cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changes in the travel patterns of older Americans with medical conditions: A comparison of 2001 and 2017 NHTS data

Abstract The older population in the U.S. is increasing and the physiological, cognitive, and psychological changes of aging can potentially pose mobility barriers for them. A medical condition further impedes travel opportunities and hinders continued engagement in civic and social life, adversely impacting their quality of life. This study uses the 2001 and 2017 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) data and analyzes the socio-demographic, attitudinal, and travel characteristics associated with older population long-distance travel patterns to support policy changes that address their emerging travel needs. The study results find a shift in trend in the mode preference of the new generation of older people with a medical condition. They are less likely to drive a car and prefer riding a bus or some other transport modes. They are also more likely to travel more over the weekend and evening hours. The older individuals are also more likely to travel long distances for work/business, religious trips, visits to family, friends, and relatives, but not for shopping, medical, and recreational purposes. Income and education levels of the older population with a medical condition directly impact their long-distance travel and are likely to increase in the future. The new generation of older people with a medical condition (i.e., 2017 data) are less likely to self-regulate travel by limiting or giving up driving and are more likely to be self-dependent by refusing to ask for rides or use special transportation. As a result, more older drivers with medical conditions can be expected to drive on the roads in the future adding to their road safety risks as well as those of others. This warrants transport policy changes to support safer mobility options for older people for their continued active community life and well-being.
Western Diet-Induced Pancreatic Cancer

In the Western world chronic disease plays a significant part in morbidity and mortality. These chronic illnesses are believed to be largely due to a loss of balance between genetic susceptibility and lifestyle factors such as nutrition, exercise, and exposure to toxic agents. Industrial era foods, including refined carbohydrates, saturated fats, and cereals have become the mainstay of diets in several developed nations. Such trends, once considered a luxury of the wealthy, are now being observed in all classes of society, along with the associated affect on human health.
Interleukin-4-dependent production of PPAR-γ ligands in macrophages by 12/15-lipoxygenase

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) is a ligand-dependent nuclear receptor that has been implicated in the modulation of critical aspects of development and homeostasis, including adipocyte differentiation, glucose metabolism and macrophage development and function. PPAR-gamma is activated by a range of synthetic and naturally occurring substances, including antidiabetic thiazolidinediones, polyunsaturated fatty acids, 15-deoxy-delta prostaglandin J2 and components of oxidized low-density lipoprotein, such as 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HODE) and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE). However, the identities of endogenous ligands for PPAR-gamma and their means of production in vivo have not been established. In monocytes and macrophages, 13-HODE and 15-HETE can be generated from linoleic and arachidonic acids, respectively, by a 12/15-lipoxygenase that is upregulated by the TH2-derived cytokine interleukin-4. Here we show that interleukin-4 also induces the expression of PPAR-gamma and provide evidence that the coordinate induction of PPAR-gamma and 12/15-lipoxygenase mediates interleukin-4-dependent transcription of the CD36 gene in macrophages. These findings reveal a physiological role of 12/15-lipoxygenase in the generation of endogenous ligands for PPAR-gamma, and suggest a paradigm for the regulation of nuclear receptor function by cytokines.
Comparative Pathology of Infection by Novel Diarrhoea Viruses

Examination of diarrhoeic faeces in the electron microscope often reveals viruses that are presumed to be enteropathogenic. Lesions caused by novel rotaviruses were similar to those of group A rotaviruses, but enterocyte syncytia were seen which are probably pathognomonic for novel rotaviruses. In adenovirus infection in piglets, mature enterocytes were infected and destroyed; intranuclear inclusion bodies were seen in infected enterocytes. Calici-like viruses infected mature enterocytes in calves and the lesions were similar to those described in humans infected with calici-like viruses; in both host species it was impossible to demonstrate virus particles in enterocytes examined in the electron microscope. The Breda virus infected villi and crypts in the lower small intestine and the surface and crypts in the large intestine; it was the only enteropathogenic virus to show this distribution of infection and lesions. Astrovirus infection in lambs was comparable to a mild rotavirus infection, but in calves the epithelium of the dome villi of Peyer's patches was infected. Parvovirus in cats and dogs infected and destroyed small intestinal crypt cells, causing dilated crypts and stunted villi; intranuclear inclusion bodies were prominent.
Per-node optimization of finite-state mechanisms for natural language processing

Finite-state processing is typically based on structures that allow for efficient indexing and sequential search. However, this "rigid" framework has several disadvantages when used in natural language processing, especially for non-alphabetical languages. The solution is to systematically introduce polymorphic programming techniques that are adapted to particular cases. In this paper we describe the structure of a morphological dictionary implemented with finite-state automata using variable or polymorphic node formats. Each node is assigned a format from a predefined set reflecting its utility in corpora processing as measured by a number of graph theoretic metrics and statistics. Experimental results demonstrate that this approach permits a 52% increase in the performance of dictionary look-up.
Heterogeneous Investors, Negotiation Strength & Asset Prices in Private Markets: Evidence from Commercial Real Estate

We examine the impact of heterogeneous investors with asymmetric bargaining positions on transaction prices in private commercial real estate markets. Using a dataset that contains nearly 100,000 commercial real estate transactions during 1997-2009, we examine the extent to which common conditions of sale and buyer characteristics affect bargaining power and negotiated prices. We find that tax-motivated buyers seeking to complete a delayed Section 1031 exchange pay an average price premium of 12.5% when purchasing smaller properties. However, these price premiums for exchange motivated buyers are not observed among more expensive properties. We find strong evidence that out-of-state buyers pay significantly more (8 - 11% premium) for commercial properties than in-state buyers. Consistent with our expectations, we find that sellers of distressed properties negotiate significantly lower transaction prices (13 - 15% discount) than sellers of non-distressed properties, all else equal. Finally, we find evidence that REITs pay price premiums between 14 - 16% for office and industrial and retail properties. Our results strongly support the notion that relative bargaining power influences negotiated transaction prices.
Abstract 14964: Sudden Cardiac Death in Current vs. Former Smokers

Introduction: Smoking is a well-established risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but its role in sudden cardiac death (SCD) specifically has not been as well investigated. We sought to describe smoking prevalence among cases that suffered SCD in the general population. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that smoking prevalence would be high among SCD cases. Methods: Cases of SCD from an ongoing multiple-source community-based study of SCD in the northwest US (pop. approx. 1 million) were included if they were age ≥18 with smoking history available from medical records. We describe the prevalence of smoking in the SCD population, as well as characteristics of smokers vs. non-smokers. Results: From 2002 -2012, 1833 (76%) of 2402 SCD cases had pre-SCD medical records available, and smoking history was available for 1241 (68%) of these. While 2007-8 community data (Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Study) indicated that 16% of Oregonian adults were current smokers, among the SCD cases, 40% were current smokers, 31% former smokers, and 29% non-smokers. Men were more likely than women to be current smokers (42% vs. 37%) or former smokers (35% vs. 23%); 40% of women and 24% of men were non-smokers (p Conclusions: In this community-based study of SCD, current and former smoking was a common finding; current smokers suffered SCD at a younger age than former smokers, despite less documented CAD and MI at the time of their arrest.
Political Theory and Judicial Activism

This paper is my comment that was published in Green Bag's summer 2013 Micro-symposium on Suzanna Sherry's "Why We Need More Judicial Activism."
Weakening Relationships We Try to Preserve: Motivated Sacrifice, Attachment, and Relationship Quality

Individuals' motivations for sacrificing are associated with relational outcomes, such that approach-motivated sacrifices lead to increased satisfaction, whereas avoidance-motivated sacrifices lead to decreased satisfaction (Impett et al., 2005). Because attachment styles are associated with relational outcomes (Feeney & Collins, 2003), the current study examined whether approach- and avoidance-motivated sacrifices would mediate the association between attachment and satisfaction. Results indicated that avoidance motives did not mediate the relationship between attachment avoidance and satisfaction. However, avoidance motives mediated the relationship between attachment anxiety and satisfaction, whereas approach motives suppressed that relationship. Taken together, these findings suggest that individuals high in attachment anxiety (but not attachment avoidance) seem to unintentionally weaken the relationship for which they are making sacrifices.
Satellite Range Scheduling: A Comparison of Genetic, Heuristic and Local Search

Three algorithms are tested on the satellite range scheduling problem, using data from the U.S. Air Force Satellite Control Network; a simple heuristic, as well as local search methods, are compared against a genetic algorithm on old benchmark problems as well as problems produced by a generator we recently developed. The simple heuristic works well on the old benchmark, but fails to scale to larger, more complex problems produced by our generator. The genetic algorithm yields the best overall performance on larger, more difficult problems.
Plasmon Resonances in the Quantum Strong Field Limit

The plasmon spectrum is investigated in the quantum strong field limit, (ℏωc > ζ ∼ EF). We find another set of plasmon resonances in addition to those already discussed in the literature. This new set of resonances is only very mildly damped under appropriate conditions of low wavenumber. Under such low wavenumber conditions, the new resonances are of comparable importance (in terms of excitation amplitude) with other resonances previously reported. The result is that there are two plasmon resonances which lie near each multiple of the cyclotron frequency, except for propagation nearly perpendicular to the magnetic field.
Drug designs fulfilling the requirements of clinical trials aiming at personalizing medicine

In the current era of stratified medicine and biomarker-driven therapies, the focus has shifted from predictions based on the traditional anatomic staging systems to guide the choice of treatment for an individual patient to an integrated approach using the genetic makeup of the tumor and the genotype of the patient. The clinical trial designs utilized in the developmental pathway for biomarkers and biomarker-directed therapies from discovery to clinical practice are rapidly evolving. While several issues need careful consideration, two critical issues that surround the validation of biomarkers are the choice of the clinical trial design (which is based on the strength of the preliminary evidence and marker prevalence), and biomarker assay related issues surrounding the marker assessment methods such as the reliability and reproducibility of the assay. In this review, we focus on trial designs aiming at personalized medicine in the context of early phase trials for initial marker validation, as well as in the context of larger definitive trials. Designs for biomarker validation are broadly classified as retrospective (i.e., using data from previously well-conducted randomized controlled trials (RCTs) versus prospective (enrichment, all-comers, hybrid or adaptive). We believe that the systematic evaluation and implementation of these design strategies are essential to accelerate the clinical validation of biomarker guided therapy.
DISC 2011 invited lecture by Dahlia Malkhi: going beyond paxos

Flash storage is making inroads into data centers, enabling a new class of applications that require persistence as well as extreme performance. Clusters of flash can satisfy millions of I/Os per second at sub-millisecond latencies while consuming significantly less power than disk clusters. Unfortunately, current designs for scalable storage systems are predicated on the properties of hard disks, and can be inefficient or unreliable when used with flash clusters. New abstractions are required to fully realize the potential of flash clusters. We drew foundational lessons from designing Falcon, a new transactional storage cluster which works at the speed of flash. In this keynote, we describe the challenges and design choices we made.
The clutch and transmission of fly flight

![Figure][1] Fly wings are technological marvels, flapping at frequencies over 100 Hz to produce enough lift to keep the tiny insects aloft. One of the innovations driving this extreme performance is the resonant oscillation of the thorax that allows the wings to reach frequencies beyond
Application of luminescent Eu: Gd2O3 nanoparticles to the visualization of protein micropatterns

Nanoparticle phosphors made of lanthanide oxides are a promising new class of tags in biochemistry because of their large Stokes shift, sharp emission spectra, long luminescence lifetime, and good photostability. We demonstrate the application of these nanoparticles to the visualization of protein micropatterns. Luminescent europium-doped gadolinium oxide (Eu:Gd2O3) nanoparticles are synthesized by spray pyrolysis. The size distribution is from 5 to 200 nm. The particles are characterized by means of laser-induced fluorescent spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The main emission peak is at 612 nm. The nanoparticles are coated with avidin through physical adsorption. biotinylated bovine serum albumin (BSA-b) is patterned on a silicon wafer using a microcontact printing technique. The wafer is then incubated in a solution of avidin-coated nanoparticles. Fluorescent microscopic images reveal that the nanoparticles are organized onto designated area, as defined by the microcontact printing process. The luminescent nanoparticles do not suffer photobleaching during the observation, which demonstrates their suitability as luminescent labels for fluorescence microscopy studies. More detailed studies are preformed using atomic-force microscopy (AFM) at a single nanoparticle level. The specific and the nonspecific binding densities of the particles are qualitatively evaluated.
Does ERP Hands‐On Experience Help Students Learning Business Process Concepts?

Over the past decade, more and more business schools are attempting to teach business processes (BPs) by using enterprise resource planning (ERP) software in their curricula. Currently, most studies involving ERP software in the academy have concentrated on learning and teaching via self-assessment surveys or curriculum integration. This research extended previous studies by attempting to measure student knowledge acquisition of BP concepts (BPC) about two common BP cycles through hands-on exercises using ERP software. Assessments of students’ knowledge about BP were conducted at multiple time points during the study. In addition, a Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)-based survey was employed to analyze student self-assessment about improved understanding of BPs though ERP hands-on exercises. Results from our empirical study indicated that there is no clear evidence that students’ knowledge about BPs significantly improved after experiencing ERP software. However, students’ self-assessment showed that there is a positive relationship between their comprehension of BPs and hands-on experience with ERP software. Our research findings concurred with previous research, and studies undertaken in other disciplines.
Verilog-A and Verilog-AMS provides a new dimension in modeling and simulation

Verilog-A provides a new dimension in modeling, design and simulation capability for analog and mixed signal electronic systems. Previously, analog simulation has been based upon Spice, which is a very effective simulation environment based on primitives such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors. Digital design verification is based on a Hardware Description Language (HDL). Verilog and Verilog derivatives have been widely accepted due to their ease of use and gate level simulation capability. Verilog, which accounted for more than 60% of the HDL simulator sales in 1997, has a strong following with a host of tools that complement the language and extend the capability to verification and test. This paper presents the motivation for the Verilog-A language, an extension of Verilog to describe analog and non-electrical behavior, and illustrates the Verilog-A language via short examples and a overview of an ink jet printer ASIC support IC behavioral model.
Rapid mapping in Salmonella typhimurium with Mud-P22 prophages.

Abstract A new method for mapping mutations in the Salmonella typhimurium chromosome is described and applied to the localization of novel regulatory mutations affecting expression of the nirB (nitrite reductase) gene. The mapping technique is also illustrated by the mapping of mutations in genes affecting carbohydrate catabolism and biosynthetic pathways. The new mapping method involves use of the hybrid phage MudP and MudQ (together referred to as Mud-P22), originally constructed by Youderian et al. (Genetics 118:581-592, 1988). This report describes a set of Mud-P22 lysogens, each member of the set containing a different Mud-P22 insertion. The insertions are scattered along the entire Salmonella genome. These lysogens, when induced by mitomycin C, generate transducing lysates that are enriched (45- to 1,400-fold over the background, generalized transducing particle population) for transducing particles containing bacterial DNA that flanks one side of the insertion. We demonstrate that within the set of lysogens there can be found at least one Mud-P22 insertion that enriches for any particular region of the Salmonella chromosome and that, therefore, all regions of the chromosome are discretely enriched and represented by the collection as a whole. We describe a technique that allows the rapid and facile determination of which lysate contains enriched sequences for the repair of a mutant locus, thereby allowing the determination of the map position of the locus. This technique is applicable to those mutations for which the wild-type allele is selectable. We also describe a procedure whereby any Tn10 insertion can be mapped by selecting for the loss of Tetr.
A specialized computer architecture for high-speed text searching

This paper describes a specialized parallel computer architecture that is proposed for high-speed searching of large text data bases. The proposed machine architecture is a parallel array of independent processors connected to a common bus. Each processor consists of a microprocessor, a high-speed block-access memory for storage of a part of the data base, read-only memory for control software, and random-access memory for storage of programs and working storage. The processors are connected by a common high-speed bus that is used for communication of data, programs, commands and results. The benefits claimed for this architecture are design simplicity, high speed for suitable applications, ease of software development, reliability and reasonable cost. This machine architecture is under consideration as a means for providing high-speed text searching capabilities.
New insights into the origin and evolution of Lake Vida, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica — A noble gas study in ice and brines

Abstract Unlike other lakes in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, Lake Vida has a thick (~ 19 m) ice cover sealing a liquid brine body of unusually high salinity (~ 245 g/L) from the atmosphere. To constrain the conditions under which the atypical Lake Vida ice cover formed and evolved, 19 ice samples were collected down to a depth of ~ 14 m, together with three brine samples trapped in the ice at ~ 16 m for analysis of helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon concentrations. The broad pattern of noble gas concentrations for Lake Vida samples is fundamentally different from that of air saturated water (ASW) at 0 °C and an elevation of 340 m for salinities of 0 (ice) and 245 g/L (brine). Overall, ice samples are enriched in He and depleted in Ne with saturation relative to ASW averages of 1.38 and 0.82, respectively, and strongly depleted in Ar, Kr, and Xe with relative saturations of 0.10, 0.06, and 0.05, respectively. By contrast, brine samples are generally depleted in He and Ne (relative saturation averages of 0.33 and 0.27, respectively) but enriched in Ar, Kr, and Xe, with relative saturation averages of 1.45, 3.15, and 8.86, respectively. A three-phase freezing partitioning model generating brine, ice and bubble concentrations for all stable noble gases was tested and compared with our data. Measured brine values are best reproduced for a salinity value of 175 g/L, a pressure of 1.1 atm, and a bubble volume of 20 cm 3 kg − 1 . Sensitivity tests for ice + bubble samples show an ideal fit for bubble volumes of ~ 1–2 cm 3 kg − 1 . Our results show that the conditions under which ice and brine formed and evolved at Lake Vida are significantly different from other ice-covered lakes in the area. Our brine data suggest that Lake Vida may be transitioning from a wet to a dry-based lake, while the ice + bubble data suggest at least partial re-equilibration of residual liquid with the atmosphere as ice forms at the top of Lake Vida ice cover.
Exchange we can believe in.

Newly published papers by Polier et al. in Cell and by Schuermann et al. in Molecular Cell present structures of Hsp110:Hsp70 complexes that reveal a compelling picture for the mechanism of nucleotide exchange in Hsp70s of the eukaryotic cytosol.
Dipole moments in Thomas—Fermi—Dirac and Thomas—Fermi theories

Abstract It is shown that the electronic contribution to the dipole moment, calculated from a solution to the Thomas—Fermi—Dirac or Thomas—Fermi equations, should be equal and opposite to the nuclear contribution. Thus, the Thomas—Fermi—Dirac and Thomas—Fermi theories predict vanishing dipole moments for all molecular systems.
Stones: do urinary calculi increase risk of bladder pain syndrome?

A Taiwanese study has established an association between bladder pain syndrome (BPS) and prior diagnosis of urinary stones. The study authors suggest that stones initiate a process that results in BPS. An alternative hypothesis is that patients with BPS are more likely to undergo imaging, revealing incidental stones.
Thiol-induced assembly of Au nanoparticles into chainlike structures and their fixing by encapsulation in silica shells or gelatin microspheres.

This article describes a simple method for controlling the assembly of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) into chainlike structures with tunable lengths and interparticle separations. The chainlike assemb...
The chemical fractionation of the orb web of Argiope spiders

Abstract The orb webs of Argiope aurantia Lucas and Argiope trifasciata (Forskal) were partitioned into three major fractions: trypsin soluble fibroin, trypsin insoluble fibroin and a water soluble fraction. The gravimetric proportions of these were nearly equal in both species. The water soluble fraction was further fractionated into KH2PO4, ninhydrin reactive and ninhydrin negative components. The proportions of these differed widely between the two species. The amino acid composition of the trypsin soluble fibroin and trypsin insoluble fibroin was ascertained, as well as the spinning gland luminal contents in order to assign the probable glandular origin of these fractions. The trypsin insoluble fibroin originates primarily from the large ampullate gland whereas the trypsin soluble fibroin appears to be the product of several glands.
The Purported Effects of Alcohol on Appetite and Weight in Lung Cancer Patients

Loss of appetite and weight predict poor outcomes in patients with advanced cancer. Effective and affordable palliative strategies are lacking; but because an emerging non-cancer literature suggests that alcohol can increase appetite and weight, this study explored associations between alcohol and clinical outcomes in lung cancer patients. Among 404 consecutive lung cancer patients enrolled in the Mayo Clinic Lung Cancer Cohort between 2004 and 2008, alcohol consumption (within 6 mo of diagnosis) was as follows: 199 (49%) used none, 158 (14%) were moderate users (7 drinks per wk or less), and 47 (12%) were heavier consumers (more than 7 drinks per wk). Only heavier consumers had a lower likelihood of anorexia (odds ratio: 0.49; 95% CI: 0.25, 0.94; P = 0.03) and weight loss (odds ratio: 0.43; 95% CI: 0.20, 0.91; P = 0.03) compared to those who consumed no alcohol. These conclusions were sustained in multivariate analyses. Neither moderate nor heavier consumption was associated with better or worse survival, although, in univariate analyses, a drop in alcohol consumption was associated with worse survival. This report suggests a need for further study of alcohol as a palliative agent for cancer-associated loss of appetite and weight.
An Underground Coal Gasification Experiment: Hoe.Creek II

Abstract In this experiment the scheme of linked vertical wells for in-situ coal gasification was used with an 18.3-m well spacing. The experiment took 100 days for air-flow testing, reverse-combustion linking, forward-combustion gasification, and postburn steam flow. Air was used for gasification except for a 2-day test with oxygen and steam flow. Reverse-combustion linking took 14 days at 1.6 m/day and used 0.40 Mgmol of air per meter of link. At least two linkage paths were formed. The detected links stayed below the 3 m level in the 7.6 m coal seam; however, the product flow from the forward-burn gasification probably followed the coal-overburden interface, rather than the reverse-burn links at the 3-m level. Forward-burn gasification took 58 days and produced a total of 232 Mgmol (194 Mscf) of gas with an average heating value of 96 kJ/gmol (108 Btu/scf(. During the oxygen-steam test, the heating value averaged 235 kJ/gmol (265 Btu/scf). The coal recovery was 1310 m3 (1950 ton). Gasification was term...
Indirect evidence for deposit rearrangement during dead-end microfiltration of iron coagulated suspensions

Abstract Constant pressure microfiltration of colloidal silica suspensions following coagulation using ferric chloride was investigated under conditions where surface deposition was the predominant cause of fouling. Experimental fluxes were found to be higher than that predicted by conventional cake filtration and blocking laws alone or in combination especially during the initial stages of filtration. Experimental inverse instantaneous fluxes depicted a concave downward behavior when analyzed as a function of volume of water filtered per unit membrane area, which cannot be explained by blocking laws. Further, flux decline under a wide range of pH, Fe3+ dosage, and pressure was accurately simulated by introducing a particle rearrangement term to conventional dead-end cake filtration theory. Equilibrium fluxes predicted by the rearrangement model increased in a straight-line fashion with increasing mean floc size whereas the cake specific resistance decreased as flocs became larger. These results are shown to be consistent with the rearrangement of coagulated aggregates and changes in cake morphology when the pressure increases with cake depth. In contrast, rearrangement effects may not be significant during microfiltration of highly colored waters because natural organic matter can bind particles to each other and to the membrane.
Morphology and stratigraphy of small barrier-lagoon systems in Maine

Abstract The coast of Maine contains over 200 individual barrier-lagoon systems, most quite small, with an aggregate length of nearly 100 km. Although they represent less than 5% of the tidally influenced coastline of Maine, they are widely distributed and occur in a variety of dynamic regimes and physiographic regions. Their morphology and backbarrier stratigraphy are different from better studied coastal plain systems, and provide important clues to the Holocene evolution of the Maine coast. In a study of geomorphic form and backbarrier stratigraphy, inlet processes and Holocene sea-level rise have been identified as the principal controls on coarse-grained barrier stratigraphy. Barriers in Maine are found in five distinct geomorphic forms, identified herein as: barrier spits, pocket barriers, double tombolos, cuspate barriers and looped barriers. The few long sandy beaches in southwestern Maine are mostly barrier spits. The remainder of the barrier types is composed primarily of gravel or mixed sand and gravel. The barriers protect a variety of backbarrier environments: fresh and brackish ponds, lagoons and fresh- and saltwater marshes. The barriers may or may not have inlets. Normal wave action, coarse-grain size and a deeply embayed coast result in barriers with steep, reflective profiles several meters above MHW. Occasional storm events completely wash over the barriers, building steep, lobate gravel fans along their landward margin. Few, if any, extensive storm layers are recognized as extending into the distal backbarrier environments, however. During sea-level rise and landward barrier retreat, this abrupt, storm-generated transition zone inters the backbarrier sediments. Statistical comparisons of barrier morphology, location and backbarrier environment type with backbarrier stratigraphy show that Holocene backbarrier stratigraphy is best predicted by the modern backbarrier environment type. This, in turn, is influenced most by the absence or presence, and long-term stability or instability of a tidal inlet. Geomorphic barrier form and location in coastal geomorphic compartments show little or no correlation with backbarrier stratigraphy. In contrast to previous classifications of barrier-lagoon systems based primarily on sandy, coastal plain examples, in Maine the shape or origin of the backbarrier system is relatively unimportant. The presence or absence of a tidal inlet is of paramount importance in shaping the Holocene stratigraphy of the backbarrier region.
The Twin Paradoxes of Compact Groups: Discordant Excess Muted But the Dynamical Puzzle Persists

We consider the twin paradoxes posed by compact groups that involve: (1) gravitational instability of physically dense accordant groups and (2) a plethora of discordant redshift components. We reconsider the statistics of Hickson compact groups and discordant redshift components and find that: (a) only 82 of the 100 groups actually satisfy the stated selection criteria, (b) 61 of the 82 are bona fide compact groups defined as accordant systems of at least four galaxies, (c) the 39 false groups are found in regions with twice as high an average galaxy surface density as the true groups, and (d) of the 17 discordant components in 13 true groups, only six fall inside the smallest circle enclosing the accordant system. Thus the verifiable, and hence testable, discordant excess is reduced to six compared to an expectation of 1.5 galaxies. Much more effort has been devoted to finding a solution to the second paradox. We discuss the challenge to current models posed by observations that imply little or no present, or past, merging in compact groups.
Note-taking, selecting, and choice: designing interfaces that encourage smaller selections

Our research develops note-taking applications for educational environments. Previous studies found that while copy-pasting notes can be more efficient than typing, for some users it reduces attention and learning. This paper presents two studies aimed at designing and evaluating interfaces that encourage focusing. While we were able to produce interfaces that increased desirable behaviors and improved satisfaction, the new interfaces did not improve learning. We suggest design recommendations derived from these studies, and describe a "selecting-to-read" behavior we encountered, which has implications for the design of reading and note-taking applications.
Quasi-elastic light scattering of platinum dendrimer-encapsulated nanoparticles

Platinum dendrimer-encapsulated nanoparticles (DENs) containing an average 147 atoms were prepared within sixth-generation, hydroxyl-terminated poly(amidoamine) dendrimers (G6-OH). The hydrodynamic radii (Rh) of the dendrimer/nanoparticle composites (DNCs) were determined by quasi-elastic light scattering (QLS) at high (pH ∼10) and neutral pH for various salt concentrations and identities. At high pH, the size of the DNC (Rh ∼4 nm) is close to that of the empty dendrimer. At neutral pH, the size of the DNC approximately doubles (Rh ∼8 nm) whereas that of the empty dendrimer remains unchanged. Changes in ionic strength also alter the size of the DNCs. The increase in size of the DNC is likely due to electrostatic interactions involving the metal nanoparticle.
Marriage, Children, and Self-Employment Earnings: An Analysis of Self-Employed Women in the US

This research focuses on the relationship between marriage and women’s self-employment earnings in the US. The basic proposition is that marriage poses an additional constraint on women entrepreneurs. By acknowledging the overlap of gender, family, and business we are able to observe the relationship between the institution of marriage and women’s self-employment earnings. This research used the Integrated Public Use Microdata System’s 2009 American Community Survey. Marriage and children had a negative association with women’s self-employment earnings.
Thermoresponsive biohybrid materials synthesized by ATRP

The aqueous phase behaviour of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)–protein conjugates prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is reported.
Process and structure: Reorganizing the university for instructional technology

The university must be reorganized in order that the new instructional technologies be effectively utilized. The present organizational structure is based on the assumption that the critical dimension in teaching is subject matter expertise. However, teaching is the process of changing people. Not only is knowledge in this process required, but new organizational roles as well. The control of instruction by instructional experts will meet social and individual needs more adequately than they are met at present. One possible organizational arrangement for the coordination of instructional experts is suggested. The proposed reorganization would facilitate both the teaching and the research mission of the university.
A comparison of an auditory and a visual projective technique.

(1963). A Comparison of an Auditory and a Visual Projective Technique. Journal of Projective Techniques and Personality Assessment: Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 3-11.
Optical coupling system for photon-photon coincidence experiments.

An efficient optical coupling system is presented that promises to be useful in experiments where it is necessary to collect a large fraction of emitted photons, as in photon-photon coincidence experiments. Narrow bandpass interference filters are an integral part of the proposed system.
Dynamic stability criteria for clamped shallow arches under timewisestep loads

The nonlinear problem of dynamic instability of snap-through of clamped shallow arches subjected to timewise step loads is investigated. Established are separate sufficient conditions for stability and for instability. For arches with parameters in certain special ranges, these two sufficient conditions coincide and, thus, yield the necessary and sufficient condition for stability. Specific problems investigated are "simple" clamped arches under "simple" loads, clamped sinusoidal arches under uniformly distributed loads, clamped parabolic arches under uniformly distributed loads and clamped sinusoidal arches under concentrated loads which may be located eccentrically. The criteria given in this paper are reliable to the extent that no approximation is made or is required in the mathematical analysis.
Ethnic Identity and Civic Attitudes in Latino and Caucasian Youth.

Understanding youth's perceptions of their civic skills is important for enriching the lives of youth as well as society. This study explored the relationship between civic attitudes, leadership skills, and ethnic identity in Northwest Georgia schools using two measures, the Civic Attitudes and Skills Questionnaire (CASQ) and the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM). In sharp contrast with Georgia school demographics, these schools are predominately Latino/a. Within our sample population (N=1000), we expected that Latino/a students would score higher on both measures compared with Caucasian students based on research, which suggests that a strong ethnic identity is related to social justice concerns. On the contrary, Caucasian students scored higher on 4/6 domains of the CASQ. On the MEIM, Latino/a students scored lower than Caucasian students on both subscales. However, Latino/a students scored significantly higher than Caucasian students on items relating to participation in cultural activities. Ou...
Endemic necrotizing enterocolitis : lack of association with a specific infectious agent

We conducted a comprehensive analysis of bacterial, parasitic and viral agents present in stool samples of 23 necrotizing enterocolitis cases and 23 matched and 10 random controls. Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Escherichia coli were the most common aerobic bacterial species isolated. Astrovirus was identified in a stool sample from one control. Eight infants were bacteremic; in 7 of 8 the same organism was also present in the stool. No one bacterial species or strain (as identified by plasmid profile analysis) was associated with occurrence of illness. Plasmid analysis further suggested that each infant was colonized with his or her own distinctive aerobic bacterial flora. With the exception of isolates from two control patients which hybridized with a probe for diffuse adherence, no diarrheagenic E. coli was identified. Five (45%) of 11 case infants were colonized with coagulase-negative staphylococci (all S. epidermidis) that produced delta-hemolysin in vitro, as compared with 13 (87%) of 15 control infants. Necrotizing enterocolitis was not associated with an increased ability to ferment carbohydrate, as measured by in uitro beta-galactosidase activity. Our data do not support the hypothesis that endemic necrotizing enterocolitis in our institution is caused by a single infectious agent, nor was there evidence that previously proposed virulence mechanisms such as production of delta-hemolysin or increased in vitro carbohydrate fermentation play a critical role in disease occurrence.
Development of Er+3-doped heavy-metal fluoride glasses for WDM broadband applications

Matthew F. Finley, Michael T. Murtagh, George H. Sigel Jr.Fiber Optic Materials Research ProgramCeramic and Materials Engineering, Rutgers University607 Taylor Rd. Piscataway, NJ 08854-8065ABSTRACTAn investigation has been undertaken to explore various compositions of erbium dopedheavy metal fluoride glasses for 1 .55 urn optical amplifiers. The optical fluorescence of Er3 invarious glasses at 1 .55 urn was measured and compared to standard Er3 doped ZBLAN. Thefocus of the investigation was a broader flatter emission for wavelength division multiplexing(WDM) optical amplifiers. Various InF3 and ZrF4 based glasses were characterized. ZrF4 glassescontaining LiF have been found to exhibit a broader and flatter emission at 1 .55 urn.Keywords: erbium, fluoride glass, optical amplifier, wavelength division multiplexing
A general method for estimation of fracture surface roughness: Part II. Practical considerations

Surface roughness is an important attribute of fracture surfaces. An assumption-free method for estimation of surface roughness presented in Part I[1] is analyzed further here. It is shown that three vertical sectioning plane orientations mutually at an angle of 120 deg contain sufficient information for a reliable estimation of surface roughness; in most of the cases, the sampling error due to measurements on a limited number (three) of vertical section orientations should be less than ±6 pct with a confidence limit of 95 pct. A simplified procedure is presented for calculation of a profile structure factor from the measurements of the profile frequency function. A practical example of application of the present analysis involving measurement of the fracture surface roughness of a metal-matrix composite is discussed.
Applications of simulated GOES-R observations for advanced product development for mesoscale weather forecasting

In preparation for future satellites, we have developed a method to simulate satellite observations using a cloud-scale numerical model and radiative transfer models. In short, a numerical cloud model was used to simulate mesoscale weather events, including severe storms and tropical cyclones. A second model was used to calculate the brightness temperatures of the clear and cloud sky scenes from the model simulations. This procedure allows for advanced product development for severe weather (precipitation estimation, updraft diagnosis products) and tropical cyclones (intensity estimation). The development of products in advance of the satellite launch extends the useful life of the satellite system. Examples of this method for a severe storm case will be presented.
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv2745c Plays an Important Role in Responding to Redox Stress

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is the leading cause of death from an infectious disease worldwide. Over the course of its life cycle in vivo, Mtb is exposed to a plethora of environmental stress conditions. Temporal regulation of genes involved in sensing and responding to such conditions is therefore crucial for Mtb to establish an infection. The Rv2745c (clgR) gene encodes a Clp protease gene regulator that is induced in response to a variety of stress conditions and potentially plays a role in Mtb pathogenesis. Our isogenic mutant, Mtb:ΔRv2745c, is significantly more sensitive to in vitro redox stress generated by diamide, relative to wild-type Mtb as well as to a complemented strain. Together with the fact that the expression of Rv2745c is strongly induced in response to redox stress, these results strongly implicate a role for ClgR in the management of intraphagosomal redox stress. Additionally, we observed that redox stress led to the dysregulation of the expression of the σH/σE regulon in the isogenic mutant, Mtb:ΔRv2745c. Furthermore, induction of clgR in Mtb and Mtb:ΔRv2745c (comp) did not lead to Clp protease induction, indicating that clgR has additional functions that need to be elucidated. Our data, when taken together with that obtained by other groups, indicates that ClgR plays diverse roles in multiple regulatory networks in response to different stress conditions. In addition to redox stress, the expression of Rv2745c correlates with the expression of genes involved in sulfate assimilation as well as in response to hypoxia and reaeration. Clearly, the Mtb Rv2745c-encoded ClgR performs different functions during stress response and is important for the pathogenicity of Mtb in-vivo, regardless of its induction of the Clp proteolytic pathway.
Cross sections as a function of energy for the scattering of protons from 12C

Abstract The scattering of protons from carbon in the range of incident energies 4.7 to 12.8 MeV has been investigated using a tandem Van de Graaff accelerator and a differentially pumped gas scattering chamber. Absolute differential cross sections for elastic scattering and for the inelastic scattering reactions 12 C ( p, p ′) 12 C ∗ (Q = −4.43 MeV ) and 12 C ( p, p ″) 12 C ∗ (Q = −7.66 MeV ) were measured at laboratory angles of 25.54°, 85.22°, 105.23°, 121.16°, 137.52° and 159.45° as a function of energy in steps of 2.5 to 20 keV. Of particular interest is the splitting of the known resonance at 9.14 MeV, indicating a previously unknown level.
Comparison of Planned Dose Distributions Calculated by Monte Carlo and Ray-Trace Algorithms for the Treatment of Lung Tumors With CyberKnife: A Preliminary Study in 33 Patients

Purpose To compare dose distributions calculated using the Monte Carlo algorithm (MC) and Ray-Trace algorithm (effective path length method, EPL) for CyberKnife treatments of lung tumors. Materials and Methods An acceptable treatment plan is created using Multiplan 2.1 and MC dose calculation. Dose is prescribed to the isodose line encompassing 95% of the planning target volume (PTV) and this is the plan clinically delivered. For comparison, the Ray-Trace algorithm with heterogeneity correction (EPL) is used to recalculate the dose distribution for this plan using the same beams, beam directions, and monitor units (MUs). Results The maximum doses calculated by the EPL to target PTV are uniformly larger than the MC plans by up to a factor of 1.63. Up to a factor of four larger maximum dose differences are observed for the critical structures in the chest. More beams traversing larger distances through low density lung are associated with larger differences, consistent with the fact that the EPL overestimates doses in low-density structures and this effect is more pronounced as collimator size decreases. Conclusions We establish that changing the treatment plan calculation algorithm from EPL to MC can produce large differences in target and critical organs' dose coverage. The observed discrepancies are larger for plans using smaller collimator sizes and have strong dependency on the anatomical relationship of target-critical structures.
The Neuropsychological Basis of Religions, or Why God Won't Go Away

By the end of the eighteenth century, the intellectual elite generally believed that religion would soon vanish because of the advent of the Higher Criticism and the scientific method. How- ever, two hundred years later, religions and the concept of God have not gone away and, in many instances, appear to be gaining in strength. This paper considers the neuropsychological basis of relig- ion and religious concepts and tries to develop an understanding of why religion does not go away so easily. In general, religion appears to serve two major functions—it is a system of self-maintenance and a system of self-transcendence. Since both of these functions bear directly on human survival and adaptability, the neuropsychological mechanisms that underlie religions appear to have become thor- oughly ingrained in the human gene pool and ultimately human experience. This paper reviews these two functions of religions from a neuropsychological perspective to try to explain why religion con- tinues to thrive. Finally, we consider the conclusions regarding real- ity and epistemology that a neuropsychological analysis of religious experience suggests.