cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microphysical Retrievals from Simultaneous Measurements by Airborne and Ground Radars during OLYMPEX

The OLYMPEX field campaign took place over the Olympic Peninsula of Washington during winter 2015-2016. During the intensive observing period, several aircraft flights obtained multi-frequency airborne radar measurements at X-, Ku-, Ka, and W-band from radars aboard the ER-2 and DC-8 aircraft. In addition, ground radars at S- and X-band performed RHI scans under the aircraft ground tracks. These coincident datasets provide a wealth of complementary information about the hydrometeor particle sizes, shapes, and orientations.In order to synthesize these measurements and test the robustness of scattering models, an optimal estimation retrieval based upon a Hitschfeld-Bordan profiling algorithm has been developed. This algorithm retrieves profiles of the particle size distribution parameters Nw and Dm, and, in the ice phase, relative proportions of aggregate, pristine, and rimed particles, using scattering models with different size-density and size-aspect ratio relationships. Under this formulation, only the pristine particles are horizontally aligned and capable of producing non-zero ZDR and KDP.From the nadir-looking airborne multifrequency radars, we find that aggregates may be readily distinguished from rimed and pristine particles owing to their uniqueness in triple-frequency space. However, rimed and pristine particles occupy a similar region in this space and thus polarimetric measurements greatly enhance their identification in our retrieval framework. With these capabilities we will present analyses of three-dimensional hydrometeor mapping obtained during various OLYMPEX cases. Some features retrieved in these cases include a layer of enhanced aggregation about 2km above the melting layer, hypothesized to be maintained by orographic uplift. This layer is often situated above a layer of denser, aligned particles. Regions of riming and supercooled liquid water beneath generating cells are also identified by our retrieval algorithm. Comparisons to in-situ observations and evaluation of scattering models will be presented.
Janthinobacter additions reduce rotifer grazing of microalga Microchloropsis salina in biotically complex communities

Abstract Grazing and parasitism in algal production systems are significant causes of crop loss. Biological control of algal ponds, such as application of protective bacteria, represents a promising alternative to current mitigation strategies. The major barriers to probiotic methods are the lack of identified protective bacteria and uncertainty of scale-up effects, including potential negative interactions with the resident algal microbiome. Here, we report that application of Janthinobacter lividum affords robust protection against rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis) grazing on Microchloropsis salina. Protection was observed at laboratory scale from live bacteria and solvent extract additions as well as in biologically complex communities from bacterial additions to outdoor mesocosms. J. lividum persisted in outdoor communities for at least 3 days following addition, and did not lead to selective exclusion of specific taxa in the resident microbiome. These results demonstrate that J. lividum can provide protection against grazers in these diverse communities, without severe effects on the resident microbiome. Our results suggest that J. lividum is a promising treatment to mitigate algal crop losses due to pests. Additionally, the study highlights the importance of an ecologically-informed approach to algal crop management that will aid future applications in the biological control of algal ponds.
Why Study Emotion

This is a volume about emotions, moods, and their development. We will spend considerable time in Chapter 2 defining terms, but for the time being, let us consider “feelings” to be those activities that are often distinguished from “thinking.” Emotions are a subset of feelings, and moods are the enduring aspects of emotions. In attempts to apply categorical labels to human behaviors, labels such as cognitive, affective, and emotional are often more confusing than clarifying. Thus, while we try in this chapter to set the stage for the study of emotion and mood, the terms emotion and affect may be used interchangeably.
All file systems are not created equal: on the complexity of crafting crash-consistent applications

We present the first comprehensive study of application-level crash-consistency protocols built atop modern file systems. We find that applications use complex update protocols to persist state, and that the correctness of these protocols is highly dependent on subtle behaviors of the underlying file system, which we term persistence properties. We develop a tool named BOB that empirically tests persistence properties, and use it to demonstrate that these properties vary widely among six popular Linux file systems. We build a framework named ALICE that analyzes application update protocols and finds crash vulnerabilities, i.e., update protocol code that requires specific persistence properties to hold for correctness. Using ALICE, we analyze eleven widely-used systems (including databases, key-value stores, version control systems, distributed systems, and virtualization software) and find a total of 60 vulnerabilities, many of which lead to severe consequences. We also show that ALICE can be used to evaluate the effect of new file-system designs on application-level consistency.
Making Software Work: Producing Social Order via Problem Solving in a Troubled ERP Implementation

In this paper, we focus on making software work in practice, an important issue given the high failure rate that many companies experience with software products, especially ERP, the focus of this paper. We explore the ways that social order is produced to create a workable information system—accepted and used within the organization. We argue that there are many different ways people solve problems in projects and the practices may be characterized according to stable patterns of coordinated action where compromise is sought or common goals are worked toward. We focus on theories of social ordering in order to illuminate what was occurring at the case organization. More specifically, we examine how despite common aims within an organization there will be different stakeholder groups with unique goals and beliefs about how to achieve their objectives. To overcome these differences, the norm of reciprocity is often adopted in order to produce an orderly state. We look at contentious episodes experienced during an ERP implementation to illustrate the difficulty of trying to always achieve common aims and illustrate the way in which reciprocity helped to move the project forward at these points of conflict. This highlights the importance of establishing reciprocity during controversies where creating a “good enough” solution for all parties takes precedence over the agenda of one particular functional group.
Regression with Responses from Exponential Families

For responses from exponential family distributions, (1.4) of Example 1.1 defines penalized likelihood regression. Among topics of primary interest are the selection of smoothing parameters, the computation of the estimates, the asymptotic behavior of the estimates, and various data analytical tools.
Evaluating the quality of entity relationship models

Abstract Entity Relationship (E-R) models are at the core of logical database design. This paper describes the development of a model, associated metrics and methodology for assessing the quality of an E-R model. The model was developed by investigating into the causal relationships between ontological and behavioural factors influencing data quality. The methodology describes aggregation of the scores on various metrics to calculate an overall quality score for an E-R model, and use of the model to identify problem areas if the individual quality scores on different factors do not meet organizational standards. Further possible improvement of the model and future research issues are also discussed.
Cross-tolerance between two brainstem sites supporting stimulation-produced analgesia.

Male albino Holtzman rats were stereotaxically implanted with two bipolar stimulating electrodes, aimed at the periaqueductal gray matter of the brainstem. Focal brain stimulation-produced analgesia was assessed by the tail-flick method. After establishing that focal brain stimulation elicited analgesia at both sites, behavioral tolerance (i.e., reduced analgesia) was induced at one site through repeated stimulation. Upon elicitation of tolerance at one site, stimulation was immediately switched to the other site (which had not been previously rendered tolerant) and analgesia was assessed. Tail-flick latencies revealed transfer of behavioral tolerance from the site given repeated stimulation to the site not given repeated stimulation. While the mechanism involved in this cross-tolerance is not known, a neurochemical substrate may be involved.
Exact continuum solution for a channel that can be occupied by two ions

The classical Nernst-Planck continuum equation is extended to the case where the channel can be occupied simultaneously by two ions. A two-dimensional partial differential equation is derived to describe the steady-state channel. This differential equation is of the form of the generalized Laplace equation, but it has the novel feature that the boundary conditions are periodic. The finite difference solution takes approximately 8 s on a large computer. The equations are solved for the special case of a cylindrical channel with a fixed charge in the center. It is assumed that the forces on the ions result entirely from the sum of the Born image potential, the fixed charge potential, the interaction potential between the two ions, and the applied voltage. Approximate simple analytical expressions are derived for these potential terms, based on the assumption that the electric field perpendicular to the channel wall is zero. The potentials include the contribution from a diffuse charge (Debye-Huckel) reaction field in the bulk solution for the monovalent cation flux was obtained for channels with a radius of 4 A and lengths of 16 and 32 A and a fixed charge valence of -1 and -1.5. For these channels, a significant fraction (up to 90%) of the total resistance is contributed by the bulk solution and results were obtained for the case where the "channel" included 8 A of bulk solution at each channel end. These results for the two-ion channel were compared with the analytical solution for a one-ion channel. The one-ion channel is a fair approximation to the two-ion channel for a fixed charge of -1, underestimating the flux at high concentrations by approximately 30%. However, for a fixed charge of -1.5, the one-ion model is a poor approximation, with the two-ion flux about seven times that of the one-ion model at high concentrations. The absolute conductance and concentration dependence of these channels (with a fixed charge of -1) mimic the behavior of the large conductance K+ channel and the acetylcholine receptor channel.
Involvement of the inflammasome in abnormal semen quality of men with spinal cord injury

Objective To study the mechanism leading to elevated semen cytokines in men with spinal cord injury (SCI) and to understand if inflammasome pathways are involved in this process. To investigate inflammasome components and end-product cytokines in semen of SCI and control subjects. Design Prospective study. Setting Major university medical center. Patient(s) Men with and without SCI (n = 28 per group). Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Seminal plasma concentrations of caspase-1, interleukin (IL) 1β, and IL-18 were quantified by ELISA. Caspase-1 in sperm fractions and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase activation and recruitment domain (ASC) in seminal plasma and sperm fractions were identified by Western blot. Localization of proteins in sperm was accomplished by immunocytochemistry. Result(s) ASC, caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18 concentrations were elevated in the seminal plasma of SCI subjects compared with control subjects. ASC and caspase-1 were elevated in sperm cells of SCI subjects. Immunocytochemistry revealed that ASC was located in the acrosome, equatorial segment, and midpiece, and caspase-1 in the midpiece. Conclusion(s) This study provides the first evidence of ASC in human semen and demonstrates the involvement of inflammasome proteins in semen of men with SCI. These findings suggest an immunologic basis for abnormal semen quality in men with SCI.
Genetic and environmental influences on sleep quality in middle‐aged men: a twin study

Poor sleep quality is a risk factor for a number of cognitive and physiological age-related disorders. Identifying factors underlying sleep quality are important in understanding the etiology of these age-related health disorders. We investigated the extent to which genes and the environment contribute to subjective sleep quality in middle-aged male twins using the classical twin design. We used the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) to measure sleep quality in 1218 middle-aged twin men from the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging (VETSA)(mean age=55.4 years; range 51–60; 339 monozygotic twin pairs, 257 dizygotic twin pairs, 26 unpaired twins). The mean PSQI global score was 5.6 (SD=3.6; range 0–20). Based on univariate twin models, 34% of variability in the global PSQI score was due to additive genetic effects (heritability) and 66% was attributed to individual-specific environmental factors. Common environment did not contribute to the variability. Similarly, the heritability of poor sleep—a dichotomous measure based on the cut-off of global PSQI>5--was 31% with no contribution of the common environment. Heritability of six of the seven PSQI component scores (Subjective Sleep Quality, Sleep Latency, Sleep Duration, Habitual Sleep Efficiency, Sleep Disturbances, and Daytime Dysfunction) ranged from .15 to .31, where as no genetic influences contributed to Use of Sleeping Medication. Additive genetic influences contribute to approximately one-third of the variability of global subjective sleep quality. Our results in middle-aged men constitute a first step toward examination of the genetic relationship between sleep and other facets of aging.
A Critique of Evidence-Based Practice in Music Therapy

T he present article is a critical analysis of the episte- mological, methodological, and pragmatic foundations of evidence- based practice as they affect the profession of music therapy. The article is situated within a narrative presentation of the author's back- ground in the philosophy and history of science, and in experimental psychology. Areas of critique include narrow understandings of the nature of science, restrictive notions of evidence, methodological issues in the randomized controlled trial, the medical model and its associated illness ideology as an inadequate model of music therapy, the concept of an intervention as an inadequate conceptualization of what makes music therapy work, and the potentially corrupting effect of commercial influences in research.
Triplet-triplet Electronic Absorption Spectroscopy Using a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer

The nature and location of the triplet states of organic molecules has been of considerable interest for 40 years. Because of the metastable character of the lowest triplet (T1) levels, it is possible to obtain a considerable population in T1 by optical pumping. Transitions from this triplet to higher lying triplets may be induced by simultaneous excitation with a suitable probe source. Lewis and Lipkin were the first to observe triplet-triplet (T-T) absorption in an organic molecule. Since that time many investigators have successfully used the method to investigate excited triplet states. Two basic techniques for T-T absorption have been developed. In the first, introduced by McClure, steady-state illumination of the sample is used. The second, developed by Porter and co-workers, uses pulsed pump and probe radiation sources. By and large, in the great majority of reports on T-T absorption published to date, using either CW or pulsed techniques, the probe radiation has been confined to the visible and ultraviolet regions. These high probe energies ensure that only those excited triplets which lie at energies far removed from T1 will be investigated. It is, however, generally expected that those triplets lying in closer proximity to T1 will play a significant role in the mechanisms of nonradiative decay, photodegradation, etc., yet no systematic studies of T-T absorption in the infrared range have appeared. For a number of different classes of organic molecules (e.g., aromatic hydrocarbons and dicarbonyl compounds) there are theoretical predictions that one or more T-T transitions should lie in this range. To investigate these possibilities we have embarked on a program of T-T absorption in the infrared range using a Fourier transform (FT) IR spectrometer. In this note we report preliminary results on phenanthrene in a poly(methylmethacrylate) matrix that show that the application of an FT-IR spectrometer to T-T absorption measurements is feasible.
Identification and Characterization of Spontaneous Deletions within the Sp11-Sp12 Prophage Region of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Sakai

Prophages make up 12% of the enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli genome and play prominent roles in the evolution and virulence of this food-borne pathogen. Acquisition and loss of and rearrangements within prophage regions are the primary causes of differences in pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns among strains of E. coli O157:H7. Sp11 and Sp12 are two tandemly integrated and putatively defective prophages carried by E. coli O157:H7 strain Sakai. In this study, we identified 3 classes of deletions that occur within the Sp11-Sp12 region, at a frequency of ca. 7.74 × 10(-4). One deletion resulted in a precise excision of Sp11, and the other two spanned the junction of Sp11 and Sp12. All deletions resulted in shifts in the XbaI fragment pattern observed by PFGE. We sequenced the inducible prophage pool of Sakai but did not identify any mature phage particles corresponding to either Sp11 or Sp12. Deletions containing pchB and psrC, which are Sp11-carried genes encoding proteins known or suspected to regulate type III secretion, did not affect the secretion levels of the EspA or EspB effector. Alignment of the Sp11-Sp12 DNA sequence with its corresponding regions in other E. coli O157:H7 and O55:H7 strains suggested that homologous recombination rather than integrase-mediated excision is the mechanism behind these deletions. Therefore, this study provides a mechanism behind the previously observed genetic instability of this genomic region of E. coli O157:H7.
The absorption of molybdenum by excised tobacco (nicotiana tabacum L.) roots 1

Abstract The absorption of 99‐Mo by excised tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum L. c.v. KY‐14, roots was examined. Lowered temperature, anaerobic conditions and various inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation decreased the absorption of Mo, suggesting that the absorption of Mo was metabolism‐dependent. Similar results were obtained with the absorption of 86‐Rb. The absorption of 99‐Mo decreased exponentially with an increase in pH. The apparent Km for the absorption of Mo was 15 μM, although at high concentrations of Mo, the absorption of Mo occurs primarily by passive processes.
Finance charges for car loans by size of city

This study presents empirical data on finance charges for new car loans. It compares finance charges by size of city and by type of lender. It did not find significant differences among cities but there were significant differences among lending institutions.
Individual variability in the locus of prefrontal craving for nicotine: Implications for brain stimulation studies and treatments

Abstract Background Attenuation of cue-elicited craving with brain stimulation techniques is a growing area of attention in addiction research. This investigation aims to guide these studies by assessing individual variability in the location of peak cortical activity during cue-elicited craving. Method Twenty-six nicotine-dependent individuals performed a cue-elicited craving task in a 3T MRI scanner while BOLD signal data was collected. The task included epochs of smoking cues, neutral cues, and rest. The location of peak activity during smoking cues relative to neutral cues (‘hot spot’) was isolated for each individual. The spatial dispersion of the 26 cue-elicited hot spots (1 per participant) was quantified via hierarchical clustering. Results When viewing nicotine cues all 26 participants had at least one cluster of significant prefrontal cortex activity ( p Conclusion There is considerable individual variability in the location of the cue-elicited ‘hot spot’ as measured by BOLD activity. Men appear to have a more uniform location of peak BOLD response to cues than women. Consequently, acquiring individual functional imaging data may be advantageous for either tailoring treatment to the individual or filtering participants before enrollment in treatment.
Michelson interferometric studies of protein and virus crystal growth

Abstract In situ laser Michelson interferometry was utilized to investigate the growth kinetics and surface morphology in canavalin, thaumatin, and turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) crystallization. Interferometric patterns and kinetic measurements from growing macromolecular crystals as small as 20 μm were obtained. This study shows that for the crystallization of canavalin, dislocations are the sources of growth steps on the surfaces of growing crystals. Supersaturation dependencies of the normal growth rates, tangential growth step velocities, and the slopes of the dislocation hillocks were determined. The kinetic coefficient β was estimated for canavalin grown from two different precipitant systems to be 3.2 × 10 −4 and 5.3 × 10 −4 cm s −1 , respectively. The change in activities of dislocation sources under different growth conditions was analyzed.
Developing a detailed view of query reformulation: one step in an incremental approach

A key goal of current research on interactive information seeking is to develop personalized search systems that respond to individual user needs in real time. Ideally, such systems will provide customized recommendations that help the user generate more effective queries. This paper reports on one experiment in a larger study that tests the hypothesis that the visual scanning of ranked search results interferes with the user's ability to recognize potentially useful query terms. Our experiment uses the well-documented phenomenon of semantic priming -- people recognize a word more quickly when they have just encountered (e.g., seen, heard, or thought about) a semantically related word. Recognition is slower when they have not been "primed" by such an encounter. Using methods from standard semantic priming experiments, we carefully manipulated the semantic relationships between words in a display, and asked participants to indicate their recognition of the words. We also varied the task we asked participants to complete when indicting recognition. This allowed us to measure differences in the level of semantic priming for each type of task. Our results show that in a visual scanning task, word recognition is not advantaged by semantic priming. The finding supports our hypothesis. The primary contributions of this research include: 1) demonstration of the value of the semantic priming paradigm in the study of query formulation and search interaction; 2) development of a new task specifically designed to tease apart the impact of visual and linguistic processing during query reformulation; 3) bringing a novel technique to information retrieval research for the study of interaction, as part of a general movement to apply techniques from cognitive science in the study of cognitive factors that affect search interaction.
Alterations in Endothelial Fenestrations in Liver Sinusoids of Baboons Fed Alcohol: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study

The effects of chronic alcohol consumption on the ultrastructure of endothelial fenestrations in liver sinusoids were studied by scanning electron microscopy in surgical liver biopsies of 16 baboons pair-fed with nutritionally adequate diets containing alcohol or isocaloric carbohydrate for up to 112 months. Alcohol consumption for 4 to 24 months resulted in a decreased number of fenestrations (1.4 per micron 2 of the endothelial surface vs. 3.3 in pair-fed controls; p less than 0.01) and an increase in their geometric mean diameter (115.6 vs. 82.3 nm in controls; p less than 0.001). After 61 to 112 months of alcohol feeding, the number of fenestrations was 1.9 (vs. 4.6 in controls; p less than 0.005) and the fenestration diameter was 91.8 nm (vs. 76.7 nm in controls; p less than 0.01). The fractional areas occupied by the fenestrations on the endothelial surface of the sinusoids in baboons fed alcohol for 4 to 24 and 61 to 112 months were calculated to be 84 and 58% of their respective controls. The alterations in the sinusoidal endothelium revealed in this study are most likely associated with a disturbance in the exchanges between the sinusoidal blood stream and the liver parenchyma and may thereby contribute to alcohol-induced liver injury.
Genome-wide scan of 29,141 African Americans finds no evidence of directional selection since admixture.

The extent of recent selection in admixed populations is currently an unresolved question. We scanned the genomes of 29,141 African Americans and failed to find any genome-wide-significant deviations in local ancestry, indicating no evidence of selection influencing ancestry after admixture. A recent analysis of data from 1,890 African Americans reported that there was evidence of selection in African Americans after their ancestors left Africa, both before and after admixture. Selection after admixture was reported on the basis of deviations in local ancestry, and selection before admixture was reported on the basis of allele-frequency differences between African Americans and African populations. The local-ancestry deviations reported by the previous study did not replicate in our very large sample, and we show that such deviations were expected purely by chance, given the number of hypotheses tested. We further show that the previous study’s conclusion of selection in African Americans before admixture is also subject to doubt. This is because the FST statistics they used were inflated and because true signals of unusual allele-frequency differences between African Americans and African populations would be best explained by selection that occurred in Africa prior to migration to the Americas.
Quantitation of dextran 70 in peritoneal dialysate from patients administered 7.5% polyglucose.

Abstract A method using gel permeation chromatography was evaluated for the quantitation of dextran 70 in dialysate samples containing polyglucose. Dialysate samples containing dextran 70 and polyglucose were pretreated using the enzyme α-amylase to selectively hydrolyze the α(1–4)-linked polyglucose, while leaving the α(1–6)-linked dextran 70 intact. Following sample deproteinization with trichloroacetic acid, dextran 70 was quantitated using gel permeation chromatography with refractive index detection. This method was evaluated for accuracy, precision, specificity, linearity, range, and analyte stability. Adequate method linearity with a correlation of >0.999 was established over the range of dextran 70 concentration from 1 to 0.025 mg/ml. Method precision was approximately 2% R.S.D. and accuracy (% recovery) was approximately 98–100% in the typical sample concentration range (1–0.5 mg/ml). This method was applied to the determination of intraperitoneal fluid kinetics in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients administered daily night-time intraperitoneal exchanges with either 7.5% polyglucose or 4.25% dextrose. Dextran 70 was added to the dialysis solutions to yield an initial concentration of 1 mg/ml. Dialysate samples were collected at various times over a 10-h dwell-time and assayed for dextran 70. Intraperitoneal volume profiles based on dextran 70 concentrations and drain volumes were then calculated for each dialysis solution.
Migration and metropolitan opportunity structures: A demographic response to racial inequality☆

Abstract This paper examines the impact of racial inequality on black and white migration rates for a sample of metropolitan areas in the United States 1975–1980. A conceptual framework for migration that includes a measure of racial inequality is developed and evaluated. The results indicate that blacks are attracted to areas with lower levels of inequality, but contrary to our expectations, the rate of black out-migration is lower in Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas with higher levels of racial inequality. In addition, whites seem to be attracted to labor markets where whites have the greatest advantage as measured by occupational inequality, and they are more likely to leave areas where the competition with blacks for jobs is greater. Implications for theory and further research for the comparative study of black and white migration are outlined.
Incorporating authoritative pronouncements with intermediate and advanced accounting syllabi

Abstract Incorporating authoritative pronouncements with intermediate and advanced accounting syllabi is a relatively simple means of introducing students to research, familiarizing them with the primary authoritative sources for accounting standards, and teaching them to interpret, analyze, and apply technical material they will be using immediately on graduation. The incorporation insures that topics covered in the courses are updated with respect to developments occurring subsequent to the printing of the textbooks in use and may provide greater in-depth coverage of the topics than is otherwise possible.
Bleomycin Sclerotherapy of an Intractable Inguinal Lymphocyst

One of the complications of an inguinal lymphadenectomy is formation of a lymphocyst. The literature dealing with management of this complication is scant. In this report we present a patient who developed an inguinal lymphocyst which did not respond to percutaneous drainage, but was successfully treated with sclerotherapy using bleomycin. Based on our experience and review of the literature a scheme for the management of groin lymphocysts is presented.
In silico comparative characterization of pharmacogenomic missense variants

Missense pharmacogenomic (PGx) variants refer to amino acid substitutions that potentially affect the pharmacokinetic (PK) or pharmacodynamic (PD) response to drug therapies. The PGx variants, as compared to disease-associated variants, have not been investigated as deeply. The ability to computationally predict future PGx variants is desirable; however, it is not clear what data sets should be used or what features are beneficial to this end. Hence we carried out a comparative characterization of PGx variants with annotated neutral and disease variants from UniProt, to test the predictive power of sequence conservation and structural information in discriminating these three groups. 126 PGx variants of high quality from PharmGKB were selected and two data sets were created: one set contained 416 variants with structural and sequence information, and, the other set contained 1,265 variants with sequence information only. In terms of sequence conservation, PGx variants are more conserved than neutral variants and much less conserved than disease variants. A weighted random forest was used to strike a more balanced classification for PGx variants. Generally structural features are helpful in discriminating PGx variant from the other two groups, but still classification of PGx from neutral polymorphisms is much less effective than between disease and neutral variants. We found that PGx variants are much more similar to neutral variants than to disease variants in the feature space consisting of residue conservation, neighboring residue conservation, number of neighbors, and protein solvent accessibility. Such similarity poses great difficulty in the classification of PGx variants and polymorphisms.
The effects of feedback lighting on the circadian drinking rhythm in the diurnal new world primate Saimiri sciureus

Feedback lighting provides illumination primarily during the subjective night (i.e., the photosensitive portion of the circadian cycle) in response to a given behavior. This technique has previously been used to test the nonparametric model of entrainment in nocturnal rodents. In three species (Rattus norvegicus, Mesocricetus auratus, and Mus musculus), the free-running period of the locomotor activity rhythm was similar whether the animals were exposed to continuous light or discrete light pulses occurring essentially only during the subjective night (i.e., feedback lighting). In the current experiments, feedback lighting was presented to squirrel monkeys so that light fell predominantly during the subjective night. Feedback lighting was linked to the drinking behavior in this diurnal primate so that when the animal drank, the lights went out. Despite the seemingly adverse predicament, the monkeys maintained regular circadian drinking rhythms. Furthermore, just as the period of the free-running activity rhythms of nocturnal rodents exposed to continuous light or feedback lighting were similar, the period of the drinking rhythms of the squirrel monkeys in continuous light and feedback lighting were comparable (25.6 +/- 0.1 and 25.9 +/- 0.1 hours, respectively), despite a substantial decrease in the total amount of light exposure associated with feedback lighting. The free-running period of monkeys exposed to continuous dark (24.5 +/- 0.1 hours) was significantly shorter than either of the two lighting conditions (P < 0.001). The results presented for the drinking rhythm were confirmed by examination of the temperature and activity rhythms. Therefore, discrete light pulses given predominately during the subjective night are capable of simulating the effects of continuous light on the free-running period of the circadian rhythms of a diurnal primate. The response of squirrel monkeys to feedback lighting thus lends further support for the model and suggests that the major entrainment mechanisms are similar in nocturnal rodents and diurnal primates.
Impact of Inflammatory Cytokines on Effector and Memory CD8+ T Cells

Inflammatory cytokines have long been recognized to produce potent APCs to elicit robust T cell responses for protective immunity. The impact of inflammatory cytokine signaling directly on T cells, however, has only recently been appreciated. Although much remains to be learned, the CD8 T cell field has made considerable strides in understanding the effects of inflammatory cytokines throughout the CD8 T cell response. Key findings first identified IL-12 and type I interferons as ‘signal 3’ cytokines, emphasizing their importance in generating optimal CD8 T cell responses. Separate investigations revealed another inflammatory cytokine, IL-15, to play a critical role in memory CD8 T cell maintenance. These early studies highlighted potential regulators of CD8 T cells, but were unable to provide mechanistic insight into how these inflammatory cytokines enhanced CD8 T cell-mediated immunity. Here, we describe the mechanistic advances that have been made in our lab regarding the role of ‘signal 3’ cytokines and IL-15 in optimizing effector and memory CD8 T cell number and function. Furthermore, we assess initial progress on the role of cytokines, such as TGF-β, in generation of recently described resident memory CD8 T cell populations.
The fine structure of the stannius body of the guppy and its response to deionized water.

The Stannius corpuscle of the guppy, Lebistes reticulatus, was studied with light and electron microscopy. The relation of the cells to the rich vascular supply is described. The fine structure of the parenchymal cells is consistent with protein synthesis. When animals were subjected to an environment depleted in mineral content, the cells of the Stannius corpuscle showed striking alterations: a prominent swelling of the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum and perinuclear cisternae, a reduction in the electron-opaque material within the Golgi saccules, the appearance of intramitochondrial granules, and vacuolization of the secretory granules. The role of the Stannius body in osmoregulation is discussed.
Corporate Linkage and Control of the Corporate Economy: New Evidence and a Reinterpretation

This paper begins with a brief critical review of the major perspectives in the debate concerning ownership and control of major corporations. After examination of a new source of data compiled by a Senate committee (pertaining especially to the expansion of stock control by institutional investors and, most importantly, by major commercial banks), we argue that none of these perspectives is strongly supported. In concluding we tentatively outline a perspective wliicli seems to provide a better “fit” to the data. We argue that the dominant force in the overall capitalist economy is now an “intercorporate complex” of major corporations, with banks in a central coordinating position (though short of “control”) and an inner group of the “corporate class” providing the human linkage. This form of control is what we call “intercorporate control,” based upon the impersonal interests of major, interrelated corporate bureaucracies.
Involvement of a low molecular weight component(s) in the mechanism of action of the glucocorticoid receptor

Abstract [ 3 H]Dexamethasone-receptor complexes from rat liver cytosol preincubated at 0° bind poorly to DNA-cellulose. However, if the steroid-receptor complex is subjected to gel filtration at 0–4° separating it from the low molecular weight components of cytosol, the steroid-receptor complex becomes “activated” enabling its binding to DNA-cellulose. This activation can be prevented if the gel filtration column is first equilibrated with the low molecular weight components of cytosol. In addition, if adrenalectomized rat liver cytosol, in the absence of exogeneous steroid, is subjected to gel filtration the macromolecular fractions separated from the “small molecules” of that cytosol have much reduced binding activity towards [ 3 H]dexamethasone. These results suggest that rat liver cytosol contains a low molecular weight component(s) which maintains the glucocorticoid receptor in a conformational state that allows the binding of dexamethasone. Furthermore, this component must be removed from the steroid-receptor complex before binding to DNA can occur.
Monitoring user search success through transaction log analysis: the WolfPAC example

It is common knowledge that public card catalogs in libraries have been poorly understood and inefficiently utilized by a large portion of their searchers. The myriad reasons for this situation range from the complicated nature of card filing rules to poor or total lack of understanding of assigned subject headings on the part of users. The emergence of automated online public access catalogs was initially seen as a means of overcoming this pattern of poor utilization. Instead, their widespread adoption has often transferred ineffective user searching behavior to an electronic environment.
The completeness of Maxwell's stress function representation

Any four times continuously differentiable, self-equilibrated stress field is shown to admit a stress function representation of the Maxwell's type. This representation is even valid for only twice differentiable stress fields provided that an extended interpretation of the operator curl curl is applied. A counterexample shows that the result is sharp in the sense that it cannot be extended to cover stress fields which are only once continuously differentiable.
Impedance-Based Resonance Analysis in a VSC-HVDC System

Resonances can limit power transfer in a voltage-source converter-high voltage dc (VSC-HVDC) system. The objective of this paper is to develop impedance models for the rectifier ac system and the inverter ac system for a VSC-HVDC system. Resonance stability will be examined using Nyquist stability criterion and impedance frequency responses. The impedance models consider the outer control loop and the inner current control loops of VSCs. Impacting factors are then examined. Stability analysis demonstrates that the feedforward filter, line length, and power transfer level have a significant impact on resonances. Time-domain simulation results obtained by Matlab SimPowerSystems are used to validate the analysis.
In vitro systems for exposure of lung cells to NO2 and O3.

In vitro studies of the effects of NO 2 and O 3 require development of methods for separation and culture of those lung cells that experience in vivo exposure, and also the design and construction of systems for controlled exposure of the cells to known concentrations of the gases. Separation of lung cell types has been accomplished by enzymatic dispersal of lung tissue and centrifugation of the mixed cells on media of various densities in order to separate the cells on the basis of buoyant density or sedimentation rate. The application of centrifugal elutriation has enabled separation of type II alveolar cells and Clara cells with a high degree of purity. A veolar macrophages and endothelial cells have also been obtained in good yield. Exposure of cultured cells to test atmospheres requires precise control of pollutant levels, close contact of cells and gas without an intervening layer of medium, capability for prolonged exposure, and maintenance of sterile conditions, so that recovered cells can be cult...
Independent verification of ultrasound based image-guided radiation treatment, using electronic portal imaging and implanted gold markers

The aim of this paper is to study the correction of prostate motion and position during external beam therapy. The correction was performed using a commercially available ultrasound-based repositioning tool. Electronic portal imaging with the use of fiducial markers was used to assess efficacy and accuracy. Patients undergoing radiation treatment for adenocarcinoma of the prostate were enrolled in a positioning study. Fifteen patients had five to six gold fiducial markers implanted in their prostate. These patients were positioned daily in a standard manner and then were repositioned every other day using an ultrasound-based correction system. Every fraction of a patients’ treatment was imaged. This yielded 156 image pairs with and 119 pairs without repositioning available for analysis. This group of patients with markers had the following residual positions measured after the use of ultrasound repositioning. A mean error of −0.4 mm (LL), −2.6 mm (CC), and +2.5 mm (AP) with a standard deviation of 4.3, 5.4, and 5.7 mm. In two directions the improvements of treatment using the ultrasound correction were smaller than the precision of this experiment. They were no larger than 0.81 mm (LAT), and 0.95 mm (CC). In the AP direction a significant improvement was found of 1.6 mm. A highly significant correlation (p was found between the residual errors in the cranio-caudal direction and the shifts performed on the basis of the ultrasound measurements (Spearman ranking R=0.53). We presented a method to objectively estimate improvements by a correction scheme. This method applied to ultrasound-based adjustment showed significant improvement in one direction and no measurable improvement in two other directions.
The Morphology of Paranemertes sanjuanensis sp.n. (Nemertea, Monostilifera) from Washington, U.S.A.

The morphology of Paranemertes sanjuanensis sp.n., a new monostiliferous hoplonemertean from San Juan Island, Washington, is described. As in other members of the genus, P. sanjuanensis has numerous eyespots, a proboscis sheath that extends one-half to two-thirds the length of the body, well-developed cephalic and subepidermal glands, and two distinct layers of longitudinal muscles in the body wall of the cerebral region. A precerebral septum is absent, as only fibers from the inner longitudinal layer extend into the proboscis. The cerebral sense organs are well developed and lie just anterior to the brain. The esophagus opens into the rhynchodaeum and leads posteriad, into a highly folded stomach. The intestinal caecum is short and lacks anteriorly directed pouches. Gravid females have numerous ovaries in the posterior two-thirds of their bodies. The proboscis is relatively large and contains an average of 5 reserve stylet sacs, each of which contains 2 to 3 stylets. The stylets are stout and have prominent, helically-arranged grooves.
Effects of rule pretraining on rule effects in an attribute identification task

Rule learning (RL) training or familiarization as a means of reducing attribute identification (AI) rule effects was examined. Independent groups of college Ss were trained on 0, 2, 4, or 8 RL problems based on the conjunctive (Cj), disjunctive (Dj), conditional (Cd), or biconditional (Bd) rules prior to transfer to an AI task based on the same rule. Contrary to predictions, level of pretraining failed to interact with rule difficulty in AI [F(9,32) = 1.90, p <.25], while the main effect of rule obtained significance [F(3,32) = 10.12, p <.01]. Implications of these findings for research conceived within a model postulating independent processes for the RL and AI components of concept learning tasks were discussed.
Total Proctocolectomy with Ileoanal J-Pouch Reconstruction Utilizing the Hand-Assisted Laparoscopic Approach

This manuscript describes our technique for a minimally invasive ileoanal J- pouch procedure utilizing hand-assisted laparoscopy. We detail several important maneuvers that may be helpful to the surgeon faced with the challenge of a difficult laparoscopic pouch.
Preservation of Bull and Human Spermatozoa by Freezing in Liquid Nitrogen Vapour

MY work on factors involved in low-temperature preservation has favoured the design of a simple and efficient freezing method for the preservation of spermatozoa of the bull and the human. I have used this method successfully for more than three years and find it as good as, or superior to, present methods, including those requiring expensive automatic freezing equipment. It uses liquid nitrogen and is an improvement over ‘dry ice’ methods.
Development of Additional Primary Tumors After 62 Years in the First Patient with Retinoblastoma Cured by Radiation Therapy

In the first well-documented case of bilateral retinoblastoma to be cured by X-irradiation of the nonenucleated eye, a basal cell carcinoma and then a squamous cell carcinoma of the eyelids developed 60 years after the original treatment. The patient, a 66-year-old man, had been treated by Verhoeff between 1917 and 1919. These new tumors may have been examples of second primary tumors, found in about 0.5% to 2.5% of patients with bilateral retinoblastoma, or they may have been coincidental. Because of the 60-year period between the patient's original treatment and the development of these tumors, it seems unlikely that they were the result of the irradiation.
Impending disaster or sliver of hope for Southeast Asian forests? The devil may lie in the details

Here, I report on how forest area in Southeast Asia has changed for different types of forest and across different countries between the periods of 1990–2000 and 2000–2005. The loss of old growth forests has accelerated in Indonesia, Cambodia and Vietnam but have ceased in Thailand, Malaysia, Laos and the Philippines. Secondary forests continue to be lost in Malaysia, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines. Plantation forests have increased in area by 25.0% from 1990 to 2005 but still comprise only 6.2% of the total forest area in Southeast Asia. Overall, the loss of native forests (old growth and secondary forests) has slowed down in Thailand, the Philippines and Brunei but has worsened in Laos, Myanmar, Indonesia, Malaysia and Cambodia.