cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What have we learned from a decade of empirical research on growth? Comment on `It`s Not Factor Accumulation: Stylized Facts and Growth Models,` by William Easterly and Ross Levine

When economists in the 1950s and 1960s used growth models to understand the experience of developing countries, they allowed for the possibility of technology differences between developing countries and the United States. But because they did not have a good theory for talking about the forces that determined the level of the technology-in the United States any more than in developing countries-technology factors tended to be pushed into the background in policy discussions.
The awesome power of histone genetics.

Using a genetic platform to generate histone mutants in Drosophila, Regadas et al. (2021) discover a novel mechanism for tissue-specific gene expression requiring a chromatin state defined by acetylation of lysine 14 of H3 but lacking other activating histone post-translational modifications.
Investigations on the effect of current density on SiO/Si composite electrodes

Abstract An oxide layer on the surface of silicon particles is inevitable and is necessary for their application as anode materials for lithium ion batteries with high capacity and durability. However, a thick surficial oxide layer could significantly reduce the capacity of a Si anode. In this study, Si nanoparticles with a thick surficial oxide layer of ∼20 nm (Si@SiOx) were fabricated through thermal oxidation and investigated electrochemically. The results revealed that very low current density is needed to activate Si@SiOx anodes during the first formation cycle. Once activated, the Si@SiOx anode can deliver reversible capacity as high as ∼1000 mAh/g with low current density. Then, the Si@SiOx can be cycled at higher current densities of >700 mAh/g. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) shows that the lower current density results in lower charge-transfer resistance of the Si@SiOx anode, suggesting a higher degree of lithiation of the surficial oxide layer during low-current activation. EIS analysis also reveals that the lithiation of the surficial oxide is irreversible. We believe that the surface silicon oxide layer is lithiated and forms lithium silicate during the initial activation process. Lithium silicate has high conductivity and allows the lithiation/delithiation of Si core under the oxide layer during following charge and discharge.
Probability prediction method of branch crossing risk based on gaussian mixture model

In this paper, a probability prediction method based on gaussian mixture model is proposed to predict the risk of branch exceeding the limit. Firstly, according to the minimum and maximum value of active power, each aggregate load in the regional power grid is divided into several sections, i.e. several states of aggregate load. Based on the high-order Markov chain technology, the probability distribution of the state vector of active power at the next time of aggregate load in the regional power grid is given. On this basis, the Gaussian mixture model of each aggregate load is established, and each state of active power of each aggregate load is regarded as a probability distribution in the Gaussian mixture model, thus the gaussian mixture model of active power of each aggregate load is established. Based on the road matrix, the probability distribution function of the active power of each branch of the regional power grid is given, and then the probability distribution function of the active power of the branch at the next time is obtained, which provides the probability information for judging the next time limit of the branch. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by an example.
Increased Cerebral Oxygenation Precedes Generalized Tonic Clonic Seizures (S14.002)

OBJECTIVE: To highlight that generalized tonic clonic seizures (GTCS) are marked by pre-ictal increases in cerebral oxygenation. BACKGROUND: Based on previous fMRI and SPECT studies, it has been suggested seizures may be preceded by increased cerebral blood flow. Recently, we demonstrated transcutaneous regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) sensors are feasible for use in patients undergoing video EEG monitoring. We reanalyzed our data to determine if seizures were consistently marked by increased cerebral oxygenation. DESIGN/METHODS: Patients with histories of GTCS were recruited into our IRB-approved study. All subjects were evaluated with continuous 30-channel scalp EEG and 2 rSO2 sensors placed on each side of the forehead. Data from the rSO2 sensors were recorded by a Nonin Equanox Model 7600 Regional Oximeter (Nonin, Plymouth, MN, U.S.A.). We calculated the mean rS02 value for the 1 hour epochs in the non-ictal (2 hours prior to seizure onset) and pre-ictal (1 hour prior to onset) periods. The occurrence and timing of rSO2 values in the pre-ictal period >=3 standard deviations (SDs) from the mean rSO2 value calculated in the non-ictal period were recorded. RESULTS: Five patients underwent monitoring, during which 7 primary/secondarily GTCS were captured. The mean rSO2 value in the non-ictal period was 75.6+/-5.7[percnt]. This increased to 76.0+/-6[percnt] in the pre-ictal period (Paired Samples T Test 2 tailed p=0.032). Four of the 7 GTCs (57.1[percnt]) were marked by at least 3 sequential rSO2 values in the pre-ictal period that were >=3 SDs greater than the mean non-ictal rSO2 value. Three GTCS (42.9[percnt]) were marked by sustained cerebral hyperemia for >=15 consecutive readings. CONCLUSIONS: Increased cerebral oxygenation occurred in a majority of recorded GTCS. This suggests increased cerebral blood flow could be noninvasively used to predict seizure occurrence. Study Supported by: Mayo Clinic Department of Neurology Research Committee. Device provided by Nonin Medical. Disclosure: Nonin Medical, Inc. (previous consulting work), Dr. Britton has nothing to disclose. Dr. So has nothing to disclose.
Timing and Variability of Galactose Metabolic Gene Activation Depend on the Rate of Environmental Change

Modulation of gene network activity allows cells to respond to changes in environmental conditions. For example, the galactose utilization network in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is activated by the presence of galactose but repressed by glucose. If both sugars are present, the yeast will first metabolize glucose, depleting it from the extracellular environment. Upon depletion of glucose, the genes encoding galactose metabolic proteins will activate. Here, we show that the rate at which glucose levels are depleted determines the timing and variability of galactose gene activation. Paradoxically, we find that Gal1p, an enzyme needed for galactose metabolism, accumulates more quickly if glucose is depleted slowly rather than taken away quickly. Furthermore, the variability of induction times in individual cells depends non-monotonically on the rate of glucose depletion and exhibits a minimum at intermediate depletion rates. Our mathematical modeling suggests that the dynamics of the metabolic transition from glucose to galactose are responsible for the variability in galactose gene activation. These findings demonstrate that environmental dynamics can determine the phenotypic outcome at both the single-cell and population levels.
Features and formulae

Feature structures are a representational device used in several current linguistic theories. This paper shows how these structures can be axiomatized in a decidable class of first-order logic, which can also be used to express constraints on these structures. Desirable properties, such as compactness and decidability, follow directly. Moreover, additional types of feature values, such as "set-valued" features, can be incorporated into the system simply by axiomatizing their properties.
The International Planned Parenthood Federation - its role in developing countries.

The International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF) is a union of autonomous family planning associations that feel that parents have the right to information and the means to plan the size and spacing of their children. The major objectives of IPPF are: 1) to stimulate the formation of family planning associations; 2) to provide information technical advice training facilities and financial assistance to member associations; 3) to make regional administrative arrangements; 4) to ensu rerepresentation on an international and regional level; 5) to persuade governments to provide family planning services; 6) to enlist support from the medical and intellectual community; 7) to stimulate public awareness of family planning; 8) to encourage research in new contraceptive and organizational techniques with proper evaluation; 9) to obtain financial support for the Federation and its associations. Because IPPF is a nongovernmental agency it is often able to work in countries that are sensative to nationalistic pressures.
The functional anatomy of lamina I and its role in post-stroke central pain.

Publisher Summary Lamina I of the dorsal horn is an integral component of the central representation of pain and temperature sensibilities. The functional and anatomical characteristics summarized in the chapter demonstrate a strong correspondence of the lamina I projection system with clinical and imaging observations in humans. These characteristics indicate that the fundamental role of the lamina I projection system is to distribute modality-selective sensory information on the physiological status of the tissues of the body to a hierarchical network of sensory and homeostatic substrates involved in the maintenance and preservation of the integrity (or well-being) of the organism. Pain and temperature are functionally and anatomically intimately related because they inform the central nervous system about the condition of the tissues of the body. The lamina I projection system can be viewed as a set of ascending pathways that subserve enteroception, the sense of the condition (or health) of the body. The concept that both pain and temperature sensibilities are specific aspects of integrative enteroception provides a global perspective for understanding the integrative nature of pain and a new basis for understanding the clinical syndrome of post-stroke central pain.
Vasodilator responses to acetazolamide tested in subtypes of vascular dementia.

Objectives : Thirty seven vascular dementia (VAD) patients were categorized into eight subtypes based on clinical, radiological, and pathogenetic features. Cerebral vasodilator responses to acetazolamide were then compared with age-matched normal controls and stroke patients without dementia Methods : VAD results were compared with 42 normals and 19 cognitively intact stroke patients. Regional cerebral vasodilator responses were quantitated utilizing xenon contrasted computed tomography measures of local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) before and after oral administration of acetazolamide. LCBF changes (ΔLCBF) before and after acetazolamide were calculated within cortical and subcortical, gray and white matter. Clinical VAD subtypes were: type 1, multi-infarct dementia (MID); type 2, strategically placed infarcts; type 3, subcortical lacunar infarcts; type 4, Binswanger's subcortical arteriosclerotic leukoencephalopathy; type 5, subcortical infarctions due to cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), inflammatory angitis, or antiphospholipid antibodies; type 6, admixtures of above types; type 7, cerebral hemorrhagic lesions; and type 8, VAD combined with Alzheimer's disease (DAT). The group with subcortical VAD comprised types 3–5. The group with cortical VAD comprised the remainder (types 1, 2, and 6–8). Cerebral vasodilator responses were also compared between these two main groups. Results : Cerebral vasodilator responses identified differences between the two main groups of VAD patients, those with cortical and those with subcortical dementia. Leukoaraiosis was measurably greater in subcortical VAD compared with cortical VAD. Among subcortical VAD patients, cortical LCBF increases after administration of acetazolamide were greater compared with cortical VAD and with normal controls. Conclusions : Cognitive impairments in subcortical VAD are attributable to cortical disconnection syndromes. This concept is supported by reduced perfusion in deactivated cortex. In patients with subcortical VAD, deactivated cortical LCBF becomes promptly activated by acetazolamide resulting in marked cortical LCBF increases. Leukoaraiosis is greater among VAD patients and leukoaraiosis contributes to cortical disconnections, confirmed by excessive cortical vasodilator responses to acetazolamide
Correction of central venous stenoses: use of angioplasty and vascular Wallstents.

Central venous stenosis: Use of transluminal angioplasty and endovascular Wallstents: Central venous stenoses are a frequent complication in hemodialysis patients. These lesions lead to fistula thromboses, arm swelling, and limit future vascular access. Stenoses are characterized by excellent initial response to transluminal angioplasty but rapid recurrence. Response to angioplasty allows classification of stenoses as elastic or nonelastic. The success of angioplasty alone in 30 patients with central venous stenoses was compared to angioplasty and Wallstent placement in 11 patients with recurrent stenoses. In those who had angioplasty alone, 7% failed angioplasty, 70% had ≥ 50% improvement in the luminal diameter while 23% showed no improvement due to elastic lesions. Subsequently, 81% of those with a successful result restenosed at an average of 7.6 months while 100% of elastic lesions occluded in an average of 2.9 months. In the 10 patients who underwent angioplasty and Wallstent placement, 5 were due to elastic lesions with four recurrences at a mean of 8.6 months. Four of five patients (80%) stented with nonelastic lesions had reappearance of symptoms at a mean of 4.2 months. We conclude that vascular stents should be reserved for those lesions that show elastic recoil after standard angioplasty.
Glutamic acid induces luteinizing hormone releasing hormone release via alpha receptors

Glutamic acid (GA) and norepinephrine (NE) stimulate luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) release via release of nitric oxide (NO) from NOergic neurons in the arcuate-median eminence region. To determine if GA releases LHRH via direct stimulation of NOergic neurons, or via stimulation of noradrenergic terminals, arcuate median eminence explants from male rats were incubated with various compounds, and the LHRH release into the medium was measured. GA-induced release of LHRH was completely blocked by phentolamine (1 microM), an alpha receptor blocker, which, by itself, had no effect on the release. Nitroprusside (NP), which spontaneously releases NO, more than doubled LHRH release. To determine if alpha receptors on the LHRH neuron are required for the action of NP, the tissue was incubated with phentolamine, plus NP. Phentolamine had no effect on the LHRH-releasing action of NP. The results are interpreted to mean that GA activates the release of NE from the noradrenergic terminals. This acts on alpha receptors on the NOergic neuron to produce the release of NO. This NO diffuses to the LHRH terminals and induces release of LHRH.
An assessment of the accuracy of multireference configuration interaction (MRCI) and complete-active-space second-order perturbation theory (CASPT2) for breaking bonds to hydrogen

Complete-active-space self-consistent field (CASSCF), complete-active-space second-order perturbation theory (CASPT2), and two restricted active-space variants of multireference configuration inter...
MEVALONIC ACIDURIA: IMPAIRED UBIQUINON BIOSYNTHESIS AND MODEL FOR SIDE EFFECTS OF HMG-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS

MEVALONIC ACIDURIA: IMPAIRED UBIQUINON BIOSYNTHESIS AND MODEL FOR SIDE EFFECTS OF HMG-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS
p-Fractals and power series–I. Some 2 variable results

u1,…,ur are in k〚x1,…,xs〛 with k and deg(u1,…,ur) finite. Intending applications to Hilbert–Kunz theory, we code the numbers deg(u1a1,…,urar) into a function φu, which empirically satisfies many functional equations related to “magnification by p,” where p=chark. p-fractals, introduced here, formalize these ideas. In the first interesting case (r=3, s=2), the φu are p-fractals. Our proof uses functions φI attached to ideals I and square-free elements h of A=k〚x,y〛. The finiteness of the set of ideal classes in A(h) and the existence of “magnification maps” on this set show the φI to be p-fractals. We describe further functional equations coming from a theory of reflection maps on ideal classes, and the paper concludes with examples and open questions.
Paleoseismic Evidence for Recurrence of Earthquakes near Charleston, South Carolina

A destructive earthquake that occurred in 1886 near Charleston, South Carolina, was associated with widespread liquefaction of shallow sand structures and their extravasation to the surface. Several seismically induced paleoliquefaction structures preserved within the shallow sediments in the meizoseismal area of the 1886 event were identified. Field evidence and radiocarbon dates suggest that at least two earthquakes of magnitudes greater than 6.2 preceded the 1886 event in the past 3000 to 3700 years. The evidence yielded an initial estimate of about 1500 to 1800 years for the maximum recurrence of destructive, intraplate earthquakes in the Charleston region.
Fluorescence-aided molecule sorting: Analysis of structure and interactions by alternating-laser excitation of single molecules

We use alternating-laser excitation to achieve fluorescence-aided molecule sorting (FAMS) and enable simultaneous analysis of biomolecular structure and interactions at the level of single molecules. This was performed by labeling biomolecules with fluorophores that serve as donor–acceptor pairs for Forster resonance energy transfer, and by using alternating-laser excitation to excite directly both donors and acceptors present in single diffusing molecules. Emissions were reduced to the distance-dependent ratio E , and a distance-independent, stoichiometry-based ratio S . Histograms of E and S sorted species based on the conformation and association status of each species. S was sensitive to the stoichiometry and relative brightness of fluorophores in single molecules, observables that can monitor oligomerization and local-environment changes, respectively. FAMS permits equilibrium and kinetic analysis of macromolecule-ligand interactions; this was validated by measuring equilibrium and kinetic dissociation constants for the interaction of Escherichia coli catabolite activator protein with DNA. FAMS is a general platform for ratiometric measurements that report on structure, dynamics, stoichiometries, environment, and interactions of diffusing or immobilized molecules, thus enabling detailed mechanistic studies and ultrasensitive diagnostics.
Stillwater Anorthosites: A lunar analog?

Samples of anorthosite from Stillwater complex units AN-I and AN-II have been studied by instrumental neutron activation analysis for FeO, CaO, Na2O, REE, and other trace elements, and the results are discussed. No systematic variations of chemical composition with stratigraphic position were observed. The major and trace compositions of both units appear to be identical, with plagioclase compositions virtually constant throughout both. Thus, there is almost no evidence for evolution of parent magma composition during the genesis of these units. The bulk of the anorthosites appear to consist of cumulus-adcumulus plagioclase and pyroxene. Very little trapped liquid component was found. The chemical elements are not normally or lognormally distributed among samples taken from either anorthosite unit. The irregular distribution of pyroxene oikocrysts indicates that interstitial melt migrated substantially prior to final consolidation of the rock.
Parenting style and adolescent's reaction to conflict : is there a relationship?

Purpose: To determine if the reactions of adolescents toward hypothetical situations that can lead to conflict and violence varied by parenting style of their mothers. Methods: This study was part of a larger research project involving adolescents and their mothers participating in a longitudinal HIV-prevention program. Mothers and their adolescents were recruited from a community-based organization (CBO) and interviewed separately. Data were analyzed using the responses of 439 African-American adolescents ranging from ages 11 to 14 years. The responses of adolescents to questions about parenting were used to classify mothers into one of three parenting styles: authoritative, authoritarian, or permissive. The “anticipated reactions to hypothetical situations” scale consists of 11 items with 6 response categories. The six responses were reclassified into three categories ranging from “not at all violent” to “extremely violent.” Higher scores indicate more violent reactions to the hypothetical situations. The parenting scale consists of two subscales: a 13-item parental involvement scale and a 13-item parental control scale. Items were rated on a 5-point Likert scale from “strongly disagree” to “strongly agree.” Analysis of variance was used to determine if the anticipated reactions of adolescents toward hypothetical situations varied by parenting style of their mothers. Results: Adolescent participants who reported a more permissive parenting style expressed more intense negative reactions toward the hypothetical situations that can provoke conflict. Male adolescents also expressed more intense reactions than females to the situations. There was no difference in intensity of reaction by age after controlling for gender and parenting style. Conclusions: Parenting style is associated with adolescents’ reactions to hypothetical situations that can provoke conflict. This finding highlights the importance of considering parents and their approach to child-rearing as a factor in the adolescent’s ability to react to conflict.
Molecular systematics of the Old World monkey tribe Papionini: analysis of the total available genetic sequences

Abstract The phylogenetic relationships among the genera of the tribe Papionini are inferred using a taxonomic congruence approach in which gene trees derived for eight unlinked genetic sequence datasets are compared. Population genetics theory predicts that species relationships will be revealed with greater probability when the topology of gene trees from many unlinked loci are found to be congruent. The theory underlying this approach is described. Monophyly of the mangabeys is not supported by any of the gene trees; instead, they are polyphyletic with Cercocebus found to be the sister taxon to Mandrillus in five gene trees (with no conflicting trees), and Lophocebus found to be closely related to Papio and/or Theropithecus in all trees. Theropithecus and Papio are not strongly supported as sister taxa (present in one or two trees only); Lophocebus and Papio are supported as sister taxa in the majority of trees. A close relationship between Mandrillus and Papio is not supported in any of the trees. The relationships among Papio, Lophocebus , and Theropithecus cannot be resolved by congruence, probably due to the short time interval estimated between their divergences. The mtDNA COII sequences are used to estimate divergence dates within the papionins. The internode between the divergences of these species is estimated to be between 290 ka and 370 ka. Lastly, the evolution of morphological features such as long faces, suborbital facial fossae, and terrestrial skeletal adaptations is discussed.
Prevalence and Correlates of Pregnancy Loss History in a National Sample of Children and Families

Public health prevalence data has consistently illustrated disparities in fetal mortality prevalence on a yearly basis, yet few studies have examined the prevalence and correlates of pregnancy loss history during the reproductive life span. Using nationally representative data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort, approximately 25% of childbearing women in the United States were found to have experienced one or more fetal deaths prior to the current live birth. An examination of the demographic correlates of singular and multiple loss history in age-controlled models reveals that a history of multiple loss was significantly related to African-American race, lower socioeconomic status, income below poverty, and lower maternal education. Singular loss history risk was relatively consistent across social and demographic groups with some increased risk noted only for African-American women. Predictive correlates of fetal mortality varied by racial-ethnic subpopulation in multivariate analysis. Findings from this study are discussed for their contribution to existing public health knowledge and the potential for future research focused on the experience of multiple loss and demographic groups at elevated risk.
The effects of social security in a life cycle family labor supply simulation model

Abstract We simulate a number of social security provisions in an overlapping generations model of family labor supply. The program causes both men and women to shift labor toward the beginning of the life cycle, increases the family's ratio of retirement consumption to consumption when young, and lowers both wage rates but does not substantially alter the male-female wage ratio. The wealth effects of the program appear to dominate the incentive effects. Our exhaustive sensitivity analysis reveals that our results are robust to changes in several key labor supply parameters, the intertemporal male and female own wage elasticities, and the cross wage elasticity.
Mass balance and sliding velocity of the Puget lobe of the cordilleran ice sheet during the last glaciation

Abstract An estimate of the sliding velocity and basal meltwater discharge of the Puget lobe of the Cordilleran ice sheet can be calculated from its reconstructed extent, altitude, and mass balance. Lobe dimensions and surface altitudes are inferred from ice limits and flow-direction indicators. Net annual mass balance and total ablation are calculated from relations empirically derived from modern maritime glaciers. An equilibrium-line altitude between 1200 and 1250 m is calculated for the maximum glacial advance (ca. 15,000 yr B.P.) during the Vashon Stade of the Fraser Glaciation. This estimate is in accord with geologic data and is insensitive to plausible variability in the parameters used in the reconstruction. Resultant sliding velocities are as much as 650 m/a at the equilibrium line, decreasing both up- and downglacier. Such velocities for an ice sheet of this size are consistent with nonsurging behavior. Average meltwater discharge increases monotonically downglacier to 3000 m3/sec at the terminus and is of a comparable magnitude to ice discharge over much of the glacier's ablation area. Palcoclimatic inferences derived from this reconstruction are consistent with previous, independently derived studies of late Pleistocene temperature and precipitation in the Pacific Northwest.
Biomedical diagnostic with diffusely backscattered linearly and circularly polarized light

We report on the development of a method that records spatially dependent intensity patterns of polarized light that is diffusely backscattered from turbid materials. It is demonstrated that these intensity patterns can be used to differentiate between suspensions of cancerous and non- cancerous cells and to observe different metabolic cell processes.Our technique employs polarized light from a He-Ne laser, which is focused onto the surface of the scattering medium. A surface area of approximately 4 X 4 cm around the light input point is imaged through polarization- analysis optics onto a CCD camera. One can observe a manifold of intensity patterns by varying the polarization state of the incident laser light and changing the analyzer configuration to detect different polarization components of the backscattered light. Introducing the Mueller-matrix concept for diffusely backscattered light, a framework is provided to select a subset of measurements which comprehensively describe the optical properties of backscattering media.
Changes with age in the metabolism of sulfated glycosaminoglycans in guinea pig cardiac valves

Abstract 1. 1|The formation and turn-over of sulfated glycosaminoglycans of the ground substance of cardiac valves was studied by autoradiography following the administration of S 33 -sulfate in vivo to guinea pigs 10 days to 5 years of age. The experiments comprised a qualitative study involving all four heart valves in a group of 3-week-old animals, and a quantitative study on the aortic valve by age groups. The latter study included the use of testicular hyaluronidase for differentiation between chondroitin sulfates and dermatan sulfate. Sections from all the animals were examined for alterations with age in structural appearance and occurrence of metachromasia. 2. 2.|Moderate differences in structure and in amount and distribution of metachromasia were noted between growing and mature animals. There was no evidence, in 3- and 5-year-old guinea pigs, for degeneration with age such as has been observed in humans. 3. 3.|In the qualitative study, the cardiac valves showed a prominent incorporation of S 35 , which equaled that of cartilage occurring in the aortic wall, trachea and bronchi. However, the turnover was more rapid in the valves than in cartilage. There was no significant difference between the four valves with regard to level of uptake, or turnover. 4. 4.|The metabolism of sulfated glycosaminoglycans is slowed with age, both in the rate of synthesis and in turnover time. 5. 5.|Digestion with testicular hyaluronidase indicated an increase with age in the proportion of dermatan sulfate in the ground substance.
Construing the Business Portfolio : A Cognitive Model of Diversification

In investigating the concept of diversification and its link to performance, strategy researchers have tended to emphasize economic, technological, or market characteristics that distinguish or relate one business to another. However, by ignoring the mental maps corporate-level managers use to understand and manage strategic variety among their firm's businesses, strategy research has failed to produce an overall theory that links diversification to performance. Although the literature has begun to reaffirm the importance of developing a cognitive concept of diversification, researchers have been frustrated by the paucity of methods that are suitable for operationalizing the subjective characteristics of managerial mental maps into quantitative and reproducible measures. In addressing this deficit, this article proposes the use of the Repertory Grid, a set of procedures that facilitates elicitation and quantification of top managers' mindsets towards the firm's mix of businesses. After outlining the theoretical and methodological foundations of the Repertory Grid, the paper defines indices of grid structure and content and demonstrates the utility of grid data for assessing diversification.
Effects of substitutions D73E, D73N, D103N and V106M on signaling and pH titration of sensory rhodopsin II.

— Several mutations in the repellent phototaxis receptor sensory rhodopsin II (SRII), in residues homologous to residues important in the related proton pump bacteriorhodopsin, were expressed in Pho81Wr–, a Halobacterium salinarum strain deficient in production of SRII and its transducer protein HtrII. The lack of production of SRII and HtrII is shown to be due to insertion of an ISH2 transposon into the promoter region upstream of the htrII-sopH gene pair. Near wild-type phototaxis responses are rescued in Pho81Wr– by expression of HtrII with D73E, D103N or V106M receptors. Partial responses are restored by the HtrII-D73N pair. From absorption spectroscopy of his-tag-purified receptor protein from mutants D73N and D73E we conclude that Asp73 is the primary counterion to the protonated Schiff base in SRII, like the corresponding Asp85 in bacteriorhodopsin. The absorption maximum of SRII (487 nm) is shifted to 514 nm in mutant D73N, a 1080 cm−1 shift identical to that caused by D85N in bacteriorhodopsin. Acid titration of SRII also induces the red shift with a pK of 3.0 in wild type. The absorption shift and the pK are nearly the same in V106M and D103N, but the pK is raised to 5.1 in D73E, confirming that Asp73 is the residue responsible for this spectral transition.
Expectoration of a bullet after gunshot wound to the chest

Over the last century, only four cases have been published of patients sustaining gunshot wounds to the chest, managed nonoperatively, who eventually expectorated the bullet. We report the case of a hemodynamically stable 24-year-old male whose bullet was found in the left pulmonary hilum on admission computed tomography (CT) scan. Further workup revealed no obvious aerodigestive injury. Shortly after extubation, he expectorated the bullet onto the floor. Little is known about how to manage these stable, yet challenging patients.
D-Brane Instantons and K-Theory Charges

We discuss some physical issues related to the K-theoretic classification of D-brane charges, putting an emphasis on the role of D-brane instantons. The relation to D-instantons provides a physical interpretation to the mathematical algorithm for computing K-theory known as the ``Atiyah-Hirzebruch spectral sequence''. Conjecturally, a formulation in terms of D-instantons leads to a computationally useful formulation of K-homology in general. As an application and illustration of this viewpoint we discuss some issues connected with D-brane charges associated with branes in WZW models. We discuss the case of SU(3) in detail, and comment on the general picture of branes in SU(N), based on a recent result of M. Hopkins.
Optimized CMOS photodetector structures for the detection of green luminescent probes in biological applications

Recent developments in lab-on-a-chip applications have increased the need for low-power, small-footprint photodetectors to detect luminescent reporters used to monitor biological events. Presented is a CMOS photodiode structure that is optimized to detect green light, the peak emission wavelength of commonly used fluorophores and other luminescent probes. The photodiode geometry uses a lightly doped striped cathode geometry to maximize the depletion region in areas of highest light absorbance, increasing the sensitivity to green light. The devices, realized in 1.5 μm CMOS technology, have up to a 63% increased signal-to-noise response for green light compared to blue-enhanced CMOS photodiode structures. These devices also generate an output 4.5 times larger than conventional CMOS detectors for detecting fluorescent emissions from a 1 μM fluorescein solution. The devices are designed to be integrated in total analysis systems which rely on the detection of fluorecent or phosphorescent reporters, and which are compact, low-power, and low-cost.
Atmospheric transfer of radiation above an inhomogeneous non-Lambertian reflective ground—I. Theory

A method for solving the three-dimensional equation of transfer for a vertically inhomogeneous atmosphere bounded by a reflecting surface of non-uniform bidirectional reflectance is presented. The technique incorporates a two-dimensional spatial Fourier transform of the transfer equation and solution of the resulting expressions for each Fourier component of the radiation field using the method of Gauss-Seidel iteration. The intensity field in the spatial domain, which is calculated for a variety of altitudes, zenith angles, and azimuths, is reconstructed using the inverse Fourier transform. An empirical surface bidirectional reflectance function is employed, permitting the consideration of non-Lambertian reflective properties.
Ligand-binding properties of the two isoforms of the human insulin receptor

Tissue-specific alternative splicing of exon 11 of the insulin receptor gene results in 2 mRNAs that differ by 36 nucleotides within the coding region. The 2 transcripts encode 2 protein isoforms with (Ex11+) or without (Ex11-) 12 additional amino acids at the carboxy-terminus of the receptor alpha-subunit. Previous studies of the 2 isoforms of the human insulin receptor expressed in mammalian cell transfectants have revealed small functional differences at the levels of equilibrium insulin binding affinity and acute ligand-induced receptor internalization. In the present study, we determined the biochemical basis for differential insulin binding affinity. Further functional characterization of the 2 receptor isoforms was also performed. The results obtained were as follows. 1) Studies of ligand association demonstrated a faster (1.8-fold) "on rate" for Ex11- receptors than for Ex11+ receptors, as determined by the kinetics of [125I]insulin binding to transfected cells. In addition, dissociation of prebou...
Effects of melody and lyrics on mood and memory.

137 undergraduate Le Moyne College students volunteered in a study on music and its effects on mood and memory. In a 2 × 3 between-subjects design, there were 2 lyric conditions (Happy and Sad Lyrics) and 3 music conditions (No Music, Happy Music, and Sad Music). Participants were asked to listen to instrumental music or mentally to create a melody as they read lyrics to themselves. The study tested cued-recall, self-reported mood state, and psychological arousal. Analysis suggested that mood of participants was influenced by the music played, not the lyrics. Results also showed those exposed to No Music had the highest score on the recall test. Personal relevance to the lyrics was not correlated with memory.
The Dose-Rate Response of a Dye-Polychlorostyrene Film Dosimeter

The response of dye-polychlorostyrene film dosimeters are compared at low (~103 rad/sec) and high (~1015 rad/sec) dose rates. Low dose rate exposures were obtained with a 60Co gamma-ray pool source, and high dose rates were obtained with a high-intensity, pulsed electron source. The dosimeter is a solid solution of polychlorostyrene and malachite green methoxide which changes color upon irradiation. Two broad absorption peaks appear in the visible region with maxima at about 425 and 625 nm. The change in optical density of the 625-nm peak was monitored and correlated to the absorbed dose received by the dosimeters. At low dose rates, the source output was determined on the basis of a previous calibration with a carbon calorimeter and a cavity ionization chamber; at high dose rates, a thin dosimeter calibration system was employed. The calibration system has as its primary measuring elements aluminum calorimeters whose temperatures after exposure were monitored by chromel-constantan thermocouples. Associated electronics recorded the outputs of the thermocouples at every 0.1 sec. In the two cases, the dosimeters were exposed in a different but homogeneous medium, carbon or polystyrene at the low dose rates and aluminum at the high dose rates. In addition, Monte Carlo calculated stopping power ratios of the dye-film dosimeter to the medium were required to interpret the dose received by the dosimeters. The results indicate that there is no significant difference in the response at the two different rates.
Range of Excited Electrons and Holes in Metals and Semiconductors

The relaxation frequency for electron-electron scattering of an electron having energy more than a few k B T above the Fermi level in a metal is calculated in the Born approximation by assuming a phenomenological Yukawa potential. The same method is then used to calculate the relaxation frequency of a hole having energy more than a few k B T below the Fermi level in a metal and to calculate the relaxation frequency of an electron in a semiconductor having spherical energy bands. For electrons in a metal our result is compared with the result obtained in a dielectric constant calculation.
TALENT: temporal adaptive link estimator with no training

Link quality estimation is a fundamental component of the low power wireless network protocols and is essential for routing protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). However, accurate link quality estimation remains a challenging task due to the notoriously dynamic and unpredictable wireless environment. In this paper, we argue that in addition to the estimation of current link quality, prediction of the future link quality is more important for the routing protocol to establish low cost delivery paths. We propose to apply machine learning methods to predict the link quality in the near future to facilitate the utilization of intermediate links with frequent quality changes. Moreover, we show that by using online learning methods, our adaptive link estimator (TALENT) adapts to network dynamics better than statically trained models without the need of a priori data collection for training the model before deployment. We implemented TALENT in TinyOS with Low-Power Listening (LPL) and conducted extensive experiments in three testbeds. Our experimental results show that the addition of TALENT increases the delivery efficiency 1.95 times on average compared with 4B, the state of the art link quality estimator, as well as improve the end-to-end delivery rate when tested on three different wireless testbeds.
Considerations for Evaluating the Use of Intrathecal Drug Delivery in the Oncologic Patient

While the majority of cancer pain patients are successfully managed with conservative medical management, some patients may suffer from intractable pain or intolerable side effects. The implantation of an intrathecal drug delivery system offers many advantages to improve both analgesia and side effect profile. Practitioners may decide to proceed toward implantation after appropriate patient selection, and, when applicable, a suitable trial for the device. Once implantation is completed, multiple medication combinations may be used to optimize the therapeutic benefit of the device. We describe a stepwise paradigm to implement an intrathecal drug delivery program in the cancer pain population.
Watching chips work : picosecond hot electron light emission from integrated circuits

The picosecond pulses of hot carrier luminescence that are observed from individual submicron FETs in CMOS circuits can be used to describe the internal operation of integrated circuits. To effectively use the weak emission pulses, we have developed a method called picosecond integrated circuit analysis (PICA) which simultaneously images and time resolves the emission. PICA has been used to characterize the operation of integrated circuits from simple ring oscillators to a full microprocessors. Examples of circuit characterization and fault diagnosis are presented.
In Vitro Model for Transport of Solutes in Three-Phase System II: Experimental Considerations

Key experiments were carried out that illustrated the main features of the three-phase transport theory presented earlier. These studies investigated the effects of partition coefficient and pH on transport rates and how these effects are altered by the aqueous diffusion layers adjacent to the lipid phase. The experimental setup incorporates significant improvements over previous in vitro systems: (a) stable lipid phases in which partition coefficients of solutes may be measured, and (b) a large aqueous-lipid phase volume ratio, enabling establishment of steady-state conditions. Experimental rates for a variety of conditions correlated reasonably well with computer predictions obtained by independent evaluation of physicochemical parameters in the system. Transfer rates leveled off with increasing (high) membrane permeability coefficients. Transport rates for these high permeability coefficient solutes were very dependent on stirring rates as well as on the pH of the receptor phase. The pH-transfer rate profiles generally paralleled solute titration curves, except where pH values created pseudo-two-phase conditions. The transport of a high permeability coefficient solute, n-amylpyridine, slowed the simultaneous transfer of pyridine through the system. Cumulative results indicate that the pH-partition theory is only a special case of a more general phenomenon.
A subset of multiple myeloma harboring the t(4;14)(p16;q32) translocation lacks FGFR3 expression but maintains anIGH/MMSET fusion transcript

Previous studies have revealed that that approximately 10% to 15% of multiple myelomas (MMs) are characterized by a reciprocal t(4;14)(p16;q32) translocation that activates expression of FGFR3 and creates an IGH/MMSET fusion transcript. Current data suggest that activation of FGFR3 is the oncogenic consequence of this rearrangement. Using a combination of microarray profiling, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), we show that 32 (18%) of 178 newly diagnosed cases of MM harbor the t(4;14)(p16;q32). Importantly, 32% of these cases lack expression of FGFR3, yet express MMSET and have an IGH/MMSET fusion transcript. Interphase FISH showed that whereas the IGH/MMSET fusion was present in more than 80% of the clonotypic plasma cells in these novel cases, there was typically a complete loss of one copy of FGFR3. These data indicate that the t(4;14)(p16;q32) and loss of FGFR3 occurred at a very early stage and suggest that activation of MMSET, not FGFR3, may be the critical transforming event of this recurrent translocation.
Possible relationship of cholesterol accumulation and collagen synthesis in rabbit aortic tissues

Male adult New Zealand rabbits were fed a 2% cholesterol diet for 60 days followed by 10, 20, or 30 days of normal low cholesterol diet. Collagen synthesis was estimated by measuring aortic prolyl hydroxylase activity. Tissue cholesterol accumulation rates were estimated by dividing total tissue cholesterol by the number of experimental days. It was found there was a high degree of correlation between aortic collagen synthetic activity and the rate of aortic cholesterol accumulation. These data were interpreted as suggesting that increased collagen synthesis may be associated with the accumulation and/or retention of increased aortic cholesterol.
Thrombin treatment of endothelial cells stimulates adhesion of oncogene transformed but not parent rat liver epithelial cells.

Abstract Increased blood coagulation is a well known clinical problem in cancer patients with metastasis (1). Therefore, a number of studies have been undertaken to define the role of thrombin in tumor-endothelial cell adhesion, a crucial step in the development of organ-specific metastasis (2). Tumor cells, either preincubated or coinjected with thrombin, have increased metastatic capability, and in vitro studies have demonstrated that thrombin treatment of tumor cells and platelets leads to more avid adhesion to endothelial cells and subendothelial matrix molecules (3–6). The thrombin-mediated effect has been associated with stimulation of integrin receptors, known to mediate platelet-tumor cell and tumor-endothelial cell adhesion (5). Thrombin-mediated tumor cell adhesion was also shown to involve the protein kinase C signal transduction pathway (5). In the present study, the following questions were asked: 1) Does treatment of endothelial cells with thrombin lead to a transient increase in tumor cell adhesion, similar to that described for thrombin treated tumor cells; 2) Do oncogenically transformed cells differ from the noneoplastic parent cells in their adhesive capacity to thrombin activated endothelium; 3) Are known mediators of neutrophil-endothelial cell adhesion, such as the granule membrane protein-140 (GMP-140) and the platelet activating factor (PAF), also involved in tumor cell adhesion to thrombin stimulated endothelium. In this report, we demonstrate a rapid and transient increase in the adhesiveness of two oncogenically transformed rat liver epithelial (RLE) cell lines (7), but not of the nonneoplastic parent cells, to thrombin treated endothelium. The mechanism responsible for this rapid tumor cell adhesion to thrombin treated endothelium is still unknown.