cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental studies related to atmospheric flow around obstacles

Laboratory-scale experiments on a small cylindrical barrier capable of being moved zonally with respect to a rotating hemispherical shell of liquid are described. When the cylinder is moved west relative to the shell at rates approximating 1/10 of the basic rotation a strong anticyclonic circulation developes around the cylinder and pronounced wave motions appear in the remainder of the liquid. When the cylinder is moved eastward at the same relative rates there is no net circulation around it and rapid motions toward the east occur in the latitude zone that it occupies. Velocity discontinuity surfaces on which occasional vortices develop divide this zone from the remainder of the liquid on both sides where much less developed motions occur. General implications of these and certain other types of experiments for problems of flow over large mountain masses are pointed out.
Element-specific chromatographic detection by atomic absorption, plasma atomic emission and plasma mass spectrometry

Reviewed are the principles and applications of contemporary methods of element selective chromatographic detection utilizing atomic absorption, emission and mass spectrometry, these adding an information based dimension to time-based monitoring. Flame and furnace atomic absorption are considered for GC and HPLC detection, while microwave induced plasma (MIP) emission is the focus for GC and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) emission for HPLC. Other plasma emission systems are also reviewed. Both MIP and ICP coupled mass spectrometry are covered for GC and HPLC detection. Supercritical fluid chromatographic (SFC) and field flow fractionation (FFF) interfaces are also considered. Analytical performance in terms of quantitative detection limits and elemental selectivity are considered. Examples are drawn from metal and non-metal detection, considering environmental, petrochemical, geochemical, agricultural and chemical fields.
Systematics of quasi-elastic neutron transfer cross sections for heavy-ion induced reactions☆

Abstract Quasi-elastic neutron transfer reactions on samarium isotopes using a 58Ni beam center of mass energy of 245 MeV have been studied. Angle-integrated cross sections for one-neutron pickup reactions show an increase as s function of the target mass number A. Together with data from other systems covering a large ranmass and Q-value it is observed that the quasi-elastic one-neutron-transfer cross sections follow a simple systematic behaviour.
Ultrasensitive chromogen system for Horseradish Peroxidase Using 3-Methyl-2-benzothiazolinone Hydrazone andN-Phenyldiethanolamine

An ultrasensitive chromogenic system for horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is described. The chromogenic substrate system consists of 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone (MBTH) andN-phenyldiethanolamine (PDEA). The oxidative coupling of MBTH and PDEA using H2O2 and HRP, respectively, as the oxidant and catalyst, yields a blue chromophore that most likely is an indamine dye. The chromophore has a rather broad absorption band, with an absorption maximum at 602 nm. In 0.1M phosphate, 0.1M citrate buffer, pH 7.5, the optimal concentrations of MBTH, PDEA, and H2O2 are, respectively, 0.5, 25, and 8 mM. Using this assay system, HRP can be determined in lower picomolar levels by either a rate or fixed-time method.
Subjective Well‐Being: The Convergence and Stability of Self‐Report and Non‐Self‐Report Measures

The validity of self-report measures of subjective well-being (SWB) was examined and compared with non-self-report measures using a sample of 136 college students studied over the course of a semester. A principal axis factor analysis of self- and non-self-report SWB measures revealed a single unitary construct underlying the measures. Conventional single-item and multi-item self-report measures correlated highly with alternative measures, with theoretical correlates of SWB, and with a principal axis factor underlying five non-self-report measures of well-being. Comparisons of family versus friend informant reports demonstrated the considerable cross-situational consistency and temporal stability of SWB. Evidence of the discriminant validity of the measures was provided by low correlations of the various SWB measures with constructs theoretically unrelated to well-being. It was concluded that conventional self-report instruments validly measure the SWB construct, and that alternative, non-self-report measures are useful for providing a comprehensive theoretical account of happiness and life satisfaction.
Role of Protein and Lactose Interactions in the Age Gelation of Ultra-High Temperature Processed Concentrated Skim Milk

Abstract Skim milk was pasteurized, diafiltered, and concentrated three times by UF. Lactose or sucrose was then added at 3 or 6%. The five samples containing
Smectic liquid-crystalline phases of F(CF2)7(CHOH)(CH2)8H and F(CF2)9(CHOH)(CH2)10H Comparison with other partially fluorinated molecules

Abstract Partially fluorinated alcohols F(CF2) m (CHOH)(CH2) n H (where m = 7, n = 8 and m = 9, n = 10) exhibit highly ordered smectic liquid-crystalline phases, as confirmed by optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Miscibility studies show that the smectic phases of the two alcohols are not of the same type. The related partially fluorinated ketones F(CF2) m CO(CH2) n H do not form a detectable mesophase. This is rather surprising since the (more polar) corresponding alcohols and the (less polar) analogous iodides and n-alkanes do. A brief discussion of the results and a comparison among partially fluorinated alkanes with various functional groups are presented.
Limiters and wall treatments in applied turbulence modeling

Issues in practical use of turbulence models include large strain limiters, wall functions and roughness corrections. Motivations for studying these topics are provided and various recent developments in modeling are reviewed. Inequalities and consistency between wall and outer region models are discussed. New elliptic relaxation models are also surveyed. These include elliptic blending and changes of the dependent variable in scalar eddy viscosity models.
The determinants of worksite health promotion

Abstract This paper estimates probit models of the provision of nine worksite programs designed to promote employees' health. The probability of offering health promotion is significantly related to health care benefits, firm size, and the gender composition of the workforce.
Advances in hereditary spastic paraplegia

Hereditary spastic paraplegia refers to a group of clinically similar disorders whose primary feature is insidiously progressive lower extremity weakness and spasticity. Hereditary spastic paraplegia is genetically diverse: loci for autosomal recessive (chromosome 8p), autosomal dominant (chromosome 2p, 14q, and 15q), and x-linked hereditary spastic paraplegia have been identified. The existence of hereditary spastic paraplegia families for whom the disorder is unlinked to these loci indicates the existence of additional, as yet undiscovered, hereditary spastic paraplegia loci. Hereditary spastic paraplegia exhibits axonal degeneration that is maximal at the terminal portions of the longest central nervous system axons. Efforts to positionally clone the hereditary spastic paraplegia gene are in progress.
Influence of lipoprotein lipase gene Ser447Stop and β1-adrenergic receptor gene Arg389Gly polymorphisms and their interaction on obesity from childhood to adulthood : the Bogalusa Heart Study

To investigate the influence of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) Ser447Stop and β1-adrenergic receptor (ADRB1) Arg389Gly gene polymorphisms, individually and in combination, on obesity from childhood to adulthood. A community-based cohort of 1331 subjects (30% black and 70% white subjects) was followed over an average period of 23 years from childhood (age range: 4–17 years) to adulthood (age range:18–44 years). Body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) and LPL Ser447Stop and the ADRB1 Arg389Gly genotypes. The frequency of the ADRB1 Gly389 allele was 0.25 in white subjects vs 0.39 in black subjects (P<0.001); 0.08 vs 0.05 (P=0.280) for the LPL Stop447 allele. There was no association between the LPL Stop447 allele and BMI among white and black subjects either in childhood and adulthood levels or annual change from childhood to adulthood. The ADRB1 Gly389 allele was associated with lower BMI only in black adults (P=0.017). Further, the interaction effect of the LPL Stop447 allele and ADRB1 Gly389 allele on adult BMI or its annual change was significant in white subjects and in the total sample (P=0.03–0.006). Childhood values tended to show a similar trend. Having both ADRB1 Gly389 allele and LPL Stop447 allele was associated with 71% (95% confidence interval: 26–89%) less odds for developing obesity from childhood to adulthood after adjusting for age, race, sex, and childhood BMI. While Gly389 allele of the ADRB1 gene lowers obesity in black subjects, this allele in conjunction with Stop447 allele of the LPL gene lowers obesity in adults and attenuates the development of obesity from childhood to adulthood. These findings underscore the importance of gene–gene interaction in the assessment of genetic influences on complex traits such as obesity.
Generalized Metropolis acceptance criterion for hybrid non-equilibrium molecular dynamics-Monte Carlo simulations.

A family of hybrid simulation methods that combines the advantages of Monte Carlo (MC) with the strengths of classical molecular dynamics (MD) consists in carrying out short non-equilibrium MD (neMD) trajectories to generate new configurations that are subsequently accepted or rejected via an MC process. In the simplest case where a deterministic dynamic propagator is used to generate the neMD trajectories, the familiar Metropolis acceptance criterion based on the change in the total energy ΔE, min[1, exp{ − βΔE}], guarantees that the hybrid algorithm will yield the equilibrium Boltzmann distribution. However, the functional form of the acceptance probability is more complex when the non-equilibrium switching process is generated via a non-deterministic stochastic dissipative propagator coupled to a heat bath. Here, we clarify the conditions under which the Metropolis criterion remains valid to rigorously yield a proper equilibrium Boltzmann distribution within hybrid neMD-MC algorithm.
The cultural construction of play

Contents: Preface. Part I: Introduction. A. Goncu, S. Gaskins, An Integrative Perspective on Play and Development. Part II: Biological/Ethological Perspectives of Play and Development. P.K. Smith, Evolutionary Foundations and Functions of Play: An Overview. R.W. Mitchell, Pretense in Animals: The Continuing Relevance of Children's Pretense. A.D. Pellegrini, The Development and Function of Rough-and-Tumble Play in Childhood and Adolescence: A Sexual Selection Theory Perspective. Part III: Social/Cultural Perspectives of Play and Development. M.H. Bornstein, On the Significance of Social Relationships in the Development of Children's Earliest Symbolic Play: An Ecological Perspective. A. Lillard, Guided Participation: How Mothers Structure and Children Understand Pretend Play. A. Goncu, J. Jain, U. Tuermer, Children's Play as Cultural Interpretation. S. Gaskins, W. Haight, D.F. Lancy, The Cultural Construction of Play. Part IV: Applied Perspectives of Play and Development. P.L. Harris, Hard Work for the Imagination. M. Taylor, A.M. Mannering, Of Hobbes and Harvey: The Imaginary Companions Created By Children and Adults. A. Nicolopoulou, The Interplay of Play and Narrative in Children's Development: Theoretical Reflections and Concrete Examples. C.D. Clark, Therapeutic Advantages of Play.
Foreign Market Entry Timing Revisited: Trade-Off Between Market Share Performance and Firm Survival

Abstract This study revisits the impact of entry timing on the performance of foreign-invested firms. The authors posit that balancing between market share performance and firm survival is critical for foreign firms to capitalize on early-mover advantages. Using a longitudinal data set of 25,513 foreign firms operating in China, the authors find that early entrants enjoy higher market shares but suffer from lower survival rates than late entrants. In addition, foreign firms' entry mode and investment size affect their market shares and survival. The results also provide supporting evidence of the interaction effects among entry timing, entry mode, and investment size on foreign firms' market shares and survival.
Detailed Bathymetric Surveys Offshore Santa Rosa Island, FL: Before and After Hurricane Ivan (September 16, 2004)

Two weeks before Hurricane Ivan reworked the shores and nearshore seafloor of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico, swath bathymetry surveys were conducted with high-frequency (300 and 455 kHz) multibeam echosounders in three areas offshore Santa Rosa Island, FL, an 80-km barrier island extending west from Destin to Pensacola Bay, FL. These surveys were repeated in late October 2004, six weeks after the passage of the hurricane, allowing for quantitative pre- and posthurricane seabed comparisons. Bathymetric difference maps (0.2-0.3-m grid cells) show that sediment accretion exceeded 1 m in areas near the 6-7-m isobaths, where a submerged longshore bar was formed below the breaker zone of large storm waves. Accretion of sediment continued seaward tapering off near the 11-12-m isobaths, with evidence of slight seabed erosion (0.1-0.2 m) seaward of this boundary. Between the 6- and 12-m contour lines, the increase in sediment volume is about 279 000 m 3/km 2. Grab samples obtained in the area by Vaughan [IEEE J. Ocean. Eng., vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 495-515, 2009] support the hypothesis that the added material is fine sand eroded from the beach and dunes on Santa Rosa Island by the overwash and inundation associated with Ivan's storm surge and eventually deposited offshore by storm-surge ebb currents. Two-dimensional bottom roughness power density spectra computed from colocated east-west (EW) bathymetry swaths near the 12-m isobath show a post-Ivan threefold increase in root mean square (rms) roughness over the [0.104, 0.495] m-1 spatial wave number band. Bottom roughness spectrograms computed along individual north-south (NS) survey track lines perpendicular to the shoreline and extending 10 km offshore indicate that Ivan-induced waves and currents reworked the seabed to water depths of at least 22 m, with a twofold to fourfold increase in rms roughness over the [0.023, 0.156] m-1 spatial wave number band.
New constructive approach to covert channel modeling and channel capacity estimation

In this paper, we examine general mechanisms that a covert channel may exploit and derive new minimum requirements for setting up a covert channel. We also propose a new classification of covert channels based on our analysis. Unlike the non-interference approaches, our approach is constructive, allowing the direct examination of system architectures at different abstraction levels for the presence or absence of the mechanisms that can be exploited to create covert channels. Also, unlike past research on covert channel capacity estimation which employed a synchronous channel model, we point out that covert channels are generally non-synchronous. To capture the asynchronous nature of covert channels, we propose the deletion-insertion channel model as a more general basis for covert channel capacity estimation. This enables modeling the effects of system behavior on covert channel capacity, leading to a more accurate upper bound of the resulting channel capacity.
Serum-free hybridoma culture: ethical, scientific and safety considerations

Despite considerable progress in the development of cell culture techniques, including the development of the serum- and protein-free media that now routinely support hybridoma and mammalian cell growth, fetal bovine serum (FBS) supplemented media are still commonly used: a practice that raises ethical, scientific and safety concerns. The use of FBS in hybridoma culture media is examined here, with regards to the development and production of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), and it is our recommendation that researchers adopt serum-free cell culture methods to reduce animal use in this area.
Modeling glucose transport across the blood-brain barrier

The ultimate hurdle to noninvasive delivery of drugs to the brain is the blood-brain barrier. This paper introduces an agent-based modeling technique that simulates protein-mediated transport across the barrier, and the variables influencing this transport. The model is based in part on ongoing in vitro tests in two endothelial layer flow chamber systems. As a specific application of the model, transport of glucose across the blood-brain barrier is represented under coupled physiological conditions. Three critical variables that influence glucose transport through the GLUT1 transporter are represented: chronic glucose blood concentrations, blood shear rates, and membrane permeability.
Trajectory-Specification and Load Distribution for Closed-Loop Multi-Manipulator Systems

This paper presents two linear models for a "quasi-static" load distribution in a multi-manipulator task. The space curve frames generated by the space curve trajectories of each manipulator serve as frames of reference for the forces acting on the load. All constraints on the load distribution problem are formulated with reference to the force frames. The simulation of a simple task with two planar manipulators is described to illustrate the application of the linear force distribution models of this paper.
Lethality of reduced-risk insecticides against plum curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in blueberries, with emphasis on their curative activity.

BACKGROUND: Historically, management of plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), in highbush blueberries has focused on post-bloom broad-spectrum insecticide applications targeting the adults. Here, the efficacy of different classes of insecticides against various stages of C. nenuphar was compared, and a prebloom treatment with the chitin synthesis inhibitor novaluron in combination with a post-bloom insecticide application was tested. RESULTS: Novaluron decreased the number of oviposition scars and eggs on fruit and reduced larval emergence by >60% when applied prebloom. Post-bloom applications of the oxadiazine indoxacarb and the organophosphate phosmet, but not the neonicotinoid acetamiprid, showed significant adulticidal activity. The neonicotinoids acetamiprid and thiamethoxam and phosmet showed significant curative activity on C. nenuphar larvae when applied topically to infested fruit, whereas the pyrethroid fenpropathrin, indoxacarb and novaluron were weaker curative agents. Residue profiles showed that acetamiprid and phosmet residues had the highest levels while fenpropathrin and novaluron had the lowest levels of fruit penetration. CONCLUSIONS: In blueberries, novaluron showed anti-ovipositional/ovicidal activity, indoxacarb and phosmet showed adulticidal activity, while the neonicotinoids and phosmet showed best curative (larvicidal) control on C. nenuphar .A prebloom novaluron application in combination with a post-bloom treatment with an adulticidal/larvicidal insecticide is recommended for optimal multi-life-stage management of C.nenuphar. c � 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Engaging computer science education

One of the meanings of the term 'engage' is "to win over, or to attract." Isn't that what we, as computer science educators, attempt to do each and every day of our teaching lives? We stand in front of, or among, a group of students, ready to convey to them our love of our chosen discipline, in the hopes that they will come to enjoy it as much as we do. Still, just the term computer science can bring visions of mathematical nightmares to the average student. Of course, we know better. We can see that much of what we do, as computer scientists, is both an art as well as a science. The question arises then as to how we can convey this synergy between the two sides of computer science to our students.
A Process Model of Organizational Change in Cultural Context (OC3 Model) The Impact of Organizational Culture on Leading Change

Change resides at the heart of leadership. Organizational culture is one of many situational variables that have emerged as pivotal in determining the success of leaders' efforts to implement change initiatives. This article introduces a process model of organizational change in cultural context (OC3 Model) derived from ethnographic analysis. The model delineates the differential impact of organizational culture at every stage of change implementation. Eight stages of cultural influence are identified and illustrated. Research propositions are stated to encourage refinement of the model. Theoretical and practical implications for leadership are explored; applications for resolving organizational immunity to change are discussed.
p53 Mutations in human bladder cancer : genotypic versus phenotypic patterns

The objective of this study was to characterize the pattern of p53 mutations in bladder cancer. The sensitivity and specificity to detect these mutations using clinical material was assessed for the following assays: immunohistochemistry, restriction-fragment-length polymorphism, single-strand-conformation polymorphism, and sequencing. Discrepancies of reported results aimed at the identification of genetic alterations in the p53 gene may be due to differences in methodology, as well as to deficient morphological evaluation of the source of tissue utilized. In order to address these critical issues, we have implemented a novel experimental design that permits analysis by molecular genetics and immunopathology techniques in any given tissue specimen, allowing morphological correlation with genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of the tissue analyzed. Forty-two patients affected with bladder tumors in whom paired normal and tumor tissues were available were used for the present study. Nuclear immunoreactivities were observed in 26 out of 42 bladder tumors analyzed. Abnormal shifts in mobility were noted in 14 of the 42 cases in distinct exons, with one tumor revealing 3 mutations. There was a strong association between p53 nuclear over-expression and 17p LOH, as well as p53 nuclear over-expression and detection of mutations by SSCP and sequencing. According to receiver-operating-curve statistical analysis, the accuracy of detecting p53 mutations by IHC was estimated to be 90.3%. It is our conclusion that, when properly used, this is a highly sensitive and specific method with simple application using clinical material.
Neutronic and Logistic Proposal for Transmutation of Plutonium from Spent Nuclear Fuel as Mixed-Oxide Fuel in Existing Light Water Reactors

The use of light water reactors (LWRs) for the destruction of plutonium and other actinides [especially those in spent nuclear fuel (SNF)] is being examined worldwide. One possibility for transmutation of this material is the use of mixed-oxide (MOX) fuel, which is a combination of uranium and plutonium oxides. MOX fuel is used in nuclear reactors worldwide, so a large experience base for its use already exists. However, to limit implementation of SNF transmutation to only a fraction of the LWRs in the United States with a reasonable number of license extensions, full cores of MOX fuel probably are required. This paper addresses the logistics associated with using LWRs for this mission and the design issues required for full cores of MOX fuel. Given limited design modifications, this paper shows that neutronic safety conditions can be met for full cores of MOX fuel with up to 8.3 wt% of plutonium.
Geminin, a neuralizing molecule that demarcates the future neural plate at the onset of gastrulation

In an expression cloning screen in Xenopus embryos, we identified a gene that when overexpressed expanded the neural plate at the expense of adjacent neural crest and epidermis. This gene, which we named geminin, had no sequence similarity to known gene families. We later discovered that geminin's neuralizing domain was part of a bifunctional protein whose C-terminal coiled-coil domain may play a role in regulating DNA replication. We report here on the neuralizing function of geminin. The localization, effect of misexpression and activity of a dominant negative geminin suggest that the product of this gene has an essential early role in specifying neural cell fate in vertebrates. Maternal geminin mRNA is found throughout the animal hemisphere from oocyte through late blastula. At the early gastrula, however, expression is restricted to a dorsal ectodermal territory that prefigures the neural plate. Misexpression of geminin in gastrula ectoderm suppresses BMP4 expression and converts prospective epidermis into neural tissue. In ectodermal explants, geminin induces expression of the early proneural gene neurogenin-related 1 although not itself being induced by that gene. Later, embryos expressing geminin have an expanded dorsal neural territory and ventral ectoderm is converted to neurons. A putative dominant negative geminin lacking the neuralizing domain suppresses neural differentiation and, when misexpressed dorsally, produces islands of epidermal gene expression within the neurectodermal territory, effects that are rescued by coexpression of the full-length molecule. Taken together, these data indicate that geminin plays an early role in establishing a neural domain during gastrulation.
Moxifloxacin in the treatment of elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia

Elderly patients are at increased risk of developing lower respiratory tract infections compared with younger age groups. A wide spectrum of pathogens may be involved, depending on the patient’s underlying comorbidities and environmental exposure.Streptococcus pneumoniae remains the most common bacterial isolate in community-acquired pneumonia, followed by Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and atypical organisms such as Chlamydia pneumoniae, Legionella spp. and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. International guidelines have included the use of the new generation of fluoroquinolones as monotherapy in elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Moxifloxacin is a synthetic fluoroquinolone with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity that is approved for use in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections. Itsin vitro activity is impacted less by mutations in S. pneumoniae than other fluoroquinolones. It has pharmacological characteristics that support once-daily dosing regimens and early c...
Utility of livestock-protection dogs for deterring wildlife from cattle farms.

Context. Livestock producers worldwide are negatively affected by livestock losses because of predators and wildlifetransmitted diseases. In the western Great Lakes Region of the United States, this conflict has increased as grey wolf (Canis lupus) populations have recovered and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) have served as a wildlife reservoir for bovine tuberculosis (Myobacterium bovis). Aims. We conducted field experiments on cattle farms to evaluate the effectiveness of livestock-protection dogs (LPDs) for excluding wolves, coyotes (C. latrans), white-tailed deer and mesopredators from livestock pastures. Methods. We integrated LPDs on six cattle farms (treatment) and monitored wildlife use with tracking swaths on these farms,concurrentwiththreecontrolcattlefarmsduring2005–2008.Theamountoftimedeerspentinlivestockpastureswas recorded using direct observation. Key results.Livestockpastures protected byLPDs had reduced useby thesewildlife comparedwith controlpastures not protectedbyLPDs.White-taileddeerspentlesstimeinlivestockpasturesprotectedbyLPDscomparedwithcontrolpastures not protected by LPDs. Conclusions.OurresearchsupportsthetheorythatLPDscanbeaneffectivemanagementtoolforreducingpredationand diseasetransmission.WealsodemonstratethatLPDsarenotlimitedtobeingusedonlywithsheepandgoats;theycanalsobe used to protect cattle. Implications.Onthebasisofour findings,wesupporttheuseofLPDsasaproactivemanagementtoolthatproducerscan implement to minimise the threat of livestock depredations and transmission of disease from wildlife to livestock. LPDs should be investigated further as a more general conservation tool for protecting valuable wildlife, such as ground-nesting birds, that use livestock pastures and are affected by predators that use these pastures.
Steroid Hormones and Neoplasia

Thus far we have considered the relationship of estrogen receptors and estrogen-induced responses in normal cells. It is clear, however, that many cancerous cells are dependent on estrogen for continued growth. In addition, estrogens have been implicated as causative agents in several forms of cancer. The exact role of estrogen in carcinogenesis will probably not be defined until we understand the mechanisms by which this hormone controls growth in normal tissues (Hertz, 1974). However, because of the importance and interest in this topic, we will attempt to place estrogen receptors in proper perspective with respect to carcinogenesis and growth promotion.
Stability of the distal radioulnar joint contributed by the joint capsule.

Purpose The distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) capsule is assumed to be an important stabilizer of the DRUJ. There are few published data regarding the capsule and its specific contribution to stability of the DRUJ. Methods We analyzed the contribution of the joint capsule to DRUJ stability in a biomechanical study consisting of collection of force/displacement data from 16 adult human cadaveric upper extremities. Each specimen was subjected to anteroposterior translation testing of the radius relative to the ulna in 3 positions of forearm rotation (neutral, 60° pronation, 60° supination) by serial sectioning of the DRUJ capsule. The experimental conditions tested included intact capsule, sectioned dorsal capsule, sectioned volar capsule, and repaired capsule. Results Isolated dorsal capsule sectioning resulted in volar instability of the radius to the ulna primarily in the maximum pronated position. Significant dorsal instability of the radius was observed after isolated volar capsule sectioning in the maximum supinated position. The restabilizing effect of capsule shortening was observed near the maximums of forearm rotation. The additional stability owing to capsule shortening surpassed that of the distal radioulnar ligament at these positions. Conclusions We showed the effect of capsular injury on DRUJ joint stability and the restabilizing effect of capsule shortening. The importance of the capsule to DRUJ stability should be considered when planning surgical procedures to restore the unstable DRUJ.
A critical look at the relationship between AI and software engineering

A number of key issues relating to the application of artificial intelligence (AI) to software engineering (SE) and the reverse are discussed. Issues relating to how AI can help SE are: whether automatic programming is synonymous with AI for SE and whether it represents a major paradigm for SE in the next decade; whether expert systems technology is sufficiently successful and mature enough to provide significant solutions to certain aspects of the SE process; whether AI development and maintenance environments are suitable for direct application to the SE process; how AI methodology can be applied to the software design process; and how the AI rapid prototyping paradigm is useful as a SE paradigm. Issues relating to the common belief that SE is not useful for AI are: SE is synonymous with the waterfall model, and the waterfall model is linear and hence not suitable for AI; expert systems can not be specified and thus SE techniques do not apply; and AI software is easy to maintain and thus SE is not required. An attempt is made to relate AI and Se at the level of objectives and issues. >
Nanomicellar Topical Aqueous Drop Formulation of Rapamycin for Back-of-the-Eye Delivery.

The objective of this study was to develop a clear, aqueous rapamycin-loaded mixed nanomicellar formulations (MNFs) for the back-of-the-eye delivery. MNF of rapamycin (0.2%) was prepared with vitamin E tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) (Vit E TPGS) and octoxynol-40 (Oc-40) as polymeric matrix. MNF was characterized by various parameters such as size, charge, shape, and viscosity. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) was used to identify unentrapped rapamycin in MNF. Cytotoxicity was evaluated in human retinal pigment epithelial (D407) and rabbit primary corneal epithelial cells (rPCECs). In vivo posterior ocular rapamycin distribution studies were conducted in male New Zealand white rabbits. The optimized MNF has excellent rapamycin entrapment and loading efficiency. The average size of MNF was 10.98 ± 0.089 and 10.84 ± 0.11 nm for blank and rapamycin-loaded MNF, respectively. TEM analysis revealed that nanomicelles are spherical in shape. Absence of free rapamycin in the MNF was confirmed by 1H NMR studies. Neither placebo nor rapamycin-loaded MNF produced cytotoxicity on D407 and rPCECs indicating formulations are tolerable. In vivo studies demonstrated a very high rapamycin concentration in retina-choroid (362.35 ± 56.17 ng/g tissue). No drug was identified in the vitreous humor indicating the sequestration of rapamycin in lipoidal retinal tissues. In summary, a clear, aqueous MNF comprising of Vit E TPGS and Oc-40 loaded with rapamycin was successfully developed. Back-of-the-eye tissue distribution studies demonstrated a very high rapamycin levels in retina-choroid (place of drug action) with a negligible drug partitioning into vitreous humor.
Molecular Diagnostics and Cytogenetic Testing

This chapter covers the basic molecular diagnostic techniques of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative PCR, reverse transcription PCR and DNA sequencing. Advantages and pitfalls in the use of these different techniques for clonality assays and chromosomal translocation detection in lymphomas and leukemias are discussed. The types of high-throughput genomic and expression array technologies are also discussed with a review of the common data analysis techniques employed to handle these techniques.
Staining the golgi apparatus in frozen sections with permanganate followed by benzidine or basic fuchsin.

The Golgi apparatus can be demonstrated in frozen sections of various tissues with an aqueous solution of 1% KMnO4. The externum of Golgi apparatus can be stained with 0.05 gm of benzidine in 10% acetic acid. The internum of Golgi apparatus can be stained with 1 gm of basic fuchsin in 99 ml of 80% ethanol plus 1 ml of HCl. The use of KMnO4 to demonstrate the Golgi apparatus is rapid and reliable as compared to the silver and osmium methods.
Bcl-2α Encodes a Novel Small Molecular Weight GTP Binding Protein

After antigen or mitogen stimulation of B-cells, a well-established signal transduction pathway via inositol phospholipid hydrolysis is triggered by an intermediary G-protein whose identity is still unknown (Gold 1987; Harnett 1988). Normal resting B-cells do not express bcl-2 (Reed et al. 1987), the gene involved in follicular lymphoma (Tsujimoto and Croce 1986; Tsujimoto et al. 1985). Transcription of bcl-2 is induced, however, following mitogenic stimulation (Reed et al. 1987). A recent report (Tsujimoto et al. 1987) on the localization of bcl-2 in the inner surface of the cell membrane suggests the possibility that this gene may play a role in transductionn of mitogenic signals.
Orbital Infarction Syndrome after Surgery for Intracranial Aneurysms

Background: Global orbital infarction results from ischemia of the intraocular and intraorbital structures due to hypoperfusion of the ophthalmic artery and its branches. Patients: The authors describe six patients in whom acute proptosis, ophthalmoplegia, and blindness developed immediately after surgery for intracranial aneurysms. Results: All patients underwent standard frontotemporal craniotomies to clip their aneurysms. In all patients, proptosis, ophthalmoplegia, and blindness developed in the immediate postoperative period; fundus abnormalities included retinal edema, retinal arteriolar narrowing and other vascular abnormalities, and pale optic disc swelling. Some patients had facial and corneal anesthesia. Ophthalmoplegia and facial anesthesia improved in most patients, but none regained any vision in the affected eye. Conclusion: Orbital infarction syndrome is a rare complication of neurosurgical procedures. Increased orbital pressure probably reduced ophthalmic artery and collateral arterial perfusion, resulting in ischemia of the intraocular and intraorbital structures. There may be multiple factors that compound the risk for orbital infarction, and patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, increased intracranial pressure, anomalous arterial or venous circulation, or impaired orbital venous outflow seem particularly vulnerable.
On parameter identifiability of multidimensional non-Gaussian ARMA models using cumulant matching

A general (possibly asymmetric noncausal and/or nonminimum phase) two-dimensional autoregressive moving average random field model driven by an i.i.d. two-dimensional (2D) non-Gaussian sequence is considered. We address the problem of parameter identifiability of the model parameters given the higher-order (third- or fourth-order, for example) cumulants of the 2D signal on a finite set of lags. The signal observations may be noisy. A key result is the parameter identifiability of 2D MA models. Using the MA parameter identifiability results, the parameter identifiability of AR and ARMA models follows immediately via a novel approach. >
Deregulation of NR2E3, an orphan nuclear receptor, by benzo(a)pyrene-induced oxidative stress is associated with histone modification status change of the estrogen receptor gene promoter

We previously reported that NR2E3, an orphan nuclear receptor, plays an important role in maintaining the basal expression of estrogen receptor α (ER) and that the NR2E3 level is highly correlated with the relapse-free survival of breast cancer patients. Here, we investigated the role of NR2E3 in benzo(a)pyrene (BaP)-mediated cell injury. BaP treatment reduced NR2E3 homo-dimer formation and expression and subsequently decreased ER expression. The chromatin immunoprecipitation assay results showed that the treatment of MCF-7 breast cancer cells and the mouse liver with BaP released NR2E3 from the ER promoter to transform the transcriptionally active histone modification status into a repressive state. NR2E3 depletion in MCF-7 cells also induced a similar inactive epigenetic status in the ER promoter region, indicating that NR2E3 is an essential epigenetic player that maintains basal ER expression. Interestingly, these negative effects of BaP on the expression levels of NR2E3 and ER were rescued by antioxidant treatment. Collectively, our study provides novel evidence to show that BaP-induced oxidative stress decreases ER expression, in part by regulating NR2E3 function, which modulates the epigenetic status of the ER promoter. NR2E3 is likely an essential epigenetic player that maintains basal ER expression to protect cells from BaP-induced oxidative injury.
Confronting the white elephant: International volunteering and racial (dis)advantage

This retrospective study with nine volunteer-sending organizations from six countries assesses how race influences the aid recipients’ internalized sense of power and agency. Methods include a comb...
Recent Decision, in Re Samuel W. (24 N.Y. 2d 196)

This article is an exploration of the New York Court of Appeals case In re Samuel W, 24 N.Y.2d 196 (1969). The case involved a twelve year old boy charged with removing and stealing $112 from petitioner’s pocketbook. He was adjudged a juvenile delinquent which was affirmed by the Appellate Division and the Court of appeals. Because an adjudication of juvenile delinquency is not a conviction for a crime resulting in loss of good name or status, there is neither a deprivation of procedural due process nor a substantial equal protection question in the statutory provision which allows a lesser standard of proof than beyond a reasonable doubt.The article provides a history of the jurisprudence leading to the decision and attempts to reconcile the decision with previous cases which do not appear in line with In re Samuel.
Inexpensive System for Simulation of Aerial Spray Deposits

A system that allows production of simulated aerial spray deposits on the ground, outdoors, or in the laboratory is described. The system is made of inexpensive components and requires almost no assembly. A wide range of spray droplet sizes and densities can be produced by varying the electric power that energizes the sprayer and by varying the volume of spray injected into the spray nozzle. Cost of a complete unit can be less than $200.
Tectorial reticulum of the labyrinthine endings of vertebrates.

A special layer of tectorial tissue, usually in the form of a fibrous network, that was first discovered in the macular and crista endings of the frog's labyrinth, has now been identified in these endings in representatives of all the other vertebrates, and therefore is considered to be a universal feature of the labyrinthine sense organs. This tectorial layer is located between the otolithic and cellular layers and is clearly distinct from both of these. In properly fixed and prepared material this structure is easily seen in the macular endings, where the difference in tissue composition between it and the otolithic ground substance can be demonstrated by selective staining. The primary function of this tectorial reticulum is the stimulation of the hair cells. It makes all the connections to the ciliary tufts of these cells, and is instrumental in conveying to them the differential motions produced by the overlying otolithic or cupular masses. Still further functions of this tectorial layer are suggeste...
Recurrence, remission, and relapse of seizures

BACKGROUND Approximately 6% of the population will experience at least one afebrile seizure in their lifetime. OBJECTIVE To review the prognostic factors and clinical implications for recurrence, remission, and relapse of seizures. SUMMARY Antiepileptic drug treatment reduces the risk of recurrence after a first seizure by about half, but these drugs cause a variety of adverse effects. The risk of recurrence is higher in the presence of neurologic or electroencephalographic abnormalities or if the seizure is partial as opposed to generalized. Neurologic abnormalities and partial seizures also reduce the probability of remission. Gradual drug withdrawal can be considered if the patient has been in remission for 2 years in the absence of any negative prognostic indicators. CONCLUSIONS When deciding whether to begin or discontinue antiepileptic drug therapy, clinicians should consider the risks and possible benefits for the individual patient.
Design of Robust Controllers for UAV Helicopters Using Quantitative Feedback Theory

†‡ This paper presents the research being done at Cal Poly Pomona on the design of robust controllers for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) using Quantitative Feedback Theory (QFT). These controllers help achieve a given set of stability and performance criteria over a specific range of parameter uncertainty. Currently, the controllers are being designed for the R-MAX helicopter. Also, the controllers will be designed to work in the presence of disturbance such as that of gust and measurement noise. The overall objective of this research is to use QFT to increase the robustness of UAV formation flight by designing robust controllers for the maintenance of position and orientation of vehicles in the formation.
Acquisition of Conditioned Responses to a Novel Alcohol-Paired Cue in Social Drinkers

Objective:This study examined the acquisition of conditioning between novel stimuli and single doses of alcohol in social drinkers. Environmental stimuli present during the consumption of alcohol or other drugs come to elicit conditioned responses that subsequently increase drug seeking. However, relatively few studies have examined the process of acquisition of these conditioned drug responses in human subjects.Method:We used a procedure previously developed to study acquisition of conditioned responses to a methamphetamine-associated cue. In the present study we applied the paradigm to alcohol, pairing de novo neutral cues with alcohol in social drinkers (N = 36). We obtained measures of self-report, behavioral preference, emotional reactivity (assessed using facial electromyography), and attention to specific cues paired with administration of 0.6 g/kg 95% absolute alcohol or placebo.Results:After conditioning, participants showed an increase in attention toward the alcohol-paired cue, and this increas...
Nondestructive Evaluation of Biologically Degraded Wood

Wood is a complex material that can be attacked and degraded by a wide range of biological organisms. The USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory (FPL), has been investigating the use of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques to identify when degradation of wood occurs in the structure and the performance characteristics that remain in the structure. In particular, FPL’s work has focused on using longitudinal stress wave NDE techniques for laboratory and field applications.
Television: Everyone’s Watching

This chapter discusses television, the “medium we love to hate.” It provides information on different kinds of television sets and what they cost. It discusses the important role narratives play in television programs and focuses on the Olympics and the role of sports in capturing the kind of audiences companies that advertise on television want—males between 18 and 49. It also provides data on the amount of time people in different racial and ethnic groups spend watching television, the amount of violence found in television and the number of commercials to which an average American child is exposed. Finally it discusses new challenges to television and the matter of whether the television set has become an anachronism.
Invisible Care: Friend and Partner Care Among Older Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) Adults

AbstractObjective: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) older adult caregivers may encounter obstacles in obtaining health and aging services due to discrimination in service and legal systems. The caregiving relationships in LGBT communities also differ from the general population in that friends are providing a large portion of informal care. This article examines how the relational context of caregiving relates to caregiving demands and resources, which in turn, influence perceived stress and depressive symptomatology among older LGBT caregivers. Method: Using data from the National Health, Aging, and Sexuality Study: Caring and Aging with Pride, this study examines 451 participants who are providing caregiving to partners and friends. Structural equation modeling was applied to estimate the associations among the caregiver–care recipient relationship and caregiving demands, resources, perceived stress, and depressive symptomatology. Results: On average, as compared with those caring for part...
Redundancy Elimination of Big Sensor Data Using Bayesian Networks

In the era of big data and Internet of things, massive sensor data are gathered with Internet of things. Quantity of data captured by sensor network are considered to contain highly useful and valuable information. However, since sensor data are usually correlated in time and space, not all the gathered data are valuable for further processing and analysis. Preprocessing is necessary for eliminating the redundancy in gathered massive sensor data. In this paper, approaches based on static Bayesian network (SBN) and dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) are proposed for preprocessing big sensor data, especially for redundancy elimination. Static sensor data redundancy detection algorithm (SSDRDA) for eliminating redundant data in static data sets and real-time sensor data redundancy detection algorithm (RSDRDA) for eliminating redundant sensor data in real-time are proposed. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithms are feasible and effective.