cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advancing the study of differential equations with technology

Abstract A computer algebra system can be used to enhance numerous courses in applied mathematics. Not only can they alleviate the computational difficulties encountered, but they can offer the advantage of visualizing solutions. The solution of standard problems found in the study of ordinary and partial differential equations such as spring motion and the wave equation will be demonstrated as will other applications which cannot be solved without the aid of a computer algebra system. Results obtained through the use of Mathematica and Maple will be discussed.
Predicting fatigue life of pre-corroded 2024-T3 aluminum from breaking load tests

Abstract Characterization of material properties is necessary for design purposes and has been a topic of research for many years. However, there has not been as much success in quantifying the susceptibility of a material to corrosion damage and its subsequent impact on material behavior. To that end, the goal of this investigation was to formulate a cheaper and quicker method for assessing the consequences of corrosion on remaining fatigue life. For this study, breaking load specimens of a single nominal gage (0.063″) of 2024-T3 alloy aluminum from three different manufacturing lots were exposed to three levels of corrosion. Correlations between breaking load results and fatigue life results in the presence of corrosion damage were developed using a fracture mechanics foundation and the observed mechanisms of failure, through the use of effective flaw size conversions. Life predictions using this technique, which is based on breaking load data, were generally shorter than the experimental lives by an average of 20%. The life prediction methodology developed from this investigation is a very valuable tool for assessing material substitution for aircraft designers, alloy differentiation for manufacturers, or inspection intervals and aircraft retirement schedules for aircraft in service.
In situ hybridization is a necessary experimental complement to microRNA (miRNA) expression profiling in the human brain

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play fundamental roles in human brain neurochemistry. However, much remains to be learned in this fast-paced field. To understand how miRNAs contribute to normal biologic functions and disease states, it is critical to understand the miRNAs that are expressed in particular cell types under a range of conditions. Many tools have been developed to help describe the repertoire of miRNAs present at the tissue level in a given sample. However, tissue level miRNA profiling is inadequate to pinpoint the cellular and sub-cellular distribution of individual miRNAs. Such knowledge is especially important in the nervous system with its many cell types, microscopic heterogeneity with regard to functionally distinct cell groups, and extreme geometrical complexity in cellular shapes. We have found that in situ hybridization shows important cerebral cortical lamina-specific patterns of miRNA expression that would be lost on most tissue level expression studies, and these lamina-specific patterns can be directly relevant to human brain disease. Thus, in situ hybridization is an important experimental complement to tissue level miRNA expression profiling. Technical and theoretical aspects of this important technique are described, especially those pertinent to studying the human brain.
Matrix Proteins versus Cytokines in the Regulation of Osteoblast Function and Bone Formation

As my counterpart has mentioned it is true, there is a lot of matrix. However, I would not argue that because there is so much it is not important. Quite the contrary, there is so much matrix because it is needed to carry out its primary functions as the precursor to bone and the major store for calcium and phosphate. I will demonstrate the importance of cytokines and growth factors in the regulation of osteoblast function and bone formation by selecting examples that illustrate different aspects of cytokine-mediated regulation of bone metabolism. As mentioned in the previous section, cytokines are present in much smaller quantities in skeletal tissue as compared with matrix proteins. This is the nature of these factors due to their potency. Cytokines are small polypeptide molecules that bind to specific high-affinity cell surface receptors. Constitutive production is usually low or absent. They are produced by cells locally, usually have a short action radius (autocrine or paracrine not endocrine), and function transiently in response to exogenous stimulation. Cytokines are secreted, they deliver their signal, and by design they are gone. Many cytokine mRNA’s have specific sequences in the 3¢ untranslated region, which facilitates rapid degradation. Because of bone’s propensity to be regulated at specific anatomic sites, coupled with the local production and tight functional area, cytokines can have major effects on the skeleton. In the adult years, bone resorption is balanced by equivalent bone formation, resulting in maintenance of skeletal mass. This balance is tightly regulated by a number of factors including hormones, physical force, and cytokines. However, it is more than only the induction of formation that maintains bone homeostasis; it is also the inhibition of resorption. In fact, the bone remodeling cycle is never truly at rest, rather, it is actively engaged, being driven by bone-resorbing osteoclasts and remaining under control because of suppressive factors. This was most clearly demonstrated
An Inverse Electrocardiographic Solution with an ON-OFF Model

The electrical activity of a dog's heart is modeled as originating in ten regions, called zones, each of which is either completely active or completely inactive at any one time. Using this model, the electrical activation sequence of the dog's heart during QRS is computed from potentials measured on the dog's torso, and from his geometry. The sequence computed is compared with measurements directly from the dog's heart. Additionally, the sequence is recomputed with perturbations in the location of the heart within the torso and with noise added to the torso potential data to see how greatly these changes affect the solution. The results support the possibility of using an ON-OFF model to determine the electrical activity of the heart.
Orthotopic Pulmonic Valve Replacement with a Pulmonary Homograft as an Interposition Graft

Pulmonary regurgitation (PR) following nonvalved reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract is usually well tolerated. However, a small percentage of patients develop progressive right ventricular dilatation and failure due to long-standing PR. When this group of patients becomes refractory to medical management, pulmonic valve replacement (PVR) may offer symptomatic relief and hemodynamic improvement. From a cumulative experience, the pulmonary homograft may be the optimal choice for PVR due to its very low transvalvular gradient assuring optimal hemodynamics, the absence of anticoagulation-re-lated and thromboembolic complications, and the excellent mid-term results when compared to other valved conduit, including the aortic homograft. We report our experience in two patients who have been operated upon at the BWH between March and August 1995 for severe pulmonary valve insufficiency and right heart failure, who received cryopreserved pulmonary homografts. We also describe our technique of PVR using a pulmonary homograft as an or-thotopic root replacement.
DNA sequence analysis of the transposon Tn3: three genes and three sites involved in transposition of Tn3.

Abstract The complete nucleotide sequence of the transposon Tn3 and of 20 mutations which affect its transposition are reported. The mutations, generated in vitro by random insertion of synthetic restriction sites, proved to contain small duplications or deletions immediately adjacent to the new restriction site. By determining the phenotype and DNA sequence of these mutations we were able to generate an overlapping phenotypic and nucleotide map. This 4957 bp transposon encodes three polypeptides which account for all but 350 bp of its total coding capacity. These proteins are the transposase, a high molecular weight polypeptide (1015 amino acids) encoded by the tnpA gene; the Tn3-specific repressor, a low molecular weight polypeptide (185 amino acids) encoded by the tnpR gene; and the 286 amino acid β-lactamase. The 38 bp inverted repeats flanking Tn3 appear to be absolutely required in cis for Tn3 to transpose. Genetic data suggest that Tn3 contains a third site (Gill et al., 1978), designated IRS (internal resolution site), whose absence results in the insertion of two complete copies of Tn3 as direct repeats into the recipient DNA. We suggest that these direct repeats of complete copies of Tn3 are intermediates in transposition, and that the IRS site is required for recombination and subsequent segregation of the direct repeats to leave a single copy of Tn3 (Gill et al., 1978). A 23 nucleotide sequence within the amino terminus of the transposase which shares strong sequence homology with the inverted repeat may be the internal resolution site.
Behind the Buzz of Behavioral Data

This column addresses the value of online behavioral data and two issues that can arise from it (potential discrimination and identity mistakes).
The Gauss constrained method for optimum structural synthesis

Abstract The present paper describes an implementation of the Gauss constrained algorithm for the optimum sizing of structural systems. The method provides a robust approach for solving linearly and quadratically constrained optimization problems. In addition to an ability to handle both equality and inequality constraints efficiently, the method does not require the computation of a step size parameter in the solution strategy. The paper describes the use of approximation concepts to represent structural synthesis problems in a form amenable to the method.
Effects of photoperiod on pineal melatonin in the marsh rice rat (Oryzomys palustris)

Pineal melatonin content was examined under four different photoperiods (10L:14D, 12L:12D, 14L:10D, and 16L:8D) in adult female rice rats (Experiment 1). Pineal melatonin was basal during the light and increased beginning 1 hr after lights off. Within 2 hr after lights off, melatonin increased to levels that were maintained throughout the dark period. In all but one photoperiod (10L:14D), melatonin remained elevated prior to light onset and decreased markedly within one hour after lights on. In addition, the duration of pineal melatonin was inversely related to the length of the photoperiod. In Experiment 2, the time course of pineal melatonin content on 16L:8D was examined every 20 min during the first hour after lights off and the first hour after lights on. Melatonin content increased gradually during the first hour and decreased markedly within 20 min after lights on. These data show that pineal melatonin in female rice rats is regulated by photoperiod.
Critical Adhesion Energy at the Interface Between Benzocyclobutene and Silicon Nitride Layers

The effects of thermal cycling on residual stresses in both silicon nitride (SiN x ) deposited on silicon wafers and benzocyclobutene (BCB) coated silicon wafers are discussed. The SiN x is deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). A model for the effect of thermal cycling on residual stresses helps explain the effects of thermal cycling on critical adhesion energy (CAE) between SiN x and BCB films in bonded wafer configuration SiISiN x /BCB/SiN x /Si. The wafers are bonded with BCB using an established baseline process. CAE is measured using four-point bending. In thermal cycling experiments conducted between 25°C and either 350 or 400°C, the CAE at the interface between BCB and SiN x decreases. This trend in CAE agrees with our model's prediction that an increase in residual tensile stress within SiN x after thermal cycling leads to the observed decrease in CAE. This result is compared with that obtained for bonded wafer configuration Si/PECVD SiO 2 /BCB/PECVD SiO 2 /Si, where the decrease in residual compressive stress within SiO 2 induces an increase in CAE. These opposite trends in CAEs of the structures that include SiN x or SiO 2 layers are caused by condensation reactions in the layers, followed by desorption of water, which makes the films more tensile.
Proposed mechanism for lipoprotein remodelling in the brain

Lipoprotein remodelling in the periphery has been extensively studied. For example, the processing of nascent apoAI particles to cholesterol-loaded HDL lipoproteins during reverse cholesterol transport involves a series of enzymes, transporters in peripheral tissue, as well as other apolipoproteins and lipoproteins. These extensive modifications and interconversions are well defined. Here, we present the hypothesis that a similar process occurs within the blood brain barrier (BBB) via glia-secreted lipid-poor apoE particles undergoing remodelling to become mature central nervous system (CNS) lipoproteins. We further pose several pressing issues and future directions for the study of lipoproteins in the brain.
Problems of pastoral development in Eastern Africa

Abstract This paper contends that the major problem of development efforts in pastoral areas has been inappropriate and inadequate policies, not the ‘traditionalism’ of pastoralists or the inadequacies of administrators. Success in pastoral development will require increased understanding and consideration of a number of key issues (environmental and land tenure constraints, the meaning of ‘development’, the potential conflict between pastoralism and commercial beef production, assumptions regarding a ‘cattle complex’ and the dilemma between the individual and communal interests of pastoralists) so that relations between pastoralists and governments can be improved and better policies can be developed and implemented. The paper is based on research in eastern Africa, but the analysis may also apply to other regions.
Temporary abdominal vacuum-packing closure in the neonatal intensive care unit.

Abstract Background Temporary abdominal vacuum-packing (vac-pac) closure is well known in adult literature, yet has not been reported in infants. Methods A review of children in the neonatal intensive care unit who underwent vac-pac closure from 2000 to 2006 was performed. Results During this time, 7 infants underwent vac-pac closure after abdominal surgery. Median age was 39 days, with a median weight of 3.2 kg. Reasons for vac-pac included abdominal compartment syndrome (3), ongoing intraabdominal sepsis (1), anticipated second-look procedures (2), and abdominal observation after repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (1). Paco 2 revealed a drop from a median preoperative level of 50.3 to 44.0 mm Hg postoperatively. Median preoperative urine output was 3.9 and 3.1 mL/(kg h) postoperatively. One patient died with an open abdomen from overwhelming Escherichia coli sepsis, and all surviving patients (85.7%) proceeded to definitive abdominal closure with the median time of vac-pac use being 4 days. Conclusion Vac-pac closure in infants is a safe and effective method of temporary abdominal closure. The detrimental effects of intraabdominal hypertension as well as risk of hemorrhage after repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia while on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation also make this an important technique for abdominal observation.
Phonological Awareness Development as a Discrete Process: Evidence for an Integrative Model

The theoretical and practical implications of examining young children's acquisitions of phonological awareness skills with specific and differentiated processing tasks are explored in this study. The study presents data from 269 kindergarten children completing a phonological awareness protocol that provided information on 14 discrete phonological awareness skills. The data supported the assertion that phonological awareness develops in a gradual and continuous fashion and illustrated the importance of measuring phonological awareness while controlling for the effects of task difficulty, linguistic complexity, and phoneme position within syllables. In addition, three general patterns of literacy development were confirmed in these analyses that frame the integrated model of phonological awareness development.
Relation of age to left ventricular function in clinically normal adults

The extent to which age, independent of cardiovascular diseases, influences left ventricular (LV) function in adults is uncertain. Echocardiograms and simultaneous arterial pressure in 464 clinically normal adults aged 16 to 88 years were used to measure LV dimensions, endocardial and midwall LV fractional shortening, stroke volume, cardiac output, and circumferential end-systolic stress. The ratios of observed endocardial and midwall shortening to values predicted for observed end-systolic stress were used as measures of chamber and myocardial function. LV endocardial shortening increased slightly with age, as did an index of LV chamber performance, the end-systolic stress/volume index ratio (r = 0.11, p = 0.019, and r = 0.20, p <0.001). However, when age-related increases in LV wall thickness and blood pressure were controlled for by examining afterload-corrected endocardial shortening, no age relation was detected. Weak age-related declines were observed in midwall shortening (r = −0.09, p = 0.043) and afterload-corrected midwall shortening (r = −0.12, p <0.01). Cardiac index decreased slightly with advancing age (r = −0.14, mean −6.7 ml/min/m2/year, p = 0.003). Total peripheral resistance and the pulse pressure/stroke volume ratio, a measure of arterial stiffness, increased more strongly with age (r = 0.27 and 0.38, both p <0.001). Thus, LV pump performance at rest measured by cardiac index is slightly lower in older than in younger clinically normal adults. Endocardial fractional shortening was slightly higher in older subjects, but the physiologically more appropriate midwall measures of myocardial function decreased slightly. The observed change in LV pump performance was related to smaller LV chamber size and higher total peripheral resistance in older subjects.
Amphiphilic 4-helix bundles designed for biomolecular materials applications.

Artificial peptides previously designed to possess α-helical bundle motifs have been either hydrophilic (i.e., soluble in polar media) or lipophilic (i.e., soluble in nonpolar media) in overall character. Realizations of these bioinspired bundles have succeeded in reproducing a variety of biomimetic functionality within the appropriate media. However, to translate their functionality into any biomolecular device applications at the macroscopic level, the bundles must be oriented in an ensemble, for example, at an interface. This goal has been realized in a new family of α-helical bundle peptides which are amphiphilic; namely, they assemble into 4-helix bundles with well-defined hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains. These peptides are capable of binding metalloporphyrin prosthetic groups at selected locations within these domains. We describe here the realization of one of the first members of this family, AP0, successfully designed for vectorial incorporation into soft interfaces between polar and nonpolar...
The utility of nonverbal communication in the profession of pharmacy

Abstract The nonverbal communication relationship between a pharmacist and 243 subjects was investigated by using 18 black and white, 35 mm, 2 × 2 in., slides depicting a male pharmacist in a neighborhood pharmacy setting. A five-point modified Likert questionnaire measured the subject's attitude toward the pharmacist by scoring certain distance and position control slides to the nonverbal communication dimensions of likability and advice potential. Results indicate the subjects had a significantly more positive attitude toward the pharmacist when he was closer, in an eye level position, and when he was not screened by any obstacle such as a sales counter or prescription work area.
Subchronic haloperidol administration decreases aminopeptidase N activity and [Met5]enkephalin metabolism in rat striatum and cortex.

Previously we have shown that subchronic intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of haloperidol decreases the degradation of [Met5]enkephalin by regional brain slices (Waters et al., 1995, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 274, 783). In the present study, subchronic (7-day i.p.) administration of haloperidol (1 mg/kg) decreased the accumulation of aminopeptidase-derived fragments Tyr and Gly-Gly-Phe-Met on cortical and striatal slices. The accumulation of Tyr-Gly-Gly, however, was not altered by haloperidol treatment on slices from either region. Further, aminopeptidase N activity was decreased in P2 membranes isolated from either the cortex or striatum of haloperidol-treated animals. These data suggest that the haloperidol-induced decrease in [Met5]enkephalin metabolism results, at least in part, from a reduction in the activity of aminopeptidase N.
Inhibition of mold development by purine and pyrimidine analogs.

A large number of substituted purines and pyrimidines has been tested for their effects on the development of Aspergillus niger. Three of them, having specific effects on development but not upon growth, have been investigated with respect to (a) the period in development during which they are active and (b) specific counteractants for each.
Where Wnts Went: The Exploding Field of Lrp5 and Lrp6 Signaling in Bone

Wnt signaling has emerged as a central regulator of skeletal modeling and remodeling. Loss- or gain-of-function mutations in two Wnt co-receptors, Lrp5 and (more recently) Lrp6, have drawn attention to the importance of the Wnt pathway in bone biology. This review summarizes our current understanding of how the Wnt pathway operates on bone and the implications this has for skeletal physiology and drug discovery. Over the past 9 yr, rapid advances have been made in our understanding of the cellular targets for Wnt signaling and of the important regulatory molecules in this metabolic pathway. Both canonical and noncanonical signaling pathways seem to be important for mediating the effects of Wnt in bone. A rapidly expanding catalog of genetically engineered mice has been used to establish the importance of downstream effector molecules (such as β-catenin) in the Wnt pathway, as well as the critical role of endogenous inhibitors of Wnt signaling (such as Dkk1 and sclerostin) in bone metabolism. Indeed, regulation of sclerostin in osteocytes is emerging as an important final pathway for regulating bone anabolism in response to diverse trophic stimuli, from mechnotransduction to the anabolic actions of PTH. From the outset, it had been assumed that the effects of Wnt signaling in bone were caused by direct actions in osteoblast precursors, osteoblasts, and osteocytes. However, startling recent findings have challenged this view and suggest that a key target, at least in mice, is the duodenal enterochromaffin cell. There, Wnt signaling transduced by Lrp5 regulates serotonin synthesis, which acts in an endocrine fashion to regulate bone cell metabolism. It will take time to reconcile this new information with the considerable body of information we already have regarding the actions of Wnt in bone. The Wnt pathway has rapidly emerged as a therapeutic target for drug discovery. Neutralizing antibodies and small-molecule inhibitors of endogenous Wnt inhibitors have shown early promise as bone anabolic agents. However, given the central role of the Wnt pathway in regulating growth and development in extraskeletal tissues, as well as our still rudimentary understanding of how this signaling cascade actually affects bone metabolism, considerable work will be needed to ensure the safety of these new therapies.
Gain-of-function mutation in Gnao1: A murine model of epileptiform encephalopathy (EIEE17)?

G protein-coupled receptors strongly modulate neuronal excitability but there has been little evidence for G protein mechanisms in genetic epilepsies. Recently, four patients with epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE17) were found to have mutations in GNAO1, the most abundant G protein in brain, but the mechanism of this effect is not known. The GNAO1 gene product, Gαo, negatively regulates neurotransmitter release. Here, we report a dominant murine model of Gnao1-related seizures and sudden death. We introduced a genomic gain-of-function knock-in mutation (Gnao1 +/G184S) that prevents Go turnoff by Regulators of G protein signaling proteins. This results in rare seizures, strain-dependent death between 15 and 40 weeks of age, and a markedly increased frequency of interictal epileptiform discharges. Mutants on a C57BL/6J background also have faster sensitization to pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) kindling. Both premature lethality and PTZ kindling effects are suppressed in the 129SvJ mouse strain. We have mapped a 129S-derived modifier locus on Chromosome 17 (within the region 41–70 MB) as a Modifer of G protein Seizures (Mogs1). Our mouse model suggests a novel gain-of-function mechanism for the newly defined subset of epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE17). Furthermore, it reveals a new epilepsy susceptibility modifier Mogs1 with implications for the complex genetics of human epilepsy as well as sudden death in epilepsy.
Detection of patient risk by nurses: a theoretical framework

despins l.a., scott-cawiezell j. & rouder j.n. (2010) Detection of patient risk by nurses: a theoretical framework. Journal of Advanced Nursing66(2), 465–474. Abstract Title. Detection of patient risk by nurses: a theoretical framework. Aim. This paper is a description of a theoretical framework of how nurses detect and interpret patient risk signals in the context of organizational attitudes and procedures related to patient safety. Background. The ability to detect when patients are at increased risk for harm is a challenge faced by nurses worldwide. How nurses are able to discriminate patient risk warning signals from background noise is not well understood. Also, the impact of system-level factors on nurses’ signal detection capabilities has not been investigated. Data sources. Computerized database searches were used to identify nursing, organizational science, and cognitive psychology literature from 1964 to 2009 pertinent to the framework. Discussion. The patient risk detection theory synthesizes concepts of signal detection theory and high reliability theory. Signal detection theory explains the decision-making processes of nurses as they scan for signals of potential patient harm. High reliability theory explains how nurses’ signal detection capacities are facilitated when healthcare settings operate as high reliability organizations making patient safety the top priority. Conclusion. The patient risk detection theory facilitates understanding of both individual and organizational factors that influence nurses’ ability to detect risk in complex healthcare settings. It can be used to guide research on interventions to enhance signal detection by nurses and increase patient safety in today’s complex care environments. The theory can also be used to guide design of training programmes that permit nurses to develop practical skills in signal detection.
The Bagshot Beds of Essex

In the second part of the paper on the Westleton beds, by Prof. Prestwich, recently published in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society (vol. xlvi. p. 152), a section of the Brentwood railway cutting is given, which is, if possible, of more interest from the Eocene beds described than from its bearing on the questions dealt with in the paper.
Work in progress — Selection and execution of civil engineering capstone design projects at the United States Coast Guard Academy

In order to enable students to experience real life engineering problem solving, design, team work, project execution and management, civil engineering students at the United States Coast Guard Academy (USCGA) must complete a capstone project as a graduation requirement. To better prepare USCGA students for their unique future roles as civil engineers in the Coast Guard, most capstone projects involve working with Coast Guard officers and civilian engineers in the field on actual Coast Guard projects. Project selection criteria include funding for site visits, a mandatory design component, a reasonable project schedule, realistic stakeholder expectations and a good match with expertise of the faculty advisors. The capstone design teams are provided specific instructions to guide them through the execution of their capstone projects. The authors discuss the development and execution of successful capstone projects at the USCGA and provide strategies for meeting educational outcomes while ensuring projects are useful to the Coast Guard.
Body image concerns, muscle-enhancing behaviors, and eating disorders in males.

Body image concerns among adolescents and young adults are prevalent; almost half of adolescent girls report being dissatisfied with theway their bodies look.1 Body dissatisfaction can have serious adverse consequences, including disordered eating behaviors, eatingdisorders, andobesity. Longitudinal studieshave shown that body dissatisfaction does not motivate young people to engage in healthier eating and physical activity behaviors.2 Body dissatisfactionhasbeenfoundtobeassociatedwitha lower likelihoodofhealthpromoting behaviors such as physical activity and eating fruits and vegetables.2Becausebodydissatisfactiondoesnotmotivateyoung people to engage in health-promoting behaviors, it is important to helpyoungpeople feelbetter about theirbodies topromoteasense of positive well-being and healthier behaviors. Most research on body dissatisfaction emphasizes weight and shape dissatisfaction (eg, wanting to be thinner) in female populations. More recently realized is the importance of body image in adolescent males and the relevance of muscularity for both adolescent males and females.3-5 In a study of 5527 adolescent boys aged 12 to 18 years published in JAMA Pediatrics, Field and colleagues6 showed that adolescent boys have concerns aboutmuscularity and engage in muscle-enhancing behaviors: 17.9% were highly concerned, including 2.4% who used products to enhance muscularity at some point in the 1999-2011 study period. Muscle-enhancing behaviors, and to a lesser extent, muscle-related concerns, were found to longitudinally predict the onset of binge drinking and drug use. Given these findings, clinicians should address muscularity JAMAPEDIATRICS
Branching ratio into spin singlet and triplet mesons in semileptonic decays of heavy flavored mesons

Abstract The differential decay rates into spin singlet and triplet of the Q′ q states in the semileptonic heavy-flavored-meson decays Q q → Q ′ q + l + ν are calculated relativistically in the spectator picture of heavy flavor decays. They determine the production ratio r = Γ (( S = 1) + l +_ ν )/ Γ (( S = 0) + l + ν ) if final-state interactions cause no flipping between singlet and triplet, as is the case in the D and B decays. We find that r varies as a function of a = m (Q′)/ m (Q) from 2 at a = 0 to 3 at a = 1.
Effect of Magnetic Field Direction on Texture Evolution in Cold-Rolled IF Steel Sheet at the Initial Stage of Recrystallization

Sheets of cold rolled (76%) IF steel were annealed at 650°C for 30min under a 12-tesla magnetic field. During the magnetic field annealing, they were placed at the center of the applied field respectively, being oriented differently with respect to the magnetic field direction. The results show that the high magnetic field annealing prevents the evolution from deformed {111} texture component to recrystallized {111} texture component at the initial stage of recrystallization. For the field annealed specimens, altering the specimen orientation to the magnetic field direction during annealing does not change the final annealing textures. The intensity of main {111} texture components presents a similar periodic variation with respect to the specimen orientation to the magnetic field.
Guides to inventory levels for a hospital blood bank determined by electronic computer simulation.

Results of a previous study, in which some operations of a particular blood bank were simulated on an electronic computer, are used to obtain values that permit the establishment of inventory levels appropriate for critical ranges of mean uses and inputs. Though the initial data were collected from a single institution the results should be helpful to similar hospital blood banks. Tables are presented which give for various mean uses and inputs A) the number of days on which use is in excess of the amount of blood available, B) the number of units the bank cannot supply and C) the number of units expiring on the shelf when the bank is held at various inventory levels. An example shows how these tables may be used to determine an appropriate inventory level for a given blood type.
The relationship between the duration of a stimulus and the duration of a perception.

Abstract The time-course of the perception of visual and auditory stimuli has been studied by means of the analysis of the temporal errors in the judgement of the simultaneity of the offset of the first stimulus and the onset of the second stimulus in the same modality. The duration of the first stimulus is the independent variable and the magnitude of the subject's error is the dependent variable. The error analysis for the stimuli which were used indicates that both auditory and visual perceptions have a minimum duration, produced by stimuli of 120–130 msec or less, and that perceptions evoked by stimuli longer than this critical value are continuously graded with respect to duration. No evidence could be found to support the idea that perceptual durations are quantized in the temporal domain.
Escherichia coli Mutants that Synthesize Dephosphorylated Lipid A Molecules

The lipid A moiety of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide is a hexaacylated disaccharide of glucosamine that is phosphorylated at the 1 and 4' positions. Expression of the Francisella novicida lipid A 1-phosphatase FnLpxE in E. coli results in dephosphorylation of the lipid A proximal unit. Coexpression of FnLpxE and the Rhizobium leguminosarum lipid A oxidase RlLpxQ in E. coli converts much of the proximal glucosamine to 2-amino-2-deoxygluconate. Expression of the F. novicida lipid A 4'-phosphatase FnLpxF in wild-type E. coli has no effect because FnLpxF cannot dephosphorylate hexaacylated lipid A. However, expression of FnLpxF in E. coli lpxM mutants, which synthesize pentaacylated lipid A lacking the secondary 3'-myristate chain, causes extensive 4'-dephosphorylation. Coexpression of FnLpxE and FnLpxF in lpxM mutants results in massive accumulation of lipid A species lacking both phosphate groups, and introduction of RlLpxQ generates phosphate-free lipid A variants containing 2-amino-2-deoxygluconate. The proposed lipid A structures were confirmed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Strains with 4'-dephosphorylated lipid A display increased polymyxin resistance. Heptose-deficient mutants of E. coli lacking both the 1- and 4'-phosphate moieties are viable on plates but sensitive to CaCl(2). Our methods for reengineering lipid A structure may be useful for generating novel vaccines and adjuvants.
Have the standards for private security guards become more stringent in the post 9/11 era? An assessment of security guard regulations in the US from 1982 to 2010

There has been a steady increase in security guard employment in the United States in recent decades. Data estimates for 2010 suggest that there are over 10 000 security companies in the United States, employing 1 046 760 guards. While security guards differ from law enforcement officers in many ways, they are similar to the extent that their activities bring them in close contact with citizens, and this raises issues of professionalism and accountability. Yet, relative to police officers, security guard training and licensing standards are not well established and in some contexts there are no regulations for security guards. The threat of terrorism has resulted in greater attention being paid to security guards for their role in safety and security work in the post 9/11 era; however, the extent to which this has affected licensing and training requirements for security guards is unclear. This study examines the nature and extent of security guard licensing and the minimum standards states impose on the industry. It also compares data from 1982 and 1998 with data from 2010, in order to determine whether states have increased the minimum standards relating to security guard regulations over the past 10 years.
The Biology of IL-15: Implications for Cancer Therapy and the Treatment of Autoimmune Disorders

IL-15 has a pivotal role in life and death of natural killer (NK) and CD8 memory T cells. IL-15 signals through a heterotrimeric receptor involving the common gamma chain (γc) shared with IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-21, IL-2/IL-15 receptor β (IL-15Rβ) shared with IL-2 and a private IL-15Rα subunit. IFN- or CD40 ligand–stimulated dendritic cells coordinately express IL-15 and IL-15Rα. Cell surface IL-15Rα presents IL-15 in trans to cells that express IL-2/IL-15Rβ and γc. IL-15 is being used to treat patients with metastatic malignancy. However, IL-15 is an inflammatory cytokine involved in immunological memory including that to self, thereby playing a role in autoimmune diseases. These insights provide the scientific basis for clinical strategies directed toward diminishing IL-15 action. Dysregulated IL-15 expression was demonstrated in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, celiac disease, and alopecia areata. The monoclonal antibody Hu-Mik-β-1 targets the cytokine receptor subunit IL-2/IL-15Rβ (CD122), blocks IL-15 transpresentation, and is being used in clinical trials in patients with autoimmune diseases. In parallel, clinical trials have been initiated involving the Jak2/3 (Janus kinase-2/3) inhibitor tofacitinib and Jak1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib to block IL-15 signaling.
PVT properties of concentrated aqueous electrolytes: V. Densities and apparent molal volumes of the four major sea salts from dilute solution to saturation and from 0 to 100°C

The densities of the major sea salts (NaCl, Na2SO4, MgCl2, and MgSO4) have been measured from 25 to 95°C and to saturation. These results have been combined with literature data and fitted to equations of the form $$\Delta d = Am{\text{ }} + {\text{ }}Bm^{3/2} {\text{ }} + {\text{ }}Cm^2 {\text{ }} + {\text{ }}Dm^{5/2} $$ where Δd=d−do (do is the density of water) and A, B, and C, etc., are polynomial functions of temperature. The standard deviations of the fits were better than ±50×10−6 g-cm−3 for all the salts from 0 to 95°C and to saturation. The apparent molal volumes Vϕ of the salts have been fitted to the equations of Pitzer. The infinite dilution values of Vϕ were in good agreement with literature data, provided the results were not overfit. The large deviations of Vϕ for MgSO4 from additivity as a function of concentration were attributed to the formation of MgSO4 ion pairs.
A whole-system reconsideration of paradigms about photoperiod and temperature control of crop yield

Effects by photoperiod gene(s) and daylength on crop yield and its three major physiological components (aerial biomass, harvest index, and days to harvest maturity) are reviewed for bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). In these plus many other cited crops, photoperiod sensitive gene(s) delay days to flowering and/or days to maturity in non-promotive daylength while simultaneously lowering the harvest index. Thus, for many crops, earlier maturity is associated with higher harvest index, and/or it has been shown that photoperiod gene(s) control partitioning of photosynthate toward reproductive growth versus toward competitive partitioning to continued vegetative growth. Our conclusion is that photoperiod gene control over this partitioning precedes and is causal of the photoperiodgene control over days to flowering and maturity. This implies shifts from commonly accepted paradigms about effects by photoperiod and about breeding for higher yield. These paradigm shifts suggest more efficient ways to breed for cultivar adaption to the specific growing season duration and environment of each geographical site and for higher crop yield.
The fast cooling/heating rate effects in devitrification of glasses. II. Crystallization kinetics

An analytical description of devitrification kinetics induced by time-dependent nucleation and growth of crystallites during a quench-heating cycle is proposed. Relevant experimental situations include differential thermal analysis (DTA) or differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The proposed description involves very few assumptions regarding the temperature dependence of various kinetic parameters, but rather employs measured values of growth rates. It is shown that the conventional description of nucleation based on the steady-state approximation, as a rule, is inapplicable for the description of the DTA/DSC experiment for experimentally reasonable quench/heating rates. The latter is confirmed by the analysis of available experimental data on o-terphenyl and lithium disilicate.
Abstract 2128: The effects of Quercetin on prostate cancer

Prostate cancer (PCa) affects nearly 80% of men worldwide and is the second leading killer after lung cancer. The efficacy of current treatments offered in the clinics is highly compromised due to indolent nature of PCa, which provides large window of opportunity for prevention. Hence, the major focus of this study is to determine the chemo-preventive effects of Quercetin, a bioflavonoid, on prostate cancer. Effect of Quercetin on cell viability and IC50 was determined by MTT assay. The effect of Quercetin on cell motility was determined by wound healing assay. Potential role of Quercetin on cell cycle, apoptosis as well as genes involved in cell motility and invasion was determined using flow cytometry, Real-time qPCR and ELISA. Furthermore, Quercetin induced changes in signaling molecules involved in cell survival/apoptosis, cell cycle and cytoskeletal rearrangement was determined using antibody microarray. Prostate cancer cells treated with Quercetin showed dose and time dependent inhibition of proliferation/viability, and induction of apoptosis as compared to normal prostatic epithelial cells and untreated controls. Prostate cancer cell motility was inhibited in Quercetin treated cells. Prostate cancer cells were arrested in G2 phase of the cell cycle following Quercetin treatment. In addition to these, we found differential expression of caspases, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitor of MMPs in different PCa cell lines compared to untreated controls. Furthermore, antibody microarray analysis demonstrated selective modulation of genes and associated signaling cascades responsible for apoptosis induction, cellular motility, adhesion and invasion in Quercetin treated cells compared to controls. These findings suggest Quercetin as a potent chemo-preventive agent. In addition to this it can be also used with chemotherapeutic agents directed to G2 phase of the cell cycle, which may improve the efficacy of chemotherapeutics offered in clinics to treat advance prostate cancer. Citation Format: Ashley B. Ward, Pranav Gupta, Gurpreet Kaur, Hina Mir, James W. Lillard, Shailesh Singh. The effects of Quercetin on prostate cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2128. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2128
Nuclear data sheets for A = 182*

Abstract The available experimental data pertaining to the nuclear structure of nuclei with A = 182 are compiled; the results from various decay and reaction measurements are compared and evaluated. Inconsistencies and discrepancies in the level schemes are discussed. The “Level Properties” section in the Summary Sheets contains the most complete information on level energies, J π , and T 1/2 .
HR, ERP, and knowledge for competitive advantage

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems are a strong fit with organizations dominated by routine, highly programmed technologies, and tightly regulated operations. However, while these settings are best suited for ERP implementation, they also have the greatest difficulty making use of the knowledge ERP systems generate because of their inherent rigidity, inertia, and resistance to change. This article examines how human resource management practices can help a firm overcome the problems and capitalize on the opportunities that ERP technology presents by facilitating an effective dual-core structure through an emphasis on knowledge management, human capital stewardship, and relationship building. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bumetanide inhibition of NaCl transport by Necturus gallbladder.

Salt transport by theNecturus gallbladder epithelium is the result of the coupled entry of NaCl into the cells across the apical membrane and the active transport of Na out of the cells across the basolateral membrane. The NaCl entry step was studied by measuring the rate of cell volume increase accompanying ouabain inhibition of the Na−K-ATPase in the basolateral membrane. When bumetanide, a diuretic analog of furosemide, was added to the mucosal bathing solution it reversibly blocked the entry of NaCl into the cells and abolished fluid transport. A dose-response relationship showed half-maximal inhibition of NaCl entry at a bumetanide concentration of 10−9 m; complete inhibition of coupled NaCl movement occurred with as little as 10−7 m bumetanide. Partial substitution of Na or Cl in the mucosal solution failed to demonstrate competition between bumetanide and either of the ions. The drug was also effective in blocking NaCl entry in the absence of ouabain; addition of the diuretic to the mucosal bathing solution resulted in prompt cell shrinkage and a decrease in intracellular NaCl. Cell volume decrease followed bumetanide addition to the mucosal bath because NaCl entry was blocked but active Na transport continued for several minutes until the intracellular Na transport pool was depleted.
Studies of a cobalt-promoted acrylonitrile coupling reaction

Abstract A stoichiometric cobalt-promoted acrylonitrile (AN) coupling reaction leading to adiponitrile (ADN) formation was reinvestigated. The active catalyst appears to involve cobalt(0) species. Cobalt hydride complexes are either inactive [CoH2(PPh3)3] or give only low yields of ADN [CoH(N2)(PPh3)3]. Intermediate Co(AN)2 species can be reduced to give ADN using H2S or using H2 and Pt on C. Choice of ligand is a factor in determination of ADN yield, such yields decreasing in the order (CH3)2NCHO ≅ PPh3>P(OPh)3>P(CH3)3>P(OC2H5)3. Formation of stoichiometric ADN yields from Co(N2)(PPh3)3 and AN indicate that co-promoters, such as ZnCl2 and CoCl2, are not required. Different ADN/c,t-1,4-dicyanobutene-1 product ratios, obtained by H2S treatment of Co(AN)2 species and a known complex, suggest that the intermediate Co(AN)2 species consist mainly of polymeric structures rather than monomeric metallacyclic complexes.