cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy-momentum tensor of particles created in an expanding universe

We present a general formulation of the time-dependent initial value problem for a quantum scalar field of arbitrary mass and curvature coupling in a Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) cosmological model. We introduce an adiabatic number basis which has the virtue that the divergent parts of the quantum expectation value of the energy-momentum tensor $〈{T}_{\mathrm{ab}}〉$ are isolated in the vacuum piece of $〈{T}_{\mathrm{ab}}〉,$ and may be removed using adiabatic subtraction. The resulting renormalized $〈{T}_{\mathrm{ab}}〉$ is conserved, independent of the cutoff, and has a physically transparent, quasiclassical form in terms of the average number of created adiabatic ``particles.'' By analyzing the evolution of the adiabatic particle number in de Sitter spacetime we exhibit the time structure of the particle creation process, which can be understood in terms of the time at which different momentum scales enter the horizon. A numerical scheme to compute $〈{T}_{\mathrm{ab}}〉$ as a function of time with arbitrary adiabatic initial states (not necessarily de Sitter invariant) is described. For minimally coupled, massless fields, at late times the renormalized $〈{T}_{\mathrm{ab}}〉$ goes asymptotically to the de Sitter invariant state previously found by Allen and Folacci, and not to the zero mass limit of the Bunch-Davies vacuum. If the mass m and the curvature coupling $\ensuremath{\xi}$ differ from zero, but satisfy ${m}^{2}+\ensuremath{\xi}R=0,$ the energy density and pressure of the scalar field grow linearly in cosmic time demonstrating that, at least in this case, back reaction effects become significant and cannot be neglected in de Sitter spacetime.
Thoracoplasty: Current application to the infected pleural space

Thoracoplasty, once commonly used in the management of cavitary pulmonary disease, continues to find application in the obliteration of infected pleural spaces. This study reports a series of 13 patients receiving thoracoplasty between 1976 and 1989. Five patients had chronic apical empyema spaces without prior resection of lung tissue. Two of the empyemas were due to tuberculosis, two were due to atypical mycobacteria, and one was due to postpneumonic empyema. All patients had extensive destruction of upper lobe tissue. Eight patients had undergone prior pulmonary resection; 3 had persistent infected spaces in the early postoperative period, 3 had development of empyemas and bronchopleural fistulas late (5 to 19 years) after pulmonary resection, and 2 had postpneumonectomy empyema. All patients had rigid cavity walls preventing space obliteration by rib removal alone and required concomitant resection of the thickened pleura and intercostal muscle tissues. Bronchopleural fistulas were present in 11 patients and were closed with adjacent nonintercostal muscle. All patients survived and had successful obliteration of the infected spaces with acceptable physiological and cosmetic results. We conclude that thoracoplasty remains a useful procedure in the management of the infected pleural space in select patients.
Postmodern criminology: Mapping the terrain

An affirmative postmodern criminology is in its developing stages. This article provides some examples of some of the methodological and conceptual tools for inquiry. Accordingly it draws from chaos theory, catastrophe theory, and topology theory, focusing on psychoanalytic semiotics and three exemplary topological constructions: the Mobius band, the cross-cap, and Borromean knots. The relevance to doing critical criminology is indicated by focusing attention on some selected criminological theories that have affinities for an integrative approach, particularly those on “edgework,” “invitational edge,” and the “foreground factors.” This emergent state is more in tune with modeling and with explaining dynamic, nonlinear, transformational states (complexity theory).
Overlapping gaze shifts reveal timing of an eye–head gate

The ability to dissociate eye movements from head movements is essential to animals with foveas and fovea-like retinal specializations, as these species shift the eyes constantly, and moving the head with each gaze shift would be impractical and energetically wasteful. The processes by which the dissociation is effected remain unclear. We hypothesized that the dissociation is accomplished by means of a neural gate, which prevents a common gaze-shift command from reaching the neck circuitry when eye-only saccades are desired. We further hypothesized that such a gate would require a finite period to reset following opening to allow a combined eye–head saccade, and thus the probability of generating a head movement during a saccade would be augmented when a new visual target (the ‘test’ target) appeared during, or soon after, a combined eye–head saccade made to an earlier, ‘conditioning’ target. We tested human subjects using three different combinations of targets—a horizontal conditioning target followed by a horizontal test target (H/H condition), horizontal conditioning followed by vertical test (H/V), and vertical conditioning followed by horizontal test (V/H). We varied the delay between the onset of the conditioning head movement and the presentation of the test target, and determined the probability of generating a head movement to the test target as a function of target delay. As predicted, head movement probability was elevated significantly at the shortest target delays and declined thereafter. The half-life of the increase in probability averaged 740, 490, and 320 ms for the H/H, H/V, and V/H conditions, respectively. For the H/H condition, the augmentation appeared to outlast the duration of the conditioning head movement. Because the augmentation could outlast the conditioning head movement and did not depend on the head movements to the conditioning and test targets lying in the same directions, we could largely exclude the possibility that the augmentation arises from mechanical effects. These results support the existence of the hypothetical eye–head gate, and suggest ways that its constituent neurons might be identified using neurophysiological methods.
Systems integration and collaboration in architecture, engineering, construction, and facilities management: A review

With the rapid advancement of information and communication technologies, particularly Internet and Web-based technologies during the past 15 years, various systems integration and collaboration technologies have been developed and deployed to different application domains, including architecture, engineering, construction, and facilities management (AEC/FM). These technologies provide a consistent set of solutions to support the collaborative creation, management, dissemination, and use of information through the entire product and project lifecycle, and further to integrate people, processes, business systems, and information more effectively. This paper presents a comprehensive review of research literature on systems integration and collaboration in AEC/FM, and discusses challenging research issues and future research opportunities.
A Comparison of the Multi-Venturi Meter to Other Low-Loss Fluid Meters

A comparison of the multi-venturi type meter with other fluid meters has been made. A multi-venturi type meter is one having two or more venturis cascaded in such a manner that the discharge plane of smaller venturis is positioned in the throat of larger venturis. Although the concept of venturi cascading dates back to around 1880, its unique potential in general mass-flow-rate measurement applications has not been exploited. The primary advantages of the multi-venturi type meter are that it generates significantly less loss than conventional venturis, particularly at high signal magnifications, and has a much broader flow range. As a result of the latter characteristic, a single multi-venturi meter could be used to replace two or three conventional flow meters in some fluid-metering applications.
Confirmation of the Presence of Squalene in Human Eyelid Lipid by Heteronuclear Single Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy

(1)H-NMR spectroscopy has been used to quantify squalene in meibum and sebum. Squalene has many beneficial properties and its loss on the surface of skin upon ultraviolet light exposure or in the tear film with dry eye could be detrimental. In this study, we confirm the NMR proton resonance assignments of squalene, squalene in human meibum, and in human eyelid lipid using heteronuclear single quantum correlation spectroscopy. Our results confirm the presence of squalene in eyelid lipid. We speculate that the squalene in eyelid lipid could be secreted from sebaceous glands. The NMR resonances between 5.2 and 5.0 ppm, characteristic of the =CH of squalene, were resolved in the spectrum of human meibum and used to estimate that 1 % or less of squalene is present in meibum. However, the resonance assignments of squalene in meibum were not confirmed. The characteristics of squalene including its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial qualities suggest that the presence of a squalene film is beneficial. Its loss in human meibum from patients with dry eye could be detrimental and contribute to the symptoms observed in these patients.
Investigation of the Hollow Cathode Discharge as an Atomic Absorption Medium

A hollow cathode discharge has been studied as a means for vaporizing and atomizing samples for atomic absorption. The design and operational characteristics of the cell are presented with detection limits and precision data for Ag, As, Ca, Cd, Hg, Pb, Se, and Zn. In general, detection limits between 1 and 10 ng were obtained. The present limitation of the method due to the sample holder blank is discussed.
Circumstellar disks, planet formation, and ALMA

The Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) interferometer project will being science operations in 2011. With its high angular resolution and sensitive continuum and spectroscopic capabilities from 84–850 GHz, it will dramatically advance our observational understanding of the planet formation process by providing unprecedented measurements of the physical conditions in the birth sites of planets, the gas and dust disks around young stars. I will present an overview of a few key ALMA experiments that can be used to address some fundamental issues related to the structure and evolution of these protoplanetary disks, as well as a new technique that may provide unique, new access to characterize extremely young systems of exoplanets.
Event-free survival in adults with heart failure who engage in self-care management

Abstract Background Self-care management in heart failure (HF) involves decision-making to evaluate, and actions to ameliorate symptoms when they occur. This study sought to compare the risks of all-cause mortality, hospitalization, or emergency-room admission among HF patients who practice above-average self-care management, those who practice below-average self-care management, and those who are symptom-free. Methods A secondary analysis was conducted of data collected on 195 HF patients. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to examine the association between self-care management and event risk. Results The sample consisted of older (mean ± standard deviation = 61.3 ± 11 years), predominantly male (64.6%) adults, with an ejection fraction of 34.7% ± 15.3%; 60.1% fell within New York Heart Association class III or IV HF. During an average follow-up of 364 ± 288 days, 4 deaths, 82 hospitalizations, and 5 emergency-room visits occurred as first events. Controlling for 15 common confounders, those who engaged in above-average self-care management (hazard ratio, .44; 95% confidence interval, .22 to .88; P Conclusion Symptomatic HF patients who practice above-average self-care management have an event-free survival benefit similar to that of symptom-free HF patients.
Clustering-based methodology for analyzing near-miss reports and identifying risks in healthcare delivery

Near-miss reports are qualitative descriptions of events that could have harmed patients but did not due to a timely intervention or a convenient evolution of the circumstances. Near-miss reporting has increasingly become a relevant tool to support patient safety efforts since they provide some evidence of risk in the system before patients suffer adverse consequences. Near-misses are usually classified into pre-specified categories that correspond to sources of risk in the system or its processes. Their analysis often consists of tallying classified near-misses to determine risk priorities based on frequency within each pre-specified risk category. Our research aims to use different combinations of near-miss reports to find potential sources of risk. We propose an unsupervised bisecting k-prototypes algorithm for clustering coded near-miss reports to identify relationships between events that would not otherwise have been easily identified. Subsequent study of resulting clusters will lead to the identification of potentially dangerous, but unsuspected system interactions. We illustrate or methodology with preliminary results of its implementation at the University of South Florida Health clinics.
Magnetic field effects on neutron diffraction in the antiferromagnetic phase of UPt 3

We discuss possible magnetic structures in ${\mathrm{UPt}}_{3}$ based on our analysis of elastic neutron-scattering experiments in high magnetic fields at temperatures $Tl{T}_{N}.$ The existing experimental data are compatible with a true antiferromagnetic order displaying a single-q antiferromagnetic structure with three independent domains. For modest in-plane spin-orbit interactions, the Zeeman coupling between the antiferromagnetic order parameter and the magnetic field induces a rotation of the magnetic moments, but not an adjustment of the propagation vector of the magnetic order. A triple-q magnetic structure is also consistent with neutron experiments, but in general leads to a nonuniform magnetization in the crystal. New experiments involving higher fields and polarized neutrons could decide between these structures.
Transpiration‐and evaporation‐losses from areas of native vegetation

In recent years the need for greater economy in the use of the water-resources of the West has led to an increasing study of the problem of water-losses by transpiration and evaporation. In establishing the most beneficial use of water within a basin, the use by native vegetation must be considered and evaluated. Three general lines of procedure or methods that may be followed in determining transpiration- and evaporation-losses from areas of native vegetation are: (1) Soil-moisture studies in areas where the water-table is beyond the reach of roots of the vegetative cover; (2) tank-experiments in areas with high water-table; and (3) measurements of the total inflow of water to a small closed basin and the outflow from the basin. There are particular conditions tor which each method is especially adapted and, while it would seem that the last-mentioned method would offer the most desirable and convincing evidence of consumptive use, it is not always practical. Closed basins, wherein accurate measurements of total inflow and outflow can be made, are not numerous. In a basin of any appreciable size the movement of underground water is difficult to evaluate. The exchange of water to and from the water-table by living streams, underflow past control-stations, slow but long-continued movements of film-moisture resulting from the direct penetration of rain down to the water-table, and other items, cause uncertainties. Hence, accurate determinations by this method are usually limited to relatively small basins. Such determinations and the results of soil-moisture studies and tank-work afford data tor approximating the transpiration- and evaporation-losses from areas of native vegetation within larger basins. These losses are important items in the water-balance sheets of the basins in California.
The lineshapes of infrared-microwave two-photon transitions in the ν2 band of 15NH3☆

Abstract The lineshapes of the ssR (4, 2), ssQ (6, 4), and aaP (2, 1) transitions in the ν 2 band of 15 NH 3 were recorded at several pressures by means of a computer-coupled infrared laser microwave two-photon spectrometer. The lowest pressure lineshapes were Gaussian to high precision with Doppler widths within 0.1% of the calculated values. Plots of Lorentz widths vs. pressure obtained by assuming the lineshapes to be Voigt profiles gave negative intercepts. The data were reanalyzed under the assumptions of the soft-collision and hard-collision models of collisional narrowing. The resulting pressure-broadening parameters are 16.6, 18.1, and 16.5 MHz/Torr for the ssR (4, 2), ssQ (6, 4), and aaP (2, 1) transitions, respectively. These values are comparable to pressure-broadening parameters for inversion transitions in the ground state, but they are significantly larger than corresponding values for inversion transitions in the v 2 = 1 state. This comparison is explained as being the result of a larger contribution from adiabatic reorientation and/or phase-changing collisions to the pressure-broadening of the infrared transitions than to the inversion transitions in either state. The limiting low-pressure values of the center frequencies of the transitions are reported and the pressure shifts in the center frequencies are given. Collisional-narrowing parameters for the three transitions are estimated.
Chiral perturbation theory constraint on the electric dipole moment of the Λ hyperon

Abstract We introduce a general CP -violating photon-baryon coupling, that induces an electric dipole moment at leading order into a partially broken SU(3) L ×SU(3) r chiral theory. Our calculations show that very likely (i.e. barring accidental cancellations) the one loop corrections to the nucleon electric dipole moment are at least O(10 − ) times the hyperon electric dipole moment in this model. Using the current bound on the neutron ( d n ⩽10 −25 e cm) we are thus led to suggest that d Λ ⩽10 −23 e cm. This bound on d Λ is aboyt seven orders of magnitude more stringent than the current direct experimental bound of 10 −16 e cm.
Microstructure Size Control through Cooling Rate in Thermoelectric PbTe-Sb2Te3 Composites

Microstructures of alloys with three compositions in the pseudobinary PbTe-Sb2Te3 system cast in copper molds using the injection molding technique were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectrometry, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The microstructural length scales such as interlamellar spacing (ILS) and secondary dendrite arm spacing vary over two orders of magnitude, e.g., from 0.2 to 20 μm for SDAS in the hypereutectic alloy, depending on injection pressure, distance from surface, or thickness. The decrease in the microstructural length scale with the decrease in distance from the surface, thickness, and increase in injection pressure is attributed to an increase in the cooling rates estimated using the heat-transfer theory in solids. The difference in the injection pressures is represented as the difference in the heat-transfer coefficients.
Coordination Chemistry in magnesium battery electrolytes: how ligands affect their performance

Coordination Chemistry in magnesium battery electrolytes: how ligands affect their performance
Observation of a flare in the blue variable G44-32.

As part of a continuing programme to observe rapid light variations in stars, we have monitored the faint blue proper-motion star G44–32 (ref. 1). This star has recently been shown to be variable with a range of about 0.02 magnitudes, with quasi-periods in the range 10 to 27 min2.
Effect of Surface Roughness on Local Heat Transfer and Film Cooling Effectiveness

An experimental investigation of film cooling on rough surfaces has been accomplished at a Reynolds number and dimensionless boundary layer momentum thickness found in current high performance first stage turbine vanes. A transient experimental method using thermochromic liquid crystals is employed to determine both local heat transfer coefficients and film cooling effectiveness values on planar rough surfaces. Two surface roughness configurations are investigated with a single row of cooling holes spaced three diameters apart and inclined 30° to the mainstream flow. The mainstream turbulence level at the point of film injection is 8.5% and the density ratio considered is approximately 1.0. The influence of roughness on the centerline film cooling effectiveness, laterally averaged film cooling effectiveness, laterally averaged heat transfer coefficients, as well as area averaged values are presented. It is found that the presence of roughness causes a decrease in the film cooling effectiveness over that of the smooth surface for the range of experimental parameters considered in this study. In addition, significant lateral smoothing in film cooling effectiveness distribution is observed for the rougher surfaces. Measured heat transfer coefficients on rough surfaces show a trend of monotonic increase with blowing ratio. However, such increase is not as great as that for the case of smooth surface.Copyright © 1995 by ASME
Electron accumulation at undoped AlSb-InAs quantum wells: Theory.

The problem of the origin of electron accumulation at undoped AlSb-InAs quantum wells is examined. The magnitude and temperature dependence of the two-dimensional electron density in an InAs well on the binding energy and concentration of donorlike defects in AlSb is derived in closed form. The excellent agreement between the predicted and experimental temperature data makes it possible to extract the density, binding energy, and identity of the donorlike defects in AlSb. A microscopic explanation for the negative-persistent-photoconductivity effect exhibited by this quantum-well system is proposed.
SCFSlimb ubiquitin ligase suppresses condensin II–mediated nuclear reorganization by degrading Cap-H2

Condensin complexes play vital roles in chromosome condensation during mitosis and meiosis. Condensin II uniquely localizes to chromatin throughout the cell cycle and, in addition to its mitotic duties, modulates chromosome organization and gene expression during interphase. Mitotic condensin activity is regulated by phosphorylation, but mechanisms that regulate condensin II during interphase are unclear. Here, we report that condensin II is inactivated when its subunit Cap-H2 is targeted for degradation by the SCFSlimb ubiquitin ligase complex and that disruption of this process dramatically changed interphase chromatin organization. Inhibition of SCFSlimb function reorganized interphase chromosomes into dense, compact domains and disrupted homologue pairing in both cultured Drosophila cells and in vivo, but these effects were rescued by condensin II inactivation. Furthermore, Cap-H2 stabilization distorted nuclear envelopes and dispersed Cid/CENP-A on interphase chromosomes. Therefore, SCFSlimb-mediated down-regulation of condensin II is required to maintain proper organization and morphology of the interphase nucleus.
A program to increase female engineering and science enrollments through NSF STEM scholarships

This paper describes a scholarship and student mentoring program created to increase female enrollment and graduates in our Schools of Engineering and Science. This program was developed and administered jointly by both of the schools, and the admissions, financial aid, student life, career development, and learning resource departments. Scholarship recipients were required to participate in a mentoring program in which they met regularly with an upper-division peer mentor. Student participants also engaged in academic preparation activities to help develop study, organization, and test-taking skills for academic success. Further, social activities, such as field trips and dinners, were included to build camaraderie. A team of faculty was highly involved as academic advisors to all students in the program and as an advisory board for the grant overall. The program has been effective in increasing female enrollments and improving retention in both schools, particularly in engineering.
Correlating multispectral imaging and compositional data from the Mars Exploration Rovers and implications for Mars Science Laboratory

Abstract In an effort to infer compositional information about distant targets based on multispectral imaging data, we investigated methods of relating Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Pancam multispectral remote sensing observations to in situ alpha particle X-ray spectrometer (APXS)-derived elemental abundances and Mossbauer (MB)-derived abundances of Fe-bearing phases at the MER field sites in Gusev crater and Meridiani Planum. The majority of the partial correlation coefficients between these data sets were not statistically significant. Restricting the targets to those that were abraded by the rock abrasion tool (RAT) led to improved Pearson’s correlations, most notably between the red–blue ratio (673 nm/434 nm) and Fe3+-bearing phases, but partial correlations were not statistically significant. Partial Least Squares (PLS) calculations relating Pancam 11-color visible to near-IR (VNIR; ∼400–1000 nm) “spectra” to APXS and Mossbauer element or mineral abundances showed generally poor performance, although the presence of compositional outliers led to improved PLS results for data from Meridiani. When the Meridiani PLS model for pyroxene was tested by predicting the pyroxene content of Gusev targets, the results were poor, indicating that the PLS models for Meridiani are not applicable to data from other sites. Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy (SIMCA) classification of Gusev crater data showed mixed results. Of the 24 Gusev test regions of interest (ROIs) with known classes, 11 had >30% of the pixels in the ROI classified correctly, while others were mis-classified or unclassified. k-Means clustering of APXS and Mossbauer data was used to assign Meridiani targets to compositional classes. The clustering-derived classes corresponded to meaningful geologic and/or color unit differences, and SIMCA classification using these classes was somewhat successful, with >30% of pixels correctly classified in 9 of the 11 ROIs with known classes. This work shows that the relationship between SWIR multispectral imaging data and APXS- and Mossbauer-derived composition/mineralogy is often weak, a perhaps not entirely unexpected result given the different surface sampling depths of SWIR imaging (uppermost few microns) vs. APXS (tens of μm) and MB measurements (hundreds of μm). Results from the upcoming Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) rover’s ChemCam Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) instrument may show a closer relationship to Mastcam SWIR multispectral observations, however, because the initial laser shots onto a target will analyze only the upper few micrometers of the surface. The clustering and classification methods used in this study can be applied to any data set to formalize the definition of classes and identify targets that do not fit in previously defined classes.
Photodecomposition of chloroform catalyzed by unmodified MCM-41 mesoporous silica

Unactivated MCM-41 mesoporous silica catalyzes the photodecomposition of chloroform to phosgene and hydrogen chloride under near-UV (λ > 360 nm) irradiation. The rate of photodecomposition increases toward an asymptotic limit as the O(2) partial pressure is increased. Deuterochloroform does not decompose under the same experimental conditions. Low concentrations of both cyclohexane and ethanol quench the photodecomposition, whereas water, up to its solubility limit, does not. Dissolved tetraalkylammonium salts suppress photodecomposition. The data are consistent with a mechanism in which light absorption by an SiO(2) defect yields an electron-deficient oxygen atom, which then abstracts hydrogen from chloroform. The resulting CCl(3) radicals react with oxygen to form a peroxy radical that decomposes, eventually yielding phosgene and hydrogen chloride.
Effect of Royal Jelly on serum lipids in experimental animals and humans with atherosclerosis

The primary objective of this review was to assess the size and consistency of Royal Jelly (RJ) effect on serum lipids in experimental animals and humans. The data from animal studies were pooled, where possible, and statistically evaluated by Student's t-test. Meta-analysis was used for the evaluation of human trials. It was found that RJ significantly decreased serum and liver total lipids and cholesterol levels in rats and rabbits and also retarded the formation of atheromas in the aorta of rabbits fed a hyperlipemic diet. Meta-analysis of the controlled human trials of RJ to reduce hyperlipidemia showed a significant reduction in total serum lipids and cholesterol levels and normalization of HDL and LDL as determined from decrease in β/α lipoproteins. The best available evidence suggests that RJ at approximately 50 to 100 mg per day, decreased total serum cholesterol levels by about 14%, and total serum lipids by about 10% in the group of patients studied.
Phase II trial of ifosfamide in epidermoid carcinoma of the esophagus: unexpectant severe toxicity

Thirty-two patients with advanced epidermoid carcinoma of the esophagus were treated with ifosfamide (1.50 gm/m2 daily × 5 days) with uroprotective mesna in a phase II study. Eighteen patients were previously untreated. Of 28 evaluable patients, two (7%) had partial remissions lasting 2+ and 6+ months. Toxicity was predominantly myelosuppression with a median WBC nadir of 1.8 cells/ul. Seven patients required hospitalization for nadir sepsis. Ifosfamide has minimal activity in esophageal cancer and causes severe myelosuppression.
The root cause of black pad failure of solder joints with electroless Ni/Immersion gold plating

This paper reports on a study of the reaction of solder with the electrolessnickel with immersion gold (ENIG) plating system, and the resulting interfacial structures. Aforcused-ion beam (FIB) was used to polish the cross sections to reveal details of the microstructure of the ENIG-plated pad with and without soldering. High-speed pull testing of solder joints was performed to expose the pad surface. Results of scanning-electron microscopy/energy-dispersive x-ray analysis of the cross sections and fractured pad surfaces support the suggestion that black pad is the result of galvanic hyper-corosion of the plated electroless nickel by the gold plating bath. Criteria are proposed for diagnosing black pad of ENIG plating.
Reduction of thermal data using neural networks

A scanned thermal line source is a rapid and efficient technique for detection of corrosion in aircraft components. Reconstruction of the back surface profile from the data obtained with this technique requires a nonlinear mapping. Neural networks are an effective method for performing nonlinear mappings of one parameter space to another. This paper discusses the application of neural networks to the reconstruction of back surface profiles from the data obtained from a thermal line scan. The neural network is found to be a very effective method of reconstructing arbitrary surface profiles. The network is trained on simulations of the thermal line scan technique. The trained network is then applied to both simulated and experimentally obtained data. The reconstructed profiles are in good agreement with independent characterizations of the profiles. Limitations of the reconstruction technique are illustrated by presenting results for several different configurations.
Effects of task difficulty on sentence comprehension performance of aphasic subjects.

Abstract Twenty aphasic subjects participated in an auditory comprehension task in which they were asked to point to pictures named by the examiner. The spoken commands delivered to each subject were either “easy” or “difficult,” as determined by the subject's performance in a preexperimental session. Difficulty was determined by the number of items that the subject was asked to point to in sequence. Each subject performed in two conditions. In the Low Error Condition, a small number of difficult commands (as determined in the preexperimental session) was interspersed in a larger number of easy commands (as determined in the preexperimental session). In the High Error Condition, a small number of easy commands was interspersed in a larger number of difficult commands. Analysis of the results indicated that presentation of a series of difficult commands interfered with subject's subsequent performance to commands that would ordinarily be very easy.
Permian Fusulinids in Eastern Nevada--Paleoecologic Implications: ABSTRACT

Field and laboratory studies of fusulinids from exposed Permian strata in no fewer than 15 mountain ranges in eastern Nevada, and six similar sections in western Utah have progressed to the point that the following conclusions can be drawn concerning paleoecology of these Foraminifera: (1) they were most abundant in the infraneritic to epineritic benthos; (2) areas of optima were below wave-base for many schwagerinids, although some of these along with numerous parafusulinids seemingly thrived in areas of high energy; (3) most species of all fusulinids occur in areas where clean calcarenitic limestones and clean carbonate muds accumulated; (4) pseudoschwagerinids and paraschwagerinids lived in environments of agitation as well as under circumstances of slightly foul botto s; (5) triticitids and pseudofusulinids occurred where silty, sandy, and calcarenitic materials were accumulating under moderate- to high-energy conditions; (6) most species of fusulinids can be found in the reef-tract; some in fact contributed notably to this biotope. Throughout most places in eastern Nevada (and western Utah) strata of Wolfcampian age are limestones of criquinitic, calcarenitic, and high-energy patch-reef types. These contain pseudofusulinellids, schwagerinids, and pseudoschwagerinids in abundance. Strata of Leonardian age consist of silty, sandy, calcarenitic and reef materials, all more or less rich in robust to elongated schwagerinids and parafusulinids; pseudoschwagerinids occur abundantly in reef-rocks. Strata of late Leonardian, and Wordian to early Capitanian age locally are gritty, sandy, conglomeratic, and coarsely bioclastic; diagnostic species of parafusulinids and schwagerinids preferred the environment typifying these sedimentary realms. It should be emphasized that possibly all these Foraminifera at times and under optimum environmental conditions formed veritable slimes and oozes of protoplasm. Some of this material may have contributed to oil source beds for strong hydrocarbon odors now characterize most fusulinid-bearing strata of the Permian of eastern Nevada and western Utah. End_of_Article - Last_Page 261------------
Renal Erythropoietic Factor (REF). Neutralization of in vitro generated erythropoietic activity with anti-erythropoietin

Abstract When the renal erythropoietic factor and normal serum, each erythropoietically inactive when tested separately, are incubated in vitro , a principle is generated which stimulates erythropoiesis in plethorized assay mice. The antibody specifically directed against erythropoietin neutralizes this activity in the incubation mixture. The data support our contention that the principle generated in vitro is actually erythropoietin.
The effects of incompetency, audience acquaintanceship, and anticipated evaluative feedback on face-saving behavior.

Abstract Two experiments explored the influence of incompetency, audience acquaintanceship, and anticipated evaluative feedback on face-saving. In both, subjects sang privately, received a computerized voice evaluation (competent or incompetent), then sang before an audience. Face-saving, defined as sacrificing tangible rewards to avoid public embarrassment, was measured by the amount of time subjects sang before the audience. Payoffs were increased by longer public singing. In Experiment I face-saving was greater under incompetency than competency. It was greatest among incompetent subjects expecting classmates' feedback, and least among competent subjects not expecting strangers' feedback. Experiment II, in which incompetency was held constant, introduced a “close friends” condition and a manipulation involving meeting vs not meeting total strangers. Face-saving was greater before close friends and strangers who would be met afterwards than before acquaintances or strangers who would not be met. Implications for opposing theories about behavior before others are discussed. Conclusion: contrary to several theories, close friends do not liberate individuals from face-saving. Instead, the future dependencies in such relations may increase face-saving.
Geophysical measurements at ocean bottom

Essentially all the geophysical questions that are asked concerning land masses have counterparts on the ocean floor, and the same variables must be studied: the area which must be explored and mapped; the geology which must be learned; and temperature, heat flow, magnetic field, electric conductivity, gravity, winds (or water currents), response to pressure variations, seismic disturbances, etc., all of which must be measured.
Paradoxical role of GABA in a chronic model of petit mal (absence)-like epilepsy in the rat

Neonatal Long-Evans hooded rats were treated with AY-9944, a cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor, every 6 days for 7 weeks to induce a permanent absence-like epileptic condition. AY-9944-treated rats averaged 50 +/- 15 generalized non-motor seizures per hour of 2-15 s duration as monitored by electrocorticography. Clinically effective anti-absence drugs were observed to reduce seizure occurrence in a dose-dependent manner. Paradoxically, GABA agonists increased seizure occurrence while GABA antagonists decreased seizure occurrence. Evaluation of the benzodiazepines, diazepam and clonazepam, in this model revealed inhibition of seizure activity by GABA-independent mechanisms. Valproic acid produced a biphasic effect suggesting a GABA-independent, antiabsence action at low doses and GABAergic augmentation of seizure occurrence at higher doses. The results of this study support the hypothesis that increased GABAergic stimulation may induce inhibitory seizures in absence epilepsy.
Neutrophils from asthmatics exhibit diminished responsiveness to 2-chloroadenosine which is reversed by theophylline. Evidence for a cyclic-AMP-independent pathway on human neutrophils.

We have shown previously that neutrophils (PMNs) from patients with asthma have a more potent stimulated respiratory burst than normals and that their respiratory burst is significantly less suppressed with exposure to 2-chloroadenosine (2-CADO). The present studies investigated the basis of this defect in responsiveness to 2-CADO. PMNs obtained from asthmatics either not on theophylline (minus theophylline) or taking theophylline (plus theophylline) generated significantly more superoxide in response to 2×10−8 M FMLP (2.08±0.36 nmol/5×105 PMNs (minus theophylline) (P<0.01 compared to controls) vs. 2.16±0.44 (plus theophylline) (P<0.01) as compared to controls (1.05±0.17 nmol). In the presence of FMLP (2×10−8 M), PMNs from the minus theophylline cohort had less 2-CADO (10−6 M) -mediated suppression of superoxide generation as compared to controls (38.3±3.8% vs. 67±3.8%; (P<0.001). The plus theophylline group exhibited suppression values similar to controls (64.5±7.2%). Theophylline, in the presence of a physiological concentration of 2-CADO (0.1μM) accentuated the suppression of the respiratory burnt in normals (74.1±5.9%, 80.1±4.9% (P<0.02) and 84.7±3.8% (P<0.02) at 0, 10, and 100μM, respectively). PMNs from asthmatics not taking theophylline demonstrated suppression values of 46.2±6%, 53.8±6.6% (P=NS), and 63.2±7.1% (P<0.01), respectively. Resting PMNs from normal controls generated 0.97±0.20 pmol cAMP/107 cells compared to 2.83±0.75 pmol in the pressnce of 0.1μM 2-CADO. The combination of 2-CADO and theophylline (10–100μM) produced cAMP concentrations not significantly different from that observed with 2-CADO alone. These findings support the existence of a novel cAMP-independent adenosine receptor in PMNs. The specific binding of 10−8 M3H-labeled 2-CADO (in Δ cpm) was 10,358 ± 1502 (P < 0.001 compared to controls), 5468 ± 843 (NS compared to controls), and 3751 ± 477 in the plus theophylline group, minus theophylline group, and controls, respectively. Such up-regulation of specific binding may represent the effects of theophylline as shown by the specific binding of [3H]2-CADO in PMNs from normal controls exposed to 10 μM theophylline for 30 min (6013 ± 969) compared to unexposed PMNs (3768 ± 656; P < 0.05). These data support an antiinflammatory mechanism of action for theophylline in the therapy of asthma and suggest that this may occur through potentiation of the antiinflammatory mediator adenosine.
Ethics-based decision-making: A psycho educational workshop for adult diversion programs

Abstract This article describes the design and implementation of a psycho educational workshop in Ethics-Based Decision-Making, a structured procedure for making socially responsible choices. The goal of the workshop is to reduce criminal recidivism by broadening the participants' ethical views and teaching new skills for coping more effectively with life's everyday problems. Guidelines for implementing this group are suggested. This workshop has been an ongoing component of the City of Tempe (Arizona) Adult Diversion Program since February 1996.
QUADRATIC LAGRANGIANS AND MASSIVE GRAVITONS

An expansion of a quadratic Lagrangian in a series in small corrections to a flat metric yields the Lagrangian of the free gravitational field (first term of the expansion); by a substitution of the field variables this is reduced to a sum of standard Lagrangians that define massless and massive scalar and tensor fields. Independent variation of the corresponding Lagrangian with respect to the massive scalar and tensor gravitational fields is possible only if the coupling constants in the quadratic Langrangian satisfy a certain relation.
Potential Effects of Faking on the NEO-PI-R: Willingness and Ability to Fake Changes Who Gets Hired in Simulated Selection Decisions

The impact of response distortion (faking) on selection decisions was investigated. Participants (N = 224) completed the NEO-PI-R under instructions to “make the most favorable impression” and/or “answer honestly.” Those instructed to fake were often over-represented at the top of the score distributions as instructions to fake resulted in higher scores both between and within groups in a test–retest situation. There was significantly lower correspondence between participants’ honest scores and their faked scores as well as multiple instances where participants with unfavorable honest scores subsequently produced the most favorable scores when faking. Response distortion may remain a serious threat to the use of personality test scores in selection.
Bacteriophage infection of Myxococcus xanthus during cellular differentiation and vegetative growth.

Abstract Virulent bacteriophage MX-1 infection of differentiating M. xanthus cells, after commitment to myxospore formation and before loss of ability to adsorb phage, results in trapping of the phage genome. The synthesis of DNA, RNA, and protein in control and infected differentiating cells is indistinguishable. Cells which complete myxospore formation after infection include those which are (1) productively infected, (2) nonproductively infected, and (3) uninfected viables. These are morphologically indistinguishable. There is an increase in percent conversion and a decrease in the proportion of productively infected myxospores with time of infection after glycerol induction of differentiation. Germination of productively infected myxospores results in lysis and release of progeny phage. Lysis may occur while the cell capsule appears intact. The burst size is similar to that of infected vegetative cells. Nonproductively infected myxospores maintain their gross morphological characteristics for some time after control cells have germinated and produce no colonies. They contain no phage particles nor resolvable subunits. During germination of control myxospores, return of phage susceptibility follows loss of myxospore characteristics (refractility, resistance to sonication and to 48 °) by approximately 100 min. Similarity of this system to that of φe-infected sporulating Bacillus subtilis is discussed.
Male Pregnancy Symptoms in Urban Colombia

Research on men's pregnancy symptoms (couvade) typically seeks to explicate the meaning of the various symptoms for those presumed to be suffering. This paper considers the significance of such symptoms as reported by a group of pregnant women for their male partners. It is hypothesized that women with few sources of extraconjugal social support report partners' symptoms more often than those with more abundant social resources because such women are more dependent on their partners. This paper therefore examines how illness symptoms are differentially labeled by individuals in dissimilar social situations. [conjugal roles, women's roles, social networks, urbanization, Colombia, Latin America]
Flow dynamic nuclear polarization, a novel method for enhancing NMR signals in flowing fluids

Abstract Experimental flow dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) 1 H NMR data are presented. The advantages of flow DNP in comparison with the more conventional static DNP experiments are discussed. The results suggest that flow DNP provides a unique experimental method of independent optimization of the “EPR” and ”NMR” portions of the DNP experiment. Potential applications are also discussed.
Misuse patterns in VoIP

To protect against security attacks, it is necessary to be aware of typical risks and to have a good understanding of how vulnerabilities can be exploited. Security patterns are useful to guide the security design of systems by providing generic solutions that can stop a variety of attacks, but it is not clear to an inexperienced designer what pattern should be applied to stop a specific attack. Additionally, security patterns are not useful for network forensics purposes because they do not emphasize the modus operandi of the attack. As a complement and improvement, we have proposed a new type of pattern, the misuse pattern. This pattern describes, from the point of view of the attacker, how a type of information misuse is performed, analyzes the ways of stopping the attack, and considers how to trace the attack once it has happened. To apply this approach, we need a catalog of misuse patterns. In this paper, we restrict our interest to voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) and we present a set of typical and frequent misuse patterns for VoIP: denial of service (DoS), call interception, theft of service, and call hijacking on VoIP. These patterns could be the start of a comprehensive catalog that would be of practical value to developers, testers, users, and researchers. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recognizing Values: A Descriptive-Causal Method for Medical/Scientific Discourses

While much discussion in bioethics, philosophy of science, and philosophy of medicine concerns the proper handling and uses of value considerations, there has been little discussion about how to identify or recognize values in medical/scientific discourse. This article presents a heuristic method for identifying values in such discourses. Values are defined as descriptions or conditions that guide human action and are praise- or blameworthy. Values manifest themselves in discourses in one or more of three dimensions: linguistic, causal, and descriptive; each with distinctive "subtypes". By recognizing the various ways that values manifest in discourses, a "values scholar" can ask relevant questions of the discourse and thereby come to recognize potential evaluative meanings in the discourse. Numerous examples are provided from the author's own research program. Strengths, limitations, and paths to developing the model are briefly discussed.