cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Byproducts of Urban Infrastructure Interfaces: Evidence from Parking Compliance

The increased levels of urbanization have resulted in the demand for developing urban technologies that can realize the vision of smart cities, i.e., urban environments that are sustainable, livable and resilient. Electromechanical infrastructure is substituted by intelligent, cyber-physical infrastructure (e.g., coin-based ticket fare collectors are substituted by smart cards) in an effort to both reduce costs, increase efficiency as well as improve the user-friendliness of the system. Significant efforts and resources have been allocated in the area of public transportation, including the modernization of subway and bus networks. However, one of the most-discussed aspects of public transportation in our automobile-dominated cities is that of parking infrastructure. While research has concluded that appropriate pricing of metered parking zones is essential to allow local businesses to flourish and even reduce congestion, there is still a lot of hesitance on implementing the appropriate policies. Hence, parking zones are still significantly underpriced. The problem is further pronounced by poor enforcement. However, during the last years, most of the coin-based parking meters are being substituted by “smart” meters that accept various types of payments (e.g., credit cards, mobile etc.). While these meters have been installed to mainly make parking payments more convenient to drivers, they appear to have important indirect benefits. In particular, in this study we use quasi-experimental techniques to analyze parking citation information from the city of Pittsburgh and we find that the installation of the new parking meters leads to increased compliance with parking rules. This can further have significant implication for the design of the urban infrastructure interfaces of the upcoming smart technology.
Topology of Spaces of Ultrafilters

The object of this section is the discussion and organization of the properties of the topology of certain subspaces of the Stone-Cech compactification of a cardinal. Stronger topologies on the space of uniform ultrafilters and their applications will be studied in § 15, while the characterization of the Gleason space of the space of uniform ultrafilters is already given in § 12.
Differential protein stability of EGFR mutants determines responsiveness to tyrosine kinase inhibitors

// Paramita Ray 1 , Yee Sun Tan 1 , Vishal Somnay 1 , Ranjit Mehta 1 , Merna Sitto 1 , Aarif Ahsan 1, 4 , Shyam Nyati 1 , John P. Naughton 1, 5 , Alexander Bridges 2 , Lili Zhao 3 , Alnawaz Rehemtulla 1 , Theodore S. Lawrence 1 , Dipankar Ray 1 , Mukesh K. Nyati 1 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA 2 School of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA 3 Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA 4 Current address: Oncology Research Unit East, Pfizer, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA 5 Current address: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10467, USA Correspondence to: Mukesh K. Nyati, email: nyati@umich.edu Dipankar Ray, email: dipray@umich.edu Theodore S. Lawrence, email: tsl@umich.edu Keywords: EGFR, erlotinib, protein stability, ubiquitination, TKI sensitivity Received: April 29, 2016 Accepted: August 25, 2016 Published: September 06, 2016 ABSTRACT Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients carrying specific EGFR kinase activating mutations (L858R, delE746-A750) respond well to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). However, drug resistance develops within a year. In about 50% of such patients, acquired drug resistance is attributed to the enrichment of a constitutively active point mutation within the EGFR kinase domain (T790M). To date, differential drug-binding and altered ATP affinities by EGFR mutants have been shown to be responsible for differential TKI response. As it has been reported that EGFR stability plays a role in the survival of EGFR driven cancers, we hypothesized that differential TKI-induced receptor degradation between the sensitive L858R and delE746-A750 and the resistant T790M may also play a role in drug responsiveness. To explore this, we have utilized an EGFR- null CHO overexpression system as well as NSCLC cell lines expressing various EGFR mutants and determined the effects of erlotinib treatment. We found that erlotinib inhibits EGFR phosphorylation in both TKI sensitive and resistant cells, but the protein half-lives of L858R and delE746-A750 were significantly shorter than L858R/T790M. Third generation EGFR kinase inhibitor (AZD9291) inhibits the growth of L858R/T790M-EGFR driven cells and also induces EGFR degradation. Erlotinib treatment induced polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, primarily in a c-CBL-independent manner, in TKI sensitive L858R and delE746-A750 mutants when compared to the L858R/T790M mutant, which correlated with drug sensitivity. These data suggest an additional mechanism of TKI resistance, and we postulate that agents that degrade L858R/T790M-EGFR protein may overcome TKI resistance.
Super synchronous operation of traveling wave tubes based on band edge degeneracy

We illustrate the new concept of strong amplification based on four mode super synchronous operation of traveling wave tube (TWT) that utilizes a slow-wave structure (SWS) with a degenerate band edge (DBE). The DBE is a particular feature of the dispersion diagram of the SWS's modes where four modes coalesce. We show that traveling wave tube whose four modes have the same phase velocity as the electron beam provides for giant gain enhancement compared to Pierce type, single mode TWT with the same parameters, even when using a weak beam current.
Optical potential from first principles

We develop a method to construct a microscopic optical potential from chiral interactions for nucleon-nucleus scattering. The optical potential is constructed by combining the Green's function approach with the coupled-cluster method. To deal with the poles of the Green's function along the real energy axis we employ a Berggren basis in the complex energy plane combined with the Lanczos method. Using this approach, we perform a proof-of-principle calculation of the optical potential for the elastic neutron scattering on $^{16}\mathrm{O}$. For the computation of the ground state of $^{16}\mathrm{O}$, we use the coupled-cluster method in the singles-and-doubles approximation, while for the $A\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$ nuclei we use particle-attached/removed equation-of-motion method truncated at two-particle--one-hole and one-particle--two-hole excitations, respectively. We verify the convergence of the optical potential and scattering phase shifts with respect to the model-space size and the number of discretized complex continuum states. We also investigate the absorptive component of the optical potential (which reflects the opening of inelastic channels) by computing its imaginary volume integral and find an almost negligible absorptive component at low energies. To shed light on this result, we computed excited states of $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ using the equation-of-motion coupled-cluster method with singles-and-doubles excitations and we found no low-lying excited states below 10 MeV. Furthermore, most excited states have a dominant two-particle--two-hole component, making higher-order particle-hole excitations necessary to achieve a precise description of these core-excited states. We conclude that the reduced absorption at low energies can be attributed to the lack of correlations coming from the low-order cluster truncation in the employed coupled-cluster method.
MLL Partner Gene Domains Contribute Critical Functional Specificity to Immortalization and Differentiation of Hematopoietic Progenitors.

Abstract The in-frame fusion of MLL ( m ixed- l ineage- l eukemia) to CBP ( C REB b inding p rotein) has been cloned from several patients with therapy-related AML with a t(11;16)(q23;p13). In a murine retroviral transduction model of MLL-CBP, the mice develop a preleukemic phase which evolves to myeloid leukemia, reminiscent of what is seen in patients with the t(11;16). From this work, it was determined that the amino terminus of MLL fused to the bromodomain and HAT domain of CBP are minimally necessary for transformation. To better understand the role of the CBP bromodomain and HAT domain in determining the characteristics of the leukemia, we have undertaken domain-swapping experiments. In the context of the MLL-CBP (bromodomain + HAT domain) fusion, we have replaced the bromodomain of CBP with either the bromodomain from PCAF or the double bromodomain from TAFII250. The HAT domain of CBP has been replaced with either the HAT domain from PCAF or that from GCN5. We are studying the immortalization and differentiation potential of retrovirally transduced hematopoietic precursors in vitro and in vivo. We have observed differences in the ability of the various domain-swapped constructs to immortalize murine bone marrow progenitors in vitro. The PCAF HAT domain can substitute for the CBP HAT domain such that bone marrow progenitor cells have an enhanced proliferative capacity when grown under myeloid differentiation conditions. In contrast, bromodomain-swapped constructs do not grow under these same conditions. In vivo, mice reconstituted with hematopoietic precursors that were transduced with the bromodomain swapped are developing a disease that is different from that seen in mice reconstituted with MLL-CBP transduced hematopoietic precursors. However, mice reconstituted with cells retrovirally transduced with the HAT domain swapped appear to be developing a disease similar to that seen with MLL-CBP. These results suggest an important role for the bromodomain of CBP in determining the phenotype of MLL-CBP related leukemia. Additionally, MLL-CBP (bromodomain + HAT domain) cell lines undergo a phenotypic change when grown in vitro on stromal cells that promote B cell differentiation. This result implies that immortalized cells are not completely restricted in their differentiation potential.
Toward Understanding the Measurement of Market Efficiency

A variety of measures have been proposed in the literature to assess market efficiency and resulting losses to consumers. The authors provide an integrated review and summary of the findings in thi...
In Rift Valley settings with a feedback loop, assortative mating for versatility predicts hominin brain enlargement in some detail

Hominin procedures for fire-starting, sharpening rocks, and softening roots by pounding or chopping require sustained attention for hours; shade is sought in the brush fringe bordering a grassland. Clustering these more versatile adults, while others are away hunting and gathering, provides a setup for assortative mating. This can lengthen attention span, enhance versatility and, with it, brain size. The rate of enlargement is accelerated by a boom-and-bust cycle in their meat supply, predicting the observed initiation of enlargement at -2.3 myr in the Rift Valley once boom-prone grazers evolved from the mixed feeders. Several months after lightning created a burn scar back in the brush, the new grassland enables a population boom for those grazers that discover it. Several decades later as brush regrows, they are pushed back. Their hominin followers, wicked in from the grassland9s shady fringe, boom together with the burn-scar grazers. They then follow their meat supply back to the main population. This creates an amplifying feedback loop, shifting Homo gene frequencies centrally. Brush fires are so frequent that the cosmic ray mutation rate becomes enlargement9s rate-limiter, consistent with 460 cm3/myr remaining constant during many climate shifts. The apparent tripling of enlargement rate in the last 0.2 myr vanished when the non-ancestors were omitted. Asian Homo erectus enlargement lags the ancestral trend line by 0.5 myr. Neanderthals lag somewhat less but have a late size spurt after the -70 kyr Homo sapiens Out of Africa, suggesting enlargement genes were acquired via interbreeding.
Activation of mas-related G-protein–coupled receptors by the house dust mite cysteine protease Der p1 provides a new mechanism linking allergy and inflammation

Cysteine and serine proteases function via protease-activated and mas-related G-protein–coupled receptors (Mrgprs) to contribute to allergy and inflammation. Der p1 is a cysteine protease and major allergen from the house dust mite and is associated with allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma. Der p1 activates protease-activated receptor 2 and induces the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 from cells. However, the possibility that Der p1 acts on Mrgprs has not been considered. We report here that ratiometric calcium imaging reveals that Der p1 activates the human receptor MRGPRX1 and the mouse homolog MrgprC11, implicated previously in itch. Der p1 cleavage of N-terminal receptor peptides followed by site-directed mutagenesis of the cleavage sites links receptor activation to specific amino acid residues. Der p1 also induced the release of IL-6 from heterologous cells expressing MRGPRX1. In summary, activation of Mrgprs by the allergen Der p1 may contribute to inflammation.
Learning from the past: Reflections on recently completed myasthenia gravis trials

Recently competed clinical trials of therapeutics for myasthenia gravis have varied widely in design, but also perhaps in less explicit ways. We explore ways in which these design characteristics may have influenced recruitment and results, as well as the implications for forthcoming studies. Trial eligibility criteria may inadvertently select for incident versus prevalent cases or patients with relatively mild versus more severe disease. Trial enrichment with patients who have relatively mild disease may limit the sensitivity of the trial to detect a therapeutic effect. Enrichment for patients with more severe disease may introduce confounds caused by regression toward the mean. Overly narrow eligibility may limit the generalizability of results. An exclusive focus on incident cases may hamper recruitment, as may many other factors, such as access to the experimental therapeutic treatment outside of the trial or following completion of the double-blind treatment period. We illustrate how other design characteristics (e.g., treatment duration, strategy for steroid tapering, selection of the primary outcome, and principal analytic approach) may affect the sensitivity of a trial to demonstrate therapeutic effects. Finally, we consider the importance of placebo effects, being careful to differentiate these from therapeutic effects observed in the placebo group, and discuss how the use of combined outcome measures may minimize placebo effects.
A Moral Compass

This chapter completes the ethical paradigm begun in the previous chapter, focusing on polio vaccine experiments. It briefly reviews the laissez-faire approach to research, providing examples from the failed 1935 polio vaccine experiments conducted by Maurice Brodie, William H. Park, and John A. Kolmer, the disastrous nasal spray experiments on thousands of young children during the 1930s, and Hilary Koprowski’s flawed tests of a live-virus antigen both here and abroad. It closes with a description of the effort by the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis/March of Dimes to erect institutional safeguards to avoid future experimental catastrophes in the search for a polio vaccine.
The Misguided Attack on Common Ownership

This academic presentation is based on the slides we prepared for delivery by one of us at the Federal Trade Commission hearing on Competition and Consumer Protection in the 21st Century on December 6, 2018, which focused on common ownership. The slides discuss the implications of our research work for the common ownership debate. The research work whose implications we consider includes Bebchuk, Cohen, and Hirst, The Agency Problems of Institutional Investors (2017) (https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2982617) and Bebchuk and Hirst, Index Funds and the Future of Corporate Governance: Theory, Evidence, and Policy (2018) (https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3282794). We argue that the attack on common ownership is misguided.The claims of common ownership critics, we argue, fail to take into account how the agency problems of investment fund managers provide them with incentives to under-invest in stewardship and to be deferential toward the corporate managers of portfolio companies. Given these problems, policymakers should be primarily concerned that investment fund managers engage too little and not that they engage too much. The measures advocated by common ownership critics are not merely unnecessary but would be counterproductive; they could well discourage investment fund managers from stewardship activities that should be encouraged.
Proteinuria and Risk of Lower-Extremity Amputation in Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease

Lower-extremity amputation (LEA) is a devastating complication of peripheral artery disease (PAD). Early identification of PAD patients at high risk of LEA is important to enable targeted monitoring and treatment strategies. Although chronic kidney disease is recognized as a high-risk condition for foot complications in diabetes, most previous studies focused on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Proteinuria, a marker of kidney damage, has been less studied than eGFR in this context but is a promising predictor of LEA. A small cross-sectional study in the U.K. suggested that albuminuria was associated with foot ulceration in diabetes (1). A recent meta-analysis showed proteinuria as a strong independent predictor of incident PAD and LEA among those without PAD (2). However, whether proteinuria is associated with LEA among patients with diagnosed PAD is unknown. This is an important clinical question since most PAD patients have diabetes or hypertension, two major clinical conditions that merit proteinuria assessment according to clinical guidelines (3,4), and many of them should have data on proteinuria readily available. Using data from the Geisinger Health System, a fully integrated rural health care system in Pennsylvania (1 March 1997–2 February 2017), we investigated the prospective association between dipstick proteinuria and risk …
Crises and Other Scenarios in Pediatric Anesthesia

Crisis management is an uncommon but essential component of pediatric anesthesia. Airway and respiratory complications are the commonest causes of crises during pediatric anesthesia, and inadequate depth of anesthesia is a common causative factor. Secure and appropriate airway patency as well as secure and appropriate intravenous access (‘a secure tube and reliable drip’) are basic yet essential components of anesthesia and should not be overlooked. Abrupt changes in patient condition announcing the start of a crisis can be attributed to surgical factors such as painful stimuli or hemorrhage, the pharmacological effects of drugs such as sympathetic block or anaphylaxis, and patient factors related to pre-existing conditions. Some crisis events end quickly and others take a more protracted course. Processes essential for initial patient care must occur promptly. These include calling for help, establishing a team framework, role allocation and working through an ‘ABCD’ resuscitation process. On many occasions, just systematically working through ‘ABCD’ will fix the problem. For more complicated and prolonged crises, establishing good management of the essentials allows the leader or leadership group to ‘step back’ and take a more considered approach to the problem and piece together the information available. The team can then work through a number of potential causes of the crisis. Efficient, effective patient care includes organization, clear communication and attention to ‘the basics’ whilst maintaining an ongoing vigilance for relevant differential diagnoses. Early requests for assistance and timely decision-making ensure harm mitigation in the stressful emergency scenario.
Trans-Planckian censorship, inflation, and dark matter

If the inflationary phase lasted longer than the minimal period, the length scales observed today originated from modes that were smaller than the Planck length during inflation. It was recently argued that this ``trans-Planckian problem'' can never arise in a consistent string theory framework, which places a stringent constraint on the energy scale of inflation, ${V}^{1/4}\ensuremath{\lesssim}1{0}^{9}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$. In this paper, we show that this requirement corresponds to a very small Hubble scale during inflation, ${H}_{\text{inf}}\ensuremath{\lesssim}1\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$, and therefore has serious consequences on scenarios in which the dark matter density was generated by amplification of quantum fluctuations during inflation. We also present a class of inflationary models which both satisfy the above limit for the scale of inflation and are in perfect agreement with observational data.
Variation in “normal values” of forced vital capacity (FVC) and ratio of one-second Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1)/FVC between 42 Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) sites

Background: “Normal” lung function is generally defined in relation to the values found in a symptom free, non-smoking population, after adjustment for age and height. We investigated these values for >12,000 adults aged > 40 living in 42 BOLD sites. Methods: The sites were grouped into 4 “regions”, Europe (including US, Canada and Australia), Near East (including North Africa and Central Asia), Africa (including Caribbean) and Far East (including South, South East and East Asia). FVC and FEV1/FVC in never-smokers without respiratory symptoms or diagnoses were regressed against age, age2, and height2 within each centre. Coefficients were compared between sites and regions. Results: FVC was best described by age and height2. Both coefficients varied between regions with less variation within regions, but significant variation in the coefficient for height2 within both Africa and the Far East. Compared with Europe, after adjusting for age and height, values for men/women were on average 12%/8% lower in the Near East, 14%/20% lower in Africa and 24%/25% lower in the Far East, but this value was highly variable within all regions except Europe. The FEV1/FVC ratio varied weakly with both age and height2. Though the value adjusted for age and height varied significantly this variation was not substantial (0.84 in Europe and Far East, 0.85 in the Near East and Africa). This value varied significantly within Africa. Conclusion: There is significant variation in the associations of FVC with age, height and by region, but there is also significant variation within regions.
The Cypriot Pension System: Issues and Reform Options

Public Pension expenditures will roughly double by 2050 far outstripping planned increases in contributions. If unreformed beyond the August 2011 measures, spending on public pension schemes is expected to rise from about 9 percent of GDP in 2010 to about 16.5 percent of GDP by 2050 and drive public pension expenditures to be among the largest in the EU. The increase in outlays is expected to exceed by a wide margin the planned increases in contributions from employees and employers of about 3 percent of GDP and would thus require an increase in government transfers of 4.5 percent of GDP. By 2020 the need for government transfers is projected to increase by about 1.5 percent of GDP. Spending on non contributory pension schemes would add further to the fiscal burden. These developments will put an unsustainable burden on public finances. Reforms to ensure fiscal sustainability should start now.
Test transfer across mobile apps through semantic mapping

GUI-based testing has been primarily used to examine the functionality and usability of mobile apps. Despite the numerous GUI-based test input generation techniques proposed in the literature, these techniques are still limited by (1) lack of context-aware text inputs; (2) failing to generate expressive tests; and (3) absence of test oracles. To address these limitations, we propose CraftDroid, a framework that leverages information retrieval, along with static and dynamic analysis techniques, to extract the human knowledge from an existing test suite for one app and transfer the test cases and oracles to be used for testing other apps with the similar functionalities. Evaluation of CraftDroid on real-world commercial Android apps corroborates its effectiveness by achieving 73% precision and 90% recall on average for transferring both the GUI events and oracles. In addition, 75% of the attempted transfers successfully generated valid and feature-based tests for popular features among apps in the same category.
Why do we sometimes ignore the chief complaint in patients evaluated for obstructive sleep apnea

Citation:Malhotra A, Nokes B, DeYoung P, Owens R. Why do we sometimes ignore the chief complaint in patients evaluated for obstructive sleep apnea? J Clin Sleep Med. 2020;16(4):657–659.
University Students’ Changing Library Needs and Use: A Comparison of 2016 and 2018 Student Surveys

Abstract Objective – This study examines differences in university students’ library use and satisfaction (e.g., in-person library visits, online and print resource use, space satisfaction, and library website use) between 2016 and 2018 based on local survey data. It also discusses how these findings provided guidance for future planning and action. Methods – The academic university library developed the surveys for undergraduate and graduate students and distributed them in Spring 2016 and 2018. Both student surveys focused on examining students’ needs relative to library resources and services, although the 2018 student survey also attempted to quantify students’ library visits and their use of library resources. While the surveys were not identical, the four questions that appeared in both surveys (i.e., library visits, resource use, library space satisfaction, and library website use) were recoded, rescaled, and analyzed to measure the differences in both surveys. Results – The survey results reveal that students’ library visits and use of library resources in 2018 were higher than in 2016. In particular, undergraduate students’ use of library resources in 2016 were lower than those in 2018, whereas graduate students’ use of library resources remained similar in both years. Another key finding indicates that the mean score of students’ library quiet study space satisfaction in 2018 was higher than in 2016. However, when compared to the 2016 survey, there was a decrease in students’ ease of library website use in the 2018 survey. Conclusion – Assessing students’ behavior and satisfaction associated with their use of library physical spaces, resources, and services should be conducted on an ongoing basis. Over time, the survey findings can be used as evidence based data to communicate patterns of users’ behavior and satisfaction with various stakeholders, identify areas for improvement or engagement, and demonstrate the library’s impact. Survey results can also inform further strategic and assessment planning.
Investigating DNA adduct formation by flavor chemicals and tobacco byproducts in electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) using in silico approaches

The presence of flavors is one of the commonly cited reasons for use of e-cigarettes by youth; however, the potential harms from inhaling these chemicals and byproducts have not been extensively studied. One mechanism of interest is DNA adduct formation, which may lead to carcinogenesis. We identified two chemical classes of flavors found in tobacco products and byproducts, alkenylbenzenes and aldehydes, documented to form DNA adducts. Using in silico toxicology approaches, we identified structural analogs to these chemicals without DNA adduct information. We conducted a structural similarity analysis and also generated in silico model predictions of these chemicals for genotoxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and skin sensitization. The empirical and in silico data were compared, and we identified strengths and limitations of these models. Good concordance (80-100%) was observed between DNA adduct formation and models predicting mammalian mutagenicity (mouse lymphoma sassy L5178Y) and skin sensitization for both chemical classes. On the other hand, different prediction profiles were observed for the two chemical classes for the modeled endpoints, unscheduled DNA synthesis and bacterial mutagenicity. These results are likely due to the different mode of action between the two chemical classes, as aldehydes are direct acting agents, while alkenylbenzenes require bioactivation to form electrophilic intermediates, which form DNA adducts. The results of this study suggest that an in silico prediction for the mouse lymphoma assay L5178Y, may serve as a surrogate endpoint to help predict DNA adduct formation for chemicals found in tobacco products such as flavors and byproducts.
Intraoperative Ureteral Stent Use at Radical Cystectomy is Associated with Higher 30-Day Complication Rates

Purpose:Radical cystectomy/urinary diversion is a high risk procedure. Intraoperative stents are commonly utilized to decrease ureteroenteric anastomosis related complications. Institutionally some...
A Highly Efficient Linear Multimode Multiband Class-J Power Amplifier Utilizing GaAs HBT for Handset Modules

This article presents the design techniques for a multimode multiband (MMMB) linear RF power amplifier (PA) with a high efficiency, suitable for wireless handset multichip modules. The PA operates with high efficiency at the saturated output power and maintains high linearity with an enhanced efficiency at the back-off power. It is, thus, able to operate in multimodes (saturated/linear) and covers multibands (814–915 MHz; bands: 5/8/18/19/20/26) without reconfiguration, representing a novel solution for the converged PA module architecture to reduce the number of PAs within the handset. A new technique to the handset industry, class-J, is adopted to improve the efficiency while maintaining the linearity. To the best of our knowledge, this work provides the first implementation of the class-J using the GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) technology in the multichip PA modules. The utilization of the GaAs HBT adds more degrees of freedom to enhance the linearity. A PA module, consisting of a GaAs HBT die mounted on a four-layer laminate, is designed. The die is fabricated using the flip-chip technology. The output matching network and the control/bias network are fabricated on the laminate using the printed inductors and the surface-mount device (SMD) capacitors. The results validate the design techniques, showing 2G power added efficiency (PAE) 62%, 2.5G error vector magnitude (EVM) ≤ 3%, and 3G adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) of 5MHz ≤ −35 dBc. The design achieves a higher PAE than other reported reconfigurable and complex MMMB PAs, with comparable linearity.
Visible Only Behind Bars: How Indigenous Australian Women Reframe and Reclaim their Experiences on Wentworth

This article examines Indigenous Australian characters in Foxtel’s popular prison drama Wentworth (2013–present). I employ feminist textual analysis of six seasons to argue that the prison drama of...
Research priorities in Fontan-associated liver disease.

Purpose of review Fontan-associated liver disease (FALD) is an emerging condition in patients who have undergone surgical correction of univentricular congenital heart disease. There is little known about the epidemiology of FALD, including risk factors for end-organ failure or hepatocellular carcinoma nor a consensus on surveillance guidelines. Furthermore, there is a need to understand the role of heart versus combined heart-liver transplantation in this population. Research is limited by systemic barriers hindering the ability to track longitudinal FALD outcomes. Recent findings Nearly all patients post-Fontan develop histological features of FALD as a function of time post-Fontan, regardless of Fontan hemodynamics. In cases of end-organ disease, single-center studies have shown promising outcomes of combined heart-liver transplant in this population, with decreased rates of acute rejection. However, despite the burden of disease, it is not currently possible to identify the population of patients with FALD using existing clinical databases and registries due to a lack of diagnostic codes. Summary Strategies proposed to address barriers to understanding FALD include developing appropriate diagnostic and transplant-related codes for existing registries. Efforts should also be targeted at initiating prospective studies to understand recognized comorbidities related to Fontan physiology, guided by a team of multidisciplinary subspecialists.
Team Over-Empowerment in Market Research: A Virtue-Based Ethics Approach

Few scholars have investigated the considerations of over-empowered teams (i.e., teams creating negative organizational outcomes from too much empowerment) from a non-consequential ethics approach. Leveraging a virtue-based ethics lens of team empowerment, we provide a framework of team ethical orientation and over-empowerment using highly influential market research teams as a basis for our analysis. The purpose of this research is to contrast how teams founded on virtue-based ethics (such as diligence, integrity, honesty) can attenuate ethical dilemmas and negative organizational outcomes from team over-empowerment. We provide a framework of four conditions that include Sophisticated, Suppressed, Contagion, and Impeded to discuss alignment between team ethical orientation and team empowerment. Through this framework, we aim to further our understanding of empowered team behavior between action that is virtuous, moral, and ethical and activity that threatens organizational values and goals.
Spontaneous, Loculated, and Massive Hemothorax: An Uncommon Complication of Warfarin Therapy.

Warfarin, a commonly used oral anticoagulant, is associated with several adverse drug reactions, principally bleeding. Of all hemorrhagic complications from warfarin therapy, thoracic hemorrhage accounts for only 3% and is usually related to trauma. Cases of spontaneous hemothorax secondary to anticoagulation therapy are rarely reported in the literature.
Linguistic encounters in real world prescriptivism: Acknowledging its place and role

Abstract Many linguists regard the prospect of any linguistic prescriptivism as inconsistent with the kind of objectivity they believe should be maintained in their academic field. This general stance against prescriptivism, however, ignores the practical and appropriate use, as well as potential use, of some linguistic prescriptivism in a variety of applied linguistic disciplines. This paper argues that linguists should more readily recognize and acknowledge the place and role of measured prescriptivism in linguistic applications.
Executive functions and writing skills in children with and without ADHD.

Objective Pediatric attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been associated with impairments in executive functioning and academic writing skills. However, our understanding of the extent to which these children's writing difficulties are related to their underdeveloped executive functions-and whether this relation is attributable to specific executive functions-is limited. Method A clinically-evaluated and carefully-phenotyped sample of 91 children ages 8-13 (M = 10.60, SD = 1.25; 37 girls) were administered multiple, counterbalanced tests of the three core executive functions (working memory, inhibitory control, set shifting), assessed for ADHD symptoms via multiple-informant reports, and completed standardized, norm-referenced testing of three core writing skills (written expression, spelling, writing fluency). Results Bias-corrected, bootstrapped conditional effects modeling indicated that underdeveloped working memory exerted significant direct effects on all three writing skills, as well as indirect effects on written expression and spelling via the ADHD symptoms pathway (all 95% CIs exclude 0.0). In contrast, inhibitory control uniquely predicted spelling difficulties only, set shifting was not associated directly or indirectly with any assessed writing skill, and ADHD symptoms failed to uniquely predict writing skills after controlling for working memory. This pattern of results replicated across informants (parent vs. teacher ADHD symptom ratings), and was robust to control for age, sex, socioeconomic status (SES), majority/minority race/ethnicity status, intellectual functioning (IQ), decoding skills, language skills, and learning disability status. Conclusion These findings suggest multiple pathways to writing skill difficulties in children with ADHD, while suggesting that their overt behavioral symptoms may be less involved in their writing difficulties than their underlying neurocognitive vulnerabilities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Patent Law's Externality Asymmetry

Technologies such as social media, autonomous vehicles, and “big data” analytics generate enormous benefits for society, but they also create substantial harms. Social media networks spread misinformation, autonomous vehicles threaten driving jobs, and predictive policing based on big data can lead to unreasonable searches and seizures. One of the most significant ways that technology impacts society is by producing externalities—external benefits and costs that a decisionmaker (such as an inventor) imposes on third parties without charge or compensation. Externalities can cause inefficient resource allocation, and the classic remedy is to “internalize” such externalities by holding decisionmakers more accountable for the benefits and costs of their actions. Patents, which confer exclusive rights on new inventions, enable inventors to internalize a share of positive externalities from technology, thus maintaining incentives to invent. However, inventions also produce harms, and how patents treat negative externalities from new technologies has been largely overlooked. This Article is the first to extensively examine this issue. It argues that while patents internalize positive externalities associated with innovation, they do surprisingly little to internalize negative externalities. This Article refers to this underappreciated dynamic as patent law’s externality asymmetry. Patent law’s externality asymmetry is particularly striking when comparing patents to physical property rights. Foundational economic theory holds that property rights (including patents) emerge to internalize externalities. However, physical property rights internalize negative externalities in several ways that are inapplicable to patents. Patents do not internalize negative externalities associated with the tragedy of the commons, and they encourage rapid exploitation of technologies rather than their judicious use. Due to high transaction costs, patents do not facilitate efficiency-maximizing negotiations between patentees and people harmed by their inventions. Finally, patents create no duties for inventors to mitigate harms from their patented technologies. Turning to normative considerations, this Article argues that patent law’s externality asymmetry is highly problematic because it undermines efficiency, distributive equity, and fairness. It proposes modest reforms to patent law and a more expansive approach to innovation law and policy to help correct these deficiencies.
Effects of triazoles on fungi

Abstract The effects of CGA-64250, a triazole inhibitor of fungal growth, on the lipid composition of Taphrina deformans (D1) were examined using Chromatographic and, in some cases, mass spectrometric techniques. Beginning 8–10 h after inoculation, the total lipid content of cells treated with 0.073 μg/ml averaged 30% more than controls. This was accounted for in part by sterols, which comprised over 2.3 times more of the total lipid from treated cells than from controls. Brassicasterol (ergosta-5,22-dienol) was the principal sterol of T. deformons , at 82% of the total sterol fraction. Ergosterol (ergosta-5,7,22-trienol) was not detected. Methyl sterols such as lanosterol and 24-methylene-dihydrolanosterol represented about 70% of the total in CGA-64250-treated cells, suggesting that this triazole inhibitor blocks the C-14 demethylation of lanosterol. Other responses that appear to be common in fungi treated with C-14 demethylation inhibitors were also observed in CGA-64250-treated T. deformans cells. This included an increased free fatty acid content by a factor of 6.8, and higher degree of lipid unsaturation, as indicated by C 18:1 C 18:2 +C 18:3 ratios of 0.2–0.4 compared to 2.1–2.7 for non-treated cells.
Breathing with Chlorinated Solvents

[ Perry L. McCarty ][1] Chlorinated solvents, the carcinogenic agents that permeate the air in your dry cleaners, have accumulated in the groundwater because microorganisms in the soil do not break them down. Now [ MaymA³-Gatell et al .][2] have isolated the first bacterium that can metabolize trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene to the harmless compound ethene. Identification of the bacterium will potentially allow manipulation of the conditions underground to facilitate the natural destruction of chlorinated solvents. [][3] [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org#affiliation [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/276/5318/1568 [3]: http://
Technology-process fit: perspectives on achieving prototyping effectiveness

The authors examine the performance impacts of support technology on the prototyping process. The prototyping process is examined from three behavioral perspectives: cognitive, social, and organizational. Support technology is then characterized along the functional dimensions of production, coordination, and organizational technology, and performance measurement framework is developed using the dimensions of process/product and levels of analysis (task, social, and strategic). It is proposed that the primary determinant of performance impact is the fit between the prototyping processes and the support technology used. By combining a functional model of support technology with behavioral perspectives of the prototyping process, a better understanding of the impacts of technology on prototyping effectiveness is obtained. >
Arity raising in manticore

Compilers for polymorphic languages are required to treat values in programs in an abstract and generic way at the source level. The challenges of optimizing the boxing of raw values, flattening of argument tuples, and raising the arity of functions that handle complex structures to reduce memory usage are old ones, but take on newfound import with processors that have twice as many registers. We present a novel strategy that uses both control-flow and type information to provide an arity raising implementation addressing these problems. This strategy is conservative -- no matter the execution path, the transformed program will not perform extra operations.
Retrorectal cyst-hamartomas and sacral dysplasia: MR appearance

Retrorectal cyst-hamartoma, an uncommon lesion, arises from hindgut embryonic remnants and may be associated with sacral anomalies. Such a lesion is presacral, multicystic, and lined with glandular or transitional epithelium. Malignant transformation of these lesions has been reported. We describe the clinical, pathologic, and imaging findings in an infant.
Lysosome-related organelles

Lysosomes are membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelles involved in intracellular protein degradation. They contain an assortment of soluble acid-dependent hydrolases and a set of highly glycosylated integral membrane proteins. Most of the properties of lysosomes are shared with a group of cell type-specific compartments referred to as 'lysosome-related organelles', which include melanosomes, lytic granules, MHC class II compartments, platelet-dense granules, basophil granules, azurophil granules, and Drosophila pigment granules. In addition to lysosomal proteins, these organelles contain cell type-specific components that are responsible for their specialized functions. Abnormalities in both lysosomes and lysosome-related organelles have been observed in human genetic diseases such as the Chediak-Higashi and Hermansky-Pudlak syndromes, further demonstrating the close relationship between these organelles. Identification of genes mutated in these human diseases, as well as in mouse and Drosophila: pigmentation mutants, is beginning to shed light on the molecular machinery involved in the biogenesis of lysosomes and lysosome-related organelles.
Formation of high-mass cluster ions from compound semiconductors using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry with cluster primary ions.

The detection of high-mass, nonstoichiometric, GaxAsy and InxPy secondary ion clusters using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry is reported for the first time. The GaxAsy and InxPy clusters are detected in both positive and negative ion spectra and extend to masses of at least 6000 dalton (Da). Consecutive clusters differ by the addition of one gallium (indium) atom. This leads to nonstoichiometric clusters at high mass (i.e., Ga15As3 at 1270 Da) which are metastable above a critical mass. The relative secondary ion yields of high-mass GaxAsy clusters detected using several primary ion sources (Cs+, Bi+, Bi3+, Bi32+, Bi52+, C60+, and C602+) are compared. The relative secondary ion yield of high-mass GaxAsy clusters is significantly enhanced by the use of cluster primary ions and the best relative secondary ion yield is obtained using Bi3+ primary ions. An application of the high-mass GaxAsy clusters is presented, in which these clusters are utilized to distinguish between contaminant levels of...
A demographic description of laryngeal contact ulcer patients

Summary The voice literature suggests that the “typical” person with contact ulcer of the larynx is a 40–60-year-old man in a vocally demanding occupation who uses a loud, low-pitched voice with a long history of excessive smoking and drinking. A review of 57 contact ulcer case histories revealed that in contrast 21% were female, 44% were younger than 40 or older than 59, 47% were in low-to-average vocal demand occupations, and the incidence of smoking and drinking did not exceed what would be expected in the general population. The findings suggest that contact ulcer patients are similar to patients with other disorders of laryngeal hyperfunction. Voice therapy, pharyngolaryngeal reflux therapy, and surgical removal of granulomas were the most frequently recommended treatments.
A monoclonal antibody to Schwann cell surface membrane recognizes a cAMP inducible epitope

A monoclonal antibody to the surface membrane of rat Schwann cells was generated. This antibody bound to Schwann cell surface but not to fibroblasts in mixed neonatal sciatic nerve cultures. It did not bind to cells in newborn rat brain or corpus callosum cultures that contained oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, fibroblasts and neurons. The target antigen for this monoclonal antibody disappeared from Schwann cell surface after 5 days in culture. At this time, addition of 10(-3) M 8-bromo cyclic AMP or 10(-3) M dibutyryl cyclic AMP resulted in the reappearance within 2 days, of the target antigen on Schwann cell surface membrane. The reappearance of this epitope parallels that of surface galactocerebroside on Schwann cells when incubated with cAMP analogues. Re-expression of the target antigen for this monoclonal antibody in the presence of cAMP is evidence that cAMP may be a signal for synthesis of a variety of myelin molecules and as such could be a signal for myelination of axons by Schwann cells.