cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neurocognitive impairment: the unrecognized component of dual diagnosis in substance abuse treatment

Brief neuropsychological tests were administered to an inpatient substance abuse population to (1) evaluate the status of neurocognitive functioning at admission, (2) assess changes that may occur during the treatment program, and (3) compare various testing devices for clinical application in this setting. Patients entering a 14-day inpatient substance abuse unit were tested within a few days of admission with the Neurobehavioral Cognitive Status Examination (NCSE), the Screening test for the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery, and the Trail Making Test. Impaired neurocognitive performance was observed in approximately two-thirds of patients; the most frequently compromised areas of functioning involved attention and memory, calculation, abstraction, ability to follow complex commands, and visuospatial skills. Readministration of the NCSE prior to discharge detected a statistically significant improvement in attentional abilities, and a tendency to ward improvement for verbal comprehension and abs...
Artificial Pancreas Systems: An Integrated Multivariable Adaptive Approach

Abstract An artificial pancreas (AP) system with a hypoglycemia early alarm system and adaptive control system based on multivariable recursive time series models is developed. The inputs of the model include glucose concentration (GC) and physiological signals that provide information about the physical activities and stress of the patient. The stability of the recursive time-series models is guaranteed by a constrained optimization method. Generalized predictive control (GPC) is used to regulate GC. Experiments in a clinical setting illustrate the performance of the AP and compare it to open-loop regulation by the patient. Results show that the AP can regulate GC successfully and prevent hypoglycemia in spite of exercise.
A property of the colored complete graph

Abstract If the lines of the complete graph Kn are colored so that no point is on more than 1 7 (n−1) lines of the same color or so that each point lies on more than 1 7 (5n+8) lines of different colors, then Kn contains a cycle of length n with adjacent lines having different colors.
Adverb classes and the nature of minimality

In this work, we report a new interaction pattern among adverb classes in the context of movement and examine the implications of this pattern with respect to Rizzi’s (1990, 2001) Relativized Minimality, Chomsky’s (1995) Minimal Link Condition, and Ernst’s (2002) Fact-Event Object Calculus. In Sect. 1, we review the relevant data in the literature. Our new contribution is reported in Sect. 2 using wh-movement and four sample adverb classes. Section 3 shows that the pattern holds for various other types of movement as well (neutral preposing, focalization, and clefting in English; scrambling in Russian). We also discuss the behavior of NPs, PPs, and verbal heads here. Section 4 focuses on the theoretical significance of the new facts. In Appendix A, we provide a more comprehensive demonstration of how various adverb classes obey the pattern established in Sects. 2–3. Appendix B is an actual sample of the verbal context we presented to our informants for soliciting subtle data.
An Algorithm for Linear Inequalities and its Applications

An exponentially convergent and finite algorithm is presented for the determination of the solution ? of the linear inequalities A?≫0 for a given matrix A, or for determining the non-existence of solution for A?≫0. This result is useful in threshold-switching theory and in pattern classification problems. Experiments indicate extremely rapid convergence of the method.
Behavioral momentum and behavioral economic metaphors for excessive consumption

Metaphors “highlight and hide” different aspects of phenomena. A behavioral economic metaphor for excessive consumption highlights the contextual features of behavioral-environment relations. Can the behavioral momentum metaphor generate a representation of context that is at least as useful as that generated by behavioral economics? Maybe, maybe not; or maybe a mixed metaphor will do a better job than either alone.
Petri net extensions for modelling and validating manufacturing systems

In this paper, we begin with the fundamental constructs of Petri net models. We then suggest extensions that help make Petri nets useful for modelling manufacturing systems. We also show how validation methods can be used to examine these systems for potential problems. Examples are presented to show how one might use this approach to determine the performance and validate the logic of a manufacturing system.
OCLC digital archive demonstration

The demonstration shows the functionality of OCLC's new digital archive, which became publicly available from September 2002. This system is an implementation of the ISO reference model for an open archival information system (OAIS). This product uses an implementation of the OCLC/RLG preservation metadata element set, tailored for Web documents. Front-end workflow and harvester components allow users to archive Web content.
Creep behavior of submarine sediments

A series of experiments on drained creep of marine sediment indicates that strength degradation results from the creep process, which implies an associated reduction in slope stability. Furthermore, the highest creep potential of a sediment may be at its preconsolidation stress. Results from the experiments on samples from Georges Bank continental slope were also used in conjunction with a preliminary theoretical model to predict creep displacements. For the case illustrated in this report, steep slopes (>20°) and thick sections (>30 m) give rise to substantial creep and probable creep rupture; as angles or thicknesses decrease, displacements rapidly become negligible.
The Difficult-to-Control Asthmatic: A Systematic Approach

With the judicious use of inhaled corticosteroids, β2 agonists, and leukotriene modifiers, most patients with asthma are easily controlled and managed. However, approximately 5% of asthmatics do not respond to standard therapy and are classified as "difficult to control." [1] Typically, these are patients who complain of symptoms interfering with daily living despite long-term treatment with inhaled corticosteroids in doses up to 2,000 μg daily. Many factors can contribute to poor response to conventional therapy, and especially for these patients, a systematic approach is needed to identify the underlying causes. First, the diagnosis of asthma and adherence to the medication regimen should be confirmed. Next, potential persisting exacerbating triggers need to be identified and addressed. Concomitant disorders should be discovered and treated. Lastly, the impact and implications of socioeconomic and psychological factors on disease control can be significant and should be acknowledged and discussed with the individual patient. Less conventional and novel strategies for treating corticosteroid-resistant asthma do exist. However, their use is based on small studies that do not meet evidence-based criteria; therefore, it is essential to sort through and address the above issues before reverting to other therapy.
Development of a NaI(Tl) detector with superior photon energy resolution for use above 100 MeV

Abstract We have designed and tested a new high resolution NaI(Tl) total absorption scintillation counter. The detector is a cylinder composed of a 26.7 cm diameter by 55.9 cm long NaI core with a concentric 10.8 cm thick NaI annulus that is divided into quadrants. The NaI detector is surrounded by a 12.7 cm thick plastic scintillator to veto both cosmic rays and events with significant shower leakage from the NaI. High uniformity of light production and collection throughout the detector is required for superior resolution. The detector has a measured resolution of 1.3% and 1.7% FWHM for 130 MeV photons and 330 MeV electrons, respectively. Computer simulations to account for loss of resolution due to pileup and energy spread of the beam indicate that the ultimate experimental resolutions at these energies are 1.2±0.1% and 1.3±0.1%. The resolutions at these two energies are at least a factor of 2 better than that of any other total absorption scintillation counter available today. Based on shower simulations, the detector is expected to have a resolution of approximately 1.3% for collimated 130–2000 MeV photons.
Mass spectrometry in toxicology: I—calculation of theoretical isotopic abundances and optimum ion dwell time for a 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin pharmacokinetic study

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-13C12 parent ion isotope cluster abundances are calculated on a multinomial probability basis for all possible isotope combinations. Parent negative ions at m/e 322 and m/e 334 were selected for dual ion monitoring in the isotope dilution technique. Calculations, according to the Jaech's Method, are given for optimizing dual ion monitoring dwell time in the pulse counting mode at the femtogram level.
Variational calculations for 4He I: Improved energies for singlet and triplet n D and n F levels (n=3-8).

Hylleraas method variational calculations with up to 458 expansion terms are reported for the n $^{1}D$, n $^{3}D$ terms and for the n $^{1}F$, n $^{3}F$ terms (n=4--8) of neutral helium. Convergence arguments are presented to obtain new estimates of the exact nonrelativistic energies of these terms. The reliability of the estimates ranges from 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}10}$ a.u. in the worst case to ${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}11}$ a.u. in the best case. The nonrelativistic singlet and triplet energies are combined with previously calculated values for relativistic and other small energy contributions to evaluate the total ionization energies for the n D and n F levels. Comparisons of the n $^{1}D$ and n $^{3}D$ energies with other calculations and available data yield improved values for relativistic contributions. The calculated relativistic n F ionization energies agree with values based on core-polarization theoretical n G and n H energies within deviations of 3 MHz (5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}11}$ a.u.) for n=5 to 1 MHz (1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}11}$ a.u.) for n=7,8. The calculated n F fine-structure separations generally agree with experiment for n=5--8 within uncertainties of the order of 1 to 0.1 MHz. Predicted values given for the 4 F fine-structure separations and the ${4}^{1}$F ionization energy are probably accurate within a few MHz.
Resolving orthoclase dissolution processes with atomic force microscopy and X-ray reflectivity

Abstract Direct measuremens of orthoclase (001) were performed using in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) and synchrotron X-ray reflectivity to reveal the A-scale dissolution process as a function of pH and temperature. Distinct processes were observed, involving mainly terrace roughening at pH = 1.1 and step motion at pH = 12.9. A gel-like surface coating was observed to form at acidic pH under slow fluid flow-rate conditions. No coating was observed either at alkaline pH or at acidic pH under high fluid flow-rate conditions. The corresponding dissolution rates were measured directly at pH = 1.1 and 12.9 at ∼50°C using real-time X-ray reflectivity measurements, and reacted interface structures were derived from crystal truncation rod measurements after reaction at both acidic and alkaline pH. Our observations reveal, under these experimental conditions, that 1) orthoclase dissolution is controlled by at least two separate surface reactions having distinct reactive sites; 2) dissolution is stoichiometric at alkaline pH and only minimally nonstoichiometric (limited to one unit-cell depth) at acidic pH; previously identified nonstoichiometric layer thicknesses derived from macroscopic measurements are associated with the formation of the gel-like coatings; 3) dissolution rates measured at freshly cleaved (001) surfaces are comparable to those derived from steady-state powder dissolution rates for both alkaline and acidic pH; and 4) elevated transient dissolution rates are not observed for freshly cleaved surfaces but are obtained under alkaline conditions after reacting the orthoclase (001) surface at acidic pH. These observations clarify differences in orthoclase dissolution mechanisms as a function of pH, demonstrate the utility of AFM and X-ray scattering methods for measuring A-scale structures and face-specific dissolution rates on single crystals and place new constraints on the understanding of alkali feldspar weathering processes.
Alcoholism treatment after liver transplantation: lessons learned from a clinical trial that failed

Alcoholic liver disease is the second most common indication for liver transplantation in the United States. The lack of alcoholism treatment studies led us to study motivational enhancement therapy (MET) plus naltrexone after transplant. The authors could not complete this study. Sixty alcoholic patients were to receive MET plus naltrexone or placebo for 6 months. Fifty men and 5 women were screened. Nine died and 15 were not approached. Of 31 approached, 20 were ineligible, 11 refused, and 5 entered but dropped out before completion. Barriers to posttransplant alcoholism included infirmity, intensive medical management, and denial for alcoholism treatment. Because 30%-50% of alcoholic patients drink after transplant, the authors suggest using MET alone pretransplant.
Transcallosal effects of a cortical epileptiform focus

Summary Unit activity in anesthetized cats was studied in cortical regions contralateral to the site of an acute epileptiform focus. Orthodromic effects of transcallosal discharge varied in extracellular records; however, in intracellular records, most cells displayed an EPSP-IPSP sequence. In a small proportion of cells, antidromic activation was also observed. The significance of this ‘backfiring’ phenomenon, and some factors possibly involved in generation of ‘backfiring’ activity, are discussed.
Quantitative trait loci for ethanol sensitivity in the LS X SS recombinant inbred strains: Interval mapping

We are mapping the genes (quantitative trait loci or QTLs) that are responsible for individual differences in ethanol sensitivity, measured as the duration of loss of righting reflex (LORR) and blood ethanol concentrations upon recovery of the righting reflex (BEC). The Long-Sleep (LS) and Short-Sleep (SS) selected lines of mice manifest an 18-fold difference in LORR and serve as a rodent model for ethanol sensitivity. The LS x SS recombinant inbred (RI) series, developed from LS and SS lines, are an important resource for QTL mapping of ethanol-related responses. The current report summarizes the initial QTL analysis of LORR and BEC in the LS x SS strains and compares the results of correlational analysis with an interval-mapping approach. The data provide strong evidence for QTLs that influence ethanol sensitivity on mouse chromosomes 1 and 2 and possible QTLs on chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, 16, and 18. These results are compared to those from an F2 cross which confirms QTLs on chromsomes 1, 2, 4, and 18.
SECONDARY LEUKEMIAS INDUCED BY TOPOISOMERASE-TARGETED DRUGS

The major established cause of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in the young is cancer chemotherapy. There are two forms of treatment-related AML (t-AML). Each form has a de novo counterpart. Alkylating agents cause t-AML characterized by antecedent myelodysplasia, a mean latency period of 5-7 years and complete or partial deletion of chromosome 5 or 7. The risk is related to cumulative alkylating agent dose. Germline NF-1 and p53 gene mutations and the GSTT1 null genotype may increase the risk. Epipodophyllotoxins and other DNA topoisomerase II inhibitors cause leukemias with translocations of the MLL gene at chromosome band 11q23 or, less often, t(8;21), t(3;21), inv(16), t(8;16), t(15;17) or t(9;22). The mean latency period is about 2 years. While most cases are of French-American-British (FAB) M4 or FAB M5 morphology, other FAB AML subtypes, myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) occur. Between 2 and 12% of patients who receive epipodophyllotoxin have developed t-AML. There is no relationship with higher cumulative epipodophyllotoxin dose and genetic predisposition has not been identified, but weekly or twice-weekly schedules and preceding l-asparaginase administration may potentiate the risk. The translocation breakpoints in MLL are heterogeneously distributed within a breakpoint cluster region (bcr) and the MLL gene translocations involve one of many partner genes. DNA topoisomerase II cleavage assays demonstrate a correspondence between DNA topoisomerase II cleavage sites and the translocation breakpoints. DNA topoisomerase II catalyzes transient double-stranded DNA cleavage and rejoining. Epipodophyllotoxins form a complex with the DNA and DNA topoisomerase II, decrease DNA rejoining and cause chromosomal breakage. Furthermore, epipodophyllotoxin metabolism generates reactive oxygen species and hydroxyl radicals that could create abasic sites, potent position-specific enhancers of DNA topoisomerase II cleavage. One proposed mechanism for the translocations entails chromosomal breakage by DNA topoisomerase II and recombination of DNA free ends from different chromosomes through DNA repair. With few exceptions, treatment-related leukemias respond less well to either chemotherapy or bone marrow transplantation than their de novo counterparts, necessitating more innovative treatments, a better mechanistic understanding of the pathogenesis, and strategies for prevention.
Cross-Border Listings, Capital Controls, and Equity Flows to Emerging Markets

Abstract We investigate the impact of two types of financial liberalizations on short- and long-horizon capital flows to emerging markets in a framework that controls for push and pull factors. The first type of liberalization, a reduction in capital controls, is countrywide but uncertain, because its extent and permanence are not known with certainty. The second type, a cross-border listing, is a firm-level liberalization that has no uncertainty. Consistent with theoretical predictions, we find that the deterministic cross-listing results in an immediate but short-lived increase in capital inflows. In contrast, the uncertain reduction in capital controls results in increased inflows only over a longer horizon, if at all.
A model for optical and electrical polarization fatigue in srbi2ta2o9 and Pb(Zr,Ti)o3

Abstract We find that significant polarization fatigue (> 90%) can be induced in SrBi2Ta2O9 (SBT) thin films using (a) broad-band optical illumination combined with a bias near the switching threshold and (b) electric field cycling under broadband optical illumination. In the latter case, the extent of polarization fatigue increases with decreasing cycling voltage. In either case, the optically fatigued SBT capacitors can be fully rejuvenated by applying a saturating dc bias with light or by electric field cycling without light, which suggests a field-assisted recovery mechanism. A similar behavior was observed in Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) films with LSCO electrodes. Based on these results, we suggest that polarization fatigue in ferroelectrics is essentially a dynamic competition between domain wall pinning due to electronic charge trapping, and field-assisted unpinning of the domain walls. Thus, domain wall pinning is not necessarily absent in nominally fatigue-free systems. Instead, these systems are ones in w...
A Critical Assessment of Nanometer-Scale Zirconia Green Body Formation by Pressure Filtration and Uniaxial Compaction

Green body formation with nanoscale powders poses unique challenges. This report discusses two specific green-forming procedures: pressure filtration and dry-powder compaction. Green compacts were formed from suspensions of hydrothermally derived YTZP prepared in the presence of bicine, which acts as a protective colloid and dispersant. However, due to capillary forces encountered when drying filter-pressed, nanoporous compacts, green bodies could not be recovered intact. Dry-powder compaction is explored as an alternative green-forming technique. The effect of powder recovery procedure on compaction behavior and microstructural homogeneity are discussed. Strong capillary forces also act on nanoparticles during pan-drying, yielding high-strength aggregates which are difficult to deform during compaction. Drying particles from a lower surface tension liquid, such as ethanol, is found to have little effect on aggregate strength. Freeze-drying is demonstrated as the preferred powder recovery technique since particles are kept in a dispersed state during drying, and compression of agglomerates by capillary forces is avoided. Compaction behavior of recovered powders is examined with a model that describes powder consolidation as an activated process. From this analysis, it is demonstrated that granule deformation and rearrangement contribute equally to the compaction process in pan-dried nanopowders. It is also shown that primary particle rearrangement accounts for the majority of compaction in freeze-dried nanopowders.
Internalization Versus Identification in the Laboratory: A Causal Analysis of Attitude Change

Two possible mediators of attitude change, internalization and identification, were investigated in a laboratory setting. Internalization was assumed to underlie change when respondents are attracted to others who hold the same opinion and can argue in favor of their attitude position; identification was assumed to mediate change when respondents are attracted to similar others but cannot necessarily support their position. A causal analysis based on these assumptions confirmed the independent existence of internalizati on and identification as mediators of attitude change. The analysis suggested that internalization involves more valid change than identification does and that attraction toward similar others is affected by both internalization and identification. These conclusions are supported in terms of both individual and treatment variation. The results suggest that attraction toward similar others does not necessarily reflect true attitude change but that valid change can be detected even in laboratory settings. Distinguishing true attitude change from mere response change is a critical issue in the study of persuasion. Hendrick and Seyfried (1974) approached this problem by assuming that genuine attitude change would be reflected by increased attraction to others who hold the same opinion (Byrne, 1971). There
Rapid adventitious shoot regeneration from leaf explants of European birch

The goal of this research was to develop a rapid and efficient system for regenerating shoots from leaf explants of European birch, Betula pendula Roth. Single-node stem explants were established in culture, and microshoots were subcultured every 4 weeks through 12 subcultures. Leaves from glasshouse plants or subcultured shoots were excised from stems, cut into approximately 35-mm2 pieces, and placed on Woody Plant Medium (WPM) containing different combinations of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (0, 3, 6 or 9 μM) and benzyladenine (BA) (0, 7.5, 15 or 22.5 μM) in a 4×4 factorial design. The percentage of leaf pieces forming shoots and the number of shoots regenerated per explant were recorded after 4 weeks. Only media containing BA without NAA stimulated shoot formation on leaf explants. Fifteen micromolar BA induced the most shoots to form on leaf explants compared to 30, 45 or 60 μM of this cytokinin. In addition, shoot regeneration was enhanced up to four-fold between the first and eleventh subculture. Over 90% of the leaf explants regenerated shoots with an average of 18 buds formed per explant for the eleventh subculture. Almost twice as many explants formed shoots if their adaxial side was in contact with the medium rather than oriented away from it. The ability to regenerate shoots from leaves varied among plants, regardless of stock plant age. This reliable shoot regeneration system can be used for rapid shoot proliferation and potentially for genetic engineering of European birch.
Ballistic hot-electron transistors

We present an overview of work at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center on the tunneling hot-electron transfer amplifier (THETA) device—including its use as an amplifier and as a tool for investigating ballistic hot-electron transport. In the initial, vertically configured version of the device, a quasi-monoenergetic, variable-energy, hot-electron beam is generated (via tunneling) which traverses a thin GaAs region and is then collected and energy-analyzed. As the hot electrons traverse the device, they are used to probe scattering events, band nonparabolicity, size-quantization effects, and intervalley transfer. A recent, lateral version of the device has been used to demonstrate the existence of ballistic hot-electron transport in the plane of a two-dimensional electron gas, and the associated possibility of achieving high gain.
AN AUTOMATIC PROCEDURE FOR ESTIMATING SPRING SMALL GRAINS ACREAGE FROM LANDSAT DATA

The development and testing of a computerized technique for utilizing multitemporal Landsat multispectral scanner data to estimate spring small grains acreage are described. The Kauth-Thomas green number transformation is applied to the data prior to application of the pixel-level standardized logic. Four years of data from the U.S. and Canada are used in testing. A comparison of the test results to those of the analyst-intensive procedures indicates a potential for increase in near-harvest estimation efficiency with little sacrifice in accuracy.
A mechanism-based potent sirtuin inhibitor containing Nε-thiocarbamoyl-lysine (TuAcK)

In the current study, we have identified Ne-thiocarbamoyl-lysine (TuAcK) as a general sirtuin inhibitory warhead which was shown to be able to confer potent sirtuin inhibition. This inhibition was also shown to be mechanism-based in that the TuAck residue was able to be processed by a sirtuin enzyme with the formation of a stalled S-alkylamidate intermediate.
Adenine-arginine mimetics as bisubstrate analog inhibitors of cAMP-dependent protein kinase

Abstract Simple bisubstrate analogs, Ad-El-Gn, Ad-E2-Gn, and Ad-E3-Gn, are designed to be proto-type adenine-arginine mimetic structures. Both Ad-El-Gn and Ad-E2-Gn inhibit PKA with IC50 values similar to that of adenosine at 100 μM ATP and are more potent inhibitors than adenosine at physiologically relevant 2 mM ATP. Ad-E3-Gn is 10-fold less potent than the other two analogs.
Reasons adduced by high school students for not using drugs

This investigation attempted to identify some of the reasons why high school students might decide not to use drugs. Previous research on the practices, attitudes and psychological correlates of drug use have provided us with abundant information as to the “whys” of drug abuse among students [ 1 - 31. While a good knowledge of the reasons some students abuse drugs is pertinent to clearer understanding and subsequent amelioration of the problem, the reasons some others reject this behaviour are equally, if not more, important. A knowledge of the reasons why some students use drugs without a corresponding knowledge of why some do not would predispose instructional methodology in drug education toward the application of negative reinforcement. That is, knowing well the reasons some students abuse drugs, the teacher will be better able and ready to point to the dangers of these behaviours. The teacher would hope that a knowledge of these dangers would act as a deterrent. On the other hand, a corresponding knowledge of the reasons why some students reject the use of drugs will allow for positive reinforcement. That is, the teacher then can emphasize the benefits of adopting these behaviours and would be using positive reinforcement in influencing students’ behaviour relative to drug use and abuse [ 41. The use of negative reinforcement in the classroom can quickly degenerate to scare tactics which would neither help the students nor the course of education.
Tropospheric latitudinal distributions of CF2Cl2, CFCl3, N2O, CH3CCl3 and CCl4 over the remote Pacific Ocean

Abstract Latitudinal measurements of CF 2 Cl 2 , CFCl 3 , CH 3 CCl 3 , CCl 4 and N 2 O were made over the remote Pacific Ocean by six separate aircraft flights between mid-1976 and late 1980 and one oceanographic cruise during fall 1983. These trace gas latitudinal distributions were used to calculate Northern (NH) and Southern (SH) Hemisphere mean concentrations, annual time trends, total atmospheric burdens, and lifetimes. The October–November 1980 mean hemispheric concentrations for each trace gas were 290.5 ±3.4 pptv (NH) and 279.0 ± 3.1 pptv (SH) for CF 2 Cl 2 (F-12); 181.1 ± 1.9 pptv (NH) and 173.3 ± 2.2 pptv (SH) for CFCl 3 (F-11); 125.0±4.9 pptv (NH) and 108.8 ± 2.9 pptv (SH) for CH 3 CCl 3 ; 140.7±2.5 pptv (NH) and 137.9 ±2.7 pptv (SH) for CCl 4 ; and 302.15±2.13 ppbv (NH) and 300.99± 1.94 ppbv (SH) for N 2 O. The mid-1976-late 1983 trace gas mean hemispheric concentrations increased annually at: 17.4± 1.2 pptv (NH) and 16.7 ± 0.8 pptv (SH) for CF 2 Cl 2 ; 11.4±0.3 pptv (NH) and 10.8±0.3 pptv (SH) for CFCl 3 ; 10.5 ±1.9 pptv (NH) and 10.4±0.9 pptv (SH) for CH 3 CCl 3 ; 5.7±0.6 pptv (NH) and 4.5 ± 0.3 pptv (SH) for CCl 4 ; and 0.99 ±0.10 ppbv (NH) and 0.82 ±0.21 ppbv (SH) for N 2 O. Normalizing these hemispheric annual time trends with the October–November 1980 mean hemispheric concentrations shows CH 3 CCl 3 mean hemispheric concentrations increased the fastest at ~9% yr −1 , while N 2 O increased the slowest at ~0.3% yr −1 . The October–November 1980 trace gas total atmospheric burdens were: 5.81 Mton for CF 2 Cl 2 ; 3.95 Mton for CFCl 3 ; 2.47 Mton for CH 3 CCl 3 ; 3.50 Mton for CCl 4 ; and 2283 Mton for N 2 O. The atmospheric lifetimes of CF 2 Cl 2 , CFCl 3 and CH 3 CCl 3 were estimated using annual growth rates (% yr −1 ), total atmospheric burdens, and cumulative emissions data. The atmospheric lifetimes obtained for CF 2 Cl 2 , CFCl 3 and CH 3 CCl 3 were 174 ±89, 202 ± 149 and 14.5 ± 2.2 yr, respectively.
Experimental Study of a Constrained Vapor Bubble Fin Heat Exchanger in the Absence of External Natural Convection

In preparation for a microgravity flight experiment on the International Space Station, a constrained vapor bubble fin heat exchanger (CVB) was operated both in a vacuum chamber and in air on Earth to evaluate the effect of the absence of external natural convection. The long-term objective is a general study of a high heat flux, low capillary pressure system with small viscous effects due to the relatively large 3 x 3 x 40 mm dimensions. The current CVB can be viewed as a large-scale version of a micro heat pipe with a large Bond number in the Earth environment but a small Bond number in microgravity. The walls of the CVB are quartz, to allow for image analysis of naturally occurring interference fringes that give the pressure field for liquid flow. The research is synergistic in that the study requires a microgravity environment to obtain a low Bond number and the space program needs thermal control systems, like the CVB, with a large characteristic dimension. In the absence of natural convection, operation of the CVB may be dominated by external radiative losses from its quartz surface. Therefore, an understanding of radiation from the quartz cell is required. All radiative exchange with the surroundings occurs from the outer surface of the CVB when the temperature range renders the quartz walls of the CVB optically thick (lambda > 4 microns). However, for electromagnetic radiation where lambda < 2 microns, the walls are transparent. Experimental results obtained for a cell charged with pentane are compared with those obtained for a dry cell. A numerical model was developed that successfully simulated the behavior and performance of the device observed experimentally.
Collective Bargaining and Virginia School Board Members: Perceptions and Prognoses.

Recent events in Virginia have reinforced the image of the Old Dominion as a bastion of conservatism and proponent of individual rights. In 1977, the Virginia State Supreme Court declared invalid all policies sanctioning collective bargaining between public employers and their employees.1 Thereby, all negotiated agreements with public school teachers were declared void. The opinion turned on the court's judgment that no direct grant of authority authorizes such negotiations and that, furthermore, the doctrine of implied powers would be strained beyond reasonable bounds in sanctioning such activities. Consequently, collective bargaining, a practice quietly developing in Northern Virginia (D.C. Metropolitan area) and in the Tidewater area (Norfolk, Newport News), rapidly halted. Affected employees responded with dismay and depression. Predictions of mass resignations on the one hand and the demise of teacher organizations on the other were rampant. Eighteen months later, neither of these predictions had come to pass. Following a brief dip in membership, teacher associations in the state apparently consolidated their positions and continue to speak, albeit haltingly, for their constituents. No strikes or withholding of services have occurred although at the time of this writing (November 1978), the Arlington Education Association was engaged in a "work-to-rule" activity, a mild form of organizational sanction. In April 1978, the State Supreme Court in another landmark decision ruled unconstitutional that portion of the State Department of Education-mandated grievances procedure calling for binding arbitration of grievances. The ruling
Microearthquake patterns following the 1998 eruption of Axial Volcano, Juan de Fuca Ridge: Mechanical relaxation and thermal strain

[1] Ocean bottom seismic networks deployed following the 1998 eruption of Axial seamount reveal an evolving pattern of microearthquake activity associated with subsurface magmatism and thermal strain. Seismicity rates decay steadily over 15 months of observation (February 8, 1998, to April 30, 1999), consistent with a trend toward thermal and mechanical equilibrium in the shallow crust after the magmatic event. Immediately after the eruption, seismicity rates were high for about 60 days in the southeast corner of the caldera where lava flows from the 1998 eruption were mapped. A small burst of seismic activity was observed on the southeast shoulder of the volcano from 100 to 150 days after the eruption. These events, which are characterized by slip on nearly vertical faults in the shallow crust, extend about 6 km from the southeast corner of the caldera and overlie a mid-crustal low-velocity zone. After this episode, seismicity rates remain low until the end of the observation period, 455 days after the eruption. Shallow (∼0.7 km depth) events, consistent with thermal contraction and volume changes of ∼2 × 10−3 m3 in ∼5 m3 sources, are observed in individual clusters beneath hydrothermal vents within the 1998 lava flow at the southeast edge of the caldera. Microearthquakes observed during the last 70 days of observation are distributed around the central caldera, most likely representing small amounts of subsidence on caldera faults during the final stages of equilibration following melt withdrawal associated with the 1998 eruption.
Finasteride and the Uncertainties of Establishing Harms

The findings about possible sexual adverse effects of finasteride therapy as reported by Belknap and colleagues1 in this issue of JAMADermatology are best understood as 3 separate issueswoventogether: (1)What is theevidence thatuseof finasteride for androgenetic alopecia (AGA) impairs male sexual function, especially persistently? (2) How adequatewereclinical trials forassessingtheseharms?(3)Howwell reported was this evidence in scientific journals, especially in meta-analyses? Finasteride was approved in 1992 for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia at 5 mg/d,2 and in 1997 for AGA at 1 mg/d.3 The mechanism of action—preferential inhibition of the type II isozyme5-α reductase—was central to the expected benefits for both indications. Itwas clear, or shouldhavebeen, from the start that inhibition of a key metabolic pathway for the conversion of testosterone to other steroids was going to havemany effects, not all of them necessarily desirable.
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency in the Cat

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is a syndrome caused by an insufficient amount of pancreatic digestive enzymes in the small intestine. Clinical signs most commonly reported in cats with EPI are weight loss, loose and voluminous stools, steatorrhea, polyphagia, and in some cases a greasy soiling of the hair coat in the perianal region. Serum feline trypsin-like immunoreactivity concentration is the diagnostic test of choice for the diagnosis of affected cats. Treatment of cats with EPI consists of enzyme supplementation with either a powdered pancreatic extract or raw pancreas. Most cats with EPI also have severely decreased serum cobalamin concentrations and may require lifelong parenteral cobalamin supplementation. Most cats respond well to therapy and can have a normal life expectancy and quality of life.
ECG diagnosis: acute pericarditis.

Acute pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium that can result in chest pain, pericardial friction rub, and serial electrocardiogram (ECG) changes. The most common causes of pericarditis are viral or idiopathic in developed countries, and tuberculosis in developing countries.1 Other causes of pericarditis include bacterial and fungal infections, myocardial infarction, chest trauma, neoplasm, renal failure, radiation therapy, autoimmune disorders, and certain medications (eg, phenytoin, rifampin).2 Patients must have 2 of the following 4 clinical criteria for diagnosis: typical pericardial chest pain, pericardial friction rub, widespread ST-segment elevation or PR depression, and new or worsening pericardial effusion on echocardiography.1,3 In patients with acute pericarditis, chest pain is generally abrupt in onset; pleuritic, and substernal or left precordial in location; may radiate to the neck, arms, or jaw; and is relieved by leaning forward and worsened by lying supine.2 The 4 ECG stages of pericarditis include: 1) diffuse ST elevation and/or PR depression, 2) normalization of ST- and PR-segments, 3) diffuse T-wave inversions with isoelectric ST-segments, and 4) normalization of the ECG.4,5 Plasma troponin concentrations are elevated in 35% to 50% of patients with pericarditis, a finding that is thought to be caused by epicardial inflammation rather than myocardial necrosis.5 Transthoracic echocardiography is often recommended in patients with suspected pericarditis, because the presence of an effusion helps to confirm the diagnosis, and clinical or echocardiographic evidence of tamponade indicates the need for pericardiocente-sis.5 Although the mainstay of treatment includes nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, colchicine is an efficacious adjunct to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs therapy, reducing recurrence rates by 50%.1,3,5 Admission is recommended in patients with fever > 38°C (100.4°F), subacute onset (several days or weeks), tamponade or pericardial effusion > 20 mm, or lack of response after one week of treatment, as patients with these findings are at increased risk of complications.1,5
Considerations with regard to input variables for computer simulations

Many different projects at Sandia National Laboratories use mathematical models to represent different physical processes which are them implemented on a computer. One such project is the development of a methodology to assess the risk associated with the geologic isolation of radioactive waste. Models are used for physical processes such as subsurface and surface transport of radionuclides, calculation of salt dissolution rates, flow rates, and thermomechanical properties. In another project, computer models of physical processes are use to assess the consequences of a severe accident at a nuclear reactor. In these applications as well as others, the models are mathematically complex, very time consuming to run, have many input variables (some of which may be correlated) and produce a time dependent output which is a nonlinear monotone function of the input.In the model development phase it is desired to use only a few computer runs with limited data available and assess the influence of the input variables on the output and determine which ones are dominant. This reduces the complexity of the model thus allowing limited research funds to be concentrated of gathering data on the important variables. The sensitivity analysis techniques on which this simplification is based thus provides a means for the modeller to respond to questions from sponsoring agencies and reviewers about why certain variables were not included in the final model. After the models are developed it is necessary to run the coupled models in order to provide an estimate of the complementary distribution function of the output variable.The above considerations make it clear that an analysis can only be meaningful if great care is given to the selection of specific values of input variables used on each of the runs with the computer model. In this paper the sampling procedure (3, 4) for selecting the specific values of the input variables is explained along with a recently developed distribution free technique for correlating the input variables (1, 2) in order to match a desired multivariate input structure. The usefulness of this tecnique lies not only in creating a correlated structure but also in the fact that it can be used to create nearly orthogonal input for Monte Carolo studies. This feature is particularly useful where only a small number of runs can be made. The rank correlation technique is demonstrated with a simple example and a textbook example is used to illustrte the bias involved when the multivariate structure of the input is ignored and all input variables are incorrectly assumed to behave independently of one another.
The promise of action research for critically reflective teacher education

Abstract This paper is an analysis of the potential that action research theory and practice hold for educating preservice teachers to become more critically reflective. First, action research theory, especially as it informs current notions of educational research and practice, is reviewed. Then critically reflective teaching is described by grounding the term in critical social science views supportive of the social reconstructionist reform tradition in teacher education. Special attention is given in this review to the claims made by action research advocates regarding the power of action research to promote critically reflective teaching. Finally, to examine the empirical basis for these claims, a brief survey is made of several reports of the use of action research by teacher educators. The analysis reveals cautious optimism for the promise action research holds for critically reflective teacher education.
Diversity Matters: Japan's Domestic Diversity and the Role of English Language Teaching

This article investigates how Japanese university students perceive Japan's domestic diversity and understand the role of English within that context. Surveys and interviews with Japanese students reveal how they reflect on their own experiences with diversity in their past English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classes and also help to explore the role of English teaching/learning in multicultural Japan. Insufficient attention to domestic diversity may mislead EFL learners when they encounter their English interlocutors with different cultural and linguistic backgrounds because this misunderstanding can create prejudices about English speakers and may reproduce a racial/ethnic and linguistic hierarchy. Drawing on the survey and interview results, this article suggests possible strategies for promoting successful intercultural communication through English and teaching English as a global language.
Quantitation of ethidium-stained closed circular DNA in agarose gels

Abstract The fluorescence of ethidium bromide (EB) bound to equimolar amounts of supercoiled form I and unstrained linear form III pBR322, SV40 and PM2 DNA in agarose gels has been measured by scanning a photographic negative of the gel with a microdensitometer. For SV40 and PM2 DNA, commonly used staining conditions cause both forms, i.e. linear and supercoiled, to fluoresce to the same extent. This obviates the need to use a correction factor for the fluorescence of form I DNA when measuring the amount of this form relative to the amounts of unstrained forms in agarose gels. In the case of PBR322 DNA, form I was found to fluoresce ∼20% more than form III DNA.
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis with acute renal failure associated with α-interferon therapy

Abstract Both α- and β- interferons (IFNs) have been increasingly used for the treatment of many types of malignancy, and recently the use of α-IFN in the management of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection with or without renal involvement has been emphasized. We report a patient who developed nephrotic syndrome and acute renal failure while being treated with α-IFN for HCV infection. The renal biopsy showed focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial nephritis. Although several renal lesions have been described in association with either α-IFN treatment or HCV infection, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis has not been emphasized in either instance. This case also indicates that when renal abnormalities occur during treatment of HCV infection with α-IFN, kidney biopsy may define the responsible renal lesions, suggest possible association with other conditions, and serve as a guideline for proper management.
The promise of a cancer-free world: where are we? The presidential address from the 35th annual meeting of the American Society of Preventive Oncology (ASPO).

Over the past several decades, there have been many individuals who have in some way contributed to where we are in terms of conquering cancer and have paved the way for us to conduct our research today. Some of these individuals did not even know that they had a profound impact on the war on cancer
Spurious Results in the Analysis of Longitudinal Data in Organizational Research

Organizational scientists increasingly focus on the dynamics of human behavior through longitudinal and event sampling methodologies. Random coefficient modeling such as hierarchical linear modelin...