cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determinants of worry using the SARS-CoV-19 worry (CoV-Wo) scale among United States residents.

We sought to develop a brief Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2-related worry (CoV-Wo) scale to understand COVID-19-related worry among adults in the United States. We also aimed to model key determinants of worry in the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. A total of 806 participants completed an online survey in late March 2020. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses assessed scale structure. Factor analysis stratified by depression was used to assess measurement invariance. Linear regression models examined COVID-19-related worry determinants. The CoV-Wo scale exhibited good reliability (α = 0.80) and a two-factor structure: health (α = 0.83) and resources (α = 0.71). The full scale and both subscales were higher among participants who stopped working due to COVID-19 and those with depression. Perception of quality medical care if infected with COVID-19 was associated with reduced worry. The CoV-Wo scale is a low burden assessment of COVID-19-related worry, that captures common worries in domains affected by COVID-19 and can be used to develop psychosocial resources.
State Violence, Black Lives, and Environmental Justice

This article provides an overview of police violence against Black people and mass incarceration that demonstrates that mass incarceration and police violence simultaneously produce and represent i...
Violent and Nonviolent Strategies of Terrorist Organizations: How Do Mixed Strategies Influence Terrorist Recruitment and Lethality?

Terrorist organizations do not solely rely on violence, but also utilize a range of nonviolent activities from political engagement to social services provision. We argue that terrorist organizatio...
Investment Uncertainty Analysis for Smart Grid Adoption: A Real Option Approach

The growth of smart grid technologies is already defining energy in the 21st century: smart cities depend on the smart grid for resilient energy delivery and improved energy efficiency. Adopting the smart grid under conditions of uncertainty demands focused attention and innovative approaches. This paper employs the Real Options Approach (ROA) to study how utilities make investment decisions regarding smart grid information technology innovation, under conditions of investment uncertainty. We argue that investing in the smart grid is analogous to having the option rights in a call option in the US financial market. We propose a model in which the smart grid cost is taken as the primary decision variable to identify the optimal first time for utility suppliers to adopt the smart grid. This study demonstrates that ROA can be an important tool for simulating the impact of public policy on the adoption of the smart grid technology of electric utilities.
Microhabitat Use of Turquoise Darters (Etheostoma inscriptum) in Two Streams in the Georgia Piedmont

We quantified microhabitat use of Etheostoma inscriptum (Turquoise Darter) in 2 streams in the Oconee River watershed in the Georgia Piedmont using snorkeling observations during September 2020. This species has a restricted distribution, and little is known about its habitat associations. Principal component analysis indicated that Turquoise Darters were over-represented in patches characterized by higher column and bottom water velocities and higher percentages of erosional substrata (gravel or small cobble) at both sites. Turquoise Darters were under-represented in patches characterized by higher amounts of depositional substrata (sand and silt) in both sites. These results indicate that sedimentation and hydrological alterations could limit suitable habitat for Turquoise Darters.
Changing hydroclimate dynamics and the 19th to 20th century wetting trend in the English Channel region of northwest Europe

Northwestern Europe has experienced a trend of increasingly wet winters over the past 150 years, with few explanations for what may have driven this hydroclimatic change. Here we use the Old World Drought Atlas (OWDA), a tree-ring based reconstruction of the self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index (scPDSI), to examine this wetting trend and place it in a longer hydroclimatic context. We find that scPDSI variability in northwestern Europe is strongly correlated with the leading mode of the OWDA during the last millennium (1000–2012). This leading mode, here named the ‘English Channel’ (EC) mode, has pronounced variability on interannual to centennial timescales and has an expression in scPDSI similar to that of the East Atlantic teleconnection pattern. A shift in the EC mode from a prolonged negative phase to more neutral conditions during the 19th and 20th centuries is associated with the wetting trend over its area of influence in England, Wales, and much of northern continental Europe. The EC mode is the dominant scPDSI mode from approximately 1000–1850, after which its dominance waned in favor of the secondary ‘North–South’ (NS) mode, which has an expression in scPDSI similar to that of the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). We examine the dynamical nature of both of these modes and how they vary on interannual to centennial timescales. Our results provide insight into the nature of hydroclimate variability in Europe before the widespread availability of instrumental observations.
How a first research experience had an impact on my scientific journey

As I look back to my scientific trajectory on the occasion of being the recipient of the E. B. Wilson Medal of the American Society for Cell Biology, I realize how much an early scientific experien...
Component repair using additive manufacturing: experiments and thermal modeling

The objective of this work is to propose an advanced automated damage detection and damage reconstruction algorithm for damaged gear tooth repair. It can automate tool path design and provide precise repair volume detection for complex repair volume. First, models of the damaged and nominal parts were obtained by reverse engineering. Next, the damaged model was aligned with the nominal model. After that, both models were sliced into layers, and a set of parallel and equidistant casting rays was used to intersect with these layers to extract the repair volume. Then the repair tool path was generated and used to guide the laser additive manufacturing process for repair. The corresponding repair experiment and validated numerical model based on repairing a complex gear fracture was conducted to evaluate the reconstruction algorithm efficiency and repair part quality. Microstructure analysis and Vickers hardness test were carried out to evaluate the repaired part quality. The coincidence of scanning points between repaired model and the nominal model is high. The repair experiment confirmed the strong efficiency of this repair algorithm for complex geometry repair. A 3D finite element model was also developed to simulate the repair process and provide critical deformation and residual stress of the repaired parts. The predicted temperature and residual stress results were compared and showed a good agreement with the experimental measurements. These results further validated that the proposed repair algorithm and simulation model are suitable and efficient for the automated repair of damaged components.
Miniaturized Wireless Neural Interfaces: A tutorial

From the U.S. president fist-bumping a brain-controlled robotic arm to monkeys playing brain-controlled Pong, the past few years have had a surge of neural interfaces in the news. Neural interfaces, which are used in brain–machine interface (BMI) and neurostimulation technologies, often conjure images of mind-controlled cyborgs and mind uploading. In reality, they offer incredible hope for patients with intractable neurological conditions. For example, just nine years ago came the first demonstration of a woman with tetraplegia (paralysis from the chest down) controlling a robotic prosthetic arm through electrical signals recorded directly from her brain, specifically, the motor cortex, which controls movement [1] . For 15 years, she had been unable to perform basic daily tasks, such as eating and drinking on her own, but with a BMI, she demonstrated the ability to pick up a cup of coffee and take a sip.
Preneoplasia in Breast Cancer

The pathogenesis of murine mammary cancer has been extensively studied over the past 25 years. One concept that illustrates the course of mammary tumorigenesis was proposed and developed by DeOme and co-workers.(1–4) The concept states that mammary tumors arise from morphologically discrete epithelial lesions that are altered from normal mammary epithelial cells. This concept of progressive stages in the development of mammary neoplasia was recognized at the turn of the century by Haaland,(5) who stressed the biological significance of hyperplastic changes that preceded neoplasia. The concept of multistage development of neoplasia gained general acceptance after the elegant experiments on experimental skin and liver tumorigenesis(6–19) and for neoplasias arising from most epithelial tissues.(20) A variety of human cancers are thought to progress through several stages, as evidenced by the terms “carcinoma in situ” and “precancerous cystic hyperplasia,”(21) although the concept is muddied by the lack of clearly defined criteria to characterize the various stages biologically.
Thermopower and Magnetothermopower of PtCo

Measurements of the thermopower of dilute PtCo alloys containing from 0.31 to 3.74 at.% Co have been made over the temperature range 1.35 to 300K. The thermopowers of the alloys contain pronounced negative peaks which decrease in magnitude and move rapidly to higher temperatures as the Co concentration increases. Magnetothermopower measurements have been made on the same alloys for the temperature range 1.35K to 5K and magnetic fields up to 20kG. Application of a magnetic field is observed to shift the extrema of the negative thermopower peaks to higher temperatures.
Demography of Race and Ethnicity in Iraq

Since the American-led invasion of Iraq in 2003, the country has come to be viewed as a focal point of ethno-sectarian violence and conflict. Given the United States’ involvement with the re- structuring of the Iraqi government after the fall of Saddam Hussein, and their engagement in the country even after the full withdrawal of American troops from Iraq in December 2011, many policy makers, think tank analysts, journalists, human rights groups, and academic scholars weighed in on a broad dialogue over what should happen with Iraq’s political and societal future. This issue remains significant as Iraqi politicians attempt to hold a fledgling government together through the face of a continued insurgency in the country. Power sharing among the main religious factions and ethnicities in the country remains, for many, a major concern and consideration although the probability of true power sharing within the government seems less and less likely. Whatever the political outcome in Iraq, discussing demographic patterns and trends in the country is a difficult endeavor given the continuing conflict there. Estimates of Iraq’s overall population today range from 28.92 to 33 million people. Because of the current context, however, the demography of ethnicity in Iraq is rapidly shifting. This chapter thus attempts to trace the historical roots of Iraq’s demographic and ethnic makeup as well as looking at its current demographic character and changes taking place. Finally, it explores the linkages and disputes surrounding ethnicity, sectarianism, and demography in Iraq.
Oxidative release of nitrite from 2-nitrotoluene by a three-component enzyme system from Pseudomonas sp. strain JS42.

Abstract Pseudomonas sp. strain JS42 utilizes 2-nitrotoluene (2NT) as the sole source of carbon and energy for growth. Intact cells catalyze the oxidation of 2NT to 3-methylcatechol and nitrite in a reaction that requires molecular oxygen. Cell extracts oxidized 2NT to 3-methylcatechol and nitrite in the presence of NAD(P)H and ferrous iron. Ion-exchange chromatography yielded three protein fractions (A, B, and C) which were all required for the oxidation of 2NT to 3-methylcatechol and nitrite. Component B (reductase2NT) catalyzed a NAD(P)H-dependent reduction of cytochrome c. Solutions of component A (ISP2NT) were brown and showed absorption maxima at 458 and 324 nm. Two major bands with M(r)s 52,500 and 28,000 were observed when ISP2NT was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Component C could be replaced by ferredoxin NAP from the Pseudomonas putida NCIB 9816-4 naphthalene dioxygenase system and was given the designation ferredoxin2NT. Experiments with 18O2 showed that both oxygen atoms were added to the aromatic ring of 2NT to yield 3-methylcatechol. The enzyme is a new multicomponent enzyme system which we have designated 2NT 2,3-dioxygenase.
Protection motivation theory as a theoretical framework for understanding the use of protective measures

The use of defensive measures can be a double-edged sword: it can provide the means to protect people and property from potential criminal victimization, but can also be a costly and possibly unnecessary endeavor. However, research examining the factors contributing to the decision whether or not to engage in protective measures is often limited in both quantity and scope. In this article, we propose a theoretical framework for understanding the use of protective measures in response to criminal victimization threats based on Ronald Rogers’ protection motivation theory. Our discussion details Rogers’ theory, suggests variables and measures appropriate for the context of criminal victimization and protective responses, and provides guidance on testing and model adaptation issues. We hope that this will encourage further model development and testing to improve the understanding of individual protective behavior in response to crime or the threat of crime.
Being a Beginner Again: A Teacher Training Exercise

This article provides a training exercise to help teachers and teaching assistants recall what it is like to be a beginner in a field.
Buffering effect of positive parent–child relationships on adolescent risk taking: A longitudinal neuroimaging investigation

Adolescence is marked by a steep increase in risk-taking behavior. The serious consequences of such heightened risk taking raise the importance of identifying protective factors. Despite its dynamic change during adolescence, family relationships remain a key source of influence for teenagers. Using a longitudinal fMRI approach, we scanned 23 adolescents twice across a 1.5-year period to examine how changes in parent-child relationships contribute to changes in adolescent risk taking over time via changes in adolescents' neural reactivity to rewards. Results indicate that although parent-child relationships are not associated with adolescent risk taking concurrently, increases in positive parent-child relationships contribute to declines in adolescent risk taking. This process is mediated by longitudinal decreases in ventral striatum activation to rewards during risk taking. Findings highlight the neural pathways through which improvements in positive parent-child relationships serve to buffer longitudinal increases in adolescent risk taking.
On Asymptotically Optimal Meshes by Coordinate Transformation

We study the problem of constructing asymptotically optimal meshes with respect to the gradient error of a given input function. We provide simpler proofs of previously known results and show constructively that a closed-form solution exists for them. We show how the transformational method for obtaining meshes, as is, cannot produce asymptotically optimal meshes for general inputs. We also discuss possible variations of the problem definition that may allow for some forms of optimality to be proved.
Short-Course Chemotherapy for Tuberculosis

Excerpt To the editor: Dr. Stead and his coinvestigators in Arkansas have published six communications (1-6) on what Stead calls a "new" form of treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis that he regards...
Dilatationally nonlinear elastic materials—I. Some theory

Abstract This paper, which is the first in a two-part study, addresses certain issues concerning the small-strain theory of nonlinear elasticity. It considers isotropic materials which possess a linear response in shear and a nonlinear response in dilatation, and (i) establishes an explicit necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of piecewise homogeneous deformations, (ii) obtains a characterization of the set of all such deformations, (iii) derives an expression for the “driving traction” on a surface of strain discontinuity, (iv) discusses the notion of a kinetic law. and finally (v) makes some remarks on (a) the driving force on a crack-tip. (b) the uncoupling of the shear and dilatational invariants in the strain energy function, and (e) the intersection of a surface of strain discontinuity with a traction-free surface. While the analysis is carried out within a three-dimensional selling, the results are shown to have a particularly simple form when expressed in terms of a certain constitutive function ∑(e). In Part II of this study we examine a specific boundary-value problem.
Aging and benzodiazepine binding in the rat cerebral cortex.

Abstract The specific binding of 3H-diazepam in the cerebral cortex was investigated in membrane preparations from 6 and 30 month old Fischer-344 rats. No age-related differences in the association, equilibrium, or dissociation binding characteristics were observed. The increased sensitivity of the elderly to the central sedative effects of the benzodiazepines does not, therefore, appear to involve changes in binding to the receptor site located in the cortex.
A Comparison of School Readiness Outcomes for Children Randomly Assigned to a Head Start Program and the Program's Wait List

A research study with a wide range of outcomes related to school readiness, including health, social skills, cognitive skills, and language skills was conducted with eligible 4-year-old applicants and their parents within a southeastern Head Start program of high quality. Children and their families in the Head Start treatment and wait list comparison groups were given a battery of assessments. The study used growth curve modeling and traditional analysis of variance when only 2 measurements of outcomes were available. Initial status was equivalent and the growth rates for the Head Start children were statistically significantly faster than the comparison children on the receptive vocabulary and phonemic awareness measures. There was a statistically significant time by group interaction and main effect of time for the problem behavior index of the social functioning measure. The parent report of health outcomes also showed statistically significant differences between the 2 groups with the treatment group...
Modeling CVD synthesis of carbon nanotubes: Nanoparticle formation from ferrocene

Catalyst nanoparticles play an important role in the synthesis of carbon nanotubes. In this paper, we present a two-equation model that can predict the formation process of iron nanoparticles from ferrocene fed into a CVD reactor. The model, combined with an axisymmetric two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation, includes the mechanism of nucleation and surface growth of an iron particle and bi-particle collision. The model predicts that the diameter of a particle will increase with an increase in the reaction temperature or the radial distance from the center of the reactor. Iron particles may deposit on the reactor wall; our model predicts that the thickness of the layer consisting of deposited iron particles will decrease with an increase in the axial distance from the entrance. The first prediction was validated by experimental observations reported by other researchers. In addition to the CFD simulation, a dimensional analysis was conducted to find pi-numbers that govern the process of particle formation; three pi-numbers were identified. Furthermore, one-dimensional governing equations were obtained under the assumptions of constant diffusion coefficient and collision frequency function, and solutions for particle diameter were obtained in qualitative agreement with the earlier CFD simulations.
From Fluid Identities to Sectarian Labels: A Historical Investigation of Indonesia’s Shi‘i Communities

Since 2011 Indonesia has experienced a rise in intra-Muslim sectarian violence, with Shi‘a and Ahmadi communities becoming the target of radical Sunni groups. Taking as point of departure the attacks on Shi‘a Muslims and the rapid polarization of Sunni and Shi‘i identities, this article aims at deconstructing the “Shi‘a” category. Identifying examples of how since the early century of the Islamization devotion for the Prophet Muhammad and his progeny (herein referred to as ‘Alid piety) has been incorporated in the archipelago’s “Sunni” religious rituals, and contrasting them to programmatic forms of Shi’ism (adherence to Ja‘fari fiqh) which spread in the socio-political milieu of the 1970s-1990s. This article argues not only that historically there has been much devotional common ground between “Sunni” and “Shi‘a”, but also that in the last decade much polarization has occurred within the “Shi‘a” group between those who value local(ized) forms of ritual and knowledge, and those who seek models of orthopraxy and orthodoxy abroad. [Sejak tahun 2011, kekerasan bernuansa aliran dalam internal muslim di Indonesia mengalami peningkatan, dengan komunitas Syiah dan Ahmadiyah menjadi sasaran kekerasan dari kelompok-kelompok Sunni radikal. Berangkat dari kasus penyerangan terhadap kelompok Syiah dan cepatnya polarisasi identitas Sunni-Syiah, artikel ini berusaha mendekonstruksi kriteria “Syiah” di Indonesia. Beberapa contoh praktik keagamaan menunjukkan bahwa sejak awal proses Islamisasi di nusantara, pengagungan terhadap diri Nabi dan keturunannya (dalam hal ini adalah keluarga ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib) telah menyatu dalam ritual-ritual keagamaan kelompok Sunni. Artikel ini menunjukkan bahwa tidak hanya secara historis terdapat banyak kesamaan antara “Sunni” dan “Syiah” di Indonesia, bahkan juga terjadi polarisasi pada beberapa dekade terakhir di tengah penganut Syiah antara kelompok yang memilih bentuk-bentuk ritual dan pengetahuan local dengan kelompok yang mencari rujukan ortodoksi dan ortopraksi dari luar.]
Flexible MPLS signaling (FMS) for mobile networks

Multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) has gained momentum in recent years as an effective tool to provide quality of service (QoS) in a variety of networks. This has in turn created active interest in the area of recovery in MPLS based networks. A number of recovery schemes for MPLS domains have been proposed in recent years. However, the current schemes lack support for recovery in dynamic network topologies. In this paper, a new flexible signaling protocol for LSP rerouting in dynamic network environments is introduced. The signaling protocol recovers from node and link failures reactively, eliminating the need for end-to-end LSP reestablishment. The performance of the signaling protocol is presented through simulations.
Glomerular lesions induced in Pekin ducks by dietary administration of dimethylnitrosamine.

Abstract Histochemical and electron microscopic studies were completed on the kidneys of Pekin ducks receiving a dietary supplement of dimethylnitrosamine at a concentration of 0.005%. Ducks were given the diets when 36 hours of age; test and control ducks (fed only mash) were killed by decapitation at weekly intervals for 8 weeks for necropsy and collection of tissue for histopathology. Tissues for electron microscopic examination were obtained after 5 and 6 weeks, fixed in Palade's solution, and embedded in Epon. Necropsy findings included subcutaneous edema, ascites, hydropericardium, splenomegaly, hepatic necrosis, and swelling of the kidneys. Obvious alterations in the glomeruli were present after 3 weeks of feeding and consisted of a reduced cellularity of the glomerular tufts with diffuse thickening of the capillary loops; but, early, the basal stalk region was spared. In severely affected glomeruli, the normal architecture was replaced by a solid amorphous, hyaline, eosinophilic material. The deposits stained variably with Gomori's trichrome. The material in the glomeruli was negative for amyloid by Congo red staining, took the silver component of the Humason and Lushbaugh stain, was inconsistently stained by Weigert's method for fibrin, and was PAS positive. Since the PAS staining response was not removed by diastase or hyaluronidase digestion and was not metachromatic with toluidine blue, the material is apparently not a simple mucopolysaccharide. Ultrastructural alterations included thickening of the basement membrane of the glomerular capillaries by “deposits” of an electron dense material. The amorphous material was distributed through the various divisions of the basement membranes throughout the glomerulus. In severely affected glomeruli the ultrastructural features were obliterated by the deposited material. There were no recognizable signs of collagen, fibrin, or amyloid in the thickened basement membranes. The glomerular lesions resemble the glomerulosclerosis described in experimental diabetes and in experimental toxicoses characterized by severe hepatopathy.
Interference in food aversion conditioning by reducing drug dose or conditioning trials.

Previous work has suggested that aversions to foods are relatively resistant to interference effects. Although these findings have been interpreted as reflecting the potency of foods as targets in aversion conditioning, resistance to interference could more generally characterize intense conditioned aversions. In the present studies with Wistar rats we examined whether interference with food aversion conditioning could be demonstrated by reducing either the drug dose (cyclophosphamide; 20 vs 40 mg/kg) or the number of conditioning trials. In both cases interference was produced; that is, the presence of a second food did interfere with the conditioning of aversions to the first or “target” food. Thus, under conditions which would be expected to produce slower or weaker conditioning, interference with food aversions was facilitated.
Interpretation of the diameter-frequency relation for lunar craters photographed by Rangers VII, VIII, and IX

Abstract About 3320 craters from 22 frames of Rangers VII, VIII, and IX were measured, counted, and classified as to morphological appearance (Classes 1 to 4 vary from hard, sharp craters to soft, shallow ones). The constants A and B of incremental diameter-frequency relations of the form N = AD B ( D , the diameter in kilometers; N , the number of craters per square km per km diameter increment) were determined by least-squares methods. The relation for all craters is the sum of several different processes of cratering; these components can be identified by considering the craters separately by class. The observed distribution of Class 1 craters can be explained by meteoroid impacts plus background secondary craters of those primaries, although further data on the characteristics of secondary crater families are needed to confirm the hypothesis. Such secondaries may be responsible for an observed stee section (slope −4.5) of the Class 1 distribution between diameters 0.015 and 0.06 km. On the basis of this steep slope, it is shown that very small craters peppering the lunar surface effectively modify the appearance of Class 1 craters smaller than about 0.015 km to Class 2. Such an overlapping mechanism is discussed which seems capable of explaining the observed incremental diameter- frequency relations for all classes of craters smaller than 0.01 km diameter. The remaining craters of Classes 2, 3, and 4 between 0.02 and 2.0 km diameter are shown to consist, probably, of two types of endogenic craters: (1) Those between 0.25 and 2.0 km cannot be of extralunar origin because of their differing areal densities (of an order of magnitude) between Alphonsus and the general maria. Similarities in their frequency relation to that of volcanic chain craters suggest that they are related in nature; (2) the Class 3 and 4 craters in the 0.01 to 0.1 km range are a distinct group of features, perhaps mostly of the “sink-hole” type described by others. It is shown that erosional processes do not affect the appearances of craters much larger than 0.01 km diameter; the lunar surface is saturated with craters less than 0.001 km diameter in a manner probably consistent with Surveyor photographs, and the surface is churned to a depth of some tens of centimeters.
The Giardia Median Body Protein Is a Ventral Disc Protein That Is Critical for Maintaining a Domed Disc Conformation during Attachment

Giardia has unique microtubule structures, including the ventral disc, the primary organelle of attachment to the host, and the median body, a structure of undefined function. During attachment, the ventral disc has a domed conformation and enables Giardia to attach to the host intestinal epithelia within seconds. The mechanism of attachment via the ventral disc and the overall structure, function, and assembly of the ventral disc are not well understood. Our recent proteomic analysis of the ventral disc indicated that the median body protein (MBP), previously reported to localize exclusively to the median body, was primarily localized to the ventral disc. Using high-resolution light and electron microscopy, we confirm that the median body protein localizes primarily to the overlap zone of the ventral disc. The MBP also occasionally localized to the median body during prophase. To define the contribution of MBP to the ventral disc structure, we depleted MBP using an anti-MBP morpholino. We found that the ventral disc was no longer able to form properly and that the disc structure often had an aberrant nondomed or flattened horseshoe conformation. The ability of attached anti-MBP morpholino-treated trophozoites to withstand shear forces and normal forces was significantly decreased. Most notably, the plasma membrane contacts with the surface, including those of the bare area, were defective after the anti-MBP knockdown. To our knowledge, this is the first ventral disc protein whose depletion directly alters ventral disc structure, confirming that the domed ventral disc conformation is important for robust attachment.
Ablative therapies for small renal tumours

Ablative modalities, which use energy–tissue interactions to ablate tumours, have emerged as an intermediate treatment option between active surveillance and surgical resection. In this Review, the authors discuss the four main ablative modalities that have been used to treat small renal masses—cryoablation, radiofrequency ablation, microwave ablation and irreversible electroporation. Improvements in imaging technology have resulted in an increase in detection of small renal masses (SRMs). Minimally invasive ablation modalities, including cryoablation, radiofrequencey ablation, microwave ablation and irreversible electroporation, are currently being used to treat SRMs in select groups of patients. Cryoablation and radiofrequency ablation have been extensively studied. Presently, cryoablation is gaining popularity because the resulting ice ball can be visualized easily using ultrasonography. Tumour size and location are strong predictors of outcome of radiofrequency ablation. One of the main benefits of microwave ablation is that microwaves can propagate through all types of tissue, including desiccated and charred tissue, as well as water vapour, which might be formed during the ablation. Irreversible electroporation has been shown in animal studies to affect only the cell membrane of undesirable target tissues and to spare adjacent structures; however, clinical studies that depict the efficacy and safety of this treatment modality in humans are still sparse. As more experience is gained in the future, ablation modalities might be utilized in all patients with tumours <4 cm in diameter, rather than just as an alternative treatment for high-risk surgical patients.
How Alternative Ideas Become Institutions: The Case of Feminist Collectives

Using institutional theory developed by organizational sociologists, I tell the story of feminist collectives in the United States. I argue that feminist collectives are a specific case of the emergence, institutionalization, and deinstitutionalization of alternative ideas and structures. I document these three processes using historical material (both academic and political) from the contemporary women's movement and more recent empirical studies of women's organizations. The contribution this analysis makes to organization building and theory building is considered.
SU-FF-I-111: Feasibility of Using Higher Energy Beam Pairs to Improve DXA Accuracy

In standard DXA the fat content of the soft tissue containing the bone is assumed to be the same as the soft tissue in the baseline region of the scan adjacent to the bone. Unfortunately, this assumption is rarely correct and inaccuracies in BMD can exceed 20 % in clinically realistic cases. Moreover, changes in fat content resulting from weight loss or gain makes interpretation of changes seen in BMD problematic. The cause of the inaccuracy is the large difference in the attenuation characteristics of fat and lean tissues at the effective energy of the low energy beam used in standard DXA. A mathematical simulation of DXA using monoenergetic photon beams was performed using beam energy pairs higher than used for standard DXA. In the simulation the low energy beam was varied from 80 to 110 keV with the high energy beam held constant at 140 keV. The entrance doses of the simulations were varied to maintain a measurement precision equivalent to that of standard DXA. For simulated DXA using higher beam energy pairs the BMD error due to inhomogeneities in the fat content of soft tissue was eliminated. The entrance skin dose for the higher energy beam pairs needed to be increased to achieve the same measurement precision as standard DXA. Thus, the accuracy of BMD measurements can be improved by using higher energy beam pairs with a modest increase in entrance dose. This improvement in accuracy allows the accurate assessment of BMD changes in patients experiencing weight change.
Safety of ungated shockwave lithotripsy in pediatric patients

Abstract Objective Ungated extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) in adults is associated with cardiac arrhythmias. We report on the safety and efficacy of this method for treatment of renal calculi in children. Patients and methods Children under 14 years with radio-opaque renal stones were treated by ungated ESWL. Pre-treatment plain radiographs and intravenous urography and post-treatment ultrasonography and plain films were used to follow up clearance of fragments. All children were monitored for arrhythmias. Results Thirty-seven children (28 males, nine females) with a median age of 5 years (range 2–14 years) underwent 69 ungated ESWL sessions for renal calculi. Nineteen children had stones located in the left kidney, 17 had stones located in the right kidney and one child had bilateral renal stones. The stone size ranged from 6 to 25 mm (mean 9.9 mm). Shockwave number ranged from 800 to 3650 (mean of 2500 shockwaves per session). All children underwent lithotripsy with a gradual incremental energy increase from 14 to 20 kV. No patient had cardiac arrhythmias or other intra-procedural complications. No patient required conversion to gated ESWL. The overall stone-free rate was 86%. Conclusion The results suggest that ungated ESWL is safe in children under 14 years. The efficacy was comparable to that of gated ESWL from previously published series.
Mesh adaptation strategies for problems in fluid dynamics

Abstract Mesh adaptation procedures are reviewed and discussed with particular emphasis on methods that are based on mesh movement (r-refinement) and mesh enrichment (h-refinement). Although the need for adaptive refinement is common to many areas of scientific computation, the examples in this survey paper are drawn almost exclusively from the domain of computational fluid dynamics.
Measurement of aerosol concentrations with a hot wire anemometer

Abstract The use of a hot wire anemometer to measure local mean aerosol concentrations in turbulent flows is discussed. The instrument allows measurement of point particle concentration flux in turbulent shear flows. The extension of the instrument as a size distribution sampler and as a device to determine the kinematics of suspensions is suggested. Experimental calibration results are presented.
A resonance problem in which the nonlinearity may grow linearly

The purpose of this paper is to study a semilinear two point boundary value problem of resonance type in which the nonlinear perturbation may grow linearly. A significant improvement of a recent result due to Cesari and Kannan is given.
Laminated microfluidic system for small sample protein analysis.

We describe a technology based on lamination that allows for the production of highly integrated 3D devices suitable for performing a wide variety of microfluidic assays. This approach uses a suite of microfluidic coupons (“microfloupons”) that are intended to be stacked as needed to produce an assay of interest. Microfloupons may be manufactured in paper, plastic, gels, or other materials, in advance, by different manufacturers, then assembled by the assay designer as needed. To demonstrate this approach, we designed, assembled, and characterized a microfloupon device that performs sodium-dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis on a small sample of protein. This device allowed for the manipulation and transport of small amounts of protein sample, tight injection into a thin polyacrylamide gel, electrophoretic separation of the proteins into bands, and subsequent removal of the gel from the device for imaging and further analysis. The microfloupons are rugged enough to handle and can be easily aligned and laminated, allowing for a variety of different assays to be designed and configured by selecting appropriate microfloupons. This approach provides a convenient way to perform assays that have multiple steps, relieving the need to design highly sophisticated devices that incorporate all functions in a single unit, while still achieving the benefits of small sample size, automation, and high speed operation.
Basic fibroblast growth factor protects against hypoxia-ischemia and NMDA neurotoxicity in neonatal rats.

Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is a polypeptide that promotes neuronal survival and blocks excitatory amino acid (EAA) neurotoxicity in vitro at very low concentrations. In the present study...
Empathy and Emotional Intelligence among Eastern and Western Counsellor Trainees: A Preliminary Study

This study explored degree of empathy and emotional intelligence among Thai (n = 48) and American (n = 53) counsellor trainees to determine if differences in Eastern and Western cultural orientations (e.g., interdependent versus independent self-construals) affect foundational counselling skills. Results indicated that Western trainees showed greater empathy, although no differences were found in emotional intelligence between Eastern and Western trainees. Length of training correlated with greater empathy in both groups, but was not associated with emotional intelligence. Type of self-construal correlated with both degree of empathy and emotional intelligence. Implications for counselling research and training are addressed.
Pathways to Adaptation: Self-Regulation and Ecological Assets—A View of the Issues

Empirical research often treats self-regulation as homogenously affecting development across contexts, ignoring the oftentimes important role of contextual variation. However, the research in this issue explores how intentional self-regulation and contextual resources may combine to predict adaptive development across the life span. The articles are diverse in regard to the period of the life span they consider and in how they operationalize self-regulation, but are unified in indicating that intentional self-regulation helps individuals optimize their unique developmental trajectories.
Communication Factors and Trust: An Exploratory Study:

This study explored the relation between trust and specific factors of communication in a workplace environment for a sample of 82 men and 31 women (M age = 37.1 yr.). Strong relations were found, ...
Dynamical Slow Light Cell based on Controlled Far-Field Interference of Microring Resonators

A novel dynamical slow light cell with a tunable group delay, fabricated in silicon-on-insulator, is demonstrated. It provides a tuning range of more than 1 ns, with a usable group delay of about 0-24 ps.
A fixed charge theory of the action potential and related ionic phenomena

Abstract This paper is based on the association-capacitor theory of the resting potential proposed by J ahn (1973). The cell surfaces bear fixed anions whose counterions are mostly K+ inside and Na+ outside. The emf varies with the distance between the counterions and the fixed charges, as in a two plate condenser. Action potentials are initiated when the stimulating potential removes the associated Na+ ions from a small section of the surface. This causes a decrease in potential which is greater than the normal membrane potential, which is thereby reversed. The sites vacated by the lost Na+ ions are rapidly refilled by ions from adjacent areas, and these by ions from other adjacent sites, very much in the manner that a “hole” in a transistor can move by the migration of electrons. This explains why the action potential is self-propagating, and is transmitted at a more or less constant amplitude and velocity, without decrement.
Second-order scattering from the sea: ten-meter radar observations of the Doppler continuum.

Ten-meter radar observations of the sea have been used to study second-order interactions between waves in electromagnetic scattering from the sea. Techniques of coherent, pulsed radar provide echo frequency spectra from several range intervals. The echo spectra are resolved with an analysis window of a few millihertz. These spectra show a clear second-order echo continuum which appears as sidebands about the first-order Bragg scattering lines. Up to one-half of the total echo power has been observed in these sidebands. The principal characteristics of these sidebands vary with time, apparently in response to the sea state. The form of the echo spectra is consistent with the results of perturbation theory computations based on Rice9s method.
Acetabular Orientation: Anterolateral Approach in the Supine Position

The anterolateral approach in the supine position provides excellent visualization of the acetabulum. The main advantage of the approach, a low dislocation rate, has been demonstrated in the literature, while the purported disadvantage of abductor dysfunction has not been clearly delineated in the literature. The technique requires meticulous attention to preservation of the gluteus medius and minimus tendons. Impingement and dislocation are avoided by careful attention to the preparation of acetabulum, critical assessment of the implanted components, and intraoperative trialing. Leg lengths are assessed through direct palpation of the malleoli. Routine use of postoperative hip precautions is not necessary when this approach is utilized. The anterolateral approach in the supine position allows for a reproducible result with a low dislocation rate. Level of Evidence: Level V, therapeutic study. See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Sensory gating in rats depleted of dopamine as neonates: potential relevance to findings in schizophrenic patients☆

Abstract Based on a recent hypothesis of reduced subcortical dopaminergic tone, evidence of early neurodevelopmental deviation, and acoustic startle abnormalities in schizophrenia, we examined acoustic startle in adult animals depleted of dopamine (DA) as neonates. Male rat pups received intracerebroventricular injections of either 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA, 100 μg) or its vehicle on postnatal day 3. At 60 days of age, baseline startle and prepulse inhibition (PPI) of startle were assessed in a no injection condition, with all other animals receiving injections of saline or the DA agonist, apomorphine. Acoustic startle was elicited using 120 db white noise bursts alone or preceded by prepulses of 75, 80, and 85 db. Animals treated with 6-OHDA exhibited a 93% depletion of striatal DA compared to vehicle-treated controls. Whereas DA depleted animals did not differ from controls in the no injection condition, they showed greater baseline startle and reduced PPI compared to controls after saline injections. Depleted animals also showed exaggerated responses to apomorphine, with greater increases in baseline startle, loss of habituation, and decreased PPI compared to controls. Findings indicate that neonatal DA depletions lead to increased baseline startle and impaired sensory gating in adulthood after saline injections and dopamine agonists compared to controls. These findings may be relevant to a subgroup of psychotic patients that exhibit similar startle abnormalities as well as signs of hypodopaminergic function.
Influence of gestational age on cord serum bilirubin binding studies.

The effect of gestational age on bilirubin binding was studied using cord serum from 22 preterm infants and 13 term infants and serum from 17 adults. Using the peroxidase oxidation method, a bilirubin titration curve was obtained by adding bilirubin to serum and measuring the apparent unbound bilirubin concentration. The resultant curve was analyzed using the least-squares fit of the empiric equation Y=aX b . After correction for albumin concentration by plotting the apparent unbound bilirubin concentration against the molar ratio of total bilirubin/albumin, term and preterm infants had identical titration curves, which remained inferior to that of adults. In addition, the apparent primary bilirubin association constant Ka' 1 was similar for all infants but was two to three times less than that for adults. We conclude that bilirubin binding by cord serum is equivalent regardless of gestational age. However, adult serum binds bilirubin qualitatively better than does serum from infants of all gestational ages. We suggest that the adverse effect of prematurity on bilirubin binding noted in previous studies may have reflected postnatal complications rather than gestational age as such.
The role of two types of semantic information in the processing of false sentences

This research examined the verification of false sentences of the form “All S are P” (e.g., “All jaguars are tigers” or “All birds are chickens”). It was found that the more properties the subject- and predicate-concept of the sentence shared, the slower subjects were to respond; while the more accessible the subordinate/superordinate relationship between the subject and predicate, the faster subjects were to respond. These findings provide difficulties for the feature comparison model ( Smith, Shoben, & Rips, 1974 ) and question its central assumption that only property relations are prestored in memory.