cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TRANSITION FROM COLLISIONLESS TO COLLISIONAL MAGNETOROTATIONAL INSTABILITY

Recent calculations by Quataert and coworkers found that the growth rates of the magnetorotational instability (MRI) in a collisionless plasma can differ significantly from those calculated using MHD. This can be important in hot accretion flows around compact objects. In this paper we study the transition from the collisionless kinetic regime to the collisional MHD regime, mapping out the dependence of the MRI growth rate on collisionality. A kinetic closure scheme for a magnetized plasma is used that includes the effect of collisions via a BGK operator. The transition to MHD occurs as the mean free path becomes short compared to the parallel wavelength 2π/k∥. In the weak magnetic field regime where the Alfven and MRI frequencies ω are small compared to the sound wave frequency k∥c0, the dynamics are still effectively collisionless even if ω ν, so long as the collision frequency ν k∥c0; for an accretion flow this requires ν Ω. The low collisionality regime not only modifies the MRI growth rate, but also introduces collisionless Landau or Barnes damping of long-wavelength modes, which may be important for the nonlinear saturation of the MRI.
Polymer 3D Printing Review: Materials, Process, and Design Strategies for Medical Applications

Polymer 3D printing is an emerging technology with recent research translating towards increased use in industry, particularly in medical fields. Polymer printing is advantageous because it enables printing low-cost functional parts with diverse properties and capabilities. Here, we provide a review of recent research advances for polymer 3D printing by investigating research related to materials, processes, and design strategies for medical applications. Research in materials has led to the development of polymers with advantageous characteristics for mechanics and biocompatibility, with tuning of mechanical properties achieved by altering printing process parameters. Suitable polymer printing processes include extrusion, resin, and powder 3D printing, which enable directed material deposition for the design of advantageous and customized architectures. Design strategies, such as hierarchical distribution of materials, enable balancing of conflicting properties, such as mechanical and biological needs for tissue scaffolds. Further medical applications reviewed include safety equipment, dental implants, and drug delivery systems, with findings suggesting a need for improved design methods to navigate the complex decision space enabled by 3D printing. Further research across these areas will lead to continued improvement of 3D-printed design performance that is essential for advancing frontiers across engineering and medicine.
Genome-wide ultraconserved elements resolve phylogenetic relationships and biogeographic history among Neotropical leaf-nosed bats in the genus Anoura (Phyllostomidae).

Abstract Anoura Gray, 1838 are Neotropical nectarivorous bats and the most speciose genus within the phyllostomid subfamily Glossophaginae. However, Anoura species limits remain debated, and phylogenetic relationships remain poorly known, because previous studies used limited Anoura taxon sampling or focused primarily on higher-level relationships. Here, we conduct the first phylogenomic study of Anoura by analyzing 2039 genome-wide ultraconserved elements (UCEs) sequenced for 42 individuals from 8 Anoura species/lineages plus two outgroups. Overall, our results based on UCEs resolved relationships in the genus and supported (1) the monophyly of small-bodied Anoura species (previously genus Lonchoglossa); (2) monotypic status of A. caudifer; and (3) nested positions of “A. carishina”, A. caudifer aequatoris, and A. geoffroyi peruana specimens within A. latidens, A. caudifer and A. geoffroyi, respectively (suggesting that these taxa are not distinct species). Additionally, (4) phylogenetic networks allowing reticulate edges did not explain gene tree discordance better than the species tree (without introgression), indicating that a coalescent model accounting for discordance solely through incomplete lineage sorting fit our data well. Sensitivity analyses indicated that our species tree results were not adversely affected by varying taxon sampling across loci. Tree calibration and Bayesian coalescent analyses dated the onset of diversification within Anoura to around ∼6–9 million years ago in the Miocene, with extant species diverging mainly within the past ∼4 million years. We inferred a historical biogeographical scenario for Anoura of parapatric speciation fragmenting the range of a wide-ranging ancestral lineage centered in the Central to Northern Andes, along with Pliocene–Pleistocene dispersal or founder event speciation in Amazonia and the Brazilian Atlantic forest during the last ∼2.5 million years.
The Delivery of Psychological Services in Schools : Concepts, Processes, and Issues

A refreshing change from standard volumes that reexamine the roles and functions of school psychologists, The Delivery of Psychological Services in Schools takes an objective look at the major concepts, processes and issues that form the foundation of the field. The result is a comprehensive view of significant service delivery concerns within school psychology, written by the best thinkers in the field.
Multiple symptoms, functioning, and general health perception in people with severe COPD over time.

Abstract Background Little is known of the effect over time of multiple symptoms on functioning and general health perception in people with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study examined the relationship between changes in multiple symptoms, functioning, and general health perception over a 3-year period. Methods The longitudinal study used a dataset from the National Emphysema Treatment Trial. Variables were assessed at baseline, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months in 152 people with COPD. Individual regression analysis was used to analyze the data. Results The number and frequency of symptoms increased; physical and social functioning and general health perception decreased over 3 years. Changes in dyspnea were more significantly associated with a decline in physical functioning and general health perception than changes in multiple symptoms. Conclusion Efforts should be made to relieve multiple symptoms and dyspnea over time to slow the decline in functioning and general health perception in people with COPD.
TU-C-201-01: Clinical Implementation of HDR: A New Userâ€™s Perspective

Recent use of HDR has increased while planning has become more complex often necessitating 3D image-based planning. While many guidelines for the use of HDR exist, they have not kept pace with the increased complexity of 3D image-based planning. Furthermore, no comprehensive document exists to describe the wide variety of current HDR clinical indications. This educational session aims to summarize existing national and international guidelines for the safe implementation of an HDR program. A summary of HDR afterloaders available on the market and their existing applicators will be provided, with guidance on how to select the best fit for each institution’s needs. Finally, the use of checklists will be discussed as a means to implement a safe and efficient HDR program and as a method by which to verify the quality of an existing HDR program. This session will provide the perspective of expert HDR physicists as well as the perspective of a new HDR user. Learning Objectives: 1. Summarize national and international safety and staffing guidelines for HDR implementation 2. Discuss the process of afterloader and applicator selection for gynecologic, prostate, breast, interstitial, surface treatments 3. Learn about the use of an audit checklist tool to measure of quality control of a new or existing HDR program 4. Describe the evolving use of checklists within an HDR program
Characterization and crystallization of recombinant pea cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase

An Escherichia coli expression system has been developed for pea cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase (APX). The enzyme was expressed as a fusion product with the E. coli maltose-binding protein for rapid, affinity chromatography purification. Recombinant ascorbate peroxidase (rAPX) was purified by tryptic digestion to separate the maltose-binding protein from rAPX followed by three chromatographic steps. The purified rAPX protein demonstrated identical electrophoretic, enzymatic, and spectral properties when compared to native APX isolated from pea shoots. Upon addition of an equal molar amount of H2O2, rAPX exhibits an initial decrease in the Soret maximum, which slowly converts to a stable, red-shifted Soret peak similar to that observed for cytochrome c peroxidase Compound I, indicating that rAPX Compound I consists of an oxyferryl (Fe(4+)-O) center. rAPX has been crystallized in a form suitable for crystal structure determination, and a preliminary set of native data to 2.6 A have been collected.
Phosphoinositides and calcium signaling. New aspects and diverse functions in cell regulation

Abstract Numerous circulating and locally produced hormones bind to specific cell-surface receptors and activate a variety of second-messenger pathways that evoke characteristic phenotypic responses in their target cells. One of the most ubiquitous signal transduction mechanisms is the phosphoinositide-calcium messenger system, which is activated by hormones, neurotransmitters, and growth factors. Stimulation of these receptors by their ligands causes a characteristic change in the metabolism of membrane phospholipids with production of diacylglycerol and a rapid increase in cytoplasmic Ca 2+ concentration, due to the release of stored intracellular Ca 2+ and stimulated Ca 2+ entry from the extracellular space. These intracettular signals act in concert to activate protein kinases that phosphorylate a variety of regulatory proteins. The link between phosphoinositide turnover and Ca 2+ mobilization is inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, the major Ca 2+ -mobilizing second messenger, which is produced from membrane phosphoinositides by activated phospholipase C enzymes. The mechanisms of ligand-regulated Ca 2+ influx and the additional regulatory role(s) of phosphoinositides and inositol phosphates are still being unfolded. This review and the following article summarize some recent developments and unsolved issues about this major signal transduction cascade that links calcium-mobilizing hormone receptors to the regulation of endocrine cell function.
Effects of predation risk and plant resistance on Manduca sexta caterpillar feeding behaviour and physiology

Because predation risk typically alters how prey forage for food, interactions between predation risk and food availability are commonly found. Less is known about how host plant quality and predation risk interact to affect prey behaviour and physiology. Using the caterpillar, Manduca sexta, and its predator, Podisus maculiventris, the effects of predation risk and host plant quality on caterpillar feeding, growth, assimilation efficiency, and resting metabolic rate were tested. Overall, caterpillars on low-resistance tomato plants (jasmonate-insensitive) gained 14% more mass than caterpillars on high-resistance plants (wild-type tomato). On low-resistance plants, the presence of predators caused caterpillars to eat 32% less, but they gained the same mass as unthreatened caterpillars (i.e. a 19% increase in assimilation efficiency). In addition, caterpillars showed a 17% increase in resting metabolic rate in the presence of predators. On high-resistance plants, predation risk caused a decrease in feeding, but did not alter assimilation efficiency or resting metabolic rate. The reduction in physiological responses to predation risk on high- versus low-resistance plants demonstrates a tradeoff between the ability to respond to predation risk and the ability to grow, especially on well-defended plants.
Space Weather—Lessons from the Meteorologists

The ability to measure, model and forecast the global ionosphere lags significantly behind current capabilities to model and forecast global weather. However, there are a number of new techniques for ionospheric remote sensing from space that are currently being tested and will soon be operationally available. A significantly large and continuous real-time ionospheric database could provide the basis for a new type of ionospheric model based on data assimilation. The ionospheric modeling and forecast community stands to benefit substantially from the past 50 years of tropospheric weather modeling and forecasting. By studying the development history and lessons learned along the way, ionospheric modelers should be able to advance more rapidly and avoid problems encountered by the meteorologists. Three important lessons include the need for continuous space-based observations, the use of data assimilation to combine good physics models with multiple data types, and the exploitation of geostationary orbit to provide long-dwell, high temporal and spatial resolution measurements of ionospheric variability.
The effect of hydroxyurea on hemoglobin F in patients with myeloproliferative syndromes.

Fetal hemoglobin (Hb F) may increase in patients receiving chemotherapeutic drugs, a result of potential use in patients with symptomatic hemoglobinopathies. We examined Hb F in 13 patients with myeloproliferative disease (six polycythemia vera, five polycythemia vera with myeloid metaplasia, one agnogenic myeloid metaplasia, and one chronic myelogenous leukemia) who were treated with hydroxyurea. Four patients showed an increase in Hb F from less than 1% to between 5% and greater than 8% while on hydroxyurea, and a decline to less than 1% when the drug was discontinued. This group of “responders” received a higher average daily dose of hydroxyurea, which was administered continuously rather than intermittently, when compared to the “nonresponders.” Mean corpuscular volumes (MCVs) rose in most patients, and i antigen remained elevated or decreased; neither parameter correlated with Hb F levels. Both responders and nonresponders had therapeutically desirable suppression of WBCs and platelets, and almost all had no depression of reticulocytes or Hb.
Two-photon tissue cytometry

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a new cytometry technique based on the combination of Two-photon microscopy (TPM) and high-speed imaging techniques. TPM is a high-resolution fluorescence microscopy technique that provides 3D images of cells and tissues. It is well suited for imaging tissues. By incorporating high-speed image capabilities, it provides images of large populations of cells within their native tissue environment using TPM and extends standard 2D image cytometry into 3D. The native environment of cells is within the 3D environment of their host tissue but standard preparation for both flow and image cytometry involves the dissociation of cells from their tissue matrix. The chapter provides an overview of some of the early cytometry techniques such as flow, image, and tissue-based cytometry. Flow cytometry (FCM) is conducted with cells in suspension, whereas image cytometry studies are typically conducted in 2D culture. The biochemical, mechanical, and intracellular inputs present in a tissue affect the behavior of a cell. The underlying principles and instrumentation of two-photon tissue cytometry and some emerging applications of this technology are also described.
Vascular Reactivity Maps in Patients with Gliomas Using Breath-Holding BOLD fMRI.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE To evaluate whether breath-holding (BH) blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI can quantify differences in vascular reactivity (VR), as there is a need for improved contrast mechanisms in gliomas. METHODS 16 patients (gliomas, grade II = 5, III = 2, IV = 9) were evaluated using the BH paradigm: 4-second single deep breath followed by 16 seconds of BH and 40 seconds of regular breathing for five cycles. VR was defined as the difference in BOLD signal between the minimal signal seen at the end of the deep breath and maximal signal seen at the end of BH (peak-to-trough). VR was measured for every voxel and compared for gray versus white matter and tumor versus normal contralateral brain. VR maps were compared to the areas of enhancement and FLAIR/T2 abnormality. RESULTS VR was significantly lower in normal white matter than gray matter (P < .05) and in tumors compared to the normal, contralateral brain (P < 0.002). The area of abnormal VR (1103 ± 659 mm2) was significantly greater (P = .019) than the enhancement (543 ± 530 mm2), but significantly smaller (P = .0011) than the FLAIR abnormality (2363 ± 1232 mm2). However, the variability in the areas of gadolinium contrast enhancement versus VR abnormality indicates that the contrast mechanism elicited by BH (caused by abnormal arteriolar smooth muscles) appears to be fundamentally different from the contrast mechanism of gadolinium enhancement (caused by the presence of “leaky” gap junctions). CONCLUSIONS BH maps based on peak-to-trough can be used to characterize VR in brain tumors. VR maps in brain tumor patients appear to be caused by a different mechanism than gadolinium enhancement.
Purified rabbit interferon: attempts to demonstrate interferon-specific 3H-protein.

3 H-protein present in highly purified preparations of rabbit interferon was not conclusively separated from noninterferon, cellular 14 C-proteins by co-chromatography on carboxymethyl-Sephadex or by co-electrophoresis on acid or neutral polyacrylamide gels.
Lake performance differences in response to land use and water quality: Data envelopment analysis

Abstract Alsharif KA, Fouad G. 2012. Lake performance differences in response to land use and water quality: Data envelopment analysis. Lake Reserv Manage. 28:130-141. Comparisons of lake conditions to surrounding land use classifications and water quality can be used to assist management of lake resources. This study used Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), a performance measurement tool used in economics and operations research and management science, to compare lakes based on land use classifications and water quality. Lake performance ratings reflecting land use and water quality conditions were generated by DEA models that assessed surrounding land use and the reciprocal of the chlorophyll a concentration in the Tampa Bay region, Florida, USA. Using the performance continuum established by the DEA, lakes were categorized according to their management demands. Increased catchment, natural land, and agricultural land area were all related to lower performance measurements. It was found that higher DEA per...
A simple inexpensive method for demonstrating in vitro leukocyte migration.

. A simple direct in vitro method for studying delayed hypersensitivity in man using linear migration of peripheral blood leukocytes in capillaries is described. It eliminated the use of expensive chambers, conserved at least 50% of the antigen, saved time in setting up the test and enabled easy reading of linear migration within the capillaries with discrete end point when compared with the conventional method using chambers and planimetric measurement of the area of migration.
Thermal Properties of Beef Loaf Produced in Foodservice Systems

There is a lack of information on thermal and other properties of foods, especially food mixtures. Physical properties of beef loaf prepared following formula and procedures used in alternate foodservice systems were determined: heat capacity (0.88 cal/g°C uncooked, 0.91 heated to 60°C) moisture content (72.1% uncooked, 66.2% heated), thermal conductivity (0.40 w/cm°C uncooked, 0.47 heated), fat (17.6% uncooked, 13.0% heated) and density (1.00 g/cm3 uncooked and 0.70 heated). The surface heat transfer coefficient for a forced convection oven was also determined (62 w/ m2°C.) Times to heat beef loaves to specified ending temperatures in a forced convection oven at 163°C and 176°C were calculated. There was less than 1 min difference in calculated heating time required to reach the desired end temperature. The actual times to reach ending temperature show very good agreement with the calculated times.
Localization, depuration, bioaccumulation and impairment of ion regulation associated with cationic polymer exposure in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

1. Static exposure of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, to three commercial 14C-labelled cationic polymers (EDP, epichlorhydrin-dimethylamine; CYT, polyacrylamide ester; and STK, polyacrylamide amide) resulted in 14C being concentrated only in gill tissue. 2. Depuration studies examining the effect of humic acid (HA) on cationic polymer bound in gill tissue indicate that the binding is reversible with exposure to polymer-free water and polymer-free water with HA for each of the three polymers. 3. Analysis of blood pH, Na+, K+, total NH3 and Cl− after static water exposures to EDP (m.w. 50000) at 7.5 mg EDP/l revealed a treatment related decrease in blood pH, from 7.1 to 6.6, accompanied by an increase in blood NH3 and evidence of severe impairment of ion regulation. 4. Repeated exposure to the cationic polymers did not result in increases in the 14C concentration in gill tissue suggesting that bioaccumulation of the polymers does not occur. 5. These data suggest that the gill is the site of toxicity for...
InSb arrays for SIRTF

SIRTF, and other infrared space astronomy projects, require detector arrays with extremely high sensitivity. It is a goal of SIRTF to achieve background limited performance at all wavelengths. Especially critical is the spectral region around 3 micrometers , where the zodiacal dust emission and scattering reaches a minimum, and where there are no other natural background sources, and where a cooled space telescope provides negligible background. This is a spectral region where many of the most interesting astrophysical sources can best be studied. The IRAC (infrared array camera) SIRTF experiment requires short wavelength detector arrays (2 - 5 micrometers ) that achieve background limited operation.
Effect of CMOS driver loading conditions on simultaneous switching noise

A model for simultaneous switching noise (SSN) for CMOS including the effect of negative feedback and loading conditions is presented. A level 1, SPICE-type device model is used with V/sub TN/=|V/sub TP/| for the simulations. An analysis of the loading conditions is conducted since no prior knowledge of this is assumed in the design of the package. The sensitivity of SSN to the load capacitance is investigated. Equations defining a critical capacitance governing SSN are included. Output buffers normally drive receivers through bond wires, signal traces, pins, and the board traces. For the short trace, the output is modeled as a lumped inductance and for the long trace, as a transmission line. Such a condition at the output will alter the current that defines the noise. Equations are presented for the critical inductance and the transmission line characteristic impedance. Above these critical values, these parameters will tend to decrease the noise generated. Finally, a practical package structure is modeled which takes into account the effects of the total loading conditions. >
Multiple components in restriction enzyme digests of mammalian (insectivore), avian and reptilian genomic DNA hybridize with murine immunoglobulin VH probes

High molecular weight genomic DNAs isolated from an insectivore, Tupaia, and a representative reptilian, Caiman, and avian, Gallus, were digested with restriction endonucleases transferred to nitrocellulose and hybridized with nick-translated probes of murine VH genes. The derivations of the probes designated S107V (1) and mu 107V (2,3) have been described previously. Under conditions of reduced stringency, multiple hybridizing components were observed with Tupaia and Caiman; only mu mu 107V exhibited significant hybridization with the separated fragments of Gallus DNA. The nick-translated S107V probe was digested with Fnu4H1 and subinserts corresponding to the 5' and 3' regions both detected multiple hybridizing components in Tupaia and Caiman DNA. A 5' probe lacking the leader sequence identified the same components as the intact 5' probe, suggesting that VH coding regions distant as the reptilians may possess multiple genetic components which exhibit significant homology with murine immunoglobulin in VH regions.
Demonstration of intermediates between deoxy and carbonmonoxy hemoglobins by anaerobic high-performance liquid chromatography.

Intermediary ferrous hemoglobins (Hb) partially liganded with carbon monoxide (CO) were separated using an anaerobic high-performance liquid chromatography system equipped with a cation-exchange column at room temperature. Separations were achieved by applying various mixtures of oxy- and CO-Hb A to the column. The mobile phase contained 3 mM sodium dithionite which deoxygenated the oxy hemes but left the CO hemes intact, thereby producing hemoglobins bound with various numbers of CO molecules. Spectrophotometric analyses of the eluent showed that hemoglobins were eluted in the order of deoxy hemoglobin, Hb(CO), Hb(CO)2, Hb(CO)3 and Hb(CO)4.
Altered insulin-like growth factor I mRNA expression in human hypoplastic lung in congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

Abstract Background/Purpose: Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is a peptide growth factor that is synthesized in many organs during human development and plays a role in the growth and differentiation of tissue. IGF-I has been shown to be produced in rat and human fetal lung and to be an important mitogen involved in lung growth and development. The cells responsible for the synthesis of IGF-I in lung in vivo have been demonstrated to be type II pneumocytes, alveolar macrophages, and mesenchymal cells. Recent studies have shown that IGF-I mRNA expression in the lung is predominant during fetal life and decreases before birth, becoming barely detectable in the neonatal lung. The aim of this study was to investigate IGF-I mRNA expression in CDH lung to understand the basis of pulmonary hypoplasia in newborns with CDH. Methods: Lung tissue samples were obtained during autopsy from 13 patients with CDH. Nine were full-term newborns (mean age, 3.8 days), and four were stillborns. Normal lung tissue from eight sudden infant death syndrome infants (mean age, 15.3 days) acted as controls. In situ hybridization was performed on frozen sections using IGF-I-specific and digoxigenin-labeled oligonucleotide probe and visualized by nitro blue tetrazolium staining. Results: In control lung, IGF-I mRNA expression was absent or weak in type II pneumocytes and alveolar macrophages. In contrast, there was strong IGF-I mRNA expression in type II pneumocytes and alveolar macrophages in hypoplastic CDH lung in newborns as well as stillborns. Conclusion: The findings of strong IGF-I mRNA expression in the hypoplastic lung suggest that lung hypoplasia in CDH is a persistence of fetal stage of lung development.
Erythrocyte volume in acidified venous blood from exercising limbs.

Five male volunteers performed arm exercises in the sitting position by cranking the pedals of a bicycle ergometer at 50 revolutions per min. The initial mechanical work load of 0 kgm/min was increased every minute by 75 kgm/min until exhaustion occurred. The data obtained show a significant acidification of the venous blood from the working arms and a substantial increase in venous pCO2 during this type of muscular activity. However, the erythrocyte volume remained unaltered during the exercise.
The method in their madness: chaos, communication, and the D.C. snipers

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explicate chaos theory metaphorically from a social science perspective to expand upon a relatively new theoretical framework for crisis communication in the public sector. Using the 2002 Washington, DC, area sniper shootings as a case study, the author unravel chaos theory in terms of a public safety crisis that required crisis communication by government officials. Design/methodology/approach – The author analysed front-page coverage in The Washington Post and The New York Times as well as CNN coverage during the three weeks of the sniper shootings, 2 October through 25 October. In total, 56 (69 per cent) of the newspaper stories were published in The Washington Post, and 78 news segments were used from CNN archives. Each story was reviewed for evidence of chaotic elements and crisis communication responses using a code sheet, and the resulting thematic analysis created a composite description of the case. Findings – This case exhibited the main characteristics ...
Intersexuality Associated with Malignant Intra-Abdominal Teratoma of the Seminoma Type

Cases of intersexuality associated with a malignant intraabdominal teratoma of the testis are rare and the case herein reported had interesting features which make it worth recording. REPORT OF CASE History. A girl, aged 14, American, was referred on July 14, 1941 by the Board of Education because of ‘gland trouble.’ Psychiatric tests showed that her intelligence quotient was normal. She had been reared as a girl, played with dol's and had led a normal female child's existence. The father stated that three years ago, at the age of 11, her voice became masculine in character, assuming a deep pitch. The mother gave the information that her genitals ‘did not seem right.’ She had never menstruated and there had been no epistaxis. Her past history had been uneventful, having had measles, chickenpox and mumps. The tonsils had been removed because of chronic tonsillitis. The parents are of average height and weight.
Characterization of residual stress and texture in cast steel railroad wheels

Abstract Residual stress and texture were characterized in the rim of a cast steel railroad wheel, using both an electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) and a piezoelectric transducer. Orthogonally polarized shear horizontal waves were propagated through the thickness of the rim, and arrival times measured (by the pulse-echo method) with a precision of ≈ 10−5. The difference in arrival times (birefringence) is related to the difference in principal stresses and also to texture. The wheel had been sawcut in a previous experiment and the residual stress had been relieved at the sawcut. The birefringence was measured at the sawcut and subtracted from the birefringence measured at stressed regions. This allowed us to map variations in stress around the circumference of the wheel. Stresses measured with the EMAT and piezoelectric transducer agreed to within 10 MPa.
Search for a realistic string model at LHC

We survey the low-energy supersymmetry phenomenology of a three-family Pati-Salam model constructed from intersecting D6-branes in Type IIA string theory on the T{sup 6}/(Z{sub 2}xZ{sub 2}) orientifold which possesses many of the phenomenological properties desired in string model building. In the model, there is no exotic matter in the low-energy spectrum, the correct mass hierarchies for quarks and leptons may be obtained, and the gauge couplings are automatically unified at the string scale. We calculate the supersymmetry breaking soft terms and the corresponding low-energy supersymmetry particle spectra for the model. We find the WMAP constrained dark-matter density can be generated in this model in the stau-neutralino and chargino-neutralino coannihilation regions, with expected final states at LHC consisting of low-energy leptons and O (GeV) neutrinos. Moreover, we expect final states in the supercritical string cosmology scenario to comprise high energy leptons and O (GeV) neutrinos.
Interaction between advancing ice fronts and erythrocytes. Mechanism of erythrocyte destruction upon freezing and influence of cryoprotective agents.

It can be shown theoretically and experimentally that in purely aqueous suspension, cells (as well as microsolutes) areexcluded by advancing freezing fronts. This puts the cells under considerable osmotic stress and may be considered to be the major source of cell destruction upon freezing. It is also shown theoretically and experimentally that in aqueous suspensions, admixed with appropriate concentrations of a cryoprotectant (e.g., glycerol), cells areengulfed by advancing freezing fronts: Under such conditions, cells do not undergo any osmotic stress and remain undamaged when frozen. The influence of various common cryoprotectants is discussed, as is the reason why penetrating as well as nonpenetrating agents can be equally effective cryoprotective agents. The reason why leukocytes require lower cryoprotectant concentrations than erythrocytes is also elucidated.
Funding of human service sector nonprofit organizations (HSNPs)

Purpose – This article aims to examine the dynamic nature of the sources of funding for not‐for‐profit (NPs) organizations with particular reference to NPs in the human service sector NPs in the US.Design/methodology/approach – The universe of NPs include government and so‐called third sector organizations which such as charities, healthcare organizations, educational institutions and disaster relief organizations. Specifically the authors examined the human service sector of NPs with the aim of analyzing the relationships between government subsidy and the level of commercial activities of NPs.Findings – The expectation is that NPs with greater level of commercial of for‐profit type activities are better managed than NPs that are solely reliant on government subsidies.Originality/value – This article examines the dynamic nature of the sources of funding for not‐for‐profit (NPs) organizations with particular reference to NPs in the human service sector NPs in the US.
The effect of growth on the value relevance of accounting data

Abstract The degree to which accounting data is useful for valuation purposes and how this relevance may vary across firms is of considerable interest to the financial reporting community. One potential influence on the relationship between accounting information and price is firm growth potential, however how growth affects the usefulness of accounting data in a valuation context is not well established. This paper examines the relationship between accounting information and security price across firm growth. A sample of 6164 observations is sorted into five growth portfolios based on analyst forecasts. The value relevance of accounting data is found to be significantly higher for low-growth firms relative to high-growth firms. This finding suggests that growth has a negative impact on the value relevance of accounting information. Additional analysis shows that this finding is robust to alternate measures of growth and is not driven by systematic differences in size across growth profiles.
One face of the devil: The satanic ritual abuse moral crusade and the law

The last decade has witnessed the spread across the country of allegations of satanic ritual abuse of children. The allegations are so horrific that a moral crusade comprised largely of psychotherapists, survivors, religious fundamentalists, and law enforcement professionals has risen up in response to them. This paper dissects the claim of the moral crusade that satanic ritual abuse of children is an exigent social problem, analyzes the empirical content of the behavioral science that has grown around this claim, and reveals the symbolic content of the claim. The article concludes with a discussion of the impact this moral crusade is having on the law. Language: en
The evaluation of a program of special classes for “disruptive children” in an urban school system

The so-called “disruptive child” has become a major concern to educators in urban areas. It is widely believed that such untoward behavior arises from conflicts which must be resolved before any appreciable educational progress can be made. Other observers conclude that undesirable school behavior is frequently a response to the frustration and humiliation generated by academic disabilities. The present paper describes a multidiscipline-center organized within an urban school system to deal primarily with the educational difficulties of disruptive children. Data relevant to the evaluation of the success of the center's first 18 months of operation are presented.
Balloon support systems performance for the cosmic rays energetics and mass mission

The Ballooncraft Support Systems were developed by NASA Wallops Flight Facility for use on ULDB class balloon missions. The support systems have now flown two missions supporting the Cosmic Rays Energetics and Mass (CREAM) experiment. The first, CREAM I, flown in December 2004, was for a record breaking 41 days, 21 h, and the second flight flown in December 2005, was for 28 days, 9 h. These support systems provide CREAM with power, telecommunications, command, and data handling including flight computers, mechanical structures, thermal management, and attitude control to help ensure a successful scientific mission. This paper addresses the performance and success of these support systems over the two missions.
Increased Exposure Improves Recruitment: Early Results of a Program Designed to Attract Medical Students Into Surgical Careers

Background In recent years, general surgery and surgical subspecialty residency interests have remained somewhat static among medical students, casting some doubt on recruitment of the best students. A summer research program was designed to introduce interested medical students to surgical careers. Methods In 2003, the division of cardiac surgery instituted an 8-week structured summer research experience for second-year medical students. Three students were competitively chosen from a pool of 20 to 30 interested applicants every year. They were taught basic operative suturing and knot-tying techniques. Students participated in large animal research projects, witnessed clinical operations, and developed individual clinical projects with an attending cardiac surgeon. The summer experience culminated with oral presentations to the cardiac surgery division, with many students producing manuscripts for publication or presentation at national meetings. Results From 2003 to 2012, 30 students participated in the program. Of 23 participants who had applied for residency, 12 (52.2%) matched into general surgery or a surgical subspecialty, including 3 into plastic surgery, 2 into cardiothoracic surgery, 1 into orthopedic surgery, and 1 into neurosurgery. These students produced 64 publications and presented at 51 national and regional meetings. Conclusions These results suggest that an 8-week, structured program introducing students to cardiothoracic surgery can successfully attract students into surgical careers. The percentage (52%) of these students entering a surgical career compares favorably with national residency match results (16%) and graduating Johns Hopkins medical students (22%). Increased effort for early exposure to surgery may be a key factor in generating and securing surgical interest among medical students.
Finite Element Modeling of Knee Joint Contact Pressures and Comparison to Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Loaded Knee

A finite element model of the knee joint could be helpful in providing insight on mechanisms of injury, effects of treatment, and the role of mechanical factors in degenerative conditions. However, preparation of such a model involves many geometric simplifications and input of material properties, some of which are poorly understood. Therefore, a method to compare model predictions to actual behaviors under controlled conditions could provide confidence in the model before exploration of other loading scenarios. Our laboratory has developed a method to apply axial loads to the in vivo human knee during magnetic resonance imaging, resembling weightbearing conditions. Image processing algorithms may then be used to assess the three-dimensional kinematics of the tibia and femur during loading. A three-dimensional model of the tibio-menisco-femoral contact has been generated and the image-based kinematic boundary conditions were applied to investigate the distribution of stresses and strains in the articular cartilage and menisci throughout the loading period. In this study, our goal is to investigate the contact patterns during long term loading of up to twenty minutes in the healthy knee. Specifically, we assess the use of both elastic and poroelastic material properties in the cartilage, and compare model predictions to known loading conditions and images of tissue deformations.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
The influence of sediment resuspension on the degradation of phenanthrene in flow-through microcosms

Abstract The effect of sediment resuspension on the mineralization of phenanthrene was examined in microcosms and sediment slurries. In computer-controlled, flow-through microcosms, 14 C-phenanthrene-amended sediments were resuspended into overlying oxic water at frequencies of 12, 4, 1, 0.25 and 0 d −1 . In slurry bottle experiments 14 C-phenanthrene-amended sediments were continuously resuspended under oxic (excess air headspace) and anoxic (N 2 headspace) conditions and mineralization was measured at periods from 2 h to 7 days. Our main findings were: (1) mineralization rate constants from the microcosms ranged from 0.001 to 0.01 d −1 and increased with frequency of resuspension, (2) these rates fell between those measured in oxic and anoxic slurries and were predicted within a factor of 2.5 by a model in which mineralization depended on the degree of oxygen exposure, and (3) the phenanthrene-degrading bacterial community was more active in resuspended sediments incubated in the microcosms than in sediments which were not resuspended, or which were stored under refrigeration. We conclude from these experiments that the effects of sediment resuspension on phenanthrene degradation are consistent with a primary role of average oxygen exposure, and also an alteration in the PAH-degrading activity of microbial populations.
Dynamics of heterologous interference between viable viruses in chick embryo fibroblast monolayers

Abstract A study of heterologous interference in chick embryo cells infected with two viruses has shown: Western equine encephalomyelitis virus (WEE) can suppress the production of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in chick embryo fibroblast monolayers if added as late as 5 to 6 hours after the cells have been initially infected with NDV. Single-cell experiments to determine the maximum latent period for NDV indicate that by 5 to 6 hours after infection, the majority of cells have passed through the latent period for NDV production. The ability of NDV-infected cells to produce WEE decreases exponentially with time after NDV infection. Evidence is presented that would suggest that the reduced yield of WEE in NDV-infected cells results from a reduction in the amount produced by each cell. This information is discussed in terms of its relationship to the site of interference. In contrast to NDV-infected cells, cells infected with the PR8 strain of influenza virus do not lose their ability to produce WEE for 4 to 5 hours. This period of normal WEE yield is followed by one of continuous decline in WEE production.
How to Conduct and Statistically Analyze Case-Based Time Series Studies, One Patient at a Time:

We describe how to conduct case-based time-series studies in a practice setting. First we offer a sampler of clinical research questions that can be addressed by case-based studies. Second we const...
Assessment of reportable disease incidence after Hurricane Sandy, New York City, 2012.

ObjectiveHurricane Sandy's October 29, 2012 arrival in New York City caused flooding, power disruption, and population displacement. Infectious disease risk may have been affected by floodwater exposure, residence in emergency shelters, overcrowding, and lack of refrigeration or heating. For 42 reportable diseases that could have been affected by hurricane-related exposures, we developed methods to assess whether hurricane-affected areas had higher disease incidence than other areas of NYC.MethodsWe identified post-hurricane cases as confirmed, probable, or suspected cases with onset or diagnosis between October 30 and November 26 that were reported via routine passive surveillance. Pre-hurricane cases for the same 4-week period were identified in 5 prior years, 2007–2011. Cases were geocoded to the census tract of residence. Using data compiled by the NYC Office of Emergency Management, we determined (1) the proportion of the population in each census tract living in a flooded block and (2) the subset of flooded tracts severely “impacted”, e.g., by prolonged service outages or physical damage. A separate multivariable regression model was constructed for each disease, modeling the outcome of case counts using a negative binomial distribution. Independent variables were: neighborhood poverty; whether cases were pre- or post-hurricane (time); the proportion of the population flooded in impacted and not impacted tracts; and interaction terms between the flood/impact variables and time. Models used repeated measures to adjust for correlated observations from the same tract and an offset term of the log of the population size. Sensitivity analyses assessed the effects of case count fluctuations and accounted for variations in reporting volume by using an offset term of the log of total cases.ResultsOnly legionellosis was statistically significantly associated with increased occurrence in flooded/impacted areas post-hurricane, adjusting for baseline differences (P = .04). However, there was only 1 legionellosis case post-hurricane in a flooded/impacted area.ConclusionsHurricane Sandy did not appear to elevate reportable disease incidence in NYC. Defining and acquiring reliable data and meta-data regarding hurricane-affected areas was a challenge in the weeks post-storm. Relevant metrics could be developed during disaster preparedness planning. These methods to detect excess disease can be adapted for future emergencies. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2013;7:513-521)
Low-frequency specialized transduction with Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage phi 105.

Abstract Low-frequency specialized transduction of phe A, leu B, leu C, and ilv B by Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage ∅105 has been found. All of these markers are near the attachment site. Lysates of ∅105, prepared by mitomycin C induction of lysogenic B. subtilis 168 (trp−) or 168 trp+, were used to infect lysogens auxotrophic for the selected market. The frequency of transduction of these markers is two to three orders of magnitude higher than other markers and is 6.5 × 10−7 per plaque-forming unit for leu B. Effective transduction occurs only with lysogenic mutants, and the absence of a prophage in the recipient leads to a drop in transduction frequencies of more than two orders of magnitude. Transformation and generalized transduction have been eliminated as possibilities because of DNAase treatment of the lysates, the selectivity of the transduced markers, the requirement for lysogenicity, and density gradient centrifugation of transducing particles. High-frequency transducing phages have not been detected. Because ∅105 does not excise from the chromosome according to the Campbell model, we suggest that the low-frequency transduction is due to infrequent errors in excision which may be corrected on subsequent infection and excision.
Is the Sonolith Vision fourth-generation lithotripter effective for the treatment of renal calculi?

Is the Sonolith Vision fourth-generation lithotripter effective for the treatment of renal calculi?
Interactions and asymptotics of dispersive shock waves – Korteweg–de Vries equation

Abstract The long-time asymptotic solution of the Korteweg–de Vries equation for general, step-like initial data is analyzed. Each sub-step in well-separated, multi-step data forms its own single dispersive shock wave (DSW); at intermediate times these DSWs interact and develop multiphase dynamics. Using the inverse scattering transform and matched-asymptotic analysis it is shown that the DSWs merge to form a single-phase DSW, which is the ‘largest’ one possible for the boundary data. This is similar to interacting viscous shock waves (VSW) that are modeled with Burgersʼ equation, where only the single, largest-possible VSW remains after a long time.