cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diurnal variation of ileum motility in monkey during different feeding and avoidance-conditioning schedules☆

Abstract Ileum motility in rhesus monkeys was recorded continuously for two or three months via implanted, circumferential gut gauges of the Whitney strain gauge type. Normative gut motility data under constant laboratory conditions were realized and showed consistent diurnal motility profiles if an adequate amount of food was ingested at the same time daily. Long-term avoidance conditioning did not disrupt the daily patterns. In addition to food boli in the ileum, the act of food ingestion seemed to be an important stimulus for distal ileum motility as measured in this study.
The effect on foveal vision produced by a spot of light on the sclera near the margin of the retina.

Two points on the sclera, one in front of and one behind the ora serrata, have been alternately illuminated and the flux densities in the two spots were adjusted until the visual field lit up by the light diffusely transmitted through the sclera maintained a constant brightness as a switch was made from one spot to the other. There was no difference in switching from the first to the second as compared to switching from the second to the first. Schouten and Ornstein who had previously performed a similar experiment found a difference in the two types of alternation, and used their finding as evidence of transmission of an effect through the retina from the ora serrata to the fovea. The present findings support the opposite hypothesis—namely, that the effect is mediated by stray light.
Big school, small school: Impact of the high school environment

Abstract An investigation of the relationship between high school priorities and self-concept was undertaken. Upper and underclassmen from large and small high schools completed questionnaires and the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale. Participation in five activity areas was related to self-concept using a multiple-regression technique. The perceived similarity of each student's priorities with the school's priorities was also correlated with self-concept. The relationships accounting for the greatest proportion of the variance in self-concept scores were found among small-school upperclassmen. The results were interpreted as support for Barker's argument that small school students feel a greater obligation to participate in school activities.
Rapid accumulation of virulent rift valley fever virus in mice from an attenuated virus carrying a single nucleotide substitution in the M RNA

The following information was missing from the Funding section. This study was supported by NIH/NIAID grant 1UO1-{"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AI062636","term_id":"3832743","term_text":"AI062636"}}AI062636.
Polymerization of aromatic nuclei. XIII. X-ray analysis and properties of poly(p-phenylene) pellets

X-ray diffraction experiments with poly(p-phenylene) pellets demonstrated an increase in crystallinity with increase in molding temperature or annealing temperature. The increase in crystallinity may be attributed to annealing effects and loss of chlorine under severe conditions. Lattice constants for the crystalline polymer are presented, and the crystallographic data are compared with those of the lower oligomers. Poly(p-phenylene) was investigated also in relation to oxidative thermal stability, chemical and solvent resistance, and the effect of temperature and variation in molding conditions on fracture strength. The decrease in strength at elevated temperatures appears to be related to the increase in crystallinity.
Transfer of Old ‘Reactivated’ Memory Retrieval Cues in Rats

The present studies examined whether the retrieval of an old 'reactivated' memory could be brought under the control of new contextual cues. In Experiment 1 rats trained in one context were exposed to different contextual cues either immediately, 60 min, or 120 min after a cued reactivation of the training memory. When tested in the shifted context, subjects exposed shortly after reactivation treated the shifted context as the original context. This transfer diminished with longer post-reactivation delays. Experiment 2 replicated the basic finding and demonstrated that the transfer of the old retrieval cues was specific to the contextual cues present during exposure. These findings are consistent with previous research (i.e., Briggs, Fitz, & Riccio, in press) showing the transfer of retrieval cues for a new memory, and demonstrating a similarity (in this case) between newly acquired and old reactivated memories.
Thin layer chromatographic demonstration of tissue lipids from guinea pig cochlea

Die Lipide aus der Meerschweinchencochlea wurden Linter Anwendung einer neuen Nachweis-methode (Schindler & Wolf, 1968) dunnschicht-chromatographisch untersucht. In den Geweben des Ductus cochlearis einschlieslich des ganzen Ligamentum spirale konnten folgende Neutralfette als Hauptfraktionen nachgewiesen werden: Triglyceride. fresie Fettsauren und Cholesterin. Daneben sind in geringer Menge Cholesterinester und wahrscheinlich Kohlenwasserstoffe enthalten. In den gleichen Geweben konnten folgende Phospholipide nachgewiesen werden: Kephaline, Lecithine und Sphingomyeline. Eine weitere Fraktion im Chromatogranim konnte bisher nicht identifiziert werden. Die Gewebe des Modiolus enthalten daruber hinaus als Hauptfraktion noch Cerebroside und eine weitere bisher nicht identifizierte Fraktion. Die getrennte Untersuchung der einzelnen Schneckenwindungen ergab, das alle Lipidfraktionen, die im gesamten Ductus cochlearis enthalten sind, auch in den einzelnen Windungen vorliegen. Die Menge der Neutralfette nimnit i...
Optimal threat strategies of bimatrix games

A bi-matrix threat game is defined as a triple (A,B,S) whereA andB arem×n payoff matrices, andS is a closed convex subset of the plane, with (aij,Bij) eS for eachi,j. Given (threat) mixed strategiesx andy,Nash's model suggests that the eventual outcome will be that point (u, v) eS which maximizes the product (u −xAyt) (v −xByt) subject tou ≥xAyt,v ≥xByt. Optimality of the threat strategies is then defined in the obvious way.
Near-Infrared Dual-Comb Spectroscopy of Gases

Coherent dual-frequency comb spectroscopy provides a means to probe molecular spectra with the full accuracy and precision of frequency combs. We will discuss our dual comb spectrometer for precision laboratory measurement and recent outdoor measurements.
Increased generalization between drug-related interoceptive stimuli with delayed testing.

Although the flattening of generalization gradients over time has been widely investigated using exteroceptive stimuli, little attention has been given to generalization involving interoceptive stimuli. To investigate generalization between internal states, Sprague-Dawley rats were given either 0.835 ml/kg chloropent or 15 mg/kg sodium pentobarbital. Both drugs produced asymmetrical state-dependent retention of a passive avoidance response, that is, good retention in the "same state" conditions (i.e., the drug-drug and no drug-no drug conditions) as well as in the no drug-drug conditions but poor retention in the drug-no drug conditions, at both 1- and 7-day retention intervals. Furthermore, subjects trained in one drug state (pentobarbital or chloropent) demonstrated disrupted performance when tested 1 day later in another drug state, but good performance when tested 7 days later in the other drug state, indicating a decrement in the discriminability of the two drug states after 7 days. This outcome demonstrates that generalization gradients between drug states flatten over time. Moreover, these results suggest that memory for attributes of internal stimuli undergoes changes similar to those found for exteroceptive stimuli. Implications for contextual cues models of forgetting are considered.
Iteration algorithm for computer-aided speckle interferometry

An iteration algorithm for the analysis of speckle interference patterns is presented. First, four digitized phase-shifted patterns are locally averaged. The phase information is then extracted by the usual phase shift algorithm. The wrapped phase is in turn used to reconstruct four new phase-shifted patterns. These three steps form a cycle. Repetition of the three steps has a great effect on suppressing speckle noise. Theoretical study shows that the iterated phase converges to a perfect result under ideal conditions. In general, the iteration causes little error but improves the phase information a great deal. The signal-to-noise ratio rises when additional iterations are performed.
Two-dimensional echocardiographic differentiation of anomalous left coronary artery from congestive cardiomyopathy

Infants having anomalous origin of the left coronary artery (ALCA) from the pulmonary artery may at times be difficult to distinguish clinically from those having a congestive cardiomyopathy (CCM). Five children having ALCA and 15 having CCM were studied by two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) and angiography. The left coronary artery (LCA) was demonstrated by 2DE to arise normally in all children having CCM. The LCA aortic ostium was not recorded in any child with ALCA; however, the LCA was recorded in three patients. The 2DE recorded the LCA originating from the pulmonary artery in two of these infants. A prominent right coronary artery was seen in all patients with ALCA. Thus 2DE is helpful in distinguishing patients having ALCA from those with CCM.
How the Extension Poultryman Can Use Market News

Abstract THE purpose of the Department of Agriculture in reporting poultry products markets is to provide information for the benefit of all interests. Market news brings together the best available information on the key factors that make up a market. Information is collected, summarized and released regarding prices, market receipts, storage movements, retail movements and comments on supply and demand conditions. Price is an important factor to the producer when he has poultry or poultry products about ready for market. All producers are anxious to sell when prices are highest and at the market which will bring them the highest price. Most producers have marketing decisions to make and they are wise to base their decisions on available market information. In the Extension Service, the poultry specialist needs to thoroughly understand the “Market News” program. This is necessary in order for him to aid those he serves in the wise use …
In vitro blastogenic responses and interferon-γ production by intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes of calves

Abstract Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes are a large and heterogenous population of lymphocytes located strategically at the entry site of enteric pathogens into the body. Their ability to proliferate and produce interferon-γ in vitro in response to mitogens or interleukin-2 was investigated in four-week-old calves. It was found that they had similar mitogen-induced blastogenic responses and produced interferon-γ like the peripheral blood lymphocytes of four-week-old calves. Preliminary studies indicated that the intraepithelial lymphocytes also responded to Cryptosporidium parvum antigen in vitro. Thus, intraepithelial lymphocytes may be important in the host's response to enteric infections of calves such as cryptosporidiosis.
Pharmacogenomics and functional gastrointestinal disorders

Functional gastrointestinal disorders, including irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia, are highly prevalent disorders affecting approximately one in four people in Western societies. This article reviews examples of the role of pharmacogenomics in the safety and efficacy of medications used in the management of such disorders. These include variations in the effects of medications metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes (e.g., 2D6 and 2C19), and the effects of genetic polymorphisms in the promoter of the serotonin transporter protein, which influence the response to alosetron in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. These observations suggest that pharmacogenomics will introduce a new era in pharmacotherapeutics in gastroenterology.
Plausible Reasoning In Expert Systems For Troubleshooting

The management of uncertainty is an important issue in the design of expert systems for troubleshooting complicated systems because much of the information in the knowledge bases is uncertain and incomplete. Based on Dempster-Shafer theory, this paper describes a coherent algorithm which calculates BPA's from the a priori probabilities and the statistics of a target system. It also discusses the ways to propagate the BPA's in the hierarchical search space. It is shown that the computational complexity of the propagating belief functions can be reduced with the restriction of dichotomy.
The Cortical Acto-Myosin Network: From Diffusion Barrier to Functional Gateway in the Transport of Neurosecretory Vesicles to the Plasma Membrane

Dysregulation of regulated exocytosis is linked to an array of pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative disorders, asthma, and diabetes. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underpinning neuroexocytosis including the processes that allow neurosecretory vesicles to access and fuse with the plasma membrane and to recycle post-fusion, is therefore critical to the design of future therapeutic drugs that will efficiently tackle these diseases. Despite considerable efforts to determine the principles of vesicular fusion, the mechanisms controlling the approach of vesicles to the plasma membrane in order to undergo tethering, docking, priming, and fusion remain poorly understood. All these steps involve the cortical actin network, a dense mesh of actin filaments localized beneath the plasma membrane. Recent work overturned the long-held belief that the cortical actin network only plays a passive constraining role in neuroexocytosis functioning as a physical barrier that partly breaks down upon entry of Ca2+ to allow secretory vesicles to reach the plasma membrane. A multitude of new roles for the cortical actin network in regulated exocytosis have now emerged and point to highly dynamic novel functions of key myosin molecular motors. Myosins are not only believed to help bring about dynamic changes in the actin cytoskeleton, tethering and guiding vesicles to their fusion sites, but they also regulate the size and duration of the fusion pore, thereby directly contributing to the release of neurotransmitters and hormones. Here we discuss the functions of the cortical actin network, myosins, and their effectors in controlling the processes that lead to tethering, directed transport, docking, and fusion of exocytotic vesicles in regulated exocytosis.
Conversion of carbonaceous material to graphite during metamorphism

Abstract Using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), we have charted some of the structural changes that occur as non-crystalline organic matter in low-grade metamorphic rocks becomes ordered, eventually to form well-crystallized graphite. It has long been known from X-ray studies that the state of crystallization of carbonaceous matter increases with metamorphic grade. Images obtained by HRTEM of samples from a range of metamorphic terranes provide considerable additional detail regarding the process of graphite development. The process is considerably more complex than is suggested by light-optical microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction measurements. In low-grade metamorphic rocks, the carbon layers are relatively few in number, short in length, and rather contorted. Electron-diffraction patterns show only one or two rings, and they are diffuse. As metamorphic grade increases, the carbon layers progressively increase in length and in number, the number of layers in the crystallite stacks increases, the planarity of the layers increases, and the number of layer terminations decreases. Electron-diffraction patterns show complementary increasing numbers of rings, decreasing diffuseness, and, for well-crystallized graphite, discrete spots. Well-crystallized graphite crystals appear in the chlorite zone but, in contrast to most X-ray measurements, a range of structural order is commonly observed among the various crystallites within a given rock sample. These presumably reflect the chemical and structural character of the carbonaceous precursors, possibly their sedimentary sources, as well as the degree of internal equilibration. The results of our electron microscope observations also have implications for interpreting measurements of carbon-isotope fractionations and the apparent lack of equilibrium reported in many such measurements.
Joint Labor-Management Programs in the Auto Industry and the Shaping of Human Services

The joint labor-management model of providing human services to American automobile workers has supplied, and continues to offer, approaches that address shared interests. Human service programs negotiated by the United Auto Workers and the “Big Three” American automakers created precedents for other industries and developed patterns for services in the workplace that linked employee benefits with broader labor-management goals. The shared responsibilities of management and union in these “joint” programs set patterns for cooperative efforts in industrial relations. Joint programs provide a template for developing increased competitiveness in many fields.
Stimulation strength and focality of electroconvulsive therapy with individualized current amplitude: A preclinical study

This study investigates the stimulation strength and focality of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) with individualized current amplitude in a nonhuman primate (NHP) model. We generated an anatomically realistic finite element model of a NHP head incorporating tissue heterogeneity and white matter conductivity anisotropy based on structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion tensor MRI data. The electric field spatial distributions of three conventional ECT electrode placements (bilateral, bifrontal, and right unilateral) and an experimental frontomedial electrode configuration were simulated. We calibrated the electric field maps relative to an empirical neural activation threshold and evaluated the stimulation strength and focality of the various ECT electrode configurations with individualized current amplitudes corresponding to the motor threshold and seizure threshold assessed in the anesthetized NHP. Understanding the stimulation strength and focality of various forms of ECT could provide insight into the mechanisms of therapeutic seizure induction, and could provide support for the clinical investigation of ECT with individualized current amplitude as an intervention with potentially improved risk/benefit ratio.
The Total Synthesis of Moenomycin A

Moenomycin A is the only known natural antibiotic that inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to the transglycosylases that catalyze formation of the carbohydrate chains of peptidoglycan. We report here the total synthesis of moenomycin A using the sulfoxide glycosylation method. A newly discovered byproduct of sulfoxide reactions was isolated that resulted in substantial loss of the glycosyl acceptor. A general method to suppress this byproduct was introduced, which enabled the glycosylations to proceed efficiently. The inverse addition protocol for sulfoxide glycosylations also proved essential in constructing some of the glycosidic linkages. The synthetic route is flexible and will allow for derivatives to be constructed to further analyze moenomycin A's mechanism of action.
Loss of Incoherence and Determination of Coupling Constants in Quantum Gravity

The wave function of an interacting ‘family’ of one large ‘parent’ and many Planck-sized ‘baby’ universes is computed in a semiclassical approximation using an adaptation of Hartle-Hawking initial conditions. A recently discovered gravitational instanton which exists for general relativity coupled to axions is employed. The outcome of a single experiment in the parent universe is in general described by a mixed state, even if the initial state is pure. However, a sequence of measurements rapidly collapses the wave function of the family of universes into one of an infinite number of ‘coherent’ states for which quantum incoherence is not observed in the parent universe. This provides a concrete illustration of an unexpected phenomena whose existence has been argued for on quite general grounds by Coleman: quantum incoherence due to information loss to baby universes is not experimentally observable. We further argue that all coupling constants governing dynamics in the parent universe depend on the parameters describing the particular coherent state into which the family wave function collapses. In particular, generically terms that violate any global symmetries will be induced in the effective action for the parent universe. These last results have much broader applicability that our specific model.
In-Situ Monitoring of Urethane Formation by FTIR and Raman Spectroscopy

Reactions of 2-propanol, 2-butanol, 2-pentanol, 2-hexanol, and 2-octanol with phenylisocyanate were monitored by FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. The results show that Raman spectroscopy is as effective as FTIR spectroscopy in following urethane reaction kinetics. The activation energies calculated are 10.0, 10.5, 11.9, 12.8, and 14.8 (kcal/mole) for 2-propanol, 2-butanol, 2-pentanol, 2-hexanol, and 2-octanol reacting with phenylisocyanate without catalyst, respectively. The steric hindrance effects of primary, secondary, and tertiary butanol with phenylisocyanate reaction kinetics were observed. The initial reaction rates of these alcohol systems have a typical ratio of 1:0.3:0.1, respectively. The reaction kinetics simulation, based on a simple kinetics model, fits reasonably well with experimental data obtained by Raman spectroscopy. This agreement further demonstrates the effectiveness of Raman spectroscopy in monitoring urethane reaction kinetics and suggests an effective method for verifying the reactio...
Excretion of radioactivity from rats and rabbits following cutaneous application of two 14C-labeled azo dyes

A benzidine‐derived azo dye, C.I. direct black 38 (DB38), and a p‐phenylenediamine‐derived dye, C.I. direct black 19 (DB19), labeled with carbon‐14 in their aromatic amine moieties, were applied to the shaved dorsal skin of male Fischer‐344 rats and New Zealand rabbits. Application sites were protected with nylon gauze and elastic bandage assemblies. Following application of measured amounts of radiolabeled dye in 0.1 M pH 10.2 carbonate buffer, serial urine and fecal samples were obtained from individual animals in metabolism cages at 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, and 144 h. Aliquots of urine and fecal homogenates were assayed for radioactivity by scintillation counting. Cumulative excretion of radioactivity from rats receiving DB38 was 0.05% of total dermal dose at 144 h in urine, and 0.16% of total dermal dose in feces. Cumulative excretion of radioactivity from DB38‐treated rabbits at 144 h was 3.12% of total dermal dose in urine, and 5.12% in feces. From rats and rabbits receiving topical DB19, cumulative exc...
Ovarian expressed microsomal epoxide hydrolase: Role in detoxification of 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide and regulation by phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase signaling

4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) is a metabolite of 4-vinylcyclohexene (VCH) which has the potential to be formed in the ovary through CYP2E1 activity. VCD specifically destroys primordial and small primary follicles in the rodent ovary. Mouse ovaries exposed to VCD demonstrate increased mRNA and protein expression of microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH), and an inactive tetrol metabolite (4-(1,2-dihydroxy)ethyl-1,2-dihydroxycyclohexane) can be formed in mouse ovarian follicles, potentially through detoxification action of mEH. In contrast, mEH can bioactivate another ovotoxic chemical, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) to a more toxic compound, DMBA-3,4-diol-1,2-epoxide. Thus, the present study evaluated a functional role for mEH during detoxification of VCD. Additionally, because inhibition of the phosphatidyinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway in a previous study protected primordial follicles from VCD-induced destruction, but accelerated DMBA-induced ovotoxicity, a role for PI3K in ovarian mEH regulation was evaluated. Using a post-natal day (PND) 4 Fischer 344 rat whole ovary culture system inhibition of mEH using cyclohexene oxide during VCD exposure resulted in a greater (P < 0.05) loss of primordial and small primary follicles relative to VCD-treated ovaries. Also, relative to controls, meh mRNA was increased (P < 0.05) on day 4 of VCD (30 μM) exposure, followed by increased (P < 0.05) mEH protein after 6 days. Furthermore, inhibition of PI3K signaling increased mEH mRNA and protein expression. Thus, these results support a functional role for mEH in the rat ovary, and demonstrate the involvement of PI3K signaling in regulation of ovarian xenobiotic metabolism by mEH.
High temperature radiation damage phenomena in complex alloys

Abstract The swelling behavior of structural alloys such as the austenitic stainless steels is closely linked to precipitation behavior during irradiation. Recent experimental evidence is reviewed which illustrates the complexity of this interaction. It is suggested that processes associated with the trapping of helium atoms and point defects at particle-matrix interfaces and the inhibition of climb by precipitation are important factors in determining swelling behavior. These phenomena together with the subject of phase stability in a radiation environment represent important topics for further theoretical and experimental work.
Income of the Urban Elderly in Postreform China: Political Capital, Human Capital, and the State

Abstract Using data from a 1992 nationally representative survey of the elderly in urban China, this study examines the impact of political and economic reforms on income stratification. Drawing upon the existing literature on the differential impact of market reforms in socialist states, we develop and test three hypotheses: one stressing the increasing importance of returns to human capital, one stressing the ability of communist elite to convert their political capital into new sources of power in emerging markets, and one stressing the continued importance of redistributive activities of the party-state. Our results support, to varying degrees, all three hypotheses. We interpret this as a reflection of the complex nature of stratification mechanisms during Chinese economic reforms.
Design and multi-objective optimization of heat exchangers for refrigerators

Abstract In this study, a detailed thermodynamic model for a refrigerator based on an irreversible Carnot cycle is developed with the focus on forced-air heat-exchangers. A multi-objective optimization procedure is implemented to find optimal design values for design variables. Minimizations of energy consumption and material cost were the two objectives considered. Since these objectives are conflicting, no single design will satisfy both simultaneously. The result of this research is a set of multiple optimum solutions, which are called ‘Pareto optimal solutions’. Air and refrigerant side correlations were combined with an elemental approach to model the heat exchangers. This paper presents a detailed design model development. A limited validation is presented with experimental test-data obtained from a typical household refrigerator. Detailed simulation models are typically complex and computationally demanding. An optimization algorithm requires several evaluations of such models. Response surface based metamodels for objective functions were used to save computational effort. A genetic-algorithm based optimization tool is used for multi-criteria optimization.
Fine-structural aspects of macrogametogenesis in Eimeria magna.

SYNOPSIS. Macrogamonts in tissues from rabbits killed 5 1/2 days after inoculation with Eimeria magna oocysts were studied with the electron microscope. In young macrogamonts, parts of cytoplasm, sometimes including micronemes, were pinched off into the parasitophorous vacuole. In all stages of development, small segments of the inner membrane complex were present beneath the limiting membrane. Micropores also were seen in all stages, and some apparently functional ones were present in mature macrogametes. Wall-forming bodies of Type I and Type II were observed in relatively early stages. The former were less numerous than the latter, which had a more compact appearance than in other species. Usually, several Golgi complexes were present and several Golgi adjuncts occurred in the vicinity of the nucleus in all stages of development. Microgametes were observed in the cytoplasm of host cells harboring immature macrogametes.
Preliminary Indications of a Slight Improvement in the Ductility of Ni3Ge With Boron

Preliminary work was conducted to investigate whether 0.1 at% boron affects the ductility of Ni-rich Ni 3 Ge (Ni-23.5 at%Ge). Cracks were observed in the unmodified alloy around hardness indentations and on fresh surfaces upon abrasive cutting. No cracks appeared in the modified alloy. Also, SEM fractographs showed that with the boron addition the morphology changed from pure intergranular fracture to a mixture of intergranular and transgranular fracture, albeit predominantly intergranular. Tensile tests indicated that the boron addition slightly improves the ductility of Ni-rich Ni 3 Ge.
OVERDOSE OF INTRAVENOUS FAT EMULSION IN A PRETERM INFANT : CASE REPORT

IV fat emulsion therapy is essential for providing optimum nutrition for neonates who are unable to tolerate enteral feeding. The method of administering IV lipids in many neonatal intensive care units allows the possibility of accidental overdose. We report the case of a massive overdose of Intralipid (Clintec, Deerfield, IL) to a 32-week-gestation infant. On day 5 of life, the patient received 250 mL of 20% lipid emulsion IV over 1 hour (24 g of lipid/kg body wt). The serum triglyceride level peaked at 12,900 mg/dL, and the infant developed respiratory distress, metabolic acidosis, lethargy, and apnea. The infant was treated with double volume exchange transfusion, with rapid resolution of clinical symptoms. There was no evidence of clinical sequelae of the lipid overdose, either immediately after the event or during 1 year of neurodevelopmental follow-up.
U-insertion/deletion Edited Sequence Database.

Uridine insertion/deletion RNA editing is a post-transcriptional RNA modification occurring in the mitochondria of kinetoplastid protozoa. The U-insertion/deletion Edited Sequence Database is a compilation of mitochondrial genes and edited mRNAs from five kinetoplastid species. It contains separate files with the DNA, mRNA (both unedited and edited) and predicted protein sequences, as well as alignments of the Leishmania tarentolae and Trypanosoma brucei protein sequences from edited and unedited genes. The sequence files are in GCG format. A 'map' sequence file showing the location of U-deletions, U-insertions and the translated amino acid sequences is also provided for each gene. Genomic maps for each species are also provided with clickable genes, including maxicircle-encoded gRNAs. Sets of aligned nuclear rRNA sequences from kinetoplastid protozoa are also provided, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions in an analysis of the origin of RNA editing. The database is available through the World Wide Web as an HTML document at the URLhttp://www.lifesci.ucla.edu/RNA/trypanosome/ database.html
Improving Student Confidence with Analog Circuits

This paper presents a method of teaching analog circuits, a necessary component in mixed-signal and SOC designs, that encourages students to pursue a deep approach to learning, thereby improving analog circuit confidence.
Analyzing Misconceptions using the Signals and Systems Concept Inventory and Student Interviews

The Signals and Systems Concept Inventory (SSCI) is a 25-question multiple-choice exam designed to assess students' understanding of fundamental concepts in signals and systems. Nine students were interviewed about their conceptual understanding using several SSCI questions to probe misconceptions about frequency selective filters and frequency representations of signals. Students revealed several misconceptions about the roles of the magnitude and phase of the frequency response in filtering. The students' responses also provide insight into the conceptual models used to reason about frequency and filtering. This paper also summarizes the latest results of the pretest/posttest SSCI research study comparing gains in conceptual understanding for traditional lecture and interactive-engagement courses. Students in interactive classes learn about 39% of the material they didn't know at the start of the course, while those in traditional lecture classes only improve about 22%.
Microstructure and Corrosion Characterization of Squeeze Cast AM50 Magnesium Alloys

Squeeze casting of magnesium alloys potentially can be used in lightweight chassis components such as control arms and knuckles. This study documents the microstructural analysis and corrosion behavior of AM50 alloys squeeze cast at different pressures between 40 and 120 MPa and compares them with high-pressure die cast (HPDC) AM50 alloy castings and an AM50 squeeze cast prototype control arm. Although the corrosion rates of the squeeze cast samples are slightly higher than those observed for the HPDC AM50 alloy, the former does produce virtually porosity-free castings that are required for structural applications like control arms and wheels. This outcome is extremely encouraging as it provides an opportunity for additional alloy and process development by squeeze casting that has remained relatively unexplored for magnesium alloys compared with aluminum. Among the microstructural parameters analyzed, it seems that the β-phase interfacial area, indicating a greater degree of β network, leads to a lower corrosion rate. Weight loss was the better method for determining corrosion behavior in these alloys that contain a large fraction of second phase, which can cause perturbations to an overall uniform surface corrosion behavior.
An Overview of NASA Engine Ice-Crystal Icing Research

Ice accretions that have formed inside gas turbine engines as a result of flight in clouds of high concentrations of ice crystals in the atmosphere have recently been identified as an aviation safety hazard. NASA s Aviation Safety Program (AvSP) has made plans to conduct research in this area to address the hazard. This paper gives an overview of NASA s engine ice-crystal icing research project plans. Included are the rationale, approach, and details of various aspects of NASA s research.
Efferent innervation of the inner hair cell region: origins and terminations of two lateral olivocochlear systems.

Abstract The projections of lateral olivocochlear neurons (LOC), which terminate beneath inner hair cells (IHCs), were investigated by injecting biotinylated dextran amine into the lateral superior olivary nucleus (LSO) and the surrounding region in the rat. This region has been definitively shown to contain two types of olivocochlear neurons: small cells within the LSO (intrinsic neurons) and large cells (shell neurons) surrounding it (Vetter, D.E., Mugnaini, E., 1992. Distribution and dendritic features of three groups of rat olivocochlear neurons. Anat. Embryol. 185, 1–16). Labeled efferent axons were studied by light microscopy in whole mounts and radial sections of the organ of Corti (OC). It was found that injections confined to the LSO, which presumably affected mainly intrinsic neurons, labeled a cluster of axons in the osseous spiral lamina that entered the inner spiral bundle (ISB) and terminated in one or more dense patches that, in total basal-apical extent, spanned no more than 10–20% (1–2 mm) of the total length of the OC (10 mm). In contrast, injections affecting shell neurons produced labeled axons that entered the OC over a span of more than 50% of its length and which, as a group, coursed in the ISB for at least 80%, and sometimes more than 95% of total cochlear length. Study of individual axons in the OC revealed that intrinsic axons did not bifurcate upon entering the OC and traveled less than 1 mm before terminating in a discrete, dense arbor. In contrast, shell axons typically bifurcated into basal and apical branches that, in toto, traveled between 1 and 2 mm beneath the IHCs, forming numerous en passant swellings and a few terminal branches en route. The fact that localized injections of intrinsic neurons produced focal peaks of labeling in the cochlea, whereas similar injections of shell neurons produced a diffuse, non-focal projection that could extend for nearly the entire length of the cochlea, suggests that significant differences exist between these two populations in their capacity to influence localized, frequency-specific regions of the OC, and thus in their probable functional roles. The present findings in the rat not only confirm a previous study in the guinea pig which found a similar dual efferent innervation beneath the IHCs (Brown, M.C., 1987. Morphology of labeled efferent fibers in the guinea pig cochlea. J. Comp. Neurol. 260, 605–618), but extend those observations by linking two axonal types beneath the IHCs to their respective cell bodies of origin in the lateral zone of the superior olivary complex.
Southeastern margin of the middle Paleozoic shelf, southwesternmost Appalachians: Regional stability bracketed by Acadian and Alleghanian tectonism

Lower Devonian–Lower Mississippian(?) metasedimentary rocks in the southernmost Appalachian orogen near the southeast corner of Laurentia record a period of continental-margin stabilization bracketed by orogenic events best assigned to the early Acadian and earliest Alleghanian orogenies. These strata are in the Talladega belt, a far-traveled allochthon forming the southwestward extent of the western Blue Ridge. In the allochthon, lower Paleozoic trailing-margin carbonate-shelf rocks are unconformably overlain by a >2.5-km-thick early Acadian (Silurian(?)–Lower Devonian) clastic wedge, derived from basement-cored uplifts to the south and southeast. Deposition of this clastic wedge was followed by continental-margin stabilization and deposition of a starved-basin sequence containing widespread Lower Devonian–Lower Mississippian(?) chert near the outer shelf margin. The chert sequence grades northeastward through a shelf–slope–basin-plain transition into a thick black-shale basinal facies. These units were deposited during the classic Acadian orogeny in New England and the Catskill delta's progradation across the central Appalachian foreland—the major clastic response to Acadian uplift. The Talladega sequence subsequently was subjected to low-grade regional metamorphism and pervasive deformation, possibly as late as middle Mississippian, during what were probably the initial stages of the Alleghanian orogeny. Deposition of the Lower Devonian–Lower Mississippian(?) sequence of the Talladega belt thus represents a significant hiatus in deformation along southeast Laurentia, bracketed first by orogenic activity related to early Acadian (Silurian(?)–Early Devonian) foundering of the early Paleozoic shelf and deposition of a clastic wedge and later by earliest Alleghanian regional dynamothermal events.
Mergers and Acquisitions Among Psychotropics: Antidepressant Takeover of Anxiety May Now Be Complete

Issue: Antidepressants are taking over the treatment of anxiety disorders. Essentially all forms of anxiety can now be treated with a variety of agents first introduced for the treatment ofdepression.
MR cranial image segmentation-a morphological and clustering approach

Computer-aided visualization of the brain surface has numerous applications in structural and functional brain mapping for neuroscience, as well as in surgical path planning. Surface visualization of the brain using magnetic resonance (MR) images requires pixels in the images to be discriminated, or segmented into various tissue types. In this work, an automated and efficient method, based on mathematical morphology and unsupervised clustering analysis, is proposed for segmenting 3-D MR images of the human head. The proposed method provides better rendered views of the brain surface with much less computation time, compared to a previous, direct fuzzy-based approach. The resulting rendered views of the brain surface are shown, as well as the efficiency and error analysis of the proposed methodology.
Attenders versus Slackers: A Classroom Demonstration of Quasi-Experimentation and Self-Selecting Samples.

Studies of the effects of class attendance on class performance typically are quasi-experimental because students choose whether or not to attend class; that is, the samples are self-selecting. The...
Ca-dependent Nonsecretory Vesicle Fusion in a Secretory Cell

We have compared Ca-dependent exocytosis in excised giant membrane patches and in whole-cell patch clamp with emphasis on the rat secretory cell line, RBL. Stable patches of 2–4 pF are easily excised from RBL cells after partially disrupting actin cytoskeleton with latrunculin A. Membrane fusion is triggered by switching the patch to a cytoplasmic solution containing 100–200 μM free Ca. Capacitance and amperometric recording show that large secretory granules (SGs) containing serotonin are mostly lost from patches. Small vesicles that are retained (non-SGs) do not release serotonin or other substances detected by amperometry, although their fusion is reduced by tetanus toxin light chain. Non-SG fusion is unaffected by N-ethylmaleimide, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bis-phosphate (PI(4,5)P2) ligands, such as neomycin, a PI-transfer protein that can remove PI from membranes, the PI(3)-kinase inhibitor LY294002 and PI(4,5)P2, PI(3)P, and PI(4)P antibodies. In patch recordings, but not whole-cell recordings, fusion can be strongly reduced by ATP removal and by the nonspecific PI-kinase inhibitors wortmannin and adenosine. In whole-cell recording, non-SG fusion is strongly reduced by osmotically induced cell swelling, and subsequent recovery after shrinkage is then inhibited by wortmannin. Thus, membrane stretch that occurs during patch formation may be a major cause of differences between excised patch and whole-cell fusion responses. Regarding Ca sensors for non-SG fusion, fusion remains robust in synaptotagmin (Syt) VII−/− mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), as well as in PLCδ1, PLC δ1/δ4, and PLCγ1−/− MEFs. Thus, Syt VII and several PLCs are not required. Furthermore, the Ca dependence of non-SG fusion reflects a lower Ca affinity (KD ∼71 μM) than expected for these C2 domain–containing proteins. In summary, we find that non-SG membrane fusion behaves and is regulated substantially differently from SG fusion, and we have identified an ATP-dependent process that restores non-SG fusion capability after it is perturbed by membrane stretch or cell dilation.
Course Presentation of the Joint-Products Problem with Costs Associated with Dumping

The typical profit-maximization solution for the joint-production problem found in intermediate texts, managerial texts, and other texts concerned with optimal pricing is oversimplified and inconsistent with profit maximization, unless there is either no excess of any of the joint products or no costs associated with dumping. However, it is an inappropriate method of solution where excess does exist and the costs of dumping are explicitly recognized and, with respect to such cases, is at least nongeneral. The authors present a more realistic alternative method of solution, although more complex, as a substitute for the textbook method of solution typically offered.
Optical Switches Based on Vanadium Dioxide Films Grown By The Sol-Gel Process

Vanadium dioxide thin films have been grown from vanadium tetrakis (t-butoxide) by the sol-gel process. A new method for the synthesis of the vanadium precursor was also developed. Films were deposited by dipcoating glass slides from an isopropanol solution, followed by post-deposition annealing of the films at 600°C under nitrogen. The properties of these films, to a high degree, were a function of crystalline boundaries and crystalline grain size. These gel-derived VO2 films undergo a reversible semiconductor-to-metal phase transition near 72°C, exhibiting characteristic resistive and spectral switching comparable with near stoichiometric VO2 films prepared on non-crystalline substrates by other techniques. Films were doped with hexavalent transition metal oxides to demonstrate lowering of the transition of the transition temperature.
Three-dimensional registration and fusion of ultrasound and MRI using major vessels as fiducial markers

This paper describes fusion of three-dimensional (3-D) ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data sets, without the assistance of external fiducial markers or external position sensors. Fusion of these two modalities combines real-time 3-D ultrasound scans of soft tissue with the larger anatomical framework from MRI. The complementary information available from multiple imaging modalities warrants the development of robust fusion capabilities. We describe the data acquisition, specialized algorithms, and results for 3-D fused data from phantom studies and in vivo studies of the normal human vasculature and musculoskeletal systems.
Quality Assessment Projects as Teaching and Learning Tools

Quality management is a broad subject whose principles and practices are best understood when studied in the context of real-life organizations. This article describes a major quality assessment field project that serves as the integrative vehicle for an MBA curriculum. Each year the entire entering MBA class devotes a portion of 8 months to performing comprehensive quality audits of external organizations. Whereas they reinforce the principles of quality management, the field projects also require students to integrate the knowledge gained from each of their MBA courses in critically examining all operational areas of their host organizations.
Discontinuity in Economic Theory and Economic Discontinuities

Viewing the world as fundamentally continuous contrasts sharply with viewing the world as fundamentally discontinuous. A smooth world represents the Newtonian-Victorian dream of a gradual and steady upward movement of reality through a gentle, Darwinian, evolutionary process. In economics this view was epitomized by Alfred Marshall. The discontinuous world defines itself in sharp contrasts and sudden changes as in the modern, puntuated evolutionary theory. In economics this view was especially asserted by Karl Marx and by Joseph Schumpeter.
In practice—More than words: What can stop the language that hurts?

Intended or not, deep harm can come from carelessly chosen words. At Texas Christian University, educators use a program in the first few weeks of their students' college career to heighten awareness and stave off the damage of words that hurt.
Dissonance as a resource for probing the qubit depolarizing channel

Quantum channel identification, a standard problem in quantum metrology, is the task of estimating parameter(s) of a quantum channel. We investigate dissonance (quantum discord in the absence of entanglement) as an aid to quantum channel identification and find evidence for dissonance as a resource for quantum information processing. We consider the specific case of dissonant Bell-diagonal probes of the qubit depolarizing channel, using quantum Fisher information as a measure of statistical information extracted by the probe. In this setting dissonant quantum probes yield more statistical information about the depolarizing probability than do corresponding probes without dissonance and greater dissonance yields greater information. This effect only operates consistently when we control for classical correlation between the probe and its ancilla and the joint and marginal purities of the ancilla and probe.