cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional Insulin and Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Receptors Are Preferentially Expressed in Multiple Myeloma Cell Lines as Compared to B-Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines

While IGF-1 plays a role in early B-cell development, little is known of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) action in post-marrow B-cells. Recently, our laboratory demonstrated that mouse and human multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines possess functional insulin receptors (IRs) and IGF-1 receptors (IGF-1Rs). In this study, we show that responsiveness to insulin and IGF-1 is more developed in human MM cell lines than in human B-lymphoblastoid cell lines. Two human MM cell lines (U266 and RPMI 8226) were compared to three B-lymphoblastoid cell lines [Epstein-Barr virus immortalized B-cells (EBV), a Burkitt lymphoma cell line (Ramos), and a non-EBV lymphoblastoid cell line (HS Sultan)]. Surface IR and IGF-1R expression, measured by flow cytometry, demonstrated that the MM cell lines expressed more IRs and IGF-1Rs than did the EBV, Ramos, or HS Sultan cell lines. In vitro receptor kinase activity of affinity-purified receptors showed that the MM cells had more phosphorylated receptors than did the EBV, Ramos, or HS Sultan cells. Intracellular receptor signaling was also markedly different between the two cell groups. Whole cell phosphorylation studies showed that MM cells possessed not only hormone-dependent receptor autophosphorylation (M(r) 97,000) but also substrate phosphorylation (M(r) 185,000; 60,000). The lymphoblastoid cells, while demonstrating receptor autophosphorylation (IR autophosphorylation in the EBV cell line at 200 nM hormone was similar to MM receptor phosphorylation at 2 nM), lacked hormone-responsive substrates. The MM cell lines contained significantly more hormone-stimulated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) activity than the B-lymphoblastoid cell lines. In the MM cells, PI 3-kinase was activated by at least 10-fold, but, in the B-lymphoblastoid cell lines, it was activated by no more than 2-fold. Hormone-responsive glucose metabolism was also greater in the MM cell lines. In the U266 cells, insulin increased lactate production 62 +/- 9 and 101 +/- 12% (mean +/- SE) at concentrations of 2 nM and 200 nM, respectively. IGF-1 produced 72 +/- 9 and 99 +/- 13% increases at similar concentrations. In the 8226 cells, insulin increased lactate production 4 +/- 4 and 36 +/- 15% at 2 and 200 nM, respectively. IGF-1 produced a 13 +/- 6 and 70 +/- 18% increase. In the EBV and Ramos cells, neither hormone increased lactate production by more than 10 +/- 3%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Attitudes to North America in Wieland's Teutscher Merkur

Christoph Martin Wieland's German journal Der Teutsche Merkur ran over fifty articles mentioning North America. The attitudes expressed in the articles were complex and changed dramatically. In the mid-1770s most were impartial – or even mildly favourable – but by the early nineteenth century many were harshly disparaging. This essay examines the evidence of this striking contrast, evidence that may be explained in Rousseauian terms. The essay thus shows that Der Teutsche Merkur yields a trove of information on eighteenth-century German attitudes towards the American Revolution and the fledgling United States.
Fabrication of Sub-Lithography-Limited Structures via Nanomasking Technique for Plasmonic Enhancement Applications

Fabrication of sub-10 nm features is advantageous for continued improvement of plasmonic enhancement applications. This letter demonstrates a technique, called nanomasking , which can fabricate nanostructures and gaps below the resolution limit of the lithography technique used in the process: nanogaps that are less than 10 nm in width, and nanostructures with 15 nm widths. This method improves upon existing techniques for creating metallic features at this scale, and it is also scalable for mass production. Unique structures that can be fabricated with this technique have been optically investigated to provide evidence as to their potential plasmonic applications.
Evidences of particle formation by homogeneous nucleation over the oceans

Over land it is difficult to differentiate whether small particles (r<.02 ~m) are being formed in situ from the gas-phase by homogeneous nucleation or are introduced directly into the atmosphere by numerous primary sources which exist over continents and in the urban environment. Over the oceans, primary sources of small particles are negligible and the small particles which originate over land are rapidly removed by coagulation as air masses advect from land to sea. In the absence of condensation nuclei generated by ships, the existence of small particles can, most likely, be attributed to homogeneous nucleation of particles from the gas phase. This paper presents evidence of homogeneous nucleation of new particles in two different oceanic environments: the first is in continental air after it has advected several hundred km over the ocean, the second is over the remote tropical ocean. The measurements presented in this paper are primarily those of the aerosol size distribution taken with the differential mobility analyzer (DMA) during a cruise in 1983 from Charleston, SC to Scotland via the Canary Islands.
William Wilson and the Absorption of Beta Rays

In the first decade of the 20th century, physicists believed that the β particles emitted in radioactive decay were monoenergetic and that such monoenergetic electrons would be absorbed exponentially in passing through matter. Conversely, they also believed that if electrons followed an exponential absorption law then they were monoenergetic. William Wilson showed conclusively that this view was wrong. After Wilson's work, physicists changed the experimental technique they used to investigate the phenomena. Instead of using absorption to measure the decay energy, they now used magnetic spectroscopy with various detectors as their standard method. Although Wilson's work changed the entire practice of the field and showed that the accepted view on electron absorption was wrong, references to it soon disappeared. Perhaps more surprisingly, after 1912 Wilson himself no longer published work on β particles and disappeared from the physics literature completely. The reasons for this also will be discussed.
On Hortense Calisher

PAUL GONCHEV, the hero of Hortense Calisher's twelfth novel, In the Palace of the Movie King, is one of her most elusive and intriguing characters. Like so many of her protagonists, he clearly sees the psychic enclosure he has devised for himself, all the while blind to the costs it exacts. In this novel, however, the boundaries are literal as well as metaphorical. Sixteen years before the novel begins, the Russian-born Gonchev leaves his adopted Japan for the "fiercely xenophobic" Albania, where, paradoxically, he enjoys enormous artistic freedom and creates travel documentaries that have earned him international acclaim. Since actual travel is forbidden, Gonchev?on the grounds of his movie kingdom, Elsinore?constructs eerily accurate scale models of the world's major cities. No Balkanized Hamlet, Gonchev is a man in love with film and film-making: he "Dubb[ed] his plateau Elsinore ... for a once-glimpsed shot of an old location site in California's Santa Ana range, used long ago by the Hollywood he might now never see." Gonchev is a vigorous man in his fifties whose life, private and professional, seems complete. His Elsinore, ringed by craggy mountains, is at a literal and metaphorical remove from Communist Party functionaries' interference. He is happily married to a beautiful Serb who abandoned a successful acting career for life with him in Albania; with their two teenaged children they enjoy certain perks usually allotted only to important Party members. Even the fundamental constrictions of Albanian life suit his nature and his craft: "Space confined?to the grown man this was what has been adventure. As in the fierce backwater of a country that had made travel a sin?and was craving it. On film." Significantly, it's not his "travel" films' realism that Western audiences applaud: "What they had loved in his 'cities' was his fantasy of them?the improbable edge of truth, from a bibliographer who had never seen the books. Fantasies that showed the free world what it was to be free."
Normalization of Energy Expenditure Data for Differences in Body Mass or Composition in Children and Adolescents

The most appropriate model for normalization of energy expenditure (EE) data for body mass or composition in growing children and adolescents has not been studied extensively. In this study, we investigated allometric modeling for the normalization of EE data for body mass or composition in a large cohort of children (n = 833), ages 5-19 y for a wide range of physical activities. Anthropometry was performed by standard techniques, and total body fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Weight status was defined as nonoverweight or overweight based on the 95th percentile for BMI. Total energy expenditure (TEE), basal energy expenditure (BEE), sleeping energy expenditure (SEE), and cycling EE were measured during 24-h room respiration calorimetry. Walking and maximal EE (MaxEE) were measured according to a treadmill protocol. Allometric or power function models were used to identify appropriate scaling parameters for EE. For BEE and lower levels of EE, weight scaled to 0.5. For cycling and treadmill walking/running, the weight exponent approached 0.7. Scaling EE for FFM resulted in exponents of 0.6 for lower rates of EE and 0.8-1.0 for higher rates of EE. Appropriate scaling of EE for body weight and composition of children and adolescents varied primarily as a function of the level of EE. In some instances, the exponents for scaling EE by body weight or composition were influenced by gender and weight status, but not by age.
Biogeochemical cycling of methylmercury in lakes and tundra watersheds of Arctic Alaska.

The fate of atmospherically deposited and environmentally active Hg is uncertain in the Arctic, and of greatest toxicological concern is the transformation to monomethylmercury (MMHg). Lake/watershed mass balances were developed to examine MMHg cycling in four northern Alaska lakes near the ecological research station at Toolik Lake (68° 38‘ N, 149° 36‘ W). Primary features of the cycle are watershed runoff, sedimentary production and mobilization, burial, and photodecomposition in the water column. The principal source of MMHg is in situ benthic production with 80−91% of total inputs provided by diffusion from sediments. The production and contribution of MMHg from tundra watersheds is modest. Photodecomposition, though confined to a short ice-free season, provides the primary control for MMHg (66−88% of total inputs) and greatly attenuates bioaccumulation. Solid-phase MMHg and gross potential rates of Hg methylation, assayed with an isotopic tracer, vary positively with the level of inorganic Hg in filt...
A simulation of the use of energy and land at the national level

The authors argue that, while detailed econometric- type models will be useful to the implementers of policy, the policy-maker needs a more systems-oriented simulation device. This is true because local prob lems are becoming more intricately related to national (and international) level variables. Also, it is probable that historical trends in important variables (e.g., population growth and energy costs) may soon end and new trends will begin. The authors are assembling a hierarchical systems model for policy- making and describe the national level of the model in this paper. The chief hypothesis being studied with this model is that agricultural exports will expand in order to offset a trade imbalance caused by increased crude-oil import prices. This expansion will trigger a whole sequence of systems-level impacts on variables of diverse character such as domestic wheat prices, urban population density, the fraction of commuters who use public transit, etc. The authors conclude with simulations that de...
Unexpected Effect of Thermal Storage Observed on SiC Power DMOSFET

In this paper we report an unexpected improvement in the SiC DMOSFET transistor characteristics after a long temperature treatment at 150 C. The evolution of the device characteristics during a TDDB stress is compared to that after an elevated temperature treatment. The improvement in characteristics after storage at high temperature is believed to be due to instabilities caused by the quality of the SiO2/SiC interface and its large density of defects.
Behavioral Specificity of the Bitter Taste Gene Soa

Abstract BOUGHTER, J.D., Jr. AND G. WHITNEY. Behavioral specificity of the bitter taste gene Soa . PHYSIOL BEHAV 63(1) 101–108, 1998.—In mice, aversion to the bitter acetylated sugar sucrose octaacetate (SOA) is determined by a single genetic locus with three alleles. SWR/J (SW) inbred mice are SOA tasters: They avoid many compounds characterized as bitter-tasting by humans, at concentrations to which C3HeB/FeJ (C3:SOA demitasters) mice are less sensitive. C3.SW- Soa a congenic taster mice contain the taster allele transposed to a 99% C3 bitter-insensitive genetic background. SW, C3, C3.SW- Soa a congenic taster, and C3.SW demitaster mice were behaviorally tested with a series of 48-h two-bottle preference tests to determine the influence of the Soa a taster allele on sensitivity to a variety of bitter-tasting compounds. Soa allelic variation had a major effect on sensitivity to 0.003–1.0 mM SOA and several concentrations of the bitter-tasting alkaloids brucine, strychnine, and quinine. Effects were also found for 0.1 mM denatonium and 1 mM propylthiouracil. For caffeine, cycloheximide, thiamine, and two nonbitter compounds (NaCl and calcium hydroxide), the SW mice avoided lower concentrations than the other strains, but this avoidance was not due to the Soa a allele because both the C3 inbred and C3.SW- Soa a congenics were less sensitive. These results suggest the Soa gene product influences sensitivity to a subset of bitter-tasting compounds.
Passive sampling devices as surrogates for evaluating bio availability of aged chemicals in soil

The fraction of a chemical available to soil‐dwelling organisms such as earthworms is not simply related to the concentration of that chemical in the soil determined through rigorous extraction methods. Aging is one of the processes that are known to affect exposure of chemicals to organisms by decreasing the available fraction in soil with time. Passive sampling devices (PSDs) are potentially direct chemical indicators for assessing bioavailability of hydrophobic pesticides (and other chemicals) in soil. In this study, a pesticide mixture (six organochlorine pesticides including aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, lindane, heptachlor, and p,p‘‐DDT) was aged in two types of soil (sandy loam and silt loam). Uptake rates and maximum concentrations of the chemicals in earthworms and PSDs placed into the soils were determined over 36 days. There was a general trend towards decreased chemical uptake in the aged soil and in the soil with higher organic carbon content (both initial uptake rates and maximum concentrations)...
The IUE spectrum of Cn 1-2 (= PK 326-10 deg 1) - A southern counterpart to V1016 Cygni and HM Sagittae?

Low-dispersion IUE spectra confirm that the emission-line object Cn 1-2 is a symbiotic star and not a planetary nebula. The UV spectrum of Cn 1-2 strongly resembles those of V1016 Cyg and HM Sge. The object is correctly identified in the finder field of Allen's Catalogue of Symbiotic Stars (1984) but misidentified in the Catalogue of Galactic Planetary Nebulae by Perek and Kohoutek (1967).
The Effects of Mechanical and Chemical Stimuli on Mesenchymal Stem Cell Vascular Trans-Differentiation and Paracrine Signaling

Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) show great promise for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases by tissue engineering and cell therapy. MSCs are particularly useful for vascular therapies as they are easily obtainable, allogenic, trans-differentiate into specific vascular cells, and assist in regenerating vascular tissue through paracrine signaling. [1] However, the mechanisms which direct MSC trans-differentiation and paracrine signaling are not well defined. [2] Incorrect differentiation of MSC can lead to catastrophic side effects such as the development of a dysfunctional endothelium. [3] To safely utilize these cells for the treatment of vascular diseases it is critical to understand the underlying mechanisms that direct MSC differentiation and paracrine signaling.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Calibration of the sun compass by sunset polarized light patterns in a migratory bird

Migrating birds derive compass information from the sun, stars, geomagnetic field and polarized light, but relatively little is known about how these multiple sources of directional information are integrated into a functional orientation system. We found that migratory warblers exposed to a rotated polarized light pattern at sunset oriented at a constant angle to the axis of polarization. When polarized light cues were eliminated, this shifted orientation was maintained relative to the setting sun. Polarized light patterns, thus, appear to provide a calibration reference for the sun compass in nocturnal migrants, and may also play a role in calibrating other compass systems.
Tissue specific levels of glucocorticoid receptor within the rat inner ear

Individual, rat inner ear tissues were isolated and processed for determination of levels of glucocorticoid (GR) receptor by an Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbant Assay (ELISA). Differing levels of GR receptor between seven sampled inner ear regions were measured. Levels of GR receptors in the spiral ligament tissues were found to be significantly higher compared to all other tissue samples. GR levels in the tissues of stria vascularis and organ of Corti were different from one another but both were statistically higher than those detected in the vestibular tissue samples (dark cell regions, cristae ampullares and maculae utriculi), which had the lowest GR receptor levels measured. Intermediate levels of GR receptor were found in the endolymphatic sac region. It is suggested that the varying levels of inner ear GR receptors may be indicative of differing biological responses among the given tissues, as well as differences in the magnitudes of such responses to circulating glucocorticoids.
The Lymphocytosis Stimulating Factor (L.S.F.)

SummaryAttempts have been made to confirm the findings of Metcalf with respect to the lymphocytosis stimulating factor. Extracts of a lymphoblast grown in vitro behaved in a similar manner to thymic extracts in the tests used. The test method is subject to fluctuations which yield conflicting data.
Remodeling of the Streptococcus agalactiae Transcriptome in Response to Growth Temperature

Background To act as a commensal bacterium and a pathogen in humans and animals, Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococcus, GBS) must be able to monitor and adapt to different environmental conditions. Temperature variation is a one of the most commonly encountered variables. Methodology/principal findings To understand the extent to which GBS modify gene expression in response to temperatures encountered in the various hosts, we conducted a whole genome transcriptome analysis of organisms grown at 30 degrees C and 40 degrees C. We identified extensive transcriptome remodeling at various stages of growth, especially in the stationary phase (significant transcript changes occurred for 25% of the genes). A large proportion of genes involved in metabolism was up-regulated at 30 degrees C in stationary phase. Conversely, genes up-regulated at 40 degrees C relative to 30 degrees C include those encoding virulence factors such as hemolysins and extracellular secreted proteins with LPXTG motifs. Over-expression of hemolysins was linked to larger zones of hemolysis and enhanced hemolytic activity at 40 degrees C. A key theme identified by our study was that genes involved in purine metabolism and iron acquisition were significantly up-regulated at 40 degrees C. Conclusion/significance Growth of GBS in vitro at different temperatures resulted in extensive remodeling of the transcriptome, including genes encoding proven and putative virulence genes. The data provide extensive new leads for molecular pathogenesis research.
The Role of Heart Failure-Causing Phospholamban R9C Mutation in SERCA Dysfunction and Cardiac Ca2+ Mishandling

The naturally occurring, heterozygous Arg9-to-Cys (R9C) missense mutation of phospholamban (PLB) triggers dilated cardiomyopathy, heart failure and premature death in humans. However, the fundamental molecular mechanism underlying the cardiotoxic role of PLBR9C in regulation of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) and cardiomyocyte Ca2+ handling is not clear. The dynamic equilibrium between PLB monomer and pentamer plays a critical role in SERCA regulation. We compared the effect of R9C and pentamer-destabilizing transmembrane triple cysteine mutation (SSS) on PLB pentameric assembly. We co-expressed Cer- or YFP-tagged PLBWT, PLBR9C, PLBSSS, or PLBR9C+SSS in AAV-293 cells and measured intrapentameric Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET). PLBR9C and PLBR9C+SSS exhibited a significant increase in oligomerization as compared to PLBWT and PLBSSS, which was further enhanced by application of 100μM H2O2. In addition, we investigated the stability of PLB pentamer in WT, R9C, SSS, or R9C+SSS background by molecular dynamic simulation studies. Importantly, co-expression of CFP-PLBR9C and YFP-PLBR9C in adult rabbit ventricular myocytes exhibited a large and rapid increase in oligomerization over time after exposure to 100μM H2O2 as compared to PLBWT. To investigate the effect of PLBR9C on SR Ca2+ kinetics, we recorded Ca2+ transients in electrically paced adult cardiomyocytes overexpressing CFP-PLBR9C or CFP-PLBWT. PLBR9C overexpressing cardiomyocytes exhibited faster SR Ca2+ uptake as compared to PLBWT, and a blunted Ca2+ uptake/pacing frequency response. We propose that R9C mutation in PLB increases the stability of the PLB pentameric assembly by crosslinking of adjacent cysteine thiols via disulfide bonds, and these effects are enhanced during oxidative stress. The resultant decrease in availability of PLB monomeric species leads to decrease in inhibition of SERCA, inability to respond to stress, and eventual heart failure.
Understanding the evolution of the pop-out effect in Si-based structures for photovoltaics

The most interesting phenomenon observed during nanoindentation of Si is the strain burst which occurs during unloading. This feature is referred to as a “pop-out” effect, and it is linked to the phase transformation that occurs underneath the indenter at high stresses. One of the peculiarities of this effect is the observed linear dependence between the depth at which the “pop-out” effect occurs and the maximum penetration depth. By performing a systematic study on the doped Si as well as on photovoltaic structures such as ITO/Si and SnO2/Si, it is shown that this linearity holds for different unloading rates, which strongly affects the “pop-out” appearance and contact pressure. Furthermore, it is illustrated that that phase transformation in the doped Si is delayed when it is coated with a thin film due to the tension preservation in the imprint under the film coating. This observation suggests that the mechanical properties at the interface between thin films and Si substrates in coated systems (MEMs and photovoltaics) should be further investigated.
Interpersonal Communication's Past, Present, and Bright Future

As with any discipline, current interpersonal communication scholarship relies heavily on its past in an effort to ensure an improved present and an even brighter future. Current research and teach...
The Evolution of Gendered Political Behavior: Contributions from Feminist Evolutionists

This commentary discusses Rebecca Hannagan’s article “Gendered Political Behavior: A Darwinian Feminist Approach,” an interdisciplinary examination of how human female social and political behaviors are unique and have impacted the evolution of human societies. She reexamines the anthropological literature on egalitarian foraging societies to focus on female autonomy and leadership, and connects women’s evolved skills with their contemporary leadership experiences. As Hannagan’s work demonstrates, Darwinian feminists challenge sexist stereotypes from a variety of sub-disciplines that use evolutionary perspectives, build upon and expand the earlier ground-breaking work of other feminist evolutionists, and blaze new trails using the latest technology and models to gain further understanding of human behavior that will help promote greater equality and opportunities for women.
Gas-Solid Reactions in Bilayer Structured Systems: Effect of the Reaction on Monolayer Properties

Abstract It was previously shown that gases can diffuse into amphiphilic substances that have a “stacked bilayer” type of crystalline structure. Several of the gases will react with any free radicals that may be present and the reaction can be monitored by ESR spectroscopy, (1–5). Nitrogen dioxide and similar gases will react with molecules possessing a double bond even in the absence of free radicals. In this communication it is shown that these reactions will affect, in specific ways, the mono-layers formed from these substances.
CMS pixel simulations

A detailed simulation of the CMS pixel sensor is described. The simulation incorporates: a physical model of charge deposition; a realistic electric field map; a realistic carrier transport including mobilities, Hall effect, and 3-d diffusion; radiation damage and charge trapping effects; and finally, electronic noise, response, and threshold effects. The simulation agrees well with published measurements of the average Lorentz angle in irradiated pixel detectors and suggests that limited electronic dynamic range improves detector performance by suppressing large delta-ray induced fluctuations.
Satellite multiple access protocols

This paper presents a tutorial on the varioupsr otocols used in satellite data transmission. The most important characteristic of the satellite system is the ability of the earth stations, located at geographically dispersed areas, to access the satellite to transmit and to receive data. The area covered by a geostationary satellite is a function of the satellite?s receiving and transmitting antennats). For a large number of users with bursty traffic, a highly efficient way of using the channel capacity is to use multiple access techniques. In a multiple accessed channel, two or more users may nominally share the channel. The satellite system can provide broadcast capability at any given time to all earth stations within its transmission coverage area. The combination of multiple access and broadcast capability makes it possible to configure the earth stations into a fully connected "one-hop" network.
Discrete Physics and the Derivation of Electromagnetism from the Formalism of Quantum Mechanics

Freeman Dyson has recently focused attention on a remarkable derivation of electromagnetism from apparently quantum mechanical assumptions about the motion of a single particle. We present a new version of the Feynman-Dyson derivation in a discrete context. In the course of our derivation, we have uncovered a useful and elegant reformulation of the calculus of finite differences.
Infant color vision: the effect of test field size on Rayleigh discriminations.

Abstract The capacity of 1- and 3-month-old infants to discriminate 589 nm and 650 nm test fields from a 589 nm surround was tested using the forced-choice preferential looking (FPL) technique. The size of the test field ranged from 1 to 8°. Test field size strongly influenced the infants' performance. One-month-olds discriminated 8 and 4° (but not 2°) 650 nm fields from the 589 nm surround; 3-month-olds discriminated 4 and 2° (but not 1°) 650 nm fields from the 589 nm surround. The dependence of performance on field size suggests that infants' discrimination failures with small fields are due to immaturities of spatial processing or postreceptoral chromatic mechanisms, rather than to any absence or anomaly of receptor types. In addition, adult subjects rated the hue, brightness, and salience of the test stimuli at 0, 26, 52, and 78° eccentricity. The analogy often made between infant vision and adult peripheral vision is discussed in relation to these data.
Demonstration abstract: airfeed: indoor real time interactive air quality monitoring system

Solutions to outdoor air pollution require societal changes; however, we focus on indoor home air quality to allow for individual control over the breathing environment. We present AirFeed: a real time air quality monitoring system that provides measurements on particulate matter, temperature, and humidity. Interactions with users based on data analysis and user/sensor feedback form distinguishable patterns between several types of activities. We can better inform the user how daily habits affect living environments. Several deployments are actively collecting data for future data analysis and improved pattern recognition.
Measurement of EUV absorber and resist CD using spectroscopic ellipsometer

Evaluation of lithography process or stepper involves very large quantity of CD measurements and measurement time. In this paper, we report on an application of Scatterometry based metrology for evaluation of EUV photomask lithography. Measurements were made on mask level with Ellipsometric scatterometer for develop-check CD (DCCD) and final check CD (FCCD). Calculation of scatterometer profile information was performed with in-situ library-based rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA) method. We characterized the CD uniformity (CDU) and metal film thickness uniformity. OCD results show that high precision CD measurement EUV absorber and resist is possible with this method. A series of simulations were also performed to investigate the feasibility of Ellipsometric scatterometry for various pitches/line CD sizes, down to 11nm half-pitch at 1x magnification. The data showed that Scatterometry provides a nondestructive and faster mean of characterizing mask CD performance for various EUV process generations.
Canon Formation and the Reception of William Blake's and Dickinson's Poetry in Korea

In her article "Canon Formation and the Reception of Blake's and Dickinson's Poetry in Korea" Hyesook Son examines a range of aspects with regard to the reception and scholarship of William Blake's and Emily Dickinson's poetry. Son demonstrates by what process these two poets have become canonized and what intellectual factors and ideologies have produced this canonization. The reception of Blake's and Dickinson's work has symptomatically displayed the characteristic Korean interpretive frames working through the last six decades and their limits and inherent possibilities. Today, Korean scholars are examining both their literary inheritance and reconstitute literary scholarship in general in order to reflect the shifting historical and cultural conditions to meet the need for change and diversity. Hyesook Son, "Canon Formation and the Reception of Blake's and Dickinson's Poetry in Korea" page 2 of 10 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 16.6 (2014): Special Issue Western Canons in a Changing East Asia. Ed. Simon C. Estok
Mitral stenosis and insufficiency produced by cardiac myxoma.

Abstract A case of a myxoma of the left auricle, diagnosed ante mortem as rheumatic heart disease with mitral stenosis and insufficiency, is reported. Autopsy findings are presented, with a brief discussion as to the character of these tumors. A review of the literature on incidence and frequency of cardiac tumors is given. Symptomatology of cardiac tumors is discussed, with special reference to those features aiding in the ante-mortem diagnosis of the most common benign type, the myxoma.
Developmental changes in visual orienting behavior to featural versus structural information in the human infant

Ten male infants, 3--4 months old, and 10 male infants, 6--7 months old, were habituated to a visual stimulus composed of both specific featural and structural information. After habituation, orienting magnitude (dishabituation) to changes in feature with structure controlled versus changes in structure with feature controlled was used as a means of measuring the infant's processing capacity. Results indicate that younger and older infants were habituated over the habituation trials but that younger and older infants differed significantly in dishabituation to changes in structure and feature information. The present findings support the hypothesis that feature and structure information are both independently important to visual processing in the human infant.
Analysis of load-deflection behavior of intervertebral discs under axial compression using exact parametric solutions of Kelvin-solid models.

Abstract The analytical modelling of creep response phenomena of intervertebral discs subjected to a constant axial compressive load is attempted by using Kelvin-solid models. A mathematical analysis scheme is proposed for unique model identification wherein exact parameter solutions are developed for the one-Kelvin-unit model, the three-parameter-solid model, and the two-Kelvin-unit model. In addition, a method is presented by which the associated Young's moduli and viscosity coefficients for an identified model are obtainable. Most importantly, unique parameter values are obtained for the three-parameter-solid by utilizing exact model parameter solutions on experimental strain, e(t), data. This particular model is observed to yield theoretical strain, e(t)cal, values that are within an average error of 5% of the experimentally measured values, e(t)exp, for different intervertebral discs. Further, mechanical properties of the intervertebral discs are obtained by using the values of the three-parameter-solid model parameters to calculate the associated Young's moduli and viscosity coefficient. The appropriate applications, data limitations, and possible generalizations of this exact analysis scheme are fully discussed, along with suggestions for future investigatory efforts.
Design and analysis of the crack rail shear specimen for mode III interlaminar fracture

The crack rail shear (CRS) specimen is a proposed test method to characterize the Mode III interlaminar fracture toughness of continuous-fiber-reinforced composite materials. The specimen utilizes the two-rail shear test fixture, and contains embedded Kapton film placed symmetrically about the midplane to provide starter cracks for subsequent characterization. Otherwise, specimen length and width are identical to the ASTM shear test specimen geometry. An analytical expression for the strain energy release rate is developed based on a strength of materials approach. The model illustrates the important material and geometric parameters of the test, and provides a simple data reduction scheme for experiments. A quasi three-dimensional, linear elastic finite element code, CCMQ3D, is employed to verify the pure Mode III fracture state and to determine admissible crack lengths. Deformation of the model shows that only the out-of-plane displacement is non-zero, indicating that a pure Mode III fracture state does indeed exist within the constraints of the Q3D assumption. Compliance and strain energy release rate predictions are in good agreement with the strength of materials model over the range of crack lengths, 0·15<a/w<0·85. A fully three-dimensional, linear elastic finite element analysis of the CRS is employed to quantify the effect of finite length on the fracture state. Only intermediate crack lengths are investigated. Crack closure techniques are utilized to determine the components of the strain energy release rate present. Results indicate that a small boundary layer of mixed mode behavior exists at the free edges that diminishes to a pure Mode III fracture state. Compliance and strain energy release rate predictions by the 3D model show good agreement with the Q3D and strength of materials models.
On limits to Jupiter's magnetospheric diffusion rates

X-ray fluxes at Earth estimated from hypothetical fluxes and spectra of energetic particles trapped in Jupiter's magnetic field are found to be 1/170000 times the upper limit X-ray flux from Jupiter based on published results from a rocket experiment. Detection of the calculated X-ray flux from Jupiter does not necessarily provide information on an energetic trapped proton component because the X-ray flux due to the hypothetical trapped energetic proton fluxes alone is comparable in magnitude to that due alone to trapped energetic electron fluxes at Jupiter.
Going beyond disease to address disability.

Although physicians learn volumes about treating underlying causes, many receive little training in addressing resultant disability. Dr. Lisa Iezzoni asks, how should doctors be taught to fulfill this role?
Geometrical Optics and Models of Computer Memory Fragmentation

We analyze a two-dimensional difference equation that arose in a stochastic model of memory fragmentation in computers. We use the ray method of geometrical optics, and other singular perturbation methods, to solve this equation asymptotically. The asymptotic limit corresponds to one of heavy system usages. We interpret the results from the ray method probabilistically.
Temozolomide (Temodar®) and capecitabine (Xeloda®) treatment of an aggressive corticotroph pituitary tumor

Only rarely do corticotroph pituitary tumors become invasive leading to symptoms caused by compression of cranial nerves and other local structures. When aggressive pituitary neuroendocrine tumors do develop, conventional treatment options are of limited success. A 50-year-old man developed a giant invasive corticotroph pituitary tumor 2 years after initial presentation. His tumor and symptoms failed to respond to maximal surgical, radio-surgical, radiation and medical therapy and a bilateral adrenalectomy was done. He subsequently developed rapid growth of his tumor leading to multiple cranial nerve deficits. He was administered salvage chemotherapy with capecitabine and temozolomide (CAPTEM), a novel oral chemotherapy regimen developed at our institution for treatment of neuroendocrine tumors. After two cycles of CAPTEM, his tumor markedly decreased in size and ACTH levels fell by almost 90%. Despite further decreases in ACTH levels, his tumor recurred after 5 months with increased avidity on PET scan suggesting a transformation to a more aggressive phenotype. Temozolomide had been reported to be effective against other pituitary tumors and this case adds to this literature demonstrating its use along with capecitabine (CAPTEM) against a corticotroph tumor. Further evaluation of the CAPTEM regimen in patients with pituitary neuroendocrine tumors which fail to respond to classic treatments is warranted.
Effects of roadway configurations on near-road air quality and the implications on roadway designs

This paper presents an analysis of wind tunnel experiments of twelve different roadway configurations and modeling of these configurations using a Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) model, aiming at investigating how flow structures affect the impact of roadway features on near-road and on-road air quality. The presence of roadside barriers, elevated fill and depressed roadways, and combinations of these configurations all reduce ground-level air pollutant concentrations immediately downwind of roadways. However, all of these cases, except the elevated fill configuration, increase pollutant concentrations on the roadway itself. For a roadside barrier with finite length, higher concentrations than those without a barrier are present in a small region near the edge of the barrier, influenced by complex flow in that region which we term “Edge Effects”. The inclusion of multiple roadway features often result in lower downwind pollutant concentrations than those with single roadway features; however, adding features typically offers diminishing returns in concentration reduction. Generally, the effects on concentration, both beneficial and adverse will damp out within 15 multiples of the characteristic height, be it the barrier height or the elevation/depression height of the roadway. Thus, evaluating the trade-off between the air pollutant reductions near the ground and the air pollutant increases on the roadway and elevated above the ground will be important in designing a sustainable transportation system.
Mobilization of metals from Eau Claire siltstone and the impact of oxygen under geological carbon dioxide sequestration conditions

Abstract To investigate the impact of O2 as an impurity co-injected with CO2 on geochemical interactions, especially trace metal mobilization from a geological CO2 sequestration (GCS) reservoir rock, batch studies were conducted with Eau Claire siltstone collected from CO2 sequestration sites. The rock was reacted with synthetic brines in contact with either 100% CO2 or a mixture of 95 mol% CO2-5 mol% O2 at 10.1 MPa and 75 °C. Both microscopic and spectroscopic measurements, including 57Fe-Mossbauer spectroscopy, Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry, powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and chemical extraction were combined in this study to investigate reaction mechanisms. The Eau Claire siltstone contains quartz (52 wt%), fluorapatite (40%), and aluminosilicate (5%) as major components, and dolomite (2%), pyrite (1%), and small-particle-/poorly-crystalline Fe-oxides as minor components. With the introduction of CO2 into the reaction vessel containing rock and brine, the leaching of small amounts of fluorapatite, aluminosilicate, and dolomite occurred. Trace metals of environmental concern, including Pb, As, Cd, and Cu were detected in the leachate with concentrations up to 400 ppb in the CO2–brine–rock reaction system within 30 days. In the presence of O2, the oxidation of Fe(II) and the consequent changes in the reaction system, including a reduction in pH, significantly enhanced the mobilization of Pb, Cd, and Cu, whereas As concentrations decreased, compared with the reaction system without O2. The presence of O2 resulted in the formation of secondary Fe-oxides which appear to be Fe(II)-substituted P-containing ferrihydrite. Although the rock contained only 1.04 wt% total Fe, oxidative dissolution of pyrite, leaching and oxidation of structural Fe(II) in fluorapatite, and precipitation of Fe-oxides significantly decreased the pH in brine with O2 (pH 3.3–3.7), compared with the reaction system without O2 (pH 4.2–4.4). In the CO2–rock–brine system without O2, the majority of As remained in the rock, with about 1.1% of the total As being released from intrinsic Fe-oxides to the aqueous phase. The release behavior of As to solution was consistent with competitive adsorption between phosphate/fluoride and As on Fe-oxide surfaces. In the presence of O2 the mobility of As was reduced due to enhanced adsorption onto both intrinsic and secondary Fe-oxide surfaces. When O2 was present, the dominant species in solution was the less toxic As(V). This work will advance our understanding of the geochemical reaction mechanisms that occur under GCS conditions and help to evaluate the risks associated with geological CO2 sequestration.
Natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity in vitiligo.

Natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity was studied in 18 patients with vitiligo and 13 healthy age-, race-, and sex-matched control subjects. The 4-hour chromium 51 ( 51 Cr) release assay was used to determine the activity of natural killer (NK) cells in the peripheral blood against K562 and Molt-4 target cells. Patients with vitiligo had a 50%, 67%, and 60% decrease in the cytotoxic response with Molt-4 cells at effector-target ratios of 25:1, 50:1, and 100:1, respectively, in comparison with control subjects (p
Backward binding and other structural surprises

From simple to highly complex molecules, examples are cited of ‘backward’ or retro-binding. In some cases, symmetry dictates the directions observed and in cases not treated here, statistical disorder reveals averaged forward/backward binding. In most of the cases found, both the receptor and the ligand(s) are asymmetric, so local interactions dictate the preferred binding mode. A general rationale is presented to explain some of these observations and a hypothesis derived from this review can be tested experimentally.
Trajectories Describing the Evolution of Polarized Light in Homogeneous Anisotropic Media and Liquid Crystals

Trajectories are given that describe the evolution of the ellipse of polarization in the complex plane for light propagating in a homogeneous anisotropic medium and along the helical axis of a cholesteric liquid crystal. For the general homogeneous anisotropic medium that exhibits combined birefringence and dichroism the trajectory is a spiral that converges to the low-absorption eigenpolarization. For pure birefringence the trajectory becomes a complete circle that encloses one eigenpolarization, whereas for pure dichroism the trajectory becomes an arc of a circle that ends at the low-absorption eigenstate. The case of a cholesteric (or twisted nematic) liquid crystal leads to an interesting family of trajectories that can be considered as distorted hypo- or epicycloids. These trajectories are nonrepetitive (open) and may show multilobes or branches depending upon the initial polarization and the properties of the liquid crystal. Graphs are also presented where the ellipticity and azimuth are plotted separately as functions of distance along the helical axis.
Migraine Triggered by Rubbing the Eyes

A patient with recurrent exertional headaches was able, on multiple occasions, to trigger his typical headaches within 30 minutes of rubbing his eyes gently and inducing bilateral photopsias. No intracranial or orbital lesions were identified. His EEG, obtained while rubbing his eyes and inducing photopsias, did not show epileptic discharges or background changes. His ophthalmologic examination, including visual field testing, was normal. Ocular pressure and massage of the carotid sinuses failed to cause bradycardia to imply vagal mediation of his physically induced headaches. It is hypothesized that in this patient mechanical displacement of the eyes precipitated retinal auras leading to migraines.
The Army Internship Program: Enhancing Mission Readiness for Uniformed Army Social Workers

Army uniformed social workers perform as members of the Army Medical Department's team of health care providers. Uniformed social workers of the past and those of today are involved in ensuring the well-being of soldiers and their families during peace and war. The training and development of the post-MSW social worker is an area lacking attention in the literature. This article focuses on an innovative military post-MSW training program that simultaneously prepares the social worker for clinical work in multiple military practice areas while also preparing the trainee for independent social work licensure. In the 4 years since implementation, this 2-year training program has become the model for the professional development of new uniformed Army social workers.