cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationships between the electrostatic potential, epoxide hydrase inhibition and carcinogenicity for some hydrocarbon and halogenated hydrocarbon epoxides

For a group of nine hydrocarbon and halogenated hydrocarbon epoxides, there is shown to be a good correlation between their abilities to inhibit epoxide hydrase and the quantity Vmin /Es, where Vmin is the most negative value of the molecule's electrostatic potential in the neighborhood of the epoxide oxygen and Es is a factor that takes account of steric effects. It is also demonstrated that carcinogenicity, for thirteen epoxides, appears to be associated with Vmin having a relatively large negative value. On this basis, several other epoxides are predicted to be carcinogenic. The electrostatic potentials used in developing these relationships have been computed by an ab initio self-consistent-field molecular orbital procedure, using optimized molecular geometries.
Windows woes? You may be ready for Linux

They seem to find new security flaws in Microsoft Windows every day. System administrators spend a lot of time downloading and installing software “patches” to fix these problems. Do you have Windows woes? Then you may be ready for a free alternative: the Linux operating system. And it may become popular. Hewlett-Packard, the number-one personal computer maker, will begin selling Linux-based PCs globally. But what are the pros and cons? © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of Traps on Acoustoelectric Current Saturation in CdS

Because of acoustoelectric interaction, the current-voltage ($I\ensuremath{-}V$) curve in the piezoelectric semiconductor CdS exhibits current saturation when the trap-controlled drift velocity equals the velocity of sound, and an internal acoustic flux is generated. By simultaneous measurement of the trap-controlled drift velocity from the $I\ensuremath{-}V$ curve and of the Hall drift velocity over the temperature range 300 to 15\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, the effect of the traps in slowing down the velocity and frequency response of the electron-charge stream with respect to the internal acoustic flux is demonstrated. Comparison with a dynamical theory of trap occupation and space-charge bunching derived from the acoustic amplifier shows that the normal ionized donor states are the trapping agents, and that the effective angular frequency of the internal flux is ${10}^{8}$ to ${10}^{9}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. At very low temperatures, impact ionization of the donors is observed. The resulting enhanced current still flows at the sound velocity.
The Effect of Probenecid on Nafcillin Disposition

Five normal male volunteers participated in an open crossover study designed to examine the disposition of nafcillin given intravenously with and without probenecid. Each subject received two 500 mg iv doses of sodium nafcillin seven days apart, one dose without probenecid and another dose during oral probenecid administration of 1.0 Gm at bedtime prior to the study day and 1.0 Gm two hours before the nafcillin dose. Blood and urine samples were collected for 10 hours after nafcillin dosing. Assay for nafcillin concentrations was performed via the cup-plate technique with M. luteus. Administration of probenecid significantly increased and prolonged circulating plasma concentrations of nafcillin. Probenecid administration significantly, decreased the per cent of nafcillin recovered in the urine (30% vs. 16.9%). Probenecid pretreatment increased the ana under the plasma drug concentration-time curve (AUC) two-fold and decreased the total body clearance significantly with decreases in both renal and non-renal clearance. K12/k21 and Vc did not significantly change with probenecid. Because probenecid coadministration did not appear to change nafcillin distribution while increasing and prolonging plasma concentrations, probenecid can be recommended to be given concurrently when high nafcillin plasma concentrations are desirable. Changes in plasma concentrations are apparently due to alterations in both renal and non-renal clearances of nafcillin.
Heteroleptic copper dipyrromethene complexes: Synthesis, structure, and coordination polymers

The synthesis of neutral [Cu(dpm)2] and [Cu(dpm)(acac)] (dpm = dipyrromethene, acac = acetylacetonato) complexes is presented. The formation of the asymmetric metal complexes was monitored by electronic absorption and infrared spectroscopy. Two of the complexes investigated, containing pyrdpm ligands (pyrdpm = pyridyldipyrromethene), form 1-dimensional coordination polymers. The coordination polymers formed by these complexes have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. The complexes possess square pyramidal coordination geometries with the apical position occupied by the meso-pyridyl donor of a neighboring complex in the crystal lattice. The features of these coordination complexes that facilitate formation of extended solids have been probed. Symmetric [Cu(pyrdpm)2] complexes are unable to form coordination solids due to steric hindrance at the metal center. Use of cyano donors in complexes such as [Cu(cydpm)(acac)] (cydpm = cyanodipyrromethene) in lieu of pyridyl donors also fail to form network solids. Through these systematic studies, both the basic coordination chemistry of these complexes and the fundamental design requirements for synthesizing this novel class of coordination polymers have been defined.
Noncatalytic polymerization of ethylene glycol and epoxy molecules for rigid polyurethane foam applications

The study investigated an approach to incorporate modified epoxidized soy-based vegetable oil polyol as a replacement for petroleum-based polyether polyol and to substantially reduce the isocyanate loading in the rigid foam formulation. Noncatalytic polymerization of epoxidized bodied soybean oil and ethylene glycol (EG) was carried out in a closed batch reaction. Cleavage of the oxirane rings and hydroxyl group attachment at optimum conditions provided the desired polyol products. The polyols were characterized based on its hydroxyl numbers, acidity, viscosity, iodine number, and Gardner color index for quality purposes. Reactions of oxirane ring and EG were verified by spectroscopic FTIR. Crosslinking performance was evaluated by extractability analysis on the polyurethane (PU) elastomer wafers. Rigid foaming performed at 50 and 75% petroleum-based polyether polyol replacements have shown excellent thermoinsulating and mechanical properties compared with epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) alone or petroleum-based polyether polyol alone. A reduction of up to 8% of the polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate was achieved using the synthesized ESBO-EG-based polyols. A higher average functionality polyol is key component to the reduction of isocyanate in PU synthesis. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Child labor laws: A Historical Case of Public Policy Implementation

Models of public policy implementation proliferated during the 1970s and 1980s. We argue that these models should be robust across different time periods and should accurately postdict and explain the outcomes known to have occurred. This article looks at two models of policy implementation, one developed by Mazmanian and Sabatier and another developed by Nakwnura and Smallwood. Robustness and explanatory ability of these models are assessed using a historical case study of the first national child labor law. This demonstrates the advantages of a historical perspective on policy implementation. Looking at policy across time raises questions about current models of implementation.
Ostracism, Sycophancy, and Deception of the Demos: [Arist.] Ath.Pol . 43.5

Several features of this compact passage have puzzled scholars ever since the discovery of the Aristotelian Constitution of the Athenians a century ago. First, did the Athenian Assembly really deliberate on all these disparate matters in the chief meeting of the sixth prytany, and if so, why? Second, why did it limit complaints (probolai) against sycophants to a total of six divided equally between citizens and metics? Since the answers we give to these questions are fundamental to our understanding of basic Athenian institutions, they deserve careful consideration. This paper will argue that the Assembly did deliberate on these matters at the same meeting and indeed that this was natural, since they are all symbolic, as well as practical, instruments for controlling behaviour inimical to the demos' interests. It will also suggest that the limitation on probolai against citizen and metic sycophants was introduced to safeguard against the sort of abuse of the label ‘sycophant’ that took place under the regime of the Thirty, and that the measures described in Ath. Pol. 43.5 were, therefore, most likely linked together in the early years of the restored democracy.
Shear deformation and compaction of nickel aluminide powders at elevated temperatures

Abstract Powder compacts of nickel aluminide were compressed under uniaxial load above 1373 K, using a method that allowed the material to move laterally. Lateral and axial displacements were measured by means of three LVDTs. The resulting data fully described the applied stress state and the strain state as a function of time. That allowed us to obtain simultaneous measurements of the time dependent, and density dependent shear and densification behavior of the powder compact. The shear rate was non-linear in stress suggesting a dislocation flow mechanism. A model for densification by power law creep was applied to the data. It greatly overestimated the measured densification rates. Interestingly it was found that it is difficult to densify the powder to a value more than about 0.80 (relative) using uniaxial compression. In further experiments the powder was hot-pressed in a constraint cavity, allowing large hydrostatic pressures to be applied to the specimen. Near theoretical densities were obtained, presumably because the hydrostatic pressure promoted the diffusional transport mechanism of densification. The hot-pressing data were combined with the sinter forging data to obtain the correlation between densification rate and applied pressure. The diffusional mechanism of densification gave a good quantitative explanation for the densification behavior. In a broader context, we think that powder consolidation techniques ought to be optimized with a view to both shear strain as well as hydrostatic pressure. The shear strain can promote microstructure refinement through dynamic recrystallization, while pressure provides a driving force for diffusional densification.
Incorporating Object Tracking Feedback into Background Maintenance Framework

Adaptive background modeling/subtraction techniques are popular, in particular, because they are able to cope with background variations that are due to lighting variations. Unfortunately these models also tend to adapt to foreground objects that become stationary for a period of time; as a result such objects are no longer considered for further processing. In this paper, we propose the first (to our knowledge) statistically consistent method for incorporating feedback from high-level motion model to modify adaptation behavior. Our approach is based on formulating the background maintenance problem as inference in a continuous state Hidden Markov Model, and combining it with a similarly formulated object tracker in a multichain graphical model framework. We demonstrate that the approximate filtering algorithm in such a framework outperforms the common feed-forward system while not imposing a significant extra computational burden.
GALERKIN FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HARBOR CHANNELS

A numerical simulation model is developed to investigate wave profiles and velocities in harbor channels. The Galerkin Technique is coupled with the finite element method in the flow model. An important feature is the addition of terms in the momentum equation to account for the vertical accelerations. The model can be used by ocean engineers to analyze the effects of varying channel geometry on wave oscillations and velocities in a channel connecting a harbor to the ocean.
Reconstruction effects in magnetic holography

Magnetic holography, a storage method based on the combination of techniques of magneto-optics and holography, is shown to have features which are unique to either of these techniques. In contrast to the usual situation in magneto-optics, reconstruction may be obtained with either the Faraday or polar Kerr effect, using polarized or unpolarized light. Furthermore the reconstruction will not be ellipticaly polarized if linearly polarized light is used for readout. In contrast to the usual case in holography, the first-order diffracted wave is polarized at 90° to both the incident and zeroth-order waves. This feature allows a considerable increase in the attainable signal-to-noise in the reconstruction. These and other features are described analytically and demonstrated experimentally.
An Organic Chemistry Exercise in Information Literacy Using SciFinder

Working collaboratively, chemistry faculty members and librarians developed an exercise to introduce students in a large organic chemistry course to SciFinder and the chemical literature. Students learn fundamental concepts about the nature of the scientific literature through preclass readings, a preclass assignment, and an in-class discussion. Once students are familiar with several types of scientific literature (research articles, review articles, news articles) and peer review, they can more effectively search SciFinder to find scientific information. During class, students explore chemical data (including spectra) and learn to use SciFinder’s natural language interface for searching the chemical literature. Assessment results demonstrated that students were learning about SciFinder for the first time and were impressed with the information available. Students were also successful at distinguishing between article types and recalling several methods of searching SciFinder.
A Classification of Limestone Reservoirs

This paper contains a classification of limestone reservoirs based on the origin of the openings in the rock. It is shown that the most important type of reservoir is one in which porosity has been developed by erosion which took place before the time of deposition of the beds now overlying the reservoir. The other class of reservoir of major importance includes fractured limestones. The distribution of the different types of reservoirs in the United States is discussed briefly.
Multilayer film casting of modified Giesekus fluids Part 2. Linear stability analysis

Abstract A linear stability analysis of the multilayer film casting of polymeric fluids has been conducted. A modified Giesekus model was used to characterize the rheological behaviors of the fluids. The critical draw ratio at the onset of draw resonance was found to depend on the elongational and shear viscosities of the fluids. Extensional-thickening has a stabilizing effect, whereas shear-thinning and extensional-thinning have destabilizing effects. The critical draw ratios for bilayer films of various thickness fractions are bounded by those for single layer films of the two fluids. When the two fluids have a comparable elongational viscosity, the critical draw ratio at a given Deborah number varies linearly with thickness fraction. When one fluid has a much larger elongational viscosity, it dominates the flow and the critical draw ratios at most thickness fractions remain close to its critical draw ratio as a single layer film. When the dominating fluid exhibits extensional-thickening, a film with a certain thickness fraction has more than one critical draw ratio at a given Deborah number and may not exhibit draw resonance within some range of the Deborah number.
One-Electron Redox Potentials of Phenols in Aqueous Solution

The oxidation peak potentials (Ep) of 31 phenolate, chlorophenolate, and other para-substituted phenolate ions were measured as a function of scan rate, substrate concentration, and pH by cyclic voltammetry in aqueous solution. The one-electron reduction potentials (Eredo) of the phenoxyl radical/phenolate ion couples were evaluated from Ep and the rate constants for dimerization of the phenoxyl radicals. The dependence of Eredo on pH was established, and the relationships that connect Eredo with the Brown σ+ constant, the pKa values of the phenols and the protonated phenoxyl radical cations, and the reduction potentials of the protonated radicals were explored.
Effect of anisotropic electrical resistivity of gas diffusion layers (GDLs) on current density and temperature distribution in a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cell

A two-dimensional two-phase model is used to analyze the effects of anisotropic electrical resistivity on current density and temperature distribution in a PEM fuel cell. It is observed that a higher in-plane electrical resistivity of the gas diffusion layer (GDL) adversely affects the current density in the region adjacent to the gas channel and generates slightly higher current densities in the region adjacent to the current collector. Also, in case of GDLs with high anisotropic thermal conductivity, the maximum and minimum temperatures in a cathode catalyst layer depend on the average current density and not the local current density.
Using Natural Selection to Explore the Adaptive Potential of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Improving feedstock is critical to facilitate the commercial utilization of algae, in particular in open pond systems where, due to the presence of competitors and pests, high algal growth rates and stress tolerance are beneficial. Here we raised laboratory cultures of the model alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii under serial dilution to explore the potential of crop improvement using natural selection. The alga was evolved for 1,880 generations in liquid medium under continuous light (EL population). At the end of the experiment, EL cells had a growth rate that was 35% greater than the progenitor population (PL). The removal of acetate from the medium demonstrated that EL growth enhancement largely relied on efficient usage of this organic carbon source. Genome re-sequencing uncovered 1,937 polymorphic DNA regions in the EL population with 149 single nucleotide polymorphisms resulting in amino acid substitutions. Transcriptome analysis showed, in the EL population, significant up regulation of genes involved in protein synthesis, the cell cycle and cellular respiration, whereas the DNA repair pathway and photosynthesis were down regulated. Like other algae, EL cells accumulated neutral lipids under nitrogen depletion. Our work demonstrates transcriptome and genome-wide impacts of natural selection on algal cells and points to a useful strategy for strain improvement.
Ambiguities in the rate of oxygen formation during stellar helium burning in the 12 C(α,γ) reaction

The rate of oxygen formation determines the C/O ratio during stellar helium burning. It is the single most important nuclear input in stellar evolution theory, including the evolution of type II and type Ia supernova. However, the low-energy cross section of the fusion of ${}^{4}$He $+\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{}^{12}$C, denoted as the ${}^{12}$C${(\ensuremath{\alpha},\ensuremath{\gamma})}^{16}$O reaction, still remains uncertain. I analyze and critically review the most recent measurements of complete angular distributions of the outgoing $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays at very low energies (${E}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}\ensuremath{\ge}1.0$ MeV). My analysis of the angular distributions measured with the EUROGAM/GANDI arrays leads to considerably larger error bars than have been published, which excludes them from the current sample of ``world data.'' I show that the current sample of ``world data'' of the measured $E2$ cross-section factors below 1.7 MeV cluster into two distinct groups that lead to two distinct extrapolations: ${S}_{E2}(300)\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\approx}60$ or ${S}_{E2}(300)\ensuremath{\approx}154$ keVb. There is a discrepancy between the measured $E$1-$E$2 phase difference (${\ensuremath{\phi}}_{12}$) and unitarity as required by the Watson theorem, which suggests systematic problem(s) in some of the measured $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray angular distributions. The ambiguity of the extrapolated ${S}_{E2}(300)$ together with the previously observed ambiguity of ${S}_{E1}(300)$ (approximately 80 or 10 keVb) must be resolved by future measurements of complete and detailed angular distributions of the ${}^{12}$C$(\ensuremath{\alpha},\ensuremath{\gamma})$ reaction at very low energies (${E}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}\ensuremath{\le}1.0$ MeV).
The development of a gas chromatography--furnace atomic absorption combination for the determination of organic lead compounds. Atomization processes in furnace atomizers.

Abstract A carbon furnace atomizer has been developed which can be directly attached to a gas chromatography column. The atomizer exhibits high sensitivity and eliminates many of the problems involved with interferences encountered with furnace atomization. The functioning of the instrument is demonstrated for tetraalkyllead in various brands of gasoline, and for organic lead compounds in air. The process of atomization in furnace atomizers, and the numerous problems which lead to sensitive but unreliable data when normal commercial furnace atomizers are used, are discussed. The atomizer described overcomes most of the problems discussed.
Hand Injuries in Sports Medicine

Many athletic injuries of the hand commonly present to, and can be managed by, primary care physicians. Knowing when to refer is also obviously important. This article is not meant to be an exhaustive list of all possible hand injuries. Rather, it is meant to serve as a useful guide to the primary care physician. For the busy primary care physician, a thorough assessment of the hand or wrist complaint includes a focused history and physical and the judicious use of supportive diagnostic testing. Know your anatomy and sport. This will set the foundation clinically for the best possible outcome. Ultimately,the goals of assessment and management are to restore, maximize, and preserve function.
Thermal problems in the siting of reinjection wells

Abstract This paper presents a theoretical discussion of the thermal problems involved in the disposal of flash water from geothermal power plants by reinjection. The basic equations for the subsurface temperature field in the reinjection zone are derived both for rocks with intergranular and fracture flow. The extent of the thermal contamination by the reinjected water is discussed. In the case of a continuous mass flow of flash water of 1000 kg/sec for a period of 25 years, the contamination may reach out to as much as 5 kilometers or more from the point of re-entry, depending on the type of rock involved.
Evaluation of dental composite shrinkage and leakage in extracted teeth using X-ray microcomputed tomography.

Objective Use X-ray microcomputed tomography (μCT), to test the hypothesis that composite shrinkage and sites of potential leakage in human teeth are non-uniformly distributed and depend on cavity geometry and C-factor.
Sex- and depot-dependent differences in adipogenesis in normal-weight humans.

To elucidate cellular mechanisms of sex-related differences in fat distribution, we determined body fat distribution (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and single-slice abdominal computed tomography (CT)), adipocyte size, adipocyte number, and proportion of early-differentiated adipocytes (aP2+CD68−) in the stromovascular fraction (SVF) in the upper and lower body of normal-weight healthy men (n = 12) and premenopausal women (n = 20) (age: 18–49 years, BMI: 18–26 kg/m2). Women had more subcutaneous and less visceral fat than men. The proportion of early differentiated adipocytes in the subcutaneous adipose tissue SVF of women was greater than in men (P = 0.01), especially in the femoral depot, although in vitro adipogenesis, as assessed by peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) expression, was not increased in femoral preadipocytes cultured from women compared with men. In women, differentiation of femoral preadipocytes was less than that of abdominal subcutaneous preadipocytes (P = 0.04), and femoral subcutaneous preadipocytes tended to be more resistant to tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα)–induced apoptosis (P = 0.06). Thus, turnover and utilization of the preadipocyte pool may be reduced in lower vs. the upper-body fat in women. Collectively, these data indicate that the microenvironment, rather than differences in inherent properties of preadipocytes between genders, may explain the gynoid obesity phenotype and higher percent body fat in women compared to men.
Infectious Diseases and the Illegal Wildlife Trade

We provide a compilation of pathogens directly associated with illegally traded wildlife. We find that these pathogens span the gamut of taxonomic origins, affect most vertebrate taxa, and can have negative consequences for human and animal health and the global economy. Significantly, published health assessments of illegally traded wild animals are extremely scarce, making the results of this survey an underestimation of the true extent of the problem. Concerted action aimed at preventing further negative health effects is warranted.
THE CELL SAP OF VALONIA AND HALICYSTIS.

Comparison is made between the saps of Valonia ventricosa of Florida and the Bermuda Halicystis, formerly known as V. ventricosa. An even higher percentage of potassium is found in V. ventricosa than in V. macrophysa, while Halicystis has been shown to have very little
An example in complex L1 approximation

Abstract Let (ω, μ) be a nonatomic measure space, K either the set R of real numbers or the set C of complex numbers, and L1(μ; K) the space of K-valued integrable functions on ω. Suppose M is a finite-dimensional subspace of L1(μ; K) let S be the set of elements in L1(μ; K) that have more than one best approximation from M, and let S′ be the set of elements whose set of best approximations from M contains a relatively open subset of M. In the real case, Havinson and Romanova have shown that both S and S′ are dense in L1(μ; R). In the present paper, a result of Kripke and Rivlin is used to show that, for K = C, μfinite, and M equal to the subspace of constant functions, S is not dense and S′ is empty, thus, answering a question posed by Havinson and Romanova.
Metabolism of nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by human intestinal microflora

Anaerobic bacterial suspensions from human and rat feces and intestinal contents, and pure cultures of anaerobic bacteria metabolized 1-nitropyrene and 6-nitrobenzo[a]pyrene to 1-aminopyrene and 6-aminobenzo[a]pyrene, respectively. The metabolites were isolated by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography and identified by comparison of their chromatographic and mass spectral properties with those of authentic compounds. The results suggest that anaerobic intestinal bacteria could play a significant role in the metabolism of potentially carcinogenic nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Highly accurate reconstruction algorithm for bandwidth-limited signals and application to fringe signal recovery

We present a bandwidth-limited signal reconstruction algorithm with high accuracy as a generalization of the conventional "self-truncating" method by using samples taken at a rate higher than the Nyquist rate. The extra sampling rate enables us to lower the truncation error by applying an appropriate window function that tapers the signal to be approximately limited in both the space and frequency domains up to exponentially small errors. The sampling theorem is used in the frequency domain for a space-limited signal to parameterize the tapered signal in terms of discrete samples in the frequency domain, which are determined by a least-squares fitting to handle both irregularly and regularly sampled data. Error analysis for the Gaussian and Kaiser window functions shows that the upper bounds of the errors for reconstructing the signal near the center of sampling decay exponentially in parameter qN faster than the error upper bound of the conventional "self-truncating" method, where q is the extra sampling rate relative to the Nyquist rate and 2N+1 is the number of samples used. We use simulation data to demonstrate the efficacy of this algorithm in reconstructing the fringe signals, which is crucial for the SIM (Space Interferometry Mission) PlanetQuest instrument calibration.
The mechanism of silicon-hydrogen and carbon-hydrogen bond activation by iridium(III): Production of a silylene complex and the first direct observation of Ir(III)/Ir(V) C-H bond oxidative addition and reductive elimination

The complexes Cp*(PMe{sub 3})Ir(Me)OTf (Me = CH{sub 3}, OTf = OSO{sub 2}CF{sub 3}) (1) and Cp*(PMe{sub 3})Ir(Me)(CH{sub 2}Cl{sub 2})[BAr{sub f}] (BAr{sub f}{sup {minus}} = [(3,5-(CF{sub 3}){sub 2}C{sub 6}H{sub 3}){sub 4}B]{sup {minus}}) (2), which contain iridium in oxidation state +3, were recently shown to undergo C-H activation reactions with alkanes under mild thermal conditions. The authors report a series of observations, including the first conversion of Ir(III) precursors to an isolable, structurally characterized Ir(V) aryl-hydride and a spectroscopically observable Ir(V) alkyl-hydride, that lends convincing experimental support to the Ir(III) {r{underscore}arrow} Ir(V) {r{underscore}arrow} Ir(III) mechanism. The complex Cp*(PMe{sub 3})Ir(Me)OTf (1) reacts rapidly with alkanes (H-CR{sub 3}) to produce 1 equiv of methane (CH{sub 4}) and rearranged products derived from Cp*(PMe{sub 3})Ir(CR{sub 3})OTf, which form as a consequence of the {beta}-hydride elimination pathway. When 1 is added to silanes (H-SiR{sub 3}, R = Me, Ph), products of a structural rearrangement type unobserved in C-H activation reactions are isolated along with 1 equiv of methane. These products, Cp*(PMe{sub 3})Ir(SiR{sub 2}OTf)(R), are presumably derived from a 1,2-migration in Cp*(PMe{sub 3})Ir(SiR{sub 3})OTf, wherein one of the groups initially bound to silicon migrates to iridium (eq 1).
Immunity and error correction: System design for organizational defense

The boundary subsystem of a living system protects the components of the system from environmental stresses, filtering inputs and outputs of various sorts of matter, energy, and information. The boundary provides several layers of protection; the innermost layer is the subsystem of immunity reactions and error correction processes. This immunity subsubsystem (IS) is generated by the genetic template in cells, organs, and organisms but must be carefully designed for organizations, communities, and societies. This paper examines principles and pathologies of IS structure and process in organisms and explores their applicability to the design of the IS for organizations.
Prevention of Rh sensitization in the context of trauma: two case reports.

Background: Transfusion of D+ red blood cells (RBCs) to D− recipients can be accidental or necessary due to D− RBC shortage. Alloimmunization can complicate future transfusions; implications for women of childbearing age are compounded by possible hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. Rh immunoprophylaxis is effective, and indicated, for preventing alloimmunization. Reports of massive D+ mismatch (e.g., in the case of fetal-maternal bleed) are limited, and standard recommendations for managing these rare events are lacking. The cases discussed herein of women of childbearing age who suffered severe trauma requiring emergency surgery illustrate the dilemma of determining the ideal strategy for Rh immunoprophylaxis. Case reports: The first patient received two units of mismatched RBCs and was treated with intravenous Rh immune globulin (IV RHIG; Rhophylac®, CSL Behring, Kankakee, IL) monotherapy beginning 49 h postsurgery. For the second patient, who received three units of D+ RBCs, partial RBC exchange transfusion, followed 48 h later by IV RHIG, was deemed appropriate based on the large volume of RHIG needed and concerns of hemolytic transfusion reaction and hyperbilirubinemia. Both patients recovered in full without further intervention; the first patient delivered a healthy child ∼11 months posttreatment. Conclusions: Rh immunoprophylaxis is effective, and indicated, for preventing alloimmunization in women of childbearing age to protect the mother, fetus, and newborn. For the general population, a case-by-case approach is recommended. The availability of IV RHIG improves patient safety by facilitating the delivery of such treatment. RBC exchange should be considered for large volume mismatches. J. Clin. Apheresis, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Update on Bereavement Research: Evidence-Based Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Complicated Bereavement

The past decade has witnessed considerable growth in the evidence-base from which clinical recommendations for bereavement care can be made. Research now provides guidance to assist clinicians in: a) recognizing differences between complicated and uncomplicated bereavement reactions, b) identifying risk factors that may make certain individuals more vulnerable to bereavement-related complications, c) appreciating and monitoring for potential adverse outcomes associated with bereavement and d) taking actions to prevent or minimize maladjustment to the loss. In this article we distinguish between the course of normal grief and abnormally prolonged, or complicated grief; clarify distinctions between Complicated Grief Disorder and other mental disorders secondary to bereavement; review outcomes associated with Complicated Grief Disorder; describe research on resilience in bereavement; present findings on stigmatization and the use of mental health services among recently bereaved persons; and summarize where ...
Topographical Analysis of Glucose Metabolism, as Measured with Positron Emission Tomography, in Dementia of the Alzheimer Type: Use of Linear Histograms

A linear histogram method was employed to analyze brain images of glucose uptake obtained by positron emission tomography in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type and in control subjects. A line was drawn by computer which traversed the image of a brain slice taken at 70 nun above and parallel to the inferior orbitomeatal line, and rCMRglc was plotted as a function of distance along this line in 3 brain areas: frontal, sensorimotor and parietal. Peak rCMRglc values were significantly decreased in moderately-to-severely demented patients relative to healthy age-matched controls, but not in mildly demented patients. Furthermore, both the mildly and the more severely demented patients differed from controls in having reduced ratios of parietal association to sensorimotor peak rCMRglc. the variances of right-left metabolic asymmetries did not differ significantly between Alzheimer patients and controls. Severity of dementia, as evaluated by scores on the Mini-Mental State Examination, correlated with r...
A Predictive Model of Strong Hydrogen Bonding in Proteins: The Nδ1−H−Oδ1 Hydrogen Bond in Low-pH α-Chymotrypsin and α-Lytic Protease

A computational QM/MM methodology for the systematic study of various structural and spectroscopic properties of strong hydrogen bonds in enzymes is presented. The theoretical model is applied to the Nδ1−H−Oδ1 hydrogen bond between His57 and Asp102 in the active sites of low-pH α-chymotrypsin and α-lytic protease. The minimum energy structures of both enzymes reproduce the experimental Nδ1−Oδ1 distance and are used to obtain computational values for the H−D fractionation factor (φ), the proton chemical shift (δH) of the Hδ1, and changes in δH upon isotope substitution (ΔδH-D and ΔδH-T). For both enzymes, calculated parameters are in good agreement with available experimental data. Predictions are made for other properties for which experimental values are not available.
Locus of Perceived Equidistance as a Function of Viewing Distance

The locus of perceived equidistance in the eye-level plane was determined at distances of 1.2, 2.2, 3.2, and 4.2 m from the observer. The stimuli were small, point-like light sources viewed in complete darkness. The observer’s head was held fixed; his eyes were allowed to move freely. There were five lights, one in the median plane which remained fixed on every trial, and two variable lights on each side of this at angles of 12° and 24° with respect to the median plane. The locus of perceived equidistance was found to be concave toward the observer at all distances, usually slightly asymmetric with respect to the median plane, and with a variable curvature generally intermediate between that of the physically equidistant circle and that of the corresponding Vieth–Muller circle. The results are inconsistent with an assumption made by Luneburg in his theory of space perception. The pattern of disparities provided by the locus of perceived equidistance was found to vary with viewing distance. This indicates that the perception does not depend on the spatial distribution of retinal stimulation alone and poses a problem as to the nature of the cues that determine perceived equidistance in this situation.
Resident vs. attending interpretation of on-call studies: Clinical impact

Purpose: This study was performed to determine whether significant changes to patient treatment plan or outcome result from discrepancies between on-call radiology residents and follow-up attending radiologists in their interpretation of examinations. Methods: For 70 days we recorded on-call radiology residents' readings of all computed tomography and ultrasound examinations performed in our institution and the follow-up attending radiologists' readings of these same examinations. A chart review was performed to determine whether interpretation discrepancies changed the treatment plan and clinical outcome. Results: Eight-hundred thirty-four examinations met the study guidelines. The overall discrepancy rate was 5.16 %. Of these discrepancies, 6.98 % affected the treatment plan (0.36 % of all 834 studies) and none affected the clinical outcome. Conclusion: Where there is a discrepancy between interpretation of computed tomography and ultrasound after hours by on-call radiology residents and follow-up readings by attending radiologists, this discrepancy has no significant effect on the immediate or long-term care of patients.
Jazz and the Boundaries of Race

What does racial identity mean in twenty-first-century America? Some say we live in a “postracial” world, and increasing numbers of Americans have multiethnic backgrounds. We academics recognize that race is a social construction, yet Americans remain attached to traditional racial categories. In 2008, approximately 15% of all marriages in the United States were interracial, and beginning with the 2000 census, Americans have been allowed to check more than one racial category. Yet 97% of Americans in 2010 reported only one race. We are proud of electing our first “black president” even though his mother was white and he grew up barely knowing his African father.
Pimps for paradise: missionaries, monetary funds, and marketers

Missionaries, monetary funds, and marketers make strange bedfellows. The paradisal visions that they promote appear quite distinct. It seems to slander some more than others to label all three as pimps. And despite the phenomenon of serial addictions, the religious zealots, impoverished wretches, and compulsive consumers of the world seem to form mutually exclusive, if not mutually hostile, groups. Nevertheless, missionaries, international monetary funds, and other marketers all strive to incite passionate longing toward something far better, for which those seduced must pay a price. All three seek to fan the fires of fanaticism with promises of a future paradise, immediate or distant. And all three threaten hellish punishments for those who reject these promises. There are, I contend, more similarities than differences among the conversion tactics and promises of these three panderers to human fears and longings. By examining the overlapping manner in which each purveys promises of paradise, we may better understand the tap roots of human emotion that each seeks to incite.
Mean-field theory of collective transport with phase slips

The driven transport of plastic systems in various disordered backgrounds is studied within mean field theory. Plasticity is modeled using nonconvex interparticle potentials that allow for phase slips. This theory most naturally describes sliding charge density waves; other applications include flow of colloidal particles or driven magnetic flux vortices in disordered backgrounds. The phase diagrams exhibit generic phases and phase boundaries, though the shapes of the phase boundaries depend on the shape of the disorder potential. The phases are distinguished by their velocity and coherence: the moving phase generically has finite coherence, while pinned states can be coherent or incoherent. The coherent and incoherent static phases can coexist in parameter space, in contrast with previous results for exactly sinusoidal pinning potentials. Transitions between the moving and static states can also be hysteretic. The depinning transition from the static to sliding states can be determined analytically, while the repinning transition from the moving to the pinned phases is computed by direct simulation.
Three-Dimensional Modeling of Selective Laser Sintering of Two-Component Metal Powder Layers

Laser sintering of a metal powder mixture that contains two kinds of metal powders with significantly different melting points under a moving Gaussian laser beam is investigated numerically. The continuous-wave laser-induced melting accompanied by shrinkage and resolidification of the metal powder layer are modeled using a temperature-transforming model. The liquid flow of the melted low-melting-point metal driven by capillary and gravity forces is also included in the physical model. The numerical results are validated by experimental results, and a detailed parametric study is performed. The effects of the moving heat source intensity, the scanning velocity, and the thickness of the powder layer on the sintering depth, the configuration of the heat affected zone, and the temperature distribution are discussed.
Rational Design and Synthesis of New Polymeric Material

Polymers constitute one of the four main areas of materials science. Modern research in polymers focuses on the ways in which tailored macromolecules organize themselves in the solid state and on materials design and synthesis at the interface between polymer science and the fields of ceramics, metals, and electroactive or electrooptical materials.
Erratum to “The big five and enduring marriages” [Journal of Research in Personality 38 (2004) 481–504]

On page 483, in section 2.2, there is a clariWcation: Caughlin et al. (2000) collected “quasi observational” data on communication negativity using telephone diaries. Their work was incorrectly identiWed as using true observational measures of negative interactions. In Table 3 on page 491, the correlation for “Husband self-reports” under the heading “Global evaluations: sexual satisfaction” in column N should be i.17*, and the correlation for “Husband self-reports” in column O should be .17*.
The oxidation of reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide by lupine mitochondria.

Abstract 1. 1. Lupine mitochondria, whether freshly prepared or stored at −10 °C., catalyzed the oxidation of DPNH by O2. 2. 2. Cytochrome c and its oxidase participated in the aerobic oxidation of DPNH, and a relatively high concentration of added cytochrome c (1 × 10−5M) was required to obtain the maximum rate of DPNH oxidation. 3. 3. The cofactor requirements for the oxidation of α-ketoglutarate, malate, and citrate were studied and compared with those for DPNH oxidation. 4. 4. Antimycin A and a naphthoquinone, SN 5949, strongly inhibited both the oxidation of DPNH and the Krebs cycle acids. 5. 5. The results of preliminary attempts to solubilize the DPNH-oxidase of lupine mitochondria are reported.
Pilot study of "miracle fruit" to improve food palatability for patients receiving chemotherapy

Taste changes in patients undergoing chemotherapy are common and can be of long duration, are associated with poor nutrition, and can reduce quality of life. A pilot study of the fruit Synsepalum dulcificum-known as "miracle fruit"-as a novel supportive intervention was conducted with eight patients with cancer who were being treated with chemotherapy and reporting taste changes. Miraculin, a naturally occurring protein in miracle fruit, has the unusual ability to transduce a sweet signal in an acidic environment, profoundly changing food taste profiles for a short duration, masking unpleasant tastes, and increasing the palatability of certain foods. This pilot study was designed to determine whether consumption of the Miracle Fruit™ supplement would improve chemotherapy-associated taste changes, thereby improving the taste of food and ultimately leading to better nutrition. Four of the participants were given a two-week supply of the supplement and the other four were given a two-week supply of a placebo. After two weeks, the supplement group received a two-week supply of the placebo and the placebo group received a two-week supply of the supplement. Participants recorded food and drink intake in daily food dairies and rated taste changes with each food as better, worse, or no change. All study participants reported positive taste changes with the supplement.
Rumination and Hopelessness as Mediators of the Relation Between Perceived Emotion Dysregulation and Suicidal Ideation

The present study examined whether particular emotion dysregulation dimensions were associated with suicidal ideation through their effects on ruminative thinking and hopelessness. Emerging adults (ages 18–25) with (n = 32) and without (n = 111) a suicide attempt history completed an emotion dysregulation measure at baseline and measures of rumination, hopelessness, depressive symptoms, and suicidal ideation 2–3 years later. Multiple suicide attempters (n = 15) were distinguished by elevated scores on emotion dysregulation dimensions involving impulse control difficulties and inability to access effective emotion regulation strategies. The Strategies dimension, assessed at baseline, was significantly associated with both rumination and hopelessness at follow-up, and with higher ideation at follow-up. Rumination and hopelessness mediated the relation between Strategies and ideation, even when adjusting for depressive symptoms. Perceived inability to access emotion regulation strategies may increase vulnerability to suicidal ideation through its effects on rumination and hopelessness.
A powder X-ray diffraction and Landau theory investigation of the cubic to tetragonal phase transition in NbN1 − x

Abstract NbN0.77 was studied by high temperature X ray diffraction. Previous work and this study indicate that substoichiometric niobium mononitride distorts from cubic (NaCl-type) to tetragonal by a second-order transition on cooling from high temperature. The Landau theory of symmetry and phase transitions was used to limit the space lattice to those of the 1:2 − 1 2 :2 − 1 2 and 1:1:2 superstructures and to limit the possible space groups to P4/nmm and I4m2. The superstructure reflections were found to be consistent only with I4m2 and the structure was refined in this space group to the limit allowed by the powder data.
Update on therapeutic strategies to increase adiponectin function and secretion in metabolic syndrome

Changes in diagnostic criteria have impacted on the definition of the metabolic syndrome. The central aetiological importance of insulin resistance has lessened, while the role of other cardiovascular risk factors has progressively increased. Inflammatory mediators have also been identified as crucial targets for more selective therapies in metabolic syndrome. Among several pro-inflammatory factors, adiponectin has been shown to be associated with reduced cardiovascular risk in metabolic syndrome patients. Here, we review new therapeutic approaches, which could potentially increase adiponectin levels in metabolic syndrome.