cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reduction of Lactogenic Receptors in Female Hamster Liver due to the Human Growth Hormone Analog Produced by Plerocercoids of the Tapeworm, Spirometra mansonoides

The inductive effect of GH on hepatic lactogenic receptors is suspected of being due to a direct somatogenic action. Plerocercoid larvae of the tapeworm, Spirometra mansonoides, produce a factor that stimulates body growth, suppresses endogenous GH, and specifically displaces [125I] human (h) GH from hepatic receptors. Plerocercoid growth factor (PGF) mimics the growth-promoting actions of GH, but it has not been shown to duplicate all of the activities reported for GH. An important function of GH is its role in the maintenance of liver receptors for lactogenic hormones. This study was undertaken to determine if treatment of female hamsters with PGF would increase, decrease, or have no effect on liver receptors that bind hGH. Since hGH binds to somatogenic as well as lactogenic receptors, it was necessary to demonstrate the specificity of PGF's effects on [128I]hGH binding. PGF-treated (15 pleocercoids sc) hamsters had accelerated body growth, suppressed serum GH, and a marked reduction in [125I]hGH and [...
Specifying Risk Goals: Inherent Problems with Democratic Institutions

Many risks have the property that large numbers of people are exposed and have little or no individual control over the risks they face. Dams, nuclear power plants, and recombinant DNA research have proven controversial not simply because there is vast uncertainty about the true level of risk associated with each, but because a fundamental issue is that in each case social risks can be lessened by spending more on safety: dams can be designed to withstand larger earthquakes, nuclear plants can have additional safety equipment, and DNA research could be done in yet more carefully isolated laboratories. Since each person will have preferences regarding the proper trade-off between increased cost and increased safety, there is little possibility of consensus. More importantly, we show that a voting process for expressing individual preferences can be manipulated and is seriously flawed in the sense that it does not lead to an “efficient” outcome. In addition, we show that virtually all people are unhappy with the safety decision, in the sense that each would prefer either a safer or a cheaper outcome. Thus, making safety decisions that affect a large group of people who will not be able to control the outcome is even more difficult than has been appreciated. We suggest some ways of handling some of the difficulties.
Hormonal treatment of endometrial carcinoma: an overview and new development in biology.

Abstract Progestins are routinely used in the treatment of endometrial carcinomas with about 30% response rate. After a 10–12 month mean response time, the tumors begin to regrow. This clinical situation has been reproduced in the experimental model for human endometrial carcinomas, developed by us. The model consists of growth and maintenance of human endometrial carcinomas of different histologic grade and sex steroid receptor content, in defined hormonal milieu, by serial transplantation in athymic nude mice. Biologically and clinically relevant information on the role of steroid receptors in eliciting hormonal responses, the effect of combination treatment with tamoxifen and progestin and the mechanism of resistance to this treatment after an initial response have been obtained. These studies form the basis for designing and testing rational treatment strategies for human endometrial carcinomas.
UROLOGICAL COMPLICATIONS AFTER KIDNEY-PANCREAS TRANSPLANTATION

AbstractPurpose: Urological complications are common after kidney-pancreas transplantation. Predictors of urological complication after transplantation have not been established. We studied the impact of urological complications on allograft function. In addition we evaluated age at transplantation, diabetic years before transplantation and preoperative bladder function as predictors of allograft pancreatitis, postoperative retention and urine leaks.Materials and Methods: Urological complications in 65 cases (38 men, 27 women, mean diabetic years 21 +/− 6, mean age 33 +/− 7 years) who had transplants between December 1987 and January 1995 were reviewed. Preoperative urodynamics in 50 patients (77%) and voiding cystourethrogram in 40 (62%) were analyzed. Kidney-pancreas transplantation was completed using bladder drainage techniques.Results: Mean followup was 44 +/− 27 months (median 40, range 1 to 93). Urological complications in 51 patients (79%) included urinary tract infection in 59%, hematuria in 26%,...
Liminal meanings: sexually charged Giriama funerary ritual and unsettled participant frameworks

Abstract This article analyzes women's obscenity in Giriama funerary songs, and argues that the unresolved meaning of these songs can be characterized in terms of the contests over their participant frameworks. I begin by suggesting a distinction between metapragmatically explicit rituals with clearly established participant frameworks, and metapragmatically opaque rituals characterized by ambiguous and potentially resistant liminal behavior that tends to lack a clear participant framework. The conflicted social role of the Giriama womens' songs instructs us about the ways in which the multiple affordances of liminal ritual, in conjunction with destabilizing social change, can give rise to contests over ritual meaning.
Source anonymity in fair scheduling: A case for the proportional method

Fairness amongst multiple users sharing a common resource has been an important criterion in the evaluation of scheduling algorithms in networks. Anonymous networking, where sources of transmitted packets are undecipherable to an eavesdropper, requires that packets from multiple sources are randomly reordered prior to transmission which works against the notion of fair scheduling. Consequently, it is important to understand the relationship between fairness and achievable anonymity in networking. In this paper, this relationship is characterized for the class of fair scheduling axioms defined by considering the equal treatment ex ante and demand mono-tonicity, under which the proportional method is known to be the unique scheduling algorithm that achieves the desired fairness. Using an information theoretic quantitative framework, the anonymity of this scheduling algorithm is characterized and proven to be asymptotically optimal with increase in buffer size. The anonymity achieved by the proportional method is also shown to be significantly better than conventional fair scheduling algorithms such as first come first serve and round robin, thus making a case for its application in data networks.
Negative ion mass spectra of highly fluorinated compounds

The negative ion mass spectra of highly fluorinated molecules with varying functionality are discussed. Attempts to obtain negative molecular ions where no positive molecular ion was observed met with little success. An interesting structural correlation for fluorinated ethers was developed based upon the observation of the abundant perfluoro alkoxide anions, CF3O− and CF3(CF2)2O−, in the negative ion mass spectrum.
In vitro perifusion for the study of parathyroid hormone secretion: effects of extracellular calcium concentration and beta-adrenergic regulation on bovine parathyroid hormone secretion in vitro.

An in vitro perifusion system was used to study parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion in response to calcium (Ca) and beta-adrenergic agents. Perifused parathyroid tissue responded to changes in Ca within the physiologic range during experiments up to 5 h. There was rapid secretory stimulation after exposure to low Ca, with the maximum response being observed at 20 min. Normal bovine glands showed a Ca-independent nonsuppressible component of PTH release at concentrations of Ca above physiologic. 1-isoproterenol produced rapid stimulation of PTH release, the response being blocked by a beta antagonist. The maximum secretory response to either low Ca (0.5 mM) or 1-isoproterenol (10−5 M) was enhanced when the two stimuli were applied simultaneously. The response to isoproterenol was blocked by raising Ca to 2.5 mM. Although d,l-propranolol (10−4 M) caused mild suppression of PTH release at a Ca of 1.25 mM, it did not cause additional suppression at 2.5 mM Ca nor did it decrease the response to 0.5 mM Ca stimulation. The secretory response of the gland to low Ca was sustained at a level more than double the baseline rate. The response to isoproterenol was more transient, with a return to or toward baseline secretion within 60 min. These results suggest that beta agonists and low Ca have separate but related mechanisms for stimulating PTH release and may affect different pools of hormone. The perifusion system described is a relatively simple technique for assessing the kinetics and interactions of various stimulators of PTH secretion.
PERFORMANCE OF ELECTRONIC MOISTURE METERS IN CORN

ABSTRACT Four commercially used moisture meters were compared with the official United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) air-oven method to measure the moisture content of 879 samples of corn collected from the 1979 and 1980 harvests. The moisture content of these samples ranged from 11% to 38% (wet basis). All meters were found initially to have statistically significant calibration biases ranging from 1.5% high to 3.5% low. A recalibration before the 1980 harvest reduced both the previous bias and the difference in readings among the meters. Random variations could be traced to three sources: different electrical properties of the grain samples at the same moisture content, meter precision, and oven precision. The proportion of the total variance of each was approximately 85%, 10%, and 5%, respectively. The measured total variance could be estimated as a quadratic function of moisture content, which yielded the minimum value of ± 0.8% within the range of 15.5 - 20.0% moisture content.
Constructing and Analyzing Two-Level Trend-Robust Designs

Two-level trend-robust designs can block variation due to ordered experimental units. Use of the systematic run order goes back over forty years. This article explains the use and creation of systematic run orders. Includes an example analysis...
Stability and Rate Capability of Al Substituted Lithium-Rich High-Manganese Content Oxide Materials for Li-Ion Batteries

The structures, electrochemical properties and thermal stability of Al-substituted lithium-excess oxides, Li{sub 1.2}Ni{sub 0.16} Mn{sub 0.56}Co{sub 0.08-y}Al{sub y}O{sub 2} (y = 0, 0.024, 0.048, 0.08), are reported, and compared to the stoichiometric compounds, LiNi{sub z}Mn{sub z}Co{sub 1-2z}O{sub 2}. A solid solution was found up to at least y = 0.06. Aluminum substitution improves the poor thermal stability while preserving the high energy density of lithium-excess oxides. However, these high manganese compositions are inferior to the lithium stoichiometric materials, LiNi{sub z}Mn{sub z}Co{sub 1-2z}O{sub 2} (z = 0.333, 0.4), in terms of both power and thermal stability.
Abstract 4961: Longitudinal bioluminescence imaging of primary versus abdominal metastatic tumor growth in orthotopic pancreatic tumor models in NOD/SCIDγ(-/-) mice

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a very poor prognosis and is currently the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. The lethal nature of PDAC is strongly associated with metastases to distant organs. The purpose of the present study was to develop and validate noninvasive bioluminescence imaging methods for differentially monitoring the kinetics of primary and abdominal metastatic tumor growth in mouse orthotopic models of pancreatic cancer. A semiautomated maximum entropy segmentation method was implemented for the primary tumor region-of-interest (ROI), and a rule-based method for manually drawing an ROI for the abdominal metastatic region also was developed. The two ROI methods were first validated by having two observers independently construct ROIs for the tumors of animals implanted orthotopically with Panc-1 cells, and the results compared with the number of mesenteric lymph node metastatic nodules counted upon necropsy. The findings were extended to orthotopic tumors of the more metastatic MIA PaCa-2 and AsPC-1 cells where different groups of animals were implanted with different numbers of cells. When the data were expressed as the total photon flux (Ph/sec) in the ROIs for the primary tumor and metastases, the total flux within the metastasis ROI was larger in magnitude than the total flux from the primary tumor ROI, at times by as much as several orders of magnitude. However, when the data were expressed as the average flux density (Ph/sec*mm2) within the ROIs, the density of the flux within the smaller primary tumor ROI was larger in magnitude than the density of the flux from the larger metastasis ROI, by as much as several orders of magnitude. Interobserver assessments for total flux and flux density from ROIs for both the primary tumors and metastatic region were highly concordant, with correlation coefficients of r > 0.98, coefficients of variation of ≤ 0.02, and limits of agreement within Citation Format: Harlan E. Shannon, Melissa L. Fishel, Jingwu Xie, Dongsheng Gu, Brian P. McCarthy, Amanda A. Riley, Anthony L. Sinn, Jayne M. Silver, Mark R. Kelley, Helmut Hanenberg, Murray Korc, Karen E. Pollok, Paul R. Territo. Longitudinal bioluminescence imaging of primary versus abdominal metastatic tumor growth in orthotopic pancreatic tumor models in NOD/SCIDγ(-/-) mice. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4961. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4961
Suicide and public policy: a critique of the "new consensus"

Several writers have recently developed proposals calling for a public policy that would allow a number of individuals to commit suicide if they so choose. Suicide, it is argued, is a fundamental matter of personal liberty and as such only very minimal restrictions should be placed on it. In this essay I offer a critique of these views and the public policies they entail. The result is a defense of the general outlines of current professional and legal policies which permit intervention, even coercive intervention, with suicidal persons in almost every case.
Social Entrepreneurship: The Role of Institutions

A relatively small segment of business, known as social entrepreneurship (SE), is increasingly being acknowledged as an effective source of solutions for a variety of social problems. Because society tends to view “new” solutions as “the” solution, we are concerned that SE will soon be expected to provide answers to our most pressing social ills. In this paper we call into question the ability of SE, by itself, to provide solutions on a scope necessary to address large-scale social issues. SE cannot reasonably be expected to solve social problems on a large scale for a variety of reasons. The first we label the organizational legitimacy argument. This argument leads to our second argument, the isomorphism argument. We also advance three other claims, the moral, political, and structural arguments. After making our arguments, we explore ways in which SE, in concert with other social institutions, can effectively address social ills. We also present two examples of successful ventures in which SEs partnered with governments and other institutions.
The Goal of Scoring: Exploring the Role of Game Performance in Educational Games

In this paper the role of game performance as an assessment tool is explored and an approach is presented for designing and assessing learning-centered game scores. In recent years, attention has shifted from focusing on games for learning to games for assessment. The research question this paper tries to address is how valid games are as an assessment tool, and more specifically, how valid the use of game scores are as a measure of assessment. To explore this use, we looked at the role of game performance in a game where the goals were designed based on its learning objectives. We hypothesized that because of this design the scores could be used as a measure of learning. The results of our mixed-methods study confirmed this hypothesis. However, the scores are influenced by factors such as computer skills and age. Further analysis revealed that the design of the game and the game-based training were also of influence. These insights will help in designing better predictive game scores in the future.
Consumer data—sense and nonsense

Abstract This paper is based on an invited lecture to the 3rd Pangborn Sensory Science Symposium. The collection and use of consumer data has a long history in Sensory Science. Early on, both academic researchers and commercial practitioners primarily in Market Research collected information from consumers on how and why they liked (or disliked) products. Over the years, as sensory evaluation groups grew in size and relevance in companies, the use of consumer data grew markedly and emphasized the product development guidance role. Moreover, consumer data were increasingly used in quality control to complement the standard instrumental techniques. Another extension of the product development role has been in the use of consumer data in a variety of product optimization models and in the collection of cognitive data. The sensible use of consumer data has made a significant contribution to sensory science and its clients, but there are many “nonsensical” uses and interpretations of consumer data which can lead to inappropriate generalizations about products or populations.
Retinoic Acid-Dependent Stimulation of 2,2‘-Azobis(2-amidinopropane)-Initiated Autoxidation of Linoleic Acid in Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Micelles: A Novel Prooxidant Effect of Retinoic Acid

(E)-Retinoic acid (RA) was shown to stimulate the rate of 2,2‘-azobis(2-amidinopropane) (AAPH)-initiated autoxidation of linoleic acid (18:2) in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles. RA-dependent stimulation of 18:2 autoxidation was characterized by enhanced rates of dioxygen uptake which were linear with retinoid concentration. In contrast, 5,6-epoxy-RA, a major oxidation product of RA, failed to affect the rate of dioxygen consumption at all concentrations tested. RA was also shown to stimulate peroxyl radical-dependent oxidation of styrene to the corresponding oxirane when styrene was included in the micellar system as a molecular probe. Furthermore, unequivocal evidence of RA-dependent stimulation of 18:2 autoxidation was obtained by relative quantitation of 13-hydroxy-(9Z,11E)-octadecadienoic acid (13-HODE) plus 9-hydroxy-(10E,12Z)-octadecadienoic acid (9-HODE) production. In addition, enhanced carbon-centered radical formation was demonstrated in the presence of RA by EPR spectroscopy using α-(4-py...
Minimal data sets vs. synchronized data copies in a schema and data versioning system

In this paper, we describe a key component of our proposed data-base schema and data versioning system, ScaDaVer. The versioning system is based on common practices used to manage source code changes in software development. It allows users of a data-base to create branches in which changes to the database are isolated from the main database and from other sandboxes. Schema and data versioning techniques are used to isolate changes made within the branches. There are two different approaches we are investigating to handle the schema and data versioning; the first is to store the minimal set of changes from the base schema and data for each branch, and to map queries in the branch back to the primary database to retrieve most data. These query results would be merged with the results from the branch data. The second is to create a copy of each table modified in a branch and map any updates to the primary database table into the branch. We are investigating the qualitative and quantitative differences between these two techniques given different usage patterns, and for the query mapping technique, we are working to prove the correctness of the mapped queries. This is done by expressing queries using multi-relational algebra and showing equivalence of the mapped queries to the same queries against a database without versioning.
Knowledge workers and their use of publicly available online services for day-to-day work

Researchers and organizations have been endeavoring to determine if and how social media can be leveraged to support the day-to-day work of knowledge workers. This study discusses a survey of the use of publicly available online services by knowledge workers that highlights new ways of examining the social media in relation to day-to-day work. Specifically, we examine the use of social media by workers in a variety of contexts as well as analyzing social media at the component level, the level of services, instead of simply at the site level.
Understanding and Assessing Traumatic Responses of Guilt, Shame, and Anger among Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults

Most individuals exposed to traumatic events do not develop long-term adverse outcomes such as PTSD or depression. Evidence is accumulating that feelings of guilt, shame, or anger that develop in reaction to the traumatic experience both during and after the event can play an important role in posttraumatic adjustment. What role these feelings might play as traumatic reactions, especially among children, adolescents, and young adults is discussed. Developmental and gender differences are considered. Issues surrounding assessment and available measurement tools are described in detail.
A Comparison of Single and Multiple Habitat Protocols for Collecting Macroinvertebrates in Wadeable Streams

: In 2003, we compared two benthic macroinvertebrate sampling methods that are used for rapid biological assessment of wadeable streams. A single habitat method using kick sampling in riffles and runs was compared to a multiple habitat method that sampled all available habitats in proportion of occurrence. Both methods were performed side-by-side at 41 sites in lower gradient streams of the Piedmont and Northern Piedmont ecoregions of the United States, where riffle habitat is less abundant. Differences in sampling methods were examined using similarity indices, two multimetric indices [the family-level Virginia Stream Condition Index (VSCI) and the species-level Macroinvertebrate Biotic Integrity Index (MBII)], their component metrics, and bioassessment endpoints based on each index. Index scores were highly correlated between single and multiple habitat field methods, and sampling method comparability, based on comparison of similarities between and within sampling methods, was particularly high for species level data. The VSCI scores and values of most of its component metrics were not significantly higher for one particular method, but relationships between single and multiple habitat values were highly variable for percent Ephemeroptera, percent chironomids, and percent Plecoptera and Trichoptera (Hydropsychidae excluded). A similar level of variability in the relationship was observed for the MBII and most of its metrics, but Ephemeroptera richness, percent individuals in the dominant five taxa, and Hilsenhoff Biotic Index scores all exhibited differences in values between single and multiple habitat field methods. When applied to multiple habitat samples, the MBII exhibited greater precision, higher index scores, and higher assessment categories than when applied to single habitat samples at the same sites. In streams with limited or no riffle habitats, the multiple habitat method should provide an adequate sample for biological assessment, and at sites with abundant riffle habitat, little difference would be expected between the single and multiple habitat field methods. Thus, in geographic areas with a wide variety of stream types, the multiple habitat method may be more desirable. Even so, the variability in the relationship between single and multiple habitat methods indicates that the data are not interchangeable, and we suggest that any change in sampling method should be accompanied by a recalibration of any existing assessment tool (e.g., multimetric index) with data collected using the new method, regardless of taxonomic level.
Subepidermal calcified nodule. Report of a case with apparent hair follicle origin.

A subepidermal calcified nodule occurred on the face of a 15-year-old Negro boy. Histo-logical examination revealed its apparent origin in mature and immature hair follicles. Previous reports suggest that subepidermal calcified nodules may arise in nevi or in sweat glands. An additional finding in this case was transepidermal elimination of calcium.
The Agricultural Revolution of the 20th Century

The Agricultural Revolution of the 20th Century. Don Paarlberg and Philip Paarlberg. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 2000.
Post-fire logging reduces surface woody fuels up to four decades following wildfire

Severe wildfires create pulses of dead trees that influence future fuel loads, fire behavior, and fire effects as they decay and deposit surface woody fuels. Harvesting fire-killed trees may reduce future surface woody fuels and related fire hazards, but the magnitude and timing of post-fire logging effects on woody fuels have not been fully assessed. To address this issue, we sampled surface woody fuels within 255 coniferous forest stands that burned with high fire severity in 68 wildfires between 1970 and 2007 in eastern Washington and Oregon, USA. Sampling included 96 stands that were logged after wildfire and 159 stands that were not logged. Most forest stands sampled were dominated by ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) or Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) prior to wildfire and historically supported low and mixed-severity fire regimes. In unlogged stands, woody fuel loads were low initially, but then increased and peaked 10–20 years following wildfire. In logged stands, small and medium diameter woody fuel loads peaked immediately after logging, whereas large diameter woody fuel loads peaked 10–20 years after wildfire. Relative to unlogged stands, post-fire logging initially increased surface woody fuel loads, increasing small diameter fuel loads by up to 2.1 Mg/ha during the first 5 years after fire and increasing medium diameter fuel loads by up to 5.8 Mg/ha during the first 7 years after fire. Logging subsequently reduced surface woody fuel loads, reducing large diameter fuel loads by up to 53 Mg/ha between 6 and 39 years after wildfire, reducing medium diameter fuel loads by up to 2.4 Mg/ha between 12 and 23 years after wildfire, and reducing small diameter fuel loads by up to 1.4 Mg/ha between 10 and 28 years after wildfire. Logging also reduced rotten, large diameter fuel loads by up to 24 Mg/ha between 20 and 39 years after wildfire. Our study suggests that post-fire logging can significantly reduce future surface woody fuel levels in forests regenerating following wildfires. The magnitude of woody fuel reduction depends, however, on the volume and sizes of wood removed, logging methods, post-logging fuel treatments, and the amount of coarse woody debris left on-site to support wildlife habitat, erosion control, and other competing management objectives. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Digital Anthropology (Horst and Miller, eds.)

This work is a book review considering the title Digital Anthropology edited by Heather A. Horst and Daniel Miller.
The Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy. VI: Retinal photocoagulation

Abstract The prevalence of focal and panretinal photocoagulation and its relationship to demographic and other characteristics were examined in a population-based study in southern Wisconsin. For participants whose age at diagnosis was less than 30 years and who were taking insulin (996 persons) the prevalence rate of panretinal photocoagulation (13.9%) was higher than that of focal photocoagulation (3.6%). For those whose age at diagnosis was 30 years or older (1370 persons), the prevalence rate for panretinal photocoagulation (3.6%) was slightly higher than that of focal photocoagulation (3.0%). Seventytwo percent of eyes of younger onset and 45% of eyes of older onset persons that had received panretinal photocoagulation treatment were found to have incomplete regression of retinal new vessels, and in approximately half of these eyes severe proliferative retinopathy (Diabetic Retinopathy Study High Risk Characteristics [DRS-HRC]) was present. Among eyes with DRS-HRC, 55% were found to be untreated.
Rheumatology Practice at Mayo Clinic: The First 40 Years–1920 to 1960

In its early years, Mayo Clinic had primarily a surgical practice. Patients with musculoskeletal complaints were cared for by one of the Mayo brothers (Dr William J. Mayo or Dr Charles H. Mayo) or their initial partners. That such patients were seen in Rochester, MN, is evidenced by a report the brothers wrote in 1895 that described surgical treatment of a patient with knee sepsis.1,2 A second article on this topic appeared 2 years later.3 In 1910, Dr Melvin S. Henderson was appointed to develop a Section of Orthopedics. To gain experience and become acquainted with the best orthopedic practices of the day, Henderson visited a number of leading orthopedists in the United States and was sent by the Drs Mayo to visit centers in Great Britain in 1911 and 1912. Dr Henry W. Meyerding joined Henderson in 1911.4 Patients with bone and joint problems were then seen by Henderson and Meyerding. The first nonsurgical physicians who joined Mayo Clinic functioned mainly to screen patients for surgery and participate in postoperative management (G. Eusterman, MD. My experience at the Mayo Clinic. Unpublished manuscript, 1956). As Mayo Clinic grew in size and reputation in the early part of the 20th century, the patient population evolved. Increasing numbers of patients were referred to Rochester or arrived on their own with a broad variety of illnesses, some not amenable to surgery. Thus, the need to diagnose and manage nonsurgical conditions continued to expand, and physicians with an interest in medical diseases were recruited. Additionally, hospital beds were dedicated to nonsurgical patients, initially in 1917 (G. Eusterman, MD). Progress in medicine has evolved gradually throughout history. Even though a specific date can be provided for a new discovery, time is often required to confirm this finding and disseminate the advance to others. In the current report, we have attempted to determine when a medication, method, or practice was actually used rather than when it was first described. We have divided the history into 3 periods, which are general timelines rather than strict demarcations. Mayo Clinic grew markedly during the 40 years between 1920 and 1960. In 1920 there were 62 medical staff members, and in 1960 there were 348.
Null Hypothesis Significance-Testing Debate

Keywords: data analysis in psychology; statistical methods in psychology; Type I error; Type II error; effect sizes; methodology; p values; statistical significance
The impact of exposure to liver transplantation anesthesia on the ability to treat intraoperative hyperkalemia: a simulation experience.

The objective of this study was to assess whether resident exposure to liver transplantation anesthesia results in improved patient care during a simulated critical care scenario. Our hypothesis wa...
Approximate natural response of an arbitrarily shaped thin wire scatterer

The authors introduce an approximate but computationally single technique for calculating the natural current and backscattered field response of an arbitrarily shaped thin wire scatterer. A single one-term resonant current approximation is shown to yield excellent results for the natural frequencies of perturbed straight wires and circular loops. Comparison with the measured current response of a compound wire target validates the simple theory. >
‘Bangsa Malaysia’: global sport, the city and the mediated refurbishment of local identities

The article addresses the processes involved in the international restructuration of the spatial economy and of spaces of identity. Specifically, the focus is on the ways in which powerful groups used a sporting event - the 1998 Kuala Lumpur Commonwealth Games (Kuala Lumpur 98) - as part of an initiative to reshape and refurbish the ethnic core of Malaysian people in an attempt to attract a more mobile global capital. The paper draws from an ethnographic study of the conditions of practice at Kuala Lumpur 98. Analysis focuses on how political, economic, commercial and symbolic conditions shaped the media reproduction of the Games. Conclusions centre on the particularizing place commodification of Kuala Lumpur and the aesthetic illusion conjured up by cultural producers to mask the class, racialized, ethnic and gendered polarizations that characterize Malaysian culture.
EVOLUTION OF THE SIDE-NECKED TURTLES: THE FAMILIES BOTHREMYDIDAE, EURAXEMYDIDAE, AND ARARIPEMYDIDAE

Abstract Although pleurodires have been considered significantly less diverse than their sister group, the cryptodires, current discoveries show that pleurodires had a more complex and extensive evolutionary history than had been realized. Previously unknown radiations, particularly in the near-shore marine realm, are revealed by taxa with diverse cranial morphology, indicating many different feeding and sensory strategies. The pleurodire group that is changed the most by the new discoveries is its largest group, the hyperfamily Pelomedusoides. The hyperfamily Pelomedusoides now consists of the families Pelomedusidae, Podocnemididae, Bothremydidae, Araripemydidae, and Euraxemydidae, new family. The families Bothremydidae, Araripemydidae, and Euraxemydidae, new family, are documented with descriptions of skulls, lower jaws, and shells. The relationships of the family Podocnemididae to its sister taxa Hamadachelys and Brasilemys are recognized by placing them in the epifamily Podocnemidinura. The epifamily ...
Solidification by Planar-Flow Spin-Casting

Asymptotic analysis supported by experiment uncovers operating conditions for which the planar-flow process exhibits: (i) a planar solidification front over much of the thickness of the ribbon product, (ii) solidification that is only weakly coupled to the fluid mechanics, and (iii) convection at the solidification front whose influence is a small perturbation. These results are summarized.
The University as Public Goods: Ethical Underpinnings

The public benefits of higher education have long been recognized. Higher education contributes to the public consensus; it transmits knowledge and attitudes toward the role of the citizen, and it may model good behavior in the face of controversy and sometimes intellectual acrimony. Great universities perform these functions very well. This is among the reasons why attention has been paid to the characteristics of world-class universities (Academe—Bulletin of the AAUP 90(1): 20–23, 2004; Salmi, J. (2009). The challenge of establishing world-class universities. Washington, DC: The World Bank.; Heyneman, S. P., & Lee, J. (2013). World-class universities: the sector requirements. In J. C. Shin., & B. M. Kehm (Eds.), Institutionalization of world-class university in global competition. New York: Springer.), as well as to the threats to university quality in the form of corruption in higher education. Attention has focused on the definition of corruption, the degree to which corruption occurs, and its economic impact (International Journal of Educational Policy, Research and Practice 3(4):73–97, 2002/3; Heyneman, S. P. (2010). The concern with corruption in higher education. In T. B. Gallant (Ed.), Creating the ethical academy: A systems approach to understanding misconduct and empowering change in higher education. New York: Routledge; International Higher Education 62:8–9, 2011; Comparative Education Review 51(2):1–25, 2008).
Non-Muscle-Invasive Low- and High-Grade Neoplasia

Bladder cancer imposes a considerable burden on patients and health care systems around the world. Estimates predict more than 70,000 new cases of bladder cancer and more than 14,000 deaths in 2010 in the USA [1]. Bladder cancer is three times more common in men than in women and roughly twice as common in Caucasians as African-Americans. For unknown reasons, relative mortality rates are lower for men and for Caucasians [2, 3]. The risk of bladder cancer increases with age, peaking between the sixth and eighth decades of life, creating unique challenges in treatment related to existing comorbidities [4, 5]. At the time of diagnosis, 75 % of patients present with nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancers (NMIBC); 70–80 % are limited to the mucosa (Ta, Tis) and the remaining 20–30 % invade the lamina propria (T1) [6].
HABITAT SELECTION AS AN EVOLUTIONARY GAME.

Under habitat selection, mobile foragers may not only possess behavioral flexibility that allows them to utilize habitats selectively or opportunistically, but they may also possess heritable traits that influence their performance within each habitat. A game theoretic model is developed that investigates this evolutionary dimension of habitat selection. The model follows that of Ro- senzweig (1987b) and considers a patchy environment containing two distinct habitat types. Be- haviorally, foragers may be selective or opportunistic; morphologically, foragers possess traits that represent a trade-offbetween performance in the two habitat types. Depending on the environment's structure, one of three types of communities emerges as the ESS: (1) a single generalist species that behaves opportunistically, (2) two species that are extreme specialists on habitat 1 and 2, respec- tively; behaviorally, these species are selective on their respective habitat types, and (3) one gen- eralist species that behaves opportunistically and one specialist species that behaves selectively on its preferred habitat. Community (1) emerges when habitat selection is costly, community (2) emerges when habitat selection is cost-free, and community (3) emerges when the relative abun- dances or productivities of the two habitat types are lopsided.
In-Situ Studies of Semimagnetic Heterojunction Parameters

We have conducted a systematic study of Ge-Cd 1−x Mn x Te heterostructures prepared in situ by deposition of polycrystalline Ge onto atomically clean Cd 1−x Mn x (110) surfaces. We examined by means of high resolution synchrotron radiation photoemission the valence band offset δE v as a function of the substrate composition x (x=0, 0.35, and 0.60) and bandgap Eg (Eg = 1.47, 1.93, and 2.13 eV). We find δE v =0.84±0.10eV in all cases, and no dependence of δE v on the substrate bandgap within experimental uncertainty. This finding indicates that within the range of validity of the transitivity rule, Cd 1−x Mn x -Cd 1−y Mn y heterojunctions may actually follow the common anion rule.
Enlisting an Underappreciated Clientele: Public Participation in Distribution and Evaluation of Natural Enemies in Urban Landscapes

Since the turn of the century, there has been a significant shift in the population of the United States from a rural to a predominately urban and suburban society. The process of urbanization created new landscapes to replace the natural areas or farms that previously occupied the land. To a great extent, these landscapes are artificial communities comprised of diverse assemblages of native and exotic species that may be comparable in diversity to tropical rain forests (Owen 1983). With respect to woody ornamental plants alone, Frankie and Ehler (1978) reported 322 species (132 species of trees, 147 species of shrubs, and 53 species of vines and ground covers) were planted in Austin, TX, and 123 species of trees were planted in Berkeley, CA. In total, 318 plant species, including 143 native and 175 non-native, exotic species, were planted in a single study garden in Leicester in the United Kingdom (Owen 1983). These urban landscapes, which include both annual and perennial species planted at densities or separations not normally found in natural habitats, also are characterized by high levels of patchiness and structural diversity (Owen 1983, Flanders 1986). In addition, the physical barriers associated with buildings, transportation corridors, parks, and industrial complexes add significant levels of artificial spatial complexity to the environment (Frankie and Ehler 1978).
Infragravity waves and horizontal seafloor compliance

We report the first consistent observation of horizontal seafloor compliance induced by infragravity (IG) waves. Long-period IG ocean waves manifest themselves as broad, dominant features in ocean bottom pressure and vertical deformation spectra, but signals are rarely (if ever) identified on the horizontal components of traditional ocean bottom seismometers (OBS) due to low signal level and high current-induced tilt noise at long periods. We examine two OBS stations with shallow-buried seismometers: the Monterey Ocean Bottom Broadband site offshore California and the Ocean Seismic Network (OSN) pilot site OSN1B near Hawaii. We use nearby weather buoys to investigate the relationship between the presence of infragravity waves and environmental conditions. We find strong evidence that infragravity wave generation is primarily confined to the near-coastal environment. Additional IG source information is found by examining the directionality of passing IG waves as a function of frequency, which we analyze using the coherence between pressure and the two horizontal components. Finally, we evaluate the implications for a joint vertical and horizontal compliance inversion.
Brancusi's Involvement with African Art in New York

The interest of Romanian modern sculptor Constantin Brancusi (1876–1957) in African art grew during his participation in the New York avant-garde scene at the turn of the 20th century. Because of h...
Male Puberty and Its Disorders

This chapter selectively highlights the major advances in the past three years. Consideration is given to those areas which have made a significant impact on our understanding of the mechanisms of pubertal regulation and influenced clinical management of male pubertal disorders. For a more comprehensive general coverage of this topic, the reader should refer to other recent reviews and monographs (Plant, 1994; Plant, 1995; Grumbach and Styne, 1998).
Effects of nutrition on wound healing.

Optimal wound healing and Its close relationship to a patient's positive nutritional balance is well known. For years, physicians have attempted to improve the metabolic status of patients after su...
Cell-to-Cell Signalling Between Group A Streptococci and Pharyngeal Cells

It is becoming more evident that the specific interaction between pathogen and host through their respective surface proteins and counter receptors initiates a series of biochemical signals1, 2. The exchange of these signals between host and pathogen during the initial events of infection determines the final outcome of disease. Although several proteins have been characterized on the surface of streptococci and incriminated to have some role in the pathogenesis of streptococcal diseases3, there is no report related to their potential to initiate host signalling events as a result of the interaction with their specific host cells. Streptococcal Surface Dehydrogenase (SDH) is a multifunctional major streptococcal surface protein that exhibits GAPDH and ADP-ribosylating activity and binds a variety of mammalian proteins5, 6. Since ADP-ribosylation is an important component of intracellular signalling events4, ADP-ribosylating activity of SDH indicated that it may have a role in mediating cell-to-cell communication between group A streptococci and pharyngeal cells. In the present communication, we describe this unique role of SDH in terms of its ability to regulate receptor-mediated protein phosphorylation and cytoskeletal rearrangements in human pharyngeal cells using the Detroit 562 human pharyngeal cell line.
DNA Origami Rotaxanes: Tailored Synthesis and Controlled Structure Switching

Mechanically interlocked supramolecular assemblies are appealing building blocks for creating functional nanodevices. Herein, we describe the multistep assembly of large DNA origami rotaxanes that are capable of programmable structural switching. We validated the topology and structural integrity of these rotaxanes by analyzing the intermediate and final products of various assembly routes by electrophoresis and electron microscopy. We further analyzed two structure-switching behaviors of our rotaxanes, which are both mediated by DNA hybridization. In the first mechanism, the translational motion of the macrocycle can be triggered or halted at either terminus. In the second mechanism, the macrocycle can be elongated after completion of the rotaxane assembly, giving rise to a unique structure that is otherwise difficult to access.
TempestExtremes: a framework for scale-insensitive pointwise feature tracking on unstructured grids

Abstract. This paper describes a new open-source software framework for automated pointwise feature tracking that is applicable to a wide array of climate datasets using either structured or unstructured grids. Common climatological pointwise features include tropical cyclones, extratropical cyclones and tropical easterly waves. To enable support for a wide array of detection schemes, a suite of algorithmic kernels have been developed that capture the core functionality of algorithmic tracking routines throughout the literature. A review of efforts related to pointwise feature tracking from the past 3 decades is included. Selected results using both reanalysis datasets and unstructured grid simulations are provided.
Material Handling in Flexible Assembly Systems

The title Material Handling in Flexible Assembly Systems is very general as the material handling philosophy varies from one manufacturing location to another. I can only speak about the theories, solutions and dreams I have experienced in my home location, the Swedish IBM plant in Jarfalla outside Stockholm.
Bone Accrual in Males with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Objective To test the hypothesis that bone accrual over a 4-year period is reduced in boys with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) compared with typically developing controls. Study design Twenty-five boys with ASD and 24 controls were assessed for bone outcomes. Fourteen boys with ASD and 11 controls were assessed both at baseline and after 4 years. The mean subject age was 11.0 ± 1.6 years at study initiation and 14.9 ± 1.6 years at follow-up. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured at the spine, hip, and whole body using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and normalized for age, race, and sex (BMD z-scores). Height adjustments were performed as well. We assessed medical history, physical activity using questionnaires, vitamin D and calcium intake using food records, and serum calcium, phosphorus, 25(OH)-vitamin D, and pubertal hormone levels. Results Boys with ASD had lower spine, hip, and whole body BMD z-scores compared with controls. In those subjects assessed both at baseline and after 4 years, bone accrual rates did not differ between the 2 groups; however, spine and hip BMD z-scores remained lower in the boys with ASD than in controls at follow-up. Notably, the ASD group was less physically active at both time points. Conclusion Although pubertal bone accrual was similar to that in controls, BMD in children with ASD remained low over a 4-year follow-up period, suggesting that low BMD is a consequence of prepubertal factors, such as low physical activity. Studies are needed to investigate the causes and consequences of decreased BMD, to assess BMD in females and adults with ASD, and to evaluate therapeutic interventions.
Robotic Lobectomy Utilizing the Robotic Stapler

A drawback of robotic lobectomy is the inability of the operating surgeon to perform stapler division of the pulmonary vessels and bronchi. With the advent of the robotic stapler, the surgeon is able to control this instrument from the console. The robotic stapler presents certain challenges. This article outlines techniques to use the robotic stapler for the safe and predictable performance of lobectomies.