cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Games about LOVE and TRUST?: harnessing the power of metaphors for experience design

In this paper we will tackle the question of how thinking about game design as metaphorical process can help game designers to systematically expand the experiential scope of videogames. Sharing Eric Zimmerman's and Katie Salen's frustration with the reality of the game store, the "endless racks of adolescent power fantasies, witless cartoon characters, and literal minded sports simulations." [2004], we set out to explore the potential for future development of games that are about something, that tackle complex concepts and ideas in a medium-specific manner and thus provide players with thought-provoking, and insightful experiences.Central to our investigations is digital games' natural affinity to metaphors. Metaphors can enter games in a variety of ways. In the following we are going to focus on two of them: interface metaphors that provide the very foundation for the communication between game and player, and games that are based as a whole on metaphorically-structured abstract concepts such as LOVE or TRUST. Applying Lakoff's and Johnson's research on "metaphors we live by" [1980] to game studies, we will identify potential for future development and give suggestions of how it can be tapped. Qualitative analyses of existing game examples will round up our explorations of how harnessing the power of metaphors in game design can create rich and insightful game-play experiences.
AGE AS A DETERMINANT OF SEX-ROLE STEREOTYPING

A study of attitudes toward cultural values and of personal characteristics of men and women over 30 years of age and under 30 years of age showed that men in both age groups and women over 30 years of age are similar in attitudes but that women under 30 years of age are different from all three other groups. The young women are much less traditionally oriented in their attitudes than the other three groups.
Effects of an oral contraceptive on sexual behavior of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

Behavioral and physiological effects of a combined oral contraceptive (OC) were studied in chimpanzees for comparative purposes related to (i) the ambiguity surrounding the effects of OCs on the sexuality of humans, (ii) the close biological relationship between chimpanzees and humans, especially with respect to endogenous sex hormones and sexual behavior, and (iii) the relatively greater behavioral sensitivity of the chimpanzee to changes in sex hormone levels such as those that accompany the use of OCs. Two different types of pair tests and detailed behavioral assessments were used to differentiate the hormonal effects of female behavior from social effects imposed by the male. Anogenital swelling and copulation were reduced during OC cycles, but the effect of the OC on copulation was directly related to the social and sexual relationship of the pair during natural cycles. The more compatible and more frequently copulating pairs in the natural cycles continued to copulate during the OC cycles, albeit at reduced rates, whereas the less compatible and less frequently copulating pairs ceased copulating altogether when the female received the OC. There was no independent effect of the OC on ejaculation per se. Both male and female sexual initiative were reduced in the OC cycles, but female responsiveness to male sexual solicitations and direct copulatory attempts were not affected. Data indicate that despite generally adverse effects of the OC on certain physiological and behavioral dimensions of sexuality, social factors ultimately determined the degree of response to the OC. The research on the chimpanzee serves two purposes relevant to women who use OCs: (i) it identifies three specific areas affected adversely by OCs (female genital tissues, sexual proceptivity, and sexual attractivity) and (ii) it suggests that the individuals who are most vulnerable to such effects of OCs are those with unusually high sensitivity to hormones and those with relatively low sexual activity or preexisting problems in sexual adjustment.
Optical Signal Processing At The University Of Arizona

A brief summary of activities in optical signal processing at the University of Arizona is presented.© (1977) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Laparoscopy assisted endoscopy (LAE) to define the lower extent of obstructive hypopharyngeal cancer

Laparoscopy assisted endoscopy (LAE) to define the lower extent of obstructive hypopharyngeal cancer
ZnS/Silica Nanocable Field Effect Transistors as Biological and Chemical Nanosensors

Compound semiconductor/isolator (ZnS/silica) core/shell nanocables have been used to fabricate single nanowire-based field effect transistors. Using the surface-adsorbed charged molecules as the gate, the nanocable-based devices show potential for label-free, real-time, and sensitive detection of biological species. After chemical modification, amine- and oxide-functionalized nanocables exhibit linear pH-dependent conductance, which could be elucidated in terms of the changes of surface charge during protonation and deprotonation. Selective biological recognition of nanocable sensors has been demonstrated using biotinylation.
Equilibrium free-energy differences from nonequilibrium measurements: A master-equation approach

In has recently been shown that the Helmholtz free-energy difference between two equilibrium configurations of a system may be obtained from an ensemble of finite-time (nonequilibrium) measurements of the work performed in switching an external parameter of the system. Here this result is established, as an identity, within the master equation formalism. Examples are discussed and numerical illustrations provided.
Residual Toxicity of Acid Mine Drainage-Contaminated Sediment to Stream Macroinvertebrates: Relative Contribution of Acidity vs. Metals

Acid mine drainage (AMD), a legacy of coal and mineral extraction, contaminates streams with complex mixtures of acid and heavy metals that are usually partitioned between the water column and substrate. Understanding the conditions under which sediments retain toxicity after the water column is cleared is important for predicting the long term success of remediation efforts. We conducted laboratory and field experiments to evaluate the relative contribution of acidity versus metals to the toxicity of AMD contaminated sediment towards aquatic macroinvertebrates. Laboratory bioassays showed that precipitate-coated substrate from AMD-impacted sites were toxic to Ctenodaphnia magna and reduced growth of mayflies (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae). Toxicity correlated more with acidity released from the sediment than with metals. After transplantation to a clean stream, the same Al- and Fe-contaminated substrate were not toxic to daphnia and was readily colonized by benthic macroinvertebrates within 5 weeks.
Major sperm protein signaling promotes oocyte microtubule reorganization prior to fertilization in Caenorhabditis elegans

In most animals, female meiotic spindles assemble in the absence of centrosomes; instead, microtubule nucleation by chromatin, motor activity, and microtubule dynamics drive the self-organization of a bipolar meiotic spindle. Meiotic spindle assembly commences when microtubules gain access to chromatin after nuclear envelope breakdown (NEBD) during meiotic maturation. Although many studies have addressed the chromatin-based mechanism of female meiotic spindle assembly, it is less clear how signaling influences microtubule localization and dynamics prior to NEBD. Here we analyze microtubule behavior in Caenorhabditis elegans oocytes at early stages of the meiotic maturation process using confocal microscopy and live-cell imaging. In C. elegans, sperm trigger oocyte meiotic maturation and ovulation using the major sperm protein (MSP) as an extracellular signaling molecule. We show that MSP signaling reorganizes oocyte microtubules prior to NEBD and fertilization by affecting their localization and dynamics. We present evidence that MSP signaling reorganizes oocyte microtubules through a signaling network involving antagonistic G alpha(o/i) and G alpha(s) pathways and gap-junctional communication with somatic cells of the gonad. We propose that MSP-dependent microtubule reorganization promotes meiotic spindle assembly by facilitating the search and capture of microtubules by meiotic chromatin following NEBD.
Tracking immune cells in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging

This Innovation article describes the development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods for image-guided immune cell delivery and for the visualization of immune cell homing and engraftment, inflammation, cell physiology and gene expression.
Trends in Rhetorical Incunabula

Abstract: This article analyses “Rhetorical Incunabla: A Short-Title Catalogue”, published in Rhetorica 15 (1997) pp. 355-470 by category of publication. It supplements that catalogue with full entries for six additional items.
STAT3 and epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in carcinomas.

Cellular programs coupled to cycles of epithelial–mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) play critical roles during embryogenesis, as well as during tissue development, remodeling, and repair. Research over the last decade has established the importance of an ever-expanding list of master EMT transcription factors, whose activity is regulated by STAT3 and function to stimulate the rapid transition of cells between epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes. Importantly, inappropriate reactivation of embryonic EMT programs in carcinoma cells underlies their metastasis to distant organ sites, as well as their acquisition of stem cell-like and chemoresistant phenotypes operant in eliciting disease recurrence. Thus, targeted inactivation of master EMT transcription factors may offer new inroads to alleviate metastatic disease. Here we review the molecular, cellular, and microenvironmental factors that contribute to the pathophysiological activities of STAT3 during its regulation of EMT programs in human carcinomas.
Distribution of Mercury in subcellular fractions of brain, liver, and kidney after repeated oral administration of 203Hg-labeled methylmercuric chloride in mice.

Abstract Daily oral feeding of 203Hg-labeled methylmercuric chloride-cysteine solution (5 mg/kg body wt) in young adult mice produced reduction of body weight; rough fur; ataxic gait; and crossing of the hindlimbs when lifted, on the 11th day of feeding. The total body radioactivity decreased to 61% in 1 week and 74% in 2 weeks following the last dose of MeHg. The kidney contained the highest radioactivity (30% of total body) followed by liver (12%) and brain (10%). The supernatant and mitochondrial fractions showed relatively high distribution of 203Hg but declined to similar levels in all fractions at the end of 2 weeks following the last dose of MeHg. EM of various fractions revealed considerable contamination by different organelles in some fractions demonstrating the need for more accurate means of demonstration for mercury in subcellular organelles and for more careful assessment of the data obtained from differential centrifugation of tissue and cells.
Persistent and atypical lobules in the human breast may be precancerous

Persistent human mammary lobules (PL) remaining after the menopause, and certain atypical lobules (ALA) are morphologically similar to the common preneoplastic hyperplastic alveolar nodule (HAN) of mice of strains having a high incidence of mammary carcinoma. This and other evidence suggest that like the HAN of mice human PL and ALA are precancerous.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY : CXI. FACTUAL ERRORS AND WATSON'S AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY

The possible reasons for the overly self-critical nature of John B. Watson's autobiographical essay are examined. Of particular interest are the date and events surrounding the terminal illness of Watson's second wife, Rosalie Rayner. The central question—Did Rayner die before or after Watson wrote his essay?—is impossible to answer from the contradictory information in the current historical literature. Based on a contemporary source, it is almost certain that Watson wrote the essay after his wife's untimely death, but this may not be the reason for the negative tone of his piece. The errors in the literature dealing with this event in Watson's life suggest that greater care should be taken in historical research.
Ksp1 Kinase Regulates Autophagy via the Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (TORC1) Pathway

Macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy) is a bulk degradation system conserved in all eukaryotes, which engulfs cytoplasmic components within double-membrane vesicles to allow their delivery to, and subsequent degradation within, the vacuole/lysosome. Autophagy activity is tightly regulated in response to the nutritional state of the cell and also to maintain organelle homeostasis. In nutrient-rich conditions, Tor kinase complex 1 (TORC1) is activated to inhibit autophagy, whereas inactivation of this complex in response to stress leads to autophagy induction; however, it is unclear how the activity of TORC1 is controlled to allow precise adjustments in autophagy activity. In this study, we performed genetic analyses in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to identify factors that regulate TORC1 activity. We determined that the Ksp1 kinase functions in part as a negative regulator of autophagy; deletion of KSP1 facilitated dephosphorylation of Atg13, a TORC1 substrate, which correlates with enhanced autophagy. These results suggest that Ksp1 down-regulates autophagy activity via the TORC1 pathway. The suppressive function of Ksp1 is partially activated by the Ras/cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA), which is another negative regulator of autophagy. Our study therefore identifies Ksp1 as a new component that functions as part of the PKA and TORC1 signaling network to control the magnitude of autophagy.
Pseudocarcinomatous Urothelial Hyperplasia of the Bladder: Clinical Findings and Followup of 70 Patients

Purpose: Pseudocarcinomatous urothelial hyperplasia is rare and almost exclusively described in the pathology literature.Materials and Methods: We reviewed 70 cases during a 9.5-year period.Results: Two specimens were taken from biopsies done at our institution and 68 were from cases referred for consultation. Samples were obtained from a total of 60 men and 10 women with a mean age of 67 years (range 33 to 85). Of 68 patients with information available 52 (76.5%) underwent prior pelvic irradiation, 2 received systemic chemotherapy only, 3 had an indwelling bladder catheter, 2 received intravesical chemotherapy, 1 had been treated with radical prostatectomy, 4 had severe peripheral vascular disease, 1 had an arteriovenous malformation, 1 had sickle cell disease and only 2 (2.9%) had no identifiable contributing factors. Pseudocarcinomatous urothelial hyperplasia developed an average of 54.6 months (range 9 months to 13 years) after prior irradiation. Hematuria was the most common clinical presentation, no...
Repair policies for additively degrading machines

SUMMARY This paper describes a method for determining repair policies for machines whose output degrades additively over time. The novelty of the models is that they consider both the state of the machines as well as the state of the repair facility when making repair decisions. The objective in the models is to maximize long-run production. In one model, we approximate the queue waiting time by a geometric random variable, while in the second model we approximate the waiting time by a sequence of geometric random variables (with different means). We show that as the average repair queue increases, the decision to repair must be made earlier. In addition, we show empirically that the simple geometric waiting time approximation becomes less accurate as the queue length increases and that the approximation understates the expected long-run output of the machine. A plastic moulding facility is used to motivate the problem. Computational results using industry supplied data are presented. The results indicate...
Ketamine suppresses endotoxin-induced NF-κB expression

Purpose: Ketamine reduces endotoxin-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumour necrosis factor- α (TNF), in several types of inflammatory cells, including monocytes and macrophages. Transcription of the genes that encode production of these proinflammatory cytokines is regulated by nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). Cytoplasmic B protein is activated by endotoxin (LPS) as well as by TNF, allowing B protein to migrate into the cell nucleus to activate gene transcription for these inflammatory mediators. Because NF-κB is likely involved in brain injury and inflammatory neurodegenerative disease, such as multiple sclerosis, we examined whether ketamine inhibits LPS-induced activation of NF-κB in human glioma cellsin vitro and intact mouse brain cellsin vivo.
Making the components of a graph k-connected

For every integer k>=2 and graph G, consider the following natural procedure: if G has a component G^' that is not k-connected, remove G^' if |G^'|==2(k-1)n, the procedure always stops after removing at most 2n(k-1)/@d vertices. We give examples showing that our bounds are essentially best possible.
Transcriptional Regulation of Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Genes A POSSIBLE ROLE FOR THE DNA-BINDING PROTEIN Purα

Abstract Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors constitute a multigene family (α2–α9, β2–β4) expressed in discrete temporal and spatial patterns within the nervous system. The receptors are critical for proper signal transmission between neurons and their targets. The molecular mechanisms underlying receptor gene expression have not been completely elucidated but clearly involve regulation at the level of transcription. We previously identified a novel 19-base pair (bp) transcriptional regulatory element in the promoter region of the rat β4 subunit gene. This 19-bp element interacts specifically with DNA-binding proteins enriched in nuclear extracts prepared from adult rat brain. Using a combination of cellulose-phosphate, DNA-cellulose, and DNA sequence-specific affinity chromatographies, we purified the 19-bp element binding activity approximately 19,000-fold. Analysis by denaturing gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of four polypeptides in the most purified fraction, ranging in molecular masses between 31 and 114 kDa. Peptide sequence analysis revealed that one of the polypeptides is the bovine homologue of the transcriptional regulatory factor, Purα. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated that Purα interacts directly and specifically with the 19-bp element. In addition, mobility shift assays using an anti-Purα monoclonal antibody revealed the presence of Purα, or an immunologically related protein, in nuclear extracts prepared from brain tissue. We hypothesize that the interaction between Purα and the 19-bp element is critical for proper expression of the β4 subunit gene.
An Explanation for the Observed Dispersion of Retail Establishments in Urban Areas

The generalized formulation of the central focus cluster pattern by Dacey (1971) does not give specific results that are appropriate for empirical analysis of point patterns. One purpose of this paper is to give specific numerical properties for a special case of the central focus cluster pattern for which cluster centers have a circular normal distribution around the central focus and the members of each cluster are located at the cluster center. Another purpose is to establish that this restricted model yields the probability laws that empirical analysis indicates have good correspondence with the quadrat counts of retail establishments given by Artie (1959) and Rogers (1969).
Suboptimal feedback vibration control of a beam with a proof-mass actuator

A clamped-free beam, damped by a proof-mass actuator, is selected for small scale model research of flexible structures in space. The dynamic behavior of this system is strongly influenced by the constraints on the motion of the proof-mass and by the maximum control forces available. An optimal solution is presented, using a linear programming algorithm. Then, a simplified feedback control is utilized, based on modern control theory, to obtain optimal low-frequency performance, and classical control theory to bound the high-frequency modes. By special consideration of the constraints, satisfactory control is achieved, even in the nonlinear region when the proof-mass approaches its stops.
Effects of the PAF antagonists bepafant and L‐659, 989 in endotoxic and septic shock

Many of the pathophysiological effects of endotoxin (ETX) can be mimicked by the administration of platelet activating factor (PAF), and the latter has been implicated as a possible mediator of the derangements seen in endotoxic shock. In this investigation, two new potent PAF antagonists, bepafant (WEB-2170) and L-659,989, were studied for their effects in experimental endotoxic and septic shock in rats. Pretreatment with the PAF antagonists, 15 min prior to the iv administration of Escherichia coli endotoxin (ETX), was found to be highly effective in decreasing the mortality caused by the lipopolysaccharide. The antagonists were less effective in reducing mortality when given as post-treatment 15 min after ETX, and were ineffective when post-treatment was delayed until 30 min after ETX. Administration of ETX caused manifestations of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), including thrombocytopenia, prolongation of prothrombin time (PT) and partial thromboplastin time (PTT), hypofibrinogenemia, elevation of serum fibrin(ogen) degradation products (FDP), and gastrointestinal hemorrhage. With the exception of the thrombocytopenia, the PAF antagonists reduced or abolished all of the hematological manifestations of DIC caused by ETX. Septic shock was produced by ligation and puncture of the cecum in rats. The PAF antagonists, given as two iv doses (an initial 2.0 mg/kg dose administered 1.5 or 2.5 h after cecal puncture and a second dose given 5 h later), significantly reduced the cumulative 24-h mortality. These results provide added evidence of the importance of PAF and DIC in the pathophysiology of ETX and suggest that PAF antagonists may be useful in the clinical management of septicemia/endotoxemia. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The mid-infrared biconical reflectance of thin films on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite

Measurements are reported of the biconical reflectance of pyrolytic graphite in the spectral region between 4000 and 600/cm. The measurements are conducted with an FTIR spctrometer with the beam focused to a 1-mm-diam focal point on the sample surface. The highly oriented pyrolytic graphite has a high biconical reflectance as compared to other graphitic materials and does not cause significant beam scattering.
Two-dimensional melting, solid-state stability, and the Kosterlitz-Thouless-Feynman criterion

The melting transition for simple atomic, two-dimensional solids occurs in the Monte Carlo computer experiments at the Kosterlitz-Thouless-Feynman instability temperature and with first-order behavior, in contradiction with renormalization-group arguments. It is pointed out that this melting temperature is not the thermodynamic melting temperature but an upper limit for the stability of the metastable solid.
Phase Separation by Spinodal Decomposition in the Tetragonal System

Coherent spinodal curves for the [001] and [100] directions were calculated for the system TiO2-SnO2. Inside the [001] spinodal curve, the crystalline solutions decomposed by a modulated phase composed of TiO2-rich and SnO2-rich plates perpendicular to the [001] direction. No modulation of structure was observed at compositions and temperatures between the [001] coherent spinodal and the equilibrium curve. The kinetics of the decomposition showed that the wavelength of the modulation decreased in the early stages of the separation, reaching minimum observable values of approximately 110 A at 925°C, 170 A at 1000°C, and 240 A at 1150°C. In the second stage when the coherency was lost, the wavelength increased. Theoretical calculations to find the elastic free energy/unit volume to cause fluctuation of composition in the spinodal process were worked out for the tetragonal system. The calculations were done for an arbitrary direction and involved elastic constants. The theoretical prediction and the experimental results for the system TiO2-SnO2 agreed well.
The Barotropic Rossby Wave Drag Due to an Isolated Topography

Abstract A formula for the barotropic Rossby wave drag exerted by an arbitrary shallow topography on a homogeneous eastward flow is obtained under the requirements that U/f0L≪1, hM/H=O(U/f0L) and L<LW≡(U/β)½, where U is the speed of the flow, hM, the maximum height of the topography, L the horizontal scale of the topography and H the vertical distance between the horizontal planes confining the flow. The drag force,where V is the volume of the topography, Γ(≡f0V/H) is the topographically induced circulation, and Xk¯,Yk¯=∫∫(Xk,Yk)h(x,y)dxdy/V. A typical case is computed and the wave drag per unit area is found to be approximately 1.3 N m−2. This implies an energy dissipation rate of 20 W m−2 which is comparable to the kinetic energy generated in a cyclone, and is several times that due to frictional dissipation. The effects of stratification and compressibility are discussed; the former generally has no effect on the drag while the latter increases the drag by a factor of 1.6.
Biodegradation during contaminant transport in porous media: 7. Impact of multiple-degrader community dynamics

The biodegradation and transport of phenanthrene in porous media containing multiple populations of phenanthrene degraders is examined with a series of miscible-displacement experiments. A long-term experiment was conducted with a soil containing an indigenous microbial community comprised of 25 identified phenanthrene-degrading isolates. The rate and magnitude of phenanthrene biodegradation oscillated throughout the six-month experiment. This behavior, at least in part, is attributed to multiple-population dynamics associated with the indigenous community of phenanthrene degraders, the composition of which changed during the experiment. This hypothesis is supported by the results of experiments conducted using sterilized porous media that were inoculated with selected isolates obtained from the indigenous soil community. The results of experiments conducted with sterilized soil inoculated with isolate A exhibited an initial extended period of steady phenanthrene effluent concentrations, followed by a uniform decline. The results of experiments conducted using sterilized sand for single-isolate systems with one of three selected isolates and for systems of two-isolate combinations, indicate the existence of apparent synergistic and antagonistic interactions among the isolates. For example, phenanthrene biodegradation was relatively extensive and occurred without a lag phase for isolate A alone. However, biodegradation was constrained when isolate A and B were combined, indicating an antagonistic interaction. Conversely, whereas extensive lag phases were exhibited by both isolates B and C for the single-isolate experiments, there was minimal lag when isolates B and C were combined, indicating a synergistic interaction.
A high-distortion enhancement effect in the prototype-learning paradigm: Dramatic effects of category learning during test

Recent research suggests that exemplar models of classification are disconfirmed by the finding of extreme prototype-enhancement effects and steep typicality gradients in a version of the prototype-learning paradigm. We argue that these results are due to learning-during-transfer effects and not to the abstraction of a prototype from the training instances. In the standard version of the paradigm, observers are flooded with multiple presentations of the prototype and its low distortions during transfer. In a modified transfer condition, we instead present multiple instances of an arbitrary high distortion and low distortions of that high distortion. An extreme “high-distortion enhancement effect” is observed. Also, there is a flattening of the typicality gradient associated with the standard patterns (prototype, low distortions, and standard high distortions). The results provide dramatic evidence of the role of learning during transfer in this task and force a reevaluation of the dominant current interpretation of the steep typicality gradient.
CONGENITAL STENOSIS OF THE PULMONARY ARTERY BRANCHES.

Eighteen cases of stenosis of the branches of the pulmonary artery, seen at the Mayo Clinic, have been reviewed and subdivided into two main types: Type I, stenosis of the main branches of the pulmonary artery, 11 cases, and type II, stenosis of multiple peripheral branches of the pulmonary arteries, seven cases. Of special interest were two cases in which thrombosis occurred as a complication and one case in which surgical relief of multiple areas of stenosis in the peripheral branches of the pulmonary arteries was accomplished. Unexplained pulmonary hypertension necessitates further investigation, which includes cardiac catheterization for measurement of intracardiac pressure and frequently selective angiocardiography. Main branch or peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis should be suspected when a continuous murmur is heard or when poststenotic dilatations of the pulmonary artery branches or areas of decreased pulmonary vasculature can be perceived in the roentgenogram. Angiocardiography is the only tech...
The Call of the Sirens: Navigating the Ethics of Medication-Free Research in Schizophrenia

IN THEOdyssey, Odysseus directs his men to tie him to their ship's mast as they approach the mind-altering call of the Sirens.1He forbids his crew to unlash him lest they all be destroyed and never reach their beloved Ithaca. Translated into a modern idiom, Odysseus outlines an advance directive for when he is decisionally incapacitated by the Sirens' seductions. He gives consent to his crew to bind and restrain him though he might ask for release. See also pages 401 and 412 Addressing the ethics of medication-free research in schizophrenia, we can consider informed consent and protection of human subjects in light of this classical tale. Does the consent of a competent schizophrenic subject extend into a period of psychosis resulting from the agreed-upon drug-free interval? If consent is a process to be maintained over time,2then how is ongoing voluntariness3assured when the
The asymptotic covariance matrix of maximum-likelihood estimates in factor analysis: the case of nearly singular matrix of estimates of unique variances☆

This paper is concerned with the asymptotic covariance matrix (ACM) of maximum-likelihood estimates (MLEs) of factor loadings and unique variances when one element of MLEs of unique variances is nearly zero, i.e., the matrix of MLEs of unique variances is nearly singular. In this situation, standard formulas break down. We give explicit formulas for the ACM of MLEs of factor loadings and unique variances that could be used even when an element of MLEs of unique variances is very close to zero. We also discuss an alternative approach using the augmented information matrix under a nearly singular matrix of MLEs of unique variances and derive the partial derivatives of the alternative constraint functions with respect to the elements of factor loadings and unique variances. © 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. AMS classification: 62H25; 62F12
The Effect of Environmental Variables on the Processing of Sweetpotatoes into Flakes and on Some Properties of Their Isolated Starches

SUMMARY Freshly harvested uncured sweetpotatoes were successfully processed into precooked dehydrated sweetpotato flakes by the controlled addition of amylolytic enzymes to the cooked puree prior to drying. The enzyme concentration required decreased as the harvesting sea-son and storage period progressed. Reaction time was not critical when the enzyme concentration was not excessive. The puree was readily liquefied by commercial amylases, but the reducing sugar content of the flakes was not increased. To determine whether there might be a correlation between starch properties and the decreasing enzyme requirement, the effects of postharvest treatments of the sweetpotato were studied. The amylose content, pasting properties, and susceptibility to amylolysis of the isolated starch were determined. Curing with both optimum and prolonged storage effected changes in the pasting properties of the isolated starches. However, neither the susceptibilities of the starches to amylolysis nor their amylose contents were affected. Time of harvest and short-term storage of the uncured roots did not alter any of the starch properties investigated. The processing characteristics of the sweetpotato could not be correlated directly to the properties of the isolated starches. It was observed, however, that although the starch fraction in the cooked puree was not saccharified by the amylolytic enzymes used in processing, β-amylase was not inhibited in its action on the isolated starches.
Descentralización del sector salud en América Latina

Este trabajo analiza la experiencia latinoamericana con la descentralizacion de servicios de salud. Los autores examinan el significado de la descentralizacion: geografica, institucional y de funciones. Se identifican los objetivos que segun los promotores de la descentralizacion la justifican y se documenta que, en general, no se han conseguido. Una revision de la bibliografia y los estudios llevados a cabo por los autores sugieren que con frecuencia la descentralizacion ha producido resultados opuestos a los buscados, es decir, ha incrementado la inequidad, ha disminuido la eficiencia y calidad de los servicios, y ha aumentado los costes. Se senala que la informacion existente no permite determinar con seguridad si el fracaso de la descentralizacion se debe a la seleccion de politicas inadecuadas o a fallos en el proceso de implementacion. Se reconoce que la descentralizacion es un proceso politico complejo que no se puede disenar ni imponer desde fuera y que antes de tomar la decision de descentralizar es necesario identificar cual de las muchas modalidades de descentralizacion se quiere implementar, estimar los costes, anticipar los problemas que se pueden presentar en su proceso de implementacion y buscar soluciones a los mismos. Los autores concluyen sugiriendo que los bancos multilaterales han errado al forzar a los paises a descentralizar de una manera improvisada sin tener en cuenta los diferentes contextos historicos, politicos y socioeconomicos.
PilA localization affects extracellular polysaccharide production and fruiting body formation in Myxococcus xanthus.

Summary Myxococcus xanthus is a Gram-negative bacterium capable of complex developmental processes involving vegetative swarming and fruiting body formation. Social (S-) gliding motility, one of the two motility systems used by M. xanthus, requires at least two cell surface structures: type IV pili (TFP) and extracellular polysaccharides (EPS). Extended TFP that are composed of thousands of copies of PilA retract upon binding to EPS and thereby pull the cell forward. TFP also act as external sensor to regulate EPS production. In this study, we generated a random PilA mutant library and identified one derivative, SW1066, which completely failed to undergo developmental processes. Detailed characterization revealed that SW1066 produced very little EPS but wild-type amounts of PilA. These mutated PilA subunits, however, are unable to assemble into functional TFP despite their ability to localize to the membrane. By preventing the mutated PilA of SW1066 to translocate from the cytoplasm to the membrane, fruiting body formation and EPS production were restored to the levels observed in mutant strains lacking PilA. This apparent connection between PilA membrane accumulation and reduction in surface EPS implies that specific cellular PilA localization are required to maintain the EPS level necessary to sustain normal S-motility in M. xanthus.
A citation analysis of the quantitative/qualitative methods debate's reflection in sociology research: Implications for library collection development

This study examines how the social sciences' debate between qualitative and quantitative methods is reflected in the citation patterns of sociology journal articles. Citation analysis revealed that quantitative articles were more likely to cite journal articles than monographs, while qualitative articles were more likely to cite monographs than journals. Quantitative articles cited other articles from their own quantitative-dominated journals but virtually excluded citations to articles from qualitative journals, while qualitative articles cited articles from the quantitative-dominated journals as well as their own qualitative-specialized journals. Discussion and conclusions include this study's implications for library collection development.
A Quantitative Shatter Index for Soybeans

The object of the study was to find whether loss during combine harvesting was correlated with pod shattering propensity of soybeans. Mechanical pod shattering methods tested included vibration, impact, centrifugation, pod traction and compression. The influence of variety and moisture content on mechanically-induced pod shatter and on header losses was studied. The pod suture compression method was simplest to perform and, with respect to crop moisture, gave results indicative of machine harvest shatter levels. Such a standardized mechanical shatter index may prove a useful criterion in soybean breeding selection for harvest shatter resistance.
Insulin-induced gastric acid secretion in young men. Test reproducibility and correlation with the augmented histamine test.

Summary 1.Duplicate tests of gastric acid secretion following a standard intravenous dose of regular insulin have been made in 25 subjects in order to determine the most reproducible measurement. 2.The 30-min maximal acid output (MAO) and 60-min MAO showed mean differences between the first and second tests of 16.5 and 16.2%. Because of its similarity to the most reproducible measurement of the augmented histamine test and the desirability of using similar measurements in tests of gastric secretion, the 30-min MAO is recommended as the standard for comparison between insulin tests. 3.The insulin 30-min MAO is suggested as a method of evaluating in man changes in gastric secretory function resulting from partial alteration of the vagal efferent network. 4.The acid secretory responses following histamine and those following insulin show a general tendency to parallel.
Financing Constraints and Corporate Investment

Most empirical models of investment rely on the assumption that firms are able to respond to prices set in centralized securities markets (through the "cost of capital" or "q"). An alternative approach emphasizes the importance of cash flow as a determinant of investment spending, because of a "financing hierarchy," in which internal finance has important cost advantages over external finance. We build on recent research concerning imperfections in markets for equity and debt. This work suggests that some firms do not have sufficient access to external capital markets to enable them to respond to changes in the cost of capital, asset prices, or tax-based investment incentives. To the extent that firms are constrained in their ability to raise funds externally, investment spending may be sensitive to the availability of internal finance. That is, investment may display "excess sensitivity" to movements in cash flow. In this paper, we work within the q theory of investment, and examine the importance of a financing hierarchy created by capital-market imperfections. Using panel data on individual manufacturing firms, we compare the investment behavior of rapidly growing firms that exhaust all of their internal finance with that of mature firms paying dividends. We find that q values remain very high for significant periods of time for firms paying no dividends, relative to those for mature firms. We also find that investment is more sensitive to cash flow for the group of firms that our model implies is most likely to face external finance constraints. These results are consistent with the augmented model we propose, which takes into account different financing regimes for different groups of firms. Some extensions and implications for public policy are discussed at the end.
Photoinhibition in Mutants of Arabidopsis Deficient in Thylakoid Unsaturation

Thylakoid lipid composition in higher plants is characterized by a high level of fatty acid unsaturation. We have screened four mutants of Arabidopsis that have reduced levels of fatty acid unsaturation. Three of the mutant lines tested, fad5, fad6, and the fad3-2 fad7-2 fad8 triple mutant, were more susceptible to photoinhibition than wild-type Arabidopsis, whereas one mutant, fab1, was indistinguishable from wild type. The fad3-2 fad7-2 fad8 triple mutant, which contains no trienoic fatty acids in its thylakoid membranes, was most susceptible to photoinhibition. Detailed investigation of photoinhibition in the triple mutant revealed that the rate of photoinactivation of PSII was the same in wild-type and mutant plants. However, the recovery of photoinactivated PSII was slower in fad3-2 fad7-2 fad8, relative to wild type, at all temperatures below 27°C. These results indicate that trienoic fatty acids of thylakoid membrane lipids are required for low-temperature recovery from photoinhibition in Arabidopsis.
Juvenile Drug Courts: Understanding the Importance of Dimensional Variability:

Juvenile drug courts have emerged as “innovative” responses to juvenile drug offenders, but comparatively little is known about their operations. Using Goldkamp's typology of adult drug courts and ...
Male war-zone veterans' perceived relationships with their children: the importance of emotional numbing.

Despite growing recognition of substantial interpersonal impairment among many war-zone veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), little is known about the association between PTSD symptomatology and veterans' relationships with their children. This study examined the differential pattern of associations between the symptom clusters of PTSD and the perceived father–child relationships of 66 male Vietnam veterans. Analyses revealed that only the emotional numbing cluster was significantly related to perceived quality of all relationship domains. The association between emotional numbing and perceived relationship quality remained significant in regression analyses even after controlling for fathers' family-of-origin stressors, combat exposure, depression, and substance abuse. Findings suggest that emotional numbing may be the component of PTSD most closely linked to interpersonal impairment in war-zone veterans.
Distributed simulation modeling: a comparison of HLA, CORBA, and RMI

The execution of distributed simulations has become increasingly important to the Department of Defense (DOD). This paper compares three architectures for supporting distributed computing, HLA, CORBA, and RMI. While the fundamental structure of each is similar, there are differences that can profoundly impact an application developer or the administrator of a distributed simulation exercise.
A Radio Method for Synchronizing Recording Apparatus

A method is described for running two radio fading recorders at the same speed when it is necessary to have one of the recorders portable so that it can be moved to various distances from the other. In the work reported each of the recorder drums was propelled by a synchronous motor of the type used for clocks. Since wire connections were not practicable the portable recorder was controlled by a radio transmitter placed at the fixed station. The same 60-cycle source of power used to drive the synchronous motor at the fixed station was used to modulate the transmitter, the signal of which was received at the portable station and amplified sufficiently to drive the synchronous motor there. With the transmitter working on low power it was possible to drive the recorders at the same speed when separated by a distance of 16 km. A method is described for marking the two records simultaneously so that they can be superposed.
Palladium-coated kieselguhr for simultaneous separation and storage of tritium

Palladium finely dispersed in a substrate of kieselguhr (diatomaceous earth) has been successfully used for tritium storage, separation and pumping for a number of years at the Savannah River Site ...
Why Dominican Feminism Moved to the Right: Class, Colour and Women's Activism in the Dominican Republic, 1880s–1940s

This article analyses feminism in the Dominican Republic, and the rightward shift of the women's movement in the 1930s and 1940s, by examining the historical development of female activism in the Dominican Republic from the 1880s until the first decade of General Rafael Trujillo's regime in the 1940s. The article argues that elite female activists, most of whom were white or light-skinned, allied themselves with the right-wing politics of General Rafael Trujillo's dictatorship because his vision of elite women's activism complemented the class and colour interests of a select group of female reformers. Dominican feminism's rightward shift also resulted from the monopolisation of political power under the Dominican Party; the veneration of elite, bourgeois womanhood in official state iconography; the elaboration of Hispanidad nationalism; and the rejection of feminism's early roots in the political philosophy of Eugenio Maria de Hostos. As a result, Dominican feminism's origins in left-leaning, potentially radical politics were ignored and erased by leading activists.
Guidelines for Forensic Application of the MCMI-III

This article provides an overview of issues pertaining to use of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III) in forensic evaluations. Specific attention is given to the issue of admissibility, general standards for use, advantages and disadvantages of using the MCMI-III in forensic settings, and preparation of court testimony. Overall, several facets of the MCMI-III make it relevant and helpful in forensic evaluations. However, forensic experts must also be prepared to acknowledge limitations of the test and should utilize test results in a manner that can be supported by empirical evidence.
Theory of Acoustic Emission From Phase Transformations.

A theoretical framework is developed within which it is possible to predict the dynamic elastic displacement field (acoustic emission) for a phase transformation in which there is a change of both crystal structure (elastic constants) and shape (density). An integral equation is presented for the acoustic emission displacement field due to formation of inhomogeneous inclusions. This integral equation is solved by . expressing the source in multipolar form and using the Eshelby equivalent inclusion method to estimate the dynamic multipolar coefficients. Expressions for the source of elastic radiation are explicitly calculated for small isotropic spherical and ellipsoidal inclusions embedded in an isotropic matrix. These expressions are used for qualitative interpretation of recent experiments on martensitic transformations in steels and for identifying the information that may be deduced about transformation dynamics from quantitative measurements of acoustic emission.