cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The COVID-19 pandemic and agricultural education: An exploration of challenges faced by teachers

Abstract Exploring the challenges faced by agriculture teachers during the Spring 2020 semester brings to light the reality of teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic Further, understanding the challenges faced by teachers empowers the profession to make agricultural education more resilient to broader, social forces in the future In this study, a national sample of agriculture teachers were asked to identify the three most pressing challenges they experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic Using qualitative research methods, eight challenge themes emerged: (a) Communication, (b) FFA (i e , student leadership organization previously named the ?Future Farmers of America?), (c) Instructional Quality, (d) Program Facilities and Activities, (e) Supervised Agricultural Experiences (SAE), (f) Student Motivation, (g) Technology and the Internet, and (h) Work-Life Balance Using quasi-statistical methods, the most commonly reported challenges were identified - Instructional Quality, FFA, and Student Motivation Analysis of all the challenges suggested permeation across each aspect of the three-component model of agricultural education Furthermore, many challenges appeared to be related to each other Finally, analysis of the results illuminated responding teachers, and their students, each experienced the challenges brought about by COVID-19 differently, including evidence of exacerbated educational inequality for students from lower income households This article is protected by copyright All rights reserved
Surface Engineering and Multimodal Imaging of Multistage Delivery Vectors in Metastatic Breast Cancer

The design of effective nanoformulations that target metastatic breast cancers is challenging due to a lack of competent imaging and image analysis protocols that can capture the interactions between the injected nanoparticles and metastatic lesions. Here, we describe the integration of in vivo whole-body PET-CT with high temporal resolution, ex vivo whole-organ optical imaging and high spatial resolution confocal microscopy to deconstruct the trafficking of injectable nanoparticle generators encapsulated with polymeric doxorubicin (iNPG-pDox) in pulmonary metastases of triple-negative breast cancer. We describe the details of image acquisition and analysis in a step-wise manner along with the development of a mouse model for metastatic breast cancer. The methods described herein can be easily adapted to any nanoparticle or disease model, allowing a standardized pipeline for in vivo preclinical studies that focus on delineating nanoparticle kinetics and interactions within metastases.
Social Effectiveness and Human-Wildlife Conflict: Linking the Ecological Effectiveness and Social Acceptability of Livestock Protection Tools

Human-wildlife interactions are embedded within socio-ecological systems (SES), in which animal behavior and human decision-making reciprocally interact. While a growing body of research addresses specific social and ecological elements of human-wildlife interactions, including conflicts, integrating these approaches is essential for identifying practical and effective solutions. Carnivore predation on livestock can threaten human livelihoods, weaken relationships among stakeholders, and precipitate carnivore declines. As carnivores have received greater protection in recent decades, researchers and managers have sought non-lethal tools to reduce predation and promote coexistence between livestock producers and carnivores. For these tools to be successful, they must effectively deter carnivores, and they must also be adopted by producers. Relatively few studies examine the practical and context-specific effectiveness of non-lethal tools, and even fewer simultaneously consider their social acceptability among producers. To address this gap, we suggest that a tool’s ecological effectiveness and social acceptability be analyzed concurrently to determine its social effectiveness. We thus paired an experimental study of a carnivore predation deterrent called Foxlights® with qualitative interviews of livestock producers in Northern California. We placed camera traps in sheep pastures to measure the response of coyotes (Canis latrans) to experimentally deployed Foxlights and interviewed livestock producers before and after the experiment. Our experiment revealed weak evidence for reducing coyote activity with Foxlights, but interviews revealed that the potential adoption of tools had as much to do with their social acceptability and implementation feasibility as with evidence-based measurements of tool effectiveness. Interviewees viewed Foxlights as potentially effective components of husbandry systems, despite the data suggesting otherwise, demonstrating that scientific reductionism may lag behind producer practices of systems-thinking and that isolated demonstrations of a tool’s ecological effectiveness do not drive tool adoption. Future empirical tests of non-lethal tools should better consider producers’ perspectives and acknowledge that data-based tests of ecological effectiveness alone have a limited place in producer decision-making. Iteratively working with producers can build trust in scientific outputs through the research process itself.
Transformer machine learning language model for auto-alignment of long-term and short-term plans in construction

Abstract In construction, master schedules and look-ahead plans are created at different times (monthly vs. weekly), by different personas (planner vs. superintendent), with different software (scheduling solution vs. spreadsheet), and at different levels of granularity (milestones vs. production details). Their full-alignment is essential for project coordination, progress updating, and payment application reviews, and its absence may lead to costly litigation. This paper presents the first attempt to automate linking look-ahead planning tasks to master-schedule activities following an NLP-based multi-stage ranking formulation. Our model employs distance-based matching for candidate generation and a Transformer architecture for final matching. 1 Validation results from real-world projects demonstrate that the method helps planners match look-ahead planning tasks to master schedule activities by presenting a list of top-five matches with a precision of 76.5%. We also show that the method helps superintendents create look-ahead plans from a master schedule by generating lists of tasks based on activity descriptions.
Policy Optimization for Berth Allocation Problems

This paper investigates the policy optimization paradigm, where a learning model is trained to find the solution of complex Markov decision problems, as a tool to address the berth allocation problem in multimodal terminals. To this purpose, we drop the typical formulation of the latter as a mixed-integer static scheduling one, and we model it instead as an evolving scenario in which berths are assigned to ships according to a parameterized policy function that drives the temporal evolution of the environment. We adopt a cross-entropy optimization scheme to optimize the policy parameters, which is a simple and highly parallelizable gradient-free technique. As compared to the static mixed-integer formulation, the proposed approach relies on a much lighter optimization problem in the continuous space of the policy parameters, thus making it feasible to replan in real time when needed. Furthermore, the generality of the policy optimization approach allows to take into account any performance metric and specific feature of the scenario straightforwardly, without the need to devise ad hoc heuristics. Simulation tests showcase the good performance of the policy approach under various conditions.
Genetically Modified Food: Ethical Issues

The use of recombinant DNA technology to transform agricultural plants and animals has been the subject of ethical controversy for the last quarter century. The argument favouring these technologies hinges on their role in lowering costs of farm production, as well as potential benefits to farmers. Arguments against cite a long litany of problems. Environmental and food safety risk debates touch upon both the nature and likelihood of potential hazards, and also the overall philosophy that should guide the assessment and management of these risks. In addition, critics of the technology have argued that risk assessments have neglected two categories of hazard entirely: impact on animals and socio-economic impacts, especially on organic and smallholder farms. The latter issue makes the use of genetic engineering into a key episode in a more comprehensive debate over the future of agricultural production. In addition, ethical debates have taken up the extension of intellectual property rights to genes and their impact on the use, production and control of seeds. Labelling and consumer choice has also been debated. Finally, some authors have extended arguments over the possible unnatural character of genetic engineering from their more conventional medical setting to the domain of food. Key Concepts: Environmental and food safety hazards associated with genetically modified foods are not unique to the process of transformation that utilises recombinant DNA techniques. Risk assessment and policy decision making for genetically modified foods has generally excluded socio-economic impacts and effects on small farmers from consideration. Concern over unequal distribution of power often lurks just beneath the surface of criticisms that have been levied against genetically engineered foods. Keywords: agriculture; farming; risk; recombinant DNA; plants; patents
Elevated Plasma Ammonia Level in Hepatic Cirrhosis: Role of Glucagon

Elevated plasma ammonia level in hepatic cirrhosis has been attributed to a lack of conversion of enteric ammonia into urea or to its entry into systemic circulation via portasystemic shunting, or to both. It is exaggerated by excessive protein intake. Because hyperglucagonemia is well documented in cirrhosis and a protein meal is an effective glucagon secretagogue, plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon, and ammonia levels were determined in 50 cirrhotic patients after an overnight fast. Effects of a protein meal were also assessed in 20 of these patients. Plasma glucose was normal and remained unaltered after a protein meal. Insulin, glucagon, and ammonia levels were elevated, but only in patients with advanced liver dysfunction. Ammonia levels correlated significantly with glucagon (r = 0.61, p less than 0.001), but not with insulin or glucose levels. Insulin and glucagon levels rose after a protein meal in all patients and controls; whereas a significant rise in the ammonia level occurred only in decompensated cirrhotics. Elevation of the ammonia level was significantly correlated with fasting glucagon (r = 0.54, p less than 0.05), as well as with glucagon response (r = 0.65, p less than 0.01), but not with basal insulin or insulin response. Furthermore, the rise in ammonia level occurred too early to be accounted for by enteric generation. Finally, direct effects of glucagon administration on plasma glucose and serum ammonia were examined in 15 cirrhotic patients. Glucose response was significantly blunted in cirrhotic patients as compared with normal subjects, whereas serum ammonia rose promptly but only in cirrhotics, with maximum rise being noted in cirrhotic patients with advanced liver dysfunction. This study, therefore, suggests that hyperglucagonemia may contribute significantly to hyperammonemia in hepatic cirrhosis.
Games roots play : effects of soil volume and nutrients

Summary 1. A growing body of literature suggests that some plants may engage in a game of Tragedy of the Commons when competing for soil resources. Two annual plants sharing a whole space will produce more roots per individual and less reproductive yield per individual than one plant with half the space to itself. 2. Several papers have recently suggested that the increase in soil volume in going from a single plant to two competitor plants (as has been the case in empirical tests of the above prediction) may produce the increased root proliferation independent of the competitor. 3. We extend the Tragedy of the Commons model of Gersani et al . (2001) to explicitly consider the separate effects of volume per plant ( V ) and nutrient concentration per unit volume ( N ) on root proliferation and yield of plants that ‘own’ their space relative to plants that share their space with a competitor. We then use simulations resulting from the model to evaluate existing data and the new perspectives provided by recent challenges to the conceptual basis for the Tragedy of the Commons. 4. When N is held constant, increasing V should produce an almost linear increase in root proliferation and net nutrient profit for reproduction. The increase in roots should be more pronounced for two plants sharing their space, and the increase in yield should be more pronounced for plants with exclusive access to half the space. When V × N is held constant, roots per plant should at first increase and then decline with increased volume. The difference between a plant that ‘owns’ its space vs. one that shares its space with a competitor should be less pronounced as V increases. 5. Synthesis . We use this model to help clarify some confusion surrounding the Tragedy of the Commons theory of below-ground competition by showing how issues raised by others are not incompatible with the approach used to generate the Tragedy of the Commons theory and highlight future opportunities for research on root growth strategies.
APC selectively mediates response to chemotherapeutic agents in breast cancer.

The Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) tumor suppressor is mutated or hypermethylated in up to 70 % of sporadic breast cancers depending on subtype; however, the effects of APC mutation on tumorigenic properties remain unexplored. Using the Apc Min/+ mouse crossed to the Polyoma middle T antigen (PyMT) transgenic model, we identified enhanced breast tumorigenesis and alterations in genes critical in therapeutic resistance independent of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Apc mutation changed the tumor histopathology from solid to squamous adenocarcinomas, resembling the highly aggressive human metaplastic breast cancer. Mechanistic studies in tumor-derived cell lines demonstrated that focal adhesion kinase (FAK)/Src/JNK signaling regulated the enhanced proliferation downstream of Apc mutation. Despite this mechanistic information, the role of APC in mediating breast cancer chemotherapeutic resistance is currently unknown. We have examined the effect of Apc loss in MMTV-PyMT mouse breast cancer cells on gene expression changes of ATP-binding cassette transporters and immunofluorescence to determine proliferative and apoptotic response of cells to cisplatin, doxorubicin and paclitaxel. Furthermore we determined the added effect of Src or JNK inhibition by PP2 and SP600125, respectively, on chemotherapeutic response. We also used the Aldefluor assay to measure the population of tumor initiating cells. Lastly, we measured the apoptotic and proliferative response to APC knockdown in MDA-MB-157 human breast cancer cells after chemotherapeutic treatment. Cells obtained from MMTV-PyMT;Apc Min/+ tumors express increased MDR1 (multidrug resistance protein 1), which is augmented by treatment with paclitaxel or doxorubicin. Furthermore MMTV-PyMT;Apc Min/+ cells are more resistant to cisplatin and doxorubicin-induced apoptosis, and show a larger population of ALDH positive cells. In the human metaplastic breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-157, APC knockdown led to paclitaxel and cisplatin resistance. APC loss-of-function significantly increases resistance to cisplatin-mediated apoptosis in both MDA-MB-157 and the PyMT derived cells. We also demonstrated that cisplatin in combination with PP2 or SP600125 could be clinically beneficial, as inhibition of Src or JNK in an APC-mutant breast cancer patient may alleviate the resistance induced by mutant APC.
Interpreting Tense, Aspect and Time Adverbials: A Compositional, Unified Approach

We extend our theory of English tense, aspect and time adverbials [Hwang and Schubert, 1992, 1993] to deal with a wider range of time adverbials, including many adverbials of frequency, cardinality, duration, and time span, and adverbials of temporal relation involving subordinating conjunctions such as after, since, and until. Our theory is fully formal in that it derives indexical (quasi-)logical forms from syntactic-semantic rule pairs of a formal grammar, and nonindexical logical forms via deindexing rules in the form of equivalences and equations. The grammar allows for complex sentences and the semantic rules and deindexing rules are easy to implement computationally, producing formulas in Episodic Logic.
passing girl: riverside—An Essay on Camera Work

passing girl: riverside—An Essay on Camera Work. 1997,. video essay by Kwame Braun. Distributed by Documentary Educational Resources
Sarcolemmal Enzymes Mediating β-Adrenergic Effects on the Heart

Publisher Summary This chapter describes those enzyme systems localized to cardiac sarcolemma that are strongly suspected to mediate the β-adrenergic effects of catecholamines on the heart. The chapter focuses on recent, newer biochemical developments in the field that have been obtained with the use of highly purified cardiac sarcolemmal preparations isolated from mammalian myocardium and also refers to recent experimental observations made in other cardiac systems, which are likewise germane to the biochemical mechanism of action of the catecholamines. Several key steps along this reaction pathway are only poorly understood and much more work needs to be done. Future experimentation in this area will probably be directed toward a more detailed molecular characterization of β-adrenergic receptor-adenylate cyclase coupling in heart, elucidation of the role of soluble versus sarcolemmal pools of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase activity, and definitive identification and characterization of the sarcolemmal slow Ca 2+ channel. The availability of a highly purified cardiac sarcolemmal preparation will be useful in future studies directed toward these goals.
Capture–Recapture Sampling Designs

Summary You may have read this entry hoping that wewould provide speciﬁc details about the number ofanimals that should be marked or guidelines forspeciﬁc capture probabilities. When available, wehave referred to material that offers some insightsabout these features of designs. However, given therange of information we have covered, this reviewwas necessarily broad. Furthermore, recommenda-tions for design features such as sample sizes requireknowledge about the desired level of precision andpossibly information about logistical or ﬁnancial con-straints. Therefore, detailed design advice is difﬁcultto provide without additional information. We recom-mend that you use this review as a coarse level ﬁlterto decide which CR design is appropriate for yourinterest (Figure 1). After making this decision, westrongly urge you to investigate simulation modulesthat are components of various analysis software (e.g.the programs RELEASE and MARK [67]). Simula-tions can allow you to specify a range of scenariosand explore the details of a speciﬁc analysis ( see Sim-ulation and Monte Carlo methods).Although parameter estimation is the primarygoal of CR designs and analysis, this goal cannot
Food allergy and eosinophilic gastroenteropathy: a pediatric gastroenterologist's perspective

Summary Food allergy or hypersensitivity is defined as an adverse reaction to food protein which is immune mediated. These disorders are most prevalent in infancy and early childhood. Immediate IgE mediated reactions after ingestion of the offending food are frequently evident by the history of exposure, corroborated by positive skin pricktests or specific IgE antibodies in serum demonstrating the immunologic abnormality. Immediate reactions can be confirmed by double-blind food challenges. However, patients with food hypersensitivity may present with a variety of symptoms and signs including growth delay, diarrhea, vomiting, protein-losing enteropathy, hematochezia or a shock-like picture, without evidence of IgE mediated immune mechanisms. The immunologic abnormality is more likely cell-mediated and depends on demonstration of inflammation in tissue, often characterized by increased eosinophils. Signs, symptoms and inflammation will improve when the offending antigen is removed, and will return upon subsequent re-introduction, often after several hours or days. As part of the spectrum of gastrointestinal disease related to food allergy there exists eosinophilic gastroenteropathy (EGE) where tissue eosinophilia exists without any demonstrable food hypersensitivity. These « idiopathicEGE represent a distinct group of disorders of unknown etiology with activation of eosinophils in the gastrointestinal tract leading to signs and symptoms. Dietary manipulation is frequently unsuccessful, therefore pharmacologic treatment is indicated. This review will outline the clinical spectrum and approach to diagnosis and management of food hypersenitivity disorders and EGE.
MR imaging of paragangliomas

MR imaging of 15 paragangliomas in 10 patients was compared with CT of 13 of the lesions in eight patients. All lesions were confirmed with angiography. All lesions were detected by MR and CT with the exception of one small glomus tympanicum tumor that was seen only in retrospect with MR. CT better demonstrated subtle osseous changes of the skull base and the relation of the tumor to the middle ear structures. MR better demonstrated the relation of the tumor to the adjacent internal jugular vein and carotid artery. The paragangliomas had a characteristic MR appearance based on their vascularity. Serpiginous areas of signal void representing high vascular flow were interspersed among areas of high signal intensity caused by slowly flowing blood and tumor cells. This "salt-and-pepper" pattern was seen in all lesions greater than 2 cm in maximal dimension. MR was therefore able to accurately characterize the tumors as highly vascular. Multiplanar imaging and good tissue contrast and anatomic detail permitted display of the relations of these neoplasms to surrounding carotid sheath vessels and to intracranial structures better than did CT. In this experience, the MR appearance of paragangliomas was quite characteristic and differed markedly from meningiomas, neuromas, and metastatic disease of the skull base.
AI and Cognitive Science: The Past and Next 30 Years

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a core area of Cognitive Science, yet today few AI researchers attend the Cognitive Science Society meetings. This essay examines why, how AI has changed over the last 30 years, and some emerging areas of potential interest where AI and the Society can go together in the next 30 years, if they choose.
Descent behavior of rats and chicks in a cliff and non-cliff situation.

Summary.-A visual cliff was constructed so that patterns could appear below the centerboard as "shallow" and "deep" or vertical to the centerboard as "near" and "far." Preference for the shallow side was significant only for chicks. Preference for the near vertical pattern was significant for both chicks and rats. These findings indicate that both rats and chicks will descend to the nearer of two patterns in a non-cliff situation.
Disease Management Programs for CKD Patients: The Potential and Pitfalls

Disease management describes the use of a number of approaches to identify and treat patients with chronic health conditions, especially those that are expensive to treat. Disease management programs have grown rapidly in the United States in the past several years. These programs have been established for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), but some have been discontinued because of the high cost of the program. Disease management programs for CKD face unique challenges. Identification of patients with CKD is hampered by incomplete use of the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) codes for CKD by physicians and the less than universal use of estimated glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine measurements to identify patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. CKD affects multiple organ systems. Thus, a comprehensive disease management program will need to manage each of these aspects of CKD. These multiple interventions likely will make a CKD disease management program more costly than similar disease management programs designed for patients with diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, or other chronic diseases. The lack of data that can be used to develop effective disease management programs in CKD makes it difficult to determine goals for the management of each organ system affected by CKD. Finally, long periods of observation will be needed to determine whether a particular disease management program is effective in not only improving patient outcomes, but also decreasing both resource use and health care dollars. This long-term observation period is contrary to how most disease management contracts are written, which usually are based on meeting goals during a 1- to 3-year period. Until these challenges are resolved, it likely will be difficult to maintain effective disease management programs for CKD.
Differential roles of the Leloir pathway enzymes and metabolites in defining galactose sensitivity in yeast

The metabolism of galactose via enzymes of the Leloir pathway: galactokinase, galactose-1-P uridylyltransferase, and UDP galactose-4'-epimerase, is a process that has been conserved from Escherichia coli through humans. Impairment of this pathway in patients results in the disease galactosemia. Despite decades of study, the underlying pathophysiology in galactosemia remains unknown. Here we have defined the functional and metabolic implications of impaired galactose metabolism in yeast, by asking two questions: (1) What is the impact of loss of each of the three Leloir enzymes on the ability of cells to metabolize galactose, and on their sensitivity to galactose, and (2) what is the relationship between gal-1P and galactose-sensitivity in yeast? Our results demonstrate that only transferase-null cells are able to deplete their medium of galactose; deletion of kinase or epimerase halts this process. In contrast, only kinase-null cultures grow well in glycerol/ethanol medium despite the addition of galactose; both transferase and epimerase-null yeast arrest growth under these conditions. Indeed, epimerase-null yeast arrest growth at galactose concentrations 10-fold lower than do their transferase-null counterparts. Secondary deletion of kinase relieves growth arrest in both strains. Finally, rather than a continuous relationship between gal-1P and growth arrest, we observed a threshold level of gal-1P (approximately 10 nmol/mg cell DM) above which both transferase-null and epimerase-null cultures could not grow. These results both confirm and significantly extend prior knowledge of galactose metabolism in yeast, and set the stage for future studies into the mediators and mechanism of Leloir-impaired galactose sensitivity in eukaryotes.
Low-Temperature Reaction of Aurivillius Phases with Halides

Abstract Kijima et al. [T. Kijima, S. Kimura, Y. Kawahara, K. Ohe, M. Yada, and M. Machida, J. Solid State Chem. 146, 60 (1999)] recently reported a reaction between Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 and LiI in the presence of iodine at 350°C. Their product was never obtained free of Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 , but their claim was that their product was Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 intercalated with I and Li. We have repeated this reaction and found conditions under which the reaction goes to completion, i.e., Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 is completely consumed. The dominant crystalline product is apparently identical to the product reported by Kijima et al. However, we conclude that no intercalation of Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 has occurred. This dominant crystalline phase is in fact BiOI. The remainder of the product is poorly crystalline. Analogous reactions occur at low temperature using other halides such as NaCl and other Aurivillius phases such as Bi 2 WO 6 .
On Lp-spectrum of elliptic operators

Abstract For elliptic operators A = ∑ ¦α¦ ⩽ m a α (x) D α on Rn and certain of their singular perturbations B = ∑ ¦α¦ ⩽ m b α (x)D α relative compactness of B with respect to A is established. This result applies to the study of Lp-spectra of elliptic operators for different p.
Chemosuppression of Retinal Axon Growth by the Mouse Optic Chiasm

To determine whether diffusible guidance cues direct retinal axon growth and divergence at the optic chiasm, we cocultured mouse retinal and chiasm explants in collagen gels. The chiasm reduced retinal neurite lengths and numbers, but did not affect commissural or pontine neurite growth. This reduction in growth was equal for all retinal quadrants and occurred without reorienting the direction of neurite extension. The floor plate, another midline guidance locus, also suppressed retinal neurite outgrowth, whereas cortex or cerebellum explants did not. Growth suppression was not mediated by netrin-1, which instead enhanced retinal neurite extension. We propose that chemosuppression may be a general guidance mechanism that acts in intermediate targets to prime growth cones to perceive other, more specific cues.
The metabolism of aldosterone in kidney.

Abstract Slices of kidney cortex and medulla from adrenalectomized male rats metabolized aldosterone to at least 4 peaks of polar metabolites as well as reduced metabolites. The majority of the products were ring A-reduced and shown chromatographically to consist of 5α-reduced metabolites; significant quantities of 5β-reduced metabolites were also synthesized. Approximately half of the 5α-reduced products co-chromatographed with 3β,5α-THA and the remainder with 5α-DHA and/or 3α,5α-THA. The anti-mineralocorticoids, spironolactone and progesterone, inhibited renal synthesis of 5α-reduced products of aldosterone by 80%. 5β-Reduction was also slightly inhibited. Corticosterone slightly inhibited synthesis of the 5α- and 5β-reduced products. Corticosterone and progesterone significantly inhibited the renal synthesis of the polar metabolites of aldosterone, but the inhibition was not significant at this dosage of spironolactone. Interestingly, the nuclei and plasma membranes were shown to be the most active fractions for these aldosterone transformations. Importantly significant quantities of 5α-DHA and/or 3α,5α-THA, which possess 1 10 and 1 30 , respectively, of the antinatriuretic activity of aldosterone, were synthesized at these subcellular locations.
The development of a Restrained Drinking Scale: a test of the abstinence violation effect among alcohol users

Abstract This article reports the development of a Restrained Drinking Scale (RDS) and tests of the “abstinence violation” (AV) hypothesis. Study 1, a psychometic evaluation of the RDS, found that the scale exhibited substantial internal reliability (.81) and scores conformed closely to a normal distribution. Study 2 compared the alcohol consumption of restrained and unrestrained drinkers in a wine tasting test, with half of each group receiving an alcohol preload. Contrary to the AV hypothesis, the preload did not influence drinking. Instead, restrained drinkers drank more than unrestrained drinkers. Since tasting wines at school may have represented a violation of restraint in itself, and led restrained drinkers to overindulge, study 3 was done to test the abstinence violation hypothesis in a paradigm not requiring alcohol consumption. Restrained and unrestrained drinkers chose between rating wines or sodas, with half receiving an alcohol preload. Restrained drinkers chose wine less often after the preload than without it. Unrestrained drinkers' choices were not effected by the preload. A “slip” in control in itself, does not appear sufficient to elicit binge-drinking.
Partially Coherent Imagery in the Presence of Aberrations

(1970). Partially Coherent Imagery in the Presence of Aberrations. Optica Acta: International Journal of Optics: Vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 337-347.
Automated spatial and temporal shaping of femtosecond pulses

The use of a liquid crystal spatial light modulator for the simultaneous spatial and temporal shaping of ultrafast optical pulses is demonstrated. A commercially available liquid crystal mask filters spatially dispersed frequency components in the horizontal direction, and spatial (or wavevector) components in the vertical direction. As an illustration, a coherent pulse sequence with nine spatial features and two temporal features per spatial feature is produced.
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome: Altered Kinetic Properties of Mutant Enzyme

Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase is virtually inactive in erythrocytes from patients with the classical Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. In one such patient, activity of this enzyme ranged from 8 to 34 percent of normal in erythrocytes when assayed with a very high concentration of magnesium 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate. In addition, the mutant enzyme exhibited sigmoidal kinetics with this substrate as well as an increased Michaelis constant for both guanine and hypoxanthine. These findings provide the first evidence for genetic heterogeneity within the group of patients with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.
Predictors of quality of life and functional impairment in Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is the 10th leading cause of disability among health conditions; yet, relatively little research has focused on quality of life (QOL) and functional impairment in OCD. The present study extended existing work by examining correlates and predictors of QOL and functional impairment in 96 treatment-seeking OCD patients (in intensive outpatient and residential settings). In a model including OCD symptoms and related phenomena, and symptoms of depression and anxiety, two main findings emerged: (a) depressive symptoms predicted both QOL and functional impairment, and (b) contamination symptoms predicted functional impairment. These findings are discussed in terms of the implications for studying QOL and functional impairment in OCD. Future research should investigate the factors that predict changes in QOL and functional impairment following treatment.
Extending APL for pattern matching

APL includes a few primitives to permit searching of strings for single characters, principally the dyadic iota. APL2 adds iota underline. This latter function will find all occurrences of a given string in a longer string. Sometimes, however, more elaborate searching is needed; for example, searching for strings of variable length, searching for any of several alternate strings and avoiding of particular strings. In this paper, we describe two APL functions which permit very general string searching and substitution. Patterns describing the search to be done are written in APL with extended syntax. They are converted into a mixture of standard APL and defined functions and executed. The facility described is in experimental use as part of a macro language for the experimental full-screen editor ED3 [1].
Narcissism and empathy as predictors of obsessive relational intrusion

The purpose of this study was to explore narcissism and empathy as possible factors that may predispose individuals to become obsessive relational intrusion (ORI) perpetrators. It was hypothesized that narcissism would be negatively related to empathy and empathy would, in turn, be negatively related to judgments of the acceptability of ORI behaviors. These predictions were tested with a questionnaire method (N = 177). Results indicate that narcissism is positively related to ORI acceptability, but empathy was not related to ORI acceptability in the current data. Implications for research in the areas of narcissism, empathy, and ORI are discussed.
Exploring the structure of genetic variation and the influences of demography on effective population size in the gag grouper Mycteroperca microlepi (Goode & Bean)

Using 11 microsatellite markers, genetic analyses of three successive year-classes of gag Mycteroperca microlepis juveniles across the north-eastern Gulf of Mexico revealed a lack of spatial structure and very little temporal variation between year-classes. These results are consistent with long-term effective population sizes on the order of 30 000 adults. The importance of reproductive-style and sex-ratio variation is discussed as an important influence on long-term effective sizes.
Effects of subzero temperatures on the microcirculation in the oral mucous membrane

Abstract To determine the nature of circulatory impairment upon tissue exposure to freezing temperatures, a standardized reproducible technique was devised to correlate microcirculatory changes to tissue survival. Everted intact hamster cheek pouches were immersed in 40% propylene glycol at subzero temperatures of −15, −16, −17, and −18° for 1 min actual freezing time, followed by rapid rewarming in 37° Ringer's solution. Microvascular function was continuously monitored with vital microscopy prior to freezing and for 60 min after freezing. Subsequent observations and recordings were made at daily intervals up to 30 days. Macroscopic tissue changes were documented concomitantly. The critical temperature for tissue recovery in the hamster cheek pouch was −15°. One-minute exposures to −15, −16, −17 and −18° produced predictable gross tissue changes ranging from no damage to complete necrosis. Each macroscopic tissue change was associated with a certain microvascular impairment after thawing. Blood flow ceased during freezing but was reestablished during the first 5 min of thawing. Thereafter, the microvascular vessels demonstrated characteristic differences in vascular flow, stasis, and intravascular occlusion that seemed specifically related to each of the subzero temperatures chosen.
The inertia principle and implementation in the cycloaddition reaction with aromatic heterocycles performed with AM1 semiempirical and density functional theory study

Abstract The inertia of the chemical system as a principle for qualitative evaluation of reactivity was introduced and examined on the addition of of acetylene derivatives to furan. The principle was further elaborated in the examples of maleimide and cyclopentene addition to heterocyclic aromatic compounds and their activated derivatives. All qualitative results obtained were confirmed by computation activation barriers for the studied reactions. The validity and usefulness of the inertia principle were discussed.
Long-Term Outcomes Following Radial Polydactyly Reconstruction

Purpose To report long-term outcomes (> 10 y) after radial polydactyly reconstruction. Methods We evaluated 43 surgically reconstructed thumbs in 41 patients with radial polydactyly whom we had observed for more than 10 years. The study group included 12 Flatt type II, 8 type III, 17 type IV, and 6 type V. The average age of surgery was 1 year and mean follow-up was 17 years. Objective outcome values and validated patient-oriented outcome evaluations were obtained. Results No early postsurgical complications were encountered. Eight patients had 10 revision procedures at an average of 8 years after the initial procedure. Five patients had interphalangeal joint arthrodesis, all for angulation with accompanying pain. The average Tada score was 4.1. Lateral, tripod, and tip pinch strengths were 96%, 86%, and 92%, respectively, of the unaffected side. As a group, the treated thumbs had significantly weaker tip and tripod pinch strengths than the untreated thumbs. The average Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand score was 4.5 and the average Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory score was 87 when administered to both the patient and the parent. Conclusions Long-term results after surgical reconstruction for radial polydactyly were excellent but the revision rate trended upward over time despite maintenance of favorable scores on the objective outcome measures used. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
A multi-gene phylogeny of Cephalopoda supports convergent morphological evolution in association with multiple habitat shifts in the marine environment.

Background: The marine environment is comprised of numerous divergent organisms living under similar selective pressures, often resulting in the evolution of convergent structures such as the fusiform body shape of pelagic squids, fishes, and some marine mammals. However, little is known about the frequency of, and circumstances leading to, convergent evolution in the open ocean. Here, we present a comparative study of the molluscan class Cephalopoda, a marine group known to occupy habitats from the intertidal to the deep sea. Several lineages bear features that may coincide with a benthic or pelagic existence, making this a valuable group for testing hypotheses of correlated evolution. To test for convergence and correlation, we generate the most taxonomically comprehensive multi-gene phylogeny of cephalopods to date. We then create a character matrix of habitat type and morphological characters, which we use to infer ancestral character states and test for correlation between habitat and morphology. Results: Our study utilizes a taxonomically well-sampled phylogeny to show convergent evolution in all six morphological characters we analyzed. Three of these characters also correlate with habitat. The presence of an autogenic photophore (those relying upon autonomous enzymatic light reactions) is correlated with a pelagic habitat, while the cornea and accessory nidamental gland correlate with a benthic lifestyle. Here, we present the first statistical tests for correlation between convergent traits and habitat in cephalopods to better understand the evolutionary history of characters that are adaptive in benthic or pelagic environments, respectively. Discussion: Our study supports the hypothesis that habitat has influenced convergent evolution in the marine environment: benthic organisms tend to exhibit similar characteristics that confer protection from invasion by other benthic taxa, while pelagic organisms possess features that facilitate crypsis and communication in an environment lacking physical refuges. Features that have originated multiple times in distantly related lineages are likely adaptive for the organisms inhabiting a particular environment: studying the frequency and evolutionary history of such convergent characters can increase understanding of the underlying forces driving ecological and evolutionary transitions in the marine environment.
Welding parameters and the grain structure of weld metal — A thermodynamic consideration

The grain structure of the weld metal can significantly affect its resistance to solidification cracking during welding and its mechanical properties after welding. An experimental study was conducted to investigate the effect of two basic welding parameters,i.e., the heat input and the welding speed, on the grain structure of aluminum-alloy welds. Gas-tungsten arc welding was performed under various heat inputs and welding speeds, with thermal measurements in the weld pool being carried out during welding and the amounts and nuclei of equiaxed grains in the resultant welds being examined using optical and electron microscopy. The experimentally measuredG/R ratios and the clearly revealed heterogeneous nuclei together demonstrated the thermodynamic effect of the heat input and welding speed on the weld metal grain structure.
A Quality-of-Life Instrument for Young Hemorrhagic Stroke Patients

Background and Purpose—Hemorrhagic stroke has a high initial mortality rate. While survivors often recover motor function, many experience significant changes in their quality of life (QOL). Availa...
Traveling waves of infinitely many pulses in nerve equations

Abstract Some nerve axon equations, in addition to admitting a traveling wave solution in the form of a solitary pulse, also admit a family of double pulse solutions. In this case, application and extension of the results of Silnikov further show the existence of an uncountable discrete family of traveling wave solutions which are trains of infinitely many pulses. All solutions in this family travel with the velocity of the solitary pulse solution. Included are nonperiodic doubly infinite trains, trains which are infinite in only one direction, and a countable family of periodic solutions. The set of integer sequences which identify the spacing between individual pulses in a solution serve as a natural index for the family. A proof and computational results are provided for the piecewise linear FitzHugh- Nagumo equations.
Multistage Adaptive Pulse Compression

Many modern radar systems employ pulse compression to maximize the energy on target while maintaining high range resolution. For a solitary point target in white noise, employing a matched filter on receive will maximize the target signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the output of the receiver. The matched filter itself is a time-reversed version of the transmitted waveform which is convolved with the received time series to pulse compress the data. A drawback to the matched filter receiver is the range sidelobes which extend on either side of the point target and may mask another weaker target. To reduce range sidelobes after pulse compression, novel adaptive pulse compression techniques have been developed. One such technique is the Reiterative Minimum Mean Square Error Adaptive Pulse Compression (RMMSE-APC) algorithm. This algorithm employs an optimal compression filter at each range bin and significantly reduces the range sidelobes in the vicinity of large targets. In this paper, a pulse compression filter with output identical to the RMMSE filter is derived by employing a multi-stage decomposition of the Wiener filter. A reduced rank version of the Multi-Stage Wiener Filter (MSWF) with lower computational complexity can be created by pruning the number of stages in the decomposition.
LEVER-PRESSING RESPONSES OF WILD COTTON AND WISTAR RATS'

Barnett ( 1 ) and Kavanau ( 2 ) indicate that the behaviors of wild and tame rats differ in many respects. This note presents lever-pressing data for 2 120-day-old male Wistar rats and 1 male and 1 female wild Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispioris texianis). The latter 2 were caught in the fields of South-central Kansas (estimated age 60 days), and kept in the lab until testing at approximately 150 days. A Stoelting Skinner Box No. 31292 delivered one drop of water each time S pressed the lever. Lever pressing was always signalled by the flash of an overhead lamp and an audible "click." All Ss prior to testing were on an ad lib, regimen of lab-chow and water. Food was available at all times when Ss were in the apparatus. All Ss were naive with respect to the conditioning apparatus. The testing schedule was as follows: ( a ) one male albino rat was placed in the apparatus for 72 hr, with water reinforcement for each lever press and this session was followed immediately by 72 hr. without water reinforcement for lever presses, ( b ) 1 male Cotton rat was placed in the apparatus until his total lever presses approximated those of the albino rat and this session was immediately followed by an equal period without water reinforcement (see Fig. 1 for time and total lever presses), ( c ) 1 male albino and 1 female Cotton rat were individually tested in the apparatus for periods corresponding to their partner's first test period, but they were never reinforced for lever pressing.
The Determination of Metribuzin and Its Metabolites by High Pressure Liquid Chromatography

Abstract A method for the determination of metribuzin and its metabolites in plant tissues has been developed using High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The system used involves reversed-phase chromatography on a C-18 HPLC column and a 62:38 methanol/0.05 M acetic acid mobile phase. Under these conditions, metribuzin and the three known metabolites [deaminated metribuzin (DA), deaminated diketometribuzin (DADK) and diketometribuzin (DK)] are completely resolved from each other. Detection is by UV absorbance at 254 nm.