cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Risk-based Decision Making Definition: A Scoping Review of Food, Agricultural, Environmental, and Medical Literature

Risk-based decision making (RBDM) is a term that is used frequently as an aspirational goal in many fields, including health, engineering, environmental science, regulatory and, more recently, food safety. When RBDM is used in the literature, many different types of criteria are used to characterize a decision process as being "risk-based." Like the parable about the blind men and the elephant, everyone is confident they know what RBDM means even though there is no universal definition. The use of RBDM is gaining wide acceptance and implies a level of rigor and focus that many decisionmakers and stakeholders are interested in adopting. However, without one clear definition, there are questions about what a RBDM approach really means. This study summarizes peer-reviewed and gray literature that uses the term "RBDM" from the last 50 years in the agricultural, environmental, and medical areas. The criteria discussed were identified and organized into themes. A foundational definition is proposed to represent the most fundamental use of RBDM in the literature, and three themes covering the additional concepts presented in some of the literature were identified and added as themes within the definition. Results from this research will inform practitioners interested in following the principles of RBDM, and will help guide researchers who are interested in advancing this approach. The most immediate use will be to guide the development of a roadmap for a risk-based food safety system for low- and middle-income countries and to aid the global food safety community in moving toward RBDM.
Polynomial GCD’s Interpolation Algorithms

We now use the interpolation algorithms of Chapters 13 and 14 to compute the GCD of two polynomials. This is the first of the modern algorithms that we discuss. Although the principles behind the sparse polynomial GCD algorithm are quite simple, the final algorithm is more complex than any discussed thus far.
The Identification of the Initial-Stage Sintering Mechanism: A New Approach

In the preceding paper we have provided a relationship between neck size and surface area reduction based on the morphological changes accompanying the initial stage sintering of monosized spheres. It was shown that such a relation is dependent on both mechanism and particle coordination (powder packing fraction) in the following manner: $$\frac{{\Delta S}} {{S_0 }} = K\left( {Bt} \right)^{\frac{m} {N}} \left( {\frac{{\Delta S}} {{S_0 }} \leqslant 0.5} \right)$$ (1) Here ΔS/SO is the normalized specific surface area reduction; t is the isothermal sintering time; B is a constant containing material properties, particle size, and temperature; and K, m, and N are constants for a given set of conditions dictated by the controlling mechanism. From theoretical models, N is expected to have a characteristic value for each mass transport mechanism. Examination of Eq. 1 reveals that a log (ΔS/SO) versus log t plot will show a characteristic inverse slope of N/m if a single mechanism is operative. Since m can be determined from simple compact density determinations,1 calculation of N is straightforward. Thus, ΔS/SO has the same fundamental role in sintering kinetics as neck size data, without the inherent errors associated with measurements of the latter parameter.2–4
Fatigue Crack Growth in Dual Hardness Steel Armor

Crack growth tests under cyclic loading conditions were conducted on samples from different lots of dual hardness steel (DHS) armor. The results showed that the growth rate increased with stress level, and the cracks grewat a different rate in the frontal and backup layers of the armor. This difference in growth rate became progressively greater with increases in the stress level. The crack growth rate also increased with reductions in the frequency of loading and temperature increases over the range of-60 to +200°F. Attempts are made to explain the crack growth behavior of the composite in terms of the behavior of each component. The growth rates in the composite are related to the stress intensity factor, ΔK, calculated from the surface crack length assuming that there was no interaction between the layers and the displacement in each layer was the same on the crack line. The latter procedure yielded better results and suggested that the interface plays an important role in retarding crack growth in the frontal layer of DHS.
Minimizing switching losses in high switching frequency GaN-based synchronous buck converter with zero-voltage resonant-transition switching

GaN power switching devices are promising candidates for high switching frequency and high efficiency operations due to their lower on-resistance and faster switching capabilities compared to conventional silicon power devices. As the switching frequency increases up to the MHz-level, soft switching plays an important role to further minimize the switching losses and improve the efficiency. In this paper, a GaN-based synchronous buck converter operating with zero-voltage resonant-transition (ZVRT) switching in synchronous conduction mode is proposed. The ZVRT switching converter offers a favorable trade-off between switching and conduction losses especially in GaN-based DC-DC converters. The efficiency of the ZVRT switching converter providing 20 W output power from 28 V input voltage improves up to 7% at 3 MHz switching frequency.
Service Utilization and Psychiatric Diagnosis in Pediatric Primary Care: The Role of the Gatekeeper

Levels of morbidity in 789 children 7 to 11 years of age attending two primary care pediatric clinics in a health maintenance organization were examined in relation to psychiatric disturbance. Physical morbidity was measured as mean number of illness episodes per year enrolled, based on the child's medical record. Two measures of psychiatric disturbance were compared: the pediatricians' judgment and a detailed assessment using standard psychiatric interviews with parent and child. Children identified by pediatricians as disturbed had more than twice as many physical illness episodes as nonidentified children. Children identified by the standard psychiatric assessment had the same number of physical illness episodes as nondisturbed children. Pediatricians showed high specificity but low sensitivity to mental illness. Their sensitivity in the high user group was double that in the low user group. These results suggest that (1) the association between mental illness and high use may be, in part, the result of the confounding factor of physicians' judgment; (2) in settings where primary care practitioners serve as "gatekeepers" to mental health services, the offset effect of lower medical service use following psychiatric treatment may be partially explained by this; (3) the source of referral must be taken into account when assessing the offset effect in other settings.
Autonomia da arte: notas de estética

Este artigo discute as implicacoes da autonomia da arte a partir dos conceitos que historicamente associaram o valor de sua experiencia aos conteudos de verdade, moral ou prazer, produzindo, assim, o que poderia ser sinalizado como uma relacao de sujeicao ou heteronomia. Por outro lado, o problema da autonomia esta posto em toda a sua complexidade, na medida em que a liberdade da criacao artistica e projetada numa esfera de cultismo e pureza, destacada dos valores constitutivos dos regimes de historicidade. Nesse sentido, busca-se compreender o desejo de independencia da representacao artistica como aquilo que e mais caracteristico da experiencia estetica. Palavras-chave: Autonomia da arte. Estetica. Sublime. Autonomy of art: aesthetics notes Abstract The article discusses the implications of the art autonomy within the concepts that historically associated the value of its experience to contents of moral, truth or pleasure, producing, this way, what could be appointed asa relationship of subjection or heteronomy. On the other hand, the problem of autonomy is put in its entire complexity to the extent that the freedom of artistic creation is designed in a sphere of cultism and purity, distinguished from the constituent values of the historicity regimes. Accordingly, we seek to understand the desire of independence of artistic representation as whatis most characteristic of an aesthetic experience. Keywords: Artistic autonomy. Esthetics. Sublime.
Psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition

Reciprocal inhibition is a process of relearning whereby in the presence of a stimulus a non-anxiety-producing response is continually repeated until it extinguishes the old, undesirable response. A variety of the techniques based on reciprocal inhibition, such as systematic desensitization, avoidance conditioning, and the use of assertion, are described in detail. Behavior therapy techniques evaluated on the basis of their clinical efficacy are found to have striking success over traditional psychoanalytic methods. Currently, more comparative studies are required which will validate the merit of behavior therapy in the psychotherapeutic field while experimental research should continue to refine the techniques.
High Performance Simulation of Thermal Convection Using Quasi-particle Approach

Despite its simplicity, the new model allows to obtain convection patterns easily. Among possible future changes the usage of granular dynamics with contact interactions and improved model for changing of particle properties due to the interactions with neighbours, seem to be most promising.
Provenance for the cloud

The cloud is poised to become the next computing environment for both data storage and computation due to its pay-as-you-go and provision-as-you-go models. Cloud storage is already being used to back up desktop user data, host shared scientific data, store web application data, and to serve web pages. Today's cloud stores, however, are missing an important ingredient: provenance.Provenance is metadata that describes the history of an object. We make the case that provenance is crucial for data stored on the cloud and identify the properties of provenance that enable its utility. We then examine current cloud offerings and design and implement three protocols for maintaining data/provenance in current cloud stores. The protocols represent different points in the design space and satisfy different subsets of the provenance properties. Our evaluation indicates that the overheads of all three protocols are comparable to each other and reasonable in absolute terms. Thus, one can select a protocol based upon the properties it provides without sacrificing performance. While it is feasible to provide provenance as a layer on top of today's cloud offerings, we conclude by presenting the case for incorporating provenance as a core cloud feature, discussing the issues in doing so.
TFTR neutral beam bellows redesign and calorimeter upgrade

The TFTR (Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor) has experienced calorimeter bellows failures at lower duty cycles than anticipated. The history of the problems, and the analysis and testing that went into the solution of the problems within present design constraints are described. Guidelines for future bellows designs of this type and application (long stroke and vertical operation) are presented. Improvements incorporated in the other components associated with the calorimeter assembly are also described. >
Genome-wide consequences of deleting any single gene

Loss or duplication of chromosome segments can lead to further genomic changes associated with cancer. However, it is not known whether only a select subset of genes is responsible for driving further changes. To determine whether perturbation of any given gene in a genome suffices to drive subsequent genetic changes, we analyzed the yeast knockout collection for secondary mutations of functional consequence. Unlike wild-type, most gene knockout strains were found to have one additional mutant gene affecting nutrient responses and/or heat-stress-induced cell death. Moreover, independent knockouts of the same gene often evolved mutations in the same secondary gene. Genome sequencing identified acquired mutations in several human tumor suppressor homologs. Thus, mutation of any single gene may cause a genomic imbalance, with consequences sufficient to drive adaptive genetic changes. This complicates genetic analyses but is a logical consequence of losing a functional unit originally acquired under pressure during evolution.
Portal vein thrombus after pediatric proctocolectomy with ileoanal anastomosis

In adults, mesenteric venous thrombosis with extension into the portal system is a known complication of total proctocolectomy with pouch ileoanal anastomosis. Although frequently reported in adults, this complication is rare in pediatric patients undergoing this operation. We report 2 cases of adolescent patients with ulcerative colitis who experienced portal vein thrombosis after this procedure. Both were treated with systemic anticoagulation therapy with complete resolution of their clots. We recommend that mesenteric/portal venous thrombosis be considered in the differential diagnosis in any child presenting with fever, abdominal pain, and leukocytosis after restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch anastomosis and that imaging obtained to evaluate abdominal complaints in this population be directed toward ruling out this complication.
Variational principles for natural divergence-free tensors in metric field theories

Abstract Let T a b = T b a = 0 be a system of differential equations for the components of a metric tensor on R m . Suppose that T a b transforms tensorially under the action of the diffeomorphism group on metrics and that the covariant divergence of T a b vanishes. We then prove that T a b = E a b ( L ) is the Euler–Lagrange expression of some Lagrangian density L provided that T a b is of third order. Our result extends the classical works of Cartan, Weyl, Vermeil, Lovelock, and Takens on identifying field equations for the metric tensor with the symmetries and conservation laws of the Einstein equations.
An Unusual Manifestation of Tako-tsubo Cardiomyopathy

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy typically presents with chest pain, ST changes, and transient left ventricular apical ballooning in the absence of epicardial coronary artery disease. This process is reversible and usually benign. An unusual manifestation is that of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction with systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve. Recognition of this finding is critical in patient management especially in the setting of cardiogenic shock, as inotropes are likely to aggravate and worsen the clinical condition. We provide a systematic review and an illustrative case and discuss treatment strategies.
Genetic analysis of developmental mechanisms in Drosophila.

The fruit fly Drosophila is being increasingly used in embryological experiments. Because of its well known genetics, and the ease with which the larvae can be manipulated in a variety of ways, it provides an ideal system for following such processes as cellular determination during differentiation, and cloning in morphogenesis.
Automatic exploitation of dual level parallelism on a network of multiprocessors

We describe a software environment for high performance distributed computing on a network of multiprocessor workstations. In designing this environment, we have used a problem oriented approach as opposed to the traditional algorithm oriented approach. This paradigm shift enables us to generate efficient programs automatically for a well defined class of problems. Thus, our system frees the users from the esoteric tasks of algorithm design and implementation. An important feature of our system is its ability to handle the large variation in granularity-we call this dual level parallelism-in a hybrid processing environment. This feature is the key to the superior efficiency delivered by the system. We give preliminary results from a case study in which our system is used to generate programs automatically for a scientific application, with a network of multiprocessors as the target platform.
Reconstructing Scientific Realism to Rebut the Pessimistic Meta‐induction*

This paper develops a stronger version of ‘inference‐to‐the‐best explanation’ scientific realism. I argue against three standard assumptions of current realists: (1) realism is confirmed if it provides the best explanation of theories’ predictive success; (2) the realist claim that successful theories are always approximately true provides the best explanation of their success; and (3) realists are committed to giving the same sort of truth‐based explanation of superseded theories’ success that they give to explain our best current theories’ success. On the positive side, I argue that (1) the confirmation of realism requires explaining theories’ explanatory success, not just their predictive success; (2) in turn this task requires a richer realist model of explanation that brings into the explanans both (a) successful theories’ epistemic virtues (e.g., unification and simplicity) and (b) the standards governing these virtues, as well as truth; (3) this richer realist model is further confirmed because it ...
The Application of Lie algebra techniques to beam transport design

Using a final focus system for high-energy linear colliders as an example of a beam transport system, we illustrate for each element, and for the interplay of elements, the connection of Lie algebra techniques with usual optical analysis methods. Our analysis describes, through fourth order, the calculation and compensation of all important aberrations.
Duetting, Pair Bonding and Agonistic Display in Parakeet Pairs

I tested two models (pair bonding; coyness) of the relationship between duetting and pair bonding with behavioral and vocal data from captive canary-winged parakeet (Brotogeris v. versicolurus) mates before and after their pair formations. In all pair formations, pair establishment preceded or occurred simultaneously with well-coordinated, species-typical duets. There was no evidence of duet practise before pair initiation or improvement in duets during pair integration. Both models lead to the prediction that new pairs should duet more frequently early in their pairing compared to later. But duetting rates did not exhibit a peak early in the pair relationships. New pair duet rates increased relatively late (third to fourth week after pairing) in the pair history and did not show a decline over time. Affiliative interactions did not peak at the same time as duetting, as predicted by the pair-bonding model, nor did affiliative acts peak after a peak in duetting, as in the coyness model. Duetting rates of new pairs were not significantly different from those of older pairs. Thus, although duetting is a cooperative, intrapair interaction, there is no evidence that it promotes pair bonding in canary-winged parakeets. A significant, positive correlation was found between duets and agonistic acts against others. The pair formation data and this correlation between duetting and agonism against others suggest that there has been selection for rapid acquisition of duetting ability with a new partner. If parakeet pairs spent prolonged periods learning their duets, they could lose status within the group and the ability to present a coordinated, united front in the competition for resources. This may have been the selection pressure that led pairing in canary-winged parakeets to be accomplished without recourse to coy behavioral or vocal strategies.
A short and efficient enantioselective route to a key intermediate for the total synthesis of forskolin

A simple route for the enantioselective synthesis of key intermediates (11 and 12) for the total synthesis of forskolin has been developed starting from acid 6 and (S)-alcohol 5. The latter is prepared by enantioselective catalytic CBS reduction of dienone 3, and is converted by an intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction to tricyclic lactone 9.
Diffraction from a surface with incommensurate domain walls

Abstract The distribution of domain walls in a reconstructed surface with an arbitrary amount of incommensurability is described by Markovian disorder. The angular distribution of the diffraction intensity is obtained exactly in closed-form in the kinematic approximation. The Bragg peak position and the half width exhibit an unusual characteristic of oscillating and twisting about the reciprocal “rods” in reciprocal space. As a special case of small momentum transfer perpendicular to the surface, this theory successfully describes the recent glancing-incidence X-ray diffraction experiment from a reconstructed Au(110) surface by I.K. Robinson
Nation of Origin, Gender, and Neighborhood Differences in Past-Year Substance Use among Hispanics and Non-Hispanic Whites

This analysis of the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA) focuses on correlates of substance use among Hispanic groups. Using 1994-B and 1996 NHSDA surveys (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [USDHHS], 1996, 1998), these analyses use sampling areas to control for intracluster correlation and its subsequent effect on empirical conclusions. Models are specified for alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, cocaine, and any illicit drug, controlling for national origin, gender, age, socioeconomic status, language, and family structure. Results indicate that models failing to account for intracluster correlation may lead to erroneous ethnic contrasts of substance use. Also, substance use varies widely by national origin—and Hispanic men and women have highly divergent patterns of use, more so than non-Hispanic White men and women. Finally, controlling for neighborhood does not wholly diminish ethnic contrasts in substance use.
Effect of isoxsuprine on secretion of pulmonary phospholipids in fetal rabbits.

Corbet, A. J. S., Flax, P., Alston, C., and Rudolph, A. J. (1979). Aust. Paediatr. J., 15, 7–9. Effect of isoxsuprine on secretion of pulmonary phospholipids in fetal rabbits. Isoxsuprine, a beta-adrenergic agonist, was injected in fetal rabbits of 26.5 days gestation, and 2.5 hours later the lungs were lavaged and the fluid analysed for total phospholipids. A significantly greater return than in saline injected controls suggested that secretion of pulmonary phospholipids may be stimulated by isoxsuprine.
Segmentation of coronary arteriograms by iterative ternary classification

A segmentation algorithm for extracting arterial structures in coronary angiograms is presented. The algorithm mimics the process of interactive interpretation in human vision by iteratively implementing a ternary classification and learning process. Two gray-scale thresholds are computed to define three pixel classes: artery, background, and undecided. Then, two new thresholds for undecided pixels are computed using statistics conditioned by the current classification. The threshold adaptation is governed by a learning algorithm based on the line and consistency measurements around each pixel. The process converges and results in a binary image. The performance of this algorithm on human coronary arteriograms was compared qualitatively to that of a relaxation algorithm and of a scattering-based algorithm. Quantitative comparison was also made possible with computer generated images, which were obtained with the help of a model of the imaging chain and a process of interactive visualization of the modeled data. The iterative ternary classifier showed the best performance over a broad range of image quality. The study also demonstrated the use of visualization and user interaction in model building and algorithm development. >
Ultrastructure of Methanosarcina mazei

Summary Thin and semi-thin sections and freeze fracture replicas of unfixed, propane jet frozen cells of the methanogenic bacterium Methanosarcina mazei were examined in normal and medium-voltage (200 KV) transmission electron microscopes. A typical unit membrane surrounds the cytoplasm. Exterior to that is a single dark layer attached to the membrane by regular bridges. The “wall” is really a loose matrix of galactose derivatives polymerized into fibrils parallel to the plasma membrane. Cells 2 to 3 months old contain crystals, fibrillar inclusions, lipid-like inclusions, and cylindrical intrusions of the plasma membrane. We are calling these cylinders “exotubes”. On the cytoplasmic surface of their membrane, they are covered by regular hexagonal arrays. The plasma membrane faces of freeze fractured cells resemble those seen in other bacteria, exhibiting a protoplasmic fracture (PF) face with numerous intramembrane particles and an exoplasmic fracture (EF) face with some particle-free areas, many depressions, and only a few intramembrane particles.
Soil test interpretation

Abstract Soil test interpretation, the process of developing fertilizer application recommendations from soil test levels and other soil, crop and climatic conditions, is a commonly used but poorly understood procedure. This paper discusses the shapes of curves that represent yield response to applied nutrients and investigates the perception that the most common shape is curvilinear. A common set of data is used to compare the fertilizer recommendations made using the Mitscherlich‐Bray, yield response and plateau yield point methods of soil test interpretation.
Spectra of plages on the sun and stars. I - Ca II H and K lines. II - The H I H-alpha line

Spectra of solar plages are used to define indices of plage properties in the Ca II H and K line region. Chromospheric and photospheric emission is examined and the details of height structure are noted. It is found that: (1) all spectral lines are weakened in plages except those of H I, He I, and some ionized metals; (2) the irradiation contribution from a plage is roughly constant throughout its disk passage; and (3) plage emission distorts spectral and photometric measures of stellar gravity, metallicity, and temperature.
SPIN POLARIZATION OF THE DEUTERON

Methods of specifying the state of polarization of a particle of spin 1 are discussed. Selection rules for polarization effects in simple nuclear reactions are derived; in general four parameters are needed to describe the deuteron polarization due to such reactions. Methods of determining these parameters include the use of magnetic deflection. A rough analysis is made of the polarization of deuterons scattered by carbon.
A Life Stress Instrument for Classroom Use

Most introductory psychology textbooks describe Holmes and Ruhe's Social Readjustment Rating Scak (SRRS; 1967) instrument, which generates stress scores as life change units. Although students seem willing to entertain the possibility that stressors can affect their health, the SRRS does not include many common events that act as stressors for college students and includes many items not meaningful to most college students. This article describes an instrument intended for use in classroom demonstrations, the College Undergraduate Stress Scale (CUSS), and reports a local set of norms for a population of traditional-age college students. The CUSS is useful in teaching concepts within health psychology that are associated with stress and its cumulative effects.
Altered cortical CDC42 signaling pathways in schizophrenia: implications for dendritic spine deficits.

Background Spine density on the basilar dendrites of pyramidal neurons is lower in layer 3, but not in layers 5 and 6, in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of subjects with schizophrenia. The expression of CDC42 (cell division cycle 42), a RhoGTPase that regulates the outgrowth of the actin cytoskeleton and promotes spine formation, is also lower in schizophrenia; however, CDC42 mRNA is lower across layers 3-6, suggesting that other lamina-specific molecular alterations are critical for the spine deficits in the illness. The CDC42 effector proteins 3 and 4 (CDC42EP3, CDC42EP4) are preferentially expressed in DLPFC layers 2 and 3, and CDC42EP3 appears to assemble septin filaments in spine necks. Therefore, alterations in CDC42EP3 could contribute to the lamina-specific spine deficits in schizophrenia. Methods We measured transcript levels of CDC42, CDC42EP3, CDC42EP4; their interacting proteins (septins [SEPT2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 11], anillin), and other spine-specific proteins (spinophilin, PSD-95, and synaptopodin) in the DLPFC from 31 subjects with schizophrenia and matched normal comparison subjects. Results The expression of CDC42EP3 mRNA was significantly increased by 19.7%, and SEPT7 mRNA was significantly decreased by 6.9% in subjects with schizophrenia. Cortical levels of CDC42EP3 and SEPT7 mRNAs were not altered in monkeys chronically exposed to antipsychotic medications. Conclusions Activated CDC42 is thought to disrupt septin filaments transiently in spine necks, allowing the molecular translocations required for synaptic potentiation. Thus, altered CDC42 signaling via CDC42EP3 may perturb synaptic plasticity and contribute to the spine deficits observed in layer 3 pyramidal neurons in schizophrenia.
Very high precision absolute surface metrology gauges for building and qualifying SIM testbed intererometer compound optics

The Stellar Interferometry Mission (SIM) and particularly one of its testbeds require compound optical pieces the construction and qualification of which, in turn, require very high-precision absolute surface metrology gauges. In this paper, the details of the design, construction and performance of a triplet of interferometers capable of performing the required measurements are presented.
Spontaneous Rupture of the Pulmonary Artery

A 45-year-old man presented with the sudden onset of diaphoresis, generalized weakness, and bilaterally achy arms. Physical examination revealed cyanosis of the head, neck, and upper chest with dyspnea and hypotension. He had distant heart sounds. An upright portable chest radiograph suggested widening of the mediastinum. A right arm venogram was consistent with extrinsic obstruction of the superior vena cava. A computed axial tomography scan demonstrated blood in the pericardium and indistinct widening of the pulmonary outflow tract. Autopsy revealed three tears of the pulmonary artery above the level of valve cusps, and thinning of the artery walls suggested cystic medial necrosis. These findings are suggestive of an acute spontaneous rupture of the pulmonary artery, possibly secondary to cystic medial necrosis.
Third Party Power: Some Negative Effects of Positive Incentives

The present study simulated an organizational dispute to examine the effects of reward and coercive third party power on negotiator concessions and negotiator perceptions of the third party. The results indicated that the possibility of third party rewards inhibited negotiator concessions, and the possibility of third party punishments facilitated concessions. This effect was enhanced by negotiator limit. When negotiators had high limits, they made the fewest concessions if the third party could compensate; when negotiators had low limits, they made the greatest concessions if the third party could press. Taken together, the results suggest that negotiators sometimes use concession making as a strategy to affect third party behavior. When negotiators want third parties to provide compensation, as when they have high limits, they reduce their concession making as a way of eliciting the compensation; when they want to avoid third party behavior that is punitive, and they have low limits and room to make concessions, they hasten their concessions to reach agreement quickly and thereby stem the third party's involvement.
The Brain’s Heart – Therapeutic Opportunities for Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO) and Neurovascular Disease

Abstract Patent foramen ovale (PFO), a common congenital cardiac abnormality, is a connection between the right and left atria in the heart. As a “back door to the brain”, PFO can serve as a conduit for paradoxical embolism, allowing venous thrombi to enter the arterial circulation, avoiding filtration by the lungs, and causing ischemic stroke. PFO-related strokes affect more than 150,000 people per year in the US, and PFO is present in up to 60% of migraine patients with aura, and in one out of four normal individuals. So, in such a highly prevalent condition, what are the best treatment and prevention strategies? Emerging studies show PFO-related neurovascular disease to be a multi-organ condition with varying individual risk factors that may require individualized therapeutic approaches — opening the field for new pharmacologic and therapeutic targets. The anatomy of PFO suggests that, in addition to thrombi, it can also allow harmful circulatory factors to travel directly from the venous to the arterial circulation, a concept important in finding novel therapeutic targets for PFO-related neurovascular injury. Here, we: 1) review emerging data on PFO-related injuries and clinical trials; 2) discuss potential mechanisms of PFO-related neurovascular disease in the context of multi-organ interaction and heart-brain signaling; and 3) discuss novel therapeutic targets and research frontiers. Clinical studies and molecular mapping of the circulatory landscape of this multi-organ disease will both be necessary in order to better individualize clinical treatment for a condition affecting more than a quarter of the world's population.
Assessing the Effects of Solarization and Sodium Azide Amendments on Selected Soil Parameters, Enzyme Activities and Microbial Populations

Soil borne pathogens result in serious losses in yield of crops grown in the United States (US) and various parts of the world. One of the most effective chemicals used to control these pathogens was methyl bromide (CH3Br, MeBr), a pre-plant fumigant with a broad spectrum of activity. Sodium azide has been proposed in combination with solarization as a viable alternative to replace MeBr due to environmental concerns with respect to ozone depletion in the stratosphere and as a possible carcinogen. However, the possible impacts of sodium azide as a soil pollutant and its effect on soil biological processes have not been fully studied. In this study the effect of sodium azide used alone and in combination with solarization and mulching on selected soil enzyme activities (phosphomonoesterases, arylsulfatase and phosphodiesterase) were assessed. Responses of arylsulfatase and phosphodiesterase to solarization and mulching and azide treatment were found to be affected in the same way, suggesting a similar mode of action. Soil pH in control soils was significantly increased by azide application; however, in mulched soils, pH was decreased. The significant decrease in soil pH in mulched soils may be very important in explaining the increase in the acid phosphatase activity observed in mulched soils. Overall, solarization and sodium azide treatment significantly reduced both fungi and bacterial populations but the responses among the various treatments varied significantly.
Hepatopathy in 4 Dogs Treated with Amiodarone

Amiodarone is a class III antiarrhythmic drug used in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy and ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Hepatopathy is one of the more commonly reported adverse effects of amiodarone use in people. We describe 4 dogs that developed hepatopathy associated with amiodarone administration; 2 dogs also developed neutropenia. Three dogs had clinical signs of anorexia and lethargy; 1 did not show signs until impaired liver function had developed. Clinical signs or biochemical abnormalities developed 1.5-8 months after amiodarone treatment was started. Clinical signs resolved within 2 weeks of discontinuing amiodarone, but biochemical abnormalities did not resolve for 6-8 weeks. The delay between onset of liver disease and overt clinical signs suggests that serial evaluation of liver enzyme activities following amiodarone use in does is important.
Threshold resummation in momentum space from effective field theory.

Methods from soft-collinear effective theory are used to perform the threshold resummation of Sudakov logarithms for the deep-inelastic structure function ${F}_{2}(x,{Q}^{2})$ in the end-point region $x\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1$ directly in momentum space. An explicit all-order formula is derived, which expresses the short-distance coefficient function $C$ in the convolution ${F}_{2}=C\ensuremath{\bigotimes}{\ensuremath{\phi}}_{q}$ in terms of Wilson coefficients and anomalous dimensions defined in the effective theory. Contributions associated with the physical scales ${Q}^{2}$ and ${Q}^{2}(1\ensuremath{-}x)$ are separated from nonperturbative hadronic physics in a transparent way. A crucial ingredient to the momentum-space resummation is the exact solution to the integro-differential evolution equation for the jet function, which is derived. The methods developed in this Letter can be applied to many other hard QCD processes.
Optimization of phenolics and dietary fibre extraction from date seeds

Abstract This work was conducted to optimise extraction conditions of phenolics and dietary fibre from date seeds. The effects of solvent to sample ratio, temperature, extraction time, number of extractions and solvent type on phenolic extraction efficiency were studied. At two-stage extraction, each stage 1 h duration at 45 °C with a solvent to sample ratio of 60:1, is considered optimum. Acetone (50%), and butanone were the most efficient solvents for extraction and purification, increasing the yield and phenolic contents of seed concentrate to 18.10 and 36.26 g/100 g, respectively. The total dietary fibre of seeds (57.87 g/100 g) increased after water and acetone extractions to 83.50 and 82.17 g/100 g, respectively. Nine phenolic acids (free and liberated) were detected in seeds with p-hydroxybenzoic (9.89 mg/100 g), protocatechuic (8.84 mg/100 g), and m-coumaric (8.42 mg/100 g) acids found to be among the highest. After extraction and purification, total phenolic acid content increased significantly from 48.64 to 193.83 mg/100 g. Protocatechuic, caffeic and ferulic acids were the major phenolic acids found in the concentrates. Based on this study, we believe date seed concentrates could potentially be an inexpensive source of natural dietary fibre and antioxidants and possibly used as a functional food ingredient.
LED-transistor optical vascular measure: Calibration, replicability, and comparability to strain-gauge measures

Recently, a LED-transistor optoelectronic package (Sensor Technology 850A) has been used to measure peripheral vascular responses. This report examines the calibration and measurement replicability of this device and relates device output to flow measures derived from venous occlusion plethysmography. Measures were taken from the thumbnails of 11 male volunteers. A correlational analysis of sequential amplitude readings compared calibrated and uncalibrated values. Calibration failed to increase the sensitivity of the measures. Replicability of measurement was assessed by removing and replacing the device five times. A correlation of .87 suggested that the readings are replicable. Finally, the amplitude of the optical signal was correlated to concurrent flow measures. Only modest correlations were observed as computed across time within individuals or between individuals. The optical device does not appear to be a direct measure of flow as assessed by venous occlusion plethysmography, rather, it may be heavily influenced by the mechanical motion of the vessel wall.
Sci‐Mate: A Review

Sci‐Mate consists of two components: the Universal Online Searcher, a gateway program for accessing online databases; and the Personal Data Manager, a database management system that facilitates the design and manipulation of databases on the microcomputer. In this article, Henry Pisciotta discusses the flexibility and limitations of Sci‐Mate.
Functional MRI of language lateralization during development in children

Changes in the distribution of language function in the brain have been documented from infancy through adulthood. Even macroscopic measures of language lateralization reflect a dynamic process of language development. In this review, we summarize a series of functional MRI studies of language skills in children ages of five to 18 years, both typically-developing children and children with brain injuries or neurological disorders that occur at different developmental stages with different degrees of severity. These studies used a battery of fMRI-compatible language tasks designed to tap sentential and lexical language skills that develop early and later in childhood.In typically-developing children, lateralization changes with age are associated with language skills that have a protracted period of development, reflecting the developmental process of skill acquisition rather than general maturation of the brain. Normative data, across the developmental period, acts as a reference for disentangling develop...
Determining the factors that affect rehabilitation.

A study was made to determine whether progress in physical therapy and psychological status are related to the following factors: diagnosis, sex, age, average number of treatments per week, length of hospital stay, and aphasia. Two eight-week cross sections of data on patients with hemiplegia, paraplegia, quadriplegia, bilateral leg amputation, and hip fracture were analyzed statistically. The first cross section involved 123 patients (age range, 17 to 89) and the second cross section, 88 patients (age range, 17 to 90). Factors related to progress in physical therapy were: the average number of treatments (improved patients received more), length of hospital stay (longer for the improved patients), psychological status (better in the improved patients), and possibly age (improved patients were younger). Younger patients also had a better psychological status, and patients having a better psychological status received more treatments and had been in the hospital longer. Aphasic patients had a poorer psychological status than did those without aphasia.
Molecular beam epitaxial growth of InSb p-i-n photodetectors on GaAs and Si

High quality InSb has been grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy and optimized using Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction. A 4.8 micrometers InSb layer grown on GaAs at a growth temperature of 395 degree(s)C and a III/V incorporation ratio of 1:1.2 had an X-ray rocking curve FWHM of 158 arcsec and a Hall mobility of 92300 cm2V-1s-1 at 77 K, the best reported to date for InSb nucleated directly onto GaAs. InSb p-i-n structures of 5.8 micrometers grown under the same conditions demonstrated a X-ray Full Width at Half Maximum of 101 arcsec and 131 arcsec for GaAs and Si substrates, respectively, and exhibited excellent uniformity of +/- 3 arcsec over a 3' substrate. Prototype InSb p-i-n detectors on Si have been fabricated and have demonstrated photovoltaic response at 6.5 micrometers up to 200 K. These p-i-n detectors have also exhibited the highest D* for a device grown onto Si.
Addressing emerging infectious disease threats--accomplishments and future plans.

In 1962, Sir McFarland Burnet wrote, “One can think of the middle of the 20th century as the end of one of the most important social revolutions in history—the virtual elimination of the infectious disease as a significant factor in social life” (1). This statement is at the core of many years of neglect of infectious diseases—it represents complacency with a capital “C,” and we are now paying the price. Infectious diseases, the leading cause of death worldwide (2) and the third leading cause of death in the United States, have returned with a vengeance (3). Between 1980 and 1992, infectious disease deaths increased by 58% (39% after age adjustment); the major contributors were HIV infection and AIDS, respiratory disease (primarily pneumonia), and bloodstream infection. In 1994, the Institute of Medicine published Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States (4). This report broadly defined as emerging “new, reemerging, or drug-resistant infections whose incidence in humans has increased within the past two decades or whose incidence threatens to increase in the near future.” This report, which detailed the factors involved in emergence, reminds us that we live in a global village. Spurred on by the Institute of Medicine’s report and by outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157 (January 1993), cryptosporidiosis (April 1993), and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (May 1993), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and its partners produced a strategic plan for addressing emerging infectious diseases (5). The plan focused on increasing surveillance and response capacity; addressing applied research priorities; strengthening prevention and control programs; and repairing the public health infrastructure at local, state, regional, national, and global levels. Incremental implementation of this plan is ongoing. An update plan will be published in the fall of 1998. Addressing Emerging Infections in the United States: Implementation of CDC’s Plan
The Impact of a Field Immersion Program on Pre-Service Teachers' Attitudes toward Teaching in Culturally Diverse Classrooms.

Abstract Understanding of community, and a positive attitude toward cultural diversity are critical components in the preparation of teachers. This study sought to influence both, through on-site coursework and a long-term field placement at a culturally diverse urban elementary school. Participants were predominately single, white females from suburban communities. Questionnaire responses suggest that this immersion program improved the attitudes of these pre-service teachers. Findings support the idea that a targeted field placement, support from peers and teachers, and meaningful coursework facilitates the preparation of culturally responsive teachers—even for those with little or no prior experience in culturally diverse communities.
How private enterprises respond to government bureaucracy in emerging economies: the effects of entrepreneurial type and governance

This study examines how private enterprises in emerging economies politically respond to government bureaucracy they face. With an emphasis on two political responses, engagement and influence, we propose that private enterprises react to bureaucracy differently, depending on their entrepreneurial traits, and this leads to different susceptibilities to bureaucracy. Our analysis of 9,123 private enterprises in 72 emerging economies suggests that political engagement and influence are positively associated with bureaucracy for all firms, but the levels of political engagement and influence vary according to a firm's entrepreneurial type (new vs. established venture; venture of entrepreneurial origin vs. other private) and governance (family vs. nonfamily; with vs. without government or foreign ownership). Firms in different groups of emerging economies also display some different propensities to political engagement and influence. Copyright © 2008 Strategic Management Society.
Behavioral Economic Assessment of Price and Cocaine Consumption Following Self-Administration Histories that Produce Escalation of Either Final Ratios or Intake

Behavioral Economic Assessment of Price and Cocaine Consumption Following Self-Administration Histories that Produce Escalation of Either Final Ratios or Intake
Psychological Orientation and the Process of Organizational Socialization: An Interactionist Perspective

Research on organizational socialization typically assumes that the newcomer's subsequent adjustment to the organization is directly affected by early learning experiences and the organization's methods of socialization. This paper argues, however, that when the newcomer's orientation towards the organization is taken into account, individual differences and attributional processes moderate the newcomer's subsequent adjustment to the organization and personal and role outcomes.