cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polarized light scattering by dielectric and metallic spheres on silicon wafers

The polarization and intensity of light scattered by monodisperse polystyrene latex and copper spheres, with diameters ranging from 92 to 218 nm, deposited on silicon substrates were measured with 442-, 532-, and 633-nm light. The results are compared with a theory for scattering by a sphere on a surface, originally developed by others [PhysicaA 137,209 (1986)], and extended to include coatings on the sphere and the substrate. The results show that accurate calculation of the scattering of light by a metal sphere requires that the near-field interaction between the sphere and its image be included in acomplete manner. The normal-incidence approximation does not suffice for this interaction, and the existence of any thin oxide layer on the substrate must be included in the calculation.
Control of cancer: the promise of the future.

Objectives To review the progress being made against cancer and a new legislative approach, the National Cancer Act of 2002, to renew the nation's resolve towards eliminating cancer. Data Sources Government reports, books, and newspaper and magazine articles. Conclusions The major issues affecting cancer have to do with the economy, the status of employment, the environment, and the health care delivery system and access to it. Implications for Nursing Practice Nurses can participate in the major issues affecting cancer and influence the political process to eradicate cancer as a major public health problem.
Fluoro-diamine complexes of chromium(III)

C. D. E. F. G. H. Introduction ._._ _._______..___ __ __._ __.________._._._._._____ 265 Syntheticmethods .__._.__..._._._.__ . . . . . . . . . . .._._...__.._____ 266 (i) Direct reaction of CrFs-3.5 Hz0 and the anhydrous diamine. AA . _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ 266 (ii) Reactions in buffered solutions . _ . _ . _ . _ _ . . . . . _ . . . _ _ _ . _ . _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ 269 (iii) Reactionsin2-methoxyethanol . _. _. _. . . . . . . _. _. _ _ _. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. _ _ 269 (iv) Aoationreactionsinmethylalcohol. _._ ._. _. __. . __ __ .___. _ _ _ _. __ _ _ 270 (v) Dehydrationreactions . _. _. _. _. _ _ _. . _. . . . . . . . . _. _. _. . . . _ _ _ _ _. _ 271 (vi) Substitution reactions in a coordinating solvent _ . _ _ _ . _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ . . _ _ _ _ _ _ 271 Electronicspectra. _. _. . . . -. . . . . _. _. _ _. _. . . . . . _. . _. _. _. _. _ _ _ _ _ _ _. 272 Polarizedspectra . _ _. _ _ _. . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . _. . . . . . _. _. _. . . . _. _. _ _. _ 273 Kineticstudies .__._._._. _._._.__ 279 1,3-Propanediamine complexes _ 1 _ . _ . . _ . . . . . _ . _ . _ . . _ _ . _ . _ . . _ . _ . _ . _ . . 281 Photochemistry _ _._._._._._...___ _ _ _....._ _._..__........___._. 287 X-raystructuralstudics . . . ..__._. _ .__. _._._ ___.__ ___ 291 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . _ . _ . . _ _ . _ . _ . _ . _ . _ . , . _ . . _ . . . _ . _ . _ . _ _ _ 292
Radio Assisted Identification Device: A Universal Card

George Mason University uses photo identification cards with magnetic stripes. This system contains multiple points of vulnerability for the campus community which could lead to identification theft. This problem may further result in unauthorized purchases and entries into buildings and dormitories. Security issues have become increasingly relevant on university campuses due to random occurrences of violent acts. When these situations occur it is imperative to quickly locate and respond to the problem. The current emergency system in use at George Mason utilizes twenty-seven call boxes scattered around campus to respond to requests for help; only fourteen of these function properly, so that responding to and locating the individual become both untimely and less accurate. With the current system the dining services on campus reach maximum capacity during peak hours of operation when mass numbers of students attempt to purchase meals in between classes. With limited amount of time for waiting in line, many students may be discouraged to purchase food which in turn causes the school to lose business.
Surgical management of nonvascular lesions around the oculomotor nerve and reconstruction of the oculomotor nerve.

he oculomotor nerve is frequently involved with neoplasms involving the petroclival area and the tentorial T notch, as well as by aneurysms involving the internal carotid artery (at the origin of the posterior communicating artery) or the upper basilar artery (especially large or giant aneurysms, and basilar arteryesuperior cerebellar aneurysms). Because of its location in the tentorial notch, oculomotor paralysis is seen in brain herniation syndromes, or after direct trauma. Anatomically, the nerve has 3 distinct areas that it occupies, namely the cisternal segment, the cavernous segment (in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus), and the orbital segment (in the apex of the orbit). The nerve mainly contains fibers to many of the orbital muscles, but also carries parasympathetic fibers to the pupillary muscle. It is important to note that similar to the facial nerve, many of the muscles controlled by the oculomotor nerve have antagonistic effects (the superior and inferior rectus, for example). This becomes important when one considers the outcome of oculomotor nerve reconstruction.
Introduction to Pathology

This chapter provides a basic description of “pathology,” which literally means the “study of disease.” Pathology is unique in that the discipline represents one of the “basic sciences” taught in medical school, but it is also considered a medical specialty, a career path chosen by certain physicians. The reader is provided with a description of classic medical education within the United States. Much of the chapter deals with describing the specialty of pathology, including training requirements, the two major branches of pathology (anatomic and clinical pathology), and various subspecialty areas.
SLM Microscopy: Scanless Two-Photon Imaging and Photostimulation with Spatial Light Modulators.

Laser microscopy has generally poor temporal resolution, caused by the serial scanning of each pixel. This is a significant problem for imaging or optically manipulating neural circuits, since neuronal activity is fast. To help surmount this limitation, we have developed a “scanless” microscope that does not contain mechanically moving parts. This microscope uses a diffractive spatial light modulator (SLM) to shape an incoming two-photon laser beam into any arbitrary light pattern. This allows the simultaneous imaging or photostimulation of different regions of a sample with three-dimensional precision. To demonstrate the usefulness of this microscope, we perform two-photon uncaging of glutamate to activate dendritic spines and cortical neurons in brain slices. We also use it to carry out fast (60 Hz) two-photon calcium imaging of action potentials in neuronal populations. Thus, SLM microscopy appears to be a powerful tool for imaging and optically manipulating neurons and neuronal circuits. Moreover, the use of SLMs expands the flexibility of laser microscopy, as it can substitute traditional simple fixed lenses with any calculated lens function.
Dose dependent effects of intramuscular administered atropine on heart rate in Trachemys scripta (879.16)

Atropine sulfate is a common anticholingeric drug that is used in human medicine and veterinary medicine, as well as in scientific research. At doses less than 0.1mg/kg, it is used to treat bradyca...
The Genetic Algorithm Fractal

The original schema theorem (an inequality) has been replaced by an equality that determines the expected next generation for a simple genetic algorithm. This has made possible the computation of the trajectory of expected next generations. Visualization of these evolutionary trajectories beginning from different initial populations has led to the discovery of fractal structures.
Exit, Voice, and Electoral Turnover:

Much of the contemporary literature on metropolitan politics revolves around the mobility of local residents and the implications this has both for policies of local governments and for the racial composition of local populations. In this article, the authors hypothesize that resort to exit is a function of the extent to which local residents lack effective access to institutionalized forms of voice, in particular availability of opportunities for replacing elected officials viewed as unresponsive to local needs and concerns. The authors test this argument with information from a 2002 survey of residents of four of the largest metropolitan areas in the country, along with census data about their neighborhoods and data on electoral turnover in their municipal governments. The authors find evidence that intentions to leave a city are indeed conditional both on dissatisfaction with key collective goods and services (in particular local public schools and neighborhoods) and lack of effective opportunities for...
Hamartomatous polyp of Brunner's glands.

Summary Twenty-five cases of pathologic proliferation of Brunner's glands reported in the English literature are reviewed and another case is described. Symptoms are nonspecific and may imitate more common upper gastrointestinal disease entities. When there is ulceration of the overlying mucosa the condition may closely resemble peptic ulcer. Roentgenologic examination of the barium-filled duodenum reveals a suggestive, but not pathognomonic, picture of single or multiple rounded filling defects that are often pedunculated and mobile. The histopathologic features suggesting a hamartomatous origin are stressed.
Cytokines in Aging and Muscle Homeostasis

Cytokines are best known as mediators of host defense responses to infection and other environmental stresses. However, some of these proteins (interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor) may modulate clearance and repair processes in skeletal muscle following injury, and others (fibroblast growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor) may be involved with the sustained viability of muscle cells. Muscle repair and vitality also require neuronal contact (influenced by nerve growth factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor) as well as angiogenesis and connective tissue matrix formation (influenced by transforming growth factor beta). Successful muscle aging will depend in part on how well a muscle repairs itself after damage. This includes not only overt injury, but also the daily "wear and tear" that may not be perceived via pain or alterations in function. Age-related loss of muscle mass or function may be the cumulative result of repeated episodes of incomplete repair. Abnormal production or sensitivity to cytokines by aged cells may contribute to these changes in muscle mass and function.
Bayesian geometric modeling of indoor scenes

We propose a method for understanding the 3D geometry of indoor environments (e.g. bedrooms, kitchens) while simultaneously identifying objects in the scene (e.g. beds, couches, doors). We focus on how modeling the geometry and location of specific objects is helpful for indoor scene understanding. For example, beds are shorter than they are wide, and are more likely to be in the center of the room than cabinets, which are tall and narrow. We use a generative statistical model that integrates a camera model, an enclosing room “box”, frames (windows, doors, pictures), and objects (beds, tables, couches, cabinets), each with their own prior on size, relative dimensions, and locations. We fit the parameters of this complex, multi-dimensional statistical model using an MCMC sampling approach that combines discrete changes (e.g, adding a bed), and continuous parameter changes (e.g., making the bed larger). We find that introducing object category leads to state-of-the-art performance on room layout estimation, while also enabling recognition based only on geometry.
Iron Metabolism: a Comprehensive Review

Despite its abundance in the earth's crust, iron deficiency is a serious health issue in many parts of the world. Although fundamental observations about iron metabolism and the significance of iron nutriture were first noted some time ago, the molecular mechanisms involved in iron metabolism are just now being defined.
Replayer: automatic protocol replay by binary analysis

We address the problem of replaying an application dialog between two hosts. The ability to accurately replay application dialogs is useful in many security-oriented applications, such as replaying an exploit for forensic analysis or demonstrating an exploit to a third party.A central challenge in application dialog replay is that the dialog intended for the original host will likely not be accepted by another without modification. For example, the dialog may include or rely on state specific to the original host such as its hostname, a known cookie, etc. In such cases, a straight-forward byte-by-byte replay to a different host with a different state (e.g., different hostname) than the original observed dialog participant will likely fail. These state-dependent protocol fields must be updated to reflect the different state of the different host for replay to succeed.We formally define the replay problem. We present a solution which makes novel use of program verification techniques such as theorem proving and weakest pre-condition. By employing these techniques, we create the first sound solution to the replay problem: replay succeeds whenever our approach yields an answer. Previous techniques, though useful, are based on unsound heuristics. We implement a prototype of our techniques called Replayer, which we use to demonstrate the viability of our approach.
Deep Space Network Scheduling Using Evolutionary Computational Methods

The deep space network (DSN) is an international network of antennas that supports all of NASA's deep space missions. With the increasing demand of tracking time, DSN is highly over-subscribed. Therefore, the allocation of the DSN resources should be optimally scheduled to satisfy the requirements of as many missions as possible. Currently, the DSN schedules are manually and iteratively generated through several meetings to resolve conflicts. In an attempt to ease the burden of the DSN scheduling task, we have applied evolutionary computational techniques to the DSN scheduling problem. These methods provide a decision support system by automatically generating a population of optimized schedules under varying conflict conditions. These schedules are used to decide the simplest path to resolve conflicts as new scheduled items are added or changed along the scheduled 26 weeks. This paper presents the specific approach taken to formulate the problem in terms of gene encoding, fitness function, and genetic operations. The genome is encoded such that a subset of the scheduling constraints is automatically satisfied. Several fitness functions are formulated to emphasize different aspects of the scheduling problem. The optimal solutions of the different fitness functions demonstrate the trade-off of the scheduling problem and provide insight into a conflict resolution process.
An acquisitions decision model for academic libraries

A decision model for book acquisitions has been developed to simulate the intellectual processes used in acquiring these materials in academic libraries. It consists of a flow chart, weighted inputs and an equation, which when solved indicates whether a library should add the title to its collection, refer it to a cooperative group, defer the decision or drop it altogether. Inputs to the model need further study and development, but the model is a step in defining and quantifying the decision process.
Translocator protein blockade reduces prostate tumor growth.

Purpose: The transmembrane molecule, translocator protein (TSPO), has been implicated in the progression of epithelial tumors. TSPO gene expression is high in tissues involved in steroid biosynthesis, neurodegenerative disease, and in cancer, and overexpression has been shown to contribute to pathologic conditions including cancer progression in several different models. The goal of our study was to examine the expression and biological relevance of TSPO in prostate cancer and show that the commonly prescribed benzodiazepine lorazepam, a ligand for TSPO, exhibits anticancer properties. Experimental Design: Immunohistochemical analysis using tissue microarrays was used to determine the expression profile of TSPO in human prostate cancer tissues. To show the effect of TSPO ligands (lorazepam and PK11195) in prostate cancer, we used cell proliferation assays, apoptosis ELISA, prostate cancer xenograft study, and immunohistochemistry. Results: TSPO expression is increased in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, primary prostate cancer, and metastases compared with normal prostate tissue and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Furthermore, TSPO expression correlates with disease progression, as TSPO levels increased with increasing Gleason sum and stage with prostate cancer metastases demonstrating the highest level of expression among all tissues examined. Functionally, we have shown that lorazepam has antiproliferative and proapoptotic properties in vitro and in vivo . Additionally, we have shown that TSPO overexpression in nontumorigenic cells conferred susceptibility to lorazepam-induced growth inhibition. Conclusion: These data suggest that blocking TSPO function in tumor cells induces cell death and denotes a survival role for TSPO in prostate cancer and provides the first evidence for the use of benzodiazepines in prostate cancer therapeutics. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(19):6177–84)
New trends in photovoltaic energy systems

This paper presents new trends in the dc-ac converters (inverters) used in renewable energy sources, particularly for photovoltaic (PV) energy systems. A review of the existing technologies is performed for both single-phase and three-phase systems, and the pros and cons of the best candidates are investigated. Then, a new control algorithm for a three-phase single-stage boost-inverter system is developed using a similar methodology applied in the so-called space vector PWM technique. Some experimental results are also presented in this paper.
Efficacy and Safety of Varenicline for Smoking Cessation

Effective treatment of nicotine addiction is essential for reducing the substantial current and predicted morbidity and mortality associated with tobacco smoking. Despite the availability of effective treatments for smoking cessation, such as nicotine replacement therapy and bupropion sustained-release (SR), abstinence rates remain less than optimal. Varenicline is the first in a new class of agents for smoking cessation, the alpha(4)beta(2) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) partial agonists. Nicotine addiction is mediated by stimulation of central alpha(4)beta(2) nAChRs by nicotine, which causes the release of dopamine, ultimately leading to the pleasurable effects of smoking. As a nAChR partial agonist, varenicline attenuates the craving and withdrawal symptoms that occur with abstinence from nicotine and also reduces the rewarding effects of nicotine obtained from smoking in patients who lapse. Thus, varenicline offers a new therapeutic option for the treatment of nicotine addiction. Clinical trials have demonstrated superior efficacy of this agent over placebo and bupropion-SR for achieving abstinence from smoking, and varenicline has also been shown to significantly delay smoking relapse. As the newest agent approved for smoking cessation, the mechanism of action, efficacy, and safety of varenicline.
Safeguarding in sport

‘Safeguarding’ is a new term, which has developed from child protection issues that resulted in UK legislation. It refers to an all-encompassing proactive approach to keeping children and vulnerabl...
Comprehensive error models and a comparative study of some detour-phase holograms

A general fidelity criterion and a procedure are developed to evaluate the performance of different detour-phase-type computer-generated holograms. Three types of detour-phase hologram are evaluated and compared using both the aforementioned procedure and experimental data.
Sleep Deprivation and Recovery Sleep Prior to a Noxious Inflammatory Insult Influence Characteristics and Duration of Pain.

Study objectives Insufficient sleep and chronic pain are public health epidemics. Sleep loss worsens pain and predicts the development of chronic pain. Whether previous, acute sleep loss and recovery sleep determine pain levels and duration remains poorly understood. This study tested whether acute sleep deprivation and recovery sleep prior to formalin injection alter post-injection pain levels and duration. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 48) underwent sleep deprivation or ad libitum sleep for 9 hours. Thereafter, rats received a subcutaneous injection of formalin or saline into a hind paw. In the recovery sleep group, rats were allowed 24 h between sleep deprivation and the injection of formalin. Mechanical and thermal nociception were assessed using the von Frey test and Hargreaves' method. Nociceptive measures were performed at 1, 3, 7, 10, 14, 17 and 21 days post-injection. Results Formalin caused bilateral mechanical hypersensitivity (allodynia) that persisted for up to 21 days post-injection. Sleep deprivation significantly enhanced bilateral allodynia. There was a synergistic interaction when sleep deprivation preceded a formalin injection. Rats allowed a recovery sleep period prior to formalin injection developed allodynia only in the injected limb, with higher mechanical thresholds (less allodynia) and a shorter recovery period. There were no persistent changes in thermal nociception. Conclusion The data suggest that acute sleep loss preceding an inflammatory insult enhances pain and can contribute to chronic pain. The results encourage studies in a model of surgical pain to test whether enhancing sleep reduces pain levels and duration.
Various neurocognitive deficits and conversion risk in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis.

Aim Individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR) exhibit neurocognitive deficits in multiple domains. The aim of this study is to investigate whether several components of neurocognition are predictive of conversion to psychosis. Methods Fifty-two CHR individuals were assessed with the Structured Interview for Psychosis Risk Syndromes and completed a battery of neurocognitive tests at baseline including measures of executive functioning, attention, working memory, processing speed and reaction time. Neurocognitive functioning at baseline was scored based on an external normative control group. Most subjects were followed for 2.5 years to determine conversion status. Results Significant differences in neurocognitive functioning between CHR individuals and the control group were present in all domains. Twenty-six per cent of the participants converted to psychosis within 9.8 (standard deviation = 8.0) months on average (median 9 months), but there were no significant differences in neurocognition converters and non-converters. Conclusions Individuals at CHR have deficits in neurocognitive functioning, but such deficits do not appear to be related to conversion risk.
Root Coverage Procedure With Connective Tissue Graft Harvested From a Distal Wedge: A Case Report

Introduction: This case report illustrates the use of a connective tissue (CT) graft harvested from a distal wedge procedure for root coverage. The retromolar area could be an alternative donor site, especially when a distal wedge procedure is planned. This approach offers an alternative CT donor site for the treatment of a localized gingival recession (GR).Case Presentation: A healthy 22-year-old female patient presented with a localized Miller Class II GR defect on a mandibular incisor (tooth #25) caused by trauma from a lip piercing. Probing depths of 6 mm were also noted bilaterally over the distal aspect of the mandibular second molars. A root coverage procedure was performed, together with a distal wedge procedure for pseudopocket reduction. A CT graft harvested from a distal wedge was used for the root coverage. Complete root coverage with stable follow-up was documented up to 2 years, 5 months. Tissue from a contralateral distal wedge was submitted for histologic evaluation. Histopathologic examin...
Reproductive consequences of variation in the composition of howler monkey (Alouatta spp.) groups

At least three general categories of environmental pressure – predation, resource distribution, and demographics – shape the costs and benefits of group-living for animals. Among the demographic factors that influence individual survival and reproduction, the composition of social groups can play an important role. Census data drawn from 26 populations of howler monkeys (Alouatta spp.) were used to determine if the composition of groups explained variation in their reproductive performance. Each group's reproductive performance was estimated by calculating the difference between the observed number of immatures and the number expected from its population average. Of four group structure variables tested, only one – the residual of the adult and subadult sex ratio – was a consistent correlate of reproductive performance across the howler monkey populations. Groups with a greater proportion of adult and subadult males contained more juveniles than expected from the population average. I propose that the survival or retention of immatures within howler monkey groups depends in part on the behavior of resident males. Of particular importance, the relative proportions of resident males and females were more informative than the absolute number of males or females. On this basis, I evaluate the possible role of males in protection from predation, conspecific aggression, and resource competition. The techniques used here can also be used to forecast major changes in demographic structure within populations.
The Influence of Light Wave Length on Incidence of Bruises Occurring in the Broilers During the Growing period

Abstract Economic losses due to bruises that cause downgrading of ready-to-cook poultry have been estimated at about twice that due to condemnations (review of May and Hamdy, 1965; Crothers and Helbacka, 1960). Ringrose (1953) and Saunders and Lanson (1954) reported that bruising was the major cause of downgrading of poultry carcasses in commercial processing plants. Ringrose (1953) found that flocks loaded at the farm for bulk weighing and weighed on commercial scales had fewer bruises than did flocks that were farm weighed before loading. It was believed that the increased bruises on the farm were due to additional handling. PROCEDURE The birds used were straight run White Plymouth Rocks. They were grown in fan-ventilated windowless houses. These brooder houses were 14′ by 20′ in dimension and 250 birds were grown in each house. When the birds were four weeks of age the following lighting schedule was arranged. Treatment 1. Three houses . . .
Pyruvic Acid in Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid.

Summary1. The stability of pyruvic acid in the spinal fluid is described. 2. The relationship of blood to spinal fluid pyruvate is reported. The amount found in the cerebrospinal fluid is usually 70-120% of that found in a blood sample taken simultaneously. 3. Of the 16 cases with elevated blood pyruvate, 13 occurred in cases of known vitamin B1 deficiency. These latter constituted the only cases in the entire study with definite clinical evidences of vitamin B1 deficiency. In the other 3. it is suggested that a relative deficiency of vitamin B1 may have existed. In 51 additional cases, without clinical evidence of vitamin B1 deficiency, the blood pyruvate was normal in every instance.
Characterization of microseismic source mechanism in the Marcellus shale through analysis in the spectral domain

Author(s): Nava, MJ; Rector, JW; Zhang, Z | Abstract: In this paper, we investigate the use of analysis in the spectral domain to overcome the limitations imposed by limited aperture, a common disadvantage to typical monitoring geometry in hydraulic fracturing processes. A typical microseismic monitoring configuration contains two horizontally drilled boreholes - one treatment well and one observation well. This configuration, while cost-effective, leads to an inability to execute moment tensor inversion through traditional means. However, through careful analysis in the spectral domain, parameters like center frequency and bandwidth can be used in tandem with knowledge of process parameters to better understand microseismic source characteristics.
Compact Low-Frequency Metamaterial Design for Wireless Power Transfer Efficiency Enhancement

An extremely compact and low-frequency metamaterial design is presented in the following work. A ferrite loaded solenoid with a size on the order of 1/10000 of the wavelength of operation is used as the unit cell of the proposed metamaterial. This unit cell allows for the construction of a 77 unit-cell sample with dimensions of ${\text {6 cm}}\times {\text {6 cm}}\times {\text {2 cm}}$ and operating at a working frequency of 5.57 MHz. Measurements show that using this metamaterial sample in a wireless power transfer (WPT) system results in an efficiency enhancement of 10% at a working distance of 4.5 cm, which is twice the efficiency of the original system at the same distance. Alternatively, for a target efficiency of 10%, the range of the system can be extended from 4.5 to 8.8 cm by using the proposed metamaterial, a 4.3-cm, or 95%, extension over the original system range. The proposed metamaterial design, characterized by compactness, low frequency of operation, and large efficiency enhancement, is useful in a number of applications, such as biomedical telemetry systems and wireless charging.
Ovine fetal leucine kinetics and protein metabolism during acute metabolic acidosis

Fetal acidosis is associated with poor fetal growth. Because protein accretion is an important component of fetal growth, we used seven chronically prepared fetal lambs (10-16 days postoperation) to find whether fetal metabolic acidosis affected fetal protein accretion, and, if so, whether such effects were due to decreased synthesis or increased breakdown of proteins. Fetal leucine kinetics were measured during infusion of [1-(14)C]leucine by the reciprocal pool method. After control measurements, metabolic acidosis was induced by fetal infusion of 0.5 N HCl, and the measurements were repeated. Although fetal leucine concentration rose (164 +/- 11 vs. 216 +/- 15 microM; P < 0.001), fetal leucine uptake fell during acidosis (3.33 +/- 0.30 vs. 1.43 +/- 0.35 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1); P < 0.05). However, the influx of leucine from protein breakdown increased (12.6 +/- 2.6 vs. 14.7 +/- 2.6 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1); P < 0.02). The incorporation of leucine into fetal protein was unaffected by acidosis, so that fetal protein accretion fell (0.48 +/- 1.04 vs. -2.32 +/- 1.53 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1); P < 0.001). Fetal leucine decarboxylation increased during acidosis (2.85 +/- 0.33 vs. 3.75 +/- 0.61 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1); P < 0.05). We conclude that fetal metabolic acidosis stimulates pathways to degrade both protein and at least one of the subsequently derived amino acids, leucine. The consequence of such changes induced by acidosis is decreased protein accretion, a finding incompatible with normal fetal growth.
Disk Storage Testing Technology

We studied technologies about testing IOPS and data transfer speed of disk arrays in mass storage systems,and proposed a parallel testing technology towards the high performance disk array and realized the testing work on the newest developed disk array.By taking researches on many factors which effect disk performance seriously and quantifying them through experiments,we realized evaluations on the whole disk array.Finally,we studied bottlenecks of the disk arrays and proved that the results are correct.
Effects of main grain design parameters of an embedded metal-wire grain

Based on SolidWorks API interface and Visual Basic,a set of calculation software for an embedded metal-wire grain was developed.The calculation and experiment results show that the sofware has high accuracy and meets engineering calculation demands;at the same time,there exists thrust peak during one-step burning process of the embedded metal-wire grain.In order to obtain better internal ballistic properties,the effects of main design parameters on grain calculation were analyzed.The results show that some parameters including the width of groove,the length of uncoated grain and array diameter of metal wires have great effects on stability of grain performance,but the effects of groove length and the ratio of burning rate are relative small.In addition,the effect of conical boss on stability is also great.The conclusion can give a reference for design of the embedded metal-wire grain.
Capillary permeability: atrial peptide action is independent of "protein effect".

Perfusion of exchange microvessels with the vasoactive hormone, atrial natriuretic peptide (AP), acutely and reversibly elevates hydraulic conductivity (Lp) by mechanisms that are, as yet, unknown. This, the first of two studies to characterize AP responses when perfusate composition was altered, specifically focuses on the action of AP when perfusate albumin was lowered to change the transcapillary barrier properties for water by passive mechanisms (protein effect). Perfusion of frog (Rana pipiens) mesenteric microvessels with 1 nM AP in 10 mg/ml bovine serum albumin (BSA) elevated Lp by a median 2.1-fold (range 1.2-2.7, n = 13) from control levels (10 mg/ml BSA). Reduction of perfusate albumin from 10 to 1 mg/ml elicited a small rise in Lp (1.8-fold, n = 10); Lp rose a further 2.1-fold (n = 6) when 1 nM AP was added to 1 mg/ml BSA. Likewise, protein-free perfusion elevated Lp from a median 2.2 to 5.1 X 10(-7) cm.s-1.cmH2O-1 (n = 11); 1 nM AP in protein-free perfusate elevated Lp a further 2.1-fold (n = 8). Thus, regardless of protein content, the response to the peptide was a consistent, twofold increase in exchange vessel Lp (n = 27). These data are consistent with the suggestion that the AP-activated rise in Lp (twofold) occurs via an increase in the effective area of the transcapillary pathway for water without influencing the selectivity properties of the paracellular, albumin-sensitive portion of the barrier.
Measurement of regional glucose metabolic rates in reperfused myocardium.

Regional myocardial glucose utilization was measured with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and positron emission tomography in normal and postischemic tissue after 3 h of intracoronary balloon occlusion in closed-chest chronically instrumented anesthetized dogs. Estimates of glucose metabolic rates were made using the Sokoloff model, assuming the lumped constant to be unchanged in reperfused tissue. Myocardial sectors were classified as normal, reversibly injured, or infarct containing based on occlusion blood flow images and postmortem histology. Occlusion flow, measured by microspheres, was reduced by 38% in reversibly injured and 74% in infarct-containing sectors, recovering to 91 and 66%, respectively, 1 h postreperfusion. One month postreperfusion, flow was normal in reversibly injured sectors but remained depressed at 60% in infarct-containing sectors. Glucose utilization at baseline was homogeneous, averaging 0.8 mumol.g-1.min-1. After 3 h of reperfusion following occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery, regional glucose metabolic rate was increased 60% relative to baseline in normal myocardium but not in postischemic sectors, leading to an enhancement of FDG uptake in normal relative to postischemic myocardium. At 24 h postreperfusion, the glucose metabolic rate decreased in normal remote tissue to 46% of baseline levels, probably reflecting increased plasma free fatty acid levels, but was not significantly altered in reversibly injured myocardium, leading to enhanced FDG uptake in reversibly injured relative to normal myocardium. Subsequently, glucose metabolism in normal and postischemic sectors was not significantly different. Prolonged relative enhancement of glucose metabolic rate in postischemic tissue was found when the glucose metabolic rate in normal myocardium was low. Myocardial glucose utilization correlated with hg, the rate constant for FDG phosphorylation under all conditions (r = 0.88).
Behavioral Phenotyping of Mouse Models of Neurodegeneration

Neurodegenerative disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's (HD), Parkinson's (PD) and Alzheimer's diseases (AD), are characterized by the loss of structure and function of specific neuronal circuitry in the brain. As a result of this loss, behavioral symptoms occur progressively. Understanding the causes of neurodegeneration is fundamental for the development of new therapeutic targets. For this purpose, several animal models of neurodegenerative disorders have been generated and characterized. During the characterization, behavioral science plays a crucial role by identifying specific symptoms in these animal models of human disorders. Later on, it also allows scientists to verify the efficacy of new treatments. This chapter describes some of the standard tests used to assess behavioral symptoms present in mouse models of neurodegenerative disorders. A list of procedures is provided to evaluate motor skills for the study of ALS, HD, and PD models, and to evaluate spatial learning and memory for the study of AD models.
Effect of Anti-P1A1 Antibody on Human Platelets. II. Mechanism of the Complement-Dependent Release Reaction

We studied the mechanism by which complement activated by anti-P1A1 antibody elicits the platelet release reaction. Anti-P1A1 antibody mediates its action through the classic complement pathway, and its effect depends on the concentration of IgG antibody on the platelet surface. At relatively high concentrations of anti-P1A1 antibody the release reaction was mediated by a mechanism in part independent of extracellular ADP and metabolic energy and inhibited by only high concentrations of PGE1. However, at lower concentrations of anti-P1A1 antibody the release reaction was dependent on metabolic energy and ADP, and the concentration of PGE1 required to inhibit platelet release was similar to that required to inhibit ADP-induced release. The cyclooxygenase inhibitor acetylsalicylic acid inhibited the release reaction at all nonlytic antibody levels studied. None of the agents studied inhibited the induction of platelet lysis by very high concentrations of anti-P1A1 antibody, and no effect of antibody on platelet 14C-serotonin uptake was observed at antibody concentrations that did not mediate direct in vitro alteration. These studies suggest the possible use of pharmacologic agents in modifying some complement- mediated platelet alterations.
Can I Borrow Your Footnotes? Footnote Boilerplate's Learning Externality

This study examines how financial statement preparers borrow footnote language and what footnote borrowing indicates about financial statement quality. Footnote borrowing creates footnote boilerplate, an often-criticized textual characteristic of financial statements. I find that preparers often borrow footnote language from other firms through three channels: geographic proximity, external auditor, and industry. I also examine whether the apparent channel through which the preparer borrows footnote language differentially impacts the probability of a future restatement. I find the presence of boilerplate is associated with a decreased likelihood of a future restatement when preparers borrow through the industry peer channel. In contrast, I find that borrowing footnote language through geographic proximity channel, through the external auditor channel, or both is associated with an increased likelihood of a future restatement. These results highlight the importance of understanding the process that results in textual characteristics before making conclusions about their impact on financial statement quality.
The Trauma of Racism and the Distorted White Imagination

Recent public attention on police violence perpetrated on black people and the response of protest movements illustrate the nature of structural racism as ongoing cultural trauma—a form of physical and psychic assault on the humanity of people of color. Efforts of dominant white cultural institutions to address racism are generally compromised by a distorted narrative frame which obfuscates the pervasive systemic nature of white supremacy and the extent of the trauma experienced. This essay surveys psychological research on the traumatic effects of racism and highlights the contributions of black theologians who challenge popular Christian narratives of “racial reconciliation,” for failing to address white complicity in the deeply embedded, trauma-generating nature of structural racism in the social and cultural order.
‘To Be Able to Imagine Otherwise’: community archives and the importance of representation

Through data gleaned from semi-structured interviews with 17 community archives founders, volunteers and staff at 12 sites in Southern California, this paper develops a new tripartite framework for understanding the ontological, epistemological and social impact of community archives. Throughout, it reflects the ways in which communities marginalized by race, ethnicity, class, sexuality, gender and political position experience both the profoundly negative affective consequences of absence and misrepresentation in mainstream media and archives (which it calls ‘symbolic annihilation’) and the positive effect of complex and autonomous forms of representation in community-driven archives (which it terms ‘representational belonging’).
Falcon: Visual analysis of large, irregularly sampled, and multivariate time series data in additive manufacturing ☆ ☆☆

Abstract Flexible visual analysis of long, high-resolution, and irregularly sampled time series data from multiple sensor streams is a challenge in several domains. In the field of additive manufacturing, this capability is critical for realizing the full potential of large-scale 3D printers. In this paper, we propose a visual analytics approach that helps additive manufacturing researchers acquire a deep understanding of patterns in log and imagery data collected by 3D printers. Specific goals include discovering patterns related to defects and system performance issues, optimizing build configurations to avoid defects, and increasing production efficiency. We introduce Falcon, a new visual analytics system that allows users to interactively explore large, time-oriented data sets from multiple linked perspectives. Falcon provides overviews, detailed views, and unique segmented time series visualizations, all with adjustable scale options. To illustrate the effectiveness of Falcon at providing thorough and efficient knowledge discovery, we present a practical case study involving experts in additive manufacturing and data from a large-scale 3D printer. Although the focus of this paper is on additive manufacturing, the techniques described are applicable to the analysis of any quantitative time series.
On the Positivity of Circulant and Skew-Circulant Determinants

For a given vector A := (a0,a1,...,an−1) in ℝn, simple necessary and sufficient conditions on a0,a1,...,an−1 are established for the determinant of the circulant matrix of A to be positive, or negative, or zero. There is a striking difference between the conditions for n odd and the conditions for n even. The determinant of the skew-circulant matrix of A is similarly discussed.
Select models of cognition in developmental transformations: A theoretical integration

Abstract Recent theoretical and practical applications of drama therapy have incorporated cognitive models. This paper furthers this integration by presenting a specific drama-based therapeutic approach, developmental transformations , within a broader cognitive landscape. In proposing a cognitive model of developmental transformations (DvT) links to allied professions are established and clinical case conceptualizations are broadened with relevance to a larger mental health audience. An overview of DvT is provided followed by a rationale for a cognitive approach. Distinct elements of DvT practice are then broken down and elucidated within a cognitive framework. Questions posed and addressed include: What occurs cognitively when we encounter another person? What cognitive factors aid in maintaining an imaginary/dramatic reality? What cognitive processes facilitate transformation from one dramatic role to another? How can an embodied understanding of cognition contribute to DvT practice? In order to answer these questions components of the executive functioning system, associational networks, and models of information processing are implicated and applied to a DvT framework. As a result of identifying cognitive models within DvT, a research agenda for empirical investigation is promoted, inviting further identification and validation of cognitive models presented herein.
Prologue: Tourism and Quality-of-Life (QOL) Research: The Missing Links

Tourism is a major socioeconomic force in today’s world. The study of tourism and its increasing growth as a field of study can be largely attributed to tourism’s ability to create significant economic benefits and jobs in destinations. Tourism and its socioeconomic impacts have become highly investigated phenomena of today’s academic world.
Natural Language Processing and Ontology-enhanced Biomedical Literature Mining for Systems Biology

ABSTRACT Despite the rapid electronic dissemination of research results and experimental data in bioinformatics research, most biological knowledge and experimental results still exist only in text formats. Retrieving and processing this information is made difficult due to the large volumes and the lack of formal structure in the natural language narrative in those documents. It is very important to develop efficient and effective technologies that automatically search large collections of biomedical literature, extract and mine the important biological relationships such as protein-protein interaction, functionalities of the genes, etc, so that domain experts can analyze this information to form new hypotheses, conduct new experiments and enable new discoveries in systems biology research. In this chapter, we discuss some of the latest natural language processing and data mining techniques in this area and demonstrate their usefulness in chromatin protein interaction study and microarray data analysis.
Surfactants, Anionic and Nonionic

This article is reproduced from the previous edition volume 4, pp 119–121, © 2005, Elsevier Inc.
Concepts and Definitions

Oral inquisitions, required of those who aspire to advanced degrees in plant pathology, often begin with a request for the candidate’s definition or concept of plant disease. After a struggle, the candidate extracts from a brain freshly crammed with scientific names of pathogens, disease cycles, biochemical pathways, and a variety of other disorganized information, a definition memorized in some introductory course. Usually this definition attempts to distinguish normal or healthy plants from abnormal or diseased ones. This leads to a discussion of the meaning of the term “normal” and to the conclusion that, by the candidate’s definition, plants which produce five times the average yield for a given locality must be diseased.