cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applications to Engineering Systems

In this chapter, we illustrate some of the robust stability analysis and design techniques presented in the previous chapters to few realistic engineering systems, in particular, to flight control problems in the aerospace engineering field. The objective of this chapter is to highlight the belief that elegant theoretical developments are appreciated more if they are applicable to practical engineering problems. In fact, the main gap between theory and practice is essentially due to the unrealistic assumptions made in the theoretical development, and in that sense, the entire research being carried out in the robust control area is to hopefully reduce this gap between theory and practice. For that reason, this author believes that there is still considerable interest in the research on developing robustness analysis and design algorithms that are applicable to engineering systems modeled with a state space description of much larger dimensions (say n ≥ 4, n being the dimension of the state vector), even if the results are of “sufficiency” nature rather than expending effort in developing results of “necessary and sufficiency” but only applicable to low-dimensional (n = 2) systems. With this viewpoint, in this chapter, we present few illustrative examples of higher order dynamic systems for which we apply the analysis and design methods discussed in the previous chapters. These examples are essentially taken from this author’s own contributions as it is difficult to convey the results of other authors in an accurate and verifiable manner.
Regenerative biology: Maintaining liver mass

A previously under-appreciated subset of liver cells has been found to contribute to the day-to-day maintenance of liver mass in mice. The cells are induced and supported by signals from an adjacent vein. See Article p.180 How new hepatocytes arise in the adult liver as part of the routine of homeostasis remains unclear. Roel Nusse and colleagues have addressed this question using sophisticated methods of cell labelling. They identify a population of proliferating hepatocytes located near the central vein that are diploids — in contrast to mature cells that are polypoid — and express a liver progenitor marker. These cells respond to Wnt signals, provided by the adjacent endothelial cells from the central vein, to become polyploid hepatocytes capable of replacing all the hepatocyte types needed to maintain liver homeostasis.
Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy

Publisher Summary This chapter describes extended x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS) spectroscopy with a breadth sufficient to communicate to the non-expert potential of this technique. It discusses the theoretical underpinnings and experimental state of the art with depth sufficient to delineate clearly to a practitioner the capabilities and limitations of this spectroscopy. A especially useful expression is derived for the EXAFS from basic considerations, delineating explicitly the approximations required at each step. The more significant of these approximations are examined in the context of both theory and experiment. The calculation of EXAFS spectra is also discussed. The structural information content of the EXAFS is set forth explicitly and compared with the information available from a diffraction measurement. Finally, a survey is presented of the wide and growing variety of the applications of this technique, with particular emphasis on those in condensed matter physics.
T.V. newsroom gatekeepers : 5pm content selection and exclusion at NBC11/KNTV

T.V. NEWSROOM GATEKEEPERS: 5PM CONTENT SELECTION AND EXCLUSION AT NBC11/KNTV by Stephania R.P. Panayotopoulos This thesis was a qualitative analysis of the news selection and exclusion process for the 5:00 p.m. weekday broadcast at NBC11/KNTV in San Jose. Examining how television newsroom gatekeepers arrive at such decisions, was also important to the study. The observation period took place from March through May, 2007. The content analyzed was an average of 1,200 stories. The researcher attended editorial meetings and the live show tapings. External factors influencing story selection were also examined. Further content analysis consisted of eight personal interviews. This study was inspired by White's 1949 study, later published in 1950. Although this study takes place several years later, gatekeepers at NBC11/KNTV still face daily obstacles when selecting or excluding content. Today's obstacles or pressures include time, relevance, ratings, advertising dollars and staffing. This study found that there was a consistency in the types of stories being chosen, but not a great deal of variety. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis would not have been possible without the constant unconditional love and support of my remarkable family. Mom, this is for you and Dad who always encouraged me along the way.. .and we know Dad is smiling down on us from heaven. And to my sweet husband Argyris, who is always reminding me of my perseverance and innate ability to succeed. I love you all thank you for always believing in me.
Effective spokespersons in a public service announcement: National celebrities, local celebrities and victims

Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to investigate the consequences of using national celebrities, local celebrities and disaster victims as spokespersons in a public service radio announcement (PSA) soliciting contributions for victims of Hurricane Katrina.Design/methodology/approach – Subjects were exposed to one of three public service announcements and were then asked to report their reactions to the messages. Differences in the self‐reported reactions of subjects were used to test a series of hypotheses regarding the effectiveness of the three different types of spokespersons.Findings – The paper finds that the hurricane victim was the most credible and believable spokesperson. The national celebrity, Ashlee Simpson, was the least credible and the least believable. The local celebrity was more credible and believable than the national celebrity, but no more so than the hurricane victim.Research limitations/implications – In this paper a small student sample was used in an experimental setting invol...
Missing Debtors: National Lawmaking and Global Norm-Making of Corporate Bankruptcy Regimes

Our comparative case studies of bankruptcy lawmaking reveal an apparent political universal. In neither advanced (U.S., Britain) nor developing countries (China, Indonesia, Korea) do debtors consistently play a major role in corporate bankruptcy reforms. This is a puzzle. Debtors (managers/owners) are the subjects of bankruptcy law. It is their corporations that are liquidated or reorganized. It is upon their discretion that much decision-making relies in corporate restructuring. Yet, with few exceptions, they are little consulted or show little interest in contributing to reforms. How is this to be explained? Moreover, a similar pattern can be observed UNCITRAL's global norm-making for corporate bankruptcy regimes. Debtors are even more remote from the creation of model laws, legislative guides, and insolvency principles. Yet the central tendency of global norms has been to strengthen the rehabilitative ideal in corporate reorganization. Based on our research on global normmaking and national lawmaking in Britain, the U.S., China, Indonesia and Korea, the paper considers six hypotheses: (1) Debtors do not recognize their own interests; (2) Debtors are unable to mobilize; (3) Debtors shy away from the odium of corporate failure; (4) Debtors are blocked by other stakeholders from exercising influence; (5) The most powerful debtors can solve their financial problems outside bankruptcy law; (6) Debtors' interests are articulated by other influential stakeholders.
The Center for Independent Experts: The National External Peer Review Program of NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service

Abstract Requirements are growing for peer review of the science used for governmental management decisions. This is particularly true for fisheries science, where management decisions are often controversial. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Marine Fisheries Service instituted the Center for Independent Experts (CIE) in 1998 as a national peer-review program. Operations of the CIE, run under a contract with the University of Miami, maintain the independence of reviewers from the agency, and follow strict conflict of interest guidelines. Reviews by the CIE fulfill the requirements of the Information Quality Act and the Office of Management and Budget's Peer Review Bulletin. The CIE completed 101 reviews between 1999 and September 2006. Ninety-eight reviewers have participated in CIE reviews, with 72% of them coming from overseas. Case studies involving groundfish data and stock assessments, and marine-mammal abundance, are described, including the scientific issues, CIE opera...
Lithium facilitates apoptotic signaling induced by activation of the Fas death domain-containing receptor.

Background Lithium, a mood stabilizer widely used to treat bipolar disorder, also is a neuroprotectant, providing neurons protection from apoptosis induced by a broad spectrum of toxic conditions. A portion of this neuroprotection is due to lithium's inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3. The present investigation examined if the neuroprotection provided by lithium included apoptosis induced by stimulation of the death domain-containing receptor Fas.
Trace surface analysis using ion and photon desorption with resonance ionization detection

Surface Analysis by Resonant Ionization of Sputtered Atoms (SARISA) has demonstrated the ability to detect trace elements at concentrations below 100 ppt. Use of energetic primary ions to desorb surface species is uniquely suited for elemental surface analysis because the ratio between the number of incident energetic ions and the number of ejected surface atoms is easily quantifiable (Sputter Yield). Molecular surface analysis by ion desorption does not possess this advantage, however. In this case, laser desorption followed by resonant or near resonant ionization is often a better analysis tool. Here, the power of resonant ionization detection of desorbed species is demonstrated on hibonite samples (for elemental analysis) and on fullerene samples (for molecular analysis).
LYSOSOMAL DISRUPTION BY BACTERIAL TOXINS

Bernheimer, Alan W. (New York University School of Medicine, New York), and Lois L. Schwartz. Lysosomal disruption by bacterial toxins. J. Bacteriol. 87:1100-1104. 1964.-Seventeen bacterial toxins were examined for capacity (i) to disrupt rabbit leukocyte lysosomes as indicated by decrease in turbidity of lysosomal suspensions, and (ii) to alter rabbit liver lysosomes as measured by release of beta-glucuronidase and acid phosphatase. Staphylococcal alpha-toxin, Clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin, and streptolysins O and S affected lysosomes in both systems. Staphylococcal beta-toxin, leucocidin and enterotoxin, Shiga neurotoxin, Serratia endotoxin, diphtheria toxin, tetanus neurotoxin, C. botulinum type A toxin, and C. perfringens epsilon-toxin were not active in either system. Staphylococcal delta-toxin, C. histolyticum collagenase, crude C. perfringens beta-toxin, and crude anthrax toxin caused lysosomal damage in only one of the test systems. There is a substantial correlation between the hemolytic property of a toxin and its capacity to disrupt lysosomes, lending support to the concept that erythrocytes and lysosomes are bounded by similar membranes.
Algebraic decomposition of non-convex polyhedra

Any arbitrary polyhedron P/spl sube/R/sup d/ can be written as algebraic sum of simple terms, each an integer multiple of the intersection of d or fewer half-spaces defined by facets of P. P can be non-convex and can have holes of any kind. Among the consequences of this result are a short boolean formula for P, a fast parallel algorithm for point classification, and a new proof of the Gram-Sommerville angle relation.
Reduced sleep duration and history of work-related injuries among Washington State adolescents with a history of working

BACKGROUND: The relationship between sleep and occupational injury risk has not been adequately explored for working adolescents. METHODS: Data were analyzed from the 2010 Washington State Healthy Youth Survey of 8th, 10th, and 12th grade public school students. Teens reported average school and weekend night sleep hours and history of work-related injury that received medical treatment. Multivariable logistic regression evaluated the association between sleep duration and occupational injury. RESULTS: Of 4,144 working teens, 6.4% reported ever having an occupational injury. Teens who sleep ≤5 hr/school night had greater odds of a history of occupational injury than those sleeping 8 hr (OR:2.91, 95% CI:1.85-4.57). No significant association was observed for weekend night sleep duration. CONCLUSIONS: Reduced school night sleep was associated with increased odds of work-related injury in adolescents. Long hours and late night schedules may contribute to decreased sleep time and potentially have other health and developmental impacts for youth. Am. J. Ind. Med. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Language: en
Prospective study of cardiorespiratory fitness and depressive symptoms in women and men

Most studies of the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and depression have been limited to cross-sectional designs. The objective of this study was to follow individuals over time to examine whether those with higher levels of CRF have lower risk of developing depressive symptoms. Participants were 11,258 men and 3085 women enrolled in the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study in Dallas, TX. All participants completed a maximal treadmill exercise test at baseline (1970-1995) and a follow-up health survey in 1990 and/or 1995. Individuals with a history of a mental disorder, cardiovascular disease, or cancer were excluded. CRF was quantified by exercise test duration, and categorized into age and sex-stratified groups as low (lowest 20%), moderate (middle 40%), or high (upper 40%). Depressive symptoms were assessed using the 20-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Those who scored 16 or more on the CES-D were considered to have depressive symptoms. After an average of 12 years of follow-up, 282 women and 740 men reported depressive symptoms. After adjusting for age, baseline examination year, and survey response year, the odds of reporting depressive symptoms were 31% lower for men with moderate CRF (odds ratio, OR 0.69; 95% confidence interval, CI 0.56-0.85) and 51% lower for men with high CRF (OR 0.49, CI 0.39-0.60), compared to men with low CRF. Corresponding ORs for women were 0.56 (CI 0.40-0.80) and 0.46 (CI 0.32-0.65). Higher CRF is associated with lower risk of incident depressive symptoms independent of other clinical risk predictors.
Breaking Cultural and Social Taboos: The fight against FGM in Egypt

Fatma Khafagi outlines the approaches to ending FGM in Egypt. She argues that social and cultural sensitivity is very important if the tradition is to be ended.
Clinicopathologic considerations of fusobacteria chorioamnionitis.

When sought by light microscopy in formalin-fixed tissue, fusobacteria are apparent in 7–18% of chorioamnionitis cases. Brown and Hopps bacterial staining characteristically visualizes their long, slender and filamentous forms. Fusobacteria-like organisms in placentae have previously been associated with prematurity. Our findings indicate that perinatal infection with fusobacteria may cause neonatal death from prematurity, rather than from sepsis. In a study of 586 placentae, 14 specimens with chorioamnionitis and fusobacteria-like organisms were found. On the five occasions when microbiologic tests were made, fusobacteria were isolated. Prematurity of the newborns was associated with twelve of those placentae. Immunofluorescent labelling of the organisms is a helpful but incomplete means of diagnosis. Because fusobacteria antibodies are highly specific, they do not cross-react with other members of the genus Fusobacterium. A typical case is reported, in detail.
The natural history of recovery following sudden cardiac arrest and internal cardioverter-defibrillator implantation.

The purposes of this review are to 1) summarize current knowledge regarding the "natural history of recovery" (physical functioning, psychological adjustment, and neurologic impairments) following sudden cardiac arrest and internal cardioverter-defibrillator implantation over the first year; and 2) discuss the implications for the development of nursing intervention programs based on the natural history of recovery. The natural history serves as a basis for understanding the recovery experiences of sudden cardiac arrest survivors as well as determining how intervention programs might help the most.
Unapproved Dermatologic Indications for H2 Receptor Antagonists, Cromolyn Sodium, and Ketotifen

The approved indication of H2 blockers is the reduction of gastric acid secretion; H2 blockers are widely prescribed to alleviate the symptoms of peptic ulcer disease, erosive gastroesophageal reflux disease, and hypersecretory conditions including Zollinger Ellison syndrome, systemic mastocytosis, and multiple endocrine adenomas.1 The most common unapproved dermatologic indications for H2 receptor antagonists are the treatment of cutaneous infections and chronic urticaria. Cimetidine and ranitidine are the agents usually prescribed by dermatologists. Actions of H2 Receptor Antagonists Cimetidine is generally well-tolerated but may cause adverse effects, including dizziness and mild somnolence (at doses of 800 to 1600 mg/day), reversible confusional state (especially in the elderly with preexisting renal or hepatic disease), gastrointestinal upset, gynecomastia (may occur if treatment period is greater than 1 month), reversible dose-related increase in serum transaminases, and dose-related elevations in plasma
Human people or human animals

L'A. developpe une approche radicalement non-psychologique de l'identite personnelle, selon laquelle nous sommes des organismes biologiques, c'est-a-dire des animaux humains, mais individues a partir de fondements psychologiques
Update on Alzheimer's disease: Promising advances in detection and treatment

In the past decade, significant progress has been made in the understanding and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Modest success has been achieved using new drugs in treatment of mild symptoms of the disease. Vitamin E, estrogen, and NSAIDs may slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease, but their routine use is not without risk, and there is no evidence that these agents are effective in preventing the disease in asymptomatic people. With our increased understanding of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, it is likely that the next decade will see further refinement and development of treatment strategies to halt progression and possibly reduce the incidence of disease.
Left Ventricular Myotomy: Physiologic Approach to Surgical Therapy for IHSS

Twenty patients were operated on for idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) between 1966 and 1980. All were in New York Heart Association functional class 3 or 4, and 17 had overt congestive failure. The mean resting gradient across the left ventricular (LV) outflow tract preoperatively was 78 mm Hg. Seventeen patients underwent transaortic LV myotomy, one had mitral valve replacement (MVR), and two patients with rheumatic mitral insufficiency (MI) and IHSS underwent myotomy and MVR. There was one operative death (5 percent). Mean follow-up was 5.8 years. Eighteen of 19 survivors were improved to class 1 or 2. One patient whose gradient and symptoms were not relieved by myotomy was improved by myectomy and MVR. The MI was abolished or reduced by myotomy in ten of 13 patients. There were six late deaths, five of which are known or assumed to be cardiac related. We concluded that LV myotomy is a safe and effective technique for surgical management of IHSS. Left ventricular myectomy, MVR, or both are indicated in selected cases.
Improving autonomous underwater vehicle navigation using inter-vehicle ranging

One-way-travel-time (OWTT) acoustic ranging has received considerable attention as improvements to acoustic modems and electronic clocks have made it a feasible navigation tool. This paper reports the results of simulations investigating the effect of utilizing inter-vehicle ranging for autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) navigation. In these simulations, a fleet of AUVs operates in shallow water with a pair of fixed transponders. A rigid timing cycle for acoustic communications was implemented with a message queuing approach to simulate the handicaps of underwater acoustic communication. Furthermore, a simple path following algorithm was used to navigate the AUVs through a waypoint course, and a kinematic motion model was used to simulate AUV movement. The position of each vehicle in the fleet was estimated independently by combining the propagation steps of an extended Kalman filter with the update equations of an extended information filter. Results of the simulations showed the addition of inter-vehicle ranging improved accuracy by 1–2 cm when navigating using four fixed transponders and by 9–24 cm when navigating using two fixed transponders.
Hormonal induction of endometrial receptivity.

Objective To review and synthesize information from the scientific literature pertaining to the hormonal induction of endometrial receptivity before ET. Design Critical review of selected scientific literature, synthesis and formulation of opinion. Setting Not applicable. Patient(s) Prospective recipients of oocyte donation or candidates for frozen embryo transfer. Intervention(s) Hormonal treatment for the purpose of induction of endometrial receptivity. Main Outcome Measure(s) Successful induction of endometrial receptivity, as substantiated by live birth rates, pregnancy rates, implantation rates or by measuring putative markers of endometrial receptivity. Result(s) The practice of assisted reproductive technology, particularly third-party parenting, in which the source of oocytes is separated from the endometrium, has allowed a separate assessment of embryo and endometrial development. Endometrial receptivity can be induced by exogenously administered E 2 and P in a variety of regimens. The degree of synchrony between embryo and endometrium influences the probability of embryo implantation and may be controlled by initiating P stimulation at different times relative to the stage of embryo development. Many substances have been investigated as adjuncts to E 2 and P in the induction of endometrial receptivity, but at the present time, their value is unproven. Conclusion(s) Estrogen and P are the only hormones necessary to prepare the endometrium for implantation.
The use of linear occlusion to treat a patient with combination syndrome: a clinical report.

Prosthodontic Terms defines combination syndrome as “the characteristic features that occur when an edentulous maxilla is opposed by natural mandibular anterior teeth, including loss of bone from the anterior portion of the maxillary ridge, overgrowth of the tuberosities, papillary hyperplasia of the hard palate’s mucosa, extrusion of the lower anterior teeth, and loss of alveolar bone and ridge height beneath the mandibular removable partial denture bases—also called anterior hyperfunction syndrome.”1 This matches the findings of Kelly2 on the pattern of residual ridge resorption as observed in a group of patients wearing maxillary complete dentures opposing distal-extension removable partial dentures (RPDs). In a similar group of patients, Saunders et al3 noted an associated loss of vertical dimension of occlusion, occlusal plane discrepancy, anterior repositioning of the mandible, poor adaptation of the prostheses, epulis fissuratum, and periodontal changes. Shen et al4 found that, of patients with a maxillary complete denture opposing a bilateral distal-extension RPD, 1 in 4 patients exhibited alveolar ridge changes consistent with those described in the definition of combination syndrome. They also found that completely edentulous patients who had worn bilateral distal-extension RPDs for 5 years before the loss of the remaining anterior mandibular teeth frequently exhibited these same characteristics (Fig. 1). Various surgical procedures to correct some of the undesirable conditions associated with combination syndrome and to improve prosthetic function are described in the literature.5-7 Saunders et al3 suggested that the anterior teeth of the maxillary complete denture be arranged for cosmetic and phonetic purposes only and recommended that balanced occlusion, with the use of proper cuspal angulation in conjunction with condylar and incisal guidances, be used for the posterior occlusal scheme. The purpose of this clinical report is to present an alternative approach to treating a patient who requires a new prosthesis and who exhibits conditions consistent with combination syndrome. CLINICAL REPORT
Understanding the operating expense relationships of layouts on excimer photo tools

Chip size as a function of field fill on wafer layouts, and their effect on thruput, has been well understood as a loss of both opportunity and cost of operation (COO), as a function of depreciated capital expense. The resultant effects on consumable replacement time, expense and budgeting has not been as clear-cut. This paper will outline the consequences that field fill has with respect to increased laser, and litho tool optic train, consumable usages as well as availability detractors to replace these components. Resulting losses due to increased cost of operation, and additional consumable spending and usages will be explored.
New Monoclonal Antibodies

The technology for the production of monoclonal antibodies (moabs) was established 20 years ago by Kohler and Milstein[1]. The fusion of myeloma cells with immunized spleen cells produces a hybridoma. Such a cell line possesses both the immortality of myeloma cells and the ability to produce an antibody of a single predetermined specificity. In contrast to polyclonal antibodies, moabs are homogeneous, have greater potency at lower doses, and have a more predictable and consistent effect[1]. Since its introduction, moab technology has become an important diagnostic and therapeutic tool in many areas of medicine. These include the identification of phenotypic markers unique to particular cell types, immunodiagnosis, tumor diagnosis and therapy, functional analysis of cell surface and secreted molecules, and prevention and treatment of organ transplant rejection.
Work of the heart: A general thermodynamics analysis

Abstract The equation for the rate of energy consumed by the heart was derived from the general energy equation of thermodynamics. Previous estimates of mechanical efficiency, heat loss, kinetic energy and flow work were shown to be valid. Estimates were made of the “order of magnitude” of those terms normally omitted in cardiac work analysis.
TH‐A‐WAB‐04: Respiratory Sorted Imaging Using Region‐Of‐Interest Robotic Multi‐Pinhole SPECT System

Purpose: Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) may provide important information on tumors in the thorax and abdomen. Respiratory sorted imaging using conventional full cross‐section methods is generally degraded by noise. The purpose is to investigate noise reduction by region‐of‐interest (ROI) SPECT. Methods: The 4D XCAT phantom was computer simulated with a 10mm diameter tumor added in the right lung. Respiratory motion was simulated for 6 and 10 phases, accomplished by simulating 30 frames in one 5sec respiratory cycle. A non‐sorted phantom was generated by summing the 30 phantoms to mimic motion blur. A static phantom with no respiratory motion was simulated using one of the 30 phantoms. The maximum tumor motion was 2cm Sup/Inf and 1.2cm AP. Projections were computer simulated for 4‐minute scans with a reference conventional parallel‐hole collimated SPECT and a 49‐pinhole SPECT that was optimized to image a 7cm diameter region‐of‐interest(ROI) encompassing the tumor and its motion. Noisy projections were then generated with random Poisson noise. The SPECT images were reconstructed by OSEM with up to 7 iterations. Images were evaluated as a function of phase by visual inspection and root mean squared error (RMSE). Results: The tumor was visualized well above background in most phases for the 49‐pinhole SPECT scan. Visual quality was not as good for the parallel‐hole scan. The 49‐pinhole SPECT resulted in smaller RMSEs than the broader cross‐section parallel‐hole detector. RMSE values were around 0.11 for the 49‐pinhole SPECT scan and 0.18 for the parallel‐hole SPECT scan. The RMSEs for 10 respiratory phases were similar to that of 6 phases. Conclusion: The higher sensitivity and resolution of ROI imaging can alleviate noise effects of respiratory sorted imaging, provided the motion range is within the ROI. The specific ROI SPECT system could enable this gated imaging on‐board radiation therapy machines. PHS/NIH/NCI grant R21‐CA156390‐01A1
SU-GG-T-04: Proof-of-Principle Investigation of Computer-Controlled Couch Adjustments for Correcting Drift in Target Position during Radiotherapy

Purpose: Tracking and correcting for respiratory motion during external beam therapy is technically challenging, owing to rapid and irregular variations. This study investigates the feasibility of correcting for respiration‐averaged drift in target position by means of couch adjustments on an accelerator equipped with such capability. This is particularly applicable to hypo‐fractionated radiation therapy where high precision is required subject to longer treatment times. Method and Materials: We consider a treatment scenario consisting of repeated 10s sequences of dose delivery alternating with couch adjustments for a respiration‐monitored patient. The motion period is computed at 1s intervals; averaging the motion signal over 3 periods yields a baseline representing target drift. Application of a Kaiman filter, tuned from a set of 100 patient RPM signals (3–5 minutes), allows prediction of the baseline position 5s in advance and computation of couch corrections every 10s. A motion phantom is programmed to move according to a previously recorded patient respiration signal (Varian RPM). The phantom is monitored by an optical system whose signal is assumed to represent internal target motion. The couch corrections are programmed into the accelerator and synchronized with the phantom motion to evaluate the system's ability to correct for drift. Results: For 6 longer patient respiration signals (21–65 minutes) the Kalman‐predicted correction reduced RMS baseline drift from 2.1mm without correction to 0.6mm. When the motion phantom was programmed with a breathing trace with 10mm drift over 140s, the drift was reduced to 3mm with couch corrections. Conclusion: A proof‐of‐principle is demonstrated for correcting drift in target position using periodic couch adjustments. Future machine capabilities will permit near‐real‐time couch correction computation and application. Preliminary results suggest Kalman‐filter‐based corrections at 10s intervals based on a 5s prediction window are effective at reducing drift. Research sponsored by Varian Medical Systems.
Synthesis and cellular studies of a carboranylchlorin for the PDT and BNCT of tumors

The syntheses of closo- and nido-carboranylchlorins 4 and 5 from a known carboranylporphyrin are described. Water-soluble nido-carboranylporphyrin 5 was found to have very low dark cytotoxicity (IC50 > 500 microM using a MTT-based assay) but to be toxic in the presence of red light (IC50 = 80 microM at 0.55 J/cm2 light dose). Under the same experimental conditions, carboranylchlorin 5 was taken up by human glioma T98G cells to a significantly higher extent than chlorin e6, a chlorophyll degradation product. The preferred sites of subcellular localization of carboranylchlorin 5 were found to be the cell lysosomes. Our results suggest that carboranylchlorin 5 is a promising new dual sensitizer for the PDT and BNCT treatment of tumors.
Intravesicular pH changes in submitochondrial particles induced by monovalent cations: relationship to the Na+/H+ and K+/H+ antiporters.

Abstract The fluorescence of internalized fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran has been used to monitor the intravesicular pH of submitochondrial particles (SMP). Respiring SMP maintain a steady-state ΔpH (interior acid) that results from the inwardly directed H+ flux of respiration and an opposing passive H+ leak. Addition of K+, Na+, or Li+ to SMP results in a shift to a more alkaline interior pH (pHi) in both respiring and nonrespiring SMP. The K+-dependent change in pHi, like the K + H + antiport in intact mitochondria, is inhibited by quinine and by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The Na+-dependent reaction is only partially inhibited by these reagents. Both the Na+- and the K+-dependent pH changes are sensitive to amiloride derivatives. The Km for both Na+ and K+ is near 20 m m whereas that for Li+ is closer to 10 m m . The K + H + exchange reaction is only slightly inhibited by added Mg2+, but abolished when A23187 is added with Mg2+. The passive exchange is optimal at pHi 6.5 with either Na+ or K+, and cannot be detected above pHi of 7.2. Both the Na + H + and the K + H + exchange reactions are optimal at an external pH of 7.8 in respiring SMP (pHi 7.1). Valinomycin stimulates the K+-dependent pH change in nonrespiring SMP, as does nigericin. It is concluded that SMP show K + H + antiport activity with properties distinct from those of Na + H + antiport. However, the properties of the K + H + exchange do not correspond in all respects to those of the antiport in intact mitochondria. Donnan equilibria and parallel uniport pathways for H+ and cations appear to contribute to cation-dependent pH changes in SMP.
Observation of dual relaxation-oscillations and their dynamics in all-PM erbium/ytterbium fibre ring-lasers

The authors report experimental observation of dual relaxation-oscillations and their dynamical behaviour that occurs in all-PM Er/Yb fibre ring-lasers. The dual relaxation-oscillations are the results of unambiguous two orthogonal-polarisation modes that exist in an all-PM cavity. Varying the initial cavity conditions controls the dynamical behaviour between the two relaxation-oscillations. A simple model was used to simulate the experimental results, which are in good agreement with the observed results.
Dinoflagellate sterols IV: Isolation and structure of 4α,23ξ,24ξ-trimethylcholestanol from the dinoflagellate Glenodinium hallii

Abstract The dinoflagellate Glenodinium hallii was investigated for its sterol composition. Five of the six sterols were isolated and identified as cholest-5-en-3β-ol, (24ξ)-24-methylcholest-5-en-3β-ol, stigmasta-5,22-dien-3β-ol, (22E,24R)-4α,23,24-trimethyl-5α-cholest-22-en-3β-ol, and 4α,23ξ,24ξ-trimethyl-5α-cholestan-3β-ol.
Modeling of heat transfer characteristics of rectangular microgrooves in evaporators

*Evaporation in a microchannel with rectangular cross section has been studied. The extent of evaporation was evaluated by application of thin film evaporation formulations. The microflow along the micro groove was also considered and included in the model to determine the liquid level along the groove. It is shown that the change in meniscus radius is almost negligible and it is possible to increase the wetted length by deepening the rectangular groove.
In vivo lens deficiency of the R49C αA-crystallin mutant

The R49C mutation of αA-crystallin (αA-R49C) causes hereditary cataracts in humans; patients in a four-generation Caucasian family were found be heterozygous for this autosomal dominant mutation. We previously generated knock-in mouse models of this mutation and found that by 2 months of age, heterozygous mutant mice exhibited minor lens defects including reduced protein solubility, altered signaling in epithelial and fiber cells, and aberrant interactions between αA-crystallin and other lens proteins. In contrast, homozygous mutant αA-R49C knock-in mice displayed earlier and more extensive lens defects including small eyes and small lenses at birth, death of epithelial and fiber cells, and the formation of posterior, nuclear, and cortical cataracts in the first month of life. We have extended this study to now show that in αA-R49C homozygous mutant mice, epithelial cells failed to form normal equatorial bow regions and fiber cells continued to die as the mice aged, resulting in a complete loss of lenses and overall eye structure in mice older than 4 months. These results demonstrate that expression of the hereditary R49C mutant of αA-crystallin in vivo is sufficient to adversely affect lens growth, lens cell morphology, and eye function. The death of fiber cells caused by this mutation may ultimately lead to loss of retinal integrity and blindness.
Structure, formation, and decomposition of APB's in calcic plagioclase

In calcic plagioclase (Ca, Na) [(Al, Si) AlSi2O8] Al-Si ordering produces superstructures with periodic and non periodic antiphase boundaries (APB's). Crystals growing at high temperature close to the melting point and cooling fairly rapidly order by nucleation of ordered domains which grow, resulting in an irregular pattern of curved APB's (b plagioclase). A modulated structure with periodic APB's forms by continuous ordering at large undercooling below the critical ordering temperature (e plagioclase). During annealing APB's are eliminated by pairwise recombination of adjacent APB's to reduce strain energy along the boundaries thereby transforming nonstable e plagioclase into stable b plagioclase without change in chemical composition. This process is often accompanied by a chemical phase separation with APB's providing favorable surfaces for diffusion. Transformations are documented by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs illustrating the variation in morphology of APB patterns in igneous and metamorphic plagioclase. They are in agreement with Korekawa et al.'s (1978) model of intermediate plagioclase which relies on periodic stacking of basic units rather than wavelike modulations. The paper includes observations of a new type of satellite in Stillwater bytownite (‘h’ satellites) which are due to fine lamellar exsolution.
Elevated serum interferon‐α activity in juvenile dermatomyositis: Associations with disease activity at diagnosis and after thirty‐six months of therapy

Objective Interferon-α (IFNα) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of juvenile dermatomyositis (DM). The aim of this study was to examine serum IFNα activity in a cohort of children with juvenile DM to determine relationships between IFNα and indicators of disease activity and severity. Methods Thirty-nine children with definite/probable juvenile DM were included in the study. Serum samples were obtained at the time of diagnosis from 18 untreated patients with juvenile DM. Second samples from 11 of these patients were obtained at 24 months, while they were receiving treatment, and third samples were obtained from 7 of these patients at 36 months. The remaining 21 children were studied 36 months after their initial diagnosis. Serum IFNα activity was measured using a functional reporter cell assay. Results Patients with juvenile DM had higher serum IFNα activity than both pediatric and adult healthy control subjects. In untreated patients, serum IFNα activity was positively correlated with serum muscle enzyme levels (P < 0.05 for creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, and aldolase) and inversely correlated with the duration of untreated disease (P = 0.017). The tumor necrosis factor α −308A allele was associated with higher serum IFNα levels only in untreated patients (P = 0.030). At 36 months, serum IFNα levels were inversely correlated with muscle enzyme levels in those patients still requiring therapy and with the skin Disease Activity Score in those patients who had completed therapy (P = 0.002). Conclusion Serum IFNα activity was associated with higher serum levels of muscle-derived enzymes and a shorter duration of untreated disease in patients with newly diagnosed juvenile DM and was inversely correlated with measures of chronic disease activity at 36 months postdiagnosis. These data suggest that IFNα could play a role in disease initiation in juvenile DM.
Myosin 3A Kinase Activity Is Regulated by Phosphorylation of the Kinase Domain Activation Loop

Class III myosins are unique members of the myosin superfamily in that they contain both a motor and kinase domain. We have found that motor activity is decreased by autophosphorylation, although little is known about the regulation of the kinase domain. We demonstrate by mass spectrometry that Thr-178 and Thr-184 in the kinase domain activation loop and two threonines in the loop 2 region of the motor domain are autophosphorylated (Thr-908 and Thr-919). The kinase activity of MYO3A 2IQ with the phosphomimic (T184E) or phosphoblock (T184A) mutations demonstrates that kinase activity is reduced 30-fold as a result of the T184A mutation, although the Thr-178 site only had a minor impact on kinase activity. Interestingly, the actin-activated ATPase activity of MYO3A 2IQ is slightly reduced as a result of the T178A and T184A mutations suggesting coupling between motor and kinase domains. Full-length GFP-tagged T184A and T184E MYO3A constructs transfected into COS7 cells do not disrupt the ability of MYO3A to localize to filopodia structures. In addition, we demonstrate that T184E MYO3A reduces filopodia elongation in the presence of espin-1, whereas T184A enhances filopodia elongation in a similar fashion to kinase-dead MYO3A. Our results suggest that as MYO3A accumulates at the tips of actin protrusions, autophosphorylation of Thr-184 enhances kinase activity resulting in phosphorylation of the MYO3A motor and reducing motor activity. The differential regulation of the kinase and motor activities allows for MYO3A to precisely self-regulate its concentration in the actin bundle-based structures of cells.
Shallow hole drilling with ultrashort pulse lasers

Using a picosecond laser system that can operate at 1064, 532, 355, and 266nm wavelengths, experiments were conducted with polished metal samples to study material removal from a low number of laser pulse exposures. The samples were analyzed with a scanning electron microscope and white light interferometer to gather data on surface deformation and material removal. The effects of wavelength, energy and a double pulse exposure method were examined. Results were compared with simulations that model the material removal rates from ultrashort pulse drilling.
The Heat Shock Response in Xenopus Oocytes, Embryos, and Somatic Cells: A Regulatory Role for Chromatin

The heat shock response in Xenopus laevis has been reported to be developmentally regulated at the transcriptional level. We find that the heat shock response of an exogenous Xenopus hsp70 gene introduced into Xenopus oocytes, embryos, and somatic cells is dependent on the transcriptional assay conditions employed. Under conditions of efficient chromatin assembly, transcription from the Xenopus hsp70 gene promoter is repressed in oocytes and embryos, yet the promoter responds to heat shock by activating transcription. Under conditions of inefficient chromatin assembly, the Xenopus hsp70 gene is constitutively active in oocytes and somatic cells. Our results resolve previous controversy concerning the existence of a heat shock response for the hsp70 promoter in oocytes and illustrate the importance of considering chromatin assembly as a contributory factor in reconstructing the developmental control of gene expression.
Elastic Wave Propagation from Point Excitations on Thin-Walled Cylindrical Shells

The idealization of an unbounded medium is applicable if the source is replaced by a periodic array of forces, the repetition distance being the cylinder circumference. The analysis includes all three possible directions of the exciting force and gives fundamental results that can be superimposed to predict vibration fields resulting from arbitrary excitations
High frequency induced enhancements of the incoherent scatter spectrum at Arecibo, 2

When the ionospheric F region is illuminated with a strong O mode HF radio wave, excitations of longitudinal plasma and acoustic waves are observed by 430-MHz radar scattering. The frequency structure of the excited waves and their variability with local parameters, time, and space are described. The observations are interpreted in terms of parametric instability theory. The spectra of the observed features and the correlation of their amplitudes are shown. The upshifted and downshifted plasma lines exhibit some marked asymmetries. Absolute as well as relative amplitudes of the enhancement are presented.
Glutamine synthetase induction in chick embryo retina monolayers

Induction of glutamine synthetase (GS) by cortisol has been shown to occur in monolayer cultures of cells obtained by enzymatic dissociation of retinas from 8- and 12-day-old chick embryos with papain (0.1%) or trypsin (0.25%). Although essentially single cells when plated, monolayers obtained by enzymatic dissociation show significant aggregation by 4--6 h. Monolayers prepared by mechanical dispersion (cells forced through successively smaller gage needles) are minimally inducible, perhaps owing to poor viability in such cultures. Storage at 4 degrees C for 24 h prior to treatment with cortisol significantly elevated both basal GS activity and inducibility in whole (but not in monolayer) retina cultures.
STATE LEGISLATORS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: UNIVERSITY-INDUSTRY RELATIONSHIPS AND THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN BIOTECHNOLOGY

This article presents a detailed examination of some key political dimen- sions underlying cooperative research in agricultural biotechnology among state land-grant universities, state legislatures, and biotechnology corpora- tions. Factor analysis and path analysis methods are employed to assess differences in the perceptions of university administrators, biotechnology corporation researchers, and state legislators, using national and state survey data. Two attitudinal dimensions, one regarding cooperation among university and corporate researchers, and the other regarding barriers to joint research, are extracted. Generally similar attitudes are shared by university and legislative respondents, who are concerned over the prospects of market-oriented university research. In contrast, corporate respondents are more concerned with reducing barriers to cooperative research and the need for more open communication between academia and industry, and with issues of patent rights. Extensions of this work to other states and to other high-technology industries are considered.
Modelling decision-making regarding wetland services for wetland management in Tram Chim National Park, Vietnam

In order to support multi-objective wetland management, this study develops a five-step multi-criteria decision framework and uses the Tram Chim National Park case to demonstrate decisions by comparing net benefits, the framework's outcome, of four wetland zones (A1, A2, A4, and A5) of the Park. Methods include (1) identification of key management priorities using analytic hierarchy process; (2) assessment of use/non-use values using market/non-market valuation techniques. Consumptive direct use values were determined by market assessment of fishing while a travel cost model was employed to estimate non-consumptive direct use values for tourism. Indirect use and non-use values were assessed using contingent valuation method. Results showed the priorities of tourism, fishing, and management costs. Total fishing benefit (fishing income and revenue from permits) was estimated at US$173/year/person. Willingness to pay for preferred plant communities varied. For tourism, overall consumer surplus was estimated ...
A comparison of mother and father interaction with their six‐month‐old male and female infants

The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between the sex of the parent and his/her interaction with his/her six month old first‐born infants. Twenty‐two white, middle class moth...