cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adipose-derived stem cells improve grafted burn wound healing by promoting wound bed blood flow.

Background Researchers have explored the use of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) as a cell-based therapy to cover wounds in burn patients; however, underlying mechanistic aspects are not completely understood. We hypothesized that ASCs would improve post-burn wound healing after eschar excision and grafting by increasing wound blood flow via induction of angiogenesis-related pathways. Methods To test the hypothesis, we used an ovine burn model. A 5 cm2 full thickness burn wound was induced on each side of the dorsum. After 24 hours, the burned skin was excised and a 2 cm2 patch of autologous donor skin was grafted. The wound sites were randomly allocated to either topical application of 7 million allogeneic ASCs or placebo treatment (phosphate-buffered saline [PBS]). Effects of ASCs culture media was also compared to those of PBS. Wound healing was assessed at one and two weeks following the application of ASCs. Allogeneic ASCs were isolated, cultured and characterized from non-injured healthy sheep. The identity of the ASCs was confirmed by flow cytometry analysis, differentiation into multiple lineages and gene expression via real-time polymerase chain reaction. Wound blood flow, epithelialization, graft size and take and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were determined via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot. Results Treatment with ASCs accelerated the patch graft growth compared to the control (p < 0.05). Topical application of ASCs significantly increased wound blood flow (p < 0.05). Expression of VEGF was significantly higher in the wounds treated with ASCs compared to control (p < 0.05). Conclusions ASCs accelerated grafted skin growth possibly by increasing the blood flow via angiogenesis induced by a VEGF-dependent pathway.
Einleitung: Lebenswirklichkeiten des Alter(n)s – Vielfalt, Heterogenität, Ungleichheit

Alter ist eine soziale Kategorie, die als komplexe gesellschaftliche Mehrebenenkonstruktion gesellschaftlichem Wandel unterworfen ist und sich sowohl hinsichtlich ihrer kulturell-normativen Fullung, ihres institutionellen Zugriffs als auch der subjektiven Erfahrungswelten in Zeiten fortgeschrittener Moderne zunehmend ausdifferenziert. Diese Prozesse und die damit einhergehenden Folgen fur Lebenschancen und Lebensqualitat im Alter sollen im Folgenden skizziert werden und damit in die Thematik des vorliegenden Sammelbandes einleiten.
The citizen as mere human: Litigating denationalization in post-9/11 UK:

Since the publication of The Origins of Totalitarianism in 1951, Hannah Arendt’s phrase the ‘right to have rights’ and her claim that having rights depends on belonging to and being recognized by ‘...
Exploring a multi-resolution GPU programming model for Chapel.

There is a growing need to support accelerators, especially GPU accelerators, since they are a common source of performance improvement in HPC clusters. As for GPU programming with Chapel, typically programmers first start with writing forall loops and run these loops on CPUs as a proof-of-concept. If the resulting CPU performance is not sufficient for their needs, their next step could be to try the automatic compiler-based GPU code generation techniques [1], [2]. For portions that remain as performance bottlenecks, even after automatic compilation approaches, the next step is to consider writing GPU kernels using CUDA/HIP/OpenCL and invoking these kernels from the Chapel program using the GPUIterator [3], [4] and Chapel's C interoperability feature.
Vertex-minimal graphs with nonabelian $${\mathbf{2}}$$-group symmetry

A graph whose full automorphism group is isomorphic to a finite group G is called a G-graph, and we let $$\alpha (G)$$ denote the minimal number of vertices among all G-graphs. The value of $$\alpha (G)$$ has been established for numerous infinite families of groups. In this article, we expand upon the subject matter of vertex-minimal G-graphs by computing the value of $$\alpha (G)$$ when G is isomorphic to either a quasi-dihedral group or a quasi-abelian group. These results completely establish the value of $$\alpha (G)$$ when G is a member of one of the six infinite families of 2-groups that contain a cyclic subgroup of index 2.
Motifs in Biological Networks

Biological networks provide great potential to understand how cells function. Motifs in biological networks, frequent topological patterns, represent key structures through which biological networks operate. Studying motifs answers important biological questions. Finding motifs in biological networks remains to be a computationally challenging task as the sizes of the motif and the underlying network grow. Several algorithms exist in the literature to solve this problem. This chapter discusses the biological significance of network motifs, motivation behind solving the motif detection problem and the key challenges of this problem. We discuss different formulations of motif detection problem based on several orthogonal perspectives that change the problem definition as well as solution significantly. The first perspective considers the number of input networks involved (i.e., one or more than one networks). The second perspective focuses on the labeling (i.e., labeled or unlabeled) of the nodes and edges of the input network. The third one considers different frequency definitions of counting motif instances (i.e., F1, F2, and F3) in a network. The fourth perspective describes whether the underlying network is directed or undirected. The last one considers motif detection under different types of network models (i.e., deterministic, probabilistic, or dynamic model). As a case study for each formulation, we briefly discuss important existing methods from the literature. Finally, we conclude with future research directions.
The cycle of reentry and reincarceration: Examining the influence on employment over a period of 18 years

Abstract Objectives Although reentry is commonly perceived as a singular event, evidence suggests that when formerly incarcerated individuals reenter society they have a heightened likelihood of returning to prison. This heightened likelihood could generate a reentry-reincarceration cycle, where individuals reenter society, become reincarcerated due to situational circumstances, and have to go through reentry again. This cycle is likely to continue until the barriers to reentry are addressed. One known barrier to reentry is the inability to gain and maintain legal employment. While research suggests that incarceration diminishes future employment opportunities, scholars have yet to evaluate the between-individual and within-individual effects of the reentry-reincarceration cycle on future employment outcomes. Methods Using the NLSY97 birth cohort, the current study evaluated the influence of time spent incarcerated (an approximation of the reentry-reincarceration cycle) on future employment outcomes over an 18-year period. Specifically, two cross-lagged panel models were estimated to examine the between-individual effects of the number of months incarcerated on employment and the number of weeks employed, while two lagged latent growth models were estimated to examine the within-individual effects. Results In addition to suggesting that the reentry-reincarceration cycle exists, the findings illustrated that the reentry-reincarceration cycle influences between-individual differences on employment outcomes and within-individual changes in employment outcomes over time. Conclusion The reentry-reincarceration cycle contributes to the difficulties formerly incarcerated individuals have finding and maintaining employment during reentry. Efforts should be made to diminish the likelihood of individuals falling into the reentry-reincarceration cycle, as well as increase employment opportunities for formerly incarcerated individuals.
Restricted Regulation of AChE Transcription, Translation, and Localization

The highly localized accumulation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) at vertebrate neuromuscular junctions, and the paucity of this enzyme in extrasynaptic regions, requires that expression and/or retention be differentially regulated in innervated and non-innervated segments of the muscle fibers. The endpoint of this differential regulation is the increased density of AChE molecules attached to the synaptic basal lamina interposed between the nerve terminal and the postsynaptic specializations of the neuromuscular junction. At the molecular level, regulation can occur at many different points during biogenesis of the several AChE oligomeric forms including transcription, post-transcriptional processing of AChE mRNAs, translation of individual catalytic subunits, and assembly and processing into homo- and hetero-oligomeric forms. Finally, the assembled molecules must be transported, targeted, and retained at their appropriate extracellular sites. Studies from many laboratories, most of them reporting their recent findings during this conference, indicate that AChE expression is regulated at virtually all stages of biogenesis from transcription initiation to final association with the synaptic basal lamina. It therefore follows that all of these regulatory events must themselves be differentially controlled in innervated and non-innervated regions of muscle, and that the sources of the regulatory signals themselves must be highly compartmentalized within the fibers. Our current studies, the emphasis of this chapter, focus on the compartmentalization of AChE regulation in muscle, in vivo and in tissue-cultured myotubes, and the possible signaling systems involved in transducing membrane depolarization and muscle contraction into messages capable of modulating AChE biogenesis.
Anesthetic Problems in Trauma Management

The discussion of anesthetic problems in trauma management is restricted to the role of recently developed drugs in general anesthesia. It deals with two new inhalation anesthetics enflurane and isoflurane; with the intravenous agents ketamine hydrochloride, a dissociative anesthetic, and droperidol-fentanyl as employed in neuroleptanalgesia; and with one new, and one old, neuromuscular blocking drug. In addition the perennial problem of the trauma victim with a full stomach who requires general anesthesia is presented in detail.
Science Instruction with a Humanistic Twist: Teachers' Perception and Practice in Using the History of Science in Their Classrooms.

Scholars have argued that the history of science should be included in the science curriculum because it provides meaningful perspective about scientific concepts, processes, and context. This article begins with a review of efforts to humanize science education by including the history of science, and a review of the rationale for including the history of science in the science education curriculum. The authors then synthesize a conceptual framework for examining the role of the history of science in science education. The framework is organized around realms in the history of science: a) conceptual understanding, b) procedural understanding, and c) contextual understanding, and includes approximately 3 sub-elements within each realm. The framework has been used previously to study the inclusion of the history of science in high school physics textbooks (Wang 1998). In this study, it is used to examine the perceptions and practices of elementary and secondary school teachers in using the history of science in their classrooms. Thirty-eight teachers completed a questionnaire which used Likert scale items to assess their perception of the value of the history of science, and practice in using it in their classroom. A sub-set of teachers were then interviewed to understand the interconnection of these views in more detail. Teachers believe that the inclusion of the history of science should not be used for elementary school students. Teachers who believe in and practice the inclusion of the history of science identify many benefits for their students. However, they believe that it is difficult to include the procedural realm of understanding. The authors conclude that humanizing science isn't a matter of making it fun so much as making it a human and meaningful endeavor.
Research (genomics) is crucial to attacking malaria.

Solving the enormous problem of malaria worldwide will require a balance between investments in research and control. In this point-counterpoint, two scientists describe the rationales for these very different strategies. Steve Hoffman believes that genomics research is the best investment in the future if we have the vision of malaria eradication. Chris Curtis presents an opposing viewpoint, that low-tech control approaches are the practical ones under current conditions.
p75NTR is highly expressed in vestibular schwannomas and promotes cell survival by activating nuclear transcription factor κB

Vestibular schwannomas (VSs) arise from Schwann cells (SCs) and result from the loss of function of merlin, the protein product of the NF2 tumor suppressor gene. In contrast to non-neoplastic SCs, VS cells survive long-term in the absence of axons. We find that p75(NTR) is overexpressed in VSs compared with normal nerves, both at the transcript and protein level, similar to the response of non-neoplastic SCs following axotomy. Despite elevated p75(NTR) expression, VS cells are resistant to apoptosis due to treatment with proNGF, a high affinity ligand for p75(NTR) . Furthermore, treatment with proNGF protects VS cells from apoptosis due to c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibition indicating that p75(NTR) promotes VS cell survival. Treatment of VS cells with proNGF activated NF-κB while inhibition of JNK with SP600125 or siRNA-mediated knockdown reduced NF-κB activity. Significantly, proNGF also activated NF-κB in cultures treated with JNK inhibitors. Thus, JNK activity appears to be required for basal levels of NF-κB activity but not for proNGF-induced NF-κB activity. To confirm that the increase in NF-κB activity contributes to the prosurvival effect of proNGF, we infected VS cultures with Ad.IκB.SerS32/36A virus, which inhibits NF-κB activation. Compared with control virus, Ad.IκB.SerS32/36A significantly increased apoptosis including in VS cells treated with proNGF. Thus, in contrast to non-neoplastic SCs, p75(NTR) signaling provides a prosurvival response in VS cells by activating NF-κB independent of JNK. Such differences may contribute to the ability of VS cells to survive long-term in the absence of axons.
ATF3 gene. Genomic organization, promoter, and regulation.

ATF3 gene, which encodes a member of the activating transcription factor/cAMP responsive element binding protein (ATF/CREB) family of transcription factors, is induced by many physiological stresses. As a step toward understanding the induction mechanisms, we isolated the human ATF3 gene and analyzed its genome organization and 5′-flanking region. We found that the human ATF3 mRNA is derived from four exons distributed over 15 kilobases. Sequence analysis of the 5′-flanking region revealed a consensus TATA box and a number of transcription factor binding sites including the AP-1, ATF/CRE, NF-κB, E2F, and Myc/Max binding sites. As another approach to understanding the mechanisms by which the ATF3 gene is induced by stress signals, we studied the regulation of the ATF3 gene in tissue culture cells by anisomycin, an approach that has been used to study the stress responses in tissue culture cells. We showed that anisomycin at a low concentration activates the ATF3 promoter and stabilizes the ATF3 mRNA. Significantly, co-transfection of DNAs expressing ATF2 and c-Jun activates the ATF3 promoter. A possible mechanism implicating the C-Jun NH2-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK) stress-inducible signaling pathway in the induction of the ATF3 gene is discussed.
Program ENERGY: Scientists and Students in the Classroom Tackle Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity in Elementary Schools in Three States.

Program ENERGY (PE) is a science/health-inquiry learning enrichment program combining classroom (body science, health, nutrition) and physical activities designed to prevent obesity and type 2 diabetes. Participants are children in grades 2–6 in suburban/rural public schools with high Hispanic or/and low income enrollments. PE was disseminated to more than 800 children in 40 classrooms in 3 states (CO, TX, and WV) in 2005–2006. Effectiveness was evaluated by pre/post-assessments (beginning and end of school year). Results (1) The food knowledge score measured from CATCH questionnaires significantly increased in three different schools by 10%, 25% and 20%. Food knowledge increased in 70%, 84% and 83% of the children; (2) health knowledge, measured by percent of correct answers, increased by 57 ± 6% after 2 years of the intervention and was observed in 100% of the children; (3) physical activity measured by the number of steps/day was 11,021±518 at baseline and rose to 12,657±598 at the end of the school year, an average difference of 1636 steps/day (p
Nature of the inhibition of prothrombin consumption by lysed fibrinogen.

Summary: The derivatives of the fibrinolytic digestion of fibrinogen which precipitate between 25 and 50 per cent ammonium sulphate saturation inhibit the prothrombin consumption of blood. Disintegration of the platelets by freeze-thawing or sonication or addition of purified platelet factor 3 did not normalize prothrombin consumption. Normalization occurred after addition of an excess of platelet factor 3 or brain phospholipid. These findings suggest that lysed fibrinogen inhibits the action rather than the release of platelet factor 3. The anticoagulant activity varied neither with the degree of digestion of the parent fibrinogen solution nor with the electrophoretic fraction of the fibrinogen derivatives in contradistinction to the antithrombic effect, which has been shown to depend on these parameters. In purified systems the 25–50 per cent ammonium sulphate fraction of the fibrinogen derivatives retarded the degradation of prothrombin by thrombin and more thrombin activity was found in the two-stage assay.
Applications of free-electron lasers to measurements of energy transfer in biopolymers and materials

Free-electron lasers (FELs) provide tunable, pulsed radiation in the infrared. Using the FEL as a pump beam, we are investigating the mechanisms for energy transfer between localized vibrational modes and between vibrational modes and lattice or phonon modes. Either a laser-Raman system or a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer will serve as the probe beam, with the attribute of placing the burden of detection on two conventional spectroscopic techniques that circumvent the limited response of infrared detectors. More specifically, the Raman effect inelastically shifts an exciting laser line, typically a visible frequency, by the energy of the vibrational mode; however, the shifted Raman lines also lie in the visible, allowing for detection with highly efficient visible detectors. With regards to FTIR spectroscopy, the multiplex advantage yields a distinct benefit for infrared detector response. Our group is investigating intramolecular and intermolecular energy transfer processes in both biopolymers and more traditional materials. For example, alkali halides contain a number of defect types that effectively transfer energy in an intermolecular process. Similarly, the functioning of biopolymers depends on efficient intramolecular energy transfer. Understanding these mechanisms will enhance our ability to modify biopolymers and materials with applications to biology, medecine, and materials science.
Comparison of Approximate and Exact Voltage Drop Calculations for Distribution Lines

Recently many utilities have discovered that a number of small power producers are requesting service. In some cases, the capacity of these generators is so small that the only economic alternative is to serve the power producer from the existing distribution system. This paper re-examines the the accuracy of the traditional method of performing voltage-drop calculations on distribution systems, in light of the abnormal conditions caused by small generators and ordinary loads served from the same distribution line.
Plasma complement changes during bronchospasm provoked in asthmatic patients

Summary Two different groups of asthmatic patients were studied. The first group of seven reagin-mediated asthmatic patients underwent bronchial inhalation challenges with skin test positive antigen (STPA), skin test negative antigen (STNA) and methacholine. Three patients undergoing inhalation challenge with STPA showed a drop in plasma complement. In this group the drop in plasma complement was found only when the patient was challenged with STPA but not with STNA or methacholine. The second group consisted of seventeen patients, seven of whom were intolerant of aspirin (ASA) and ten asthmatic patients who experienced no untoward effects to ASA. The second group of seventeen patients was challenged with oral ASA. Venous blood samples collected during the challenges, showed a decrease in plasma complement in five patients intolerant to ASA. The ASA intolerant asthmatic patients were challenged also with either Maalox® or sodium salicylate. Only patients who ingested sodium salicylate showed a decrease in plasma complement. Activation of the alternative pathway was demonstrated in some patients. These studies demonstrated that complement activation occurred during STPA or aspirin challenges in asthmatic individuals. The role of the complement system is not clear, but it may participate in some of the pathogenetic mechanisms regulating bronchospasm through the mediations of its split products.
Total Synthesis of Everninomicin 13,384-1—Part 1: Retrosynthetic Analysis and Synthesis of the A1B(A)C Fragment

In this first of a series of four articles we introduce everninomicin 13,384-1 (1), a powerful antibiotic effective against drug resistant bacteria, as a target for total synthesis and discuss its retrosynthetic analysis. From the three defined fragments required for the synthesis (2: A1B(A)C fragment; 4: DE fragment; 5: FGHA2 fragment), we describe herein two approaches to the A1B(A)C block. The first strategy relied on an olefin metathesis reaction to construct a common intermediate for rings B and C, but was faced with final protecting group problems. The second, and successful approach, involved a 1,2-phenylsulfeno migration and a sulfur directed glycosidation procedure to link rings B and C, as well as an acyl fluoride intermediate to install the sterically hindered aryl ester moiety (ring A1). The final stages of the synthesis of the required 2-phenylseleno glycosyl fluoride 2 required introduction of a phenylseleno group at C-1 of ring C followed by a novel, DAST-promoted 1,2-migration to produce the desired 2-beta-phenylseleno glycosyl fluoride moiety.
Volume rheology of a two-phase system

Die allgemeine volumetrische Spannungs-Dehnungs-Beziehung eines Zweiphasensystems ist hier in solcher Weise formuliert, da\ sie fur elastische viskose (Kriechen) und retardierte Verformung einschlie\lich des Effektes der plastischen Hie\grenze anwendbar ist. Sie wird reprAsentiert durch ein entartetes Modell aus drei Kelvin-Elementen in Serie, parallel gekoppelt mit einer unendlichen Serie von St. Ferecmi-Elementen.
Stepfamily Enrichment Program: A Preventive Intervention for Remarried Couples

ABSTRACT The Stepfamily Enrichment Program is a multi-couple group intervention intended to help stepfamilies successfully negotiate the early stages of family formation. Theory, research, and clinical findings were integrated in this intervention designed specifically for remarried couples. Emphasis is placed on strengthening and improving family relationships; in particular, the marital, the stepparent-stepchild, and the custodial-noncustodial parent relationships. A preliminary evaluation of the intervention, using comments from written evaluation forms and focus groups, revealed that positive changes in family relationships occurred. A description of the intervention and guidelines for program delivery are provided.
Magnetoresistive Measurements on Domain Rotation in Nickel - Iron Alloy Films

FOR low saturating magnetic fields, the magnetoresistive effect in a polycrystalline ferromagnet is described by the relation1 : where ΔR0 is the positive resistance change measured when the electric current i is oriented first normal then parallel to the saturation magnetization M s ; and ϕ is the angle between the current and the induction. This relation has been verified for evaporated nickel films by Rappeneau2.
Real-time imaging of tissue microstructures using intrinsic optical signatures

We explore imaging of tissue microstructures using autofluorescence and light scattering methods implemented through a hyperspectral microscope design. This system utilizes long working distance objectives that enable off-axis illumination of tissue thereby allowing for excitation at any optical wavelength without requiring change of optical elements within the microscope. Spectral and polarization elements are easily and rapidly incorporated to take advantage of spectral variations of spectroscopic optical signatures for enhanced contrast. The collection efficiency has been maximized such that image acquisition may be acquired within very short exposure times, a key feature for transferring this technology to a clinical setting. Preliminary studies using human and animal tissues demonstrate the feasibility of this approach for real-time imaging of intact tissues as they would appear in the operating room.
Patient-provider secure messaging in VA: variations in adoption and association with urgent care utilization.

Background:The Veterans Health Administration has implemented patient to clinical team electronic asynchronous secure messaging (SM). This disruptive technology has the potential to support continuous, coordinated quality care, but limited evidence supports this connection.Objectives:The objective o
Higgs boson exempt no-scale supersymmetry and its collider and cosmology implications

One of the most straightforward ways to address the flavor problem of low-energy supersymmetry is to arrange for the scalar soft terms to vanish simultaneously at a scale M{sub c} much larger than the electroweak scale. This occurs naturally in a number of scenarios, such as no-scale models, gaugino mediation, and several models with strong conformal dynamics. Unfortunately, the most basic version of this approach that incorporates gaugino mass unification and zero scalar masses at the grand unification scale is not compatible with collider and dark matter constraints. However, experimental constraints can be satisfied if we exempt the Higgs bosons from flowing to zero mass value at the high scale. We survey the theoretical constructions that allow this and investigate the collider and dark matter consequences. A generic feature is that the sleptons are relatively light. Because of this, these models frequently give a significant contribution to the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon, and neutralino-slepton coannihilation can play an important role in obtaining an acceptable dark matter relic density. Furthermore, the light sleptons give rise to a large multiplicity of lepton events at colliders, including a potentially suggestive clean trilepton signal at the Tevatron, and a substantial four leptonmore » signature at the LHC.« less
Use of Active Compliance in the Control of Legged Vehicles

Often it is desirable to specify both position and force at the end effector of a manipulator system; however, when the system forms a closed kinematic chain both cannot be realized independently. Active compliance is a trade-off method that can be easily incorporatd into the supervisory control philosophy which is often used to control complex man-machine systems. An example of such a system is the Ohio State University (OSU) Hexapod which is a legged walking vehicle. Active compliance is shown to be invaluable for allowing legged locomotion over irregular terrain.
Clinical and epidemiologic features of primary HIV infection.

Background: The acute clinical events surrounding the acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have not been well characterized. Objective: To further define the clinical and epidemiologic...
Geometry of standard symmetrized tensors

Abstract The geometric properties of the set of standard (decomposable) symmetrized tensors are studied and some general results are obtained. As an example, the geometry is worked out completely in the case where the group is a dihedral group, and this result is used to give a more conceptual proof of an earlier result. As another example, it is shown that there exists an orbital subspace such that the standard symmetrized tensors in the subspace form a root system isomorphic to a given irreducible root system if and only if the irreducible root system is simply laced.
A Peptide Derived from Type 1 Thrombospondin Repeat-Containing Protein WISP-1 Inhibits Corneal and Choroidal Neovascularization

PURPOSE. Ocular neovascularization is the primary cause of blindness in a wide range of prevalent ocular diseases including proliferative diabetic retinopathy, exudative age-related macular degeneration, and retinopathy of prematurity, among others. Antiangiogenic therapies are starting to give promising results in these diseases. In the present study the antiangiogenic potential of an 18-mer peptide derived from type 1 thrombospondin repeat-containing protein WISP-1 (wispostatin-1) was analyzed in vitro with human retinal endothelial cell proliferation and migration assays. The peptide was also tested in vivo in the corneal micropocket and the laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) mouse models. METHODS. Human retinal endothelial cells were treated with the WISP-1 peptide and in vitro migration and proliferation assays were performed. Also evaluated was the antiangiogenic effect of this peptide in vivo using the corneal micropocket assay and the laser-induced CNV model. RESULTS. Wispostatin-1 derived peptide demonstrated antimigratory and antiproliferative activity in vitro. Wispostatin-1 completely abolished bFGF-induced neovascularization in the corneal micropocket assay. The peptide also demonstrated significant inhibition of laser-induced CNV. CONCLUSIONS. An inhibitory effect of Wispostatin-1 on ocular neovascularization was found in vitro and in vivo. The identification of novel and potent endogenous peptide inhibitors provides insight into the pathogenesis of corneal and choroidal neovascularization. The results demonstrate potential for therapeutic application in prevalent ocular disease. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009;50:3840‐3845) DOI:10.1167/ iovs.08-2607
Breaking dormancy during flood and drought: sublethal growth and physiological responses of three emergent wetland herbs used in bioretention basins

Bioretention basins are man-made topographic depressions designed to collect and retain surface water runoff. In most cases these basins are used to prevent flooding and/or remove environmentally harmful pollutants and sediments from entering natural aquatic systems. To maximize environmental benefits, these systems are often planted with flood-tolerant wetland hydrophytes that are capable of withstanding extended periods of drought. Unfortunately, little is known about how these plants respond to extreme hydrologies while breaking seasonal dormancy. The purpose of this study was to better understand the morphological and physiological responses of three wetland species (Pontederia cordata L., Saururus cernuus L., and Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani C.C. Gmel. Palla) often used in bioretention basins while emerging from dormancy in either flooded or drought conditions. Results indicate that only S. tabernaemontani was affected morphologically by drought with lower leaf area and aboveground biomass. While significant reductions in stomatal surface indices were also observed in drought-treated S. tabernaemontani, all three species had reductions in stomatal conductance (g) when grown in drier soils. Moreover, drought conditions promoted decreases in leaf water potential (Ψ leaf) for all three species, and reductions in tissue water content (θ) for P. cordata and S. tabernaemontani. Based on the overall morphological and physiological responses, S. cernuus maintained the lowest productivity, and appeared to be the best suited for tolerating sustained soil water deficits. If high plant productivity is desired, however, S. tabernaemontani was able to maintain high plant growth while making necessary modifications that facilitated greater drought-resistance.
Russia’s Several Seats at the Table

In his reply to Jonathan Haslam’s article published in the January 1998 issue of International Affairs, William Odom outlines his vision of NATO and its origins and purpose, and discusses the American strategic view of the post-Cold War world against which the decision to expand NATO should be seen. Russia will, he maintains, remain a problem for the West, but its importance and power should not be overemphasized. The danger facing the Western security order is not one of Russia’s exclusion but of US power ebbing out of Europe—a distinct probability unless NATO expands.
THE DIETARY AND REPRODUCTIVE CONSEQUENCES OF FISHERY-RELATED CLAW REMOVAL FOR THE STONE CRAB MENIPPE SPP.

ABSTRACT The stone crab, Menippe spp. (Say, 1918), fishery is a large fishery in the southeastern United States. One of the primary regulations for this fishery requires that fisherman only harvest crab claws and return the living crab to the ocean. This regulation was put in place in an effort to reduce the overall mortality of harvested organisms and to promote fishery sustainability; however, fishery-related claw loss is likely to influence the population through multiple pathways. How fishery-related claw loss influenced stone crab diet choice, prey size selection, and consumption over time was examined, in addition to how these factors may influence the reproduction of harvested individuals. The consumption of soft-bodied prey, such as polychaete worms, was not influenced by claw loss. In contrast, claw loss has strong negative impacts on the consumption of more common hard-bodied prey, such as bivalves. Specifically, 1-clawed stone crabs consumed bivalves that were approximately 15% smaller after cl...
A Near-Optimal Control Strategy for Cool Storage Systems with Dynamic Electric Rates (RP-1252)

A near-optimal control method was developed for charging and discharging of cool storage systems when real-time pricing (RTP) electric rates are available The algorithm requires relatively low-cost measurements (cooling load and storage state of charge), requires very little plantspecific information, is computationally simple, and ensures that building cooling requirements are always met (e.g., storage isn't prematurely depleted). The control method was evaluated for ice storage systems using a simulation tool for different combinations of cooling plants, storage sizes, buildings, locations, and RTP rates. The simplified method worked well in all cases and gave annual costs within approximately 2% of the minimum possible costs associated with optimal control.
Deep brain stimulation in neuropsychiatric disorders

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus, subthalamic nucleus, and internal globus pallidus has been put forth as an alternative to surgical ablation for the treatment of movement disorders. In this paper, the authors discuss the history and putative physiologic mechanisms underlying DBS of these target regions. The authors then review empirical findings pertaining to the effects of DBS on neurological symptoms, cognitive functioning, and psychiatric symptoms in Parkinson's disease and essential tremor, the disorders for which the procedure has been most extensively applied. Finally, emerging and potential novel areas of application of DBS for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders and symptoms are discussed.
Enzymatic epimerization of D-erythro-dihydroneopterin triphosphate to L-threo-dihydroneopterin triphosphate.

Abstract An enzyme has been discovered in Escherichia coli that catalyzes the conversion of the triphosphate ester of 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-( d -erythro-1′,2′,3′-trihydroxypropyl)-7,8-dihydropteridine, (i.e. d -erythro-dihydroneopterin triphosphate) to an epimer of this compound, l -threo-dihydroneopterin triphophate. The enzyme, which is here named “ d -erythro-dihydroneopterin triphosphate 2′-epimerase,” needs a divalent cation (Mg2+ or Mn2+ is most effective) for maximal activity. Its molecular weight is estimated at 87 000–89 000. Little or no activity can be detected if either the monophosphate or the phosphate-free form of the substrate is incubated with the enzyme. Evidence is presented to establish that all three phosphate residues of the substrate are retained in the product and that the product is of the l -threo configuration.
A modeling study of the oxidation of propionaldehyde in the negative temperature coefficient regime

A chemical kinetic reaction mechanism has been developed which describes the oxidation of propanal within the temperature range 400–700 K. This mechanism has been tested against data obtained by four experimental groups over a wide range of initial conditions. The induction period and the absolute rate of propanal consumption are predicted to within a factor of 2 for initial densities of oxygen and propanal ranging over factors of 400. The existence and location of the negative temperature coefficient in the consumption of propanal are also simulated properly. The yields of all major and most minor products are predicted to within a factor of 2 for the wide variety of initial conditions tested. Sensitivity analyses were carried out at 553 and 713 K to identify the reactions primarily responsible for controlling the rate of propanal consumption and the distribution of products.
Putting Evidence in Its Place: A Means Not an End

We agree with Briner and Rousseau (2011) that industrial–organizational (I–O) practice should use the best possible evidence and that empirical research findings should be more readily available. However, these claims do not address what for us are the real issues the authors raise: (a) What counts as ‘‘evidence’’? (b) what does it mean to say that practice is ‘‘evidence-based’’? and (c) what beyond evidence is needed? First, we applaud their expanded view of what should count as evidence, but the authors’ proposed evidence-based practice seems unrealistic. Throughout their article is the assumption that evidence dictates practice. If we knew the research, they seem to say, and if we judiciously incorporated with it evidence drawn from the other three quadrants in their model, we would have the evidence and we would know what to do. They describe a practice where decisions follow necessarily from the evidence, with the task of the practitioner ultimately reduced to finding the evidence and following its dictates. In short, the authors describe good evidence as if it were both a necessary and sufficient condition of good practice. We agree that good evidence is necessary for good practice but disagree that it
Solutions of the optimized closure integral equation theory: Heteronuclear polyatomic fluids

Recently, we developed a thermodynamically optimized integral equation method which has been successfully tested on both simple and homonuclear diatomic Lennard-Jones fluids [J. Chem. Phys. 2007, 126, 124107]. The systematic evaluation of correlation functions required by the optimization of the chemical potential has shown a clear need for more efficient algorithms to solve these integral equations. In the present paper we introduce a high-performance algorithm which is found to be faster and more efficient than the direct Picard iteration. Here we have utilized this to solve the aforementioned optimized theory for molecules more complex than those considered previously. We analyzed representative models for heteronuclear diatomic and triatomic polar molecular fluids. We include results for several modified SPC-like models for water, obtaining site−site correlation functions in good agreement with simulation data.
Oxidation-reduction relations in basic magma: a case for homogeneous equilibria

Abstract Published analyses of Fe2O3 and FeO in basaltic glassy lavas allow their equilibrium oxygen fugacities to be calculated. These values are plotted relative to NNO (nickel-nickel oxide oxygen buffer) at the same temperature (1200°C), so that the relativefO2, ΔNNO, becomes essentially independent of temperature. For 61 submarine tholeiitic lavas from the Pacific, ΔNNO lies between FMQ (fayalite-magnetite-quartz oxygen buffer) and NNO, whereas 95 glassy lavas from the Atlantic show a greater range, and can be more oxidised than NNO; in both oceans, alkali types have higher ΔNNO. In contrast, subaerial glassy lavas, dominated by those of Kilauea, are more reduced than the Pacific submarine lavas, and cluster between FMQ and W-Mt (wustite-magnetite oxygen buffer). This subaerial reduction, first recognised by Anderson and Wright [1], is caused by SO2 degassing. The iron redox state of Kilauea subaerial and submarine glassy lavas can vary considerably, but as found in other submarine lavas, their sulphur redox state varies more. We conclude that the iron and sulphur redox systems of tholeiitic liquids, in combination, could act as a self-regulating internal oxygen reservoir, constraining a cooling liquid to the constant relative oxygen fugacity observed in well characterised liquid lines of descent. A second experimentally verifiable hypothesis is offered, namely that Fe2O3 in natural silicate liquids is very compressible. Thus magmas equilibrating at great depth (∼30–50 kbar) with a solid mantle assemblage of low relativefO2 (intrinsic measurements) would have a higher iron redox state than those equilibrating with shallow mantle sources at the same relativefOs. The redox states of basic magmas, ascending isochemically and involving Fe and S, could therefore be a depth indicator to their source regions.
Transmission characteristics of axial waves in blood vessels.

Axial waves in blood vessels, determining phase velocities and damping, noting anisotropic behavior of artery wall
Emerging viruses: defining the rules for viral traffic.

The worldwide epidemic of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) demonstrates that infectious diseases are not a vestige of our premodern past, but, like disease in general, the price we pay for living in the organic world. AIDS came at a time of increasing complacency about infectious diseases. The striking successes achieved with antibiotics, together with widespread application of vaccines for many previously feared viral diseases, made it appear to many physicians and the public that infectious diseases were retreating and would in time be fully conquered. Although this view was disputed by virologists and many specialists in infectious diseases, it had become a commonplace to suggest that infectious diseases were about to become a thing of the past and that chronic, noninfectious diseases should be our major priorities.1 Rudelyjolted by AIDS back into an awareness of infectious diseases, we now find ourselves in a period ofgreat uncertainty, poised for the AIDS of the future. We cannot help but wonder what other catastrophes are waiting to pounce on us. In this paper, I will consider what we now know about the "AIDS of the future." In particular, I would like to discuss the origins of "new" viruses and whether their emergence can be anticipated and prevented. Using human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and AIDS as a starting point, I will make the following arguments. AIDS and HIV are novel, but biological antecedents and parallels can be found in nature. The The author is supported by grants RR 03 12 1 and RR 0 11 80 from the National Institutes of Health, DHHS.
Strength and Structure of Flint

IN view of the widespread prehistoric use of flint for making tools and weapons, it is of interest to compare its structure and strength with those of present-day ceramic materials. The physical properties of stone tool materials have been investigated by Mary Ellen Goodman1, who examined and compared the relative density, toughness, resilience and hardness of limestone and a number of siliceous materials. However, the transverse bending strength, needed for quantitative comparison with ceramic materials, was not determined.
Two-Phase Hydrogen Density Measurements by Neutron Attenuation

A desirable characteristic of a two-phase hydrogen density measurement by neutron attenuation is its ability to respond dynamically to a transient flow situation. Thickness measurements of a polyethylene mockup of liquid hydrogen indicate that with the use of intense compact Po-Be neutron sources in conjunction with an optimum moderator beam source arrangement, good dynamic measurements can be made. The equipment can be mobile and flexible, and is adaptable for measuring the full range of hydrogen mixtures from liquid to gas in pipes up to 2 inches in diameter.
Identification and characterization of a protein containing formin homology (FH1/FH2) domains.

Abstract A novel member of the Formin/Diaphanous family of proteins was cloned and characterized. A 4 kB mRNA is ubiquitously expressed but is found in abundance in the spleen. FHOS (Formin Homologue Overexpressed in Spleen) contains a 3414 bp open reading frame and encodes for an approximately 128 kDa protein. FHOS has sequence homology to Diaphanous and Formin proteins within the Formin Homology (FH)1 and FH2 domains. FHOS also contains a coiled-coil, a collagen-like domain, two nuclear localization signals, and several potential PKC and PKA phosphorylation sites. FHOS-specific antiserum was generated and used to determine that FHOS is a predominantly cytoplasmic protein and is expressed in a variety of human cell lines. FHOS was mapped to chromosome 16q22 between framework markers WI-5594 and WI-9392.
Effect of ethanol on transport from rat intestine during high and low rates of oleate absorption.

Long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) are transported predominantly in the intestinal lymph when rates of LCFA absorption are high, and oral ethanol has been shown to enhance this lymphatic transport. A greater proportion of absorbed LCFA is transported via portal blood when rates of LCFA absorption are low. We tested the hypothesis in unanesthetized lymph-fistula rats that ethanol might also enhance the mucosal absorption and lymphatic transport of oleic acid when oleate absorption rates were low. The results did not support this hypothesis. Ethanol enhanced oleate absorption and transport from the intestine when 360 μmol, but not when 8 μmol of [14C] oleate was infused intraduodenally over 4 hr. There were major differences in intestinal mucosal metabolism of high and low loads of oleic acid. After the high load, the proportion of intestinal [14C] phospholipid to [14C] neutral lipid was 8∶92. This ratio changed to 37∶63, and the percentage of neutral14C as triglyceride decreased from 87 to 68% when the low load of oleate was infused. We suggest that a portion of absorbed LCFA is incorporated into phospholipid and transported as high-density lipoproteins in portal blood. This portal pathway for LCFA was uninfluenced by ethanol in the present experiments.
Scanning optical data processor

Abstract The properties of a hybrid scanning, optical-electronic image processor are described, pointing out its ability to enhance the flexibility of optical processors while retaining, to a large extent, their advantage of speed. Some experimental results demonstrating the advantage of a scanning optical recognition system are given.
Demonstration of unimolecular electrical rectification in hexadecylquinolinium tricyanoquinodimethanide

Asymmetries in the macroscopic and the nanoscopic DC electrical conductivity through Langmuir–Blodgett multilayers and monolayers of γ-(n-hexadecyl)quinolinium tricyanoquinodimethanide (HDQ-3CNQ, 1) are due to a transition from the ground-state zwitterion to a probably neutral excited-state conformer, thus confirming without a shadow of a doubt the rectification of electrical current by a single molecule. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.