cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gender stereotypes are reflected in the distributional structure of 25 languages.

Cultural stereotypes such as the idea that men are more suited for paid work and women are more suited for taking care of the home and family, may contribute to gender imbalances in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) fields, among other undesirable gender disparities. Might these stereotypes be learned from language? Here we examine whether gender stereotypes are reflected in the large-scale distributional structure of natural language semantics. We measure gender associations embedded in the statistics of 25 languages and relate these to data on an international dataset of psychological gender associations (N = 656,636). People’s implicit gender associations are strongly predicted by gender associations encoded in the statistics of the language they speak. These associations are further related to the extent that languages mark gender in occupation terms (for example, ‘waiter’/‘waitress’). Our pattern of findings is consistent with the possibility that linguistic associations shape people’s implicit judgements. Lewis and Lupyan find that gender stereotypes, such as the idea that men are more suited for paid work and women are more suited for taking care of the home and family, are reflected in the large-scale distributional structure of natural language.
Adding a Due Diligence Defense to§13(b) and Rule 13b2–2 of theSecurities Exchange Act of 1934

Table of ContentsI. Introduction 902II. Background on § 13(b) and Rule 13b2-2 905A. Section 13(b) of the '34 Act 905B. Rule 13b2-2 of the '34 Act 909C. Comparison to Other Provisions in Federal Securities Law 9111. Scope of Liability 9122. Materiality 9183. Scienter 920III. The Circuit Split 923A. The Ninth Circuit's Decision in SEC v. Todd 923B. The Second Circuit's Decision in SEC v. McNulty and the Eighth Circuit's Decision in SEC v. Das 9261. SEC v. McNulty 9262. SEC v. Das 928C. The Policy Rationale for Excluding Scienter from Rule 13b2-2 929IV. Grafting a Due Diligence Defense onto § 13(b) and Rule 13b 2-2 932A. The Due Diligence Defense Under § 11 933B. Similarities Between § 11 and § 13(b) 936C. The Due Diligence Defense as Applied to § 13(b) and Rule 13b2-2 938D. Cost-Benefit Analysis: A Due DiligenceDefense in § 13(b) and Rule 13b2-2 9411. Cost-Benefit Principles in the Corporate Context 9412. Reducing the Costs of § 13(b) and Rule 13b 2-2 943a. Cost of Compliance 943b. Cost of Overdeterrence 9473. Maintaining the Benefits of § 13(b) and Rule 13b 2-2 949V. Conclusion 954I. IntroductionSince the late 1990s, the United States has been engulfed in a "tidal wave" of accounting fraud.1 In 2001, Enron entered Chapter 11 bankruptcy following the discovery of illegal accounting practices.2 Investors lost nearly $80 billion.3 Enron's reign as the largest accounting fraudster in U.S. history did not last long; less than a year later, WorldCom filed bankruptcy following the collapse of an $11 billion fraudulent accounting scheme.4 WorldCom investors would likely envy Enron investors-they lost nearly three times more.5Congress responded swiftly, passing the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.6 To restore investor confidence in capital markets,7 Congress enhanced corporate audit controls and increased the authority and oversight of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).8 Coupled with the new provisions in Sarbanes-Oxley, the SEC can combat inaccurate financial records using two provisions implemented decades earlier. Enacted in 1977, § 13(b)9 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 ('34 Act)10 requires companies to implement procedures designed to protect the accuracy of their books and records.* 11 Promulgated in 1979, Rule 13b2-2 supplements § 13(b) by preventing officers and directors from making misleading statements to outside auditors.12Currently, circuit courts are split over whether Rule 13b2-2 contains a scienter requirement.13 Whereas the Second and Eighth Circuits have found no scienter requirement in Rule 13b2-2,14 the Ninth Circuit has held the opposite. …
Possibility of metastable atomic metallic hydrogen

Metallic hydrogen is expected to exhibit remarkable physics. However, the pressures at which it is expected to be stable are extremely high relative to current experimental capabilities (static conditions). For practical (and terrestrial) significance, a key question is therefore whether it is metastable. In this work, this possibility is investigated, using first-principles calculations. Particular attention is given to the atomic body-centered tetragonal structures, predicted as being representative of the lowest-pressure stable metallic phase. The results show that, of these, the Cs-IV structure is metastable upon decompression, from molecular dissociation (expected to occur just below 500 GPa) to approximately 250 GPa. Results for structure prediction for metallic phases at lower pressures are also presented. Together, these results suggest that below 200 GPa, metallic hydrogen has no region of stability. All of the approximations used in the calculations are considered, and they are not expected to qualitatively affect the results. Atomic metallic hydrogen is therefore expected to have a (pressure) region of metastability, but the results strongly suggest that the metallic phase (more generally) is not so to zero pressure. These results are expected to provide important information for experiments.
Feasibility of Frailty Assessment Integrated with Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Clinic Follow-up: A Pilot Investigation.

Background: The concept of frailty was originally created to explain why individuals of the same age have differing risk of disease, and it has since been found to be negatively associated with out...
Properties of multi-vesicular release from rod photoreceptors support transmission of single photon responses

Vision under starlight requires rod photoreceptors to transduce and transmit single photon responses to the visual system. This remarkable sensitivity depends on a small voltage change reliably reducing glutamate release such that post-synaptic rod bipolar cells can robustly detect the signal. To transmit this small signal, we have found that rod vesicle release deviates strongly from a Poisson process under conditions that mimic darkness. Specifically, at their resting membrane potential in darkness, rods exhibit coordinated and regularly timed multivesicular release events. Each release event consisted of ~17 vesicles and occurred 2-3 times more regularly than expected from a Poisson process. Hyperpolarizing rods to mimic the voltage change produced by a single photon response abruptly reduced the probability of multivesicular release nearly to zero with a rebound increase in release probability at stimulus offset. Simulations of these release dynamics indicate that this regularly timed, multivesicular release promotes transmission of single photon responses to post-synaptic neurons. Furthermore, the mechanism is efficient, requiring fewer vesicles to be released per second than uniquantal release governed by Poisson statistics.
Machine Learning Driven Contouring of High-Frequency Four-Dimensional Cardiac Ultrasound Data

Automatic boundary detection of 4D ultrasound (4DUS) cardiac data is a promising yet challenging application at the intersection of machine learning and medicine. Using recently developed murine 4DUS cardiac imaging data, we demonstrate here a set of three machine learning models that predict left ventricular wall kinematics along both the endo- and epi-cardial boundaries. Each model is fundamentally built on three key features: (1) the projection of raw US data to a lower dimensional subspace, (2) a smoothing spline basis across time, and (3) a strategic parameterization of the left ventricular boundaries. Model 1 is constructed such that boundary predictions are based on individual short-axis images, regardless of their relative position in the ventricle. Model 2 simultaneously incorporates parallel short-axis image data into their predictions. Model 3 builds on the multi-slice approach of model 2, but assists predictions with a single ground-truth position at end-diastole. To assess the performance of each model, Monte Carlo cross validation was used to assess the performance of each model on unseen data. For predicting the radial distance of the endocardium, models 1, 2, and 3 yielded average R2 values of 0.41, 0.49, and 0.71, respectively. Monte Carlo simulations of the endocardial wall showed significantly closer predictions when using model 2 versus model 1 at a rate of 48.67%, and using model 3 versus model 2 at a rate of 83.50%. These finding suggest that a machine learning approach where multi-slice data are simultaneously used as input and predictions are aided by a single user input yields the most robust performance. Subsequently, we explore the how metrics of cardiac kinematics compare between ground-truth contours and predicted boundaries. We observed negligible deviations from ground-truth when using predicted boundaries alone, except in the case of early diastolic strain rate, providing confidence for the use of such machine learning models for rapid and reliable assessments of murine cardiac function. To our knowledge, this is the first application of machine learning to murine left ventricular 4DUS data. Future work will be needed to strengthen both model performance and applicability to different cardiac disease models.
Integrative Oncology Consultations Delivered via Telehealth in 2020 and In-Person in 2019: Paradigm Shift During the COVID-19 World Pandemic.

Background:The COVID-19 pandemic has catalyzed the use of mobile technologies to deliver health care. This new medical model has benefited integrative oncology (IO) consultations, where cancer pati...
Effects of pre-cementation cleaning protocols on bond strength of indirect composite resin restorations contaminated with saliva.

Objective: Compare the effects of different pre-cementing cleaning protocols on adhesive bond strength (MPa) in indirect composite resin restorations contaminated with saliva. Materials and Methods: 110 tests bodies of indirect composite resin, divided into 2 groups: with no contamination (NC); with contamination (WC); distributed in 22 subgroups (n = 5) according to the Ultrasound (U) variables; Cleaning Paste (CP); Ethanol 96 ° (E), Application times: 5-20-30-180s. Five cylinders (1mm high x 0.7 O) of cement (Variolink Esthetic LC) per sample made on treated and light-cured surfaces (20s). After 24hrs / 37oC + distilled water, they were subjected to the RUA test (0.5 mm / min) until fracture point in a universal test machine. Analyzed with one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test (α = 0.05). Results: Contaminated CP30’’ was the protocol with the highest binding resistance (14.57 ± 1.01) (p <0.05). Conclusion: The gold standard technique - corresponding to ultrasonic washing - is unrecommended for cleaning indirect composite resin restoration, seen as there are other more effective protocols to eliminate surface contaminants. Cleaning paste and Ethanol in times of 20’’ or 30’’ are suggested.
The Discreteness of Matter: Leibniz on Plurality and Part-Whole Priority

Leibniz argues against Descartes’s conception of material substance based on considerations of unity. I examine a key premise of Leibniz’s argument, what I call the Plurality Thesis—the claim that matter (i.e., extension alone) is a plurality of parts. More specifically, I engage an objection to the Plurality Thesis stemming from what I call Material Monism—the claim that the physical world is a single material substance. I argue that Leibniz can productively engage this objection based on his view that matter is discrete. The discreteness of matter provides two aspects of support for the Plurality Thesis. First, it indicates that the parts of matter do not share boundaries and are, therefore, independent in an important sense. Second, it indicates that the parts of matter are determinate and are, therefore, ontologically prior to the wholes they compose.
Experiences with the Philadelphia police assisted diversion program: A qualitative study.

Abstract Background The U.S. relies far too heavily on punitive criminal justice strategies to address problems that are better prevented and resolved through social and health services. The resulting harms are especially large and longstanding for people trapped in the failed War on Drugs. Philadelphia launched a Police Assisted Diversion (PAD) program to address the highest rates of poverty, incarceration, and fatal overdose among large cities in the U.S. PAD enables police officers to connect people with supportive services in many instances that would otherwise result in arrest or through outreach when no crime is suspected. Methods We conducted semi-structured interviews with 30 clients, 15 police officers, and 12 other personnel involved with the program. Data were gathered in 2019 and 2020 and analyzed using standard qualitative methods. Results PAD represents a new less-punitive model for responding to illegal purchasing of drugs, possession of drugs, prostitution, and retail theft in Philadelphia. Clients reported mostly positive experiences with the program, identifying the primary benefits as avoided arrest and relational support from affiliated service providers. Police officers expressed support for the program in principle but skepticism about its effects in practice, questioning the quality of available services. Program personnel and police officers described multi-sectoral collaboration as essential to addressing frequent and diverse logistical challenges, including overly restrictive eligibility criteria, mistrust between police and service providers, and coordination across different neighborhoods. Finally, all three groups suggested that people can only benefit from service linkages when they are ready to engage and that inadequate access to resources like housing limits program effectiveness. Conclusions The PAD program is a promising public health intervention for diverting people away from punishment and towards services to address unmet social and health needs. But increasing investments in training and in other supportive services is essential to sustainable and transformational change.
Impairment of Rod cGMP-Gated Channel α-Subunit Expression Leads to Photoreceptor and Bipolar Cell Degeneration

PURPOSE. To determine whether alterations in rod cGMP-gated channel function mediate retinal degeneration, a transgenic approach in which the a subunit of the rod cGMP-gated channel is reduced by the expression of an antisense RNA was used. METHODS. A 890-bp fragment of the 59 mouse rod cGMP-gated channel cDNA was cloned in the antisense orientation under the control of the strong bacterial cytomegalovirus promoter. This antisense construct was used to generate transgenic mice in which the expression of the antisense transgene was measured by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction. Histologic, immunocytochemical, and TdT-dUTP terminal nick-end labeling (TUNEL) analyses were performed on control and transgenic retina sections to determine the effects of antisense expression on specific cell types. RESULTS. The antisense RNA was able to inhibit the translation of the rod channel protein in an in vitro assay. Three transgenic mouse lines expressing the antisense construct were obtained. Molecular analyses showed that the antisense is expressed in the eye of each transgenic mouse line, where it reduces rod cGMP-gated channel RNA expression. Histologic and immunocytochemical data showed that transgenic retinas have a reduced number of photoreceptors and bipolar cells. TUNEL staining confirmed that photoreceptor and bipolar cells degenerate along an apoptotic pathway. CONCLUSIONS. Impairment of rod cGMP-gated channel a subunit expression leads to photoreceptor and bipolar cell degeneration. These transgenic mice are the first model of retinal degeneration caused by an alteration in the expression of the rod cGMP-gated channel. This model system can be used to test therapies designed to slow or stalled retinal degenerations. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41:917‐926)
Parent Depression Symptoms and Child Temperament Outcomes: A Family Study Approach

Parent personality and depression, family conflict, and child temperament were examined in a family study design including two children 2.5‐5.5 years of age. Sibling resemblance for temperament was also investigated. Parent personality and family conflict had minimal significance for child temperament outcomes. However, parent depression was associated with higher child activity level and anger, and lower inhibitory control. These findings were supported by more rigorous regression analyses that included parent depression, child gender, and age as predictors. Sibling resemblance for child activity, anger and inhibitory control was also present, supporting a genetic etiology for child temperament. These findings indicate that children of depressed parents may be at increased risk for experiencing behavioral maladjustment related to anger, hyperactivity, and impulse control.
Prisoners of Conscience: Moral Vernaculars of Political Agency, by Gerald A. Hauser

Professor Hauser’s Prisoners of Conscience is a book that explores how disempowered individuals use a variety of modes of resistance—parrhesia, indirection, passive aggression, bodily performances,...
A statistical comparison of commonly used external magnetic field models

[1] Accurate geomagnetic field models are crucial to the study of radiation belt phenomena. We quantitatively examine the accuracy of several external models widely in use via the Office National d'Etudes et de Recherche Aerospatiales-Departement Environnement Spatial (ONERA-DESP) libraries. We study 2 years characterized by very different space weather conditions, 1996 and 2003. The year 1996, at solar minimum, exhibited many high-speed streams and a few corotating interaction regions but was generally quiet. In contrast, 2003 included the Halloween storm, one of the most intense geomagnetic storms on record caused by a coronal mass ejection. The performance of each model, as measured by prediction efficiency and skill score, is evaluated as a function of magnetospheric conditions (reflected by the geomagnetic index Kp) and magnetic local time (MLT). Not surprisingly, the newer models tend to perform better and interesting comparisons arise between the performances of the models during different periods of the solar cycle and across different Kp and MLT values. For Kp < 4, most models show similar performance, but for higher values, there are large differences between newer and older model performance. As a function of MLT, noticeable dips in the performance of older models are observed near dawn. These dips are suspected to be effects of field-aligned and partial ring currents that are not fully incorporated into the models, but their exact nature is unknown.
A REVIEW OF DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT AND COMPLICATIONS FOR CARCINOMA OF THE CERVIX UTERI.

Abstract The diagnostic errors, therapeutic complications, and results of treatment for 963 women with carcinoma of the cervix uteri are presented. 1. The diagnosis was not confirmed by re-examination of the tissue from 73 cases which had been diagnosed as invasive carcinoma (Table I). None of these patients are known to have subsequently developed cervical cancer to date. 2. Six hundred and thirty-seven women had initial treatment for invasive cervical cancer at the Washington University Medical Center from Jan. 1, 1950, to Jan. 1, 1957. One hundred and fifty-three others had persistent cervical cancer. These subjects completed their initial treatment at another hospital 6 weeks or more before being examined at the Center. One hundred and seventeen women had carcinoma in situ of the cervix. 3. In Stages I, II, and III the patients treated by intracavitary radium, injections of radioactive colloidal gold into the parametria, and Wertheim hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy (Method C), survived longer than did those treated by either intracavitary radium and external pelvic roentgen therapy (Method A) or by intracavitary radium and parametrial radioactive gold (Method B). Similarly, those treated by either B or C methods show an absolute 5 to 10 year cure rate, which is statistically higher in all stages and consistently higher for each year. Calculations reveal that these differences are statistically significant. 4. This analysis demonstrated that the incidences of complications for the three principal treatment methods (A, B, and C) were of the same order (Table XVI). However, the severity of the complications for the treatment which combined radiation and operation (Method C) were definitely greater (Table XIX). 5. Women treated by exenteration of the pelvic organs for persistent postradiation cervical carcinoma survived significantly longer than did the women in a comparable group treated by other means. The exenteration procedure is the treatment of choice for women in whom cervical carcinoma persists after radiation therapy and which remains confined to the pelvis.
Extended Analysis of Empirical Citations with Skinner's Verbal Behavior: 1984-2004.

The present paper comments on and extends the citation analysis of verbal operant publications based on Skinner’s Verbal Behavior (1957) by Dymond, O’Hora, Whelan, and O’Donovan (2006). Variations in population parameters were evaluated for only those studies that Dymond et al. categorized as empirical. Preliminary results indicate that the majority of empirical research in the area of verbal behavior has been conducted with the younger developmentally disabled population and has focused on verbal operants from the introductory chapters of Skinner’s book. It is clear that Verbal Behavior has influenced empirical research over the past 50 years. We believe, however, that there are many underdeveloped research areas originating from Verbal Behavior that have not yet been addressed. Suggestions for extended areas of research are provided.
Precision truss structures from concept to hardware reality: application to the Micro-Precision Interferometer Testbed

This paper describes the development of the truss structure at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory that forms the backbone of JPL's Micro-Precision Interferometer (MPI) Testbed. The Micro- Precision Interferometer (MPI) Testbed is the third generation of Control Structure Interaction (CSI) Testbeds constructed by JPL aimed at developing and validating control concepts. The MPI testbed is essentially a space-based Michelson interferometer suspended in a ground- based laboratory. This instrument, mounted to the flexible truss, requires nanometer level precision alignment and positioning of its optical elements to achieve science objectives. A layered control architecture, utilizing isolation, structural control, and active optical control technologies, allow the system to meet its vibration attenuation goals. Success of the structural control design, which involves replacement of truss struts with active and/or passive elements, depends heavily on high fidelity models of the structure to evaluate strut placement locations. The first step in obtaining an accurate structure model is to build a structure which is linear.
SU‐FF‐J‐38: High Precision Mask Based Patient Positioning System

Purpose: Island mask with infrared (IR) markers is designed for camera based high precision patient positioning system. This system is suitable to monitor head and neck IMRT, edentulous and pediatric patents' inter-fractional and intra-fractional movement where current industrial standard bite plate system is not able to apply on the above described patients. Method and Materials: Thermoplastic and Styrofoam are used to make an island mask with the following procedures: First, cut the thermoplastic into a predefined template shape; Styrofoam cut into wedge shape with 1 inch in height and has area at least 9×9cm2 for supporting five IR markers. Second, put the upper portion of template between philtrum and forehead and wrap the lower portion of template around with the Styrofoam wedge in it. Third, make two ear straps to fix the mask through the ears. Exactrac (BrainLAB Inc.) IR camera system is used for this study. The positioning reproducibility of mask system is examined against the bite plate system. The shrinkage of mask and optimal position of placing IR markers are also assessed. Results: The shrinkage of mask is within 1 mm and become stable 30 minutes after the mask has been cooled down. The positioning reproducibility of individual marker is worse for the marker located near the peripheral of the mask, and also symmetric pattern of markers is not allowed due to the “ambiguity” of the IR camera system. Therefore, the pattern of markers is an irregular shape and markers are located at the flat platform near the center of the mask. The overall positioning reproducibility of mask is within 1.4mm on five non-patient subjects. Conclusion: Our study shows that this mask based patient positioning system is an alternative of patient who can not use bite plate system but needs inter-fractional and intra-fractional movement monitoring.
3D vs. 2D analysis of FinFET logic gates under process variations

Among various multi-gate structures, FinFETs have emerged dominant owing to their ease of fabrication. Thus, characterization of FinFET devices/gates needs immediate attention for them to become the industry driver in this decade. Ideally, 3D device simulation should be done to enable accurate circuit synthesis. However, this is impractical due to the huge CPU times required. Simulating a 2D cross-section of the device yields 100–1000× reduction in CPU time. However, this introduces significant error, in the range of 10% to 50%, while evaluating the on/off current (I ON /I OFF ) for a single device and leakage current or propagation delay (I LEAK /t D ) for logic gates. In this work, we develop accurate 2D models of FinFET devices to capture 3D simulation accuracy with 2D simulation efficiency. We report results for the 22nm FinFET technology node. As far as we know, this is the first such attempt. We establish the validity of the model even under process variations. We target variations in gate length (L G ), workfunction (Φ G ) and fin thickness (TSI) that are known to have the most impact on leakage and delay. We adjust their values in the 2D model in order to mimic the actual 3D device behavior. When the 2D models are employed in mixed-mode simulation of FinFET logic gates, the error in the evaluation of I LEAK /t D is quite small.
Regulation of the activity and synthesis of malic enzyme in 3T3-L1 cells

Malic enzyme activity in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells was about 20-fold greater than activity in undifferentiated cells. A new steady-state level was achieved about 8 days after initiating differentiation of confluent cultures with a 2-day exposure to dexamethasone, isobutylmethylxanthine, and insulin. This increase in enzyme activity resulted from an increase in the mass of malic enzyme as detected by immunotitration of enzyme activity with goat antiserum directed against purified rat liver malic enzyme. Malic enzyme synthesis was undetectable in undifferentiated cells and increased to about 0.2% of soluble protein in differentiated cells, suggesting that the increase in enzyme mass was due primarily to an increase in enzyme synthesis. Thyroid hormone, a potent stimulator of malic enzyme activity in hepatocytes in culture and in liver and adipose tissue in intact animals, decreased or increased malic enzyme activity in differentiating 3T3-L1 cells by about 40% when it was removed or added to the medium, respectively. Insulin, another physiologically important regulator of malic enzyme activity in vivo, had no effect on the initial rate of accumulation of malic enzyme activity in the differentiating cells and caused a 30 to 40% decrease in the final level of enzyme activity in the fully differentiated cells. Cyclic AMP, a potent inhibitor of malic enzyme synthesis in hepatocytes in culture, inhibited this process in 3T3-L1 cells by 30%. Malic enzyme is like several other enzymes in that the large increase in its concentration which accompanies differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells is due to increased synthesis of enzyme protein. However, the hormonal modulation of malic enzyme characteristic of liver and adipose tissue in intact animals does not appear to occur in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells, suggesting that differentiated 3T3-L1 cells may not be an appropriate model system in which to study the hormonal modulation of malic enzyme that occurs in liver and adipose tissue of intact animals.
Honest Hiring: What Should We Tell Job Candidates about Personnel Problems?.

This essay focusses both on ways that librarians should acknowledge unresolved personnel problems and also on the stages at which we should make decisions about divulging information concerning these matters to potential new employees.
Cyclosporine a inhibits TNF production without decreasing TNF mRNA levels

Abstract The role of cytokines in health and disease has received increasing attention and numberous investigations have explored the regulation of cytokine gene expression. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) has received particular attention because of its central role in septic shock and more recent work has shown its participation in transplant immunology. We explored the mechanism of cyclosporine A (CsA) modulation of complete Freunds adjuvant macrophage (CFA-MO) TNF gene expression. From 0.001 to 1 ug/ml, CsA dose-dependently inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced secreted bioactivity; at doses above 10μg/ml CSA was directly toxic to CFA-MO. However, there was no suppression of TNF mRNA levels, and CsA also did not inhibit the accumulation of cell-associated TNF. Thus, CsA modulates TNF gene expression in a previously undescribed manner.
Molecular profile and clinical-pathologic features of the follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. An unusually high prevalence of ras mutations.

The follicular variant (FV) of papillary thyroid carcinoma is characterized by a follicular growth pattern and cytologic features of papillary carcinoma. ret/PTC rearrangements are common in classic papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and PAX8-PPAR gamma and ras mutations in follicular thyroid carcinoma. Their prevalence in FV has not been established. We studied these genetic alterations and clinical-pathologic features in 30 FV cases and compared those with 46 non-FV papillary carcinomas. FV cases revealed 1 ret/PTC rearrangement (3%) and 13 ras mutations (43%). Non-FV cases harbored 13 ret/PTC (28%) (P = .006) and no ras mutations (P = .0002). No PAX8-PPAR gamma was found in either group. FV cases demonstrated a significantly higher prevalence of tumor encapsulation, angiovascular invasion, and poorly differentiated areas and a lower rate of lymph node metastases. These data indicate that the FV of papillary carcinoma has a distinct set of molecular alterations and is characterized by a high frequency of ras point mutations.
Capturing the Moment to Debunk the Crisis

Despite the unparalleled trauma associated with the Sandy Hook Shootings, school shootings are neither uncommon nor relegated to the contemporary moment. The first documented U.S. school shooting o...
To Aggregate, Pool, or Neither

It is well known that, even if all forecasters are rational, unbiasedness tests using consensus forecasts are inconsistent because forecasters have private information. However, if all forecasters face a common realization, pooled estimators are also inconsistent. In contrast, we show that when predictions and realizations are integrated and cointegrated, microhomogeneity ensures that consensus and pooled estimators are consistent. Therefore, contrary to claims in the literature, in the absence of microhomogeneity, pooling is not a solution to the aggregation problem. We reject microhomogeneity for a number of forecasts from the Survey of Professional Forecasters. Therefore, for these variables unbiasedness can only be tested at the individual level.
Light-induced fast conformational change in all-trans-retinal at low temperature.

AN understanding of the excited state properties of retinal is essential for the elucidation of the mechanism of the visual process, because the photochemistry of the visual chromophore accounts to a large extent for the early bleaching stages of rhodospin1. All-trans-retinal has some unusual optical properties. It exhibits a dependence of its fluorescence quantum yield on the exciting wavelength2,3 as well as an anomalous heavy atom effect4. In addition, the nature of its emitting state has not been determined; there is evidence5–7, however, for the presence of a low lying, weakly allowed 1Ag state in some other polyenes.
Dehydration bake effects with UV/O3 treatment for 130-nm node PSM processing

As feature sizes of phase shift mask (PSM) have dropped below half-micron, resist adhesion have become a more critical issue, especially during second level lithography. Second writing process requires special consideration, because the resist's mechanical strength of resists on patterned chrome and patterned glass is smaller in comparison to that on the un-patterned chrome blank. If the adhesion strength is not sufficient to withstand the stress during subsequent processes, patterns will be damaged during second level lithography. Resists stress at pattern edges that subsequent processes, pattern will be damaged during second level lithography. Resist stress at pattern edges that weaken its adhesive property, together with the low mechanical strength of resists on glass, creates ample probability for the unwanted phenomenon in PSM process. In this paper, we investigate the effects of property and adhesive strength of resists on surfaces at different treatment before resist coating process, and observe the defects generation after different treatment.
Flow microfluorometric analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from nonhuman primates: Correlation of phenotype with immune function.

A panel of monoclonal antibody reagents has been identified that can be used for routine monitoring of subsets of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from Macaca mulatta (rhesus macaques), Macaca nemestrina (pig-tailed macaques), and Cercocebus atys (sooty mangabeys). The procedure uses fluorescein and phycoerythrin conjugates of the monoclonal antibodies in appropriate combinations, so that two-color microfluorometric analyses can be readily performed on as little as 1.2 ml of EDTA blood. PBMC from a total of 20 normal adult rhesus macaques, 21 normal adult pig-tailed macaques, 4 SIV- sooty mangabeys, and 16 SIV+ adult sooty mangabeys were analyzed with the panel of monoclonal reagents and flow microfluorometry. The mean frequency, absolute numbers, and range for each subset in these nonhuman primate species are described. Sooty mangabeys appeared markedly different from the other two primate species. The PBMCs from the mangabeys had a higher mean frequency and absolute number of total T cells, Leu-3a+/18- T cells, suppressor (Leu-2a+) T cells, which were HLA-DR+, and IL-2R+ cells. Functional helper, suppressor, natural killer (NK), lymphokine activated killer (LAK), and antigen-presenting cell studies were also performed to correlate phenotype with immune function. Data indicate that Leu-3a+ T cells (CD4+) and Leu-2a+ T cells (CD8+) in these primate species represent human equivalents of helper and suppressor T cells, respectively. NK and LAK effector cells in the rhesus and pig-tailed macaques appear to be predominantly Leu-19+. In contrast, Leu-2a+ cells appear to be the predominant NK and LAK effector cell in sooty mangabeys. These data provide a basis for routine evaluation of lymphocyte subsets in these nonhuman primate species, and provide a means to correlate phenotype with immune function.
Chromosomal rearrangements and copy number abnormalities of TP63 correlate with p63 protein expression in lung adenocarcinoma

The TP63 gene encodes a member of the p53 family of transcription factors. Although TP53 is a well-known tumor suppressor gene, the role of p63 in tumorigenesis is controversial. Our group recently identified novel chromosomal rearrangements involving TP63 in approximately 6% of peripheral T-cell lymphomas, which correlated with a p63+/p40- immunohistochemical profile. As a subset of lung adenocarcinomas are p63+/p40-, we undertook the current study to examine the presence of TP63 rearrangements and correlate with p63/p40 expression. Next-generation sequencing was used to identify genomic rearrangements of TP63 in 37 adenocarcinomas. Confirmatory fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) using a break-apart probe to the TP63 gene region and immunohistochemistry for p63 and p40 were performed on adenocarcinomas with TP63 rearrangements identified by mate-pair sequencing. Immunohistochemistry for p63 and p40 was performed on 45 additional adenocarcinomas, and FISH was performed on all adenocarcinomas with p63 positivity. TP63 rearrangement was identified in two adenocarcinoma specimens from a single patient. The rearrangement resulted in a complex rearrangement of 3q that fused B3GALNT1 at the 3' intron to TP63. FISH confirmed the rearrangement in both tumors. Immunohistochemistry staining for p63 was diffuse (>80% cells+) and p40 was negative. Of the 44 additional adenocarcinomas, 13 (30%) showed p63 expression; p40 was negative in all cases. No case showed rearrangement of TP63 by a break-apart FISH. However, extra copies of the intact TP63 locus were seen in the p63-positive areas of all 12 cases, with copy numbers ranging from three to seven. We have identified a novel chromosomal rearrangement involving TP63 in a p63+/p40- lung adenocarcinoma. Break-apart FISH testing can be used to diagnose this finding. Immunohistochemistry for p63 was not specific for this rearrangement, as nearly 33% of adenocarcinomas expressed p63. Additional copies of the intact TP63 locus were also a common finding and correlated with immunohistochemistry positivity for p63.
Human Papillomavirus Genotyping Using an Automated Film-Based Chip Array

The INFINITI HPV-QUAD assay is a commercially available genotyping platform for human papillomavirus (HPV) that uses multiplex PCR, followed by automated processing for primer extension, hybridization, and detection. The analytical performance of the HPV-QUAD assay was evaluated using liquid cervical cytology specimens, and the results were compared with those results obtained using the digene High-Risk HPV hc2 Test (HC2). The specimen types included Surepath and PreservCyt transport media, as well as residual SurePath and HC2 transport media from the HC2 assay. The overall concordance of positive and negative results following the resolution of indeterminate and intermediate results was 83% among the 197 specimens tested. HC2 positive (+) and HPV-QUAD negative (−) results were noted in 24 specimens that were shown by real-time PCR and sequence analysis to contain no HPV, HPV types that were cross-reactive in the HC2 assay, or low virus levels. Conversely, HC2 (−) and HPV-QUAD (+) results were noted in four specimens and were subsequently attributed to cross-contamination. The most common HPV types to be identified in this study were HPV16, HPV18, HPV52/58, and HPV39/56. We show that the HPV-QUAD assay is a user friendly, automated system for the identification of distinct HPV genotypes. Based on its analytical performance, future studies with this platform are warranted to assess its clinical utility for HPV detection and genotyping.
Association of monocytic leukemia in patients with extreme leukocytosis

Abstract Fifteen of 73 newly diagnosed patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), admitted to Mount Sinai Hospital between July 1977 and October 1979, presented with leukocyte counts greater than 100,000/μl. Eleven of these 15 patients with hyperleukocytosis had myelomonocytic (AMML-M4) or monocytic (AMOL-M5) leukemia compared to 14 of 58 patients with lower white cell counts (p
The neurobehavioural consequences of St. Louis encephalitis infection.

Background : St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) is a relatively common cause of neurological illness, yet little is known about its cognitive and psychosocial consequences. Purpose : To describe the cognitive, emotional, psychophysiological, and psychosocial consequences of SLE infection. Method : A comprehensive neuropsychological and psychophysiological evaluation of a high functioning woman 6 weeks and 1 year after acute SLE infection is presented. The focus and course of rehabilitation is also examined. Results : The primary cognitive consequences of SLE infection involved attention, working memory, speed of processing, and cognitive efficiency. Depression was also observed. Psychometric testing suggested that these deficits largely resolved after 1 year. Conclusions : SLE produces neurocognitive deficits which are reflected in both psychometric and psychophysiologic measures and functional status. Psychometric and vocational improvement were observed over 1 year. However, the normal vocational return came ...
Broiler Performance with DSS40 Yucca Saponin in Combination with Monensin

Abstract DSS40 yucca saponin was fed at 63 ppm (approximately .9 ppm active steroid saponin) in combination with monensin at 99 ppm or 121 ppm in an experiment using 1224 commercial straight-run broilers. Yucca saponin added to broiler diets did not significantly increase body weights; however, it improved (P≤.05) feed efficiency of broilers when fed with 121 ppm of monensin. Results showed no significant differences in mortality, shank pigmentation, or litter moisture.
Development of continuous liver cell cultures from the marine teleost, spot (Leiostomus xanthurus, Pisces: Sciaenidae)

Abstract This study was designed to identify the optimal conditions for spot ( Leiostomus xanthurus ) liver cell survival and propagation in vitro. Livers were digested by trypsin disaggregation. Liver cells were obtained in yields that ranged from 4 to 64 × 10 4 cells/g of live body weight (average 15 × 10 4 cells/g). The isolated liver cells attached to the substrate within 2–6 h and formed confluent monolayers by the 6–8th day of culture. Intercellular junctions were frequently observed between neighboring hepatocytes. The best results were obtained when the cells were seeded at a density of 1 × 10 6 cells/25 cm 2 flask. RPMI-1640 and L-15 media supported cellular growth in the presence or absence of 5% CO 2 . Cultured spot liver cells formed a monolayer over a wide range of osmolalities (i.e. 295 to 355 mOsm/kg). Incubation at either 27 °C or 21 °C best supported the growth of the cultured cells. Cultured spot liver cells were able to synthesize DNA, RNA, and protein. Coral tree extract, concanavalin A, and bacterial lipopolysaccharides augmented DNA synthesis in cultured liver cells. Subculturing was possible and three continuous cultures (designated as SLW, SLN, and SLF) with the potential to become immortal cell lines were developed. Undoubtedly, immortal liver cell lines will be useful in vitro models that will allow further investigation of the mechanisms of hepatic metabolism, tumor formation, and xenobiotic activation.
Patient-controlled analgesia in the pediatric population: morphine versus hydromorphone

OBJECTIVE Patient controlled analgesia (PCA) is commonly used to provide analgesia following surgical procedures in the pediatric population. Morphine and hydromorphone remain the most commonly used opioids for PCA. Although both are effective, adverse effects may occur. When these adverse effects are unremitting or severe, opioid rotation may be required. In this study, we retrospectively evaluated PCA use, the adverse effect profile, and the frequency of opioid rotation. METHODS This retrospective study was performed at Nationwide Children's Hospital (Columbus, OH). The hospital's electronic registry was queried for PCA use delivering either morphine or hydromorphone from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2010. RESULTS A total of 514 patients were identified, that met study entry criteria. Of the 514 cases, 298 (56.2%) were initially started on morphine and 225 (43.8%) were initially started on hydromorphone. There were a total of 26 (5.1%) opioid changes in the cohort of 514 patients. Of the 26 switches, 23 of 298 (7.7%) were from morphine to hydromorphone, and 3 of 225 (1.3%) were from hydromorphone to morphine (P=0.0008). Of the 17 morphine-to-hydromorphone switches with adverse effects, pruritus (64.7%), and inadequate pain control (47.1%) were the most common side effects. The most common side effect resulting in a hydromorphone-to-morphine switch was nausea (66.7%). CONCLUSION PCA switches from morphine-to-hydromorphone (88.5%) were more common than vice-versa (11.5%). The most common reasons for morphine-to-hydromorphone switch were pruritus and inadequate pain control. These data suggest that a prospective study is necessary to determine the side effect differences between morphine and hydromorphone in pediatric PCA.
Structure and Life Cycle of Microburst Outflows Observed in Colorado

Abstract Intense, small-scale divergent outflows known as microbursts are held responsible for a number of aircraft accidents. This paper describes the morphology of microburst outflows observed in Colorado. Outflows are categorized into morphological types based on analysis of observation by Doppler radars and a surface meteorological network. Outflow life cycle is discussed, and the vertical and horizontal structure is described. Basic characteristics of microburst outflows are summarized from statistics compiled using both single and multiple Doppler analyses. The microburst outflows are classified into two types: individual microbursts and microburst lines. Examples of observations of each type are shown. Organization of microbursts into microburst lines results in much longer-lasting wind shear than exists with isolated microbursts. The greater lifetime of microburst lines, combined with the much larger area of divergence, can create a much greater potential for hazard to aircraft than is the case fo...
Supported Employment for Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Preliminary Data.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of supported employment in securing and maintaining competitive employment for people with autism spectrum disorder, a group that has typically been found to be underemployed or unemployed. This prospective study followed and collected data on 33 individuals with autism spectrum disorder as they progressed through a supported employment model, working one-on-one with an employment specialist. Of the 33 individuals included in the study, 27 successfully obtained competitive employment, with a total of 29 positions secured. The successful results were achieved through the use of a supported employment model and skilled employment specialists who were able to provide a high level of social supports and compensatory training strategies for skill acquisition. Specifically, employment specialists supported individuals through four steps of an individualized supported employment model: (a) the development of a jobseeker profile and assessment, (b) guiding the ...
Conservation economics: economic analysis of biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services

Economic analysis has much to contribute to understanding and analyzing the conservation of biological diversity and the provision of ecosystem services. These issues are vitally important and relatively understudied by economists to date. Application of economic tools is needed to understand the benefits and costs of conserving biodiversity and providing ecosystem services. Application of economic tools is needed to evaluate management and policy options both in terms of cost effectiveness and cost—benefit analysis. This article reviews recent developments in the area of conservation economics and discusses important challenges that remain.
Fiber polytopes and fractional power series

Abstract This paper explores the power series expansions of polynomial equations in N variables. Expansions considered have exponents lying in some convex conical region in R N . An N -variable analog of the Newton polygon construction for polynomials in two variables is used to construct such series expansions. The structure of these series is related to the theory of fiber polytopes as introduced by Billera and Sturmfels in [2], and this relationship is used to draw conclusions about certain ramification loci.