cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reduced-order models for separation Columns—III: Application to columns with multiple feeds and sidestreams☆

Abstract Reduced order dynamic models for distillation columns are developed using the polynomial approximation method (or orthogonal collocation). The discontinuities in column profiles introduced by feeds and sidedraws are partially removed through suitable redefinition of variables, thus enabling the column profiles to be fitted with a single polynomial across the entire column. The strenghts and weakness of these reduced order models are explored by application studies in multicomponent distillation. These included a nonideal system of four components. The accuracy and efficiency of the reduced models are also compared with simulation results obtained using a dynamic model developed at Monsanto Company.
Pathogenesis, prediction and trials for the prevention of insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus.

Abstract This paper reviews the definition of type 1A (autoimmune) diabetes and current knowledge of the genetic and environmental factors involved in the pathogenesis of this condition. The antigenic targets of autoimmunity and the possible effector mechanism for autoimmunity are discussed, and recent experimental results on prevention trials in mouse models of type 1A diabetes are described. These animal studies indicate that `vaccination' with insulin or its peptides looks very promising as a prevention method. Results of pilot trials in humans are also encouraging for the prospects of using insulin for primary prevention. Recent data from prospective studies in humans suggest that it will soon be possible to predict with reasonable certainty from genetic and autoantibody screening who is likely to develop type 1A diabetes. Several ongoing trials for primary prevention in humans at high risk are described.
Gate Sizing and Vth Assignment for Asynchronous Circuits Using Lagrangian Relaxation

Gate sizing and threshold voltage selection is an important step in the VLSI physical design process to help reduce power consumption and improve circuit performance. Recent asynchronous design flows try to directly leverage synchronous EDA tools to select gates, which have a lot of limitations due to the intrinsic difference between asynchronous and synchronous circuits. This paper presents a new simultaneous gate sizing and Vth assignment approach for asynchronous designs. We formulate the asynchronous gate version selection problem considering both leakage power consumption and cycle time. Then, the optimization is performed based on a Lagrangian relaxation framework. A fast and effective slew updating strategy is also proposed to address the timing-loops of asynchronous circuits during static timing analysis. Our approach is evaluated using a set of asynchronous designs based on the pre-charged half buffer (PCHB) template and compared with the Proteus asynchronous design flow which is leveraging synchronous EDA tools. The experiments show our approach can achieve much better quality results in terms of both leakage power and cycle time compared with the other approach.
Developmental regulation and tissue-specific expression of the human muscle creatine kinase gene.

Abstract To define mechanisms regulating expression of M creatine kinase, the human gene including 5'-flanking DNA was cloned, characterized, and partially sequenced. The gene contains 8 exons interrupted by 7 introns spanning 17.5 kilobase pairs of DNA. The intron-exon splice sites were identified and conform to the GT-AG consensus rule. The TATA and CAAT boxes are located at positions -31 and -56 upstream of the transcription start site as determined by primer extension. The 5'-untranslated region is interrupted with the translation start codon located in the second exon. To determine whether sequences within the 5'-upstream DNA confer tissue-specific expression and developmental regulation, constructs containing 2620 base pairs of human M creatine kinase 5'-flanking DNA fused upstream of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in the promoterless plasmid pSVO-CAT were transfected into cultured C2C12 myoblasts. There was 17-fold induction of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity during differentiation as C2C12 myoblasts fused to form myotubes. The M creatine kinase fusion construct was not expressed in transfected nonmuscle cell lines, COS-7 and NIH/3T3. Thus, cis-acting sequences within 2620 base pairs of the cap site are sufficient to direct developmental regulation and tissue-specific expression of the human M creatine kinase gene.
Functional role and structure of the scalene: an accessory inspiratory muscle in hamster

Fournier, Mario, and Michael I. Lewis. Functional role and structure of the scalene: an accessory inspiratory muscle in hamster. J. Appl. Physiol. 81(6): 2436–2444, 1996.—Although the scalene muscl...
Prefrontal cortical efferents in the rat synapse on unlabeled neuronal targets of catecholamine terminals in the nucleus accumbens septi and on dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area.

Physiological and pharmacological studies indicate that descending projections from the prefrontal cortex modulate dopaminergic transmission in the nucleus accumbens septi and ventral tegmental area. We investigated the ultrastructural bases for these interactions in rat by examining the synaptic associations between prefrontal cortical terminals labeled with anterograde markers (lesion-induced degeneration or transport of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin; PHA-L) and neuronal processes containing immunoreactivity for the catecholamine synthesizing enzyme, tryosine hydroxylase. Prefrontal cortical terminals in the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area contained clear, round vesicles and formed primarily asymmetric synapses on spines or small dendrites. In the ventral tegmental area, these terminals also formed asymmetric synapses on large dendrites and a few symmetric axodendritic synapses. In the nucleus accumbens septi, degenerating prefrontal cortical terminals synapsed on spiny dendrites which received convergent input from terminals containing peroxidase immunoreactivity for tyrosine hydroxylase, or from unlabeled terminals. In single sections, some tyrosine hydroxylase-labeled terminals formed thin and punctate symmetric synapses with dendritic shafts, or the heads and necks of spines. Close appositions, but not axo-axonic synapses, were frequently observed between degenerating prefrontal cortical afferents and tyrosine hydroxylase-labeled or unlabeled terminals. In the ventral tegmental area, prefrontal cortical terminals labeled with immunoperoxidase for PHA-L were in synaptic contact with dendrites containing immunogold reaction product for tyrosine hydroxylase, or with unlabeled dendrites. These results suggest that: (1) catecholaminergic (mainly dopaminergic) and prefrontal cortical terminals in the nucleus accumbens septi dually synapse on common spiny neurons; and (2) dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area receive monosynaptic input from prefrontal cortical afferents. This study provides the first ultrastructural basis for multiple sites of cellular interaction between prefrontal cortical efferents and mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons.
Photochemical reactions of cycloheptatrienetricarbonylchromium

The preparations of C7H8Cr(CO)2P(C6H5)3 and C7H8Cr(CO)2P(OC6H5)3 by the photochemical reaction of cycloheptatrienetricarbonylchromium with triphenylphosphine or triphenyl phosphite are described. The mass spectra of the compounds are compared with those of C7H8Cr(CO)3 and C6H6Cr(CO)2P(C6H5)3. Attempts to prepare compounds of the type X3Cr(CO)2P(C6H5)3 and X3Cr(CO)2P(OC6H5)3 by thermal reaction of C7H8Cr(CO)2P(C6H5)3 and C7H8Cr(CO)2P(OC6H5)3 with benzonitrile, acetonitrile, or pentamethyldiethylenetriamine are discussed.
Short interval results for squarefree numbers

Abstract Elementary and exponential sum approaches are used to obtain results for gaps between squarefree numbers. An elementary proof is given that there exists a positive constant c such that if x is sufficiently large, then the interval (x, x + h], where h = cx 2 9 , contains a squarefree number. Using exponential sums, it is shown that for any e > 0 one can take h = x 47 217 + e .
Scaling relations for the slippery ballistic growth model

Abstract A slippery ballistic growth model is introduced in which deposited particles stick with probability ps to the sides of existing columns. Numerical simulations in 1 + 1 dimensions show that while this model belongs to the KPZ universality class, it also exhibits a short-time scaling regime during which the width of the growth region obeys the power law w ∼ t 1 2 before crossing over to KPZ behavior. The crossover times between the three scaling regimes both scale with sticking probability as ps−1. The interface width at saturation ws is found to scale with ps, in addition to its scaling with substrate size.
The Stress Corrosion Performance of Diffusion-Bonded Nickel-Base Alloys

Abstract Excellent mechanical strength can be achieved in diffusion-bonded nickel-base alloys when approximately 0.01 mm of nickel is plated on the surfaces before bonding. However, rapid stress corrosion cracking (SCC) takes place in the bond line region when such materials are tested in high-purity water at 360°C. The failures are caused by the low concentration of chromium in the nickel-rich bond line region. Long-time high-temperature anneals to diffuse chromium into the bond line dramatically improve the stress corrosion resistance. Measurements of the local chromium in the bond line and separate tests of Ni-Cr binary alloys show that chromium contents approaching that of the bulk alloy are necessary to eliminate the cracking susceptibility.
A genetic analysis of the rudimentary locus of Drosophila melanogaster

A study of the structural and functional organization of the rudimentary ( r : 1–54·5) locus of Drosophila melanogaster has demonstrated that alleles of this gene reside in a number of recombinationally separable sites, and display a complex pattern of interallelic interaction. Data relating to interallelic interaction have been utilized to construct a linear complementation map consisting of 7 complementation units and 16 complementation groups. Comparison of the genetic fine structure map and the complementation map shows that the two maps are approximately co-linear. Totally non-complementing alleles reside at both ends of the fine structure map. The r locus is best interpreted by the model of a single cistron whose product affects several distinct developmental processes and whose alleles display a complex pattern of interallelic complementation. Intragenic recombination within the r locus is accompanied by the appearance of parental and recombinant flanking marker classes not expected on the basis of reciprocal recombination. Studies with half-tetrads demonstrate that intragenic recombination can occur either by gene conversion or by a reciprocal exchange mechanism. The pattern of organization seen at the r locus is similar to patterns of organization found in work with fungal genes.
Effects of operantly conditioning epileptic unit activity on seizure frequencies and electrophysiology of neocortical experimental foci.

Abstract Five Macaca mulatta monkeys were rendered chronically epileptic by subpial injection of aluminum hydroxide in sensorimotor cortex. After stable seizure frequencies were documented, a recording mount was placed surgically; this operation caused a dramatic, but transient, decrease in seizures in all monkeys. Subsequent periods of operant conditioning of interictal unit activity were associated with initially low levels of weekly seizure rates in three monkeys. Even more consistent than the decrease in clinically apparent seizures, was a steady decline in the number of abnormal neurons encountered. We conclude that single cell operant conditioning was associated with a decrease in the proportion of single units exhibiting interictal burst activity but not consistently associated with a reduction of seizure frequency.
Generation of 1,2-dehydrobenzene from the dehalosilylation of (o-halophenyl)trimethylsilanes

Abstract ( o -Halophenyl)trimethylsilanes afford products expected from the generation of 1,2-dehydrobenzene when treated with potassium tert-butoxide or tetramethylammonium fluoride in aprotic solvents such as hexamethylphosphoric triamide and diglyme. The dehalosilylation leading to 1,2-dehydrobenzene appears to proceed by a stepwise process which involves the initial formation of an o -halophenyl carbanion resulting from heterolytic cleavage of the aryl—silicon bond.
Naltrexone and Conventionality

This study examines the effect of conventionality on whether patients who were scheduled for naltrexone took it, and on treatment outcomes for patients who did take it. It is based on admission and case record data for 147 male opiate addicts who enrolled in New York Medical College's Multitrack Abstinence Program. Naltrexone-taking is examined against an array of “drug” and “social” variables and is found to be strongly related to four in particular: amount spent daily on heroin, number of arrests, type of residence, and employment. These variables are combined into an index which measures a patient's degree of conventionality. It is found that naltrexone-taking varies directly with degree of conventionality. Furthermore, it is found that, among patients who took naltrexone, those who gained in conventionality while in treatment were more likely than others to leave the program opiate-free after terminating naltrexone therapy.
On the application of the Cole-Hopf transformation to hyperbolic equations based on second-sound models

We point out and examine two nonlinear, hyperbolic equations, both of which arise in kinematic-wave theory, that can be solved exactly using a conditional application of the Cole-Hopf transformation. Both of these equations are based on flux relations that were originally proposed as models of thermal wave phenomena, also known as second-sound. We then show how this method can be extended and used to obtain a particular type of exact solution to a class of nonlinear, hyperbolic PDEs.
Estrogen and progesterone receptors: their role in postsclerotherapy angiogenesis telangiectatic matting (TM).

Background.Postsclerotherapy neoangiogenesis telangiectatic matting (TM) occurs in up to 24% of individuals treated by sclerotherapy. Although the etiology is unknown, obstructive flow factors, angiogenic factors, estrogen, inflammatory, and endogenous factors have all been postulated to play a role
Envirovet Summer Institute: Integrating Veterinary Medicine into Ecosystem Health Practice

Since 1991, Envirovet Summer Institutes have provided an intensive educational program in wildlife and ecosystem health to approximately 225 animal health professionals. Envirovet provides knowledge, skills, and multiple mentors to catalyze ecosystem health-oriented careers for young veterinarians. It is a total immersion experience, with the students engaged in 60–70 hours a week of instruction, 6–7 days a week, for 6 weeks. The course is comprised of lecture, laboratory, and field experiences organized into three sessions: 1) terrestrial wildlife and ecosystem health; 2) aquatic wildlife and ecosystem health; and 3) an ecosystem health approach to international development. Sessions 1 and 2 take place in Florida and Georgia; Session 3 takes place in a developing country (e.g., Kenya, Brazil, South Africa). Ultimately, the goal of Envirovet is to increase the numbers and effectiveness of veterinarians in productive ecosystem health research and application teams around the world.
The missed message of the cutoff rate

The history of the cutoff rate is reviewed. It is argued that the cutoff rate is a fundamental constant associated with each discrete memoryless channel. It is the largest rate for which maximum-likelihood (or minimum-distance) decoding is tractable for that channel. This statement is the appropriate backdrop against which to see recent progress in coding.
Role of Charged Residues in the S1-S4 Domains of Slo2.1 K+ Channels

Slo2.1 is a weakly voltage-dependent, large conductance K+ channel activated by intracellular Na+. Unlike the typical Kv channel, the S4 transmembrane domain of human Slo2.1 contains two basic residues (K174, R186) whose charge is partially offset by two acidic residues (E178, D183). The N-terminal residue of the putative S45 linker contains a single charged residue, R190. In addition, Slo2.1 has two basic residues in S1 (R80, K70) and a single acidic residue each in S2 (E118) and S3 (E143). We examined the effects of mutation of individual charged residues to Ala. Human Slo2.1 channels were expressed in Xenopus oocytes and whole cell currents were measured using the two electrode voltage clamp technique. In normal extracellular solution, Slo2.1 channels were closed, but could be activated by bathing oocytes in a K+-free solution for 10-15 minutes (to increase [Na+]i) or by exposure to 1 mM niflumic acid (NFA). The V1/2 for activation of wild-type Slo2.1 channels activated by NFA was −5 mV; effective valence, z = 0.56. Point mutations of the charged residues in S1-S4 induced relatively small changes in voltage dependence of activation (max ΔΔG=0.25). R190E Slo2.1 channels were constitutively active (current not enhanced by NFA) and the V1/2 was shifted to −63 mV; z = 0.55. Introduction of a second site mutation (R190E/D183K) reverted channels to wild-type gating mode (closed under control conditions, but activated 10-fold by NFA). Thus, an electrostatic interaction between D183 in S4 and R190 in the S45 linker may stabilize the closed state of Slo2.1 channels.
Superpower vs Supernatural: Black Superheroes and the Quest for a Mutant Reality:

Comic books can be understood as a visualization of oral folk culture in the US. Well beyond stereotype, these tales are informed by white supremacist visuality, circulating in mainstream culture as overdetermined narration. In this experimental article, the choreography of the panel and the choreography of the epidermis are explored in order to excavate the continuing problem of black superhero character development. Both white and black renderings of a superpowered black body are shown to have a limiting yet fulfilling perspective on blackness: that it is supernatural and therefore impossibly powerful. This supernaturalness is further explored as a site of antagonism to linear narration and fantasy-driven character development. The conflation of black everyday life with a supposedly fictional one reveals a central problem in white supremacist visioning of ‘the real’.
THEOLOGY AND SCIENCE IN THE EVOLVING COSMOS: A NEED FOR DIALOGUE

. Theology and science are both essential to the process of making sense of the world. Yet their relationship over the centuries has been largely adversarial. The Darwinian revolution, in particular, has necessitated a radical reinterpretation of the traditional dogma concerning creation. In this paper I discuss two general issues that presently obstruct communication between scientists and theologians in this arena and that are brought into acute focus by Wolfhart Pannenberg. First, the need to exercise care in the use of such denotative concepts as field especially in understanding the Darwinian character of the evolutionary process is addressed. Second, the ontological room science necessarily leaves theology in this enterprise is considered.
Electrospun nanofibers for potential space-based applications

SiO2 nanofibers have been produced by the electrospinning method by two different approaches: direct spinning of silica precursor-containing nanofibers and spinning of polymer nanofibers followed by sol–gel silica coating. After pyrolysis of the resulting materials, both methods yield silica nanofibers. We extend this work by coating the silica nanofibers with AlN films using a reactive magnetron sputtering technique. Substrate temperature, input gas composition and radio frequency (rf) power are the critical operating parameters for the formation of different crystal structures of the AlN shells. The AlN/SiO2 core-shell heterostructures demonstrate that electrospinning has the potential to produce low-mass, high-surface-area flexible nanofibers for potential space-based applications.
Phosphoinositides Decrease Atp Sensitivity of the Cardiac Atp-Sensitive K+ Channel: A Molecular Probe for the Mechanism of Atp-Sensitive Inhibition

Anionic phospholipids modulate the activity of inwardly rectifying potassium channels (Fan, Z., and J.C. Makielski. 1997. J. Biol. Chem. 272:5388–5395). The effect of phosphoinositides on adenosine triphosphate (ATP) inhibition of ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP) currents was investigated using the inside-out patch clamp technique in cardiac myocytes and in COS-1 cells in which the cardiac isoform of the sulfonylurea receptor, SUR2, was coexpressed with the inwardly rectifying channel Kir6.2. Phosphoinositides (1 mg/ml) increased the open probability of KATP in low [ATP] (1 μM) within 30 s. Phosphoinositides desensitized ATP inhibition with a longer onset period (>3 min), activating channels inhibited by ATP (1 mM). Phosphoinositides treatment for 10 min shifted the half-inhibitory [ATP] (Ki) from 35 μM to 16 mM. At the single-channel level, increased [ATP] caused a shorter mean open time and a longer mean closed time. Phosphoinositides prolonged the mean open time, shortened the mean closed time, and weakened the [ATP] dependence of these parameters resulting in a higher open probability at any given [ATP]. The apparent rate constants for ATP binding were estimated to be 0.8 and 0.02 mM−1 ms−1 before and after 5-min treatment with phosphoinositides, which corresponds to a Ki of 35 μM and 5.8 mM, respectively. Phosphoinositides failed to desensitize adenosine inhibition of KATP. In the presence of SUR2, phosphoinositides attenuated MgATP antagonism of ATP inhibition. Kir6.2ΔC35, a truncated Kir6.2 that functions without SUR2, also exhibited phosphoinositide desensitization of ATP inhibition. These data suggest that (a) phosphoinositides strongly compete with ATP at a binding site residing on Kir6.2; (b) electrostatic interaction is a characteristic property of this competition; and (c) in conjunction with SUR2, phosphoinositides render additional, complex effects on ATP inhibition. We propose a model of the ATP binding site involving positively charged residues on the COOH-terminus of Kir6.2, with which phosphoinositides interact to desensitize ATP inhibition.
Enhancement of normal neutrophil chemiluminescence by chronic granulomatous disease neutrophils.

Neutrophils and other phagocytic cells from patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) lack the ability to generate reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI), although other phagocytic functions appear to be intact. The effects of CGD neutrophils on the ability of normal neutrophils to produce ROI as measured by luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence (CL) were examined. Normal neutrophils (2×105) had a peak CL response to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA; 20 ng/ml) of 6.5±0.9 mV, while the CL response of CGD neutrophils was completely absent. However, the addition of CGD neutrophils (8×105) to normal neutrophils (2×105) markedly increased the peak CL response to PMA to 11.0+-1.1 mV (P < 0.001). The peak response of normal neutrophils (2×105) alone to the peptideN-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP; 10−6 M) was 9.0±1.1mV, and this increased to 22.2±3.5 mV (P < 0.001) when 8×105 CGD neutrophils were added and to 18.9±3.6 mV (P<0.005) when 4×105 CGD neutrophils were added. Thus, CGD neutrophils increase the release of ROI from normal cells, suggesting nonoxidative regulatory factors in ROI production.
Statistical models for protein validation using tandem mass spectral data and protein amino acid sequence databases.

The purpose of this work is to develop and verify statistical models for protein identification using peptide identifications derived from the results of tandem mass spectral database searches. Recently we have presented a probabilistic model for peptide identification that uses hypergeometric distribution to approximate fragment ion matches of database peptide sequences to experimental tandem mass spectra. Here we apply statistical models to the database search results to validate protein identifications. For this we formulate the protein identification problem in terms of two independent models, two-hypothesis binomial and multinomial models, which use the hypergeometric probabilities and cross-correlation scores, respectively. Each database search result is assumed to be a probabilistic event. The Bernoulli event has two outcomes: a protein is either identified or not. The probability of identifying a protein at each Bernoulli event is determined from relative length of the protein in the database (th...
Sensory Evaluation of Butterfat-Vegetable Oil Blend Spread Prepared with Structured Lipid Containing Canola Oil and Caprylic Acid

Structured lipid (SL) was synthesized from canola oil and caprylic acid with sn-1,3 specific lipase from Rhizomucor miehei. Cold-spreadable butter was made by blending butterfat with the SL at a weight ratio of 80:20. Its sensory attributes were compared with pure butter and butterfat-canola oil 80:20 blend spread by headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) procedure and sensory analyses (descriptive analysis and triangle test) to determine the effect of the SL on the sensory profiles of the spread. Butterfat-SL blend had significantly (P < 0.05) lower contents of hypercholesterolemic fatty acids (FAs) and the lowest atherogenic index (AI) compared with the others. In the volatile compounds analysis, free caprylic acid was detected in the butterfat-SL blend spread only. Descriptive analysis results indicated that butterfat-SL blend spread was significantly (P < 0.05) more cold-spreadable than pure butter, whereas its overall textural profile was very similar to that of butterfat-canola oil blend spread. However, no significant (P < 0.05) differences were found between all the spread samples in the flavor attributes including caprylic acid flavor. Triangle test results also showed that significant (P < 0.001) difference was found in cold-spreadability between pure butter and butterfat-SL blend spread, but there was no significant (P < 0.05) difference between butterfat-canola oil blend spread and butterfat-SL blend spread. Our results indicate that SL can counterbalance the hypercholester-olemic attributes of butterfat as well as improve the cold-spreadability of the experimental spread without any adverse effect on the flavor attributes of the spread.
Transoral Robotic Surgery Using a Carbon Dioxide Flexible Laser for Tumors of the Upper Aerodigestive Tract

Objective: To determine the safety, feasibility, and efficacy of coupling transoral robotic technology with the flexible carbon dioxide (CO2) laser for various tumors of the oropharynx and supraglottic larynx. Study Design: Prospective, pilot trial. Methods: Eight patients were enrolled in an IRB-approved prospective trial for transoral robotic surgery with the aid of the flexible CO2 laser. Results: Seven male patients with early carcinoma of the oropharynx or larynx successfully underwent tumor extirpation with the transoral robot and the flexible CO2 laser. We were unable to gain access to the supraglottic larynx in one female patient. The final pathology revealed seven patients with squamous cell carcinoma and one patient with adenoid cystic carcinoma. The flexible CO2 laser provided fine incisions with excellent hemostasis and minimal peripheral tissue injury. Additionally, the laser provided an excellent tool for raising pharyngeal flaps for reconstruction of the oropharynx. Conclusion: The flexible CO2 laser offers a unique advantage of precise incisions and may provide a valuable tool for both tumor extirpation and the creation of flaps for transoral robotic reconstruction.
A dislocation tetrahedron for MoSi2

Abstract A tetrahedron is proposed for describing slip planes and Burgers vectors of dislocations in the tetragonal C11 b structure of MoSi 2 . The faces are the four {013} slip planes; the edges are the four 1/2〈331〉 Burgers vectors plus the two 〈300〉 vectors. A combination of Greek and Roman letters is used to describe vectors and planes as for the Thompson tetrahedron. Included in the tetrahedron are the two 〈100〉, two 〈110〉 and four 1/2〈111〉 Burgers vectors, plus partial dislocations such as 1/6〈331〉, 1/4〈111〉 and 1/3〈001〉. Various dislocation reactions are described. In particular, it is shown that the 1/2〈331〉 screw dislocation should dissociate into three 1/6〈331〉 partials in an asymmetric fashion on two {013} planes. Such a configuration should have a different mobility in tension and compression. An alternative pyramid model is described which has some advantages but is less compact than the tetrahedron.
State-dependent retention produced with estrus in rats.

Abstract State-dependent retention (SDR) has frequently been demonstrated with drug-induced physiological changes which apparently serve as contextual cues for memory. These support the assumption that commonly occurring endogenous dispositions play a role in memory, yet three are few reports showing SDR with states that are likely to be part of an organism's natural experiences. To determine if behavioral estrus could produce SDR, ovariectomized female rats were rendered estrus via hormone injections or remained anestrus via placebo injections, trained with quinine-laced apple juice, and later tested while in the same or different state for reactions towards pure juice. SDR was not evident in the amount of juice consumed; however, those tested in the same state as the initial experience were slower to initiate drinking than those tested in a different state revealing a state-dependent influence on memory related to phases of the ovarian cycle.
On Judging the Significance of Differences by Examining the Overlap Between Confidence Intervals

To judge whether the difference between two point estimates is statistically significant, data analysts often examine the overlap between the two associated confidence intervals. We compare this technique to the standard method of testing significance under the common assumptions of consistency, asymptotic normality, and asymptotic independence of the estimates. Rejection of the null hypothesis by the method of examining overlap implies rejection by the standard method, whereas failure to reject by the method of examining overlap does not imply failure to reject by the standard method. As a consequence, the method of examining overlap is more conservative (i.e., rejects the null hypothesis less often) than the standard method when the null hypothesis is true, and it mistakenly fails to reject the null hypothesis more frequently than does the standard method when the null hypothesis is false. Although the method of examining overlap is simple and especially convenient when lists or graphs of confidence int...
Improved enantiomeric separation of dihydrodiols of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on chiral stationary phases by derivatization to O-methyl ethers.

Abstract K-region trans-dihydrodiol derivatives of phenanthrene, 1-methylphenanthrene, 4,5-methylenephenanthrene, pyrene, 1-bromopyrene, chrysene, benzo[c]-phenanthrene, benz[aanthracene, 1-, 4-, 6-, 7-, 11- and 12-methylbenz[a]anthracenes, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, 3-methylcholanthrene, and benzo[a]pyrene, and non-K-region trans-3,4-dihydrodiols of benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene are converted to O-methyl ethers. Enantiomers of these O-methyl ethers are generally more efficiently separated on Pirkle's chiral stationary phases than the enantiomers of underivatized dihydrodiols. O-Methyl ethers are substantially less polar than dihydrodiols, and O-methyl ethers are eluted with shorter retention times. Eluents of lower polarity can hence be used. This enhances chiral interactions between chiral stationary phase and solutes, allowing improved separation of enantiomers.
Stabilizing homeless young people with information and place

In this paper we examine how information—particularly, its organization and presentation—and “space” (i.e., a physical location) can be combined to create a particular “place” (i.e., a location adapted to a particular purpose) for engaging and stabilizing homeless young people, aged 13–25. Over 10 months, we used a participatory-design research approach to investigate how an alliance of nine service agencies used information resources to support homeless young people. We collected 250 information resources and analyzed how these materials were organized and presented at four service agencies. In general, the agencies used ad hoc organizational schemes and presentations that were not in keeping with the key values of the alliance, which include human welfare, respect, trust, autonomy, and sustainability. To improve information delivery and the projection of common values, we followed a two-step design process. First, based on a card-sorting activity, we developed a new organizational scheme. Second, we developed four interrelated prototypes for presenting information resources: Rolling Case, InfoBike, Slat Wall, and Infold. To convey the use of these prototypes, three short video scenarios were created to demonstrate how the prototypes would be used by stakeholders, including homeless young people, staff, and volunteers. Feedback from stakeholders suggested that these prototypes, when sufficiently refined, could be useful and operationally viable. By investigating the concept of “place,” reconstituted through organizational schemes and novel presentations of information resources, this work creates possibilities that may allow grassroots service agencies to give more efficient access to information while expressing their values. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Signature of gyro-phase drift

Gyro-phase drift is a guiding center drift that is directly dependent on the charging rate limit of dust grains. The effect of introducing a gyro-phase-dependence on the grain charge leads to two orthogonal components of guiding-center drift. One component, referred to here as grad-q drift, results from the time-varying, gyro-phase angle dependent, in-situ-equilibrium grain charge, assuming that the grain charging is instantaneous. For this component, the grain is assumed to be always in its in-situ-equilibrium charge state and this state gyro-synchronously varies with respect to the grain's average charge state. The other component, referred to here as the gyro-phase drift, arises from any non-instantaneous-charging-induced modification of the diamagnetic drift and points in the direction of -∇RLd (where RLd is the grain gyro-radius), i.e. the direction associated with increasing magnitude of in-situ-equilibrium charge state. For this component, the grain gyro-synchronously undercharges and overcharges with respect to its gyro-synchronously varying, in-situ-equilibrium charge state. These characteristics are illustrated with a single-particle code for predicting grain trajectory that demonstrates how gyro-phase drift magnitude and direction could be exploited, using an extended version of the presented model, as sensitive indicators of the charging time of dust grains because of the cumulative effect of the ever-changing charge state of a grain making repeated excursions in inhomogeneous plasma over many gyro-periods.
Phytochemical composition and antioxidant stability of fortified yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis).

Yellow passion fruit juice (PFJ, Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) is an important component of many tropical fruit beverages, but limited data exist on its antioxidant chemical composition and stability during processing and storage. PFJ fortified with ascorbic acid (450 mg/L) and sucrose (10%) was compared to a nonfortified control, and each was evaluated with and without vacuum deaeration to remove dissolved oxygen. Following pasteurization, juices were stored for 28 days at 37 °C to accentuate physicochemical changes. Pasteurization (85 °C for 30 min) resulted in minor changes to physicochemical attributes, but appreciable changes occurred during storage that resulted in termination of the study after 28 days. Oxygen control strategies proved to be ineffective for quality retention and indicated oxygen-independent reactions affecting juice color, phytochemical content, and antioxidant activity. Ascorbic acid and sucrose fortification had an overall preservation effect on total carotenoids, the former r...
Effect of catheter position on the initiation of atrial echoes with atrial pacing and premature stimulation in patients with accessory pathways

Abstract Eleven patients with an accessory pathway and reciprocating tachycardia were studied using both fixed rate atrial pacing and the atrial extrastimulus technique. Six of the patients had an accessory pathway that conducted in both the anterograde and retrograde direction; but the effective refractory period of their accessory pathway in the anterograde direction was relatively long and was greater than the longest coupling intervals that initiated atrial echoes. Five patients had an accessory pathway that conducted only in the retrograde direction. The extrastimulus technique could be used with stimulation sites near to and remote from the accessory pathway in 10 of the 11 patients. Atrial echoes were initiated by a single atrial extrastimulus at both sites in 7 of the 10 patients, and in each patient the upper limit of the echo zone was longer with stimulation at the site near the accessory pathway. In the other three patients atrial echoes were initiated only during stimulation at the site near the acessory pathway because either atrial refractoriness or atrioventricular nodal refractoriness was encountered before the echo zone was entered during stimulation at the site remote from the accessory pathway. Differences in the longest cycle length that initiated an atrial echo during fixed rate atrial pacing were similarly demonstrated in three patients. In these three patients, pacing at the site near the accessory pathway initiated echoes at a longer cycle length than pacing at the site remote from the accessory pathway. In three other patients the electrophysiologic characteristics of atrioventricular conduction prevented a demonstration of these differences. Catheter position is an important variable in the initiation of atrial echoes in patients with accessory pathways.
Transonic wind tunnel test sections

Um von Windkanalversuchen auf die Verhaltnisse beim freien Flug schliessen zu konnen, mussen die Einflusse der Kanalwande auf die Geschwindigkeitsverteilung am Modell berucksichtigt werden. Bei schallnaher Stromung sind diese Einflusse an Modellen ublicher Grosse so stark, dass sie die Messungen vollstandig verfalschen.
Attribution and Self-Evaluation of Continuous Performance Test Task Performance in Medicated and Unmedicated Adults With ADHD:

Objective: To determine if adults with ADHD differed from children with ADHD, in assessing their performance on the Conners Continuous Performance Test (CPT). Method: ADHD-diagnosed adults (n = 13)...
Does Ad-Context Congruity Help Surfers and Information Seekers Remember Ads in Cluttered E-magazines?

Does congruity between an ad and its context improve ad memory? This research examines task orientation and perceived ad clutter as moderating and mediating influences on the relationship between ad-context congruity and ad memory in an e-magazine context. The results show ad-context congruity increases ad recognition for information seekers, whereas it does not have any effect for surfers of an e-magazine. Perceived clutter plays a crucial role in this relationship, partially mediating the impact of ad-context congruity on recall and completely mediating the effect of ad-context congruity on recognition. The managerial implications for the burgeoning e-magazine format include indications that when recall is paramount, adjacent incongruent ads and content can be used, but when recognition is important, congruent ads and content should be used and targeted toward people who consume the medium to gather specific information.
Toward the Practical Use of Network Tomography for Internet Topology Discovery

Accurate and timely identification of the router-level topology of the Internet is one of the major unresolved problems in Internet research. Topology recovery via tomographic inference is potentially an attractive complement to standard methods that use TTL-limited probes. In this paper, we describe new techniques that aim toward the practical use of tomographic inference for accurate router-level topology measurement. Specifically, prior tomographic techniques have required an infeasible number of probes for accurate, large scale topology recovery. We introduce a Depth-First Search (DFS) Ordering algorithm that clusters end host probe targets based on shared infrastructure, and enables the logical tree topology of the network to be recovered accurately and efficiently. We evaluate the capabilities of our DFS Ordering topology recovery algorithm in simulation and find that our method uses 94% fewer probes than exhaustive methods and 50% fewer than the current state-of-the-art. We also present results from a case study in the live Internet where we show that DFS Ordering can recover the logical router-level topology more accurately and with fewer probes than prior techniques.
Opportunities of constraints: A sociologist’s reflections on János Kornai’s By Force of Thought

This essay reviews the intellectual memoir by Janos Kornai, the leading economist working under the constraints of politicized academic life in the former Soviet bloc. Kornai retells the major ideas of his work through the lens of the various periods in his life and the ethical dilemmas faced in each. Constraints, it is shown, provided opportunities. Kornai’s work offers a model of a public intellectual, committed to empirical analysis of social processes, and independent from political parties and from intellectual camps in the economics profession.
Influence of portal delivery of insulin on intracellular glucose and lipid metabolism.

We have investigated whether portal delivery of insulin as a result of intrahepatic islet cell autografts would prevent the development of metabolic alterations. Seven pancreatectomized dogs received islet autografts transplanted into the liver through the portal vein (PD). One year after transplantation, their intravenous glucose tolerance and insulin responses were similar to age-matched control (C) dogs (n = 5). Also, normal triglyceride content in arterial smooth muscle and striated muscle was observed in the dogs with portal insulin delivery in contrast to the substantial increases we observed in pancreatectomized dogs (n = 7) with pancreatic autografts that drained into the systemic circulation (SD). In these dogs, the tissue samples were taken at the age of 3 to 4 years. Triglyceride content (mean ± SEM) in the aorta was 4.9 ± 1.2 versus 2.6 ± 0.6 versus 20.7 ± 8.0 μmol/g (P < .01) in C, PD, and SD models, respectively. The corresponding values for triglyceride content in striated muscles were 29.1 ± 1.2, 25.9 ± 1.5, and 171.4 ± 46.6 μmol/g (P < .01). Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) and malic enzyme, key enzymes for lipid synthesis, were also normal in the PD model, in contrast to the fivefold increased activity of these enzymes in the SD model (P < .01). The glycolytic enzymes, hexokinase (HK) and phosphofructokinase (PFK), were normal compared with the decreased values in the SD. These data indicate that it is possible to normalize glucose and lipid metabolism in arterial walls by portal delivery of insulin, following intrahepatic islet cell transplantation. The portal delivery of insulin may, ultimately, be shown to be uniquely advantageous in reducing lipid-related risk factors for macroangiopathy in patients with diabetes mellitus.
A simple IC pulse-pair stimulator

The present paper describes a simple and relatively inexpensive brain stimulator circuit for generating trains of conditioning (C) and test (T) pulse pairs for refractory period and excitability cycle analyses. G and T outputs are constant-current monophasic cathodal pulses of adjustable frequency, duration, amplitude, and delay. C and T pulses can be controlled manually or through logic programming and can be fed out the same or separate channels. The stimulator can be operated on either ac or dc supplies and, when battery operated, features a high degree of stimulus isolation.
Outreach for improved student performance: a game design and development curriculum

We present a curriculum for computer science outreach using Game Maker. This curriculum has been adapted over six iterations of a 10-week, middle school apprenticeship on Game Design and Development. Through multiple iterations we have adjusted for many of the issues one could expect to encounter when running a similar outreach program. While many outreach curricula are independent from coursework, our video game design curriculum is targeted to address generalized student learning objectives (Math and English Language Arts) and designed for integration into middle school classrooms. We demonstrate that students' language arts and math classroom performance have improved with participation in this apprenticeship.
An Empirical Approach to Modeling the Friction Coefficient for Wheel-Rail Contact

The coefficient of friction (CoF) is one of the most important parameters for the contact between the wheel and the rail. Accurate estimation or measurement of the CoF has a very important role, both in terms of modeling the train dynamics and in terms of reducing operational costs in the long-term. For ease of implementation, since the nature of the wheel-rail contact dynamics is very complex, the assumption of a constant CoF is still used in most theoretical studies. Nevertheless, experimental work indicates that the CoF depends on dynamic changes in various wheel-rail conditions, like sliding velocity, contact patch shape and size for stick and sliding region, wheel and rail geometry, wheel vibration, rail surface roughness and/or lubrication, etc. In this paper we present the proposed equation to model the nonlinear dry friction coefficient at the wheel-rail contact. The friction coefficient is calculated at the three different values for change in the damping ratio while maintaining all the other conditions the same. As expected, the analysis performed to estimate the dry friction coefficient based on the proposed equation and using NUCARS® simulation results shows that the coefficient of friction has a highly nonlinear dependence on its parameters.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Mid-IR evanescent-wave absorption spectra of thin films and coatings measured with a ~50-um-thick planar Ge waveguide sensor

We have fabricated IR-transmitting Ge waveguides as supported single crystals 30 - 100 micrometers in thickness. These waveguides are useful as internal reflection elements for evanescent-wave absorption sensing and spectroscopy, when used in conjunction with a Fourier transform infrared microscope. This combination affords great sensitivity to small numbers of IR-absorbing molecules near the waveguide surface, and is especially useful for analyzing thin coatings on small-area substrates. For example, we have selectively observed absorption bands, as high as 20 times the noise level, from the adhesive layer of a 0.07 mm2 piece of Scotch tape without observing absorption from the backing. By comparing spectra taken using 70- and 30-micrometer thick waveguides, we demonstrate a clear increase in sensitivity to small samples with decreasing waveguide thickness.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.