cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Random electrodynamics: The theory of classical electrodynamics with classical electromagnetic zero-point radiation

The theory of classical electrodynamics with classical electromagnetic zero-point radiation is outlined here under the title random electrodynamics. The work represents a reanalysis of the bounds of validity of classical electron theory which should sharpen the understanding of the connections and dinstinctions between classical and quantum theories. The new theory of random electrodynamics is a classical electron theory involving Newton's equations for particle motion due to the Lorentz force, and Maxwell's equations for the electromagnetic fields with point particles as sources. However, the theory departs from the classical electron theory of Lorentz in that it adopts a new boundary condition on Maxwell's equations. It is assumed that the homogeneous boundary condition involves random classical electromagnetic radiation with a Lorentz-invariant spectrum, classical electromagnetic zero-point radiation. The scale of the spectrum of random radiation is set by Planck's constant $\ensuremath{\hbar}$. In the limit $\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$, the theory of random electrodynamics becomes Lorentz's theory of electrons. Thus, random electrodynamics stands between two well-known theories\char22{}traditional classical electron theory with $\ensuremath{\hbar}=0$ on the one hand and quantum electrodynamics with its noncommuting operators on the other. The paper discusses the role of boundary conditions in classical electrodynamics, the motivation for choosing a new boundary condition involving classical zero-point radiation, and the assumed random character of the radiation. Also, the implications of the theory of random electrodynamics are summarized, including the detection of zero-point radiation, the calculation of van der Waals forces, and the change of ideas in statistical thermodynamics. In these cases the summary accounts refer to published calculations which yield results in agreement with experiment. The implications of random electrodynamics for atomic structure, atomic spectra, and particle-interference effects are discussed on an order-of-magnitude or heuristic level. Some detailed mathematical connections and some merely heuristic connections are noted between random electrodynamics and quantum theory.
An investigation of transition to turbulence in bounded oscillatory Stokes flows. Part 2. Numerical simulations

The stability of oscillatory channel flow to different classes of infinitesimal and finite-amplitude two- and three-dimensional disturbances has been investigated by direct numerical simulations of the Navier–Stokes equations using spectral techniques. All infinitesimal disturbances were found to decay monotonically to a periodic steady state, in agreement with earlier Floquet theory calculations. However, before reaching this periodic steady state an infinitesimal disturbance introduced in the boundary layer was seen to experience transient growth in accordance with the predictions of quasi-steady theories for the least stable eigenmodes of the Orr–Sommerfeld equation for instantaneous ‘frozen’ profiles. The reason why this growth is not sustained in the periodic steady state is explained. Two-dimensional infinitesimal disturbances reaching finite amplitudes were found to saturate in an ordered state of two-dimensional quasi-equilibrium waves that decayed on viscous timescales. No finite-amplitude equilibrium waves were found in our cursory study. The secondary instability of these two-dimensional finite-amplitude quasi-equilibrium states to infinitesimal three-dimensional perturbations predicts transitional Reynolds numbers and turbulent flow structures in agreement with experiments.
Calculated structures and relative stabilities of furoxan, some 1,2-dinitrosoethylenes and other isomers

The structures and relative stabilities of furoxan and some of its isomers, e.g., the 1,2-dinitrosoethylenes, have been determined by means of ab initio Hartee–Fock and Moller–Plesset calculations. Geometries were optimized at the HF/3-21G, HF/6-31G* and MP2/6-31G* levels, and subsequently used for computing MP2/6-31G*, MP3/6-31G*, and MP4/6-31G* energies. The results are markedly affected by the inclusion of electronic correlation, which renders three of the isomers unstable. It also emphasizes the importance of a zwitterionic contribution to the structure of furoxan, which promotes ring-opening through a cis 1,2-dinitrosoethylene intermediate/transition state that has an MP4/6-31G*//MP2/6-31G* energy that is 31.6 kcal/mol above furoxan.
19 Lateral ankle joint complex stiffness in those with chronic ankle instability

Background The in-vivo status of lateral ankle joint complex laxity and stiffness in chronic ankle instability (CAI) is unclear and may contribute to repeated injury. Objective To determine if differences exist in beginning- and end-range stiffness during anterior loading between various ankle injury groups. Design Cross-sectional. Setting Biomechanics Laboratory. Participants From 52 recreational athletes, 40 meeting the inclusion criteria were divided into control (n = 17), coper (n = 7), mechanical ankle instability (MAI; n = 6) and functional ankle instability (FAI; n = 10) groups (17 males; 23 females; 22.2 ± 3.2 years, height 168.4 ± 10.3 cm, body mass 68.3 ± 15.8 kg). Controls (no ankle injury) and copers (1 sprain from which they recovered) reported Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT) scores ≥29. MAI and FAI groups had repeated episodes of giving way and CAIT scores ≤24. The MAI group had anterior displacement >18 mm with arthrometer testing with the FAI group having Interventions Three trials of an instrumented arthrometer anterior load to 150N were applied. Main outcome measurements Anterior displacement (mm) at 150N and stiffness (N/mm) values at beginning- (40–60N) and end-range (125–150N) were extracted and averaged. One-way ANOVAs with Tukey post-hoc comparisons (α = 0.05) were applied. Results Groups were not different in age, height, or body mass. The MAI group had significantly lower stiffness values at beginning-range (3.1 ± 0.6 N/mm, p Conclusions The MAI group demonstrated decreased stiffness at beginning- and end-range compared to control and FAI groups. There were no differences in stiffness among control, coper, and FAI groups. For the MAI sub-group with laxity, decreased stiffness may indicate poor joint complex response to loading. Changes in ankle joint complex laxity and stiffness may play a role in repeated injury in some sub-groups of CAI.
Prostaglandins regulate acid-induced cell-mediated bone resorption

Metabolic acidosis induces bone calcium efflux initially by physicochemical dissolution and subsequently by cell-mediated mechanisms involving inhibition of osteoblasts and stimulation of osteoclas...
A human papillomavirus type 18 E6/E7 transgene sensitizes mouse lens cells to human wild-type p53-mediated apoptosis

We have studied the concerted action of factors that influence the balance between cell proliferation and cell death in the developing lens of transgenic mice. We show that a human papillomavirus type 18 (HPV18) E6/E7 transgene that predominantly expresses the viral E7 gene product triggers apoptosis in a dose dependent manner, and causes retardation of lens growth or microphakia. E7 is known to inactivate pRB, the product of the retinoblastoma gene, and to enhance the action of p53. Our earlier work had demonstrated that over-expression of p53 itself can cause apoptosis of lens cells, and that a mutant p53 allele can interfere with this process. In the present study, we examined lenses that simultaneously express different constellations of the HPV18 E6/E7, wild-type and mutant human p53, and wild-type human pRB transgenes. We observed that lens cells expressing the HPV18 transgene are more sensitive to wild-type human p53 action than normal lens cells. As a result, there is severe microphakia in lenses that express both the HPV18 and the wild-type p53 transgenes. By contrast, apoptosis was reduced in lenses that co-expressed the HPV18 and either the pRB or the mutant p53 transgene. We conclude that levels of wild-type p53 are critical, and that any excess of p53 or suppression of pRB can cause cell death. Our results encourage attempts to counteract the deleterious action of human papillomaviruses in cervical cancer by a combination of measures that decrease cell proliferation and enhance apoptosis.
Adenosine Triphosphate-Hexose Phosphotransferase in Developing Chick Embryo Heart.

SummaryDeterminations of ATP-hexose phosphotransferase activity in chick embryo hearts demonstrated the presence of a soluble hexokinase. The enzyme has a low Km for glucose, a maximum activity at pH 8.0–8.5 and is inhibited by glucose-6-phosphate. Total enzyme activity does not change between the 5th and 7th day of development, decreases moderately thereafter and increases after hatching. The slight reduction of total enzyme activity observed between the 5th and 10th day of embryologic development is inadequate to account for the previously reported decrease in the maximal rate of intracellular glucose phosphorylation occurring in intact hearts during the same period.
On-line Detection and Analysis of Gas Cavity in Insulator of Gas Insulated Switchgear

A defect of gas cavity in insulator of a gas insulated switchgear is analyzed by means of ultra-high frequency detection of partial discharge(PD),location of defect,pattern recognition,equipment disassembly and experiments.The accurate defect location based on the energy attenuation of ultra-high frequency signal and the time delay of signal arrival is discussed.The defect type is recognized according to the characteristics of PRPD spectrum of the ultra-high frequency signal.Moreover,the defect of gas cavity in insulator is found out though disassembly.
Habitat, predators, and hosts regulate disease in Daphnia through direct and indirect pathways

Community ecology can link habitat to disease via interactions among habitat, focal hosts, other hosts, their parasites, and predators. However, complicated food web interactions (i.e., trophic interactions among predators and their impacts on host density and diversity) often obscure the important pathways regulating disease. Here, we disentangle community drivers in a case study of planktonic disease, using a two-step approach. In step one, we tested univariate field patterns linking community interactions directly to two disease metrics. Density of focal hosts (Daphnia dentifera) was related to density but not prevalence of fungal (Metschnikowia bicuspidata) infections. Both disease metrics appeared to be driven by selective predators that cull infected hosts (fish, e.g., Lepomis macrochirus), sloppy predators that spread parasites while feeding (midges, Chaoborus punctipennis), and spore predators that reduce contact between focal hosts and parasites (other zooplankton, especially small-bodied Ceriodaphnia sp.). Host diversity also negatively correlated with disease, suggesting a dilution effect. However, several of these univariate patterns were initially misleading, due to confounding ecological links among habitat, predators, host density, and host diversity. In step two, path models uncovered and explained these misleading patterns, and grounded them in habitat structure (refuge size). First, rather than directly reducing infection prevalence, fish predation drove disease indirectly through changes in density of midges and frequency of small spore predators (which became more frequent in lakes with small refuges). Second, small spore predators drove the two disease metrics through fundamentally different pathways: they directly reduced infection prevalence, but indirectly reduced density of infected hosts by lowering density of focal hosts (likely via competition). Third, the univariate diversity–disease pattern (signaling a dilution effect) merely reflected the confounding direct effects of these small spore predators. Diversity per se had no effect on disease, after accounting for the links between small spore predators, diversity, and infection prevalence. In turn, these small spore predators were regulated by both size-selective fish predation and refuge size. Thus, path models not only explain each of these surprising results, but also trace their origins back to habitat structure.
Kant's positivism

I There are many of us, and we disagree about justice. How we think about such disagreement will determine how we think about politics. And since law is the offspring of politics, how we think about disagreement will determine in some measure how we think about positive law. Here is an example. The members of a community may be divided on the question of whether a testator should have the Lear-like power to exclude a surviving child from the enjoyment of his estate. Some citizens, celebrating test amentary freedom, say he should: it is after all his property , and it should pass according to his wishes. Others say he should not: once he is dead, the importance of respecting his preference diminishes in comparison with the importance of securing the welfare of his dependents. The issue is a political one, not simply because the citizens disagree, for we disagree about all sorts of things – the virtues of the modern novel, the causes of the Punic Wars – on which no political decision is necessary. The issue of test amentary power is political because those who disagree on the merits agree nevertheless that the community needs some determinate resolution of the issue. Test amentary freedom is not something on which we can agree to differ. Or, rather, we can agree to differ in our opinion , but it is necessary all the same that we arrive at some position on the matter to be upheld as the community's position on the rights and powers of property-owners.
Poverty and Child Health

Fifteen percent of the US population—47 million people—was living at or below the poverty line in 2013. However, 22 % of the nation’s 74 million children were living in poverty, making them the poorest residents of our nation. The chapter defines poverty and explores the nature and extent of poverty in the USA, including trends in poverty rates by age group and region as well as by race, ethnicity, and immigrant status. Also examined are the impact of family economic hardship on child health, the research on the social determinants of health, and the effects of US antipoverty policies as well as early child development programs on poor children. It concludes with recommendations for advancing poverty reduction efforts that promote child health, with a focus on policies and programs that address the needs of both parents and their children. Because an examination of poverty and child health is inherently multidisciplinary, data are drawn from the fields of economics, maternal and child health, developmental psychology, public policy, sociology, and social welfare.
The Mechanism of CO2 Adsorption under Dry and Humid Conditions in Mesoporous Silica-Supported Amine Sorbents

The anomalous behavior of CO2 adsorption in anhydrous and humid conditions in silica-supported, polyethylenimine (PEI)-impregnated sorbents has been elucidated in a new chemical model. New quantum chemical calculations show that the zwitterion, whose existence was called into question by earlier theoretical and spectroscopic studies, can be stabilized by water as well as amines, to an extent that zwitterions can serve as diffusive intermediates for CO2 transport through PEI. Water-stabilized zwitterions are more numerous and have a lower activation energy for deprotonation compared with amine-stabilized zwitterions, leading to the formation of carbamate. Calculations also show that bicarbonate is disfavored in the system compared with hydronium carbamate, in accord with spectroscopic evidence. A reaction–diffusion model based on this new chemistry and quantitatively linked to quantum calculations reproduces the anomalous experimentally observed macroscopic behavior of the sorbents in a quantitative fashion.
Survival of resectable pancreatic cancer patients with diabetes

4098 Background: Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer mortality in the United States. Determining modifiable prognostic factors may be a key step in improving outcomes of these p...
Systemic Effects of Cancer

The systemic effects of cancer on the host are independent of direct invasion and have been described clinically for some time. Much of the recent literature looks at production by the tumor, of abnormal mediators that resemble those of the host. In the case of hypercalcemia or states of hypercoagulation, these tumor products cause the normal systems to react or overreact. Increasingly, systemic manifestations of cancer such as muscle, skin, and neurological disorders appear to arise from an aberrant immune response and subsequent inflammatory state that are caused by both the cancer and the host responses and are further molded by the cancer or the host. These states of immune dysregulation and excess inflammation target differing organ systems with potentially lethal or highly morbid conditions such as cerebellar degeneration. Globally, these reactions are responsible for a nearly universal symptom seen during the course of the malignancy and its treatment – fatigue.
Comparative study on similarity metrics for seed-based analysis of functional connectivity photoacoustic tomography images

Seed-based correlation analysis is one of the most popular methods to explore the functional connectivity in the brain. Based on the time series of a seed, i.e., small regions of interest, connectivity is computed as the correlation of time series for all other pixels in the brain. Similarity metric to measure the similarity between time courses of different seeds plays an important role in the detection of functional connectivity maps. In this study, we investigate the performance of six similarity metrics including Pearson correlation, Kendall, Spearman, Goodman-Kruskal Gamma, normalized cross correlation and coherence analysis to determine their performance for the functional connectivity photoacoustic tomography (fcPAT) signals/images. The methods are implemented and applied on the fcPAT data of a mouse brain. We also add noise to the fcPAT data and explore the noise tolerance of these metrics.
STRUCTURE OF THE ACTIN MULTIGENE FAMILY OF SOYBEAN (Glycine max)

Publisher Summary Soybean actin is encoded by a small multigene family composed of seven or eight genes. This chapter discusses a study that was conducted to understand the structure of the actin multigene family of soybean. In this study, seven members of this multigene family were isolated from a library of the soybean genome cloned in Charon 4A. The complete sequence of the coding regions of three of these genes was determined, and the 5” ends and flanking regions of several additional soybean actin genes were also sequenced. The positions of the three introns in each soybean actin gene examined were identical; however, their sequences and lengths varied. The introns were similar to the introns found in animal genes in that they conform to the GT–AG rule, are AT rich, and contain termination codons in all three translational reading frames. Despite the fact that the soybean actin introns occur in the same locations within the members of this multigene family, the introns of the actin genes of other organisms such as Drosophila, sea urchin, and yeast do not occur at these locations. The positions of introns in other actin genes vary widely.
Cellular Computations Underlying Detection of Gaps in Sounds and Lateralizing Sound Sources.

In mammals, acoustic information arises in the cochlea and is transmitted to the ventral cochlear nuclei (VCN). Three groups of VCN neurons extract different features from the firing of auditory nerve fibers and convey that information along separate pathways through the brainstem. Two of these pathways process temporal information: octopus cells detect coincident firing among auditory nerve fibers and transmit signals along monaural pathways, and bushy cells sharpen the encoding of fine structure and feed binaural pathways. The ability of these cells to signal with temporal precision depends on a low-voltage-activated K + conductance ( g KL ) and a hyperpolarization-activated conductance ( g h ). This ‘tale of two conductances' traces gap detection and sound lateralization to their cellular and biophysical origins.
Prenatal DDT exposure and child adiposity at age 12: The CHAMACOS study

Abstract Objective Using data from the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) birth cohort study, we assessed the association of in utero exposure to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and dichlorodiphenylethylene (DDE) with child adiposity at age 12. Methods We included 240 children with o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDT, and p,p′-DDE concentrations measured in maternal serum collected during pregnancy (ng/g lipid) and complete 12-year follow-up data. Age- and sex-specific body mass index (BMI) z-scores were calculated from CDC growth charts. Children with BMI z-scores ≥ 85th percentile were classified as overweight or obese. Results At 12 years, BMI z-score averaged 1.09 (±1.03) and 55.4% of children were overweight or obese. Prenatal DDT and DDE exposure was associated with several adiposity measures in boys but not girls. Among boys, 10-fold increases in prenatal DDT and DDE concentrations were associated with increased BMI z-score (o,p′-DDT, adj-β=0.37, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.65; p,p′-DDT, adj-β = 0.26, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.48; p,p′-DDE, adj-β = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.59). Results for girls were nonsignificant. The difference by sex persisted after considering pubertal status. Conclusions These results support the chemical obesogen hypothesis, that in utero exposure to DDT and DDE may increase risk of obesity in males later in life.
Comparison of the HEI and HEI-2010 Diet Quality Measures in Association with Chronic Disease Risk among Low-Income, African American Urban Youth in Baltimore, Maryland.

ABSTRACTObjective: Overall diet patterns may be a better predictor of disease risk than specific nutrients or individual foods. The purpose of this study is to examine how overall diet patterns relate to nutritional intake, body composition, and physiological measures of chronic disease risk among low-income, urban African American adolescents.Methods: Cross-sectional data were collected from two samples of African American adolescents (n = 317) from a low-income urban community, including dietary intake using the food frequency Youth/Adolescent Questionnaire and anthropometric measures. Serum cholesterol, serum lipoproteins, and glucose tolerance were measured in a subsample. Means testing compared differences in Healthy Eating Index (HEI) and Healthy Eating Index–2010 (HEI-2010) component and total scores. Pearson correlations examined how HEI and HEI-2010 scores related to nutrient, food intakes, and markers of disease risk, including body mass index, percent body fat, abdominal fat, serum cholesterol,...
Subdialectal Differences in Sorani Kurdish

In this study we apply classification methods for detecting subdialectal differences in Sorani Kurdish texts produced in different regions, namely Iran and Iraq. As Sorani is a low-resource language, no corpus including texts from different regions was readily available. To this end, we identified data sources that could be leveraged for this task to create a dataset of 200,000 sentences. Using surface features, we attempted to classify Sorani subdialects, showing that sentences from news sources in Iraq and Iran are distinguishable with 96% accuracy. This is the first preliminary study for a dialect that has not been widely studied in computational linguistics, evidencing the possible existence of distinct subdialects.
Loss of FFAR2 promotes colon cancer by epigenetic dysregulation of inflammation suppressors

Free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2, also named GPR43), is activated by short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as butyrate, that are produced when gut bacteria ferment dietary fiber. FFAR2 has been suggested to regulate colonic inflammation, which is a major risk factor for the development of colon cancer and is also linked to epigenetic dysregulation in colon carcinogenesis. The current study assessed whether FFAR2, acting as an epigenetic regulator, protects against colon carcinogenesis. To mimic the mild inflammation that promotes human colon cancer, we treated mice with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) overnight, which avoids excessive inflammation but induces mild inflammation that promotes colon carcinogenesis in the ApcMin/+ and the azoxymethane (AOM)-treated mice. Our results showed that FFAR2 deficiency promotes the development of colon adenoma in the ApcMin/+ /DSS mice and the progression of adenoma to adenocarcinoma in the AOM/DSS mice. FFAR2's downstream cAMP-PKA-CREB pathway was enhanced, leading to overexpression of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in the FFAR2-deficient mice. ChIP-qPCR analysis revealed differential binding of H3K27me3 and H3K4me3 histone marks onto the promoter regions of inflammation suppressors (e.g., sfrp1, dkk3, socs1), resulting in decreased expression of these genes in the FFAR2-deficient mice. Also, more neutrophils infiltrated into tumors and colon lamina propria of the FFAR2-deficient mice. Depletion of neutrophils blocked the progression of colon tumors. In addition, FFAR2 is required for butyrate to suppress HDAC expression and hypermethylation of inflammation suppressors. Therefore, our results suggest that FFAR2 is an epigenetic tumor suppressor that acts at multiple stages of colon carcinogenesis.
Humeral shaft fractures

Since Lorenz Bohler postulated in his 1964 summary with the title "Against the operative treatment of fresh humeral shaft fractures" that the operative treatment is the exception in the therapy of humeral fractures times have changed. In the last years a conservative treatment of a humeral fracture is the exception and only used after straight indications. The operative therapy nowadays is the gold standard because of the development of new intramedullar and rotation stable implants in addition to the classical osteosynthesis with the plate. But even the external fixator for primary stabilisation in polytrauma patients or as rescue procedure after complications should be in repertory of every orthopedic surgeon. Attention should be put on the avoidance of primary and the correct treatment of secondary nerval lesions, esp. of the radial nerve. Here we are tending to the operative revision of the nerve in indistinct cases. In the treatment of the seldom humeral shaft fracture of the child conservative treatment is to prefer; in complications a resolute shift to a final operative stabilisation of the fracture is necessary.
Prevalence of genital prolapse in 3 ethnic groups.

Objective To compare the prevalence of genital prolapse stratified by Asian American, black and white ethnic groups in women presenting for routine gynecologic examinations and to screen them for symptoms of pelvic floor problems. Study design This was a descriptive study of women presenting for annual examinations. Demographic information on age, weight, gravidity, parity, weight of largest vaginally delivered infant, gynecologic surgery, medical problems (including hypertension, diabetes, pulmonary disease, smoking) and menopausal status were obtained from the patient and chart. Pelvic organ prolapse was assessed using the quantitative pelvic organ prolapse system. Subjects completed the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory, which was graded along the 3 scales of Urinary Distress Inventory, Pelvic Organ Prolapse Distress Inventory and Colorectal-Anal Distress Inventory. Results One hundred sixty-seven women completed the study, including 73 whites, 60 Asian Americans and 34 blacks. The populations differed in that black women had higher body weight and were more likely to smoke, while white patients had lower parity and more use of hormone replacement therapy. Sixty-seven percent of Asian American patients had stage 2 or higher prolapse as compared to 26% of black and 28% of white patients. Multiple logistic regression showed that Asian American ethnicity independently correlated with higher rates of pelvic organ prolapse. There was no difference in survey results by race. Conclusion There may be significant racial differences in the incidence of pelvic floor prolapse, with higher rates of stage 2 prolapse in asymptomatic Asian American women.
A SOCIOMATERIALITY PRACTICE PERSPECTIVE OF ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING

Social networking using social media has fundamentally changed the way people maintain friendship networks, and the way people interact and communicate with others on their social networks. Traditional research on social networking uses associations between or relationships among actors. Using a sociomateriality perspective in this paper, we address calls to the IS research community to explore new ways of seeing and theorizing IS in society, inspired and enabled by an emerging sociomaterial world view. We argue that in the case of social networking, actors (social users and their friendship networks, social network designers etc.) and artifacts (hardware, social network interface / software, Internet, social media devices etc.) are so entangled with each other that studying them as one entity instead of two makes more sense than treating them as distinct or interdependent entities. In this paper, we aim to address how sociomateriality entails itself in the phenomenon of social networking.
Virologic and immunologic aspects of feline infectious peritonitis virus infection.

A number of feline coronavi rus isolates have been characterized over the last few years. These isolates consist of what we have referred to as feline enteric coronavi ruses (FECVs) and feline infectious peritonitis viruses (FIPVs). FECVs cause a transient enteritis in kittens but no systemic illness. FIPVs, in contrast, cause a systemic and usually fatal disease syndrome characterized either by an exudative serositis or a disseminated granulomatous disease. Although the diseases they cause are quite different, FECVs and FIPVs are antigenically and morphologically indistinguishable from each other. FECVs have a strict tropism for mature intestinal epithelial cells and do not appear to replicate in macrophages. In contrast, FIPVs, appear to spread rapidly from the intestinal mucosa and replicate in macrophages.
Latino outdoors: Using storytelling and social media to increase diversity on public lands

In 2013, for the first time in United States history, more than 50% of children younger than age one were minorities. Latinos are the nation’s largest-growing minority group, and by 2050 are estimated to comprise 28% of the total U.S. population. Despite the exponential growth of minorities generally and Latinos in particular, landmanagement agencies have been slow in responding to these major racial and ethnic demographic shifts, particularly within the context of outdoor recreation activities. The purpose of this article is to show how Latino Outdoors is providing diverse and family-focused outdoor-recreation opportunities by using storytelling and cuttingedge social-networking technology to build avenues for access to public lands and a Latino-centered message of environmental awareness and belonging. In the past four years, Latino Outdoors grew from one person to 180 volunteers, 44 of whom function as volunteer leaders, and two paid full-time employees, all of whom have together organized outings in 14 states across the country. Storytelling and social media work as mechanisms to communicate the value of nature and interaction with the natural environment as part of a modern Latino identity. Engaging with cultural and ethnic diversity, Latino Outdoors and its partners have built a national network that values and advocates for the wealth of experiences that the environment and recreation can provide to the over 57 million Latinos in the United States, who are underserved by public land-management agencies. Through its use of storytelling and its online presence, the organization is creating a space for new social and cultural meanings of the outdoors using counternarratives that question normative American outdoor experiences that privilege an able-bodied white middle-class user. Latino Outdoors’ staff promotes shared narratives in the conversation about the nation’s changing meaning of outdoor experiences within an increasingly diverse society. A storytelling focus could be applied within recreation programs for the purposes of creating more culturally sensitive services, understanding land-use differences both within and across racial/ethnic groups, and developing mechanisms for collaborative goal setting that includes diverse community voices. Subscribe to JPRA
12-NM Fin-FET 3.0G-Search/s 80-Bit × 128-Entry Dual-Port Ternary CAM

A new 20T bitcell for dual-port (DP) ternary content addressable memory (TCAM) is proposed. To reduce the search power, we newly introduced self-adjust reference match amplifier circuit with match-line (ML) equalizing technique. Search-line (SL) overdrive circuit is also proposed for boosting the search speed. We implement a 40-kbit DP TCAM using 12-nm Fin-FET technology. Measured data show that the total search power of proposed DP TCAM macro is 20% less than that of conventional one. A 3.0 G-search per second marks the world fastest operation with 8% area reduction.
An experimental approach to investigate behaviors of crack formation of PV backsheets

To address the backsheet cracking observed in field deployed photovoltaic (PV) modules, crack formation of backsheets at various tensile strain levels were studied as function of ultraviolet (UV) light exposure times. In a fragmentation test, the critical and saturation strains for cracks in PET sheets (exposed at ${\approx 25 \circ{C}}$) decreased with increasing exposure times (from 140 h to 480 h), and the crack patterns changed from a discontinuous pattern to a continuous (channel) pattern. In the case of aPPE backsheet UV exposed for 240 h at 85°C, only the channel crackswereobserved for the fragmentation test, and these channel cracks were not visible after removing tensile load.
Hydroclimate Variability in Snow-Fed River Systems: Local Water Managers’ Perspectives on Adapting to the New Normal

AbstractBetween water years 2012 and 2017, the Truckee–Carson river system in the western United States experienced both historic-low and record-high Sierra Nevada snowpack, anomalously warm temper...
The embryology ofXimenia americana L.

Olacaceae,Ximenia americana L.—Embryology. Anther tapetum glandular. Endothecium fibrous. Cytokinesis in microsporocytes simultaneous. Pollen dimorphic, two-celled. Ovules ategmic, crassinucellar. Embryo sac Polygonum type, produces a haustorial caecum. A comparison with earlier investigations presented.
Association of decreased levels of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein with OKN-007–induced regression of tumor growth in an F98 rat glioma model

Objective High-grade gliomas, such as glioblastoma (GBM), are devastating tumors with a very poor prognosis. Previously the authors have found that the nitrone compound OKN-007 (OKlahoma Nitrone 007; or disodium 4-[(tert-butyl-imino) methyl] benzene-1,3-disulfonate N-oxide) is effective against high-grade gliomas in various GBM rodent and human xenograft models. The purpose of the present study was to assess the levels of the lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) in rodent gliomas treated with OKN-007 as well as determine the expression of LBP in human gliomas. Methods Microarray analysis was done to assess altered gene expression following OKN-007 administration in an F98 glioma model. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was incorporated to assess LBP levels in glioma tissues, as well as blood serum, comparing results in OKN-007-treated and untreated tumor-bearing animals. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess LBP levels in varying grades of human glioma tissue sections. Results Upon further assessment of gene expression fold changes in F98 gliomas in rats that received or did not receive OKN-007, it was found that the gene for LBP was significantly downregulated by OKN-007. Further investigation was done to see whether levels of LBP were affected by OKN-007 treatment in F98 gliomas. It was found that LBP could be detected not only in glioma tissue but also in blood serum of F98 glioma-bearing rats and that OKN-007 decreased the levels of LBP. It was also found that LBP levels are highly expressed in human high-grade glioma tissues. Conclusions LBP could potentially be used as a serum diagnostic marker of treatment response in high-grade gliomas.
2-Thiabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene endo-2-oxide derivatives: stereospecific formation, rearrangement to bicyclic sultenes, and conversion to (E)-5-alkylidene-2-cyclopentenones

Les derives ethyl-3 et methyl-3 du sulfoxyde du titre sont prepares par addition de Diels Alder du cyclopentadiene sur les S-oxydes de propanethial et de thioacetaldehyde; ils se rearrangent en alkyl-3 tetrahydro-3,3a,4,6a cyclopenta [d] oxathioles-1,2 qui sont transformes en alkylidene-5 cyclopentene-2ones
An Update and Review of Measles for Emergency Physicians.

Abstract Background It is vital for frontline emergency physicians to immediately recognize the signs and symptoms of measles to initiate appropriate therapy and prevent spread to the health care team and other patients. Objective This review serves as a clinically practical updated reference for when the differential diagnosis includes measles. Discussion Measles is a highly contagious illness that classically presents with a rash, fever, cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis. Cases in the United States since 2000 have been attributed mainly to travelers who are infected abroad and then spread the illness to small, susceptible populations within the United States. Complications from measles are relatively common and can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Clinical suspicion should be confirmed with laboratory testing, which is most commonly a serum immunoglobulin M. The management of measles is mainly supportive. Patients that require more aggressive management include those who are pregnant, immunocompromised, or unvaccinated. Treatment may consist of the measles vaccine, intravenous immunoglobulin, vitamin A, and even ribavirin. Additionally, special precautions are required by hospital workers to help prevent the spread of the virus, which include N-95 masks and patient isolation in an airborne infection isolation room. Conclusion Emergency physicians must be readily able to identify, contain patients with suspected measles, and determine who will need further medical management for this potentially life-threatening illness. As this public health crisis evolves, novel ways of screening for and reporting cases of measles is needed.
Molecular Imaging of Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular disease remains a leading killer in the United States. Although much progress has been made in diagnosing and treating this deadly disease, many questions remain. By studying disease pathogenesis at the genomic and proteomic levels, researchers have developed new strategies for managing disease, but only few have successfully translated these methods into routine clinical implementation. Molecular imaging enables the visualization of biological processes in vivo, providing valuable information that will likely improve clinical translation of these novel therapies. Molecular imaging utilizes imaging probes that interact with specific molecular targets which are then detected by an imaging system, such as single photon emission computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Patients can then be followed serially using noninvasive methodologies to evaluate disease progression and the effects of therapeutic interventions. Using these specialized probes, researchers have evaluated the role of the following biological processes in atherosclerosis and heart failure: inflammation, thrombosis, apoptosis, vascular remodeling, and angiogenesis. This chapter presents the state of the art in molecular imaging and its role in the management of cardiovascular disease.
Derivatives and integrals: matrix order operators as an extension of the fractional calculus

A natural consequence of the fractional calculus is its extension to a matrix order of differentiation and integration. A matrix-order derivative definition and a matrix-order integration arise from the generalization of the gamma function applied to the fractional differintegration definition. This work focuses on some results applied to the Riemann-Liouville version of the fractional calculus extended to its matrix-order concept. This extension also may apply to other versions of fractional calculus. Some examples of possible ordinary and partial matrix-order differential equations and related exact solutions are shown.
Genome-wide patterns of de novo tandem repeat mutations and their contribution to autism spectrum disorders

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is an early onset developmental disorder characterized by deficits in communication and social interaction and restrictive or repetitive behaviors1,2. Family studies demonstrate that ASD has a significant genetic basis3 with contributions both from inherited and de novo variants. While the majority of variance in liability to ASD is estimated to arise from common genetic variation4, it has been estimated that de novo mutations may contribute to 30% of all simplex cases, in which only a single child is affected per family5. Tandem repeats (TRs), consisting of approximately 1-20bp motifs repeated in tandem, comprise one of the largest sources of de novo mutations in humans6. Yet, largely due to technical challenges they present, de novo TR mutations have not yet been characterized on a genome-wide scale, and their contribution to ASD remains unexplored. Here, we develop novel bioinformatics tools for identifying and prioritizing de novo TR mutations from whole genome sequencing (WGS) data and use these to perform a genome-wide characterization of de novo TR mutations in ASD-affected probands and unaffected siblings. Compared to recent work on TRs in ASD7, we explicitly infer mutation events and their precise changes in repeat copy number, and primarily focus on more prevalent stepwise copy number changes rather than large or complex expansions. Our results demonstrate a significant genome-wide excess of TR mutations in ASD probands. TR mutations in probands tend to be larger, enriched in fetal brain regulatory regions, and predicted to be more evolutionarily deleterious compared to mutations observed in unaffected siblings. Overall, our results highlight the importance of considering repeat variants in future studies of de novo mutations.
SOCIAL JUSTICE ISSUES AND THE COMMUNITY COLLEGE: CLOSING THE ACHIEVEMENT GAP

Social Justice and Closing the Achievement Gap: Closing the Achievement Gap has been an increasingly important topic as it relates to underrepresented minorities. Underrepresented minorities and women have had fewer advantages than their white counterparts in gaining access to the educational social contract. This paper is to argue the steps that have led to unmet access to educational achievement by underrepresented groups at community colleges. This paper includes examples of unfulfilled services of community colleges and cites STEM progress.
Impact of the GHS on Chemical Management in Japan

It has been a long time since the global trend of chemical management has been in the direction of a voluntary approach, but that of Japan remains a compliance approach, in which employers attempt ...
Reporting Proficiency Levels for Examinees With Incomplete Data

Takers of educational tests often receive proficiency levels instead of or in addition to scaled scores. For example, proficiency levels are reported for the Advanced Placement (AP®) and U.S. Medic...
FPGA Integrated Optofluidic Biosensor for Real-time Single Biomarker Analysis

Integrated optofluidic biosensors can fill the need for sensitive, amplification-free, multiplex single molecule detection which is relevant for containing the spread of infectious diseases such as COVID-19. Here, we demonstrate a rapid sample-to-answer scheme that uses a field programmable gate array (FPGA to enable live monitoring of single particle fluorescence analysis on an optofluidic chip. Fluorescent nanobeads flowing through a micro channel are detected with 99% accuracy and particle concentrations in clinically relevant ranges from 3.4x10<sup4</sup to 3.4x10<sup6</sup/ml are determined within seconds to a few minutes without the need for post-experiment data extraction and analysis. In addition, other extract salient experimental parameters such as dynamic flow rate changes can be monitored in real time. The sensor is validated with real-time fluorescence detection of single bacterial plasmid DNA at attomolar concentrations, showing excellent promise for implementation as a point of care (POC diagnostic tool. Author
The Role of Craft Specialization in the Evolution of Prehistoric Societies in the American Southwest

Craft specialization is often used as one indicator of social complexity and even as a prime mover in the development of hierarchical social organization. In these arguments, the important distinction between craft specialization and craft industrialization is generally ignored. Claims for craft specialization are examined in three prehistoric cultures in the American Southwest for which complex social organization has been suggested: Chaco Canyon, the Hohokam, and the Western Anasazi. The material correlates of craft industries in a number of early state-level societies are briefly described and contrasted in both scale and level of organization with the Southwestern pattern. Finally, several models for the development of craft production are used to evaluate the role of craft specialization in the social organization of groups in the puebloan Southwest. The apparent inability of Southwestern groups to produce a surplus of subsistence goods inhibited development of a social hierarchy that could support craft industries. Production and exchange of craft goods at the household level may have been primarily a form of insurance against an uncertain environment.
Comorbidity profile of dementia patients in primary care: are they sicker?

OBJECTIVES: To compare the medical comorbidity of older patients with and without dementia in primary care. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Wishard Health Services, which includes a university-affiliated, urban public hospital and seven community-based primary care practice centers in Indianapolis. PARTICIPANTS: Three thousand thirteen patients aged 65 and older attending seven primary care centers in Indianapolis, Indiana. MEASUREMENTS: An expert panel diagnosed dementia using International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, criteria. Comorbidity was assessed using 10 physician-diagnosed chronic comorbid conditions and the Chronic Disease Score (CDS). RESULTS: Patients with dementia attending primary care have on average 2.4 chronic conditions and receive 5.1 medications. Approximately 50% of dementia patients in this setting are exposed to at least one anticholinergic medication, and 20% are prescribed at least one psychotropic medication. After adjusting for patients' age, race, and sex, patients with and without dementia have a similar level of comorbidity (mean number of chronic medical conditions, 2.4 vs 2.3, P=.66; average CDS, 5.8 vs 6.2, P=.83). CONCLUSION: Multiple medical comorbid conditions are common in older adults with and without dementia in primary care. Despite their cholinergic deficit, a substantial proportion of patients with dementia are exposed to anticholinergic medications. Models of care that incorporate this medical complexity are needed to improve the treatment of dementia in primary care.