cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sex of Research Subjects in Social Psychology Journals

In 4 journals during 1978-1979, 65% of the studies sampled both males and females, 14% sampled males only, and 12% sampled females only. Subject sex was not reported in 9% of the studies.
Genesis of the Giant Late Miocene to Pliocene Copper Deposits of Central Chile in the Context of Andean Magmatic and Tectonic Evolution

Multiple large mineralized breccia pipes (Cu grades up to >10%; individual pipes with >10 × 106 metric tons of Cu) are prominent, if not dominant, features in the three giant Andean Cu deposits of ...
Oral Efficacy of an Attenuated Rabies Virus Vaccine in Skunks and Raccoons

Raccoons and skunks are major rabies reservoirs in North America. Oral vaccination is one method to consider for disease control in these carnivores. Under field conditions in the USA, only one oral rabies vaccine has been used. It is efficacious in wildlife such as raccoons (Procyon lotor), coyotes (Canis latrans), and foxes (Vulpes vulpes) but not in skunks (Mephitis mephitis). The objectives of this study were to evaluate an attenuated SAG-2 rabies virus vaccine for safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy by the oral route in skunks and raccoons. Two of five skunks and three of five raccoons developed virus neutralizing antibodies (VNA) by day 14 following oral administration of SAG-2 vaccine. All animals remained healthy. Upon challenge, naive controls succumbed to rabies. Among vaccinated animals, four of five skunks and all five raccoons had VNA on day 7 post-challenge and all survived. Given these results, SAG-2 is a promising candidate vaccine that may satisfy both safety and efficacy concerns for oral rabies immunization of major North American rabies reservoirs.
Abstract A23: Repression of Id4 (inhibitor of DNA binding 4) by the polycomb group protein EZH2 in prostate cancer

Introduction: Inhibitor of DNA binding/differentiation protein 4 (Id4) is dominant negative regulator of basic helix loop helix (bHLH) family of transcription factors. Id4 shares the homology of HLH domain with other Ids and lack the basic DNA binding region. Unlike Id1, Id2 and Id3, Id4 acts as a tumor suppressor in prostate cancer by attenuating cell proliferation and promote apoptosis. We have previously shown that decreased Id4 expression in prostate cancer is due to its promoter hypermethylation. In this study we investigated the molecular mechanism by which Id4 promoter is hypermethylated. Here, we demonstrate that Id4 promoter methylation is initiated by EZH2 dependent tri-methylation of histone 3 at lysine 27 (H3K27me3). Experimental procedures: Id4 protein expression was analyzed on human prostate adenocarcinoma samples by Immunohistochemistry and prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP, C81 and DU145) by Western blot. EZH2 was silenced in DU145 cells and confirmed through western blot and Immunocytochemistry. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) was performed with IgG, RNA polymerase, EZH2 and H3K27Me3 antibodies in both prostate cancer cell lines and prostate cancer tissue samples. Results: IHC demonstrated decreased Id4 protein expression in human prostate tissue samples whereas higher nuclear Id4 expression was found in normal prostate tissues. Re-expression of Id4 in EZH2 silenced Du145 demonstrated that Id4 is regulated in an EZH2 dependent manner. ChIP data on prostate cancer samples and cell lines suggested EZH2 occupancy and H3K27Me3 marks in the Id4 promoter region in cell lines and prostate cancer tissue specimens. Conclusions: Id4 appears as a potential tumor suppressor gene that is epigenetically silenced during prostate cancer development. H3K27Me3 marks and EZH2 occupancy suggest a PRC2 dependent mechanism in Id4 promoter silencing in prostate cancer. Acknowledgement: The research was supported by NIH/NCI-RO1CA128914 and in part by NIH/NCRR/RCMI G12RR03062 Citation Format: Swathi Chinaranagari, Pankaj Sharma, Jaideep Chaudhary. Repression of Id4 (inhibitor of DNA binding 4) by the polycomb group protein EZH2 in prostate cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Chromatin and Epigenetics in Cancer; Jun 19-22, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(13 Suppl):Abstract nr A23.
Digital Health Care (DHC) Network and IT Infrastructure Solutions

Digital Health Care (DHC) reform suggests a new consumer paradigm in data and information processing: from Electronic Health Record (EHR) ownership to consumption of Personal Health Record (PHR); from distributed access of networked collaborative cares to centralized repository of portable records; from private information retrieval to security access control. All aspects of the new paradigm shall impose new challenges in the underlying consumer healthcare communication and network infrastructure. In this paper, I will introduce the solution utilizing a converged network layer, as well as adopting service-layer interfaces between DHC systems in an end-to-end solution (reference architecture). I also present a solution framework that incorporates service management, handheld on-demand access and consultation, quality-of-service accounting, and end-to-end system interconnection solutions.
Reserve constrained multi-area economic dispatch employing differential evolution with time-varying mutation

Abstract For a power pool that involves several generation areas interconnected by tie-lines, the objective of economic dispatch (ED) is to determine the most economical generation dispatch strategy that could supply the area load demands without violating the tie-line capacity constraints. The objective of multi-area economic dispatch (MAED) is to determine the generation levels and the interchange power between areas which would minimize total fuel cost while satisfying power balance constraint, upper/lower generation limits, ramp rate limits, transmission constraints and other practical constraints. In reserve constrained MAED (RCMAED) problem inter-area reserve sharing can help in reducing the operational cost while ensuring that spinning reserve requirements in each area are satisfied. The tie-line limits too play a pivotal role in optimizing the cost of operation. The cost curves of modern generating units are discontinuous and non-convex which necessitates the use of powerful heuristic search based methods that are capable of locating global solutions effectively, with ease. This paper explores and compares the performance of various differential evolution (DE) strategies enhanced with time-varying mutation to solve the reserve constrained MAED (RCMAED) problem. The performance is tested on (i) two-area, four generating unit system, (ii) four area, 16-unit system and (iii) two-area, 40-unit system. The results are found to be superior compared to some recently published results.
Monitoring and control of electric power generation using fiber optics for physical parameter sensing

This paper is an `extended abstract' for a more complete presentation at the SPIE Conference on Nondestructive Evaluation of Aging Infrastructure, scheduled for June 6 - 8, 1995 Oakland, California. The physical and economic climate of electric power generation, particularly for aging fossil-fuel plants, is reviewed. This calls for reliable sensing and monitoring/control systems to extend equipment life and preclude major breakdowns. An instrumentation system requirement is outlined for a cold reheat header located in the high temperature and contaminated/corrosive environment of the fluc-gas stream of a 480 MW fossil-fuel boiler. The development and installation of what is believed to be the world's first distributed fiber optic temperature and strain/displacement monitoring system, operating at 1100 degrees F, is reviewed. The nature of initial data acquisition and planned future system operation for improved plant health are presented. The installation of a discrete fiber optic system for main steam lines is also presented. Drawing on the technology and experience with the aforementioned development and installation, the planned function of the system is to provide data on thermally induced stresses (creep) for strain reduction by operational control.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Recovery of short, medium, and long chain fatty acid methyl esters using wet halogenated hydrocarbons

Fatty acid methyl esters are prepared and analyzed by gas liquid chromatography using a simple procedure that does not involve evaporation steps or drying of the final extract. The esters of fatty acids down to caproate (C6) are recovered quantitatively. The long chain fatty acid esters, including the polyunsaturated esters, are also recovered quantitatively and are at least as stable as esters isolated by conventional procedures. Preparation of the esters in methanolic reagents is followed by partition of the mixture between a small volume of ethylene chloride and a large volume of water. The lower halogenated hydrocarbon phase contains the methyl esters ready for analysis, and the aqueous phase contains the methanol, catalysts, and other water-soluble materials.
Ideas, Discourse, and Rhetoric in Political Choice

The distinction between ideas and discourse remains ambiguous in ideational theories of political choice. In addition, the role of rhetoric, or the strategic choice of language to represent a given idea, in ideational theories of political decision making is promising but underspecified. To explore these issues, this paper studies the impact of a specific discourse (i.e. an “ensemble of ideas”) about risk—often presented rhetorically as “the precautionary principle”—in a prominent political controversy: the regulation of Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs). Widely used chemical compounds that improve fire resistance in many commercial products, BFRs have been measured in the fatty tissue of animals and human beings in increasing concentrations. The resulting concern about the safety of BFRs has led to regulatory action in a number of U.S. states. Although some have argued that a discourse of precaution facilitates the enactment of new environmental policies, we find that the rhetoric of the precautionary principle was an impeding factor for these BFR regulations. At the same time, we find that while political actors avoided the precautionary principle by name, they relied on certain ideas often attributed to the principle. Thus, the causal role of specific ideas in politics, we conclude, is significantly contingent on their precise rhetorical presentation.
Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence in Single Pass Fuzzy C Means

Clustering large data sets has become very importantas the amount of available unlabeled data increases. Single Pass Fuzzy C Means (SPFCM) is useful when memory is too limited to load the whole data set. The main idea is to divide dataset into several chunks and to apply FCM to each chunk. SPFCM uses the weighted cluster centers of the previous chunk in the next chunks. Although when the number of chunks is increased, the algorithm shows sensitivity to the order the data processed. Hence, we improved SPFCM by recognizing boundary and noisy data in each chunk and using it to influence clustering in the next chunks. In this regard, the proposed approach transfers the boundary and noisy data as well as the weighted cluster centers to the next chunks. We show that our proposed approach is significantly less sensitive to the order in which the data is loaded in each chunk.
Applications of a sequence of points in teaching linear algebra, numerical methods and discrete mathematics

Based on a sequence of points and a particular linear transformation generalized from this sequence, two recent papers (E. Mauch and Y. Shi, Using a sequence of number pairs as an example in teaching mathematics. Math. Comput. Educ., 39 (2005), pp. 198-205; Y. Shi, Case study projects for college mathematics courses based on a particular function of two variables. Int. J. Math. Educ. Sci. Techn., 38 (2007), pp. 555-566) have presented some interesting examples which can be used in teaching high school and college mathematics classes. In this article, we further discuss a few interesting ways to apply this sequence of points in teaching college mathematics courses such as linear algebra, numerical methods in computing, and discrete mathematics. In addition to using them in individual courses, these studies may also be combined together to offer seminars or workshops to college mathematics students. Studies like these are likely to promote student interests and get students more involved in the learning process, and therefore make the learning process more effective.
PLASMA 17-OHCS RESPONSE OF THE INFANT RHESUS MONKEY TO A NONINJURIOUS, NOXIOUS STIMULUS.

SummaryTwo-day-old rhesus monkeys, restrained and rotated for one hour, exhibited elevations of 25.8 ± 3.3 (S.E.) μg% in plasma nonconjugated 17-OHCS. This sizable and consistent increase was 44% as great as the one hour increase in plasma nonconjugated 17-OHCS following ACTH, suggesting either that the restraint and rotation was not sufficiently stressful or that the infant CNS-hypophyseal axis was not sufficiently developed to stimulate fully the adrenal cortex.
Synthesis, structure-affinity relationships, and modeling of AMDA analogs at 5-HT2A and H1 receptors: structural factors contributing to selectivity.

Abstract Histamine H1 and serotonin 5-HT2A receptors present in the CNS have been implicated in various neuropsychiatric disorders. 9-Aminomethyl-9,10-dihydroanthracene (AMDA), a conformationally constrained diarylalkyl amine derivative, has affinity for both of these receptors. A structure–affinity relationship (SAFIR) study was carried out studying the effects of N-methylation, varying the linker chain length and constraint of the aromatic rings on the binding affinities of the compounds with the 5-HT2A and H1 receptors. Homology modeling of the 5-HT2A and H1 receptors suggests that AMDA and its analogs, the parent of which is a 5-HT2A antagonist, can bind in a fashion analogous to that of classical H1 antagonists whose ring systems are oriented toward the fifth and sixth transmembrane helices. The modeled orientation of the ligands are consistent with the reported site-directed mutagenesis data for 5-HT2A and H1 receptors and provide a potential explanation for the selectivity of ligands acting at both receptors.
Glassy cell adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix.

Abstract Objective Glassy cell carcinoma of the cervix is a rare variant of cervical cancer accounting for a small percentage of cell types. This study was undertaken to review our experience with glassy cell adenocarcinoma. Study design Review of adenocarcinomas from the period 1970 to 1985 was undertaken. Pathology review and survival analysis was performed comparing the glassy cell adenocarcinomas with other adenocarcinoma cell types. Results Twenty-one patients with glassy cell adenocarcinoma were identified. The mean age was 44 years. The stage distribution showed stage I=10, stage II=8, stage III=1, and stage IV=2. The cumulative survival according to stage was stage I=50%, stage II=36%, stage III=0%, and stage IV=0%. A separate analysis was performed for stage I comparing glassy cell carcinoma with other stage I adenocarcinoma cell types. The survival for stage I nonglassy cell adenocarcinoma was 61% compared with glassy cell adenocarcinoma 48% (n=10) ( P =.5). A separate subset for adenosquamous carcinoma alone was performed. The survival for stage I adenosquamous carcinoma (n=30) was 58%. The survival for adenosquamous glassy cell (n=5) was 30% ( P =.45). Conclusion Glassy cell adenocarcinoma is a small subset of adenocarcinoma. When compared with other adenocarcinomas, survival is not significantly decreased.
Teaching Students about Hate and Changing Awareness

In this article, I encourage psychology teachers to consider the ways a course on hate crimes encourages students to adopt a more integrated view of the world by experiencing themselves differently. I present information about a course on hate crimes and discuss the awareness changes that occur in students. I describe the process by which students confront and come to understand the subject matter and its relation to real-world problems. I also highlight the way this course incorporates the contributions, expertise, and perspectives of groups historically excluded from the academy.
Galerkin optimal control for constrained nonlinear problems

A new numerical technique is presented for solving optimal control problems. This paper introduces a direct method that calculates optimal trajectories by discretizing the system dynamics using Galerkin numerical techniques and approximates the cost function with quadrature. We show that a weak enforcement of boundary conditions leads to improved solution accuracies. Also, we show that the Galerkin optimal control method has the potential to reduce the dimension of multi-scale problems. Using two examples, the Galerkin method described in this paper is shown to be more accurate than some existing methods.
The evolved microstructure ahead of an arrested fatigue crack in Haynes 230

Abstract The dislocation microstructure beneath surface slip traces produced by fatigue loading of Haynes 230 was revealed to be a function of distance from a crack tip. The microstructure beneath these traces evolves from planar slip bands with increasing dislocation density and decreasing interband spacing as the crack tip approaches one of refined subgrains and lamellar bands at and in the vicinity of the crack tip. Similarly, beneath fatigue striations the microstructure evolves from nanosized subgrains to a banded structure with increasing distance from the fracture surface. These structures are significantly different to those predicted to develop under fatigue loading of a planar slip material. The evolved structures are considered in terms of the microstructure generated by severe plastic deformation.
Net changes in intermuscular fat before and during rapid lipogenic activation in mice.

Abstract We have attempted to measure net changes in lipid content in a discrete “intermuscular” fat pad during rapid lipogenic activation that occurs after a previously fasted mouse nibbles a glucose-rich test meal for several minutes. The popliteal fat pad was chosen for the study since it has been shown to be about an order of magnitude more active than the epididymal fat pad in the synthesis of fatty acids from glucose carbon in fasted-refed mice. We found a highly reproducible net loss in the popliteal fat pad's weight and lipid content during fasting. Net deposition of lipid occurred when 24-h fasted mice were allowed to eat a fat-free, 58% glucose diet for several minutes. In two out of three experiments lipid repletion was complete after one brief period of nibbling. Significant decreases in the net amounts of each major fatty acid, 16:0, 16:1, 18: 1 and 18:2, were found to occur in the popliteal fat pad during a 24-h fast. After nibbling their test meal for several minutes, previously fasted mice restored their major essential fatty acid, linoleic acid, to the original fed level within 2 h, even though total lipid repletion was incomplete. Highly significant net increases in each major non-essential fatty acid were also found after brief ingestion of the test meal; however, in one experiment (incomplete repletion) only about half of the depleted fatty acids was restored. When two successive glucose test meals were eaten (2-h interval), popliteal fat converted glucose carbon to fatty acids more than twice as fast after the second feeding as after the first. However, no significant additional increment either in tissue weight or in total lipid fatty acids was found after the second test meal. Based on these findings, the possible significance of intermuscular fat in the utilization and deposition of fat is discussed.
Double unconditional bases associated with a quadratic characteristic parameter problem

Abstract A detailed discussion is given of the quadratic characteristic value problem, x = λPx + ( 1 λ )Qx , where P and Q are compact selfadjoint operators in Hilbert space. Theorems are proven showing that unconditional bases of various types may be constructed from the root vectors of A(λ) = λP + ( 1 λ )Q . These theorems are of interest in the stability theory of linear evolution equations, particularly for application to certain problems in the linearized theory of hydrodynamic stability.
The effect of water density extremum on heat transfer within a cylinder containing a heat-generating porous media

Abstract A numerical model was used to investigate the effect of the density extremum of water in a cylinder containing a heat-generating porous media. The modeled vertical cylinder had an adiabatic bottom surface with isothermal sides and top. The density of water was varied with temperature, as was the heat generation rate, aspect ratio, and boundary temperature to reveal the affects upon heat transfer and maximum temperatures. Results of the explicit finite difference model using Darcy's formulation for the momentum equations indicate that the uniform internal heat generation rate and the surface area to volume ratio determine maximum temperatures and steady-state flow patterns. At very low heat generation rates, the boundary temperature does not significantly affect the location of the maximum velocity unless the boundary temperature is at the extremum temperature of 4°C. When larger internal heat generation rates are considered, and as the surface area to volume ratio decreases, the effect of boundary temperature becomes less significant. Because the density extremum of water is so near its melting point of 0°C, the effect of the maximum density is essentially negligible for boundary temperatures above the melting point of water.
A test of Weiner's attribution theory inertial motivation hypothesis1

This study (N= 160 males) examined the cognitive and inertial motivation effects of overt success feedback on subjects high and low in resultant achievement motivation. The cognitive effects of overt success feedback were investigated by requesting attributions to effort, ability, luck, and task difficulty concerning performance on a digit symbol substitution task. The inertial motivation effects of overt success feedback were investigated through a transfer design. Results indicated overt success feedback to have an inertial motivation effect on performance efficiency at a subsequent verbal learning task. The results provided evidence against Weiner's (1972) attribution theory version of the inertial motivation hypothesis, and were interpreted within the general learning theory framework combined with the achievement and test anxiety models of Atkinson and Sarason. The interpretation offered considers the various experimental conditions as sources of motivation.
An annual cycle of phytoplankton biomass in the Arabian Sea, 1994 1995, as determined by moored optical sensors

A surface-to-bottom mooring in the central Arabian Sea (15.53N, 61.53E) deployed from October 1994 to October 1995, included #uorometers, PAR irradiance sensors, Lu sensors, and a spectral radiometer. An annual cycle of phytoplankton biomass was determined by transforming signals from the optical sensors into chlorophyll a (chl a). Half-yearly phytoplankton blooms with water-column strati"cation were observed near the end of each monsoon, as well as biomass increases in response to mesoscale #ow features. During the Northeast Monsoon, the integrate water-column chl a rose from 15 to 25 mg m, while during the Southwest Monsoon, chl a increased from 15 to a maximum '40 mg m. We present an empirical relationship between the ratio of downwelling E 443/E 550 (blue to green wavelength ratio) and integral euphotic zone chl a determined by moored #uorometers (r"0.73). There is a more signi"cant relationship between E 443/E 550 measured at one depth in the water column (65 m) and the average vertical attenuation coe$cient for PAR (K ) between 0 and 65 m (r"0.845). Because biofouling was a signi"cant problem at times, data return from any one sensor was incomplete. However, optical sensor/data intercomparison helped "ll gaps while permitting investigation of the temporal variability in observed phytoplankton biomass. 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Price signal analysis for competitive electric generation companies

Successful operation and bidding in the competitive electricity marketplace requires well-planned strategies. The appropriate strategy is dependent on the state of the system. Much data (including time series) is available, and a proper analysis of this data can provide insight in choosing the right strategies. Traditional data analysis techniques can be time consuming. Techniques that quickly analyze the data can assist in forecasting price and demand and identifying the present state of the market, which should help the savvy trader in reacting intelligently to the market before its competitors. Advanced data analysis techniques may reveal patterns in the data that may be very helpful in forecasting demand or price. This paper compares several techniques that may help in identifying useful patterns in relevant time series data. These patterns are keys or leading indicators of future electric utility price or demand of electricity. The importance of quickly identifying these signals will increase as competition increases. The techniques being investigated are Fourier and Hartley transforms, line spectrum analysis using both Fourier transforms and Hartley transforms.
Metastasis-Associated Protein 3 (MTA3) Regulates G2/M Progression in Proliferating Mouse Granulosa Cells

Metastasis-associated protein 3 (MTA3) is a constituent of the Mi-2/nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) protein complex that regulates gene expression by altering chromatin structure and can facilitate cohesin loading onto DNA. The biological function of MTA3 within the NuRD complex is unknown. Herein, we show that MTA3 was expressed highly in granulosa cell nuclei of all ovarian follicle stages and at lower levels in corpora lutea. We tested the hypothesis that MTA3-NuRD complex function is required for granulosa cell proliferation. In the ovary, MTA3 interacted with NuRD proteins CHD4 and HDAC1 and the core cohesin complex protein RAD21. In cultured mouse primary granulosa cells, depletion of endogenous MTA3 using RNA interference slowed cell proliferation; this effect was rescued by coexpression of exogenous MTA3. Slowing of cell proliferation correlated with a significant decrease in cyclin B1 and cyclin B2 expression. Granulosa cell populations lacking MTA3 contained a significantly higher percentage of cells in G2/M phase and a lower percentage in S phase compared with control cells. Furthermore, MTA3 depletion slowed entry into M phase as indicated by reduced phosphorylation of histone H3 at serine 10. These findings provide the first evidence to date that MTA3 interacts with NuRD and cohesin complex proteins in the ovary in vivo and regulates G2/M progression in proliferating granulosa cells.
Program for Cooperative Cataloging: BIBCO Records: Analysis of Quality

The Program for Cooperative Cataloging (PCC) is an international program that brings together libraries that wish to participate in the creation and sharing of bibliographic records. These high quality records can be used by any library around the world without additional modification or change. Members of the cooperative adhere to a set of standards and practices that help eliminate extensive editing of records by participant libraries, thus allowing libraries to reduce the cost of cataloging. Even though the records submitted to the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) database by PCC member institutions adhere to the established standards, some libraries continue to verify the quality of the access points in these records. Many libraries outsource this process to outside vendors who automatically check these records against the Library of Congress (LC) Authority File. The purpose of this study is to examine the quality of the PCC records in light of the changes that were made by an authority control v...
The Continuing Significance of Race: Racial Genomics in a Postracial Era

While most scientists of the twentieth century argued for understanding race as a social construction, this understanding has shifted considerably in the past decade. In the current era, biological...
Diagnostic imaging of esophageal epithelium with clinical endoscopic polarized scanning spectroscopy instrument

This letter reports the development of an endoscopic polarized scanning spectroscopy (EPSS) instrument compatible with existing endoscopes. This instrument uses light scattering spectroscopy (LSS). In proof-of-principle studies using a single-point instrument, LSS has successfully demonstrated the ability to identify pre-cancer in the epithelial tissues of five different organs, including Barrett's esophagus (BE). The EPSS instrument can provide real time in vivo information on the location of otherwise invisible high grade dysplasia (HGD), a predictor of adenocarcinoma, and thus can serve as a guide for biopsy. It should greatly reduce the time and labor involved in performing screening and obtaining diagnoses, cause less patient discomfort and ensure that fewer biopsies are required for the reliable location of pre-cancerous lesions.
Current-Induced Switching of Domains in Magnetic Multilayer Devices

Current-induced switching in the orientation of magnetic moments is observed in cobalt/copper/cobalt sandwich structures, for currents flowing perpendicularly through the layers. Magnetic domains in adjacent cobalt layers can be manipulated controllably between stable parallel and antiparallel configurations by applying current pulses of the appropriate sign. The observations are in accord with predictions that a spin-polarized current exerts a torque at the interface between a magnetic and nonmagnetic metal, due to local exchange interactions between conduction electrons and the magnetic moments.
Analysis of sandwich TPS panel with functionally graded foam core by Galerkin method

The method of Fourier analysis is combined with the Galerkin method for solving the two-dimensional elasticity equations for a sandwich thermal protection system (TPS) insulation panel with foam core subjected to transverse loads. The variation of the Youngs modulus through the thickness is given by a polynomial in the thickness coordinate and the Poissons ratio is assumed to be constant. The Fourier series method is used to reduce the partial differential equations to a pair of ordinary differential equations, which are solved by using the Galerkin method. The method will be useful in analyzing functionally graded TPS structures with arbitrary variation of thermomechanical properties in the thickness direction. The analysis was also performed using sandwich plate theory. Significant differences were found in the results suggesting that the sandwich theory may not be suitable for the analysis of thick sandwich TPS panel. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Community Environmental Factors Are Associated With Disability in Older Adults With Functional Limitations: The MOST Study

BACKGROUND: There is limited evidence supporting the hypothesized environment-disability link. The objectives of this study were to (a) identify the prevalence of community mobility barriers and transportation facilitators and (b) examine whether barriers and facilitators were associated with disability among older adults with functional limitations. METHODS: Four hundred and thirty-five participants aged 65+ years old with functional limitations were recruited from the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study, a prospective study of community-dwelling adults with or at risk of developing symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. Presence of community barriers and facilitators was ascertained by the Home and Community Environment survey. Two domains of disability, (a) daily activity limitation (DAL) and (b) daily activity frequency (DAF), were assessed with the Late-Life Disability Instrument. Covariates included age, gender, education, race, comorbidity, body mass index, knee pain, and functional limitation. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine adjusted associations of community factors with presence of DAL and DAF. RESULTS: Approximately one third of the participants lived in a community with high mobility barriers and low transportation facilitators. High mobility barriers was associated with greater odds of DAL (odds ratio [OR] = 2.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2-3.1) after adjusting for covariates, and high transportation facilitators was associated with lower odds of DAL (OR = 0.5, 95% CI 0.3-0.8) but not with DAF in adjusted models. CONCLUSION: People with functional limitations who live in communities that were more restrictive felt more limited in doing daily activities but did not perform these daily activities any less frequently.
OFDM systems in the presence of phase noise: consequences and solutions

We provide an exact analysis of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) performance in the presence of phase noise. Unlike most methods which assume small phase noise, we examine the general case for any phase noise levels. After deriving a closed-form expression for the signal-to-noise-plus-interference ratio (SINR), we exhibit the effects of phase noise by precisely expressing the OFDM system performance as a function of its critical parameters. This helps in understanding the meaning of small phase noise and how it reflects on the proper parameters selection of a specific OFDM system. In order to combat phase noise, we also provide in this paper a general phase-noise suppression scheme, which, by analytical and numerical results, proves to be quite effective in practice.
Engineered enzymes for chemical production

In order to enable competitive manufacturing routes, most biocatalysts must be tailor-made for their processes. Enzymes from nature rarely have the combined properties necessary for industrial chemical production such as high activity and selectivity on non-natural substrates and toleration of high concentrations of organic media over the wide range of conditions (decreasing substrate, increasing product concentrations, solvents, etc.,) that will be present over the course of a manufacturing process. With the advances in protein engineering technologies, a variety of enzyme properties can be altered simultaneously, if the appropriate screening parameters are employed. Here we discuss the process of directed evolution for the generation of commercially viable biocatalysts for the production of fine chemicals, and how novel approaches have helped to overcome some of the challenges.
Ballistic-missile defense radars

Ballistic-missile defense has been continuously researched in the United States for the past 14 years. The Safeguard system itself is an outgrowth of both the Nike?Zeus system and later ballistic-missile components developed by various government agencies. The classic result of this early work was clear?an ICBM could be intercepted by another missile. Hence, the real controversy concerning the workability of such systems centered around an entirely different problem?the ``high-traffic environment''?or how to make tens to hundreds of near-simultaneous intercepts while tracking thousands of targets. This article describes the radars that have led to a solution of this problem, and how such radars operate within the framework of the world's most sophisticated defense system.
Prescription drug coverage: implications for hormonal therapy adherence in women diagnosed with breast cancer

In spite of its demonstrated benefits, many women do not initiate hormonal therapy, and among those who do, many discontinue it prematurely. We examined whether differences in hormonal therapy adherence may be at least partially explained by the availability of prescription drug coverage. Women aged 20-79 years diagnosed with stage I-III breast cancer between June 2005 and February 2007 were enrolled in the study. Women completed a mailed survey, on average 9 months after diagnosis, and again approximately 4 years later (N = 712). Adjusted logistic regression was used to predict the likelihood of initiating hormonal therapy and hormonal therapy continuation. Women who had prescription drug coverage were more likely to initiate hormonal therapy relative to women without prescription drug coverage (OR 2.91, 95 % CI 1.24-6.84). Women with prescription drug coverage were also more likely to continue hormonal therapy (OR 2.23; 95 % CI 0.99-5.05, p = 0.0543). The lowest income women were also less likely to continue hormonal therapy relative to women with annual household income that exceeded $70,000 (OR 0.55; 95 % CI 0.29-1.04) with a borderline significance of (p = 0.08). This study demonstrates the critical role of prescription drug coverage in hormonal therapy initiation and continuation, independent of health insurance coverage. These findings add to the body of literature that addresses medication adherence. Financial factors must be considered along with behavioral factors that influence adherence, which is becoming increasingly relevant to oncology as treatments are shifted to oral medications, many of which are very expensive.
Use of Aromatase Inhibitors in Large Cell Calcifying Sertoli Cell Tumors: Effects on Gynecomastia, Growth Velocity, and Bone Age

Context: Large cell calcifying Sertoli cell tumors (LCCSCT) present in isolation or, especially in children, in association with Carney Complex (CNC) or Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome (PJS). These tumors overexpress aromatase (CYP19A1), which leads to increased conversion of delta-4-androstenedione to estrone and testosterone to estradiol. Prepubertal boys may present with growth acceleration, advanced bone age, and gynecomastia. Objective: To investigate the outcomes of aromatase inhibitor therapy (AIT) in prepubertal boys with LCCSCTs. Design: Case series of a very rare tumor and chart review of cases treated at other institutions. Setting: Tertiary care and referral center. Patients: Six boys, five with PJS and one with CNC, were referred to the National Institutes of Health for treatment of LCCSCT. All patients had gynecomastia, testicular enlargement, and advanced bone ages, and were being treated by their referring physicians with AIT. Interventions: Patients were treated for a total of 6–60 months on AIT. ...
The origin of the Neihart Quartzite, a basal deposit of the Mid-Proterozoic Belt Supergroup, Montana, U.S.A.

The Neihart Quartzite is the basal quartz arenite unit (≍270m thick) of the Mid-Proterozoic Belt Supergroup of western North America. Petrographic studies indicate a source area with plutonic granitic, metamorphic and felsic volcanic rocks. Extreme textural maturity and bimodality indicate an episode of aeolian transport for the detrital quartz grains. The lower 80% of the Neihart Quartzite were probably deposited by braided streams, whereas the upper 20% were deposited in shoreline environments. Residual material that was ‘stored up’ on the pre-Beltian cratonic surface and underwent aeolian reworking was the likely source material for most of the Neihart Quartzite. Less mature sediments in the top portion of the Neihart Quartzite indicate uplift and erosion of new source material during Neihart deposition. Other known cratonic quartz arenites, such as the St. Peter Sandstone (Ordovician), Lamotte Sandstone (Cambrian) and Flathead Quartzite (Cambrian), are thin (tens of metres thickness) and exhibit sheet-like geometry. In contrast, the Neihart Quartzite and its probable lateral equivalents are considerably thicker and increase in thickness towards the central portions of the basin. It thus appears that Belt sedimentation began with accumulation of a basal quartz arenite unit, and that sand for that unit was transported by braided streams from the surrounding craton to a gradually subsiding Belt basin.
Normal development of the fetal brain by MRI

The fetal brain is a dynamic structure, which can now be imaged using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This article will review techniques of fetal MRI as well as several key aspects of brain development and their appearance on MRI. An understanding of normal fetal brain development is essential to correctly identifying developmental abnormalities.
A stochastic model to assess the risk of introduction of bovine viral diarrhea virus to beef cow-calf herds.

Abstract A spreadsheet model using Monte Carlo simulation was designed to evaluate the introduction of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) to cow–calf farms and the effect of different testing strategies. Risks were modeled to include imports to the cow–calf herd and stocker calves imported to adjacent pastures. The number of persistently infected (PI) animals imported and the probability of BVDV introduction were monitored for three herd sizes, four import profiles, and six testing strategies. Importing stockers and importing pregnant heifers were the biggest risks for introduction of BVDV. Testing for PI animals in stockers decreased the risk they posed, but testing pregnant heifers was not sufficient to decrease risk unless their calves were also tested. Test sensitivity was more influential than PI prevalence on the likelihood of BVDV introduction, when all imports were tested. This model predicts the risk of BVDV introduction for individual herds based on management decisions, and should prove to be a useful tool to help cow–calf producers in controlling the risk of importing BVDV to a naive herd.
Breeding, Genetics, and Production of Soybeans

Publisher Summary Soybeans (SB) are one of the major crops in the United States and the world. Soybean breeding, genetics, and production have undergone some dramatic changes in the last few decades. Undoubtedly, this rapid change will continue as general scientific discoveries and innovation are applied to soybean. This chapter briefly discusses the current situation in soybean breeding, genetics, and production. Soybean is an important source of oil and protein for the world. The United States, Brazil, Argentina, and China are major soybean-producing countries. China and the European Union are the largest importers of soybeans. Soybean production practices vary widely around the world. However, the trend in many countries is toward large scale, high input soybean production practices. Soybean genetics, cytogenetics, molecular genetics, and genomics have made important contributions to soybean breeding and soybean production. As the sequencing of the soybean genome is completed, new opportunities will arise in each of these areas that will impact soybean breeding and ultimately soybean production. Soybean breeding methods for development of commercial cultivars continue to evolve. Although soybean breeders are successful in producing cultivars using traditional conventional breeding methods, the most widely used methods have shifted in recent decades to wide use of single seed descent and, with the advent of transformation, renewed use of backcrossing. Many breeders are using molecular-based plant breeding methods and techniques, such as marker-assisted selection, as a part of their cultivar development program.
Femoral and Pelvic Fractures after Total Hip Arthroplasty

During a period of forty months when 5,400 total hip arthroplasties were performed at the Mayo Clinic, ten patients (nine operated on at this clinic and one elsewhere) were seen with fractures that occurred four to twenty months after operation: three in the pubis, six in the proximal one-third of the femur, and one, a combined acetabular and femoral fracture. Two of the pubic fractures were typical stress fractures; the others were caused by recognizable trauma. Defects in the femoral cortex (screw holes and misdirected reaming) or an inadequate amount and distribution of cement about the top of the femoral stem seemed to predispose to femoral fracture. Fracture healing did not appear to be adversely affected by the presence of the prosthesis or the methylmethacrylate. Open reduction was used only when adequate apposition and alignment was not achieved by closed methods (traction and a spica cast). The pubic fractures required no treatment.
Silk Fibroin Aqueous-Based Adhesives Inspired by Mussel Adhesive Proteins

Silk fibroin from the domesticated silkworm Bombyx mori is a naturally occurring biopolymer with charged hydrophilic terminal regions that end-cap a hydrophobic core consisting of repeating sequences of glycine, alanine, and serine residues. Taking inspiration from mussels that produce proteins rich in l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) to adhere to a variety of organic and inorganic surfaces, the silk fibroin was functionalized with catechol groups. Silk fibroin was selected for its high molecular weight, tunable mechanical and degradation properties, aqueous processability, and wide availability. The synthesis of catechol-functionalized silk fibroin polymers containing varying amounts of hydrophilic polyethylene glycol (PEG, 5000 g/mol) side chains was carried out to balance silk hydrophobicity with PEG hydrophilicity. The efficiency of the catechol functionalization reaction did not vary with PEG conjugation over the range studied, although tuning the amount of PEG conjugated was essential for aqueous...
Effects of 6 hydroxydopamine and reserpine on amphetamine induced release of norepinephrine in rat cerebral cortex

Amphetamine released 3-H-norepinephrine from rat cerebral cortex tissue which had previously accumulated the 3-H-amine. Destruction of noradrenergic nerve endings by pretreatment of the rats with 6-hydroxydopamine inhibited the accumulation of 3-H-norepinephrine by the tissue and reduced the proportion of the 3-H-amine which was released by amphetamine. Inhibition of storage of 3-H-norepinephrine within nerve endings by pretreatment of the animals with reserpine also reduced accumulation of 3-H-norepinephrine but did not reduce the proportion of the accumulated 3-H-amine which was released by amphetamine. The addition of desipramine (an inhibitor of neuronal uptake) further reduced the accumulation of 3-H-norepinephrine in animals pretreated with reserpine but had no further effect in animals pretreated with 6-hydroxydopamine. A greater proportion of the 3-H-norepinephrine was converted to 3-H-deaminated metabolites in tissues of reserpine-treated animals than in the tissues of control or 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats. Amphetamine-induced release of 3-H-norepinephrine was partially calcium dependent in tissues from control animals. After reserpine treatment, amphetamine-induced release of norepinephrine was independent of calcium, whereas potassium-mediated release was still markedly calcium dependent. These experiments indicate that amphetamine releases 3-H-norepinephrine primarily from storage sites within central adrenergic nerve endings. An analysis of the time course of release from tissues of rats treated with reserpine suggests that amphetamine is equally capable of releasing 3-H-norepinephrine from granular sites which are susceptible to reserpine and from reserpine-insensitive sites.
Human Dimensions of Climate Change Adaptation: Factors that Influence Behaviors

The need for climate adaptation has become more widely accepted as the inevitability of wide ranging climate-related impacts has become apparent. Limited research, however, has explicitly examined the human dimensions related to these changes and potential adaptation responses. With some exceptions, when human variables have been addressed in adaptation research they have been included in the measurements or estimates of potential future impacts rather than as central drivers of adaptation actions. This has resulted in a limited understanding of the factors that influence adaptation decisions. In this paper, we draw on theories and research in the social sciences to examine variables that influence human behaviors. We then describe a planning approach to inform adaptation decisions given the uncertainty of future climatic conditions. We conclude by discussing the potential for maladaptation where adopted measures may serve to increase rather than decrease vulnerability to climate change.