cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predictors of major amputation despite patent bypass grafts.

Objective Despite patent vein bypass grafts, some patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI) receive major amputations. We analyzed the predictive factors leading to major amputation in the presence of patent lower extremity bypass (LEB) grafts. Methods Data from the Project of Ex-Vivo vein graft Engineering via Transfection III (PREVENT III), a large prospective randomized trial of 1404 patients who underwent LEB with vein graft for CLI, were queried for outcomes. The primary outcome was major amputation with patent (PMA) LEB compared with patients with patent LEB who achieved limb salvage (PLS). The population excluded those who received amputation for occluded grafts. A Cox proportional hazard model identified independent predictors. Results Of 1404 LEB patients, 162 (11.5%) had major amputation: 89 (6.3%) with patent and 73 (5.2%) with occluded LEB. For PMA, 21 of 89 (23.6%) developed critical stenosis and 11 of 21 (52.4%) were revised. For PLS, 460 of 1242 (37.0%) developed critical stenosis and 351 of 460 (76.3%) were revised. Predictive patient factors included having preoperative gangrene (vs rest pain; hazard ratio [HR], 3.504; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.533-8.007; P = .0029), diabetes (HR, 1.800; 95% CI, 1.006-3.219; P = .0477), black (vs white) race (HR, 1.779; 95% CI, 1.051-3.011; P = .0321), baseline creatinine clearance 65 mL/min; HR, 1.759; 95% CI, 1.016-3.048; P = .0439), prior history of coronary artery bypass grafting (HR, 1.702; 95% CI, 1.080-2.683; P = .0221), and lower baseline activity quality of life score (HR, 1.401; 95% CI, 1.105-1.778; P = .0054). Postoperative wound factors included gangrenous changes (HR, 5.830; 95% CI, 1.647-20.635; P = .0063), surgical wound necrosis (HR, 5.319; 95% CI, 1.478-19.146; P = .0105), deep (vs superficial) wound infection (HR, 3.815; 95% CI, 1.220-11.927; P = .0213), and wound healing abnormally (HR, 3.754; 95% CI, 1.061-13.278; P = .0402). Associated postoperative consequences leading to PMA included having recurrent CLI symptoms (HR, 2.915; 95% CI, 1.816-4.681; P P = .0036), fewer percutaneous revisions (HR, 2.425; 95% CI, 1.573-3.740; P P = .0020), and decreasing days to critical stenosis/occlusion/revision/amputation (HR, 1.010; 95% CI, 1.007-1.012; P Conclusions Whereas a patent vein graft is important to all vascular surgeons, additional factors should be considered in trying to attain limb salvage for patients with CLI. These factors include intervening surgically before CLI has progressed to a state of gangrene or limited activity and optimizing nutrition, diabetes control, cardiac conditions, and activity level. Revision offers hope for clinical improvement but may be delayed when there is no graft lesion identified. The absence of a graft lesion to revise may also portend amputation despite a patent graft because of nongraft-related factors such as infection. Finally, the experience of a severe (vs mild) adverse event may also result in limb loss despite a patent graft. Systematic efforts to reduce severe adverse events among patients may also lead to increased limb salvage.
Neurotensin-mediated activation of MAPK pathways and AP-1 binding in the human pancreatic cancer cell line, MIA PaCa-2.

Neurotensin (NT), a gastrointestinal (GI) hormone, binds its receptor (NTR) to stimulate proliferation of normal and neoplastic GI tissues; the molecular mechanisms remain largely undefined. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are a family of intracellular kinases that transmit mitogenic signals by translocating to the nucleus and activating transcription factors. The purposes of this study were: (1) to identify whether the MAPKs (ERK1/2 and JNK) are activated by NT and (2) to determine the effect of NT on downstream transcription factors using the human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line, MIA PaCa-2, which possesses high-affinity NTR. Both ERK and JNK activity were stimulated within 3-6 min by treatment with NT (10 nM); steady-state levels of ERK and JNK protein were unchanged. Moreover, NT treatment resulted in increased AP-1 binding activity as determined by gel shift analysis. Delineating the signal transduction mechanisms regulating the cellular effects of NT will provide important insights into the molecular pathways responsible for NT-mediated effects on both normal and neoplastic cells.
Modeling IC Engine Conjugate Heat Transfer Using the KIVA Code

Locating hotspots in metal engine components can be used as an impetus to design a better cooling system. This study focuses on a numerical investigation of a three-dimensional (3-D) transient heat transfer process for a Ford 5.4-L V8 engine. A 3-D transient finite-volume method to solve the heat conduction equation is presented first. This is followed by the implementation of the coupling equations at the gas–solid interface into the KIVA code. The numerical model is validated by a one-dimensional heat conduction problem. Finally, 3-D simulation of the Ford engine with conjugate heat transfer mode is presented and discussed.
Kawasaki syndrome clusters in Harris County, Texas, and eastern North Carolina. A high endemic rate and a new environmental risk factor.

• Sixty-one cases of Kawasaki syndrome (KS) occurred in Harris County, Texas, during the three-year period from January 1982 through December 1984. Fifty-five (90%) of these 61 patients were under 5 years old, for an annual endemic rate in children under 5 years old of 9.1 cases per 100 000 per year. To our knowledge this is the highest endemic rate reported to date in the continental United States. Between Aug 26 and Sept 19, 1984, seven children with KS were hospitalized in Harris County. The seven children were between 5 months and 5 years old. The number of cases in this cluster was unusual for late summer, which is generally a low-incidence season for KS in Harris County. More important, a case-control study of these children revealed that they resided significantly closer to a bayou or drainage ditch than did randomly selected matched control subjects. A similar association with drainage ditches or creeks was observed in a subsequent cluster of 13 cases of KS in seven eastern North Carolina counties. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a possible association between KS and residing near water. ( AJDC 1988;142:441-444)
Increased methionine synthetase activity in zinc-deficient rat liver.

Abstract To study the effect of zinc deficiency on folate metabolism, three groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats (zinc deficient (ZD), restricted-fed (RF + Zn), and ad libitum -fed control (control)) were given a semipurified 25% egg white protein diet. The ZD group received less than 10.3 nmol zinc/g of diet, while the RF + Zn and control groups were given 1620 nmol zinc/g of diet. After 6–7 weeks of feeding, severe zinc deficiency developed in ZD rats. Hepatic methionine synthetase activity was increased in the ZD group compared to both the RF + Zn and control groups, but hepatic 5,10-CH 2 -H 4 folate reductase activity was similar in all groups. This increased methionine synthetase activity found in zinc-deficient rats might induce secondary alterations in folate metabolism. These changes include significantly lowered plasma folate levels, decreased 5-CH 3 -H 4 folate in liver, and increased rates of histidine and formate oxidation. The latter two findings suggest that the available non-5-CH 3 -H 4 folate is increased in zinc deficiency.
Lethal chromosomal deletions in the mouse, a model system for the study of development and regulation of postnatal gene expression.

Mechanisms involved in the regulation of development and its genetic control are receiving ever-increasing attention in studies of mammalian developmental genetics. The potential success of such studies is strongly enhanced by the availability of suitable systems of analysis. Such a system was identified in a series of radiation-induced chromosomal deletions at and around the albino (c) locus of the mouse associated with cell type-specific effects on liver differentiation. Their detailed study has aided the analysis of possible machanisms of cell type-specific gene expression. As summarized in this review, the experimental results strongly suggest that specific trans-acting developmental regulatory genes are concerned with the differentiation of hormone-inducible expression of a cluster of hepatocyte specific structural genes mapping in different parts of the genome.
The role of laser-induced primary defect formation in optical breakdown of NaCl

Rapid and efficient formation of primary defects ( V_{k}-, F -, and H - centers, self-trapped excitons) influences the kinetic processes involved in laser-induced optical breakdown in alkali halides. These processes have been studied for the case of NaCl exposed to short (30 ps- 30 ns) laser pulses at the \lambda = 532 nm wavelength. Rapid defect formation acts as a drain on the free electrons and holes, produced by multiphoton absorption in the laser photon field. As a consequence, the rate of temperature increase of the lattice by free or "dressed" carrier absorption is reduced and thus the damage threshold is increased. This effect is offset by additional channels of energy deposition to the lattice which are provided by formation of and photon absorption by the generated primary defects. The net effect of the photochemical processes of primary defect formation was found to be a slight reduction in the damage threshold and a marked decrease of the free carrier densities required for damage to occur.
Impaired generation of polyclonal T cell-mediated cytolytic activity despite normal polyclonal T cell proliferation in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Abstract No differences in proliferation induced by the anti-CD3 MAb 454 were detected between systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) or purified T cells. In contrast, overnight culture with soluble MAb 454, immobilized MAb 454, or rIL2 induced significantly less increase in cytolytic activity against Daudi targets in SLE PBMC than in normal PBMC. Cytolytic activity in SLE PBMC cultures sequentially stimulated with soluble MAb 454 and rIL2 over a 6-day period overall was also lower than normal (with ∼50% of the individual SLE cultures generating clearly subnormal levels of cytolytic activity) and did not correlate with the daily corticosteroid dose or with the presence of nephritis. Phenotypic analysis of soluble MAb 454-stimulated SLE PBMC cultures maintained for up to 23 days in rIL2 indicated that >90% (and often >96%) of the recovered cells were CD3 + . Cytolytic activity generated in cultures of purified T cells stimulated with soluble MAb 454 + rIL2 over a 6-day period was also subnormal in 4/8 SLE donors, suggesting that the impaired generation of cytolytic activity in SLE is caused, at least in part, by impaired T cell-mediated cytolytic activity. Taken together, these observations demonstrate that normal CD3/T cell antigen receptor (TCR)-triggered polyclonal T cell proliferation can be dissociated from abnormal CD3/TCR-triggered polyclonal T cell cytolytic activity in SLE. This may have important implications for the pathogenesis of SLE and/or for the immunocompromised state seen in SLE.
High-Resolution Tunable Microwave Filter Using Hybrid Analog-Digital Controls via an Acoustooptic Tunable Filter and Digital Micromirror Device

A programmable broadband Radio Frequency (RF) filter is designed using a Digital Micromirror Device (DMD), an Acoustooptic Tunable Filter (AOTF), and a Chirped Fiber Bragg grating (CFBG). This hybrid analog-digital optical design enables implementation of RF filters with higher number of taps in comparison with an AOTF-only RF filter design and improved RF tunability in comparison with a DMD-only design. A 3-tap RF filter is theoretically analyzed and experimentally demonstrated using a combination of analog and digital optical tap selection. Filter nulls recorded at 6.90, 6.945, and 6.99 GHz show the tunability improvement with the hybrid design. Implementation of higher tap count filters can lead to similar improvements in filter tunability and pass-band and stop-band characteristics.
Emerging role of anemia in heart failure

Current medical therapy of heart failure (HF) focuses primarily on blockade of the neurohormonal pathways. This approach appears to have reached a benefit plateau, despite the introduction of new and improved drugs. Therefore, new targets for pharmacologic intervention are now being actively sought, and anemia has emerged as a potential candidate. Anemia is a frequently occurring comorbidity in patients with HF. However, its true prevalence is difficult to determine because no uniform definition of anemia associated with HF currently exists. Therefore, reported prevalence data can vary significantly, ranging from 4% to 55%, depending on the study population and the applied definition of anemia. Data from recent observational studies and clinical trials suggest that a low hemoglobin concentration in patients with HF is associated with, and is an independent risk factor for, increased morbidity and mortality. In light of these findings, anemia is being discussed as a possible new treatment target in patients with HF. So far, however, only a few small studies have explored this possibility using erythropoiesis-stimulating proteins, which for many years have been successfully used in the treatment of anemia secondary to chronic kidney disease or cancer chemotherapy. Preliminary data from these initial HF studies have shown that increased hemoglobin concentrations in patients with anemia were associated with improvements in cardiac and renal function as well as exercise capacity and a reduced need for hospitalizations. Larger, controlled clinical trials are needed to clearly establish the benefits and safety aspects of anemia treatment on morbidity and possibly mortality in HF patients.
Tibial Osteotomy in Gonarthrosis (Osteo-Arthritis of the Knee)

Tibial osteotomy for correction of angular deformity associated with arthrosis was performed in sixty-three knees in fifty-eight patients reviewed one to three years after operation. Half of the patients were older than sixty-five years with a range of forty through eighty-four years. Before and after operation the femorotibial angle was determined by roentgenographic examination in weight-bearing, standing position, and objective evidence of instability of the knee in the frontal plane was recorded. At operation a wedge of cancellous bone was removed proximal to the tibial tuberosity. The patients walked in a plaster cylinder during the immediate postoperative period and bending exercises were started at six weeks. Before the operation the femorotibial angle was more than 177 degrees in the fifty-three varus knees and less than 164 degrees in the ten valgus knees. After the operation forty of the sixty-three knees had a femorotibial angle of 164 to 177 degrees and twenty-three knees were outside these limits due to undercorrection or overcorrection of the deformity. In the former group all were stable, in the latter, only five. Ten of the eighteen unstable knees were painful in contrast to only three of the forty-five stable knees. These observations are interpreted to mean that pain in osteo-arthritis of the knee is due to instability, increasing with degree of deformity. Indications for corrective osteotomy in gonarthrosis should, therefore, include not only gross deformity, but also barely perceptible instability. The rationale for this approach is supported by cineroentgenography and radionuclide scintimetry. Advanced age, cardiopathy, or gross obesity did not seem to constitute contraindications.
A comparison of the flow behavior of linear polyethylene, poly(butylene terephthalate), and poly(ethylene terephthalate)

The viscous and elastic properties of linear high density polyethylene (HDPE), poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT), and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) are investigated using an Instron capillary rheometer and the Philippoff–Gaskins–Bagley analysis. The viscous properties studied are the shear viscosity and the constant shear rate activation energy and the elastic properties studied are the entrance pressure drop and the end correction. The variables are shear rate and temperature. The order of decreasing viscosity is HDPE>PET>PBT; the order of decreasing activation energy is PB>PET>HDPE; the order of decreasing entrance pressure drop is HDPE>PET>PBT; and the order of decreasing end correction is PBT>PET>HDPE. As temperature increases, both viscosity and entrance pressure drop decrease. The observed behavior is discussed in terms of the difference in number of terephthalic acid moities in the polymer chains and in terms of oligomer plasticization.
Alcoholic hepatitis: current challenges and future directions.

Alcoholic hepatitis is a distinct clinical syndrome among people with chronic and active alcohol abuse, with a potential for 30%–40% mortality at 1 month among those with severe disease. Corticosteroids or pentoxifylline are the current pharmacologic treatment options, but they provide only about 50% survival benefit. These agents are recommended for patients with modified discriminant function (mDF) ≥32 or Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score ≥18. The Lille score is used to determine response to steroids. Currently, a minimum of 6 months of abstinence from alcohol use is required for patients to receive a liver transplant, a requirement that cannot be met by patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis nonresponsive to steroids (Lille score ≥0.45). Data are emerging on the benefit of liver transplantation in select patients with first episode of severe alcoholic hepatitis. This review also focuses on recent treatment trials in alcoholic hepatitis including liver transplantation and its associated controversies, as well as possible future targets and pharmacologic treatment options for patients with alcoholic hepatitis that are being pursued through upcoming consortium studies.
Recognition of fetal arrhythmias by echocardiography.

Fetal arrhythmias were detected in 33/198 high risk pregnancies from 21 weeks to term. Using the two-dimensional echocardiographic image of the fetal heart as a guide, the M-mode beam was directed to define the motion of the ventricular and atrial walls and atrioventricular valve or semilunar valves. Atrial contraction was defined either by the atrial wall motion or from the A-point of the atrioventricular valve. Ventricular contraction was defined by closure of the atrioventricular valve (C-point), the onset of ventricular wall contraction, or from the semilunar valve opening. Ladder diagrams of the sequence of atrial and ventricular activation were constructed to define the temporal sequence of these events. Premature atrial contractions were present in 12. In one fetus this arrhythmia converted into supraventricular tachycardia while in the other 11 fetuses the course was benign. Two fetuses had premature ventricular contractions. Supraventricular tachycardia was noted in five fetuses. One with hydrops at 29 weeks returned to sinus rhythm following maternal administration of procainamide. A second hydropic fetus with paroxysmal atrial tachycardia and hydrops failed to respond to digitalis, propranolol, procainamide, verapamil, or amiodarone, and died shortly after cesarean section. Two mature fetuses had tachycardia close to term and were treated after cesarean section. One fetus with runs of atrial tachycardia died in utero. Three fetuses had complete heart block, two of whom were from mothers with connective tissue diseases. In four fetuses, there was bradycardia of less than 1001 minute lasting more than 30 seconds, but these episodes disappeared in 2 minutes. One fetus with fetal hydrops and bradycardia died. The fourth, with a complex arrhythmia and a basic rate of 80lminute, 2:1 atrioventricular block, premature ventricular contractions, and severe structural heart disease died after delivery.
On type B CAI formation: experimental constraints on fO2 variations in spinel minor element partitioning and reequilibration effects ☆

We report data from a series of dynamic crystallization experiments that focus on determining the partition coefficients (D’s) for V and Ti in the spinel + liquid system of an average type B1 CAI bulk composition for three different fO_2 conditions. Partitioning data for Ca and Si are also obtained. We show that the D’s for V and Ti are fO_2 dependent with D_(Ti) decreasing at low oxygen fugacity due to the presence of Ti^(3+). D_V is essentially 0 in air, rises to 2.2 at the Fe-FeO buffer and drops to 1.4 at the C-CO buffer. This indicates that V^(3+) is highly compatible in spinel and that higher and lower valence states are much less compatible. We also report data from isothermal experiments that determine diffusion times for V and Ti in same system at a temperature close to the T_(max) for type B1 CAIs. Diffusion of these elements between spinel and liquid is surprisingly rapid, with essentially total equilibration of Ti and V between spinel and liquid in 90 h run duration. Lack of equilibration of Cr, Si, and Ca shows that the Ti and V equilibration mechanism was diffusion and not dissolution and reprecipitation. Our experimental run durations set an upper limit of a few tens of hours on the time that type B1 CAIs were at their maximum temperature. Based on our data we argue that subsolidus reequilibration between spinel inclusion and host-silicate phases within type B CAIs likely explains the observed range of V and Ti concentrations in spinels which are inclusions in clinopyroxene.
Quality-augmented fusion of level-2 and level-3 fingerprint information using DSm theory

Existing algorithms that fuse level-2 and level-3 fingerprint match scores perform well when the number of features are adequate and the quality of images are acceptable. In practice, fingerprints collected under unconstrained environment neither guarantee the requisite image quality nor the minimum number of features required. This paper presents a novel fusion algorithm that combines fingerprint match scores to provide high accuracy under non-ideal conditions. The match scores obtained from level-2 and level-3 classifiers are first augmented with a quality score that is quantitatively determined by applying redundant discrete wavelet transform to a fingerprint image. We next apply the generalized belief functions of Dezert-Smarandache theory to effectively fuse the quality-augmented match scores obtained from level-2 and level-3 classifiers. Unlike statistical and learning based fusion techniques, the proposed plausible and paradoxical reasoning approach effectively mitigates conflicting decisions obtained from classifiers especially when the evidences are imprecise due to poor image quality or limited fingerprint features. The proposed quality-augmented fusion algorithm is validated using a comprehensive database which comprises of rolled and partial fingerprint images of varying quality with arbitrary number of features. The performance is compared with existing fusion approaches for different challenging realistic scenarios.
Synthetic approach to optimal filtering

As opposed to the analytic approach used in the modern theory of optimal filtering, a synthetic approach is presented. The signal/sensor data, which are generated by either computer simulation or actual experiments, are synthesized into a filter by training a recurrent multilayer perceptron (RMLP) with at least one hidden layer of fully or partially interconnected neurons and with or without output feedbacks. The RMLP, after adequate training, is a recursive filter optimal for the given structure, with the lagged feedbacks carrying the optimal conditional statistics at each time point. Above all, it converges to the minimum variance filter as the number of hidden neurons increases. We call such an RMLP a neural filter. Simulation results show that the neural filters with only a few hidden neurons consistently outperform the extended Kalman filter and even the iterated extended Kalman filter for the simple nonlinear signal/sensor systems considered. >
Stroke: 30 Years of Progress: 1992–2000

This editorial completes the 5-part history of the first 30 years of the journal Stroke from the perspective of the editors. For this segment, the task is even more intimidating, because the time covered is most recent and most of the readers have personal recollections of the events and changes that have occurred during the years from 1992 through 2000. It is comforting to know that appropriate letters to the editor will correct any inadvertent major omissions. So much has happened during this time that some certainly will be submitted. In the spring of 1991, after repeatedly refusing to accept nominations to be a candidate for editor of Stroke , I received a call from a distinguished, close personal and professional friend. It was during this conversation that the excitement of being intimately involved with Stroke during times of major change was generated. In addition, the possibility of appointing an associate editor for basic science conceptually solved one of my major concerns. This generated other ideas, I became a candidate, the new ideas were supported, and I was appointed for an initial 5-year term beginning January 1, 1992. Later, for the first time, a 3-year reappointment was made for 1997 through 1999, and an additional year extension for 2000 at the special request of the editor-designee, Vladimir Hachinski. On October 1, 1991, 3 months early, with only an academic secretary but with considerable support from the previous managing editor and editor-in-chief, Nancy Lynch and O.M. Reinmuth, respectively, my office unofficially took over the editorial duties for Stroke . On November 1, 1991, Marilyn Yurk, who had been appointed managing editor, officially joined us. She soon developed an editorial office that ultimately resulted in the addition of Norma Pahl as associate managing editor and an outstanding support staff. After discussion with …
A Web-Based Lean Simulation Game for Office Operations: Training the Other Side of a Lean Enterprise

This research proposes a Web-based version of a lean office simulation game (WeBLOG). The game is designed to be used to train lean concepts to office and administrative personnel. This group belongs to the frequently forgotten side of a lean enterprise. Over four phases, the game presents the following seven lean tools: one-piece flow, error-proofing, elimination of overprocessing, balanced workload, multifunctional workforce, pull, and total quality. The concept of continuous improvement is also covered. Participants can play the game from remote and separate locations by logging into a specified Internet site. Additionally, the game can be played with a combination of real and virtual (simulated) players. Several performance metrics are automatically calculated and displayed at the conclusion of each phase. The results of the current phase can then be compared to the results from all previous phases to better illustrate the impact of newly introduced lean tools.
Fasting and Post-Glucose Load Measures of Insulin Resistance and Risk of Ischemic Stroke in Older Adults

Background and Purpose—Few studies have assessed post-glucose load measures of insulin resistance and ischemic stroke risk, and data are sparse for older adults. We investigated whether fasting and post-glucose load measures of insulin resistance were related to incident ischemic stroke in nondiabetic, older adults. Methods—Participants were men and women in the Cardiovascular Health Study, age 65+ years and without prevalent diabetes or stroke at baseline, followed for 17 years for incident ischemic stroke. The Gutt insulin sensitivity index was calculated from baseline body weight and from fasting and 2-hour postload insulin and glucose; a lower Gutt index indicates higher insulin resistance. Results—Analyses included 3442 participants (42% men) with a mean age of 73 years. Incidence of ischemic stroke was 9.8 strokes per 1000 person-years. The relative risk (RR) for lowest quartile versus highest quartile of Gutt index was 1.64 (95% CI, 1.24–2.16), adjusted for demographics and prevalent cardiovascular...
Delayed toxidromes 1

Abstract Some toxins do not result in clinical manifestations until several hours after exposure. This article reviews those agents that may cause delayed-onset toxicity. They are organized into four classes: specific pharmaceuticals, biologicals, pharmaceutical dosage forms, and chemicals. There are five basic mechanisms for delayed toxicity: delayed absorption, distribution factors, metabolic factors, cellular and organ capacity effects, and unknown. Scientific evidence for delayed-onset of effects varies considerably among the individual toxins.
Why supply chain collaboration fails: the socio-structural view of resistance to relational strategies

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to elaborate theory regarding the reasons why collaboration strategies fail. The relational view posits that supply chain integration can be a source of competitive advantage. Few firms, however, successfully co-create value to attain supernormal relational rents. Design/methodology/approach – This study uses a quasi-longitudinal, multi-case interview methodology to explore the reasons why collaboration strategies fail to deliver intended results. The authors interviewed managers at 49 companies in Period 1 and managers at 57 companies in Period 2. In all, 15 companies participated in both rounds of interviews. Findings – This study builds and describes a taxonomy of relational resistors. The authors then explore how sociological and structural resistors reinforce each other to undermine collaborative behavior. Specifically, the interplay among resistors: obscures the true sources of resistance; exacerbates a sense of vulnerability to non-collaborative behavior that ...
Protestant Reconciliation in the Exclusion Crisis

The triumphal return of Charles II on 29 May 1660 was the prelude to a determination of the restored monarchy's structure rather than its aftermath. The many and vexed problems attendant upon Charles's reinstatement were still to be resolved, for the Declaration of Breda had wisely been confined to generalities. A parliament would be necessary to settle the terms of an indemnity, the ownership of the confiscated lands, the future of the army, and the character of the national Church.
“A Woman has to struggle to get what she wants”: Gender and Power

The lives of migrant women in Dalian reflect the challenges they face from two inequalities in which they are situated: their rural and migrant status, on the one hand ( Chap. 3) and their position as women ( Chap. 4). These two structures exert a powerful force in these women’s lives. Nevertheless, Dalian migrants report general satisfaction about their lives. I argue that one of the major reasons for this satisfaction is that, as married women and mothers, they have been able to navigate through challenges and potential roadblocks to achieve their goals. Examining their strategies takes us to an examination of power. In this chapter, I examine women’s power, attempting to explicate issues of power in a general sense and to understand the role of power in the lives of women in Dalian. In my approach I will be trying to balance at least two different levels of power—those that occur on the individual level and those that are better measured at the wider, community or societal level. I will demonstrate that keeping both of these levels of interaction and influence in mind are key to understanding how women negotiate and strategize with those around them. For most of this chapter, I will focus on power of women as women. But as is clear, these women, as all women, are involved in criss-crossing structures of power and inequality. As we have already seen, rural/urban inequalities and class structure are both important in these women’s lives. I take up these issues and their interactions at the end of the chapter and explore it further in the next.
International Regulation Without International Government: Improving International Organization Performance Through Orchestration

International organizations (IOs) have been widely criticized as ineffective. Yet scholars and commentators assessing IO performance frequently look at the actions of those organizations in isolation and focus on traditional modes of governance such as treaties and inter-state dispute-resolution mechanisms. When commentators observe poor performance, moreover, they often call for strengthening those same activities. We call this reliance on traditional state-based mechanisms “International Old Governance” (IOG). A better way to understand and improve IO performance is to consider the full range of ways in which IOs can and do operate – including, increasingly, by reaching out to private actors and institutions, collaborating with them, and supporting and shaping their activities. Such actions are helping to develop an intricate global network of public, private and mixed institutions and norms, orchestrated by IOs (and states), that we call “Transnational New Governance” (TNG). With proper orchestration by “the state” (including IOs), TNG can ameliorate both “state failure” – the inadequacies of IOG – and “market failure” – the problems that result when the creation and evolution of norm-setting institutions is highly decentralized. Orchestration thus provides a significant way for IOs to improve their regulatory performance. Some IOs already engage actively with private actors and institutions – we provide a range of illustrations, highlighting the activities of the UN Environment Programme (UNEP). Yet there remains a significant “orchestration deficit” that provides real opportunities for IOs. We draw on the lessons of existing IO activities to suggest additional possibilities for improving IO performance.
Opinion and Policy Beyond the Democratic West: The Case of Iran

Studies of public opinion as it relates to government policy focus on two areas of inquiry: The beliefs determining public support or opposition to a given policy and, related, the effect of public policy preferences on the policymaking of the state. Without exception, these studies have been confined to democratic states; in fact, scholars of the opinion-policy nexus view their work through the lens of democratic theory. I argue that the findings of this body of work possesses broader applicability than generally assumed, beyond democratic and Western contexts. Using 2006 public opinion data from Iran, I find striking continuity between the Iranian case and similar studies conducted in democratic contexts, suggesting greater generalizability for this body of research as well as a window into the opaque world of autocratic domestic politics.
Behavioral Interventions for Anger, Irritability, and Aggression in Children and Adolescents.

Abstract Objective: Anger, irritability, and aggression are among the most common reasons for child mental health referrals. This review is focused on two forms of behavioral interventions for these behavioral problems: Parent management training (PMT) and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). Methods: First, we provide an overview of anger/irritability and aggression as the treatment targets of behavioral interventions, followed by a discussion of the general principles and techniques of these treatment modalities. Then we discuss our current work concerning the transdiagnostic approach to CBT for anger, irritability, and aggression. Results: PMT is aimed at improving aversive patterns of family interactions that engender children's disruptive behavior. CBT targets deficits in emotion regulation and social problem-solving that are associated with aggressive behavior. Both forms of treatment have received extensive support in randomized controlled trials. Given that anger/irritability and aggressive behavio...
Modeling Drop-Drop Collision Regimes for Variable Pressures and Viscosities

The conditions associated with droplets colliding in gasses are considered in terms of the primary outcomes for low to moderate impact velocities. For these conditions, predictive models were developed for the boundaries of the five primary outcome regimes: slow coalescence (SC), bounce (B), fast coalescence (FC), head-on separation (HS), and grazing separation (GS). For the slow coalescence/bouncing (SC/B) boundary which can be important for viscous hydrocarbon drops in gasses, a boundary prediction was herein developed to incorporate effects of the gas characteristics (including temperature, pressure and vapor concentration). For the B/FC boundary, a B/FC models is herein developed for the effects gas pressure and gas viscosity (which can supply a cushioning effect for bounce but were not incorporated into previous models). Additionally, drop viscosity modifications were incorporated into the Brazier-Smith model for the FC/GS boundary and into a simplified Ashgriz-Poo model for FC/HS boundary. To evaluate the performance of these new predictions, an extensive review with available dropdrop collision data was conducted. The present models were found to be reasonable, though approximate, for a wide variety of test conditions, including variation in drop diameter ratio, drop fluid properties (density and viscosity), gas pressure, and gas properties (density and viscosity). However, additional analysis and data is necessary to improve these predictions and to generalize for effects of droplet shape and charge.
Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction: Fixation Technique Biomechanics.

Introduction The medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) is the primary soft-tissue stabilizer of the patella and it is often reconstructed in patients with recurrent patella instability. This biomechanical analysis evaluates the integrity of four methods of MPFL reconstruction subjected to cyclic loading using a porcine model. Methods Four techniques of MPFL reconstruction were analyzed using a 4 mm flexor tendon graft, all with two points of patellar fixation to best recreate the native MPFL anatomy. The four techniques were: (1) interference screw technique, (2) suture anchor technique, (3) converging tunnel technique, and (4) two bone tunnel technique. Maximum load, yield load, and stiffness of the graft fixation/bone complex were analyzed, and statistics were performed with SPSS and significance set at a p-value of Results The converging tunnel technique demonstrated the highest maximum load and yield load, significantly higher than the interference screw or suture anchor groups (p = 0.007). In addition, the converging tunnel technique demonstrated the greatest stiffness with significantly greater stiffness than the two bone tunnel techniques (p = 0.016). Conclusion The combination of strength and stiffness, the avoidance of patella implants, and the creation of a single transosseous tunnel make the converging tunnel technique a desirable technique for MPFL reconstructions.
Analysis of Surveillance for Anaphylactic Rash after Immunization in Longyan,2009-2013

Objective To analyze the characteristics of anaphylactic rash after vaccination, to provide the basis for reporting of anaphylactic rash after vaccines. Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the data of anaphylactic rash cases during 2009-2013 reported by AEFI information management system. Results 83 anaphylactic rash cases were reported,all were classified as rare,more serious vaccine reactions. The sex ratio(male to female) was 0.9:1. The cases occurred in the age group of≤1, 1, ≥8 year old accounted for 45.8%、20.5%、19.3%. The cases occurred in 24 hours accounted for 88.0%. The estimated reported rates for top three vacines were measles attenuated live vaccine;measles and Tetanus and Acellular Pertussis Combined Vaccine, rubella combined attenuated live vaccine;Diphtheria. Conclusion Anaphylactic rash cases were often occurrde in 24 hours after vaccination, so it should reinfore the observation in 1 day after vaccination. It is necessary to standardized the diagnosis and report of anaphylactic rash after vaccination, the quality of anaphylactic rash surveillance needs to be improved.
Failure analysis on MEMS resonator device in wafer fabrication

This paper demonstrates a new de-process flow for MEMS resonator DRG (dc Resistance to Ground) failure analysis, using electrical fault isolation tool of TTVA to locate the defect site. After all, cutting method was performed to de-process MEMS from Si Cap, followed by SEM inspection to successfully observe the physical defect point. Auger analysis was then carried out on the defect point to identify the element contains, hence the root cause of preventing of Carbon and Mo was confirmed.
Augmentation of Therapeutic Tumor Vaccine Efficacy by Genetic Engineering of CD4+ T Cell Help for Tumor Vaccine-Reactive CD8+ T Cells.

Since CD4 + T cell help has been proposed to be required for maintaining the activity of tumor-specific CD8 + T cells, tolerance in tumor-specific CD4 + T cells may seriously impair the efficacy of therapeutic tumor vaccines. To overcome this problem, we devised a strategy to “engineer” CD4 + T cell help by treating tumor-bearing animals with nonmyeloablative conditioning and transplantation of autologous hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that have been genetically modified, via lentiviral transduction, to express an antigen containing “foreign” CD4 + T cell epitopes. After hematopoietic reconstitution, animals received the combination of an autologous tumor cell vaccine and an infusion of primed CD4 + T cells specific for the expressed epitopes. Using influenza hemagglutinin (HA) as the model antigen, we first confirmed that transplantation of HA-transduced HSCs led to efficient expression of HA by antigen-presenting cells, as demonstrated by the clonal expansion of adoptively transferred, HA-specific CD4 + transgenic T cells in mice receiving HA-transduced HSCs but not in mice receiving nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR) gene-transduced HSCs. Next, BALB/c mice harboring 13 day old, metastatic 4T1 mammary cancer were treated with removal of the primary, nonmyeloablative conditioning and transplantation of HA-transduced syngeneic HSCs, and following hematopoietic reconstitution, with concomitant autologous tumor cell vaccination and adoptive transfer of in vitro activated, HA-specific transgenic CD4 + T cells. This therapy was successful in curing the majority of tumor bearing mice, and was superior to the same therapy given to mice transplanted with NGFR-transduced stem cells. Finally, we found that the anti-tumor effect of vaccination plus exogenous T cell help was abolished by the adoptive transfer of either CD4 + or CD8 + T cells from tumor-bearing mice, suggesting that tumor-bearing mice contain both potential effectors and suppressors of anti-tumor immunity, the latter of which are abolished by the non-myeloablative conditioning. These results highlight the importance of CD4 + T cell help in the induction of therapeutic anti-tumor immunity.
Ultrasound-assisted water-confined laser micromachining (UWLM) of metals: Experimental study and time-resolved observation

Abstract This paper reports the experimental studies and time-resolved observations of the ultrasound-assisted water-confined laser micromachining (UWLM) process on metal workpieces using 532-nm nanosecond laser pulses. UWLM is a new machining process proposed by the corresponding author (Wu, 2014). During UWLM, a laser beam interacts with a workpiece’s front surface location immersed in water to ablate the workpiece, and in-situ ultrasonic waves in water are also applied (for example, from above the front surface using an ultrasonic horn) to the laser ablation site (which energize the water and generate cavitations) to improve the machining process. This paper reports the experimental study of the UWLM process on multiple types of metal workpieces and time-resolved in-situ observations of the process. This kind of study on UWLM has been rarely reported in the literature. Under the studied conditions, it has been found that the ablation depths produced by UWLM at 200 laser pulses are about 2.3–3.8 times the depths by laser ablation in water without ultrasound. Through in-situ time-resolved shadowgraph imaging observations, it has been found that one important likely underlying mechanism for the enhanced material removal rate in the studied UWLM process is that the in-situ ultrasound in UWLM can reduce the material cloud resulted from the previous laser pulse ablation that lingers around laser ablation site, which can enhance the coupling of the subsequent laser pulse(s)’ energy to the workpiece.
Planned Parenthood Is Health Care, and Health Care Must Defend It: A Call to Action

The article discusses the authors' call for the U.S. public health community to support the Planned Parenthood Federation of America Inc. (Planned Parenthood) health care organization as of 2017, and it mentions how various American states are threatening to defund Planned Parenthood health centers. Community health clinics and the U.S. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act are examined, along with abortion services, influenza vaccinations, smoking cessation, and breach cancer treatment.
Parent Perspectives of Applying Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Strategies to Special Education

Parents of children with (versus without) intellectual and developmental disabilities report greater stress; such stress may be exacerbated by dissatisfaction with school services, poor parent-school partnerships, and the need for parent advocacy. Increasingly, mindfulness interventions have been used to reduce parent stress. However, it is unclear whether parents apply mindfulness strategies during the special education process to reduce school-related stress. To investigate whether mindfulness may reduce school-related stress, interviews were conducted with 26 parents of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities who completed a mindfulness-based stress reduction intervention. Participants were asked about their stress during meetings with the school, use of mindfulness strategies in communicating with the school, and the impact of such strategies. The majority of parent participants reported: special education meetings were stressful; they used mindfulness strategies during IEP meetings; and such strategies affected parents' perceptions of improvements in personal well-being, advocacy, family-school relationships, and access to services for their children. Implications for future research, policy, and practice are discussed.