cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Childhood maltreatment and resource acquisition in African American women: The role of self-esteem.

Objective Childhood maltreatment (CM) is a public health crisis that results in negative physical, mental health, and psychosocial (e.g., resource attainment) outcomes. Resource attainment is a critical outcome for marginalized populations, such as low-income African American women. This study addresses the gap in the literature regarding the association between CM and effectiveness of resource attainment and the potential mediating role of self-esteem in this association for African American women. Method Data were gathered from a large public inner-city, university-affiliated health care system in the Southeastern United States. Participants selected were low-income African American women who have experienced intimate partner violence (IPV) and have attempted suicide in the prior year. The participants for this study completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, the Beck Self-Esteem Scale, and the Effectiveness in Obtaining Resources Scale. Results Mediation analyses using bootstrapping with 213 women revealed the powerful role self-esteem plays in explaining the link between CM and resource attainment in low-income African American women. Specifically, overall CM and four of its subtypes (emotional abuse, physical abuse, emotional neglect, and physical neglect) were all associated with decreased resource attainment via the effect of decreased self-esteem. Sexual abuse was the only subtype of CM not significantly associated with self-esteem nor effectiveness of resource attainment. Conclusion This research highlights the importance of screening for CM, its subtypes, and resource attainment in this population and bolstering self-esteem through psychological interventions to increase women's capacity to effectively secure necessary community resources. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Do Property Rehabs Affect Neighboring Property Prices

We examine the effect of distressed property rehabilitations on neighboring property prices using a recently developed nonparametric method that accounts for very local confounding house price trends. We find that house prices around a rehabilitated property increase between 2.3 and 4.0 percentage points following the rehabilitation. Moreover, we estimate that the average rehabilitation generates an aggregate welfare benefit that is 3.8 times greater than the amount invested. Rehabilitation externalities are stronger for longer rehabilitations and greater rehabilitation investments, and they are prevalent even in areas with high rates of foreclosures. The spillover effect of rehabilitations operates through their salience as opposed to through a reduction in the supply of distressed properties, through property appraisals, or through homebuyers with higher income moving into the neighborhood. Overall, our results suggest that investing in property rehabilitations can be a useful tool to stabilize distressed housing markets.
Language Learning in the Virtual Wild

Evidence suggests that incidental foreign language contact in unstructured, virtual environments (the “virtual wild”) can enhance second language (L2) learning (Sockett G, The online informal learning of English. Palgrave Macmillan, Houndmills, 2014), and that the use of online informal learning of language activities with students learning English as an L2 results in higher fluency, lower error rates, and greater engagement compared to learning that occurs in a traditional classroom setting only (e.g., Cole J, Vanderplank R, System 61:31–42, 2016; Kusyk and Sockett 2012). This chapter describes the research on and characteristics of online informal learning of English (OILE) as an application of the theoretical framework of usage-based linguistics, and argues that OILE is, contrary to some researchers’ claims, transferable to languages other than English. Finally, a program of research that would establish the viability and efficacy of implementing OILE in non-English foreign language classrooms is proposed.
Fraudulent Transfers and Juries: Was Granfinanciera Rightly Decided?

In 1989, the Supreme Court ruled that a third party recipient of a fraudulent conveyance had a Seventh Amendment right to a jury trial when a bankruptcy trustee brought suit for a money judgment under Bankruptcy Code section 550(a). This was because, in 1791, an English bankruptcy trustee would have brought fraudulent transfer litigation in a court of law (not a court of equity) and would have obtained a money judgment. I maintain that the Supreme Court committed the classical logical error of Quaternio Terminorum—a false analogy. The analogy was that American bankruptcy trustees are like 18th century English bankruptcy administrators. They are not. American bankruptcy trustees are hypothetical judicial lien creditors. The English administrator was not. The proper analogy was to an English judgment creditor in 1971. The English judgment creditor was limited to enforcing her rights against a third party in a creditor’s bill in equity, which required that the legal remedy for judgment (writ of execution) must have been inadequate.
3A. Estrogen receptors in GtoPdb v.2021.3

Estrogen receptor (ER) activity regulates diverse physiological processes via transcriptional modulation of target genes [1]. The selection of target genes and the magnitude of the response, be it induction or repression, are determined by many factors, including the effect of the hormone ligand and DNA binding on ER structural conformation, and the local cellular regulatory environment. The cellular environment defines the specific complement of DNA enhancer and promoter elements present and the availability of coregulators to form functional transcription complexes. Together, these determinants control the resulting biological response.
Coda Constraints on Tone

In many languages tonal contrasts are restricted on closed syllables ending in a stop (CVT). Such “stopped” tones, which are found most widely in East and Southeast Asia, have been interpreted in three different ways in the literature: (i) a single system approach: the tone(s) on stopped syllables are a subset of the tones contrasting on “smooth” syllables, which end in a sonorant; (ii) a two-system approach: the tone(s) on stopped syllables form a separate tonal subsystem distinct from the tones on smooth syllables; (iii) an extrasystemic approach: in cases where only one tone is allowed on stopped syllables, CVT is interpreted as toneless, i.e. outside the tone system proper. Drawing on languages from the Kuki-Chin subbranch of Tibeto-Burman, I argue that wherever disambiguating evidence is available, the subset interpretation is the correct approach.
Continuous measurements of dissolved O2 and oxygen isotopes in the Southern California coastal ocean

Abstract Dissolved O2/N2, O2/Ar, O2 saturation and δ18O were measured continuously near the surface ocean at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography pier in La Jolla, California, for five weeks. The data showed diurnal cycles in O2 and δ18O, with amplitudes of 19 mmol m− 3 and 1.1‰, respectively. The diurnal cycles are well described by a box model that includes photosynthesis, respiration, air–sea gas exchange, and mixing. The timing of the cycles can be explained using a photosynthesis rate proportional to photosynthetically active radiation, and the shapes of the cycles can be explained by mixing with a subsurface layer of water that is supersaturated in O2. Based on the diurnal cycles in O2 and δ18O, the average maximum daily photosynthesis rate was 3.7–4.7 mmol O2 m− 3 h− 1, which is supported by the light-saturated photosynthesis rate estimated from the measured chlorophyll concentration. In the future, these continuous measurement techniques could be used at different locations and depths to improve the understanding of variability in oceanic primary production.
The activation of alcohols by liver alcohol dehydrogenase: dependence of inhibition upon the pKa lowering effect.

Liver alcohol dehydrogenase (LADH) is a zinc metalloenzyme that catalyzes the reversible oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes or ketones (Pocker, 1989). The catalytic zinc ion is bound 25 A from the protein surface at the bottom of a tunnel lined with hydrophobic amino acid residues that stabilize the binding of substrates. For most primary alcohols, including ethanol, the oxidation process follows a compulsory ordered mechanism in which NAD+ binding precedes alcohol binding (Dalziel, 1975). Oxidation occurs within the ternary complex followed by the stepwise release of aldehyde and NADH, respectively.
Female Reproductive System

The female reproductive system consists of the ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina, and external genitalia. The placenta and mammary glands are also included in this chapter. The principal functions of the system include (1) production of female gametes, the ova, by a process of oogenesis; (2) reception of male gametes, the spermatozoa; (3) provision of a suitable environment for fertilization of ova by spermatozoa and for development of the fetus; (4) a mechanism for the expulsion of the developed fetus to the external environment; and (5) nutrition of the newborn.
Adaptive compensation of fuel dynamics in an SI engine using a switching EGO sensor

Current engine controllers employ a feedforward compensator to eliminate the effects of fuel dynamics ("wall-wetting") on the air-fuel ratio trace. Uncompensated or improperly compensated fuel dynamics may cause significant A/F excursions during transient operations, accompanied by increased emissions levels. This paper describes the development of an adaptive algorithm for transient fuel compensation using only a switching exhaust gas oxygen (EGO) sensor, in order to ensure proper compensation of fuel dynamics in spite of initial miscalibrations, vehicle-to-vehicle variability, changing dynamics due to aging (intake valve deposits build up), or changing dynamics due to changing fuel properties. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Human-robot collaboration: A survey

Human-Machine collaboration is a vastly developing field in the area of Robotics. This paper introduces the concept of such collaboration and describes its use in various facets of our society. The various kinds of interaction between humans and robots in applications such as elderly care, schools and education, medicine, military and space exploration have been reviewed in this paper. Also, the learning process used by the robot for interacting with the human and environment is presented.
Abstract 3820: Expression of ST6Gal-1 in colorectal cancer and patient prognosis

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Background: ST6Gal-1 sialyltransferase, a type II membrane protein that catalyzes the transfer of sialic acid to the N-glycans of certain receptors, is upregulated in several cancers, including colorectal cancers (CRCs), and its levels correlate with metastatic potential. Therefore, we investigated its prognostic value in CRCs. Methodology: Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded CRC tissues from African Americans (Blacks) (n=50) and non-Hispanic Caucasians (Whites) (n=51) patients were evaluated for immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of ST6Gal-1. IHC expression was assessed using an anti-human ST6Gal-1 polyclonal antibody (R&D Systems) with antigen retrieval. The antibody-antigen complex was detected by the Immpact NovaRed system (Vector Labs). A semiquantitative immunostaining scoring system (ISS) on a scale of 0-4 was developed to assess the ST6Gal-1 expression, and a cutoff value (1.2 ISS) was determined by the bootstrap method. This value was used to classify tumors as low- or high-ST6Gal-I expressors. Previously, these tissues were evaluated for p53 nuclear accumulation (p53nac), an indicator of abnormal p53, by IHC. ST6Gal-1 expression levels were correlated with demographic and clinicopathologic features and with patient survival. Results: Increased ST6Gal-1 expression was observed in all CRCs as compared to their corresponding normal tissues. The overall frequency of CRCs with increased ST6Gal-1 expression was 80%; it was more commonly found in Blacks (88%, 44 of 50) than in Whites (70%, 36 of 51) (X2 p=0.031). Also, increased expression was associated with p53nac, and ST6Gal-1 expression was higher in CRCs that exhibited p53nac (87%, 42 of 48) relative to CRCs without p53nac (70%, 35 of 50) (X2 p = 0.034). Moreover, patients with CRCs with high ST6Gal-1 had lower median survival (29.3 months) relative to those with low ST6Gal-1 expression (58.5 months). Conclusions: These preliminary findings suggest that increased expression of ST6Gal-1 expression, found predominantly in Blacks patients and in CRCs with abnormal p53, is associated with poor patient survival. Citation Format: Trafina Jadhav, Saksham Narang, Jeehyun Bae, Matthew Schultz, Isam-Eldin Eltoum, Susan Bellis, Sejong Bae, Upender Manne. Expression of ST6Gal-1 in colorectal cancer and patient prognosis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3820. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3820
The splitting problem for subspaces of tensor products of operator algebras

The main result of this paper is that if N is a von Neumann algebra that is a factor and has the weak* operator approximation property (the weak* OAP), and if R is a von Neumann algebra, then every σ-weakly closed subspace of N⊗R that is an N⊗C1 R -bimodule (under multiplication) splits, in the sense that there is a σ-weakly closed subspace T of R such that S = N⊗T. Note that if S is a von Neumann subalgebra of N⊗R, then S is an N⊗C1 R -bimodule if and only if N⊗C1 R C S. So this result is a generalization (in the case where N has the weak* OAP) of the result of Ge and Kadison that if N is a factor, then every von Neumann subalgebra M of N⊗R that contains N⊗C1 R splits. We also obtain other results concerning the splitting of σ-weakly closed subspaces of tensor products of von Neumann algebras and the splitting of normed closed subspaces of C*-algebras that generalize results previously obtained for von Neumann subalgebras and C*-subalgebras.
A Review of “Handbook of Distance Education”

Michael Grahame Moore is the editor of the third edition of the Handbook of Distance Education. Moore has over 100 scholarly reviewed publications, and is the founder and editor of the widely read ...
Recurrent Acute Pancreatitis in Patients With Cystic Fibrosis With Normal Pancreatic Enzymes

Ten adolescent and young adults with cystic fibrosis (CF) have had well-documented recurrent attacks of acute pancreatitis. The diagnosis of CF in each patient was delayed because they did not have pancreatic insufficiency. The diagnosis of CF was documented by the typical pulmonary involvement and elevated sweat sodium and chloride levels in all cases and a positive family history in six of the ten patients. Two patients were diagnosed as having acute pancreatitis before the diagnosis of CF was made, thus indicating that acute pancreatitis may be the presenting complaint in the young adult with CF. The diagnosis of acute pancreatitis was based on the presence of severe abdominal pain, usually with vomiting, tenderness in the mid-epigastrium, elevated serum and urinary amylase and serum lipase. Attacks were precipitated by fatty meals, alcohol ingestion; postcholecystectomy and tetracycline administration. In some patients no precipitating event could be elicited. Intravenous secretin-pancreozymin stimulation tests revealed a diminished bicarbonate secretion with little effect on the secretion of the zymogen enzymes. A mild attack of pancreatitis occurred after secretin-pancreozymin stimulation. The endocrine pancreatic function tested in four patients was normal as revealed by the glucose tolerance tests and determinations of serum insulin, growth hormone and free fatty acid. Transduodenal pancreatograms were performed in three patients; one showed a normal pancreatic duct, one showed duct obstruction and in the third patient a beady type of narrowing was found. The selenomethionine Se 75 uptake of the pancreas was noted only in the head of the pancreas. This suggests that loss of function occurs initially to a greater extent in the tail and body of the pancreas. Three patients died and showed characteristic lesions of CF.
CHILD PHYSICAL ABUSE

Child abuse is an age-old problem for which we have had documentary records for as long as we have had recorded history. This article reviews the ethical dilemmas, diagnosis, interviewing guidelines, physical examination, and treatment for child physical abuse. Also discussed are unusual manifestations and differential diagnosis.
Identification of proteins capable of metal reduction from the proteome of the Gram-positive bacterium Desulfotomaculum reducens MI-1 using an NADH-based activity assay.

Metal reduction capability has been found in numerous species of environmentally abundant Gram-positive bacteria. However, understanding of microbial metal reduction is based almost solely on studies of Gram-negative organisms. In this study, we focus on Desulfotomaculum reducens MI-1, a Gram-positive metal reducer whose genome lacks genes with similarity to any characterized metal reductase. D. reducens has been shown to reduce not only Fe(III), but also the environmentally important contaminants U(VI) and Cr(VI). By extracting, separating, and analyzing the functional proteome of D. reducens, using a ferrozine-based assay in order to screen for chelated Fe(III)-NTA reduction with NADH as electron donor, we have identified proteins not previously characterized as iron reductases. Their function was confirmed by heterologous expression in E. coli. These are the protein NADH:flavin oxidoreductase (Dred_2421) and a protein complex composed of oxidoreductase FAD/NAD(P)-binding subunit (Dred_1685) and dihydroorotate dehydrogenase 1B (Dred_1686). Dred_2421 was identified in the soluble proteome and is predicted to be a cytoplasmic protein. Dred_1685 and Dred_1686 were identified in both the soluble as well as the insoluble (presumably membrane) protein fraction, suggesting a type of membrane-association, although PSORTb predicts both proteins are cytoplasmic. Furthermore, we show that these proteins have the capability to reduce soluble Cr(VI)more » and U(VI) with NADH as electron donor. This study is the first functional proteomic analysis of D. reducens, and one of the first analyses of metal and radionuclide reduction in an environmentally relevant Gram-positive bacterium.« less
Communication-assisted hierarchical protection strategy for high-reliability microgrids

The implementation of high-reliability microgrids requires proper protection schemes that effectively function in both grid-connected and island modes. This paper presents a communication-assisted four-level hierarchical protection strategy for high-reliability microgrids, and tests the proposed protection strategy based on a loop structured microgrid. The simulation results demonstrate the proposed strategy to be an effective and efficient option for microgrid protection.
Designing process: taming the Web development cycle

In this paper, we present an outline of a process for developing design products. The advantage of having a process for these types of projects is that it allows us to focus on the creative aspects of the project, by reducing team stress. The design process also allows us to integrate the creative aspects of a Web project with the more mundane aspects of software development.
Is Income Tax Exemption for Charities a Subsidy

Article considers whether income tax exemption for charities is consistent with normal income tax. .It finds that exemption for contributions is not special treatment and that exemption for income from sale of goods or performance of services related to the purpose of the charity is special treatment only if profits are used for expansion. It concludes that a subsidy for expansion can be justified. Most importantly the article finds that exemption for investment income is a subsidy. It concludes that exemption for such income depends on a value judgment as to whether public policy should favor less accumulation and more current spending by charites. It suggests that the exemption for investment income and the charitable deduction should be limited in certain circumstances.
Chemical synthesis and characterization of fluoro-substituted polyanilines

Abstract Polyfluoroanilines can be synthesized chemically from fluorine-substituted aniline monomers by an acid assisted persulfate initiated polymerization route typically used for polyaniline synthesis. Successful polymerizations of 2- and 3-fluoroanilines have been accomplished. Typical polymer yields are between 3–7% by weight. In contrast, poly(4-fluoroaniline) undergoes dehalogenation during polymerization, where the fluorine is displaced allowing for the more favorable head-to-tail polymerization of aniline. Characterizations of the polymer products have been carried out using UV-VIS, FT-IR, and NMR spectroscopies, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and relative solubilities of the polyfluoroaniline powders determined in various organic solvents.
Impact of board gender diversity on firm risk

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study gender diversity on the board of directors and the relation to risk management and corporate performance as measured by the variability of stock market return. Design/methodology/approach – The sample consists of companies from the RiskMetrics database from 2007 to 2011. This database contains information on corporate board of directors. Financial variables were collected from the Compustat database and CRSP database for the years 2005-2011. The authors then measure the effect of gender diversity on corporate performance in terms of firm risk, using the model by Cheng (2008) which measures the variability of stock market return. Findings – The study shows that more gender diversity on the board of directors impacts firm risk by contributing to lower variability of stock market return. The higher the percentage of female directors on the board, the lower the variability of corporate performance. Originality/value – The research design and findings assist in p...
Site-specific protein adducts of 4-hydroxy-2(E)-nonenal in human THP-1 monocytic cells: Protein carbonylation is diminished by ascorbic acid

The protein targets and sites of modification by 4-hydroxy-2(E)-nonenal (HNE) in human monocytic THP-1 cells after exogenous exposure to HNE were examined using a multipronged proteomic approach involving electrophoretic, immunoblotting, and mass spectrometric methods. Immunoblot analysis using monoclonal anti-HNE antibodies showed several proteins as targets of HNE adduction. Pretreatment of THP-1 cells with ascorbic acid resulted in reduced levels of HNE−protein adducts. Biotinylation of Michael-type HNE adducts using an aldehyde-reactive hydroxylamine-functionalized probe (aldehyde-reactive probe, ARP) and subsequent enrichment facilitated the identification and site-specific assignment of the modifications by LC-MS/MS analysis. Sixteen proteins were unequivocally identified as targets of HNE adduction, and eighteen sites of HNE modification at Cys and His residues were assigned. HNE exposure of THP-1 cells resulted in the modification of proteins involved in cytoskeleton organization and regulation, p...
Finite element investigation of thermo-elastic and thermo-plastic consolidation

The transient response of saturated continua due to thermal as well as mechanical loads is investigated in both elastic and plastic ranges. When the two phase saturated media are subjected to thermomechanical loading, the energy equation is coupled with the mass flow and solid deformation equations resulting in the initial boundary value problem of thermal consolidation. The solid behavior may be assumed to be either elastic or elastoplastic leading to the associated theories of thermoelastic and thermoelastoplastic consolidation. The governing equations for the quasi-static infinitesimal theory of thermoelastic consolidation are developed by using the theory of mixtures. An equivalent variational principle is developed along with associated finite element formulations. Two isoparametric elements of the composite type are employed for the spatial discretization. The formulation is extended to the plastic ranges by modeling the solid phase as an elastic work hardening material with an associated flow rule. An incremental iterative scheme is developed to solve this nonlinear transient problem. Several special purpose computer codes are developed for evaluating the isothermal, thermal, elastic and elastoplastic plane strain consolidation responses. These codes have been evaluated against limiting cases available in the literature. The effects of temporal and spatial interpolation schemes are investigated formore » one-dimensional thermoelastic consolidation problems. An application dealing with a plane strain underground coal gasification problem is also presented.« less
Wallace and his ways: A study of the rehtorical genre of polarization

By focusing upon the rhetoric of Governor George C. Wallace, this study isolates, describes, and characterizes those elements inherent to the rhetorical strategy of polarization. Previous studies of “polarization” have failed to encompass both message and non‐message variables in their attempts to explain the process of polarization. This study discusses numerous message and non‐message variables before positing generalizations about polarization as a genre of discourse.
Selective loss of sarcolemmal nitric oxide synthase in Becker muscular dystrophy

Becker muscular dystrophy is an X-linked disease due to mutations of the dystrophin gene. We now show that neuronal-type nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), an identified enzyme in the dystrophin complex, is uniquely absent from skeletal muscle plasma membrane in many human Becker patients and in mouse models of dystrophinopathy. An NH2-terminal domain of nNOS directly interacts with alpha 1-syntrophin but not with other proteins in the dystrophin complex analyzed. However, nNOS does not associate with alpha 1-syntrophin on the sarcolemma in transgenic mdx mice expressing truncated dystrophin proteins. This suggests a ternary interaction of nNOS, alpha 1-syntrophin, and the central domain of dystrophin in vivo, a conclusion supported by developmental studies in muscle. These data indicate that proper assembly of the dystrophin complex is dependent upon the structure of the central rodlike domain and have implications for the design of dystrophin-containing vectors for gene therapy.
Binge Use and Sex and Drug Use Behaviors among HIV(–), Heterosexual Methamphetamine Users in San Diego

This study identified sociodemographic factors, drug using practices, sexual behaviors, and motivational factors associated with binge (a period of uninterrupted) methamphetamine (MA) use among heterosexual MA users. Sample and Method: The FASTLANE study provided cross-sectional data collected by audio computer-assisted self-interview (ACASI) between June 2001 and August 2004 from 451 HIV-negative MA users in San Diego, California, USA who had engaged in unprotected sex and used MA in the previous two months. Results: The study sample was 67.8%% male, 49.4%% Caucasian, 26.8%% African-American, and 12.8%% Hispanic with a mean age of 36.6 years; 183 (40.5%%) reported binge use in the past 2 months. Compared with non-binge users, binge users of MA were more likely to report risky drug use and sex behaviors and differed in motivations to initiate and currently use MA. The final logistic regression model for binge use included more days of MA use in the last month, ever treated for MA use, injection drug use, ...
Cerebral White Matter: Selective Spread of Pneumococcal Polysaccharides

Pneumococcal polysaccharides were implanted in rat brain and their distribution was studied by immunofluorescence. The polysaccharides spread selectively in white matter, and frequently extended from anterior to posterior poles. The results suggest that selective localization of experimental and natural leukoencephalopathies may be related to an innate property of white matter that permits or facilitates spread of noxious agents.
Integrated microwave thermal imaging system with mechanically steerable HIFU therapy device

We are developing a microwave tomographic imaging system for non-invasive monitoring of temperature changes during thermal therapy, based on the known tissue conductivity temperature dependence. As with any monitoring system, the actual integration with a therapy device is a significant challenge. The combined high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU)/microwave imaging approach is intriguing because the necessary characteristics for the microwave data gathering (highly EM attenuating coupling liquid) are not compromised by the HIFU requirements (low ultrasound attenuating coupling liquid) since the physics of the two wave propagations are quite different. We have previously reported results for a configuration for use in breast cancer treatment where the HIFU transducer was positioned within the array of coaxial support rods of the antennas which surrounded the breast while the ultrasound beam propagated towards the breast without being obstructed by the antennas. For our new implementation, we have positioned the heating device outside the antenna array and aimed the beam directly past the monopole antennas to the target tissue within. This configuration is particularly useful for various other anatomical sites where it is not possible to position the transducer inside the antenna array, such as for vital organs in the torso. Our initial results illustrate that the ultrasound beam is not significantly impaired by the presence of the microwave antennas and that the beam is readily steerable to desired locations. Additional dynamic experiments demonstrate good correlation between actual temperature rise and conductivity decreases in targeted positions. These results set the stage for actual animal experiments.
Analysis of the 300 MHz PMR spectrum of poly(p-bromostyrene)

The 300 MHz pmr spectrum of poly(p-bromostyrene) is presented and analyzed. The aliphatic proton resonance of this polymer is very similar to that of polystyrene, but the aromatic proton resonance is somewhat more well defined. The resonance of the ring protons ortho to the polymer backbone occurs in a 5 peak pattern that, in view of the previous results obtained for poly 2- and 3-vinyl thiophenes (1,2) and poly(p-acetylstyrene) (3), was interpreted in terms of pentad stereosequences. Based on the assignments made in this paper, poly (p-bromostyrene) synthesized by free-radical initiated polymerization seems to be atactic.
Impact of developmental variance on behavior of models for insect populations. I: Models for populations with unrestricted growth

The concept of developmental variance is discussed with reference to its use in models for insect populations. When included in a model, developmental variance is typically used to describe the variation of developmental periods among individuals. However, its presence in a model can also have indirect impact on survival and fertility schedules. This impact can lead to significant changes in population growth rates and generation times. These relationships between developmental variance and population growth in models are quantified and discussed.
A general saddle point result for constrained optimization

A saddle point theory in terms of extended Lagrangian functions is presented for nonconvex programs. The results parallel those for convex programs conjoined with the usual Lagrangian formulation.
Cultural autonomy and the education of ethnic minority groups

(1980). Cultural autonomy and the education of ethnic minority groups. British Journal of Educational Studies: Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 7-12.
Enhancing species distribution modeling by characterizing predator–prey interactions

Niche theory is a well-established concept integrating a diverse array of environmental variables and multispecies interactions used to describe species geographic distribution. It is now customary to employ species distribution models (SDMs) that use environmental variables in conjunction with species location information to characterize species' niches and map their geographic ranges. The challenge remains, however, to account for the biotic interactions of species with other community members on which they depend. We show here how to connect species spatial distribution and their dependence with other species by modeling spatially explicit predator–prey interactions, which we call a trophic interaction distribution model (TIDM). To develop the principles, we capitalized on data from Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) reintroduced into Colorado. Spatial location information for lynx obtained from telemetry was used in conjunction with environmental data to construct an SDM. The spatial locations of lynx–snow...
A stabilization of the simplex method

This paper considers the effect of round-off errors on the computations carried out in the simplex method of linear programming. Standard implementations are shown to be subject to computational instabilities. An alternative implementation of the simplex method based upon L U decompositions of the basic matrices is presented, and its computational stability is indicated by a round-off error analysis. Some computational results are given.
Invasion of the continents: cyanobacterial crusts to tree-inhabiting arthropods

The colonization of continental environments (land and fresh water) has focused historically on a major event during the mid-Paleozoic Era characterized by the relatively sudden emergence of megascopic embryophytes, fungi, arthropods and tetrapods. A significant earlier phase of Precambrian (Archean and Proterozoic Eons) terrestrialization extends to the first 80% of the history of life and records the colonization of subaerial soils or rock surfaces predominantly by cyanobacterial mats and crusts. These two phases are separated by a ∼90-million-year early Paleozoic interlude of minimal terrestrial colonization. Trophically modern ecosystems appeared during the Late Silurian–Middle Devonian (425–375 million years ago), consisting of complex symbiotic, parasitic and other trophic associations, including detritivory and limited herbivory. The integration of these two historically disparate fields (Precambrian microorganisms and their biochemical and sedimentological signatures, and the paleoecology of mid-Paleozoic ecosystems) has resulted in a wider perspective on terrestrialization. Here, I present an ecological and evolutionary context for the emergence of terrestrial ecosystems and examine associations among organisms, from the endosymbiotic capture of organelles by eukaryotes to modes of metazoan nutrition on land. Such studies now enable the tracking, in ecological detail, of the invasion of continental environments during the past 3.5 billion years of life.
Deformation-potential theory for the mobility of excess electrons in liquid argon

We investigate the motion of a slow electron in a simple classical fluid in the context of low-field mobility measurements of excess electrons in liquid argon, reported by Jahnke, Meyer, and Rice (JMR). The electron is described in terms of an effective Hamiltonian which is a generalization of the effective-mass Hamiltonian of an electron in a crystal. It is proposed that the primary source of electron scattering is a deformation potential produced by long-wavelength fluctuations of the fluid density. A semiphenomenological theory of the mobility is constructed on this basis. The dependence of the leading deformation-potential coefficient on the fluid density is obtained by fitting the data of JMR to the theory. A calculation of this coefficient based on a previous analysis by Jahnke, Holzworth, and Rice agrees well with that emerging from the data fitting.
Recognition: An Information Content Perspective

This essay offers a synthesis of the varied accounting literature on recognition. First, in a review of the historical evolution of accounting thoughts, two debates on accounting measurements stand out: historical cost as the basis for asset valuation and realization as the basic test for income determination. These debates have specific implications for the recognition issue. Second, I examine the shift from the traditional measurement perspective to an information content perspective in both rhetorical policy debates and academic accounting thoughts. Under the information content perspective, the (strategic) decision‐making context becomes particularly important. Last, I advocate information content as a combining perspective, not as a replacement of the measurement perspective. In particular, I draw attention to the recent academic studies with an explicit or implicit theme of recognition. These studies combine modern information economics with the accounting measurement structure. This line of researc...
Two photon resonantly enhanced self-defocusing in Cs Vapor at 1.06µ

The electronic nonlinear refractive index in Cs Vapor at 1.06µ is shown to be negative and to consist of two distinct contributions. One of these arises from a two-photon resonance in the susceptibility, and can be made comparable in magnitude to the positive n 2 in laser glass. The other term arises from population redistribution between the ground and the first excited state. We present preliminary measurements of self defocusing of a single pulse from a Nd:YAG mode locked laser which are in agreement with the theoretical predictions.
Digitized image analysis reveals diffuse abnormalities in normal‐appearing white matter during acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Demyelination of the central nervous system is a hallmark of multiple sclerosis and its widely used animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Recent studies using magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy on multiple sclerosis patients have revealed abnormalities of central nervous system normal-appearing white matter suggesting that micro-demyelination and/or extensive membrane turnover accompanies and perhaps precedes the appearance of manifest inflammatory lesions. In the present study, we induced EAE in SWXJ mice and analyzed digitized images of immunocytochemically stained spinal cord for detection of myelin proteolipid protein (PLP). We found that digitized image analysis is a highly sensitive, objective methodology for measuring the extent of myelin loss during EAE. Our data show that two-thirds of the measured reduction of myelin PLP occurring in EAE spinal cord could be attributed to a loss of myelin in normal-appearing white matter. The marked decrease in detection of PLP was accompanied by a corresponding decrease in PLP mRNA in the central nervous system. Our results indicate that during acute EAE, diffuse myelin abnormalities extend far beyond visibly detectable inflammatory foci and are characterized by a global decrease in the expression of myelin genes and their encoded proteins.
Instrumentation for time-resolved measurement of ultrasound velocity deviation

An inexpensive digital data acquisition unit is described which has the capability to record ultrasound velocity variations up to 20 m/s in ultrasound velocity at rates up to 1000 readings per second. No calibration procedures are required. The intrinsic velocity resolution of the unit is less than 1 part in 10/sup 6/; however, the short-term frequency instability of the phase-locked loop instrument used as a velocity sensor limits the overall resolution to 1 part in 10/sup 5/. >
On extending the functions of a relational database system

Relational database systems are attracting great interest from potential users outside the traditional areas in which such systems have been employed. Features of modern relational systems such as powerful query facilities, data and device independence, concurrency control, and recovery are useful in applications such as engineering design, office automation, and graphics. However, such applications place demands on the system that it must be extended to handle. This paper identifies three of these demands: storing non-coded information of arbitrary length within the database, dealing with aggregate objects as a unit, and improving support for interactive access. Additions to System R, a prototypical relational system, are introduced to satisfy these demands: long fields, for storing non-coded data, and complex objects, which declare the semantic relationships among data items and provide a means for adequately supporting interactive access.
Wi-Fi neighborcast: enabling communication among nearby clients

Several applications require physically nearby Wi-Fi clients to communicate with each other. In this paper, we present a new group communication paradigm, called Neighborcast, that forms a multicast group among all nearby clients, even when they are on different frequency channels or associated to different Access Points. We describe three ways in which neighborcast can be implemented, and present three applications that will benefit from this new group communication paradigm.
Reamputation, mortality, and health care costs among persons with dysvascular lower-limb amputations.

Abstract Dillingham TR, Pezzin LE, Shore AD. Reamputation, mortality, and health care costs among persons with dysvascular lower-limb amputations. Objectives To examine 12-month reamputation and mortality rates as well as acute and postacute medical care costs among a large cohort of persons with dysvascular amputations. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting General community. Participants Medicare beneficiaries identified from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services data as undergoing a lower-limb amputation secondary to vascular disease in 1996. Interventions Not applicable. Main outcome measures Twelve-month reamputation and mortality rates, and acute and postacute medical care costs, by initial amputation level and presence or absence of diabetes. Results A total of 3565 persons, corresponding to 71,300 Medicare beneficiaries nationwide, were identified from the claims data as undergoing lower-limb amputations in 1996. Twenty-six percent of them required subsequent amputation procedures within 12 months, and more than one third died within 1 year of their index amputation. Acute and postacute medical care costs associated with caring for beneficiaries with a dysvascular amputation exceeded $4.3 billion yearly. There were marked differences in patient characteristics, progression of amputation to higher levels, service use, and mortality among dysvascular amputees with and without a comorbidity of diabetes. Diabetic amputees were younger than those without diabetes; they were also more likely to be men, to have more comorbidities, and to have undergone their first amputation at an earlier age than persons with dysvascular amputations who did not have diabetes. Although diabetic amputees were less likely to die within 12 months of the index amputation, they died at a significantly younger age than their nondiabetic counterparts. Progression to a higher level of limb loss occurred most frequently (34.5%) among persons with an initial foot or ankle amputation. Diabetic amputees were more likely than nondiabetic amputees to experience progression to a higher amputation level for all initial amputation levels. Conclusions This study provides information that can be used by physicians when counseling patients about expected outcomes of dysvascular amputations at different levels.
New translocation involving homologous chromosome 3 in acute myelogenous leukemia (M2)

An apparent balanced translocation involving the long arms of homologous chromosomes is described for the first time in a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) (M2), i.e., 46, XY, t(3;3) (q21;q26). After reviewing the literature, it was noted that a breakpoint involving band 3q26 is a frequent anomaly in other translocations. Thus, we are tempted to hypothesize that 3q26 band may also play an important role in the pathogenesis of AML (M2). © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Dependence of RGS9–1 Membrane Attachment on Its C-terminal Tail

Abstract RGS9–1 is a GTPase-accelerating protein (GAP) required for rapid recovery of the light response in vertebrate rod and cone photoreceptors. Similar to its phototransduction partners transducin (Gt) and cGMP phosphodiesterase, it is a peripheral protein of the disc membranes, but it binds membranes much more tightly. It lacks the lipid modifications found on Gtand cGMP phosphodiesterase, and the mechanism for membrane attachment is unknown. We have used limited proteolysis to generate a fragment of RGS9–1 that is readily removed from membranes under moderate salt conditions. Immunoblots reveal that this soluble fragment lacks a 3-kDa fragment from the C-terminal domain, the only domain within RGS9–1 that differs in sequence from the brain-specific isoform RGS9–2. Recombinant fragments of RGS9–1 with or without the partner subunit Gβ5L were constructed with or without the C-terminal domain. Those lacking the C-terminal domain bound to photoreceptor membranes much less tightly than those containing it. Removal by urea of Gβ5L from endogenous or recombinant RGS9–1 bound to rod outer segment membranes left RGS9–1 tightly membrane-bound, and recombinant RGS9–1 was urea-soluble in the absence of membranes. Thus the C-terminal domain of RGS9–1 is critical for membrane binding, whereas Gβ5L does not play an important role in membrane attachment.
Enhancement of radioresistance in mice simultaneously exposed to dimethyl sulfoxide vapor and X-irradiation

Es wird bestatigt, dass Dimethyl-Sulfoxiddampf (DMSO) ein gutes Schutzmittel gegen eine todliche Dosis von Radiumbestrahlung bildet und dass der Strahlenschutz erhoht ist, wenn Mause gleichzeitig mit dem Medikamentendampf der Bestrahlung ausgesetzt sind. Die DMSO-Wirkung ist auch betrachtlich, wenn die Medikamentendampfe erst nach der Bestrahlung angewendet werden.
Characterization of NLO polymer materials for optical waveguide structures

ABSTRACT Polymers have a number of attributes that make them highly desirable for use in the design and fabrication of optical waveguide devices, such as modulators and directional couple rs. They have relatively low (1.5-1.7) refractive indices, low (~4) dielectric constants at gigahertz frequencies, stable at high (150-190 o C) temperatures, resistivities that can be tailored by adding guest molecules and electro-optical responses via the additi on of chromophore molecules. These materials are easily spin-coated on glass, quartz or silicon wa fers to form optically conducting films that have low (1-2 dB/cm) optical loss at the near-IR communication wavelengths. In this paper we update resistivity, dielectric, electro-optic coefficient and waveguide loss characterization methods and improvements that we are using to provide the data needed to fabricate polymer waveguide devices an d report new results for DNA-based polymers. Keywords: Polymer films, optical waveguides, resistivity, alternating polarity, guarded electrode, dielectric constant, dissipation factor, electro-optic coefficient, Teng and Man, waveguide loss, waveguide coupling, electro-absorption, DNA
Optimal monetary policy under rational expectations with a micro-based supply function

Abstract Combination monetary policies to stabilize both price and output in the face of IS, LM, and supply shocks are examined in a typical macromodel with the aggregate supply function expanded to include the real interest rate. The major results are that different combination policies are required for price and for output stability for both IS and supply disturbances, while the Poole result still holds for LM shocks. We also find a combination policy which stabilizes price and output given both IS and supply disturbances. Pure policies cannot, in this more general framework, be ranked except for LM disturbances.
Collaboration as Effective Music Professional Development: Success Stories From the Field

Collaborative professional development (PD) efforts are increasingly popular and successful across the United States. In this article, we highlight the voice of the teacher in brief descriptions of...