cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
INTENTIONAL FORGETTING AND CLINICAL DISORDERS

Clinical research has typically identified two distinct types of unusual cognitive activities in clinical samples (Christianson, 1992; Stein & Young, 1992). One concerns the presence of intrusive thoughts and memories where processing resources are disproportionally allotted to threatening or negative information (Mathews & MacLeod, 1994). The other concerns impoverished memory for information that derives from diminished encoding or impaired retrieval abilities (Cloitre, 1992). The "excessive" remembering and "excessive" forgetting observed in clinical samples represent the extreme ends of the continuum of human memory and as such warrant systematic investigation. Because the directed-forgetting paradigm demands engagement in enhanced or excessive remembering and forgetting, it has the potential to elicit processing biases that, under other conditions, would remain latent. Thus, the directed-forgetting paradigm not only identifies the balance of remembering and forgetting that occurs among healthy individuals, it can also help us identify the outer limits of remembering and forgetting among humans through the study of clinical populations.
SABIC builds on material success for the building and construction industry

Innovative and more sustainable heavy-duty panels replacing wooden and metal panels in applications in the building and construction industry.
Billing, Coding and Your Stone: What the Patient Should Know!

When it comes to billing and coding, it’s all about YOU, the patient! The physician does the billing for your office visit, your procedure, and post-operative visits. However, there are important points for you, as the patient, to understand and facts that you should be aware of in the billing process.
“I Don’t Think Their Goals Were My Goals”: The Impact of School Social Ecology on One Music Teacher’s Professional Knowledge Landscape

Existing at the intersection of theory and practice, a teacher’s professional knowledge landscape is impacted daily by the school community within which he/she works. For middle level teachers, the developmentally appropriate practices fostered within the school directly impact the teacher-to-student relationship and curriculum and pedagogy. When external pressures take priority over developmentally appropriate practices, students and teachers alike struggle. The participant in this study, Michael, a middle level (fifth through eighth grade) music teacher, is just one of the tireless educators who work in school districts deemed “failing” by state and national standards only to be forced out during district takeover. In this chapter, I share Michael’s stories and examine his experiences in two different school districts, separated by three school years. I consider the impact of school social ecology on Michael’s professional knowledge landscape and consequently his ability to complete his duties, connect with students, develop relationships with administrators and colleagues, and feel that his goals were supported by administrators and the wider school communities.
Self-sensing of Dielectric Tubular Actuator and Its Validation in Feedback Control

Dielectric elastomer (DE) materials, a category of electroactive polymers, can be used to design actuators that are flexible, resilient, lightweight, and durable. However, due to the uncertainties in its actuation dynamics, DE actuators always rely on feedback control to perform accurate and safe operations. In this paper, a tubular dielectric elastomer actuator (DEA) with self-sensing capability is developed. It does not require external devices to measure displacement for feedback control. The displacement of the actuator is controlled using a proportional-integral controller with the capacitance measured at high probing frequency as the self-sensing mechanism component of the actuator. By superimposing actuation and probing voltage and applying them to the DE tube, the actuation voltage activates the movement of the DE tube and the probing voltage is used for self-sensing. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is then used to filter a given frequency of the probing current and voltage and then calculate the capacitance from the probing current and voltage during each time window. With the relationship between capacitance and displacement of the DE tube, the displacement output is estimated online and self-sensing without an external sensor is achieved. The self-sensing signal is then used as a feedback signal in a closed-loop design to follow a reference signal for tracking. The experimental results validate the self-sensing of the DE actuator in feedback control.
Multichannel quantum-defect theory for anisotropic interactions

We present a general formulation of multichannel quantum-defect theory (MQDT) for anisotropic long-range potentials. The theory unifies the treatment of atomic and molecular interactions of all types, and greatly expands the set of interactions that can be treated and understood systematically, including complex interactions involving molecules. In one exemplary manifestation, the theory provides a methodology to make the classification of atomic interactions based on the Periodic Table quantitative, instead of qualitative, and to generalize the Table to include molecular classes. Through the concept of effective potential, the theory further establishes a foundation for new classes of quantum theories for chemistry and for a broad range of quantum systems made of either a few or many atoms and/or molecules.
Endovascular Therapy for Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusions

The most common intracranial large vessel occlusion encountered in acute stroke patients presenting for consideration for mechanical thrombectomy involves the M1 segment of the MCA. Interventionalists performing endovascular stroke procedures must possess a thorough understanding of the various treatment strategies that can be utilized to revascularize the occluded M1. Using case examples, these treatment options are presented and discussed.
Home quality and child health: Analysis of the Survey of Income and Program Participation

Housing is considered a core social determinant of health (SDH) through mechanisms such as the quality, affordability, and location of the home. However, few nationally representative studies exami...
Endogenic origin of the Martian hemispheric dichotomy

Abstract The hemispheric dichotomy is the oldest and largest geologic feature on Mars. The dichotomy refers to the striking elevation difference between the northern and southern hemispheres; 5 km on average. The transition is gradual in places and elsewhere is marked by a sharp boundary. Much of the northern hemisphere is low in elevation and relatively smooth. The remainder of the north and the entire south constitutes the heavily cratered highlands. There is no consensus as to the origin of the dichotomy, but formation hypotheses fall into two broad categories: exogenic (impact-related), and endogenic. In this chapter, we focus on the endogenic origin mechanisms, including long-lived single-plume mantle convection, an early episode of plate tectonics, and long-wavelength overturn of a solidified global magma ocean, as well as hybrid formation methods such as impact-induced mantle convection. Finally, we discuss implications for the present orientation of the dichotomy and its relationship to Tharsis.
The Matching Process and Independent Process in Random Regular Graphs and Hypergraphs.

In this note, we analyze two random greedy processes on sparse random graphs and hypergraphs with a given degree sequence. First we analyze the matching process, which builds a set of disjoint edges one edge at a time; then we analyze the independent process, which builds an independent set of vertices one vertex at a time. We use the differential equations method and apply a general theorem of Warnke. Our main contribution is to significantly reduce the associated systems of differential equations and simplify the expression for the final size of the matching or independent set.
A Simple Inner-Stopper Guarded Trephine for Creation of Uniform Keratectomy Wounds in Rodents.

Purpose: Creating controllable, reproducible keratectomy wounds in rodent corneas can be a challenge due to their small size, thickness, and the lack of usual tools available for human eyes such as a vacuum trephine. The purpose of this work is to provide a consistent, reproducible corneal stromal defect in rats using a simple, economical, and customized inner-stopper guarded trephine. Methods: The inner-stopper guarded trephine is used to induce a circular wound in rat corneas. After trephination, the corneal flap can be removed by manual dissection using a blunt spatula. We used optical coherence topography (OCT) to measure the defect wound depth induced in ex vivo rat eyes. Results: Despite a minor learning curve, this simple device enables depth control, reduces variability of manual keratectomy wound depth in rats, and decreases the risk for corneal perforation during keratectomy. Corneal defect creation was highly reproducible across different researchers and was independent of their surgical training. Conclusion: This inner-stopper guarded trephine can be utilized and applied to preclinical testing of a wide range of corneal wound healing therapies, including but not limited to biotherapeutics, corneal prosthetics, and regenerative technologies.
How to be impartial as a subjectivist

The metaethical subjectivist claims that there is nothing more to a moral disagreement than a conflict in the desires of the parties involved. Recently, David Enoch has argued that metaethical subjectivism has unacceptable ethical implications. If the subjectivist is right about moral disagreement, then it follows, according to Enoch, that we cannot stand our ground in moral disagreements without violating the demands of impartiality. For being impartial, we’re told, involves being willing to compromise in conflicts that are merely due to competing desires—the parties to such conflicts should decide what to do on the basis of a coin flip. I suggest that Enoch is mistaken in his conception of what it means to be impartial. Once impartiality is properly construed, standing one’s ground in desire-based conflicts, whether or not moral values are at stake in the conflict, is consistent with being impartial. I defend a view on which impartiality can be understood in terms of features of our desiring attitudes. An agent acts impartially in desire-based conflicts whenever she is motivated by a final (i.e. non-instrumental) desire that aims at promoting the wellbeing of persons in a way that is insensitive to the identities of persons and their morally arbitrary features like their gender or skin color. Based on the account, I explain where Enoch’s discussion of the argument goes wrong, as well as why responses to the argument from Enoch’s critics have so far missed the mark.
GenBank--Natural History in the 21st Century?

Since its foundation, the nucleic acid sequence database GenBank has merged the values of natural history with those of the experimental sciences.
Presence of Amino Acid Dehydrogenases and Transaminases in Myxococcus xanthus During Vegetative Growth and Myxospore Formation

The following enzymatic activities were demonstrated in Myxococcus xanthus during growth and myxospore formation: l-alanine dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.1), l-glutamic acid dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.2), glycine dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.5), l-glutamic glyoxylate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.4), and l-alanine glyoxylate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.12).
AraC/XylS family members, HilD and HilC, directly activate virulence gene expression independently of HilA in Salmonella typhimurium.

Summary Salmonella typhimurium is a Gram-negative enteric pathogen that can infect intestinal epithelial cells and induce inflammation of the intestinal mucosa. These processes are mediated by a type III secretion system (TTSS), which is encoded on Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI1). Previous studies showed that four SPI1-encoded transcriptional regulators, HilD, HilC, HilA and InvF, act in an ordered fashion to co-ordinately activate expression of the SPI1 TTSS. HilD and HilC derepress hilA transcription. HilA activates invF as well as SPI1 genes that encode components of the TTS apparatus. InvF then activates genes that encode proteins secreted by the SPI1 TTS apparatus. In this scheme, HilD and HilC indirectly activate expression of the SPI1 TTS apparatus and its secreted substrates by affecting hilA expression. Here, we report that HilD and HilC can also activate expression of a subset of SPI1 genes independently of HilA. Our studies show that HilD and HilC activate transcription of invF from a promoter that is far upstream of its HilA-dependent promoter. This activation is most probably through direct binding of HilD and HilC to sequences upstream and downstream of this alternative HilA-independent promoter. We conclude that HilD and HilC have a second role in SPI1 gene regulation that is separate from their role in co-ordinating expression of the SPI1 TTSS through hilA .
System and user attributes associated with successful searching

A study was performed to assess system and user attributes associated with successful searching. A group of highly experienced retrieval system users were given eight queries-half to be completed with a Boolean system and the other half to be completed with a natural language system-and asked to identify "instances" of information related to a topic. A variety of demographic, experience, cognitive, personality, search mechanics, and user satisfaction attributes were measured and evaluated for association with "instance recall." The system oriented analysis showed user preference for the Boolean system but equivalent instance recall with the two systems. The user oriented analysis showed improved performance with occupation type, user satisfaction, and number of search terms per cycle. A variety of cognitive and personality attributes did not show any association with better searching.
Blaming the Messenger for the Bad News about Partner Violence by Women: The Methodological, Theoretical, and Value Basis of the Purported Invalidity of the Conflict Tactics Scales

More than 200 studies have found "gender symmetry" in perpetration of violence against a marital or dating partner in the sense that about the same percent of women as men physically assault a marital or dating partner. Most of these studies obtained the data using the Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS). However, these results have been challenged by numerous articles in the past 25 years that have asserted that the CTS is invalid. This article identifies and responds to 11 purported methodological problems of the CTS, and two other bases for the belief that the CTS is not valid. The discussion argues that the repeated assertion over the past 25 years that the CTS is invalid is not primarily about methodology. Rather it is primarily about theories and values concerning the results of research showing gender symmetry in perpetration. According to the prevailing "patriarchal dominance" theory, these results cannot be true and therefore the CTS must be invalid. The conclusion suggests that an essential part of the effort to prevent and treat violence against women and by women requires taking into account the dyadic nature of partner violence through use of instruments such as the CTS that measure violence by both partners.
Thermospheric general circulation with coupled dynamics and composition

Abstract A general circulation model has been developed for the atmosphere above 97 km. It uses a 5° latitude × 5° longitude grid and 24 vertical levels in increments of 0.5 scale height. The prognostic variables are horizontal winds, temperature, and the mass mixing ratios of atomic and molecular oxygen, which are obtained using hydrodynamic equations and which include vertical transport by realistic models of molecular diffusion. All the prognostic variables are in near diffusive equilibrium in the vertical as the top of the model is approached. Realistic ion drag is included in the model equations for horizontal winds, including the rapid polar drifts of magnetic field fines due to magnetospheric convection. Excellent agreement is achieved between the calculated and observed global averaged composition, provided a reasonable amount of vertical eddy mixing is included in the compositional equations over the lowest model scale height. Calculations are carried out for solar minimum equinox conditions. The...
Crystal Structure of the DH/PH Fragment of Dbs without Bound GTPase

Dbl proteins are guanine nucleotide exchange factors for Rho GTPases, containing adjacent Dbl homology (DH) and pleckstrin homology (PH) domains. This domain architecture is virtually invariant and typically required for full exchange potential. Several structures of DH/PH fragments bound to GTPases implicate the PH domain in nucleotide exchange. To more fully understand the functional linkage between DH and PH domains, we have determined the crystal structure of the DH/PH fragment of Dbs without bound GTPase. This structure is generally similar to previously determined structures of Dbs bound to GTPases albeit with greater apparent mobility between the DH and PH domains. These comparisons suggest that the DH and PH domains of Dbs are spatially primed for binding GTPases and small alterations in intradomain conformations that may be elicited by subtle biological responses, such as altered phosphoinositide levels, are sufficient to enhance exchange by facilitating interactions between the PH domain and GTPases.
Ventilatory Function in Patients Who Underwent Abdominoplasty with Plication of the Aponeurosis of the External Oblique

Understanding the structure of the bronchial tree and the lung and its gas exchange units will help to clarify the determinants of ventilation, blood flow, and gas exchange within the lung and how we measure them. The authors discuss pulmonary physiology, methods of measuring respiratory function, and what happens to that function when abdominal surgery is performed
NO Flow Helps Clear Murky Waters

The relationships between blood flow and arterial tone have fascinated physiologists for decades. Increased and decreased flows result in vessel relaxation and contraction, respectively. Consequently, when pharmacological or neurochemical events constrict an artery, the increased flow and shear stress stimulate a compensatory vasorelaxation to restore the vessel tone, returning the average shear stress to near its previous level. The endothelium is now recognized as the principal vascular signal transducer that responds to changes of flow,1 including the release of nitric oxide (NO). Endothelium-derived NO then acts on smooth muscle guanylate cyclase to relax the vessel. There is much evidence to suggest that shear stress is the principal stimulus for activation of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), the enzyme responsible for converting arginine to citrulline and NO. However, the mechanisms that lead from hemodynamic forces at the endothelial luminal surface to the activation of eNOS remain murky. Although sustained increases in flow stimulate eNOS gene expression, these transcriptional mechanisms are likely to be downstream from the rapid (and reversible) signaling required for minute-to-minute adjustments of arterial diameter. Efforts have therefore been concentrated on second messenger pathways studied principally in …
Classicism and Romanticism in the Sociology of Time

The sociology of time has recently witnessed a shift in its underlying theoretical preferences. Early work emphasized system balance and the primacy of the social: a sense of optimism pervades these writings. In contrast, more recent analysts emphasize time's tyranny and the primacy of the individual; a gloomy pessimism pervades these writings. This paper analyzes representative writings of each period in order to demonstrate the shift. The current phase, the‘romantic interlude,’is said to derive from both a pessimistic national mood and dissatisfaction with academia during a period of educational contraction.
Species variation in PrPSC protofibril models

The misfolding and aggregation of the prion protein (PrP) is the primary cause of a group of infectious neurodegenerative diseases including Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease in humans and Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in cows. A single disease can exhibit different infectious strains distinguishable by incubation time and morphology or distribution of the aggregates. Infected brain tissue from one species can be used to infect other species, but with different efficiencies, suggesting a spectrum of species compatibility. If PrP is, as widely believed, the sole component of infection, then the species and strain differences must be accounted for by the structure of the aggregates, likely influenced by each species’ PrP sequence. As there are no high-resolution data exploring this hypothesis, we performed molecular dynamics simulations of PrP for human, bovine, hamster, and D147N mutant hamster sequences at low pH to induce misfolding of the protein. We selected representative converted structures from each of the four sequences and, with the guidance of experimental data, constructed models of the infectious aggregates. Both hamster monomers showed high flexibility during conversion, suggesting hamster may more easily adopt altered conformations, which in turn may explain why it is more easily infected by some other species. Human and bovine aggregates were similar, with monomers docking in P31 symmetry to form a left-handed spiral. In contrast, hamster aggregates formed a P31 right-handed spiral. We detail the differences in the converted monomers that give rise to this difference and show that our results compare favorably with experimental data.
Microdissection by ultrasonication: scanning electron microscopy of the epithelial basal lamina of the alimentary canal in the rat

The epithelial basal lamina of the various parts of the alimentary canal of the rat was exposed by removal of the overlying epithelium. This was achieved by prolonged fixation in OsO4 or immersion in aqueous boric acid or both, followed by dehydration in acetone and exposure to ultrasonic vibration. The surface of the esophageal basal lamina is undulating with smooth hills and valleys, the smallest of which model the basal surfaces of the germinal cells of the epithelium. The stomach presents a perforated appearance because of ostia formed by evaginations of the basal lamina to enclose glands. In the small intestine, clavate rather than cylindrical villous cores are separated by ostia of intestinal crypts. In the large intestine, ostia are separated by broad areas of basal lamina in the cecum but are close together in the colon. The complex contours of the basal lamina are largely determined by the basal surface of the overlying epithelium but may be affected by structures in the underlying interstitium. Subepithelial lymph nodes, for example, are covered by a conspicuously porous basal lamina. Each nodule may be surrounded by ostia of as many as 20 crypts of Lieberkuhn. The basal lamina of the ileocecal valve displays gradual transition from ileum to cecum.
The monthly distribution of suicides and urbanization

Summary.-Unevenness in the monthly distribution of suicides in the American states in 1980 was associated with low urbanization and a northern latitude. In order to explore whether the monthly distribution of suicides in the states of America was associated with the latitude, longitude, and urbanization of the states, the number of suicides in each month in each state in 1980 was examined for its deviation from chance. Values of chi squared for each contiguous continental state (each with 11 df) were converted into contingency coefficients. The contingency coefficients were strongly associated with the percentage of the population who lived in urban areas (Pearson r = -.43, two-tailed p = ,003) and latitude (Y = .29, p = .05) but not longitude (Y = -.01). Thus, the monthly dstribution of suicides was more uneven in the more rural states and in those in the north.
On the elastic constants of polycrystalline argon

Abstract A recent calculation of the explicit temperature dependence of the quasiharmonic second-order elastic constants of the f.c.c. lattice with arbitrary nearest-neighbour central forces is used to calculate the bulk modulus, polycrystalline shear modulus and the polycrystalline longitudinal wave velocity for argon. The numerical calculations are based on a Mie-Lennard-Jones (12–6) potential and cover the range 0<T ≲ 60°K. There is reasonable agreement with available experimental data. At the highest temperatures comparison of the theoretical and experimental bulk modulus suggests that higher order anharmonic effects may be important for solid argon.
Biological response of the female strain Achlya ambisexualis 734 to dehydro-oogoniol and analogues

Abstract Oogonium development in female strains of the water mould Achlya is initiated in nature by a steroid mixture of oogoniol, dehydro-oogoniol and thei
Self-selected exercise intensity of habitual walkers

This study assessed self-selected exercise intensity of habitual walkers. Twenty-nine healthy adults (22 females, 7 males; age (mean +/- SD) = 34.9 +/- 8.6 yr) performed a typical exercise walk while walking speed was measured by an unseen observer. On a subsequent occasion, the subjects walked at the same pace on a treadmill while several variables related to exercise intensity were measured. The mean self-selected walking pace was 1.78 +/- 0.19 m.s-1. Mean percents of VO2max and HRmax elicited by the treadmill exercise were 52 +/- 11% and 70 +/- 9%, respectively. Mean MET level was 5.2 +/- 1.2, and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) averaged 10.9 +/- 1.6. Based on reported frequency and duration of walking, weekly energy expenditure in exercise walking was estimated to be 1127 +/- 783 kcal.wk-1. These data suggest that the self-selected exercise intensity of healthy, habitual exercise walkers meets the American College Sports Medicine's recommendation for improvement of cardiorespiratory fitness. These data further suggest that, in this population, the average weekly energy expended through walking reaches a level associated with improvements in health and longevity.
Investigations of the deep-sea floor by side-scan sonar techniques: central eattern Pacific

Abstract Application of high-speed side-scan sonar techniques from military sonar of surface vessels has been tested using the U.S.S. Badger (FF 1071); results are evaluated on a 28-km wide swath from Honolulu to Long Beach, California. Backscattered acoustic energy defines bathymetric relief of abyssal hills, seamounts, and fracture zones with a degree of continuity not available with conventional fathometer systems. An analysis of the lineation and frequency distribution of abyssal hills between the Molokai and Murray fracture zones defines their regional lineation parallel to the East Pacific Rise and shows a possible relationship between sea floor spreading rates and abyssal hill generation; i.e. fewer hills appear to be generated per unit time at low spreading rates.
Thiolo-, thiono- and dithiocarbonate and thiocarbamate derivatives of demethylpenclomedine as novel anticancer agents

Purpose: The purpose of this investigation was to synthesize a series of thiolo-, thiono- and dithiocarbonate and thiocarbamate derivatives of 4-demethylpenclomedine (DM-PEN), the major plasma metabolite of penclomedine (PEN) in patients observed subsequently to be an active antitumor agent and non-neurotoxic in a rat model, in order to compare their antitumor activity with that of DM-PEN. Methods: Derivatives were prepared from DM-PEN and evaluated in vivo against human MX-1 breast tumor xenografts implanted in the mammary fat pad, several of which were also evaluated against human brain tumor xenografts. Results: Thiolocarbonate and thiocarbamate derivatives were found to be superior to DM-PEN against MX-1 tumor and modestly active against glioblastoma. Conclusion: The activity of the thiolocarbonates and thiocarbamates against human tumor xenografts in vivo suggests consideration of these two series of derivatives of DM-PEN for clinical development.
Detecting Higgs boson decays to neutralinos at hadron supercolliders.

We examine prospects for detecting the neutral Higgs bosons of minimal supersymmetric models (MSSM's) when their decays into neutralino pairs are kinematically allowed. The best signature appears to be ${\mathit{H}}_{\mathit{h}}$,${\mathit{H}}_{\mathit{p}}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}Z${\mathrm{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}}_{2}$Z${\mathrm{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}}_{2}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}4l+E${\mathrm{/}}_{\mathit{T}}$. We argue that standard model contributions to this signature are negligible, and examine regions of MSSM parameter space where the four lepton mode should be observable at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The same signal can also come from continuum neutralino pair production. We propose a set of cuts to illustrate that the neutralino decay mode of the Higgs bosons provides a viable signal over a substantial range of model parameters, and show that it may be separable from continuum neutralino production if sufficient integrated luminosity can be accumulated.
Vibrational Properties Of Rf Sputtered Hydrogenated Amorphous Ge-Si Alloys

Amorphous Ge-SisH alloys have been prepared by r.f. sputtering in an argon-hydrogen atmosphere of varying hydrogen partial pressure and substrate temperature. The correlated data of the vibrational properties as measured by IR absorption and Raman scattering on these samples reveal several hydrogenic and lattice modes. The hydrogenic modes which grow with increasing hydrogenation can be identified with various Ge (Si)-H type molecular modes. The absorption due to Si-H modes appears stronger than that due to Ge-H modes, indicating a pre-ferential H attachment to Si atoms. Dehydrogenation by annealing at successively high temperatures leads to selective reduction/disappearance of certain modes assigned to Ge (Si)-H vibrations. Also, the observed variation (0.1 to 0.7) in the depolarisation ratio for the Raman spectra of asdeposited samples become stabilised at 0.5 with annealing. These data are interpreted in terms of the film growth process and associated structural inhomogeneities and H- bonding configurations.
A comparison of health care in Canada and the United States: the case of Pap smears.

Rationale: Compliance with preventive care recommendations differs between countries. Directly comparable data are often not available. The recent release of the Joint Canada/United States Survey of Health makes available data for both Canadians and Americans. Objectives: The health care systems in the United States and Canada differ quite dramatically. Canadians are covered by a universal health care system while residents of the United States, if they are insured, obtain their insurance from various private or public sources. This paper examines how the use of the Papanicolaou test (Pap smear) by women differs in the United States and Canada. Methodology: American women are more likely than Canadians to receive a pap smear. A Blinder/Oaxaca type decomposition is used to determine influence of observed population characteristics and unobserved differences between the 2 countries on this gap. Results: The decomposition shows that the gap in Pap smears between Canada and the United States is not influenced by observed demographic differences. Most of the difference is attributable to unobserved heterogeneity or how women are treated in the 2 systems. Conclusions: Although Canada has universal health coverage, the use of Pap smears is lower than that of all US women and equal to that of uninsured US women. Most of the differences in use of Pap smears is the result of differences in unobserved heterogeneity or the way that the systems treat women which may be a function of differences between the 2 health care systems in marketing, delivering, and reimbursing care.
Induction of suppression following autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction; role of a novel 2H4 antigen.

In this study, we have investigated the cellular and molecular basis for immunoregulatory function of T4+ cells after autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (AMLR) activation. We demonstrated that the T4+2H4+ subset but not the T4+2H4− subset can proliferate maximally in response to autologous non-T cells. T4+ cells activated by AMLR exerted suppressor activity on pokeweed mitogen-driven IgG synthesis of autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes. The suppressor activity by AMLR-activated T4+ cells required the presence of fresh T8+ cells in the secondary culture, indicating that AMLR-activated T4+ cells functioned as a suppressor inducer rather than as a suppressor effector population. Following activation of T4+ cells in AMLR, it is the T4+2H4+ subset which induces suppression through the T8 population. Moreover, the treatment of AMLR-activated T4+2H4+ cells with anti-2H4 antibody, but not other antibodies, resulted in the abolishment of suppressor inducer function of such cells, suggesting that the 2H4 molecule itself may be involved in the suppressor inducer function. The 2H4 antigen on such cells was shown to be comprised of 220-kDa and 200-kDa glycoproteins. These results support the notion that the AMLR may play an important role in generating suppressor inducer signals and in down-regulating the immune response following self major histocompatibility complex recognition. More importantly, the present studies indicate that the 2H4 antigen on T4 cells serves not only as a phenotypic marker of suppressor inducer cells, but may have a functionally important role itself in inducing suppression.
An estimate of the amount of material removed from the Martian fretted terrain

An estimate is made of the volume of plateau material removed from the area of Martian fretted terrain between 270 W and 360 W. Depending on the model chosen for the former extent of plateau, between 0.5 and 3.3 million cubic km have been removed. This corresponds to a global equivalent layer between 3 and 21 m or a lowland equivalent layer between 9 and 60 m of redistributed sediment. The preferred model is at the lower end of this range. The material could have been removed during a relatively short period of Martian history by aeolian abrasion following in situ weathering. The volume of material is an order of magnitude smaller than the total amount likely to be present in the northern lowlands.
Excimer Laser Photodissociation Studies of Disilane AT 193 nm

Optical emission, laser spectroscopic and mass spectrometric techniques have been used to study the ArF excimer laser induced photochemistry of disilane at 193 nm. Evidence is found for the formation of a number of photofragments from single and multiphoton dissociation. Effects due to secondary photolysis are observed at high excimer laser repetition rates.
Three English Tellings of the Sabbatai Zevi Story

As is well known there was a great deal of interest in the British Isles in Sabbatai Zevi's career. Almost as soon as he made public his Messianic pretensions, pamphlets were appearing in England in English telling of marvelous, miraculous events that were occurring that indicated that the Restoration of Israel was at hand.1 Part of the story, it was claimed, was even taking place in Great Britain. A ship with sails of white satin, and ropes of silk, with a sign saying "THESE ARE OF THE TEN TRIBES OF ISRAEL," is supposed to have washed up on the Scottish shore near Aberdeen harbor!2 The Dutch Millenarian, Peter Serrarius, a close friend and associate of many English Millenarians, sent news about Sabbatai Zevi to his friends in England, and wrote some of the most exciting and inspiring pamphlets of the time that circulated there.3 And, the secretary of the Royal Society of England, Henry Oldenburg, wrote to his friend, Benedictus de Spinoza, to find out if it was true that the King of the Jews had arrived on the historical scene.4 We do not know if Spinoza answered him, but Oldenburg found out from Serrarius and others all sorts of news from Constantinople, Corfu, Vienna and elsewhere, about what Sabbatai Zevi was doing, and about the tumult it was causing. Oldenburg's son-in-law, the important theologian, John Dury, based in Germany and Switzerland, spent much time trying to figure out where Sabbatai Zevi fitted in the expected Christian scenario about "the end of days."5 Serrarius became a complete believer and follower of the new Messiah, even accepting his conversion to Islam, and died on his way to meet Sabbatai Zevi.6 Discussions of Sabbatai Zevi and his followers appear in English writings up to the early eighteenth century. In the very popular Memoirs of a Turkish Spy living hidden in Paris, Sabbatai Zevi's agent in Vienna appears a major figure, and the Turkish Spy tries to convince him of the idiocy of his messianic beliefs, and to convert him to a rational religion.7
LTP in the mouse nucleus accumbens is developmentally regulated

Glutamatergic transmission in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) has been shown to be important for behavioral adaptations in response to drugs of abuse. NMDA-receptor dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) of glutamatergic synaptic transmission has been hypothesized to underlie many lasting alterations in behavior. Thus, we examined LTP in NAc core and find that it is developmentally regulated. Specifically, tetanus-evoked, NMDA receptor-dependent LTP is observed in the NAc of "adolescent" (3-week-old) mice more frequently than in adult (6-20-week-old) mice. In contrast, cAMP-dependent enhancement of transmission is not developmentally regulated. Removal of extracellular Mg(2+) restores LTP in adult NAc core, suggesting developmental regulation of induction processes rather than maintenance mechanisms. These findings are discussed in the context of behavioral changes elicited in response to drugs of abuse, which differ in adolescent vs. adult rodents and humans.
Bodies, technologies, and aging in Japan: thinking about old people and their silver products.

Contemporary Japan is known both for its high tech culture and its rapidly aging population, with 22 % of people currently 65 years and older. Yet there has been little attention to the material culture of the elderly. This paper explores the way aging bodies, official ideology, and consumption of what are called “assistive devices” and “life technologies” come together in the experience of frail old people who depend not only on human caregivers but on “things” such as walkers, kidney dialysis machines, and electric massage chairs. It begins to consider the questions: What technology to aid failing bodies is available, and to whom? How does the advocacy of independence create new forms of consumption? How do “things” mediate ideological change regarding elder care and help to create new understandings of self and one’s relation to others? Data come from interviews conducted in 2003–2007 as part of a study of elder care in Japan under the public long term care insurance system that began in 2000. These interviews point both to acceptance of the technology as a way to avoid over-dependence on caregivers, and to resistance to the limitations of aging and to its 21st century definition by the state.
Spatiotemporal visualization of the tongue surface using ultrasound and kriging

Analyzing the motion of the tongue surface provides valuable information about speech and swallowing. To analyze this motion, two-dimensional ultrasound images are acquired at video frame rates, and the tongue surface is automatically extracted and tracked. Further processing and statistical analysis of the extracted contours is made difficult by: 1) arbitrary spatial shifts and data loss resulting from ultrasound transducer positioning; 2) difference in tongue lengths over time for same utterance and across subjects; and 3) differences in the sampling locations. To address the above shortcombings, we used kriging to extrapolate and resample the tongue surface contours. Kriging was used becasue it does not lead to wild oscillations associated wiht traditional polynomial fitting. For our kriging implementation, we used the generalized covariance function and linear drift functions that are used in thin plate splines. Further, we designed a dedicated user interface called 'SURFACES' that exploits this extrapolation to visualize the contours as spatiotemporal surfaces. These spatiotemporal surfaces can be readily used for statistical comparison and visualization of tongue shapes for different utterances and swallows.
Geometrical effect on the nonlinear optical properties of model rigid-rod polymers. Ab initio time-dependent coupled Hartree-Fock studies

Abstract The linear and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of the cis and trans isomers of diphenylbenzobisoxazole (PBO) and diphenylbenzobisthiazole (PBT) have been calculated by ab initio time-dependent coupled perturbed Hartree-Fock method using a split-valence basis set. The second-order NLO susceptibilities of the trans isomers are calculated to be larger by a factor of 1.5 or more compared to the cis isomers over a wide range of optical frequency. Between the two homologues (PBO and PBT), the linear and the NLO susceptibilities of the thiazole systems are calculated to be slightly higher than the oxazole systems.
Control of ultrahigh-precision magnetic leadscrew using recurrent neural networks

In this work, the problem of vibration control for a contactless magnetic leadscrew system is considered. A contactless drive system is a magnetic nut/leadscrew and air bearing assembly that operates on the principle of magnetic/aerodynamic suspension to position a load with high accuracy. However, the dynamics of such system is lightly damped, load dependent, and generally difficult to stabilize by conventional linear controllers. Therefore, the technique of recurrent neural network is applied to separate the oscillatory signals so that passband shaping can be carried out to regulate plant dynamics and to reject disturbances. This controller possesses a modular structure and is easy to implement. Experimental results also confirm the vibration suppression capabilities of this controller.
How Much Should Mind Matter? Mens Rea in Theft and Fraud Sentencing

the U.S. Sentencing Commission. The U.S. Sentencing Commission recently voted to publish a proposal in the Federal Register that revises the definition of "loss," the primary determinant of sentence length for theft and fraud offenses.1 [Ed. Note: The Commission proposal is reproduced at p.168 of this issue of FSR.] Anyone who has followed the Commission's delibera tions on loss will see that the proposed definition attempts to address many of the contentious issues that have arisen in the case law and commentary. The issues that the proposed definition concentrates on, however, such as credits, interest, causation, and gain, tend to inform the inquiry into "actual loss" rather than "intended loss," even though the latter concept is integral to both definitions. Although neither the current nor the proposed definition provides much guidance for working with intended loss, the Commission did preserve the "whichever is greater" rule that is currently found in the fraud guideline: if the loss that the defendant intended is higher than the actual loss that occurred, use intended loss as the final loss figure. It also added a short definition of the term: "'Intended loss' means the [economic] harm intended to be caused by the defendant and other persons for whose conduct the defendant is accountable under ? 1B1.3 [and that realistically could have occurred]."2 Unfortunately, both the "whichever is greater" rule and the proposed intended loss definition are seriously flawed. As the following discussion will demonstrate, the "whichever is greater" rule has the effect of treating different defendants similarly, and the proposed definition fails to account for certain mental states that may merit increased punishment even though they do not rise to the level of "intent." Correcting these shortcomings would improve the loss definition and help ensure that federal courts impose properly proportionate sentences.
Comparison of clinic and home blood pressure levels in essential hypertension and variables associated with clinic-home differences

Abstract Home and clinic blood pressure readings taken during a 4-week period were evaluated for 60 subjects with mild to moderate essential hypertension. The average clinic readings were 11.3 mmHg higher for systolic, and 4.7 mmHg higher for diastolic. There was a broad range of differences, however, with 46% of the subjects having systolic and 17% having diastolic blood pressures which averaged (over four visit days) ≥ 10 mmHg higher at the clinic. A number of subject variables correlated with diastolic, but not with systolic, clinic-home blood pressure differences. Subjects with larger diastolic blood pressure increases from home to clinic characteristically had borderline as opposed to moderate hypertension, and their home diastolic pressures were less labile (variable). They were younger, had higher abstraction abilities, but did not appear to be more anxious (as measured by the Taylor manifest anxiety scale). Due to the interaction between individual patient characteristics and differences in setting (i.e. clinic or home), it is not possible to assume that epidemiological, experimental or clinical findings regarding blood pressure level generalize from one setting or circumstance of measurement to another.
Internal pH of human neutrophil lysosomes

The ingestion of microorganisms by human neutrophils involves the formation of a particlecontaining phagocytic vacuole (the phagosome). Several studies [l, 21 using microorganisms labelled with pH indicator dyes have demonstrated a progressive fall in pH of the phagocytic vacuole (possibly after a transient initial rise [3]) after phagocytosis. This acidification of the phagocytic vacuole is considered an important antimicrobial event, but its mechanism has not been elucidated. Several possibilities have been offered, including local production of lactate [4,5], a carbonic anhydrase-dependent proton-translocating system [6], NADPH-oxidase dependent formation of perhydroxyl radicals (’ 02H) which then dissociate into superoxide radicals (Oi -) and protons [7], and the discharge of lysosomal contents into the phagosome [8]. Two observations favor the possibility that the lysosome is the source of acidification: (i) The kinetics of the decline in phagosome pH coincide with the kinetics of lysosome fusion with the phagosome to form the phagolysosome [9]; (ii) In other cells wherein the intralysosomal pH has been measured, it is decidedly acidic [lO,ll]. In an attempt to elucidate the role of the lysosome in phagosome acidification, we measured the intralysosomal pH of isolated neutrophil lysosomes, and the effect of varying external ion concentrations. Neutrophil pH Phagocytic vacuole
Varicocele in Adolescence: Where Are We Now?

The exact pathophysiology of varicocele and the subsequent alteration of spermatogenesis has been the subject of much debate. Despite an enormous amount of literature on the subject, the appropriate management of varicocele in the adolescent patient population has not yet been clearly elucidated. While not every male with varicocele will be subfertile, the possibility potentially lends credence to early diagnosis for those in whom treatment will have an impact.
Optical material characterization through BSDF measurement and analysis

The optical scattering signature and the absorbance of a material are of interest in a variety of engineering applications, particularly for those pertaining to optical remote sensing. The John Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory has developed an experimental capability to measure in-plane bidirectional scattering distribution functions to retrieve optical properties of materials. These measurements are supported at high angular resolution with wavelengths that span the ultra-violet to the long-wave infrared. Models have been developed to fit Lambertian, diffuse, near-specular, and specular scattering at a range of incident angles. Useful material properties can then be determined through analysis of the modeled BSDF. Optical characterization results are shown for a variety of materials, including paints, metals, optical windows, and leaves.