cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estate planning as a forest stewardship tool: A study of family land ownerships in the northeastern U.S.

Abstract Forested lands produce a multitude of societal benefits, and landowner decisions influence the provision of these benefits over space and time. The fate of over half of the 330 million hectares of forestland in the United States (U.S.) rests in the hands of private ownerships, and over 35% of U.S. forestland is owned by families. Landowner estate planning offers a means for families to make critical decisions about the future stewardship of their land, including whether and how to split up lands or to take steps to ensure lands remain forested. Yet, decision-making regarding ownership transition and formal estate planning remains poorly understood. Our research provides foundational knowledge of the current status of family landowners' formal estate planning in four northeastern U.S. states. Using a mail survey in Massachusetts, Maine, New York and Vermont, we compiled information on owners' current management, future intentions, estate planning, and demographics. Approximately 66% of respondents have made use of a will for estate planning; 25% have combined the use of a will with a tool that may control use; and 34% have not employed any formal planning tools. Findings from a multinomial logit model of estate planning actions suggest that landowner and land characteristics, barriers to the planning process, and intentions to pass to heirs, recreational and financial investment objectives, and landscape area differences explain variation in the extent and type of planning by owners. Our results underscore the importance of additional research on estate planning, including the conservation intent of these plans, and offer guidance to practitioners interested in bolstering engagement with these planning tools.
Classical Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Dynamics

The classical development is followed in the case where the configuration manifold is the vector space \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\). A Lagrangian function \(L: \mathbb{R}^{n} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{1}\) is introduced and variational methods are used to derive Euler–Lagrange equations and Hamilton’s equations. Several mechanical systems are studied to illustrate the developments.
Training Compressed Fully-Connected Networks with a Density-Diversity Penalty

Deep models have achieved great success on a variety of challenging tasks. How- ever, the models that achieve great performance often have an enormous number of parameters, leading to correspondingly great demands on both computational and memory resources, especially for fully-connected layers. In this work, we propose a new “density-diversity penalty” regularizer that can be applied to fully-connected layers of neural networks during training. We show that using this regularizer results in significantly fewer parameters (i.e., high sparsity), and also significantly fewer distinct values (i.e., low diversity), so that the trained weight matrices can be highly compressed without any appreciable loss in performance. The resulting trained models can hence reside on computational platforms (e.g., portables, Internet-of-Things devices) where it otherwise would be prohibitive.
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System and Legacy Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in the Field of Orthopaedics: A Systematic Review.

Purpose To compare Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) physical function (PF) with legacy patient-reported outcome measures with regard to correlations, ease of use, and quality criteria for orthopaedic conditions. Methods A systematic search of the PubMed/MEDLINE database was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to identify published articles that referenced the various PROMIS PF measures. Three authors independently reviewed selected studies. The search returned 130 studies, 44 of which underwent review. Of these, 18 were selected for inclusion. A general linear model and paired t -tests were used to assess for differences between legacy patient-reported outcome measures and PROMIS. Results The combined sample size of all articles yielded 3,047 total patients. Overall, PROMIS PF measures and legacy scores showed strong correlations (range: 0.59-0.83) when evaluating upper extremity, lower extremity, and spine patients. PROMIS questionnaires (6.04, standard error [SE] = 0.7) have significantly fewer questions than legacy forms (24.27, SE = 4.36). In lower extremity studies, the PROMIS PF (100.14 seconds, SE = 28.41) forms were completed in significantly less time ( P = .03) than legacy forms (243.70 seconds, SE = 45.8). No significant difference was found between the reliabilities of the 2 types of measures. Conclusions PROMIS PF scores correlate strongly, particularly in lower extremity patients, with some of the most commonly used legacy measures in orthopaedics. PROMIS can be administered quicker and applied to a broader patient population while remaining highly reliable. Level of Evidence Level IV, systematic review of Level I-IV evidence.
High resolution electrocardiography. Basic and clinical aspects

There are several low level electrocardiographic (ECG) potentials whose manifestations on the body surface are too small to be detected by routine measurement techniques. These include the potentials produced by the His-Purkinje system and by slow conduction in depressed ventricular myocardium (usually called late potentials). These potentials are small because the activation front is slow and fractionated or the mass of tissue undergoing depolarization is small or both. However, the measurement of the bioelectric potentials produced by these tissues is important for diagnostic purposes. Identification of the His-Purkinje potential can localize the site of atrio-ventricular conduction disorders, and the detection of late potentials may identify patients at high risk of malignant tachyarrhythmias. The problem in identifying these potentials is that the signal is smaller than the electric noise produced by various sources. Two different techniques have been utilized to improve signal-to-noise ratio: 1) temporal averaging (usually referred as to as signal averaging). This technique is applicable only to repetitive ECG signals and cannot detect moment by moment dynamic changes in the signals. 2) Low noise or high resolution ECG, which utilizes spatial averaging techniques, as well as other noise reducing measures, to record the His-Purkinje signal and late potentials on a beat-to-beat basis. The signal averaged technique has been utilized more often in the last few years and the averaged signal can be analyzed in either the time or frequency domain.
Incidence of visual impairment over a 20-year period: the Beaver Dam Eye Study.

Purpose To describe visual impairment (VI) over a 20-year period and its associations with age-related eye diseases and socioeconomic factors in the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Design Population-based cohort study. Participants Four thousand nine hundred twenty-six persons 43 to 86 years of age participated in the baseline examination phase from 1988 through 1990, and 3721, 2962, 2375, and 1913 persons participated in follow-up examinations each spaced 5 years apart from 1993 through 1995, 1998 through 2000, 2003 through 2005, and 2008 through 2010, respectively. Methods Best-corrected visual acuity after refraction, assessed by the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study protocol. Main Outcome Measures Incidence of VI, defined as best-corrected visual acuity of poorer than 20/40 in the better eye in persons with one or both eyes 20/40 or better at the beginning of a 5-year interval, and incidence of severe VI, defined as best-corrected visual acuity of 20/200 or worse in the better eye in persons with one or both eyes better than 20/200 at the beginning of a 5-year interval. Results Overall incidence of VI between examinations (5-year interval) was 1.4% (varying from 0.1% in persons 50–54 years of age to 14.6% in those 85 years of age and older), whereas for severe VI it was 0.4% (varying from 0.0% in persons 50–54 years of age to 6.9% in those ≥85 years of age). The incidence of VI decreased for each period after adjustment for age, from the first 5-year interval between examinations (1988–1990 to 1993–1995) to the fourth and most recent 5-year interval (2003–2005 to 2008–2010; odds ratio fourth interval vs. first interval, 0.53; 95% confidence interval, 0.32–0.87; P = 0.01). This period effect was no longer significant after adjustment for age-related macular degeneration. Age-related macular degeneration remained the leading cause of incident severe VI (54% of eyes with incident severe VI, which was as low as 40% and as high as 57% for specific visits), with no evidence of a trend across visits. The overall frequency of VI correctable with new refraction was 38% of all eyes with VI. Conclusions These data provide population-based estimates that show a high (15%) 5-year incidence of VI in persons 85 years of age and older. Age-related macular degeneration remained the leading cause of severe VI in this population over the 20 years of the study. Financial Disclosure(s) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Update on HIV/AIDS in Japan, 2003

In Japan, the first case of HIV-1 infection was discovered in 1983 (Miyoshi et al.,1983) and incidence continued to increase among Japanese hemophiliacs through 1985 by repeated inoculations of coagulation factor products VIII and IX imported from the United States into Japan. Approximately 2000 hemophiliacs were estimated to be infected with HIV, demonstrating a 40% infectivity rate of HIV among a total of 5000 hemophiliacs treated with the contaminated blood products. Furthermore, 12 non-hemophiliacs were retrospectively defined to be infected with HIV-1 (hereafter referred to simply as HIV) by their treatment with the contaminated products.
Trellis-Coded Space–Time Shift Keying

In this paper, we investigate a trellis-coded space shift keying modulation scheme, called trellis-coded space–time shift keying (TC-STSK), which combines trellis-coded modulation with space shift keying. By analyzing the rank criterion using a graph theoretic approach, we maximize the number of unique differences between pairwise codewords as the code design goal. We discuss the code design principles for achieving diversity, and propose a design algorithm that is mostly suitable for rate- $1/n$ codes, where $n$ is the number of the code output bits. We then propose a diversity adaptation mechanism by selecting only the codewords with desired diversity, and use it to design higher rate codes that achieve full diversity. We also provide the code designs and a modified soft Viterbi decoder for such schemes. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can achieve diversity orders expected from the theoretical analysis, and that increasing the number of shift registers and transmit antennas improves the performance of the TC-STSK scheme. The results also show that TC-STSK outperforms a space–time trellis code with the same bit rate and the number of shift registers.
Prevalence of five lifestyle risk factors among U.S. adults with and without stroke.

Abstract Background History of stroke increases cardiometabolic risk, which can be exacerbated by the presence of unhealthy lifestyle factors. Population-based estimates of lifestyle risk factors in people with stroke are lacking but could be used to inform research, policy, and healthcare practice. Objective To compare population-based estimates of the prevalence of five lifestyle risk factors—low fruit and vegetable consumption, insufficient physical activity, smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, and overweight/obesity—among U.S. adults with and without stroke. Methods Representative data from noninstitutionalized adults aged ≥18 years (stroke, n = 37,225; no stroke, n = 851,607) from the 2015 and 2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) were used to estimate prevalence of individual and total number of risk factors. Logistic regression models were used to determine the odds of lifestyle risk factors in adults with stroke, adjusting for sex, age, ethnicity, marital status, education, income, and disability. Results Prevalence and adjusted odds ratios (AOR) were higher in individuals with stroke compared to those without stroke for insufficient physical activity (56.5% vs. 49.5%, AOR: 1.14) and smoking (30.1% vs. 16.6%, AOR: 1.16), but lower for heavy alcohol consumption (5.4% vs. 6.1%, AOR: 0.76). Prevalence for low fruit and vegetable consumption (51.7% vs. 46.0%) and overweight/obesity (70.2% vs. 64.5%) was higher among adults with stroke, but differences were attenuated by demographic characteristics. Additionally, clustering of 4–5 lifestyle risk factors was higher in adults with stroke (9.0% vs. 5.3%, AOR: 1.12). Conclusion Additional research and healthcare interventions are needed to improve lifestyle risk factors in adults with stroke.
Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine: Will the Phoenix Rise Again?

* Abbreviations: ACIP — : Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices A/H1N1pdm09 — : influenza A/H1N1 2009 pandemic IIV — : inactivated influenza vaccine LAIV — : live attenuated influenza vaccine LAIV3 — : live attenuated influenza vaccine–trivalent LAIV4 — : live attenuated influenza vaccine–quadrivalent The live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) (FluMist) has undergone a roller coaster journey since its licensure in 2003 for eligible individuals 5 to 49 years of age and subsequent expansion to children 2 to 4 years of age in 2007. LAIV was the first new influenza vaccine approved in the United States since the introduction of the inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) developed in the 1940s. Authors of studies performed before the influenza A/H1N1 2009 pandemic (A/H1N1pdm09) suggested that LAIV was more efficacious than IIV in pediatric populations.1 The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended preferential use of the LAIV for eligible children 2 to 8 years of age in the 2014–2015 season, removed the preferential recommendation in the 2015–2016 season, and provided interim recommendation against its use during the 2016–2017 and 2017–2018 seasons because of observational studies suggesting effectiveness that would be lower than expected against the A/H1N1pdm09.2–5 The study by Chung et al,6 “Live Attenuated and Inactivated Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness” in this issue of Pediatrics is a meta-analysis from 5 observational programs conducted from 2013–2014 through 2015–2016 comparing vaccine effectiveness between live … Address correspondence to Pedro A. Piedra, MD, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030. E-mail: ppiedra{at}bcm.edu
Stable Carbon Isotopes of Fossil Plant Lipids Support Moderately High pCO2 in the Early Paleogene

The atmospheric CO2 concentration (pCO2) affects the carbon isotope composition (δ13C) of plant tissue produced during photosynthesis. This observation has led to the suggestion that changes in the...
Chaperone OsmY facilitates the biogenesis of a major family of autotransporters.

OsmY is a widely conserved but poorly understood 20 kDa periplasmic protein. Using a folding biosensor, we previously obtained evidence that OsmY has molecular chaperone activity. To discover natural OsmY substrates, we screened for proteins that are destabilized and thus present at lower steady-state levels in an osmY-null strain. The abundance of an outer membrane protein called antigen 43 was substantially decreased and its β-barrel domain was undetectable in the outer membrane of an osmY-null strain. Antigen 43 is a member of the diffuse adherence family of autotransporters. Like strains that are defective in antigen 43 production, osmY-null mutants failed to undergo cellular autoaggregation. In vitro, OsmY assisted in the refolding of the antigen 43 β-barrel domain and protected it from added protease. Finally, an osmY-null strain that expressed two members of the diffuse adherence family of autotransporters that are distantly related to antigen 43, EhaA and TibA, contained reduced levels of the proteins and failed to undergo cellular autoaggregation. Taken together, our results indicate that OsmY is involved in the biogenesis of a major subset of autotransporters, a group of proteins that play key roles in bacterial pathogenesis.
Pricing the cloud: a QoS-based auction approach

Cloud computing is an evolutionary technology that offers on-demand resources and elastic services through the Internet. Most providers adopt fixed-price mechanisms (e.g. pay-as-you-go). However, a...
Incidence of benign and malignant peri‐implant fluid collections and masses on magnetic resonance imaging in women with silicone implants

Background To assess the incidence of benign and malignant peri-implant fluid collections and/or masses on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in women with silicone implants who are being screened for silent implant rupture. Methods The institutional review board approved this HIPAA-compliant retrospective study and waived informed consent. Women who underwent silicone implant oncoplastic and/or cosmetic surgery and postoperative implant-protocol MRI from 2000 to 2014 were included. Peri-implant fluid collections and/or masses were measured volumetrically. A benign peri-implant fluid collection and/or mass was pathologically proven or defined as showing 2 years of imaging and/or clinical stability. A malignant peri-implant fluid collection was pathologically proven. Incidence of peri-implant fluid collections and/or masses and positive predictive value (PPV) were calculated on a per-patient level using proportions and exact 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Fisher's exact test was used in the analysis to test statistical significance pre-defined as P-value Results A total of 1070 women with silicone implants were included (mean age, 50.7 years; range, 40.4-53.8). Median time between reconstructive surgery and first MRI was 88.9 months (range, 0.8-1363.3). Eighteen women (1.7%) had a peri-implant fluid collection and/or mass: 15/18 (83.3%) had adequate follow-up; and only 1/15 was malignant implant associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma, with a PPV of 6.7% (95% CI: 0.003-0.0005). The median peri-implant fluid collection size was 89 mL (range, 18-450 mL). Conclusion Peri-implant fluid collections and/or masses identified at silicone implant protocol breast MR imaging are rarely seen 24 months after reconstructive surgery. Image-guided fine-needle aspiration with flow cytometry may be warranted to evaluate for implant-associated lymphoma.
Automated choroidal neovascularization diagnosis and quantification using convolutional neural networks in OCT angiography (Conference Presentation)

Detecting and quantifying choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is essential for the diagnosis of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Projection-resolved OCT angiography (PR-OCTA) has enabled both en face and volumetric visualization of CNV. However, previously described CNV detection methods only quantify CNV that was already diagnosed, and were unable to identify CNV form unknown inputs . Previous methods were also limited by artifacts. A fully automated CNV diagnosis and quantification algorithm using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) was developed. It was able to diagnose CNV and output CNV membrane and vessel area from retinal structural and angiographic images.
Chapter 10 – Turbomachinery

Next to the nuclear reactor itself, probably the most important component in a nuclear rocket engine is the turbopump assembly. The job of the turbopump is to transfer the propellant from its storage tanks to the nuclear reactor at the desired flow rate and pressure. A turbopump consists of two major subassemblies which are, as the name implies, a turbine and a pump. The turbine and the pump are coupled to one another through a common shaft. During operation, the turbine portion of the turbopump supplies the power which runs the pump portion of the turbopump. The working fluid required to operate the turbine is the propellant itself which has been preheated and vaporized in various engine components that have themselves absorbed waste heat from the reactor. The exact means by which these components preheat the propellant depends upon the rocket engine cycle chosen for operation.
Understanding friendships and promoting friendship development through peer mentoring for individuals with and without intellectual and developmental disabilities

Abstract Friendships for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs) provide enhanced community participation and improved quality of life. However, friendships between individuals with and without IDD continue to be scarce with limited opportunities for interaction. In this chapter, we discuss friendship development for individuals with IDD including friendship definitions, characteristics, quality, reciprocity, and satisfaction as well as interpersonal and societal barriers to friendships between individuals with and without IDD. Next, we describe how peer mentoring programs across ages, disability, and settings promote social interactions between individuals with and without IDD and provide opportunities to develop life-long friendships. Then, we propose merging two theories, the Self-Determination Theory (Ryan & Deci, 2000) and the Ecological Systems Theory (Bronfenbrenner, 1976), to use as a guide in creating peer mentoring programs that will support and build the intrinsic motivation and self-determination of individuals without IDD to have the confidence to engage with individuals with IDD. These theories also guide examination of the impact of peer mentoring programs on participants, communities, and society. Finally, we end this chapter with three critical areas for research in friendship development and peer mentoring programs to improve friendship outcomes for individuals with IDD.
Science Fiction and the Law: A New Wigmorian Bibliography

In 1908, Dean John Henry Wigmore compiled a list of novels that no lawyer could afford to ignore. Wigmore’s list, taken up by Professor Richard Weisberg in the 1970s, catalogs one hundred literary works from Antigone to Native Son, each of which offers insight into the legal system or the practice of law. This article undertakes a similar bibliographic exercise with respect to law and the literature of science fiction. While science fiction, as a literary genre, has its detractors, it cannot be denied that science fiction stories – whether in books, short stories, films or television shows – reach a vast audience and, for better or worse, influence popular perceptions and understanding of science and technology issues. This has been the case since the days of Jules Verne and H.G. Wells, but is especially true today. When we talk about genetic engineering, Brave New World, Gattaca and Jurassic Park are invariably mentioned. When we think about artificial intelligence, HAL, Skynet and other fictional depictions immediately come to mind. The surveillance society? Nineteen Eighty-Four, of course. These speculative fiction accounts inform the background intuition of judges, legislators and citizens when confronting novel legal issues that arise due to technological change. As such, it is important to understand the body of literature that forms these background intuitions. Accordingly, this article offers the first curated and categorized list of legal science fiction literature, following the model of Wigmore and Weisberg. It is classified according to doctrinal themes, and also includes a compilation of academic literature addressing issues of law in science fiction. It is hoped that the materials compiled here will serve as a useful resource for legal practitioners, policy makers and educators as they grapple with ever increasing legal challenges brought about by the rapid evolution of science and technology. [This is a draft - suggestions, comments and corrections are welcome]
Spirituality Scripts: Improving Provider Comfort with Spirituality

Program Goals: The spiritual identity of children and families often plays a role in life experience and care decisions. Providers may feel uncomfortable or inexperienced when hope for a miracle, spiritual identity, or participation in religious ritual are discussed. Recent research shows a majority of providers fail to address spiritual issues raised by families. The goal of this program is to have a brief presentation that identifies sources of discomfort for providers in discussing spirituality, introduces basic scripts that can be applied to these discussions, and helps providers …
Prophylactic antithrombotic management in adult and pediatric kidney transplantation: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background RGT is a major cause for early graft loss after KTx. Although evidence-based recommendations are lacking, aP is often used to prevent RGT. This systematic review aimed to determine the effectiveness and safety of aP in adult and pediatric KTx recipients. Methods MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, conference proceedings, and electronic databases for trial registries were searched for eligible studies using search terms relevant to this review (April 21, 2020). The systematic review was carried out following the recommendations of the Cochrane Collaboration and the Prefered Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Statement. Results Twelve studies comprising 2370 patients (adult = 1415, pediatric = 955) were included, of which three were RCTs. The overall risk for developing RGT was lower in the group with aP compared with the control group (RR 0.24, 95% confidence interval 0.12-0.49). The antithrombotic drugs used were heparin (7/12), acetylsalicylic acid (2/12), a combination of both (2/12), and dipyridamole (1/12) with a high variability in timing, dosing, and mode of application. Adverse effects were reported rarely, with minor bleeding as the main complication. The non-randomized studies had significant risks of bias in the domains of patient selection, confounder, and measurement of outcomes. Conclusion Based on pooled analysis, aP seems to reduce the risk of RGT in KTx. However, the reliability of these results is limited, as the quality of the available studies is poor and information on adverse effects associated with aP is scarce. Additional high-quality research is urgently needed to provide sufficient data supporting the use of aP in KTx.
Grain chalkiness traits is affected by the synthesis and dynamic accumulation of the storage protein in rice.

Backgrouond Grain chalkiness lowers the market value of rice. Alleviating grain chalkiness is the most challenging issue in many rice-producing areas of the world. Nitrogen (N) metabolism has received increasing attention as a result of its relationship with grain chalkiness, although little information is available on the mechanism of N-induced grain chalk. Results A highly chalky rice variety OM052 was used to explore the protein synthesis and its accumulation in the grain exposed to N topdressing (N+) at the panicle initiation stage and a control (N-). The results showed that chalky kernels were stimulated by the N+ treatment and more prone to occur on the top and primary rachis. The grain protein content was increased because of the increased average and maximum rates of protein accumulation during grain filling, which was related to the enhanced activities of glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthase, glutamic oxalo-acetic transaminase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase under the N+ treatment. The activities of these enzymes at 15 days after flowering (DAF) were notably positively correlated with grain chalky traits and protein content. Conclusion N topdressing regulates the synthesis and accumulation of the protein by affecting the key enzymes, especially at 15 DAF, which is attributed to grain chalkiness in rice. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Creation of an Evidence-Based Physical Therapy Program for Adults with XLH: Translational Application of an Interprofessional Clinical Study

X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) arises due to inactivating mutations of the PHEX gene resulting in elevated circulating levels of the hormone FGF23, producing phosphaturia and impaired intestinal phosphate absorption. XLH is a lifelong metabolic disease with musculoskeletal comorbidities that dominate the adult clinical picture, and are resistant to standard therapies. We have previously reported the physical and functional impact of the adult disorder (J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Apr 1;105(4)). Bilateral and diffuse enthesophytes, degenerative arthritis and osteophytes were reported at the spine and synovial joints across subjects. Passive range of motion (ROM) was decreased at the spine, hips, knees, and ankles compared to controls. Gait analysis, relative to controls, revealed increased step width, markedly increased lateral trunk sway, and physical restriction at the hip, knees and ankle joints that translated into limitations through the gait cycle. These studies have been translated into an evidence-based physical therapy (PT) intervention study to address these major physical and functional comorbidities. Participants were enrolled in a remote 12-week PT program consisting of balance exercises and basic stretches with/without resistance. Subjects were evaluated at baseline and at every 4-weeks to assess ROM, gait, and functional ability. Several validated tools were employed to assess overall function: Berg Balance Scale, the Timed Up and Go (TUG) Test, and the Five Times Sit to Stand Test (5XSST). Subjective questionnaires, including the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) and Activities-Specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale, were administered along with a weekly survey. At the conclusion of the study, minimal to modest improvements were seen in active ROM for the upper and lower extremity which reflect the significant bony restriction caused by XLH. However, improvements were seen in functional measures including the Berg Balance Scale, TUG, 5XSST, LEFS, and ABC. Weekly surveys indicated that participants improved their ability to balance, perform activities of daily living (ADLs), walk, and bend down to reach the ground. Results from this study will be applied to the creation of an evidence-based PT program to maintain functional capacity and improved ability to perform ADLs across the lifespan.
Effectiveness of Programed Materials in Teaching a Secondary School Health Education Unit

Abstract This study was designed to determine if intrinsically programed materials and techniques can be effectively used to teach a health education unit to secondary school students, and to compare levels of achievement resulting from the utilization of programed materials as opposed to traditional classroom methods. Twelve secondary school health education classes in New York City, involving 343 students, were divided into matched groups. Branched, self-teaching materials on the topic of alcohol education were presented to the experimental group to be studied at home for a 3-day period without recourse to classroom instruction. The control group was taught the topic in a 3-day unit utilizing traditional classroom teaching techniques. The results of the achievement test administered at the conclusion of the unit indicate that branched or intrinsically programed materials and techniques can be effectively used in the teaching of a secondary school health education unit and that in this particular investi...
Whole Egg Consumption Completely Prevents Vitamin D Deficiency in Type 2 Diabetic Rats

Previous research has shown that type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by vitamin D deficiency and nephropathy. Whole eggs are a rich source of vitamin D in the diet, particularly 25-OH-vitamin D ...
Repair of Injury Induced by Freezing Escherichia coli as Influenced by Recovery Medium

Freezing an aqueous suspension of Escherichia coli NCSM at -78 C for 10 min, followed by thawing in water at 8 C for 30 min, resulted in the death of approximately 50% of the cells, as determined by their inability to form colonies on Trypticase soy agar containing 0.3% yeast extract (TSYA). Among the survivors, more than 90% of the cells were injured, as they failed to form colonies on TSYA containing 0.1% deoxycholate. Microscope counts and optical density determinations at 600 nm suggested that death from freezing was not due to lysis of the cells. Death and the injury were accompanied by the loss of 260- and 280-nm absorbing materials from the intracellular pool. Injury was reversible as the injured cells repaired in many suitable media. The rate of repair was rapid and maximum in a complex nutrient medium such as Trypticase soy broth supplemented with yeast extract. However, inorganic phosphate, with or without MgSO(4), was able to facilitate repair. Repair in phosphate was dependent on the pH, the temperature, and the concentration of phosphate.
How Well Are Non-Horn Clauses Handled?

We analyze the search space of two clause-based proof procedures, the Model Elimination procedure and Near-Horn Prolog, both of Loveland. We study how the search space changes with respect to the degree of how “non-Horn” a clause set is. The “non-Hornness” of a clause set is measured by the average number of negative subgoals in a clause. We show that Near-Horn Prolog performs better at the very beginning of the “non-Hornness” scale. But when the clause set becomes more and more non-Horn, model elimination has a clear advantage over Near-Horn Prolog. We also observe an interesting symmetrical property of the search space of model elimination. The reason for this symmetry is that model elimination treats positive literals and negative literals in the same way.
False belief understanding in children with specific language impairment

Abstract Children's understanding that people's beliefs may differ from reality is an important milestone in cognitive development. Yet the tasks usually used to assess this understanding rely on the comprehension of complex syntax. Children with specific language impairment (SLI) have language abilities that are below age expectations, but their nonlinguistic cognitive abilities — crucial to false belief understanding — are closer to age level. Four conditions of a standard false belief task were administered to 10 children with SLI, 10 children of the same age, and 9 younger children whose language comprehension ability was similar to the children with SLI. The four conditions varied as to their linguistic complexity. The SLI group performed similarly to same-age peers when linguistic complexity was low, but similarly to younger children when linguistic complexity was high. These findings provide evidence that linguistic competence serves as a limiting factor in false belief performance for children with SLI. Educational objectives: Readers will be able to (1) describe different hypotheses regarding the relationship between language and theory of mind development, (2) discuss how linguistic complexity impacts false belief performance for children with SLI, and (3) apply the language/theory of mind relationship when planning intervention.
A nonlinear ergodic theorem for discrete systems

A theorem concerning the asymptotic behavior of a general class of systems of difference equations is proven. This theorem guarantees the existence of a stable normalized distribution vector, and enables the constructing of a scalar limiting equation for an aggregate variable. This theory is illustrated using an example from population dynamics, a nonlinear size-structured model of competition for a dynamically modeled limiting resource.
Working upstream: how far can you go with sewage-based drug epidemiology?

The field of drug epidemiology based upon sewer sampling has only emerged in the last 10 years and has great potential to aid in drug epidemiological studies. This rapidly expanding field can provi...
Organization And Knowledge Representation In An Expert System For Scene Segmentation In Histologic Sections

An expert system to guide scene segmentation in histologic sections is described. The system uses a semantic net for knowledge representation. At each node of the net, frames are associated to allow the staging of additional information. Scene segmentation is the result of model-based reasoning, supported by a digital image processing library and adaptive selection of segmentation procedures to resolve local segmentation difficulties.
Aggressive chemical mimicry of moth pheromones by a bolas spider: how does this specialist predator attract more than one species of prey?

The bolas spider, Mastophora hutchinsoni, attracts Lacinipolia renigera and Tetanolita mynesalis males by mimicking the female moth sex pheromones. However, as the prey species use completely different pheromone blends we conducted experiments to determine how this is accomplished by the predator. The periodicity of L. renigera mate-seeking activities occurs early in the scotophase, whereas male T. mynesalis are active late at night, corresponding with periods when these moths are captured by the spider. The pheromone blend of early-flying L. renigera interferes with attraction of late-flying T. mynesalis to its pheromone in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting the spider must always produce a single sub-optimal “compromise” blend for both species or that it adjusts its allomonal blend to optimize capture of the respective prey species at different times during the night. We delayed (L. renigera) or advanced (T. mynesalis) the periodicity of male activity through photoperiodic manipulation and found that the bolas spider attracted both prey species outside their normal activity windows. These results support the idea that bolas spiders produce components of both species at all times rather than producing the pheromone of each prey species at different times of the night. However, using coupled gas chromatography-electroantennography, we also demonstrated that the spider decreases its emission of the L. renigera pheromone over the course of the night. This modification should reduce the behavioral antagonism of the L. renigera pheromone on T. mynesalis males and increase the predator's success of attracting T. mynesalis during this prey's normal activity window late at night.
Financing Strategies for a Nuclear Fuel Cycle Facility

To help meet the nation’s energy needs, recycling of partially used nuclear fuel is required to close the nuclear fuel cycle, but implementing this step will require considerable investment. This report evaluates financing scenarios for integrating recycling facilities into the nuclear fuel cycle. A range of options from fully government owned to fully private owned were evaluated using DPL (Decision Programming Language 6.0), which can systematically optimize outcomes based on user-defined criteria (e.g., lowest lifecycle cost, lowest unit cost). This evaluation concludes that the lowest unit costs and lifetime costs are found for a fully government-owned financing strategy, due to government forgiveness of debt as sunk costs. However, this does not mean that the facilities should necessarily be constructed and operated by the government. The costs for hybrid combinations of public and private (commercial) financed options can compete under some circumstances with the costs of the government option. This analysis shows that commercial operations have potential to be economical, but there is presently no incentive for private industry involvement. The Nuclear Waste Policy Act (NWPA) currently establishes government ownership of partially used commercial nuclear fuel. In addition, the recently announced Global Nuclear Energy Partnership (GNEP) suggests fuels from several countries will be recycled in the United States as part of an international governmental agreement; this also assumes government ownership. Overwhelmingly, uncertainty in annual facility capacity led to the greatest variations in unit costs necessary for recovery of operating and capital expenditures; the ability to determine annual capacity will be a driving factor in setting unit costs. For private ventures, the costs of capital, especially equity interest rates, dominate the balance sheet; and the annual operating costs, forgiveness of debt, and overnight costs dominate the costs computed for the government case. The uncertainty in operations, leading to lower than optimal processing rates (or annual plant throughput), is the most detrimental issue to achieving low unit costs. Conversely, lowering debt interest rates and the required return on investments can reduce costs for private industry.
The impact of demographic and societal changes on U.S. business

With due recognition to the fact that business planning always occurs in an environment of uncertainty, the decade from 1975 to 1985 seems more uncertain than most. It contains more reversals, more crossover points in established long‐term trends, and more demographic and societal changes than has previously been true in U.S. history. To illustrate this point, this article identifies twelve trends that will very likely have a significant impact on the business environment in the next fifteen years and beyond. However, since other trends exist, and still others will emerge as time goes by, planners will need to consider these twelve the minimum number of societal and demographic factors in any current planning effort.
Terbium binding to troponin C: binding stoichiometry and structural changes induced in the protein.

Abstract Terbium (Tb3+) binding to skeletal muscle troponin C was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy and circular dichroism. Titrations indicate that Tb3+, like Ca2+, preferentially binds to the two high affinity Ca2+-Mg2+ sites (III and IV) inducing structural changes similar to those induced by Ca2+. Tb3+ readily displaces Ca2+ from these sites suggesting a K(Tb3+) ≥ 109 M−1 In 6 M urea, both Ca2+ and Tb3+ bind preferentially to a single site on troponin C. The spectral changes suggest this to be site III.
Land‐use and flood‐control

Flood-runoff originates on the land, hence land-use has far-reaching influence. Misuse or abuse of land results in increased storm-runoff and accelerated soil-erosion. Erosion not only destroys the soil itself but the eroded materials contribute to many other damages. Soil washed from uplands chokes stream-channels and increases flooding. Flood-damages are increased by flood-borne sediment deposited on rich valley-lands and urban properties. In addition, the silting of reservoirs by the products of soil-erosion reduces the capacities for storage-purposes. Ground-water supplies are affected because eroded soil has a lower capacity to absorb rainfall.
Micro UAVs Using Mechatronics Techniques

This paper looks at the recent trends in mechatronic design configurations and examines how those approaches can be applied to the design of Micro Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. The current challenges in this area include the design of micro UAV systems that are capable of precise delivery, minimum volume and lower cost. This paper examines the use innovative techniques such as of axiomatic design, TRIZ (theory of inventive problem solving) and Hardware in the loop to arrive at a systematic design process. Virtual product design procedures involving simulation of complex systems allows designers to develop system without finalizing the hardware. The simulation procedure can be as “what if” scenario when the hardware doesn’t exist. Virtual simulations enable everyone to work on development before the first prototype is completed. Engineers can validate the entire operating cycle for the machine by driving the simulation with control system logic and timing. Given the small volume available when in launch configuration, the primary driving parameters were maximizing available wing area and relative wing effectiveness, while minimizing the required storage volume. The impact of G-forces on the structural viability, mechanical complexity and overall system survivability are important in determining the relative merit of the design concepts. This paper also addresses some of the practical applications, advantages and difficulties associated with the engineering applications of virtual reality.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Beyond the Sound of One Hand Clapping: Experiences in Six Countries Using Health Equity Research in Policy

In an attempt to better understand the complex and sometimes tenuous relationship between health equity research and health policy, we undertook a collaborative comparison of six case studies with researchers from the United States, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, China, South Africa, and Chile. Patterns in factors contributing to governments' interest in research included the role of domestic advocacy, interest in their international standing, and the existence of internal government champions. Strategies used by researchers to promote their findings included carefully crafting messages and selecting messengers in accordance with their audience's concerns, delaying publication until interactions with policy makers had occurred, monitoring public opinion, and a host of ideas relating to the style and content of government-sponsored commission reports. Most of the similarities crossed the developing/developed country divide, although it did appear that in the three case studies from the north, greater attention was paid to the professional legitimacy of institutions, individuals, and journals, while in the three developing countries the existence of trusted personal messengers appeared essential. While there are no prescriptions for ensuring the use of health equity research in policy, the comparison across such different international settings stimulated participants to question their assumptions about what works, when, and why.
Travel-time Tables for the Seismic Wave PKP

RECENTLY I published some contributions1,2 on the problem of the structure of the Earth's core. In the course of this work a considerable amount of observational material on the seismic core phase PKP was examined and empirical seismological travel-time tables for two branches of the PKP curve were derived from the observations. A number of seismologists have suggested that it would be useful to them if such tables were published.
LOW WATTAGE MICROWAVE COOKING OF TOP ROUND ROASTS: ENERGY CONSUMPTION, THIAMIN CONTENT AND PALATABILITY

Six pairs of top round beef roasts were used to compare microwave cooking at low power levels with conventional roasting. Roasts weighing 3.4–4.7 lb were cooked to an internal temperature of 68.3 °C in a microwave oven or in an electric oven at approximately 149° C. Mean total cooking time, 77.6 min, and energy consumption, 0.860 kwh, for microwave cooking were significantly lower (P < 0.01) than the respective means, 134.8 min and 1.403 kwh, for conventional roasting. Total cooking losses, moisture, fat and thiamin contents of cooked meat, and shear and press fluid values for semimembranosus muscles did not differ significantly due to cooking method. Microwave roasts were scored lower than conventional roasts for aroma, flavor and exterior color; however, mean scores for tenderness, juiciness and interior color were similar. Results of this study indicate that preparation of a less tender cut of beef in a microwave oven operating at reduced power levels yields a product which is comparable in several parameters of quality to conventional roasting.