cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Supporting organizational problem solving with a workstation

This paper describes an approach to supporting work in the office. Using and extending ideas from the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) we describe office work as a problem solving activity. A knowledge embedding language called Omega is used to embed knowledge of the organization into an office worker's workstation in order to support the office worker in his or her problem solving. A particular approach to reasoning about change and contradiction is discussed. This approach uses Omega's viewpoint mechanism.
Preparation and chelating properties of 8‐hydroxy‐quinoline—formaldehyde polymers

Condensation of 8-hydroxyquinoline with formaldehyde in acid solution yielded a polymer of molecular weight ∽3300. Modification of this polymer with resorcinol resulted in improved physical properties of this material. 8-Hydroxyquinoline-formaldehyde polymers can be used as selective chelating ion-exchange rains which permit separation of various cations. The polymeric metd chelates are thermally less stable than the unchelated polymer.
Social choice theory without Pareto: The pivotal voter approach

Abstract This paper extends the pivotal voter approach pioneered by Barbera [Barbera, S., 1980. Pivotal voters: A new proof of Arrow’s Theorem. Economics Letters 6, 13–6; Barbera, S., 1983. Strategy-proofness and pivotal voters: A direct proof of the Gibbard-Satterthwaite Theorem. International Economic Review 24, 413–7] to all social welfare functions satisfying independence of irrelevant alternatives. Arrow’s Theorem, Wilson’s Theorem, and the Muller–Satterthwaite Theorem are all immediate corollaries of the main result. It is further shown that a vanishingly small fraction of pairs of alternatives can be affected in the group preference ordering by multiple individuals, which generalizes each of the above theorems.
Equations of motion for post-mortem sinking of cephalopod shells

We have modified our equations of motion for sinking Nautilusshells to a more general form suitable for application to fossil cephalopods. The new equations incorporate the effects of hydrodynamic stability and loss of buoyancy due either to the unrestricted entry of water into the shell during sinking, or to entry by diffusion across the wall of the siphuncular tube. With our new equations it is possible to calculate sinking velocity and pressure across the shell wall as a function of depth for shells of any size and shape. Our system provides a means of analyzing several aspects of the post-mortem history of cephalopod shells including vertical preservation. In the latter case, our equations enable us to find water depth from the geometry of a vertically preserved shell. We calculate the maximum water depth of the Hauptmuschelkalk beds (Triassic, south-central Germany) to have been about 3 m. Our method is unique in providing a way of obtaining numerical values for maximum water depth of ancient sediments and sedimentary environments. These equations also offer the possibility of examining the paleoecology and paleobiology of the living animals, especially with respect to swimming ability and vertical migration.
Association of cerebral arteriovenous malformations and spontaneous occlusion of major feeding arteries: clinical and therapeutic implications.

Objective The spontaneous occlusion of a cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) occurs rarely. Occlusion of a parent artery feeding the AVM is even more rare, and its incidence is unknown. We undertook this study to determine the incidence of occlusion of a major artery feeding an AVM and to recommend a management strategy for such an AVM. Methods We identified AVMs associated with an occluded artery by performing a retrospective angiographic analysis of 500 patients with AVMs who presented to Henry Ford Hospital from 1976 to 1998. Results A review of the angiograms revealed that 7 (1.4%) of 500 patients with an AVM had occlusion of one or more major arteries feeding the nidus. In four patients, an internal carotid artery and its bifurcation were occluded; in two patients, the M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery was occluded, and in one patient, a vertebral artery was occluded. Pial collaterals and/or a moyamoya pattern of anastomoses developed in all patients, with the exception of one who had vertebral artery occlusion. Five patients underwent definitive treatment: one received radiosurgery, and four underwent surgical excision. One of the surgically treated patients died of complications from excessive blood loss and coagulopathy, but the other three had no postoperative complications. Conclusion The occlusion of a major artery feeding an AVM occurs rarely (1.4%). These AVMs are moderate to large in size (>3 cm). To prevent collateral flow-related complications of cortical "steal" and hemorrhage, as well as the usual risk of hemorrhage from the AVM itself, surgical management should be considered for these AVMs.
MyD88 dependent induction of Th2 responses in a mouse model of asthma

Abstract Rationale CD4+ Th2 cells have been implicated in the pathology of allergic and asthmatic responses. Initiation of adaptive Th2 responses requires innate instruction. Although a role for the common innate Toll-like receptor (TLR) adaptor molecule MyD88 has been found for Th1 induction, the mechanism for generation of Th2 responses is unclear. Our recent studies demonstrate that Th2 responses to aeroallergens are induced at low LPS dose and Th1 responses are induced at high LPS dose in a CD40 dependent manner. Given that LPS signaling through TLR4 engages both MyD88 dependent and independent pathways, we sought to determine the role of MyD88 in the induction of pulmonary Th2 responses. Methods Mice were subject to intranasal administration of ovalbumin protein (OVA) concomitant with LPS followed by an intranasal OVA challenge course. Results The marked eosinophilia, mucus production, IgE, and Th2 cytokines induced in wild type mice was significantly impaired in both TLR4 deficient and MyD88 −/− mice. Reconstitution of Th2 responses was observed in MyD88 −/− mice by sensitization with OVA together with either TNFα or alum. Increases in MHC Class II and B7.2 on pulmonary DC in WT mice in response to LPS were not observed in either TLR4 deficient or MyD88 −/− mice. Conclusion Thus, microbial signaling through MyD88 is a critical factor in the induction of allergic Th2 responses.
Dynamic real-time architecture in magnetic resonance coronary angiography--a prospective clinical trial.

Objectives: A dynamic real‐time (dRT) architecture has been developed to address limitations in magnetic resonance coronary angiography (MRCA). A prospective clinical trial of 45 patients suspected of coronary artery disease was conducted to determine clinical utility of this integrated real‐time system. Background: Clinical implementation of MRCA is not performed routinely today. However, improved anatomic coverage, image quality, and scan flexibility may enhance its clinical utility. A novel real‐time architecture addresses these challenges through instantaneous reconfiguration between real‐time (RT) and high‐resolution (HR) imaging sequences with dynamic selection of the desired element on a custom‐designed receiver coil. Methods: A total of 45 subjects were recruited consecutively to evaluate scan time, anatomic coverage, image quality, and detection of coronary lesions. Using a modern PC, the dRT switches from RT to gated HR imaging sequence in one repetition time (39 ms). Magnetic resonance imaging ...
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Instrumentation

A nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer is composed of a magnet, a sample probe, a transmitter and receiver, and a computer for instrument control and display of results. Magnets used in NMR spectroscopy are predominantly superconducting solenoid systems, in which a wire coil is immersed in liquid helium to render it superconducting. An electric current is passed through the coil and produces a static magnetic field proportional to the size of the current. The magnet has an open bore that has shim coils to compensate for imperfections in the magnetic field and in the sample probe coils. Liquid samples with a deuterated solvent are placed inside this coil. An array of high-power radiofrequency (RF) transmitter channels is also necessary to perturb the nuclear spin distribution from equilibrium through the use of strong RF pulses. A transmitter comprises an RF source, a phase modulator for determining pulse phases during an experiment, an amplitude controller and a solid-state amplifier capable of pulses of up to several hundred watts. An excitation pulse tilts the net nuclear magnetization away from its equilibrium orientation parallel to the magnetic field axis, although it continues to precess around this axis. The precession induces a voltage in the probe coil that is tuned to the resonance frequency of the observed nucleus. One of the transmitters is part of a channel (known as a lock channel) that is dedicated to the detection of 2H nuclei in deuterated solvents and is used to stabilize the magnetic field and permit the adjustment of field homogeneity. For both the observe and lock channels a high fidelity preamplifier and receiver are used to amplify and detect the signal and then route it to an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and a noise filter system before converting it to a stored data file on a computer as a free induction decay (FID) signal. Software on the computer performs a Fourier transformation of the FID signal to convert the time base-data into a frequency spectrum for interpretation.
SMALL‐SUBUNIT RIBOSOMAL DNA SEQUENCE ANALYSES AND A RECONSTRUCTION OF THE INFERRED PHYLOGENY AMONG SYMBIOTIC DINOFLAGELLATES (PYRROPHYTA)1

The small-subunit ribosomal RNA genes (SSU rDNA) from the four symbiotic dinoflagellates, Symbiodinium corculorum Trench isolated from the bivalve mollusc Corculum cardissa (from Belau, Western Caroline Is.), S. meandrinae Trench, from the scleractinian coral Meandrina meandrites (from famaica, W.I.), Gloeodinium viscum Banaszak et al. from the hydrocoral Millepora dichotoma (from the Gulf of Aqaba), and Amphidinium belauense Trench from the acoel flatworm Haplodiscus sp. (from Belau) have been amplified by the polymerase chain reaction, cloned, and sequenced. Following alignment of these complete sequences to homologous sequences from six other dinoflagellates, eight api-complexans, six ciliates, six chromophytes and oomycetes, three ascomycetes, two rhodophytes, two chlorophytes, and two myxomycetes (with Physarum polycephalum as the outgroup), phylogenetic reconstruction was conducted using Fitch and Margoliash distance, DNA maximum likelihood, and Wagner parsimony methods, with bootstrap resampling. All methods generated trees with similar topologies. The inferred “across Kingdom” phylogeny reemphasizes previous reports that show that the dinoflagellates, the apicomplexans, and the ciliates share a common ancestry and that the dinoflagellates are distantly related to the chromophyte-oomycete lineage. The evidence supports the concept of a polyphyletic origin of dinoflagellate-invertebrate symbioses, as symbiotic dinoflagellates represent seven genera in at least four orders. The three symbiotic species, S. corculorum, S. meandrinae, and S. pilosum, consistent with their morphological and biochemical similarities, cluster most closely. Symbiodinium pulchrorum Trench, the symbiontfrom the Hawaiian sea anemone Aiptasia pulchella, is more distantly related to them. Gloeodinium viscum is not closely related to the Symbiodinium species. Amphidinium carterae (free-living) and A. belauense (symbiotic) also appear to be distantly related to Symbiodinium. Some symbionts (e.g. S. corculorum, S. pilosum) from distant geographic locations (the Indo-Pacific and Caribbean, respectively) were found to be very closely related, whereas S. pulchrorum and S. corculorum from the Pacific were found to be distantly related. Analyses of 10 additional symbiotic and nonsymbiotic dinoflagellates, using partial SSU rDNA sequences to generate a tentative dinoflagellate phylogeny, indicate that members of the genus Symbiodinium cluster with most of the other (free-living) dinoflagellates in the genus Gymnodinium. The genus Amphidinium, as represented by A. carterae and A. belauense, appear to be distantly related to the other members of the Gymnodiniaceae. This analysis, combined with morphological and biochemical data, indicates that the symbionts S. pulchrorum (from Aiptasia pulchella) and S. bermudense Trench (from Aiptasia tagetes) from the Indo-Pacific and Caribbean, respectively, are very closely related but are not identical.
Development and implementation of a pharmacist-managed university-based wellness center.

Abstract Objective To describe the development and implementation of a pharmacist-managed wellness center based on campus within a school of pharmacy. Setting Duquesne University Mylan School of Pharmacy, located in Pittsburgh, Pa. Practice description University-based employee wellness center, the Academic Research Center for Pharmacy Care, located within a school of pharmacy staffed by clinical practice faculty and student pharmacists. >Practice innovation The campus-based wellness practice integrates public health activities into the pharmacy school curriculum and provides a model that can be adapted for other ambulatory and community practices. Interventions Referral of clients to primary care providers following identification of risk for disease. Main outcome measures Number of screenings; number of clients identified with elevated cholesterol, blood glucose (BG), blood pressure, or weight and referred to primary care providers; and number of student pharmacists participating in wellness experiential rotations. Results The center conducted more than 19,000 individual screenings on campus, in neighboring communities, and in the western Pennsylvania region from October 2002 through May 2006. During the period July 2005 through May 2006, 16% of those screened required referral for elevated blood pressure (>140/90 mm Hg), 23% required referral for elevated total cholesterol (> 200 mg/dL, the population covers ages 20 to over 70 years), 8% required referral for elevated BG (fasting BG ≥100 mg/dL or nonfasting BG ≥200mg/dL), 43% required referral for low bone density (Tscore ≤−1), 21% required referral for abnormal skin findings ranging from dryness to suspicious markings, and 26% required referral for body mass index (≥ 30 kg/m2). A total of 70 student pharmacists, divided among two full-time clinical practice faculty, have participated in the wellness clinical rotation since 2004. Conclusion Pharmacists can successfully direct public heath initiatives such as wellness and health promotion programs in an employee-based health center, in the community, and in community pharmacies. Pharmacists are able to identify primary preventive patients for referral to other health care providers.
Metastasis to the submandibular gland in head and neck carcinomas.

Background. The purpose of this retrospective chart review was to determine whether and how the subman- dibular gland is involved in metastases of squamous cell car- cinoma of the head and neck. Methods. We reviewed the records of all patients for whom pathology specimens were available after neck dissection for primary head and neck cancers at two institutions. Results. One hundred sixty-nine patients were included in the study, 27 underwent bilateral neck dissections, and 196 submandibular glands were resected and sent for pathology. One hundred forty-four glands had normal histologic findings. Normal or benign histologic changes were present in 187 glands. Three submandibular glands showed invasion from a locally in- volved lymph node, and six had direct extension from a primary lesion. The primary lesions were all ipsilateral to the involved gland and originated from cancers of the floor of the mouth, al- veolar ridge, and tongue. No submandibular glands showed pathologic evidence of metastases. Conclusions. Because the submandibular gland has no in- traparenchymal lymph nodes, its involvement in upper aerodi- gestive tract carcinomas must be through extension from a locally involved lymph node or the primary tumor. Previous work has demonstrated that the submandibular gland can undergo transplantation out of the neck with subsequent reimplantation, as a possible means of protection from the effects of radiation. We demonstrated the submandibular gland to be involved only in cases of ipsilateral oral cavity tumors or metastasis to ip- silateral level I lymph nodes. We conclude that it is oncologically sound to consider transplantation and replantation of the con- tralateral submandibular gland for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma when level I lymph nodes are unlikely to be involved. A 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 26: 1064-1068, 2004
Hydrogen peroxide induces tumor necrosis factor α–mediated cardiac injury by a P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase–dependent mechanism

Abstract Background: Oxidant stress caused by ischemia or endotoxemia induces myocardial dysfunction and cardiomyocyte death; however, mechanisms responsible remain unknown. We hypothesized that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induces myocardial dysfunction and cardiomyocyte death via P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)–mediated myocardial tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production. Methods: Langendorff perfused rat hearts (6/group) were subjected to oxidant stress (H2O2 infusion; 300 mmol/L × 80 minutes), with and without prior infusion of a specific P38 kinase MAPK inhibitor (P38i = 1 mmol/L/min × 5 minutes) or TNF neutralization (20 mg TNF binding protein (BP)/min × 80 minutes). Developed pressure (DP), coronary flow, and end-diastolic pressure were continuously recorded. Myocardial creatine kinase (CK) loss was measured in the coronary effluent, and tissue TNF was measured in myocardial homogenates. Results: Eighty minutes of H2O2 infusion induced a 6.5-fold increase in myocardial TNF production, which was associated with a 70% decrease in DP and increase in CK loss. P38 MAPK inhibition or TNF-BP decreased myocardial TNF production, cardiomyocyte death, and myocardial dysfunction. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that H2O2 alone induces myocardial TNF production. P38 MAPK is an oxidant-sensitive enzyme that mediates oxidant-induced myocardial TNF production, cardiac dysfunction, and cardiomyocyte death. (Surgery 1998;124:291-7.)
New and recycled primary production in an oligotrophic lake: Insights for summer phosphorus dynamics

Primary production that is supported by new inputs of nutrients from outside the system is distinct from production that is supported by remineralization of nutrients within the system. We applied the concept of new production to Mirror Lake, New Hampshire, and our view of P dynamics in this lake was altered dramatically. New production during midsummer put a large demand on P in surface waters, removing 37 pmol P m-* d-l. Without new inputs of P, the P content of surface waters would drop to zero in < 1 month. There is, however, a slight increase, not a decrease, in P content of surface waters during summer stratification. Inputs to surface waters during summer months must, therefore, be lame. We now believe that higher than average P loading to the lake occurs in summer, despite low%moff inputs.
Flight Test Validation of Optimal Input Design and Comparison to Conventional Inputs

A technique for designing optimal inputs for aerodynamic parameter estimation was flight tested on the F-18 High Angle of Attack Research Vehicle (HARV). Model parameter accuracies calculated from flight test data were compared on an equal basis for optimal input designs and conventional inputs at the same flight condition. In spite of errors in the a priori input design models and distortions of the input form by the feedback control system, the optimal inputs increased estimated parameter accuracies compared to conventinal 3-2-1-1 and doublet inputs. In addition, the tests using optimal input designs demonstrated enhanced design flexibility, allowing the optimal input design technique to use a larger input amplitude to achieve further increases in estimated parameter accuracy without departing from the desired flight test condition. This work validated the analysis used to develop the optimal input designs, and demonstrated the feasibility and practical utility of the optimal input design technique.
An interactive lecture approach to teaching computer science

Students get more out of an interactive lecture than a passive lecture because they are given time to think. This time allows them to determine if they understand a concept, and if not to ask questions. This understanding is crucial when concepts build on one another. We describe our positive experiences in teaching sophomore-level computer science courses in an interactive lecture format with a computer in the classroom.
The incidence of portal vein thrombosis at liver transplantation

The incidence of portal vein thrombosis was examined in 885 patients who received orthotopic liver transplantations for various end-stage liver diseases between 1989 and 1990. The thrombosis was classified into four grades. Grade 1 was thrombosis of intrahepatic portal vein branches, grade 2 was thrombosis of the right or left portal branch or at the bifurcation, grade 3 was partial obstruction of the portal vein trunk, and grade 4 was complete obstruction of the portal vein trunk. Among the 849 patients without previous portosystemic shunt, 14 patients (1.6%) had grade 1, 27 patients (3.2%) had grade 2, 27 patients (3.2%) had grade 3 and 49 patients (5.8%) had grade 4 portal vein thrombosis. The incidence of portal vein thrombosis was highest (34.8%) in the patients with hepatic malignancy in the cirrhotic liver, followed by those with Budd-Chiari syndrome (22.2%) and postnecrotic cirrhosis of various causes (15.7%). The patients with encephalopathy, ascites, variceal bleeding, previous splenectomy and small liver had significantly higher incidences of portal vein thrombosis than the others. The total incidence of portal vein thrombosis among the 36 patients with previous portosystemic shunt was 38.9%, which was significantly higher than that (13.8%) of those without shunt.
Predicting accuracy in pose estimation for marker-based tracking

Tracking is a necessity for interactive virtual environments. Marker-based tracking solutions involve the placement of fiducials in a rigid configuration on the object(s) to be tracked, called a tracking probe. The realization that tracking performance is linked to probe performance necessitates investigation into the design of tracking probes for proponents of marker-based tracking. A challenge involved with probe design is predicting the accuracy of a tracking probe. We present a method for predicting the accuracy of a tracking probe based upon a first-order propagation of the errors associated with the markers on the probe. Results for two sample tracking probes show excellent agreement between measured and predicted errors.
Determinants of Myogenic Specificity within MyoD Are Required for Noncanonical E Box Binding

The MyoD family of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors has the remarkable ability to induce myogenesis in vitro and in vivo. This myogenic specificity has been mapped to two amino acids in the basic domain, an alanine and threonine, referred to as the myogenic code. These essential determinants of myogenic specificity are conserved in all MyoD family members from worms to humans, yet their function in myogenesis is unclear. Induction of the muscle transcriptional program requires that MyoD be able to locate and stably bind to sequences present in the promoter regions of critical muscle genes. Recent studies have shown that MyoD binds to noncanonical E boxes in the myogenin gene, a critical locus required for myogenesis, through interactions with resident heterodimers of the HOX-TALE transcription factors Pbx1A and Meis1. In the present study, we show that the myogenic code is required for MyoD to bind to noncanonical E boxes in the myogenin promoter and for the formation of a tetrameric complex with Pbx/Meis. We also show that these essential determinants of myogenesis are sufficient to confer noncanonical E box binding to the E12 basic domain. Thus, these data show that noncanonical E box binding correlates with myogenic potential, and we speculate that the myogenic code residues in MyoD function as myogenic determinants via their role in noncanonical E box binding and recognition.
A Quasistatic Antenna Design Approach for Minimum-Q Antennas

The quasistatic antenna-design algorithm uses electrostatic methods to calculate the antenna's shape. The asymptotic conical dipole is a classic quasistatic design. A charged disk is added to the asymptotic conical dipole to model a thick top-loaded monopole. The antenna's shape is an equipotential surface. The disk height and radius control the width and height of the top load. The minimum Q for this design is lower than the ideal thin-disk-loaded monopole. A Computer Simulation Technology model confirmed the predicted Q value of twice Chu's limit. Measurements on a 16-wire, 0.5 m physical antenna agreed with the NEC 4 model. The tradeoff in Q and radiation resistance is illustrated with detailed examples. Several designs have a lower Q than the ideal thin-disk-loaded monopole. This design approach gives a very good design with only two degrees of freedom. The computational time for the algorithm is a small fraction of one NEC 4 modeling run. The algorithm can be extended to design antennas with a cylindrical, elliptical, or conical form factor.
Design of a Concentrated Torus Topology with Channel Buffers and Efficient Crossbars in NoCs

Excess power dissipation along with increased leakage currents in router buffers and crossbars are becoming a major constraint that is affecting the performance of Network-on-Chips (NoCs) architectures. In this paper, we design channel buffers and router crossbars in a concentrated torus topology (CTorus) which is a dual network without the additional area overhead. When compared to other dual networks, CTorus improves saturation throughput by 11-20% for synthetic traffic and improves speedup by 1.78-2.15X for real benchmark traces such as PARSEC and SPEC CPU2006. When the energy-efficient buffer and crossbar organization was inserted into our CTorus topology, we reduced energy dissipation by 32% and area by 53% on average over mesh2X, CMesh2X and FBfly2X.
Maternal Depressive Symptoms, Depression, and Psychiatric Medication Use in Relation to Risk of Preterm Delivery

Purpose This study examined the associations among maternal depression, measured in several ways, psychiatric medication use in pregnancy, and preterm delivery (PTD). Methods Data were collected from 3,019 women enrolled in the Pregnancy Outcomes and Community Health Study (1998–2004), a prospective study of pregnant women in five Michigan communities. Information on depressive symptoms, history of depression, and psychiatric medication use was ascertained through interviews at mid-pregnancy. These variables and other relevant covariates were incorporated into regression models with a binary outcome, that is, term (≥37 weeks' gestation) as referent and PTD ( Main Findings The odds of overall PTD was increased among women who used psychiatric medication during pregnancy and had either elevated levels of depressive symptoms at mid-pregnancy (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 2.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1–3.6) or a history of depression before pregnancy (AOR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1–2.5). The combination of psychiatric medication use in pregnancy and depression, before pregnancy, or within pregnancy was most strongly linked to a medically indicated delivery before 35 weeks' gestation (AOR, 2.9 and 3.6, respectively). Conclusions There are at least two plausible explanations for these findings. First, psychiatric medication use in pregnancy may pose an excess risk of PTD. Second, medication use may be an indicator of depressive symptom severity, which is a direct or indirect (i.e., alters behavior) contributing factor to PTD.
Fast Graph Partitioning and Its Application in Sparse Matrix Ordering

Graph partitioning is a fundamental problem in several scientific and engineering applications, including task partitioning for parallel processing. In this paper, we describe heuristics that improve the state-of-the-art practical algorithms used in graph partitioning software in terms of both partitioning speed and quality. An important use of graph partitioning is in ordering sparse matrices for obtaining direct solutions to sparse systems of linear equations arising in engineering and optimization applications. The experiments reported in this paper show that the use of these heuristics results in a considerable improvement in the quality of sparse matrix orderings over conventional ordering methods. In addition, our graph-partitioning based ordering algorithm is more parallelizable than minimum-degree based orderings algorithms and it renders the ordered matrix more amenable to parallel factorization.
Cooperative Service Level Agreement

With ever increasing mobility of the work force and of the communication infrastructure itself, we will continue to see the growth in diversity of network domains and diversity of applications. The Global Information Grid (GIG) is a prime example of such a networking environment. In most networking scenarios, the component network domains are owned and operated by different organizations. This paper discusses how to deliver end-to-end service with requisite Quality of Service (QoS) to such networks so that overall mission goals are maximally achieved with minimal cost while allowing autonomous operations within each component network. In particular, this paper proposes a cooperative Service Level Agreements (SLA) approach and describes related SLA processes and roles.
Ballistic analysis of a two-cavity finite beam klystron

Bunching in a two-cavity klystron in the presence of space charge is computed using a disk model of the electron stream. This digital computer study shows that space charge can actually enhance bunching under proper conditions. Optimum bunching distance is discussed along with the details of the effect of space charge on the velocity spread within the beam. The results are synthesized to provide a qualitative picture of the manner in which bunching, velocity spread, and circuit efficiency contribute to efficiency of energy conversion at an output gap.
Long-term benefit of thrombolytic therapy in patients with pulmonary embolism

A total of 23 of the 40 patients who had angiographically proven pulmonary embolism and who had initially been randomized to an IV infusion of heparin (n = 11) or a thrombolytic agent (urokinase or streptokinase, n = 12) were restudied after a mean follow-up of 7.4 years to measure the right-sided pressures and to evaluate their response to exercise during supine bicycle ergometry. Results showed that, at rest, the pulmonary artery (PA) mean pressure and the pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) were significantly higher in the heparin group compared with the thrombolytic group (22 vs. 17 mmHg, p<0.05, and 351 vs. 171 dynes s(-1) cm(-5), p<0.02, respectively). During exercise both parameters rose to a significantly higher level in the heparin group (from rest to exercise, PA: 22-32 mmHg, p<0.01; PVR: 351-437 dynes s(-1) cm 5, p<0.01, respectively), but not in the thrombolytic group (rest to exercise, PA: 17-19 mm Hg, p = NS; PVR: 171-179 dynes s(-1) cm(-5), p = NS). It is concluded that thrombolytic therapy preserves the normal hemodynamic response to exercise in the long term and may prevent recurrences of venous thromboembolism and the development of pulmonary hypertension.
Performance of planar four-element array of single-fed circularly polarized dielectric resonator antenna

A single-fed circularly polarized dielectric resonator antenna is analyzed numerically. The element is a perturbed rectangular dielectric resonator excited by a coaxial probe and is used in a four-element planar array. Different arrangements and excitations for the elements are used to study their effect on the circular polarization bandwidth. The circular polarization (cp) bandwidth for the sequential rotation feeding is found to be the best method and the broadside radiation cp is frequency independent. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 38: 381–384, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.11066
Synthesis, electromechanical characterization, and applications of graphene nanostructures

The emerging field of graphene brings together scientists and engineers as the discovered fundamental properties and effects encountered in this new material can be rapidly exploited for practical applications. There is potential for a two-dimensional graphene-based technology and recent works have already demonstrated the utility of graphene in building nanoelectromechanical systems, complex electronic circuits, photodetectors and ultrafast lasers. The state-of-the-art of substrate-suported graphene growth, and the current fundamental understanding of the electromechanical properties of graphene and graphene nanoribbons, represent important knowledge for developing new applications.
Effect of surface chemistry on gene transfer efficiency mediated by surface-induced DNA-doped nanocomposites

Surface-induced biomineralization represents an effective way of immobilizing DNA molecules on biomaterial surfaces to introduce DNA into cells in contact with or at an approximate distance from the biomaterial surfaces. Previous studies have investigated how the composition of mineralizing solutions affects the composition and pH responsiveness of nanocomposites and thus gene transfer efficiency in different cell types. This study investigates how the functional groups of a biomaterial surface affect the induction and crystallographic properties of nanocomposites and thus the gene transfer efficiency. Self-assembled monolayers with different termini were used to control the functional groups of a surface. It is demonstrated that the induction of DNA-doped nanocomposites depends on the surface functional groups, which is consistent with previous studies. The crystallographic properties did not vary significantly with the functional groups. DNA-doped nanocomposites induced by different surface functional groups resulted in different cellular uptake of DNA and thus gene transfer efficiency. The differential cellular uptake may be attributed to the interactions between nanocomposites and functional groups. The weaker inducer resulted in higher cellular uptake, and thus higher gene transfer efficiency. Together with other previous studies, the current results suggest that surface-mediated gene transfer by DNA-doped nanocomposites can be modulated through both mineralizing solutions and surface chemistries.
Modeling the contribution of diffusion to device-upset cross sections

A novel technique for determining the diffusion-charge collection-efficiency function /spl Omega//sub /spl tau// (x/spl I.oarr/), which incorporates mixed-boundary conditions and carrier recombination, is presented and applied to a realistic three-dimensional memory device to obtain the upset cross section a as a function of linear energy transfer (LET) and orientation of incidence. The model is able to reproduce experimental measurements and can be used to more accurately predict or across regimes where little data exists. This will allow for the determination of more precise errors rates while simultaneously requiring fewer experimental data points.
Danazol Inhibits Steroidogenesis

Danazol was found to inhibit multiple enzymes of steroidogenesis directly in the pregnant mare serum (PMS)-treated hamster ovary and the rat testis and adrenal in vitro. In the PMS-treated hamster ovary, danazol inhibited 17α-hydroxylase, 17,20-lyase, and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. In the rat testis, danazol inhibited 17α-hydroxylase, 17,20-lyase, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. In the rat adrenal, danazol inhibited 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 21-hydroxylase, and 11β-hydroxylase. Two hours after a subcutaneous injection of 5 mg/kg of danazol to adult male rats, serum luteinizing hormone levels were significantly increased and serum testosterone levels were significantly suppressed. These findings suggest that in the rodent one of danazo's major pharmacologic effects is the direct inhibition of steroidogenesis.
Persons Knowing Life: Theological Possibilities in Michael Polanyi’s Philosophy

Michael Polanyi was a scientist and philosopher. His post-modern philosophy attempted to restore to modern society faculties of knowing and understanding which centuries of scientism have stripped away. I argue that Polanyi’s philosophy embodies concepts of personhood, knowledge and life which provide rich possibilities for theological reflection, and for the science-theology dialogue. First, as opposed to the “objectivism” deriving from the rise of science, Polanyi insists that the fact of personhood must be the starting point for a proper understanding of reality, and this suggests an understanding of reality in which mind precedes matter. Second, knowledge is a process by which the multi-levelled character of reality invites human inquiry, drawing us forward into more abstract and intangible depths: “deepest reality is possessed by higher things that are least tangible.” Third, life is not definable in terms of physics and chemistry: higher ordering principles come into play both in life’s beginnings and in its development. Evolution has to take into account the “finalistic principles” to which the fact of personhood attests. Cumulatively, Polanyi’s philosophy suggests that reality is far more personal and meaningful than moderns usually recognize, and that our relation to it should be far more I-Thou than I-It.
Influence of Aggregate Structure and Matrix Infiltration on the Dispersion Behavior of Carbon Black Agglomerates

Abstract The dispersion of carbon black agglomerates in poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) has been studied experimentally. Both the structure of carbon black aggregates comprising the agglomerate and the presence of the matrix within the agglomerate were found to affect the mode of dispersion, critical stress conditions, and the kinetics of the dispersion process. Agglomerates of high structure carbon black are generally more difficult to disperse than agglomerates of low structure carbon black at the same agglomerate density. Depending on the degree of saturation of the agglomerate by PDMS, the dispersion process may be either enhanced or retarded compared to the dry state.
Effect of Statin Use on Mobility Disability and its Prevention in At-risk Older Adults: The LIFE Study

Background HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) are among the most commonly prescribed classes of medications. Although their cardiovascular benefits and myalgia risks are well documented, their effects on older adults initiating an exercise training program are less understood. Methods 1,635 sedentary men and women aged 70-89 years with Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) score of 9 or below and were able to walk 400 m were randomized to a structured, moderate-intensity physical activity (PA) program consisting of both center-based (twice/wk) and home-based (3-4 times/wk) aerobic, resistance, and flexibility training or to a health education (HE) program combined with upper extremity stretching. Results Overall, the PA intervention was associated with lower risk of major mobility disability (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.82; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.69-0.98). The effect was similar (p value for interaction = .62) in both statin users (PA n = 415, HE n = 412; HR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.67-1.1) and nonusers (PA n = 402, HE n = 404; HR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.61-1.01). Attendance was similar for statin users (65%) and nonusers (63%). SPPB at 12 months was slightly greater for PA (8.35±0.10) than for HE (7.94±0.10) in statin users but not in nonusers (PA 8.25±0.10, HE 8.16±0.10), though the interaction effect was not statistically significant. Self-reported PA levels were not different between statin users and nonusers. Conclusions Although statins have been associated with adverse effects on muscle, data from the LIFE Study show that statin users and nonusers both benefit from PA interventions. Older adults who require statin medications to manage chronic medical conditions and are sedentary will be able to benefit from interventions to increase PA.
Response to Commentaries on Entering Night Country: Analytic Self-Disclosure as Divergent Conflict

The author describes the concept of divergent conflict and considers how this may help us to understand the issue of analytic self-disclosure. It is suggested that an irreconcilable conflict may occupy a part of analytic identity. Efforts to explore this topic, and develop an understanding of the immediate either/or conflict—our wish for omnipotence and our essential vulnerability—are considered from the perspective of the individual analyst and the analytic community.
‘The Hand Is the Cutting Edge of the Mind’: The Psychobiology of the Hand. K.J. Connolly. 1998. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 176 pp., 45 £.

Connolly's preface to this book ends with Jacob Bronowski's very apt quote, “the hand is the cutting edge of the mind.” The “Preface” illustrates his fascination with the complexity of human movement.
Cognitive and Neural Effects of Vision-Based Speed-of-Processing Training in Older Adults with Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Pilot Study

Objectives To examine the cognitive and neural effects of vision-based speed-of-processing (VSOP) training in older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and contrast those effects with an active control (mental leisure activities (MLA)). Design Randomized single-blind controlled pilot trial. Setting Academic medical center. Participants Individuals with aMCI (N = 21). Intervention Six-week computerized VSOP training. Measurements Multiple cognitive processing measures, instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), and two resting state neural networks regulating cognitive processing: central executive network (CEN) and default mode network (DMN). Results VSOP training led to significantly greater improvements in trained (processing speed and attention: F1,19 = 6.61, partial η2 = 0.26, P = .02) and untrained (working memory: F1,19 = 7.33, partial η2 = 0.28, P = .01; IADLs: F1,19 = 5.16, partial η2 = 0.21, P = .03) cognitive domains than MLA and protective maintenance in DMN (F1, 9 = 14.63, partial η2 = 0.62, P = .004). VSOP training, but not MLA, resulted in a significant improvement in CEN connectivity (Z = −2.37, P = .02). Conclusion Target and transfer effects of VSOP training were identified, and links between VSOP training and two neural networks associated with aMCI were found. These findings highlight the potential of VSOP training to slow cognitive decline in individuals with aMCI. Further delineation of mechanisms underlying VSOP-induced plasticity is necessary to understand in which populations and under what conditions such training may be most effective.
Broad Implementation of the New Economic Strategy

This chapter will focus on macro-implementation of the new economic strategy since the Third Plenum of the Eleventh Party Congress in late 1978. The period of major readjustment is near its completion. Restructuring, consolidation and improvement are being carried out simultaneously during the Sixth Five-year Plan (1981–5). The discovery of the impact from rural economic decontrol, relaxation of politics and the fresh start toward rapid economic diversification and expansion has generated additional optimism toward urban economic reform both in scope and depth. In a sense, pressure for rapid urban economic reform is to acommodate the rural expansion and to bridge the increasing mutual dependence between the rural and the urban sectors of the growing economy. Unlike the lock-up rural policy under Mao, Deng’s policy is to free 80 per cent of the population and let them follow their own destiny as being better for growth. The government has helped them recover from region to region, while the government itself has fully concentrated on urban heavy industrial reform for greater expansion. Today, partial economic freedom in rural China has brought new vitality and strength to the entire economy. This chapter will touch upon a few major reform documents as a means to implement broadly the new economic strategy.
Altered States: Transnational Institutions and Accountability

In an early scene of the 1987 film Roxanne , Steve Martin places some coins into a newspaper box on the street, pulls out a paper, glances at the front page, and shrieks in horror. He digs furiously in his pocket, presses more change into the slot, opens the box, and hurriedly shoves the offending newspaper back inside. My desire to write this book was driven by similar sentiments. A glance at the “international” section of any major daily newspaper tends to reveal stories of war-related losses, devastating poverty, corrupt and abusive government, and social injustice in myriad forms. Dictators throw dissidents into prison cells and torture them. Men with guns rape and murder civilian women in Iraq, Somalia, Liberia, Bosnia, and too many other states. Women with rusted razors scrape off little girls' genitals. Frustrated jihadists fly airplanes into buildings. And every day, approximately 4,900 more children under age five perish from disease borne by the lack of clean water and sanitation. I found the news rather depressing. The committers of violence, the enforcers of injustice, and the promoters of poverty were often anonymous and frequently got off the hook. Sometimes they were locals, citizens of the states in which they committed their human rights violations; often, they represented the state itself. Other times, the problem seemed to originate beyond a state's borders, traceable to a transnational agency, an amorphous global ideology, an absence of empathy.
Considerations in Immunotherapy of Genitourinary Neoplasia

Cancer immunotherapy encompasses the need to understand the fundamentals of tumor biology, immune response mechanisms, experimental and applied immunotherapy, and the design and assessment of clinical trials. Each of these areas is highly complex. Notwithstanding the major strides that have been made in our knowledge, the role of immunotherapy in the treatment of cancer remains both unclear and controversial.