cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Net biological oxygen production in the ocean: Remote in situ measurements of O2 and N2 in surface waters

[1] We describe a method for determining net annual biological oxygen production in the euphotic zone of the ocean using remote in situ measurements of oxygen and nitrogen gas. Temperature, salinity, oxygen, and total dissolved gas pressure were measured every 2 hours at 10-m depth on a mooring at the Hawaii Ocean time series during the year 2005. Since dissolved N2 is effectively inert to biological processes it can be used as a tracer for the physical mechanisms affecting the O2 concentration in an upper ocean model of gas concentrations. We determine a net biological oxygen production in the surface mixed layer of 4.8 ± 2.7 mol m−2 yr−1. The most important term in the mixed-layer mass balance other than biological oxygen production is the flux of oxygen across the air–water interface to the atmosphere. Simultaneous glider surveys of the O2 field measured in a companion paper (Nicholson et al., 2008) yield net biological oxygen production below the mixed layer of 0.9 ± 0.1 mol O2 m−2 yr−1. The upper-ocean mass balance also includes a potential contribution from diapycnal mixing of O2 into the pycnocline of 0–0.8 mol O2 m−2 yr−1. Assuming that the net biological oxygen production over a period of a year or longer is stoichiometrically related to net biological carbon production and export via ΔO2/ΔC = 1.45, the biological carbon flux from the euphotic zone at HOT is 4.1 ± 1.9 mol C m−2 yr−1 in 2005, with roughly 80% of the carbon production originating in the mixed layer. Annual estimates of this flux (the ocean's “biological carbon pump”) have been determined experimentally in only a few locations of the ocean because of the labor and expense involved in repeated ship board measurements. With this new in situ method, it may now be possible to better quantify the global distribution of the net annual biological carbon export, a prominent mechanism of carbon cycle feedback in response to climate change, both in the past and future.
Serotonergic neuronal activity in the dorsal raphe nucleus of selectively bred alcohol-preferring and alcohol-nonpreferring rats and unselected Wistar rats

Background: Selectively-bred alcohol-preferring (P) rats have fewer serotonin (5-HT) neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) than do alcohol-nonpreferring (NP) rats. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that the remaining 5-HT neurons in P rats compensated for their reduced number by increasing neuronal activity. Methods: Spontaneous activity was recorded from single-spiking and bursting 5-HT neurons in the DRN of unanesthetized paralyzed, alcohol-naive P, NP, and Wistar rats. Firing frequencies, the percentages of action potentials in bursts, and the percentages of bursting neurons were evaluated. Results: There were no significant differences among the three groups of rats in any of the parameters measured. Power analyses were performed on preliminary data to determine the sample sizes necessary for detection of significant differences. The mean firing frequencies of single-spiking 5-HT neurons averaged 1.8 (37 neurons), 1.7 (17 neurons), and 1.8 (41 neurons) spikes per second in P, NP, and Wistar rats, respectively. For bursting 5-HT neurons, the percentages of action potentials in bursts for P, NP, and Wistar rats were 55.0% (24 neurons), 49.7% (18 neurons), and 55.1% (21 neurons). The mean percentages of bursting 5-HT neurons encountered per electrode penetration were 44% for P rats (n= 28), 44% for NP rats (n= 14), and 34% for Wistar rats (n= 26). Conclusions: The results indicate that the sample of 5-HT neurons recorded in the DRN of P rats had not compensated for a reduced number by altering neuronal activity.
Yield and Composition of Soybean Seed from Parents with Different Protein, Similar Yield

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed yields often show a negative association with seed protein. The objective of this study was to determine if this association could be minimized by crossing a high and a normal protein line of equal seed yield. An F2 population of 1000 plants was grown. Plants were harvested individually and seed evaluated for oil content using the nuclear magnetic resonance technique. Two bulk populations were developed: one included the 8% having the highest oil and the other the 8% having lowest oil. With the high negative correlation between seed protein and oil, the low oil population was expected to provide lines having high seed protein concentration. The two populations were advanced in bulk through the F6 generation, after which 200 plants were harvested individually from each population and 200 F7 lines grown from each. The F7 lines were harvested individually and seed analyzed for seed protein and oil. The 18 lines having the highest protein and the 18 lines having the highest oil were selected for further evaluation in replicated trials. Lines were evaluated in five environments for seed yield protein, and oil. The overall mean seed yield of the high protein lines averaged 6% less than the overall mean of the lines selected for high oil; however, when seed yield of the two highest protein lines at each environment were compared with the two highest oil lines, the high protein lines had a 1% advantage in seed yield, an 18% advantage in seed protein, and a 20% reduction in oil. The results demonstrate the potential for developing soybean lines high in seed protein and equal in seed yield to lines having high oil content.
Treatment of a Ruptured Vertebrobasilar Fusiform Aneurysm Using Pipeline Embolization Device

Treatment options of ruptured vertebrobasilar fusiform aneurysms (VFA) are limited and often carry significant mortality and morbidity. We report the use of Pipeline Embolization Device (PED) to successfully treat a patient with a ruptured vertebrobasilar fusiform aneurysm (VFA) who presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). A 73 year-old man with a history of cardiac stent placement seven days earlier presented with Hunt-Hess II SAH. He was taking aspirin and clopidogrel. Computed tomography angiogram revealed a large vertebrobasilar fusiform aneurysm. Microsurgical treatment options are technically challenging and carry high risk. He underwent endovascular treatment of the ruptured VFA using overlapping PEDs. Five PEDs were placed in a telescoping fashion to reconstruct the affected portions of the left vertebral and basilar arteries. An additional 2-mm blister aneurysm in the right vertebral artery was also discovered during the conventional cerebral angiography and was treated with one additional PED. The patient remained neurologically intact after the procedure. He was continued on aspirin and clopidogrel. Follow-up magnetic resonance imaging at three months demonstrated patency of the stents without any evidence of ischemic change. Follow-up conventional cerebral angiogram at six months demonstrated thrombosis of the VFA and reconstruction of the vertebrobasilar system. The patient remained clinically well. An endovascular approach using PEDs can be a safe and effective treatment option for ruptured VFA in selected cases.
Evaluation of the shrinking‐core model for examining the kinetics of film formation in a reactive latex blend

We prepared reactive latex blends from two copolymer latices comprised of n-butyl methacrylate (n-BMA) with acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate and n-BMA/dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate to study the kinetics of film formation. We generated thin films by blending equal weights of the two latices. The films were then cured at temperatures ranging from 50 to 90°C. The extent of the crosslinking reaction was calculated from the crosslink density, which was determined from swelling measurements of the films in toluene. The shrinking-core model, a diffusion/reaction model, which was originally derived for combustion reactions of coal particles, was adopted to calculate the diffusion coefficient (De) and reaction rate constants from the extent of the reaction with time data. This model system exhibited a diffusion-controlled regime above 70°C and a reaction-controlled regime at temperatures below 70°C. In the reaction-controlled regime, the shrinking-core model predicted De for the system, which was in agreement with literature values for n-BMA. In the diffusion-controlled regime, the model predicted a lower apparent value for De but with an activation energy that was close to that obtained for n-BMA. The model was also used to examine the kinetics of the crosslinking reaction. The kinetic rate constants for the crosslinking reaction were also determined. The activation energy for the crosslinking reaction was 18.8 kcal/mol, which compared reasonably with the activation energy of 22.8 kcal/mol determined for the reaction between the functional monomers as small molecules. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3659–3665, 2006
Minimum fuel control of linear discrete systems

The well-known minimum fuel problem for linear discrete systems is equated to that of finding a specific solution to a system of m linear equations in n unknown variables. This solution turns out to be the so-called minimum l1 solution of functional analysis. A method for obtaining the minimum l1 solution is developed by considering the associated dual problem of functional analysis. A finite iterative procedure is then presented for efficiently obtaining the desired solution.
Serotonin depletion during synaptogenesis leads to decreased synaptic density and learning deficits in the adult rat: a possible model of neurodevelopmental disorders with cognitive deficits

Studies in the past have revealed serotonin to play a role in regulating the development and maturation of the mammalian brain, largely through the release of the astroglial protein S-100beta. S-100beta plays a role in neurite extension, microtubule and dendritic stabilization and regulation of the growth associated protein GAP-43, all of which are key elements in the production of synapses. Depletion of serotonin, and thus of S-100beta, during synaptogenesis should lead to a loss of synapses and the behaviors dependent on those synapses. The current study was undertaken to test this hypothesis. In order to assess the influence of serotonin we have looked at the synaptic density in the adult after depletion, by using immunodensitometry of synaptic markers (synaptophysin and MAP-2) and by studying behaviors thought to be highly dependent on synaptic plasticity and density. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were depleted of serotonin on postnatal days (PND) 10-20 by treating with the tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA; 100 mg/kg, s.c.). On PND's 30 and 62, animals were perfused for immunodensitometry. Littermates were used for behavioral testing. At PND 55-62, the animals were tested in an interchangeable maze with olfactory cues and in an eight-arm radial maze. Our results show a loss of both synaptic markers in the hippocampus on PND 30. At PND 62, the only remaining loss was of the dendritic marker MAP-2. The animals had deficits in both behaviors tested, suggestive of spacial learning deficits and of the failure to extinguish learned behaviors or to re-learn in a new set. Our findings show the long-term consequences of interfering with the role of serotonin in brain development on the morphology and function of the adult brain. These findings may have implications for human diseases, including schizophrenia, thought to be related to neurodevelopmental insults such as malnutrition, hypoxia, viruses or in utero drug exposure. Moreover, they provide further insights into the functioning of serotonin and S-100beta in development and aging.
Autonomy support as an interpersonal motivating style: Is it teachable?

Abstract Students benefit when teachers support their autonomy. Recognizing this, the present study examined the motivating styles of beginning preservice teachers by asking two questions: (1) Do personality characteristics orient preservice teachers toward either an autonomy-supportive or controlling motivating style? and (2) Is the autonomy-supportive style teachable to preservice teachers? Study 1, which addressed the first question, relied on self-determination theory to identify and confirm causality orientation as one personality characteristic related to motivating style. Study 2, which addressed the second question, randomly assigned preservice teachers to receive training in either autonomy-supportive, controlling, or neutral instructional strategies. Results showed that the autonomy-supportive style was teachable. Autonomy-oriented preservice teachers (as measured by causality orientation) assimilated the information rather easily, while control-oriented preservice teachers accommodated the information only in proportion to the extent that they perceived it to be highly plausible and classroom applicable. The discussion relies on self-determination theory and the conceptual change literature to recommend how teacher certification programs can assist teachers-in-training develop an autonomy-supportive motivating style.
DILEMMAS OF THE JUVENILE COURT

T his paper deals with th e historical origins and development of th e juven ile court in the Un ite d Sta tes. It is not primarily conce rn ed with th e controversial and unresolved questions of th e eti ology of delinquency. It rather seeks to elucida te th e legal and social processes by which those juveniles who are apprehended for antisocial behavior are handled. The emphasis throughout is on the background, proced ures, and devices in effect with these children so that psychiatrists, when th ey ar e involved, may better integrate their own con tribution with those of judges, probation and parole officers, and of prosecuting and defense a ttorn eys. The isolation of such contacts in psychiatric training beyond a perfunctory level has been all too prevalent for psychiatrists and child psychiatrists, as has an absence of theoretical knowledge in this field amo ng those who lat er require "on the job training." I beli eve that a gras p of th e or ienta tion and functions of these severa l rel ated professions is not only desirabl e but mandatory for the psychiatrist who has any contact with acting-out juveniles. As a minimum, a familiarity with the th eoreti cal and operation al approaches of lawyers, sociologists, social and welfare workers is needed . A similar lack of juvenile court knowledge is also evident in legal training. The end result is confused communication among th e various di sciplines and a lack of a coord ina ted approac h for dealing with antisocial behavior in th e community. The psychological effects on the child and adolescent of th e current confusions in theory and practice may actually
Latino Disaster Vulnerability The Dissemination of Hurricane Mitigation Information Among Florida’s Homeowners

When a natural or manmade disaster strikes, there is usually little time for citizens to prepare and protect themselves. In September 2003, the U.S. Department of Homeland Defense implemented a National Response Plan dealing with many forms of disaster. However, when a disaster hits, not all citizens are equally prepared or protected. A sample of 165 Latino and 1,069 Non-Latino Florida single-family homeowners is drawn from the 1999 Florida Statewide Mitigation Survey (SMS) to investigate the problems associated with the dissemination of hurricane mitigation information among Florida’s Latino homeowners. Results from logistic regression analyses reveal that Latino homeowners prefer to utilize friends and family as sources of disaster preparation information. The significance of research findings and policy implications are discussed.
Oxidative DNA adducts after Cu2+-mediated activation of dihydroxy PCBs: Role of reactive oxygen species

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are toxic industrial chemicals, complete carcinogens, and efficacious tumor promoters. However, the mechanism(s) of PCB-mediated carcinogenicity remains largely undefined. One likely pathway by which these agents may play a role in carcinogenesis is the generation of oxidative DNA damage by redox cycling of dihydroxylated PCB metabolites. We have now employed a new (32)P-postlabeling system to examine novel oxidative DNA lesions induced by Cu(2+)-mediated activation of PCB metabolites. (32)P postlabeling of DNA incubated with various PCB metabolites resulted in over a dozen novel polar oxidative DNA adducts that were chromatographically similar for all active agents. The most potent metabolites tested were the hydroquinones (hydroxyl groups arranged para to each other), yielding polar oxidative adduct levels ranging from 55 to 142 adducts/10(6) nucleotides. PCB catechols, or ortho-dihydroxy metabolites, were up to 40% less active than their corresponding hydroquinone congeners, whereas monohydroxylated and quinone metabolites did not produce detectable oxidative damage over that of vehicle. With the exception of 2,4,5-Cl-2',5'-dihydroxybiphenyl, this oxidative DNA damage seemed to be inversely related to chlorine content: no chlorine approximately mono->di->trichlorinated metabolites. Importantly, copper, but not iron, was essential for activation of the PCB metabolites to these polar oxidative DNA adducts, because in its absence or in the presence of the Cu(+)-specific scavenger bathocuproine, no adducts were detected. Intervention studies with known reactive oxygen species (ROS) modifiers suggested that H(2)O(2), singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radical, and superoxide may also be involved in this PCB-mediated oxidative DNA damage. These data indicate a mechanistic role for several ROS, in addition to copper, in PCB-induced DNA damage and provide further support for oxidative DNA damage in PCB-mediated carcinogenesis.
Rational Inattention and Choice Under Risk: Explaining Violations of Expected Utility Through a Shannon Entropy Formulation of the Costs of Rationality

We propose a model of stochastic choice in which the error term is derived from a maximizing framework in which it is costly for agents to make decisions optimally. We argue that the model has testable implications, and is closely related to other models used in the literature on choice under risk. We test this model over experimental data, replicate some conclusions of the existing literature, and show our model to perform well against models in the field in current use.
Flavor Retention During Drying

Abstract The influence of spray dryer operating conditions (drying temperatures, extract solids content, nozzle oriflee size, and infeed spray pressure) and of variations in the proportions of individual skimmilk components in the extract to be dried, upon flavor retention during drying, was investigated. The influence of those variables upon flavor retention was evaluated by adding either acetoin, acetone, or diacetyl to skimmilk (10 to 50% total solids), drying the skimmilk plus the added flavor under the desired operating conditions, and then colorimetrically analyzing the skimmilk powder for residual amounts of the added flavor compound. Total solids content of the infeed skimmilk was found to be the major factor influencing the amount of added flavor retained during drying. Diacetyl retention was found to be independent of the particle size of he skimmilk powders. The highest exit air temperatures (about 100C) and lowest inlet air temperatures (about 160C) used in this study were found to result in optimum retention of added flavors. Milk protein extracts retained diacetyl better during drying than lactose solutions of equivalent concentration (48% versus 34% retention). This occurrence may be partially caused by a substantial reduction in the vapor pressure of diacetyl upon addition of milk protein to a diacetyl-water solution. Addition of lactose to a diacetyl-water solution increased the vapor pressure of the diacetyl.
Synthesis of Silver Nanocubes by Photoreduction of Silver Salts in the Presence of Proteins

ABSTRACT This article describes for the first time a novel method for the synthesis of silver nanocubes at room temperature in the presence of proteins with the evolution of unique colors.
Dark matter profile in the galactic center.

We describe a quasiequilibrium profile of dark matter particles in the inner parsec of the Galaxy, ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{m}}\ensuremath{\propto}{r}^{\ensuremath{-}3/2}$. This ``minicusp'' profile is caused by scattering with the dense stellar cluster around the supermassive black hole in Sgr ${\mathrm{A}}^{*}$ and is independent of the initial conditions. The implications for detection of gamma rays from annihilation of weakly interacting massive dark matter particle in the Galactic center are a mild enhancement of the flux and a characteristic central feature in the angular distribution which could be detectable by high-resolution atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes.
Photocontrolled Formation of Hydroxyl-Bearing Monolayers and Multilayers

Siloxane-anchored, nitrate-bearing, monolayer films have been fabricated and have been used as the precursors for the photochemical creation of uniformly hydroxylated monolayer surfaces. The surface hydroxyl groups have been shown to be reactive toward phosphorylation and, more importantly, they can serve as the base layer for addition of a subsequent siloxane-anchored monolayer. This approach provides an important new tool for monolayer transformation and allows for photocontrol of organic multilayer construction.
Discussion of a set of points in terms of their mutual distances

Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for a set of numbers to be the mutual distances of a set of real points in Euclidean space, and matrices are found whose ranks determine the dimension of the smallest Euclidean space containing such points. Methods are indicated for determining the configuration of these points, and for approximating to them by points in a space of lower dimensionality.
Investigation of ultrafast time gating by spatial filtering

With a spatial-filtering method of gating, we explore image formation through scattering media using first-arriving light. Gating times of a few femtoseconds and less are produced, and the resolution at these extremely short gating times is investigated.
Histidine 268 in 3-Deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonic Acid 7-Phosphate Synthase Plays the Same Role as Histidine 202 in 3-Deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic Acid 8-Phosphate Synthase

The enzyme 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate (DAH 7-P) synthase (Phe) is inactivated by diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC). The inactivation is first order with respect to enzyme and DEPC concentrations with a pseudo-second order rate constant of inactivation by DEPC of 4.9 +/- 0.8 m(-1) s(-1) at pH 6.8 and 4 degrees C. The dependence of inactivation on pH and the spectral features of enzyme modified at specific pH values imply that both histidine and cysteine residues are modified, which is confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis. Analysis of the chemical modification data indicates that one histidine is essential for activity. DAH 7-P synthase (Phe) is protected against DEPC inactivation by phosphoenolpyruvate, whereas d-erythrose 4-phosphate offers only minimal protection. The conserved residues H-172, H-207, H-268, and H-304 were individually mutated to glycine. The H304G and H207G mutants retain some level of activity, whereas the H268G and H172G mutants are virtually inactive. A comparison of the circular dichroism spectra of wild-type enzyme and the various mutants demonstrates that H-172 may play a structural role. Comparison of the UV spectra of the H268G and wild-type enzymes saturated with Cu(2+) indicates that the metal-binding site of the H268G mutant resembles that of the wild-type enzyme. The residue H-268 may play a catalytic role based on the site-directed mutagenesis and spectroscopic studies. Cysteine 61 appears to influence the pK(a) of H-268 in the wild-type enzyme. The pK(a) of H-268 increases from 6.0 to 7.0 following mutation of C-61 to glycine.
Evidence that a transient but cognitively demanding process underlies forward blocking.

Blocking is a learning phenomenon in which prior experience inhibits learning about novel cues. Though the phenomenon itself has been well documented, the details of blocking-related processes still remain contentious. Two experiments investigated whether participants were engaged in demanding cognitive processing during different portions of a standard blocking paradigm. Participants in Experiment 1 engaged in a simple secondary task while completing a standard blocking procedure. Results showed that performance on the secondary task was briefly diminished early in the second phase of the blocking paradigm, when the novel cue is first paired with the pretrained cue. Participants in Experiment 2 performed a difficult cognitive load task during either the early or the late portions of the second phase of blocking. The blocking effect was eliminated when learners were under load early in the second phase, but not when learners were under load late in the second phase. These results suggest that blocking rel...
Microstructures of rapidly solidified aluminum alloy submicron powders

The microstructures of electron transparent submicron aluminum alloy powders produced by an electrohydrodynamic process are described. The observations are coupled with thermodynamic, kinetic, and heat flow concepts to deduce the thermal history and solidification mode of the powders. The range of microstructures observed includes: homogeneous plane-front solidified single crystals; cellular crystals; and powders containing blocky segregates, multiple grains, and twins. In general, a decrease in the size of the submicron particles decreases the amount of segregation. This observation appears to be caused by an increase in undercooling prior to nucleation which leads to higher liquid/solid interface velocities. On the other hand, the same trend promotes multiple nucleation and increases the incidence of twin crystals. Liquid/solid interface breakdown from planar to cellular in the middle of the powders is correlated with solute “trapping” during recalescence and rejection of solute ahead of the solidification front after recalescence. The latter manifests itself as a solute depleted zone in the plane-front to cellular transition region. Finally, some of the microstructural observations lend credence to the recent extension of the morphological stability theory to rapid solidification.
Transnational feminist practices and the history of nursing.

Joan Lynaugh, and the institutions, ways of thinking, and practicing nursing history she was so masterful at creating are forms of "transnational feminist prac- tices." That is what Women's Studies' scholars Inderpal Grewal and Caren Kaplan have defined as "forms of alliances, subversion and complicity within which asymmetries and inequalities can be critiqued."1 For no one was better at alli- ances and subversions-and even complicities with both leadership and rebels- across boundaries of practice fields and nation than Joan Lynaugh, I would argue that Joan created transnational feminist practices within nursing history.What then do I mean by this? It starts with the complexities that Joan and her colleagues were attempting to explore. Much of the new Women's Studies scholarship over the last decades has sought to understand in concrete terms what "intersectionality"-the infelicitous term used to describe analyses that link race, gender, class, sexuality, ethnicity, and religion together-means.2 The new nursing history that Joan was so instrumental in writing, encouraging, and supporting was always about intersectionality. Coming of age in conversation with Women's Studies and History scholars at the same time, this new nursing history could hardly have avoided such linkages. However, whether Women's Studies scholars were always able to create this with all the categories together, and mostly we failed, the effort to think in these terms was very much there. This failure was also one of theoretical concepts. We just did not have the terms yet to explore women's relationships to one another across time, space, nation, and institutions, and the very "murkiness" of the term made it hard to use.3In many ways, Women's Studies itself would have gained from reading the nursing history being developed in the 1980s. For it was within this field that the tensions not just between nurses and doctors, but between differing groups of nurses, was becoming central to the historical analysis. Nursing historians also began to understand that nurses as seeming subaltern subjects could be oppressed and powerful at the same moments in time. The very concreteness of the studies in nursing history would actually been helpful then to Women's Studies scholars if there had been more reading from Women's Studies in the nursing history literature.4 Joan certainly tried to make this possible as her warmth, institutional building skills, and knowledge made those of us who "not now nor have never been nurses" welcomed into the historical tent she was spreading.Secondly, Joan saw beyond the borders: of what nursing could do when she began her work in developing nurse practitioners and then in what nurs- ing history could make possible. She did this through her own form of trans- national feminist practices. She made alliances across academic borders and "traveled" back and forth bringing ideas, articles, and individuals with her. …
How not to play with dolls: Contessa Lara’s ‘Una bambola’ and Luigi Pirandello’s ‘Servitù’

Although dolls are more common in children’s literature, they occasionally appear also in literature written for adults. As in the 16th-century fairy tale by Straparola, ‘La poavola,’ so also in late 19th- and early 20th-century Italian literature the ambiguous figure of the doll represents both the loving world of childhood and a dangerous catalyst for personal change. In Contessa Lara’s ‘La bambola’ (1887), the doll of the title belongs to a young woman – herself treated by her husband as a doll – who collapses into madness when she believes her doll to be the child she desires and does not have. In Luigi Pirandello’s ‘Servitu’ (1914), the young protagonist is unable to escape her condition of servant even when she pretend-plays with the gift of a doll. In both short stories, the tragic conclusion occurs when the men in these protagonists’ lives – husband and father, respectively – physically destroy the dolls. Their violence may be partly explained by the complicated relationship adults, and especially...
SPONTANEOUS FISSION-PRODUCED STRONTIUM ISOTOPES IN URANIUM MINERALS AND SALTS.

Abstract 89Sr and 90Sr were separated from kilogram quantities of 17-year-old depleted uranium (238UO3), 14- to 15-yr-old natural uranyl nitrate and about 600-million-year-old Katanga pitchblende, exhaustively purified and counted. Assuming that the 90Sr in the depleted uranium is formed by the spontaneous fission only, the 238U spontaneous fission yield for mass chain 90 was calculated to be 5·9±0·6 per cent. A value of 3·3±0·3 per cent was obtained for the 89Sr yield. About twenty per cent of all the fission events taking place in pitchblende was estimated to be neutron-induced fission of 235U and 80 per cent is 238U spontaneous fission. The data indicated that the ratio of induced fission vs. spontaneous fission in non-irradiated natural uranyl nitrate hexahydrate can be as high as 0·3–0·4.
The importance of bisphosphonate therapy in maintaining bone mass in men after therapy with teriparatide [human parathyroid hormone(1-34)].

Teriparatide, the active fragment of human parathyroid hormone (hPTH 1–34), is an anabolic agent for the treatment of osteoporosis. Important questions remain regarding management strategy beyond the recommended 18- to 24-month course of teriparatide treatment. We followed 21 men for up to 2 years after discontinuing teriparatide. Twelve men (57%) chose treatment with bisphosphonate immediately after teriparatide withdrawal, while 9 (43%) opted for no pharmacologic agent. At the end of 1 year lumbar spine bone density increased an additional 5.1±1.0% in the bisphosphonate group, while it declined by 3.7±1.7% in those on no medication (P<0.002). In six men who delayed initiation of bisphosphonate until 1 year after teriparatide withdrawal, their subsequent gains in the second year, 2.6±1.7%, still placed them below the peak gains they achieved on teriparatide. In contrast, the 12 men who began bisphosphonates immediately and continued treatment for the entire 2-year post-PTH period had continued gains at the lumbar spine, 8.9±1.5% above their post-PTH values (P=0.002). For the 4-year period, including 2 years of teriparatide and 2 years of bisphosphonate, the total gains at the lumbar spine were 23.6±2.9%. Men, who received bisphosphonate in only the 2nd year post-teriparatide, had cumulative gains of 11.1±3.4%. Three men who did not receive any bisphosphonate at any time during the post-PTH period had cumulative gains of only 5.5±3.7%. These findings suggest that the use of bisphosphonates following teriparatide is an important component of any strategy utilizing this anabolic drug for osteoporosis in men. The immediate use of bisphosphonates after teriparatide withdrawal may help to optimize gains in bone density at the lumbar spine.
Neuregulin-1 signaling in brain endothelial cells.

Neuregulin-1 (NRG1) signaling has multiple functions in neurons and glia. The data in this study show that NRG1 may also possess significant signaling and cytoprotective properties in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs). Neuregulin-1 mRNA and protein expression are present in these cells, and NRG1 receptors erbB2 and erbB3 are phosphorylated in response to NRG1. Neuregulin-1 triggers clear biologic responses in BMECs—elevated phospho-Akt levels, increased ring formation in a Matrigel assay, and decreased cell death after oxidative injury with H2O2. These data suggest that NRG1 signaling is functional and cytoprotective in BMECs.
Pentacoordinate cobalt(III) thiolate and nitrosyl tropocoronand compounds.

Reaction of [Co(TC-n,m)]+ with (Me4N)(SC6F5), where (TC-n,m) is a tropocoronand with n and m linker chain methylene groups, yielded the thiolate complexes [Co(SC6F5)(TC-3,3)] (1a), and [Co(SC6F5)(TC-4,4)] (2a), which were structurally characterized. Use of more electron-releasing thiolates afforded the [Co(TC-n,m)] reduction product and the corresponding disulfide. The bent nitrosyl complexes [Co(NO)(TC-3,3)] (1b) and [Co(NO)(TC-4,4)] (2b) were synthesized from [Co(TC-n,m)] and NO and their structures were also determined. Compounds 1a and 1b have square-pyramidal geometry like all other structurally characterized [MX(TC-3,3)] complexes. Compounds 2a and 2b have trigonal-bipyramidal stereochemistry, formerly rare for Co(III). Although 1a, 1b, and 2a are paramagnetic, 2b is diamagnetic due to the strong antibonding π-interaction between the metal and NO π* orbitals. In the presence of excess NO, [Co(TC-4,4)] exhibited novel reactivity in which a putative Co(N2) adduct formed.
Safety and efficacy of abciximab use in conjunction with intracoronary urokinase in patients requiring angioplasty.

Abciximab decreases ischemic complications during angioplasty. Intracoronary urokinase lyses intracoronary thrombus. We studied the combination of both drugs. Twenty-six consecutive patients with acute coronary syndromes and intracoronary thrombus underwent intervention with abciximab and intracoronary urokinase. All received aspirin and IV heparin. The dose of abciximab was a weight-adjusted bolus and a 12-hr infusion. The dose of urokinase was 250,000 to 633,000 units. Hemorrhagic complications were classified according to the TIMI study group. Hemoglobin and platelet counts were measured before and 12 and 48 hr after the procedure. Procedural success was achieved in 24 patients. There were no deaths or repeat interventions. No patient had a major bleeding complication. Only two had minor complications. One patient needed blood transfusion. None had a stroke or thrombocytopenia. The use of abciximab and intracoronary urokinase in the presence of intracoronary thrombus is associated with encouraging efficacy and few complications. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Intervent. 49:113-116, 2000.
Bullying Among the Gifted: The Subjective Experience

One portion of a national study of bullying, which surveyed gifted 8th graders regarding bullying during their school years (N = 432), used structured interviews (N = 57) to explore the lived exper...
Dynamic core provisioning for quantitative differentiated services

Efficient network provisioning mechanisms that support service differentiation are essential to the realization of the Differentiated Services (DiffServ) Internet. Building on our prior work on edge provisioning, we propose a set of efficient dynamic node and core provisioning algorithms for interior nodes and core networks, respectively. The node provisioning algorithm prevents transient violations of service level agreements (SLA) by predicting the onset of service level violations based on a multiclass virtual queue measurement technique, and by automatically adjusting the service weights of weighted fair queueing schedulers at core routers. Persistent service level violations are reported to the core provisioning algorithm, which dimensions traffic aggregates at the network ingress edge. The core provisioning algorithm is designed to address the difficult problem of provisioning DiffServ traffic aggregates (i.e., rate-control can only be exerted at the root of any traffic distribution tree) by taking into account fairness issues not only across different traffic aggregates but also within the same aggregate whose packets take different routes through a core IP network. We demonstrate through analysis and simulation that the proposed dynamic provisioning model is superior to static provisioning for DiffServ in providing quantitative delay bounds with differentiated loss across per-aggregate service classes under persistent congestion and device failure conditions when observed in core networks.
Work in Progress &#8211; Establishing a Foundation For Engineering Ethics

Ethics can be taught from different perspectives. In a public institution the instructor appeals to behaviors that promote the common good. In a private institution engineering ethics can be rooted in the values shared by the supporting community. In this paper the foundation of engineering ethics is explored to show a logical connection between these two perspectives and to formulate corresponding strategies for teaching. The goal is to approach ethical concerns in engineering objectively while transcending sectarian bias and speaking to mainstream culture
How Do Political Changes Influence US Bilateral Aid Allocations? Evidence from Panel Data

This paper examines the role of U.S. domestic politics in the allocation of foreign aid using panel data on aid to 119 countries from 1960 to 1997. Employing proxies for four aid allocation criteria (development concerns, strategic importance, commercial importance, and the degree of democratization), we find evidence that each influences aid allocation, although the evidence is stronger for some criteria (development concerns, commercial importance) than for others (strategic importance, degree of democratization). Furthermore, the allocation pattern depends on the composition of the U.S. government. When the president and Congress are liberal, development concerns receive more weight in the allocation process than when the president and/or Congress are more conservative. When the Congress is more conservative, commercial concerns have more weight than when the Congress is liberal. These findings have practical importance in light of current attempts to overhaul the allocation of both bilateral and multilateral aid.
Visual side effects associated with erectile dysfunction agents.

Purpose To describe the known ocular side effects of agents used to treat erectile dysfunction. Design Retrospective observational case series and literature review. Methods We reviewed 892 case reports from the National Registry of Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects (Casey Eye Institute, Portland, Oregon), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the World Health Organization (WHO) and conducted a comprehensive review of the literature. Results Ocular side effects of these drugs appear fully reversible and transitory. Conclusions To date, evidence does not exist to discourage use of erectile dysfunction agents attributable to harmful ocular side effects. Ischemic optic neuropathy (ION) is "possible" by WHO classification, however, conclusive evidence linking ION to erectile dysfunction medications is still lacking.
A double-data rate (DDR) processing-in-memory (PIM) device with wideword floating-point capability

The data-intensive architecture (DIVA) system incorporates processing-in-memory (PIM) chips as smart-memory coprocessors to a microprocessor. This architecture exploits inherent memory bandwidth both on chip and across the system to target several classes of bandwidth-limited applications. A recently developed PIM chip in TSMC 0.18/spl mu/m technology incorporates a DDR SDRAM interface for its inclusion in commodity systems, such as the HP zx6000 workstation used on this project. Each PIM chip includes eight single-precision floating-point units (FPU) in the wideword pipeline, enabling significant speedups in the target system. This paper focuses on the integration of new subcomponents into the PIM chip design, system integration, and measured system results, demonstrating the significant GFLOP/W feature offered by PIM computing.
3D dosimetry by optical-CT scanning

The need for an accurate, practical, low-cost 3D dosimetry system is becoming ever more critical as modern dose delivery techniques increase in complexity and sophistication. A recent report from the Radiological Physics Center (RPC) (1), revealed that 38% of institutions failed the head-and-neck IMRT phantom credentialing test at the first attempt. This was despite generous passing criteria (within 7% dose-difference or 4mm distance-to-agreement) evaluated at a half-dozen points and a single axial plane. The question that arises from this disturbing finding is – what percentage of institutions would have failed if a comprehensive 3D measurement had been feasible, rather than measurements restricted to the central film-plane and TLD points? This question can only be adequately answered by a comprehensive 3D-dosimetry system, which presents a compelling argument for its development as a clinically viable low cost dosimetry solution. Optical-CT dosimetry is perhaps the closest system to providing such a comprehensive solution. In this article, we review the origins and recent developments of optical-CT dosimetry systems. The principle focus is on first generation systems known to have highest accuracy but longer scan times.
Race, Ethnicity, and Underemployment in Nonmetropolitan America: A 30‐Year Profile*

Historically, rural racial and ethnic minorities have been among the most economically disadvantaged groups in the United States. Key to understanding economic deprivation is employment hardship, trends in which serve as a benchmark for progress toward racial and ethnic equality. We conceptualize employment hardship as underemployment, which goes beyond unemployment to include discouraged workers, involuntary part-time workers, and the working poor. Analyzing data from the March Current Population Surveys of 1968 through 1998, we find that (1) there are large and persistent racial and ethnic inequalities in underemployment prevalence; (2) these disadvantages are explained only partially by other predictors of underemployment; (3) nonmetropolitan (nonmetro) minorities are more likely than either all metropolitan (metro) or central-city minorities to be underemployed; (4) black-white inequality has held steady overall, though it has declined markedly in nonmetro areas; and (5) Hispanic-white inequality has increased; this trend, however, is restricted to metro areas, central cities in particular.
The pathobiology of aortic aneurysms.

Aneurysmal disease of the aorta, defined as a focal dilation exceeding 150% of the normal arterial diameter [1], is a potentially fatal disease occurring with increasing frequency in our aging population. Its prevalence is estimated at 3% in individuals over the age of 50 [2], with a peak incidence in the eighth decade of life [3, 4]. Although a definite etiology of this disease has not been identified, it has been associated with numerous, although nonspecific risk factors, including male gender, hypertension, smoking, coronary artery occlusive disease, concurrent peripheral aneurysms, a family history of aneurysm disease, and the presence of inguinal hernia(e) or emphysema [5–11]. Early studies regarding the pathobiology of aneurysms have indicated that they originate from a degenerative disorder of the arterial wall that is often found in conjunction with atherosclerotic change [12]. These observations led to the conclusion that atherosclerotic plaque resulted in a weakening of the arterial wall either because of lipid infiltration and direct disruption of normal wall architecture or to compression and reduction of flow through the vasa vasorum causing medial ischemia [13]. However, despite this strong association, clinical and histochemical differences between these diseases did not support a causative link. Tilson and Stansel outlined features of aneurysmal and occlusive disease, which suggested distinct etiologies. They noted that aneurysms occurred in an older demographic population with a greater degree of gender specificity, that they were infrequently associated with evidence of significant occlusive disease, that they tended to affect the proximal to mid infrarenal aorta rather than follow the more distal distribution of atherosclerosis, and that the natural history of arterial
Renal ischemic injury results in permanent damage to peritubular capillaries and influences long-term function

First published August 9, 2001; 10.1152/ajprenal.00050.2001.—Acute episodes of severe renal ischemia result in acute renal failure (ARF). These episodes are followed by a characteristic recovery an...
The development of the ERMA banking system: lessons from history

In the early 1960s banking was faced with a paper-handling crisis. Banks were unable to keep on top of the rising number of checks and were unable to retain bookkeeping staff. The development of an automated bookkeeping and proofing system by Bank of America and Stanford Research Institute is described. SRI and BofA worked together to create ERMA (electronic recording machine-accounting) and to develop the MICR (magnetic-ink character recognition) check coding system. It is argued that the work on the project demonstrates the necessity of senior executive involvement, strong leadership, and innovative engineering. >
Nanodot Formation in Thermally Annealed UHV-RTCVD Grown Si 1 - X Ge X Epitaxial Layers on Silicon for Photovoltaics

The surface and interface of SiGe layers on Si were found to incur drastic changes during layer rapid growth and post-growth rapid annealing. As deposited and thermal annealed samples were characterized using Energy dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDX) enhanced by Monte Carlo simulation for precise evaluation of Ge concentration. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) data exhibited a small shift of the SiGe (400) peak towards low 2θ values, which was attributed, primarily, to change in the Ge concentration. Confocal Raman Spectroscopy of samples showed regions of high and low strain that resulted from fluctuations in Ge concentrations. Nano- and submicronpyramidal features at the surface of Si1-xGex layers (x=17% and 28%) were revealed by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and SEM. Additionally, pyramidal nanodots were revealed for [Ge]=17% samples and high density nanostructure for 28% appeared along the crosshatch strain pattern induced by misfit dislocations, when annealed at 700°C and 900°C, respectively. The observed Ge-rich nano-features, which were obtained with low thermal budget low cost techniques, are expected to be useful for bandgap engineering and third generation solar cells.