cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Critical Initial States in Collisionless Plasmas

We show that for collisionless plasmas with initial conditions (ICs) near ``single-humped'' linearly stable equilibria, there exist critical initial states that mark the transition between the ICs from which the electric field evolves to a nonzero time-asymptotic state $A(x,t)$, and those from which it Landau damps to zero. We develop an equation for $A(x,t)$ and study it as a bifurcation problem, and we obtain the asymptotic field, at leading order, as a finite superposition of waves whose frequencies obey a Vlasov dispersion relation and whose amplitudes satisfy a set of nonlinear algebraic equations.
Grand Challenge in Livestock Genomics: For Food, for Medicine, for the Environment, for Knowledge

Frontiers in Livestock Genomics (FLG) provides a venue for investigators to publish basic, applied, and methodological research toward a better understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying the expression of complex phenotypes in livestock, the effects of domestication and evolutionary processes on genome variability, as well as innovative strategies for the genetic improvement of economically and socially important traits in livestock. The terms “livestock” and “genomics” are used here with broad, inclusive definitions. By livestock we refer to animal species raised in agricultural settings to produce commodities such as food, fiber, and labor. In this context, livestock species span from mammals (e.g., cattle, sheep, goat, horses, and pigs) to birds (e.g., poultry), fish, and crustaceans (e.g., farmed fish and shrimp), and even to some species of insects (e.g., honeybees and silkworm), mollusks (e.g., escargot snail), and amphibians (e.g., frogs). By “genomics” we refer to a broad field of genetics and molecular biology concerning the study of genomes, such as DNA sequence and fine-scale genetic mapping efforts, and also functional genomics efforts to try to elucidate gene functions and interactions, and how they relate to phenotypic expression. In addition, the term “genomics” in the title of this Specialty Section of Frontiers in Genetics encompasses investigation aiming efficient use of the knowledge generated by genetics and genomics studies for the improvement of yield and quality of animal products, health and well-being of livestock, as well as the sustainability of animal production systems.
Particulate strengthened Ni-Al2O3 microcomposite HARMS for harsh-environmental micromechanical applications

The LIGA micromachining process can be used to fabricate high-aspect-ratio microstructures (HARMs), usually from electroplated nickel (Ni). In recent years, there has been a growing demand for applications involving HARMs subjected to harsh environments such as high temperatures, high pressures, constant erosion and friction. Numerous mechanical characterizations and tests revealed that LIGA-fabricated Ni devices might not meet the criteria required in these applications due to their insufficient mechanical and tribological properties under service conditions. By incorporating particulates into the electroplated Ni HARMs, LIGA-compatible particulate strengthened metal matrix composite microstructures result with substantially higher strength and wear resistance. In this paper, nickel?alumina (Ni?Al2O3) composite microstructures were electrodeposited into x-ray-patterned high-aspect-ratio polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) cavities from Ni sulfamate electrolytes containing submicron Al2O3 particles. The resulting microstructures were characterized with the use of a scanning electron microscope, a energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer, a wavelength dispersive x-ray spectrometer, a transmission electron microscope and a microhardness tester. It was found that the electrolytes containing surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) alone led to particle agglomeration in deposited microstructures, while homogenous composites were obtained from a bath containing SDS, saccharin and coumarin. Bath agitation has little effect on the particle dispersion under the conditions studied. A hypothesis in view of alumina solid/electrolyte interaction was proposed to better understand the evolution of the agglomerates. It suggests an approach to manipulate the composite material properties by optimizing surfactants to control the balance between the attractive van der Waals force and repulsive force of like-charged particles. Examinations showed that the hardness of the composites was substantially increased due to incorporation of Al2O3 particles.
The Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator, Raloxifene: An Overview of Nonclinical Pharmacology and Reproductive and Developmental Testing

Abstract Raloxifene is a nonsteroidal, selective estrogen receptor modulator being developed by Eli Lilly and Company as a therapeutic agent for postmenopausal osteoporosis. In the ovariectomized (OVX) rat, raloxifene prevents the loss of bone at the distal metaphysis of the femur, proximal tibia, and vertebrae; reduces cancellous bone resorption; and reduces serum cholesterol, but does not cause any significant changes in stromal eosinophilia or uterine epithelium. In estrogen-stimulated OVX rats, raloxifene prevents the morning lowering of serum luteinizing hormone levels, produces a reduction in afternoon serum prolactin levels, antagonizes pituitary weight increase, and antagonizes stimulation of mammary gland development. Raloxifene also has been shown to exhibit antiestrogenic activity in several in vivo and in vitro mammary tumor models. Raloxifene treatment results in regression of endometriosis in both a surgically prepared, rat uterine explant model and in Rhesus macaques diagnosed with spontaneous endometriosis before exposure. Also, uterine leiomyomas in estrogen-stimulated OVX guinea pigs regress after the onset of raloxifene treatment. Raloxifene antagonizes testosterone-induced increases in prostate weight of castrated rats, but does not bind to androgen receptors or affect prostatic 5-α-reductase or testicular steroid 17-α-hydroxylase activity. A series of preclinical toxicology studies was designed to characterize reproductive and developmental outcomes following various schedules of raloxifene treatment in rats or rabbits. Studies of female reproduction and developmental outcome were conducted primarily at pharmacologic doses (0.1, 1, or 10 mg/kg/d); male reproductive studies used higher doses (10, 30, or 100 mg/kg/d). In this series of studies, male reproductive end points were not affected, whereas embryo implantation, fetal rabbit morphology, and several aspects of offspring development were disrupted by the lowest dose of maternal raloxifene treatment, a profile consistent with estrogen antagonist activity.
Chemokine receptors: Structure, function and role in microbial pathogenesis

The chemokine superfamily is composed of at least 20 different leukocyte chemoattractants that act by binding to a family of G protein-coupled receptors. Leukocyte subtypes respond preferentially to unique but overlapping subsets of chemokines as determined by the receptor distribution, yet the receptors appear to signal through a common Gi-type G protein. Since chemokines appear to play major roles in inflammatory pathology, their receptors may be good targets for developing leukocyte selective anti-inflammatory drugs. Two chemokine receptors, CC CKRS and ONCC, function pathologically as cell entry factors respectively for human immunodeficiency virus 1, the cause of AIDS, and Plasmodium vivax, the major cause of malaria.
Trade and Financial Contagion in Currency Crises

This paper investigates empirically the relevance of external, domestic, and financial weaknesses as well as trade and financial linkages in inducing financial crises for a sample of 61 emerging market and industrial countries. A panel probit estimation finds these economic indicators to be significant for emerging market countries during the Mexican, Asian, and Russian crises. In particular, the indicators of vulnerability to international financial spillover (common creditor) and of financial fragility (reserve adequacy) are highly significant and appear to explain the apparent regional concentration of these crises. Exchange rate regimes and capital controls, however, do not seem to matter.
Sensory Quality of Nonfat Dry Milk after Long-Term Storage

Abstract Nonfat dry milk was stored under various conditions to determine the effects of temperature, packaging, atmospheric gases, and form of milk on the sensory quality of the stored product. Nonfat dry milk was significantly affected by storage temperature during long-term storage. Nonfat dry milk held at 32°C for 6 mo began to develop offflavors and by 24 mo was considered unacceptable when evaluated by a trained sensory panel. After 4-yr storage nonfat dry milk samples stored at 21°C were rated unacceptable by the panelists. Storage at 10°C resulted in minimal flavor changes in 52 mo. After 4-yr storage, nonfat dry milk samples stored in Polybags were statistically less acceptable than samples stored in cans. The form of milk (instant or regular) did not affect the length of time nonfat dry milk could be stored. Unacceptability of samples was due to an oxidized/stale flavor.
A quantitative study of convergent association

Summary This study investigated the occurrence of common associates to sets of words differing in length, viz., two-word sequences (pairs) and four-word sequences (quartets). The pairs and quartets had a known associate in common, and S s were instructed to produce associates to the set of words. In Experiments I and II the combined normative probability of a common associate to two types of stimulus sets was equal, but different amounts of time were allowed for responding. In both these experiments more common responses occurred to the pairs although there was no difference in the total number of responses made to pairs and quartets. In Experiment III two types of pairs were constructed from the quartets: high-variance and low-variance pairs. Reliably more common associates were given to the low-variance pairs than to either the high-variance pairs or quartets. In addition, reliably more common associates were produced to pairs than would be estimated from the combined probability, while almost no difference between the obtained and expected values occurred for the quartets. The results are attributed to greater interference in the formation of convergent associations to quartets as compared with pairs. There may also have been more editing of associations to quartets on the basis of relevance to the stimulus words. Combined probability tended to provide a better over-all estimate of the frequency of common associates than did response dominance although some of the observed values exceeded the former estimates as well.
The financial system and economic performance

The core function of the financial system is to facilitate the allocation and deployment of economic resources, both spatially and across time, in an uncertain environment. This system includes the basic payment system through which virtually all transactions clear and the capital markets which include the money, fixed-income, equity, futures, and options markets and financial intermediaries. The capital markets are the medium that makes possible the basic cash-flow cycle of household savings flowing to capital investments by firms, followed by a return to households (via profits and interest payments) for consumption and recycling as new savings. Through often-elaborate financial securities and intermediaries, the capital markets provide risk-pooling and risk-sharing opportunities for both households and business firms. Well-developed capital markets allow for separation of the responsibility for the capital-flow requirements of investments from the risk-bearing responsibility for those investments. In both an international and domestic context, this facility permits efficient specialization in production activities, according to the principle of comparative advantage. In addition to these manifest functions, the capital market serves an important, perhaps more latent, function as a key source of information that helps coordinate decentralized decision-making in various sectors of the international economy. Interest rates and security prices are used by households or their agents in making their consumption-saving decisions and in choosing the portfolio allocations of their wealth. These same prices provide critical signals to managers of firms in their selection of investment projects and financings.
"The law of the least effort": cattle ranching and the environment in the savanna of Mato Grosso, Brazil, 1900-1980.

Recent international concern over threats to the Brazilian Amazon rain forest has drawn attention to the relationship between cattle ranching and the tropical rain forest environment. Over the past three decades, the uncontrolled introduction of beef cattle and temperate zone ranching practices into an ecological structure little understood and far more complex than previously believed has led to widespread deforestation, erosion, desiccation, and soil sterility. Ranching is also considered a contributor to regional and global atmospheric pollution due to the burning of forests and grasses. Domestic and international criticism has helped to spur recent Brazilian governments into taking some tentative, if still imperfect, steps to restrict ranching in the basin., But ranching in Brazil has only recently expanded into areas of tropical rain forest. The largest concentrations of cattle are still found in various plains regions throughout the country, particularly in the semiarid tropical highland plateau savanna, or cerrado, bordering the Amazon basin (the locus of the vegetative burning that so alarms the world). This savanna, although not as large as the Amazon rain forest, is still vast, covering 25 percent of Brazilian territory-some two million square kilometers-and large sections of several states. This region hosted much of Brazil's historical expansion into the remote interior, especially in such ventures as gold mining, cattle ranching, and agriculture. Today, thousands of population centers thrive throughout the cerrado, including the futuristic national capital of Brasilia.2 Historically, the specific climate and vegetation of the savanna restricted most long-term economic activity to raising cattle. As a result, in 1988 over sixty-five million head grazed the savanna, 45 percent of the national herd. Most are beef cattle, animals traditionally raised in extensive free-range settings with minimal fencing and regular annual burning that stimulates the growth of tender new grasses for grazing. The savanna environment is not so welcoming to ranching, however,
The quantitative assay of the active principles of poison ivy by biological and gas chromatographic methods.

Abstract The content of pentadecylcatechols in a poison ivy extract as determined in a guinea pig skin sensitivity assay was compared with the amount of active principle (calculated as PDC) as determined by gas chromatography. There was reasonable agreement between the methods. Two extracts found devoid of pentadecylcatechols by gas chromatography were inactive by guinea pig assay. Gas chromatography permitted the assay of the individual pentadecylcatechols in the extract.
The effect of living abroad on alcohol expectancies among American adolescents in Germany.

Previous research has indicated that living abroad has a mitigating effect on alcohol use among American adolescents. Self-reported reasons for drinking and alcohol expectancies of American high school students who have lived abroad for 2 years or less were compared to those of American high school students who have lived abroad for over 10 years. Results indicated that students who have lived abroad for over 10 years endorse social and pleasure seeking and tension reduction reasons for drinking less often than students who have spent 2 years or less outside of the United States. Implications for preventative programs are discussed
Simulation Studies of the Hydration Entropy of Simple, Hydrophobic Solutes

The contribution of solute-water correlations to the entropy of solution of monatomic, hydrophobic solutes in water is calculated by Monte Carlo simulations using an expansion in terms of multiparticle correlation functions. The solute-water orientational correlations are found to decay linearly with intermolecular distance and virtually vanish in the second hydration shell. The results for the hydration entropies of inert gases, compared to experimental values, appear to be reasonable. The dependence of the entropy on the solute size and the solute-solvent pair interaction energy is examined by simulations of model Lennard-Jones particles in water
Benign pneumatosis intestinalis coli after blunt trauma to the abdomen in a child

This report describes a 2 1/2-year-old boy who sustained blunt abdominal trauma and had pneumatosis intestinalis in the right colon. The child was successfully managed by observation. The pneumatosis resolved spontaneously.
Analysis of Instabilities in Non-Axisymmetric Hypersonic Boundary Layers Over Cones

Hypersonic flows over circular cones constitute one of the most important generic configurations for fundamental aerodynamic and aerothermodynamic studies. In this paper, numerical computations are carried out for Mach 6 flows over a 7-degree half-angle cone with two different flow incidence angles and a compression cone with a large concave curvature. Instability wave and transition-related flow physics are investigated using a series of advanced stability methods ranging from conventional linear stability theory (LST) and a higher-fidelity linear and nonlinear parabolized stability equations (PSE), to the 2D eigenvalue analysis based on partial differential equations. Computed N factor distribution pertinent to various instability mechanisms over the cone surface provides initial assessments of possible transition fronts and a guide to corresponding disturbance characteristics such as frequency and azimuthal wave numbers. It is also shown that strong secondary instability that eventually leads to transition to turbulence can be simulated very efficiently using a combination of advanced stability methods described above.
Newton's mature dynamics: Revolutionary or reactionary?

Summary By a simple revision of Newton's diagram for Proposition 6 of the third edition of the Principia, one can see directly how the mathematics of uniform circular motion have been employed to solve the Kepler problem of elliptical planetary motion in Proposition 11. Newton strove initially to build his dynamics on the linear kinematics of Galileo; and, in this utilization of uniformly accelerated linear motion to solve more complicated problems, he can be seen as revolutionary. But he could not escape completely from the coils of celestial circularity, and in his utilization of uniform circular motion to solve problems of elliptical motion, he can be seen as reactionary. The key to understanding Newton's mature dynamics resides in the discussion of the alternate dynamics ratio, as presented here in section six.
CAN DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY BE PARTISAN

Abstract Any workable ideal of deliberative democracy that includes elections will need modern democracy's ever-present ally, parties. Since the primary function of parties is to win office rather than to reflect on public questions, parties are potential problems for the deliberative enterprise. They are more at home in aggregative models of democracy than in deliberative models. While deliberative democracy will need its moments of aggregation—and therefore, must have parties—partisans as they actually arise in the political world possess traits that undermine the deliberative ideal. If partisans of partisanship are to be unembarrassed by (or are to correct) these defects, even workable ideals of deliberative democracy need to stand at some distance from the partisan imperative.
Some Observations on the Serology of Pneumocystis carinii Infections in the United States

Abstract An indirect immunofluorescent (IF) test with antigen of partially cleaned Pneumocystis carinii cysts was evaluated for sensitivity and specificity. The test was reactive at the 1:8 and above level for 44% of the persons who had suspected and confirmed infections, for 7.3% of the healthy contacts, and for 1.4% of the general population. Results of tests with sera from people with measurable antibodies to other diseases and those on immunosuppressant therapy suggest that only titers of 1:20 and above are specific. At this level, tests with sera of 32% of the cases, 4% of the contacts, 0% of the healthy controls, and from 0% to 37% (average 5%) of individuals on long-term immunosuppressive therapy or with antibodies to other diseases were positive. The high percentage of positive reactions in cytomegalovirus and in fungal infections could represent double infections. The complement fixation test was less sensitive than the IF test. Antibodies measured by the IF test were immunoglobulin G. No differences in antigenicity were demonstrated by the IF test among the cysts from eight human infections or from induced rat infections.
Nanosecond pulsed electric fields perturb membrane phospholipids in T lymphoblasts

Nanosecond, megavolt-per-meter pulsed electric fields scramble the asymmetric arrangement of phospholipids in cell membranes without the permeabilization associated with longer, lower-field pulses. A single 30 ns, 2.5 MV/m pulse produces perturbations consistent with phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization in Jurkat T lymphoblasts within milliseconds, polarized in the direction of the applied field, indicating an immediate interaction between membrane components and the electric field. This disturbance occurs only at the anode pole of the cell, supporting the hypothesis that the pulsed field drives the negatively charged PS head group toward the positive electrode, directly providing the energy for crossing the membrane dielectric barrier.
Family psychiatric histories in male patients with generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder.

AbstractIt has been hypothesized, from twin study results in females, that the genetic predisposition in females for major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is identical. This report attempted to replicate these findings on a male population using family history methods. There were 119 subjects who completed standardized assessment of Axis I, Axis II, and family history. The family history of four groups was compared-GAD without MDD, MDD without GAD, GAD/MDD, and normals. As expected, GAD and MDD subjects showed trends toward more MDD family history than normals. The GAD and MDD groups showed only trend differences in family history of relatives. Unexpectedly, however, the MDD/GAD group had no higher level of either anxiety or depressive family history than normals (although they did have higher levels of personality family history). Both the GAD and the MDD groups had a significantly higher level of family history of depression than the GAD/MDD group. Within the limits of t...
Biochemical Identification of the β-Adrenoceptor and Evidence for the Involvement of an Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate System in the β-Adrenergically Induced Release of a-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone in the Intermediate Lobe of the Rat Pituitary Gland

The β-adrenoceptor in the intermediate lobe (IL) of the hypophysis of the rat is characterized on the basis of the following: 1) the ability of β-adrenergic agonists to increase adenylate cyclase activity in homogenates of the IL, and 2) the ability of drugs active upon the β-adrenoceptor to compete with [l2I]hydroxybenzylpindolol, a radiolabeled β-adrenergic antagonist, for high affinity (Kd = 232 pin) binding sites. The values of the affinity of the β-adrenoceptor for drugs obtained in either assay system are in good agreement. The relative potency among agonists,lisoproterenol > lepinephrine > lnorepinephrine, suggests that the receptor is of the β-2 subcategory. cAMP, derivatives of cAMP, and a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, theophylline, mimic the ability of lisoproterenol to enhance the release of aMSH from dispersed cells of the rat IL. The present results are in accord with the possibility that occupancy by agonists of the β-adrenoceptor of the IL enhances adenylate cyclase activity, resulting in an...
Major cranial changes during Triceratops ontogeny

This is the first cranial ontogenetic assessment of Triceratops, the well-known Late Cretaceous dinosaur distinguished by three horns and a massive parietal‐squamosal frill. Our analysis is based on a growth series of 10 skulls, ranging from a 38 cm long baby skull to about 2 m long adult skulls. Four growth stages correspond to a suite of ontogenetic characters expressed in the postorbital horns, frill, nasal, epinasal horn and epoccipitals. Postorbital horns are straight stubs in early ontogeny, curve posteriorly in juveniles, straighten in subadults and recurve anteriorly in adults. The posterior margin of the baby frill is deeply scalloped. In early juveniles, the frill margin becomes ornamented by 17‐19 delta-shaped epoccipitals. Epoccipitals are dorsoventrally compressed in subadults, strongly compressed and elongated in adults and ultimately merge onto the posterior frill margin in older adults. Ontogenetic trends within and between growth stages include: posterior frill margin transitions from scalloped to wavy and smooth; progressive exclusion of the supraoccipital from the foramen magnum; internal hollowing at the base of the postorbital horns;closureofthemidlinenasalsuture;fusionoftheepinasalontothenasals;andepinasalexpansioninto a morphologically variable nasal horn. We hypothesize that the changes in horn orientation and epoccipital shape function to allow visual identity of juveniles, and signal their attainment of sexual maturity.
Fast TEM kicker with MOSFET solid state driver

The design of a fast transverse electromagnetic (TEM) kicker for use in the Bates Pulse Stretcher Ring is described. It provides a 1-mrad/m kick for a 1-GeV electron beam, with transition times below 25 ns and a 1% flat top. The +or-10 kV driver uses a switching technique based on MOSFET power transistors that allow complete control over the kicker timing and simplifies the construction greatly. Calculations show that the reliability of such a driver is orders of magnitude better than that provided by present designs. >
The United States and Eastern Europe in 1945: A Reassessment

This article reassesses U.S. Cold War policy in 1945, with particular emphasis on Eastern Europe. The article considers how the U.S. government proposed to deal with the Soviet Union in the postwar period more generally. The article looks closely at U.S. policy toward Poland and toward Romania and Bulgaria and sets these policies into context in order to determine whether U.S. leaders had “written off” the East European countries by the end of the year, consigning them to a Soviet sphere of influence. The article traces the strategic concept underlying U.S policy and analyzes key aspects of Secretary of State James Byrnes's policy at the July 1945 Potsdam conference and in the October–December 1945 negotiations with the USSR about the occupation of Japan.
RECRUITMENT LIMITATION AND POPULATION DENSITY IN THE HARVESTER ANT, POGONOMYRMEX OCCIDENTALIS

We evaluated the hypothesis that recruitment limitation is important in determining density in harvester ant populations. Combining field observations and experiments, we conclude that the population density of Pogonomyrmex occidentalis is largely determined by recruitment limitation, and we demonstrate that variation in population density is a function of the dispersal patterns of foundress queens. The density of established colonies, the number of new colonies, and the number of foundress queens are all highly correlated in this population. The density of foundress queens predicts the density of new colonies in the following year. The density of propagules (foundress queens), new colonies, and established colonies is significantly negatively correlated with the distance from the mating site that is the source of the propagules, and the distance from this source can be used to predict the local density of new and established colonies in this population. Finally, we show that the experimental addition of foundress queens significantly increases the number of new colonies in supplemented vs. control plots. At the landscape level, the population is a mixture of areas with low and high density, with no evidence of overall density dependence. Density dependence is detectable only in local areas that receive sufficient propagules and, thus, depends on the proximity to the source of propagules. Consistent dispersal from a specific geographic site results in variation in population density independent of any variation in habitat quality.
Towards Low-Cost, High-Accuracy Classifiers for Linear Solver Selection

The time to solve linear systems depends to a large extent on the choice of the solution method and the properties of the coefficient matrix. Although there are several linear solution methods, in most cases it is impossible to predict apriori which linear solver would be best suited for a given linear system. Recent investigations on selecting linear solvers for a given system have explored the use of classification techniques based on the linear system parameters for solver selection. In this paper, we present a method to develop low-cost high-accuracy classifiers. We show that the cost for constructing a classifier can be significantly reduced by focusing on the computational complexity of each feature. In particular, we filter out low information linear system parameters and then order the remaining parameters to decrease the total computation cost for classification at a prescribed accuracy. Our results indicate that the speedup factor of the time to compute the feature set using our ordering can be as high as 262. The accuracy and computation time of the feature set generated using our method is comparable to a near-optimal one, thus demonstrating the effectiveness of our technique.
Multiple Paternity in a Territorial Passerine: The Bobolink

Electrophoretic and behavioral evidence corroborate the conclusion that Bob- olink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) females occasionally copulate with more than one male, which results in the insemination of a single clutch of eggs by those males. In 2 of 12 families from which blood samples were obtained from the mother, the putative father, and the nestlings, at least 2 males were responsible for fertilization of the clutch. We believe this is only the second bird species in which multiple paternity has been documented conclusively in the wild. Our speculation that it may not be uncommon leads to a caution for evolutionary biologists who use apparent reproductive success in birds to address questions about fitness. Received 17 September 1984, accepted 18 December 1984. AVIAN biologists generally assume that the number of young found in a nest represents the potential reproductive success of adults as- sociated with that nest. Multiple paternity, de- fined as the genetic siring of one female's brood by more than one male, is a phenomenon that can result in disagreement between apparent and actual reproductive success for males. Mul- tiple paternity is difficult to document unless specific laboratory techniques are performed on blood or tissue collected from the offspring and at least one of the parents, and therefore, its frequency and importance have been under- estimated generally in arian population biol- ogy. In fact, Mock (1983: 57) believes the ques- tion of genetic paternity in birds is "the most crucial hurdle lying in the path of future prog- ress in arian mating system research."
Pest Control by Genetic Manipulation of Sex Ratio

We model the release of insects carrying an allele at multiple loci that shifts sex ratios in favor of males. We model two approaches to sex ratio alteration. In the first (denoted SD), meiotic segregation (or sperm fertility) is distorted in favor of gametes carrying the male-determining genetic element (e.g., Y-chromosome). It is assumed that any male carrying at least one copy of the SD allele produces only genotypically male offspring. In the second approach (denoted PM), the inserted allele alters sex ratio by causing genetically female individuals to become phenotypically male. It is assumed that any insect carrying at least one copy of the PM allele is phenotypically male. Both approaches reduce future population growth by reducing the number of phenotypic females. The models allow variation in the number of loci used in the release, the size of the release, and the negative fitness effect caused by insertion of each sex ratio altering allele. We show that such releases may be at least 2 orders of magnitude more effective than sterile male releases (SIT) in terms of numbers of surviving insects. For example, a single SD release with two released insects for every wild insect and a 5% fitness cost per inserted allele could reduce the target population to 1/1000th of the no-release population size, whereas a similar-sized SIT release would only reduce the population to one-fifth of its original size. We also compare these two sex ratio alteration approaches to a female-killing (FK) system and the sterile male technique when there are repeated releases over a number of generations. In these comparisons, the SD approach is the most efficient with equivalent pest suppression achieved by release of ≈1 SD, 1.5–20 PM, 2–70 FK, and 16–3,000 SIT insects, depending on conditions. We also calculate the optimal number of SD and PM allele insertions to be used under various conditions, assuming that there is an additional genetic load incurred for each allelic insertion.
Pheromone‐inducible expression of an aggregation protein in Enterococcus faecalis requires interaction of a plasmid‐encoded RNA with components of the ribosome

Transfer of the conjugative plasmid pCF10 from Enterococcus faecalis donor strains is induced by a peptide pheromone (cCF10) secreted by recipient cells. High-efficiency transfer requires expression of an aggregation protein (Asc10) encoded by the prgB gene and positively regulated by genes in a region 3-5 kb upstream, containing prgQ-R-S. Transcriptional fusion data reported here support the results of recent molecular analysis of the 5' ends of prgB transcripts which indicated that prgB transcription occurs by readthrough from the prgQ promoter. A 530-nucleotide prgQ-encoded RNA molecule (Q(L)) with rRNA-like domains is required for Asc10 production. Q(L) and cCF10 were found to interact with the L6 and S5 ribosomal proteins, respectively. Mutational analysis of Q(L) indicates that this RNA may also directly interact with 16S RNA. Q(L) is present in ribosomes translating the prgB message, and pheromone cCF10 may affect the association of this RNA with translation complexes. Results suggest that the positive regulatory molecules act post-transcriptionally on the polycistronic message and modify a ribosome population to enhance pheromone-induced translation of prgB.
An ATM WAN/LAN gateway architecture

This paper describes a gigabit LAN/WAN gateway being developed for the MAGIC gigabit testbed. The gateway interfaces a gigabit LAN developed by Digital's Systems Research Center and the MAGIC SONET/ATM wide area network. The gateway provides 622 Mb/s throughput between the LAN and WAN environments, and supports either a single STS-12c or four STS-3c tributaries. Traffic measurement capability and support for multiple bandwidth management schemes are provided by this architecture. >
The RESTORE Program of Restorative Justice for Sex Crimes Vision, Process, and Outcomes

The article reports empirical evaluation of RESTORE, a restorative justice (RJ) conferencing program adapted to prosecutor-referred adult misdemeanor and felony sexual assaults. RESTORE conferences included voluntary enrollment, preparation, and a face-to-face meeting where primary and secondary victims voice impacts, and responsible persons acknowledge their acts and together develop a re-dress plan that is supervised for 1 year. Process data included referral and consent rates, participant characteristics, observational ratings of conferences compared with program design, services delivered, and safety monitoring. Outcome evaluation used 22 cases to assess (a) pre-post reasons for choosing RESTORE, (b) preparation and conference experiences, (c) overall program and justice satisfaction, and (d) completion rates. This is the first peer-reviewed quantitative evaluation of RJ conferencing for adult sexual assault. Although the data have limitations, the results support cautious optimism regarding feasibility, safety, and satisfactory outcomes. They help envision how conferencing could expand and individualize justice options for sexual assault.
Uncovering a Hidden “I” in Contemporary Urban Ethnography

Considerations of the self in ethnography have taken on various forms, including reportage of how the researcher gained access to a field site as well as achieved rapport with those who were the focus of study. I contend here that there exists a less well-recognized form of selfhood in ethnography that pertains to the moral self of the ethnographer. This self reflects the sociopolitical or aesthetic orientation taken by the ethnographer of the problem that has framed the research endeavor resulting in the ethnographic product. Through assessments of the work of some ethnographers, including myself, who study people in social categories in which the ethnographer holds membership, this essay explores that dimension of the ethnographer’s moral self. Ethnographers simply cannot hide from their work. In the course of reading an ethnography, their visibility surfaces as readers consistently ask themselves, “Who is the author of this work?” That question really is a cover for a variety of related questions that concern readers’ reflections about the purpose and intentions of the author, including: “Who is the person that gained access to this setting and what might this mean for the kind of work that was produced?” “Who is that person that was in dialogue with the research participants and what implications might this have for the work that was produced?” and “Who is that person that is describing the scene, or interpreting the behaviors and thoughts of the people under ethnographic study, and what might this mean for the work that was produced?” The visibility that researchers experience is a unique and particular quality of the craft of ethnography. Intense preoccupation with these questions is understandable because ethnography reveals itself to its audience through narrative. Thus, the storytelling nature of this tradition places the researcher/author—in effect, the storyteller—at the forefront of the readers’ attention. Such concerns may not easily arise in other branches of sociology, especially demography or survey research, where reporting on findings takes a less personalized form. In those approaches, the data remain primary points of emphasis as they are presented in the form of tables and graphs. This imagery holds attention beyond and above the voice of the author who is communicating these findings represented in them. A particular property of ethnography, then, is that the self—meaning the author’s self—is of paramount interest.
Kinematics and aerodynamics of avian upstrokes during slow flight

ABSTRACT Slow flight is extremely energetically costly per unit time, yet highly important for takeoff and survival. However, at slow speeds it is presently thought that most birds do not produce beneficial aerodynamic forces during the entire wingbeat: instead they fold or flex their wings during upstroke, prompting the long-standing prediction that the upstroke produces trivial forces. There is increasing evidence that the upstroke contributes to force production, but the aerodynamic and kinematic mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we examined the wingbeat cycle of two species: the diamond dove ( Geopelia cuneata ) and zebra finch ( Taeniopygia guttata ), which exhibit different upstroke styles – a wingtip-reversal and flexed-wing upstroke, respectively. We used a combination of particle image velocimetry and near-wake streamline measures alongside detailed 3D kinematics. We show that during the middle of the wingtip-reversal upstroke, the hand-wing has a high angular velocity (15.3±0.8 deg ms −1 ) and translational speed (8.4±0.6 m s −1 ). The flexed-wing upstroke, in contrast, has low wingtip speed during mid-upstroke. Instead, later in the stroke cycle, during the transition from upstroke to downstroke, it exhibits higher angular velocities (45.5±13.8 deg ms −1 ) and translational speeds (11.0±1.9 m s −1 ). Aerodynamically, the wingtip-reversal upstroke imparts momentum to the wake, with entrained air shed backward (visible as circulation of 14.4±0.09 m 2 s −1 ). In contrast, the flexed-wing upstroke imparts minimal momentum. Clap and peel in the dove enhances the time course for circulation production on the wings, and provides new evidence of convergent evolution on time-varying aerodynamic mechanisms during flapping in insects and birds.
Improving technology for molecular imaging with ultrasound

Ultrasonic molecular imaging is a nascent field where the application of targeted contrast agents permits assessment of molecular changes in physiology. This is in contrast to the traditional anatomical imaging applications of ultrasound. To date, ultrasonic molecular imaging has shown promise in detecting molecular markers associated with angiogenesis, inflammation, and thrombus. However, this new modality has been only slowly advancing, and is still largely limited to studies in animal models. This conference proceeding reviews several challenge areas where our group is improving technology to facilitate ultrasonic molecular imaging.
Intraoperative radiation for limb sparing of the distal aspect of the radius without transcarpal plating in five dogs.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate intraoperative irradiation (IORT) as a method of limb spare with preservation of the radiocarpal joint. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective case series. ANIMALS: Dogs (n=5) with stage II sarcoma of the distal aspect of the radius. METHODS: A bone segment containing the tumor was isolated surgically, treated by IORT, reimplanted, and secured by internal fixation. In 1 dog, the postradiation tumor bed was curetted and filled with bone cement. Dogs were administered alternating adriamycin and carboplatin starting 2 weeks after IORT and monitored at regular intervals. RESULTS: Four dogs had osteosarcoma and 1 had undifferentiated sarcoma. Implant failure (n=3), deep tissue infection (3), and pathologic fracture (3) resulted in amputation (3) or pancarpal plating (2). The dog with undifferentiated sarcoma was euthanatized because of suspected tumor recurrence 4 months postoperatively. Osteotomy healing was documented by radiography (1), histopathology (2), or by direct observation (2). CONCLUSIONS: A technique for limb-sparing surgery of the distal portion of the radius in dogs using IORT had advantages include healing of the autograft and a source for a perfectly fitting autograft but did not appear to offer any advantage with respect to infection rate. Long-term preservation of the radiocarpal joint was not successful. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: It was not possible to preserve the function of the radiocarpal joint and so this technique cannot be recommended currently. Further study is needed to evaluate whether or not IORT can be considered in combination with pancarpal plating and possibly curettage and cementation of the tumor to prevent subchondral bone collapse.
Fast reconfiguring deep packet filter for 1+ gigabit network

Due to increasing number of network worms and virus, many computer network users are vulnerable to attacks. Unless network security systems use more advanced methods of content filtering such as deep packet inspection, the problem get worse. However, searching for patterns at multiple offsets in entire content of network packet requires more processing power than most general purpose processor can provide. Thus, researchers have developed high performance parallel deep packet filters for reconfigurable devices. Although some reconfigurable systems can be generated automatically from pattern database, obtaining high performance result from each subsequent reconfiguration can be a time consuming process. We present a novel architecture for programmable parallel pattern matching coprocessor. By combining a scalable coprocessor with the compact reconfigurable filter, we produce a hybrid system that is able to update the rules immediate during the time the new filter is being compiled. We mapped our hybrid filter for the latest Snort rule set on January 13, 2005, containing 2,044 unique patterns byte make up 32,384 bytes, onto a single Xilinx Virtex 4LX-XC4VLX15 FPGA with a filtering rate of 2 Gbps.
Linking ecology and economics for ecosystem management

Abstract This article outlines an approach, based on ecosystem services, for assessing the trade-offs inherent in managing humans embedded in ecological systems. Evaluating these trade-offs requires an understanding of the biophysical magnitudes of the changes in ecosystem services that result from human actions, and of the impact of these changes on human welfare. We summarize the state of the art of ecosystem services–based management and the information needs for applying it. Three case studies of Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites—coastal, urban, and agricultural—illustrate the usefulness, information needs, quantification possibilities, and methods for this approach. One example of the application of this approach, with rigorously established service changes and valuations taken from the literature, is used to illustrate the potential for full economic valuation of several agricultural landscape management options, including managing for water quality, biodiversity, and crop productivity.
Inferring predation intensity in the marine fossil record

Abstract Accurate estimates of predation intensity, the frequency of mortality from predation, are critical to studies of the evolution of species in response to predation, and to studies of predator-prey systems in general. Most commonly used indirect proxies for predation intensity in the fossil record have logistical or theoretical problems. Direct proxies, using actual traces of predatory activity, such as drilling and repair scars, may hold more promise. However, these direct proxies often have been used in conjunction with optimal foraging models, and in this context, the underlying assumptions and predictions of optimal foraging are examined. Results from theoretical models using optimal foraging suggest that (1) the ratio of internal shell volume to shell thickness of prey (benefit/cost ratio) may be a questionable measurement of prey “value” to the predator, as it fails to account adequately for energetic cost to the predator during pursuit and grappling; (2) drilling and repair frequency are inv...
Radiographic evaluation of ankle trauma.

Abstract Two principal classifications of ankle fractures are reviewed. Anatomic and roentgenographic criteria used for the assessment of reduction in ankle fractures are highlighted in this review of ankle trauma.