cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sex Compatibility in Escherichia Coli.

ENETIC recombination in bacteria was first successfully studied in strain G K-12 of Esclzericlzia coli (TATUM and LEDERBERG 1947; LEDERBERG 1951). Since the nutritional mutants used in the crosses were derived directly from this strain under clonal propagation, their conipatibility implied a homothallic or self-compatible sexual system (cf. WHITEHOUSE 1949). The inference that crossing was genetically unrestricted was supported by the absence of marked hereditary mating preferences among the segregants of a variety of crosses (LEDERBERG 1947, 1949; cf. LEUPOLD 1950). More recently, evidence has been secured for a system of sexual compatibility which was previously obscured by its unique inheritance via an infective agent.
Injury, inflammation, and remodeling in fetal sheep lung after intra-amniotic endotoxin

Chorioamnionitis is frequent in preterm labor and increases the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. We hypothesized that intra-amniotic endotoxin injures the lung in utero, causing a sequence of inflammation and tissue injury similar to that which occurs in the injured adult lung. Preterm lamb lungs at 125 days gestational age were evaluated for indicators of inflammation, injury, and repair 5 h, 24 h, 72 h, and 7 days after 4 mg of intra-amniotic endotoxin injection. At 5 h, the epithelial cells in large airways expressed heat shock protein 70, and alveolar interleukin-8 was increased. Surfactant protein B (SP-B) decreased in alveolar type II cells at 5 h, and SP-B in lung tissue and alveolar lavage fluid increased by 72 h. By 24 h, neutrophils were recruited into the large airways, and cell death was the highest. Alveolar type II cells decreased by 25% at 24 h, and proliferation was highest at 72 h, consistent with tissue remodeling. Intra-amniotic endotoxin caused surfactant secretion, inflammation, cell death, and remodeling as indications of lung injury. The recovery phase was accompanied by maturational changes in the fetal lung.
Christ, creation and the drama of redemption: ‘The play's the thing . . .’

The Christian doctrine of creation is predicated upon two convictions: the transcendence of God and the creative activity of God in the world. While recent studies have shown the compatibility of these two seemingly conflicting convictions, the grounding for them has received less attention. This paper argues that a proper Christian understanding of these convictions and their relationship is dependent upon seeing their basis in christology and trinitarian doctrine. It thus traces the close relationship between Christ and creation and that between creation and redemption in scripture, the patristic period and their more recent retrieval in Schleiermacher and Barth, comparing such conceptions to pagan and neo-pagan alternatives for understanding the God-world relation.
Cytokine and Chemokine Expression Profiles in HIV-1 Infected Patients with Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia from Botswana

Purpose: Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) rate has increased in incidence with the HIV pandemic in Africa. Multiple factors including cellular and environmental can affect the pathogenesis of OSSN in HIV-infected patients. We will investigate anti-inflammatory cytokines, proinflammatory cytokines, and growth factor expression in sera and tissue samples of OSSN and pterygia for the potential link to the development of OSSN. Results: Antibody analysis showed significant changes in levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors in sera. Quantitative RT-PCR of tissues showed expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines associated with HIV infection and carcinogenesis. Conclusion: Our findings showed that dysregulation in expression of cytokines and growth factors in patients with multiple infections may contribute to pathogenesis of OSSN and pterygia. The data reinforces the significance of in depth analysis of immune function in HIV-1 OSSN patients with multiple viral infections that has potential for therapy and vaccine development.
Swimming-induced suppression of rat pineal melatonin is prevented by pretreatment with calcium channel blockers (42836)

Young adult male rats were treated with isoproterenol during the day to induce high levels of pineal N-acetyltransferase (NAT) activity and melatonin. Roughly 2 hr later when pineal NAT activity and melatonin levels were elevated, animals were given either an injection of a calcium channel blocker, i.e., either nifedipine or verapamil, or diluent. The rats were then forced to swim for 10 min in room temperature (22OC) water. Fifteen minutes after swimming onset, pineal glands were collected for measurement of NAT activity and melatonin. Swimming caused a dramatic reduction in pineal melatonin content without influencing NAT activity. Nifedipine substantially and verapamil com- pletely blocked the drop in pineal melatonin levels due to swimming without influencing NAT activity. The results suggest that calcium may be somehow directly or indirectly involved in melatonin release from the rat pineal gland. (P.S.E.B.M. 1989, Vol 1901 ineal N-acetyltransferase (NAT) activity and me- latonin levels have been shown to be affected by P a variety of treatments which can be considered stressful, with the magnitude of the observed changes being influenced by the time during the light/dark cycle at which the stressor is applied (1-6). Application of stressors during the day appears to cause an increase in both pineal NAT activity and melatonin content (I, 2), effects probably resulting from increased catecholamine release (2). In contrast to daytime stress, the exposure of ani- mals to stressors at night or when pineal melatonin levels are high has been shown to have dichotomous effects on pineal NAT activity and melatonin content (5-1 1). Adrenalectomy has been shown to abolish the decrease in elevated NAT activity and pineal melatonin
Treatment of Osteochondral Lesions of the Medial Talar Dome with Osteochondral Autograft Transplantation

Osteochondral lesions of the talar dome (osteochondral lesions of the talus) occur as the result of a variety of causes, including an association with ankle sprains. Radiographs, magnetic resonance imaging, or computed tomography scans are used to classify these lesions. Symptomatic osteochondral lesions of the talus can be treated conservatively, but when this fails, surgical intervention is often necessary. Arthroscopic marrow stimulation techniques, such as drilling or microfracture, may be successful even with repeat surgery. When this fails or large cystic medial lesions are present, osteochondral autograft transplantation of cartilage from the nonarticulating aspect of the lateral femoral condyle is an option that provides a high rate of good-to-excellent results
Linear Relationship of the Loci for Barring, Dermal Melanin Inhibitor, and Recessive White Skin on the Chicken Z Chromosome

The Z-linked loci barring (B), dermal melanin inhibitor (Id), and recessive white skin (y), and the MN t(Z;1) Z-linked chromosome translocation breakpoint (TB) were tested for linkage relationships. The linear order was found to be B-Id-TB-y, with B distal from the centromere on the long arm of the chromosome, and y mapping closest to the centromere. Calculated map unit values between markers varied depending on the presence or absence of the chromosome translocation. When tested on a normal chromosome, map distance +/- SE between B and Id was 13.7 +/- 2.2, and the Id-y distance was 39.9 +/- 3.0. The B and y loci showed independent segregation. When B and y were tested in the presence of the translocation, the calculated distance between these markers was 29.8 +/- 4.0. The B locus mapped 19.1 +/- 3.5 from TB, and y mapped 16.8 +/- 3.1 from TB.
Leapfrogging Data: No Shortcuts for Safety or Efficacy Information

Properly designed and conducted randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) are the premier tool for both testing mechanistic hypotheses and critically ascertaining the risks and benefits of a therapy or strategy for clinical care. The sample size of a trial is mainly a function of the rates of its primary objectives and the presumed influence of the intervention. Trials focusing on a primary outcome variable that can be readily quantified in each subject, such as blood pressure or plasma cholesterol levels, require substantially fewer participants and shorter durations to determine whether their predefined measurement is altered compared with a morbidity and mortality trial. Trials designed to determine whether clinical prognosis is altered by an intervention depend on the proportion of patients experiencing the predefined adverse clinical event(s) and often require 100s-fold–greater patient-time exposures to test their primary hypothesis and provide even modest information about safety. These resource-intense morbidity and mortality trials are generally only performed when information from observational studies as well as smaller mechanistic and surrogate- outcomes RCTs are so highly supportive of a favorable outcome that they justify the effort. Despite this understandable stacking of the cards with the best available information, many of the morbidity and mortality trials conducted to test for a potential favorable impact of an intervention conclude by not supporting the prestudy hypothesis-generating data.1 The lessons in humility offered by these neutral or negative outcomes trials underscore the importance of obtaining crucial risk–benefit data before widespread adoption of even an apparently favorable therapy.2 Articles pp 2506 and 2515 For rational therapeutic decision making, we would ideally like to have both a framework of reliable mechanistic information and robust clinical outcomes and safety data. Sometimes major clinical outcomes trials are designed with a complement of embedded ancillary trials to generate a more complete picture …
Characterization of Buffered Electrolytes for Nickel Electrochemical Printing

Electrochemical printing (EcP) is a maskless solid free-form microfabrication process that locally electrodeposits materials in a nonuniform current distribution beneath a rastering microjet electrode. To achieve high spatial resolution, EcP electrolytes are formulated such that ohmic resistance is large compared to the kinetic resistance. Extraordinary electrodeposition rates are common (>1 A cm -2 ) because a microjet electrode placed very close (16-31 μm) to the substrate delivers high convective-diffusive mass transfer rates. As a result, conventional electrolytes are generally not well suited for EcP. We describe a high-throughput approach for formulating and optimizing electrolytes in EcP, using nickel as a model material that displays interesting complications arising from pH changes driven by the coevolution of hydrogen. Two acetate buffered nickel sulfate electrolytes (pH 3.7 and 4.8) are used to show the interplay of bulk pH and tool operating conditions on overall current efficiency and the formation of complex deposit topographies induced by the local formation of soluble nickel hydroxides. An electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance is used to quantify current efficiencies (up to 45%) at current densities between 2 and 8 A cm -2 . Dense nickel patterns with grain sizes of < 100 nm were electrodeposited at 3.6 A cm -2 .
Mardum-gurīz : An Early Persian Translation of Moliere's Le Misanthrope

Ever since the Persian intelligentsia first discovered French literature in the 19th century, it has remained fascinated with its various genres: first with the writings of the Philosophe, then with the Romantics, the roman aventure, the realists, and, in the mid-20th century, with the existentialists and the theâtre absurde. Moliere's comedies, in particular, were the subject of great interest and the source of many adaptations in the secularizing Iran of the Constitutional period (1905–19) and the Reza Shah era (1921–41). These comedies, often staged with the government's blessing in the newly built playhouses in Tehran and other major cities, had a great impact on the ethos of the growing urban middle classes, who viewed theater-going as a chic habit with a moral essence.
Sustained release of acetylcholine in rat hippocampus using a polyanhydride drug-delivery system

A biodegradable polymer drug-delivery system has been developed for the selective localized application of agents to brain parenchyma. The copolymer of poly[bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)propane] anhydride and sebacic acid (PCPP–SA) was impregnated with [3H]-acetylcholine (ACh) to form 1–5 μm microspheres. Drug-loaded microspheres were implanted into hippocampus bilaterally in 25 rats, and brain sections processed for autoradiography in groups of five animals at 2, 5, 10, 20 and 40 days, respectively. By densitometric analysis, the concentration of radiolabelled ACh in polymer and adjacent hippocampus rapidly decreased between 2 and 5 days, after which a gradual decrease in [3H]-ACh was observed up to 40 days. Between 2 and 40 days the concentration of radiolabelled ACh was reduced by 25.8% in polymer matrix and 40.1% in hippocampus. The spread of [3H]-label into adjacent brain parenchyma showed a similar temporal relationship, with initially wider dispersion at 2 days (44±3 μm), then a linear decrease in dispersion over the remaining period (10±0.9 μxm at 40 days), suggesting bulk flow of the radiolabel into hippocampus. Brain parenchyma showed only a minimal inflammatory reaction to the polyanhydride implants over all time periods. Polyanhydrides can provide localized continuous release of ACh to brain parenchyma, and may potentially be used to deliver various agents to brain in a number of clinical and experimental applications.
Matching of developable surfaces

A matching algorithm is presented for the recognition of an important class of surfaces called the developable surface. Such a surface is represented by a line-of-curvature description (LCD). The algorithm matches the LCD of an unknown surface and those of model surfaces on the Gaussian sphere to determine the corresponding model surface of the unknown. This matching scheme is capable of recognizing a developable surface not only when it is identical to a model surface, but also when it has different attitude and scale from and/or is only a part of the corresponding model. >
Differential effects of reperfusion on incidence of ventricular arrhythmias and recovery of ventricular function at 4 days following coronary occlusion

To determine the influence of coronary reperfusion on ventricular arrhythmias and ventricular function at 4 days post occlusion, anesthetized dogs randomly received no occlusion (sham), permanent occlusion, or 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, or 6-hour occlusions of the left anterior descending coronary artery, followed by reperfusion. An ambulatory ECG was recorded between 78 and 96 hours. The total runs of ventricular tachycardia were 1 +/- 0 (sham), 155 +/- 101 (1 hour), 66 +/- 32 (2 hours), 56 +/- 35 (3 hours), 167 +/- 68 (4 hours), 942 +/- 618 (6 hours), and 1422 +/- 486 (permanent occlusion); the runs of ventricular tachycardia were significantly less in the combined 1- to 4-hour groups (93 +/- 24) compared to the 6-hour and permanent occlusion groups (1282 +/- 384; p less than 0.006). Similar results were obtained for the number of hours in which ventricular tachycardia or frequent ventricular premature beats occurred. At 96 hours, improvement in percent systolic wall thickening of the ischemic myocardium assessed by two-dimensional echocardiography was seen in the group reperfused at 1 hour (p less than 0.01). Similar results were obtained for the reduction in degrees of wall circumference showing systolic thinning. In summary, at 4 days post occlusion in a dog model, spontaneous ventricular arrhythmias are reduced by reperfusion within 4 hours, while return of ventricular function is only improved by reperfusion within approximately 1 hour of coronary occlusion.
QT Prolongation Following Ectopic Beats: Initial Data Regarding The Upper Limit Of Normal With Possible Implications For Antiarrhythmic Therapy And Concealed (Unexpressed) Long QT.

Background: Ectopic beats are frequently associated with morphologic repolarization alterations of ensuing sinus beats. Less is known about repolarization duration alterations of post-ectopic sinus beats. In one patient who developed long QT and torsades de pointes upon exposure to a class III antiarrhythmic drug, and was later genotyped as being a carrier for long QT syndrome (LQTS) type 1, review of a pre-drug Holter monitor study revealed marked QT prolongation of post-ectopic sinus beats. In wondering whether this might be a common clue to "concealed" unexpressed LQTS, we realized that we must first characterize the range of post-ectopic QT prolongation present in normals. Prolongation beyond the upper limit of this range might then raise suspicion of possible LQTS and alter the antiarrhythmic drug selection process for the suppression of atrial fibrillation or other arrhythmias. Methods: Accordingly, we assessed the presence/degree of repolarization prolongation following premature ectopic impulses in 166 subjects with normal conduction intervals and normal repolarization on their resting 12-lead ECG, 75 of whom had no known associated cardiovascular disorder of any kind. That is, in our subjects, the maximal prolongation of the QT interval of the sinus beat following isolated ventricular and atrial premature complexes was characterized. Results: QT prolongation is common in post ectopic sinus beats. However, in our subjects the uncorrected QT interval of post-ectopic sinus beats never exceeded 480 ms in duration [which was much shorter than that seen (510-590 ms) in our gene carrier]. Conclusions The QT interval in normal subjects may prolong following premature complexes but not to a value in excess of 480 ms.
Pedestrians injured by automobiles: Relationship of age to injury type and severity

Abstract Background There is little research on the effect of age on the nature and severity of injuries to pedestrians struck by automobiles. Study design Trauma registry study included all auto versus pedestrian trauma admissions of pedestrians injured by automobiles at an academic Level I trauma center over 10 years and 4 months. Injury Severity Score, severe body area (head, chest, abdomen, extremities) trauma with Abbreviated Injury Score >3, specific organ injuries, and mortality were calculated according to age groups (≤14 years, 15 to 55 years, 56 to 65 years, >65 years). Results During the study period 5,838 admissions were reviewed. There were 1,136 patients (19.4%) 14 years old or less, 3,741 (64.1%) who were 15 to 55 years, 420 (7.2%) 56 to 65 years, and 541 (9.3%) older than 65 years. Overall mortality was 7.7% and ranged from 3.2% in the age group 14 years or less to 25.1% in patients over 65 years. The incidences of severe trauma (Injury Severity Score >15) in the four age groups were 11.2%, 18.7%, 23.6%, and 36.8%, respectively. The incidences of critical trauma (Injury Severity Score >30) were 2.3%, 3.9%, 5.7%, and 13.9%, respectively. The incidence of severe head and chest trauma (Abbreviated Injury Score >3) increased with age. The incidence of solid organ and hollow viscus injuries was similar in all age groups. Spinal injuries increased significantly with age and ranged from 0.4% in the pediatric group to 8.5% in the elderly group. Pelvic and tibial fractures were significantly more common in adults; femur fractures were significantly more common in the pediatric group. Conclusions Age plays an important role in the anatomic distribution and severity of injuries and survival outcomes after pedestrian injuries.
Conservative parallel simulation of priority class queuing networks

A conservative synchronization protocol for the parallel simulation of queuing networks having C job priority classes, where a job's class is fixed, is described. This problem has long vexed designers of conservative synchronization protocols because of its seemingly poor ability to compute lookahead: the time of the next departure. For, a job in service having low priority can be preempted at any time by an arrival having higher priority and an arbitrarily small service time. The solution is to slow the event generation activity so that events for higher priority jobs are generated farther ahead in simulated time than lower priority jobs. Thus. when a lower priority job enters service for the first time, all the higher priority jobs that may preempt it are already known and the job's departure time can be exactly predicted. The author analyzes the protocol and demonstrates that good performance can be expected on the simulation of large queuing networks. >
Subperiosteal orbital hemorrhage as initial manifestation of Christmas disease (factor IX deficiency)

Abstract PURPOSE: To report a case of subperiosteal orbital and subgaleal hemorrhage with optic nerve compromise in a patient with a factor IX deficiency. DESIGN: Interventional case report. METHODS: A 5-year-old male presented 10 days after mild trauma with progressive left-sided scalp swelling, proptosis, and visual loss. RESULTS: The patient had marked proptosis of the left eye, 20/200 visual acuity, and an afferent pupillary defect. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a large subgaleal and left subperiosteal orbital hematoma. Quantitative assays of coagulation proteins identified a factor IX deficiency (Christmas disease). CONCLUSION: Delayed-onset subgaleal and subperiosteal orbital hematoma can rarely be an initial manifestation of Christmas disease.
Work-Family Conflict and Career Outcomes: Differential Effects of Manager Supportive Behaviors

Extending prior research on work-to-family conflict (WFC), we developed and tested a model that explains when and why WFC negatively relates to employee career outcomes. Integrating conservation of...
RESTENOSIS AFTER CORONARY BALLOON ANGIOPLASTY

A recurrence of stenosis (restenosis) following successful coronary angio­ plasty continues to be a frequent problem limiting the long-term efficacy of the procedure. An overexuberant reparative response to the arterial injury induced by balloon dilatation leads to intimal hyperplasia, the major mechanism responsible for restenosis. Although none has yet been proven effective, agents designed to prevent this hyperplastic response are under investigation.
A framework for self-experimentation in personalized health.

Objective To describe an interdisciplinary and methodological framework for applying single case study designs to self-experimentation in personalized health. The authors examine the framework’s applicability to various health conditions and present an initial case study with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Methods and Materials An in-depth literature review was performed to develop the framework and to identify absolute and desired health condition requirements for the application of this framework. The authors developed mobile application prototypes, storyboards, and process flows of the framework using IBS as the case study. The authors conducted three focus groups and an online survey using a human-centered design approach for assessing the framework’s feasibility. Results All 6 focus group participants had a positive view about our framework and volunteered to participate in future studies. Most stated they would trust the results because it was their own data being analyzed. They were most concerned about confounds, nonmeaningful measures, and erroneous assumptions on the timing of trigger effects. Survey respondents ( N = 60) were more likely to be adherent to an 8- vs 12-day study length even if it meant lower confidence results. Discussion Implementation of the self-experimentation framework in a mobile application appears to be feasible for people with IBS. This framework can likely be applied to other health conditions. Considerations include the learning curve for teaching self-experimentation to non-experts and the challenges involved in operationalizing and customizing study designs. Conclusion Using mobile technology to guide people through self-experimentation to investigate health questions is a feasible and promising approach to advancing personalized health.
Background: Banking and Causality

Our quest is a cross-disciplinary theory of financial regulation, grounded upon economic history. Before we proceed further on this journey, there are two backgrounds we should share. First, what is banking? Second, what is explanation? We have seen that panics occurred in banking. Why? We have argued that explaining these panics cannot be causal. Why? We review some background, first about banking and second about causality.
Statistical Procedures for Fuzzy Data in Medical Research

In medical research, there has been an increasing interest in statistical analysis of inherently imprecise, uncertain, or linguistic observations such as perceived breathlessness, general fatigue, or self images. Fuzzy sets can effectively encode them, and a variety of statistical procedures have been developed to analyze fuzzy data. In this paper, we review some of the procedures and explain how they can be applied to medical research.
Antigenic relationship of the human and bovine parainfluenza 3 viruses using the Ouchterlony technique.

SummaryA comparison of 2 strains of parainfluenza 3 virus, one of human origin (PV3) and the other of bovine (SF-4) was made by the Ouchterlony precipitate test. Two antigens were detected by the reaction between the SF-4 monkey kidney tissue culture antigen and its homologous serum. The nature of the weaker antigen was not determined. The PV3 virus reacted weakly with the SF-4 antigen and showed a reaction of identity. In addition, a reaction between the PV3 antigen and its antibody was distinct from the reaction with the SF-4 antibody, but showed a reaction of partial identity. This confirms the reported “one way” cross seen serologically.
Evaluation of major airway lesions using the flow-volume loop.

The flow-volume (FV) loop is another way of representing spirometric data from combinations of forced expiratory and forced inspiratory vital capacity breaths. The FV loop is of use in identifying, and often localizing, lesions of the larynx and the trachea (down to the carina). Three general patterns have been recognized. When the lesion behaves in a fixed fashion (as might occur with an artificial orifice), maximal expiratory and inspiratory flows are almost equally compromised. This results in a rectangular FV loop, irrespective of whether the lesion is located intrathoracically or extrathoracically. When the lesion behaves in a variable fashion, two distinct patterns are seen, depending on the location of the lesion (intrathoracic or extrathoracic). The variable lesion acts as a fixed lesion during one phase of forced respiration only. The extrathoracic variable lesion results in a predominant reduction in forced inspiratory flow, with little effect on expiratory flow, whereas the intrathoracic variab...
Limitations of in vitro assessments of the drug interaction potential of botanical supplements.

Although there are inherent and recognized limitations of in vitro screening methodologies to assess conventional drug-drug interactions (DDIs) per industry guidelines and those adopted by independent laboratories, further limitations are being appreciated which are unique to the evaluation of botanical products and potential DDIs in which they may participate. Among the larger issues faced are the uncertainty in assigning hepatic concentrations of multiple constituents and their potential metabolites, accounting for oral bioavailability, distribution, first-pass metabolism and active metabolites. Furthermore, the wide variability in the chemical composition of commercially available botanical supplement formulations continues to be a major concern, and manufacturing standards or enforcement thereof is essentially nonexistent in most countries. Differing formulations, unspecified product excipients, administration and absorption of the therapeutic ingredient(s) of a standardized dosage form, the very presence and/or concentration of one or more phytoconstituents within a supplement are typically unknown and nontarget entities. A further issue is the absence of authentic analytical standards, and the inability to accurately screen the entities as mixtures to even approximate typical scenarios, which may occur following the ingestion of dietary supplements, adds additional layers of complexity to experimental design and difficulty in interpreting experimental results. Multiple challenges exist in experimental methodologies employed in performing in vitro research with conventional pharmaceuticals and those unique to botanical extracts. These obstacles prevent the investigators from effectively utilizing high-throughput models to accomplish more than essentially “flag” suspected sources of drug interactions which must be further evaluated in vivo, at present, in order to confirm clinical significance. This review is intended to discuss the problems and challenges in evaluating botanical-drug interactions using in vitro methodologies.
A concise history of the world

Introduction 1. Foraging and farming families (to 3000 BCE) 2. Cities and classical societies (3000 BCE-500 CE) 3. Expanding networks of interaction, 500 CE-1500 CE 4. A new world of connections, 1500 CE-1800 CE 5. Industrialization, imperialism, and inequality, 1800-2015 Index.
Variation of Erythrocyte Immune Function in the Children with Recurrent respiration tract infection

Objective To investigate the variation of erythrocyte immune function in the children with recurrent respiration tract infection and explore the relationship between the erythrocyte immune function and recurrent respiration tract infection.Method s Erythrocyte yeast-SPA mixed rosette were applied to measure erythrocyte immune function.Results (1)RBC- CR1 decreased compared with healthy control subjects(P0.05);While RBC-ICR increased compared with healthy control subjects(P0.05).(2)Morbidity frequency of RRTI has negative correlation with erythrocyte immune function.Conclusion There is a decrease in erythrocyte immune function in the children with recurrent respiration tract infection.And there is some relationship between the decrease of erythrocyte immune function and recurrent respiration tract infection.
Leadership, Equality & Democracy

The goal of this essay is to clarify the relationship between leadership and equality as two essential constitutive factors of a democratic political system. The essay is motivated by concern about increasing inequalities in the political system of the United States and other countries that describe themselves as democracies. The first section notes the logical tension between leadership and equality, and spells out my understanding of the key terms I use in this essay. I show how the tension between leadership and equality poses a conundrum for democratic governance. Yet the crux of my argument is that profound socioeconomic inequalities pose the more basic threat. I identify disparities in power, as distinct from leadership, as the root of the problem here. Leadership and power are often conflated. Eliding the differences between the two impedes our understanding of the dilemmas we face. The classical answer to concerns about the abuse of power is to establish institutional constraints on political lead...
Screening for autism identifies behavioral disorders in children functional defecation disorders

This study prospectively assessed whether positive screening surveys for autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) in children with functional defecation disorders (FDDs) accurately identify ASD. Parents of children (4–12 years) who met Rome III criteria for functional constipation (FC), FC with fecal incontinence (FI) and functional nonretentive FI (FNRFI) completed two ASD screening surveys. Children with positive screens were referred for psychological evaluation, and a year later, follow-up surveys were conducted. Of the 97 study participants, 30.9 % were diagnosed with FC, 62.9 % with FC with FI, and 6.2 % with FNRFI. ASD surveys were positive for 27 children (27.8 %). New DSM diagnoses were made in 10 out of the 15 children that completed further evaluation. Two (2.1 %) met criteria for ASD, and 12 (12.4 %) met criteria for other behavioral disorders. Average SRS and SCQ-L scores were higher in subjects with FC with FI as compared to FC alone and in those who reported no improvement versus those who reported improvement 1 year later.
Self-efficacy and Health

The quality of health is heavily influenced by lifestyle habits. By exercising control over health habits people can live longer, healthier and slow the process of aging. Among the mechanisms of self-management, none is more central or pervasive than people's beliefs in their efficacy. Unless people believe they can produce desired outcomes by their behavior, they have no incentive to act or to persevere in the face of difficulties. Belief in one's capabilities to affect one's health exerts its influence in two major ways. At the more basic level, perceived efficacy to cope with stressors affects biological systems that mediate health and illness. At the second level, beliefs of personal efficacy foster direct control over modifiable behavioral and environmental determinants of health. A resilient sense of efficacy affects each of the basic processes of personal change—whether people even consider changing their health habits, whether they mobilize the motivation and perseverance needed to succeed should they choose to do so, their ability to recover from setbacks and relapses, and how well they maintain the habit changes they have achieved. Perceived collective efficacy contributes to health promotion and disease prevention by supporting health policy initiatives and public health approaches that have large-scale impact.
Advancing the Understanding and Prediction of Tropical Cyclones Using Aircraft Observations

Tropical cyclones (TCs) were observed by both operational and research aircraft since the first flight piloted by U.S. Army Air Force Lt. Col. Joseph P. Duckworth on 17 July, 1943 (Sumner, 1943). The U.S. military conducted the first dedicated research flight into a TC (Wexler, 1945; Wood, 1945), and a subsequent flight examined the upper troposphere of a 1947 Atlantic TC (Simpson, 1954). In the early 1950s, somewhat regular TC research was conducted during operational military reconnaissance flights originating in Bermuda and Guam (Simpson, 1952; 2003).
How Many Peripheral Solder Joints in a Surface Mounted Design Experience Inelastic Strains

It has been established that it is the peripheral solder joints that are the most vulnerable in the ball-grid-array (BGA) and column-grid-array (CGA) designs and most often fail. As far as the long-term reliability of a soldered microelectronics assembly as a whole is concerned, it makes a difference, if just one or more peripheral joints experience inelastic strains. It is clear that the low cycle fatigue lifetime of the solder system is inversely proportional to the number of joints that simultaneously experience inelastic strains. A simple and physically meaningful analytical expression (formula) is obtained for the prediction, at the design stage, of the number of such joints, if any, for the given effective thermal expansion (contraction) mismatch of the package and PCB; materials and geometrical characteristics of the package/PCB assembly; package size; and, of course, the level of the yield stress in the solder material. The suggested formula can be used to determine if the inelastic strains in the solder material could be avoided by the proper selection of the above characteristics and, if not, how many peripheral joints are expected to simultaneously experience inelastic strains. The general concept is illustrated by a numerical example carried out for a typical BGA package. The suggested analytical model (formula) is applicable to any soldered microelectronics assembly. The roles of other important factors, such as, e.g., solder material anisotropy, grain size, and their random orientation within a joint, are viewed in this analysis as less important factors than the level of the interfacial stress. The roles of these factors will be accounted for in future work and considered, in addition to the location of the joint, in a more complicated, more sophisticated, and more comprehensive reliability/fatigue model.
Prevalence of house dust mite allergens in low-income homes with evaporative coolers in a semiarid climate

House dust mites are typically absent in homes in arid and semiarid climates due to low humidity. Evaporative "swamp" cooling significantly increases indoor humidity in dry climates and is suspected of promoting dust mite survival in these regions. We investigated the prevalence and concentration of mite allergens in dust from low-income homes (N = 22) with evaporative coolers in Utah County, Utah. Overall, 15 homes (68.2%) were positive for either Der p 1 or Der f 1 in at least 1 location. Geometric mean allergen levels in mattresses were 0.107 and 0.087 ug/g dust for Der p 1 and Der f 1, respectively. In furniture, levels were 0.143 and 0.165 ug/g dust for Der p1 and Der f 1, respectively. The percentage of positive homes in this study was much higher than previously reported in larger homes with swamp coolers in the same community. These results suggest socioeconomic factors may play a role in dust mite allergen prevalence in homes with evaporative coolers in dry climates.
Patterns and effectiveness of surveillance after curative intent surgery in stage I-IIIA non-small cell lung cancer.

7546 Background: The optimal strategy for imaging surveillance of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients after curative intent surgery is unknown. Current guidelines recommend computed tomogra...
Addressing Cultural Determinants of Health for Latino and Hmong Patients with Limited English Proficiency: Practical Strategies to Reduce Health Disparities

We explored how addressing culture may improve patient-provider relationships and reduce health disparities for racial and ethnic individuals with limited English proficiency (LEP). We analyzed qualitative data collected to explore health disparities in preventive cancer screenings for Hmong and Spanish-speaking LEP patients in a large Midwest healthcare system. We interviewed 20 participants (10 from each group) and the audiotaped interviews were transcribed verbatim, then back translated focusing on meaning. Data was analyzed using content analysis. Two themes are: conversation is relational and quality time is valued. Good communication skills involve the amount of conversation, clear explanations, and engaging with the patient. Quality of time meant physical time spent with patient and the task-oriented nature of the encounter. Cultural literacy in healthcare practice helps to understand the whole patient rather than focusing on the symptoms of illness. Patients should not be treated in isolation of their culture. A patient-centered approach to care means physicians should not remain culturally neutral but be more culturally sensitive. We propose steps to reduce disparities by increasing the awareness of cultural literacy for physicians to improve patient-provider relationship.
Arbitrary and Reconfigurable Optics – New Opportunities for Integrated Photonics

Recent understanding shows how to make universal linear components, beyond conventional optics. Fundamental consequences include new radiation laws. Practical integrated Mach-Zehnder meshes can be self-configured for arbitrary linear functions.
Neural networks for vision and image processing

Visual adaptation to a negative, brightness-reversed world - some preliminary observations, Stuart Anstis prevailing lightness and hue and perceived texture segregation, Jacob Beck and William Goodwin perception - a biological perspective, V.S. Ramachandran the visual perception of 3-dimensional form, J. Farley Norman and James T. Todd a new approach to shape from shading, Pierre Breton, et al dynamic vision, Alex P. Pentland figure-ground separation of connected scenic figures - boundaries, filling-in, and opponent processing, Stephen Grossberg and Lonce Wyse toward a unified theory of spatiotemporal processing in the retina, Paolo Gaudiano neurodynamics of real-time image velocity extraction, David A. Fay and Allen M. Waxman why do parallel cortical systems exist for the perception of static form and moving form?, Stephen Grossberg neural dynamics of visual motion perception - local detection and global grouping, Stephen Grossberg and Ennio Mingolla neural circuits for visual attention in the primate brain, Robert Desimone attentive supervised learning and recognition by an adaptive resonance system, Gail A. Carpenter, et al synchronized oscillations for binding spatially distributed feature codes into coherent spatial patterns, Stephen Grossberg and David Somers a quotient space hough transform for space variant visual attention, Alan S. Rojer and Eric L. Schwartz optics and neural nets, David Casasent neural networks for image analysis, Robert Hecht-Neilsen.
Crisis (hostage) negotiators weigh in: the skills, behaviors, and qualities that characterize an expert crisis negotiator

This research identified what skills, behaviors, and qualities experienced crisis (hostage) negotiators believe enhance or harm their success during negotiation. 188 negotiators from various countr...
Myocardial perfusion imaging and multidetector computed tomographic coronary angiography: appropriate for all patients with suspected coronary artery disease?

Over the last 5 years, we have witnessed an impressive introduction of new imaging technology for the evaluation of patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease (CAD). The introduction of multidetector computed tomographic (CT) scanners with submillimeter spatial resolution and subsecond
Adjuvant Therapy of Gastric Cancer in the West

Results of Western surgical adjuvant gastric cancer trials have been inconsistent. Useful adjuvant therapy has not been identified. The probable cause may be a defect in trial design. Stratification by serosal involvement and lymph node metastases includes a wide range of prognoses that may not be balanced by randomization. Stratification should be by TNM stage and type of resection of the stomach performed, with data collected to permit quality control of the surgical procedure and pathologic examination. Future trials should be largely limited to patients with UICC Stage IIIA cancers and those Stage II cancers of the proximal stomach.
Forcible Rape and Adolescent Friendship Networks

Studies have found that sexual victimization can adversely affect an adolescent's psychological well-being, physical health, and behavior. Little is known, however, about how friendships are influenced by such victimization. Drawing on research on sexual violence and the salience of peers among adolescents, the current study extends prior work by examining the effects of forcible rape on adolescent social networks. Using a subsample of females from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health ( N = 4,386), the study employs multivariate regression analyses to estimate the effects of youth forcible rape on the popularity, centrality, and density of adolescent friendship networks and to determine whether depression and attachment to others (e.g., to friends and to school) mediate these effects. The analyses indicated that forcible rape was associated with a decrease in the popularity and centrality of females within their friendship networks; however, no effect on the density of these networks was identified. In addition, forcible rape effects on popularity and centrality were partially mediated by depression and social attachments. The results suggest that forcible rape may adversely affect adolescent females' levels of popularity and centrality within their friendship networks. Combined with prior research, the results indicate that the harmful effects of rape have the potential to extend across diverse domains, including social relationships. This possibility suggests that services and assistance to female adolescents may be useful in navigating these relationships after victimization. It suggests, too, that potential benefits that may arise from interventions that educate adolescents-victims and nonvictims alike-about the challenges that victims of sexual violence experience.
Staged Approach for Petroclival Meningioma Resection.

Introduction Petroclival meningiomas represent very uncommon and challenging tumors. Surgical morbidity is high due to the difficult and complex approaches to this area. In the present video presentation, we demonstrate a staged-approach surgical resection for petroclival meningioma. Patient and Methods A 47-year- old female was incidentally diagnosed with right sizable petroclival meningioma ( Fig. 1 ). The decision to proceed with a staged approach was made based on size and extension of the tumor to both the middle and posterior fossa. At the first stage we performed a right anterior petrosectomy with the patient in the supine position and the head turned 45 degrees to the left. Residual tumor was left behind along its inferior pole. At the second stage, 2 weeks after the 1st surgery, a right retrosigmoid craniotomy was performed with the patient placed on left park-bench position and the residual tumor was removed. The patient tolerated both stages very well without significant neurological deficits except a transient diplopia after the first stge. Postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed gross total resection of the tumor. Conclusion Staged approach for petroclival meningiomas represents a safe and effective surgical management, tolerable for the patient and more comfortable for the neurosurgeon. The link to the video can be found at: https://youtu.be/QJJchjAwD5c .
SIGACT News Complexity Theory Column 101

This issue's column brings to a close the half-year of Bill in the Complexity Theorem Column. In particular, the previous issue's Complexity Theory Column was Bill Gasarch's third P versus NP poll, and this issue's column is Bill, Erik, Jacob, and Scott's article on the muffin problem. Warmest thanks to Bill, Erik, Jacob, and Scott for their splendid baking! Quite naturally given that their article is rich in conjectures, this article is brought to you not just by the Complexity Theory Column, but in fact is a joint production with the Open Problems Column, the letter M, and the number 157 286 .
NDVI–Climate relationships in high-latitude mountains of Alaska and Yukon Territory

ABSTRACTHigh-latitude systems in northwestern Canada and Alaska have warmed rapidly. The aim of this study was to examine how a remotely sensed proxy of vegetation productivity varied among mountai...
Spontaneous pneumothorax and air travel in Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis: A patient survey.

Abstract Background The optimal approach for management of spontaneous pneumothoraces (SPs) and the safety of air travel in patients with pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH) are not well established. Methods Patients with PLCH were recruited from the Rare Lung Diseases Clinic Network and the Histiocytosis Association, and surveyed about disease manifestations and safety of air travel. Results A total of 94 patients completed the survey. Median age at diagnosis of PLCH was 40 years (range: 15–67 years). Average interval between symptom onset and diagnosis was 2.9 years (range: −4 to 31 years). Twenty-two patients (23%) had at least one SP, of which 14 (64%) had at least one additional SP that showed either an ipsilateral recurrence (10 patients; 45%) or a contralateral recurrence (8 patients; 36%). Mean age at the time of first SP was 29 years. SP was the presenting manifestation that led to the diagnosis of PLCH in 19% of patients, typically after the second episode. Surgical pleurodesis reduced the recurrence rate of SP by half in comparison with conservative management (29% vs. 65%, p = 0.025). Two patients experienced an episode of SP during air travel, consistent with an air travel-related pneumothorax rate of 2.4% per patient and 0.27% per flight. Conclusions SP is a common manifestation of PLCH, can be seen in approximately one-fourth of the patients, and has a high recurrence risk. Surgical pleurodesis leads to a substantial reduction in the SP recurrence risk. The risk of an air travel-related SP in patients with PLCH is about 2–3 per thousand flights. Trial registry clinicaltrials.gov NCT03052101 .