cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phenylated polyimides via bifunctional monomers

The synthesis of two phenylated bifunctional monomers, dimethyl 4-(4-(p-aminophenoxy)phenyl)-3,5,6-triphenylphthalate and dimethyl 4-(4-(4-(p-aminophenoxy)phenoxy)phenyl)-3,5,6-triphenylphthlate, was accomplished. Polymerization in solution or by a bulk polymerization procedure yielded a series of low molecular weight phenylated polyimides. The polymers were soluble in chlorinated hydrocarbons and exhibited thermal stabilities comparable to other polyimide systems.
Polymer migration in newtonian fluids

The theory of Freed and Edwards is used to investigate polymer migration in nonhomogeneous flow fields with confined geometry. Polymer migration from the main flow originates in three effects: (i) nonhomogeneous flow-field effect, (ii) the confined-geometry effect, and (iii) the concentration effect. General correlation function formulas for these three effects are explicitly derived. Some specific examples are illustrated and solved by using the harmonic dumbbell and Rouse–Zimm models.
Expression and Secretion of Thaumatin from Aspergillus oryzae

The plant protein thaumatin has been expressed and secreted in Aspergillus oryzae. The thaumatin II cDNA was expresed via a Saccharomyces cerevisiae glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) promoter, and its secretion is apparently directed into the medium by the native plant signal sequence. The S. cerevisiae GPD promoter is properly regulated in A. oryzae; the addition of glucose stimulates the production of thaumatin. A 22-kDa immunoreactive protein indistinguishable from mature thaumatin is present in the culture medium. A slightly larger, 25-kDa protein is observed in cell extracts and may represent the unprocessed form of the protein. Maximum accumulation of the extracellular immunoreactive protein is observed after two days and no further production is observed.
717-2 Echocardiography Can Predict Patients Who Develop Severe Mitral Regurgitation Following Percutaneous Mitral Balloon Valvuloplasty

Although specific echocardiographic features of the mitral valve (MV) have been shown to predict the likelihood of a successful outcome of percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty (PMV), they do not identify those patients who are more likely to be a risk for significant mitral regurgitation (MR) post- PMV. Based on pathologic data from patients who developed severe post-PMVMR, an echocardiographic score was developed. (MR-Echo Score) which included uneven distribution of thickness and calcification of both mitral leaflets, degree of commissural disease and subvalvular involvement. Each component was graded fro 0–4 and a total score (0–16) was calculated. Intraobserver and interobserver variability for score assessment were 6% and 7% respectively. From 566 consecutive patients who underwent PMV, 36 (6.5%) developed severe post-PMV MR (g 3 + by angiography.) The MR-Echo Score was applied to 31 of these patients (28 women; mean age 54 + 14 yr.) for whom pre-PMV echocardiograms were available and 31 randomly selected patients who did not develop severe post-PMV MR but were matched for age, sex, pre-PMV MV area and degree of MR. The total MR- Echo Score was significantly greater in the severe MR group (11.7 ± 1.9 vs. 8 ± 1.2; P l 0.001). Using a total score ∼ 10 as a cutoff point for predicting severe post PMV MR, a sensitivity of 90 ± 5% and a specificity of 97 ± 3% were obtained. Stepwise logistic regression analysis identified the MR-Echo Score as the only independent predictor for the development of severe post-PMV MR (p l 0.0001). Conclusions Specific morphologic features of the mitral valve apparatus in mitral stenosis as identified in this new MR-Echo Score predict the development of severe post PMV MR and therefore can be useful in the selection of patients for PMV.
Alternative packing arrangements in the hydrophobic core of λrepresser

The random alteration of hydrophobic core positions in the N-terminal domain of lambda-repressor, both individually and in combination, shows that there are many ways of repacking the core of the protein. Although the number of functional sequences is limited by constraints on composition, volume and steric interactions, the simple requirement that these positions remain hydrophobic is the main determinant of whether a core sequence is compatible with the wild-type fold.
Generalized “phase diagram” and critical behavior for quantum systems

Quantum systems that obey Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein statistics and that interact via “noble-gas-like” potentials are studied within the context of the quantum theorem of corresponding states. The phase diagrams for the crystalline, liquid, and gaseous phases are constructed inP*-T*-η space, whereP* is the reduced pressure,T* is the reduced temperature, and η=ħ/meσ 2 is the quantum parameter. Both theoretical and experimental results are used in constructing the phase diagrams. In both the Bose and Fermi cases there is a line of critical points which terminates in a critical end point at zero temperature. In the Bose caseP * =0 atT * =0, whereas in the Fermi caseP * ≠ 0 atT * =0. It is shown that, in the critical region forT<0, the singular behavior of the thermodynamic quantities as a function of η is the same as that of a function ofT with the well-known critical parameters for the liquid-to-gas transition. AtT=0, it has been found previously that the transition is molecular-field-like. Thus, it is conjectured that there is a “crossover” scaling region. Finally, spin-aligned deuterium is considered. It may be that this system, if it can be prepared, is a gas atT=0 and can be liquefied under pressure. Thus, it may have a very low critical temperature and may be a system in which it might be possible to observe quantum effects on the scaling parameters.
Introduction of large linear minichromosomes into Schizosaccharomyces pombe by an improved transformation procedure.

The efficiency of transformation of Schizosaccharomyces pombe has been increased 10- to 50-fold over previously reported methods. By using 1 microgram of plasmid, 7.0 x 10(5) transformants are regularly obtained. This increased transformation efficiency is mainly due to the inclusion of the cationic liposome-forming reagent Lipofectin in the protocol. Various parameters affecting transformation of Sc. pombe in the presence of Lipofectin have been examined. Lipofectin can also be used to increase transformation efficiency in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is also demonstrated that by using this improved transformation procedure, linear minichromosomes of greater than 500 kilobases can be introduced into Sc. pombe with relative ease. These minichromosomes can replicate as stable linear molecules upon reintroduction into Sc. pombe, demonstrating that Sc. pombe telomeres retain function when reintroduced as naked DNA. The ability of Sc. pombe to admit large DNA molecules indicates that it should be feasible to clone large DNA from other organisms in Sc. pombe.
Selection and engagement of patients in family therapy.

Although family therapy has been demonstrated to be an effective treatment modality, it is often not consonant with a patient's or a family's expectations of services. Flexibility and willingness to meet patients on a level meaningful to them led to the engagement of 75% of unselected patients accepted for family treatment.
Automatic control of a microwave heating process for in-package pasteurization of beef frankfurters☆

Abstract A microwave heating system equipped with a proportional–integral–differential (PID) control device was developed for in-package pasteurization of ready-to-eat meats. Frankfurters, inoculated and vacuum-sealed in plastic packages, were subjected to microwave or water immersion heating, with the package surface temperature increased to and maintained at 65, 75, or 85 °C, for different periods of time, ranging from 2 to 19 min in total heating time. During microwave heating, the surface temperature of frankfurter packages increased linearly with the heating time until it reached a set point. The concentration of Listeria monocytogenes decreased linearly with heating time. The observed rate of bacterial inactivation was 0.41, 0.65, and 0.94 log (CFU/pk)/min at the surface temperature of 65, 75, or 85 °C. When compared with water immersion heating at the same surface temperatures, the overall rate of bacterial inactivation was 30%–75% higher with microwave in-package pasteurization. This study demonstrated the feasibility of a PID-controlled microwave heating process for in-package pasteurization of frankfurters.
Optimal Distribution-Inventory Planning of Industrial Gases. I. Fast Computational Strategies for Large-Scale Problems

In this paper, we address the optimization of industrial gas distribution systems, which consist of plants and customers, as well as storage tanks, trucks, and trailers. A mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model is presented to minimize the total capital and operating costs, and to integrate short-term distribution planning decisions for the vehicle routing with long-term inventory decisions for sizing storage tanks at customer locations. In order to optimize asset allocation in the industrial gas distribution network by incorporating operating decisions, the model also takes into account the synergies among delivery schedule, tank sizes, customer locations, and inventory profiles. To effectively solve large-scale instances, we propose two fast computational strategies. The first approach is a two-level solution strategy based on the decomposition of the full-scale MILP model into an upper level route selection-tank sizing model and a lower level reduced routing model. The second approach is based on a continuous approximation method, which estimates the operational cost at the strategic level and determines the trade-off with the capital cost from tank sizing. Three case studies including instances with up to 200 customers are presented to illustrate the applications of the models and the performance of the proposed solution methods.
Influence of ribonuclease on respiration and mevalonic acid utilization in liver homogenates.

SummaryRat liver homogenates were incubated aerobically with and without added ribonuclease. Simultaneous determinations of respiratory rate and capacity to convert mevalonic acid to non-saponifiable material were made. Loss of the synthetic capacity of the homogenates, considered as a reflection of the failure to maintain a functional level of ATP, was followed by a decline in rate of respiration. Synthetic capacity and rate of respiration were maintained by the presence of added polyanions.
Earnings per share and the actual conversion of convertible securities

Abstract This note describes a four-step algorithm to compute earnings per shape (EPS) when actual conversions of convertible securities occur during the period. At the intermediate level, discussion of the “when-converted” method for actual conversions can reinforce the “if-converted” method for assumed conversions. At the advanced level, comprehension of accounting for actual conversion is a prerequisite to understanding how companies can report larger fully diluted EPS than primary EPS, a direct contradi
Gorham's disease affecting the maxillofacial skeleton.

Twenty-one cases of Gorham's disease in the maxillofacial region are described in the literature. This case is an additional one. The disease has a slight male predominance. All cases involved either the mandible alone or in association with the maxilla or other bones of the head and neck. The most common symptoms were pain, tooth mobility, mandibular pathological fractures, and facial deformity. The mean duration of symptoms prior to diagnosis was 6.4 years. Treatment included surgery, radiotherapy, and various medications, alone or combined. Four patients died of their disease. The diagnosis of the initial biopsy was incorrect in 45% of these cases. The current case appears to be the only one successfully treated by excision and autogenous bone graft reconstruction. In order to make an accurate diagnosis, the histologic featuares should be correlated with the clinical features.
Specific identification of collagens and their fragments by clostridial collagenase and anti-collagenase antibody

A method specific for identification of collagens irrespective of type, species, or tissue origin, and of their derived fragments of molecular weight more than 10,000, is described. The method is based on the low-temperature affinity between clostridial collagenase and almost all types of collagens as well as on the affinity between collagenase and its antibodies. Various collagens or fragments derived from them by treatment with CNBr were separated by SDS-PAGE and immobilized onto a nitrocellulose membrane by a slot-blot technique or electrotransfer. Following binding of clostridial collagenase to a collagen or its fragments at 0 degrees C, the collagen-collagenase complex was fixed with glutaraldehyde. The complex was then allowed to bind anti-collagenase antibody at room temperature. The new complex was subsequently treated with 125I-labeled donkey anti-rabbit IgG and visualized as an autoradiogram. Under the conditions of low temperature used, the collagenase binds to collagens without causing their digestion. This procedure is specific for detection of soluble collagens as well as of insoluble collagens converted to fragments by treatment with CNBr. The method is uniquely suited for detection of fragments of tissue collagens. Also, it may serve as a prototype for methods for detection of other specific polymeric substances.
Effects of topical arnica gel on post-laser treatment bruises.

background. Claims have been made suggesting that topical arnica prevents and speeds the resolution of bruises, yet there are no well-designed placebo-controlled studies to date evaluating topical arnica's effect on bruising. objective. To compare the efficacy of topical arnica in the prevention and resolution of laser-induced bruising. methods. Nineteen patients with facial telangiectases were enrolled in this randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study and were divided into pretreatment and posttreatment groups. The pretreatment group applied arnica with vehicle to one side of the face and vehicle alone to the other side of the face twice a day for 2 weeks prior to laser treatment. The posttreatment group followed the same procedure for 2 weeks after laser treatment. On day 0, all patients were treated for facial telangiectases using a 585 nm pulsed dye laser. Bruising was assessed using a visual analog scale on days 0, 3, 7, 10, 14, and 17 by the patient and the physician. In addition, photographs taken at each of the follow-up visits were later assessed by a second physician using the visual analog scale. results. There was no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of arnica and vehicle (P = 0.496) and the mean scores of arnica and vehicle (P = 0.359) in the pretreatment and posttreatment groups, respectively. conclusion. No significant difference was found between topical arnica and vehicle in the prevention or resolution of bruising.
Abstract 1580: Molecular mechanisms of OSM-induced VEGF in breast cancer

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Oncostatin M (OSM) is an interleukin-6 (IL-6) family cytokine that has been shown to induce expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in astroglioma and in hepatocellular and breast carcinoma. It is also known to induce VEGF in non-cancerous cells such as cardiac myocytes, hepatocytes, and smooth muscle cells. Under hypoxic conditions, VEGF expression is known to be dependent on the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α). Our current studies were designed to determine whether VEGF expression induced by OSM and other IL-6 family members, including IL-6 and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), is likewise dependent on HIF1α in human breast cancer cells. To analyze VEGF expression levels, MDA-MB-231 and T47D human breast cancer cells were cultured in the presence or absence of OSM, IL-6, and LIF, with or without a HIF1α siRNA, for 12 to 72 hrs. All three cytokines significantly induced HIF1α expression by Western blot analysis at each time point in both MDA-MD-231 and T47D cells. Conditioned media from these experiments was also analyzed using ELISA to determine HIF1α-induced VEGF expression. Treatment with OSM resulted in a two- to three-fold induction of secreted VEGF, while treatment with IL-6 and LIF showed no significant induction. In addition, OSM-induced VEGF expression was independent of HIF1α in MDA-MB-231 cells. This was indicated by unchanged secreted VEGF levels despite the reduction of HIF1α expression in siRNA treated groups. In T47D cells however, HIF1α siRNA-treatment for 72 hrs reduced VEGF levels by 40% suggesting that OSM-induced HIF1α may be partially responsible for VEGF expression in this cell line. To summarize, it is important to note that IL-6 and LIF did not induce VEGF expression in two commonly used human breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231 and T47D. Furthermore, OSM-induced VEGF was not dependent on HIF1α in MDA-MB-231 cells, suggesting regulation of VEGF by an alternative molecular mechanism. Investigations are in progress to better understand mechanisms utilized by breast cancer cells for OSM-induced VEGF expression. Future results could lead to the potential design of OSM-targeted therapeutics. Funded by NIH R15CA137510, ACS RSG-09-276-01-CSM, Susan G. Komen for the Cure KG100513, and NIH/NCRR P20RR016454. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1580. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1580
Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infection

This image showed the picture of a very heavy woman who initially had an NSTI of the right leg which was extensively debrided and skin grafted and healed well, then presented 2 months later with a new NSTI of the left leg.
Learning the ‘linguistic habitus’ of a politician: A presidential authoritative voice in the making

In this essay, I analyze the changes that were brought to the handwritten draft of the first political address that Ben Ali, the current president of Tunisia (then the newly appointed Prime Minister), delivered on November 7, 1987 across the airwaves, to announce the deposition of President Bourguiba (1956–1987), and to proclaim himself the successor of the deposed ‘old’ and ‘sick’ president. Through the description and linguistic analysis of some excerpts, I demonstrate how the linguistic changes capture the processes whereby the new ‘presidential’ voice and discursive authority are being crafted in front of our eyes and how the speaker is being initiated, linguistically and pragmatically, into how and when to appropriate “the colloquy of other voices” (Farmer 1995: 318), their discourses and words, and how and when to subtly speak their own voice and words while respecting the pragmatics of appropriateness and appropriation, i.e. norms of what can be said, what cannot be stated or acknowledged, and what can be appropriated and how and when it can be appropriated in order to find a balance between competing voices (Bakhtin 1986), words, and linguistic habituses (Bourdieu 1991). By the same token, the analysis explores the intricate interweaving of text and discourse regulation, valuation of forms of speaking and styles of speaking, and political ideology. The analysis of the linguistic changes offers fertile ground to conceptualize ways to bridge the gap between the micro-analysis of linguistic patterns and the macro-processes of social and political factors, knowing that “much of the meaning and hence communicative value that linguistic forms have for their speakers lies in the ‘indexical’ connections between the linguistic signs and the contextual factors of their use” (Kroskrity 2000:7).
The land ethic today

L'A. passe en revue les principaux courants historiques de la pensee conservatiste americaine
Cognition in Scientific and Everyday Domains: Comparison and Learning Implications.

An analysis and comparison of everyday life and the domain of science reveals significant differences in their goals and in the cognitive means used to attain these goals. Students' lack of awareness of these differences can lead to pervasive learning difficulties in their study of science. Thus many students (a) have erroneous conceptions of scientific goals, (b) import goals and ways of thinking which are effective in everyday life but inadequate in science, and (c) devise ways of thinking ill suited to science. Additional complications arise because science taught in schools often differs both from actual science and from everyday life. Students' learning difficulties are thus increased because scientific goals are distorted and scientific ways of thinking are inadequately taught. The preceding analysis suggests some empirical investigations and instructional improvements.
Development of exophytic tumor model for laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: technique and initial experience.

Abstract Objectives To develop and test a porcine model to help teach the techniques needed to perform laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN), which is a technically challenging procedure with necessary reconstructive skills that are difficult to transfer. Methods A tumor model was created by unilateral subcapsular percutaneous injection of liquid plastic (Smooth-Cast 320) in five pig kidneys. Five Washington University urologists performed LPN and assessed the efficacy of the tumor model. Subsequently, the tumor model was evaluated as a tool for teaching LPN during the Washington University Advanced Laparoscopic and Robotic Urologic Oncology Course. Twenty-eight participants performed unilateral porcine LPN with the tumor model. Questionnaires were used to assess the utility of this tumor model. Results Unilateral tumors were successfully created in five pigs and remained intact during all LPN procedures. Visually, the tumors appeared as white exophytic masses. Ultrasonography revealed a well-circumscribed, hypoechoic lesion and a mean diameter of 2.02 cm. The mean operative time was 32.4 minutes. In subsequent testing, 24 (86%) of the 28 participants returned the questionnaire, and 96% responded that the tumor model had enhanced their LPN learning experience. Seven course participants (29%) reported problems with hemostasis, ultrasonography, or laparoscopic instrumentation. Two tumor model-related complications occurred. During the initial evaluation, one pig experienced a fatal pulmonary embolism of the plastic. During the course, a second animal experienced extravasation of the solution into the renal collecting system. Conclusions For surgical education purposes, the Smooth-Cast model is an effective surgical tool for LPN. Most of the surgeons in this evaluation believed the model enhanced their learning experience.
Dynamics of the Heisenberg Ferromagnet at Low Temperatures

Dyson calculated the effect of spin-wave interactions on the static (thermodynamic) properties of the Heisenberg ferromagnet. Within the same approximation, that of including only the contributions of lowestorder (two-magnon) scattering processes and neglecting the kinematic interaction, we have calculated the dynamic properties of this system and find results consistent with Dyson's in the zero-wave-vector limit. In the short-wavelength limit where perturbation theory diverges, we discuss nonperturbatively via the t matrix the influence of the two-spin-wave bound states and the two-spin-wave resonant scattering states on the singleparticle spectrum as characterized by the transverse spectral weight function Ak(ω). We find that although the total cross section of the bound states is too small for them to be observed directly, the anomalous effect of the bound states and resonant scattering states on the renormalization of the spin-wave energy is observable under favorable conditions. In general, we find the quasiparticle picture to be valid; however, at the highest temperature considered the resonant scattering states cause an extra resonance in the susceptibility. Most of the results for Ak(ω) are given numerically and have been checked against the sum rules, although the energy shift and energy width as deduced from Σk(ek) are given analytically by rather simple expressions. We have obtained for the first time a Green's function that is capable of yielding correctly at low temperatures both the static and dynamic properties for arbitrary spin.
On the torsion product and direct sums of primary cyclic groups

Abstract A classical question of R. Nunke asks when the torsion product of two primary Abelian groups is a direct sum of cyclic groups. For each ordinal α, we define a partially ordered set, P α , on which there is a natural multiplication, and a function μ α from the class of all primary Abelian groups to P α . This construction is used to address Nunke's problem and a complete answer is given, at least for groups whose cardinality is less than the first weakly inaccessible cardinal.
Albumin enhances the diffusion of lipophilic drugs into the membrane bilayer

In earlier work, we reported on the manner with which lipophilic drug molecules interact with the cell membrane in order to (a) enter the bilayer and laterally diffuse to their respective protein sites of action, or (b) penetrate this biological barrier to reach the cell interior. A remaining uncertainty is how lipophilic molecules reach the hydrophobic membrane core after traversing the aqueous medium and membrane polar surface. Here we present preliminary data using deuterium NMR, demonstrating the role of bovine serum albumin in facilitating this process. Our observation allows us to postulate a mechanism by which the passive transport of lipophilic ligands across the membrane can be greatly enhanced through the assistance of carrier proteins.
Loss-enabled sub-poissonian light generation in a bimodal nanocavity.

We propose an implementation of a source of strongly sub-Poissonian light in a system consisting of a quantum dot coupled to both modes of a lossy bimodal optical cavity. When one mode of the cavity is resonantly driven with coherent light, the system will act as an efficient single photon filter, and the transmitted light will have a strongly sub-Poissonian character. In addition to numerical simulations demonstrating this effect, we present a physical explanation of the underlying mechanism. In particular, we show that the effect results from an interference between the coherent light transmitted through the resonant cavity and the super-Poissonian light generated by photon-induced tunneling. Peculiarly, this effect vanishes in the absence of the cavity loss.
Impacts of Social Factors and the Health Care Reformation on the Relationships between Physicians and Patients in China

Until recently, China had a free-of-charge health care system in urban areas. Due to a rapid increase in population and economic development, China began health care reformation in the early 1990s. As a result, the relationships between physicians and patients began to change. Recently the relationships have become violent. A number of physicians and hospital staff have been injured, or sometimes even killed by patients and/or their family members. There are many social reasons for such conflicts, such as the level of trust with physicians by the patients and the formation of social stratification and social classes in current China, which did not exist before. This paper analyzes the social factors that impact the relationships between patients and physicians. The analysis emphasizes the limited funds allocated to public health care by the Chinese government and the quality of health services offered by physicians and hospitals. Attention is also given to other social issues, such as the impact of private health care and the difficulties of obtaining medical services by the majority of the Chinese people, after the health care reformation took place.
Optimization of the Mu2e Production Solenoid Heat and Radiation Shield

Abstract The Mu2e experiment at Fermilab is designed to study the conversion of a negative muon to electron in the field of a nucleus without emission of neutrinos. Observation of this process would provide unambiguous evidence for physics beyond the Standard Model, and can point to new physics beyond the reach of the LHC. The main parts of the Mu2e apparatus are its superconducting solenoids: Production Solenoid (PS), Transport Solenoid (TS), and Detector Solenoid (DS). Being in the vicinity of the beam, PS magnets are most subjected to the radiation damage. In order for the PS superconducting magnet to operate reliably, the peak neutron flux in the PS coils must be reduced by 3 orders of magnitude by means of sophisticatedly designed massive Heat and Radiation Shield (HRS), optimized for the performance and cost. An issue with radiation damage is related to large residual electrical resistivity degradation in the superconducting coils, especially its Al stabilizer. A detailed MARS15 analysis and optimization of the HRS has been carried out both to satisfy the Mu2e requirements to the radiation quantities (such as displacements per atom, peak temperature and power density in the coils, absorbed dose in the insulation, and dynamic heat load) and cost. Results of MARS15 simulations of these radiation quantities are reported and optimized HRS models are presented; it is shown that design levels satisfy all requirements.
Stereoselective Synthesis of the Taxane Ring System via the Tandem Diels−Alder Cycloaddition†

The application of the tandem Diels−Alder cycloaddition to the stereoselective synthesis of the tricyclic ring system of the taxane diterpenes is described. The exceedingly direct, two-step synthesis of the B/C cis-fused taxane nucleus in 50% overall yield from the reaction of two readily available acyclic precursors underscores the efficiency of this approach. A critical feature of the second, intramolecular Diels−Alder cyclcoaddition is the transmission of stereochemical information across the taxane framework, i.e., from the C ring to the A ring. The cycloaddition of both cis- and trans-disubstituted C ring constructs leads to the establishment of the requisite C-1/C-3 relative stereochemistry for the synthesis of taxanes. A computational model is presented to account for the high levels of asymmetric induction observed in these reactions.
Glucocorticoid receptors of mouse epidermis and dermis.

The epidermis and dermis of the skin of newborn mice both contain glucocorticoid receptor molecules. These receptors resemble those of other tissues in their binding affinities, quantities, and steroid specificities. Having bound glucocorticoids, the complexes then can bind to nuclei. When chromatographed on gel filtration columns, they elute as large aggregates in low ionic strength buffers and as moieties with a Stokes' radius of 5.5 nm in high ionic strength buffers. Exposure to CaC12 releases a still smaller binding component with a Stokes' radius of 2.8 nm. Molybdic acid stabilizes these receptors not only in cell-free preparations but also in organ cultures of whole skin.
Probing echoic memory with different voices

Considerable evidence has indicated that some acoustical properties of spoken items are preserved in an “echoic” memory for approximately 2 sec. However, some of this evidence has also shown that changing the voice speaking the stimulus items has a disruptive effect on memory which persists longer than that of other acoustical variables. The present experiment examined the effect of voice changes on response bias as well as on accuracy in a recognition memory task. The task involved judging recognition probes as being present in or absent from sets of dichotically presented digits. Recognition of probes spoken in the same voice as that of the dichotic items was more accurate than recognition of different-voice probes at each of three retention intervals of up to 4 sec. Different-voice probes increased the likelihood of “absent” responses, but only up to a 1.4-sec delay. These shifts in response bias may represent a property of echoic memory which should be investigated further.
Organocatalytic aryl-aryl bond formation: An atroposelective [3,3]-rearrangement approach to BINAM derivatives

Herein we disclose an organocatalytic aryl–aryl bond-forming process for the regio- and atroposelective synthesis of 2,2′-diamino-1,1′-binaphthalenes (BINAMs). In the presence of catalytic amounts of axially chiral phosphoric acids, achiral N,N′-binaphthyl hydrazines undergo a facile [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement to afford enantiomerically enriched BINAM derivatives in good to excellent yield. This transformation represents the first example of a metal-free, catalytic C(sp2)–C(sp2) bond formation between two aromatic rings with concomitant de novo atroposelective installation of an axis of chirality. Density functional calculations reveal that, in the transition state for C–C bond formation, the phosphoric acid proton of the catalyst is fully transferred to one of the N-atoms of the substrate, and the resulting phosphate acts as a chiral counterion.
Principles of CO2/Erbium Laser Safety

THE FIRST PRINCIPLE of laser therapy is laser safety. Prior to performing laser resurfacing with the various CO 2 and erbium technologies available, the practitioner should be familiar with the assorted potential hazards of such technologies, literature cited to support current safety guidelines, and the equipment developed to promote safety. Laser hazards can be divided into the following categories to facilitate discussion: mechanical, environmental, macrobiologic, microbiologic, and iatrogenic.
Infection in the patient with indwelling devices and ostomies.

Urine flow through the urinary drainage system can experience numerous impediments. Examples include developmental abnormalities, physiologic malfunction, acquired barriers, and intrinsic or extrinsic physical obstruction. Because of the danger of decreasing renal function in the face of inadequate urine flow, a variety of procedures have been developed to re-establish normal urinary function. In some cases, reconstructive techniques (such as ureteroplasty) can yield adequate function. Such procedures enjoy the advantage of avoiding the placement of foreign material within the "plumbing." In many cases, however, adequate drainage of the kidney or bladder will not occur without procedures to divert flow or establish alternate conduits. In such cases, it is often necessary to insert foreign material in the form of stents or drainage tubes. This chapter will be devoted to reviewing what is known about such drainage systems, with particular focus on infectious complications.
Paroxysmal Bilateral Dysosmia Treated by Resection of the Olfactory Bulbs

Dysosmia, or the distortion of olfaction, is most commonly preceded by viral illness or head trauma, but has a variety of etiologies. The precise nature of the disease process remains obscure. Medical management is largely empiric, and has been aimed at treating underlying illnesses, restricting triggering medications, as well as various pharmacologic interventions. Successful eradication of a severe case of persistent unilateral paroxysmal dysosmia with resection of the ipsilateral olfactory bulb has been reported. We report here a case of bilateral paroxysmal dysosmia, refractory to medical therapy, successfully treated with bilateral olfactory bulb resection.
Effects of client presenting syndromes on client and therapist dominance and affiliation during early sessions of Rational-Emotive psychotherapy

This is a study of effects of presenting clinical status on interpersonal presentation during early Rational-Emotive therapy (RET). Independent variables were intake scores for clients from the axis I scales of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI; Millon, 1983). Dependent variables, from audiotapes of sessions at the Institute for RET (IRET), were Revised Interpersonal Adjective Scale (IAS-R; Wiggins, Trapnell and Phillips, 1988) ratings of clients and therapists. MCMI scales associated with stimulation seeking (N, hypomania; T, drug abuse) were significantly positively correlated with client dominance. Therapist affiliation was negatively correlated with all client MCMI scales, and these were significant for scales that assessed the most severe intake presenting problems (A, anxiety, D, dysthymia).
Solution structures of 5-fluorouracil-substituted RNA duplexes containing G-U wobble base pairs.

The structures and stabilities of three RNA duplexes that differed only in the position of 5-fluorouridine (FUrd) substitution were elucidated using NMR spectroscopy and UV hyperchromicity studies to determine if FUrd substitution altered the structure or stability of RNA duplexes that contained G-U base pairs. The duplexes investigated corresponded to the region of the U4−U6 snRNA complex that contained the 5‘ terminus of U4 snRNA. The control duplex contained a G-U wobble base pair and also a G-A mismatched base pair. FUrd was substituted in one duplex at the G-U wobble base pair and in the second duplex at an A-U base pair adjacent to the wobble base pair. FUrd substitution slightly destabilized the duplex that contained a G-FU base pair but stabilized the duplex that contained an A-FU base pair. NOESY spectra were used to determine interproton distances, and these distance constraints were used in a restrained molecular dynamics protocol to determine the three-dimensional structures of these RNA duple...
Surface smoothness of plasma-deposited amorphous silicon thin films: Surface diffusion of radical precursors and mechanism of Si incorporation

We present a detailed analysis of the fundamental atomic-scale processes that determine the surface smoothness of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin films. The analysis is based on a synergistic combination of molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations of radical precursor migration on surfaces of a-Si:H films that are deposited computationally using MD simulation with first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations on the hydrogen-terminated $\mathrm{Si}(001)\text{\ensuremath{-}}(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ surface. The surfaces of the MD-grown a-Si:H films are remarkably smooth, as the mobile precursor, the $\mathrm{Si}{\mathrm{H}}_{3}$ radical, diffuses fast and incorporates in surface valleys. Analysis of the MD simulations of $\mathrm{Si}{\mathrm{H}}_{3}$ radical migration on a-Si:H surfaces yields an effective diffusion barrier of $0.16\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$. The low diffusion barrier on the a-Si:H surface is attributed to $\mathrm{Si}{\mathrm{H}}_{3}$ migration through overcoordinated surface Si atoms, where the radical remains weakly bonded to the surface at all times and does not break any strong Si-Si bonds along its migration pathway. Furthermore, the diffusing $\mathrm{Si}{\mathrm{H}}_{3}$ radical incorporates into the a-Si:H film only when it transfers an H atom and forms a second Si-Si backbond. On rough a-Si:H films, such H transfer from diffusing $\mathrm{Si}{\mathrm{H}}_{3}$ radicals is more likely to occur in surface valleys, even when the dangling bond (DB) density is low and DBs are not present in surface valleys. In addition, this H-transfer process is thermally activated with activation energy barriers $({E}_{a})$ over the range $0.29--0.65\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$; ${E}_{a}$ is determined by the Si-Si interatomic distance between the Si of the $\mathrm{Si}{\mathrm{H}}_{3}$ radical and the surface Si atom to which the H is transferred. The preferential incorporation in valleys is explained by both the increased residence time of the migrating precursor in valleys and the decreased activation barrier for incorporation reactions occurring in valleys. The mechanism and activation barrier for the H-transfer reaction on the a-Si:H surface were validated by performing first-principles DFT calculations on the crystalline Si surface.
Silicon Quantum Dots in Silica

Silicon ions were implanted into fused silica substrates at doses of 1×1021, 2×1021, 5×1021, and 1×1022 ions/cm3. The implanted substrates were annealed at 1100°C for one hour in a reducing atmosphere (95% Ar+5% H2). Optical absorption spectra recorded after the annealing treatment showed absorption onsets at 3.86, 3.73, 2.86 and 2.52 eV for substrates implanted with 1×1021, 2×1021, 5×1021, and 1×1022 ions/cm3, respectively. Static photoluminescence (PL) measurements indicated red emission between 1.72 and 1.61 nm with a slightly increasing red shift with ion dose. Time resolved PL at room temperature revealed slow (≈50 μs) and fast (≈20 μs) lifetimes which increased with decreasing temperature. TEM studies showed that the particle size increased with increasing ion dose. Typical particle sizes ranged between 2 and 5 nm indicating quantum confinement of the exciton, which can account for the blue shift in the absorption edge with decreasing ion dose. However, the maxima in the PL spectra for all ion doses are relatively independent of the ion dose and are strongly shifted from the absorption spectra. This suggests that radiative recombination occurs from a common luminescent center, possibly a surface or interfacial state in thexs SiOx, layer surrounding the nanocrystal.
Recent numerical results on spin glasses

After giving an introduction to spin glasses, I will discuss recent numerical results on two topics which have been of interest in the field for many years: (i) whether there is a finite temperature phase transition in isotropic vector (e.g., Heisenberg) spin glasses, and (ii) whether there is a phase transition (called the AT line) in a spin glass in a magnetic field.
Meson Exchange and the Relativistic Multiple Scattering Formalism

A relativistic multiple scattering theory is formulated in the context of meson exchange. The elastic scattering amplitude for a fermion projectile satisfies a Dirac equation with an optical potential derived from a relativistic multiple scattering series.It is shown that the two-body t-matrix associated with the optical potential is the one with the projectile on its mass-shell in all intermediate states.
High-frequency thermal-electrical cycles for pyroelectric energy conversion

We report thermal to electrical energy conversion from a 150 nm thick BaTiO3 film using pyroelectric cycles at 1 kHz. A microfabricated platform enables temperature and electric field control with temporal resolution near 1 μs. The rapid electric field changes as high as 11 × 105 kV/cm-s, and temperature change rates as high as 6 × 105 K/s allow exploration of pyroelectric cycles in a previously unexplored operating regime. We investigated the effect of phase difference between electric field and temperature cycles, and electric field and temperature change rates on the electrical energy generated from thermal-electrical cycles based on the pyroelectric Ericsson cycle. Complete thermodynamic cycles are possible up to the highest cycle rates tested here, and the energy density varies significantly with phase shifts between temperature and electric field waveforms. This work could facilitate the design and operation of pyroelectric cycles at high cycle rates, and aid in the design of new pyroelectric systems.
Pollen performance of Raphanus sativus (Brassicaceae) declines in response to elevated [CO2]

Although increases in atmospheric [CO2] are known to affect plant physiology, growth and reproduction, understanding of these effects is limited because most studies of reproductive consequences focus solely on female function. Therefore, we examined the effects of CO2 enrichment on male function in the annual Raphanus sativus. Pollen donors grown under elevated [CO2] initially sired a higher proportion of seeds per fruit than ambient [CO2]-grown plants when each was tested against two different standard competitors; however, by the end of the 5-month experiment, these pollen donors sired fewer seeds than ambient [CO2]-grown plants and produced a lower proportion of viable pollen grains. The results of this experiment confirm that elevated [CO2] can alter reproductive success. Additionally, the change in response to elevated [CO2] over time varied among pollen donor families; thus, changes in [CO2] could act as a selective force on this species.
Unusual structural types in manganese cluster chemistry from the use of N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine: Mn8, Mn12, and Mn20 Clusters.

The syntheses, crystal structures, and magnetochemical characterization are reported for three new mixed-valent Mn clusters [Mn8O3(OH)(OMe)(O2CPh)7(edte)(edteH2)](O2CPh) (1), [Mn12O4(OH)2(edte)4Cl6(H2O)2] (2), and [Mn20O8(OH)4(O2CMe)6(edte)6](ClO4)2 (3) (edteH4 = (HOCH2CH2)2NCH2CH2N(CH2CH2OH)2 = N,N,N‘,N‘-tetrakis(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine). The reaction of edteH4 with Mn(O2CPh)2, MnCl2, or Mn(O2CMe)2 gives 1, 2, and 3, respectively, which all possess unprecedented core topologies. The core of 1 comprises two edge-sharing [Mn4O4] cubanes connected to an additional Mn ion by a μ3-OH- ion and two alkoxide arms of edteH22-. The core of 2 consists of a [Mn12(μ4-O)4]24+ unit with S4 symmetry. The core of 3 consists of six fused [Mn4O4] cubanes in a 3 × 2 arrangement and linked to three additional Mn atoms at both ends. Variable-temperature, solid-state dc and ac magnetization (M) studies were carried out on complexes 1−3 in the 5.0−300 K range. Fitting of the obtained M/NμB vs H/T data by matrix diagonali...
Fluorescence anisotropy studies of enzyme-substrate complex formation in stearoyl-ACP desaturase.

Stearoyl-acyl carrier protein Δ 9-desaturase (Δ9D) catalyzes regio- and stereospecific insertion of cis double bonds into acyl chains attached to acyl carrier protein. Steady-state and stopped-flow...
Coronary artery pressure development and wave transmission characteristics in the horse.

Measurements of the pressure waveform development and the wave transmission characteristics in the left extramural coronary arteries of the horse have been carried out. Near the ostium the left coronary pressure waveforms are seen to be virtually identical to the corresponding aortic root waveforms; however, the presence of low frequency, relatively large amplitude pressure oscillations (on the order of 5 to 10 Hz) gradually become the dominant diastolic feature as one proceeds distally from the left ostium, and these eventually completely mask the incisura. In a limited number of experiments, these oscillations have been simultaneously observed on both centerline velocity and phasic flow signals. These are felt to be primarily due to wave reflection phenomena, but may represent a combined effect of wave reflections and the natural oscillatory motion of the heart mass. Peak systolic pressures were found to remain relatively unchanged as one proceeds distally; however, the end-diastolic pressures were found to decrease steadily, thus giving rise to an increasing pulse pressure and a gradually decreasing mean pressure. Wave speeds in the coronary arteries were found to range between 4 and 11 m·s1, and the data obtained indicate the wave speed to be highly dependent on both local intralumenal pressure and spatial location.
Basic Partial Dynamic Equations on Time Scales

Work with partial differential equations on time scales is just beginning. In this paper we explore a basic partial differential equation, search for solutions, and find conditions which generate solutions of a given type.
Role of the Interface in the Adhesion of Cu to SiO2

The adhesion of thin evaporated Cu films directly to SiO2 is generally poor. The adhesion can be improved by a variety of treatments, ranging from a pre-deposition Ar ion bombardment of the substrate, to post deposition bombardments with ion beams, photons or electrons. Also, if a thin layer of partially oxidized Cr is deposited onto the SiO2 prior to Cu deposition, the Cu adheres more strongly. The intrinsic mechanism responsible for these adhesion improvements remains to be understood. We have attempted to characterize the interface of these structures by a combination of Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) and an adhesion peel test to determine the role each treatment plays in the adhesion process.