cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cognitive component models for psychometric analogies: Conceptually driven versus interactive process models

Abstract Analogical problem solving, particularly with verbal analogies, has had a major role in shaping theories of intelligence and in providing measurements of it. A variety of cognitive models have been proposed. The models range from simple conceptually driven models, which have had excellent success for modeling laboratory analogies, to more complex interactive models, which are believed necessary to account for performance on psychometric analogies. Three experiments on psychometric analogies examine (1) the explanatory power of the simple conceptually driven models, and (2) the extent and nature of the interactive effects. A modified version of a conceptually driven model, which includes an interactive structural mapping component, was hypothesized to describe the pattern of results obtained from the experiments.
Estimation of the continuously varying Doppler effect

There are many applications for which it is important to resolve the location and motion of a target position. For the static situation in which a target transmitter and several receivers are not in motion, the target may be completely resolved by triangulation using relative time delays estimated by several receivers at known locations. These delays are normally estimated from the location of peaks in the magnitude of the cross-correlation function. For active radars, a transmitted signal is reflected by the target, and range and radial velocity are estimated from the delay and Doppler effects on the received signal. In this process, Doppler effects are conventionally modeled as a shift in frequency, and delay and Doppler are estimated from a cross-ambiguity function (CAF) in which delay and Doppler frequency shift are assumed to be independent and approximately constant. Delay and Doppler are jointly estimated as the location of the peak magnitude of the CAF plane. We present methods for accurately estimating delay for the static case and delay and the time-varying Doppler effects for non-static models, such as the radar model.
Sex-Ethnic Disparities in HIV-Related Hospitalization and Mortality in Florida

Purpose To determine the racial/ethnic-differences in characteristics of inpatients hospitalized for Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease/illness by gender and the correlates of HIV-related mortality in Florida. Methods A retrospective analyses of public use data from the Florida Agency for Health Care Administration (AHCA), 2001 was utilized. From the de-identified hospital discharge file, discharge records with primary diagnosis of HIV disease/illness using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Edition (ICD 9) code were included. There were 9,279 inpatient records with diagnoses of HIV disease or illness. However, 9,113 records that belonged to black, white, and Hispanic patients were included in the analyses. The differences between sex-race/ethnic groups were tested using the chi-square tests and general linear models. In addition, multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to evaluate the correlates of HIV-related mortality in Florida Hospitals. Results Of 9,113 records, 64%, 23%, and 13% of records belonged to blacks, whites, and Hispanics, respectively. The type of admission, discharge status, length of hospital stay, health insurance status and age differed in six sex-, race/ethnic-specific groups. HIV-related mortality was significantly correlated with insurance status, age, and length of hospital stay. Under- or uninsured patients were about 27% more likely to die than those patients who had commercial health insurance. Older individuals (> 40 years) and those who stayed in hospitals more than 6 days were at higher risks of death compared with their reference groups (≤ 40 years old and ≤ 6 days of hospital stay). Conclusion The potential causes (severity of disease, co-infections, preventive care, socio-economic status, cultural norms and beliefs about HIV) of disparities between sex-, race/ethnic-groups of Florida should be further explored.
The Miocene Ocean: Paleoceanography and Biogeography

This volume brings together research carried out within the Cenozoic Paleoceanography Project (CENOP), a goal of which was to generate paleoceanographic reconstructions of the Miocene Epoch, 24 to 5 Ma. On the basis of stable isotope and quantitative micropaleontological studies, the authors have related these data bases to parameters and processes of the Miocene Ocean, including paleogeography, stratigraphy, circulation, water mass distributions, temperature variability, vertical water mass structure, biogeography, and biotic evolution. That these authors attained their goal is attested to by the quality and scope of the 14 chapters presented in this valuable treatise. The Miocene Epoch was chosen because it was in this interval of time that major ice sheets became a permanent feature of Earth's surface. The presentation of this stunning amount of data and interpretation is very well organized for the researcher as well as for the students and professors who will surely use the book as a basis for seminars.
Mutational analysis of the high‐affinity BvgA binding site in the fha promoter of Bordetella pertussis

In order to define a consensus binding sequence for the response regulator BvgA, we have undertaken a systematic analysis of contributions made by each nucleotide within the heptad half-sites that are present in an inverted orientation at the promoter for the fha operon. Using in vitro binding assays, we examined the full complement of 21 single point mutations symmetrically arranged in this heptad repeat. Both gel shift and nitrocellulose filter-binding assays provided evidence that nucleotides at positions 3 (thymidine), 4 (cytosine) and 7 (adenine) in the binding heptad contribute substantially to sequence-specific recognition by BvgA. Furthermore, a T to A conversion at position 6 reduced binding. Selected binding site mutations were introduced into a modified fha promoter and examined for their effects on BvgA activation of promoter activity in vivo. Only those substitutions most severely affecting binding in vitro affected promoter activity in vivo. The in vivo effects of substitutions that had a significant effect on binding in vitro but did not severely affect in vivo promoter activity under standard culture conditions could be detected in vivo either in combination with additional substitutions or from their effect on the sensitivity of the mutant promoters to modulation by magnesium sulphate.
Who profits : winners, losers, and government regulation

A Harvard economist shows how all public policies create winners and losers in the marketplace and how corporate managers and policy makers can use this knowledge to maximize their gains and minimize their losses.
DNA Damage from Sulfite Autoxidation Catalyzed by a Nickel(II) Peptide

Guanine-specific modification of both single- and double-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides via the autoxidation of sulfite is shown to be catalyzed by [NiCR]2+ (where CR = 2,12-dimethyl-3,7,11,17-tetraazabicyclo[11.3.1]heptadeca-1(17),2,11,13,15-pentaene) and [NiKGH-nh2]+ (where KGH = lysylglycylhistidine). In the latter case, the nickel complex is proposed to act as a catalyst in three separate steps of sulfur oxide chemistry. Oxidative damage of guanines led to strand scission after piperidine treatment. The observed reactivity represents the first demonstration of DNA damage by sulfite and nickel(II) complexes. Importantly, these reactions were conducted using sulfite concentrations relevant to levels known to be cytotoxic. Mechanistic studies suggest the importance of both monoperoxysulfate and sulfate radical anion in the observed DNA damage. Evidence for formation of guanine radical cation as the initial product of DNA oxidation was found by comparison of the sequence dependence of guanine reactivity i...
Markov-Recapture Population Estimate: A Tool for Improving Interpretation of Trapping Experiments

This paper describes a method of population estimation in which a random, unknown number of individuals is marked using a self—marking bait station (a trap modified for mark and release); animals (both marked and unmarked) may then be captured in an otherwise identical trap, which is available simultaneously. The estimate of the unknown population size is based on the assumption of a closed population and a simple Markov model in which the rates of marking and capture are assumed to be equal. The population size estimator is based on the maximum likelihood technique, and is given by the nest integer less than N = (C + R)2/2(R + 1), where R and C are, respectively, the numbers of marked and unmarked individuals found in the trap. The estimator is almost unbiased for a wide range of true population sizes, and over a wide range of times over which the experiment is run, although it becomes negatively biased when the mean number of recaptures is <5. Confidence limits may be obtained using asymptotic maximum likelihood arguments, although relative likelihood methods perform better when the number of recaptures is small.
Ground-State Energy and Green's Function for Reduced Hamiltonian for Superconductivity

In their theory of superconductivity, Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer made use of a reduced Hamiltonian which included only scattering of pairs of particles of opposite momentum and spin. It is shown that the solution they obtained by a variational method is correct to $O(\frac{1}{n})$ for a large system. The single particle Green's function is derived and used to calculate the interaction energy.
G-protein modulation of ion permeation through N-type calcium channels

N-TYPE calcium channels in cell membranes are inhibited by neuro-transmitters such as noradrenaline1—4, luteinizing hormone-releas-ing hormone (LHRH)5—7, y-aminobutyric acid (GABA)8,9 and glutamate10,11. Although GTP-binding proteins (G proteins) are probably the common mediators of such inhibition6, 11—14, it is unclear exactly how G proteins alter the operation of the channel. Various experiments have shown changes in channel gating2—6,15,16. Here we show that inward current carried by Na+ through N-type channels was far less inhibited by LHRH or by internal GTP-γS than was current carried by Ba2+ . With external Ba2+ and internal Cs+, LHRH inhibited the Ba2+-carried inward limb of the instan-taneous current-voltage curve much more than the Cs+-carried outward limb. Noise analysis showed that LHRH or GTP-γS decrease single-channel current carried by Ba2+. These results suggest that alteration of the ion permeation pathway contributes significantly to G-protein inhibition of N-type Ca2+ channels.
Sensor Network Infrastructure: Moorings, Mobile Platforms, and Integrated Acoustics

Much of the cost and effort of new ocean observatories will be in the infrastructure that directly supports sensors, such as moorings and mobile platforms, which in turn connect to a "backbone" infrastructure, such as cabled seafloor nodes. Three elements of this sensor network infrastructure are in various stages of development: a cable-connected mooring system with a profiler under real-time control with inductive battery charging; a glider with integrated acoustic communications and broadband receiving capability; and integrated acoustic navigation, communications, and tomography, and ambient sound recording on various scales.
CYLD: deubiquitination-induced TCR signaling.

Deubiquitinating enzymes remove polyubiquitin chains from and alter the fate of specific target proteins. The CYLD deubiquitinating enzyme regulates proximal T cell receptor signaling in thymocytes by selectively binding to and deubiquitinating the active form of the kinase Lck.
Effect of varying levels of neutral detergent fiber and total digestible nutrients on intake and growth of Holstein heifers.

Abstract Intake, growth, DM intake, BW, and wither height were recorded from 108 Holstein heifers weighing between 100 and 400kg. Heifers were divided into two blocks based on beginning BW ( X ¯ = 182 kg , light and X ¯ = 270 kg , heavy). Heifers within blocks were assigned randomly to one of five treatments for the 35-d trial to examine effects of dietary NDF and TDN on growth. Light heifer treatments were 35, 45, or 50% of NDF at 100% of NRC TDN recommendation and 85 and 115% of NRC TDN at 45% NDF. Heavy heifer treatments were 40, 50, or 60% of NDF at 100% NRC TDN and 85 and 115% of TDN at 50% NDF. Total mixed rations formulated for .68 kg/d of BW gain were fed. Rations contained corn silage, alfalfa haylage, ground orchardgrass hay, soybean meal, high moisture corn, and a mineral mix. Mean DM intake (kilograms per day) and BW (kg) were 5.9, 217 and 7.28, 311, respectively, for the light and heavy blocks. Mean BW gain (kilograms per day) and growth in wither height (centimeters per day) were 1.07, .122 and .96, .076, respectively, for light and heavy blocks. Maximal DM intake per kilogram of BW .75 occurred at 41% NDF, below which NDF and ADF correlations with DM intake per kilogram BW .75 were –.16 and –.42. Above 41% NDF, correlations were –.28 and –.21. Ration NDF content had more influence than TDN on intake and growth of heifers with less than 200kg BW. Above 200kg BW, heifer performance more closely reflected the changes in ration energy content (TDN); NDF had less effect.
Linking in vivo brain serotonin type 1B receptor density to phenotypic heterogeneity of posttraumatic stress symptomatology.

Linking in vivo brain serotonin type 1B receptor density to phenotypic heterogeneity of posttraumatic stress symptomatology
Tools and Techniques of Long-Range Planners.

Abstract Long-range planning is concerned with the integration of predictions with corporate strategies. Both practitioners and scholars of management have frequently proposed approaches to planning that they believe to be helpful. The purpose of this paper is to report which techniques and tools and what approaches to planning are actually being used. It is hoped that this information will provide the executive or practitioner with a framework for evaluating his planning practices relative to other planners. This paper is divided into four parts. Part l provides information concerning the survey and data on which this article is based. Part ll deals with the planning process in approximately 400 business firms. Part lll examines the use of two planning tools—outside consultants and computers/mathematical models. The last section presents a summary and some general conclusions drawn from the analysis.
Locale and level of bindin mRNA in maturing testis of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.

This first study of the onset of spermatogenesis in the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, was undertaken using individuals reared in the laboratory. Spermatogenesis commences about 11–12 months after metamorphosis in these animals. Bindin message accumulates in late spermatocytes and early spermatids which lie in the luminal germinal layer. Bindin message accumulates later than does the testis-specific histone, H2b-1, suggesting that different classes of genes are sequentially activated during the differentiation of sperm. We correlate the number of bindin mRNA molecules with morphological structure and with quantitative aspects of gonad maturation including the number of nuclei and of sperm. The results suggest that the bindin mRNA concentration in total RNA from testis at different stages of maturation reflects the change in the proportion of expressing cells in the total cell population of the testis.
Resource adequacy reliability and the impacts of capacity subsidies in competitive electricity markets

Abstract Motivated by recent interventions by the states of New Jersey and Maryland and the introduction of PJM's Minimum Offer Price Rule (MOPR) for capacity markets, we analyze the impact of subsidized government investments in electrical generation on electricity markets. We extend the model of Joskow and Tirole (2007) to address the interconnected nature of the PJM grid by considering a market with two different locations connected by transmission lines. We assume that these lines are constrained during peak periods in a manner similar to Borenstein et al. (2000). We find that government intervention has a significant potential for adverse effects on grid resource adequacy and reliability. In our analysis, subsidized investment in baseload capacity is never optimal. In the short run government provision of base capacity displaces competitive base capacity, which reduces the private provision of peak capacity. In the long run, the threat of intervention imposes costs on suppliers in the form of an expected regulatory taking. As a result, resource adequacy decreases in both markets. If governments respond to this state of affairs by subsidizing further supply additions, expectations of intervention are reinforced and competitive capacity supply further diminishes. MOPR attempts to mitigate this vicious cycle by screening out non-economic bids for new capacity. To the extent market participants view MOPR as a credible policy, it succeeds in this goal. In this case, subsidized capacity additions do not perturb the efficiency of market outcomes as long as any charges to consumers to support the subsidy are lump sum in nature. In this case, subsidized resources simply succeed in capturing rents from taxpayers.
Loci of Disfluencies in the Speech of Nonstutterers During Oral Reading

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether “disfluencies” in the speech of nonstutterers occur most frequently on words possessing the four linguistic attributes which Brown (1945) r...
Water and Sodium Retention in Edematous Disorders: Role of Vasopressin and Aldosterone

This article discusses the pathophysiology of sodium and water retention in edematous disorders with a particular focus on cardiac failure, cirrhosis, and pregnancy. The body fluid volume hypothesis, which emphasizes the dominant role of arterial baroreceptors in renal sodium and water excretion, is reviewed. With arterial underfilling, either due to a decrease in cardiac output or peripheral arterial vasodilation, the normal central inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system activity and baroreceptor-mediated, nonosmotic arginine vasopressin (AVP) release is attenuated. The resultant increase in renal adrenergic activity stimulates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Although the resultant increase in systemic vascular resistance compensates for the primary arterial underfilling, this activation of the neurohumoral axis results in diminished sodium and water delivery to the renal collecting duct sites of aldosterone, AVP, and natriuretic peptide action. This diminished distal sodium and water delivery will be discussed as an important factor in the failure to escape from the sodium-retaining effects of aldosterone, the resistance to the natriuretic and diuretic effects of natriuretic peptides, and the diminished maximal solute-free water excretion in patients with edema. The role of the nonosmotic AVP release in water retention and hypo-osmolality/hyponatremia has been demonstrated in patients and experimental animals by administering nonpeptide, orally active vasopressin V2 receptor antagonists. These agents have been found to increase solute-free water excretion in patients with water-retaining, hyponatremic edema as well as in experimental animals.
THE NATIONAL AIR-SPACE SYSTEM CONTINGENCY PLAN

Abstract The National Air Traffic Control Contingency Plan was developed when it appeared that the Federal Aviation Administration might face a national strike by its air traffic controllers. There were two basic objectives associated with the plan: the continued operation of the air traffic control system and the continuance of previous high levels of safety. The contingency plan was developed over a 13-month period, published, and then modified several times before the strike actually occurred. The plan was based on the assumption that all air traffic controllers might support a strike and therefore the system would be operated only by qualified supervisors and facility staff personnel. Individual and system productivity was to be maximized by minimizing the number of air traffic control instructions to be issued to each aircraft. The plan incorporated air traffic procedures, a priority user system, a national airline and air cargo schedule (never implemented, but of strategic importance in gaining acceptance of the total plan), management coordination and communications procedures, and security procedures. To ensure user and private business involvement to the maximum extent possible, a national briefing was conducted in Washington and a draft of the plan was published in the Federal Register.
Reaction-time symptoms of deception

Professor Hugo Munsterberg began experiment upon what was planned to be a series of psycho-physiological problems in the field of legal testimony. The first psycho-legal problem to be approached was the investigation of the psycho-physiological symptoms of the deceptive consciousness. The systolic blood pressure symptoms of lying were reported upon by the present writer in the Journal of Experimental Psychology for April, 1917. Analysis of reaction time association experiments and tests reported in the literature shows that judgments have been based jointly upon the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the results. The qualitative aspect of these tests lies in the association reaction words, and the quantitative in the reaction times recorded. Our problem in the present experiment was to eliminate the words and isolate, if possible, the quantitative measurements. In all previously reported tests no unanimity of qualitative results has been reported but, on the other hand, so great a unanimity of quantitative results has generally been found that psychologists seem to have accepted as established the thesis that deceptive emotions tend to increase both association reaction times and mean variations. Ten different subjects were used in the principal experiment in which two distinct types of reaction time behavior have been found during deception. The positive type, which is characterized by increased length of reaction times during deception, with accompanying increase of mean variations, and the negative type, in which the reaction times during deception appeared to be consistently shortened with, however, no consistent accompanying effect upon mean variations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Locating agricultural agencies in Costa Rica

Abstract The problem of locating public agencies differs from that of finding a viable distribution of commercial enterprises because public agencies must consider factors other than costs and customers. Analysis of the successive distribution over time of rural banks and extension service branches in Costa Rica demonstrates that three categories of variable determine location: region, social structure of the cantons and programme-specific criteria. The fundamental principle of location for public agencies is that agencies will survive and flourish in those communities where the local social structure is congruent with that of the institution under study.
Labor Turnover, Job-Specific Skills, and Efficiency in a Search Model

This paper analyzes the implications for turnover of costly job-specific training. The presence of such costs in a search model implies that turnover decisions reduce the value of potential trades that are available to other market participants. There is too much turnover because of this external effect, and, therefore, too much retraining. When the investment in job training is endogenous, inefficient turnover again occurs, and the investment in specific skills is inefficiently high. The interactions between skill acquisition and turnover imply that it is essentially impossible for a brokerage institution to achieve efficiency.
A preliminary mercury budget for Narragansett Bay (Rhode Island, USA)

The distribution of total Hg (HgT) and reactive (HgR) in Narragansett Bay, fresh water tributaries and point source discharges was determined during a synoptic survey, carried out in April, 1986. A Hg budget which includes fluvial inputs and atmospheric Hg deposition wa§ constructed and the estuarine behavior of Hg assessed.
Fish and ships: relating dispersal frequency to success in biological invasions

Most studies characterizing successful biological invaders emphasize those traits that help a species establish a new population. Invasions are, however, multi-phase processes with at least two phases, dispersal and introduction, that occur before establishment. Characteristics that enhance survival at any of these three phases will contribute to invasion success. Here, we synthesize information on the dispersal, introduction, and establishment of fishes mediated by ship ballast-water transport. We synthesize 54 reports of at least 31 fish species collected from ballast tanks (Phase 1), including 28 new reports from our recent studies (1986 to 1996). Our literature survey revealed 40 reports of 32 fish species whose introductions have been attributed to ballast transport (Phase 2), of which at least 24 survived to establish persistent populations (Phase 3). We detected little overlap at the species level between these two data sets (Phase 1 vs Phases 2 and 3), but patterns emerged at the family level. The Gobiidae (6 species), Clupeidae (4 species), and Gasterosteidae (1 species) were the most commonly found fish families in ballast tanks (Phase 1). The Gobiidae (13 species), Blenniidae (6 species) and Pleuronectidae (2 species) dominated the list of ballast-mediated introductions (Phase 2); gobies and blennies were the families most frequently established (Phase 3). The invasive success of gobies and blennies may be explained in part by their crevicolous nature: both groups seek refuge and lay eggs in small holes, and may take advantage of the ballast-intake holes on ship hulls. This behavior, not typically associated with invasive ability, may contribute to successful introduction and establishment by facilitating the dispersal phase of invasion. The failure of the pleuronectids to invade may reflect poor salinity match between donor and recipient regions. To develop a predictive framework of invasion success, organisms must be sampled at all three phases of the invasion process. Our comparison of two ballast sampling methods suggests that fishes have been undersampled in ballast-water studies, including our own, and that the role of ballast transport in promoting fish invasions has been underestimated.
Transmission Line Single Phase Auto Re-closing Scheme Based on Wavelet Transform and Adaptive Fuzzy Neuro Inference System

This paper proposes an adaptive single phase auto re-closing scheme for transmission lines using wavelet transform (WT) and adaptive fuzzy neuro inference system (ANFIS). The WT acts as a preliminary feature extractor to bus voltages. For transmission line single phase fault, the WT can provide an effective signal representation of the voltage at the faulty phase by calculating the index of Percentage of Energy (PE) corresponding to each detail in the WT, The PE indices can be used to effectively classify different transient and permanent faults occurring on transmission lines. In the case of transient faults, the ANFIS further utilizes the PE indices during three consecutive windows to accurately determine the secondary arc extinction time, which is used by protective relay to issue auto re-closing order. Extensive simulation studies show that the combination of WT and ANFIS achieves excellent performance in classifying transient and permanent single-phase faults and estimating the secondary arc extinction time for correct auto re-closing.
Trajectory Optimization Using Adjoint Method and Chebyshev Polynomial Approximation for Minimizing Fuel Consumption During Climb

This paper describes two methods of trajectory optimization to obtain an optimal trajectory of minimum-fuel- to-climb for an aircraft. The first method is based on the adjoint method, and the second method is based on a direct trajectory optimization method using a Chebyshev polynomial approximation and cubic spine approximation. The approximate optimal trajectory will be compared with the adjoint-based optimal trajectory which is considered as the true optimal solution of the trajectory optimization problem. The adjoint-based optimization problem leads to a singular optimal control solution which results in a bang-singular-bang optimal control.
Transcriptional regulation of GLUT4 gene expression

Abstract The in-vivo expression of the muscle/adipose-specific GLUT4 gene is down regulated under conditions of relative insulin-deficiency such as fasting and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. These alterations in GLUT4 transcription occur in a tissue-specific manner with a significantly greater reduction in cardiac and adiopose tissue compared to skeletal muscle. To identify thecis-DNA elements responsible for this complex pattern of tissue-specific and nutritional/metabolic regulation, transgenic mice have successfully been used to examine the expression of the human GLUT4 gene. These data have demonstrated the presence of at least two functional regions required for the appropriate tissue-specific and nutritional/metabolic regulation of GLUT4 gene expression.
Macroscopic behavior of a bar undergoing the paraelectric-ferroelectric phase transformation

Abstract R ecent work of the author has developed a continuum model for the paraelectric—ferroelectric phase transformation. The present paper describes the detailed implications of this model when it has been supplemented with constitutive information pertaining to the phase transformation. An explicit Helmholtz potential has been constructed to characterize a hypothetical crystal capable of undergoing the paraelectric-ferroelectric phase transformation under the influence of applied electric fields or thermomechanical loads. The hysteretic macroscopic behavior associated with the phase transformation, induced by variation of temperature, application of electric fields and mechanical loads, has been studied. Some of the predictions have been compared qualitatively with experimental observations. The entire analysis is carried out within a one-dimensional setting.
A novel digitization scheme with FPGA-based TDC for beam loss monitors operating at cryogenic temperature

Recycling integrators are common current-to-frequency converting circuits for measurements of low current such as that produced by Fermilab's cryogenic ionization chambers. In typical digitization/readout schemes, a counter is utilized to accumulate the number of pulses generated by the recycling integrator to adequately digitize the total charge. In order to calculate current with reasonable resolution (e.g., 7–8 bits), hundreds of pulses must be accumulated which corresponds to a long sampling period, i.e., a very low sampling rate. In our new scheme, an FPGA-based Time-to-Digital Convertor (TDC) is utilized to measure the time intervals between the pulses output from the recycling integrator. Using this method, a sample point of the current can be made with good resolution (>10 bits) for each pulse. This effectively increases the sampling rates by hundreds of times for the same recycling integrator front-end electronics. This scheme provides a fast response to the beams loss and is potentially suitable for accelerator protection applications. Moreover, the method is also self-zero-suppressed, i.e., it produces more data when the beam loss is high while it produces significantly less data when the beam loss is low.
Laser Heated Overdense Plasmas for Thermonuclear Fusion

In this paper we report theoretical and experimental work on the vaporization and heating of spherical overdense plasmas. Details of the required laser optics are described, together with charged particle, x-ray, and neutron diagnostics. A series of numerical experiments have been conducted to investigate the dynamics and neutron production in dense spherically symmetric plasmas. These have led to a development of scalings for energy absorption, shock strength and optimum neutron production. Similar numerical work has also been used to study the conversion of input laser radiation to output soft x-rays from an oxygen doped spherical laser plasma. The fast risetime of the calculated spectra suggests a method of producing a population inversion.
Secretory phospholipase A2 type III enhances α-secretase-dependent amyloid precursor protein processing through alterations in membrane fluidity

In the non-amyloidogenic pathway, amyloid precursor protein (APP) is cleaved by α-secretases to produce α-secretase-cleaved soluble APP (sAPPα) with neuroprotective and neurotrophic properties; therefore, enhancing the non-amyloidogenic pathway has been suggested as a potential pharmacological approach for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Here, we demonstrate the effects of type III secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-III) on sAPPα secretion. Exposing differentiated neuronal cells (SH-SY5Y cells and primary rat neurons) to sPLA2-III for 24 h increased sAPPα secretion and decreased levels of Aβ1−42 in SH-SY5Y cells, and these changes were accompanied by increased membrane fluidity. We further tested whether sPLA2-III-enhanced sAPPα release is due in part to the production of its hydrolyzed products, including arachidonic acid (AA), palmitic acid (PA), and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). Addition of AA but neither PA nor LPC mimicked sPLA2-III-induced increases in sAPPα secretion and membrane fluidity. Treatment with sPLA2-III and AA increased accumulation of APP at the cell surface but did not alter total expressions of APP, α-secretases, and β-site APP cleaving enzyme. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that sPLA2-III enhances sAPPα secretion through its action to increase membrane fluidity and recruitment of APP at the cell surface.
Effect of oxytocin and oral prostaglandin E2 on uterine contractility and fetal heart rate patterns

Abstract The incidence of uterine contractility and of abnormalities of fetal heart rate (FHR) pattern was determined in a series of 2,834 monitored gravid women with singleton pregnancies producing mature infants in vertex presentation. Those subjected to uterotonic agents for induction or augmentation of labor had significantly more tetanic contractions, baseline hypertonus, and coupling of contractions. Similarly, significantly more variable and late FHR decelerations occurred in stimulated labors, and these were concentrated primarily in those receiving oxytocin. The overall incidence of FHR decelerations associated with the use of prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) was comparable to that encountered in unstimulated labor. The similarity between the contractions of spontaneous labor and those labors produced by PGE 2 is noted.
Pregnancy outcome in long-term survivors of childhood cancer.

Background By the year 2010, 1/250 young adults will be long-term survivors of childhood cancer. One of the major concerns is whether they will be able to have healthy children. Procedure The literature was reviewed to determine 1) the extent of intrapartum and perinatal complications experienced by survivors or their spouses and 2) the risk of congenital malformations or cancer in their children. Results and Conclusions Series have reported on pregnancy complications among approximately 400 female survivors and 300 partners of male survivors. An increased incidence of spontaneous abortions, low-birth-weight babies, and neonatal deaths has been described for women with Wilms tumor who had received at least 20 Gy abdominal radiation. Hodgkin disease survivors who had received both radiation and chemotherapy (but not either alone) also appear to be at increased risk of spontaneous abortions. Based on several thousand survivor offspring, there is no overall increased risk of either congenital malformations or childhood cancer. Further studies will define the outcome of offspring of cancer survivors treated in the modern era. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 33:29–33, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Microreaction engineering * is small better?

Microfabrication techniques are increasingly used in different fields of chemistry to realize structures with capabilities exceeding those of conventional macroscopic systems. In addition to already demonstrated chemical and biological analysis applications, microfabricated chemical systems are expected to have a number of advantages for chemical synthesis, chemical kinetics studies, and process development. Chemical processing advantages from increased heat and mass transfer in small dimensions are demonstrated with model gas, liquid, and multiphase reaction systems. These case studies also serve to illustrate benefits of integrating sensors for flow, temperature, and chemical composition with microfluidic reaction and control components. The role of reaction engineering in the development of microreaction technology is described along with new approaches to scale up based upon replication of microchemical devices.
Structure of the Dimethyl Ether-CO2 van der Waals Complex from Microwave Spectroscopy

The rotational spectrum of the 1:1 weakly bound complex formed between dimethyl ether (DME) and CO2 has been assigned by Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy, leading to rotational constants of A = 5401.24(11) MHz, B = 2010.8637(17) MHz, and C = 1493.4844(15) MHz for the normal isotopic species. Measurement of rotational spectra for an additional four isotopomers has allowed a structure determination for this complex, giving a C2v geometry in which the CO2 lies in the heavy atom plane of the DME and is aligned perpendicular to its C2 axis. This orientation is supported by second moment data and a dipole moment of μa = μtotal = 1.661(6) D. The C···O distance has been determined to be 2.711(1) A. Ab initio optimizations at the MP2/6-311++G(2d,2p) level predict a C2v geometry with a C···O bond length of 2.685 A, slightly shorter than, but still in very good agreement with, the experimental value. Predicted rotational constants and dipole moment at this level of theory are A = 5379 MHz, B = 2018 MHz, C = ...
The Cora Lake shear zone, Athabasca granulite terrane, an intraplate response to far-field orogenic processes during the amalgamation of Laurentia

The Cora Lake shear zone (CLsz) is a 4–6 km wide localized high-strain zone that bisects the polydeformed Athabasca granulite terrane, northern Saskatchewan. It also coincides with the geophysical ...
Anxiety in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy and implantable cardioverter defibrillators.

Diagnosis of a cardiac genetic disorder can be a life-changing event. Symptomatic status, uncertainty regarding disease progression, risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD), recommended lifestyle changes (ie, activity restrictions or career change), and genetic transmission to offspring all contribute to the potential psychological burden of disease. Most of the relevant literature on this topic focuses on 2 of the most common genetic cardiac diseases, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and inherited long-QT syndrome. Studies on these disorders have consistently shown impairments in health status and quality of life, with an elevated risk for anxiety and depression.1–4 An implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) may be indicated for primary or secondary prevention of SCD in these patients, and is likely to exacerbate psychological distress. Independent of underlying diagnosis, patients requiring ICDs commonly experience anxiety and/or depression related to the anticipation of a potential shock.5,6 Psychological implications of ICDs have been reported to be worse in patients with inherited diseases compared with ischemic or valvular heart disease.7 The experience of receiving 1 or more ICD shocks further negatively affects quality of life.7,8 Inappropriate shocks (ie, for sinus or supraventricular tachycardia or T-wave oversensing) can elicit similar psychological responses to appropriate shocks for life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. This is a particularly important consideration for young patients because 1 in 4 may be expected to receive at least 1 inappropriate shock.9 Article see p 18 Like hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and long-QT syndrome, a diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) carries the psychological burden of genetic transmission and risk of SCD, …
A bridge between ocean optics and microbial ecology

Phytoplankton cell size is believed to be closely regulated by the nutrient regime of water masses in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Since particle size affects attenuation of light in ocean water, we argue that a bridge between classical ocean optics and microbial ecology has formed whereby the physics of ocean color must include consideration of ecological factors important to the diversity of phytoplankton species. Observations of the specific absorption coefficient, a*, have been made during 10 oceanographic cruises in the western North Atlantic. The range in Chl a concentration for ocean samples from the various water masses in this region was 0.1-8.0 pg liter-l. Diffuse attenuation spectra of particles measured by a glass-fiber filter technique show strong correlations between extracted chlorophyll and blue (440 nm) or red (670 nm) absorption. Of the two, a*440 is the most variable. Average specific absorption coefficients are calculated to be 0.049 m2 mg-’ at 440 nm and 0.028 at 670 nm, but both relationships are seen to be nonlinear. The nonlinearity observed is attributed to differences in cell size “packaging” within natural phytoplankton populations. Variation in cell size and a* are primarily related to the availability of nitrate-N. In addition, other factors contribute to the variability in a*440, such as detritus and short wavelength UV-absorbing pigments.
Longitudinal modeling of developmental processes

Methods for analyzing longitudinal developmental data have increased in terms of quantity and complexity in the last few decades. In this article, we describe the advantages of longitudinal data, review the use of longitudinal data in current developmental research, and then preview the articles in this Special Issue. A survey of recently published literature indicates that longitudinal data are commonly used (due to several advantages over concurrent data) across domains of developmental research and vary tremendously in terms of time spans studied, the number and structure of data points, and the analytic strategies used. The articles included in this Special Issue reflect the diversity in usage within developmental research and provide didactic presentations of advanced methods of analyzing longitudinal data to answer important developmental questions.
Ultrastructure of the pineal body of the common vampire bat, Desmodus rotundus.

The type AB pineal body of the common vampire bat, Desmodus rotundus was recessed and lobulated, was extensively vascularized and intimately related to great veins, and was unassociated with the epithalamic region. The habenular and the posterior commmissures coursed anteriorly and were unassociated with the pineal. The saccular suprapineal recess of the third ventricle extended dorsally juxtaposed to the pineal body. These anatomical features are likely to make pinealectomies in the vampire more difficult to manage. The pineal parenchyma consisted of light pinealocytes surrounded by canaliculi of various sizes, often transmitting unmyelinated nerve fibers and glial processes. Desmosomes were common. The pinealocyte nuclei were large and highly infolded; characteristic cytoplasmic constituents included abundant dilated Golgi complexes associated with clear vesicles, numerous polyribosomes, few single cisternae of ribosome-studded rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and occasional multivesicular bodies and lysosomes. Almost all pinealocytes exhibited centrioles and some, in addition, displayed basal bodies but rarely ciliary shafts. A conspicuous feature of the pinealocyte cytoplasm was the presence of branched bundles of intermediate filaments, especially in the perinuclear zone. Siderotic macrophages, lipofuscin-pigment-containing phagocytic cells, mast cells, myelin bodies, and both fenestrated and continuous capillaries were present. The perivascular compartment was densely packed with unmyelinated nerve bundles containing small to large fibers exhibiting axoaxonic densities. Other constituents of the perivascular compartment were club-shaped pinealocyte processes filled with clear vesicles, microtubules, an occasional mitochondrion, glial processes, and collagen fibers. “Synapselike” contacts were observed between the axons and pinealocyte processes. Abundant pinocytotic vesicles in the capillary endothelium indicated active pinocytosis. Myelinated nerve fibers were lacking. The pineal ultrastructure of Desmodus is in part unlike that reported for other mammals, including bats.
The Role of Faces and Places in the Arousal of Sympathy

In this chapter we will consider the possibility that sympathy is instigated by two factors: the perception of negative faces and the situational constraints within which they are perceived. This analysis of the instigation of sympathy puts us in good company, for Adam Smith himself struggled with a similar problem. Smith’s explanation (of engaging sympathy) (1759/1982b) was deceptively simple: It is merely by “changing places in fancy with the sufferer” (p. 48) that one is able to sympathize with that person. But that is not all there is to it, and Smith was not clear whether sympathy is aroused by imagining oneself as the other person, or whether it involves imagining oneself in that person’s situation, or both. To put it another way, Smith was not clear whether one is to respond to dispositional or situational influences. His remarkably durable phrase, “by changing places in fancy with the sufferer” is followed by “we come either to conceive or to be affected by what he feels,” a phrase that seems to refer to a situational-cognitive or to an affective aspect. In one place Smith wrote that we must “enter as it were into [the sufferer’s] body, and become in some measure the same person with him, and thence form some idea of his sensations” (1982, p. 48). This suggests an affective transference with the sufferer. However, Smith (1759/1982b) also wrote that sympathy “does not arise so much from the view of the passions, as from that of the situation which excites it” (p. 51), a statement in which he emphasizes the situational aspects that elicit sympathy, suggesting more cognitive dimension.
Process and design analysis for ultra fine-pitched wiresweep elimination in advanced copper heat spreader BGA package

The semiconductor device trend for increasing functionalities and performances yet with smaller overall feature sizes presents escalating obstacles to the decreasing form factor along with demanding thermal carrying capability required at the package level. To confront this compounding issue, ultra fine pitch wirebond interconnect coupled with thermally enhanced copper heat spreader attached to the package are introduced. But the additional copper heat spreader thickness introduced within the package challenges the design of the package's wire, its loop height, and the molding process control to prevent wire sweeping occurrences. This study investigates the impact of different ultra fine pitched wire types, wire loop designs, copper heat spreader structures, and mold material types on eliminating device short from occurring due to the wire sweeping phenomena. A full factorial experiment is performed using an active silicon device packaged in a thermally enhanced BGA test vehicle. In addition, test characterization is carried out using X-ray and multi-insertions hot/cold continuity tests. Then, a detailed failure analysis is performed by chemical decapsulation to confirm the experimental findings. In conclusion, the study finds that for an ultra fine pitched thermally enhanced BGA package, wire type is insignificant to reduce wire shorting occurrences. However, mold material and copper heat spreader structure using an optimized wire loop design are significant factors in eliminating wiresweep shorting phenomena. This study concludes,with a Wirebond interconnect and heat slug design recommended along with an improved process parameters and assembly material sets found from the experiment.