cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aristotle and the Rediscovery of Citizenship: Prudence, the Good Citizen, and the Good Life

THE PROBLEM OF PRUDENCE When Aristotle concludes the account of the particular moral virtues to turn to intellectual virtue, the question of the standard to which the morally virtuous person and the law look in determining right action forms a new horizon in the Nicomachean Ethics ( NE 1138b13–14). That this question remains is indicated immediately by the fact that he returns to the subject of right reason he had earlier postponed ( NE 1138b18–20). The investigation of right reason is inseparable from a consideration of the target ( scopos ) at which the virtues aim and the boundary (or limit, horos ) within which the mean is identified ( NE 1138b21–5, 32–4). In the absence of such a consideration, the definition of virtue – as the mean defined by the prudent human being ( phronimos ) – is true but unclear ( NE 1138b25–6). Despite the apparent urgency of this task, Aristotle does not approach it directly, instead undertaking a lengthy treatment of the characteristics of the rational or intellectual parts of the soul. While we might then expect his discussion of prudence, the rational characteristic that governs deliberation in the realm of action, to shed light on the question of right reason, this discussion proves first to complicate rather than illuminate the matter. A simple sketch brings out the central difficulty. In short, we learn that prudence is required for perceiving the right thing to do in a particular situation.
Eating Disorders and Their Relationship to Impulsivity

Impulsivity is a multi-faceted, personality-based construct that has been addressed in research on the etiology, maintenance, and treatment of eating disorders. There is substantial variability in eating disorder psychopathology in terms of physical, cognitive, emotional, and behavioral manifestations (e.g., body weight, presence or absence of weight and shape concerns, inhibited versus labile emotionality, and presence or absence of binge eating and purging). Historically, research on impulsivity in eating disorders has been primarily focused on individuals with bulimic-spectrum disorders (i.e., those involving binge eating and/or purging behaviors, including bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and binge eating/purging subtype of anorexia nervosa). Consistent with this variability across the spectrum of eating disorders, a wide variety of options, including psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, and diet/lifestyle modification, have been utilized in their treatment. Given limited existing data focused on impulsivity as a specific target in eating disorder treatments, we focus here on (a) defining the construct of impulsivity and discussing its conceptual relevance to eating disorders; (b) providing a brief overview of the empirical literature that has addressed the complex relationship between impulsivity and eating disorders, as well as noting areas requiring additional research; and (c) discussing treatment implications and considerations related to impulsivity and its association with eating disorders.
Endogenous thermoregulatory rhythms of squirrel monkeys in thermoneutrality and cold

Whole body heat production (HP) and heat loss (HL) were examined to determine if the free-running circadian rhythm in body temperature (Tb) results from coordinated changes in HP and HL rhythms in thermoneutrality (27 degrees C) as well as mild cold (17 degrees C). Squirrel monkey metabolism (n = 6) was monitored by both indirect and direct calorimetry, with telemetered measurement of Tb and activity. Feeding was also measured. Rhythms of HP, HL, and conductance were tightly coupled with the circadian Tb rhythm at both ambient temperatures (TA). At 17 degrees C, increased HP compensated for higher HL at all phases of the Tb rhythm, resulting in only minor changes to Tb. Parallel compensatory changes of HP and HL were seen at all rhythm phases at both TA. Similar time courses of Tb, HP, and HL in their respective rhythms and the relative stability of Tb during both active and rest periods suggest action of the circadian timing system on Tb set point.
Electromyographic responses of the superficial quadriceps femoris muscles during incremental treadmill running

Introduction: We examined the individual patterns of responses for electromyographic (EMG) amplitude and mean power frequency (MPF) during incremental treadmill running. Methods: Nine physically active men performed incremental treadmill running at a constant grade of 1%. The EMG signal was recorded from the 3 superficial quadriceps femoris muscles during the work bout. Results: The results of the polynomial regression indicated that the linear model best fit the data for the composite data for all 3 muscles and the majority (7 of 9) of subjects. There were no consistent patterns of responses for the EMG MPF responses. Also, there were no significant (P > 0.05) muscle × running velocity interactions for EMG amplitude and MPF. Conclusions: These results indicate consistent patterns of responses for EMG amplitude during incremental treadmill running, regardless of which muscle was studied. Muscle Nerve 48: 938–944, 2013
Human Anti-Animal Antibody Interferences in Immunological Assays

Purpose: The scope and significance of human anti-animal antibody interference in immunological assays is reviewed with an emphasis on human anti-animal immunoglobulins, particularly human anti-mouse antibodies (HAMAs). Issues: Anti-animal antibodies (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE class, anti-isotype, and anti-idiotype specificity) arise as a result of iatrogenic and noniatrogenic causes and include human anti-mouse, -rabbit, -goat, -sheep, -cow, -pig, -rat, and -horse antibodies and antibodies with mixed specificity. Circulating antibodies can reach gram per liter concentrations and may persist for years. Prevalence estimates for anti-animal antibodies in the general population vary widely and range from <1% to 80%. Human anti-animal antibodies cause interferences in immunological assays. The most common human anti-animal antibody interferent is HAMA, which causes both positive and negative interferences in two-site mouse monoclonal antibody-based assays. Strategies to prevent the development of human anti-animal antibody responses include immunosuppressant therapy and the use of humanized, polyethylene glycolylated, or Fab fragments of antibody agents. Sample pretreatment or assay redesign can eliminate immunoassay interferences caused by anti-animal antibodies. Enzyme immunoassays, immunoradiometric assays, immunofluorescence, and HPLC assays have been designed to detect HAMA and other anti-animal antibodies, but intermethod comparability is complicated by differences in assay specificity and lack of standardization. Conclusions: Human anti-animal antibodies often go unnoticed, to the detriment of patient care. A heightened awareness on the part of laboratory staff and clinicians of the problems caused by this type of interference in routine immunoassay tests is desirable. Efforts should be directed at improving methods for identifying and eliminating this type of analytical interference.
Catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158met polymorphism interacts with early experience to predict executive functions in early childhood

Numerous studies demonstrate that the Methionine variant of the catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met polymorphism, which confers less efficient catabolism of catecholamines, is associated with increased focal activation of prefrontal cortex (PFC) and higher levels of executive function abilities. By and large, however, studies of COMT Val158Met have been conducted with adult samples and do not account for the context in which development is occurring. Effects of early adversity on stress response physiology and the inverted U shape relating catecholamine levels to neural activity in PFC indicate the need to take into account early experience when considering relations between genes such as COMT and executive cognitive ability. Consistent with this neurobiology, we find in a prospective longitudinal sample of children and families (N = 1292) that COMT Val158Met interacts with early experience to predict executive function abilities in early childhood. Specifically, the Valine variant of the COMT Val158Met polymorphism, which confers more rather than less efficient catabolism of catecholamines is associated with higher executive function abilities at child ages 48 and 60 months and with faster growth of executive function for children experiencing early adversity, as indexed by cumulative risk factors in the home at child ages 7, 15, 24, and 36 months. Findings indicate the importance of the early environment for the relation between catecholamine genes and developmental outcomes and demonstrate that the genetic moderation of environmental risk is detectable in early childhood.
Politics and personal factors in retirement from the United States Supreme Court

A vacancy to be filled on the Supreme Court is a relatively rare event; continuity of service is the norm. In this paper I determine the circumstances under which justices decide to retire and, by extension, why they remain on the bench. Using a discrete-time method I find that political considerations do not appear to matter. Justices are more likely to retire when they are physically infirm and have qualified for pension benefits. But the more justices participate in the Court's activity, as evidenced by the number of opinions or dissents they write, the less likely they are to leave voluntarily.
The IL-2/IL-2 receptor system: a target for rational immune intervention

The expression of interleukin 2 (IL-2), induction of its multisubunit receptor and subsequent interplay of this ligand with its receptor are pivotal events in T-cell activation. Our present understanding of the normal IL-2/IL-2 receptor system, and of disorders in this network in disease, opens the possibility for more specific immune intervention. Thomas Waldmann discusses how the clinical application of IL-2, agents that inhibit IL-2 synthesis and action, and anti-IL-2 receptor-directed therapy provide a novel perspective for prevention of allograft rejection and for treatment of graft-versus-host disease, select autoimmune disorders and certain neoplastic diseases.
Effects of heat generation and axial heat conduction in laminar flow inside a circular pipe with a step change in wall temperature

Abstract This study analyzes the effect of internal heat generation and axial heat conduction on the convective heat transfer characteristics of laminar flow in a circular pipe subjected to a step-change in wall temperature. Additionally, the flow is considered to be hydrodynamically fully developed and contains an internal heat generation density. The temperature field in the circular pipe is obtained analytically/ numerically from the energy equation by employing a straightforward approach using the Fourier transform technique. The effects of axial heat conduction and internal heat generation are included in this expression in both upstream and downstream directions for Peclet numbers ranging from 0 to ∞. The representative curves illustrating the variations of the bulk temperature and Nusselt numbers with pertinent parameters are plotted. In addition, the ratio of the Nusselt number with heat generation to that without heat generation is plotted against the dimensionless longitudinal coordinate. Furthermore, the Nusselt number is plotted against the dimensionless heat generation number for various Peclet numbers.
Rapid and efficient gene transfer in human hepatocytes by herpes viral vectors

Retroviral vectors have been widely studied as vehicles for hepatocyte gene therapy, but they are limited by an inability to infect nondividing cells and the need for prolonged cell culture. Two replication deficient herpes simplex viral vectors (HSV) were constructed with the marker genes lac-Z/beta-galactosidase (HSVlac) or human-growth hormone (HSVhGH) to determine the efficiency of HSV gene transfer into adult human hepatocytes. Hepatocytes were isolated by collagenase perfusions and density centrifugation from liver wedge biopsy specimens obtained from six patients. After exposure to HSV (0, 50,000 and 500,000 viral particles/ 10(6) hepatocytes) for 20 minutes, 1 hour, or 2 hours, the hepatocytes were washed and placed in culture. Hepatocytes transduced with HSVlac were fixed at 24 hours and histochemically stained with X-gal, and media from HSVhgh-transduced cells were assayed at 48 hours by radioimmunoassay for hGH. After a 20-minute exposure at a multiplicity of infection of 0.5 (1 viral particle per 2 hepatocytes), greater than 35% of the hepatocytes expressed the lac-Z gene ( > 70% efficiency). hGH was also detected in the media from HSVhGH-transduced cells, showing that proteins coded for by foreign cells are not only expressed by transduced cells but are also secreted. Isolated liver perfusions using HSVlac were also performed in Fischer rats. A 20-minute isolated perfusion using 5 x 10(6) viral particles resulted in expression of the beta-galactosidase gene in the rodent livers 72 hours later without histological signs of tissue injury.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Takedown of cavopulmonary shunt at biventricular repair.

Objective With advances in valve repair and ventricular recruitment strategies, patients initially palliated with single ventricle physiology have been increasingly brought to biventricular circulation. Few data are available on the technical aspects and outcomes after takedown of the superior cavopulmonary anastomosis (bidirectional Glenn [BDG]). We reviewed a single-institutional experience in BDG takedown. Methods The demographic, procedural, and outcome data were obtained for all children who had undergone BDG takedown at our institution from 2000 to 2012. The primary outcome measures were achievement of biventricular circulation, reoperation, and mortality. The secondary outcome measures were postoperative arrhythmias, superior vena cava (SVC)-right atrium (RA) or pulmonary artery stenosis at the BDG takedown site. Results A total of 40 patients were included during the study period, with a mean age of 4.4 years (range, 7 months to 22 years). Primary SVC-RA anastomosis was performed in 7 patients (18%), and an anterior patch was used in 33 patients (82%). Of the 40 patients, 38 were discharged with biventricular physiology (98%) and mild or less ventricular dysfunction. During a mean follow-up period of 3.4 ± 2.9 years, 3 patients died and 1 required heart transplantation; 2 patients developed more than mild SVC stenosis requiring reintervention and 1 developed pulmonary artery stenosis. Finally, 34 patients were in normal sinus rhythm and 4 had heart block (1 pacemaker placement). Conclusions BDG takedown can be undertaken with a low operative risk and a low incidence of SVC or pulmonary artery stenosis or sinus node dysfunction. Additional follow-up is required to see how the reconstructed SVC grows.
First Report of Dodder (Cuscuta pentagona) on Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) in the United States.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important rotational and an emerging specialty crop in the Pacific Northwest of the United States, in California, and in the Northern Great Plains of the United States and Canada. Dodders (Cuscuta spp.) are widespread parasitic weeds on many crops worldwide. Several Cuscuta species (primarily C. campestris Yuncker) have been reported to parasitize chickpea, and dodder is important on chickpea in the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East, and recently in Australia (4), but has previously not been reported from North America. On 28 July 2012, a chickpea field near Walla Walla, WA, was found parasitized by dodder. The chickpea was at late flowering and early pod filling stages and there were no other visible green weedy plants as observed from the canopy. There were about 15 dodder colonies varying in size from 2 to 15 meters in diameter in the field of about 500 acres. Chickpea plants in the center of the dodder colonies were wilting or dead. The colonies consisted of oran...
Trypanosoma cruzi: Sensitivity to Selective Drugs in Phylogenetically Unrelated Stocks

Abstract Laurent, J-P., and Swindle, J. 2000. Trypanosoma cruzi: Sensitivity to selective drugs in phylogenetically unrelated stocks. Experimental Parasitology 94, 60–61.
Splenic involvement in endemic (murine) typhus: CT findings.

Murine typhus is a rickettsial infection that remains endemic in parts of Texas and California. Clinical manifestations of the infection are due to vasculitis. In a patient who acquired the infection in the United States, computed tomograhpy demonstrated intrasplenic pseudoaneurysms, infarcts, and hemorrhage.
Assessment of sunscreen knowledge: a pilot survey.

Summary Background Topical sunscreens are designed to block and absorb UV radiation from the sun and have the potential to decrease the risk of skin cancer and delay the photoaging. Many studies have examined the behavior patterns of the public on sunscreen use, but little is known regarding the level of knowledge the public has regarding sunscreen. Objective To assess general sunscreen knowledge of the public and to determine factors associated with sunscreen purchasing decisions. Methods Individuals attending health seminars in New Jersey were asked to complete a 22-question survey regarding sunscreen. The questions assessed the respondent’s familiarity and comprehension of sunscreen terminology, sunscreen application and sunscreen efficacy claims. Descriptive frequencies, Chi-square analyses and t-tests were used to characterize the responses. Results Four hundred and twenty-three individuals completed the survey. Approximately 86% of the subjects knew that sunscreen use could prevent sunburn, and 70% reported that sunscreen could prevent skin cancer. However, only 32·1% of respondents knew that sunscreen should be applied 30 min before going outside, and only 30% knew the appropriate reapplication recommendation. Merely 18% of respondents knew that approximately 1 ounce of sunscreen is required to cover the entire body. The overall mean composite sunscreen knowledge score for the respondents was 4·9 out of a possible 12 points. SPF and UVA are the most important factors that effect purchase decision. Conclusions The study indicates that a majority of the subjects understand the benefits associated with sunscreen use, but their knowledge base is somewhat superficial. More education is needed on the appropriate application of the sunscreen. More importantly, the majority did not understand the subtle, but crucial difference between a UVA claim for a product and the SPF value listed on the product.
Who cares for the patient with heart failure

Heart failure is a progressive and often fatal clinical syndrome caused by cardiac dysfunction. Therapeutic advances in both acute and chronic heart failure care have resulted in the ability to partially or completely reverse cardiac dysfunction, with accompanying reductions in attributable morbidity, mortality, and cost. In order to examine who is best suited to provide care for the patient with heart failure, we must recognize that treatment options vary in relationship to the stage of the disorder. Use of a contemporary heart failure classification scheme facilitates stratification of primary and secondary prevention and tertiary care options.
Ontogenetic differences in conditioning of an aversion to a gustatory CS with a peripheral US

Rats 5, 10, or 15 days postnatal were given six pairings of an infused sucrose solution and footshock. Conditioned aversion to the sucrose solution was confirmed for the 5- and 10-day-old pups, but no conditioning was evident for the 15-day-old pups (Experiments 1 and 1A). In Experiment 2 the ventral portion of the rat's body was insulated from the shock source in order to isolate its effect on the feet and minimize visceral consequences of the shock. The sucrose-shock conditioning occurred as before. These results may have implications for the postnatal development of cue—consequence specificity, suggesting that such specificity may in part be learned. The present results also raise the possibility that sources of discomfort may be relatively undifferentiated in the perinatal rat.
Working area and angle of attack in three cranial base approaches: pterional, orbitozygomatic, and maxillary extension of the orbitozygomatic approach.

OBJECTIVE This study was designed to quantify the operative exposure obtained in the pterional, orbitozygomatic, and modified orbitozygomatic with maxillary extension surgical approaches. METHODS The pterional and orbitozygomatic approaches and a variation of the orbitozygomatic osteotomy that included an extra centimeter of bone resection in the inferior direction ("maxillary extension") were performed on cadaveric heads. For each surgical exposure, the working area was determined by using triangles defined with anatomic points. The "angle of attack" of the approaches for the same target point was determined with the use of a robotic microscope. RESULTS The maximum allowable angle of attack was significantly greater with the orbitozygomatic approach (37.2 +/- 4.7 degrees) than that with the pterional approach (27.1 +/- 4.3 degrees) (P < 0.001). The angle of attack with the maxillary extension (42.0 +/- 4.9 degrees) was significantly greater than that with the orbitozygomatic approach (P < 0.001). The working areas were 281, 343, and 371 mm(2) for the pterional, orbitozygomatic, and maxillary extension approaches, respectively. The orbitozygomatic approach with maxillary extension had a significantly larger working area than the pterional approach (P = 0.011). CONCLUSION Increments in bony removal open a wider angle in which to work more than they increase the actual amount of working area. Increasing the amount of bone removed by using an orbitozygomatic approach instead of a pterional approach converts a narrow space into a wide portal, allowing surgeons to work closer to the surgical target while decreasing the need for brain retraction. Extending the orbitozygomatic approach into the maxillary region also improves the exposure area and angle, but less significantly.
Blood-fluid level on computed tomography head: a sign of warfarin-associated intraparenchymal hemorrhage☆☆☆

“Blood/fluid level” represents interface between the plasma and sedimented blood and is defined radiologically as presence of area of low computed tomography (CT) attenuation above and high CT attenuation below a discrete line of separation in an area of intraparenchymal hemorrhage. It is a rare finding seen in association with large clot volume of intraparenchymal hemorrhage. We present a case of warfarin-related intraparenchymal hemorrhage presenting with a classic sign of “blood/fluid level” on CT head with small clot volume.
Spherulitic crystallization mechanism of a Zr-based bulk metallic glass during laser processing

Abstract Laser deposition of a Zr–Cu–Ni–Al–Nb metallic glass has been studied in an effort to understand and evaluate the challenges of fabricating metallic glass components via additive manufacturing techniques. The parent amorphous alloy crystallizes into micro-scale spherulites at heating rates up to 104 K/s during laser processing. Detailed microstructural and compositional examinations of the spherulites reveals that rapid heating suppresses phase separation and nucleation at the initial stage of crystallization, resulting in a growth-dominated crystallization behavior. The activation energy of spherulitic crystallization is estimated to be 124 kJ/mol, significantly lower than that of multiphase nanocrystallization reported elsewhere. The low activation energy of spherulitic crystallization is consistent with observations of the short-range redistribution of constituent elements at the amorphous–crystalline interfaces during growth of the spherulites.
GKT3 TREATMENT OF STEROID RESISTANT REJECTION IN PEDIATRIC LIVER TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS

The success of OKT3 in reversing rejection in a pediatric liver transplantation series hat not been previously reported. Of a total of 187 consecutive Liver grafts in 149 pediatric patients transplanted at UCLA Medical Canter, 59 episodes of steroid resistant, biopsy proven, rejection (32% of grafts), were treated with OKT3. OKT3 was given over 10-14 days in a dose of 2.5 mg/day IV (weight < 30kg) or 5 mg/day IV (weight ≥ 30kg). Cyclosporin, azathioprine and low dose steroide were used concurrently. The OKT3 dose was increased if CD3%+ cells in the peripheral blood increased to between 5 - 10%, Outcome was defined as full (normal liver function), partial (reduction in bilirubin and transaminases by 50%), or failure (no improvement). RESULTS; After OKT3 treatment liver function was normal in 40%; improved In 35%; and unchanged fn 25%. Of 21 pertial responses, 12 episodes eventually resolved to yield an overall full responee rate of 59%. The graft survival of 12 grafts falling 15 episodes of OKT3 treatment was 17%. CD3% ≥ 5% occurred during 61% of OKT3 treatment courses. 6 grafts were retreated with OKT3 and in all CD3% could not be maintained < 5%. 5 of 6 grafts requiring repeat OKT3 failed treatment and required re-transplantation. High titre OKT3 antibodies (by ELISA) adversely affected the use of OKT3 in 2 patients. Patients treated with OKT3 after failing more than 2 proceeding steroid boluses had e significently increased chance of graft lost (57%, p = 0.01). Graft survival (70%) and patient aurvlval (85%) in OKT3 treated patients was no different from graft and patient survival for all other pediatric liver recipients (64% and 77% respectively). conclusions: OKT3 successfully rescued grafts with steroid realatant rejection, and was moat effective when given early. Our group of pediatric petients appeared less responsive to OKT3 compared to other reported series combining all age groups, possibly due to a more vigorous immune response in the child. The recommended dose for OKT3 in pediatric patients allowed for the re-emergence of CO3+ celts in the majority. Higher doses of OKT3 may improve the efficacy of OKT3 in pediatric patients.
Estrogen localization in the brain of the lizard, Anolis carolinensis

Estrogen induces reproductive behavior in lizards by acting on specific areas of the brain. Neural areas that selectively concentrate radioactivity after 3H-estradiol administration were mapped using thawmount autoradiography. Major accumulations of hormone-concentrating cells occur in the medial preoptic area, basal hypothalamus, amygdala (n. ventromedialis telencephali) and in and around the torus semicircularis. Numerous smaller accumulations are also described and the topographical distribution is compared with that of avian and mammalian species.
Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics: Some recent improvements and applications

Abstract The Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) computing technique has features which make it highly attractive for simulating dynamic response of materials involving fracture and fragmentation. However, full exploitation of the method's potential has been hampered by some unresolved problems including stability and the lack of generalized boundary conditions. We address these difficulties and propose solutions. Continuum damage modeling of fracture is discussed at length with scalar and tensor formulations proposed and tested within SPH. Several recent applications involving fracture with predicted fragment patterns and mass distributions are compared with experiment.
Detection of Newborn Aneuploidy by Interphase Fluorescence In Situ Hybridizationz

•Objective To test fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probes for rapid detection of aneuploidy of chromosomes 13, 18, 21, X, and Y from newborn uncultured blood samples. Material and Methods Directly labeled, multicolored, commercially available FISH probes for the five aforementioned chromosomes were validated, and their hybridization efficiencies were established. In a blinded study, eight trisomic samples were tested by this FISH method. Results: The hybridization efficiency based on metaphase evaluation of each of the five probes was 100%, and no cross-hybridization occurred. The mean interphase hybridization efficiencies of the probes for chromosomes 13, 18, 21, X, and Y were 97.4%, 89.4%, 96.1%, 94.4%, and 100%, respectively. The eight abnormal samples were identified as trisomy 21 (in six), trisomy 13 (in one), and trisomy 18 (in one). Conclusion The screening of aneuploidy of newborns for chromosomes 13, 18, 21, X, or Y by interphase FISH is rapid, reliable, and cost-effective. The test is especially suitable for medically urgent cases as a screen, followed by a standard chromosome analysis.
Optimized performance of 808 nm diode laser bars for efficient high-power operation

nLIGHT optimized both the high-temperature (HT) and the high-efficiency (HE) epitaxial designs for efficient highpower continuous-wave (CW) operation by implementing nLIGHT’s facet passivation technology (nXLT) into our 808 nm diode laser bars. The application of a refined phenomenological model of the diode lasers allowed tailoring of the device parameters to obtain optimized bar performance. In other words, we adjusted modeling inputs such as bar layout and front facet coating reflectivity to optimize operational indicator outputs such as wall-plug efficiency and operation currents at specific power ratings. Thus, both time and cost were saved without the need of extra experimental runs. We demonstrated that both HT and HE epitaxial designs can support centimeter bar geometries with power ratings above 100 W/bar. At the standard power rating of 100 W/bar, the HE designs show advantages in both operating current and wall-plug efficiency when compared to the HT design. With the newly released HE epitaxial designs, wall-plug efficiency ~58% is achieved for a power rating of 150 W/bar.
In situ high-resolution electron spectroscopic imaging of precipitate growth in an AlAg alloy

Abstract High-resolution electron spectroscopic imaging of precipitate interfaces in an AlAg alloy was performed during in situ growth in a JEOL 2010F transmission electron microscope equipped with a double-tilt heating holder and a Gatan imaging filter. These experiments demonstrate that it is possible to obtain sub-nanometer compositional information at interfaces during in situ heating studies. The results also show that the Ag gradient across moving ledges is more diffuse than across stationary terraces, and that the compositional component of the transformation is fully achieved at the ledges, in agreement with the predictions of transformation theory and the mechanisms of the phase transformation.
Design and Implementation of Complex Multiply Add and Other Similar Operators

In this paper we present an implementation of a series of complex-valued operators defined in Ref. 2: ComplexMultiply-Add (CMA), Complex-Sum of Squares (CSS), and Complex-Sum of Products (CSP). The preceding paper 2 defined these operators at an algorithmic level, for which we now provide actual hardware performance metrics through detailed discussion of their implementation for an Altera Stratix II 17 FPGA device. In addition to discussing these designs in particular, we present our methodology and choice of tools to create a pragmatic generator.
Privacy-enhanced, attack-resilient access control in pervasive computing environments with optional context authentication capability

In pervasive computing environments (PCEs), privacy and security are two important but contradictory objectives. Users enjoy services provided in PCEs only after their privacy issues being sufficiently addressed. That is, users could not be tracked down for wherever they are and whatever they are doing. However, service providers always want to authenticate the users and make sure they are accessing only authorized services in a legitimate way. In PCEs, such user authentication may include context authentication in addition to the entity authentication. In this paper, we propose a novel privacy enhanced anonymous authentication and access control scheme to secure the interactions between mobile users and services in PCEs with optional context authentication capability. The proposed scheme seamlessly integrates two underlying cryptographic primitives, blind signature and hash chain, into a highly flexible and lightweight authentication and key establishment protocol. It provides explicit mutual authentication and allows multiple current sessions between a user and a service, while allowing the user to anonymously interact with the service. The proposed scheme is also designed to be DoS resilient by requiring the user to prove her legitimacy when initializing a service session.
Reformulation of Elasticity Theory for Discontinuities and Long-Range Forces

Some materials may naturally form discontinuities such as cracks as a result of deformation. As an aid to the modeling of such materials, a new framework for the basic equations of continuum mechanics, called the "peridynamic" formulation, is proposed. The propagation of linear stress waves in the new theory is discussed, and wave dispersion relations are derived. Material stability and its connection with wave propagation is investigated. It is demonstrated by an example that the reformulated approach permits the solution of fracture problems using the same equations either on or off the crack surface or crack tip. This is an advantage for modeling problems in which the location of a crack is not known in advance.
General purpose tagging vectors for fission yeast

We have designed a series of vectors for use in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe that allow fusion of any protein of interest to a triple HA epitope or a GST domain. The HA epitope may be placed at the N terminus or the C terminus under three different versions of the nmt1 promoter, to allow varying levels of gene expression. The GST tag may be placed at the N terminus or C terminus under control of a fully active nmt1 promoter. This family of vectors has compatible restriction sites and modular design, so that the protein under study may be exchanged easily between different plasmids. Using the Cdc19p protein as a test case, we have demonstrated that these plasmids can express functional tagged proteins in the fission yeast cell.
The Enthalpy and Entropy of Reaction for Formation of P+QA- from Excited Reaction Centers of Rhodobacter sphaeroides

The enthalpy and volume changes for the charge-transfer reaction between excited donor and ionized donor and acceptor in bacterial reaction centers were determined using pulsed photoacoustics. Excitation in the lowest absorption band of the centers at 860 nm minimized the thermal signal caused by degradation of excess energy. Knowing the free energy of this reaction, −0.86 eV, the determination of the enthalpy, −0.44 eV, fixes the entropy at 25 °C as about one-half (TΔS = +0.42 eV) of the free energy for the normal ubiquinone-10 containing centers. This is a larger contribution than anticipated from previous estimates of the enthalpy. The unexpected sign of the entropy is assigned to the release of counterions from the reaction center surfaces when the charge transfer cancels the dominant opposite charges at the interfaces. The enthalpy and entropy of six reaction centers containing exchanged quinones did not correlate with their free energies. The volume contractions ranged from −28 to −42 A3 and roughly...
3D surface scan of biological samples with a Push-broom Imaging Spectrometer

The food industry is always on the lookout for sensing technologies for rapid and nondestructive inspection of food products. Hyperspectral imaging technology integrates both imaging and spectroscopy into unique imaging sensors. Its application for food safety and quality inspection has made significant progress in recent years. Specifically, hyperspectral imaging has shown its potential for surface contamination detection in many food related applications. Most existing hyperspectral imaging systems use pushbroom scanning which is generally used for flat surface inspection. In some applications it is desirable to be able to acquire hyperspectral images on circular objects such as corn ears, apples, and cucumbers. Past research describes inspection systems that examine all surfaces of individual objects. Most of these systems did not employ hyperspectral imaging. These systems typically utilized a roller to rotate an object, such as an apple. During apple rotation, the camera took multiple images in order to cover the complete surface of the apple. The acquired image data lacked the spectral component present in a hyperspectral image. This paper discusses the development of a hyperspectral imaging system for a 3-D surface scan of biological samples. The new instrument is based on a pushbroom hyperspectral line scanner using a rotational stage to turn the sample. The system is suitable for whole surface hyperspectral imaging of circular objects. In addition to its value to the food industry, the system could be useful for other applications involving 3-D surface inspection.
Pb/Fe SEPARATION AND RECOVERY FROM AUTOMOBILE BATTERY WASTEWATERS BY SELECTIVE ION EXCHANGE

ABSTRACT Laboratory scale investigation has been carried out for the optimization of a new process for separation and recovery of Pb/Fe species from automobile battery manufacturing wastewaters. The innovation, based on ion exchange, allows for separation and recovery of the mentioned species by the use of a commercial weak anion resin (Duolite A7 from RohmH Fes= 4BV/h; influent Fe concentration: 2 mg/L) for a column throughput exceeding 200 BV (Bed Volumes) with Fe leakage steadily below 0.2 mg/L, (ten times lower the maximum allowable concentration, MAC, for discharge in closed water bodies, enforced by EU legislation). Lead species were removed and recovered on Na/H-form cation resin (pH 6; Fexh=20 BV/h; influent Pb concentration: 4 mg...
Development of a same day laminectomy program

Historically, patients undergoing a lumbar laminectomy for discectomy (LLD) have been admitted to the hospital for 1 to 3 days. Because a patient undergoing a surgical procedure is not necessarily medically ill, many surgical procedures are now performed on an outpatient basis. A multidisciplinary nursing team proposed that some patients scheduled to undergo an LLD would be able to have this surgery as an outpatient. A 6-month research project was developed to study outcomes of patients undergoing LLD who were discharged after 4 to 6 hours of postoperative care in the PACU. Guidelines were established to define the candidates for enrollment in the same day LLD. A patient clinical pathway was established, and outcome monitors were selected. Twenty-seven patients were enrolled in this study. This article describes the process of development, application, and future implications of this study.
Control of key metabolic intersections in Bacillus subtilis

Almost all bacteria can adapt efficiently to different nutritional environments by using global regulators that link gene expression to the available intracellular pools of a small number of key metabolites. Here, Abraham L. Sonenshein reviews how Bacillus subtilis uses global regulators to manage traffic through two metabolic intersections that determine the flow of carbon and nitrogen to and from crucial metabolites.
GABA-mediated synaptic inhibition of projection neurons in the antennal lobes of the sphinx moth, Manduca sexta.

1. Responses of neurons in the antennal lobe (AL) of the mothManduca sexta to stimulation of the ipsilateral antenna by odors consist of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic potentials (Fig. 2A). Stimulation of primary afferent fibers by electrical shock of the antennal nerve causes a characteristic IPSP-EPSP synaptic response in AL projection neurons (Fig. 2B). 2. The IPSP in projection neurons reverses below the resting potential (Fig. 3), is sensitive to changes in external (Fig. 4) and internal (Fig. 5) chloride concentration, and thus is apparently mediated by an increase in chloride conductance. 3. The IPSP is reversibly blocked by 100 μM picrotoxin (Fig. 6) or bicuculline (Fig. 7). 4. Many AL neurons respond to application of GABA with a strong hyperpolarization and an inhibition of spontaneous spiking activity (Fig. 8). GABA responses are associated with an increase in neuronal input conductance (Fig. 9) and a reversal potential below the resting potential (Fig. 11). 5. Application of GABA blocks inhibitory synaptic inputs (Fig. 12 A) and reduces or blocks excitatory inputs (Fig. 12B). EPSPs can be protected from depression by application of GABA (Fig. 12B). 6. Muscimol, a GABA analog that mimics GABA responses at GABAA receptors but not at GABAB receptors in the vertebrate CNS, inhibits many AL neurons in the moth (Fig. 13).
Role of Multidrug Resistance P-glycoproteins in Cholesterol Esterification

Cholesterol esterification, catalyzed by acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT), plays a central role in cellular cholesterol homeostasis and in physiologic processes that lead to coronary heart disease. Although ACAT resides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the cholesterol substrate for esterification originates in the plasma membrane and must be transported to the ER for esterification. Progesterone inhibits esterification, possibly by blocking the transport of cholesterol to the ER. Recent studies suggest that progesterone acts by inhibiting the activity of one or more of the multidrug-resistant (MDR) P-glycoproteins. In the current manuscript, we demonstrate that progesterone's ability to inhibit esterification is not mediated through the progesterone receptor. We evaluate a series of steroid hormones and find a strong correlation between a steroid hormone's hydrophobicity and its ability to inhibit both cholesterol esterification and MDR-catalyzed drug efflux. We also find that cholesterol esterification is inhibited by nonsteroidal MDR inhibitors, and that this inhibition specifically affects the esterification of cholesterol derived from the plasma membrane. MDR inhibitors also inhibit cholesterol esterification in a wide range of cultured human cell lines. These observations suggest that MDR activity normally functions in a general process of intracellular cholesterol transport.
STABILITY OF RESPONSE RATES MAINTAINED BY POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT

Sum7nasy.-Key-pecking rates before and after a 1.5-yr. interruption were compared in 4 pigeons while they performed on a variable interval schedule of food reinforcement. Analyses showed large d~fferences in rates among animals but no systematic change in the individual rates across the lengthy interruption. The srability of the individual rates were thought to reflect the retention of superstitious response chains maintained by the stimuli associated with the schedule of positive reinforcement. In previous investigations of conditioned suppression in pigeons, reliable individual differences in rates of food reinforced key-peck responding were noted in the absence of the aversive stimuli (Hoffman & Fleshler, 1761; Hoffman, Fleshler, & Jensen, 1763; Hoffman, Selekrnan, & Fleshler, in press). Also noted was the fact that these rate differences remained intact over interruptions in cesting in excess of 1 yr. These findings were not, however, reported in detail because the research focused on aversive procedures and discussions of the baseline were only of methodological interest. Skinner ( 1950) has reported that the tendency to key peck, as measured by the number of responses in extinction, remained largely intact even though 4 yr. were interpolated between training and the extinction procedures. In distinction to Skinner's findings, the present study reports the stability of individual differences in peck rates when a lengthy interruption occurs between exposures to the same schedule of reinforcement.
Errors in variables and spatial effects in hedonic house price models of ambient air quality

In the valuation of the effect of improved air quality through the estimation of hedonic models of house prices, the potential “errors in variables” aspect of the interpolated air pollution measures is often ignored. In this paper, we assess the extent to which this may affect the resulting empirical estimates for marginal willingness to pay (MWTP), using an extensive sample of over 100,000 individual house sales for 1999 in the South Coast Air Quality Management District of Southern California. We take an explicit spatial econometric perspective and account for spatial dependence and endogeneity using recently developed Spatial 2SLS estimation methods. We also account for both spatial autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity in the error terms, using the Kelejian–Prucha HAC estimator. Our results are consistent across different spatial weights matrices and different kernel functions and suggest that the bias from ignoring the endogeneity in interpolated values may be substantial.
The effect of Fe-Ni films on the insertion loss of saw

Abstract The insertion loss of 618 MHz quartz SAW delay lines with nickel-rich Fe-Ni alloy films deposited between the interdigital electrodes exhibits as large a response to an applied magnetic field as that observed with pure nickel films. In addition, the alloys exhibit an enhanced domain wall motion effect.
Relationship between paranoid tendencies and projective behavior.

An effort was made to test the widely accepted psychiatric notion that use of the projective defense is especially characteristic of individuals with paranoid tendencies. Male and female college students took the Rorschach test and were led to believe that they possessed either strong or average hostile tendencies. The negative feedback significantly increased the experimental subjects' levels of subjective anxiety, and the subjects who received high hostility feedback projected significantly more hostility onto others than did the controls. However, the highly paranoid subjects, detected by the MMPI Paranoia scale, did not project any more hostility than did the low paranoids, thereby providing no support for the psychiatric hypothesis. Possible reasons for this negative result were discussed.
Persistent and transcriptionally-dependent increase in protein phosphorylation in long-term facilitation of Aplysia sensory neurons

From certain perspectives, short- and long-term memory seem to be a single behavioural process whose duration is a graded function of the number of training trials. Yet some clinical conditions can dissociate short- from long-term memory in human beings, and inhibitors of protein or RNA synthesis can selectively block the long-term process in experimental animals. Studies of memory for sensitization in the gill- and siphon-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia indicate that both the behavioural similarities and the differences are reflected in intrinsic cellular mechanisms in the sensory and motor neurons participating in memory storage. Although the long-term change in the synaptic connection between the sensory and motor neurons resembles a graded extension of the short-term change, its induction is selectively blocked by inhibitors of transcription or translation. We have now examined the molecular mechanisms in the sensory neurons that might account for the graded similarity between short- and long-term memory, as well as those that might contribute to the differential sensitivity to inhibitors of macromolecular synthesis. We find that a single exposure to 5-HT (a transmitter released in response to behavioural sensitizing stimuli) or cyclic AMP (a second messenger for 5-HT), which produce short-term facilitation between the sensory and motor neurons lasting minutes, leads to a short-term phosphorylation of 17 substrate proteins that is not dependent on transcription or translation. Repeated or prolonged exposure to serotonin or cAMP, which induce long-term changes in synaptic transmission lasting one or more days, induce long-term changes in phosphorylation of the same 17 proteins that are now dependent for their induction on both translation and transcription. Thus, one of the functions of the genes and proteins required for long-term facilitation may be to maintain actively in the sensory neurons an increased phosphorylation of the same set of substrate proteins involved in eliciting the physiological effects of the short-term process.