cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
When Vehicles See Pedestrians With Phones: A Multicue Framework for Recognizing Phone-Based Activities of Pedestrians

The intelligent vehicle community has devoted considerable efforts to model driver behavior, and in particular, to detect and overcome driver distraction in an effort to reduce accidents caused by driver negligence. However, as the domain increasingly shifts toward autonomous and semiautonomous solutions, the driver is no longer integral to the decision-making process, indicating a need to refocus efforts elsewhere. To this end, we propose to study pedestrian distraction instead. In particular, we focus on detecting pedestrians who are engaged in secondary activities involving their cellphones and similar hand-held multimedia devices from a purely vision-based standpoint. To achieve this objective, we propose a pipeline incorporating articulated human pose estimation, followed by a soft object label transfer from an ensemble of exemplar support vector machines trained on the nearest neighbors in pose feature space. We additionally incorporate head gaze features and prior pose information to carry out cellphone related pedestrian activity recognition. Finally, we offer a method to reliably track the articulated pose of a pedestrian through a sequence of images using a particle filter with a Gaussian process dynamical model, which can then be used to estimate sequentially varying activity scores at a very low computational cost. The entire framework is fast (especially for sequential data) and accurate, and easily extensible to include other secondary activities and sources of distraction.
Association of Upper Extremity and Neck Access With Stroke in Endovascular Aortic Repair

Abstract Objective Upper extremity and neck access is commonly used for complex endovascular aortic repairs. We sought to compare perioperative stroke and other complications of (1) arm/neck (AN) and femoral or iliac access versus femoral/iliac (FI) access alone, (2) right- versus left-sided AN, and (3) specific arm versus neck access sites. Methods Patients entered in the thoracic endovascular aortic repair/complex endovascular aortic repair registry in the Vascular Quality Initiative from 2009 to 2018 were analyzed. Patients with a missing access variable and aortic arch proximal landing zone were excluded. The primary outcome was perioperative in-hospital stroke. Secondary outcomes were other postoperative complications and 1-year survival. Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank test were used for survival analysis. Results Of 11,621 patients with 11,774 recorded operations, 6691 operations in 6602 patients met criteria for analysis (1418 AN, 5273 FI). AN patients had a higher rate of smoking history (83.6% vs 76.1%; P Conclusions Upper extremity and neck access for complex aortic repairs has a higher risk of stroke compared with femoral and iliac access alone. Right-sided access does not have a higher stroke rate than left-sided access. Carotid access has a higher stroke rate than axillary, arm, and multiple arm/neck access sites.
Upper Extremity Burns in the Developing World: A Neglected Epidemic

Burns are devastating injuries that cause significant morbidity, emotional distress, and decreased quality of life. Advances in care have improved survival and functional outcomes; however, burns remain a major public health problem in developing countries. More than 95% of burns occur in low- and middle-income countries, where access to basic health care is limited. The upper extremity is involved in the majority of severe burn injuries. The purpose of this article is to review upper extremity burn epidemiology, risk factors, prevention strategies, and treatment options in resource-limited settings.
Virus-Induced Interferon Regulates the Urea Cycle.

Integrating transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic data, Lercher et al. show in a mouse model of LCMV infection that type I interferon alters the expression and function of key enzymes of the urea cycle in hepatocytes. This results in altered systemic metabolism, attenuating antiviral T cell responses and ameliorating liver injury.
Narrative Coherence is Neither Sufficient nor Necessary for Determining Capacity.

In “An argument for a narrative coherence standard”, Goldberg (2020) raises an important issue in identifying the gap between legal and clinical criteria for decision making capacity (DMC), arguing...
Arsenic and benzo[a]pyrene co-exposure acts synergistically in inducing cancer stem cell-like property and tumorigenesis by epigenetically down-regulating SOCS3 expression

Abstract Arsenic and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) are among the most common environmental carcinogens causing lung cancer. Millions of people are exposed to arsenic through consuming arsenic-contaminated drinking water. High levels of BaP are found in well-done barbecued meat and other food in addition to cigarette smoke. Hence, arsenic and BaP co-exposure in humans is common. However, the combined health effect and the underlying mechanism of arsenic and BaP co-exposure have not been well-understood. In this study we investigate the combined tumorigenic effect of arsenic and BaP co-exposure and the mechanism using both cell culture and mouse models. It was found that arsenic (sodium arsenite, 1.0 µM) and BaP (2.5 µM) co-exposure for 30 weeks synergizes in inducing malignant transformation of immortalized non-tumorigenic human bronchial epithelial cells and cancer stem cell (CSC)-like property to enhance their tumorigenicity. In animal studies, A/J mice were exposed to arsenic in drinking water (sodium arsenite, 20 ppm) starting from gestation day 18. After birth, the dams continuously received arsenic water throughout lactation. At weaning (3 weeks of age), male offspring were exposed to either arsenic alone via drinking the same arsenic water or exposed to arsenic plus BaP. BaP was administered via oral gavage (3 µmol per mouse per week) once a week starting from 3 weeks of age for 8 weeks. All mice were euthanized 34-weeks after the first BaP exposure. It was found that mice in control and arsenic exposure alone group did not develop lung tumors. All mice in BaP exposure alone group developed lung adenomas. However, arsenic and BaP co-exposure synergized in increasing lung tumor multiplicity and tumor burden. Furthermore, 30% of mice in arsenic and BaP co-exposure group also developed lung adenocarcinomas. Mechanistic studies revealed that arsenic and BaP co-exposure does not produce more BPDE-DNA adducts than BaP exposure alone; but acts synergistically in activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) to up-regulate the expression of a histone H3 lysine 9 methyltransferase SUV39H1 and increase the level of suppressive H3 lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2), which down-regulates the expression of tumor suppressive SOCS3 leading to enhanced activation of Akt and Erk1/2 to promote cell transformation, CSC-like property and tumorigenesis. Together, these findings suggest that arsenic and BaP co-exposure synergizes in causing epigenetic dysregulation to enhance cell transformation, CSC-like property and tumorigenesis.
Targeting NAD+ Biosynthesis Overcomes Panobinostat and Bortezomib-Induced Malignant Glioma Resistance.

To improve therapeutic responses in patients with glioma, new combination therapies that exploit a mechanistic understanding of the inevitable emergence of drug resistance are needed. Intratumoral heterogeneity enables a low barrier to resistance in individual patients with glioma. We reasoned that targeting two or more fundamental processes that gliomas are particularly dependent upon could result in pleiotropic effects that would reduce the diversity of resistant subpopulations allowing convergence to a more robust therapeutic strategy. In contrast to the cytostatic responses observed with each drug alone, the combination of the histone deacetylase inhibitor panobinostat and the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib synergistically induced apoptosis of adult and pediatric glioma cell lines at clinically achievable doses. Resistance that developed was examined using RNA-sequencing and pharmacologic screening of resistant versus drug-naive cells. Quinolinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase (QPRT), the rate-determining enzyme for de novo synthesis of NAD+ from tryptophan, exhibited particularly high differential gene expression in resistant U87 cells and protein expression in all resistant lines tested. Reducing QPRT expression reversed resistance, suggesting that QPRT is a selective and targetable dependency for the panobinostat-bortezomib resistance phenotype. Pharmacologic inhibition of either NAD+ biosynthesis or processes such as DNA repair that consume NAD+ or their simultaneous inhibition with drug combinations, specifically enhanced apoptosis in treatment-resistant cells. Concomitantly, de novo vulnerabilities to known drugs were observed. IMPLICATIONS: These data provide new insights into mechanisms of treatment resistance in gliomas, hold promise for targeting recurrent disease, and provide a potential strategy for further exploration of next-generation inhibitors.
Application of conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) polymers in potential biomedical engineering

Biomedical engineering has emerged as a multidisciplinary endeavor. Biomedical engineering includes the development of new devices, processes, and systems in order to advance medical practice and health care. The specialty areas of biomedical engineering are biomaterials and tissue engineering (TE), bioinstrumentation, clinical and rehabilitation engineering. Over the past few decades, conductive polymers have received much attention in many applications. The applications of conductive polymers are in the drug delivery system, in the construction of bioactuators, as well as in the Tissue Engineering field. Composites are produced by combining conductive polymers with other polymers or materials. Modification of conductive polymers can render these polymers to be biodegradable and biocompatible, making them very useful in TE applications. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), a biocompatible conductive polymer, is recently being researched, to be used as nano-bio interfaces for medical applications such as nucleic acid detection, controlled release of neuron growth factor, and guided cell growth. This review focuses on the recent advances of conductive polymers, specifically, PEDOT:PSS aiming towards TE, photovoltaic devices and biosensor applications.
Reconnection-Driven Dynamics at Ganymede's Upstream Magnetosphere: 3-D Global Hall MHD and MHD-EPIC Simulations

The largest moon in the solar system, Ganymede, is the only moon known to possess a strong intrinsic magnetic field and a corresponding magnetosphere. Using the latest version of Space W...
Innovation Versus Encrustation: Agency Costs in Contract Reproduction

This article studies the impact of exogenous legal change on whether and how lawyers across four different deal types revise their contracts’ governing law clauses in order to solve the problem that the legal change created. The governing law clause is present in practically every contract across a wide range of industries and, in particular, it appears in deals as disparate as private equity M&A transactions and sovereign bond issuances. Properly drafted, the clause increases the ex ante economic value of the contract to both parties by reducing uncertainty and litigation risk. We posit that different levels of agency costs are the motivating factors that influence beneficial innovations in governing law clauses as well as their mirror opposite, costly encrustations. Our data show that lawyers who draft private equity M&A deals pay more attention to the deal terms than lawyers producing corporate and sovereign bond contracts. Because agency costs are low in the private equity setting, we observe significantly more innovation in private equity deals as compared to sovereign and corporate bond transactions where the agency problems of drafting lawyers are much greater. More surprising, we also find that contracts drafted by private equity M&A lawyers have more obsolete and encrusted terms than the contracts of the other deal types. Our conjecture is that the lawyers' dominant drafting strategy is to find examples of a desired term in other documents and import that language verbatim into the contract together with other redundant and obsolete terms including, on occasion, terms that may harm the clients' interests if retained in the contract.
Putative precancerous lesions of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma.

Abstract Precursor lesions of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC) can be divided into two major biologic and prognostic groups: HPV-associated and HPV-independent VSCC. These two pathways are categorized as usual vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (uVIN) with progression to basaloid or warty VSCC and differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (dVIN) with progression to the more common keratinizing VSCC. While the HPV-dependent pathway to squamous cell carcinoma is well-understood, the development of squamous cell carcinoma from HPV-independent lesions is less clear. The majority of HPV-independent lesions fall into the dVIN category, and mutations in TP53 have been implicated as the driver behind their development. Other less common HPV-independent precursor lesions, termed differentiated exophytic vulvar intraepithelial lesion (DEVIL) and vulvar acanthosis with altered differentiation (VAAD), have also been characterized as precursors to keratinizing and verrucous VSCC. Inflammatory conditions of the vulva such as lichen sclerosus and lichen simplex chronicus also put patients at risk for developing VSCC. We herein evaluate the available evidence and biologic basis for these VSCC precursor lesions, among other speculated entities, and discuss their clinical, diagnostic, and prognostic features.
Coupled 2D Semiconductor–Molecular Excitons with Enhanced Raman Scattering

Two-dimensional (2D) material–organic interfaces offer a platform to realize hybrid materials with tunable optical properties that are determined by the interactions between the disparate materials...
Investigating the decision to travel more in a partially automated electric vehicle

Abstract Partially automated battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are already being sold to and used by consumers. Estimates indicate that as of the end of 2019, there were over 1.2 million Partially Automated Tesla Vehicles—the subject of this study—on the roads globally. Despite this, little research has been done to understand how partially automated vehicles may be changing travel behaviour. In this study we conduct qualitative interviews with 35 owners of Tesla BEVs with Autopilot. The focus was to determine whether partially automated BEVs could cause or are causing an increase in travel. Results show that partial automation and electrification leads to interviewees driving more and choosing to drive rather than fly. These changes are due to increased comfort and reduced stress due to the partial automation system, and because of the lower running costs of a BEV. The results show how partially automated BEVs could increase vehicle miles travelled.
Great Artery and Vascular Anomalies

Echocardiography is the diagnostic modality of choice in the initial evaluation and serial assessment of most types of pediatric heart disease, both congenital and acquired. The anomalies of a congenital nature that most often affect the great arteries and related vascular structures are frequently first suspected and identified by high-resolution imaging provided by transthoracic echocardiography. Technological advances that have taken place during the last several decades allow for complementary noninvasive imaging modalities to be applied when further characterization of these congenital cardiovascular malformations or variants is necessary. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) plays a limited role in the diagnostic assessment of these anomalies and their surgical or catheter-based management, but nonetheless, it provides major contributions in the care of affected patients. In the intraoperative setting, TEE may be able to confirm the presence of selected abnormal vascular structure(s) or connection(s). More importantly, TEE facilitates the detailed evaluation of associated defects, provides for intraoperative monitoring, and allows for assessment of the surgical intervention(s). This chapter discusses the most frequently encountered great artery and vascular anomalies of a congenital nature, focusing on the applications of TEE in the evaluation of these lesions.
Using macros in microsoft excel to facilitate cleaning of research data.

Background: Retrospective chart review studies may be delayed by inability to export clean clinical data from an electronic medical record (EMR) or data repository. Macros are pre-programmed procedures that can be used in Microsoft Excel to help streamline the process of cleaning clinical datasets. Objectives: To demonstrate how macros may be useful for researchers at community hospitals and smaller academic health centers that lack informatics support. Methods: Using an intrinsic function of our institution's EMR, vital signs and lab results from 20 individual hospitalizations were exported to a spreadsheet. Two macros were developed to sort through these datasets and output them into a specified format. The speed of macro-assisted data cleaning was compared to manual transcription. Results: Time spent on data cleaning was significantly reduced when using macro-assisted sorting compared to the manual approach for both vital signs (46.5 seconds versus 12.3 minutes per record, a 94% reduction; P < 0.001) and labs (13.7 seconds versus 2.6 minutes per record, a 91% reduction; P < 0.001). Conclusions:Macros offer a flexible and efficient tool for cleaning large sets of clinical data, particularly when an institution lacks informatics support or EMR functionality to export clinical data in an analysis-ready format.
Communication and Aggression in a Group of Young Chimpanzees

Descriptions of a social event may proceed in either of two basically different ways: We may attend to the physical parameters of the event, or we may attend to the meaning or functional significance of the event for an observer. The term “aggression” is a clear example of the latter type of description. It is a judgment which has an imperfect and only partially known correspondence to the spatio-temporal “facts” of physical science. Furthermore, the functional significance of the same event might be judged very differently by different observers. Even a panel of physicists does not always agree on how to describe an event. But it would be even more foolhardy to hope for perfect agreement between the judgments of (a) the initiator of an attack, invasion, intrusion, provocation, or fight; (b) the recipient of that act; (c) a judge from the same social community; (d) a panel of judges from other societies of the same species; and (e) the behavioral scientist who tries to describe aggressive events as if he were a total outsider watching creatures from a different planet. In many cases, even a judge cannot easily decide who was the initiator or what were the hostilities.
Cryogenic Storage Tank Non-Destructive Evaluation

This slide presentation reviews the work in non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of cryogenic storage tanks. Four large cryogenic tanks, constructed in 1965 with perlite insulation in the annular regions, are of concern. The construction of the tanks, two Liquid Oxygen (LOX) and two Liquid Hydrogen (LH2), are described. The loss rate for the LOX tank at Pad A is slightly higher than that for the one at Pad B. The concerns for the LH2 tank at Pad B are that there is a significantly higher boil-off rate than that at Pad A, that there is mold growth, indicative of increased heat flow, that there is a long down-time needed for repairs, and that 3 of 5 full thermal cycles have been used on the Pad B LH2 tank. The advantages and disadvantages of thermal imaging are given. A detailed description of what is visible of the structures in the infra-red is given and views of the thermal images are included. Missing Perlite is given as the probable cause of the cold spot on the Pad B LH2 tank. There is no indications of problematic cold regions on the Pad A LH2 tank, as shown by the thermal images given in the presentation. There is definite indication of a cold region on the Pad A LOX tank. There is however concerns with thermal imaging, as thermal images can be significantly effected by environmental conditions, image differences on similar days but with different wind speeds. Other effects that must be considered include ambient temperature, humidity levels/dew, and cloud reflections
PIEZOELECTRIC PROBES AND THEIR CAPACITY TO MONITOR TIME VARYING VISCOSITY

ix CHAPTER 1 1 A. Objectives 1 B. Background and Literature Review 3 I. Piezoelectricity 3 II. Resonance Sensors 8 III. Coagulation and the Blood Cascade 9 IV. Prior Art 11 V. Viscosity 15 VI. POC Testing 17 CHAPTER 2 19
Percutaneous Removal of Filter-Induced Iliocaval Thrombus Using the AngioVac Device.

Most percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy devices entail thrombolysis and/or thrombus fragmentation followed by subsequent aspiration, with the associated risks of bleeding and embolization. We des...
Intrinsic Motivation, Organizational Justice, and Creativity

For employees to generate creative ideas that are not only original, but also useful to their company, they must interact with their workplace environment to determine organizational needs. Therefore, it is important to consider aspects of the individual as well as their environment when studying creativity. Intrinsic motivation, a predictor of individual level creativity, is associated with feelings of enjoyment and interest in the task at hand. To the extent that tasks are nested in an environment, intrinsically motivated individuals may perceive their environment more favorably than individuals who are not interested in the task. Specifically, such individuals may view the rewards (i.e., distributive justice), decision-making procedures (i.e., procedural justice), and their interpersonal treatment (i.e., interpersonal justice) in their work environment as more fair, due to the positive affect associated with intrinsic motivation. This study examines the relationships between intrinsic motivation, perce...
On the Accuracy of Meta-learning for Scalable Data Mining

In this paper, we describe a general approach to scaling data mining applications that we have come to call meta-learning. Meta-Learning refers to a general strategy that seeks to learn how to combine a number of separate learning processes in an intelligent fashion. We desire a meta-learning architecture that exhibits two key behaviors. First, the meta-learning strategy must produce an accurate final classification system. This means that a meta-learning architecture must produce a final outcome that is at least as accurate as a conventional learning algorithm applied to all available data. Second, it must be fast, relative to an individual sequential learning algorithm when applied to massive databases of examples, and operate in a reasonable amount of time. This paper focussed primarily on issues related to the accuracy and efficacy of meta-learning as a general strategy. A number of empirical results are presented demonstrating that meta-learning is technically feasible in wide-area, network computing environments.
Estructuras familiares y oportunidades educativas de los niños y niñas en México

Although education in Mexico has seen considerable progress over the past fifty yeas, Mexican children continue to be plagued by unequal opportunities. Using data from Enadid 1992, this article examines the differences in the likelihood of completing elementary school and subsequent drop-out rates among Mexican children ages 13 to 16. The analysis focuses on the differences by type of family structure (traditional nuclear, single-parent nuclear family, extended, and female or male-headed households), by gender and by the presence of other children in the home. The principal results show that-even after controlling for socio-economic factors-the type of family structure influences children's academic performance and that the effect is not the same for boys and girls.
Human Rights Guarantees, Constitutional Law, and The Military Commissions Act of 2006

In the immediate aftermath of 9/11, the U.S. government in conjunction with NATO allies conducted a military campaign in Afghanistan that deposed the Taliban, destroyed Al-Qaida camps, and took 700 suspected terrorists into custody for internment and trial by military commission at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Six years later about 355 detainees remained in Guantanamo amid reports of persecution, ill treatment, mental and physical health breaches, rape, and torture. The United Nations Commission on Human Rights Working Group on Arbitrary Detention recommended closure of the Guantanamo Bay facility, as have many foreign governments and prominent current and former U.S. officials. For its part, the Bush administration has denied committing any acts of torture against the detainees and has insisted that its approach to the trial and punishment of the alleged terrorists is legal and consistent with the principles of international humanitarian laws. This article focuses on the Military Commissions Act of 2006 and the extent to which the President, Congress, and the United States Supreme Court have addressed human rights guarantees consistent with the rule of law and principles of justice.
Decentralized filtering for interconnected systems

The paper addresses the design of decentralized filters for large-scale interconnected systems using independent local dynamical models. The decoupling is achieved through additional measurements on the interface variables. These independent filters which use local information only are unbiased and stable. Sufficient condition for stability is stated in terms of the observability of original system. An example is given.
The ethics and politics of stem cell research.

INTRODUCTION Because of the many ocular diseases that may benefit from genetic alteration, ophthalmology will be embroiled in the controversy over the ethics of stem cell research. In preparation for a major academic symposium at the Washington University School of Medicine, the direct and indirect effects of political efforts to determine whether this research should be funded were explored. METHODS A symposium was held at Washington University School of Medicine sponsored by the Barnes-Jewish Hospital Medical Staff Association to discuss the scientific basis of stem cell research. The forces arrayed on either side of the argument are presented as well as the political context in which they are being played out. RESULTS Two kinds of effects are expected from this controversy: direct effects on current and proposed research efforts from both within and outside the academic milieu and indirect effects on research funding from state and federal sources influenced by the political process. CONCLUSION This report serves to document the efforts of one scientific community to deal with a legislative initiative to criminalize stem cell research for both the scientist and the patient. The process and interim conclusions may be instructive for those involved in this endeavor to recognize the dynamics of the interaction between society and science when ethical issues influence how decisions are made.
The Economics of Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: The Efficiency of a Balanced Approach to the First Sale Doctrine

Can a buyer of copyrighted works abroad import them into the United States or resale them? This question is currently pending before the Supreme Court in Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons.The parties’ positions in this case as well as the Justices’ questions during oral argument included extensive inquiry of economic effects of the Court’s possible rulings. This Essay shows that this economic analysis is incomplete. The defendant’s position, if adopted, will make geographic market segmentation difficult and thus decrease the incentives to create. The plaintiff’s position, if adopted, will increase transaction costs in resale markets, which will create an inefficiently chilling effect on these markets. The Essay suggests that a more balanced approach, which is similar to the approach of the Solicitor General and requires a license from importers but not resellers can better promote the public welfare.
Bacterial skin infections: unapproved treatments.

The practicing dermatologist is faced with an ever-changing epidemiologic spectrum of cutaneous bacterial diseases. Studies have stated that bacterial diseases may account for up to 17% of visits to dermatologists worldwide. It is with this background in mind that this article of unapproved treatments of bacterial skin infections is presented, which gives the practitioner a wider spectrum of therapeutic options available for management of these common disorders.
Dexamethasone-induced apoptosis in immune cells from peripheral circulation and lymphomyeloid tissues of juvenile clearnose skates, Raja eglanteria.

Abstract Juvenile clearnose skates ( Raja eglanteria ) were injected intramuscularly with dexamethasone-21-phosphate at 50, 75, and 100 mg/kg body weight. After 24 h, skates were sacrificed and lymphomyeloid tissues (thymus, spleen, Leydig organ, and epigonal organ) were removed and whole blood was sampled. Tissues were used fresh for imprints or prepared for histology by solvent fixation or freezing in liquid nitrogen. Apoptosis in fixed tissues was assessed by transmission electron microscopy. Frozen sections and cytospin preparations of peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) were evaluated by the TUNEL reaction to detect DNA strand breaks. Dexamethasone treatment increased apoptotic activity in all lymphomyeloid tissues as well as in PBL. These studies demonstrate that immune cells of elasmobranchs have the capacity for glucocorticoid-driven apoptosis, and that programmed cell death as a mechanism to regulate immune cell production appears to have been conserved during vertebrate evolution.
Discovery of essential fatty acids

Dietary fat was recognized as a good source of energy and fat-soluble vitamins by the first part of the 20th century, but fatty acids were not considered to be essential nutrients because they could be synthesized from dietary carbohydrate. This well-established view was challenged in 1929 by George and Mildred Burr who reported that dietary fatty acid was required to prevent a deficiency disease that occurred in rats fed a fat-free diet. They concluded that fatty acids were essential nutrients and showed that linoleic acid prevented the disease and is an essential fatty acid. The Burrs surmised that other unsaturated fatty acids were essential and subsequently demonstrated that linolenic acid, the omega-3 fatty acid analog of linoleic acid, is also an essential fatty acid. The discovery of essential fatty acids was a paradigm-changing finding, and it is now considered to be one of the landmark discoveries in lipid research.
Evaluating the contribution of posttranscriptional processing to differential gene expression

Abstract Differential gene expression largely depends upon the attainment of different concentrations of individual mRNAs. This paper formulates a simple testable model of mRNA metabolism that allows the quantitative evaluation of the roles of transcription, posttranscriptional processing, and mRNA degradation in the attainment of differing concentrations of individual mRNAs. Application of this model to available data suggests that the large differences in the concentrations of individual mRNAs result from a combination of 10- to 20-fold differences in rates of transcription, 3- to 10-fold differences in rates of mRNA degradation, and 2- to 3-fold differences in the efficiencies of posttranscriptional processing. The calculations suggest that the rates of both transcription and posttranscriptional processing for abundant cytoplasmic mRNAs are significantly higher than for rare mRNAs.
The smaller protein formed as a ubiquitin fusion in Drosophila is processed from ubiquitin and found on the 60S ribosomal subunit

Abstract The only gene in Drosophila melanogaster for a 52 amino acid ribosomal protein (CEP52) is fused to a ubiquitin coding sequence. This study examines expression and proteolytic processing of the encoded fusion protein. Most antibody preparations made against a portion of human CEP52 readily detect the insect protein. The size of the immunoreactive polypeptide indicates that CEP52 is cleaved from ubiquitin and this apparent proteolytic processing was confirmed by amino-terminal sequence analysis of CEP52 isolated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Ribosomes from embryonic, larval and adult Drosophila melanogaster contain equivalent amounts of CEP52 and the protein is associated with the large ribosomal subunit. Stained two-dimensional gels indicate that the quantity of CEP52 associated with ribosomes is similar to that of other ribosomal proteins of corresponding size. A previous investigation had indicated the possibility of intact ubiquitin-CEP52 fusion protein in Dictyostelium discoideum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Drosophila melanogaster. One of three antibody preparations used in this study of insect CEP52 reacts with a 40S subunit protein that is the correct size to be the uncleaved fusion protein. However, the putative fusion protein does not react with ubiquitin antibodies and has negligible positive charge at pH 5, demonstrating that it is not unprocessed ubiquitin-CEP52.
EFFECT OF PREGNANCY ON THE METABOLIC INFLUENCE OF ADMINISTERED PROGESTERONE

ABSTRACT Three women in the fourth, seventh and eighth months respectively of normal pregnancy were given courses of intramuscularly administered progesterone in a dose of 50 or 100 mg. per day. In none of them was there a detectable influence on protein metabolism. In one, the 100-mg. course appeared to induce a mild natriuresis; no loss of sodium occurred in the others. These results contrast with the moderate catabolic response and distinct natriuresis observed regularly in normal subjects. Approximately 50 mg. daily of administered progesterone had previously been shown to elicit a maximal catabolic response. The failure of progesterone to be catabolic in pregnant women was explained by the assumption that endogenous progesterone was already inducing its maximal catabolic influences. The mild and inconstant natriuretic responses may have resulted from an inability of administered progesterone to inhibit sufficiently the influence of the increased amount of aldosterone present during pregnancy. IT HAS ...
A 100 Mbps resonant cavity phase modulator for coherent optical communications

A resonant cavity electro-optic phase modulator has been designed and implemented to operate at a data rate of 100 Mbps. The modulator consists of an electro-optic crystal located in a highly resonant cavity. The cavity is electro-optically tuned on and off resonance, and the phase dispersion near the cavity resonance provides the output phase modulation. The performance of the modulator was measured by first heterodyne detecting the signal to an intermediate frequency and then measuring the spectral characteristics using an RF spectrum analyzer. The measured phase shift is shown to be in good agreement with the theoretical predictions.
A note on an error estimate for least squares approximation

An asymptotic expansion is obtained which provides upper and lower bounds for the error of the bestL 2 polynomial approximation of degreen forx n+1 on [−1, 1]. Because the expansion proceeds in only even powers of the reciprocal of the large variable, and the error made by truncating the expansion is numerically less than, and has the same sign as the first neglected term, very good bounds can be obtained. Via a result of Phillips, these results can be extended fromx n+1 to anyfeC n+1[−1, 1], provided upper and lower bounds for the modulus off (n+1) are available.
Abstract 2962: Loss of the E3 ubiquitin ligase HACE1 results in enhanced Rac1 signaling contributing to breast cancer progression

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA The transition from ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to invasive disease is a crucial step in breast cancer progression. The specific alterations that govern this transition have not been elucidated. HER2/neu overexpression is frequently seen (50-60%) at the DCIS stage but is significantly less common in invasive breast cancer (20-30%) suggesting that additional alterations cooperate with HER2/neu to fully transform mammary epithelial cells. We identified novel genes that are capable of cooperating with HER2/neu allowing full malignant transformation, we used a transgenic mouse model that expresses wild-type neu and performed an insertional mutagenesis screen to identify genes whose alterations induce anchorage-independent growth on primary mouse mammary epithelial cells, an in vitro tumor formation assay. We identified the HECT and ankyrin domain containing E3 ligase 1 (HACE1) as a breast cancer tumor suppressor gene whose loss contributes to the transformation process. Loss of HACE1 expression is commonly seen in breast cancer patients and established breast cancer cell lines supporting the role of HACE1 as a breast cancer tumor suppressor gene. HACE1 ubiquitylates the activated GTP-bound form of the Rho family GTPase Rac1, resulting in ubiquitin mediated degradation of Rac1 via the 26S proteasome. The loss of HACE1 results in the accumulation of activated Rac1 leading to enhanced clonogenicity, migration, and invasion of human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs). In addition, the overexpression of HER2 results in activation of Rac1 levels which is further enhanced upon HACE1 loss in HMECs that further enhance colony formation in soft agar, migration, invasion and allows tumor formation in mice. Importantly, knocking down Rac1 using RNA interference or targeting RAC1 using the small molecule inhibitor EHT 1864 can rescue the effects of HACE1 loss mediated transformation. The results establish HACE1 as a breast cancer tumor suppressor gene by attenuating Rac1 signaling. In addition, our work further supports the role of Rac1 as a critical signaling node in breast cancer and that loss of HACE1 leads to enhanced Rac1 signaling that may contribute to breast cancer progression. These results suggest that HACE1 loss may identify precancerous lesions capable of becoming malignant as well as identify cancers susceptible to RAC targeted therapies. Citation Format: Erik T. Goka, Marc E. Lippman. Loss of the E3 ubiquitin ligase HACE1 results in enhanced Rac1 signaling contributing to breast cancer progression. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2962. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2962
27 Imaging of the Cervical Carotid Artery for Atherosclerotic Stenosis

At present, carotid imaging is performed to identify the presence and measure the degree of atherosclerotic stenosis, in order to select appropriate candidates for surgical endarterectomy (strong evidence). Several different imaging strategies may be employed in symptomatic patients: Catheter angiography (CA) may be used for this purpose (strong evidence). Doppler ultrasound (DUS), magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), and computed tomography angiography(CTA), or some combination, if adequately validated, may be used to screen patients (those with less than 50% stenosis) prior to CA (moderate evidence). Doppler ultrasound, MRA, and CTA, or some combination, if adequately validated, may be used to identify patients with severe stenosis (greater than 80%) for surgical endarterectomy (moderate evidence). Screening of asymptomatic patients with noninvasive methods and highly specific thresholds may be cost-effective in certain high-risk populations, such as patients with known atherosclerotic disease in other circulations or the presence of bruit over the carotid artery on physical examination (moderate evidence). More information regarding the safety and efficacy of angioplasty and stenting relative to surgical endarterectomy is expected in the near future. As treatment may be incorporated into the diagnostic catheter angiographic procedure, these recommendations may be revised. Physiologic imaging tools identify higher-risk subgroups in patients with atherosclerotic carotid stenosis and occlusion (strong evidence). The use of these physiologic imaging tools to improve guide therapy and improve outcome is unproven (insufficient evidence). A randomized clinical trial is underway for surgical revascularization of carotid occlusion in patients selected by positron emission tomography (PET).
Growth and maintenance respiration in leaves of northern red oak seedlings and mature trees after 3 years of ozone exposure

A two-component model of growth and maintenance respiration is used to study the response of northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) seedlings and 32-year-old trees to sub-ambient (10 μmol h; cumulative dose based on 7 h daily mean), ambient (43 μmol h), and twice-ambient (85 μmolh) ozone. The relative growth rates (RGR) of leaves sampled from seedlings and trees were similar across treatments, as were specific leaf respiration rates (SRR). Growth coefficients estimated from the SRR versus RGR relationship averaged 25-3 mol CO2 kg−1 leaf dry mass produced for seedlings and 21-5 mol kg−1 for trees. Maintenance coefficients ranged from 0-89 to 1-07 mol CO2 kg−1 leaf dry mass d−1 for seedlings and from 0-64 to 0-84 mol kg-1 d−1 for trees. Neither coefficient was affected by ozone. Leaves sampled throughout the growing season also showed little response of respiration to ozone. This occurred despite a 30% reduction in net photosynthesis for trees grown at twice-ambient ozone. These results suggest that growth and maintenance respiration in young northern red oak leaves are not affected by ozone and that in older leaves injury can occur without a parallel increase in so-called ‘maintenance’ respiration.
APPLICANT PERSONALITY, ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE, AND ORGANIZATION ATTRACTION

This study examined the dispositional basis of job seekers' organizational culture preferences and how these preferences interact with recruiting organizations' cultures in their relation to organization attraction. Data were collected from 182 business, engineering, and industrial relations students who were seeking positions at the time of the study. Results obtained from multiple sources suggested that the Big Five personality traits (neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness) generally were related to hypothesized dimensions of culture preferences. Results also suggested that both objective person-organization fit (congruence between applicant culture preferences and recruiting organization's reputed culture) and subjective fit (applicant's direct perception of fit) were related to organization attraction. Further, subjective fit mediated the relationship between objective fit and organization attraction.
An Evaluation of Several Constitutive Model Structures for Transient Nonproportional Cyclic Plasticity

Four constitutive models for cyclic plasticity of different essential structure are evaluated under conditions of nonproportional, multiaxial loading. Drucker’s one-surface theory, McDowell’s two-surface theory, Krieg’s one-surface theory with Radial-Return Integration Algorithm, and Abrahamson’s Unified Creep-Plasticity theory are the constitutive models under consideration. Their transient hardening and stable loop responses are compared to experimental data for two nonproportional axial-torsional loading histories. Their computational efficiency is also analyzed.
Valence bond functions for the hydrogen molecule

Valence bond wavefunctions were constructed for H2. Use of Slater exponents resulted in very slow convergence to the ground state energy. Convergence was improved by optimizing exponents which were found to increase as the principal quantum number n. However, this gave problems of linear dependence since optimum orbitals were strikingly similar for all n. The best function without angular correlation contained 27 terms constructed from 1s, 3s, 2p0, 3d0, 4f0, and 5g0 orbitals and gave an energy of −1.1594a.u. The best function with angular correlation gave E=-1.1656 a.u.
Reconstructing genome mixtures from partial adjacencies

Many cancer genome sequencing efforts are underway with the goal of identifying the somatic mutations that drive cancer progression. A major difficulty in these studies is that tumors are typically heterogeneous, with individual cells in a tumor having different complements of somatic mutations. However, nearly all DNA sequencing technologies sequence DNA from multiple cells, thus resulting in measurement of mutations from a mixture of genomes. Genome rearrangements are a major class of somatic mutations in many tumors, and the novel adjacencies (i.e. breakpoints) resulting from these rearrangements are readily detected from DNA sequencing reads. However, the assignment of each rearrangement, or adjacency, to an individual cancer genome in the mixture is not known. Moreover, the quantity of DNA sequence reads may be insufficient to measure all rearrangements in all genomes in the tumor. Motivated by this application, we formulate the k-minimum completion problem (k-MCP). In this problem, we aim to reconstruct k genomes derived from a single reference genome, given partial information about the adjacencies present in the mixture of these genomes. We show that the 1-MCP is solvable in linear time in the cases where: (i) the measured, incomplete genome has a single circular or linear chromosome; (ii) there are no restrictions on the chromosomal content of the measured, incomplete genome. We also show that the k-MCP problem, for k ≥ 3 in general, and the 2-MCP problem with the double-cut-and-join (DCJ) distance are NP-complete, when there are no restriction on the chromosomal structure of the measured, incomplete genome. These results lay the foundation for future algorithmic studies of the k-MCP and the application of these algorithms to real cancer sequencing data.
Renal toxicity of methotrexate

The administration of methotrexate is followed by functional and morphologic changes in the kidney presumably due to direct toxic effects of the drug. Changes in BUN occur that correlate with clinical and hematologic toxicity, the BUN rising as the other symptoms progress. In those patients who recover, the BUN returns to normal as the leukocyte count increases and as the clinical symptoms of toxicity subside. In patients who develop severe toxicity, or in some patients with only moderate toxicity, decreases in the renal clearance of both inulin and PAH can occur. This is usually, though not necessarily, directly related to the dose employed. In addition to these functional changes, histologic examination of the kidneys of several patients who died of methotrexate toxicity showed extensive necrosis of the epithelium of the convoluted tubules.
A torque-injection-based approach for thermal monitoring of induction machines with direct torque control

This paper proposes a nonintrusive thermal monitoring method for induction machines (IM) with the direct torque control (DTC) scheme. The stator winding temperature is estimated by injecting a small DC current offset into the machine winding. Since DTC strategy does not have explicit current control loops, the primary challenge is how to inject the desired DC current via existing torque and flux loops. This paper derives a quantitative relationship between torque and DC current offset; hence the DC current can be injected by offsetting the feedback torque estimation. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that this method achieves accurate temperature estimation under various operating conditions. This simple and efficient thermal monitoring technique is nonintrusive because it eliminates the need to use winding temperature sensors, has minimal impacts on the IM's normal operations, and requires no hardware change to existing drive systems.