cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Hemorrhagic Shock on Lung Ultrasound-Induced Pulmonary Capillary Hemorrhage.

OBJECTIVES Lung ultrasound (LUS) exposure can induce pulmonary capillary hemorrhage (PCH), depending on biological and physical exposure parameters. This study was designed to investigate the variation in the LUS induction of PCH due to hemorrhagic shock, which itself can engender pulmonary injury. METHODS Male rats were anesthetized with isoflurane in air. Shock was induced by withdrawal of 40% of the blood volume and assessed by the blood pressure detected by a femoral artery catheter and by blood glucose tests. B-mode ultrasound was delivered at 7.3 MHz with a low output (-20 dB) for aiming and with the maximal output (0 dB) for exposure. Pulmonary capillary hemorrhage was quantified by an assessment of comet tail artifacts in the LUS images and by measurement of PCH areas on the surface of fresh lung samples. RESULTS Tests without shock or catheterization surgery gave results for PCH similar to those of previous studies using different methods. Exposure before hemorrhagic shock gave a mean PCH area ± SE of 24.8 ± 9.2 mm2 on the ultrasound scan plane, whereas exposure after shock gave 0 PCH (P < .001; n = 7). CONCLUSIONS The presence of hemorrhagic shock significantly reduces the occurrence of LUS-induced PCH.
Design Thinking: Assessing the health needs of college students with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities

BACKGROUND There is a dearth of literature related to well-being of college students with IDD. The purpose of this study was to use design thinking to identify health-related innovations for college students with IDD. METHOD Two design thinking events were conducted with participants (n = 16). Subsequent web-based surveys with a separate group of students with IDD (n = 18) assessed feasibility of each innovation. Collaborative group discussions were used to assess each innovation, and quantitate data were used to assess innovation feasibility. RESULTS A total of 16 innovations were constructed: 4 sexual health, dating and relationships, 2 drugs and/or alcohol, 2 exercise and physical activity, 2 socializing, leisure and recreation, 2 food and nutrition and 4 mental health. CONCLUSION Design thinking methods are a suitable strategy to use with individuals with IDD and led to the development of innovations with high relevancy and feasibility for college students with IDD.
High Aspect Ratio Bipolar Plate Fuel Cell Micro-Patterning Using Aluminum Oxide as a Masking Layer

This article reports a recent development of fabricating the flow channel of bipolar plates for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC). Aluminum oxide film prepared by atomic layer deposition was used as a masking layer for the silicon etch in the deep reactive ion etching. The device design and fabrication of the bipolar plates are discussed. An aspect ratio of 20 was achieved for a 200-micron deep trench.
An Effective Physical Conditioning Program Personalized to One's Interests, Objectives & Abilities

(1973). An Effective Physical Conditioning Program Personalized to One's Interests, Objectives & Abilities. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 44, Including Leisure Today, pp. 16-17.
6 Chytridiomycota, Monoblepharidomycota, and Neocallimastigomycota

Molecular phylogenetics has revolutionized our perception of relationships among zoosporic fungi. These organisms are now known to be exceedingly diverse and have adapted to a wide range of habitats from freshwater sites to harsh environments, including high alpine exposed soils. Analyses of gene sequences and characterization of zoospore ultrastructural features have converged into new phylogenetic hypotheses that have led to descriptions of new phyla and other taxa. This chapter updates the review by Barr (2001) chapter with a view toward what has recently been discovered about zoosporic fungi and how new insights can generate hypotheses about the evolution and adaptation of these organisms. It provides an overview of current classification and demonstrates how zoospore ultrastructural characters are applied within a molecular phylogenetic framework in taxonomic revision of zoosporic fungi. Expanding our knowledge of the systematics and evolution of these fungi is vital because zoosporic fungi can be productive members of microbial communities or highly destructive parasites of phytoplankton, plants, and amphibians.
Probing Electron Dynamics with the Laplacian of the Momentum Density

This chapter in the above-titled monograph presents topological analysis of the Laplacian of the electron momentum density in organic molecules. It relates topological features in this distribution to chemical and physical properties, particularly aromaticity and electron transport.
Comment on “Evidence for mesothermy in dinosaurs”

Grady et al. (Reports, 13 June 2014, p. 1268) suggested that nonavian dinosaur metabolism was neither endothermic nor ectothermic but an intermediate physiology termed “mesothermic.” However, rates were improperly scaled and phylogenetic, physiological, and temporal categories of animals were conflated during analyses. Accounting for these issues suggests that nonavian dinosaurs were on average as endothermic as extant placental mammals.
Changing Places Through Women's Entrepreneurship

In this article, I focus on entrepreneurship as a gendered geographic process to examine how changes in people and place are linked. Although entrepreneurship is a process that is marked by deep stereotypical gender divisions, it is also one through which people can change the meaning of gender and the way in which gender is lived. In addition, entrepreneurship links people and place in a number of ways, most notably through networks of social relations in place. I discuss four geographic studies of women's entrepreneurship, each undertaken in a different country—Botswana, India, Peru, and the United States. These studies demonstrate that whereas entrepreneurship per se or access to microcredit alone is seldom sufficient to change the position of women or gender relations in a place, women are using entrepreneurship to change their lives and those of others and, in the process, are changing the places where they live. Key to this transformative process are programs of governmental and nongovernmental organizations and women's grassroots actions that are aimed at building women's skills, confidence, and business networks.
Temozolomide plus thalidomide in patients with brain metastases from melanoma: a phase II study

BACKGROUND Temozolomide plus thalidomide is a promising oral combination regimen for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. The current Phase II study examined the efficacy and safety of this combination in chemotherapy-naive patients with brain metastases. METHODS Patients with histologically confirmed metastatic melanoma and measurable brain metastases received temozolomide (75 mg/m2 per day for 6 weeks with a 2-week break between cycles) plus concomitant thalidomide (200 mg/day escalating to 400 mg/day for patients < 70 years or 100 mg/day escalating to 250 mg/day for patients ≥ 70 years). The primary end point was tumor response in the brain assessed every 8 weeks. RESULTS Twenty-six patients with a median age of 60 years were treated. All patients had progressive brain metastases: 16 were symptomatic and 25 had extensive extracranial metastases. Eight patients had received whole-brain radiotherapy, 4 had received stereotactic radiotherapy, and 8 had received craniotomy with resection of hemorrhagic lesions. Fifteen patients completed ≥ 1 cycle (median, 1 cycle; range, 0–4 cycles), and 11 discontinued treatment before completing 1 cycle (7 for intracranial hemorrhage, 2 for pulmonary embolism, 1 for deep vein thrombosis, and 1 for Grade 3 rash). Of 15 patients assessable for response, 3 had a complete or partial response (12% intent to treat) and 7 had minor response or stable disease in the brain. However, 5 of these 10 patients had disease progression at extracranial sites. The median survival period was 5 months for all 26 patients and 6 months for the 15 assessable patients. CONCLUSIONS Temozolomide plus thalidomide was an active oral regimen for patients with brain metastases from malignant melanoma. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Binding of Homologous Polymerized Deoxyribonucleic Acid by Streptomyces griseus

Germaine, G. R. (University of Minnesota, Minneapolis), and D. L. Anderson. Binding of homologous polymerized deoxyribonucleic acid by Streptomyces griseus. J. Bacteriol. 92:662–667. 1966—An irreversible P32 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) binding system is described for Streptomyces griseus S104. The 69% guanine plus cytosine (GC) S. griseus DNA was bound by late exponential –early stationary phase cultures. Simultaneous addition of deoxyribonuclease with the P32-DNA to maximally receptive cultures reduced the uptake by 98%. Saturation of the binding ability occurred after 20-min incubation of cells with P32-DNA. Preparative cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation of the P32-DNA revealed that 98% of the label banded in the position expected for S. griseus DNA. Sedimentation of the P32-DNA at both 23 and 37 μg/ml indicated a molecular weight of 10.8 million. Attempts to transform S. griseus S104 auxotrophs to prototrophy by use of immediate and delayed selective procedures were unsuccessful.
Minimizing incisional dehiscence following 2-stage prosthetic breast reconstruction in the setting of radiation therapy

Incisional dehiscence is a potential complication following prosthetic breast reconstruction. This is exacerbated in the setting of previous radiation therapy (RT) at the time of exchange of the tissue expander to a permanent implant. A technical modification is described that has successfully minimized this adverse event. Twenty-nine patients that had tissue expanders and RT underwent exchange of the device through a laterally based incision along the inframammary fold (IMF) rather than through the existing mastectomy scar. Adverse events were noted in 2 patients and included incisional dehiscence resulting from mechanical factors in one patient and a periprosthetic infection in the other. This modification has been demonstrated to be safe and effective in reducing the incidence of incisional dehiscence in previously radiated breasts.
Autonomy as Decision-Making Control

Autonomy is a very complex concept. This discussion develops a definition for one dimension of autonomy: decision-making control. The development of this definition draws salient features from previous work. Each stage in the development of this definition is highlighted by bold text.
Influence of Testerone Propionate on the Size of Uterine Fibroids in Human Male

In a Previous communication we were able to demonstrate that small pellets of estradiol benzoate implanted locally into the uterus of guinea pigs produce fibromyomatous tumors in 75 per cent of the animals used. It appeared that androgen implanted simultaneously has a tendency to limit the extent to which the estrogen is able to produce these tumors. In order to determine whether androgen had comparable depressing effects on fibromyonatous tumors in the human female we decided to treat patients having fibroids with testosterone propionate. This effect has been reported by various workers in the treatment of metrorrhagia in patients in whom fibroid tumors were found to be present. Opinion varies as to the efficacy of this mode of treatment and there are few observations concerning changes in the size of these tumors. In view of the fact that we will not be able to continue this work further, I would like to report 3 cases in whom testosterone propionate was employed and in whom we were particularly concern...
On the completeness of algebraic polynomials in the spaces Lp(ℝ, dμ)

We prove that the theorem on the incompleteness of polynomials in the space C 0 w established by de Branges in 1959 is not true for the space L p (ℝ, dμ) if the support of the measure μ is sufficiently dense.
On the optimum applied field for magnetic particle inspection using direct current

Experimental measurements of leakage fields from cylindrical defects were obtained in a geometry which permitted simultaneous measurement of the magnetic induction of the material. The results obtained are compared with calculations using a nonlinear finite difference method. Both the experiments and the calculations indicate that the magnitude of the leakage field continues to grow nearly in proportion with the applied field well into the saturation region of the magnetic material. The implications for magnetic particle inspection are discussed.
Multi-Objective Operations of Multi-Wetland Ecosystem: iModel Applied to the Everglades Restoration

AbstractThe Everglades is a complex, multiwetland ecosystem that is heavily managed to meet often-competing flood control, water supply, and environmental demands. Using objective measures to balance these demands through operational protocols has always been a challenge in the multibillion-dollar restoration plans for the ecosystem. Physically based models have been the primary tools for planning efforts but for such a complex system, they are laborious and computationally intensive. Development of optimal operations based on iterative runs of these models is a great challenge. This paper presents an inverse modeling framework for formal optimization suited for wetland system operations that helps overcome such limitations. Labor-intensive and computation-intensive physically representative models are emulated in each individual wetland area using an autoregressive artificial neural network with exogenous variables. Using prescribed inflow, outflow, and meteorological input data, such hydrologic model em...
Crystal structure of 2'-hydroxy-4-methylchalcone, C16H14O2

C16H14O2, monoclinic, C12/cl (No. 15), a = 27.781(5) A, b = 6.657(2) A, c = 14.203(5) A, β = 106.94(2)°, V= 2512.7 A 3,
VocaliD: personalizing text-to-speech synthesis for individuals with severe speech impairment

Speech synthesis options on assistive communication devices are very limited and do not reflect the user's vocal quality or personality. Previous work suggests that speakers with severe speech impairment can control prosodic aspects of their voice, and often retain the ability to produce sustained vowel-like utterances. This project leverages these residual phonatory abilities in order to build an adaptive text-to-speech synthesizer that is intelligible, yet conveys the user's vocal identity. Our VocaliD system combines the source characteristics of the disordered speaker with the filter characteristics of an age-matched healthy speaker using voice transformation techniques, in order to produce a personalized voice. Usability testing indicated that listeners were 94% accurate in transcribing morphed samples and 79.5% accurate in matching morphed samples from the same speaker.
Gramsci's Marxism: Beyond Lenin and Togliatti

If, in the history of Marxism, the period from the Erfurt program to 1914 can be characterized as the age of the Second International, from 1917 to the middle 1920s that of Leninism, from 1924 to early 1950s that of Stalinism, and from the late 1950s to early 1970s that of Maoism, the 1980s are likely to usher in what may be called a new phase of "Gramscism." This is a result of an international situation wherein both Russian and Chinese communism have exhausted themselves and have found accomodation within a world order still under a U.S. hegemony, based on new and not yet fully developed imperialist relations stronger than earlier versions and immune to traditional challenges. The Second International found its historical limit in the political integration of the labor movement within late capitalism; Stalinism ran out of gas with the industrialization of Russia; and Maoism lost its revolutionary cutting edge with the completion of de-colonization. Yet Gramscism, understood as the strategy of socialist transformation in fully industrialized societies, becomes relevant precisely in the age of cybernated imperialism. Notwithstanding its historical roots in the realities of post-World War I central Europe, Gramsci's articulation of Marxism is likely to provide a framework within which to recast the problem of emancipation in a context where Southern Europe becomes the main ideological and political battlefield.
Incidence of pelvic floor repair after hysterectomy: A population-based cohort study

Objective The objective of the study was to assess the incidence of and risk factors for pelvic floor repair (PFR) procedures after hysterectomy. Study design Using the Rochester Epidemiology Project database, we tracked the incidence of PFRs through June 2006 among 8220 Olmsted County, MN, women who had a hysterectomy for benign indications between 1965 and 2002. Results The cumulative incidence of PFR after hysterectomy was 5.1% by 30 years. This risk was not influenced by age at hysterectomy or calendar period. Future PFR was more frequently required in women who had prolapse, whether they underwent a hysterectomy alone (eg, vaginal [hazard ratio (HR) 4.3; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.5 to 7.3], abdominal [HR 3.9; 95% CI 1.9 to 8.0]) or a hysterectomy and PFR (ie, vaginal [HR 1.9; 95% CI 1.3 to 2.7] or abdominal [HR 2.9; 95% CI 1.5 to 5.5]). Conclusion Compared with women without prolapse, women who had a hysterectomy for prolapse were at increased risk for subsequent PFR.
K7−x−yBayNb14P9O60(x= 0.27(5),y= 0.63(3)), a Niobium Phosphate Bronze: Synthesis, Structure, and Physical Properties

Abstract Large dark blue plate-like single crystals of K 7− x − y Ba y Nb 14 P 9 O 60 ( x = 0.27(5), y = 0.63(3)) have been synthesized by a solid state technique. A single crystal X-ray diffraction study shows that it crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pmma (#51) with the lattice parameters a = 36.809(3), b = 10.596(1), and c = 6.459(1) A and z = 2. A full matrix least-squares refinement based on 2451 reflections for I > 2σ( I ) yielded R ( F ) = 0.047 and R w ( F 2 ) = 0.114. The title compound is isostructural with the previously reported K 7 Nb 14+ x P 9− x O 60 ( x = 0.13). Among the five unique K atoms in the crystal structure of K 7 Nb 14.13 P 8.87 O 60 , only K(5) appears to be predominantly substituted by barium. K 6.10 Ba 0.63 Nb 14 P 9 O 60 shows semiconducting behavior with an activation energy of 0.16(1) eV. Magnetic susceptibility measurements on a collection of randomly oriented single crystals indicated Curie behavior with an effective magnetic moment of μ eff = 1.30 μ B /Nb 4+ . A comparison of the structure as well as the electrical transport and magnetic properties of K 6.10 Ba 0.63 Nb 14 P 9 O 60 with that of K 7 Nb 14.13 P 8.87 O 60 is presented.
Quantitative trait loci in a bacterially induced model of inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are complex disorders caused by a combination of environmental, microbial, and genetic factors. Genome-wide association studies in humans have successfully identified multiple genes and loci associated with disease susceptibility, but the mechanisms by which these loci interact with each other and/or with environmental factors (i.e., intestinal microbiota) to cause disease are poorly understood. Helicobacter hepaticus-induced intestinal inflammation in mice is an ideal model system for elucidating the genetic basis of IBD susceptibility in a bacterially induced system, as there are significant differences in H. hepaticus-induced disease susceptibility among inbred mouse strains. Infected A/J mice develop acute overexpression of proinflammatory cytokines followed 2–3 months later by chronic cecal inflammation, whereas infected C57BL/6 mice fail to develop cecal inflammation or increased cytokine expression. The goal of this project was to use quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping to evaluate genetic factors that contribute to the differential disease susceptibility between these two mouse strains. Using acute cecal IL-12/23p40 expression as a biomarker for disease susceptibility, QTL analysis of H. hepaticus-infected F2 mice revealed involvement of multiple loci. The loci with the strongest association were located on Chromosome 3 and Chromosome 17, with logarithm of odds (LOD) scores of 6.89 and 3.09, respectively. Cecal expression of IL-12/23p40 in H. hepaticus-infected C57BL/6J-Chr3A/J/NaJ chromosome substitution mice had an intermediate phenotype, significantly higher than in resistant C57BL/6 but lower than in susceptible A/J mice, confirming the importance of this locus to the immune response to H. hepaticus infection.
The role of research in setting priorities for health care.

Research of all types plays a fundamental role in setting health care priorities, in part by informing the development of robust clinical practice guidelines. Today's investments in research may make tomorrow's choices about who gets what kinds of care easier, not more difficult. The converse also holds: today's investments in providing care, if made at the significant expense of research, will not make tomorrow's choices about care any easier. In making choices and balancing priorities, the centrality of health services research must be understood. The information necessary to make the hard choices about priorities in health care today may be generated as much, if not more, from investments in this field of inquiry as from equivalent investments in other arenas of scientific endeavour, because of the growing need for information about the effectiveness of health care services for use both in improving the quality of health care and in making better use of health resources.
Phosphorescence quenching by conjugated polymers.

Energy transfer between phosphors and conjugated polymers was investigated using a fluorene trimer (F3) as a model conjugated material. The phosphors studied were bis-cyclometalated iridium complexes (FP, PPY, BT, PQ, and BTP), with triplet energies of 2.6, 2.4, 2.2, 2.1, and 2.0 eV, respectively (based on phosphorescence spectra). Stern−Volmer analysis of luminescent quenching shows that energy transfer from either FP or PPY to F3 is an exothermic process with Stern−Volmer quenching constants (kqSV) of near 109 M-1 s-1 while energy transfer from BT, PQ, and BTP is endothermic (kqSV = 107−106 M-1 s-1). On the the basis of above results, the triplet energy of F3 is estimated to be less than 2.3 eV (530 nm). This study suggests that conjugated polymers, which typically have lower T1 energies than F3, should also quench phosphorescent emission in thin films and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) incorporating these and related phosphorescent dopants.
Storying away self-doubt: Can narratives dispel threats to the self?

Abstract Personal narratives play an important role in creating a stable sense of self. This study used an experimental design to explore the utility of narrative, in comparison to other mechanisms, (e.g., self-affirmation, distraction), for coping with self-concept threat. Participants ( N = 331) received false physiological feedback suggesting they were prejudiced and completed one of five repair techniques, as well as pre-study, post-threat, and post-repair measures of affect and self-concept. General high-point narratives and affirmation statements tended to produce greater repair than tolerance-specific narratives and affirmation statements. However, individual differences, including meaning-making, appear to modestly impact the amount of repair in tolerance narratives. Results are discussed in terms of when and how narratives maintain personal meaning in the face of threat.
Transcellular emigration of blood cells during ascidian metamorphosis

During the first 10 minutes after the onset of metamorphosis in the ascidian Amaroucium constellatum there is a massive emigration of blood cells (granulocytes) from the hemocoel, across the epidermis, into the tunic. Electron microscopy has been employed to extend some of the classical observations of the last century. The new findings are compatible with the hypothesis that the blood cells follow a transcellular pathway. Our interpretation is as follows: an emigrating cell enters the basal part of an epidermal cell and becomes enclosed within a vacuole. The vacuole and the blood cell move to the apex of the epidermal cell. The vacuole fuses with the plasmalemma releasing the blood cell into the tunic. Blood cells can therefore pass through the epidermis without leaving a hole and without rupturing intercellular junctions.
Does CT influence the decision to perform colectomy in patients with severe ulcerative colitis

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of abdominal computerized tomography (CT) on the decision to perform colectomy in patients with severe acute ulcerative colitis (SAC). Patients with SAC admitted to a single hospital between 2002 and 2007 were reviewed. The criteria for SAC were ≥6 bloody bowel movements per day plus fever >37.8°C, pulse >90, or hemoglobin <10.5 g/dL. Study patients were given a SAC score of 2–4 based on these criteria. Clinical and laboratory parameters, medication use, abdominal X-ray, and endoscopic findings in SAC patients who did or did not have an abdominal CT were compared. Chi-squared, Fisher exact test, and Wilcoxon rank sum test were used as appropriate. Ninety-two consecutive patients with SAC were evaluated. CT was performed in 26 (28%). The SAC score, laboratory values, abdominal X-ray, and endoscopic findings were similar in patients who did or did not have a CT. Colectomy was performed in 32 (48%) and 10 (38%) patients who did or did not have a CT, respectively (p = 0.4). The CT findings were similar in patients who required colectomy and those who did not require colectomy. In two (8%) of the patients who underwent CT, the CT findings clearly influenced the decision to perform or defer colectomy. CT has a minor impact on the decision to perform colectomy in patients with severe acute ulcerative colitis.
Environmental embrittlement and grain-boundary fracture in Ni3Al

Recent studies have demonstrated that many ordered intermetallics exhibit environmental embrittlement when tested in air at ambient temperatures. Brittle grain-boundary fracture and poor ductility have been observed in a number of binary ordered intermetallics with an L1{sub 2} ordered crystal structure such as Ni{sub 3}Al, Ni{sub 3}Si, Ni{sub 3}Ge, and Ni{sub 3}Ga. The grain boundaries in the alloys have been considered to be intrinsically brittle, as evidenced by detailed Auger analyses and as suggested by atomic-simulation calculations. In this paper the study of environmental embrittlement at room temperature is extended to include binary Ni{sub 3}Al. The present results also show that moisture-induced hydrogen embrittlement contributes substantially to brittle grain-boundary fracture and low tensile ductility in Ni{sub 3}Al containing 24 and 23.5at.% Al, prepared by repeated cold forging and annealing of cast-alloy ingots.
On the origin of kilometric continuum

[1] The Radio Plasma Imager (RPI) and the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) imager instruments on the polar orbiting IMAGE satellite are providing new observations of the source region of kilometric continuum. Observations by the IMAGE instruments are now able to clarify some aspects of the source of this emission and put some previous observations into a new perspective. The IMAGE observations show that kilometric continuum is generated at the plasmapause, from sources in or very near the magnetic equator, within a bite-out region of the plasmasphere. It is not known if the bite-out region is a necessary condition for the generation of kilometric continuum. From ray-tracing calculations in a model plasmasphere having a bite-out feature, it is found that a kilometric continuum source can produce a relatively narrow emission cone that is largely confined to the longitudinal extent of the bite-out structure. Since the bite-out structure is observed to corotate with the plasmasphere, so would the beamed kilometric continuum. In addition, the observed narrow latitudinal extent of the emission cone does not appear to be a propagation effect but is perhaps produced by the emission mechanism, such as the linear or nonlinear mode-conversion processes at the upper hybrid resonance proposed by a number of investigators. The processes by which bite-out structures are produced in the plasmasphere are not completely understood at this time.
Who owns my soul? The paradox of pursing organizational knowledge in a work culture of individualism

A meta-analysis of themes resulting from some human resource studies of information professionals is contrasted with trends in IT worker human resource management in order to highlight an apparent paradox in the path toward organizational knowledge management. Findings from three studies of information sector workers in Europe and America are contrasted with data from a recent information technology workforce convocation conducted in the United States in order to focus attention on the paradox in the movement toward knowledge management and organizational productivity. On the one hand, the human resource studies document the shift in focus from
Telescience Operations on International Space Station

This paper describes the concept of telescience operations for the International Space Station (ISS). The extended duration microgravity environment of the ISS will enable microgravity science research to enter into a new era of increased scientific and technological data return. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has a vision of distributed ground operations which enables the Principal Investigator direct interaction with his/her on-board experiment from his/her home location. This is the concept of telescience and is essential for maximizing the use of the long duration science environment that ISS provides. The goal of telescience is to provide the capability to fully tele-operate an experiment from any ground location in such a way as to increase the amount and quality of scientific and technological data return and decrease the operations cost of an individual experiment relative to the era of Space Shuttle experiments. This paper also describes the NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) implementation approach for the LeRC Telescience Support Center (TSC) and Principal Investigator Science Operations Sites (SOS) which will fully meet the concept of telescience as prescribed by the Agency.
Induction of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in rhesus monkeys after intraamniotic infection with group B streptococci or interleukin-1 infusion

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist is a natural inhibitor of interleukin-1, a cytokine implicated in the initiation of preterm labor after intraamniotic infection. The effects of intraamniotic infection and interleukin-1 infusion on the appearance of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in amniotic fluid and fetal and maternal plasma were assessed with a monkey model. STUDY DESIGN: On day 130 of pregnancy four chronically catheterized rhesus macaques received intraamniotic inoculations of group B streptococci, three monkeys received intraamniotic infusions of recombinant human interlukin-1β, and three monkeys received buffered saline solution infusions. At timed intervals samples of amniotic fluid, fetal plasma, and maternal plasma were assayed for interleukin-1β and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist by immunoassays. Uterine activity was continuously monitored by intraamniotic pressure catheters and by electromyographic activity. RESULTS: Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, but not interleukin-1 p, was present in the amniotic fluids of all monkeys before intervention. Infection induced the appearance of interleukin-1β and an increase in interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in the amniotic fluid. Interleukin-1β infusion resulted in a similar increase in the intraamniotic concentration of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, Both infection and interleukin-1β infusion were followed by the transient appearance of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in the plasma of all fetuses. The subsequent decrease in plasma levels was paralleled by increased amniotic fluid levels of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Interleukin-1β and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist were not detected in maternal plasma. Both infection and interleukin-1 infusion induced preterm labor in all treated animals. CONCLUSIONS: Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist is a normal component of monkey amniotic fluid. Intraamniotic infection or the appearance of interleukin-1β in the amniotic fluid results in increased production of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Under physiologic conditions interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in amniotic fluid may inhibit interleukin-1-induced preterm labor.
Surface vibrations of clean and S covered Cu (001)

Abstract We report a study of the vibrational properties of Cu(001) and p(2×2)-S/Cu(001) using Medium Energy Ion Scattering (MEIS). These two surfaces have a simple geometric structure and we can therefore use MEIS to study their vibrational properties. We have found (as is usually the case) that the surface vibrational amplitudes of both surfaces are enhanced (by ∼ 80%). A detailed analysis of our data shows an unexpected anisotropy of the vibrational amplitude of clean Cu(001), in that the out-of-plane vibrational amplitude is 30% smaller than the in-plane vibrational amplitude. The anisotropy is removed upon formation of the p(2×2)-S/Cu(001) surface.
Effects of interstage diffuser flow distortion on the performance of a 15.41-centimeter tip diameter axial power turbine

The performance of a variable-area stator, axial flow power turbine was determined in a cold-air component research rig for two inlet duct configurations. The two ducts were an interstage diffuser duct and an accelerated-flow inlet duct which produced stator inlet boundary layer flow blockages of 11 percent and 3 percent, respectively. Turbine blade total efficiency at design point was measured to be 5.3 percent greater with the accelerated-flow inlet duct installed due to the reduction in inlet blockage. Blade component measurements show that of this performance improvement, 35 percent occurred in the stator and 65 percent occurred in the rotor. Analysis of inlet duct internal flow using an Axisymmetric Diffuser Duct Code (ADD Code) were in substantial agreement with the test data.
Subnormal visual perception in school-aged ex-preterm patients in a paediatric eye clinic.

Purpose The aim of this study was to assess visual perception at school age of children born preterm with known lesions to the posterior visual pathways or with ophthalmologic signs that might indicate such lesions. Methods The study group consisted of 91 patients born before the 37th gestational week. Visual perception was assessed using the TVPS-R (Test of Visual Perceptual Skills – Revised) and a structured interview. In addition, ophthalmologic and orthoptic examinations were performed. Results On the test of visual perception, 67% of the patients had results below the third percentile of the American reference group. This is to be compared with 10% of Swedish full-term controls. Scores below the third percentile were observed in 87% of the patients with known brain lesions, 48% of those with strabismus without known brain lesion, and 86% of those with reduced visual acuity in the absence of strabismus and known brain lesion. Conclusions Reduced visual perception is common among children born preterm who have strabismus and/or reduced visual acuity, as well as in those with known brain lesions. This study emphasises the need to find tools to identify and assess those patients who have visual perceptual problems that may restrict their ability to meet the demands of daily life.
Geotechnical aspects of fine-grained mass flow deposits: California Continental Borderland

Seismic reflection profiling demonstrates the importance of mass movement in the north-central California Borderland. Bulk properties of surficial hemipelagic sediments in the Santa Barbara, Santa Cruz, and San Nicolas basins show that different types of mass-transported sediments have different properties, although their general sedimentologic characteristics are very similar. Slump deposits have moderate water contents (48% wet weight basis), high plasticity indices (46%), and moderate activities (1.6). For debris flows these values are low: 28%, 5%, and 0.3, respectively, and for other types (liquefied flow, mudflows, and turbidities) the values are high: 54 to 63%, 49 to 58%, and 1.2 to 1.5, respectively.
Upper sphincter function during transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxation (tLOSR); it is mainly about microburps

Abstract Transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations (tLOSRs) are both a dominant mechanism of reflux and an element of the belch reflex. This study aimed to analyse the interplay between reflux and upper oesophageal sphincter (UOS) activity during meal-induced tLOSRs. Fifteen normal subjects were studied with a solid-state high-resolution manometry assembly positioned to record from the hypopharynx to the stomach and a catheter pH electrode 5 cm above the LOS. Subjects ate a 1000-calorie high-fat meal and were monitored for 120 min in a sitting posture. The relationship among tLOSRs, common cavities, pressure changes within the oesophagus and UOS contractile activity were analysed. A total of 218 tLOSRs occurred among the 15 subjects. The majority (79%) were coupled with UOS relaxation and 84% (145/173) of these occurred in association with a common cavity. Upper oesophageal sphincter relaxation was usually preceded by a pressure change in the oesophagus; however, some relaxations (16%) occurred without a discernable increase in pressure or before the pressure increase began. Acid reflux did not appear to play a role in determining UOS response to tLOSRs. The majority of post-prandial tLOSRs were associated with brief periods of UOS relaxation, likely permissive of gas venting (microburps). Intraoesophageal pressure changes likely modulate this UOS response; however, an anticipatory characteristic was evident in some subjects. Whether or not GORD patients with extra-oesophageal symptoms exhibit an exaggeration of the UOS relaxation response during reflux is yet to be determined.
Defining Americans: The Presidency and National Identity

Defining Americans: The Presidency and National Identity. By Mary E. Stuckey. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2004. 404p. $35.00.This is a powerful, ambitious book on the connection between American presidents and American identity. Mary Stuckey argues that through their rhetoric, American presidents reduce an often contradictory and always complex set of national identities into a single overarching one. Presidents present this idealized universal in attempts to unify and preserve existing political structures and beliefs and to minimize differences in the national debate. They offer this national identity while also attempting to maintain their political coalitions and address certain pressing policy problems.
Activation of bovine liver glycerol kinase by ethanol.

The crystallization of bovine glycerol kinase (ATP:glycerol 3-phosphotransferase EC 2.7.1.30) is reported along with a study on the unusual activation of this enzyme by ethanol. The enzyme was extracted from calf lever andusual activation of this enzyme by ethanol. The enzyme was extracted from calf liver and purified 5900-fold giving crystals with a 5% yield. The kinetics of the enzyme with regard to glycerol and ATP were studied by varying the concentration of one substrate while keeping the other at saturating levels, and the effect of ethanol was observed by adding it at levels of 5% (v/v). Ethanol increased the V in both cases almost 2-fold. The apparent Km of ATP was 3.5 - 10(-6) and was increased to 7.6 - 10(-6) in the presence of ethanol. The apparent Km for glycerol was 3 - 10(-5) and was increased to 12 - 10(-5) when ethanol was added. A number of other alcohols had a similar activating effect except for 1,2-diols which only inhibited the enzyme. These findings are consistent with the explanation that alcohols compete with glycerol (hence also with the glycerophosphate product) for a hydroxy binding site on the enzyme. This leads to more rapid dissociation of the glycerophosphate (i.e. an increase in the steady-state constant, "k+2" resulting in an increased V).
Adult Parthenogenetic Chickens

PARTHENOGENETIC chickens have been reported as embryos or chicks that lived to a maximum of eight days1–3, except for one triploid White Leghorn chicken4. This chicken was from a virgin White Leghorn hen being tested as a control for a Dark Cornish-type stock which was under genetic selection for a high rate of parthenogenetic development. A cytogenetic study is in progress to determine the origin of parthenogenesis and to obtain parthenogenetic chickens.
A conceptual framework for the network approach to expert systems development in auditing

Abstract The process of audit opinion formulation is complex. Before the final opinion decision is reached, the auditor must make a large number of related decisions which contribute to the final opinion decision. We analyze this complex audit decision process as a special case of a more general decision process model. The results of the analysis are used to classify and analyze existing expert systems in auditing. It is clear that the systems proposed to date do not deal with the audit process as a whole, but rather with more limited decisions within an audit. In order to adequately address the complete audit, we propose a network of expert processors. Each processor will deal with a specific decision problem within the context of an audit. However, since the processors can communicate with each other, the separation of the tasks does not adversely affect the aggregation of the information during the audit. The network concept will allow expert systems researchers in auditing to pursue relatively narrow domains of audit knowledge with the assurance that they are contributing to the development of a complete audit expert system.
A simple technique for lateralizing visual input that allows prolonged viewing

A simplified technique is described for obtaining lateralization of visual input with prolonged viewing. This technique is based on the presence of constant normal lateral limits for horizontal rotation of the eyes with reference to the head. With head movement prevented by use of a standard bite bar, and the eyes rotated to the left and held at their lateral limit, the temporal half of the visual field of the left eye may be used for lateralized input to the right hemisphere or vice versa for input to the left hemisphere. Any form of visual stimuli or visually monitored task can be used if confined within one of the extreme temporal hemifields. In comparison to previous methods, this technique is technically simple, inexpensive, without significant risk or discomfort to the subject, readily applicable to normal and various brain-lesioned subjects, and permits prolonged in-depth viewing. An alternative version of this technique uses a stabilized spectacle frame fitted with adjustable central occluders set to allow vision through only one or both of the extreme temporal hemifields.
Diagnostic utility of the revised children's manifest anxiety scale in children with DSM-III anxiety disorders

Abstract The Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) was studied for its clinical usefulness in discriminating 44 children with DSM-III anxiety disorders from 95 children with other DSM-III psychiatric diagnoses. The Worry/ Oversensitivity factor of the RCMAS significantly distinguished the anxiety group from the group of other disorders with a higher mean T-score and a greater percentage of pathological T-score elevations. Within the anxiety group, this same factor showed the highest mean T-score and was most commonly the highest T-score in the RCMAS factor profile. A cutoff procedure using the Worry/Oversensitivity factor produced promising accuracy values, especially in the identification of children without anxiety disorders (specificity = 80%). Use of the RCMAS as one part of an empirical, multimethod assessment was recommended for the most accurate identification of children with anxiety disorders.
Effects of Calcium, Sucrose, and Aging on the Texture of Canned Great Northern Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.)

Factors affecting hardness of canned Great Northern beans (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.) were investigated. Addition of calcium significantly increased the hardness of processed beans; however, the calcium content usually found in hard culinary water supplies did not cause good quality beans to be unacceptably hard when processed. Firmer processed beans had a higher calcium uptake and lower water absorption. Sucrose increased the hardness of processed beans. Sucrose and calcium were synergistic in their firming action. Beans stored at high temperature and humidity for a prolonged period of time became firmer when processed and more sensitive to calcium hardening and to the synergistic effects of calcium and sucrose.
446 USE OF ORAL NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS TO REVERSE GROWTH RETARDATION IN CHILDREN WITH CROHN'S DISEASE

Growth retardation occurs in approximately 20% of children and adolescents with Crohn's disease (CD). Total parenteral and peripheral intravenous alimentation have reversed this growth retardation, but these methods necessitate prolonged hospitalization. Six consecutive prepubertal patients with CD, all 2 SD below normal); one had a falling growth velocity but remained in the low normal range. Three of these pts were completely growth arrested for >1 yr. After therapy, growth velocities increased to 6.5 ±2.0 cm/yr in 5 pts, which is within the normal range. One pt grew only 1.8 cm/yr which subsequently increased to 5.5 cm/yr after 4 wks of peripheral intravenous alimentation. These results indicate that oral calorie/protein supplementation in conjunction with medical therapy is an effective method for reversing growth retardation in prepubertal CD patients.
Presession noise increases sensitivity to chlordiazepoxide's discriminative stimulus in pigeons.

Abstract 1. 1. Pigeons were trained to discriminate chlordiazepoxide (CDP) from saline using two-key food reinforced drug discrimination procedures. Discriminative control by CDP was maintained despite extended training with vehicle-like doses of CDP, by using a modified “fading” procedure that provided for a mixture of drug discrimination training sessions preceded by an i.m. injection of either 8.0 mg/kg CDP, or a lower training dose of CDP (4.0, 2.8, 2. 0, 1.4, 1.0, 0.7, or 0.5 mg/kg CDP), or saline. The lower training dose was decreased across blocks of sessions. 2. 2. Four lower training doses (1.4, 1.0, 0.7, and 0.5 mg/kg CDP) were retrained, with 10 min of 98 dB of noise administered 75 min prior to each drug discrimination training session. Presession exposure to noise increased percent CDP-appropriate choices for each of the four lower training doses by 15–20% over those obtained previously. 3. 3. It is concluded that brief presession exposure to loud noise increases sensitivity to the discriminative stimulus effects of low training doses of CDP.
Friction in Adhesion

The effect of interfacial friction on adhesion was studied by using a model system, in which a thin strip of silicone elastomer was peeled from a PDMS (poly(dimethylsiloxane)) treated glass slide. The fluorescent particle tracking method revealed that the elastomer stretches and slides on glass well before the crack faces open up. Interfacial energy dissipation due to friction, which is the product of the slip displacement and the interfacial shear stress, is found to be a significant contributor to the total fracture energy at various peel configurations. These results suggest that interfacial sliding may provide a mechanism for energy dissipation in the fracture of asymmetric interfaces.