cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Montelukast Sodium and SALMETEROL Fluticasone Powder Inhalation on Childhood Bronchial Asthma

Objective: To explore the efficacy and recurrence of Montelukast Sodium and SALMETEROL Fluticasone Powder Inhalation on childhood bronchial asthma. Methods: Selected 100 cases of children bronchial asthma from Sep,2011 to Dec, 2012 in our hospital,which were randomly divided into two groups: control group and study group, 50 cases in each.The control group were taken SALMETEROL Fluticasone Powder Inhalation for 6 months, while the study group were taken Montelukast Sodium and SALMETEROL Fluticasone Powder Inhalation. observed the recurrence and control of asthma.Results: Two groups of indices of pulmonary function were improved after drug treatment. The lung function of study group was obviously improved than control group by 3 months, 6 months,and 6months after discontinuation, the differences were statistically significant(P0.05); The clinical control rates have improved significantly in two groups,but only the study group had significant difference(P0.05). The clinical control rate of study group was higher than that of control group by 3 months, 6 months, and 6 months after discontinuation, and the recurrence rate was significantly lower than the control group by 6 months, and 6 months after discontinuation(P0.05), the differences were statistically significant(P0.05). Conclusions:Montelukast Sodium and SALMETEROL Fluticasone Powder Inhalation on childhood bronchial asthma have obvious curative effect and low recurrence rate than treated with SALMETEROL Fluticasone Powder Inhalation alone.
Analysis of hepatitis C virus infection status and influence factors among drug users in Xi'an

Objective To analysis hepatitis C virus( HCV) infection status and influencing factors of drug users,provide the evidence for prevention and control of HCV strategy among drug users. Methods Adopt the method of cluster sampling for 400 drug users in behavior investigation and serological detection. Analysis of HCV infection risk factors by Chi-square test and multi-factor Logistic regression method. Results The HCV infection risk factors of drug users in Xi'an is Shaanxi household register( OR = 0. 185,95% CI: 0. 051-0. 664),injecting drug users( OR = 0. 030,95% CI:0. 016-0. 057),share syringes( OR = 0. 261,95% CI: 0. 073-0. 930). The HCV infection rate was 50. 8%. Most of the drug users infected with Shaanxi household register( 53. 8%),injecting drug users HCV infection rate was 88. 3%,and share syringes was 95. 3%. Conclusions The route of transmission of HCV is mainly through blood. The drug users main way to the spread of HCV is injecting drug users and share syringes. In order to prevent the further spread of HCV among drug users,we should carry out targeted health education and behavior intervention,establish and perfect the management system of HCV infection.
The equine encephalitides

Abstract The viruses associated with the equine encephalitides – Eastern, Western, and Venezuelan equine encephalitides – are not primarily agents affecting horses, nor are they normally agents of humans. Rather, these are agents which circulate between insect vectors and reservoir species of birds or small mammalian hosts. Horses, humans, and certain other species are incidental targets of infection and are for the most part end hosts. Although these viruses are unusual causes of human illness, they are important pathogens because of their pathogenicity in individual patients and their potential to produce epidemic disease. Eastern equine encephalitis virus, although the least common of the three, is the most dangerous, with a relatively low rate of asymptomatic or minor illness compared to cases of encephalitis, and with the highest rate of mortality. Venezuelan equine encephalitis has traditionally caused the most extensive epizootic infections in horses and the most widespread epidemic infections in humans. Western equine encephalitis virus is widely disseminated in the United States west of the Mississippi River. Despite being present in a large geographic area, however, and despite its documented ability to cause epidemic disease, human infections with Western equine encephalitis virus have become increasingly less common, and no human case has been reported since 1994. This chapter will discuss these three viruses in terms of their virology and their ability to cause infection in animals and humans.
Robust convex relaxation for the planted clique and densest k-subgraph problems

We consider the problem of identifying the densest k-node subgraph in a given graph. We write this problem as an instance of rank-constrained cardinality minimization and then relax using the nuclear and 11 norms. Although the original combinatorial problem is NP-hard, we show that the densest k-subgraph can be recovered from the solution of our convex relaxation for certain program inputs. In particular, we establish exact recovery in the case that the input graph contains a single planted clique plus noise in the form of corrupted adjacency relationships. We consider two constructions for this noise. In the first, noise is introduced by an adversary deterministically deleting edges within the planted clique and placing diversionary edges. In the second, these edge corruptions are performed at random. Analogous recovery guarantees for identifying the densest subgraph of fixed size in a bipartite graph are also established, and results of numerical simulations for randomly generated graphs are included to demonstrate the efficacy of our algorithm.
Effects of state nondiscrimination laws on transgender and gender-nonconforming individuals' perceived community stigma and mental health

ABSTRACTIn this study, we investigated the potential effects of statewide nondiscrimination laws on community stigma, as well as its relationship with psychosocial stressors and mental health outcomes. Gender minority individuals (N = 120) completed an online survey containing psychosocial and mental health outcome measures. The experiences of participants who resided in states with and without nondiscrimination laws were compared in regard to perceived community stigma. Hierarchical and logistic regression were used to test the hypothesized relationships between community stigma and lifetime discrimination and victimization; current depression, anxiety, and substance use; and lifetime suicide attempts. Approximately 60% of participants reported residing in a state without nondiscrimination laws (n = 74). These participants reported higher levels of perceived community stigma, and stigma was positively associated with reports of lifetime discrimination and victimization. The observed relationship between ...
If the patient has no renal failure, why is her potassium so high?

This case discusses the pharmacodynamic interaction between candesartan and spironolactone, resulting in hyperkalemia. Candesartan is angiotensin II receptor blocker and spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic.
How party nationalization conditions economic voting

In this article we analyze the conditioning effect of party nationalization, and in particular dynamic nationalization, on economic voting. While previous single-country and cross-national studies suggest a weak correlation between economic conditions and voting patterns, we argue that this relationship is conditioned by the degree to which parties are dynamically nationalized. Using both case study and large-n analysis, we show first that retrospective voting can be more nationalized than prospective voting. We then argue that national economic conditions cannot and do not relate to voting patterns, at least when weak dynamic nationalization is weak. The findings also call into question the well-known thesis about the clarity of responsibility as a conditional factor in explaining retrospective (economic) voting. There is imperfect correspondence between “clarity of responsibility” and dynamic party nationalization, but retrospective voting presumes that voters across the country respond in kind. This explains why the only evidence we find of a correlation of national economic indicators and voting is when there is high dynamic nationalization.
Quantal Density Functional Theory of the Discontinuity in the Electron-Interaction Potential Energy

In the mapping from an interacting system of electrons in an external field to one of noninteracting fermions possessing the same density, the local electron-interaction potential of the latter, which incorporates all the many-body effects, exhibits a discontinuity as the electron number passes through an integer value. The origin of the discontinuity is explained, and an expression for it derived in terms of the eigenvalues of the corresponding noninteracting fermion Schrodinger equation. According to Kohn-Sham density functional theory, all the different electron correlations, viz. those due to the Pauli Exclusion Principle, Coulomb repulsion, and Correlation-Kinetic effects, contribute to the discontinuity. Via Q–DFT it is shown, both analytically as well as by examples, that neither the Pauli principle nor Coulomb correlations contribute, and that the discontinuity is solely an artifact of Correlation-Kinetic effects.
Homo faber juvenalis: A Multidisciplinary Survey of Children as Tool Makers/Users

The overall goal of this paper is to derive a set of generalizations that might characterize children as tool makers/users in the earliest human societies. These generalizations will be sought from...
On narrative and green cultural criminology

This paper calls for a green cultural criminology that is more attuned to narrative and a narrative criminology that does not limit itself to non-fictional stories of offenders. This paper argues that (1) narratives or stories can reveal how we have instigated or sustained harmful action with respect to the environment and can portray a world suffering from the failure to effect desistance from harmful action; and (2) narratives or stories can, may and possess the potential to shape future action (or can stimulate thought regarding future action) with respect to the natural world, its ecosystems and the biosphere as a whole. A wide range of fictional stories is offered as examples and illustrations, and the benefits of a literary bend to the overall criminological endeavor are considered.
DIPG-30. DIFFERENTIAL HYPOXIC RESPONSE IN HUMAN DIPG CELL LINES

BACKGROUND: Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG) are rare and aggressive childhood tumors, with an abysmal prognosis and limited experimental models available for study. A recent report showed that DIPG are hypoperfused compared to surrounding brain tissue, suggesting that the tumor cells are exposed to a hypoxic microenvironment. This stimulus may induce widespread transcriptional changes through activation of Hypoxia-inducible Factors (HIF), which have been associated with invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and resistance to radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Therefore, in vitro models using DIPG cells cultured in conditions of normal oxygen tension may not be representative of in vivo tumors because of artificial differences in HIF activation. METHODS: To test cellular responses to hypoxia, human DIPG cell lines with H3.1 K27M and H3.3 K27M mutations were treated with the hypoxia-mimetic compound, cobalt (II) chloride, for 24 hours. Simulated hypoxic responses were assayed using Western blot analysis, proliferation assays, and extracellular flux analysis. RESULTS: The H3.3 K27M cell line increased expression of HIF1a with cobalt (II) chloride treatment and correlated with an increase in glycolytic rates and increased expression of proteins involved in glucose transport and glycolysis. The H3.1 K27M cell line increased expression of HIF2a and not HIF1a after cobalt (II) chloride treatment, correlating with an increase in some glycolysis-associated proteins but no change in glycolytic rate. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that the effects of a hypoxic microenvironment should be considered in experimental models using cultured DIPG cell lines to understand differences in cell behavior, patient prognosis, and predicted treatment responses. Activation of specific HIF isoforms may underlie differences in hypoxic responses among cell lines.
Towards Efficient Traffic Monitoring for Science DMZ with Side-Channel based Traffic Winnowing

As data-intensive science becomes the norm in many fields of science, high-performance data transfer is rapidly becoming a core scientific infrastructure requirement. To meet such a requirement, there has been a rapid growth across university campus to deploy Science DMZs. However, it is challenging to efficiently monitor the traffic in Science DMZ because traditional intrusion detection systems (IDSes) are equipped with deep packet inspection (DPI), which is resource-consuming. We propose to develop a lightweight side-channel based anomaly detection system for traffic winnowing to reduce the volume of traffic finally monitored by the IDS. We evaluate our approach based on the experiments in a Science DMZ environment. Our evaluation demonstrates that our approach can significantly reduce the resource usage in traffic monitoring for Science DMZ.
Review of the Health Assessment Questionnaire Use in Psoriatic Arthritis

The Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), developed in 1979, is one of the original measurements of quality of life in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The HAQ has been utilized in several chro...
Collaborating with Patients: Providing Information and Facilitating Patient Decision-Making

Providing information and facilitating patient decision-making are two genetic counseling competencies that incorporate a set of skills which are fundamental to genetic counseling practice. This chapter describes skills and strategies needed to effectively provide information and communicate risk, identifies factors that impact risk perception (e.g., individual and cultural characteristics), and describes some of the major factors affecting patient decision-making (e.g., decision-making styles). Although the information (content) of any genetic counseling interaction varies depending on the indication or focus of the session and may change over time, the skills and strategies presented in this chapter are transferrable across all situations and specialty practice areas. Activities and written exercises in this chapter promote student self-reflection, practice, and feedback to help students develop skills for providing information (including risk communication and presenting genetic test results) and for facilitating patient decision-making.
3D shape recovery from image focus using Gabor features

Recovering an accurate and precise depth map from a set of acquired 2-D image dataset of the target object each having different focus information is an ultimate goal of 3-D shape recovery. Focus measure algorithm plays an important role in this architecture as it converts the corresponding color value information into focus information which will be then utilized for recovering depth map. This article introduces Gabor features as focus measure approach for recovering depth map from a set of 2-D images. Frequency and orientation representation of Gabor filter features is similar to human visual system and normally applied for texture representation. Due to its little computational complexity, sharp focus measure curve, robust to random noise sources and accuracy, it is considered as superior alternative to most of recently proposed 3-D shape recovery approaches. This algorithm is deeply investigated on real image sequences and synthetic image dataset. The efficiency of the proposed scheme is also compared with the state of art 3-D shape recovery approaches. Finally, by means of two global statistical measures, root mean square error and correlation, we claim that this approach, in spite of simplicity, generates accurate results.
Gender and Sport Participation

Sport is both one of the most celebrated and contested institutions in our society. In ancient times, sport served various social functions, from spiritual and religious expression to applied practice for warfare. Historically, sport has been used as spectacle for the public, both for entertainment and social purposes. Sport also provides professional opportunities for athletes and coaches.
Turning the GM Battleship: The Tide of Popular Opinion and the Future of Genetically Modified Foods

GMOs have had a bad run in the popular media lately. The persistently negative portrayals are unfortunate for many reasons, but most notably because the transgenic technology has the potential to accomplish a number of critical humanitarian and environmental objectives, often ones espoused by those who oppose GMOs. This essay explores the deeper nature of the popular media’s and general public’s failure to grasp and present the benefits of GMOs with scientific accuracy and a sense of objectivity that both the media and public claim to seek. Building on this analysis, it then examines the matter of how corporations and scientists might better convey their message, exploring the potential of third-party verifiers and labeling initiatives to alleviate much of the public’s mistrust of transgenic technology. In the end, there is substantial evidence that the “problem” with GMOs does not inhere in the medium but the message.
Learning measures of progress for planning domains

We study an approach to learning heuristics for planning domains from example solutions. There has been little work on learning heuristics for the types of domains used in deterministic and stochastic planning competitions. Perhaps one reason for this is the challenge of providing a compact heuristic language that facilitates learning. Here we introduce a new representation for heuristics based on lists of set expressions described using taxonomic syntax. Next, we review the idea of a measure of progress (parmar 2002), which is any heuristic that is guaranteed to be improvable at every state. We take finding a measure of progress as our learning goal, and describe a simple learning algorithm for this purpose. We evaluate our approach across a range of deterministic and stochastic planning-competition domains. The results show that often greedily following the learned heuristic is highly effective. We also show our heuristic can be combined with learned rule-based policies, producing still stronger results.
Pemetrexed, Carboplatin, and Concomitant Radiation followed by Surgery for Locally Advanced Esophageal Cancer: Results of a Planned Interim Toxicity Analysis of North Central Cancer Treatment Group Study N044E

Purpose: This brief report describes a planned, interim, 6-patient toxicity analysis that confirms the safety of pemetrexed, carboplatin, radiation with subsequent surgery, as prescribed in the North Central Cancer Treatment Group trial N044E, in patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer. Methods: Six patients with locally advanced, potentially resectable esophageal cancer received pemetrexed 500 mg/m² and carboplatin AUC = 6 on days 1 and 22 with 5040 centigray of concomitant radiation in 28 fractions over 5.5 weeks followed by esophagectomy as a prelude to a phase II multi-institutional trial. Results: Only 1 of the 6 patients experienced a grade 4 adverse event (neutropenia). This patient also experienced a grade 3 depression. Of the remaining 5 patients, three experienced at least one grade 3 adverse event (neutropenia, nausea/vomiting, and esophagitis). There were no deaths. Incidentally, one patient manifested a complete pathologic response, three a partial pathologic response, and one stable disease. Conclusion: These preliminary observations on safety suggest that this regimen can be further studied in this clinical setting.
An effective bound for the partition function

We use the Bruinier–Ono formula to give an asymptotic formula for the partition function p(n) with an effective bound on the error term.
Obesity trends in children, adolescents, and young adults with congenital heart disease.

Objectives To determine the prevalence, age of onset, and risk factors for overweight and obesity in children with congenital heart disease (CHD). Study design Children with CHD who were seen at our institution from 1996 to 2017 were studied. Patients were full-time residents of the United States and were receiving all cardiac care at our institution. Patients were categorized by age and CHD diagnosis. The date of last normal weight for age and the date of first recorded weight in the range of overweight and obese were documented. Results Nine hundred sixty-eight patients with CHD were included. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 31.5% and 16.4%, respectively. For patients who became overweight or obese, the last recorded normal weight was between 6 and 10 years of age. Electrophysiologic disease and older age were risk factors for obesity. Conclusions Children with CHD have an increasing risk of becoming overweight and obese in early childhood. This study provides important information and identifies critical period to implement preventative measures and counsel families about the risk of obesity in CHD.
Coagulation Profile of Children on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) - Is FXIII the Missing Link?

Abstract Background Published data about bleeding management on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in children is sparse and to date no global transfusion algorithm has been established. Viscoelastic testing can be effective for determining the etiology and management of coagulopathic bleeding during cardiothoracic procedures, but data regarding its usefulness in ECMO patients are scarce. Recently, low factor XIII levels were determined to be a frequent finding in adult ECMO patients(Kalbhenn et al; Perfusion 2015;30:675-82). Methods This is a retrospective analysis of thromboelastometry (ROTEM®) and factor XIII data obtained in children (ages 0 to 18 years) undergoing ECMO since 2013 in a single center children’s hospital. Acute bleeding treatment was based on daily ROTEM testing, complete blood count and routine plasmatic coagulation testing. The transfusion algorithm targeted a hemoglobin level >13g dL-1, a Quick’s value >50%, a plasma fibrinogen level >1.5g L-1, and a platelet count of >100,000 µL-1. Red blood cells (RBC), solvent detergent (S/D) plasma and platelet apheresis concentrates were exclusively used to maintain hemostasis. Measurement of FXIII levels is not part of routine testing, but was assessed when unexplained bleeding was observed. Results Laboratory and transfusion data from sixteen patients, age 4 (1-15) months [median(IQR)] with a body weight of 6 (3-8) kg were included. Median time on ECMO was 7 (4-9) days. Large volumes of allogeneic blood were transfused to all children, meeting criteria for massive transfusion each individual day on ECMO (Tab.1). Overall, median daily ROTEM measurements were within reference ranges (Tab.2), while median levels of FXIII were decreased despite massive transfusion [FXIII levels 42% (28-51%)]. Conclusion Pediatric ECMO was almost always combined with daily massive transfusion, which led to correction of overall ROTEM values. Notably, despite transfusion of large amounts of plasma, decreased FXIII levels were noted. This finding is supported by results of a study in adult ECMO patients, where FXIII levels Download : Download high-res image (66KB) Download : Download full-size image Download : Download high-res image (96KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures Haas: CSL Behring: Speakers Bureau; TEM International: Speakers Bureau; Octapharma: Consultancy.
The Cadet’s Creed: Critical Discourse in Archives Instruction

The Cadet’s Creed was written by a Norwich University professor in 1927 and is a key text for the university’s present-day Corps of Cadets. This autoethnographic essay uses the lens of Critical Discourse Studies (CDS) to reflect on a project in a Public Speaking class that explored the historical and contemporary dimensions of the Creed, particularly the author’s little-known connection to the Vermont Eugenics Survey. This text has a multimedia presence and can be found on the campus website, in published documents, on plaques, and also in spoken performance when cadets recite it to affirm their loyalty to Norwich and the Corps. Today, Norwich University has two student populations, military cadets who study alongside “civilian” students. Both groups were challenged yet ultimately affirmed by this difficult project. Student reflections demonstrate that CDS can draw students into a nationwide conversation that attempts to reconcile historic institutional artifacts with contemporary society.
An Improved CMUT Structure Enabling Release and Collapse of the Plate in the Same Tx/Rx Cycle for Dual-Frequency Acoustic Angiography

This study demonstrates, in detail, the potential of using capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) for acoustic angiography of the microvasculature. It is known that when ultrasound contrast agents (microbubbles) are excited with moderate acoustic pressure around their resonance (2–4 MHz), they produce higher order harmonics (greater than third harmonic) due to their nonlinear behavior. To date, the fundamental challenge has been the availability of a transducer that can generate the transmit signals to excite the microbubbles at low frequencies and, in the same cycle, confocally detect harmonics in the higher frequencies. We present a novel device structure and dual-mode operation of a CMUT that operates with a center frequency of 4.3 MHz and 150% bandwidth in the conventional mode for transmitting and a center frequency of 9.8 MHz and a 125.5% bandwidth in collapse mode for receiving. Output pressure of 1.7 MPapp is achieved on the surface of a single unfocused transducer. The mechanical index at the transducer surface is 0.56. FEM simulations are performed first to show the functionality of the proposed device, and then, the device fabrication is described in detail. Finally, we experimentally demonstrate the ability to detect the microbubble signals with good contrast, and the background reflection is adequately suppressed, indicating the feasibility of the presented approach for acoustic angiography.
Recurrent angioedema: Experience at a tertiary care urban medical center

Objective To determine the demographics, presentation, management, and outcomes of patients with recurrent angioedema. To compare the findings to patients with ACE inhibitor related angioedema. Methods Retrospective case series with chart review of patients who presented to a tertiary-care hospital between January 2010 and December 2017 with two or more episodes of angioedema. Excluded were patients with anaphylactic reaction, medication induced angioedema, or angioedema secondary to an infectious etiology. A group of 88 patients who presented during the same time period with ACE inhibitor related angioedema was used as a control. Statistical analysis was conducted using a two-tailed Fisher exact test and a multivariate logistical regression model to determine significant associations. Results Ninety-one patients were identified; 61 met the selection criteria and had 217 total episodes of angioedema episodes presenting to the emergency department. Fifty percent were Caucasian or Hispanic. The average number of episodes was 3.5 (range: 2-23). The lips and tongue were the most commonly affected sites (37% and 39%). The larynx and floor of mouth were least likely to be involved (7% and 6%). Only 1 patient was found to have C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency. Twenty-eight percent of patients had asthma, allergic rhinitis, food allergies, or atopic dermatitis. Only 11% of episodes required airway intervention. No patients required airway intervention after admission. Conclusion Recurrent angioedema was primarily idiopathic, was less severe than ACE inhibitor angioedema, and was associated with an atopic history. There was less frequent worsening of symptoms after admission, and recurrences occurred more frequently are at the same anatomic subsite. Level of evidence IV.
BUBBLES in the MUD: A Reminiscence and Perspective

I still feel a surge of excitement when, wading along some shore, my feet stir up an effusion of bubbles from the underlying muck. My thoughts ensue: Are they methane-rich, or perhaps composed of mixtures of nitrous oxide, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide? Do they contain exotics like ethane, dimethyl sulfide, trimethylamine, or even a methylated arsine? Suppressing an urge to grab a collection funnel, I resume my slog, leaving the unanswered questions for the next generation.
Brute Rationality: Normativity and Human Action

Preface and acknowledgements 1. What would an adequate theory of rationality be like? 2. Practical rationality, morality and purely justificatory reasons 3. The criticism from internalism about practical reasons 4. A functional role analysis of reasons 5. Accounting for our actual normative judgements 6. Fitting the view into the contemporary debate 7. Two concepts of rationality 8. Internalism and different kinds of reasons 9. Brute rationality References Index.
Plasticity, Experience and Resource Allocation in Motor Cortex and Hypothalamus

Training kittens to avoid an “unsafe” visual stimulus by flexing one forearm has major effects on visual and somatic cortex adult organization (4). Here we show that two important interfaces to the world, motor cortex and the hypothalamus, are similarly affected. Punctuate stimulation of the motor cortex reveals a four-fold increase in the diameter of the area allocated to the control movement of the trained forearm relative to the untrained one. Some of the motor responses in the animals resembled elementary movements in comprising correct responses during training. Cellular responses in the hypothalamus showed a shift toward cells with selectivity for the trained forearm; some of these cells showed the additional characteristic of selective responsivity to the visual stimuli used in training. It appears that the partitioning of the motor cortex and the repertoire of responses available to it are substantially influenced by early experience. The access that sensory stimuli have to the hypothalamus is also modified, possibly changing the way in which the adult will later cope with demanding tasks. The results dramatically demonstrate that simple early experience exerts widespread effect on structures which will later prove critical in setting the limits of individual potential.
Type IV Secretion Systems

Type IV transporters differ from other transporter systems in that type IV systems are used not only to transport proteins but also to mobilize DNA. In fact, it is likely that type IV transporters first evolved as conjugation systems that functioned to transfer genetic information between bacteria and only later were these systems modified by pathogenic bacteria to transfer critical virulence factors across the bacterial membranes and into the host eukaryotic cell. Since transfer of genetic information from one bacterium to another via bacterial conjugation is an ancient system that likely predates the evolution of pathogens and therefore predates the necessity to transport virulence factors across bacterial membranes, it seems likely that the first type IV transporter was a conjugation system that transferred DNA from one bacterium to another. A slight variation of type IV DNA transport systems appears to have occurred when type IV systems evolved that solely transport proteins without any DNA attached. Pathogens that produce type IV transporters include Bordetella pertussis, Brucella spp., Bartonella henselae, Helicobacter pylori, Rickettsia prowazekii, and Legionella pneumophila. B. pertussis is the causative agent of the disease pertussis, or whooping cough. This pathogen secretes one of its important virulence factors, pertussis toxin (PT), using a type IV transporter. Several intracellular pathogens utilize type IV transporters to export important virulence factors from the bacterium to the cellular milieu of the host cell.
The Mechanisms of Milk Secretion

Milk secretion occurs in all mammals, the presence of mammary glands being one of the important criteria distinguishing this class from all others. Although the location and external form of the mammary gland differ from one species to another, the mechanisms of milk production are remarkably similar. Milk is produced by epithelial cells which line the mammary alveoli and is stored in the alveolar lumina adjacent to these cells. During ejection, the milk is forced from the alveoli by contraction of surrounding myoepithelial cells and exits through ductules into ducts which drain several clusters of alveoli. In the human, small ducts coalesce into 15 to 25 larger ducts which dilate into small sinuses as they near the areolus. These ducts open directly on the nipple (see Chapter 2 for a more extensive discussion of the anatomy of the human mammary gland). In other animals, the ducts may empty into a single primary duct or a cistern which in turn is drained by a single teat canal. These structures may provide additional milk storage, particularly in dairy animals.
Frame systems and inheritance systems

This paper applies inheritance theory to the problem of encoding hierarchically organized frame-like knowledge. Inheritance theory is concerned with characterizing the circumstances under which valid inferences can be computed efficiently in knowledge bases that contain exception-permitting default knowledge, where this knowledge can be organized hierarchically. We generalize Touretzky's inheritance theory [13] from its original domain of IS-A hierarchies to the more general domain of inferential hierarchies. The generalization is based on an abstraction of a frame called a knowledge packet. The resulting theory can more easily applied to frame-based languages.
Signal transduction in cell-matrix interactions

Cell-matrix interactions play critical roles in a variety of physiological and pathological processes by regulating cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation. Integrin family cell-adhesion receptors have been identified as the major receptors for various extracellular matrix proteins and shown to be capable of transducing biochemical signals across the plasma membrane to regulate cellular functions. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation has been implicated in a central role in integrin-initiated signal transduction. Other signaling pathways have also been shown to be activated by cell-matrix interactions. This chapter reviews our current understanding of the key molecular components and their interactions in the integrin-signaling pathways and examines the role of various signaling pathways and molecular players in the context of cellular functions regulated by cell-matrix interactions.
Games guards play: a self-report study of institutional deviance within the Texas Department of Criminal Justice

While most correctional officers adhere to the highest level of professionalism, some engage in institutional deviance during the course of their eight-hour shifts. In the present study, we administered 501 self-report questionnaires to correctional officers within the Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Respondents who reported that their supervisors were not supportive tended to admit to higher levels of institutional deviance than their peers, though peer support did not contribute to correctional officer deviance. Additionally, respondents who perceived their jobs to be less dangerous than other officers were more likely to have attitudes that were conducive to institutional deviance. Moreover, a perception of deviance among others also helped ‘normalize’ these acts in the prison setting and contributed to more favorable attitudes toward institutional deviance by correctional officers. Theory X and Theory Y is used to explain the lack of supervisory support that leads to institutional deviance among...
Aqueous systems at high temperature—XIII: Investigations on the system UO3Li2OSO3D2O; liquid-liquid immiscibility and critical phenomena, 300–410°C

Abstract Temperatures for the appearances of critical phenomena (where liquid ≡ vapour) and liquid-liquid immiscibility were determined in the condensed system UO3Li2OSSP3D2O at concentrations of SO3 from 0·05 to 1·0 molal, molal ratios, R = Σ(metallic oxides) SO3, from 0 to 1·0 and at molal ratios, R(MO)  UO3:Li2O of 3:1, 1:1 and 1:3. Critical phenomena were observed at temperatures from 374 to 410°C for solutions of R varying from 0 to between 0·2 and 0·5 depending upon R(MO) and the molality of SO3. At higher values of R, boundaries of liquid-liquid immiscibility were observed at temperatures between 300 and 400°. As R approached unity and mSO3 decreased, precipitation of a solid phase occurred before the temperatures of liquid-liquid immiscibility were reached. Based on these data and information obtained previously on the systems UO3SO3D2O and Li2SO4D2SO4D2O, isotherms were drawn to describe boundary limits of liquid-liquid immiscibility, critical phenomena, and appearance of solids in the system UO3Li2OSO3D2O.
Hydrodynamic effects of surfactants on the macromorphology of electrodeposited zinc and flow visualization: The flow-field throw

Abstract The macromorphological features of electrodeposited zinc that result from hydrodynamic flow conditions along a flat plate electrode (FPE) in a channel flow cell and on a rotating disk (RDE) as the mutual effects of the electric and flow field and the interfacial surface tension change imposed by the adsorption of strong surfactants, have been investigated using an acidic chloride solution (4.0 M ZnCl 2 + HCl) for the current density range of 10–100 mA cm −2 . All the complex hydrodynamic characteristics of the reattaching flow and the presence of streamwise directed counter-rotating Taylor vortices behind the stagnation point and separation, with rather stabilized stream features in an admixture of strong fluorosurfactants, have been clearly outlined and marked by the macromorphology of three-dimensional relief imprints. The macromorphological features of relief striations in zinc electrodeposition mainly represent the competition between the flow- and electric-field strength and depend on the average current density, the rotation speed (RDE) and/or the linear flow velocity (FPE), the time of deposition, the ionic zinc content and electrolyte composition, the pH value, the hydrodynamic flow pattern and the hydrodynamic effect of surfactants, the latter being reflected in both the stabilization of systematic disturbances and perturbations within the boundary layer, and the interfacial surface tension traction. The macromorphological imprints of electrodeposited zinc within a certain current density range could be employed for both the instantaneous and cumulative (time sequence of photoimprints) electrochemical visualization method. A survey of the existing knowledge and explanations for corrugated electrodeposit growth and suppression is also given. The flow field throw as the hydrodynamic effect of surfactants in overcoming the locally higher current densities and the edge effect providing lateral electrogrowth has been identified.
BINARY STAR FORMATION

Any theory of star formation which fails to take cognizance of the fact that most stars are in binary systems is seriously incomplete. Here we review the various mechanisms that have been proposed for the formation of binary stars and argue that there is still much work to be done.
Age related calcium requirements due to changes in absorption and utilization.

An attempt was made to estimate average calcium requirements for various age groups by gender. The factorial method that sums calcium accretion and endogenous losses modified by fractional absorption was used during growth and calcium intakes to achieve calcium balance was used for adults. These estimates exceed the current RDA for females aged 6-16 y and older than 30 y and for males aged 6-30 y. They also exceed current calcium intakes in the U.S. during adolescence for both sexes and for females above the age of 11 y. A number of factors influence calcium requirements with age. Requirements for calcium accretion is dominant until peak daily calcium retention during the adolescent growth spurt is achieved. The rate of calcium accretion with age varies widely, depending on the method of estimation. Urinary calcium losses increase until young adulthood. Contributions of endogenous fecal calcium and sweat calcium to obligatory calcium losses are largely unknown during growth. After growth ceases, calcium requirements increase with menopause, unless estrogen-treated, and with age as calcium absorption efficiency decreases. Data required to estimate calcium requirements during growth are insufficient to precisely define dietary requirements with age. Determining calcium intakes which optimize calcium retention, and therefore, bone mass as has been estimated by Matkovic and Heaney (1992) may be a sound approach. The requirements estimated by this approach will be difficult to achieve given current dietary intakes in the U.S.
"A Seemingly Incongruous Alliance": Trotskyists and Teamsters in 1934

Bryan Palmer’s exuberant 300-page book immediately takes its place among the essential works about 1930s radicalism in the United States. Revolutionary Teamsters is no nostalgic chronicle of sepia-tinted events, much less a sentimental tryst with the revolutionary past. Using artful, stirring, and formidable research, Palmer puts pen to paper (or is it finger to keyboard?) with a moral urgency that vividly raises the political stakes in the field of labour studies. Even in the context of the author’s own sizeable and distinguished Marxist oeuvre spanning thirty-five years, it shapes up as a standout through its pertinence to contemporary activism: “Minneapolis in 1934 matters because, in 2013, it has things to tell us, ways of showing that the tides of history, even in times that seem to flow against change, can be put on a different course.” (7) His sources are examined from every possible angle to produce a work radiant with the achievements of singular protagonists, men and women aflame with world-transforming convictions. We now have the richly detailed account that the militants of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (ibt) in Minneapolis deserve, as well as a brilliant rebuke to the forgetting of history. A few pages into this meticulously crafted and captivating reconstruction of the events leading to the historic Minneapolis General Strike of the early Great Depression, the author observes that the Trotskyist/teamster bond crucial to the building of Local 574 is a “seemingly incongruous alliance.” (10) An activist himself, Palmer appreciates that models matter, particularly ones ill-treated by preceding scholars. The marvelously rendered tale that follows uses his capacious talents and exemplary evidentiary standards to review essay / note critique
Enduring Capitalism: Instability, Precariousness, and Cycles of Change in an Alaskan Salmon Fishery

In this article, I examine producers’ interpretations of economic downturn in an Alaskan commercial fishery to shed light on how workers endure ongoing capitalist vicissitudes and how capitalism itself endures. I focus on Alaska's salmon industry, which has weathered many ups and downs. In the early 2000s, despite strong wild salmon populations, the industry struggled as salmon prices sank to new lows. Drawing on ethnographic research in Bristol Bay, where most residents identify as Alaska Native, I show how salmon producers withstood volatile economic cycles by looking to ecological cycles, particularly the region's salmon returns, to interpret the fluctuations of capitalism and envision a future both within and beyond it. While fishers expressed senses of precariousness during the downturn through metaphors of extinction, they also undertook efforts to “reinvent” the industry, identifying in salmon cycles their own capacity to continue. Highlighting how dramatic ecological fluxes tune Bristol Bay producers to recurring change, I argue that this case reveals a more general pattern by which workers become oriented to ongoing instability. As they draw on experiences forged beyond the terms of capitalism to engage within it, their responses help maintain its cycles but also bolster their ability to persist in its midst. [crisis, capitalism, natural resources, fishing, Alaska]
Rhabdomyolysis after concomitant use of cyclosporine and simvastatin in a patient transplanted for multiple myeloma.

Rhabdomyolysis after concomitant use of cyclosporine and simvastatin in a patient transplanted for multiple myeloma
Rasburicase: a potent uricolytic agent

Rasburicase (Fasurtec, Elitek, Sanofi-Synthelabo) is a new recombinant urate oxidase developed for the prevention and treatment of hyperuricaemia. It has a half-life of 17-21 h and produces rapid (within 4 h) and pronounced reductions in plasma uric acid concentrations. To date, rasburicase has been tested in four clinical trials conducted in patients with cancer (primarily haematological malignancies). It successfully alleviated hyperuricaemia in 98% of patients and prevented this complication in 99.6% of those who were at risk. In a stratified, randomised trial, rasburicase was more effective than allopurinol. Most patients had improved or stabilised renal function during rasburicase treatment, despite ongoing chemotherapy-induced tumour lysis. Except for occasional instances of haemolytic anaemia and methemoglobinaemia in patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, rasburicase was well-tolerated, with a low frequency of mild adverse events. Rasburicase is a safe and effective agent in the prevention or treatment of hyperuricaemia in cancer patients.
Information technology’s critical role in corporate downsizing

There are two types of interrelated downsizing; human resource downsizing, which refers to reduction in personnel, and computer downsizing, or the migration from a mainframe to distributive processing platforms. The corporate strategies underlying each vary, but technology is generally involved at some level. Top executives and corporate planners must be aware of the personnel, budget, training, outsourcing, obsolescence, and standardization issues involved in downsizing. This article will explore various applications of information technology contributing to both types of downsizing, the benefits achieved and the problems encountered.
A TEM study of soot, carbon nanotubes, and related fullerene nanopolyhedra in common fuel-gas combustion sources

Abstract Nanoparticle aggregates collected by thermophoretic precipitation from natural gas–air and propane–air kitchen stove top flame exhausts, natural gas–air water heater roof-top exhausts, and other common fuel-gas combustion sources were observed by transmission electron microscopy to consist of occasional aggregates of mostly turbostratic carbon spherules, aggregates of crystalline graphite nanoparticles mixed with other fullerene nanoforms; and aggregates of various sizes of multiwall carbon nanotubes and other multishell, fullerene polyhedra for optimal blue-flame combustion. The carbon nanotube structures and end cap variations as well as fullerene polyhedral structures were observed to be the same as those for arc-evaporation produced nanoaggregates. Nanoparticle aggregation or the occurrence of carbon nanoforms always occurred as aggregates with nominal sizes ranging from about 0.5 μm to 1.5 μm.