cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Statistical Modeling and Reconstruction of Randoms Precorrected PET Data

Randoms precorrected positron emission tomography (PET) data is formed as the difference of two Poisson random variables. Its exact probability mass function (PMF) is inconvenient for use in likelihood-based iterative image reconstruction as it contains an infinite summation. The shifted Poisson model is a tractable approximation to this PMF but requires that negative values are truncated, resulting in positively biased reconstructions in low count studies. Here we analyze the properties of the exact PMF and propose a simple but accurate approximation that allows negative valued data. We investigate the properties of this approximation and demonstrate its application to penalized maximum likelihood image reconstruction
A Slow Response to Quick Response Diffusion of QR Technology on U.S. Newspaper Front Pages

A three-week constructed sample shows that few U.S. newspapers publish Quick Response (QR) codes on front pages and that many of the published codes were beyond newsroom control. Content analysis describes QR use by papers in the context of diffusion of innovation and niche-gratification theories and compares published “deep” links with randomly selected pages. Interviews with newspaper executives reveal institutional isomorphism reasons for QR adoption and the belief that QR has little widespread acceptance by readers or the industry.
Cervicomediastinal Cystic Hygroma

The clinical, roentgenologic and pathologic features in nine patients with cervicomediastinal cystic hygroma seen at the Mayo Clinic have been presented, bringing the total number of reported cases to 37. These lesions are congenital tumors of lymphatic origin, and they are loculated and extensive. Despite their histologically benign character, they have an infiltrative type of growth that makes their surgical removal difficult. Malignant degeneration has not been known to occur. The presence of a cervical mass and the frequent evidence of compression of vital structures in the neck and upper mediastinum cause these lesions to be recognized in the early years of life. They are less common in adults. Surgical removal is the ideal treatment. When this is not possible, roentgen therapy is effective in some instances in controlling the growth of the tumor.
Artificial neural networks and dendroclimatic reconstructions: An example from the Front Range, Colorado, USA

The feasibility of reconstructing total spring precipitation for the South Platte River basin from tree-ring chronologies using artificial neural networks is explored. The use of artificial neural networks allows a comparison of reconstructions resulting from both linear and nonlinear models. Both types of models produced reconstructions that explained more than 40% of the variation in spring precipitation and were well verified with independent data. Although the nonlinear models produced higher R2 values than did the linear model for the calibration period, they performed less well in the independent period. This result and other model evaluation statistics suggest that, in this study, the nonlinear models contain a greater degree of overfit than the linear model, and thus, do not offer a clear improvement over the linear model for the reconstruction of spring precipitation in this region. However, neural networks offer an alternative approach to linear regression techniques and may provide improved den...
β-Chemokines Are Produced in Lungs of Mice with Mycoplasma Respiratory Disease

The recruitment of mononuclear cells in lungs is a key event in the pathogenesis of mycoplasma respiratory disease, but the cascade of events responsible is unknown. Studies were conducted to determine whether β-chemokines, which are chemotactic for lymphocytes and macrophages, are produced in murine mycoplasma respiratory disease. Our results show that mRNA expression of the macrophage chemoattractant factor (MCP-1) and macrophage inflammatory peptides (MIP-1α and MIP-1β), but not RANTES, increases in Mycoplasma pulmonis-infected mice. Also, MCP-1 concentrations were much higher in lung extracts from mycoplasma-infected mice than in uninfected mice. As β-chemokines are chemotactic for lymphocytes and macrophages, these results suggest that MCP-1, MIP-1α, and/or MIP-1β, but not RANTES, contribute to mononuclear cell infiltration associated with murine mycoplasma respiratory disease. Thus, the activation of cells to produce β-chemokines is associated with mycoplasma infection, and the β-chemokines, along with other factors and cytokines, are most likely involved in the cascade of events leading to mycoplasma inflammatory disease.
Chromosomal organization of the gene encoding porcine antileukoproteinase and functional analysis of the promoter region in endometrial and placental cells.

Abstract The apparent preferential expression of the elastase/ cathepsin G protease inhibitor antileukoproteinase (ALP) in endometrium of species with epitheliochorial placenta suggests mechanisms of transcriptional regulation unique to these mammalian species. To begin to define the cis-acting regulatory elements involved in the endometrial transcription of the ALP gene, the porcine ALP gene was isolated and characterized. The porcine gene spans at least 13 kb and consists of 5 exons and 4 introns. This genomic structure, except for an additional exon, is similar to that of the human gene where the first three exons encode the signal peptide, trypsin/ cathepsin G binding region, and elastase binding region, respectively. The positions of the 16 cysteine residues in exons 2 and 3 of the human gene are conserved in the porcine gene. The porcine gene contains a TATA box at −29 nucleotide (nt), and sequences with limited homology to those which might bind the transcription factors AP-1, AP-2, Sp-1 and Oct-1. The functional promoter activity of the ALP-5' flanking DNA was examined using chimeric ALP-chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) DNA constructs, after transient transfection in human (ECC-1, Ishikawa) and rabbit (HRE-H9) endometrial and human trophoblastic (JEG-3) cell lines. A 887 nt fragment of the ALP-5'-flanking region (− 887ALP-pCAT-E) was active in these cell lines, with the highest promoter activity observed in the ECC-1. Progressive 5 ' deletion of the 887 nt fragment up to − 243 nt had no effect on CAT gene expression in all cell lines, relative to the longest construct. Results suggest that the approximately 240 bp fragment most proximal to the transcription initiation site confers basal and limited endometrial tissue-specific promoter activity to the ALP gene 5'-flanking region. These studies also establish the ECC-1 cell line as an in vitro model system to elucidate the control of ALP gene transcription in the endometrium.
Toxoplasma gondii Profilin Promotes Recruitment of Ly6Chi CCR2+ Inflammatory Monocytes That Can Confer Resistance to Bacterial Infection

Ly6C+ inflammatory monocytes are essential to host defense against Toxoplasma gondii, Listeria monocytogenes and other infections. During T. gondii infection impaired inflammatory monocyte emigration results in severe inflammation and failure to control parasite replication. However, the T. gondii factors that elicit these monocytes are unknown. Early studies from the Remington laboratory showed that mice with a chronic T. gondii infection survive lethal co-infections with unrelated pathogens, including L. monocytogenes, but a mechanistic analysis was not performed. Here we report that this enhanced survival against L. monocytogenes is due to early reduction of bacterial burdens and elicitation of Ly6C+ inflammatory monocytes. We demonstrate that a single TLR11/TLR12 ligand profilin (TgPRF) was sufficient to reduce bacterial burdens similar to T. gondii chronic infection. Stimulation with TgPRF was also sufficient to enhance animal survival when administered either pre- or post-Listeria infection. The ability of TgPRF to reduce L. monocytogenes burdens was dependent on TLR11 and required IFN-γ but was not dependent on IL-12 signaling. TgPRF induced rapid production of MCP-1 and resulted in trafficking of Ly6Chi CCR2+ inflammatory monocytes and Ly6G+ neutrophils into the blood and spleen. Stimulation with TgPRF reduced L. monocytogenes burdens in mice depleted with the Ly6G specific MAb 1A8, but not in Ly6C/Ly6G specific RB6-8C5 depleted or CCR2−/− mice, indicating that only inflammatory monocytes are required for TgPRF-induced reduction in bacterial burdens. These results demonstrate that stimulation of TLR11 by TgPRF is a mechanism to promote the emigration of Ly6Chi CCR2+ monocytes, and that TgPRF recruited inflammatory monocytes can provide an immunological benefit against an unrelated pathogen.
Dynamic gating of spike propagation in the mitral cell lateral dendrites.

Abstract A unique feature of the olfactory bulb circuit is the long projection of the mitral cell lateral dendrites. Through dendrodendritic reciprocal synapses, these dendrites connect one olfactory glomerular module to hundreds of others; but the functional principles governing these extensive lateral interactions remain largely unknown. Here we report that the spatial extent of action potential propagation in these dendrites is dynamically regulated by inhibitory synapses distributed along the dendrites. The extent of propagation determines the spatial pattern of Ca 2+ influx and thus the range and number of dendrodendritic synapses to be activated. Accordingly, network control of spike traffic in the mitral cell lateral dendrites can mediate dynamic interaction with different combinations of glomerular modules in response to different odorants.
Fabrication Of Miniature Lenses And Mirrors For InGaAsP/InP Lasers

Lenses and mirrors of micrometer scale have been fabricated in the InGaAsP/InP heterostructure material. These microoptical components include two-dimensional flat and cylindrical end-mirrors which are a part of edge-emitting laser cavities, integrated 45° beam-deflectors which direct the output beam from edge-emitting lasers to emit perpendicular to the substrate surface, and large-numerical-aperture refractive and diffractive lenses for collimating light from the diode lasers. They were fabricated by etching, using both wet-chemical and dry processes, lithographically defined patterns. In many cases a mass-transport process was also used to smooth the etched structures.
Automated Identification and Quantitation of Four Patterns of Electrocortical Activity in the Near-Term Fetal Lamb

Automated Identification and Quantitation of Four Patterns of Electrocortical Activity in the Near-Term Fetal Lamb
Louis Bromfield, Malabar Farm, and Faith in the Earth:

Louis Bromfield (1896-1956) produced at least two books whichshould be included n the canon of environmental writing and placehim among the ranks of notable literaryenvironmentalists— Pleasant Valley (1945) andMalabar Farm (1948). These books, as well as five other nonfiction works on sustainable agriculture and ecology, deserve to be placed in the literary tradition of Aldo Leopold's A Sand County Almanac. Bromfield himself should be considered to be a forerunner of the philosophies of Wendell Berry, Gary Snyder, and Wes Jackson. Bromfield's great success at popular fiction has caused him to be slighted not only by literary critics but also by environmentalist scholars; however, several recent critics have asserted that his fiction—much of which is concerned with environ-mental themes such as encroaching industrialism, despoilation of nature, and alienation of people from the land—as well as his nonfiction, should be reassessed. Placing him in the tradition of Sherwood Anderson, they believe that he has ...
HOMOSEXUAL PARENTS AND QUESTIONS OF CHARACTER: A RESPONSE TO CAMERON AND CAMERON '

Cameron and Cameron introduced appellate court decisions as a new data source for content analyses. In using this source they have shown praiseworthy clarity in describing their methods. Their report, however, appears to show an over-weaning bias against homosexuals which is the fatal flaw of this study.
Biatrial primary cardiac paraganglioma: a rare finding

The majority of primary cardiac tumors are benign; of these tumors, cardiac paragangliomas are among the rarest. We report a case of biatrial cardiac paraganglioma discovered during workup for palpitations and fatigue. The tumor involved the interatrial septum, with a lobulated portion protruding through the foramen ovale into the right atrium. The tumor was successfully excised, leading to uneventful recovery.
Influence of patient characteristics on perceived risks and willingness to take a proposed anti-rheumatic drug.

The causes of the underutilization of disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDS) for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are not fully known, but may in part, relate to individual patient factors including risk perception. Our objective was to identify the determinants of risk perception (RP) in RA patients and predictors of their willingness to take a proposed DMARD (DMARD willingness). A cross-sectional mail survey of RA patients in a community rheumatology practice. Patients were presented a hypothetical decision scenario where they were asked to consider switching DMARDs. They evaluated how risky the proposed medication was and how likely they would be to take it. The completed sample included 1009 RA patients. The overall survey response rate was 71%. Patient characteristics: age 61.6 years (range 18-93), 75% female, minority 6.5%, low or marginal health literacy 8.8%, depression 15.0%, duration RA 13.1 years (range 0.5 – 68). Regression models demonstrated that health literacy, independent of low educational achievement or other demographic (including race), was a common predictor of both RP and DMARD willingness. There was partial mediation of the effects of HL on DMARD willingness through RP. Depression and happiness had no significant effect on RP or DMARD willingness. RP was influenced by negative RA disease and treatment experience, while DMARD willingness was affected mainly by perceived disease control. Risk aversion may be the result of potentially recognizable and correctable cognitive defect. Heightened clinician awareness, formal screening for low health literacy or cognitive impairment in high-risk populations, may identify patients could benefit from additional decision support.
Chemical Dissection of Brain Glucoregulatory Circuitry

Glucose is the essential substrate for brain energy metabolism (1). Although glycogen, the major storage form of glucose, contributes dynamically to brain energy metabolism, it is present in very limited quantities (2). Thus, the brain requires continuous delivery of glucose by the blood. Clearly, then, the control of blood glucose is of fundamental importance for brain metabolism. Work in our laboratory has focused on the neural organization of controls that maintain blood glucose concentrations. The immunotoxin, antidopamine β-hydroxylase (anti-DβH) conjugated to saporin (anti-DβH-sap) (3, 4, 5, 6, 7), has been an invaluable tool for establishing the importance of hindbrain catecholamine neurons for coordinated arousal of critical behavioral, autonomic, and neuroendocrine responses to glucose deficit. The goal of this review is to describe our use of anti-DβH-sap in demonstrating the essential roles of hindbrain catecholamine neurons in glucoregulation.
Genetic and QTL analysis of maize tassel and ear inflorescence architecture

Maize (Zea mays L.) ear inflorescence architecture is directly relevant to grain yield components, and tassel architecture is relevant to hybrid seed production. The objectives of this study were to (1) determine heritabilities and correlations of a comprehensive set of tassel and ear inflorescence architecture traits in a set of (Illinois Low Protein×B73) B73 S1 families, (2) identify chromosomal positions of QTL affecting tassel and ear architecture, and (3) identify possible candidate genes associated with these QTL. For tassel traits, the number of detected QTL ranged from one to five, and explained between 6.5 and 35.9% of phenotypic variation. For ear traits, the number of detected QTL ranged from one to nine and phenotypic variation explained by those QTL varied between 7.9 and 53.0%. We detected QTL for tassel architecture traits that required calculation of ratios from measured traits. Some of these calculated traits QTL were detected in regions that did not show QTL for the measured traits, suggesting that calculation of ratios may reveal developmentally relevant patterns of tassel architecture. We detected a QTL on chromosome 7 for tassel branch number near the gene ramosa1 (ra1), which is known to control tassel branch number, making ra1 a candidate gene for tassel branch number. We detected QTL for several traits on chromosomes 6, 8, and 9, where no inflorescence architecture genes have been mapped, thus providing initial information towards new gene discovery for control of inflorescence architecture.
Heat Transfer Inside and Downstream of Cavities Using Transient Liquid Crystal Method

Local heat transfer coefficient distributions are investigated inside and downstream of various cavities on a flat surface. The effect of cavity size, depth, and shape are studied using a transient liquid crystal image method. Liquid crystals are sprayed on the test surface and a hot mainstream is imposed, suddenly causing a color change. The time of color change is obtained using an image processing system. An increase in cavity size for the same depth increases heat transfer coefficients on the test surface. An increase hi cavity depth increases downstream heat transfer coefficients. Five cavity shapes are studied to compare local heat transfer behavior for the effect of various shapes. Nomenclature cp = specific heat of test surface material D = hydraulic diameter of cavity d = cavity depth h = local convection heat transfer coefficient with cavity h0 = local convection heat transfer coefficient without cavity k = thermal conductivity of test surface material Rex = Reynolds number based on axial distance, Ree = momentum thickness Reynolds number, T = temperature Tu = freestream turbulence intensity t = time of liquid crystal color change U = mainstream velocity x = axial distance along the mainstream z = spanwise distance a = thermal diffusivity of test surface material A = temperature step 8 = boundary-layer thickness 8* = displacement thickness 6 = momentum thickness of the boundary layer IJL = fluid dynamic viscosity p = fluid density r = time step
Calcium ribonate and vitamin C (Nu 240-10) in the treatment of tuberculosis.

SUMMARY 1)The writer's observations as well as other investigators' have revealed that there is a definite use for calcium and vitamin C therapy in the treatment of tuberculosis. 2)In a series of 50 cases at the Boston Sanatorium a combination of calcium ribonate and vitamin C was administered intravenously three times weekly for a period of three months. 3)The results obtained justify the continued use of calcium ribonate and vitamin C in the treatment of tuberculosis, especially intestinal tuberculosis and pleural effusions. 4)No ill effects were encountered in the intravenous administration of calcium ribonate in any of our cases.
High-order 3D FEM of prostate needle insertion forces

The long term goal of this project is to predict the deformation brachytherapy needle insertion using a 3D finite element model (FEM). Our FEM was based on a realistic prostate geometry obtained from ultrasound images from a human patient subject, including the geometry of the urethra and prostate capsule. The model was used to investigate pin cushion deformation that occurs during brachytherapy just prior to puncture of the capsule. A 2D FEM was used previously to validate the approach. The 2D FEM employed non-linear element basis functions and the model predictions were compared to those reported in the literature. The current study employed a 3D FEM model with code developed in Matlab and using linear combinations of cubic Hermite finite element basis functions. The material properties for the prostate were those obtained from the literature. The base mesh was defined as an ellipsoidal prostate and capsule, with 48 nodes defining the prostate surface. The urethra was modelled as a paraboloid running through the prostate. The nodal parameters of the prostate base mesh were then optimized to match the unique anatomy of the representative human prostate under investigation. The surface fitting error after optimization was 1.4 mm. Finally, a 10 N axial force was applied to an apical capsule node and the deformed mesh satisfying force balance equilibrium was converged to in approximately 1 hour. A 8% reduction was found for the overall axial displacement of the node at which the force was applied when the results using the encapsulated prostate model was compared to previous results where the capsule was not included. This finding suggests that the capsule plays a prominent mechanical role in brachytherapy needle insertion and warrants a more in-depth study of capsule mechanical properties.
A methodology for quantitation and characterization of oligonucleotides in albumin microspheres

A fluorescence assay was developed to quantify oligonucleotides (ODNs) encapsulated in bovine serum albumin (BSA) microspheres using antisense to Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB) as a model ODN and employing Oligreen® as the fluorescent dye. Methodologies were optimized for the suspension of the microspheres as well as release of the encapsulated ODN using protease digestion. This was followed by the detection and quantitation of the ODN using the Oligreen dye. The Oligreen fluorescence assay gave a concentration-dependent fluorescent interaction with the ODN. Further characterization of the ODN with respect to their structural integrity in non-irradiated and gamma-irradiated antisense encapsulated in BSA microspheres was performed using HPLC, infrared spectroscopy and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Results showed no structural modification of antisense in the BSA microspheres as determined by HPLC retention times for the pure antisense and microsphere-encapsulated ODN. The migration pattern of the antisense in polyacrylamide gels confirmed the absence of significant alterations as a result of the encapsulation process or due to gamma-irradiation. The infrared spectra of non-irradiated and gamma-irradiated antisense to NF-κB microspheres also displayed peaks characteristic of the functional groups. The fluorescence assay could also detect NF-κB antisense in the serum of rats administered with encapsulated antisense by oral and intravenous routes. This methodology should be valuable for the analysis of BSA-encapsulated antisense ODN and for pharmacokinetic studies during antisense therapy.
Probabilistic Methods for Finding People

Finding people in pictures presents a particularly difficult object recognition problem. We show how to find people by finding candidate body segments, and then constructing assemblies of segments that are consistent with the constraints on the appearance of a person that result from kinematic properties. Since a reasonable model of a person requires at least nine segments, it is not possible to inspect every group, due to the huge combinatorial complexity. We propose two approaches to this problem. In one, the search can be pruned by using projected versions of a classifier that accepts groups corresponding to people. We describe an efficient projection algorithm for one popular classifier, and demonstrate that our approach can be used to determine whether images of real scenes contain people. The second approach employs a probabilistic framework, so that we can draw samples of assemblies, with probabilities proportional to their likelihood, which allows to draw human-like assemblies more often than the non-person ones. The main performance problem is in segmentation of images, but the overall results of both approaches on real images of people are encouraging.
The anatomy and blood supply of the papillary muscles of the left ventricle.

Abstract The supply of blood to the papillary muscles is segmental in distribution, and reaches the muscle from large penetrating branches originating from epicardial vessels located radially outward from the muscle. The tip, mid-portion, and base generally receive their vascular supply from separate tributaries which have a radial arrangement. Fibrosis of the papillary muscles is most often associated with occlusive disease of the large coronary vessels. The vascular alteration accompanying this fibrosis is of two types: (1) a fine overgrowth of Class A vessels, without interruption of the Class B vessels, and (2) an interruption of all channels, with enlargement of subendocardial vessels, suggesting the utilization of these vessels in the formation of collaterals past the occluded area.
PMD monitoring in WDM systems for NRZ data using a chromatic-dispersion-regenerated clock

We demonstrate a polarisation mode dispersion (PMD) monitor for NRZ signals that measures the effects of PMD on a chromatic-dispersion-generated clock tone. In NRZ transmission, no clock tone appears at a detector if the link chromatic dispersion is well compensated. In our method, we introduce fiber-Bragg based chromatic dispersion (negligible PMD) in the feedback loop of the PMD compensator to generate a 10 GHz clock tone within an NRZ signal.
Data barns, ambient intelligence and cloud computing: the tacit epistemology and linguistic representation of Big Data

The explosion of data grows at a rate of roughly five trillion bits a second, giving rise to greater urgency in conceptualizing the infosphere (Floridi 2011) and understanding its implications for knowledge and public policy. Philosophers of technology and information technologists alike who wrestle with ontological and epistemological questions of digital information tend to emphasize, as Floridi does, information as our new ecosystem and human beings as interconnected informational organisms, inforgs at home in ambient intelligence. But the linguistic and conceptual representations of Big Data--the massive volume of both structured and unstructured data--and the real world practice of data-mining for patterns and meaningful interpretation of evidence reveal tension and ambiguity in the bold promise of data analytics. This paper explores the tacit epistemology of the rhetoric and representation of Big Data and suggests a richer account of its ambiguities and the paradox of its real world materiality. We argue that Big Data should be recognized as manifesting multiple and conflicting trajectories that reflect human intentionality and particular patterns of power and authority. Such patterns require attentive exploration and moral appraisal if we are to resist simplistic informationist ontologies of Big Data, and the subtle forms of control in the political ecology of Big Data that undermine its promise as transformational knowledge.
Should You Retire at Age 62 or at 65

Retiring at age 62 allows pensions and Social Security payments earlier, with three more years of leisure time. Waiting to retire at age 65 will probably give the retiree larger pension and Social Security payments plus the earnings from three more years of work. We present a methodology for analyzing this decision. We present the cost of retiring at age 62 in terms of foregone income per hour of leisure gained between age 62 and age 65.
A Systematic Review of the Genus Leucochrysa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) in the United States

The genus Leucochrysa McLachlan comprises a large and diverse assemblage of mainly Neotropical species that present numerous systematic problems. This report 1) provides descriptions, illustrations, and keys for males and females of the seven Leucochrysa species now recognized from the United States; 2) synonymizes six previously held names; 3) designates a neotype for Leucochrysa (Nodita) explorata (Hagen) and a lectotype for Leucochrysa (Nodita) pavida (Hagen); 4) describes and illustrates the trash-carrying larvae of four of the seven species from the United States; and 5) reviews and summarizes published and previously unpublished data on the distribution, seasonal occurrence, and biology of each species. Of the seven Leucochrysa species in the United States, two are in the subgenus Leucochrysa and five are in the subgenus Nodita. All of the species also occur in Mexico, Central America, and/or the West Indies.
The 2005 Caprini Score Predicts Both Baseline Venous Thromboembolism Risk and Effectiveness of Chemoprophylaxis: A Meta-Analysis of 13,412 Surgical Patien

Conclusions: Apixaban is less effective in reducing thrombus burden than enoxaparin at 2and 14-day time points in this nonstasis murine model of DVT. This may be due to anti-inflammatory pleiotropic effects of enoxaparin that apixaban may not have in acute DVT. Further study is ongoing to determine whether vein wall remodeling is affected by Xa inhibition and whether this is an effect of apixaban itself or a class effect of anti-Xa inhibitors.
Internationalizing General Education at the Introductory Level: The First-Year Seminar On Political Self-Determination and Web-Based Political Research

This presentation explores ways by which first-year students develop global awareness, discover the academic expectations of college life, build intellectual skills and confront moral issues that emerge from political conflict. Specifically, it describes the model of a first-year seminar, developed at Elizabethtown College, that deals with the topic of political self-determination, in which students prepare case studies of contemporary conflicts involving group claims for political independence, conduct comparative analysis, and present their research at an undergraduate research conference. Moreover, attention is given to how students can perform more effective research on global affairs through the Internet, and how Internet resources can enhance teaching of introductory courses in comparative politics and international relations.
RADIATIVE ELECTRON CAPTURE IN $sup 7$Be.

The continuous spectrum of photons accompanying the electron-capture transition from $^{7}\mathrm{Be}$ to the first excited state in $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$ has been measured in coincidence with the nuclear $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays from the deexcitation of this state. The end-point energy of the photon spectrum was determined to be 388 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 8 keV, in good agreement with accepted mass differences. The probability of $1s+2s$ radiative capture giving a photon energy greater than 50 keV per nuclear $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ ray was determined to be (10.3 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.6) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$. This result should be compared with the value 9.2 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ predicted by the theory of Martin and Glauber. At energies higher than 120 keV the shape of the spectrum agrees with the predictions of theory. At energies lower than 120 keV the intensity falls off faster than expected from the theory. Exchange and overlap corrections to the radiative-capture theory have been calculated and shown to be too small to account for the observed discrepancy.
Maturation of nitrogenase cofactor-the role of a class E radical SAM methyltransferase NifB.

Nitrogenase catalyzes the important reactions of N2-reduction, CO-reduction and CO2-reduction at its active cofactor site. Designated the M-cluster, this complex metallocofactor is assembled through the generation of a characteristic 8Fe-core before the insertion of Mo and homocitrate that completes the stoichiometry of the M-cluster. NifB catalyzes the crucial step of radical SAM-dependent carbide insertion that occurs concomitant with the insertion a ‘9th’ sulfur and the rearrangement/coupling of two 4Fe-clusters into a complete 8Fe-core of the M-cluster. Further categorization of a family of NifB proteins as a new class of radical SAM methyltransferases suggests a general function of these proteins in complex metallocofactor assembly and provides a new platform for unveiling unprecedented chemical reactions catalyzed by biological systems.
“We Are Raising Our Children in Fear”: War, Community Violence, and Parenting Practices in El Salvador

Unprecedented gang violence in El Salvador places children and their families at high risk for experiencing multiple traumas. The influence of lifetime exposure to community violence on parenting p...
Operations Simulation Framework to Evaluate Vehicle Designs for Planetary Surface Exploration

The Mission Utility Simulation Environment (MUSE) is a modeling framework to perform dynamic simulation of vehicle operations for planetary surface exploration missions. MUSE was developed to evaluate the operational capability of point vehicle designs as part of an iterative design process with a vehicle design team. MUSE does not eliminate the need for physical prototyping, but it does provide a tool to refine vehicle designs across a broad range of operations and planetary environments before investing in expensive testing prototypes. Instead of designing to worst-case performance, which can incur significant mass and cost penalties, MUSE helps prevent both oversizing and undersizing of subsystems on the vehicle, which could lead to inadequate performance. MUSE also provides a measure of the utility of a mission given a particular vehicle point design. This paper highlights the proof-of-concept of the core MUSE capabilities in the context of designing a “fleet” of vehicles to perform exploratory missions on the Moon.
Clonal variability in CD95 expression is the major determinant in Fas-mediated, but not chemotherapy-mediated apoptosis in the RPMI 8226 multiple myeloma cell line

CD95 (Fas/APO-1) is a member of the TNFR superfamily that induces apoptosis following cross-linking with its cognate ligand, CD95L (FasL/APO-1L) or agonist antibody. The human myeloma cell line, RPMI 8226, has limited sensitivity to CD95-mediated apoptosis, with a maximum of 65% of the population responding. To determine the source of the limited sensitivity to CD95-mediated apoptosis, we isolated multiple clones from the RPMI-8226 cell line by limiting dilution. Analysis of these clones demonstrated that sensitivity to CD95-mediated cell death directly correlated with CD95 expression. Clones with high levels of CD95 expression had greater than 90% cell death, whereas cells with low levels of expression had less than 10% cell death. In contrast, no correlative differences were identified for other members of the DISC complex, or for members of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family. We further examined the sensitivity of the 8226 clones to various cytotoxic agents. Although modest clonal variability was demonstrated in response to the chemotherapeutic drugs, doxorubicin, etoposide (VP-16), and vincristine, there was no correlation between CD95 function and sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs. These results indicate that in this cell line, receptor expression is rate limiting in CD95-mediated apoptosis, whereas CD95 expression was not a determinant in drug-induced programmed cell death.
Analysis on monitoring of the status of chromium contamination in agricultural products in area nearby electroplating factory in Shunyi District between 2011 to 2013

Objective To understand the current status of chromium contamination in agricultural products in area nearby electroplating factory in Shunyi District. Methods We sampled various agricultural products, including cereals and vegetables nearby electroplating factory between 2011 to 2013, to monitor the contamination of heavy metal chromium in agricultural products.Results We obtained the monitoring data of 144, the overall pass rate was 93.8%. The highest level of chromium pollution was in vegetables in 2013. The pollution levels within 1.5km around factory were higher than above it(P=0.039). The enrichment coefficients of different crops were different. Rape, cabbage, cauliflower, enrichment coefficients were the highest, followed by corn,wheat and lettuce. Radish, spinach, and capsicum enrichment coefficients were minimum. Conclusion Heavy pollution enterprises should be supervised strictly, hidden dangers should be found and eliminated timely. At the same time, we should select the lower enrichment coefficient crops and plant in pollution enterprises, to improve the quality of crops.
Common Problems in Compiling Corporate Product Standards

Product standard is an important way to embody the product requirements,which not only objectively shows the basic requirements to product's appearance,reliability and applicability but also stipulates the tests,testing ways and testing rules about the above-mentioned capabilities.However,there are some problems as the standard is compiled.In order to better compile corporate product standards,the article gives a brief account on the problems that usually exist in their compilations.
Obstetric Anesthesia: Advances in the 1980’s

The most important advance to be made in obstetric anesthesia will not concern the development of new drags, but a change in attitude toward certain aspects of the overall management of the pregnant woman. Education regarding the hazards of the supine position during the latter half of pregnancy, updated knowledge concerning the benefits of pain relief during labor, and the ready availability of invasive monitoring are essential prerequisites to improving the outcome of pregnancy.
Old French as a V2 Language

Thurneysen (1892) was the first to note that in Old French (OFr) the finite verb tends to be in second position of a main clause regardless of the nature of the initial constituent, much as in Modern German. In the more recent literature, the term “verb-second language” has been used in both a descriptive and a theoretical sense for languages of this type. Although the term is seldom defined explicitly, the following properties are generally considered in the generative literature to be part of the V2 character of OFr.
Mechanism of Distal Acidification: Relevance to Distal RTA

Acid secretion in the distal nephron is mediated by a cell with an apical membrane ATP-coupled H pump and a basolateral membrane CI/HCO3 exchanger. Considering H secretion as a function of luminal pH, defects in distal acidification can be divided into three broad groups: an abnormal leak where net H secretion is normal in the absence of a pH gradient but becomes abnormal as luminal pH decreases; a rate defect where minimal urinary pH is normal but the rate of acidification is decreased at higher luminal pH; and a voltage defect where the rate of H secretion at all luminal pH is decreased and the minimal urinary pH is increased. The U-BPCO2 has been used to assess the rate of H secretion in the presence of a minimal gradient for back diffusion. The presence of hyperkalemia indicates that the disease process involves the cortical collecting tubule where H and K are both secreted, or indicates an abnormality in aldosterone which stimulates H and K secretion. Lastly, the response of urinary pH and urinary K to an increase in distal Na delivery can be used to examine cortical collecting tubule function.
De-Gendering Predatory Violence: The Female Stalker:

L'A. souligne que les hommes tout comme les femmes peuvent etre victimes de harcelement. Ce type de violence engendre chez la victime un sentiment de peur quant aux dommages que ses biens peuvent subir et quant aux eventuelles menaces qui pesent sur son entourage. Si l'homme a recours a la violence physique, la femme qui se livre au harcelement fait appel a des objets, a des procedes techniques. Elles utilisent le reseau Internet, elles bombardent de messages les repondeurs telephoniques ou les adresses E-mail, elles recherchent les codes des comptes bancaires ou des messageries telephoniques pour ecouter les messages recus. L'A. souligne que les effets du harcelement, tout comme ceux de la violence au cours de l'enfance, peuvent etre tout aussi devastateur chez les hommes que chez les femmes. L'A. decrit de quelle maniere les cours de justice americaines apprehendent ce type de phenomene. Elles ne prennent guere au serieux les plaintes deposees par les hommes. Ces derniers n'ont pas acces aux services d'aide aux victimes de harcelement. La legislation americaine tout comme les cours de justice tendent a minimiser les violences perpetrees par des femmes en ce domaine
Who is Your Coach

ABSTRACTInitial teacher licensing is intended to provide public assurance of core competence in classroom settings. Core competence's implicit vulnerability is mediocrity. In daily practice, many educators appear satisfied in reaching a merely acceptable level of performance, thus minimizing the period of effortful skill acquisition required to attain core excellence. To transition from core competence to core excellence in instructional settings requires deep learning. Five professional practices reside at the heart of deep learning: a mind-set for continuous learning, an entrenched openness to feedback, deliberate practice, rigorous self-critique of instructional practices, and consistent coaching. Who is your coach?
Cytochemistry of Hippocampus Following Cerebral Ischemia

The feature of selective vulnerability to ischemia displayed by certain topistic units and most clearly observed in the hippocampus, the brain region particularly sensitive to ischemia (12, 14), was the important finding brought out by the light microscopic observation on ger-bils. The most striking lesion was the “reactive change”, confined to the H3 sector of the hippocampus (26). This change occurred only in the animals subjected to relatively slight ischemic insult and fully developed only upon recirculation. The neurons of the H3 sector were characterized by a peripheral shift of the nucleus whereas the voluminous cytoplasm showed a central chro-matolysis. The reversibility of these changes was evident from the almost normal appearance of the H3 sector in the animals sacrificed 1 week after the reestablishment of blood supply to the brain. It is thus evident that “reactive change” represents a cellular reaction to ischemia in which the neurons are capable of full recovery from an ischemic injury.
Shiga Toxin Upregulates Tissue Factor Gene Expression in and Functional Tissue Factor On Endothelium in the Presence of Complement Activation

Abstract Abstract 1075 The pathophysiology of Shiga toxin (Stx)-related hemolytic uremic syndrome remains poorly understood. We hypothesize that tissue factor (TF) expression on vascular endothelium is central to the genesis of this disorder and is driven both by direct effects of Stx on endothelium activated by inflammatory cytokines derived from the action of Stx in the gastrointestinal tract, and by Stx-induced complement activation, which further augments TF expression. We used human umbilical vein endothelial cell monolayers to examine 1) gene expression of TF and TF pathway inhibitor (TFPI) with TNFα (20 ng/ml) ± Stx-1 (10 pM) compared to control, 2) total cellular and cell surface antigenic TF and TFPI, 3) TFPI secretion into supernatant, 4) factor Xa production, and 5) soluble levels of C5b-9 in complete media in response to 3–30 pM Stx-1 in the absence of cells. TF mRNA increased 2.82 ± 0.92-fold (N=13; p Fig. 1 ). TNFα plus Stx-1 yielded a 6.51 ± 3.48-fold increase (N=17; p Fig. 1 ). TFPI mRNA decreased with TNFα (p Fig. 2 ). Finally, by means of immunofluorescence we also detected and measured C5b-9 on fixed cell monolayers, whether treated prior to fixation with TNFα alone or TNFα plus Stx-1. We conclude that Stx-1 augments functional TF on endothelium by increasing TF mRNA, and impairing synthesis, cell-surface association, and secretion of TFPI, while at the same time activating both the alternative and classical complement pathways. These findings support the development of therapeutic approaches to epidemic HUS that incorporate inhibitors of the TF pathway, inhibitors of the alternative and classical complement pathways, or both. Download : Download high-res image (21KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Mobile technology intervention to improve care coordination between HIV and substance use treatment providers: development, training, and evaluation protocol

People living with HIV (PLWH) with a substance use disorder (SUD) tend to receive inadequate medical care in part because of a siloed healthcare system in which HIV and substance use services are delivered separately. Ideal treatment requires an interdisciplinary, team-based coordinated care approach, but many structural and systemic barriers impede the integration of HIV and SUD services. The current protocol describes the development and preliminary evaluation of a care coordination intervention (CCI), consisting of a tablet-based mobile platform for HIV and SUD treatment providers, an interagency communication protocol, and a training protocol. We hypothesize that HIV and SUD treatment providers will find the CCI to be acceptable, and that after receipt of the CCI, providers will: exhibit higher retention in dual care among patients, report increased frequency and quality of communication, and report increased rates of relational coordination. A three phase approach is used to refine and evaluate the CCI. Phase 1 consists of in-depth qualitative interviews with 8 key stakeholders as well as clinical audits of participating HIV and SUD treatment agencies. Phase 2 contains functionality testing of the mobile platform with frontline HIV and SUD treatment providers, followed by refinement of the CCI. Phase 3 consists of a pre-, post-test trial with 30 SUD and 30 HIV treatment providers. Data will be collected at the provider, organization, and patient levels. Providers will complete assessments at baseline, immediately post-training, and at 1-, 3-, and 6-months post-training. Organizational data will be collected at baseline, 1-, 3-, and 6-months post training, while patient data will be collected at baseline and 6-months post training. This study will develop and evaluate a CCI consisting of a tablet-based mobile platform for treatment providers, an interagency communication protocol, and a training protocol as a means of improving the integration of care for PLWH who have a SUD. Results have the potential to advance the field by bridging gaps in a fragmented healthcare system, and improving treatment efficiency, work flow, and communication among interdisciplinary providers from different treatment settings. Trial Registration: NCT02906215
Real-world uncertainties during a site assessment of vapour migration into a residential house from soil and groundwater

Assessing the relationship between hydrocarbon groundwater concentrations and overlying vapour concentrations is fraught with uncertainties resulting from effects of moisture and biodegradation in the capillary fringe above the water table, the combined effects of solubility and Raoult9s law associated with free phase hydrocarbon and, not least, the subsequent potential vapour transport mechanisms. This paper reports on a UK site containing an uninhabited house adjacent to soil and groundwater source zones. Hydrocarbon concentrations within shallow groundwater, soil, soil vapour and indoor air have been measured over several sampling events. Potential for biodegradation has been assessed using biotraps. Recent publications and this site9s data suggest that models are conservative and may overestimate potential indoor air concentrations. Attenuation from the subsurface into the house may be less than predicted if preferential pathways exist, but preferential pathways limit modelling applicability. As always, a robust and full understanding of the conceptual model is critical. At this site, and most real-world sites, this understanding is often prohibitively expensive to obtain. Notwithstanding this caveat, the results at this site suggest that both modelling algorithms and source-separation distance approaches are valid screening tools in the UK provided that a robust understanding of the conceptual model is developed.