cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deep tow studies of the Tamayo transform fault

The Tamayo transform fault occurs at the north end of the East Pacific Rise where it enters the Gulf of California. The two deep-tow surveys reported here show that the transform fault zone changes significantly as a function of distance from the spreading center intersections. At site 1, near the intersection, one side of the fault is young and the fault zone is narrow and well-defined. Strike slip occurs in a zone approximately 1-km wide suggesting a correspondingly narrow zone of decoupling between the Pacific and North American plates. On the young side of the strike-slip zone, normal faults occur along shear zones which are 45°–50° oblique to the transform strike. They occur parallel to the short axis of the strain ellipse for transform fault strain here, i.e., perpendicular to the least compressive stress. The transform walls are formed by normal faulting as has been pointed out in previous detailed surveys. Here, however, the age contrast of 2.5 m.y. across the transform valley is apparent in the morphology of the normal fault scarps. While the scarps are steep and well-defined on the young side, the scarps on the older side have gradual 10°–30° slopes and appear to be primarily talus ramps. Apparently, the scarps have been tectonically eroded by continued strike slip activity after the initial stages of normal faulting. Thus, transform valleys should be quite asymmetric in cross-section where there is a significant age contrast and one side is less than approximately 0.5 m.y. old. Also, along older sections of the transform valley walls, normal faulting may not be at all obvious due to degradation of the scarps by tectonic erosion. This phenomenon makes the likelihood of transform faults providing ‘windows’ into the oceanic crust most unlikely except in special cases.
Oxidation of Cysteine residues in proteins by Myeloperoxidase (MPO) or HOCl in vitro produces Sulfenyl and Sulfonyl chloride intermediates † 1140

Oxidation of Cysteine residues in proteins by Myeloperoxidase (MPO) or HOCl in vitro produces Sulfenyl and Sulfonyl chloride intermediates † 1140
Development of a Rapid Prototyping System using Response Surface Methodology

This case study presents an investigation of the relationships between eight process operating variables (factors) and five part performance measures (responses) in a rapid prototyping system. The use of fractional factorial, single-factor foldover, and central composite designs is demonstrated. Polynomial regression models are constructed for each response, followed by a desirability function model. Canonical and ridge analyses are used to identify a group of factor settings that simultaneously produce improved performance for all responses. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Minding controls in curriculum study.

The Education Forum on early childhood executive functions by A. Diamond et al. (“Preschool program improves cognitive control,” 30 November 2007, p. [1387][1]) reported an educational intervention congruent with the views of clinicians who believe that intellectual ability emerges from early
Comparing the Performance of Blue Gene/Q with Leading Cray XE6 and InfiniBand Systems

Three types of systems dominate the current High Performance Computing landscape: the Cray XE6, the IBM Blue Gene, and commodity clusters using InfiniBand. These systems have quite different characteristics making the choice for a particular deployment difficult. The XE6 uses Cray's proprietary Gemini 3-D torus interconnect with two nodes at each network endpoint. The latest IBM Blue Gene/Q uses a single socket integrating processor and communication in a 5-D torus network. InfiniBand provides the flexibility of using nodes from many vendors connected in many possible topologies. The performance characteristics of each vary vastly along with their utilization model. In this work we compare the performance of these three systems using a combination of micro-benchmarks and a set of production applications. We also discuss the causes of variability in performance across the systems and quantify where performance is lost using a combination of measurements and models. Our results show that significant performance can be lost in normal production operation of the Cray XE6 and InfiniBand Clusters in comparison to Blue Gene/Q.
Evidence for the regulation of contraction-induced fatty acid oxidation via extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activation independent of changes in fatty acid uptake.

Data show that extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) may be involved in the regulation of fatty acid (FA) uptake during muscle contraction via stimulation of CD36 translocation to the plasma membrane. The perfused hind limb model was used to determine (1) the importance of ERK1/2 signaling on contraction-induced FA uptake and (2) the effect of ERK1/2-mediated FA uptake on contraction-induced FA oxidation. We perfused rat hind limbs with 8 mmol/L glucose, 550 μmol/L palmitate, and no insulin at rest in the absence of inhibitor and during moderate-intensity electrical stimulation and dose-dependent pharmacologic inhibition of ERK1/2 using increasing concentrations of PD98059 (P1 = none, P2 = 10 μmol/L, P3 = 20 μmol/L, P4 = 50 μmol/L). Increasing PD98059 concentration resulted in a gradual decrease in contraction-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and this was accompanied by a decrease in contraction-induced FA uptake (concentration required for 50% inhibition [IC50] = 15.8 ± 1.6 μmol/L) and in plasma membrane CD36 content (IC50 = 8.7 ± 0.3 μmol/L) (P < .05). Percent FA oxidation was significantly lower in P3 and P4 compared with P1 and P2. Based on IC50 values, FA oxidation demonstrated a greater sensitivity than FA uptake to changes in ERK1/2 phosphorylation (IC50 = 5.4 ± 0.3 μmol/L) (P < .05). A positive correlation was found between FA uptake and plasma membrane CD36 content (R2 = 0.85, P < .05). Plasma membrane CD36 content, FA uptake, and FA oxidation each shared a positive correlation with ERK1/2 phosphorylation (R2 = 0.64, 0.66, and 0.71, respectively; P < .05). These results suggest that during moderate-intensity muscle contraction, ERK1/2 phosphorylation is required for translocation of CD36 to the plasma membrane and the subsequent increase in FA uptake. In addition, these data suggest that ERK1/2 signaling may be involved in the regulation of FA oxidation independently of its effects on FA uptake.
Effect of a Diet of Sweet Clover on the Calcium in the Blood Serum

Summary 1. There was a decrease in the serum calcium of young rabbits fed on an exclusive diet of sweet clover meal plus distilled water, while it remained fairly constant when rabbits were fed alfalfa meal plus distilled water or alfalfa meal-oats-cabbage-lettuce diets. Upon the resumption of an alfalfa diet the serum calcium content of the blood returned to normal. 2. The decline in serum calcium brought about by sweet clover is probably linked with the failure of the blood to clot in “poisoning.” 3. It is suggested that the loss of serum calcium in the blood might raise the surface tension of the blood to such a point that the blood platelets would fail to rupture thus interfering with the formation of thrombin. 4. Rabbits fed on the sweet clover increased their weight at a rate corresponding with those on the other diets.
Brief Global exponential setpoint control of wheeled mobile robots: a Lyapunov approach

This paper presents a new differentiable, time-varying controller for the regulation problem for wheeled mobile robots. After the WMR kinematics have been transformed into an advantageous form, a dynamic oscillator, in lieu of explicit cosine or sine terms, is constructed to promulgate a global exponential regulation property for the transformed kinematic model via a Lyapunov-type argument. In order to showcase the differentiable nature of the proposed kinematic control structure, we demonstrate how the standard backstepping technique can be applied to obtain a global exponential regulator for an exact dynamic model.
College housing: From “nurseries of every vice” to “centers for human development”

(1977). College housing: From “nurseries of every vice” to “centers for human development”. Social Thought: Vol. 3, Housing, Habitat, and Social Welfare, pp. 89-102.
SU‐E‐J‐82: MRI‐Guided Lung Tumor Tracking

Purpose: To track lungtumor in cine MR images. Methods: 5 healthy volunteers underwent sessions of a single sagittal‐slice cine‐MRI with image acquisition frequency of 4Hz. A slice with a visible vascular structure (target) was imaged, and the field of view was adjusted so that the diaphragm was visible in all the slices. Volunteers were asked to breathe under 4 different breathing patterns, each one of 5‐minute duration: free breathing; normal inspiration followed by elongated expiration; irregular breathing; and inhale through the nose and impeded exhale through the mouth. Target's location was manually identified in all the frames. Two tracking algorithms were implemented and evaluated: a template matching (TM) algorithm in combination with surrogate tracking using the diaphragm (surrogate was used when the maximum correlation between the template and the image in the search window was less than specified); and an artificial neural network (ANN) model based on the principal components of a region of interest that encompasses the target motion. Mean tracking error e and error at 95% confidence level e95 were evaluated for each model. Results: The ANN model led to e=1.5mm and e95=4.2mm, while TM led to e=0.6mm and e95=1.1mm. A series with out‐of‐plane motion was considered separately to evaluate the benefit of using surrogate tracking in combination with TM. For this series, the mean error was 7.2mm using only TM and 1.7mm then the surrogate was used in combination with TM (due to out‐of‐plane motion, the ground truth in this has an inherent error component). Conclusions: As opposed to tracking with other imaging modalities, ANN does not perform well in MR‐guided tracking. TM, however, leads to highly accurate tracking results. Preliminary results suggest that out‐of‐plane motion could be addressed by surrogate tracking using the diaphragm, which is easily identified in the images. This work was supported by Varian Medical Systems, Inc.
Association between a DASH-like diet and mortality in adults with hypertension: findings from a population-based follow-up study.

BACKGROUND: Although the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet lowers blood pressure (BP) in hypertensive adults, its effect on mortality is unclear. METHODS: This prospective cohort study evaluated the association between diet and mortality in 5,532 hypertensive adults in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Hypertension was determined by self-report, medication use, or BP measurement. Diet was ascertained by 24-h dietary recall using nine nutrient targets. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. Secondary outcomes included specific causes of mortality (cardiovascular disease (CVD), ischemic heart disease (IHD), stroke, and cancer). RESULTS: Of the 5,532 participants, 391 (7.1%) consumed a DASH-like diet. During an average of 8.2 person-years of follow-up, there were 1,537 all-cause deaths; this included 312 cancer deaths and 788 cardiovascular deaths, of which 447 were due to IHD and 142 were due to stroke. After adjusting for multiple confounders while accounting for the complex survey design by utilizing survey weights, strata, and clusters in Cox proportional hazards models, a DASH-like diet was associated with lower mortality from all causes (hazard ratio (HR) 0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.52-0.92, P = 0.01) and stroke (HR 0.11, 95% CI 0.03-0.47, P = 0.003). Mortality risk from CVD (HR 0.92, 95% CI 0.63-1.35, P = 0.67), IHD (HR 0.77, 95% CI 0.47-1.24, P = 0.28), and cancer (HR 0.51, 95% CI 0.23-1.10, P = 0.09) did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Though findings for specific causes of mortality are mixed, consumption of a DASH-like diet is associated with lower all-cause mortality in adults with hypertension.
Sexual Harassment of Health Education Faculty by Co-Worker(s): Implications for the Profession

Abstract This study was conducted to determine the nature and prevalence of sexual harassment of health education faculty by co-worker(s) in U.S. colleges and universities. Their perceptions of, and attitudes toward, sexual harassment were examined. A 90-item questionnaire was mailed to a stratified random sample, including 239 full-time faculty involved in programs with undergraduate and graduate health education programs listed in the 1992 ESG Directory. Results indicated that nearly 90 percent of the respondents experienced sexual harassment behaviors. Gender harassment behaviors were reported most frequently, followed by unwanted sexual attention, and sexual coercion and attempted sexual assault. More males than females failed to recognize/label these behaviors as sexual harassment (p<.05). Most of the co-workers engaging in the behaviors were of the opposite gender (90 percent). For females, 66 percent of the incidents reported were by a co-worker of a higher rankthan the respondent, while for males,...
Simulating in Cyberspace: Designing and Assessing Simple Role Playing Activities for Online Regional Studies Courses

Classroom simulations are a well-known tool in learner-centered education, and in the field of international relations, simulations have been utilized for years to stimulate student learning. The literature has shown that simulations encourage active learning and retention of information; however, there are challenges with conducting simulations online, and the tool has been relatively underdeveloped. While there are commercial online simulations, there has been less research on the effectiveness of various approaches, particularly in classes that are completely online, with simulations entirely designed and implemented by faculty. This paper reviews some of the literature on simulations, hybrid and online, creates a design framework from the literature and analyzes a simulation implemented in an online mixed graduate/undergraduate regional studies political science class. Results showed positive learning and feedback from the students; however, several features will be changed in the simulation design to improve future simulations. Further, suggestions will be offered on how this type of simulation can be tailored for different courses.
The Case Against Learning and Forgetting Scores

The frequent use of gain or loss scores as measures of the amount of learning and forgetting in motor skills was discussed. Learning is redefined as a gain in habit strength (forgetting a loss), with habit being a hypothetical construct representing the internal state which is learning. The use of gain scores is discussed in terms of the "physicalism-subjectivism dilemma," concerning the fact that the relationship between gains in performance and gains in habit strength (learning) is not known causing meaningless interpretations about the amount of learning. The dilemma has great consequences in studies of individual differences in learning, but is important in experimental designs as well. Some possible solutions to the dilemma are discussed.
Rates of Agonism by Diurnal Lemuroids: Implications for Female Social Relationships

Sterck and colleagues (Behaviour 134:749–774, 1997) focused attention on the evolutionary ecology of female social relationships within and between groups and proposed a model that distinguishes 4 categories of female relationships, which correspond to particular types of intra- and intergroup competition. They emphasized literature on haplorhines in their model because of numerous, detailed studies conducted on a range of species in the wild; in contrast, strepsirrhines such as the lemuroids are poorly represented. We evaluate more closely their classification of lemuroids as Dispersal-Egalitarian using a greater number of species of Lemur, Eulemur, Varecia, Hapalemur, Indri, and Propithecus. For the focal species we found that female philopatry occurs rarely, agonistic rates are relatively low, female dominance hierarchies are not stable and do not exist year-round, and intra- and intergroup female-female competition is infrequent. Therefore, our results support the suggestion that a majority of lemuroid taxa we surveyed correspond to the Dispersal-Egalitarian category with 2 probable exceptions: Lemur catta and Propithecus edwardsi. Because female Lemur catta are philopatric, have year-round dominance hierarchies with female matrilines, exhibit the highest rates of agonism in studied lemuroids, and have frequent intra- and intergroup female-female competition, it would seem that they more closely correspond to the category Resident-Nepotistic. However, maternal Lemur catta rarely support their offspring in agonistic contests and matrilineal rank is not inherited, which leads us to state that the species does not fit into any existing category that explains the nature of female social relationships. The relationships of female Propithecus edwardsi are also a challenge to categorize under the current model because some of their characteristics —typical female dispersal and low agonistic rates— fall into the Dispersal-Egalitarian category, yet other behaviors —intense targeted aggression and stable and year-round female dominance hierarchies— do not.
Evaporation of water from agitated freezing slurries at low pressure

In an absorptive vacuum freezing process, water evaporates from the freezing solution and condenses on a cold salt solution. Given sufficient condensing capacity, the evaporation rate will be controlled by the freezing solution vapor pressure. The size of the condensing equipment which matches a given evaporation system can be estimated using rate measurements made with low vapor pressure freezing solutions.
An annotated interview with Giuseppe Moruzzi, 1910–1986

Abstract Utilizing three modes of information exchange, this “annotated autobiography” presents in perspective a picture of an eminent neuroscientist of the 20th century. The reminiscences of Guiseppe Moruzzi, Director of the Institute of Physiology of the University of Pisa for more than thirty years, were combined with contemporary tributes, a review of his major published work, and comments of friends and associates. Such a three-dimensional view of a scientific career illustrates the possibilities of “the medium is the message”.
Ethanol feeding selectively impairs the spreading of rat perivenous hepatocytes on extracellular matrix substrates.

Background: Hepatocytes require attachment and subsequent spreading on an extracellular matrix for their proper growth, function and survival. Our previous studies have shown that ethanol feeding selectively impairs perivenule hepatocyte attachment to various extracellular matrices. This study was undertaken to determine whether zonal differences in hepatocyte spreading in response to ethanol feeding occurs and to ascertain the influence of ethanol consumption on the zonal expression of the β1, subunit of integrins, which are the major surface receptors responsible for matrix binding and subsequent interactions. Methods: Hepatocytes from the perivenous and periportal regions of the liver were isolated by digitonin/collagenase perfusion from rats that were pair-fed for 2 to 3 weeks with a liquid diet containing either ethanol or isocaloric carbohydrate. The ability of perivenous and periportal hepatocytes to spread on plates coated with either type IV collagen, laminin, fibronectin or polylysine was determined. In addition, the isolated cells were used for the analysis of total cellular and surface β1 integrin expression. Results: With all of the matrix substrates tested, the spreading of perivenous hepatocytes isolated from the ethanol-fed animals was markedly impaired, while the spreading of periportal hepatocytes was essentially unaffected by ethanol feeding. Both the total cellular as well as the surface expression of the β1 integrin subunit in perivenous cells from the ethanol-fed rats were significantly higher than from the perivenous control cells, whereas the total and surface expression of the β1 integrin in periportal cells isolated from ethanol-fed and control rats were not significantly different. Conclusions: The results indicated that in addition to impairing hepatocyte attachment, ethanol feeding also impairs another critical step of the adhesion process, that of hepatocyte spreading on extracellular matrix substrates. This defect occurred preferentially in perivenous cells and not periportal cells and was associated with an increase in β1 integrin expression, suggesting that a compensatory mechanism occurs as an attempt by the perivenous cells to overcome impaired cell-matrix interactions caused by ethanol. Overall, these alterations in extracellular matrix-hepatocyte interactions could lead to alterations of hepatocyte structure and function and potentially play a role in alcoholic liver injury.
Teaching World Geography to Late-Arrival Immigrant Students: Highlighting Practice and Content

In this case study, the work of an exemplary high school social studies teacher is highlighted. In her class, late-arrival immigrant students participated in oral, writing, and demonstration activities as they learned the physical, cultural, and historical traditions of geography education. As newcomers to the English language, the students' orientation to U.S. schooling was favorable because their teacher adapted her instruction with sheltering practices such as using realia, graphic organizers, hands-on activities, language and content objectives, and critical-thinking questions. Additionally, she valued prior learning from home, school, and community as a strong foundation to build new content-area knowledge in geography lessons.
Impact of impurities in biodiesel-derived crude glycerol on the fermentation by Clostridium pasteurianum ATCC 6013

During the production of biodiesel, crude glycerol is produced as a byproduct at 10% (w/w). Clostridium pasteurianum has the inherent potential to grow on glycerol and produce 1,3-propanediol and butanol as the major products. Growth and product yields on crude glycerol were reported to be slower and lower, respectively, in comparison to the results obtained from pure glycerol. In this study, we analyzed the effect of each impurity present in the biodiesel-derived crude glycerol on the growth and metabolism of glycerol by C. pasteurianum. The crude glycerol contains methanol, salts (in the form of potassium chloride or sulfate), and fatty acids that were not transesterified. Salt and methanol were found to have no negative effects on the growth and metabolism of the bacteria on glycerol. The fatty acid with a higher degree of unsaturation, linoleic acid, was found to have strong inhibitory effect on the utilization of glycerol by the bacteria. The fatty acid with lower or no degrees of unsaturation such as stearic and oleic acid were found to be less detrimental to substrate utilization. The removal of fatty acids from crude glycerol by acid precipitation resulted in a fermentation behavior that is comparable to the one on pure glycerol. These results show that the fatty acids in the crude glycerol have a negative effect by directly affecting the utilization of glycerol as the carbon source, and hence their removal from crude glycerol is an essential step towards the utilization of crude glycerol.
Comparison of factor analysis options using the Home/Employment Orientation Scale.

Factor analysis is a commonly used technique for evaluating the strength of the relationship of individual items of a scale with the latent concept, assessing content or construct validity of an instrument, determining plausible structures underlying a set of variables, and combining a set of variables into one composite score. In using the technique, the analyst must make decisions about the type of extraction and rotation to request and about the number of factors to retain. The purposes of this paper are to compare the results obtained with each of the rotation and extraction methods in traditional factor analysis and with LISREL (Joreskog & Sorbom, 1988), and to explore how these results influence the decisions one makes regarding the structure and item composition of a scale.
Changes in the Macromolecular Structure of a Type I Kerogen during Maturation

The solvent swelling of a maturation series consisting of 5 Type I kerogens from the Uinta basin has been studied. The swelling of the kerogens in 10 solvents has been used to determine the solubility parameter (δ) of the samples. It is 9.5−10.0 (cal/cm3)1/2. The same data have been used to calculate the number average molecular weights between cross-links (reciprocal of the cross-link density) for the samples. The cross-linking increases during early maturation, and sharply above 80% maturation, but remains about constant from 20% to 80% maturation. Oil formation involves a reconstruction of the kerogen during which bond cleavage to form bitumen is accompanied by bond making to increase the remaining kerogen cross-link density. The change in cross-link density closely parallels a model for maturation in this basin published previously by Sweeney et al. (Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull. 1987, 71, 967−985).
Circular Dichroism and Conformational Analysis of Diastereomeric Bicamphors

Stereospecific syntheses afforded endo , endo- ( 1 ) and exo,exo- ( 2 ) bicamphors, while the third possible diastereomeric exo , endo- bicamphor ( 3 ) originated from nonselective camphor radical dimerization. The stereochemistry of bicamphor linkage was confirmed by 1 H NMR analysis. Chiroptical and ultraviolet spectral data are presented for the three diastereomers 1 - 3 to show interchromophoric interaction. Conformational analysis to evaluate the relative orientation of each pair of carbonyl chromophores was accomplished by 1 H NMR spectroscopy and molecular mechanics calculations.
Determination of multiple electron affinities of carbon disulfide using electron-capture detection

Abstract The electron affinities (EAs) for carbon disulfide in the literature cluster around two values, 0.895±0.02 eV and 0.55±0.06 eV. Two negative ion states are observed in the temperature dependence of the electron-capture detector. The EAs obtained from these data are 0.61±0.04 eV for the linear anion and 0.873±0.025 eV for the bent anion. The theoretical semi-empirical MINDO/3 EAs are 0.582 eV and 0.891 eV. These support the literature values for the two states and establish the most appropriate values.
Two classical surprises concerning the axiom of choice and the continuum hypothesis

(2002). Two Classical Surprises Concerning the Axiom of Choice and the Continuum Hypothesis. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 109, No. 6, pp. 544-553.
The Effect of Partner Sex: Nondisclosure of HIV Status to Male and Female Partners Among Men who Have Sex with Men and Women (MSMW)

A common concern within HIV prevention is that HIV positive MSMW do not disclose their HIV status to female partners who are thus at increased risk for HIV infection. The present study uses unique data to examine whether MSMW disclose more often to male rather than female partners. Data were collected on most recent male and/or female primary partner and four most recent casual partners from 150 MSMW (50 African American, 50 Latino, 50 White). MSMW reported on 590 partners (31% female; 69% male). Disclosure was coded as disclosure before sex, disclosure after sex, or nondisclosure. A series of multinomial logistic regressions with partners clustered within respondents were conducted to evaluate effects of respondent characteristics and partner characteristics on timing of disclosure. In bivariate and multivariate analyses there were no significant differences in odds of disclosure to male and female partners before or after sex. Although MSMW were substantially less likely to disclose to HIV negative partners before sex compared to HIV positive partners regardless of sex, when we fully interacted the multivariate model by partner sex, the odds of disclosure to HIV negative male partners compared to HIV positive male partners before sex were significantly higher than the odds of disclosure to HIV negative female partners compared to HIV positive female partners. Patterns of mutual nondisclosure and nonreciprocal disclosure were observed with both primary and casual partners. The paper makes additional methodological contributions to the measurement and analysis of disclosure.
Evaluation of simplified mass transfer models to simulate the impacts of source zone architecture on nonaqueous phase liquid dissolution in heterogeneous porous media

Nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) dissolution was studied in three-dimensional (3D) heterogeneous experimental aquifers (25.5 cm x 9 cm x 8.5 cm) with two different longitudinal correlation lengths (2.1 cm and 1.1 cm) and initial spill volumes (22.5 ml and 10.5 ml). Spatial and temporal distributions of NAPL during dissolution were measured using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). At high NAPL spill volume, average effluent concentrations initially increased during dissolution, as NAPL pools transitioned to NAPL ganglia, and then decreased as the total NAPL-water interfacial area decreased over time. Experimental results were used to test six dissolution models: (i and ii) a one-dimensional (1D) model using either specific NAPL-water interfacial area values estimated from MR images at each time step (i.e., 1D quasi-steady state model), or an empirical mass transfer (Sh') correlation (i.e., 1D transient model), (iii and iv) a multiple analytical source superposition technique (MASST) using either the NAPL distribution determined from MR images at each time step (i.e., MASST steady state model), or the NAPL distribution determined from mass balance calculations (i.e., MASST transient model), (v) an equilibrium streamtube model, and (vi) a 3D grid-scale pool dissolution model (PDM) with a dispersive mass flux term. The 1D quasi-steady state model and 3D PDM captured effluent concentration values most closely, including some concentration fluctuations due to changes in the extent of flow reduction. The 1D transient, MASST steady state and transient, and streamtube models all showed a monotonic decrease in effluent concentration values over time, and the streamtube model was the most computationally efficient. Changes during dissolution of the effective NAPL-water interfacial area estimated from imaging data are similar to changes in effluent concentration values. The 1D steady state model incorporates estimates of the effective NAPL-water interfacial area directly at each time point; the 3D PDM does so indirectly through mass balance and a relative permeability function, which causes reduced water flow through high saturation NAPL regions. Hence, when model accuracy is required, the results indicate that a surrogate of this effective interfacial area is required. Approaches to include this surrogate in the MASST and streamtube models are recommended.
Origin of Anti‐Thomsen‐Friedenreich (T) and Tn Agglutinins in Man and in White Leghorn Chicks

Interest in anti-Thomsen-Friedenreich (T) antibodies has increased because of their significance in detection of and their possible interaction with human adenocarcinoma. The origin of anti-T, which all humans possess, has not been ascertained. We determined here that anti-T and -Tn agglutinins could readily be induced via the physiological intestinal route by an enteric bacterium, E. coli O86, which possesses T and Tn activities. One dose of live E. coli O86 given in the drinking water to germfree chicks, who had no anti-T and -Tn antibodies, resulted, in all birds, in formation of saline agglutinating anti-T and -Tn antibodies as well as those detectable only by indirect agglutination. Antibody specificity was confirmed by adsorption on and elution from homologous human erythrocytes and for anti-T also by haemagglutination inhibition. In contrast, control chicks raised under ordinary conditions did have anti-T and -Tn prior to feeding E. coli O86. In humans, six diarrhoeic and five healthy infants and the majority of 13 adults investigated were fed killed rather than live E. coli O86. All infants, but one, suffering from diarrhoea showed a significant increase (greater than or equal to 4-fold) in anti-T and/or anti-Tn antibodies; in some, these antibodies were elicited de novo. All four adults with intestinal lesions had a significant increase of anti-T and/or -Tn subsequent to ingestion of E. coli O86, as did five of nine healthy adults, but to a lesser extent. These findings support the immune nature of demonstrable levels of anti-T and -Tn.
Atomic-scale design of radiation-tolerant nanocomposites

Recent work indicates that materials with nanoscale architectures, such as nanolayered Cu-Nb composites and nanoscale oxide dispersion-strengthened steels, are both thermally stable and offer improved performance under irradiation. Current understanding of the atomic-level response of such materials to radiation yields insights into how controlling composition, morphology, and interface-defect interactions may further enable atomic-scale design of radiation-tolerant nanostructured composite materials. With greater understanding of irradiation-assisted degradation mechanisms, this bottom-up design approach may pave the way for creating the extreme environment—tolerant structural materials needed to meet the world's clean energy demand by expanding use of advanced fission and future fusion power.
Education Reform for Raising Economic Competitiveness

P. Sahlberg, Lead Education Specialist, European Training Foundation Globalization has increased economic competition within and between countries and the world’s regions. Economic competitiveness is commonly seen as a valid index for judging a country’s level of economic prosperity. Many recent large-scale education reforms have been justified by the urgent need to increase labor productivity and promote economic development and growth through expanded and improved education. It is generally assumed that to increase economic competitiveness, citizens must acquire knowledge, skills and attitudes necessary for civic success and the knowledge-based economy. This article argues that what schools are expected to do in order to promote economic competitiveness often contradicts commonly accepted global education reform thinking. Experience in many countries indicates that increased standardization of teaching and learning, for example, may be counterproductive to the expectations of enhanced economic competitiveness. The conclusion is that rather than competition between education systems, schools and students, what is needed is networking, deeper co-operation and open sharing of ideas at all levels if the role of education in economic competitiveness is to be strengthened. The key features of education reform policies that are compatible with competitiveness are those that encourage flexibility in education systems, creativity in schools and risk-taking without fear on the part of individuals.
Orientation Relationship, Habit Plane, Twin Relationship, Interfacial Structure, and Plastic Deformation Resulting from the δ → α′ Isothermal Martensitic Transformation in Pu-Ga Alloys

The orientation relationship, habit plane, parent-product interface at the atomic level, twin relationship, and plastic deformation resulting from the δ→α′ isothermal martensitic transformation in Pu-Ga alloys are examined using optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and finite element calculations. The δ → α′ transformation exhibits a ∼20 vol pct collapse when the fcc δ phase transforms to the monoclinic α′ phase, which results in unique and intriguing crystallography and morphology. Here, we show that the orientation relationship is very close to that previously reported by Zocco et al. (1990), but has small rotational misalignments between the two phases both parallel and perpendicular to the $$ \left[ {110} \right]_\delta ||\left[ {100} \right]_{\alpha '} $$ direction. The amount of plastic deformation is exceedingly large due to the ∼20 vol pct collapse, and TEM is used to quantify the difference in dislocation density between untransformed δ matrix and regions of δ adjacent to the transformed α′. The twins contained in α′ plates are shown to have a (205) α orientation as the lattice invariant deformation and are found to be composed of two alternating variants that share a common α′ direction, but differ by a 60 deg rotation about α′ . A combination of electron diffraction and optical microscopy has been employed to examine the macroscopic habit plane, and the analysis suggests that a large fraction of the observed habit planes are on or near {111} δ . Finally, high resolution TEM reveals that the interface is faceted on {111} δ exhibiting a series of terrace and ledges.
A broadband low noise dual gate FET distributed amplifier

A 2 to 18 GHz monolithic GaAs low-noise distributed amplifier with 10 dB nominal gain was designed and built using the standard Texas Instrument GaAs foundry process. This process incorporates ground vias, metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitors and air bridges. The amplifier uses 0.5- mu m-gate ion-implanted dual-gate FETs (DGFETs). The noise figure is less than 5.7 dB over the 2 to 18 GHz band and less than 4.0 dB from 3 to 13 GHz. The DGFET amplifier provides gain control capability; with 5 V and 60 mA operating bias it provides 10-dB nominal gain, input return loss better than 10 dB, and output return loss better than 8 dB. Lower power consumption was demonstrated at 5 V and 30 mA. With this reduced bias the nominal gain drops to 8 dB and the noise figure degrades by 0.3 dB. Increasing the bias to 7 V and 90 mA increases the nominal gain to 11 dB while degrading the noise figure by 0.3 dB. This increased bias gives the amplifier medium power capability, with a 1-dB gain compression power output of 18 dBm at 18 GHz. This increases to 19 dBm for frequencies below 15 GHz. >
A reference guide to drugs and dry mouth – 2nd edition

Xerostomia (dry mouth) is an uncomfortable and potentially harmful oral symptom which is usually caused by a decrease in the secretion rate of saliva (salivary gland hypofunction, or SGH). It is more prevalent in the elderly population, primarily due to their increased use of drugs and their susceptibility to disease. Many drugs and drug classes have been linked to xerostomia; the xerogenic effect increases when many drugs are taken concurrently. This Reference Guide to Drugs and Dry Mouth is designed to allow the reader to rapidly identify those pharmacologic agents which have the capacity to induce xerostomia and SGH. Xerogenic drugs can be found in 42 drug categories and 56 sub-categories. A guide to the management of drug-induced SGH and xerostomia is also provided.
Removing UV-A and UV-C Radiation from UV-B Fluorescent Lamp Emissions. Differences in the Inhibition of Photosynthesis in the Marine Alga Dunaliella tertiolecta Using Chromate Versus Cellulose Acetate–Polyester Filters

Ultraviolet-B (UV-B; 280-320 nm)-emitting lamps unavoidably emit ultraviolet-A (UV-A; 320-400 nm) and ultraviolet-C (UV-C; <280 nm) radiation. Short-wavelength-blocking filters are generally used to limit the wave bands of UV under investigation. The widespread use of such filters means that all exposures to UV-B radiation will have a significant UV-A component. Therefore, the physiological effects unique to UV-B exposure are difficult to clearly isolate. This study presents a method to remove the UV-A and UV-C "contamination" using a liquid potassium chromate (K(2)CrO(4)) filter, thus allowing more direct assessment of the effects of UV-B exposure. Cultures of the green marine alga Dunaliella tertiolecta were grown in the absence of UV radiation. Sunlamps supplied the UV radiation for a 24 h exposure (solar radiation was not used in this study). The UV radiation was filtered either by the standard method (i.e. cellulose acetate (CA) with polyester = Mylar controls) or by a liquid filter of potassium chromate. Photosynthetic responses were compared. Major decreases in the ratio of variable to maximal fluorescence in dark-adapted cells and photosynthetic capacity were observed in CA-filtered cultures, whereas no change was observed in cells exposed to the same UV-B flux with the UV-A removed by K(2)CrO(4). The use of a CA filter with a Mylar control does not link results unequivocally to UV-B radiation. Such results should be interpreted with caution.
Efficient detection of composite events in Wireless Sensor Networks: Design and evaluation

One of the most promising use of Wireless Sensor Networks is in the field of the event warning applications. However, depending on the communication scheme adopted, the amount of the exchanged data may be huge, with large energy consumption. In this paper we study the efficiency of two approaches to composite event detection in Wireless Sensor Networks. The first solution approaches the problem by collecting all the available information in a single sensor that performs the real event detection. If the area covered by the network is wide this approach may result inefficient. In the second solution, the sensors may exchange among themselves the sensed data and execute locally the event detection, with the advantage of propagating the sensed data only in a smaller area.
Some new upper bounds on the covering radius of binary linear codes

A Griesmer-like upper bound on the covering radius, R, is given. To the author's knowledge this is the only upper bound which explicitly depends on all three parameters n, k, and d. An upper bound on R for cyclic codes is then given which depends on the generator polynomial of the cyclic code and which, in many cases, leads to an improvement of the previous bound. An upper bound on the irreducible generator polynomial cyclic codes is also given. New interpretations and applications of the so-called Norse bounds and necessary and sufficient conditions to attain one of these bounds are provided. Generalizations of most of the results for codes over GF(q) are outlined. >
Building regression cost models for multidatabase systems

A major challenge for performing global query optimization in a multidatabase system (MDBS) is the lack of cost models for local database systems at the global level. The authors present a statistical procedure based on multiple regression analysis for building cost models for local database systems in an MDBS. Explanatory variables that can be included in a regression model are identified and a mixed forward and backward method for selecting significant explanatory variables is presented. Measures for developing useful regression cost models, such as removing outliers, eliminating multicollinearity, validating regression model assumptions, and checking significance of regression models, are discussed. Experimental results demonstrate that the presented statistical procedure can develop useful local cost models in an MDBS.
Feasibility of laparoscopic approach in management of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis.

Abstract Objectives To report the feasibility of the laparoscopic approach for management of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP). Methods From 2002 to 2005, 11 patients underwent laparoscopic (n = 7) or hand-assisted laparoscopic (n = 4) nephrectomy by a single surgeon for pathologically confirmed XGP. The preoperative presentation, operative details, postoperative recovery, and complications were recorded. Results A total of 5 men and 6 women were included in this study, and the mean patient age was 51 years (range 28 to 78). All cases began with the laparoscopic approach (6 left and 5 right). Four cases were converted to the hand-assisted technique because of the difficulty in progression, but no case required conversion to open nephrectomy. The mean operative time was 157 minutes (range 101 to 201), with a mean estimated blood loss of 217 mL (range 50 to 440). No intraoperative complications occurred. The mean hospital duration was 2.4 days (range 1.5 to 4). Four patients had postoperative complications, including two with an ileus, one with a persistent fever requiring intravenous antibiotics, and one with a renal fossa abscess requiring percutaneous drainage. All specimens were pathologically confirmed to be XGP. Conclusions Laparoscopic nephrectomy for XGP is complicated and more technically demanding than the laparoscopic nephrectomy for noninfectious etiologies. Consideration should be made for using a hand port should the laparoscopic procedure fail to progress in a satisfactory manner. In experienced hands, the laparoscopic approach presents a reasonable surgical option for the treatment of XGP. For the novice laparoscopist, however, the open approach should remain the modality of choice.
Study of Health and Activity in Preschool Environments (SHAPES): Study protocol for a randomized trial evaluating a multi-component physical activity intervention in preschool children

Physical inactivity is a recognized public health concern. Inadequate proportions of children in the U.S, including those of preschool age, are meeting physical activity recommendations. In response to low numbers of preschool children attaining appropriate physical activity levels, combined with the large number of young children who attend preschool, researchers have identified the need to devise interventions to increase physical activity at preschools. However, few multi-component interventions to increase physical activity in preschool children exist. The aims of this study were to observe the effects of a multi-component intervention on physical activity, sedentary behavior, and physical activity energy expenditure in 3-5 year-old children; identify factors that associate with change in those variables; and evaluate the process of implementing the multi-component intervention. The purpose of this manuscript is to describe the study design and intervention protocol.
Males and Females Differ in Response to Opioid Agonist Medications

Few clinical trials include sex as a factor. This analysis explored within-sex differences in response to opioid agonist medications. Males and females randomly assigned to buprenorphine, LAAM, or methadone were compared on opioid use and retention in treatment. Females receiving buprenorphine had less objective drug use than females receiving methadone, while males receiving LAAM had less objective drug use than males receiving buprenorphine. Retention in treatment was longer for both sexes receiving methadone versus LAAM. Within-subject change results indicate that all three medications benefit both sexes. Clinical trials should be designed to examine the impact of sex on outcomes.
Segmented sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone)-b-polyimide copolymers for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. I. Copolymer synthesis and fundamental properties

Segmented disulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone)-b-polyimide copolymers based on hydrophilic and hydrophobic oligomers were synthesized and evaluated for use as proton exchange membranes (PEMs). Amine terminated sulfonated poly (arylene ether sulfone) hydrophilic oligomers and anhydride terminated naphthalene based polyimide hydrophobic oligomers were synthesized via step growth polymerization including high temperature one-pot imidization. Synthesis of the multiblock copolymers was achieved by an imidization coupling reaction of hydrophilic and hydrophobic oligomers oligomers in a m-cresol/NMP mixed solvent system, producing high molecular weight tough and ductile membranes. Proton conductivities and water uptake increased with increasing ion exchange capacities (IECs) of the copolymers as expected. The morphologies of the multiblock copolymers were investigated by tapping mode atomic force microscopy (TM-AFM) and their measurements revealed that the multiblock copolymers had well-defined nano-phase separated morphologies which were clearly a function of block lengths. Hydrolytic stability test at 80 °C water for 1000 h showed that multiblock copolymer membranes retained intrinsic viscosities of about 80% of the original values and maintained flexibility which was much improved over polyimide random copolymers. The synthesis and fundamental properties of the multiblock copolymers are reported here and the systematic fuel cell properties will be provided in a separate article. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4879–4890, 2007