cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Late chronotype predicts more depressive symptoms in bipolar disorder over a 5 year follow-up period.

There is increasing evidence that bipolar disorder is influenced by circadian timing, including the timing of sleep and waking activities. Previous studies in bipolar disorder have shown that people with later timed daily activities, also known as late chronotypes, are at higher risk for subsequent mood episodes over the following 12–18 months. However, these studies were limited to euthymic patients and smaller sample sizes. The aim of the current study was to further examine baseline chronotype as a potentially important predictor of mood-related outcomes in a larger sample of individuals with bipolar disorder and over the longest follow up period to date, of 5 years. Participants included 318 adults diagnosed with bipolar I and II (19–86 years) who were enrolled in the Prechter Longitudinal Study of Bipolar Disorder. Participants with a late chronotype were found to be more likely to have mild to more severe depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 ≥ 5) as captured with PHQ-9 assessments every 2 months over the 5 year follow up period. This higher risk for depressive symptoms remained even after adjusting for age, sex and mood at baseline. Additionally, late chronotypes reported fewer hypomania/mania episodes during the 5 year follow up, as derived from clinical interviews every two years. These results highlight the potential clinical usefulness of a single self-report question, in identifying patients at risk for a more depressive mood course. The results also suggest that circadian phase advancing treatments, that can shift circadian timing earlier, should be explored as a means to reduce depressive symptoms in late chronotypes with bipolar disorder.
Instagram and prostate cancer: using validated instruments to assess the quality of information on social media.

BACKGROUND The quality of prostate cancer (PCa) content on Instagram is unknown. METHODS We examined 62 still-images and 64 video Instagram posts using #prostatecancer on 5/18/20. Results were assessed with validated tools. RESULTS Most content focused on raising awareness or sharing patient stories (46%); only 9% was created by physicians. 90% of content was low-to-moderate quality and most was understandable, but actionability was 0%. Of the 30% of content including objective information, 40% contained significant misinformation. Most posts had comments offering social support. CONCLUSIONS Instagram is a source of understandable PCa content and social support; however, information was poorly actionable and had some misinformation.
Policy and Practical Implications of Theoretical Innovations in Education

Publisher Summary Educational policy and educational theory frequently intersect in interesting and unpredictable ways. Ideas proposed by theorists are often popularized and woven into practice long before they have been refined, tested, or evaluated. Educational theorists also influence policies and practices in less formal ways. This chapter examines the formal and informal pathways by which educational theorizing affects what happens in classrooms, families, and contemporary American society. Because what occurs in classrooms is, to a great extent, influenced by what happens in a student's home and family life, the effects of educational theorizing on home environment and parenting practices are also examined. The chapter also attempts to investigate the intersections between education and psychology in ways not often contemplated by the researchers or the policy analysts. For example, particular attention is given to potential undesirable effects on psychological characteristics, such as a student's personal happiness brought about by otherwise desirable educational innovations and societal changes.
Adolescent sexuality and premature parenthood: role of the Black church in prevention.

This article calls attention to black adolescents and issues of sexuality and premature parenthood. Important developmental processes, including oral development and the fear of black genocide are discussed. Roles that the church can play in preventing premature sexual activity and parenthood are offered.
The role of tropomyosin in the regulation of myocardial contraction and relaxation.

Studies over the last 30 years have demonstrated the essential nature of the evolutionarily highly conserved tropomyosin (TM) protein. TM-deficient cells neither function properly nor survive, and mutations within this protein impair severely its function within the sarcomere. The ability to manipulate TM isoform expression genetically within functioning cardiomyocytes and the whole heart has proven essential in deciphering the physiological significance of the different TM isoforms. It is now apparent that α-TM and actin serve as the requisite backbone of the thin filament, with varying levels of β- and γ-TM, together with the troponin complex serving to modulate sarcomere function. Defining the mechanisms whereby specific TM isoform amino acid differences alter thin filament dynamics will enhance greatly the understanding of muscle contraction during both normal and pathological states.
The Embedded Librarian: Innovative Strategies for Taking Knowledge Where It's Needed

Review of David Shumakerâs book The Embedded Librarian: Innovative Strategies for Taking Knowledge Where It's Needed.
The ‘Efficiency’ of the London metal exchange

In this paper the three approaches available to test the hypothesis that the futures price is an unbiased predictor of future spot prices are utilized to analyze the ‘efficiency’ of the London Metal Exchange for the period January 1975–December 1983. The first technique uses non-overlapping observation and derives a test of this hypothesis using OLS. The second uses overlapping data and models explicitly the moving average process in the error structure using ARMA procedures. The third uses a FIML technique to estimate a bivariate stochastic stationary process of the spot and futures prices and tests the unbiased predictor hypothesis in the form of complex non-linear cross-equation restrictions. The results conform to the predictions of the unbiased predictor hypothesis regardless of the methodology and/or data employed.
Inconsistency of the maximum parsimony method when the rate of nucleotide substitution is constant.

The inconsistency of the maximum parsimony method is known to occur even when the rate of nucleotide substitution is constant. To understand why this inconsistency occurs, a mathematical study was conducted for the cases of five, six, and seven sequences. The results obtained indicate that this inconsistency occurs because the probability of occurrence of nucleotide configurations generated by one substitution on a short interior branch is often lower than that of configurations generated by more substitutions on other longer branches. The chance of occurrence of this event—or, the inconsistency of the maximum parsimony method—apparently increases as the number of sequences increases. The inconsistency may occur even when the extent of sequence divergence is relatively small.
A Comparison of Participant and Practitioner Beliefs About Evaluation.

The move to build capacity for internal evaluation is a common organizational theme in social service delivery, and in many settings, the evaluator is also the practitioner who delivers the service. The goal of the present study was to extend our limited knowledge of practitioner evaluation. Specifically, the authors examined practitioner concerns about administering pretest and posttest evaluations within the context of a multisite 7-week family strengthening program and compared those concerns with self-reported attitudes of the parents who completed evaluations. The authors found that program participants (n = 105) were significantly less likely to find the evaluation process intrusive, and more likely to hold positive beliefs about the evaluation process, than practitioners (n = 140) expected. Results of the study may address a potential barrier to effective practitioner evaluation—the belief that having to administer evaluations interferes with establishing a good relationship with program participants.
A serological and disc electrophoretic study of North American Typha

Pollen and seed proteins of seven selected North American and Puerto RicanTypha populations were compared using two serological methods and disc electrophoresis. These methods were capable of discriminating among all taxa studied:Typha latijolia, T. angustifolia, T. ×glauca, andT. domingensis. The two hybrid populations were found to contain proteins not found in either parent.Typha domingensis was serologically the most distinct of the four taxa. The diagnostic morphological characteristics forTypha species were studied in all populations, and statistical comparisons are presented. Data from the morphological observations agreed with the information obtained from the chemosystematic research. All data indicate that the three taxa should be maintained as separate species. The hybrid nature of the putativeT. ×glauca is verified by both the biochemical and morphological data. Observed morphological and biochemical differences support taxonomic treatments in whichT. domingensis is designated as a separate species
Droloxifene prevents ovariectomy‐induced bone loss in tibiae and femora of aged female rats: A dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometric and histomorphometric study

Our previous studies indicated that droloxifene (DRO), a tissue-specific estrogen antagonist/agonist, prevented bone loss without causing uterine hypertrophy in growing ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and bone histomorphometry, the current study compared the efficacy of DRO to 17βestradiol (E 2 ) in preventing OVX-induced bone loss in tibiae and femora of 19-month-old rats to determine whether DRO had similar skeletal effects as E 2 in aged female rats. Sprague-Dawley female rats were OVX or sham-operated (sham) at 19 months of age. The sham-operated rats were treated with vehicle (oral), while the OVX rats were treated with vehicle (oral), E 2 at 30 μg/kg/day (sc), or DRO at 2.5, 5, or 10 mg/kg/day (oral) for 8 weeks. Bone mineral density (BMD) of whole femora (WF), distal femoral metaphyses (DFM), femoral shafts (FS), and proximal femora (PF) was determined using DXA. Static and dynamic cancellous bone histomorphometric analyses were performed in double-labeled undecalcified longitudinal sections from proximal tibial metaphyses. Ovariectomy for 8 weeks significantly reduced the BMD of WF, DFM, FS, and PF (from -6 to - 15%). Treatment with E 2 completely prevented the decreases in BMD of WF and DFM and had no significant effects in BMD of FS and PF in aged OVX rats. The decrease in BMD of DFM induced by OVX was prevented by treatment with DRO at all dose levels. In addition, DRO at 10 mg/kg/day prevented OVX-induced decreases in BMD of WF, FS, and PF. Furthermore, proximal tibial cancellous bone histomorphometric results showed that OVX significantly decreased the trabecular bone volume by 34% and increased the activation frequency by 104% while it nonsignificantly increased other indices including percent eroded perimeter, mineral apposition rate, and bone formation rate per bone volume compared with sham-operated controls. Treatment with E 2 or DRO at all dose levels completely prevented the OVX-induced decreases in trabecular bone volume and increases in bone turnover, indicating that DRO is an estrogen agonist in bone in aged OVX rats. Together with the previous findings that DRO inhibited body weight gain, reduced total serum cholesterol, and had no effect on uterine weight, we conclude that DRO is as efficacious as E 2 in preventing OVX-induced bone loss and inhibiting bone turnover but without estrogenic uterine effects in aged OVX rats. These data suggest that DRO may be superior to E 2 for the treatment of postmenopausal and senile osteoporoses. (J Bone Miner Res 1995 ;10 :1256-1262)
Multiple regimes in the US inventory time-series: A disaggregate analysis

Abstract Switching models have been used previously to document the presence of multiple regimes in the growth rate of the US GDP. As fluctuations in inventory investment are known to play a major role in business cycles, it is likely that inventory growth patterns are also subject to alternating regimes. In the present paper, simple and Markov switching models are applied to inventory series at different levels of manufacturing and trade with a view to discovering the presence of multiple regimes. The findings suggest that the growth rate of retail inventories contains significant regime switches, and that these corresponds in all cases with switches in the GDP growth rate regime, though some extra switches are noted in the retail inventory series.
53 CHILDREN WITH CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE: A TWO-YEAR FOLLOW-UP

The two year developmental findings on 9 children with diagnosed chronic lung disease at discharge from the nursery are reported. The children had birthweights of 709-1270 grams, gestational ages of 25-30 weeks and were appropriate for gestational age. The 1270 gram child had the Mickity-Wilson Syndrome. The other children had bronchopulmonary dysplasia and birthweights below 1100 grams. There was no clinical evidence of intracerebral hemorrhage. The Bayley Scales of Infant Development and an Occupational/Physical Therapy (OT/PT) assessment were administered at 2 years of age. Four of the 6 less than 1001 gram infants had Bayley scores below 78 and pathologic OT/PT findings. They had moderate-severe lung disease at discharge from the nursery. The 2 other children had Bayley scores above 78 but had suspicious OT/PT findings. They had mild-moderate lung disease. Of the 2 children with birthweights 1001-1250 grams one had advanced lung disease with Bayley scores below 78 and pathologic OT/PT findings. The other child had mild disease with normal Bayley scores, but with suspicious OT/PT findings. The 1270 gram child had mild lung disease, normal Bayley scores, but had suspicious OT/PT findings. In summary, the data suggest that children with very low birthweights, with moderate-severe lung disease at discharge from the nursery are at high risk for developmental problems. It is recommended that such children be followed closely.
Structured Lipids-Novel Fats with Medical, Nutraceutical, and Food Applications

Generally, structured lipids (SLs) are triacylglycerols (TAGs) that have been modified to change the fatty acid composition and/or their positional distribution in glycerol backbone by chemically and/or enzymatically catalyzed reactions and/or genetic engineering. More specifically, SLs are modified TAGs with improved nutritional or functional properties. SLs provide an effective means for producing tailor-made lipids with desired physical characteristics, chemical properties, and/or nutritional benefits. The production, commercialization outlook, medical, and food applications of SLs are reviewed here. Physical property measurements for SL in food systems and future research needs for increased industrial acceptance are also included in this review.
Wool shedding in musk oxen

Qiviut is the underwool of the musk ox. This paper details the weight of qiviut produced and describes the time and pattern of the annual moult in three captive herds of musk oxen. Evidence for the stimuli to moulting and for the effects of captivity and selective breeding is reviewed, and a concluding section discusses some implications of these observations for studies of animal domestication.
A comparative thermodynamic analysis of InP and GaAs deposition

Abstract A PCl 3 transport system for epitaxial InP deposition has been considered from an equilibrium point of view and compared with a similar arsenic trichloride process for GaAs deposition. Thermochemical values for all species pertinent to these two systems were compiled and employed in conjunction with an iterative Gibbs energy minimization program to compute the gas phase equilibrium concentrations and the maximum extent of deposition. The results are presented as functions of three independent variables: the source and deposition temperatures and the initial concentration of Group III trichloride. The degree of gas phase supersaturation is presented as a function of the temperature differential between the source and deposition regions.
Effects of corpus callosum section on functional compensation in the posteromedial lateral suprasylvian visual area after early visual cortex damage in cats.

A visual cortex lesion made in adult cats leads to a loss of direction selectivity and a loss of response to the ipsilateral eye among cells in posteromedial lateral suprasylvian (PMLS) cortex of cats. However, a visual cortex lesion made in young cats results in normal direction selectivity and normal ocular dominance in PMLS cortex. Thus cats with an early lesion demonstrate functional compensation in PMLS cortex. The present experiment determined whether the functional compensation depends upon an intact corpus callosum. Cats received a unilateral visual cortex lesion on the day of birth (day 1) or at 8 weeks of age. When the cats were adult, the corpus callosum was sectioned and 24 hours later recordings were made in PMLS cortex ipsilateral to the visual cortex lesion. Results were compared to cats with a similar lesion and an intact corpus callosum. In cats with a lesion made on day 1, a corpus callosum section did not affect receptive-field properties or ocular dominance in PMLS cortex. Therefore, functional compensation is not dependent on input via the corpus callosum in these animals. However, in cats with a lesion made at 8 weeks, a corpus callosum section resulted in a decrease in the percentage of direction-selective cells and in the percentage of cells driven by the ipsilateral eye. Despite the decrease, the percentage of direction-selective cells still was greater than in cats with an adult unilateral visual cortex lesion. Thus, while partly dependent on callosal inputs, some functional compensation for direction selectivity remains on the basis of ipsilateral inputs. In contrast, the percentage of cells driven by the ipsilateral eye was no longer significantly different from that in cats with an adult visual cortex lesion. This suggests that functional compensation for response to the ipsilateral eye is dependent on an intact corpus callosum in cats that received a visual cortex lesion at 8 weeks of age.
kingship among the Miskito

The Miskito kings of eastern Nicaragua and Honduras have been described as British puppets whose authority depended solely on their role as middlemen. This paper suggests that the kings also may have been leaders of real stature in their own society, whose legitimacy was based on different cultural conceptions of leadership than those held by the British. [political anthropology, kingship, middlemen, Miskito Indians, Central American ethnology]
Doppler-shift of the surface bound states in YBCO

Abstract We have investigated the effect of an applied magnetic field upon the zero-bias-conductance-peak (ZBCP) observed in YBa2Cu3O7/Pb tunnel junctions. We show that the field-induced splitting in the ZBCP depends upon the field orientation with respect to the YBa2Cu3O7 ab-plane and that the low-bias conductance conserves the number of states. Both the conservation of states and the field anisotropy are consistent with the description of the ZBCP as resulting from surface bound states, and the splitting as arising from a Doppler-like energy shift δ= v F · p S (where v F is the Fermi velocity and p S the superfluid momentum).
Two-Phonon Resonances and Hybridization of the Resonance with Single-Phonon States

Considering the anharmonic phonon-phonon interactions, two-phonon resonances are studied by Green's-function methods. The two-phonon spectrum exhibits an asymmetric peak near the top of the two-phonon continuum. In the special case of a resonance consisting of two acoustic phonons, the hybridization of the resonance with a single optical phonon is possible, in agreement with experiment.
Working With Immigrant Students in Schools: The Role of School Counselors in Building Cross‐Cultural Bridges

School counselors are poised to play a significant role within comprehensive school counseling programs in addressing the needs of immigrant children in schools. The authors describe how school counselors can have a positive impact on the adjustment of immigrant students by building cross-cultural bridges through the use of cross-cultural simulations and activities. Los consejeros escolares se encuentran en una buena posicion para jugar un papel significativo dentro de los programas exhaustivos de consejeria escolar que tratan las necesidades de los ninos inmigrantes en las escuelas. Los autores describen como los consejeros escolares pueden tener un impacto positivo en la adaptacion de los alumnos inmigrantes por medio de la construccion de puentes interculturales a traves del uso de simulaciones y actividades interculturales.
Vacuum-ultraviolet optical properties of single-crystal InBi

The optical constants (n, k) of single crystalline InBi have been determined using a two-angle method applying Fresnel’s equations. The complex dielectric constant was then calculated using the relation ∊* = ∊1 − i∊2, where ∊1 = n2 − k2 and ∊2 = 2nk. Assuming a free-electron model, the volume plasma resonance energy was found from the crossover position of the n and k curves to be 10.3 eV. The energy loss functions − Im[1/∊] and − Im[1/(∊ + 1)], which have been interpreted as having maxima at the volume and surface plasma frequencies, respectively, when interband transitions are not significant, were plotted using the n and k data. These values were in general agreement with those obtained from the crossover point on the n and k curves and from the Ritchie relation Es=Ev/2.
The U.S. National Toxicology Program evaluation of transgenic mice as predictive models for identifying carcinogens.

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences researchers have invested considerable effort in exploring the utility of transgenic mice to detect carcinogens and study mechanisms of carcinoge...
Nanoparticle mediated photodefluorination monitored by 19F NMR

Abstract The photoreduction of monofluorinated phenols and benzoic acids on polyphosphate capped ZnS nanoparticles is examined. Defluorination is monitored using 19 F NMR. Photoreductive defluorination on ZnS nanoparticles produces fluoride while direct photolysis produces ring opening products. Reaction on bulk ZnS produces ≪1% defluorination under the same conditions. The quantum yield and turnover numbers are presented for six compounds with the fluoride substituted at different positions around the aromatic ring. The reaction rates are affected by the presence of electron donating or withdrawing groups attached to the aromatic ring. The rates of product produced are 4-fluorophenol > 2-fluorophenol > 3-fluorophenol when the electron donating hydroxyl group is present and the opposite trend of 3-fluorobenzoic acid > 2-fluorobenzoic acid > 4-fluorobenzoic acid when an electron withdrawing group is attached to the benzene.
Enzymatic cleavage of peptide-linked radiolabels from immunoconjugates.

We have incorporated peptides selected by combinatorial library [Peterson, J. J., and Meares, C. F. (1998) Bioconjugate Chem. 9, 618−626) into peptide-linked radiolabeled immunoconjugates of the fo...
Multivariable direct adaptive control for a general class of time-varying commands

Direct multivariable model reference adaptive control (DMMRAC) procedures which are especially suitable for large scale structures (LSS) were in the past shown to be feasible provided that the input commands were constant. In this paper the feasibility of the MMRAC algorithms is extended to a large class of time-variable input commands.
Soft X-ray charger (SXC) system for use with electrospray for mobility measurement of bioaerosols

Abstract Electrospray size spectrometry analysis (ESSA), a mobility-based aerosol technique to characterize the size and charge-state of nanoparticles, uses a neutralizer to bring multiply charged particles to an equilibrium charge-state. Typical ESSA setups incorporate a Po-210 neutralizer that has short half-life time and its radioactive nature leads to safety concerns. This work demonstrates that a soft X-ray charger (SXC) effectively neutralizes electrosprayed bioparticles. Calculations show that the SXC generates bipolar ions with number concentrations one and two orders of magnitude higher than conventional Po-210 and Kr-85 sources, respectively. Additionally, we established that an SXC may be safely implemented in ESSA.
Cationic actinide metallocene alkyls and hydrides. Metal bis(dicarbollides) as counterions

Metal bis(dicarbollides) of the type M(B[sub 9]C[sub 2]H[sub 11])[sub 2][sup [minus]] (M = Co, Fe) have been incorporated into cationic organothorium complexes [Cp[prime][sub 2]ThR][sup +]X[sup [minus]] (Cp[prime] = [eta][sup 5]-(CH[sub 3])[sub 5]C[sub 5]; R = alkyl, H) as potential weakly coordinating anions. The reaction of Cp[prime][sub 2]Th(CH[sub 3])[sub 2] with [HNEt[sub 3]][sup +]Co(B[sub 9]C[sub 2]H[sub 11])[sub 2][sup [minus]] and [HNEt[sub 3]][sup +] [Fe(B[sub 9]C[sub 2]H[sub 11])[sub 2]][sup [minus]] in hydrocarbon solvents affords [Cp[prime][sub 2]ThCH[sub 3]][sup +] Co(B[sub 9]C[sub 3]H[sub 11])[sub 2][sup [minus]] and [Cp[prime][sub 2]ThCH[sub 3]][sub 2][sup 2+] [Fe(B[sub 9]C[sub 2]H[sub 11])[sub 2]][sup 2[minus]] (2), respectively. The structure of 2 reveals tight ion-pairing with three close Th-H-B bridging interactions (2.42(3), 2.50(3), 2.67-(4) A). This level of Th coordinative saturation explains the unexpected chemical inertness of 1 and 2. The reaction of Cp[prime][sub 2]Th[CH[sub 2]Si(CH[sub 3])[sub 3]][sub 2] with [HNEt[sub 3]][sup +]Co(B[sub 9]C[sub 2]H[sub 11])[sub 2][sup [minus]] affords [Cp[prime][sub 2]ThCH[sub 2]Si(CH[sub 3])[sub 3]][sup +] [Co(B[sub 9]C[sub 2]H[sub 11])[sub 2]][sup [minus]] (3), which slowly undergoes hydrogenolysis to yield [Cp[prime][sub 2]ThH][sup +] [Co(B[sub 9]C[sub 2]H[sub 11])[sub 2]][sup [minus]] (4). 18 refs., 2 figs., 3 tabs.
Electrically induced shifts of the GaAs nuclear spin levels

The application of a dc homogeneous electric field in a GaAs crystal will induce a quadrupolar splitting of the nuclear-spin levels. This splitting has been observed for $^{71}\mathrm{Ga}$, $^{69}\mathrm{Ga}$, and $^{75}\mathrm{As}$ using a pulsed NMR spectrometer. A constant (${R}_{14}$) that relates the coupling between the induced field gradient and the applied electric field has been measured. The values found were ${R}_{14}(\mathrm{Ga})=2.85\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{10}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and ${R}_{14}(\mathrm{As})=3.16\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{10}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. These results are in disagreement with those from a similar experiment reported by Gill and Bloembergen. The measured values of ${R}_{14}$ were found to be independent of the applied electric field strength. The two-electron bond-orbital model developed by Huang, Moriarty, Sher, and Breckenridge has been used to interpret the experimental measurements. In evaluating the theory, a Hartree-Fock atomic $s{p}^{3}$ hybrid wave-function basis set is used to find the induced field gradient caused by the electrostatic distortion of the bond. With no adjustable parameters, the value of ${R}_{14}(\mathrm{As})$ calculated from the theory is smaller than the experimental number by a factor of 1.4, while the calculated ${R}_{14}(\mathrm{Ga})$ is a factor of 4 too small.
After Jacqueline Rose, What Is Left? The Play of Identity and Representation in Russell Hoban’s Turtle Diary

The paper addresses a problem many readers have with Jacqueline Rose's The Case of Peter Pan, or The Impossibility of Children's Fiction : that, while Rose does not mean writing for children should stop, she leaves little indication as to how it and the work around it might actually proceed. Russell Hoban's adult novel Turtle Diary is read as a response to Rose. Through its children's author protagonist, Hoban demonstrates that, while impossibility is intrinsic to relations with the Other, its privileging as a critical concern impairs a capacity to respond to the Other as a subject of empathy and ethics.
Efficient Entropy Estimation Based on Doubly Stochastic Models for Quantized Wavelet Image Data

Under a rate constraint, wavelet-based image coding involves strategic discarding of information such that the remaining data can be described with a given amount of rate. In a practical coding system, this task requires knowledge of the relationship between quantization step size and compressed rate for each group of wavelet coefficients, the R-Q curve. A common approach to this problem is to fit each subband with a scalar probability distribution and compute entropy estimates based on the model. This approach is not effective at rates below 1.0 bits-per-pixel because the distributions of quantized data do not reflect the dependencies in coefficient magnitudes. These dependencies can be addressed with doubly stochastic models, which have been previously proposed to characterize more localized behavior, though there are tradeoffs between storage, computation time, and accuracy. Using a doubly stochastic generalized Gaussian model, it is demonstrated that the relationship between step size and rate is accurately described by a low degree polynomial in the logarithm of the step size. Based on this observation, an entropy estimation scheme is presented which offers an excellent tradeoff between speed and accuracy; after a simple data-gathering step, estimates are computed instantaneously by evaluating a single polynomial for each group of wavelet coefficients quantized with the same step size. These estimates are on average within 3% of a desired target rate for several of state-of-the-art coders
Poultry litter-based activated carbon for removing heavy metal ions in water

Abstract Utilization of poultry litter as a precursor material to manufacture activated carbon for treating heavy metal-contaminated water is a value-added strategy for recycling the organic waste. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to investigate kinetics, isotherms, and capacity of poultry litter-based activated carbon for removing heavy metal ions in water. It was revealed that poultry litter-based activated carbon possessed significantly higher adsorption affinity and capacity for heavy metals than commercial activated carbons derived from bituminous coal and coconut shell. Adsorption of metal ions onto poultry litter-based carbon was rapid and followed Sigmoidal Chapman patterns as a function of contact time. Adsorption isotherms could be described by different models such as Langmuir and Freundlich equations, depending on the metal species and the coexistence of other metal ions. Potentially 404 mmol of Cu2+, 945 mmol of Pb2+, 236 mmol of Zn2+, and 250–300 mmol of Cd2+ would be adsorbed per kg of poultry litter-derived activated carbon. Releases of nutrients and metal ions from litter-derived carbon did not pose secondary water contamination risks. The study suggests that poultry litter can be utilized as a precursor material for economically manufacturing granular activated carbon that is to be used in wastewater treatment for removing heavy metals.
Printing 95-nm DRAM full chip patterns in KrF lithography

95nm KrF lithography has been developed for 512 Mb DRAM. KrF 0.80NA scanner was used to print 190nm pitch patterns and this means the process factor k1 is 0.306. Crosspole illumination was used to print critical layers, which has four poles on x and y-axis. To improve CD uniformity of critical layers we also used fogging effect corrected (FEC) reticles and thin photo resist process, which needs the hard mask etching process to overcome poor dry etch resistance. For 95nm DRAM cell patterns, we could get more than 8% exposure latitude (EL) and 0.3 μm depth of focus (DOF). With FEC masks and optimized resist process, CD uniformity of word line layer printed on wafer was less than 10nm. Overlay accuracy of critical layers is mostly less than 25nm. However at core and periphery area of DRAM the extreme off-axis illumination like crosspole brought poor process latitude in weak zone duties and therefore the hard optical proximity correction (OPC) work was required. In a real integration other novel technologies are used such as gap-filling for STI and ILD processes, Wsi gate, W bit line and SAC processes. This paper reported only lithographic performance for printing 95nm DRAM patterns. Consequently KrF lithography is still promising technology to print sub 100nm node DRAM.
PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF A MACROMOLECULE: TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS

— A history of the photochemistry of the first known virus is presented. Hollaender and Duggar recognized that the virus contains nucleic acid because of the shape of their action spectrum for photoinactivation. An analysis of this spectrum in detail presents a challenge to photochemists because of the combined role of protein and nucleic acid in determining rates of inactivation. At present these rates can not be explained simply on the basis of the photochemistry of each of the constituents; that is, the photochemistry of free infectious nucleic acid differs in several respects from that exhibited by nucleic acid irradiated in intact virus. At present it is believed that pyrimidine hydrate and dimer formations are important, but an explicit solution to the problem is not in sight.
A compound containing two [Os2I8]2− ions fused to form a [Os4I14]2− ion containing OsOs triple bonds

The series of Os 2 X 8 2− ions, previously known only with X = Cl and Br, has now been extended to include the iodide, albeit with a centrosymmetric tetranuclear anion consisting of two staggered Os 2 I 8 units joined by sharing of two iodine atoms that form an edge approximately perpendicular to the metalmetal bonds. The complete formula of the compound is [PMePh 3 ] 2 Os 4 I 14 . The OsOs distance, 2.231 A, is the longest OsOs distance yet reported in Os 2 X 8 2− species. The compound was made by treating the pink ‘[Pmeph 3 ] 2 Os 2 Cl 8 ’ (obtained from Os 2 (OAc) 4 Cl 2 ) with HI gas at room temperature. Crystallographic data: space group P , a = 12.617(2), b = 14.421(2), c = 9.386(2) A, α = 91.32(1), β = 100.32(1), γ = 113.97(1)°, V = 1526(1)A 3 , Z = 1.
Recruitment limitation in Dungeness crab populations is driven by variation in atmospheric forcing.

Ecologists have long debated the relative importance of biotic interactions vs. abiotic forces on the population dynamics of both marine and terrestrial organisms. Investigation of stock size in Dungeness crab (Cancer magister) is a classic example of this debate. We first tested the hypothesis that adult population size was set by larval success. We found that during a five-year sampling period, adult crab population size from Oregon through central California, USA, as measured by the commercial catch, varied directly with the number of terminal-stage larvae (megalopae) returning to Coos Bay, Oregon, four years earlier; adult population size was largely determined (>90% of the variation) by success during the larval stage. We then tested whether biotic interactions or abiotic forces caused the variation in larval success. Most of the variation (>90%) in the number of returning megalopae is explained by the timing of the spring transition, a seasonal shift in atmospheric forcing that drives ocean currents along the west coast of the United States. Early spring transitions lead to larger numbers of returning Dungeness megalopae, while in four other crab taxa, species with very different life history characteristics, early-spring transitions lead to lower numbers of returning megalopae. During the past roughly 30 years, the size of the commercial catch of Dungeness crab is significantly and negatively correlated with the date of the spring transition throughout the California Current system. Long-term variation in the date of the spring transition may explain a major crash in the Dungeness crab fishery in central California, which began in the late 1950s. The data suggest that Dungeness crab population size is determined by variation in larval success and that a significant portion of this variation is due to the timing of the spring transition, a large-scale climatic forcer.
JSB composability and web services interoperability via extensible modeling and simulation framework (XMSF) and model driven architecture (MDA)

This paper summarizes research work combined by academic and commercial organizations concerned with interoperable distributed information technology (IT) applications. Although the application focus is distributed modeling and simulation (M&S) the results and findings are in general easily applicable to other distributed mission operations. The core idea of this paper is to show the necessity of applying open standards for component description, implementation, and integration accompanied by aligned management processes and procedures to enable continuous interoperability for legacy and M&S components of the live, virtual, and constructive domain within USAF Joint Synthetic Battlespace (JSB). The applied methods are derived from the Extensible Modeling and Simulation Framework (XMSF) and the Model Driven Architecture (MDA) ensuring reuse, composability, and orchestration of heterogeneous components to fulfill user-driven requirements for persistent and ad-hoc IT federations.
A call to arms: it's time for REAL mobility models

The choice of a mobility model has a significant impact on the performance of mobile network simulations. In order to accurately evaluate performance, it is important to mimic the environment in which the mobile network will be deployed. Thus, using realistic mobility models for simulation environments are preferred to synthetic models. Historically, however, unrealistic movement models have been mostly used due to their simplicity and mathematical tractability. Recently, a few mobility models have been derived from real user traces; these models, however, have not yet been adopted by the mobile research community for evaluation of protocol performance. We have implemented a realistic university campus-based pedestrian mobility model (RealMobGen) for use with the NS-2 network simulator. We offer RealMobGen to anyone interested.
ALTERNATE AMINO TERMINAL PROCESSING OF SURFACTANT PROTEIN A RESULTS IN CYSTEINYL ISOFORMS REQUIRED FOR MULTIMER FORMATION

The biological functions of rat surfactant protein A (SP-A), an oligomer composed of 18 polypeptide subunits derived from a single gene, are dependent on intact disulfide bonds. Reducible and collagenase-reversible covalent linkages of as many as six or more subunits in the molecule indicate the presence of at least two NH2-terminal interchain disulfide bonds. However, the reported primary structure of rat SP-A predicts that only Cys6 in this region is available for interchain disulfide formation. Direct evidence for a second disulfide bridge was obtained by analyses of a set of three mutant SP-As with telescoping deletions from the reported NH2-terminus. Two of the truncated recombinant proteins formed reducible dimers despite deletion of the domain containing Cys6. Edman degradation revealed that each mutant protein was a mixture of two isoforms with and without an isoleucine-lysine-cysteine (IKC) extension at the NH2-terminus, which was derived from the COOH-terminal end of the reported signal peptide. Large variations in the abundance of the IKC isoforms between truncated SP-As suggested that the amino acid sequences located downstream from the signal peptide modulated alternate-site cleavage by signal peptidase. Elution of the newly identified cysteine in the position of DiPTH-Cys indicated participation in disulfide linkage, which was interchain based on the direct correlation between prevalence of the IKC variant and the extent of dimerization for each truncated protein. Sequencing of both native rat SP-A and human SP-A also revealed isoforms with disulfide-forming NH2-terminal extensions. The extended rat SP-A isoforms were enriched in the more fully glycosylated and multimeric SP-A species separated on SDS-PAGE gels. Thus, a novel post translational modification results in naturally occurring cysteinyl isoforms of rat SP-A, which are essential for multimer formation.
Effects of exercise combined with caloric restriction on inflammatory cytokines

Chronic inflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several chronic diseases, such as atherosclerosis and diabetes, as well as certain types of cancers. It has been suggested that circu...
Student perceptions of stylistic variation in introductory university textbooks

Abstract Previous research on university textbooks has focused on their use of objective linguistic features, without any reference to the perceptions of student readers. This study uses a new dual methodology to measure student perceptions of linguistic variation in textbook passages. Undergraduate university students ( N = 80) read textbook passages from two disciplines (psychology and geology) and rated them using a new instrument, the Perceptions of Effectiveness, Comprehensibility, and Organization (PECO) Scale. After objectively quantifying 74 key linguistic features of university textbooks, Biber's Multi-Dimensional analysis was used to identify and interpret underlying ‘dimensions’ of linguistic variation in introductory textbook prose. This resulted in five interpretable dimensions of variability in textbook language. Finally, statistical correlations between the perceptual and linguistic variables suggest that academic involvement and elaboration, colloquial discourse, academic clarity, and contextualized narration are related to student perceptions of textbook effectiveness, comprehensibility, and organization.
Mechanisms of inhibition of DNA replication by ultraviolet light in normal human and xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts

The inhibition of DNA replication in ultraviolet-irradiated human fibroblasts was characterized by quantitative analysis of radiation-induced alterations in the steady-state distribution of sizes of pulse-labeled, nascent DNA. Low, noncytotoxic fluences ( 1 J/m2, producing more than one dimer per replicon) cytotoxic fluences inhibited DNA synthesis in operating replicons presumably because the elongation of nascent strands was blocked where pyrimidine dimers were present in template strands. Xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts with deficiencies in DNA excision repair exhibited an inhibition of replicon initiation after low radiation fluences. indicating the effect was not solely dependent upon operation of the nucleotidyl excision repair pathway. Owing to their inability to remove pyrimidine dimers ahead of DNA growing points, the repair-deficient cells also were more sensitive than normal cells to the ultraviolet-induced inhibition of chain elongation. Xeroderma pigmentosum cells belonging to the variant class were even more sensitive to inhibition of chain elongation than the repair-deficient strains despite their ability to remove pyrimidine dimers. This analysis suggests that normal and repair-deficient human fibroblasts either are able to rapidly bypass certain dimers or these dimers are not recognized by the chain elongation machinery.
Biomedical statistics and computation

Abstract This paper describes the proceedings of the workshop on Biomedical Statistics and Computation of the Fourth Annual Symposium on the Interface. This was a two day symposium held at the University of California at Irvine on September 17 & 18, 1970. It was sponsored jointly by the ACM, ASA, and the California Mathematics Council. Dr. Tarter chaired this workshop. The thirty participants in this workshop represented all of the disciplines which combine to become Biocomputer Statistics. There were physicians both interested in and active in computer applications to medicine, directors of biomathematics and biostatistics programs, computer specialists, and mathematical and applied statisticians, as well as medical students. It should be noted that the three other workshops at the Interface Symposium were more concerned with computer hardware and software and thus attracted most of the pure computer specialists. This tended to weight this workshop with a large proportion of statisticians.
Mutation of type 3 poliovirus with nitrous acid.

Abstract The incubation of RNA from type 3 poliovirus (W-Fox strain) with nitrous acid caused a decrease in the average plaque size and an increase in the proportion of “small-plaque” formers in the surviving population. These “small-plaque” mutants bred true after passage in tissue culture. A reduced burst size of the treated particles was found to be the probable cause of the small plaque size. Virus isolated after the passage of several of the mutant plaque progeny pools in the human intestine showed a marked alteration from the virus fed in plaque size and reproductive capacity temperature (rct) markers (from the small, rct 40− character of the fed virus to the larger, rct 40+ character of the virus isolated). The incubation of W-Fox RNA with nitrous acid did not change the rct 40− character of the virus.
Evaluation of cholecalciferol sources using broiler chick bioassays

Three experiments were conducted to test the potencies of nine sources of cholecalciferol using a chick bioassay. The tested products were compared with a Sigma Reference Standard (SRS). All of the diets fed to the chicks were prepared from corn-soybean meal. Each of the products was in premix form containing cholecalciferol. Their physical characteristics reflected the methods used to produce the premixes. They were categorized as spray-dried or drum-dried in the beadlet or flake form. Basal diets without cholecalciferol were used in all experiments. For Experiments 1 and 2, the designs were a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement using three different cholecalciferol products and two levels of 200 and 400 IU/kg dietary cholecalciferol. For both experiments, three additional SRS levels of 600, 800, and 1,000 IU/kg were included in the studies as positive controls as there is a possibility that the cholecalciferol products being tested may exhibit activity higher than the amount stated. In Experiment 3, a 3 x 4 factorial arrangement was used, which was represented by three cholecalciferol products and four levels of dietary cholecalciferol at 150, 300, 600, and 1,200 IU/kg. By using the slope ratio analysis, the potencies of the products from the three experiments were between 86 and 118%. In Experiment 3, the requirement of chicks for cholecalciferol using the three tested products, as determined by a nonlinear regression model based on bone ash, were 843+/-85, 911+/-106, and 986+/-131 IU/kg of diet as compared with 915+/-82 IU/kg when using the SRS. The results from these studies indicate that the chemical assays used to determine the cholecalciferol activity of these products were very reliable.
Perceptions of Technology: A Factor in Distance Education Course Achievement?

The purpose of this study was to examine an instrument designed to measure student perceptions concerning “distance education technology” and “self-regulated learning” across numerous synchronous distance education courses and determine whether either of these factors had an impact on student perceptions of distance learning and student achievement. Eight distance education courses, all in different disciplines, were taught from six different locations to a minimum of one satellite location. A total of 178 students from these classes filled out a 42-item post-course questionnaire. The factor labeled “distance education technology” was found to have predictive value in: a) determining whether students would choose to enroll in future distance education courses; b) whether they would recommend such courses to other students; and c) in predicting their final course grade. Student perceptions of their “self-regulated learning” skills proved of little value in predicting student achievement or willingness to e...