cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elucidating Molecular Iridium Water Oxidation Catalysts Using Metal–Organic Frameworks: A Comprehensive Structural, Catalytic, Spectroscopic, and Kinetic Study

As a new class of porous, crystalline, molecular materials, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have shown great promise as recyclable and reusable single-site solid catalysts. Periodic order and site isolation of the catalytic struts in MOFs facilitate the studies of their activities and reaction mechanisms. Herein we report the construction of two highly stable MOFs (1 and 2) using elongated dicarboxylate bridging ligands derived from Cp*Ir(L)Cl complexes (L = dibenzoate-substituted 2,2'-bipyridine, bpy-dc, or dibenzoate-substituted 2-phenylpyridine, ppy-dc) and Zr(6)O(4)(OH)(4)(carboxylate)(12) cuboctahedral secondary building units (SBUs) and the elucidation of water oxidation pathways of the Cp*Ir(L)Cl catalysts using these MOFs. We carried out detailed kinetic studies of Ce(4+)-driven water oxidation reactions (WORs) catalyzed by the MOFs using UV-vis spectroscopy, phosphorescent oxygen detection, and gas chromatographic analysis. These results confirmed not only water oxidation activity of the MOFs but also indicated oxidative degradation of the Cp* rings during the WOR. The (bpy-dc)Ir(H(2)O)(2)XCl (X is likely a formate or acetate group) complex resulted from the oxidative degradation process was identified as a competent catalyst responsible for the water oxidation activity of 1. Further characterization of the MOFs recovered from WORs using X-ray photoelectron, diffuse-reflectance UV-vis absorption, luminescence, and infrared spectroscopies supported the identity of (bpy-dc)Ir(H(2)O)(2)XCl as an active water oxidation catalyst. Kinetics of MOF-catalyzed WORs were monitored by Ce(4+) consumptions and fitted with a reaction-diffusion model, revealing an intricate relationship between reaction and diffusion rates. Our work underscores the opportunity in using MOFs as well-defined single-site solid catalytic systems to reveal mechanistic details that are difficult to obtain for their homogeneous counterparts.
Universal precautions kit.

To the Editor: The Bath Veterans Administration Medical Center is a large primary care facility that includes a Domiciliary, Nursing Home Care Unit, and intermediate beds as well as 70 acute medical beds and 26 psychiatric beds. As we have no surgical department, it is often necessary to transport patients over fairly great distances to other facilities for care. In this age of Universal Precautions and the Bloodborne Pathogen Hazard Standards, we have developed a packet that accompanies all vehicles transporting patients to other facilities called the "Universal Precautions Kit" (UPK), which contains 4 to 6 pairs of large latex gloves, 2 mask/ shields, 2 gowns, 6 chux, 4 4 x 4 gauze, 4 2 x 2 gauze, 1 kerlex, 1 one-inch silk tape, 1 red bag, 1 CPR mask, and 1 dissolvable liner. These kits are packaged in clear, self-sealing plastic bags, making it possible to determine easily if a kit has been opened and needs to be restocked.
A reconsideration of the faculty peer-review process for promotion and tenure

Abstract Academic pharmacy has embraced the concept of peer evaluation as an important means by which its members are rewarded and given guidance regarding career development. However, faculty members are focusing much of their energies and time trying to meet the requirements of the institutions' promotion and tenure guidelines versus attending to those more productive activities that would foster their development and career. Evaluation committees are faced with making subjective judgments using performance indicators that are not validated, subject to interpretation and potentially applied unequally to those under review. More onus should be placed upon the department chair to create the culture where mentorship and career planning are ongoing and his/her role supersedes that of a departmental peer-evaluation committee. The departmental evaluation committee could function in an advisory role to junior faculty throughout the year and would only meet in its traditional role when faculty members are considered for promotion and/or tenure.
The yield of bleeding scans in acute lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage.

Goals/Background: Previous studies have demonstrated low yield and conflicting results as to the ability of technetium-99m labeled red blood cell (TRBC) scintigraphy to accurately localize the site of bleeding in acute lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Our objective was to evaluate the accuracy of TRBC scintigraphy in clinical day-to-day practice at our institution and to determine predictors of a positive test. Methods: A retrospective medical records review of all patients who underwent TRBC scintigraphy over a 5-year period was conducted at a single academic medical center. The site of bleeding found on TRBC scintigraphy was correlated with the endoscopic, angiographic, surgical, and pathologic findings in each patient. Results: A total of 127 scans were performed in 115 patients. Forty-nine scans were positive (39%) and 78 were negative (61%). Forty-two patients had further evaluation after a positive scan, and the bleeding site was confirmed to be accurate in 20 of 42 patients (48%). A contradictory bleeding site was found in 5 of 49 positive scans (10%). Patients transfused greater than 2 units of packed red blood cells within 24 hours preceding the TRBC scan were twice as likely to have a positive scan (64%) than those transfused 2 units or less (32%) (P = 0.002). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the number of units of blood transfused within 24 hours prior to the TRBC scan and the lowest recorded hematocrit were significantly different between patients with positive and negative scans. There was no difference in the rate of endoscopy between patients with a positive or negative scan result. Conclusions: TRBC scintigraphy has a relatively low yield in the evaluation of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Objective selection criteria such as number of units of packed red blood cells transfused prior to obtaining the scan may increase the overall yield.
Sensor-Based Predictive Modeling for Smart Lighting in Grid-Integrated Buildings

Studies show that if we retrofit all the lighting systems in the buildings of California with dimming ballasts, then it would be possible to obtain a 450 MW of regulation, 2.5 GW of nonspinning reserve, and 380 MW of contingency reserve from participation of lighting loads in the energy market. However, in order to guarantee participation, it will be important to monitor and model lighting demand and supply in buildings. To this end, wireless sensor and actuator networks have proven to bear a great potential for personalized intelligent lighting with reduced energy use at 50%-70%. Closed-loop control of these lighting systems relies upon instantaneous and dense sensing. Such systems can be expensive to install and commission. In this paper, we present a sensor-based intelligent lighting system for future grid-integrated buildings. The system is intended to guarantee participation of lighting loads in the energy market, based on predictive models of indoor light distribution, developed using sparse sensing. We deployed ~92 % fewer sensors compared with state-of-art systems using one photosensor per luminaire. The sensor modules contained small solar panels that were powered by ambient light. Reduction in sensor deployments is achieved using piecewise linear predictive models of indoor light, discretized by clustering for sky conditions and sun positions. Day-ahead daylight is predicted from forecasts of temperature, humidity, and cloud cover. With two weeks of daylight and artificial light training data acquired at the sustainability base at NASA Ames, our model was able to predict the illuminance at seven monitored workstations with 80%-95% accuracy. Moreover, our support vector regression model was able to predict day-ahead daylight at ~92% accuracy.
Comparison of Organochlorine Residue Levels in Chicken Pieces, Giblets, and Brain

Abstract INTRODUCTION Cummings et al. (1967) reported low level feeding of selected pesticides to hens resulted in levels up to 10 times the level fed in adipose tissue while liver accumulated levels approximately equal to those fed and breast muscle had levels of ⅓ of the amount in the feed. While the present investigators were studying the effect of cooking on thigh meat and skins from hens fed feed contaminated with 25 p.p.m. of lindane, dieldrin and DDT, it was noted that pesticide concentrations based on fat content were approximately equal in both raw tissues and about twice the values in the feed. It was decided to compare pesticide levels in the raw meat and skin with those of the raw giblets and brain to compare distribution following high levels of pesticide feeding. EXPERIMENTAL Ten White Leghorn hens, approximately 10 months of age, were fed ad libitum a diet contaminated with…
BONDING IN HYDROGENATED AMORPHOUS SILICON

A model for the H distribution and bonding structure in a-Si:H is presented based on new NMR and ir absorption data. The model is capable of explaining previous discrepancies in the interpretation of the ir absorption data without including oscillator strengths which vary with H density. Three types of H distributions are considered. First, the typical Si-H/sub 2/ form which has a stretching mode at 2100 cm/sup -1/ and a bending mode at 890 cm/sup -1/ is included. Additionally, two distributions of Si-H bonds are included; a dilute, random distribution which has an ir stretching mode at 2000 cm/sup -1/ and a clustered form which has its ir stretching mode near 2090 cm/sup -1/. Local H densities and sample wide average H densities for these two forms of Si-H bonds are determined from the NMR spectrum. This NMR data is correlated with the ir absorption data to calculate a fixed oscillator strength for each of the three types of H distribution.
Two-dimensional D- centers in the strong magnetic field limit

Abstract We consider a system composed of two electrons moving in two-dimensions in the presence of a strong perpendicular magnetic field and a point charge. Analytic results are obtained for the ground state energy and for the energies of some low-lying excited states. Resonance energies for the absorption of infrared radiation are evaluated. The relationship between these resonance energies and the D - center binding energy is discussed.
Studies of trace metal metabolism: electron paramagnetic resonance of manganese in ribonucleic acids.

SummaryIn an attempt to elucidate the intramolecular bonding of trace metals in ribonucleic acids, measurements have been made of the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrums of 36 samples of RNA isolated from human and rat tissues. The EPR pattern of manganese was readily detected in all of the samples of RNA. The resonance patterns indicate that manganese is present in RNA in a divalent state and suggest that manganese is located at the center of a distorted octahedron of oxygen atoms. From the intensity of nominally forbidden resonances, the crystal field splitting parameter D was estimated to be 0.02 cm-1.
Disruption of Fear Memory Through Dual-Hormone Gene Therapy

Background The basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA) is uniquely affected by steroid hormones. Whereas glucocorticoids (GCs)—the adrenal hormones released during stress—increase the excitability of BLA neurons, estrogen decreases it. Methods In this study, we used a vector designed to express a chimeric gene that contains the GC-binding domain of the GC receptor (GR) and the DNA binding domain of the estrogen receptor (ER) (“ER/GR”) in infected neurons; as a result, it transduces GC signals into estrogenic ones. We microinfused ER/GR bilaterally into the BLA of rats to determine whether it would impair fear conditioning, a valuable BLA-dependent paradigm for studying the neural basis of emotional memory. Results Expression of ER/GR in the BLA caused robust expression of the transgene and a significant disruption of both auditory and contextual long-term fear memory consolidation, whereas fear learning and post-shock freezing remained intact. Conclusions These data show that dual gene therapy with ER/GR might be a useful tool for understanding the role of steroid hormones in the storage of traumatic memories.
Late Oligocene–early Miocene glacial record of the Ross Sea, Antarctica: Evidence from DSDP Site 270

Foraminifera from Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 270, Ross Sea, Antarctica, are used to trace an early phase of glaciation during the late Oligocene–early Miocene. The central Ross Sea underwent significant bathymetric and oceanographic evolution with the inception of glaciomarine sedimentation, resulting in the sequential development of four contrasting foraminiferal populations (assemblage zones). Gradual climatic change in the Ross Sector during latest Paleogene-early Neogene time culminated in major ice build-up by the late early Miocene. Conclusions derived from our microfaunal studies reaffirm climatic and oceanographic trends interpreted from oxygen-isotope data for sub-Antarctic deep sea sites north of the Ross. Sea. Intensification of glaciation within the Ross Sea area may be responsible for the increase in production of Antarctic Bottom Water and associated development of widespread early Neogene deep-sea hiatuses reported from lower latitude regions.
Particle diffusion in electrostatic precipitators

Abstract A summary is presented of the main work in the transient diffusion of (mainly) passive scalars in tubes and channels with the viewpoint of seeking to apply methods of analysis in these areas to the consideration of the diffusion of particles in turbulent flow in a parallel plate electrostatic precipitator. Our theoretical studies indicate that while there is diffusion of dust particles away from the walls of the precipitator the effect of the applied electric field is such to drive the particles towards the walls. The theory appears to be applicable to two types of precipitator: (1) a uniform electric field applied between the plates and (2) a non-uniform electric field generated from wires placed in the flow field between the plates.
Destruction of catecholamine-containing neurons by 6-hydroxydopa, an endogenous amine oxidase cofactor

The amino acid, 6-hydroxydopa (6-OHDOPA), found at the active site of amine oxidases, exists as a keto-enol. Exogenously administered 6-OHDOPA is an excitotoxin likeβ-N-oxalylamino-L-alanine (BOAA) andβ-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA), acting at the non-N-methyl-D-aspartate (non-NMDA)α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA) receptor. BMAA and BOAA are causal factors of neurolathyrism in humans. Much exogenously administered 6-OHDOPA is biotransformed by aminoacid decarboxylase (AADC) to the highly potent and catecholamine (CA) selective neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). 6-OHDOPA destroys locus coeruleus noradrenergic perikarya and produces associated denervation of brain by norepinephrine-(NE) containing fibers. Opiopeptides and opioids enhance neurotoxic effects of 6-OHDOPA on noradrenergic nerves, by a naloxone-reversible process. An understanding of mechanisms underlying neurotoxic effects of 6-OHDOPA can be helpful in defining actions of known and newfound amino acids and for investigating their potential neurotoxic properties.
Systematic optimization of the thin-film stack by minimizing CD sensitivity

The very tight critical dimension(CD) specification as well as the very small energy latitude(EL) of the 65-nm node and beyond, planned to be accomplished by ArF lithography, require that the control of the employed thin-film stack should also be very tight. In such cases, there are generally several optical parameters of the thin-film stack that have appreciable effects on CD variation. So, we can not just focus on minimizing the swing effect by minimizing substrate reflectivity, as we did conventionally. Here, we propose a systematic methodology for doing optimization of the thin-film stack when several optical parameters of the thin-film stack come into play simultaneously. By adopting a proper figure of merit, the optimization can be done automatically. The specially designed algorithm ensures that global optimization can be achieved.
Optimized and microfabricated ionic wind pump array as a next generation solution for electronics cooling systems

This work presents a microfabricated ionic wind pump array that has the potential to meet industry requirements as a next generation solution for thermal management of electronic systems. The optimized single device provides an improved COP of 26.5. The main purpose of the work presented here is to demonstrate that the optimized microfabricated ionic wind pump employed in an array provides superior cooling performance as compared to conventional CPU fans.
AFAP1L1 is a novel adaptor protein of the AFAP family that interacts with cortactin and localizes to invadosomes

The actin-filament associated protein (AFAP) family of adaptor proteins consists of three members: AFAP1, AFAP1L1, and AFAP1L2/XB130 with AFAP1 being the best described as a cSrc binding partner and actin cross-linking protein. A homology search of AFAP1 recently identified AFAP1L1 which has a similar sequence, domain structure and cellular localization; however, based upon sequence variations, AFAP1L1 is hypothesized to have unique functions that are distinct from AFAP1. While AFAP1 has the ability to bind to the SH3 domain of the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase cSrc via an N-terminal SH3 binding motif, it was unable to bind cortactin. However, the SH3 binding motif of AFAP1L1 was more efficient at interacting with the SH3 domain of cortactin and not cSrc. AFAP1L1 was shown by fluorescence microscopy to decorate actin filaments and move to punctate actin structures and colocalize with cortactin, consistent with localization to invadosomes. Upon overexpression in A7r5 cells, AFAP1L1 had the ability to induce podosome formation and move to podosomes without stimulation. Immunohistochemical analysis of AFAP1L1 in human tissues shows differential expression when contrasted with AFAP1 with localization of AFAP1L1 to unique sites in muscle and the dentate nucleus of the brain where AFAP1 was not detectable. We hypothesize AFAP1L1 may play a similar role to AFAP1 in affecting changes in actin filaments and bridging interactions with binding partners, but we hypothesize that AFAP1L1 may forge unique protein interactions in which AFAP1 is less efficient, and these interactions may allow AFAP1L1 to affect invadosome formation.
Praying together and staying together: Couple prayer and trust.

Three studies examine the relationship between prayer, unity, and trust. Study 1 (N 29) showed that praying for one’s partner predicted objective ratings of trust. Study 2 (N 210) found a significant relationship between prayer with a partner and relationship trust. This relationship was mediated by couple unity. Study 3 (N 80) investigated the relationship documented in a 4-week, experimental study. Participants either prayed with and for their partner twice a week for 4 weeks, or were assigned to a positive interaction condition, in which they discussed positive news stories for the same time span. Prayer condition participants reported significantly more unity and trust for their partner than those in the positive interaction control group. Relational unity was again found to mediate the relationship between prayer and trust. These three studies are discussed in the context of an emerging literature on the relational implications of prayer.
The European Convention and constitution making in Philadelphia

The 1787 Philadelphia Convention that drafted the American Constitution and the ongoing European Convention headed by Valery Giscard D’Estaing, which is widely regarded as likely to lead to adoption of a constitution for the European Union, were both set in motion to confront the same daunting task. Indeed, the thirteen confederated American states operating under the 1781 Articles of Confederation, much like the fifteen member states of the European Union laboring under a series of treaties, from that of Rome to that of Nice, were struggling to maintain and carry forward their joint enterprise in the face of deficiencies in the existing institutional framework. Moreover, these deficiencies were all the more acute as the thirteen original American states had to prepare for incorporation of an array of new states that would propel the American union throughout a vast continent much as the constitutional challenges are greatly magnified for the European fifteen as they prepare to become the twenty-five and eventually perhaps to include all states within Europe. But there is at least one striking difference between the American constitutional project of 1787 and its current European counterpart. The American project has unquestionably succeeded—albeit that the road to success was by no means always clear or smooth, as best evidenced by the attempted secession of the southern states that resulted in the bloody Civil War of the 1860s—now that the United States is a well integrated and powerful, federal republic and that the original thirteen states have expanded to fifty, throughout the continent and even beyond. It is unclear, however, whether the European constitutional project will also succeed. As viewed from American shores, not only does it seem uncertain whether the European Convention will manage to create a genuine and full-f ledged constitution for Europe, but even if it does, it will be a long time before we can judge whether the European Union will cohere into a smoothly working constitutional democracy after completing its contemplated expansion.
Actinocephalus carrilynnae N. Sp. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinorida) from the Blue Damselfly, Enallagma civile (Hagen)

. Actinocephalus carrilynnae, a new species of actinocephalid gregarine, is described from the blue damselfly, Enallagma civile. Trophozoites are unpaired, lying between the host's gut epithelium and peritrophic membrane, and attain a maximum length of at least 1,700 μm. Protomerites are subspherical. Epimerites are globular, hemispherical with stub-shaped or truncated cone-shaped projections and are attached to the protomerite by means of a fluted stalk. Protomerite-deutomerite length ratio is 0.12 and relatively constant regardless of trophozoite length. Gametocysts are subspherical, 270–280 μm in diameter, and undergo sporogenesis in 24–36 h, dehiscing by rupture. Spores are biconical, slightly crescent-shaped, and very uniform in size: 15 μm long and 4–5 μm wide. The parasite infects both adult and naiad hosts.
Dialectics of a global constitution: The struggle over the UN Charter:

As a decentralized legal order, the international system arguably has no single constitution, but the closest candidate to a constitution that it does have is the UN Charter. Thus it is worth exploring how constitutional the Charter is in theory and practice. Sixty-plus years into its evolution we can see two dominant features. First, its key constitutional elements are: supranationality in its various forms; inequality; and, like all constitutions, an ‘invitation to struggle’ that leads to inevitable pushback from states when UN authority expands. Second, unlike in many domestic constitutions, the pushback more than holds its own. The UN has neither integrated its parts nor centralized authority. To illustrate those points, I start with a comparison of the UN Charter to both capital ‘C’ domestic constitutions and to ordinary treaties. I then address with a broad brush the main features of the UN’s supranationality and inequality. The Secretariat and its neutrality and independence are the next topics. I ...
Circadian rhythms: a model for the interpretation of multimodal circadian spectra.

A nonlinear circadian model is postulated as the underlying process in the generation of biological data containing several significant non-24-hour rhythms. The model (a) attributes observed multimodal dispersion to the nonlinear influence of processes which modulate the circadian rhythm, but which are very slow compared to 24-hour processes, and (b) provides quantitative estimates of the period of this slow modulation, as well as the period of the basic circadian rhythm. Under this model, circadian data previously presumed to be anomalous gives a consistent derived basic rhythm of about 24 hours.
Building the Virtual State: Information Technology and Institutional Change

From the Publisher: "In Building the Virtual State, Jane Fountain explains how government must evolve to become part of the Internet revolution. Fountain calls on government agencies to abandon outmoded bureaucratic tendencies in favor of a less centralized approach to providing services. This requires a change not only in the way government executives think, but also in the way they view their relationships with citizens. They must answer questions regarding costs and maintenance of Internet portals, and at the same time assure citizens that their privacy will be protected." The creation of this "virtual state," Fountain argues, will not be easy, exposing much of the structural obsolescence of our current bureaucracy. However, if our government is to serve its central purpose - to work for its citizens and provide them with the opportunity to excel - it must embrace this change. It must negotiate the solutions to the internal questions of management, as well as external questions of protection of privacy and capability of use by all citizens. The outcome of this struggle will likely determine the extent to which the American government will be recast in the Information Age and whether its citizens will emerge as winners or losers.
Molecular Dynamics Studies of Surface Indentation in Two Dimensions

Non-equilibrium molecular dynamics is used to study the indentation of an ideal metallic surface by a hard spherical ball. The problem is symmetric about the axis of the ball and we choose to study the deformation in two dimensions. We use the simple embedding function F(ρ) = 2eρlnρ along with the Lennard-Jones two body potential to model a material resembling copper. We present a calculation of the st’ress field (from the internal atomistic description) for both elastic and plastic deformations. The material deforms plastically through the creation of edge dislocations and the flow of material around the sides of the indenter. The creation of dislocations is reversible-they return to the surface (anneal out) when the indenter is removed. The plastic flow leads to a permanent indentation in the surface.
Fatty acid composition of cerebrosides, sulphatides and ceramides in murine leucodystrophy: the quaking mutant.

— The fatty acid composition of cerebrosides, sulphatides and ceramides has been determined at 20 days postpartum in the brains of Quaking mutant mice and of littermate controls. There was a significant deficit in the proportion of long-chain fatty acids (C22-C24) affecting both normal and a-hydroxy fatty acids of the cerebrosides. The proportion of normal but not the a-hydroxy long-chain fatty acids of the sulphatides was also decreased. Striking and disproportionate deficits of the C24:1 and C24 h:1 fatty acids of cerebrosides, sulphatides and ceramides characterized the brain of the Quaking mutant, and an increased proportion of C23 h:O fatty acid was found in the cerebrosides and sulphatides of the brain of this mutant. We compared these data with findings on the Jimpy mutant which has been examined by the same techniques. The deficiency of long-chain fatty acids which was found in the cerebrosides and sulphatides of both mutants was less extensive but more selective in the Quaking mutant.
Dramatic differences in the motions of the mouth of open and closed cytochrome P450BM‐3 by molecular dynamics simulations

Molecular dynamics trajectories were calculated separately for each of the two molecules in the asymmetric unit of the crystal structure of the hemoprotein domain of cytochrome P450BM-3. Each simulation was 200 ps in length and included a 10 A layer of explicit solvent. The simulated time-average structure of each P450BM-3 molecule is closer to its crystal structure than the two molecular dynamics time-averaged structures are to each other. In the crystal structure, molecule 2 has a more accessible substrate binding pocket than molecule 1, and this difference is maintained throughout the simulations presented here. In particular, the substrate docking regions of molecule 1 and molecule 2 diverge in the solution state simulations. The mouth of the substrate binding pocket is significantly more mobile in the simulation of molecule 2 than in the simulation of molecule 1. For molecule 1, the width of the mouth is only slightly larger than its X-ray value of 8.7 A and undergoes fluctuations of about 1 A. However, in molecule 2, the mouth of the substrate binding pocket is dramatically more open in the time-average molecular dynamics structure (14.7 A) than in the X-ray structure (10.9 A). Furthermore, this region of the protein undergoes large amplitude motions during the trajectory that are not seen in the trajectory of molecule 1, repeatedly opening and closing up to 7 A. Presumably, the binding of different substrates will induce the mouth region to adopt different conformations from within the wide range of structures that are accessible. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Reaction analysis of the formation of CuInSe2 films in a physical vapor deposition reactor

The reaction kinetics for the formation of CuInSe2 films by reacting Cu/In layers with elemental selenium are compared with those for H2Se. The species mole fractions as a function of time in a single Se-source physical vapor deposition (PVD) reactor are found to be essentially the same as those obtained in a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reactor with flowing H2Se, indicating that the same chemical equation representation can be used in both cases. The chemical engineering reaction analysis model developed previously by us is shown to predict adequately the experimental data in both reactors. The model is employed to predict three-source behavior. The effects of rate of species delivery and substrate temperature on the time to make CuInSe2 is presented quantitatively. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulation of alveolar macrophage p40phox: hierarchy of activating kinases and their inhibition by PGE2.

PGE2, produced in the lung during infection with microbes such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, inhibits alveolar macrophage (AM) antimicrobial functions by preventing H2O2 production by NADPH oxidase (NADPHox). Activation of the NADPHox complex is poorly understood in AMs, although in neutrophils it is known to be mediated by kinases including PI3K/Akt, protein kinase C (PKC) δ, p21-activated protein kinase (PAK), casein kinase 2 (CK2), and MAPKs. The p40phox cytosolic subunit of NADPHox has been recently recognized to function as a carrier protein for other subunits and a positive regulator of oxidase activation, a role previously considered unique to another subunit, p47phox. The regulation of p40phox remains poorly understood, and the effect of PGE2 on its activation is completely undefined. We addressed these issues in rat AMs activated with IgG-opsonized K. pneumoniae. The kinetics of kinase activation and the consequences of kinase inhibition and silencing revealed a critical role for a PKCδ-PAK-class I PI3K/Akt1 cascade in the regulation of p40phox activation upon bacterial challenge in AMs; PKCα, ERK, and CK2 were not involved. PGE2 inhibited the activation of p40phox, and its effects were mediated by protein kinase A type II, were independent of interactions with anchoring proteins, and were directed at the distal class I PI3K/Akt1 activation step. Defining the kinases that control AM p40phox activation and that are the targets for inhibition by PGE2 provides new insights into immunoregulation in the infected lung.
Young children's use of age-appropriate speech styles in social interaction and role-playing.

Four children (aged 3;9 to 5;5) were recorded talking to different listeners (adult, peer, baby, and baby doll) and role-playing a ‘baby just learning how to talk’. As a measure of the children's responsiveness to situational cues, each sample was analysed for formal and functional characteristics. The children's speech was different on many of the measures when talking to a baby or doll as compared with the speech to a peer or adult. Speech to a baby doll was similar to that addressed to a real baby, indicating that feedback is not necessary for speech modifications to occur. In the role-playing situation, children changed and simplified their speech when talking as a baby.
Investigation of MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry of Diverse Synthetic Metalloporphyrins, Phthalocyanines and Multiporphyrin Arrays

We investigated the utility of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) for analyzing porphyrinic compounds using a variety of different synthetic porphyrins, azaporphyrins, phthalocyanines and multiporphyrin arrays. Comparisons of spectra obtained from these analytes deposited either as neat samples or codeposited with neutral or acidic matrices have been made with the goal of identifying conditions that yield minimal demetalation, transmetalation, adduct formation and fragmentation. It was found that the molecular masses of many porphyrins can be successfully measured from neat sample preparations and do not require a matrix to facilitate desorption and ionization, although the measurement of large multiporphyrin arrays was facilitated by the use of matrices. Demetalation of magnesium porphyrins occurred in the presence of acidic matrices, but not with neutral matrices such as 1,4-benzoquinone. Positive ion spectra were obtained for each compound and ne...
Trastuzumab-related cardiotoxicity: calling into question the concept of reversibility.

Purpose To assess the spectrum and reversibility of the cardiotoxicity observed in the adjuvant trastuzumab trials. Design The design and efficacy of the major adjuvant trastuzumab trials was assessed, including the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) B-31, North Central Cancer Treatment Group N9831, Herceptin Adjuvant, Breast Cancer International Research Group 006, and Finland Herceptin trials. The cardiotoxicity data were evaluated with a focus on the follow-up cardiac evaluations of women who were diagnosed with cardiotoxicity. Proposed mechanisms of trastuzumab-related cardiotoxicity were considered. The natural history of congestive heart failure (CHF) was reviewed with the goal of placing the trastuzumab experience in context. Results Up to 4% of patients enrolled onto the adjuvant trastuzumab trials experienced severe CHF during treatment. In these trials, early stopping rules that identified an unacceptable level of cardiotoxicity were never reached. Despite this, a large ...
Influence of host foliage on development, survival, fecundity, and oviposition of the spear-marked black moth, Rheumaptera hastata (Lepidoptera: Geometridae).

Spear-marked black moth, Rheumaptera hastata (L.), females tended to oviposit more readily on paper birch, Betula papyrifera Marsh., than other deciduous plants indigenous to interior Alaska. Larval feeding intensity was about 40% higher on birch foliage than on other host plants. Larvae reared on various host plant species differed in survival, development rate, and body weight. Food quality of host plants on which females were reared as larvae affected oviposition, fecundity, and egg viability. Larval development rate and survival decreased when fed foliage from birch trees that were repeatedly defoliated for 2 and 3 years.
Occlusion of the pilot tube in a Laser-Shield II endotracheal tube caused by methylene blue crystals: a case report

The Laser-Shield II (Xomed-Treace, Jacksonville, FL) endotracheal tube is equipped with methylene blue crystals to aid in the prompt detection of tube cuff rupture. As the tube cuff is being inflated with saline, the crystals are supposed to dissolve fully in the saline, forming a solution that is readily visible in the event of cuff rupture. We describe a case of occlusion of the pilot balloon tube caused by undissolved methylene blue crystals, a situation that made it impossible to deflate the Laser-Shield II tube cuff. Our experience may aid in future modification of endotracheal tube design.
Industrial Engineering and Research Oriented Journal I Operations I Literature: A Statistical Analysis

Abstract This paper reports the results of a statistical analysis of literature published in three journals important to OR-oriented Industrial Engineers. Over 1500 journal articles, technical notes, and letters to the editor published during the five-year period 1969–1973 were scanned for specific elements of information by which OR research and literature could be characterized. Some of the factors examined were (1) the theory/application emphasis, (2) author affiliation, (3) source of any research funding, and (4) time interval between submission and publication. This analysis reveals the IE role in OR research and publications, pointing out the applications orientation of IE-contributed literature.
Production of sclerotia by aflatoxigenic and nonaflatoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus.

Previous reports suggest that sclerotial strains of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus may be high aflatoxin producers. We studied 14 strains that differed in both aflatoxin- and sclerotium-prod...
Opportunities and Challenges for Episode-Based Payment

Episode-based payment, one of the payment reforms in the Affordable Care Act, aims to create incentives for efficiency and better care coordination. But it's more complex to administer than fee for service or capitation and faces substantial implementation challenges.
What do we learn from resonance production in heavy ion collisions

The resonance production of Δ, K(892), Σ(1385), Λ(1520) and φ from elementary p+p and Au+Au collisions at √{s NN} = 200 GeV from the STAR experiment at RHIC is presented. Yields and spectra are discussed in terms of chemical and thermal freeze-out conditions. Thermal models do not describe sufficiently the yields of the resonance production in central Au+Au collisions. The approach which includes pseudo-elastic and elastic hadronic interactions after chemical freeze-out until thermal freeze-out suggests a time span of Δτ > 5 fm/c.
Insights into Student Gains from Undergraduate Research Using Pre- and Post-Assessments

Insights into student gains from undergraduate research using pre/post assessments 1 2 Andrew L. McDevitt1,2, Manisha V. Patel1, Brad Rose3, and Aaron M. Ellison1,* 3 4 1 Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, MA 01366 5 2 School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61761. 6 3 Brad Rose Consulting, Inc., Wellesley, Massachusetts. 7 8 *Corresponding author: Harvard University, Harvard Forest, 324 North Main Street, Petersham, 9 Massachusetts, 01366 USA; email: aellison@fas.harvard.edu 10 11 12
Family Context and Individual Weil-Being

The assertion that the family environment experienced by an individual at any point in life has consequences for her/his subsequent life course outcomes is not likely to provoke much disagreement. Nevertheless, there are some important and interesting questions related to linkages between family context and subsequent outcomes. How significant is the family in shaping the life course? What aspects of family have genuinely significant implications for particular outcomes? What are the implications of changing family behavior in one generation for the well-being of those in other generations? These questions have received a good deal of research attention and are the subject of this essay. Before reviewing existing research findings on the role of the family in determining life course outcomes, several preliminary observations on this topic may nevertheless be useful.
Validating the Importance of Leadership Themes for Entry-Level Engineering Positions

AbstractThere is a strong demand signal from the engineering industry for entry-level engineers to possess both technical skills and leadership skills. Limited research has been performed to define what companies mean by leadership when included in a job description. Building on findings of a previous study, this study developed and validated a quantitative survey instrument as well as ranked the importance of the five previously identified themes: initiative/confidence, communication, interpersonal interactions, teamwork, and engagement. This survey instrument enables researchers to study the demands for leadership by engineering employers and to examine the differing demands across engineering fields. Furthermore, understanding which themes are most important for new graduates to possess can inform engineering educators in creating, developing, and refining leadership education for engineers.
Trivial Behaviors as Valuable Data

I cannot now visualize myself without my dreadlocks. My hairstyle has become a significant defining feature of me, earning me in some quarters the name Rasta. At Shashamane, Ethiopia, and in Trinidad, I received Rastafarian greetings from practicing Rastafarians. On each occasion, I was embarrassed not knowing how to respond. In Ibadan, elderly women, who are neighbors and around my mother’s age, call me “Dada.” Younger people preferred “boda Dada” as term of address. Most, however, maintain their distance, mouthing onirun were (one with the hair of lunatics), ever ready to treat me as such; the others who for whatever reason are unable to avoid me never cease to ask, “Why is your hair like that?” This book is about the different and mostly contrary responses that my hairstyle has induced primarily among Yoruba people and relative to other people. These differences point to different politics and cultures of visual perception. A reviewer commenting on an initial discussion of my encounters with Yoruba people as a result of my hairstyles and their language use said it was based on “trivial and anecdotal evidence”; however, this description misses its mark. Those mundane words, actions, and feelings are offshoot of certain values.
Recent advances and future directions in understanding and treating Chlamydia-induced reactive arthritis

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Reactive arthritis (ReA) is an inflammatory disease that can follow gastrointestinal or genitourinary infections. The primary etiologic agent for post-venereal ReA is the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis; its relative, C pneumoniae, has also been implicated in disease induction although to a lesser degree. Studies have indicated that the arthritis is elicited by chlamydiae infecting synovial tissue in an unusual biologic state designated persistence. We review clinical aspects, host-pathogen interactions, and treatments for the disease.Areas covered: We briefly discuss both the historic and,more extensively, the current medical literature describing ReA, and we provide a discussion of the biology of the chlamydiae as it relates to elicitation of the disease. A summary of clinical aspects of Chlamydia-induced ReA is included to give context for approaches to treatment of the arthritis.Expert commentary: Basic research into the biology and host-pathogen interactions characteristic of C ...
Acute and chronic pulmonary complications following autologous bone marrow transplantation in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Whereas intensive chemoradiotherapy with bone marrow salvage may be the only chance for cure in a number of patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, high complication rates with subsequent mortality have been detrimental to our ability to cure many patients. Prominent among these complications is pulmonary toxicity, in the form of acute and infectious complications and interstitial pneumonitis. We report here our experience with 100 patients receiving autologous bone marrow transplants for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The incidence of interstitial pneumonitis (IP) was 7.6% and our mortality from IP was 1%, the lowest reported.
Gifted Students in Rural Environments: Implications for School Programs.

This article considers factors in rural environments that influence the achievement of the brightest students in such areas. It examines the educational needs of those rural students who are identi...
Messages per secret bit when authentication and a min-entropy secrecy criterion are required

Suppose Alice and Bob share a secret key, of which Eve is initially oblivious. Clearly, Alice and Bob can use this key to ensure that any particular plain-message sent is both authentic and secure. This paper investigates how many plain-messages can be sent per bit of secret key, while still ensuring both secrecy and authentication. In particular the secrecy tolerance relates to the min-entropy of any individual plain message, given all observed cipher-messages, while the authentication tolerance directly relates to the maximum allowable probability of Bob erroneously accepting a cipher-message from Eve. In this paper we characterize the set of all messages to secret bit ratios. We do this by providing a direct and converse, showing that the maximum ratio is directly determined by the tolerance parameters for authentication and secrecy, and is independent of the ratio of the length of the plain-message to the length of the secret key.
Electrostatic and hydrophobic models of solvation

Recent progress on the use of continuum electrostatics to treat solute-solvent interactions will be discussed. The new developments are in the spirit of traditional dielectric models in that the solute, be it an ion, small molecule, or protein, is treated explicitely while the solvent is treated as a dielectric continuum. However, in contrast to earlier work, numerical methods now make it possible to describe the solute in atomic detail and, consequently, to calculate solvation energies as well as charge-charge interactions. Molecular polarizabilities can also be incorporated conveniently into the treatment. Comparisons with experiment and with the results of microscopic simulations suggest that the continuum treatment offers comparable accuracy with orders of magnitude less computer time. This has opened up the possibility of a simple, fast and reliable treatment of solvent effects on pKs, partition coefficients, conformational energies and binding energies.The hydrophobic effect is probably the major driving force in biological systems. The magnitude of the hydrophobic effect as measured from the surface area dependence of the solubilities of hydrocarbons in water is generally though to be about 25 ca/mole.A2. However, surface tension at a hydrocarbon / water interface, which is a macroscopic measure of the hydrophobic effect, is about 72 cal/mole.A2. However, in evaluating solubility data, concentrations are usually evaluated in mole fraction units as suggested in most text books. This standard prescription does not account for size difference between molecules. A theory which accounts for size yields estimates for the microscopic hydrophobic effect of 47 cal/A2, about twice the magnitude usually assumed. Given this value, a simple model which accounts for curvature now makes it possible to reconcile the magnitudes of the macroscopic and microscopic effects. The new microscopic value successfully accounts for the effects of hydrophobic mutations on protein stability. Moreover, curvature effects suggest that concave enzyme binding sites and the surface of macromolecules can have hydrophobicities that exceed the macroscopic value.
A PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECTRAL TRANSFORM

In this chapter the inverse spectral representation of certain nonlinear dispersive waves is described through a physical model of the resonant interaction of a laser pulse with a two level medium. The particle-wave duality of the nonlinear wave is emphasized. References to appropriate review articles are included .