cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contrasting environmental drivers of genetic and phenotypic divergence in an Andean poison frog (Epipedobates anthonyi)

Phenotypic and genetic divergence are shaped by the homogenizing effects of gene flow and the differentiating processes of genetic drift and local adaptation. Herein, we examined the mechanisms that underlie phenotypic (size and color) and genetic divergence in 35 populations (535 individuals) of the poison frog Epipedobates anthonyi along four elevational gradients (0-1800 m asl) in the Ecuadorian Andes. We found phenotypic divergence in size and color despite relatively low genetic divergence at neutral microsatellite loci. Genetic and phenotypic divergence were both explained by landscape resistance between sites (isolation-by-resistance, IBR), likely due to a cold and dry mountain ridge between the northern and southern elevational transects that limits dispersal and separates two color morphs. Moreover, environmental differences among sites also explained genetic and phenotypic divergence, suggesting isolation-by-environment (IBE). When northern and southern transects were analyzed separately, genetic divergence was predicted either by distance (isolation-by-distance, IBD; northern) or environmental resistance between sites (IBR; southern). In contrast, phenotypic divergence was primarily explained by environmental differences among sites, supporting the IBE hypothesis. These results indicate that although distance and geographic barriers are important drivers of population divergence, environmental variation has a two-fold effect on population divergence. On the one hand, landscape resistance between sites reduces gene flow (IBR), while on the other hand, environmental differences among sites exert divergent selective pressures on phenotypic traits (IBE). Our work highlights the importance of studying both genetic and phenotypic divergence to better understand the processes of population divergence and speciation along ecological gradients.
Pulsing Flow in Steep Alluvial Streams

Channel bores observed in laboratory simulated floods in alluvial-bed channels resemble roll waves, but are apparently related to the existence and quasiperiodic breaking of trains of antidune waves associated with antidunes that in these experiments moved downstream. Experiments with rigid-wall and alluvial bank channels, rigid-bed channels, and varied inlet conditions show that the bores are not artifacts of the apparatus, and in these experiments always occurred in the antidune flow regime in which the antidunes migrated downstream. Release by sequential breaking from the upstream end of water stored in trains of antidune waves over antidunes apparently both initiates and nurtures the bores. Field observations of pulsing flow under comparable flow conditions suggests that thesee bores are a bona fide natural phenomenon and not a laboratory curiosity.
Curvature-homogeneous indefinite Einstein metrics in dimension four: the diagonalizable case

We classify those curvature-homogeneous Einstein four-manifolds, of all metric signatures, which have a complex-diagonalizable curvature operator. They all turn out to be locally homogeneous. More precisely, any such manifold must be either locally symmetric or locally isometric to a suitable Lie group with a left-invariant metric. To show this we explicitly determine the possible local-isometry types of manifolds that have the properties named above, but are not locally symmetric.
Dynamic model predicting overweight, obesity, and extreme obesity prevalence trends.

Objective Obesity prevalence in the United States (US) appears to be leveling, but the reasons behind the plateau remain unknown. Mechanistic insights can be provided from a mathematical model. The objective of this study is to model known multiple population parameters associated with changes in body mass index (BMI) classes and to establish conditions under which obesity prevalence will plateau.
Evolution of Nuclear Structure with Spin and Temperature

In this talk the decay of the compound nucleus (CN) — from formation to ground state — will be described. The shape and nuclear structure evolution in this process will be traced, in which spin I and excitation energy E decrease. Three topics will be discussed: (a) shape relaxation following formation; (b) γ-decay towards the yrast line; and (c) γ-decay along the cold yrast line.
Abrogation of the Chk1-mediated G2 Checkpoint Pathway Potentiates Temozolomide-induced Toxicity in a p53-independent Manner in Human Glioblastoma Cells

Temozolomide (TMZ) produces O(6)-methylguanine in DNA, which in turn mispairs with thymine, triggering futile DNA mismatch repair (MMR) and ultimately cell death. We found previously that in p53-proficient human glioma cells, TMZ-induced futile DNA MMR resulted not in apoptosis but rather in prolonged, p53- and p21-associated G(2)-M arrest and senescence. Additionally, p53-deficient cells were relatively more TMZ resistant than p53-deficient glioma cells, which underwent only transient G(2)-M arrest before death by mitotic catastrophe. These results suggested that prolonged G(2)-M arrest might protect cells from TMZ-induced cytotoxicity. In the present study, we therefore focused on the mechanism by which TMZ induces G(2)-M arrest and on whether inhibition of such G(2)-M arrest might sensitize glioma cells to TMZ-induced toxicity. U87MG glioma cells treated with TMZ underwent G(2)-M arrest associated with Chk1 activation and phosphorylation of both cdc25C and cdc2. These TMZ-induced effects were inhibited by the Chk1 kinase inhibitor UCN-01. Although not in itself toxic, UCN-01 increased the cytotoxicity of TMZ 5-fold, primarily by inhibiting cellular senescence and increasing the percentage of cells bypassing G(2)-M arrest and undergoing mitotic catastrophe. In addition to enhancing TMZ-induced cytotoxicity in p53-proficient cells, UCN-01 also blocked TMZ-induced Chk1 activation and transient G(2)-M arrest in p53-deficient U87MG-E6 cells and similarly enhanced TMZ-induced mitotic catastrophe and cell death. Taken together, these results indicate that Chk1 links TMZ-induced MMR to G(2)-M arrest. Furthermore, inhibition of the cytoprotective G(2) arrest pathway sensitizes cells to TMZ-induced cytotoxicity and may represent a novel, mechanism-based means of increasing TMZ efficacy in both p53 wild-type and p53 mutant glioma cells.
Optimization of olfactory model in software to give 1/ f power spectra reveals numerical instabilities in solutions governed by aperiodic (chaotic) attractors

We present a general connectionist model for an olfactory system. The dynamical behavior of each node (neural ensemble) of the model is governed by a second-order ordinary differential equation (ODE) followed by an asymmetric sigmoidal function, relating the aggregate activity of neurons to system parameters and stimuli from an outside environment. A digital implementation of the general connectionist model simulates the characteristics of a mammalian olfactory system having modifiable synaptic connections and spatio-temporal interactions among neural ensembles. Each of four distributed delay terms is represented by a second-order ODE. A parameter optimization algorithm is an integral component of the model. The parameter optimization discussed in this paper results in aperiodic oscillations having a near 1/f-type power spectrum with a peak in the gamma range, simulating the electro-encephalographic (EEG) potentials from the neural olfactory system. Random optimization is used for a rough search in a global parameter domain and the parameter self-adaptation rule serves for fine tuning within a local domain after the global search. By design the model is started from an unstable zero point by an external impulse input. It requires 650-850ms to pass through an initializing transient before settling into a strange attractor. The attractor persists for at least 1500ms, which is 7.5-20 times longer than the duration of the maximal stationary states observed in the EEGs and it is stable under perturbation by simulated sensory inputs giving response amplitudes less than 2 times the basal aperiodic activity. However, the optimization to 1/f-type activity reveals an inherent limit on digital simulation of chaotic states, owing to attractor crowding such that the size of basins decreases with increasing size of the model, until it approaches the size of digitizing step in computation, here a 64-bit word ( approximately 10(-16)). Outputs that are not optimized to approach 1/f-type power spectra transit earlier to limit cycle activity, usually well before 2000ms. The duration of stationarity is increased by randomizing the terminal bit of the 64-bit words representing the state variables. The 1/f-type solutions are also exquisitely sensitive to parameter truncation; parameter values must be saved in their full binary form for re-starting. The implications in terms of numerical instability, chaos, attractor crowding and the shadowing theorem are discussed.
The Evi‐1 zinc finger protein and transformation of hematopoietic progenitors

Hematopoietic cells are derived from the regulated proliferation and differentiation of pluripotential stem cells. In acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) the ability to terminally differentiate may be altered without detectable changes in the normal growth factor requirements of the cells. To identify the genes involved in this type of transformation, we have established cell lines from retrovirus-induced myeloid leukemias. The majority of these cells continue to require interleukin (IL) 3 for proliferation. In approximately 20% of these cell lines, retroviral insertions occur near the ecotropic virus integration-1 (Evi-1) gene and activate the expression of the gene. The Evi-1 gene encodes a transcriptional factor of the zinc finger family which encodes a 145 kDa nuclear protein that binds DNA with sequence specificity. In retroviral expression vectors, the Evi-1 gene blocks the terminal differentiation of 32Dcl3 cells in response to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). The mechanisms involved in this effect are not known, but are based on the sequence specificity for DNA binding, Evi-1 may bind to and block transcription of genes necessary for differentiation. In humans, Evi-1 gene expression is associated with translocations involving 3q26 in AMLs. The properties of human AMLs in which the Evi-1 gene is activated are consistent with the hypothesis that aberrant expression specifically blocks differentiation.
Applying principles of polymer miscibility for thermal imaging

Knowledge of polymer-polymer interactions is employed to design an improved media for dye diffusion thermal transfer (D2T2). Selecting the donor and receiver sheet binder polymers to be an immiscible pair results in acceptable images free from the “sticking” during printing that is observed if these two polymers are miscible. This approach has the potential to improve upon the dye density and surface characteristics of current commercial systems.
Modulation of estrogen receptor α protein level and survival function by DBC-1

Acquired resistance to endocrine therapy represents a major clinical obstacle to the successful management of estrogen-dependent breast cancers expressing estrogen receptor α (ERα). Because a switch from ligand-dependent to ligand-independent activation of ERα-regulated breast cancer cell growth and survival may define a path to endocrine resistance, enhanced mechanistic insight concerning the ligand-independent fate and function of ERα, including a more complete inventory of its ligand-independent cofactors, could identify novel markers of endocrine resistance and possible targets for therapeutic intervention in breast cancer. Here, we identify the deleted in breast cancer 1 gene product DBC-1 (KIAA1967) to be a principal determinant of unliganded ERα expression and survival function in human breast cancer cells. The DBC-1 amino terminus binds directly to the ERα hormone-binding domain both in vitro and in vivo in a strict ligand-independent manner. Furthermore, like estrogen, the antiestrogens tamoxifen...
New Perspectives on the Structure and Function of Ubiquitin

Ubiquitin has been suggested to play a key role in a wide variety of essential cellular functions ranging from differential regulation of gene expression to protein degradation. Recent studies on natural and synthetic ubiquitin gene fusions have led to important discoveries concerning novel functions for the ubiquitin system in cells, mechanisms of proteolytic processing, and the development of a ubiquitin fusion technology for augmenting the expression of heterologous gene products in bacteria and yeast. Furthermore, studies involving site-directed mutagenesis and two-dimensional NMR have proven ubiquitin to be an excellent model for protein engineering and have led to important discoveries concerning its mechanism of action in ATP-dependent proteolysis. Finally, the recent identification and characterization of ubiquitin carboxyl extension proteins as ribosomal proteins has opened up an even newer area of ubiquitin-related research and has helped to explain the mechanisms involved in increasing the expression of heterologous gene products made as ubiquitin fusions.
A Research on Measuring and Reducing Problem Complexity to Increase System Affordability: From Theory to Practice

Abstract Requirement engineering is the cornerstone of systems engineering. Numerous large scale engineered systems face schedule delays, cost overruns and performance shortfalls that can be traced back to the requirements they need to fulfill. In fact, previous research has demonstrated strong relationship between requirements and systems affordability. This paper summarizes and puts into context the authors’ novel contributions in three domains of requirements engineering: systems theory, complexity science, and systems methodologies. The authors propose new theorems and their proofs on requirements affecting affordability, propose a new complexity metric at requirement stage that measures the complexity limit of the system at conceptual stage (even before a specific design is determined), and propose two methodologies to elicit excess-free requirement sets and to identify conflicting requirements more effectively. The paper showcases the value of structuring a research in such a manner, i.e. from theory to practice, enabling strengthening the bounds between theorists and practitioners.
Serologic HLA typing in infantile spasms.

Summary: Serologic HLA typing was performed on 29 patients with infantile spasms and hypsarrhythmic patterns in their electroencephalograms (EEGs). There were no significant increases in the frequencies of HLA-A, B, and C antigens in the infantile spasm group as compared with controls. However, there was a significant increase in the frequency of DRw52 in the infantile spasm patients (90%) as compared with controls (72%) (p < 0.05). In addition, 3 of 12 white infantile spasm patients demonstrated the complete B18, DR3 (DRw52) haplotype; none of 150 control white subjects showed this haplotype. These findings contribute to evidence that immunological mechanisms may be involved in the pathophysiology of infantile spasms. RESUME Un typage HLA a ete effectue chez 29 patients presentant des spasmes infantiles et une hypsarythmie a l'EEG. II n'a pas ete retrouve d'augmentation de frequence significative des antigenes HLA A, B ou C dans les groupes des malades par comparaison avec des sujets controles. Cependantr, il a etenotl une augmentation significative de DRw52 chez les malades: 90% contre 72% chez les contrdles (p < 0.05). De plus, 3 malades d'origine caucasienne presentant des spasmes infantiles avaient l'haplotype complet B18, DR3 (DRw52); aucun des 150 sujets controles d'origine caucasienne ne presentait cet haplotype. Ces constatations contribuent a souligner le ro1e de mecanismes immunologiques dans la physiopathologie des spasmes infantiles. RESUMEN Se ha realizado un tipaje serologico de HLA en 29 pacientes con espasmos infantiles y patrones hipsarritmicos en sus EEGs. No se encontraron incrementos significativos en la frecuencia del HLA-A, B ni en los antigenos C en el grupo de espasmos infantiles compareandolo con los controles. Sin embargo se observo un incremento significativo en la frecuencia del DRw52 en los enfermos con espasmos (90%) compareandolos con los controles (72%) (p < 0.05). Ademas 3 enfermos de raza blanca con espasmos infantiles demostraron el haplotipo completo B18, DR3 (DRw52) mientras que ninguno de los 150 sujetos control, de raza blanca, lo evidenciaron. Estos hallazgos contibuyen a presentar evidencia de que mecanismos inmunologicos pueden participar en la fisiopatologia de los espasmos infantiles. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die HLA-Typisierung wurde vorgenommen bei 29 Kindern mit BNS-Krampfen und Hypsarrhythmie. Gegenuber den Kontrollkindern ergab sich keine signifikante Haufung von HLA, B-und C-Antigen. Jedoch fand sich eine signifikante Erhohung der Haufigkeit von DRw52 bei BNS-Krampfen (90%) gegenuber Kontrollkindern (72%) (p < 0.05). Daruberhinaus zeigten 3 von 12 weisen Kindern mit BNS-Krampfen den kompletten B18/DR3 (DRw52) Haplotyp–keiner der 150 weisen Kontrollfalle zeigte diesen Haplotyp. Die Befunde unterstutzen die Annahme, das in der Pathogenese der BNS-Krampfe immunologische Mechanismen beteiligt sind.
Interstitial 6q deletion and Prader‐Willi‐like phenotype

A third case of an interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 6 with clinical features mimicking Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is presented. Although preliminary clinical evaluation in each case suggested PWS, further review revealed that the features in all three cases are not completely compatible with the characteristic findings in Prader-Willi syndrome. Furthermore, the deletions in the three cases do not show a consistent region of overlap. Consequently, no particular band or region in 6q can be defined as associated with obesity. However, our findings confirm the suggestion of Villa et al. in 1995, that individuals with a PWS phenotype who are cytogenetically and molecularly negative for a deletion of 15q11-q13 should be examined for a deletion of 6q.
The effect of void shape on void growth and ductility in axisymmetric tension tests

The effect of void growth and ductility in axisymmetric tension tests was examined theoretically. The inelastic response of periodic arrays of initially oblate spheroidal voids in a homogeneous isotropically hardening matrix was analyzed for loading histories representative of axisymmetric tension tests. The failure strains were taken as the point where the deformation mode became that of uniaxial strain. All subsequent deformation was localized to ligaments between the voids. The results showed that, for stress states with a low hydrostatic stress component, the void growth rates were governed primarily by the void dimension perpendicular to the tensile axis. They also indicated that the failure strains were proportional to the projected area of the voids onto a plane perpendicular to the tensile direction, in agreement with published experimental results. For stress states with higher triaxiality, the influence of the initial aspect ratio was diminished.
GRAVITY, BLOOD CIRCULATION, AND THE ADAPTATION OF FORM AND FUNCTION IN LOWER VERTEBRATES

Gravitational force influences musculoskeletal systems, fluid distribution, and hydrodynamics of the circulation, especially in larger terrestrial vertebrates. The disturbance to hydrodynamics and distribution of body fluids relates largely to the effects of hydrostatic pressure gradients acting in vertical blood columns. These, in turn, are linked to the evolution of adaptive countermeasures involving modifications of structure and function. Comparative studies of snakes suggest there are four generalizations concerning adaptive countermeasures to gravity stress that seem relevant to lower vertebrates generally. First, increasing levels of regulated arterial blood pressure are expected to evolve with some relation to gravitational stresses incurred by the effects of height and posture on vertical blood columns above the heart. Second, aspects of gross anatomical organization are expected to evolve in relation to gravitational influence incurred by habitat and behavior. Third, natural selection coupled to gravitational stresses has favored morphological features that reduce the compliance of perivascular tissues and provide an anatomical "antigravity suit." Fourth, natural selection has produced gradients or regional differences of vascular characteristics in tall or elongated vertebrates that are active in high gravity stress environments. Consideration or awareness of these principles should be incorporated into interpretations of structure and function in lower vertebrates.
Directed Polyvalent Display of Sulfated Ligands on Virus Nanoparticles Elicits Heparin-Like Anticoagulant Activity

Heparin is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan that is widely used as an anticoagulant. It is typically extracted from porcine or bovine sources to yield a heterogeneous mixture that varies both in molecular weight and in degree of sulfation. This heterogeneity, coupled with concern for contamination, has led to widespread interest in developing safer alternatives. Described herein are sulfated bacteriophage Qβ virus-like particles (VLPs) that elicit heparin-like anticoagulant activity. Sulfate groups were appended to the VLP by synthesis of single- and triple-sulfated ligands that also contained azide groups. Following conversion of VLP surface lysine groups to alkynes, the sulfated ligands were attached to the VLP via copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). MALDI-MS analysis of the intermediate alkyne VLP indicated that the majority of the coat proteins contained 5-7 of the alkyne linkers; similar analysis of the intermediate alkyne particles conjugated to a fluorescein azide suggest that nearly the same number of attachment points (3-6) are modified via CuAAC. Analysis by SDS-PAGE with fluorescent staining indicated altered migration patterns for the various constructs: compared to the wild-type nanoparticle, the modified coat proteins appeared to migrate farther toward the positive pole in the gel, with coat proteins displaying the triple-sulfated ligand migrating significantly farther. Clotting activity analyzed by activated partial thrombin time (APTT) assay showed that the sulfated particles were able to perturb coagulation, with VLPs displaying the triple-sulfated ligand approximately as effective as heparin on a per mole basis; this activity could be partially reversed by protamine. ELISA experiments to assess the response of the complement system to the VLPs indicate that sulfating the particles may reduce complement activation.
Neuropsychological and functional outcomes of very low birth weight infants

Advances in perinatal and neonatal management have resulted in a significant increase in the survival of fragile extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants >1,000 g at birth. The evaluation and reporting of the outcome of these infants aids in assessing the efficacy of interventions, provides data to aid in policy decisions, and provides critical information for parents and primary care providers. Comprehensive assessment of multiple domains including neurologic/neurosensory, developmental-cognitive, visual perceptual, speech/language, motor, functional skills for daily living, and Kindergarten readiness permit a total view of the child within the context of the family. Survival of VLBW infants
The host plant as a factor in the synthesis and secretion of salivary glucose oxidase in larval Helicoverpa zea.

We investigated the effect of the host plant on the synthesis and secretion of the elicitor glucose oxidase in the salivary glands of larval Helicoverpa zea. Glucose oxidase catalyses the oxidation of d-glucose to produce d-gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Previous studies have found that the product hydrogen peroxide is primarily responsible for suppressing the wound-inducible defenses of the host plant. Using an antibody specific for glucose oxidase, we determined the effect of the host plant on the rate of secretion of glucose oxidase. Larval H. zea secrete microgram amounts of the enzyme glucose oxidase from their principal salivary glands, the labial glands. Larvae reared on different host plants produce varying amounts of glucose oxidase in their labial glands. We used a tissue printing procedure with our antibody to determine if larvae secrete glucose oxidase directly at the feeding or wound sites. Significant amounts of the enzyme are deposited at the feeding site, although some is deposited outside the feeding margins. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 58:106–113, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The strategic model for the PMM Network

The projects of the PMM Network are based on a strategic model that focuses sharply on the interval between the obvious onset of a serious obstetric complication and the provision of emergency obstetric care (EmOC). The reason for this is that most of these complications cannot be predicted or prevented, but they can be successfully treated. The implications of this model for program design are profound. The emphasis is on improving the accessibility, quality and utilization of EmOC for women who develop such complications, rather than on having contact with all pregnant women.
Student feedback about the integrated curriculum in a Caribbean medical school

Purpose Xavier University School of Medicine adopted an integrated, organ system-based curriculum in January 2013. The present study was aimed at determining students' perceptions of the integrated curriculum and related assessment methods. Methods The study was conducted on first- to fourth-semester undergraduate medical students during March 2014. The students were informed of the study and subsequently invited to participate. Focus group discussions were conducted. The curriculum's level of integration, different courses offered, teaching-learning methods employed, and the advantages and concerns relating to the curriculum were noted. The respondents also provided feedback about the assessment methods used. Deductive content analysis was used to analyze the data. Results Twenty-two of the 68 students (32.2%) participated in the study. The respondents expressed generally positive opinions. They felt that the curriculum prepared them well for licensing examinations and future practice. Problem-based learning sessions encouraged active learning and group work among students, thus, improving their understanding of the course material. The respondents felt that certain subjects were allocated a larger proportion of time during the sessions, as well as more questions during the integrated assessment. They also expressed an appreciation for medical humanities, and felt that sessions on the appraisal of literature needed modification. Their opinions about assessment of behavior, attitudes, and professionalism varied. Conclusion Student opinion was positive, overall. Our findings would be of interest to other medical schools that have recently adopted an integrated curriculum or are in the process of doing so.
Regional increase of cyclic GMP by atrial natriuretic factor in rat brain: Markedly elevated response in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Abstract Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)-responsive areas in rat brain were examined by measuring ANF-stimulated cyclic GMP production in rat brain slice preparations. The medulla oblongata, thalamus, and pituitary gland responded most sensitively, the septum, hypothalamus, pons, midbrain and olfactory bulb responded moderately, but neocortex, cerebellum, striatum and hippocampus were unresponsive to ANF. The most responsive regions in spontaneously hypertensive rats brains showed 2 to 5 times higher cyclic GMP production than those from the control Wister-Kyoto rats. These findings provide evidence for biological action of ANF on brain tissues, and indicate the action of ANF produced in the brain.
Experience in autologous and allogeneic thyroid grafts

Abstract The surface of the muscles below the deep fascia is an easy, useful site for thyroid autografts with an unmodified thin tissue slice method. A 100% success has been demonstrated in experimental animals. Autotransplantation of thyroid tissue by this method may be used clinically in the treatment of lingual thyroid excision [4]. Allografts can be implanted in the same site until rejection occurs, usually within 2 weeks. One clinical case was performed as well as experiments in animals. The selective ability of thyroid tissue to pick up tracer doses of radioactive I131 and I125 was used as a biological method of determining the viability of the graft.
Multivariate models of men's and women's partner aggression

This exploratory study was designed to address how multiple factors drawn from varying focal models and ecological levels of influence might operate relative to each other to predict partner aggression, using data from 453 representatively sampled couples. The resulting cross-validated models predicted approximately 50% of the variance in men's and women's partner aggression. The 3 strongest direct predictors of partner aggression for men and women were dominance/jealousy, marital adjustment, and partner responsibility attributions. Three additional direct paths to aggression for men were exposure to family-of-origin aggression, anger expression, and perceived social support. The 1 additional direct path for women was a history of their own aggression as a child or teenager. Implications for more integrative theories and intervention are discussed.
Clarifying Amateurism: A Logical Approach to Resolving the Exploitation of College Athletes Dilemma

In this paper we investigate the logical consequences of the common understanding of amateurism in the context of big-time US college athletics, and in so doing, illustrate a method based on linguistic analysis and logic. The initial thrust of the paper centres on the term ‘amateur’ as presupposed by the late Professor Brand in his attempt to justify the ‘business’ of NCAA-sponsored Division I sports by decoupling the ‘participants from the enterprise’. Next, we examine a more rigorous definition of the term ‘amateur’ in order to show more clearly the difficulties posed by the current situation in college athletics. Additionally, our use of linguistic analysis exposes a flaw in the NCAA's recent move to amend by-law 12.02 in an attempt to avoid the charge of exploitation. Lastly, we put forth a new proposal for better dealing with the central issues swirling around the NCAA as it strives to formulate sound policy at this ‘tectonic’ juncture of players, fans, college programmes and academic integrity.
FGF and Notch signaling in sensory neuron formation: A multifactorial approach to understanding signaling pathway hierarchy

The ophthalmic trigeminal (opV) placode exclusively gives rise to sensory neurons, making it a good model to study the molecular regulation of sensory neurogenesis. A number of signaling pathways including Wnt, PDGF, FGF, and Notch have been shown to be involved in the process of opV placode cell development. However, the regulatory relationships between these signaling pathways in placode cells are still unknown and have been difficult to study experimentally. Using a novel multifactorial approach in chick embryos that allows for inhibition of FGF throughout the tissue or in individual cells, with simultaneous inactivation of Notch signaling, we investigated the potential interaction between the FGF and Notch signaling pathways in trigeminal sensory neurogenesis. This study builds on prior research describing the individual role of FGF signaling or Notch signaling in opV placode development, where blocking FGF signaling resulted in neurogenesis failure, while blocking Notch signaling resulted in enhanced neurogenesis. Reported here, blocking both pathways simultaneously resulted in a reduction in the number of cells delaminating from the opV placode and undergoing sensory neuron differentiation. Further, Notch inhibition alone did not lead to an increase in the number of cells expressing FGFR4 or in the FGFR4 expression domain, but did result in a highly fragmented basal lamina, which was reversed when blocking FGF signaling. Cumulatively, the results presented here do not support a model of Notch/FGF interdependence, rather that FGF and Notch act in parallel to promote sensory neurogenesis.
Measurement of inelasticities for charge correlated multiple ionization of Ne by fast C6+ ions☆

A description of measurements of inelasticities for multiple ionization in fast-single collisions is given for the example of 10 MeV C/sup 6 +/ ions with Ne atoms. The degree of multiple ionization was determined by time-of-flight of the recoil ions, extracted by an electric field in coincidence with the projectiles. Their energy loss for a given degree of multiple ionization was measured with a position-sensitive silicon detector in the focal plane of an Elbek magnetic spectrograph with an energy resolution of about 10/sup -4/.
Contests for Professional Status: Community College Faculty in Sociology

Community colleges are playing an increasingly important and visible role in higher education in the United States. However, the additional attention to community colleges has not produced the same degree of recognition regarding the importance and needs of the faculty within those institutions, who make up about 27 percent of all faculty members nation-wide. This article examines factors influencing the professional status of community college faculty. We argue that understanding the position of community college faculty in higher education today depends upon understanding that professional status is a dynamic and contested terrain, rather than a series of static characteristics. Following Abbott’s (1998) analysis of the efforts of librarians to achieve professional status, we consider how the changing structure of higher education in the United States may impact community college faculty as professionals, both positively and negatively. As one example of community college faculty raising their issues within a discipline-wide professional organization, we examine the current state of community college faculty with the American Sociological Association (ASA). We consider potential status changes for community college faculty in sociology within the context of the broad threats to the professional status of faculty across the higher education landscape. Paradoxically, these threats might result in an opening for efforts by community college faculty to improve their professional status, perhaps in coalition with faculty in other sectors of higher education.
Myristoylated alpha subunits of guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins

Abstract Antisera directed against specific subunits of guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins (G proteins) were used to immunoprecipitate these polypeptides from metabolically labeled cells. This technique detects, in extracts of a human astrocytoma cell line, the alpha subunits of Gs (stimulatory) (alpha 45 and alpha 52), a 41-kDa subunit of Gi (inhibitory) (alpha 41), a 40-kDa protein (alpha 40), and the 36-kDa beta subunit. No protein that comigrated with the alpha subunit of Go (unknown function) (alpha 39) was detected. In cells grown in the presence of [3H]myristic acid, alpha 41 and alpha 40 contained 3H label, while the beta subunit did not. Chemical analysis of lipids attached covalently to purified alpha 41 and alpha 39 from bovine brain also revealed myristic acid. Similar analysis of brain G protein beta and gamma subunits and of Gt (transducin) subunits (alpha, beta, and gamma) failed to reveal fatty acids. The fatty acid associated with alpha 41, alpha 40, and alpha 39 was stable to treatment with base, suggesting that the lipid is linked to the polypeptide via an amide bond. These GTP binding proteins are thus identified as members of a select group of proteins that contains myristic acid covalently attached to the peptide backbone. Myristate may play an important role in stabilizing interactions of G proteins with phospholipid or with membrane-bound proteins.
Moods and Appraisals: How the Phenomenology and Science of Emotions Can Come Together

In this paper, I articulate Heidegger’s notion of Befindlichkeit and show that his phenomenological account of affective existence can be understood in terms of contemporary work on emotions. By examining Heidegger’s account alongside contemporary accounts of emotions, I not only demonstrate the ways in which key aspects of the former are present in the latter; I also explicate in detail the ways in which our understanding of Befindlichkeit and its relationship to moods and emotions can benefit from an empirically-informed study of emotions.
Free thyroxine in serum by equilibrium dialysis: effects of dilution, specific ions and inhibitors of binding.

In equilibrium dialysis measurements employing labeled thyroxine, dilution of serum results in a decrease in the percent free thyroxine (PFT) ranging between 25 and 40%. This observation is contrary to the prediction from the law of mass action that the free thyroxine should actually increase slightly. Removal of weakly bound contaminants from the labeled thyroxine does not eliminate the dilution effect. Rather, the dilution phenomenon appears to be largely explained by ionic effects. Both chloride and phosphate ions are shown to inhibit thyroxine binding to serum proteins and raise the free thyroxine concentration. The chloride effect is proportional to increasing concentration over a wide range, but the phosphate effect does not increase beyond 0.05m. Thus when serum is diluted with phosphate buffer, the PFT decreases in a manner predictable from the final equilibrium concentrations of chloride and phosphate in each sample. The PFT is very sensitive to changes in pH. The magnitude of the pH effect is in...
Empirically derived conceptions of femaleness and maleness: A current view

This study was designed to investigate the nature and type of conceptions of femaleness and maleness that would be generated by blacks and whites in an open-ended questionnaire. Five hundred respondents from 13 vocational schools, community colleges, 4-year colleges, and universities generated 718 conceptions, which were then rated on degree of maleness and femaleness and social desirability by a sample of 297 respondents from that same population. Results indicated that females and males (races combined) and blacks and whites (genders combined) differed significantly in their male-female conceptions scores. Descriptions of the types of conceptions most frequently generated by the respondents are presented and discussed.
Pacemaker lead infection: detection by multiplane transesophageal echocardiography.

Because a myocardial biopsy was not performed, we cannot rule out the possibility of myocarditis with intermittent exacerbations as an explanation for the patient's symptoms and creatinine kinase elevations. However, the severity and sudden onset of the symptoms suggest that the process is acute myocardial infarction. In conclusion; we report a case of recurrent non-Q-wave myocardial infarction and cardiomyopathy associated with toluene abuse. Because of the increasing use of solvents as recreational drugs, toluene toxicity should be included in the differential diagnosis of myocardial infarction with normal coronary anatomic condition.
Long-term clinical and echocardiographic outcome in patients with mitral stenosis treated with percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy.

Long-term follow-up after percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy (PTMC) is limited. Ninety-four middle-aged (51±9 years) mitral stenosis patients who underwent successful PTMC were followed up with annual echocardigraphy for 6.1±1.4 years. PTMC success was defined as either mitral valve area (MVA) >1.5 cm2 or a MVA of more than twice the pre-procedural value, together with no worsening of mitral regurgitation >grade 2+. Mitral valve replacement (MVR), worsening of congestive heart failure (CHF), and thromboembolism were sought for survival analysis. Restenosis was defined as loss of more than 50% of the initial procedural MVA gain. Functional limit of daily activities was assessed through a questionnaire. The study population was divided into group 1 (post-procedural MVA >2.0 cm2), group 2 (MVA >1.5 cm2 and ≤2.0 cm 2) and group 3 (MVA ≤1.5 cm2). The 6-year survival with freedom from MVR, CHF, thromboembolism, and combined events (MVR + CHF) was 92%, 95%, 91%, and 88%, respectively. No group 1 patient experienced MVR or CHF. Restenosis was predominant in group 3. Deterioration of daily activities during follow-up was not observed in group 1; however, it was significant in group 2 (p 2.0 cm2) immediately after PTMC maintained their procedural benefit with less clinical complication and with less limitation of daily activity. (Jpn Circ J 1999; 63: 597 - 604)
Mutual aid for social welfare: The case of American fraternal societies

With the possible exception of churches, fraternal societies were the leading providers of social welfare in the United States before the Great Depression. Their membership reached an estimated 50 percent of the adult male population and they were especially strong among immigrants and African Americans. Unlike the adversarial relationships engendered by governmental welfare programs and private charity, fraternal social welfare rested on a foundation of reciprocity between donor and recipient. By the 1920s, fraternal societies and other mutual aid institutions had entered a period of decline from which they never recovered. The many possible reasons for this decline included the rise of the welfare state, restrictive state insurance regulation, and competition from private insurers.
Evidence for synchronous thin-skinned and basement deformation in the Cordilleran fold-thrust belt: the Tendoy Mountains, southwestern Montana

The Tendoy Mountains contain the easternmost thin-skinned thrust sheets in the Cordilleran fold-thrust belt of southwestern Montana, and are in the zone of tectonic overlap between the Rocky Mountain foreland and the Cordilleran fold-thrust belt. The three frontal thrust sheets of the Tendoy Mountains are from north to south, the Armstead, McKenzie, and Tendoy sheets. Near the southeastern terminus of the Tendoy thrust sheet is a lateral ramp in which the Tendoy thrust climbs along strike from the Upper Mississippian Lombard Limestone to lower Cretaceous rocks. This ramp coincides with the southeastern side of the Paleozoic Snowcrest trough and projection of the range-flanking basement thrust of the Blacktail-Snowcrest uplift, suggesting either basement or stratigraphic control on location of the lateral ramp. Axes of major folds on the southern part of the Tendoy thrust sheet are parallel to the direction of thrust transport and to the trend of the Snowcrest Range. They are a result of: (1) Pre-thrust folding above basement faults; (2) Passive transportation of the folds from a down-plunge position; (3) Minor reactivation of basement faults; and (4) Emplacement of blind, sub-Tendoy, thin-skinned thrust faults. The Tendoy sheet also contains a major out-of-sequence thrust fault that formed in thick Upper Mississippian shales and created large, overturned, foreland-verging folds in Upper Mississippian to Triassic rocks. The out-of-sequence fault can be identified where stratigraphic section is omitted, and by a stratigraphic separation diagram that shows it cutting down section in the direction of transport. The prominent lateral ramp at the southern terminus of the Tendoy thrust sheet is a result of fault propagation through strata folded over the edge of the Blacktail-Snowcrest uplift.
Krit1 modulates beta 1-integrin-mediated endothelial cell proliferation.

OBJECTIVE: Using ribonucleic acid interference on cultured cell lines, we examined the role of Krev interaction trapped 1 (krit1) and integrin cytoplasmic domain-associated protein-1 alpha (icap1alpha) in beta1-integrin-mediated cell proliferation. METHODS: Upon depletion of either krit1 or icap1alpha in the HeLa cells, umbilical vein endothelial cells, and microvascular endothelial cells, we examined the cell number and proliferation changes in the cells, followed by the evaluation of beta1-integrin-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathway and microscopic study. RESULTS: Depletion of krit1 reduces cell number and decreases endothelial cell proliferation. Examination of beta1-integrin signaling downstream of focal adhesion kinase reveals decreased phosphorylation along the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Depletion of icap1alpha, a protein known to interact with krit1, has similar effects, suggesting synergistic function. We also show that krit1 colocalizes with icap1alpha in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm; however, most of icap1alpha is found in the nucleus and most of krit1 is found in the cytoplasm at steady state. On depletion of krit1, icap1alpha decreases in the cytoplasm and is no longer detected in the nucleus. CONCLUSION: Both krit1 and icap1alpha act concordantly to play a critical role in beta1-integrin-mediated cell proliferation. Our data further suggest that krit1 both stabilizes and shuttles icap1alpha and thus modulates its regulation of beta1-integrin-mediated signal transduction.
A compact space with a measure that knows which sets are homeomorphic

Abstract We construct a compact homogeneous space bH which has a Borel measure μ which knows which sets are homeomorphic: if X and Y are homeomorphic Borel sets then μ (X) = μ (Y) , and, as a partical converse, if X and Y are open and μ (X) = μ (Y) and X and Y are both compact or both noncompact, then X and Y are homeomorphic. In particular, μ is nonzero and invariant under all autohomeomorphisms; it turns out that up to a multiplicative constant μ is unique with respect to these properties. bH is constructed as an easy to visualize compactification of a very special sub group H of the circle group T; the Haar measure μ on T induces μ and also induces a measure μ on H which knows which subsets of H are homeomorphic.
Flow cytometric analysis of posterior oropharyngeal tumors

To date, few studies have evaluated the diagnostic and prognostic potential of flow cytometry in oropharyngeal tumors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the interrelationship of anatomic location with the cytogenetic and cytokinetic characteristics of squamous cell carcinomas of the posterior oropharynx. Forty-eight paraffin-embedded squamous cell carcinoma specimens from the posterior oropharynx in clinical stages I to IV were analyzed with an Epics-C flow cytometer (Coulter Diagnostics, Hialeah, FL). Histopathologic grading was performed by the same pathologist, based on tumor differentiation. Of the 38 specimens suitable for analysis, several correlations were noted. First, as the %S-phase increased, the clinical stage increased. Second, as the histologic grade increased, the aneuploid frequency increased. Finally, as the tumor size increased, the histologic grade increased. From the results of this study, it was concluded that %S-phase may be useful in assessing the prognosis of squamous cell carcinomas of the posterior oropharynx. DNA index or aneuploid frequency, also may have value as a prognostic indicator. Finally, the lack of correlation between TNM staging and histologic grading stems not from tumor size but from nodal and metastatic involvement. Further studies are warranted to better define the usefulness of flow cytometric analysis in squamous cell carcinomas of the oropharyngeal region.
Lipase expression in human skin

We have used a monoclonal antibody against human pancreatic lipase to study the immunohistochemical expression of lipase in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens from normal and a variety of tumoral and inflammatory skin diseases. In normal skin, lipase is detected in the sebaceous glands and in the external root sheath of the hair follicle. Antibody to lipase might be a valuable reagent to help confirm sebaceous and follicular differentiation in adnexal tumors. Immunoreactivity to lipase is also detected within mononuclear phagocytes in situations where extracellular release of lipids occurs, such as in xanthomas or in inflammation of the fat with significant lysis of adipocytes. The antibody to lipase identifies a major protein in pilosebaceous homogenates of 42.7 kDa following immunoblotting.