods for alcohol use and their management of problem drinkers to determine if they were following the NIAAA guidelines. METHODS We mailed a questionnaire to 210 internists and family physicians to assess their alcohol screening and management methods. RESULTS Only 64.9% of the respondents reported screening 80% to 100% of their patients for alcohol abuse or dependence during the initial visit; even less (34.4%) screened that many patients during an annual visit. Nearly all respondents (95%) reported "frequently" or "always" using quantity-frequency questions to screen for alcohol abuse, but only 35% "frequently" or "always" used the CAGE questionnaire. Only 20% of the respondents rated treatment resources as adequate for early problem drinkers, and 72% preferred not to counsel these patients themselves. A belief that a primary care physician could have a positive impact on an alcohol abuser was less likely to be held by respondents who were older, in a nonurban setting, or had more years in practice (P = .05). CONCLUSIONS A substantial proportion of the physicians in our survey sample were not following NIAAA recommendations. Most physicians preferred not to do the counseling of nondependent problem drinkers themselves, but to refer those patients to a nurse trained in behavioral interventions.
Caravaggio e il Maccheronico di Teofilo Folengo

Il presente studio ipotizza un’affinita tra Caravaggio e Teofilo Folengo, argomentando che la pittura del primo presenta analogie estetiche e etiche con la produzione in latino maccheronico del secondo. Il Baldus costituisce un tipico esempio di quella che Genette definira come «parodia seria»: attraverso il rovesciamento e la irrisione beffarda Folengo ingaggia tenzone contro l’arte paludata e il travisamento dei valori cristiani. Non si tratta qui di stabilire un’influenza di Folengo su Caravaggio, bensi un’analogia, in virtu di un filo di congiunzione ideale, la cui presumibilita viene corroborata anche dal substrato biografico-culturale e da comune spirito religioso. Sia in Folengo che in Caravaggio sono stati individuati i caratteri di un certo modo della cultura lombarda di essere “contro” al punto che il duo Folengo-Caravaggio sembra epitomizzare l’antitesi al decorum curialcortigianesimo di Castiglione e Raffaello. Il Cristo-paradosso costituisce la vera fonte ispiratrice per entrambi. La comparazione tra due arti deve tenere conto dei diversi strumenti espressivi, e questo costituira uno dei soggetti di riflessione nel testo. Se l’ipotesi della consentaneita viene ragionevolmente difesa, perche non individuare una componente maccheronica anche nell’arte di Caravaggio? Agli storici d’arte, tuttavia, decidere se si possa considerare il maccheronico come categoria pittorica
Russian Reactor Design History

The history of the soviet RBMK reactor design, the type of reactor involved in the Chernobyl accident, traces its roots to the first reactors operated in the Soviet Union. The first built in the USSR was a graphite moderated pile, extremely similar in size and performance to Fermi’s initial unit. The second soviet reactor bore a striking resemblance to the Hanford plutonium producing reactors that supported the Manhattan project. These similarities are not surprising given the level of espionage that enabled the Russians to receive design details about both US piles. These early graphite moderated reactors were designed to directly support the Soviet Nuclear Weapons program. Transitioning these weapon producing, graphite moderated reactors into the RBMK design for electrical production was natural for the Soviets, as it obviated the need for large pressure vessels to contain the high temperature and high pressure fluids found in the Western PWR design. In addition, the RBMK design required little fuel enrichment, and could be produced en-masse within the existing industrial infrastructure available in the USSR.
NASCAR fans' responses to current and former NASCAR sponsors: the effect of perceived group norms and fan identification

This research examined fans' purchase intentions towards the sponsor of a NASCAR (National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing) event and towards the previous sponsor. The study shows that fans are more likely to purchase from the current sponsor and less likely to purchase from the previous sponsor. Fan identification and perceived group norms were significant predictors of purchase intentions towards the current sponsor, but only perceived group norms predicted purchase intentions towards the ex-sponsor. Additionally, perceived group norms partially mediated the relationship between fan identification and purchase intention.
History in Contemporary Practice: Syria’s Music Canon*

A consideration of the contemporary musical soundscape in Syria provides unique insights into how Syrians of multiple classes and generations discriminate between critical points in their own past, who they perceive they are today, and how they might think about their future. This review, based on fieldwork in Syria conducted between 1997 and 2001, suggests that people in Syria can use music to negotiate the following complex issues: 1) the struggle between an identity rooted in the modern nation-state of Syria and one rooted in the more traditional concept of ‘Bilad al-Sham’ (roughly ‘the lands governed from Damascus,’ a region that included all of modern Lebanon, as well as portions of Turkey, Palestine, and Jordan); 2) the struggle between a Syrian identity and an Arab identity; and 3) the maintenance of a strongly Arab and necessarily anti-Western canon.
Overview of the TREC 2015 Clinical Decision Support Track.

In making clinical decisions, physicians often seek out information about how to best care for their patients. Information relevant to a physician can be related to a variety of clinical tasks such as (i) determining a patient’s most likely diagnosis given a list of symptoms, (ii) determining if a particular test is indicated for a given situation, and (iii) deciding on the most effective treatment plan for a patient having a known condition. In some cases, physicians can find the information they seek in published biomedical literature. However, given the volume of the existing literature and the rapid pace at which new research is published, locating the most relevant and timely information for a particular clinical need can be a daunting and timeconsuming task. In order to make biomedical information more accessible and to meet the requirements for the meaningful use of electronic health records (EHRs), a goal of modern clinical decision support systems is to anticipate the needs of physicians by linking EHRs with information relevant for patient care. The goal of the 2015 TREC Clinical Decision Support (CDS) track was to evaluate biomedical literature retrieval systems for providing answers to generic clinical questions about patient cases. Short case reports, such as those published in biomedical articles and used in medical lectures, acted as idealized representations of medical records. A case report typically describes a challenging medical case. It is organized as a well-formed narrative summarizing the pertient portions of the patient’s medical record. Given a case, participants were challenged with retrieving full-text biomedical articles relevant for answering questions related to one of three generic clinical information needs. The three needs were: Diagnosis (i.e., “What is this patient’s diagnosis?”), Test (“What diagnostic test is appropriate for this patient?”), and Treatment (“What treatment is appropriate for this patient?”). Retrieved articles were judged relevant if they provided information of the specified type useful for the given case. The assessment was performed by physicians with training in biomedical informatics. The evaluation of individual submissions followed standard TREC procedures. The 2015 CDS track differed from the 2014 CDS track (Simpson et al., 2014) by offering two tasks. Task A mirrored the 2014 CDS track, only with 30 new topics/cases. Task B used the same topics from Task A, but included the patient diagnosis for the Test and Treatment topics. Since the diagnosis was not guaranteed to be written in the case (consistent with how physicians often write cases in practice), we theorized that providing the diagnosis may improve retrieval systems by (a) providing additional relevant information if the diagnosis is not stated in the case, or (b) emphasizing a key piece of information in the case if the diagnosis is stated. In total, 36 participating teams submitted 178 runs combined across Tasks A & B.
Local-Level Encounters with the State: Negotiation, Survival and Order-Making

This chapter is a follow-up to Chapter 5 in that it continues to explore the dialectic between the Malaysian state and the Chin and Acehnese transnational actors, but this time at the local “street” level. It tries to determine how migrants are able to carve out political space for themselves even in a challenging host state environment. To this end, it details the various strategies that migrants employ such as gift-giving, mimicking state practices and taking advantage of differing institutional agendas.
Precursors of the botanical exploration of South America. Willem Piso (1611–1678) and Georg Marcgrave (1610–1644)

The Dutch colonization of northeastern Brazil from 1630 to 1654 is described, with emphasis on the years 1636–1644, when the colony was under the administration of Johan-Maurits Prince of Nassau-Siegen (1604–1679). During his rule, the Company sent the geographer and astronomer Georg Marcgrave (1610–1644) and the physician Willem Piso (1611–1644) to Recife. Both explored northern Brazil and made rich botanical and zoological collections, which were published in Amsterdam in 1648, after Pisos’s return, under the title Historia Naturalis Brasiliae; a second edition followed in 1658. In this work Piso mentions for the first time the orchid Vanilla in its current spelling. Both Piso and Marcgrave collected and illustrated Catasetum maculatum L.C.R., whilst a third orchid species, Trigonidium acuminatum Batem., can be found in Marcgrave’s herbarium.
EpiTEome : Simultaneous detection of transposable element insertion sites and their DNA methylation levels

The genome-wide investigation of DNA methylation levels has been limited to reference transposable element positions. The methylation analysis of non-reference and mobile transposable elements has only recently been performed, but required both genome resequencing and MethylC-seq datasets. We have created epiTEome, a program that detects both new transposable element insertion sites and their methylation states from a single MethylC-seq dataset. EpiTEome outperforms other split-read insertion site detection programs, even while functioning on bisulfite-converted reads. EpiTEome characterizes the previously discarded fraction of DNA methylation at sites of new insertions, enabling future investigation into the epigenetic regulation of non-reference and transposed elements.
Nine-Year Visit

Monique is brought to her school’s health clinic for her school checkup by her mother, Mrs. Despre. Mr. and Mrs. Despre have been in America for 2 months and Monique has just been registered for public school. They live with her mother’s brother and his family. Her mother speaks Creole and French and the pediatric office has an interpreter for the visit. Monique weighs 40.64 kg (89.5 lb), and stands 142.9 cm tall (56.25 in.), putting her in the 95th percentile for weight and height. Monique’s BMI is 19.9, which is in the 90th percentile. Her blood pressure is 103/61. Her tanner stage is 2. She is quiet during the visit. Monique avoids looking the pediatrician in the eye, stays near her mother, and looks to her for approval. Mother states this is her first child and she is not sure how to talk about the changing body with her daughter. Mrs. Despre is thinking it is time to introduce foods that will promote good health and in keeping with her belief in hot and cold and light and heavy foods; she is worried that the foods Monique needs at this age will not be available in her neighborhood or in school lunches. Monique talks Creole to her cousins and says some words in English.
Use of a Social Question Answering Application in a Face-to-Face College Biology Class

AbstractUniversity students use social media tools not only to connect with friends socially but also to collaborate with classmates. Many universities have embraced academically-focused social media platforms such as social question answering (SQA) applications to make student interactions easier. This study addresses how students in a face-to-face biology class use an SQA called Piazza. This SQA enables students to communicate asynchronously about course content in short question and answer exchanges. Although most students participate as anonymous observers, this study suggests that Piazza enables student interactivity, content creation and the formation of a knowledge community. (Keywords: collaborative learning, social question answering application, social cognitive theory, community of practice)
OR21: Gamma-delta T CELL EXPANSION ASSOCIATES WITH LESSER RISK OF ALLOANTIBODY DEVELOPMENT IN PEDIATRIC HEART TRANSPLANTATION

Aim To determine whether the expansion of γδ T cells observed in pediatric heart allograft recipients associates with transplant outcomes. Methods We studied a population of 58 pediatric heart transplant recipients under the auspices of the Institutional Review Board. We performed Ab determinations by solid phase assays (SPA-IgG, “LSAB”). Flow cytometry staining was performed to determine the percentage of lymphocytic lineage markers: CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, CD16& 56, CD45, TCRγδ, TCRαβ. Results Pediatric heart allograft recipients often require total or partial thymectomy at the time of their first heart operation, which leads to lifelong alterations in their T cell repertoire. While the prevailing population of circulating T cells in non-thymectomized children carries the TCRαβ TCR (96 ± 3%), we observed a significant expansion of TCRγδ T cells by Flow Cytometry in 37 of 58 patients studied. Within the population with high circulating fraction of gd T’s (8–20% of lymphocytes, n = 37), 23 patients (23/37, or 62%) developed anti-HLA antibodies detected by SPA-IgG (LSAB), while 14 did not. In patients with normal TCRγδ fractions ( Conclusion Thymectomy in pediatric heart recipients which results in the expansion of γδ T cells is associated with lesser risk of alloantibody development. The finding that patient with low γδ T cells are more likely to produce anti HLA Abs suggests that thymectomy results in a breakdown of immune regulation. Th2 impairment may result in insufficient cytokine production to fully support antibody production in these patients. Although mechanistic studies are needed to understand the causation relationships underpinning this phenomenon, the association alone suggests that monitoring of γδ T cell expansion may constitute a useful tool for Ab development prediction in pediatric heart transplant patients.
The Prevention of Sleep Problems and Colic

The pediatrician can prevent or improve most sleep problems. Colicky babies need holding and cuddling. All babies should be placed in their cribs when sleepy but awake. Trained night feeding can be prevented by stretching out the daytime feeding intervals and making middle-of-the-night feedings "brief and boring." Trained night crying can be prevented by not providing any entertainment or lifting the infant out of the crib during the night. Fearful night crying can be prevented by eliminating the source of fears when possible and providing extra holding and reassurance during the day for fears.
A invenção dos pártons

Resumo A invencao do modelo a partons foi uma das maiores contribuicoes de Richard Feynman a moderna fisica de particulas. O modelo a partons surge num momento critico que e caracterizado pela polarizacao da fisica de particulas em duas escolas de pensamento, por um lado a assim chamada democracia nuclear que postulava serem todos hadrons igualmente fundamentais e por outro lado a que comecava a formar-se ao redor dos recem propostos quarks e sua utilizacao, num primeiro momento nao como constituintes fundamentais dos hadrons mas sim como entidades matematicas expressando simetrias de uma teoria quântica de campos (TQC) subjacente, embora ainda desconhecida para as interacoes fortes. O modelo a partons transforma-se em pouco tempo numa ferramenta fundamental para a construcao desta TQC, chamada Cromodinâmica Quântica, ajudando a promover os quarks de entidades matematicas a constituintes fundamentais dos hadrons.
Minimizing environmental swings with a recurrent neural network control system

Maintaining environmental stability in a dynamic system is a difficult challenge. In your living room, when you set your thermostat to 68 degrees the actual temperature cycles above and below 68 degrees. We attempt to use a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) in an Aquarium Control System that reduces such environmental swings.
Measures on Pseudo-BCK Algebras

In this chapter we generalize the measures on BCK-algebras introduced by Dvurecenskij and Pulmannova, to pseudo-BCK algebras that are not necessarily bounded. In particular, we show that if A is a downwards-directed pseudo-BCK algebra and m a measure on it, then the quotient over the kernel of m can be embedded into the negative cone of an Abelian, Archimedean l-group as its subalgebra. This result will enable us to characterize nonzero measure-morphisms as measures whose kernel is a maximal deductive system.
Formula for success: the role of the MSC officer and the U.S. Army dental care system.

The Army dental care system has seen significant improvements since the Dental Reform Bill of 1977-1978. This bill initiated changes that improved the management and the productivity of the dental care system. Among the many improvements initiated by these reforms was the addition of a Medical Service Corps (MSC) officer as the executive officer. This has been most noteworthy in the successful management of Dental Activities (DENTAC) and Area Dental Labs on Army installations. The job of DENTAC executive officer has become very prestigious and one of the best assignments an MSC officer can receive during his military career. The alliance between the Dental Corps and the MSC officer has been highly successful and rewarding to both parties. The object of this paper is threefold: (a) to review how the dental organization operated before the Reform Bill; (b) to discuss the present role of the dental Executive Officer; and (c) to provide recommendations for the future role of the MSC officer within the Dental Corps.
Role of fibroblast populations in peri-implantitis.

Purpose To understand the contribution of stromal cells, such as granulation tissue fibroblasts, to peri-implantitis with regard to (1) the secretion of constitutive factors promoting migration/survival of infiltrates into osseointegrated sites; and (2) the effect of exogenous infiltrate cytokines on the cells' secretion. Materials and methods Fibroblasts were cultured from eight peri-implantitis sites. Multiplexed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to quantify factors secreted by the cells either unstimulated or stimulated with gamma interferon (IFN gamma), interleukin 4 (IL4), or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha). Controls consisted of fibroblasts cultured from healthy gingival and chronic periodontitis granulation tissues. Results Peri-implantitis fibroblasts differed significantly from periodontitis fibroblasts in their reduced secretion of the collagen inducer transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF beta 1) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1. The cells exhibited enhanced secretion of angiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and collagenolytic matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1) compared to both healthy and periodontitis fibroblasts. Fibroblasts from both periodontitis and peri-implantitis sites exhibited a pronounced proinflammatory profile compared to normal gingival fibroblasts with respect to secretion of chemokines IL6, IL8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1). Fibroblasts stimulated with TNF alpha showed increased levels of IL6, IL8, MCP1; neutrophil chemokine growth-related oncogene alpha stimulation with IFN gamma increased MCP1; and stimulation with IL4 increased VEGF. Conclusion The results indicate that peri-implantitis fibroblasts represent a distinct stromal population. The cells might participate in the pathogenesis of peri-implantitis by up-regulating both vascularity and matrix breakdown, thus promoting migration/maintenance of infiltrates into the site. Cytokines produced by infiltrates could enhance the inflammatory nature of the cells in a self-feeding loop.
Ten-year follow-up of pentostatin combined with cyclophosphamide, and rituximab in previously untreated indolent B-cell lymphoma.

e19040Background: Frontline regimens for indolent lymphoma are effective, but patients still suffer from relapse. From 2005 to 2007 we enrolled previously untreated patients on a phase II trial to ...