cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three-Body Photodisintegration of 3 He with Double Polarizations

The paper describes a planned first measurement of a spin-dependent asymmetry from three-body photodisintegration of 3He. We propose to use a linearly polarized photon beam at an incident photon energy of 12.8 MeV on a highpressure 3He gas target which is transversely polarized to the reaction plane. The 3-body photodisintegration process will be studied by detecting the neutron from the 3-body breakup channel. Such a double-polarizations asymmetry has been predicted to be sensitive to 3-body force.
Serum hormone levels associated with spawning activity in the mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus.

Daily collections of the mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus, from field populations during the first 45 days of the breeding season revealed a semilunar cycle in the sperm index. Peaks in the sperm index were preceded by 6 days with peaks in the serum testosterone concentration. Bihourly sampling of field populations during a 72-hr period at the new moon showed both diel cycling and an upward trend in serum progesterone levels in female mummichogs. Male mummichogs had 12-hr cycles in serum 17β-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,11-dione levels, the peaks of which preceded high tide by 4 hr. The physiological significance of these cycles are discussed.
403 JEJUNAL MORPHOLOGY AND DISACCHARIDASE ACTIVITIES IN CHILDREN WITH CHRONIC DIARRHEA

With the hypothesis that mucosal enzymes are a reflection of villous height, an investigation was carried out on 34 jejunal biopsy samples from children with mucosal injury. These were classified into 4 groups (B-E) according to villous to crypt ratio (V/C) and were compared with normal biopsies and those from cases of gluten sensitive enteropathy (GSE): 1) Includes biopsies with enterocyte abnormalities; 2) Geometric means. One way analysis of variance of the log transformed data indicated significant differences between groups. Significant differences between enzyme activities of the normal and all abnormal groups and between maltase activities of the GSE group and abnormal groups were found. All data from Groups C-E fell within the normal range. The data suggest that GSE may be differentiated from other causes of mucosal injury on the basis of maltase activity, however, no significant differences in enzymes appear between groups divided according to villous height. Support: NIH RR-00188, Venezuelan Nat. Acad. of Sciences.
Acquired atherosclerotic aortopulmonary fistula presenting as new-onset congestive heart failure

A middle-aged patient with new-onset congestive heart failure, a loud precordial systolic murmur, and a widened mediastinum on chest radiography is described. Noninvasive studies in addition to the clinical examination suggested an unusual complication of atherosclerotic aortic disease, which was demonstrated at aortography and confirmed at surgery. This case stresses the importance of a careful bedside examination in addition to selective noninvasive studies in patients with new-onset or atypical congestive heart failure.
Aerial respiration of the brachiopterygian fish, Calamoichthys calabaricus

Abstract 1. 1. Fourteen Calamoichthys calabaricus were exposed to hypoxic waters (O2 ⩽ 1.0 ppm) in 26 separate trials to determine if lung breathing would satisfy respiratory demands. 2. 2. In the majority of shorter (4–5.5 hr) and all longer (⩾ 26 hr) trials, regression slopes relating weight-specific aerial Vo2 and time did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) from zero. 3. 3. These data confirm our hypothesis that Calamoicthys can exist exclusively on aerial breathing when exposed to hypoxic aquatic environments.
Effects of certain transition metal oxides on the carbon-silica reactions in a glass-filled polymer composite

Abstract The effects of two transition metal oxides on the kinetics of the carbon-silica reactions in a glass-filled phenolic resin have been studied. Samples containing 10 and 25% by weight of Fe 2 O 3 or Cr 2 O 3 were tested. The effects of the oxides on the reactions were evaluated from mass-loss data obtained using standard thermogravimetric techniques. The experimental data were obtained for heating rates of 10, 20, and 50°C min −1 over a temperature range of 30 to approximately 1700°C. The metals were found to lower the onset temperatures of the carbon-silica reactions up to 475°C.
Explaining Bureaucratic Independence in Brazil: The Experience of the National Economic Development Bank*

This article assesses competing explanations of the independence from political and economic elites achieved by Brazil's Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Economico (BNDE) during the 1950s. Whereas others have stressed the actions taken by Presidents Getulio Vargas and Juscelino Kubitschek, I attribute the Bank's remarkable independence to a cadre of innovative civil servants. In this account, independence is measured by control over personnel recruitment, loan allocation, and generation of funds. The considerable control BNDE bureaucrats exercised over personnel recruitment and loan allocation countered their limited control over funding, permitting the Bank to become an independent and effective development institution.
Liberalism for the liberals, cannibalism for the cannibals

(2001). Liberalism for the liberals, cannibalism for the cannibals. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy: Vol. 4, Trusting in Reason: Martin Hollis and the Philosophy of Social Action, pp. 35-54.
Effect of the insect parasite Hyposoter exiguae (Viereck) on the carbohydrate metabolism of its host, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner)

Abstract Parasitization of Trichoplusia ni by Hyposoter exiguae resulted in elevations in the haemolymph trehalose concentration and fat body glycogen level. These increases in tissue carbohydrate reserves were accompanied by an elevation in the maximal velocities of fat body phosphofructokinase and fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase. The activity of the latter, however, was several-fold greater than that of phosphofructokinase and the potential gluconeogenic flux through the fructose phosphate step was, therefore, markedly increased following parasitization. The changes in adenylate levels in parasitized fat body, specifically an increase in AMP and decrease in ATP, were consistent with an elevation in phosphofructokinase activity in vivo but not in fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase activity. The latter enzyme, however, was shown to be less sensitive to both AMP and fructose 2,6 bisphosphate inhibition in fat body of parasitized individuals. Decreased haemolymph glucogenic amino acid concentrations and an increase in faecal uric acid level accompanied the above effects. It was concluded that parasitization of T. ni by H. exiguae caused a stress-induced hyperglycemia that may result from an alteration in the hormonal regulation over carbohydrate synthesis.
Effect of grain size on mechanical, surface and biological properties of microwave sintered hydroxyapatite.

Abstract Hydroxyapatite (HA) compacts having average grain sizes of 168 ± 0.086 nm, 1.48 ± 0.627 μm and 5.01 ± 1.02 μm are processed from synthesized HA powder by microwave sintering at varying sintering temperature for different times. Superior mechanical and biological properties are shown by nano-grain HA compacts as compared to their micron grained counterparts. Compressive strength, indentation hardness, and indentation fracture toughness are increased with the decrease in HA grain size. The highest surface energy and maximum wettability are exhibited by nano-grain HA. HA compacts are assessed for cell–material interaction by SEM, MTT and immunochemistry assays using human osteoblast cell line for 1, 5 and 11 days. MTT assays showed higher number of living cells and faster proliferation on nano-grain HA surface. Osteoblast cells on nano-grain HA surface expressed significantly higher amount of vinculin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) protein markers for cell adhesion and differentiation respectively. This study shows the effect of grain size on physical, mechanical and in vitro biological properties of microwave sintered HA compacts.
Ion distributions in a two‐dimensional reconnection field geometry

ISEE observations have shown trapped ion distributions in the magnetosphere along with streaming ion distributions in the magnetosheath. The more energetic ion beams are further away from the magnetopause than lower-energy ion beams. Predictions made with a simple two-dimensional reconnection model which contains a neutral line and an azimuthal electric field were compared with the experimental data of Sept., 1978. The model explains trapped particles in the magnetosphere due to nonadiabatic mirroring in the magnetosheath and streaming ions in the magnetosheath due to energization at the magnetopause. The model also shows the higher-energy ions extending further into the magnetosheath and farther away from the magnetopause than the lower-energy ions. This suggests the ion data of Sept., 1978 are consistent with a reconnection geometry.
The effects of dbcAMP on adrenal chromaffin cells in organotypic culture

Chromaffin cells in organotypic cultures of adrenal glands from 19 day rat embryos developed a marked increase in the volume of their rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and enlargement of nucleoli in response to 1 mM dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dbcAMP) treatment for 17 daysin vitro. 0.1 mM dbcAMP had a similar but less dramatic effect. When dbcAMP was removed from the medium after 11 daysin vitro, cells became more like control explants treated with no additives, suggesting the effects of dbcAMP were reversible. ACTH which selectively stimulates adrenal cortical cells had no effect on RER morphology of chromaffin cells. The ‘neuronal-like’ configuration of dbcAMP treated chromaffin cells is discussed.
The Deshredder: A visual analytic approach to reconstructing shredded documents

Reconstruction of shredded documents remains a significant challenge. Creating a better document reconstruction system enables not just recovery of information accidentally lost but also understanding our limitations against adversaries' attempts to gain access to information. Existing approaches to reconstructing shredded documents adopt either a predominantly manual (e.g., crowd-sourcing) or a near automatic approach. We describe Deshredder, a visual analytic approach that scales well and effectively incorporates user input to direct the reconstruction process. Deshredder represents shredded pieces as time series and uses nearest neighbor matching techniques that enable matching both the contours of shredded pieces as well as the content of shreds themselves. More importantly, Deshred-der's interface support visual analytics through user interaction with similarity matrices as well as higher level assembly through more complex stitching functions. We identify a functional task taxonomy leading to design considerations for constructing deshredding solutions, and describe how Deshredder applies to problems from the DARPA Shredder Challenge through expert evaluations.
Effectiveness of Structural-Level Needle/Syringe Programs to Reduce HCV and HIV Infection Among People Who Inject Drugs: A Systematic Review

Needle-syringe programs (NSP) have been effective in reducing HIV and hepatitis C (HCV) infection among people who inject drugs (PWID). Achieving sustainable reductions in these blood-borne infections requires addressing structural factors so PWID can legally access NSP services. Systematic literature searches collected information on NSP coverage and changes in HIV or HCV infection prevalence or incidence at the population level. Included studies had to document biomarkers (HIV or HCV) coupled with structural-level NSP, defined by a minimum 50 % coverage of PWID and distribution of 10 or more needles/syringe per PWID per year. Fifteen studies reported structural-level NSP and changes in HIV or HCV infection prevalence/incidence. Nine reported decreases in HIV prevalence, six in HCV infection prevalence, and three reported decreases in HIV incidence. The results support NSP as a structural-level intervention to reduce population-level infection and implementation of NSP for prevention and treatment of HIV and HCV infection.
Estimating the Causal Effect of Randomization Versus Treatment Preference in a Doubly Randomized Preference Trial

Although randomized studies have high internal validity, generalizability of the estimated causal effect from randomized clinical trials to real-world clinical or educational practice may be limited. We consider the implication of randomized assignment to treatment, as compared with choice of preferred treatment as it occurs in real-world conditions. Compliance, engagement, or motivation may be better with a preferred treatment, and this can complicate the generalizability of results from randomized trials. The doubly randomized preference trial (DRPT) is a hybrid randomized and nonrandomized design that allows for estimation of the causal effect of randomization versus treatment preference. In the DRPT, individuals are first randomized to either randomized assignment or choice assignment. Those in the randomized assignment group are then randomized to treatment or control, and those in the choice group receive their preference of treatment versus control. Using the potential outcomes framework, we apply the algebra of conditional independence to show how the DRPT can be used to derive an unbiased estimate of the causal effect of randomization versus preference for each of the treatment and comparison conditions. Also, we show how these results can be implemented using full matching on the propensity score. The methodology is illustrated with a DRPT of introductory psychology students who were randomized to randomized assignment or preference of mathematics versus vocabulary training. We found a small to moderate benefit of preference versus randomization with respect to the mathematics outcome for those who received mathematics training.
Frictionless conveying of frictional materials

Following a brief review of the technology and previous analyses of vibratory conveying of granular materials, a general solution is derived for a well-known rigid-slab model of slide-conveying in open and closed conduits, with Coulomb friction at the walls. The solution is applied to periodic rectangular-wave and sinusoidal forcing, and it is shown that the rectangular-wave forcing admits ideal cycles in which the kinematically optimal transport is also thermodynamically optimal, in the sense that no energy is dissipated by sliding friction.
Covalent binding of guanine nucleotides to the CD3-γ chain of the T cell receptor/CD3 complex

In a search for proteins involved in signal transduction through the T cell receptor (TcR/CD3 complex), a recently developed highly efficient method for labeling of nucleotide binding proteins in permeabilized cells was applied. Here, we report that human CD3-gamma could be labeled by periodate-oxidized [alpha-32P] GTP (GTPoxi). In contrast to GTPoxi labeling of CD3-zeta (Peter, M. E., Hall, C., Ruhlmann, A., Sancho, J. and Terhorst, C., EMBO J. 1992. 11:933), GTP-specific labeling of CD3-gamma reached a maximum when nucleotides were added 60 min prior to the cross-linking reaction. As CD3-gamma did not contain a known consensus sequence for nucleotide binding and since labeling kinetics of CD3-gamma coincided with those of cytosolic GTP-binding proteins, labeling may have been caused by a GTP-binding protein. This putative protein was not T cell specific because labeling of CD3-gamma could also be achieved when expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. In CHO cells, labeling by GTPoxi took place only when CD3-gamma was associated with CD3-epsilon, whereas labeling could not be established upon association of CD3-gamma with CD3-delta or TcR alpha. The observation that CD3-gamma was labeled without leaving the endoplasmic reticulum led to the hypothesis that the association of CD3-gamma with a GTP-binding protein might be involved in an early step of the TcR/CD3 complex formation or transport.
Reaction of Criegee Intermediates with Water VaporAn Additional Source of OH Radicals in Alkene Ozonolysis

The yields of OH radicals from the ozonolysis of ethene and trans-2-butene under dry and humid conditions (0% and 65% relative humidity, respectively) were measured by the small-ratio relative rate technique. The OH yields from both alkenes are found to be independent of the humidity within the error limits of the experiments. This suggests that the OH yield from the reaction of Criegee intermediates with water is less than 30%. These findings are supported by Master equation calculations that are consistent with the major product from the reaction of Criegee intermediates with water being the hydroxyalkyl hydroperoxide (RCH(OH)OOH), with a smaller contribution from OH. Implications of these results for both the fundamental reaction mechanism of ozone-alkene reactions and the fate of Criegee intermediates in the troposphere are discussed.
Evaluating I/O characteristics and methods for storing structured scientific data

Many large-scale scientific simulations generate large, structured multi-dimensional datasets. Data is stored at various intervals on high performance I/O storage systems for checkpointing, post-processing, and visualization. Data storage is very I/O intensive and can dominate the overall running time of an application, depending on the characteristics of the I/O access pattern. Our NCIO benchmark determines how I/O characteristics greatly affect performance (up to 2 orders of magnitude) and provides scientific application developers with guidelines for improvement. In this paper, we examine the impact of various I/O parameters and methods when using the MPI-IO interface to store structured scientific data in an optimized parallel file system.
Foreign aid and economic growth in Cameroon

Cameroon is classified as a lower-middle-income country. Since it became a unified and independent country in 1961, Cameroon has received significant amounts of foreign aid, most of it from France and the European Economic Community. Since the 1960s, economic growth in the country has been quite significant. Between 1965 and 1980, the gross domestic product grew at an average annual rate of 5.1%, and at a rate of 2.3% between 1980 and 1990. Cameroon seems a good test case for determining the effects of foreign aid on economic growth in developing countries. An econometric model, based on the neoclassical production function, is developed and used to test the relationship between foreign aid and eonomic growth. The model is tested using time-series datd on the country from 1971 to 1990. The results show that domestic resources have a stronger impact on economic growth in Cameroon than foreign resources. These results, however, must be taken with the understanding that the data suffer from measurement probl...
On mass transport in an air-breathing DMFC stack

SUMMARY An 8-cell air-breathing direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) stack with the active area of 5 cm 2 of each cell has been developed. Stainless steel plates of 500mm thickness with flow channels were fabricated using photochemical etching method as the current collectors. Different conditioning methods for membrane electrode assembly (MEA) activation were discussed. With proper control of water crossover to the cathode, cathode flooding was avoided in the DMFC stack. Methanol crossover at open circuit voltage (OCV) in the air-breathing DMFC was measured. Further, it was found that flow maldistribution might occur in the parallel flow field of the stack, making carbon dioxide gas management at the anode necessary. Using humidified hydrogen in the anode with a high flow rate, the oxygen transport limiting current density was characterized and found to be sufficient in the air-breathing cathode. The stack produced a maximum output power of 1.33 W at 2.21 V at room temperature, corresponding to a power density of 33.3 mW cm � 2 . Copyright # 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Erosion Resistance of Thick Nitride and Carbonitride Coatings Deposited using Plasma Enhanced Magnetron Sputtering

In this paper, we report the microstructural and erosion test results of thick coatings deposited using a PEMS technique. Nitrides (TiN, CrN, and ZrN) and nanocomposite carbonitride (TiSiCN) were deposited on Ti-6Al-4V disk coupon and turbine blade samples. The samples were analyzed using SEM with energy dispersive EDS, nanoindentation, and XRD. Selected samples were subjected to alumina erosion tests separately using two incident angles (30° and 90°, respectively). The nanohardness of the nitride coatings was 30 GPa for carbonitride. It was observed that at 30° TiSiCN renders the best erosion resistance. At 90° incidence, the erosion damage becomes more severe. However, one TiSiCN sample still showed an order of magnitude improved erosion resistance over the commercial TiN while delamination occurred on other samples. The delamination is believed to be the result of high internal stress of the TiSiCN coatings. A multilayered TiSiCN/Ti coating is proposed to maintain the high erosion resistance while reducing the internal stress. It is believed that this technology, once fully developed, may be applied to protect turbine engine blades and vanes from both solid particle erosion (SPE) and liquid droplet erosion (LDE) as well as piston rings of heavy-duty diesel engines from wear.
A Study on the Acceleration of Coronal Mass Ejections

We present a statistical study on the acceleration of CMEs. This study is based on 23 CME events best observed by SOHO LASCO/C1 coronagraph, which observes the inner corona from 1.1 to 3.0 ) and acceleration duration T (in unit of min), which can be simply described as A=10000/T.To search for other articles by the author(s) go to: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html
The Bottom Community of Ipswich Bay, Massachusetts

The marine communities of Cape Ann, Massachusetts, were studied during the summer months of 1933 to 1938 inclusive and in 1940. Intensive bio-ecological studies were made on the intertidal communities of a narrow tidal inlet which cuts through the Cape Ann promontory. In order to relate the communities of this inlet to those of the surrounding region, a general survey was made of the bottom communities occupying the rim of coastal waters surrounding Cape Ann. This report is concerned with that particular phase of the field work. Dredgings were made in the bays of Cape Ann during the summers of 1934 to 1937 inclusive and in 1940. Altogether, 58 dredge hauls were made in Ipswich Bay, 19 in Sandy Bay, 9 along the eastern shore of Cape Ann, and 2 in Gloucester Harbor. This report is confined to the bottom community of Ipswich Bay inasmuch as it is the one which is best known. The bottom organisms were collected with a naturalist's dredge operated from either a dory or a sailboat propelled by an out-board motor. For the most part dredgings were made in depths between 12 and 80 feet at mean-low-water. Records were kept of each individual dredge haul for all except the first season. Two types of bottom were recognized, (1) hard sand and (2) rocky bottoms. Supplementary observations were made from a diving helmet during the seasons of 1935-1937. While the helmet was used most often in the tidal inlet, several dives were made in the shallow margin of Ipswich Bay to a depth of about 20 feet
A Multi-objective Evolutionary Computation Approach to Hazards Mitigation Design for Water Distribution Systems

One of the critical public safety roles for water distribution systems (WDS) is suppression of urban fire events. Previous studies have investigated WDS rehabilitation for mitigation of potential fire events with a major focus on improving fire flows by pipe enlargement. However, pipe enlargement can cause water quality problems and place public health at risk during normal operational periods. Thus a novel approach is required to effectively address the conflicting goals of the WDS: reliable delivery of water during normal as well as emergency conditions, meeting water quality standards, and finding cost-effective design and rehabilitation options. In this study an evolutionary computation-based multi-objective optimization-simulation framework is developed to design effective mitigation strategies for urban fire events for water distribution systems with three objectives: (1) minimizing fire damages, (2) minimizing water quality deficiencies, and (3) minimizing the cost of mitigation. An elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) is modified by incorporating an evolution strategy (ES) to address difficulties for heuristic algorithms posed by WDS problems. Implementation of this methodology generates Pareto-optimal solution surfaces that express the trade-off relationship between fire damage, water quality, and least cost objectives. Thus, the method provides decision makers with the flexibility to choose a mitigation plan for urban fire events best suited for their circumstances. Each Paretooptimal solution comprises a set of pipes to be enlarged to achieve increased fire flow and the corresponding diameters of these pipes. The algorithm is illustrated with several test functions. The Micropolis virtual city is then used to demonstrate the application of the proposed methodology to a complex WDS.
Auger electron spectroscopy analysis of SiC-whisker surfaces and SiC-whisker/alumina interfaces

Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) has been used to examine as-received and oxidized silicon carbide whiskers and their respective whisker/matrix interfaces after fabrication into SiC-whisker-reinforced alumina composites. As-received whisker surfaces exhibited a 2--3 nm-thick near-surface region that was C-rich. Oxygen was detected at the outer surface, but diminished to near zero within 25 nm of the surface. Oxidized whiskers had 60 nm-thick SiO{sub 2} surface layers, which was in agreement with the transmission electron microscopy observations. The whisker/matrix interfaces in both composites consisted of thin ({lt}0.5 nm) layers of a C--Si--O noncrystalline material. The thick SiO{sub 2} layers on the oxidized whiskers were ejected from the interfaces during hot-pressing. It was concluded that (i) the higher toughness of the composite fabricated with as-received SiC whiskers may be related to the higher C and lower O in its SiC{sub {ital w}}/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} interfaces, and (ii) interface composition cannot be reliably predicted using the surface composition of free whiskers prior to fabrication.
Psychodynamic-cognitive therapy: Working from the framework of a multimodal matrix of contributors to personality development and behavior.

Psychodynamic-Cognitive Therapy (PCT) is an integrative therapeutic approach merging elements from psychodynamic psychotherapy and cognitive therapy. Human behavior is thought to emerge from a Multimodal Matrix of Contributors (MMC) including genetic predispositions, environmental and oppressive social impacts, cultural influences, object relations and attachment styles, as well as social learning during the early years of childhood development. The development of mental health problems derives from any constellation in the MMC that leads to dysfunctional or maladaptive cognitive patterns. PCT aims to promote therapeutic change by collaborating with clients to achieve the following: psychodynamically interpret and understand their cognitive patterns; gain insight on how these emerged and may be cyclically affecting their current behavior, motivations, interpersonal relations and mental states; challenge these cognitively; and test them behaviorally and interpersonally both within and outside the therapeutic parameters. PCT is critically evaluated against already existing approaches of psychotherapy integration, methods for assessing its effectiveness are discussed, and directions for future research are proposed.
An Expanded Three-Part Architecture for Post-2012 International Climate Policy

We describe the major features of a post-2012 international global climate policy architecture with three essential elements: a means to ensure that key industrialized and developing nations are involved in differentiated but meaningful ways; an emphasis on an extended time path of targets; and inclusion of flexible market-based policy instruments to keep costs down and facilitate international equity. This architecture is consistent with fundamental aspects of the science, economics, and politics of global climate change; addresses specific shortcomings of the Kyoto Protocol; and builds upon the foundation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
Learning hierarchical task networks by observation

Knowledge-based planning methods offer benefits over classical techniques, but they are time consuming and costly to construct. There has been research on learning plan knowledge from search, but this can take substantial computer time and may even fail to find solutions on complex tasks. Here we describe another approach that observes sequences of operators taken from expert solutions to problems and learns hierarchical task networks from them. The method has similarities to previous algorithms for explanation-based learning, but differs in its ability to acquire hierarchical structures and in the generality of learned conditions. These increase the method's capability to transfer learned knowledge to other problems and supports the acquisition of recursive procedures. After presenting the learning algorithm, we report experiments that compare its abilities to other techniques on two planning domains. In closing, we review related work and directions for future research.
Diffusion of oxygen and silicon in silicon: Silicon monoxide model

The diffusion of oxygen in silicon was modeled to result from the diffusion of dissolved silicon monoxide. The SiO molecule dissolved in the largest space in the diamond lattice of silicon, oriented in a 〈111〉 direction, with the oxygen lightly bonded to a network silicon atom. This configuration is consistent with infrared spectra, dichroism of infrared spectral lines, and internal friction of oxygen in silicon. The anomalous rapid diffusion of oxygen below 700 °C could result from the diffusion of molecular water or oxygen in silicon, but more evidence is needed to test these possibilities. Diffusion and exchange of silicon tracer in SiO with lattice silicon can possibly explain tracer diffusion of silicon in silicon.
On Buffered Failure Probability in Design and Optimization of Structures

In reliability engineering focused on the design and optimization of structures, the typical measure of reliability is the probability of failure of the structure or its individual components relative to specific limit states. However, the failure probability has troublesome properties that raise several theoretical, practical, and computational issues. This paper explains the seriousness of these issues in the context of design optimization and goes on to propose a new alternative measure, the buffered failure probability, which offers significant advantages. The buffered failure probability is handled with relative ease in design optimization problems, accounts for the degree of violation of a performance threshold, and is more conservative than the failure probability.
An integrated framework for discovering digital library collections

Information seekers are generally on their own to discover and use a research library's growing array of digital collections, and coordination of these collections' development and maintenance is often not optimal. The frequent lack of a conscious design for how collections fit together is of equal concern because it means that research libraries are not making the most of the substantial investments they are making in digital initiatives. This paper proposes a framework for a research library's digital collections that offers integrated discovery and a set of best practices to underpin collection building, federated access, and sustainability. The framework's purpose is to give information seekers a powerful and easy way to search across existing and future collections and to retrieve integrated sets of results. The paper and its recommendations are based upon research undertaken by the author and a team of librarians and technologists at Cornell University Library. The team conducted structured interviews of forty-five library staff members involved in digital collection building at Cornell, studied an inventory of the library's more than fifty digital collections, and evaluated seven existing Open Archives Initiative (OAI) and federated search production or prototype systems. The author will discuss her team's research and the rationale for their recommendations to: present a cohesive view of the library's digital collections for both browsing and searching at the object level; take a programmatic (rather than project-based) approach to digital collection building; require that all new digital collections conform to library-developed and agreed-upon OAI best practices for data providers; and implement organizational structures to sustain the library's digital collections over the long term.
An efficient method for computing exact path delay fault coverage

We describe algorithms and data structures for accurate and efficient computation of path delay fault coverage. Our method uses an interval-based representation of consecutively numbered path delay faults. We describe a modified 2-3 tree data structure to store and manipulate these intervals to keep track of tested faults. Some results obtained using non-robust simulation of benchmark circuits suggest the viability of this approach. >
"What's under There?" The Questioning of Civil Rights for Sikh Men

On the heels of the highly publicized deaths of multiple Black youth in the U.S., the case of Trayvon Martin is yet another tragedy. While we mourn his loss, his death should also be seen as a call for justice for him, and more broadly a call for social justice. In this manuscript, parallels between the Black and Sikh communities in the U.S. are highlighted. In particular, the suspension of rights of and violence against Sikh men and boys in the U.S. and globally are identified along with examples of social justice action taken by Sikh organizations and mental health professionals in response to acts of oppression. This article represents a call to action for all communities to engage in support of social justice across groups.
Breakwater at Crescent City, California

Outer breakwater completed in 1957, used tetrapods as armor stone for last section; design criteria and construction problems of project which was first to use tetrapods in United States; storm of Apr 1958 approached design standards; only minor settling of tetrapods was noted.
Commercial Evaluation of Seasonal Distribution of Nitrogen Fertilizer for Potato

The timing of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application has a direct impact on fertilizer use efficiency of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and nitrate leaching. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of N fertilizer rate combined with application timing on soil mineral N availability, tuber yield and quality of crisp potato in northeast Florida. Trials were performed on three commercial farms in 2011 and repeated on two farms in 2012. N fertilizer was applied at three different timings: at pre-plant (Npre-pl), at plant emergence (Nemerg) and at tuber initiation (Ntuber init). All seven treatments received a total of 224 kg ha−1 of N, with each treatment differing in the proportion of N supplied at each application timing. N was applied at 0 or 56 kg ha−1 at Npre-pl followed by 0, 56, 112 or 168 kg ha−1 of N applied at Nemerg and 0, 56, 112 or 168 kg ha−1 of N applied at Ntuber init. Treatments were combined in fractional factorial arrangement in a randomized block design with four replicates. Tuber marketable yield ranged from 23.7 to 44.6 Mg ha−1. Total and marketable yields were unaffected by timing or N rate combinations on two out of three farms and tuber quality was mostly unaffected by application timing. Higher yields were obtained when 56 kg ha−1 of N was supplied at pre-plant compared to 0 kg ha−1 of N on only one farm in both years. On the same farm, regardless of the application of 0 or 56 kg ha−1 Npre-pl, the application of 168 kg ha-1 of Nemerg resulted in superior total yields than when 168 kg ha−1 was instead supplied later in the season at Ntuber init. Higher proportions of N at pre-plant and tuber initiation tended to decrease potato tuber size, and a high proportion of N supplied at tuber initiation resulted in lower yield and higher residual soil mineral N at the end of the season.
Distribution and Influence of Minor Constituents on Ceramic Formulations

Small amounts of dopants are essential ingredients added to many ceramic compositions to obtain improved processing or properties. In addition, it is extremely difficult to manufacture ceramics free from contaminants such as calcia and silica, which are among the most common constituents of the earth’s surface. These minor constituents may be present in the final ceramic as solid solutions in a major phase, as segregants at the grain boundaries and surfaces, in an extended space charge layer adjacent to grain boundaries or surfaces, or as separate amorphous or crystalline phases at the surface, at grain boundaries, or within a bulk phase. Each of these distributions can have a strong influence on ceramic processing and on the properties of ceramic products.
Shooting in the Dark: Do Prices Matter in Ambiguous Environments?

AbstractIn an experiment, we evaluate whether prices of investment options influence choice in an ambiguous environment. We find that even with feedback on previous period’s investment, and repeated decision-making, prices do influence choice in our ambiguous environment. Modal behaviour is rational, that is, for each category of investment subjects choose the lowest available price. However, there is a tendency to associate high-priced ambiguous investment options with better quality. This effect becomes stronger as the price differences between available investment options become larger.
Light sensitive polymer thin film transistors based on BAS-PPE

The photoresponse of polymer field effect transistors (PFETs) based on the 2,5- bis(dibutylaminostyryl)-1,4-phenylene- b -alkyne- b -1,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)benzene terpolymer (BAS-PPE) is investigated. BAS-PPE is a photoluminescent conducting polymer with a bandgap of 2.25 eV. The BAS-PPE PFETs were fabricated using an open coplanar configuration and light is illuminated onto the top side of the PFETs. A sweep of V DS demonstrates that I DS saturation is suppressed during illumination, which suggests that pinch-off can not be reached since the injection of photo-generated carriers continues unabated. Also, with incident light, the channel can not be turned off, even at high positive gate biases, due to the accumulation of photo- generated carriers. A sweep of V DS also shows that BAS-PPE can act as a p-type polymer and favors hole injection and transport.
Hearing Aid Use is Associated with Better Mini-Mental State Exam Performance

Objective Hearing loss is associated with cognitive decline in the elderly. However, it is unknown if the use of hearing aids (HAs) is associated with enhanced cognitive function. Methods In a cross-sectional study at an academic medical center, participants underwent audiometric evaluation, the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), and the Trail Making Test, Part B (TMT-B). The impact of use versus disuse of HAs was assessed. Performance on cognitive tests was then compared with unaided hearing levels. Results HA users performed better on the MMSE (1.9 points; rank-sum, p = 0.008) despite having worse hearing at both high frequencies (15.3-dB hearing level; t test, p Conclusion Despite having poorer hearing, HA users performed better on the MMSE. Better performance on cognitive tests with auditory stimuli (MMSE) but not visual stimuli (TMT-B) suggests that hearing loss is associated with sensory-specific cognitive decline rather than global cognitive impairment. Because hearing loss is nearly universal in those older than 80 years, HAs should be strongly recommended to minimize cognitive impairment in the elderly.
Abdominal suspension during massive panniculectomy: A novel technique and review of the literature

Abstract Panniculectomy performed in patients with morbid obesity before or after massive weight loss improves body contour, incidence of soft tissue infection and overall functional status. However, obtaining adequate surgical exposure remains one of the most critical and challenging aspects of the procedure. We present the case of a 75-year-old veteran who underwent successful panniculectomy using a novel technique of abdominal suspension that is easier, more effective and less costly than previously used alternatives.
Study of Co-benefits Assessment of Pollution Reduction on Greenhouse Gas Reduction in Xiangtan during 11th Five-Year Plan

To measure and quantitative analysis the co-benefits of the pollution reduction has great significance in cost-effectively achieving emission reduction targets as well as achieving the "win-win" situation of traditional pollutants emission reduction and global greenhouse gas emission reduction.In this study,an assessment methodology for co-benefits has been developed,which is based on the three types of measures for traditional pollution control,"engineering reduction","Structural reduction" and "management reduction".And according to different pollution abatement projects and different types of desulfurization technologies,the methodology was divided into several types.Based on this methodology,total emission reduction measures that have been taken in Xiangtan City during its "Eleventh Five-year" has been assessed.The results have shown that the total emission reduction measures have great co-benefits on reducing global greenhouse gas emissions and cannot be ignored,specifically,including negative effects.positive effects and no effects.Different types of technologies and measures have different co-effects,but there is significant positive effect overall.
Vascular access selection in hemodialysis patients

Objective To retrospectively investigate vascular access in hemodialysis patients in our hemodialysis center.Methods The clinical data of 157 patients hemodialyzed in this center in 2012 were collected.The basic data,primary diseases,vascular access types and complications of the patients were recorded.Results Of the 157 patients,36 were new hemodialysis patients.The vascular access of the 36 patients were provisional catheter in 26(72.2%),long-term cuffed catheter in 2(5.6%),and autologous arteriovenous fistula(AVF) in 6(16.7%).In the 121 maintenance hemodialysis patients,the details of the vascular access were AVF in 109(90.08%),long-term cuffed catheter in 9(7.4%),provisional catheter in 2(1.65%),and graft vessel in 1(0.83%).Complications resulted from AVF occurred in 30 cases(29.7%) and the major complications included thrombosis,steal syndrome,limb ischemia and infection.The incidence rate of complication caused by central venous catheter was 72.7% and the main complications included insufficient blood flow,deep vein thrombosis and infection.The primary diseases in descending order of frequency were chronic nephritis(32.84%),diabetic nephropathy(28.66%),and chronic interstitial nephritis(16.56%).Cardiovascular diseases and cerebral hemorrhage were major causes of death in these hemodialysis patients.Conclusion AVF was major vascular access of maintenance hemodialysis patients,the rate of AVF utilization was low in initial hemodialysis.Complications of central venous catheter were more than AVF.The factors that influence the selection of vascular access were diabetic nephropathy,advanced age and delayed hemodialysis.
Hardware Design of Intelligent Integrated Protector for Mine Low-voltage Vacuum Feeding Switch

The paper introduced hardware design of an intelligent integrated protector for mine low-voltage vacuum feeding switch based on digital signal processor and expounded technical innovations in process of hardware design of the intelligent integrated protector,including using dsPIC30F6014A digital signal processor,designing negative voltage producing circuit and standby power supply and adding LCD back-lighted control circuit and input part of gas frequency.The intelligent integrated protector adopts four-layer circuit-board structure to decrease size and improve anti-interference ability,and rowed wiring structure of out wiring terminal for convenient change underground.The testing result showed the feasibility of the intelligent integrated protector.
CPD tree learning using contexts as background knowledge

Context specific independence (CSI) is an efficient means to capture independencies that hold only in certain contexts. Inference algorithms based on CSI are capable to learn the Conditional Probability Distribution (CPD) tree relative to a target variable. We model motifs as specific contexts that are recurrently observed in data. These motifs can thus constitute a domain knowledge which can be incorporated into a learning procedure. We show that the integration of this prior knowledge provides better learning performances and facilitates the interpretation of local structure.
Supertree Methods, Phylogenetic

Supertree and supermatrix methods are the two most commonly used approaches to combine different sources of data about relationships among species to construct larger, more comprehensive phylogenetic trees. Supertree methods combine smaller phylogenetic trees to synthesize larger trees, while supermatrix methods combine character data from different sources to infer phylogenetic trees. This article summarizes major approaches for supertree and supermatrix phylogenetic analyses.
More Than Merely Human: How Science Fiction Pop-Culture Influences Our Desires for the Cybernetic

In this paper I will explore cybercultural thinking about inter-gender relations, seeking to understand certain mythologies about love and sex in the digital age. I will look at the burgeoning market for AI based companions, and seek to understand what causes people to look outside of the company of flesh-and-blood humans. What sensations or emotional needs are fulfilled by choosing a cybercompanion over a human? Is this a gender motivated choice? In this age of computer-dominated interaction, where we are told that more people reach for a keyboard than a hand, I hope to understand what can be learned about the human condition and its ever-changing cultural mores. To understand these questions, I will examine pop-cultural themes in science-fiction, and then relate these themes to real-world developments in cyber-technology. These include cyborgs who are ‘real enough’ to pass for human, such as the Replicants in “Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?”; androids who are fully functional, but somewhat less than or other than human, such as Lieutenant Commander Data in “Star Trek: The Next Generation”; demonstrations of new technology using robot/android story lines, such as Sony Playstation’s “Kara” by Quantic Dream project; and created, near-human races, such as Margaret Atwood’s “Crakers” and David Mitchell’s “Fabricants.” I will look at how human characters relate sexually and romantically to non-human characters, and then examine the phenomenon of medical cybernetic augmentation as a way of exploring when we are no longer merely human, but still ‘human enough.’