cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cryptfs: A Stackable Vnode Level Encryption File System

Data encryption has become an increasingly important factor in everyday work. Users seek a method of securing their data with maximum comfort and minimum additional requirements on their part; they want a security system that protects any files used by any of their applications, without resorting to application-specific encryption methods. Performance is an important factor to users since encryption can be time consuming. Operating system vendors want to provide this functionality but without incurring the large costs of developing a new file system. This paper describes the design and implementation of Cryptfs — a file system that was designed as a stackable Vnode layer loadable kernel module[5, 15, 19]. Cryptfs operates by “encapsulating” a client file system with a layer of encryption transparent to the user. Being kernel resident, Cryptfs performs better than user-level or NFS based file servers such as CFS[2] and TCFS[3]. It is 2 to 37 times faster on micro-benchmarks such as read and write; this translates to 12-52% application speedup, as exemplified by a large build. Cryptfs offers stronger security by basing its keys on process session IDs as well as user IDs, and by the fact that kernel memory is harder to access. Working at and above the vnode level, Cryptfs is more portable than a file system which works directly with native media such as disks and networks. Cryptfs can operate on top of any other native file system such as UFS/FFS[8] and NFS[11, 16]. Finally, Cryptfs requires no changes to client file systems or remote servers.
Sex differences in immunocompetence differ between two Peromyscus species

Males generally exhibit reduced immunocompetence and greater susceptibility to disease than females. The explanations for why males may be more susceptible to disease than females fall into two categories: 1) the proximate mechanisms mediating immunity, such as hormonal mechanisms, and 2) variation in reproductive success between the sexes. The present study examined the extent to which these factors contribute to sex differences in cell-mediated immune function in polygynous Peromyscus maniculatus and monogamous Peromyscus californicus. Prevailing hypotheses suggest that, because variation in male and female reproductive success is greater among polygynous than monogamous species, sex differences in immunocompetence should be greater among polygynous than monogamous species as well. In contrast to these predictions, sex differences in cell-mediated immunity and body mass were only observed among monogamous P. californicus, in which females exhibited higher splenocyte proliferation in response to the T cell mitogen, concanavalin A, and weighed less than male conspecifics. Male P. maniculatus had higher serum testosterone concentrations than male P. californicus, but females of the two species did not differ in circulating estradiol concentrations. Sex steroid concentrations were not correlated with either immunocompetence or body mass; however, large P. californicus males exhibited reduced immune responses. Taken together, these results do not support the hypothesis that sex differences in immunocompetence are more pronounced among polygynous compared with monogamous species. Furthermore, these data suggest that circulating testosterone does not mediate sex differences in immuno-competence or body mass in P. californicus.
Coronavirus species specificity: murine coronavirus binds to a mouse-specific epitope on its carcinoembryonic antigen-related receptor glycoprotein

Like most coronaviruses, the coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) exhibits strong species specificity, causing natural infection only in mice. MHV-A59 virions use as a receptor a 110- to 120-kDa glycoprotein (MHVR) in the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) family of glycoproteins (G. S. Dveksler, M. N. Pensiero, C. B. Cardellichio, R. K. Williams, G. S. Jiang, K. V. Holmes, and C. W. Dieffenbach, J. Virol. 65:6881-6891, 1991; and R. K. Williams, G. S. Jiang, and K. V. Holmes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:5533-5536, 1991). The role of virus-receptor interactions in determining the species specificity of MHV-A59 was examined by comparing the binding of virus and antireceptor antibodies to cell lines and intestinal brush border membranes (BBM) from many species. Polyclonal antireceptor antiserum (anti-MHVR) raised by immunization of SJL/J mice with BALB/c BBM recognized MHVR specifically in immunoblots of BALB/c BBM but not in BBM from adult SJL/J mice that are resistant to infection with MHV-A59, indicating a major difference in epitopes between MHVR and its SJL/J homolog which does not bind MHV (7). Anti-MHVR bound to plasma membranes of MHV-susceptible murine cell lines but not to membranes of human, cat, dog, monkey, or hamster cell lines. Cell lines from these species were resistant to MHV-A59 infection, and only the murine cell lines tested were susceptible. Pretreatment of murine fibroblasts with anti-MHVR prevented binding of radiolabeled virions to murine cells and prevented virus infection. Solid-phase virus-binding assays and virus overlay protein blot assays showed that MHV-A59 virions bound to MHVR on intestinal BBM from MHV-susceptible mouse strains but not to proteins on intestinal BBM from humans, cats, dogs, pigs, cows, rabbits, rats, cotton rats, or chickens. In immunoblots of BBM from these species, both polyclonal and monoclonal antireceptor antibodies that block MHV-A59 infection of murine cells recognized only the murine CEA-related glycoprotein and not homologous CEA-related glycoproteins of other species. These results suggest that MHV-A59 binds to a mouse-specific epitope of MHVR, and they support the hypothesis that the species specificity of MHV-A59 infection may be due to the specificity of the virus-receptor interaction.
How do providers assess antihypertensive medication adherence in medical encounters

BACKGROUND: Poor adherence to antihypertensives has been shown to be a significant factor in poor blood pressure (BP) control. Providers’ communication with patients about their medication-taking behavior may be central to improving adherence.
Application of I-123 HIPDM as a lung imaging agent

N,N,N′-Trimethyl-N′-(2-Hydroxyl-3-Methyl-5-123I Iodobenzyl)-1,3-Propanediamine · Hcl (123I-HIPDM) has been used for diagnosis of patients with strokes and dementias. Since this radiopharmaceutical is also accumulated in the lung, we routinely performed a lung image or images immediately prior to cerebral planar and SPECT images after a 3–5 mCi 123I-HIPDM injection. During the past 14 months, we obtained 78 (age from 41 to 92 years, average 66.7±8.9 years; 64 males, 14 females) suspected stroke or dementia patients' lung images. All lung images were correlated to chest X-ray (CXR) or CT and other clinical data. Sixty five of 78 patients had normal lungs showing homogeneous distribution of activity throughout the lungs which correlated well to normal CXR and/or CT studies. Abnormal scintigraphic patterns of the 13 patients included lung defect (5 bronchogenic carcinoma with or without atelectasis) and decreased uptake in apices (8 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). The findings of pulmonary intrathoracic pathologies on lung images with 123I-HIPDM suggests further evaluation of the agent for detection of localized pulmonary diseases and pulmonary physiological studies relating to amine metabolism.
SYNTHESIS OF WATER SOLUBLE PRODRUG OF DMP323

Abstract A water soluble bisphosphate prodrug of DMP323 was synthesized from DMP323. Pharmacokinetic studies of the prodrug indicate that it is orally absorbed as the parent drug, after hydrolysis of the phosphate ester in the gastrointestinal tract.
Syngeneic antiserum to Nulli SCC1 embryonal carcinoma cells recognizing surface antigens of embryonic cells

Abstract A syngeneic antiserum was prepared in mice against the nullipotent embryonal carcinoma cell line Nulli SCC1 to determine whether cell surface determinants are expressed commonly by this cell line and early embryos. After antibodies to calf serum components were removed from the antiserum by affinity purification, the antiserum was tested on preimplantation and 6 1 2 -day postimplantation mouse embryos, embryonal carcinoma cells, tumor cells, and somatic cells. It recognizes antigens which are stage and tissue specific on early embryos and have a restricted distribution in adults. These antigens are first detected on 8-cell embryos and display a polarized distribution on blastomeres corresponding to the distribution of microvilli.
Laboratory equipment training utilizing CAL and interactive videocassettes

Abstract This paper describes the design and production of two university-level laboratory training lessons which use a computer-based interactive videocassette system (CBIV). The hardware system is an Apple II microcomputer, Sony Betamax videocassette player, and BCD Associates interface. The paper describes each lesson's design features. Several unique considerations of the CBIV design process are treated, such as responsibilities within the development team and the relationship of learning hierarchies to branch design. Next, video and software production issues are discussed. Finally, the impact of videotape vs videodisc economics on the design process is briefly explored.
Parallel programming with migratable objects: charm++ in practice

The advent of petascale computing has introduced new challenges (e.g. heterogeneity, system failure) for programming scalable parallel applications. Increased complexity and dynamism in science and engineering applications of today have further exacerbated the situation. Addressing these challenges requires more emphasis on concepts that were previously of secondary importance, including migratability, adaptivity, and runtime system introspection. In this paper, we leverage our experience with these concepts to demonstrate their applicability and efficacy for real world applications. Using the Charm++ parallel programming framework, we present details on how these concepts can lead to development of applications that scale irrespective of the rough landscape of supercomputing technology. Empirical evaluation presented in this paper spans many mini-applications and real applications executed on modern supercomputers including Blue Gene/Q, Cray XE6, and Stampede.
Enabling application resilience through programming model based fault amelioration

High-performance computing applications that will run on future exascale-class supercomputing systems are projected to encounter accelerated rates of faults and errors. For these large-scale systems, maintaining fault resilient operation is a key challenge. The most widely used resiliency approach today, which is based on checkpoint and rollback (C/R) recovery, is not expected to remain viable in the presence of frequent errors and failures. In this paper, we present a framework for enabling application-level recovery from error states through fault amelioration. Our approach is based on programming model extensions that enable algorithm-based fault amelioration knowledge to be expressed as an intrinsic feature of the programming environment. This is accomplished through a set of language extensions that are supported by a compiler infrastructure and a runtime system. We experimentally demonstrate that the framework enables recovery from errors in the program state with low overhead to the application performance.
Massive neurofibromatosis of the upper extremity with paralysis

Tendon transfer and bulk reduction procedures are an alternative to amputation of the elephantoid enlarged limb with neurofibromatosis and paralysis. A patient with this progressive disease has been followed-up for 10 years and retains sufficient function to work as a computer operator.
Induction of systemic resistance in broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) against downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica) by avirulent isolates

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate whether pre-inoculation of susceptible brassica plants with avirulent isolates of Peronospora parasitica (downy mildew) could induce resistance against virulent isolates. The accessions Milady (broccoli) and Billabong (cauliflower) susceptible to the P. parasitica isolates FP15 and FP16 were used. Isolates FP06, FP07, FP11, and FP17 are avirulent on Milady but virulent on Billabong. Both accessions are nonhosts of Fusarium oxysporum , P. parasitica from Arabidopsis thaliana , and Bremia lactucae . Seven-day-old seedlings were first inoculated with the inducing organisms and then challenged 0–15 days later with the virulent P. parasitica isolates. Neither F. oxysporum , B. lactucae , the virulent brassica P. parasitica isolates, nor Noco2 induced resistance in Milady and Billabong against the virulent isolates. However, pre-inoculation of the seedlings of Milady with the avirulent isolates induced resistance against the virulent isolates (FP15 and FP16), and disease reduction ranged between 49% and 70%. The induced resistance (IR) was systemic and lasted at least 15 days. Seedlings expressing IR accumulated the pathogenesis-related proteins PR-2 and PR-5 but not PR-1, PR-3, and PR-9.
The Location of Digital Ethnography

Qualitative researchers interested in digitally-located social and cultural practices have struggled with ways in which to design studies that can account for the digital aspect of cultural practices while also taking into account that those digital practices do not exist as separate (or separable in terms of our research) from other social and cultural practices. As such, one of the primary and ongoing challenges facing internet-based ethnographic research is the question of how to construct the location of a project when the sites, technologically-mediated practices, and people we study exist and flow through a wider information ecology that is neither fixed nor can easily be located as “online” or “offline.” This is as much a methodological challenge as a theoretical one. If one accepts that a rigid distinction between online and offline makes little theoretical sense, then drawing a methodological line between online and offline only reifies such a dualism. While there is a developing body of internet-related ethnographic literature which is attempting to take into account the fluid nature of our information ecology (e.g. Burrell, 2009, Leander and McKim, 2003, Hine, 2007), we continue to operate on shifting ground. This article uses the case of my own work on city-specific discussion forums in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to highlight the complexities of locating digital ethnographic work and also argue for the necessity of accounting for both movement and placed-ness.
Congenital deafness with cardiac arrhythmias: the Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome.

The Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, affecting 0.3% of congenitally deaf persons, consists of severe cardiac arrhythmias and sensori-neural hearing loss. The disorder, presenting as syncope or loss of consciousness, is associated with a prolonged Q-T interval on the electrocardiogram. The loss of consciousness is due to ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation, which in turn has been related to a decrease in the autonomic sympathetic activity to the heart from the right stellate ganglion. It is this decrease in autonomic synpathetic activity, manifesting as the prolonged Q-T interval, which renders the patient more vulnerable to dangerous arrhythmias. Although recovery is usually spontaneous, sudden death can ensue. The syndrome is often erroneously diagnosed as a seizure disorder and improperly treated. Therapy with the beta blocker, propranolol, has been effective in reducing the frequency of spells and preventing death. Surgical removal of the left stellate ganglion is under investigation and appears promising. We recommend that every congenitally deaf child with suspicious symptoms receive a electrocardiogram and that professionals who work with deaf children not only inform themselves about the syndrome but also receive training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
USING SOCIAL EPIDEMIOLOGY TO UNDERSTAND WHO STAYS BLIND AND WHO GETS OPERATED FOR CATARACT IN A RURAL SETTING

Although worldwide data is incomplete, cataract is probably the leading cause of blindness in the world [l]. A recent review of global data on blindness suggests that of the estimated 42 million blind in the world, approx. 17 million are blind from cataract [2]. It is particularly tragic that cataract should cause such a large share of blindness because the surgical techniques for removing lenticular opacities are relatively simple, inexpensive and have been practised safely for many years in a variety of settings. It is, however, in precisely those areas of the world where the prevalence of cataract blindness is highest, that access to cataract surgery is limited. Even when cataract surgery is available, it is often underutilized. A recent study in India showed that less than 20% of cataract patients advised to have surgery actually came for the operation within a 2 year follow-up period [3]. In the United States, patients who have refused surgery for operable cataract form the second largest group of blind, after glaucoma [4]. A study of cataract blind in New York indicated that less than half of the cataract patients referred for the procedure ever had the operation [5]. This underutilization may be traced to several obstacles or barriers. The first barrier, especially important in developing countries, is access. The majority of cataract blind in developing countries live in rural areas, whereas most ophthalmic surgeons live in large cities [6]. The second barrier is education. Cataract is often popularly regarded as an irreversible and unavoidable result of the aging process. Misconceptions about cataract surgery and its outcome are often widespread, even when the patient is nominally aware of the procedure. Finally, even when the cataract patient is well informed about his or her condition and surgery is available. the patient may be reluctant to elect surgery because of real economic and logistical obstacles, or because of perceptions about the lack of opportunities for surgery. Cataract is thus not only the major cause of avoidable blindness. it is also a condition which poses serious geographic, educational, socio-economic and logistical challenges to any program aimed at reducing the prevalence of needless blindness. Information on what factors determine who utilizes cataract surgery is therefore essential to help deliver sight restoring surgery to this large under-served blind population.
Subjective documentary: the Cat and the Coup

This paper describes the design methodologies of a documentary videogame that looks to explore opportunities for serious games of history. The Cat and the Coup is about Mohammed Mossadegh, Iran's first democratically elected Prime Minister who underwent a CIA-sponsored coup d'etat - a historical moment that is largely new to its young American audience.
Answering accountability questions in sexual harassment: Insights regarding harassers, targets, and observers

Abstract Despite the existence of formal organizational and legal policies, anecdotal literature suggests that sexual harassment remains prevalent. Harassers continue to harass, targets of harassment often respond passively, and observers seldom take action to prevent harassment by the harasser or help the target. This article uses accountability theory to help explain why sexual harassment remains commonplace. Specifically, research on accountability theory and sexual harassment is integrated in order to provide insights into the action or inaction of harassers, targets of harassment, and observers. We examine issues from accountability research that allow sexual harassers to renounce accountability for their actions. We address why targets of harassment often choose passive, rather than direct, responses to harassing incidents. In addition, we identify reasons why observers often fail to respond in a helpful way to prevent sexual harassment. The final discussion focuses on the implications of these arguments for future research.
Directed masturbation and the treatment of primary orgasmic dysfunction.

The efficacy of directed masturbation as an adjunct to the treatment of primary orgasmic dysfunction was evaluated. The directed masturbation procedure consisted of a gradual series of assignments that were to be practiced by the patient. The test of the effectiveness of directed masturbation was conducted with three couples who had not benefited from a sexual treatment program modeled after that of Masters and Johnson. The results indicated that directed masturbation holds promise as an effective adjunct to sexual counseling.
Rubber toughened and optically transparent blends of cyclic olefin copolymers

A study is presented of increasing the toughness of Cyclic Olefin Copolymer (COC) while maintaining its optical transparency. The COC consists of a random copolymer of ethylene and norbornene, and the impact modifiers consist of thermoplastic elastomers. It is shown that several requirements must be satisfied, namely: for toughening there is an optimum finite particle size, but in order to minimize light scattering the particles have to be as small as possible. In addition, the refractive index of the elastomer must be closely matched to COC over the visible wavelength range and use temperature. Also for toughening, there are additional requirements of the adhesion of the elastomer to COC and high molecular weight. It is found that styrene butadiene styrene (SBS) is the most effective elastomer in toughening COC while maintaining optical transparency. It is also found that the addition of an index matched styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS) copolymer as a compatibilizer to the SBS elastomer is beneficial in increasing the toughness and lowering the optical haze. Finally, light scattering calculations are presented based on the Rayleigh Debye model to calculate the optical haze and transmission of these blends. These calculations take into account the refractive index of COC and the elastomer, the particle size distribution and volume fraction of the elastomer. It is shown that there is reasonable agreement between calculation and experimental results. It is possible to increase the toughness of COC to greater than 50 J/m (Notched Izod) while keeping the optical haze to below 5% with an elastomer loading of 5% (w/w). We also identify opaque blends of COC with a toughness of greater than 500 J/m with an elastomer loading of 20% (w/w).
Plasmapheresis and paraproteinemia: cryoprotein-induced diseases, monoclonal gammopathy, Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, hyperviscosity syndrome, multiple myeloma, light chain disease, and amyloidosis.

Therapeutic plasmapheresis has been in widespread use as either a primary or adjunctive therapy in the United States since the 1960s. There are several types of plasmapheresis procedures used to treat various diseases. Plasma exchange with a centrifugal plasma separator using replacement fluid such as human albumin solution is the most widely used method in the United States. Other forms of plasmapheresis include membrane plasma separation, membrane fractionation, cryofiltration apheresis, immunoadsorption, and chemical affinity column pheresis. Therapeutic plasmapheresis has been used for the treatment of paraproteinemia to remove harmful paraproteins. Paraproteinemia is a disease classification in which abnormal or large amounts of plasma proteins such as cryoproteins or immunoglobulins are produced. In most cases, plasmapheresis is used in combination with corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs to prevent production of abnormal proteins or to treat the underlying disease. Cryoprotein-induced diseases, which include cryoglobulinemia, cryofibrinogenemia, and cold IgM antibody agglutinin with cryoglobulin properties, are a subclass of paraproteinemia. Other categories of paraproteinemia include monoclonal gammopathy, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, hyperviscosity syndrome, multiple myeloma, light chain disease, and amyloidosis. Some of these diseases may be interrelated, and they may be associated with one another. In this review paper, we discuss the role of plasmapheresis in the specific classes of paraproteinemia in the United States, including our own experience.
Cancer morbidity and mortality in previously anticoagulated patients

Abstract A cohort of 378 patients with ischemic heart disease were followed 3,541 person-years to determine their experience with subsequent cancer. The observed number of new malignancies (40) was in accord with that expected (39).
Detection of Brønsted acid sites in zeolite HY with high-field 17O-MAS-NMR techniques.

The acidity and unique porous structures of zeolites play an important role in controlling the activity and selectivity of many zeolite-based catalysts1,2. Although 27Al, 29Si and 1H NMR spectroscopy represent standard analytical tools with which to study these materials3,4, 17O-NMR investigations are much less routine, owing to the very low natural abundance of 17O (0.037%), its relatively low resonant frequency and its large quadrupole moment. 17O-NMR resonances from framework oxygen sites in a variety of zeolites have been detected5,6,7,8,9,10,11, but the 17O-NMR resonance from oxygen directly bound to the Bronsted acid site (Si–O(H)–Al) has remained elusive. Here we report the direct observation of this resonance in dehydrated zeolite HY, by using high magnetic-field strengths. 17O–1H double-resonance NMR experiments are used to prove unambiguously that the 17O signal arises from O nearby H atoms. A large quadrupolar coupling constant, the measure of the local distortion of this site, of 6.6 MHz is determined, which is similar to that obtained in ab initio calculations of zeolite HY-like clusters; this value drops to 5 MHz on acetone binding. The results presented in this paper open up methods for characterizing zeolite acidity and investigating H+-sorbent interactions.
The Rise of Social Cooperatives in Italy

This paper reports how a new model of social enterprise—the social cooperative (SCs)—has become instrumental, in the Italian context, in the expansion of the social economy. It underlines the contribution these associations have made toward broadening the concept and standard parameters of volunteer organizations, providing basic social welfare services, and integrating the disadvantaged into the mainstream of society. The paper focuses on some SCs organizational aspects, highlighting the many traditional and advantageous business features, the ease with which they have access to financial instruments, and their ability to activate wider social projects. Given their recent spreading in Italy, where the Third Sector is less developed than in other Western countries, SCs incorporate working modalities that could also be of interest and relevance to other countries. To adopt this type of organization, however, calls for adequate competencies and protection under specific laws because they are, on the whole, still small-sized and somewhat fragile.
Prevention of Sports Injury: A Problem Solving Approach

(1971). Prevention of Sports Injury: A Problem Solving Approach. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 42, No. 4, pp. 24-29.
Effects of coastal transport on larval patches: Models and observations

Abstract We used a combination of field observations and numerical modeling to examine the physical mechanisms responsible for the evolution and transport of patches of blue crab larvae in the mouth of Delaware Bay. The observations consisted of larval collections and surface salinity measurements taken along a moving spatial grid whose origin was determined by a satellite-tracked drifter. Examination of field observations revealed a slender larval patch that was aligned with salinity contours. Measurement of the salting rate of the larval patch indicated that the patch moved through the offshore edge of a buoyant plume due to wind-driven upwelling circulation. A numerical model that provided realistic simulations of the flow field at the mouth of Delaware Bay and the adjoining coastal ocean was used to examine the physical mechanisms responsible for the movement and evolution of the patch. We conducted a series of simulations in which we separately examined the effects of tides, buoyancy-driven flow, and wind-driven transport. Results showed that both tides and buoyancy-driven flow tend to elongate an initially square fluid element. Although winds alone have little effect on the shape of a patch, wind-driven flow can effectively move a patch through a complex flow field in which the deformation by tides and buoyancy-driven circulation can have significant effects. This study represents the first observation and analysis of a larval patch that remains intact while moving through the edge of a buoyant plume. It provides new insight into the shape of larval patches in Delaware Bay and any region with strong buoyancy- and tidally-driven flow, suggesting that typical larval patches may not be characterized by equal across- and alongshelf dimensions but instead tend to be slender shapes that are aligned with the flow field.
A global view of metabolites.

Fungi are rich sources of medically useful, as well as toxic, secondary metabolites. In this issue of Chemistry & Biology, Bok et al. [1] show that, in Aspergillus nidulans, microarray analysis and manipulation of a global regulator can identify novel metabolite genes.
Spectroscopic real-time ellipsometry of putidaredoxin adsorption on gold electrodes

Adsorption of putidaredoxin (Pdx) on gold electrodes was studied using dynamic spectroscopic ellipsometry and differential capacitance. A method to account for the metal surface optical perturbation during protein adsorption at constant potential is described. The method is based on the concept of the charged transition layer which develops between metal substrate and adsorbate. Transition-layer charge was determined from the differential capacitance and the ellipsometry measurements in buffer solutions. A three-phase (metal substrate/protein film/solution) reflecting surface model was amended with a charged metal transition layer as a fourth phase, which allowed the elucidation of the adsorbed Pdx complex index of refraction spectrum. On the basis of this spectrum, a time dependent protein surface concentration was calculated. For short times, this surface concentration was in good agreement with estimates based on mass transport limited adsorption.
A comparison between boat-based and diver-based methods for quantifying coral bleaching

Abstract Recent increases in both the frequency and severity of coral bleaching events have spurred numerous surveys to quantify the immediate impacts and monitor the subsequent community response. Most of these efforts utilize conventional diver-based methods, which are inherently time-consuming, expensive, and limited in spatial scope unless they deploy large teams of scientifically-trained divers. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of the Along-Track Reef Imaging System (ATRIS), an automated image-acquisition technology, for assessing a moderate bleaching event that occurred in the summer of 2011 in the Florida Keys. More than 100,000 images were collected over 2.7 km of transects spanning four patch reefs in a 3-h period. In contrast, divers completed 18, 10-m long transects at nine patch reefs over a 5-day period. Corals were assigned to one of four categories: not bleached, pale, partially bleached, and bleached. The prevalence of bleaching estimated by ATRIS was comparable to the results obtained by divers, but only for corals > 41 cm in size. The coral size-threshold computed for ATRIS in this study was constrained by prevailing environmental conditions (turbidity and sea state) and, consequently, needs to be determined on a study-by-study basis. Both ATRIS and diver-based methods have innate strengths and weaknesses that must be weighed with respect to project goals.
A mechanistic probe for asymmetric reactions: deuterium isotope effects at enantiotopic groups.

The development of a mechanistic probe that is especially suitable for the study of asymmetric reactions is presented. Chemically innocuous enantiotopic methyl groups are utilized as probes for the distinct environments that develop at the transition state for the (−)-B-chlorodiisopinocampheylborane reduction of 4′-methylisobutyrophenone. 2H kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) are determined for both enantiotopic methyl groups using two types of competition reactions. One competition is that between the d3-methyl enantiomeric isotopomers. The other competition reaction is that between the d6-dimethyl and perprotiated isotopologues. The rate constant ratios can be converted into kinetic isotope effects upon each of the individual enantiotopic methyl groups by invoking the rule of the geometric mean. The resulting isotope effect measurements yield highly precise values and contribute further understanding to the transition structure for this stereoselective reduction. The results are discussed in the context of ...
Sorption of antibiotics to biofilm.

Abstract Using a continuous-flow rotating annular bioreactor, sorption of three selected antibiotics (sulfamethoxazole (SMX), ciprofloxacin (CIP), and erythromycin (ERY)) to bacterial biofilm was investigated. CIP had the greatest biofilm partition coefficient (Koc = 92,000 ± 10,000 L/kg) followed by ERY (Koc = 6000 ± 1000 L/kg) and then SMX (Koc = 4000 ± 1000 L/kg). Antibiotic sorption to biofilm did not correlate with experimentally-determined Kow values (CIP: −0.4; ERY: 0.98; SMX:
Introversion, inhibition, and displayed anxiety: The role of error reactivity processes

Abstract Three studies involving 176 undergraduates examined the personality-related correlates of tendencies to slow down following errors in choice reaction time tasks. Such tendencies were hypothesized to tap individual differences in threat reactivity processes and therefore be relevant to the prediction of phobic-like fear (Study 1) and displayed anxiety as rated by informants (Studies 2 and 3). However, on the basis of the idea that high levels of extraversion may suppress threat reactivity processes, it was hypothesized that extraversion and post-error slowing tendencies would interact in predicting the dependent measures. The studies supported the latter interactive hypothesis in that post-error slowing tendencies were predictive of displayed anxiety at low, but not high, levels of extraversion. The discussion focuses on the respective roles of error-reactivity processes and extraversion in predicting behavioral inhibition and displayed anxiety.
Reputation, Symmetry, and Alliance Design

There is significant variation in the design of military alliances but scholars currently do not have a good understanding of when members choose one design over another. This article argues that alliance design is motivated, at least in part, by reliability considerations. If concerns about opportunism are high—when prospective members have a history of alliance violation—the signatories should be more willing to implement costly reliability-enhancing provisions such as greater precision in when alliance obligations apply, issue linkage, and increased institutionalization. However, this should be more likely in symmetric alliances where members of similar power levels rely on the support of their partners and thus sensitivity to opportunism is high. In asymmetric alliances, major powers may not find reliability-enhancing provisions necessary and minor powers, who do worry about the reliability of their partners, are unable to force more costly alliance designs given their limited bargaining power. The theoretical expectations are tested using data on bilateral alliances between 1919 and 2001 and the results are generally supportive of the hypotheses.
Challenges: automated design of networking protocols

This paper establishes a framework for the automated generation of networking protocols. The need for the rapid design of networking protocols in application-specific contexts has increased dramatically over the past five years. Each new application requires high performance in its own domain, as well as a rapid design cycle. Further, changes in physical layer technology quickly render previously high-performance protocols poor performance. Currently, there are no tools to automate the design of networking protocols. This paper addresses the challenge of building such tools. It proposes a methodology and a design chain for the automated generation of networking protocols, with the following novel ideas: (1) Formulation of the network protocol problem such that the exchange of protocol control information can be specified as part of the optimization program, (2) Optimal waveform generation, which specifies the optimal exchange of both control information and data, (3) Protocol Extraction: The extraction of the optimal protocol as a minimal description of the optimal waveforms. This methodology has the potential to dramatically change the future of networking protocol design by moving protocol design to a more abstract level, finding high-performance protocols not easily discovered by human intuition, and reducing the currently long protocol design cycles.
Multidisciplinary Collaboration in Child Protective Clinical Consultations: Perceptions of Best Practices

Mental illness, substance abuse, and domestic violence are common co-occurring problems in families involved in child maltreatment allegations. When two or more of these problems are involved in a case, the integration of multiple professionals and collaboration among them become especially complex. This study examined perceptions of best practices of multidisciplinary collaboration at an innovative clinical consultation program in a large, governmental child protective services agency. Seven themes emerged as most important in achieving a best practice: setting the stage; mandate; trust and communication; strong leadership; building a shared identity; structural supports and resources; and continuous feedback and evaluation. Conditions and recommendations to achieve best practices in multidisciplinary collaboration and implications are discussed.
A Study of Peripheral Nerve Involvement Underlying Physical Disability of the Hand in Hansen's Disease

Abstract Hansen's disease (HD) belongs within the family of peripheral nerve diseases and disorders. Measurements of hand dysfunction in HD patients for the most part have focused on disability, the end result of peripheral nerve involvement. Disability measurement alone can underestimate actual prevalence of primary peripheral nerve involvement, and can be misleading regarding its status and course. Patients treated at the Gillis W. Long Hansen's Disease Center, Carville, LA, were given hand screening examinations developed to measure the peripheral nerve involvement underlying physical disability of the hand. This study models peripheral nerve involvement as it relates to physical disability of the hand, and supports the need for direct measurement of peripheral nerve involvement in other patient populations. This information is important in determining whether a patient is improving or becoming worse, whether neuropathy can be treated or prevented, and whether there is more or less neuropathy resulting in disability with various anti mycobacterial treatments for the disease.
Outcomes Assessment of Engineering Writing at the University of Washington

Effective writing skills are crucial for engineers, and engineering programs have always struggled with how to prepare their students for the writing they will do as professionals. Now, programs must also show the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) that they have clear educational outcomes for engineering communication and have a process for assessing student performance on those outcomes. At the University of Washington, we have spent the last five years developing an outcomes-based assessment program for engineering writing. In spring 2001, the first round of writing assessment was completed. The assessment indicated that most of our students are competent in the outcomes we have developed. It also uncovered several weak areas, particularly in regard to working with sources and to adequately stating and supporting the purpose of the writing. We will be addressing these areas with additional instruction in the stand-alone technical writing courses taken by engineering students. The process described in this paper could be helpful for other engineering programs preparing for ABET accreditation visits.
Components of an environmental observatory information system

Recently, an initiative within the hydrologic science and environmental engineering communities has emerged for the establishment of cooperative, large-scale environmental observatories. Scientists' ability to access and use data collected within observatories to address broad research questions depends on the successful implementation of cyberinfrastructure. In this paper, we describe the architecture and functional requirements for an environmental observatory information system that supports collection, organization, storage, analysis, and publication of hydrologic observations. We then describe a unique system that has been developed to meet these requirements and that has been implemented within the Little Bear River, Utah environmental observatory test bed, as well as across a nation-wide network of 11 similar observatory test bed sites. The components demonstrated comprise an observatory information system that enables not only the management, analysis, and synthesis of environmental observations data for a single observatory, but also publication of the data on the Internet in simple to use formats that are easily accessible, discoverable by others, and interoperable with data from other observatories.
Senescence of Nickel-Transformed Cells by an X Chromosome: Possible Epigenetic Control

Transfer of a normal Chinese hamster X chromosome (carried in a mouse A9 donor cell line) to a nickel-transformed Chinese hamster cell line with an Xq chromosome deletion resulted in senescense of these previously immortal cells. At early passages of the A9/CX donor cells, the hamster X chromosome was highly active, inducing senescence in 100% of the colonies obtained after its transfer into the nickel-transformed cells. However, senescence was reduced to 50% when Chinese hamster X chromosomes were transferred from later passage A9 cells. Full senescing activity of the intact hamster X chromosome was restored by treatment of the donor mouse cells with 5-azacytidine, which induced demethylation of DNA. These results suggest that a senescence gene or genes, which may be located on the Chinese hamster X chromosome, can be regulated by DNA methylation, and that escape from senescence and possibly loss of tumor suppressor gene activity can occur by epigenetic mechanisms.
Electrical stimulation of ante-mortem stressed beef.

Six heifers of approximately 375 kg were stressed before slaughter and one side of eaoh animal was electrically stimulated. Electrical stimulation had no effect on muscle colour, ultimate pH, shear force or any of the sensory characteristics of muscle fibre tenderness, overall tenderness, connective tissue amount, juiciness, flavour desirability or overall desirability. The data from this study indicate that rapid pH decline is necessary for electrical stimulation to produce its desired effects and that the process of stimulation itself or the contractions produced are not the causative factors in improved quality of electrically stimulated beef.
Role of the secretion vesicle in the transport of receptors: modulation of somatostatin binding to pancreatic islets.

Glucose augments islet somatostatin binding by increasing receptor concentration with no change in receptor affinity. The increased binding of somatostatin could be due to 1) de novo receptor synthesis, 2) decrease in the rate of receptor internalization, or 3) translocation of receptors from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane during emiocytosis. Studies were undertaken to test these three possibilities. A dose of cycloheximide (1 mM) sufficient to produce an 81 ± 2% decrease in protein synthesis did not inhibit the increased somatostatin binding induced by 16.7 mM glucose. Internalization of ligand-receptor complex was indirectly assessed by incubating islets with [125I]iodosomatostatin (pH 7.4) in order to measure total cell binding and then treating them with 0.2 N acetic acid (pH 2.5) to remove cell surface bound somatostatin and determine residual intracellular radioactivity. The acetic acid treatment results in dissociation of the ligandsurface receptor complex. Residual radioactivity reflec...
The Evaluation of Presidents: An Extension of the Schlesinger Polls

IN 1948 and again in 1962, Arthur M. Schlesinger asked panels of historians and political scientists to rate the Presidents of the United States in categories ranging from "great" to "failure." Although these polls have been subjected to criticism, they have proved useful.' But there are serious problems inherent in this type of research. This essay enlarges upon the Schlesinger polls, as well as updates them. It also introduces crucial methodological changes such as the use of socialpsychological scaling methods instead of a simple ranking, the inclusion of additional dimensions of evaluation, the use of a much larger and less biased sample, and the use of a single professional society as a sampling frame. The two Schlesinger studies, which created the interest in this line of inquiry, found the following ordering of Presidents (see Table 1). A question that might well have concerned many readers of the earlier presidential polls involves the possible alternative meanings and dimensions that may have been employed in the ratings of prestige. It is easy to see that an active President may be seen as prestigious, regardless of the significance of his accomplishments, or that an idealistic President may be more highly regarded than a practical one. To take into account questions like these, it was necessary to include ratings of other dimensions in addition to that of prestige. A total of seven dimensions were used in this study. The use of these additional dimensions allows for an examination of the relationships among them, which, in turn, permits increased understanding of what is involved in (or related to) the rating of presidential prestige. The present survey employed a standard social-psychological scaling
Rapid Solid-State Synthesis of Nanostructured Silicon

Nanostructured silicon has recently been identified as an attractive material for a wide variety of uses from energy conversion and storage to biological applications. Here we present a new, rapid method of producing high-purity, nanostructured, unfunctionalized silicon via solid-state metathesis (SSM) in a matter of seconds. The silicon forms in a double displacement reaction between silicon tetraiodide and an alkaline earth silicide precursor. The products are characterized using powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Depending on the silicide precursor used, two different morphologies are obtained, either nanoparticles or dendritic nanowires. The variations in the morphologies are attributed to differences in the kinetics of the reactions.
International Perspective: Foreign Language Needs of U.S. Businesses

Abstract This research asked human resource managers of multicultural corporations how extensive their foreign language needs are, what fluencies are needed, and where companies look to obtain foreign language training for their employees? Of 171 managers responding to a mailed survey, 78.9% indicated that there was a need for foreign language fluency at their companies; Spanish was requested more than other languages. Foreign language speaking skills are in higher demand than reading or writing, and businesses look to the universities to provide the necessary training. Foreign language knowledge is a major consideration in initial hiring, promotion, and retention decisions in some companies.