cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How to Improve the Health of American Adolescents

The major threats to the health of American teenagers are behavioral-risky and reckless things adolescents do that threaten their well-being and that of others. The primary approach to preventing adolescent risk taking has been classroom-based health education. Yet, most systematic research indicates that even the best programs are successful mainly at changing adolescents' knowledge but not in altering their behavior. Research on adolescent brain development has revolutionized our understanding of this stage of life, but our approach to deterring adolescent risk taking remains grounded in old, antiquated, and erroneous views of the period. Classroom-based health education is an uphill battle against evolution and endocrinology, and it is not a fight we are likely to win. Instead of trying to change teenagers into something they are not, we should try to reduce the risks they are exposed to. We should spend less money and effort trying to influence how adolescents think, and focus more on limiting opportunities for their inherently immature judgment to hurt themselves or others. Although there is evidence that some programs aimed at strengthening adolescents' self-regulation may also deter risky behavior, our public health policies should emphasize changing the context in which adolescents live, rather than solely attempting to change adolescents themselves.
The determination of iodin in iodin metabolism

The organic material for iodin analysis is dried, mixed with and covered with CaO to render it alkaline and reduce the rate of combustion, and burned in pure oxygen in a large combustion tube with the end narrowed and bent downward for about 50 cm. The first third of this narrowed portion is covered with a thin layer of asbestos fibers to protect it from a lead coil through which cold water runs. The middle third is water-jacketed. The lower third dips into an absorbing apparatus filled with NaOH solution. The greater the amount of CaO mixed with the unknown material, the greater amount of iodin remains in the ash. The alkaline solution from the absorption apparatus is evaporated to 10 c.c. after adding to it the rinsings of the combustion tube. The ash is ground with water or the solution from the absorption apparatus in a ball mill and the extract is evaporated to 10 c.c. The solution is acidified until PH = 1 and placed in a 12 c.c. separatory funnel and 0.1 c.c. of 0.1 N arsenius acid added, and allow...
Anatomical Variations of the Transverse-Sigmoid Sinus Junction: Implications for Endovascular Treatment of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension

Venous sinus pathology can result in multiple pathological diseases, including idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). There remains a paucity of information on anatomical luminal variations of the major venous sinuses which may contribute to the etiology of certain disease states. Thirty-six transverse and sigmoid sinuses were removed following dissection of 19 unfixed cadaveric heads. Sinuses were opened longitudinally to study luminal variations. A semiquantitative classification system was developed to assess septations and blind pouches. Seventy-nine percent of cadavers had a luminal anatomical variation. Forty-four percent and 42% of sinuses dissected had occurrence of a septations or blind pouches, respectively. Thirty percent of septations and 25% of pouches were classified as large. Incidence of anatomical variations was not statistically significant between cadaver gender or sinus laterality. Luminal variations are present in the transverse and sigmoid sinuses at rates higher than expected. This study is the first to report the presence of blind pouches in the luminal wall of transverse and sigmoid sinuses. These variations can have clinical importance to the endovascular surgeon and may also contribute to the pathophysiological etiology of venous sinus diseases. Anat Rec, 299:1037-1042, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Do nocturnal penile tumescence recordings alter electroencephalographic sleep

While concurrent monitoring of sleep is considered to be a necessary component of evaluating nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT), in order to ensure that NPT data are not invalidated by fragmented sleep or diminished REM sleep, it is not known whether NPT recording itself disrupts sleep beyond the expected first night effect. In this study of 42 outpatient men with major depression and 36 normal control subjects, we found no effect of NPT recording on measures of sleep continuity, proportion of NREM to REM sleep, or REM sleep in either depressed or healthy control subjects.
Boundary problem in Simon’s two-stage clinical trial designs

The activity of a new treatment in clinical trials with binary endpoints can be assessed by comparing the observed response rate to the target response rate. Traditionally, a one-sided hypothesis is used to make statistical inference, and the actual Type I error rate has to be computed over the parameter space of the null hypothesis. The monotonicity property is a fundamental property that guarantees the actual Type I error rate occurring at the boundary. One-arm two-stage designs are considered in this article. We theoretically proved this important property when the final threshold value of a design is less than the first-stage sample size together with another weak condition being satisfied. The method used in this article may finally lead to the final complete proof of this property in the future. We also numerically proved that the monotonicity property is satisfied for designs with the first-stage and the second-stage sample sizes from 10 to 100.
Automatic Gleason Grading of Prostate Cancer Using Shearlet Transform and Multiple Kernel Learning

The Gleason grading system is generally used for histological grading of prostate cancer. In this paper, we first introduce using the Shearlet transform and its coefficients as texture features for automatic Gleason grading. The Shearlet transform is a mathematical tool defined based on affine systems and can analyze signals at various orientations and scales and detect singularities, such as image edges. These properties make the Shearlet transform more suitable for Gleason grading compared to the other transform-based feature extraction methods, such as Fourier transform, wavelet transform, etc. We also extract color channel histograms and morphological features. These features are the essential building blocks of what pathologists consider when they perform Gleason grading. Then, we use the multiple kernel learning (MKL) algorithm for fusing all three different types of extracted features. We use support vector machines (SVM) equipped with MKL for the classification of prostate slides with different Gleason grades. Using the proposed method, we achieved high classification accuracy in a dataset containing 100 prostate cancer sample images of Gleason Grades 2–5.
Framework for digital video watermarking with dual watermarks

This paper presents a video watermarking scheme for copyright notification and protection. Each video frame is clustered into high motion and low motion regions. Dual watermarks are designed by exploiting video motion, perceptual characteristics, and some other informative cues. They are embedded into certain macroblocks in these two regions respectively. The watermark in the low motion region is resilient to frame-level attacks such as frame dropping, frame averaging and frame reshuffling. The watermark in the high motion region is robust to statistical attacks. The detection does not need the original frame or any a priori index information of frames in video sequence. Good invisibility as well as strong robustness can be obtained. The experimental results validate the effectiveness of the system.
Intake of up to 3 Eggs per Day Is Associated with Changes in HDL Function and Increased Plasma Antioxidants in Healthy, Young Adults

Background: HDL function may be more important than HDL concentration in determining risk for cardiovascular disease. In addition, HDL is a carrier of carotenoids and antioxidant enzymes, which protect HDL and LDL particles against oxidation.Objective: The goal of this study was to determine the impact of consuming 0-3 eggs/d on LDL and HDL particle size, HDL function, and plasma antioxidants in a young, healthy population.Methods: Thirty-eight healthy men and women [age 18-30 y, body mass index (in kg/m2) 18.5-29.9] participated in this 14-wk crossover intervention. Subjects underwent a 2-wk washout (0 eggs/d) followed by sequentially increasing intake of 1, 2, and 3 eggs/d for 4 wk each. After each period, fasting blood was collected for analysis of lipoprotein subfractions, plasma apolipoprotein (apo) concentration, lutein and zeaxanthin concentration, and activities of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase, cholesteryl ester transfer protein, and paraoxonase-1.Results: Compared with intake of 0 eggs/d, consuming 1-3 eggs/d resulted in increased large-LDL (21-37%) and large-HDL (6-13%) particle concentrations, plasma apoAI (9-15%), and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity (5-15%) (P < 0.05 for all biomarkers). Intake of 2-3 eggs/d also promoted an 11% increase in apoAII (P < 0.05) and a 20-31% increase in plasma lutein and zeaxanthin (P < 0.05), whereas intake of 3 eggs/d resulted in a 9-16% increase in serum paraoxonase-1 activity compared with intake of 1-2 eggs/d (P < 0.05). Egg intake did not affect cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity.Conclusions: Intake of 1 egg/d was sufficient to increase HDL function and large-LDL particle concentration; however, intake of 2-3 eggs/d supported greater improvements in HDL function as well as increased plasma carotenoids. Overall, intake of ≤3 eggs/d favored a less atherogenic LDL particle profile, improved HDL function, and increased plasma antioxidants in young, healthy adults. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02531958.
Hybrid extended Kalman filtering and noise statistics optimization for produce wash state estimation

Abstract Food-borne diseases associated with fresh produce consistently cause serious public health issues. Although sanitization measures are utilized to enhance the safety of fresh produce, strategies that neglect the dynamic nature of commercial wash processes are limited, creating the potential for pathogen cross-contamination and major disease outbreaks. In light of this risk, there is an urgent need for new control approaches during produce washing to reduce the probability of outbreaks. As an important step in this direction, a hybrid extended Kalman filter (HEKF) and particle swarm optimization (PSO)-based noise statistics optimization are designed for a produce wash system. The HEKF uses discrete-time free chlorine (FC) measurements, and PSO is used to optimize the noise statistics of the process noise model. The process model and HEKF enable the estimation of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the water wash, FC concentration, Escherichia coli concentration (PC) in the water wash, and E. coli level (P) on the lettuce. Although control is not explicitly addressed in this paper, the estimation technique proposed here will enable not only monitoring but also advanced control methods. The HEKF is applied to estimate E. coli O157:H7 contamination of shredded lettuce during an industrial wash. The HEKF estimates COD with a root mean square error (RSME) of 8.24 mg/L, FC concentration with an RMSE of 0.09 mg/L, PC in the wash water with an RMSE of 0.19 MPN/ml, and P on the lettuce with an RSME of 0.04 MPN/g. A sensitivity analysis demonstrates that the estimator has good robustness.
Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Self-Initiation Reaction of Methyl Acrylate in Free-Radical Polymerization

Extensive experimental results (measurements of the monomer conversion in the absence of any external initiators) indicating the occurrence of the self-initiation reaction of methyl acrylate (MA) a...
Capitalism and Autonomy

The means by which a culture organizes itself economically has important implications for people’s experience of autonomy. Despite claims that freedom is maximized under the form of neo-liberal, laissez-fair capitalism practiced in many Anglo-nations, several types of evidence suggest that the values, ideologies, and institutions of such economic systems can diminish people’s feelings of self-determination. For example, new analyses presented in this chapter show that, compared to citizens living in wealthy nations that place more restrictions on the activity of the “free market,” citizens living in “economically free” wealthy nations more highly value power and hierarchy, and view self-direction and intellectual autonomy as less important. Other research reviewed here shows that some of the personal beliefs, behaviors, and laws central to the smooth functioning of laissez-faire, consumer capitalism do not provide people with optimal experiences of freedom and autonomy. This analysis thus demonstrates the potential usefulness of self-determination theory for understanding economic systems in particular and cultural systems in general.
Warm Dark Matter

The Cold Dark Matter paradigm successfully explains many phenomena on scales larger than galaxies, but seems to predict galaxy halos which are more centrally concentrated and have a lumpier substructure than observed. Endowing cosmic dark matter with a small primordial velocity dispersion preserves the successful predictions of the Cold Dark Matter scenario on large scales and improves the agreement with halo structure. A “phase density” Q=ρX‹ v 2‹3/2, proportional to the inverse entropy for nonrelativistic matter, is estimated for relativistically decoupled thermal or degenerate relic particles of mass m X : Q=qXgm X 4 , with a numerical factor q x depending on the particle type but no cosmological parameters. Since Q cannot increase for dissipationless, collisionless matter, at a given velocity dispersion there is a maximum space density; this “phase packing” constraint eliminates the singular density predicted by CDM. The core radius r 0 and halo circular velocity v c∞ are related by r 0=0.44(QGvc ∞ )1/3., analogous to the scaling of degenerate dwarf stars. Particle velocities also filter primordial perturbations, with a filtering scale κ X ∝ H 0Ω rel 1/2 (QρX)1/3. Particle candidates for warm matter are briefly discussed; for warm thermal relics to have the observed mass density requires decoupling prior to the QCD epoch and therefore a superweak interaction with thermal Standard Model particles.
Theory of polymer melt viscoelasticity

Polymers are long flexible chains of molecules. Under thermal motion in a polymer melt, chain entanglement will play a dominant role. Theoretical prediction of the dynamics of the system based upon first principles is an intracable many-body problem. On February 16, 1990 Young-Hwa Kim from 3M Corporation has reviewed the theory based on the reptation model of de-Gennes (1971) and the Doi-Edwards theory (1978) which relies upon this reptation model. He then pointed out some discrepancy between theory and experiment and suggested a more refined approach which will depend upon solving certain rather difficult mathematical problems.
Wood Degradation by Brown-Rot and White-Rot Fungi

Elucidating the mechanism of biological wood decay is not only important ecologically due to its role in the carbon cycle, but also due to its economic significance. Research into this fundamental process has resulted in a large number of potential applications in the pulp and paper industry. Bench and pilot plant scale experiments demonstrated that the application of wood-degrading fungi or their ligninolytic enzymes resulted in savings of energy and chemicals (Rajarathnam et al. 1998). The nonspecific nature of fungal lignin-degrading systems has also led researchers to discover their use in biodegradation of a large number of environmental pollutants (Field et al. 1993).
Nijmegen breakage syndrome.

Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS) is a rare autosomal recessive disease, characterized by microcephaly, growth retardation, immunodeficiency, chromosome instability, radiation sensitivity, and a strong predisposition to lymphoid malignancy. The gene responsible for the development of this syndrome (NBS1) was mapped on chromosome 8q21. The product of this gene—nibrin—is a protein with 95 kDa molecular weight (p95). The same mutation in the NBS1 gene (deletion 657del5) was detected in most of the evaluated patients. In this chapter, we describe the analysis of the literature and our results on clinical and immunological features and genetic evaluation of 21 NBS patients.
Emulation of Anomalies for Wide-Area Monitoring, Protection and Control System Development

For security and stability in smart grid development, identification and reactions to external factors are emphasized through Wide-Area Monitoring Protection and Control (WAMPAC) systems. Anomaly detection and identification are critical to establishing a responsive, controllable grid architecture. In testing anomaly-detection algorithms for WAMPAC applications, there should be a benchmarking process for detection of anomalies and evaluating WAMPAC performance in the presence of anomalies. The ability to create, or emulate, anomalies within a testing environment of WAMPAC systems is a step towards achieving this capability. In this paper, the development and implementation of a software-controlled Anomaly and Fault Generator (AFG) into a 1000:1 scale emulated smart grid testbed is presented. The testbed uses Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) for high accuracy, fidelity, and time synchronization of measurements. The AFG induces controlled faults and anomalous events into the system to evaluate the performance of anomaly detection systems and WAMPAC applications. System events include stolen breakers, electrical faults with variable fault resistance, and hijacking of transducers. High sample-rate, time-synchronized, measurements are also logged by the AFG to compare to WAMPAC system results.
Multiple mechanisms of cocaine-induced Brugada electrocardiogram pattern

Cocaine is the most commonly used illicit drug with life-threatening cardiovascular complications, including coronary syndrome, sudden cardiac death, hypertensive crisis, aortic dissection, and stroke. Brugada pattern is a known complication of cocaine intoxication. There are, however, multiple mechanisms that can precipitate the Brugada pattern, beyond the sodium channel-blocking effect of cocaine. The various modes by which cocaine can cause Brugada pattern are discussed. Our patient presented with Brugada pattern and coronary vasospasm, both of which completely resolved with nitroglycerin. This case confirms that vasospasm of the right coronary artery can present as Brugada pattern. The following core competencies are addressed in this article: Medical knowledge, patient care.
Policing’s Information Problem

We spend over $100 billion each year on policing in the United States, yet have very little idea of what keeps us safe. From adoption of new technologies like facial recognition to militarization to stop-and-frisk tactics, and much else, law enforcement in the United States pursue public safety strategies without understanding the full range of costs, or benefits. There is a particularly troubling tendency to ignore the social costs (the impact policing practices have on individuals) — and the distributional costs (how policing regularly falls most heaving on racial and marginalized communities). As a result, we don’t know what keeps us safe, and there is a real risk we are doing more harm than good. This Article asks why we as a society know so little about how to assure safety, and what we can do to change this state of affairs. The Article’s thesis is that a variety of dysfunctions around the politics of policing leads to legislative stasis and executive inertia: governing officials simply defer to the police. Blind trust in the police, fear of a powerful police lobby, and a law enforcement culture of secrecy and insulation results in a serious information failure. Legislative and executive officials (and the police themselves) simply lack the information needed to address whether police are doing a good job of keeping the public safe, and so they do little or nothing to assure public safety. The Article proposes a set of solutions to encourage the development of information about policing, including sentinel event review, information-forcing legislation, the establishment of regulatory intermediaries, and the creation of a policing college. Its main proposal is to encourage broad use of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) about policing. CBA, though prominently used in other areas of government, is almost non-existent in the field of policing. Adoption of some combination of some of these tools is essential to ensure just, effective public safety.
Implications of genetic heterogeneity for plant translocation during ecological restoration

Ecological restoration practices often require translocating plant material from distant sites. Yet published guidelines for seed transfer are available in very few species. Accurately predicting how plant populations will perform when transferred requires multi-year and multi-environment field trials and comprehensive follow-up census work. In this study, we analyzed the genetic structure of an important shrub used in ecological restorations in the Southern Rocky Mountains called alderleaf mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus montanus) by sequenced 1440 individual plant samples from 48 populations across a broad geographic range. We found that geographic and environmental covariates of genetic differentiation and diversity reflected the complex climate and topography across which the species is distributed. We identified several temperature and precipitation variables that were useful predictors of genetic differentiation in this species and can be used to generate seed transfer recommendations. These results will be useful for defining management and restoration practices for mountain mahogany and other widespread montane plant species.
Noise-Induced Hearing Loss and Drug Therapy: Basic and Translational Science

Noise-induced hearing loss is the second leading cause of hearing impairment. The purpose of this chapter is to familiarize the reader with the anatomical, physiological, and perceptual consequences of noise trauma, as well as emerging treatments to attenuate these effects. The relationship between anatomical damage and functional deficits is complex and highly dependent on the type of noise, duration of the noise exposure, and the metric used to assess deficits. Recent studies have now identified potential early subclinical markers of noise-induced trauma that open opportunities for early identification and treatment. The chapter includes discussion of the current state of these findings, their limitations, and avenues for further research. Finally, the chapter reviews current pharmacological interventions, their targeted pathways, and mechanisms of action that may hold promise for future treatment.
Does climate change framing matter? Evidence from an experiment of crop advisors in the Midwestern United States

Climate change is predicted to have increasingly negative consequences for the agricultural sector. Thus, it is important that crop advisors encourage farmers to adopt management practices that help mitigate or adapt to these changes. However, widespread skepticism persists regarding the existence of anthropogenic climate change and the need for conservation practices. Previous research indicates that individuals who are skeptical of the existence of climate change may be resistant to adopting conservation behaviors when they are described as addressing climate change impacts. Framing such practices as instead addressing “weather extremes” may be one method to encourage recommendations of such conservation practices. In the current study, we examined whether framing cover crops—a climate change-adaptive practice that enhances soil health—as a way to address that weather extremes rather than climate change would enhance crop advisors’ reported likelihood of recommending cover crops to their farmers, particularly among advisors who are skeptical of the existence of climate change. Support for cover crops among crop advisors in our sample was quite high overall, but as predicted, those who were more skeptical of climate change were less likely to recommend cover crops. However, framing condition (whether cover crops were described as addressing weather variability vs. climate change vs. no frame) had no main or moderating effects. These findings suggest that the use of climate change messaging in the framing of farm management practices may not negatively influence crop advisors’ recommendations as much as previously thought, but more research using other conservation practices is needed.
Comparison of Two Commercially Available Fentanyl Screening Immunoassays for Clinical Use.

BACKGROUND Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid associated with illicit drug use and overdose deaths. The SEFRIA Immunalysis (IAL) and ARK fentanyl assays are both FDA-cleared, open channel immunoassays for fentanyl detection in urine. However, limited data are available in the literature comparing these assays. The objective of this study was to perform a direct comparison of these two fentanyl immunoassays. METHODS IAL and ARK fentanyl immunoassays were performed on a Roche Cobas e602 automated chemistry analyzer. Repeatability and total imprecision were compared by diluting fentanyl into urine at concentrations above, below, and at the manufacturers' cutoffs of 1.0 ng/mL. Cross-reactivity was assessed for norfentanyl and the fentanyl analogs acetylfentanyl, acrylfentanyl, and furanylfentanyl. Concordance was assessed in 90 patient samples using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) as the gold standard. RESULTS Repeatability varied from 11.4%-17.8% on the IAL assay and 2.8%-5.5% on the ARK assay. Total imprecision was 18.9%-40.7% on the IAL assay and 2.9%-6.4% on the ARK assay. Both assays cross-reacted with acetylfentanyl (∼100%), acrylfentanyl (∼100%), and furanylfentanyl (∼20%), but only the ARK assay cross-reacted with norfentanyl (∼3%). An admixture of 0.5 ng/mL fentanyl and 6 ng/mL norfentanyl produced a positive result on the ARK assay. Total concordance between IAL and ARK for 90 tested patient samples was 93% (kappa = 0.85). Relative to LC-MS/MS, the IAL assay had a concordance of 90% (kappa = 0.79) and the ARK assay had a concordance of 94% (kappa = 0.88). Including norfentanyl in the LC-MS/MS confirmation increased the concordance of the ARK to 96% (kappa = 0.90). CONCLUSIONS The ARK assay recognized the metabolite norfentanyl, demonstrated superior precision, and had better concordance with LC-MS/MS compared to the IAL assay.
My Father’s Place in the Mountains: An Education Elsewhere

In this chapter, the author uses autoethnography and narrative inquiry to examine her father’s relationship with hunting as an exercise in actualizing rural literacies to identify opportunities for place-based learning. This chapter explores the connection to nature, hunting traditions, the literacy and discourse communities, and the lessons learned from the mountains where he hunts. The author uses a critical place frame to ask how we might incorporate this culture as meaningful, instructional practices into K-12 schooling. The author takes issue with decontextualized curricula and asks if schooling perpetuates ways of being at risk when it fails to value place and the home knowledge students bring to the classroom. This issue is examined within the narrative of her father’s relationship with hunting.
Continuities and changes; voices and silences: a critical analysis of the first three decades of scholarship in environmental politics

The thirtieth anniversary is an opportunity to take stock of Environmental Politics. To consider where the journal and – by extension – the academic study of environmental politics should go, we mu...
Enhanced thread spray mass spectrometry: a general method for direct pesticide analysis in various complex matrices.

Determination of pesticide residues in a wide variety of matrices is an ongoing challenge due to low concentration and substantial amounts of interfering endogenous compounds that can be coextracted with the analytes. Herein, we describe the use of cellulose thread both as a suitable sampling medium for various matrices and as a direct analysis platform through an improved thread spray mass spectrometry (MS) approach. Enhanced extraction and the subsequent generation of tiny nanodroplets, after the application of DC potential to the wet thread, enabled ultra-sensitive detection of pesticides without prior sample treatment. This methodology was applied to quantify glyphosate and its metabolite, aminomethylphosphonic acid, in surface water at 12.2 μg mL−1 limit of detection (LOD) via standard addition calibration. The method was also used for an internal standard calibration for the analysis of atrazine, which resulted in a LOD of 0.74 ng mL−1. The enhanced thread spray MS platform also proved effective when applied for direct analysis of diphenylamine and thiabendazole, which enabled the evaluation of post-harvest pesticide treatment of fruits (surface and interior) without complete destruction of the fruits.
A64FX performance: experience on Ookami

We examine the performance of scientific and engineering kernels on the Fujitsu A64FX processor, both out-of-the-box using various toolchains and with processor-specific optimizations. While nearly all applications port with little to no modification, significant performance variation is observed between the multiple tool chains. This variation depends heavily upon characteristics of the application (most notably its use of mathematical functions) and is also constrained by the most performant toolchains having limited support for recent language standards. As expected, high performance demands that a kernel is vectorized, multi-threaded, and localizes memory references. Detailed optimizations, including use of intrinsics, are also examined to understand performance gaps and what is necessary to attain peak performance. This article employs the Ookami computer technology testbed funded by the American National Science Foundation. The system provides researchers worldwide with access to 176 Fujitsu A64FX compute nodes as well as other state-of the-art technology.
Technical Writing and Illustrating Strategies for Winning Government Contracts

This chapter presents guidance to technical writers, engineers, proposals specialists, and managers who compete for government contracts. The technical writer's task is to organize, structure, and package the proposal into a coherent, readable, and salable whole. The chapter presents ten strategies for putting together such a proposal, from preliminary organization to final packaging. It suggests preparing proposal drafts even before we receive an Request for Proposal (RFP). Since large proposals are usually not read in their entirety by all evaluators, section summaries assume great importance, as do carefully presented data and graphics. The chapter also introduces us to the mechanics of setting up a proposal room and using techniques such as storyboarding (presenting sketches of material on panels) to generate and review our proposals. It highlights that government proposals are often won by one who presents himself most persuasively, in person and in his written proposal.
Das Deutsche Element in den Kriegen der Vereinigten Staaten Während des Neunzehnten Jahrhunderts

Wenn das deutsche Element in den Kriegen des 18. Jahrhunderts Hervorragendes geleistet hat, so war seine Bedeutung fur die des 19. Jahrhunderts noch ungleich groser. Von dem Feldzug von 1812 bis zum spanischen Kriege war das deutsche Element in der amerikanischen Armee auserst zahlreich vertreten und zwar sowohl unter den Mannschaften, wie auch, und sogar in noch ruhmvollerer Weise, im Offiziersstand, dem es gerade mit seine tuchtigsten und bestgeschulten Mitglieder zufuhrte. In dem mexikanischen Kriege, wie in den zahlreichen Indianerkriegen, gab es keinen Feldzug, an dem nicht eine stattliche Anzahl Deutscher teilgenommen hatte. Wahrend des Burgerkrieges fuhrte die grose Schar tapferer und zuverlassiger deutscher Manner in den Heeren der Nordstaaten als ein unschatzbarer und unentbehrlicher Faktor den Umschlag des Kriegsglucks zugunsten der Union mit herbei. In der grosen Masse der deutschen Streiter, die zu Zehn- und Hunderttausenden in den Kampf zogen und in treuem Opfermut fur das neue Vaterland ohne Zogern das Leben in die Schanze schlugen, muB der einzelne leider unerwahnt bleiben. Nur der am meisten ins Auge fallenden Personlichkeiten und nur der herrlichsten Leistungen der Manner deutscher Abstammung kann in unserer knappen Schilderung gedacht werden.
Applications of Gibberellins in Agriculture

Since their introduction as plant growth regulators heralded by full page newspaper advertisements and editorials about 10-foot cabbages (Brassica oleracea), GAs have found a niche in specialized areas of agriculture. The image of towering plants yielding a crop cornucopia excited public investigators as well as commercial companies in the late 1950’s and early 1960’s. While the predictions may have been exaggerated, several uses have emerged, and it is likely that further investigation will result in new applications.
Relax, compensate and then recover

We present in this paper a framework of approximate probabilistic inference which is based on three simple concepts. First, our notion of an approximation is based on “relaxing” equality constraints, for the purposes of simplifying a problem so that it can be solved more readily. Second, is the concept of “compensation,” which calls for imposing weaker notions of equality to compensate for the relaxed equality constraints. Third, is the notion of “recovery,” where some of the relaxed equality constraints are incrementally recovered, based on an assessment of their impact on improving the quality of an approximation. We discuss how this framework subsumes one of the most influential algorithms in probabilistic inference: loopy belief propagation and some of its generalizations. We also introduce a new heuristic recovery method that was key to a system that successfully participated in a recent evaluation of approximate inference systems, held in UAI'10. We further discuss the relationship between this framework for approximate inference and an approach to exact inference based on symbolic reasoning.
Estimating leukemia-free survival after allografting for chronic myeloid leukemia: a new method that takes into account patients who relapse and are restored to complete remission

A significant number of patients who relapse after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) will achieve sustained remissions after treatment with interferon-alpha, second transplants, or donor lymphocyte infusions (DLI) from the original stem cell donor. Because leukemia-free survival (LFS) is at present defined as survival without evidence of relapse at any time posttransplant, patients who relapse but are then restored to complete remission are treated as failures when estimating LFS. We have established a new category of LFS, termed current LFS (CLFS), which we define as survival without evidence of leukemia at the time of most recent assessment. To gauge the contribution of treatment for relapse to the efficacy of allogeneic SCT in the management of CML in chronic phase, we compared conventional LFS and CLFS in 189 consecutive patients who underwent SCT over a 7-year period with a minimum follow-up of 3 years. Patients with sibling donors (n = 111) received cyclosporine and methotrexate as prophylaxis for graft versus host disease; patients with unrelated donors (n = 78) also received Campath-1G or 1H as intravenous T-cell depletion. The 5-year LFS defined conventionally was 36% (CI: 29% to 43%) versus a 5-year CLFS of 49% (CI: 36% to 62%). This new method of defining LFS confirms the view that appropriate "salvage" therapy, principally DLI, makes a major contribution to the capacity of allogeneic SCT to produce long-term LFS in patients who receive SCT for CML and emphasizes the importance of redefining LFS to take account of successful treatment of relapse.
Cyclic Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate-dependent Protein Kinase of Human Erythrocyte Membranes

Abstract A cyclic AMP (adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate)-dependent protein kinase has been found in membranes derived from human erythrocytes which accounts for greater than 70% of the total cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity of these cells. Components of the erythrocyte membranes were phosphorylated by membrane-bound protein kinase, but stimulation of the rate of phosphorylation by cyclic AMP was observed only when histones or protamine served as substrates. The membrane-associated cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase resembles many soluble protein kinases; it requires 20 mm Mg2+ for maximal activity, has apparent Km values of 26 µg per ml and 8.3 µm for protamine and ATP, respectively, and a Ka for cyclic AMP of 28 nm. Erythrocyte membranes specifically bind cyclic AMP and exhibit a dissociation constant of 3.3 nm for the "membrane-cyclic AMP complex." Cyclic AMP-independent protein kinase activity was dissociated from the membrane by treatment with 1 m NH4Cl, but the cyclic AMP-binding activity was retained by the particulate fraction. These findings suggest that the cyclic AMP-binding moiety is firmly integrated into the membrane structure, whereas the catalytic moiety may only be loosely associated with the membrane.
More Questions than Answers

Abstract The libraries of the Western North Carolina Library Network (WNCLN) have begun exploring the implications of cooperative collection development of electronic journal subscriptions. What issues need to be addressed in facing this transition? Will it be possible for a successful model of van delivery service for printed serials to be adapted to accommodate paid subscriptions of electronic scholarly journals? WNCLN's ABC Express van service must be transformed eventually in order to continue meeting users’ needs and to comply with copyright management guidelines. Questions related to these activities will be explored and some answers will be suggested.
‘They wrote “gay” on her file’: transgender Ugandans in HIV prevention and treatment

This paper examines the ways in which HIV-related programmes for heterosexual Ugandans and also for men who have sex with men work to deny healthcare services to transgender people in Uganda. Contrary to current conventional wisdom, the study found that the widespread use of the term 'men who have sex with men' produces greater barriers to healthcare for queer Ugandans than identity categories such as 'lesbian' or 'transgender'. Interventions for men who have sex with men assume a male-identified sexual subject with agency over sexual practices, such as frequency of condom use. Based on two years of ethnographic research in Kampala, I suggest that the focus on individual sexual practices harms transgender people in two ways. First, current HIV prevention and treatment programmes fail to account for risk factors that accrue to both male and female transgender Ugandans due to the social enforcement of gender norms. Second, the term men who have sex with men directs attention towards stigmatised sexual practices, producing the neglect and abuse of non-heteronormative individuals. In the context of Ugandan healthcare, terms such as 'transgender' and kuchu instead focus attention on the dignity and humanity of the rights-bearing person. These findings emphasise how health practitioners must pay attention to emic categories in order to address the ways in which vulnerability is distributed along social vectors of difference.
Rational design of nanomaterials from assembly and reconfigurability of polymer-tethered nanoparticles

Polymer-based nanomaterials have captured increasing interest over the past decades for their promising use in a wide variety of applications including photovoltaics, catalysis, optics, and energy storage. Bottom-up assembly engineering based on the self- and directed-assembly of polymer-based building blocks has been considered a powerful means to robustly fabricate and efficiently manipulate target nanostructures. Here, we give a brief review of the recent advances in assembly and reconfigurability of polymer-based nanostructures. We also highlight the role of computer simulation in discovering the fundamental principles of assembly science and providing critical design tools for assembly engineering of complex nanostructured materials.
Wavenumber Selection and Hysteresis in Nonlinear Baroclinic Flows

Wavenumber transition and hysteresis in a highly unstable baroclinic flow are investigated using a high-resolution spectral numerical model. As the flow becomes more supercritical, the dominant wave gradually shifts from the most unstable wave predicted by the linear theory to a longer wave with a larger time-averaged amplitude, while the rectified mean flow attains a stronger shear at the center of the channel. The numerical results display a complex hysteresis behavior, which occurs not only between the states of different dominant wavenumbers, but also between the states of identical dominant wavenumber but of different dynamic characteristics. In a certain parameter range three stable states, each with different dominant wavenumber, are possible, and in another parameter range four stable states are possible, among them three stable states with an identical dominant wave. The numerical results suggest that a multiple weather regime exists even without external forcing in which the flow aperiodically varies between two distinct behaviors. The effects of stable higher harmonics are assessed and it is found that their presence contributes not only to the better approximation of the model solutions but also to the selection of the final equilibrium state, due to the chaotic nature of the initial transient period.
Critical Sub/Versions of the History of Philosophical Rhetoric.

I think that, as rhetoricians and writing teachers, we will come of age and become autonomous professionals with a discipline of our own only if we can make a psychological break with the literary critics who today dominate the profession of English studies... [Already] we've left home in many ways, but we haven't cut the cord.... For example: We keep trying to find ways to join contemporary literary theory with composition theory. -Maxine Hairston, "Breaking Bonds and Reaffirming Our Connections," CCC 36 (1985): 273-74.
Walking by Drawing

This paper describes a study of algorithmic living with Trace, a mobile mapping application that generates walking routes based on digital sketches people create and annotate without a map. In addition to creating walking paths, Trace enables people to send the paths to others. We designed Trace to explore the possibility of emphasizing guided wandering over precise, destination-oriented navigation. Studies of sixteen people's use of Trace over roughly one week reveal how walkers find Trace both delightful and disorienting, highlighting moments of surprise, frustration, and identification with GIS routing algorithms. We conclude by discussing how design interventions offers possibilities for understanding the work of mapping and how it might be done differently in HCI.
Using weigh-in-motion data to calibrate trade-derived estimates of Mexican Trade truck volumes in Texas

Weigh-in-motion (WIM) sites are being installed along many highway corridors that carry international trade trucks. Estimating the numbers of trucks carrying international commodities currently relies on manipulating and adjusting trade databases. The variety of vehicle classification data measured at WIM sites provides a rich source of data with which to enhance this adjustment process. Previous WIM border data have focused on port-of-entry truck traffic axle loads, which are heavily influenced by drayage operations. Examined is how WIM data collected at ports of entry and on truck corridors can be used in the determination of standardized truck volumes (termed equivalent trade trucks or ETT) on international highway corridors. Data from the Texas-Mexico border are used to determine ETT North American Free Trade Agreement volumes.
Future Of IP Backbone Networks Comprising Hikari (Photonic Mpls) Routers

HIKARI routers (Photonic MPLS routers) were developed to integrate IP and photonic networks. This paper presents the photonic MPLS concept and an application example of HIKARI routers
Left chiral “zero modes” in a super-self-dual Yang-Mills background

Abstract A super-self-duality constraint can be imposed on the curvature two-form in supersymmetric Yang-Mills theories formulated in euclidean superspace. If left covariantly chiral superfields are coupled to such a background, part of this space of superfields is annihilated by a superspace operator constructed from the quadratic part of the action. These are analogous to the zero modes of the Dirac equation which occur in the presence of a multi-instanton. Using the supersymmetric version of the ADHM formalism, this space of left covariantly chiral “zero mode” superfields is constructed in the fundamental representation of an SU( n ) gauge group. It is shown to be spanned by a set of k superfields, where k is the instanton number of the bosonic component of the Yang-Mills background.
Active compensators for ferroelectric-optical circuits

Disturb pulse and fatigue effects have prevented or limited the use of ferroelectric materials as matrix addressed arrays of light valves suitable for optical memories, page composers, displays and printers. These problems can be optically balanced out by building an array of compensators out of a second piece of ferroelectric and applying to the compensator array the same disturb and polarization reversal history that the light valve array receives. Experimental data obtained on a lanthanum doped lead zirconate titanate ferroelectric ceramic shows the effectiveness of the active compensator technique in balancing out the disturb pulse effect. The optical balancing technique is not limited to ferroelectrics, but can also be applied to other optically active materials which do not have an absolute switching threshold and/or decay. The balancing technique can also be used to overcome the problems of elastic switching, which would normally cause light to escape momentarily from a half selected valve.
The Role of Density Ratio and Blowing Ratio on Film Cooling in a Vane Passage

Temperature and heat flux measurements have been obtained in a film-cooled, heated fixed-vane cascade. The cascade facility has the capability to deliver high-pressure air through the vane passages at high flow rates (3.5 lbm/s; 1.59 kg/s). Prior to entering the vane test section, pressurized mainstream air has been heated by a natural gas-burning combustor, which produces realistic density ratios for the film-cooling air. Measurements are reported for a vane pressure ratio of around 1.5 and for coolant blowing ratios (M) in the range of 1.0–3.0, with coolant-to-freestream density ratios (DR) in the range of 1.1–2.2. Data presented include endwall and vane surface normalized metal temperatures (NMT), and surface heat fluxes, q″ , in both local and averaged form. Generally, a higher density coolant film tends to provide greater cooling effectiveness along the endwall at higher M, with local increases in NMT of as much as 0.2, but the opposite trend is observed for lower M along the endwall, with potential lowering in NMT of 0.1 in the early-passage regions. Along the vane, a higher DR tends to produce lower NMT (peak reductions of the order of 0.1, average reductions in the range of 0.05–0.1). Higher blowing ratios (above 1.0) usually give better cooling performance due to the increased coolant flow rate.Copyright © 2010 by ASME