cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A whiff of nebular gas in Titan's atmosphere – Potential implications for the conditions and timing of Titan's formation

Abstract In situ data from the GCMS instrument on the Huygens probe indicate that Titan's atmosphere contains small amounts of the primordial noble gases 36Ar and 22Ne (tentative detection), but it is unknown how they were obtained by the satellite. Based on the apparent similarity in the 22Ne/36Ar (atom) ratio between Titan's atmosphere and the solar composition, a previously neglected hypothesis for the origin of primordial noble gases in Titan's atmosphere is suggested – these species may have been acquired near the end of Titan's formation, when the moon could have gravitationally captured some nebular gas that would have been present in its formation environment (the Saturnian subnebula). These noble gases may be remnants of a primary atmosphere. This could be considered the simplest hypothesis to explain the 22Ne/36Ar ratio observed at Titan. However, the 22Ne/36Ar ratio may not be exactly solar if these species can be fractionated by external photoevaporation in the solar nebula, atmospheric escape from Titan, or sequestration on the surface of Titan. While the GCMS data are consistent with a 22Ne/36Ar ratio of 0.05 to 2.5 times solar (1σ range), simple estimates that attempt to account for some of the effects of these evolutionary processes suggest a sub-solar ratio, which may be depleted by approximately one order of magnitude. Models based on capture of nebular gas can explain why the GCMS did not detect any other primordial noble gas isotopes, as their predicted abundances are below the detection limits (especially for 84Kr and 132Xe). It is also predicted that atmospheric Xe on Titan should be dominated by radiogenic 129Xe if the source of primordial Xe is nebular gas. Of order 10−2–10−1 bar of primordial H2 may have been captured along with the noble gases from a gas-starved disk, but this H2 would have quickly escaped from the initial atmosphere. To have the opportunity to capture nebular gas, Titan should have formed within ∼10 Myr of the formation of the solar system, before the ultimate source of gas (the solar nebula) dissipated. More specifically, if photoevaporative fractionation happened, the time-evolution for the depletion of permanent gases in the solar nebula can be parameterized to the ∼3 times solar noble gas enrichments of Jupiter for an assumed Jupiter formation time of ∼2 Myr after calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs). This allows the construction of a consistent chronology with a Titan formation time of ∼3–4 Myr after CAIs. Because the models presented in this work are pushing the limits of the data from Titan, future mass spectrometric measurements of the noble gases and their isotopes (to at least ppt sensitivity) will be essential to confirm the Huygens detection of 22Ne, and to constrain the roles of evolutionary processes and mixed sources in determining the noble gas geochemistry of Titan's atmosphere. The clearest indication of a nebular gas source for noble gases on Titan would be a solar-like isotopic ratio of 20Ne/22Ne ≈ 14.
Perceived social support and self-care in patients hospitalized with heart failure.

Background:Rehospitalization of heart failure patients is often considered the result of inadequate self-care yet only one study documents superior outcomes with better self-care.Aims:If inadequate self-care is related to hospitalizations, then hospitalized heart failure patients should have lower self-care skills than non-hospitalized patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate perceived social support and self-care characteristics of patients hospitalized with an exacerbation of heart failure. The self-care of heart failure index (SCHFI) and medical outcomes study of social support (MOS-SS) were the key instruments used in the research.Methods and results:This descriptive study used t tests and multiple regression to analyze the data. Results were compared with non-hospitalized heart failure patients in another study. Perceived social support (t=−4.007, df=211, P<0.001) and self-care maintenance (t=−3.343, df=220, P<0.002) scores were lower in the hospitalized participants than the comparison gr...
Single-Janus Rod Tracking Reveals the “Rock-and-Roll” of Endosomes in Living Cells

Endosomes in cells are known to move directionally along microtubules, but their rotational dynamics have rarely been investigated. Even less is known, specifically, about the rotation of nonspherical endosomes. Here we report a single-Janus rod rotational tracking study to reveal the rich rotational dynamics of rod-shaped endosomes in living cells. The rotational reporters were Janus rods that display patches of different fluorescent colors on opposite sides along their long axes. When the Janus rods are wrapped tightly inside endosomes, their shape and optical anisotropy allow the simultaneous measurements of all three rotational angles (in-plane, out-of-plane, and longitudinal) and the translational motion of single endosomes with high spatiotemporal resolutions. We demonstrate that endosomes undergo in-plane rotation and rolling during intracellular transport and that such rotational dynamics are driven by rapid microtubule fluctuations. We reveal for the first time the “rock-and-roll” of endosomes in...
Combination oral and mechanical bowel preparations decreases complications in both right and left colectomy

Abstract Background Before elective colectomy, many advocate mechanical bowel preparation with oral antibiotics, whereas enhanced recovery pathways avoid mechanical bowel preparations. The optimal preparation for right versus left colectomy is also unclear. We sought to determine which strategy for bowel preparation decreases surgical site infection (SSI) and anastomotic leak (AL). Methods Elective colectomies from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program colectomy database (2012–2015) were divided by (1) type of bowel preparation: no preparation (NP), mechanical preparation (MP), oral antibiotics (PO), or mechanical and oral antibiotics (PO/MP); and (2) type of colonic resection: right, left, or segmental colectomy. Univariate and multivariate analyses identified predictors of SSI and AL, and their risk-adjusted incidence was determined by logistic regression. Results When analyzed as the odds ratio compared with NP, the PO and PO/MP groups were associated with a decrease in SSI (PO = 0.70 [0.55–0.88] and PO/MP = 0.47 [0.42–0.53]; P Conclusion Mechanical bowel preparation with oral antibiotics is the preferred preoperative preparation strategy in elective colectomy because of decreased incidence of SSI and AL.
A comparison of classification models for natural disaster and critical event detection from news

We present a contrastive study of document-level event classification of a range of seven different event types, namely floods, storms, fires, armed conflict, terrorism, infrastructure breakdown and labour unavailability from English-language news. Our study compares different supervised classification approaches, namely Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Hierarchical Attention Network (HAN). While past systems for Topic Detection and Tracking (TDT) and event extraction have proposed different machine learning models, to date SVMs, RFs, CNNs and HANs have not been compared on this task. Our classifiers are also informed by word embeddings trained on large amounts of high-quality agency news, which leads to improvements compared to the use of pre-trained embedding vectors. We report a detailed quantitative error analysis.
Is Current Measurement of Contraception Use Hindering Identification of Evidence-Based Pregnancy Prevention for Vulnerable Adolescents?

The authors discuss the use of contraception and prevention of pregnancy among teenagers. They mention the reported use of contraceptives and the circumstances in which it used, the difference between perfect and typical use, and the need to reconsider the distinctions.
A 27-mW 3.6-Gb/s I/O transceiver

This paper describes a 3.6-Gbps 27-mW transceiver for chip-to-chip applications. A novel data receiving and timing recovery technique are presented with very low power penalties while maintaining high signal integrity. The input comparator filters noise with built-in bandwidth control and digital offset compensation while consuming 300 uW. Static phase offset introduced onto the charge-pump permits phase recovery with no additional power. The entire design occupies 0.2 mm/sup 2/ in a 0.18-/spl mu/m 1.8-V CMOS technology.
Function of glycoprotein B homologues of the family herpesviridae

The herpesviruses of humans and animals are large, enveloped virions with complex genetic organization that cause either lytic or latent infections. Of the many glycoproteins encoded by these viruses and incorporated into the virion envelope, glycoprotein B (gB) is the most highly conserved. Homologues of gB are encoded by the genomes of all the herpesviruses. gB is required for infectivity and functions in penetration of cells by promoting fusion of the virion and plasma membranes. Syncytium formation, a manifestation of fusion activity in virus-infected cells, results from mutations in gB or in certain other genes encoding glycoproteins and integral membrane proteins. The paradox that mutations in gB and other proteins cause the formation of syncytia can be explained by the hypothesis that gB normally participates in a multisubunit protein complex that controls fusion following a cascade of interactions with cell-surface receptors. Syncytium formation by altered forms of the components of this complex would be the result of less well-regulated events. Recent findings on the control of fusion in other virus systems, and on vesicle fusion in the normal cellular secretory pathway, support a model in which gB functions together with other viral proteins to form a hydrophobic fusion pore.
Experimental Alternatives in Bariatric Surgery

Bariatric surgery remains the most effective treatment for obesity and weight-related comorbidities. Surgical intervention is often underutilized for a multitude of reasons. Limitations may include side effects, insurance restrictions, and accessibility. Future direction should aim at developing therapies that are less invasive, safer, and potentially allow for greater acceptance and accessibility. Endoluminal bariatric therapies, neurohormonal modulation, and innovative surgical techniques will likely determine the future direction of bariatric surgery. Emerging techniques should focus on offering more options for earlier management of obesity, as well as an alternative in advanced and recurrent disease. In order to achieve this goal, new procedures should offer a safer and less invasive profile than what is currently accepted.
Gene Therapy Using Genomic DNA: Advances and Challenges

Abstract Over the past decades, efforts have been made towards the development of safe and effective systems to deliver transgenes. Despite the successes, a number of challenges are still associated with the use of transgenes and the conventional gene delivery vectors, including cloning capacity, random integration, unregulated transgene expression, retention time, and interactions between the transgene and its neighboring DNAs. Herein, we describe the development of high capacity transgene vectors for full-length genomic loci deliveries. Furthermore, the multiple potential applications of DNA vectors are discussed, specifically the unique features of nanoparticle delivery systems.
Navigating with accelerating technology change

Mathematical tools such as S-curves locate inflection points in technology-accelerated social spaces; where we move next depends on our navigational skills.
CHAPTER 15 – Spectroscopies Employing Laser Heating

The use of lasers to heat gases and materials is widespread in materials processing, both to induce materials modifications and for spectroscopic analysis. Lasers evaporate material for physical vapor deposition, melt semiconductors for doping, and melt metals for welding. When laser heating is used for spectroscopic analysis, the heating induces a change that is monitored by a technique that may be optically or nonoptically based. In laser-induced thermal desorption, a pulsed laser desorbs adsorbates from a surface and these species are detected in the gas phase. In photothermal optical spectroscopy, a modulated laser heats a region near the surface or in the gas. This induces a periodic or pulsed change in temperature, small enough not to perturb the process, which is detected directly or indirectly through the change of a material property or the creation of another form of energy. In most diagnostics, heating of the medium by the probing laser is avoided because it perturbs the medium. Such perturbations are particularly troublesome in thermometry because the goal is the measurement of temperature. Laser heating must be avoided even when the goal is measuring the rate of a process, because the rate often changes rapidly with an increase in temperature.
Two Carbenes versus One in Magnesium Chemistry: Synthesis of Terminal Dihalide, Dialkyl, and Grignard Reagents

Substantial progress has been made in the coordination chemistry of main-group elements with neutral donor ligands, largely ushered in by the development of stable N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs). There is growing interest in the synthesis of well-defined coordination compounds containing s-block metals; however, examples of molecular compounds containing “normal” NHCs bound to magnesium remain relatively understudied. We report that NHCs react with magnesium halides, MgX2 (X = Cl, Br, I), to afford (IPr)MgCl2(THF) (1), [(IPr)MgCl2]2 (2), (sIPr)2MgCl2 (3), (sIPr)2MgBr2 (4), and (sIPr)2MgI2 (5), where IPr is 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazole-2-ylidine and sIPr is 1,3-diisopropyl-4,5-dimethylimidizol-2-ylidine. Using the IPr ligand, weak NHC coordination and dynamic interaction with THF are observed in solution. In contrast, the coordination of two sIPr ligands results in higher purity, enhanced stability, and no observation of THF coordination. Dual carbene complexation with commercially available Mgn...
Effects of florfenicol feeding on diversity and composition of the intestinal microbiota of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

Intestinal microbiota contributes health of living organisms. Florfenicol is an approved antimicrobial (AM) prescribed for several bacterial fish diseases. The present study investigated the extent to which florfenicol modulates intestinal microbial populations of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Florfenicol was administered orally to catfish at a standard therapeutic dose (10–15 mg/kg of body weight for 10 days), and the intestinal contents were collected and the 16S rRNA was subjected to Illumina sequencing. Alpha diversity analysis indicated that florfenicol significantly decreased microbiota richness and diversity. Beta diversity reflected a clear separation had occurred between the florfenicol‐fed and control groups. Results indicated a significant increase in the abundance of phylum Proteobacteria (98.97% vs. 79.35% of the population) and decrease in phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes (0.72% and 0.29% vs. 18.04% and 2.53%, respectively) in the florfenicol‐fed fish in comparison with the control fish. At the genus level, unclassified Enterobacteriaceae and Escherichia populations increased in the florfenicol group. In contrast, Plesiomonas, Aeromonas, Lactococcus, Clostridium sensu stricto, Romboutsia, Klebsiella, Turicibacter and Lactobacillus decreased in florfenicol‐fed fish in comparison with the control fish, indicating that intestinal microbiota of catfish was substantially modulated by florfenicol administration. Knowledge of changes in gut microbiota during medicated feed administration is important to improve fish performance and disease management and could enable the development of alternative therapeutic strategies.
G360 Acute kidney injury and short-term renal support in the post-operative management of neonates following repair of transposition of the great arteries

Aims Neonates requiring congenital cardiac surgery are at risk of acute kidney injury associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and increased hospital length of stay; treatment may require renal replacement therapy. Data for single cardiac defect cohorts is important to stratify risk, but is lacking for transposition of the great arteries. Our study aimed at collecting data for this single lesion. Methods A single-centre, retrospective analysis of 71 cases of arterial switch operation in neonates with isolated transposition of the great arteries, or transposition of the great arteries with ventricular septal defect, presenting between 2005–2015. Analysis included assessment of length of stay, renal function and need for renal replacement therapy. Results Acute kidney injury developed in 50.7%, and was associated with longer paediatric intensive care (p=0.002) and hospital stays (p=0.024). Paediatric intensive care unit length of stay correlated with higher peak creatinine and urea (p Conclusions This study analyses renal outcomes in a cohort of neonates with transposition of the great arteries undergoing an arterial switch operation. Acute kidney injury is a significant complication, with accompanying need for renal replacement therapy. Development of acute kidney injury, and a positive fluid balance, were both associated with increased length of stay. Initiation of renal replacement therapy was not associated with increased length of stay, and with some evidence from the literature that early or prophylactic peritoneal dialysis improves outcomes, these data report minimal complication rates which may be important as part of the decision matrix to utilise peritoneal dialysis in management of fluid balance post-operatively.
The structures and gating mechanism of human calcium homeostasis modulator 2.

Calcium homeostasis modulators (CALHMs) are voltage-gated, Ca2+-inhibited nonselective ion channels that act as major ATP release channels, and have important roles in gustatory signalling and neuronal toxicity1–3. Dysfunction of CALHMs has previously been linked to neurological disorders1. Here we present cryo-electron microscopy structures of the human CALHM2 channel in the Ca2+-free active or open state and in the ruthenium red (RUR)-bound inhibited state, at resolutions up to 2.7 A. Our work shows that purified CALHM2 channels form both gap junctions and undecameric hemichannels. The protomer shows a mirrored arrangement of the transmembrane domains (helices S1–S4) relative to other channels with a similar topology, such as connexins, innexins and volume-regulated anion channels4–8. Upon binding to RUR, we observed a contracted pore with notable conformational changes of the pore-lining helix S1, which swings nearly 60° towards the pore axis from a vertical to a lifted position. We propose a two-section gating mechanism in which the S1 helix coarsely adjusts, and the N-terminal helix fine-tunes, the pore size. We identified a RUR-binding site near helix S1 that may stabilize this helix in the lifted conformation, giving rise to channel inhibition. Our work elaborates on the principles of CALHM2 channel architecture and symmetry, and the mechanism that underlies channel inhibition. Cryo-electron microscopy structures of the active and inhibited human CALHM2 channel suggest a two-stage gating mechanism in which the S1 helix adjusts the pore size, which is then fine-tuned by the N-terminal helix.
Criteria for Airborne Sound Insulation Between Dwellings

Experience indicates that the most disturbing of intrusive sounds in apartment dwellings are voices, either live or by way of radio or television. Closely related are other airborne sounds including music reproduced on radio, TV or stereo. Next on the list are impact sounds including slamming of doors and footsteps on the floor adjacent or above. Finally there are mechanical or plumbing noises. All of these need consideration, but only the first topic, insulation against airborne sounds, is considered here.
Response to letter regarding “Talc and mesothelioma: mineral fiber analysis of 65 cases with clinicopathological correlation”

Tran and colleagues have taken issue with our use of control or reference ranges in our article regarding ‘Talc and Mesothelioma: Mineral Fiber Analysis of 65 Cases with Clinicopathological Correla...
Acute Femoral Nailing and Ipsilateral Knee-Spanning External Fixation: Improved Early Stability for Floating Knee Injuries Involving the Tibial Plateau.

SUMMARY Ipsilateral femoral shaft and tibial plateau fractures, termed a "floating knee," are rare and challenging injuries. There is limited literature guiding the operative technique and the outcomes associated with these injuries. The author's preferred technique is early intramedullary of the femoral shaft fracture with knee-spanning external fixation of any length unstable plateau fractures in the same operative setting. Early fixation of the femur fracture allows for improved hemodynamic and inflammatory stability. External fixation of the tibial plateau restores length and alignment and allows for soft tissue rest until definitive fixation. The purpose of this study is to describe this operative technique and determine the infection rate and complications requiring return to the operating room in patients with femoral shaft fractures and length unstable plateau fractures.
Proline rich 11 ( PRR11 ) overexpression amplifies PI3K signaling and promotes antiestrogen resistance in breast cancer

The 17q23 amplicon is associated with poor outcome in ER+ breast cancers, but the causal genes to endocrine resistance in this amplicon are unclear. Here, we interrogate transcriptome data from primary breast tumors and find that among genes in 17q23, PRR11 is a key gene associated with a poor response to therapeutic estrogen suppression. PRR11 promotes estrogen-independent proliferation and confers endocrine resistance in ER+ breast cancers. Mechanistically, the proline-rich motif-mediated interaction of PRR11 with the p85α regulatory subunit of PI3K suppresses p85 homodimerization, thus enhancing insulin-stimulated binding of p110-p85α heterodimers to IRS1 and activation of PI3K. PRR11-amplified breast cancer cells rely on PIK3CA and are highly sensitive to PI3K inhibitors, suggesting that PRR11 amplification confers PI3K dependence. Finally, genetic and pharmacological inhibition of PI3K suppresses PRR11-mediated, estrogen-independent growth. These data suggest ER+/PRR11-amplified breast cancers as a novel subgroup of tumors that may benefit from treatment with PI3K inhibitors and antiestrogens.
Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolus Thrombolysis and Endovascular Treatment

The field of vascular surgery has experienced by far the most dramatic evolution of any specialty in the medicine in the past three decades. New endovascular techniques have revolutionized the care of patients afflicted with vascular pathologies from arterial to venous disease. This chapter examines and focuses on deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolus (PE). The natural history, existing literature, and available endovascular options for DVT and PE are examined.
Sinus disease in cystic fibrosis.

Sinus abnormalities are prevalent in patients with CF. Symptoms such as nasal obstruction, loss of taste, and chronic headaches are common and often difficult to treat. When evaluating a patient with chronic sinusitis, the findings of noneosinophilic nasal polyps, unusual bacterial organisms, or specific radiographic features suggest the underlying diagnosis of CF. CF should be looked for even in the absence of pulmonary or gastrointestinal symptoms (34). Medical and surgical therapy reduces morbidity in CF patients, although much remains unknown about ideal therapeutic management.
Challenges and Opportunities for Purchasing High-Quality Health Care: Lessons from Armenia.

This paper examines how purchasing decisions in Armenia may contribute to barriers in using high-quality health care, particularly for non-communicable diseases, drawing on a review of the literatu...
Corrosion: A Problem for Scientists and Society

We have all heard that corrosion is a problem that costs the economies of most countries enormous amounts of money each year. In fact, corrosion is a major scientific and industrial problem whose effects are felt by many, if not most, industrial processes.
Efficient Environmental Context Prediction for Lower Limb Prostheses

Environmental context prediction is important for wearable robotic applications, such as terrain-adaptive control. System efficiency is critical for wearable robots, in which system resources (e.g., processors and memory) are highly constrained. This article aims to address the system efficiency of real-time environmental context prediction for lower limb prostheses. First, we develop an uncertainty-aware frame selection strategy that can dynamically select frames according to lower limb motion and uncertainty captured by Bayesian neural networks (BNNs) for environment prediction. We further propose a dynamic Bayesian gated recurrent unit (D-BGRU) network to address the inconsistent frame rate which is a side effect of the dynamic frame selection. Second, we investigate the effects on the tradeoff between computational complexity and environment prediction accuracy of adding additional sensing modalities (e.g., GPS and an on-glasses camera) into the system. Finally, we implement and optimize our framework for embedded hardware, and evaluate the real-time inference accuracy and efficiency of classifying six types of terrains. The experiments show that our proposed frame selection strategy can reduce more than 90% of the computations without sacrificing environment prediction accuracy, and can be easily extended to the situation of multimodality fusion. We achieve around 93% prediction accuracy with less than one frame to be processed per second. Our model has 6.4 million 16-bit float numbers and takes 44 ms to process each frame on a lightweight embedded platform (NVIDIA Jetson TX2).
A plan evaluation framework for examining stakeholder policy preferences in resilience planning and management of urban systems

Abstract The objective of this paper was to create and test a methodological framework for examining the extent to which various plans captured diverse stakeholder policy preferences related to resilience planning and management of interdependent urban systems. Policy preferences represent what were important for stakeholders and determine the priorities of stakeholders in resilience planning of urban systems. Stakeholders in different urban sectors may have conflicts of policy preferences in the resilience planning process. A comprehensive understanding of the extent to which plans incorporated and reflected policy preferences of different stakeholders would greatly improve the quality of resilience planning. Hence, we proposed a plan evaluation framework to examine the extent to which various plans captured diverse stakeholder policy preferences in resilience planning of interdependent infrastructure systems. We showed the application of the proposed framework in the evaluation of four plans affecting flood resilience planning in the Houston area. The proposed tool could help identify conflicted stakeholder policy preferences in planning and enable evaluation of policy consistency in networks of plans.
Masks in a Post COVID-19 World: A Better Alternative to Curtailing Influenza?

Over the course of the coronavirus pandemic, it has become apparent that non-pharmaceutical interventions such as masks and social distancing are of great help in mitigating the transmission of airborne infectious diseases. Additionally, data from respiratory specimen analysis from the past year show that current mask mandates established for COVID-19 have inadvertently reduced the rates of other respiratory diseases, including influenza. Thus, the question arises as to whether comparatively mild measures should be kept in place after the pandemic to reduce the impact of influenza. In this study, we employed a series of differential equations to simulate past influenza seasons, assuming people wore face masks. This was achieved by introducing a variable to account for the efficacy and prevalence of masks and then analyzing its impact on influenza transmission rate in an SEIR model fit to the actual past seasons. We then compared influenza rates in this hypothetical scenario with the actual rates over the seasons. Our results show that several combinations of mask efficacy and prevalence can significantly reduce the burden of seasonal influenza. Particularly, our simulations suggest that a minority of individuals wearing masks greatly reduce the number of influenza infections. Considering the efficacy rates of masks and the relatively insignificant monetary cost, we highlight that it may be a viable alternative or complement to influenza vaccinations. We conclude with a brief discussion of our results and other practical aspects.
The Leading Neighborhood-Level Predictors of Drug Overdose: A Mixed Machine Learning and Spatial Approach

Abstract Background Drug overdose is a leading cause of unintentional death in the United States and has contributed significantly to a decline in life expectancy during recent years. To combat this health issue, this study aims to identify the leading neighborhood-level predictors of drug overdose and develop a model to predict areas at the highest risk of drug overdose using geographic information systems and machine learning (ML) techniques. Method Neighborhood-level (block group) predictors were grouped into three domains: socio-demographic factors, drug use variables, and protective resources. We explored different ML algorithms, accounting for spatial dependency, to identify leading predictors in each domain. Using geographically weighted regression and the best-performing ML algorithm, we combined the output prediction of three domains to produce a final ensemble model. The model performance was validated using classification evaluation metrics, spatial cross-validation, and spatial autocorrelation testing. Results The variables contributing most to the predictive model included the proportion of households with food stamps, households with an annual income below $35,000, opioid prescription rate, smoking accessories expenditures, and accessibility to opioid treatment programs and hospitals. Compared to the error estimated from normal cross-validation, the generalized error of the model did not increase considerably in spatial cross-validation. The ensemble model using ML outperformed the GWR method. Conclusion This study identified strong neighborhood-level predictors that place a community at risk of experiencing drug overdoses, as well as protective factors. Our findings may shed light on several specific avenues for targeted intervention in neighborhoods at risk for high drug overdose burdens.
KymoMerge: a new tool for analysis of multichannel kymographs

Kymograph analysis is commonly used by researchers to study dynamic processes in cells. Current tools widely available only allow for analysis of one channel kymographs. Here we provide a python-coded, open source program to use as a plug-in for ImageJ which creates one kymograph from the kymographs of two separate channels of one time-lapse movie. This add-in, which we call KymoMerge, therefore allows for analysis of only the co-located tracks in multi-channel movies.
Gain-Sensitivity Augmentation for Near-Optimal Control of Parameter-Dependent Linear Plants

This paper presents the synthesis of an adaptive near-optimal LQG controller for a parameter-dependent linear plant. The parameters are assumed to be available from direct measurement or estimation. The approach is based on a gain-sensitivity augmentation to the nominal LQG controller. The gain-sensitivity terms are derived from a Taylor series expansion. The controller may be made arbitrarily robust to large parameter variations by retention of sufficient terms in the augmentation. The sensitivity matrices are precomputed off-line making it attractive for on-line implementation. Performance and stability properties are addressed. The approach is illustrated with a vibration control application containing a parameter-dependent disturbance.
Suppression of the in vitro secondary response to syngeneic tumor and of in vivo tumor therapy with immune cells by culture-induced suppressor cells.

Mice with advanced disseminated syngeneic tumor can be successfully treated with a combination of chemotherapy and adoptively transferred syngeneic immune cells. We have previously demonstrated that in vivo primed cells secondarily sensitized in vitro became more effective in tumor therapy, whereas primed cells cultured for 5 days without tumor stimulation became less effective than an equal number of uncultured fresh primed cells. Therefore, we examined stimulated and unstimulated cultures of tumor-primed cells for the presence of culture-induced suppressor cells, and determined whether in vivo tumor therapy with immune cells could be inhibited by concurrent inoculation of immune effector cells and cultured normal spleen cells, which contain culture-induced suppressor cells but are devoid of additional effector cells. The in vitro primary allogeneic response was suppressed by cultured normal spleen cells, or tumor-primed spleen cells previously cultured for 5 days with or without tumor stimulation. In vitro secondary sensitization to syngeneic tumor was suppressed by normal or tumor-primed cells that had previously been cultured for 5 days without stimulation. The majority of this suppression was mediated by T cells in the cultured populations. The efficacy of fresh tumor-primed cells, as well as primed cells secondarily sensitized in vitro , in adoptive chemoimmunotherapy of advanced tumor was diminished by concurrent inoculation of cultured normal cells. The cells mediating suppression of in vivo therapy required previous in vitro culture for induction, and were radiation sensitive.
Tensile and Interlaminar Shear Evaluation of Du Pont Lanxide CMCS

Mechanical strength properties of high-temperature ceramics are important to their future utilization in heat engines. Tensile and interlaminar shear data are reported for Du Pont Lanxide`s C/SiC and enhanced SiC/SiC ceramic matrix composites (CMCs). Data were generated for specimens with respect to temperature up to 1,650{degrees}C. C/SiC tensile test showed a constant strength of 530 MPa to 815{degrees}C in an air atmosphere. At 1,650{degrees}C, 74-percent strength was maintained. SiC/SiC reached a maximum tensile strength of 286 MPa at 980{degrees}C, while decreasing to 180 MPa at 1,480{degrees}C. Both materials had good modulus retention with increasing temperature. Interlaminar shear results of the SiC/SiC material exhibited increasing strength up to 1,200{degrees}C in an inert atmosphere. Average shear strength of 40 MPa was obtained at 1,540{degrees}C. Average shear strength for C/SiC increased to a maximum of 66 MPa at 1650{degrees}C.
Library Statistics and Conspectus Data Elements

A method of determining Existing Collection Strength (ECS) and Current Collection Intensity (CCI) based upon compilation of cataloging statistics by Conspectus call number is discussed. Previously, measurement of ECS required either shelf list counting or online library system manipulation. Assessment of CCI was difficult because acquisition statistics were kept by academic department rather than by Library of Congress classification. As the Conspectus methodology is structured on worksheets with assigned Library of Congress call number sequence, assessment was often perceived by academic departments as incomplete and erroneous as this method does not allow for institutional specificity. Examination of technical services statistical recording revealed a possible solution. Conspectus worksheets were used to construct a database which assigned appropriate call number ranges to each academic department for areas in which the department had collection responsibilities. A LOTUS 1-2-3 spreadsheet was designed t...
Surgical resection in Crohn’s disease: is immunosuppressive medication associated with higher postoperative infection rates?

Aim The aim of this study was to analyse postoperative infection in patients undergoing surgery for Crohn’s disease (CD) according to the use of preoperative immunosuppressants, including infliximab. Method With IRB approval, the records of all patients with CD who underwent abdominal surgery between 2001 and 2008 were reviewed for comorbidity, preoperative medication, type of surgery, stoma construction and postoperative complications. Patients were divided into three categories according to the preoperative medication within 90 days of surgery as follows: infliximab (IFX), other drugs including steroids and/or immunosuppressive agents (OD) and no drugs (ND). Results Two hundred and twenty-five patients were identified. Preoperative comorbidity, surgical indication and type of surgery were not significantly different among the three groups. Ileocolic resection was the most common procedure [50.8%, IFX group; 61.2%, OD group; 41.3%, ND group (P = 0.09)]. Other procedures included total colectomy (16%), protectomy (15%) and others (18%). Laparoscopic surgery was performed in 47.7%, 45.9% and 29.3% of patients in the IFX, OD and ND groups, respectively (P = 0.04). There were no differences in postoperative rates of infection [pneumonia (P = 0.14), wound infection (P = 0.35), abscess (P = 0.34) or anastomotic leakage (P = 0.44)]. Reoperation was needed in 3.0%, 8.2% and 2.6% of patients in the IFX, OD and ND groups, respectively. Multiple logistic regression found no relationship between infliximab use and infection. Conclusion There was no difference in the rate of postoperative complications among the groups of patients undergoing surgery for CD pretreated with IFX or other immunosuppressive drugs.
News translation past and present: Silent witness and invisible intruder

This article explores the relationship between news translation and culture through linguistic analysis. It is based on two corpora of translated news texts, each consisting of c. 237,000 words. One corpus represents the translation carried out by international news agencies in the contemporary news industry, whereas the other corpus represents the first two centuries of periodical news in French (1631–1789). Through the analysis of the lexis of translated news, I show that translation in the press can be considered both a silent witness to the relationships between peoples and also a channel for innovation in cultural systems.
Comparison of toxins of Clostridium butyricum and Clostridium botulinum type E.

The toxin of Clostridium butyricum strains isolated from two infants with botulism is neutralized by antitoxin for type E botulinum toxin. This toxin and that of a C. botulinum type E strain were purified by the same protocol. Both toxins were Mr 145,000 proteins which, when activated with trypsin, were composed of an H subunit of Mr 105,000 and an L subunit of Mr 50,000. The activated specific toxicity of purified butyricum toxin based on an intravenous assay was 2 X 10(8) mouse 50% lethal doses (LD50s)/mg of protein, but that based on an intraperitoneal assay was 7 X 10(7) LD50s/mg, compared with 6 X 10(7) LD50s/mg for type E toxin as determined by both methods. Immunodiffusion tests with antitoxin raised with type E toxin indicated that the two toxins were serologically very similar except for a spur formed by type E toxin. The close similarities of the two toxins suggest that toxigenic C. butyricum could arise when a wild-type strain, which is normally nontoxigenic, acquires the toxin gene of a C. botulinum type E strain. Images
Comparative Approaches to Social Behavior in Closely Related Species of Birds

Publisher Summary Birds provide few examples of highly developed sociality; however, they show a wide range of social systems and are especially appropriate for the studies on mating systems, involving pair bonding. This chapter describes the captives versus field studies, behavioral homologies and taxonomic characters, phylogenetic trees and the direction of evolutionary trends, conflicting tendencies and display functions, ecological correlation and social systems, the interests of individuals, and breadth versus depth in comparative studies of birds. The chapter explains that the traditional comparative approach continues to play a fundamental role in research on social behavior, whereby interspecies diversity in behavior is revealed. Although, pair bonding is recognized to be the predominant mating system in birds, the details of the relationships between mates, between neighboring pairs, and between paired and unpaired birds have been examined carefully in very few species. It has been suggested that possibilities for polygynous matings may be more important in interpreting breeding territoriality in birds. Comparative studies of displays, with interpretations in terms of signal functions and conflicting motivation, are unlikely to be very productive in the future unless they are made on individually marked birds. Current knowledge is inadequate to permit profitable generalizations for most bird groups, but recent syntheses on such well-worked groups as the jays, sulids, and sandpipers are enlightening.
Retroperitoneal solitary fibrous tumor: surgery as first line therapy.

Solitary fibrous tumors (SFT) of the retroperitoneum are rare spindle cell neoplasms, with a paucity of data on treatment outcomes. We hypothesized that surgical excision offered acceptable outcomes in SFTs. The National Cancer Database (NCDB) was used to identify patients with SFT from 2004 to 2011. Primary outcome measures were 30 day mortality and overall survival. Descriptive analyses were performed. Furthermore, a systematic review of published literature was conducted after creating a pre-specified search strategy. Of 51 patients in the NCDB, 58.8 % (n = 30) were males, with a median age 60 years (IQR 49–72 years). Median tumor size was 16 cm (IQR 11–21 cm). Surgical resection was performed in 92.2 % (n = 47) with 63.8 % (n = 30) having a margin negative resection. Peri-operative mortality was 2.1 % (n = 1). Of survival outcomes available for 18 patients, the median OS was 51.1 months. From the systematic review, we identified 8 studies, with 24 patients. Median age and tumor size was similar to the NCDB [47.5 years (IQR 39–66.5 years), 12 cm (IQR 7–17 cm)]. Majority [91.7 % (n = 22)] underwent surgical excision alone while one received adjuvant chemotherapy and none received radiation. After median follow up of 54 months (IQR 28–144 months), 79.2 % (n = 19) were alive without disease. Three patients (12.5 %) died of disease, one was alive with disease and one was lost to follow up. Recurrence was reported in 16.7 % (n = 4) of patients. Complete surgical excision is a viable treatment modality for retroperitoneal SFT leading to long term survival. Low recurrence rates would argue against the need for routine adjuvant radiation or chemotherapy.
Team collaboration and educational partnership in sociocultural linguistics

American Speech teaching american speech team collaboration and educ ational partnership in sociocultural linguistics mary bucholtz, dolores ines casillas, and jin sook lee, University of California, Santa Barbara Sociocultural linguists are strongly committed to bringing insights about language into schools and classrooms (e.g., Rickford and Rickford 1995; Smitherman 2000; Siegel 2006; Reaser and Wolfram 2007; Wolfram, Adger, and Christian 2007; Labov 2010; Charity Hudley and Mallinson 2011, 2014). 1 As linguists from various subfields have discussed, such efforts are most effective when rooted in meaningful partnerships with community members, an undertaking that involves significant logistical, political, and ethical issues (e.g., Leonard and Haynes 2010; Wolfram 2010; Purnell, Raimy, and Salmons 2013). Perhaps the most important of these issues is the need to set aside our own scholarly agendas in favor of identifying and serving community needs through sustained dialogue and shared decision making (Rickford 1997). Drawing on insights of such work as well as our own ongoing experi- ences, we present in this article an example of an educational partnership in sociocultural linguistics that conceptualizes effective collaboration as both multidimensional and multidirectional in its impact and benefits. The program we discuss here, School Kids Investigating Language in Life and Society (SKILLS), is multidimensional in that it involves not only academic outreach, but also graduate, undergraduate, and teacher training as well as original research conducted by students in their local communities as well as university-based members of the SKILLS team; it is multidirectional in that these research, training, and learning activities are carried out by all SKILLS team members, ranging from the university faculty who direct the program, to the public school teachers and graduate students who implement it, to the undergraduates who provide assistance for it, to the public school students who learn and conduct research within the program. In this way, the SKILLS program positions all participants as both experts and learners (see also Lee and Bucholtz 2015). As with other language-oriented programs introduced into classrooms (e.g., Egan-Robertson and Bloome 1998; Alim 2007), SKILLS guides young people through the process of carrying out original research and social activ- American Speech, Vol. 90, No. 2, May 2015 Copyright 2015 by the American Dialect Society Published by Duke University Press
Have CT and MR Angiography Replaced Catheter Angiography in Diagnosing Peripheral Arterial Disease

Abstract Purpose To determine whether MR angiography (MRA) and CT angiography (CTA) have replaced diagnostic catheter angiography (DCA) in diagnosing peripheral arterial disease. Methods Medicare Part B databases for 2002–2013 were reviewed. Current Procedural Terminology codes for extremity MRA, CTA, and DCA were selected. Physician specialty codes were used to classify providers as radiologists, cardiologists, or surgeons. Utilization rates per 100,000 Medicare beneficiaries were calculated. Results Among all specialties, the combined utilization rate of all 3 types of angiography increased from 917 per 100,000 in 2002 to 1,261 in 2006 (+38%), after which it remained stable until 2010, and then declined to 1,010 in 2013. The overall rate of MRA and CTA together increased from 89 in 2002 to 440 in 2006 (+394%), after which it leveled off, and then gradually decreased to 331 in 2013. In 2013, 33% of the total procedures were MRA or CTA, up from 10% in 2002. Radiologists performed >85% of MRA and CTA examinations. Among radiologists, the DCA utilization rate decreased by 75% from 2002 to 2013, whereas among cardiologists and surgeons together, the overall DCA utilization rate increased by 64% from 2002 to 2010 before dropping somewhat in 2011. Conclusions Among radiologists, MRA and CTA have replaced DCA in diagnosing peripheral arterial disease. Although overall utilization of DCA has remained steady, it has risen sharply among cardiologists and surgeons, while dropping sharply among radiologists. Given the increased utilization of DCA among cardiologists and surgeons despite noninvasive alternatives, self-referral continues to be of concern in the setting of increasing health care costs.