cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Limits of Modality

It is commonly assumed that all propositions have modal profiles and therefore bear their truth-values either contingently or necessarily. I argue against this commonly assumed view and in defence of amodalism, according to which certain true propositions are neither necessarily nor contingently true, but only true simpliciter. I consider three arguments against ‘possible-worlds theories’, which hold that modal concepts are to be analysed in terms of possible worlds. Although each of these arguments targets a different version of possible-worlds theory, these versions jointly exhaust the entire range of possible-worlds theories. After showing that each argument is naturally addressed by adopting amodalism, I argue that all defenders of possible-worlds theory ought to accept amodalism.
Nettle: taking the sting out of programming network routers

We describe a language-centric approach to solving the complex, low-level, and error-prone problem of network control. Specifically, we have designed a domain-specific language called Nettle, embedded in Haskell, that allows programming OpenFlow networks in an elegant, declarative style. Nettle is based on the principles of functional reactive programming (FRP), and as such has both continuous and discrete abstractions, each of which is leveraged in the design. We have implemented Nettle and tested it on real OpenFlow switches. We demonstrate our methodology by writing several non-trivial OpenFlow controllers.
Molecular genetics of the VDAC ion channel: structural model and sequence analysis.

The voltage-dependent anion-selective channel of the outer mitochondrial membrane provides a unique system in which to study the molecular basis of voltage gating of ion flow. We have cloned and sequenced acDNA coding for this protein in yeast. From the derived amino acid sequence, we have generated a preliminary model for the secondary structure of the protein which suggests that the protein forms a “β-barrel” type structure. Comparison of the VDAC amino acid sequence with that of the bacterial porins has indicated that the two classes of molecules appear to be unrelated.
Predictors of blood lead levels in organolead manufacturing workers.

The relations between recent and cumulative exposure to organic and inorganic lead and blood lead levels were examined in 222 organolead manufacturing workers. Personal monitoring data grouped by 29 exposure zones were used to derive estimates of recent and cumulative occupational exposure. Recent exposure to organic lead and recent combined exposure to organic and inorganic lead were significantly and positively associated with blood lead levels. Exposure duration was found to modify the relation between recent inorganic lead exposure and blood lead levels. Age and cigarette smoking were positively associated with blood lead levels, whereas alcohol use was associated with lower blood lead levels. This is in notable contrast to the influence of alcohol consumption on blood lead levels among inorganic lead workers or the general population. Furthermore, the data suggested that current alcohol use modified the relation between recent organic lead exposure and blood lead levels (P = .08): current alcohol users evidenced less of an increase in blood lead levels with increasing recent organic lead exposures than did workers who did not currently use alcoholic beverages. The data suggest that organic lead exposure affects blood lead levels, probably after dealkylation to inorganic lead. The associations with alcohol consumption may be evidence for differences in enzyme-mediated metabolism of organolead compounds. Finally, the data suggest that recent external lead exposure and internal lead stores both influenced blood lead levels in these workers.
On the Error Behavior of the Reduced Basis Technique for Nonlinear Finite Element Approximations

This paper provides a theoretical foundation for the reduced basis technique and gives mathematical reasons for its effectiveness. Some rather general results about the existence of solution curves for a large class of nonlinear problems are developed. These results are then used to derive estimates between an exact solution curve and its reduced basis approximation. Die vorliegende Arbeit bietet eine theoretische Begrundung fur das Verfahren der Reduzierten Basis und gibt mathematische Argumente fur deren Effektivitat au. Es werden einige recht allgemeine Ergebnisse uber die Existenz von Losungskurven fur eine umfangreiche Klasse nichtlinearer Probleme entwickelt. Diese Ergebnisse werden dann dazu verwendet, Fehlerabschatzungen zwischen einer exakten Losungskurve und deren Approximation nach dem Verfahren der Reduzierten Basis abzuleiten.
Multiheadway Gap-Out Logic for Actuated Control on Multilane Approaches

The efficiency of actuated signals depends on quick detection when the queue has discharged and flow rate has dropped below the saturation rate. The traditional detection method is to measure headway between successive vehicles. In single-lane approaches, this measurement works well because the safety need for longitudinal spacing during saturation flow keeps headway variability small. However, on multilane approaches, headways are far more variable (headways near zero are common); for a low probability of premature gap-out, the critical gap has to be set extremely long so that traffic well below the saturation flow rate can hold the light green. This critical gap requirement makes multilane operations inefficient. This paper proposes a gap-out logic that is based on multiheadways, the time needed for several vehicles to pass a detector. For example, for three-lane approaches, the variability of three- or six-vehicle multiheadways is much lower than that of single headways, and this low variability enable...
Ketogenic diets as an adjuvant cancer therapy: History and potential mechanism.

Cancer cells, relative to normal cells, demonstrate significant alterations in metabolism that are proposed to result in increased steady-state levels of mitochondrial-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as O2•−and H2O2. It has also been proposed that cancer cells increase glucose and hydroperoxide metabolism to compensate for increased levels of ROS. Given this theoretical construct, it is reasonable to propose that forcing cancer cells to use mitochondrial oxidative metabolism by feeding ketogenic diets that are high in fats and low in glucose and other carbohydrates, would selectively cause metabolic oxidative stress in cancer versus normal cells. Increased metabolic oxidative stress in cancer cells would in turn be predicted to selectively sensitize cancer cells to conventional radiation and chemotherapies. This review summarizes the evidence supporting the hypothesis that ketogenic diets may be safely used as an adjuvant therapy to conventional radiation and chemotherapies and discusses the proposed mechanisms by which ketogenic diets may enhance cancer cell therapeutic responses.
Software Support for Computerized Electromyography in Clinical Dentistry

This paper describes the software system for a minicomputer-based real-time data-acquisition system that is currently being used by clinical dental personnel of the University of Michigan Dental Research Institute. Because this system is utilized by operators who are unfamiliar with computers it is highly interactive. Also described are the software design considerations engendered by such a research environment.
Stress, stressors and coping among high school students

Abstract A sample of 333 tenth and eleventh grade students in the Los Angeles area were surveyed to determine the degree of stress experienced, the stressors encountered most frequently, and the frequency with which specific coping strategies were employed along with their perceived effectiveness. The respondents scored above the norms for their age on the State Trait Anxiety Inventory, and up to one third of the sample reported high levels of daily stress. The stressors highest in frequency reflected concerns about one's future goals followed by several school-related items. No gender differences were found in degree of stress or most frequent stressors. White students reported experiencing personal and school-related stressors more often than African American or Latino students. Latino students experienced family stressors more often than their cohorts in other ethnic groups. The frequency with which coping strategies were employed was low, with no ethnic differences and females employing adaptive coping strategies more often than males. Gender and ethnic differences were found with respect to specific adaptive coping strategies. Comparisons with regard to stressors and coping strategies were also made between students reporting high levels of stress and those reporting moderate to low levels of stress.
Discovering the secondary metabolite potential encoded within entomopathogenic fungi

Covering: 2000 up to April 2014 This highlight discusses the secondary metabolite potential of the insect pathogens Metarhizium and Beauveria, including a bioinformatics analysis of secondary metabolite genes for which no products are yet identified.
Judicial Uses of Forced Psychotropic Medication

The practice of involuntarily medicating defendants and prisoners for the judicial purposes of trial or punishment raises several ethical concerns, of which two are discussed with reference to recent U.S. court decisions (the Weston, Singleton, and Sell cases): their effect on legal principles and individual rights, such as the liberty right against self-incrimination and the right to self-determination through self-transformation, and the ethical dilemmas such practices impose on psychiatrists.
Doubly vibrationally enhanced four wave mixing spectroscopy in an acetonitrile–magnesium perchlorate mixture

Abstract Doubly vibrationally enhanced (DOVE) four wave mixing (FWM) spectroscopy has been used to study the mixture of Mg(ClO4)2 and deuterated acetonitrile (CD3CN) which serves as a model for metal ion complexes. In the mixture, there are free acetonitrile species and coordinated Mg2+–CD3CN species both of which have corresponding vibrational features in the middle infrared region including CN stretch ν2 and CC stretch ν4. In the free species, there is a combination band ν2 + ν4 at 3092 cm−1. It is unclear whether there exists a combination band in the coordinated species of which the existence is important for implementing the DOVE-FWM. Here we have determined a combination band ν2 + ν4 at 3153 cm−1 for the coordinated species by using IR absorption spectroscopy and subsequently applied the DOVE-FWM to the mixture. The measured DOVE spectra show a strong DOVE enhancement not only for the free species but also for the coordinated species. The results demonstrate the feasibility of the DOVE-FWM methods for measuring the coordinated species involving charge transfer interaction, and provide a key feature for metal ion complex studies.
Educational intervention as an adjunct to treatment of erectile dysfunction in older couples

Abstract This study examined the effects of a sex and aging workshop highlighting permission and limited information on the sexual knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and satisfaction of a group of older heterosexual couples experiencing erectile dysfunction. The workshop focused on disseminating information about the physiological and psychological changes that occur in the sexual response during the aging process. Twenty couples participated in this study: 10 attended a workshop and 10 served as controls. The study utilized a randomized control group pretest! posttest design. Workshop participants completed an evaluation form and were interviewed at the time of follow-up. Data analysis revealed that the workshop participants reported significant increases in knowledge levels and in sexual satisfaction. The workshop evaluations and follow-up interviews reinforced these quantitative results. This study lends support to educational intervention as an adjunct to treatment of erectile dysfunction in the elderly...
Friction modeling for dynamic system simulation

Friction is a very complicated phenomenon arising at the contact of surfaces. Experiments indicate a functional dependence upon a large variety of parameters, including sliding speed, acceleration, critical sliding distance, temperature, normal load, humidity, surface preparation, and, of course, material combination. In many engineering applications, the success of models in predicting experimental results remains strongly sensitive to the friction model. Furthermore, a broad cross section of engineering and science disciplines have developed interesting ways of representing friction, with models originating from the fundamental mechanics areas, the system dynamics and controls fields, as well as many others. A fundamental unresolved question in system simulation remains: what is the most appropriate way to include friction in an analytical or numerical model, and what are the implications of friction model choice? This review article draws upon the vast body of literature from many diverse engineering fields and critically examines the use of various friction models under different circumstances. Special focus is given to specific topics: lumped-parameter system models !usually of low order"—use of various types of parameter dependence of friction; continuum system models—continuous interface models and their discretization; self-excited system response—steady-sliding stability, stick/slip, and friction model requirements; and forced system response—stick/slip, partial slip, and friction model requirements. The conclusion from this broad survey is that the system model and friction model are fundamentally coupled, and they cannot be chosen independently. Furthermore, the usefulness of friction model and the success of the system dynamic model rely strongly on each other. Across disciplines, it is clear that multi-scale effects can dominate performance of friction contacts, and as a result more research is needed into computational tools and approaches capable of resolving the diverse length scales present in many practical problems. There are 196 references cited in this review-article. #DOI: 10.1115/1.1501080$
Activation of PERK kinase in neural cells by proteasome inhibitor treatment

Inhibition of the proteasome proteolytic pathway occurs as the result of normal aging, as well as in a variety of neurodegenerative conditions, and is believed to promote cellular toxicity in each of these conditions through diverse mechanisms. In the present study, we examined whether proteasome inhibition alters the protein kinase receptor-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK). Our studies demonstrate that proteasome inhibitors induce the transient activation of PERK in both primary rat neurons as well as the N2a neural cell line. Experiments with siRNA to PERK demonstrated that the modulation of PERK was not significant involved in regulating toxicity, ubiquitinated protein levels, or ribosome perturbations in response to proteasome inhibitor treatment. Surprisingly, PERK was observed to be involved in the up-regulation of p38 kinase following proteasome inhibitor treatment. Taken together, these data demonstrate the ability of proteasome inhibition to activate PERK and demonstrate evidence for novel cross-talk between PERK and the activation of p38 kinase in neural cells following proteasome inhibition. Taken together, these data have implications for understanding the basis by which proteasome inhibition alters neural homeostasis, and the basis by which cell signaling cascades are regulated by proteasome inhibition.
Factors influencing lysis time stochasticity in bacteriophage λ

Despite identical genotypes and seemingly uniform environments, stochastic gene expression and other dynamic intracellular processes can produce considerable phenotypic diversity within clonal microbes. One trait that provides a good model to explore the molecular basis of stochastic variation is the timing of host lysis by bacteriophage (phage). Individual lysis events of thermally-inducible λ lysogens were observed using a temperature-controlled perfusion chamber mounted on an inverted microscope. Both mean lysis time (MLT) and its associated standard deviation (SD) were estimated. Using the SD as a measure of lysis time stochasticity, we showed that lysogenic cells in controlled environments varied widely in lysis times, and that the level of lysis time stochasticity depended on allelic variation in the holin sequence, late promoter (p R ') activity, and host growth rate. In general, the MLT was positively correlated with the SD. Both lower p R ' activities and lower host growth rates resulted in larger SDs. Results from premature lysis, induced by adding KCN at different time points after lysogen induction, showed a negative correlation between the timing of KCN addition and lysis time stochasticity. Taken together with results published by others, we conclude that a large fraction of λ lysis time stochasticity is the result of random events following the expression and diffusion of the holin protein. Consequently, factors influencing the timing of reaching critical holin concentrations in the cell membrane, such as holin production rate, strongly influence the mean lysis time and the lysis time stochasticity.
Reducing Racial, Ethnic, and Socioeconomic Disparities in Health Care: Opportunities in National Health Reform:

Policy often focuses on reducing health care disparities through interventions at the patient and provider level. While unquestionably important, system-wide reforms to reduce uninsurance, improve geographic availability of services, increase workforce diversity, and promote clinical best practices are essential for progress in reducing disparities.
Effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibition on cerebral blood flow and injury volume during focal ischemia in cats.

We tested the hypothesis that inhibition of nitric oxide synthase activity in brain before ischemia alters cerebral blood flow and decreases brain injury after 4 hours of middle cerebral artery occlusion in cats. Halothane-anesthetized cats underwent 4 hours of left middle cerebral artery occlusion after they were randomly assigned to receive either intravenous N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, at a dose that completely inhibited cortical nitric oxide synthase activity (10 mg/kg, n = 10), or an equal volume of diluent (10 mL saline, n = 10). Serial blood flow measurements were made with radiolabeled microspheres, and injury volume was measured by triphenyltetrazolium staining. Blood flow to caudate nucleus and inferior temporal cortex decreased to the same extent in both groups during middle cerebral artery occlusion. Somatosensory evoked potential amplitude was reduced to less than 10% of baseline values in both groups. Injury volume of ipsilateral caudate nucleus in cats pretreated with nitroarginine (52 +/- 5%, mean +/- SE) was less (P < .05) compared with the saline group (80 +/- 4%), whereas ipsilateral cerebral hemispheric injury volume was similar between the two groups (30 +/- 6% and 32 +/- 4% of hemisphere in saline and nitroarginine groups, respectively). These results suggest that inhibition of nitric oxide synthase decreases caudate injury volume at 4 hours of middle cerebral artery occlusion without an alteration in distribution of cerebral blood flow.
Metal-induced modulation of nitric oxide production in vitro by murine macrophages : Lead, nickel, and cobalt utilize different mechanisms

Macrophages (M phi) can be induced to produce nitric oxide (NO), which has been suggested to be important for macrophages to exercise various functions. We have previously reported that an environmental toxicant, lead (Pb), can significantly inhibit NO production by murine splenic M phis. Herein, eight additional metal ions, gold (Au), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn), were assessed. In addition to Pb, Hg and Cd significantly suppressed NO production by cytokine (interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha)-stimulated murine M phis. Au and Cu also were inhibitory, but less than Pb, Hg, and Cd. In contrast, Cr and Zn were not modulatory, and Ni and Co significantly enhanced NO production by cytokine-stimulated M phis. The enhancement by Ni and Co was inhibited by the arginine analog N-monomethylarginine. The metals showed different activating/inhibiting profiles when added to a cell-free (activated M phi lysate) NO-producing-system in which inducible NO synthase (iNOS) is already expressed. Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn moderately suppressed iNOS, which suggests that they may directly modify enzyme or cofactor activity. Cd, Hg, Mg, Ni, or Co did not produce any significant effect on NO production by the cell-free system. Inhibition of NO production by Pb-exposed M phis was not due to decreased expression of iNOS nor limited to its modest direct inhibition of iNOS; thus, other mechanism(s) must be accountable for the efficient Pb-induced inhibition of NO production by M phi. Ni or Co did induce a substantial increase of iNOS protein. Overall, these observations provide additional insight into the means by which metals via inhibition or enhancement of NO production may be pathogenic, by suppression of defense mechanisms or induction of hypersensitivity, respectively.
The effect of liver disease on urine caffeine metabolite ratios.

Objectives A number of caffeine metabolite ratios (CMRs) have been proposed to measure CYP1A2 activity in vivo. The effect of liver disease on these ratios is not clear. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of liver disease on caffeine metabolite ratios. Study design Two studies were performed. First, in healthy control subjects and in subjects with cirrhosis, caffeine clearance was measured by intravenous infusion of stable isotope-labeled caffeine while subjects consumed oral caffeine. Second, spot urine samples were collected from control subjects and from subjects with either chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis while they consumed caffeine. Results In study 1, caffeine clearance was decreased in subjects with cirrhosis (control mean, 0.14 L/hr/kg; cirrhosis mean, 0.04 L/hr/kg; p = 0.003). CMRs were affected by liver disease (e.g., ratio characterizing paraxanthine demethylation [AAMU + 1X + 1U/17U], control median, 8.3; cirrhosis median, 6.2; p = 0.005). AAMU + 1X + 1U/17U correlated significantly with caffeine clearance in the control group (r2 = 0.68; p = 0.001) and in subjects with cirrhosis (r2 = 0.41; p = 0.05). In study 2, there was a significant difference between control subjects and subjects with cirrhosis for AAMU + 1X + 1U/17U (median for control subjects, 6.2; median for subjects with cirrhosis, 4.3; p = 0.001) but not between control subjects and patients with chronic hepatitis. Conclusions We conclude that AAMU + 1X + 1U/17U is affected by liver disease and reflects the decrease in CYP1A2 activity in subjects with cirrhosis. AAMU + 1X + 1U/17U measured from a spot urine sample reflects caffeine clearance in subjects with cirrhosis and may be useful as a hepatic function test. Despite the large interindividual variation observed, the test can be repeated easily in the same patient and an individual patient's decline in CYP1A2 activity, such as in patients with progressively deteriorating liver function, can be monitored. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (1996) 59, 624–635; doi:
Bifurcation structures and dominant modes near relative equilibria in the one-dimensional discrete nonlinear Schrödinger equation

Abstract We investigate the bifurcation structure of a family of relative equilibria of a ring of seven oscillators described by the discrete nonlinear Schrodinger equation (DNLSE) when the period of these orbits and a suitable defect act as bifurcation parameters. We find a reduced Hamiltonian that gives substantial insight into the dynamics of this system. The convexity of this Hamiltonian at given nonresonant equilibria supports the stability of nearby quasiperiodic solutions. We show that the local loss of convexity in the reduced Hamiltonian is determined by the Hessian of its integrable part in the family of relative equilibria under study. Stable quasiperiodic solutions are studied by considering the power spectral densities of a set of suitable fast and slow actions, whose origin is suggested by the averaging principle. We also show that the return times form an optimal embedding to characterize the system dynamics. We show that the power spectral density of a suitable interference signal, arising from a ring of Bose–Einstein condensates and described by the DNLSE, has a single prominent peak at the breather-like relative equilibria.
Developing a kinetic leaching model for solidified/stabilized hazardous wastes

Abstract Leaching mechanisms in the pozzolanic-based solid matrix are controlled by the free hydrogen ions available in the leachant. Alkalinity leached is the consequence of the penetration of hydrogen ions. Hydrogen ions diffuse into the solid matrix an neutralize the alkalinity provided by the binder in the leach front. pH decreases after the acid neutralization (buffer) capacity is consumed. The metals precipitated previously in high-pH environment are dissolved again and diffuse outward into the leachant. A friable, silica-rich leached layer has been formed and moves deeper into the solid matrix with time. At early stages of leaching, an “unsteady diffusion with fast chemical reaction” model can be used to predict the acid penetration in the pozzolanic-based paste.
Map accuracy and location expression in transportation – reality and prospects

We were contracted to test a suite of proposed location messaging standards for the intelligent transportation systems (ITS) industry. We studied six different databases for the County of Santa Barbara, documented types and magnitudes of error, and examined the likely success of the proposed standards. This paper synthesizes the test results and identifies caveats for the user community as well as challenges to academia. We conclude that, first, current messaging proposals are inadequate, and superior methods are required to convey both location and a measure of confidence to the recipient. Second, there is a need to develop methods to correct map data geometrically, so that location is more accurately captured, stored and communicated, particularly in mission critical applications such as emergency servicing. To address this, we have developed methods for comparing maps and adjusting them in real time. Third, there must be standards for centerline map accuracy, that reflect the data models and functions associated with transportation.
Statistical Significance with Comments by Editors of Marketing Journals: The Historical Growth of Statistical Significance Testing in Psychology—and its Future Prospects

The historical growth in the popularity of statistical significance testing is examined using a random sample of annual data from 12 American Psychological Association (APA) journals. The results replicate and extend the findings of Hubbard, Parsa, and Luthy, who used data from only the Journal of Applied Psychology. The results also confirm Gigerenzer and Murray’s allegation that an inference revolution occurred in psychology between 1940 and 1955. An assessment of the future prospects for statistical significance testing is offered. It is concluded that replication with extension research, and its connections with meta-analysis, is a better vehicle for developing a cumulative knowledge base in the discipline than statistical significance testing. It is conceded, however, that statistical significance testing is likely here to stay.
Adherence to Mediterranean diet and anthropometric and metabolic parameters in an observational study in the 'Alto Molise' region: the MOLI-SAL project.

Background and aims: The Mediterranean diet is reportedly a healthy eating pat- tern with protective effects on chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to assess the rela- tionship between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and anthropometric and metabolic variables in a rural setting in southern Italy, in the context of a health screening initiative. Methods and results: Five hundred and twenty-two healthy participants from the ''Alto Molise'' region in southern Italy were studied. Blood pressure, glucose, and total cholesterol were measured using automatic devices. Food intake was evaluated with a semi-quantitative food- frequency questionnaire, and the Mediterranean adequacy index (MAI) was calculated. The me- dian value of MAI in the population studied was 3.0 (1.5e5.4) in men and 2.4 (1.2e5.1) in women. In women, the stronger contributors to MAI were dairy products (42.5%), sweets (29.3%) and meat (19.4%), while in men they were cereals (39.1%), meat (18.6%), dairy products (16.9%) and sweets (16.1%). In multiple linear regression analysis MAI was positively associated with age in both sexes (P Z 0.0044 in men and P Z 0.0054 in women) and with systolic blood pressure in women (P Z 0.012). After stratification of women by age, systolic blood pressure was significantly associ- ated with MAI only in older persons (P Z 0.040) but not at younger ages (interaction effect P < 0.0001).
Photodiode scintillation detector for radiac instrumentation

Abstract Scintillation detectors have traditionally employed photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), with the attendant drawback of relatively high cost and need for a high voltage supply. This article reviews evaluation of a photodiode type scintillation detector, which exhibits promising features (small size and low power) for radiation survey meter application. Gamma radiation response characteristics, both for pulse and dc-mode of detector operation are presented, along with an example of a simple, high-range digital radiacmeter (breadboard design), utilizing this photodiode scintillation detector in conjunction with a single-chip A/D converter/LCD display driver and featuring low power demand (15 mW).
The biology of estrogen-mediated repair of cardiovascular injury

Women appear to be protected from cardiovascular disease until the onset of menopause. Considerable evidence supports the atheroprotective effects of endogenous and supplemental estrogens. The beneficial effects of estrogens on lipid metabolism cannot wholly explain this phenomenon. Accumulating data suggest that estrogen may act at the cellular and molecular level to influence atherogenesis. The purpose of this review is to examine lipid-independent mechanisms of estrogen-mediated atheroprotection after cardiovascular injury.
Butteroil Emulsification with Milk-Derived Membrane and Protein Fractions

Butteroil was emulsified by homogenization or ultrasound dispersal into aqueous phases containing milk lipid globule membrane, or combinations of membrane with lipid globule-derived and milk serum proteins. Stable emulsions containing about 50 mg protein/g butteroil were produced with all combinations. Protein composition of emulsions closely reflected protein composition of starting materials. Emulsions of equal stability, and with churn times equivalent to that of cream, were obtained with unprocessed butteroil and with a cholesterol-reduced butteroil produced by steam-stripping. Electron microscopic examination of fixed material showed that emulsions produced with all formulations predominantly were of the water-in-oil type, and not the oil-in-water type typical of milk lipid globules.
Testing the direct-access model: GOD does not prime DOG.

In three repetition priming experiments that employed identical (e.g., DOG-DOG) and reversed repetitions (e.g., GOD-DOG), it was found that relative to controls (e.g., DOG-DOG), GOD-type words did not prime DOG-type words. Also, neither DUT-type nor TUD-type nonwords primed DUT-type nonwords. In Experiments 1 and 2, these results occurred using both long- and short-term repetition priming conditions, respectively. In Experiment 3, the word results held under conditions of short-term priming coupled with stimulus misorientation. However, the nonword results resembled the word results (i.e., identical but not reversed repetitions primed nonwords). The failure to provide explicit evidence for direct visual access (e.g., GOD does not prime DOG while DOG does) irrespective of other sources of lexical activation supports theories of word recognition that postulate multiple and varied lexical representations that are activated through a matrix of connections.
Solvent extraction of 18F as tetraphenylstibonium fluoride

Abstract A rapid separation procedure has been developed for producing carrier-free 18F. After neutron irradiation of Li2CO3, the sample is dissolved in H2SO4, and 18F extracted into CCl4 as tetraphenylstibonium fluoride, which is back extracted into dilute base. This procedure gives > 80 per cent recovery of 18F from a 20 g Li2CO3 target in 30 min. The variation of distribution ratio with pH, tetraphenylstibonium, fluoride and salt concentration has been studied. A pronounced maximum at about pH 3 is observed.
Role for Putative Hepatocellular Carcinoma Stem Cell Subpopulations in Biological Response to Incomplete Thermal Ablation: In Vitro and In Vivo Pilot Study

Purpose To investigate the potential role for CD44+ and CD90+ hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cellular subpopulations in biological response to thermal ablation-induced heat stress.
Personalized Medicine for Patients with Advanced Cancer in the Phase I Program at MD Anderson: Validation and Landmark Analyses

The purpose of this study was to confirm our previous results that targeted agents matched with tumor molecular alterations were associated with improved outcomes compared to non-matched therapy in patients with advanced cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Outcomes of patients who were referred for treatment on phase I clinical trials at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center from 3/2011 to 1/2012 were compared between those who had received targeted therapy and those for whom no targeted therapy was available. Two-month landmark analyses for overall and progression-free survival (PFS) combining previously published and validation cohort patient data were performed. RESULTS: In patients with 1 alteration, matched therapy (n=143) compared with treatment without matching (n=236) was associated with a higher objective response rate (12% vs. 5%; P<0.0001), longer PFS (median, 3.9 vs. 2.2 months; P=0.001), and longer survival (median, 11.4 vs. 8.6 months; P=0.04). In multivariate analysis, matched therapy was an independent factor predicting response (P<0.015) and PFS (P<0.004). Two-month landmark analyses in the matched therapy group demonstrated that the median survival of responders was 30.5 months compared to 11.3 months for non-responders (P=0.01); and the median PFS was 38.7 months compared to 5.9 months, respectively (P<0.0001). The respective values in the non-matched therapy group were 9.8 and 9.4 months (P=0.46) and 8.5 and 4.2 months (P=0.18). CONCLUSION: This validation analysis confirms our previous observations. In the matched therapy group, 2-month landmark analyses demonstrated that responders have longer survival and PFS than non-responders.
El Niño events recorded by stalagmite carbon isotopes.

The El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) system is a prominent component of interannual climate variability, and the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) is a primary measure of the state of the ENSO system ([1][1]). Here, we present evidence that ENSO-related changes in the terrestrial carbon cycle can
Application of averaging method for integro-differential equations to model reference adaptive control of parabolic systems

Abstract An averaging theorem for integro-differential equations is applied to the convergence analysis of controller parameters of a model reference adaptive control algorithm for a class of parabolic partial differential equations with constant coefficients. The stability of an adaptive control algorithm is proven as well.
Alcohol withdrawal and magnesium deficiency in mice

DBA/2J mice exposed to chronic alcohol (ethanol) intoxication were found to have lower whole brain magnesium (Mg) concentrations than control animals. The symptoms of alcohol withdrawal were found to be strikingly similar to those seen in Mg deficient mice exposed to a low Mg diet without alcohol exposure. These findings suggest that CNS Mg deficits produced by alcohol exposure could contribute to the observed alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Serum Mg concentrations were also determined, and low correlations (less than or equal to 0.3) were found with brain Mg concentrations.
Hemodynamic deterioration in chronic venous disease

Clinical deterioration of patients with chronic venous disease (CVD) has been well described and a standardized classification has been proposed. The progressive hemodynamic deterioration producing these clinical findings is less well appreciated. This study examines and correlates venous hemodynamics with clinical severity in patients with CVD. Two hundred seventy-four extremities from 149 patients with varying degrees of CVD and 56 extremities from 28 symptom-free volunteers were evaluated clinically and hemodynamically. Each limb was assessed for functional venous volume, degree of valvular insufficiency, efficiency of the calf muscle pump, and noninvasive estimate of ambulatory venous pressure. In addition, exercise venous pressures were recorded in 56 extremities from 36 patients and 9 extremities from 6 volunteers. As CVD progresses from class 0 to class 2, venous volume expands, valvular function deteriorates, the calf muscle pump becomes inefficient, and ambulatory venous hypertension develops. However, once extremities develop brawny edema or hyperpigmentation, further deterioration of limb hemodynamics does not occur. Patients with deep venous obstruction have more severe valvular insufficiency, calf muscle pump dysfunction, and ambulatory venous hypertension than have patients without evidence of obstruction. Residual volume fraction offers a reliable noninvasive estimate of ambulatory venous pressure (r = 0.76), although its correlation was significantly better for patients without venous obstruction (r = 0.86) than for those with obstruction (r = 0.40; p < 0.05). Deterioration in venous hemodynamics parallels clinical severity through class 2. Once brawny edema and hyperpigmentation occur, ulceration develops without additional deterioration of venous hemodynamics.
Effects of cellulase and xylanase enzymes on the deconstruction of solids from pretreatment of poplar by leading technologies

Comparative data is presented on glucose and xylose release for enzymatic hydrolysis of solids produced by pretreatment of poplar wood by ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX), ammonia recycled percolation (ARP), controlled pH, dilute acid, flowthrough (FT), lime, and sulfur dioxide (SO(2)) technologies. Sugar solubilization was measured for times of up to 72 h using cellulase supplemented with beta-glucosidase at an activity ratio of 1:2, respectively, at combined protein mass loadings of 5.8-116 mg/g of glucan in poplar wood prior to pretreatment. In addition, the enzyme cocktail was augmented with up to 11.0 g of xylanase protein per gram of cellulase protein at combined cellulase and beta-glucosidase mass loadings of 14.5 and 29.0 mg protein (about 7.5 and 15 FPU, respectively)/g of original potential glucose to evaluate cellulase-xylanase interactions. All pretreated poplar solids required high protein loadings to realize good sugar yields via enzymatic hydrolysis, and performance tended to be better for low pH pretreatments by dilute sulfuric acid and sulfur dioxide, possibly due to higher xylose removal. Glucose release increased nearly linearly with residual xylose removal by enzymes for all pretreatments, xylanase leverage on glucan removal decreased at high cellulase loadings. Washing the solids improved digestion for all pretreatments and was particularly beneficial for controlled pH pretreatment. Furthermore, incubation of pretreated solids with BSA, Tween 20, or PEG6000 prior to adding enzymes enhanced yields, but the effectiveness of these additives varied with the type of pretreatment.
Possible mechanisms for the inhibition of photosynthesis by ozone

Tropospheric ozone produced by industrial civilization is widespread. Although the levels are not clearly life threatening, they do have the potential to inhibit normal plant productivity, thought to be by an inhibition of photosynthesis. While the mechanism for this inhibition is not yet clear, there are several hypotheses for its cause. It is unlikely that ozone can penetrate the cell membrane unreacted; therefore, reactions at the plasma membrane either causing general ionic and metabolic disturbance within the cell or causing the production of unidentified toxic products must ultimately produce the alterations within the chloroplasts. While model systems, such as individual biochemicals, isolated chloroplasts, and algae, can give some understanding of possible reactions, they cannot provide the full story. One continuing controversy revolves about the role of stomata in the inhibition process-they play an important role, but the full interaction between stomatal closure and inhibition of photosynthesis has not yet emerged. In order to reach a political compromise on air quality standards, we need to have a good understanding of the fundamental mechanisms by which ozone causes any decline in plant productivity.
Molecular diffusive scaling laws in pressure-driven microfluidic channels: deviation from one-dimensional Einstein approximations

This study presents a theoretical analysis of the scaling laws for analyte diffusion in a microfluidic chemical analysis device, the T-sensor. Because the flow is pressure-driven, the velocity profile is non-uniform, inducing a distribution in residence time among analyte molecules. Solutions for concentration distribution are given from the device inlet to a downstream distance where variations in the scaling law become negligible. All data were generated using a custom two-dimensional model that describes convection and diffusion in a system of two fluids running side-by-side in a duct. These results deviate substantially from those expected by simpler calculations, including a one-dimensional model. This study lends a better understanding of the transport of analytes diffusing in microchannels and provides a means for determining whether the complicated effects need to be considered in device design and operation.
Caching the writeback policies in parallel file systems

Abstract Improvements in the processing speed of multiprocessors are outpacing improvements in the speed of disk hardware. Parallel disk I/O subsystems have been proposed as one way to close the gap between processor and disk speeds. Such parallel disk systems require parallel file system software to avoid performance-limiting bottlenecks. We discuss cache management techniques that can be used in a parallel file system implementation for multiprocessors with scientific workloads. We examine several write-back policies, and give results of experiments that test their performance.
PTSD and obesity in the Detroit neighborhood health study

Abstract Objective Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been associated with adverse health consequences, including overweight, obesity and cardiovascular disease. African Americans, particularly women, have among the highest rates of overweight and obesity in the U.S. compared to other racial groups. High rates of violence exposure in urban African Americans may lead to the development of PTSD and increase risk for overweight and obesity. The current study investigated the comorbidity of lifetime PTSD and overweight/obesity in a population-based African American, urban sample. Method Data were from 463 African American male and female participants of the Detroit Neighborhood Health Study. Multivariable logistic regression models estimated the impact of lifetime PTSD on risk for overweight and obesity. Results The prevalence of obesity was significantly higher among women (60.9%) than men (33.1%; P Conclusions PTSD was associated with obesity, after controlling for confounding variables, among African American women. Results underscore the contribution of PTSD to obesity among African American women and the importance of addressing the physical health correlates of women with PTSD.
Stokes--Anti-Stokes Gain Suppression In The Transient Regime

Analytic and numerical solutions are presented of the equations describing the propagation of several pulses of different frequencies through a Raman medium. The transient case is treated, and the analysis includes Stokes, pump, and anti-Stokes frequency components. An analytic solution is found that describes the phenomenon of gain suppression in the case of perfect phase matching, Ak=0. For nonzero values of Ak, numerical solutions show that the transient gain coefficient follows a scaling rule analogous to the result known from the steady-state limit. Stokes amplification is suppressed for Ak=0 but reappears rapidly in the transient case as phase matching is lost.
Metacognition of agency across the lifespan

Metacognitions of agency were investigated using a computer task in which X's and O's streamed from the top of a computer screen, and the participants moved the mouse to get the cursor to touch the X's and avoid the O's. After each 15 s trial, participants made judgments of agency and judgments of performance. Objective control was either undis- torted, or distorted by (1) Turbulence (i.e., random noise), (2) a Lag between the mouse and cursor movements (of 250 or 500 ms), or (3) 'Magic,' (i.e., an increased radius around the X's for which credit was given). In Experiment 1, college students' judgments of agency showed that they were sensitive to all three manipulations. They also indicated that they felt more in control in the Lag conditions, where there was a rule on which they could potentially capitalize, than in the matched Turbulence conditions. In Experiment 2, older adults were also sensitive to all three manipulations, but less so than the college students. They were not sensitive to the difference between the Lag and Turbulence manipulations. Finally, in Experiment 3, 8-10 year-old children were sensitive to their loss of control equally in the Lag and Turbulence conditions. However, when performance was artificially improved, in the Magic condition, children took full credit and showed no evidence that they realized that the results were due to an external variable. Together, these findings suggest that people's metacognition of agency changes in important ways across the lifespan.
Diagnostic yield of cerebral angiography in patients with computed tomography-negative, lumbar puncture-positive subarachnoid hemorrhage

Background Cerebral angiography is generally recommended in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) by positive lumbar puncture (LP) but negative findings on computed tomography (CT). Existing data on the yield of angiography in these patients are very limited. Objective To retrospectively assess the diagnostic yield of cerebral angiography in patients with CT-/LP+ SAH and to determine the clinical and laboratory predictors of a vascular abnormality on angiography. Methods A total of 35 patients with CT-/LP+ SAH underwent cerebral angiography at our institution between 2008 and 2011. Patient clinical characteristics and LP findings were entered into a multivariate logistic regression analysis to identify predictors of vascular abnormalities. Results Twenty-five patients (71.4%) were female and 10 (28.6%) were male, with a mean age of 53 years. Twenty-six patients (74.3%) had cerebrospinal fluid xanthochromia. Sixteen patients (45.7%) were found to have an aneurysm on cerebral angiography. The median CSF red blood cell count of both the first (7790/mm(3) vs 4700/mm(3)), and last collection tubes (6800/mm(3) vs 3219/mm(3)) were higher in patients with cerebral aneurysms vs those without aneurysms (P = .3). On multivariate analysis, there were no clinical or laboratory parameters that predicted the presence of aneurysm on cerebral angiography. Conclusion The diagnostic yield of cerebral angiography is high (45.7%) in patients with CT-/LP+ SAH. Higher red blood cell counts were noted in patients with cerebral aneurysms but no clinical or laboratory parameter can reliably predict the presence of a vascular anomaly. Thus, it is reasonable to perform cerebral angiography in all patients with CT-/LP+ SAH.