cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bringing the Facts to Life: Facilitating Student Engagement with the Issue of Domestic Violence.

MUCH WORK HAS BEEN DONE on the value of using varied pedagogies in response to what is now widely accepted as "diverse ways of learning" (Chickering and Gamson 1994:259) and "multiple intelligences" (Gardner 1983; 1999). In particular, signifi cant research has been done establishing the effectiveness of active learning in increasing student understanding and critical thinking skills, as well as improving attitudes toward courses and fellow classmates (Zipp 2002). Less discussed and even less appreciated (Dressel and Marcus 1994) has been what I would call emotionally engaged education: teaching that intentionally integrates cogni tive learning with students' affective lives (Paul 1999). This kind of pedagogy can leave a long lasting, even transformative impression on students that outlives the de tails of course content. Effective teaching then, often involves at least three compo nents: (1) a variety of pedagogies which address multiple learning styles, (2) inten tional engagement of emotions, and (3) real or realistic situations. These elements can be especially useful when teaching about sensitive subjects. The use and management of emotions in teach ing and learning about sensitive topics is essential due to the powerful feelings stu dents often bring to these subjects, which often involve previously unexamined values and beliefs that once brought to the surface, can be personally upsetting (De Welde and Hubbard 2003; Roberts and Smith 2002). Partly for that reason, diversity and multi cultural educational pedagogies often in clude three levels of learning: cognitive, behavioral, and most important for this pa per, affective (Junn 1994). Domestic vio lence is one such sensitive topic. Because I want students to truly engage with the subject of domestic violence, I find it essential to integrate a number of care fully selected teaching elements, pushing students beyond cold facts and statistics, and even beyond the models and paradigms included in most text books. In order to enable real life engagement with a compli cated and disturbing subject, I utilize not only traditional readings, films, and guest speakers, but also courtroom observations of domestic violence cases. Afterward, stu dents must face the reality that brutal vio lence really goes on in homes, and they can no longer claim that they do not understand why battered women often stay with their abusive partners. They actually see and hear these very people struggling with the com plexities of domestic violence in their lives in a way that bring the "facts" to life.
Forced Desorption of Nanoparticles from an Oil–Water Interface

While nanoparticle adsorption to fluid interfaces has been studied from a fundamental standpoint and exploited in application, the reverse process, that is, desorption and disassembly, remains relatively unexplored. Here we demonstrate the forced desorption of gold nanoparticles capped with amphiphilic ligands from an oil–water interface. A monolayer of nanoparticles is allowed to spontaneously form by adsorption from an aqueous suspension onto a drop of oil and is subsequently compressed by decreasing the drop volume. The surface pressure is monitored by pendant drop tensiometry throughout the process. Upon compression, the nanoparticles are mechanically forced out of the interface into the aqueous phase. An optical method is developed to measure the nanoparticle area density in situ. We show that desorption occurs at a coverage that corresponds to close packing of the ligand-capped particles, suggesting that ligand-induced repulsion plays a crucial role in this process.
Transdermal analgesia with local anesthetics in children: review, update and future directions

Topical local anesthetics in one form or another have been used for the past 20 years to alleviate the skin pain associated with needle puncture and venous cannulation in children. Although the application of topical anesthetic creams is painless compared with traditional local anesthetic infiltration of the skin and subcutaneous tissues prior to venipuncture and minor skin procedures, they remain underutilized, primarily due to their slow analgesic onset and inconsistent effectiveness. For a topical local anesthetic to be of practical use in busy clinical settings, it must be easy to apply, have minimal side effects, not require cumbersome equipment and be reasonably cost effective. Until recently, limitations in one or all of these areas have dissuaded pediatric practitioners from their routine use. However, recent advances in transdermal delivery technologies, have led to the emergence of a number of new delivery approaches that accelerate the onset time to 20 min or less and provide more consistent and deeper sensory skin analgesia. Although still in the early stages of investigation, technologies that promote the flux of drugs of all sizes through the skin by creating transient microchannels show great promise in circumventing the skin barrier and promoting the transdermal delivery of not only local anesthetics but also other drugs. Ultimately, the rationale to change clinical practice and use a new transdermal delivery system will depend upon the cost, ease of use, frequency of adverse events and the benefits to the patient relative to an alternative method.
Aldosterone directly stimulates cardiac myocyte hypertrophy.

Abstract Background Clinical and experimental studies suggest that aldosterone modulates myocardial hypertrophy. From in vivo studies, it is not possible to distinguish between direct actions on myocyte growth and effects of mechanical load. In this study we tested the hypothesis that aldosterone induces myocyte hypertrophy in low-density, serum-free cultures of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. Methods and results Hypertrophy was quantified by [ 14 C]-phenylalanine incorporation and confocal microscopic assessment of myocyte surface area. Aldosterone caused a 27% increase in protein incorporation (EC 50 =40 nmol/L) and a 29% increase in myocyte surface area compared with the vehicle control. This response was associated with increased mRNA levels of atrial natriuretic factor, α- and β-myosin heavy chain measured by RNase protection assay, and it was suppressed by the mineralocorticoid receptor blocker spironolactone. Analysis of early signaling events showed that aldosterone stimulation acutely translocated protein kinase C (PKC)-α to the membrane fraction and increased the levels of phosphorylated ERK1/2 and JNK. PD 98059, an inhibitor of the ERK activator MEK (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase) and bisindolylmaleimide I, an inhibitor of PKC activation, each blocked aldosterone-stimulated hypertrophy. Conclusion Aldosterone directly stimulates hypertrophy in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. The growth response is dependent on the mineralocorticoid receptor and is associated with activation of ERK, JNK, and PKC-α.
An Exploratory Investigation into Behaviorally Based Success Characteristics of Foodservice Managers

This exploratory study qualitatively examines foodservice managers’ behaviorally based success characteristics as identified through interviews with executives from 17 leading chain-restaurant orga...
Late Pleistocene Horses of Dry Cave, Eddy County, New Mexico

Equus conversidens Owen, E. niobrarensis Hay, E. occidentalis Leidy referred, E. scotti Gidley referred, and a small zebrine horse are recognized from late Pleistocene deposits of Dry Cave, southeastern New Mexico. Equus midlandensis Quinn is synonymized with E. niobrarensis ; New Mexican specimens previously recognized as E. scotti are identified as E. niobrarensis . Cluster analysis of measurements of single elements, acting on matrices of taxonomic distances, appears to allow assignment of intermingled elements to species more successfully than do traditional comparative methods. Cluster analysis based on correlation matrices of limb proportions indicates close similarity of E. niobrarensis to E. przewalskii Poliakoff. Dental characters and cluster analysis suggest that E. conversidens belongs to the subgenus Hemionus or was derived from that subgenus.
Seizures secondary to oral viscous lidocaine

We present the cases of two children with lidocaine-induced seizures resulting from the use of oral-viscous lidocaine. In the first case, the drug was prescribed for herpetic gingivostomatitis. In the second, a child was treated for teething pain by the mother, who used a relative's medication.
Translational energy distribution in hot electron mediated photodesorption: a one-dimensional quantum mechanical calculation of NO/Pt(111) and SO2/Ag(111)

Abstract An one-dimensional (along the adsorbate–surface coordinate) quantum mechanical calculation within the framework of the Antoniewicz model has been performed for understanding the translational energy distribution in desorption of chemisorbed systems such as NO/Pt(111) and SO 2 /Ag(111). The potential energy curve of the ground state is constructed from known adsorption properties and that of the excited state is constructed by adding a Coulombic term for the image charge stabilization. For these model potentials, the one-dimensional Schrodinger equation is solved exactly using the Cooley–Numerov integrator. This enables one to follow the time evolution of the wavepacket while the excited state is allowed to decay exponentially with a mean lifetime. The translational energy distributions of the desorbed molecules are obtained by mapping out the Franck–Condon overlap of the final state wavefunction with the continuum states of the ground PES. The effects of the shape of the potential energy curves and the residence lifetime in the excited state are examined. It is found that the calculated average translational energies compare with those experimentally measured for both systems. It also appears that the translational temperature is hotter for adsorbates that are more strongly bonded to the substrates.
Tumor Oncogenotypes and Lung Cancer Stem Cell Identity

In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Curtis et. al. (2010) reveal that the identities of lung cancer stem cell populations differ depending on the specific tumor oncogenotype in three murine lung adenocarcinoma models. These findings highlight the importance of determining the cancer stem cell oncogenotype for genotypically diverse malignancies.
Effect of Living Cellular Sheets on the Angiogenic Potential of Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells

Background: A fundamental issue limiting the efficacy of surgical approaches designed to correct periodontal mucogingival defects is that new tissues rely on limited sources of blood supply from the adjacent recipient bed. Accordingly, therapies based on tissue engineering that leverage local self-healing potential may represent promising alternatives for the treatment of mucogingival defects by inducing local vascularization. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of commercially available living cellular sheets (LCS) on the angiogenic potential of neonatal dermal human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC-dNeo).Methods: The effect of LCS on HMVEC-dNeo proliferation, migration, capillary tube formation, gene expression, and production of angiogenic factors was evaluated over time.Results: LCS positively influenced HMVEC-dNeo proliferation and migration. Moreover, HMVEC-dNeo incubated with LCS showed transcriptional profiles different from those of untreated cells. Whereas increased expression ...
NF-κB signaling: Flipping the Switch with Polyubiquitin Chains

Abstract Protein modification by ubiquitin has emerged as an important cellular regulatory mechanism. Recent studies illustrate the surprising ways in which polyubiquitin chains are manipulated in the regulation of NF-κB signaling.
'My Boyfriend Loves it when I Come Home from this Class': Pedagogy, Titillation, and New Media Technologies

Most classroom uses of new media technologies lack a pedagogy, aesthetic, or both. Performance methods offer a pedagogy; sensual learning offers an aesthetic. Combined, the two comprise a powerful teaching strategy and one that is especially well suited to the use of explicit media in sexualities courses. This article offers some ideas about pedagogy and aesthetics, and, grounded in 35 student evaluations, explores the potential uses of new media technologies and sexually explicit media as a teaching tool.
Effect of nanoclay on relaxation of poly(vinylidene fluoride) nanocomposites

The effect of Lucentite ™ STN nanoclay on the relaxation behavior of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) nanocomposites was investigated usmg dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS) and wide- and small-angle X-ray scattering. Lucentite™ STN is a synthetic nanoclay based on hectorite structure containing an organic modifier between the hectorite layers. The addition of this nanoclay to PVDF results in preferential formation of the beta-crystallographic phase. When the STN content increased to 5% and 10%, only the beta-phase was observed. Bragg long period and lamellar thickness both decrease with STN addition. The relaxation rates for processes termed α a (glass transition, related to polymer chain motions in the amorphous regions) and α c (related to polymer chain motions in the crystalline regions and fold surfaces) can be described either with the Vogel-Fulcher-Tamman equation or with Arrhenius behavior, respectively. DRS shows that the α a relaxation rate increases with the concentration of STN because of the reduction of intermolecular correlations between the polymer chains, caused by the presence of layered silicate nanoclay particles, which serve to segregate polymer chains in the amorphous regions. Comparing samples with beta-crystal phase dominant, the relaxation rate for the α c relaxation also increases with concentration of STN in all nanocomposite samples. Dielectric properties at low frequencies are dominated by the dc conductivity, and as more STN is added, the conductivity increases rapidly. The addition of 10% STN makes the dc conductivity increase by almost four decades when compared with neat PVDF.
ZnS molecular beam epitaxy on silicon substrates

Abstract We report on the deposition of ZnS films of high structural quality onto Si(100) substrates. Films with thicknesses from 0.75 to 4 μm were examined by X-ray diffraction in both the Bragg and Read configurations. The ZnS 400 peak in Cu Kα 1 X-ray diffraction had a linewidth of 0.04°–0.06°, comparable with that of the silicon substrate. The high structural quality of these films suggests their use as buffer layers for II-VI device growth.
Experimental gas-phase ion—molecule clustering of SO2+ with SO2 and N2O

Abstract The gas-phase clustering equilibria SO 2 + + SO 2 ⇌SO 2 + SO 2 and SO 2 + + N 2 O⇌SO 2 + N 2 O were studied as a function of temperature. The enthalpy and entropy changes of reaction (determined from van't Hoff plots) are Δ H 475 0 =−21.8±0.8 kcal/mol and Δ S 475 0 =−21±1.5 cal/mol K for the first reaction and Δ H 408 0 =−11.8±0.3 kcal/mol and Δ S 408 0 =−14.8±0.7 cal/mol K for the second reaction. The enthalpy change of reaction determined in this work for SO 2 + SO 2 implies a substantially higher bond energy than that reported from photoionization experiments. Standard heats of formation of the clusters at the temperature of the experiments are reported.
Insertional mutagenesis of Magnaporthe grisea toward decreased responsiveness of alternative respiration to inhibition by azoxystrobin

Inhibitors of respiration with high affinity to the Qo site of cytochrome b constitute a major class of modern agricultural fungicides. Many fungal organisms, including plant pathogens, can circumvent this inhibition site by expressing alternative respiration, a pathway dependent on alternative oxidase and other unidentified gene products. The restriction enzyme-mediated insertion (REMI) technique was employed in this study to disrupt genes involved in the expression of fully functional alternative respiration of Magnaporthe grisea. In one of the REMI mutants obtained, the rescue response mediated by alternative respiration was completely abolished. In two other mutants, the response was diminished but not entirely silenced. For all three mutants, phenotype changes were not explained by an altered structure of the alternative oxidase gene AOXMg or by a decreased level of gene expression in response to the Qo inhibitor azoxystrobin. The gene potentially affected in one of the REMI mutants was a homolog of the ABC1 family of genes encoding chaperone-like proteins with roles in the optimal assembly of mitochondrial membrane complexes.
The structure of gold films grown in ultra-high vacuum on sodium chloride substrates

Abstract Sodium chloride crystals were cleaved in ultra-high vacuum while the evaporation of gold was in progress. The films that grew on the freshly exposed (001) surfaces were examined in a transmission electron microscope, and in a reflection electron diffraction camera. A film grown at a deposition rate of about 2000 A. per second on sodium chloride at 360°C was a single crystal in the orientation of the substrate. Films grown more slowly on sodium chloride at 20, 150, 250, 320, 360, 420 and 460°C were polycrystals with nine preferrred orientations. One of these was parallel to the substrate lattice. Four had (111) parallel to the deposit plane, and a direction parallel to one of the two directions in the salt surface. The remaining four had (111) parallel to the deposit plane, and parallel to a direction in the surface of the salt. The relative concentration of the preferred orientations varied greatly with deposit thickness. Later experiments showed that single-crystal foils ...
GIANT DIPOLE RESONANCES IN $sup 12$C OBSERVED WITH THE POLARIZED PROTON CAPTURE REACTION.

The giant $E1$ resonances of $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ have been studied with the polarized-proton capture reactions $^{11}\mathrm{B}(p,{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{0})^{12}\mathrm{C}$ and $^{11}\mathrm{B}(p,{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{1})^{12}\mathrm{C}$. The effects of proton polarization on the angular distributions were large and of opposite sign for ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{0}$ and ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{1}$. Coupled with the unpolarized measurements the polarized results produce additional significant limitations on the allowed configurations of the giant $E1$ resonances in $^{12}\mathrm{C}$.
Effect of aging on cyclic AMP levels and adenylate cyclase and phosphodiesterase activities in the rat corpus striatum

Cyclic AMP levels and activities of adenylate cyclase and phosphodiesterase in the striatum were measured in 4, 12, 24 and 30 month-old rats. No age-related changes were observed either in cyclic AMP levels or basal adenylate cyclase activity. However, there was an age-related decline in dopamine sensitivity of adenylate cyclase without affecting NaF-induced stimulation. There was also an age-dependent decrease in phosphodiesterase activity at low substrate concentrations (3 X 10(-7) and 3 X 10(-6) M) but not at high substrate concentrations (3 X 10(-5) and 3 X 10(-4) M). These results suggest that the functions of dopaminergic neurons may have been altered by aging.
Recovery in pediatric brain injury: is psychostimulant medication beneficial?

Objective:To assess the effects of methylphenidate on attention, memory, behavior, processing speed, and psychomotor skills of children with closed head injuries.Design:Double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design.Setting:An outpatient facility of a children's hospital medical center.Patients:
Pathogenicity of Dodecyltrimethylammonium Chloride-Resistant Salmonella enterica

Salmonella infection causes a self-limiting gastroenteritis in humans but can also result in a life-threatening invasive disease, especially in old, young, and/or immunocompromised patients. The prevalence of antimicrobial and multidrug-resistant Salmonella has increased worldwide since the 1980s. However, the impact of antimicrobial resistance on the pathogenicity of Salmonella strains is not well described. In our study, a microarray was used to screen for differences in gene expression between a parental strain and a strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis with reduced susceptibility (SRS) to the widely used antimicrobial sanitizer dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride (DTAC). Three of the genes, associated with adhesion, invasion, and intracellular growth (fimA, csgG, and spvR), that showed differences in gene expression of 2-fold or greater were chosen for further study. Real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (real-time RT-PCR) was used to confirm the microarray data and to compare the expression levels of these genes in the parental strain and four independently derived SRS strains. All SRS strains showed lower levels of gene expression of fimA and csgG than those of the parental strain. Three of the four SRS strains showed lower levels of spvR gene expression while one SRS strain showed higher levels of spvR gene expression than those of the parental strain. Transmission electron microscopy determined that fimbriae were absent in the four SRS strains but copiously present in the parental strain. All four SRS strains demonstrated a significantly reduced ability to invade tissue culture cells compared to the parental strains, suggesting reduced pathogenicity of the SRS strains.
The Size Distribution and Inland Penetration of Sea-Salt Particles

Abstract Observations of the larger airborne sea-salt particles collected on Millipore filters at varying distances from the shore show that over the ocean and at distances greater than 8 km inland the relative frequency distribution of particle diameters was well fitted by an exponential random variable but not well fitted within 8 km of the shore. The inland distribution at near ground level follows the model of Tanaka quite well when allowance for the effect of relative humility on particle size is considered.
The effect of aspirin on protein breakdown in septic man.

Abstract In pathological staes associated with hypermetabolism, such as acute sepsis, there is marked negative N balance. It has been suggested that the pathway for this response is via leukocyte pyrogen (interleukin I) acting on cyclooxygenase to stimulate prostaglandin release, which then stimulates proteolysis via the lysosomal pathway. In vitro, cyclooxygenase inhibitors decrease proteolysis in muscle tissue from septic rats. We tested this hypothesis in vivo in severely septic patients by using aspirin as the test cyclooxygenase inhibitor. Septic patients (n = 4) were given a primed, constant infusion (183 mg prime, then 37 mg/hr) of 15N-labeled urea for 6 hr to obtain a blood [15N]urea plateau. Blood samples were taken every 30 min. At 180 min 1500 mg of aspirin was given po. If aspirin inhibited protein breakdown, the plateau level should rise, since less cold urea derived from protein breakdown will enter the urea pool. Aspirin did not cause any change in either the BUN concentration, its 15N enrichment, or any of the plasma amino acids. In conclusion, cyclooxygenase inhibition by aspirin in vivo does not decrease protein breakdown in hypercatabolic septic patients.
Life Extension and Orbit Maneuvering Strategies for Small Satellites in Low Earth Orbit Using Electrodynamic Tethers

Thermospheric drag is an important force acting on orbiting satellites with altitudes of 300-600km (e.g. space shuttle operating altitudes). This drag reduces orbit lifetimes to typically <100 days. Electrodynamic tethers (EDTs) could provide one means of maintaining, boosting, and/or orbit maneuvering small satellites in low Earth orbit without the use of propellant over extended periods. An analysis is presented which looks at the use of EDTs on small satellites and for multiple orbital configurations. We will discuss strategies and tradeoffs for using EDTs for satellite orbit-hold, orbit boost and coast, and inclination change.
Biosynthesis of fatty acids in rat mammary cells

1. 1. Dispersed mammary cells from lactating rats progressively incorporated exogenous acetate mostly into the short- and medium-chain fatty acids, i.e., C8, C10, C12, normally found in milk fat. 2. 2. Radioactivity was found in fatty acids C6:0 to C16:0 inclusive, with traces in stearic acid(C18:0). 3. 3. These fatty acids were preponderantly acylated in triglycerides (<90%) and only small quantities were incorporated into phospholipids (~ 2 %), mostly into phosphatidylcholine.
A novel DNA damage checkpoint involving post-transcriptional regulation of cyclin A expression.

Abstract The intracellular metabolism of many carcinogenicpolycyclic aryl hydrocarbons (PAHs, typified by the ubiquitous pollutantbenzo[a]pyrene or B[a]P) generates electrophilic products that react covalently with genomic DNA. Cells that acquire PAH-induced DNA damage undergo growth arrest in a p53-independent manner (Vaziri, C., and Faller, D. V. (1997)J. Biol. Chem. 272, 2762–2769). In this report we have investigated the molecular basis of PAH-induced cell cycle arrest. Mitogenic signaling events involving cyclins D and E, Rb phosphorylation, and transcriptional activation of E2F-responsive genes (including cyclin E and cyclin A) were unaffected in cells containing PAH-damaged DNA. However, PAH-induced growth arrest was associated with post-transcriptional decreases in cyclin A expression. Mitogen-induced expression of cyclin B, an event that is temporally distal to cyclin A expression, was also inhibited in PAH-treated cells. The PAH-induced cell cycle block was transient, and arrested cells resumed DNA synthesis after a prolonged (∼20 h) delay. Resumption of DNA synthesis in PAH-treated cells occurred concomitant with elevated expression of cyclins A and B. PAH-induced cell cycle arrest was overcome by ectopically expressed cyclin A (encoded by a recombinant adenovirus in transiently infected cells). Overall, our results suggest the existence of a DNA damage checkpoint pathway that arrests cell cycle progression via post-transcriptional control of cyclin A expression.
Design Strategies for Green Practice

Abstract Should green buildings not only work differently, but also look, feel, and be conceived differently? The emergence of LEED accreditation as the leading form of environmental performance monitoring and its associated points and checklist format can mask the necessity for architectural projects to have focused and effective design strategies that integrate sustainability with the design process. Green accountability does not always go hand in hand with architectural quality: a good building is certainly not necessarily a green building, while a green building is not always a good work of architecture. So it becomes important to recognize the unique character and possibilities in each project and then to develop environmentally responsive concepts that support and enhance the form of the architecture. This article discusses the current context for “Green Design Practice” through a series of quite different design assignments where the focus is upon enabling the design to emerge from the recognition ...
Frequency of detectable serum IgG concentrations in precolostral calves.

Objective—To determine the prevalence of detectable serum IgG concentrations in calves prior to ingestion of colostrum and to assess whether a detectable IgG concentration was related to dam parity, calf birth weight, calf sex, season of calving, or infectious agents that can be transmitted transplacentally. Animals—170 Holstein dairy calves. Procedures—Serum samples were obtained from calves prior to ingestion of colostrum, and serologic testing for bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and Neospora caninum was performed. Relative risk, attributable risk, population attributable risk, and population attributable fraction for calves with a detectable serum IgG concentration attributable to positive results for N caninum and BVDV serologic testing were calculated. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine whether dam parity, calf sex, season of calving, and calf weight were associated with precolostral IgG concentration. Results—90 (52.9%) calves had a detectable total serum IgG concentration (IgG ≥ ...
Metamaterials: Loss as a route to transparency

Practical low-loss metamaterials at optical frequencies may soon be realized thanks to optical parametric amplification that uses backwards propagation of a signal beam in negative-index metamaterials. Surprisingly, increasing losses at the idler frequency leads to broadband transparency or amplification at the signal frequency.
Minor salivary gland secretion in the elderly.

Objective. Very little information exists on minor salivary gland output (MSGO) in health and disease. We investigated the minor salivary gland output of elderly subjects with different medical backgrounds and the relationship of that output with life practices, demographic variables, complaints of dry mouth, medication usage, functional status, medical treatments, and dental and medical variables. Study design. MSGO was measured with a special moisture-detecting paper on the lip, cheek, and palate, which comprised the total MSGO. A parsimonious linear regression model was developed to determine which of the many measured variables influenced the MSGO. Results. There were significant differences in MSGO between the recruitment sites, with the non-Veteran Affairs (VA) Independent Living participants having significantly lower MSGO than the VA groups. A secretion rate for MSGO based on median values from all subjects of Conclusions. An association between subjective complaints of dry mouth and a decrease in MSGO measured objectively was demonstrated in this elderly population. Furthermore, age and sex effects on MSGO were also demonstrated.
Wear and wash persistence of permethrin used as a clothing treatment for personal protection against the lone star tick (Acari: Ixodidae).

The persistence of permethrin as a clothing impregnant under the stress of wear and washing was assayed. Human subjects were exposed to natural infestations of the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum , in eastern Oklahoma. permethrin treatment rate of 0.125–0.2 mg/cm2 of cloth completely protected human subjects from attack by the ticks through 132 h of wear and through 3 washes with warm water and detergent. Subsequently, laboratory assays with adult mosquitoes and chemical analyses showed only a slight loss of permethrin from treated clothing subjected to wear and ca. 50% loss from 4 washes. These laboratory findings confirmed the results of the field assays.
(endo)-5-(2-haloethyl)-2-norbornene. A new radical probe.

Abstract (endo)-5-(2-haloethyl)-2-norbornenes have been synthesized, and their corresponding radicals generated by reaction with sodium, magnesium, sodium naphthalenide and tri-n-butyltin hydride in the presence of AIBN to produce both straight chain and cyclized products. This probe cyclizes substantially faster than the often used 5-hexenyl halide probes.
METHANE ELIMINATION FROM IONIZED PROPANE THROUGH AN ION-NEUTRAL COMPLEX : AN AB INITIO STUDY

In connection with the major unimolecular decompositions of ionized propane, namely, methane elimination and methyl radical loss, ab initio molecular orbital calculations at the UMP2/6-31G(d) (mole...
Moonlighting function of glycerol kinase causes systems-level changes in rat hepatoma cells

Abstract Glycerol kinase (GK) is an enzyme with diverse (moonlighting) cellular functions. GK overexpression affects central metabolic fluxes substantially; therefore, to elucidate the mechanism underlying these changes, we employed a systems-level evaluation of GK overexpression in H4IIE rat hepatoma cells. Microarray analysis revealed altered expression of genes in metabolism (central carbon and lipid), which correlated with previous flux analysis, and of genes regulated by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Oil Red O staining showed that GK overexpression leads to increased fat storage in H4IIE cells. Network component analysis revealed that activities of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α, GR, and seven other transcription factors were altered by GK overexpression. The increased activity of GR was experimentally verified by quantitative RT-PCR of GR-responsive genes in the presence and absence of the glucocorticoid agonist, dexamethasone. This systems biology approach further emphasizes GK's essential role in central and lipid metabolism and experimentally verifies GK's alternative (moonlighting) function of affecting GR transcription factor activity.
Morbidity of epidural strip electrode implantation for epilepsy presurgical evaluation

We report the morbidity associated with long-term seizure monitoring in 95 patients implanted with epidural strip electrodes. Subtemporal epidural strip electrodes were placed through bilateral temporal craniectomies, using the standard approach to the Gasserian ganglion. The silastic strip electrodes had four to six electrode contacts. Twelve patients also had additional subdural strips placed. Mean number of strip electrodes per patient was 5.3 strips (range 4–8). Mean duration of implantation was 5.1 days (range 2–11). Complications included epidural hematoma (1.1%), epidural fluid collection (2.1%), and cranial nerve injury (9.5%), for a total morbidity of 12.7%. Nine patients developed transient cranial nerve injuries (three V, seven VII). In five patients, cranial nerve injuries were mild and resolved in 2–8 weeks. Four peripheral VIIth nerve injuries persisted to a mild degree after 3-month follow-up. Nine complications occurred with the first 41 implantations during the first 5 years of this series; only four complications were associated with the 54 subsequent implantations in the last 4 years. The morbidity of epidural implantations was low, and no significant permanent morbidity occurred.
Effects of Chan Su, a traditional Chinese medicine, on the calcium transients of isolated cardiomyocytes: cardiotoxicity due to more than Na, K-ATPase blocking.

Abstract Extracts of Chan Su, a traditional Chinese medication used as a topical anesthetic and cardiac medication, were incubated with cardiomyocytes that had been loaded with a calcium specific fluorescent probe. Calcium transients were measured by real-time fluorescence spectrophotometry following treatment. The transients were rapidly abolished following addition of a moderate concentration of the extract (400 ng/ml), resulting in high levels of intracellular calcium, while the lower amount (40 ng/ml) blocked the sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase. Treatments with ouabain and nifedipine were also made, either prior to, or after the addition of the Chan Su, in an attempt to better delineate the site(s) of action. The moderate concentration of Chan Su (400 ng/ml) extract caused the myocytes to cease beating within seconds of addition, even in experiments when saturating concentrations of nifedipine or ouabain had been previously added to the cells. As expected bufalin, the active component of Chan Su has similar effects. Our findings indicate that this compound is extremely cardiotoxic, even in small dose and acts rapidly to alter intracellular calcium stores in cardiomyocytes and possibly acts at sites other than the Na + +K + ATPase, either directly, or indirectly via changes in calcium concentrations.
Non-axisymmetric matrix cracking and interface debonding in unidirectional brittle matrix composites

Abstract A discrete fiber model is developed in this paper and applied to study the problem of non-axisymmetric matrix cracking and interface debonding in unidirectional brittle-matrix fiber-reinforced composite materials subjected to an axial tensile load in the fiber direction. In this model, it is assumed that the interface debond remains open. Considering the non-axisymmetry of the matrix crack and interface debond, a three-dimensional stress analysis is introduced into the above model. The variational approach based on the principle of minimum potential energy is employed to obtain the numerical results for stress and displacement fields. On the basis of Irwin—Kies compliance calibration formulation, the strain energy release rates associated with the matrix crack and the interface debond are calculated. The competition between these two modes is then assessed by comparing the corresponding toughnesses. It is shown that the magnitude of the toughness of the fiber/matrix interface plays a predominant role on the debond initiation and extension. The stabilities of the debond and the matrix crack extension are investigated.
Specialization, Option Demand, and the Pricing of Medical Specialists

This paper discusses the supplier power of medical specialists. We argue that a combination of factors, including the structure of health care delivery, reimbursement systems, the presence of option demand, and high consumer switching costs, create circumstances in which medical specialists may be able to exercise significant seller power. We explore the implications of this for the pricing and organization of medical care.
Abstract #8: Parkinson's Disease Patients Willingness to Accept Risk Associated with Potentially Disease-Modifying Surgical Procedures

Exciting treatments postulated to slow the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD) include gene therapy and deep brain stimulation (DBS). These therapies also have risks of death or permanent disability. If DBS, for example, were proven to be disease modifying, standard treatment would necessitate DBS as early as the diagnosis is reasonably confirmed. Because at this stage patients have little disability, they will choose to receive the therapy only if the magnitude of disease modification is large enough to outweigh the risks. We therefore sought to concretely illuminate the amount of benefit that was perceived by patients to make the risk of DBS reasonable. With IRB exemption, a research assistant was posted in the Vanderbilt Movement Disorders Clinic and interviewed all PD patients over a four-week period. Patients were read a description of a theoretical neuroprotective neurosurgical procedure, including a 10% risk of infection and 2% risk of disabling stroke or death. Patients were then asked, if this therapy could delay the amount of time it took them to become disabled or otherwise need significant assistance by x, whether they would want the treatment. The following answer choices were inserted for x until they answered affirmatively: 6 months, 1, 2, 5, and 10 years. Overall, patients with PD wanted to receive the hypothetical therapy. Only one patient said he would not choose to receive the therapy regardless of how long it extended independence. Of the remaining patients, 50% said they would choose the therapy with five or fewer years of slowing, and 50% said they would choose the therapy with greater than five years. The median answer was 6.3 years of additional independence. PD patients would elect a neurosurgical procedure with moderate risks if it offered meaningful disease slowing. Investigators designing future trials of potentially disease-modifying therapies that carry significant risks should consider the likelihood that future patients would choose to receive the therapy, even if the results are positive. Financial Sponsors This research was not funded. Vanderbilt University has received income from Medtronic for research lead by Dr. Charles, and he has received income from Medtronic for speaking and consulting services.
Computational fluid dynamics analysis on the critical behavior of reactive chemicals

Thermal explosion may occur in the storage process of reactive chemicals with exothermic decomposition reactions when heat removal is not sufficient. The inflection point on temperature versus concentration or time curve has been widely used to study the critical behavior for this type of system. Previous work of critical behavior analysis normally assumed uniform temperature distribution or only pure heat conduction. Hence, the results obtained were only applicable to the small-scale or solid systems. The self-heating effect of the decomposition reaction and reactant consumption often induce temperature and concentration gradients, respectively, which consequently induce natural convection. Therefore, a study of the influence of natural convection on the critical behavior for a large-scale system is necessary. In this work, the critical behavior of hydroxylamine nitrate (HAN) in a cylindrical tank stored in air is studied with the commercial CFD package, Fluent 6.3, by considering the air-film thermal resistance. It was found that the feasible storage region of the large-scale system is smaller than that of the small-scale system because the increase of heat generation with quantity increase overwhelms the heat transfer enhancement due to natural convection.
Development of a Test Bed System for Robot Actuators

This paper describes the design and utilization of an advanced dynamic dynamometer test bed for electromechanical robot actuators. Typically actuators are tested at steady state under continuous load, but this is insufficient to characterize the nonlinear properties of actuators. The test bed was specifically designed with the capability to emulate high bandwidth complex duty cycle loads. Furthermore, the test bed is modular which enables rapid reconfiguration of test components. The test bed is comprised of a servo motor which serves as a dynamic load emulator, a brake, a clutch, full sensor array for comprehensive monitoring of test variables, and supporting motion control hardware. Two preliminary tests of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) were conducted to demonstrate some of the test bed’s capabilities. These included a torque ripple test and a test to determine torque variation for a sinusoidal load at constant speed. The results show increased torque ripple for increasing speed. The sinusoidal loading test demonstrates the nonlinearities associated with actuator dynamics. Future testing will focus on the full characterization of an actuator.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
RISK, SECURITY, AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT

▪ Abstract This review examines the policies and practices that address the evolving conditions of risk, security, and disaster management in U.S. society. Although each condition presents particular challenges to public agencies and the communities they serve, all represent varying states of uncertainty and require different approaches for informed action. This analysis reframes the issue of managing risk by focusing on the distinction between policies and practices developed in reference to natural and technological hazards and those developed to enhance security from hostile acts. The author concludes that building networks of organizations committed to a process of continual inquiry, informed action, and adaptive learning is a more flexible, robust strategy than the standard practice of establishing greater control over possible threats through administrative structures. Supported by methods of network analysis, computational simulation, information infrastructure, and long-term policy goals, networke...
1H‐Observe 1H2H Dipolar Recoupling by REDOR and Rotary Resonance Recoupling

The measurement of heteronuclear dipolar cou- plings by solid-state NMR is an important tool for determin- ing structures in solids. 1 H-observe 1 H� 2 H REDOR and rotary resonance recoupling experiments with fast magic- angle spinning are presented. These dipolar recoupling ex- periments show promise for measuring heteronuclear dipo- lar couplings with 1 H nuclei. Potential limitations of the ex- periments include short transverse relaxation times of the 1 H magnetization and BlochSiegert effects.
Magnetic resonance imaging findings in asymptomatic volunteers and symptomatic patients with temporomandibular disorders

Internal derangement has been suggested to be a cause of temporomandibular disorders. This study compared magnetic resonance imaging findings in 82 asymptomatic volunteers and 263 symptomatic patients. Disk displacement was observed in 33% of the asymptomatic volunteers and 84% of the symptomatic patients. The prevalence of trauma, headache, and other joint problems was more common in symptomatic patients. A history of general anesthesia and orthodontic treatment was not increased in the symptomatic population compared with asymptomatic volunteers. This study suggests that disk displacement is more common in symptomatic subjects.
Effects of Ambient Temperature on Thermoregulation during Fever in Cats

Effects of ambient thermal loads on thermoregulatory responses and on the shape of fever curves were studied during muramyl-dipeptide-(MDP)-induced fever in cats. They were implanted with electrodes for chronic recording of electromyograms and cortical and subcutaneous temperatures. A febrile response was induced following intravenous injection of muramyl dipeptide. (1) During the initial phase of fever, the recruitment of heat gain responses and suppression of heat loss responses did not depend on the ambient temperature (Ta). (2) The relative contribution of each thermoregulatory mechanism varied with Ta. (3) Ta did not affect the amplitude of the first febrile peak. However, a second peak in body temperature seen in MDP-induced fever was absent in warm Ta of 30 and 37 degrees C.
A Potent, Versatile Disulfide-Reducing Agent from Aspartic Acid

Dithiothreitol (DTT) is the standard reagent for reducing disulfide bonds between and within biological molecules. At neutral pH, however, >99% of DTT thiol groups are protonated and thus unreactive. Herein, we report on (2S)-2-amino-1,4-dimercaptobutane (dithiobutylamine or DTBA), a dithiol that can be synthesized from l-aspartic acid in a few high-yielding steps that are amenable to a large-scale process. DTBA has thiol pKa values that are ∼1 unit lower than those of DTT and forms a disulfide with a similar E°′ value. DTBA reduces disulfide bonds in both small molecules and proteins faster than does DTT. The amino group of DTBA enables its isolation by cation-exchange and facilitates its conjugation. These attributes indicate that DTBA is a superior reagent for reducing disulfide bonds in aqueous solution.
Single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy: the first 100 outpatients.

Single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) is a well-described technique for many general surgical procedures. The SILS techniques applied to cholecystectomy vary, and reporting has been sparse. Because most cholecystectomies are outpatient procedures performed by busy, practicing general surgeons, the authors report their initial experience adopting this technique. From March, 2008 to January, 2009, SILS was performed for 100 consecutive outpatients needing cholecystectomy. All the patients underwent a single-incision, multiport laparoscopic (SIMPL) technique using existing instrumentation. The patients were followed postoperatively for at least 6 months. Of the 100 patients, 98 underwent SIMPL cholecystectomy and 2 required conversion to the standard laparoscopic technique because of bleeding from the cystic artery. No major postoperative complications occurred, including infections and hernias. The findings show SIMPL cholecystectomy to be safe in the outpatient setting. It is an excellent alternative to traditional three- or four-port cholecystectomy for the ideal candidate with a lower body mass index (BMI), early disease, and no previous abdominal surgery. The authors’ initial outpatient experience shows that it can be performed using existing instrumentation without increasing costs by a reproducible technique that can be adopted by any practicing general surgeon.