cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intraseasonal Variability of the Summer Monsoon over Southeast Arizona

Abstract Intraseasonal fluctuations associated with the Mexican monsoon system are examined for the semiarid Sonoran Desert region. Daily rain gauge accumulations, radiosonde reports, satellite imagery, and global analyses are all analyzed. Composite wet and dry periods during July and August of 1985–92 are compared, and the statistical significance of differences between the composite fields are assessed. Significant differences exist between many of the wet and dry fields over the Sonoran Desert. As the monsoon shifts from dry to wet conditions, the subtropical ridge moves ∼5° lat northward, and the middle- and upper-tropospheric (700–300 mb) winds back from southwesterly to southeasterly. The midtropospheric transport of water vapor from the southeast strengthens, and the precipitable water values increase by as much as ∼1.2 cm (∼0.5 in.). Middle-tropospheric air parcels ascend into the region from the southeast, while low-level air parcels continue to stream inland from the Gulf of California and up t...
Optical characteristics of coastal waters and atmosphere near the south coast of the crimea at the end of summer 2008

We present the results of measurements of optical characteristics of waters (the beam attenuation coefficient, volume scattering function, sea water reflectance, and Secchi depth) and optical characteristics of the atmosphere (aerosol optical thickness, content of vapors, and the Angstrom exponent) carried out in September 2008 on the oceanographic platform near Katsiveli. We carried out the comparative analysis of hydrooptical characteristics measured in various years. The optical type of sea waters in the period of observations is determined.
Constant-Fraction Discrimination/Boxcar Integrator for Plasma Source Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

A constant-fraction discrimination (CFD) system has been combined with a boxcar integrator for detection in inductively coupled plasma/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The discriminator provides gating logic for the boxcar integrator when an incoming ion signal occurs, but discriminates against electronic or background noise of lower amplitude. As a result, the combination can effectively reject noise and accumulate analyte signal, rather than relying on an averaging process to reduce noise levels. The signal-to-noise ratio is therefore enhanced in this operation compared with the conventional boxcar method. The dynamic range of the detection system is at least five orders of magnitude.
Deformation and Phase Transformations during the Cyclic Oxidation of Ni-Al and Ni-Pt-Al

The reversible high-temperature γ′ to β phase transformation may be critical to explaining the unusual high-temperature oxidation behavior of (Ni,Pt)Al alloys and coatings. During high-temperature, high-frequency (1 h) cyclic oxidation in dry, flowing O2, unprecedented macroscopic deformation was observed in two-phase (γ′+β) cast specimens of Hf-doped Ni−Al at 1,150°C and Hf-doped Ni−Pt−Al at 1,100° and 1,150°C, Outside of this two-phase field or when the cycle frequency was decreased to 100h, no deformation was observed. Using high-temperaturex-ray diffraction in an inert environment, the β-to-γ′ phase ratio was observed to increase above 1,000°C, causing a 2.5% volume change. The addition of platinum appeared to lower the transformation temperature consistent with the deformation observed in castalloys and rumpling of simple and platinum-modified aluminide coatings.
Load tolerance of the right ventricle: Effect of increased aortic pressure

Right ventricular (RV) failure due to increased RV afterload can be a cause of circulatory compromise. An increase in aortic pressure (Pao) has been reported to improve RV load tolerance. In anesthetized mongrel dogs, we investigated the RV responses to increased afterload, the degree to which RV load tolerance increased with increased Pao, and some of the mechanisms that might be responsible for this. Graded occlusion of the pulmonary artery (PA) was performed to the point of circulatory failure (F). The magnitudo of RV afterload that could be tolerated without F was called the highest load tolerable (HLT). At HLT, PA circumference was reduced by 35.1 ± 3%, and there were increases in RV systolic pressure (from 27.5 ± 0.2 to 63.2 ± 3.4 torr, P
A long-term analysis of 1018 patients with melanoma by classic Cox regression and tree-structured survival analysis at a major referral center: Implications on the future of cancer staging

Abstract Background. Traditional statistical analysis of 2 surgeons' experiences with resectable malignant melanoma during a 30-year period (November 1970-July 2000) was compared with new tree-structured recursive partitioning regression analysis. Methods. A total of 1018 consecutive patients were registered and 983 patients were evaluable. Disease-free survival (DFS) and melanoma survival (MS) were calculated by Kaplan-Meier method for stage, thickness, ulceration, site, lymph node involvement, age, sex, and type; and compared with log-rank tests. Cox proportional hazards model was used for multivariate analysis. Multivariate predictors were used to analyze DFS and MS with a classification and regression tree model that partitioned patients into progressively more homogenous prognostic groups with significantly different Kaplan-Meier curves. Results. Multivariate correlations were with thickness (millimeters), ulceration, age (per year), type, and sex in predicting DFS (relative risk = 1.18, 2.10, 1.05, 1.71, and 1.71, respectively). Thickness, ulceration, age, and type remained significant predictors of MS (relative risk = 1.14, 3.02, 1.02, and 2.30, respectively). Classification and regression tree analysis showed thickness, age, ulceration, and sex affected DFS. Only thickness and ulceration were significant in predicting MS. Conclusion. The Cox model is an important tool for analysis of clinical data but has flaws. New statistical technology to predict outcome should be considered. Classification and regression tree analysis of larger published series may reveal new predictors useful for staging, prognosis, and guiding clinical decisions. Surgery 2002;132:589-604.
Optic Disc Rim Area Is Related to Disc Size in Normal Subjects

• Measurements of optic disc rim area are used to quantitatively evaluate the optic nerve head in open angle glaucoma. It has been suggested that disc rim area (neuroretinal rim area) is independent of disc size, unlike measurements of cupdisc ratio that co-vary with measurements of disc size. To test the relationships between topographic optic disc measurements and disc size, we used computerized image analysis (Rodenstock analyzer) of the optic nerve head to measure total disc area, cup area, disc rim area, and disc cup volume in 38 normal subjects. Magnification-corrected measurements of cup area, disc rim area, and cup volume were positively correlated with measurements of disc area. Measurements of disc rim area were therefore not independent of disc size in this group of normal subjects. A normal range of values for disc rim area can be predicted for an eye depending on the area of its optic disc. Sensitive predictions require further refinement based on the patient's age, race, and sex.
Diagnostics for mixed-model analysis of variance

We describe a new method for assessment of model inadequacy in maximum-likelihood mixed-model analysis of variance. In particular, we discuss its use in diagnosing perturbations from the usual assumption of constant error variance and from the assumption that each realization of a given random factor has been drawn from the same normal population. Computer implementation of the procedure is described, and an example is presented, involving the analysis of filter cartridges used with commercial respirators.
Fischer–Tropsch synthesis: 14C labeled 1-alkene conversion using supercritical conditions with Co/A12O3

Under a pressure tuned supercritical fluid mixture of pentane/hexane as the media and using Co/A12O3 as the catalyst, the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) reaction was conducted in a fixed bed reactor. 14C-labeled decene, tetradecene, and nonadecene were chosen as probe compounds to study the chemical behavior of the added mid-carbon number olefin under FTS supercritical reaction conditions. In the case of the run with decene, 21.8% of the added decene was reduced to decane, 73.5% remained unchanged, and only 4.7% of the added decene was incorporated into higher carbon number compounds. For the tetradecene and nonadecene runs, the percentages of reduction of the added olefin are 23.4 and 2.5%, while the percentages of incorporation are 2.6 and 1.5%, respectively. The molar radioactivity of the incorporated compounds decreases with increasing molecular size, indicating the presence of some accumulated products under these reaction conditions. The α value calculated based on the relative radioactivity of the incorporated compounds is 0.62, which is smaller than the value obtained from normal FTS under the same reaction conditions. These results indicate that the added mid-carbon number olefin cannot significantly alter the product distribution in favoring the heavier products.
Combined Pharmacomechanical Thrombolysis of Complete Portomesenteric Thrombosis in a Liver Transplant Recipient

Treatment options for portomesenteric venous thrombosis range from anticoagulation to surgery, depending on chronicity, severity of symptoms, extent of thrombosis, and the availability of local expertise. For acute and subacute cases, a variety of endovascular options have been described in limited published series and case reports, including thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy. We report what is to our knowledge the first case in which the Trellis pharmacomechanical thrombolysis device was used successfully to treat complete acute thrombosis of the entire superior mesenteric vein and the entire portal vein with extension into all segmental intrahepatic portal branches in a young adult after liver transplantation. This device, coupled with adjunctive techniques using balloon catheters, facilitated complete restoration of flow, resulting in graft salvage and long-term patency.
Going upstream: Social inequality and children's health

This study explores the impact of income inequality on the health of children. We examine the direct effects of income inequality and the mediating effects of income inequality via poverty concentration at local levels. We use a multilevel study design incorporating individual level data from the 1988 Child Health Supplement to the National Health Interview Survey supplemented with aggregate data from the 1990 Census of Population STF3A economic/ demographic files. Measures of income inequality are constructed at the county level and poverty concentration at the county and neighbourhood level. Multiple indicators are used to examine child health including physiologic, functional status, and psychological measures and behavior and school problems. The association between income inequality and child health was examined using logistic regression models. Direct effects of income inequality were observed for school suspension and indirect effects for chronic conditions, learning disabilities, emotional and beh...
The effect of light on the quantity of phagosomes in the pigment epithelium.

Abstract The effect of light on the number of phagosomes within the pigment epithelium was studied using Rana pipiens tadpoles dark-adapted for various intervals before light stimulation. Two populations of phagosomes were observed. One consists of large packets of rod outer segment discs 4–10 μm long and 5 μm wide. Light stimulation following various periods of darkness results in a steady increase in the density of these large phagosomes reaching a peak 2–3·5 times above control levels after 2 hr of light. The maximum number of large phagosomes was obtained in animals dark adapted for 3 days before light stimulation. The second population of phagosomes consists of small packets of outer segment discs 1–2 μm in diameter. The number of these phagosomes does not change with different conditions of illumination. Electron microscopic analysis indicates that the small phagosomes are lost from the rod outer segment tips as small whorls of 5–30 discs.
Use of Air Displacement Plethysmography in the Determination of Percentage of Fat Mass in African American Children

The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of air displacement plethysmography (ADP) to estimate percentage of fat mass (%FM) in African American children. %FM was determined in 21 boys and 13 girls (11.0 +/- 1.4 y, 18.6 +/- 4.2 kg/m(2) [mean +/- SD]) by ADP (using six published densitometric equations) and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Measures were done within 2 h of one another, in random order. Regardless of equation, %FM(ADP) was significantly correlated with %FM(DXA) (R(2) = 0.67-0.71, all p < 0.001). %FM(ADP) using the equation of Siri (%FM(ADP-Siri) 20.3 +/- 9.0) agreed most closely with %FM(DXA) (20.0 +/- 10.2, difference p = 0.729). Together, surface area artifact and bone mineral content per unit of bone-free fat-free mass accounted for 29% of the variance in the residual between methods. The correlation between %FM(ADP-Siri) and %FM(DXA) was not significant for those <35 kg (n = 10; R(2) = 0.084, p = 0.417). There was a trend toward %FM(ADP-Siri) underestimating %FM(DXA) in girls (-1.46 +/- 3.0%FM; p = 0.103) but not in boys (1.43 +/- 6.4%FM; p = 0.315). Predicted lung volume was 40.1% higher than measured lung volume (p < 0.001). %FM(ADP-Siri) determined using predicted lung volume was 23.5 +/- 8.9, higher than that using measured lung volume (p < 0.001) and higher than %FM(DXA) (p = 0.001). We conclude that in 9- to 14-y-old African American children and provided lung volume is measured, %FM using ADP with Siri's equation approximates that obtained by DXA. Body composition results determined by ADP in children <35 kg should be interpreted with caution.
Nonlinear aspects of chemotaxis

Abstract A simplified Keller-Segel model for the chemotactic movements of cellular slime mold is reconsidered. In particular, we ask for the circumstances under which the cell distribution can autonomously develop a δ-function singularity. By the use of suitable differential inequalities, we show that this cannot happen in the case of one-dimensional aggregation. For three or more dimensions, we produce time developments which do become singular, while in the important special case of two-dimensional motion, we advance arguments that the possibility of chemotactic collapse requires a threshold number of cells in the system.
Bird predation on cutworms (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in wheat fields and chlorpyrifos effects on brain cholinesterase activity

Horned larks, Eremophila alpestris (L.), and McCown's longspurs, Calcarius mccownii (Lawrence), were collected at intervals from two winter wheat fields in Montana after aerial application of chlorpyrifos to control cutworms. Both bird species had a high (95–100%) incidence of Lepidoptera, mostly pale western cutworms, Agrotis orthogonia Morrison, in their stomachs at 3 days postspray. Incidence of cutworms and other insects in stomachs of birds from sprayed fields was lower at 9 and 16 days postspray than in control birds, presumably due to insecticide-caused reduction of insects. Effects of birds on population dynamics of insect pests in wheat are unknown, but birds do contribute to cutworm mortality. Predation is one of the limiting factors to cutworm increase and can supplement insecticidal control. Brain cholinesterase activity in horned larks collected from the sprayed fields at 3 and 9 days postspray was significantly lower than in unexposed larks, but at 16 days the difference was not significant. Although nontarget birds clearly were exposed to chlorpyrifos and manifested a sublethal physiological response, toxic effects were lesssevere than those resulting from endrin application for cutworm control in wheat. More study is needed of larger chlorpyrifos-treated fields under a variety of conditions to fully assess effects on nontarget life.
WE-C-BRA-02: Parameters for and Use of NTCP Models in the Clinic

Delivery of adequate tumordose without causing excessive normal tissue complications is the driving principle of modern radiation therapy. Resulting dose distributions in normal tissues are very different from the “partial organ irradiation” distributions that characterize the simple beam arrangements of earlier days. Further, the growing popularity of hypofractionation drastically widens the range of biological effective doses within organs at risk (OAR). The clinical physicist is faced with uncertainty as to what aspects of an OAR dose distribution require special consideration in treatment plan design and evaluation. Normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) models are one way to account for the full dose distribution. For most serious toxicities, statistical models from various outcomes analyses help direct the planner toward dose‐volume limits. There are also several semi‐mechanistic models, each with a set of parameters that must be adjusted to describe existing data. But for conditions that differ greatly from those under which they were ‘commissioned’, two models for the same endpoint and starting from the same input dose distribution do not necessarily predict the same NTCP. A working group, with joint participation from AAPM, ASTRO and RTOG, is being established to, among other things, reconcile model differences and provide clinical guidelines in the near future. In this presentation, common NTCP models for several major dose‐limiting toxicities will be described, including parameters sets gleaned from literature review. Problems and pitfalls of integrating and interpreting diverse studies and applying them to an individual clinic's practice will be discussed and real‐world examples of application to clinical decisions will be presented. Educational Objectives: 1. Understand the important features of the most widely‐used NTCP models. 2. Understand how the model parameters affect predictions of normal tissuedose‐volume responses. 3. Understand some of the complexities of implementing these models into routine clinical practice.
IT'S A SMALL WORLD AFTER ALL: FROM STEREOTYPES TO INVENTED WORLDS IN SECONDARY SCHOOL SPANISH TEXTBOOKS

The history of textbooks is a history of contested territory. Science and history textbooks for K–12 students are particularly vulnerable to protests from various constituencies. What is the history of potentially controversial, sociopolitical material in Spanish language textbooks? Are today's students presented with a nuanced and complex vision of the Spanish-speaking world? Have historically rooted cultural and racial stereotypes disappeared or do they remain in cloaked forms? This study examines four high school Spanish language textbooks currently in use in the US and discusses how the sociopolitical content and underlying messages inherent in their design and activities has (or has not) changed in comparison with analyses of textbooks published between 1975 and 2000. Suggestions for new directions are given that would incorporate intellectually challenging material, real-life portraits, and social issues of the Spanish-speaking world—rather than the imaginary worlds drawn by today's high school text...
Tu1404 Can CAP Assisted Colonoscopy Eliminate Retroflexion in the Rectum? Preliminary Results From a Novel Assessment Tool

should be offered during fellowship training to improve colonoscopy skills. Gastroenterology fellows with some experience in performing colonoscopy can be effectively trained for CAC using this evaluation. Our subjective impressions are as follows: both fellows felt that CAC offers significant reduction in sedation requirement, and patient discomfort. CAC improves polypectomy experience when utilized by trainees. Randomized study with large sample size is in progress to further verify our preliminary findings.
Meal-taking behavior is related to predisposition to dietary obesity in the rat

Abstract The hypothesis that early nutritional experience can determine endogenous patterns of meal-taking behavior and thereby affect predisposition to dietary obesity was tested by raising male Sprague-Dawley rats in litters of 4, 8, and 20, and examining their meal patterns and responsiveness to a high-fat, high-sugar (HFS) diet in adulthood. At 9 months of age, half the rats from each litter size group were given the HFS diet for 16 weeks, while the other half were continued on laboratory chow. As expected, HFS-fed rats gained more weight and developed larger fat depots and more and larger fat cells than did chow-fed controls. Analysis of meal-taking behavior just prior to the introduction of HFS-feeding allowed some of the rats to be classified as “gorgers” or “nibblers” according to their average daily meal size. While on lab chow, gorgers and nibblers showed no differences in body weight gain, but upon being switched to the HFS diet, gorgers gained significantly more weight than did nibblers, and showed a greater degree of fat depot enlargement. These findings suggest that patterns of meal-taking behavior can predict the magnitude of and may contribute to the development of dietary obesity.
A Multilevel Event History Model of Social Diffusion: Medical Innovation Revisited

This article presents a multilevel event history model of social diffusion and applies it to Coleman, Katz, and Menzel’s (1966) data on the adoption of tetracycline by physicians. The simplest form of a multilevel model allows a random intercept. In the present application of this simple model to the Medical Innovation data, structured for an event history analysis, the physicians are nested in city and time. Random intercepts capture effects of contextual conditions that are shared by event history cases with the same city–time status. The intercepts also reflect any baseline internal contagion effects, that is, the proportion of physicians in the city–time network who have adopted the drug at time t − 1. Here, I show that Van den Bulte and Lilien’s (2001) finding of an important contextual effect of drug firms’ marketing effort is misleading. I also show that the social network in which physicians are situated significantly contributes to their adoptions, controlling for baseline internal contagion effects and individuallevel characteristics of physicians, which have been emphasized in investigations of these data.
Desorption and decomposition of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene adsorbed on Pt(111)

Abstract The desorption and decomposition of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) adsorbed on Pt(111) at 110 K are examined utilizing temperature programmed desorption techniques. TNT adsorbed on Pt(111) at submonolayer coverages undergoes complete decomposition during heating. The major decomposition products are H 2 O, NO, CO 2 , CO, HCN and a surface carbon residue. TNT adsorbed in the second and higher monolayers desorbs molecularly. Possible mechanisms for the production of all the major TNT decomposition products are discussed. Adsorbed TNT was found to be very sensitive to electron-stimulated decomposition.
Fully-Automated Volumetric MRI with Normative Ranges: Translation to Clinical Practice

Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), are associated with characteristic patterns of neuropathological spread in the brain. Disease progression is usually accompanied by regional atrophy that can be detected noninvasively using structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A wealth of data has demonstrated the value of quantitative measurements of regional atrophy in AD, suggesting that volumetric MRI (vMRI) may be a useful clinical tool. vMRI provides biological evidence of neurodegenerative disease in patients with cognitive impairment. However, several hurdles impede implementation of vMRI in clinical practice. These include a lack of standardized MRI acquisition protocols, spatial distortions in MRI data, labor-intensive vMRI methods susceptible to interoperator variability, a lack of normative ranges for volume measures, and difficulty integrating vMRI in clinical workflow. Advances in vMRI have resulted from multi-institutional studies of brain imaging, such as the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), and help address these challenges. New, fully-automated measures of brain structure volumes coupled with large, multi-center studies using standardized MRI protocols now allow the development of age-adjusted normative ranges for vMRI. Such advances are critical for providing physicians a framework for assessing the pattern and degree of regional atrophy in a patient's brain and applying vMRI in clinical practice.
INEFFECTIVENESS, FINANCIAL WASTE, AND UNFAIRNESS: THE LEGACY OF THE WAR ON DRUGS

ABSTRACT This article serves as an introduction to the special issue of the Journal of Crime & Justice on the legacy of the War on Drugs. In it, I argue that the War on Drugs is a major shift in U.S. drug control strategy, one that significantly expanded U.S. drug control efforts and the use of punitive criminal justice sanctions in those efforts. Further, despite massive public investment in these intensified drug control efforts, the War on Drugs has been a failure that has exacted significant collateral damage. I then introduce the articles contained in this special issue. These articles illuminate the failures of, damage done by, and possible ways out of the War on Drugs.
Effects of different magnetic flux densities on microstructure and magnetic properties of molecular-beam-vapor-deposited nanocrystalline Fe 64 Ni 36 thin films

The nanocrystalline Fe64Ni36 thin films were prepared by molecular-beam-vapor deposition under different magnetic flux densities. The microstructure and magnetic properties of thin films were examined by AFM, TEM, HRTEM and VSM. The results show that with the increase of magnetic flux densities, the changing trend of the average particle size is the same as the coercive force except 6 T. Under 6 T condition, the thin film became the mixture of bcc and fcc phases, which leads to slight increase of the coercive force. In addition, the HRTEM result shows the short-range ordered clusters (embryos) or nucleation rate of thin films increase with increasing magnetic flux densities.
Inhibition of a photosystem II electron transfer reaction by the natural product sorgoleone

Effects of the alleochemical sorgoleone on photosynthetic electron transport by oxygen-evolving chloroplast thylakoids and Triton X-100-prepared Photosystem II (PSII) membranes were analyzed. The Hill activity of the thylakoids proved to be at least as sensitive to inhibition by sorgoleone as it was to DCMU [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea], a potent herbicidal inhibitor of PSII. However, a Photosystem I (PSI) partial reaction was not affected by a 10-fold greater concentration of sorgoleone than is required for complete inhibition of Hill activity. Measurements of flash-induced chlorophyll a variable fluorescence showed that sorgoleone neither dissipated excitation energy nor diminished the amplitude of chlorophyll a variable fluorescence. However, it inhibited the decay of variable fluorescence as effectively as DCMU, which blocks the oxidation of the PSII-reduced primary electron acceptor, Q-A, by the PSII secondary electron acceptor, QB, by displacing QB from the D1 protein. Additionally, sorg...
A Data-Driven Approach to Extract Shear And Compressional Slowness From Dispersive Waveform Data

A data-driven approached is developed to extract shear and compressional slowness from dispersive sonic logging waveforms, or waveforms in which the formation arrival is interfered by tool arrival of similar but different slowness. It relies on extracting the dispersion curve, or slownessfrequency coherence map, from waveforms for a range of frequencies and slownesses. The dispersion curve is then converted into an objective function such that the true formation slowness is associated with an anomaly of the function. Specifically, the objective function can be a probability density function or a histrogram of slownesses extracted from the dispersion curve. The formation slowness coincides with one of the local maxima of the histogram, and can be automatically determined with an optimization algorithm. Alternatively, the objective function can also be derived by summing the slownessfrequency map across the selected frequency range. The formation slowness is then determined by finding the local maximum or minimum of the nth derivative of the objective function, depending upon the character of the data. In either case, the objective function is plotted as a color map for a range of slownesses and depths. This color map is a better QC tool than the widely used semblancebased coherence map, as it reflects the true slowness populations in the waveform. The method has been extensively tested and validated using synthetic data, wireline and LWD sonic data from 20 wells across six geographically-diverse regions.
School Psychology and Family Services: Meeting the Challenges in California’s 21st Century

As American society continues to evolve, the practice of school psychology is under increasing pressure to change. In California, as in many other culturally diverse and highly urban states, these rapid changes are paralleled by the increasing high risk conditions affecting children and their families. School psychologists are ideally suited to help direct the course of much of that change. They can address these challenges by becoming knowledgeable and supporting innovative practices that serve the whole family. This article describes the growing and promising trend toward school-based family services. The authors provide evidence to support this trend as an innovative, culturally appropriate model for providing services to children and their families. As school reform continues to accelerate, this article provides a strong rationale for the exercise of leadership by school psychologists. Their training is best aligned with the skills necessary to implement effective school-based family services models.
“Der Krieg, ein Kinderspiel”: Romane mit Kinderperspektive im Kontext der Luftkriegsdebatte

For over half a century, German discussions of the Third Reich in literature have focused primarily on crimes committed by the Nazis, on the Holocaust, and on the Germans’ endorsement of the regime or passivity toward it. There was generally a noticeable silence in literature about the Germans’ own suffering during aerial bombings. Finally, in 1997, the writer W.G. Sebald began an investigation and public debate about the causes of this collective act of forgetting. It is noteworthy that in recent times—times of new global wars—a number of German authors, among them Volker Braun, Dieter Forte, Kurt Bartsch and Helga Schutz, have decided to address their trauma as a vital part of their postwar identity. They were children during the war and therefore beyond moral and historical responsibility. Their literary works show a convincing fusion of narrative perspectives: an innocent child’s view of the war with the critical reflections of the older writer. Nowhere are there attempts to portray the Germans as victims or to blur the line between perpetrators and victims. With acute historical awareness of the horrors of war, the authors of the recent autobiographical messages are driven solely by one overpowering motivation: never again.
Molecular dynamics resolved

Time-resolved optical and magnetic resonance techniques offer complementary views of large-scale cooperative molecular motions within macromolecular assemblies.
Implementing Speech and Simulated Data Link Commands: The Role of Task Interference and Message Length

The present study investigated the ability of individuals to correctly execute different numbers of commands presented in speech and text format (simulating voice and data link communications). These commands were executed in the presence of different sources of task interference drawing upon visual, verbal, and central executive resources. The results showed that performance decreased as the number of commands in the message set increased from two to four, regardless of presentation format. Visual interference was less disruptive than both verbal and central executive interference. These findings have implications for the design of data link systems and suggest that during periods of high workload, communications should include fewer commands within a message set particularly when there is insufficient time to request clarification.
Necrotizing sialometaplasia: Frequency of histologic misdiagnosis

Necrotizing sialometaplasia is said to mimic carcinoma, both clinically and histologically. A review of approximately 10,000 oral biopsy specimens revealed only three cases of necrotizing sialometaplasia, all of which had been misdiagnosed as other benign entities. While this suggests that necrotizing sialometaplasia represents only 0.03 percent of biopsied oral lesions, it does not deal with the frequency of cases of this condition which heal spontaneously without being biopsied.
Abnormal skeletal muscle capillary recruitment during exercise in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and microvascular complications.

There is increasing evidence that abnormal skeletal muscle capillary responses in insulin-resistant patients contributes to impaired glucose metabolism and perhaps microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). In normal healthy individuals, physiologic hyperinsulinemia produced by a carbohydrate-rich meal or by a euglycemic clamp stimulates a rapid expansion of skeletal muscle capillary blood volume (CBV) (1–3). Insulin-mediated capillary recruitment is largely NO-dependent (4–6). This response is thought to augment glucose uptake by increasing the permeability-surface area product, thereby increasing glucose and insulin access to muscle interstitium. In insulin-resistant patients and animals, CBV and capillary blood flow do not increase normally in response to insulin, which may contribute to abnormal glucose homeostasis (7–10). There has been increasing interest in whether capillary responses to exercise, which are not entirely NO-dependent (11–14), are also abnormal in type 2 DM. Patients with type 2 DM have been shown to have lower total oxygen consumption and total body glucose uptake during submaximal exercise compared to healthy subjects (15). There is evidence in humans that these metabolic defects may be secondary, at least in part, to impaired microvascular flow responses (15,16). Under hyperinsulinemic conditions, exercise-mediated augmentation of total skeletal total muscle blood flow is blunted in insulin-resistant patients (16). However, in animal models of advanced DM, changes in flow and CBV in response to muscle contraction appear to be similar to that in healthy controls (17). It is not clear whether inconsistency of these results is related to species, differences in disease manifestation for single gene-targeted animal models of DM, or differences in exercise intensity. With regard to the latter, regulatory mechanisms of muscle blood flow and the relative contribution of capillary recruitment varies according to the intensity of contractile exercise (2,18). The aim of this study was to use contrast ultrasound perfusion imaging to determine whether augmentation in CBV or capillary flow in skeletal muscle is impaired during low- or high-intensity exercise in patients with DM. We also tested whether abnormalities in skeletal muscle capillary responses would be more severe in patients with microvascular complications of DM, and also whether perturbations in blood rheology, which can influence capillary flow independent of arteriolar vasoregulatory tone (19,20), contribute to flow impairment.
The shallow water equations

In this paper a set of exact nonlinear equations is derived for gravity flows. By assuming the flow to be shallow and assuming the vertical acceleration to be small these equations reduce to the classical equations for long waves in shallow water. If only shallowness is assumed a set of equations results, which admits in the steady case periodic solutions for Froude numbers smaller than 1 and laminar jumps for Froude numbers larger than 1. In the last section potential flows are discussed.
Electronics Technology and Computer Science, 1940-1975: A Coevolution

This paper explores the relation ship between two disciplines: electrical engineering and computer science, over the past 40 years. The author argues that it was the technology of electronics - the exploitation of the properties of free electrons - that finally permitted Babbage's concepts of automatic computing machines to be practically realized. Electrical Engineering (EE) activities thus "took over" and dominated the work of those involved with computing. Once that had been done (around the mid-1950s), the reverse takeover happened: the science of computing then "took over" the discipline of EE, in the sense that its theory of digital switches and separation of hardware and software offered EE a guide to designing and building ever more complex circuits.
Effects of enchytraeids (Annelida: Oligochaeta) on soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics in laboratory incubations

Abstract Enchytraeids are abundant in many different agricultural systems. However, their role in decomposition processes and nitrogen mineralization is not well understood. This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of a common enchytraeid (Enchytraeus minutus, Nielsen and Christensen 1961) on these processes in two soils (sandy clay loam and loamy sand) under two different litter placement treatments (buried versus surface placed) in a laboratory experiment. Forty-five enchytraeids were added to half of the constructed jars. Every 4 weeks (up to 112 days) three jars of each soil-litter-enchytraeid treatment were destructively sampled for determination of enchytraeid abundance, microbial biomass, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and floatable particulate organic matter (FLPOM)-C and -N. Soil respiration and N2O fluxes were measured at biweekly intervals. At the end of the experiment less DOC was present in the sandy clay loam treatments with enchytraeids. The influence of enchytraeids on denitrification rates, depended on soil texture and litter placement. In the Buried Litter treatment enchytraeids caused an increase in the N2O-flux in the loamy sand soil and a decrease in the sandy clay loam soil. Variation in the flux was large, therefore the differences in enchytraeid and non-enchytraeid treatments were not significant. Essentially no denitrification occurred in the Surface Litter treatments. Enchytraeids affected decomposition by decreasing the amount of floatable POM in the soils. They increased the mobilization of nitrogen, resulting in larger amounts of inorganic-N in the soil solution after 112 days. Through immobilization of nitrogen in their tissue and the subsequent release upon mortality, enchytraeids provided a large pulse of inorganic nitrogen in the sandy clay loam soil. In the loamy sand treatments where mortality was less, an increase in inorganic nitrogen due the activities of enchytraeids was also found at the end of the experiment. In this laboratory study enchytraeids significantly affected decomposition and nitrogen mineralization. High abundances of enchytraeids often correspond with the beginning of the growing season in Georgia; therefore, through enchytraeid activities, more nitrogen may be available for plant uptake.
The Dark Web Forum Portal: From multi-lingual to video

Counter-terrorism, intelligence analysts, and other investigators continue to analyze the Internet presence of terrorists, hate groups, and other extremists through the study of primary sources including terrorists' own websites, videos, chat sites, and Internet forums. Forums and videos are both particularly rich sources of information. Forums — discussion sites supporting online conversations — capture each conversation in a “thread” and the ensuing postings are usually time-stamped and attributable to a particular online poster (author). With careful analysis, they can reveal trends in topics and discussions, the sequencing of ideas, and the relationships between posters. Videos gain a global audience when posted to YouTube, but identifying and finding videos relating to a specific interest or topic can be difficult among the tens of millions of available items. The Dark Web Forum Portal was originally constructed to allow the examination, from a broad perspective, of the use of Web forums by terrorist and extremist groups. The Video Portal module has been added to facilitate the study of video as it is used by these groups. Both portals are available to researchers on a request basis. In this paper, we examine the evolution of the Dark Web Forum Portal's system design, share the results of a user evaluation, and provide an overview of the development of the new video portal.
Benthic foraminifer record of environmental changes in the Yellow Sea (Hwanghae) during the last 15,000 years

Latest Quaternary benthic foraminifer census counts in four cores from the Yellow Sea (Hwanghae) were analyzed to decipher paleoenvironmental changes in this area since the Last Glacial Maximum. Principal component analyses of samples from two cores in the central Yellow Sea indicate that the faunal variation in these cores re#ects a sequence of distinct assemblages divided by sharp boundaries. The shifts between individual biofacies correspond to changes in geochemical and lithological composition of the sediments, and stable-isotope ratios of foraminiferal shells, and most can be correlated between cores. The major faunal transition, at a clear increase in bottom-water salinity, occurred between 8.47 and 6.63 ka, and may indicate the establishment of modern-type circulation in the Yellow Sea. The inferred threshold size of the Yellow Sea Basin for the establishment of such circulation seems to be rather close to its present-day extent. Faunal shifts at 10.6 and 4.67 ka probably re#ect changes in the intensity of river runo!, associated sediment and organic carbon delivery, and bottom-water oxygenation. Changes in benthic foraminifer faunas between 12.9 and 11.75 ka may signal the Younger Dryas climatic oscillation in the Yellow Sea. The Lateglacial marine transgression reached the central part of the Yellow Sea around 15.09 ka. Possibly, an uplift of the central and eastern Yellow Sea area during the late Holocene can explain the discrepancy between the timing of the transgression in the Yellow Sea and the global sea-level curve. ( 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Statistical Design of Position-Encoded Microsphere Arrays

We propose a microsphere array device with microspheres having controllable positions for error-free target identification. We conduct a statistical design analysis to select the optimal distance between the microspheres as well as the optimal temperature. Our design simplifies the imaging and ensures a desired statistical performance for a given sensor cost. Specifically, we compute the posterior Cramer-Rao bound on the errors in estimating the unknown target concentrations. We use this performance bound to compute the optimal design variables. We discuss both uniform and sparse concentration levels of targets, and replace the unknown imaging parameters with their maximum likelihood estimates. We illustrate our design concept using numerical examples. The proposed microarray has high sensitivity, efficient packing, and guaranteed imaging performance. It simplifies the imaging analysis significantly by identifying targets based on the known positions of the microspheres. Potential applications include molecular recognition, specificity of targeting molecules, protein-protein dimerization, high throughput screening assays for enzyme inhibitors, drug discovery, and gene sequencing.
Olive Oil Prevents the Adverse Effects of Dietary Conjugated Linoleic Acid on Chick Hatchability and Egg Quality

Dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) decreases yolk 18:1(n-9), induces chick embryonic mortality and alters egg quality. A study was conducted to determine whether olive oil would prevent these adverse effects of CLA. Hens (15 per treatment) were fed diets containing 0.5 g corn oil/100 g (CO), 0.5 g CLA/100 g (CLA), 0.5 g corn oil plus 10 g olive oil/100 g (CO + OO) or 0.5 g CLA plus 10 g olive oil/100 g (CLA + OO). After 74 d of feeding, hens were placed on CO for 10 d. Hens were artificially inseminated weekly. For hatchability studies, fertile eggs were collected daily, stored at 15 degrees C for 24 h and then incubated. After 6 d of feeding, embryonic mortality rates were 15, 100, 8 and 16% in the CO, CLA, CO + OO and CLA + OO groups, respectively. When CLA-fed hens were fed the CO diet, hatchability improved to that of the CO group within 7 d. For fatty acid analysis, three eggs were obtained at the 7 d of feeding. Relative CLA levels of yolk from CO-, CLA-, CO + OO- and CLA + OO-fed hens were 0.11 +/- 0.01, 1.91 +/- 0.16, 0.08 +/- 0.04 and 0.69 +/- 0.07 g/100 g fatty acids, respectively. The ratios of 16:0/16:1(n-7) and 18:0/18:1(n-9) of yolk from CLA-fed hens were approximately 1- and approximately 1.5-fold greater, respectively, compared with those fed CO. OO prevented CLA-induced increases in 16:0 and 18:0 and the decrease in 18:1(n-9) in yolk. Fertile eggs were stored at 4 degrees C for 2 or 10 wk and analyzed for pH or mineral levels. Dietary CLA caused abnormal pH changes of albumen and yolk when eggs were stored at 4 degrees C. The pH of yolk and albumen from CO-fed hens after 10 wk of storage was 6.12 +/- 0.12 and 9.06 +/- 0.03, respectively, versus 7.89 +/- 0.25 and 8.32 +/- 0.16, respectively, in eggs from CLA-fed hens. OO prevented CLA-induced abnormal changes in the pH of albumen and yolks. Eggs from CLA-fed hens had greater iron, calcium and zinc concentrations and lower magnesium, sodium and chloride concentrations in albumen relative to those from hens fed CO. OO prevented CLA-induced mineral exchange between yolk and albumen, presumably by reducing the yolk saturated fatty acids, which are believed to disrupt the vitelline membrane during cold storage. This study suggests that the adverse effects of CLA may be due to the increased level of saturated fatty acids. However, because the addition of olive oil also lowered egg CLA content, the direct role of egg CLA on egg hatchability and quality cannot be ruled out.
Thanatophoric Dysplasia With Cloverleaf Skull

• Thanatophoric dysplasia with cloverleaf skull is a congenital anomaly characterized by a bizarre form of hydrocephalus and a uniformly fatal, short-limbed chondrodysplasia. We report a case of associated cardiac anomalies, with a review of all previous known reports. (Am J Dis Child1983;137:896-898)
Impedance and parametric excitation of oscillators

This article deals with the linear ordinary differential equations for one or several coupled oscillators. Emphasis is placed on the separate notions of the frequency matrix (as a kinematic entity) and the impedance matrix. The latter matrix is explicitly introduced in this article, and its time dependence is shown to be responsible for parametric excitation and for nonconcervation of adiabatic invariants.
A Spatially Disaggregated Approach to Commuting Efficiency

During the past two decades, the concept of commuting efficiency has been used to evaluate the relationships between the journey to work and land use at the regional scale. The common approach of calculating regional statistics masks the intraurban variation of commuting efficiency. This paper develops an alternative approach to commuting efficiency and spatial structure assessments based on spatial disaggregation. The extension of existing regional measures by estimating zonal average trip lengths for workers leaving home and employers attracting workers facilitates analysis of intrametropolitan commuting efficiency. Spatially disaggregated metrics are formulated and applied to journey-to-work data for the cities of Warsaw, Poznan, Lodz and Krakow in Poland. At the regional scale, excess commuting varies from 48 per cent (Warsaw) to 67 per cent (Lodz). Intraurban variations in excess commuting indicate that estimates of commuting efficiency are impacted by the jobs-housing balance and are sensitive to lo...