cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From the Science of Human Betterment to the Science of Behavioral Control

Eugenicist interest in the prediction and control of human behavior served as a foundation for American behaviorism. John B. Watson, founder of behaviorism, was a committed eugenicist, and his experiments on animals and young children reflected his values. Watson’s views on control of emotions, derived from his behaviorist experiments, are outlined, and histories of supposedly empirically proven (mis)treatments of young children, including his own, are described.
Geant4 Study Of Protons - Body Interactions

Proton therapy uses a beam of protons to destroy cancer cells. A problem of the method is the determination of what part of the body the protons are hitting during the irradiation. In a previous study we determine that by capturing the gamma rays produced during the irradiation one can determine the location of the proton-body interaction, in this work we investigate if by examining the gamma rays produced it is possible to determine the body part that produced the gamma rays by the proton collision. This study uses GEANT4 computer simulations of interactions of proton-tissue, protonbrain, proton-bone, etc., which produce gamma rays, to determine the characteristics of the gamma rays produced. We then analyze the characteristics of the gamma rays to find signatures that could be used to determine the source of the rays. In particular, we study the distribution of gamma ray energies, their full-width half-maximum, energy resolution, maximum height, and total number of counts. This study concludes that it is possible to use the gamma ray spectra to determine what body part produced it.
Intracellular trafficking and cytotoxicity of a gelatine-doxorubicin conjugate in two breast cancer cell lines.

Details of intracellular pathways of cytotoxicity remain unclear for doxorubicin conjugates being studied to treat breast cancer tumours. A high molecular weight gelatine–doxorubicin conjugate was ...
DEM analysis on the role of aggregates on concrete strength

Abstract This study aims to understand the micro-mechanisms that drive fracture propagation in concrete and to assess the roles of the strength of aggregates and of the aggregate/mortar interfacial transition zone (ITZ) on concrete strength. We use the Discrete Element Method (DEM) to model concrete samples. Mortar is represented by a volume of bonded spherical elements. Bonds are governed by a new displacement-softening law. Aggregate centroids are randomly placed in the DEM sample. We use CT scan images of real aggregates to plot 3D aggregate contours. The spherical elements that are contained in 3D contours around the randomly placed centroids are replaced by clusters with aggregate properties. The number and the size of the clusters are determined from the experimental Particle Size Distribution. The DEM concrete model is calibrated against uniaxial compression tests and Brazilian tests of both mortar and concrete. It is found that: At same aggregate volume fraction, a concrete sample with randomly placed aggregates and ITZ bonds is stronger; Concrete strength is linearly related to aggregate tensile strength; A linear relationship exists between the contact ratio in the mortar/aggregate ITZ and concrete strength; The ITZ has more influence on concrete strength than aggregate tensile strength.
Sex-specific Effects of α2δ-1 in the Ventromedial Hypothalamus of Female Mice Controlling Glucose and Lipid Balance

The thrombospondin receptor alpha2delta-1 (α2δ-1) plays essential roles promoting the activity of SF1 neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) and mediating glucose and lipid metabolism in male mice. Its role in the VMH of female mice remains to be defined, especially considering that this hypothalamic region is sexually dimorphic. We found that α2δ-1 depletion in SF1 neurons differentially affects glucose and lipid balance control and sympathetic tone in females compared to males. Mutant females show a modest increase in relative body weight gain when fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and normal energy expenditure, indicating that α2δ-1 is not a critical regulator of energy balance in females, similar to males. However, diminished α2δ-1 function in the VMH leads to enhanced glycemic control in females fed a chow diet, in contrast to the glucose intolerance reported previously in mutant males. Interestingly, the effects of α2δ-1 on glucose balance in females are influenced by diet. Accordingly, females but not males lacking α2δ-1 exhibit diminished glycemic control as well as susceptibility to hepatic steatosis when fed a HFD. Increased hepatic sympathetic tone and CD36 mRNA expression and reduced adiponectin levels underlie these diet-induced metabolic alterations in mutant females. The results indicate that α2δ-1 in VMH SF1 neurons critically regulates metabolic function through sexually dimorphic mechanisms. These findings are clinically relevant since metabolic alterations have been reported as a side effect in human patients prescribed gabapentinoid drugs, known to inhibit α2δ-1 function, for the treatment of seizure disorders, neuropathic pain, and anxiety disorders.
Patient-centered pathology reports for breast cancer care: Interim results of a randomized pilot study.

e19157Background: Receiving a new cancer diagnosis event is a daunting event, quickly followed by complex decision-making between patients and care teams. In order for patients to fully engage in s...
A Brief, Hospital-Initiated Motivational Interviewing and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Intervention to Link Postpartum Mothers Who Use Illicit Drugs With Treatment and Reproductive Care: A Case Report

Abstract Maternal substance use during the prenatal period often results in infants with compromised health outcomes. The American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology recommends screening, brief motivational interviewing, and referral to existing treatment for women who use illicit substances prenatally. However, many of these women do not present for prenatal care and are not identified as using substances until delivery of their infants, many of whom are admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (ICU). We describe a case from a novel, hospital-initiated intervention study, Moms in ACTion (MIACT) that combines motivational interviewing (MI) and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) to target new mothers with an infant in the neonatal ICU who screen positive for illicit substance use prenatally or at delivery. The MIACT program consists of an adaptive intervention that includes up to three sessions. Initiation of substance use treatment and reproductive care via a gynecological visit are the primary targets of the intervention. Urine samples were collected at 2- and 6-month follow-up visits. The participant successfully completed the program, achieved both treatment outcomes, and had negative urine drug screens at follow-up visits. Improvements in readiness to change and psychological flexibility were also observed. The present case report of a new mother who used substances demonstrated feasibility for combining MI and ACT treatments and the potential for MIACT to increase treatment and contraception initiation, ultimately preventing future substance-exposed pregnancies.
Clinical Reasoning: A 75-Year-Old Man With Dementia, Incontinence, and Gait Dysfunction.

Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by gait apraxia, cognitive decline, and urinary incontinence. It can be difficult to diagnose iNPH as the symptoms may overlap with other neurodegenerative diseases including ​cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Cervical spondylotic myelopathy is a progressive degenerative disease in which compression of the cervical spinal cord causes gait disturbances and imbalance, loss of dexterity and strength in the hands, and, at late stages, urinary dysfunction. As with iNPH, increased age is associated with higher incidence and prevalence. Surgical decompression of the cervical spinal cord is the treatment of choice in patients with progressive myelopathy. Accordingly, iNPH and cervical myelopathy may both present with progressive gait impairment and incontinence, especially in the elderly. The case presented here demonstrates that both iNPH and cervical myelopathy may present simultaneously and result in gait disturbances and imbalance in some patients. For patients with suspected iNPH and myelopathic findings on examination, it is prudent to obtain a cervical spine MRI to assess for cervical stenosis. Moreover, cervical stenosis can mask the effect of cerebrospinal fluid diversion in patients with comorbid iNPH and cervical myelopathy. Therefore, the differential for patients who have symptomology suggestive of iNPH should include cervical spine myelopathy, with considerations for possible cervical decompression in addition to placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt.
Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors in 2020

Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors are rare slow-growing tumors with distinct histological, biological, and clinical characteristics that have increased in incidence and prevalence within the last few decades. They contain chromogranin A, synaptophysin and neuron-specific enolase which are necessary for making a diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumor. Ki-67 index and mitotic index correlate with cellular proliferation. Serum chromogranin A is the most commonly used biomarker to assess the bulk of disease and monitor treatment and is raised in both functioning and non-functioning neuroendocrine tumors. Most of the gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors are non-functional. World Health Organization updated the classification of neuroendocrine tumors in 2017 and renamed mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma into mixed neuroendocrine neoplasm. Gastric neuroendocrine tumors arise from enterochromaffin like cells. They are classified into 4 types. Only type I and type II are gastrin dependent. Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumor is the most common small bowel malignancy. More than two-third of them occur in the terminal ileum within 60 cm of ileocecal valve. Patients with small intestinal neuroendrocrine tumors frequently show clinical symptoms and develop distant metastases more often than those with neuroendocrine tumors of other organs. Duodenal and jejuno-ileal neuroendocrine tumors are distinct biologically and clinically. Carcinoid syndrome generally occurs when jejuno-ileal neuroendocrine tumors metastasize to the liver. Appendiceal neuroendocrine tumors are generally detected after appendectomy. Colonic neuroendocrine tumors generally present as a large tumor with local or distant metastasis at the time of diagnosis. Rectal neuroendocrine tumors are increasingly being diagnosed since the implementation of screening colonoscopy in 2000. Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors are diagnosed and staged by endoscopy with biopsy, endoscopic ultrasound, serology of biomarkers, imaging studies and functional somatostatin scans. Various treatment options are available for curative and palliative treatment of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors.
Hamel Coefficients for the Rotational Motion of a Rigid Body

A Lagrangian treatment of various forms of the rigid-body equations of motion is presented in this paper, including the most general expressions, which are the Boltzmann-Hamel equations. One key result that enables the derivations is the expression for the Hamel coefficients for the special case of rotational motion of a rigid body. The Hamel coefficients naturally arise in the Lagrange equations for quasi-coordinates. Another key result that enables the derivations is the expression for additional Hamel coefficients that arise when the translational-velocity vector of the mass center is coordinatized (expressed) along body-fixed axes. One interesting discovery is that the Boltzmann-Hamel equations are often misrepresented in standard textbooks. The misrepresentation stems from the fact that care is not exercised to distinguish the functional forms of the kinetic-energy expression.
Capital structure and cost of capital when prices affect real investments

Abstract This paper develops a theoretical model of financing with informational feedback effect that jointly determines a firm's capital structure and cost of capital. We show that under some conditions capital structure affects traders’ incentives to produce information about the prospect of the firm which they then use to trade in its securities. On one hand, informed trades incorporate new information into security prices which in turn help the firm make more efficient operating decisions. On the other hand, they increase the cost of capital as uninformed investors demand extra compensation in the form of a liquidity premium in anticipation that they will lose to informed traders. The optimal capital structure which maximizes the value of the firm is determined by the trade-off between high operating efficiency and low cost of capital. When information is not imperative for the firm's operating decisions, the Modigliani-Miller's irrelevance is maintained. However, when information is crucial for efficient operating decisions, the optimal capital structure is a balance between a high level of information revelation and a low cost of capital. The study can explain why many firms consistently hold low levels of debt and why firms with similar fundamentals may choose very different capital structures.
CONGRUENCE PRIMES FOR SIEGEL MODULAR FORMS OF PARAMODULAR LEVEL AND APPLICATIONS TO THE BLOCH–KATO CONJECTURE

It has been well established that congruences between automorphic forms have far-reaching applications in arithmetic. In this paper, we construct congruences for Siegel–Hilbert modular forms defined over a totally real field of class number 1. As an application of this general congruence, we produce congruences between paramodular Saito–Kurokawa lifts and non-lifted Siegel modular forms. These congruences are used to produce evidence for the Bloch–Kato conjecture for elliptic newforms of square-free level and odd functional equation.
Low-Velocity Impact Characteristics of Hybrid Aluminum/CFRP Single Hat Sectioned Beam Adhesively Bonded Using Adhesive Tape

Single hat sectioned hybrid beams composed of aluminum and Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymeric materials (CFRP), intended for structural applications in the automotive and aviation sectors, have been studied from the point of their energy absorption capabilities when submitted to transverse low-velocity impact loading. Carbon fiber-epoxy composite prepregs were placed on the inside of the single hat sectioned aluminum sheet and completely cured in the autoclave under the recommended curing cycle. The bonding process between the aluminum sheet and composite layers was achieved by using 3M VHB™ 4930 double-sided acrylic foam tape. Bonding the aluminum and composite layers through adhesive tape eliminates the requirement of surface preparation of the aluminum layer through chemical etching or mechanical abrasion and thereby the strength of the metallic layer is not reduced due to the formation micropores during the chemical etching process. Results are shown in terms of load-displacement and damage morphologies diagrams; characteristic trends are compared and discussed. It was observed that the presence of viscoelastic adhesive tape material restricts the rupture (visual cracks) failure of the outer aluminum layer, resulting in the only impact-induced indentation for all impact energies. Numerical simulations were also performed to characterize and predict the failure mechanism of such hybrid beams when subjected to impact loading. Numerical predictions showed good correlation with experimental results for all impact histories at low and medium impact energies but a showed slight discrepancy for highest impact energy and were not able to successfully capture the system response in the unloading region. Current modeling does not consider damage healing or recovery with unloading and it is difficult to account for such change in material state. This study provides the low-velocity impact characteristics and collapse behavior of the hybrid hat sectioned beams under tensile and shear forces developed by impact loading by providing insight to their primary damage mechanisms relative to the impact energies. It was found that the primary damage of the specimen’s changes from impact-induced indentation, minimal fiber breakage to partial perforation accompanied by larger indentation depth as the impact energy is increased from 6 to 12 J.
Competitive Pi-Stacking and H-Bond Piling Increase Solubility of Heterocyclic Redoxmers

Redoxmers are organic molecules that carry electric charge in flow batteries. In many instances, they consist of heteroaromatic moieties modified with appended groups to prevent stacking of the planar cores and increase solubility in liquid electrolytes. This higher solubility is desired as it potentially allows achieving greater energy density in the battery. However, the present synthetic strategies often yield bulky molecules with low molarity even when they are neat and still lower molarity in liquid solutions. Fortunately, there are exceptions to this rule. Here, we examine one well-studied redoxmer, 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole, which has solubility ∼5.7 M in acetonitrile at 25 °C. We show computationally and prove experimentally that the competition between two packing motifs, face-to-face π-stacking and random N-H bond piling, introduces frustration that confounds nucleation in crowded solutions. Our findings and examples from related systems suggest a complementary strategy for the molecular design of redoxmers for high energy density redox flow cells.
Exactly solvable model of Fermi arcs and pseudogap

We introduce a very simple and exactly solvable model that supports Fermi arcs in its ground state and excitation spectrum. These arcs come in pairs, and merge into what we call a pseudo-Fermi surface along which fermions are gapped; this fermion gap is naturally identified as a pseudogap. A comparison will be made with the phenomenology of high-temperature cuprate superconductors.
FluoSTEPs: Fluorescent biosensors for monitoring compartmentalized signaling within endogenous microdomains

Growing evidence suggests that many essential intracellular signaling events are compartmentalized within kinetically distinct microdomains in cells. Genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors are powerful tools to dissect compartmentalized signaling, but current approaches to probe these microdomains typically rely on biosensor fusion and overexpression of critical regulatory elements. Here, we present a novel class of biosensors named FluoSTEPs (fluorescent sensors targeted to endogenous proteins) that combine self-complementing split green fluorescent protein, CRISPR-mediated knock-in, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer biosensor technology to probe compartmentalized signaling dynamics in situ. We designed FluoSTEPs for simultaneously highlighting endogenous microdomains and reporting domain-specific, real-time signaling events including kinase activities, guanosine triphosphatase activation, and second messenger dynamics in live cells. A FluoSTEP for 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) revealed distinct cAMP dynamics within clathrin microdomains in response to stimulation of G protein-coupled receptors, showcasing the utility of FluoSTEPs in probing spatiotemporal regulation within endogenous signaling architectures.
Effect of a urine culture stewardship initiative on urine culture utilization and catheter-associated urinary tract infections in intensive care units.

OBJECTIVE Urine cultures have poor specificity for catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs). We evaluated the effect of a urine-culture stewardship program on urine culture utilization and CAUTI in adult intensive care units (ICUs). DESIGN A quasi-interventional study was performed from 2015 to 2017. SETTING AND PATIENTS The study cohort comprised 21,367 patients admitted to the ICU at a teaching hospital. INTERVENTION The urine culture stewardship program included monthly 1-hour discussions with ICU house staff emphasizing avoidance of "pan-culture" for sepsis workup and obtaining urine culture only if a urinary source of sepsis is suspected. The urine culture utilization rate metric (UCUR; ie, no. urine cultueres/catheter days ×100) was utilized to measure the effect. Monthly UCUR, catheter utilization ratio (CUR), and CAUTI rate were reported on an interactive quality dashboard. To ensure safety, catheterized ICU patients (2015-2016) were evaluated for 30-day readmission for UTI. Time-series data and relationships were analyzed using Spearman correlation coefficients and regression analysis. RESULTS Urine culture utilization decreased from 3,081 in 2015 to 2,158 in 2016 to 1,218 in 2017. CAUTIs decreased from 78 in 2015 to 60 in 2016 and 28 in 2017. Regression analysis over time showed significant decreases in UCUR (r, 0.917; P < .0001) and CAUTI rate (r, 0.657; P < .0001). The co-correlation between UCUR and CAUTI rate was (r, 0.625; P < .0001) compared to CUR and CAUTI rate (r, 0.523; P = .004). None of these patients was readmitted with a CAUTI. CONCLUSIONS Urine culture stewardship program was effective and safe in reducing UC overutilization and was correlated with a decrease in CAUTIs. Addition of urine-culture stewardship to standard best practices could reduce CAUTI in ICUs.
Program Evaluation and Language Assessment

The fields of language assessment and program evaluation focus primarily on the practices of obtaining information that is used to make decisions in a variety of contexts. The purpose of this chapter is to examine program evaluation theories and practice that might help inform language assessment theory and practice. Specifically, a focus on the use branch of program evaluation theory seems to hold promise for helping language assessment researchers to broaden the scope of inquiry and deepen theoretical premises and philosophies of language assessment. In addition to examining historic perspectives and the concepts of evaluation misuse, this chapter explores use-focused program evaluation principles and their applications to the field of language assessment. Keywords: Assessment evaluation; Assessment methods; Classroom assessment
Two-wheel vehicular trauma: an age-based analysis.

We retrospectively reviewed a series of 516 patients with motorcycle (n = 353) and bicycle (n = 162) injuries; 384 patients (74%) were younger than age 50 years and 132 (26%) were older. No significant differences by age group were seen in gender, helmet use, substance use, complications, or mortality. Older patients had more severe (Injury Severity Score [ISS] greater than 15) injuries (35 vs 18%; P Language: en
Extended Hückel calculations on polypeptide chains

Extended Huckel molecular orbital calculations on four and five peptide units of polyglycine demonstrate for the first time that the α helix conformation yields a minimum for the total ground state orbital molecular energy e T . There is an increased stabilization energy per peptide unit particularly at the a helix conformation as we increase the number of peptide units from four to five which partly reflects the formation of the additional hydrogen bond.
Theodore Roosevelt and the American Political Tradition. By Jean M. Yarbrough. (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2012. Pp. xi, 337. $39.99.)

This study seeks to bring clarity to a president who is generally beloved by the public and often misrepresented or oversimplified by academics. The author contends that though Theodore Roosevelt c...
Multiphase diffusion in Ag-Zn alloys

Multiphase diffusion was studied in Ag-Zn alloys at 600°C with vapor-solid diffusion couples. The experiments were performed with a β(bcc) alloy as vapor-source material and with diffusion disks (fcc) of either pure silver or an α alloy. The diffused couples were studied metallo-graphically and by electron microprobe analysis. Interdiffusion coefficients for each of the phases were calculated from data on the expansion of the couple and the motion of the α/β interface on the basis of new relations developed from an analysis of two-phase vapor-solid couples. Also, the compositions at the α/β interface differed little from those determined from an equilibrated two-phase alloy.
On-Line "Chat Room" Tutorials--An Unusual Gender Bias in Computer Use

Research into gender bias in attitudes, access, and effectiveness associated with computers has produced conflicting results, resulting in conflicting opinions as to whether a technological gender gap favoring male students exists. No previous study, however, has ever demonstrated a preference for female use of a particular computer application. This work describes gender differences in the use of on-line (“chat room”) tutorials by non-traditional chemistry students enrolled in distance learning sections of a general chemistry course. Higher percentages of female students participated in the on-line tutorials and they participated with greater frequency than male students. Furthermore, the correlation between frequency of participation and course performance was higher among the female students. Various explanations for this unusual gender bias are offered, and the conclusion that the diversity of computer applications available today requires that research into gender bias refrain from viewing the computer as a single entity is supported.
Craven, Christa. Pushing for Midwives: Homebirth Mothers and the Reproductive Rights Movement.

Christa Craven, a feminist ethnographer and reproductive rights activist, begins her book by justifying her focus on midwives as a “strategic choice in an effort to underscore the importance of wom...
Quadrature Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) Surface Coils

At high fields (above 4 T) constructing volume coils for human head and body imaging is difficult due to lower efficiency (B1/(P)1/2) and higher power deposition. Alternatively, surface coils, while providing high efficiency due to substantially smaller excitation volume, generate a strongly inhomogeneous B1 field. Half-volume coils, which provide a compromise between these two types of RF coils, can reduce power deposition while preserving sensitivity and producing reasonable homogeneity. This article describes design and construction of a 4 T half-volume quadrature head-sized TEM coil. The coil produces a sufficiently large homogeneous B1 field region for the use as a volume coil. At the same time it provides superior transmission efficiency, resulting in significantly lower total power deposition, as well as greater sensitivity and improved patient comfort and accessibility compared with conventional full-volume coils. In addition, this coil suppresses the RF penetration artifact that distorts the RF magnetic field profile and alters the intensity in high-field images recorded with linear surface and volume coils. These advantages make it possible to apply this device as an efficient transmit/receive coil for high field imaging with a restricted field-of-view. Keywords: TEM; RF head coil; RF half-volume coil; high-field MRI/MRS; SENSE imaging
Modeling Studies of Convection

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the status of mathematical modeling studies of convection in historical perspective, assesses future prospects, and pinpoints immediate problems. The classic Benard–Rayleigh convection that occurs in a fluid confined between two horizontal plates with the Rayleigh number Ra exceeding a certain critical value is explained. At the onset of convection, the fluid motion takes the familiar cellular pattern. When Ra exceeds the critical value slightly, the flow pattern changes and two-dimensional rolls are the preferred mode of convection. The amplitudes of the roll vortices become finite, and linear theories cannot adequately describe the behavior of convection. This is evident from laboratory studies that show that the spectrum of roll vortices contains a single sharp peak at a certain wavelength, whereas linear theory predicts a relatively broad band of exponentially growing disturbances. A number of nonlinear stability analyses have been done, with the conclusion that two-dimensional rolls are indeed stable solutions only with respect to perturbations of infinitesimal amplitude for a certain range of Ra and Prandtl number Pr.
Diagnostic accuracy of venous blood gas electrolytes for identifying diabetic ketoacidosis in the emergency department.

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2011; 18:1105–1108 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine Abstract Objectives: Diagnosing diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) has traditionally required a venous blood gas (VBG) to obtain serum pH and a serum chemistry panel to obtain electrolyte values. Because newer blood gas analyzers have the ability to report electrolyte values and glucose in addition to pH, this diagnostic process could theoretically be condensed. However, neither the diagnostic accuracy of the VBG for DKA nor the agreement between the VBG electrolytes and the serum chemistry electrolytes, including sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate, has been evaluated in the context of acute hyperglycemia. The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy of VBG electrolytes for diagnosing DKA using serum chemistry electrolytes measures as the criterion standard and to describe the correlation between VBG and serum chemistry electrolytes in a sample of hyperglycemic patients seen in the emergency department (ED). Methods: The authors prospectively identified a convenience sample of ED patients with serum blood glucose ≥ 250 mg/dL and examined their paired VBG and serum chemistry electrolytes. The diagnosis of DKA was made by using American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria including serum glucose ≥ 250 mg/dL, serum anion gap > 10 mEq/L, bicarbonate ≤ 18 mEq/L, serum pH ≤ 7.30, and presence of ketosis. Serum chemistry electrolyte values were considered to be the criterion standard. Diagnostic test characteristics of VBG electrolytes including sensitivity and specificity were compared against this standard. In addition, correlation coefficients for individual electrolytes and anion gap between VBG and chemistry electrolytes were calculated. Results: Paired VBG and serum chemistry panels were available for 342 patients, of whom 46 (13.5%) had DKA. The sensitivity and specificity of the VBG electrolytes for diagnosing DKA was 97.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 88.5% to 99.9%) and 100% (95% CI = 98.8% to 100%), respectively. One case of DKA was missed by the VBG. Correlation coefficients between VBG and serum chemistry were 0.90, 0.73, 0.94, and 0.81 for sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, and anion gap, respectively. Conclusions: The VBG electrolytes were 97.8% sensitive and 100% specific for the diagnosis of DKA in hyperglycemic patients. These preliminary findings support the use of VBG electrolytes in lieu of VBG along with serum chemistry analysis to rule in or rule out DKA.
Traffic jams II: an update of diseases of intracellular transport.

As more details emerge on the mechanisms that mediate and control intracellular transport, the molecular basis for variety of human diseases has been revealed. In turn, disease pathology and physiology shed light on the intricate controls that regulate intracellular transport to assure proper cellular and tissue function and homeostasis. We previously listed a number of diseases that are the result of defects in intracellular transport, or cause defects in intracellular transport. (Aridor M, Hannan LA. Traffic Jam: A compendium of human diseases that affect intracellular transport processes. Traffic 2000; 1: 836–851). This Toolbox updates the previous list to include additional disorders that were recently identified to be related to intracellular trafficking. In the time since we have published our first list there have been significant advances in understanding of the molecular basis of these defects. Such advances will pave the way to future effective therapeutics.
A Geocentric Approach to Pharmaceutical Research and Development and Drug Regulatory Affairs

AbstractA new approach to world-wide pharmaceutical research and development and drug regulatory affairs is described. This new geocentric approach centers around a view of the entire industrialized world as an array of potential sites for research and development activities. Chosing specific sites for research and development activities involves detailed assessment of local regulatory affairs and economies-of-scale.The geocentric approach represents a step forward from the legal and economic forces which have constrained the pharmaceutical industry through the decades of the 1960s and 1970s. In order to realized the full potential of this approach, the establishment of a multinational liason group between industry and governmental drug regulatory bodies is proposed.
Graphics Language / One IBM Corporate-Wide Physical Design Data Format

The evolution and structure of the IBM Corporate-Wide physical design data language, GL/1 (Graphics Language / One), is discussed. The need for a common graphics interface for communication among various design automation programs is demonstrated. At IBM, the same format is used from physical layout to mask generation for integrated circuit and printed circuit board designs.
Scaling of Coulomb Born cross sections for electron-impact excitation of singly charged ions

A scaling method applied to plane-wave Born cross sections for electron-impact excitation of neutral atoms is modified and applied to Coulomb Born cross sections for excitations of singly charged ions. The modified scaling for singly charged ions is simpler than the scaling for neutral atoms. Moreover, the former converts Coulomb Born cross sections into accurate results comparable to the convergent close coupling results, as is the case for the scaling for neutral atoms. Comparisons to available theoretical and experimental data on excitations of He + , Mg + , and Zn + are presented.
Two-component model for the resistivity and noise of tunneling metal-insulator composites

Effective-medium theory is used to examine the resistivity rho(x) and normalized 1/f noise intensity s(x)=${S}_{\ensuremath{\rho}}$(x)/${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{2}$(x) of a model metal-insulator composite, with volume fraction x of metal, which has two distinct conduction mechanisms: (i) metallic conduction and (ii) conduction due to charge tunneling through the insulating component. The model reproduces consistently the experimental measurements of both \ensuremath{\rho}(x) and s(x) by Mantese and Webb [Phys. Rev. Lett. 55, 2212 (1985)] on Pt/${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ composites over their wide range of x including the metallic conduction threshold at ${x}_{c}$. Fitting the model parameters to \ensuremath{\rho}(x) fully determines the interpolation of the noise intensity s(x) from s(0) to s(1) in excellent agreement with experiment over the full range of x. For xg${x}_{c}$, the electrical conduction is dominated by metallic conduction along a metallic continuum, whereas for x${x}_{c}$ charge tunneling between metal islands is the primary means of electrical conduction. The noise due to tunneling resistivity fluctuations dominates the composite noise intensity s(x) over nearly the entire range of x. Thus for x\ensuremath{\ge}${x}_{c}$, the dominant sources of conduction and of noise in the composite arise from completely different mechanisms.
Linearization of control systems

We address the problem of static state linearization of multi-input nonlinear control systems via coordinate transformation. Necessary and sufficient geometric conditions, in terms of certain set of vector fields associated with the system, were obtained in the early eighties stating the fact that such set of vector fields should be commutative and of constant rank. The state linearization problem, i.e., the finding of linearizing coordinates, was thus reduced to solving a set of partial differential equations. The objective of this paper is to provide an algorithm allowing to compute explicitly the linearizing state coordinates. The algorithm is performed using a maximum of n - 1 steps ( n being the dimension of the system) and is made possible by extending the explicit solvability of the Flow-Box Theorem to a commutative set of vector fields. Examples are provided to illustrate the results. An extension of the method to dynamic feedback linearization is also outlined.
Left Ventricular Apical Diastolic Collapse: An Unusual Echocardiographic Marker of Postoperative Cardiac Tamponade

Abstract A 37-year-old woman was evaluated for signs and symptoms of cardiac tamponade 11 days after mitral valve replacement and tricuspid valve repair. The transthoracic echocardiogram showed a large, compartmentalized pericardial effusion that resulted in left ventricular apical diastolic collapse. Also noted were right ventricular posterior wall diastolic collapse and hemodynamic findings consistent with cardiac tamponade. This case highlights the atypical echocardiographic findings in patients with pericardial effusions after cardiac surgery. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1999;12:218-20.)
Inhibition of Prostaglandin E2 Production by Anti-inflammatory Hypericum perforatum Extracts and Constituents in RAW264.7 Mouse Macrophage Cells

Hypericum perforatum (Hp) is commonly known for its antiviral, antidepressant, and cytotoxic properties, but traditionally Hp was also used to treat inflammation. In this study, the anti-inflammatory activity and cytotoxicity of different Hp extractions and accessions and constituents present within Hp extracts were characterized. In contrast to the antiviral activity of Hp, the anti-inflammatory activity observed with all Hp extracts was light-independent. When pure constituents were tested, the flavonoids, amentoflavone, hyperforin, and light-activated pseudohypericin, displayed anti-inflammatory activity, albeit at concentrations generally higher than the amount present in the Hp extracts. Constituents that were present in the Hp extracts at concentrations that inhibited the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were pseudohypericin and hyperforin, suggesting that they are the primary anti-inflammatory constituents along with the flavonoids, and perhaps the interactions of these constituents and other unidentified compounds are important for the anti-inflammatory activity of the Hp extracts.
Hydrogen production in ultra-rich filtration combustion of methane and hydrogen sulfide

Abstract Filtration combustion waves formed in an inert porous media were analyzed comparatively for methane (CH4)/air and diluted hydrogen sulfide (20% H 2 S +80% N 2 )/ air mixtures. Temperature, velocity, and chemical products of the combustion waves were studied experimentally in the range of equivalence ratios (ϕ) from 1 to 2.5 for methane and from 1 to 5.5 for hydrogen sulfide, at a filtration velocity of 12 cm / s . The practical goal of the study in the rich and ultra-rich region was to explore the extent of conversion of these reactants into commercially viable products such as hydrogen (H2), syngas (H2+CO), and sulfur (S2). For both methane and hydrogen sulfide combustion, upstream (underadiabatic) propagation corresponds to the range of equivalence ratios from stoichiometry to 1.7, and downstream (superadiabatic) wave propagation was observed for ultrarich (ϕ⩾1.7) mixtures. The products of methane partial oxidation, dominant for ultra-rich waves, were: H2, CO, and C2 hydrocarbons where up to 60% of the methane was converted to CO and H2. Similar observation for H2S partial oxidation products reveals a maximum conversion rate of 20% to H2 and 50% for S2.
Surface Coulomb explosions: The influence of initial charge distributions

Abstract Using molecular dynamics simulations, we have studied the Coulomb explosion processes on silicon surfaces. Three different initial shapes of ion distributions are used to model the possible localized charge distributions generated in highly charged ion (HCI)-surface impact. The three distinct distributions include a hemispherical, a flat disk, and a long and thin cylindrical geometrical. At t = 0, 100 singly-charged Si ions are embedded in the Si(111) surfaces. In about 100 fs, the strong repulsive electrostatic forces in these three systems cause Coulomb explosions and thus create three different shapes of craters on the surfaces. All simulations are carried to 1.6 ps, at which point the size and shape of the craters are nearly stabilized. The detailed analysis of the ejected ions, atoms, and the substrates reveals the dynamical consequences of the different initial conditions. For these 100 ions, the differences in the total number of the ejected particles, ranging from 245 to 317 particles, appear to be determined by the initial shape of the ionized region and not by the initial repulsive energy restored in the charged region. Contrary to intuition, a long and thin cylindrical distribution is the most efficient pattern for ejecting particles. The underlying mechanism is that ions with this initial configuration transfer more energy to the surrounding atoms. In all three cases, the number of ejected neutral particles are much greater then the number of ions (6–10 times as many atoms as ions). Among the ejected particles, a small percent of particles are found to return the surface at a later time. The angular distribution of ejected particles are also analyzed. While the differences in the distributions of polar angle of the Si atoms of the three configurations is small, the differences in distributions of the ions portray a strong shape dependence in the polar angle.
Life-threatening cervical spine collapse as a result of postradiation osteonecrosis-case report and review of the literature.

Background. Mandibular osteoradionecrosis (ORN) is a well- known complication of head and neck radiotherapy; however, ORN of the cervical spine is rarely reported. Methods. Herein, we present a patient with a history of tonsillar carcinoma treated with chemoradiation who developed acute, severe progressive neck pain due to cervical spine collapse as a result of ORN. We also discuss diagnosis and treatment of cervical ORN based on a review of the literature. Results. The patient was successfully treated with antibiotics and surgical debridement and fixation. Conclusion. Delayed diagnosis of cervical ORN can result in marked disability and pain due to spinal cord compression, as well as serious deformity and instability requiring surgical intervention, and even death. It is important for otolaryngologists who treat head and neck malignancies to be aware of this potential complication so that patients may be diagnosed as early as possible and treated with conservative measures. V C 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 35: E142-E146, 2013 Although mandibular osteoradionecrosis (ORN) is a well- known complication of head and neck radiotherapy, ORN of the cervical spine is rarely reported; thus, its clinical features are poorly characterized. Although progressive neck pain is the most common presenting symptom of cervical ORN, its clinical presentation varies and patients may alternatively or additionally present with pharyngitis, dysphagia, headaches, and systemic symptoms, including weight loss and fever. Furthermore, because neck pain that is commonly reported by patients who are treated for head and neck cancer is often self-limited and gradually resolves over time, it can be difficult to distinguish neck pain that is related to more threatening etiologies. Hence, cervical ORN is a diagnostic challenge that requires a high degree of clinical suspicion. When the diagnosis of cervical ORN is delayed, patients require more aggressive and invasive treatment and outcomes are potentially devastating. Herein we present a patient who developed ORN of his cervical spine after chemoradiation treatment for tonsillar squamous cell cancer. We also discuss diagnosis and treatment of cervical ORN based on a review of the literature.
The origin of small vesicles in neurosecretory axons.

Abstract The mechanism of release of neurosecretory products from the corpus cardiacum of the stick insect Carausius morosus is discussed. Results of experiments using ferritin as an exogenous marker show a) direct communication between the cavity of the larger (2000 A diameter) vesicles and extracellular space at the axon periphery, and b) ferritin also occurs in smaller vesicles (300 A diameter) derived, by a process similar to pinocytosis, from the axon surface. These findings are discussed in relation to exocytosis and the implications of this mode of release in terms of membrane turnover. It is suggested that neurosecretory products are released into the haemolymph by fusion between the limiting membrane of the neurosecretory droplet and the axon membrane. Small vesicles may be involved in retrieval of membrane material, countering that added in the above way.
Plea For Synergism

The military requirement to remotely detect and identify objects under realisticbattlefield conditions has motivated substantial interest in the region of the electro-magnetic spectrum between microwaves and infrared frequencies with primary focus on thatregion bounded by atmospheric "windows" between 100 and 1000 GHz.1 This region offers anattractive compromise between the high resolution capabilities of infrared radiation andthe low loss propagation characteristics of microwaves. In terms of technology, thisregion of the spectrum represents a transitional zone between microwave technology andoptical technology. This has resulted in a dichotomy of techniques applied to constructsystems. On one hand we see devices and systems which utilize modal techniques; i.e.,conventional hollow metallic waveguides, and on the other hand, we see devices and systemswhich utilize quasi -optical, ray techniques; i.e., lenses, beam splitters.Since about 19772 there has been a substantial effort to demonstrate system conceptswhich clearly demonstrate the superiority of millimeter waves under non -ideal propagation.Several systems; i.e., STARTLE, COPPER HEAD CONCEPT and SADARM3 and imaging system4 haveshown the viability of millimeter waves for military applications. Currently the Army issupporting investigations which will accurately characterize the propagation path both interms of extinction5'6'7 and angular scintillation8. The goal of these studies is toenable system engineers to accurately predict performance parameters. These experimentsare designed to be independent of the technology employed.We are now reaching a point where it is vital to develop the technology base such thatit will economically support the manufacture of millimeter wave systems. The completespectrum of components must be available and they must be in a form such that a completesystem may be reliably and reproducibly manufactured. From this point of view, conven-tional, hollow metallic waveguide systems are not suitable because of their small size,stringent tolerance requirements (surface roughness tolerances are + .0001 in the 220 -325GHz band) and much hand assembly which leads to high cost. Construction problems are themajor drawback to the use of fundamental mode waveguide. Table
INDUCED-POLARIZATION EFFECTS FROM GROUNDED STRUCTURES

Fences, power lines, pipelines, and other extensive man‐made structures with earthed grounds produce spurious induced polarization anomalies by acting as secondary sources and sinks of current. This problem is especially difficult to detect because the redistributed current waveforms are similar to the desired induced‐polarization signal. If the structure grounds were purely resistive there would be no problem; but because most grounds are polarized, currents flowing through them undergo phase shifts that contaminate the desired measurements. The patterns and magnitudes of such spurious anomalies can be calculated using a mathematical model that incorporates the position of each ground in relation to the transmitter and receiver dipole locations. The model also requires an estimate of the grounding impedance, the resistance per unit length of the structure, and the earth resistivity. All three parameters influence the received signal, but the effect of high earth resistivity is particularly dramatic in in...