cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Norleucine: A branched-chain amino acid analog affecting feeding behavior of rats

Norleucine, an isomer of leucine and isoleucine and a potent competitor of large neutral amino acid transport into brain, thereby depleting certain amino acid pools, was tested for its effects on growth and feeding behavior of rats fed an amino acid diet limiting in leucine. Growth and food intake were depressed in proportion to the dietary level of norleucine (0.2 to 1.1% of the diet). With suboptimal amounts of indispensable amino acids, leucine at 150% of the requirement reversed the effects of 0.2 and 0.5% norleucine; slight excesses of the other indispensable amino acids were required with extra leucine for maximum growth with 1.1% norleucine. Rats almost exclusively preferred the control to the norleucine diet, but not if the latter diet also contained leucine. Rats also strongly selected a nonprotein rather than norleucine diet when this was the first available choice. If the first choice was between the nonprotein and control diets, rats later almost exclusively selected the norleucine-containing rather than the nonprotein diet for varying periods (2 to 6 days). These studies suggest that amino acid analogs may be useful agents in the study of animal behavior associated with changes in brain amino acid pools.
Oxide formation and reduction on rhodium surfaces

Abstract The growth of thin oxide layers on Rh and their reduction by CO has been investigated by imaging atom-probe mass spectroscopy and field-ion microscopy. Surface oxides were produced by heating Rh field-emitter tips in oxygen at pressures between 0.01 and 1.0 Torr and temperatures between 400 and 650 K. The oxidized samples were transferred under ultrahigh vacuum to an imaging atom-probe/field-ion microscope for compositional and structural analysis. Oxygen uptake was found to follow a logarithmic law with an initial activation energy of 3.1 kcal/mol. Imaging atom-probe analysis indicated that the oxide formed in 1 Torr O 2 was stoichiometric Rh 2 O 3 for temperatures of 500 K and above. The onset pressure for oxidation at 500 K was found to be ≈0.01 Torr, with only a weak pressure dependence in the range from 0.01 to 1 Torr. Field-ion microscope images of the oxide showed ring structures suggestive of epitaxial growth above the (111) plane, and images of the substrate after removal of the oxide indicated that the oxide was thicker above the stepped regions of the surface than above the low-index planes. The oxide was quickly reduced in 1 Torr CO at temperatures above 420 K, and partially-reduced oxides were found to be substoichiometric throughout the oxide region. CO reduction exhibited a much stronger temperature dependence than surface oxide formation indicating a different rate-controlling step for the two processes. The time dependence for CO reduction at 418 K suggested that the COO surface reaction was rate-determining in the reduction process.
A Sericesthis iridescent virus infection of the hemocytes of the wax moth Galleria mellonella: Effects on total and differential counts and hemocyte ontogeny

Abstract The effects of a Sericesthis iridescent virus (SIV) infection of the hemocytes of Galleria mellonella were studied by autoradiography and total and differential hemocyte counts. The results support the proposed general ontogenetic sequence of circulating hemocytes: prohemocyte → plasmatocyte → adipohemocyte; spherule cells may also be derived from prohemocytes or plasmatocytes. The differentiation was not drastically altered in early stages of SIV infection. Prohemocytes, plasmatocytes, and spherule cells can contract a de novo infection, but oenocytoids are not infected, and infected adipohemocytes may develop only from infected precursors. Advanced stages of infection result in selective depletion of plasmatocytes and may interfere with hemocyte differentiation. The life expectancy of circulating hemocytes is about 9–17 days at 20°C.
Undecidability of the identity problem for finite semigroups

In 1947 E. Post [28] and A. A. Markov [18] independently proved the undecidability of the word problem (or the problem of deducibility of relations) for semigroups. In 1968 V. L. Murskil [23] proved the undecidability of the identity problem (or the problem of deducibility of identities) in semigroups.If we slightly generalize the statement of these results we can state many related results in the literature and state our new results proved here. Let V denote either a (Birkhoff) variety of semigroups or groups or a pseudovariety of finite semigroups. By a very well-known theorem a (Birkhoff) variety is defined by equations or equivalently closed under substructure, surmorphisms and all products; see [7]. It is also well known that V is a pseudovariety of finite semigroups iff V is closed under substructure, surmorphism and finite products, or, equivalently, determined eventually by equations w1 = w1′, w2 = w2′, w3 = w3′,… (where the finite semigroup S eventually satisfies these equations iff there exists an n, depending on S, such that S satisfies Wj = Wj′ for j ≥ n). See [8] and [29]. All semigroups form a variety while all finite semigroups form a pseudovariety.We now consider a table (see the next page). In it, for example, the box denoting the “word” (identity) problem for the psuedovariety V” means, given a finite set of relations (identities) E and a relation (identity) u = ν, the problem of whether it is decidable that E implies u = ν inside V.
Relativistic Energy Band Structure and Properties of γ-Uranium

The electronic band structure of the high-temperature phase of uranium has been determined by means of the symmetized relativistic augmented-plane-wave method. Six different crystal potentials (three atomic starting configurations, $5{f}^{4}7{s}^{2}$, $5{f}^{3}6{d}^{1}7{s}^{2}$, and $5{f}^{2}6{d}^{2}7{s}^{2}$, each taken together with $\ensuremath{\alpha}=\frac{2}{3}$ and $\ensuremath{\alpha}=1$ approximations for exchange) were employed in the warped-muffin-tin approximation. The relativistic effects are found to be very important and result in $5f$ bands which overlap and hybridize strongly with the very broad "$7s\ensuremath{-}p$" and broad $6d$ bands (which in the absence of the $5f$ states are found to be those typical of a high-atomic-number transition metal). The nonrelativistic energy bands are found to be incorrect in many ways. A calculated density of states shows considerable structure reflecting the $s\ensuremath{-}d\ensuremath{-}f$ hybridization and a relatively high density of states (1.45 states per atom eV) at the Fermi energy. The Fermi surface is found to be complicated and to consist of two hole and one electron surfaces.
MINDO/3 calculation of the potential energy surface for C3H5+ → C3H3+ + H2 as applied to understanding energy partitioning accompanying fragmentation

Abstract The semi-empirical molecular orbital method MINDO/3 was used to investigate the potential energy surface describing the loss of H 2 from the allyl cation C 3 H 5 + . The two lowest energy processes found are the 1,2- and 1,3-eliminations and they commence by 2 → 1 and 3 → 1 hydrogen atom migrations, respectively. In the 1,2-elimination this involves isomerization to the 2-propenyl ion while in the 1,3-elimination, isomerization is to an intermediate corner-protonated cyclopropene. The reactions then proceed by H 2 elimination from the 2-propenyl ion and from protonated cyclopropene to yield the propargyl and cyclopropenyl ions, respectively. The results of the calculations are compared to previous experimental studies on metastable ions to examine the partitioning of reverse activation energy between kinetic energy of separation, and internal vibrational energy. In making such a comparison, the limitations of MINDO/3, in particular the overestimation of the stability of small ring compounds, are recognized. It is found that the reverse activation energy appears predominantly in the released kinetic energy, for both reactions. Such findings are in accord with qualitative expectations based on reaction dynamics and are discussed in relation to them. In particular, the activated complexes for both the 1,2- and 1,3-eliminations are “tight” and the potential energy surfaces are of the “repulsive” type for which it is predicted that a high percentage of the reverse activation energy will be partitioned as kinetic energy. The activated complexes are well described as species in which the daughter ion is solvated by the H 2 leaving. The incipient products are close to their equilibrium geometries, which is in accord with the observation that energy is partitioned predominantly into translation.
Intelligence and curiosity in preschool children

If response to novelty is a major source of continuity in intelligence, it is reasonable to expect significant correlations between measures of exploration and intelligence. Multiple indicators of exploration of novel objects and the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC) were administered to a group of 41 preschool children. Canonical analyses failed to reveal a significant correlation between measures of exploration and intelligence. Simple correlations indicated low but significant correlations between comments about novel objects and some K-ABC global scales. Alternative explanations for these results and a proposal of a predictive relationship between curiosity and intellectual growth are discussed.
Heart failure improvement from a supplement containing copper

Witte et al. 1 improved ventricular function and quality of life in septuagenarian patients with chronic heart failure and ischaemic heart disease by supplementation with multiple micronutrients.The authors suggested that their regimen may provide relief from multiple deficiencies, reduction in oxidative stress, and be a first step towards identifying elements that can be eliminated from the supplement without …
Analysis of diffusion controlled release of hydrogen from nickel and inconel 600

Abstract An analysis is given for the release of hydrogen from a thin sheet on heating at a constant rate. Control by lattice diffusion, by release from gas bubbles (H2 or CH4), and by escape from deep traps are treated, as well as the information obtainable from isothermal holds. Analysis of published experiments on pure Ni, allow the determination of the lattice diffusion coefficient, show that methane is formed on annealing samples with pores in 1 atm. of hydrogen, and show that pore surfaces provide a deep trap. Samples of Ni and INCONEL 600 slowly strained to fracture in 350°C water accumulate large amounts of hydrogen and exhibit IGSCC. Highly strained regions contain ten times the hydrogen trapped in the unstrained regions. Most of this is shown to be chemisorbed on internal surfaces (microcracks or pores) where it can aid in the cracking.
Warfare and mortality at Koger's Island, Alabama

Koger's Island, a late prehistoric agricultural community in the southeastern USA, is the site of a cemetery containing four mass graves of individuals with perimortem trauma and scalping cutmarks. Although the site as a whole has a demographic profile typical for a society of this kind (with high infant mortality), the mass graves contain relatively few infants or children, and an abundance of adult males. It is suggested that the skeletons found in the multiple burials represent the victims of raiding or warfare. The disproportionate number of males in the mass graves may be related to the fact that relatively few males at the site are older than 50 years, presumably because they are dying at an early age from violence. Language: en
Radio science from an optical communications signal

NASA is currently developing the capability to deploy deep space optical communications links. This creates the opportunity to utilize the optical link to obtain range, Doppler, and signal intensity estimates. These may, in turn, be used to complement or extend the capabilities of current radio science. In this paper we illustrate the achievable parameter estimation errors in estimating range, Doppler, and received signal intensity of a one-way non-coherent optical link. We provide a joint estimation algorithm with performance close to the Cram`er-Rao bound. We draw comparisons to range estimates based on a coherent radio frequency signal, illustrating that large gains in either precision or observation time are possible with an optical link.
Post-2004 Hurricane Field Survey of Residential Building Performance

This paper presents the methodology and results of a study of the performance of site-built single-family structures in Florida constructed after Andrew-related changes to the Standard Building Code. A detailed investigation of wind damage as a result of the 2004 hurricane season was conducted. The study provides a quantitative comparison of the relative performance of homes built between 1994 and 2001 with those built after the 2001 Florida Building Code replaced the Standard Building Code.
A characterization theorem on cauchy transforms of measures

In this paper a class of complex measures is investigated and we prove a characterization theorem of this class via the Cauchy Transform.
Emission modeling of styrene from vinyl ester resins with low hazardous air pollutant contents

Styrene is a commonly used co-monomer in vinyl ester (VE) resins, which acts as a reactive diluent and is required in most liquid molding fabrication methods to reduce viscosity and improve overall resin performance. Resins containing low hazardous air pollutant contents have been developed to reduce the styrene emissions during composite fabrication. VE monomers with a bimodal molecular weight distribution have been used to effectively decrease the amount of styrene in the system while maintaining low resin viscosities. Fatty acid vinyl ester (FAVE) resins partially replace styrene with non-volatile fatty acid monomers to reduce styrene emissions. The emissions from bimodal and FAVE resins were measured as a function of time and various parameters, including styrene content, VE molecular weight, and fatty acid monomer content and chain length. The initial emission rate from VE resins is only dependent on styrene content for constant evaporation geometry. Furthermore, the evaporation rate constant was the same regardless of VE molecular weight, styrene content, or the use of co-reactive diluent (MFA monomers). The diffusivity was not dependent on the styrene content in the resin, but decreased linearly as the VE molecular weight increased because of a corresponding increase in the resin viscosity. The diffusivity also increased as the content of MFA increased because of a decrease in the resin viscosity with high MFA content at high emission time. Furthermore, the emission profiles were accurately modeled using a modified version of 1D diffusion through a planar sheet that accounts for the depth change as a function of styrene evaporation. Overall, the model predicted emission profiles similar to the experimentally measured profiles as a function of time for various styrene contents, VE molecular weights, and fatty acid monomer contents.
Uranium-Series Ages of Travertines and Timing of the Last Glaciation in the Northern Yellowstone Area, Wyoming-Montana

Uranium-series age determinations by mass spectrometric methods were done for travertines and associated carbonate veins related to clastic deposits of the last glaciation (Pinedale) in the northern Yellowstone area. Dramatic variations in the hydrologic head are inferred from variations in the elevation of travertine deposition with time and are consistent with the expected hydrologic effects of glaciation. We determine the following chronology of the Pinedale Glaciation, with the key assumption that travertine deposits (and associated carbonate veins) perched high above present thermal springs were deposited when glaciers filled the valley below these perched deposits: (1) the early Pinedale outlet glacier advanced well downvalley between 47,000 and 34,000 yr B.P.; (2) the outlet glacier receded to an interstadial position between 34,000 and 30,000 yr B.P.; (3) an extensive Pinedale ice advance occurred between 30,000 and 22,500 yr B.P.; (4) a major recession occurred between 22,500 and 19,500 yr B.P.; (5) a minor readvance (Deckard Flats) culminated after 19,500 yr B.P.; and (6) recession from the Deckard Flats position was completed before 15,500 yr B.P. This chronology is consistent with the general trend of climatic changes in the northern hemisphere as revealed by recent high-resolution ice-core records from the Greenland ice sheet.
Diffusion of Xe on Ni(111)

Abstract We have measured the diffusion rate D ( T ) for Xe on Ni(111) from 30 to 60 K at coverages of θ =0.04 and θ =0.16. By fitting D ( T ) to Arrhenius forms D 0 exp(− E d / RT ), we found the diffusion to be characterized by small activation energy and unusually small diffusivity: E d =0.33±0.02 kcal/mol and D 0 =2×10 −9±0.2 cm 2 /s at θ =0.04, and E d =0.40±0.04 kcal/mol and D 0 =3×10 −8±0.3 cm 2 /s at θ =0.16. We discuss the significance of our result in the light of similar observation of small diffusion barriers and unusually small diffusivities for Xe on W(110) and for Al diffusion on Al(111) and on Au(111) reported recently.
Determinism test for very short time series.

A test for determinism suitable for time series shorter than 100 points is presented, and applied to numerical and observed data. The method exploits the linear $d({d}_{0})$ dependence in the expression $d(t)\ensuremath{\sim}{d}_{0}{e}^{\ensuremath{\lambda}t}$ which describes the growth of small separations between trajectories in chaotic systems.
Nicotine-produced relearning deficit in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice

Acute nicotine administration has been shown to influence the acquisition and retention of learning tasks. In order to investigate the many possible behavioral and pharmacological effects of nicotine, a modified 2×2 statedependent learning design was used to assess nicotine's effects on active avoidance learning. Male and female mice of the C57BL/6J (C57) and DBA/2J (DBA) inbred strains were injected with a control solution or with 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 mg/kg nicotine 5 min before the start of training and, following a 24-h period, 5 min before retraining. Nicotine had no effect on the acquisition of the learning task but, depending on strain and sex, did have an effect on relearning. Relearning in the C57 males was unaffected by nicotine injection, whereas the most prominent effect of nicotine in the C57 females and the DBA males and females was a retrieval deficit. The prevalence of a nicotine-induced retrieval deficit in the present experiment suggests that those mechanisms underlying the retrieval of previously learned information are, in part, mediated or modulated by perturbations within nicotine-sensitive areas of the central nervous system.
The vertical mirror, its potential applications to theodolites and two star image stopping micrometers

A small area of a mirror can be made vertical with a high degree of accuracy by using a free mercury surface and an autocollimation target made of a mirror. The direction of the horizontal axis of a theodolite can be established, made and kept perpendicular to the vertical mirror for all telescope altitudes and the direction of the line of sight can be made, perpendicular to the horizontal axis with the same high degree of accuracy. Observations can thus be made on any part of a chosen celestial vertical circle much more accurately than by using the best striding levels. This application is potentially useful in determination of: astronomical longitude; changes in longitude differences with time, or the possible East-West component of continental drift; right ascension differences between stars; and the rotation rate of the Earth. Other applications include a leveling instrument of a new type, checking of tubular spirit levels, monitoring tidal variations in the direction of the plumb line, establishing an accurate 90° angle, and checking the graduations of the horizontal and vertical circles of theodolites. The impersonal micrometer for special astronomical observations stops the star image. Only parallel rays will enter the telescope when the observer is tracking the star keeping the star image stationary at the center of cross hairs.
Can Physicalism Be Non‐Reductive?

Can physicalism (or materialism) be non-reductive? I provide an opinionated survey of the debate on this question. I suggest that attempts to formulate non-reductive physicalism by appeal to claims of event identity, supervenience, or realization have produced doctrines that fail either to be physicalist or to be non-reductive. Then I treat in more detail a recent attempt to formulate non-reductive physicalism by Derk Pereboom, but argue that it fares no better.
Seasonal and spatial variation in dithiothreitol (DTT) activity of quasi-ultrafine particles in the Los Angeles Basin and its association with chemical species

A year-long sampling campaign of quasi-ultrafine particles (dp 0.7) between the DTT activity and the concentrations of carbonaceous species (OC, EC, WSOC and WIOC) across all seasons and strong winter-time correlations with organic tracers of primary vehicular emissions including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), alkanes, hopanes and steranes. Strong correlations were also observed, particularly during winter, between DTT activity and transition metals (e.g., Cr, Mn, V, Fe, Cu, Cd and Zn), which share similar vehicular sources with primary organics. A multivariate linear regression analysis indicated that the variability in DTT activity is best explained by the variability in concentrations of WSOC, WIOC, EC and hopanes. Combined contributions from these species explained 88% of the DTT activity. The appearance of WSOC as a typical tracer of secondary organic aerosol, along with EC, WIOC and hopanes, all markers of emissions from primary combustion sources, emphasizes the contributions of both primary and secondary sources to the overall oxidative potential of quasi-ultrafine particles. Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of the Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, to view the supplemental file.
Basic considerations in the reversal of atherosclerosis: Significance of high-density lipoprotein in stimulating reverse cholesterol transport

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in the elderly is the result of several decades of cholesterol accretion. Advanced lesions may not be amenable to treatment, but a reversal of cholesterol accumulation may be possible. High-density lipoproteins (HDL) could serve an important function in this reversal through their role in the process of reverse cholesterol transport, which removes cholesterol from the body. Reverse cholesterol transport could be stimulated by raising plasma HDL level, but the efficacy of the process may be determined by the way in which HDL level is elevated. The increase of HDL synthesis rate may be the best approach. The antiatherosclerotic effects of gemfibrozil, a lipid-lowering agent that appears to raise HDL synthesis rate, may be mediated through this mechanism.
Solution Conformational Features of the Unsymmetrical Metalla Crown Ether cis-Mo(CO)4{2-(2,2‘-O2C12H8)PO(CH2CH2O)2- 2-C20H12-2‘-OP(2,2‘-O2C12H8)} from 2D NMR Spectroscopy and Molecular Modeling

A new unsymmetrical metalla crown ether, cis-Mo(CO)4{2-(2,2‘-O2C12H8)PO(CH2CH2O)2-2-C20H12-2‘-OP(2,2‘-O2C12H8)}, has been designed for solution conformation studies. The complex was prepared by the reaction of the α,ω-bis(phosphorus donor) polyether ligand 2-(2,2‘-O2C12H8)PO(CH2CH2O)2-2-C20H12-2‘-OP(2,2‘-O2C12H8) with Mo(CO)4(nbd). Separate 1H NMR resonances were observed for six of the eight methylene protons of the metalla crown ether, indicating that the motion of the metalla crown ether ring was restricted. The 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR chemical shifts of the metalla crown ether were completely assigned using a combination of 13C DEPT, 1H−1H COSY, 13C{1H} HETCOR, 31P{1H} HETCOR, 1H{13C} HMBC, and 1H−1H NOESY NMR experiments. The solution conformation was analyzed using 1H−1H vicinal coupling constants and 1H−1H NOESY NMR experiments. The vicinal 1H−1H coupling constants for the ethylene protons indicated that both ethylenes were gauche. The 1H−1H NOESY NMR experiments showed a number of close contacts betw...
The First Structurally Confirmed Paddlewheel Compound with an M27+ Core: [Os2(hpp)4Cl2](PF6)

Oxidation of Os2(hpp)4Cl2, 1 (hpp = the anion of 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-2H-pyrimido[1,2-a]pyrimidine), with (FeCp2)PF6 produces air-stable [Os2(hpp)4Cl2]PF6, 2. This is the first structurally confirmed metal−metal bonded paddlewheel compound having an M27+ core. The Os−Os distances for two crystalline forms, 2·2acetone and 2·hexane, are 2.3309(4) and 2.3290(6) A, respectively. EPR, 1H NMR, and magnetization data indicate that 2 has an unpaired electron and an exceptionally low g value of 0.791 ± 0.037. An electrochemical study shows that there is a quasireversible wave corresponding to a more highly oxidized species with an unprecedented Os28+ core.
Reform of the Georgia State Merit System

Using the reform of the state of Georgia's classification and salary system as a case study, this article examines the failure by personnel agencies to consider their impact on other agencies and the political context of their activities. The study demonstrates that in some ways not much has changed since Wallace Sayre described personnel administration as the "triumph of technique over purpose."
Mutation screening and identification of a sequence variation in the human ob gene coding region.

In the present study mRNA from the subcutaneous adipose tissue of 68 obese (defined as a body mass index ≥27.3 for men and ≥27.8 for women) and 38 lean subjects was screened for mutations in the ob gene coding region. No mutations in the coding region of the human ob gene were detected using Conformation Sensitive Gel Electrophoresis in 105 subjects. A first base substitution (G to A) was detected in one individual, which changed a valine to a methionine at position 94. The mRNA of all subjects contained the codon for glutamine-49, ruling out the possibility of a splice defect occurring during the removal of intron 2. These observations suggest that defects in the ob gene sequence itself are not the primary cause of obesity in humans.
The intrinsic rate of increase of HIV/AIDS: Epidemiological and evolutionary implications

A method derived from demographic theory is presented for modeling the epidemiology of an infectious disease. For long-term infections, this method better accounts for host variation in survival and transmission rates than classical compartment models. Examples of the applications of this method focus on a single long-term infectious disease, HIV/AIDS. The method is employed to examine (1) how changes in transmission rates during different stages of infection affect the rate of spread of HIV/AIDS both in wholly susceptible populations and in populations where the number of potential hosts is limited, (2) the way the relative frequencies of the different stages of infection vary over time, (3) how the rate at which the epidemic is growing (or diminishing) affects the fraction of HIV-infected individuals who manifest the symptoms of AIDS, (4) the effect of treatment on the rate of spread of HIV, and (5) the potential effects of natural selection on the virulence of HIV.
Synthesis and evaluation of novel dental monomer with branched aromatic carboxylic acid group

A new glycerol-based dimethacrylate monomer with an aromatic carboxylic acid, 2-((1,3-bis(methacryloyloxy)propan-2-yloxy)carbonyl)benzoic acid (BMPB), was synthesized, characterized, and proposed as a possible dental co-monomer for dentin adhesives. Dentin adhesives containing 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and 2,2-bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxypropoxy) phenyl]propane (BisGMA) in addition to BMPB were formulated with water at 0, 5, 10, and 15 wt % to simulate wet, oral conditions, and photo-polymerized. Adhesives were characterized with regard to viscosity, real-time photopolymerization behavior, dynamic mechanical analysis, and microscale 3D internal morphologies and compared with HEMA/BisGMA controls. When formulated under wet conditions, the experimental adhesives showed lower viscosities (0.04–0.07 Pa s) as compared to the control (0.09–0.12 Pa s). The experimental adhesives showed higher glass transition temperature (146–157°C), degree of conversion (78–89%), and rubbery moduli (33–36 MPa), and improved water miscibility (no voids) as compared to the controls (123–135°C, 67–71%, 15–26 MPa, and voids, respectively). The enhanced properties of these adhesives suggest that BMPB with simple, straightforward synthesis is a promising photocurable co-monomer for dental restorative materials. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 100B: 569–576, 2012.
Vertical Velocities and Available Potential Energy Generated by Landscape Variability—Theory

Abstract It is shown that landscape variability decreases the temperature in the surface layer when, through mesoscale flow, cool air intrudes over warm patches, lifting warm air and weakening the static stability of the upper part of the planetary boundary layer. This mechanism generates regions of upward vertical motion and a sizable amount of available potential energy and can make the environment of the lower troposphere more favorable to cloud formation. This process is enhanced by light ambient wind through the generation of trapped propagating waves, which penetrate into the midtropospheric levels, transporting upward the thermal perturbations and weakening the static stability around the top of the boundary layer. At moderate ambient wind speeds, the presence of surface roughness changes strengthens the wave activity, further favoring the vertical transport of the thermal perturbations. When the intensity of the ambient wind is larger than 5 m s−1, the vertical velocities induced by the surface ro...
Comparison of Antibodies as Molecular Recognition Elements for Biosensor Design

Abstract Antibodies are studied in terms of their properties as molecular recognition elements using an antigen monitoring biosensor as a means of examining sensitivity and selectivity. This approach requires only a small amount of antibody for study and is illustrated for a model system in which two monoclonal antibodies and one polyclonal antibody to 2,4-dinitrophenol are compared on the basis of their association constants and cross-reactivity patterns with heterologous haptens.
A leucine zipper motif in the cytoplasmic domain of gp41 is required for HIV-1 replication and pathogenesis in vivo.

A leucine zipper motif is conserved in the cytoplasmic domain of glycoprotein gp41 (gp41c) of all HIV-1 subtypes, but is not present in HIV-2 or SIV. The second leucine residue of the leucine zipper was mutated (L95R) to determine the role of this motif in HIV-1 replication and pathogenesis. The L95R mutant replicated to wild-type levels in activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells and CEMx174 cells. However, L95R replication was impaired in SupT1 cells and in the SCID-hu Thy/Liv mouse. Although the infectivity of wild-type virions and that of L95R mutant virions were equally sensitive to heat treatment, we found that L95R produced more defective virions, due to reduced surface expression and virion incorporation of the env glycoprotein. These results suggest that the L95 residue in the leucine zipper of gp41c of HIV-1 plays an important role in the env expression and virion incorporation that is required for viral replication and pathogenesis in the SCID-hu Thy/Liv mouse. The leucine zipper motif in gp41c may provide a novel anti-HIV-1 target.
Mass transfer in bubble columns packed with motionless mixers

Abstract The cocurrent upward mode was employed to absorb pure oxygen into water in bubble columns packed with Koch (Sulzer) motionless mixers. The liquid-side volumetric mass transfer coefficient, K L a , in the packed bubble column was found to be always larger than that in the unpacked bubble column. In the range of liquid velocities from 6.7 cm/sec to 39.9 cm/sec, the value of K L a in the packed bubble column increased with the increasing liquid velocity while that in the unpacked bubble column was almost independent of the liquid velocity. The equation of the form K L a = m ν l β ϵ was successfully adopted to correlate the K L a data.
Protein kinase inhibitors for the treatment of cancer

Protein kinases are integrated into nearly every facet of the regulation of mammalian cellular proliferation. The identification of particular kinase isoforms and tissuespecific expression affords the possibility of precise targeting of specific regulatory pathways if potent, highly selective, cell-penetrable inhibitors can be developed. At the very least, such inhibitors would provide opportunities to dissect complex interconnected regulatory pathways in intact cells, and sustain the promise of the development of therapeutic leads. This paper reviews recent developments in the identification of protein kinase targets for the treatment of cancer, and in the design of selective inhibitors for these enzymes.
Geometric optimization of a hydraulic motor rotary valve

The performance of a hydraulic motor is strongly influenced by the timing, leakage, and friction of the valves connecting to the pressure and tank ports. For the application of a linkage-based hydraulic piston motor, a novel clearance sealed cylindrical rotary valve is introduced. A model of the cylinder pressure dynamics is formulated from the bulk modulus definition and solved using a variable-step Runge-Kutta stiff solver. Energy loss equations are developed and used to aid the creation of objective functions. A geometric optimization of the motoring efficiency is conducted based on coupled relationships: including throttling across the transitioning and fully open valve ports, viscous friction, and leakage, but excluding piston related losses. A simple genetic algorithm is used to obtain the optimized geometry, and a theoretical system efficiency greater than 97% is achieved. A multi-objective sub-population genetic algorithm is then used to generate Pareto Optimal solutions for different combinations of efficiency and output power. A sensitivity study of the valve timing and rotational frequency shows the starting angle of the pressure port and the width of the rotor orifice dominate the performance while the system frequency has negligible effects.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Contraction ratio effects in a generic sidewall compression scramjet inlet - A computational and experimental investigation

Computed and experimental data on a generic three-dimensional sidewall compression scramjet inlet with a leading edge sweep of 45 degrees at Mach 20 are presented. A three-dimensional Navier-Stokes code was adapted to perform preliminary parametric studies leading to the present configuration. Following the design phase, the code was then employed as an analysis tool to provide a better understanding of the flow field and the experimental static and pitot pressure data. The model possessed 240 static pressure orifices distributed on the forebody plane, sidewalls, and cowl and was tested in the 31 Inch Mach 10 facility at the NASA Langley Research Center. Pitot rakes were employed to map the entrance and exit planes. The contraction ratio was observed to have a dominant effect on the inlet shock structure and performance; these effects are the emphasis of the present report. In addition to pressure measurements, oil flows were used for further visualization and comparison with computation.
Plasma colloid osmotic pressure and total protein in horses during colic surgery.

Abstract Objective To assess the changes in colloid osmotic pressure (COP) in horses undergoing surgery for colic. Study design Prospective clinical evaluation. Animals Twenty-nine adult horses presented for emergency laparotomy. Methods Horses were premedicated with intravenous (IV) xylazine and anesthesia was induced with ketamine, diazepam and guaifenesin and was maintained with isoflurane as required. Lactated Ringer's solution (LRS) was given to all horses during anesthesia. Blood was collected in heparin before, and every 30 minutes during, anesthesia to measure COP, total protein concentration (TP), osmolality, packed cell volume, electrolytes, glucose and lactate. In addition, COP was estimated using different formulas previously described for horses. Results Before anesthesia, COP and TP were 18.7 ± 2.2 mmHg (2.49 ± 0.29 kPa) and 6.3 ± 0.7 g dL −1 , respectively. The horses received a mean ± SD of 19.5 ± 3.9 mL kg −1 hour −1 (range 15–25 mL kg −1 hour −1 ) of LRS during anesthesia. The COP and TP decreased linearly ( R 2 = 0.99, p −1 . The Pearson correlation coefficient for COP versus TP was r 2 = 0.78. Calculation of COP from TP concentrations showed that two formulas could predict COP to within 1 mmHg (0.13 kPa) ( Thomas & Brown 1992 ; Boscan et al. 2007 ). Conclusions and Clinical relevance Colloid osmotic pressure, like TP, decreased greatly over the course of crystalloid fluid infusion during anesthesia for laparotomy in horses with colic. This change may predispose the animal to tissue edema with subsequent morbidity.
Extensibility safety and performance in the SPIN operating system

This paper describes the motivation, architecture and performance of SPIN, an extensible operating system. SPIN provides an extension infrastructure, together with a core set of extensible services, that allow applications to safely change the operating system's interface and implementation. Extensions allow an application to specialize the underlying operating system in order to achieve a particular level of performance and functionality. SPIN uses language and link-time mechanisms to inexpensively export fine-grained interfaces to operating system services. Extensions are written in a type safe language, and are dynamically linked into the operating system kernel. This approach offers extensions rapid access to system services, while protecting the operating system code executing within the kernel address space. SPIN and its extensions are written in Modula-3 and run on DEC Alpha workstations.
Perspectives on Independent Living Services Among Resilient Youth

This article describes the results of a qualitative research study of youth who are primarily aging out of foster care and utilizing Independent Living Services. Interviews and focus groups from youth revealed the following four themes: (1) emotional support needed (family support, case manager support), (2) tangible independent living services requested (financial resources, life skills, daycare), (3) communication of program services, and (4) the role of resiliency. A discussion of the themes and recommendations for child welfare agencies that work with this population are forwarded.
CYTOLYSOMES IN METABOLICALLY ACTIVE CELLS.

Ashford and Porter (1) have described membranelimited vacuoles in liver cells that contain mitochondria in a variety of degenerative states, fragments of endoplasmic reticulum, and granules. More recently, Novikoff and Essner (6) have demonstrated the presence of similar bodies in liver cells, and have shown them to be the site of acid phosphatase activity. In an earlier report, Novikoff (4) had observed them in the proximal tubule cells of the kidney. In the above reports, the tissues had been subjected to rigorous experimental procedures, i.e. the perfusion of isolated liver with glucagon (Ashford and Porter, 1) the intravenous injection of a detergent, Tri ton WR1339 (Novikoff and Essner, 6), or the ligation of the ureter (Novikoff, 4). Novikoff and Essner have stated that "mitochondria-containing vacuoles are encountered only in pathological liver (similarly in pathological kidney)," and, since these vacuoles occur in cells undergoing cytolysis, Novikoff has suggested the name "cytolysome" for them (5). Though both lysosomes and cytolysomes display acid phosphatase activity, Novikoff has pointed out that the typical lysosome of normal liver is smaller in size, more restricted in position, contains ferritin-like granules, and does not possess cytoplasmic inclusions. In a study of the changes in the fine structure of brown adipose cells rapidly mobilizing lipid, structures similar to cytolysomes have been encountered, and it seems useful to report their occurrence in a metabolically active, but not degenerate, tissue. Sidman and Fawcett (7), in light microscope studies, have shown that fasting mice, subjected to a cold-room temperature of 5°C, mobilize significant amounts of lipid from the interscapular fat pad. The mobilization of lipid was indicated by the depletion of cellular lipid inclusions, and was shown to be dependent upon the innervation of the fat pad. In the study in which the present observations were made, rats were fasted for 12 hours and then placed in individual cages in a cold room (5-7°C) with water ad libitum, but no food. After 6 hours of exposure, the animals were sacrificed by decapitation and the interscapular fat pads excised. Animals fasted for 18 hours and maintained at 21°C were used as controls. Blocks of tissue (1 X 1 × 2 mm) were fixed for 11~ to 2 hours in cold (4°C) phosphate-buffered 1 per cent osmium tetroxide, dehydrated in increasing concentrations of ethanol, placed in 3 changes of dry acetone (1~ hour each), and embedded in Vestopal W. Tissues were sectioned with a Porter-Blum or Huxley microtome, stained with lead hydroxide (2), and examined with either a Philips 100B
Deposition of DNA rafts on cationic SAMs on silicon [100].

We demonstrate a guided self-assembly approach to the fabrication of DNA nanostructures on silicon substrates. DNA oligonucleotides self-assemble into “rafts” 8 37 2 nm in size. The rafts bind to cationic SAMs on silicon wafers. Electron-beam lithography of a thin poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) resist layer was used to define trenches, and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES), a cationic SAM precursor, was deposited from aqueous solution onto the exposed silicon dioxide at the trench bottoms. The remaining PMMA can be cleanly stripped off with dichloromethane, leaving APTES layers 0.7-1.2 nm in thickness and 110 nm in width. DNA rafts bind selectively to the resulting APTES stripes. The coverage of DNA rafts on adjacent areas of silicon dioxide is 20 times lower than on the APTES stripes. The topographic features of the rafts, measured by AFM, are identical to those of rafts deposited on wide-area SAMs. Binding to the APTES stripes appears to be very strong as indicated by “jamming” of the rafts at a saturation coverage of 42% and the stability to repeated AFM scanning in air.
A technique for the electron microscopy of protein-free particle suspensions by the negative staining method

A method has been developed for the electron microscopic study of protein-free particle suspensions by the negative staining method without the addition of substances that would lower the surface tension of the preparation to facilitate spreading. It involves treating the carbon supporting films with a high voltage glow discharge under carefully controlled conditions, before spraying on them the suspensions to be observed. Its applications include particle counts in microdrops with the addition of latex standards and evaluation of particle size distributions. It is particularly useful in those cases when one wishes to avoid the use of additives, such as detergents or soluble proteins, which may react with the particles under study or with the negative staining solution.
Functional Proteomics Establishes the Interaction of SIRT7 with Chromatin Remodeling Complexes and Expands Its Role in Regulation of RNA Polymerase I Transcription

Among mammalian sirtuins, SIRT7 is the only enzyme residing in nucleoli where ribosomal DNA is transcribed. Recent reports established that SIRT7 associates with RNA Pol I machinery and is required for rDNA transcription. Although defined by its homology to the yeast histone deacetylase Sir2, current knowledge suggests that SIRT7 itself has little to no deacetylase activity. Because only two SIRT7 interactions have been thus far described: RNA Pol I and upstream binding factor, identification of proteins and complexes associating with SIRT7 is critical to understanding its functions. Here, we present the first characterization of SIRT7 interaction networks. We have systematically investigated protein interactions of three EGFP-tagged SIRT7 constructs: wild type, a point mutation affecting rDNA transcription, and a deletion mutant lacking the predicted coiled-coil domain. A combinatorial proteomics and bioinformatics approach was used to integrate gene ontology classifications, functional protein networks, and normalized abundances of proteins co-isolated with SIRT7. The resulting refined proteomic data set confirmed SIRT7 interactions with RNA Pol I and upstream binding factor and highlighted association with factors involved in RNA Pol I- and II-dependent transcriptional processes and several nucleolus-localized chromatin remodeling complexes. Particularly enriched were members of the B-WICH complex, such as Mybbp1a, WSTF, and SNF2h. Prominent interactions were validated by a selected reaction monitoring-like approach using metabolic labeling with stable isotopes, confocal microscopy, reciprocal immunoaffinity precipitation, and co-isolation with endogenous SIRT7. To extend the current knowledge of mechanisms involved in SIRT7-dependent regulation of rDNA transcription, we showed that small interfering RNA-mediated SIRT7 knockdown leads to reduced levels of RNA Pol I protein, but not messenger RNA, which was confirmed in diverse cell types. The down-regulation of RNA Pol I protein levels placed in the context of SIRT7 interaction networks led us to propose that SIRT7 plays a crucial role in connecting the function of chromatin remodeling complexes to RNA Pol I machinery during transcription.
Structure of human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-Cw4, a ligand for the KIR2D natural killer cell inhibitory receptor.

The crystal structure of the human class I major histocompatibility complex molecule, human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-Cw4, the ligand for a natural killer (NK) cell inhibitory receptor, has been determined, complexed with a nonameric consensus peptide (QYDDAVYKL). Relative to HLA-A2, the peptide binding groove is widened around the COOH terminus of the α1 helix, which contains residues that determine the specificity of HLA-Cw4 for the inhibitory NK receptor, KIR2D. The structure reveals an unusual pattern of internal hydrogen bonding among peptide residues. The peptide is anchored in four specificity pockets in the cleft and secured by extensive hydrogen bonds between the peptide main chain and the cleft. The surface of HLA-Cw4 has electrostatic complementarity to the surface of the NK cell inhibitory receptor KIR2D.
Towards integrated machine translation using structural alignment from syntax-augmented synchronous parsing

In current statistical machine translation, IBM model based word alignment is widely used as a starting point to build phrase-based machine translation systems. However, such alignment model is separated from the rest of machine translation pipeline and optimized independently. Furthermore, structural information is not taken into account in the alignment model, which sometimes leads to incorrect alignments. In this paper, we present a novel method to connect a re-alignment model with a translation model in an integrated framework. We conduct bilingual chart parsing based on syntax-augmented synchronous context-free grammar. A Viterbi derivation tree is generated for each sentence pair with multiple features employed in a log-linear model. A new word alignment is created under the structural constraint from the Viterbi tree. Extensive experiments are conducted in a Farsi-to-English translation task in conversational speech domain and also a German-to-English translation task in text domain. Systems trained on the new alignment provide significant higher BLEU scores compared to a state-of-the-art baseline.