cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conditional artificial dielectrics: phase and amplitude response at microwave frequencies

Conditional artificial dielectrics are considered; these are composites of small semiconductor crystallites embedded in a polymeric host material. The dielectric properties of these materials were measured at microwave frequencies and under light illumination. It was found that the light affect mostly the phase velocity of a propagating microwave beam and with almost no loss.
Identification of Disease-related Spatial Covariance Patterns using Neuroimaging Data

The scaled subprofile model (SSM)1-4 is a multivariate PCA-based algorithm that identifies major sources of variation in patient and control group brain image data while rejecting lesser components (Figure 1). Applied directly to voxel-by-voxel covariance data of steady-state multimodality images, an entire group image set can be reduced to a few significant linearly independent covariance patterns and corresponding subject scores. Each pattern, termed a group invariant subprofile (GIS), is an orthogonal principal component that represents a spatially distributed network of functionally interrelated brain regions. Large global mean scalar effects that can obscure smaller network-specific contributions are removed by the inherent logarithmic conversion and mean centering of the data2,5,6. Subjects express each of these patterns to a variable degree represented by a simple scalar score that can correlate with independent clinical or psychometric descriptors7,8. Using logistic regression analysis of subject scores (i.e. pattern expression values), linear coefficients can be derived to combine multiple principal components into single disease-related spatial covariance patterns, i.e. composite networks with improved discrimination of patients from healthy control subjects5,6. Cross-validation within the derivation set can be performed using bootstrap resampling techniques9. Forward validation is easily confirmed by direct score evaluation of the derived patterns in prospective datasets10. Once validated, disease-related patterns can be used to score individual patients with respect to a fixed reference sample, often the set of healthy subjects that was used (with the disease group) in the original pattern derivation11. These standardized values can in turn be used to assist in differential diagnosis12,13 and to assess disease progression and treatment effects at the network level7,14-16. We present an example of the application of this methodology to FDG PET data of Parkinson's Disease patients and normal controls using our in-house software to derive a characteristic covariance pattern biomarker of disease.
Courts of law and styles of self in eighteenth-century Madras: from hybrid to colonial self.

My concern is public representations of individuals and how these were affected by British East India Company courts, judicial proceedings, and the law in Madras city during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Company records reveal that this was a period of dramatic transformation in self-representation, just as it also was in Company rule. My purpose is to trace the transformation of the manner in which individuals represented themselves and others and what this process reveals about the constitution of Madras society and Company rule before and after the establishment of an independent judiciary at the end of the eighteenth century. Most particularly, in this paper I seek to demonstrate how the transformation of East India Company courts of judicature from interested courts, strictly controlled by the Company, to independent courts is associated with changes that greatly affected the manner in which individuals-both British and Indian-thought of themselves and others in Madras city public life. This transformation was of a piece with the establishment of independent judiciaries in England and North America at the time and indicates how Madras too was influenced by these political developments.
Majoron effects in rare kaon decays

Abstract We analyze, in the framework of the recently introduced doublet majoron model, the contribution from the emission of a pair of light scalars to the decay K + → π + + nothing . We find that, for reasonable choices of the parameters, the new scalar contribution may be as large as one additional neutrino-antineutrino mode and provide a substantial modification of the pion spectrum. The effect may be a few times larger in the triplet majoron model.
Olfactory Basis of Floral Preference of the Malaria Vector Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) Among Common African Plants

Mosquitoes of both sexes feed on plants to obtain sugar. Nocturnal species probably locate the plants primarily by their volatile semiochemicals that also form the basis for the mosquitoes' innate plant-species preferences. To evaluate these olfactory preferences quantitatively, we used a two-choice wind-tunnel olfactometer to measure the upwind orientation of Anopheles gambiae Giles, an important vector of malaria in equatorial Africa, toward odor plumes produced by nine plant species common where this mosquito occurs. These plants are reported to induce feeding behaviors in An. gambiae and to produce floral or extrafloral nectar. Results presented here demonstrated that the volatiles of S. didymobotrya, P. hysterophorus, S. occidentalis, and L. camara, in descending order of numbers of mosquitoes responding, were all attractive, compared to a control plant species, whereas D. stramonium, R. communis, S. bicapsularis, T. stans, and T. diversifolia were not. As expected, chromatographic analysis of the headspace of attractive plants whose volatiles were captured by stir-bar sorptive extraction revealed a wide range of compounds, primarily terpenoids. Once their bioactivity and attractiveness for An. gambiae, alone and in blends, has been firmly established, some of these semiochemicals may have applications in population sampling and control.
Unsaturated fatty acid requirements for growth and survival of a rat mammary tumor cell line.

A cell line, the growth and survival of which is markedly affected by linoleic acid, has been established from a carcinogen-induced rat mammary tumor. The cells have been continuously passaged in 5% rat serum plus 10% fetal calf serum-supplemented medium. The rat serum component was found to be indispensable, for when it was omitted the growth rate rapidly declined and the cells died by 5 to 7 days. Removal of the rat serum from the growth medium also resulted in a dramatic loss of Oil Red O-positive droplets in the cells, suggesting that the lipid component of rat serum might be a major growth-promoting principle in rat serum. This is likely since the total lipid fraction, but not the delipidized protein fraction, could largely supplant requirement of the cells for rat serum. Pure linoleic acid was found to be effective in maintaining the cell growth in delipidized serum or in whole fetal calf serum-supplemented medium. Fatty acid analysis revealed a 19-fold higher amount of linoleic acid in rat serum than in fetal calf serum.
In-house cellulase production from AFEX™ pretreated corn stover using Trichoderma reesei RUT C-30

Cellulase represents a major cost for biochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to biofuels. In the present study, in-house production of cellulases from Ammonia Fiber Expansion pretreated corn stover (AFEX-CS) using Trichoderma reesei Rut C-30 was investigated. Seed culture was conducted in a simple medium containing corn steep liquor (CSL) and AFEX-CS hydrolysate. The effects of fermentation medium components (CSL, AFEX-CS, Tween 80 and CaCO3) on cellulase production were investigated and a simple fermentation medium was developed containing 20 g L−1 AFEX-CS and 4.0 g L−1 CaCO3. A cellulase activity of 1.5 FPU per mL was produced in this medium. Addition of 0.5% (v/v) CSL in the fermentation medium further improved cellulase activity (1.9 FPU per mL). Enzymatic hydrolysis of AFEX-CS using in-house produced enzymes generated high sugar yields with high enzyme loading. Proteomics analyses indicated that EGI and CBHII were deficient in the in-house produced enzyme cocktail when compared to the optimal cocktail for hydrolyzing AFEX-CS.
A Modified winsorized regression procedure for linear models

In this paper we propose a modified Winsorized regression procedure for estimating parameters in linear regression models. it is shown that these estimators provide a close approximation to Tiku's MMLE. By assuming contaminated normal distributions, Monte Carlo studies indicate that the modified Winsorized estimators are more efficient than Winsorized regression estimators.
Flavobacterium cheniae sp nov., isolated from sediment of a eutrophic reservoir

A Gram-negative, rod-shaped, yellow pigmented bacterium, strain NJ-26T, was isolated from sediment of the eutrophicated Guanting Reservoir in Beijing, China. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences placed strain NJ-26T within the genus Flavobacterium in the family Flavobacteriaceae. The highest sequence similarity was found with Flavobacterium cucumis R2A45-3T (97.7 %). The major fatty acids (>5 %) of the isolate were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 1 ω9c, C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, iso-C15 : 1 G and iso-C15 : 0 3-OH. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 40.6 mol%. The DNA–DNA relatedness value with F. cucumis R2A45-3T was 5.4 %. Molecular and phenotypic data suggest that strain NJ-26T represents a novel species within the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium cheniae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NJ-26T (=CGMCC 1.6844T =NBRC 103934T).
Why collective inference improves relational classification

Procedures for collective inference make simultaneous statistical judgments about the same variables for a set of related data instances. For example, collective inference could be used to simultaneously classify a set of hyperlinked documents or infer the legitimacy of a set of related financial transactions. Several recent studies indicate that collective inference can significantly reduce classification error when compared with traditional inference techniques. We investigate the underlying mechanisms for this error reduction by reviewing past work on collective inference and characterizing different types of statistical models used for making inference in relational data. We show important differences among these models, and we characterize the necessary and sufficient conditions for reduced classification error based on experiments with real and simulated data.
Analysis of LOXL1 polymorphisms in a United States population with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma.

Purpose To identify if recently described LOXL1 (lysyl oxidase-like 1) polymorphisms are associated with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (XFG) in a United States (U.S.) Caucasian patient population. Methods Individuals with XFG were identified using standard clinical examination techniques. TaqMan allelic discrimination assays were used to genotype 13 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that tag LOXL1 in Caucasian individuals. The coding region of exon 1 that includes the previously associated SNP, rs1048661, was sequenced. Allele and genotype frequencies were compared between cases and unrelated controls. Results Fifty affected individuals and 235 control individuals were recruited into this study. We replicated the previously reported association of three SNPs (rs1048661, rs2165241, and rs3825942) in our independent XFG population (single SNP p-values were 0.001-0.02). The risk alleles at these three and several other intragenic SNPs are part of an extended XFG-associated LOXL1 haplotype with a frequency of 32.0% in XFG patients and 21.6% in controls. Conclusions We have performed an analysis of LOXL1 and XFG in a United States patient population and have confirmed the strong association previously reported for Icelandic and Swedish samples. However, due to the high frequency of risk alleles in non-XFG individuals, this association should not form the basis of a diagnostic test for XFG. It is likely that additional genetic or environmental factors modulate the penetrance of LOXL1 susceptibility alleles.
Gauge freedom in chiral gauge theory with vacuum overlap

Abstract Dynamical nature of the gauge degrees of freedom and its effect to fermion spectrum are studied at β = ∞ for two- and four-dimensional nonian chiral gauge theories in the vacuum overlap formalism. It is argued that the disordered gauge degrees of freedom does not contradict to the chiral spectrum of lattice fermion.
The chiral transition in an SU(2) gauge-Higgs-fermion theory with Yukawa couplings

Abstract We study the (zero-temperature) chiral transition in an SU(2) lattice gauge theory with I = 1 2 Higgs fields, and fermion fields with I = 1 2 and I = 0 , including Yukawa couplings. Using analytic methods in the strong gauge coupling limit, we demonstrate that (i) if at least one of the Yukawa couplings is sufficiently weak, this theory undergoes a spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking phase transition; (ii) this transition is removed when the Yukawa couplings are sufficiently strong. The transition is determined to be of second order, and approximate critical point calculations are given. Some implications for the continuum limit of the SU(2) model, and for electroweak interactions, are discussed.
New Developments in Ionomer Technology for Film Applications

Ethylene based ionomers have been used in film applications for many years. Ionic associations formed by neutralizing ethylene-acid copolymers with metal salts, typically sodium or zinc, give these ionomers a unique combination of low seal initiation temperature and high melt strength, clarity, stiffness, toughness, and oil and grease resistance that make them outstanding heat seal resins. New properties can be achieved by manipulating the nature and strength of the ionic associations. Examples of two new developments are described. The first is an ethylene ionomer that when blended with standard polyolefins such as PE or PP imparts permanent antistatic properties. The second is a new family of ionomers that have high gas permeability, which is important for a number of packaging film applications.
End-to-End Performance Analysis of Cooperative Relay-Based Wireless System Over Generalized Gaussian-Finite-Mixture Fading Channels

The end-to-end performance of cooperative relay- based wireless communication system with nonregenerative relay over generalized Gaussian-Finite-Mixture fading channels is presented. The received signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) is maximized by optimizing the relay gain given that the fading statistics of the links in a cooperative system are known by the relay. The statistics of the received SNR at optimum gain are derived in closed forms. More specifically the probability density function (pdf), the cumulative distribution function (CDF), the moment generating function (MGF), and the amount of fading (AoF) for noise-limited cooperative relay-based system are derived. In this paper, Finite Mixture (FM) with Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm is utilized to derive simple approximate expression for the pdfs of Rayleigh, Nakagami-m and Weibull fading channels. Numerical results using Monte Carlo simulation are used to validate the derived closed-form expressions. The resultant expressions of the statistics of the received SNR simplify the analysis of the end-to-end performance of cooperative relay-based wireless communication system.
Distribution and survival of passively transferred lymphoblasts in normal and tumor-bearing mice.

Although most circulating lymphocytes are long-lived small lymphocytes, it is the recently-divided medium and large-sized lymphoblasts that most clearly migrate to sites of inflammation, and they do so without regard to immunologic commitment. The tumor-bearing state frequently suppresses macrophage accumulation at inflammatory sites but it is not known whether lymphocyte traffic is similarly affected. We addressed this issue using passively transferred radiolabelled lymphoblasts. Lymphoblasts readily entered s.c. fibrosarcomas transplanted to C57BL/6 mice. Large and small tumors acquired the same number of lymphoblasts per gram of tumor, indicating the absence of an anti-inflammatory reaction. However, the intra-tumoral survival of lymphoblasts was shorter in large than in small tumors. Shortened survival was noted also in spleen and whole body of animals bearing tumors. Shortened survival rather than impaired emigration may contribute to the increase in turn or lymphocyte ratio observed with large tumors. The adverse effect of tumor bearing on lymphoblast survival may be limited to tumors which acquire a high percentage of passively transferred lymphocytes since intraperitoneal P-815 maitocytomas in DBA/2 mice acquired few labelled lymphoblasts and did not alter lymphoblast survival. These results are important for host resistance to tumor growth and therapeutically for the use of lymphocyte cytotoxic cells induced to proliferate in vitro.
Therapeutic Strategies to Optimize the Efficacy of Nicotine Replacement Therapies

Smoking is estimated to be responsible for at least 2/3 of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) deaths. Mortality rates due to all causes and to COPD decline progressively after smoking cessation compared with continuing smoking. Nicotine replacement therapies (NRT) increase the likelihood of smoking abstinence by only 60%. Optimization of NRT is of importance in COPD patients because they may be more nicotine dependent and have more difficulties to quit than smokers without COPD. The objective was to critically review pharmacotherapeutic strategies to optimize the efficacy of NRT. Findings revealed that fixed high dose NRT does not convincingly result in higher abstinence rate compared with standard dose and increases the likelihood of adverse effects in smokers with low need for nicotine. Combination of NRT of different routes of administration versus single NRT provides a statistically significant benefit over a single NRT. A 2-week treatment by nicotine patch before quit day approximately doubles post-quit day abstinence. NRT augmentation with burpropion or nortriptyline, antidepressants with demonstrated efficacy for smoking cessation, does not seem to ameliorate further abstinence rates. Three months' and 6 months' NRT exposure was compared by only one but sufficiently powered study and found similar abstinence rates. Optimization strategies to increase the efficacy of NRT include combining NRT of different routes of administration and use of nicotine patch before target quit day. Uncertainties exist about the optimal length of NRT administration. Co-administration of NRT with bupropion or nortriptyline does not seem to lead to higher abstinence rate than NRT alone.
Using Yellow Rocket as a Trap Crop for Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Yellow rocket, Barbarea vulgaris (R. Br.) variety arcuata, was evaluated as a trap crop for diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), in cabbage, Brassica oleracea L. variety capitata, in 2003 and 2004. In 2003, the numbers of P. xylostella larvae found in field plots of cabbage alone were 5.2-11.3 times higher than those on cabbage plants in plots that included cabbage and several rows of yellow rocket. In an outdoor experiment in screenhouses, P. xylostella oviposition on cabbage was compared among six treatments that varied in the percentage of yellow rocket in relation to cabbage (0, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 32% of the plants were yellow rocket). Results indicated that the percentage of eggs laid on cabbage decreased as the percentage of yellow rocket in the treatment increased, but this decrease was not significant beyond 20% of the plants being yellow rocket. In 2004, the numbers of P. xylostella larvae in field plots of cabbage alone were 1.6-2.4 and 1.7-2.8 times higher than numbers in treatments with 10 and 20% trap crop, respectively. Sticky trap and sweep net captures of P. xylostella adults indicated that within-field dispersal was reduced by the presence of yellow rocket and aggregation occurred around yellow rocket plants. Our study suggests that using yellow rocket as a trap crop may reduce P. xylostella infestations in cabbage fields, and this possibility is discussed in the context of general crop and insect pest management practices in crucifers.
Dishevelled is a component of the frizzled signaling pathway in Drosophila

The tissue polarity genes in Drosophila are required to coordinate cell polarity within the plane of the epidermis. Evidence to date suggests that these genes may encode components of a novel signal transduction pathway. Three of the genes, frizzled (fz), dishevelled (dsh), and prickle (pk) share a similar tissue polarity phenotype, suggesting that they function together in a single process. dsh is also known to function as a mediator of wingless (wg) signaling in a variety of developmental patterning processes in the fly. In this study, we make use of a fz transgene and a hypomorphic fz allele as genetic tools in an attempt to order these genes in a genetic hierarchy. Our results argue that dsh encodes a dosage sensitive component required for fz function and that it likely acts downstream of fz in the generation of tissue polarity. Our findings suggest that dsh may have a general role in signal transduction, perhaps as a component of a receptor complex.
Contact Problems for Solids Containing Cavities

An integral transform solution is presented to treat the non-axisymmetric indentation problem of a punch in contact with a semi-infinite solid containing a stress-free cylindrical cavity. The analysis leads to Fredholm integral equations of the second kind. For the illustrative example of a flat-ended punch, the integral equation is solved and numerical results of the contact stress, the shape of the deformed boundary of the solid, and the radial displacement along the cavity surface are obtained.
Rejection, Revocation, and Cure Under Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code: Some Modest Proposals

This article is about the proposed revisions in the early 1990's of Article 2 of the UCC.When drafted in the 1940s and 1950s, Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code contained several innovations including the creation of a new concept of "revocation of acceptance" (section 2-608), which for the first time imposed more stringent substantive standards on the buyer's right to return goods for latent defects, and the grant to sellers of a broad, but not unlimited, right to "cure" defects in the goods they have tendered (section 2-508). Over the past thirty-five years, a substantial body of case law has developed around those provisions, as well as in connection with the much less innovative section 2-601, which purports to preserve traditional perfect tender rule by permitting the buyer to reject "if the goods or the tender of delivery fail in any respect to conform to the contract .... " While the buyer's right to reject and revoke, and the seller's right to cure, have also been treated extensively in the academic literature, the primary focus of almost all of those discussions has been upon decisions under and possible interpretations of the existing provisions of Article 2. There has been little consideration of potential revisions to the Code's rejection, revocation, and cure provisions.The object of this Article is to contribute to the important dialogue concerning the prospective revision of Article 2. In particular, the Article focuses on the Code provisions that govern the crucial determination of when a buyer may return goods to the seller and obtain (at least) a refund of any payments made, and when, on the contrary, a buyer will be compelled to retain and pay for the goods, and at most will be entitled to recover monetary damages (under section 2-714) to compensate for any defects or other breach. Under the Code, those determinations are governed largely, although not exclusively, by the provisions on rejection (section 2-601), revocation of acceptance (section 2Q 608), and cure (section 2-508).The body of the Article is in four parts. The first is purely descriptive, sketching briefly the basic statutory scheme relevant to rejection, revocation, and cure. Part II is both descriptive and evaluative, exploring the rules, standards, and practices that have evolved under these provisions. Particular attention will be paid to those matters about which there continues to be significant uncertainty or debate in the case law or among the commentators. Part III proposes three major criteria for judging contract remedies and then evaluates the standards and practices that have developed concerning rejection, revocation, and cure in light of those criteria. Finally, the last part of the Article will recommend some significant new directions for the rejection, revocation, and cure provisions of revised Article 2.
Conclusions and Future Research

This book synthesizes logic programming architecture design with the lessons learned from procedural programming architecture design and memory organization. The field of logic programming machine design is new. At the time of the completion of this book, as few as two Prolog machines had the ability to execute the benchmarks measured here. It is therefore not surprising that little has been published in the area of logic programming machine performance. This book helps fill this large gap, but much additional research is needed because the supply of questions is seemingly endless. The vast store of knowledge and folklore available about procedural language architectures and machines is absent for logic programming languages. Therefore, results that are similar for the two paradigms are just as interesting as results unique to logic programming.
Teaching & Learning System for Diagnostic Imaging

This paper presents a framework for building diagnostic imaging teaching and learning facility for entry level medical students of Bangladesh. Initially we demonstrate an X-Ray image analysis and retrieval system that will work as one of the main component in this system. This web based system has three modes. First is the annotation mode where an expert radiologist manually performs annotation of raw x-ray images. To aid the annotation process proposed model proposes a manual and a semi-auto segmentation tool in identifying the region of interests (ROI) in the X-Ray images. Image Retrieval in Medical Applications (IRMA) structure has been used for the annotating the ROIs. In the learning mode, students can retrieve images from the database created by expert radiologists. We proposed information retrieval techniques to find x-ray images of interest. We have used text based and content based search methods which is based on term frequencyâinverse document frequency (tf-idf), and Gabor filter respectively.
Vestigial appendicular skeletons in the African and Malagasy skink species Feylinia grandisquamis, Melanoseps ater, Grandidierina lineata and Voeltzkowia mira

Vestigial appendicular skeletons are present but have not previously been described and illustrated in the skink species Feylinia grandisquamis and Melanoseps ater. Vestigial appendicular skeletons have been described and illustrated in only one specimen of Grandidierina lineata and in a small sample of Voeltzkowia mira. Here we report a radiographic study of the appendicular skeletons of these four species. The pectoral girdle includes a vestigial clavicle in F. grandisquamis; a vestigial scapulocoracoid and sternum in M. ater; a vestigial scapulocoracoid, interclavicle and sternum, with or without a clavicle, in G. lineata; and a clavicle and scapulocoracoid in one specimen of V. mira. In all four species the pelvic girdle includes an ilium and a puboischium. No midline contact is present between the left and right puboischium, and visible forking into a distinct pubis and ischium is present only in V. mira. The only discernible limb vestiges are humeri in V. mira.
The Planners’ War against Spatial Mismatch Lessons Learned and Ways Forward

Most existing reviews on spatial mismatch have focused on its causes and consequences rather than the successes and failures of planning practices for addressing this problem. This review article contributes to the literature by classifying spatial mismatch mitigation strategies into four groups and evaluating the successes and failures of each strategy group. The evaluation finds that empirical evidence on most strategies is inconsistent and the effectiveness of those strategies remains unclear, yet research examining car ownership programs consistently shows positive effects. The article concludes by recommending planners to expand their support for car ownership programs, test the effectiveness of the more recent, coordinated policy programs, and pay attention to nonspatially related employment barriers such as discrimination, social support, and human capital factors.
Non-Linear Amplification of Tumor Microenvironmental Signals for Cancer-Specific Imaging

Cancer-specific imaging remains a paramount challenge despite promise in early diagnosis, post-therapy monitoring as well as image-guided therapy of tumors. Achieving a broad and yet tumor-specific imaging efficacy presents a dilemma since conventional targeting of specialized cancer cell biomarkers (e.g. Her2/neu) often limits the outcome to a small subset of tumors. In this study, a more generalized strategy will be presented to achieve tumor-specific imaging by targeting universal tumor microenvironmental signals, namely the acidic extracellular pH (pHe) of tumors. This is accomplished by the development of ultra-pH sensitive (UPS) fluorescent nanoprobes, which can be turned ON/OFF within 0.20 pH unit with a large fluorescence activation ratio (>100-fold). These nanoprobes stay silent during blood circulation, but become activated inside tumors through non-linear amplification of tumor microenvironment signals. Broad tumor specificity was observed in various animal tumor models of diverse cancer genotypes. This nanoplatform opens up opportunities for image-guided surgery of tumors to improve resection accuracy.
The Truman Administration and the Decline of Civil Liberties: The FBI's Success in Securing Authorization for a Preventive Detention Program

Y disclosing the Nixon administration's other and more serious abuses of power (the so-called Henry Kissinger or National Security Council [NSC] wiretaps of 1969-1971, the formulation of the Hustof plan in 1970, the creation of the so-called plumbers group in 1971), the Watergate affair contributed to a greater public skepticism about presidential "executive privilege" and "national security" claims. One derivative result has been that the wall of secrecy, which had virtually precluded research into the investigative activities of federal intelligence agencies, has been breached. Thousands of justice department, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), National Security Agency (NSA), and NSC documents, for example, have only recently been declassified as the result either of investigations conducted by various congressional committees or suits brought by historians and non-historians under the Freedom of Information Act of 1966 (as amended in 1974). This essay is a call for further research into these immensely revealing files and has the further purpose to urge Cold War political historians to abandon their heretofore restricted focus (and fixation) on the career of Joseph McCarthy and to consider questions of more transcendent importance: What was the impact of the Cold War on American values and institutions? How was it that internal security bureaucrats came to be indifferent to legal and constitutional prohibitions and instead sought to devise procedures which could insure against public knowledge or awareness of illegal activities? Given the acceptance during the Cold War years of the need for secrecy, of the necessity for confidentiality (read "executive privilege") and classification for the effective conduct of policy, and of "inherent" presidential powers, did this insure a process
“Putting myself in their shoes”: Ethnic perspective taking explains liberal–conservative differences in prejudice and stereotyping

Abstract This research investigates the role of ethnic perspective taking in explaining ideological differences in the expression of prejudice and endorsement of stereotypes. Two hundred sixty-four participants completed measures of political ideology, ethnic perspective taking, ethnic prejudice, and stereotype endorsement. As hypothesized, liberals were less likely than conservatives to express prejudice and endorse stereotypes, and they were more likely than conservatives to report taking the perspective of racial/ethnic outgroups. Structural equation modeling and mediation analyses suggest that ethnic perspective taking partially mediated the relationship between political ideology and prejudice and stereotyping. Additional findings and implications for the ideological boundaries of perspective taking are discussed.
Abstract 3679: Preliminary results from a patient group, excluded from the National Lung Cancer Screening Trial, who are at high risk for lung cancer- heavy smokers with HIV

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Purpose: Within the HIV population, the incidence of lung cancer is estimated to be 2-4 times that of the general population. Of the non AIDS associated malignancies, lung cancer is the leading cause of death among HIV patients who develop malignancy because of its advanced stage of presentation. The National Lung Cancer Screening Trial recently reported a 20% reduction in mortality for patients undergoing low dose computed tomography (CT) screening, but individuals with HIV diagnosis were excluded. To report the results of an observational pilot study of lung cancer CT screening in a cohort of HIV heavy smokers. Materials and Methods: A prospective cohort study was performed with 185 asymptomatic individuals with confirmed HIV diagnosis who had smoked 20 pack-years or more. All participants had baseline (prevalence) chest CT scanning and 107 patients (58.2%) also received at least one subsequent annual (incidence) examination of the chest and upper abdomen. All patients underwent hand held spirometry testing, cytologic analysis of sputa, and detailed health status questioning. Results: Of the 185 individuals, there were 31.4% females, 68.6% males, 90.3% African-Americans, 8.7% Caucasian, and 1.1% Hispanic. The median age at enrolment was 48 years, and the median number of smoking pack-years was 34. Non-calcified nodules were detected in 4 participants (2.1%) by low-dose prevalent CT compared to no nodules on incident CT scans. Only one patient with malignancy was detected (0.54%) on prevalent scanning and none on incident scanning. Stage of malignancy was advanced. No biopsies were undertaken for benign disease. CT evidence of COPD and coronary artery disease were present in 24% and 27% of patients, respectively. Additional CT findings of clinical importance were noted in the chest in 132 (71.7%) patients and extrathoracically in 30 (16.3%) of patients, respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence results of this pilot study are in line with other observational studies of greater sample size for HIV indeterminate patients. Although the sample size is small, it suggests no elevated incidence of lung cancer in HIV heavy smokers. Although the rate of incident scanning is low, CT screening of HIV patients is feasible. This justifies accruing a larger sample of HIV patients perhaps from an already well defined, large, prospective cohort of HIV heavy smokers. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3679. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3679
Transmitter-Facilitator Teaching Style and Focus-Scan Learning Style in Higher Education

Summary.-The study related transmitter-facilitator teaching style with focus-scan learning-style ratings. The students' scan strategy of learning exhibited the highest correlations with five ratings of learning outcome and satisfaction for 11,512 students in 534 courses. Underlying interest in teaching and learning styles is the assumption that compatibility between the teacher's approach to instruction and the student's approach to learning leads to (a) better individual learning (achievement) and/or (b) favorable evaluative ratings for the instructor and the course (satisfaction). While the assumption of an interaction of teaching and learning styles is compelling, the evidence is far from convincing (1, pp. 114-133). The purpose of the study was to determine (a) the relationship between instructors' transmitter-facilitator teaching style and students' focus-scan learning style, and (b) the relationship bemeen reachers' and students' styles with rating indicators of learning outcomes and satisfaction with the course and instructor. At the end of the Fall semester 1982, the Faculty-Course Evaluation Scale (Form 5-23) of the 34 5-point ratings was administered to 11,512 students enrolled in 534 courses at the University of Hawaii. Mean class ratings were used as the unit of analysis (2). Within the scale, the transmitter-facilitator teaching style item was based on Fuhrmann and Grasha's (1, p. 129) distinction between "expert" and "facilitator" ("Practically all transmitter of information" = 1 vs "Practically all facilitator of learning" = 5). Students' focusscan learning style was measured with two rating items reported earlier (3). The "focus" learning style was measured with the item, "When lecture material was too difficult to follow, I primarly tried to get the facts and examples being presented" (Strong Disagree = 1 vs Strong Agree = 5), and the "scan" learning style was measured with the item, "When lecture material was too difficult to follow, I primarily tried to get the principles and concepts being presented." Is there a significant relationship between these teaching and learning styles? The transmitter-facilitator teaching style item was relatively independent of both the focus (7 = .08) and scan (7 = .lo2) learning style items."
Magnon-phonon coupling in the spin-ladder compound Ca 9 La 5 Cu 24 O 41 measured by time-domain thermoreflectance

Below room temperature, the apparent thermal conductivity of the two-leg spin ladder, ${\text{Ca}}_{9}$${\text{La}}_{5}$${\text{Cu}}_{24}$${\text{O}}_{41}$, as measured by time-domain thermoreflectance (TDTR), depends on the frequency of the applied surface heating. This occurs because the thermal penetration depth in the TDTR experiment is comparable to the length scale for the equilibration of the magnons that are the dominant channel for heat conduction and the phonons that dominate the heat capacity. We apply a two-temperature model to analyze the TDTR data and extract an effective volumetric magnon-phonon coupling parameter $g$ for ${\text{Ca}}_{9}$${\text{La}}_{5}$${\text{Cu}}_{24}$${\text{O}}_{41}$ at temperatures from 75 K to 300 K; $g$ varies by approximately two orders of magnitude over this range of temperature and has the value $g={10}^{15}{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}{\mathrm{K}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ near the peak of the thermal conductivity at $T\ensuremath{\approx}180$ K.
Origin, Evolution and Clinical Application of the Thermometer

Although Galileo, Fahrenheit and Celsius are the names generally associated with the origin of the thermometer and its scale, many others were involved in bringing into existence the instrument we use today to monitor body temperature. In fact, the seed from which the thermometer arose was planted long before those credited with inventing it made their contributions, and nurtured by many other investigators during its evolution and clinical application.
Rutgers History in the Journal of the Rutgers University Libraries: An Annotated Bibliography

From its beginnings, the Journal of the Rutgers University Libraries has published many articles that illuminate the history of Rutgers, with its singular history in U.S. higher education. This article presents a selected annotated bibliography of more than 100 Journal articles related to the history of Rutgers.
Power efficient standard cell library design

We propose a methodology to determine the contents of a power efficient library: a set of sizes (drives) and beta ratios (pMOS widths divided by nMOS widths) that will enable a designer to achieve the best power versus delay tradeoff. The methodology utilizes an optimum continuous gate sizing tool. The software is not only able to produce the optimum continuous power-delay trade-off curve but also perform near optimum discrete gate selection from a given point on the continuous curve. Our results suggest that size options 0.5X, 1X, 2X, 3X, 4X and 3–4 beta ratios centered on the optimum delay beta is the least complex library than can generate power efficient designs. The reduced library yields a performance loss less than 1.5% compared to a much larger library with finer granularity in sizes and betas.
Pluralism, Perspective, Order and Organization: The Fault-Lines of 21st Century ‘Cultures’ and Epistemologies

The original Two Cultures debate has been told and retold as a struggle for the moral high ground; the entitlement to define ‘culture’ and especially the route to understanding humanity. Later skirmishes and attempts to define a ‘Third culture’ snatched elements of these and the battleground shifted, with the strangely playground-sounding claims that science had ‘won’. However I will argue that more interesting features of the debate were the underlying assumptions about epistemology; how can we, and should we, proceed in understanding our world and experience, and how sixty years of intellectual and cultural developments in many fields illuminate profoundly new and apparently incompatible discourses. This wide-ranging argument will necessarily be superficial but my purpose is to draw attention to what I regard as central concerns of twenty-first century lay and expert epistemologies and why they matter.
How Does Rurality Influence the Staffing of Social Service Departments in Nursing Homes

Purpose of the study Social service departments in nursing homes (NHs) are staffed by qualified social workers (QSWs) and paraprofessionals. Due to greater workforce challenges in rural areas, this article aims to describe the staffing levels and composition of these departments by rurality. Design and methods Certification and Survey Provider Enhanced Reports data from 2009 to 2015 are used to examine the effect of rurality on social service staffing using random-effects linear panel regressions. Results The average NH employed 1.8 full-time equivalents (FTEs), with approximately two thirds of social services staffed by QSWs. Large NHs had more staff, but employed fewer staff hours per resident day. Staffing levels were lower and QSWs made up a smaller percentage of staff in rural areas. Implications National trends indicate variability in staffing by NH size and degree of rurality. Very low staffing within rural NHs is a concern, as staff may have less time to respond to residents' needs and these NHs may utilize fewer QSWs.
Semiclassical Theory of Spin-Dependent Transport in Magnetic Multilayers

The semiclassical Boltzmann equation is applied to spin-dependent transport in magnetic multilayers. The origin of the giant magnetoresistance effect is explained for both the case in which the current flows parallel to the layers and the case in which it is perpendicular to the layers. The approach is first-principles based and includes effects of vertex corrections and local fields.
The effect of conjugated linoleic acid, acetate, and their interaction on adipose tissue lipid metabolism in nonlactating cows

During biohydrogenation-induced milk fat depression, adipose tissue lipogenesis may be increased through nutrients spared from milk fat synthesis. However, the direct effect of trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and the indirect effect of spared nutrients on adipose tissue lipogenesis during milk fat depression is not clear. The objective of this study was to determine the direct effect of CLA, spared acetate, and their interaction on adipose tissue lipogenesis using nonlactating dairy cows as an experimental model, which allows separation of the effect of CLA and nutrient sparing. Eight ruminally cannulated, multiparous nonlactating and pregnant Holstein cows were randomly assigned to treatments in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Factors were CLA and acetate, and treatments were control (CON), rumen acetate infusions (Ac; continuous infusion of 7 mol/d adjusted to pH 6.1 with sodium hydroxide), abomasal infusion of trans-10,cis-12 CLA (CLA; 10 g/d of both trans-10,cis-12 CLA and cis-9,trans-11 CLA), and Ac + CLA (Ac + CLA). Dry matter intake was not affected by Ac, but tended to decrease by CLA. Plasma trans-10,cis-12 CLA concentration as a percentage of fatty acids was increased by 0.3 percentage points by CLA. No treatment effect was observed on plasma glucose and β-hydroxybutyrate, but an interaction was observed of CLA and Ac on plasma insulin and nonesterified fatty acids. Insulin was increased 24% by CLA, but not by Ac + CLA, and nonesterified fatty acids were increased 55% by Ac + CLA, but not by CLA alone. Lipogenesis and oxidation capacity of adipose tissue explants were not affected by treatments. Adipose expression of key lipogenic factors (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ2 and sterol response element binding protein 1c) were reduced by CLA, by the interaction of Ac and CLA (sterol response element binding protein 1c), and tended to be reduced with Ac (S14 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ1). Expression of several adipose lipogenic enzymes (fatty acid synthase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1) was reduced by CLA and Ac. An interaction was observed of Ac and CLA for fatty acid binding protein 4, which was decreased by Ac, but not Ac + CLA. In conclusion, in the nonlactating cow, adipose tissue is sensitive to the anti-lipogenic effects of trans-10,cis-12 CLA at the transcription level and acetate does not stimulate lipogenesis.
Intracranial Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Presenting as Neurosurgical Pathologies

There are many infectious and inflammatory processes affecting the central nervous system that can simulate other neurosurgical pathologies (e.g. tumor) and may precipitate a brain biopsy for definitive diagnosis if not suspected a priori. The challenge for the healthcare team is to recognize imaging features that support a nonsurgical pathology to avoid unnecessary interventions. This review aims to give a general overview of some common inflammatory and infectious entities that affect the central nervous system, with illustrative examples and highlighting important pearls and pitfalls.
Empirical Design of Masonry Vaulting

Architecture is architecture, regardless of its date of execution. Masonry vaults and domes from all periods can coexist in the vocabulary of an ageless architecture that will always have meaning. Masonry vaults and domes in fact opened the way to the understanding of the validity of using curvilinear forms in space, which solved the problem of building long-span roofing structures in heavy, durable materials, in place of perishable wooden structures, which could not survive indefinitely.