cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applications of Intramolecular Cyclopropanations of Chiral Secondary Allylic Diazoacetates

The diastereomeric secondary allylic diazoacetates 6a,b and 8a,b, which were readily prepared from the common intermediate 4, were cyclized in the presence of the achiral catalyst Cu(TBS)2 to furnish mixtures of the adducts 9a,b/10a,b and 12a,b/13a,b, respectively; in these cyclizations, the diastereoselectivity of the reaction was substrate controlled. When 6a,b and 8a,b were cyclized in the presence of the chiral catalysts Rh2[(5S)-MEPY]4 or Rh2[(5R)-MEPY]4, the substrate-based selectivity could be reversed if the chirality of the substrate and catalyst were matched. The advantages associated with the use of chiral catalysts to effect the diastereoselective cyclization of chiral allylic diazoacetates were demonstrated by the synthesis of 25, which comprises the cyclopropane subunit found in the diterpene ingol B (14).
Object identification without foveal vision: Evidence from an artificial scotoma paradigm

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the degree to which foveal information is necessary for object identification. To explore this question, we used an artificial moving scotoma paradigm to eliminate a region of a currently viewed display in real time as a function of eye position. Subjects examined linear arrays of four line drawings of objects while their eye movements were recorded. Immediately following each array, a test probe was presented to test the degree to which the subject had identified those objects. Three conditions were compared, one in which a central foveal scotoma was created, one in which an extrafoveal scotoma was created, and a control condition in which the scotoma was absent. The main result was that identification accuracy was very good, but eye-movement behavior was disrupted when a foveal scotoma was present. These results suggest that foveal information is not necessary but is beneficial for perceptual encoding during object identification; the loss of foveal information can be overcome as long as compensatory extrafoveal processing is possible.
The Scope of Rape: Incidence and Prevalence of Sexual Aggression and Victimization in a National Sample of Higher Education Students.

Because of inadequacies in the methods used to measure sexual assault, national crime statistics, criminal victimization studies, convictions, or incarceration rates fail to reflect the true scope of rape. Studies that have avoided the limitations of these methods have revealed very high rates of overt rape and lesser degrees of sexual aggression. The goal of the present study was to extend previous work to a national basis. The Sexual Experiences Survey was administered to a national sample of 6,159 women and men enrolled in 32 institutions representative of the diversity of higher education settings across the United States. Women's reports of experiencing and men's reports of perpetrating rape, attempted rape, sexual coercion, and sexual contact were obtained, including both the rates of prevalence since age 14 and of incidence during the previous year. The findings support published assertions of high rates of rape and other forms of sexual aggression among large normal populations. Although the results are limited in generalizabil ity to postsecondary students, this group represents 26% of all persons aged 18-24 in the United States. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) defines rape as "carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her consent" and reports that 87,340 such offenses occurred in 1985 (FBI, 1986). However, these figures greatly underestimate the true scope of rape because they are based only on instances reported to police. Government estimates suggest that for every rape reported, 3-10 rapes are committed but not reported (Law Enforcement Assistance Administration [LEAA], 1975). Likewise, it is difficult to obtain realistic estimates of the number of men who perpetrate rape because only a fraction of reported rapes eventually result in conviction (Clark & Lewis, 1977). Victimization studies, such as the annual National Crime Survey (NCS), are the major avenue through which the full extent of the crime is estimated (e.g., Bureau of Justice Statistics [BJS], 1984). In these studies, the residents of a standard sampling area are asked to indicate those crimes of which they or anyone else in their household have been victims during the previous 6 months. These rates are then compared with official crime statistics for the area and the rate of unreported crime is esti
Slede: Framework for automatic verification of sensor network security protocol implementations

Verifying security properties of protocols requires developers to manually create protocol-specific intruder models, which could be tedious and error prone. We present Slede, a verification framework for sensor network applications. Key features include automation of: extraction of models, generation and composition of intrusion models, and verification of security properties.
Assays to Measure Nuclear Mechanics in Interphase Cells

The nucleus is the characteristic hallmark of all eukaryotic cells. The physical properties of the nucleus reflect important biological characteristics, such as chromatin organization or nuclear envelope composition; they can also directly affect cellular function, for example, when cells pass through narrow constrictions, where the stiff nucleus may present a limiting factor. We present two complementary techniques to probe the mechanical properties of the nucleus. In the first, nuclear stiffness relative to the surrounding cytoskeleton is inferred from induced nuclear deformations during strain application to cells on an elastic substrate. In the second approach, nuclear deformability is deduced from the transit time through a perfusion-based microfabricated device with constrictions smaller than the size of the nucleus. These complementary methods, which can be applied to measure nuclear stiffness in large numbers of living adherent or suspended cells, can help identify important changes in nuclear mechanics associated with disease or development.
Improving Science Vocabulary of High School English Language Learners with Reading Disabilities.

This study investigated the effects of a combined contextual and morphemic analysis strategy to increase prediction and analysis of science vocabulary words by three high school (9th–10th grade) English language learners with reading disabilities. A multiple baseline across participants design was used. Students analyzed science words using the Clue Word Strategy (CWS). Dependent measures examined strategy use, morpheme and knowledge, and reading comprehension. In addition, student acceptability of the strategy was assessed. Results indicated that the CWS both increased and maintained students’ proficiency in analyzing science vocabulary. In addition, students enjoyed using the CWS strategy and recommended it to peers. Implications and limitations of the findings are delineated.
Clip retrieval using multi-modal biometrics in meeting archives

We present a system to retrieve all clips from a meeting archive that show a particular individual speaking, using a single face or voice sample as the query. The system incorporates three novel ideas. One, rather than match the query to each individual sample in the archive, samples within a meeting are grouped first, generating a cluster of samples per individual. The query is then matched to the cluster, taking advantage of multiple samples to yield a robust decision. Two, automatic audio-visual association is performed which allows a bi-modal retrieval of clips, even when the query is uni-modal. Three, the biometric recognition uses individual-specific score distributions learnt from the clusters, in a likelihood ratio based decision framework that obviates the need for explicit normalization or modality weighting. The resulting system, which is completely automated, performs with 92.6% precision at 90% recall on a dataset of 16 real meetings spanning a total of 13 hours.
Ground-based remote sensing for assessing water and nitrogen status of broccoli

Abstract Remote sensing (RS) can facilitate the management of water and nutrients in irrigated cropping systems. Our objective for this study was to evaluate the ability of several RS indices to discriminate between limited water and limited nitrogen induced stress for broccoli. The Agricultural Irrigation Imaging System (AgIIS) was used over a 1-ha broccoli field in central Arizona to measure green (550 nm), red (670 nm), far red (720 nm), and near infrared (NIR-790 nm) reflectances, and thermal infrared radiation. Measurements were taken at a 1 m × 1 m resolution, every several days during the season. The following indices were calculated: ratio vegetation index (RVI), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), normalized difference based on NIR and green reflectance (NDNG), canopy chlorophyll concentration index (CCCI), and the water deficit index (WDI). The experimental design was a two-factor, nitrogen × water, Latin square with four treatments (optimal and low water and optimal and low nitrogen) and four replicates. In addition to RS measurements, the following in-situ measurements were taken: SPAD chlorophyll (closely related to nitrogen status), plant petiole nitrate-nitrogen concentrations, soil water content, and plant height, width, and leaf area index (LAI). Fresh marketable broccoli yield was harvested from plots 130 days after planting. Seasonal water application (irrigation plus rainfall) was 14% greater for optimal than low water treatments, whereas total nitrogen application was 35% greater for optimal than low N treatments. Although both nitrogen and water treatments affected broccoli growth and yield, nitrogen effects were much more pronounced. Compared to the optimal water and nitrogen treatment, broccoli yield was 20% lower for low water but optimal nitrogen, whereas yield was 42% lower for optimal water but low nitrogen. The RVI, NDVI, and NDNG indices detected treatment induced growth retardation but were unable to distinguish between the water and nitrogen effects. The CCCI, which was developed as an index to infer differences in nitrogen status, was found to be highly sensitive to nitrogen, but insensitive to water stress. The WDI provided appropriate information on treatment water status regardless of canopy cover conditions and effectively detected differences in water status following several irrigation events when water was withheld from low but not optimal water treatments. Using a RS ground-based monitoring system to simultaneously measure vegetation, nitrogen, and water stress indices at high spatial and temporal resolution could provide a successful management tool for differentiating between the effects of nitrogen and water stress in broccoli.
Analysis and synthesis of discrete event systems using temporal logic

A systematic way of analyzing and synthesizing supervised discrete event systems using temporal logic is proposed. Syntax and semantics of temporal logic that are suitable for the study of supervised discrete-event systems are introduced. A systematic way is given to verify that a temporal logic formula is satisfied in a supervised discrete-event system. Given a temporal logic formula, a supervised discrete-event system satisfying the formula is synthesized. A synthesis algorithm is developed. The development is illustrated by examples. >
Cross-Layer combining of adaptive Modulation and coding with truncated ARQ over wireless links

We developed a cross-layer design which combines adaptive modulation and coding at the physical layer with a truncated automatic repeat request protocol at the data link layer, in order to maximize spectral efficiency under prescribed delay and error performance constraints. We derive the achieved spectral efficiency in closed-form for transmissions over Nakagami-m block fading channels. Numerical results reveal that retransmissions at the data link layer relieve stringent error control requirements at the physical layer, and thereby enable considerable spectral efficiency gain. This gain is comparable with that offered by diversity, provided that the maximum number of transmissions per packet equals the diversity order. Diminishing returns on spectral efficiency, that result when increasing the maximum number of retransmissions, suggest that a small number of retransmissions offers a desirable delay-throughput tradeoff, in practice.
Iterating the branching operation on a directed graph

The branching operation D, defined by Propp, assigns to any directed graph G another directed graph D(G) whose vertices are the oriented rooted spanning trees of the original graph G. We characterize the directed graphs G for which the sequence (G )=( G;D(G);D 2 (G);:::)converges, meaning that it is eventually constant. As a corollary of the proof we get the following conjecture of Propp: for strongly connected directed graphs G;(G) converges if and only if D 2 (G )= D ( G ) . c 1997 John Wiley &
Informal Sources of Supervision in Clinical Training

Although formal, assigned supervision is a potent source of learning and guidance for psychotherapy trainees, many beginning psychotherapists use other, informal sources of supervision or consultation for advice and support. Results of an online survey of beginning trainees (N = 146) indicate that other than their formally assigned supervisor, trainees most often consult with colleagues in their program, their own psychotherapist, and their significant other; that they're most likely to seek these other sources of help when they're feeling stuck or feel they've made a clinical mistake; that they do so because they need extra reassurance and suggestions; that they feel the advice given from these sources is helpful; and that they don't especially regret sharing this information. Several case examples are used to illustrate these points. Discussing clinical material with informal sources is, apparently, a great deal more common than typically acknowledged, and as such, has implications for training programs (including discussions of ethics) and formal supervision.
Principles of Lifelong Learning for Predictive User Modeling

Predictive user models often require a phase of effortful supervised training where cases are tagged with labels that represent the status of unobservable variables. We formulate and study principles of lifelong learning where training is ongoing over a prolonged period. In lifelong learning, decisions about extending a case library are made continuously by balancing the cost of acquiring values of hidden states with the long-term benefits of acquiring new labels. We highlight key principles by extending BusyBody, an application that learns to predict the cost of interrupting a user. We transform the prior BusyBody system into a lifelong learner and then review experiments that highlight the promise of the methods.
GPU accelerated image aligned splatting

Splatting is a popular technique for volume rendering, where voxels are represented by Gaussian kernels, whose pre-integrated footprints are accumulated to form the image. Splatting has been mainly used to render pre-shaded volumes, which can result in significant blurring in zoomed views. This can be avoided in the image-aligned splatting scheme, where one accumulates kernel slices into equi-distant, parallel sheet buffers, followed by classification, shading, and compositing. In this work, we attempt to evolve this algorithm to the next level: GPU (graphics processing unit) based acceleration. First we describe the challenges that the highly parallel "Gather" architecture of modern GPUs poses to the "Scatter" based nature of a splatting algorithm. We then describe a number of strategies that exploit newly introduced features of the latest-generation hardware to address these limitations. Two crucial operations to boost the performance in image-aligned splatting are the early elimination of hidden splats and the skipping of empty buffer-space. We describe mechanisms which take advantage of the early z-culling hardware facilities to accomplish both of these operations efficiently in hardware.
Modeling of UPFC operation under unbalanced conditions with dynamic phasors

The paper describes an analytical large-signal model for unbalanced operation of the unified power flow controller (UPFC). This nonlinear, time-invariant model is expressed in terms of dynamic symmetric components, and it is validated on a benchmark power system example taken from the literature. The model is evaluated via simulations in unbalanced operation and during unbalanced (one phase to ground) faults. In both cases, it achieves a very good accuracy, in addition to a reduction in simulation time when compared with detailed time-domain models.
Voyeurism in an Adult Female with Schizoid Personality: A Case Report

This report presents an extremely rare and unusual case of voyeurism in a 26-year-old female with a diagnosis of schizoid personality disorder. A detailed case description is presented and some of the unique aspects of this dual diagnosis are discussed.
RHIC Au Beam in Run 2014

Au beam at the RHIC ramp in run 2014 is reviewed together with the run 2011 and run 2012. Observed bunch length and longitudinal emittance are compared with the IBS simulations. The IBS growth rate of the longitudinal emittance in run 2014 is similar to run 2011, and both are larger than run 2012. This is explained by the large transverse emittance at high intensity observed in run 2012, but not in run 2014. The big improvement of the AGS ramping in run 2014 might be related to this change. The importance of the injector intensity improvement in run 2014 is emphasized, which gives rise to the initial luminosity improvement of 50% in run 2014, compared with the previous Au-Au run 2011. In addition, a modified IBS model, which is calibrated using the RHIC Au runs from 9.8 GeV/n to 100 GeV/n, is presented and used in the study.
Biological weathering of silicate minerals

The abilities of biological systems to mobilize potassium from crystal lattices of primary silicate minerals were investigated. Root systems of pine seedlings grown in laboratory cultures and cultures of Aspergillus niger and mixed populations of soil micro-organisms were able to alter biotite mineral particles and cause release of potassium and other ions from mineral lattices. Mineral alterations by the microbial systems used are similar to alterations caused by oxalic, citric and other organic acids. The significance of the weathering processes observed is considered in relation to forest tree nutrition and soil formation
Vigilance-avoidance and disengagement are differentially associated with fear and avoidant behaviors in social anxiety

Abstract Background Individuals with Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) often exhibit preferential attention for social threat, demonstrating abnormal orientation to threat (i.e., vigilance-avoidance) and/or difficulty disengaging from threat. However, no research has compared the relationship between attention indices (i.e., vigilance-avoidance, difficulty disengaging from threat) and characteristic features of the disorder such as fear during social situations (social fear) and avoidant behaviors (social avoidance). Method To address this issue, seventy adults (19.29±1.47 years, 33 females) were separated into low (n=37) or high (n=33) socially anxious groups using clinical cutoff scores on the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS). Participants in both groups completed a dot-probe task with congruent, incongruent, and neutral trials to obtain measures of vigilance-avoidance and difficulty disengaging. Using linear regression, we examined the associations each attention index shared with self-reported social fear and social avoidance. Results Exclusively in the high anxious group, greater vigilance towards threat was associated with higher self-reported social fear, but not with social avoidance. However, difficulty disengaging was not associated with either social measure. In the low anxiety group, no relationships between attention indices and either social measure emerged. Limitations Future research with clinical samples is necessary to replicate and extend these findings. The small sample size studied may have limited our ability to detect other smaller effects. Conclusions Indices of attention bias may contribute differently to the etiology and maintenance of SAD, which offers important implications for novel treatments that target attention.
Trends in decayed teeth among middle‐aged and older adults in the United States: socioeconomic disparities persist over time

Objectives While trends in tooth loss among older adults have been well documented and show a decline over the last few decades, little is known about trends in tooth decay which may lead to tooth loss. The study aim was to examine trends in tooth decay among adults ages 50 years and older in the United States and determine whether these trends were consistent across demographic and socioeconomic subgroups of middle-aged and older adults. Methods Secondary analysis of data collected through detailed oral health examinations in the National Health and Nutrition Examination (NHANES) surveys 1988–1994 and 1999–2004. Tooth decay was measured as active caries. Multivariable associations were estimated using negative binomial regression models. Results Averaged over time, the mean number of decayed teeth was 0.54. Rates of decay remained stable over time. Males, non-Hispanic Blacks, Mexican-Americans, and those of other race/ethnicity as well as those with fewer years of education and lower levels of income had more decayed teeth. The increased number of decayed teeth for Mexican-Americans and those of other race/ethnicity was due in part to differing levels of education and income. Trends over time did not vary by any of these demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Trends in the number of decayed teeth did not meaningfully change when the numbers of missing and filled teeth were controlled. Conclusions Although studies have shown the number of middle-aged and older Americans experiencing tooth loss has decreased over time, trends in tooth decay have remained relatively stable, with socioeconomic disparities persisting over time.
A constraint on the earth's lateral heterogeneity from the scattering of spheroidal mode Q−1 measurements

abstract We conduct a probabilistic analysis of the scattering of normal mode Q −1 measurements caused by the multiplet splitting from the earth9s lateral heterogeneity. We apply our probabilistic results to a data set of unstacked Q −1 measurements for fundamental spheroidal modes from 0 S 13 through 0 S 28 . Multiplet broadening of only 14 × 10 −4 of the central frequency is sufficient to account for the scatter of the observed data. The observed scatter of Q −1 data is caused by a combination of three effects: lateral heterogeneity of density and velocities, actual lateral heterogeneity of Q −1 in the earth, and measurement error. The last two effects can only reduce the amount of lateral heterogeneity of density and velocities which is required to produce the observed scatter. Thus, by attributing the entire multiplet broadening to lateral heterogeneity of elastic properties, we can obtain an upper bound on its effect. It seems reasonable to assume that the maximum fraction of lateral heterogeneity in the mantle at the depths sampled by these modes (roughly from the surface to 1000 km deep) is on the same order (14 × 10 −4 ) as the maximum multiplet broadening found by our analysis.
Medical Discovery as Suffrage Justification in Mary Putnam Jacobi’s 1894 New York Campaign Rhetoric

AbstractThis article examines the suffrage rhetoric of nineteenth-century American physician Mary Putnam Jacobi. As a medical researcher, Putnam Jacobi believed that women’s participation in scientific research and their use of scientific arguments would improve the public’s perception of women, making woman suffrage more likely. As science grew in influence around the turn of the century, deploying its persuasive resources became an important part of both men’s and women’s social-issue rhetoric. This analysis of Putnam Jacobi’s suffrage rhetoric identifies two science-inflected arguments: first, she asserted that scientific findings had already prompted governments to be more inclusive, creating a science-driven model of social reform; second, she contended that women had met all the qualifications to vote, offering an empirical-evidence argument for suffrage.
Shape Recovery with Concomitant Mechanical Strengthening of Amphiphilic Shape Memory Polymers in Warm Water

Maintaining adequate or enhancing mechanical properties of shape memory polymers (SMPs) after shape recovery in an aqueous environment are greatly desired for biomedical applications of SMPs as self-fitting tissue scaffolds or minimally invasive surgical implants. Here we report stable temporary shape fixing and facile shape recovery of biodegradable triblock amphiphilic SMPs containing a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) center block and flanking poly(lactic acid) or poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) blocks in warm water, accompanied by concomitant enhanced mechanical strengths. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WXRD), and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analyses revealed that the unique stiffening of the amphiphilic SMPs upon hydration was due to hydration-driven microphase separation and PEG crystallization. We further demonstrated that the chemical composition of degradable blocks in these SMPs could be tailored to affect the persistence of hydration-induced stiffening u...
Adoption of Robotics in a General Surgery Residency Program: At What Cost?

Abstract Background Robotic technology is increasingly being utilized by general surgeons. However, the impact of introducing robotics to surgical residency has not been examined. This study aims to assess the financial costs and training impact of introducing robotics at an academic general surgery residency program. Methods All patients who underwent laparoscopic or robotic cholecystectomy, ventral hernia repair (VHR), and inguinal hernia repair (IHR) at our institution from 2011-2015 were identified. The effect of robotic surgery on laparoscopic case volume was assessed with linear regression analysis. Resident participation, operative time, hospital costs, and patient charges were also evaluated. Results We identified 2260 laparoscopic and 139 robotic operations. As the volume of robotic cases increased, the number of laparoscopic cases steadily decreased. Residents participated in all laparoscopic cases and 70% of robotic cases but operated from the robot console in only 21% of cases. Mean operative time was increased for robotic cholecystectomy (+22%), IHR (+55%), and VHR (+61%). Financial analysis revealed higher median hospital costs per case for robotic cholecystectomy (+$411), IHR (+$887), and VHR (+$1124) as well as substantial associated fixed costs. Conclusions Introduction of robotic surgery had considerable negative impact on laparoscopic case volume and significantly decreased resident participation. Increased operative time and hospital costs are substantial. An institution must be cognizant of these effects when considering implementing robotics in departments with a general surgery residency program.
Synchrotron x-ray study of a low roughness and high efficiency K2CsSb photocathode during film growth

Author(s): Xie, J; Demarteau, M; Wagner, R; Schubert, S; Gaowei, M; Attenkofer, K; Walsh, J; Smedley, J; Wong, J; Feng, J; Padmore, H; Ruiz-Oses, M; Ding, Z; Liang, X; Muller, E; Ben-Zvi, I | Abstract: Reduction of roughness to the nm level is critical of achieving the ultimate performance from photocathodes used in high gradient fields. The thrust of this paper is to explore the evolution of roughness during sequential growth, and to show that deposition of multilayer structures consisting of very thin reacted layers results in an nm level smooth photocathode. Synchrotron x-ray methods were applied to study the multi-step growth process of a high efficiency K2CsSb photocathode. A transition point of the Sb film grown on Si was observed at the film thickness of ∼40 A with the substrate temperature at 100 °C and the growth rate at 0.1 A s-1. The final K2CsSb photocathode exhibits a thickness of around five times that of the total deposited Sb film regardless of how the Sb film was grown. The film surface roughening process occurs first at the step when K diffuses into the crystalline Sb. The photocathode obtained from the multi-step growth exhibits roughness in an order of magnitude lower than the normal sequential process. X-ray diffraction measurements show that the material goes through two structural changes of the crystalline phase during formation, from crystalline Sb to K3Sb and finally to K2CsSb.
Cardioband for the treatment of secondary mitral regurgitation: a viable percutaneous option?

Secondary mitral regurgitation (MR) remains a vexing clinical problem associated with a doubling in the risk of mortality, for patients with both ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (1).
The Feasibility and Effectiveness of School-Based Modular Therapy: A Systematic Literature Review

Modular therapies are systematic approaches to mental health treatment based on therapeutic elements common to multiple evidence-based practices. Given the flexibility and efficacy demonstrated in outpatient settings, modular therapies may be a feasible and effective approach to mental health treatment in schools. We conducted a systematic literature review to summarize the current evidence regarding modular school mental health programs, which consisted of seven studies investigating four distinct school-based modular treatment packages for internalizing concerns. In our review, no studies specifically examined modular therapy for disruptive behavior disorders—a common referral question for school mental health practitioners. Overall, the modular approach appears to be acceptable to stakeholders, but it is unclear whether school-based clinicians can implement proposed modules with adequate integrity, which limits the conclusions that can be drawn regarding real-world effectiveness. We believe implementation studies are needed to draw firm conclusions regarding the feasibility and effectiveness of modular school mental health, but the research to date appears promising.
Light Delivery Systems and Dosimetry in Photodynamic Therapy

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using hematoporphyrin derviative (HpD), and its more purified form dihematoporphyrin ether (DHE), in combination with dye-laser systems is undergoing a great deal of study for the treatment of a variety of cancers. Results to date are promising in a number of tumor types and organs. The mode of delivery of the activating light and the dosimetry of light delivered and therapeutic reaction obtained are extremely important in obtaining significant and selective tumor response. The optimum wavelength for activation of HpD or DHE in vivo is 630 + 2 nm, which is usually obtained from a continuous argon-pumped dye laser. Delivery to the patient is via single optical fibers. A variety of distal tips have been developed for the fibers to permit optimum delivery of the light in a variety of geometries. Systems include cylindrical and point-source diffusers and microlens systems. The operational parameters of the systems have been characterized and documented.
2-Amino-1,2,3-triazole derivatives

The syntheses and structure of 2-triarylphosphoranimine-1,2,3-triazole derivatives from vicinal diazides have been investigated. Compounds derived from dichloronapththoquinone, 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dimethylbenzoquinone, and 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorobenzoquinone are included. X-ray structures, NMR, IR, UV, and cyclic voltammetry data are reported. Compound 2 crystallizes in space group $$P\bar 1$$ with a = 12.31(1), b = 12.469(3), c = 10.088(3) A, α = 97.19(3), β = 103.79(6), γ = 101.84(4)°, and D calc = 1.466 g/cm for Z = 2. Compound 4 crystallizes in space group P21/c with a = 9.044(2), b = 10.882(2), c = 19.110(4) A, β = 99.06(2)°, and D calc = 1.324 g/cm for Z = 2. Compound 6 crystallizes in space group P21/a with a = 8.85(1), b = 14.841(8), c = 11.372(8) A, β = 107.19(3)°, and D calc = 1.397 g/cm for Z = 4. Compound 11 crystallizes in space group P21/n with a = 8.823(3), b = 16.501(6), c = 16.221(3) A, β = 103.58(2)°, and D calc = 1.309 g/cm for Z = 4. Compound 12 crystallizes in space group $$P\bar 1$$ with a = 11.606(8), b = 11.671(5), c = 10.734(3) A, α = 101.62(3), β = 93.70(4), γ = 64.33(4)°, and D calc = 1.438 g/cm for Z = 2. Compound 13 crystallizes in space group C2/c with a = 13.337(7), b = 9.217(6), c = 24.78(1) A, β = 102.85(5)°, and D calc = 1.478 g/cm for Z = 8.
The Demographics of Disability and Mobility Limitations

Approximately one billion people worldwide live with a disability, including 57 million Americans. Whereas much of the disability research literature has focused upon Americans with mobility limitations, we provide a focus on distribution and prevalence/abundance of disability, especially mobility limitations globally. This focus addresses needs as well as disparities across health, exercise, nutrition, and other major life sectors, barriers that exist in every society. Our focus utilizes the holistic, biopsychosocial International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) to evaluate levels of disability, given current difficulties in identifying disability across nationally “representative” surveys of population health.
Increased Protein Intake Prevents Elevations in Sclerostin during Short-Term Diet- and Exercise-Induced Weight Loss

Caloric-restriction is necessary for efficacious weight loss, but can lead to unwanted losses of lean mass and bone mineral content. High-protein diets have been shown to protect lean mass during caloric-restriction and may have similarly preservative effects on bone either through attenuating increases in bone resorption or elevating bone formation. Objectives To determine whether increasing protein intake, in combination with daily aerobic exercise, attenuates elevations in bone resorption markers and reductions in bone formation markers during short-term severe caloric-restriction in healthy, active men. We hypothesized increasing protein intake would attenuate elevations in sclerostin and c-terminal telopeptide (CTX) while maintaining levels of procollagen type I propeptide (P1NP). Methods In this randomized crossover trial, participants underwent three conditions: caloric-restriction with low protein intake (CRLP; 0.8 g/kg body weight (BW)); caloric-restriction with high protein intake (CRHP; 1.7 g/kg BW) and energy balance control (CON; 1.7 g/kg BW). Caloric restriction was achieved by reducing energy availability, calculated as the difference between dietary energy intake and exercise energy expenditure, to 15 kcal/kg fat-free mass (FFM), whereas energy availability was maintained at 40 kcal/kg FFM in CON. Throughout all conditions, participants completed daily supervised exercise sessions on a bicycle ergometer set to expend 15 kcal/kg FFM. Before and after each five-day condition, body composition was assessed via bioimpedance analysis and markers of bone formation and resorption were assessed from fasting blood samples. Results Body weight decreased (p < 0.001) in CRLP [−1.97 ± 0.22 kg] and CRHP [−1.80 ± 0.52 kg], but remained stable in CON. Loss of fat mass was significant in CRHP [−1.14 ± 0.23 kg, p < 0.05] but not in CRLP [−0.57 ± 0.48 kg]. Sclerostin was elevated above baseline levels only in CRLP [19.7 ± 22.5 \%, p < 0.05] but not in CRHP [3.2 ± 18.3 \%] or CON [3.7 ± 26.1 \%]. CTX was reduced in CON [−8.9 ± 9.8 \%, p < 0.05] but did not change in CRHP [0.1 ± 5.4 \%] or CRLP [3.8 ± 14.7 \%]. P1NP did not change significantly in any group. Conclusions Elevating protein intake and performing daily aerobic exercise during five days of severe caloric restriction suppressed the elevation in sclerostin, a bone resorption marker, seen in individuals who performed daily aerobic exercise but did not elevate protein intake. This effect mirrors the protective effect of increased protein intake on lean mass. Support or Funding Information This work was supported in part by funding from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NEB-36-083) and a Layman Seed Award from the University of Nebraska Foundation. This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Whistleblowing Policies in American States: A Nationwide Analysis:

American states have statutes with whistleblowing protection provisions for employees. These laws may focus on the duty to divulge misconduct, procedures for reporting disclosures, and protection f...
An odorant receptor from Anopheles gambiae that demonstrates enantioselectivity to the plant volatile, linalool

Insects express chemical receptors within sensory neurons that are activated by specific cues in the environment, thereby influencing the acquisition of critical resources. A significant gap in our current understanding of insect chemical ecology is defining the molecular mechanisms that underlie sensitivity to plant-emitted volatiles. Linalool is a commonly-occurring monoterpene that has various effects on insect behavior, either acting as an attractant or a repellent, and existing in nature as one of two possible stereoisomers, (R)-(-)-linalool and (S)-(+)-linalool. In this study, we have used a cell-based functional assay to identify linalool and structurally-related compounds as ligands of Odorant receptor 29, a labellum-expressed receptor in the malaria vector mosquito, Anopheles gambiae (AgamOr29). While (R)-(-)-linalool activates AgamOr29, a mixture of the (R) and (S) stereoisomers activates the receptor with higher potency, implying enantiomeric selectivity. Orthologs of Or29 are present in the genomes of Anophelines within the Cellia subgenus. The conservation of this receptor across Anopheline lineages suggests that this ecologically important compound might serve as an attraction cue for nectar-seeking mosquitoes. Moreover, the characterization of a mosquito terpene receptor could serve as a foundation for future ligand-receptor studies of plant volatiles and for the discovery of compounds that can be integrated into push-pull vector control strategies.
Cultural Foundations and Interventions in Latino/a Mental Health: History, Theory and within Group Differences

Advancing work to effectively study, understand, and serve the fastest growing U.S. ethnic minority population, this volume explicitly emphasizes the racial and ethnic diversity within this heterogeneous cultural group. The focus is on the complex historical roots of contemporary Latino/as, their diversity in skin-color and physiognomy, racial identity, ethnic identity, gender differences, immigration patterns, and acculturation. The work highlights how the complexities inherent in the diverse Latino/a experience, as specified throughout the topics covered in this volume, become critical elements of culturally responsive and racially conscious mental health treatment approaches. By addressing the complexities, within-group differences, and racially heterogeneity characteristic of U.S. Latino/as, this volume makes a significant contribution to the literature related to mental health treatments and interventions.
Comparison of Pre-Trained vs Domain-Specific Convolutional Neural Networks for Classification of Interstitial Lung Disease

Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) is an umbrella term used to describe different variations of lung diseases that affect humans. Due to the difficulty of classifying ILD, the time span taken to have a patients CT scans analyzed by a radiologist is rather long. To speed up the process, Computer-Aided Diagnostic (CAD) systems have been built. In this paper, one such approach based on Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is proposed to classify ILD from CT scans. We investigate how a generalized pre-trained neural network compares to a domain-specific neural network. In addition, we propose different methods to help improve a CNNs performance in classifying ILD and assess how our data impacts performance for both models. The InceptionV3 model produced by Google Inc. yielded the best F1 score of 0.80+/- 0.11 rivaling a domain-specific model. When using an Ensemble Network composed of InceptionV3, VGG16, and ResNet50, the accuracy increased to 0.827 +/- 0.08.
Stability assessment and improvement of a Lactobacillus plantarum mutant with low post-fermentation acidification characteristics

Intracellular pH homeostasis through the extrusion of a proton by F0F1-ATPase is one of the key mechanisms used by lactic acid bacteria in response to acid stress, and also influences their post-fermentation acidification. In this study, the genotypic and phenotypic stability of a low post-fermentation acidification (LPA) mutant (designated as DGCC12411m) of Lactobacillus plantarum DGCC12411 was assessed. Compared with its mother strain, the pH of DGCC12411m in De Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS) broth after 48-h cultivation was 0.35 pH units higher. Incorporation of DGCC12411m in yogurt stored at ambient temperature (ambient yogurt) showed a reduced post-fermentation acidification during storage at 25°C for 120 d. Whole-genome sequencing analysis showed a SNP mutation (GGT > GAT at positions 505 to 507) in DGCC12411m, which resulted in the substitution of a highly conserved glycine residue by aspartic acid at the Walker A motif of the F0F1-ATPase α-subunit. However, degeneration of the LPA phenotype was observed after 5 passages of DGCC12411m in MRS broth. Analysis of DNA sequencing on both the whole population and the isolates showed that a back mutation occurred at the SNP site (GAT changed back to GGT) over the passaging, and the reversion gradually increased from a ratio of 10.8% at P5 to 60.0% at P10. We also found that the LPA phenotype stability of DGCC12411m was improved by supplementing 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer to the growth medium as well as by reducing the inoculation rate of DGCC12411m to 2% (vol/vol). Such LPA Lactobacillus strains have potential for use as starter cultures in fermented foods with less change in acidity during shelf-life storage.
Long-term cellulose enrichment selects for highly cellulolytic consortia and competition for public goods

The complexity of microbial communities hinders our understanding of how microbial diversity and microbe-microbe interactions impact community functions. Here, using six independent communities originating from the refuse dumps of leaf-cutter ants and enriched using the plant polymer cellulose as the sole source of carbon, we examine how changes in bacterial diversity and interactions impact plant biomass decomposition. Over up to 60 serial transfers (~8 months), cellulolytic ability increased then stabilized in four enrichment lines and was variable in two lines. Bacterial community characterization using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing showed community succession differed between the highly cellulolytic and variably cellulolytic enrichment lines. Metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses revealed that Cellvibrio and/or Cellulomonas dominated each enrichment line and produced the majority of cellulase enzymes, while diverse taxa were retained within these communities over the duration of transfers. Interestingly, the less cellulolytic communities had a higher diversity of organisms competing for the cellulose breakdown product cellobiose, suggesting that cheating slowed cellulose degradation. In addition, we found competitive exclusion as an important factor shaping all the communities, with the mutual exclusion of specific cellulolytic taxa within individual enrichment lines and the high expression of genes associated with the production of antagonistic compounds. Our results provide insights into how microbial diversity and competition affect the stability and function of cellulose-degrading communities.
Two-Stage Concurrent X/Ku Dual-Band GaAs MMIC Power Amplifier

In this work, a two-stage concurrent X/Ku dual-band MMIC power amplifier is demonstrated in a 150-nm GaAs process. A topology-specific matching technique enables high-efficiency in the two bands while also introducing intra-band and out-of-band rejection regions. The concurrent mode of operation, defined when two simultaneous input bands are amplified, is also varied over numerous input power levels to study the effect on output power, efficiency, and gain. In the CW mode of operation at 9/16.1 GHz, the power amplifier achieves a power-added efficiency of 45.5/40 % with a corresponding output power of 20.2/20.5 dBm and gain of 16.9/14.5 dB. In the concurrent CW mode at 9 and 16.1 GHz at equal output power in the two bands, the power amplifier achieves a maximum power-added efficiency of 28.4 %, with corresponding output powers of 14.3 dBm in each band and gains of 16.5 and 12.9 dB for the lower and upper bands, respectively.
Chr20q amplification defines a distinct molecular subtype of microsatellite stable colorectal cancer.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death in the US. About 15% of CRCs are associated with microsatellite instability (MSI) due to loss of function in the DNA mismatch repair pathway. This subgroup of patients has better survival rates and is more sensitive to immunotherapy. However, it remains unclear whether microsatellite stable (MSS) CRC patients can be further stratified into subgroups with differential clinical characteristics. In this study, we analyzed The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data and found that Chr20q amplification is the most frequent copy number alteration that occurs specifically in colon (46%) and rectum (61%) cancer and is mutually exclusive with MSI. Importantly, MSS patients with Chr20q amplification (MSS-A) were associated with better recurrence-free survival compared to MSS patients without Chr20q amplification (MSS-N) (p = 0.03). MSS-A tumors were associated with high level of chromosome instability and low immune infiltrations. In addition, MSS-A and MSS-N tumors were associated with somatic mutations in different driver genes, with high frequencies of mutated TP53 in MSS-A and mutated KRAS and BRAF in MSS-N. Our results suggest that MSS-A and MSS-N represent two subtypes of MSS colorectal cancer, and such stratification may be used to improve therapeutic treatment in an individualized manner.
Die US-amerikanische LLC im Überblick (An Overview of the US Limited Liability Company)

German Abstract: Der Beitrag gibt einen Uberblick uber die wesentlichen Eckpunkte des Rechts der US-amerikanischen LLC und fokussiert dabei auf das praktisch wichtige Recht von Delaware sowie den Revised Uniform LLC Act, der mittlerweile in 21 Bundesstaaten eingefuhrt wurde. Neben einem kurzen geschichtlichen Abriss werden Grundung und Satzung, Organstruktur und Gesellschafterklassen, Einlagen und Glaubigerschutzvorschriften, Anteilsubertragung sowie Gesellschafteraustritt und Auflosung angesprochen. Abschliesend geht der Aufsatz auf die Einordnung der LLC als „hybride“ Rechtsform ein, die eine fast vollstandige Gestaltungsfreiheit mit der Haftungsbeschrankung der Gesellschafter kombiniert. English Abstract: This article provides an overview of key issues of the law of Limited Liability Companies in the United States, focusing on the law of Delaware and the Revised Uniform Limited Liability Company Act, which has been implemented in 21 states. After a brief historical overview, the article discusses formation, the certificate, the operating agreement, management and governance, classes of members, contributions, protection of creditors, the transfer of interest, withdrawal, and dissolution. Finally, the article explores the classification of the LLC as a hybrid type of business entity, which combines freedom of contract and passthrough taxation with limited liability. The article is based on a talk given in the Austrian Ministry of Justice (via Zoom) on January 28, 2021.