cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound echoes as biometric navigators

We demonstrate a new method of using ultrasound data to achieve prospective motion compensation in MRI, especially for respiratory motion during interventional MRI procedures in moving organs such as the liver. The method relies on fingerprint-like biometrically distinct ultrasound echo patterns produced by different locations in tissue, which are collated with geometrical information from MRI during a training stage to form a mapping table that relates ultrasound measurements to positions. During prospective correction, the system makes frequent ultrasound measurements and uses the map to determine the corresponding position. Results in motorized linear motion phantoms and freely breathing animals indicate that the system performs well. Apparent motion is reduced by up to 97.8%, and motion artifacts are reduced or eliminated in two-dimensional spoiled gradient-echo images. The motion compensation is sufficient to permit MRI thermometry of focused ultrasound heating during respiratory-like motion, with results similar to those obtained in the absence of motion. This new technique may have applications for MRI thermometry and other dynamic imaging in the abdomen during free breathing.
Parallel Algorithms on the CEDAR System

While significant progress has been made in developing efficient algorithms for vector machines, the same cannot be said of parallel processors which provide concurrency and vectorization along with a complex memory system. The three aspects of these architectures must be addressed simultaneously and are often contradictory; increasing vector length may destroy data locality and thereby lead to inefficient use of the hierarchical memory system. In this paper, we consider the tradeoffs involved in designing algorithms for such architectures and present some results for a single cluster of the CEDAR machine. 22 refs., 14 figs.
Nonrepetitive Paths and Cycles in Graphs with Application to Sudoku

We provide a simple linear time transformation from a directed or undirected graph with labeled edges to an unlabeled digraph, such that paths in the input graph in which no two consecutive edges have the same label correspond to paths in the transformed graph and vice versa. Using this transformation, we provide efficient algorithms for finding paths and cycles with no two consecutive equal labels. We also consider related problems where the paths and cycles are required to be simple; we find efficient algorithms for the undirected case of these problems but show the directed case to be NP-complete. We apply our path and cycle finding algorithms in a program for generating and solving Sudoku puzzles, and show experimentally that they lead to effective puzzle-solving rules that may also be of interest to human Sudoku puzzle solvers.
Learning, Collecting, and Using Ontological Knowledge for NLP

Research on Natural Language Processing (NLP) has produced a number of applications. Despite often being used in the real world, quality ceilings stubbornly persist, including for machine translation (around 70(around 45to 25text summarization (around 50Various approaches can be taken to overcome these ceilings, including especially statistical methods that learn transformations. Still, however, NLP systems operate at the word level, without knowledge of the content of their material. In order to operate with meaning rather than form, NLP systems need to use a level of representation deeper than words or syntax. Shallow semantics has long been a candidate, but no-one has yet built a true large-scale semantic knowledge repository for use in NLP applications. Attempts to use WordNet, the major contender, have shown that it requires more detailed content to realize its full potential, while efforts to use CYC show how hard it is to build general-purpose ontologies with enough internal consistent to support NLP applications. In this talk I outline recent statistical efforts to automatically acquire knowledge, from text and dictionaries, that may be placed into terminological ontologies and used by NLP systems.
Our Supermajoritarian Constitution

This Article proposes a new theory of the Constitution that argues that the central principle underlying the Constitution is governance through supermajority rules. More specifically, the Constitution embraces supermajority rules as a means of improving legislative decisionmaking in various circumstances where majority rule would operate poorly. We argue that supermajoritarianism inheres in the Constitution in at least three ways. First, the text, structure, purpose, and history of the Constitution all reveal its supermajoritarian orientation. In particular, we maintain that the three basic decisionmaking rules in the Constitution - express supermajority rules, passage of ordinary legislation by two houses and presentment to the President, and absolute constitutional limitations such as the First Amendment - despite their surface dissimilarities, are all essentially supermajoritarian. We also show that supermajority rules were a central part of the legal regimes that preceded the Constitution and were an important part of Madison's vision of a charter that would restrain majority factions while preserving representative government. Second, we examine the different supermajority rules in the Constitution and show that they largely conform to a persuasive model of when supermajority rules can improve government decisionmaking. We argue that supermajority rules can improve quality of legislation by filtering out undesirable legislation produced in circumstances when majority rule functions poorly. We then show that the different supermajority rules in the Constitution - including those governing impeachments, treaties, enactment and amendment of the Constitution, and passage of ordinary legislation - largely conform to this theory, which suggests that the Framers were implicitly following something like the theory. Finally, we explore the normative theory underlying the Constitution and argue that what makes the Constitution attractive as higher law is that it could only be enacted if it secured the support of a large supermajority. The strict supermajoritarian filter through which the Constitution and amendments had to pass produces higher quality provisions than if they had merely been enacted under majority rule and, therefore, justifies using constitutional provisions to strike down ordinary legislation. A recognition of the supermajoritarian origins of the Constitution also helps to respond to complaints about the dead hand of the Constitution, because it shows that the Framers' generation had to satisfy as strict a supermajority requirement to enact constitutional provision as does the present generation. Finally, the supermajoritarian requirement for constitutional provisions supports an originalist methodology for interpreting the Constitution, because it is the original understanding of constitutional provisions that passes through the strict supermajority process for enactment or amendment.
Instantaneous frequency and time-frequency distributions

A discussion of instantaneous frequency from the point of view of joint time-frequency distributions is presented. From this perspective, instantaneous frequency is the average frequency at a particular time. This view forces the consideration of the standard deviation of instantaneous frequency at a given time. The authors consider these issues and argue that this approach is plausible and clarifies other issues, particularly the description of a multicomponent signal. >
ENERGY-ENSTROPHY THEORY FOR COUPLED FLUID/ROTATING SPHERE SYSTEM - EXACT SOLUTIONS FOR SUPER-ROTATIONS

This paper offers a short review [14] of some recent advances as well as new results [5], [7], [6], [15], [21], [22], [9], [8] in the application of equilibrium statistical mechanics to complex geophysical and astrophysical flows [1], [13] including but not restricted to the super-rotation of the Venusian middle atmosphere [3]. An important overall aim of our results is the extension of statistical equilibrium theories to macroscopic flows that lack some of the basic properties previously assumed to be necessary such as a conserved Hamiltonian and selected invariants global angular momentum and enstrophy. Specific problems to which we address this review include global scale flows coupled to a rotating solid sphere by complex torque mechanisms. Decades of research show that the standard statistical equilibrium approach have produced some scientific progress in the simplest cases such as flows in a periodic square, in the unbounded plane and uncoupled flows on a sphere [11], [25], [4], [10], [1]. This approach is somewhat more successful in predicting the large-scale coherent end products of relaxing / decaying 2d turbulence these are features which are independent of initial conditions than details of their inertial range spectra and fine-scale structures. In particular, the location and orientation of kinks in the numerically simulated spectra of simple 2d turbulent flows appear to be sensitive to the initial energy distributions [2]. We will discuss other reasons for current dis-satisfaction with this classical approach and introduce much needed extensions to the standard statistical equilibrium approach. These modifications yield exactly-solvable theories which are nontrivial (meaning non-Gaussian and not necessarily mean field) and which appear to predict correctly some of the transition boundaries between super and sub-rotational end-states in coupled fluid-sphere systems (cf. main theo-
Scheelite skarn granitoids: An evaluation of the roles of magmatic source and process

Abstract The compositions, mineralogies, textures, and isotopic characteristics of granitoids associated with scheelite skarns indicate these plutonic rocks cannot be uniquely described in terms of source materials, although most show distinguishing features of I-type granites∗. Scheelite skarn granitoids exhibit variable evidence for crustal contamination (primarily in their Sr isotopic ratios), but there is no correlation between degree of contamination (as measured by compositiona, mineralogical, and isotopic data) and size or abundance of associated scheelite skarns. Scheelite and Cu skarn-associated granitoids are generally similar, which implies similar sources for these granitic rocks. Textural and bulk compositional data, however, suggest that scheelite skarn granitoids are different from Cu skarn granitoids by virtue of greater degree of differentiation and by crystallization in a comparatively deep plutonic environment. Consideration of relevant phase equilibria indicates that magmatic water does not exsolve until very late in the crystallization of a scheelite skarn granitoid. Through this means, tungsten is concentrated in exsolved magmatic fluids by a combination of large degree of fractional cystallization and magmatic equilibration with a very Cl-rich exsolved aqueous phase. In consequence, the search for scheelite skarns should be based not on the search for plutons with appropriate chemical compositions (major, trace, or isotopic), but rather for plutons displaying mineralogical, textural, and general geologic features which point to crystallization in a highly fractionated, relatively deep environment. Large-scale tectonic features which might give rise to crystallization in this environment include crustal overthickening, which could be caused by collisional (accretionary) events.
Richardson-Lucy/maximum likelihood image restoration algorithm for fluorescence microscopy: further testing.

A maximum likelihood based iterative algorithm adapted from nuclear medicine imaging for noncoherent optical imaging was presented in a previous publication with some initial computer-simulation testing. This algorithm is identical in form to that previously derived in a different way by W. H. Richardson , “ Bayesian-Based Iterative Method of Image Restoration,” J. Opt. Soc. Am.62, 55– 59 ( 1972) and L. B. Lucy , “ An Iterative Technique for the Rectification of Observed Distributions,” Astron. J.79, 745– 765 ( 1974). Foreseen applications include superresolution and 3-D fluorescence microscopy. This paper presents further simulation testing of this algorithm and a preliminary experiment with a defocused camera. The simulations show quantified resolution improvement as a function of iteration number, and they show qualitatively the trend in limitations on restored resolution when noise is present in the data. Also shown are results of a simulation in restoring missing-cone information for 3-D imaging. Conclusions are in support of the feasibility of using these methods with real systems, while computational cost and timing estimates indicate that it should be realistic to implement these methods. It is suggested in the Appendix that future extensions to the maximum likelihood based derivation of this algorithm will address some of the limitations that are experienced with the nonextended form of the algorithm presented here.
ATOMIC EFFECTS ON NUCLEAR REACTION YIELD CURVES

Non-nuclear effects that influence the shape of nuclear reaction yield curves were first studied at Wisconsin in 1959 in an attempt to check the linearity of an electrostatic analyzer when further work was planned on proton-proton scattering. The first effect studied1, 2 is a large asymmetric shift of a thick target resonance yield curve when hydrogen diatomic ions are used for bombardment. Results were explained by taking into account Coulomb repulsion between the two protons of the diatomic ion assuming that the electron is lost immediately when the ion strikes the target.
Effects of Anoxia and the Mitochondrion on Expression of Aerobic Nuclear COX Genes in Yeast EVIDENCE FOR A SIGNALING PATHWAY FROM THE MITOCHONDRIAL GENOME TO THE NUCLEUS

Eucaryotic cells contain at least two general classes of oxygen-regulated nuclear genes: aerobic genes and hypoxic genes. Hypoxic genes are induced upon exposure to anoxia while aerobic genes are down-regulated. Recently, it has been reported that induction of some hypoxic nuclear genes in mammals and yeast requires mitochondrial respiration and that cytochrome-c oxidase functions as an oxygen sensor during this process. In this study, we have examined the role of the mitochondrion and cytochrome-c oxidase in the expression of yeast aerobic nuclear COX genes. We have found that the down-regulation of these genes in anoxic cells is reflected in reduced levels of their subunit polypeptides and that cytochrome-c oxidase subunits I, II, III, Vb, VI, VII, and VIIa are present in promitochondria from anoxic cells. By using nuclear cox mutants and mitochondrial rho(0) and mit(-) mutants, we have found that neither respiration nor cytochrome-c oxidase is required for the down-regulation of these genes in cells exposed to anoxia but that a mitochondrial genome is required for their full expression under both normoxic and anoxic conditions. This requirement for a mitochondrial genome is unrelated to the presence or absence of a functional holocytochrome-c oxidase. We have also found that the down-regulation of these genes in cells exposed to anoxia and the down-regulation that results from the absence of a mitochondrial genome are independent of one another. These findings indicate that the mitochondrial genome, acting independently of respiration and oxidative phosphorylation, affects the expression of the aerobic nuclear COX genes and suggest the existence of a signaling pathway from the mitochondrial genome to the nucleus.
Centralized and Clustered k-Coverage Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensing coverage is an essential functionality of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). However, it is also well known that coverage alone in WSNs is not sufficient, and hence network connectivity should also be considered for the correct operation of WSNs. In this paper, we address the problem of k-coverage in WSNs such that in each scheduling round, every location in a monitored field (or simply field) is covered by at least k active sensors while all active sensors are being connected. Precisely, we study sensors duty-cycling strategies for generating k-coverage configurations in WSNs. First, we model the k-coverage problem in WSNs. Second, we derive a sufficient condition of the sensor spatial density for complete k-coverage of a field. We also provide a relationship between the communication and sensing ranges of sensors to maintain both k-coverage of a field and connectivity among all active sensors. Third, we propose four configuration protocols to solve the problem of k-coverage in WSNs. We prove that our protocols select a minimum number of sensors to achieve full k-coverage of a field while guaranteeing connectivity between them. Then, we relax some widely used assumptions for coverage configuration in WSNs, to promote the use of our proposed protocols in real-world sensing applications. Our simulation results show that our protocols outperform an existing distributed k-coverage configuration protocol.
Roles of Stock Price and Exchange Rate in Slovakia's Money Demand Function and Policy Implications

The demand for real M1 in Slovakia is positively influenced by real output and the stock price and negatively associated with the deposit rate, depreciation of the koruna, the euro interest rate, and the expected inflation rate. Considering the goods and the money market simultaneously, these results suggest that a higher stock price may or may not cause real output to rise and that a depreciation of the koruna or a higher euro interest rate would help raise Slovakia's real output. The coefficients of the deposit rate and the stock price in real M2 demand are insignificant at the 10% level. The likelihood ratio test in the extended Box–Cox model shows that the double-log form cannot be rejected at the 5% level while the linear form can be rejected at the 5% level. The CUSUM and CUSUMSQ tests show that the money demand function was relatively stable.
Management of malar folds in blepharoplasty

Objectives/Hypothesis: To define the anatomy and location of malar folds as distinguished from lower eyelid skin and orbital fat and to teach a new surgical technique for the management of the aging eye. Study Design: Retrospective report of a surgical procedure designed to address the malar folds. Methods: Analysis of preoperative and postoperative photographic documentation for surgical planning and long-term result. Results: Patient satisfaction and lack of recurrence, without the requirement of direct excision, were noted in all patients studied. Conclusion: This presentation describes a new simple technique for the management of the folds and cutaneous and subcutaneous prominences that occur inferior to the lower eyelid skin. The operation addresses the correction by a combination of skin/muscle flap lower eyelid blepharoplasty with immediately subcutaneous (skin flap) elevations over the carefully delineated malar prominences; the removal of the deep fat that may or may not be associated with dehiscence of fat through the thin inferior fibers of the orbicularis muscle; and finally suspension of the remaining subcutaneous tissue and the muscle to the periosteum of the inferior orbital rim as well as suspension of the orbicularis muscle margin to the lateral orbital periosteum or the lateral canthal ligament area. The technique is designed to manage the more commonly found malar prominences but can be applied in the management of more pronounced festoons involving skin, muscle, and fat.
Human health risk assessment of endosulfan: II. Dietary exposure assessment

The California Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) performed dietary exposure assessments for endosulfan in 1998 and 2002, respectively. Results of the USEPA assessment showed an increased risk for the population sub-group "Children 1-6 years" (>100% of the Population Adjusted Dose [PAD]). USEPA then required registrants to satisfy database uncertainties by performing subchronic neurotoxicity and developmental neurotoxicity studies and, based on the results, USEPA decreased the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA, 1996) Safety Factor from 10x to 1x. Additionally, several tolerances on commodities consumed in quantity by children were cancelled in 2006. CDPR re-evaluated the dietary risk initially performed in 1998 after review of these same studies. Based on a review of the revised USEPA tolerances, decreased usage, decreased consumption, cancellations, and prior health protective margins of exposure (MOEs>100), CDPR determined that it was not necessary to redo the 1998 exposure assessment. In 2007, USEPA conducted a new human health risk assessment for endosulfan combining food+drinking water residues that characterized dietary risk as %PAD=([Exposure/PAD]x100). For all relevant USEPA population sub-groups, the %PADs were<100% (health protective benchmark).
Substantiated and unsubstantiated reports of child maltreatment

Three purposes can be identified: the first was to trigger investigatory action, another to establish a central registry in order to catch repeated offenders who go from hospital to hospital with injured children and the third to amass statistical data on the incidence of child abuse
Acquisition and visualization of 5D respiratory-resolved cardiac MRI

We image the heart during free breathing and explicitly resolve 3D volumetric information over both the cardiac and respiratory cycles to capture a 5D view of the heart. This 5D dataset can be displayed in a variety of ways to study disease states that exhibit variations in cardiac function with respect to respiration, such as pericardial tamponade/constriction and diastolic dysfunction.
Inter-group image registration by hierarchical graph shrinkage

In this paper, we propose a novel inter-group image registration method to register different groups of images (e.g., young and elderly brains) simultaneously. Specifically, we use a hierarchical two-level graph to model the distribution of entire images on the manifold, with intra-graph representing the image distribution in each group and the inter-graph describing the relationship between two groups. Then the procedure of inter-group registration is formulated as a dynamic evolution of graph shrinkage. The advantage of our method is that the topology of entire image distribution is explored to guide the image registration. In this way, each image coordinates with its neighboring images on the manifold to deform towards the population center, by following the deformation pathway simultaneously optimized within the graph. Our proposed method has been also compared with other state-of-the-art inter-group registration methods, where our method achieves better registration results in terms of registration accuracy and robustness.
AHA- heterodimer of a class-2 uncoupler: pentachlorophenol.

AHA− heterodimers formed by association of neutral molecules of weak acid (HA) with its conjugate anion (A−) have been proposed to be the charged membrane-permeable species of class-2 uncouplers. Past attempts to extract and identify AHA− heterodimers failed. We have measured optical spectra of HA + A− (1:1) solutions of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in various solvents and in the presence of PC liposomes. Optical studies were supplemented by nuclear magnetic resonance measurements of HA + A− (1:1) solutions of PCP in dichloroethane to gain insight into the formation of AHA− species in lipid membranes. From these experiments, we found evidence for AHA− formation in non-hydrogen-bonding solvents, then reported the AHA− formation constant Kf and the molar absorptivity ϵAHA-(λ). Kf decreases with increasing dielectric constant, κ, from 1210 ± 130 M−1 for dichloroethane (κ 10.7), to 340 ± 34 M− for acetonitrile (κ 37.5); Kf also decreases with increasing concentration of water. In hydrogen-bonding solvents, octanol (κ 10.3) and methanol (κ 33.5) and in liposomes, AHA− heterodimers are not observed optically. We estimate Kf for PCP in lipid bilayers from a combination of data on membrane electrical conductivity and surface density of adsorbed PCP. Our estimate for lipid bilayer, 0.005 <Kf < 0.5 M−1, is consistent with our inability to detect the AHA− species optically in liposome suspensions. We propose that penetration of water into the membrane inhibits formation of AHA− in lipid bilayers.
Overdose of 2.3 grams of intravenous methamphetamine: Case, analysis and patient perspective

The patient-reported toxicity of an overdose of intravenous methamphetamine is described. The authors report the case of a 34-year old man who inadvertently injected himself with approximately 2.3 grams of methamphetamine. The patient reported disorientation, hallucinations, hyperthermia, photophobia, orthostasis and extreme ataxia. He recovered in seven days without apparent sequelae. The case demonstrates the unusual, temporary neurophysiologic consequences of high-dose intravenous methamphetamine.
Chiral dynamics of the polarizing fracture functions for baryon production

The concept of spin-directed momentum provides a useful and restrictive framework for describing dynamical mechanisms that can lead to single-spin observables. The value of this framework can be demonstrated by consideration of the polarizing fracture functions, {delta}{sup N}M{sub B{up_arrow}}{sub /p}{sup q}(x,z,k{sub TN};Q{sup 2}), that characterize the production of polarized baryons in the target fragmentation region of semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering from an unpolarized target. When Bjorken x is chosen large enough to indicate a hard scattering from a valence quark, the fracture function formalism dynamically selects a quark-diquark basis for baryon structure. Attention to constituent orbital angular momentum in the formation process and its role in contributing to the transverse momentum of the produced baryon illustrates important aspects of the generation of polarization observables.
Carbohydrate moieties of rat MHC class I antigens

The rat major histocompatibility complex class I antigens RT1.Au and RT1.Eu from the u haplotype and RT1.An from the n haplotype were labeled with 14C-asparagine or with 3H-fucose, mannose, galactose, and N-acetylglucosamine. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis showed complete removal of radioactivity from the sugar-labeled antigen heavy chains by digestion with glycopeptidase F, an enzyme that removes N-linked glycans completely. High performance liquid chromatography analysis of the tryptic digests of the mixed sugar-labeled and asparagine-labeled antigens demonstrated that all the sugar-labeled peptides were coincident with asparagine-labeled peptides. The An antigen showed three glycopeptides, each of which had different amounts of sugar radioactivity. The antigens Au and Eu showed two glycopeptides with different amounts of radioactivity but at identical positions in the two antigens. Antigen Eu had an additional glycopeptide with a lower amount of radioactivity. The positions of the glycopeptides from the Au and Eu antigens were different from those of the An antigen. The peptide profiles of the 14C-asparagine-labeled Au and Eu antigens demonstrated distinct differences between the molecules. The results of this study show that: (a) all the glycans on rat class I antigens are N-linked, as they are on H-2 and HLA class I antigens; (b) there are compositional differences among the glycans in each of the three antigens; (c) the glycosylation pattern of the rat class I antigens is similar to that of the mouse class I antigens, which contain two or three glycans, in contrast to that of the human class I antigens, which contain only one glycan; and (d) the antigens Au and Eu from the same haplotype are more closely related to each other than they are to the An antigen.
Statistical scale-up of reservoir properties: concepts and applications

Abstract All petrophysical quantities are used at a scale different from the one on which they were measured. This necessitates an adjustment of the measured values before they are used to develop a reservoir model, a step referred to as scale-up. Scale-up is complicated by the properties being heterogeneously distributed in space and self- or autocorrelated. The autocorrelation means that the heterogeneity itself must be scaled up so that the adjusted measurements correctly reflect the property at the coarser scale. This paper attempts to understand the uncertainty in assigning scaled up values to finite regions of space. The region may be a formation interval or a cell thickness for numerical simulation. We use the notion of the variance of the mean of a random variable to understand the scale-up process. The behavior of the variance of the mean is used to investigate the definition of a representative elementary volume (REV), and of the behavior of lateral and vertical permeabilities with scale and the resultant impact on uncertainty distributions for reservoir properties. The paper demonstrates that the notion of the variance of a mean can be used to understand and refine the concept of representative elementary volume. The change in horizontal and vertical permeability with scale can also be explained using the variance of the mean using reasonable autocorrelation functions. The impact of scaling up on the autocorrelation structure of the simulated field is demonstrated in the paper. The results point to the importance of employing rigorous procedures to scale heterogeneity in order to derive robust estimates of uncertainty.
The Pachytene Checkpoint in S. cerevisiae Depends on Swe1-Mediated Phosphorylation of the Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Cdc28

Mutants defective in meiotic recombination and synaptonemal complex formation undergo checkpoint-mediated arrest in mid-meiotic prophase. In S. cerevisiae, this checkpoint requires Swe1, which phosphorylates and inactivates the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdc28. A swe1 deletion allows mutants that normally arrest in meiotic prophase to sporulate at wild-type levels, though sporulation is delayed. This delay is eliminated by overproducing Clb1, the major cyclin required for meiosis I. The Swe1 protein accumulates and is hyperphosphorylated in checkpoint-arrested cells. Our results suggest that meiotic arrest is mediated both by increasing Swe1 activity and limiting cyclin production, with Swe1 being the primary downstream target of checkpoint control. The requirement for Swe1 distinguishes the pachytene checkpoint from the DNA damage checkpoints operating in vegetative cells.
Reconfiguring white ethnic power in colonial Africa: The German community in Namibia, 1923–50

This article explains the significance of the German community in Namibia from 1923 to 1950, when white minority rule flourished there, and demonstrates how links with Germany enhanced or detracted from their political capital and goals. Beginning with the 1923 South African‐German agreement concerning the status and welfare of that community, and ending with the 1950 Namibian elections, it shows that shifts in the ethnic composition of the Namibian white ruling group reflected more the state of South African‐German relations than the pattern of white‐African relations.
General solution procedure for flows in local chemical equilibrium

This study details the derivation and application of an approximate Riemann solver of the Roe type specifically designed for the numerical simulation of inviscid and viscous flow problems involving general and virtually arbitrary mixtures of thermally perfect gases in local chemical equilibrium. The solution procedure is by no means limited to airflows and will be applied to an oxygen/hydrogen mixture as well. A «black box» solver for the local equilibrium composition of a gas mixture of known density and internal energy is coupled with the flow solver, which is based on the newly derived flux-difference-split technique. A few test cases, including both external and internal flows, illustrate the capabilities and the overall efficiency of the flow solver
Highly Porous 3D Fibrous Nanostructured Bioplolymer Films with Stimuli-Responsive Porosity via Phase Separation in Polymer Blend

The article describes a novel polymer blend system that yields thin films with unique porous nanoscale morphologies and environmentally responsive properties. The blend consists of sodium alginate and amine end-terminated PEG, which undergoes phase separation during film deposition. The blend films can be readily converted into highly porous membranes using facile treatment with a solution containing divalent ions. The resulting membranes are primarily comprised of alginate hydrogel, whereas the PEG phase is removed from the films during exposure to the saline solution, yielding nanometer-sized pores. The alginate gel phase forms a three-dimensional nanostructure which can be best described as a filament or fibrous network. Because such network geometry is untypical of polymer blends in thin films, possible reasons for the observed phase morphology are discussed. Because of ionizable carboxyl groups, the hydrogel membranes demonstrate responsive behavior, in particular a drastic change in their porosity b...
Adaptation of AACC Method 56-11, Solvent Retention Capacity, for Use as an Early Generation Selection Tool for Cultivar Development

ABSTRACT The solvent retention capacity (SRC) profile is useful for studying flour components contributing to end-use functionality. The method tests four different solvents with 5 g of flour each. Because of the amount of grain (30–40 g) typically needed to produce 20 g of flour for the SRC test, the method is not well-suited for assessing end-use quality of early generation breeding material, where grain quantities are limited. The method was therefore modified to require only 0.2 g of ground wheat instead of 5 g of flour per SRC solvent. The small-scale SRC results using whole meal had correlations of r = 0.86 for lactic acid, r = 0.85 for sodium carbonate, r = 0.78 for sucrose, r = 0.74 for sodium bicarbonate (the alkaline water retention capacity method) and r = 0.69 for water when compared with SRC values from full-scale tests using 5 g of flour. Overall, cultivars with SRC values at the extremes of the distribution were in the same ranked order for the small- and large-scale SRC test results. Howev...
The flavor of small immature tubers compared with mature Katahdin tubers

The flavor quality of seven immature potato samples (three varieties, four numbered selections) was found to be ‘equal to’ or ‘poorer than’ the flavor of mature Katahdin tubers stored for 10 months at 45 F (7.2 C). The samples were evaluated by a panel of 21 experienced judges.
Cellular origin of bladder neoplasia and tissue dynamics of its progression to invasive carcinoma

Understanding how malignancies arise within normal tissues requires identification of the cancer cell of origin and knowledge of the cellular and tissue dynamics of tumour progression. Here we examine bladder cancer in a chemical carcinogenesis model that mimics muscle-invasive human bladder cancer. With no prior bias regarding genetic pathways or cell types, we prospectively mark or ablate cells to show that muscle-invasive bladder carcinomas arise exclusively from Sonic hedgehog (Shh)-expressing stem cells in basal urothelium. These carcinomas arise clonally from a single cell whose progeny aggressively colonize a major portion of the urothelium to generate a lesion with histological features identical to human carcinoma in situ. Shh-expressing basal cells within this precursor lesion become tumour-initiating cells, although Shh expression is lost in subsequent carcinomas. We thus find that invasive carcinoma is initiated from basal urothelial stem cells but that tumour cell phenotype can diverge significantly from that of the cancer cell of origin.
The hairy powers of oncogenes: from biological function to cancer therapy.

Report on the 19th Annual Meeting on Oncogenes "Cancer Biology & Therapeutics" June 18-21, 2003 Hood College, Frederick
Influences on the density and dispersion of bumble bee nests (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

To determine some of the influences on nesting densities of bumble bees I examined the dispersion and occupancy of 35 nests in an old field on Amherst Island, Ontario, Canada and 39 nests found by Cumber (1953) in England. Densities up to 1 nest per 200 m2 were observed. Overall, Cumber's nests were randomly dispersed, but nests on the ground surface were aggregated. Nests of surface-nesting species were consequently more aggregated than expected at random, whereas surface-nesting and underground-nesting species seldom nested near one another. This distribution of nests probably reflects the nesting habits of the rodents that originally constructed the nests, rather than interactions between bees. On Amherst Island, abnormally wet spring weather apparently hampered normal colony development, particularly of underground-nesting bees based on a low frequency of underground nests, scarcity of workers of two underground-nesting species compared with the relative abundance of spring queens, and delayed appearance of workers of all species relative to the previous year. The nests of two common species were randomly dispersed, but those of a third species were regularly distributed, suggesting that intraspecific interactions may limit nesting density for this species.
A set of positively regulated flagellar gene promoters in Caulobacter crescentus with sequence homology to the nif gene promoters of Klebsiella pneumoniae

The study reported here describes nuclease S1 mapping of the in-vivo transcription start sites of transcription units I and III of the hook gene cluster of Caulobacter crescentus. We show that transcription units I and II of this flagellar (fla) gene cluster, which have divergent promoters with transcription start sites separated by 218 nucleotides, are under positive transcriptional control by genes in transcription unit III. The promoters of transcription units I, II, and III were compared with flagellin gene promoters P25, P27 and P29 recently identified in C. crescentus. Promoters PII, P25, and P27, which are under positive regulation by transcription units III to V have strongly conserved sequence elements at -13 and -24 with the consensus sequence (C/T)TGGC(C/G)C-N5-TTGC. The -13, -24 sequence elements are not well conserved in promoter PI, but the promoter does contain a copy of the -13 and -24 consensus sequence 23 base-pairs upstream (PI). The C. crescentus fla gene promoters are not homologous to the canonical Escherichia coli -10, -35 promoter sequence, but they are very similar to the -12, -24 nif gene promoter sequence reported for Klebsiella pneumoniae and Rhizobium sp. The four positively regulated fla gene promoters examined here also share a third conserved element designated II-1, with the consensus sequence C-C-CGGC--AAA--GC-G, located at approximately -100. We speculate that the conserved sequence elements mapping at -13, -24 and -100 are cis-acting regulatory elements required for the transcription and periodic regulation of these fla genes in the C. crescentus cell cycle.
Intelligent computer-assisted instruction

A description is provided for an intelligent computer-assisted instruction system (BANDAID) which is in an early stage of development.
Eigenvalue calculation procedure for an Euler/Navier-Stokes solver with application to flows over airfoils

A Lanczos procedure is presently applied to a Navier-Stokes (N-S) solver for eigenvalues and eigenvectors associated with the small-perturbation analysis of the N-S equations' finite-difference representation for airfoil flows; the matrix used is very large, sparse, real, and nonsymmetric. The Lanczos procedure is shown to furnish complete spectral information for the eigenvalues, as required for transient-stability analysis of N-S solvers.
Estimates on the production of CO and H2 from the oxidation of hydrocarbon emissions from vegetation

Extrapolating from extensive field measurements on foliar emissions in the U.S. approximate global inputs of isoprene and terpenes of 3.5 times 10 to the 14th power and 4.8 times 10 to the 14th power g(C)/yr, respectively, are obtained. The oxidation of these hydrocarbons could contribute in an important way to the atmospheric sources of CO (4.2-13.3 times 10 to the 14th power g/yr) and H2 (10-35 times 10 to the 12th power g/yr), and to organic species soluble in rainwater
Radio resource management for CDMA systems with interference guard margin (IGM)

A call admission control (CAC) scheme and a resource reservation estimation (RRE) method suitable for the wide-band code division multiple access (W-CDMA) systems are proposed in this work. The proposed CAC scheme gives preferential treatment to high priority calls, such as handoff calls, by pre-reserving a certain amount of channel margin against the interference effect. It is called the interference guard margin (IGM) scheme. The amount of guard margin is determined by the measurement performed by the RRE module in base stations. Each RRE module dynamically adjusts the level of guard margin by referencing traffic conditions in neighboring cells based upon users' requests. A comprehensive service model is adopted to accommodate the scenario of multiple services supported in the W-CDMA system. The service model of consideration includes not only mobile terminal's service rate (source rate) but also different levels of priorities, mobility and rate adaptivity characteristics. Simulations are conducted with OPNET to study the performance of the proposed scheme in term of the objective function under different traffic conditions.
A Two-Jet Calorimeter Experiment at Fermilab

A double arm calorimeter and drift chamber system has been used to study high pT jets at Fermilab in 130, 200, and 400 GeV collisions with a hydrogen target. The response of the calorimeter to jets is discussed. Data are presented on the transverse momentum of partons in the pion and proton and on the pion structure function.
Silver Growth on TiO2(110) (1 × 1) and (1 × 2)†

The growth and interaction of Ag with the TiO2(110) (1 × 1) and (1 × 2) surfaces were studied by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), low-energy ion scattering (LEIS), low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). At 300 K, both LEIS and STM data indicate that Ag grows three-dimensionally on the (1 × 1) and (1 × 2) surfaces; no strong chemical interaction between Ag and TiO2 was detected by XPS. At 0.05 ML Ag exposure (corresponding to a cluster diameter of 2.0−3.5 nm), the Ag 3d core level binding energy shifts to 1.2 eV higher than that for metallic (bulk) Ag. In addition, the Ag 3d peak width increases with decreasing cluster size. The binding energy shifts and peak broadening are attributed to both initial and final state effects. The valence band as a function of Ag exposure suggests that a metal-to-nonmetal transition occurs within the Ag clusters at exposures between 0.5 and 1 ML (3.5−4.4 nm). No change in the cluster growth mode was observed upon Ag deposition...
Inter-litter competition and communal nursing among Norway rats: advantages of birth synchrony

The effect of inter-litter competition on pup survival was investigated in pairs of female rats (Rattus norvegicus) living and breeding in the same environment. If a female gave birth when a 0- to 14-day-old litter was already present in the environment, her pups had a very high chance of surviving, similar to the situation in which no other litter was present. Moreover, the mother was likely to nurse communally with the mother of the 0- to 14-day-old litter. This communal nursing benefitted the newborn pups as evidenced by their being heavier at weaning than litters that were not nursed communally. In contrast, if a female gave birth when a 15-to 28-day-old litter was already present in the environment, her newborn pups were likely to die within 3 days postpartum, owing to the fact that they were often prevented from suckling at their mother's teats, resulting in milk deprivation, and were often beneath the older pups, resulting in physical trauma. These findings suggest that inter-litter competition is an important source of pup mortality when litters are born 15-28 days apart. The data are discussed in terms of the advantages of birth synchrony.
A study of the variation of the pressure in a natural circulation loop

Analyse mathematique de la repartition des pressions en regimes permanent et transitoire dans une boucle fermee toroidale de convection naturelle dont la moitie inferieure est chauffee et la moitie superieure refroidie
The transformation of industrial selling: Causes and consequences

Abstract Industrial selling, like most other areas of business, is being transformed by many new ideas and practices, such as bench-marking, reengineering, alliances, empowerment, total quality, micromarketing, relationship marketing, and downsizing. This article explores how these new ideas and practices are causing changes in industrial selling from three perspectives, customers, competitors, and the salesperson's own company. The consequences of these changes from those new ideas and practices are then discussed in terms of their impact on the sales position, the selling process, and the salespeople.
Tutorial: abstraction in numerical methods

We illustrate how the liberal use of high-order procedural abstractions and infinite streams helps us to express some of the vocabulary and methods of numerical analysis. We develop a software toolbox encapsulating the technique of Richardson extrapolation, and we apply these tools to the problems of numerical integration and differentiation. By separating the idea of Richardson extrapolation from its use in particular circumstances we indicate how numerical programs can be written that exhibit the structure of the ideas from which they are formed.
Human population and carbon dioxide

Abstract A recently proposed model of human population and carbon utilization is reviewed. Depending on parameter values, one of three possible long-term outcomes is obtained. (1) Atmospheric carbon, (CO 2 ) atm , and human populations equilibrate at positive values. (2) The human population stabilizes, while (CO 2 ) atm increases without bound. (3) The human population goes extinct and atmospheric carbon declines to 0. The final possibility is qualitatively compatible with both “consensus” views of climate change and the opinions of those who are more impressed with the manifestly adverse consequences of carbon-mitigation to human reproduction and survival.
Atmospheric residence times of strontium-90 and lead-210

The concentrations of89Sr,90Sr,210Pb and210Po were measured in a series of rain samples collected at Fayetteville (36°N, 94°W), Arkansas, after the 14th Chinese test of March 18, 1972, which occurred at Lop Nor (40°N, 90°E), China. Approximately concordant tropospheric residence times were obtained from the89Sr/90Sr and210Po/210Pb ratios in rain. The89Sr/90Sr ratios were also measured for the rain samples collected at Tokyo (36°N, 140°E), Japan, and at Ankara (40°N, 33°E), Turkey.
Problem Drinkers on the Psychiatric Service of a Municipal General Hospital Their Relevance to Programs of Education, Training and Research

We shall discuss some questions about the relation between problem drinkers and hospital services. First off, we are interested in describing; and then we are interested in prescribing-or, at least, in making some suggesions. And so first we ask what is happening: What effect does the problem drinker have on the hospital? And, the other way round, what effect does the hospital have on the problem drinker? Secondly, we ask what could and should be happening: What is the impact that the hospital might be making upon the problem of alcohol abuse?
Evaluation of the Harvard Step Test with respect to factors of height and weight.

It may be stated that for the type of subject used (young Army trainees) and according to the methods of analyses presented, combined height-weight factors or the height factor alone have no significantly detectable influence on scoring on the Harvard Step Test. However, the weight factorper se does appear to be significantly related to scoring. For practical purposes, it might be advisable to interpret with caution any relatively low scores on extremely heavy men. The low score may be due to an interaction of weight with other factors which have not been assessed.