cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A flexible low cost fractal-slot multiband antenna for wireless applications

A Koch fractal slot multiband antenna designed on polyimide-based flexible substrate is proposed in this paper. By cutting a Koch snowflake slot in the circular monopole, multiband characteristics are achieved. The impedance bandwidths of the proposed antenna are 55.39 % for first band (0.77 – 1.36 GHz), 29.50 % for second band (1.85 – 2.49 GHz) and 35.3 % for third band (2.80 – 4.00 GHz) with maximum gains of 1.25 dBi, 1.54 dBi and 2.23 dBi respectively. The antenna size is 115 × 90 mm2. This design is suitable for flexible mobile devices having relatively omnidirectional coverage of GSM 850/900/1900, UMTS, 2.4 GHz WLAN, ISM & Bluetooth, LTE 2300 and WiMAX bands.
Continuum Observations of Recycled Pulsars

Continuum observations are used to investigate the nature of the eclipse of PSR 1957+20 and the distribution of pulsars in globular clusters. The frequency dependence of continuum and pulsed ellipse are found to differ dramatically. While a substantial loss of continuum power occurs during pulsed eclipse at an observing frequency of 90 cm, the continuum flux density of PSR 1957+20 is largely undiminished at 20 cm, with the possible exception of a short asymmetric ellipse. This observation severely limits the density of the companion’s wind and implies that the 20 cm pulsed eclipse is largely due to the loss of coherent pulsations. Continuum studies are also shown to be useful for examining the pulsar population of globular clusters. From observations of a sample of clusters it is found that the number of pulsars in a cluster scales approximately as the square root of the stellar collision rate. Deep continuum observations of the rich globular cluster Terzan 5 reveal steep spectrum sources distributed throughout the cluster core, implying the presence of a large population of pulsars.
The comparative life cycle assessment of power generation from lignocellulosic biomass

In order to solve the energy crisis and reduce emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG), renewable energy resources are exploited for power generation. Because lignocellulosic biomass resources are abundant and renewable, various technologies are applied to using lignocellulosic biomass to derive biofuel and electricity. This paper focuses on power generation from lignocellulosic biomass and comparison of the effects of different feedstocks, transportation, and power generation technologies evaluated through life cycle assessment (LCA). The inputs and boundaries of LCA vary with different feedstocks, such as forestry wood, agricultural residues, and fast-growing grass. For agricultural residues and fast-growing grass, the transportation cost from field to power plant is more critical. Three technologies for power generation are analyzed both with and without pelletization of lignocellulosic biomass. The GHG emissions also vary with different feedstocks and depend on burning technologies at different plant scales. The daily criteria pollutant emissions of power generation from different lignocellulosic biomass were evaluated with a life cycle assessment model of GREET.net 2014. It is concluded that bio-power generation is critical with the urgency of greenhouse effects.
Establishing global properties of multi-agent systems via local laws

This paper is part of a long term research program on multiagent systems (MASs), based on the proposition that the interactions among the members of a large and heterogeneous system of autonomous agents need to be governed by a global and strictly enforced law; and that such laws need to be local, so that they can be complied with at the locus of each agent--without having any direct information of the coincidental state of other members of the MAS. Such concept of law has been realized under our LGI coordination and control mechanism. This paper shows how local laws over a MAS can be used to establish global and aggregate system properties in a scalable manner; where by "aggregate properties" we mean properties defined over the coincidental interactions among several, possibly many, members of a given multiagent system.
Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage caused by primary antiphospholipid syndrome

Introduction: Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) is a severe complication of primary antiphospholipid syndrome (PAPS). We describe treatment and outcomes of DAH due to PAPS. Methods: Retrospective review of all adults evaluated at Mayo Clinic with DAH due to PAPS between 01/01/97 and 12/31/11. PAPS diagnosis met the revised Sapporo criteria. DAH was defined as bilateral pulmonary infiltrates with BAL documenting bloody return and/or >20% hemosiderin laden macrophages (HLM). Results: Seventeen patients (men=12) were identified. Median age (IQR) was 43 years (36-47). Three patients underwent lung biopsy showing capillaritis. Median % of HLM was 87% (81-98), BAL differential was predominantly neutrophilic, median 30% (18-60). All patients were treated with high doses of glucocorticoids, 6 of whom did not respond. Sixteen patients were on anticoagulation at DAH diagnosis. Number of patients treated with immunosuppressants/number that achieved remission are described as follows: Mycophenolate mofetil 7/0, azathioprine 6/0, cyclophosphamide 7/3, plasma exchange 2/0, intravenous gamma-globulin 4/1, rituximab 6/3. Only 2 patients are off glucocorticoids(all treated with rituximab). Five patients died, 4 from complications of DAH and one from complications of autologous stem cell transplant conditioning regimen for treatment of refractory DAH/ APS. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, we present the largest series of DAH secondary to PAPS. This disease carries a poor prognosis with limited successful therapeutic options. Glucocorticoids are first line therapy and B-cell targeted immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide or rituximab may have the highest likelihood to induce remission and should be considered early.
A re-evaluation of laser heterodyne radiometer ClO measurements

Previously reported measurements of stratospheric ClO using a balloon-borne laser heterodyne radiometer, launched from Palestine, Texas, are re-evaluated as a result of recent spectroscopic data. A spectral feature which was observed during September, 1978 and November, 1979 flights was incorrectly identified as a ClO absorption line, while a second feature observed during the latter flight with somewhat limited sensitivity is now believed to be due to ClO. This new interpretation results in a measured ClO profile which falls off more rapidly with decreasing altitude than the previous results indicated.
Synthesis and characterization of well-defined poly(α-methylstyrene)-b-poly(dimethylsiloxane) block copolymers

The anionic synthesis is reported for AB and ABA narrow distribution block copolymers of poly(α-methylstyrene) (PAMS, A) and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS, B) with molecular weights ranging between 8.2 × 103 and 1.9 × 105. In one approach living PAMS end-capped with a short polystyrene block (PAMS−PSLi) was obtained by the tert-butyllithium initiated polymerization of AMS in THF at −78 °C followed by the sequential addition of styrene, 2−3 equiv of 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-2,5-disila-1-oxacyclopentane (EDS) at −20 °C, and hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3) at 25 °C. A more convenient synthesis without the use of styrene is the direct end-capping of living PAMSLi with EDS at −10 °C followed by the polymerization of D3 at 25 °C. The living block copolymers were then end-capped with Me3SiCl or coupled with Me2SiCl2 to give matching AB and ABA narrow distribution block copolymers. The glass transition temperatures of the PAMS blocks were at least 10 °C higher than that of the PAMS−PS blocks.
Cloning, characterization and genomic structure of the natural killer cell enhancement factor (NKEF)-like gene from homozygous clones of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Abstract Natural killer cell enhancement factor (NKEF) belongs to the antioxidant protein family. In the human, NKEF has the ability to enhance natural killer cell cytotoxic activity in vitro. In the present work, the cDNAs of NKEF from three strains of homozygous clones of rainbow trout were cloned from the splenic cDNA library of one of the strains, OSU142, and then by RT-PCR for the Hot Creek (HC) and Arlee (AR) strains. The HC sequence has 99% sequence identity with both OSU142 and AR. OSU142 and AR have only one nucleotide difference in the cDNA sequence. All three sequences have the same deduced NKEF peptide, which contains 199 amino acids. The 6.5 kb genomic DNA of OSU142 containing NKEF was sequenced and contains six exons and five introns. Tissue specific expression of NKEF was studied by RT-PCR in eight different tissues of OSU142 and revealed that all tissues expressed NKEF . A southern blot revealed that the gene for NKEF is present in a single copy. The cDNA and amino acid sequences of trout NKEF have high similarity with human, rat, mouse and carp sequences, therefore, indicating that NKEF is a very conserved gene.
Refining expertise: how responsible engineers subvert environmental justice challenges

The reasons that activist groups fail or only partially succeed are many: they trade representation and legitimacy for legal, economic, or social benefits; they fail to muster enough leverage to ge...
Positron emission tomography studies of cerebral glucose metabolism in chronic partial epilepsy

Positron emission tomography (PET) performed with [18F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([18F]FDG) was used to measure local cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (lCMRGlc) interictally in 31 patients with chronic partial epilepsy and 16 age-matched normal subjects. Hypometabolic zones were visualized in 25 patients (81%). Cortical lCMRGlc in hypometabolic zones was within 2 standard deviations of the mean for normal temporal cortex in all but 8 patients. However, in 24 patients asymmetry between the hypometabolic cortex and homologous contralateral cortex was more than 2 standard deviations above the mean cortical asymmetry for normals. There was good correlation between hypometabolic zones and electroencephalogram (EEG) foci in patients with unilateral well-defined EEG foci. Diffuse or shifting EEG abnormalities were often associated with normal PET scans. Of 28 patients who underwent magnetic resonance imaging, 10 showed focal temporal lobe abnormalities corresponding to focal hypometabolism. While the [18F]FDG PET scan cannot currently localize an epileptogenic zone independently, the absence of focal hypometabolism or its presence contralateral to a presumed EEG focus suggests the need for additional electrophysiological data.
Crystallographic Aspects of Low Energy Boron Implantation Into Silicon

The computer program MARLOWE has been used to investigate low energy boron implantation into silicon. When implanted in a “random” direction at 5 keV, the most deeply penetrating ions are seen to have spent an appreciable part of their path travelling in , or axial directions or in {111} or {220} planar channels. Channeling was then investigated more directly by observing the mean path travelled by the ions in the direction of incidence as a function of both azimuthal and tilt angles between the direction of incidence and the 001 direction. At 5 keV, {111} planar channeling and , , and axial channeling is prominent, with {220} planar and and axial channeling observed to a lesser degree. Higher order planar channeling such as {400}, {331}, {422} or (511} was not observed at 5 keV. At 0.75 keV only . and axial channeling and {111} planar channeling remained.
Some statistical aspects of low-dose electron imaging of crystals

Abstract The concern is with improving images of molecular structures obtained by biophysicists employing electron microscopes. The phases obtained by Fourier transforming electron micrographs are combined with available more precise amplitudes, in a Fourier synthesis, to obtain images. A study is made of the merits of various multipliers (convergence factors) employed in the Fourier synthesis. An estimate of the error of the improved image is constructed. A method of combining images from different experiments is developed. A noise corrupted version of a high-resolution two-dimensional image of bacteriorhodopsin is employed to visually and formally assess the relative merits of different multipliers.
Improved early results after aortic valve replacement: Analysis by surgical time frame

Primary aortic valve replacement was performed in 430 patients. It was an isolated procedure in 339 and was combined with coronary artery bypass grafting in 91. Of these patients, 282 underwent operation from 1970 through 1976 (time frame 1) and 148 from 1980 through 1985 (time frame 2). They were divided into subgroups by age, New York Heart Association functional class, combined coronary artery bypass graft, and valvular lesion. Overall hospital mortality was 7.7% (time frame 1 = 10.6% versus time frame 2 = 2.0%; p less than 0.01). Overall, functional class III or IV was the strongest predictor of hospital mortality (p less than 0.001). Association of coronary artery bypass graft was the next strongest predictor of hospital mortality (p less than 0.01), and it retained its predictive value in time frame 2. Overall, hospital mortality was higher in patients older than 55 years (10.5% versus 3.5%; p less than 0.05). There were no hospital deaths in patients younger than 55 years in time frame 2. Type of valvular lesion was not a predictor of hospital mortality. Hospital mortality in patients receiving cardioplegia was 2%. Cardioplegia use has lessened the effect of age and functional class as predictors of hospital mortality after primary aortic valve replacement. Earlier operation in time frame 2 played a substantial role in the overall improvement of early results.
Gold nanoelectrodes of varied size: Transition to molecule-like charging

A transition from metal-like double-layer capacitive charging to redox-like charging was observed in electrochemical ensemble Coulomb staircase experiments on solutions of gold nanoparticles of varied core size. The monodisperse gold nanoparticles are stabilized by short-chain alkanethiolate monolayers and have 8 to 38 kilodaltons core mass (1.1 to 1.9 nanometers in diameter). Larger cores display Coulomb staircase responses consistent with double-layer charging of metal-electrolyte interfaces, whereas smaller core nanoparticles exhibit redox chemical character, including a large central gap. The change in behavior is consistent with new near-infrared spectroscopic data showing an emerging gap between the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied orbitals of 0.4 to 0.9 electron volt.
On the viscous core of a line vortex II

Die Temperaturverteilung wird berechnet im zahen Kern einer Wirbelstromung, welcher eine axisymmetrische Staupunktstromung uberlagert ist. Im Grenzfall kleiner Zahigkeit und geringer Zusdammendruckbarkeit werden geschlossene Losungen fur verschiedene Prandtlsche Zahlen angegeben. Im Wirbelkern ergibt sich ein bemerkenswerter Kuhlungseffekt; somit wird gezeigt, dass die Erfahrungen der Grenzschicht-Theorie nicht auf den Fall des zahen Wirbelkernes anwendbar sind.
Stationary two-dimensional turbulence statistics using a Markovian forcing scheme

Abstract In this study we investigate the statistics of two-dimensional stationary turbulence using a Markovian forcing scheme, which correlates the forcing process in the current time step to the previous time step according to a defined memory coefficient. In addition to the Markovian forcing mechanism, the hyperviscous dissipation mechanism for small scales and the Ekman friction type of linear damping mechanism for the large scales are included in the model. We examine the effects of various dissipation and forcing parameters on the turbulence statistics in both wave space and physical space. Our analysis includes the effects of the effective forcing scale, the bandwidth of the forcing, the memory correlation coefficient, and the forcing amplitude, along with the large scale friction and small scale dissipation coefficients. Scaling exponents of structure functions and energy spectra are calculated, and the role of the parameters associated with the Markovian forcing is discussed. We found that the scaling exponents are approximately invariant and show a universal behavior for the various forms of forcing schemes used. We found, however, that the final states strongly depend on the large scale friction mechanism considered. When the large scale friction mechanism is included in the model with a high friction coefficient, we demonstrate that the behavior is no longer universal. Our analysis also shows that the second-order vorticity structure function has an asymptotic scaling exponent for larger dissipation. Additionally, we confirmed that vorticity behaves as a passive scalar when the dissipation mechanism becomes less effective. Finally, although turbulence is not believed to have a separation of time scales in the dynamics of the velocity field, we conjectured that a separation of time scales exists in the dynamics of the energy spectrum.
CHARACTERIZATION OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINANTS USING DYNAMIC THERMAL STRIPPING AND ADSORPTION/THERMAL DESORPTION-GC-MS

Alternate methods to the time consuming solvent extraction technique used in the characterization of groundwater contaminants were sought to reduce the analysis time and allow for automation. By adsorbing (ADS) groundwater samples on a quartz tube filled with graphitized charcoal (Carbotrap, Carbotrap C) and thermally desorbing it in a Envirochem Unacon 810 unit directly interfaced with a GC-MSD, it was possible to detect the major groundwater contaminants originating from several types of industrial landfills. Compounds such as aniline, dioxane, and phenols were measured simultaneously with minimal sample preparation. The results were compared to those obtained by dynamic thermal stripping (DTS) followed by GC-MS. These methods are much more cost effective than solvent extraction since they require only a few minutes of the analyst's time for the introduction of the sample. ADS was superior to DTS and solvent extraction for the analysis of water soluble compounds which are poorly extracted into solvents. DTS provided cleaner chromatograms and allowed for lower detection limit than ADS. The two techniques are therefore complementary.
Chronic immune synovitis in rabbits. II. Modulation by anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic agents

Synovitis was induced in rabbits sensitized to bovine serum albumin (BSA) by a modification of the method of Dumonde and Glynn. Agents were administered starting on the day of initial BSA joint challenge and every weekday (14-17 doses) for 17 to 21 day periods. Synovial tissues were then excised and evaluated either (1) histologically for inflammatory cell infiltration, or (2) both histologically and for total IgG, anti-BSA, and beta-glucuronidase levels in homogenates of portions of the same tissues. By the intraperitoneal and oral routes, methylprednisolone (1 mg/kg/day), azathioprine (25-40 mg/kg/day) and cyclophosphamide (10 mg/kg/day) produced significantly decreases of 40-100% in some or all of the parameters measured. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, including phenylbutazone, ibuprofen and acetylsalicylic acid at oral doses of 75 or 100 mg/kg/day, were ineffective as were colchicine at 1 mg/kg/day and indomethacin at 5 mg/kg/day. Thus, as we have measured it, this model of rheumatoid arthritis is not affected by those agents considered to be of limited effectiveness in this chronic disease, but is ameliorated by corticoids and some slow acting agents.
Effective Gol'dberg number for diverging waves

An effective Gol'dberg number is proposed for determining the degree of nonlinear distortion achieved in a diverging wave field. For values that are large compared with unity, the degree of nonlinear waveform distortion is virtually the same as that for a plane wave characterized by the traditional Gol'dberg number having the same numerical value. Expressions for the effective Gol'dberg number are proposed for spherical and cylindrical waves, Gaussian beams, and exponential horns.
Impact of simvastatin, niacin, and/or antioxidants on cholesterol metabolism in CAD patients with low HDL

The HDL Atherosclerosis Treatment Study (HATS) demonstrated a clinical benefit in coronary artery disease patients with low HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) levels treated with simvastatin and niacin (S-N) or S-N plus antioxidants (S-N+A) compared with antioxidants alone or placebo. Angiographically documented stenosis regressed in the S-N group but progressed in all other groups. To assess the mechanism(s) responsible for these observations, surrogate markers of cholesterol absorption and synthesis were measured in a subset of 123 HATS participants at 24 months (on treatment) and at 38 months (off treatment). Treatment with S-N reduced desmosterol and lathosterol levels (cholesterol synthesis indicators) 46% and 36% (P < 0.05), respectively, and elevated campesterol and beta-sitosterol levels (cholesterol absorption indicators) 70% and 59% (P < 0.05), respectively, relative to placebo and antioxidant but not S-N+A. Treatment with antioxidants alone had no significant effect. Combining S-N with antioxidants reduced desmosterol and lathosterol by 37% and 31%, and elevated campesterol and beta-sitosterol levels by 54% and 46%, but differences did not attain significance. Mean change in percent stenosis was positively associated with a percent change in lathosterol (r = 0.26, P < 0.005) and negatively associated with a percent change in beta-sitosterol (r = -0.21, P < 0.01). These data suggest that changes in stenosis were attributable, in part, to changes in cholesterol metabolism.
Ethnic Minority Bisexual Women: Understanding the Invisible Population

ABSTRACT Lesbian and gay identity development has received increased attention while bisexual identity has received limited consideration. Theory suggests that women's sexuality is contextually based. Thus, the understudied intersection of bisexuality and other cultural identities becomes important to examine. Interviews with 14 ethnic minority bisexual women were conducted to investigate factors influencing bisexual identity development and its intersections with cultural identities. Consensual qualitative research revealed that a bisexual self-concept, managing bisexual identity, community identity, partner relationship challenges, pressures from family and social contexts, and the challenges of and strategies for managing multiple identities were salient factors. Theoretical, counseling, and research implications are explored.
Self-assembly and structural relaxation in a model ionomer melt

Molecular dynamics simulations are used to understand the self-assembly and structural relaxation in ionomer melts containing less than 10% degree of ionization on the backbone. The self-assembly of charged sites and counterions shows structural ordering and agglomeration with a range of structures that can be achieved by changing the dielectric constant of the medium. The intermediate scattering function shows a decoupling of charge and counterion relaxation at longer length scales for only high dielectric constant and at shorter length scales for all dielectric constants. Overall, the slow structural decay of counterions in the strongly correlated ionomer system closely resembles transport properties of semi-flexible polymers.
Noradrenergic α-2 agonists have anxiolytic-like actions on stress-related behavior and mesoprefrontal dopamine biochemistry

Clonidine (CLON), an α-2 agonist, has anxiolytic-like actions on the response of mesoprefrontal dopamine (DA) neurons to aversive stimuli in addition to some fear-related behavioral responses. We hypothesized that the anxiolytic-like actions of clonidine could be mimicked by stimulation of α-2 receptors on the mesoprefrontal dopamine neurons. Here, we test this hypothesis using clonidine or guanfacine (GFC), another α-2 agonist, in a model of aversive conditioning that selectively activates the mesoprefrontal dopamine neurons. One day prior to testing with drugs, rats were conditioned to fear a soft tone by pairing it with a footshock. During testing, the animals were subjected to the tones alone after drugs were administered systemically, or by local infusion into the regions containing the cell bodies and terminals of the mesoprefrontal dopamine neurons, namely, the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the prelimbic (PL) cortex. Systemic administration of guanfacine blocked the increase in immobility in response to the conditioned tone and prevented the stress-associated increase in dopamine turnover in the prelimbic cortex. Systemic clonidine also prevented the stress-associated increase in dopamine turnover but caused sedation preventing behavioral measures. Guanfacine was then used in all local injection studies. The local application of guanfacine into either the prelimbic cortex or the ventral tegmental area did not prevent the conditioned fear-induced increase in dopamine turnover or the increase in immobility in response to the conditioned tones. We conclude that the anxiolytic-like actions of α-2 agonists are not due to binding to α-2 receptors on the stress-sensitive mesoprefrontal dopamine neurons.
Infrared spectra and tautomeric structure of nucleosides and nucleotides in D2O solution. II

Abstract Thymidine exists in the diketo form in deuterium oxide solution, and cytidine exists in the amino form. In acid solution, cytidine and cytidylic acid probably have an imonian structure. The monosodium salt of adenylic acid has the amino form in solution and, possibly, the imino form in the solid state. Adenylic acid has an imonium structure in the solid state.
Allopregnanolone's attenuation of the lordosis-inhibiting effects of restraint is blocked by the antiprogestin, CDB-4124

Abstract A brief restraint experience reduces lordosis behavior in ovariectomized females that have been hormonally primed with estradiol benzoate. The addition of progesterone to the priming prevents the lordosis inhibition. Based on prior studies with an inhibitor of progesterone metabolism, we have implicated the intracellular progesterone receptor, rather than progesterone metabolites, as responsible for this protection. However, the progesterone metabolite, allopregnanolone (3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one), also prevents lordosis inhibition after restraint. In a prior study, we reported that the progestin receptor antagonist, RU486 (11β-(4-dimethylamino)phenyl-17β-hydroxy-17-(1-propynyl)estra-4,9-dien-3-one), attenuated the effect of allopregnanolone. Because RU486 can also block the glucocorticoid receptor, in the current studies, we evaluated the effect of the progestin receptor antagonist, CDB-4124 (17α-acetoxy-21-methoxy-11β-[4-N,N-dimethyaminopheny]-19-norpregna-4,9-dione-3,20-dione), which is relatively devoid of antiglucocorticoid activity. Ovariectomized, Fischer rats were injected with 10 μg estradiol benzoate. Two days later, rats received either 60 mg/kg CDB-4124 or 20% DMSO/propylene glycol vehicle 1 h before injection with 4 mg/kg allopregnanolone. After a pretest to confirm sexual receptivity, rats were restrained for 5 min and immediately tested for sexual behavior. Lordosis behavior was reduced by the restraint and attenuated by allopregnanolone. Pretreatment with CDB-4124 reduced allopregnanolone's effect. These findings support prior suggestions that allopreganolone reduces the response to restraint by mechanisms that require activation of the intracellular progesterone receptor.
The TACE zymogen: re-examining the role of the cysteine switch.

The tumor necrosis factor-α-converting enzyme (TACE) is a member of the disintegrin family of metallopro-teinases (ADAMs) that plays a central role in the regulated shedding of a host of cell surface proteins. TACE is biosynthesized as a precursor protein with latent proteolytic activity (zymogen). TACE’s zymogen inhibition is mediated by its Pro domain, a 197-amino acid region that serves this function as well as aiding in the secretion of this enzyme through the secretory pathway. We have discovered that a conserved “cysteine switch” consensus motif within TACE’s Pro domain is, contrary to expectations, not required for maintenance of the inactive precursor state or for the secretion of this metalloproteinase in its functional form. The only role for this motif seems to be in decreasing TACE’s susceptibility to proteolytic degradation during its biogenesis and maturation within the secretory pathway. Interestingly, the Pro domain of TACE seems to carry both its inhibitory and secretory functions through the same mechanism: it seems to prevent the Catalytic domain from accessing its native, functional state, resembling the function of true molecular chaperones. Recent evidence suggests that TACE may also be switched out of the active conformation even by small, drug-like molecules such as the synthetic compound SB-3CT. These findings point at the possibility of developing, in the near future, a new generation of anti-inflammatory, noncompetitive TACE inhibitors that would exert negative allosteric modulation over the activity of this key enzyme, mediating several inflammatory diseases and certain cancers.
The Penman natural language project

The development of useful and theoretically motivated computational resources for natural language input and output. This work may in future take the form of the development of a multilingual knowledge-based machine-aided translation system, together with the Center for Machine Translation at CMU and the Computing Research Laboratory at New Mexico State University.
Ligand-induced movement of helix X in the lactose permease from Escherichia coli: a fluorescence quenching study.

Five single-Trp mutants were constructed by replacing Val315, Leu318, Val326, Leu329, or Val331 with Trp in transmembrane helix X of a functional lactose permease mutant devoid of Trp residues (Trp-less permease). Taking into account expression levels, each single-Trp permease except for Val331-->Trp exhibits significant activity. The intrinsic fluorescence emission of each single-Trp mutant does not change significantly after addition of beta-d-galactopyranosyl 1-thio-beta-d-galactopyranoside (TDG), indicating that ligand induces little change in the microenvironment of the Trp residues. However, fluorescence quenching studies with the brominated detergent 7,8-dibromododecyl beta,d-maltoside (BrDM) demonstrate that a Trp residue in place of Val315, Val326, or Val331 becomes less accessible to BrDM in the presence of TDG, while a Trp residue in place of Leu318 or Leu329 becomes more accessible. Acrylamide quenching studies with Leu318-->Trp and Val331-->Trp permeases or 2-(4-maleimidoanilino)naphthalene-6-sulfonic acid (MIANS)-labeled Thr320-->Cys and Glu325-->Cys permeases indicate that positions 318 and 325 also become more accessible to a hydrophobic environment in the presence of TDG, while positions 320 and 331 become less accessible. The findings are consistent with a recently proposed mechanism for energy coupling in lactose permease [Kaback, H. R. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94, 5539-5543] in which substrate binding causes a conformational change resulting in movement of Glu325 to a nonpolar environment with a dramatic increase in pKa.
Overlap integral factors in integrated optic modulators and switches

Coplanar strip and complementary coplanar strip electrodes are often used in integrated optical switches and modulators using the optical directional coupler. The field analysis of these electrodes is performed to determine the optimum overlap integral between the optical field and the modulating electromagnetic field. The optimal placement of the electrodes with respect to the optical channel waveguides is presented as a function of electrode width and spacing. >
Phantom of the area: poverty-area residence and mortality in the United States.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to conduct a national multivariate analysis on poverty-area residence and mortality in the United States. METHODS: Proportional hazards analyses were performed of the effect of poverty-area residence on the risk of mortality among adult examinees in the 1971 through 1974 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey who were followed through 1987. RESULTS: Poverty-area residence was associated with significantly elevated risk of all-cause mortality (rate ratio = 1.78, 95% confidence interval = 1.33, 2.38) and some cause-specific mortality among those aged 25 through 54 years, but not among those aged 55 through 74 years, at baseline after adjustment for several individual and household characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: Residence in poverty areas contributes to socioeconomic gradients in mortality among nonelderly adults in the United States.
Performance Evaluation and the Internet 2 Performance Initiative

Performance is a key factor in the development and execution of modern computer systems and networks. In order to understand the performance of a computer system, the elements of the system must be defined as well as the evaluation strategy. The Internet 2 end-to-end performance initiative is focused on performance measurement, analysis, and improvements that lead to a standard set of network capabilities and limitations. By using current Internet 2 project groups, the end-to-end performance initiative is a collaborative effort that will maximize current infrastructure performance and provide guidelines for future systems. The focal points of this initiative are: network applications, end computer and operating systems, and the supporting network. As a result of this performance initiative, a performance evaluation and review framework will provide direction for current and future network development.
Affinity-Seeking Strategies Associated with Students' Perceptions of Satisfaction with Communication in the Classroom

Data from 140 undergraduate students indicated that 16 of the 25 affinity-seeking strategies examined here were associated with ratings of the global impression of satisfaction with communication in the classroom. Six affinity-seeking strategies, however, contributed unique variance in predicting perceptions of the satisfaction.
Investigating automated assistance and implicit feedback for searching systems

Information retrieval systems offering personalized automated assistance have the potential to improve the searching process. There has been much work in this area for several years on a variety of systems. However, there has been little empirical evaluation of automated assistance to determine if it is of real benefit for searchers. We report the results of empirical evaluation investigate how searchers use implicit feedback and automated assistance during the searching process. Results from the empirical evaluation indicate that searchers typically use multiple implicit feedback actions, usually bookmark – copy. The most commonly utilized automated assistance was for query refinement, notable the use of the thesaurus. We discuss the implications for Web systems and future research.
Photomask cleaning for high-density and embedded PSM

Photomask cleaning is getting important factor in whole mask process as device density is going to higher and introducing of P.S.M. Not only hard defect but contamination defects both on Qz and the Cr areas of photomask reticle can make problems on wafer. Especially contamination defect on the Cr of embedded type P.S.M. can cause the undesirable phase shift effect. Current method of photomask cleaning is not so improved compared to other areas of mask manufacturing. New technology of cleaning will be developed in near future but we try to figure out the limit of current cleaning method and maximize the current cleaning performance.
Analysis of Feature-Scale Wear in Chemical Mechanical Polishing: Modeling and Experiments

An asperity-scale wear model was developed to predict feature-scale wear in chemical–mechanical polishing (CMP), and was compared to the measured evolution of a lithographically patterned feature during full-scale CMP tests. To conduct this study, a lithographic technique was used to pattern a set of raised square features into a Cu-coated silicon wafer. Two-dimensional contact profilometry was used to measure the topography of an isolated feature on each wafer both before polishing and at various intervals throughout the polishing process. In the wear modeling formulation, a pad deflection-based contact mechanics model was developed and combined with a particle-based wear model to predict the wear evolution of the sample during CMP. The predicted wear of the sample feature was found to agree well to experimental results.
Superallowed 0 + → 0 + nuclear β decays: 2014 critical survey, with precise results for V u d and CKM unitarity

Precise measurements of the $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay between nuclear states of spin-parity ${0}^{+}$ and isospin 1 provide fundamental tests of the properties of the electroweak interaction. Collectively, these transitions sensitively probe the conservation of the vector weak current, set tight limits on the presence of scalar currents, and provide the most precise value for ${V}_{u\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}d}$. The latter result has become a linchpin in the most demanding test of the unitarity of the CKM matrix.
Simulation of ocean temperature change due to the opening of Drake Passage

An ocean general circulation model (GCM) is used to test the hypothesis that the opening of Drake Passage in the Oligocene may have lead to cooling in southern high latitudes. Results of previous studies show that no ocean models using restoring boundary conditions for the surface heat flux could reveal substantial southern high latitude cooling without prescribing atmospheric cooling a priori. To compute the surface heat flux that would be free from the restoring constraints we use another method, which is derived from an atmospheric energy balance model with lateral heat transport. In experiments conducted with both idealized and realistic topography the energy balance method produces substantial cooling not only in high latitudes but in deep waters as well.
Heart-Rhythm Monitoring for Evaluation of Cryptogenic Stroke

Observational studies suggest that we often fail to detect paroxysmal atrial fibrillation as the cause of ischemic stroke.1 However, owing to the limitations of existing studies, guidelines have yet to endorse specific strategies for detecting atrial fibrillation in patients with a new stroke.2,3 The results of two studies published in this issue of the Journal indicate that prolonged monitoring of heart rhythm should now become part of the standard care of patients with cryptogenic stroke.4,5 This finding represents an important advance, because typical evaluations fail to determine the cause of one third of ischemic strokes. Cryptogenic strokes often . . .
Effects of Situational and Individual Influences on the Selection of Daily Clothing

This study examined the daily clothing selection from the perspective of consumer decision process by (1) testing the actual existence ofexogenous and endogenous dimensions of situational influence and clothing orientation of individual influence affecting the selection of daily clothing using factor analysis; (2) testing the hypothesis that, in the case of daily clothing selection, situational influence is mostly exogenous in nature; and (3) pilot testing the situational and individual influences on three different female populations of college, professional, and suburban/nonworking women.Three different female populations which consisted of 385 college women, 62 professional women, and 65 suburban/nonworking women were surveyed to determine the difference in emphasis placed on situational and individual influences. The result of the principal axis factor analysis indicated that the situational influences which affect one's selection of daily clothing are mostly exogenous in nature. The exogenous factor ...
Observations on the Food and Growth of Juvenile American Shad, Alosa Sapidissima

Abstract Previous studies on the food habits of juvenile American shad have been restricted to one area such as an individual river or a group of ponds. In this study juveniles were obtained from six widely separated rivers. It was found that the food taken, mostly insects and crustaceans, was approximately the same in all rivers sampled. In general young shad appeared to utilize those food organisms which were most available in their habitat at a particular time. Phytoplankton was not observed in any of the 453 stomachs examined. The average lengths of the shad sampled from the various rivers, excluding the Famunkey River sample, were similar although the southern river samples spawned earlier than those from the more northern rivers.
The family lecture.

SUMMARY This paper describes a lecture about my extended family, in which I discuss a variety of configurations consisting of lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults, and our children. It raises an array of issues, including alternative insemination, biological and nonbiological parentage, donors and birthmothers, adoption, co-parenting and blended families, significant others, and gay marriage and domestic partnership. It helps many students obtain both a more expansive sense of family and adeeper understanding of homophobia.
Rigidity of time changes for horocycle flows

Soit T t un flot preservant la mesure sur un espace de probabilite (X,μ). On etudie la rigidite des changements de t pour des lots horocycles
Chlorophyll-chlorophyll and chlorophyll-water interactions in the solid state.

Abstract Absorption spectra in the visible and infrared have been recorded for films of dry chlorophyll a , chlorophyll b , bacteriochlorophyll, pyrochlorophyll a , and pheophytin a . The effects of water on the spectra have also been studied. From the infrared it is possible to deduce structures for the chlorophyll species involved, and to correlate the visible absorption spectra of both chlorophyll oligomers and chlorophyll-water adducts with particular chlorophyll species. Hydration may cause large red shifts in the visible absorption spectra, probably as a result of changes in the orientation of the chlorophyll molecules relative to each other.
Complement abnormalities in multiple myeloma.

Purpose Patients with multiple myeloma have been shown to have defective opsonization and C3 deposition. Previous studies have suggested that defective C3 deposition may be related to a failure of C3 activation in myeloma serum, the mechanism of which is unknown. We therefore decided to in- vestigate the underlying mechanism responsible for the failure in C3 activation and deposition. Patients and methods The study consisted of 10 patients from whom a total of 12 serum speci- mens were obtained. Normal serum was prepared from a pool of serum specimens in four healthy male donors. We evaluated, in vitro , the kinetics of C3 deposition onto zymosan using radiolabeled C3 under various conditions. We also measured the se- rum levels of a variety of complement components using standard methods. Results Five of 10 patients' sera demonstrated poor C3 deposition onto zymosan at all time points, whereas an additional two showed poor C3 deposi- tion at early time points but a rebound to normal by 30 minutes. Multiple components of the classical and alternative complement pathways were de- creased in many patients, with the most striking abnormalities occurring in those with the poorest C3 deposition. No single complement component abnormality was found to be common to the group. Elevations in Bb fragment concentration strongly suggest in vivo activation as the likely mechanism for depletion of alternative pathway components; the mechanism for classical pathway abnormalities is less clear. There was an inverse correlation be- tween paraprotein concentration and abnormal C3 deposition (p Conclusion The defect in C3 activation and de- position in multiple myeloma cannot be explained on the basis of a single complement component ab- normality but rather is due to a heterogeneous group of complement abnormalities. Although no correlation between in vitro abnormalities and clinical status was identified in this small group of patients, it is likely that the described complement defects play an important role in defective host de- fense in multiple myeloma.
Protein adsorption in vitro onto biomaterial surfaces covered with ULTI carbon.

A study is presented which describes the adsorption in vitro of albumin and fibrinogen onto a minishunt oxygenation unit. The unit is characterized by flow through 10 etched microchannel conduits with a microporous membrane placed across the diametric plane of the channel for gas exchange. The membrane and conduits are pretreated with a uniform layer of ULTI carbon and evaluated for the steady-state and time varying kinetics of protein adsorption. Corresponding results for oxygenator components not pretreated with ULTI carbon are also included.
The Receptor for Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor

Although neurotrophic factors were originally isolated on the basis of their ability to support the survival of neurons, these molecules are now thought to influence many aspects of the development and maintenance of the nervous system. Identifying the receptors for these neurotrophic factors should aid in identifying the cells on which these factors act and in understanding their precise mechanisms of action. A "tagged-ligand panning" procedure was used to clone a receptor for ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). This receptor is expressed exclusively within the nervous system and skeletal muscle. The CNTF receptor has a structure unrelated to the receptors utilized by the nerve growth factor family of neurotrophic molecules, but instead is most homologous to the receptor for a cytokine, interleukin-6. This similarity suggestes that the CNTF receptor, like the interleukin-6 receptor, requires a second, signal-transducing component. In contrast to all known receptors, the CNTF receptor is anchored to cell membranes by a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol linkage.
A survey of study habits of general surgery residents.

Objective To understand the study habits of general surgery residents as well as their motivating factors for study. Design A survey was mailed to general surgical residents. Performance on the American Board of Surgery In-Training Examination (ABSITE) was correlated with reported study habits using the Pearson's correlation coefficient. Setting Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, 2 urban tertiary referral academic training institutions in Boston, Massachusetts. Participants Fifty-eight general surgical residents of all training levels (including research). Results On average, surgical residents studied for 3 ± 1 days per week, the average duration of each study session being 1.3 ± 0.6 hours. The average total number of study hours per week was 3.4 ± 2.3. There were strong positive correlations between increased study frequency and high overall ABSITE score (Pearson's r = 0.339; p=0.02) and between the total number of study hours per week and high overall ABSITE score (Pearson's r = 0.423; p Conclusions Increased study frequency and overall increased study duration are positively correlated with ABSITE performance. Dissatisfaction with current study materials and study routine is high, as is willingness to adopt new methods and enroll in investigational trials comparing study methods.
Robert Dover and Michael S. Goodman (eds), Spinning Intelligence: Why Intelligence Needs the Media, Why the Media Needs Intelligence

Robert Dover and Michael S. Goodman (eds), Spinning Intelligence: Why Intelligence Needs the Media, Why the Media Needs Intelligence (New York: Columbia University Press, 2009). Pp.320. $27.50. Hb....