cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CD133 in the selection of epidermal stem cells in mice: Steps in the right direction

Charruyer and colleagues (this issue) report two significant advances to the field of cutaneous keratinocyte stem cells: a pair of new selectable markers that recognize a subset of α6+CD34+ label-retaining cells, and an in vivo limiting dilution assay for keratinocyte stem cells with long-term repopulating ability. This work has important implications for keratinocyte stem cell identification and assay, as well as for the identification of target cells in non-melanoma skin cancer.
Toward a Cultural Social Psychology

The paper examines how the natural science perspective of social psychology expressed in the preference for intraindividual theories and models has systematically led the field away from a consideration of the specifically cultural sources of social behaviour. To demonstrate the role of cultural determinants in social behaviour, for example, the topic of moral behaviour has been discussed citing some experimental findings with implications for the development of a truely cultural social psychology of moral behaviour.
The quadrupole moment of chlorine

The molecular quadrupole moment of chlorine was determined by measuring the refractive index anisotropy induced in the gas by an electric field gradient. A value of 5·0 ± 0·5 × 10-26 esu was found (for quadrupoles, 1 esu = 3·3 × 10-14 coulomb metre2). The virial coefficient data for the gas were fitted to values calculated for a potential based on a diatomic model that includes the interaction of the molecular quadrupoles; parameters obtained in this way for the interaction well depth and molecular size are reported and compared with those used for Cl2 by other workers.
Client Age, Gender, Behaviour: Effects On Quality of Predicted Self-Reactions and Colleague Reactions:

This comparative study shows biases relative to client age, gender and behaviour demon strated by 268 female nurse subjects. A repeated measures design was utilized. All three main effects were significant (p < 0.001) for how respondents predicted that they would react to various clients and also how they predicted that their colleagues would react. Most two-way and three-way interaction effects were significant. Subjects demonstrated more favourable reactions to nice, young, male clients and least favourable reactions to not nice, old, male clients.Study subjects predicted more favourable self-reactions to simulated clients than for their colleagues. What should be important to every professional as a result of this study is the need to be aware of self-biases, which may cause errors in decision-making and nursing care interventions and lead to ethical violations with clients.
A 9-Bit 6.3GHz 2.5W Quadrature Direct Digital Synthesizer MMIC

This paper describes a 9-bit, 6.3GHz low power quadrature DDS implemented in a 0.18mum SiGe BiCMOS technology. With a 9-bit accumulator and two sine-weighted DACs, this DDS is capable of generating quadrature sinusoidal waveforms up to 3.15GHz. The quadrature DDS MMIC occupies an active area of 2.3x2.5mm2 and consumes a total 2.5W power.
Confidence intervals for variance components from gauge capability studies

Two methods of constructing confidence intervals for variance components in gauge capability studies are presented in this article. Comparisons are made between the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) method and the modified large sample (MLS) method for constructing confidence intervals for components of repeatability, reproducibility, and total (gauge) variability. The examples considered involve a factorial design and a nonstandard nested design. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinase-active signaling complexes of bacterial chemoreceptors do not contain proposed receptor-receptor contacts observed in crystal structures.

The receptor dimers that mediate bacterial chemotaxis form high-order signaling complexes with CheW and the kinase CheA. From the packing arrangement in two crystal structures of different receptor cytoplasmic fragments, two different models have been proposed for receptor signaling arrays: the trimers-of-dimers and hedgerow models. Here we identified an interdimer distance that differs substantially in the two models, labeled the atoms defining this distance through isotopic enrichment, and measured it with 19F−13C REDOR. This was done in two types of receptor samples: isolated bacterial membranes containing overexpressed, intact receptor and soluble receptor fragments reconstituted into kinase-active signaling complexes. In both cases, the distance found was not compatible with the receptor dimer−dimer contacts observed in the trimers-of-dimers or in the hedgerow models. Comparisons of simulated and observed REDOR dephasing were used to deduce a closest approach distance at this interface, which provide...
Solution of Operator Field Equations by the Method of Finite Elements

A method is proposed for the approximate numerical solution of operator field equations on a lattice.
AMA discharge from a psychiatric inpatient unit.

This study examines AMA discharges from a psychiatric inpatient unit. Such discharges are found to occur with greater frequency (p .005) among individuals with alcoholism and character disorders. The AMA patients do not, however, seem to form a homogeneous group in themselves. This study identifies two subgroups of AMA patients: the "early" AMA and the "late" AMA, depending upon their length of stay in the hospital prior to AMA discharge. The demographic, clinical and psychodynamic differences between the two sub-groups are discussed. Some practical recommendations are made in regard to the prevention and management of AMA discharge requests.
Egoistic and Nonegoistic Motives in Social Dilemmas

Many of the world's problems (e.g., overpopulation, pollution, and the depletion of nonrenewable resources) may be characterized as social dilemmas. The solutions to social dilemmas, then, are very important. In this article, we argue: (a) that social psychologists have approached the problem of social dilemmas with an egoistic bias, (b) that this bias limits the number and types of solutions to dilemmas that psychologists investigate, (c) that egoistically based solutions to social dilemmas are not adequate in many real-world dilemmas, and (d) that viable solutions to these dilemmas may be found in nonegoistic motives.
DEFINING EQUATIONS OF THE REES ALGEBRA OF CERTAIN PARAMETRIC SURFACES

Let f0, f1, f2, f3 be linearly independent nonzero homogeneous polynomials in the standard ℤ-graded ring R ≔ &#x1d542;[s, t, u] of the same degree d, and gcd(f0, f1, f2, f3) = 1. This defines a rational map ℙ2 → ℙ3. The Rees algebra Rees(I) = R ⊕ I ⊕ I2 ⊕ ⋯ of the ideal I = 〈f0, f1, f2, f3〉 is the graded R-algebra which can be described as the image of the R-algebra homomorphism h: R[x, y, z, w ] → Rees(I). This paper discusses one result concerning the structure of the kernel of the map h when I is a saturated local complete intersection ideal with V(I) ≠ ∅ and μ-basis of degrees (1,1,d - 2).
One-Day Long Statistical Analysis of Parking Demand by Using Single-Camera Vacancy Detection

Many researches have focused on parking demand to gain information for traffic management recommendations and decision-making where real-world car park statistics is of great importance. This paper seeks to obtain one-day long statistical analysis of a multi-purpose off-street parking space in downtown Abu Dhabi, using a single-camera vacancy detection system. The proposed methodology to collect one-day long statistics uses pattern recognition to determine occupancy states based on visual features extracted from parking spots. This vacancy detection system has two major advantages. First, it relies on only few pixels compared with other methods, being able to cover more than 150 parking spots within a single camera frame. Second, the system works well in both nighttime and daytime - robust to changing light conditions. The accuracy is 99.9% for occupied spots and 97.9% for empty spots for this period of study. This study also proposes a better indication of parking demand when the park is near its full capacity, as the utilization rate does not capture the parking demand from the motorists who fail to find parking spaces.
The Disconnect Between Education and Social Opportunity for the Formerly Incarcerated

This article aims to identify barriers associated with correctional education’s ability to produce social opportunity for the formerly incarcerated. This qualitative review of data collected in the Midwestern and Northeastern parts of the United States serves to better inform the literature surrounding correctional education, as to its positive and negative attributes, and sheds light on areas in which systematic improvements can be made. The goal of these independent but related studies is to investigate correctional education’s role in the outcomes of reentry experiences of former prisoners with emphasis on employment and educational opportunities, including the effects of race on prisoner and staff attitudes toward correctional education. This article serves to inform policy and future research in regards to correctional education, mainly in its uses, implementations, and outcomes.
Effect of substrate temperature on mechanical properties of calcium phosphate coatings.

The effect of substrate temperature and processing parameters on mechanical properties of nanoscale calcium phosphate coatings are being studied in order to refine the processing technique for Functionally Graded Hydroxyapatite (FGHA) coatings. Coatings were deposited on titanium substrates with a set substrate temperature of 450, 550, 650, or 750°C in an Ion Beam Assisted Deposition (IBAD) system using a sintered hydroxyapatite (HA) target. Mechanical properties of the coatings deposited with a set substrate temperature such as, bonding/adhesion strength to the substrate, nanohardness, and Young's Modulus as well as coating thickness were evaluated and compared with commercial plasma spray HA coatings. It is concluded that depositing FGHA coatings would better be started at 550–650°C to maintain superior properties of the film at the interface. It can also be concluded that the residual stresses caused by different Coefficient of Thermal Expansions (CTEs) between the substrate and coatings are not the only factor controlling the bonding strength and mechanical properties of these samples. Other parameters such as the nature of the interface layers and their bonding to each other as well as the density and grain structure of the coatings must be taken into consideration for an appropriate evaluation of mechanical properties of calcium phosphate coatings deposited on heated substrate. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2008
Chemical looping: To combustion and beyond

Abstract Chemical looping combustion (CLC) is a rapidly emerging technology for clean combustion of fossil and renewable fuels which allows production of sequestration-ready CO 2 streams with only minor efficiency penalties for CO 2 capture. While initial interest in chemical looping was almost exclusively focused on combustion, we demonstrate here that the underlying reaction engineering principle forms a highly flexible platform for fuel conversion: Replacing air with steam or CO 2 as oxidizer yields the chemical looping analogue to steam and dry reforming, resulting in the production of high purity hydrogen streams without the need for further clean-up steps and a novel route for efficient CO 2 activation via reduction to CO, respectively. Furthermore, by controlling the degree of carrier oxidation, incomplete, i.e. partial oxidation of the fuel to synthesis gas is attained. Finally, appropriate selection of oxygen carrier materials even allows simultaneous desulfurization of the effluent stream, resulting in a strongly intensified process for highly efficient, low-emission conversion of S-contaminated fuel streams. Based on new results from our own research, the present paper presents a brief overview over the potential of chemical looping processes for methane conversion with a particular focus on the key role of engineered carrier materials as enablers for this class of processes.
Magnetism and unconventional superconductivity in isostructural cerium and plutonium compounds

Abstract The heavy-fermion antiferromagnet CeRhIn 5 exhibits a complex interplay between magnetism and unconventional superconductivity (SC) as a function of applied pressure and magnetic field. This interplay leads to a line of magnetic quantum-critical points within the superconducting state. A comparison of nuclear spin-relaxation measurements on CeRhIn 5 to those made on CeCoIn 5 , PuCoGa 5, and PuRhGa 5 suggests that SC and magnetism also may be related closely in these isostructural superconductors.
Spontaneous Mammary Carcinoma in a Female Rabbit

Spontaneous tumors in the rabbit are rare, particularly breast tumors. Few reports of mammary growths in this species appear in the literature, and all writers are agreed as to their infrequency. Polson (1) reviewed the records published prior to 1927, citing 52 cases of tumors in the rabbit. To these he added 14, bringing the total to 66. Statistics available at the time of his report showed that among 1100 rabbits, 13 had spontaneous tumors, the uterus being the most frequent site. One case of mammary carcinoma in a rabbit is reported by Marie and Aubertin (2), as seen by P. Masson. Another case is referred to as mentioned by Bashford (3). This is probably the tumor to which Polson refers in his paper (Case 8), for which a slide was sent him by J. A. Murray. Since Polson's report in 1927, the most comprehensive review is that of Gaston Fardeau in 1931 (4). Fardeau adds no new examples of breast carcinoma and introduces his chapter on mammary rabbit tumor with a brief statement that “up to the present” these have been rare. Ratcliffe (5), in a review of all tumors in wild birds and mammals dying in the Philadelphia Zoological Gardens from 1901 to 1932, mentioned no mammary tumor in the wild rabbit. Cutler (6), also, appears to have found no cases of breast tumors in his review of new growths in the rabbit. Koyama (7) recorded the presence of lactation in a rabbit with multiple adenomata of the uterus, and Watrin and Florentin (8) report the occurrence of lactation and enlarged mammary glands in a rabbit that had littered three years previously, and which showed in the enlarged, congested uterus, a deciduoma. Fifer (9) described various changes in the mammary glands of 90 rabbits, but makes no mention of the presence of breast tumors in any of them.
Inheritance of a vestigial wing mutation in the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica

Alfalfa weevils (Hypera postica (Gyllenhal)) with vestigial hind wings were discovered in a population from Wageningen, the Netherlands, and two populations from the United States – an eastern weevil strain from Beltsville, Maryland and an Egyptian weevil strain from Atascadero, California. Such a mutant was absent from 23 other populations surveyed in the United States – three from eastern, seven from western, and 13 from Egyptian weevil strains. This mutation is due to a dominant autosomal gene with normal-wing individuals as recessive. The mutant gene can be transferred from eastern weevil to the western weevil strain. The short-wing trait may be useful for genetic manipulation to control the alfalfa weevil. RESUME Transmissibilite d'une mutation aile vestigialle chez Hypera postica Gyllenhal Des H. postica aux ailes posterieures vestigiales ont ete decouverts dans une population de Wageningen (Pays Bas) et deux des USA – une lignee orientale de Beltsville (Maryland) et une lignee de H. brunneipennis d'Atascadero (Californie). Ce mutant etait absent de 23 autres populations examinees aux USA: 3 de l'est, 7 de l'ouest et 13 de H. brunneipennis. Cette mutation est due a un gene dominant antosomal avec aile normale comme recessif. Le gene mutant peut etre transfere des lignees orientales aux lignees occidentales. Le caractere aile courte peut etre pratique pour les manipulations genetiques destinees a maitriser les populations d' H. postica.
Specificity of Coxsackievirus B3 Interaction with Human, but Not Murine, Decay-Accelerating Factor: Replacement of a Single Residue within Short Consensus Repeat 2 Prevents Virus Attachment

Many coxsackievirus B (CVB) isolates bind to human decay-accelerating factor (DAF) as well as to the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR). However, the virus does not interact with murine DAF. To understand why CVB3 binds specifically to human DAF, we constructed a series of chimeric molecules in which specific regions of the human DAF molecule were replaced by the corresponding murine sequences. We found that replacement of human short consensus repeat 2 (SCR2) with murine SCR2 ablated virus binding to human DAF, as did deletion of human SCR2. Although replacement of human SCR4 had a partial inhibitory effect, deletion of SCR4 had no effect. Within human SCR2, replacement of serine 104 (S104) with the proline residue found in murine DAF eliminated virus binding. On the basis of the structure of the CVB3-DAF complex determined by cryo-electron microscopy, DAF S104 is in close contact with a viral capsid residue, a threonine at VP1 position 271. Replacement of this capsid residue with larger amino acids specifically eliminated virus attachment to human DAF but had no effect on attachment to CAR or replication in HeLa cells. Taken together, these results support the current model of virus-DAF interaction and point to a specific role for VP1 T271 and DAF S104 at the virus-DAF interface. IMPORTANCE The results of the present study point to a specific role for VP1 T271 and DAF S104 at the interface between CVB3 and DAF, and they demonstrate how subtle structural changes can dramatically influence virus-receptor interactions. In addition, the results support a recent pseudoatomic model of the CVB3-DAF interaction obtained by cryo-electron microscopy.
From Kocher to Allgöwer: the International Society of Surgery/La Société Internationale de Chirurgie.

The saga of the Society—from Kocher to Allgower-rings with true accomplishment. As we near the end of our first complete century, we can look back with a sense of satisfaction. At the same time we must recognize that there still is much to do. I wish to paraphrase the words of Kocher's 1905 inaugural address:
The SEC receptor: a possible link between neonatal hepatitis in alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency and Alzheimer's disease.

The SEC Receptor: A Possible Link between Neonatal Hepatitis in α 1 -Antitrypsin Deficiency and Alzheimer's Disease
Herpes Zoster Caused by Zoster Vaccine in an Immunocompetent Patient; Restless Leg Syndrome Due to the Combination of Venlafaxine and Quetiapine; SSRIs and the Risk of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding; Minocycline-Induced Cutaneous Polyarteritis Nodosa.

HERPES ZOSTER CAUSED BY ZOSTER VACCINE IN AN IMMUNOCOMPETENT PATIENT A 68-year-old Hispanic female received zoster vaccine (Zostavax) in her left deltoid region in March 2012. Zostavax contains the Oka/Merck strain of live, attenuated varicella zoster virus (VZV). This patient was monitored as part of a large herpes zoster study in progress at Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC). In December 2012, the patient visited her physician with a 3-day history of rash, mild but annoying pain, and a burning sensation on her left middle chest and middle back as well as under her left arm. She reported no prodromal pain. Her medication history contained no medications that were immunosuppressive, and her medical history contained no immunosuppressive conditions. She reported an uncertain history of varicella. Her physician diagnosed her with herpes zoster infection and initiated acyclovir 800 mg 5 times daily for 10 days and acetaminophen for pain. The patient’s pain and rash resolved within 10 days and the patient experienced no complications. Specimens from this patient were submitted to the National Varicella Zoster Vaccine (VZV) Laboratory and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for VZV strain identifi cation. The specimens submitted for this patient contained isolates that were identifi ed as strains originating from Oka vaccine via FRET real-time polymerase chain reaction, which can discriminate vaccine from wild-type VZV. The fi xed ORF62 SNP at positions 106262 and 107252 defi nitively identifi ed this isolate as Oka vaccine. Therefore
A non-Boussinesq integral method for laminar free convection between vertical flat plates subject to a uniform wall heat flux

Abstract An integral method is developed to analyze laminar free convection between large aspect ratio, vertical, parallel plate channels subject to a uniform, symmetric, heat flux and varying fluid properties. The flow is assumed to be fully developed, which is a good assumption for channels with large aspect ratios. This is a heat transfer problem characterized by high temperature ratios, thereby rendering the commonly applied Boussinesq approximation invalid. The method developed is general and, therefore, can be used to calculate natural circulation of gases or liquids. Sample calculations are included for air between 300 and 1100 K.
The use of energy windowing to discriminate SNM from NORM in radiation portal monitors

Abstract Energy windowing is an algorithmic alarm method that can be applied to plastic scintillator-based radiation portal monitor (RPM) systems to improve operational sensitivity to certain threat sources while reducing the alarm rates from naturally occurring radioactive material. Various implementations of energy windowing have been tested and documented by industry and at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, and are available in commercial RPMs built by several manufacturers. Moreover, energy windowing is being used in many deployed RPMs to reduce nuisance alarms and improve operational sensitivity during the screening of cargo. This paper describes energy windowing algorithms and demonstrates how these algorithms succeed when applied to “controlled” experimental measurements and “real world” vehicle traffic data.
Applications and failure modes of percutaneous devices: A review

Percutaneous devices (PD) are designed to serve a variety of clinical and biomedical research purposes. Characteristically they are objects that permanently penetrate through a defect in the skin. The histological aspects of the implant skin interfacial reactions are reviewed in this article. A short description is presented of common applications of PDs. The five presently identified interfacial failure modes are described histologically with the aid of schematic drawings. These failure modes are marsupialization, permigration , avulsion, infection, alone or in combination. Single or multiple etiological factors may be responsible for these failure modes. These factors can be surgically created skin defects around the penetrating foreign implant, epidermal healing characteristics that prevent the formation of a suitable seal at the implant-skin interface and mechanical forces that may disrupt dermal attempts to seal the interface. Eventually the interface becomes infected necessitating removal of the device. Terminology recommended for use in percutaneous device research is indexed and defined.
Reflections on Some Unresolved Issues in Hypnosis

Abstract Reflections guided the author in the preparation of this paper. Having worked in and around the construction “hypnosis” for two thirds of a century, he can claim the privilege of offering reflections rather than presenting new data or revised theories. His reflections include some autobiographical accounts that help illuminate how he came to construe the conduct traditionally subsumed under the hypnosis label as the enactment of a social role mediated by skill in imagining. 1Invited address prepared for delivery to Division 30 at the 112th annual convention of the American Psychological Association, Honolulu, Hawaii, July 28–August 1, 2004. My thanks to Gerald Ginsburg for stimulating conversations some of which are reflected in the text; to Ralph Carney, John Chaves, Helen Crawford, and Karl Scheibe for their critical reading of an earlier draft; and to James Council for supplying me with materials from his 2002 APA presentation.
The cerebral intravascular enhancement sign is not specific: a contrast-enhanced MRI study.

The intravascular enhancement (IVE) sign, also known as the “arterial enhancement sign”, is an abnormal finding in the brain on contrast-enhanced MRI studies. IVE has been described in arterial cerebrovascular disorders, most commonly in acute or subacute arterial ischemic infarcts. However, the specificity of this sign has not been established. We describe four patients with disorders other than arterial strokes in whom gadolinium-enhanced high-field (1.5 T) MRI suggested IVE. The conditions were herpes simplex viral encephalitis, idiopathic cerebellitis, pneumococcal meningitis, and superior sagittal sinus thrombosis with venous infarction. IVE in these cases may be due to multiple factors, including arterial, venous, perivascular, and leptomeningeal or sulcal contrast medium accumulation. Our observations suggest that arterial ischemia, previously described as the cardinal cause of IVE, probably does not explain all instances, and urge caution in interpreting this sign as a specific MRI manifestation of acute arterial infarction or ischemia.
Determination of the joint confidence region of the optimal operating conditions in robust design by the bootstrap technique

Robust design is widely recognised as a leading method for reducing variability and improving quality. Most of the engineering statistics literature focuses on finding point estimates of the optimum operating conditions for robust design. Various procedures have been considered for calculating point estimates of the optimum operating conditions. Although the point estimation procedure is important for continuous quality improvement, the immediate question is ‘‘how accurate are these optimum operating conditions?” The answer is to consider interval estimation for a single variable or joint confidence regions for multiple variables. In this paper, using the bootstrap technique, we develop procedures for obtaining joint confidence regions for the optimum operating conditions. Two different procedures, using Bonferroni and multivariate normal approximation, are introduced. The proposed methods are illustrated and substantiated using a numerical example.
Scanning electron microscopical comparisons of insect virus occlusion bodies prepared by several techniques

Abstract Samples of baculoviruses, a cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus, and an entomopoxvirus were prepared by several techniques for study in the scanning electron microscope. The techniques which gave satisfactory definition of surface ultrastructure were: (1) double fixation in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide with critical point drying; and (2) double fixation as in (1) with a further postfixation by ligand-mediated osmium binding using thiocarbohydrazide as the ligand (OTO method) followed by critical point drying. The latter technique was superior to the former technique. Air drying of samples gave acceptable but inferior definition when compared with critical point-dried samples prepared by these techniques.
Cooperative phenomena in the permeation of sugars through the lining epithelium of choroid plexus.

Abstract The concentration of D -glucose alone or together with D -galactose, L -arabinose or D -fructose was measured enzymatically in new choroidal cerebrospinal fluid and in plasma, sampled simultaneously in rabbits. Plasma levels were systematically altered by the use of insulin or by the infusion of one or several sugars. The flow of glucose was approximately linear with plasma concentration to 14 m M while above 20 m M there was an interval of plasma concentrations in which there was a disproportionate increase in flow with increase in plasma level, suggesting increase in affinity of active sites or recruitment of new binding sites. For galactose, fructose and arabinose there was, with increasing plasma concentration, an inordinate increase in flow. Under the influence of high concentrations of galactose the behavior of glucose changed so that it was cooperative from the origin. The cooperative flow of fructose was greatly enhanced at levels of glucose at which recruitment of new glucose sites was greatest and cooperativity and flow fell off sharply at higher levels of glucose. The behavior and interactions are considered in terms of a mosaic of two carries, each a cooperative assembly, the state and thus the affinity for sugars being influenced by the local environment of sugars.
Upper tract urothelial carcinoma: Impact of time to surgery

Abstract Objective Patients diagnosed with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) sometimes experience a delay from diagnosis to extirpative surgery (nephroureterectomy or ureterectomy) as a result of attempted endoscopic management and/or neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The purpose of this analysis is to examine the impact of such delay on survival outcomes. Methods An IRB-approved retrospective review identified consecutive patients undergoing extirpative surgery for UTUC treated at a single institution between 1990 and 2007. 240 patients with non-metastatic disease represented both primarily-presenting and referred patients. Patients in the “early” surgery group underwent extirpative surgery Results 186 patients underwent early surgery and 54 patients underwent delayed surgery. Median follow-up for all patients was 29 months. The 5-year CSS were 72% and 71% for the early versus late groups, respectively ( P = 0.39) and corresponding 5-year OS rates were 60% and 69%, respectively ( P = 0.69). Delay in surgery was not associated with a worse outcome, even following adjustment for potential confounders. The most common factor contributing to delayed surgery in our cohort was administration of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (50%), which did not impact survival. Limitations included a median follow-up of 19 months in the neoadjuvant group; and the requirement to analytically group pathologic high-stage and low-stage disease, which reflects challenges inherent to current clinical staging. Conclusions Our results show no difference in survival between patients undergoing early versus delayed extirpative surgery for UTUC, suggesting the feasibility of delayed surgery in appropriately selected patients. Only prospective validation of delayed surgery can guarantee its safety.
Flow and composition of lymph in the young bovine.

Abstract Thoracic or intestinal duct lymph was collected from 15 Holstein calves of similar age and weight, fed whole milk twice daily, or hay and grain ad libitum. Average lymph flows were derived from a series of 13-hour total lymph collections with simultaneous infusion of the collected lymph at a rate approximately equal to the flow. Lymph flow from the thoracic or intestinal ducts of calves fed milk averaged 695 and 429 ml/hr, respectively, while lymph flow from the thoracic or intestinal duct of calves fed hay and grain averaged 899 and 517 ml/hr. Lymph flow increased after whole milk feeding, but calves fed hay and grain showed no consistent diurnal pattern in lymph flow associated with feed intake. Lipid in lymph averaged 1.45, 3.14, 0.50, and 0.79 g/100 ml in the thoracic and intestinal ducts of milk-fed and of hay- and grain-fed calves. Calves fed milk consumed 2 to 3 times as much lipid as those fed hay and grain, but there was little diurnal variation in lipid output in the lymph of calves fed either diet. Protein in lymph averaged 4.04, 4.63, 3.66, and 4.89 g/100 ml in the thoracic and intestinal ducts of milk-fed and of hay- and grain-fed calves.
Searching for exotic particles with a 3 MV accelerator

Abstract The Caltech 3 MV pelletron accelerator has been used in a variety of experiments to search for exotic particles which may be either stable or produced in nuclear decays. The techniques involve applications of accelerator mass spectrometry as well as more conventional nuclear spectroscopy. Topics of recent interest including the existence of fractionally charged particles, doubly-negative atomic ions, and neutral weakly-interacting pseudoscalars (“axions”) have been investigated.
Keeping firearms from drug and alcohol abusers

Firearms were used to commit 16 883 suicides and 12 791 homicides in the USA in 2006.1 One of the most common and possibly least controversial objectives of firearm policies in the USA is to keep firearms from people deemed to be at elevated risk of injuring others or themselves. Firearms laws in the USA commonly disqualify individuals if they are too young, have been convicted of a serious crime, are subject to certain domestic violence restraining orders, have been adjudicated to be “mentally defective,” or because they abuse illegal drugs or alcohol. Here we discuss the potential of well-crafted firearms prohibitions for persons who abuse alcohol or controlled substances to reduce violence and injuries. There is a large body of scientific evidence indicating that people who abuse alcohol or illicit drugs are at increased risk of committing acts of violence and self-harm. Drug and alcohol abuse has been strongly linked with the perpetration of fatal and non-fatal domestic violence,2 3 4 5 6 youth violence,7 8 incarceration for violent crimes,9 and suicide and suicide attempts.4 10 Although there is some debate about whether these associations are causal or are due to other underlying determinants, there is little doubt that drug and alcohol abusers represent a high-risk group. For example, in one case–control study of risk factors for homicides and suicides within the home, the prevalence of prior alcohol abuse and illicit drug use among homicide perpetrators was 17 and 4.6 times higher, respectively, than among controls. For suicide victims, the prevalence of alcohol abuse was nearly 7 times higher, and the prevalence of illicit drug use 6 times higher, than for controls.4 There has been a long and contentious debate about the risks and benefits associated with gun ownership among the general population. While we …
Identification of an Fcγ receptor–independent mechanism by which intravenous immunoglobulin ameliorates antiphospholipid antibody–induced thrombogenic phenotype

Objective Patients with the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) often experience recurrent arterial and venous thrombosis and pregnancy losses. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy has prevented pregnancy loss in some women with APS and has reversed fetal resorption rates in murine models of pregnancy loss. Although the basis for these effects is unknown, effector mechanisms of pathogenic antibodies often involve receptors for IgG (Fcγ receptors [FcγR]). We examined the potential mechanisms of action of IVIG in an in vivo murine model of antiphospholipid antibody (aPL)–induced thrombosis and endothelial cell activation. Methods Mice infused with IgG containing human anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL) were treated with IVIG (36 μg IV), saline, or ovalbumin. Surgically induced thrombus formation and in vivo leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells were measured. Circulating levels of aCL were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. To determine whether FcγR are required for the effects of IVIG, we treated mice deficient in stimulatory FcγR. To examine the effects of IVIG on endogenously generated antibody, we treated mice immunized with β2-glycoprotein I (β2GPI). Results IVIG treatment inhibited aPL-induced endothelial cell activation and enhancement of thrombosis in mice passively infused with human aPL–containing IgG, and this was associated with a decrease in aPL levels. Similarly, IVIG lowered aPL levels and inhibited thrombogenesis in mice immunized with β2GPI. The thrombophilic effects of aPL were evident in FcγR-deficient mice. Conclusion Treatment with IVIG inhibits the thrombogenic effects of aPL in vivo and reduces the levels of aCL in the circulation. Blockade of stimulatory FcγR on inflammatory cells is not necessary for this effect. The mechanism of action of IVIG is more likely saturation of the IgG transport receptor, leading to accelerated catabolism of pathogenic aPL. These results have implications in the management of thrombosis in APS and may have applications for pregnant patients with a history of APS.
A unified stability analysis of meshless particle methods

A uni ed stability analysis of meshless methods with Eulerian and Lagrangian kernels is presented. Three types of instabilities were identi ed in one dimension: an instability due to rank de ciency, a tensile instability and a material instability which is also found in continua. The stability of particle methods with Eulerian and Lagrangian kernels is markedly di erent: Lagrangian kernels do not exhibit the tensile instability. In both kernels, the instability due to rank de ciency can be suppressed by stress points. In two dimensions the stabilizing e ect of stress points is dependent on their locations. It was found that the best approach to stable particle discretizations is to use Lagrangian kernels with stress points. The stability of the least-squares stabilization was also studied. Copyright ? 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ISOLATION AND PROPERTIES OF PHOSPHOLIPASE A FROM POLLOCK MUSCLE

This study was undertaken to isolate and characterize phospholipase A from fish muscle tissue. The highest enzyme activity was present in the high speed supernatant of pollock muscle homogenate. This enzyme was purified 22-fold by Sephadex G-50 chromatography. The isolated enzyme preparation contained 9.2% nucleic acid: and 1.2% carbohydrate and had a molecular weight of approx. 13,700 daltons. Phospholipase A showed optimum activity between 37–42°C at a pH of 8.5–9.0. When dioctanoyl lecithin was used as the substrate an apparent Km value of 1.7 mM and a Vmax of 500 nmoles/min/mg protein were obtained in the presence of Ca ++ (4 mM). Calcium stimulated the enzyme whereas other divalent metal ions (Fe++, Mg++) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) inhibited phospholipase activity.
Co-infection of Manduca sexta larvae with polydnavirus from Cotesia congregata increases susceptibility to fatal infection by Autographa californica M Nucleopolyhedrovirus

We investigated pathogenesis of Autographa californica M Nucleopolyhedrovirus in the semipermissive host, Manduca sexta, using a lacZ recombinant virus (AcMNPV-hsp70/lacZ) to track the temporal progression of infection. Results from time course studies monitoring infections initiated orally in fourth instars demonstrated that primary infection of midgut columnar cells began at 3 h post inoculation (hpi). We observed secondary infections in midgut-associated tracheae as early as 9 hpi, showing that the early events of pathogenesis in M. sexta are similar to those of permissive noctuid larvae. In M. sexta, however, unlike in permissive hosts, hemocytes rapidly surrounded infected tracheal cells and formed capsules. Subsequently, baculovirus infections failed to spread and ultimately were cleared, suggesting that a cellular immune response had been triggered. To assess the effects of immunosuppression on baculovirus-induced disease, we compared the outcome of infections in immunocompetent hosts with those that were immunocompromised either by parasitization with the braconid, Cotesia congregata, or by injection of the parasitoid's polydnavirus. During the first 9 days after inoculation, parasitized and polydnavirus-inoculated M. sexta larvae died more quickly and at higher levels than nonparasitized and sham-injected controls, suggesting that the cellular immune response was a factor in conferring resistance to fatal infection by AcMNPV-hsp70/lacZ.
From environmental to ecological ethics: toward a practical ethics for ecologists and conservationists.

Ecological research and conservation practice frequently raise difficult and varied ethical questions for scientific investigators and managers, including duties to public welfare, nonhuman individuals (i.e., animals and plants), populations, and ecosystems. The field of environmental ethics has contributed much to the understanding of general duties and values to nature, but it has not developed the resources to address the diverse and often unique practical concerns of ecological researchers and managers in the field, lab, and conservation facility. The emerging field of “ecological ethics” is a practical or scientific ethics that offers a superior approach to the ethical dilemmas of the ecologist and conservation manager. Even though ecological ethics necessarily draws from the principles and commitments of mainstream environmental ethics, it is normatively pluralistic, including as well the frameworks of animal, research, and professional ethics. It is also methodologically pragmatic, focused on the practical problems of researchers and managers and informed by these problems in turn. The ecological ethics model offers environmental scientists and practitioners a useful analytical tool for identifying, clarifying, and harmonizing values and positions in challenging ecological research and management situations. Just as bioethics provides a critical intellectual and problem-solving service to the biomedical community, ecological ethics can help inform and improve ethical decision making in the ecology and conservation communities.
Preferred retinal loci and macular scotoma characteristics in patients with age-related macular degeneration.

Abstract Many patients with macular scotomas due to age-related macular degeneration do not perceive black spots in the visual field where the scotomas are located. Rather, they describe objects as “vanishing,” “jumping out of nowhere” or “having blurry parts,” or a combination of features. In addition, when the macular scotoma affects the fovea, the visual system uses 1 or more preferred retinal loci (PRLs) as a “pseudofovea” to perform visual tasks. Visual function testing with the scanning laser ophthalmoscope has provided a wealth of information regarding how patients perceive the visual world and how the oculomotor system directs eye movements. This article describes 2 specific functions of the oculomotor system, fixation stability and refixation precision, with data collected from normally sighted people and patients with visual field loss. The implications of the characteristics of PRLs and macular scotomas for clinical testing are discussed.
APOLOGIA PRO SCRIPTURA SUA, OR MAYBE WE GOT IT RIGHT AFTER ALL

. A summary of the progress of biogenetic structuralism as an approach to the social and behavioral sciences is presented, from the publication of Biogenetic Structuralism in 1974 to the present. The difficulty that many scholars have found integrating neuroan-thropology and comparative ethology into an understanding of cultural, and particularly of religious, phenomena over the past almost two decades is considered. More specifically, the articles of James Ashbrook and Mary Lynn Dell published in the same June 1993 issue of Zygon as this article are analyzed and responded to. These authors critique Eugene d'Aquili's work of integrating neuropsychology and religious experience primarily by analyzing Brain, Symbol & Experience, which d'Aquili co-authored with Charles Laughlin, Jr., and John McManus, H. Rodney Holmes's article in the same issue of Zygon analyzes the whole corpus of d'Aquili's religion and science work as it appeared over the years in the pages of Zygon and in other articles and books as well as in Brain, Symbol & Experience. This critique is likewise carefully considered and responded to. Finally a proposed trajectory of d'Aquili's (and Andrew Newberg's) future work in their ongoing project integrating neuropsychology and religious experience is elaborated. This involves, not only expansion of their general theoretical approach, but also empirical testing of hypotheses relating brain function to religious experience using PET scanning and some newer MRI visualization techniques.
Mycoplasma-like bodies in the pear psylla vector of pear decline.

Abstract Pear psylla ( Psylla pyricola Foerster) collected from pear-decline-affected and pear-decline-free orchards were examined with an electron microscope. My coplasma-like bodies were found in salivary glands of only 2 out of 10 psylla collected from the affected orchard; however, such bodies were present in the cephalic part of the foregut of 12 out of 13 psylla. Bodies were absent in psylla of a decline-free orchard. These results constitute additional evidence that my coplasma-like bodies may be the causal agent of pear decline.
Thermal Conductivity of Waste Forms and Geologic Media

In order to predict the range of thermal conductivities to be expected in waste forms and in geologic media, an understanding of the pertinent phonon scattering processes is required. It has been shown that grain boundaries in polycrystalline media are unimportant at low temperatures relative to lamellae which arise from twinning, exsolution, or foreign inclusions within the grains. The possible role of lamellar structures on the conductivity at high temperatures will be discussed.
3D-2D asymptotic analysis for inhomogeneous thin films — lectures V, VI

Using Γ-convergence techniques the relaxed 2-D energy is obtained as a result of a dimension reduction analysis for thin domains of the form $$ \Omega _\varepsilon : = \left\{ {\left( {x_1 ,x_2 ,x_3 ,} \right):\left( {x_1 ,x_2 } \right) \in \omega ,\left| {x_3 } \right| < \varepsilon f_\varepsilon \left( {x_1 ,x_2 } \right)} \right\}, $$ where ω is a bounded domain of ℝ2 and f e is an ɛ-dependent profile. In particular, explicit characterizations of the effective energy densities are obtained within the context of optimal design for thin films.
EN-TASK: Energy-Temporal and Structural Kit

This paper concerns a novel modeling and software framework in support of future electricity and energy services. A broad vision for one such possible framework named Energy-Temporal and Structural Kit (EN-TASK) is described. It is explained why is this needed, and how would such framework facilitate Dynamic Energy Control Protocols (DECPs) of the future. The emphasis is on a framework which zooms in and out to assess potential of candidate technology and /or organizational change at the level where it matters the most.
The Proteolysis of Trypsin Inhibitors in Legume Seeds

The seeds of plants often contain large amounts of proteins, which are subjected to extensive proteolytic processing during seed development and subsequent germination. One class of legume seed proteins, the Bowman-Birk-type trypsin inhibitors, has proved especially useful as a subject in studying these events. Sequence studies of the trypsin inhibitors from a number of legume species suggest that many of the inhibitors undergo a limited shortening at the amino terminus during seed development. However, during germination, the inhibitors appear to function as storage proteins. As such, they are subjected to extensive proteolysis, ultimately leading to their destruction. This degradative process has been studied extensively in the mung bean (Vigna radiata [L.] Wilczek). Proteolysis of the mung bean trypsin inhibitor involves, at least initially, an ordered sequence of limited proteolytic cleavages. The two proteases involved in the initial phases of this degradation have been identified and partially characterized.
Class Differences in Racial Attitudes: A Divided Black America?

Class differences in racial attitudes among blacks were examined using the 1979–1980 National Survey of Black Americans (NSBA). We examined two perspectives—class realignment and ethnic competition—as possible explanations for attitudinal differences between middle- and lower-class blacks. The majority of our findings supported the ethnic competition perspective which predicts a more critical attitude among middle- than lower-class blacks toward the stratification system. However, we found no significant class differences in blacks' attitudinal orientation towards whites. In addition, a clear difference between classes with respect to political action was found. In general, the results provide qualified support for Wilson's class polarization thesis.