cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Double immunofluorescence microscopy: a method for localizing immune deposits in skin diseases associated with linear basement membrane zone immunofluorescence.

Direct immunofluorescence microscopy has shown that a linear pattern of immunoglobulin and/or complement deposition at the cutaneous basement membrane zone is a characteristic feature in a number of acquired bullous diseases and is occasionally observed in systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunoelectron microscopy has shown the linear pattern of immunofluorescence may be produced by immune deposits located either above the basal lamina (in the lamina lucida) or below the basal lamina (in the upper dermis). Distinguishing between these sites of immune reactant deposition may be of value in differential diagnosis. In this study we report a double immunofluorescent method by which skin biopsies with linear IgG immunofluorescence due to deposits above the basal lamina (bullous pemphigoid) could be distinguished from biopsies with deposits beneath the basal lamina (bullous systemic lupus erythematosus and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita). When skin sections were treated sequentially with rhodamine-labeled antihuman IgG followed by fluorescein-labeled antilamina lucida (pemphigoid) antibody and examined by fluorescence microscopy, the following results were obtained. In biopsies with IgG deposits in the lamina lucida, a single green fluorescent band was observed. In tissues with subbasal lamina deposits, either parallel and contiguous bands of green and yellow-orange fluorescence or a single band of yellow-orange fluorescence was observed. The method is simpler, quicker, and less expensive than immunoelectron microscopy and should be a useful technique for evaluating skin diseases with linear immunofluorescence at the basement membrane zone.
Kinetics of lipase catalyzed isoamyl acetate synthesis at high hydrostatic pressure in hexane

Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of isoamyl acetate in hexane at 10–250 MPa at 80°C and 1–100 MPa at 40°C resulted in activation volumes of −12.9 ± 1.7 and −21.6 ± 2.9 cm3 mol−1, respectively. Increasing pressure from 10 to 200 MPa resulted in approximately 10-fold increase in V max at both 40 and 80°C. Pressure increased the K m from 2.4 ± 0.004 to 38 ± 0.78 mM at 40°C. In contrast, at 80°C the pressure did not affect the K m.
Academically successful drug users: an oxymoron?

The present study examines substance use among academically successful students. The data were collected in two discrete anonymous surveys of 2,288 ninth-grade and 2,653 eleventh-grade California s...
Analysis of the image repair discourse in the Michael Phelps controversy

The following study reviews the image repair strategies used by Olympic swimmer Michael Phelps, his sponsors and the organizations that govern him as an amateur swimmer after a picture of Phelps allegedly smoking from a marijuana pipe appeared in a British tabloid. Additionally, the study reviews media coverage of the controversy to determine whether Phelps was successful in repairing his image. The study concludes that Phelps’ image repair campaign was a success. Implications for public relations practitioners and suggestions for future research also are discussed.
Mechanisms of Oil Displacement by Microorganisms

Mechanisms of oil displacement at the oil-brine-sand interfaces by bacteria were investigated by microscopic observations and capillary pressure changes using unconsolidated, thin, reservoir flow cells. Three genera of bacteria, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Clostridium, were injected into water-wet and oil-wet cells of unconsolidated sand, saturated with brine and crude oil. The flow cells were placed under a microscope for visual and photographic observations. The flow cells were connected to a manometer to examine the complete capillary pressure hysteresis loop before and after introduction of bacteria. The thin reservoir flow cells were first saturated with brine, and then displaced to irreducible water saturation with crude oil. Oil and brine displacements were then made to determine the complete capillary pressure relationship. Next, the bacteria and nutrients were introduced and incubated in the flow cell for 24-48 hours. Microscopic observations were recorded photographically. After incubation, oil and brine displacements were again made to determine the capillary pressure hysteresis loop.
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) induces corneal neovascularization and upregulates VEGF expression in endothelial cells.

PURPOSE. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a potent proinflammatory mediator that accumulates in the cornea after injury and induces the expression of genes related to inflammation and wound healing. The current study was conducted to investigate the direct effect of PAF on corneal neovascularization and on the expression of angiogenic growth factors in vascular endothelial cells. METHODS. Pellets containing carbamyl-PAF (cPAF) were implanted in corneas of wild-type or PAF-receptor (PAF-R)-knock-out mice, and the progression of angiogenesis was monitored by microscope. In some experiments, mice were treated with a daily intraperitoneal injection of the PAF-R antagonist LAU8080. Migration assays of human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs) were performed in a Boyden chamber after addition of various concentrations of cPAF or bovine fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2). Cell proliferation was assessed by fluorescence-binding assay in the presence of cPAF or FGF-2 for 8 days. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and FGF-2 expression was studied by RT-PCR and Northern-and Western-blot analyses in cells stimulated with cPAF at different concentrations and for different times. RESULTS. Six days after cPAF pellet implantation, there were new vessels growing from the limbus to the center of the cornea. The PAF-induced neovascularization was significantly reduced in PAF-R-knockout mice and in mice treated with the PAF antagonist. cPAF added to the lower well of the Boyden chamber produced a dose-dependent migration of HUVECs and HMVECs that was inhibited in cells preincubated with LAU8080 or with a VEGF-blocking antibody. In contrast, cPAF did not stimulate proliferation of endothelial cells. cPAF induced VEGF mRNA and protein expression but not FGF-2 expression in HUVECs and HMVECs. CONCLUSIONS. PAF stimulates corneal neovascularization by a receptor-mediated mechanism. Induction of VEGF expression and stimulation of vascular endothelial cell migration are initial events in PAF-promoted corneal angiogenesis.
Leptogenesis at the Electroweak Scale

Abstract In this Letter we propose a model of leptogenesis in which the scale for the mass of the necessary heavy neutral lepton is similar to the scale of electroweak symmetry breaking.
Recombination Emission in InSb

Optically excited recombination emission has been studied for $n$- and $p$-type single-crystal samples of InSb at 77 and 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Emissions associated with band-to-band transitions, transitions with creation of an optical phonon, and transitions involving acceptor impurities have been observed. The band-to-band emission in the pure samples can be attributed to direct transitions, whereas the emission in samples of high donor concentrations clearly shows transitions violating wave-vector conservation. The emission of phonon-assisted transitions is about 150 times weaker than that of direct transitions; this ratio is consistent with the strength of polar-mode coupling. The $n$-type as well as the $p$-type samples show an emission band due to electron transitions from the conduction band to some impurity level at 7.5 meV above the valence band, and the emission is much more prominent in the Zn-doped samples. Germanium-doped $p$-type samples show a weak emission band associated with an acceptor level at 17 meV above the valence band. Samples of large donor concentrations show the effect of band tailing. The main impurity emission increases linearly while the band-to-band emission increased quadratically with the intensity of exciting light. From the shift and splitting of the emission under applied magnetic field, an electron effective mass of ${m}_{e}\ensuremath{\sim}0.018m$ and an electron $g$ factor of $|g|=40 \mathrm{at} 30$ kG are obtained. Electroluminescence has been observed in $p$-type crystals under pulsed electric fields of \ensuremath{\sim}60 V/cm. The observed spectrum appears to be a broadened impurity line. The emission is more than an order of magnitude weaker than optically excited emission corresponding to the same sample conductance.
ISCHEMIC VERSUS NON-ISCHEMIC RIGHT VENTRICULAR TRANSCRIPTOME IN END-STAGE HUMAN HEART FAILURE

The right ventricular (RV) transcriptome in ischemic (ISCH) vs. non-ischemic (NISCH) end-stage human heart failure (HF) has not been widely studied. We performed RNAseq (30M target reads/cDNA library, paired-end 50 bp sequencing by Illumina HiSeq 25009) on RV tissue obtained from 11 ISCH and 11
Mean length of utterance and other language sample measures in early Icelandic

Adaptations of the widely used MLU measure have been developed in several languages. Such adaptations require numerous modifications, especially in languages that are highly inflected. This study i...
Why Macroeconomics does not Supervene on Microeconomics

In recent years, the project of providing microeconomic foundations for macroeconomics has taken on new urgency. Some philosophers and economists have challenged the project, both for the way economists actually approach microfoundations and for more general antireductionist reasons. Reductionists and antireductionists alike, however, have taken it to be trivial that the macroeconomic facts are exhaustively determined by microeconomic ones. In this paper, I challenge this supposed triviality. I argue that macroeconomic properties do not even globally supervene on microeconomic ones. This is simply a consequence of the difference in the explanatory goals of the respective fields, which implicitly carve out the microeconomic property set in such a way that it underdetermines macroeconomic properties. It means, however, that microeconomics-based foundations for macroeconomics are inadequate in principle.
A new inverse problem based approach for azimuthal DOA estimation

We propose a novel algorithm to perform jointly the azimuthal direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation and the multiuser detection (MUD) of signals impinging on an array of antennas. We treat the DOA estimation as an inverse problem of identifying a specific set of parameters that explains the received signal for a suitable physical model. We reformulate the estimation problem as a highly underdetermined linear system and solve the resulting least squares problem using the well-known conjugate gradients (CG) iterations on the normal equations (NE). Unlike methods such as MUSIC, our method does not require any a priori information concerning the number of sources and also it is independent of the. type of modulation employed. Simulation results confirm the robustness of our algorithm in the regimes of perfect correlation and low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). We also propose a MUD algorithm using the least squares solution obtained during the DOA estimation.
Magnetochemical Properties and Reactions of Vanadium(III) Thiolate Complexes: Preparation of (NEt4)3(V3Cl6(edt)3) and Mixed-Valence (NEt4)(V2(edt)4 )( edt) Ethane-1,2-dithiolate)

Reactions of the previously reported dinuclear vanadium(III) thiolate anion [V2(edt)4]2- (edtH2 = ethane-1,2-dithiol) are described. Treatment of (NEt4)2[V2(edt)4] (1) in MeCN with equimolar (C12H8S2)BF4 (C12H8S2+ = the thianthrenium radical cation) results in a one-electron oxidation and isolation of the VIII,VIV complex (NEt4)[V2(edt)4] (2). The same product can also be obtained by controlled-potential electrolysis of 1 at −0.20 V vs Ag/AgCl. Treatment of 1 in CH2Cl2 with py gives no reaction, but addition of Me3SiCl leads to formation of the known V2OCl4(py)6 (3). The latter is also formed by the reduction of a 1:1 mixture of VOCl3 and VCl3(THF)3 in CH2Cl2/py and by the reaction in CH2Cl2 of VCl3(THF)3 and py with edt2-. Treatment of 1 in MeCN with bpy (2,2‘-bipyridine) gives no reaction, but addition of Me3SiCl results in formation and isolation of [V2OCl2(bpy)4]Cl2 (4) identified by spectroscopic comparison with literature data. The reaction of 1 in MeCN with equimolar VCl3(THF)3 and NEt4Cl gives (NE...
GDF9 Modulates the Reproductive and Tumor Phenotype of Female Inha-Null Mice

Intraovarian factors play important roles in coordinating germ cell and somatic cell growth in the ovary. Prior to the onset of gonadotropin stimulation and reproductive cyclicity, follicle development is dependent upon locally produced growth factors, such as the transforming growth factor beta family members inhibin, activin, and GDF9. In the absence of inhibin in prepubertal mice (Inha−/−), there are marked alterations in preantral follicle growth, but no evidence of ovarian tumors characteristic of adult Inha-null mice. To ascertain the contribution of GDF9 to the Inha-null phenotype, we analyzed folliculogenesis in postnatal Inha Gdf9 double knockout mice. Deletion of Gdf9 from Inha−/− rescues the initial growth defects found at early follicle stages in Inha−/− ovaries, but surprisingly enhances the onset of pretumor lesions. The normalization of growth dynamics between granulosa cells and oocytes of Inha Gdf9 double knockout mice is also accompanied by a reduction in levels of the activin/inhibin beta B subunit, Inhbb, which is upregulated in Inha−/− ovaries. However, at later ages, Inha Gdf9 double knockout ovaries are similar to Inha−/− ovaries, and show upregulation of the activin/inhibin subunits and downregulation of the growth factor, kit ligand, thus resulting in a local environment that is growth-promoting for granulosa cells but growth-inhibitory for oocytes. These data suggest a sequential mechanism of action initiated by GDF9 in the Inha knockout mouse that promotes defective folliculogenesis. These studies thus provide a novel role for GDF9 in causing reproductive defects and suppressing tumor initiation in the Inha−/− mouse model.
Business insight toolkit: Flexible pre-requirements modeling

Pre-requirements analysis requires modeling tools with unprecedented flexibility. The Business Insight Toolkit (BITKit) is a prototype of a new kind of modeling tool, aimed at offering the flexibility of office tools along with many of the advantages of modeling tools.
Staying Engaged: Knowledge and Research Needs in Student Engagement

In this article, we review knowledge about student engagement and look ahead to the future of study in this area. We begin by describing how researchers in the field define and study student engagement. In particular, we describe the levels, contexts, and dimensions that constitute the measurement of engagement, summarize the contexts that shape engagement and the outcomes that result from it, and articulate person-centered approaches for analyzing engagement. We conclude by addressing limitations to the research and providing recommendations for study. Specifically, we point to the importance of incorporating more work on how learning-related emotions, personality characteristics, prior learning experiences, shared values across contexts, and engagement in nonacademic activities influence individual differences in student engagement. We also stress the need to improve our understanding of the nuances involved in developing engagement over time by incorporating more extensive longitudinal analyses, intervention trials, research on affective neuroscience, and interactions among levels and dimensions of engagement.
Near-Sun free-space optical communications from space

Free-space optical communications offers expanded data return capacity, from probes distributed throughout the solar system and beyond. Space-borne and Earth-based optical transceivers used for communicating optically, will periodically encounter near-Sun pointing. This will result in an increase in the scattered background-light flux, often contributing to degraded link performance. The varying duration of near-Sun pointing link operations relative to the location of space-probes, is discussed in this paper. The impact of near-Sun pointing on link performance for a direct detection photon-counting communications system is analyzed for both ground- and space-based Earth receivers. Finally, the impact of near-Sun pointing on space-borne optical transceivers is discussed.
Default mode network activity in male adolescents with conduct and substance use disorder

a b s t r a c t Background: Adolescents with conduct disorder (CD) and substance use disorders (SUD) experience dif- ficulty evaluating and regulating their behavior in anticipation of future consequences. Given the role of the brain's default mode network (DMN) in self-reflection and future thought, this study investigates whether DMN is altered in adolescents with CD and SUD, relative to controls. Methods: Twenty adolescent males with CD and SUD and 20 male controls of similar ages underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging as they completed a risk-taking decision task. We used indepen- dent component analysis as a data-driven approach to identify the DMN spatial component in individual subjects. DMN activity was then compared between groups. Results: Compared to controls, patients showed reduced activity in superior, medial and middle frontal gyrus (Brodmann area (BA) 10), retrosplenial cortex (BA 30) and lingual gyrus (BA 18), and bilateral middle temporal gryus (BA 21/22) - DMN regions thought to support self-referential evaluation, memory, foresight, and perspective taking. Furthermore, this pattern of reduced activity in patients remained robust after adjusting for the effects of depression and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Conversely, when not adjusting for effects of depression and ADHD, patients demonstrated greater DMN activity than controls solely in the cuneus (BA 19). Conclusions: Collectively, these results suggest that comorbid CD and SUD in adolescents is characterized by atypical activity in brain regions thought to play an important role in introspective processing. These functional imbalances in brain networks may provide further insight into the neural underpinnings of conduct and substance use disorders.
Rapid approach to the quantitative determination of Topiramate (2,3:4,5-bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)-β-D-fructopyranose sulfamate) in human plasma by liquid–liquid extraction and flow-injection negative-ion electrospray mass spectrometry

Topiramate, a sulfamate-substituted monosaccharide (2,3:4, 5-bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)-beta-D-fructopyranose sulfamate), is a new antiepileptic drug, which has been approved for adjunctive therapy in adult patients with partial-onset seizures. Liquid-liquid extraction followed by flow-injection negative-ion electrospray mass spectrometry was evaluated as a means for the quantitative analysis of Topiramate in human plasma. Prednisone (1,4-pregnadiene-17-alpha, 21-diol-3,11,20-trione [15 microg/mL]) was used as the internal standard because its solubility and molecular weight are similar to those of Topiramate. Calibration curves for Topiramate were linear over a range of 1 to 30 microg/mL plasma (signal-to-noise ratio >4) and were highly reliable (r(2) = 0.994). This approach offers several advantages: (i) the extraction of Topiramate from human plasma using chloroform is simple and reproducible; (ii) the quantitative determination of Topiramate, in the presence of an internal standard, by flow-injection negative-ion electrospray mass spectrometry with selected-ion recording, is rapid and accurate and does not require chromatographic separation; (iii) the assay possesses adequate sensitivity (2-25 microg/mL) for the quantitative analysis of Topiramate in plasma from patients.
JSBML: a flexible Java library for working with SBML

The specifications of the Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML) define standards for storing and exchanging computer models of biological processes in text files. In order to perform model simulations, graphical visualizations and other software manipulations, an in-memory representation of SBML is required. We developed JSBML for this purpose. In contrast to prior implementations of SBML APIs, JSBML has been designed from the ground up for the Java™ programming language, and can therefore be used on all platforms supported by a Java Runtime Environment. This offers important benefits for Java users, including the ability to distribute software as Java Web Start applications. JSBML supports all SBML Levels and Versions through Level 3 Version 1, and we have strived to maintain the highest possible degree of compatibility with the popular library libSBML. JSBML also supports modules that can facilitate the development of plugins for end user applications, as well as ease migration from a libSBML-based backend.
Preschool Teachers' Knowledge, Opinions, and Educational Experiences with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

The main purpose of this exploratory study was to investigate preschool teachers' past educa- tional experiences, knowledge, and opinions related to ADHD. A second purpose was to determine if specific teacher variables (e.g., years of experience) were associated with higher knowledge of ADHD as measured by a criterion-referenced test. One hundred thirty-eight preschool teachers completed a question- naire that included demographical information and questions related to knowledge and experiences with ADHD in preschoolers. Descriptive findings indicated that preschool teachers' most common educational experiences related to ADHD included reading articles in magazines and journals. In addition, preschool teachers did not feel that they knew very much about the process of assessing ADHD in preschoolers. Analyses of teacher variables revealed that teachers with graduate level educations did better on the test on ADHD than teachers with vocational or high school level educations. Results also indicated that teachers' ratings of their own knowledge of ADHD were not associated with test performance. The implications of these findings for professional development are discussed.
NON-SPINAL PSOAS ABSCESS

In conclusion, we desire to call attention to the facts, first, that there exists a large group of cases of psoas abscesses which originate from sources other than spinal or pelvic bone involvement; second, that lymphadenitis of the retroperitoneal lymph glands exists with either a tuberculous or a septic organism as the infecting agent; and third, that these conditions are to be clearly differentiated from spine or hip involvement.
Biological mechanisms and cardiovascular effects of omega-3 fatty acids

The mechanisms and cardiovascular effects of omega-3 fatty acids are reviewed. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are the major ingredient found in commercially available fish oil products. The incidence of many diseases, including coronary heart disease, diabetes mellitus, and psoriasis, is lower in Eskimos, who ingest diets rich in omega-3 fatty acids, compared with European controls. Potential mechanisms by which these fatty acids cause their many physiologic effects include competing with omega-6 fatty acids for prostaglandin and leukotriene pathways and enhancing cell membrane fluidity by virtue of the high degree of unsaturation. Numerous studies have documented longer bleeding times and decreased platelet aggregation in subjects ingesting omega-3 fatty acids. Omega-3 fatty acids may reduce serum cholesterol concentrations by decreasing the synthesis of very low density lipoprotein and, therefore, low-density lipoprotein. Blood viscosity is significantly and uniformly lower in subjects receiving omega-3 fatty acids compared with controls. Potential risks of supplementation with fish oils include hypervitaminosis A and D, vitamin E deficiency, increased bleeding times, decreased platelets, and ingestion of contaminated fish. Supplementation with moderate amounts of omega-3 fatty acids appears to be relatively safe. Possible adverse effects include nausea, diarrhea, and a "fishy" taste. Properly controlled, long-term clinical trials are needed to determine whether supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids would be therapeutically beneficial in various patient populations and disease states.
Impact of different target sequences on type III CRISPR-Cas immunity

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) loci encode an adaptive immune system of prokaryotes. Within these loci, sequences intercalated between repeats known as “spacers” specify the targets of CRISPR immunity. The majority of spacers match sequences present in phages and plasmids, however it is not known whether there are differences in the immunity provided against these diverse invaders. We studied this question using the Staphylococcus epidermidis CRISPR system, which harbors spacers matching both phages and plasmids. We determined that this CRISPR system provides similar levels of defense against both the conjugative plasmid pG0400 and the bacteriophage CNPX. However, whereas anti-plasmid immunity was very sensitive to the introduction of mismatches in the target sequence, mutations in the phage target were largely tolerated. Placing the phage and plasmid targets into a vector that can be both conjugated and transduced, we demonstrate that the route of entry of the target has no impact on the effect of the target mismatches on immunity. Instead, we established that the specific sequences of each spacer/target determines the susceptibility of the S. epidermidis CRISPR system to mutations. Therefore spacers that are more resistant to mismatches would provide long-term immunity against phages and plasmids that otherwise will escape CRISPR targeting through the accumulation of mutations in the target sequence. These results uncover an unexpected complexity in the arms race between CRISPR-Cas systems and prokaryotic infectious genetic elements. IMPORTANCE CRISPR-Cas loci protect bacteria and archaea from both phage infection and plasmid invasion. These loci harbor short sequences of phage and plasmid origin known as “spacers” that specify the targets of CRISPR-Cas immunity. The presence of a spacer sequence matching a phage or plasmid ensures host immunity to the infection by these genetic elements. In turn, phages and plasmids constantly mutate their targets to avoid recognition by the spacers of the CRISPR-Cas immune system. In this study we identify that different spacer sequences vary in their ability to tolerate target mutations that allow phages and plasmids to escape from CRISPR-Cas immunity. These results uncover an unexpected complexity in the arms race between CRISPR-Cas systems and prokaryotic infectious genetic elements.
Capitalism, Liberalism, and the Right to Privacy

The constitutional right to privacy is a doctrinal mess. The United States Supreme Court appears incapable of articulating a coherent underpinning to this important line of cases, or - more likely - is simply unwilling to do so. And yet there is an obvious candidate for that job: the philosophy of liberalism. But liberalism is a notoriously complicated and contested philosophy. Thus, this Article proposes a succinct and functional articulation of liberalism, which it pursues through an analogy with the more familiar theory of capitalism. The Article then applies the ensuing framework to Supreme Court cases dealing with the right to privacy. As we shall see, the Court’s failure to follow liberal principles lies at the heart of its inconsistencies. Greater understanding of liberalism, and greater willingness to respect this political theory so deeply rooted in American history and tradition, could bring much needed coherence to this body of constitutional law.
A biochemical concept of mental disease.

Evidence strongly favors an abnormal serotonin metabolism as an etiologic factor in some forms of mental disease, and it is possible that under certain circumstances a harmala alkaloid, endogenously produced, could cause a psychotic state; such a state would tend to be chronic because of a chemical feedback mechanism. Although only a theory, this hypothesis provides the fascinating motivation to fulfill Thudichum's dictate to study the normal brain chemistry “to its uttermost detail” so that eventually we may be able to isolate the “poisons fermented within the body” which are responsible for insanity.
Self-Selected Intensity and Adherence in a Campus Recreation Center With Novice, Female Weight Lifters: A Preliminary Investigation

In response to reports of lower resistance exercise participation in college-aged women, the present, preliminary investigation sought to examine the popular recommendation that self-selected intensity can have a positive impact on resistance exercise adherence. Fifty-three novice female weight lifters were asked to complete three sessions per week for six weeks in a campus recreation center. Results support previous research that novice or untrained individuals do not appear to self-select an intensity that meets common resistance training guidelines for strength and/or hypertrophic gains, although only slightly missing this mark. No differences were found in self-selection between weight or instruction types. Unlike previous anecdotal suggestions, self-selected intensity was not related to adherence; the average attendance was approximately seven sessions. Attrition was linear, and by week six, 95% of all participants had dropped out. In conclusion, despite popular thought, the present results do not su...
The Fifth Joint Point

What kinds of creatures are we? Why do we do what we do? Where are we headed? What should we be doing? These are the questions that humans have struggled with since the capacity to ask them first emerged. And with such questions came the first collective systems of justification that ultimately separated the human world from the rest of the universe. Following Matter, Life, and Mind, Culture became the fourth great emergence.
Correlation of breast tissue histology and optical signatures to improve margin assessment techniques

Optical spectroscopy is sensitive to morphological composition and has potential applications in intraoperative margin assessment. Here, we evaluate ex vivo breast tissue and corresponding quantified hematoxylin & eosin images to correlate optical scattering signatures to tissue composition stratified by patient characteristics. Adipose sites (213) were characterized by their cell area and density. All other benign and malignant sites (181) were quantified using a grid method to determine composition. The relationships between mean reduced scattering coefficient (〈μs′〉), and % adipose, % collagen, % glands, adipocyte cell area, and adipocyte density were investigated. These relationships were further stratified by age, menopausal status, body mass index (BMI), and breast density. We identified a positive correlation between 〈μs′〉 and % collagen and a negative correlation between 〈μs′〉 and age and BMI. Increased collagen corresponded to increased 〈μs′〉 variability. In postmenopausal women, 〈μs′〉 was similar regardless of fibroglandular content. Contributions from collagen and glands to 〈μs′〉 were independent and equivalent in benign sites; glands showed a stronger positive correlation than collagen to 〈μs′〉 in malignant sites. Our data suggest that scattering could differentiate highly scattering malignant from benign tissues in postmenopausal women. The relationship between scattering and tissue composition will support improved scattering models and technologies to enhance intraoperative optical margin assessment.
Structure and properties of iron oxide clusters: From Fe6 to Fe6 O20 and from Fe7 to Fe7 O24.

Geometrical and electronic structures of the neutral and singly negatively charged Fe6On and Fe7Om clusters in the range of 1 ≤ n ≤ 20 and 1 ≤ m ≤ 24, respectively, are computed using density functional theory with the generalized gradient approximation. The largest clusters in the two series, Fe6O20 and Fe7O24, can be described as Fe(FeO4)5 and Fe(FeO4)6 or alternatively as [FeO5](FeO3)5 and [FeO6](FeO3)6, respectively. The Fe6O20 and Fe7O24 clusters possess adiabatic electron affinities (EAad) of 5.64 eV and 5.80 eV and can be attributed to the class of hyperhalogens since FeO4 is an unique closed-shell superhalogen with the EAad of 3.9 eV. The spin character of the lowest total energy states in both series changes from ferromagnetic to ferrimagnetic or antiferromagnetic when the first FeOFe bridge is formed. Oxidation decreases substantially the polarizability per atom of the initial bare clusters; namely, from 5.98 A3 of Fe6 to 2.47 A3 of Fe6O20 and from 5.67 A3 of Fe7 to 2.38 A3 of Fe7O24. The results of our computations pertaining to the binding energies of O, Fe, O2, and FeO in the Fe7Om series provide an explanation for the experimentally observed abundance of the iron oxide nanoparticles with stoichiometric compositions. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantitative Proteomic and Phosphoproteomic Comparison of 2D and 3D Colon Cancer Cell Culture Models.

Cell cultures are widely used model systems. Some immortalized cell lines can be grown in either two-dimensional (2D) adherent monolayers or in three-dimensional (3D) multicellular aggregates, or spheroids. Here, the quantitative proteome and phosphoproteome of colon carcinoma HT29 cells cultures in 2D monolayers and 3D spheroids were compared with a stable isotope labeling of amino acids (SILAC) labeling strategy. Two biological replicates from each sample were examined, and notable differences in both the proteome and the phosphoproteome were determined by nanoliquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) to assess how growth configuration affects molecular expression. A total of 5867 protein groups, including 2523 phosphoprotein groups and 8733 phosphopeptides were identified in the samples. The Gene Ontology analysis revealed enriched GO terms in the 3D samples for RNA binding, nucleic acid binding, enzyme binding, cytoskeletal protein binding, and histone binding for their molecular funct...
Maternal marital satisfaction during the first six months following international adoption

International adoption can be a rewarding way for parents to build a family and many varied factors contribute to a positive adoption outcome. In particular, the period of adjustment just prior to ...
A Mouse Model of Chronic Ocular Hypertension Induced by Circumlimbal Suture

Purpose To develop a chronic ocular hypertension mouse model by inducing intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation using a suture technique previously developed for rats. Methods C57BL/6 mice were given monocular circumlimbal suture (10/0) placement under anesthesia (ketamine/xylazine). The suture was left in place for 12 weeks (n = 10). A control group had the same treatment while it was removed after day 1 (n = 10). Intraocular pressure, electroretinogram (ERG), and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were measured in both groups for 12 weeks. At week 12, animals were euthanized and retina was harvested for histologic assessment. Results In the group with extended suture placement, IOP spiked from 14.3 ± 0.9 to 48.4 ± 4.8 mm Hg immediately after suture implantation. At day 1, it declined to 33.2 ± 3.7 mm Hg and remained elevated for 12 weeks. In the suture removal group, IOP normalized to baseline within a day following suture removal. In the group with prolonged IOP elevation, the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) mediated ERG responses continued to exacerbate and were significantly reduced by week 12 (P < 0.001). Progressive loss of retinal nerve fiber layer was found and it became significant from week 4 (P < 0.001). At week 12, significant loss of RGCs (P < 0.001) was noted. In the IOP normalization group, no alteration in ERG, OCT, and RGC counting was observed. Conclusions The circumlimbal suture approach produces a mild chronic IOP elevation in mice. Functional and structural changes under model induction are largely independent of the initial IOP spike.
Statistical QoS-Driven Cooperative Power Allocation Game over Wireless Cognitive Radio Networks

As a critical technique to support the multimedia services - the major traffic in cognitive radio networks (CRNs), the statistical quality-of-service (QoS) technique has been proved to be effective in statistically guaranteeing delay-bounded video transmissions over the time-varying wireless channels. On the other hand, in modern CRNs, cooperative spectrum sensing is shown to be able to greatly improve the sensing performance in cognitive radio networks. However, secondary users belonging to different service providers tend to be selfish and allocate their resources independently. Accordingly, challenges have been raised in applying the cooperative game to maximize the total network utility. To effectively overcome the above-mentioned challenges, we propose the QoS-driven power allocation scheme implementing the cooperative spectrum sensing game over CRNs. In particular, under the Nakagami-m channel model, we establish the cooperative spectrum sensing system model. Given the statistical QoS constraints, we analyze the effective capacity and Markov chain model for different sensing scenarios. We propose the QoS-aware cooperative power control game for cooperative spectrum sensing system over CRNs. Also conducted is a set of simulations which evaluate the system performance and show that our proposed resource allocation policy can achieve the optimality under the statistical delay-bounded QoS constraints over cooperative spectrum sensing CRNs.
Effects of tillage system on greenhouse gas fluxes and soil mineral nitrogen in wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.)-fallow during drought

Abstract Recurring drought combined with intensive tillage may accelerate degradation of soils in a soil organic matter (SOM)-loss feedback that undermines agricultural sustainability of semiarid farming systems. Winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum , L.) in Wyoming is grown on marginally productive soils and annual precipitation of less than 400 mm. Greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes, soil nitrogen (N), global warming potential (GWP) and greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) were monitored in no-till (NT), conventional tillage (CT, four tillage operations), and chemical-free (CF, six tillage operations) for 27 months beginning in May 2011. Severe drought started in April 2012 and lasted 17 months. No-till best mitigated GHG emissions and accumulation of mineral N, emitting 25%–30% less nitrous oxide, 35% less carbon dioxide fluxes and retaining twice as much soil nitrate compared with CT and CF during drought in the summer of 2012. Net GWP and GHGI in NT were 32%–35% and 43% lower than in CT, respectively. NT was the only management system that maintained negative net GWP and GHGI values during the summer of 2013. As drought reduces the amount of residue inputs and SOM restorative processes, reducing tillage frequency and leaving more crop residue after harvest support more effective SOM protection during drought.
What hath the gasb wrought? the utility of the new reporting model: A national survey of local government finance officers

Results from a national survey of local government finance directors suggest that five years after implementation, the post-Statement 34 accrual-based accounting model has done little to stimulate the development of operating cost data (such as activity-based costing) or performance measurement, and provides decision makers with little information to improve short- or long-term financial planning,. While younger respondents attach greater value-added to the New Reporting Model (NRM), overall support for the hybrid approach (traditional fund reporting plus entitywide full accrual reporting) is limited. Consistent with the "Theory of Planned Behavior" applied in prior accounting research; traditional sociological drivers (community size, form of government, and other demographic factors.) do not impact perceptions of the NRM. Findings also suggest "accrual anomie" due to lack of experience with this basis of accounting.
Urban representation through deliberation: A theory and test of deliberative democracy at the local level

Despite the enormous size of the urban population, political scientists have very little knowledge of the capacity for substantive representation in large cities. This article develops and tests mo...
An Application of Gaussian Measures to Functional Analysis

In a variety of settings, it is shown that all Borel measurable, linear maps from one locally convex topological vector space to another must be continuous. When the image space is Polish, this gives a proof of L. Schwartz’s Borel graph theorem. The proof is based on a simple probabilistic argument and, except for the application to Schwartz’s theorem, avoids the descriptive set theory used in previous treatments of such results.
A Novel Framework for Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Sequestration, CCUS

Abstract Recent global warming and climate change are often attributed to anthropogenic CO 2 emissions from burning and consumption of fossil fuels. CO 2 capture, utilization and sequestration (CCUS) is an enabling technology toward reducing such emissions from stationary sources. However, significant challenges remain to be addressed before CCUS can be deployed at the industrial scale. A major challenge is to reduce the overall cost of CCUS. To this end, we apply a multi-scale approach and provide a comprehensive framework to elucidate materials-centric, process-centric and network-centric understanding toward reducing the overall CCUS cost. At the materials level, a hierarchical in silico screening method is developed to select the candidate adsorbent materials and optimize process conditions in tandem for adsorption-based postcombustion CO 2 capture. At the process level, detailed cost-based modeling and optimization of different capture processes are performed, which enable us to develop explicit expressions for the investment and operating costs of capture technologies, and to determine the most cost-effective materials and processes to be used for CO 2 capture and compression when addressing diverse emission scenarios. At the network level, we design an optimal nationwide CCUS structure that uses the most appropriate source plants, capture technologies and materials, transportation network, and CO 2 utilization and storage sites. We also discuss the factors that affect the CCUS network costs.
Oxidation by Chemical Methods

In this chapter, functionalization reactions are emphasized which are of genuine practical utility, but others that are noteworthy and of potential synthetic significance are also discussed. Apart from alkane reactions, some intermolecular functionalization reactions which operate on unactivated CH bonds, e.g. the side chain of a steroid, are examined. Intramolecular cases are covered elsewhere, and general reviews of the area are available.
Rethinking the Patient Education Council Format to Increase Efficiency

AbstractThe Patient, Family, and Community Education Council (PEC) at a major medical center restructured its organizational format to enable it to operate more efficiently. Work groups from member...
A proteomic signature for dementia with Lewy bodies

Abstract Introduction We sought to determine if a proteomic profile approach developed to detect Alzheimer's disease would distinguish patients with Lewy body disease from normal controls, and if it would distinguish dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) from Parkinson's disease (PD). Methods Stored plasma samples were obtained from 145 patients (DLB n = 57, PD without dementia n = 32, normal controls n = 56) enrolled from patients seen in the Behavioral Neurology or Movement Disorders clinics at the Mayo Clinic, Florida. Proteomic assays were conducted and analyzed as per our previously published protocols. Results In the first step, the proteomic profile distinguished the DLB-PD group from controls with a diagnostic accuracy of 0.97, sensitivity of 0.91, and specificity of 0.86. In the second step, the proteomic profile distinguished the DLB from PD groups with a diagnostic accuracy of 0.92, sensitivity of 0.94, and specificity of 0.88. Discussion These data provide evidence of the potential utility of a multitiered blood-based proteomic screening method for detecting DLB and distinguishing DLB from PD.
Citizen science informs human-tick exposure in the Northeastern United States.

Tick-borne disease is the result of spillover of pathogens into the human population. Traditionally, literature has focused on characterization of tick-borne disease pathogens and ticks in their sylvatic cycles. A limited amount of research has focused on human-tick exposure in this system, especially in the Northeastern United States. Human-tick interactions are crucial to consider when assessing the risk of tick-borne disease since a tick bite is required for spillover to occur. Citizen scientists collected ticks from the Northeastern US through a free nationwide program. Submitted ticks were identified to species, stage, and sex. Blacklegged ticks, Ixodes scapularis, were tested for the presence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) and hard-tick relapsing fever Borrelia. Seasonality of exposure and the citizen science activity during tick exposure was recorded by the citizen scientist. A negative binomial model was fit to predict county level CDC Lyme disease cases in 2016 using citizen science Ixodes scapularis submissions, state, and county population as predictor variables. A total of 3740 submissions, comprising 4261 ticks, were submitted from the Northeastern US and were reported to be parasitizing humans. Of the three species submitted, blacklegged ticks were the most prevalent followed by American dog ticks and lone star ticks. Submissions peaked in May with the majority of exposure occurring during every-day activities. The most common pathogen in blacklegged ticks was B. burgdorferi s.l. followed by hard-tick relapsing fever Borrelia. Negative binomial model performance was best in New England states followed by Middle Atlantic states. Citizen science provides a low-cost and effective methodology for describing the seasonality and characteristics of human-tick exposure. In the Northeastern US, everyday activities were identified as a major mechanism for tick exposure, supporting the role of peri-domestic exposure in tick-borne disease. Citizen science provides a method for broad pathogen and tick surveillance, which is highly related to human disease, allowing for inferences to be made about the epidemiology of tick-borne disease.