cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Training the Future Internal Medicine Subspecialist

The past two decades have witnessed a dramatic explosion in the creation of new scientific knowledge and technology that have combined to provide astonishing advances in the care of patients. The avalanche of discoveries in the cross-cutting disciplines of immunology, molecular biology, genetics, and the information sciences have added further to the knowledge that must be incorporated into the training of the contemporary medical subspecialist. With the exception of cardiovascular disease, however, trainees have not been afforded additional time in standard subspecialty fellowships to assimilate this greater knowledge base or to acquire experience for excellence as a clinician and consultant. The cardiologists recognized this problem in 1986 when the 17th Bethesda Conference concluded that training be extended to a minimum of 3 years with additional emphasis on the need for meaningful research experience.l The American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) responded to this consensus recommendation by adopting a 3-year training requirement for certification in cardiovascular disease. However, the length of formal training in other subspecialties has remained at 2 years since the late 1960s although many training programs-generally concentrated in academic settings-have offered extended training on an elective basis. Analysis of data from the National Study for Internal Medicine Manpower (NaSIMM) indicates that the majority of internal medicine subspecialty programs (65%) offer training beyond 2 years and the majority of current second-year fellows (60%) train for
Sternal spines in penaeid postlarvae (Decapoda: Penaeidae): life-phase-specific and systematically significant?

Our ability to identify and discriminate postlarvae of penaeids below family level remains poor due to phase brevity and a lack of taxonomic characters. Whether sternal spines are unique and taxonomically significant to postlarvae has not been resolved. I describe number and placement of spines in Parapenaeus sp. Smith, 1885, and a specimen tentatively identified as Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (Heller, 1862) from the Gulf of Mexico; review information for penaeids worldwide; and evaluate the significance of sternal spines as a life-phase specific taxonomic character and to penaeid systematics. To date, sternal spines have been described for 14 of 32 genera and 26 species. Most taxa share one of two common sternal formulas: either 0 + 0 + 0 + 1 + 0, or 0 + 0 + 0 + 1 + 1. Only Metapenaeopsis Bouvier, 1905, and the tentative Xiphopenaeus kroyeri have a pair of spines on at least the first-two sternal plates, and only Metapenaeopsis and Litopenaeus Perez-Farfante, 1969, contain members with different sternal formulas. I suggest that differences among taxa in shape of the sternal plates may be an unrecognized taxonomic character. Sternal spines are not life-phase specific and do not reflect lower-level systematic relationships within Penaeidae regardless of generic nomenclature applied. The unusual length, shape, and reverse orientation of the spine on plate five in species of Parapenaeus, and presence of an elongate ventromedian spine on one or more pleomeres in Parapenaeus and Funchalia Johnson, 1868, supports molecular and morphological data that Penaeidae may be paraphyletic. While generally ineffective as a stand-alone taxonomic character, differences in number, placement, and orientation of sternal spines, i.e., the ‘sternal pattern’; knowledge of geographic distributions; and, perhaps differences in sternal plate shape should be included in the suite of characters used to discriminate and identify penaeids during the postlarva phase.
Snowflake Size Spectra Retrieved from a UHF Vertical Profiler

Abstract This paper develops a technique for retrieving snowflake size distributions (SSDs) from a vertically pointing 915-MHz vertical profiler. Drop size distributions (DSDs) have been retrieved from 915-MHz profilers for several years using least squares minimization to determine the best-fit DSD to the observed Doppler spectra. This same premise is used to attempt the retrieval of SSDs. A nonlinear search, the Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) method, is used to search the physically realistic solution space and arrive at a best-fit SSD from the Doppler spectra of the profiler. The best fit is assumed to be the minimum of the squared difference of the log of the observed and modeled spectrum power over the precipitation portion of the spectrum. A snowflake video imager (SVI) disdrometer was collocated with the profiler and provided surface estimates of the SSDs. The SVI also provided estimates of crystal type, which is critical in attempting to estimate the density–size relationship. A method to vary the densi...
miRNA in systemic lupus erythematosus

Since their recent discovery, the small noncoding RNA known as microRNAs (miRNA) have been reported to play a major role in the physiological control of gene expression and in the pathogenesis of malignant, infectious, and autoimmune disorders. In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of autoantibodies to multiple antigens, the role of miRNA as post-transcriptional regulators of different aspects of the disease process has recently emerged. This article reviews the pertinent literature and mechanisms of action of miRNA that have so far been associated with the pathogenesis of SLE.
Breast Cancer Subtypes and Previously Established Genetic Risk Factors: A Bayesian Approach

Background: Gene expression analyses indicate that breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease with at least five immunohistologic subtypes. Despite growing evidence that these subtypes are etiologically and prognostically distinct, few studies have investigated whether they have divergent genetic risk factors. To help fill in this gap in our understanding, we examined associations between breast cancer subtypes and previously established susceptibility loci among white and African-American women in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study. Methods: We used Bayesian polytomous logistic regression to estimate ORs and 95% posterior intervals for the association between each of 78 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and five breast cancer subtypes. Subtypes were defined using five immunohistochemical markers: estrogen receptors (ER), progesterone receptors (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptors 1 and 2 (HER1/2), and cytokeratin (CK) 5/6. Results: Several SNPs in TNRC9/TOX3 were associated with luminal A (ER/PR+, HER2−) or basal-like breast cancer (ER−, PR−, HER2−, HER1, or CK 5/6+), and one SNP (rs3104746) was associated with both. SNPs in FGFR2 were associated with luminal A, luminal B (ER/PR+, HER2+), or HER2+/ER− disease, but none were associated with basal-like disease. We also observed subtype differences in the effects of SNPs in 2q35, 4p, TLR1 , MAP3K1 , ESR1 , CDKN2A/B , ANKRD16 , and ZM1Z1 . Conclusion and Impact: We found evidence that genetic risk factors for breast cancer vary by subtype and further clarified the role of several key susceptibility genes. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(1); 84–97. ©2013 AACR .
Pathways into drug user treatment : The influence of gender and racial/ethnic identity

Drawing on constructs from models of health behavior change, this paper examines gender and racial/ethnic influences on access to residential drug user treatment. Using a focus group methodology, data were collected from a sample of 65 in-treatment White, Black, and Hispanic men and women. Hispanics were more likely to delay treatment because of a reluctance to acknowledge their addictions and discomfort at being separated from family. Females reported more negative expectations about treatment than males and more use of drugs to bolster self-esteem. Responsibility to children represented the most powerful catalyst to treatment for women. Implications for improving access to treatment for women and minorities are discussed.
Amygdala subsystems and control of feeding behavior by learned cues.

: A combination of behavioral studies and a neural systems analysis approach has proven fruitful in defining the role of the amygdala complex and associated circuits in fear conditioning. The evidence presented in this chapter suggests that this approach is also informative in the study of other adaptive functions that involve the amygdala. In this chapter we present a novel model to study learning in an appetitive context. Furthermore, we demonstrate that long-recognized connections between the amygdala and the hypothalamus play a crucial role in allowing learning to modulate feeding behavior. In the first part we describe a behavioral model for motivational learning. In this model a cue that acquires motivational properties through pairings with food delivery when an animal is hungry can override satiety and promote eating in sated rats. Next, we present evidence that a specific amygdala subsystem (basolateral area) is responsible for allowing such learned cues to control eating (override satiety and promote eating in sated rats). We also show that basolateral amygdala mediates these actions via connectivity with the lateral hypothalamus. Lastly, we present evidence that the amygdalohypothalamic system is specific for the control of eating by learned motivational cues, as it does not mediate another function that depends on intact basolateral amygdala, namely, the ability of a conditioned cue to support new learning based on its acquired value. Knowledge about neural systems through which food-associated cues specifically control feeding behavior provides a defined model for the study of learning. In addition, this model may be informative for understanding mechanisms of maladaptive aspects of learned control of eating that contribute to eating disorders and more moderate forms of overeating.
Vagus nerve stimulation for treatment of epilepsy in Rett syndrome

This case series presents the outcomes of seven females with Rett syndrome and medically refractory epilepsy who were treated with adjunctive vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) therapy for a minimum of 12 months. Patients ranged in age from 1 to 14 years (median age 9 y) at the time of implantation, had experienced seizures for a median period of approximately 6 years, and had failed at least two trials of antiepileptic drugs before receiving VNS. The median number of seizures per month was 150 (range 12-3600). At 12 months, six females had >or=50% reduction in seizure frequency. VNS was safe and well tolerated, with no surgical complications and no patients requiring explantation of the device. Quality of life outcomes of note among these patients included reports at 12 months of increased alertness among all seven patients. No change in mood or communication abilities was noted.
Secular Trends Associated with Enterobacteriaceae with a Cefepime Susceptible-Dose-Dependent MIC

Cefepime, a fourth-generation, extended-spectrum cephalosporin, is often used to treat Enterobacteriaceae infections ([1][1]). Concentrations of cefepime above the MIC of the infecting organism for at least 60% to 70% of the dosing interval are recommended to obtain maximal bactericidal effects ([2
Understanding Customer Abilities in Product Concept Tests

Judicious application of concept tests to specific situations contributes not only to the success of the product but also to the success of the product manager. Recognizing respondent limitations helps product managers estimate risk of product failure as well as explain failure to higher management. Respondents have limited ability to keep track of large numbers of items. New situations make categorization difficult. Respondents can seldom imagine or project beyond the test into an actual buying situation. Inadequate risk evaluation hampers decisions and ratings. Design tests falter when the full range of critical issues is not included. Managers improve success probabilities by using more stages in testing, simplifying requests of respondents, and adequately framing the evaluations to be made.
Nitrogenase Assembly and Catalysis

Nitrogenases catalyze the reduction of N2 to NH3 as well as the reduction of alternative substrates such as H+, C2H2, and CO. The best characterized molybdenum nitrogenase (Mo-nitrogenase) comprises two components: the Fe protein, which contains a [Fe4S4] cluster; and the MoFe protein, which contains two pairs of P-cluster ([Fe8S7]) and FeMoco ([MoFe7S9C-homocitrate]). The second best characterized nitrogenase is vanadium nitrogenase (V-nitrogenase), which is highly homologous to Mo-nitrogenase in structure and function, but far superior in reducing CO – an alternative substrate – to hydrocarbons. The assembly of Mo-nitrogenase requires the participation of a number of nitrogen-fixing (nif) genes. The MoFe protein, the catalytic component of Mo-nitrogenase, is synthesized through the ex situ assembly of FeMoco, the in situ assembly of P-cluster, and the stepwise maturation of the two αβ-halves of the MoFe protein. The catalysis of Mo-nitrogenase involves the binding of MgATP to the reduced Fe protein, the complex formation of Fe protein with MoFe protein, and the interprotein electron transfer from the former to the latter concomitant with the hydrolysis of ATP. Once a sufficient amount of electrons is accumulated on the MoFe protein, substrate reduction takes place at its FeMoco site. Keywords: Azotobacter vinelandii; nitrogenase assembly; nitrogenase catalysis; molybdenum nitrogenase; vanadium nitrogenase; MoFe protein; Fe protein; FeMoco; P-cluster; VFe protein; FeVco
OptORF: Optimal metabolic and regulatory perturbations for metabolic engineering of microbial strains

Computational modeling and analysis of metabolic networks has been successful in metabolic engineering of microbial strains for valuable biochemical production. Limitations of currently available computational methods for metabolic engineering are that they are often based on reaction deletions rather than gene deletions and do not consider the regulatory networks that control metabolism. Due to the presence of multi-functional enzymes and isozymes, computational designs based on reaction deletions can sometimes result in strategies that are genetically complicated or infeasible. Additionally, strains might not be able to grow initially due to regulatory restrictions. To overcome these limitations, we have developed a new approach (OptORF) for identifying metabolic engineering strategies based on gene deletion and overexpression. Here we propose an effective method to systematically integrate transcriptional regulatory networks and metabolic networks. This allows for the formulation of linear optimization problems that search for metabolic and/or regulatory perturbations that couple biomass and biochemical production, thus proposing adaptive evolutionary strain designs. Using genome-scale models of Escherichia coli, we have implemented the OptORF algorithm (which considers gene deletions and transcriptional regulation) and compared its metabolic engineering strategies for ethanol production to those found using OptKnock (which considers reaction deletions). Our results found that the reaction-based strategies often require more gene deletions to remove the identified reactions (2 more genes than reactions), and result in lethal growth phenotypes when transcriptional regulation is considered (162 out of 200 cases). Finally, we present metabolic engineering strategies for producing ethanol and higher alcohols (e.g. isobutanol) in E. coli using our OptORF approach. We have found common genetic modifications such as deletion of pgi and overexpression of edd, as well as chemical specific strategies for producing different alcohols. By taking regulatory effects into account, OptORF can propose changes such as the overexpression of metabolic genes or deletion of transcriptional factors, in addition to the deletion of metabolic genes, that may lead to faster evolutionary trajectories. While biofuel production in E. coli is evaluated here, the developed OptORF approach is general and can be applied to optimize the production of different compounds in other biological systems.
Polyoma enhancer activator 3, an ets transcription factor, mediates the induction of cyclooxygenase-2 by nitric oxide in colorectal cancer cells.

Abundant evidence supports the role of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in colorectal cancer. Nitric oxide (NO), a pro-inflammatory signaling factor, may regulate COX-2 expression and activity thereby linking hyper-inflammatory states to cancer susceptibility. Previously we showed that NO induced COX-2 expression. Although NO also activated the β-catenin·T-cell factor/lymphocyte enhancing factor transcriptional pathway, a direct causal link between this pathway and COX-2 expression was not demonstrated. In this current study, we focused on NO-induced transcriptional activity and elucidated its role in COX-2 expression. NO donors stimulated the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ and c-myc, both downstream genes of β-catenin. They also induced the expression of polyoma enhancer activator 3 (PEA3) and increased its DNA-binding activity. To establish a role for PEA3 to β-catenin-induced COX-2, we transfected RKO cells with β-catenin and found that β-catenin increased PEA3 expression. Also, there was higher PEA3 in immortal mouse colon epithelium cells (ApcMin/+) compared with young adult mouse colon cells (Apc+/+). Luciferase reporter assays revealed that, although several transcription factors/coactivator, acting alone or in synergistic combination, induced COX-2 promoter activity, PEA3 was one of the most potent. Interestingly, NO from NO donors or generated endogenously from transfected inducible nitric-oxide synthase, increased PEA3/p300-induced COX-2 promoter activity. We also found that an ETS site (-75/-72) and the NF-IL6 site were responsible for COX-2 activity induced by PEA3, PEA3/p300, and NO. Taken together, our results demonstrated that NO through β-catenin signaling stimulated PEA3 to increase COX-2 activity. In addition, NO augmented the synergistic interaction between PEA3 and CBP/p300.
Predicting Change in Parenting Stress Across Early Childhood: Child and Maternal Factors

This study examined maternal parenting stress in a sample of 430 boys and girls including those at risk for externalizing behavior problems. Children and their mothers were assessed when the children were ages 2, 4, and 5. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) was used to examine stability of parenting stress across early childhood and to examine child and maternal factors predicting parenting stress at age 2 and changes in parenting stress across time. Results indicated that single parenthood, maternal psychopathology, child anger proneness, and child emotion dysregulation predicted 2-year parenting stress. Child externalizing behaviors predicted initial status and changes across time in parenting stress. Stability of parenting stress was dependent upon child externalizing problems, as well as interactions between child externalizing problems and gender, and child externalizing problems and emotion regulation. Results are discussed in the context of mechanisms by which parenting stress may influence the development of child externalizing behaviors.
Multidimensional protein fractionation using ProteomeLab PF 2D™ for profiling amyotrophic lateral sclerosis immunity: A preliminary report

Background The ProteomeLab™ PF 2D platform is a relatively new approach to global protein profiling. Herein, it was used for investigation of plasma proteome changes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients before and during immunization with glatiramer acetate (GA) in a clinical trial.
Computational complexity issues in synthesis of simple distributed detection networks

Algorithmic issues of simple object detection problems in the context of a system consisting of a finite set of sensors that monitor a workspace are studied. Each sensor detects the presence of only a certain subset of a given set of objects O. Given that an object has been detected by a subset of sensors, the detection problem deals with identifying whether the object in the workspace is a member of O and, if so, computing the maximal set of such numbers. A conceptual graph structure called the detection network that yields efficient algorithms for the detection problem for combinational, message-based, sequential and parallel computing systems is proposed. The problem of computing a detection network with the minimum number of edges is shown to be computationally intractable, and polynomial-time approximation algorithms are presented. Sequential algorithms to solve the detection problem with and without preprocessing are presented. Parallel algorithms on shared memory systems and hypercube-based message passing systems are discussed. It is shown that the problem of detecting multiple objects is computationally intractable. >
On the Source of Mediterranean Overflow Water Property Changes

Abstract A recent study of the eastern North Atlantic detailed significant increases in the temperature and salinity of the Mediterranean Overflow Water (MOW) from 1950 to 2000. To examine the degree to which the source waters, which spill over the sill at the Strait of Gibraltar, could be responsible for these observations in the open Atlantic, a box model of water mass transformation by marginal seas was employed. Time series for the salinity of the inflowing North Atlantic surface waters, freshwater fluxes in the Mediterranean (evaporation and precipitation and river runoff), and the volumetric flow rates for the inflow and outflow across the Strait of Gibraltar were used to predict the salinity of the source waters to the North Atlantic from 1950 to 2000. Results from this calculation reveal that source water changes have minimal impact on MOW property changes on interannual and decadal time scales. It is suggested instead that circulation changes within the open Atlantic alter the advective–diffusive...
The underfunding of lung cancer research.

Despite major advances in the field of oncology in research, diagnostic methods, and treatment modalities, lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death in the United States among both men and women. With an estimated 215,020 new cases and 161,840 deaths in 2008, lung cancer is responsible for more than 25% of all cancer deaths. Given these alarming statistics, one would assume that lung cancer research would be a priority for funding. Surprisingly, this could not be further from the truth. In terms of research funding, lung cancer is all but forgotten. Various government agencies fund cancer research, including the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and National Cancer Institute (NCI), the Department of Defense (DOD), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Of the $5.570 billion in NIH funding for all cancer research in 2008, $726 million was granted for breast cancer, $290 million for prostate cancer, and $274 million for colorectal cancer. Unfortunately, only $169 million was spent on research for the number one cancer killer, lung cancer. Similarly, in 2008 the DOD sponsored $138 million to fund breast cancer research, $80 million for prostate cancer, and $10 million for ovarian cancer. Meanwhile, lung cancer was given no designated funding. Fortunately, recent advocacy has resulted in the funding of a new $20-million Lung Cancer Research Program through the DOD for fiscal year 2009. Nonetheless, overall federal research funding per cancer death remains 21 times greater for breast cancer and 13 times greater for prostate cancer than for lung cancer research. This alarming disparity is not simply isolated to cancer research funding but also extends to lung cancer prevention and control, where a surprising two thirds of the $300,000 earmarked by the CDC is allocated to breast and cervical cancer while only $100,000 of the CDC budget is focused on smoking cessation. No CDC dollars are earmarked for prevention of lung cancer aside from smoking cessation, and although smoking cessation is extremely important, it is not appropriate to assume that it is the cure for all lung cancer, anymore than it is the cure for all cases of coronary artery disease or stroke. The average person with lung cancer stopped smoking nearly a decade before the development of lung cancer, and the incidence of lung cancer among nonsmokers is estimated to be as high as 30,000 to 50,000 cases/year.
Achievement Goals of Students with ADHD

Although achievement goal theory is currently one of the dominant theoretical frameworks used to understand and improve student motivation (Brophy, 2004), little work has been done to evaluate the achievement goals of students with ADHD. After an initial review of achievement goal theory, the current study begins to address four research questions: What are the achievement goals of students with ADHD? How do achievement goals of students with ADHD differ from those of students without ADHD? How are achievement goals related to other academic out- come variables for students with ADHD? Can current instructional practices be altered to promote optimal goals and motivation of students with ADHD? Results revealed a number of interesting differences for students with ADHD, especially concerning per- formance-avoidance goals. Implications are discussed.
Label-free probe of HIV-1 TAT peptide binding to mimetic membranes.

The transacting activator of transduction (TAT) protein plays a key role in the progression of AIDS. Studies have shown that a +8 charged sequence of amino acids in the protein, called the TAT peptide, enables the TAT protein to penetrate cell membranes. To probe mechanisms of binding and translocation of the TAT peptide into the cell, investigators have used phospholipid liposomes as cell membrane mimics. We have used the method of surface potential sensitive second harmonic generation (SHG), which is a label-free and interface-selective method, to study the binding of TAT to anionic 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl- sn -glycero-3-phospho-1′- rac -glycerol (POPG) and neutral 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) liposomes. It is the SHG sensitivity to the electrostatic field generated by a charged interface that enabled us to obtain the interfacial electrostatic potential. SHG together with the Poisson–Boltzmann equation yielded the dependence of the surface potential on the density of adsorbed TAT. We obtained the dissociation constants K d for TAT binding to POPC and POPG liposomes and the maximum number of TATs that can bind to a given liposome surface. For POPC K d was found to be 7.5 ± 2 μM, and for POPG K d was 29.0 ± 4.0 μM. As TAT was added to the liposome solution the POPC surface potential changed from 0 mV to +37 mV, and for POPG it changed from −57 mV to −37 mV. A numerical calculation of K d , which included all terms obtained from application of the Poisson–Boltzmann equation to the TAT liposome SHG data, was shown to be in good agreement with an approximated solution.
Preservice Music Teachers’ Recognition of Western Art Music Found in Popular Culture

The purpose of this study was to investigate preservice educators’ knowledge of basic information about classical repertoire found in popular culture. Specifically, preservice music teachers answered whether they (a) had heard the music before, (b) could name the titles of the music, (c) could name the composers of the music, and (d) could identify the music history periods in which the music was composed. Participants (N = 200) for this study were preservice music educators who listened to 30 classical music excerpts and answered the research questions for each piece. The majority of preservice educators (94%) reported previously hearing the music. However, many could not correctly title the music (71%), name the composer of the music (65%), or identify the period the music was composed (61%). Further results and implications are discussed within the article.
Fibroepithelial tumors of the breast: pathologic and immunohistochemical features and molecular mechanisms.

Context.—The 2 main prototypes of fibroepithelial tumors of the breast include fibroadenoma and phyllodes tumor (PT). Although both tumors share some overlapping histologic features, there are significant differences in their clinical behavior and management. Phyllodes tumors have been further divided into clinically relevant subtypes, and there is more than one classification scheme for PT currently in use, suggesting a lack of consistency within different practices. Accurate differentiation between fibroadenoma and PT, as well as the grading of PT, may sometimes be challenging on preoperative core needle biopsy. Some immunohistochemical markers have been suggested to aid in the pathologic classification of these lesions. Objective.—To discuss the salient histopathologic features of fibroepithelial tumors and review the molecular pathways proposed for the initiation, progression, and metastasis of PTs. Also, to provide an update on immunohistochemical markers that may be useful in their differential diag...
Gender differences in shame in patients with binge-eating disorder.

Objective: To examine the relationship between shame and the behavioral and attitudinal features of eating disorders in men and women diagnosed with binge-eating disorder (BED). Research Methods and Procedures: Participants were 188 consecutively evaluated adults (38 men and 150 women) who met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, criteria for BED. Participants were interviewed and completed a battery of measures assessing shame, behavioral and attitudinal features of eating disorders, and general psychological functioning. Results: Shame did not differ significantly by gender and was not associated with BMI or binge-eating frequency. Shame was significantly associated with the attitudinal features of eating disorders, even after controlling for levels of depression and self-esteem. When considered separately by gender and controlling for depression and self-esteem, shame was associated with body dissatisfaction in men and with weight concern in women. Discussion: Men and women with BED, who presented for treatment, reported similar levels of shame. Overall, while shame was related to attitudinal features, the specific associations differed by gender. For men, shame was related to how dissatisfied they felt with their bodies, whereas for women, shame was associated with concerns about weight. Interestingly, shame was not related to BMI or binge-eating frequency in men or women. These results provide preliminary support for self-conscious emotions playing different roles in men and women with BED.
Estimating the modified Allan variance

The third-difference approach to modified Allan variance (MVAR) leads to a tractable formula for a measure of MVAR estimator confidence, the equivalent degrees of freedom (edf), in the presence of power-law phase noise. The effect of estimation stride on edf is tabulated. A simple approximation for edf is given, and its errors are tabulated. A theorem allowing conservative estimates of edf in the presence of compound noise processes is given.
Operation of a coplanar-electrode plasma display panel cell

Plasma display panels (PDPs) are composed of miniature gas discharge devices sustained in noble gas mixtures. In this paper, the dynamics of a coplanar-electrode PDP cell are described using results from a two-dimensional computer simulation. During the first voltage pulse, the discharge takes place between the top and bottom electrodes. Due to charging of the bottom dielectric during the first discharge pulse, a surface discharge takes place between the top coplanar electrodes on successive pulses.
Patch testing a patient with allergic contact hand dermatitis who is taking infliximab

We report the case of a patient who developed allergic contact hand dermatitis while receiving infliximab infusions for psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Patch testing showed multiple positive allergens. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of successful patch testing in a patient receiving tumor necrosis factor–alpha (TNF-α) blockade therapy. TNF-α blockers do not necessarily suppress allergic contact hypersensitivity and are not an absolute contraindication to patch testing.
Automating the generation of composed linear algebra kernels

Memory bandwidth limits the performance of important kernels in many scientific applications. Such applications often use sequences of Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms (BLAS), and highly efficient implementations of those routines enable scientists to achieve high performance at little cost. However, tuning the BLAS in isolation misses opportunities for memory optimization that result from composing multiple subprograms. Because it is not practical to create a library of all BLAS combinations, we have developed a domain-specific compiler that generates them on demand. In this paper, we describe a novel algorithm for compiling linear algebra kernels and searching for the best combination of optimization choices. We also present a new hybrid analytic/empirical method for quickly evaluating the profitability of each optimization. We report experimental results showing speedups of up to 130% relative to the GotoBLAS on an AMD Opteron and up to 137% relative to MKL on an Intel Core 2.
Unified modulation for three-phase current-fed bidirectional dc-dc converter under varied input voltage

In this paper, a new three-phase current-fed bidirectional dc-dc converter is proposed. The topology integrates a three-phase boost converter with a three-phase galvanically isolated bidirectional dc-dc converter. Keeping dc bus voltage constant allows high efficient energy conversion over a wide input voltage and maintains ZVS conditions in the whole operation range. By using compact small inductance dc inductors the ZVS conditions can be improved in low power range and the switching losses of the lower switches are reduced. At the same time the input current ripple can be alleviated by three-phase interleaved structure. Finally, a 6-kW hardware prototype is constructed and tested. The experimental results verify it can maintain high efficiency over wide input voltage and power range.
Portfolio Size Revisited

Using a sophisticated sampling technique, the authors compare randomly constructed stock portfolios with portfolios using the underlying population and evaluate them with 18 different measures. The randomization included portfolio size and portfolio start date to eliminate timing bias from the analysis. By comparing the 18 statistics across the portfolios, average portfolio sizes to reproduce the population characteristics were computed. The optimal portfolio size depended greatly on the criterion being used to judge the adequacy of diversification.
WHITE CULTURAL IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT IN POST-APARTHEID SOUTH AFRICA: A PERSONAL NARRATIVE

In this narrative, I trace my history as a Pentecostal Afrikaner through South Africa’s stormy transition to democracy in 1994. I reflect on my experiences through the lens of Sue and Sue’s (2013) seven-stage model of White Cultural Identity Development and the impact of the dissonant treatment that two leaders received from my church, the Apostolic Faith Mission. Both G.R. Wessels and Frank Chikane pursued socio-political objectives while they were ordained pastors. One was white and hailed as a model of ministry excellence. The other was black and delivered to security police only to be tortured as a subversive activist. These experiences propelled me through Sue and Sue’s stages toward a commitment to antiracist action (stage 7) and a keen awareness that Pentecostals are not immune to cultural programming that may quench the Spirit.
The Interferon-Stimulated Gene Ifi27l2a Restricts West Nile Virus Infection and Pathogenesis in a Cell-Type- and Region-Specific Manner

UNLABELLED The mammalian host responds to viral infections by inducing expression of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). While the functional significance of many ISGs has yet to be determined, their cell type and temporal nature of expression suggest unique activities against specific pathogens. Using a combination of ectopic expression and gene silencing approaches in cell culture, we previously identified Ifi27l2a as a candidate antiviral ISG within neuronal subsets of the central nervous system (CNS) that restricts infection by West Nile virus (WNV), an encephalitic flavivirus of global concern. To investigate the physiological relevance of Ifi27l2a in the context of viral infection, we generated Ifi27l2a(-/-) mice. Although adult mice lacking Ifi27l2a were more vulnerable to lethal WNV infection, the viral burden was greater only within the CNS, particularly in the brain stem, cerebellum, and spinal cord. Within neurons of the cerebellum and brain stem, in the context of WNV infection, a deficiency of Ifi27l2a was associated with less cell death, which likely contributed to sustained viral replication and higher titers in these regions. Infection studies in a primary cell culture revealed that Ifi27l2a(-/-) cerebellar granule cell neurons and macrophages but not cerebral cortical neurons, embryonic fibroblasts, or dendritic cells sustained higher levels of WNV infection than wild-type cells and that this difference was greater under conditions of beta interferon (IFN-β) pretreatment. Collectively, these findings suggest that Ifi27l2a has an antiviral phenotype in subsets of cells and that at least some ISGs have specific inhibitory functions in restricted tissues. IMPORTANCE The interferon-stimulated Ifi27l2a gene is expressed differentially within the central nervous system upon interferon stimulation or viral infection. Prior studies in cell culture suggested an antiviral role for Ifi27l2a during infection by West Nile virus (WNV). To characterize its antiviral activity in vivo, we generated mice with a targeted gene deletion of Ifi27l2a. Based on extensive virological analyses, we determined that Ifi27l2a protects mice from WNV-induced mortality by contributing to the control of infection of the hindbrain and spinal cord, possibly by regulating cell death of neurons. This antiviral activity was validated in granule cell neurons derived from the cerebellum and in macrophages but was not observed in other cell types. Collectively, these data suggest that Ifi27l2a contributes to innate immune restriction of WNV in a cell-type- and tissue-specific manner.
The Dynamics of Standing: How Congress and the Supreme Court Determine Access to the Federal Courts

Rules of access, including whether litigants will have standing to sue, are determined by judges during the legal process and by legislators during the legislative process. Open access encourages litigation while closed access discourages litigation. Standing has changed over time in response to decisions made by lawmakers and judges. Conceptions of judicial power should account for legislatively-created opportunities for courts to participate in the policy-making process. To demonstrate the Dynamics of Standing, this paper traces the development of standing between 1921 and 2006 and examines decisions made by the Supreme Court and Congress regarding access to the courts.
DECENTRALIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT

Significant intellectual and financial resources have been committed to decentralization projects in the developing world based on the idea that federal constitutional systems and local government autonomy will encourage economic growth. These efforts have been premised in part on scholars’ claims that the federalism of nineteenth and early twentieth century America generated the nation’s enormous economic growth. This Article challenges the claim that political decentralization promotes economic development in two ways. First, by looking closely at the legal history of local autonomy in the United States, it shows that the shifting legal status of cities vis-a-vis their states — which has resulted in alternative bouts of centralization and decentralization — did not cause economic growth. If anything, shifts in the degree of formal local power can be better understood as a consequence of economic growth. Second, it invokes newer work in economic geography that suggests that economic development is unavoidably uneven across jurisdictions and that the reason some places do well economically and others do poorly may have more to do with luck or path dependency than with particular legal institutions. For lawyers the stakes are high for we are told that law and legal frameworks — like the vertical division of authority — can make a great deal of difference to economic welfare. But this understanding of law does not take into account the spatial reality of economic development or the circular relationship between economic growth and legal change. This does not mean that the vertical distribution of powers does not matter — it does, but not in the ways that the decentralization-growth thesis presumes.
'A Stede Gode and Lel': Valuing Arondel in Bevis of Hampton

This essay examines the relationship between Bevis and his horse, Arondel, in the Middle English Bevis of Hampton. In the romance, all the key characters attempt to gift or obtain Arondel to demonstrate their largesse as rulers or gain prestige from possessing the remarkable horse. In this respect, the romance depicts horses as an important form of social currency in lord–vassal relations. However, Arondel cannot be easily circulated within the gift economy of feudal relations because he resists objectification. Acknowledging Arondel's agency, Bevis himself treats the horse more as a feudal subject than an exchangeable possession and their relationship dramatizes how fealty and vassalage can cross species lines. While anthropocentric in many respects, their relationship does not confine human-horse interaction to animal subservience for human benefit. Instead, Bevis suffers and sacrifices on Arondel's behalf, ultimately forfeiting a leading place in the English aristocracy and his ancestral lands to save Arondel's life. Through these acts of loyalty and reciprocity, Bevis and Arondel illustrate the possibilities for inter-species communication without suggesting that the gulf between man and horse can be definitively bridged.
THE ACC/AHA ASCVD RISK ESTIMATOR IS A POWERFUL PREDICTIVE TOOL IN THE EVALUATION OF PATIENTS PRESENTING TO THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT WITH CHEST PAIN

Chest pain is one of the most common complaints leading to presentation to the Emergency Department. By using existing patient data and risk estimators such as the ACC/AHA ASCVD calculator, clinicians can potentially enhance clinical decision-making to improve outcomes, minimize hospital admissions
Police officer attitudes toward peers, supervisors, and citizens: A comparison between field training officers and regular officers

This article assesses whether police Field Training Officers (FTOs) display patterns of attitudes that distinguish them from non-field training officers. The analysis focuses on attitudes toward four important groups: fellow officers, immediate supervisors, top managers, and neighborhood residents. Interview data used were collected from Indianapolis Police Department (IPD) during the summer of 1996. Findings show that FTOs are more critical of their immediate supervisors and district managers than non-FTOs, whereas FTOs and non-FTOs hold similar attitudes toward their co-workers and neighborhood residents. Implications for future research and policy are discussed.
Representing and reasoning with design intent

Abstract An engineering drawing contains the results of the decision-making process in a design, but does not record how and why the decisions were made. We call this information about the decisions design intent. A record of the design process may be used for: 1) verifying the design, 2) explaining the design, 3) determining the effect of modifications to the design, and 4) reusing all or part of a design in a different context. Our goals are to develop a model of design decision-making that explicitly identifies the intent and to develop a representation for the record of the design process. We take the view that design is the process of refining high-level specifications, called objectives, into a physical description of the artifact. Examples of types of objectives are: functionality, aesthetics, economy, constructability, maintainability, and disposability. Objectives may be refined into other objectives or into design decisions. The intent behind a decision is the set of all the objectives starting from the highest-level objectives, including all their refinements, leading to the decision. Our design paradigm is characterized by five kinds of activities: 1) determining design focus, 2) refining the objectives 3) evaluating design alternatives with respect to objectives, 4) selecting an alternative based on the results of evaluations, and 5) resolving conflicts among various design objectives. Operators perform each of these activities in a given design context. The current state of the design is the description of the artifact plus the objectives, both satisfied and unsatisfied. The design record is a tree whose nodes represent design states and whose arcs represent the activity that caused the transformation from one state to the next.
Paternal behavioral mutagenesis.

Cocaine hydrochloride (0 to 30 mg/kg, s.c.) was administered daily for a minimum of 72 days to Long Evans rats. Animals receiving the lower doses were pair fed to animals receiving the higher dose. Males were bred to untreated females. Paternal cocaine administration did not affect litter size, birth weight, or weight at weaning, but did result in offspring hyperactivity. A similar study was conducted for paternal alcohol consumption in Long Evans rats. Males consumed alcohol (35%, 17.5% or 0% ethanol derived calories) for 8 to 9 weeks and were then bred to untreated females. Males consuming the lower concentrations were pair fed to 35% EDC animals. Paternal alcohol consumption did not affect birth weight or weight at weaning but resulted in offspring hypoactivity. Mice sired by alcohol-consuming males were also hypoactive.
Detecting feigned postconcussional and posttraumatic stress symptoms with the structured inventory of malingered symptomatology (SIMS)

ABSTRACTThe Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS) is a standalone symptom validity test (SVT) designed as a screening measure to detect a variety of exaggerated psychological symptoms. A number of studies have explored the accuracy of the SIMS in litigious and clinical populations, yet few have examined the validity of the SIMS in detecting feigned symptoms of postconcussional disorder (PCD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The present study examined the sensitivity of the SIMS in detecting undergraduate simulators (N = 78) feigning symptoms of PCD, PTSD, and the comorbid presentation of both PCD and PTSD symptomatologies. Overall, the SIMS Total score produced the highest sensitivities for the PCD symptoms and PCD+PTSD symptoms groups (.89 and .85, respectively), and to a lesser extent, the PTSD symptoms group (.69). The Affective Disorders (AF) subscale was most sensitive to the PTSD symptoms group compared to the PCD and PCD+PTSD symptoms groups. Additional sensitivity value...
Disputed Mechanism for NIR-to-Red Upconversion Luminescence in NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+

The most commonly proposed mechanisms for NIR-to-red upconversion in the well-studied material β-NaYF4:Er(3+),Yb(3+) are evaluated in order to resolve inconsistencies that persist in the literature. Each of four possible mechanisms is evaluated in terms of the direct analysis of spectroscopic data. It is shown that there are no important mechanisms that involve the first excited state of Er(3+), (4)I13/2, as an intermediate state. A large body of evidence overwhelmingly supports the proposed mechanism of Anderson et al., which suggests an intimate connection between NIR-to-red and NIR-to-blue upconversion. Namely, both red and blue upconversion are produced primarily by a three-photon excitation process that proceeds through the green emitting state to a dense manifold of states, (4)G/(2)K, above the blue emitting state, (2)H9/2. Competing relaxation mechanisms out of (4)G/(2)K determine the relative amounts of blue and red upconversion produced. Multiphonon relaxation from (4)G/(2)K results in blue upconversion, whereas back energy transfer from Er(3+)((4)G/(2)K) to Yb(3+)((2)F7/2) results in red emission.