cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nitrous oxide emission at low temperatures from manure-amended soils under corn (Zea mays L.)

Abstract Manure fertilization of soil significantly impacts the level of nitrous oxide (N2O) emission. Despite their short duration, periods of significant N2O emissions during soil thaws in winter and spring are an important portion of the total annual emissions from agricultural lands. The goal of this study was to understand the effects of tillage, moisture content and manure application on N2O emissions from agricultural soils at low temperatures. We summarize here both field and laboratory experiments. The field chamber study was focused on quantification of N2O flux from a field (Hudson clay loam: fine, illitic, mesic Glossaquic Hapludalf) growing corn (Zea mays L.) located in upstate New York. The field was moldboard plowed in the fall and then fertilized with liquid dairy manure. Intact soil cores were collected from the site both before and after field treatments for subsequent laboratory incubation that included freeze–thaw cycles. The results demonstrated that tillage reduced N2O emissions in non-manured soils by 20–30% in the 35–50 days following the tillage event, attributed to improved aeration resulting from reduced bulk densities and pore space saturation. The maximal emission of 200 μg N m−2 h−1 was found at soil temperatures greater than 5 °C and at WFPS between 40 and 70%. Subsequent application of liquid manure caused an increase in the total intensity of N2O emission. The emission of N2O from manure-amended soils was not limited to thawing events: emissions began at soil temperatures below 0 °C and continued even after complete soil freezing. The tillage history prior to manure application was found to have a significant influence on N2O emission during freezing/thawing cycles following manure application. The subsequent total winter N2O emissions were greater from the field areas that were tilled earlier in the fall, particularly in the first few freeze–thaw cycles, during which the maximum N2O fluxes occurred.Increasing soil saturation in a wet area formed during a spring thaw caused increasing N2O emissions up to a maximum of 200 μg N m−2 h−1 at ∼60–70% saturation. However, emissions dropped dramatically with further increases in soil moisture, decreasing to 50 μg N m−2 h−1 in the most saturated areas (90% saturated). Overall, maximal emissions were found at temperatures greater than 5 °C and at water filled porosities between 40 and 70%.
Megaselia Scalaris (Diptera: Phoridae) Infesting Laboratory Tick Colonies

Larvae of Megaselia scalaris (Diptera: Phoridae) were found infesting a laboratory colony of Amblyomma variegatum in May and June 1981 and a laboratory colony of Anocentor nitens in October 1981. Fly larvae were found feeding inside dead ticks and on fungi that accumulated in tick containers. Problems associated with the effects of this fly on tick rearing and some possible solutions to these problems are discussed.
Exploring the Impact of a Family‐Centered Maternity Care Program on Staff Attitudes and Patient Satisfaction

Professional Issues Poster Presentation Purpose for the Program Our obstetric service implemented a familycentered maternity care program in 2010. Our facility was known in the region for being very high-tech and medicalized and a place where patients would want to give birth if they had high-risk pregnancies or desired induction and epidural. Families who sought a low intervention, nonmedicalized birth often went elsewhere. We simultaneously suffered a downturn in births. Some of this was attributable to the economic situation, but also we felt our patients may be going to facilities that offered a different birth experience than the one we were providing. Additionally, we were seeing an increase in emergent admissions from nearby lay midwife-run birthing centers. We wanted to offer our patients the opportunity to give birth the way they wanted to but within easy access to our obstetric operating rooms and the neonatal intensive care unit if the need arose.
Effects of season on the bathypelagic mysid Gnathophausia ingens: water content, respiration, and excretion

Abstract Water contents, oxygen consumption rates and ammonia excretion rates of individuals of the large bathypelagic mysid Gnathophausia ingens were measured as a function of size and season (winter and summer). Individuals of the sizes studied live permanently beneath the euphotic zone. Water content, as a percent of wet weight, is higher in winter than in summer, suggesting seasonal variability in the midwater environment. Our data suggest that the seasonal change in water content increases with increasing size. We suggest that the changes are due in part to seasonal changes in food intake. Seasonal differences were not observed in wet-weight-specific rates of either respiration or ammonia excretion. Both rates decrease with increasing size. The constancy of the atomic O:N ratio and its high value (geometric mean = 44.3) indicate that the average proportions of lipid and protein metabolized by individuals were independent of size and season and that lipid stores were not sufficiently depleted, even in small animals, to cause a shift to predominantly protein metabolism in winter or summer. On the average, metabolic rates of individuals were unaffected by seasonal variation in the midwater environment.
Investigation of microphase separation in (K2OP2O5)x − (WO3)1−x glasses by electron microscope studies of surface replicas

Microphase sn the glass system (K2OP2O5)x − (WO3)1−x for x = 0.48 and 0.33 was investigated. In both systems evidence of phase separation on a scale of 100 A to 200 A was found. The samples stayed completely amorphous during the cooling process but the two separate phases present in the glasses could unfortunately not be identified. These results coupled with conductivity versus mole percent of WO3 measurements suggest that the mechanism of phase separation is of the spinodal type.
Suppressed ion chromatography of inorganic anions and divalent metal cations with pyromellitic acid as eluent

Abstract Suppressed conductimetric detection ion chromatography (IC) using pyromellitate eluent was investigated for the simultaneous determination of common inorganic anions and divalent cations. When pyromellitate and sample anions (Cl − , NO 3 − and SO 4 2− ) in the eluent were introduced into a cation-exchange membrane suppressor in the H + form after anion-exchange separation, pyromellitate and the anions were converted to pyromellitic acid and corresponding acids (HCl, HNO 3 and H 2 SO 4 ), respectively. Since these acids are stronger than pyromellitic acid (p K a1 =1.92), these acids were detected conductimetrically as an increase of the concentration of H + in the eluent. In contrast, divalent cation–pyromellitate complexes (Mg 2+ –, Ca 2+ –, Sr 2+ –, Ba 2+ –, Fe 2+ –, Mn 2+ –, Co 2+ –, Ni 2+ –, Zn 2+ – and Cd 2+ –pyromellitate complexes) were converted to pyromellitic acid by the suppressor and these divalent cations were detected as an increase of the concentration of pyromellitic acid in the eluent. When using both 0.15 m M pyromellitate eluent at pH 5.4 and a 25-cm anion-exchange column (TSKguardgel QAE-SW), both highly sensitive conductimetric detection and excellent simultaneous separation of inorganic anions (Cl − , NO 3 − , I − , SCN − , SO 4 2− and S 2 O 3 2− ) and divalent cations (Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Mn 2+ , Co 2+ , Ni 2+ , Zn 2+ and Cd 2+ ) were achieved in 30 min. The detection limits ( S / N =3; injection volume, 20 μl) for the anions were 0.73–2 μ M and those for the divalent cations were 0.21–4.7 μ M .
The Role of Parenteral Lipids in Supporting Gluconeogenesis in Very Premature Infants

We have previously demonstrated that very premature infants receiving glucose at 17 micromol/kg min plus appropriate supply of parenteral lipids (Intralipid) and amino acids (TrophAmine) maintained normoglycemia by glucose produced primarily via gluconeogenesis. The present study addressed the individual roles of parenteral lipids and amino acids in supporting gluconeogenesis. Fourteen premature infants (993 +/- 36 g 27 +/- 1 wk) (mean +/- SE) were studied for 8 h on d 5 +/- 1 of life. All infants were receiving standard TPN prior to the study. At start of study, the glucose infusion rate was decreased to approximately 17 micromol/kg min and either Intralipid (g + AA; n = 8) or TrophAmine (g + IL; n = 6) was discontinued. Data from 14 previously studied infants receiving glucose (approximately 17 micromol/kg min) + TrophAmine + Intralipid (g + AA + IL) are included for comparison. Gluconeogenesis was measured by [U-13 C]glucose, (g + AA) and (8 infants of the g + AA + IL group) or [2-13C]glycerol, (g + IL) and (6 infants of the g + AA + IL group). Infants studied by the same method were compared. Withdrawal of Intralipid resulted in decreased gluconeogenesis, 6.3 +/- 0.9 (g +AA) vs. 8.4 +/- 0.7 micromol/kg min (g + AA + IL) (p = 0.03). Withdrawal of TrophAmine affected neither total gluconeogenesis, 7.5 +/- 0.8 vs. 7.9 +/- 0.9 micromol/kg min nor gluconeogenesis from glycerol, 4.4 +/- 0.6 vs. 4.9 +/- 0.7 micromol/kg min (g+ IL and g + AA + IL groups, respectively). In conclusion, in parenterally fed very premature infants, lipids play a primary role in supporting gluconeogenesis.
Inversion to obtain aerosol size distributions from measurements with a differential mobility analyzer.

Abstract To measure size distributions of submicrometer aerosols with an electrical differential mobility analyzer (DMA) requires an inversion procedure. The Knutson (1976) and the Hoppel (1978) inversion procedures were numerically investigated for the case of log-normal aerosol size distributions. It was found that the Hoppel procedure converges to the same result as that given by the Knutson procedure. The computational range for geometric mean diameter ( χ g) was 0.025-0.25 μm, and for geometric standard deviation (σg) was 1.1–2.4. The inversion error was found to be greater than 10% in certain “forbidden zones” of χ g and σg values. For the case of an ideal DMA having no lower mobility limit, only one forbidden zone exists, this consisting of small σg values. The boundary of this forbidden zone intercepts the computational range boundaries at σg = 1.25, χ g = 0.025 μ m and σg = 1.62, χ g = 0.25 μ m . These results also apply to an actual DMA when the size distribution of particles larger than the DMA singly charged mobility limit is available a priori. If such information is not available, the concentration of these larger particles is assumed to be zero in performing the inversion. This assumption adds a second forbidden zone, consisting of large σg values and having the intercepts σg = 2.44, χ g = 0.025 μ m and σg = 1.50, χ g = 0.25 μ m . The first forbidden zone remains nearly the same.
Semantic distance and the verification of semantic relations

Four experiments dealt with the verification of semantic relations. In Experiment I, subjects decided whether an instance was a member of a specified category. For some categories (for example, birds) verification was faster when the target category was a direct superordinate (bird) than a higher level superordinate (animal), while for another category (mammal) this finding reversed. Experiment II obtained ratings of semantic distance that accounted for the previously obtained verification results. Multidimensional scaling of the ratings suggested that semantic distance could be represented as Euclidean distance in a semantic space. Experiments III and IV indicated that semantic distance could predict RTs in another categorization task and choices in an analogies task. These results place constraints on a theory of semantic memory.
HYDROGEN ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY OF SNC METEORITES

We report the yields and hydrogen isotopic compositions of water extracted by stepwise heating of eight whole-rock SNC meteorites. D/H values are consistent with terrestrial water at low temperatures and increase with temperature to values that far exceed terrestrial. The data are consistent with the water in the samples originating from two sources: a terrestrial component/contaminant, released largely at low temperature, and an extraterrestrial component, released at high temperature. The variation in δD values of the high-temperature hydrogen (∼+250 to +900 for the nakhlites, ∼+1200 to +2100 for the shergottites, and ∼+800 for ALH84001) could represent true variation of the δD of the extra-terrestrial water in the samples, or may reflect varying contributions of the terrestrial endmember, even at high temperature. The high δD values are consistent with a martian origin for the meteorites since the current martian atmosphere contains water with a δD of ∼+4000. The presence of alteration products in at least some of the samples suggests the D-enriched water was probably incorporated into the rocks through interaction at low temperature with aqueous crustal fluids that had exchanged with the martian atmosphere. Chassigny contains water that has terrestrial δD values at all temperatures (with the possible exception of the highest temperature step, with δD up to ∼+50), suggesting contamination of this sample by terrestrial water. Carbon and oxygen isotopic results for CO_2 extracted by stepwise heating are also reported. These data are consistent with formation of carbonates in the SNC meteorites by secondary processes on Mars (from fluids that had exchanged C and O with the atmosphere), perhaps in the same alteration events that formed the D-enriched minerals.
Observation of an undecagold cluster compound in the scanning transmission electron microscope

Abstract A water-soluble undecagold cluster compound has been shown to be visible in moderate dose images (104 electrons/nm2) obtained with the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). The properties of this compound render it potentially useful as a marker for specific sites within biological molecules.
Radionuclide selection and model absorbed dose calculations for radiolabeled tumor associated antibodies

An absorbed dose calculation comparison has been computed for radiolabeled tumor associated antibodies distributed over a standard geometry and tumor location. Half‐life data, maximum specific activities, and relative organdoses of nine radionuclides, Cu‐67, Br‐77, Br‐82, Y‐90, Tc‐99m, In‐111, I‐131, Re‐186, and At‐211, have been compiled in which the radionuclides were assumed to be coupled with antibody. These nuclides were chosen on the basis of physical characteristics that warranted their inclusion as either imaging or therapy radiolabels. Radionuclide biodistribution data based on current available estimates for antibody uptake and clearance in humans has been adopted. Re‐186 and Y‐90 have been determined to be among the best therapy radiolabels since they possess sufficiently long half lives necessary for tumor localization, little or no gamma radiation, intermediate beta energy, stable daughter products, and have a reasonable chance to form a stable chelate with an antibody system.
Enhanced loading of a magneto-optic trap from an atomic beam

We demonstrate enhanced loading of a $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$ magneto-optic trap by broadening the frequency spectrum of the laser trapping light with a resonant electro-optic modulator. We achieve an \ensuremath{\sim}20-fold improvement in the loading rate over that obtained without a broadened spectrum when directly capturing atoms from a divergent atomic beam.
Reassembly of Segmented CVC Syllables by Children

This study tested the perception-resynthesis performance of 80 normal-speaking first and third grade children. Stimuli consisted of 10 pairs of meaningful and meaningless CVC syllables. Phonemes we...
Inpatient oncology rehabilitation in Toronto: a descriptive 18-month retrospective record review

The purpose was twofold: (1) to develop a comprehensive profile of patients discharged from an inpatient oncology rehabilitation unit and (2) to explore the relationships between patient characteristics and functional status. A retrospective review of electronic data from all patients discharged from oncology rehabilitation between November 1, 2008, and March 31, 2010, was conducted. Data elements included age, sex, primary language, living arrangements, cancer diagnosis, comorbidities, and admission and discharge Functional Independence Measure (FIM™) scores. Descriptive statistics were compiled for all data elements. General linear regression was conducted to determine the descriptors independently associated with FIM™ discharge and FIM™ change scores. There were 153 eligible records. The patients’ age ranged from 38 to 97 years (M = 72.6, SD = 12.9); 59.5% were women, and 39.3% lived alone prior to hospitalization. The most common diagnoses were colorectal cancer (n = 45, 28.8%), metastatic disease (n = 24, 15.7%), and cancer of the urinary organs (n = 14, 9.2%). Service goals were met for 77.1%. Patients improved an average of 17.1 (SD = 8.8) points on the FIM™. Being older and having a diagnosis of brain or uterine cancer were associated with lower FIM™ change scores. In this sample, the majority of patients were older women, and many lived alone. While the group as a whole made significant functional gains, those who were younger improved more. Having a diagnosis of uterine or brain cancer was associated with lower functional change scores. This study was limited by a small sample size and the retrospective design; however, the results provide a foundation for future prospective research.
Concurrency and local reasoning under reverse exchange

Abstract Quite a number of aspects of concurrency are reflected by the inequational exchange law ( P ⁎ Q ) ; ( R ⁎ S ) ⩽ ( P ; R ) ⁎ ( Q ; S ) between sequential composition ; and concurrent composition ⁎. In particular, recent research has shown that, under a certain semantic definition, validity of this law is equivalent to that of the familiar concurrency rule for Hoare triples. Unfortunately, while the law holds in the standard model of concurrent Kleene algebra, its is not true in the relationally based setting of algebraic separation logic. However, we show that under mild conditions the reverse inequation ( P ; R ) ⁎ ( Q ; S ) ⩽ ( P ⁎ Q ) ; ( R ⁎ S ) still holds there. From this reverse exchange law we derive slightly restricted but still reasonably useful variants of the concurrency rule. Moreover, using a corresponding definition of locality, we obtain also a variant of the frame rule, where ⁎ now is interpreted as separating conjunction. These results allow using the relational setting also for modular and concurrency reasoning. Finally, we interpret the results further by discussing several variations of the approach.
Searching for the phenotypes of schizophrenia

Use of clinical diagnosis as the phenotype for genetic study is discussed, and criteria for appropriate alternative phenotypes are presented. Then, recent research on four alternatives is discussed: (a) resistance to interference from an associative prime, (b) reaction time crossover, (c) creativity, and (d) socioeconomic achievement. It is concluded that resistance to interference from an associative prime and reaction time crossover at 3-sec. preparatory interval level are the most promising of these candidates.
A tracer study with Mn56 on chicks with perosis produced by a synthetic manganese deficient diet.

SummaryPerosis has been produced in chicks reared on a synthetic manganese-deficient diet. Tracer experiments with labeled manganese show that the major part of the manganese, whether administered orally or by injection, is excreted by both the deficient and control chicks. The liver is the most active participant in the body in the metabolism of manganese. The uptake of labeled manganese by bone was not measurable when the dose was administered orally.
Extended series analysis of full octahedral flow: numerical evidence for hydrodynamic blowup

The power series in time of a full-octahedral flow, a candidate for finite-time blowup of the incompressible Euler equations, is analyzed. Sixty-five Taylor coefficients are found with a precision of 512 bits per Fourier coefficient (154 digits). This work is an extension of Pelz and Gulak (Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 (1997) 1998), where 32 terms were found with half the precision. The solution is found in the form of a power series in time, Fourier series in space with the equation of motion written as a quadratic operation on the Fourier–Taylor coefficients of a single component of vorticity. Particular attention to precision and roundoff is given. In agreement with previous work, Pade approximants of enstrophy series consistently show an isolated, simple pole is located at a real time of about two. Similar findings exist for the series representation of vorticity derivatives at the origin, the purported blowup point. Despite the lack of convergence proofs for Pade resummation, consistent evidence typically yields a valid continuation. Higher-order Sobolev norms of vorticity, however, do not show a similar behavior. The results are also difficult to explain in terms of similarity scalings.
Low Reynolds Number Slip Flow in a Curved Rectangular Duct

The radially symmetric, steady, slow viscous slip flow through a curved duct of rectangular cross section is studied. The Stokes equation is solved using eigenfunction expansions and Navier's slip condition. As slip is increased, the location of the maximum velocity moves from near center to the outer wall. The minimum velocity occurs at the inside corners. It is found that both slip and curvature promote the flow rate but not necessarily the mean velocity. ©2002 ASME
Shape phase transitions and critical-point phenomena in atomic nuclei

Atomic nuclei exhibit phase transitions as a function of the number of their constituent protons and neutrons. These phase transitions are not of the usual thermodynamic type, but rather they are quantum phase transitions in the equilibrium shape and structure of the ground and low-lying states. This realization has sparked a new area of research, focusing on the concept of 'critical-point symmetries', which describe the structure of nuclei at phase-transitional points. Both macroscopic (geometric or algebraic) and microscopic (shell-model) aspects of these phase transitions and of changes in structure with proton and neutron number in nuclei are discussed, along with an interpretation in terms of simple Landau theory. Finally, some alternative scenarios and schematic models for different classes of nuclei based on other simple potentials are briefly summarized.
Outcrossing rate in cultivated autotetraploid potato

Outcrossing rates in potato were measured in an open-pollination field experiment at a location in the Peruvian Andes. Embryo spot, a dominant genetic seed marker, was used to measure outcrossing rate. The source of the dominant marker, the donor, was interplanted among recipient clones lacking the marker (recessive genotype), for which outcrossing was to be measured. Eight out of the 17 clones tested were advanced breeding clones which had wild species cytoplasm. Seven out of eight of these had outcrossing rates above 0.75, showing complete male sterility in one case and partial male sterility in six cases. Among the other clones tested, which were male-fertile, outcrossing estimates ranged from 0.10 to 0.74. Wide variability in outcrossing rate in autotetraploid potato suggests that it should be possible to select for higher outcrossing rate in production of open-pollinated true seed populations of potato for genetic or commercial purposes.
Hematologic and Plasma Biochemical Values of Free-Ranging Western Pond Turtles (Emys marmorata) with Comparison to a Captive Population

Abstract The western pond turtle (Emys marmorata), a species of concern in California, is a common wildlife patient in veterinary hospitals and wildlife rehabilitation centers within its geographic range. The objectives of this study were to obtain hematologic and biochemistry values for free-ranging western pond turtles and to compare those values to a captive population. Two populations, free-ranging (n = 20) and captive (n = 10), were sampled using physical examination, complete blood count, plasma biochemistries, and Salmonella spp. culture from cloacal swabs. Heterophil (P = 0.0001), azurophil (P = 0.0001), eosinophil (P = 0.0039), monocyte (P = 0.0001), albumin (P = 0.0001), aspartate aminotransferase (P = 0.003), calcium (P = 0.001), glutamate dehydrogenase (P = 0.0006), globulin (P = 0.0082), sodium (P = 0.0014), total protein (P = 0.0001), and uric acid (P = 0.0094) concentrations were significantly different between the two populations. Creatine kinase (P = 0.0012) and phosphorus (P = 0.0068) we...
Aging and osteoarthritis: the role of chondrocyte senescence and aging changes in the cartilage matrix

Summary Objective Age-related changes in multiple components of the musculoskeletal system may contribute to the well established link between aging and osteoarthritis (OA). This review focused on potential mechanisms by which age-related changes in the articular cartilage could contribute to the development of OA. Methods The peer-reviewed literature published prior to February 2009 in the PubMed database was searched using pre-defined search criteria. Articles, selected for their relevance to aging and articular chondrocytes or cartilage, were summarized. Results Articular chondrocytes exhibit an age-related decline in proliferative and synthetic capacity while maintaining the ability to produce pro-inflammatory mediators and matrix degrading enzymes. These findings are characteristic of the senescent secretory phenotype and are most likely a consequence of extrinsic stress-induced senescence driven by oxidative stress rather than intrinsic replicative senescence. Extracellular matrix changes with aging also contribute to the propensity to develop OA and include the accumulation of proteins modified by non-enzymatic glycation. Conclusion The effects of aging on chondrocytes and their matrix result in a tissue that is less able to maintain homeostasis when stressed, resulting in breakdown and loss of the articular cartilage, a hallmark of OA. A better understanding of the basic mechanisms underlying senescence and how the process may be modified could provide novel ways to slow the development of OA.
Perpetual options: revisiting historical returns on paintings

This paper applies a perpetual option-pricing model in examining historical returns on paintings. A key development of the paper is formalizing a structural relationship between rational investment decisions and historical returns to art ownership. In this regard the options’ framework yields choice-theoretic implications on the relationship among risk, convenience yields from art ownership, and investor ‘hurdle prices’—prices triggering the purchase and sale of artworks at auction. The methodology offers testable implications concerning the adjustment dynamics in the relationship between historical art returns and risk-free yields. The implications are examined in a case study of paintings of major art schools using error correction methodology. We find evidence of a long-run equilibrium relationship between painting types and risk-free bond yields, and some indication of buyers and sellers preferring exchange environments not prone to “speculative resales.”
Toward a Lived Science Curriculum in Intersecting Figured Worlds: An Exploration of Individual Meanings in Science Education

As knowledge of and familiarity with science becomes an increasingly important aspect of contemporary life and citizenship, efforts have been made to make the science curriculum a “lived” curriculum (Hurd, 2000), one that reaches out to the lives, communities, and experiences of students. In this research around a high school urban ecology curriculum, we advance the idea that a focus on meaning, as the keystone for identity development, can help reach the goal of a lived science curriculum. Drawing upon social practice theory (Holland & Lave, 2001, 2009) and figured worlds (Holland, Lachicotte, Skinner, & Cain, 1998; Urietta, 2007), we present a way to conceptualize the meanings which emerge. We find through interviews with the adult participants (two curriculum developers and a classroom teacher) and students that meaning is described using three layers: meaning in person, meaning in intent, and meaning in practice. There are points of continuity and discontinuity of these meanings attributed to the curriculum by the adult participants. We further present data through the analysis of classroom video and artifacts created by students during an activity designed to elicit the meanings that students attribute to the curriculum. We discuss these findings and the possibilities for curriculum to provide opportunities for intersecting figured worlds which provide a focus on meaning and opportunities for agency in and with science. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 50: 501–529, 2013.
Indium tin oxide as transparent electrode material for ZnSe‐based blue quantum well light emitters

Sputter deposited indium tin oxide layers have been used as the top contact for blue LEDs and diode lasers in (Zn,Cd)Se/Zn(S,Se) quantum well heterostructures. The contact resistance to n‐Zn(S,Se) is comparable to that with indium or gold. The optically transparent contacts have been utilized, as an example, in the fabrication of a numeric display device and to show that LED emission is of excitonic origin in these type I quantum wells.
Particle bombardment (keV) mass spectra of a tetramethyltetraphenyltrisiloxane at different temperatures and states of aggregation

Abstract Particle bombardment (keV) mass spectra of a tetramethyltetraphenyltrisiloxane were obtained at different temperatures and with the material in different states of aggregation. The spectrum produced by argon atom bombardment of the vapor was identical with that produced by electron ionization of the vapor. The spectrum produced by argon atom bombardment of the liquid was different. It is tentatively suggested that the vapor spectrum involves Franck—Condon ionization and the liquid spectrum involves non-Franck—Condon ionization. Spectra were obtained of condensed-phase material at several sub-ambient temperatures and at different conditions. Lowering the temperature while bombarding with an argon atom beam effects a change in the spectrum observed. A well-defined spectrum with peaks corresponding to the structure of the sample is observed at ambient temperature, but at low temperature this spectrum contains many additional peaks. Lowering the temperature while bombarding with an intense ion/atom beam suppresses the spectrum completely. The amount of spectral change depends upon the intensity and duration of the bombarding intensity, and it is suggested that the change in the spectrum in the consequence of the accumulation of radiation damage products. Lower molecular mobility at lower temperatures enhances this accumulation.
Lack of evidence for craniofacial dysmorphism in perinatal human immunodeficiency virus infection

Thirty children perinatally exposed to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and 30 healthy control subjects matched for age, sex, and race were evaluated for growth, head size, craniofacial dysmorphism, dermatoglyphics, and other physical features. Thirteen patients met the criteria for group IV (constitutional, neurologic, and secondary infectious diseases), 14 for group III (persistent generalized lymphadenopathy or hepatosplenomegaly), and three for group II (asymptomatic infection) of the classification of HIV infection established by the Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta. Postnatal growth failure and microcephaly, observed in a significant proportion of patients (46.7% and 30%, respectively), could be attributed to chronic illnesses and to progressive central nervous system lesions in HIV-infected patients. There were however, no significant differences between patients and controls with regard to the incidence of craniofacial features and dermatoglyphics, and the incidence of other anomalies was not different from that expected in the population. The patients born to drug-using mothers were not different from those born to non-drug-using mothers in relation to the studied criteria. We could not confirm the presence of characteristic craniofacial dysmorphism in children exposed to perinatal HIV infection.
Metastable autoionizing states

Abstract Research on the electron decay-in-flight of metastable states of elementary atomic systems of high Z was initiated at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in 1970. This paper reviews our progress to date and comments on capabilities and limitations of the technique.
Comparison of washed blood and oxygenator whole blood as vehicles for sanguinous multidose cardioplegia

The effects of washed blood or oxygenator-traumatized whole blood as vehicles for sanguinous cardioplegia were studied utilizing the isolated blood-perfused dog heart preparation. Hearts were subjected to 2 hr of potassium-induced arrest at 27 degrees C followed by 90 min of normothermic reperfusion. Washed blood cardioplegia (n = 7) contained blood washed thrice with saline while oxygenator blood cardioplegia (n = 6) contained whole blood which had been exposed to an extracorporeal circuit for 30 to 45 min. Cardioplegic solutions were administered at a perfusion pressure of 100 mm Hg every 15 min during arrest. While the arrest-reperfusion sequence caused minor variations in the mechanical, metabolic, and biochemical parameters tested, generally insignificant differences were found to exist between groups. Differences in coronary washout PCO2 appeared to be due to inherent differences between the two cardioplegic solutions. Thus, while washing blood may be thought to be beneficial and whole blood from the extracorporeal circuit may be theorized to have a deleterious effect on the myocardium, excellent recovery of mechanical function was observed with both cardioplegic solutions. The present study suggests that it is unnecessary to wash the sanguinous cardioplegic solution obtained from the cardiopulmonary circuit.
Coupling Maxwell's Equations to Full Band Particle-Based Simulators

In this work we utilize the Finite-Difference Time Domain (FDTD) Method coupled to a full band, particle-based simulator to solve for the total Lorentz force. Replacing a traditional Poisson solver with a more robust electromagnetics (EM) solver allows us to accurately account for radiated losses and provides a useful tool for investigating the near and far-field radiation patterns inherent in modern devices.
Pancreatic ductulitis in Syrian golden hamsters bearing homologous transplantable pancreatic adenocarcinomas.

Summary A highly specific pancreatitis primarily affecting the intralobular and intra-insular ductules has been demonstrated in Syrian golden hamsters bearing homologous, non-syngeneic, transplantable pancreatic adenocarcinomas induced by N -nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine (BOP). The ductulitis provides further evidence that induced pancreatic neoplasms originate from ductules.
A rapid method for the determination of antibody affinity

A rapid method for estimating antibody affinity is described. To perform the assay fixed amounts of radiolabeled antigen and antibody are mixed in different total reaction volumes. The fraction of antigen bound to antibody is measured in aliquots from each reaction volume by the ammonium sulfate precipitation technique. Affinity constants can be estimated from these data graphically or by means of a microcomputer. This method is much quicker and easier to perform than traditional techniques for estimating antibody affinity.
Clustering of multistage cyber attacks using significant services

Multistage cyber attacks may target services of different types, often indicating their behavior or capability of penetrating into the network. A significant enhancement to network defenses will be to recognize the different classes of multistage attacks, allowing timely and effective anticipation of future attacks. Drawing analogies from social networking analysis, this work proposes a methodology that clusters cyber attacks based on the ‘significant services’ being exploited. From transforming the attacked services to utilizing the Divisive Hierarchical Clustering algorithm, the proposed method is able to identify sub-communities of attacks that share common characteristics. Experiment results demonstrate a high modularity for the identified community structure. Novel discoveries are also made possible by examining the attack clusters and the resulting dendrogram.
Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on plant biomass and the rhizosphere microbial community structure of mesquite grown in acidic lead/zinc mine tailings

Mine tailings in arid and semi-arid environments are barren of vegetation and subject to eolian dispersion and water erosion. Revegetation is a cost-effective strategy to reduce erosion processes and has wide public acceptance. A major cost of revegetation is the addition of amendments, such as compost, to allow plant establishment. In this paper we explore whether arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can help support plant growth in tailings at a reduced compost concentration. A greenhouse experiment was performed to determine the effects of three AMF inocula on biomass, shoot accumulation of heavy metals, and changes in the rhizosphere microbial community structure of the native plant Prosopis juliflora (mesquite). Plants were grown in an acidic lead/zinc mine tailings amended with 10% (w/w) compost amendment, which is slightly sub-optimal for plant growth in these tailings. After two months, AMF-inoculated plants showed increased dry biomass and root length (p < 0.05) and effective AMF colonization compared to controls grown in uninoculated compost-amended tailings. Mesquite shoot tissue lead and zinc concentrations did not exceed domestic animal toxicity limits regardless of whether AMF inoculation was used. The rhizosphere microbial community structure was assessed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles of the small subunit RNA gene for bacteria and fungi. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) of DGGE profiles showed that the rhizosphere fungal community structure at the end of the experiment was significantly different from the community structure in the tailings, compost, and AMF inocula prior to planting. Further, CCA showed that AMF inoculation significantly influenced the development of both the fungal and bacterial rhizosphere community structures after two months. The changes observed in the rhizosphere microbial community structure may be either a direct effect of the AMF inocula, caused by changes in plant physiology induced by AMF, or a combination of both mechanisms.
Magnetic field effects in the charge transfer photochemistry of Co(III) complexes

Abstract The effect of the magnetic induction on the quantum yield of X − 2 (X = Cl, Br) radicals photogenerated in 249 nm flash irradiations of Co(NH 3 ) 5 X 2+ was investigated at field intensities between 0 and 9 T. The quantum yield decreases with field intensity towards a minimum, o( B ) / o (0) ≈ 0.90 at 0.25 T. The quantum yield tends to recover its zero-field value as the field increases from 0.25 to 7 T. These experimental observations have been compared with magnetokinetic effects on the respective reactions of X − 2 radicals with Co(OH 2 ) 2+ 6 and Co (Me 6− [14]dieneN 4 ) 2+ .
Limited Resection Followed by Intraoperative Seed Implantation Is Comparable to Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy for Solitary Lung Cancer

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to compare the outcomes of patients who underwent wedge resection plus intraoperative brachytherapy versus patients who received stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for single malignant lung nodules. METHODS: A retrospective chart review included 55 patients who were treated for single lung nodules, and 47 of those patients who had adequate information were chosen for the current analysis. Twenty-five patients with single malignant lung nodules received SBRT. Twenty-two patients underwent limited surgical resection plus radioactive seed implantation for solitary malignant lung nodules. RESULTS: Univariate statistical analysis demonstrated a significance difference only for age in the 2 groups: The mean age in the radioactive seed group (66.6 years) was statistically significantly different from the mean of the age in the SBRT group (75.9 years; 2-sided P = .04). No significant differences were observed between the 2 groups in terms of local control, distant metastasis, survival, or toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: The current results demonstrated comparable efficacy in outcome and toxicity between surgical resection with radioactive seed implantation and SBRT for the treatment of single malignant lung nodules in patients who were not candidates for lobectomy/pneumonectomy. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Testing the Statistical Significance of the Response of the NCAR General Circulation Model to North Pacific Ocean Surface Temperature Anomalies.

Abstract The response of the six-layer NCAR atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) to mid-latitude North Pacific Ocean surface temperature anomalies is examined. In particular, January and winter season averages of the 1.5 km temperature fields generated by the GCM with prescribed ocean surface temperatures (i.e., the control experiment) are subtracted from January and winter season averages of three separate prescribed change experiments in which ocean surface temperature anomalies are superimposed on the ocean surface temperature patterns of the control case. These differences between prescribed change and control experiments are compared at each grid point to the standard deviations of the 1.5 km temperature field constructed from five independent GCM generated January simulations. The statistical significance of the results is evaluated using a methodology developed for the GCM by Chervin and Schneider based on the classical Student's t-test. The results suggest that a statistically significant s...
ON THE MEASUREMENT OF HALF-VALUE LAYER IN FILM-SCREEN MAMMOGRAPHY

Sources of variations in the measurement of half‐value layer (HVL) in film–screen mammography are evaluated. Two principal sources are the energy responses of ionization chambers and the elemental compositions of the 1100 aluminum‐alloy attenuation materials. Methods in measuring the thickness of attenuation materials are also an important potential source of error. These factors as well as the influence of geometry of measurement, position of measurement in the field, and precision of radiation output are examined. Recommendations for consistency in measurement are provided.
Structural Damage Detection Based on Energy Transfer Between Intrinsic Modes

In this study, a new damage detection algorithm for specific types of damages such as breathing cracks, which are called “active discontinuities” in this paper, is proposed. The algorithm is based on the nonlinear behavior of this class of damages and hence, is more precise and sensitive to damage compared to other common linear methods. The active discontinuities can be regarded as additional degrees of freedom (DOFs) which need energy to be excited. Because the input energy of both the intact and the damaged structures is finite, the energy content of vibrating modes will be changed due to damage. Thus, the properties of distribution of energy between vibrating modes can be used as indices for detecting damage. An essential detectability condition using this concept is decomposing a signal such that no spurious mode imposed to its expansion. In order to satisfy this condition, Empirical Mode decomposition (EMD) is used to extract the vibrating modes since all nonlinearities in a signal are preserved while no spurious mode or assumption of stationarity is imposed on the problem. Prevention of mode mixing, which is an important drawback of EMD, is another necessary condition for robustness of the algorithm. A solution is proposed in this paper to satisfy this condition in which special constraints are imposed on the normal procedure of EMD. Then, the fourth central moment, kurtosis, is used to compare the distribution of energy between the modified vibrating modes. The algorithm is verified through experimental testing of a simple steel cantilever structure under various damage scenarios. Results demonstrate the efficacy of the method for detecting discontinuities in a real structure.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
SIM-Lite: progress report

SIM, a micro-arcsecond astrometry space mission, has been impacted by significant changes in NASA priorities over the last two years, resulting in the mission being indefinitely delayed. The project team has responded by investigating alternative mission concepts based upon completed SIM technology. Several alternative mission concepts have been identified, ranging from a planets-only concept, to versions of SIM, called SIM-Lite, that still address the full breadth of science envisioned by two previous National Academy Astrophysics Decadal Surveys but with lower precision and reduced throughput. These mission concepts are significantly more affordable and may fit into a nearer-term future scenario than the full SIM PlanetQuest 17 would. This paper describes the current state of the project, including its design and technology, and the alternative mission concepts for the use of these designs and technology.
Diode laser-pumped solid-state lasers

Recently, interest in diode laser-pumped solid-state lasers has increased due to their advantages over flashlamp-pumped solid-state lasers. A historical overview is presented of semiconductor diode-pumped solid-state lasers beginning with work in the early 1960s and continuing through recent work on wavelength extension of these devices by laser operation on new transitions. Modeling of these devices by rate equations to obtain expressions for threshold, slope efficiency, and figures of merit is also given. >
How to Become an Innovative Company: A Case Study

A case study of a large food and beverage corporation is presented to show why and how this company changed from very conservative to very innovative. As a result of the study a company innovation development model is suggested, based on resources and capabilities to change and innovate, market orientation, leadership, free exchange of ideas, a climate favorable to change and innovation, and research and development projects.
Fe termination for α-Fe2O3(0001) as grown by oxygen-plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract We have investigated the termination of epitaxial α-Fe 2 O 3 (0001) prepared by oxygen-plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy as grown. The sample was stabilized down to near room temperature in the oxygen plasma after growth. The resulting surface is Fe-terminated, despite the highly oxidizing conditions used to end the growth. This result shows that the Fe termination is the most stable surface structure to form, consistent with the predictions of the surface autocompensation model.
Splendid isolation: historical ecology of the South American passerine fauna

A few years ago, I had my first opportunity to visit the Amazonian Basin in eastern Ecuador. Several days of mist-netting and birding within an intact forest and in surrounding disturbed habitats turned out to be a pivotal experience, finally crystallizing in my mind a pattern that every Neotropical ornithologist knows but whose significance has largely escaped us. I am referring to the fact that most of the birds of the forest understory belong to the large South American endemic radiation of songbirds, the suboscines, called the infraorder Tyrannides (suborder Tyranni) by Sibley and Ahlquist (1990). This clade includes the ovenbirds, woodcreepers, antbirds, manakins, cotingas, and flycatchers, among others. Birds more familiar to North Americans, the oscine passerines (suborder Passeri), including the New World orioles, tanagers, and emberizine finches, dominate the forest canopy and habitats outside the forest, along with a few species-rich clades of tyrannine flycatchers (family Tyrannidae, subfamily Tyranninae). South America was an isolated island continent