cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Air system information management

Information moving among stovepipe systems is usually mediated by people (for example, air traffic controllers) or single-purpose applications. People, whose intelligence is critical for difficult tasks and unusual circumstances, are not as efficient as computers for tasks that can be automated. Better information sharing can lead to higher system capacity, more efficient utilization, and safer operations. Better information sharing through greater automation is possible, though not necessarily easy.
Is Foundation Content an Archaic Educational Construct? No!

able to see beyond these expectations. This debate presents an opportunity for me to step back and imagine the experi ences of graduates of a social work pro gram that did not use foundation content as an educational construct, review my understanding of the evolution of foun dation content during the last half cen tury, speculate about the downside of this approach, and identify some consid erations and directions for the future. As
An Intermediate-Energy Experimental Test of Bell's Inequalty with Recoil Polarimeters

To date there has been only one test for ‘local reality’ which used fermions. Lamehi-Rachti and Mittig measured correlated protons with a recoil polarimeter at Saclay. We discuss this experiment and survey the published criticism. We then propose an experiment involving a 500 MeV electron beam on a 3He target. The two protons in the 3He nucleus originally have their spins anti-aligned. The spins of the ejected protons can be measured with a recoil polarimeter and the correlation function obtained, which will be a good test of Local Reality and Bell's inequality.
Employment ADR and the Professional Athlete

Over the past three to four years, there has been substantial activity in the world of professional sports relative to collective bargaining agreement (CBA) negotiations. We recently saw the National Basketball Association (NBA) and National Hockey League (NHL) cancel a portion of its 2011-12 and 2012-13 season respectively due to stalled negotiations. In 2011, we saw the National Football League (NFL) lockout its players for a four-month span due to stalled negotiations, which resulted in the players decertifying their union and filing suit against the league. At the end of 2011, we also saw Major League Baseball (MLB) narrowly avoid a similar fate when it was able to renegotiate its CBA. Indeed, even Major League Soccer (MLS) continued to work through the expiration of its CBA while navigating through heated discussions in 2010. The past three years have been extremely active in professional sports negotiations.In the "Scholarship" section of this website you will find the full article. This article begins by briefly looking at the history of collective bargaining agreements and the impact on employees and employment law. It then explores the employment rights of the professional athlete in particular and compares and contrasts the labor disputes that each of the five major professional sports organizations have undergone in recent years. It should be noted that the focus is on the interest negotiations that take place at the expiration of a CBA, as opposed to the grievance negotiations that occur in the midst of an existing CBA. This is because a current CBA provides ample negotiation and arbitration options for a player engaged in a singular dispute. However, the best interests of the owners and players alike are in jeopardy as a CBA nears the end of its term, and a new agreement to govern the future relationship between the parties requires negotiation. There is also no discussion on the Sherman Act and the impact of antitrust law on these negotiations, as these topics have been discussed at length in other scholarly papers. The focus is specifically on how these leagues negotiate at the most critical time for the owners, players, and fans alike — the expiration of a CBA. Currently, the possibility of strikes, lockouts, and cancelled games or seasons looms unless a new agreement can be timely reached. In the end, it is the hope of this author that the readers of this paper will develop an appreciation for the intricacies involved in these complex negotiations and notice trends that could lead to the best practices for future negotiations of CBAs.
A Multi-Criteria Model for Corporate Property Evaluation

A critical concern for corporations pursuing geographical expansion strategies involves property evaluation. In order for expansion to be successful, corporations must identify cities and propertie...
Secretion of glucose-C14 by dog parotid gland

Abstract Following the administration of glucose-C14 to the dog, the unaltered radioactive glucose molecule can be identified in the parotid saliva by means of chromatography. The concentration of glucose in saliva is low, averaging but 3–4 per cent of the plasma concentration. The amount of radioactivity in the parotid saliva increases as the rate of salivary flow increases. Stop-flow studies indicate that the primary site for transport of glucose from plasma to saliva is in the intralobular ducts. The results of this technique, in combination with other data, strongly suggest that glucose enters the saliva by a passive process.
Laboratory weathering studies of coal refuse

Coal refuse samples from Staunton, Illinois, were continuously leached in soxhlet extractors at 97, 65, 55 and 45°C for up to 192 hr. An identical refuse sample was leached once a week for 11 weeks using a humidity cell at approximately 25°C. Leachate collected from the soxhlet and humidity cell apparatus was analysed for pH, EC, SO4, Fe, Mn, Al and total acidity.
Relation of Preference Panel and Trained Panel Scores on Dry Whole Milk

Summary Dry whole milk samples manufactured by the EURDD Dairy Products Laboratory, Washington, D. C., were scored by an Oregon State University trained panel, EURDD Dairy Products Laboratory, Washington, D. C., trained panel, EURDD Engineering and Development Laboratory, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania, trained panel, and by an OSU preference panel of from 100 to 160 student judges. After preliminary testing of 63 samples by the DPL and OSU panels, two series of 50 samples each for a total of 100 samples were tested by all four panels, except the Wyndmoor panel, which tested only 96 samples. Two of the three trained panels used modifications of the American Dairy Science Association score-card for dry whole milk. The Oregon trained panel used a simple six-factor ballot. The student preference panel scored the samples on the nine-point hedonic scale. All data were statistically analyzed for correlation and regression coefficients. Results indicated that total scores from the trained panels could be used as a basis for a scoring system which would predict consumer preference scores. The trained panels’ scores for individual scoring factors, i.e., cooked, oxidized, stale, astringent flavors, did not satisfactorily predict preference scores, but could be used as an indication of possible flavor defects in dry whole milk samples.
Weiria australis gen. n., sp. n., the first fully myrmecoid aleocharine staphylinid from Australia (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae: Aenictoteratini)

Weiria australis gen. n and sp. n. (type locality Western Australia, Kimberley Region, CALM Site 25/1, Synnot Ck.), a myrmecoid (ant-like body form) aleocharine staphylinid, is described, and habitus and line illustrations are provided for its recognition. The species is tentatively placed in the tribe Aenictoteratini; similarities and differences to tribal characters shared by other members of the Aenictoteratini, and similarities and differences to other aenictoteratine genera are discussed. This is the first fully myrmecoid aleocharine, and the first member of the tribe Aenictoteratini, known from Australia. Association of Weiria gen. n. with the ant genus Aenictus Shuckard is postulated.
A Spawning Aggregation of Nassau Grouper, Epinephelus striatus (Bloch)

Abstract A spawning aggregation, estimated to consist of 30,000 to 100,000 Nassau groupers, occurred during the third week of January 1971 off Cat Cay in the Bahamas. The fish congregated near the edge of deep water and about one-third were in an unusual color pattern—dark above and light below with some of the usual head markings reversed. Histological sections revealed that both sexes were sexually active; one female had ovulated eggs in the ovary, another had ripe eggs in the ovarian follicles. Fishermen report similar spawning aggregations at selected localities throughout the Bahamas.
Quantitative aspects of human exposure to nitrosamines.

Summary A method is proposed for the quantitative evaluation of the relative risk of environmental carcinogens and is used to demonstrate that evaluation of the potential dangers of toxic substances on the basis of concentration levels alone may lead to erroneous conclusions. This concept is used to suggest a method of estimating the likelihood that certain environmental carcinogens may cause significant cancer incidence. Finally, these ideas are applied to the problem of nitrosamines in food and the conclusion is drawn that those present in the highest concentrations may not pose the greatest risk.
Gender differences in cardiovascular reactivity to competitive stress: The impact of gender of competitor and competition outcome

There is a broad literature indicating gender differences in cardiovascular heart disease (CHD), with higher risks among men. One possible explanation offered has been gender differences in cardiovascular reactivity. However, this gender gap in morbidity and mortality has been decreasing and attributed by some to the increasing competitive pressure placed on women in the workplace. As a result, it is important to understand situational factors that may influence cardiovascular reactivity during competitive stress. We examined this issue in 46 healthy men and women who competed against a same—or opposite—sex competitor while heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) were measured. Competition outcome (winning or losing) and gender composition of the dyads were balanced and controlled. Consistent with the gender-role conflict perspective, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) reactivity was higher when competing against a man than a woman. In addition, men also showed higher DBP reactivity when losing than when winning, and women demonstrated the opposite pattern. These data suggest that these gender processes may play an important role in understanding response to stressful interpersonal situations.
Forming limit measurements for random-fiber mats

In resin transfer molding, the fabrication of the fiber preform is critical to both part quality and production efficiency. The deformation induced by preforming introduces porosity and permeability variations, which affect mold filling, and may result in defects (tears and wrinkles) in the preform. In this study we develop an experimental method for determining the formability of thermoformable random-fiber mats, and provide a mathematical framework for expressing the results. We characterize formability of random-fiber mats using a forming limit diagram, similar to the diagrams used for sheet metal. This diagram maps the combinations of principal stretch ratios λ 1 and λ 2 that cause the material to fail. The maximum load during constant-rate extension provides the failure criterion in forming limit tests. The experiments combine uniaxial and constrained tests. The uniaxial tests reveal behavior when the sample is free to contract in the lateral direction, and also help determine the strains that cause wrinkling in the sheet. The constrained tests give data when lateral contraction is prohibited. Biaxial data is acquired by conducting a sequence of two constrained tests on a single sample, rotating the sample by 90° between the tests. Forming limit data is presented for CertainTeed's U750 thermoformable random-fiber mat. The results are expressed mathematically in a formability function W (λ 1 , λ 2 ), in which the forming limits are incorporated through a quadratic penalty function. This type of data can be used in an ideal forming theory to determine the feasibility of forming any given shape from a random-fiber mat.
Exchange of skin grafts among monozygotic quadruplets in armadillos

Skin grafting experiments, with long-term follow-ups, on three litters of armadillo quadruplets born in our laboratory have confirmed the familiar rule that grafts exchanged between monozygotic littermates are not rejected as a consequence of alloimmune reactions. A possible explanation of the striking discrepancy between the present findings and those of a previous study is uncertainty about the relationships of the previous animals, which were obtained from a commercial dealer at 10 days of age.
Femoral ontogeny and locomotor biomechanics of Dryosaurus lettowvorbecki (Dinosauria, Iguanodontia)

Abstract Femoral ontogeny in the iguanodontian dinosaur Dryosaurus lettowvorbecki (Late Jurassic, Tanzania) is analysed biomechanically using principles of beam theory. Statistically significant differences in cross-sectional properties are found between animals of differing size, reflecting alterations to both the relative amount and distribution of cortical bone during growth. Two explanations are suggested to account for these modifications in bone architecture: (1) increasing mechanical loads related to increasing body size, and (2) changes in the orientation of these loadings associated with a caudal shift of the centre of gravity. It is argued that D. lettowvorbecki hatchlings were not bipedal as generally presumed but obligate quadrupeds. Based on avian growth rates, the transition from quadrupedality to habitual bipedalism is estimated to have occurred within several months of hatching. The biomechanical approach employed here contributes new insight into ontogeny of locomotion in D. lettowvorbecki and provides additional ways of analysing ontogenetic processes among extinct and living species.
Mössbauer effect of the 129 keV state in 195Pt

Abstract The resonance absorption of the 129 keV γ rays from the second excited state in 195 Pt has been investigated. The spectrum exhibits a 0.16% effect and a linewidth of 4.4 ± 0.4 mm/s. The possibility of using this resonance for solid studies is suggested.
Quantum transport equations for high electric fields

We have studied quantum-mechanical transport equations for nondegenerate electrons in semiconductors in high electric fields. Our calculations use Kadanoff and Baym's formalism based on Green functions, treat only fields that are constant in space and time, and are restricted to weak scattering. First, we derive an approximate solution to the equation of motion of the retarded Green function in an electric field, with a careful check of its validity. This is used in deducing the conditions under which the quantum-mechanical transport equation reduces to the Boltzmann equation. We find, in agreement with some previous studies, that the electric field causes a ``broadening'' of the \ensuremath{\delta} function in semiclassical transition rates, a result of the ``intracollisional field effect.'' The Boltzmann equation fails when this broadening exceeds some characteristic energy scale (usually ${k}_{B}$T), which occurs at fields of a few MV ${m}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ in conventional semiconductors. These results are strongly dependent on the ansatz used to reduce the Green function to a distribution function. The scattering-out term is usually much less sensitive to the electric field than the scattering-in term. We exploit this to construct an integral transport equation, valid in high electric fields, which differs from the Boltzmann equation only in having a broadened function replacing the \ensuremath{\delta} function in the scattering-in rates. It should be possible to solve this equation using standard numerical techniques and gain quantitative information on the intracollisional field effect.
The contraction number of a multigrid method with mesh ratio two for solving model problems

Abstract The algorithm proposed in [6] is analyzed with the aid of model problem analysis. The explicit expression for the convergence factor and the exact values of the contraction number are obtained.
Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 provokes polymorphonuclear leukocyte elastase release by CD18

Background. Elevated levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) correlate with the development of postinjury multiple organ failure. Soluble ICAM-1 secretion is known to be induced in endothelial cells and monocytes by diverse inflammatory stimuli. We have found that incubation of quiescent polymorphonuclear leutocytes (PMNs) with sICAM-1 elicits elastase release and, more recently, that cross-linking CD18 receptors on PMNs also produces elastase release. Consequently, our study hypothesis was that sICAM-1 provokes PMN elastase release through its interaction with CD18. Methods. To obtain sICAM-1, Chinese hamster ovarian cells transfected with human ICAM-1 were lysed and centrifuged at 150,000 g for 1 hour ; the supernatant was passed over an ICAM-1 affinity column, eluted with 0.1 mmol/L glycine HCl, and concentrated with dialysis filter. Human PMNs (2.5 x 10 5 ) were saturated with specific monoclonal antibodies for the β 2 subunits (CD11a, CD11b, CD18) or nonspecific monoclonal antibodies for 30 minutes on ice before a 1-hour incubation with sICAM-1 (75 ng/ml) at 37° C. Elastase activity was measured by the cleavage of n-methoxysuccinyl-A-A-P-V-p-nitroanilide. Results. Neutrophil incubation with sICAM-1 resulted in 19.2 % ± 2.8% of total PMN elastase, compared with 2.4% ± 0.5% in the controls. Blockade of CD18 abrogated sICAM-1 provoked elastase release with monoclonal antibodies to CD18 (TS1/18, 31H8) resulting in 4.3% ± 1.0% and 5.5% ± 1.4% elastase release, respectively. Blockade of CD11a, CD11b, and nonspecific antibody controls had no effect on sICAM-1-induced elastase release. Conclusions. In vitro, sICAM-1 provokes PMN elastase release through CD18. This may represent a mechanism by which elevated levels of circulating sICAM-1, released from local injury sites, provoke distal organ dysfunction.
Evaluation of the effects of rivastigmine on cigarette smoking by methamphetamine-dependent volunteers.

Compared to smokers alone, smokers with co-morbid substance use disorders are at greater risk of suffering from smoking-related death. Despite this, relatively few studies have examined smoking cessation treatments for those with stimulant dependence. In the current study, we sought to evaluate the effects produced by short-term exposure to the cholinesterase inhibitor rivastigmine (0, 3 or 6 mg) on cigarette smoking in non-treatment-seeking, methamphetamine-dependent volunteers. This was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study that took place over 9 days. The data indicate that rivastigmine treatment did not alter Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence scores, carbon monoxide readings, or cigarettes smoked per day, but a trend toward reduced urges to smoke (p<0.09) was detected during treatment with rivastigmine 3mg. These data, while preliminary, indicate that cholinesterase inhibitors warrant consideration as treatments for nicotine dependence, including use in stimulant-dependent individuals who exhibit significantly higher rates of smoking than the general population.
The Latin American Studies Association vs. the United States: The verdict of history.

The collapse of the Soviet Union has been accompanied by critical commentaries on what are called "sins of Sovietology." Critics have focused not so much on the failure of specialists to predict the breakup of the empire that Stalin built as on their alleged inability to understand the very nature of communist regimes.[1] By the same token, Nicaragua's repudiation of the Sandinistas in the 1990 election and the approaching demise of Fidel Castro's thirty-five- year-old dictatorship (a Latin American record) over Cuba call for analysis of what Latin Americanists have said about the two regimes in the Western hemisphere most like--and for most of their life closely allied to--those that once made up the Soviet bloc.[2] How well did Latin Americanists diagnose the nature of Marxism-Leninism when it showed up at their doorstep speaking Spanish, quoting Jose Marti and Ruben Dario?[3] An exhaustive study of the judgments that Latin Americanists have rendered on Cuba and Nicaragua during the last two decades, even if restricted to the leading journals and bestselling textbooks, would fill a rather lengthy book and is beyond the scope of this essay.[4] I shall instead consider the resolutions, reports, and other official declarations or statements of the Latin American Studies Association (LASA), the leading organization of Latin Americanists in the United States, if not the world. Since LASA's resolutions are adopted only after ratification by the entire membership, those on Cuba and Nicaragua should reflect what a large body of Latin Americanists have thought about these countries through the years. LASA, which was founded in 1966, has over 3,000 individual and about 80 institutional members. Every 18 months it holds an international congress that attracts about 2,000 participants. Members receive the Latin American Research Review (LARR), a scholarly journal, and the LASA Forum (formerly the LASA Newsletter), a quarterly publication of announcements, reports, analyses, and opinion. LASA's resolutions, task force reports, and related documents, whose contents will be analyzed in these pages, appear in the latter. LASA is governed by a nine-member executive council consisting of six elected representatives, an elected vice-president (who automatically succeeds to the presidency), the president, and the immediate past president. With the council's consent, the president makes appointments to task forces charged with specific missions. Two of the oldest, each more than twenty years old, are the Task Force on Scholarly Relations with Cuba and the Task Fore on Human Rights and Academic Freedom. More recent is the Task
Trends in unmanned planetary entry systems

Entry systems used in unmanned planetary exploration are discussed in terms of future missions and more complex demands made upon the design configurations of orbiters and atmospheric space probes. The presently on-going Galileo project involving a Jupiter orbiter and a probe of the Jovian atmosphere is mentioned, and the difficult entry requirements at a velocity of 48 km/sec and an angle of minus seven to minus 10 degrees into an atmosphere composed largely of hydrogen, are described. Re-entry parameters determined by the respective entry environment, type of entry approach (hyperbolic or elliptical orbit) entry velocity, and guidance technology are given attention. Aerobraking, involving relatively slow circularization of an initial elliptical orbit by repeated passes through the atmosphere, is investigated. Aerocapture, by which vehicles using controlled flight paths through the atmosphere, can go directly from a hyperbolic flyby trajectory to low circular orbit is described. Major attractions of aerobraking and aerocapture are analyzed in terms of modest technology needs and relatively small impact on spacecraft design.
The sixth nationwide epidemiological survey of chronic pancreatitis in Japan: What about tobacco?

We enjoyed reading the article from Dr. Morihisa Hirota et al. titled “The sixth nationwide epidemiological survey of chronic pancreatitis in Japan” [Pancreatology 12 (2012) 79–84]. They reported that the incidence and prevalence of chronic pancreatitis (CP) has increased in Japan. The methodology and results investigated causes of CP. In their discussion, an increase of alcohol consumption and improvement of the sensitivity of diagnostic tests are mentioned as factors likely causing this change [1]. Nevertheless, we noticed that there was no mention on the influence of tobacco during the first or second surveys reported in this paper. Over the last decade or so, our awareness has increased on the influence of chemicals in tobacco not only worsening the evolution, but also as an etiologic factor in CP [2,3]. The effects of smoking include exposure to nicotine andmany of the toxins in tar, which can not only cause acute and chronic inflammation in the pancreas independently from alcohol, but also synergistic with alcohol [4]. Rodent studies showed multiple mechanisms of inflammation due to exposure to cigarette smoke leading to aggravation of pancreatic damage in a short period of time after inhalation. They found acinar cell destruction with reorganization of circumscribed areas of exocrine pancreas to connective tissue, reduction of protective anti-protease activity and increased turnover of pancreatic digestive enzymes among other pathogenic mechanisms [5]. Epidemiologic studies performed in Asia reported that up to 75% of patients with alcoholic CP also smoked [6]. It is very encouraging to realize that tobacco use is decreasing in Japan. Many reports indicate that trend in different sectors of society. Adolescents and women, who are most vulnerable, as well as rural population, are among those groups [7-9]. Oncologists, a very influential group have reduced their smoking rate from 9% to 5.3% between 2006 and 2012 [10]. Even with those positive indicators, WHO reports that smoking occurs in 38.2% of adult males and 10% of adult women in Japan in 2010 [11]. This fact contrasts with a very long life expectancy in this country [12] and leads to the discussion of tobacco as a factor in many illnesses, including CP. Based on these considerations, we would like to respectfully suggest to the authors of this article to consider the inclusion of questions about tobacco consumption both first and second hand on future surveys on CP. We hypothesize that tobacco may account for many of the cases with unknown etiology as well as contributing to those from alcohol.
Risk factors for intimate partner violence during pregnancy and postpartum

This longitudinal investigation examined potential risk factors for intimate partner violence (IPV) among women during pregnancy and 6 weeks postpartum. A sample of 180 pregnant women was collected in order to investigate (1) whether associations between partner alcohol misuse, partner jealousy, partner suspicion of infidelity, and stress were associated with IPV victimization; (2) the indirect effects of alcohol misuse on these relationships; and (3) factors related to changes in IPV victimization over time. At baseline, partner alcohol misuse was associated with each type of IPV victimization and the combination of partner alcohol misuse, partner jealousy, and partner suspicion of infidelity was most strongly associated with severe physical victimization. Partner alcohol misuse mediated the relationship between partner jealousy and psychological and severe physical victimization. At follow-up, partner jealousy and stress were related to women’s psychological victimization and partner alcohol misuse was related to women’s severe physical victimization. Findings suggest that partner alcohol misuse is a risk factor for women’s IPV victimization during pregnancy and jealousy and that stress may increase risk for some types of IPV. Findings also suggest that intervention should target parents early in pregnancy in order to reduce the risk for future IPV.
Computing interface motion in compressible gas dynamics

A “Hamilton-Jacobi” level set formulation of the equations of motion for propagating interfaces has been introduced recently by Osher and Sethian. This formulation allows fronts to self-intersect, develop singularities, and change topology. The numerical algorithms based on this approach handle topological merging and breaking naturally, work in any number of space dimensions, and do not require that the moving front be written as a function. Instead, the moving front is embedded as a particular level set in a fixed domain partial differential equation. Numerical techniques borrowed from hyperbolic conservation laws are then used to accurately capture the complicated surface motion that satisfies the global entropy condition for propagating fronts given by Sethian. In this paper, we analyze the coupling of this level set formulation to a system of conservation laws for compressible gas dynamics. We study both conservative and non-conservative differencing of the level set function and compare the two approaches. To illustrate the capability of the method, we study the compressible Rayleigh-Taylor and Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities for air-air and air-helium boundaries. We perform numerical convergence studies of the method over a range of parameters and analyze the accuracy of this approach applied to these problems.
The use of the accelerator as a simulator.

Abstract A simple “Simulator Scale” with tungsten pins is described, which can be placed in the beam tray or in a slot at the collimator opening. It projects clear images on the beam film, which permit to choose the setting of the collimator scale of the therapy machine. The tungsten pin images on the beam also indicate the central beam and the focus-film distance, which must be accurate for the fabrication of beam blocks. In our experience this Simulator Scale combined with an optimal diagnostic film-leadfoil-cassette arrangement has been more satisfactory than a special simulator.
A photonic RF front-end with optically distributed LO and ACP-OPLL

We present a photonic RF front-end employing an optically distributed LO and a link-on-chip photonic integrated circuit (PIC). The PIC includes an optical down-converter and a linear demodulator. By perturbing the phase of the LO signal, an adjustable phase shift can be achieved to the IF output of the photonic RF front-end.
Moral Perception and Particularity

Part I. Particularity: 1. Introduction 2. Iris Murdoch and the domain of the moral 3. Moral perception and particularity Part II. Moral Excellence: 4. Moral exemplars: reflections on Scindler, the Trocmes, and others 5. Vocation, friendship, community: limitations of the personal/impersonal framework 6. Altruism and the moral value of rescue: Resisting persecution, racism, and genocide 7. Virtue and community Part III. The Morality of Care: 8. Compassion 9. Moral development and conceptions of morality 10. Gilligan and Kohlberg: implications for moral theory 11. Gilligan's two voices and the moral status of group identity.
Automated segmentation of pulmonary vascular tree from 3D CT images

This paper describes an algorithm for automated segmentation of pulmonary vessels from thoracic 3D CT images. The lung region is roughly extracted based on thresholding and labeling in order to reduce computational cost in the following filtering step. Vessels are enhanced by application of a line-filter, which is based on a combination of eigen values of a Hessian matrix to provide higher response to vessels compared with the other structures. Initial segmentation is performed by thresholding of the filter output. Since extracted vessels may contain tiny holes and local discontinuities between segments, especially around branchpoints, tracking algorithm is used to fill these gaps. Though the results may still contain not only vessels but also parts of airway walls and noise, such structures can be eliminated by considering the number of branchpoints associated with each structure since vascular trees are characterized as objects with many branchpoints. Therefore, a thinning algorithm is applied to determine the number of branchpoints and the final segmentation is obtained by thresholding with regard to the number of branchpoints. We applied the algorithm to five healthy human scans and obtained visually promising results. In order to evaluate our segmentation results quantitatively, approximately 2,000 manually identified points inside the vascular tree were selected in each case to check how many were correctly included in the segmentation result. On average, 98% of the manually identified vessel points were properly marked as vessels. This result demonstrates the promising performance of our algorithm and its utility for further analyses.
The extraction of zirconium with tri-n-octylphosphine oxide and its direct determination in the organic phase with pyrocatechol violet

Abstract A sensitive colorimetric method for the determination of zirconium has been developed for use in organic extracts which contain tri- n -octylphosphine oxide (TOPO) in cyclo hexane. The method is based on the absorbance of the zirconium-pyrocatechol violet complex in a TOPO- cyclo hexane-ethyl alcohol medium at a wavelength of 655 mμ. The molar absorbance index for this complex at 655 mμ is about 40,000. The complex conforms to Beer's law up to a concentration of 1.0 μg of zirconium per ml. When zirconium is extracted from a chloride medium, this method is useful for the determination of zirconium in the presence of large amounts of aluminium, uranium, vanadium, iron, and chromium; moderate amounts of thorium do not interfere. Molybdenum, titanium, and hafnium interfere with the method. The procedure is applicable in the presence of milligram amounts of phosphate and sulphate ion. When zirconium is extracted from a nitrate medium, the method is useful for the determination of zirconium in the presence of aluminium, titanium, molybdenum, vanadium, iron and chromium; however, uranium, thorium, and hafnium interfere. Microgram amounts of phosphate and sulphate ion can be tolerated. This method has the common advantage of most extraction methods in that zirconium which is present in an aqueous sample can be extracted into a smaller organic volume. The coefficient of variation for the determination of zirconium by this method is less than 3%.
Changes in state of adenylation and time course of degradation of maternal mRNAs during oocyte maturation and early embryonic development in the mouse

Previous work has shown that more than 50% or about 50 pg of polyadenylated RNA found in the full-grown mouse oocyte is deadenylated or degraded during meiotic maturation. Here we show that rRNA declines by 60 pg during this period, accounting for most of the 80-pg decline in total RNA and indicating that a significant amount of mRNA ia deadenylated but not degraded during maturation. Actin mRNA is deadenylated at about 7 hr of in vitro maturation, following the decline in its translation. The poly(A) tail on hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) mRNA is elongated at 7 hr of maturation, preceding an increase in HPRT activity. Actin mRNA is partially degraded in the one-cell embryo and falls to near the limit of detection in the late two-cell stage, while HPRT mRNA shows no change in early two-cell embryos, but is deadenylated and declines greatly during the two-cell stage. In aging unfertilized eggs, most of these changes occur on a delayed schedule. The various species of α-tubulin mRNA are largely deadenylated and more than half are degraded during maturation. Taken together with other published results, we conclude that each mRNA has its own pattern of changes in the length of the poly(A) tail (correlated with translation) and degradation during the period of maternal control of protein synthesis, and, for those examined, the maternal mRNAs remaining in the early two-cell embryo are degraded to low levels by the late two-cell stage.
The 1976 status of the migma program of controlled fusion

Abstract The objective of the migma program of controlled fusion is to build, using the existing, commercially available technology, a prototype demonstration power plant, generating continuously at least 1 kW of fusion power. We estimate that this can be accomplished in five years, with about $60 million.
Charge transfer in the shell model

Abstract the mechanism of charge transfer is incorporated into the shell model in an effort to better describe the lattice dynamics of crystals of the zincblende structure. The long-wavelength aspects of the resulting new model are treated in detail. A preliminary application is made to GaAs.
Practical limits of Moran’s autocorrelation index for raster class maps

Abstract This paper is concerned with the calculation of the Moran index of spatial contiguity, also known as Moran’s I, on binary raster maps. While the theoretical range of I extends from roughly −1 to 1 for a raster map, in practice possible I values are much more restricted. The nature of the restriction is due to the rigid cell framework, which defines contiguity, as well as the relative proportions of ones to zeros in the binary raster. This paper presents experimental findings demonstrating the practical limits of Moran’s I under a variety of different proportions and contiguity measures. Results for negatively autocorrelated surfaces are particularly noteworthy; unequal proportions of ones and zeros can result in minimal I values considerably larger than −1, and in many cases considerably larger than 0. Implications for the use of I on raster maps are considered, as is the potential relevance of negative spatial autocorrelation and its measurement.
Which claw-free graphs are perfectly orderable?

Abstract An undirected graph is called perfectly orderable if the set of its vertices admits a linear order
Research in Family and Consumer Sciences Education, 1985–2000

This review addresses significant events that have influenced research in family and consumer sciences education, major publication outlets, leading researchers, problems studied, methodologies used, and a summary of thesis and dissertation research completed from 1985 to 1999. Nearly three fourths of the 237 research articles reviewed were published in the Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences Education. Research topics focused primarily on professional roles and characteristics of family and consumer sciences educators, program evaluation, and priority issues including the need for family and consumer sciences teachers. Collaborative research efforts, focus on critical issues in family and consumer sciences education, use of interpretive frameworks and qualitative methods, and progress in using theory are cited as strengths. Challenges for future research include avoiding overreliance on empirical and survey methods, strengthening interaction between research and theory, increasing the number of individuals engaged in research on a continuing basis, and strengthening graduate student research.
Water-energy balance and the geographic pattern of species richness of western Palearctic butterflies

1. Using two sources of data to estimate butterfly species richness, the potential influences of 11 environmental variables on the richness gradient of butterflies in western/central Europe and northern Africa were examined with multiple regression and spatial autocorrelation analysis. A measure of water-energy balance, actual evapotranspiration, explained 79% of the variance in butterfly species richness using data derived from range maps, and 72% of the variance using data derived from grid-based distribution maps. All other variables explained less than 4% of the variance in the regression models and differed depending on the data source. 2. The spatial analysis indicated that actual evapotranspiration successfully removed most of the spatial autocorrelation in both richness data sets at all spatial scales, confirming the ability of the model to account for the spatial pattern in butterfly richness. 3. Plant species richness, a rarely tested variable hypothesised to be an important determinant of herbivore diversity, was weakly associated with butterfly richness, suggesting that it has little or no direct influence on butterfly richness. 4. A historical variable, the length of time that areas have been exposed for recolonisation after the retreat of the ice sheet following the last ice age, was also not associated with richness patterns, indicating that butterfly richness is in equilibrium with contemporary climate. 5. It was not possible to confirm a result reported for Canadian butterflies that land cover diversity is a strong predictor of butterfly richness, possibly because of methodological differences in the studies, differences in the range of climates found in Canada and the western Palearctic, or because of the highly modified landscape characteristic of Europe. 6. Water-energy balance offers a parsimonious explanation for the butterfly richness gradient in this region, operating partially indirectly via effects on plant productivity and partially directly via physiological effects on butterflies, and this conclusion is robust to differences in the types of distribution maps used to estimate richness patterns.
An Assessment of Light-Induced Off-Flavors in Retail Milk

Samples of whole and skim milk from two local dairy plants that were packaged in 3.8-L plastic containers (nonreturnable high density polyethylene) and 1.9, .95, and .48-L fiberboard containers and displayed in the dairy cases of four local grocery stores under normal fluorescent light were analyzed for light-induced changes in flavor and riboflavin content. Milk samples were analyzed daily for flavor, odor, appearance, and riboflavin content. Sensory evaluation was by 25 untrained panelists, and riboflavin was determined by HPLC method. Milk samples were analyzed first in summer, then repeated in winter. Data indicated that under typical production and storage conditions in the area, type and size of container, fat content, and season of production had no major damaging effects on flavor, odor, appearance, or riboflavin content of retail milk.
Protein Dynamics in Cytochrome P450 Molecular Recognition and Substrate Specificity Using 2D IR Vibrational Echo Spectroscopy

Cytochrome (cyt) P450s hydroxylate a variety of substrates that can differ widely in their chemical structure. The importance of these enzymes in drug metabolism and other biological processes has motivated the study of the factors that enable their activity on diverse classes of molecules. Protein dynamics have been implicated in cyt P450 substrate specificity. Here, 2D IR vibrational echo spectroscopy is employed to measure the dynamics of cyt P450cam from Pseudomonas putida on fast time scales using CO bound at the active site as a vibrational probe. The substrate-free enzyme and the enzyme bound to both its natural substrate, camphor, and a series of related substrates are investigated to explicate the role of dynamics in molecular recognition in cyt P450cam and to delineate how the motions may contribute to hydroxylation specificity. In substrate-free cyt P450cam, three conformational states are populated, and the structural fluctuations within a conformational state are relatively slow. Substrate bi...
Endoscopic system for simultaneous visual examination and electronic detection of fluorescence

A sensitive parallel system for visual examination of a target area with simultaneous detection and measurement of fluorescent emission from the same region is described. This device, originally designed and constructed for bronchial cancer detection, alternates visual illumination and narrow band excitation radiation in conjunction with a synchronously shuttered PMT at frequencies above the visual flicker fusion threshold to provide parallel operation. The signal from the PMT is synchronously amplified using a lock‐in amplifier, the dc output of which is voltage‐to‐frequency converted and amplified to provide an audible tone whose frequency is proportional to the fluorescence sensed.
Image enhancement and stress separation of thermoelastically measured data under random loading

Traditional thermoelastic stress analysis (TSA) presupposes that the structure being analyzed is cyclically loaded at a constant amplitude and frequency. This approach typically has been used to satisfy the adiabatic reversible assumptions. The authors employ an alternative signal analysis technique that enables one to evaluate the magnitude of the individual components of stress in a component subjected to a loading that is random in both frequency and magnitude. However, the nature of the measured information does not change; i.e., data are inherently noisy, and edge information is unreliable. The latter two aspects have caused many thermoelastic stress analyses to be more qualitative than quantitative. The present paper emphasizes developing the TSA technique into a practical, noncontacting quantitative method for stress analyzing actual engineering structures that are randomly loaded. In particular, ability to determine the individual stresses thermoelastically under random loading is demonstrated.
Continuous wave difference frequency generation using AgGaS2: problems encountered in power scaling

ABSTRACT We report the results of our efforts to increase the infrared output power from a cw difference frequency generation source based on the non4inear material AgGaS for use in infrared kinetic spectroscopy. Experimental and theoretical infrared conversion efficiencies are compared as a function ofpump power, signal power, and focusing conditions. The predicted and observed JR yields agree well for theunfocused beam; however, the agreement is poor (experimental conversion a factor of 3-5 less than theory)for all focused conditions. The highest IR output powers obtained corresponded to experimental conditions which are slightly over-focused compared to the theoretical optimum. Thermal loading of the AgGaS2 decreases the parametric conversion efficiency when the power in one of the input lasers beams exceeds .8OO mW. Infrared powers of 10 - 30 j.tW have been achieved near 5.2 p.m. Future improved crystals should yield powers at the 5OO iW level. 1. INTRODUCTION We are developing cw difference frequency generation (DFG) in AgGaS2 as a probe source forinfrared kinetic spectroscopy (IRKS). Before addressing the technical aspects of DFG in AgGaS2, it seemsappropriate to discuss the end use. IRKS has proven to be a powerful tool for studying the spectroscopy offree radicals and for following their chemical kinetics. The real power of this technique lies in its abilityto distinguish between different absorbing species by frequency and/or temporal discrimination with nearlyuniversal detection, as the vast majority of molecules have at least one infrared active vibration in the 2-20l.Lm fingerprint region. The IRKS technique is reasonably sensitive, allowing detection of number densities
Ideological Dichotomies and Practical Realities in Educational Reform.

The ideologies organizing recent educational reform efforts and the effects of these efforts are considered in multilevel case study. The study looks at the effects of reform efforts at the district, school, and classroom levels and at how one-sided reform ideologies, which provide little practical guidance, were reinterpreted and modified by principals and teachers. The case study is then used as a basis for some general reflections on the relation between educational ideology and practice using viewpoints provided by functional, conflict, and loose-coupling theories.
Correlation between percentage matrices: a new approach

Abstract This paper defines a correlation coefficient between two percentage matrices of the same order by the cosine of the angle between two hyperplanes properly associated with the two matrices. This procedure has been applied to 55 sediment samples collected from the Po River Delta area, Italy. The results obtained stress the goodness of this method, which offer a quick, simple, and effective tool for recognizing the depositional environment of sediments from their grain-size distribution.