cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anatomy of the Hippocampus and the Declarative Memory System

Since the midtwentieth century, scientists who study memory and the brain have concentrated on the hippocampus as the critical structure for everyday memory for facts and events. In the past two decades, it has become apparent that the cortical areas surrounding the hippocampal formation and forming the parahippocampal region also play a critical role in memory. Together, the hippocampal formation and the parahippocampal region have been designated the Declarative Memory System. This chapter provides an overview of the functional anatomy of the structures that support episodic memory in the mammalian brain. Nomenclature, structure, connectivity, and cross-species comparisons are included.
Behavioral Effects of MPTP Administration in the Vervet Monkey

The neurotoxin l-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) produces parkinsonian neurochemical and functional deficits in primates, which may be useful for evaluating the effects of possible antiparkinsonian treatments. Sixty-six adult male vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) were treated with MPTP (0.3–0.4 mg/kg., given 4–5 doses over a 5-day period, cumulative dose 1.6–2.0 mg), and 11 were saline-treated controls. Trained observers recorded spontaneous behaviors twice daily (5 min per observation, 5 × week) for varying periods after MPTP administration. Some behaviors were recorded if they occurred any time during a 5-sec period (e.g., climb, shift, chew) or lasted for a full 5-sec duration (e.g., freeze, immobility). Behaviors were also rated on a scale of 0–5 (e.g., poverty of movement, limb and head tremor) during spontaneous behavior and after “challenges” with food or threats. Individual behaviors were analyzed, and summary factors were calculated reflecting parkinsonian, intention tremor, anxiety, arousal, and healthy behaviors. MPTP administration resulted in behavior not observed in control subjects (i.e., tremor, freezing, immobility, eating problems, delayed and poverty of movement) and reduced healthy, arousal, and anxiety-related behavior. The parkinsonian score, based on factor analysis from the month after treatment, was used to determine and categorize the severity of MPTP deficits and was hypothesized to predict the outcome or stability of the deficit over time.
A Delayed Case of Black Cohosh Associated Drug-Induced Liver Injury

Drug-induced liver injury is the leading cause of acute liver failure in the United States. While acetaminophen is the most common culprit, there are over 1,000 prescriptions and over the counter medications that have been implicated. Black cohosh is an herbal supplement commonly used for the treatment of menopausal symptoms which has been reported to cause drug-induced liver injury. The latency period of black cohosh drug induced liver injury is highly variable which can make the diagnosis challenging. We present a case of a 59-year-old female who developed drug-induced liver injury after the use of black cohosh products. J Med Cases. 2018;9(9):287-288 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jmc3108w
Homeostatic synaptic plasticity as a metaplasticity mechanism - a molecular and cellular perspective.

The molecular mechanisms underlying various types of synaptic plasticity are historically regarded as separate processes involved in independent cellular events. However, recent progress in our molecular understanding of Hebbian and homeostatic synaptic plasticity supports the observation that these two types of plasticity share common cellular events, and are often altered together in neurological diseases. Here, we discuss the emerging concept of homeostatic synaptic plasticity as a metaplasticity mechanism with a focus on cellular signaling processes that enable a direct interaction between Hebbian and homeostatic plasticity. We also identify distinct and shared molecular players involved in these cellular processes that may be explored experimentally in future studies to test the hypothesis that homeostatic synaptic plasticity serves as a metaplasticity mechanism to integrate changes in neuronal activity and support optimal Hebbian learning.
Genome Sequence of Enterococcus faecalis NVIT04, Isolated from Nasonia vitripennis.

ABSTRACT Enterococcus faecalis is a Gram-positive, lactic acid-producing coccus which can be found as a member of the gut microbiome in many animal species and is a potential pathogen in humans. Here, we describe the genome sequence of an E. faecalis strain isolated from the gut microbiome of the hymenopteran model Nasonia vitripennis.
Cross-scale operational oceanography in the Adriatic Sea

The oceanographic forecast capability in coastal seas is often limited by the capacity of the numerical models in correctly reproducing the complex morphology of the coastline and the exchange proc...
Quality Improvement Initiative to Reduce Nighttime Noise in a Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Unit.

Abstract Sleep is an essential biologic function vital for physiologic rest, healing, and emotional well-being. Sleep disruption is commonly seen in patients and caregivers with lengthy hospital stays such as patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and cellular therapy (TCT). Sleep disruption can lead to increased stress and fatigue, affecting caregivers' ability to support their loved one. The global aim of our quality improvement initiative was to improve sleep quality in TCT patients and caregivers. The smart aim of our project was to decrease nighttime hallway noise from 47 dB to 43 dB and decrease the number of overnight noise peaks greater than 60 dB from 865 to 432 in 6 months. Through a cross-sectional quantitative and qualitative evaluation of sleep we had previously identified poor sleep quality, and with a cross-sectional focus group analysis of patients, caregivers, and medical staff we identified the factors associated with poor sleep. Hallway noise was a major factor. A simplified failure mode analysis identified 4 main key drivers; unobtrusive nighttime cleaning process, nighttime awareness maintenance system, quiet nighttime nursing system, and reliable nighttime awareness system. Several plan-do-study-act interventions took place and were adopted. From January to June 2018 the overnight mean decibel level decreased from 47 dB to 44 dB (6% reduction). Overnight noise spikes above 60 dB decreased from a mean of 865 spikes to a mean of 463 spikes (46% reduction). With a quality improvement initiative, we identified the causes of hallway nighttime hospital unit noise that negatively impact sleep and through a team-based approach performed interventions that successfully mitigated these factors.
Mobilizing the community of biodiversity specimen collectors to effectively detect and document outliers in the Anthropocene.

Premise Biological outliers (observations that fall outside of a previously understood norm, e.g., in phenology or distribution) may indicate early stages of a transformative change that merits immediate attention. Collectors of biodiversity specimens such as plants, fungi, and animals are on the front lines of discovering outliers, yet the role collectors currently play in providing such data is unclear. Methods We surveyed 222 collectors of a broad range of taxa, searched 47 training materials, and explored the use of 170 outlier terms in 75 million specimen records to determine the current state of outlier detection and documentation in this community. Results Collectors reported observing outliers (e.g., about 80% of respondents observed morphological and distributional outliers at least occasionally). However, relatively few specimen records include outlier terms, and imprecision in their use and handling in data records complicates data discovery by stakeholders. This current state appears to be at least partly due to the absence of protocols: only one of the training materials addressed documenting and reporting outliers. Conclusions We suggest next steps to mobilize this largely untapped, yet ideally suited, community for early detection of biotic change in the Anthropocene, including community activities for building relevant best practices.
Silicon carbide and its composites for nuclear applications – Historical overview

Abstract The goal of achieving higher thermal efficiency in nuclear power systems, whether fission or fusion based, has invariably led to the study and development of refractory metals, ceramics, and their composites. Silicon carbide materials, owing to their favorable neutronic and high-temperature properties, have seen extensive study for over half a century in support of this goal. Currently, our community has a relatively deep understanding of the irradiation effects on this system and has developed irradiation-hardened materials that are currently in use for fission reactor fuels and available as structural composites for next generation reactors. Outside of the nuclear arena SiC has also enjoyed significant development with a wide range of ordinary and high-value product now in use including very high temperature commercial aerospace installations such as turbine engines. The paper presents a brief history of the development of SiC, focused on but not limited to irradiation applications that has led to our present understanding of the system for nuclear application.
Enhancing Benders decomposition algorithm to solve a combat logistics problem

This paper proposes a multi-time period, two-stage stochastic programming model for the design and management of a typical combat logistics problem. The design shall minimize the total path setup cost, commodity preposition and processing costs, and expected transportation, storage, and shortage costs across all possible path failure scenarios. Due to the complexity associated with solving the model, we propose an accelerated Benders decomposition algorithm to solve the model in a realistic-size network problem within a reasonable amount of time. The Benders decomposition algorithm incorporates several algorithmic improvements such as pareto-optimal cuts, multi-cuts, knapsack inequalities, integer cuts, input ordering, mean-value cuts, and the rolling horizon heuristic. Computational experiments are performed to assess the efficiency of different enhancement techniques within the Benders decomposition algorithm.
Effects of sub-chronic methylphenidate on risk-taking and sociability in zebrafish (Danio rerio).

Attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) is the most common psychiatric disorder in children affecting around 11% of children 4–17 years of age (CDC 2019). Children with ADHD are widely treated with stimulant medications such as methylphenidate (Ritalin®). However, there has been little research on the developmental effects of methylphenidate on risk-taking and sociability. We investigated in zebrafish the potential developmental neurobehavioral toxicity of methylphenidate on these behavioral functions. We chose zebrafish because they provide a model with extensive genetic tools for future mechanistic studies. We studied whether sub-chronic methylphenidate exposure during juvenile development causes neurobehavioral impairments in zebrafish. Methylphenidate diminished responses to environmental stimuli after both acute and sub-chronic dosing. In adult zebrafish, acute methylphenidate impaired avoidance of an approaching visual stimulus modeling a predator and decreased locomotor response to the social visual stimulus of conspecifics. Adult zebrafish dosed acutely with methylphenidate demonstrated behaviors of less retreat from threatening visual stimuli and less approach to conspecifics compared with controls. In a sub-chronic dosing paradigm during development, methylphenidate caused less robust exploration of a novel tank. In the predator avoidance paradigm, sub-chronic dosing that began at an older age (28 dpf) decreased activity levels more than sub-chronic dosing that began at earlier ages (14 dpf and 21 dpf). In the social shoaling task, sub-chronic methylphenidate attenuated reaction to the social stimulus. Acute and developmental methylphenidate exposure decreased response to environmental cues. Additional research is needed to determine critical mechanisms for these effects and to see how these results may be translatable to neurobehavioral toxicity of prescribing Ritalin® to children and adolescents.
“Fitter to Please the Court Than the School”: Courtly and Paideutic Rhetoric in Elizabethan Poetics

This paper argues that Elizabethan handbooks on poetics enact two coevolving traditions in the history of rhetoric and poetics: one sees poetry as a rhetorical art of stylistic invention, while the other sees it as an object of study, analysis, and ethical training. To show this, I examine George Puttenham9s Art of English Poesy and contrast it with William Scott9s recently discovered Model of Poesy. Puttenham demonstrates how poetic style works as a tool of rhetorical invention; Scott, on the other hand, treats poetics as a method of literary critical analysis. Scott9s poetics, I argue, is derived from a “paideutic” tradition, the aims of which mirror those found in educational treatises that concern the hermeneutic training students received in English grammar schools. Puttenham, writing for courtiers, instead makes a case for poetics as a means of rhetorical adaptation at court—his handbook, in short, shows poetry to be a rhetorical and pragmatic art of verbal performance that exists outside the schoolroom.
A simplified approach to subjective expected utility

Abstract I provide a novel simplified approach to Savage’s theory of subjective expected utility. Such an approach is based on abstract integral representation theorems in the space of measurable functions. The advantage of such an approach is that these results can be used to easily obtain variations on Savage’s theorem, such as representations with state-dependent utility or probability measures that can have atoms. Finally, I discuss how such an approach can be used in other settings such as decision making under ambiguity.
PROPERTIES OF INFERIOR TEMPORAL NEURONS IN THE MACAQUE

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the properties of inferior temporal neurons in the macaque. Inferior temporal cortex is a high-level visual area critical for normal visual perception, learning and memory. In macaques, removal of inferotemporal cortex disrupts visual learning and visual recognition in the absence of any changes in basic visual functions such as acuity, perimetry, and various psychophysical thresholds. Discrimination learning and memory in other modalities remains normal. The response properties of inferior temporal units are heterogeneous and often complex. Most inferior temporal units respond better to three-dimensional objects than to spots, slits, or edges of any orientation. For a majority of these units, the response is a function of the texture, color, size, shape, or some other physical parameter of the object.
Effectiveness of ultraviolet-c light and a high-level disinfection cabinet for decontamination of n95 respirators

Background- Shortages of personal protective equipment (PPE) including N95 filtering facepiece respirators is an urgent concern in the setting of the global COVID-19 pandemic. Decontamination of PPE could be useful to maintain adequate supplies, but there is uncertainty regarding the efficacy of decontamination technologies. Methods- A modification of the American Society for Testing and Materials standard quantitative carrier disk test method (ASTM E-2197-11) was used to examine the effectiveness of ultraviolet-C (UV-C) light, a high-level disinfection cabinet that generates aerosolized peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide, and dry heat at 70°C for 30 minutes for decontamination of bacteriophages Phi6 and MS2 and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) inoculated onto 3 commercial N95 respirators. Three and 6 log 10 reductions on N95 respirators were considered effective for decontamination and disinfection, respectively. Results- UV-C administered as a 1-minute cycle in a UV-C box or a 30-minute cycle by a room decontamination device reduced contamination but did not meet criteria for decontamination of the viruses from all sites for any of the N95s. The high-level disinfection cabinet was effective for decontamination of all the organisms from the N95s and achieved disinfection with 3 disinfection cycles over ~60 minutes. Dry heat at 70°C for 30 minutes was not effective for decontamination of the bacteriophages. Conclusions- UV-C could be useful to reduce contamination on N95 respirators. However, the UV-C technologies studied did not meet our criteria for decontamination under the test conditions used. The high-level disinfection cabinet was effective for decontamination of N95s and met criteria for disinfection with multiple cycles.
Unique chords of unique cycles in 3-connected planar graphs

Edges that are the unique chords of at least one cycle have been studied by a variety of authors over the past dozen years. This paper begins the study of those graphs in which each edge is the uni...
Events in Flux: Software Architecture, Detractio, and the Rhetorical Infrastructure of Facebook

Abstract This article considers the design of software platforms—emergent, commodified digital publics that leverage crowd effects into profit—through the lens of “rhetorical code studies” (Brock 2013) to test whether compositional effects are algorithmic byproducts. It focuses on Facebook’s Flux architecture. Flux is a design pattern—a term borrowed from architecture to denote repeatable solutions to reoccurring problems—meant to facilitate feed-forward state management, a solution necessary in very-large-scale data-driven applications. The article considers Flux, which simplifies a programmer’s expressive potential, an example of rhetorical detractio, the process of saying less in order to focus audience attention. By exploring Flux as detractio, it is possible to make specific arguments about Facebook's role in shaping public argumentation. Facebook is often accused of being a space in which it is difficult to argue because the software discourages reflection and encourages a series of escalating hot takes. Flux removes the process of feedback from platform algorithms and contributes to this lack of feedback at the user level. The article concludes that rhetorical code study is a crucial methodology for studying digital writing that accounts for discursive effects and the manufacture of rhetorical situations by platform algorithms at the level of the code itself.
Opsoclonus in Anti-Ma2 Brain-Stem Encephalitis.

Opsoclonus in Anti-Ma2 Brain-Stem Encephalitis A 71-year-old man presented with a 3-month history of vertigo, diplopia, and ataxia. He had rapid, nonrhythmic, saccadic, and multidirectional ocular ...
Developing a Competency Learning Model for Students of Unmanned Aerial Systems

Over the past decade, Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS), along with commercial UAS pilots, have become an established and increasingly regulated industry. Unfortunately, in the U.S. the number of near misses and incidents involving unsafe UAS operations is increasing dramatically. Additionally, industries looking to adopt UAS technologies not only require trained professionals to ensure safe and legal operations but may look for competencies that go well beyond the minimum regulatory requirements. To date, research regarding the higher order learning outcomes and competencies that are expected of UAS university graduates is lacking. Therefore, this research attempts to provide perspective of the core competencies that industry organizations may desire in a UAS graduate and, by extension, in a UAS professional. This paper describes the methods used to identify core UAS competencies, and presents a UAS Competency Learning Model that may help educators better prepare graduates for successful industry careers. Researchers utilized a multi-phase process over an 18-month period using both quantitative and qualitative methods, which included literature reviews, surveys, interviews, focus groups, and attendance at UAS industry events. Ultimately, from this research emerged the following six UAS competencies: Leadership, Technical Excellence, Safety and Ethics, Analytical Thinking, Teamwork, and Entrepreneurship.
The quest for cardiovascular disease risk prediction models in patients with nondialysis chronic kidney disease.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, traditional CVD risk prediction equations do not work well in patients with CKD, and inclusion of kidney disease metrics such as albuminuria and estimated glomerular filtration rate have a modest to no benefit in improving prediction. RECENT FINDINGS As CKD progresses, the strength of traditional CVD risk factors in predicting clinical outcomes weakens. A pooled cohort equation used for CVD risk prediction is a useful tool for guiding clinicians on management of patients with CVD risk, but these equations do not calibrate well in patients with CKD, although a number of studies have developed modifications of the traditional equations to improve risk prediction. The reason for the poor calibration may be related to the fact that as CKD progresses, associations of traditional risk factors such as BMI, lipids and blood pressure with CVD outcomes are attenuated or reverse, and other risk factors may become more important. SUMMARY Large national cohorts such as the US Veteran cohort with many patients with evolving CKD may be useful resources for the developing CVD prediction models; however, additional considerations are needed for the unique composition of patients receiving care in these healthcare systems, including those with multiple comorbidities, as well as mental health issues, homelessness, posttraumatic stress disorders, frailty, malnutrition and polypharmacy. Machine learning over conventional risk prediction models may be better suited to handle the complexity needed for these CVD prediction models.
Leadless pacemakers: A review of current data and future directions

Leadless pacemakers (LPs) have revolutionized the field of pacing by miniaturizing pacemakers and rendering them completelty intracardiac, hence reducing complications related to pacemaker pockets and transvenous leads. However, first generation LPs appear to be associated with a higher rate of myocardial perforation as compared to transvenous pacemakers (TV-PPM). Currently, LPs are predominantly designed to pace the right ventricle with no LPs that provide atrial or biventricular pacing. In this article, we review the available data on LPs while advocating for the need for a randomized controlled trial comparing LPs to TV-PPMs. In addition, we review the future directions of leadless devices.
Cdc42 reactivation at growth sites is regulated by local cell-cycle-dependent loss of its GTPase-activating protein Rga4 in fission yeast

In fission yeast, polarized cell growth stops during division and resumes after cytokinesis completes and cells separate. It is unclear how growth reactivation is timed to occur immediately after cell separation. We uncoupled these sequential events by delaying cytokinesis with a temporary Latrunculin A treatment. Mitotic cells recovering from treatment initiate end growth during septation, displaying a polar elongation simultaneous with septation (PrESS) phenotype. PrESS cell ends reactivate Cdc42, a major regulator of polarized growth, during septation, but at a fixed time after anaphase B. A candidate screen implicates Rga4, a negative regulator of Cdc42, in this process. We show that Rga4 appears punctate at the cell sides during G2, but is diffuse during mitosis, extending to the ends. Although the Morphogenesis Orb6 (MOR) pathway is known to promote cell separation and growth by activating protein synthesis, we find that, for polarized growth, removal of Rga4 from the ends is also necessary. Therefore, we propose that growth resumes after division once the MOR pathway is activated and the ends lose Rga4 in a cell-cycle-dependent manner.
Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Delgocitinib, a JAK Inhibitor for the Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis

Herein is reported the nine-step commercial synthesis of delgocitinib, a Janus kinase inhibitor approved for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in 2020. Its chiral spirodiamine core was selectively...
Use of Social Support: Gender and Personality Differences

Sex differences in social support have been explained in terms of gender differences in socialization and personality. The current research focused directly on the link between social support and gender variables. An adult, largely Caucasian sample of both sexes reported an experience in which they had received support, and were assessed on masculinity, femininity, nurturance, affiliation, autonomy, and self-confidence. The results revealed that gender, but not sex, was significantly correlated with patterns of social support. Femininity (in both sexes) was associated with seeking and receiving emotional support, and with seeking and receiving support from women. Masculinity (in both sexes) was linked only with receiving tangible support. These findings argue for the significance of femininity in promoting a more social form of well-being, and underscore the importance of studying gender directly rather than relying on sex as a proxy variable.
Association Between Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy and Left Ventricular Dysfunction: DCCT/EDIC Study (Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications)

Objectives The goal of these studies was to determine the association between cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) and indices of left ventricle (LV) structure and function in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) in the DCCT/EDIC (Diabetes Control and Complications Trial /Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications) study. Background The pathophysiology of LV dysfunction in T1DM remains unclear, especially when the LV ejection fraction (EF) is preserved. Whether CAN is associated with LV dysfunction is unclear. Methods Indices of LV structure and function were obtained by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI). CAN was assessed by cardiovascular reflex testing (R-R response to paced breathing, Valsalva ratio, and blood pressure response to standing). Analyses were performed in 966 DCCT/EDIC participants with valid CMRI and CAN data (mean age 51 years, 52% men, mean diabetes duration 29 years, and mean glycosylated hemoglobin 7.9%). Results Systolic function (EF, end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes, stroke volumes) was not different in 371 subjects with CAN compared with 595 subjects without CAN. In multiple-adjusted analyses, participants with either abnormal R-R variation or a composite of abnormal R-R variation, abnormal Valsalva ratio, and postural blood pressure changes had significantly higher LV mass, mass-to-volume-ratio, and cardiac output compared with those with normal tests (p Conclusions In this large cohort of patients with T1DM, CAN is associated with increased LV mass and concentric remodeling as assessed by CMRI independent of age, sex, and other factors. (Diabetes Control and Complications Trial [DCCT]; NCT00360815 ) (Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications [EDIC]; NCT00360893 )
Energetics of Silica-Poor Glasses in the Systems MgO–SiO2 and Mg0.5Ca0.5O–SiO2

A series of alkaline-earth silicate glasses, with compositions ranging from the metasilicate to the ortho- and suborthosilicate, have been synthesized by aerodynamic levitation and CO2 laser melting. They have been studied by high-temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry with 2PbO·B2O3 as solvent. The enthalpies of formation from the oxides at room temperature (ΔH298K,oxides0,gl) have been calculated from the solution enthalpies. Glasses in the Ca0.5Mg0.5O–SiO2 system show greater energetic stability than those in the MgO–SiO2 system, with a more pronounced negative enthalpy of mixing near the orthosilicate composition. This stabilization may explain why it is possible to prepare glasses poorer in silica (suborthosilicate) in the Ca0.5Mg0.5O–SiO2 system but not in the MgO–SiO2 system. The thermodynamic observations support earlier structural studies in these systems.
Portrayal of organ donation and transplantation on American primetime television

Recently, both living and deceased organ donation rates have hit a plateau, despite increases in need for viable organs. One approach to improve donation rate is public education and policy; thus, it is necessary to understand the information the public is receiving regarding organ donation. We hypothesized that primetime medical dramas portray organ donation and transplantation in a negative manner. We compiled data on all primetime medical drama episodes with transplant themes from November 2008 through June 2010 and assessed depictions of organ donors and transplant candidates. Positive and negative thematic elements surrounding the process and individuals involved were also identified. One hundred and fifty-five million and 145 million households watched episodes containing any negative message and any positive message, respectively. Episodes containing only negative messages had over twice the household viewership per episode compared to episodes containing only positive messages (8.4 million vs. 4.1 million, p = 0.01). Widespread exposure to these representations may reinforce public misconceptions of transplantation. The transplant community should consider the popularity of medical dramas as an opportunity to impact the perception of organ donation and transplantation for millions of Americans.
The Impact of Technology on Music Stars' Cultural Influence

This research paper addressed how technology has changed cultural relationships consumers have with music. The music industry’s business model has undergone substantial change over the last decade, and understanding artists’ cultural influence is critical in reevaluating their position in society. After a literature review tracking influence through the decades since the vinyl era, the author conducted a survey to determine how college students interact with music artists on Twitter and how they consume music. The results demonstrated high social connectivity of users to artists through Twitter and high levels of consumption of an individual artist’s music through streaming services like Spotify. These findings suggest that modern media give music artists influence over a greater number of people.
Instructional Set: A Neglected Variable in Attribution Research?

A study was conducted to assess the effects of instructional variations on subjects' responses to an attribution questionnaire. Results indicated that subjects who were told either that responses were a reflection of "social intelligence" or that their responses were important for the experimenter's doctoral research made more com plex and fewer personal attributions than subjects given standard instructions.
A Thermotropic Main-Chain Random Copolyester Containing Flexible Spacers of Differing Lengths. 2. Rheological Behavior

The rheological behavior of a thermotropic main-chain random copolyester containing flexible spacers of 6 and 12 methylene groups (PSHQ6-12) was investigated. This copolyester undergoes only two thermal transitions: (i) glass transition at ca. 92 °C and (ii) nematic-isotropic transition at ca. 192 °C. Such a very broad range of temperatures between the glass transition temperature and the nematic-isotropic transition temperature allowed us to take rheological measurements in the transient/steady-state shear flow mode or in the oscillatory shear flow mode over a wide range of temperatures in the nematic region. The initial conditions (i.e., the initial morphology) for transient shear flow were controlled by first heating an as-cast specimen to the isotropic region, shearing there at a rate of 0.1 s -1 for ca. 10 min, and then cooling slowly down to a preset temperature (140, 150, 160, 170, or 180 °C) in the nematic region. A fresh specimen was used for each transient shear flow experiment, and the shear stress growth (σ + (t,γ)) and first normal stress difference growth (N 1 + (t,γ)) were recorded as functions of time (t) for various shear rates (γ) and temperatures. In the nematic region, PSHQ6-12 exhibited a single overshoot in σ + (t,γ), but multiple overshoots in N 1 + (t,γ) with its peak value greater than that of σ + (t,γ). In the isotropic region, however, PSHQ6-12 exhibited Newtonian behavior with negligible overshoot in both σ + (t,γ) and N 1 + (t,γ). Only positive values of the steady-state first normal stress difference (N 1 ) were observed in PSHQ6-12 for all temperatures and shear rates investigated. Also conducted were intermittent shear flow experiments after cessation of start-up shear flow, showing evidence of structural recovery in PSHQ6-12 as determined by the overshoot in N 1 + (t,γ). The steady-state shear viscosity of PSHQ6-12 exhibited three regions at 140 and 150 °C: (i) a shear-thinning region at very low γ, (ii) a Newtonian region at an intermediate range of γ, and (iii) another shear-thinning region at higher γ. But PSHQ6-12 exhibited a very mild shear-thinning behavior as the temperature was increased to 180 °C, approaching the isotropic region. Logarithmic plots of N 1 vs shear stress (σ) for PSHQ6-12 were found to vary with temperature in the nematic region but to be independent of temperature in the isotropic region. A similar temperature dependence was also observed in logarithmic plots of the dynamic storage modulus (G' ) vs dynamic loss modulus (G ). We conclude that plots of log N 1 vs log σ or plots of log G' vs log G may be used to determine the isotropization temperature of thermotropic liquid-crystalline polymers.
THE MUCOSAL IMMUNE RESPONSE IN THE NEONATE

Hanson LA, Brinton C, Carlsson B, Dahlgren U, Mellander L, Sutton A and Soderstrom T. (Departments of Clinical Immunology and Paediatrics, University of Goteborg, Sweden, Bureau of Biologies, FDA, Bethesda, and Department of Life Sciences, University of Pittsburg, USA). The mucosal immune response in the neonate. Acta Paediatr Scand, Suppl. 296:53, 1982. — Human infants are relatively deficient in the IgA system defending mucosal membranes, but are provided via the maternal milk with considerable amounts of SIgA directed against microbes and food antigens to which both mother and infant are exposed. It is possible that serum antibodies may support the mucosal defense as do the lactoferrin, lysozyme and other defense factors present in the milk.
Hippocampal evoked response analysis program

A computer program is presented which was developed to quantify and analyze evoked extracellular field potential (EEFP) waveforms, generated in the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus, as a result of perforant path stimulation. The software extracts information from the EEFP, which is of extreme importance to neuroscience in determining synaptic and cellular plasticity in the rat hippocampus. Consequently, this algorithm facilitates the interpretation and quantification of the EEFP waveform. >
Measuring subjective social indicators

Abstract A logistic response model is proposed for measuring social indicators based upon survey rating scales. A close fit of the model to national life-quality data is demonstrated. Moreover, the model is constrained so as to provide an explicit formulation for item averaging with respect to group aggregates. This item redundancy provides measures for social constructs in a manner analogous to traditional procedures at the individual level of measurement. Further applications of this principle to opinion and mental health monitoring are discussed.
School-based physical activity programs.

Abstract A model leadership program aims to help youths make a successful transition to adulthood.
On scalar dissipation and partially premixed flame propagation

Measurements of the scalar dissipation rate in the region immediately upstream of a lifted jet flame are presented. The scalar dissipation is determined in this isothermal region from a planar measurement of a two-dimensional conserved scalar (jet fluid) using laser Rayleigh scattering. Fields of the scalar dissipation rate are presented in addition to tabulated values for three different liftoff heights ( Re d =4800, 6400, and 8300). Scalar dissipation rates do not reach levels thought to cause extinction of the leading edge based on comparison with extinction data for counterflow diffusion flames. Additionally, results are presented on the axial flame propagation velocities relative to the jet flow. The data indicate that over the three flow conditions, the flame velocity relative to the flow is approximately constant during the case of a quasi-stationary lifted flame. In light of these findings, it is suggested that concepts involving partially premixed flame propagation, rather than those of critical ...
Entrance-channel effects in quasifission reactions.

The entrance-channel dependence of the distribution of reaction strength has been studied for three systems, namely $^{32}\mathrm{S}$${+}^{182}$W, $^{48}\mathrm{Ti}$${+}^{166}$Er, and $^{60}\mathrm{Ni}$${+}^{154}$Sm, which all lead to the compound system $^{214}\mathrm{Th}$ in complete fusion reactions. The cross sections for elastic/quasielastic scattering, deeply inelastic, and fissionlike processes were measured at beam energies of ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{lab}}$ =166, 177, 222, 260 MeV for $^{32}\mathrm{S}$${+}^{182}$W, ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{lab}}$=220, 240, 270, 298 MeV for $^{48}\mathrm{Ti}$${+}^{166}$Er, and ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{lab}}$=339, 390, 421 MeV for $^{60}\mathrm{Ni}$${+}^{154}$Sm, respectively. The maximum contribution of complete-fusion fission processes to the fissionlike cross section is estimated on the basis of expected angle-mass correlations for such reactions. The results show a strong entrance-channel dependence as predicted by the extra-push model. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Intensive glucose control in the management of diabetes mellitus and inpatient hyperglycemia

Purpose The current evidence on intensive glycemic control in the inpatient and outpatient settings and its implications to practice are reviewed. Summary Poor glycemic control in patients with diabetes is associated with microvascular and macrovascular complications. Various clinical trials involving patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes have revealed the benefits of intensive glycemic control in delaying the onset and progression of microvascular complications of diabetes. However, while long-term epidemiologic trials and a meta-analysis have shown a benefit of intensive glycemic control in reducing the incidence of macrovascular complications, recent clinical trials have not found similar benefits. The American Diabetes Association (ADA), American College of Endocrinology (ACE), and American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists recommend intensive control of glycosylated hemoglobin and plasma glucose at specified goals. Hyperglycemia in the inpatient setting is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. ACE and ADA recommend the use of an i.v. insulin infusion in critically ill inpatients with hyperglycemia. In noncritically ill inpatients, basal and bolus doses of insulin are recommended. The use of sliding-scale insulin as the sole therapy for inpatient hyperglycemia is discouraged. However, caution must be exercised to ensure a balance between controlling hyperglycemia and reducing the risk of hypoglycemia. Conclusion While intensive glycemic control is known to prevent or delay the occurrence of microvascular complications of diabetes, macrovascular benefits are still uncertain. Current evidence suggests that intensive glycemic control should be initiated as soon as possible after diagnosis of type 1 or type 2 diabetes in order to maximize potential long-term macrovascular benefits. Inpatient hyperglycemia should be managed appropriately to reduce morbidity and mortality, with great care taken to avoid and appropriately treat hypoglycemia.
Strong interactions between selected compounds and coal

Abstract Interactions between coal and a coal liquid and also between coal and various standard compounds were investigated. The mixtures were soaked in cyclohexane under nitrogen at 25, 200 and 350 °C for 2 h, and recoveries of the coal liquid and standard compounds were determined by solvent extraction. Nearly 100% of neutral compounds were recovered after the treatment. However, weakly acidic aromatics containing a hydroxyl group and basic aromatics containing nitrogen were seelectively adsorbed on coal even at 25 °C, and complete recovery with tetrahydrofuran and pyridine was difficult. The adsorption of weakly acidic compounds was stronger than that of basic compounds. The adsorption became stronger when the mixtures were soaked at higher temperatures. Similar results were also observed for the coal liquid.
Feminine gender role behavior and academic achievement: Their relation in a community sample of middle childhood boys

Previous studies on the relationship between gender role behavior and academic achievement and/or cognitive abilities in boys have led to somewhat conflicting hypotheses. The present study extends these hypotheses to a broadly representative school-based sample of boys (ages 6–10 years) and asks whether feminine and/or masculine gender role behavior is associated with lower academic achievement in general as well as specifically in math, and whether these relationships increase with age. The parents of 333 boys (74% of the eligible sample) who attended one public school system in northern New Jersey agreed to participate. The survey included two psychometrically robust gender role behavior questionnaires as well as the Child Behavior Checklist, which contains a scale concerned with school achievement, all based on parental report. In addition, the results of the routinely school-administered California Achievement Tests were analyzed. The results only weakly and somewhat inconsistently supported the hypotheses. We conclude that variations of gender role behavior as seen in a school-based sample are only marginally correlated with school achievement. The correlation patterns vary with the aspect of gender role behavior—masculinity, femininity—under investigation and with age.
Polychlorinated biphenyl retention time standards obtained by chemical dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyl isomers

Abstract Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were obtained by the partial catalytic dechlorination of individual PCBs having up to six chlorine atomes. The dechlorination was accomplished with sodium borohydride and nickel boride catalysis generated in situ. All of the expected PCB congeners were observed when decholorinating PCBs with four or less chlorine atoms. The mixtures were separated by gas chromatography on a methyl silicone capillary column. Identification of individual congeners was made by comparison of retention indices (RI) to literature, experimental and estimated values and by cross comparison of peaks generated from different parent PCBs. Various methods of estimating RIs were evaluated. The effects of varying concentration and reaction time was studied along with the relative reactivity of chlorines in different positions. The partially dechlorinated PCB mixtures are particularly useful as retention time standards for PCBs with less than four chlorine atoms.
Morphological changes in isolated lymphocytes during preparation for SEM: Freeze drying versus critical‐point drying

A quantitative comparison of isolated lymphocytes prepared for SEM by the critical-point drying (CPD) and freeze drying (FD) methods revealed that the mean cellular diameter dropped from 7.9 micron after fixation to a final diameter 6.9 micron after FD, and to 5.7 micron after CPD. In addition to their larger sizes, FD lymphocytes were immediately distinguishable by their more complex surfaces, featuring wider microvilli which often emanated from ridges on the cell surface and branched extensively near their bases. The mean width of microvilli was 0.22 micron after FD and 0.12 micron after CPD. The number of microvilli per cell was essentially the same by the two methods. In view of these findings, a critical comparison of the CPD and FD methods using the particular cells or tissue to be investigated is an essential prelude to a rigorous SEM study.
λ-Aluthge Iteration and Spectral Radius

Let $$T \epsilon B$$ (H) be an invertible operator on the complex Hilbert space H. For 0 < λ < 1, we extend Yamazaki’s formula of the spectral radius in terms of the λ-Aluthge transform $$\Delta_{\lambda}(T) := |T|^{\lambda}U|T|^{1-\lambda}$$ where T = U|T| is the polar decomposition of T. Namely, we prove that $${\rm lim}_{n\rightarrow\infty} |||\Delta^{n}_{\lambda} (T) ||| = r(T)$$ where r(T) is the spectral radius of T and ||| · ||| is a unitarily invariant norm such that (B(H), ||| · |||) is a Banach algebra with ||| I ||| = 1.
An action of disodium cromoglycate: inhibition of cyclic 3',5'-AMP phosphodiesterase.

Abstract Disodium cromoglycatc (DSCG) prevents allergic asthma by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators of immediate-type allergic reactions. The mechanism of this action is unclear and prompted us to examine the effect of DSCG on cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP), the implicated regulator of IgE-mediated reactions. We used the peripheral blood lymphocyte as a model to mirror the biochemical events occurring in the allergic shock organs. Isolated peripheral blood lymphocytes from perennial allergic asthmatic children receiving only DSCG had significantly (p 6 cells) than normal individuals (2.93 ± 0.14) and allergic children receiving methylxanthines (4.08 ± 0.28) or no medications (3.58 ± 0.2). DSCG (10 μg/ml) significantly lowered PDE activity in normal lymphocytes (p 6 lymphocytes). Thus, DSCG appears to inhibit chemical mediator release by increasing intracellular cAMP through the inhibition of cAMP PDE.
PRESIDENTIAL INFLUENCE AND CENTRALIZATION: THE CASE OF NIXON AND GEORGE ROMNEY

Political scientists have always been interested in presidential influence in American politics, but they have rarely explored the process of centralization as a mechanism for presidents to exert their influence. To date, Terry Moe has developed the best conceptual framework for understanding presidential influence in general and centralization in particular. We rely on and go beyond Moe's concept of centralization in a study of fair housing policy during the Nixon administration. Though we conclude that centralization may potentially be detrimental to existing democratic structures, there are cases where centralization may be the only viable alternative for a president to secure policy outputs in accordance with his desired outcomes.
Processing Characteristics of Pork as Influenced by Porcine Somatotropin (pST) Administration to Growing Finishing Swine

Twenty-four barrows were randomly divided into two groups. One group received daily subcutaneous injections of 70 μg porcine somatotropin (pST)/kg body weight (BW) from 40 kg BW until slaughter (108 kg BW). The second group received daily equal volume injections of a sterile bicarbonate buffer, pH 9.4. The left side hams, loins, and bellies obtained conventionally, were processed into typical cured products. Warner-Bratzler shear values, % protein, % fat and visual fat to lean ratio were increased by pST (P<0.05). The treated products had characteristics beneficial to both processors and consumers.