cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A derivation of the Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann relation for supercooled liquids

Abstract The non-Arrhenius Vogel–Fulcher–Tamman relation for the viscosity, η, known for about 8 decades, describes simply one of the most characteristic features of supercooled liquids. It may be written η = η 0 exp U / k T − T 0 . Using the Dyre et al. result demonstrating that U is proportional to the shear modulus, G, and the Interstitialcy Theory of Condensed Matter (ITCM) we derive this relation and obtain T 0 / T g = γ / γ + 1 and U = U 0 / 1 + γ , where U0 is the interstitialcy diffusion energy at the glass temperature. Here, γ is a fragility softening parameter given by γ = βTg(dc /dT)|Tg. β is the shear susceptibility − d ln G /dc, and c is the interstitialcy concentration. γ is also a fragility parameter ranging from 0 for strong materials to 3 or above for fragile ones.
Environmental factors influencing macrodetritus flux in North Inlet estuary

Abstract Floating macrodetritus transport was determined on 72 tidal cycles over 18 months. Floating macrodetritus was exported from the marsh-estuarine ecosystem to the Atlantic Ocean, but export was low (less than 1% of Spartina net aerial primary production). Season and processes within the system seem to determine ebb flux, while flood flux is best explained by a semi-lunar cycle or high water. The extensive observations reported here indicate macrodetritus probably should not be considered a major source of organic carbon export from marsh-estuarine systems.
Irrational ordered groups

Binary operations can be defined on the ordered set of irrational numbers so that the result is an ordered group (the order preserved by the operation). However, the resulting ordered group is severely restricted in its group structure and in the structure of its set of convex subgroups.
Analysis of side chain mobility among protein G B1 domain mutants with widely varying stabilities

"Host-guest" studies of the B1 domain from Streptococcal protein G have been used previously to establish a thermodynamic scale for the beta-sheet-forming propensities of the 20 common amino acids. To investigate the contribution of side chain conformational entropy to the relative stabilities of B1 domain mutants, we have determined the dynamics of side chain methyl groups in 10 of the 20 mutants used in a previous study. Deuterium relaxation rates were measured using two-dimensional NMR techniques for 13CH2D groups. Analysis of the relaxation data using the Lipari-Szabo model-free formalism showed that mutations introduced at the guest position caused small but statistically significant changes in the methyl group dynamics. In addition, there was a low level of covariation of the Lipari-Szabo order parameters among the 10 mutants. The variations in conformational free energy estimated from the order parameters were comparable in magnitude to the variations in global stability of the 10 mutants but did not correlate with the global stability of the domain or with the structural properties of the guest amino acids. The data support the view that conformational entropy in the folded state is one of many factors that can influence the folding thermodynamics of proteins.
From the litter layer to the saprolite: Chemical changes in water-soluble soil organic matter and their correlation to microbial community composition

Abstract Organic matter content and chemistry is vital to the structure and function of soil systems, but while organic matter is recognized as biogeochemically important, its chemical interaction with soil processes is not well understood. In this study we used fluorescence spectroscopy, which has been used extensively for understanding the role of organic matter in aquatic systems, to identify chemical changes in organic matter with depth in a soil system. Soil was collected from nine different pits in a first-order montane catchment in the Colorado Front Range. The water-soluble soil organic matter was extracted from each sample and fluorescence and UV–vis spectroscopy was used to analyze its chemical character. While organic matter chemistry had little correlation with landscape location and local vegetation, there were noticeable consistent trends between soil horizon and organic matter chemistry in each pit. Total organic matter decreased with depth and became less aromatic with increasing depth. This less aromatic material in the saprolite also had a greater microbial signature. The redox character of the organic matter accompanied this change in source and molecular structure, with more oxidized character corresponding with organic matter with more microbial input and more reduced character corresponding to organic matter with more plant input. A concurrent investigation of the microbial population of the same soil samples also showed microbial population composition varying more with soil depth than landscape position, and depth changes in microbial diversity occurred concomitantly with depth changes in organic matter chemistry.
Use of propofol anesthesia during outpatient radiographic imaging studies in patients with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is a rare, x-linked, recessive disorder of purine metabolism resulting in hyperuricemia, spasticity, choreoathetosis, dystonia, self-injurious behavior, and aggression, without significant cognitive impairment. Anesthetic management of inpatients who demonstrate classic manifestations of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome and require surgical interventions have been described. There are no guidelines in the literature addressing the anesthetic management of the outpatient with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Specifically, sudden, unexplained death, abnormalities in respiration, apnea, severe bradycardia, and an increased incidence of vomiting and chronic pulmonary aspiration may preclude this patient population from receiving anesthesia for outpatient procedures. General anesthesia with spontaneous ventilation was performed for diagnostic, radiographic imaging in 11 outpatients with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome using intravenous propofol. A bolus dose of 1.5 to 2.0 mg/kg propofol was followed by maintenance doses of 60 to 160 mcg/kg/min. Results during and following sedation indicated endtidal carbon dioxide ranges between 34 mmHg and 59 mmHg. Respiratory rates were never below 10 breaths/min and no partial/complete airway obstruction or labored breathing was clinically evident. Hemodynamics were within 30 % of presedation values. No patient demonstrated nausea, vomiting, or pulmonary aspiration. Baseline neuropsychologic status was achieved following sedation, and patients were discharged from the hospital 35 to 90 minutes after sedation was computed. Potential risks and benefits of using propofol in this patient population are discussed.
Validity of the Perceived Criticism Measure in an Undergraduate Sample

The concurrent and predictive validity of the Perceived Criticism Measure's Criticism and Upset subscales was assessed for undergraduates, 21 men and 98 women. Participants were asked to identify five people important to them at present (typically these were parents as well as peers) and, for each, to rate how critical that person was as well as how upsetting they found that criticism to be. Scores on Upset exhibited convergent validity with another self-report measure of general sensitivity to criticism, whereas those on Criticism did not. Neither measure predicted higher ratings of criticism in a specific interaction with a mildly critical peer. Divergent validity with scores on a measure of depression was supported for Upset but was less clear for Criticism. Strong evidence of predictive validity for Criticism and Upset was obtained. Ratings for both Peer scales predicted increased negative affect after mild criticism from a peer, although this interaction took place 4 to 10 weeks after administration of the Perceived Criticism Measure.
Application of Doppler echocardiography in the assessment of fetal cardiac disease.

Abstract Pulsed Doppler echocardiography was used in conjunction with real-time two-dimensional and M-mode ultrasound techniques in 9 fetuses between 28 and 40 weeks of gestation. Of these, nine also had echocardiographic examination performed neonatally. In one fetus with complete heart block, pulsed Doppler echocardiography showed tricuspid regurgitation. The ventricular and atrial rates were accurately determined by M-mode ultrasound; pericardial effusion was noted in the two-dimensional examination. The left ventricular stroke volume, as measured by the Doppler technique, was 13.5 ml, and the minute output was 486 ml/min. In another fetus, Doppler studies assisted two-dimensional echocardiography in detecting pulmonary aneurysm. Neonatal echocardiography confirmed this and also showed the presence of tetralogy of Fallot. In three fetuses with ventricular ectopy, 30% to 50% reduction in the right ventricular stroke volume was recorded by the Doppler technique. This study demonstrates the clinical potential of pulsed Doppler echocardiography in assessing fetal cardiac disorders and justifies further investigation to define its clinical utility.
Comparison of Theory and Experiment for a One-Atom Laser in a Regime of Strong Coupling

Our recent paper reports the experimental realization of a one-atom laser in a regime of strong coupling [ J. McKeever, A. Boca, A. D. Boozer, J. R. Buck, and H. J. Kimble, Nature (London) 425, 268 (2003) ]. Here we provide the supporting theoretical analysis relevant to the operating regime of our experiment. By way of a simplified four-state model, we investigate the passage from the domain of conventional laser theory into the regime of strong coupling for a single intracavity atom pumped by coherent external fields. The four-state model is also employed to exhibit the vacuum-Rabi splitting and to calculate the optical spectrum. We next extend this model to incorporate the relevant Zeeman hyperfine states as well as a simple description of the pumping processes in the presence of polarization gradients and atomic motion. This extended model is employed to make quantitative comparisons with our earlier measurements for the intracavity photon number versus pump strength and for the photon statistics as expressed by the intensity correlation function g((2))(tau).
Lithium-aluminum/iron sulfide batteries

High-temperature rechargeable batteries are under development for electric-vehicle propulsion and for stationary energy-storage applications. These cells utilize a molten salt electrolyte such as LiCl-KC1 eutectic (mp, 352°C), negative electrodes of either Li-Si or Li-Al alloy, and positive electrodes of either FeS or FeS2. Over the past seven years, several hundred engineering cells with different designs have been tested, some of which have achieved specific energies of >100 W-hr/kg and specific powers of >80 W/kg at 50% depth of discharge, other cells have operated for >1000 cycles. During 1979, Eagle-Picher Industries completed fabrication of the first full-scale (40 kW-hr) Li/MS battery, which consisted of two 20 kW-hr modules (60 cells each) housed in a thermally insulated case. Testing of this battery has been indefinitely delayed due to the unexpected short-circuit of one of the modules during heat up. The fabrication of other full-scale batteries is planned in the coming years.
Differences in the Structure of Depression Among Older Asian Indian Immigrants in the United States

This study examines the validity of the short form (eight items) Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D), as a screening tool for mental health problems among older immigrants who are minorities. The factor structure of the CES-D is examined empirically using two samples of older Asian Indian immigrants in the United States: the first sample of 226 English speakers, and the second sample of 114 Gujarati speakers residing in Atlanta, Georgia. The CES-D, administered via telephone interviews, showed high internal consistency. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses for the English speaking sample showed two factors indicating positive and negative affect, whereas the Gujarati-speaking sample yielded a unidimensional factor where depression was not differentiated, suggesting that depression may be conceptualized and manifested differently among diverse groups of older immigrants. Culturally competent practice with older adults should include an awareness of these within-group differe...
TEM Observations of Coherent Stacking Relations in Smectite, I/S and Illite of Shales: Evidence for MacEwan Crystallites and Dominance of 2M1 Polytypism

TEM characterization of stacking relations in I/S of expanded shale samples from the Gulf Coast and Michigan Basin was carried out to address the issues of the degree of coherency and the nature of layer stacking sequences in smectite, I/S and illite. The two-dimensional lattice fringe images obtained from this study show that cross fringes are commonly observed to be continuous over at least 3-4 layers for smectite, 6-7 layers for ordered I/S and 9-10 layers for illite-rich I/S. This demonstrates that such sequences are coherent, or at least semi-coherent (in smectite) units (MacEwan crystallites). The observations demonstrate that so-called fundamental particles are fragments of MacEwan crystallites formed primarily as a result of disaggregation along weakly-bonded smectite interlayers. However, both Okl and h01 reflections may coexist in selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns. The frequency of occurrence of the coexistence in SAED patterns decreases in the order Smectite, I/S and illite for Gulf Coast samples. This is consistent with the presence of turbostratically-related interfaces in packets of all of these materials. Therefore, any given layer sequence in smectite, ordered I/S and illite may have both turbostratic and coherent interfaces. The proportion of coherently-related layers increases with increasing proportion of illite-like layers. The concept of fundamental or elementary particles is not related to layer sequences in non-disaggregated, original rocks. Indeed, it implies relations that are not valid. The lattice fringe images, SAED and optical diffraction patterns demonstrate that where layers are coherently-related, 2M 1 is the dominant polytypic sequence in all samples. However, this periodic 2M 1 stacking is so frequently interrupted by stacking faults in smectite that it gives rise to apparent 1M d polytypism. The degree to which the periodic 2M 1 sequences are interrupted by stacking faults decreases with increasing proportion of illite-like layers. The SAED patterns of I/S and illite unmodified since its formation are diffuse parallel to c* and have poorly-defined, non-periodic reflections for indices k ? 3N as a measure of local ordering superimposed on poorly-ordered coherent sequences with a turbostratic component. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, as integrated over domains with a range of heterogeneous stacking relations, do not represent simple mixtures of discrete 1M and 2M 1 polytypes. The observations of this study imply that dissolution-crystallization is a dominant mechanism for the smectite-to-illite transition. The semi-coherent stacking of smectite-like layers in smectite-rich samples implies that either a dissolution-crystallization process took place subsequent to deposition of detrital smectite or that Gulf Coast smectite is an in-situ alteration product of volcanic ash.
The Effects of Victim Anonymity on Unethical Behavior

We theorize that victim anonymity is an important factor in ethical decision making, such that actors engage in more self-interested and unethical behaviors toward anonymous victims than they do toward identifiable victims. Three experiments provided empirical support for this argument. In Study 1, participants withheld more life-saving products from anonymous than from identifiable victims. In Study 2, participants allocated a sum of payment more unfairly when interacting with an anonymous than with an identifiable partner. Finally, in Study 3, participants cheated more from an anonymous than from an identifiable person. Anticipated guilt fully mediated these effects in all three studies. Taken together, our research suggests that anonymous victims may be more likely to incur unethical treatment, which could explain many unethical business behaviors.
Resolution of psoriasis after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for chronic myelogenous leukemia : late complications of therapy

Treatment of autoimmune disease with bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is under investigation. A few reports of patients undergoing allogeneic BMT for malignant conditions observed the resolution of psoriasis after BMT, with minimal late morbidity. We describe a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) whose psoriasis resolved completely after allogeneic BMT. However, the patient's course was complicated by extensive chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), recurrent serious infections, poor performance status and quality of life, and severe disability. The patient died 887 days post transplant due to infectious complications. The potential benefits and risks of treatment of autoimmune diseases with allogeneic BMT are discussed.
A personal odyssey.

In this autobiography, I tried to capture important aspects of my personal and professional development from my childhood in the ethnic ghettos of South Philadelphia to Pennsylvania State University and the University of Chicago and eventually to over 45 years on faculty at Yale. It has been a journey that I could never have anticipated and that has given me a sense of the unpredictability of psychological development. We all evolve in an open system and a significant portion of the variance of the outcome is determined by fate. But much is also determined by the ability to recognize opportunities and the willingness to take chances and to work hard when opportunities arise. As I reflect on my career of over 50 years, I have been delighted that I opted for a career as a clinical psychologist because it has provided me with opportunity to develop clinical skills and to combine these skills with scholarship and research. While I take considerable satisfaction in the recognition that my contributions have re...
Acoustic and Mechanical Properties of Renal Calculi: Implications in Shock Wave Lithotripsy*

The acoustic and mechanical properties of renal calculi dictate how a stone interacts with the mechanical forces produced by shock wave lithotripsy; thus, these properties are directly related to t...
Discussion of “Information and Liquidity”

I discuss the model of asset liquidity by Lester, Postlewaite, and Wright (2011, this issue, Forthcoming). I consider a model with bilateral matching and bargaining in which a perfectly divisible asset serves as means of payment. A recognizability problem is introduced by assuming that the asset can be counterfeited at a positive cost. In contrast to Lester, Postlewaite, and Wright, in equilibrium sellers always accept objects that they do not recognize. The private information problem manifests itself by smaller quantities traded in uninformed matches.
Graphite Furnace Modification for Second Surface Atomization

Preliminary results from a simple furnace modification are presented. A graphite condensation site has been located inside a commercial graphite furnace atomizer. Solution samples are deposited on the furnace wall and the analyte and other condensible species "distilled" to this site during a high temperature ash. During the atomization cycle, the analyte is revaporized from the "plug" into the higher temperature furnace environment. The plug is radiatively heated and can lag behind the wall temperature by more than 1000 K, thus providing atomization into a higher temperature environment which is more nearly isothermal. The heating program with analyte transfer permits extremely high ash temperatures to be used and offers the possibility of separating the analyte from gaseous, thermal decomposition products from the matrix. Additionally, distortions of the analytical absorbance signal caused by degradation in the pyrolytic surface of the furnace are minimized when atomization from the secondary surface is employed. Limits of detection for Ag, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Sn, and Zn are within a factor of 2 of values determined using wall atomization. Studies are presented on the interference of sulfate on Sn analysis. Improved peak height sensitivity and a decreased dependency on sulfate concentrations have been observed.
Osmol Gaps in the Pediatric Population

Objective: To define the osmol gap (OG) range in pediatric ED (PED) patients. Methods: This was a blinded, observational patient series involving an urban PED with an annual census of 35,000. All patients presenting to the Hasbro Children's Hospital Emergency Department who required electrolyte determination during their evaluations were enrolled into the study. Exclusionary criteria included the presence of urinary ketones, alcohol ingestion within the preceding 24 hours, or illnesses that are known to change serum osmolarity. Electrolytes, BUN, glucose, and freezing point depression osmolality were measured on a single serum specimen. Additional laboratory information included ethanol and anion gap. The OG was determined using each of three equations previously described in the literature (see Results). The best coefficients for sodium, BUN, and glucose were determined by multiple linear regression. Results: 192 children (90 girls, 102 boys) with a median age of 6.6 years (mean: 7.3 years; range: 7 days to 17.9 years) made up the study population. The mean measured osmolality (± SD) for the entire sample was 284.2 ± 6.9 mOsm/dL with a range of 265-311 mOsm/dL. Mean osmol gaps with standard deviations varied with the equation used for calculation. Conclusion: Regardless of the equation used, the range of “normal” osmol gaps in the pediatric population is approximately 22 mOsm.
DOMAIN STRUCTURE OF RAT 10-FORMYLTETRAHYDROFOLATE DEHYDROGENASE : RESOLUTION OF THE AMINO-TERMINAL DOMAIN AS 10-FORMYLTETRAHYDROFOLATE HYDROLASE

We expressed the NH2-terminal domain of the multidomain, multifunctional enzyme, 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (FDH), using a baculovirus expression system in insect cells. Expression of the 203-amino acid NH2-terminal domain (residues 1-203), which is 24-30% identical to a group of glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylases (EC 2.1.2.2), resulted in the appearance of insoluble recombinant protein apparently due to incorrect folding. The longer NH2-terminal recombinant protein (residues 1-310), which shares 32% identity with Escherichia coli L-methionyl-tRNA formyltransferase (EC 2.1.2.9), was expressed as a soluble protein. During expression, this protein was released from cells to the culture medium and was purified from the culture medium by 5-formyltetrahydrofolate-Sepharose affinity chromatography followed by chromatography on a Mono-Q column. We found that the purified NH2-terminal domain bears a folate binding site, possesses 10-formyltetrahydrofolate hydrolase activity, and exists as a monomer. Titration of tryptophan fluorescence showed that native FDH bound both the substrate of the reaction, 10-formyl-5, 8-dideazafolate, and the product of the reaction, 5,8-dideazafolate, with the same affinities as its NH2-terminal domain did and that both proteins bound the substrate with a 50-fold higher affinity than the product. Neither the NH2-terminal domain nor its mixture with the previously purified COOH-terminal domain had 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase activity. Formation of complexes between the COOH- and NH2-terminal domains also was not observed. We conclude that the 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase activity of FDH is a result of the action of the aldehyde dehydrogenase catalytic center residing in the COOH-terminal domain on the substrate bound in the NH2-terminal domain and that the intermediate domain is necessary to bring the two functional domains together in the correct orientation.
Numerical study of ground state and low lying excitations of quantum antiferromagnets

Abstract We have studied via Green Function Monte Carlo (GFMC) the S=1/2 Heisenberg quantum antiferromagnet in two dimensions on a square lattice. We obtain the ground state energy with only statistical errors E 0 /J= -0.6692(2), the staggered magnetization m†=0.31(2), and from the long wave length behavior of the structure factor, the spin wave velocity c/c O =1.14(5). We also show that the ground state wave function has long range pair correlations arising from the zero point motion of spin waves.
Analysis of a restriction endonuclease map for a rabbit papillomavirus DNA

A restriction endonuclease map was constructed for rabbit papillomavirus DNA. Analysis of the viral genome by cleavage with specific endonucleases, when compared with bovine papillomavirus types 1 and 2 genome maps, revealed similarities among the three genomes. A number of cleavage sites and their relative order on each genome were found to be conserved.
Sorption of heavy metals by untreated red fir sawdust

Equilibrium and rate relationships have been determined for the sorption of divalent copper (Cu2+) and hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) onto untreated Red Fir sawdust. For both ions, the equilibrium sorption levels were determined to be a function of the solution pH and temperature. The equilibrium adsorption capacity of the sawdust for Cu2+ was found to increase with increasing pH. However, for Cr6+ the sorption capacity increased with decreasing pH. For both ions, the rate of adsorption and the equilibrium adsorption capacity increased with temperature. The sorption capacity of α-cellulose was at least an order of magnitude less than the untreated sawdust.
The organization of acromiodeltoid and spinodeltoid motor nuclei in rat spinal cord

The retrograde intraaxonal transport of fluorescent dyes (10% Bisbenzimide or 2% Nuclear Yellow) was used to identify the motoneuron populations that control two prime movers of the rat shoulder joint, the acromiodeltoid (Ad) and spinodeltoid (Sd) muscles. The Ad and Sd motor nuclei were both comprised of an average 30-40 motoneurons distributed between spinal segments C5 and C7, in lateral regions of Rexed's lamina IX. Although there was considerable overlap among them, the center of the Ad motor nucleus was consistently located more rostral and medial than that for the Sd motor nucleus.
Change in the appearance of elastin in the lamina cribrosa of glaucomatous optic nerve heads

Elastin fibers in the lamina cribrosa of glaucoma eyes have a curled appearance when the tissue is fixed at atmospheric pressure. To evaluate the effect of preparation conditions on elastin appearance, we set the eye pressure at one of four levels during tissue fixation in 18 glaucoma and 16 normal eyes. Glaucomatous damage was associated with an abnormal appearance of elastin at each pressure level. The majority of glaucoma eyes (11/18) had curled elastin profiles. In glaucoma eyes with definite nerve damage, elastin was graded moderately or severely abnormal in 47% (7/15), while in normal controls the rate of similar curling was 6% (1/16). The severity of abnormal elastin appearance was lower in glaucoma eyes that were fixed and frozen at higher intraocular pressures, but the difference was not statistically significant.
Possibilities of steering the transportation planning process in the face of bounded rationality and unbounded uncertainty

Abstract This paper describes and discusses the possibilities of steering the transportation planning process in the face of bounded rationality and unbounded uncertainty: (a) through the introduction of the concept of ‘systemicity’; (b) by expanding the spectrum of the existing planning paradigm currently in use; (c) by reducing complexity through the application of tests of adequacy, dependency, suitability, and adaptability; (d) through the introduction of soft systems thinking; and (e) by using ‘abductive’ in addition to deductive and inductive inferencing. It is concluded that the application of these strategies, adjustments, and tests to the existing planning procedure will hopefully enrich and strengthen our planning effort and make it more robust.
Fate of the SpoIIID switch protein during Bacillus subtilis sporulation depends on the mother-cell sigma factor, σK

Sporulation of Bacillus subtilis involves the differentiation of two cell types, the mother cell and the forespore. Two key regulators of mother-cell gene expression are SpoIIID, a DNA-binding protein that activates or represses transcription of many different genes, and sigma K, a subunit of RNA polymerase that directs the enzyme to transcribe genes encoding proteins that form the spore coat. Previous studies showed that SpoIIID is needed to produce sigma K, but suggested that SpoIIID represses sigma K-directed transcription of genes encoding spore coat proteins. Here we show that a feedback loop connects the levels of sigma K and SpoIIID, such that production of sigma K leads to a decrease in the level of SpoIIID. The existence of the feedback loop was demonstrated by using antibodies prepared against SpoIIID to measure the level of SpoIIID during sporulation of wild-type cells, mutants defective in sigma K production, and a mutant engineered to produce sigma K earlier than normal. The feedback loop operates at the level of synthesis and/or stability of spoIIID mRNA, as demonstrated by measuring the level of spoIIID mRNA during sporulation of wild-type cells and mutants defective in sigma K production. Our results suggest that a rise in the level of sigma K during the stage (IV) of spore cortex formation causes a decrease in the level of SpoIIID, which, at least in part, establishes the switch to the stage V (spore coat formation) pattern of mother-cell gene expression.
Vowel‐inherent spectral change and the second‐language learner.

Because vowel inherent spectral change (VISC) is necessary for optimal identification of vowels by native English speakers, learners of English as a second language must acquire relevant information about VISC in order to achieve native-like levels of performance in both perception and production of vowels in English. This chapter reviews studies of both perception and production of VISC by learners of English as a second language, whose first language is Spanish, with either an earlier or later age of immersion in an English speaking environment. In perception, later learners of English appeared to rely more heavily on duration cues than monolinguals and early learners and, in some cases, to be less able to use VISC to discriminate near neighbors in the vowel space. In production, acoustic analyses were performed for American English vowels produced by participants in each group. The data are examined in terms of the degree of separation achieved by each talker group across the course of the vowel, as represented by three time points (20, 50 and 80 % of vowel duration). Additional analyses of productions by the most and least intelligible talkers in each group were used to explore individual talkers’ strategies for using VISC to distinguish neighbor vowels from one another.
Generation Units and the Student Protest Movement in the United States: An Intra- and Intergenerational Analysis

The American student protest movement provides exceptional opportunities to observe how formative political experiences can affect intragenerational cleavages over the adult life span and how they may reflect on intergenerational continuities. Long-term national panel data from the high school class of 1965 and data from their parents and offspring are used here to exploit these opportunities. The results show that a sharp rift in political participation and attitudes emerged between protesters and non-protesters during the protest era, a rift that persists into mid-life and one that testifies to the conceptual utility of generation units. Continuities across the three lineage generations are demonstrated by the moderate similarities in the ideological and participative orientations that are associated with the protest status of the student generation.
Early assessment of processing strawberries for colour

It is possible to select strawberry cultivars that give a satisfactory, naturally coloured canned product as an alternative to the commercially dyed one. Spectrophotometric measurements of the syrup from cans, the canned fruit and fresh fruit were compared with visual scoring. A preliminary screening for colour based on visual assessment of fresh flesh colour is possible.
The Changing Influence of Interpersonal Perceptions on Marital Well-Being among Black and White Couples:

This study is the longitudinal extension of an earlier study of perceptions of conflict in the first year of marriage (Acitelli et al., 1993). In both studies, we examined the relative importance (to marital well-being) of partners' similarity and understanding of conflict styles. While the earlier study related perceptions of conflict in the first year with first year marital well-being, the present study related the same first year perceptions with third year marital well-being. Two important changes appearing in the findings for the third year compared to the first year are: (1) constructive acts appeared more important than destructive acts to third year marital well-being, whereas destructive acts were more predictive than constructive acts of first year marital well-being; and (2) the association of wives' understanding of husbands to third year marital well-being was positive for black couples and negative for white couples. This association was positive for both groups in the first year. Results a...
Self-organized Ribbons of Aligned Carbon Nanotubes

Self-organized long carbon nanotube ribbons consisting of aligned multiwalled carbon nanotubes is fabricated using a simple solvent evaporation technique. The geometry of the ribbons is extraordinarily regular with rectangular cross sections, with dimensions of about 50−100-μm wide, 4−12-μm thick, and 100-mm long. The ribbons could find use as electronic cables or in composite materials.
Third Symposium on Recent Crustal Movements

The Third Symposium on Recent Crustal Movements, sponsored by the International Association of Geodesy of IUGG, was held in Leningrad, USSR, from May 22 to 29, 1968. Organizers were J. D. Boulanger and J. A. Mescherikov. The term ‘recent’ cannot be defined precisely. In broad terms, recent crustal movements may be thought of as movements that are continuing into the present. It has long been known that continents have been uplifted and lowered in the past. In recent years it has become possible to observe displacements, horizontal as well as vertical, through measurements with instruments.
Superconductivity and acoustic plasmons in the two-dimensional electron gas.

We calculate the superconducting transition temperature T/sub c/ for the two-dimensional, two-component electron gas. We use an effective interaction which approximates vertex corrections by means of local-field factors, which are obtained self-consistently; this interaction includes but is not limited to the ''acoustic plasmon'' (AP) mode. The gap equation which gives T/sub c/ includes the full frequency dependence of the interaction. We find two main results: (i) the T/sub c/'s obtained are low (mK); (ii) the AP itself essentially does not contribute to the pairing transition, which is rather due to low-frequency electron-hole pair excitations.
VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION AND BIOLOGY OF PELAGIC DECAPOD CRUSTACEANS OFF OREGON

ABSTRACT Collections with opening-closing midwater trawls to a depth of 2,400 m and with bottom trawls were used to describe the vertical distributions of pelagic crustaceans from the surface to the sea floor at 3,000 m off Oregon. Twenty-nine species of decapod shrimps, representing 14 genera, were captured. The number of species and individuals decreased with increased depth. Sergestes similis predominated in catches in the upper mesopelagic and epipelagic waters and comprised 74 percent of the individuals in the entire water column. Only four species exhibited definite diel vertical migrations (S. similis, Bentheogennema burkenroadi, Gennadas propinquus and Pasiphaea chacei). Most species, especially carids, were nonmigratory. Some depth stratification by size and sex was noted. The size of eggs brooded by female carids showed no consistent trend to increase with increasing depth for closely related species. Within the carids and penaeids, meso- to bathypelagic species have decreased egg number compared to epipelagic species; nevertheless within the carids, the number of eggs brooded per female was always highest for the deepest living species within a genus, which were also the largest sized species. Reproductive effort showed some trends with depth, but may also be influenced by other variables, such as available food resources.
Computed tomography of mediastinal cystic hygroma in an adult: case report and review of the literature.

Abstract Conventional and computed tomography findings in a cystic hygroma (lymphangioma) of the middle mediastinum in an adult are reported and compared with previously reported cases. The pertinent literature is reviewed
Arsenic inhibits SGK1 activation of CFTR Cl− channels in the gill of killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus

Abstract Seawater acclimation in killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus , is mediated in part by a rapid (1 h) translocation of CFTR Cl − channels from an intracellular pool to the plasma membrane in gill and increased CFTR-mediated Cl − secretion. This effect is mediated by serum and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1), which is stimulated by plasma hypertonicity rather than cortisol. Since arsenic exposure prevents acclimation to seawater by decreasing CFTR protein levels we tested the hypothesis that arsenic (as sodium arsenite) blocks acclimation to seawater by down regulating SGK1 expression. Freshwater adapted killifish were exposed to arsenic (48 h) and transferred to seawater containing arsenic, and SGK and CFTR expression were measured. Arsenic reduced the seawater induced increase in SGK1 mRNA and protein abundance, and reduced both the total amount of CFTR and the amount of CFTR in the plasma membrane. The decrease in membrane CFTR reduced Cl − secretion. Arsenic also increased the amount of ubiquitinated CFTR and its degradation by the lysosome. Thus, we propose a model whereby arsenic reduces the ability of killifish to acclimate to seawater by blocking the seawater induced increase in SGK1, which results in increased ubiquitination and degradation of CFTR.
Copolymers of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Densely Grafted with Poly(ethylene oxide) as High-Performance Separation Matrix of DNA

Two high molecular weight copolymers of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) densely grafted with short poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) chains (PNIPAM-g-PEO) were studied by NMR and laser light scattering. The long PNIPAM chains with densely grafted PEO branches had a random coil conformation at very dilute concentrations and low temperatures (i.e., T ≤ 30 °C), When the temperature was increased above 31 °C, the copolymers could undergo a broad coil-to-globule transition. The collapsed copolymer chains had a / value of about 1.0 with PNIPAM chains inside the core and the hydrophilic PEO chains on the surface. This kind of PNIPAM-g-PEO copolymers was studied as a DNA separation medium in capillary electrophoresis. Several advantages of the copolymers as a separation medium for DNA fragments were achieved, such as an automatic coating ability for the capillary inner wall, an easier injection into the capillary channel due to the slightly adjustable viscosity with temperature (up to 31 °C), a high resolution (i.e., one base pair resolution), and fast separation time. In contrast, the homo-PNIPAM or PEO showed worse DNA separation efficiency under similar conditions. The high DNA separation efficiency of the PNIPAM-g-PEO copolymers is related to the polymer chain conformation. The long copolymer chains in a random coil conformation with densely grafted PEO branches could form a physical network with a relatively stable and uniform pore size at high concentrations (i.e., ≥10 wt %). The separation medium has a high sieving ability for DNA separation in terms of DNA migration mechanisms. The collapsed copolymer chains in the globule state could destroy the chain network and thus lose the DNA separation ability.
Meta-analysis of Histopathological Features of Primary Colorectal Cancers that Predict Lymph Node Metastases

Treatment decisions for colorectal cancer vary based on lymph node status. While some histopathological features of the primary tumor correlate with lymph node spread, the relative influences of these risk factors are not well quantified. This study aims to systematically review published studies relating histopathological features of primary colorectal cancer to the presence of lymph node metastases and to determine how reliable certain factors might be at predicting nodal metastasis when only the primary lesion is available for study. Inclusive literature search using EMBASE and Ovid MEDLINE databases plus manual reference checks of all articles correlating lymphatic spread with colorectal cancer (any T stage) from 1984 to mid-2008 was performed. This search generated two levels of screening utilized on 602 citations, yielding 123 articles for full review. Data reported from 76 articles were chosen. The relative influence of each histopathological feature on the likelihood of lymphatic metastases was determined. Fixed-effects meta-analysis was performed, and results were reported as Mantel–Haenszel odds ratios (OR). Of 42 histopathological features analyzed, only 40.4% were reported in >2 articles. The positive predictive values for the top quartile of most frequently reported risk factors were 25.5–86.4%. Among the commonly reported histopathological findings, lymphatic invasion (OR, 8.62) significantly outperformed tumor depth (T2 vs. T1; OR, 2.62) and overall differentiation (OR, 2.38) in predicting nodal spread. For the rectal cancer subset, risk factors differed from the overall colorectal group in predictive ability; poor differentiation at the invasive front (OR, 6.08) and tumor budding (OR, 5.82) were the most predictive. This literature search is limited by the small number of studies examining only rectal cancers and the potential changes in histological and/or surgical techniques over the study period. No single histopathological feature of colorectal cancer reliably predicted lymph node metastases. Several risk factors that correlate highly with nodal disease are not routine components of standard pathology reports. Until further research establishes histopathological or molecular patterns for predicting lymph node spread, caution should be exercised when basing treatment decisions solely on these factors.
Follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma: long-term results of stem-cell transplantation.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation is an effective treatment option for follicular lymphoma. This review summarizes recent updates of the literature focusing on the available long-term follow-up of high-dose therapeutic approaches. RECENT FINDINGS Autologous transplantation can prolong overall survival in relapsed disease and can extend progression-free survival in first remission. With more than 10 years of follow-up, the survival curves demonstrate a plateau indicating a potential cure in certain patients. Use of allogeneic transplantation may result in cure as well, but has been plagued by high treatment-related mortality rates when myeloablative conditioning is used. The decreased toxicity of reduced-intensity conditioning is more applicable to the older follicular lymphoma population, but long-term follow-up data are lacking. SUMMARY For selected patients, both autologous and allogeneic transplantation offer the possibility of prolonged survival and can result in a cure in up to 25-45% of cases. It is unclear whether to incorporate monoclonal antibody or radioimmunoconjugate therapy. Stem-cell transplantation should at least be considered in patients younger than 60 years, possibly early in the disease course. Late consequences such as an increased risk of second malignancy may compromise this approach and close patient follow-up is essential.
Steam reforming of methanol over ceria and gold-ceria nanoshapes

In this work we have found that a small amount (∼1 at.%) of gold deposited on ceria nanorods exhibits excellent catalytic activity for the low-temperature steam reforming of methanol (SRM). Gold clusters (<1 nm, TEM invisible) dispersed on the {1 1 0} faces of ceria nanorods catalyze the reaction in a cooperative mechanism with ceria. Gold nanoparticles (∼3 nm) on the {1 0 0} surfaces of ceria nanocubes are inactive. The apparent activation energy of the SRM reaction on Au-ceria is ∼110 kJ mol−1. On the basis of TPSR/MS analysis, we determined that the SRM reaction on Au-ceria involves methanol dehydrogenation, methyl formate hydrolysis and formic acid decomposition steps to produce CO2 and H2. Better than 97% catalyst selectivity to CO2 was found over the temperature range from 175 to 250 °C. In the presence of methanol, the water–gas shift (WGS) reaction is suppressed and is not part of the mechanism at temperatures below 250 °C. The SRM stability of the Au-ceria system is good for practical application of this type catalyst.
Practical applications of multimodal NDT data

Today's powerful computer workstations enable multimodal nondestructive testing (NDT) to be used for such practical applications as detecting and evaluating defects in structures. Radiography (x ray) and ultrasonics (UT) are examples of two different nondestructive tests, or modalities, which measure characteristics of materials and structures without affecting them. Traditionally, NDT produced an analog result, such as an image on x-ray film, which was difficult to review, interpret, and store. New and more powerful digital NDT techniques, such as industrial x-ray computed tomography (CT), produce digital output that is readily amenable to computerized analysis and storage. Computers are now available with sufficient memory and performance to support interactive processing of digital NDT data sets, which can easily exceed 100 megabytes. Numerous data sets can be stored on small, inexpensive tape cassettes. Failure Analysis Associates, Inc. (FaAA) has developed software-based techniques for using NDT to identify defects in structures. These techniques are also used to visualize the NDT data and to analyze the structural integrity of parts containing NDT-detected defects. FaAA's approach employs state-of-the-art scientific visualization and computer workstation technology. For some types of materials, such as advanced composites, data from different NDT modalities are needed to locate different types of defects. Applications of this technology include assessment of impact damage in composite aerospace structures, investigation of failed assemblies, and evaluation of metallic casting defects.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Review of Proton Pump Inhibitor Overuse in the US Veteran Population

Objective: A growing body of evidence provides proof that proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are overused in the general population and that such use is associated with adverse risks and unnecessary costs. Our objective was to systematically evaluate PPI overuse in the veteran population. Data Sources: A literature search using MEDLINE and CINHAL databases (1946-December 2014) was performed using the search term proton pump inhibitors coupled with each of the following key words: inappropriate use, misuse, and overuse. Searches were limited to studies and reviews in English language and human subjects. Additional references were identified from a review of literature citations. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All articles that centrally addressed the issue of PPI overuse were evaluated, following the PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews. Data were extracted into Microsoft Excel 2013. Articles that focused on the pediatric or non-US veteran populations were excluded. Data Synthesis: Among 30 articles i...