cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Propagule Pressure in Biological Invasions

Although most studies of factors contributing to successful establishment and spread of non-native species have focused on species traits and characteristics (both biotic and abiotic), increasing empirical and statistical evidence implicates propagule pressure—propagule sizes, propagule numbers, and temporal and spatial patterns of propagule arrival—as important in both facets of invasion. Increasing propagule size enhances establishment probability primarily by lessening effects of demographic stochasticity, whereas propagule number acts primarily by diminishing impacts of environmental stochasticity. A continuing rain of propagules, particularly from a variety of sources, may erase or vitiate the expected genetic bottleneck for invasions initiated by few individuals (as most are), thereby enhancing likelihood of survival. For a few species, recent molecular evidence suggests ongoing propagule pressure aids an invasion to spread by introducing genetic variation adaptive for new areas and habitats. This p...
Algebraic decision trees and Euler characteristics

For any set S contained in R/sup n/, let chi (S) denote its Euler characteristic. The author shows that any algebraic computation tree or fixed-degree algebraic decision tree must have height Omega (log mod chi (S) mod )for deciding the membership question of a compact semi-algebraic set S. This extends a result by A. Bjorner, L. Lovasz and A. Yao where it was shown that any linear decision tree for deciding the membership question of a closed polyhedron S must have height greater than or equal to log/sub 3/ mod chi (S) mod . >
Pediatric acquired brain injury.

BACKGROUND: Although pediatric patients are sometimes included in studies about visual problems in patients with acquired brain injury (ABI), few studies deal solely with children. Unlike studies dealing with adult patients, in which mechanisms of brain injury are divided into cerebral vascular accident (CVA) and traumatic brain injury (TBI), studies on pediatric patients deal almost exclusively with traumatic brain injury, specifically caused by accidents. CASE REPORT: Here we report on the vision problems of 4 pediatric patients, ages 3 to 18 years, who were examined in the ophthalmology/optometry clinic at a children's hospital. All patients had an internally caused brain injury and after the initial insult manifested problems in at least one of the following areas: acuity, binocularity, motility (tracking or saccades), accommodation, visual fields, and visual perceptual skills. CONCLUSION: Pediatric patients can suffer from a variety of oculo-visual problems after the onset of head injury. These patients may or may not be symptomatic and can benefit from optometric intervention. Language: en
Mapping of QTL controlling root hair length in maize (Zea mays L.) under phosphorus deficiency

Suboptimal phosphorus availability is a primary constraint for terrestrial plant growth and crop productivity. Root hairs are subcellular extensions from the root epidermis that play an important role in the uptake of immobile nutrients such as phosphorus by increasing soil exploration. The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci for root hair length and plasticity in response to phosphorus stress in maize. Using a cigar roll culture system in a controlled environment, root traits including root hair length, tap root length, root thickness, and root biomass were evaluated in 169 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between B73 and Mo17. These parents have contrasting adaptation to low phosphorus availability in the field. The parents segregated for the length of individual root hairs under low phosphorus. Average root hair length (RHL) of RI lines ranged from 0.6 to 3.5 mm with an average of 2.0 mm under fertile conditions, and RHL was increased from 0% to 185% under phosphorus stress. Using composite interval mapping with a LOD threshold of 3.27, one QTL was associated with RHL plasticity, three QTL with RHL under high fertility, and one QTL with root hair length under low phosphorus. These QTL accounted for 12.7%, 31.9%, and 9.6% of phenotypic variation, respectively. No QTL were detected for taproot thickness and root biomass. Six QTL were associated with 53.1% of the total variation for seed phosphorus in the population. Root biomass plasticity was significantly correlated with RHL induced by low phosphorus, taproot length plasticity, and seed phosphorus reserves. Our results suggest that genetic variation in root hair length and plasticity may be an appropriate target for marker aided selection to improve the phosphorus efficiency of maize.
THE SCORPION'S STING: YOUTH, MARRIAGE AND THE STRUGGLE FOR SOCIAL MATURITY IN NIGER

Through a focus on the problems associated with bridewealth and wedding expenses in Dogondoutchi, a predominantly Muslim town of some 38,000 Hausa speakers in rural Niger, I discuss the predicament of young Mawri men who, in the double pursuit of marriage and maturity, often struggle to satisfy contradictory sets of moral and financial requirements. I trace the distinctive and divergent ways in which Mawri men and women of different generations participate in interpenetrating debates about wealth, domesticity, and sexuality to highlight how the experience of social reproduction is shaped by distinctly local dynamics of gender and generation. In contemporary Niger, the combined effects of neo-liberal economics and reformist Islam have massively transformed the terms and meaning of marriage. What emerges most conspicuously from this exploration of the ways in which processes of identity formation are played out in the controversial arena of marriage is the palpable sense of declining opportunities that young men experience as they delay marriage.
Behavioral marriage therapy. II. Empirical perspective.

Two recent published reviews of research on behavioral marriage therapy stimulated us to supplement these accounts with additional relevant data. First, we place research on behavioral couples therapy in the broader context of outcome research on nonbehavioral marital therapy. We then summarized the results of 23 studies of behavioral couples therapy not included in these previous reviews and conclude that these additional data on controlled and comparative studies do little to enhance the current empirical status of efficacy of behavioral marriage therapy and in no case do they establish the superiority of social learning approaches. It is concluded that an open mind to all sources of data on the efficacy of marital therapy is needed if the field is to make meaningful advances. Language: en
What Is Interesting in Operations Management

This essay discusses my view of the essential characteristics of interesting research in general and in operations management in particular. It is based on my Manufacturing and Service Operations Management Distinguished Fellows presentation given at the University of Michigan, June 27, 2011.
Three essential factors in effective acupunture therapy.

Three essential factors for achieving effective therapeutic results utilizing acupuncture are described: (1) Immune/inflammatory reactions are mobilized when any area of the skin is sufficiently stimulated. (2) Peripheral neural stimulation occurs when specific acupuncture loci are mechanically, electrically, chemically, or thermally activated. Precise stimulation of specific loci (i.e. peripheral neural receptors) may modulate central nervous system regulation of specific physiological functions in the body. (3) Psychological support is well known to be an important factor in all healing experiences, and that includes acupuncture therapy. The authors suggest that the most effective application of acupuncture involves sufficient stimulation of properly selected and precisely localized acupuncture loci combined with a dedicated concern for health that is clearly communicated to patients.
Visiting scientist program in oceanography

During the academic year 1961–1962 AGU sponsored a Visiting Scientist Program in Oceanography. Eleven well-known persons in this field visited thirty-eight colleges and universities throughout the country and delivered approximately one hundred public lectures and somewhat fewer formal talks to a total audience of about seven thousand people. Consistently, the visitors reported an active and growing interest in this field, and the results suggest that the expansion of this activity into general fields of geophysics would receive a favorable response. Walter H. Munk spoke on ‘The Rotation of the Earth’ at Rice University, and on ‘The Mohole Project’ at Bennington and the University of New Plampshire.
Estimating the Range of Food-Insecure Households in India

This study provides a quantitative assessment of food security using a large household- level expenditure survey conducted by the Government of India during 2004/05. The analysis tests the impact of several key assumptions required to estimate actual calories consumed from the expenditure data. The authors found significant differences in the estimates of calories consumed and the number of food-insecure people under alternative plausible assumptions for computing the calorie content of nonprocessed foods, processed foods, and meals eaten outside the household. The measurement errors were largest in accounting for calories consumed by the highest and lowest income households. Overall, the difference between the highest and lowest estimate of the number of people consuming an average of less than 2,100 calories per day was equivalent to about 17 percent of India’s population, or 173 million people in 2004/05. Given the significant measurement error in estimating calories consumed, it is important to consider not only consumption surveys, but also aggregate food availability studies and survey data on anthropometric measures that accompany undernourishment—such as growth stunting— in assessing food insecurity.
Analyzing microtubule motors in real time.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the basics of the computer-assisted video microscope setup and outlines some of the results obtained using the system. This relatively inexpensive computer-assisted program can analyze the movements displayed by video images in real time. The setup consists basically of a high-quality differential interference contrast (DIC) light microscope connected to a high-sensitivity, high-resolution video camera with externally controllable gain and black level. The output of the video camera is mixed with the output of a computer, resulting in a superimposed video image of both the light microscope sample and the computer screen. By control of the position of the computer cursor with the “mouse,” the position and velocity of moving microtubules can be measured in real time at relatively low cost. Moreover, with the proper optics and video enhancement, it is possible to clearly observe individual microtubules under the light microscope without the need for additional digital image enhancement. This real-time system for analysis of microtubule motility has proved to be an extremely useful and potentially versatile system for a number of applications such as to characterize sea urchin egg kinesin-driven motility, for the detailed characterization of a number of mechanoenzymes, and for measurements of cellular growth and chemotaxis.
The Soviet Union and the creation of the International Atomic Energy Agency

AbstractThe Soviet Union responded sceptically to Eisenhower’s ‘Atoms for Peace’ speech in December 1953 but eventually entered negotiations on the creation of the International Atomic Energy Agency. It believed the IAEA would provide opportunities for political influence and scientific collaboration. It did not want the peaceful uses of atomic energy around the world to be dominated by the United States. It pressed for close ties between the new agency and the United Nations and supported India and other developing countries in their opposition to safeguards. The new Agency was to be a forum for competition as well as cooperation.
Origin of Tokamak Density Limit Scalings

The onset criterion for radiation driven islands [P. H. Rebut and M. Hugon, Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research 1984: Proc. 10th Int. Conf. London, 1984, (IAEA, Vienna, 1985), Vol. 2] in combination with a simple cylindrical model of tokamak current channel behavior is consistent with the empirical scaling of the tokamak density limit [M. Greenwald, Nucl. Fusion 28, 2199 (1988)]. Many other unexplained phenomena at the density limit are consistent with this novel physics mechanism.
Immunochemical studies on the role of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-cytochrome c (P-450) reductase in drug oxidation.

Rabbit hyperimmune serum prepared to purified rat liver NADPH-cytochrome c rereductase (NADPH:cytochrome c oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.2.3) specifically inhibits the activity of this enzyme; thus, NADH-cytochrome c reductase was not affected. Measurement of the effects of the hyperimmune serum to NADPH-cytochrome c reductase on drug oxidation indicated that aminopyrine N -demethylation and aniline hydroxylation by rat liver microsomes from phenobarbital-treated animals, as well as benzpyrene hydroxylation by microsomes from 3-methylcholanthrene-treated animals, were inhibited. In addition, the activity of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase of normal, phenobarbital-treated, and 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats was inhibited to the same extent by the γ-globulin fraction prepared from hyperimmune serum. Liver NADPH cytochrome-P-450 reductase of animals treated with phenobarbital was also inhibited by the antireductase globulin. The results indicate that the NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductases involved in drug oxidation by liver microsomes from normal, phenobarbital-treated, and 3-methylcholanthrene-treated animals are similar.
Management of intermediate-grade lymphomas.

Intermediate-grade lymphomas are defined by the Working Formulation to include four histologic subgroups: follicular large-cell, diffuse small-cleaved-cell, diffuse mixed small- and large-cell, and diffuse large cell (Groups
Some comments on the asymptotic behavior of robust smoothers

In curve estimation, running M-estimates are a natural generalization of Kernel-type smoothers (moving averages). We find the rate of convergence that can be expected from these estimates and the leading bias and variance terms. We also explain the effect of twicing for Kernel-type smoothers and give some rationale for its use in robust curve estimation.
Liberation and Restigmatization

In Chapter 2, the discussion to the 1970s and 1980s, a time when queer identity was de-pathologized by the medical community but then re-pathologized by terrified and opportunistic politicians, jurists and school officials because of the HIV/AIDS crisis.
The Involvement of Siblings of Children with Handicaps

Personal adaptation to the circumstances of human exceptionality is challenging for the primary individual and, in diverse aspects, for all others as well who are in that individual’s life system. In this regard, major attention has generally been accorded to responses and adjustments of the first person, and then to the situation of the parents and other care-providers. Less acknowledgment is offered to significant fellow adventurers, the sisters and brothers. Insinuations of ruination and/or redemption prevail, and evidence of a topical mythology can be found, but there is indeed a paucity of systematic information about outcomes. Assuredly a stress model exists here, yet one more in the long inventory of conditioning human experiences. “Am I my brother’s keeper?” is the plaintive inquiry, countered by the platitudinous assurance, “He ain’t heavy, Father, he’s my brother….”
In-situ kerogen extraction via combustion and pyrolysis

Abstract The extraction of organic kerogen from the vast oil shale reserves in Green River, Utah is limited owing to the environmental and technical challenges. This study compares the efficiency of combustion and pyrolysis to extract the kerogen from shale, in terms of organic thermal decomposition temperature, heating rates, and activation energy calculations. Samples collected from the Green River formation were first characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), and Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) Spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric Analyzer/Differential Scanning Calorimetry (TGA/DSC) was used to simulate combustion via air injection and pyrolysis via nitrogen injection. These experiments were carried out with and without addition of water and a catalyst (iron oxide), at three different heating rates. The organic and inorganic composition of the oil shale samples before and after the experiments were determined via FTIR. The effectiveness of the processes was examined by the thermal decomposition temperature of kerogen and activation energy requirement. It has been observed that the combustion process is a more efficient method for the extraction of kerogen from oil shale than the conventional pyrolysis. The addition of water and catalyst to combustion has been found to lower the required temperature for kerogen decomposition for lower heating rate. Combustion and pyrolysis at higher heating rates are found to generate higher amount of heat from the process. This study provides insight for the process optimization of the thermal methods for the kerogen extraction.
Cardiac and kidney markers for cardiovascular prediction in individuals with chronic kidney disease: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study

Objective— Traditional predictors suboptimally predict cardiovascular disease (CVD) in individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study compared 5 nontraditional cardiac and kidney markers on the improvement of cardiovascular prediction among those with CKD. Approach and Results— Among 8622 participants aged 52 to 75 years in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, cardiac troponin T, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, cystatin C, β 2 -microglobulin, and β-trace protein were compared for improvement in predicting incident CVD after stratifying by CKD status (940 participants with CKD [kidney dysfunction or albuminuria]). During a median follow-up of 11.9 years, there were 1672 CVD events including coronary disease, stroke, and heart failure (336 cases in CKD). Every marker was independently associated with incident CVD in participants with and without CKD. The adjusted hazard ratios (per 1 SD) were larger for cardiac markers than for kidney markers, particularly in CKD (1.61 [95% confidence interval, 1.43–1.81] for cardiac troponin T, 1.50 [1.34–1.68] for N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, and Conclusions— A greater improvement in cardiovascular prediction was observed for cardiac markers than for kidney markers in people with CKD. These results suggest that cardiac troponin T and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide are useful for better CVD risk classification in this population.
Review of the phyline plant bug tribe Auricillocorini from Asia, with descriptions of a new genus and nine new species from Japan, Nepal and Thailand (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae)

The phyline plant bug tribe Auricillocorini from Asia is reviewed; 23 species in 6 genera are shown to occur in the Indo-Pacific. A new genus, Artchawakomius, is proposed to accommodate two undescribed, morphologically novel species from Thailand. Nine new species are described from Japanese Ryukyus, Nepal or Thailand: Artchawakomius moteus, A. pius, Cleotomiris miyamotoi, C. yamadakazi, Cleotomiroides tobii, Wygomiris kaliyahae, W. nanae, W. ramae and Zaratus hidekun. Photographic images of living individuals are provided for all new species. The female genitalic structures, which have not been employed for classification of the Auricillocorini, are described and figured for six available species. Wygomiris indochinensis Schuh, known thus far only from Laos, is found also in Thailand; the female is reported for the first time. A checklist of Auricillocorini and a discussion on phylogenetic relationships for all known genera are provided.
Tracking and Vertexing with the ATLAS Inner Detector in the LHC Run-2

Run-2 of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has provided new challenges to track and vertex reconstruction with higher centre-of-mass energies and luminosity leading to increasingly high-multiplicity environments, and boosted, highly-collimated physics objects. We present an overview of the ATLAS Inner Detector tracker in Run-2 including the track reconstruction algorithm, time-dependent alignment, tracking and vertexing performance.
Learning to plan using harmonic analysis of diffusion models

This paper summarizes research on a new emerging framework for learning to plan using the Markov decision process model (MDP). In this paradigm, two approaches to learning to plan have traditionally been studied: the indirect model-based approach infers the state transition matrix and reward function from samples, and then solves the Bellman equation to find the optimal (action) value function; the direct model-free approach, most notably Q-learning, estimates the action value function directly. This paper describes a new harmonic analysis framework for planning based on estimating a diffusion model that captures information flow on a graph (discrete state space) or a manifold (continuous state space) using the Laplace heat equation. Diffusion models are significantly easier to learn than transition models, and yet provide similar speedups in performance over model-free methods. Two methods for constructing novel plan representations from diffusion models are described: Fourier methods diagonalize a symmetric diffusion operator called the Laplacian; Wavelet methods dilate unit basis functions progressively using powers of the diffusion operator. A new variant of policy iteration – called representation policy iteration – is described consisting of an outer loop that estimates new basis functions by diagonalization or dilation, and an inner loop that learns the best policy representable within the linear span of the current basis functions. Results from continuous and discrete MDPs are provided to illustrate the new approach.
Assessment of satellite-based precipitation estimates over Paraguay

Satellite-based precipitation estimates represent a potential alternative source of input data in a plethora of meteorological and hydrological applications, especially in regions characterized by a low density of rain gauge stations. Paraguay provides a good example of a case where the use of satellite-based precipitation could be advantageous. This study aims to evaluate the version 7 of the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission Multi-Satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA V7; 3B42 V7) and the version 1.0 of the purely satellite-based product of the Climate Prediction Center Morphing Technique (CMORPH RAW) through their comparison with daily in situ precipitation measurements from 1998 to 2012 over Paraguay. The statistical assessment is conducted with several commonly used indexes. Specifically, to evaluate the accuracy of daily precipitation amounts, mean error (ME), root mean square error (RMSE), BIAS, and coefficient of determination (R2) are used, and to analyze the capability to correctly detect different precipitation intensities, false alarm ratio (FAR), frequency bias index (FBI), and probability of detection (POD) are applied to various rainfall rates (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, and 80 mm/day). Results indicate that TMPA V7 has a better performance than CMORPH RAW over Paraguay. TMPA V7 has higher accuracy in the estimation of daily rainfall volumes and greater precision in the detection of wet days (> 0 mm/day). However, both satellite products show a lower ability to appropriately detect high intensity precipitation events.
Employing wiki as a collaborative information repository in a media and entertainment company: The NBC universal case

Wiki has been widely accepted by educational institutions, homes, and corporations, and is expected to grow continuously. Business enterprises quickly recognize the value of shared content: Some of the largest corporations, such as Google and IBM use wikis to manage daily operations and to share information among employees. This case study presents how NBC Universal developed a wiki, and used it to enhance knowledge-sharing, thereby achieving significant costsavings, performance improvement and employee satisfactions. This case shows Wiki can bring greater value to an organization with a dynamically changing structure in which capturing and sharing of tacit knowledge is critical for its success. By clearly demonstrating benefits of collaborative information repositories in the widely-recognized media and entertainment firm, this case will provide valuable learning opportunities to both professional and academic audience.
Integrated Pest Management, Bt Crops, and Insecticide Use: The U.S. Experience

Bt crops have features amenable to IPM systems and their incorporation into such systems has been quite successful in some institutional settings. Widespread adoption of Bt cotton and maize in the United States has contributed to dramatic, unprecedented reductions in insecticide use. When introduced into settings with less-developed IPM systems, however, secondary pest outbreaks and field-evolved resistance have become problems. Pest resistance to Bt has yet to become a serious problem in the United States but remains a concern. A major industry response to potential resistance and grower non-compliance with resistance management regulations has been development of pyramided Bt varieties and seed mixtures. These address some immediate problems, but may take some discretion in pest management away from growers. IPM principles that recognize the biological complexities of pest management may prove essential for sustaining the benefits of Bt crops.
Analysis of Critical Scattering Data from AOT/D2O/n-Decane Microemulsions

The intensity distribution of critical scattering of neutrons from three-component water-in-oil (w/o) microemulsions has been measured using the small angle neutron scattering (SANS) technique. The measurements covered an extensive range of droplet volume fractions (3% to 30%) and temperatures (22°C to 43°C) in the critical region. The water/surfactant (AOT) molar ratio of the microemulsions was kept at a constant value of 40.8. We present a detailed analysis of the critical scattering data in terms of a collection of polydisperse spherical droplets with mutual attractive interactions. In a phenomenological approach, we use the sum of Ornstein-Zernike and Percus-Yevick hard sphere structure factors to represent mutual correlations between the droplets. Average hard sphere diameter, polydispersity parameter, long range correlation length, and osmotic compressibility have been extracted from fits of the theory to the data. The latter two quantities diverge near Tc, with exponents close to Ising model values. In a microscopic approach, we model the attractive interaction by a hard core plus a negative Yukawa tail. We use the Optimum Cluster Theory (OCT) of Andersen and Chandler to compute structure factors of the interacting droplets. This approximation is an improvement over the previously used Mean Spherical Approximation (MSA). The theory fits the data up to microemulsion droplet volume fractions of 21.3%. The spheresize parameters remain the same as before, while the strength of the attractive interaction increases as one approaches the critical point.
Spatial Search Processes

Most spatial problems are solved by coordinating multiple tasks. Looking for something in a visual scene is a simple example frequently experienced by people. Lets say you are attending a football game and you know a friend is also at the game. You have an image of your friend encoded in memory and you are searching the stands for a match for that image. What variables make this example an easy or difficult problem? Some variables relate to what is in your memory. Can you construct a good image of what your friend might look like? Did you last see your friend at breakfast or in elementary school? Having accurate information about your friend’s appearance would be a great help in the search. This is called top-down information because it is information in your memory. Does your friend have any unique features that would make her stand out from others in the crowd. Red hair would be more unique than brown hair and green hair would be even better. If she was seven feet tall and had green hair your search would be truly blessed. The information provided by the environment, the colors, shapes, sizes, etc., compete for your attention. This is called bottom-up information because it is information being perceived by your visual system. Your attention can be directed by focusing on important features. You might use size and shape features to focus attention on people who are female and away from those that are male. Your friend may attract your attention immediately if she has something unique about her appearance. You may have to scan each row in the stadium if she looks like most other fans at the football game.
Enterprise Mobility – A Balancing Act between Security and Usability

There is a growing trend where the common expectation is to have a single device for personal and professional usage: for video chat, social media and business related applications. Smartphone and tablet functionality and form have changed to meet this expectation, building in app stores and adding larger screens. For tablets in particular, the desire that one device should do everything has made them equally attractive for playing games and for running presentations, reading documents and reading integrated workflows. As a result more and more companies and governments are working on holistic security concepts that incorporate the private and corporate security requirements for these devices based on different options. Any approach must mainly be based on trust. When choosing a mobile solution, there needs to be a combination of intrinsic trust in a vendor with a strong record of developing secure solutions and extrinsic trust in the proven and certified components that the vendor uses. The solution should enable organizations to re-focus on the user experience rather than fixating on how to achieve and enforce the highest level of separation within the solution.
Data Never Lie.

Approximately 2 years ago, I started my training in clinical chemistry at Boston Children's Hospital. A colleague at the hospital once said something that will always stay with me: “let the data tell you.” With a steep learning curve ahead of me and a finite number of hours in a day, I found myself getting up at 5:30 am to go to the gym to have the only hour of sanity throughout my day. As an avid long distance runner, I use my FiBit HR to monitor my heart rate to obsessively assess my progress. After the morning respite, I usually have challenging days on the mass spectrometer …
Social norms and farm animal protection

Social change is slow and difficult. Social change for animals is formidably slow and difficult. Advocates and scholars alike have long tried to change attitudes and convince the public that eating animals is wrong. The topic of norms and social change for animals has been neglected, which explains in part the relative failure of the animal protection movement to secure robust support reflected in social and legal norms. Moreover, animal ethics has suffered from a disproportionate focus on individual attitudes and behavior at the expense of collective behavior, social change, and empirical psychology. If what we want to change is behavior on a large scale, norms are important tools. This article reviews an account of social norms that provides insights into the possibility and limitations of social change for animals, approaching animal protection as a problem of reverse social engineering. It highlights avenues for future work from this neglected perspective.
Clash of Cannons: The American Civil War Leadership of Henry Jackson Hunt and Edward Porter Alexander

This chapter examines how changes in the technology and organization of warfare posed particular challenges for officers of the American Civil War. In particular, it examines the organizational, tactical, and logistical responses of two artillery experts from opposing sides of the conflict, Henry Jackson Hunt and Edward Porter Alexander. The case study gives a window onto the challenges of managing change in a high-risk environment.
Amide additives improve RDC measurements in polyacrylamide

Residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) provide valuable NMR parameters that can be used for structural calculation and verification. Measuring RDCs requires aligning macromolecules using one of various types of alignment media. Of different alignment media options, stretched or compressed polyacrylamide gels are advantageous due to their chemical stability. However, polyacrylamide interacts with proteins and significantly broadens NMR resonances. In this study, we found that the amide-containing compounds asparagine, glutamine and propionamide improve spectral quality of proteins in polyacrylamide gel without significantly reducing the magnitude of RDC values. Moreover, we showed that propionamide is an attractive additive that increases protein solubility without interfering with protein stability, ligand binding or NMR pulse width, suggesting its potential applications for our NMR methods.
Prediction and behavioral analysis of travel mode choice: A comparison of machine learning and logit models

Abstract Some recent studies have shown that machine learning can achieve higher predictive accuracy than logit models. However, existing studies rarely examine behavioral outputs (e.g., marginal effects and elasticities) that can be derived from machine-learning models and compare the results with those obtained from logit models. In other words, there has not been a comprehensive comparison between logit models and machine learning that covers both prediction and behavioral analysis, two equally important subjects in travel-behavior study. This paper addresses this gap by examining the key differences in model development, evaluation, and behavioral interpretation between logit and machine-learning models for mode-choice modeling. We empirically evaluate the two approaches using stated-preference survey data. Consistent with the literature, this paper finds that the best-performing machine-learning model, random forest, has significantly higher predictive accuracy than multinomial logit and mixed logit models. The random forest model and the two logit models largely agree on several aspects of the behavioral outputs, including variable importance and the direction of association between independent variables and mode choice. However, we find that the random forest model produces behaviorally unreasonable arc elasticities and marginal effects when these behavioral outputs are computed from a standard approach. After the introduction of some modifications that overcome the limitations of tree-based models, the results are improved to some extent. There appears to be a tradeoff between predictive accuracy and behavioral soundness when choosing between machine learning and logit models in mode-choice modeling.
A Simple Correlation to Fit Type I Liquid–Liquid Equilibrium Data

A simple correlation to fit type I liquid–liquid equilibria (LLE) data is presented. Like the Hand plot (J. Phys. Chem. 1930, 24, 1961) and the correlation by Rod (Chem. Eng. J. 1976, 11, 105), it ...
Orange juice and blood pressure

Blood pressure is the force of blood against artery walls. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) and recorded as two numbers: systolic pressure (as the heart contracts) over diastolic pressure (as the heart relaxes between beats). High blood pressure (hypertension) is defined as chronically elevated high blood pressure, with systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 140 mm Hg or greater, and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of 90 mm Hg or greater. High blood pressure (HBP), smoking, abnormal blood lipid levels, obesity and diabetes are risk factors for coronary heart disease, the leading cause of death in the US. Lifestyle modifications such as engaging in regular physical activity, quitting smoking and eating a healthy diet (limiting intake of saturated fat and sodium and increasing consumption of fiber, fruits and vegetables) are advocated for the prevention, treatment, and control of HBP. As multiple factors influence blood pressure, the effects of each factor are typically modest, particularly in normotensive subjects, yet the combined effects can be substantial. Nutrition plays an important role in influencing blood pressure. Orange juice should be included as part of any low sodium diet and/or any blood pressure reducing eating plan, as it is sodium free, fat-free and can help meet recommended levels of potassium intake that may contribute to lower BP
Efficient Distance-based Global Sensitivity Analysis for Terrestrial Ecosystem Modeling

Sensitivity analysis in terrestrial ecosystem modeling is important for understanding controlling processes, guiding model development, and targeting new observations to reduce parameter and prediction uncertainty. Complex and computationally expensive terrestrial ecosystem models (TEM) limit the number of ensemble simulations, requiring sophisticated and efficient methods to analyze sensitivities of multiple model responses to different types of parameter uncertainties. In this study, we propose a distance-based global sensitivity analysis (DGSA) method. DGSA first classifies model response samples into a small set of discrete classes and then calculates the distance between parameter frequency distributions in different classes to measure the parameter sensitivity. The principle is that, if the parameter distribution is the same in each class, then the model response is insensitive to the parameter, while a large difference in the distributions indicates the parameter is influential to the response. Built on this idea, DGSA can be applied to analyze sensitivity of a single and a group of responses to different kinds of parameter uncertainties including continuous, discrete and even stochastic. Besides the main-effect sensitivity from a single parameter, DGSA can also quantify the sensitivity from parameter interactions. Additionally, DGSA is computationally efficient which can use a small number of model evaluations to obtain an accurate and statistically significant result. We applied DGSA to two TEMs, one having eight parameters and three kinds of model responses, and the other having 47 parameters and a long-period response. We demonstrated that DGSA can be used for sensitivity problems with multiple responses and high-dimensional parameters efficiently.
Understanding the Rise of Regulation during the Progressive Era: What Role for Austrian Economics?

In this essay I selectively survey the economic history literature on the rise of regulation in America during the Progressive Era with the goal of identifying how this literature is informed by Austrian economic theory, and how Austrian theory might contribute to our understanding of the origins and growth of the regulatory state. I argue that much of the literature on the origins of Progressive Era regulation is consistent with the positive aspects of Austrian economics, largely because Austrian theory overlaps with public choice theory, the analytical toolkit used by most studies of the rise of regulation. However, the normative implications of Austrian theory regarding the efficiency consequences of regulation are not always supported by the literature on the Progressive Era. I also discuss two ways in which Austrian theory might add to our understanding of the rise of regulation during this period. The first concerns the dynamics of how regulation evolves. The second concerns the role of entrepreneurship within the bureaucracy in shaping the evolution and enforcement of regulation.
Overcoming Barriers to Implementation of Teledermatology in Rural America

Teledermatology, for all its promise, played only a minor role in the care of patients in the United States until the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in the spring of 2020. Deregulation coupled with closure of clinical practices, except for the most urgent and emergent conditions, led to a tremendous surge in clinical care from a distance. Technical issues preventing efficient use of teledermatology were highlighted during this period. As the pandemic plays out, we are at a crossroads. Some form of regulation of telehealth will return and technical problems persist. Still, dermatologists have seen the benefits derived from teledermatology reaching patients who are otherwise unable to be seen in the office. It is the purpose of this chapter to review the barriers to routine use of telehealth and identify solutions to improve access to care in rural areas.
Other Noninfectious Complications of Transfusion

Publisher Summary The transfusionists must be familiar with many potential noninfectious complications of the infusion of blood or blood products, including circulatory overload, transfusion related acute lung injury (TRALI), and nonimmune-mediated hemolysis. Some of these may be because of human errors and are therefore preventable. Specific therapies are indicated for the treatment of many of these events. Circulatory overload is defined as the expansion of a patient's intravascular volume because of the infusion of blood components and/or other fluids that results in cardiac decompensation. When signs of circulatory overload develop, if at all possible, the transfusion should be terminated. Therapy for congestive heart failure (CHF) should be instituted, including fluid restriction, supplemental O2, administration of diuretics, and morphine. TRALI is a syndrome of acute hypoxia because of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema that develops within 16 hours following transfusion. If symptoms develop during infusion of a blood product, the transfusion should be terminated. Supportive care includes supplemental O2 and mechanical ventilation, if indicated. Vasopressors may be necessary for prolonged hypotension. Non-immune-mediated hemolysis involves the destruction of red blood cells (RBCs) within the circulation because of physical injury to the RBC membrane. This may be because of osmotic, thermal, chemical, or mechanical damage to the RBCs. As opposed to immune-mediated intravascular hemolysis, these reactions are rarely life-threatening. Management involves terminating the transfusion, ruling out an immune-mediated mechanism, and determining the cause of RBC injury prior to continuing RBC transfusion. Intravenous access is maintained to provide adequate hydration for good urine output.
On human management of systems

Constantin Virgil Negoita received the Ph.D. in Information Sciences from the Polytechnic Institute of Bucharest in 1969. He was Professor of System Theory at the Faculty of Cybernetics and head of research laboratory at the Institute of Management and Informatics, Bucharest, Romania. He is currently Professor of Computer Science at the City University of New York, USA. He is a senior member of IEEE, coauthor of Applications of Fuzzy Sets of System Analysis (Halsted Press, New York, 1975), author of Management Applications of System Theory (Birkhauser Verlag, Basel and Boston, 1979), Fuzzy Systems (Abacus Press, Tunbridge Wells, UK, 1979) , and Expert Systems and Fuzzy Systems (Benjamin/ Cummings, Menlo Park, 1985), an editor of the J ournal of Fuzzy Sets and Systems, and a member of the editorial boards of Kybernetes, Human Systems Management, and Expert Systems. In 1985 he received an IEEE award for his development of an algebraic theory of fuzzy systems with application to expert systems.
A Nonequilibrium Lattice Gas of Two-species: Monte Carlo Investigations

We present the phase diagram of a far from equilibrium system, mapped by Monte Carlo simulation. The model is a lattice gas of two species and holes. The two species are biased to hop in opposite directions and interact via excluded volume and nearest neighbor attractions. Three phases are found as function of temperature and charge density.
A Remark on Unified Error Exponents: Hypothesis Testing, Data Compression and Measure Concentration

Let A be finite set equipped with a probability distribution P, and let M be a “mass” function on A. A characterization is given for the most efficient way in which A n can be covered using spheres of a fixed radius. A covering is a subset C n of A n with the property that most of the elements of A n are within some fixed distance from at least one element of C n , and “most of the elements” means a set whose probability is exponentially close to one (with respect to the product distribution P n ). An efficient covering is one with small mass M n (C n ). With different choices for the geometry on A, this characterization gives various corollaries as special cases, including Marton’s error-exponents theorem in lossy data compression, Hoeffding’s optimal hypothesis testing exponents, and a new sharp converse to some measure concentration inequalities on discrete spaces.
Crystal Structure of Ferroelectric Li H 3 ( S e O 3 ) 2

The structure of the room-temperature ferroelectric Li${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$${(\mathrm{S}\mathrm{e}{\mathrm{O}}_{3})}_{2}$ has been determined by x rays, using the heavy-atom method, and refined on the IBM 704. The crystals are monoclinic, with space group $\mathrm{Pn}$ and $a={6.25}_{8}$ A, $b={7.88}_{6}$ A, $c={5.43}_{3}$ A, $\ensuremath{\beta}=105.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$. Fairly strong O\char22{}H...O bonds with distances 2.52, 2.56, and 2.57 A are found, nearly perpendicular to the polar direction. The O\char22{}Se\char22{}O angles in one of the two selenite ions are rather similar; in the other ion these angles are unequal, as in the structure of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$Se${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. Possible positions for the Li ions are given based on crystal-chemical considerations.
Enhancing weak signal components in time-frequency distributions by wavelet pre-processing

Most real world signals consist of stronger low frequency components than high frequency ones. However, in many cases, high frequency components with small amplitude values represent the components of interest. Although time-frequency distributions (TFDs) have been commonly utilized to analyze such signals, the masking effect of large amplitude components, which severely reduce the sensitivity of TFDs, has been a significant problem. In this work we present a new method to pre-condition the input data using wavelet analysis and synthesis procedures before computing the TFD. This method attenuates interfering components in the TFD so that the masking effect is greatly reduced. EEG data are used to demonstrate the approach.
Antenatal analysis of the human chromosomes

Abstract Amniocentesis provides a means of obtaining fetal cells while the fetus is in utero. This report presents the successful culture and karyotypic analysis of human fetal cells obtained from amniotic fluid in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy.