cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spectroscopic Applications in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

One of the major frontiers in biomedical optics has been as an adjunct to gastrointestinal endoscopy. In particular, spectroscopy of elastic light scattering has the potential of addressing many of the vexing challenges confronting endoscopists. This review discusses the principles of spectroscopy and critically evaluates performance in clinically significant scenarios. One of the best established applications is optical biopsy (in situ histological determination), and a number of techniques such as elastic scattering spectroscopy have demonstrated the ability to discriminate between neoplastic and non-neoplastic polyps. For flat dysplasia detection in Barrett's esophagus, some of the most promising spectroscopic technologies are angle-resolved low-coherence interferometry and endoscopic polarized scanning spectroscopy (the next generation light scattering spectroscopy). A new and exciting biological approach involves optical detection of field carcinogenesis. This can be exploited to reduce colonoscopic adenoma miss rate by assessing microcirculatory augmentation in the mucosa in the vicinity of the polyp using polarization-gatedspectroscopy. Furthermore, there are nano/micro-architectural correlates with diffuse field carcinogenesis throughout the colon. Indeed, technologies such as low coherence enhanced backscattering spectroscopy and partial wave spectroscopic microscopy have demonstrated that the detection of the nano-architectural alterations in the rectal mucosa can accurately sense advanced adenomas elsewhere in the colon. This may lend itself to a minimally intrusive risk stratification to identify patients who are most likely to harbor neoplasia and thus benefit from colonoscopy. Bridging these advances into the endoscopy suite requires pragmatic future development. Future studies need to focus on efficacy, cost, practicality (time required, etc), and particularly developing the paradigms that will impact upon clinical decision making.
Effects of non-propagating plate waves on dynamical stress concentrations

Abstract The concentration of stress around a circular hole in an infinite elastic plate during passage of a plane extensional wave is studied within the framework of an approximate theory which takes into account the effect of coupling between extensional symmetric thickness-stretch and symmetric thickness-shear deformations. Of particular interest is the very large stress concentrations that are achieved for certain combinations of plate thickness, hole diameter and incident wavelength. The source of these large stress concentrations is seen to lie in the presence of a vibration of large magnitude which is confined to a region in the immediate vicinity of the hole.
Contrast gain control for color image quality

We derive a visual image quality metric from a model of human visual processing that takes as its input an original image and a compressed or otherwise altered version of that image. The model has multiple channels tuned to spatial frequency, orientation and color. Channel sensitivities are scaled to match a bandpass achromatic spatial frequency contrast sensitivity function (CSF) and lowpass chromatic CSFs. The model has a constant gain control with parameters based on the results of human psychophysical experiments on pattern masking and contrast induction. These experiments have shown that contrast gain control within the visual system is selective for spatial frequency, orientation and color. The model accommodates this result by placing a contrast gain control within each channel and by letting each channel's gain control be influenced selectively by contrasts within all channels. A simple extension to this model provides predictions of color image quality.
Corneal Endothelial Damage Associated by Phacoemulsification

Twenty-one cats underwent standard Kelman phacoemulsification procedures in their right eyes. The left eyes of the same amimals underwent a planned extracapsular cataract extraction or irrigation and aspiration for 15 minutes using the Kelman phacoemulsification unit. The corneal endothelium was evaluated at various times postoperatively using a stain for endothelial cell viability and scanning electron microscopy. The results suggested that the irrigation procedure alone is deleterious to the cat endothelium as is the rubbing of nuclear material against the endothelial cells. These two procedures caused additonal damage when combined in a routine phacoemulsification procedure.
Phenomenological aspects in explosive powder/gas two-phase detonations

Attempts were made to detonate a special ball-milled TNT powder of about 30-μm particle size thatwas dispersed in air, oxygen, and nitrogen at nominally 1 kg/m 3 in a highly instrumented 152-mm-diameter 7.31-m-long horizontal detonation tube. Results were successful in both air and oxygen, but not in nitrogen. New modifications to the detonation tube for this work included implementation of two-color temperature-measuring instrumentation, and the repositioning of some piezoelectric pressure transducers and fiberoptic light-detector probes so that phenomena such as spinning detonation and multiple-front detonations could be better identified and quantified. TIGER Code Chapman-Jouguet (CJ) computations were made for TNT, RDX, and mixtures of TNT and RDX in air, oxygen, and nitrogen at concentrations up to 100 kg/m 3 . The computed results for TNT in air and oxygen at a concentration of 1 kg/m 3 for the detonation velocities, pressures, and temperatures were 2.00 km/s, 4.00 MPa, 3250 K in air and 2.05 km/s, 4.40 MPa, 3740 K in oxygen. Experimental results for TNT powder were 1.82 km/s, 4.06 MPa, 3245 K in air and 1.90 km/s, 4.61 MPa, 4240 K in oxygen; the experimental concentrations, which were monitored with laser optics, were determined to be 1 kg/m 3 with an estimated error of ± 10%. Subsequent experiments were conducted with RDX, alone and in mixtures with TNT, in attempts to achieve detonation in nitrogen. These were successful except when the RDX percentage fell below 20% by weight. Results of sucessful detonations of RDX/TNT mixtures indicated multiple-front detonations, suggesting that the TNT was reacting behind the RDX detonation front in such a manner that it supported the overall detonation.
The epidemiology of Candida glabrata and Candida albicans fungemia in immunocompromised patients with cancer

Abstract Purpose Candida glabrata is an increasing cause of candidemia, especially at cancer and bone marrow transplant centers where fluconazole is used for antifungal prophylaxis. This yeast is less susceptible to fluconazole in vitro than is Candida albicans . We compared the characteristics of patients who had C. glabrata and C. albicans candidemia at a large cancer center. Subjects and methods We searched the microbiological laboratory reports and identified 116 cases of C. glabrata candidemia between 1993 and 1999. The 116 cases of C. albicans candidemia that occurred most closely in time (before or after each case of C. glabrata candidemia) served as the control group. Data were collected from patients' medical records. Results When compared with patients who had C. albicans infection, patients with C. glabrata candidemia more often had an underlying hematologic malignancy (68 [59%] vs. 26 [22%], P = 0.0001), had an Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score ≥16 (55 [48%] vs. 28 [25%], P = 0.0002), and received fluconazole prophylaxis (57 [49%] vs. 8 [7%], P = 0.0001). Patients with C. albicans candidemia more often had concomitant infections (101 [87%] vs. 78 [67%], P = 0.0003) and septic thrombophlebitis (11 [10%] vs. 2 [2%], P = 0.01). Among patients treated with antifungal therapy, those with C. albicans candidemia had a significantly greater overall response to therapy (83/104 [80%] vs. 60/97 [62%], P = 0.005) and to primary therapy (74/104 [71%] vs. 45/97 [46%], P = 0.0003). Amphotericin B preparations were not more effective than fluconazole (19/45 [42%] vs. 20/38 [53%], P = 0.5) in patients with C. glabrata candidemia. Fluconazole was less effective against C. glabrata than against C. albicans (20/38 [53%] vs. 57/74 [77%], P = 0.008). Conclusion C. glabrata has emerged as an important cause of candidemia, especially among neutropenic patients who receive fluconazole prophylaxis.
Acoustics research of propulsion systems

The liftoff phase induces high acoustic loading over a broad frequency range for a launch vehicle. These external acoustic environments are used in the prediction of the internal vibration responses of the vehicle and components. Present liftoff vehicle acoustic environment prediction methods utilize stationary data from previously conducted hold-down tests to generate 1/3 octave band Sound Pressure Level (SPL) spectra. In an effort to update the accuracy and quality of liftoff acoustic loading predictions, non-stationary flight data from the Ares I-X were processed in PC-Signal in two flight phases: simulated hold-down and liftoff. In conjunction, the Prediction of Acoustic Vehicle Environments (PAVE) program was developed in MATLAB to allow for efficient predictions of sound pressure levels (SPLs) as a function of station number along the vehicle using semi-empirical methods. This consisted of generating the Dimensionless Spectrum Function (DSF) and Dimensionless Source Location (DSL) curves from the Ares I-X flight data. These are then used in the MATLAB program to generate the 1/3 octave band SPL spectra. Concluding results show major differences in SPLs between the hold-down test data and the processed Ares I-X flight data making the Ares I-X flight data more practical for future vehicle acoustic environment predictions.
The Effect of Quantum Versus Incremental M-form Reorganization on Performance: A Time-Series Exploration of Intervention Dynamics

This study was designed to examine the dynamics of quantum versus incremental M-form reorganization on financial performance. The dynamics of reorganizations in six companies were studied by means of time-series intervention analysis, since a structural change can beformally considered an' 'intervention" upon the existing organizational system. The technique used was Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) intervention analysis. Three different models of reorganization impact on performance were specified and examined. The results indicate that reorganization to the M-form produces a positive effect on financial performance, with incremental reorganizations having less of a positive impact than quantum reorganizations.
Spectroscopic ellipsometry of electrochemical precipitation and oxidation of nickel hydroxide films

Abstract In situ spectroscopic ellipsometry was used to investigate the electrochemical precipitation of nickel hydroxide films. By use of optical models for inhomogeneous films it was found that a specific precipitation current density produced the most compact and homogeneous film structures. The density of nickel hydroxide films was derived to be 1.25–1.50 g/cm3. The redox behavior of precipitated nickel hydroxide films was studied with an effective-medium optical model. Incomplete conversion to nickel oxyhydroxide and a reduction in film thickness were found during the oxidation cycle.
Organometallic vapor phase epitaxial growth of a new quarternary semiconductor alloy Ga1−xInxP1−ySby

Abstract Quaternary Ga 1− x In x P 1− y Sb y alloys have been grown for the first time by atmospheric pressure organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (AP-OMVPE) in a horizontal, infrared-heated reactor using trimethylgallium, trimethylindium trimethylantimony, and phosphine as the source materials. In general, epilayers with good surface morphologies were obtained. Growth temperatures between 480 and 560°C were used because of the low melting temperatures of these alloys. At the lower end of this range, Ga incorporation was found to decrease with decreasing temperature. Furthermore, the presence of Sb in the growth process also caused a decrease of the Ga distribution coefficient. Optical characterization was carried out using low temperature photoluminescence, photoluminescence excitation, and transmission spectroscopies. Quaternary alloys with 10 K energy band gaps ranging from 0.21 to 1.98 eV (5.9 to 0.63 μm) were grown on GaAs, InP, GaSb, InAs, and InSb substrates. The band gap energies were found to be in good agreement with the results of earlier calculations. However, 10 K photoluminescence of Ga 1− x In x P 1− y Sb y with higher band gaps was routinely observed with peak energies about 90 to 140 meV lower than the band gap energies. This may be due to either donor-acceptor pair recombination or, perhaps, recombination involving tail states produced by compositional fluctuations in these highly metastable alloys. Smaller band gap alloys have peak energies lower than the values of band gap by about 20 to 110 meV.
Numerical Analysis of the Size and Shape of New York City Municipal Solid Waste (NYCMSW) and Residues for Combustion Chamber Design

The size and shape of New York City municipal solid waste (NYCMSW) and combustion residues (ashes) are numerically analyzed in order to investigate the size reduction of particles on the grate of a waste-to-energy (WTE) combustion chamber. It is also necessary for designing a new combustion chamber, due to the heterogeneous MSW particles. About 360 MSW particles for this study were sampled in the black bags collected in residential areas at five boroughs of New York City. Also about 210 ash particles from a WTE combustion chamber were sampled. Length, breadth, perimeter and area of each MSW and ash particle are measured by means of image analysis that is more accurate than sieve analysis. Based on the image analysis, the particle size distributions (PSiD) and particle shape distributions (PShD) of MSW and residues were created. The mean size of NYCMSW was found to be 12.8cm and standard deviation of the MSW PSiD to be 6.4. Also mean size and standard deviation of the ash PSiD to be 2.4cm and 0.5889, respectively. Also Three types of shape factors (aspect ratio, roundness and sphericity) are used for creating 3 PShDs (aspect-ratio distributions, roundness distributions and sphericity distributions). Based on the similarity of the particle shapes quantified as these shape factors, the particles of MSW and residues are divided into 9 clusters by means of cluster analysis. This cluster analysis showed categorized characteristics of particle shapes that can be used for predicting surface areas of particles and mobility of particles in MSW bed on the traveling grate, both of which are major parameters for simulating combustion process in WTE systems.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
The Rationale for an Arthroscopic Approach to Shoulder Stabilization

The gold standard of treatment for glenohumeral instability has traditionally been viewed as open shoulder stabilization. With the increased awareness of complex instability patterns and the ability to preoperatively detect concomitant pathology with advanced imaging modalities, an evidence-based shift to an all-arthroscopic approach to shoulder stabilization surgery is occurring. Current data suggest that patients who meet eligibility criteria for arthroscopic stabilization (those without significant bony lesions or significant deformity) can expect equivalent rates of recurrence, better functional outcomes, and less morbidity. Modern arthroscopic techniques using suture anchors and capsular plication have resulted in a significant improvement over previous reports in the orthopaedic literature. An argument is put forth on the benefits of an all-arthroscopic approach to shoulder stabilization in athletes and nonathletes alike based on a review of the current orthopaedic literature comparing the evolved arthroscopic technique with more traditional open methods.
Somatotopic organization related to nuclear morphology in the cuneate-gracile complex of opossums Didelphis marsupialis virginiana

Summary This study was performed to determine whether the mechanosensory projections to the cuneate-gracile nuclear complex are somatotopically organized, with nuclear subdivisions corresponding to regions of special projections, in marsupial opossums as they are in placental mammals. Neuronal spike discharges in response to mechanical stimulation of peripheral receptors were mapped, using tungsten microelectrodes, throughout the cuneate-gracile complex of opossums Didelphis marsupialis virginiana. The somatotopic organization of sensory projections is similar to that reported in placental mammals. However the detailed somatotopy seen in, for example, placental raccoons was not evident in opossums: in opossums individual neurons responded to larger receptive fields with greater overlap of receptive fields than in raccoons. No rostrocaudal differences in intra-nuclear distributions of receptive field sizes or modality representations were evident. A pronounced subdivision of the nuclear complex, related to projections from separate body regions, occurs in the caudal half of the nuclear complex. A midline nuclear column receives projections in its dorsal part from the tail; ventral to these are projections from the trunk. Distinct gracile nuclei on either side of the midline column receive projections from the hind feet. Lateral and ventral to these are the largest nuclear groups, the cuneate nuclei; most projections here are from the hand along with some from the forearm and fewer from the upper arm and shoulder region. Most lateral in the cuneate nuclei are projections from the neck and pinna. These results indicate that the organization of this nuclear complex in this marsupial is essentially similar to that of placentals, and support the use of opossums, where the complex differentiates and develops postnatally, as valid experimental models from which findings can be generalized to placentals.
A self-calibration model for hand-eye systems with motion estimation

A self-calibration model of a hand-eye system having a stereo camera mounted on the manipulator end-effector is presented. The proposed self-calibration method is based on estimating the motion parameters of an object observed by the stereo camera under varying manipulator configurations. The object is assumed fixed in space or moving with a known form of trajectory but with unknown parameters. First, we derive theoretically a general form of self-calibration model for an overview of the proposed method. Then, a detailed set of self-calibration equations is formulated by relating the noise and biases involved in the hand-eye system to the variations of an object pose estimation error in time. The noise and biases include the uncertainty and nonlinearity involved in imaging and 3-D reconstruction, as well as the uncalibrated optical and kinematic parameters of the camera and manipulator. Simulations are conducted to verify the validity of the proposed self-calibration model.
Study on 7D Planning Model of Synthesized Design Method Based on Systems Engineering

From the view of the point of the systems engineering, the model of 7D planning of product design is presented in this paper based on the previous work. The planning of products design includes design ideas, design environments, design objective, design process, design contents, design methods and the design quality evaluation methods, so named 7D planning model. Besides the understanding of the customer requirements, the seven aspects of 7D planning should be considered completely and planned systematically. The paper makes a detailed expatiation of the 7D planning model of synthesized design method based on systems engineering.
Constraints on Gluon Polarization in the proton from PHENIX Double Helicity Asymmetry Data

Abstract We present a simple approach to constrain the gluon polarization in the proton, Δ G , in the gluon momentum fraction range 0.02–0.3 from PHENIX latest results on double helicity asymmetry in π 0 production from polarized proton-proton collisions at s = 200 GeV at mid-rapidity.
Immunohistochemical expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors and outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed uterine leiomyosarcoma

Abstract Objective We assessed the IHC expression of ER and PR and their prognostic significance in uterine leiomyosarcoma (LMS). Methods We identified 43 "high-grade" uterine LMS cases from 7/82–7/07 for whom ER/PR IHC analysis was performed at initial diagnosis at our institution. Results Disease was confined to the uterine body in 20/43 (47%). Eighteen (42%) of 43 were ER(+); 17/42 (41%) were PR(+). At last follow-up, 33 (77%) had recurred or progressed, and 23 (54%) had died. PR expression was associated with improved progression-free survival (PFS; P=0.002) and overall survival (OS; P=0.03) overall; ER expression was not. After adjusting for stage, ER expression was associated with PFS (P=0.01), not OS (P=0.3), and PR expression maintained a significant association with PFS (P=0.002) and approached a significant association with OS (P=0.05). Neither ER nor PR expression was associated with outcome in cases with disease outside the uterine body. In cases with confined disease, median PFS for ER(+) or PR(+) cases was not reached compared to 16.9months for ER(−) cases (95% CI: 8.1–25.7; P=0.03) and 13.5months for PR(−) cases (95% CI: 5.9–21.1; P=0.001). Only 1/10 PR(+) cases recurred and died; 9/10 PR(−) cases recurred, and 5 died. Two of 9 ER(+) cases recurred and died; 8/11 ER(−) cases recurred, and 4 died. Conclusion ER/PR expression is associated with survival outcomes in patients with high-grade uterine LMS confined to the uterine body. PR expression seems capable of identifying cases confined to the uterine body, which have better outcomes.
Anti-peptide monoclonal antibodies to the beta-adrenergic receptor: use in purification of beta receptor.

This article describes a new immunopurification procedure based on monoclonal antibodies raised against peptides of the carboxy-terminal region of the turkey β-adrenergic receptor. This procedure c...
Winter rape oil fuel for diesel engines: Recovery and utilization

Although vegetable oil cannot yet be recommended as a fuel for general use, considerable progress in recovery and use of rapeseed oil (Brassica napus L.) for diesel operation has been made. Operation of a small-scale screwpress plant (40 kg/hr) was demonstrated. Maintenance of screw and end rings was a major problem. The plant has operated with a recovery efficiency of 77% and has processed 10,100 kg of seed in 230 hr. High viscosity of the rapeseed oil and its tendency to polymerize within the cylinder were major chemical and physical problems encountered. Attempts to reduce the viscosity of the vegetable oil by preheating the fuel were not successful in sufficiently increasing the temperature of the fuel at the injector to be of value. Short-term engine performance with vegetable oils as a fuel in any proportion show power output and fuel consumption to be equivalent to the diesel-fueled engines. Severe engine damage occurred in a very short time period in tests of maximum power with varying engine rpm. Additional torque tests with all blends need to be conducted. A blend of 70/30 winter rape and No. 1 diesel has been used successfully to power a small single-cylinder diesel engine for 850 hr. No adverse wear, effect on lubricating oil or effect on power output were noted.
Origin of the fine structure in the giant resonance of 16O

Abstract The fine structure of nuclear continuum states is interpreted in the framework of the shell model as the result of coupling simple unbound configurations to more complicated many-particle-many-hole cluster-like quasi-bound states. Thus the splitting of the 22 MeV peak of the giant resonance is ascertained both theoretically and experimentally [(d, γ) experiment of M. Suffert] to be due to the existence of a two-particle-two-hole coherent quasi-bound state lying in the dip of the photoabsorption cross section. On the other hand, the 2p-2h mechanism cannot account for the 21.7 MeV structure, nor by itself for the structure above 24 MeV. Analysis of cluster transfer experiments [( 4 He, γ) of M. Suffert and M. Feldman, and ( 3 He, γ) of N. Puttasswamy and D. Kohler] indicate the existence of a 4p-4h quasi-bound state in the vicinity of the 21.7 MeV structure, and of 3p-3h quasi-bound states above 24 MeV.
Directional secretion of prostaglandin F2α by polarized luminal epithelial cells from pig endometrium

Abstract In swine, endometrial prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) is the luteolysin. The capacity of luminal epithelial cells isolated from the endometrium of day 16 cyclic pigs, to secrete PGF2α toward the apical and basal directions was examined in cells grown on 12-mm Millicel-HA inserts. When cells reached confluence and were polarized (i.e. electrical resistance >500 Ω/cm2), they were treated on the apical, basal or both surfaces with 0 or 100 nM oxytocin (OT) in Experiment 1 or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) in Experiment 2. In the absence of OT or PMA, PGF2α secretion occurred primarily from the basal surface and was ∼12-fold greater (P
Space-charge-induced negative resistance in avalanche diodes

With a realistic and accurate model and the use of numerical techniques to solve the diode equations, it is shown that certain p+-n-n+diodes exhibit a static negative resistance that is due to space-charge effects. The magnitude of this resistance and the value of current density at which negative resistance appears depend on several device parameters. The dependence of the diode characteristics on these device parameters is presented for several examples. The characteristics of these devices at high frequencies are also discussed, and the possibility of high-powers high-efficiency operation as an oscillator is briefly treated.
International R&M/safety cooperation lessons learned between NASA and JAXA

Presented are a number of important experiences gained and lessons learned from the collaboration of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) on the CoNNeCT (Communications, Navigation, and Networking re-Configurable Testbed) project. Both space agencies worked on the CoNNeCT Project to design, assemble, test, integrate, and launch a communications testbed facility mounted onto the International Space Station (ISS) truss. At the 2012 RAMS, two papers about CoNNeCT were presented: one on Ground Support Equipment Reliability & System Safety, and the other one on combined application of System Safety & Reliability for the flight system. In addition to the logistics challenges present when two organizations are on the opposite side of the world, there is also a language barrier. The language barrier encompasses not only the different alphabet, it encompasses the social interactions; these were addressed by techniques presented in the paper. The differences in interpretation and application of Spaceflight Requirements will be discussed in this paper. Although many, but definitely not all, of JAXA's Spaceflight Requirements were inspired by NASA, there were significant and critically important differences in how they were interpreted and applied. This paper intends to summarize which practices worked and which did not for an international collaborative effort so that future missions may benefit from our experiences. The CoNNeCT flight system has been successfully assembled, integrated, tested, shipped, launched and installed on the ISS without incident. This demonstrates that the steps taken to facilitate international understanding, communication, and coordination were successful and warrant discussion as lessons learned.
Equations satisfied by a nine parameter subsystem obtained from mathematical aesthetic principles

We continue our study of equations obtained from a set of mathematically aesthetic principles. For a certain set of origin point data these equations collapse into a set of equations, called the ABJL equations, which describe sinusoidal behavior along any path segment. For another set of origin point data the equations collapse into a different set of equations, known as the ABMCHF equations, which describe sine within sine behavior along any path segment. More complicated origin point data lead to multiwave packet solutions. Here, we extend the three-dimensional sine within sine system to four dimensions in a simple way. Particular emphasis is placed on the study of the structure of the resulting equations. These equations we show have some resemblance to the Maxwell equations although there are important differences as well. This study suggests that even though the aesthetic equations do not on the surface resemble widely used equations a connection may exist on a more subtle level.
Controlled radical polymerization of styrene in the presence of nitronyl nitroxides

Bulk radical polymerization of styrene in the presence of nitronyl nitroxides (2-(4-substituted phenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-4,5-dihydroimidazolyl-1-oxyl 3-oxide) was studied. All nitronyl nitroxides, like other nitroxyl radicals such as 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl radical (TEMPO), act as reversible radical scavengers. The efficiency of controlling the polymerization is affected by the substituent at the 4′-position. The efficiency increases with electron donating strength of 4′-substituents, at least at the beginning of the reaction. However, the thermal stability of nitronyl nitroxides decreases in the same order. Thus, TEMPO is more suitable than nitronyl nitroxides for controlled/“living” radical polymerization of styrene.
Infrared and Raman spectra and structure of P2F4

Abstract The infrared spectrum of P 2 F 4 in the gaseous and solid states and its Raman spectrum in the liquid and solid states have been obtained. The data strongly support the trans F 2 P-PF 2 structure with C 2h symmetry. There is no evidence for the gauche form or for other low-symmetry structures. There is also strong evidence against the planar, ethylene-like structure, which is unlikely on other grounds also. The fundamental frequencies suggested for solid P 2 F 4 are: a g —813, 540, 384, 216; a u —795, 514, 103; b g —797, 455; b u —825, 365 and 202 cm −1 .
Vibrational Spectra and Force Constants for Nitrosyl Fluoride and 15N and 18O Species

From infrared absorption studies in the gaseous phase, the fundamental harmonic vibrational frequencies have been determined for 16O14NF, 16O15NF, 18O14NF, and 18O15NF. Two quite different force constant solutions were obtained in a general quadratic valence force field. With the aid of centrifugal distortion constants and the inertial defect, it was possible to select the true force constant solution: FNO=15.9 mdyn A−1; FNF=2.3 mdyn A−1; Fα=1.8 mdyn·Arad−2; FNO,NF=2.5 mdyn A−1; FNO,α=0.27 mdyn rad−1; FNF,α=0.20 mdyn rad−1. These force constants were converted to those of a modified Urey—Bradley force field and a general quadratic central force field. It is shown that the latter gives unreasonable force constants. Interaction displacement coordinates were calculated and correlated qualitatively with valence‐bond theory.
Liberation Theology, Sustainable Development, and Postmodern Public Administration:

Christianity has tended to stress acceptance of injustice and oppression as simply a side effect of political organization. Arguably, this form of "escapist theology" has legitimized suffering while reinforcing an oppressive theory of justice. From this hermeneutical vantage point, theologians, philosophers, and social scientists are now "rereading" the social context of escapist worldviews (Gutierrez, 1999; 1973; Sobrino, 1993; Miranda, 1981; Metz, 1969; Derrida, 1962). This development is dramatically new, since Latin America and the Third World continue to be the focus of revolutionary change based on the continued struggle for justice in response to the continued disparity between rich and poor nations (Gutierrez, 1984a; 1993a; 1993b; Dussel, 1985; Boff, 1984; Miranda, 1974). Progressive Christians and Marxists have pointed to international capital and oppressive social and political structures as the main culprits in this disparity. Christianity's use of Marxist praxis in what is known as the "theology of liberation" has heavily influenced the ongoing discourse on resistance to global hunger, injustice, and oppression (Sobrino, 1994; Schillebeeckx, 1987; Boff and Boff, 1985; Gutierrez, 1984b; Tamez, 1982). Theologians, philosophers, and social scientists in both the First and Third Worlds have increasingly turned to Marxist social analysis for greater clarity in their reflections regarding this ongoing discourse (Gutierrez, 1993a; 1993b; Sobrino, 1984; Moltmann, 1984; McGovern, 1980; Segundo, 1976). Moreover, liberation theologians argue that contemporary Christianity is challenged as it confronts Marxist interpretations of increasing poverty and inequality throughout the world (Brown, 1997; Boff and Boff, 1987; Gutierrez, 1973). Largely because of Marxist influence, theologians have
Lunar topographic mapping using a new high resolution mode for the GSSR radar

Mapping the Moon's topography using Earth based radar interferometric measurements by the Goldstone Solar System Radar (GSSR) has been done several times since the mid 1990s. In 2008 we reported at this conference the generation of lunar topographic maps having approximately 4 m height accuracy at a horizontal posting of 40 m. Since then GSSR radar has been improved to allow 40 MHz bandwidth imaging and consequently obtained images and interferograms with a resolution of about 4 m in range by 5 m in azimuth. The long synthetic aperture times of approximately 90 minutes in duration necessitated a migration from range/Doppler image formation techniques to spotlight mode processing and autofocusing methods. The improved resolution imagery should permit the generation of topographic maps with a factor of two better spatial resolution with about same height accuracy. Coupled the with the recent availability of new lidar topography maps of the lunar surface made by orbiting satellites of Japan and the United States the geodetic control of the radar generated maps products can be improved dramatically. This paper will discuss the hardware and software improvements made to the GSSR and present some of the new high resolution products.
Inertial impaction in stagnation flow

Abstract Particle motion in the stagnation flow at the front of an obstacle is investigated analytically. The particle motion is described by the Basset-Boussinesq-Oseen equation. An exact solution for the particle motion is obtained. Unlike the normal aerosol theory, this analysis yields no critical Stokes number for impaction. For sufficiently large Stokes number however, buoyancy resulting from fluid deceleration and directed away from the obstacle can exceed the Stokes drag on the particle.
Induction of formation of presynaptic terminals in neuroblastoma cells by synapsin IIb.

THE synapsins are a family of closely related phosphoproteins (termed synapsins Ia, Ib, IIa and IIb) associated with synaptic vesicles and implicated in the short-term regulation of neuro-transmitter release from nerve endings1–5. During development, expression of the synapsins correlates temporally with synapse formation6, but there has been no direct evidence that they are involved in synaptogenesis. Here we report that overexpression of synapsin IIb in the neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid clonal cell line NG 108–15 leads, during cell differentiation, to marked increases in the number of neuritic varicosities and in the numbers of small clear vesicles and large dense core vesicles per varicosity, as well as to the appearance of synapse-like cell–cell contacts. Thus, synapsin IIb may be involved in the regulation of synapse formation and, as a result, in long-term neuronal signalling.
Ab initio studies of the conformations of performic acid, peracetic acid and methyl performate

Abstract The optimized geometries, relative conformational energies, frequencies and dipole moments have been calculated at the HF and MP2 levels for performic acid ( 1 ), peracetic acid ( 2 ) and methyl performate ( 3 ) with the gaussian 98 program. Dihedral drives were carried out at 10° intervals for rotation about the O–O bonds, and potential barriers for these compounds were obtained at the MP2/6-311++G(df,pd) and MP2/6-311++G(2d,2p) levels. The lowest-energy conformers of 1 and 2 are both Z , Z , with planar ( C s ) geometries. (The second Z refers to eclipsing about the O–O bond.) This conformation is stabilized by internal hydrogen bonding between the OH hydrogen and the carbonyl oxygen. The second-lowest energy conformer of both peracids is E , E , with C 1 symmetry and C–O–O–H dihedral angles, calculated at the MP2/6-311++G(2d,2p) level, of 123.1° for 1 and 135.6° for 2 . At this level, the free energies (Δ G ) of the E , E conformers, relative to the lowest-energy conformers, are 2.59 and 5.94 kcal/mol, respectively. In contrast, the lowest-energy conformer of 3 , calculated at the MP2/6-311++G(2d,2p) level, is E , E , with a C–O–O–CH 3 dihedral angle of 120.4°; the second-lowest energy conformer has optimized OC–O–O and C–O–O–CH 3 dihedral angles of −4.7 and 92.5° and a relative free energy of 0.13 kcal/mol.
CORRELATED OR UNCORRELATED MEASURES OF RELATED OR UNRELATED CONSTRUCTS

Factor analysis is often used as an item analysis technique. In many cases orthogonal rotations are performed in an attempt to obtain uncorrelated factors, however, the estimates of the unrelated factors can be highly related. This issue is discussed and an example using data on the Semantic Differential is presented.
Effects of Leakage in Simulations of Positive Pressure Ventilation

The fire service uses a number of tactics to reduce hazards for fire-fighters and civilians within a structure on fire. One offensive fire-fighting tactic that has potential for rapidly improving or degrading conditions within the structure is ventilating the structure. Positive pressure ventilation is a tactic in which a fan is used to push hot products of combustion out of a burning structure. While a recent body of work has been produced on the effects of positive pressure ventilation in a number of fire systems, there is still widespread uncertainty on how the tactic affects the fire environment. Computational tools will play an important role in exploring the impact of positive pressure ventilation in various fire scenarios. In many simulations of structure fires, the impact of leakage on the evolution of the fire is not addressed. We find in this study that ad hoc models of leakage have significant impact on the evolution of the fire. Several ad hoc leakage models are proposed and these are studied in terms of their impact of the fire. We show that one particular leakage geometry is able to best model leakage effects in a series of fire simulations that are compared to experiments. Simple, first-order analysis is used to understand how these leakage flows affect the predictions.
Studies in latex agglutination: an approach to the determination of optimum conditions for discrimination between rheumatoids and normals.

INCE 1956 (Singer and P1otz)l little has been published on the systematic S investigation of optimum conditions under which latex particle agglutination can be used for discrimination between patients with rheumatoid arthritis and normals. Based upon the observations of Singer et a1.,2 work on the reactivity of latex particles has proceeded chiefly in two directions: serum fractionation and the use of “coating” substances other than gamma globulin. Increased sensitivity has been achieved with the use of complicated timeconsuming procedures. Ease of performance has been accompanied by decreased specifi~ity.~-~~ ~ Analysis of the latex methods used reveals up to 35 per cent false negatives in patients with definite and classical rheumatoid arthritis and up to 8 per cent false positives in normal^.^.^ It seemed that a search for optimum conditions for producing latex agglutination emphasizing this false negative group would lead to the development of tests with increased sensitivity as well as to some insight into reasons for their false negativity. A systematic exploration was decided upon aimed at developing a rapid easy method for use in field surveys, where convenience in large scale operations, as well as sensitivity and specificity, is essential.
Remembering prose: Productivity and accuracy constraints in recognition memory

It is proposed that a theory of memory must provide mechanisms to deal with episodic knowledge, accurate and inaccurate performance, and the production of knowledge not actually learned, and state the conditions determinative of accuracy, inaccuracy, and productivity. In one experiment, subjects read two passages and then performed a free recall, a recognition test, and a generated-statements test. Statements from the last task were scaled for closeness to the passages and were used in a recognition test in a second experiment, in which an accuracy set was manipulated through instructions and retention intervals were varied. The evidence supports the notion that after reading the passage subjects possess a variety of information which can be displayed in accurate, inaccurate, or productive ways, depending on instructional restraints and temporal intervals.
Transmutation of operators with disjoint spectra

We will deal with transmutations associated with selfadjoint operators having possibly disjoint spectra. The constructions use spaces of entire functions and an analytic extension operator.
A molecular design approach to peptide drug stabilization

Many peptide drugs are susceptible to chemical degradation. It has been demonstrated experimentally that complexing a polymer to a peptide can prevent its degradation; however, the mechanism behind the stabilizing effect is not known, making it difficult to design polymers specifically for this purpose. In this work, we have used molecular dynamics experiments to gain insight into the polymer's stabilizing effect. The system AcVYGNGA, a model peptide, which has been extensively studied experimentally, was explored both alone in various forms and complexed with poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP). Results suggest that the peptide–polymer complex must have a secondary structure such that the polymer affects the critical degradation mechanism in two ways: a steric effect based on the polymer's size, and a structural effect by which the physical distance between the reacting atoms within the peptide is increased. These results will be used to develop a set of structure–property relations which can be included within...
Longitudinal volume analysis from computed tomography: Reproducibility using adrenal glands as surrogate tumors

This study aims to determine the precision (reproducibility) of volume assessment in routine clinical computed tomography (CT) using adrenal glands as surrogate tumors. Seven patients at our institution were identified retrospectively as having received numerous abdominal CT scans (average 13.1, range 5 to 20). The adrenal glands were used as surrogate tumors, assuming no actual volume change. Left and right adrenal gland volumes were assessed by hand segmentation for each patient scan. Over 1240 regions of interest were outlined in total. The reproducibility, expressed as the coefficient of variation (COV), was used to characterize measurement precision. The average volumes were 5.9 and 4.5 cm(3) for the left and right adrenal gland, respectively, with COVs of 17.8% and 18.9%, respectively. Using one patient's data (20 scans) as an example surrogate for a spherical tumor, it was calculated that a 13% change in volume (4.2% change in diameter) could be determined with statistical significance at P=0.05. For this case, cursor positioning error in linear measurement of object size, by even 1 pixel on the CT image, corresponded to a significant change in volume (P=0.05). The precision of volume determination was dependent on total volume. Precision improved with increasing object size (r(2) =0.367). Given the small dimensions of the adrenal glands, the ~18% COV is likely to be a high estimate compared to larger tumors. Modern CT scanners working with thinner sections (i.e. <1 mm) are likely to produce better measurement precision. The use of volume measurement to quantify changing tumor size is supported as a more precise metric than linear measurement.
Numerical simulation of rarefied gas flow through a slit

Two different approaches, the finite-difference method coupled with the discrete-ordinate method (FDDO), and the direct-simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method, are used in the analysis of the flow of a rarefied gas from one reservoir to another through a two-dimensional slit. The cases considered are for hard vacuum downstream pressure, finite pressure ratios, and isobaric pressure with thermal diffusion, which are not well established in spite of the simplicity of the flow field. In the FDDO analysis, by employing the discrete-ordinate method, the Boltzmann equation simplified by a model collision integral is transformed to a set of partial differential equations which are continuous in physical space but are point functions in molecular velocity space. The set of partial differential equations are solved by means of a finite-difference approximation. In the DSMC analysis, three kinds of collision sampling techniques, the time counter (TC) method, the null collision (NC) method, and the no time counter (NTC) method, are used.
Cross-Border Student Collaborations: Opportunities for Videoconferencing

Globalization has prompted businesses to adopt burgeoning technologies that support the efforts of distributed teams. This project unites students from geographically dispersed master's-level programs on two continents. Using videoconferencing, virtual workspace, telephone, and e-mail, MBA students at a U.S. university teamed with students from Germany to prepare reports on behalf of the International Trade Centre. In addition to mastery of course content, students on both sides of the Atlantic experienced and conquered cultural, language, and logistical complexities associated with cross-border collaboration. The use of videoconferencing promoted stronger relationships among distributed team members and increased student satisfaction with the cross-border assignment.
Stage II palliation of hypoplastic left heart syndrome without cardiopulmonary bypass

Objectives Bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis has been performed without cardiopulmonary bypass for some single-ventricle heart defects. Limited data are available for the outcomes of off-pump bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis in infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. The purpose of this study is to determine the early outcomes for stage II palliation of hypoplastic left heart syndrome without cardiopulmonary bypass. Methods This is a retrospective review of infants having surgical palliation of hypoplastic left heart syndrome from April 2003 to March 2010 at a single institution. Results Seventy-five infants had a modified Norwood procedure, 65 with a right ventricle–pulmonary artery conduit, 10 with an aortopulmonary shunt, 2 with atrioventricular valve repair, and 3 with extracorporeal life support. Sixty-eight patients had hypoplastic left heart syndrome or one of its variants, and 7 had other single-ventricle lesions. There were 2 stage I deaths. Stage I survival was 97% (95% confidence interval, 88%–99%). Another 5 infants succumbed in the interstage period. Of the 68 stage I and interstage survivors, 61 had bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomoses, 20 without cardiopulmonary bypass. Median age was 6 months (range, 4–13 months), and median weight was 6.1 kg (range, 5.2–9.0 kg). There were no conversions to cardiopulmonary bypass when off-pump bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis was attempted. There were no hospital deaths. Median ventilation duration was 10 hours (range, 6–18 hours), and length of stay was 5 days (range, 4–9 days). Follow-up was available on all infants at a median duration of 17 months (range, 3–43 months), with no unplanned reinterventions. Conclusions Bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass can be performed safely and with low mortality for selected infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Midterm to long-term outcomes remain to be determined.