cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of high helium and hydrogen concentrations on the microstructure of SAP

Abstract Samples of SAP, 9.4 wt % Al 2 O 3 , were irradiated at temperatures between 350C and 500C with He + and then H 2 + ions to gas concentrations of about 1000 appm each. During the irradiation, the samples were continuously oscillated through an arc so as to spread out the end-of-range region and produce a uniform gas concentration in a section of the specimen about 3 μm thick. Following irradiation, foils extracted from the irradiated volume were examined by TEM and cavities were observed in all samples. Cavity size and number density varied with irradiation temperature. Calculations indicate that all of the helium can be accommodated in the cavities. Hydrogen analysis, with an Ion Microprobe Mass Analyzer, showed no accumulation of hydrogen in the cavities or elsewhere in samples irradiated at 400C and 500C.
Diagnosis, treatment, and control of common parasites in companion and aviary birds

This article presents a brief review of clinical syndromes, diagnostic techniques, suggested treatments, and control measures for common parasite problems of companion and aviary birds
Analysis and efficient onset time detection of acoustic emission signals with power constrained sensor platforms

In this paper we describe our custom designed, low-power, intelligent sensor platform, and a novel analysis approach for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM). More specifically we show how Acoustic Emission (AE) signals were recorded during aluminium and steel beam break tests utilizing two channels on our MarmotE platform, and how subsequent low-resource but accurate onset time detection yielded Time Difference of Arrival (TDoA) results. We also demonstrate a new, simplified method to pick valid AE events from a vast set of noisy measurements, and prove the feasibility of our ideas by showing that our approach provided results comparable to widely used industry methods with modest resource requirements.
Modeling and analysis of modified chemical vapor deposition of optical fiber preforms

Abstract A theoretical analysis of modified chemical vapor deposition (MCVD) for the manufacture of optical waveguides is presented. The Navier—Stokes equations are solved, including continuity, momentum, energy and mass balance equations for gas components and SiO2 particles accounting for heat transfer, chemical reaction, convection, gas diffusion and SiO2 thermophoresis. The effects of process variables (gas flow rate and inlet SiCl4 concentration) on MCVD operation are examined. The heat of reaction reduces the radial diffusion of the precursor gas and, subsequently, the MCVD deposition efficiency. Employing helium as the carrier gas results in the fastest reaction and deposition rates, but exhibits the lowest deposition efficiency of the process. High process yields are favored by high inlet SiCl4 concentrations and fast gas flow rates through the preform tube.
Anticancer activity of farnesyltransferase and geranylgeranyltransferase i inhibitors: prospects for drug development

Inhibition of Farnesyltransferase (FTase) has been thoroughly investigated as a strategy to discover novel anticancer drugs because the oncoprotein Ras, requires farnesylation for its cancer-causing activity. Several highly potent and selective FTase inhibitors have been made and show excellent antitumour activity against human tumours in animal models without toxicity to normal cells. However, resistance of the most frequently mutated form of Ras, K-Ras, to FTase inhibitors and its alternative prenylation by geranylgeranyltransferase I (GGTase I), has cast doubts on whether K-Ras is the target for FTase inhibitors. This monthly update focuses on issues of critical importance to the further development of FTase inhibitors as anticancer agents. Alternative prenylation of K-Ras by GGTase I as a mechanism of resistance to FTase inhibitors, targets for FTase inhibitors other than K-Ras and the relevance of GGTase I inhibitors as antitumour agents will be discussed.
A simple trap for high pressure gas targets

Abstract A combined pump and trap is described which is capable of removing condensable impurities from high pressure gas targets.
Fluxes across a thermohaline interface

Measurements of velocity and temperature microstructure and hydrography were made with a towed vehicle moving in and around a single interface in a double-diffusive staircase. The interface was traversed 222 times in a saw-tooth pattern over a track 35 km long. The salinity and potential temperature and density in the mixed layers adjacent to the interface were spatially uniform except for one 8 km long anomaly. The rate of dissipation of kinetic energy was uniformly low in the interface and in the mixed layers, except for one section 600 m long where a Kelvin-Helmholtz instability generated turbulence. For the non-turbulent section of the interface, the mean rate of dissipation was 30.2 × 10−10 W kg−1 in the mixed layers and 9.5 × 10−10 W kg−1 in the interface. The non-dimensional dissipation rate, ϵ/vN2, was almost always less than 16 in the interface and therfore, there was no turblent buoyancy flux according to Rohret al. (1988, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 195, 77–111). The average double-diffusive flux of buoyancy by heat was 3.6 × 10−10 W kg−1. Under certain assumptions the ratio of the flux of buoyancy by heat and salt can be estimated to be 0.53 ± 0.10, in good agreement with laboratory and theoretical estimates for salt fingers. The average Cox number was about 8 in the interface, consistent with the theories of Stern (1975, Ocean circulation physics, Academic Press) and Kunze (1987, Journal of Marine Research, 45 533–556), but displayed an inverse dependence on the vertical temperature gradient which was not predicted. As a result, the flux of buoyancy, as well as the individual contributions by heat and salt, were independent of the local mean vertical temperature gradient and the buoyancy frequency. The length of the turbulent section of the interface was only 1.7% of the total length observed. However, the turbulence was intense—the mean rate of dissipation was 2.5 × 10−8 W kg−1—and may have sufficiently enhanced the flux of heat to increase the net flux ratio to 0.72, which would be consistent with the large-scale changes in layer properties reported by Schmitt (1987 EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, 68, 57–70) and the O/(10 km) scale changes observed in this study.
Geometric curvature analysis of intersecting kink bands: A new perspective on the 3D geometry of kink folds

Abstract We describe a complex set of monoclinal contractional kink bands, exposed in outcrops of the Darrington Phyllite on Samish Island, northwestern Washington, using traditional field measurements and differential geometry. This study is the first to apply laser scanning and geometric curvature analysis to kink bands to obtain a quantitative description of band geometry on the foliation surface. Kink bands in cross section have straight, parallel boundaries that deform a well-defined foliation; in plan view, however, kink band hinges curve and anastomose across the foliation surface, and adjacent bands commonly intersect. Three types of intersections are common: crossing ( X ), bifurcating ( Y ), and obliquely diverging ( λ ); many kink bands also taper out along strike. Geometric curvature analyses were performed on millimeter-resolution DEMs of hand samples containing intersecting kink bands. Maps of curvature parameters (e.g. mean curvature, geologic curvature) clearly outline kink bands in the samples and illuminate the geometry of kink band hinges in each type of intersection. Shortening across hand samples varies where kink bands intersect. Correlations among geometric parameters corroborate rigid rotation as a kinking mechanism for these bands. Quantitative geometric description is the first step toward understanding the three-dimensional mechanics of kink bands.
Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae in floating wetland mat communities dominated by Typha

Low levels of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae were present in floating mats dominated by clones of Typha angustifolia L., T. x glauca Godr., and T. latifolia L. Floating mats composed of rhizomes (underwater-ground stems with high starch accumulation), roots, decaying organic matter, and wind deposited soil, easily supported human activities. The majority of roots isolated from the root cores were connected to Typha rhizomes. Tests employing the gridline intersect method, intensity, spore counts and most probable number (MPN) were used to define the level of colonization. Mycorrhizal colonization from the T. angustifolia and T. x glauca clones averaged 4 to 5%, while the T. latifolia clone averaged 13%. When colonization was encountered, intensities varied from a high of 3.0 to a low of 0.4 on a sclae of 0 to 4. Although arbuscules were not found, abundant hyphae, vesicles and spores indicated that presumed facultative associations occurred between the vesicular arbuscular fungi and the indicated that presumed facultative associations plant communities found on floating mats. The mycorrhizal fungi identified from these communities in cluded Glomus albidum Walker & Rhodes, G. caledonium (Nicol. & Gerd.) Trappe & Gerdemann, G. etunicatum Becker & Gerdemann, and G. microcarpum Tul. & Tul. Spore counts ranged from 16 to 76 spores per gram dried organic soil. The recolonization ability of VAM propagules by way of a most probable number bioassay with maize yielded numbers that ranged from zero to 96 propagules per gram soil, with G. etunicatum the only species recovered.
Standing Wave Design and Experimental Validation of a Tandem Simulated Moving Bed Process for Insulin Purification

A tandem simulated moving bed (SMB) process for insulin purification has been proposed and validated experimentally. The mixture to be separated consists of insulin, high molecular weight proteins, and zinc chloride. A systematic approach based on the standing wave design, rate model simulations, and experiments was used to develop this multicomponent separation process. The standing wave design was applied to specify the SMB operating conditions of a lab-scale unit with 10 columns. The design was validated with rate model simulations prior to experiments. The experimental results show 99.9% purity and 99% yield, which closely agree with the model predictions and the standing wave design targets. The agreement proves that the standing wave design can ensure high purity and high yield for the tandem SMB process. Compared to a conventional batch SEC process, the tandem SMB has 10% higher yield, 400% higher throughput, and 72% lower eluant consumption. In contrast, a design that ignores the effects of mass transfer and nonideal flow cannot meet the purity requirement and gives less than 96% yield.
Emerging issues and future developments in capsule endoscopy

Capsule endoscopy (CE) has transformed from a research venture into a widely used clinical tool and the primary means for diagnosing small bowel pathology. These orally administered capsules traverse passively through the gastrointestinal tract via peristalsis and are used in the esophagus, stomach, small bowel, and colon. The primary focus of CE research in recent years has been enabling active CE manipulation and extension of the technology to therapeutic functionality, thus, widening the scope of the procedure. This review outlines clinical standards of the technology as well as recent advances in CE research. Clinical capsule applications are discussed with respect to each portion of the gastrointestinal tract. Promising research efforts are presented with an emphasis on enabling active capsule locomotion. The presented studies suggest, in particular, that the most viable solution for active capsule manipulation is actuation of a capsule via exterior permanent magnet held by a robot. Developing capsule procedures adhering to current health care standards, such as enabling a tool channel or irrigation in a therapeutic device, is a vital phase in the adaptation of CE in the clinical setting.
Infusion misdirection syndrome during trabeculectomy for primary trabeculodysgenesis.

Abstract PURPOSE: To report a case of infusion misdirection syndrome, simulating an intraoperative suprachoroidal hemorrhage, in an eye undergoing trabeculectomy for primary trabeculodysgenesis. METHODS: A 21-year-old woman underwent trabeculectomy for primary trabeculodysgenesis. Congenitally abnormal intraocular anatomy led to intraoperative and postoperative complications. RESULTS: Intraoperative anterior chamber irrigation was followed by vitreous prolapse. Eye pain, globe hardening, and shallowing of the anterior chamber were caused by infusion misdirection into the posterior segment. The eye was rapidly closed after a limited wound-site vitrectomy. Intraoperative and postoperative management led to a successful outcome. CONCLUSION: Altered intraocular anatomy set the stage for infusion misdirection syndrome, a rare but manageable complication that mimicked an expulsive suprachoroidal hemorrhage.
Signal transduction pathways for epidermal growth factor stimulated cyclooxygenase-2 induction in astrocytes☆

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) derived prostaglandins (PGs) are pathophysiological mediators in various disease states. Recently, we have demonstrated the rapid, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-dependent induction of COX-2 and PGE(2) synthesis in astrocytes following optic nerve injury and in culture. We have now investigated the signal transduction pathways activated by EGFR to accomplish the expression of COX-2 in primary optic nerve astrocytes. When astrocytes were exposed to EGF, marked, rapid gene expression of COX-2 was observed. Activation of EGFR caused an increase in the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 MAPK (p38) and c-Jun NH (2)-terminal kinase (JNK). Furthermore, U0126, an ERK pathway inhibitor, and SB203580, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, diminished EGF-induced COX-2 expression; whereas, a JNK inhibitor did not suppress COX-2 expression by EGF. Using inhibitors of several other signaling cascades, we found that, unlike epithelial and cancer cells, NF-kappaB, PI 3-kinase/Akt and PKC were not signaling pathways for EGFR-dependent induction of COX-2 in optic nerve astrocytes. Taken together, these data suggest that ERK and p38 are key components of the intracellular signaling switch that transduces EGFR activation into COX-2 induction and PGE(2) biosynthesis in optic nerve astrocytes.
Regulatory aspects of the in vitro development of retinal Müller glial cells.

Utilizing immunochemical and biochemical methods we have examined the maturation of retinal Muller cells in vitro both in monolayer cultures of dissociated tissue as well as rotation-mediated suspension culture of reaggregated embryonic retina cells. We have manipulated heterotypic cell-cell interactions through the use of such cell surface probes as plant lectins and monoclonal antibodies. In this report we show that the succinylated derivative of Con-A is capable of blocking neuronal-glial interactions in reaggregation cultures resulting in neuronal-glial segregation and failure of glial maturation. Furthermore, we describe a new monoclonal antibody which also inhibits glial maturation in vitro. This antibody recognizes an antigen which is present on retinoblast cells in general early in development, but becomes gradually restricted to Muller cells and to a much lesser extent photoreceptor cells during tissue maturation. The results further substantiate the regulatory influence of heterotypic cell-cell interactions in the development of retinal Muller cells and establishes probes for the analysis of the molecular basis of this phenomenon.
Aerothermodynamics of a MESUR Martian entry

Computational fluid dynamics models for the thermodynamics and transport properties used in an equilibrium version of the Langley Aerothermodynamics Upwind Relaxation Algorithm (LAURA) for Martian Atmospheric entries are described. In addition, the physical models used in a nonequilibrium version of LAURA for Martian-entry flows are described. Uncertainties exist in defining constants used in the transport properties for the equilibrium model and in many of the physical models for the nonequilibrium version. Solutions from the two codes using the best available constants are examined at the Martian-entry conditions characteristic of the Mars Environmental Survey (MESUR) mission. While the flowfields are near thermal equilibrium, chemical nonequilibrium effects are present in the entry cases examined. Convective heating at the stagnation point for these flows (assuming fully catalytic wall boundary conditions) is approximately 100 W/sq cm. Radiative heating is negligible.
Geographic intersections of regional science: Reflections on Walter Isard's contributions to geography

In his writing, analyses, and commentaries, Walter Isard contributed significantly to economic geography, inspiring a generation of economic geographers with seminal texts on industrial location and spatial economics and methods of regional analysis – a line of argumentation that explicitly incorporated abstract economic reasoning into an otherwise largely descriptive and inventory-based subdiscipline of geography. His circumscribed view of regional development and industrial location helped precipitate the emergence of the critical turn in economic geography in the late 1970s. He was the one early modern 20th century economics author to successfully wed economics and a certain perspective on space.
Defining optimal feature sets for segmentation by statistical pattern recognition

A methodology for task-sensitive pixel classification is defined based on multiscale Gaussian derivatives and statistical pattern recognition methods. Multiscale Gaussian derivatives are approximated by Gaussian and offset-Gaussian filters to decrease computational requirements. A method is devised for computing a discriminant vector between classes based on class isolation and compactness. The optimal discriminant vector is converted back into image form and applied to the image to determine whether a 1-D feature space is adequate to separate the classes.
Life Cycle Assessment of Environmental and Economic Impacts of Advanced Vehicles

Many advanced vehicle technologies, including electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and fuel cell vehicles (FCVs), are gaining attention throughout the World due to their capability to improve fuel efficiencies and emissions. When evaluating the operational successes of these new fuel-efficient vehicles, it is essential to consider energy usage and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions throughout the entire lifetimes of the vehicles, which are comprised of two independent cycles: a fuel cycle and a vehicle cycle. This paper intends to contribute to the assessment of the environmental impacts from the alternative technologies throughout the lifetimes of various advanced vehicles through objective comparisons. The methodology was applied to six commercial vehicles that are available in the U.S. and that have similar dimensions and performances. We also investigated the shifts in energy consumption and emissions through the use of electricity and drivers’ behavior regarding the frequencies of battery recharging for EVs and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). This study thus gives insight into the impacts of the electricity grid on the total energy cycle of a vehicle lifetime. In addition, the total ownership costs of the selected vehicles were examined, including considerations of the fluctuating gasoline prices. The cost analysis provides a resource for drivers to identify optimal choices for their driving circumstances.
Seasonal and global variations of water vapor and high clouds observed with MODIS near-IR channels

The NASA Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) on the Terra Spacecraft has been collecting scientific data since February of 2000. MODIS is a major facility instrument for remote sensing of the atmosphere, land surfaces, and ocean color. On the MODIS instruments, there are five channels located within and around the .0.94 micron water vapor band absorption region for remote sensing of atmospheric water vapor. There is also a channel located at 1.375 micron for detecting thin cirrus clouds. We will describe the basic principles for using these near-IR channels for remote sensing of water vapor and high clouds. Based on our analysis of two years# measurements with these channels, we have found that reliable observations of water vapor and high clouds on regional and global scales can be made. We will present results on daily, seasonal and annual variations of water vapor and high clouds.
Why Don't All Contact Features Act Alike? Contact Features as Enregistered Features

It has been widely observed that speakers of Andean Spanish use features that are borrowed or calqued from Quechua (de Granda 2001; Pfander 2009). In this article, I demonstrate that these features are not evenly distributed over contexts of language use; rather, most contact features occur significantly more frequently in conversations than in formal contexts such as meetings. However, some contact features behave differently: they are more likely to occur in meetings than in conversation. Why don't all contact features act alike? I suggest that this result can be explained by the linguistic anthropological theory of enregisterment (Agha 2005, 2007). Agha defines register as 'a linguistic repertoire that is associated, culture-internally, with particular social practices and with persons who engage in such practices' (2004: 24). I demonstrate that while some Quechua contact features in Spanish have been linked to informal contexts associated with Quechua and Quechua speakers through the process of enregisterment, other features bypassed this process, retaining Quechua pragmatic content that links them to a formal register. I argue that the theory of enregisterment provides a useful tool for interpreting the effects of language contact.
Heteronuclear 3D NMR and isotopic labeling of calmodulin: Towards the complete assignment of the 1H NMR spectrum

New methods are described that permit detailed analysis of the NMR spectra of calmodulin, an alpha-helical protein with a molecular weight of 16.7 kD. Two complementary approaches have been used: uniform labeling with 15N and labeling of specific amino acids with either 15N or 13C. It is demonstrated that uniform 15N labeling permits the recording of sensitive three-dimensional (3D) NMR spectra that show far better resolution than their conventional two-dimensional analogs. Selective 15N labeling of amino acids can be used for identifying the type of amino acid, providing information that is essential for the analysis of the 3D spectra. Simultaneous selective labeling with both 15N and 13C can provide a number of unique backbone assignments from which sequential assignment can be continued.
Systemic radiopharmaceutical therapy of painful osteoblastic metastases

Bone pain from osteoblastic metastases can be ameliorated 40% to 80% of the time. Although we can predict nonresponders, we cannot predict responders; however, patients with a better performance scale may have a better chance of pain relief. Radiopharmaceuticals containing phosphorus 32, strontium 89, samarium 153, rhenium 186, and tin 117m are effective, but we do not know which is the most efficacious and the safest. Toxicity includes the flare phenomenon and mild to moderate pancytopenia, but disseminated intravascular coagulation can cause severe, life-threatening thrombocytopenia. This treatment may be repeated at about 9- to 12-week intervals, perhaps earlier with 153 Sm lexidronam, 186 Re etidronate, and 117m Sn pentetate, with a success rate approaching that of the initial injection. The duration of action of pain reduction ranges from 2 weeks to many months. Tumorical effects are probably not the only mechanism of pain relief.
Identification of novel Yap1p and Skn7p binding sites involved in the oxidative stress response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Summary The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yap1p and Skn7p transcription factors collaborate in the activation of oxidative stress response (OSR) genes. Although Yap1p and Skn7p oxidative stress response elements (YRE, OSRE) have been characterized and identified in some OSR genes, many OSR genes lack such elements. In this study, the complex, oxidative responsive, CCP1 promoter was used as a model to investigate the cis-acting elements responsible for activation by oxidative stress. In addition to consensus YRE and OSRE sequences, novel Yap1p and Skn7p binding sites were identified in the CCP1 promoter. These new sites were found to mediate Yap1p- and Skn7p-dependent activation of OSR genes including TSA1 and CTT1 previously thought to lack Yap1p and Skn7p binding sites. The novel YREs and OSREs were found to be enriched in the promoter regions of a set of 179 OSR genes. The widespread existence of novel Yap1p and Skn7p binding sites strongly suggest that direct binding of Yap1p and Skn7p is responsible for activation of many more OSR genes than previously believed.
Clinical Utility of Viral Load in Management of Cytomegalovirus Infection after Solid Organ Transplantation

The negative impact of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection on transplant outcomes warrants efforts toward improving its prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. During the last 2 decades, significant breakthroughs in diagnostic virology have facilitated remarkable improvements in CMV disease management. During this period, CMV nucleic acid amplification testing (NAT) evolved to become one of the most commonly performed tests in clinical virology laboratories. NAT provides a means for rapid and sensitive diagnosis of CMV infection in transplant recipients. Viral quantification also introduced several principles of CMV disease management. Specifically, viral load has been utilized (i) for prognostication of CMV disease, (ii) to guide preemptive therapy, (iii) to assess the efficacy of antiviral treatment, (iv) to guide the duration of treatment, and (v) to indicate the risk of clinical relapse or antiviral drug resistance. However, there remain important limitations that require further optimization, including the interassay variability in viral load reporting, which has limited the generation of standardized viral load thresholds for various clinical indications. The recent introduction of an international reference standard should advance the major goal of uniform viral load reporting and interpretation. However, it has also become apparent that other aspects of NAT should be standardized, including sample selection, nucleic acid extraction, amplification, detection, and calibration, among others. This review article synthesizes the vast amount of information on CMV NAT and provides a timely review of the clinical utility of viral load testing in the management of CMV in solid organ transplant recipients. Current limitations are highlighted, and avenues for further research are suggested to optimize the clinical application of NAT in the management of CMV after transplantation.
Electrostatics and the Lab on a Chip

At the heart of the laboratory on a chip are chemical or biochemical probes designed to detect specific molecules or reaction products. For these probes to perform their function, a microfluidic "plumbing system" is needed to accept samples, then manipulate, dispense, and distribute tiny liquid volumes on the chip. The most promising mechanisms for handling such small quantities of liquid -- from microliters down to tens of picoliters -- are all electrostatic, e.g., electrocapillarity, electroconvection, electrophores is, electro-osmosis, and dielectrophoresis. Despite years of study of these effects, the body of existing work is an imperfect guide to their effective exploitation in microfluidic applications. Attempts to harness electrostatic forces in structures <100 microns in size often encounter unanticipated behavior. Such surprises can be attributed to dramatic changes in the relative influences of the various competitive forces (e.g., viscous shear, surface wetting, and capillarity). In this paper, some of the more promising avenues of research on electric-fiel dmediated microfluidics are examined. To explicate why and when electrostatic forces can be advantageous in the lab on a chip, Trimmer’s bracket notation is invoked to perform an investigation of the scaling laws for microfluidic systems. The methodology facilitates examination of the effects of device size on throughput, processing time, temperature rise, and other important measures of system performance.
Workshop on end user programming for the web

In the past several years, there has been a resurgence in research activity in end user programming (EUP), all focused on the web. This work is spread across a variety of institutions and has been published in a variety of conference venues, including CHI, UIST, IUI, and WWW. This workshop will bring these researchers together for a common discussion, with the following goals:establish a sense of community amongst researchers in this area; discuss common problems and lessons learned about doing research in EUP for the web; define a standard corpus of tasks that can be used to evaluate current and future EUP systems; and plan the publication of an edited book on the topic of end user programming for the web.
Selection for high mutation rates in chemostats.

ABSTRACT Competition experiments in chemostats show that mutator populations of Escherichia coli are more fit than wild type. The increased fitness can be explained by the appearance of new mutants better adapted to the chemostat environment. Fitness values vary between chemostats and are strongly correlated (P
The Regulation of Sexuality in the Late Middle Ages: England and France

Marital and family structures, together with the closely related areas of gender relations and attitudes to sexuality, constitute one area in which scholars have suggested medieval England clearly differs from other regions. It is always difficult to compare across regions when the nature of the evidence differs; but because marriage and sexual behavior were under the jurisdiction of the church courts and because the ecclesiastical court system used the same set of legal rules across Europe, one level of difficulty disappears from a comparison. Records from different regions reflect somewhat different procedures or penalties, based on local synodal statutes, but are more commensurable than records of the secular courts, which did not depend on a common set of rules. Basic principles of canon law were universally accepted in western Christendom: marriage was formed by the consent of the parties; marital promises followed by sexual intercourse created an indissoluble marriage; and any extramarital sexual ac...
Compatibility of the two‐site exchange model and 1H NMR relaxation rates

We demonstrate a formalism for determining whether 1H longitudinal and transverse magnetic relaxation decay curves are compatible with a model of proton exchange between two sites with inherently different relaxation rates. We apply the method to published data in which both decay curves have been fit to normalized biexponential functions, a prediction of the simplest two-site exchange model. The analysis is applied to relaxation data of adsorbed water vapor on silica gel (J. R. Zimmerman and J. A. Lasater, J- Phys. Chem.62, 1157 (1958)) and to relaxation data reported in mycelia of Botrytis cinerea Persoon and pupae of the tobacco cutworm (M. Yoshida and K. Nose, Agric. Biol. Chem.51, 3399 (1987)). Exchange parameters are calculated form these data sets and the compatibility of the two-site exchange model with the data is discussed for each case. The sensitivity of the calculated exchange parameters to errors in the biexponential fitting parameters is treated in some detail. © 1990 Academic Press, Inc.
The End of Geography?: Globalization, Communications, and Culture in the International System

Globalization and the expansion of communications carry important consequences for culture in the international system. The effect of the expansion of communications on cultural change is examined using simulations based on Robert Axelrod's adaptive culture model. Findings show that the expansion of communications increases the rate at which cultures change and the level of cultural homogeneity in the system, but limited expansion of communications promotes the development of cultural diasporas. The expansion of communications also reduces the extent to which the most common cultural attributes tend to predominate after interaction.
Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Levels and Prostate Cancer Risk—Interpreting the Evidence

with such a history that the luteal false-negative phenomenon was observed in the Canadian study. Are menstruating women who have never used oral contraceptives at an advantage for mammographic imaging? And if so, why? Furthermore, we still have no measure of within-woman cyclic changes. All that is needed is an observational study in which premenopausal volunteers would agree to have split mammographic screening in the same menstrual cycle: one breast imaged in the follicular phase and the other in the luteal phase, with the technique kept as constant as possible. But an even more important question has been waiting to be answered ever since Tabar et al. (6) published their first results from the Two-County Study in Sweden back in 1985 that showed excess breast cancer mortality in screened women aged 40‐49 years. This mortality paradox is clearly displayed in a recent updated overview of the Swedish randomized trials (7) and parallels similar observations in the 7-year results from the Canadian National Breast Screening Study (8). However, as the end of the 1990s approaches, we know that the mortality paradox extinguishes itself 7 or more years after screening is initiated. So now the question is not so much: Why was the paradox ever observed? It is rather: Why is the benefit from screening this age group so small relative to screening older women, and why is the benefit so delayed? Even today, after many years of follow-up, two of the Swedish studies (7), Ostergotland (part of the Two-County Study) and Stockholm, show equal breast cancer mortality in screened and unscreened groups aged 40‐49 years. Can we agree that the arbitrary cutoff, age 40‐49 years versus 50‐59 years, used in the analysis of screening trials is a crude proxy for a cutoff that separates mainly premenopausal women
Progesterone regulates hypothalamic oxytocin mRNA levels through gamma aminobutyric acid.

Oxytocin (OT) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels increase in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) during late pregnancy, the second and third weeks of lactation, and with interruption of nursing for 48 h.1,2 Sequential exposure to estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) followed by a decline in P accounts for these increases.1,2 This steroid regimen also increases PVN OT mRNA levels in virgin ovariectomized rats.1 The site of action and mechanism by which P influences OT mRNA is not understood, but P is known to exert effects within the CNS through its receptor or by binding to the gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor and potentiating GABA tone.3 To determine if alterations in GABA tone influence steroid-induced increases in OT mRNA, we administered diazepam, a benzodiazepine agonist, to virgin, ovariectomized rats receiving this steroid regimen.
Working Information Literacy: The Instruction Librarian Specialty in Job Advertisements, 1973-2013

As information literacy has developed into one of the library profession’s most important guiding principles, library instruction programs have increased in complexity and librarian job duties have expanded. This paper broadly tracks the evolution of information literacy instruction through an examination of select literature, as well as teaching-related requirements listed in select professional job advertisements published in ten-year increments from 1973-2013. These advertisements reflect the growing diversity of teaching-oriented positions appearing over time and the increasingly specialized nature of the required qualifications for those positions. The advertisements also demonstrate how information literacy continues to provide a conceptual rationale by which academic librarians establish themselves as central to the educational missions of their institutions. In light of this ongoing process of situating librarians within campus communities as experts in pedagogy, the profession must consider not only how we are preparing new librarians for specialized teaching roles but also how we can meet the challenges and capitalize on the opportunities inherent in the adoption of such roles.
Cancer secretomes and their place in supplementing other hallmarks of cancer.

The secretome includes all macromolecules secreted by cells, in particular conditions at defined times, allowing cell–cell communication. Cancer cell secretomes that are altered compared to normal cells have shown significant potential for elucidating cancer biology. Proteins of secretomes are secreted by various secretory pathways and can be studied using different methods. Cancer secretomes seem to play an important role in known hallmarks of cancers such as excessive proliferation, reduced apoptosis, immune invasion, angioneogenesis, alteration in energy metabolism, and development of resistance against anti-cancer therapy [1, 2]. If a significant role of an altered secretome can be identified in cancer cells, using advanced mass spectrometry-based techniques, this may allow researchers to screen and characterize the secretome proteins involved in cancer progression and open up new opportunities to develop new therapies. We aim to elaborate upon recent advances in cancer cell secretome analysis using different proteomics techniques. In this review, we highlight the role of the altered secretome in contributing to already recognized and emerging hallmarks of cancer and we discuss new challenges in the field of secretome analysis.
Core vs Breast Resection Specimen: Does It Make a Difference for HER2 Results?

In 2007, a joint expert panel convened by the American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists (ASCO/CAP) met to develop guidelines for when and how to test for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in clinical samples from patients with breast cancer.1 This unprecedented collaboration was triggered by the substantial therapeutic benefit observed in the initial randomized clinical trials of trastuzumab in HER2-positive disease2 as well as prospective substudies (secondary aims) from two of the adjuvant HER2 clinical trials, which suggested that up to 20% of the HER2 testing being performed in the community at that time was inaccurate. The goals of producing these guidelines were to address issues relevant to improving HER2 testing accuracy and reduce the variation in results between laboratories by providing practical, “real-world” recommendations to help standardize preanalytic, analytic, and postanalytic factors involved in testing. Criteria for “HER2-positive” and “HER2-negative” assay results were defined for each method, and a “HER2-equivocal’ category was established to trigger additional reflex testing using the alternative method to provide clinicians and patients with additional information for treatment planning. In 2012, ASCO/CAP convened an Update Committee to conduct a comprehensive review of the published literature on HER2 testing since 2006 and to revise the guideline recommendations as appropriate in light of new findings and ongoing testing challenges that had arisen since the original 2007 publication. There had been …
Climate and Population Regulation The Biogeographer's Dilemma

Based upon a conceptual dichotomy between those environmental influences on a population which vary in their effect with population density, and those which do not, it is widely held that only density-dependent factors can determine equilibrium abundance or “carrying capacity” for a population under field conditions. Since the direct effects of climate on mortality and birth rates are commonly thought to be independent of density, that interpretation means that correlations between climatic factors and long-term average population density are presumed to reflect only indirect effects of climate, acting, for example, on resource availability. When density-dependent and density-independent processes are carefully defined, however, and their expected consequences derived, it becomes clear that the equilibrium abundance for a species can usually be altered by any environmental factor which has a consistent effect on either birth rate or mortality rate, regardless of whether that action itself depends upon density of the species. This implies that the concept of “carrying capacity” must be extended, to include possible direct, density-independent effects of climate on birth and death rates; these conclusions follow from a very simple model which appears to be extremely robust. Hence, geographic trends in average population density, which are so familiar to the biographer, may well be due in a straight-forward manner to the influences of climate, even if climate were to act only in a densityindependent manner.
Pulse-to-Pulse Coupling for Ignition in Cross-Flow Using Nanosecond-Pulsed High-Frequency Discharge

Nanosecond-pulsed high-frequency discharges (NPHFD) were applied to a pin-to-pin electrode geometry in a 6.1 m/s cross-flow for ignition of methane-air at atmospheric pressure. Pulsation rates of 1 kHz to 50 kHz were explored with bursts of up to 500 pulses with constant energy deposition per pulse of approximately 1 mJ. High-frame-rate schlieren imaging showed visual pulse-to-pulse coupling at frequencies as low as 5 kHz, but ignition was only achieved at higher pulsation rates. A repeatable and sharp threshold of ignition was found between 19.5 kHz and 19.6 kHz when using 9 pulses. Pulsation rates equal to or in excess of 19.6 kHz always resulted in ignition. With bursts of 500 pulses, the minimum pulsation rate for ignition decreased to 13 kHz. For pulsation rates of 20 kHz and larger, there was continuous ignition and piloting/flameholding of the flow. The clear evidence of the pulse-to-pulse coupling in the reactive flow shows the value of using NPHFD’s for ignition and flameholding.
Modeling Postdiapause Egg and Nymphal Development of the White Apple Leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)

Constant-temperature development studies were conducted with overwintering postdiapause eggs and first-generation nymphal stages of white apple leafhopper, Typhlocyba pomaria McAtee. Plots of development rates versus temperature were nonlinear over the range of temperatures tested, 13–30°C. Optimum nymphal development for each stage occurred over a narrow range of temperatures, 26–28°C. Developmental rates (times) for each life stage were normalized and fit to cumulative curves of development (Weibull and logistic functions) to produce a predictive phenology model. Comparison of these curves with the development of two nymphal cohorts under field temperatures showed that the model was significant. However, the fit of the model to data on cumulative egg hatch from three orchards was poor. Comparison of the model with cumulative counts of first generation nymphal stages sampled weekly or biweekly in several orchards between 1986 and 1989 showed the model was on average 0–4 d late in predicting 1, 50, and 99% completion of each nymphal stage. Yet, the model predicted the occurrence of these three events within 7 d of the observed event in > 90% of the comparisons. Prediction of the timing of peak population density of instars 1–3 (the most susceptible life stages to organophosphate insecticides) was < 3 d when stage-specific survivorship rates of <70% were included in the model.
Using stop bar detector information to determine turning movement proportions in shared lanes

Summary Turning vehicle volumes at signalized intersections are critical inputs for various transportation studies such as level of service, signal timing, and traffic safety analysis. There are various types of detectors installed at signalized intersections for control and operation. These detectors have the potential of producing volume estimates. However, it is quite a challenge to use such detectors for conducting turning movement counts in shared lanes. The purpose of this paper was to provide three methods to estimate turning movement proportions in shared lanes. These methods are characterized as flow characteristics (FC), volume and queue (VQ) length, and network equilibrium (NE). FC and VQ methods are based on the geometry of an intersection and behavior of drivers. The NE method does not depend on these factors and is purely based on detector counts from the study intersection and the downstream intersection. These methods were tested using regression and genetic programming (GP). It was found that the hourly average error ranged between 4 and 27% using linear regression and 1 to 15% using GP. A general conclusion was that the proposed methods have the potential of being applied to locations where appropriate detectors are installed for obtaining the required data. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of intermediate frequency with physical therapy on scapulohumeral periarthritis

Objective: To investigate the effects of intermediate frequency with physical therapy on scapulohumeral periarthritis. Methods: The patients were divided into two groups: the control (n=75) and treatment groups (n=70). The patients from the treatment group received physical therapy, while the cases in the control group were consistently treated by their previous therapeutic intervention treatment. Results: The results of investigation indicate that 17 patients recovered in the treatment group, 25 of which was notable and the efficiency rate was 60%, two patients recovered in the control group, 15 of which was notable and the notable efficiency rate was 22.7% (χ 2=19.39, P0.01). There were significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: Based on kinematic principle, it's better to treat scapulohumeral periarthritis with intermediate frequency with physical therapy compared with that without physical therapy.
Receptor control of calcium influx in parotid acinar cells.

The effects of various agonists and antagonists on Ca++ influx in dispersed rat parotid acinar cells were investigated. The cell preparation was first characterized. The cells maintained normal ultrastructure and physiological content of Na+ and K+, and secreted amylase or K in response to appropriate secretagogues. Uptake of 45Ca was stimulated by carbachol, epinephrine, substance P and isoproterenol. Isoproterenol, but not carbachol, stimulated uptake of [14C]sucrose and caused a decrease in protein content per aliquot of cells. These latter observations suggest that the increased Ca++ uptake due to beta adrenergic stimulation may, at least in part, result from pinocytosis. The stimulated 45Ca uptake due to either carbachol or substance P was blocked by 3.0 mM CoCl2. Procaine (1.0 mM), however, blocked the response to carbachol but not substance P. These results support an hypothesis suggesting that Co++ blocks inward transport of Ca++ while procaine interferes with the transduction mechanism linking the muscarinic receptor to the Ca++ channel.
Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Alachlor (2-Chloro-2′,6′-diethyh-N-(methoxymethyl)-acetanilide) Herbicide Residues in Corn and Soybeans

A method has been developed for the extraction and determination of alachlor (2-chloro-2',6'-diethyl-N- (methoxymethyl)-acetanilide) residues in green corn and soybeans. Residues are extracted with acetonitrile and cleaned up on a Florisil column. The methylene chloride extract is sufficiently clean for electron capture gas-liquid chromatographic analysis and for verification by thin layer chromatography. Average recoveries of spiked samples (0.2 ppm) were 69 and 82% for corn and soybeans, respectively. This procedure could be useful for the detection of the parent compound in these crops soon after field application, but it does not detect metabolites.