cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Saturation Effects in High-Field Superconducting Magnets

It appears desirable to surround a high-field superconducting dipole magnet with an iron shield. This gives about 45% more magnetic field for the same total current, and reduces the stored energy considerably. The leakage magnetic field is also reduced. Saturation of the iron shield at high fields introduces sextupole fields in the median plane which, although small, can introduce serious nonlinear effects in the particle orbits. The size of the sextupole fields can be reduced by proper choice of the thickness of the iron shield. Computer studies have shown that there exists an iron shield thickness which will make the sextupole field vanish at a particular field. This critical thickness of the iron shield is not too far from presently considered thicknesses which are based on other considerations.
Arctic Peoples and Beyond: research opportunities in neuroscience and behaviour

OBJECTIVES: Arctic and northern peoples are spread across Alaska, Canada, Russia and the Scandinavian countries. Inhabiting a variety of ecosystems, these 4 million residents include Indigenous populations who total about 10% of the population. Although Arctic peoples have very diverse cultural and social systems, they have health issues related to environmental impacts and knowledge/treatment disparities that are common to other minority and Indigenous peoples around the world. Research that explores the neuroscience and behavioural aspects of these health disparities offers challenges and significant opportunities. As the next generation of neuroscientists enter the field, it is imperative that they view their contributions in terms of translational medicine to address health disparities. STUDY DESIGN: A workshop was designed to bring neuroscientists together to report on the current directions of neuroscience research and how it could impact health disparities in the North. This workshop produced research recommendations for the growth of neuroscience in the North. METHODS: On May 31, 2006 the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, the Burroughs Wellcome Foundation, the Arctic Division of AAAS and the University of Alaska co-sponsored a workshop entitled "Arctic Peoples and Beyond: Decreasing Health Disparities through Basic and Clinical Research." Also, the role and goals of the International Union for Circumpolar Health (IUCH) were presented at the meeting. RESULTS: A set of recommendations related to research opportunities in neuroscience and behaviour research and ways to facilitate national and international partnerships were developed. CONCLUSIONS: These recommendations should help guide the development of future health research in circumpolar neuroscience and behaviour. They provide ideas about research support and informational exchange that will address health challenges. Keywords: behaviour; brain disease; health disparity research; international collaboration; SIDS; stroke (Int J Circumpolar Health 2007; 66(3):264-275)
Estimation of soil thermal properties using in-situ temperature measurements in the active layer and permafrost

A variational data assimilation algorithm is developed to reconstruct thermal properties, porosity, and parametrization of the unfrozen water content for fully saturated soils. The algorithm is tested with simulated synthetic temperatures. The simulations are performed to determine the robustness and sensitivity of algorithm to estimate soil properties from in-situ high resolution-in-time temperature records in the active layer, and once-a-year measurements in a relatively deep borehole. The algorithm is applied to estimate soil properties at several sites along the Dalton Highway. The presented approach is quite general and can be applied to many problems requiring finding an optimal set of soil properties, and uncertainties in found values.
Accuracy and stability improvements of integral equation models using the partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) approach

The partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) technique is a formulation which transforms an electric field integral equation (EFIE) into a full-wave equivalent circuit solution. In this paper, improvements are made to the PEEC model through the development of a refined method of computing both the partial inductances as well as the coefficients of potential. The method does not increase the number of unknowns. In addition, damping is added to the PEEC model in order to further reduce nonphysical resonances which may occur above the useful frequency range, The observations and solutions presented in this paper are especially important for time domain solvers. The effectiveness of the method is illustrated with several examples.
Physiologic and Anatomic Effects of Propylthiouracil on Normal and Hypertensive Rats

The antithyroid drug propylthiouracil prevented or removed the hypertension associated with bilateral kidney encapsulation with latex envelopes. This effect did not appear to be the result of hypofunction of the adrenal glands. Propylthiouracil reduced growth rate in young rats and caused weight loss in adult rats. The latter effect appeared to be true tissue loss because water contents of heart, kidney, testes, liver, psoas, aorta and adrenal were unaffected. Administration of propylthiouracil for 7 to 19 weeks tended to reduce heart weight to body weight ratio as well as the ratio of kidney weight to body weight in both control and "encapsulated" rats. However, ratios of organ weight to body weight in the cases of thyroid, testes and eyes were larger than those of untreated control rats. In addition to its antihypertensive effect, propylthiouracil treatment of encapsulated rats also prevented the appearance of certain other manifestations of hypertension usually accompanying kidney encapsulation.
A database of alkali metal-containing peptide cross sections: Influence of metals on size parameters for specific amino acids

Ion mobility/mass spectrometry techniques have been used to generate a cross section database containing 1772 entries (147 singly-, 1325 doubly-, and 300 triply-charged) for protonated and alkalated tryptic peptide ions. Such a large number of values make it possible to assess the influence of alkali metal cations [where the cation (M+) corresponds to Li+ ,N a + ,K + ,o r Cs +] on peptide ion conformation. Peptide ion sizes generally increase with increasing cation size relative to the respective singly- or doublyprotonated species. Intrinsic size parameters for individual amino acid residues for alkali [Pep+M+H] 2+
The OI(¹S) state: Its quenching by O2 and formation by the dissociative recombination of vibrationally excited O2 + ions

The rate coefficient for the quenching of metastable O(1S) atoms by O2 was measured as a function of temperature from 250 to 550 K. The resulting Arrhenius expression correlates well with previous laboratory work. It is suggested that the much larger value of the rate coefficient inferred from an analysis of artificial auroral experiment, Precede, may be explained by overestimation of the contribution of O(1S) production from O2(+) dissociative recombination. The possibility that O(1S) atoms are produced only by the dissociative recombination of vibrationally excited O2(+) ions is examined; such excited ions would not exist in the Precede experiment because of the rapid cooling of the ions by resonant charge transfer processes.
Two gene clusters coordinate galactose and lactose metabolism in Streptococcus gordonii

Streptococcus gordonii is an early colonizer of the human oral cavity and an abundant constituent of oral biofilms. Two tandemly arranged gene clusters, designated lac and gal, were identified in the S. gordonii DL1 genome, which encode genes of the tagatose pathway (lacABCD) and sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) enzyme II permeases. Genes encoding a predicted phospho-β-galactosidase (LacG), a DeoR family transcriptional regulator (LacR), and a transcriptional antiterminator (LacT) were also present in the clusters. Growth and PTS assays supported that the permease designated EII(Lac) transports lactose and galactose, whereas EII(Gal) transports galactose. The expression of the gene for EII(Gal) was markedly upregulated in cells growing on galactose. Using promoter-cat fusions, a role for LacR in the regulation of the expressions of both gene clusters was demonstrated, and the gal cluster was also shown to be sensitive to repression by CcpA. The deletion of lacT caused an inability to grow on lactose, apparently because of its role in the regulation of the expression of the genes for EII(Lac), but had little effect on galactose utilization. S. gordonii maintained a selective advantage over Streptococcus mutans in a mixed-species competition assay, associated with its possession of a high-affinity galactose PTS, although S. mutans could persist better at low pHs. Collectively, these results support the concept that the galactose and lactose systems of S. gordonii are subject to complex regulation and that a high-affinity galactose PTS may be advantageous when S. gordonii is competing against the caries pathogen S. mutans in oral biofilms.
Covalent Small‐Molecule–RNA Complex Formation Enables Cellular Profiling of Small‐Molecule–RNA Interactions

Won't let you go! A strategy is described to design small molecules that react with their cellular RNA targets. This approach not only improves the activity of compounds targeting RNA in cell culture by a factor of about 2500 but also enables cell-wide profiling of its RNA targets.
Phase-Locked Loop Pull-In Range

In this paper the derivation of a general equation for the pull-in range of a phase-locked loop is outlined. The equation is applied to a typical third-order loop, and algebraic results are derived in terms of the loop dc gain and network break frequencies. Expressions are given for the second-order terms which are usually neglected, so that an evaluation of the accuracy of results can be made.
Numerical study of active mode locking with hybrid lasers

Summary form only given. In active mode locking of a laser, there exists a dispersion limited, maximum lockable bandwidth of a Gaussian pulse for a given modulation strength. For a narrow band, homogeneously broadened laser the mode-locked pulse bandwidth is much smaller due to the strong gain narrowing effect. Inhomogeneously broadened lasers do not suffer from gain narrowing, and consequently only partially coherent pulses can be obtained. It has been demonstrated in an actively mode-locked hybrid Nd:YLF and Nd:phosphate glass laser that by using two different laser media in one cavity one can obtain broader mode-locked bandwidth than by using the homogeneously broadened medium (Nd:YLF) alone, while phase coherence is ensured as well. In this paper we present the results of a numerical study of active mode locking with hybrid lasers.
Low Power Laser Irradiation Stimulates the Proliferation of Adult Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells in Culture

We investigated the effects of low power laser irradiation on the proliferation of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Adult human RPE cells were artificially pigmented by preincubation with sepia melanin, and exposed to a single sublethal laser pulse (590 nm, 1 μs, <200 mJ/cm2). DNA synthesis, cell number, and growth factor activity in irradiated RPE cells were subsequently monitored. The effect of sublethal laser irradiation on the “wound” healing response of an RPE monolayer in an in vitro scratch assay was also investigated. Single pulsed laser irradiation increased DNA synthesis in pigmented RPE cells measured 6 h post-treatment. In the scratch assay, laser irradiation increased the rates of cell proliferation and wound closure. Conditioned medium, collected 48 h following laser treatment, increased cell proliferation of unirradiated cells. Irradiation increased RPE cell secretion of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-B chain, and increased mRNA levels of several growth factors and their receptors, including PDGF, transforming growth factor-β1, basic fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor, insulin-like growth factor, as well as heat shock proteins. This demonstrates, for the first time, that low power single pulsed laser irradiation stimulates the proliferation of RPE cells, and upregulates growth factors that are mitogenic for RPE cells.
The influence of strain on the small signal gain and lasing threshold of GaInAs/GaAs and GaAs/GaInAlAs strained-layer quantum well lasers

Results of calculations on how band-structure changes introduced by strain affect the gain spectra in multi-quantum-well (MQW) lasers are presented. Reduction of threshold injection as well as increased TE mode emission occurs for the compressive-strain case. In tensile strain the thresholds for TE and TM modes approach each other. Experimental studies on the compressive-strain laser structures show that the spontaneous and lasing spectra shift to longer wavelengths, the threshold current density is reduced, and a more rapid rise of gain with increased injection occurs. The output spectrum shifted from the 959-962 nm range for the GaInAs devices with 20% In to the 1033.5-1041.0-nm range for devices with 30% In. The threshold current density decreased with increasing strain, as expected from the theory. The modal gain of the devices and the peak modal gain were shown to rise very quickly with increased injection. This qualitatively agrees with the expected decrease in hole density of states brought about by strain, which could cause the hole states to be more rapidly filled and result in a more rapid rise in the material gain. >
PASSIVE SMOKING AND LUNG CANCER

Questions about the smoking habits of parents and spouses were asked in a case-control study involving 1338 lung cancer patients and 1393 comparison subjects in Louisiana, USA. Non-smokers married to heavy smokers had an increased risk of lung cancer, and so did subjects whose mothers smoked. There was no association between lung cancer risk and paternal smoking. The association with maternal smoking was found only in smokers and persisted after controlling for variables indicative of active smoking. It is not clear whether the results reflect a biological effect associated with maternal smoking or the inability to control adequately for confounding factors related to active smoking. This preliminary finding deserves further investigation.
A Constructive Incremental Learning Algorithm for Binary Classification Tasks

This paper presents i-AA1*, a constructive, incremental learning algorithm for a special class of weightless, self-organizing networks. In i-AA1*, learning consists of adapting the nodes' functions and the network's overall topology as each new training pattern is presented. Provided the training data is consistent, computational complexity is low and prior factual knowledge may be used to "prime" the network and improve its predictive accuracy. Empirical generalization results on both toy problems and more realistic tasks demonstrate promise.
Quantum dot infrared photodetectors: Advantages, challenges, and future research directions

Quantum dot infrared photodetectors (QDIPs) are positioned to become an important technology in the field of infrared (IR) detection, particularly for high-temperature, low-cost, high-yield detector arrays required for military applications. By addressing critical challenges inherent to epitaxial quantum dot (QD) material systems, the performance and applicability of QDIPs will continue to improve. In particular, three main approaches to combat epitaxial growth challenges and to obtain state-of-the-art performance in QDIPs are presented. First, epitaxial growth techniques designed to obtain uniform dopant incorporation in QD ensembles are reviewed. Second, bandgap engineering in QD heterostructures is presented as a tool to control device performance. Third, innovative photonic structures are discussed as a technique to increase and control absorption of incident IR radiation in QDIP heterostructures. Finally, preliminary investigations of a fundamentally different QD material system, namely colloidal QDs, are presented as a future direction of QDIP research.
Analysis in limbo? Contemporary chinese politics amid the maturation of Reform

Chinese economic and political development have forged ahead ”from stone to stone in crossing the river,” increasingly aleatory in its progress as it moves into deeper waters. We contend in this essay that the analysis of Chinese politics has so too fallen into a sort of limbo. There is no longer a ”key link”-such as Marxism-Leninism-Mao Zedong Thought, politics in command, or class struggle-to explain the movement's direction. Despite the resurgent vitality of the transformation overtaking the country, the precise source and thrust of that dynamism has diversified and become far less obvious. The field of Chinese political analysis has changed and grown as China has changed and grown, becoming increasingly polycentric, ambiguous, and sophisticated.
Learning How Regularly to Improve Our Capacity to Meet the Challenges of Asian and Pacific Islander Re-Entry

Without in any way ignoring the magnitude of the challenges faced by African American and Latino communities or the deep alterations we must make in how we conceive of and implement criminal justice, we at The Center for Community Problem Solving cannot imagine how anyone can rest comfortable knowing as little as we currently do about Asians and Pacific Islanders. And, in light of how little we know, we cannot picture how any institution or individual can readily claim effectiveness in dealing with Asian and Pacific Islander re-entry problems.
An experimental study of the microwave performance and limitations of the Tektronix discrete prototype heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT)

An Experimental Study of the Microwave Performance and Limitations of the Tektronix Discrete Prototype Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor (HBT) James W. Mattern, M.S. Oregon Graduate Center, 1989 Supervising Professor: V. S. Rao Gudimetla This report will show that the hybrid-x model representing the operation of simple bipolar transistors is an adequate model for the Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor. The equivalent circuit model based on the hybrid-x model, will be first, estimated from the physics of the device, tuned by analysis of microwave data from 45 MHz to 15 GHz and finally optimized to extract the individual circuit elements described by the hybrid-x model. The model will show that the element parameters of the HBT structure can be extracted from the microwave S parameter data.
A STUDY OF THE KYPHOTIC SPINAL COLUMN

1. This study is subsequent to two others upon which it is based. 2. It is an effort to analyze quantitatively the vertebral centra of kyphotic columns which have not yet developed fusion of successive centra or otherwise become pathologically modified. 3. We have not found congenital anomalies necessarily associated with kyphosis, nor have we found such columns presenting age features in advance of their years. 4. Although some columns do become markedly kyphotic even during the fourth decade, the deformity is more rarely found below sixty years than in greater age. 5. Kyphotic columns, again, are potentially long columns, though we would not imply that there is any necessary connection between these two features. 6. The analysis of summated lengths of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions is equivocal, whether ventral vertical or dorsal vertical height of centrum is measured. The anomaly must be sought locally. 7. The exaggerated curvature of the kyphotic columns tends to express itself most clearly in the sixth and seventh thoracic vertebrae. 8. Compensatory lordosis of the lower column involves one vertebra more than the normal ventral convexity comprises, namely the first lumbar. 9. The lumbar lordosis is far from compensatory for the thoracic kyphosis.
Signaling to a Network of Consumers

A firm’s choices can shape patterns of consumer communication about its product. This paper examines the problem for a firm that can both set price and target sales when selling a product of hidden, exogenous quality over two sales rounds to consumers who share information locally with their neighbors in their social network. Traditional quality signaling games emphasize ‘money-burning’ equilibria, in which the high-quality firm can take some costly action to signal its type to consumers. Here, this involves the firm giving away its product to strategically chosen, highly visible consumers. However, there also exist equilibria in which the high-quality firm forgoes costly signaling, instead restricting and strategically locating early sales such that communication across the network will reveal its quality following an initial pooling period. The high-quality firm does better in such equilibria than by signaling, and for a natural refinement of the equilibrium notion these are the only equilibria of the game. More generally, in all equilibria satisfying the Intuitive Criterion, the number of sales in the first sales round is bounded above by the network graph's domination number, which is the smallest number that allows communication to reveal type to all other consumers.
Ideological Realignment and the Primacy of Symbolic Ideology

Over the last several decades, scholars have noted a strengthening link between ideology and party identification among the public, but the causal direction of this phenomenon remains contested. Th...
Mending a Broken Heart: The Role of Sarcospan in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy–Associated Cardiomyopathy

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most severe and most common form of X‐linked muscular diseases. It has been known for over 25 years that DMD is caused by a gene mutation leading to the near total absence of functional dystrophin protein. Transcription of the gene is controlled by 3
Cardiac Irregularities and Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Ictal and peri-ictal heart rate (HR) abnormalities in 20 children and adolescents with medically refractory symptomatic temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) were investigated at the University Hospital Vienna, Austria.
The University of Mexico and the Revolution, 1910-1940

Conflict between revolution and academia, between the activist and the scholar, is probably inevitable. At times when urgent demands for radical change threaten the very fabric of a society, when popular violence and ideological bitterness question all traditions, a university becomes especially vulnerable. As an institution dedicated to preserving the cultural inheritance of the past, a haven for the calm, deliberate pursuit of truth, the university in the midst of revolution must choose whether to adhere to its traditional role, or to become an active partner of social change, promulgating new ideologies and providing practical training for revolutionary leaders. During the Mexican Revolution of 1910, the popular image of a university as a refuge for the privileged and wealthy added to a long history of the conscious use of education to promote a prescribed set of values to make the National University particularly controversial. Dedicated only two months before the Revolution erupted, the new institution found itself under immediate pressure to become “revolutionary” in a society that had little patience for scholarly aloofness.
High Temporal Resolution Measurements of Dopamine with Carbon Nanotube Yarn Microelectrodes

Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) can detect small changes in dopamine concentration; however, measurements are typically limited to scan repetition frequencies of 10 Hz. Dopamine oxidation at carbon-fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs) is dependent on dopamine adsorption, and increasing the frequency of FSCV scan repetitions decreases the oxidation current, because the time for adsorption is decreased. Using a commercially available carbon nanotube yarn, we characterized carbon nanotube yarn microelectrodes (CNTYMEs) for high-speed measurements with FSCV. For dopamine, CNTYMEs have a significantly lower ΔEp than CFMEs, a limit of detection of 10 ± 0.8 nM, and a linear response to 25 μM. Unlike CFMEs, the oxidation current of dopamine at CNTYMEs is independent of scan repetition frequency. At a scan rate of 2000 V/s, dopamine can be detected, without any loss in sensitivity, with scan frequencies up to 500 Hz, resulting in a temporal response that is four times faster than CFMEs. While the oxidation current is...
Study the relationship between serum HBeAg,HBsAg and HBVDNA concentration in HBsAg positive mothers

Objective To study the relationship between serum HBeAg,HBsAg and HBVDNA concentration in HBsAg positive mothers.Method Quantitative measurement of serum HBV-DNA(with m2000) and HBeAg(with Architect i2000) were performed in 892 HBsAg positive mothers.Results In the HBeAg positive samples,the positive percentage of HBVDNAw was 95.62%,and in the HBeAg negative samples,the positive percentage of HBVDNAw was 30.08%,which showed a significant difference(p0.05) between two groups.The concentration of HBV-DNA was also of significant difference between the two groups(p0.05).In the different concentration of HBV-DNA groups,both HBeAg and HBsAg show significant difference(p0.05).With the increase of HBV-DNA,the HBeAg and HBsAg were increasing.Conclusion The relationship between serum HBeAg,HBsAg and HBV-DNA concentration are the positive correlation in HBsAg positive mothers without antiviral treatment,HBsAg can act as an indictor for HBV replicative status.
Ecofriendly syntheses of phenothiazones and related structures facilitated by laccase – a comparative study

Abstract The biocatalytic synthesis of phenothiazones and related compounds has been achieved in an aqueous system under mild conditions facilitated by laccase oxidation. It was found that by coupling 2-aminothiophenol directly with 1,4-quinones, the product yields could be significantly increased compared to generating the 1,4-quinones in situ from the corresponding hydroquinones via laccase oxidation. However, laccase still proved to be pivotal for achieving highest product yields by catalyzing the final oxidation step. Furthermore, a difference in reactivity of aromatic and aliphatic amines toward 1,4-naphthoquinone is observed. This study provides a sustainable approach to the synthesis of a biologically important class of compounds.
VLnsight: enabling open innovation in networked vehicle sensing and control

Transforming traditional single-vehicle-based safety and efficiency control, networked VSC is expected to be a basic element of addressing the challenges for safety and sustainability of road transportation. However, vehicles remain largely as black boxes to researchers and application developers, and open source platforms for evaluating networked VSC solutions at high-fidelity and scale are still lacking. To exploit the potential of networked VSC, we develop the research infrastructure VInsight, which provides basic building blocks for gaining insight into vehicle internals and for enabling high-fidelity, at-scale evaluation of networked VSC solutions. More specifically, VInsight integrates the OpenXC vehicular sensing platform into the Global Environment for Network Innovations (GENI). VInsight deploys a WiMAX research network for integrating high-fidelity real-world vehicular sensing with at-scale ns-3 emulation in the GENI cloud computing facilities, and VInsight develops WiMAX measurement tools for understanding WiMAX link characteristics and driving high-fidelity emulation of networked VSC systems.1 The WiMAX network of VInsight also enables immediate applications such as campus safety patrol; this synergy with opt-in users enables the permanent deployment of VInsight for open innovation in networked VSC systems, thus helping develop solutions to address the grand challenges of road transportation today.
QoS performance in IP over PetaWeb optical network

The dramatic growth of the Internet traffic and corresponding specific IP service requirements motivate the Internet service providers, network equipment manufacturers, and researchers not only to focus on scalability and cost effectiveness of the next generation optical network architecture design, but also on the need to provide assured quality of service (QoS) for Internet applications. We address the issues of supporting the QoS in one alternative optical network called PetaWeb network, proposed by Nortel Networks. PetaWeb is based on the use of adaptive core and edge switches, which can accommodate traffic fluctuations through reconfiguration of channels periodically. In order to achieve end-to-end QoS over PetaWeb network, a QoS-aware edge node and QoS-aware channel allocation algorithm come in consideration. This increases the effective capacity of the network, reduces packet loss and packet delay, so satisfying the desired services. Simulations are also implemented to evaluate and verify the network QoS performance.
Transition metal-nitrogen-carbon catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in neutral electrolyte

Platinum group metal-free (PGM-free) catalysts based on M-N-C types of materials with M as Mn, Fe, Co and Ni and aminoantipyrine (AAPyr) as N-C precursors were synthesized using sacrificial support method. Catalysts kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was studied using rotating ring disk electrode (RRDE) in neutral pH. Results showed that performances were distributed among the catalysts as: Fe-AAPyr > Co-AAPyr > Mn-AAPyr > Ni-AAPyr. Fe-AAPyr had the highest onset potential and half-wave potential. All the materials showed similar limiting current. Fe-AAPyr had an electron transfer involving 4e− with peroxide formed lower than 5%. Considering H2O2 produced, it seems that Co-AAPyr, Mn-AAPyr and Ni-AAPyr follow a 2 × 2e− mechanism with peroxide formed during the intermediate step. Durability test was done on Fe-AAPyr for 10,000 cycles. Decrease of activity was observed only after 10,000 cycles.
Bone Cell Mechanoresponsiveness

Improvements in health and nutrition have increased human longevity over the past centuries. Beneficial increases in lifespan, however, are met with novel degenerative and age-related diseases, including atherosclerosis and heart disease, sarcopenia, diabetes, and osteoporosis. The effects of aging upon the skeleton include anatomically heterogeneous involution, alterations in the composition of both the organic and mineral component of the matrix, and accumulation of microdamage. It has been suggested that the process of mechanotransduction within bone is also affected by aging. Within this chapter, we review the process of mechanotransduction in osteogenic cells, highlight those works that have examined age-related changes in mechanotransduction, and discuss mechanosensitive systems implicated in other tissues.
The Game of the "In" & "Out" Groups

Students (as vicarious employees) are introduced to an experiential exercise to help them learn about and understand the issues involved with "In" and "Out" groups in organizations. The purpose of the exercise is to help them to break down the barriers in the workplace, to enable them to better understand the ethical dangers of "inside" groups and insider information, as well as to better understand their own membership in an "In" and/or "Out" group. Participating in the exercise should help them better understand what impact being in an in-group or out-group will have on them in an organizational context.
Distinct Roles for Interfacial Hydration in Site-Specific DNA Recognition by ETS-Family Transcription Factors.

The ETS family of transcription factors is a functionally heterogeneous group of gene regulators that share a structurally conserved, eponymous DNA-binding domain. Unlike other ETS homologues, such as Ets-1, DNA recognition by PU.1 is highly sensitive to its osmotic environment due to excess interfacial hydration in the complex. To investigate interfacial hydration in the two homologues, we mutated a conserved tyrosine residue, which is exclusively engaged in coordinating a well-defined water contact between the protein and DNA among ETS proteins, to phenylalanine. The loss of this water-mediated contact blunted the osmotic sensitivity of PU.1/DNA binding, but did not alter binding under normo-osmotic conditions, suggesting that PU.1 has evolved to maximize osmotic sensitivity. The homologous mutation in Ets-1, which was minimally sensitive to osmotic stress due to a sparsely hydrated interface, reduced DNA-binding affinity at normal osmolality but the complex became stabilized by osmotic stress. Molecula...
Quantitative relationship between polarization differences and the zone-averaged shift photocurrent

A relationship is derived between differences in electric polarization between bands and the ``shift vector'' that controls part of a material's bulk photocurrent, then demonstrated in several models. Electric polarization has a quantized gauge ambiguity and is normally observed at surfaces via the surface charge density, while shift current is a bulk property and is described by shift vector gauge invariant at each point in momentum space. They are connected because the same optical transitions that are described in shift currents pick out a relative gauge between valence and conduction bands. We also discuss subtleties arising when there are points at the Brillouin zone where optical transitions are absent. We conclude that two-dimensional materials with significant interband polarization differences should have high bulk photocurrent, meaning that the modern theory of polarization can be used as a straightforward way to search for bulk photovoltaic material candidates.
Efficacy of nutritional interventions to lower circulating ceramides in young adults: FRUVEDomic pilot study.

The 2010 USDA Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) recommends a diet largely composed of fruit and vegetables. Consuming a diet high in fruit and vegetables and low in refined carbohydrates and saturated fat may reduce an individual's risk for type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, low-grade chronic inflammation, and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Several recent studies have implicated the bioactive sphingolipid ceramide as an associative and causative biomarker for the development of these conditions. Considering that the intake of fruit and vegetables is frequently inadequate in young adults, we performed a pilot investigation to assess the efficacy of a free-living fruit and vegetable intervention on overall metabolic health, circulating ceramide supply, and inflammatory status in young adults. We discovered that adoption of the recommended DGA for fruit and vegetable intake for 8 weeks decreased waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, and circulating cholesterol. Lipidomics analysis revealed that nutritional intervention can lower circulating ceramides, including C24:0 ceramide, a known inhibitor of insulin signaling. Unexpectedly, we observed an increase in C16:0 ceramide, suggesting that this form of ceramide in circulation is not associated with metabolic disease in humans. We also observed an improved inflammatory status with enhanced fruit and vegetable intake that was correlated with ceramide concentrations. These data suggest that adopting the recommended DGA is associated with a reduction of many, but not all, ceramide species and may help to prevent or mitigate MetS. Future research needs to assess whether the ceramide-lowering ability of nutritional intervention is associated with reduced risk of developing metabolic disease.
Exploring the origins of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction in MnSi

By using magnetization and small-angle neutron scattering measurements, we have investigated the magnetic behavior of the $\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{n}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{I}{\mathrm{r}}_{x}\mathrm{Si}$ system to explore the effect of increased carrier density and spin-orbit interaction on the magnetic properties of MnSi. We determine estimates of the spin wave stiffness and the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya (DM) interaction strength and compare with $\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{n}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{o}}_{x}\mathrm{Si}$ and $\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{n}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{F}{\mathrm{e}}_{x}\mathrm{Si}$. Despite the large differences in atomic mass and size of the substituted elements, $\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{n}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{o}}_{x}\mathrm{Si}$ and $\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{n}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{I}{\mathrm{r}}_{x}\mathrm{Si}$ show nearly identical variations in their magnetic properties with substitution. We find a systematic dependence of the transition temperature, the ordered moment, the helix period, and the DM interaction strength with electron count for $\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{n}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{I}{\mathrm{r}}_{x}\mathrm{Si},\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{n}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{o}}_{x}\mathrm{Si}$, and $\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{n}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{F}{\mathrm{e}}_{x}\mathrm{Si}$, indicating that the magnetic behavior is primarily dependent upon the additional carrier density, rather than on the mass or size of the substituting species. This indicates that the variation in magnetic properties, including the DM interaction strength, is primarily controlled by the electronic structure, as Co and Ir are isovalent. Our work suggests that although the rigid band model of electronic structure, along with Moriya's model of weak itinerant magnetism, describes this system surprisingly well, phenomenological models for the DM interaction strength are not adequate to describe this system.
What Is This Thing Called Education

Education exposes a conundrum that extends well beyond government policy and beyond those working in education as a designated discipline. If education is nothing more than a human science or the a...
The role of halogens in polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) in membrane gas separations

Abstract Halogenated polymers have emerged as interesting materials for membrane gas separation. Herein, we demonstrate that a combination of F and Cl substituents in polymers provide unexpectedly superior He/gas separation properties, as exemplified by polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE). PCTFE exhibits a He permeability of 26 Barrers at 35 °C and pure gas selectivity of He/H2, He/CO2, and He/CH4 of 6.2, 53, and 1100, respectively. These selectivity values are among the highest reported for polymers, and the separation performance is very close to the Robeson's upper bounds. The effect of crystallinity in PCTFE on gas transport properties is discussed, and the gas transport properties in PCTFE are compared with other polyethylene (PE) analogues such as PE, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The effect of F and Cl substituents on gas solubility is also elucidated using a variety of hydrocarbons and halogenated liquids. The F substituents lead to unexpectedly high He solubility and exhibit unfavorable interactions with H2 and CH4, while the Cl substituents increase solubility parameter and size-sieving ability, both of which contribute to the superior He/gas separation properties (particularly He/H2 and He/CH4). The understanding of the role of F and Cl substituents of polymers in gas transport properties can be useful in designing high performance polymers for membrane gas separation.
The Public Is Intellectual

This article is a discussion and critique of public intellectualism in the present. Rather than reify a self-aggrandized form of public intellectualism within academia that centers individualized i...
River network based characterization of errors in remotely sensed rainfall products in hydrological applications

The authors propose a hydrologic evaluation framework for gridded rainfall products. This framework makes use of the Spatial Stream Network (SSN) statistical method to provide spatial characterizat...
21 – Lung Cancer: Clinical Aspects

Chapter 21 builds on the discussion of lung cancer presented in Chapter 20 , and focuses on clinical aspects and treatment. Symptoms of lung cancer may be due to local disease, metastatic disease, or paraneoplastic syndromes, and specific examples of each are addressed. The clinical evaluation of lung cancer usually starts with radiographic imaging—chest x-rays, computed tomography, and sometimes positron emission tomography. Tissue sampling is required for definitive diagnosis. The principles of lung cancer staging and treatment are considered. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of bronchial carcinoid tumors, malignant mesothelioma, and the clinical problem of the solitary pulmonary nodule.
Use of Digital Computers in Defining Pharmacokinetic Parameters

Useful mathematical models of pharmacokinetic processes lead to complex equations. It is essential to obtain numerical solutions of these equations in order to use the predictions of these models in drug administration and to test various biochemical hypotheses. The digital computer is indispensable for these purposes and, indeed, its availability has drastically improved the opportunities for obtaining significant results through the use of mathematical techniques. In this paper we will discuss a number of techniques we have used over the last ten years, in collaboration with Jacquez, Kalaba, Roth, and others to study descriptive processes, control processes, and identification processes.
Breast Milk Jaundice

The occurrence of breast milk jaundice, or an exaggerated hyperbilirubinemia associated with breast milk, was first described by Arias and colleagues in 1963 (Arias, I., et al. 1963a, b, 1964a, b). The suggestion was made that the hyperbilirubinemia was a result of the presence of the steroid pregnane-3-20-diol in breast milk which acted to inhibit glucuronyl transferase, the bilirubin-conjugating enzyme.
Industrialists, inventors and the German patent system, 1877–1957: A comparative perspective

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a comparative analysis of industrialists, inventors, and the German patent. The chapter reveals that the modern German patent system came into existence in the last quarter of the 19th century in reaction to the perception of excessive authorial or inventor rights in French, British, and American patent law. The German system also anticipated systematic research and development (R&D) in the modern research laboratory. It was based on the so-called first-to-file system and it developed the concept of the “company invention” to deprive inventors, especially employee inventors, of any residual rights in their inventions. Inventor discontent resulted in numerous failed patent reform attempts that finally succeeded in the 1930s and early 1940s. The National Socialist regime made the company invention illegal, changed the theoretical underpinnings of the patent code to introduce the inventor's right principle, and adopted statutory inventor compensation. These reforms survived the Third Reich and became an integral part of the Federal Republic's consensus-based political economy.
Novel selective thiadiazine DYRK1A inhibitor lead scaffold with human pancreatic β-cell proliferation activity.

Abstract The Dual-Specificity Tyrosine Phosphorylation-Regulated Kinase 1A (DYRK1A) is an enzyme that has been implicated as an important drug target in various therapeutic areas, including neurological disorders (Down syndrome, Alzheimer's disease), oncology, and diabetes (pancreatic β-cell expansion). Current small molecule DYRK1A inhibitors are ATP-competitive inhibitors that bind to the kinase in an active conformation. As a result, these inhibitors are promiscuous, resulting in pharmacological side effects that limit their therapeutic applications. None are in clinical trials at this time. In order to identify a new DYRK1A inhibitor scaffold, we constructed a homology model of DYRK1A in an inactive, DFG-out conformation. Virtual screening of 2.2 million lead-like compounds from the ZINC database, followed by in vitro testing of selected 68 compounds revealed 8 hits representing 5 different chemical classes. We chose to focus on one of the hits from the computational screen, thiadiazine 1 which was found to inhibit DYRK1A with IC50 of 9.41 μM (Kd = 7.3 μM). Optimization of the hit compound 1, using structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis and in vitro testing led to the identification of potent thiadiazine analogs with significantly improved binding as compared to the initial hit (Kd = 71–185 nM). Compound 3–5 induced human β-cell proliferation at 5 μM while showing selectivity for DYRK1A over DYRK1B and DYRK2 at 10 μM. This newly developed DYRK1A inhibitor scaffold with unique kinase selectivity profiles has potential to be further optimized as novel therapeutics for diabetes.
Can they do it? A comparison of teacher candidates' beliefs and preschoolers' actual skills with digital technology and media

Abstract As digital technologies and media (DTM) are integrated into every facet of our lives, the knowledge and skills children bring to school is changing. It is unclear whether teacher candidates' beliefs about children's skills have kept pace with this change. To explore this issue, 43 children, ages 3–5, and 180 teacher candidates at a medium-sized Midwest research university were recruited. Teacher candidates' beliefs about preschoolers' DTM skills were compared with preschoolers' observed skills following an assessment protocol using an iPad. Findings indicated most preschoolers could complete 9 of the 12 iPad tasks without assistance, whereas teacher candidates frequently assumed that children would need assistance. Teacher candidates mis-estimated preschoolers' skills on 50% of iPad tasks. Findings confirmed that preschoolers can complete multiple tasks using DTM, which could be harnessed by teachers when creating developmentally appropriate learning experiences. The mismatch between teacher candidates' beliefs and children's skills suggests an area for improvement in teacher preparation programs and could be an indication that negative reports in popular media are more influential in shaping teacher candidates' beliefs than knowledge of children's actual DTM skills.
The gastrointestinal development \'parts list\': transcript profiling of embryonic gut development in wildtype and Ret-deficient mice

The development of the gut from endodermal tissue to an organ with multiple distinct structures and functions occurs over a prolonged time during embryonic days E10.5-E14.5 in the mouse. During this process, one major event is innervation of the gut by enteric neural crest cells (ENCC) to establish the enteric nervous system (ENS). To understand the molecular processes underpinning gut and ENS development, we generated RNA-seq profiles from wildtype mouse guts at E10.5, E12.5 and E14.5 from both sexes. We also generated these profiles from homozygous Ret null embryos, a model for Hirschsprung disease (HSCR), in whom the ENS is absent. These data reveal four major features: (1) between E10.5 to E14.5 the developmental genetic programs change from expression of major transcription factors (TF) and its modifiers to genes controlling tissue (epithelium, muscle, endothelium) specialization; (2) the major effect of Ret is not only on ENCC differentiation to enteric neurons but also on the enteric mesenchyme and epithelium; (3) a muscle genetic program exerts significant effects on ENS development, and (4) sex differences in gut development profiles are minor. The genetic programs identified, and their changes across development, suggests that both cell autonomous and non-autonomous factors, and interactions between the different developing gut tissues, are important for normal ENS development and its disorders.