cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New approaches to the diagnosis of tuberculosis in childhood with special reference to neurotuberculosis.

Bacteriological diagnosis of tuberculosis in childhood is often unsuccessful owing to the difficulty in obtaining suitable specimens. Many attempts have been made to diagnose tuberculosis immunologically but with very limited success. Positive tuberculin reactions may be the result of nonspecific sensitization while negative reactions occur in undernourished children. Serodiagnostic tests suffer from problems of specificity, even when very specific antigens are used, and are often least helpful in diagnostically difficult cases. Detection of antigen has proved to be of more value, especially with clean specimens such as cerebrospinal and pleural fluids. Detection of specific components ofMycobacterium tuberculosis by linked gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy is very sensitive and specific but the equipment is very costly. Detection of specific DNA sequences ofM. tuberculosis in specimens by use of labelled ‘DNA probes’ is rather insensitive although the sensitivity may be increased greatly by use of the polymerase chain reaction to amplify small amounts of the specific DNA. Non specific indicators of tuberculosis are generally unhelpful although the bromide partition test and assay of the enzyme adenosine deaminase in cerebrospinal fluid appear to be of value in the diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis. More research is required to develop a simple, specific and automated test for tuberculosis in childhood.
Angiographic validation of bedside markers of reperfusion

Objectives. We sought to validate with coronary angiography several primary and ancillary markers of reperfusion. Background. The availability of bedside markers of reperfusion is of major importance in the thrombolytic therapy of acute myocardial infarction. However, the reliability of current markers is still controversial. Methods. Changes in chest pain, ST segment elevation and heart rate and rhythm were assessed every 5 to 10 min for up to 3 h after initiation of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator therapy in 82 patients with acute myocardial infarction. Coronary angiography was performed within 24 h. Results. At angiography, 69 of the 82 patients had a patent iniarct-related artery with Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction trial (TIMI) grade 3 flow and a rapid and progressive decrease in chest pain and ST elevation. The pain resolved in 24 ± 23 min (range 3 to 50). The ST elevation decreased by ≥50% within 16 ± 14 min (range 5 to 41). Accelerated idioventricular rhythm developed in 49% of patients and sinus bradycardia in 23%; conduction abnormalities and atrial fibrillation resolved. All markers appeared in close temporal proximity to the onset of an abrupt increase in plasma creatine kinase (CK) and CK-MB isoenzyme activity, a previously validated marker of the time of reperfusion. Before its final resolution, ST elevation transieatly decreased and increased in 58% of patients. Comparison of one pretreatment and one posttreatment electrocardiogram significantly reduced the reliability of ST segment chasge as a marker of reperfusion. In 13 of 82 patients, the infarct-related artery demonstrated TIMI grade ≤2 flow; in 9, pain and ST elevation did net lessen and CK and CK-MB activity showed no abrupt increase. The remaining four patients initially demonstrated a decrease in pain and ST elevation; however, within 3 h and before augiography, the recurrence of pain and ST elevation suggested reocclusion. Conclusions. A rapid and progressive decrease in pain and ST elevation is a reliable marker of repcrfusion with TIMI grade 3 flow. Because ST elevation and pain often fluctuate before undergoing final resolution with reperfusion, freqaeat or continuoes monitoring of ST elevation is essential for reliable recogniton of the fact and time of reperfusion. Accelerated idioventricular rhythm and episodes of sudden sinus bradycardia, although specific to reperfusion, do not occur in all patients with reperfusion.
Lysis of fresh murine mammary tumor cells by syngeneic natural killer cells and lymphokine-activated killer cells

We have compared the ability of natural killer (NK) cells from two substrains of C3H mice that differ with respect to their susceptibility to the development of mammary adenocarcinomas to lyse fresh syngeneic mammary tumor cells. Single cell suspensions of mammary tumors from retired breeder females were used as targets in 22-h 51Cr-release cytotoxicity assays with syngeneic NK cells. Tumor cell suspensions were prepared by enzymatic digestion of finely minced tissue followed by centrifugation through a discontinuous Percoll gradient. Effector cells were prepared by passing spleen cells over nylon wool followed by centrifugation through Percoll fraction 7. Syngeneic NK cells had significant levels of lysis against 5/8 tumors studied. NK cells from low risk animals (C3Heb/FeJ) consistently demonstrated greater cytotoxicity against tumor cell preparations than did effectors from the high tumor substrain (C3H/OuJ). Study of cytocentrifuge preparations stained with Wright-Giemsa revealed that the two substrains were identical with respect to the number of azurophilic granules present in the cytoplasm of their NK cells. We have also shown that lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells can be generated from splenocytes in C3H mice. While LAK cells from both substrains were capable of lysing fresh syngeneic mammary tumor cells in vitro, LAK cells from the animals at high risk for the formation of mammary adenocarcinomas had greater cytotoxicity against tumor cell suspensions than LAK cells from the low tumor substrain.
The behaviour of oil films on structured packing under cryogenic conditions

Today structured packing is commonly applied in cryogenic air separation plants. Packing is typically characterized by a high surface-to-volume ratio. Owing to the large surface of packing in comparison to common sieve trays — provided equal amounts of oil are attached to surfaces — more organic material may be present within a low-pressure column of an air separation plant. Since an enrichment of organic material in an air separation plant or in liquid oxygen is a principal hazard, and a major accumulation of organic material magnifies this risk, experimental tests were conducted to determine whether chipping of oil at cryogenic temperatures is possible. Tests are discussed where single sheets of a packing segment had been coated with an oil film of definite thickness. The oil-coated sheets were rinsed by moving them up and down in liquid nitrogen or in liquid oxygen. After fixed time intervals the oil content of a single sheet was determined. It was concluded that the original oil residue on the sheets up to 250 mg m−2 remained attached to the packing surface and no decrease of oil was found within the accuracy of the oil determination method.
Correlation of Chromosomal Instability, Telomere Length and Telomere Maintenance in Microsatellite Stable Rectal Cancer: A Molecular Subclass of Rectal Cancer

Introduction: Colorectal cancer (CRC) tumor DNA is characterized by chromosomal damage termed chromosomal instability (CIN) and excessively shortened telomeres. Up to 80% of CRC is microsatellite stable (MSS) and is historically considered to be chromosomally unstable (CIN+). However, tumor phenotyping depicts some MSS CRC with little or no genetic changes, thus being chromosomally stable (CIN-). MSS CIN- tumors have not been assessed for telomere attrition. Experimental Design: MSS rectal cancers from patients ≤50 years old with Stage II (B2 or higher) or Stage III disease were assessed for CIN, telomere length and telomere maintenance mechanism (telomerase activation [TA]; alternative lengthening of telomeres [ALT]). Relative telomere length was measured by qPCR in somatic epithelial and cancer DNA. TA was measured with the TRAPeze assay, and tumors were evaluated for the presence of Ccircles indicative of ALT. p53 mutation status was assessed in all available samples. DNA copy number changes were evaluated with Spectral Genomics aCGH. Results: Tumors were classified as chromosomally stable (CIN-) and chromosomally instable (CIN+) by degree of DNA copy number changes. CIN- tumors (35%; n=6) had fewer copy number changes (<17% of their clones with DNA copy number changes) than CIN+ tumors (65%; n=13) which had high levels of copy number changes in 20% to 49% of clones. Telomere lengths were longer in CIN- compared to CIN+ tumors (p=0.0066) and in those in which telomerase was not activated (p=0.004). Tumors exhibiting activation of telomerase had shorter tumor telomeres (p=0.0040); and tended to be CIN+ (p=0.0949).
The Ubiquitin Proteasome System Acutely Regulates Presynaptic Protein Turnover and Synaptic Efficacy

Abstract Background: The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) mediates regulated protein degradation and provides a mechanism for closely controling protein abundance in spatially restricted domains within cells. We hypothesized that the UPS may acutely determine the local concentration of key regulatory proteins at neuronal synapses as a means for locally modulating synaptic efficacy and the strength of neurotransmission communication. Results: We investigated this hypothesis at the Drosophila neuromuscular synapse by using an array of genetic and pharmacological tools. This study demonstrates that UPS components are present in presynaptic boutons and that the UPS functions locally in the presynaptic compartment to rapidly eliminate a conditional transgenic reporter of proteasome activity. We assayed a panel of synaptic proteins to determine whether the UPS acutely regulates the local abundance of native synaptic targets. Both acute pharmacological inhibition of the proteasome ( Conclusions: Taken together, these studies demonstrate that the UPS functions locally within synaptic boutons to acutely control levels of presynaptic protein and that the rate of UPS-dependent protein degradation is a primary determinant of neurotransmission strength.
Examining flow experiences in sport contexts: Conceptual issues and methodological concerns

Abstract Athletes' subjective states and experience generally are neglected by sport psychology research due to an emphasis on performance and competitive outcomes. The purpose of this paper was to discuss how the concept of flow—an optimal psychological state—can be studied in the sport context to increase an understanding of athletes' subjective experience. Conceptual issues with respect to conducting flow research in sport were presented, followed by a discussion of the methodological concerns to consider for researchers who want to study flow in sport. Two major conceptual questions were addressed: What is flow and how do flow states occur? The latter question was discussed taking into account both the person and situation factors that may underlie athletes' flow experiences. The section on methodological concerns highlighted the pros and cons of conducting flow research with qualitative or quantitative approaches, explained the experience sampling form, and briefly discussed the complexity of analyzi...
Vertebral injuries: detection and implications.

Abstract Vertebral injuries occur in a predictable and reproducible manner that is dependent upon the mechanism of injury. Each mechanism of injury leaves distinct imaging ‘fingerprints’ regardless of the location in the spine. This chapter will discuss four areas: the mechanisms of injury and their imaging ‘fingerprints’; abnormalities of alignment and anatomy, bony integrity, cartilage or joint space, and soft tissues—the ABCS of injury; the imaging features that will indicate stability of the spine following injury; and the classification of spine injuries into two categories—‘major’ or ‘minor’. The imaging features described in this chapter apply to both radiography as well as to computed tomography (CT). Although helical CT is being used more commonly for the evaluation of suspected cervical injuries, radiography of the entire spine remains the standard.
Challenges and Strategies for Conducting Program-Based Research in After-School Settings

Findings from children and youth who participated in structured after-school interventions in four urban public housing communities are used to illustrate the complexities of conducting program-based research in after-school settings. Findings from four field investigations reveal the importance of family support, reading skills, parent involvement, and positive peers in engaging youth in services, developing academic skills and avoiding involvement in problem behavior. Challenges in conducting program-based research and lessons learned from each of the four studies are discussed in the context of social work practice and after-school programming for at-risk children and youth.
Serious sibling abuse by preschool children.

Important differences between sibling rivalry and pathological sibling abuse are identified in 10 cases, and some of the family psychodynamics underlying the more dangerous behavior are explored. Because of the child's egocentricities, cognitive immaturities, and tendency to discharge conflict through the affecto-motor mode, the responsibility for modulating the child's behavior rests with caretaking persons.
Hyaluronic acid-based hydrogels as 3D matrices for in vitro tumor engineering

Cancer cells cultured in vitro in biologically relevant three-dimensional (3D) matrices are likely to recapture the essential oncological features of the native tumor tissues. In this study, a hyaluronic acid (HA)-based, bilayer hydrogel system was engineered to support tumoroid formation from LNCaP prostate cancer cells. To prepare the hydrogel, HA derivatives containing either acrylate groups (HA-AC) or reactive thiols (HA-SH) were synthesized and characterized. Simple mixing of HA-AC and HA-SH resulted in the formation of viscoelastic gels under physiological conditions. The top hydrogel layer contains heparin (HP) decorated, HA-based hydrogel particles (HGPs) presenting a strong mitogen, heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) in a sustained manner. LNCaP cells were embedded within the bottom hydrogel layer and receive growth stimuli from the top. The bilayer hydrogel construct simulates the interaction between tumor associated stroma and cancer cells in vivo via the programmed growth factor release. Spherical tumoroids with an average size of approximately 100 μm were detected after 7 days of culture. The HA-based, bilayer hydrogel system provides a useful platform for the study of tumor biology and the screening of anticancer drugs and their delivery systems.
Spatial covariance and adaptive beam forming of high-frequency acoustic signals forward scattered from the sea surface

The author addresses the spatial coherence of high-frequency acoustic signals that have been forward scattered from the sea surface. The Fresnel-corrected Kirchhoff approximation is applied to derive closed-form expressions for the spatial coherence. These expressions are used to study the influence of geometrical and environmental factors on the coherence. An application of the theory involving the rejection of the surface image of a source by a vertical adaptive line array is presented. The author concludes that the environment has a strong impact on the array processing of surface-scattered fields through its influence on both vertical and horizontal spatial coherence. >
On the non-ideal characteristics of Schottky-Barrier-gate diodes in In/sub 0.52/Al/sub 0.48/As/In/sub 0.53/Ga/sub 0.47/As heterostructure FET's on InP substrates

We report results of determination of the zero-field barrier heights of Schottky-barrier-gate-diodes in InAlAs/InGaAs heterostructure modulation doped FET's by exploiting their temperature dependent I-V characteristics. The field-emission model has been found to account for the gate current flow mechanism particularly at temperatures below 200 K. Using this model the influence of the InAlAs/InGaAs heterostructure potential barrier on the gate current has been delineated and a possible cause behind the current's wide-range of variability, from 10/sup -1/ to 10/sup 2/ A/cm/sup 2/ within 100 mV forward bias, has been suggested. >
Motion controller for the Atomic Force Microscopy based nanomanipulation system

Nanomanipulation with Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is one of the fundamental tools for nano-manufacturing. The control of the nanomanipulation system requires accurate feedback from the piezoelectric actuator and high frequency response of the control system. We designed and implemented two distinct control schemes by using real-time Linux. The aim is to study various factors in the control of the AFM based nanomanipulation system. By integrating the original controller with the external Linux real-time controller, we achieved a stable system with high response frequency. Finally this Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) system is validated to be an effective and efficient tool for the controlling of the nanolithography operation through a haptic device.
BRAF Mutation Is Frequently Present in Sporadic Colorectal Cancer with Methylated hMLH1, But Not in Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer

Purpose: The BRAF gene encodes a serine/threonine kinase and plays an important role in the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. BRAF mutations in sporadic colorectal cancer with microsatellite instability (MSI) are more frequently detected than those in microsatellite stable cancer. In this study, we sought to compare the frequencies of BRAF mutations in sporadic colorectal cancer with MSI with those in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). Experimental Design: We analyzed BRAF mutations in 26 colorectal cancer cell lines, 80 sporadic colorectal cancers, and 20 tumors from HNPCC patients by DNA sequencing and sequence-specific PCR. The methylation status of the hMLH1 gene was measured by either sequencing or restriction enzyme digestion after NaHSO 3 treatment. Results: We observed a strong correlation of BRAF mutation with hMLH1 promoter methylation. BRAF mutations were present in 13 of 15 (87%) of the colorectal cell lines and cancers with methylated hMLH1 , whereas only 4 of 91 (4%) of the cell lines and cancers with unmethylated hMLH1 carried the mutations ( P BRAF mutation was also identified at residue 463 (G463V) in one cell line. In addition, BRAF mutations were not found in any cancers or cell lines with K- ras mutations. In 20 MSI+ cancers from HNPCC patients, however, BRAF mutations were not detectable, including a subset of 9 tumors with negative hMLH1 immunostaining and methylated hMLH1. Conclusions: BRAF mutations are frequently present in sporadic colorectal cancer with methylated hMLH1 , but not in HNPCC-related cancers. This discrepancy of BRAF mutations between sporadic MSI+ cancer and HNPCC might be used in a strategy for the detection of HNPCC families.
Demigration and image space separation of simultaneously acquired data

Separating simultaneously acquired seismic data is the link between more efficient acquisition and conventional imaging techniques. Acquiring multiple source locations concurrently, without waiting for full energy dissipation, can provide cheaper and denser acquisition. However, to integrate with production scale imaging it is necessary to separate these data into their conventionally acquired equivalent state. Many algorithms give successful separation but all stringently require random source sampling in time and space. By posing the problem in the image-space separation without stringent acquisition restrictions is possible. Furthermore, since the desired output is separated data this imaging transform does not depend on a well constrained velocity model.
Prevention of CNS relapse in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

Summary CNS relapse occurs in about 5% of patients during the course of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and entails a dismal prognosis. This consideration has led to the adoption of CNS prophylaxis, although known risk factors do not allow for an accurate prediction of CNS recurrences because they have insufficient sensitivity and specificity. Here, we review the reports of CNS events in major studies of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma before and after the introduction of rituximab, and probe the evidence that underlies prophylactic strategies such as intrathecal or high-dose intravenous chemotherapy. Now that rituximab is available, CNS prophylaxis relies on little—if any—evidence and should not be routinely administered. Nonetheless, several patient subgroups probably have a high risk of systemic and CNS relapses, and how to manage their treatment is a challenge. These subgroups include patients with testicular lymphoma or those who have more than one extranodal site involved plus at least one additional risk factor. For such patients, we recommend against prophylactic intrathecal chemotherapy because of the rare occurrence of isolated leptomeningeal relapses, the absence of evidence-based efficacy, and the potential harmful side-effects that are associated with this procedure. Because many CNS events are a result of primary resistance to treatment or accompany systemic relapses, high-dose intravenous methotrexate has been suggested as an alternative approach that needs to be validated in prospective controlled trials.
The Photo-Ionization Cross-Section of Neon

The absorption of radiation of wave-length between 230 and 800 angstrom in neon was measured photometrically in a grazing incidence vacuum spectrograph. For wave-lengths longer than that corresponding to the first ionization limit the absorption coefficients were found to be zero except for photo-excitation of resonance transitions. Two sharp absorption edges were observed at 575 and 256 angstrom corresponding to the L$\_{3^{-}}$ and L$\_{1}$-edges respectively with a flat maximum between them. The photo-ionization cross-section at the first ionization limit was found to be 5$\cdot $4 $\times $ 10$^{-18}$ cm$^{2}$ independent of the pressure between 50 and 500$\mu $; this should be compared with the theoretical value of 5$\cdot $8 $\times $ 10$^{-18}$ cm$^{2}$ obtained by Seaton using a dipole-length approximation. Between 575 and 400 angstrom the calculated and experimental curves agreed closely within the limits of measurement.
Pain after spinal intrathecal clonidine. An adverse interaction with tricyclic antidepressants

Summary A case is reported in which spinal intrathecal administration of clonidine produced pain. The interaction between clonidine and tricyclic antidepressants is discussed, and is suggested as the basis for this observation.
Possible mechanism for down-regulation of autoantibody production by auto-anti-idiotype.

Once it is recognized that antigen and anti-idiotype antibody can both react with idiotype-bearing cells, it becomes apparent that there are certain similarities and differences in the consequences of these interactions. It is therfoore interesting to consider why anti-idiotype antibody might differ from antigen in its effect on cells. Here the authors suggest a possible mechanism for down-regulation of auto-antibody production by auto-anti-idiotype.
Comparison of amaurosis fugax and transient cerebral ischemia: A prospective clinical and arteriographic study

We compared the clinical associations, arteriographic findings, and long-term outcome of 93 patients with amaurosis fugax and 212 patients with focal cerebral ischemia (transient ischemic attacks [TIAs]). The group of patients with cerebral TIAs included a significantly larger proportion of blacks and had a higher prevalence of hypertension than the group with amaurosis. Operable atherosclerotic lesions of the carotid arteries were more often associated with amaurosis (66%) than with cerebral TIAs (51%). The seven-year cumulative rate of cerebral infarction, however, was less in patients with amaurosis (14%) than in those with cerebral TIAs (27%; p less than 0.02). This difference in outcome persisted after adjustment for race, hypertension, and type of therapy. There were no significant differences, however, in the cumulative rates either of recurrent TIAs or of myocardial infarction or sudden death in the two groups of patients.
VLSI design automation for the application system/400

The VLSI design automation process for the IBM AS/400 is highly focused on the dual goals of short design time and exhaustive verification. Some of the recent developments in the process areas of high level language and synthesis, timing analysis and verification, chip physical design, and system testing are described. The process continues to evolve to meet the dual challenges of shorter design time and improved solution quality. >
Source-adaptive FEC/UEP coding for video transport over bursty packet loss 3G UMTS networks: a cross-layer approach

Packet video transmission over wireless networks is expected to experience packet losses due to noise, interference, multipath and the motion of mobile hosts. Such packet losses often occur in bursts which may cause substantial degradation to the transmitted video quality. We propose use of a cross-layer unequal error protection (UEP) approach, based on adaptation to source information, which is achieved by assigning an unequal amount of forward error correction (FEC) to each group of link-layer packets according to the corresponding motion level of the slice acquired at the application layer. Also, a novel packetization scheme and an intra-frame packet interleaving scheme are proposed to be used together with FEC/UEP in order to combat the bursty packet losses expected in 3G wireless environments. Our results demonstrate that the proposed approach is very effective in dealing with the packet losses occurring on wireless networks without incurring any additional implementation complexity or extra delay.
Renin–Angiotensin System Blockade Therapy After Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement for Severe Aortic Stenosis: A Cohort Study

BACKGROUND: Data are lacking on the effect of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockade therapy with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin-receptor blockers after surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) for severe aortic stenosis (AS). OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between RAS blockade therapy and outcomes after SAVR for severe AS. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: Single tertiary referral care center. PATIENTS: Patients who were prescribed angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin-receptor blockers after SAVR for severe AS between 1991 and 2010 who had at least 2 refills 90 days apart and at least a 6-month follow-up constituted the RAS blockade group (n = 741). Patients who did not receive these prescriptions were in the untreated group (n = 1011). Unadjusted and propensity-matched analyses (594 matched pairs of treated and untreated patients) were performed. MEASUREMENTS: The primary outcome was survival rates after SAVR. Secondary end points were changes in left ventricular mass index, left ventricular ejection fraction, and left atrial size. RESULTS: Overall unadjusted estimated survival rates at 1, 5, and 10 years were significantly greater in the RAS blockade group than in the non-RAS blockade group (99%, 90%, and 60% vs. 99%, 81%, and 53%, respectively; P < 0.001). Among propensity-matched patients, estimated survival rates at 1, 5, and 10 years remained significantly greater in the RAS blockade group than in the non-RAS blockade group (99%, 90%, and 71% vs. 96%, 78%, and 49%, respectively; P < 0.001). For the matched cohorts, the groups did not significantly differ in the change in left ventricular mass index (P = 0.37), left ventricular ejection fraction (P = 0.67), or left atrial size (P = 0.43) after SAVR on echocardiographic analysis. LIMITATION: Retrospective, single-center analysis. CONCLUSION: Renin-angiotensin system blockade therapy is associated with increased survival rates in patients after SAVR for severe AS. A randomized trial of RAS blockade therapy after SAVR should be considered. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: None.
Adenosine triphosphate-sensitive K+ channels mediate postcard ioplegia coronary hyperemia

The purpose of the present study was to examine the role of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels in mediating the coronary hyperemic response after crystalloid cardioplegia. Thirteen pigs were placed on normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass support. Hearts were arrested with cold (4° C) crystalloid ([K + ] 25 mmol/L) cardioplegic solution for 60 minutes. In seven of these pigs, hearts were then reperfused for 60 minutes with warm blood, and the animal was separated from cardiopulmonary bypass. The in vivo responses to the intracoronary administration of the K + adenosine triphosphate channel blocker glibenclamide (50 gm/kg per minute) or the K + adenosine triphosphate channel opener pinacidil (2 gm/kg per minute) were evaluated before cardiopulmonary bypass (baseline) and after 2 minutes and 60 minutes of reperfusion in the cardioplegia-reperfusion group. Under baseline conditions, glibenclamide and pinacidil induced a respective decrease and increase in coronary blood flow and an increase and a decrease in coronary vascular resistance. Coronary responses to glibenclamide and pinacidil were markedly enhanced after 2 minutes or 60 minutes of postcardioplegia reperfusion. In vitro responses of coronary arterioles (90 to 180 μm) were examined in a pressurized, no-flow state with video microscopy. The contractile response of coronary arterioles to glibenclamide and the relaxation response to pinacidil were significantly enhanced 2 minutes or 60 minutes after reperfusion (all p + adenosine triphosphate channels. Decreased tissue concentrations of adenosine triphosphate in the coronary arterial smooth muscle and myocardium were observed after cardioplegia and persisted for up to 60 minutes of reperfusion (both p + adenosine triphosphate channels in the coronary micro-circulation.
SEPARATION OF THE TOXINS OF BACILLUS DYSENTERIÆ SHIGA

By the suppression, through anaerobiosis, of the exotoxin-producing activity of Bacillus dysenteriae Shiga a pure endotoxin is produced directly from the culture. The duality of the poison of Shiga bacillus is further substantiated by studies on the diffusion of exotoxin, or neurotoxin, and endotoxin, or enterotoxin, by means of collodion sacs, implanted intraabdominally in rabbits or placed in vitro.
A Review of the IPR System in India and its Impact on International Business

The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the Indian judicial system, its efficacy, the past and recent developments in the Indian IPR system, and its effects on international business activities. The paper uses secondary data from existing sources and attempts to link the developments in IPR laws to the recent economic developments in India. Understanding where each country stands in relation to intellectual property rights is vital for multinational companies. This article gives a glimpse of Indian laws and judicial system to help multinational companies make decisions as to the extent to which they can rely on Indian laws and regulations to provide the required protection, and what steps these companies may take to improve the protection of their own assets.
Strategic Planning Environmental Forcasting

Archived 9/11/03 at author's request.This note is a worksheet to guide the student or manager through an exercise in forecasting general political, social, economic, demographic, and technological trends.
Radical Geography and the Legacy of the Khmer Rouge

On 17 April 1975 members of the Revolutionary Army of Kampuchea entered Phnom Penh. Their arrival marked the culmination of years of revolution fighting, and a civil war that was embedded within th...
Pressureless, Low Temperature Sintering of Micro-scale Silver Paste for Die Attach for 300°C Applications

Low temperature Ag sintering technology provides a lead-free die attachment compatible with high temperature (300°C) applications. Previous work with Ag sintering has required pressure during the sintering process or been limited to small area die. In this paper, the pressureless sintering of micro-scale silver paste is examined for larger (8mm × 8mm) area die. Experimental combinations included: Si die metallization (Ag and Au); thick film substrate metallization (Au, Ag and PdAg); and sintering temperature. For Au metallization (die and/or substrate), the initial shear strength results were good with 8mm × 8mm die sintered at lower temperatures (200°C). The shear strength was beyond the limit of the shear test machine (100 kg), corresponding to >15.3 MPa. However, after aging for 24 hours at 300°C, the shear strength dropped significantly. An SEM was used to characterize cross sections of as-built and aged sample. The decrease in die shear strength with high temperature sintering (250°C and 300°C) or hi...
“So Much Honest Poverty”: Introduction

“A large muster of unemployed” assembled in the Vegetable Market in the West Midlands town of Dudley in mid-September 1921. Many of the men present had been out of work for long stretches and had used up their eligibility for national unemployment benefits. They met to discuss strategies for approaching local government bodies for assistance. The featured speaker of the gathering was James Wilson, the Labour Member of Parliament for Dudley. He rallied the crowd, insisting that the unemployed of Dudley did not want doles, and they had not met there that afternoon to ask for doles. What they wanted was genuine employment. (Hear, hear.) They were not loafers, but were men who protested against unemployment and were entitled to approach their local authorities … and ask them to do all they could to remove unemployment and provide useful and productive schemes which would find them work.
Introduction: Current Trends in Latin American Social Movements

For many scholars, the period from the 1980s into the early 1990s was a golden age for the study of Latin American social movements. At that time theory and real-world events converged to create an extremely creative moment for researchers who followed political change. Much of the scholarship during preceding decades focused on the political participation of labor, peasants, and the often clientelist urban politics of the poor (see, for example Cornelius 1975, Perlman 1976; Borja 1975; Rey 1969; Migdal 1974). The 1980s brought struggles as diverse as revolutions, efforts to overthrow dictatorships, urban movements seeking housing and adequate services, as well as the emergence of indigenous movements, women’s movements, and anti-austerity protest across the continent (Jaquette 1989; Jelin 1990; Paige 1997; Walton 1989; Oxhorn 1995; Black 1981; Gay 1994; Stokes 1995; Ramirez Saiz 1986). Despite the disparate constituencies these movements represented, the scholarly community often interpreted them through the lens of New Social Movement (NSM) theory. Developed in a postmodern Europe, NSM theorists responded to the vast array of political and cultural changes by moving away from much of the Marxist-oriented, materialist tools of analysis that had been used to explain much of European mobilization (Touraine 1985; Melucci 1985; Offe 1985; Castells 1983; Slater 1985). The NSM perspective argued that cultural difference, not class, drove mobilization; community, not alienation, supplied much of the motivation; and informal power over communication was often the goal of mobilization, as opposed to gaining formal power over the state. Indeed, much of the new politics, we were told, was not best thought of as political. Many scholars of Latin American movements focused on the novelty of the contention and the subsequent need to use new analytical tools to analyze it. Despite the questionable capability of a post-industrial theory to explain events in a region that was still industrializing, many of the theory’s proponents enjoyed their newfound celebrity, ignored their own initial explicit warnings, and toured Latin America spreading the new gospel. Other social movement analysis continued to be published (Eckstein 1989; Chalmers et. al. 1997; Slater 1994a, 1994b) yet the new model proved tenacious (Escobar and Alvarez 1992; Alvarez, Dagnino, and Escobar 1998). Indeed, there is a deep irony in the ascendance of NSM-based analysis and the concurrent damage by neoliberal policies in Latin America. This current special issue, along with other work (Eckstein and Wickham-Crowley 2003; Rothman and Oliver 1999), suggests several changes have occurred in Latin American movements and how they are analyzed. We continue to search for new theoretical tools, as Davis and Rosan’s power of distance model demonstrates, and as Borland’s discussion of
Na+ requirement for glutamate-dependent sugar transport byFusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 10953

Resting cells ofFusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 10953, when provided with glutamic acid (Na+ salt) as fermentable energy source, rapidly accumulated [14C]glucose, from the medium. Sugar accumulation was not observed when Na+ glutamate was replaced by ammonium glutamate. However, addition of Na+ (chloride) to the latter system elicited uptake of [14C]glucose by the organism. Of other monovalent cations tested, only Li+ was found to be slightly stimulatory, but K+, Rb+, and Cs+ ions were ineffective. For determination of the role(s) of Na+ in sugar accumulation, the transport of [14C]glucose and [14C]glutamic acid by the cells was studied independently, with lysine as an alternate (and Na+-independent) energy source. In the presence of lysine, cells ofF. nucleatum 10953 accumulated [14C]glucose from a Na+-free medium, but, in contrast, uptake and fermentation of [14C]glutamic acid was Na+-dependent. The glucose transport system is Na+-independent. However, our data indicate dual role(s) for Na+ in the transport and intracellular metabolism of glutamic acid. The Na+-dependent glutamate fermentation pathway provides the necessary energy for active transport of glucose by the resting cell.
Defining and measuring water access: lessons from Tanzania for moving forward in the post-Millennium Development Goal era

The Millennium Development Goal for water sought to halve the number of people without access to an improved source of water. The world officially achieved this goal in 2010, but a significant body of literature critiques the definition and measurement of access. This paper provides an overview of this criticism and uses data from Dar es Salaam to show that poor quality, fluid price structures, unreliable supplies, and burdensome collection all limit water access even though they are not considered in official measurements. This paper argues for a meaningful definition of access is required to generate real development and poverty reduction.
The Family in Physical Therapy

Family Focus is a training program implemented by the Division of Physical Therapy at Stanford University in cooperation with the Mental Research Institute of Palo Alto, California. Through this program, inpatients at the Stanford University Hospital and their families have the opportunity to live in a modular home on the hospital grounds prior to discharge and receive training in the activities they will need to carry out at home. Psychologists consult with the physical therapists on ways to help the family cope with stressful situations. The advantages of including the entire family in health care planning and treatment are described and suggestions are made for applying the principles in any physical therapy setting.
Simulations as crucial tools for GW experiments

In order to operate large scale GW detection experiments, like the LIGO project, use of computer simulations of various kinds is crucial. In this presentation, two kinds of simulation tools used in the LIGO project are explained. One is a time domain simulation, which generates time series of various channels and is used to study nonstationary processes. Another is a static optics model, which calculates steady state fields in a given optical configuration and is used to study details of stationary processes.
Toward Hydrodynamics with Solvent Free Lipid Models: STRD Martini

Abstract Solvent hydrodynamics are incorporated into simulations of the solvent-free Dry Martini model. The solvent hydrodynamics are modeled with the stochastic rotation dynamics (SRD) algorithm, a particle-based method for resolving fluid hydrodynamics. SRD does not require calculation of particle-particle distances in the solvent, and so is scalable to arbitrary volumes of solvent with minimal additional computational overhead. The viscosity of the solvent is easily tuned via parameters of the algorithm to span an order of magnitude in viscosity around the viscosity of water at room temperature. The combination "Stochastic Thermostatted Rotation Dynamics (STRD) with Martini" was implemented in Gromacs v.5.01. Simulations of an SRD/palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine membrane demonstrate that the solvent may be included without reparametrizing the lipid model, with minimal perturbation to the thermodynamics. A recent generalization of Saffman-Delbruck theory to periodic geometries by Camley and Brown indicates that lipid dynamics are contaminated by a finite-size effect in typical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and that very large systems are required for quantitative simulation of dynamics. Analysis of lipid translational diffusion in this work shows good agreement with the theory, and with explicitly solvated simulations. This indicates that STRD Martini is a viable approach for quantitative simulation of membrane dynamics and does not require massive computational overhead to model the solvent.
Homomorphism and Isomorphism of Rough Group

The chief objective of this study is to show the usefulness of Rough set theory in Group theory. The aim of this paper is to determine the definable and undefinable groups also construct the rough group ,upper rough group, homomorphism and isomorphism of rough group using rough set theory.
Age, Race, and Gender Factors in Incident Disability

Background Incident disability rates enable the comparison of risk across populations. Understanding these by age, sex, and race is important for planning for the care of older adults and targeting prevention. Methods We calculated incident disability rates among older adults in the Cardiovascular Health Study, a study of 5,888 older adults aged ≥ 65 years over 6 years of follow-up. Disability was defined in the following two ways: (i) self-report of disability (severe difficulty or inability) in any of six Activities of Daily Living (ADL), and (ii) mobility difficulty (any difficulty walking half a mile or climbing 10 steps). Incident disability rates were calculated as events per 100 person years for age, gender, and race groups. Results The incidence of ADL disability, and mobility difficulty were 2.7 (2.5-2.8), and 9.8 (9.4-10.3) events per 100 person years. Women, older participants, and blacks had higher rates in both domains. Conclusion Incidence rates are considerably different based on the domain examined as well as age, race, and gender composition of the population. Prevention efforts should focus on high risk populations and attempt to ameliorate factors that increase risk in these groups.
Multiplexed targeted mass spectrometry assays for prostate cancer-associated urinary proteins

Biomarkers for effective early diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer are still lacking. Multiplexed assays for cancer-associated proteins could be useful for identifying biomarkers for cancer detection and stratification. Herein, we report the development of sensitive targeted mass spectrometry assays for simultaneous quantification of 10 prostate cancer-associated proteins in urine. The diagnostic utility of these markers was evaluated with an initial cohort of 20 clinical urine samples. Individual marker concentration was normalized against the measured urinary prostate-specific antigen level as a reference of prostate-specific secretion. The areas under the receiver-operating characteristic curves for the 10 proteins ranged from 0.75 for CXL14 to 0.87 for CEAM5. Furthermore, MMP9 level was found to be significantly higher in patients with high Gleason scores, suggesting a potential of MMP9 as a marker for risk level assessment. Taken together, our work illustrated the feasibility of accurate multiplexed measurements of low-abundance cancer-associated proteins in urine and provided a viable path forward for preclinical verification of candidate biomarkers for prostate cancer.
Caregiver and community insights on coping strategies used by adolescents living in conflict-affected communities.

The aim of this qualitative study was to provide a context-specific understanding of adolescent (10–15 years of age) exposure and coping with trauma from the perspective of mothers/female caregiver...
Citrus juice composition does not influence radiation sensitivity of Salmonella enteritidis.

Food substrate chemistry is known to influence radiation sensitivity of pathogenic bacteria. The sensitivity of a citrus juice outbreak strain of Salmonella Enteritidis to gamma radiation was determined in five commercial orange juice formulations. The juices differed in pH (3.87 to 4.13), calcium concentration (2.1 versus 36.9 mM), juice composition (orange versus orange-tangerine blend), and antioxidant power (11,751 to 12,826 μM ferric reducing–antioxidant power units). The Dγ (dose required to achieve 90% destruction) varied only slightly (0.35 to 0.37 kGy), with no significant (P < 0.05) differences among any of the suspending juices. These results indicate that Salmonella Enteritidis sensitivity to gamma radiation is not strongly influenced by the composition of formulated commercial orange juices.
Providing a Medical Excuse to Organ Donor Candidates Who Feel Trapped: A Reply to Spital's Concerns

In his response to our treatment of the medical excuse, Spital claims that we offer a flawed analysis of the practice of offering excuses to potential living organ donors. Spital's criticisms help sharpen our position and more clearly lay out the issues. In this response, we address each of his concerns and replies and clarify our earlier analysis. Importantly, we agree with Spital's judgement that physicians "should be completely honest with all their patients, including donor candidates." However, unlike Spital, we believe that this obligation to be honest extends to potential recipients and that the use of the medical excuse undermines this injunction. There is much work yet to be done to establish the conditions under which using medical excuses or other deceptive practices might be justified.
The 1968 Merger Guidelines: In Praise of Committing to Restraint

The 1968 Merger Guidelines of the U.S. Department of Justice remain a model for competition agencies around the world because they courageously articulated when the Department would exercise its prosecutorial discretion by not challenging a horizontal merger.
Current trends and in-patient outcomes of venous thromboembolism-related admissions in patients with Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms: A Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database analysis.

e19030Background: Patients with Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), including polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocytosis (ET) and primary myelofibrosis (MF), have a sign...
General mental ability and decision-making competence: Theoretically distinct but empirically redundant

Abstract Decision-making competence (DMC) has potential utility in incrementally predicting decision-making behavior relative to general mental ability (g). However, prior research presents an incomplete depiction of the degree to which these two constructs overlap. This paper evaluated both theoretical and empirical discriminant validity evidence for DMC. Theoretically, DMC and g are distinct constructs though highly interconnected; both constructs exist within the intelligence nomological network. However, our empirical findings demonstrate scores on the Adult-Decision Making Competence assessment, are largely indistinguishable from g. Future research should treat DMC as an acquired skill as opposed to an underlying individual difference.