cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
USING LAG SCHEDULES TO INCREASE TOY PLAY VARIABILITY FOR CHILDREN WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES

Relatively few studies have evaluated procedures for increasing play skills in children with intellectual disabilities. To address this limitation, this study evaluated the extent to which lag schedules increased novel toy play responses for three children who exhibited little or no appropriate toy play. Results show that the lag 1 schedule increased toy play variability for all three participants and the lag 2 schedule produced very little additional variability for the two participants exposed to this condition. The results of a social validity assessment suggest that classroom paraprofessionals (i) perceived the participants’ toy play as typical and (ii) were satisfied with the outcomes produced by the lag schedules. We discuss the clinical implications and the potential limitations of the findings. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generalizing the confocal microscope via heterodyne interferometry and digital filtering

We describe a generalized confocal optical microscope which measures both phase and amplitude, separately and simultaneously. The system is based on heterodyne interferometry, and is extremely fast and accurate. Together with the associated signal processing and data acquisition system, it can take data at the rate of 50,000 points per second, to an accuracy of 12 bits in amplitude and about the same in phase. The 1σ phase error is 0.1°, corresponding to a height uncertainty of 0.1 nm. Unlike most phase sensitive systems of this accuracy, the phase data are not differential, and we are not restricted to small phase changes. Having phase and amplitude enables us to use digital filters to modify the coherent transfer function of the microscope in almost any way we desire (within the bandwidth available), and in particular to double the spatial resolution of the system without resorting to ultraviolet light or ad hoc image processing procedures such as nonlinear transformations or the
Activating Transcription Factor 3, a Stress-inducible Gene, Suppresses Ras-stimulated Tumorigenesis

ATF3 is a stress-inducible gene that encodes a member of the ATF/CREB family of transcription factors. Current literature indicates that ATF3 affects cell death and cell cycle progression. However, controversies exist, because it has been demonstrated to be a negative or positive regulator of these processes. We sought to study the roles of ATF3 in both cell death and cell cycle regulation in the same cell type using mouse fibroblasts. We show that ATF3 promotes apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Fibroblasts deficient in ATF3 (ATF3-/-) were partially protected from UV-induced apoptosis, and fibroblasts ectopically expressing ATF3-/- under the tet-off system exhibited features characteristic of apoptosis upon ATF3 induction. Furthermore, ATF3-/- fibroblasts transitioned from G2 to S phase more efficiently than the ATF3+/+ fibroblasts, suggesting a growth arrest role of ATF3. Consistent with the growth arrest and pro-apoptotic roles of ATF3, ATF3- fibroblasts upon Ras transformation exhibited higher growth rate, produced more colonies in soft agar, and formed larger tumor upon xenograft injection than the ATF3+/+ counterparts. ATF3-/- cells, either with or without Ras transformation, had increased Rb phosphorylation and higher levels of various cyclins. Significantly, ATF3 bound to the cyclin D1 promoter as shown by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay and repressed its transcription by a transcription assay. Taken together, our results indicate that ATF3 promotes cell death and cell arrest, and suppresses Ras-mediated tumorigenesis. Potential explanations for the controversy about the roles of ATF3 in cell cycle and cell death are discussed.
F/sub 0/ perturbations by consonants and their implications on tone recognition

In this paper, we present a study on variations of fundamental frequency (F/sub 0/) in speech production of Mandarin Chinese, and discuss the implications of our results for automatic tone recognition. Target syllables with different consonants and tones were analyzed in continuous speech samples. Compared to the control syllable /ma/ which shows a smooth transition from the onset F/sub 0/ value to the current tonal target, syllables with voiceless initial consonants have local raisings of F/sub 0/ at voice onset and shorter F/sub 0/ trajectories. The effect known as consonant perturbation on F/sub 0/ is local and does not alter the original course of known contextual tonal variations. Rather, it is superimposed on other effects, and thus contributes to the appearance of surface F/sub 0/ contours. Understanding and consideration of consonant perturbation on F/sub 0/ curves therefore should help improve the performance of current tone recognition systems.
Network hierarchy in brain control of feeding behavior

Brain microdialysis allows neurotransmitters released in localized brain regions of live animals to be sampled. In the research described, microdialysis is used to measure the release of neurotransmitters that modulate networks of neurons at various levels of the nervous system. The neural systems that reward feeding behavior are studied. The results also apply to artificial rewards, such as electrical self-stimulation and addictive drugs. Positive feedback loops at various brain levels are outlined, and the possibility of a chemical code for different behavior patterns is presented. Results with microdialysis show that neurochemical release can be conditioned. Thus some aspects of learning are reflected in the neuromodulators which affect active components of neural networks. >
Subpicosecond photoinduced electron transfer from a conjugated polymer to SnO2 semiconductor nanocrystals

Photoinduced electron transfer from the conjugated polymer poly[2-methoxy, 5-(2 � -ethyl-hexyloxy)-p-phenylenevinylene] (MEH-PPV) to a SnO2 nanoporous thin 5lm was studied using ultrafast IR spectroscopy. The absorption signals observed using this technique correspond to electron transfer, minimizing signal contamination from other processes. The electron transfer from polymer to nanocrystal was found to occur on an 800 fs timescale. The fast and e9cient charge separation is attributed to the large interface area and favorable energetics for transfer. Charge separation is long-lived, persisting for microseconds. ? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity and citric acid cycle intermediates during high cardiac power generation.

A high rate of cardiac work increases citric acid cycle (CAC) turnover and flux through pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH); however, the mechanisms for these effects are poorly understood. We tested the hypotheses that an increase in cardiac energy expenditure: (1) activates PDH and reduces the product/substrate ratios ([NADH]/[NAD+] and [acetyl-CoA]/[CoA-SH]); and (2) increases the content of CAC intermediates. Measurements were made in anaesthetized pigs under control conditions and during 15 min of a high cardiac workload induced by dobutamine (Dob). A third group was made hyperglycaemic (14 mm) to stimulate flux through PDH during the high work state (Dob + Glu). Glucose and fatty acid oxidation were measured with 14C-glucose and 3H-oleate. Compared with control, the high workload groups had a similar increase in myocardial oxygen consumption ( and cardiac power. Dob increased PDH activity and glucose oxidation above control, but did not reduce the [NADH]/[NAD+] and [acetyl-CoA]/[CoA-SH] ratios, and there were no differences between the Dob and Dob + Glu groups. An additional group was treated with Dob + Glu and oxfenicine (Oxf) to inhibit fatty acid oxidation: this increased [CoA-SH] and glucose oxidation compared with Dob; however, there was no further activation of PDH or decrease in the [NADH]/[NAD+] ratio. Content of the 4-carbon CAC intermediates succinate, fumarate and malate increased 3-fold with Dob, but there was no change in citrate content, and the Dob + Glu and Dob + Glu + Oxf groups were not different from Dob. In conclusion, compared with normal conditions, at high myocardial energy expenditure (1) the increase in flux through PDH is regulated by activation of the enzyme complex and continues to be partially controlled through inhibition by fatty acid oxidation, and (2) there is expansion of the CAC pool size at the level of 4-carbon intermediates that is largely independent of myocardial fatty acid oxidation.
Process-induced distortion in silicon wafers

As the packing density of integrated circuits increases so does the need for increasingly accurate registration between lithographic steps. In-plane wafer distortion between such steps can limit this accuracy depending on the lithographic technique used and on the nature of the distortion. The in-plane distortion of 3-in silicon wafers at different stages of a simulated n-MOS process sequence was measured directly using the Bell Laboratories Electron-Beam Exposure System (EBES). The results indicate that the in-plane wafer distortion was linear (to within the overall EBES reading noise of ± ⅛ µm per axis). The radius of curvature of each wafer was measured independently. The wafer distortion is correlated to the change in curvature induced by the films grown or deposited on the wafer. After these films were removed, the wafers reverted to their original dimensions. Since the wafer diameter is at least two orders of magnitude smaller than the radius of curvature, a linear correction is still a good approximation. Therefore, even though the process-induced changes in vector lengths were as high as 1 µm over 50 mm, the three-point alignment strategy employed by EBES is sufficient to achieve a maximum registration error on the wafers of ¼ µm or less.
Does means of access affect the incidence of small bowel obstruction and ventral hernia after bowel resection?: Laparoscopy versus laparotomy

Abstract Background Laparotomy for bowel resection is causally related to the development of small bowel obstruction (SBO) and ventral hernia, with incidences approaching 12% to 15% each. This report attempts to define the incidence of these access-related complications in a large group of patients undergoing laparoscopic-assisted bowel resection (LABR) and open bowel operation (OPEN). Study design A retrospective cohort of 716 consecutive patients undergoing either LABR (n = 211) or OPEN (n = 505) procedures between January 1995 and July 2000 was identified and selected from a prospective registry. Results Index LABR (n = 211) and OPEN (n = 505) cases included segmental colectomy in 146 LABR and 408 OPEN patients; subtotal colectomy with or without stoma in 18 LABR and 6 OPEN patients; ileocolectomy in 37 LABR and 85 OPEN patients; and small bowel resection in 10 LABR and 6 OPEN patients. The mean followup periods in the LABR and OPEN groups were 2.71 years and 2.42 years, respectively. The incidence of wound hernia was significantly higher in OPEN cases (n = 65) compared with LABR (n = 5) (p Conclusions The data demonstrate that laparoscopic access for bowel operation significantly reduces the incidence of ventral hernia and SBO rates compared with laparotomy. This reduces the need for readmission to the hospital and additional surgical procedures, providing a potential source of decreased morbidity. It should be considered as a means of cost savings associated with laparoscopic bowel operations.
RISK BASED URBAN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT UNDER CONFLICTING OBJECTIVES

Ecological impairment and flooding caused by urbanization can be expressed numerically by calculating the risks throughout the watershed (floodplain) and along the main stems of the streams. The risks can be evaluated in terms of the present and/or future. This article describes the methodologies for ascertaining the risks in the Geographical Information Systems (GIS) environment. The objectives of urban flood controls and ecological preservation/restoration of urban waters are often conflicting and, in the past, the sole emphasis on flood control led to destruction of habitat and deterioration of water quality. An optimal solution to these two problems may be achieved by linking the risks to the concepts of risk communication, risk perception, and public willingness to pay for projects leading to ecological restoration and ecologically sustainable flood control. This method is appropriate because, in each case, public funds are used and the projects require approval and backing of policy makers and stakeholders. This article briefly describes a research project that attempts to resolve the conflict between the flood protection and stream ecological preservation and restoration and suggests alternative ways of expressing benefits of urban stream flood control and restoration projects.
Understanding the Occupational Stress of Collegiate Track and Field Coaches during the Championship Season

The purpose of this study was to investigate sources of occupational stress for NCAA Division I and Division III track and field coaches during the championship season. The Administrative Stress Index (ASI) measured the perceived occupational stressors, and the Personal Resource Questionnaire (PRQ): Part 2 assessed perceived social support. A total of 67 male and female (44.51 + 10.92 yrs.) experienced (14.75 + 10.00 yrs.) coaches participated. Results indicated that a weak to moderate significant correlation exists between the three subscales of the ASI. A significant negative correlation was found between the PRQ and task-based stress (r = -.244, p < .05). When all three predictors and the interaction of years of experience were entered into the model, the social support (β = -0.259 p = .04) and NCAA Division (β = -0.243 p = .052) were significant predictors of task-based stress. As social support increased, task-based stress decreased.
A new computational thermal model of the whole human body: Applications to patient warming blankets

ABSTRACTNumerical simulation methods have been applied to calculations of heat transfer within living tissue. Traditionally, those methods have been node-based when applied to a whole-body analysis. With the increased capacity of modern computational hardware and software, it is now possible to routinely solve a continuous thermal model of the human body based on the finite-element technique. Such a continuous thermal model is, for the first time, described and implemented. The model specifies material properties for the various body regions (head, torso, arms, hands, legs, feet) based on the tissue types and distribution found in those zones. Important thermal processes such as metabolism, blood perfusion, and respiration are also included. The computational scheme also allows for the implementation of sweating, shivering, vasoconstriction/vasodilation, and changes to the thermal environment. The model is solved in the context of a patient-warming situation during or following a medical operation. In the...
Advances in real-time spatio-temporal 3D data visualisation for underwater robotic exploration

This chapter has reported the design and development of a real-time human-computer interface to enable a human operator to more effectively utilise the large volume of quantitative data (navigation, scientific and vehicle status data) generated in real time by the sensor suites of underwater robotic vehicles. The system provides an interactive 3D graphical interface that displays, under user control, quantitative spatial and temporal sensor data presently available to pilots and users only as alpha-numerical and 2D displays. The system has been experimentally evaluated based upon a comparison to a ground truth laser scan. The comparison of the accuracy of real-time system to a laser scan has shown a standard deviation of 0.0469 and absolute mean of 0.0041 m. This demonstrates that the system accurately displays data within the capabilities of the sensors. Our experience has shown that it provides improved 3D spatial awareness to the user. Although it is difficult to depict in static images, the real-time spatially accurate display of survey bathymetric and vehicle trajectory data provide the user with an instant comprehension of the progress of the survey, the completeness of the bathy metric sonar coverage, and the quality of the data. The system has been tested on the Woods Hole Oceanographic Jason 2 ROV. These data have shown the feasibility of using the system with at sea oceanographic survey operations.
Sensitivity to the Representation of Microphysical Processes in Numerical Simulations during Tropical Storm Formation

AbstractAn analysis of in situ observations from the nondeveloping tropical disturbance named TCS025 revealed that a combination of unfavorable system-scale and environmental factors limited further development. In this study, a multiphysics ensemble of high-resolution simulations of TCS025 are analyzed and compared. A simulation that overdeveloped the TCS025 disturbance is compared with one that correctly simulated nondevelopment and reveals that convection was stronger and diabatic heating rates were larger in the developing simulation. This led to continued spinup of the low-level circulation primarily through vorticity stretching. In contrast, convection was much weaker in the nondeveloping simulation, and after an initial period of deep convection, average vorticity tendencies from stretching became weakly negative, which allowed for the frictional spindown of the low-level circulation.Convective-scale differences identified early in the simulations appear to have resulted from the explicit represent...
Capturing Psychologists’ Work in Academic Health Settings: The Role of the Educational Value Unit (EVU)

This paper describes how psychology faculty positions in academic health centers (AHCs) have evolved to meet the changing needs in healthcare. In that context, the roles of psychologists have expanded significantly to include a wide array of clinical responsibilities, teaching and supervisory roles, administrative functions, research initiatives, and academic scholarship. Traditionally, faculty compensation plans have been calculated through the use of Relative Value Units which are primarily based on clinical service delivery, hence, incomplete when attempting to account for these growing academic responsibilities. This paper reviews the need to expand the ways in which the work provided by psychologists is appropriately identified and compensated for in AHCs. Drawing upon six models utilized in other areas of medical education, this paper describes the potential utility of incorporating Educational Value Units as a metric for capturing this expanding set of academic responsibilities and systematically incorporating them into a psychologist’s job design. Recommendations for future considerations are provided.
Enthalpy Relaxation Kinetics of the Zr58.5Cu15.6Ni12.8Al10.3Nb2.8 Supercooled Liquid Close to the Glass Transition

Isothermal relaxation studies of the Zr58.5Cu15.6Ni12.8Al10.3Nb2.8 bulk metallic glass forming alloy were performed using Differential Scanning Calorimetry in the glass transition and the supercooled liquid region. A new experimental method was developed to study the isothermal enthalpy relaxation kinetics. The results reveal that the enthalpy relaxes in an Arrhenius fashion. The activation energy obtained from the Arrhenius fit is comparable to the activation energy required for the diffusion of the medium size atoms. This suggests that the solid-state diffusion governs the enthalpy relaxation process. The stretching exponents for the relaxation are close to unity, which indicates that the alloy is a rather strong glass former.
Abstract 5595: ALK mutant-driven cell lines develop crizotinib resistance by secondary mutations and ALK-independent means

The clinical success of crizotinib against mutant ALK-expressing cancers has generated great interest; however, the emergence of drug resistance is limiting its durability in some patients. In NSCLC, crizotinib resistance is linked to secondary mutations within EML4-ALK at amino acids L1196M, C1156Y, L1152R. A mutation at amino acid F1174L reduced the sensitivity to criozotinib in a patient with an inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor harboring a RANBP2-ALK translocation. The goal of our studies was to evaluate mechanisms of crizotinib resistance in a range of ALK-mutant expressing cell lines. Cells from ALCL (Karpas299), NSCLC (NCI-H3122 and NCI-H2228) or neuroblastoma (SKNSH and KELLY) developed resistance to crizotinib after being exposed to incremental increases in the compound over several weeks. NPM-ALK expressing Karpas299 cells independently acquired point mutations in ALK at amino acids N1178H and I1171N. As the concentration of drug was increased, cells that harbored the NPM-ALK N1178H mutation also expressed a mutation at G1269A. Each mutation enhanced the temperature dependent auto-phosphorylation activity of the kinase and diminished the inhibitory effect of crizotinib on downstream ALK signaling. Mutations in Karpas299 cells were also accompanied by up regulation of a drug efflux transporter, BCRP, whose heightened expression level was dependent on the presence of the compound. In contrast no additional mutations were discovered in ALK in crizotinib resistant NCI-H3122 and NCI-H2228 (EML4-ALK) or SKNSH and KELLY (ALK F1174L) cell lines. Instead both NCI-H3122 and NCI-H2228 resistant cell lines displayed increased levels of phospho-HER2 and HER3 and activation of AKT and ERK that may be due to autocrine secretion of a growth factor. NSCLC resistant lines also displayed an apparent change in phenotype with a mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition. SKNSH and KELLY are inherently less sensitive to crizotinib. We found that these cells may survive exposure to high levels of the compound by altering RET expression. Our observations represent potential mechanisms of resistance demonstrated in a small number of cell lines. It will be important to align these results with emerging data from drug-resistant patients to understand the multiple mechanisms by which resistance might develop. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5595. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5595
Flight and Ground Testing of a Beacon-Based Precision Navigation System at non-GPS Frequencies

This paper describes both algorithm development and field testing of a beacon-based navigation system that operates within the 2.4 GHz ISM band. By doing so, this system operates outside of GPS frequencies, thus being unaffected by GPS jamming or interference. This work is being done by the Advanced Navigation Technology (ANT) Center at the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) for the 746th Test Squadron at Holloman AFB. The system currently being used is built by Locata, Inc., and it has the capability of synchronizing each of the transmitters to a very high level of precision, enabling near cm-level positioning accuracy without the use of any differential techniques (so only a single receiver is required). This paper describes the algorithms being used to perform the positioning. It also describes several approaches for mitigating the degraded performance that often results from beacon-based navigation systems due to geometry effects. For example, if all of the transmitters are on the ground, and the vehicle under test approaches the ground, everything is nearly co-planar, and vertical errors will typically grow. Several approaches for mitigating this effect will be described, including primary component analysis, aiding with height constraints, or augmenting with an airborne beacon. The system has been ground tested in a variety of environments and flight tested on the ANT Center UAVs, and sample performance results will be presented, showing that the system attains agreement to precision DGPS within a few cm.
Community food security via urban agriculture: Understanding people, place, economy, and accessibility from a food justice perspective

This paper examines the role of urban agriculture (UA) projects in relieving food insecurity in lower-income neighborhoods of post-industrial U.S. cities, using Philadelphia as a case study. Based on food justice literature and mixed-methods such as GIS, survey, field observations, and interviews, we discuss how neighborhoods, nearby residents, and the local food economy interact with UA projects. Our findings suggest that, although UA projects occupy a vital place in the fight against community food insecurity in disadvantaged inner-city neighborhoods, there are debates and concerns associated with the movement. These concerns include geographic, economic, and informational accessibility of UA projects; social exclusion in the movement; spatial mismatch between UA participants and neighborhood socioeconomic and racial profiles; distribution of fresh produce to populations under poverty and hunger; and UA's economic contributions in underprivileged neighborhoods. Finally, we outline future research directions that are significant to understanding the practice of UA.
Cooling Energy Reduction During Dynamically Controlled Data Center Operation

Data Center power usage has been growing rapidly as new internet applications are developed, requiring computing resources such as high-density cloud computing server farms. All of the electricity consumed by data centers is ultimately turned into heat. This heat is removed using fans, pumps, chillers and air conditioning equipment, which comprise roughly a quarter of the total data center power consumption.As part of a US Department of Energy cost shared grant, a data center test facility was designed and constructed with the goal to demonstrate the potential to reduce cooling energy use to less than 5% of the total IT and facilities energy usage by utilizing liquid cooling of the electronics rack. The system was characterized to develop temperature-based energy-aware servo control algorithms for further cooling energy reductions. These algorithms were implemented to dynamically reduce the data center cooling power consumption while controlling to a specified temperature under varying outdoor temperature and workload conditions. This work illustrates the energy-centric controls that were implemented to achieve dynamic system control in the most energy efficient manner.© 2013 ASME
CHANGES IN LYMPHOCYTE SUBPOPULATION FOLLOWING ANESTHESIA AND OPERATION

Immunity is often influenced by anesthesia and operation, We investigated the peripheral lymphocyte subpopulation before and after general anesthesia. The lymphocyte subpopulation (CD3, CD4 and CD8) were measured in 29 children before the anesthesia and the day after, CD3, CD4 and CD8 positive lymphocyte decreased when patients had been taken the surgery operation for the anesthesia more than several hours. We also measured the peripheral lymphocyte subpopulation (Thy1.2, Lyt-2 and L3T4) in mice in order to clarify whether immunity was influenced by anesthesia or by operation. As the result, Thy1.2+ Lyt-2+ and L3T4+ lymphocyte decreased after anesthesiaThese results suggested that the number of lymphocyte is mainly influenced by anesthesia.Plasma histamine levels in patients also increased from 0.12±0.04ng/ml to 0.22±0.13ng/ml after intravenous injection of atoropine sulfate and pancuronium.
Efficient Targeting of Adipose Tissue Macrophages in Obesity with Polysaccharide Nanocarriers.

Obesity leads to an increased risk for type 2 diabetes, heart disease, stroke, and cancer. The causal link between obesity and these pathologies has recently been identified as chronic low-grade systemic inflammation initiated by pro-inflammatory macrophages in visceral adipose tissue. Current medications based on small-molecule drugs yield significant off-target side effects with long-term use, and therefore there is a major need for targeted therapies. Here we report that nanoscale polysaccharides based on biocompatible glucose polymers can efficiently target adipose macrophages in obese mice. We synthesized a series of dextran conjugates with tunable size linked to contrast agents for positron emission tomography, fluorophores for optical microscopy, and anti-inflammatory drugs for therapeutic modulation of macrophage phenotype. We observed that larger conjugates efficiently distribute to visceral adipose tissue and selectively associate with macrophages after regional peritoneal administration. Up to ...
Review: Imperial Gothic: Religious Architecture and High Anglican Culture in the British Empire, c. 1840–1870 by G. A. Bremner

G. A. Bremner Imperial Gothic: Religious Architecture and High Anglican Culture in the British Empire, c. 1840–1870 New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2013, 364 pp., 80 color and 285 b/w illus. $95.00 (cloth), ISBN 9780300187038 One of the more curious episodes in the history of the British Empire, the history of architecture, and the history of masculinity finds a large group of “Oxbridge-educated men of High Church persuasion” carrying the beauty of worship, in neo-Gothic form, to the settlers and indigenous peoples of the quarter of the world’s surface that constituted the British Empire in the late nineteenth century. Gothic churches and cathedrals of considerable ambition and architectural merit—however incongruous in relation to their localities— can be found in Christchurch, New Zealand; Adelaide, Australia; Knysna, South Africa; Zanzibar, Tanzania; Allahabad, India; Istanbul, Turkey; and Honolulu, Hawaii; as well as in other places beyond the formal reach of empire. Imperial Gothic , a formidable work of expository scholarship, examines Victorian Gothic (ca. 1840–70) as a transregional phenomenon. As G. A. Bremner notes, almost nothing has been written on these important buildings, less still on the motivation behind them, with the exception of localized studies such as Ian Lochhead’s exemplary work on Benjamin Mountfort in New Zealand. Bremner has produced a substantial, magnificently documented and illustrated work that will be a keynote for future studies of architecture and empire. With forensic precision, he lays out the transformation of the Anglican Church from its supine indolence in the 1830s. Charles Blomfield, bishop of London, issued a clarion call in 1840, insisting on the “sacred duty” of the church to make “provision for the spiritual wants of its colonies” (2). In doing so, the church blundered into one of the ideological battlegrounds of empire, in which the nonconformist denominations had long been pitted against commercial and colonial interest groups such as the East India Company and the Caribbean planters. Should the empire exist merely for financial and strategic gain, and not concern itself with saving souls (as the latter …
Oral health and ventilator-associated pneumonia among critically ill patients: a prospective study.

Objective To evaluate the association between oral health and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) among critically ill patients. Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted among 162 critically ill patients newly intubated and treated with mechanical ventilator in one tertiary hospital in Thailand. Oral health status was assessed using Oral Health Assessment Tool (OHAT), Plaque Index (PI), and number of teeth. VAP, defined as Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score >6, was assessed on Day 4 after intubation. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using Cox proportional hazards regression adjusted for confounders. Results Critically ill patients had deteriorating oral health status after intubation. Early-onset VAP developed in 69 patients (42.6%), with VAP incidence of 117 episodes per 1000 ventilator-days. Moderately unhealthy and unhealthy oral conditions based on OHAT scores were associated with a 2.92-fold (95% CI: 1.26–6.74) and 3.22-fold (95% CI: 1.34–7.76) increased risk of VAP. Patients with moderate-to-very poor oral hygiene assessed by PI had increased VAP risk of 1.66-folds (95% CI: 1.001–2.75). The number of teeth was not associated with VAP development. Conclusions There is a strong association between poor oral health and increased risk for early-onset VAP. Routine oral care possibly prevents VAP development among critically ill patients treated with mechanical ventilator.
Lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin's disease: lineage and clonality determination using a single-cell assay.

Lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin's disease (LPHD) is a clinically indolent condition. Although there is evidence that the putative neoplastic cell in this disease, the “L&H” cell, is of B-cell lineage, there is conflicting data concerning the clonality of these cells. Our study was aimed at clarifying the issue of lineage and clonality of the L&H cells of LPHD using a single-cell assay. Four cases of LPHD were studied. To circumvent the difficulties of obtaining fresh tissue and to be able to study representative cases, a new method was developed to obtain single-cell suspensions of L&H cells from archival formalin- fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. Single L&H cells were identified by morphology and immunostaining for epithelial membrane antigen, isolated using a micropipette, and subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the complematarity determining region 3 (CDR3) of the Ig heavy chain (IgH) gene, which is B-cell clone-specific. The PCR products were size-fractionated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and representative products were directly sequenced. Single T cells and small B cells were also isolated from the tissues and used as negative and positive controls, respectively. In all four cases of LPHD, the IgH CDR3 of single L&H cells could be amplified. Within each case, the IgH CDR3 of single L&H cells was found to be of different length or of different sequence. Therefore, our results provide strong evidence for the B-cell origin of the L&H cells and the polyclonal nature of LPHD.
Involvement of Calmodulin in the Inhibition of Na,K-ATPase by Ouabain

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the involvement of calmodulin in the inhibition of Na,K-ATPase by ouabain. The sensitivity to ouabain of the membrane-bound Na,K-ATPase from murine plasmocytoma cells is altered by addition of Ca 2+ , plus membrane proteins or tropomyosin. Membranes treated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (IC 50 for ouabain Ca. 0.4–0.7 μ M ) recover the original resistance (IC 50 : 120 ± 20 μ M ). The Na,K-ATPase in the L fraction was half maximally inhibited by 1.5 ± 0.2 μ M ouabain. After addition of tropomyosin (Tm) and Ca 2+ , the IC 50 increased to 120 ± 20 μ M . This shift was dependent upon the Tm and the free Ca 2+ concentrations. At saturating (Ca 2+ ), with 1 mg of L fraction, 330 pmoles Tm were required to shift 100% of ouabain-sensitive Na,K-ATPase form to the less sensitive form. To study the effect of free (Ca 2+ ) on the alteration of sensitivity, the ratio of Tm to membrane protein is kept constant (330 pmole/mg). The chapter presents graphical representation of the dose-response curve of Na,K-ATPase activity versus ouabain concentration.
Sweden: Social Democracy in Practice

(1990). Sweden: Social Democracy in Practice. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 933-935.
Sterile Seroma after Drainage of Purulent Muscle Abscess in Crohn’s Disease: Two Cases

Purulent skeletal muscle abscesses can occur in Crohn’s disease. We report a case of a sterile seroma complicating percutaneous drainage of a purulent skeletal muscle abscess in Crohn’s ileitis. We compare and contrast this case with a similar case we published earlier. We emphasize the importance of recognition and differentiation from a septic purulent abscess.
Public Rights, Private Relations

Written constitutions typically contain bills of rights identifying and protecting some important rights–protections of freedom of expression, or guarantees of non-discrimination on the basis of ra...
Policing the unstable materialities of digital-media piracy in Brazil

Around the world, antipiracy NGOs train police to recognize the unauthorized use of music and films and to publicly destroy illicit CDs and DVDs. For those who enforce laws governing intellectual property (IP), music and film piracy underscores how digital reproduction can be conceived of as forgetful, inconstant, and promiscuous. In Brazil, discourses about “cleaning” (limpeza) unite incitements to greater security, more active governance, and stricter IP enforcement. Understanding the global dynamics of IP policing requires analysis of ideologies of material purity and the historicity associated with them. This ethnography of antipiracy NGOs, law enforcement, and informal economies in southern Brazil brings together the anthropologies of mediation and IP, arguing that producers and consumers of digital texts are becoming increasingly anxious about how those texts circulate. [intellectual property, policing, piracy, materiality, digital media, NGOs, Brazil] Em todo o mundo, ONGs anti-pirataria capacitam as policias para que estas reconhecam a utilizacao nao autorizada de musica e filmes e para que destruam publicamente CDs e DVDs ilicitos. Para aqueles que fazem cumprir as leis que regulam a propriedade intelectual (PI), a pirataria de musica e filmes evidencia como a reproducao digital pode ser concebida como esquecida, inconstante e promiscua. No Brasil, discursos sobre limpeza unem incitamentos a uma maior seguranca, uma governanca mais activa, e um respeito mais estrito pela PI. Compreender as dinâmicas globais do policiamento da PI requer uma analise das ideologias da pureza material e da historicidade a elas associada. Esta etnografia de ONGs anti-pirataria, cumprimento da lei e economias informais do Sul do Brasil junta as antropologias da mediacao e da PI, argumentando que produtores e consumidores de textos digitais estao a ficar crescentemente ansiosos sobre a forma como esses textos circulam. [propriedade intelectual, policiamento, pirataria, materialidade, midia digital, ONGs, Brasil]
Problems of multi-species organisms: endosymbionts to holobionts

The organism is one of the fundamental concepts of biology and has been at the center of many discussions about biological individuality, yet what exactly it is can be confusing. The definition that we find generally useful is that an organism is a unit in which all the subunits have evolved to be highly cooperative, with very little conflict. We focus on how often organisms evolve from two or more formerly independent organisms. Two canonical transitions of this type—replicators clustered in cells and endosymbiotic organelles within host cells—demonstrate the reality of this kind of evolutionary transition and suggest conditions that can favor it. These conditions include co-transmission of the partners across generations and rules that strongly regulate and limit conflict, such as a fair meiosis. Recently, much attention has been given to associations of animals with microbes involved in their nutrition. These range from tight endosymbiotic associations like those between aphids and Buchnera bacteria, to the complex communities in animal intestines. Here, starting with a reflection about identity through time (which we call “Theseus’s fish”), we consider the distinctions between these kinds of animal–bacteria interactions and describe the criteria by which a few can be considered jointly organismal but most cannot.
Cell-Based Models to Identify Genetic Variants Contributing to Anticancer Drug Response

A goal of pharmacogenetics is the design of individualized therapy based on a patient’s genomic sequence to maximize response and minimize toxicity. Current chemotherapy is associated with serious, at times life-threatening, toxicity. Identifying heritable genetic variants responsible for chemotherapeutic toxicities is challenging because of its multigenic nature and the difficulty of studying chemotherapeutic toxicity using traditional genetic screening strategies, such as unaffected families.
Geometric path planning in rapid prototyping

Rapid prototyping encompasses a family of recently developed technologies that are concerned with the automatic generation of 3D prototype parts from computerized geometric descriptions. The prototype parts are expected to be dimensionally accurate, but need not possess the strength, rigidity, surface finish or other physical properties of the final product.
Dynamic model reduction using data-driven Loewner-framework applied to thermally morphing structures

Abstract The work herein proposes the use of the data-driven Loewner-framework for reduced order modeling as applied to dynamic Finite Element Models (FEM) of thermally morphing structures. The Loewner-based modeling approach is computationally efficient and accurately constructs reduced models using analytical output data from a FEM. This paper details the two-step process proposed in the Loewner approach. First, a random vibration FEM simulation is used as the input for the development of a Single Input Single Output (SISO) data-based dynamic Loewner state space model. Second, an SVD-based truncation is used on the Loewner state space model, such that the minimal, dynamically representative, state space model is achieved. For this second part, varying levels of reduction are generated and compared. The work herein can be extended to model generation using experimental measurements by replacing the FEM output data in the first step and following the same procedure. This method will be demonstrated on two thermally morphing structures, a rigidly fixed hexapod in multiple geometric configurations and a low mass anisotropic morphing boom. This paper is working to detail the method and identify the benefits of the reduced model methodology.
Mechanical Properties of Organic Semiconductors for Stretchable, Highly Flexible, and Mechanically Robust Electronics

Mechanical deformability underpins many of the advantages of organic semiconductors. The mechanical properties of these materials are, however, diverse, and the molecular characteristics that permit charge transport can render the materials stiff and brittle. This review is a comprehensive description of the molecular and morphological parameters that govern the mechanical properties of organic semiconductors. Particular attention is paid to ways in which mechanical deformability and electronic performance can coexist. The review begins with a discussion of flexible and stretchable devices of all types, and in particular the unique characteristics of organic semiconductors. It then discusses the mechanical properties most relevant to deformable devices. In particular, it describes how low modulus, good adhesion, and absolute extensibility prior to fracture enable robust performance, along with mechanical “imperceptibility” if worn on the skin. A description of techniques of metrology precedes a discussion...
Collision-induced dissociation of phenethylamides: role of ion-neutral complexes.

Rationale Phenethylamides are a large group of naturally occurring molecules found both in the plant and animal kingdoms. In addition, they are used as intermediates for the synthesis of pharmaceutically important dihydro- and tetrahydroisoquinolines. To enable efficient characterization of this class of molecules, a detailed mass spectrometric fragmentation study of a broad series of analogs was carried out. Methods The test compounds were synthesized using standard methods for amide bond formation. Low-energy high-resolution tandem mass spectra were acquired on a hybrid quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometer using positive ion electrospray ionization. Results A total of 26 analogs were investigated in the study. Fragmentation of phenethylamides was found to proceed via intermediate ion-neutral complexes. The complexes can break down via multiple pathways including dissociation, proton transfer, Friedel-Crafts acylation, and single electron transfer. The relative contribution of each of these pathways strongly depends on the structure of the coupling amine and acid. Conclusions A general scheme for the fragmentation of phenethylamides was developed. This study further extends the knowledge base of the ion-neutral complex by discovering Friedel-Crafts acylation as a novel reaction. The strong influence of minor structural modifications on the fragmentation patterns highlights the importance of testing many analogs in order to fully predict a fragmentation pattern of a particular class of molecules.
Characterization of prostate cancer cell progression in zebrafish xenograft model

Early diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa) is critical for the application of efficient treatment to PCa patients. However, the majority of PCas remains indolent from several months to several years before malignancy. Current diagnosis methods have limitations in their reliability and are inefficient in time cost. Thus, an efficient in vivo PCa cell xenograft model is highly desired for diagnostic studies in PCas. In the present study we present a standardized procedure to create a PCa cell xenograft model using zebrafish (Danio rerio) as the host. PC3-CTR cells, a cell line from adenocarcinoma with stable expression of calcitonin receptor (CRT), were subcutaneously injected into zebrafish larvae at 48 h post fertilization. The nursing conditions for the larvae were optimized with stable survival rates of post hatch and post PC3-CTR cell injection. In this system, the progression of PC3-CTR cells in vivo was evaluated by migration and proliferation of the cells. Massive migrations of PC3 cells in vivo were observed at post injection day (PID)3. The injected PC3-CTR cells eventually invaded the whole larval zebrafish at PID5. Quantification of PC3-CTR cell proliferation was done using quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis targeting the expression profiles of two PCa housekeeping genes, TATA-binding protein (TBP) and hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT1) encoding genes. The excessive proliferation of PC3 cells in vivo was detected with both qPCR assays. Expression levels of one non‑coding gene, prostate cancer associated 3 gene (pca3), and two other genes encoding transient receptor potential ion channel Melastatin 8 (trpm8) and prostate-specific membrane antigen (psma), showed a significantly enhanced aggressiveness of PC3-CTR cells in vivo. The model established in the present study provides an improved in vivo model for the diagnosis of PCas efficiently. This PCa cell xenograft model can also serve as a tool for high throughput anti-PCa drug screening in therapeutic treatments.
Local Tax Ballot Measures and Quality of Life

The previous chapter empirically showed how ballot measures are both less likely to garner support and to pass in areas with high life quality and was focused on state level ballot measures across a variety of subjects. This finding looked at all ballot measures regardless of content or subject. We treated ballot measures about legalizing marijuana as if they were the same as ballot measures on any other subject. In this chapter, we refine that and concentrate on only local ballot measures involving a tax increase. Our interest in this narrower set of ballot measures is twofold. First, we are interested in ballot measures where the quality of life is more homogeneous to better test the effect, and second we are interest in better understanding the impact of quality of life on decisions that have a direct and more immediate effect on the voter.