cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unrequited Loyalty: The Harkis in Postcolonial France

The Harkis, Algerians who served in the French military during the Algerian War of Independence, are an understudied group amid the complex transnational webs which defy political and cultural boundaries in the postcolonial world. Their stories – recently collected in a wide ranging series of interviews by Vincent Crapanzano – are striking case studies in the context of the primacy immigration and cultural questions hold in contemporary France, so often personified by Muslim immigrants from the former colonies of the Maghreb. The Harkis have been received in France with a mixture of embarrassment and resentment. For the left, they were condemned as local enforcers of Algerie c’est la France. For the right, their presence was a reminder of the failed colonial war and a living denouncement of colonial tropes. On the other hand, politicians across the spectrum have addressed the Harkis as potential allies who could represent their vision of France. Viewed as traitors in the former colonies, they are an uncomfortable reminder of the French Empire’s broken promises. This article presents a brief history of the Harkis and their role in the history and memory of the Algerian War. By exploring the plight of the Harkis in the context of this volume’s focus on forced migrations and in light of a half-century of postcolonial scholarship, I hope to bring further attention to neglected corners of the colonial landscape and the complex web of choices facing those who directly experience political and cultural struggle. These individuals are almost exclusively neither intellectuals nor political actors, but people alternately courted and denounced by all sides during and in the decades following the Algerian War while attempting to fulfil a variety of material needs and non-material demands. Their motivations, choices, and degrees of agency were as diverse as the tumultuous world of anti-colonial struggle and postcolonial tension they endured. Their stories and location in the postcolonial landscape raise questions regarding the boundaries between individual experience and collective identity as well as how histories of decolonization have been constructed.
Case 78: Watch Out

It is early on a Saturday morning. The surgeon has booked an emergency tracheostomy in the operating room (OR). The patient is a 12-year-old girl. She has been in the intensive care unit (ICU) for the last week following a head injury. There are no associated injuries. On arrival in the OR she is sedated, intubated, and ventilated. Her vital signs are stable. You attach her to your OR monitors and anesthesia machine ventilator. The surgeon, who is in a hurry, is seen using diathermy for the dissection of the trachea. As he is about to cut (using diathermy) into the trachea, he tells you to pull the endotracheal tube (ETT) back. You instruct your resident to let some air out of the ETT cuff and to pull the ETT back but not out of the trachea.
Angiogenesis, Basic Mechanisms, and Role in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Publisher Summary This chapter outlines the correlation between angiogenesis and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) tumorigenesis. Angiogenesis is a mechanism to promote the growth and the remodeling of a capillary network. An increase in microvessel density has been demonstrated to be an important prognostic factor in the development of tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. However, several controversial findings emerged from reports attempting to analyze the correlation between angiogenesis and the progression of HNSCC. Because of the high expression of angiogenic factors in HNSCC specimens and in serum from HNSCC patients, as well as the success of antiangiogenic therapies, it is likely that angiogenesis plays a significant role in the development of HNSCC. The chapter also discusses the analysis of the general mechanisms of tumor angiogenesis, clinical evidences, and the function of distinct proangiogenic factors involved in HNSCC tumor progression, in addition to the current antiangiogenic therapies.
An Objective Review of the Journal of Organizational Behavior Management

Abstract This article presents an objective review and analysis of every article published in the Journal of Organizational Behavior Management (JOBM) between 1987 and 1997. The purpose of this review was to replicate and extend the research conducted by Balcazar, Shup-ert, Daniels, Mawhinney, and Hopkins (1989) by providing an objective review and analysis of the second decade of JOBM publications. In doing so, we analyzed several noteworthy trends and patterns occurring within the second decade of the Journal and compared them with the first decade, where applicable. Additionally, we discussed the extent to which the Journal has continued to meet its objectives, and we offered recommendations for future JOBM publications. In general, we found evidence that the Journal has continued to grow in meaningful ways, and we report data that indicate it continues, to some extent, to meet its original objectives. Author affiliation remains largely in academe, although there is evidence that more collaboration is ...
Inflammation induced by LPS enhances epileptogenesis in immature rat and may be partially reversed by IL1RA

Inflammatory signaling in the central nervous system (CNS) has been shown to exacerbate both seizure activity and seizure-induced neuronal injury. However, it has not been firmly established whether neurodegeneration is a prerequisite of proconvulsant effect of neuroinflammation, or whether the latter may facilitate seizures without involving neuronal injury. We examined effects of inflammation in the rapid kindling model, where seizure progression occurs in the absence of neurodegeneration. P14 male Wistar rats were subjected to a rapid kindling procedure: 60 electrical stimulations of the hippocampus delivered every 5 min at the current that had been established to induce afterdischarge. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was injected (50 μg/kg, i.p., 2 h prior to the rapid kindling protocol [RKP]); IL-IRa was injected (25 mg/kg, i.p., 2 h prior to the RKP). The effects of treatments were examined on baseline hippocampal excitability, on the progression of rapid kindling, and on the retention of rapid kindling. LPS increased baseline hippocampal excitability, evident as the decrease of hippocampal ADT. LPS also increased kindling progression. Twenty-four hours after the completion of kindling procedure, LPS-treated animals exhibited increased excitability as compared with saline-treated kindling controls. The kindling progression was blocked by IL I RA when given in combination with LPS. IL IRA was able to reverse the effect of LPS on afterdischarge duration (ADD) while ILIRA alone decreased ADT. We showed that inflammation provoked by LPS enhanced rapid kindling epileptogenesis in immature rat brains. ILIRA was also able to mitigate this augmentation of epilepto-genesis enhanced by LPS.
Effect of sulthiame on EEG pathology, behavior and school performance in children with Rolandic epileptiform discharges.

Background: Rolandic epileptiform discharges (RED) may be associated with behavioral difficulties and low school performance. The aim of this study was to assess whether sulthiame is effective in improving electroencephalogram (EEG) pathology, and whether these changes are paralleled by improved school performance and behavior. Methods: In this single-center study at a university hospital, 38 children with RED (27 boys, 11 girls; mean age, 6 years; range, 3–11 years), but no overt seizures, were included. Sixteen of them were treated with sulthiame (3–10 mg/kg). The observational period was 12 months. In both groups serial EEG was performed, and school performance and behavioral skills were assessed by parents and teachers. Results: Children treated with sulthiame showed marked improvement on EEG pathology when compared to the non-treated group (75% vs 44%; P= 0.149). Improvement of EEG pathology was significantly associated with better school performance and normalization of behavioral difficulties (P= 0.016). A significant positive correlation was established between sulthiame treatment and improved intellectual/school performance and behavior (P < 0.05). Side-effects (transient episodes of tachypnea) were rare (four children; 25%). Conclusion: EEG pathology can be improved with sulthiame in children with RED. The EEG changes were associated with improved clinical outcome parameters. The present findings need to be confirmed in a larger randomized controlled trial.
Morbidity and Older Persons' Perceptions of the Quality of Their Primary Care

OBJECTIVES: To quantify the association between community-dwelling older persons' level of morbidity and their perceptions of the quality of their primary care. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Urban primary care practice. PARTICIPANTS: A sample of community-dwelling members of a capitated health plan aged 65 and older who were patients of four general internists in one urban practice (N=120). MEASUREMENTS: The Johns Hopkins Adjusted Clinical Groups case-mix system was used to designate a person's aggregate morbidity level as moderate or high depending on the number and types of chronic conditions they had. Aspects of quality of primary care (physician–patient communication, interpersonal treatment, knowledge of patient, integration of care, and trust in physician) were assessed using the Primary Care Assessment Survey. RESULTS: All participants were classified as having moderate (41%) or high morbidity (59%). Older adults with high morbidity assigned a lower rating to all aspects of quality of primary care (physician–patient communication (P=.001), interpersonal treatment (P=.002), knowledge of patient (P=.03), integration of care (P=.004), and trust in physician (P=.01)) than those with moderate morbidity. The differences in quality of primary care remained statistically significant after controlling for age, sex, race, and education level. CONCLUSION: Older persons with multiple chronic conditions report inadequate quality of primary care and dissatisfaction with their care. Those with high morbidity levels experience poorer quality of primary care than those with moderate morbidity in all five aspects measured here.
Time-dependent changes in canine cardiac mitochondrial function and ultrastructure resulting from coronary occlusion and reperfusion.

Summary Time-dependent changes in mitochondrial function and structure resulting from 1 hr of left circumflex coronary artery occlusion followed by 2 to 24 hrs of reperfusion were examined. These changes were correlated with changes in myocardial ultrastructure, tissue water content, infarct size and mitochondrial calcium content. The heart was removed after different periods of reperfusion, and mitoehondria were isolated from ischemic and nonischemic regions of the left ventricle. Tissue samples from ischemie and nonischernic myocardium also were taken for electron microscopy and tissue water content determinations. Infarct size was measured by the nitroblue tetrazolium staining method. Oxygen consumption by mitochondria isolated from ischemic and nonischemic myocardium was measured in vitro. Mitochondria from isehemic myocardium showed time-dependent decreases in rates of oxygen consumption and tightness of coupling. Electron microscopy revealed progressive ultrastruetural deterioration in ischemic myocardium, including accumulation of calcium deposits within mitochondria, a finding corroborated by elevated concentrations of calcium in mitochondria isolated from the same area. Tissue wet-to-dry weight ratios were increased significantly in ischemic myocardium. A small, but significant, decrease in respiratory function was observed in mitochondria isolated from nonischemic myocardium several hrs after reperfusion; however, nomal respiration was observed 24 hrs after release of occlusion. This latter observation indicates that the nonischemic zone also is affected by regional ischemia. The results obtained indicate that temporary left circumflex artery occlusion and reperfusion result in progressively decreasing mitochondrial function and structure within the ischemic myocardium, and that these changes are accompanied by cellular electrolyte alterations.
Vadose zone fluid flow estimates calculated from temperature measurements taken in the southern Albuquerque Basin at Tome, New Mexico

[1] Closely spaced temperature measurements taken across the vadose zone at Tome, New Mexico, suggest upward and/or horizontal fluid flow between ∼58 and ∼30 m depth. The temperature-depth profile is an independent data set that in the present example is best fitted by the exponential expression characterizing vertically upward water flow. In addition, expressions representing horizontal flow and combined horizontal and vertical flow also provide relatively good fits to the temperature data. A unique hydrogeologic environment is present at the Tome site, where a thick clay layer straddles the water table at ∼59 m depth. Neutron and bulk density porosity logs indicate the clay porosity is largely liquid phase water filled. It is suggested that matrix potential and perhaps osmosis are able to drive an uncommonly large vertical fluid flow for southwestern U.S. desert vadose zone sites because the presence of the saturated clay layer straddling the relatively shallow water table provides ideal conditions. The vertical specific discharge estimate is ∼0.09 m yr−1 liquid water. Horizontal flow may also be possible in the clay layer and is estimated as ∼23 m yr−1. Both the vertical and horizontal flow estimates are not untypical for the saturated zone in the Albuquerque Basin.
An intra-task DVS algorithm exploiting program path locality for real-time embedded systems

In this paper, we present a novel intra-task Dynamic Voltage Scheduling (DVS) algorithm based on the knowledge of frequently executed paths in the control flow graph for real-time embedded systems. The basic idea is to construct a common path composing all the frequently executed paths (hot-paths) and perform DVS scheduling based on this common path, rather than the most probable path. We compare the performance (energy consumption) of our algorithm with a recently proposed algorithm. Our simulation results show that the proposed algorithm performs better than the existing algorithm for most of the simulated conditions. We also identify interesting research problems in this context.
The Influence of Weight-of-Evidence Messages on (Vaccine) Attitudes: A Sequential Mediation Model.

Media coverage of contentious risk issues often features competing claims about whether a risk exists and what scientific evidence shows, and journalists often cover these issues by presenting both sides. However, for topics defined by scientific agreement, balanced coverage erroneously heightens uncertainty about scientific information and the issue itself. In this article, we extend research on combating so-called information and issue uncertainty using weight of evidence, drawing on the discredited autism–vaccine link as a case study. We examine whether people's perceptions of issue uncertainty (about whether a link exists) change before and after they encounter a news message with weight-of-evidence information. We also explore whether message exposure is associated with broader issue judgments, specifically vaccine attitudes. Participants (n = 181) read news articles that included or omitted weight-of-evidence content stating that scientific studies have found no link and that scientists agree that n...
Pneumocystis carinii induces an oxidative burst in alveolar macrophages

There is evidence that alveolar macrophages (AM) play a role in the clearing of Pneumocystis carinii from the lungs. To investigate the mechanisms involved in this process, we studied in vitro the induction of an oxidative burst by P. carinii in a cell line of macrophages (NR8383) and AM from normal rats. P. carinii was added to macrophage monolayers (10(6) cells), and the H2O2 produced after 4 h of incubation was measured. Both NR8383 macrophages and normal rat AM produced H2O2 in response to P. carinii cysts and trophozoites isolated from dexamethasone-treated rats, although the amount of H2O2 induced in AM from normal rats was larger. NR8383 macrophages bound and phagocytized both P. carinii cysts and trophozoites and produced increasing amounts of H2O2 as a dose-related response to cysts and trophozoites. Opsonization of P. carinii with normal rat serum increased H2O2 production by both types of macrophages; this enhancement was decreased, but not abolished, when the serum was first depleted of complement by heat treatment. These findings demonstrate that NR8383 macrophages and normal rat AM produce an oxidative burst in response to P. carinii and that this response is enhanced by complement.
Neonatal cardiac emergencies

A day 2 term neonate, delivered uneventfully following prolonged rupture of membranes, is referred to you with respiratory distress since the previous night in the postnatal ward. He has obvious central cyanosis and on auscultation you hear no murmurs. His arterial blood gas shows severe hypoxaemia with a metabolic acidosis. You initially suspect congenital pneumonia but then notice that his chest radiograph shows clear 'black' lung fields and a boot-shaped heart. What is a more likely diagnosis? Why was he apparently well for the first day?
Phosphoprotein modulation of apatite crystallization

Several phosphoprotein preparations (phosvitin, rat incisor and fetal calf molar dentin phosphoproteins) all inhibit apatite growth/replication from pre-existing crystal seeds in metastable solutions. Two stages of the crystal growth process were inhibited by these phosphoproteins. First an initial lag period was induced, probably associated with seed surface phenomena. This period was prolonged indefinitely when a combination of phosphoprotein precoated seeds was used together with soluble phosphoproteins in the crystal growth reaction. Second, the phosphoproteins prolonged that stage of the reaction where octacalcium phosphate is the predominant mineral phase present prior to its conversion to the final apatite product. Pre-treatment of the phosphoproteins with calcium diminished their inhibitory activity to seeded crystal growth as well as towards de novo apatite formation in synthetic extracellular fluids. The presence of collagen diminished the inhibitory activity of the phosphoproteins towards de novo precipitation but had no effect on phosphoprotein-modulated apatite crystal growth in the seeded systems. These results suggest a potential regulatory role for phosphoproteins in dentin mineralization.
Adjuvant Therapy for Colon Cancer

The risk of clinical failure following a potentially curative resection of colon cancer is not the result of an actual reoccurrence of a de novo colon cancer but rather of the clinical progression of previously undetected metastatic disease. At the time of resection, small, undetectable areas of disease may be present that will grow and be identifiable only at a later date. Patients who do not have residual microscopic metastases are cured by their operation alone, yet those who have untreated residual microscopic metastases would be expected to eventually be diagnosed with stage IV colon cancer. Key components of effective adjuvant therapies are the identification of those patients with residual micrometastases and the discovery of better ways to eliminate residual disease.
The [Ag{Se2C2(CN)2}(Se6)]3−, [Sb{Se2C2(CN)2}2]3−, and [As(Se)3(CH2CN)]2− Anions: Facile Formation of the Maleonitrilediselenolate (mns) Ligand, [Se2C2(CN)2]2−

An unusual route to the maleonitrilediselenolate (mns) ligand has been discovered with the isolation of compounds that contain this ligand bound to silver (structure shown on the right) or antimony. The formation of the [As(Se)3 (CH2 CN)]2- anion along with possible pathways to the mns ligands is discussed.
Update on the Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of Theophylline

Theophylline has emerged as a major prophylactic agent for controlling the symptoms of chronic asthma, but it provides little if any relief of pulmonary symptoms caused by irreversible chronic airways obstruction. Although in vitro it inhibits phosphodiesterase and antagonizes adenosine receptors, theophylline's mechanism of action in asthma is unknown. Often, 10 to 20 micrograms/ml is used as the range of serum concentrations where there is the greatest likelihood of obtaining maximal benefit safely. Slow-release products have the potential to provide more stable serum concentrations with longer dosing intervals. However, clinically important differences in rate and sometimes extent of absorption exist between the 15 formulations sold under 29 brand names in this country. In patients with more rapid elimination, few products have sufficiently slow absorption to allow twice-daily use. Often these formulations must be administered every eight hours to prevent breakthrough in asthmatic symptoms despite promotional claims to the contrary. In patients with slower elimination, differences among products are unlikely to be clinically important with 12-hour dosing intervals. Current products approved for "once-a-day" dosing are clinically inadequate because of erratic absorption or excessive serum concentration fluctuations. Moreover, food induces dose dumping of potentially toxic amounts of theophylline from Theo-24, greatly increases the extent of absorption of theophylline from Uniphyl, decreases extent of absorption from Theo-dur-Sprinkle capsules, but has no clinically important effect on Theo-Dur tablets, Theobid, Slo-Bid, or Somophyllin-CRT. The effects of food or other factors that alter gastrointestinal physiology on theophylline absorption are unknown for most other products.
UNDERSTANDING AND PREVENTING ADOLESCENT DATING VIOLENCE: THE IMPORTANCE OF DEVELOPMENTAL, SOCIOCULTURAL, AND GENDERED PERSPECTIVES

The three articles in this special section on the development of adolescent dating violence provide important insights that can help shape future research and theory. Several common themes emerged. The roots of adolescent dating violence are broad and deep; thus, developmental and sociocultural perspectives are necessary to adequately understand this phenomenon. Adolescent dating violence is deeply gendered and requires that researchers make gender a centerpiece of their theorizing. These two insights lead to the conclusion that prevention efforts must start early, be broad based, and include gender in a fundamental way. In addition, longitudinal and ecological approaches hold the most promise for future research.
Integration of sensor feedback and teleoperation into an open-architecture standard

The Unified Telerobotics Architecture Project (UTAP) proposes a standard control architecture with well-defined interfaces as a means of promoting software reusability and component-based controller technology. Sensor-integration is a primary consideration within a telerobotic standard since teleoperation (or shared) control depends on integrating sensor feedback with motion control. A major hurdle to realizing a standard sensor-integration model involves the provision for ranges of capability, in effect, scaling the interfaces. Another problem is the need within UTAP applications to allow hybrid control, in which the system must accommodate position control in some axes as well as integrate force-sensing with motion control in other axes. This paper will examine the role of sensors as they apply to the UTAP standard telerobotic control architectures.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Shape change of rough particles

In the analysis of solid combustion and other fluid-solid noncatalytic reactions, it is customary to treat reacting particles as spherical to simplify the solution of the relevant reaction-transport equations. The analysis of the spherically symmetric problem is generally assumed to set the correct trends on the effect of various parameters, even when the reacting particles are nonspherical. In this work, the authors analyze reaction and external diffusion for nonspherical, but axially symmetric, particles to determine the change in the shape of a particle due to consumption of the solid material. The shape change can be pronounced over extended conversion even when the initial particle shape is only slightly nonspherical. The most important noncatalytic gas-solid reaction is coal or char combustion. However, under conditions of high Thiele modulus, that is, shrinking core combustion, external heat transfer, as well as mass transfer, needs to be considered. In this note, the authors assume isothermal conditions and consider the external mass-transfer problem only. However, the methodology presented is applicable, with suitable extensions, to simultaneous heat and mass transfer. The latter problem was discussed earlier by Choi and Gavalas (1993) with the focus on coal combustion. Two technique are used to treat the problem ofmore » reacting nonspherical particles. The first is domain perturbation (DP) (Brenner, 1964; Acrivos and Taylor, 1964), the second is the boundary integral technique (BI) (Brebbia and Walker, 1980; Liggett and Liu, 1972).« less
Auditory motion processing after early blindness

Studies showing that occipital cortex responds to auditory and tactile stimuli after early blindness are often interpreted as demonstrating that early blind subjects “see” auditory and tactile stimuli. However, it is not clear whether these occipital responses directly mediate the perception of auditory/tactile stimuli, or simply modulate or augment responses within other sensory areas. We used fMRI pattern classification to categorize the perceived direction of motion for both coherent and ambiguous auditory motion stimuli. In sighted individuals, perceived motion direction was accurately categorized based on neural responses within the planum temporale (PT) and right lateral occipital cortex (LOC). Within early blind individuals, auditory motion decisions for both stimuli were successfully categorized from responses within the human middle temporal complex (hMT+), but not the PT or right LOC. These findings suggest that early blind responses within hMT+ are associated with the perception of auditory motion, and that these responses in hMT+ may usurp some of the functions of nondeprived PT. Thus, our results provide further evidence that blind individuals do indeed “see” auditory motion.
Oxidative Cracking of Precipitated Hardwood Lignin by Hydrogen Peroxide

Precipitated hard-wood lignin (PHL) is a major byproduct in the biomass-to-ethanol process. Oxidative cracking of PHL by hydrogen peroxide in aqueous medium was investigated as a means to produce potentially useful chemicals. The cracking reaction takes place at moderate temperatures (80-160 degrees C), giving mono- and dicarboxylic acids as the main products. The yields of these products are in the range of 30-50% of initial lignin. The reaction mechanism and the product distribution are dependent upon the reaction conditions, especially the pH. The reaction under strong alkaline condition proceeds well even at low reaction temperatures (80-90 degrees C). Under acidic conditions, higher temperatures (130-160 degrees C) are required to attain the same degrees of cracking. The reaction patterns of the oxidative cracking reaction involve the cleavage of lignin ring, aryl ether bond, or other linkages within lignin. By using the findings of this investigation and those of previous work, we have illustrated the reaction pathways for degradation of PHL under alkaline and acidic conditions. Aldehydes and aromatic acids are intermediate products in the oxidative degradation of lignin. However, they were produced only in trace amounts owing to rapid degradation induced by hydrogen peroxide.
Ovarian cancer care for the underserved: are surgical patterns of care different in a public hospital setting?

BACKGROUND: The New York City (NYC) public hospital system includes subspecialty care for gynecologic cancers, providing care to patients regardless of insurance status. The authors sought to determine the surgical patterns of care for ovarian cancer patients in the NYC public hospital system. METHODS: Ovarian cancer cases were identified in the New York State Department of Health Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System database for years 2001 to 2006. Cases from NYC hospitals were separated into 2 cohorts: public and other NYC hospitals. Surgeons associated with each case were identified using the database and were stratified by volume of cases and presence of subspecialty training. RESULTS: A total of 12,202 admissions for ovarian cancer were identified. Of these, 3639 involved major surgery, and 187 were performed at public hospitals. There were more African American and Asian patients in the public cohort (P < .001). The primary insurer was more likely to be Medicaid or a self-payer in the public cohort (P < 0.001). Urgent or emergent admissions comprised 55% of all admissions in public hospitals, compared with 29% of admissions in other NYC hospitals (P < .001). Patients in public hospitals were less likely to have their surgery performed by a gynecologic oncologist (57% vs 74%, P < .001) and less likely to have their surgery performed by a high-volume surgeon (21% vs 47%; P < .001) compared with patients in other NYC hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: Ovarian cancer patients treated in public hospitals are less likely to have gynecologic oncologists and high-volume surgeons involved in their care. This is a preliminary finding that warrants further investigation. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Nonlinear optics at the single-photon level inside a hollow core fiber

Cold atoms inside a hollow core fiber provide an unique system for studying optical nonlinearities at the few-photon level. Confinement of both atoms and photons inside the fiber core to a diameter of just a few wavelengths results in high electric field intensity per photon and large optical depths with a relatively small number of atoms. We present our experimental apparatus and discuss results regarding all-optical switching at ultra-low light levels.
The San Francisco Bay-Delta: A failure of decision-making capacity

Abstract The paper reviews the history of Bay-Delta decision-making in California in order to highlight the continuity between what happened with CALFED and what happened in the preceding decades since water project deliveries began in 1949. Throughout this period, there has been intense conflict about whether and how to transfer water from the Bay-Delta to users elsewhere—a conflict marked by a fundamental opposition of interests among stakeholders. We document how the State of California has failed to organize itself effectively to resolve this conflict and make a decision on how to manage the Delta. The strategy consistently adopted by the State was to encourage the main parties – agricultural and urban water diverters, and fisheries and other instream-protection interests – to work out a solution among themselves, rather than imposing one externally. However, economic theory suggests that a bargaining solution is unlikely to exist because of the extreme opposition of interest among the parties. The Bay-Delta history amply confirms this theoretical prediction. Thus, the State's strategy of relying on voluntary agreement to resolve the issue is fundamentally misconceived and is, at some level, an abdication of its responsibility.
Comparison of reconstructed spatial microstructure images using different statistical descriptors

Abstract The objective of this research is to examine the use of statistical descriptors in the microstructure reconstruction process and the associated effect on microstructure properties. In this work, two-point correlation functions and lineal path functions were used to study the efficiency and accuracy of microstructure reconstruction. A polar plot of the two-point correlation functions is used to quantitatively evaluate the agreement with the target microstructure. In general, as more microstructure descriptors are added for the microstructure reconstruction process, the computational time increases and the reconstructed microstructures quantitatively agree better with the target microstructure. However, in some cases, adding lineal path functions did not always result in a better microstructural representation. Last, finite element analysis of thermal loading in the reconstructed microstructures of loaded nuclear waste glass is used to evaluate the property predictions with those of the target microstructure. Identifying which statistical descriptors are best for different microstructures may provide insight into optimizing the microstructure reconstruction process from limited statistical descriptors.
An analysis of the pivot shift phenomenon The knee motions and subluxations induced by different examiners

The description of the pivot shift test and its modifications is for the most part based on clinical observations. We wished to precisely determine the knee motions and medial-lateral tibiofemoral compartment subluxations that examiners induce in the knee joint to produce the pivot shift phenomenon. Eleven skilled knee surgeons performed the pivot shift test on an instrumented cadaveric lower limb. The anterior cruciate and superficial medial collateral ligaments (long fibers) of one limb were sectioned to produce an abnormal state. An instrumented spatial linkage allowed all six degrees of freedom motions to be measured. Before and after ligament sectioning we determined the limits of knee motion under defined loading conditions. The tibial and femoral bony landmarks were digitized to determine the positions of the medial and lateral tibial plateaus in reference to the femoral condyles during the pivot shift tests. Each examiner performed his pivot shift test. The analysis of the data showed that examiners typically induced a coupled anterior translation and internal tibial rotation to produce an anterior tibial subluxation, and a coupled posterior translation and external tibial rotation to induce the reduction event. The magnitude of anterior subluxation of each plateau depended upon the examiner's technique. The maximal anterior subluxation of the lateral tibial plateau varied from 14 to 19.8 mm (mean, 17.2 +/- 2.0 mm), whereas anterior subluxation of the medial tibial plateau ranged from 6 to 16.9 mm (mean, 11.2 +/- 3.3 mm).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Semi-blind multiuser receiver for space-time coded CDMA systems

In [1], we introduced a linear blind multiuser receiver, referred to as the Capon receiver, for space-time (ST) coded COMA (code division multiple access) systems. The blind Capon receiver was shown to yield a similar performance to that of the optimum linear MMSE (minimum mean squared error) receiver which requires the CSI (channel state information). The proposed blind Capon receiver, however, needs to resolve a scalar ambiguity (with its blind channel estimate) that is inherent to all blind schemes. Furthermore, all blind receivers, including Capon, are relatively slow in convergence. To address these issues, we present herein a semi-blind Capon receiver by capitalizing on periodically inserted training symbols. We show via numerical examples that the semi-blind Capon receiver achieves a better performance than the training-assisted MMSE receiver in (slowly) time-varying channels, even though the latter incurs a much higher training overhead.
2,3-dehydro-4-epi-N-acetylneuraminic acid; a neuraminidase inhibitor

Abstract Treatment of N -acetylneuraminic acid methyl ester with sulfuric acid and acetic anhydride at 50° followed by deacetylation gave 2,3-dehydro-2-deoxy- N -acetylneuraminic acid methyl ester and methyl 5-acetamido-2,6-anhydro-2,3,5-trideoxy- d - glycero - d - talo -non-2-enonate (2,3-dehydro-4-epi-NeuAc methyl ester) in equal yields (∼40% each). The structure of the latter was ascertained primarily from analysis of its mass spectrum and 1 H- and 13 C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. The relative proportions of these two glycals in the foregoing reaction was dependent on temperature, as at 0°, the yield of 2,3-dehydro-4-epi-NeuAc was markedly diminished. A minor by-product of this acetylation reaction was 2-methyl-(methyl 7,8,9- tri- O -acetyl-2,6-anhydro-2,3,5-trideoxy- d - glycero - d - talo -non-2-enonate)-[4,5- d ]-2-oxazoline. Based upon this finding and additional interconversion experiments, a mechanism involving the intermediacy of the latter oxazoline to account for the epimerization is proposed. These glycals and their methyl esters are competitive inhibitors of Arthrobacter sialophilus , neuraminidase, suggesting that the 4-hydroxyl group must be equatorially oriented for maximal enzyme inhibition.
New RLL code for digital data storage

A simple, high-efficiency, runlength-limited code for digital optical or magnetic recording is presented. The parameters of the code are R=1/3 and (d,k)=(5,16). On the basis of that, this code gains a higher density ratio than any other used code. A state transition diagram for a set of channel constraints and diagrams for the encoder and decoder are presented. >
Economic Activity, Inflation, and Hedging: The Case of Gold and Silver Investments

Research in economics and finance documents a puzzling negative relationship between stock returns and inflation rates in most economies. The present study investigates this relationship for gold and silver in the context of the Fisherian hypothesis and the proxy hypothesis of Fama. We show an insignificant relationship between these precious metals9 returns and unexpected inflation. However, gold prices are positively correlated with expected inflation. These findings indicate that investing in gold and silver may be a reliable hedge against inflation in the short- and long-run. We also find strong evidence to support the Fisherian hypothesis that real gold and silver returns are not adversely affected by inflation. The findings, however, are not unequivocally consistent with the proxy hypothesis. The Johansen and Juselius cointegration tests verify a long-run equilibrium between these metal prices, general price levels, and the real economic activity. Furthermore, both prices and general price levels also show a strong long-run equilibrium with the real economic activity and each other.
Preschool Children's Discrimination of Age.

This study compared abilities of 4- and 5-yr.-olds to be accurate in connoting "who is older" without using size representation as a cue. An age discrimination task was administered to 30 4-yr.-olds and 30 5-yr.-olds. Analysis indicated that the 5-yr.-old children had better ability to discriminate age than the 4-yr.-old children but were not equal to adults. No significant sex differences were found in the children's ability to discriminate age.
Design of an apparatus for measuring tool/fabric and fabric/fabric friction of woven-fabric composites during the thermostamping process

The thermostamping of prepreg woven fabrics shows promise as a low-cost high-volume manufacturing process for composite parts. One concern associated with the process is the unwanted formation of defects in the form of fabric wrinkling. This wrinkling can be prevented during the thermostamping process by inducing in-plane forces through the use of one or more metal binder rings. However, if the in-plane forces are too low, then the fabric may wrinkle as the fabric conforms to the shape of the punch, and conversely, if the in-plane forces are too high, then the yarns in the fabric can separate and the fabric may tear and yarns can break. The in-plane forces are a result of the friction between the fabric and the metal binder rings. As the fabric slides over the surfaces of the punch and die, further friction is induced between the metal tooling and the fabric part. In addition, most composite parts consist of multiple layers, and therefore as the fabric is drawn into the die adjacent layers of fabric may slide relative to one another. Thus, the friction at the tool/fabric interface and the interlaminar friction must be understood and quantified to predict part quality as a function of the processing parameters. In this paper, the design and implementation of a load-control test apparatus used to measure the friction between the tool and the fabric and between adjacent layers of fabric during a composite forming process is presented.
Isolation and structure identification of a morphine-like peptide "enkephalin" in bovine brain.

Abstract The ability of bovine brain extracts to compete in a selective fashion for opiate receptor binding is attributable to a small peptide. The substance has been purified to homogeneity and identified as comprising two penta-peptides HTyrGlyGlyPheLeuOH (Leucine-enkephalin) and HTyrGlyGlyPheMetOH (methionine enkephalin). Bovine brain contains 4 times as much leucine-enkephalin as methionine-enkephalin in contrast to pig brain in which these ratios are reversed. Competition for opiate receptor binding by leucine-enkephalin is reduced more by sodium and enhanced more by manganese than is the case for methionine-enkephalin, suggesting that leucine-enkephalin may be a “purer” agonist than methionine-enkephalin.
Accurate reconstruction of three-dimensional shape and focused image from a sequence of noisy defocused images

A new approach is proposed for highly accurate reconstruction of 3D shape and focused image of an object from a sequence of noisy defocused images. This approach unifies the two approaches: image focus analysis and image defocus analysis, which have been treated separately in the research literature so far. In the new unified approach, high accuracy is attained at the cost of increased data acquisition and computation. This approach is based on modeling the sensing of defocused images in a camera system. A number of images are acquired at different levels of defocus. The resulting data is treated as a function sampled in the 3D space where x and y are the image spatial coordinates and d is a parameter representing the level off defocus. The concept of a '3D point spread function' in the space is introduced. The problem of 3D shape and focused image reconstruction is formulated as an optimization problem where the difference between the observed image data and the estimated image data is minimized. The estimated image data is obtained from the image sensing model and the current best known solutions to the 3D shape and focused image. An initial estimation to the solutions is obtained through traditional shape-from-focus methods. This solution is improved iteratively by a gradient descent approach. This approach reduces the errors in shape and focused image introduced by the image-overlap problem and the non- smoothness of the object's 3D shape. Experimental results are presented to show that the new method yields improved accuracy.
Behavioral analysis of loosely coupled systems

Techniques for dynamic behavioral analysis and modeling have recently become an increasingly researched topic. In essence, they aim to understand the mechanics of a set of variables over time, allowing for prediction of future data, anomaly or change detection, or estimation of a latent variable. Much of this research has focused on the sequential analysis of individual tracks of data - for example, in multi-target tracking (MTT). In recent years, massive amounts of behavioral and usage data have become available due to the proliferation of online services and their large users bases. The data from these applications can not be said to be monolithically generated - there are many processes and activities occurring simultaneously. However, it also cannot be said that this data consists of a set of independently running processes, as there are often strong correlations among subsets of the variables. Therefore we have a potentially large set of loosely coupled entities that can be modeled neither as a single, large process, or a large set of individual processes. "Static" applications, e.g. rating predictors for recommender systems, have greatly exploited entity to entity correlations through processes such as collaborative filtering. In this paper, we present a probabilistic model for loosely coupled and correlated dynamic data sets and techniques for making inference about the model. Experimental results are presented using data gathered from instrumented wireless access points around a college campus.
Magnetization and EPR of GdAl2

A study of GdAl2 is described in which emphasis was placed on: 1) the behavior of the magnetization in the vicinity of Tc, and 2) the EPR spectra with subsequent determination of the g-factor and linewidth by a programable calculator curve-fitting technique. The Curie temperature was found to be (167.8 ± 0.6) °K from plots of σ2 vs. T, inflection points σ vs. T, DTA thermograms, and the critical isotherm of σ2 vs. H/σ. Data on initial susceptibility are given in which χ−1 ∼ (T-Tc)1.03. In the region T>200 °K, the appropriate Curie-Weiss law has the form χ = 3.644 × 10−2/(T–171). From the EPR spectra at 295 °K, the g-factor was found to be 1.9848 while the half-power linewidth was 1041 Oe. An GdAl2 wurden 1) das Verhalten der Magnetisierung nahe bei Tc; 2) die EPR-Spektren mit nachfolgender Bestimmung des g-Faktors und der Linienbreite mittels einer digitalen “curve-fitting” Methode, ausfuhrlich untersucht. Als Curie-Temperatur ergab sich aus der (σ, T)-Kurve, aus den Umkehrpunkten von σ(T), aus DTA Thermogrammen und aus der kritischen Isotherme σ2 uber (H/σ) der Wert (167,8±0,6)°K. Die Anfangssuszeptibilitat verhalt sich wie χ−1 ∼ (T-Tc)1,03. Oberhalb T>200 °K nimmt das Curie-Weissche Gesetz die Form χ = 3,644 × 10−2/(T-171) an. Aus den EPR-Spektren bei 295 °K wurde ein g-Faktor von 1,9848 bestimmt. Die Linienbreite betrug 1041 Oe.
TYLER ASBESTOS WORKERS PROGRAM

It is concluded that sputum cytopathology is an excellent, simple, noninvasive, painless, and inexpensive means for early detection of malignant and premalignant lesions of the lung, and that no special techniques are necessary for the identification of ferruginous bodies.
The effect of pulmonary fibrosis on survival in patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis.

Abstract Purpose To determine the effect of pulmonary fibrosis on survival in an unselected group of patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Methods We identified 72 patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis confirmed by surgical lung biopsy in the database of the Clinical Interstitial Lung Disease Program at the National Jewish Medical and Research Center. All biopsy specimens were scored according to the presence or absence of fibrosis. Comparisons were made between patients with (fibrotic group) and without (nonfibrotic group) pathologic fibrosis. Vital status was ascertained and Kaplan-Meier curves were plotted. Cox regression analysis was used to determine predictors of survival. Results Forty-six patients were classified as fibrotic and 26 as nonfibrotic. Twenty-nine percent had exposure to a bird antigen, 33% had exposure to a microbial antigen, and 38% had unknown exposure. Patients with fibrosis were significantly older, showed greater restrictive lung physiology, and had greater all-cause and respiratory mortality. Median survival in fibrotic patients was 7.1 years, which was significantly less than survival in those without fibrosis. In an age-adjusted regression analysis, antigen class, symptom duration, and lung function had no effect on survival. Only the presence of pathologic fibrosis was predictive of increased mortality (hazard ratio=6.01; 95% confidence interval: 1.68 to 21.45; P = 0.006). Conclusion Pulmonary fibrosis is associated with diminished survival in patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis.