cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional programming in Java

In functional languages such as Scheme or ML functions can be passed as parameters, can be constructed in other functions and returned as values. This allows a style of programming that is quite distinct from that used with languages such as Pascal, C or C++. Superficially, Java has no functions; however, using interfaces and inner classes it is fairly easy to mimic some of the important features of functional programming. Using an interface for real functions, it is shown how to write functions that take functions as parameters and construct and return new function. It is not advocated that functional programming be taught in Java - languages such as ML are much superior for that task. Rather, students can use modes of thinking learned in a study of a functional languages directly in programmes written in Java.
High toxicity leadership: Borderline personality disorder and the dysfunctional organization

Purpose – This paper aims to assess highly toxic personality disorders in leaders, implications for organizations, and methods for assessment and intervention.Design/methodology/approach – Action research was used, including a thick description case study narrative and application of the DSM IV‐TR.Findings – Personality disorders are a source of a highly toxic and dysfunctional organizational behavior; borderline personality disorder in a leader may serve as a systemic contaminant for an organization.Research limitations/implications – A qualitative, case study approach may not lend itself to replication or quantification; usage of the DSM IV‐TR requires clinical training in counseling psychology; the growing incidence of personality disorders in leadership warrants cognizance, ability to assess, the creation of early detection systems and methods of intervention.Practical implications – Through the narrative of a case study researchers and practitioners can obtain a glimpse into the day‐to‐day operations...
Seed Meristems as Radiobiological Test Systems

Seeds or the seedling plants grown from seeds have been used as biological test material from the beginning of radiobiology28. Barley seeds in particular have figured in important scientific advances. Stadler (1928), for example, used barley and later maize for his experiments on the artificial mutation of the gene in plants. It is also of some significance that the same variety of barley, Himalaya (C. I. 620), treated by Stadler is even more widely used today as an international radiobiological research standard. Himalaya barley is also extensively used for physiological and biochemical studies and in chemical mutagenesis research9, 13,15,16,27.
Adding Gaussian noise to inaccurate digital elevation models improves spatial fidelity of derived drainage networks

[1] An economical approach to improving predictions of hydrological models produced highly accurate representations of ephemeral and perennial stream networks. Traditional drainage network extraction from digital elevation models (DEMs) often yields inaccurate and inconsistent results because of elevation errors. Topographic wetness index maps calculated from alternative terrain representations, produced by adding random errors to a DEM of a subwatershed with low relief, were combined to delineate a stream network that matches one produced by more time-intensive (and costly) differential Global Positioning System (GPS) field methods, particularly with respect to the ephemeral component of the drainage network.
The manic depression of microprocessor debug

This paper describes the sometimes exhilarating, sometimes depressing, and always challenging job of leading-edge microprocessor debug. It covers an overview of processor debug, the flows, tools and methods used to perform debug, the process of "root causing" and fixing bugs, and includes case studies of actual bugs from recent processors. In conclusion, some of the future challenges for microprocessor testing are presented.
Mapping the Green Building Industry: How Local are Architects and General Contractors?

This paper is an empirical analysis of the geography of the green building economy within the United States, based on the location of the architects and contractors involved in producing green buildings in a selection of metropolitan areas. An overwhelming percentage of both architects and contractors are locally-based, suggesting that rather than green building expertise clustering in a few cities, it has diffused nationwide. This has positive implications for the spread of knowledge about how to build more sustainably and also suggests that economic geographers need to broaden their study of the architecture industry beyond iconic buildings in world cities.
Spectral estimation of grass canopy variables

Abstract Regression analysis of in situ spectral reflectance of a blue grama grass canopy sampled with approximately equal amounts of standing live and standing dead vegetation has identified spectral regions between 0.35 and 0.80 μm where the total wet biomass, total dry biomass, and leaf water content can be spectrally estimated. The amount of total wet or dry biomass was best estimated in the 0.35 to 0.44 μm region of the spectrum. This resulted from a combination of a relatively greater carotenoid than chlorophyll retention in the recent standing dead vegetation and of carotenoid and chlorophyll pigments present in the photosynthetically active or live vegetation. The leaf water content, highly related to the amount of photosynthetically active vegetation present, was best estimated in the ∼0.46 to 0.50, 0.63 to 0.69, and 0.74 to 0.80 μ m regions. This resulted from strong chlorophyll absorption in the ∼0.46 to 0.50 and 0.63 to 0.69 μm regions and the high reflectance of living vegetation in the 0.74 to 0.80 μm region.
Vote trading: An experimental study

This essay reports the results of ninety 3-person and 5-person bargaining experiments using several alternative vote trading scenarios. These experiments are designed to test: (1) Riker and Brams' controversial hypothesis that vote trading can yield inferior outcomes as against the alternative hypothesis that vote trading induces ‘market-like’ efficiency in voting bodies; (2) the relative adequacy of several game theoretic solution concepts for vote trading games without a Condorcet winner (core); and, (3) the adequacy of the core itself. First, on the basis of eighteen experiments with binding commitments, we find some support for Riker and Brams' hypothesis: in nine trials, subjects first trade to a Pareto dominated outcome. In five of these trials, however, these outcomes are eventually displaced by Pareto efficient ones. Without binding commitments, however, we find little support for the ‘paradox of vote trading’ hypothesis. Specifically, while six of seven trials of a 3-person game yield ‘equitable’ outcomes, seventeen trials of several 5-person games without binding commitments strongly support the competitive solution as a cooperative game solution concept, and suggest that the V-set and M 1 bargaining set are either redundant or useless. Seven trials each of six 5-person games with a condorcet winner (core), however, suggest that usual static solution concepts may be inadequate for treating games with any interesting degree of strategic complexity.
Polynomial modules and a generalized cauchy problem for systems of holomorphic partial differential operators

In this paper, we study holomorphic solutions of overdetermined systems of partial differential equatoins with constant coefficients. We parametrize the solution space, using an ideal of holomorphi...
Web 2.0: Is It Evolutionary or Revolutionary?

By examining individual Web 2.0 services, we can sift out the hype to determine whether there's credible innovation and to consider some logistical concerns.
Leading Sectors in Economic Development: The Role of Manufacturing in Pakistan's Recent Expansion

ONE OF 1lfE MORE RAPIDLY GROWING AREAS OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH INVOLVES identifying the major factors contributing to national economic growth and expansion•. For the advanced market economies a consensus has emerged that measured technological change explains a significant share of total economic growth as well as growth in labour productivity. Unfortunately, the precise determinants of technological change are poorly understood. Some economists have focused on the role of research and development, as influenced by government patent protection, in producing new technological breaksthrough. Others have studied learning-by-doing and diffusion of production knowledge among workers, industries, and countries, and even across generations. Still others have considered how better education becomes embodied in human capital and how better technology becomes embodied in physical capital. 2
Race and Juvenile Court Dispositions An Examination of Initial Screening Decisions

Allegations of racial discrimination in the criminal justice system abound. Many theorists appear to accept such discrimination as a demonstrated fact. However, a review of research is not so conclusive; mixed results are apparent. The current analysis examines the relative impact of race and other social factors as compared to a set of legally relevant variables such as referral offense and referral source. The focus of the analysis is the processing of juveniles in California, in particular the decision at intake to release, handle informally, or handle case with a formal petition. The analysis indicates that the legally relevant set of variables has a greater impact on processing than race. Indeed, age of the juvenile has a greater impact on processing than race.
Thermodynamics and kinetics of formation of the alkaline state of a Lys 79-->Ala/Lys 73-->His variant of iso-1-cytochrome c.

The alkaline transition kinetics of a Lys 73→His (H73) variant of iso-1-cytochrome c are triggered by three ionizable groups [Martinez, R. E., and Bowler, B. E. (2004) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 6751−6...
Learning Collective Eminence: Harvard Law School and the Social Production of Elite Lawyers

The informal curriculum at Harvard Law School reorients ambitious individualistic incoming students toward collective definitions of achievement. They learn to cooperate with rather than compete ag...
What Influences Student Persistence At Two-Year Colleges?:

The Higher Education Act of 1992 increased the availability of student loan funds dramatically. Using the National Student Postsecondary Aid Study, this study examines the difference in effects of background, achievement and aspiration, college experience, price variables, and accumulated debt in 1993 as compared to 1996 on student persistence decisions. In contrast with previous studies using NPSAS:87, the authors find that there is more financial aid available, albeit in the form of loans. Current year subsidies are positively associated with persistence, but the opposite is true for accumulated debt, except for higher debt levels in 1996. The authors provide context and explanation for these findings.
Delivery Systems for Infrared Laser Therapy

Delivery of radiation from infrared lasers for therapy and surgery was once considered notpossible because of the lack of transparent optical materials capable of being drawn into flexible fibers. Recently there has been considerable improvement in this field.
Modeling and Analysis of Transistor Mismatch Due to Variability in Short-Channel Effect Induced by Random Dopant Fluctuation

Transistor mismatch due to variability in short-channel effects induced by random dopant fluctuation is modeled in the light of 32-nm HKMG SOI dense SRAM bit-cell data. We present a simple analytical approach to model and characterize the mismatch increase in saturation relative to the linear mode. The increased mismatch in saturation can be mitigated by optimizing the choice of halo and well implants for channel doping.
Developmental anatomy of the tonsil and its implications for intracapsular tonsillectomy.

Summary Objective To describe the developmental anatomy of the human tonsil from the embryonic period through adulthood and to use this information to define the applicability of intracapsular tonsillectomy in the management of disease. Design Descriptive—anatomic. Subjects (1) Normal embryos and fetuses from two archival collections, (2) children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy and (3) adult autopsy material. Results The second branchial pouch is visible in the 4th post-conceptional week and demonstrates canalization and branching in the 8th week. Lymphoid infiltration of the lamina propria occurs in the seventh month of intrauterine life. Primary follicles form late in gestation, but germinal center stimulation does not occur until shortly after birth. During the first year of life, there is rapid proliferation of lymphoid elements and formation of active germinal centers. During the phase of maximum tonsillar hyperplasia, the lymphoid elements proliferate rapidly, increasing tonsillar bulk. In senescence, there is involution of the lymphoid elements and proliferation of fibrous tissue in the capsule and trabeculae. The overall bulk of the tonsil is much decreased. Conclusions There is an intimate relationship between the epithelial and lymphoid components of the tonsil which continues through life. To adequately control upper airway obstruction of tonsillar origin and recurrent tonsillar infection in childhood, total or near total intracapsular tonsillectomy likely will prove the minimum acceptable surgical intervention. Changes in tonsillar anatomy after the first decade may alter operative choice in older patients.
PAF and LTB4 biosynthesis in the human neutrophil: effects of putative inhibitors of phospholipase A2 and specific inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase.

The effect of several putative phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitors on [3H]-acetate incorporation into platelet-activating factor (PAF) upon calcium ionophore A23187 stimulation of purified human neutrophils (PMN) were evaluatedin vitro. PLA2 inhibitors such asp-bromophenacyl bromide (pBPB), ellagic acid, aristolochic acid and gossypol were without effect or only weakly inhibited PAF biosynthesis. Luffariellolide, a potent PLA2 inhibitor isolated from the marine spongeLuffariella sp., dose-dependently inhibited PAF production (IC50=5 μM). Due to the relationship between PAF and LTB4 biosynthesis, the effect of inhibiting LTB4 production on PAF biosynthesis was investigated. At concentrations which reduce LTB4 production by >95%, Wy-50,295 tromethamine and A-64,077, specific 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) inhibitors, did not significantly effect PAF production. In contrast, L-663,536, the 5-LO translocation inhibitor, was a potent inhibitor of PAF production (IC50=1 μM). This activity of L-663, 536 may contribute to its pharmacological profile at higher doses. These data also suggest that PAF biosynthesis in human PMNs is not dependent on the formation or continued presence of leukotrienes.
The influence of task and gender on search and evaluation behavior using Google

To improve search engine effectiveness, we have observed an increased interest in gathering additional feedback about users' information needs that goes beyond the queries they type in. Adaptive search engines use explicit and implicit feed-back indicators to model users or search tasks. In order to create appropriate models, it is essential to understand how users interact with search engines, including the determining factors of their actions. Using eye tracking, we extend this understanding by analyzing the sequences and patterns with which users evaluate query result returned to them when using Google. We find that the query result abstracts are viewed in the order of their ranking in only about one fifth of the cases, and only an average of about three abstracts per result page are viewed at all. We also compare search behavior variability with respect to different classes of users and different classes of search tasks to reveal whether user models or task models may be greater predictors of behavior. We discover that gender and task significantly influence different kinds of search behaviors discussed here. The results are suggestive of improvements to query-based search interface designs with respect to both their use of space and workflow.
Is the Hydrogen Bond in Water Dimer and Ice Covalent

The changes in charge and momentum distributions upon forming a hydrogen bond in the water dimer are examined. The computed Compton profile anisotropies show the same oscillations as were observed for solid ice. These oscillations are already found when the unperturbed orbitals of the water monomers are used to construct a Slater determinant for the dimer. Hence we conclude that the oscillations are irrelevant to the discussion of the covalent character of the bond. Rather they just reflect the result of antisymmetrizing the product of monomer wave functions. In fact, at the oxygen−oxygen distance in ice, the calculations indicate a net antibonding contribution to energy from overlap effects.
A Structural Model for the Assembly of the 30 S Subunit of the Ribosome

Abstract The order in which proteins bind to 16 S rRNA, the assembly map, was determined by Nomura and co-workers in the early 1970s. The assembly map shows the dependencies of binding of successive proteins but fails to address the relationship of these dependencies to the three-dimensional folding of the ribosome. Here, using molecular mechanics techniques, we rationalize the order of protein binding in terms of ribosomal folding. We determined the specific contacts between the ribosomal proteins and 16 S rRNA from a crystal structure of the 30 S subunit (1FJG). We then used these contacts as restraints in a rigid body Monte–Carlo simulation with reduced-representation models of the RNA and proteins. Proteins were added sequentially to the RNA in the order that they appear in the assembly map. Our results show that proteins nucleate the folding of the head, platform, and body domains, but they do not strongly restrict the orientations of the domains relative to one another. We also examined the contributions of individual proteins to the formation of binding sites for sequential proteins in the assembly process. Binding sites for the primary binding proteins are generally more ordered in the naked RNA than those for other proteins. Furthermore, we examined one pathway in the assembly map and found that the addition of early binding proteins helps to organize the RNA around the binding sites of proteins that bind later. It appears that the order of assembly depends on the degree of pre-organization of each protein's binding site at a given stage of assembly, and the impact that the binding of each protein has on the organization of the remaining unoccupied binding sites.
Identifying global/local interface boundaries using an objective search method

One of the key components in computational mechanics procedures using global/local methods is the specification of the global/local interface. Global/local interfaces are usually specified by visually examining some measure of response such as colour-coded contour plots of stresses or strain energy. However, when both global and local domains are modelled in three dimensions, such a specification is not as obvious, and it lacks objectivity and uniqueness. An Objective Search Method (OSM) is presented to specify the global/local interface in three dimensions in a precise, repeatable and automated manner. The OSM performs the search incrementally in all directions in three dimensions radiating from a location of interest until certain generalized guidelines are satisfied and the global/local interface is identified. The OSM is suited to problems where localized phenomena exist but where their domains are not known a priori. The generalized guidelines for the OSM require the identification of nodes lying on the external surfaces of the model. As an important component of the OSM, a unique method to identify surface nodes has been developed and is also presented. Finally, the uniqueness, sensitivity and versatility of the OSM is illustrated using two example problems and the computational effort involved with the OSM is discussed in the context of a third example problem.
Simple hierarchical approach to intra/interdomain multicasting

In this paper, a simple hierarchical approach to inter/intra domain multicasting is introduced. The proposed Hierarchical Tree Multicast Protocol (HTMP) supports sender initiated multicasting, i.e., requires by an application starting a multicast session to provide an initial list of potential receivers. Based on this information, HTMP utilizes the unicast routing information which is currently available in the Internet routers and builds a hierarchical shared tree architecture which consists of separate intra-domain core based trees interconnected by a core based inter-domain tree that may span the entire Internet. Although HTMP requires an initial group of potential receivers, it allows for new hosts to join in supporting three modes of session participation: (a) a restricted mode which allows access only to a specified list of group members, (b) a semi- restricted mode which allows new members to join in but only after authorization from the session manager, (c) an open mode which does not require any authorization. HTMP supports a distribution (one-to-many) mode of multicasting, in which the hierarchical tree is transformed into a source based tree with core the session initiator, as well as an interactive mode (many-to-many) of multicasting. Finally, HTMP provides a receiver oriented resource reservation mechanism which allows for heterogeneity of traffic streams.
TIME-DEPENDENT MONTE CARLO CALCULATIONS OF THE OAK RIDGE ELECTRON LINEAR ACCELERATOR TARGET NEUTRON SPECTRUM

In this paper the time-dependent spectrum of neutrons in the water-moderated Oak Ridge Electron Linear Accelerator (ORELA) target is calculated using a modified version of the MORSE multigroup Monte Carlo code with an analytic hydrogen scattering model. Distributions of effective neutron distance traversed in the target are estimated with a time- and energy-dependent algorithm from the leakage normal to the target face. The 10-eV to 20-MeV energy range is adequately represented in the MORSE code by the 174-group VITAMIN-E cross-section library with a P{sub 5} expansion. An approximate representation of the ORELA positron source facility, recently installed near the target, is included in the calculations to determine any perturbations the positron source might create in the computed neutron distributions from the target. A series of coupled Monte Carlo calculations is performed from the target to the positron source and back to the target using a next-event estimation surface source for each step. The principal effect of the positron source is an increase in the distance for the lower energy neutron spectra, producing no real change in the distributions where the ORELA source is utilized for experiments. Different configurations for the target are investigated to simulate the placement of a shadowmore » bar in the neutron beam. These beam configurations include neutrons escaping from: the central tantalum plates only, the entire target with the tantalum plates blocked out, and only a small area from the water. Comparisons of the current data with previous calculations having a less detailed model of the tantalum plates are satisfactory.« less
Efficient track linking methods for track graphs using network-flow and set-cover techniques

This paper proposes novel algorithms that use network-flow and set-cover techniques to perform occlusion reasoning for a large number of small, moving objects in single or multiple views. We designed a track-linking framework for reasoning about short-term and long-term occlusions. We introduce a two-stage network-flow process to automatically construct a “track graph” that describes the track merging and splitting events caused by occlusion. To explain short-term occlusions, when local information is sufficient to distinguish objects, the process links trajectory segments through a series of optimal bipartite-graph matches. To resolve long-term occlusions, when global information is needed to characterize objects, the linking process computes a logarithmic approximation solution to the set cover problem. If multiple views are available, our method builds a track graph, independently for each view, and then simultaneously links track segments from each graph, solving a joint set cover problem for which a logarithmic approximation also exists. Through experiments on different datasets, we show that our proposed linear and integer optimization techniques make the track graph a particularly useful tool for tracking large groups of individuals in images.
Ximelagatran: A New Antithrombotic Option in Atrial Fibrillation

Treatment strategies in patients with atrial fibrillation typically involve pharmacologic or interventional invasive therapies to suppress the rhythm, control ventricular contraction rates, or prevent thromboembolic complications. Current therapies used for rhythm conversion in atrial fibrillation may have undesirable risks or side effects that limit this approach. Lifelong anticoagulation may be necessary to prevent the formation of thrombus in the left atrial chamber that can travel into the cerebral circulation to cause a stroke. Currently, warfarin is the most commonly prescribed anticoagulant for this purpose. Unfortunately, many patients with atrial fibrillation may not receive warfarin because of the difficulties in dosing and maintaining desirable target goals. The oral direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran has several pharmacologic properties that provide a unique and potentially desirable treatment option. Clinical studies have demonstrated that ximelagatran, administered in twice-daily doses of 36 mg, is non-inferior to warfarin for thromboprophylaxis against stroke or systemic embolism in atrial fibrillation. The pharmacology of ximelagatran and clinical trials with its use in atrial fibrillation is reviewed.
Desk-Top Publishing: Current Approaches and Future Trends

In order to assess future trends in desk-top publishing (DTP), it is necessary to understand the problems encountered in today's solutions.
Influence of capstan roller surface characteristics on registration for thermal color printer

This paper investigates the feeding of receiver (recording paper) by capstan roller for thermal transfer type color printing. In thermal transfer color printing systems, this kind of feeding mechanism including a motor driven capstan roller and a pinch roller is commonly employed. It repeatedly advances receiver back and forth to overlay different color image separations. Since this mechanism handles the receiver by friction, accurate receiver feed registration without slippage is important factor for high printing quality. The surface characteristic of capstan roller can influence the receiver feed precision and the color registration. So the experimental apparatus with different kinds of capstan surface is established to examine this effect upon receiver feed registration. It can find the method of avoiding mis- registration. The results presented will be very helpful for mechanism designers to make better choice in developing this kind of receiver feed mechanism.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Role of the inclination of an inverted‐V upper plate on the heat and flow behavior of trapped gases in a modified Rayleigh–Bénard cavity

Thermal buoyant air inside a modified Rayleigh-Benard (RB) cavity bounded by a lower flat plate and an inverted-V upper plate has been investigated numerically using the finite-volume method. The second-order-accurate QUICK and SIMPLE schemes were used for the discretization of the convective terms and the pressure-velocity coupling in the set of conservation equations, respectively. The problem under study is controlled by two parameters: (1) the Rayleigh number ranging from 10 3 to 10 6 and (2) the relative height of the vertical sidewalls d. In reference to the latter, it varies from one limiting case corresponding to the standard RB cavity (a rectangle with d = 1) to another limiting case represented by an isosceles triangular cavity where d = 0. The numerical results for the velocity and temperature fields are presented in terms of streamlines, isotherms, local and mean heat fluxes. An additional effort was devoted to determine the critical Ra values characterizing the transition from symmetrical to asymmetrical buoyant airflow responsive to incremental changes in Ra. For purposes of engineering design, a general correlation equation for the Nusselt number in terms of the pertinent Ra and d was constructed using nonlinear multiple regression theory.
TLR2 in murine atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis was once thought to be solely a disease of lipid accumulation in the vessel wall. It does involve lipid accumulation, but inflammation appears to be an important driving factor. Consequently, our laboratory undertook to examine the role(s) of TLRs, and especially TLR2, in murine models of atherosclerosis.
Toward a land use planning model for new towns

The land use planning of now towns essentially requires that all land use activities will bo simultaneously distributed at the initial planning stage and that the final distribution will be feasible and overall optimal. This in turn calls for the construction of a planning paradigm which is eapable of generating such land use plans. Thus, tho purpose of this paper is first to briofly introduce such a multistage planning model and then to make the model operational by quantifying its various parts.
Abstract 5344: Subtyping of glioblastoma stem-like cancer cells with neural lineage markers predicts invasiveness and correlates with survival

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a poorly treated human brain cancer with few established clinically useful molecular prognostic markers. GBM gene expression and microRNA profiling recently revealed developmental subtypes that potentially correlates with prognosis and treatment response. However, the clinically significant subset of glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSC) still lacks detailed molecular characterization and correlation to patient survival. We report that molecular classification of patient-derived GSCs using neural lineage markers show association with differential xenograft invasiveness, and also demonstrate significant correlation to survival in both the mouse model and human patients. Immunoblot array of neural lineage markers classified five independently isolated human GSC lines into three classes exhibiting differential expression of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC), astrocyte progenitor cells (APC), and neural progenitor cells (NPC) markers. After orthotopic injection into immunodeficient mice, Ki-67 proliferative index independent xenograft infiltration was observed: class I GSCs (OPC and NPC positive) created focal lesions, class II GSCs (NPC positive) formed minimally invasive lesions, and class III GSCs (APC positive) established highly infiltrative lesions. The OPC marker, cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (CNP), exhibited high expression in focal xenografts versus low expression in invasive xenografts. Differential CNP expression significantly correlated with mouse model survival, and CNP assay of a large clinically annotated human GBM tissue microarray also showed differential patient survival. Therefore, GSC molecular characterization with neural lineage markers revealed a novel and potentially useful clinical prognosis marker, and suggests clinical importance for patient-specific GSC subtyping. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5344. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5344
Inhibition of human tumor cells by cordycepin

Abstract 1. Cordycepin inhibits the growth of human tumor cells (H.Ep. No. 1) grown in culture. The growth inhibition is cytostatic rather than cytocidal. 2. Adenosine competitively prevents inhibition but does not reverse it once it has occurred. This is in accord with the hypothesis that adenosine competes with cordycepin for phosphorylation to the active nucleotide level. 3. Exposure of human tumor cells (H.Ep. No. 1) to an inhibitory concentration of cordycepin does not markedly affect the protein, ribonucleic acid or deoxyribonucleic acid content. 4. Exposure to cordycepin results in a 2- to 4-fold depression of the incorporation of [8- 14 C]adenosine into ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid. This is not in accord with the suggestion that the sensitive site for growth inhibition is early in the pathway of purine biosynthesis.
Teaching behaviors in the cardiac surgery simulation environment

Objective To understand how teaching behaviors contribute to simulation-based learning, we used a 7-category educational framework to assess the teaching behaviors used in basic skills training. Methods Twenty-four first-year cardiothoracic surgery residents and 20 faculty participated in the Boot Camp vessel anastomosis sessions. A portable chest model with synthetic graft and target vessels and a tissue-based porcine model simulated coronary artery anastomosis. After each 2-hour session on days 1 and 2, residents assessed teaching behaviors of faculty using a 20-item questionnaire based on the 5-point Likert scale. After session on day 1, faculty completed a self-assessment questionnaire. At 3 months, faculty completed self-assessment questionnaires regarding teaching behaviors in simulation and clinical settings. Each questionnaire item represents 1 or more teaching categories: "learning climate," "control of session," "communication of goals," "promoting understanding and retention," "evaluation," "feedback," and "self-directed learning." Results Generally, resident ratings indicated that faculty showed positive teaching behaviors. Faculty self-assessment ratings were all lower ( P P = .04); 2 items, representative of "promoting understanding and retention" and "evaluation", had mean scores of less than 3. At 3 months, compared with self-assessment at Boot Camp, faculty ratings suggested improved teaching behaviors in their simulation settings in the following: "learning climate," "control of session," "communication of goals," "promoting understanding and retention," and "evaluation." The simulation environment was perceived as more positive for technical skills training in certain aspects compared with clinical setting: instructor reviewed function and operation of equipment with learner before session (representative of "promoting understanding and retention") and instructor allowed the learner ample time to practice (representative of "control of session" and "promoting understanding and retention") ( P Conclusions Simulation-based skills training is perceived by residents to be associated with positive teaching behaviors. Faculty self-ratings indicate that they do not always use many of these teaching behaviors and that their performance can be improved. The simulation setting may provide greater opportunity for positive teaching behaviors compared with the clinical environment.
Growth and death of Rohon‐Beard cells in Rana pipiens and Ceratophrys ornata

Rohon-Beard (R-B) neurons of the medulla oblongata and spinal cord of anurans originate during gastrulation, become distinguishable just after closure of the neural tube, and are present in maximum numbers at the end of the embryonic period, just before feeding begins. Cell deaths are first seen in the earliest larval stages; in Rana pipiens and Ceratophrys ornata, they may not be complete until the very end of larval development or a day or two later, in the juvenile froglet. This is in sharp contrast with Xenopus laevis, in which the last R-B cells die well before the onset of metamorphic climax. Cell losses tend to reach completion in the trunk in a craniocaudal progression, that is, first in the medulla oblongata, then sequentially at brachial, postbrachial, and lumbar levels. Nuclei and cells increase in size through embryonic and early larval stages, reaching maxima at stages X-XIV (of 25 larval stages), then shrinking before cell death occurs. While Ceratophrys produces only two-thirds as many R-B cells as does R. pipiens, its rate of cell death is slower, gauged by attained stage, and at every stage, X-XXIV, Ceratophrys displays a greater number of surviving cells. In hypophysectomized Rana pipiens larvae some 7-15% of the peak numbers of R-B cells are still present after 400 days, more than 4 times the length of the usual larval period. Most or all of these surviving cells are in the tail. The extreme persistence of R-B cells in hypophysectomized larvae is consistent with the view that the R-B cell population can be characterized as being divided into those cells whose death occurs relatively early and those in which cell destruction occurs late, presumably dependent upon different factors. The critical factor for onset of cell death in late larvae may well be the surge in thyroid hormone concentration, which characterizes metamorphic climax.
Energy Release Rate Determination for Edge Delamination under Combined In-Plane, Bending and Hygrothermal Loading. Part I-Delamination at a Single Interface

Edge delamination in composite laminates subjected to combined in-plane, bending and hygrothermal loading is analyzed using a crack tip element approach. Classical laminated plate theory is utilized for the crack tip element formulation. Individual energy release rate components are found using a set of closed form equations derived from plate theory, plus the results from a single continuum analysis. For those cases where a linear elastic solution predicts a near-field oscillatory singularity, a new approach is used which allows a unique, physically meaningful value of fracture mode ratio to be defined.
Bringing the Bosses Back in: The Irish Political Machines and Urban Policy Making

Recently historians have ventured a multifaceted critique of boss rule, suggesting that the very existence of the political machine has been exaggerated, that machines did not materially affect patterns of political mobilization, had only a limited role in the making of public policy, and (contrary to pluralist theory) did little to improve the welfare of the ethnic working class. For these revisionists the boss was really a bit player in the era when he allegedly held center stage. As Terrence McDonald argued the case in the last installment of this annual, “ethnicity, patronage, and the machine” represent unduly narrow ways of viewing urban political development. According to Jon Teaford and David Thelan, urban political history needs to replace the party boss and his ethnic clientele with interest groups—business, labor, taxpayers, and consumers of municipal services—and their impact on local policies concerning economic development, taxation, and service delivery. In their view, the study of public policy making must take precedence over the allocation of party patronage.
Fundamentals of thermo-sonic copper wire bonding in microelectronics packaging

Fine copper wire bonding is capable of making reliable electrical interconnections in microelectronic packages. Copper wires of 0.8–6 mil diameter have been successfully bonded to different bond pad metallized and plated substrate materials such as Al, Cu, Ag, Au and Pd. The three metallurgical related factors; solid-solubility and diffusion of dissimilar contact metals, oxide film breakage and plastic deformation of asperities play a critical role in the bonding. Plastic deformation of an asperity is the most significant factor one has to consider to attain good bonding. Soft aluminum metal (30–40 VHN), with a lower % asperity threshold deformation is easier to wire bond than harder metallic surfaces (Ni, W, Mo, Cr, Co, Ta) of 150–500 VHN. Good adhesion of wire bonding is achieved for the surface roughness (Ra) of 0.01–0.15 μm and 0.02–0.6 μm of bare and plated surfaces respectively. It is rationalized that the application of ultrasonic energy principally breaks the oxide film and deform the asperities, while a compressive force increases the proximity of asperities. Hence wire welds to bond pad surface by molecular attraction and inter diffusion. Storage of copper ball bonds at 175 °C for 100–1,000 h forms copper aluminide at the interface. EDAX and Auger analysis reveal 22 at% Al + 78 at% Cu composition of the aluminides and Cu3Al2 empirical formula is calculated, which, does not match with any of the reported copper aluminides. Hardness of the copper ball bonds and stitch bonds are higher than wire exhibiting work hardening of the bonds on processing.
Life-threatening toxic methemoglobinemia induced by prilocaine

Methemoglobinemia is reviewed briefly with particular reference to prilocaine. One case of prilocaine induced toxic methemoglobinemia is presented and discussed to remind the practitioner that although rare, this condition can be life threatening, and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cyanosis.
The pediatric mandible: I. A primer on growth and development.

Learning Objectives: After studying this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Describe embryonic and fetal mandibular development. 2. Summarize the aggregate changes in mandibular form from birth to puberty. 3. Describe the eruption and maturation of the deciduous and permanent mandibular
An extremal bandwidth problem for bipartite graphs

This paper discusses the problem of finding the maximum number of edges E(m, n, B) in a bipartite graph having partite set sizes m and n and bandwidth B. Exact values for E(m, n, B) are found for many cases. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Graph Theory 35: 278–289, 2000
Levothyroxine prescription: not as simple as it seems.

Importance Rates of thyroid hormone prescribing in the United States and the United Kingdom have increased substantially. If some of the increase is due to lowering the thyrotropin threshold for treatment, this may result in less benefit and greater harm. Objective To define trends in thyrotropin levels at the initiation of levothyroxine sodium therapy and the risk of developing a suppressed thyrotropin level following treatment.
Medial collateral ligament healing A multidisciplinary assessment in rabbits

Medial collateral ligament healing without treatment has been studied in a rabbit model. Complete midsubstance gaps were found to heal by distinct scar formation over time. This healing process was fast since the gap was bridged quickly; however, more subtle changes in appearance of the healing tissue continued for many months. The ligament "scar" was found to be structurally abnormal chemically and mechanically even at long-term followup. A plateau in its improvement suggests that the scar may never approach normal ligament characteristics (without treatment). A baseline of ligament healing by scar formation has been established.
The Economy and Its Relation to Politics: Robert Dahl, Neoclassical Economics, and Democracy

Despite the unfortunate tendency of some political scientists to theorize and to examine political phenomena with little reference to economic issues, many scholars correctly insist on taking into account the relationship between economics and politics. Yet, even these scholars sometimes employ modes of economic thought that underestimate the diversity and complexity of the ways in which political and economic relations affect each other, including the positive and negative effects different economic practices have on democracy. In this article, I examine the work of Robert Dahl as a case study of just such a scholar, one who is explicitly concerned about the interconnections between economics and politics, but whose theorization of them falls short in several crucial ways. For example, although Dahl rightly refers to the historical, political nature of markets, at other times he adopts economistic conceptualizations of them, conceptualizations that treat the economy as an autonomous realm with its own laws of motion. Such laws set narrow constraints on permissible forms of political “intervention” and thereby curtail not only the scope of democracy but also the possibilities for altering those economic relations that negatively affect democracy—consequences that are counter to Dahl's stated political and theoretical intentions.
Brain Imaging of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Advances in imaging technology allow unprecedented access to the anatomy and physiology of the living, growing human brain. Anatomical imaging studies of individuals with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) consistently point to involvement of the frontal lobes, basal ganglia, corpus callosum, and cerebellum. Imaging studies of brain physiology also support involvement of right frontal-basal ganglia circuitry with a powerful modulatory influence from the cerebellum. Although not currently of diagnostic utility, further extension and refinement of these findings may offer hope for greater understanding of the core nature of ADHD and possible subtyping to inform treatment interventions.
Effects of Prey and Predator Abundances on Prey Consumption and Growth of Walleyes in Western Lake Erie

Abstract Declining growth and delayed age at maturity of walleye Stizostedion vitreum from 1965 to 1984 indicated that the species' large Lake Erie population was taxing the capacity of the prey fish community to support it. We examined the effects of prey and predator abundances on walleye diets and estimated the total predatory demand of age-0 through age-6 walleyes in western Lake Erie during 1986–1988. Walleye diets reflected prey fish abundances. Gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum and shiners (emerald shiner Notropis atherinoides and spottail shiner N. hudsonius) were the major prey in years when they were abundant. In years when these prey species – especially gizzard shad – were not abundant, walleyes consumed more white perch Morone americana and (to a lesser degree) yellow perch Perca flavescens. Total consumption by the walleye population was relatively constant, ranging from 83,700 tonnes in 1987 to 94,300 tonnes in 1986. Bioenergetics modeling showed that greater fishing mortality imposed on str...
Direct vector solution of three‐dimensional magnetic field problems

A new finite‐element formulation of magnetic field problems is presented in which the vector field is solved for directly. Unlike solutions obtained by using scalar and vector potentials, a continuous solution in terms of the magnetic field intensity vector is obtained. The formulation is based on a matrix representation of the curl and divergence operators and provides a least‐squares solution of the overdetermined system of equations. The procedure is used to solve both two‐ and three‐dimensional problems in magnetic recording and in electric machine design.
Pressure derivatives of Fermi-surface cross sections by the solid-He phase-shift method

A technique is described for determination of the pressure derivatives of Fermi-surface cross sections which is particularly useful for small or slowly varying sheets. Solid He pressure generation is used to shift the position of a particular de Haas-van Alphen oscillation thus yielding a direct measure of the derivative.