cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct simulation of initial value problems for the motion of solid bodies in a Newtonian fluid. Part 2. Couette and Poiseuille flows

This paper reports the results of a two-dimensional finite element simulation of the motion of a circular particle in a Couette and a Poiseuille flow. The size of the particle and the Reynolds number are large enough to include fully nonlinear inertial effects and wall effects. Both neutrally buoyant and non-neutrally buoyant particles are studied, and the results are compared with pertinent experimental data and perturbation theories. A neutrally buoyant particle is shown to migrate to the centreline in a Couette flow, and exhibits the Segre-Silberberg effect in a Poiseuille flow. Non-neutrally buoyant particles have more complicated patterns of migration, depending upon the density difference between the fluid and the particle. The driving forces of the migration have been identified as a wall repulsion due to lubrication, an inertial lift related to shear slip, a lift due to particle rotation and, in the case of Poiseuille flow, a lift caused by the velocity profile curvature. These forces are analysed by examining the distributions of pressure and shear stress on the particle. The stagnation pressure on the particle surface are particularly important in determining the direction of migration.
Processing of gender and number agreement in late Spanish bilinguals

Drawing from Sagarra & Herschensohn (2010, 2011), we evaluate current approaches to grammatical representation and processing of L2 gender and number agreement in Spanish determiner phrases (DPs), ...
Optimal attitude control allocation via the B-spline augmented virtual motion camouflage method

Instantaneous three-axis attitude control in many picoscale satellites is achieved by combining magnetic torque coils with other control devices such as thrusters. A B-spline augmented virtual motion camouflage method is presented to maximize the usage of magnetic torque coils and minimize that of thrusters, while calculating attitude guidance commands.
Las bases del PT: ideología versus personalismo en su apoyo electoral

This article explores data from the Estudo Eleitoral Brasileiro in order to research the bases of support to the Partido dos Trabalhadores ( PT ), who reached the Presidency of Brazil in 2002. The results show that PT ’s voters are more identified with the leadership of Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva, the current president and the historical leader of the party, than with the PT ’s ideology. Nevertheless, the ideological linkages between PT and its voters are still more important that the ideological linkages between the other brazilian parties and theirs respective voters.
Modification of the Surface Band-Bending of A Silicon CCD for Low-Energy Electron Detection

Silicon CCDs have limited sensitivity to particles and photons with short penetration depth, due to the surface depletion caused by the inherent positive charge in the native oxide. Because of surface depletion, internally-generated electrons are trapped near the irradiated surface and therefore cannot be transported to the detection circuitry. This deleterious surface potential can be eliminated by low-temperature molecular beam epitaxial (MBE) growth of a delta-doped layer on the Si surface. This effect has been demonstrated through achievement of 100% internal quantum efficiency for UV photons detected with delta-doped CCDs. In this paper, we will discuss the modification of the band bending near the CCD surface by low-temperature MBE and report the application of delta-doped CCDs to low-energy electron detection. We show that modification of the surface can greatly improve sensitivity to low-energy electrons. Measurements comparing the response of delta-doped CCDs with untreated CCDs were made in the 50 eV-1.5 keV energy range. For electrons with energies below 300 eV, the signal from untreated CCDs was below the detection limit for our apparatus, and data are presented only for the response of delta-doped CCDs at these energies. The effects of multiple electron hole pair (EHP) production and backscattering on the observed signals are discussed.
Axisymmetric waves in compressible Newtonian liquids contained in rigid tubes: steady-periodic mode shapes and dispersion by the method of eigenvalleys

In this paper the first thirty-two axisymmetric modes for steady-periodic waves in viscous compressible liquids contained in rigid, impermeable, circular tubes are calculated. These results end long speculation over the effects of viscosity on guided acoustic waves. Sixteen of the modes belong to a family of rotation-dominated modes whose existence was previously unknown. The thirty-two modes were computed for a wide range of frequencies, viscosities and wave-lengths.The modes were found through the use of the method of eigenvalleys, which also led to the discovery of backward-propagating waves, an exact analytical expression for the zeroth rotational mode eigenvalue, definitive boundaries between low and intermediate frequencies and between intermediate and high frequencies, and a new type of boundary layer, called a dilatational boundary layer.
The unstable plaque: a broken balance.

Atherogenesis is traditionally traced to endothelial dysfunction, secondary to the interaction between intravascular factors and the luminal vessel surface. Dyslipidaemia, hypertension, smoking, inflammatory cytokines, and advanced glycation endproducts are thought to negatively modify blood and, consequently, the vascular intima. Ensuing endothelial activation and dysfunction are characterized by reduced nitric oxide bioavailability, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), expression of prothrombotic and leukocyte adhesion molecules, subendothelial lipid, mononuclear and smooth muscle cell accumulation, and impaired oxygen diffusion from the bloodstream into a thickened and ailing intima.1 Plaque rupture is also traditionally linked to events within the vascular intima, including fibrous cap thinning, necrotic core expansion, weakened shoulder regions, and sudden bursts of proteases by resident inflammatory cells.2 Yet, a large part of the vessel wall is represented by the media and adventitia, perfused by vasa vasorum that supply the outer layers. Proliferation of these neovessels has been recognized for some time to characterize atheromatous lesions.3 This is not surprising, since intramural hypoxia, inflammation, and apoptosis induce factors (such as vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and transforming growth factor) that promote, within a local pro-angiogenic milieu, the sprouting of new vessels from existing capillaries.3–5 This predominantly ischaemia-driven process can be viewed as initially compensatory, aimed at restoring oxygen availability and at resolving inflammatory/necrotic foci ( Figure 1 ). Figure 1 Hypothetical pathophysiological pathway in stable and unstable plaques. In stable plaques, intramural hypoxia and chronic inflammation induce sprouting of immature microvessels from vasa vasorum that leak blood into the interstitium. Haptoglobin–haemoglobin complexes are cleared by CD163-expressing macrophages. These cells exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and scavenger functions that maintain a ‘stable balance’ between production and removal of debris and of reactive oxygen species. In unstable plaques, acute inflammation enhances hypoxia-induced neovascularization, … *Corresponding author. Tel: +39 06 305 11 66, Fax: +39 (06) 305 5535, E-mail: filippo.crea{at}rm.unicatt.it
Effects of σ receptor ligands on the extracellular concentration of dopamine in the striatum and prefrontal cortex of the rat

The extracellular concentration of dopamine in the striatum and medial prefrontal cortex of the rat was determined following the systemic administration of sigma receptor ligands. The (+)-benzomorphan, (+)-pentazocine, significantly increased the extracellular concentration of dopamine in the striatum also was produced by the (+)-, but not the (-)-, enantiomer of N-allylnormetazocine, as well as by the non-benzomorphans 1-(cyclopropylmethyl)-4-(2'-(4"-fluorophenyl)-2'-oxoothyl-piper idi ne (DUP 734) and (-)-butaclamol. In contrast, the dopamine concentration was unaffected by di-o-tolylguanidine and markedly suppressed by (+)-3-[3-hydroxyphenyl]-N-(1-propyl)piperidine (3-PPP). Finally, the (+)-pentazocine-induced elevation of the extracellular concentration of dopamine was not suppressed by an inhibitor of the dopamine transporter, 1-[2-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl]-4-[3-phenylpropyl]piperazine (GBR 12909). Thus, benzomorphan, e.g., (+)-pentazocine and (+)-N-allylnormetazocine, and non-benzomorphan, e.g., DUP 734 and (-)-butaclamol, sigma receptor ligands appear to facilitate dopamine release from nigrostriatal, and presumably mesocorticolimbic, neurons through a non-transporter-mediated mechanism.
Significant carrier envelope offset frequency linewidth narrowing in a prism-based Cr:forsterite frequency comb

We report a dramatic reduction in the linewidth of the carrier envelope offset frequency of a frequency comb generated by a femtosecond prism-based Cr:forsterite laser due to changes in the wavelength-dependent intracavity loss.
Benchmarking performance for migrating a relational application to a parallel implementation

Many organizations rely on relational database platforms for OLAP-style querying (aggregation and filtering) for small to medium size applications. We investigate the impact of scaling up the data sizes for such queries. We intend to illustrate what kind of performance results an organization could expect should they migrate current applications to big data environments. This paper benchmarks the performance of Hive (Thusoo et al., 2009)ź 9, a parallel data warehouse platform that is a part of the Hadoop software stack. We set up a 4-node Hadoop cluster using Hortonworks HDP 1.3.2 (Hortonworks HDP 1.3.2). We use the data generator provided by the TPC-DS benchmark (DSGen v1.1.0) to generate data of different scales. We compare the performance of loading data and querying for SQL and Hive Query Language (HiveQL) on a relational database installation (MySQL) and on a Hive cluster, respectively. We measure the speedup for query execution for three dataset sizes resulting from the scale up. Hive loads the large datasets faster than MySQL, while it is marginally slower than MySQL when loading the smaller datasets. Query execution in Hive is also faster. We also investigate executing Hive queries concurrently in workloads and conclude that serial execution of queries is a much better practice for clusters with limited resources.
Personal Space, Personal Appearance, and Personal Selling

Solicitation of funds for a walk-a-thon was used as the basis for a field experiment testing the effects of personal space and personal appearance within a personal selling context. While results for a sample of 48 faculty approached by a confederate were not supportive, analysis of those faculty who contributed suggest how one might study these parameters in personal selling.
Passive sensitization of human skin by sera of guinea pigs anaphylactically sensitized to ovalbumin.

Previous studies have shown that immediate urticarial reactions of the Prausnitz-Kustner type may be produced in human skin after passive sensitization with sera from rabbits sensitized with ovalbumin and with sera from guinea pigs sensitized to pollens of grass or ragweed1, 2. The present study concerns the activity in passively sensitizing human skin of sera from guinea pigs sensitized with crystalline ovalbumin, and the relationship of that activity to the capacity of the same anti-sera to produce passive anaphylactic sensitivity in the guinea pig.Samples of sera obtained from guinea pigs sensitized by various methods at the Allergen Research Division of the Department of Agriculture were tested in the passive sensitization of human skin at Roosevelt Hospital. Other portions of the same antisera were tested in the passive anaphylaxis of guinea pigs at the Allergen Research Division.Methods. To determine activity in passive anaphylaxis, serial dilutions of each serum (differing by a factor of 1.5) were ...
"Changing with the Times: An Integrated View of Legitimacy, Logics and New Venture Lifecycles"

New ventures need to be perceived as legitimate to acquire resources. To be perceived as legitimate, entrepreneurs must adapt their ventures to meet the norms and standards of different audiences. ...
Effects of ungulate grazers on arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and fungal community structure in tallgrass prairie

Complex interactions among mycorrhizal fungi, plants, and herbivores occur in grasslands. Grazing of aboveground vegetation may influence plants directly and indirectly through the alteration of my...
Mechanism of temperature-modification silicification grouted loess

Silicifrcation is one of the chemical methods of collapsible loess treatment.For better silicification effect,sodium silicate is modified by various methods.The mechanism of loess reinforced by temperature modified sodium silicate is studied.The physical component such as chemical composition and mineral composition,microstructure are tested and analyzed by carrying out X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscope(SEM) and mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP).The results show that the mechanical strength of loess is improved obviously with the temperature of sodium silicate increasing in the temperature range of 20~80℃.Diffraction intensity of parts of the mineral is reducing in the X-ray diffraction patterns;and low density amorphous phase peak groups appeared.The SEM images show that the gel films increased with the temperature of sodium silicate increasing.MIP data show that surface area of pores increased with the temperature increasing.The findings indicate that the increased amorphous phase and the gel films caused to decreased most probable pore size and increased small pores.The mechanism of loess reinforced by temperature modified sodium silicate is due to reinforcement of the bond strength of cement in microstructure and formation of three-dimensional networks of frame.
Reforming practice teaching-cultivation of the innovative talents of metal material engineering specialty

It was described in detail that practice teaching system must be reformed to cultivate the innovative talents of metal material engineering specialty in the paper.Concrete reforming methods to practice teaching,such as experiment,excitation and graduation design,were proposed also.
20 Firearm-related injuries in-hospital settings and in-hospital mortality

Statement of purpose The proportion of injuries involving firearms varies from Methods/approach We identified all firearm injuries in the National Trauma Data Bank, 2009–2012. Analyses were stratified by age group (0–17/18–64/65–89) and treatment setting (ED/inpatient). The 6-hour (ED) and 30-day (inpatient) discharge survival by injury intent were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier Method. Clustered multivariate Poisson regression models were used to calculate risk ratios (RR) of mortality in each setting. Results Records of 67,212 firearm injuries were analysed. ED patients were demographically similar to inpatients. Mortality rates in the ED were higher than in the inpatient setting across intent categories and age groups. Intent was strongly associated with mortality, with evidence of race modifying this association. In the ED setting, risk of mortality was higher with self-inflicted injuries (RR = 6.65; 95% confidence interval (CI): 4.52, 9.77), assault injuries (RR = 2.01; 95% CI: 1.34, 3.01), and undetermined intent injuries (RR = 4.45; 95% CI: 2.06, 9.61) compared to unintentional injuries. In the inpatient setting, risk of mortality was higher with self-inflicted injuries (RR = 8.28; 95% CI: 7.10, 9.67), assault injuries (RR = 2.02; 95% CI: 1.73, 2.36), and undetermined intent injuries (RR = 3.04; 95% CI: 2.42, 3.08) compared to unintentional injuries. Conclusions Patterns of firearm injury intent differ between ED and inpatient settings. The risk of death in ED and inpatient settings is notably higher for intentional than unintentional injuries. Significance and contributions Accounting for injury intent identifies subgroups at particular risk of firearm mortality in different treatment settings.
Adjuvant chemotherapy for bladder cancer: A detailed characterization of factors precluding utilization.

e16001Background: Adjuvant chemotherapy (AChT) can improve survival in select patients after radical cystectomy (RC), though it remains underutilized. We detail the factors that preclude candidate ...
Three-dimensional, virtual, game-like environments for education and training

Training emergency response personnel to handle a hazardous radiation spill is a challenging task. Conducting repeated training sessions in dangerous or restricted areas in and around research reactors or NPP sites is not a realistic option. Computer games provide an alternative training mode [1]. Recent developments in 3D, virtual environments can be inexpensively and effectively utilized to train in a virtual environment, to communicate the dangers, and train on procedures to be used when dealing with a radiation emergency. While currently adequate, education and training to enhance safety and security at NPP sites can also be much more effectively and efficiently carried out using 3D, virtual animation technology [1-6]. Such models have also been used to train the decommissioning personnel. Different options are available to quickly and efficiently develop the desired 3D models. One of them is the Unreal Engine—a platform in which 3D, game-like environments can be developed quickly and easily with sophisticated details and interactivity. We here report the development of a fairly realistic model of the University of Illinois TRIGA reactor, which is now destined for decommissioning, using the Unreal Engine. The model can be used to train first responders, decommissioning personnel, and even to effectively communicate reactor safety and security issues to students and nuclear personnel.
The Relationship of Technology to Workers’ Alienation

During much of the twentieth century, research on the effects of technology on work exemplified one of two themes. One, grounded in Marx, Mills, and Braverman, pointed to the destructive impacts of...
Infrared Photodissociation of Biomolecular Ions

The emphasis of this chapter is on applications of vibrational spectroscopy to derive structural information of biomolecular ions. The section is organized by spectroscopic techniques and the types of tunable light sources that are employed. The potentials and limitations of these approaches with respect to recording infrared spectra are discussed, as well as the types of molecular systems that they can be applied to. The primary benefit of measuring infrared spectra on biomolecular ions derives from the compositional and structural information based on diagnostic vibrations. It is shown that IR spectroscopy in many cases is capable of distinguishing isomers. Moreover, cold spectroscopy methods provide extremely detailed structural information on gas-phase conformations. This chapter closes on an outlook of expected applications of infrared spectroscopy of biomolecules, focusing on the example of metabolites.
Systematic and simulation-free coarse graining of multi-component polymeric systems: Structure-based coarse graining of binary polymer blends

Abstract We proposed a systematic and simulation-free strategy for the structure-based coarse graining of multi-component polymeric systems using the polymer reference interaction site model theory, and as an example applied it to a simple model system of binary polymer blends. Our structure-based coarse graining ensures that the original and coarse-grained (CG) systems have the same intra- and intermolecular pair correlation functions involving the CG segments (each representing the center-of-mass of a group of consecutive monomers on the same chain in the original system). When applied to binary polymer blends, it does not change the spinodal curve (thus also the critical point), regardless of the original model system and closure used. We also quantitatively examined how the effective non-bonded pair potentials between CG segments and the thermodynamic properties of CG systems vary with the coarse-graining level. As expected, the structure-based coarse graining cannot give thermodynamic consistency (i.e., the same interchain internal energy per chain and virial pressure) between the original and CG systems at any coarse-graining level.
Pulmonary microRNA profiling: implications in upper lobe predominant lung disease.

Numerous pulmonary diseases manifest with upper lobe predominance including cystic fibrosis, smoking-related chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and tuberculosis. Zonal hypoxia, characteristic of these pulmonary maladies, and oxygen stress in general is known to exert profound effects on various important aspects of cell biology. Lung macrophages are major participants in the pulmonary innate immune response and regional differences in macrophage responsiveness to hypoxia may contribute in the development of lung disease. MicroRNAs are ubiquitous regulators of human biology and emerging evidence indicates altered microRNA expression modulates respiratory disease processes. The objective of this study is to gain insight into the epigenetic and cellular mechanisms influencing regional differences in lung disease by investigating effect of hypoxia on regional microRNA expression in the lung. All studies were performed using primary alveolar macrophages (n = 10) or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (n = 16) isolated from human subjects. MicroRNA was assayed via the NanoString nCounter microRNA assay. Divergent molecular patterns of microRNA expression were observed in alternate lung lobes, specifically noted was disparate expression of miR-93 and miR-4454 in alveolar macrophages along with altered expression of miR-451a and miR-663a in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Gene ontology was used to identify potential downstream targets of divergent microRNAs. Targets include cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases, molecules that could have a significant impact on pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. Our findings show variant regional microRNA expression associated with hypoxia in alveolar macrophages and BAL fluid in the lung—upper vs lower lobe. Future studies should address whether these specific microRNAs may act intracellularly, in a paracrine/endocrine manner to direct the innate immune response or may ultimately be involved in pulmonary host-to-pathogen trans-kingdom cross-talk.
Habitat models to predict wetland bird occupancy influenced by scale, anthropogenic disturbance, and imperfect detection

Department of Defense Legacy Program [W9132T-12-2-0026]; Gap Analysis Program of the U.S. Geological Survey; Nebraska Game and Parks Commission; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
The ICT-Based Networks of Highly Skilled Immigrant Women: “I Had Bigger Ambitions”

This chapter draws attention to the highly skilled participants and their persistence in becoming upwardly mobile through their ICT-based communication. They were strategic in moving from one visa to another, staying in the U.S. and getting married, moving onward, or returning to their countries. They adopted goals and perspectives to further their aspirations, by attending American colleges and acquiring English to bolster their upward trajectories and drawing on their mother’s support to persist. They developed network capital in the sense that they established new networks. However, their capacities to broker actual opportunities did not necessarily occur at the level that they desired and they believed they had to work harder and persist longer to achieve their aspirations.
Genomic Characterization of the First Equine-Like G3P[8] Rotavirus Strain Detected in the United States.

ABSTRACT We report here the full coding region sequences for all 11 segments of the first equine-like G3P[8] rotavirus strain detected in the United States, strain RVA/Human-wt/USA/3000390639/2015/G3P[8]. The full genotype constellation of this strain is G3-P[8]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A2-N2-T2-E2-H2.
Increasing Initial Leadership Effectiveness: Assisting Both Women and Men

In this experiment, we manipulated leadership appointment in 3 ways for both a woman and a man. In accord with status characteristics theory, we found that interventions designed to increase the status of the appointee allow the new leader to be more influential and thus more effective. In addition, we found that when a woman is appointed leader with no reason offered for her appointment, followers are willing to be led by her, but, following the theory of motivated reasoning, they will search the context for a plausible reason for their decisions. Suggestions are offered for organizations that want to facilitate the effectiveness of new women leaders; additional recommendations are made for assisting new women leaders.
Why do Organolithium Monomers have Strange Structures

“Replacement of hydrogen atoms by lithium atoms may radically alter the stereochemistry of the parent hydrocarbon”. Thus can be summarized some of the most important findings of the imaginative computational work of Schleyer and his coworkers.1 What fundamental property of lithium is primarily responsible for the unexpected geometrical preferences of perlithio hydrocarbons? Is there some way to predict the geometry of these molecules? These and related questions can be dealt with within the framework of MOVB theory in a way which illustrates the basic utility of the Induced Deexcitation (ID) model presented in the previous chapter as well as the way in which MOVB theory2,3 can be used in order to produce novel insights regarding the mechanism of vacant orbital participation in chemical bonding. The former illustrative application of the theory is made possible by the fact that Li is a weak overlap binding (overbinding) ligand which can readily induce core deexcitation while the latter is made possible by the fact that Li has low lying vacant 2p orbitals which can combine with doubly occupied orbitals to define new bonds or they can function as hybridization “holes” to promote more efficient “covalent” carbon-lithium bonding. At the outset, we state that this work has been totally motivated by the calculational work of Schleyer and his collaborators4 which was published at the time when we were in sore need of well established facts to test the central ideas of MOVB theory, such as the ones described in this and other chapters.
Prisoners with Purses: The Financial Literacy and Habits of Incarcerated Women

Reentry success is dependent upon a variety of factors including the often-overlooked topic of financial literacy and habits. Studies have examined financial literacy within the American public, ho...
Measurement of the energy dependence of prompt fission neutron emission from 233U, 235U, and 239Pu for e = 0.0005 to 10 mev relative to emission from spontaneous fission of 252Cf

Abstract A series of experiments has been performed to measure the dependence on the incident neutron energy of v p(E), the average number of prompt neutrons emitted per fission, of 233U, 235U, and 239Pu relative to v p (252Cf), the average number of prompt neutrons emitted in spontaneous fission of 252Cf. The incident energy range was 0.0005 to 10 MeV. A white neutron source was generated by the Oak Ridge Electron Linear Accelerator and the energies of the neutrons incident on the fissile samples were determined by time-of-flight techniques. The fissile sample and the 252Cf standard were contained in a fission chamber surrounded by a large volume (0.91 m3) liquid scintillator loaded with gadolinium. Fissions were detected by the fission chamber and the neutrons were detected by the scintillator. The results for 239Pu agree over most of the energy range with the results of the evaluation of Manero and Konshin. However, the present results are larger for 235U than those of Manero and Konshin and for 233U t...
Impact of Short-Term Continuous and Interval Exercise Training on Endothelial Function and Glucose Metabolism in Prediabetes.

Introduction The impact of interval (INT) vs. continuous (CONT) exercise training on endothelial function in relation to glucose metabolism prior to clinically meaningful weight loss is unknown in adults with prediabetes. Methods Twenty-six subjects with prediabetes (60 ± 1 y; 33 ± 1 kg/m2; 2-hr-PG OGTT: 145 ± 7 mg/dl) were randomized to 60 min of CONT (n = 12; 70% of HRpeak) or work-matched INT exercise training (n = 14; alternating 3 min at 90 and 50% HRpeak) for 2 weeks. Aerobic fitness (VO2peak) and body composition (bioelectrical impedance) were assessed before and after training. Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was measured during a 2 h 75 g OGTT (0, 60, and 120 min) to assess endothelial function. Postprandial FMD was calculated as incremental area under the curve (iAUC). Glucose tolerance and insulin were also calculated by iAUC. Fasting plasma VCAM, ICAM, and hs-CRP were also assessed as indicators of vascular/systemic inflammation. Results Both interventions increased VO2peak (P = 0.002) but had no effect on body fat (P = 0.20). Although both treatments improved glucose tolerance (P = 0.06) and insulin iAUC (P = 0.02), VCAM increased (P = 0.01). There was no effect of either treatment on ICAM, hs-CRP, or fasting as well as postprandial FMD. However, 57% of people improved fasting and iAUC FMD following CONT compared with only 42% after INT exercise (each: P = 0.04). Elevated VCAM was linked to blunted fasting FMD after training (r = -0.38, P = 0.05). But, there was no correlation between fasting FMD or postprandial FMD with glucose tolerance (r = 0.17, P = 0.39 and r = 0.02, P = 0.90, respectively) or insulin iAUC following training (r = 0.34, P = 0.08 and r = 0.04, P = 0.83, respectively). Conclusion Endothelial function is not improved consistently after short-term training, despite improvements in glucose and insulin responses to the OGTT in obese adults with prediabetes.
A Catalyst of Change: A Graduate Student's Perspectives on Transformational Teaching

This article interprets teachers as change agents in light of the Transformational Teaching (TT) framework (Slavich & Zimbardo, 2012). Contributing to the understanding of teachers
Reducing acute kidney injury in pediatric oncology patients: An improvement project targeting nephrotoxic medications

Background Nephrotoxic medication exposure and associated acute kidney injury (AKI) occur commonly in hospitalized children. At Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, there is an initiative to increase awareness of nephrotoxic medication exposure and decrease rates of associated AKI. The oncology service utilized these data in a quality improvement project to drive reductions in AKI rates. Methods Three interventions were implemented targeted at decreasing the incidence of nephrotoxic exposure, as well as protecting against the conversion of exposures to AKI episodes. Cefepime replaced piperacillin-tazobactam for febrile neutropenia, vancomycin stewardship limited empiric courses to 72 hours, and nephroprotection for intravenous contrast administration was standardized for defined high-risk patients. Results The study cohort comprised 42 520 noncritically ill patient days admitted to the oncology service at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center. A total of 273 unique patients were exposed to combination nephrotoxic medications, leading to 111 AKI episodes. The rate of nephrotoxic medication exposure within the oncology service decreased by 49% from 16.08 to 8.17 per 1000 patient days. Episodes of AKI associated with nephrotoxic medication exposure decreased by 45% from 3.48 to 1.92 per 1000 patient days. Conclusion Interventions to decrease AKI took a three-pronged approach. Collectively, this approach was proven successful with significant reductions in both rates of nephrotoxic medication exposure and associated AKI among hospitalized oncology patients.
Farm-to-Tap Water Treatment: Naturally-Sourced Photosensitizers for Enhanced Solar Disinfection of Drinking Water

Universal access to basic drinking water services remains elusive, especially for rural communities of low- and lower-middle income countries where financial constraints restrict the implementation...
Cardiac Involvement in Vasculotoxic and Neurotoxic Snakebite - A not so Uncommon Complication.

Background Cardiac toxicity following snakebite envenomation has been previously observed, but not studied in detail, especially the involvement in neurotoxic bites. This prospective observational case study evaluates the incidence of cardiac toxicity along with the difference between vasculotoxic and neurotoxic bites and analysing the predictors for development of cardiotoxicity. Method 96 patients who had snake bite envenomation were evaluated for features of cardiotoxicity with clinical features, ECG, echocardiogram and troponin-I levels. Results Cardiac toxicity was observed in 42.7% of patients, the majority were either ECG changes, noted in 34.3% and rise in troponin-I, noted in 21.9% of patients. Other changes included echocardiographic changes in 4.2%, and Takotsubo cardiomyopathy in 1%. There was no significant difference in the incidence of cardiotoxicity between the neurotoxic (41.7%) and vasculotoxic (42.9%) (p value =1) snake bites, even though the predominant changes seen in neurotoxic snake bites were ECG changes. There were no deaths in the current study. None of the demographic or clinical parameters studied could predict the development of cardiac events. Conclusion Cardiac toxicity is a well defined complication of poisonous snake bite and incidence is more frequent than previously thought. Both vasculotoxic and neurotoxic snake bites are associated with cardiac toxicity and is not associated with increase in mortality.
Can Less be More? Audit Risk Disclosure, Financial Reporting Precision, and the Quality of Audited Financial Reports

We study the impact of audit risk disclosure in a model where a client privately spends corporate resources to improve the precision of its financial reporting system. The precision of the financial system represents the audit risk associated with measurement uncertainty. Without audit risk disclosure, the capital market cannot observe the precision and must price the client value based on its conjecture. With audit risk disclosure requirements, an auditor is mandated to disclose audit risk, in addition to an audited financial report, to the market. Thus, the market price is contingent on both the audited report and the disclosed precision. Audit risk disclosure provides the client another channel to influence the market's perceptions. Anticipating audit risk disclosure, the client spends fewer corporate resources on precision due to the negative impact of precision costs on its market price. As a result of lower precision, audit risk disclosure may lower the informativeness of audited financial reports, albeit ex-post communicating more information to the market. If the auditor bears a high misstatement cost due to audit failure, audit risk disclosure reduces the client's ex-ante payoff. This paper provides empirical implications for recent reforms of audit risk disclosure.
Opportunities for Cow-calf Practice:

Production efficiency has become the watch word for cow-calf producers. Over the years the concept of initially integrated reproductive management and later integrated resource management has been adopted as a means to improve production efficiency on operations. Over time there has been a realization that maximum production is not always compatible with profitability or long-term sustainability. In addition, there has been a realization that one must focus on both components of the profit equation, revenues and costs, in order to achieve profitability in the enterprise. Many factors contribute to the potential for increased efficiency and profitability. Improved genetics, control of animal pathogens, nutrition research, and the development of reproductive technology all contribute to the potential for efficiency. However, data from the National Animal Health Monitoring System's (NAHMS) Beef '97 study suggest that relatively few producers are implementing some of the techniques that could contribute to production efficiency. The veterinarian is a key provider of information to producers and is in a position to help producers adopt technologies or improve management where appropriate. These sorts of decisions should always be based on the anticipated economic benefit to the producer.
Gender, Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Iatrogenic Vascular Injuries Among the Ten Most Frequent Surgical Procedures in the United States.

OBJECTIVE Iatrogenic vascular injuries (IaVI's) appear to be increasing, with disparate prevalence across gender, race and ethnicity. We aim to assess the risk of IaVI's across these characteristics. METHODS Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample for the years 2008-2015, we identified rates of IaVI's among the top ten most frequently performed inpatient procedures in the United States. Joint point regression was employed to examine the trends in the rates of IaVI's. We also calculated the adjusted odds ratios for IaVI's using survey logistic regression. RESULTS During the eight-year study period, a total of 29,877,180 procedures were performed (33.6% hip replacement, 14% knee arthroplasty, 11.2% cholecystectomy, 10.3% spinal fusion, 8.9% lysis of adhesions, 8% colorectal resection, 7.9% partial bone excision, 5% appendectomy, 0.6% percutaneous coronary angioplasty, 0.6% laminectomy). A total of 194,031 (0.65%) IaVI's were associated with these procedures. The incidence of IaVI's increased over time with an average annual percentage change (AAPC) of 4.2% (95% CI: 3.1, 5.4; P < 0.01). More females (105,747; 54.5%) than males (88,284; 45.5%) suffered IaVI's during their hospital admission (p < 0.01). Patients 70 years of age and older had the highest incidence of IaVI's (12,244,082; 34.3%; p = <0.01). Among the ten index procedures, Non-Hispanic (NH) Whites underwent the highest proportion of procedures (14.1 procedures/100 hospitalizations; p < 0.01) and cholecystectomy was associated with the highest rate of IaVI's (19.4 per 1000 hospitalizations, p = <0.01). Overall, patients from the lowest income quartile were least likely to suffer IaVI's (0.83 95% CI 0.79-0.88, p < 0.01) compared to the highest income quartile. All form of healthcare coverage increased the odds of IaVI's: Medicaid (1.07 95% CI 1.07-1.13, p < 0.01); Private insurance (1.35 95% CI 1.3-1.39, p < 0.01); Self-pay or no charge (1.45 95% CI 1.38-1.52, p < 0.01). IaVI's increased the odds of in-hospital mortality in all groups (1.25 95% CI 1.14-1.35, p < 0.01) and more pronounced in NH-Blacks (1.51 95% CI 1.15-1.99, p < 0.01). In the overall cohort, urban teaching hospitals observed the highest odds of in-hospital mortality (1.11 95% CI 1.07-1.15, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Between 2008-2015, IaVI's rates for the top ten most frequently performed inpatient procedures increased by 33.6% (4.2% annually; p < 0.01). The elderly, females, and Hispanics more frequently had hospitalizations complicated by IaVI's. Overall, IaVI's independently increased the adjusted odds of mortality by 25%. IaVI's were most fatal among Blacks, about 50% elevated risk of death compared to NH-Whites. These benchmarks will be critical to future efforts to reduce IaVI, and associated healthcare disparities.
Pancreatic lipase-related protein 1 mRNA in female mouse lacrimal gland.

Purpose Differential display analysis was used to look for gender differences in lacrimal gland gene expression. The expression of a female-specific mouse lacrimal gland mRNA that encoded pancreatic lipase-related protein 1 (PLRP1) was identified and characterized. Methods Differential display analysis of the exorbital lacrimal glands of male and female Swiss Webster mice detected a potential female-specific cDNA, designated Y2. Using the technique of rapid amplification of cDNA ends, a full-length cDNA of Y2 was obtained and the nucleotide sequence determined. To assess tissue-specific expression, a labeled Y2 cDNA probe was hybridized to RNA blots of male and female mouse lacrimal, harderian, parotid, mandibular, sublingual, and pancreas glands and liver. Y2 cDNA was also hybridized to RNA blots of male and female rat lacrimal gland and male rat pancreas. To determine subcellular localization, Y2 sense and antisense RNA probes were hybridized to female mouse lacrimal gland frozen sections. Results GenBank database sequence comparisons indicated that Y2 encoded mouse PLRP1. RNA blots documented that PLRP1 was expressed in female, but not in male, mouse lacrimal gland. PLRP1 mRNA was also expressed in male and female mouse sublingual gland and pancreas. Expression of PLRP1 was not detected in male or female rat lacrimal gland. In situ hybridization showed that PLRP1 was expressed in the acinar cells of the female mouse lacrimal gland. Conclusions Lacrimal gland expression of PLRP1 mRNA was gender and species specific. Female, but not male, mouse lacrimal gland expressed PLRPI mRNA. Neither female nor male rat lacrimal gland expressed PLRP1 mRNA. PLRP1 protein may be secreted in mouse tears, where it may function as a lipolytic enzyme, modifying tear film lipids.
Ionic Basis of Resting and Action Potentials

The sections in this article are: 1 Development of Membrane Theory 1.1 Before Intracellular Recording 1.2 First Intracellular Recordings from Squid Giant Axons 2 Direct Measurement of Ionic Currents in Axon Membranes 2.1 Voltage-clamp Method 2.2 Electrochemical Separation of Ionic Currents 2.3 Pharmacological Separation of Ionic Currents 3 Hodgkin-huxley Model 3.1 Quantitative Analysis of INa and Ik 3.2 Calculations with Hodgkin-Huxley Model 4 Variety of Excitable Cells 4.1 Myelinated Nerve 4.2 Other Axons 4.3 Cell Bodies 4.4 Muscle 5 Ionic Channels 5.1 Sodium Channels 5.2 Potassium Channels 5.3 Calcium Channels 6 Equations of Ionic Hypothesis 6.1 Solving Hodgkin-Huxley Model 6.2 Diffusion of Charged Particles in Electric Field
Formal Verification of Cryptographic Protocols: A Survey

In this paper we give a survey of the state of the art in the application of formal methods to the analysis of cryptographic protocols. We attempt to outline some of the major threads of research in this area, and also to document some emerging trends. ...
An electronic compendium of extreme functions for the Gomory-Johnson infinite group problem

In this note we announce the availability of an electronic compendium of extreme functions for Gomory-Johnson's infinite group problem. These functions serve as the strongest cut-generating functions for integer linear optimization problems. We also close several gaps in the literature.
SECTION 98 AND THE SPECIALIZED PRACTICE OF CIVIL RIGHTS LAW

In Stropnicky v. Nathanson,l the Massachusetts Commission Against Discrimination ("MCAD") ruled that Judith Nathanson vi­ olated a Massachusetts antidiscrimination statute by confining her law practice to the feminist-oriented representation of women in divorce proceedings. Some of the participants in this Symposium have criticized the Agency's decision on constitutiOIial or jurispru­ dential grounds, but I think the ruling suffers from a more funda­ mental problem: it rests on a poor reading of the underlying statute. My argument, reduced to its essence, is simply this: it is perverse to interpret a civil rights statute in a way that curtails the effectiveness and availability of civil rights representation.
Base‐Induced Rearrangement of Epoxides to Allylic Alcohols: trans‐Pinocarveol

Base-induced rearrangement of epoxides to allylic alcohols: trans-pinocarveol reactant: 2.40 g. (0.0329 mole) of diethylamine reactant: 5.00 g (0.0329 mole) of α-pinene oxide product: trans-pinocarveol Keywords: diethylamine; diethyl ether; lithium diethylamide, in situ preparation of; α-pinene oxide, preparation of
The Role of India, China, Brazil and Other Emerging Economies in Establishing Access Norms for Intellectual Property and Intellectual Property Lawmaking

This paper discusses the role that emerging economies could play in rendering intellectual property law and lawmaking more responsive to changing conditions. At present, neither the North nor the South is likely to challenge the accommodations made in the TRIPS Agreement. In the North, the politics of change is complex; the South largely lacks expertise. But emerging economies have the political will to improve access to the world’s intellectual output on behalf of their poorest citizens. At the same time, they have growing creative sectors and thick legal and political cultures, capable of striking new and imaginative balances between proprietary and access interests. Because the goals of these economies are best served by partnering with least-developed countries and members of civil society interested in IP issues, these nations also have an incentive to improve another type of access norms — norms of participation, fairness and transparency in international lawmaking. These nations are, in other words, in a unique position to contribute to the reforms that are the cornerstone of the global administrative law agenda.
Expanding the limits of predictive methods: from supervised learning to novel sensors and massive human supervision

The mission of machine learning is to empower computers to make generalizations from available data: labeled and unlabeled. The more labeled data we have the better predictions we’ll make, but labeled data usually comes at a cost and should be used sparingly. In some cases, the nature of prediction problem can be changed by using a different sensor modality or by obtaining a different kind of annotation. In this dissertation we first present methods to enhance predictive ability by improving the use of existing data: by constructing feature spaces for human activity recognition and by developing semi-supervised methods for object recognition. We then develop methods for collecting, storing and visualizing information about activity in an indoor office environment. By using a dense array of simple motion sensors, we can track people in the office space, while preserving reasonable expectations of privacy. We develop methods for efficient access to data annotation services via crowdsourcing. We develop tools for formalizing interactions in the domain of computer vision. By designing a general-purpose toolkit we present a computational abstraction of otherwise undefined human abilities. To ensure high quality of crowdsourced annotations, we developed programmatic gold framework. By automatically generating gold standard data for crowdsourced tasks, we can present clear expectations to the workers, provide in-task training and explicitly measure worker accuracy. Crowdsourced annotations present an opportunity to re-formulate what an AI agent should be able to do. An indoor robot can safely operate in the environment with unknown objects. To interact with the objects, however, it must have a detailed model of the object: semantic label, visual model for recognition and geometry model for grasp and manipulation planning. We develop a robot supervision framework where crowdsourced on-demand annotations allow a robot to collect necessary information about unseen objects, build object models and proceed to manipulate these previously unseen objects.