cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acute adrenal insufficiency: recognition, management, and prevention

Acute adrenal insufficiency may present only with nonspecific symptoms and signs. Hyperpigmentation is not a feature of secondary adrenal insufficiency and is absent in patients with primary adrenal failure of recent or acute onset. Similarly, characteristic electrolyte disturbances may be obscured by concomitant vomiting and diarrhea as well as by parenteral electrolyte replacement. A high index of suspicion must therefore be maintained to make the diagnosis of acute adrenal insufficiency in patients without a recognized history of autoimmune adrenal insufficiency or of other diseases or therapeutic regimens known to result in pituitary-adrenal failure. Timely intervention with volume and glucocorticoid replacement rapidly reverses all symptoms and signs of adrenal insufficiency. Guidelines are presented for glucocorticoid replacement in the treatment of adrenal crisis as well as for the prevention of acute adrenal insufficiency in patients with known or suspected pituitary-adrenal disease. In addition, recommendations are given for the simultaneous diagnosis and treatment of adrenal insufficiency in patients without previously established disease.
Merck & Company: Product Kl-798

Merck has been approached by a small biotech research firm with the proposal that Merck buy the rights to a new drug that promises to treat obesity and lower cholesterol. The drug is in the middle of phase I of the FDA approval process. Pat Harlow, the chief licensing officer, has been leading Merck's investigation team. A meeting is scheduled for tomorrow at which Merck's response to the offer will be drafted.
Regulation of the Caspian Sea

Soviet plans have been completed for the construction of a dam 427 km long across the Caspian Sea, in a further attempt to solve the adverse hydrologic conditions of its basin and to halt the continued fall of its water level. The hydrologic deficiency of the Caspian basin, represented to a major extent by the drainage of the Volga River, is inherent in the regional geophysical conditions of the U.S.S.R. territory west of the Ural Mountains. The proposed dam will raise the level of the Caspian Sea north of 45○N lat to the level prevailing in 1926, creating a hydraulic head of 3.16 m above the rest of the sea estimated for 1970. Two navigation canals cross the dam with locks.
Effects of Bariatric Surgery on Outcomes of Patients With Acute Pancreatitis

Background & Aims The prevalence of obesity and number of patients undergoing bariatric surgery are increasing. Obesity has adverse effects in patients with acute pancreatitis (AP). We investigated whether bariatric surgery affects outcomes of patients with AP. Methods We performed a retrospective study, collecting data from the US Nationwide Inpatient Sample (2007–2011) on all adult inpatients (≥18 years) with a principal diagnosis of AP (n = 1,342,681). We compared primary clinical outcomes (mortality, acute kidney injury, and respiratory failure) and secondary outcomes related to healthcare resources (hospital stay and charges) among patient groups using univariate and multivariate analyses. We performed a propensity score–matched analysis to compare outcomes of patients with versus without bariatric surgery. Results Of patients admitted to the hospital with a principal diagnosis of AP, 14,332 (1.07%) had undergone bariatric surgery. The number of patients that underwent bariatric surgery doubled, from 1801 in 2007 to 3928 in 2011 ( P P P P Conclusions Prior bariatric surgery in patients hospitalized with AP is not adversely associated with in-hospital mortality, development of organ failure, or healthcare resource use. Bariatric surgery may mitigate the obesity-associated adverse prognostication in AP. These observations are pertinent for future research, because the prevalence of obesity and AP-related hospitalizations is increasing.
American Lawyer and Courtroom Comedies

This essay surveys the surprisingly large amount of law-related American popular culture that is comedic. Comedies in general are narratives in which the characters’ dilemmas will work themselves out, and readers and viewers of comedies know in advance that no great disaster will interfere with their enjoyment of a comedic work. Comedies featuring portrayals of amusing lawyers and/or accounts of hilarious trials are common in inexpensive literary works, Hollywood films, and television series, although these media have different imperatives and proffer various types of comedy. Overall, lawyer and courtroom comedies are intended to entertain and distract, but some lawyers and courtroom comedies also appreciate the public’s resentment of the legal profession and the courts and intentionally satirize these important and much-valorized legal institutions.
Two Criteria for Dedekind Domains

(1966). Two Criteria for Dedekind Domains. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 73, No. 1, pp. 14-21.
Analyzing Large Multiway Contingency Tables: A Simple Method for Selecting Variables:

This study discusses a simple variable selection procedure, similar in nature to the “F-to-enter” criterion used in stepwise multiple regression, suitable for multidimensional contingency tables having one criterion variable. The procedure is applied to an illustrative set of marketing data and contrasted with other, better-known methods.
Applications of Optical Microcavity Resonators in Analytical Chemistry

Optical resonator sensors are an emerging class of analytical technologies that use recirculating light confined within a microcavity to sensitively measure the surrounding environment. Bolstered by advances in microfabrication, these devices can be configured for a wide variety of chemical or biomolecular sensing applications. We begin with a brief description of optical resonator sensor operation, followed by discussions regarding sensor design, including different geometries, choices of material systems, methods of sensor interrogation, and new approaches to sensor operation. Throughout, key developments are highlighted, including advancements in biosensing and other applications of optical sensors. We discuss the potential of alternative sensing mechanisms and hybrid sensing devices for more sensitive and rapid analyses. We conclude with our perspective on the future of optical microcavity sensors and their promise as versatile detection elements within analytical chemistry.
Delayed senescence in Soybean: Terminology, research update, and survey results from growers

ABSTRACT The terms used to describe symptoms of delayed senescence in soybean often are used inconsistently or interchangeably and do not adequately distinguish the observed symptoms in the field. ...
On the Theoretical thinking of Knowlege Economy

Problems around knowledge economy are categorized and discussed.It is thought in the article that to perform well in the knowledge economy,one has to accept the sense,value and labour of knowledge economy.
A REPORT OF A SURVEY OF BUTTERFLIES IN CHONGQING

A field survey combined with research of documented records has demonstrated that there are 447 species of butterfly distributed in Chongqing and that they belong to 185 genera and 12 families, of which the family Nymphalidae has the largest number of species (128), followed in order by Satyridae (87), Hesperiidae (74), Lycaenidae (66), Papilionidae (36), Pieridae (32), Riodinidae (11), Danaidae (6), Amathusiidae (4),and Parnassiidae (1), and Acraeidae (1) and Libytheidae (1). The fauna composition of Chongqing butterflies is made up by Oriental species (64.9%), Palaearctic species (8.5%), common species of Oriental and Palaearctic (24.6%) and wide species (2.0%).
Geographical influence on racial disparity in breast cancer presentation in the United States.

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death among women in the United States. It has been shown that breast cancer presentation varies between racial groups nationwide. Several studies have suggested that this is more a function of geographic rather than true racial disparity. The current study was undertaken to examine racial disparity in breast cancer presentation and to determine whether such disparity continues to be seen once geographic factors are taken into account. Breast cancer data were reviewed for all programs reporting to the American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer National Cancer Database (NCDB) between 2000 and 2007, inclusive. These data were readily available online. Variables reviewed were: stage at the time of presentation; race; histology; and geographic location within the United States. Four broad regions of the country were chosen, corresponding to the U.S. Census Regions: Northeast, South, Midwest, and West. Patient data were classified as either "early" (stages 0, I, and II) or "late" (stages III and IV) at the time of presentation. A total of 1,388,186 patients were reported during the study period; 1,132,128 white and 256,058 nonwhite. There was a statistically significant difference in presentation between the two racial cohorts; a significantly higher percentage of whites presented with "early" disease (88.8%) when compared with nonwhites (83.8%). This statistically significant difference persisted even when the data were corrected for geographic location within the United States. There is a racial disparity with regard to breast cancer presentation throughout the United States which seems to be independent of geographic location. Nonwhites in all geographic regions present with later-stage disease than whites.
Detection of Anastomotic Recurrence by Endoscopic Ultrasonography

There seems little doubt that endoscopic ultrasonography is highly sensitive and significantly better than computed tomography for the diagnosis of recurrent cancer at the surgical anastomosis after resection of esophageal and gastric cancer. The impact of using EUS for this purpose is discussed.
Critical care physicians' practices and attitudes and applicable statutes regarding withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies.

Objective: To describe intensivist-educators' practices and opinions regarding the withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies, and to juxtapose these with applicable end-of-life statutes. Methods: A questionnaire was sent tocritical care program directors in Connecticut, New York, Illinois, California, Florida and Texas (to examine regional variability). Statutes regarding end-of-life care were ascertained for these states. Results: Sixty-eight of 128 queried intensivists responded to the questionnaire. They reported having withdrawn life-sustaining therapies to a median of 28 patients in the previous year. Overall, respondents answered that of patients in whom they had withdrawn life-sustaining therapies, 55% were terminal, 20.5% weren't necessarily terminal but advance directives were applied to the situation and 22% weren't necessarily terminal but families requested withdrawal. The ranges of responses were highly variable (ranging from 5%-100% patients deemed terminal). All respondents agreed that withdrawal should be allowed in non-terminal conditions in which the likelihood or quality of survival would be unacceptable to the patient. Forty-eight respondents answered that advanced Alzheimer 's Disease qualifies as a terminal illness. Connecticut's end-of-life statutes were unlike those in the five other states that allowed withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies based on advance directives and/or surrogates'consent. Practices of Connecticut respondents were similar to other sampled states. Conclusions: These data suggest that Connecticut's statutes requiring that patients be deemed terminal (or permanently unconscious) before withdrawal of care are dissimilar from those in several other states. Connecticut intensivists who responded to our survey appear to practice end-of-life care that is similar to practices elsewhere.
Structural and Functional Studies on Nucleolar Protein C23 Using Limited Chemical Cleavage and HPLC

Protein C23 (Mr 110,000; pI 5.5) is a nucleolus localized DNA binding phosphorylated protein which contains several highly acidic regions; e.g., -AAPAAPA-SEDEDEEDDDDEDDDDDSQEESEEEDEEVMEITPAK- (all three serines may be phosphorylated.) In contrast, the amino terminal sequence is basic: VKLAKAGKT-. To determine the linear distribution of acidic and basic regions, protein C23 was partially cleaved by N-bromosuccininimide (NBS). The presence of only 8 residues of tyrosine and no tryptophan makes it possible to generate large, overlapping fragments for sequence analyses and functional studies. At high NBS: Tyr ratios (25:1) a 60 K fragment and several lower molecular weight fragments are produced. The 60 K fragment is highly acidic (Pi∿4) and contains all of the phosphoryl groups in the molecule. The 60 K and several smaller fragments were purified by Sephadex G-75 followed by HPLC on a column of Synchopak RP-P using gradients formed with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in water and 0.1% TFA in acetonitrile.
Evaluation of a cardiopulmonary-resuscitation training manual for pharmacists.

The development and evaluation of a training manual for pharmacists participating in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) efforts at an institution encompassing ambulatory-care, acute-care, and emergency-trauma facilities are described. The manual was developed to familiarize pharmacists who had little or no experience in CPR procedures with the equipment and medications used and the pharmacist's role on the CPR team. To evaluate the effectiveness of the manual, a 29-question multiple-choice test was administered to 35 staff pharmacists who were randomly assigned to study and control groups. Training manuals were issued to members of the study group, who were asked to document time spent studying them. Three weeks after the pretest, the same test was administered to all subjects. There was no control on the number of CPR events attended during the three-week period. The study group spent less than two hours (mean +/- S.D. = 97.5 +/- 34.22 min) using the manual. For the study group, posttest scores were significantly higher than pretest scores. The difference in pretest scores for the study and control groups was not significant, but for the posttest the study group scores were significantly higher. Because use of the manual appeared to improve knowledge of drug therapy and procedures used in CPR, the pharmacy department incorporated it into its orientation procedure.
Gapped spectrum shaping for tandem-hopped radar/communications & cognitive sensing

A non-repeating FMCW waveform was recently developed and experimentally demonstrated to provide a feasible instantiation of FM noise radar. This emission scheme was subsequently examined in terms of the impact of both stationary and hopped spectral gaps with the prospect of enabling in-band interference avoidance for cognitive sensing and possibly tandem hopped radar/communications. Here this gap-hopped spectrum framework is further explored with regard to the relation between the shaping of spectral gaps and the associated time sidelobe response. Experimental loopback measurements are shown that provide a sense of how this form of emission would operate on a real system.
Bettelheim on education.

Bettelheim's highly critical and uncompromising assessment of American education merits serious attention. Bettelheim did not offer a novel educational theory or methodology. Rather, he placed aspects of education under his psychoanalytic lens and offered a number of significant insights and observations that are discussed in this paper.
Marketing a Predominantly Black University

Non-profit organizations can use marketing research to gather data as a base for designing their own marketing strategies. One predominantly black state university conducted a survey to determine what had attracted students to the university. The quality of academic programs was found to be the first attraction for most students, with being predominantly black, the second attraction. The main reason for choice of business as a major was the job opportunities.
Astronomy: Intermediate-mass black hole found.

The existence of medium-sized black holes has long been debated. Such an object has now been discovered in the centre of a dense cluster of stars, potentially enhancing our understanding of all black holes. See Letter p.203 Observational campaigns over several decades have targeted globular clusters for the signatures of intermediate-mass black holes—those with masses 100 to 10,000 times that of the Sun. But all of the candidates found in these searches are radio dim and lack the predicted X-ray to radio flux ratio. Here Bulent Kiziltan et al. report dynamical evidence, using timing data for millisecond pulsars, for a central black hole in the globular cluster 47 Tucanae with a mass of about 2,200 solar masses. The existence of such a black hole with no detectable electromagnetic counterpart, in the centre of such a dense cluster, suggests that it is not accreting quickly enough to produce a signal.
Origins and challenges of viral dark matter.

Abstract The accurate classification of viral dark matter – metagenomic sequences that originate from viruses but do not align to any reference virus sequences – is one of the major obstacles in comprehensively defining the virome. Depending on the sample, viral dark matter can make up from anywhere between 40 and 90% of sequences. This review focuses on the specific nature of dark matter as it relates to viral sequences. We identify three factors that contribute to the existence of viral dark matter: the divergence and length of virus sequences, the limitations of alignment based classification, and limited representation of viruses in reference sequence databases. We then discuss current methods that have been developed to at least partially circumvent these limitations and thereby reduce the extent of viral dark matter.
Mental Imagery and Creativity

Previous investigations have indicated that mental imagery facilitates learning and memory performance in both children and adults (Bower, 1970, 1972; Bugelski, 1970; Flavell, 1970; Higbee, 1979; Paivio, 1969, 1970, 1971; Pressley, 1977). Moreover, imagery processes have been found to be related to other forms of complex human behavior including creativity, intelligence, and general level of cognitive functioning (Anderson, 1978; Forisha, 1975; McKim, 1972; Piaget & Inhelder, 1971; Paivio, 1971, 1978; Shepard, 1978 a,b).
EdSketch: execution-driven sketching for Java

Sketching is a relatively recent approach to program synthesis, which has shown much promise. The key idea in sketching is to allow users to write partial programs that have ''holes'' and provide test harnesses or reference implementations, and let synthesis tools create program fragments that fill the holes such that the resulting complete program has the desired functionality. Traditional solutions to the sketching problem perform a translation to SAT and employ CEGIS. While effective for a range of programs, when applied to real applications, such translation-based approaches have a key limitation: they require either translating all relevant libraries that are invoked directly or indirectly by the given sketch -- which can lead to impractical SAT problems -- or creating models of those libraries -- which can require much manual effort. This paper introduces execution-driven sketching, a novel approach for synthesis of Java programs with respect to the given test suite using a backtracking search that is commonly employed in software model checkers. The key novelty of our work is to introduce effective pruning strategies to efficiently explore the actual program behaviors in presence of libraries and to provide a practical solution to sketching small parts of real-world applications, which may use complex constructs of modern languages, such as reflection or native calls. Our tool EdSketch embodies our approach in two forms: a stateful search based on the Java PathFinder model checker; and a stateless search based on re-execution inspired by the VeriSoft model checker. Experimental results show that EdSketch's performance compares well with the well-known SAT-based Sketch system for a range of small but complex programs, and moreover, that EdSketch can complete some sketches that require handling complex constructs.
The Display of Single-Domain Antibodies on the Surfaces of Connectosomes Enables Gap Junction-Mediated Drug Delivery to Specific Cell Populations.

Gap junctions, transmembrane protein channels that directly connect the cytoplasm of neighboring cells and enable the exchange of molecules between cells, are a promising new frontier for therapeutic delivery. Specifically, cell-derived lipid vesicles that contain functional gap junction channels, termed Connectosomes, have recently been demonstrated to substantially increase the effectiveness of small molecule chemotherapeutics. However, because gap junctions are present in nearly all tissues, Connectosomes have no intrinsic ability to target specific cell types, which potentially limits their therapeutic effectiveness. To address this challenge, here we display targeting ligands consisting of single-domain antibodies on the surfaces of Connectosomes. We demonstrate that these targeted Connectosomes selectively interact with cells that express a model receptor, promoting the selective delivery of the chemotherapeutic doxorubicin to this target cell population. More generally, our approach has the potenti...
Intracoronary injection of contrast media maps the territory of the coronary artery: an MRI technique for assessing the effects of locally delivered angiogenic therapies.

Rationale and Objectives The effects of locally delivered angiogenic factors or stem cells on the coronary artery perfusion territory are not well defined. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the ability of the selective injection of magnetic resonance contrast media (MR-CM) to map and quantify the territories of the major coronary arteries. Materials and Methods Selective coronary catheterization (n = 16 pigs) was performed under x-ray and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) fluoroscopy in an x-ray and magnetic resonance suite. Catheters were placed in the left anterior descending (LAD), circumflex, or right coronary artery. The coronary perfusion territories were mapped by the intracoronary injection of MR-CM using first-pass perfusion (FPP) and early contrast-enhanced (CE) MRI. Cine MRI was used to quantify left ventricular (LV) mass. In 12 animals, the LAD coronary artery was occluded by microspheres to create infarctions. Infarct size was measured on delayed enhanced (DE) MRI after the intravenous injection of MR-CM. Results X-ray and magnetic resonance fluoroscopy were successfully used to catheterize the coronary arteries. The perfusion territories of the coronary arteries were defined as hyperenhanced regions on FPP and CE MRI. The LAD coronary artery territory was 33.7 ± 2.2% of LV mass on FPP MRI and 33.0 ± 2.3% on CE MRI (P = .63). Bland-Altman analysis showed close agreement between the two methods (0.7 ± 5.0%). DE MRI demonstrated the infarcted myocardium as hyperenhanced subregions of the perfusion territory (7.5 ± 1.2% of LV mass). Conclusions Interventional cardiac x-ray and magnetic resonance fluoroscopy can be used to map and quantify the perfusion territory of each coronary artery. This experimental method can be used before and after the local delivery of angiogenic factors and stem cell therapy to determine their efficacy.
Medical Management and Risk Reduction of the Cardiovascular Effects of Underwater Diving

Undersea diving is a sport and commercial industry. Knowledge of potential problems began with Caisson disease or "the bends", first identified with compressed air in the construction of tunnels under rivers in the 19th century. Subsequently, there was the commercially used old-fashioned diving helmet attached to a suit, with compressed air pumped down from the surface. Breathhold diving, with no supplementary source of air or other breathing mixture, is also a sport as well as a commercial fishing tool in some parts of the world. There has been an evolution to self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA) diving with major involvement as a recreational sport but also of major commercial importance. Knowledge of the physiology and cardiovascular plus other medical problems associated with the various forms of diving have evolved extensively. The major medical catastrophes of SCUBA diving are air embolism and decompression sickness (DCS). Understanding of the essential referral to a hyperbaric recompression chamber for these problems is critical, as well as immediate measures until that recompression is achieved. These include the administration of 100% oxygen and rehydration with intravenous normal saline. Undersea diving continues to expand, especially as a sport, and a basic understanding of the associated preventive and emergency medicine will decrease complications and save lives.
When Cars Hit Trucks and Girls Hug Boys: The Effect of Animacy on Word Order in Gestural Language Creation.

A well-known typological observation is the dominance of subject-initial word orders, SOV and SVO, across the world's languages. Recent findings from gestural language creation paradigms offer possible explanations for the prevalence of SOV. When asked to gesture transitive events with an animate agent and inanimate patient, gesturers tend to produce SOV order, regardless of their native language biases. Interestingly, when the patient is animate, gesturers shift away from SOV to use of other orders, like SVO and OSV. Two competing hypotheses have been proposed for this switch: the noisy channel account (Gibson et al., 2013) and the role conflict account (Hall, Mayberry, & Ferreira, 2013). We set out to distinguish between these two hypotheses, disentangling event reversibility and patient animacy, by looking at gestural sequences for events with two inanimate participants (inanimate-inanimate, reversible). We replicated the previous findings of a preference for SOV order when describing animate-inanimate, irreversible events as well as a decrease in the use of SOV when presented with animate-animate, reversible events. Accompanying the drop in SOV, in a novel condition we observed an increase in the use of SVO and OSV orders when describing events involving two animate entities. In sum, we find that the observed avoidance of SOV order in gestural language creation paradigms when the event includes an animate agent and patient is driven by the animacy of the participants rather than the reversibility of the event. We suggest that findings from gestural creation paradigms are not automatically linkable to spoken language typology.
Hematopoietic Cell Therapy for Brain Repair

While the discovery of neural stem cells revolutionized the field of neural transplantation, ethical and funding limitations have made the search for alternative cell sources imperative for stem cell researchers. Bone marrow and umbilical cord blood both harbor a population of stem cells and transplantation studies in multiple models of brain injury and disease have demonstrated proof of principle for these cells as possible therapeutics. In this chapter, we discuss the characteristics of cells from bone marrow, umbilical cord blood and granulocyte colony stimulating factor exposed peripheral blood and summarize the recent literature on the use of these cells in experimental models of central nervous system injury and disease. We will discuss the neural potential of these hematopoietic cells and possible mechanisms underlying reported behavioral recovery.
ELECTRIC SHOCK AND CARDIOGENIC SHOCK: A CASE OF DC CARDIOVERSION RESULTING IN STRESS CARDIOMYOPATHY

Direct current cardioversion is a common therapy for atrial fibrillation and is generally a safe and effective procedure. Complications are rare and can include brady-arrhythmias and even cardiogenic shock. A 77 year old woman with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation for 13 years, who had failed medical
Priming Mathematics Word Problem Structures in a Rural Elementary Classroom

This study examined mathematics strategy instruction that primes the common underlying structures of word problems using explicit instruction in a rural elementary classroom with fourth- and fifth-...
Reuse of Disposable Medical Devices: Historical and Current Aspects

The "plastics revolution" of the last quarter century disrupted a hospital tradition. Since the 1890s, hospitals processed, packaged, and sterilized most of the medical-surgical items they needed in their own sterile supply departments--a "cottage industry" developed specifically for recycling. Only those consumable items that were too difficult, expensive, or inconvenient to reprocess were purchased from outside manufacturers as presterilized, single-use "disposables." Since the plastics revolution, however, the "disposables" started to displace the "reusables," and while claiming to be an economical innovation, have become a significant item in the budget. Some hospitals feel that if disposables save money, reusing the disposable several times will save more. The practice is spreading. The manufacturers, in turn, claim that hospitals do not have adequate quality assurance programs or skills to reprocess their items properly. The debate is further complicated by legal and ethical ramifications, as well as commercial and economic arguments.
What Is Community-Based Participatory Research?

Welcome to Community-Based Participatory Research: Working Together to Improve Mental Health, a guide for medical, academic, and institutional professionals, as well as community leaders and advocates, interested in pursuing a collaborative approach to research in which the daily realities of life that are unique to each community set the context for the study.
Tetracycline treatment of periodontal disease: antimicrobial and non-antimicrobial mechanisms

Before the evolution of the role of tetracyclines in the management of periodontal diseases can be understood, a short historical review of the history of periodontitis as a disease and the therapeutic strategies to manage it is necessary. This review will help us to understand how the tetracyclines have come to play a major role as an adjunctive chemotherapy to the mechanical/surgical modalities of therapy used at present to manage chronic progressive periodontitis. The proven efficacy of this group of drugs in the management of periodontal diseases has been found to be related not only to their antibacterial actions, but also to a number of additional properties that have recently been identified. These include the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases, anti-inflammatory properties, the inhibition of bone resorption, and their ability to promote the attachment of fibroblasts to root surfaces and increase the production of collagen and bone. Consequently, tetracyclines have not only been used as an adjunct to non-surgical therapy such as scaling and root planing, but they have also been used as an adjunct to bone grafting in periodontal defects, and as root conditioning agents to enhance attachment of regenerated periodontal tissues. The potential for tetracyclines to play a prominent role in the newly emerging discipline of periodontal medicine will also be addressed.
A PROCEDURE FOR ISOLATION OF RABBIT PULMONARY EPITHELIAL CELLS FOR STUDY OF FOREIGN COMPOUND METABOLISM

A procedure has been developed for the isolation of two fractions of pulmonary epithelial cells, one enriched in alveolar type II cells and the other enriched in Clara cells. In preliminary studies of mixed-function oxidase activity in these cell fractions, the Clara cell fraction showed high activity for both 7-ethoxycoumarin (7-Ec) deethylase and coumarin hydroxylase activities. However, the type II cell fraction exhibited 7-Ec deethylase but almost no coumarin hydroxylase activity indicating a possible difference in the cytochrome content of these two cell types.
Evidence of a Functionally Segregated Pathway from Lateral Superior Olive to Inferior Colliculus

ABSTRACT Neurons in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC) of decerebrate cats show three major response patterns when tones of different frequencies and levels are presented to the contralateral ear. The frequency response maps of type I units uniquely exhibit a narrowly tuned I-shaped area of excitation around best frequency (the most sensitive frequency) and flanking regions of inhibition at lower and higher frequencies. Type I units receive ipsilateral inhibition, and show binaural excitatory/inhibitory interactions. Lateral superior olive (LSO) principal cells display a similar receptive field organization and sensitivity to interaural level differences (ILDs) and project directly to the ICC, therefore are supposed to be the dominant source of excitatory input for type I units. To test this hypothesis, the responses of ICC units were compared before and after reversible inactivation of the LSO by injection of the non-specific excitatory amino-acid antagonist kynurenic acid. When excitatory activity within the LSO was blocked, many ICC type I units (~50%) were silenced or showed substantially decreased activitycomparable. By contrast, the responses of the other two ICC unit types were largely unaffected. With regard to the origins of unaffected ICC type I units, evidence indicates that the LSO was inactivated in an incomplete, anisotropic manner, and the monaural and binaural responses of such units are similar to those of affected type I units. Taken together, these results support the interpretation that most type I units are the midbrain components of a functionally segregated ILD processing pathway initiated by the LSO.
Better Words for Better Deaths.

Better Words for Better Deaths Words have a power that is deeper and stranger than their accepted definitions. When the end of life is inevitable and patients or their families consent, we may with...
Monitoring of FinFET Characteristics Using $\Delta V_{\text{DIBLSS}}/(I_{\text{on}}/I_{\text{off}})$ and $\Delta V_{\text{DIBL}}/(I_{\text{on}}/I_{\text{off}})$

In this paper, we present a descriptive analysis of a performance index, $\Delta V_{\mathrm{ DIBLSS}}/(I_{\mathrm{ on}}/I_{\mathrm{ off}})$ , used for performance monitoring. Scaled n- and p-channel metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) (planar and FinFET devices) are included for comparison of performance trends. Also, the simplified $\Delta V_{\mathrm{ DIBL}}/(I_{\mathrm{ on}}/I_{\mathrm{ off}})$ for monitoring the electrical characteristics of MOSFET devices is proposed due to the “quick measurements” required in the last step of the semiconductor manufacturing process. $\Delta V_{\mathrm{ DIBL}}/(I_{\mathrm{ on}}/I_{\mathrm{ off}})$ only accounts for drain-induced barrier lowering in its numerator and on/off current ratio in its denominator. The calculation process for $\Delta V_{\mathrm{ DIBL}}/(I_{\mathrm{ on}}/I_{\mathrm{ off}})$ is much quicker than for $\Delta V_{\mathrm{ DIBLSS}}/(I_{\mathrm{ on}}/I_{\mathrm{ off}})$ , where we need to make an extra measurement of the value of the subthreshold swing. Performance metrics, such as $I_{\mathrm{ on}}/I_{\mathrm{ off}}$ and intrinsic gain, $g_{m} \times r_{o}$ , are reported using $\Delta V_{\mathrm{ DIBLSS}}/(I_{\mathrm{ on}}/I_{\mathrm{ off}})$ and $\Delta V_{\mathrm{ DIBL}}/(I_{\mathrm{ on}}/I_{\mathrm{ off}})$ . $\Delta V_{\mathrm{ DIBLSS}}$ of about 100 mV in scaled MOSFETs is required to ensure that the gate control is strong. Since $I_{\mathrm{ on}}/I_{\mathrm{ off}}$ is a sensitive function of threshold voltage, the estimates of the $\Delta V_{\mathrm{ DIBLSS}}/(I_{\mathrm{ on}}/I_{\mathrm{ off}})$ and $\Delta V_{\mathrm{ DIBL}}/(I_{\mathrm{ on}}/I_{\mathrm{ off}})$ are therefore dependent on the design of threshold voltage. In planar MOSFETs, small values of $\Delta V_{\mathrm{ DIBLSS}}/(I_{\mathrm{ on}}/I_{\mathrm{ off}})$ and $\Delta V_{\mathrm{ DIBL}}/(I_{\mathrm{ on}}/I_{\mathrm{ off}})$ are hard to achieve. However, in FinFETs, it is easy to achieve the performance requirements due to its tri-gate structure.
The utility and determination of Pcrit in fishes.

ABSTRACT The critical O2 tension (Pcrit) is the lowest PO2 at which an animal can maintain some benchmark rate of O2 uptake (ṀO2). This PO2 has long served as a comparator of hypoxia tolerance in fishes and aquatic invertebrates, but its usefulness in this role, particularly when applied to fishes, has recently been questioned. We believe that Pcrit remains a useful comparator of hypoxia tolerance provided it is determined using the proper methods and hypoxia tolerance is clearly defined. Here, we review the available methods for each of the three steps of Pcrit determination: (1) measuring the most appropriate benchmark ṀO2 state for Pcrit determination (ṀO2,std, the ṀO2 required to support standard metabolic rate); (2) reducing water PO2; and (3) calculating Pcrit from the ṀO2 versus PO2 curve. We make suggestions on best practices for each step and for how to report Pcrit results to maximize their comparative value. We also discuss the concept of hypoxia tolerance and how Pcrit relates to a fish9s overall hypoxia tolerance. When appropriate methods are used, Pcrit provides useful comparative physiological and ecological information about the aerobic contributions to a fish9s hypoxic survival. When paired with other hypoxia-related physiological measurements (e.g. lactate accumulation, calorimetry-based measurements of metabolic depression, loss-of-equilibrium experiments), Pcrit contributes to a comprehensive understanding of how a fish combines aerobic metabolism, anaerobic metabolism and metabolic depression in an overall strategy for hypoxia tolerance.
Introductory Remarks to the First Session

As an introduction, it may be useful to review current thinking on the mechanism of platelet function (Fig. 1) (Salzman, E. W., 1971, Fed. Proc. 30:1503). Platelets do not adhere to normal endothelium, but in areas of endothelial denudation, as at the end of a lacerated blood vessel or on an atherosclerotic arterial plaque, they adhere to subendothelial connective tissue, probably to collagen or a collagen-like material, and are then induced to undergo a secretory process, the “release reaction”. Not a non-specific disruption of the platelet surface but a selective secretion of the contents of certain intracellular granules, the release reaction leads to expulsion from the platelet of biogenic amines such as cat echolamines and serotonin and activation of other substances with biological activity. These include platelet factor 4 (PF 4), an antiheparin, and platelet factor 3 (PF 3), an alteration in the lipid component of the platelet surface that serves to accelerate the intrinsic clotting system.
Perceptions of School Bullying, Social Support, and Stress Among Korean Adoptees in U.S. White Families: A Pilot Study

Although there are numerous research studies on post adoption services to improve wellbeing of adopted children and their adoptive families, there is scarce research on school adjustment of adopted children. To address this gap, the current study examined the link between experience of school bullying and psychological stress among Korean children adopted into U.S. white families. In addition, it examined the role of social support in moderation the association between the experience of being bullied and stress. One hundred sixty-one were mailed to adoptive families through Dillon International Adoption Agency. Thirty-one children completed and returned the packets. Data analysis utilizing independent t-test and ANOVA indicated that peer intervention and adults or teachers’ intervention could be a moderating factor to lower stress levels among Korean adoptees. The paper includes research implications of these findings as well as limitations of the study.
An overview of research regarding reservoirs, vectors and predators of the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis

This review presents an overview of research from 1998-2018 regarding interactions of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis with both potential hosts and predators. To this end, 23 different studies collected from the Web of Science database along with two external journals were utilized, encompassing numerous taxonomic groups. Numerous groups of animals were identified as potential vectors for the fungus, with crayfish and reptiles standing as the most prominent and consistent non-amphibian hosts warranting their inclusion in any future broadscale distribution surveys. an important area for future research. Additionally, Daphnia were noted to serve as predators of the zoospores when exposed in mesocosm scenarios, reducing infection levels in corresponding tadpoles. Caecilians have also been observed to be carriers of Bd, though the level as to which the chytrid impacts these organisms needs to be further researched. In total, this review indicates that future research needs to begin including freshwater crustaceans, caecilians and reptiles in field studies for presence/absence, while a broader range of taxa need to be tested to see whether they serve as vectors or hosts in natural scenarios.
Novel expression of coat proteins from thermophilic bacteriophage ΦIN93 and evaluation for assembly into virus-like particles.

Abstract Virus-like particles (VLPs) have the potential to be used as display platforms to develop vaccines against infectious and non-infectious agents. However, most VLPs used as vaccine display platforms are derived from viruses that infect humans; unfortunately, most humans already have pre-existing antibodies against these platforms and thus, the immunogenicity of these vaccines may be compromised. VLP platforms derived from viruses that infect bacteria (bacteriophages), especially bacteriophages that infect bacteria, which do not colonize humans are less likely to have pre-existing antibodies against the platforms in the human population. In this study, we assessed whether two putative coat proteins (ORF13 and ORF14) derived from a thermophilic bacteriophage (ΦIN93) can be expressed and purified from a mesophilic bacterium such as E. coli. We also assessed whether expressed coat proteins can assemble to form VLPs. Truncated versions of ORF13 and ORF14 were successfully co-expressed in bacteria; the co-expressed truncated proteins formed oval structures that look like VLPs, but their sizes were less than those of an authentic ΦIN93 virus.
Exploring the information needs of student entrepreneurs: A meta-narrative synthesis

Drawing upon Wilson’s framework on information needs and user studies, this article investigated student entrepreneurs’ demographics, characteristics, and their fundamental cognitive, affective, an...
Internet parent-child interaction therapy (I-PCIT) in medically ill child: A case report.

INTRODUCTION This case illustrates the feasibility, benefit, and putative enhanced ecological validity of performing internet-parent-child interaction therapy (I-PCIT) in the parent-child dyad's home for the treatment of behavior problems in medically ill children in the context of a global pandemic. PATIENT CONCERNS Parents of a 5-year-old girl initially presented with concerns regarding inattentiveness, physical and verbal fighting with her siblings, and getting kicked out of daycare for hitting another child. Patient also had difficulties sleeping at night. DIAGNOSES Patient was diagnosed with electrical status epilepticus in sleep, frontal lobe executive function deficit, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. INTERVENTIONS Patient received a course of I-PCIT. Equipment included a cell phone with video capabilities connected to a videotelephony software program and set-up in the child's home by the parents. The treatment course included 8, 1-hour, weekly teaching/coaching sessions (7 of which were performed using I-PCIT) plus 1 follow-up booster session 6 months later. OUTCOMES Home-based I-PCIT implementation greatly improved disruptive behaviors in a young child with electrical status epilepticus in sleep and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. CONCLUSION A combination of I-PCIT and methylphenidate allowed her to be successful at home and in a school setting. More research is needed on PCIT adaptations, such as home-based and internet-based PCIT, for medically ill children as well as treatment protocols for combined therapies.
Energy Law and Policy

The book offers an introduction to energy law and policy both for students who seek to practice in the field and for those interested in better understanding this fascinating, critical area of law. It introduces the key jurisdictional actors that play differing roles in energy controversies and provides students with an understanding of the multi-jurisdictional approach to energy regulation pervasive in the United States. This book breaks away from the traditional approach of looking at energy resources one at a time to provide a more holistic view of the field. It accounts for the complex, interrelated energy systems that buttress society, while addressing the grand energy challenges faced today. The book contains cases, sample statutes and regulations, and pertinent excerpts from energy law and policy experts. These policy-oriented, often empirical materials offer the necessary building blocks for a public law course, particularly one that covers a rapidly transitioning field. The book is organized into three parts that introduce students to the fundamental aspects of the energy sector, energy law, and the most pressing energy topics of the 21st century.
Light Scattering in Liquid Semiconductors

Structure and electrical properties of liquid semiconductors have been reviewed in Refs.1 and 2. In these lectures, I will discuss the light scattering in liquid semiconductors with a particular emphasis on the temperature range close to the glass transition rather than the critical point to which most studies of this kind have been devoted. I will first present a brief description of the relevant properties of the melts. An attempt is then made to present a discussion of the scattering processes from a unified viewpoint based on the correlation functions. The aim of the approach is to show the physical principles and the potential usefulness and limitations of the methods rather than a development of a precise theory and a detailed analysis of actual experiments. The limited length of this paper makes it impractical to quote all original papers in this broad field, and I often refer to review papers if available.
Non-vanishing of modular L-functions on a disc

Introduction. Non-vanishing of L-functions on a disc has been studied in various contexts in the recent years. In the context of Dirichlet L-functions P. Elliott [6] proved that there are infinitely many Dirichlet L-functions L(s, χp) (χp is a Dirichlet character mod p (prime)) which are uniformly bounded below by c(log p) in the disc |s − 1/2| ≤ (log p)−(1+e), and so do not vanish there. This result has been improved by R. Balasubramanian in [2]. He proved that the number of Dirichlet L-functions L(s, χp) that do not vanish in the disc |s − 1/2| ≤ (log p)−(1+e) is bounded below by cp(log p)−2. Also, in [3] R. Balasubramanian and K. Murty studied nonvanishing of Dirichlet L-functions in the disc |s − σj | ≤ 2(log p)−1, where σj = 1/2+j/log p and 2 ≤ j ≤ (log p)/2−2. They proved that for a positive proportion of the characters χp (mod p), L(s, χp) does not have a real zero in the region 1/2 + c/log p ≤ Re(s) 0 is an absolute constant and p is a sufficiently large prime. In this paper we prove an analogue of the above results in the context of modular L-functions. We are interested in the zeros of Lf (s, χ) in the critical strip k/2 0 and any point s0 inside the critical strip (the exponent 2/3 can in fact be improved now to 1 using improved character sum estimates of Heath-Brown as in the work of Perelli and Pomykala [8]). Here, we prove the following theorem.