cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal Representations of Polymorphic Types with Subtyping (Extended Abstract)

Many type inference and program analysis systems include notions of subtyping and parametric polymorphism. When used together, these two features induce equivalences that allow types to be simplified by eliminating quantified variables. Eliminating variables both improves the readability of types and the performance of algorithms whose complexity depends on the number of type variables. We present an algorithm for simplifying quantified types in the presence of subtyping and prove it is sound and complete for non-recursive and recursive types.
Deep cervical lymph node hypertrophy: a new paradigm in the understanding of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea.

Objectives/Hypothesis To determine if adenotonsillar hypertrophy is an isolated factor in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), or if it is part of larger spectrum of cervical lymphoid hypertrophy. Study Design Prospective case control study. Methods A total of 70 screened patients (mean age 7.47 years) underwent polysomnography to confirm OSA, and then underwent MRI of the upper airway. Seventy-six matched controls (mean age 8.00 years) who already had an MRI underwent polysomnography. Volumetric analysis of lymphoid tissue volumes was carried out. Chi-square analysis and Student's t test were used to compare demographic data and lymph node volumes between cohorts. Fisher's Exact test and Chi-square analysis were used to compare sleep data. Results Patients and controls demonstrated no significant difference in mean age (7.47 vs. 8.00 yrs), weight (44.87 vs. 38.71 kg), height (124.68 vs. 127.65 cm), or body-mass index (23.63 vs. 20.87 kg/m2). OSA patients demonstrated poorer sleep measures than controls (P < 0.05) in all polysomnography categories (sleep efficiency, apnea index, apnea-hypopnea index, baseline SpO2, SpO2 nadir, baseline ETCO2, peak ETCO2, and arousal awakening index). Children with OSA had higher lymphoid tissue volumes than controls in the retropharyngeal region (3316 vs. 2403 mm3, P < 0.001), upper jugular region (22202 vs. 16819 mm3, P < 0.005), and adenotonsillar region (18994 vs. 12675 mm3, P < 0.0001). Conclusions Children with OSA have larger volumes of deep cervical lymph nodes and adenotonsillar tissue than controls. This finding suggests a new paradigm in the understanding of pediatric OSA, and has ramifications for future research and clinical care. Level of Evidence 3b. Laryngoscope, 123:2043–2049, 2013
A fast direct matrix solver for surface integral equation methods for electromagnetic wave scattering from non-penetrable targets

[1] The implementation details of a fast direct solver is described herein for solving dense matrix equations from the application of surface integral equation methods for electromagnetic field scatterings from non-penetrable targets. The proposed algorithm exploits the smoothness of the far field and computes a low rank decomposition of the off-diagonal coupling blocks of the matrices through a set of skeletonization processes. Moreover, an artificial surface (the Huygens' surface) is introduced for each clustering group to efficiently account for the couplings between well-separated groups. Furthermore, a recursive multilevel version of the algorithm is presented. Although asymptotically the algorithm would not alter the bleak outlook of the complexity of the worst case scenario,O(N3) for required CPU time where N denotes the number of unknowns, for electrically large electromagnetic (EM) problems; through numerical examples, we found that the proposed multilevel direct solver can scale as good as O(N1.3) in memory consumption and O(N1.8) in CPU time for moderate-sized EM problems. Note that our conclusions are drawn based on a few sample examples that we have conducted and should not be taken as a true complexity analysis for general electrodynamic applications. However, for the fixed frequency (h-refinement) scenario, where the discretization size decreases, the computational complexities observed agree well with the theoretical predictions. Namely, the algorithm exhibits O(N) and O(N1.5) complexities for memory consumption and CPU time, respectively.
Case report: Treatment of rocuronium-induced anaphylactic shock with vasopressin

Purpose: To report the use of vasopressin to treat a patient who, after failing to respond to volume expansion and epinephrine administration, experienced an anaphylactic reaction to rocuronium.
A computer simulation experiment of supervisory control of remote manipulation

A computer simulation of a remote manipulation task and a rate-controlled manipulator is described. Some low-level automatic decision making ability which could be used at the operator's discretion to augment his direct continuous control was built into the manipulator. Experiments were made on the effect of transmission delay, dynamic lag, and intermittent vision on human manipulative ability. Delay does not make remote manipulation impossible. Intermittent visual feedback, and the absence of rate information in the display presented to the operator do not seem to impair the operator's performance. A small-capacity visual feedback channel may be sufficient for remote manipulation tasks, or one channel might be time-shared between several operators. In other experiments the operator called in sequence various on-site automatic control programs of the machine, and thereby acted as a supervisor. The supervisory mode of operation has some advantages when the task to be performed is difficult for a human controlling directly.
Spike membrane potential in a liquid membrane system induced by pH-jump: Part I. Mechanism of generation of peak potential

Abstract In a liquid membrane with a mobile ion carrier, a transient overshooting of the membrane potential is observed when the pH of one side of the membrane is suddenly perturbed. This communication concerns the elucidation of the mechanism of this overshooting. A cation-exchanger liquid membrane was formed by impregnating a Teflon filter with 1-octanol mixed with dicetylphosphate as a mobile ion-carrier. The inside solution contained 0.1 M KCl at pH 3.1 and the pH of the outside solution was varied while keeping the KCl concentration constant at 0.1 M. Freshly prepared liquid membranes did not generate overshooting of the peak potential. The liquid membranes started to respond to the external pH perturbation with a transient overshooting of the membrane potential only after the membrane was soaked in an outside solution at neutral pH. The membranes that are conditioned to generate a peak membrane potential by the pH-jump are designated state-P, and those without conditioning (that do not generate peak membrane potential) are designated state-N. The conductance of the state-P membrane was significantly higher than the state-N membrane. The state-P membrane is apparently formed by K+ penetration into the membrane from outside in exchange with H+ ions. The present model membrane was an antiporter, and K+ ion was actively transported against its concentration gradient. The peak membrane potential, observed when the pH-jump was initiated from pH 3.1 (zero membrane potential; outside pH = inside pH = 3.1) to various final pH values, was identical to the steady-state membrane potential of the state-N membrane observed at pH values identical to the final pH. These data indicate that the initial peak potential is generated by the change in the phase boundary potential, and the slow relaxation process from the peak to the steady state potentials represents the change in the diffusion potential within the membrane. The finding that the zero-to-peak potential (pH 3.1 → x) in the state-P membrane is identical to the steady-state potential of state-N membrane means that the kinetic response of state-P and steady-state response of state-N is potentiometrically indistinguishable and the relaxation of the peak potential to steady-state potential represents a transition between the state-N and state-P.
Generation and storage dispatch in electricity networks with generator disruptions

We present methods for optimizing generation and storage decisions in an electricity network with multiple unreliable generators, each colocated with one energy storage unit (e.g., battery), and multiple loads under power flow constraints. Our model chooses the amount of energy produced by each generator and the amount of energy stored in each battery in every time period in order to minimize power generation and storage costs when each generator faces stochastic Markovian supply disruptions. This problem cannot be optimized easily using stochastic programming and/or dynamic programming approaches. Therefore, in this study, we present several heuristic methods to find an approximate optimal solution for this system. Each heuristic involves decomposing the network into several single-generator, single-battery, multiload systems and solving them optimally using dynamic programming, then obtaining a solution for the original problem by recombining. We discuss the computational performance of the proposed heuristics as well as insights gained from the models. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 62: 493–511, 2015
Morphological and cytochemical characterization of cells infiltrating mouse lungs after influenza infection.

To initiate evaluation of the cell-mediated immunological response to influenza virus in a major site of disease, lung cells were obtained by transpleural lavage from lungs of uninfected mice and from those infected 3 or 6 days previously with 5 50% mouse infectious doses (MID50) of avirulent (P3) or virulent (P9) influenza A Hong Kong (H3N2) virus. The number of cells recovered by lavage was dependent on the dose, time after inoculation, and the type of virus used for inoculation. Although lavage pools were shown to contain peripheral blood leukocytes, this contamination was shown to be consistently less than 5% of the total leukocytes harvested. Among the ca. 0.75 × 106 lavage cells obtained from each uninfected mouse, about 90% were macrophages or lymphocytes in approximately equal proportion. T, B, and null (lyphocytes lacking theta or surface immunoglobulin markers) lymphocytes averaged 23, 9, and 7% of cells in these suspensions, respectively. After infection with either P3 or P9 virus, increased numbers of activated macrophages and lymphoblasts were observed. The major change during P3 infection was an increase in absolute numbers of null lymphocytes. In contrast, during P9 infection, T and B lymphocytes and macrophages progressively increased in absolute numbers while null cells decreased. These data suggest that cell-mediated immunological responses to influenza virus occur in the lung during infection, but that the responses to virulent and avirulent variants may differ both qualitatively and quantitatively.
Substance use disorder and its effects on outcomes in men with advanced-stage prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND Substance use disorder in patients with cancer has implications for outcomes. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of the type and timing of substance use on outcomes in elderly Medicare recipients with advanced prostate cancer. METHODS This was an observational cohort study using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare linked data from 2000 to 2009. Among men who were diagnosed with advanced prostate cancer between 2001 and 2004, we identified those who had a claim for substance use disorder in the year before cancer diagnosis, 1 year after cancer diagnosis, and an additional 4 years after diagnosis. The outcomes investigated were use of health services, costs, and mortality. RESULTS The prevalence of substance use disorder was 10.6%. The category drug psychoses and related had greater odds of inpatient hospitalizations (odds ratio [OR], 2.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.9-2.8), outpatient hospital visits (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.9-3.6), and emergency room visits (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.2-2.4). Substance use disorder in the follow-up phase was associated with greater odds of inpatient hospitalizations (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.8-2.2), outpatient hospital visits (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.7-2.4), and emergency room visits (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.5-2.1). Compared with men who did not have substance use disorder, those in the category drug psychoses and related had 70% higher costs, and those who had substance use disorder during the follow-up phase had 60% higher costs. The hazard of all-cause mortality was highest for patients in the drug psychoses and related category (hazard ratio, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.1-1.7) and the substance use disorder in treatment phase category (hazard ratio, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.3-1.7). CONCLUSIONS The intersection of advanced prostate cancer and substance use disorder may adversely affect outcomes. Incorporating substance use screening and treatments into prostate cancer care guidelines and coordination of care is desirable. Cancer 2014;120:3338–3345. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Searching for the Fourth Amendment: Looking for Law in All the Wrong Cases

Whether we are speaking of Hudson v. Michigan, Herring v. United States, Arizona v. Gant, Thornton v. United States or even though slightly older Illinois v. Wardlow, these cases represent a trend by the high court to limit the scope of both the 4th amendment and the exclusionary rule. The result is that law enforcement will obtain greater freedom to engage in stop and frisk as well as search and seizure without fear that the evidence may be excluded during the course of any subsequent criminal trial. The problem with these cases may be that they fail to recognize the societal costs of giving police such free reins without consequences. In this 25 page paper, the author summarizes and examines these and other recent United States Supreme Court cases and concludes that they are often being interpreted by lower courts to create broader powers in the police than the cases themselves actually provide. In some respects, this article is both an examination of what the cases "could" stand for if interpreted either broadly or narrowly. There is much for prosecutors in these cases, but there is also a surprising amount left to be argued by defense counsel, who may still find arguments for exclusion in the modifiers that are provided by either an essential 5th vote concurrence or by the majority opinion itself. If nothing else, this article provides a quick summary of the essentials of these transformative cases.
Indirect Detection of Dark Matter Using MeV-Range Gamma-Ray Telescopes

The astrophysics community is considering plans for a variety of gamma-ray telescopes (including ACT, GRIPS, and AdEPT) in the energy range 1--100 MeV, which can fill in the so-called ``MeV gap'' in current sensitivity. We investigate the utility of such detectors for the study of low-mass dark matter annihilation or decay. For annihilating (decaying) dark matter with a mass below about 140 MeV (280 MeV) and couplings to first generation quarks, the final states will be dominated by photons or neutral pions, producing striking signals in gamma-ray telescopes. We determine the sensitivity of future detectors to the kinematically allowed final states. In particular, we find that planned detectors can improve on current sensitivity to this class of models by up to a few orders of magnitude.
Encoding-retrieval interactions in memory for implicational sentences

In two experiments, subjects listened to a list of implicational sentences and performed either a comprehension or a memorization task. They were subsequently given a test of free recall or cued recall (with implications as cues). Performance in the comprehension/cued-recall condition was consistently better than that in the dissimilar-encoding/retrieval conditions (memorization/cued recall and comprehension/free recall), supporting the hypothesis that encoding/retrieval similarity facilitates recall. In contrast, performance in the memorization/free-recall condition was not consistently better than in the dissimilar-encoding/retrieval conditions. Thus, the advantage of encoding/retrieval similarity for recall was clear only in the case of distinctive encoding (specific comprehension responses) and distinctive retrieval cues (implications as cues). The results show the relevance of distinctiveness and encoding/retrieval compatibility for memory of meaningful material.
More Questions than Answers

Abstract In this commentary on ‘Time to Change Drivers for Science Literacy’ by Peter Fensham I address two issues raised by Fensham. First, Why is reforming the science curriculum so hard? I suggest that the reason that science curriculum reform is difficult to achieve is that the practice of science teaching has been shaped by the culture in which it is embedded. Second, What are the potential possibilities of and problems with Fensham's reform proposal? The content of the curriculum that Fensham proposes would be largely dependent on how the societal experts are chosen and on what media sources are examined. Finally, we need to recognize that whatever we agree upon today as the most appropriate content for the science curriculum must be continually negotiated and revised.
An adaptive two-stage dose-response design method for establishing proof of concept.

We propose an adaptive two-stage dose-response design where a prespecified adaptation rule is used to add and/or drop treatment arms between the stages. We extend the multiple comparison procedures-modeling (MCP-Mod) approach into a two-stage design. In each stage, we use the same set of candidate dose-response models and test for a dose-response relationship or proof of concept (PoC) via model-associated statistics. The stage-wise test results are then combined to establish “global” PoC using a conditional error function. Our simulation studies showed good and more robust power in our design method compared to conventional and fixed designs.
MicroRNAs in early diabetic retinopathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

PURPOSE Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the leading causes of blindness. However, the roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) in DR are still unknown. The aims of this study were to identify miRNAs involved in early DR and to characterize their roles in the pathogenesis of DR. METHODS miRNA-expression profiling was performed in the retina and retinal endothelial cells (RECs) of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats 3 months after the onset of diabetes and miRNAs differentially expressed in diabetic rats were identified and compared with controls. Subsequently, functional annotation analysis was conducted to identify miRNA signatures of pathologic pathways of DR. In addition, in vitro functional assays were used to dissect interactions of miR-146 and NF-κB activation in a conditionally immortalized retinal capillary endothelial cell line, Tr-iBRB. RESULTS Approximately 350 and 220 miRNAs were detected in the retinas and RECs, respectively, in both control and diabetic rats. At least 86 and 120 miRNAs were differentially expressed (P < 0.01) in the retinas and RECs of diabetic rats and controls, respectively. Upregulation of NF-κB-, VEGF-, and p53-responsive miRNAs constituted key miRNA signatures, reflecting ongoing pathologic changes of early DR. In addition, it was demonstrated that the negative feedback regulation of miR-146 on NF-κB activation may function in Tr-iBRB endothelial cells, suggesting that miR-146 is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of DR through its inhibition on NF-κB activation in RECs. CONCLUSIONS miRNAs are involved in the pathogenesis of DR through the modulation of multiple pathogenetic pathways and may be novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of DR.
Thermal stability of ceramic fibre in a CVI-processed SiC matrix composite

The thermal stability of the HPZ fibre in a chemical vapour infiltration (CVI)-processed SiC matrix composite was studied. The mechanical properties and fracture behaviour of the untreated and SiC-coated fibres after thermal exposure at different temperatures and atmospheres were characterized. The results show that, below 1000 °C, the strength degradation is negligible. However, severe degradation occurs at temperatures above 1000 °C due to the evolution of CO, SiO, and other gaseous species. Also, pyrolytic C-coating is needed to tailor the interfacial bond strength in the HPZ/SiC composite.
Synthesis of higher-order K-Delta-1-Sigma modulators for wideband ADCs

As CMOS technology shrinks, the transistor speed increases enabling higher speed communications and more complex systems. These benefits come at the cost of decreasing inherent device gain, increased transistor leakage currents and device mismatches due to process variations. All of these drawbacks affect the design of high-resolution analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) in nano-CMOS processes. To move towards an ADC topology useful in nano-CMOS, the K-Delta-1-Sigma (KD1S) modulator-based ADC was proposed. This paper extends the KD1S to higher order topologies using a systematic synthesis procedure. Second and third order KD1S modulator are designed and simulated to demonstrate the synthesis method.
A SEARCH FOR CHROMOSPHERICALLY ACTIVE STARS FROM THE ROSAT EUV SOURCE LIST

Optical spectroscopic observations have been made of ten G-, R-, and M-type stars which were detected as EUV sources by the ROSAT Wide Field Camera (WFC). The optical spectra reveal the signatures of enhanced chromospheric activity in nine of the ten stars. H-alpha appears as a partially filled absorption line in seven of nine stars observed in that region and is strongly in emission in two, HD 160934 and Wolf 1225. The strongest line of the Ca II infrared triplet (8542A) appears as a partially filled absorption line in five of six stars observed in that region. Two stars with filled H-alpha and Ca II 8542A lines (BD+48 3686 and HD 171488) were also observed to have a strong Li absorption line at 6707A, suggesting an age less than the age of the Pleiades (7x107 years). Two stars were discovered to be double-lined spectroscopic binaries (BD+27 3245 and HD 144110). This work has also identified a previously unreported chromospherically active star with a very strong level of activity, HD 160934.
Distribution pattern of cadmium in different types of shellfish species

Abstract The study of cadmium levels in shellfish from the Atlantic coast of South Carolina was undertaken. The shellfish collected and analyzed were oysters, clams, crabs, squids, scallops, and shrimps. Fish were digested by wet digestion method and cadmium levels were determined by flame atomic absorption. The distribution pattern of cadmium levels in shellfish is different in various species. It was found that cadmium levels were relatively higher in oysters, crabs, clams, and scallops than in shrimps and squids.
New gem‐dicyanocyclobutane‐containing hydroxyesters

Abstract : Six new gem dicyanocyclobutanes containing carbomethoxy and hydroxyl acetoxy functions were synthesized by cycloaddition of the appropriate vinyl ethers or alkoxystyrenes to methyl beta, beta-dicyanoacrylate. They proved to be too thermally labile to allow poly-condensation to potentially piezoelectric linear polyesters. Cyclobutanes, Cyanogen, Hydroxyl radicals, Esters.
Vibration rotation bands of HF

Abstract The 3-0, 4-0, and 5-0 vibration rotation bands of HF were photographed under high dispersion with a 10-meter focal length spectrograph. In view of the precision obtained in the measurements of the rotational structure observed in these bands, some of the molecular constants of HF have been reevaluated.
Use of thermocouples in the intense fields of ferromagnetic implant hyperthermia

Thermocouples have been used in the intense fields of ferromagnetic implant hyperthermia for extensive temperature measurements. Electromagnetic interference at 100 kHz is minimized with feed-through filters mounted on a copper plate in a shielded assembly. The thermocouples are temperature compensated in the software by monitoring the temperature of the copper plate. D-shell connectors are used for multiple sensor thermocouple connections and to provide proper shield termination of external cables. The technical approaches of grounding, shielding and filtering are examined, and experiments have been conducted to determine the proper usage of thermocouple during ferromagnetic implant treatments. The dependence of filter performance on thermocouple impedance and the effect of D-shell connections on temperature accuracy have been studied. The results indicate that self-heating due to electromagnetic energy coupled into 51 microns thermocouple leads and unbalanced current along 76 microns leads are insignificant at 100 kHz. But severe heating has been observed in 511 and 813 microns leads, especially in high-conductivity copper wires. By using 25-50 microns thermocouple leads, better than 0.1 degree C accuracy and 0.05 degree C resolution have been achieved during ferromagnetic hyperthermia. At field strength of 1500 A/m, artifacts of 0.03-0.05 degree C are observed.
The zebrafish bHLH PAS transcriptional regulator, single-minded 1 (sim1), is required for isotocin cell development.

A wide range of physiological and behavioral processes, such as social, sexual, and maternal behaviors, learning and memory, and osmotic homeostasis are influenced by the neurohypophysial peptides oxytocin and vasopressin. Disruptions of these hormone systems have been linked to several neurobehavioral disorders, including autism, Prader-Willi syndrome, affective disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Studies in zebrafish promise to reveal the complex network of regulatory genes and signaling pathways that direct the development of oxytocin- and vasopressin-like neurons, and provide insight into factors involved in brain disorders associated with disruption of these systems. Isotocin, which is homologous to oxytocin, is expressed early, in a simple pattern in the developing zebrafish brain. Single-minded 1 (sim1), a member of the bHLH-PAS family of transcriptional regulatory genes, is required for terminal differentiation of mammalian oxytocin cells and is a master regulator of neurogenesis in Drosophila. Here we show that sim1 is expressed in the zebrafish forebrain and is required for isotocin cell development. The expression pattern of sim1 mRNA in the embryonic forebrain is dynamic and complex, and overlaps with isotocin expression in the preoptic area. We provide evidence that the role of sim1 in zebrafish neuroendocrine cell development is evolutionarily conserved with that of mammals. Developmental Dynamics 235:2071–2082, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The influence of surface sorption and air flow rate on phthalate emissions from vinyl flooring: Measurement and modeling

Abstract This study investigated the influences of surface sorption and air flow rate on the emission of phthalates from building materials. Controlled tests were conducted in specially designed stainless steel and wood chambers, and the steady-state concentration in the stainless steel chamber was about 2–3 times higher than that in the wood chamber for di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and diisononyl phthalate (DINP). The emission rate of phthalates increased in the wood chamber due to the diffusion mass flow through the chamber wall (i.e., surface absorption). The adsorption isotherm of phthalates on the stainless steel surface and the absorption parameters (i.e., diffusion and partition coefficients) of phthalates on the wood surface were determined experimentally, and the values were comparable to those in the literature. The equilibration time scale for phthalates absorbed to the sink reservoir in actual indoor environments was estimated and can be substantial (approximately 80 years), indicating that surface absorption may continuously drive phthalates from their indoor sources to various sinks and thus significantly increase the emission rate of phthalates. The gas-phase concentration of DEHP was measured in two stainless steel chambers operated at flow rates of 300 mL/min and 3000 mL/min, respectively, which were both adjusted to 1000 mL/min after steady state was reached. The gas-phase concentration of DEHP in the chamber was very sensitive to the chamber air flow rate, and higher air flow rates resulted in lower concentration levels. However, the increased emission rate compensated for the dilution in the gas phase and made the DEHP concentration not drop substantially with an increase in the air flow rate. Independently measured or calculated parameters were used to validate a semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) emission model that included absorptive surfaces and for a range of air flow rates, with excellent agreement between the model predictions and the observed chamber concentrations of phthalates.
Companion Animals, Attitudes Toward Pets, and Health Outcomes among the Elderly: A Long-Term Follow-Up

AbstractThe Companion Animal Project has longitudinally followed a sample of rural, community-dwelling older persons to obtain basic descriptive information on the pattern and meaning of pet ownership among the elderly and to evaluate the impact of an organization formed to support pet ownership among the elderly.Two telephone interviews were conducted with the entire sample (N=maximum of 355) in 1984 and 1987. Brief subscales of key items were completed from earlier in-person interviews assessing changes in animal-ownership status, physical health, social activities, perceived social support, emotional well-being, and demographic changes. In 1987, the Pet Relationship Scale (PRS), developed from earlier in-person interviews (Lago et al. 1985), was added to the telephone battery.Results reveal mortality and attrition are higher for former owners than current owners, though the differences are not significant. Pet ownership has declined to 40% of the sample. Declining health status is a stronger predictor ...
Ideals and quotient rings of skew polynomial rings

(1993). Ideals and quotient rings of skew polynomial rings. Communications in Algebra: Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 799-823.
Deviant Lifestyles and the Reporting of Physical Victimization to Police

This study examines the role that deviance plays in reducing the willingness of victims of violence to report to the authorities. Using data from several thousand individuals in the United States, the author found conditional support for the deviance/reporting link. For instance, victims using drugs were no more or less likely to report than those who did not use drugs. But if they were high or drunk during the victimization, they were less likely to report.
Making Evidence-Based Decisions About Child Language Intervention in Schools

Purpose The results of recent survey studies suggest that speech-language pathologists base most of their clinical decisions on information they were taught during their graduate programs, their clinical experience, and the opinions of colleagues (T. Wolf & J. Balderson, 2005; R. Zipoli & M. Kennedy, 2005). This is contrary to the principles of evidence-based practice (EBP), in which clinical decisions arise from the integration of scientific evidence, clinician experience, and client needs. Our field’s interest in EBP is relatively young. Currently, there are no published committee-derived EBP guidelines for providing language intervention services for children with language disorders. Until national or international organizations publish recommendations from EBP guideline writing panels, clinicians will need to make personal evidence-based decisions with relatively little assistance from outside sources. The purpose of this article is to summarize a seven-step process for making local EBP decisions. Met...
Human Neurobehavioral Research Methods: Impact of Subject Variables☆

Behavioral tests are used in work site and community research to detect and characterize the effects of neurotoxic chemical exposures in human populations, but the influence of subject variables on test performance has not been well studied in normal adult populations. This research sought to evaluate the impact of two variables, education and cultural group, on 18 widely used tests of neurotoxic insult. Behavioral tests from the two consensus neurotoxicity test batteries (established by the World Health Organization and the U.S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry) were administered to 715 people aged 26-45 with 0-18 years of education, drawn from European descent United States majority, American Indian, African American, and Latin American populations. Education, cultural group, age, and gender affected the outcome of behavioral tests as revealed by ANOVA, MANOVA, and multiple regression techniques. Education, followed by cultural group, accounted for the most variance in the tests studied. More importantly, years of education and cultural group had 13-25% shared variance on the cognitive tests and highly significant interactions derived from ANOVA tests. This suggests that these factors should be controlled in the design of a study rather than in the statistical analysis. Because these factors can mimic a neurotoxic insult, failure to adequately control and analyze them could lead to inaccurate conclusions about the association between poor performance and neurotoxic insult.
The microstructure and composition of some pliocene fossils

Abstract 1. 1. Studies have been made of a series of fossil bones and teeth recovered from the Pliocene fossil beds of Wikieup, Arizona. 2. 2. They have been examined by a variety of physical and chemical techniques to determine (a) the state of their preservation on the microscopic level of structure, (b) the presence of important trace elements and (c) the composition of the residual protein many of them contain.
International Emergency Medicine and the Role for Academic Emergency Medicine

International emergency medicine continues to grow and expand. There are now more than 30 countries that recognize emergency medicine as a specialty. As the field continues to develop, many physicians are reaching across borders and working with their colleagues to improve patient care, education, and research. The future growth and success of the specialty are based on several key components. These include faculty development (because this is the key driver of education), research, and curriculum development. Each country knows what resources it has and how best to utilize them. Countries that are developing the specialty can seek consultation from successful countries and develop their academic and community practice of emergency medicine. There are many resources available to these countries, including distance learning and access to medical journals via the Internet; international exchanges by faculty, residents, and medical students; and physicians who are in fellowship training programs. International research efforts require more support and effort to be successful. This report discusses some of the advantages and hurdles to such research efforts. Physicians have a responsibility to help one another succeed. It is the hope of the authors that many more emergency physicians will lend their skills to further global development of the specialty.
STUDENT ACTIVITY vs. TEACHER ACTIVITY

Author's Summary.— A maximum amount of student activity is desirable in first and second year work, with an apparent effacement of the teacher.
Light diffusion through clouds and haze

This paper describes an algorithm for approximating the single scattering model for light diffusion through clouds or haze of constant optical density. The clouds are contained between two single valued surfaces. The algorithm assumes that the sun is directly overhead, but gives convincing pictures for other sun directions. Its efficiency comes from approximating the exponential decay of transmitted light by a quadratic polynomial, and from vectorization on the Cray 1.
Strain-engineered photoluminescence of silicon nanoclusters

Density functional calculations on silicon clusters show that strain effects on the band gap display qualitatively new trends for dots smaller than 2 nm. While the bulk indirect band gap increases linearly with increasing strain, this trend is reversed for small clusters 1n m. In the intermediate 1 – 2 nm size range, strain appears to have almost no effect. These results follow from the fact that the bonding/antibonding character of the HOMO and the LUMO change nonmonotonically with size. Since the strain level of the surface atoms dominate this behavior, they strongly stress the role of surface passivation on experimentally measured band gaps.
Developmental Neuropathology and Impact of Perinatal Brain Damage. I: Hemorrhagic Lesions of Neocortex

To establish developmental correlates among perinatal neocortical damage, its impact on the infant developing brain, and its possible role in the pathogenesis of ensuing neurologic sequelae, the neuropathology of acute, subacute (healing), and chronic (repaired) stages of periventricular and layer I (subpial) hemorrhagic lesions have been studied. Thirty-three cases of infants who survived brain damage for hours, days, weeks, months, and/or years and have been studied with the rapid Golgi and other methods. In periventricular hemorrhagic injury: (a) the local destruction of radial glia stop all cellular migration above the lesion; (b) precursor cells already traveling in damaged radial glia also stop their migration, miss their target, and form acquired heterotopias; and, (c) the cytoarchitecture of the overlying and differentiating gray matter may be secondarily altered. In layer I (subpial) hemorrhagic injury: (a) the neocortex external glial limiting membrane is disrupted and must be repaired; (b) its reparation often causes superficial leptomeningeal heterotopias; (c) the cytoarchitecture and intrinsic circuitry of layer I and underlying gray matter are secondarily altered; and, (d) partially damaged (pruning) and/or displaced gray matter neurons undergo post-injury morphologic transformations, atrophy, hypertrophy, and reestablished new “abnormal” connections. These post-injury gray matter cytoarchitectural alterations could eventually play a role in cortical dysfunction and, hence, in the pathogenesis of neurologic sequelae.
Investigations of surface stability of II–VI wurtzite compounds by LEED

Abstract The (0001) polar surface of ZnO and CdSe, like those of CdS and ZnS, showed six-fold symmetrical integral- and half-integral-order beams but no facets. Compared with the (0001) surfaces, which showed either both integral- and half-integral-order beams as well as strong facets or extremely weak patterns, the (0001) surfaces appeared to be much more stable. The neutral (1120) surfaces of ZnO and CdSe showed intense integral-order beams. Weak half-integral-order beams were also detected in the (0001) azimuth. Except for the half-integral-order beams, the diffraction pattern as well as the intensity distributions of the (1120) surface of ZnO agreed very well with the ideal surface structure. However, the (1120) surface of CdSe showed anomalously strong odd-integral-order beams in the (0110) azimuth, whereas kinematically these odd-integral-order beams should be absent. In addition, intense beams from (0110), (1122) and (1122) facets were found on the (1120) surface of ZnO, whereas on the (1120) surface of CdSe only (0110) facets were found. The neutral (0110) surface of CdSe, on the other hand, showed only integral-order beams. It was, therefore, concluded that among the surfaces investigated, the (0110) surfaces are the most stable ones; the (0001) and (1120) surfaces are the least stable ones, whereas the (0001) surfaces remain intermediate. The surface stability was explained in terms of the densities of surface atoms as well as the electrostatic charge of the surfaces.
Management of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck in the elderly: Review and recommendations

Abstract In general, the management and reported outcomes for elderly patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) have been similar to those of younger patients. But older adults are a distinct subpopulation of patients who differ from younger patients due to their increased risks for: comorbidities, decreased functional status, a potential decline in cognitive function and an increase in vulnerabilities. Older adults have been underrepresented in the clinical trials which define our best treatment strategies. This review explores the evidence used to establish common practice in managing SCCHN and evaluates the relevance of this evidence for the older adult, concluding with recommendations based on the review.
Formation and Characterization of Tribofilms

Fundamentals of tribofilm formation and their properties were studied. In order to understand the effects of lubricants on tribofilms, four base oils were investigated. Lubricants include castor oil, polyethylene glycol, mineral oil, and margarine. These oils were chosen based on their molecular structure, polarity, utility, and biodegradability. Experiments were conducted using a ball-on-disk tribometer to form tribofilms. Surface characterization was carried out using a stylus profilometer, a scanning electron microscope, and a transmission electron microscope. Results showed that oils with high polarity such as castor oil enhanced the formation of a transfer layer on the steel surface, whereas nonpolar oils such as mineral oil failed to do so. Oils with high polarity act as effective base oils to prevent metal hardening and bond debris particles to the metal surface. Oils with nonpolar components, on the other hand, generate abrasive nanoparticles during rubbing. Experiments with margarine at elevated temperature resulted in the formation of a hard and thick tribofilm. An adsorption model is illustrated to highlight the effects of lubricant molecules.
Electronic Properties of Ion Implanted Polymer Films

We have implanted a number of insulating polymer (PET) thick films with fluences in the range 1 × 1013 to 5 × 1017 ions/cm2 in order to induce electronic activity. Finite electrical conductivities were obtained for fluences as low as 3 × 10 15ions/cm2. The resistivity for these implanted materials increases with decreasing temperature demonstrating highly disordered or semiconducting behavior. Hall effect measurements confirm this result and indicate negatively charged carriers with a carrier density of 1.44 × 10 17cm -3 for an implant dose of 1 × 1017 ions/cm2. The conductivities also seem to be dependent on the implanted ion species. We believe this material will be useful as an accurate temperature sensor near room temperature.
Setting Test Intervals and Allowable Bypass Times as a Function of Protection System Goals

This analysis demonstrates the usefulness of availability design goals for determining required periodic test intervals and allowable bypass times as permitted by IEEE-279 criteria. Formulas are developed for calculating these times for instrumentation logic configurations common to reactor protection systems. Both simultaneous and uniformly staggered test schedules are considered. In addition to sample problems illustrating the application of these formulas, nomographs are presented for rapid graphical determination of test intervals and bypass times.
Estimation of Acoustic Propagation Uncertainty Through Polynomial Chaos Expansions

The estimation of sonar system performance in uncertain environments requires the transfer of sound speed, bathymetric and sea surface uncertainty to propagation uncertainty. Currently, methods of estimating the transfer of environmental uncertainty have been based on Monte Carlo simulation of acoustic propagation through an ensemble of environments, or on simplifying assumptions about the physics of propagation either through inhomogeneous media or in the presence of non-separable boundary conditions. In this paper we introduce the Polynomial Chaos expansion method, which allows the integration of the differential equations of acoustic propagation over a basis expansion that is orthogonal with respect to the probability distribution function describing the environmental variability. The resulting solution converges in a relatively small number of expansion coefficients and may be used to estimate any statistical property of the acoustic field, such as its mean value and its variance.
Attitudes Toward Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Among a Group of High School Students.

Eighty-one high school students were surveyed regarding their attitudes on nine factors regarding the alcoholic and his alcoholism, and the drug abuser and his drug abuse. Analysis of the data indicated that on eight of the nine factors the students tended to view the two pathologies in essentially the same way. On the remaining factor a significant difference was obtained on these students belief's regarding the alcoholics or drug abusers periodic-continuous abuse of these substances.
Suspended matter in the Caribbean Sea: A gravimetric analysis

Abstract Total suspended matter in the water column of the Caribbean was determined quantitatively by means of filtration through 0.45 μ membrane filters. Results show that prior values obtained by centrifuging methods are too low, and that the existence of a nepheloid layer cannot be gravimetrically demonstrated in the Caribbean.
Optimal processor allocation for sort-last compositing under BSP-tree ordering

In this paper, we consider a parallel rendering model that exploits the fundamental distinction between rendering and compositing operations, by assigning processors from specialized pools for each of these operations. Our motivation is to support the parallelization of general scan-line rendering algorithms with minimal effort, basically by supporting a compositing back-end (i.e., a sort-last architecture) that is able to perform user-controlled image composition. Our computational model is based on organizing rendering as well as compositing processors on a BSP-tree, whose internal nodes we call the compositing tree. Many known rendering algorithms, such as volumetric ray casting and polygon rendering can be easily parallelized based on the structure of the BSP-tree. In such a framework, it is paramount to minimize the processing power devoted to compositing, by minimizing the number of processors allocated for composition as well as optimizing the individual compositing operations. In this paper, we address the problems related to the static allocation of processor resources to the compositing tree. In particular, we present an optimal algorithm to allocate compositing operations to compositing processors. We also present techniques to evaluate the compositing operations within each processor using minimum memory while promoting concurrency between computation and communication. We describe the implementation details and provide experimental evidence of the validity of our techniques in practice.
Making Paradigms Meaningful in Mixed Methods Research

While recent mixed methods publications advocate for researchers’ explicit discussion of their paradigmatic foundations, more guidance is needed regarding how these paradigms can be used. This article comparatively analyzes four major paradigmatic perspectives discussed in mixed methods literature: pragmatism, transformative-emancipation, dialectics, and critical realism. It offers a discussion of each perspective’s implications for mixed methods and how they can be used to influence research based on recent publications. While there are several similarities, such as emphasizing divergent results and allowing for researcher choice in methods, each perspective offers a unique set of advantages and disadvantages. Emphasizing how paradigms can be used then promotes more explicit engagement with them in future research.
High school students' literacy practices and identities, and the figured world of school

Conventional wisdom holds that American teenagers do not read or write ‐ that they are a media-driven group who prefer movies, television and playing video games. Ethnographic data gathered in the High School Literacy Project, a study of four North Carolina high schools, showed a far different picture of teenage literacy. This paper reports on partial findings of the larger study and argues that students use their literacy practices to form their identities within, and sometimes in opposition to, the figured worlds of school, work and family. Many students look to school to provide formal literacy experiences, but find their reading and writing passions at odds with the demands of the school curriculum.