cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinetics and efficiency of H2O2 activation by iron-containing minerals and aquifer materials

To gain insight into factors that control H(2)O(2) persistence and ·OH yield in H(2)O(2)-based in situ chemical oxidation systems, the decomposition of H(2)O(2) and transformation of phenol were investigated in the presence of iron-containing minerals and aquifer materials. Under conditions expected during remediation of soil and groundwater, the stoichiometric efficiency, defined as the amount of phenol transformed per mole of H(2)O(2) decomposed, varied from 0.005 to 0.28%. Among the iron-containing minerals, iron oxides were 2-10 times less efficient in transforming phenol than iron-containing clays and synthetic iron-containing catalysts. In both iron-containing mineral and aquifer materials systems, the stoichiometric efficiency was inversely correlated with the rate of H(2)O(2) decomposition. In aquifer materials systems, the stoichiometric efficiency was also inversely correlated with the Mn content, consistent with the fact that the decomposition of H(2)O(2) on manganese oxides does not produce ·OH. Removal of iron and manganese oxide coatings from the surface of aquifer materials by extraction with citrate-bicarbonate-dithionite slowed the rate of H(2)O(2) decomposition on aquifer materials and increased the stoichiometric efficiency. In addition, the presence of 2 mM of dissolved SiO(2) slowed the rate of H(2)O(2) decomposition on aquifer materials by over 80% without affecting the stoichiometric efficiency.
On the Development of an Enhanced Optical Mouse Sensor for Odometry and Mobile Robotics Education

This paper focuses on the development of a sensing module, testing methodology and set of experiments for the use of an optical mouse chip as an odometer in mobile robotics, including in an educational setting at the undergraduate level. The test bed includes an integrated microprocessor, mounting board and lens system designed to overcome the basic height to surface and speed limitations on the optical mouse chip with the manufacturer-supplied lens. The finalized system can be used in a mobile robotics course segment on sensing and state estimation.
Physiological, psychological and behavioral consequences of activating autobiographical memories☆

Abstract Activating an autobiographical memory for a specific childhood event can have immediate and robust physiological, psychological, and behavioral consequences. The target behavior was public speaking, a vital skill about which many people are socially anxious. In this study, it was suggested to subjects that they had a positive public speaking experience in early childhood; they then thought about and retrieved details of this true childhood memory. Compared to a control condition in which a different suggestion was made, subjects in the treatment group exhibited superior public speaking performance on the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). Further, physiological measures of cortisol and a self-report measure of anxiety (STAI-S) reflected a significantly smaller increase in anxiety from before to after the TSST in the treatment than control condition. Activating autobiographical memory for an event increases the accessibility of that memory and consequently affects performance on related behaviors.
Production of multiple ligninases by Phanerochaete chrysosporium: effect of selected growth conditions and use of a mutant strain

Abstract Two methods are described for increasing the production of ligninase by cultures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium grown in a nitrogen-limiting medium. The first method involves addition of veratryl alcohol (0.4 mM) and excess trace metals to stationary flask cultures. (Veratryl alcohol is both a substrate for ligninase and a secondary metabolite of P. chrysosporium.) The control ligninase activity (20 units l−1; as measured by veratryl alcohol oxidation) increases approximately fivefold as a result of these additions. H.p.l.c. analyses of the extracellular proteins produced by these flask cultures revealed at least 13 proteins, ten of which absorb at 409 nm, suggestive of haemproteins; six of these have ligninase (veratryl alcohol oxidizing) activity. The second method entails scale-up using a disc fermenter with a mutant strain which adheres well to the plastic discs, in contrast to the wild type, and which in addition produces high titres of ligninase. The ligninases produced by the mutant and wild-type strains were analysed by native-gel electrophoresis and visualized by silver staining and Western blot analysis. They were also compared by V8 protease digestion analyses. Results indicate a high degree of homology between the ligninases within each strain in addition to homology between the corresponding ligninases of the two stains.
Channel Estimation for Per-Subcarrier Maximal Ratio Transmission in OFDM

Frequency-selective maximal ratio transmission (MRT) weights applied by the base station to each subcarrier in OFDM can greatly increase the range and significantly improve the link and system performance over a single transmit antenna. However, applying these frequency-selective MRT weights causes the composite channel seen by the mobile (the composite channel is the combination of the transmit weights and the RF downlink channel) to be significantly different from the single antenna transmission. By accurately modeling the composite downlink channel in beamforming, the best channel estimation of the composite channel can be obtained. This paper gives a derivation of the power delay profile of the composite channel as a function of Doppler frequency and channel measurement delay (i.e., the delay from when the downlink channel information is obtained by the base station and when the beamforming occurs on the downlink). The power delay profile of the composite channel is used to derive an MMSE channel estimator for the composite channel. In addition, because the power delay profile of the composite channel has a strong Ricean component and thus channel estimation using this power delay profile is very sensitive to the synchronization point, the paper also discusses means to compensate for a small synchronization error at the mobile. Simulation results show that the channel estimator derived from the power delay profile of the composite channel is very effective at estimating the downlink beamformed channel.
Insulin Sensitivity, Lipids, and Blood Pressure in Young American Blacks

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine whether insulin resistance was linked with alterations in plasma lipids in adult young blacks with borderline hypertension. Ninety-four American blacks participated (46 men, 48 women, age range 28 to 33 years). Within this group of 94 subjects, there were 60 normotensive (Nt) subjects and 36 subjects with borderline hypertension (BHt), defined as blood pressure >135/85 mm Hg. None of the subjects were diabetic or receiving antihypertension medication. All participants had blood pressure and anthropometric measurements, a fasting lipid profile, an oral glucose tolerance test, and a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp. Insulin-stimulated glucose utilization (M), determined by insulin clamp, was significantly lower in the BHt subjects compared with the Nt subjects (men, Nt 6.91±0.62 versus BHt 5.54±0.65; women, Nt 5.97±0.47 versus BHt 3.79±0.38 mg · kg−1 · min−1, P =.006). When M was corrected for adiposity and expressed in milligrams per kilogram of fat free mass (M′), the difference between Nt and BHt remained significant ( P =.006). There was a significant correlation of M′ with systolic blood pressure ( r =−.393, P <.0001), HDL-C ( r =.382, P <.0001), triglyceride level ( r =−.308, P <.001), apolipoprotein A-I ( r =.190, P =.033), and apolipoprotein B ( r =−.277, P =.004). When all lipid variables were entered in a stepwise multiple linear regression analysis, HDL-C emerged as the most significant lipid component in the model for insulin resistance. These data suggest that in American blacks with mild hypertension, the risk for cardiovascular disease may be augmented in the presence of insulin resistance.
A new buried-channel EEPROM device

Summary form only given. A buried-channel polysilicon-oxide-nitride-oxide-silicon (BC SONOS) device structure is described with improved electrical characteristics for high-density nonvolatile semiconductor memories (NVSMs). Compared to the conventional SONOS device the WRITE is performed from an accumulation layer where, for the same oxide electric field, there is a large number of carriers available for the tunneling current. The WRITE speed is improved by an order of magnitude in this new device structure over the conventional SONOS device due to the increase in the supply of carriers. The BC SONOS NVSM provides a reduced oxide electric field in the retention mode to suppress the back-tunneling of stored charge, thereby improving the memory retention. Other interesting features of this device include the minimization of Si/SiO/sub 2/ interface trap formation, which improves the endurance due to the extended ERASE/WRITE cycling. >
Brachiopod zoogeography across the Ordovician-Silurian extinction event

Abstract The Extinction event at the close of the Ordovician, one of the largest of the Phanerozoic, had a profound effect on the zoogeographic distribution of brachiopods. Strong endemism in the Ashgill was particularly apparent in the epicontinental seas covering the primary lithospheric plates. Areas in the open ocean and around the margins of the continents had more widely distributed faunas. Glacio-eustatic decline in sea level and climatic deterioration caused by the developing North African glaciation have been widely invoked as the cause of the extinction event. The Hirnantian Stage roughly corresponds to the glacial maximum, and Hirnantian faunas were somewhat more cosmopolitan than were early-middle Ashgill faunas. At the end of the Hirnatian, sea level rise and climatic amelioration accompanying the end of the glacial maximum apparently caused another wave of extinctions. Early Silurian brachiopods were far more cosmopolitan, especially in the epicontinental seas, than they had been in the Late Ordovician. There is a strong correlation between wide geographic distribution of genera and survival of the extinction event. Provincial patterns are consistent with the symposium maps.
Film boiling of liquid nitrogen from porous surfaces with vapor suction: Experimental extensions

Previous work on film boiling of liquid nitrogen on flat horizontal porous surfaces with porous ceramic flow control elements is extended to tubular geometries and to very thin (asbestos paper) flow control members. At no loss in stability it is demonstrated that heat transfer coefficients more than five times greater than those in conventional film boiling can be obtained. An approximate model for a single liquid tongue breaking through the heating section at the critical flow rate is also presented. The upper (complete breakthrough) and lower (local breakthrough) limits on critical flow rate can be obtained theoretically. The experimental points lie between these two limits and, in general, are fairly close to the upper limit.
Practical aspects in data monitoring: A brief review

Monitoring interim accumulating data in a clinical trial for evidence of therapeutic benefit or toxicity is a frequent policy, usually carried out by an independent scientific committee. Repeated testing at conventional critical values can substantially inflate the type I error rate. To maintain acceptable levels, group sequential and stochastic curtailment have been developed for clinical trials. One should not view such methods as absolute rules, but as useful guides. The decision process to terminate a trial early is complex and necessitates an accounting for many factors. The Beta-Blocker Heart Attack Trial provides an excellent example of many of these issues.
Neutrophil elastase, an acid-independent serine protease, facilitates reovirus uncoating and infection in U937 promonocyte cells

Mammalian reoviruses naturally infect their hosts through the enteric and respiratory tracts. During enteric infections, proteolysis of the reovirus outer capsid protein σ3 is mediated by pancreatic serine proteases. In contrast, the proteases critical for reovirus replication in the lung are unknown. Neutrophil elastase (NE) is an acid-independent, inflammatory serine protease predominantly expressed by neutrophils. In addition to its normal role in microbial defense, aberrant expression of NE has been implicated in the pathology of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Because reovirus replication in rodent lungs causes ARDS-like symptoms and induces an infiltration of neutrophils, we investigated the capacity of NE to promote reovirus virion uncoating. The human promonocyte cell line U937 expresses NE. Treatment of U937 cells with the broad-spectrum cysteine-protease inhibitor E64 [trans-epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido-(4-guanidino)butane] and with agents that increase vesicular pH did not inhibit reovirus replication. Even when these inhibitors were used in combination, reovirus replicated to significant yields, indicating that an acid-independent non-cysteine protease was capable of mediating reovirus uncoating in U937 cell cultures. To identify the protease(s) responsible, U937 cells were treated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), an agent that induces cellular differentiation and results in decreased expression of acid-independent serine proteases, including NE and cathepsin (Cat) G. In the presence of E64, reovirus did not replicate efficiently in PMA-treated cells. To directly assess the role of NE in reovirus infection of U937 cells, we examined viral growth in the presence of N-Ala-Ala-Pro-Val chloromethylketone, a NE-specific inhibitor. Reovirus replication in the presence of E64 was significantly reduced by treatment of cells with the NE inhibitor. Incubation of virions with purified NE resulted in the generation of infectious subviron particles that did not require additional intracellular proteolysis. Our findings reveal that NE can facilitate reovirus infection. The fact that it does so in the presence of agents that raise vesicular pH supports a model in which the requirement for acidic pH during infection reflects the conditions required for optimal protease activity. The capacity of reovirus to exploit NE may impact viral replication in the lung and other tissues during natural infections.
Profiling shallow As implants with low-energy Cs bombardment on a modified Cameca IMS-4f

The inability to decouple primary ion beam energy and incidence angle in Cameca-type magnetic sector SIMS instruments makes profiling shallow As implants (≥20 keV), using typical Cs + bombardment conditions and negative secondary ion detection, problematic. A Cameca IMS-4f has been modified to lower the Cs+ primary beam impact energy by concomitant decreases in primary ion beam energy and sample potential. Evaluation of the instrument's performance after modification shows about a 35% improvement in depth resolution as defined by the decay length, λ, of a 20 keV As implant profile. This is accompanied by a decrease in useful yield, resulting from the lower sample potential, of about a factor of eight. Comparison of Cameca IMSD-4f data from a 5 keV As implant with data obtained on a quadrupol-based instrument suggests that the Cameca's fixed incidence angle at low energy is the limiting factor to further improvements in depth resolution. Nevertheless, the ease and relatively low cost of modification makes this an attractive approach to increasing the range and flexibility of existing Cameca SIMS instruments.
Soil carbon sequestration and changes in fungal and bacterial biomass following incorporation of forest residues

Sequestering carbon (C) in forest soils can benefit site fertility and help offset greenhouse gas emissions. However, identifying soil conditions and forest management practices which best promote C accumulation remains a challenging task. We tested whether soil incorporation of masticated woody residues alters short-term C storage at forested sites in western and southeastern USA. Our hypothesis was that woody residues would preferentially stimulate soil fungal biomass, resulting in improved C use efficiency and greater soil C storage. Harvest slash at loblolly pine sites in South Carolina was masticated (chipped) and either (1) retained on the soil surface, (2) tilled to a soil depth of 40 cm, or (3) tilled using at least twice the mass of organics. At comparative sites in California, live woody fuels in ponderosa pine stands were (1) masticated and surface applied, (2) masticated and tilled, or (3) left untreated. Sites with clayey and sandy soils were compared in each region, with residue additions ranging from 20 to 207 Mg ha �1 .
Microhabitat Segregation of Three Species of Pocket Mice (Genus Chaetodipus) in Coastal Baja California, Mexico

Abstract I compared vegetation and substrate characteristics at capture locations of three syntopic species of pocket mice (Chaetodipus: Heteromyidae) to determine differences in microhabitat affinities of these ecologically similar rodents in coastal Baja California, Mexico. Principal components analysis revealed that capture locations of C. spinatus had disproportionately higher cover of medium and large rocks, and tended to have higher plant species diversity than capture locations of the other two species. C. spinatus and C. arenarius, the two smallest species, differed most in their microhabitat affinities, suggesting spatial segregation that may minimize competition for similar food resources. C. arenarius was captured most often at sites with the finest-textured soils, whereas C. rudinoris, the largest species, was widespread and frequently associated with gravel and small rocks. No species showed any apparent preference for plant species or significant amounts of overhead cover, a conclusion suppo...
Predictive accuracy of bioelectrical impedance equations corrected for fat-free body size.

This study examined whether the predictive accuracy of age-specific bioelectrical impedance (BIA) equations was improved when estimated fat-free body (FEBBIA) was corrected for the influence of FFB size on whole body resistance (WBR) and residual errors of prediction for 152 women, ages 20–72 years. The criterion measure of FFB (FFBHD) was obtained from hydrostatic weighing at residual volume (RV). FFBBIA was predicted from age-specific equations. Each subject's FFBBIA was then adjusted for the relationship between FFB and residual scores using the Lohman et al. (1990) correction factor (Lohman TG, Going SB, Hewitt MJ, Williams DP [1990] Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 22:S109 [abstract]): FFBADJ = (mean FFB reference sample – FFBBIA) × 0.18 + FFBBIA. Sample reference means were 45.0, 45.3, and 38.8 kg, respectively, for women 20–29 years, 30–49 years, and 50–70 years of age. The predictive accuracy of the unadjusted (FFBBIA) and adjusted (FFBADJ) BIA estimates was analyzed for the total sample and each age group. For the total sample, r2, standard error of estimate (SEE), and root mean square error (RMSE) were, respectively, 0.82, 2.5 kg, and 2.5 kg for FFBBIA. Corresponding values for FFBADJ were, respectively, 0.81, 2.5 kg, and 2.6 kg. Across age groups, r2s ranged from 0.66–0.88, and the SEEs and RMSEs were between 2.0 kg–2.8 kg. The relationship between FFBHD and residual scores (ry,res) was significant (P < 0.05) for all age groups. The ry,res for FFBBIA ranged from 0.37–0.41. For FFBADJ, the ry,res was higher (0.62–0.75). Thus, the overall predictive accuracy and systematic prediction error of the age-specific BIA equations were not improved by adjusting BIA estimates for the relationship between FFB size and residual scores. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Fundamental electronic mechanisms limiting the performance of solar cells

The efficiency of a solar cell depends on the electronic parameters which characterize the transport, recombination, and generation of electrons and holes in semiconductors. This paper describes the many basic mechanisms that can control these electronic parameters in solar cell materials.
Drosophila Photoreceptors Contain an Autonomous Circadian Oscillator That Can Function without period mRNA Cycling

Circadian oscillations in period (per) mRNA and per protein (PER) constitute, in part, a feedback loop that is required for circadian pacemaker function in Drosophila melanogaster. Oscillations in PER are required for oscillations in per mRNA, but the converse has not been rigorously tested because of a lack of measurable quantities of per mRNA and protein in the same cells. This circadian feedback loop operates synchronously in many neuronal and non-neuronal tissues, including a set of lateral brain neurons (LNs) that mediate rhythms in locomotor activity, but whether a hierarchy among these tissues maintains this synchrony is not known. To determine whether per mRNA cycling is necessary for PER cycling and whether cyclic per gene expression is tissue autonomous, we have generated per01 flies carrying a transgene that constitutively expresses per mRNA specifically in photoreceptors, a cell type that supports feedback loop function. These transformants were tested for different aspects of feedback loop function including per mRNA cycling, PER cycling, and PER nuclear localization. Under both light/dark (LD) cycling and constant dark (DD) conditions, PER abundance cycles in the absence of circadian cycling of per mRNA. These results show that per mRNA cycling is not required for PER cycling and indicate that Drosophila photoreceptors R1-R6 contain a tissue autonomous circadian oscillator.
Magnetic MEMS reconfigurable frequency-selective surfaces

A reconfigurable frequency-selective electromagnetic filter implemented by integrating hard magnetic materials with microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) provides a new variation of reconfigurable frequency-selective surfaces (FSS). By incorporating magnetically actuated dipole elements that are capable of being tilted away from the supporting surface, we can tune the FSSs operating frequency without having to physically alter the dimensions of the dipole elements. The 25/spl times/25 array of microactuators used in this work each consist of a 896/spl times/168/spl times/30 /spl mu/m/sup 3/ ferromagnetic plate made of 40Co-60Ni, layered with a 1-/spl mu/m-thick conductor (Au), attached to a pair of 400/spl times/10/spl times/1 /spl mu/m/sup 3/ polysilicon torsion beams, suspended just above the supporting substrate. The high remanent magnetization of the ferromagnetic material allows for relatively small magnetic fields (/spl sim/2.1 kA/m) to induce significant angular deflections (/spl sim/45/spl deg/). This innovative reconfigurable FSS design has successfully demonstrated electromagnetic-signal diplexing and tuning its resonant frequency over a bandwidth of 2.7 GHz at a frequency of 85 GHz.
Situating Psychotheraphy with Tribal Peoples in a Sovereignty Paradigm

American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) nations have experienced profound disruptions to their lifeworlds as a result of ongoing colonialism. With striking regularity, these disruptions have violated Tribal sovereignty, impacting Tribal capacities for self-determination. The ensuing distress within Tribal communities has been marked by the intergenerational transmission of colonial traumas and losses that have been conceptualized as historical trauma, historical trauma response, historical unresolved grief, and colonial trauma response. For mental health professionals to de-colonize their work with Tribal peoples, it is necessary to imbue mental health research and practice with a sovereignty perspective that supports Tribal nations’ rights to self-determination. In a sovereignty-based paradigm, psychotherapy and research would involve critically examining colonial assumptions currently enacted in western research and psychotherapy approaches and a search for therapeutic approaches that nurture each Tribal people’s self-determined relational, knowledge, and value systems.
Electoral Accountability, Leader Preferences, and Conflict: The Role of Term Limits and Military Service

Electoral accountability underlies many theories linking democratic institutions to interstate conflict and generally is thought to be a source for peace. Drawing on this idea, recent work suggests term limits result in democratic leaders who are systematically more likely to initiate conflicts. We argue the relationship between term limits and interstate conflict is likely more nuanced and conditional on a leader's underlying preferences over the use of force. We derive a set of expectations concerning how term limits and leaders' prior military service could affect patterns of conflict initiation. Using a new, leader-year measure of term limits, we find consistent evidence that lame duck leaders with a civilian background are less likely to initiate conflicts than when they are electorally accountable and term limits have no effect on the behavior of democratic leaders who previously served in the military.
The Effect of Head Flexion/Extension on Acoustic Measures of Singing Voice Quality.

Summary A study was undertaken to identify the effect of head flexion/extension on singing voice quality. The amplitude of the fundamental frequency (F0) and the singing power ratio (SPR), an indirect measure of Singer's Formant activity, were measured. F0 and SPR scores at four experimental head positions were compared with the subjects’ scores at their habitual positions. Three vowels and three pitch levels were tested. F0 amplitudes and low-frequency partials in general were greater with neck extension, while SPR increased with neck flexion. No effect of pitch or vowel was found. Gains in SPR appear to be the result of damping low-frequency partials rather than amplifying those in the Singer's Formant region. Raising the amplitude of F0 is an important resonance tool for female voices in the high range, and may be of benefit to other voice types in resonance, loudness, and laryngeal function.
Rural Elderly Women: Application of Human Behavior Theory and Issues for Social Work Education

Abstract This manuscript is the first attempt to apply human behavior theory to examine emerging trends and issues for rural elderly women. Despite a fair amount of recent descriptive information, there is a need for a cohesive theoretical framework to interpret empirical findings, inform practice, and direct future research inquiry. A multidimensional framework is set forth as a cohesive lens from which to evaluate the literature. The article concludes by outlining the implications for the social work educational curriculum, ethical considerations, and future research needs.
Set and the encoding of visual stimuli

Encoding strategy and its consistency with method of report were varied to evaluate their interaction with the effect of set. Set instructions lowered errors for Ss encoding by separate stimulus dimensions, but not for Ss encoding by syntax. Syntax encoders made more errors for figures on the right than on the left. Set seems to affect the order in which information is encoded when the strategy permits such treatment.
Role of Nonlinear Intracavity Spectral Broadening on Optimization of Fiber Raman Laser Reflector Bandwidths

We study intracavity nonlinearity-induced spectral broadening and optimization of the performance of high power FRLs by varying the bandwidth of the resonator FBGs.
An Editor's Report: 1966–1977

S LIGHTLY more than a decade ago I accepted an invitation to join the faculty of Indiana University and edit the Journal of American History. In the following years I prepared very brief annual reports to the membership that explained, in summary fashion, the routine activities in the Journal office and the changes in personnel. Those terse reports conformed to my view that a good editor brought out a magazine on time, provided the kind of substance the readership wanted, offered an honest hearing to contributors and readers, avoided whenever possible interjecting his own views between those of the authors and readers, and especially eschewed burdening the profession with self-serving narratives about his activities. Now that I have completed my editorship, I thought that the members of the Organization of American Historians might want a somewhat more elaborate statement about my editorial policies, how they were arrived at, and how they were implemented, as well as a few comments about how the editor functioned. Editing the Journal of American History was not my only responsibility. I was a member of the Indiana University Department of History, and taught each semester and often during the summer as well. In addition, I shared in departmental and university governance, served on scholarly committees both within and outside the University, directed the work of graduate students, and attempted to continue as an active scholar and researcher. Although the dual responsibility of faculty member and editor was occasionally burdensome, I felt that the association with the department was healthy, especially as I became aware-after talking to graduate students and new faculty-how keenly they reacted to editors who seemed insensitive to the problems facing younger scholars. I am more than ever convinced that the arrangement evolved by the founders of the Organization of American Historians, which places the editor in a department, enhances rather than limits his effectiveness. Before assuming my editorial functions in 1966, I queried many
Effect of Different Mo Content on CH_4 Reforming of CO_2 Over Ni-Mg-Al Hydrotalcite Catalyst

Mo was fully integrated into the structure of hydrotalcite after different mass fraction of Mo was added into the Ni-Mg-Al hydrotalcite.In addition,very stable Mo species was formed after calcination because Mo was blended in NiO-MgO solid solution.The Mo species could not be reduced to Mo0under the reduction condition.With addition of Mo at 1%and 3%, the strong support-metal interaction was formed.Thus,the sintering and carbon deposition were suppressed.When the content of Mo was more than 5%,the stable layered structure of Ni-MgAl hydrotalcite was destroyed and the support-metal interaction was weaker.In addition,MoO3 was formed during the reaction process so that the active site Ni was covered by the formed MoO3.As a result,the catalytic stability declined sharply.
Infeed Control System Amelioration of Raw Material Pump for the Filler

In order to economize energy sources,improve control efficiency and level off weight of the product.Article discussing:The motor of the pump is controlled by VFD,and objective is to keep liquid high inside filler.The level sensor and transmitter transfer analog signal to VFD.The control way is better than float switch,and it economizes energy sources.There is a contrast after amelioration,which expatiates principium and appliance effect for the subject.
Comparison of Three Models in Fitting and Forecasting the Incidence of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syn-drome in Shenyang

Objective To explore the applications of three different models in prediction of incidence rate of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome(HFRS),and to predict the incidence trend of the disease in later years in Shenyang so as to provide scientific basis for reasonable distribution of health resource of HFRS prevention and treatment.Methods The data of the incidence rate in Shenyang from 1990 to 2007 were fitted using GM(1,1)Grey model,Auto-regression model and ARIMA model,the effects of fitting were compared,and the incidence rate of HFRS in later years was predicted.Results The MER of GM(1,1)Grey model,Auto-regression model and ARIMA model in Shenyang was 52.76%,20.53% and 6.75%,respectively,and the R2 of the three models was 0.466,0.945 and 0.991,respectively.The inci-dence rate of HFRS of Shenyang would again reach a new peak of 4.4035 per 10 million in 2012.Conclusion Compared with the GM(1,1)Grey model and Auto-regression model,ARIMA model is a good choice in unstable and recycling time series data on fitting and fore-casting.At present,the morbidity of HFRS is in low tide in Shenyang city,but it shows the trend of rising.We must pay more attention and take some effective methods to prevent its incidence.
Didehydrogeranylgeranyl (ΔΔGG): A Fluorescent Probe for Protein Prenylation

The first intrinsically fluorescent analog of geranylgeraniol, (2E,6E,8E,10E,12E,14E)-geranylgeraniol (all-trans-ΔΔGGOH·1) has been synthesized stereoselectively and shown to substitute for the geranylgeranyl (GG) moiety in prenyl transferase reactions and in protein−ligand binding assays. All-trans-ΔΔGGOH 1 showed blue fluorescence in methanol, with λex = 310 nm and λem = 410 nm (e310 = 2.4 × 104 M-1 cm-1), but was only weakly fluorescent in aqueous solution. The prenyl transferase efficiency for ΔΔGGPP 2 as a substrate for yeast protein geranylgeranyl transferase (PGGTase-I) was 60% relative to that for GGPP. The binding of ΔΔGG-AcCysMe 3 to the recombinant Rho GTPase dissociation inhibitor (RhoGDI) had a KD of 15.1 ± 1.2 μM, 6-fold lower than the affinity of GG-AcCysMe. Thus, the ΔΔGG moiety is a novel fluorophore suitable for studying the interaction and subcellular localization of prenylated small GTPase proteins in signaling complexes.
A sensitivity analysis method for water distribution system tank siting for energy savings

AbstractEnergy savings in water distribution system (WDS) pumping can save the municipality money and reduce the amount of greenhouse gas emissions. A straightforward method is introduced here that allows any WDS manager to determine source-tank location and connectivity that minimizes pumping energy usage. The method is demonstrated on twelve diverse WDSs to investigate whether less pumping energy is used by having the tank at four key locations. It was found that the new method worked well and identified that having the tank near to the system and connected directly to the source saves pumping energy in all of the WDSs analyzed. If the initial cost of relocating the tank for existing systems or locating the tank near to the source in new systems is less than the cost of energy savings over the lifetime of the tank, then having the tank near to the source is financially worth it.
iHDFS: A Distributed File System Supporting Incremental Computing

Big data are always processed repeatedly with small changes, which is a major form of big data processing. The feature of incremental change of big data shows that incremental computing mode can improve the performance greatly. HDFS is a distributed file system on Hadoop which is the most popular platform for big data analytics. And HDFS adopts fixed-size chunking policy, which is inefficient facing incremental computing. Therefore, in this paper, we proposed iHDFS (incremental HDFS), a distributed file system, which can provide basic guarantee for big data parallel processing. The iHDFS is implemented as an extension to HDFS. In iHDFS, Rabin fingerprint algorithm is applied to achieve content defined chunking. This policy make data chunking has much higher stability, and the intermediate processing results can be reused efficiently, so the performance of incremental data processing can be improved significantly. The effectiveness and efficiency of iHDFS have been demonstrated by the experimental results.
Detection of Sea Level Fingerprints derived from GRACE gravity data.

Mass changes of ice sheets, glaciers, ice caps, land water hydrology, atmosphere, and ocean cause a non-uniform sea level rise due to the gravitational and self-attraction and loading effects, called sea level fingerprints (SLF). SLF have been previously derived from a combination of modeled and observed mass fluxes from the continents into the ocean. Here, we derive improved SLF from time series of time-variable gravity data from the GRACE mission for April 2002-October 2014. We evaluate the GRACE-derived SLF using Ocean Bottom Pressure (OBP) data from stations in the tropics, where OBP errors are the lowest. We detect the annual phase of the SLF in the OBP signal and separate it unambiguously from the barystatic sea level (BSL) at two stations. At the basin scale, the SLF explain a larger fraction of the variance in steric-corrected altimetry than the BSL, which has implications for evaluating mass transport between ocean basins.
Polycystic kidney disease and intracranial aneurysms: Some answers, but many questions remain.

Unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIA) occur in about 2%–3% of the population. Several medical conditions are associated with a UIA presence, including autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Clinicians and patients want to know the risk of aneurysm growth, rupture, or de novo development, predictors of clinical outcomes, and the optimal initial and follow-up screening for individuals with UIA and ADPKD. Such data are unavailable. The recent American Heart Association–American Stroke Association statement on UIAs recommends that patients with familial risk and patients with conditions in which aneurysms are prevalent such as ADPKD be offered screening.1 The evidence for this recommendation comes from cross-sectional studies of screening in patients with clinically diagnosed ADPKD and follow-up for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) with substantial variation in prevalence estimates. A few studies, with a small sample size, have clinical and radiologic follow-up for aSAH, aneurysmal change, or new aneurysm development.
Comprehensive Characterization of Alternative Polyadenylation in Human Cancer.

Background Alternative polyadenylation (APA) is emerging as a major post-transcriptional mechanism for gene regulation, and dysregulation of APA contributes to several human diseases. However, the functional consequences of APA in human cancer are not fully understood. Particularly, there is no large-scale analysis in cancer cell lines. Methods We characterized the global APA profiles of 6398 patient samples across 17 cancer types from The Cancer Genome Atlas and 739 cancer cell lines from the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia. We built a linear regression model to explore the correlation between APA factors and APA events across different cancer types. We used Spearman correlation to assess the effects of APA events on drug sensitivity and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test or Cox proportional hazards model to identify clinically relevant APA events. Results We revealed a striking global 3'UTR shortening in cancer cell lines compared with tumor samples. Our analysis further suggested PABPN1 as the master regulator in regulating APA profile across different cancer types. Furthermore, we showed that APA events could affect drug sensitivity, especially of drugs targeting chromatin modifiers. Finally, we identified 1971 clinically relevant APA events, as well as alterations of APA in clinically actionable genes, suggesting that analysis of the complexity of APA profiles could have clinical utility. Conclusions Our study highlights important roles for APA in human cancer, including reshaping cellular pathways and regulating specific gene expression, exemplifying the complex interplay between APA and other biological processes and yielding new insights into the action mechanism of cancer drugs.
Four Levels (Scales) of Data Measurement

One accurate measurement is worth a thousand expert opinion. Grace Hopper (1906–1992) Navy Rear Admiral, computer pioneer, coined the term “computer bug”
A Theoretical Basis for the Efficacy of Cancer Immunotherapy and Immunogenic Tumor Dormancy: The Adaptation Model of Immunity

In the past decades, a variety of strategies have been explored to cure cancer by means of immunotherapy, which is less toxic compared with chemotherapy or radiation therapy, and could establish memory for long-lasting protection against tumor recurrence. These endeavors have been successful in offering therapeutic antibodies, vaccines, or cellular immunotherapies, which resulted in prolonging survival of some cancer patients; however, complete cures have not been consistently achieved. The conception, design, and implementation of these promising immunotherapeutic strategies have been influenced by two schools of thought in immunology, which include the "self-nonself" (SNS) model and the "danger" model. Further progress in cancer immunotherapy to achieve consistent cancer cures requires an evolution in our understanding of how the immune system works. The purpose of this review is to revisit premises and limitations of the SNS and danger models based on the outcomes of cancer immunotherapies by suggesting that both models are two sides of the same coin describing how the immune response is induced against cancer. However, neither explains how the immune response succeeds or fails in eliminating the tumor. To this end, the adaptation model has been proposed to explain efficacy of the immune response for achieving cancer cure.
The Next Step in the Antitrust Treatment of Restricted Distribution: Per Se Legality

By "restricted distribution" I mean a marketing system in which the manufacturer places restrictions on competition among the distributors or dealers that provide its goods either to lower links in the chain of distribution or to the ultimate consumer. Such restrictions take many forms. One is resale price maintenance, whereby price competition (or sometimes price gouging) is forbidden. Another is the assignment of exclusive sales territories, which forbid the distributor or dealer to sell outside of a specified territory on pain of having its relationship with the manufacturer terminated or, perhaps, of having to pay a "profit passover" or some other charge to the distributor or dealer whose territory it invaded. In addition, there are outlet restrictions, which might forbid a distributor to sell to any dealer not approved by the manufacturer, or forbid one dealer to sell ("bootleg") to another dealer, and location clauses, which forbid a dealer to sell the manufacturer's product at any location other than that specified in the dealership agreement. Sometimes a manufacturer will reserve certain large customers to itself, thus eliminating the competition that might otherwise exist between itself and its dealers. Or it may agree to an exclusive distributorship or dealership, and thereby lose its freedom to author-
Improved Synthesis of Caged Glutamate and Caging Each Functional Group

Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter that controls numerous pathways in the brain. Neuroscientists make use of photoremovable protecting groups, also known as cages, to release glutamate with precise spatial and temporal control. Various cage designs have been developed and among the most effective has been the nitroindolinyl caging of glutamate. We, hereby, report an improved synthesis of one of the current leading molecules of caged glutamate, 4-carboxymethoxy-5,7-dinitroindolinyl glutamate (CDNI-Glu), which possesses efficiencies with the highest reported quantum yield of at least 0.5. We present the shortest route, to date, for the synthesis of CDNI-Glu in 4 steps, with a total reaction time of 40 h and an overall yield of 20%. We also caged glutamate at the other two functional groups, thereby, introducing two new cage designs: α-CDNI-Glu and N-CDNI-Glu. We included a study of their photocleavage properties using UV–vis, NMR, as well as a physiology experiment of a two-photon uncaging of CDNI-...
Direct All-Atom Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the Effects of Short Chain Branching on Polyethylene Oligomer Crystal Nucleation

Using all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we demonstrate that short alkyl branches can hinder the nucleation of polyethylene (PE) oligomers. Although one methyl and ethyl branch in a 50-carbon oligomer may only slow the nucleation kinetics mildly, bulkier side chains, such as propyl, butyl, and hexyl branches, disturb the arrangement of neighboring backbone atoms, preventing these atoms from joining a growing crystal, and therefore significantly suppress the nucleation of PE crystals, with no clear evidence of nucleation being observed over a 20 ns simulation run when hexyl side chains are present. The degrees of branching and the distributions of short alkyl groups on PE backbones can also affect the crystallization kinetics, with well-spaced branches having a greater impact on crystallization than branches that are grouped within a shorter distance along the backbone that is similar to or shorter than the length of the branch. We show that the linear portions of PE crystallize first and the br...
Enterococcus faecalis causing empyema in a patient with liver disease.

A 57-year-old man with a history of liver disease had shortness of breath, fever, and pleuritic chest pain. Ascites was not present. Computed tomography (CT) of the chest revealed a large unilateral pleural effusion, compressive atelectasis, and no evidence of consolidation. Culture of the pleural fluid grew Enterococcus faecalis. Treatment with ampicillin in conjunction with tube thoracostomy resulted in clinical improvement. This case illustrates the development of spontaneous monomicrobial empyema due to E faecalis in a patient with liver disease, in the absence of pneumonia and peritonitis.
Unvoiced Speech Segregation Based on CASA and Spectral Subtraction

Unvoiced speech separation is an important and challenging problem that has not received much attention. We propose a CASA based approach to segregate unvoiced speech from nonspeech interference. As unvoiced speech does not contain periodic signals, we first remove the periodic portions of a mixture including voiced speech. With periodic components removed, the remaining interference becomes more stationary. We estimate the noise energy in unvoiced intervals on the basis of segregated voiced speech. Spectral subtraction is employed to extract time-frequency segments in unvoiced intervals, and we group the segments dominated by unvoiced speech by simple thresholding or Bayesian classification. Systematic evaluation and comparison show that the proposed method considerably improves the unvoiced speech segregation performance under various SNR conditions. Index Terms: unvoiced speech segregation, CASA, spectral subtraction
Comparison of three infant venous reservoirs with vacuum-assisted venous drainage during varying levels of cardiotomy suction:

Background:Vacuum-assisted venous drainage has gained widespread use within the pediatric perfusion community for use during cardiopulmonary bypass. It is questioned whether its efficiency may be c...