cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trajectories of Nicotine Use Leading to Dual and Cyclical Tobacco Product Use in Young Adults.

INTRODUCTION Young adult never-smokers who vape are at elevated risk of initiating cigarettes, while young adults who smoke often begin vaping to substitute or reduce cigarette use. Reasons underlying different use patterns of tobacco products are not well-understood. METHODS We conducted 1-on-1 qualitative interviews with young adults (N=62) who vape in Los Angeles, California from June 2018-June 2019. Participants were 18-25 years (79% male; racially/ethnically diverse) and self-reported vaping >1x/week. We used a semi-structured interview guide and applied thematic analysis method to analyze data. RESULTS Young adults initiated vaping due to peer socialization and flavor novelty. They often reported vaping (after first smoking) due to a belief that e-cigarettes are healthier, social pressure to quit smoking, and convenience of use. Participants reported smoking (after first vaping) when traveling outside of the U.S. where vaping products were less accessible, and cigarettes were normative. Many of the personal narratives described patterns of dual and cyclical use, which was often attributed to nicotine dependence and cost, or described as dependent upon the current environment (e.g., at a party). CONCLUSION The current study characterizes nicotine use trajectories and reasons why young adults vape, and smoke cigarettes. Dual and cyclical use of both e-cigarettes and cigarettes was common; this pattern of use should be considered in policy and prevention work to address nicotine dependence among young people. IMPLICATIONS We display findings from the current study in a model depicting common trajectories of nicotine use, along with reasons for initiation, transitions between products, and dual/cyclical e-cigarette and combustible cigarette use.
The Year John Cage Was Born

The year John Cage was born, his father Set a trap. For thirteen days, in a submarine Of his own design, John Cage's father Stayed submerged?for thirteen days, With thirteen men, on Friday. And when John Cage's father came up, he said, "Well, John, top that." So a precedent was Set that fathers and sons were expected To follow. The challenge would be passed on. Records in '48 were not so easily established. My father's submarine was borrowed And in need of paint. I'm not making Excuses. The sunlight danced over the dent On the bow. They came to the docks to see him Off: a man carrying a sketch of the mayor, A woman in a floppy hat. The picture Of my mother shows her head slightly bent As if she were listening to the bumble Of a motor car speeding out of sight. The white Ribbon in her hair sags like a cripple's Shoelace. The conversation centers on how cold It will be, on how hot. The one thing For certain is that there will be discomfort.
Some Criminogenic Traits of Offenders

Who commits crime? Depending on how broad the brush, the picture we develop of the typical offender may or may not reveal patterns of traits that predispose certain people to break the law. With too fine a brush, only the accidents of single lifetimes become salient; with too broad, it is only general sociological forces that emerge. Between these two pictures—the one too specific, the other too general to be very useful—lies evidence showing offenders, on the average, to be something other than a random sampling of the population at large. This evidence, reviewed here, also makes clear that the distinguishing traits of criminals cannot be fully explained as the result of society’s treatment of them at home, in school, or in the workplace. Nor can they be entirely explained by the operation of the criminal justice system. The average offender is psychologically atypical in various respects, not necessarily to a pathological degree, but enough that the normal prohibitions against crime are in some measure ineffective. In designing public policy, it is helpful to understand that a society that successfully deters crime in 80% to 90% of its citizens may find it hard to deter it in the remaining 10% to 20% for reasons that have more to do with individual differences than with defects in policy.
Autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction in man: XX. The cellular and molecular basis of deficient T-T AMLR in aging humans

In the T-T AMLR, suppressor functions are generated, and because in human aging a deficiency of suppressor function has been observed, we examined the T-T AMLR in aging humans. Non-T cells were irradiated and used as stimulators against fresh autologous responder T cells to generate activated T cells (TA). TA cells were irradiated and used as stimulators against fresh autologous responder T cells (T-TA AMLR), CD4+ cells (CD4-TA AMLR), or CD8+ cells (CD8-TA AMLR) in the presence or absence of recombinant interleukin 2 (rIL-2). T cells from young and aging subjects were stimulated with phytohemagglutinin and examined for the expression of IL-2 receptors (IL-2R) and transferrin receptors. A significant decrease in T-TA, CD4-TA, and CD8-TA AMLR was observed in aging humans when compared with simultaneously studied sex-matched young controls. In vitro addition of rIL-2 resulted in an enhanced AMLR in both young and aging subjects; however, the total [3H]thymidine incorporation by T cells and T-cell subsets from aging in the presence of rIL-2 was lower than that of young subjects' T cells and T-cell subsets in the presence of rIL-2. The net increase (over the baseline values) in [3H]thymidine incorporation in T-TA and CD8-TA by rIL-2 was significantly less in the aging group when compared to the young group. In contrast, the rIL-2-induced net increase in [3H]thymidine incorporation in CD4-TA AMLR in both groups was comparable. T cells expressing IL-2R and transferrin receptors were of similar proportions in two groups. These data show a deficiency of the T-T AMLR in aging humans that appears to be, at least in part, due to deficient response to rIL-2. This deficiency of the T-T AMLR might be responsible for deficient suppressor activity, hyperimmunoglobulinemia, and the presence of autoantibodies in aging humans.
In vitro neurogenesis by neuronal precursor cells derived from the adult songbird brain.

The vocal control nucleus of the adult songbird forebrain, HVc, exhibits de novo neurogenesis in adulthood, with the production of new neurons from precursor cells located in the overlying ventricular zone (Goldman and Nottebohm, 1983). We previously established that explants derived from neurogenic regions of the adult canary forebrain could be maintained in vitro, under conditions that permitted the migration and differentiation of those new neurons previously generated in vivo (Goldman, 1990). However, we found no evidence for continued neuronal mitogenesis in these cultures, which were raised in high concentrations of serum. In the present study, we investigated the permissive conditions for in vitro neurogenesis by these adult forebrain-derived ventricular zone explants. When HVc explants derived from adult zebra finches were maintained in low-serum medium, in vitro neurogenesis could be demonstrated by 3H-thymidine uptake as long as 5 days after explantation. Immunocytochemistry for microtubule-associated protein-2 followed by autoradiography confirmed the neuronal identity of these 3H- thymidine-incorporating cells. In vitro neuronal production occurred in an inverse relation to the serum concentration: Over the range of 2.5– 25% fetal bovine serum, neuronal 3H-thymidine labeling was most frequent in those cultures exposed to the lowest serum levels. This facilitation of in vitro neuronal mitogenesis by serum depletion suggests that fetal serum may contain factors that inhibit the division of adult-derived neuronal precursor cells, either directly or by agents released by serum-stimulated glial or ependymal cells.
The combined effects of dietary fat and estrogen on survival, 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced breast cancer and prolactin metabolism in rats

The relationships between dietary fat concentration (10 or 40% of energy), fat source (corn oil or beef tallow) and estrogen (control, ovariectomy or ovariectomy with estrogen replacement) to 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced breast carcinogenesis and survival in rats were studied in a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial experiment. Female Sprague-Dawley rats given DMBA (2.5 mg/100 g body wt, intragastric) at 55 d of age were randomly allocated to three groups 48 h later: sham ovariectomy (control), ovariectomy (OVX) or ovariectomy with a subcutaneous estrogen implant (OVX+E). Each group was subdivided into dietary groups fed 10 and 40% of energy as corn oil or beef tallow for 70 wk. OVX+E rats exhibited serum estrogen concentrations in excess of physiologic values. Survival at 70 wk for the 3 hormonal groups was control 51%, OVX 67% and OVX+E 13%. Mortality in controls was doubled by feeding a high fat diet; no diet effect was detected in OVX or OVX+E rats. Palpable tumors developed in 74, 14 and 60% of control, OVX and OVX+E rats, respectively. High fat diets approximately doubled the hazard of developing a palpable tumor. Adenocarcinoma prevalence was 58, 12 and 63% in control, OVX and OVX+E rats, respectively. The odds of having any tumor, an adenocarcinoma or an adenoma were multiplied by 3.6, 2.8 and 2.3, respectively, for rats fed high vs. low fat. Additional studies showed that diet had no effect on serum prolactin or estrogen concentrations or metabolism and clearance of intravenously administered radiolabeled prolactin. We demonstrated that high dietary fat concentration enhances breast carcinogenesis independently of cyclic ovarian function, although the presence of estrogen may be a prerequisite for significant dietary modulation. The effect of fat on breast cancer is not mediated by major changes in systemic prolactin metabolism.
Neuropsychological Outcomes in Fatty Acid Oxidation Disorders: 85 Cases Detected by Newborn Screening.

Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation disorders include conditions in which the transport of activated acyl-Coenzyme A (CoA) into the mitochondria or utilization of these substrates is disrupted or blocked. This results in a deficit in the conversion of fat into energy. Most patients with fatty acid oxidation defects are now identified through newborn screening by tandem mass spectrometry. With earlier identification and preventative treatments, mortality and morbidity rates have improved. However, in the absence of severe health and neurological effects from these disorders, subtle developmental delays or neuropsychological deficits have been noted. Medical records were reviewed to identify outcomes in 85 children with FAOD's diagnosed through newborn screening and followed at one metabolic center. Overall, 54% of these children identified through newborn screening experienced developmental challenges. Speech delay or relative weakness in language was noted in 26 children (31%) and motor delays were noted in 24 children (29%). The majority of the 46 children receiving psychological evaluations performed well within the average range, with only 11% scoring <85 on developmental or intelligence tests. These results highlight the importance of screening children with fatty acid oxidation disorders to identify those with language, motor, or cognitive delay. Although expanded newborn screening dramatically changes the health and developmental outcomes in many children with fatty acid oxidation disorders, it also complicates the interpretation of biochemical and molecular findings and raises questions about the effectiveness or necessity of treatment in a large number of cases. Only by systematically evaluating developmental and neuropsychological outcomes using standardized methods will the true implications of newborn screening, laboratory results, and treatments for neurocognitive outcome in these disorders become clear.
Multicast-based replication for Hadoop HDFS

The Hadoop HDFS is a popular open-source distributed storage system, which serves as the foundation of many important big-data technologies. The performance of data replication is crucial to HDFS, since it accounts for a major portion of network traffic in the entire cluster. In this research, we propose to enable multicast-based replication, which is expected to use less network bandwidth than the native TCP-based pipelined replication method. We developed a congestion-controlled reliable multicast socket (the CCRMSocket) for HDFS and evaluated its performance with our multi-rack test platform. The experimental result shows that our multicast implementation can effectively save bandwidth and peacefully coexist with TCP traffic. We also developed a simulator (the HFlowSim) to further study the impact of multicast-based replication to a large-scale Hadoop system. The simulation result suggests that multicast-based replication can systematically improve a Hadoop system by accelerating the big jobs.
Mutational analysis of Agrobacterium tumefaciens virD2: tyrosine 29 is essential for endonuclease activity.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens VirD2 polypeptide, in the presence of VirD1, catalyzes a site- and strand-specific nicking reaction at the T-DNA border sequences. VirD2 is found tightly attached to the 59 end of the nicked DNA. The protein-DNA complex is presumably formed via a tyrosine residue of VirD2 (F. Durrenberger, A. Crameri, B. Hohn, and Z. Koukolikova-Nicola, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:9154-9158, 1989). A mutational approach was used to study whether a tyrosine residue(s) of VirD2 is required for its activity. By site-specific mutagenesis, a tyrosine (Y) residue at position 29, 68, 99, 119, 121, 160, or 195 of the octopine Ti plasmid pTiA6 VirD2 was altered to phenylalanine (F). The Y-29-F or Y-121-F mutation completely abolished nicking activity of VirD2 in vivo in Escherichia coli. Two other substitutions, Y-68-F and Y-160-F, drastically reduced VirD2 activity. A substitution at position 99, 119, or 195 had no effect on VirD2 activity. Additional mutagenesis experiments showed that at position 29, no other amino acid could substitute for tyrosine without destroying VirD2 activity. At position 121, only a tryptophan (W) residue could be substituted. This, however, yielded a mutant protein with significantly reduced VirD2 activity. The nicked DNA from strains bearing a Y-68-F, Y-99-F, Y-119-F, Y-160-F, Y-195-F, or Y-121-W mutation in VirD2 was always found to contain a tightly linked protein. Images
Molecular Aspects of Drug Photosensitivity With Special Emphasis on Psoralen Photosensitization Reaction

Photosensitization reactions involve phototoxic reactions and photoallergic reactions, which are less common. Common drugs and chemicals that photosensitize humans are listed. Phototoxic reactions include the following: 1) direct photosensitization (type I reactions), in which the reactions of the triplet-state sensitizer are directly attributable to a component other than oxygen (e.g., DNA, proteins, and cell membranes), and 2) indirect photosensitization (type II reactions), in which the triplet state of a sensitizer reacts first with molecular oxygen, producing an "active oxygen" intermediate that subsequently reacts with the biologic system. The active oxygen intermediates are singlet oxygen (1O2)k, superoxide radical anions (O(2), and hydroxy radicals. Psoralen-induced skin photosensitization appears to involve both type I and type II reactions. The formation of monofunctional bifunctional psoralen-DNA photoadducts (a type I reaction) is probably responsible for cell damage, cell death, mutation, and even skin carcinogenesis. The erythema response appears to be the result of a type II reaction.
Correlating military operators' visual demands with multi-spectral image fusion

Multi-spectral image portrayal using several sensors is a revolutionary way to increase the amount of useful visual information to the end user. However, for maximum usability, the information from multiple sensors must be fused into a single image that can be understood. The decisions about which sensors are delivering the most important information for a given viewing situation and what manipulations should be done to the acquired data are complex. To better examine this complexity, information was obtained from aviators about which visual tasks are deemed to be most important. This information was gathered from discussions with pilots and other aircrew members as well as from relevant publications. The important visual task information was then used to develop a matrix that included specific visual aspects of the task (e.g., detection or identification). The matrix also included other parameters that could affect or alter the ability to "see" the desired target or perform the task. These other parameters include ambient lighting, environmental conditions (e.g., clear or hazy atmospheres), man-made impediments to vision (camouflage or smoke), and which image enhancing algorithms should be applied (e.g., contrast enhancement or noise reduction). This top-down evaluation was then used to determine which image enhancement algorithms are most important and which will be employed most often for the identified visual tasks.
Transplantation of neuronal and glial precursors dramatically improves sensorimotor function but not cognitive function in the traumatically injured brain.

Embryonic stem (ES) cells have been investigated in various animal models of neurodegenerative disease; however, few studies have examined the ability of ES cells to improve functional outcome following traumatic brain injury (TBI). The purpose of the present study was to examine the ability of pre-differentiated murine ES cells (neuronal and glial precursors) to improve functional outcome. Rats were prepared with a unilateral controlled cortical impact injury or sham and then transplanted 7 days later with 100K ES cells (WW6G) (~30% neurons) or media. Two days following transplantation rats were tested on a battery of behavioral tests. It was found that transplantation of ES cells improved behavioral outcome by reducing the initial magnitude of the deficit on the bilateral tactile removal and locomotor placing tests. ES cells also induced almost complete recovery on the vibrissae → forelimb placing test, whereas, media-transplanted rats failed to show recovery. Acquisition of a reference memory task in t...
The cocktail party phenomenon revisited: The importance of working memory capacity.

Wood and Cowan (1995) replicated and extended Moray’s (1959) investigation of thecocktail party phenomenon, which refers to a situation in which one can attend to only part of a noisy environment, yet highly pertinent stimuli such as one’s own name can suddenly capture attention. Both of these previous investigations have shown that approximately 33% of subjects report hearing their own name in an unattended, irrelevant message. Here we show that subjects who detect their name in the irrelevant message have relatively low working-memory capacities, suggesting that they have difficulty blocking out, or inhibiting, distracting information.
Loss of communication in ovarian cancer.

Objective This study was undertaken to investigate the expression of connexins in ovarian cancer cell lines and assess correlation with chemosensitivity. Study design Eight cell lines were used in this study. Cytotoxicity assays with carboplatin and paclitaxel were performed. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to analyze the expression of gap junction proteins. Western blotting and immunohistochemical staining of selective gap junction proteins (connexin 26 and 43) were performed. Results All 11 connexins were detected with RT-PCR profiling in ovarian cancer cells. Further experiments were performed to analyze protein expression with connexins 26 and 43. Levels of connexin proteins did not correlate with gene expression obtained with RT-PCR. Results obtained with immunoblotting were confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Carboplatin and paclitaxel sensitivities were determined and connexin 43 expression was associated with sensitivity to paclitaxel. Conclusion Expression of connexins is regulated at the translational level in ovarian cancer. Sensitivity to paclitaxel maybe associated with connexin 43.
Rebuilding health systems to improve health and promote statebuilding in post-conflict countries: A theoretical framework and research agenda

Violent conflicts claim lives, disrupt livelihoods, and halt delivery of essential services, such as health care and education. Health systems are often devastated in conflicts as health professionals flee, infrastructure is destroyed, and the supply of drugs and supplies is halted. We propose that early reconstruction of a functioning, equitable health system in countries recovering from conflict is an investment with a range of benefits for post-conflict countries. Building on the growing literature about health systems as social and political institutions, we elaborate a logic model that outlines how health systems may contribute not only to improved health status but also potentially to broader statebuilding and enhanced prospects for peace. Specifically, we propose that careful design of the core elements of the health system by national governments and their development partners can promote reliable provision of essential health services while demonstrating a commitment to equity, strengthening government accountability to citizens, and building the capacity of government to manage core social programs. We review the conceptual basis and extant empirical evidence for these mechanisms, identify knowledge gaps, and suggest a research agenda.
Listening to Student Voices

Abstract This study explores the perspectives of rural and suburban adolescents on the nature of schools, teaching, and leadership that influences learning. Middle and high school students with and without disabilities offer relevant insights to educators who are seeking to promote greater engagement, community, and success in their schools. Results suggest that student voices can be a powerful tool for school improvement.
Stereochemistry of olefin metathesis—steric control and molecular weight regulation in polypentenamer synthesis

Abstract The experimental results regarding the metathesis of 4-methyl-2-pentene are not reconcilable with any steric model that predicts stereospecificity with retention of configuration. The data reveal that substituent interactions on adjacent carbons in the metallacycle intermediate dominate the stereochemistry of the reaction. Results supporting a bidentate complex for cis-specific polypentenamer catalysts are presented. The rationalization of these results in terms of chelating phenomena favors the concept of precoordination of the incoming olefin prior to rearrangement to a metallacycle.
Fingerprint verification based on wavelet subbands

Fingerprint verification has been deployed in a variety of security applications. Traditional minutiae detection based verification algorithms do not utilize the rich discriminatory texture structure of fingerprint images. Furthermore, minutiae detection requires substantial improvement of image quality and is thus error-prone. In this paper, we propose an algorithm for fingerprint verification using the statistics of subbands from wavelet analysis. One important feature for each frequency subband is the distribution of the wavelet coefficients, which can be modeled with a Generalized Gaussian Density (GGD) function. A fingerprint verification algorithm that combines the GGD parameters from different subbands is proposed to match two fingerprints. The verification algorithm in this paper is tested on a set of 1,200 fingerprint images. Experimental results indicate that wavelet analysis provides useful features for the task of fingerprint verification.
Factors Affecting the Thermodynamic Stability of Small Asymmetric Internal Loops in RNA

Optical melting experiments were used to determine the thermodynamic parameters for oligoribonucleotides containing small asymmetric internal loops. The results show a broad range of thermodynamic stabilities, which depend on loop size, asymmetry, sequence, closing base pairs, and length of helix stems. Imino proton NMR experiments provide evidence for possible hydrogen bonding in GA and UU mismatches in some asymmetric loops. The stabilizing effects of GA, GG, and UU mismatches on the thermodynamic stability of internal loops vary depending on the size and asymmetry of the loop. The dependence of loop stability on Watson−Crick closing base pairs may be explained by an account of hydrogen bonds. Models are presented for approximating the free energy increments of 2 × 3 and 1 × 3 internal loops.
The force of prescriptions

How do norms influence choices in social life? Conceptual distinctions among types of norms and suggestions in the work of Hobbes, Hume, and Durkheim help us investigate in greater detail the “woolly” concept of regimes in international relations. When we disaggregate the “set of explicit and implicit norms, rules, and decisionmaking procedures” in a given issue area and focus on the conceptual links between rules, principles (norms), and actions, we gain an understanding of the role of norms in social life that is more comprehensive than the understanding provided by traditional accounts. Furthermore, placing the present regime discussion within wider philosophical traditions enables us to develop a more critical approach to the building of theory in the social sciences, since the use of norms as explanatory devices challenges the predominant positivist outlook in several important respects.
On geometric processes and repair replacement problems

Abstract In this paper, we study a repair replacement model for a deteriorating system in which the successive survival times of the system are stochastically non-increasing and form a geometric process. The magnitude of the shock at each failure and the consecutive repair times after failure also constitute geometric processes and are stochastically non-decreasing. The explicit expressions of the long run average costs per unit time under the policy based on the working age of the system are obtained. A new replacement policy based on random threshold is introduced and studied.
Processing of animation in online banner advertising: The roles of cognitive and emotional responses

Marketers often compete to incorporate fast-moving images in their online banner ads to break through the ad clutter, in the hope for a positive perception of the ads. However, the findings of this study suggest that this strategy may not work. An experiment was designed to explore the effects of the degree of animation on memory and attitudes toward ads. The results showed inverted U-shaped relationships between the level of animation and both recognition rates and A ad , suggesting the existence of unintended negative effects of highly animated online banner ads. Under high-animation conditions, subjects experienced negatively valenced thoughts and unpleasant feelings, which negatively influenced A ad . Also, subjects were highly aroused, as indicated by the increased level of emotional intensity; this arousal inhibited subjects’ ad recognition performance. These findings show different processing mechanisms under different animation levels, and suggest that marketers should exercise caution when using animation in their ads.
Examining the effects of ethnic‐specific services: An analysis of cost‐utilization and treatment outcome for Asian American clients

Ethnic-specific mental health services have developed to meet the unique cultural and linguistic needs of the ethnic client. It has been assumed that this type of service configuration provides more accessible, culturally-responsive mental health care, which in turn, encourages utilization and enhances outcomes. Previous studies have found that ethnic-specific services (ESS) increase utilization of mental health services, but there has only been inconsistent evidence that ESS results in better outcomes. This study compared patterns of the cost-utilization and outcomes of Asian American outpatients using ESS to those Asians using mainstream services. Consistent with earlier studies, cost-utilization for ESS Asian clients was higher than that for mainstream Asian clients. Better treatment outcome was found for ESS clients compared to their mainstream counterparts, even after controlling for certain demographics, pretreatment severity, diagnosis, and type of reimbursement. Moreover, there was a significant relationship between cost-utilization and outcome for ESS clients, whereas for mainstream clients, this relationship was not significant. The findings strongly suggest that mental health services with an ethnic-specific focus provide more effective and efficient care for at least one ethnic minority group. Implications for the delivery of culturally-competent mental health services are discussed. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus G protein-coupled receptor: Lessons on dysregulated angiogenesis from a viral oncogene.

In this regard, the Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV8), the etiological agent of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), is an exemplary model of an oncogenic virus that includes within its genome several homologues of cellular genes implicated in the regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis. However, emerging evidence now points to a single KSHV gene, ORF74, encoding for the viral G protein-coupled receptor (vGPCR), as essential for KS development. Expressed in only a fraction of cells within KS lesions, this viral receptor induces tumorigenesis through both autocrine and paracrine mechanisms. Indeed, work from several labs has demonstrated that vGPCR can promote cell proliferation, enhance cell survival, modulate cell migration, stimulate angiogenesis, and recruit inflammatory cells, both in expressing cells, as well as in neighboring (bystander) cells. Examination of this powerful viral oncogene may expose novel targets for the treatment of patients with KS and could ultimately provide a unique perspective into how GPCRs, and specifically chemokine receptors, contribute to angiogenesis and tumorigenesis.
Platelet Immunoregulatory Factors

A number of soluble and membrane-associated proteins are known to mediate platelet:leukocyte interactions. Platelet-derived factors that have attracted the most attention to date include transforming growth factor beta, interleukin 1 and platelet factor 4. Recently, we have uncovered another protein within platelets that has leukocyte modulatory activity. It was previously characterized as an endometrial glycoprotein named placental protein 14 (PP14) with suppressive effects upon lymphocyte proliferation, pro-inflammatory cytokine production and natural killer cell function. The "hematopoietic" PP14 derived from cells of the megakaryocytic lineage shares this immunosuppressive property, as evaluated by two-way mixed lymphocyte cultures. Interestingly, two alternatively spliced hematopoietic PP14 mRNAs have been cloned which differ in their encoded proteins. Cell-free translation and transfection analyses have verified the translatability of both PP14 mRNA species and allowed for the analysis of their glycosylation properties. PP14, a member of the lipocalin structural superfamily of proteins, now offers an intriguing new link between the coagulation and immune systems.
Identification of unopposed intact muscle pair actions affecting swallowing: Potential for rehabilitation

Muscular actions that cause specific intrinsic distortions of the erect pharynx have not been described in detail. This anatomical study utilized three fresh cadaver specimens to determine specific deformations of the larynx and pharynx caused by simultaneous traction oriented along the long axis of specific paired muscles. Two specimens were axially transected at the midchest to allow the cephalic portion to stand erect. The first specimen was dissected, distracted, and photographed. Individual muscles of the final specimen were minimally dissected to disturb soft tissue relationships as little as possible. Radiographs in the lateral posteroanterior projections of the barium-coated pharynx of the final specimen were then obtained during maximum distraction of each muscle pair. Tracings of the pharyngeal outlines were made from these radiographs.
Correction: Iridium(III) catalyzed trifluoroacetoxylation of aromatic hydrocarbons

Correction for ‘Iridium(III) catalyzed trifluoroacetoxylation of aromatic hydrocarbons’ by Steven M. Bischof et al., RSC Adv., 2014, 4, 35639–35648.
The role of turbulent transport in DIII-D edge and divertor plasmas

Reciprocating Langmuir probes have been used to investigate turbulent transport in DIII-D edge and divertor plasmas. The turbulent particle flux on the outboard midplane exceeds the particle flux from the 2-D local transport code UEDGE by a large enough factor to allow for substantial poloidal asymmetry in the turbulent transport. Changes in the turbulent effective diffusion coefficient in the edge agree qualitatively with particle confinement changes. Potential fluctuations eφf/kTe in the divertor in attached ELM-free conditions are comparable to eφf/kTe on the outboard midplane. ELMs transiently enhance eφf/kTe to 2 in attached plasmas and to 2–20 in detached plasmas. Such strong turbulence (eφf/kTe > 1) in the divertor may affect the mean energy of ions striking the divertor target plates by altering the sheath potential and therefore affect target plate erosion rates.
PLASMA-ZINC IN HEALTH AND DISEASE

Abstract Plasma-zinc levels were measured by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry in healthy adults and children, in patients with a variety of diseases, in pregnancy, and in women taking oral contraceptives. The mean level was 96 μg. per 100 ml. for healthy adults and 89 μg. per 100 ml. for healthy children, and the concentration was constant with no significant variation attributable to sex, food consumption, or diurnal variation. Abnormally low values were obtained in alcoholic cirrhosis, other types of liver disease, active tuberculosis, indolent ulcers, uraemia, before and after a single haemodialysis, myocardial infarct, non-tuberculous pulmonary infection, Down's syndrome, cystic fibrosis with growth retardation, growth-retarded Iranian villagers, pregnancy, and in women taking oral contraceptives. In cystic fibrosis without growth retardation and in inactive tuberculosis, there was no significant decrease. No conditions have been observed with a higher-than-normal plasma-zinc concentration.
Comparing Models of Strategic Choice: The Role of Uncertainty and Signaling

Testing the fit of competing equilibrium solutions to extensive form games crucially depends on assumptions about the distribution of player types. To illustrate the importance of these assumptions for differentiating standard statistical models of strategic choice, I draw on a game previously analyzed by Lewis and Schultz (2003). The differences that they highlight between a pair of perfect Bayesian equilibrium and quantal response equilibrium models are not produced by signaling and updating dynamics as claimed, but are instead produced by different assumptions about the distribution of player types. The method of analysis developed and the issues raised are applicable to a broad range of structural models of conflict and bargaining.
The Welfare Economics of Water Resource Allocation over Time

(1970). The Welfare Economics of Water Resource Allocation over Time. Applied Economics: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 75-99.
Timing versus Buy and Hold: A Model for Determining Predictive Accuracy Required for Superior Performance

In this application, we develop a model to simulate the decisions of a trader whose subjective distribution of returns may be correlated with realized stock returns. Using empirically estimated parameters from stocks in the CRSP database, we obtain performance data on a number of measures, including mean returns, volatility, the Sharpe measure, and the probability of a correct trading decision. The model suggests that daily trading of a portfolio of 20 volatile stocks gives a Sharpe measure better than that of buying and holding the S&P 500 when timing accuracy is 53% or better.
Community Volunteerism of US Physicians

Background Many physicians and professional leaders agree that community participation is an important professional role for physicians. Volunteerism has also received increasing attention in the national agenda for social change. Yet little is known about physicians’ community volunteer activities.
Comparative in vivo metabolism of 6-[18F]fluoro-l-DOPA and [3H]l-DOPA in rats

In vivo double-label experiments in rats were designed to correlate the peripheral and cerebral metabolism of 6-[18F]fluoro-L-DOPA [( 18F]FDOPA) with that of [3H]L-DOPA. Authentic samples of the major [18F]FDOPA metabolites were synthesized to identify the 18F-labeled metabolites. After carbidopa pretreatment and intravenous administration of the compound, the products of peripheral metabolism in plasma were analyzed at times from 3 to 60 min. In the periphery, amine conjugates were detected but they accounted for less than 15% of the total radioactivity; the major metabolites were 3-O-methyl-6-[18F]fluoro-L-DOPA and 3-O-methyl-[3H]L-DOPA. The rate and extent of 3-O-methylation of [18F]FDOPA exceeded that of [3H]L-DOPA. Both 3-O-methylated products entered the striatum and cerebellum where they contributed significant but uniform activity. Analysis of cerebral metabolism in these structures indicated a linear accumulation of total radioactivity: a striatum/cerebellum ratio of 2 was observed by 60 min. 6-[18F]Fluorodopamine (35%) and [3H]dopamine (55%) were the major metabolites formed in the striatum: however, the methylated [18F]FDOPA and [3H]DOPA products of predominantly peripheral origin represented 55% (18F) and 35% (3H) of the total radioactivity respectively. Other [3H]dopamine metabolites and their 18F-labeled analogs represented less than 10-15% at all times analyzed. The cerebellum radioactivity was composed only of [18F]FDOPA, [3H]DOPA and their 3-O-methylated products. These data will serve as the basis for the development of kinetic models of [18F]FDOPA metabolism that can be applied to the evaluation of central dopamine biochemistry with positron emission tomography in humans.
Free‐Time Activities in Middle Childhood: Links with Adjustment in Early Adolescence

This study assessed links between free-time activities in middle childhood (hobbies, sports, toys and games, outdoor play, reading, television viewing, and hanging out) and school grades, conduct, and depression symptoms both concurrently and 2 years later, in early adolescence. It also explored two mechanisms that might underlie activity-adjustment links: whether the social contexts of children's activities mediate these links, child effects explain these connections, or both. Participants were 198 children (M = 10.9 years, SD = .54 years) in Year 1, and their parents. In home interviews in Years 1 and 3 of the study, mothers rated children's conduct problems, children reported on their depression symptoms, and information was collected on school grades from report cards. In seven evening phone interviews, children reported on the time they spent in free-time activities during the day of the call and their companions in each activity. Links were found between the nature of children's free-time activities and their adjustment. The social contexts of free-time activities explained activity-adjustment links to a limited degree; with respect to child effects, evidence also suggested that better adjusted children became more involved in adaptive activities over time.
CFD Analysis of Coal Combustion With Oxygen/CO2/H2O Mixture

Coal combustion with oxygen is considered one of the most effective methods to improve thermal efficiency, reduce pollutant emissions such as NOX , and facilitate capture of CO2 pollutant from flue gas. This paper presents calculations of oxygen coal combustion with flue gas recirculation. The coal is burned in oxygen/CO2/H20 mixture. In addition to solving transport equations for the continuous phase (gas), a discrete second phase (spherical particles) is simulated in the Lagrangian frame of reference. Reaction is modeled by a mixture fractions/PDF approach. Discrete phase modeling is used for the prediction of discrete phase trajectory and heat and mass transfer to/from particles. Drayton coal with a lower heating value of 27.8 MJ/Kg is used in this study. Coal is burned in oxygen/CO2/H20 mixture with a composition of VC02+H20 /VO2 = 0 to 4. The results obtained in this study show clearly the benefit of burning coal with oxygen/CO2/H20 mixture compared to coal combustion with air. The CO2 emissions increases which will help to reduce the cost of CO2 capture, NOX emissions will also decrease because of the replacement of nitrogen in air by CO2/H20 mixture, and better devolatization and burnout of coal particles for coal combustion with oxygen/CO2/H20 mixture. In addition to that, with a CO2/H20 to oxygen volume ratio of 0.67, the gas temperature is the same as the gas temperature for coal combustion with air. No modifications of the combustor materials is required during the retrofitting of power plant with oxygen coal combustion systems.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
A novel technique for imaging with inhomogeneous fields.

Abstract We introduce a simple, efficient, low-SAR method for magnetic resonance imaging in the presence of a static field with a permanent, and possibly large gradient. The technique, which is called slant-slice imaging is essentially a spin-echo imaging sequence except that the imaging slice is oriented such that the static field gradient can be used in conjunction with applied gradients during readout. Data are collected for 2D slices. Unlike single point imaging techniques, entire lines of k-space are acquired with each readout. The slant-slice pulse sequence is used to obtain high quality images, using a clinical scanner to simulate a static field with a large permanent gradient. The effects of the inhomogeneity are quantified by two parameters ν and q , which are useful for assessing the utility of a magnet design for 3D-MR imaging.
Mechanism of cholate uptake: Na(+)-cotransport, but not cholate/OH- exchange.

The mechanism(s) and driving force(s) for hepatocellular uptake of the unconjugated bile acid cholate were investigated in isolated basolateral (sinusoidal) rat liver plasma membrane (blLPM) vesicles and in protein free liposomes. In blLPM vesicles both an inwardly directed Na+ gradient and a transmembrane pH difference (8.0 in/6.0 out) stimulated cholate uptake 2-3-fold above equilibrium uptake values (overshoot). While Na+ gradient driven cholate uptake could be inhibited by the anion transport inhibitor 4,4′-diisothiocyanato-2,2′-disulfonic acid stilbene (DIDS), the pH gradient dependent portion of cholate uptake was insensitive to DIDS, but could be inhibited by furosemide. Furthermore, initial rates (1-s values) of the pH gradient stimulated cholate uptake were linear with increasing substrate concentrations (no saturability). In liposomes a similar inside alkaline pH gradient also induced a transient DIDS insensitive/furosemide inhibitable intravesicular accumulation (approx. 2-fold) of cholate (overshoot). These findings confirm that hepatocellular uptake of cholate occurs in part via the common Na+/bile acid cotransport system. In addition, the data strongly indicate that in isolated membrane vesicles pH gradient driven cholate uptake represents nonionic diffusion rather than a carrier mediated process (Blitzer, B.L., Terzakis, C. and Scott, K.A. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 12042–12046). Since in the perfused liver DIDS inhibited uptake of both cholate and taurocholate to a similar extent, DIDS-insensitive pH gradient dependent membrane diffusion appears to be of minor significance for cholate uptake in the intact organ.
Standard enthalpies of formation of Ptti, Ptzr, and Pthf

The standard enthalpies of formation of the intermetallic compounds PtTi, PtZr, and PtHf have been determined by high temperature mixing calorimetry in a new calorimeter operated at (1473 ± 2) K. The following values of Δ° are reported. PtTi:-159.3 ± 12.9 kJ mol-1; PtZr: -191.9 ± 12.4 kJ mol-1; PtHf: -227.3 ± 13.2 kJ mol-1. These results are compared with recent experimental values obtained by high temperature direct combination calorimetry, with predicted values and with our own recently published data for the equiatomic alloys of Ti, Zr, and Hf with Pd, Rh, and Ru. The enthalpies of formation of the Pt compounds are significantly more exothermic than the corresponding Pd, Rh, and Ru compounds.
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder limited to the skin

Background: Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a condition affecting immunosuppressed transplant patients and has a variety of clinical presentations. It is rarely found in the skin, and cases of PTLD in the skin are usually linked with lymph node or other organ involvement. Methods: We report a case of plasmacytoid PTLD that is limited to the skin. A 63-year-old man with a history of cardiac transplant presented with exophytic tumors involving the lower extremity. The diagnosis and classification of the various forms of PTLD are discussed. Results: Histology, immunohistochemical stains, and in situ hybridization revealed an aggressive plasmacytoid tumor that was Epstein–Barr virus positive. The patient's tumors resolved with decreased immunosuppression and localized radiation. Conclusion: This case is unusual for several reasons including involvement limited to the skin, presentation 15 years following transplant, and plasmacytoid phenotype of the tumor. This disorder will likely be seen by dermatologists and dermatopathologists with the increasing use of immunosuppressive medications in the dermatologist's patient population.
A trace-based Java JIT compiler for large-scale applications

Trace-based compilation uses dynamically-identified frequently-executed code sequences (traces) as units for compilation. We explore trace-based compilation in Java to see if a trace-based JIT compiler (trace-JIT) can address a limitation of method-based JIT compilers: limited compilation scope when dealing with those with largely flat execution profile. Although, trace-based compilation has gained popularity in dynamic scripting languages (e.g. TraceMonkey and pypy) or for embedded devices (e.g. Dalvik VM), the benefits and drawbacks of trace-JIT for large-scale applications have not yet been studied. We first describe the design and implementation of our trace-JIT with emphasis on efficient trace selection and code generation. Then we discuss how the trace selection algorithm affects the performance of a large-scale Java application server.
Asymptotic analysis of the monopole structure

We analyze the behavior of the magnetic-monopole equations as a function of the ratio of Higgs-scalar-to-vector-meson mass $\frac{{M}_{H}}{{M}_{W}}$. For very small $\frac{{M}_{H}}{{M}_{W}}$, we find that the mass of the monopole deviates from the Prasad-Sommerfield limit $\frac{{M}_{W}}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ by $\frac{{M}_{H}}{2\ensuremath{\alpha}}$, independently of the particular details of the symmetry-breaking potential. In the opposite limit $\frac{{M}_{H}}{{M}_{W}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$, the scalar field contributes negligibly to the mass, which is found to be $(\frac{{M}_{W}}{\ensuremath{\alpha}})(1.787\ensuremath{-}2.228\frac{{M}_{W}}{{M}_{H}}+\ensuremath{\cdots})$.