cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching approach and student performance in e-learning

Despite the various benefits generated from online teaching/learning, this approach always produces a high drop rate and a low passing rate resulting from some students' lack of discipline, motivation, and guidance in an isolated learning environment. A crucial responsibility of an online instructor is to increase students' learning engagements and their academic performances via a teaching motivation strategy and its implementation approach. This study examines and assesses impacts on students' learning performances from one motivation strategy and two implementation approaches: teacher-motivated and teacher-guided. The substance of the motivation strategy is based on the ARCS motivation model and implementation approaches utilise two motivation principles of self-determination theory. Findings suggest that the implementation approach is just as important as the motivation strategy for improving students' learning. The teacher-guided approach with active and constant virtual communication between instructor and students significantly increases students' learning efforts and academic performances.
Laryngeal Electromyography to Estimate A-Fiber Engagement by Vagal Stimuli in Mice

Large, myelinated, motor A-fibers in the vagus innervate muscles of the larynx. They are implicated in side effects of cervical vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), laryngeal paralysis after surgical injury of the vagus, and in motor manifestations of progressive bulbar palsy. Knowledge of the degree of engagement of A-fibers by vagal stimuli is desirable for optimization of VNS parameters and for functional assessment of the motor neuron-laryngeal muscle projection. In mice, the most widely used animal model in preclinical studies, due to the short length of the vagus and the fast conduction velocity of A-fibers, direct measurement of stimulus-evoked A-fiber potentials is not feasible. Here, we describe a method to estimate vagal A-fiber engagement in mice by measuring stimulus-evoked EMG (eEMG) from the thyroarytenoid-lateral cricoarytenoid laryngeal muscle complex using intramuscular wires. Recorded eEMG was typically biphasic, with 1.87-2.68 ms latency and 1.05-1.6 ms duration. Stimulus intensity threshold (T) for eEMG was 2.6-24uA (100us square pulses), lower than that for heart rate changes, which indicate engagement of B-fibers (3-7xT; $10.4-72\ \ \mu \mathrm{A}$ ), and for breathing changes, which indicate engagement of C-fibers (9-25xT; $65-216\ \mu \mathrm{A}$ ). eEMG amplitude increased with stimulus intensity and saturated at around 7-10xT ( $20-65\ \mu \mathrm{A}$ ). Vagotomy caudal to the stimulating electrode and rostral to the recurrent laryngeal nerve resulted in disappearance of the eEMG.
The Origin of Metabolism

Modern metabolism is a network of chemical reactions, which are catalyzed by enzymes encoded by the respective genes. Several ideas for explaining the origin of metabolism have been proposed. For example, in some hypotheses, it is assumed that the proto-metabolism should be a chemical reaction system, in which the reactions were carried out with minerals, such as pyrites, clays and rocks on hydrothermal vents in a deep sea. In such cases, the activities on minerals must be transferred at one time to protein enzymes. However, it would be impossible to transfer the catalytic activities on minerals with three-dimensional structure to protein enzymes also with three-dimensional structure.
Terror, Numbness, Panic, and Awe: Experiential Personal Constructivismn and Panic

SUMMARY Experiential personal constructivism is based upon the fundamental premise that human intimacy (termed “ROLE relationships”) is both absolutely essential for meaning in life yet is filled with terror. As such, persons both approach and retreat from these relationships. While retreating from these relationships allows us to feel safe, we also numb ourselves to the full experience of our interpersonal world. “Symptoms” of “psychopathology” (including symptoms of panic) are ways in which we tell ourselves that we are not engaging in ROLE relationships as extensively as we could. By courageously exploring our ways of limiting intimacy, due mostly to horrendous disr confirmations, we can use our experience of “symptomatology” to grow in ways that allow us to experience self, other, and world more richly. This type of growth, toward reverence or awe, is the true end of therapy.
Regression towards the mean, historically considered:

The simple yet subtle concept of regression towards the mean is reviewed historically. Verbal, geometric, and mathematical expressions of the concept date to the discoverer of the concept, Francis Galton. That discovery and subsequent understanding (and misunderstanding) of the concept are surveyed.
Structure of photosystems I and II

Photosynthesis is the major process that converts solar energy into chemical energy on Earth. Two and a half billion years ago, the ancestors of cyanobacteria were able to use water as electron source for the photosynthetic process, thereby evolving oxygen and changing the atmosphere of our planet Earth. Two large membrane protein complexes, Photosystems I and II, catalyze the primary step in this energy conversion, the light-induced charge separation across the photosynthetic membrane. This chapter describes and compares the structure of two Photosystems and discusses their function in respect to the mechanism of light harvesting, electron transfer and water splitting.
Mapping the Roads to Current Science

Making Modern Science . A Historical Survey. By Peter J. Bowler and Iwan Rhys Morus . University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2005. 537 pp. $65, £45.50. ISBN 0-226-06860-9. Paper, $25, £17.50. ISBN 0-226-06861-7. In a survey intended for interested readers and introductory courses, the authors examine historical episodes (from the scientific revolution to "the emergence of the human sciences") and then discuss selected themes (from "organization of science" through "science and technology" to "science and gender").
Distributed Algorithms for Multirobot Task Assignment With Task Deadline Constraints

We present distributed algorithms for multirobot task assignment where the tasks have to be completed within given deadlines. Each robot has a limited battery life and thus there is an upper limit on the amount of time that it has to perform tasks. Performing each task requires certain amount of time (called the task duration) and each robot can have different payoffs for the tasks. Our problem is to assign the tasks to the robots such that the total payoff is maximized while respecting the task deadline constraints and the robot’s battery life constraints. Our problem is NP-hard since a special case of our problem is the classical generalized assignment problem (which is NP-hard). There are no known algorithms (distributed or centralized) for this problem with provably good guarantees of performance. We present a distributed algorithm for solving this problem and prove that our algorithm has an approximation ratio of 2. For the special case of constant task duration we present a distributed algorithm that is provably almost optimal. Our distributed algorithms are polynomial in the number of robots and the number of tasks. We also present simulation results to depict the performance of our algorithms.
A fascinating country in the world of computing: your guide to automated reasoning

The menu, the map, and the magic learning logic by example automated reasoning in full logic circuit design logic circuit validation research in mathematics research in formal logic the formal treatment of automated reasoning Wos's biased guide for the effective use of OTTER an author's appraisal of his papers open questions, hard problems, intriguing challenges epilogue and after-dinner liqueur.
Implementation of a calendar application based on SyD coordination links

System on devices (SyD) is a specification for a middleware to enable heterogeneous collections of information, databases, or devices (such as hand-held devices) to collaborate with each other. This paper illustrates the advantages of SyD by describing a prototype calendar of meetings application. This application highlights some of the technical merits of SyD by exploiting the use of coordination links. Based on the underlying event-and-trigger mechanism, these links allow automatic updates as well as real-time enforcements of global constraints and interdependencies, not available with existing calendar applications. Additionally, the calendar application illustrates coordination among heterogeneous devices and databases, formation and maintenance of dynamic groups, mobility support through proxies, and performance group transactions across independent data stores.
Optimizing Signal Timings from the Field: VISGAOST and VISSIM–ASC/3 Software-in-the-Loop Simulation

Traditionally, when traffic signals are retimed, a significant difference is seen between signal timings recommended by optimization software and those implemented in field controllers. Those two sets of signal timings rarely match each other, and often a manual process is involved in transferring the data to and from the field controllers. A method is presented: signal timings are downloaded from field controllers, optimized by a software package, and then uploaded to field controllers. The method is VISGAOST, a stochastic optimization program, working with VISSIM-ASC/3 software-in-the-loop simulation to optimize the signal timings obtained from the field. The method was applied to optimize signal timings for a five-intersection urban arterial segment in West Valley City, Utah. Traffic operations simulated by a high-fidelity VISSIM represented field observations reliably. After thousands of potential signal timings were evaluated, VISGAOST found a better set of signal timings than those used in the field...
Effects of Reservoir Drawdowns and the Expansion of Hydrilla Coverage on Year-Class Strength of Largemouth Bass

AbstractWe examined the effects of reservoir drawdowns and hydrilla Hydrilla verticillata coverage on year-class strength of Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides at Rodman Reservoir, Florida. Average catch-curve residuals obtained from multiple age samples illustrated that four of the six cohorts produced during drawdowns were strong, whereas the majority of cohorts produced when pool levels were at normal depths were average to weak. Linear regression of average catch-curve residuals and the net change in percent area covered (PAC) by hydrilla were positively related (R2 = 0.75) to cohorts produced during drawdowns, whereas no relationship was found between hydrilla PAC and cohorts produced when water levels were at normal pool. The Largemouth Bass fishery at Rodman Reservoir could be managed for strong year-classes in predictive intervals (3–4 years) by the current drawdown magnitude, timing, and duration if hydrilla PAC is managed accordingly.Received March 13, 2014; accepted September 4, 2014
Evaluating water supply and other health programs: Short-run vs long-run mortality effects

Abstract Development agencies use “cost-effectiveness” analyses for setting priorities among Primary Health Care programs, with “effectiveness” often measured by the short-term impact on young-child mortality. Using data on the long-term effects of water supply and sanitation improvements on mortality in urban France in the 19th century, it is shown that use of this criterion introduces systematic and serious biases in favour of specific medical interventions and against systemic environmental interventions.
Changes in Ability and Achievement Scores Over Time: Implications for Children Classified as Learning Disabled

This study examined the effects of WISC-III IQ changes on the IQ-achievement discrepancy required for special education eligibility in the area of Specific Learning Disabled. Within a sample of 224 students with learning disabilities, WISG-III scores were significantly lower when compared to WISC-R scores. No significant changes occurred in achievement scores as measured by the Woodcock-Johnson Revised and the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test. As a result, fewer children retested with the WISC-III qualified for LD services. This drop in eligibility rates was evidenced by both the simple difference and regression methods. The possibility that a significant number of students no longer qualify for LD services should raise concern among psychologists and educators alike. In response to these results, emphasis should be placed upon consultation and pre-assessment intervention designed to serve those students who may no longer qualify for services.
Radiation from large space structures in low earth orbit with induced ac currents

Large conducting space structures in low earth orbit will have a nonnegligible motionally induced potential across their structures. The induced current flow through the body and the ionosphere causes the radiation of Alfven and lower hybrid waves. This current flow is taken to be ac and the radiated power is studied as a function of the ac frequency. The current may be ac due either to inductive coupling from the power system on the structure or by active modulation. A Space Station-like structure and tether are studied. For the Space Station structure the radiation impedance is particularly high for frequencies in the tens of kilohertz range which suggests that the Space Station may be efficient source of lower hybrid waves. The tether is also shown to be a generator of VLF waves up to source ac frequencies in the megahertz range. The implications for these two structures are discussed.
Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Youth Risks for Emotional, Physical, and Social Problems: Results From a Community-Based Survey

ABSTRACT Objective Health problems of gay, lesbian, and bisexual (GLB) youth are reported as differing from those of heterosexual youth. Increased depression, suicide, substance use, homelessness, and school dropout have been reported. Most studies of GLB youth use clinical or convenience samples. The authors conducted a community school-based health survey that included an opportunity to self-identify as GLB. Method An anonymous self-report health care questionnaire was used during a community-based survey in 2 high schools in an upper middle class district. Results Significantly increased health risks for self-identified GLB youth were found in mental health, sexual risk-taking, and general health risks compared with self-identified heterosexuals, but not in health domains associated with substance abuse, homelessness, or truancy. Conclusions Self-identified GLB youth in community settings are at greater risk for mental health, sexual risk-taking, and poorer general health maintenance than their heterosexual peers.
Discrete irregular sampling with larger gaps

Abstract Discrete irregular sampling is the problem of recovering a band-limited discrete signal from its nonuniformly sampled values. We introduce a new method for discrete irregular sampling. It features a new sampling geometry where the sampling points are chosen to come in pairs. A frequency domain formulation reduces the problem to a system of linear equations for which the matrix is of Toeplitz type and is positive definite as soon as there are enough samples. An explicit estimate of the condition number of that matrix is given under some condition on the maximum sampling gap. This condition allows gaps larger than the Nyquist gap. We recombine the new method and the conjugate method to deduce an efficient iterative reconstruction scheme for band-limited discrete signals. Numerical results are provided to illustrate the efficiency of the method.
Stabilization of silicate structures by carbonation

Abstract The carbonation of anhydrous and hydrated calcium silicates results in a stabilized silica structure which retains the morphology of the precarbonated material. The stable silica structure may be useful in the study of morphologies and pore structures which originated in the original hydrated systems.
Large-scale aerial treatment of an endemic area with Abate granular larvicide to control black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) and suppress Leucocytozoon smithi of turkeys.

A large-scale aerial treatment program utilizing 2% Abate® (0,0,0′,0′-tetramethyl 0,0′-Thiodi-p-phenylene phosphorothioate) Celatom granules for the control of larval Simulium was conducted. An area 16.1 km in diam. near Pageland, South Carolina which contained several commercial breeder turkey farms was used for the study. Seven treatments beginning in March and ending in August 1972 were applied to infested streams in the area at monthly intervals by slow-flying helicopters at the rate of 91 g AI/0.4 ha. Adult and larval black fly populations in the treatment zone were reduced substantially from levels of the previous year. There was also a sharp decrease in the level of blood parasitemia of Leucocytozoon smithi (Laveran & Lucet, 1905) in sentinel turkeys during the same period. The effectiveness of the treatment program was demonstrated and the cost (Ca $10,000) should be economically feasible for a large-scale turkey breeder operation.
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of the solution-mediated conversion of amorphous calcium phosphate to hydroxyapatite: New correlations between X-ray diffraction and infrared data

Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopic analysis of maturing, poorly crystalline hydroxyapatite (HA) formed from the conversion of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) at constant pH or variable pH show only subtle changes in the v1, v3 phosphate absorption region (900 cm-1-1200 cm-1). This region is of interest because it can be detected by analysis of mineralized tissue sections using FT-IR microscopy. To evaluate the subtle spectral changes occurring during the maturation, second derivatives of the spectra were calculated. HA formed at constant pH showed little or no variation in the second derivative peak positions with bands occurring at 960 cm-1, 985 cm-1, 1030 cm-1, 1055 cm-1, 1075 cm-1, 1096 cm-1, 1116 cm-1, and 1145 cm-1. These bands can be assigned to molecular vibrations of the phosphate (PO4(3-)) moiety in an apatitic/stoichiometric environment of HA. In contrast, during the early stages of maturation of the HA formed at variable pH, second derivative peak positions occurring at 958 cm-1, 985 cm-1, 1020 cm-1, 1038 cm-1, 1112 cm-1, and 1127 cm-1 shifted in position with maturation, indicating that the environment of the phosphate species is changing as the crystals mature. Peaks at 1020 cm-1, 1038 cm-1, 1112 cm-1, and 1127 cm-1 were attributable to nonstoichiometry and/or the presence of acid phosphate-containing species. This concept was supported by the lower Ca:P molar ratios measured by chemical analysis of the synthetic material made at variable pH. Using the second derivative peak positions as initial input parameters, the v1, v3 phosphate region of the synthetic HAs prepared at constant pH were curve fit. X-ray diffraction patterns of these same materials were also curve fit to calculate the changes in crystallinty (size/perfection) in the c-axis 002 reflection as well as the 102, 210, 211, 112, 300, 202, and 301 planes. Linear regression analysis showed that the changes in the percent area of the underlying bands at 982 cm-1, 999 cm-1, 1030 cm-1, 1075 cm-1, 1096 cm-1, 1116 cm-1, and 1145 cm-1 were correlated with changes in crystallinity in one or more of the reflection planes. It is suggested that a combination of second-derivative and curve-fitting analysis of the v1, v3 phosphate contour allows the most reproducible evaluation of these spectra.
Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (BP) from human placenta are immunologically related to the growth hormone dependent binding protein in adult human serum (BP-53).

Summary Preterm human placentae produce IGF-specific binding proteins. Placental binding proteins are immunologically similar to the growth hormone dependent binding protein in human serum (BP-53) and not the growth hormone independent binding protein (BP-28) in human serum and amniotic fluid. Placental production occurs in mesenchymal cells located in the villous core.
A scale for the measurement of attitudes toward handgun control

This paper presents a scale designed for the measurement of attitudes toward handgun control. A review of the literature was undertaken in order to identify salient questions used in previous surveys measuring attitudes toward gun control in general and, more specifically, toward handgun control. Subsequently, thirteen items were developed and included in a statewide survey of 1,442 Texas residents. The thirteen items were then examined using the Guttman scaling evaluation procedure, and nine items were retained on the final scale. The coefficient of scalability for the nine-item scale was .698, and the coefficient of reproducability was .915. This scale represents the first multi-item instrument available for the measurement of attitudes toward handgun control and, therefore, presents a means for more advanced statistical analysis of the factors influencing these attitudes.
Modification of lipid acyl groups by serum deprivation does not affect phorbol ester-induced differentiation of human leukemia cells

Abstract 12- O -Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), a potent tumor promoter, can induce differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia cells grown in a serum-free environment. Removal of serum produces altered acyl group composition of cellular phospholipids, most notably, marked decreases in the polyunsaturated fatty acid content. Although higher amounts of TPA are required to induce differentiation in serum-free cell populations, induction assessed by morphological and enzymatic markers is similar to the ‘macrophage-like’ differentiated state reported for cells grown in a serum-rich medium.
Gradient hot-stage electron microscopy of binary metallic solid/liquid interfaces☆

Abstract Temperature gradient hot-stage electron microscopy of solid/liquid interfaces has been utilized in the study of metallic binary systems. Solute additions were found to have a marked effect on the micromorphology of the solid/liquid interfaces. For example, in a dilute alloy of tin in bismuth, melting always occured at grain boundaries, leaving isolated “islands” of bismuth-rich solid in a ldsea” of binary liquid. A number of binary systems representing the common types of crystallization reactions have been surveyed, and typical results are presented.
Perceived Levels of Health Risk Associated with Linguistic Descriptors and Type of Disease

To guide communication with lay people about levels of genetic risk, this exploratory study employs a written survey to assess whether different levels of perceived risk were associated with varying the terminology used to describe the nature of risk associated with genes and several diseases. Results indicate that for lay participants (N = 243), there is a statistically significant difference in the level of risk associated with the terminology “has a gene that causes” as compared to the lower risk attributed when the terminology “has a family history of” is used. Participants attributed a higher level of risk to family history for heart disease than family history for diabetes. Implications of the findings for science communication associated with the severity and susceptibility of individuals for disease linked to genes are discussed.
ICU bedside environment. A nursing perspective.

By its very nature the ICU environment is a strange place with its noises, equipment, constant activity, and bright lights. The demands of the critically ill patients in this environment often keep the care providers from recognizing the hostility of the environment from the patient's perspective. Patients are often scared, confused, and uncomfortable, and the ICU environment does little to provide comfort. Despite studies that have indicated the need for a more healing environment for critically ill patients, little has changed in how ICUs are designed today. There are other factors that will drive changes in the ICU bedside environment of the future, including significant advances in monitoring capabilities, the addition of new members to the health care team, the types of information and communications that will be needed, and the increased need for flexibility to accommodate sicker patients. These factors combined with the need for a more healing environment in the ICU have pushed critical care practitioners, administrators, and architects to work together on creating the ideal ICU. But what will the ideal ICU bedside environment be in the future? This article presents the work done by practitioners on the need for a healing environment in the ICU. A discussion of the current issues in the ICU environment leads to a projection of what the ICU bedside environment might look like in 2010. The need for a change is clear, but it is a little unclear what will make the ICU a better place from the patient's and the practitioner's perspectives. The proposed ICU environment of the future must be able to meet the demands of the critically ill patient for high tech care and balance those environmental concerns with the equally important needs for a high touch, healing environment.
Histone acetyltransferase p300 modulates gene expression in an epigenetic manner at high blood alcohol levels

When rats are fed ethanol intragastrically at a constant rate for 1 month, the urinary alcohol level (UAL) cycles over 7-9 day intervals. At the peak UAL, the liver is hypoxic shifting the redox state to a reduced rate. Microarray analysis done on livers at the UAL peaks shows changes in approximately 1300 gene expression compared to the pair-fed controls. To determine the mechanism of the gene expression changes, histone acetylation regulation was investigated in liver nuclear extracts at the peaks and troughs of the UAL and their pair-fed controls. No change occurred in SirT-1. P300, a histone acetyltransferase (HAT), which acetylates histone H3 on lysine 9, was increased at the peaks. Histone 3 acetylated at lysine 9 was also increased at the peaks. This indicates that the up regulated genes at the UAL peaks resulted from an increase in p300 transcription regulation, epigenetically. P300 activates transcription of numerous genes in response to signal transcription factors such as H1F 1alpha, increased in the nucleus at UAL peaks. Signal transduction pathways, such as NFkappaB, AP-1, ERK, JNK, and p38 were not increased at the peaks. beta-Catenin was increased in the nuclear extract at the UAL troughs, where increased gene expression was absent. The increase in gene expression at the peaks was due, in part, to increased acetylation of histone 3 at lysine 9.
A model for the deflagration of nitramines

A simplified theoretical model is developed for describing the flame structure and deflagration velocity of steady, planar, adiabatic combustion of nitramines. The model involves exothermic decomposition in a liquid layer, equilibrium vaporization and exothermic combustion in the gas. Judicious selection of energetic and rate parameters on the basis of available experimental information resulted in reasonable agreement between predicted and measured burning rates and pressure and temperature sensitivities.
Spinal epidural hematoma during anticoagulant therapy.

Spinal epidural hematoma complicated the course of anticoagulant therapy of cerebrovascular disease in a patient in whom observations of multiple aspects of coagulation had been obtained. Examination of this case and a review of the literature allow delineation of a syndrome that should aid in early diagnosis of spinal epidural hematoma. It is clear that coumarin derivatives induce multiple coagulation defects, which vary quantitatively and qualitatively with time. Contemporary evaluation of the benefits and risks of long-term anticoagulants is beset by many problems that have not been fully resolved.
Transient ventricular fibrillation report of a case spontaneous recovery

Abstract 1. 1. A patient with coronary artery disease and intraventricular block who suffered from fifteen seizures of unconsciousness during a period of eight hours with spontaneous recovery is reported. 2. 2. The syncopal attacks were shown to be the result of transient ventricular fibrillation. 3. 3. Spontaneous revival from a seizure of ventricular fibrillation was ushered in by the appearance in the electrocardiogram, of a postundulatory pause followed by idioventricular rhythm, and ventricular ectopic beats and finally by normal sinus rhythm.
Effectiveness of carbadox at 50 PPM on the performance of the young pig: methodology and influence of the initial weight.

Resume Carbadox a 50 ppm et amalioration des performances du porcelet sevra precocement — methodologie et role du poids initial Trois expariences ataient conduites avec des porcelets sevras pracocement (a 5 semaines) ou sevras a 7 semaines avec un total de 453 animaux. Ils ont ata nourris pendant 3 semaines avec un aliment tamoin ou supplementa avec 50 ppm de carbadox. Dans l'essai I, les animaux ataient allotas au hasard, tandis que dans les essais II et III ils ataient apparias dans les deux traitements par couples de meme poids. L'amalioration des performances due au carbadox a 50 ppm atait plus alevae lorsque le GMQ des tamoins atait plus faible: 26.6 % pour 225 g, 16.4 % pour 323 g et 18.5 % pour 479 g. Lorsque les animaux sont regroupas par tranches de poids dabut de l'essai, l'amalioration due au carbadox sur 3 semaines n'est pas exactement plus importante pour les animaux les plus lagers au dapart. Pour plus de 3 semaines l'amalioration est bien suparieure pour les gains de poids les plus faibles c'est a dire les catagories de faible poids au dapart. D'ou l'intaret de supplamenter les animaux aussi longtemps que possible pour aider les plus faibles d'entre eux. Le mathodologie utilisae pour l'exparience I: allotement au hasard et controle de l'aliment absorba, pourrait servir pour les essais terrain avec les supplaments de nutrition animale. Zusammenfassung Wirksamkeit von Carbadox bei einer Dosierung von 50 ppm auf die Leistung junger Schweine: Methodik und Einflus des Anfangsgewichtes Drei Versuche mit insgesamt 453 Tieren wurden mit fruh abgesetzten (5 Wochen alt) oder abgesetzten (7 Wochen alt) Ferkeln durchgefuhrt. Sie wurden 3 Wochen lang mit einem 50 ppm Carbadox enthaltenden Futter oder einem Kontrollfutter gefuttert. In Experiment I wurden die Tiere zufallig verteilt und in Experiment II und III nach dem Gewicht paarweise einer der beiden Behandlungsgruppen zugeordnet. Die Leistungsverbesserung durch 50 ppm Carbadox war groser, wenn die durchschnittliche Gewichtszunahme der Kontrollen niedriger war: 26,6 % bei 225 g, 16,4 % bei 323 g und 18,5 % bei 479 g. Wenn die Tiere nach dem gleichen Anfangsgewicht zusammengestellt werden, ist die durch Carbadox bedingte Verbesserung der durchschnittlichen Gewichtszunahme in 3 Wochen nicht groser fur Tiere mit dem niedrigsten Anfangsgewicht. uber einen langeren Zeitraum ist die Verbesserung weitaus deutlicher fur die geringsten Zunahmen, d. h. die Tiere mit dem geringsten Anfangsgewicht. Diese Tatsache bestatigt die Bedeutung einer moglichst langen Supplementierung, um damit die leichtesten Tiere zu unterstutzen. Die Methodik fur Experiment I, namlich zufallige Verteilung der Tiere und Kontrolle der Futteraufnahme, konnte bei der Durchfuhrung von Feldversuchen mit Futterzusatzstoffen Anwendung finden.
Food selectivity in children with autism spectrum disorders and typically developing children.

Objectives To define food selectivity and compare indices of food selectivity among children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and typically developing children, and to assess the impact of food selectivity on nutrient adequacy. Study design Food selectivity was operationalized to include food refusal, limited food repertoire, and high-frequency single food intake using a modified food frequency questionnaire and a 3-day food record. Food selectivity was compared between 53 children with ASDs and 58 typically developing children age 3-11 years. Nutrient adequacy was assessed relative to the dietary reference intakes. Results The children with ASDs exhibited more food refusal than typically developing children (41.7% of foods offered vs 18.9% of foods offered; P P Conclusions Our findings suggest that food selectivity is more common in children with ASDs than in typically developing children, and that a limited food repertoire may be associated with nutrient inadequacies.
Stochastic resonance of the visually evoked potential

Stochastic resonance refers to the enhancement of a signal by the addition of a small amount of noise and its degradation by a larger amount of noise. It occurs in a variety of physical systems including neuronal systems. However, its demonstration in neuronal systems has so far been limited to single-dimensional systems such as a single mechanoreceptor. We report here the existence of stochastic resonance in the visually evoked potential, a very high-dimensional neuronal system.
An atmospheric chemist in search of the tropopause

[1] Delineating the boundary between troposphere and stratosphere in a chemistry transport model requires a state variable for each air mass that maps out the ever shifting, overlapping three-dimensional (3-D) boundary at each time step. Using an artificial tracer, e90, with surface sources and 90 day decay time, the model e90 tropopause matches the 1-D temperature lapse rate definition of the tropopause as well as the seasonal variation of ozone at this boundary. This approach works from equator to pole, over all seasons, unlike methods based on potential vorticity or ozone. By focusing on the time scales that separate stratosphere from troposphere, we examine the cause of ozone seasonality at the midlatitude tropopause, the oldest air in the troposphere (winter descent in the subtropics), and a north-south bias in the age of air of the lowermost stratosphere as evaluated using a northern tracer. The tracer e90 is invaluable in 3-D modeling, readily separating stratosphere from troposphere and a giving quantitative measure of the effective distance from the tropopause.
Stratospheric Water Vapour Increase due to Human Activities

GREAT interest has been aroused by the possibility that a fleet of supersonic transports (SST) flying in the stratosphere would deposit sufficient water vapour to increase the average global concentration by about 7%, from 3 p.p.m. to 3.2 p.p.m. (ref. 1). The injection of this water vapour would result in a small decrease in stratospheric temperature according to Manabe and Wetherald2,3. Perhaps more significantly, it could decrease the concentration of ozone in the lower stratosphere through a series of photochemical reactions4–9.
Reconciling inconsistent information: Impressions of personality from combinations of traits:

Research is described that examines the kinds of impressions formed from congruent and incongruent combinations of trait‐descriptive adjectives. Impressions formed from congruent traits are easier ...
Curious properties of the Morse oscillator

Abstract Analytical solutions for the Morse oscillator are used to evaluate 〈 V 〉 n and 〈 T 〉 n . For all bound states 〈 V 〉 n = ℏ ω e 2 ( n + 1 2 ) . This result is identical to the result that is obtained for the harmonic oscillator with the same quadratic force constant. Consequently, all of the anharmonicity in the energy of the quantum states of a Morse oscillator is incorporated in 〈 T 〉 n . This finding is tested for realistic diatomic potential functions for Ar–Xe, Be 2 and the E-state of Li 2 . Analysis of 〈 V 〉 n / ( n + 1 2 ) for these systems shows that this quantity is well approximated by ω e / 2 over large ranges of n . Implications of this result to polyatomic systems and for vibration to translation collisional energy transfer are discussed.
Introduction to Sexuality in Late Life

Sexuality is an aspect of human development often ignored at various stages of life, especially late life. With the aging of society, increased longevity, improved health, and rising affluence, the...
Quantitative Cone-Beam Reconstruction

Feldkamp has developed an approximate cone-beam tomography reconstruction algorithm. [1] This paper presents an analysis of some of the limitations of this algorithm and proposes a post-processing algorithm, which has been studied in simulations. Preliminary results suggest that by incorporating a priori constraints on the object reconstruction, the reconstruction volume within which satisfactory results are achieved can be expanded beyond that produced by the Feldkamp algorithm.
Meson exchange currents in deuteron electrodisintegration and the nucleon axial vector form factor

Abstract Double differential cross sections for deuteron electrodisintegration near threshold from back-scattered electrons were calculated for electron four-momentum transfer squares in the range 0 ⩽ Δ2 ⩽ 15 fm−2 and for final n-p relative energies in the range 0 ⩽ Erel ⩽ 15 MeV using the Reid hard-core parametrization of the n-p potential and considering the free nucleon or impulse process and various one-pion exchange processes. Particular attention was paid to the study of the form factors of the mesonic processes and to the dependence of the cross section on various n-p potentials. In particular, the cross section was found to be dominated by the impulse process for Δ2 ⩽ 8 fm−2 and by the catastrophic meson exchange process for Δ2 ⩾ 8 fm−2. Since in dispersion theories, the catastrophic process is proportional to the isovector Dirac nucleon form factor F1V(Δ2) while in PCAC-current algebra theories it is proportional to the nucleon axial vector form factor FA(Δ2), a determination of the catastrophic form factor was under-taken. It was found that the experimental data was reasonably fitted by F A (Δ 2 ) = (1 + Δ 2 m A 2 ) −2 with mA = 0.81 GeV. This value of mA is within the range of values determined termined from neutrino scattering experiments. Further, the cross section was found to be relatively insensitive to the n-p potential employed providing it exhibits repulsive core behavior for r ≲ 0.5 fm. Finally, possible parametrizations of the off-shell contributions to the pion form factor and contributions to the cross section from scattering to the 3S1-3D1 and l > 0 final states were examined.
Mechanics and histology of hydroxylapatite coated implant surfaces

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of hydroxylapatite (HA) ceramic coatings on the ultimate interface shear strength, the rate of development of attachment strength and the degree of bone ingrowth or apposition to various implant surfaces. For the HA-coated and uncoated porous systems the long-term maximum strengths were equivalent at about 20 MPa. The development of the maximum interface strength was twice as long for the non-HA porous system versus 6-12 weeks for the uncoated system. The HA-coated textured systems had interface strengths approximately 75-90% that of the porous systems, with maximum strength in approximately 3-6 weeks. The non-HA-coated system required 10 weeks to reach this strength. A monolayer system, which had slightly greater interfacial area than a grooved system, showed a greater interfacial strength at all time periods. >
N of 1 Randomized Trial

“N-of-1 clinical trials” are randomized, multiple-period crossover trials carried out in individual patients. Most clinical trials are conducted for the purpose of producing information generalizable to a larger population, but N-of-1 trials are usually conducted to inform a single patient and a clinical-care provider about the effects of a specific therapy for that patient. Generalizing beyond that patient is usually not the intent of an N-of-1 study, though multiple N-of-1 trials may be combined to produce results with greater external validity. Like all crossover studies, there is a limited range of conditions and treatments that are amenable to investigation with an N-of-1 design, and practical barriers often exist to wider implementation of these studies in the typical clinical setting. Nevertheless, N-of-1 trials provide a potential means for providing more evidence-based individualized therapeutic decision-making in clinical practice. Keywords: Cross-over studies; randomization; treatment; statistical analysis; patient care
Effect of Ring Substitution Position on the Structural Conformation of Mercaptobenzoic Acid Self-Assembled Monolayers on Au(111)

Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy, photoemission spectroscopy (PES), and contact angle measurements have been used to examine the structure and bonding of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) prepared on Au(111) from the positional isomers of mercaptobenzoic acid (MBA). The isomer of MBA and solvent chosen in SAM preparation has considerable bearing upon film morphology. Carbon K-edge NEXAFS measurements indicate that the monomers of 2-, 3-, and 4-MBA have well-defined orientations within their respective SAMs. Monomers of 3- and 4-MBA assume an upright orientation on the Au substrates in monolayers prepared using an acetic acid in ethanol solvent. The aryl ring and carboxyl group of these molecules are tilted from the surface normal by a colatitudal angle of ∼30°. Preparation of 4-MBA SAMs using pure ethanol solvent, a more traditional means of synthesis, had no appreciable effect upon the monomer orientation. Nonetheless, S(2p) PES measurements illustrate that it results in ext...
Non-aqueous chemical synthesis of tetragonal (β-La2S3) lanthanum sulfide powders

Abstract Lanthanum sulfide (La2S3) exhibits several different allotrophic forms, of which β-La2S3 is an intermediate polymorph that is stable at temperatures of 900 °C. It exhibits the tetragonal structure and could be a potential phosphor material. Traditionally, β-La2S3 has been synthesized using melt solidification and gas-solid reactions which require extended heat treatment cycles, invariably resulting in the formation of mixed phases. In this paper, low temperature non-aqueous chemical synthesis routes have been developed using inorganic and metallorganic starting materials to synthesize ultrafine ( ≈ 20 nm ) sulfide precursors. The precursors on sulfidization at 1000 °C for 8 result in the formation of fine ( ≈0.5–1.0 μ m ) β-La2S3 particles. The physical, thermal, and microstructural chemistry of these precursors have been assessed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron microscopy (SEM/TEM) with a view to understand the synthesis mechanism and the tetragonal phase formation.
Associahedra, cyclohedra and a topological solution to the A∞ Deligne conjecture

Abstract We give a topological solution to the A ∞ Deligne conjecture using associahedra and cyclohedra. To this end, we construct three CW complexes whose cells are indexed by products of polytopes. Giving new explicit realizations of the polytopes in terms of different types of trees, we are able to show that the CW complexes are cell models for the little discs. The cellular chains of one complex in particular, which is built out of associahedra and cyclohedra, naturally act on the Hochschild cochains of an A ∞ algebra yielding an explicit, topological and minimal solution to the A ∞ Deligne conjecture. Along the way we obtain new results about the cyclohedra, such as new decompositions into products of cubes and simplices, which can be used to realize them via a new iterated blow-up construction.
Stochastic imitative game dynamics with committed agents

Abstract We consider models of stochastic evolution in two-strategy games in which agents employ imitative decision rules. We introduce committed agents: for each strategy, we suppose that there is at least one agent who plays that strategy without fail. We show that unlike the standard imitative model, the model with committed agents generates unambiguous infinite horizon predictions: the asymptotics of the stationary distribution do not depend on the order in which the mutation rate and population size are taken to their limits.
Précis of Knowledge, Possibility and Consciousness

In Knowledge, Possibility and Consciousness1 I argue that the Zombie Argument, the Knowledge Argument, and the Modal Argument do not provide people with broadly common-sensical views about consciousness and the mental, and an inclination towards physicalism, any reasons not to be physicalists. That is, they do not support the doctrine of neo-dualism, advocated by Chalmers2, Jackson3, and others: although the mind may be the brain, qualia, the what-its-like properties of experiences that makes them experiences, are not physical properties. I claim that as long as the physicalist maintains that these properties simply are physical properties, rather than holding some seemingly more sophisticated, but in fact more vulnerable, doctrine of supervenience, and adopts certain independently plausible views about knowledge and possibility, the force of the arguments can be evaded. Such a physicalist I call an "antecedent physicalist," by which I have in mind someone like myself, who is inclined toward physicalism, and thus inclined to suppose that experiences are physical states, until exposed to some good argument to show otherwise. Thus the book is directed at two groups: those that are sympathetic to physicalism but do not know what to make of these arguments, and those that deny physicalism because of one or more of these arguments. Readers outside these two groups are, however, most welcome. The point about knowledge and possibility is this. There are two ways we can think about possibility, and hence about the content of states of knowledge, thought of as the possibilities the knowledge permits. First there arc the possibilities for the subject matter, the extra-linguistic properties and things in the world the possibilities are possibilities for, or the knowledge is knowledge of. Thought of in this way, there is no possibility that Mark
What children say when asked "what?": a study of the use of syntactic knowledge.

Abstract The present study explores two questions: What is the nature of older children's syntactic knowledge; how is that knowledge used in an everyday speech situation? Six-, eight-, and ten-year-olds repeated grammatical sentences as read by the first experimenter. Half the sentences were syntactically clear, half slightly distorted. Clear versions displayed basic grammatical relations and constituent structure perspicuously. The second experimenter, who sat at the other end of the room, asked “What?” after each sentence. The syntactic changes children might make to accommodate the listener were examined. Although the children made a variety of changes, at all ages they tended to change distorted versions to clear ones, and to repeat clear versions. The results suggest that children's syntactic knowledge is deeper and more accessible than had been supposed.
Parallel Real-Time Scheduling of DAGs

Recently, multi-core processors have become mainstream in processor design. To take full advantage of multi-core processing, computation-intensive real-time systems must exploit intra-task parallelism. In this paper, we address the problem of real-time scheduling for a general model of deterministic parallel tasks, where each task is represented as a directed acyclic graph (DAG) with nodes having arbitrary execution requirements. We prove processor-speed augmentation bounds for both preemptive and non-preemptive real-time scheduling for general DAG tasks on multi-core processors. We first decompose each DAG into sequential tasks with their own release times and deadlines. Then we prove that these decomposed tasks can be scheduled using preemptive global EDF with a resource augmentation bound of 4. This bound is as good as the best known bound for more restrictive models, and is the first for a general DAG model. We also prove that the decomposition has a resource augmentation bound of 4 plus a constant non-preemption overhead for non-preemptive global EDF scheduling. To our knowledge, this is the first resource augmentation bound for non-preemptive scheduling of parallel tasks. Finally, we evaluate our analytical results through simulations that demonstrate that the derived resource augmentation bounds are safe in practice.