cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A high performance query analytical framework for supporting data-intensive climate studies

Abstract Climate observations and model simulations produce vast amounts of data. The unprecedented data volume and the complexity of geospatial statistics and analysis requires efficient analysis of big climate data to investigate global problems such as climate change, natural disasters, diseases, and other environmental issues. This paper introduces a high performance query analytical framework to tackle these challenges by leveraging Hive and cloud computing technologies. With this framework, we propose grid transformation, a new perspective for complex climate analysis that applies a series of atomic transformations to terabytes of climate data using SQL-style query (HiveQL). Specifically, we introduce four types of grid transformations (temporal, spatial, local, and arithmetic) to support a broad range of climate analyses, from the basic spatiotemporal aggregation to more sophisticated anomaly detection. Each query is processed as MapReduce tasks in a highly scalable Hadoop cluster as the parallel processing engine. Big climate data are directly stored and managed in a Hadoop Distributed File System without any data format conversion. A prototype is developed to evaluate the feasibility and performance of the framework. Experimental results show that complex and data-intensive climate analysis can be conducted using intuitive SQL queries with good flexibility and performance. This research provides a building block and practical insights in establishing a cyberinfrastructure that provides a high performance and collaborative environment for data-intensive geospatial applications in climate science.
Philosophy and Computer Science

In all civilizations of all times, astrologers have been relied on to predict the future. Not too long ago, they were rudely displaced by scientists. Nowadays, the scientists’ services in futurology are widely sought by businesses and governments, and their expertise is amply rewarded. Scientists miss no occasion to regale the world with ponderous descriptions about the shape of things to come.
Counting Interior Roots of Trinomials

The history of locating roots of polynomials is a vast and interesting field, spanning algebraic, geometric, topological, and numerical techniques. It dates back to ancient times and has received c...
One-Dimensional Lattices of Interacting Units at Equilibrium

Chapters 8 (equilibrium) and 9 (steady state) extend the discussion in Chapters 6 (equilibrium) and 7 (steady state) to large one-dimensional lattices of units. Two-dimensional lattices, at equilibrium or steady state, are considered in Chapter 10. The primary question is: how do neighbor interactions affect the equilibrium and steady-state properties of units when they are organized into a large lattice? The same methods can be applied to three-dimensional lattices, and there are some biological examples of these,1, 2 but we omit this subject (like transients) for reasons of space.
Comparison of Bayesian and Dempster’s Rules in Evidence Combination

Suppose we have a hypothesis H and two evidential variables A and B. Suppose the conditional probabilities P(H|A) and P(H|B) are known to lie in specified intervals. We compare the intervals for the combination P(H|A,B) given by the Bayesian method and the Dempster’s method. We show that the width of the interval given by the Dempster rule is narrower than that of Bayes. We discuss the onesided cases, i. e., when we are given bounds on P(H|A) and P(H|B), H being the negation of H. Finally, we mention the sensitivity of the combination rules to small deviations of the members, especially when these values are near zero.
Purification, characterization and kinetic studies of antinutrients in bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) seeds

32 INTRODUCTION 32 MATERL\LS AND METHODS 33 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 38 CONCLUSIONS 45 REFERENCES 46 PURIFICATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND PARTL^L AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF TRYPSIN ISOINMBITORS FROM BAMBARA GROUNDNUT(KrGAC4 SUBTERRANEA (VERDC.) SEEDS 63 ABSTRACT 63 INTRODUCTION 63 MATERIALS AND METHODS 64 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 66 CONCLUSIONS 70 REFERENCES 7163 INTRODUCTION 63 MATERIALS AND METHODS 64 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 66 CONCLUSIONS 70 REFERENCES 71
Primary versus trauma-induced Gorham-Stout disease.

Gorham-Stout disease – also known as “disappearing bone disease” is currently considered a single entity with varying clinical manifestations. We reviewed the existent literature from the earliest historic description (Jackson in 1838) and Gorham and Stout’s original series of patients, multiple case reports and series since. After analyzing 212 reported cases, we identified 76 cases with details that recorded either a history of multifocal disease or an identifiable history of preceding trauma. From this review, we have defined two distinct Gorham-Stout entities – those characteristically associated with lymphangiomatosis [a form of GLA (generalized lymphangiomatosis) questionably distinguishable by bone biopsy and radiologic appearance] with multifocal distributed bone lesions, and those others, usually self-limited, first appearing after a traumatic event and always confined to a single bone or closely adjacent one. Multifocal disease is more likely to have chylothorax as a complication. These two Gorham-Stout entities differ in their demographic distribution, clinical history and manifestations, and they follow divergent clinical courses. The prognosis differs, and so should approaches to monitoring as well as acute and long-term treatment. Further research should seek to identify and define the differences in pathology and molecular mechanisms.
Correlating Self-Report and Trace Data Measures of Incivility: A Proof of Concept:

This study correlated self-report and trace data measures of political incivility. Specifically, we asked respondents to provide estimates of the degree to which they engage in uncivil political co...
Zooming in on wide-area latencies to a global cloud provider

The network communications between the cloud and the client have become the weak link for global cloud services that aim to provide low latency services to their clients. In this paper, we first characterize WAN latency from the viewpoint of a large cloud provider Azure, whose network edges serve hundreds of billions of TCP connections a day across hundreds of locations worldwide. In particular, we focus on instances of latency degradation and design a tool, BlameIt, that enables cloud operators to localize the cause (i.e., faulty AS) of such degradation. BlameIt uses passive diagnosis, using measurements of existing connections between clients and the cloud locations, to localize the cause to one of cloud, middle, or client segments. Then it invokes selective active probing (within a probing budget) to localize the cause more precisely. We validate BlameIt by comparing its automatic fault localization results with that arrived at by network engineers manually, and observe that BlameIt correctly localized the problem in all the 88 incidents. Further, BlameIt issues 72X fewer active probes than a solution relying on active probing alone, and is deployed in production at Azure.
Redox-Dependence of the Shethna Iron-Sulfur Protein II - Nitrogenase Interaction and the Effect of High pN2 on H2 Evolution by Nitrogenase

The Shethna iron-sulfur protein II (FeS II) is believed to protect the nitrogenase of Azotobacter vinelandii from inactivation by O2 by forming a complex with the nitrogenase components. From the “switch-off - switch on” response of Azotobacter it is reasonable to predict that formation of this O2-stable complex is redox-dependent. SDS gel electrophoresis shows that FeS II is composed of two 15,000 MW subunits. Anaerobic chromatography on Sepharose CL-6B in the absence of dithionite followed by resolution of the column fractions on SDS gels has shown that FeS II forms a high MW complex with the thionin-oxidized, mixed nitrogenase components; mixed proteins reduced with dithionite form no complex. Thus complex formation is redox-dependent.
Listening to Counternarratives of Faculty of Color: Studying Rural Racism in One of Most Conservative Communities in America

This study reports on a qualitative narrative, counterstory of six faculty and one administrator of color (Merriam in Qualitative research: a guide to design and implementation. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, 2009; Yosso in Critical race counterstories along the Chicana/Chicano educational pipeline. Taylor & Francis Group, New York, 2006) teaching at a Predominately White Institution teacher education in a rural U. S. state. The study examined the experiences of how the racial hierarchy, the macro-level and the organizational-individual relations impacted diverse (i.e., Othered) faculty. Specifically, participants explained how unequal racial relations had significant professional and personal consequences. In reflecting on the findings, we theorize how future research on diversity-racial relations in teacher education programs may be enhanced by foregrounding insights from the literature on Whiteness Studies, Critical Race Theory, and examination of White organizational structures toward strengthening multiracial coalitions.
The Role of Radiation in Heating the Clear-Air Convective Boundary Layer: Revisiting CASES-97

Using data for 3 days in the Cooperative Atmosphere-Surface Exchange Study 1997 field experiment that are analyzed in LeMone et al. (Boundary-Layer Meteorol 104:1–52, 2002, hereafter L2002), it is shown that direct radiative heating can have a significant role in warming the nearly cloudless fair-weather convective boundary layer (CBL). Radiative heating becomes especially important in the presence of aerosols in the CBL, with a moist layer above the CBL also contributing. Not only does inclusion of radiative heating help “close” their potential-temperature budgets, but it affects entrainment estimates. Combined, radiative heating rates are of the order of 0.2 K h−1, based on calculations using the Rapid-Radiative Transfer Model for general circulation models (RRTMG) code in a single-column version of the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting model and estimates of aerosol heating published in L2002. Our current estimates of clear-air direct radiative heating differ from the estimates in L2002 because the surface skin temperature was not included in the earlier calculations. Upwelling and downwelling longwave radiation computed using the RRTMG code agrees with aircraft measurements within 10–15 W m−2.
Rising inequality of infant health in the U.S.

Abstract Has infant health inequality narrowed or grown in recent decades? Inequality may have narrowed due to expanded medical insurance coverage and greater knowledge about fetal health. However, greater income inequality may have reduced health for births to the most economically disadvantaged mothers, leading to growing infant health inequality. We use administrative birth certificate data for over 22 million births to examine trends in inequality of infant health from 1989 to 2018 in the U.S. This period allows us to consider how contextual factors – such as passage of the Affordable Care Act, changing demographics, the Great Recession, or delayed impacts of rising income inequality – may have altered infant health inequality. We assess gaps in infant health by maternal race, marital status, and education. Following previous research, we also examine gaps between the most economically advantaged mothers – married, white mothers with a college degree – and the most economically disadvantaged mothers – single, Black mothers without a high school degree. Results reveal that inequality of infant health has increased since 2010.
Does the Mode of PROM Administration Affect the Responses of Hospitalized Patients

Abstract Objective To determine whether a multidimensional computerized adaptive test, the Functional Assessment in Acute Care Multidimensional Computerized Adaptive Test (FAMCAT), could be administered to hospitalized patients via a tablet computer rather than being orally administered by an interviewer. Design A randomized comparison of the responses of hospitalized patients to interviewer vs. tablet delivery of the FAMCAT and its assessment of Applied Cognition, Daily Activity, and Basic Mobility. Setting Two quaternary teaching hospitals in the Upper Midwest. Participants A total of 300 patients (127 men, 165 females ), average age 61.2 (range 18 to 97)) hospitalized on medical, or re-hospitalized on surgical, services were randomly assigned to either a tablet (150) or an interview (150) group. Intervention Electronic tablet versus interview. Main Outcome Measures Item response theory (IRT) point estimates of the FAMCAT latent scales, their psychometric standard errors, number of items administered per domain, the determinant (an indicator of overall precision of the latent trait vector), as well as the time that patients required to complete their FAMCAT sessions. Results Of the 300 patients, 292 completed their assessments. (The assessments of 4 individuals in each group were interrupted by clinical care and were not included in the analyses.) A significant (p = .009) mode effect (i.e., interview vs. tablet) was identified when all outcome variables were considered simultaneously. However, the only outcome that was affected by the administration mode was test duration: tablet administration reduced the roughly 6-minute test time required by both approaches by only 20 seconds which, while statistically significant, was clinically insignificant. Conclusions The results of a FAMCAT assessment, at least for this cohort of hospitalized patients, are independent of administration via tablet computer or interview.
Interview with Dr Bor-Shiuan Cheng: a mindful leader with persistence (part I)

Purpose – This paper reports the first part of a recent interview with Dr Bor-Shiuan Cheng on his values, beliefs or thoughts on how to lead a fulfilling life as a person and a researcher. Design/methodology/approach – This paper is based on a recent interview with Dr Bor-Shiuan Cheng. Findings – Life is a journey of discovering our purpose and fulfilling our own destiny. Once Dr Cheng decided his career direction after trying out different alternatives, he sticks to it and makes the best out of it. His choice of majoring in psychology became a basis for the contributions to Chinese management research. Research limitations/implications – Dr Cheng’s life and career paths showcased a successful scholar who keeps doing one thing in his life, being himself, being focused and persistent. His experience may inspire and encourage junior scholars for career development. Originality/value – The interview presents the life and career paths of Dr Cheng, who has chosen to take a road less traveled and enjoyed differ...
The Pandora's box of social integration mechanisms: Can they make it more difficult to realize absorptive capacity?

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to perform empirical tests to explore the influence of social integration mechanisms on organizations’ absorptive capacities theorized by Zahra and George.Design/methodology/approach – This study uses a cross‐sectional design to test the relationships between potential absorptive capacity, three social integration mechanisms (cross‐functional teams, participation in decision making, and self‐managing teams), and realized absorptive capacity, in a sample of 92 organizations that bid competitively to provide products and services to a US university.Findings – An organization's use of cross‐functional teams is negatively related to its realized absorptive capacity and negatively moderates the relationship between potential and realized absorptive capacity. Self‐managing teams negatively moderate the relationship between an organization's potential absorptive capacity and its realized absorptive capacity.Research limitations/implications – The cross‐sectional design allo...
Assessing New Methods of Integrated Pest Management for Apple Orchards in the Midwest

Producing apples in the Midwest requires intensive, chemically based pest management systems to bring high-quality, fresh market apples to consumers. A combination of rising costs, pest resistance, and new legislation has caused existing systems of apple pest management to become ineffective or to fall out of favor with growers. Because of this, new methods of pest control were developed to combat the ever present problems in apple production. These new methods must meet a number of criteria: sufficient pest control must be achieved, the innovative tactics must be safer for applicators, the environment, and consumers, and must also be economically feasible or they are not likely to be adopted by growers.
An Evaluation of Set-Associativity in Two-Level Caches for Shared Memory Multiprocessors

In this paper we study the behavior of a two level cache hierarchy for multiprocessors, where the processors share a common second level cache. Cache performance is studied as a function of set associativity of primary and second level caches, using trace driven simulations. The simulation uses numerical benchmarks compiled using a parallelizing and vectorizing compiler. Simulation study shows that a replacement scheme based on least recently used blocks gives better performance than a replacement scheme based on multilevel inclusion. Invalidations to ensure multilevel inclusion in the two level cache hierarchy do not significantly affect cache performance and can be further reduced by increasing set associativity of second level cache. Furthermore, the study shows that coherency traffic and cache interference are sensitive to set associativity of the cache. In spite of reduction in coherency traffic, improvement in performance with set associativity is largely due to increase in hit ratio of primary and second level caches.
The grand challenges and myths of neural-symbolic computation

The construction of computational cognitive models integrating the connectionist and symbolic paradigms of artificial intelligence is a standing re- search issue in the field. The combination of logic-based inference and connec- tionist learning systems may lead to the construction of semantically sound com- putational cognitive models in artificial intelligence, computer and cognitive sci- ences. Over the last decades, results regarding the computation and learning of classical reasoning within neural networks have been promising. Nonetheless, there still remains much do be done. Artificial intelligence, cognitive and com- puter science are strongly based on several non-classical reasoning formalisms, methodologies and logics. In knowledge representation, distributed systems, hard- ware design, theorem proving, systems specification and verification classical and non-classical logics have had a great impact on theory and real-world ap- plications. Several challenges for neural-symbolic computation are pointed out, in particular for classical and non-classical computation in connectionist systems. We also analyse myths about neural-symbolic computation and shed new light on them considering recent research advances.
Overt Bias in Observational Studies

An observational study is biased if the treated and control groups differ prior to treatment in ways that matter for the outcomes under study. An overt bias is one that can be seen in the data at hand-for instance, prior to treatment, treated subjects are observed to have lower incomes than controls. A hidden bias is similar but cannot be seen because the required information was not observed or recorded. Overt biases are controlled using adjustments, such as matching or stratification. In other words, treated and control subjects may be seen to differ in terms of certain observed covariates, but these visible differences may be removed by comparing treated and control subjects with the same values of the observed covariates, that is, subjects in the same matched set or stratum defined by the observed covariates. It is natural to ask when the standard methods for randomized experiments may be applied to matched or stratified data from an observational study. This chapter discusses a model for an observational study in which there is overt bias but no hidden bias. The model is, at best, one of many plausible models, but it does clarify when methods for randomized experiments may be used in observational studies, and so it becomes the starting point for thinking about hidden biases. Dealing with hidden bias is the focus of most of the later chapters.
FROM READING TO WRITING: WOMEN AUTHORS AND BOOK COLLECTORS AT THE WOLFENBÜTTEL COURT – A CASE STUDY OF GEORG PHILIPP HARSDÖRFFER'S FRAUENZIMMER GESPRÄCHSPIELE

Marks of ownership and book inventories attest that several women from the court at Wolfenbuttel owned copies of Georg Philipp Harsdorffer's Frauenzimmer Gesprachspiele (1641–57), one of the earliest literary works in the German language to be directed specifically at women as well as men. These books were often treasured objects of matrilineal inheritance. The dynastic women from Wolfenbuttel who owned the Gesprachspiele were authors in their own right, demonstrating a correlation between ownership of the Gesprachspiele and female literary agency.
Hybrid Polar Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Induces Apoptosis and CD95/CD95 Ligand Expression in Human Neuroblastoma

Inhibitors of histone deacetylase (HDAC) have been shown to have both apoptotic and differentiating effects on various tumor cells. M-carboxycinnamic acid bishydroxamide (CBHA) is a recently developed hybrid polar compound structurally related to hexamethylene bisacetamide. CBHA is a potent inhibitor of HDAC activity. CBHA induces cellular growth arrest and differentiation in model tumor systems. We undertook an investigation of the effects of CBHA on human neuroblastoma cell lines in vitro . When added to cultures of a panel of neuroblastoma cell lines, CBHA induced the accumulation of acetylated histones H3 and H4, consistent with the inhibition of HDAC. Concentrations of CBHA between 0.5 μm and 4 μm led to apoptosis in nine of nine neuroblastoma cell lines. Apoptosis was assessed by DNA fragmentation analysis and the appearance of a sub-G1 (<2N ploidy) population by flow cytometric analysis. The addition of a caspase inhibitor (benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone) completely abrogated CBHA-induced apoptosis in three of three cell lines. The addition of cycloheximide greatly reduced CBHA-induced apoptosis, suggesting that apoptotic induction was dependent on de novo protein synthesis. In addition, CBHA induced the expression of both CD95 (APO-1/Fas) and CD95 ligand within 12 h. The effect of CBHA on human neuroblastoma cells suggests that this agent and structurally related synthetic hybrid polar compounds have therapeutic potential for the treatment of this malignancy.
The rating reliability calculator.

Background Rating scales form an important means of gathering evaluation data. Since important decisions are often based on these evaluations, determining the reliability of rating data can be critical. Most commonly used methods of estimating reliability require a complete set of ratings i.e. every subject being rated must be rated by each judge. Over fifty years ago Ebel described an algorithm for estimating the reliability of ratings based on incomplete data. While his article has been widely cited over the years, software based on the algorithm is not readily available. This paper describes an easy-to-use Web-based utility for estimating the reliability of ratings based on incomplete data using Ebel's algorithm.
Genetic injury in hybrid male mice exposed to low doses of 60Co γ-rays or fission neutrons ☆: II. Dominant lethal mutation response to long-term weekly exposures

Abstract Male B6CF 1 mice were exposed to once-weekly doses of either fission neutrons or 60 Co γ-rays for periods up to one year and mated periodically to screen for the induction of dominant lethal mutations. Two independent experiments were performed, each involving a control and three dose levels of both neutrons and γ-rays. Neutron doses were between 0.125 and .67 rad/week and γ-ray levels were between 5 and 32 rad/week. Data on both pre- and post-implantation fetal deaths were obtained. Analyses that were intended to identify the potential contribution from age- or time-dependent factors, which could include changes in radiosensitivity and in spontaneous rates plus any cumulative damage to the stem cell population did not reveal a consistent significant contribution to the mutation rate/rad/week. Direct comparisons of these data with data from males exposed to single-doses confirm that weekly neutron irradiation is significantly more effective than single doses for the induction of postimplant fetal losses, whereas single doses of γ-rays are more effective than the same dose divided into weekly fractios. Neutron-induced augmentation appears limited in these data to lethal mutations induced in meiotic and postmeiotic cell steges. The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of neutrons rises from 5±1 to 12±1 for single vs. weekly doses. Rates of preimplant loss, although significant, are not a sensitive measure of genetic injury at the low doses used here. They are extremely sensitive to litter size and best estimated in litters of seven or more implants along with appropriate statistical control of concurrent variation in the number of corpora lutea.
5-Methylcytosine, Gene Regulation, and Cancer

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on 5-methylcytosine, gene regulation, and cancer. The regulation of mammalian gene expression clearly is accomplished by multiple control systems operating at several levels. Some obvious levels of control include chromosome condensation, chromatin structure transcriptional control by repressors and activators, RNA processing, and translational control. The chapter presents the argument for a newly recognized additional component of mammalian gene control and enzymatic DNA methylation and points out the relevance of this gene control system to cancer. Mammalian DNA is modified shortly after replication by the enzymatic conversion of about 3% of cytosines to 5-methylcytosine. 5-Methylcytosine is the only naturally occurring modified base yet found in mammalian DNA. The chapter focuses primarily on the work of the past 2 years, considering first the general aspects of methylation and gene control and then the cancer-related aspects.
Natural Line Width: Wigner-Weisskopf Treatment

Because we consider a world made of atomic systems and electromagnetic fields, i.e.. atomic systems couplcd to the photon fields, we must consider not only the atomic bound states with zero photons present, i.e.. states such as |A n0›, but also atomic bound states with one photon present, states such as \( |{A_{n'}},\vec k\mu \rangle \). Because the coupling between atoms and photons is weak, states with two photons, such as \( |{A_{n''}},\vec k\mu ,\vec k'\mu '{\text{ }}\rangle \), may be negligible in dominant order of perturbation theory, although they may also play a role, particularly for systems for which selection rules eliminate the one photon states. Fig. 68.1 shows the discrete spectrum of an atomic system with no photons present, with ground state, A 0, and excited states, A n. with n = 1.2, … The figure also shows the continuous spectra of states with one photon present. The atomic cigenstatc, A. e.g., is seen to be degenerate with the system where the atom is in the ground stale and the photon has energy,\( \hbar\omega=E_{{A_3}}^{\left(0\right)}-E_{{A_0}}^{(0)} \). It is also degenerate with the system where the atom is in the first excited state and the photon has energy \( \hbar\omega=E_{{A_3}}^{\left( 0 \right)}-E_{{A_1}}^{(0)} \) and with the system composed of the atom in the second excited state and with photon energy, \( \hbar\omega=E_{{A_3}}^{\left(0\right)}-E_{{A_2}}^{(0)} \). More precisely, the discrete excited state |A n 〉 of the bare atom is coupled to states, \( |{A_{n'}},\vec k\mu \rangle , \), in the continuum, where the photon energy lies between the above \( \hbar\omega \) and\( \hbar\omega+d{E_{photon}} \), wit\( \hbar \omega = E_n^{\left( 0 \right)} - E_{n'}^{(0)} \), where n < n. In other words, the discrete state is coupled to the photon continuum with the weighting factor \( p({E_{photon}})d{E_{photon}} = \frac{{Vol.}}{{{{(2\pi )}^3}}}\frac{{{\omega ^2}d\Omega}}{{\hbar{c^3}}}d{E_{photon}}. \)
Two-step, one-pot synthesis of inosine, guanosine, and 2'-deoxyguanosine O6-ethers via intermediate O6-(benzotriazol-1-yl) derivatives.

A simple method for the etherification at the O6-position of silyl-protected inosine, guanosine, and 2′-deoxyguanosine is described. Typically, a THF solution of the silylated nucleoside is treated with 1H-benzotriazol-1-yloxy-tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (BOP) and Cs2CO3, under a nitrogen atmosphere. Conversion to the O6-(benzotriazol-1-yl) ethers occurs within about 10 minutes for inosine, and within about 60 minutes for guanosine and 2′-deoxyguanosine. Then, for reaction with alcohols, the reaction mixture is evaporated and the O6-(benzotriazol-1-yl) ether is treated with Cs2CO3 and an appropriate alcohol, at room temperature. On the other hand, for reaction with phenols, Cs2CO3 and the appropriate phenol are added to the reaction mixture without evaporation, and the reaction is carried out at 70°C. Subsequently, workup, isolation, and purification lead to the requisite O6-alkyl or -aryl ethers in good to excellent yields.
Political Argumentation in the United States: Historical and contemporary studies. Selected essays by David Zarefsky

In the United States, political argumentation occurs in institutionalized settings and the broader public forum, in efforts to resolve conflict and efforts to foster it, in settings with time limits and controversies that extend over centuries. From the ratification of the U.S. Constitution to the presidency of Barack Obama, this book contains twenty studies of U.S. political argumentation, grouped under four themes: early American political discourse, Abraham Lincoln’s political argumentation, argumentation about foreign policy, and public policy argumentation since the 1960s. Deploying methods of rhetorical criticism, argument analysis and evaluation, the studies are rich in contextual grounding and critical perspective. They integrate the European emphasis on politics as an argumentative context with the U.S. tradition of public address studies. Two essays have never before been published. The others are retrieved from journals and books published between 1979 and 2014. The introductory essay is new for this volume.
The value of male human papillomavirus vaccination in preventing cervical cancer and genital warts in a low‐resource setting

Objective To estimate health benefits and incremental cost-effectiveness of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination of pre-adolescent boys and girls compared with girls alone for preventing cervical cancer and genital warts. Design Model-based economic evaluation. Setting Southern Vietnam. Population Males and females aged ≥9 years. Methods We simulated dynamic HPV transmission to estimate cervical cancer and genital warts cases. Models were calibrated to epidemiological data from south Vietnam. Main outcome measures Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs): cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). Results Vaccinating girls alone was associated with reductions in lifetime cervical cancer risk ranging from 20 to 56.9% as coverage varied from 25 to 90%. Adding boys to the vaccination programme yielded marginal incremental benefits (≤3.6% higher absolute cervical cancer risk reduction), compared with vaccinating girls alone at all coverages. At ≤25 international dollars (I$) per vaccinated adolescent (I$5 per dose), HPV vaccination of boys was below the threshold of Vietnam's per-capita GDP (I$2800), with ICERs ranging from I$734 per QALY at 25% coverage to I$2064 per QALY for 90% coverage. Including health benefits from averting genital warts yielded more favourable ICERs, and vaccination of boys at I$10/dose became cost-effective at or below 75% coverage. Using a lower cost-effectiveness threshold of 50% of Vietnam's GDP (I$1400), vaccinating boys was no longer attractive at costs above I$5 per dose regardless of coverage. Conclusion Vaccination of boys may be cost-effective at low vaccine costs, but provides little benefit over vaccinating girls only. Focusing on achieving high vaccine coverage of girls may be more efficient for southern Vietnam and similar low-resource settings. Tweetable abstract Limited cervical cancer reduction from including boys in HPV vaccination of girls in low-resource settings.
Acceptability ratings of tracheoesophageal speech

Thirty-one naive listeners rated the intelligibility and acceptability of tracheoesophageal, esophageal, and normal laryngeal speech of 15 adult speakers. Intelligibility was measured using a multiple-choice word test while acceptability was rated on a seven-point equal-appearing interval scale. Judgments were made on the features of fluency, pitch/quality, speech rate, inflection, and overall acceptability. Tracheoesophageal speech was found not to differ significantly from normal speech in intelligibility, rate, and inflection, but was less acceptable for fluency, pitch/quality and overall acceptability. Tracheoesophageal speech was more acceptable than esophageal speech for all features measured.
Effect of magnetic field on reduction of nickel oxide

Results of observations recorded during constant temperature reduction of NiO, a paramagnetic substance, to Ni, a ferromagnetic element, are presented. The application of a large magnetic field (4,200 oersted) does not result in an acceleration of the reduction rate. To explain earlier observations that 500- and 1,400-oersted magnetic fields increase the reduction rate of iron ore which contains hematite (Fe2O3), Peters (1973) had suggested that thermodynamics theory could predict the acceleration in reaction rate when product and reactant species differ widely in their magnetic properties.
Use of the Rabbit Larynx in an Excised Larynx Setup

Summary Objective To modify the excised larynx bench apparatus to accommodate experiments with rabbit larynges. Study Design Methodological study using ex vivo rabbit larynges. Methods Rabbit larynges (n=5) were dissected and mounted on a custom-made phonatory apparatus. The arytenoids were adducted by rods, and humidified air was passed through the larynx to elicit vocal fold vibration. Acoustic, aerodynamic, electroglottographic (EGG), and videokymographic data were collected for each larynx. The same data were collected for five canine larynges for the purpose of comparison, and coefficients of variation were calculated for each parameter in both models. Results Reliable phonation was achieved in each larynx. Acoustic fundamental frequency ( F 0 ), percent jitter, percent shimmer, signal-to-noise ratio, pressure and flow at phonation onset and offset; and F 0 , closed quotient, speed quotient, jitter, shimmer, and contact quotient, as recorded by EGG; and mucosal wave amplitude and phase difference are reported for rabbit larynges. Coefficients of variation for each parameter are similar in magnitude between the two models. Conclusion We developed a method for recording reliable acoustic, aerodynamic, videokymographic, and EGG data from rabbit larynges. When data obtained from leporine larynges were compared with data from canine larynges, the intralarynx variability of rabbit larynges was found to be similar to that of canine larynges.
A frameshift mutation at the junction of an IS1 insertion within lacZ restores β-galactosidase activity via formation of an active lacZ-IS1 fusion protein

The insertion of IS1 elements into lacZ results in the loss of beta-galactosidase activity, and such insertions exert a severe polar effect on the expression of the distal genes of the operon. In addition to these properties, the mutation lacZ::IS1-MS319 has the unique property of reversion to Lac+ (ts) spontaneously or after treatment with the frameshift mutagen ICR-191; such revertants retain the IS1 element. We have determined that the site of integration of IS1 into lacZ is at position 4338, 18 nucleotides from the end of the sequence encoding the C-terminus of beta-galactosidase. Reversion to Lac+ promoted by ICR-191 results from the loss of a G residue from a GGG sequence located at the junction of lacZ and IS1. As a result an active, but temperature-sensitive, lacZ-IS1 fusion protein is formed containing six amino acids derived from IS1 which replace six amino acids encoded by lacZ. The IS1 element in MS319 is a new member of the iso-IS1 family, which we designate IS1T.
Putting Organizational Effectiveness into Practice: The Preeminent Consultation Task.

Successful consultation relies on the consultant's ability to conceptualize the operations of the total organization. An overview of the theoretical and practical applications of the construct “organizational effectiveness” (OE) is presented in relation to consultation. Barriers limiting earlier conceptualizations and applications of the construct are identified and discussed. A model of OE that melds open systems, organizational, and consultation theories is presented as a tool for guiding maximally beneficial consultation interventions. The implications of this model for consultation practice, advancing theory and research, and professional ethics are discussed.
A 22-year-old woman with abdominal pain.

In this series, a clinician extemporaneously discusses the diagnostic approach (regular text) to sequentially presented clinical information (bold). Additional commentary on the diagnostic reasoning process (italics) is integrated throughout the discussion.
Serum stimulation of plasma protein synthesis in culture is selective and rapidly reversible.

Abstract Primary hepatocyte monolayers, derived from chick embryos, can be cultured from the onset in a completely chemically defined medium, free of added hormones. The liver cells synthesize and secrete a wide spectrum of plasma proteins for several days in this serum-free environment. Addition of fetal bovine serum elicits a 3–5-fold increase in the production of certain plasma proteins: fibrinogen, albumin, and the α 1 - globulin M. This effect of serum is selective; transferrin and plasminogen syntheses are enhanced less than 1.5-fold. Significant stimulation is observed with 0.1% fetal bovine serum, and half-maximal values for individual plasma proteins are obtained with concentrations ranging between 0.4 and 1%. The stimulatory activity of serum shows no developmental or species specificity. Plasma is as active as serum derived from the same blood sample. The hepatocytes respond rapidly to serum, significant changes in albumin synthesis occurring less than 1 h after serum addition or removal. The effect of short exposure is fully reversible. These results establish the capacity of low concentrations of serum to stimulate plasma protein synthesis and underscore the importance of studying the effects of hormones and other factors under serum-free conditions. The findings suggest that, in addition to the classical hormones, ubiquitous but as yet uncharacterized serum components play a role in controlling this major hepatic function.
Group-velocity spectroscopy of collective modes in superfluid /sup 3/He-B

The group velocity of high-frequency sound for $T\ensuremath{\ll}{T}_{c}$, and the group velocity and attenuation of sound at higher temperatures, have been measured and analyzed to give the frequencies and coupling strengths of two order-parameter collective modes in $^{3}\mathrm{He}$-$B$. For the squashing mode at 13.1 bars and $T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$, $\frac{{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\mathrm{sq}}}{{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\mathrm{BCS}}}=1.501$ and the coupling constant ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{sq}}=0.010\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.001$. The recently discovered collective mode at $\frac{{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}}{{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\mathrm{BCS}}}=1.075$ ($T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$) has a coupling constant determined from the group velocity to be ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}=5.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$.
Genome-wide association study of neurocognitive impairment and dementia in HIV-infected adults.

The neuropathogenesis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) is unclear. Candidate gene studies have implicated genetic susceptibility loci within immune-related genes; however, these have not been reliably validated. Here, we employed genome-wide association (GWA) methods to discover novel genetic susceptibility loci associated with HAND, and validate susceptibility loci implicated in prior candidate gene studies. Data from 1,287 participants enrolled in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study between 1985 and 2010 were used. Genotyping was conducted with Illumina 1M, 1MDuo, or 550K platform. Linear mixed models determined subject-specific slopes for change over time in processing speed and executive functioning, considering all visits including baseline and the most recent study visit. Covariates modeled as fixed effects included: time since the first visit, depression severity, nadir CD4+ T-cell count, hepatitis C co-infection, substance use, and antiretroviral medication regimen. Prevalence of HIV-associated dementia (HAD) and neurocognitive impairment (NCI) was also examined as neurocognitive phenotypes in a case–control analysis. No genetic susceptibility loci were associated with decline in processing speed or executive functioning among almost 2.5 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) directly genotyped or imputed. No association between the SNPs and HAD or NCI were found. Previously reported associations between specific genetic susceptibility loci, HIV-associated NCI, and HAD were not validated. In this first GWAS of HAND, no novel or previously identified genetic susceptibility loci were associated with any of the phenotypes examined. Due to the relatively small sample size, future collaborative efforts that incorporate this dataset may still yield important findings. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Products Of Vehicle And Grass Fires Affecting Electro-Optical System Performance

Fire products such as smokes and heat which are introduced into the atmosphere as a result of burning grasses and vehicles are identified and factors which influence their amounts and concentrations are discussed. When possible, factors affecting the optical properties of the fire perturbed atmosphere such as smoke particle size density distributions and optical density are presented. The impetus for the study lies in the need to assess the performance of electro-optical sensors in an adverse environment and the paper is aimed toward identifying factors to be considered in overall system performance modeling.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Case of Military Rape: Indigenous Women Seek Justice in Chiapas

: Shannon Speed is contributing editor of “Human Rights Forum,” the AAA Committee for Human Rights column in Anthropology News.
The effect of 5-bromodeoxyuridine on the differentiation of chick embryo pigment cells.

Abstract Cultures of (a) dispersed presumptive melanoblasts from chick somites and (b) organ cultures of retinal melanoblasts were grown in control medium and medium containing 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR). The somite cell cultures at time zero had no evidence of melanogenic organelles; the eye cultures, from embryos of the same stage, stage 16–18, contained cells showing the initial stages of melanogenesis. In the presence of BUdR, presumptive trunk melanoblasts failed to pigment, while controls became heavily pigmented, whereas cells in the retinal pigment epithelium made melanin but in reduced amounts when compared with controls. These results suggest different methods of control over synthetic programs depending upon whether synthesis has, or has not, been initiated when the cells are exposed to BUdR.
Engineered extrahelical base destabilization enhances sequence discrimination of DNA methyltransferase M.HhaI.

Abstract Improved sequence specificity of the DNA cytosine methyltransferase HhaI was achieved by disrupting interactions at a hydrophobic interface between the active site of the enzyme and a highly conserved flexible loop. Transient fluorescence experiments show that mutations disrupting this interface destabilize the positioning of the extrahelical, “flipped” cytosine base within the active site. The ternary crystal structure of the F124A M.HhaI bound to cognate DNA and the cofactor analogue S -adenosyl- l -homocysteine shows an increase in cavity volume between the flexible loop and the core of the enzyme. This cavity disrupts the interface between the loop and the active site, thereby destabilizing the extrahelical target base. The favored partitioning of the base-flipped enzyme–DNA complex back to the base-stacked intermediate results in the mutant enzyme discriminating better than the wild-type enzyme against non-cognate sites. Building upon the concepts of kinetic proofreading and our understanding of M.HhaI, we describe how a 16-fold specificity enhancement achieved with a double mutation at the loop/active site interface is acquired through destabilization of intermediates prior to methyltransfer rather than disruption of direct interactions between the enzyme and the substrate for M.HhaI.
Cranial sutures require tissue interactions with dura mater to resist osseous obliteration in vitro

A chemically defined serum-free medium, which supports the development of bones and fibrous tissues of rat calvaria from nonmineralized mesenchymal precursor tissues, was employed to investigate tissue interactions between the dura matter and overlying tissues. Fetal calvarial rudiments from stages prior to bone and suture morphogenesis (fetal days 19 and 20) and neonatal calvarial rudiments with formed sutures (day 1) were cultured with and without associated dura mater. Removal of calvaria for in vitro culture allowed the examination of suture morphogenesis in the absence of tensional forces exerted on the sutures via fiber tracts in the dura mater originating in the cranial base. Ossification of frontal and parietal bones proceeded in a fashion comparable to development in vivo, but the cranial (coronal) sutures--primary sites for subsequent skull growth--were obliterated by osseous tissue union in the absence of dura mater. Bony fusion did not occur when rudiments were cocultured with dura mater on the opposite sides of 0.45 microns polycarbonate transwell filters, suggesting that the influence of dura mater on sutural obliteration was mediated by soluble factors rather than cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions. These results indicate that cell signaling mechanisms rather than biomechanical tensional forces are required for morphogenesis of the calvaria.
The Ghost Story as Structure in Edith Wharton's THE OTHER TWO

As critics have long noted, Edith Wharton structured her fiction with as much care for symmetry as she advocated for interior design in The Decoration of Houses. Her concern for balance and order r...