cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Locality-Aware Memory Association for Multi-Target Worksharing in OpenMP

Heterogeneity is an ever-growing challenge in computing. The clearest example is the increasing popularity of GPUs, and purpose-designed coprocessors such as Intel Xeon Phi. Even disregarding coprocessors, heterogeneity continues to increase with the rise in CPU core counts, adaptive per-core frequencies, and increasingly hierarchical and complex memory systems. Take a system with four memory nodes, associated with four cores each, and four GPUs, each with a distinct address space and tens to hundreds of cores pro­grammed like a bulk-synchronous parallel cluster. In this case, we are effectively programming clusters of miniature constellations in every node.
Electron Beam Fabrication And Characterization Of Fresnel Zone Plates For Soft X-Ray Microscopy

A high resolution Vector Scan electron beam lithography system for fabrication of structures with minimum dimensions below 100 nm is described. A selection was made from a variety of processes suitable for high resolution fabrication, in order to provide the desired properties of apodized Fresnel zone plates used in the Stony Brook X-ray scanning microscope. Experimental characterization of the zone plates with regard to resolution and efficiency in the microscope is described.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Review of Laser Beam Applications for Processing Silicon

Abstract The field of laser processing has expanded rapidly in recent years to become one of the most prolific areas of research in applied physics. This is mainly due to the novel conditions presented by typical laser treatments which have allowed previously unexplored regimes of material processing to be readily achieved. This paper will review the present status of research in the area of laser processing of silicon in its different forms and under various conditions which offer the prospect of important advances in microelectronics fabrication, and crystal growth in general. The principal features of the more common modes of laser processing will be described, in conjuction with the widely accepted interpretations of their associated kinetics. The present controversy regarding the behaviour of silicon under intense laser excitation has stimulated much theoretical interest in the subject, and this has additionally helped to bring about a better understanding of many related physical phenomena.
Recent advances in the large scale fermentation of Neisseria meningitidis group B for the production of an outer membrane protein complex.

The Outer Membrane Protein Complex (OMPC) of the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis group B has been used successfully as a protein carrier in a Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib) polysaccharide conjugate vaccine and a Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pn) polysaccharide conjugate vaccine to elicit anti-polysaccharide immune responses in young infants. The OMPC carrier is derived by detergent extraction of whole cells and, thus, the consistent generation of suitable biomass is central to an effective production process. Therefore, we have developed a large-scale, high-cell density (5 g/L dry cell weight) fermentation process for the cultivation of N. meningitidis B11. Since current requirements for the production of human biologies mandate strict control of all aspects of the manufacturing process, several key features of the process, including a chemically defined medium and a rational event-based harvest criterion, support current good manufacturing practice (cGMP) and increased productivity.
Use of Protoporphyrins to Evaluate Heme Oxygenase Problematical

To the Editor: In the recent report by Vera et al1 with an associated editorial commentary by N.G. Abraham,2 cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP) is used as an inducer of heme oxygenase-1 to …
Straightening soliton curves

A canonical straightening process is described for soliton curves associated with the localized induction hierarchy. Following computer animated examples, the present topic is placed in the context of a larger theme: the soliton class is a natural setting for representation of diverse topological and geometrical behavior of curves and their motions.
Extracorporeal photopheresis and multimodality immunomodulatory therapy in the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.

The use of photochemotherapy for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) was first reported by Gilchrest et al. in 1976. Oral 8-methoxypsoralen (8MOP) was administered to patients with early-stage disease, followed by photoactivation with ultraviolet-A irradiation to the skin. This technique, referred to as PUVA, has since become a mainstay of therapy for CTCL and other inflammatory skin conditions. In the early 1980s PUVA was modified for the treatment of CTCL patients with more advanced disease. Subsequent to oral 8MOP administration, whole blood was collected and enriched for white blood cells. The leukocyte-enriched population was then irradiated with UVA and returned to the patient intravenously. This technique was referred to as extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) and represented the first ‘‘systemic’’ form of PUVA therapy. In 1987 Edelson published the first report documenting the use of ECP in the treatment of patients with erythrodermic CTCL. A 73% overall clinical response rate was reported, with a median survival time of 62 months from the onset of erythroderma. In comparison to historical controls, ECP was associated with improved survival and decreased morbidity among patients with similar clinical characteristics. In 1988, ECP was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of CTCL. Aside from its proven effectiveness in the management of CTCL, ECP has been shown to be of clinical benefit in the treatment of systemic sclerosis, cutaneous graft-versus-host disease, systemic lupus erythromatosis (SLE), allograft rejection, and potentially other autoimmune conditions. Numerous studies have addressed the utility of ECP for CTCL both as a monotherapy and in combination with other biologic response modifying agents. Over the past decade, we have observed higher clinical response rates among patients treated with a multimodality approach consisting of one or more biologic response modifying agents in combination with ECP. The biologic response modifiers utilized have been shown to exert potent immunomodulatory effects with the ability to enhance cell-mediated antitumor immunity. Since the year 2000, with the use of novel combinations of therapy, including interferon gamma, bexarotene, and skin-directed PUVA, along with ECP, we have achieved a greater than 90% clinical response rate among patients treated with this approach.
Validity of the American College of Rheumatology Criteria for the Diagnosis of Giant Cell Arteritis

Purpose To assess the clinical utility of the American College of Rheumatology criteria for the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis (GCA) in patients with positive and negative temporal artery biopsies. Design Retrospective case series of all patients undergoing temporal artery biopsy. Methods Retrospective chart review of all patients seen in the Neuro-ophthalmology Service of the Wills Eye Institute undergoing biopsy. One hundred twelve patients were identified between October 2001 and May 2006. Charts were reviewed for American College of Rheumatology criteria, biopsy results, and progression of visual loss after diagnosis. Results Nine of 35 patients (25.7%) with positive biopsies would not have been diagnosed with GCA using American College of Rheumatology criteria alone. An additional 16 patients (45.7%) met only 2 criteria and required the positive biopsy to establish the American College of Rheumatology diagnosis of GCA. Eleven of 39 patients (28.2%) with negative biopsies met the criteria and would have been diagnosed with GCA. Diagnostic agreement between the American College of Rheumatology criteria without biopsy results and biopsy results alone was 51.4%; with the addition of biopsy results to the criteria, this increased to 73.0%. Conclusions The current American College of Rheumatology criteria should not be used to diagnose GCA and all patients suspected of having GCA should undergo a temporal artery biopsy.
Direct observation by transmission electron microscopy of the early stages of growth of superconducting thin films

The fabrication of high quality thin films often depends on the early stages of the growth process during which epitaxy is established. The substrate surface structure generally plays a critical role at this stage. Many observations of the high-Tc superconductor film-substrate interface structure and chemistry have been made by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of cross-section samples. Ion-milling induced damage, however, can be severe in these specimens. In the present study, the early stages of the growth of high Tc superconducting thin films of YBa2Cu3O7δ have been studied by TEM using a technique which requires no post-deposition specimen preparation.
Where is Darwin 200 years later

The theory of evolution is perceived by many people, particularly but not only in the United States, as a controversial theory not yet fully demonstrated. Yet, that living organisms, including humans, have evolved from ancestors who were very different from them is beyond reasonable doubt, confirmed by at least as much evidence as any other widely accepted scientific theory. I argue that Darwin’s contribution to science goes much beyond the theory of evolution in itself. The theory of natural selection explains the adaptations of organisms, their ‘design’. The ‘Copernican Revolution’ brought the phenomena of the physical universe into the realm of science: explanations by natural causes that can be tested by observation and experiment. However, the scientific revolution that occurred in the 16th and 17th centuries had left the living world out of scientific explanations, because organisms seemingly show that they are ‘designed,’ and thus call for an intentional designer. It was Darwin’s greatest contribution to science, to demonstrate that the adaptations of organisms, their apparent ‘design’, can be explained by natural processes governed by natural laws. At that point, science came into maturity, because all natural phenomena in the universe, living as well as nonliving, could be investigated scientifically, and explained as matter in motion governed by natural laws.
Adaptation hiding modularity

Although self-adaptivity is emerging as an important system property, designers still lack principled and systematic methods for developing, reasoning about, and synthesizing specifications, architectures, and implementations for such systems. I exploit recent work on design structure and design-time adaptive capacity to devise a method for specifying, modularizing and synthesizing mechanisms for runtime self-adaptation. Results of an early evaluation of my method on a widely studied model problem suggest that it contributes to our knowledge of self-adaptive systems and has the potential to improve their design
Role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the acquisition and expression of conditioned defeat in Syrian hamsters

When Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) are defeated by a larger, more aggressive opponent, they subsequently produce more defensive and submissive behaviors and less chemosensory investigation and aggression, even when they are paired with a smaller, non-aggressive intruder. This persistent change in the behavior of defeated animals has been termed conditioned defeat. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is important for the acquisition and expression of conditioned defeat. We found that the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol infused into the BNST immediately prior to initial defeat training failed to disrupt the acquisition of conditioned defeat, while muscimol infused prior to testing caused a significant reduction in submissive/defensive behaviors and an increase in investigatory behaviors of the non-aggressive intruder. These results indicate that (1) the BNST, unlike the amygdala, does not appear to be critically involved in the consolidation process related to the memory of social defeat and (2) the BNST may be an important site for the execution of fear behaviors associated with social defeat. Considering the high degree of connectivity between the BNST and the amygdala, these findings provide further insight into the neural circuitry governing conditioned defeat and support the view of a functional dissociation between the amygdala and the BNST in the modulation of conditioned fear in an ethologically relevant model.
Point-of-care differentiation of Kawasaki disease from other febrile illnesses.

Objective To test whether statistical learning on clinical and laboratory test patterns would lead to an algorithm for Kawasaki disease (KD) diagnosis that could aid clinicians. Study design Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were prospectively collected for subjects with KD and febrile controls (FCs) using a standardized data collection form. Results Our multivariate models were trained with a cohort of 276 patients with KD and 243 FCs (who shared some features of KD) and validated with a cohort of 136 patients with KD and 121 FCs using either clinical data, laboratory test results, or their combination. Our KD scoring method stratified the subjects into subgroups with low (FC diagnosis, negative predictive value >95%), intermediate, and high (KD diagnosis, positive predictive value >95%) scores. Combining both clinical and laboratory test results, the algorithm diagnosed 81.2% of all training and 74.3% of all testing of patients with KD in the high score group and 67.5% of all training and 62.8% of all testing FCs in the low score group. Conclusions Our KD scoring metric and the associated data system with online ( http://translationalmedicine.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/KD/kd.pl ) and smartphone applications are easily accessible, inexpensive tools to improve the differentiation of most children with KD from FCs with other pediatric illnesses.
Traditional and new applications for kaolin, smectite, and palygorskite: a general overview

Abstract Clays have been and continue to be one of the more important industrial minerals. Clays and clay minerals are widely utilized in many facets of our society. They are important in geology, agriculture, construction, engineering, process industries, and environmental applications. Traditional applications are many. Some of the more important include ceramics, paper, paint, plastics, drilling fluids, foundry bondants, chemical carriers, liquid barriers, decolorization, and catalysis. Research and development activities by clay scientists in academia, government, and industry are continually resulting in new and innovative clay products Many of these new applications are the result of improved processing, which provides clays of higher purity, more precise particle size and distribution, whiter and brighter color, modified surface chemistry, and other physical and chemical modifications. Some new and improved clay products include tailored or engineered paper coating kaolins, enhanced paint thickeners, nanocomposites for plastics, pillared clays as special absorbents and catalysts, clays for liquid fertilizer suspensions, clays for absorption of animal wastes, calcined kaolins with high brightness and low abrasion, faster casting clays, and clays with a very high modulus of rupture. Improvement of mining and processing techniques will lead to the continued growth of traditional clay applications and to the development of new and innovative clay products. Value added products are the wave of the future for the traditional industrial clay minerals.
Simultaneous bioanalysis of l-arginine, l-citrulline, and dimethylarginines by LC–MS/MS

Abstract Purpose l -Arginine (ARG) is converted to nitric oxide (NO) and l -citrulline (CIT) by endothelial nitric oxide synthase which is competitively inhibited by asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA). We have developed a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometric method for the simultaneous determination of endogenous ARG, labeled ARG ( 15 N 4 -ARG), CIT, ADMA, and its inactive isomer, symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) in biological samples. Methods Concentrations of unlabeled ARG, 15 N 4 -ARG, CIT, ADMA, and SDMA in EA.hy926 human endothelial cell lysate, cell incubation media, rat plasma or rat urine were measured by hydrophilic-interaction liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. 13 C 6 -ARG, D 4 -CIT and D 7 -ADMA were used as internal standards for ARG and 15 N 4 -ARG, CIT, and dimethylarginines, respectively. Results The calibration curves of ARG, 15 N 4 -ARG, CIT, ADMA, and SDMA were linear and independent of several sample matrices. Intra- and inter-day variabilities for the quantification of all the compounds were below 15% in quality control samples. Application of this method to determine the uptake as well as efflux of these compounds was illustrated through in vitro cell study by exposing human endothelial cells to 15 N 4 -ARG, which allowed the observation of generation of 15 N 3 -CIT and 15 N 3 -ARG in the cell lyate. Use of these isotopes adds insights into the cellular handling of endogenous vs. exogenous ARG. Application of this method for rat plasma and rat urine assays was demonstrated after ARG oral supplementation in rats. Conclusion An LC–MS/MS method was developed to quantify 6 ARG-related compounds simultaneously, utilizing 3 separate internal standards. This assay allows concurrent monitoring of uptake, efflux and metabolic processes when isotope-labeled ARG and CIT are measured, and can be applied for determination of these compounds in rat plasma and rat urine.
Reversible acetaldehyde inhibition of A23187-stimulated amylase secretion from isolated rat pancreatic acini

The Ca2+ ionophore, A23187, stimulated amylase secretion from isolated rat pancreatic acini in a dose-dependent manner with a maximal effect at 6 microM. Acetaldehyde, a metabolite of ethanol, caused a reduction in the magnitude of ionophore-stimulated secretion with no evidence of competitive inhibition. Furthermore, 6 microM ionophore-stimulated amylase secretion was dose-dependently inhibited by acetaldehyde. This inhibitory effect of acetaldehyde, however, was reversible on washing and reincubating acetaldehyde-treated acini. These results suggest that acetaldehyde reversibly inhibits intracellular components mediating stimulated secretion and this inhibition requires a continuous chemical interaction between acetaldehyde and intracellular component(s) regulating stimulated enzyme secretion.
Flux-line pinning by competing disorders.

Localization of flux lines by columnar defects is investigated in the presence of point disorder. A (1+1)-dimensional model is analyzed in some detail. When point disorder is weak, the phase transition is found to be of the Bose-glass type. Some aspects of the Bose-glass phase itself may be marginally unstable to weak point disorder, but only beyond an astronomically large crossover scale. Correlated disorder is always irrelevant when point disorder is very strong. The Bose-glass transition is also studied in a small transverse magnetic field. Critical exponents for the commensurate-incommensurate transition that occurs in this case are derived using scaling arguments.
Surface chemistry of carbonaceous gold ores I. Characterization of the carbonaceous matter and adsorption behavior in aurocyanide solution

Carbonaceous gold ore obtained from the Prestea Goldfield, Ghana, was fractionated into its organic components by means of NaOH leaching, benzene treatment, and hydrofluoric acid leaching. The initial ore as well as the extracted components were characterized by chemical analysis and infrared spectroscopy. The results indicate that the ore is dominated by silicates (∼53% SiO2) and contains about 5% total carbon. The hydrocarbon extract (0.27%) obtained from the benzene treatment analyzed 66.9% C, 18.2% S, 10.5% H and 1.7% O. The infrared spectrum of this material showed a predominance of CH3, CH2, CH and C = O groups suggesting the presence of long-chain hydrocarbons. No extraction of a humic acid fraction was achieved. The major organic component was the carbon extract (3.9%) which analyzed 59.4% C, 10.6% Al2O3 and 5.6% TiO2. The surface chemistry of the carbonaceous ore and the carbon extract was investigated by means of electrophoretic mobility and gold uptake measurements. Both the ore and the carbon extracts were found to be negatively charged in the pH range 3 to 11, with the negative charge increasing with pH. Gold adsorption from aqueous cyanide solution was found to be enhanced by increase in H+ and Ca2+ ion concentrations. The results are interpreted in terms of coulombic and specific chemical interactions.
Absorption of solar energy in the atmosphere : Discrepancy between model and observations

An atmospheric general circulation model, which assimilates data from daily observations of temperature, humidity, wind, and sea-level air pressure, was compared with a set of observations that combines satellite and ground-based measurements of solar flux. The comparison reveals that the model underestimates by 25 to 30 watts per square meter the amount of solar energy absorbed by Earth's atmosphere. Contrary to some recent reports, clouds have little or no overall effect on atmospheric absorption, a consistent feature of both the observations and the model. Of several variables considered, water vapor appears to be the dominant influence on atmospheric absorption.
Neurobiological research on sleep and stress hormones in epidemiological samples.

: Information on stress hormones and sleep disturbance in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is on the basis of clinical samples and samples of other selective populations. Neurobiological studies nested in a large epidemiological community sample were recently reported. PTSD was compared with several control groups, defined by exposure and by diagnostic classification on the basis of comorbidity with Major Depression. Key findings were: (a) higher mean catecholamines in persons with PTSD versus controls; (b) no difference in mean cortisol between groups; (c) comorbid PTSD and depression was associated with higher cortisol in women; and (d) polysomnographic studies failed to detect clinically relevant sleep disturbance in PTSD, although an increase in brief arousal from REM was detected. Methodological questions raised by discrepancies between biological findings from epidemiologic versus clinical and other selective samples are discussed.
A Cyberoperations Program

To conduct cyberoperations, not only must you understand computers, networks, and protocols, you must also determine what circumstances actions may be taken in and who can take them. In addition, you must consider strategies and policies as well as those actions' possible side effects, in both cyberspace and the natural world. At the US Naval Postgraduate School and elsewhere, educators are preparing computer science graduates to meet these challenges.
Reverse link capacity of SIR-based power-controlled CDMA systems with antenna arrays

SUMMARY In this paper, reverse link capacity, in terms of user capacity, of a code-division multiple access (CDMA) system with both beamforming and antenna diversity under a multipath environment is analyzed and compared. Signal-tointerference ratio (SIR) based power control is assumed in the system. Antenna elements are divided into several groups to achieve antenna diversity gain. Antenna elements in a group are closely spaced to perform beamforming in order to suppress the own-cell and other-cell interference, while those groups are widely spaced to achieve the diversity gain. Based on the comparison, a most efficient use of the antenna array according to the distribution of antenna elements among the groups is obtained. Instead of using tedious iterative methods to evaluate user capacity, a simple closed-form capacity expression with respect to antenna diversity and beamforming gains, a target SIR and the CDMA processing gain is derived. Numerical results indicate significant capacity improvement with the antenna array. Copyright # 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temporal Pattern of Cocaine Intake Determines Tolerance vs Sensitization of Cocaine Effects at the Dopamine Transporter

The dopamine transporter (DAT) is responsible for terminating dopamine (DA) signaling and is the primary site of cocaine’s reinforcing actions. Cocaine self-administration has been shown previously to result in changes in cocaine potency at the DAT. To determine whether the DAT changes associated with self-administration are due to differences in intake levels or temporal patterns of cocaine-induced DAT inhibition, we manipulated cocaine access to produce either continuous or intermittent elevations in cocaine brain levels. Long-access (LgA, 6 h) and short-access (ShA, 2 h) continuous self-administration produced similar temporal profiles of cocaine intake that were sustained throughout the session; however, LgA had greater intake. ShA and intermittent-access (IntA, 6 h) produced the same intake, but different temporal profiles, with ‘spiking’ brain levels in IntA compared with constant levels in ShA. IntA consisted of 5-min access periods alternating with 25-min timeouts, which resulted in bursts of high responding followed by periods of no responding. DA release and uptake, as well as the potency of cocaine for DAT inhibition, were assessed by voltammetry in the nucleus accumbens slices following control, IntA, ShA, and LgA self-administration. Continuous-access protocols (LgA and ShA) did not change DA parameters, but the ‘spiking’ protocol (IntA) increased both release and uptake of DA. In addition, high continuous intake (LgA) produced tolerance to cocaine, while ‘spiking’ (IntA) produced sensitization, relative to ShA and naive controls. Thus, intake and pattern can both influence cocaine potency, and tolerance seems to be produced by high intake, while sensitization is produced by intermittent temporal patterns of intake.
Self-Incorporation of coenzymes by ribozymes

RNA molecules that are assembled from the four standard nucleotides contain a limited number of chemical functional groups, a characteristic that is generally thought to restrict the potential for catalysis by ribozymes. Although polypeptides carry a wider range of functional groups, many contemporary protein-based enzymes employ coenzymes to augment their capabilities. The coenzymes possess additional chemical moieties that can participate directly in catalysis and thereby enhance catalytic function. In this work, we demonstrate a mechanism by which ribozymes can supplement their limited repertoire of functional groups through RNAcatalyzed incorporation of various coenzymes and coenzyme analogues. The group I ribozyme of Tetrahymena thermophila normally mediates a phosphoester transfer reaction that results in the covalent attachment of guanosine to the ribozyme. Here, a shortened version of the ribozyme is shown to catalyze the self-incorporation of coenzymes and coenzyme analogues, such as NAD+ and dephosphorylated CoA-SH. Similar ribozyme activities may have played an important role in the "RNA world," when RNA enzymes are thought to have maintained a complex metabolism in the absence of proteins and would have benefited from the inclusion of additional functional groups.
The NASA-LRC Telespectrograph Test and Operation Results

Tracking telespectrograph for film record of reentry vehicle spectrum light - test and operation results
Commitments and Disclosure in Oligopolies

In this paper, we examine the welfare effects of pre-production commit- ments made by firms competing in oligopoly markets and disclosure of such com- mitments. By commitments we refer to any device that provides a strategic incentive to alter production choices. Examples include forward contracts, capital structure, re- search and development investment, terms of compensation, and cost allocation. If the only purpose underlying commitment is to gain a strategic advantage in product market competition, then the result with disclosure can be characterized by Stackelberg warfare. Many potential commitments have non-strategic effects, implying a trade-off when optimizing, with imperfect achievement of both strategic (deterring rival produc- tion) and non-strategic goals. However, given disclosure, we show that in the limit as the number of commitment devices becomes large, firms achieve full Stackelberg war- fare and total realization of non-strategic goals. Disclosure in this context is social welfare enhancing.
Chemical mixture estimation under a Poisson Raman spectroscopy model

Many methods have previously been devised to estimate the relative amounts of chemicals present in a measured Raman spectrum. However, relatively little work has been done on developing physics-based probabilistic models for the measurement system. Drawing from previ- ous work in astronomical image restoration, we model the acquired data based on the physics of two key components in our Raman instrumenta- tion: the spectrometer and the charge-coupled device detector. Under this model, we derive Cram ´ er-Rao lower bounds for the mixing coefficients of the target spectra. This bound is compared against the performance of several classification algorithms. The non-negative iteratively reweighted least-squares algorithm is seen to give performance that is nearly identi- cal to the more computationally demanding expectation-maximization ap- proach; this is true even at weak signal levels. C
Vectorology and factor delivery in induced pluripotent stem cell reprogramming.

Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) reprogramming requires sustained expression of multiple reprogramming factors for a limited period of time (10–30 days). Conventional iPSC reprogramming was achieved using lentiviral or simple retroviral vectors. Retroviral reprogramming has flaws of insertional mutagenesis, uncontrolled silencing, residual expression and re-activation of transgenes, and immunogenicity. To overcome these issues, various technologies were explored, including adenoviral vectors, protein transduction, RNA transfection, minicircle DNA, excisable PiggyBac (PB) transposon, Cre-lox excision system, negative-sense RNA replicon, positive-sense RNA replicon, Epstein-Barr virus-based episomal plasmids, and repeated transfections of plasmids. This review provides summaries of the main vectorologies and factor delivery systems used in current reprogramming protocols.
Longer duration of combination antiretroviral therapy reduces the risk of Hodgkin lymphoma: A cohort study of HIV-infected male veterans.

Abstract Background Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) incidence has increased since combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) introduction. It is unclear how different cART classes (e.g., protease inhibitors (PI), non-nucleoside reverse transcription inhibitors (NNRTI)) influence HL. This study aimed to determine the effects of cART duration on HL incidence among HIV-infected veterans. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study utilizing the Veterans Affairs HIV Clinical Case Registry (1985–2010). HL cases were identified using ICD-9 codes (201.4-9). cART, PI, and NNRTI duration was the aggregate number of treatment days delivered. Incidence rates (IR) and rate ratios (IRR) were calculated from Poisson regression models to examine the effects of cART duration on HL. Results 31,576 cART users contributed 288,736 person-years (PY) and 211 HL cases (IR=7.3/10,000 person-years). HL incidence decreased from 25.1/10,000 PY (95%CI=18.9–33.4) within the first year of cART to 0.6/10,000 PY (95%CI=0.3–1.6) after ≥10 years. In multivariable models, each additional year of cART was associated with decreased HL incidence (IRR=0.80; 95%CI=0.75–0.86); similar effects were observed in models assessing HL incidence by PI and NNRTI. Conclusion Our findings indicate long-term cART of any class is associated with decreased HL risk. High HL incidence directly following cART initiation supports a potential immune reconstitution mechanism in HIV-related HL. Further research is needed to evaluate the interaction between early cART, immune reconstitution, and HL.
On-wafer integration of nitrides and Si devices: Bringing the power of polarization to Si

The seamless integration of AlGaN/GaN transistors and Si CMOS electronics on the same chip will revolutionize digital and mixed signal electronics. In this talk we describe our group's effort on demonstrating this integration. Si-GaN-Si virtual substrates have been recently fabricated through substrate removal and wafer bonding processes. The very high thermal stability of nitrides allows for the fabrication of Si CMOS electronics on these substrates without degrading the performance of the embedded nitride layer. In addition, GaN transistors on Si (001) have been fabricated on these substrates for the first time. Some of the many new circuits and devices that this integration allows include high power analog-to-digital converters, high speed differential amplifiers, normally-off power transistors, and highly-compact power regulator circuits.
Hecke Algebras of Classical Groups over p-adic Fields II

In the previous part of this paper, we constructed a large family of Hecke algebras on some classical groups G defined over p-adic fields in order to understand their admissible representations. Each Hecke algebra is associated to a pair (JΣ, ρΣ) of an open compact subgroup JΣ and its irreducible representation ρΣ which is constructed from given data Σ = (Γ, P′0, ϱ). Here, Γ is a semisimple element in the Lie algebra of G, P′0 is a parahoric subgroup in the centralizer of Γ in G, and ϱ is a cuspidal representation on the finite reductive quotient of P′0. In this paper, we explicitly describe those Hecke algebras when P′0 is a minimal parahoric subgroup, ϱ is trivial and ρΣ is a character.
Capping Entitlements: Budget Rules and the Food Stamp Program

The paper examines three forms of budgetary rule applied to the food stamp program - discretion, entitlement, and expenditure caps. The different budget rules are modeled with respect to their reversion point, the outcome that prevails by default if no cooperative agreement is reached. Hypotheses concerning budgetary politics and policy are derived from the models and tested using historical data from one arena over time. The case study is relevant to the broader problem of welfare spending. The dilemma is how to reconcile budget protection needed for the impoverished against the fragmentation and fluctuations of routine political conflict, and budget integration needed for democratic deliberation regarding the multiple tasks of government. Entitlement status insures program benefits for qualifying households, but it also carves off a portion of total outlays declared to be relatively uncontrollable, outside of the annual mechanisms of review and adjustment. Discretionary budgeting, by contrast, incorporates welfare within ordinary collective decision-making that establishes priorities across competing claimants for public funds, but it also risks making the poor in society victims of their own vulnerability. Expenditure caps have recently been proposed as a solution to the dilemma, allowing outlays to grow automatically up to a given threshold but requiring conscious choice if they threaten to breach the threshold. Caps are celebrated by proponents as an instrument fostering enhanced managerial oversight and reasonable expenditure control. This study of the food stamp program, however, reveals that caps are more likely to engender procedural complexities and substantive policy bias. Moreover, these are logical and foreseeable results, easily deduced from the models of budgetary rule.
Intact Marriages in Which One Partner Dis-identifies with Experiences of Same-Sex Attraction

This study is of heterosexually married couples in which one partner reports having experienced same-sex attraction and both partners report satisfaction with their marriage despite facing such constraints. Thirty-two participants provided information on their experiences in marriage. Participants were identified through purposeful sampling and completed questionnaires utilizing primarily qualitative methodology to provide an in-depth look at a relatively unexplored research topic. Questionnaires were sent to the first 20 couples that were contacted to participate. The questionnaires contained open-ended questions about the participants’ experiences, motivations, coping behaviors, and so on. Analysis suggested a number of themes related to how spouses learned about their partners’ experiences of same-sex attraction, motivations for keeping the marriage intact, and coping activities. The couples’ religious faith and degree to which they share a similar worldview seems to also factor into commitment to and ...
Transfer of cell-mediated hyperacute rejection reaction: The role of active sensitization

Abstract The transfer of lymph node cells draining graft sites of allogeneic murine skin results in adoptive immunization of syngeneic recipients, as per hyperacute rejection of allogeneic test skin grafts. The transfer of spleen cells from mice sensitized by i.p. injection of allogeneic cells does not have this result unless the cells undergo a secondary in vitro sensitization. The resultant hyperacute rejection is due in part to adoptive immunization via the spleen cells primed during the in vivo sensitization and rendered transfer effective by the in vitro exposure; in part it is due to active sensitization by carried-over antigen from the in vitro exposure. It follows that the transfer effect of spleen cells sensitized in vivo and in vitro is only in part abrogated by exposure to α-Thy. 1 serum and complement.
Rheological and mechanical relaxation behavior of a thermally crosslinkable poly(ethylene terephthalate)

A novel terephthalic acid derivative based on benzocyclobutene, XTA, has been used as a comonomer in the preparation of thermally crosslinkable poly(ethylene terephthalate) copolymers. We have examined the rheological properties of a series of such polymers containing varying monomer percentages of the XTA comonomer: 0, 1, 5, 10, and 20. Incorporation of XTA into PET is found to cause dramatic changes in the temperature and time dependence of the rheological material functions, all indicating that the rate of crosslinking between chains in the melt increases as the XTA percentage is increased. The impact of thermal crosslinking on mechanical properties is also examined using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) on samples molded at a selected crosslinking temperature for times yielding varying levels of crosslinking extent. DMA results show that the activation energy of the β mechanical relaxation increases significantly, indicating the importance of torsional mobility of the aromatic ring of PET.
Janus Nanostructures Based on Au−TiO2 Heterodimers and Their Photocatalytic Activity in the Oxidation of Methanol

Au−TiO2 snowman-like heterodimer nanoparticles were prepared by a surface sol−gel process based on gold Janus nanoparticles whose surface-protecting monolayers consisted of a hemisphere of hydrophobic 1-hexanethiolates and the other of hydrophilic 2-(2-mercaptoethoxy)ethanol. Transmission electron microscopic measurements showed that the resulting TiO2 nanoparticles (diameter 6 nm) exhibited well-defined lattice fringes that were consistent with the (101) diffraction planes of anatase TiO2. The heterodimer nanoparticles displayed apparent photoluminescence that was ascribed to electronic transitions involving trap states of TiO2 particles, and the photocatalytic activity was manifested by the oxidative conversion of methanol into formaldehyde, which was detected quantitatively by the Nash method. The enhanced photocatalytic performance, as compared to that of the TiO2 nanoparticles alone, was ascribed to the charge separation of photogenerated electrons and holes at the Au−TiO2 interface that was facilita...
How High- and Low-Challenge Tasks Affect Motivation and Learning: Implications for Struggling Learners.

Elementary school students often complete four to six reading and writing assignments each day. Using findings from several of my studies, I describe how most reading and writing assignments, referred to as {\rm academic \ tasks} , do not require the demonstration of sophisticated cognitive, social, or self-regulation skills. As both a classroom teacher and researcher, I have questioned how teachers might design academic tasks that challenge students to read and write complex prose, share opinion with and offer feedback to classmates, and monitor their learning progress over extended time periods. This article describes an intervention study where teachers required students to demonstrate such abilities across the school year. The discussion focuses on how these new expectations influenced student motivation and learning and the implications of these findings for struggling readers and writers.
Ancestral variation and the potential for genetic accommodation in larval amphibians: implications for the evolution of novel feeding strategies.

SUMMARY Few studies provide empirical evidence for phenotypic plasticity's role in the evolution of novel traits. One way to do so is to test whether latent plasticity is present in an ancestor that can be refined, enhanced, or diminished by selection in derived taxa (through “genetic accommodation”), thereby producing novel traits. Here, we evaluated whether gut plasticity preceded and promoted the evolution of a novel feeding strategy in spadefoot toad tadpoles. We studied Scaphiopus couchii, whose tadpoles develop an elongate gut and consume only detritus, and two derived species, Spea multiplicata and Sp. bombifrons, whose tadpoles also express a novel, short-gut phenotype in response to a novel resource (anostracan shrimp). Consistent with the expectations of plasticity-mediated trait evolution, we found that shrimp induced a range of phenotypes in Scaphiopus that were not produced with detritus. This plasticity was either suppressed or exaggerated in Spea depending on whether the induced phenotypes were adaptive. Moreover, in contrast to its effects on morphology, shrimp induced little or no functional plasticity, as assessed by gut cell proliferation, in Scaphiopus. Shrimp did, however, induce substantial proliferation in Sp. bombifrons, the species that consumes the most shrimp and that produces the short-gut phenotype the most frequently. Thus, if Spea had ancestral morphological plasticity in response to a novel diet, their shrimp-induced short-gut morphology may have undergone subsequent genetic accommodation that improved its functionality. Hence, diet-induced phenotypic plasticity may have preceded and even promoted the evolution of a novel phenotype.
Model-Driven engineering in a large industrial context — motorola case study

In an ongoing effort to reduce development costs in spite of increasing system complexity, Motorola has been a long-time adopter of Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) practices. The foundation of this approach is the creation of rigorous models throughout the development process, thereby enabling the introduction of automation. In this paper we present our experiences within Motorola in deploying a top-down approach to MDE for more than 15 years. We describe some of the key competencies that have been developed and the impact of MDE within the organization. Next we present some of the main issues encountered during MDE deployment, together with some possible resolutions.
Agile Capability Development, Assessment and Transition in Support of the Global War on Terror (GWOT)

Net-Centric Solutions, as enabled through distributed service-oriented architectures, will have a significant effect on the way the DoD acquires capabilities, thereby requiring new ways to address the development and integration of complex enterprises. One approach, based on commercial best practices, entails establishing an environment and set of processes for users and developers to work together in the development and maturation of capabilities as they transform from innovation to fielded capability. In this paper, we discuss an approach that USSOCOM and MITRE are using to evaluate and mature capabilities that support the Global War on Terror. It is based on using a distributed innovation lab environment in conjunction with a series of warfighter workshops focused on themes and challenge problems identified by USSOCOM. The workshops are designed to provide hands-on warfighter immersion into emerging processes, concepts and capabilities combined with facilitated discussions to develop and/or refine CONOPS and Tactics, Techniques and Procedures. We highlight some of the capabilities provided, techniques used, challenges faced, and how this approach impacted the user. Finally, we discuss our future plans to extend this approach to other customers and locations in order to fully assess GWOT missions across a net-centric enterprise.
Science review: Extracellular acidosis and the immune response: clinical and physiologic implications

Metabolic acidosis is among the most common abnormalities seen in patients suffering from critical illness. Its etiologies are multiple and treatment of the underlying condition is the mainstay of therapy. However, growing evidence suggests that acidosis itself has profound effects on the host, particularly in the area of immune function. Given the central importance of immune function to the outcome of critical illness, there is renewed interest in elucidating the effects of this all too common condition on the immune response. In this review we concentrate on the effects of extracellular acids on production and release of inflammatory mediators, and we demonstrate that different acids produce different effects despite similar extracellular pH. Finally, we discuss potential clinical implications.
Designing a parallel debugger for portability

The growing variety of parallel computers has made it difficult to design portable tools for parallel programs. The article shows how an interactive visualization tool can be designed to work with a variety of parallel machines. The design includes a strategy for adapting to differences in the interfaces and capabilities of the low-level debuggers supplied by hardware vendors. The tool uses these debuggers to perform basic tasks like setting breakpoints and examining variables. By dividing each interaction between the visualization tool and the "base debugger" into a sequence of customizable steps, one can write code that adapts cleanly and efficiently to differences in the debuggers. This design has been implemented in the Panorama parallel debugger, which runs on several message-passing multicomputers. >
On the epigenetic evolution of species-specific perception: the developmental manifold concept

Abstract As evolution proceeds, natural selection operates to preserve adaptive phenotypes. The adaptive phenotypes are produced during the course of individual development. Thus, natural selection favors animals that have had a particular developmental history, including, but not restricted to, their genes. This point is demonstrated by the importance of normally occurring embryonic sensory stimulation in the development of instinctive perception in two species of ducklings.