cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neurocytogenesis. I. Neurofibrils, neurofilaments, and the terminal mitotic cycle.

Initial cytodifferentiation of neuroblasts in the retina of chick embryos was investigated by means of silver impregnation, H3-thymidine autoradiography, and electron microscopy. Utilization of various combined procedures with the same initial fixative demonstrated that the results of neurofibrillar staining are complementary, not contradictory, to information obtained from both autoradiography and electron microscopy. The question of a homogeneous versus a non-homogeneous cell population within the neural epithelium was clarified by the closely related appearance of neurofibrils to the terminal mitotic cycle of some presumptive neuroblasts. Neurofibrils were observed in certain apolar pre-division cells as well as in pairs of transitional apolar and bipolar daughter cells which apparently do not remain in the neural epithelium. At the ultrastructural level, aggregates of 60 A neurofilaments were observed in configurations that corresponded to neurofibrillar networks. As the bipolar neuroblast moves into the ganglion cell layer, it would appear that much of the neurofibrillar substance is transported within the elongating peripheral process which becomes the optic nerve fiber. Further investigation of the relationship of neurofilaments to neurotubules in the neuroblast undergoing cytodifferentiation is now in progress.
Galenia pubescens — Salt-tolerant, drought-tolerant potential source of leaf protein

Galenia pubescens (Eckl. and Zeyh.) Druce is a subtropical perennial herbaceous plant showing drought- and salt-tolerance. It is not obligate for salinity. Gas exchange data show that photosynthesis is not affected by 200 me/l NaCl; however, water-use efficiency increases with increasing salt. Net photosynthetic rates of 50 mg CO2/dm2 -h have been recorded. Because of a large capacity to assimilate N, as much as 30% or more of the leaves can be protein. This species has higher extractable nitrate reductase activity than any previously reported for a higher plant. Part of its N supply may be semisymbiotic. The species has no dormancy and grows best during cooler months. Its widespread (up to 3 meters in diameter), low, dense growth habit makes it capable of protecting hillsides from erosion. When provided with adequate moisture, its annual productivity can be as much as 8000 kg/ha dry material.
SENTINEL: securing database from logic flaws in web applications

Logic flaws within web applications allow the attackers to disclose or tamper sensitive information stored in back-end databases, since the web application usually acts as the single trusted user that interacts with the database. In this paper, we model the web application as an extended finite state machine and present a black-box approach for deriving the application specification and detecting malicious SQL queries that violate the specification. Several challenges arise, such as how to extract persistent state information in the database and infer data constraints. We systematically extract a set of invariants from observed SQL queries and responses, as well as session variables, as the application specification. Any suspicious SQL queries that violate corresponding invariants are identified as potential attacks. We implement a prototype detection system SENTINEL (SEcuriNg daTabase from logIc flaws iN wEb appLication) and evaluate it using a set of real-world web applications. The experiment results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach and show that acceptable performance overhead is incurred by our implementation.
‘Explain to your partner’: teachers' instructional practices and students' dialogue in small groups

Collaborative group work has great potential to promote student learning, and increasing evidence exists about the kinds of interaction among students that are necessary to achieve this potential. Less often studied is the role of the teacher in promoting effective group collaboration. This article investigates the extent to which teachers' instructional practices were related to small‐group dialogue in four urban elementary mathematics classrooms in the US. Using videotaped and audiotaped recordings of whole‐class and small‐group discussions, we examined the extent to which teachers pressed students to explain their thinking during their interventions with small groups and during whole‐class discussions, and we explored the relationship between teachers' practices and the nature and extent of students' explaining during collaborative group work. While teachers used a variety of instructional practices to structure and orchestrate students' dialogue in small groups, only probing students' explanations to ...
BIOLOGY OF BACTERIUM LEPISEPTICUM : III. PHYSICAL, CULTURAL, AND GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFUSE AND MUCOID TYPES AND THEIR VARIANTS

1. From 1922 to 1926, mucoid types of Bact. lepisepticum have proved more prevalent that "D" types in certain rabbit communities. 2. The bacteria from the mucoid colonies are larger than the "D" type; "G" variants are very small. All types are largest during the period of logarithmic growth. Differences in size appear to be determined chiefly by the amount of "cytoplasmic" substance. 3. The mucoid colony is larger and appears watery as compared with the "D" colony. 4. Fermentation tests, indole and nitrate reduction reactions of mucoid and "D" types and their variants are similar. 5. The acid agglutination zone of the mucoid type is similar to that of the "D" type. 6. The mucoid type is more stable in suspension than the "D" type. 7. The negative potential of mucoid types is similar to that of the "D" and higher than that of "G" variants. 8. The behavior of the mucoid type of bacilli in fluid media differs from that of the "D" strains in the following respects. About 500 or more mucoid organisms per c., inoculated into plain broth, will grow; "D" strains require seedings of at least 100,000. A lag of 3 to 48 hours duration occurs in the growth of mucoid strains, according to the amount of original seeding. This is considerably longer than that observed for the "D" strains. The period of multiplication is relatively long-24 to 48 hours-and the maximum number per cc. does not exceed 600,000,000. "D" strains reach 1,000,000,000 per cc. within 24 hours. "G" variants appear very slowly in mucoid cultures as contrasted with "D" strains, where their occurrence is rapid and abundant. The presence in the broth of blood or other oxygen-absorbing substances enables less than ten mucoid organisms per cc. to multiply without lag and to reach a maximum number of about 600,000,000 per cc. in 24 to 48 hours. "D" strains reach a count of 1,000,000,000 per cc. within 12 hours under similar conditions. 9. "D" and mucoid strains, inoculated into 750 cc. of plain or blood broth, and incubated at 37 degrees , remain alive for more than 12 months. The numbers per cc. decrease to about 1/1000 of the maximum after the first 6 weeks. Subsequently, the rate of decrease is slower. The original strains are gradually replaced by "intermediate" and "G" colonies. 10. The various mucoid strains proved similar in their antigenic properties. "D" strains were also mutually related, but no cross-agglutination between "D" and mucoid types was demonstrable.
Importance of a Personal History of Breast Cancer as a Risk Factor for the Development of Subsequent Breast Cancer: Results From Screening Breast MRI

OBJECTIVE. The purposes of this study were to assess the importance of a personal history of breast cancer as a risk factor for patients referred for screening breast MRI and to evaluate the importance of this risk factor compared with family history. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A retrospective review of screening breast MRI performed from 2004 to 2012 included a total of 702 patients, 465 of whom had undergone annual MRI and 237 of whom had undergone MRI every 6 months as part of a research protocol. RESULTS. Of the patients screened, 208 had a personal history of breast cancer, and 345 had a family history as the sole risk factor. An additional 97 patients had both risk factors. The absolute risk for detection of breast cancer at screening MRI among patients with a personal history of cancer was 2.8% (95% CI, 0.6–5.2%). The absolute risk for patients with a strong family history of cancer was 2.0% (95% CI, 0.5–3.5%). The relative risk for detection of breast cancer given a personal history was 1.42 (95% CI, ...
Quantitative Experimental Confirmation of the Chain Contraction Assumption of the Hydrodynamic Scaling Model

For cis-polyisoprene in a variety of solvents, published dielectric relaxation measurements1 have determined the concentration dependence of the magnitude 〈R2〉 and collective relaxation time τn of the polymer end-to-end vectors. It is here shown for the first time that the measured concentration dependence of 〈R2〉 accounts quantitatively for the transformation of a formal simple-exponential concentration dependence of a polymer transport coefficient into the observed stretched-exponential concentration dependence of that coefficient, as seen in the hydrodynamic scaling model of polymer dynamics.2 Specifically, it is here shown that R and τn are correlated by τn = τn0 exp(ac1〈R2〉3/2), a being a constant independent of c and R, the nonexponential concentration dependence of τn arising from the concentration dependence of R in accord with expectations based on the ansatz of ref 2.
Electron Microscopic Observations on the Symbiosis of Paramecium bursaria and its Intracellular Algae

SYNOPSIS. Observations were made on the fine structure of Paramecium bursaria and its intracellular Chlorella symbionts. Emphasis was placed on the structure of the algae and structural aspects of the relationship between the organisms. The algae are surrounded by a prominent cell wall and contain a cup-shaped chloroplast which lies just beneath the plasma membrane. Within the cavity formed by the chloroplast are a large nucleus, a mitochondrion, one or more dictyosomes, and numerous ribosomes. The chloroplast itself is made up of a series of lamellar stacks each containing 2–6 or more thylakoids with a granular stroma and starch grains intercalated between the stacks. The thylakoid stacks of mature algae are frequently more compact than those of recently divided algae. A large pyrenoid is located within the base of the chloroplast. It is made up of a granular or fibrillar matrix surrounded by a shell of starch. The matrix is bisected by a stack of 2 thylakoids. Prior to the division of the chloroplast the pyrenoid regresses; pyrenoids subsequently form in the daughter chloroplasts thru condensation of the matrix material and the reappearance of a starch shell. This shell appears to be formed by the hollowing-out of starch grains already present in the chloroplast stroma. Accordingly, in this case, starch moves from the stroma to the pyrenoid. The algae are located thruout the peripheral cytoplasm of the Paramecium. Each alga is located in an individual vacuole except immediately following division of the algae when the daughter cells are temporarily located in the vacuole which harbored the parental cell. Shortly thereafter the vacuole membrane invaginates, thereby isolating the daughter algae into individual vacuoles. Degenerating symbiotic algae are seen; because these are frequently found in vacuoles with bacteria, they are presumed to be undergoing digestion. Due to the conditions of culture these algae could have been either of intracellular or extracellular origin.
Quantization of nonlinear waves

We suggest that certain nonlinear field theories possess a particle spectrum, richer than has been heretofore discussed. In addition to states associated with quantization of the free-field modes of oscillation---these are the conventional particles of the theory---there also appear heavy particles, which carry a new quantum number and are stable. An approximation scheme is developed in which the signal for these new particles is the existence of stable static solutions with finite energy to the classical equations of motion. We give a systematic expansion for the theory, with special emphasis on the translational motion.
Evidence that endogenous vasopressin plays a protective role in circulatory shock. Role for reticuloendothelial system using Brattleboro rats

Experiments performed on male Wistar, Long Evans and Brattleboro rats indicate that the latter strain of animals, lacking vasopressin in their posterior pituitaries, are extremely sensitive to hemorrhagic and bowel ischemic shock. Mild forms of both hemorrhagic and bowel ischemic shock, as produced in Wistar on Long Evans rats, results in marked hypotension, hemoconcentration and blockade of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) in Brattleboro animals of similar sex, age and weight. These direct findings indicate that release of endogenous vasopressin in shock syndromes may be critical in maintenance of circulatory homeostasis and RES function.
The role of the informatics framework in early lead discovery

Recent developments in screening technologies and data analysis have been driven by promises that the numbers of new lead compounds will increase. Although many of these promises have become reality, the success of this strategy also depends on the information framework that ties the individual components together. In particular, high-content technologies represent a new force in challenging established informatics frameworks; largely because of their data volume, variety of assay parameters and increased scientific complexity. A successful informatics framework design can be regarded as crucial for new technologies, both in terms of scientific content and information, and process integration across large corporate networks.
Hydrogen Peroxide Generated during Cellular Insulin Stimulation Is Integral to Activation of the Distal Insulin Signaling Cascade in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes

In a variety of cell types, insulin stimulation elicits the rapid production of H2O2, which causes the oxidative inhibition of protein-tyrosine phosphatases and enhances the tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins in the early insulin action cascade (Mahadev, K., Zilbering, A., Zhu, L., and Goldstein, B. J. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 21938–21942). In the present work, we explored the potential role of insulin-induced H2O2 generation on downstream insulin signaling using diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), an inhibitor of cellular NADPH oxidase that blocks insulin-stimulated cellular H2O2production. DPI completely inhibited the activation of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3′-kinase activity by insulin and reduced the insulin-induced activation of the serine kinase Akt by up to 49%; these activities were restored when H2O2 was added back to cells that had been pretreated with DPI. Interestingly, the H2O2-induced activation of Akt was entirely mediated by upstream stimulation of PI 3′-kinase activity, since treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with the PI 3′-kinase inhibitors wortmannin or LY294002 completely blocked the subsequent activation of Akt by exogenous H2O2. Preventing oxidant generation with DPI also blocked insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane, providing further evidence for an oxidant signal in the regulation of the distal insulin-signaling cascade. Finally, in contrast to the cellular mechanism of H2O2 generation by other growth factors, such as platelet-derived growth factor, we also found that insulin-stimulated cellular production of H2O2may occur through a unique pathway, independent of cellular PI 3′-kinase activity. Overall, these data provide insight into the physiological role of insulin-dependent H2O2 generation, which is not only involved in the regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation events in the early insulin signaling cascade but also has important effects on the regulation of downstream insulin signaling, involving the activation of PI 3′-kinase, Akt, and ultimately cellular glucose transport in response to insulin.
Maturation of Small Pulmonary Arteries in Puppies

The histologic pulmonary vascular changes and the pulmonary arterial pressure changes which occur during the first 13 weeks of life have been studied in mongrel puppies. The histologic changes were based on measurements of the average lumen to wall ratios of arterial vessels 50 to 200 µ in diameter. The pulmonary arterial pressure changes were recorded by direct needle puncture of the main pulmonary artery in anesthetized thoracotomized animals. The average L/W ratios of all neonatal mongrel puppies from separate litters were less than 4.0, the boundary chosen to distinguish neonatal and adult pulmonary arterial vasculature. All puppies younger than 1 month had average L/W ratios below 4.0. Although average mean pulmonary arterial pressures were found to be near adult levels by age 1 week, the ratio of pulmonary to systemic arterial pressure, expressed as a percentage, did not consistently approach adult levels until 1 month of age. The dimensional evolution of small pulmonary arteries and the gradual decline in the ratio of pulmonary to systemic pressure toward near adult levels at 4 weeks suggested a cause-and-effect relationship between these 2 phenomena. Major operative procedures have been performed on puppies 3 to 5 weeks of age with survival. It is proposed that experimental pulmonary hypertension produced in 4-week-old mongrel puppies would closely approximate the situation of a high pressure congenital cardiac shunt in humans without excessive operative mortality.
Prevention of Renal Osteodystrophy in Predialysis Patients

Impaired calcitriol synthesis is one of the major factors contributing to the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with chronic renal failure. Vitamin D therapy, particularly 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3, even in low doses, has been shown to be effective in the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with mild-to-moderate chronic renal failure. Complications associated with calcitriol and alfacalcidol therapy, which include hypercalcemia and progressive deterioration of renal function, have been reported in some patients. The majority of the studies reviewed, however, demonstrated that daily calcitriol and alfacalcidol doses below 0.25 microg are rarely associated with hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, or progressive decline in renal function. In addition, these complications usually resolve with the reduction in dose or discontinuation of the medication. Thus, vitamin D therapy may be valuable in the treatment of patients with mild-to-moderate chronic renal failure who may be at high risk of developing secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Anterior hypopituitarism following traumatic brain injury

Primary objectives. To review evidence that there exists a substantial sub-population of patients with endocrine disorders as a result of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to underscore the importance of screening patients with TBI considered most at risk for hypopituitarism with the goal of attaining beneficial effects in terms of morbidity and quality of life.Design and methods. Reviewed recent literature regarding the frequency of TBI-induced hypopituitarism.Main outcomes and results. Studies by Kelly DF, Gaw Gonzalo IT, Cohan P, et al. Hypopituitarism following traumatic brain injury and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A preliminary report. Journal of Neurosurgery 2000;93:743–751, Lieberman SA, Oberoi AL, Gilkison CR, et al. Prevalence of neuroendocrine dysfunction in patients recovering from traumatic brain injury. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2001;86:2752–2756 and Aimaretti G, Ambrosio MR, Di Somma C, et al. Traumatic brain injury and subarachnoid haemorrhage are conditions at...
Calibration of a computer assisted orthopedic hip surgery phantom

Orthopedic surgeons have identified a need for calibration artifacts (phantoms) to establish the traceability (to the SI unit of length) of measurements performed with Computer Assisted Orthopedic Surgery (CAOS) systems. These phantoms must be lightweight, easy to transport and simple to use. In collaboration with medical professionals, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) researchers have developed a family of novel CAOS phantoms designed to meet the metrology needs of this critical segment of the US healthcare industry. The phantoms function as a surrogate hip joint and pelvis and can be measured with CAOS systems using the same technique employed to measure a patient's hip joint and pelvis for replacement surgery. The phantoms contain a mechanical ball joint, which functions as a substitute for a patient's hip joint and small holes, referred to as target holes, for receiving the measuring probe of CAOS systems. The location of the mechanical ball joint and the relative positions of the target holes are measured using the CAOS system and the results compared to the known values for these quantities. The results of this comparison are then used to verify the CAOS system performance specifications. In order to determine the known values for the critical dimensions of the phantom, the mechanical ball joint location and target hole positions are measured with a Coordinate Measuring Machine [1] (CMM), which is more accurate than CAOS Systems. This paper will report on the calibration of the NIST prototype phantom using a CMM and simulation tools at NIST.
High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of penicillin G, penicillin V and cloxacillin in beef and pork tissues.

The objective was to develop confirmatory high-performance liquid chromatographic methods for penicillin residues in animal tissues with detection limits of less than or equal to 10 ng/g. A previously described procedure was modified by using a larger sample size and isocratic analysis. Tissues (15 g) were blended with 45 ml of water and 20 ml of homogenate were mixed with 40 ml acetonitrile and filtered. The filtrate (30 ml) was mixed with 10 ml of 0.2 M H3PO4 and extracted with methylene chloride. The combined methylene chloride layers were mixed with acetonitrile and hexane, washed with two 4-ml portions of water and then extracted with four 1-ml portions of 0.01 M phosphate buffer (pH 7). The combined buffer extracts were concentrated to 1 ml under reduced pressure. Analysis was isocratic during 0.01 M phosphate buffer (pH 7)-acetonitrile with proportions 85:15 (penicillin G), 82:18 (penicillin V) or 78:22 (cloxacillin). A polystyrene-divinylbenzene copolymer column, 150 x 4.6 mm I.D. (Polymer Labs. PLRP-S), was used with a flow-rate of 1 ml/min and detection at 210 nm. The presence of penicillins was confirmed by treating a duplicate sample with penicillinase. Recoveries were greater than 90% in most instances. Detection limits were 5 ng/g in muscle and higher in liver and kidney. The procedure is a simple and sensitive method for confirming the presence of penicillins in animal tissues.
An example to be followed or a warning to be avoided? The British, Boers, and guerrilla warfare, 1900–1902

This article examines the British response to the onset of guerrilla warfare launched by the Boers in March 1900. It argues that although Britain had signed the Hague Convention in July 1899, the two commanders, Lords Roberts and Kitchener, combated this unprecedented challenge with their own notions of what constituted ‘civilised warfare’ or ‘the usages of war’. They did not concern themselves with winning ‘hearts and minds’, and both commanders used destructive measures against the civilian population, either to punish them for helping the guerrillas, or to turn them against those still fighting. Kitchener implemented a thorough strategy based on the destruction of farms and livestock and on imprisoning Boer and African families in what became known as ‘concentration camps’. Although the ‘collective punishment’ of civilians was against the Hague Convention, the British utilised such methods to destroy the independence of the Boer republics. The article also suggests that the nature of the guerrilla war ...
Pyridinium dichromate-induced 1,3-oxidative rearrangements of enynols

Abstract The pyridinium dichromate-induced oxidative rearrangements of various 1-ene-4-yne-3-ols have been examined. These reactions occur regiospecifically at the olefin site and are only synthetically useful with Z-substituted enynols.
Identification of an Amino-Terminal Fragment of Apolipoprotein E4 that Localizes to Neurofibrillary Tangles of the Alzheimer’s Disease Brain

Abstract Although the risk factor for harboring the apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4) allele in late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) is well known, the mechanism by which apoE4 contributes to AD pathogenesis has yet to be clarified. Preferential cleavage of the ApoE4 isoform relative to other polymorphic forms appears to be significant, as the resulting fragments are associated with hallmarks of AD. To examine the possible role of apoE4 proteolysis in AD, we designed a site-directed antibody directed at position D172, which would yield a predicted amino-terminal fragment previously identified in AD brain extracts. Western blot analysis utilizing this novel antibody, termed the amino-terminal apoE4 cleavage fragment (nApoE4CF) Ab, consistently identified the predicted amino-terminal fragment (∼18 kDa) in several commercially available forms of human recombinant apoE4 purified from E. coli . Mass spectrometry confirmed the identity of this 18 kDa fragment as being an amino-terminal fragment of apoE4. Immunohistochemical experiments indicated the nApoE4CF Ab specifically labeled neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in AD frontal cortex sections that colocalized with the mature tangle marker PHF-1. Taken together, these results suggest a novel cleavage event of apoE4, generating an amino-terminal fragment that localizes within NFTs of the AD brain.
Effect of Isoprinosine Against Influenza and Some Other Viruses Causing Respiratory Diseases

The antiviral activity of isoprinosine was tested in tissue cultures and mice. In tissue cultures, concentrations of 25 to 100 mug/ml inhibited the infectivity of influenza and herpes hominis viruses but not parainfluenza virus, rhinovirus, or adenovirus. Among different strains of influenza A, there was considerable variability in the inhibitory concentration of isoprinosine. For influenza B, a zone effect was observed in the inhibitory drug concentration. Oral prophylactic administration of isoprinosine beginning 24 hr before infection with an intermediate challenge dose of influenza A and continued as treatment for 5 days produced a significant reduction in mortality. No protection was provided against a high dose challenge. Oral or intraperitoneal treatment of mice beginning 24 hr after infection with influenza A or B viruses significantly delayed or prevented death when the drug was administered for 10 days, but not when treatment was limited to 4 days. An increased fatality rate which occurred in treated mice given a virus dose of low lethality could not be attributed to drug toxicity.
High-frequency output characteristics of AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors

A model has been developed which generates the high-frequency ic − vce output characteristics of bipolar transistors from computed cutoff frequency against current density data. The presented results, which can be used directly for large-signal modelling, are the first report of high-frequency output characteristics of bipolar transistors.
Cerastium arcticum, Lange

In contending that Murbeck and Ostenfeld made the combination Cerastium edmondstonii “in contradiction to the rules of botanical nomenclature”, and that “therefore the name C. edmondstonii is illegitimate” (presumably on the ground of redundancy, as a mere change of status of the type indicated is of itself perfectly legitimate), Miss O. E. Brett1 is labouring inter alia under the common assumption that the European plant is conspecific with those described by Johan Lange principally from Greenland as C. arcticum. Having some years ago worked in west Greenland (from parts of which most of Lange's material came) and found there specimens seemingly indistinguishable from those in Herb. Copenhagen determined by him as C. arcticum, I ventured to question the validity of this assumption2; my feeling that, whatever the status of the European plant, Lange's Greenland material is best treated within the polymorphic complex C. alpinum s.1. was supported by the late A. J. Wilmott, and, apparently, by Clapham, Tutin and Warburg3, who uphold C. edmondstonii and give among its synonyms “C. arcticum auct., vix Lange”. Earlier on, Ostenfeld before his death and also Gelting4 appear to have come to the conclusion that all the Greenland plants should be referred to C. alpinum. The cytological information so far available is not very helpful.
Comments regarding Dodd and Iacano (1989): 'phonological disorders in children: changes in phonological process use during treatment'.

Dodd and Iacano [sic] (1989) report the effects of phonological treatment with seven phonologically disordered children, ages 3;0-4;9 years. The subjects' pre-treatment speech samples were analysed for application of 'developmental' and 'unusual' (deviant) phonological processes, and treatment targeted at unusual processes was administered to each child. The results, as interpreted from the measurement of four dependent variables to be discussed below, showed improved speech-sound production, reduced use of both developmental and unusual phonological processes, and individualised patterns of phonological change.
Assessing hypercube sampling techniques for risk assessment

Two variations of hypercube sampling techniques are introduced and computationally tested using benchmark problems. The methods are variations of the Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) and incremental-fractional LHS scheme. Both can be described as stratified sampling with one sample per strata. Because they ensure uniform marginals, they are observed to have computational advantages for linear problems where weighted response statistics are sought. Advantages are less pronounced for non-linear responses and sorted statistics, which is often the case for risk analysis. The complementary cumulative distribution is identified as being helpful in assessing a methods performance. Both methods are applied to an application problem having multiple responses of interest and 48 uncertain inputs. The hypercube methods are noted to produce estimates of the mean with orders-of-magnitude lower variance than that of simple random sampling.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Crime control and harassment of the innocent

Crime control through law enforcement is generally considered to be a two-part process of apprehending and incapacitating or rehabilitating the guilty, and deterring the innocent from crime by the threat of punishment. The analysis presented here shows that the protection of the innocent from harassment–detention, arrest, punishment, and other intrusions by the criminal justice system–is important in deterring crime. Specifically, the analysis shows that deterrence from crime is weakened and then lost for a rational individual who holds the majority attitude toward risk, if the levels of rightful punishment and wrongful harassment are increased, as in a war on crime, and the likelihoods of wrongful and rightful punishment are reasonably close. The analysis is employed to show how the perceived likelihood of harassment may be a contributing factor to the disproportionately high representation of minority groups in the U.S. prison system.
A taxonomic revision of Lycianthes series Meizonodontae (Solanaceae)

Species descriptions and identification keys are provided for the eight species and three varieties of Lycianthes series Meizonodontae (Solanaceae), a group of perennial herbs that ranges from Mexico to Costa Rica. An image of a herbarium specimen of each species is provided. A new species, L. hintonii from Nuevo Leon, Mexico, is described, as are two new varieties: L. moziniana var. oaxacana, from the Sierra Juarez of Oaxaca, Mexico, and L. moziniana var. margaretiana, from Nuevo Leon and San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Images of the pollen, seeds and fruits of the species are included. © 2004 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2004, 145, 385–424.
Extramarital Involvement: Fact and Theory*

Abstract While popular and psychoanalytic explanations of extramarital relations abound, no systematic sociological theory of such involvement has been presented to date. A partial theory of extramarital involvement is advanced in this paper. Based on the findings that the probability of involvement is related to socio‐economic status, the intensity of religious devoutness, residential background, premarital experience, the duration of marriage, level of marital satisfaction, and the degree of alienation, three propositions accounting for these relationships are set forth. On the basis of the theoretical propositions, the underlying dynamics of extramarital involvement are outlined and discussed.
Selenomethionine: A Review of Its Nutritional Significance, Metabolism and Toxicity

Although the need for selenium in human and animal nutrition is well recognized, the question concerning the proper form of selenium for supplemental use is still being debated. Ideally, selenium should be supplemented in the form in which it occurs naturally in foods. Because the L-isomer of selenomethionine (Se-met) is a major natural food-form of selenium, synthetic L-Se-met or enriched food sources thereof such as selenium yeast are appropriate supplemental forms of Se for humans; for animals, DL-Se-met is acceptable. Ingested Se-met is either metabolized directly to reactive forms of selenium or stored in place of methionine in body proteins. Se-met metabolism is closely linked to protein turnover. At constant intakes in the nutritional range, tissue Se levels increase until a steady state is established, preventing the build-up to toxic levels.
Neuromuscular and Vascular Hamartoma of the Small Intestine: An Exuberant Reparative Process Secondary to Chronic Inflammation

The term Neuromuscular and Vascular Hamartoma (NMVH) was initially coined by Fernando and McGovern in 1982 in their report of 2 cases. Whether this lesion is truly hamartomatous or represents a "burnt-out" phase of varying chronic pathologies has been debated since that time. Examples of NMVH-like proliferations have been reported in the setting of diaphragm disease, Crohn's disease, radiation, and ischemia. Herein we present the case of a 73-year-old female with partial small bowel obstruction and a past surgical history significant for cholecystectomy and abdominal hysterectomy. A computed tomography scan revealed an ill-defined mass with the same density as muscle extending into the mesentery, worrisome for malignancy and generating the differential of lymphoma versus metastatic disease. Upon laparotomy, a 2.5 cm, constrictive, predominantly mural-based mass was identified. The more proximal bowel was dilated, and there were dense serosal adhesions. Grossly, the transmural lesion had a tan-yellow cobweb-like cut surface and the overlying mucosa was flattened. Histologically, the lesion contained fascicles of smooth muscle, irregularly spaced large nerve bundles, and thick-walled vasculature in a haphazard arrangement within a hypocellular fibroadipose stroma. No stigmata of Crohn's disease were observed, and the uninvolved enteric tissue was unremarkable. The patient's medical history was negative for chronic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory use and was otherwise unremarkable. This case of an NMVH-like lesion is presented as a reminder of benign mass-forming lesions causing bowel obstruction and suggests that such lesions may develop secondary to a chronic inflammatory process.
A performance comparison of tree and ring topologies in distributed systems

A distributed system is a collection of computers that are connected via a communication network. Distributed systems have become commonplace due to the wide availability of low-cost, high performance computers and network devices. However, the management infrastructure often does not scale well when distributed systems get very large. The considerations in building a distributed system are the choice of the network topology and the method used to construct the distributed system so as to optimize the scalability and reliability of the system, lower the cost of linking nodes together and minimize the message delay in transmission, and simplify system resource management. We have developed a new distributed management system that is able to handle the dynamic increase of system size, detect and recover the unexpected failure of system services, and manage system resources. The topologies used in the system are the tree-structured network and the ring-structured network.
The measurement of the solar constant from high altitude balloons

The solar constant has been measured by the use of Eppley normal incidence pyrheliometers on three different days at 31 kilometers altitude. After correcting the readings for the remaining 1% of the atmosphere, and the earth-sun distance, a value of 1.912 gm-cal cm ?2 min ?1 has been determined for the solar constant. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1969.tb00467.x
The importance of scientific evaluation of biological evidence — Data from eight years of case review

In 2009, the National Research Council published a report stating that the addition of more science and technology into the field of forensic science in the United States would be of great benefit to the judicial system. As a starting point to address this NRC report, one needs to make an assessment of the system. One factor that is continuously requested is an estimate of an error rate. In any given scientific area of forensics that is difficult to quantitate except by external review and audits. After eight years of requested defense review of cases with biological and DNA evidence, most cases appear to be scientifically sound in test methods and procedures. However, there were some cases where errors in the forensic science process did occur. This article takes information compiled from those eight years of defense review and summarizes the cases where errors have been discovered and discusses the scientific implications of these errors. The scope of this article is limited to crime scene collection and forensic science laboratory testing of biological materials for body fluid identification and DNA individualization to a source. The greatest value of defense review comes from (a) providing effective balance and independent oversight to the judicial process and (b) collecting data into a format that can be useful as a guide in training programs.
Synthesis of Mevalonate- and Fluorinated Mevalonate Prodrugs and Their in vitro Human Plasma Stability

The mevalonate pathway is essential for the production of many important molecules in lipid biosynthesis. Inhibition of this pathway is the mechanism of statin cholesterol-lowering drugs, as well as the target of drugs to treat osteoporosis, to combat parasites, and to inhibit tumor cell growth. Unlike the human mevalonate pathway, the bacterial pathway appears to be regulated by diphosphomevalonate (DPM). Enzymes in the mevalonate pathway act to produce isopentenyl diphosphate, the product of the DPM decarboxylase reaction, utilize phosphorylated (charged) intermediates, which are poorly bioavailable. It has been shown that fluorinated DPMs (6-fluoro- and 6,6,6-trifluoro-5-diphosphomevalonate) are excellent inhibitors of the bacterial pathway; however, highly charged DPM and analogs are not bioavailable. To increase cellular permeability of mevalonate analogs, we have synthesized various prodrugs of mevalonate and 6-fluoro- and 6,6,6-trifluoromevalonate that can be enzymatically transformed to the corresponding DPM or fluorinated DPM analogs by esterases or amidases. To probe the required stabilities as potentially bioavailable prodrugs, we measured the half-lives of esters, amides, carbonates, acetals, and ketal promoieties of mevalonate and the fluorinated mevalonate analogs in human blood plasma. Stability studies showed that the prodrugs are converted to the mevalonates in human plasma with a wide range of half-lives. These studies provide stability data for a variety of prodrug options having varying stabilities and should be very useful in the design of appropriate prodrugs of mevalonate and fluorinated mevalonates.
Robust models for manufacturing capacity planning under demand uncertainty

The objective of this work is to develop mathematical models and tools to aid decision makers in devising capacity plans for a manufacturing network in face of uncertainty in future demand. A manufacturing network is constituted by a set of plants serving a set of markets with a set of products. It is specified in terms of a product portfolio for each market and a product portfolio, resource capacities and a set of markets to serve, for each plant. Based on this definition, we address the following question: Given a manufacturing network, determine when to change the manufacturing capacity, where to change it and by how much to change it. Our approach is to devise a plan that is robust with respect to certain perturbations in demand forecasts, rather than one that is optimal with respect to the inherent uncertainty in demand. Thus the idea we follow is to superimpose perturbations on demand forecasts used by decision-makers, and devise a plan that can withstand those variations. Representing manufacturing capacity through the notion of operating configurations, we formulate dynamic optimization models to address the problem.
The Immunobiology of Inductive Anti‐CD40L Therapy in Transplantation: Allograft Acceptance is Not Dependent Upon the Deletion of Graft‐Reactive T Cells

CD40–CD40L costimulatory interactions are crucial for allograft rejection, in that treatment with anti-CD40L mAb markedly prolongs allograft survival in several systems. Recent reports indicate that costimulatory blockade results in deletion of graft-reactive cells, which leads to allograft tolerance. To assess immunologic parameters that were influenced by inductive CD40–CD40L blockade, cardiac allograft recipients were treated with multiple doses of the anti-CD40L mAb MR1, which was remarkably effective at prolonging allograft survival. Acute allograft rejection responses such as IL-2 producing helper cell priming, Th1 priming, and alloantibody production were abrogated by anti-CD40L treatment. Interestingly, the spleens of mice bearing long-term cardiac allografts following inductive anti-CD40L treatment retained precursor donor alloantigen-reactive CTL, IL-2 producing helper cells, and Th1 in numbers comparable to those observed in naive mice. These mice retained the ability to reject donor-strain skin allografts, but were incapable of rejecting the original cardiac allograft, or a second donor-strain cardiac allograft. Further, differentiated effector cells were incapable of mediating rejection following adoptive transfer into mice bearing long-term allografts, suggesting that regulatory cell function, rather than effector cell deletion was responsible for long-term graft acceptance. Collectively, these data demonstrate that inductive CD40–CD40L blockade does not result in the deletion of graft-reactive T cells, but induces the maintenance of these cells in a quiescent precursor state. They further point to a tissue specificity of this hyporesponsiveness, suggesting that not all donor alloantigen-reactive cells are subject to this regulation.
William H. Young

At age 93, William H. Young died at his home in Madison, Wisconsin, on March 3, 2006. His long career was distinguished for contributions not only to political science and to the University of Wisconsin-Madison, on whose faculty he served for 36 years, but also to Wisconsin state government, international educational development, particularly in Asia, and several Madison organizations on whose boards he remained an active member for more than two decades after his academic retirement in 1983. Bill was wise and prudent, and, as I well knew from our 35 years as faculty colleagues, his advice was judicious and generously provided.
Evaluation of Six Cytometric Methods for Reticulocyte Enumeration and Differentiationin the Cat

Six protocols utilizing three fluorescent nucleic acid dyes (thiazole orange, auramine O, and acridine orange) were evaluated by flow cytometry for clinical utility in the analysis of feline reticulocytes. The dyes showed good to poor correlations with each other and with manual counts. Thiazole orange was the preferred stain. Thiazole orange dye showed distinct peaks corresponding to aggregate and punctate reticulocytes from specimens with marked reticulocytosis. The other dyes detected increases in reticulocyte numbers but subpopulations could not be distinguished. Standardized instrument and gate settings, applied to specimens stained with thiazole orange dye, enumerated aggregate and punctate reticulocytes in low cellularity specimens that lacked distinct peaks. Percentages of these cells correlated well with manual counts, offering a simplified technique for routine laboratory use.
Synthesis, Densification, and Phase Evolution Studies of Al2O3–Al2TiO5–TiO2 Nanocomposites and Measurement of Their Electrical Properties

Alumina–aluminum titanate–titania (Al2O3–Al2TiO5–TiO2) nanocomposites were synthesized using alkoxide precursor solutions. Thermal analysis provided information on phase evolution from the as-synthesized gel with an increase in temperature. Calcination at 700°C led to the formation of an Al2O3–TiO2 nanocomposite, while at a higher temperature (1300°C) an Al2O3–Al2TiO5–TiO2 nanocomposite was formed. The nanocomposites were uniaxially compacted and sintered in a pressureless environment in air to study the densification behavior, grain growth, and phase evolution. The effects of nanosize particles on the crystal structure and densification of the nanocomposite have been discussed. The sintered nanocomposite structures were also characterized for dielectric properties.
Experimental Behavior of Mechanical In-Flange Connectors

Prestressed double-Tee beams are used in multi-level parking structures and in some states' bridges. Steel brackets, called in-flange connectors, are embedded in the flanges of the beams and are welded together on-site to facili- tate system behavior. To date, placement, i.e. spacing, of these connectors has been based primarily on engineering judg- ment although some guidelines are available. This paper summarizes the results of seventy (70) monotonic and twenty- three (23) reversed-cyclic tests on double-Tee in-flange connectors in an effort to provide comprehensive information on the relative performance of several different available connectors. Test results are reported for six different connectors manufactured by two different companies using seven different test protocols described herein. Each connector was imbedded in a 965x914x102 mm (38x36x4 in) concrete slab designed to be representative of the overhanging portion of the flange of a concrete double-Tee beam. The connectors were also tested using a slow reversed-cyclic displacement con- trol protocol and the ability of each connector to dissipate/absorb energy is also discussed, along with the relationship to serviceability-related concrete damage, i.e. cracking and spalling.