cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of acute resistance exercise on feelings of energy and fatigue

Abstract We examined the effect of acute moderate- to high-intensity resistance exercise on feelings of energy and fatigue in sedentary college women reporting a persistent above-average frequency of fatigue. Fourteen sedentary female volunteers reporting persistent fatigue completed three counterbalanced conditions [70% one-repetition maximum (1-RM), 15% 1-RM/placebo, and a no-exercise control]. In the exercise conditions, participants performed four sets of 10 repetitions of three lower-body resistance exercises. The Profile of Mood States-Brief Form (POMS-B) vigour and fatigue mood scores were obtained immediately before conditions, every 11 min and 40 s during conditions, and 20 and 30 min after conditions. The data showed a significant main effect for vigour (P = 0.01). Vigour scores were significantly higher for the 70% 1-RM than the control condition (P = 0.01). No significant difference was observed between the 70% 1-RM and 15% 1-RM/placebo conditions. There was a significant main effect for fatig...
Band-transport model for field screening in multiple-quantum-well hetero-n-i-p-i's.

We present a simple model for charge transport in multiple-quantum-well hetero-n-i-p-i’s. We treat the quantum wells as traps within the barrier material and then apply Kukhtarev’s equations, developed to describe grating formation in bulk photorefractive crystals. By using the periodicity of the n-i-p-i structure, we derive an analytical expression for the total field in a multiple-quantum-well hetero-n-i-p-i as a function of light intensity in the near-flat-band regime. We show that it agrees with recent experimental results.
Reconstruction of 3-dimensional right ventricular shape and volume from 3 orthogonal planes.

Abstract This study validates a reconstructive technique that describes 3-dimensional right ventricular (RV) shape and volume with the use of 3 standard echocardiographic planes. The volume of 24 cast models of lamb right ventricles (12 normal, 12 hypertensive) was determined by water displacement. Reconstruction of the cast shapes was calculated from 2 sets of digitized data: cast cross-sectional digitized tracings and echocardiographic cross-sectional tracings. Regional volume ratios from both data sets were assessed to quantitatively specify RV regional volume differences between normotensive and hypertensive right ventricles. This method described the 3-dimensional RV shape with no differences between reconstructed volumes and true volumes for either normotensive or hypertensive casts. Between hypertensive and normal groups, regional volume ratios yielded a difference in free wall ratios that was observed to be greater in the hypertensive cast group ( P = .007). (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2000;13:177-85.)
DNA microarray analyses of genes regulated during the differentiation of embryonic stem cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are derived from the inner cell mass of blastocysts, and in response to retinoic acid (RA) are induced to differentiate to form some of the first distinguishable cell types of early mammalian development. This makes ES cells an attractive model system for studying the initial developmental decisions that occur during embryogenesis and the molecular genetics and associated mechanisms underlying these decisions. Additionally, ES cells are of significant interest to those characterizing various gene functions utilizing transgenic and gene-targeting techniques. With the advent of DNA microarray technology, which allows for the study of expression patterns of a large number of genes simultaneously within a cell type, there is an efficient means of gaining critical insights to the expression, regulation, and function of genes involved in mammalian development for which information is not currently available. To this end, we have utilized Clontech's Atlas Mouse cDNA Expression Arrays to examine the expression of 588 known regulatory genes in D3 ES cells and their RA-induced differentiated progeny. We report that nearly 50% of the regulatory genes are expressed in D3 and/or D3-differentiated cells. Of these genes, the steady-state levels of 18 are down-regulated and 61 are up-regulated by a factor of 2.5-fold or greater. These changes in gene expression are highly reproducible and represent changes in the expression of a variety of molecular markers, including: transcription factors, growth factors and their receptors, cytoskeletal and extracellular matrix proteins, cell surface antigens, and intracellular signal transduction modulators and effectors.
Measuring subsistence specialization: Comparing historic and prehistoric abalone middens on San Miguel Island, California

Red abalone middens, common on the Northern Channel Islands during the Middle Holocene, have often been interpreted as relatively specialized foraging camps. To test the degree of subsistence specialization of one such site, we compared faunal data from a 6400-year-old red abalone midden (CA-SMI-557) and an historic “Chinese” black abalone midden (CA-SMI-558) located along the same drainage on San Miguel Island. The historic assemblage, resulting from highly specialized abalone harvest, drying, and export activities, provides a baseline for evaluating the degree of subsistence specialization at the red abalone midden, where a wider range of economic and subsistence activities is represented. We illustrate how detailed comparative study of faunal remains, artifacts, site structure, and archival sources can help elucidate the economic function of both historic and prehistoric sites.
Fabrication of microreactors for dehydrogenation of cyclohexane to benzene

Abstract Novel microreactors have been fabricated on silicon in order to dehydrogenate cyclohexane to benzene. There are 12 reactor chips on one single silicon wafer. The microreactor consists of three chips, which are reaction chamber, separation membrane and reactor cap. The whole dimension of the reactor is 20 mm long, 14 mm wide and 3 mm high. As for reaction chamber, 80 microchannels 50 μm wide, 400 μm deep and 8 mm long have been etched. We use silicon 〈110〉 wafers to obtain high-aspect-ratio microstructures. Twenty nanometer Ti is sputtered and oxidized as the adhesion layer and catalyst carrier. Twenty nanometer Pt is sputtered as the catalyst. For the separation membrane, it is 6 mm by 8 mm, with 80 folded rectangular 4 μm thick Pd foil structures 50 μm wide, 200 μm high and 6 mm long anchored on silicon. This utilizes the combination of silicon 〈110〉 wet etching and dry etching together. These folded Pd microstructures contribute to increase the separation area of hydrogen. The reactor cap for inlet and outlet gas pipes is made of PDMS, which is a kind of relatively new material for MEMS applications. Finally, the reaction chamber, separation membrane and reactor cap have been bonded using Polyimide with very good contact strength between chips. The microreactors have been tested using a GC with a conversion value of 18.4%.
An apparatus for measuring the upper critical solution temperature using the effluent from a flow calorimeter: Application to mixtures of acetonitrile with cyclohexane, propane and butane☆

Abstract A thermostated sapphire capillary was inserted into the exit line of a flow calorimeter. This capillary is used to visually determine the upper critical solution temperature (UCST) for acetonitrile + cyclohexane, + propane, and + butane at several pressures. The UCST results were combined with liquid + liquid results obtained earlier from breaks in the excess molar enthalpy versus mole fraction curves to obtain the liquid + liquid phase diagrams for acetonitrile + propane, and + butane at 5 and 10 MPa.
The yeast FET5 gene encodes a FET3-related multicopper oxidase implicated in iron transport.

The yeast FET3 gene encodes an integral membrane multicopper oxidase required for high-affinity iron uptake. The FET4 gene encodes an Fe(II) transporter required for low-affinity uptake. To identify other yeast genes involved in iron uptake, we isolated genes that could, when overexpressed, suppress the iron-limited growth defect of a fet3 fet4 mutant. The FET5 gene was isolated in this screen and it encodes a multicopper oxidase closely related to Fet3p. Several observations indicate that Fet5p plays a role analogous to Fet3p in iron transport. Suppression of the fet3 fet4 mutant phenotype by FET5 overexpression required the putative FTR1 transporter subunit of the high-affinity system. Fet5p is an integral membrane protein whose oxidase domain is located on the cell surface or within an intracellular compartment. Oxidase activity measured in cells with altered levels of FET5 expression suggested that Fet5p is a functional oxidase. FET5 overexpression increased the rate of iron uptake by a novel uptake system. Finally, FET5 mRNA levels are regulated by iron and are increased in cells grown in iron-limited media. These results suggest that Fet5p normally plays a role in the transport of iron.
Higher caloric intake in hospitalized adolescents with anorexia nervosa is associated with reduced length of stay and no increased rate of refeeding syndrome.

Abstract Purpose To determine the effect of higher caloric intake on weight gain, length of stay (LOS), and incidence of hypophosphatemia, hypomagnesemia, and hypokalemia in adolescents hospitalized with anorexia nervosa. Methods Electronic medical records of all subjects 10–21 years of age with anorexia nervosa, first admitted to a tertiary children's hospital from Jan 2007 to Dec 2011, were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic factors, anthropometric measures, incidence of hypophosphatemia (≤3.0 mg/dL), hypomagnesemia (≤1.7 mg/dL), and hypokalemia (≤3.5 mEq/L), and daily change in percent median body mass index (BMI) (%mBMI) from baseline were recorded. Subjects started on higher-calorie diets (≥1,400 kcal/d) were compared with those started on lower-calorie diets ( Results A total of 310 subjects met eligibility criteria (age, 16.1 ± 2.3 years; 88.4% female, 78.5 ± 8.3 %mBMI), including 88 in the lower-calorie group (1,163 ± 107 kcal/d; range, 720–1,320 kcal/d) and 222 in the higher-calorie group (1,557 ± 265 kcal/d; range, 1,400–2,800 kcal/d). Neither group had initial weight loss. The %mBMI increased significantly ( p p p = .50) or rates of hypophosphatemia ( p = .49), hypomagnesemia ( p = 1.0), or hypokalemia ( p = .35). Hypophosphatemia was associated with %mBMI on admission ( p = .004) but not caloric intake ( p = .14). Conclusions A higher caloric diet on admission is associated with reduced LOS, but not increased rate of weight gain or rates of hypophosphatemia, hypomagnesemia, or hypokalemia. Refeeding hypophosphatemia depends on the degree of malnutrition but not prescribed caloric intake, within the range studied.
Three-Dimensional Ultrasonography Measurements After Endovascular Aneurysm Repair

Background Ultrasonographic (US) assessment of abdominal aortic aneurysms is typically performed by measuring maximal aneurysm diameter from two-dimensional images. These measurements are prone to inaccuracies owing to image planes and interobserver variability. The purpose of this study was to compare the variability in diameter, cross-sectional area (CSA), and volume measurements of abdominal aortic aneurysms obtained using a three-dimensional (3D) US imaging system with those obtained using computed tomographic (CT) angiography, and to determine the reliability of these measures. Methods Seven patients in whom endovascular aneurysm repairs were performed underwent CT angiography in addition to a 3D US scan. Measurements computed using 3D surface reconstructions of CT and 3D US scans included maximum diameter, CSA, and aneurysm volume. The seven matched CT and 3D US scans were compared at baseline and 6 to 8 weeks later. Results The average aneurysm measured 57.2 mm on CT and 56.2 mm on US (P = 0.14). Correlation coefficients for diameter, CSA, and volume were 0.88, 0.90, and 0.93, respectively (all P values Conclusions The 3D US is an accurate and noninvasive method of determining aneurysm size and geometry that is reproducible. Volumetric measurements may represent a significant advancement in long-term follow-up after endovascular aneurysm repair.
San Diego's I-15 Value Pricing Project: Impact on Local Businesses

This article presents findings of the Interstate 15 (I-15) Congestion Pricing Project's Business Impact Study conducted by San Diego State University over the project's 3-year duration. The ExpressPass and FasTrak programs offered drivers of single-occupant vehicles the use of I-15 Express Lanes to achieve faster and more reliable travel along the corridor. The Business Impact Study was designed to assess whether businesses recognized and valued the ExpressPass/FasTrak option. Delivery-based businesses or businesses located along I-15 were more likely to perceive themselves as highly dependent on employees or goods and services traveling the corridor. Such businesses were also more likely to regard the ExpressPass/FasTrak program as important and as having a positive impact. The I-15 FasTrak program ranked substantially lower in importance as a factor affecting business performance than such primary factors as supply of goods and labor, price of certain commodities, and tax levels and policies.
Evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction in fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome

FXTAS (fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome) is a late-onset neurodegenerative disorder that affects individuals who are carriers of premutation expansions (55-200 CGG repeats) in the 5' untranslated region of the FMR1 (fragile X mental retardation 1) gene. The role of MD (mitochondrial dysfunction) in FXTAS was evaluated in fibroblasts and brain samples from premutation carriers with and without FXTAS symptoms, with a range of CGG repeats. This study resulted in several important conclusions: (i) decreased NAD- and FAD-linked oxygen uptake rates and uncoupling between electron transport and synthesis of ATP were observed in fibroblasts from premutation carriers; (ii) a lower expression of mitochondrial proteins preceded both in age and in CGG repeats the appearance of overt clinical involvement; (iii) the CGG repeat size required for altered mitochondrial protein expression was also smaller than that required to produce brain intranuclear inclusions from individuals with the premutation who died, suggesting that MD is an incipient pathological process occurring in individuals who do not display overt features of FXTAS; and (iv) on the basis of the CGG repeats, MD preceded the increase in oxidative/nitrative stress damage, indicating that the latter is a late event. MD in carriers of small CGG repeats, even when the allele size is not sufficient to produce FXTAS, may predispose them to other disorders (e.g. Parkinson's disease) that are likely to involve MD, and to environmental stressors, which may trigger the development of FXTAS symptoms. Detection of MD is of critical importance to the management of FXTAS, since it opens up additional treatment options for this disorder.
Recurrent tracheoesophageal fistula treated with fibrin glue

Recurrent tracheoesophageal fistula (RTF) after repair of esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula is a serious complication, with the need for a second operation. The mortality rate is high. The authors report on the eradication of RTF using fibrin glue.
Testing the relationship between timing of geomagnetic reversals/excursions and phase of orbital cycles using circular statistics and Monte Carlo simulations

Abstract Fuller (Fuller, M., Geomagnetic field intensity, excursions, reversals and the 41,000-yr obliquity signal, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 245 (2006) 605–615.) pointed out that, for 9 reversals over the last 3 Myr, reversal age has a non-random relationship to the phase of orbital obliquity. Our analysis, based on Rayleigh tests, indicates that reversals have no preferred phase distribution in the obliquity cycle at the 5% significance level over the last 3 Myr. There is, however, a statistically significant relationship (at the 5% level) between reversal age and the phase of orbital eccentricity for the last 3 Myr, although this relationship breaks down on adding just a few reversals beyond 3 Ma. Over the last 5 Myr, reversals preferentially occurred during decrease of the maximum obliquity envelope although, yet again, the relationship does not hold as additional reversals are added to the analysis, no matter which timescale is tested. The Rayleigh tests are all based on the assumption of no uncertainty in reversal/excursion age, or in orbital solutions. Monte Carlo simulations indicate that reversal/excursion ages would have to be known within 5–10 kyr to resolve a preferred phase in obliquity similar to that advocated by Fuller (Fuller, M., Geomagnetic field intensity, excursions, reversals and the 41,000-yr obliquity signal, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 245 (2006) 605–615.) over the last 3 Myr. Reversal/excursion ages would have to be known within ~15 kyr to resolve a preferred phase in orbital eccentricity for reversals over the last 3 Myr, and within ~40 kyr for the last 25 Myr. Comparison of astrochronological reversal timescales indicates that reversal age uncertainties exceed these limits, making it unlikely that a relationship of reversal/excursion age to the phase of obliquity or eccentricity would be resolvable. In the case of the obliquity envelope, the critical levels of reversal age uncertainty (~50 kyr for 0–3 Ma, ~200 kyr for 0–5 Ma, and ~400 kyr for 0–25 Ma) are less stringent. The presence of a significant relationship between reversal age and phase of the obliquity envelope for the last 5 Myr, but not further back in time, implies either larger than expected reversal age uncertainties in pre-Pliocene polarity timescales and a link between reversal age and the obliquity envelope, or, more probably, the fortuitous occurrence of a low probability relationship over the last 5 Ma that has no mechanistic implication.
Misdiagnosis of cervical ectopic pregnancy

To determine the presenting symptoms as well as the frequency and reasons for the delayed diagnosis of cervical ectopic pregnancy (CEP) in order to increase detection and prevent treatment delay. Retrospective case series of 15 women treated for CEP from January 1997 through December 2008 at a university teaching hospital. Fifteen patients were treated for CEP during the study period. Eight patients presented to the emergency department, of which 6 (75%) were initially misdiagnosed. The most common misdiagnosis was threatened miscarriage (n = 5). All patients with accurately diagnosed CEP presented with heavy vaginal bleeding; those misdiagnosed reported mild to moderate vaginal bleeding. Three of six patients misdiagnosed did not have an ultrasound performed upon presentation, and three patients had an ultrasound report not suggestive of CEP. CEP was diagnosed on follow-up ultrasound, delaying treatment 1–4 days. Misdiagnosis of CEP upon initial presentation is a common occurrence. Transvaginal ultrasound performed by a qualified practitioner may increase detection and prevent treatment delay.
Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Presenting as Bipolar I Disorder With Catatonic Features

Background The American College of Rheumatology has defined 19 neuropsychiatric syndromes associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) involving the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems. Neuropsychiatric manifestations of lupus (NPSLE) have been shown to occur in up to 95% of pediatric patients with SLE. Objective The authors describe a 15-year-old African American young woman with a family history positive for bipolar I disorder and schizophrenia, who presented with symptoms consistent with an affective disorder. Method The patient was diagnosed with Bipolar I disorder with catatonic features and required multiple hospitalizations for mood disturbance. Two years after her initial presentation, the patient was noted to have a malar rash and subsequently underwent a full rheumatologic work-up, which revealed cerebral vasculitis. Results NPSLE was diagnosed and, after treatment with steroids, the patient improved substantially and no longer required further psychiatric medication or therapy. Conclusion Given the especially high prevalence of NPSLE in pediatric patients with lupus, it is important for clinicians to recognize that neuropsychiatric symptoms in an adolescent patient may indeed be the initial manifestations of SLE, as opposed to a primary affective disorder.
The Role of Technology in Restaurant Revenue Management

Technology systems can support restaurant managers' efforts to improve sales and profits through revenue management. By subdividing a meal into its component sections, a manager can determine which systems to apply at a particular stage for the purpose of providing the greatest revenue benefit for a particular restaurant. In adopting technology, managers must first conduct a financial analysis to determine whether the technology's cost will be more than offset by revenue improvements. If that financial calculation is favorable, management must then consider benefits to both employees and customers and must also take into account employees' and customers' perceptions of the technology's utility and ease of use. Without those elements in place, the technology faces dim prospects no matter what its prospective financial benefit.
Remanence reversal in partialy ordered Ni3Mn

Abstract Partially ordered Ni3Mn alloys, field-cooled to 4K, exhibit a remanen magnetization which decreases upon warning, changes sign, and becomes opposite to the direction of the initial cooling field. This phenomenon is explained in terms of Mn atoms with different local environments.
Analysis of the signal transduction properties of a module of spatial sensing in eukaryotic chemotaxis.

The movement of cells in response to a gradient in chemical concentration-known as chemotaxis-is crucial for the proper functioning of uni- and multicellular organisms. How a cell senses the chemical concentration gradient surrounding it, and what signal is transmitted to its motion apparatus is known as gradient sensing. The ability of a cell to sense gradients persists even when the cell is immobilized (i.e., its motion apparatus is deactivated). This suggests that important features of gradient sensing can be studied in isolation, decoupling this phenomenon from the movement of the cell. A mathematical model for gradient sensing in Dictyostelium cells and neutrophils was recently proposed. This consists of an adaptation/spatial sensing module. This spatial sensing module feeds into an amplification module, magnifying the effects of the former. In this paper, we analyze the spatial sensing module in detail and examine its signal transduction properties. We examine the response of this module to several inputs of experimental and biological relevance.
Educational differentials in US adult mortality: An examination of mediating factors

We use human capital theory to develop hypotheses regarding the extent to which the association between educational attainment and US adult mortality is mediated by such economic and social resources as family income and social support; such health behaviors as inactivity, smoking, and excessive drinking; and such physiological measures as obesity, inflammation, and cardiovascular risk factors. We employ the NHANES Linked Mortality File, a large nationally representative prospective data set that includes an extensive number of factors thought to be important in mediating the education-mortality association. We find that educational differences in mortality for the total population and for specific causes of death are most prominently explained by family income and health behaviors. However, there are age-related differences in the effects of the mediating factors. Higher education enables individuals to effectively coalesce and leverage their diverse and substantial resources to reduce their mortality and increase their longevity.
Cytoplasmic membrane protonmotive force energizes periplasmic interactions between ExbD and TonB

The TonB system of Escherichia coli (TonB/ExbB/ExbD) transduces the protonmotive force (pmf) of the cytoplasmic membrane to drive active transport by high-affinity outer membrane transporters. In this study, chromosomally encoded ExbD formed formaldehyde-linked complexes with TonB, ExbB and itself (homodimers) in vivo. Pmf was required for detectable cross-linking between TonB-ExbD periplasmic domains. Consistent with that observation, the presence of inactivating transmembrane domain mutations ExbD(D25N) or TonB(H20A) also prevented efficient formaldehyde cross-linking between ExbD and TonB. A specific site of periplasmic interaction occurred between ExbD(A92C) and TonB(A150C) and required functional transmembrane domains in both proteins. Conversely, neither TonB, ExbB nor pmf were required for ExbD dimer formation. These data suggest two possible models where either dynamic complex formation occurred through transmembrane domains or the transmembrane domains of ExbD and TonB configure their respective periplasmic domains. Analysis of T7-tagged ExbD with anti-ExbD antibodies revealed that a T7 tag was responsible both for our previous failure to detect T7-ExbD-ExbB and T7-ExbD-TonB formaldehyde-linked complexes and for the concomitant artefactual appearance of T7-ExbD trimers.
Tight lower bounds for optimum code length (Corresp.)

A new lower bound for the mean code length of all one-to-one codes for a random variable with n outcomes is derived. The bound, which is tight, improves an earlier one due to Leung-Yan-Cheong and Cover. Another bound for one-to-one codes for binary information sources is derived.
Bilateral Renal Cortical Necrosis in the Newborn: Associated With Fetomaternal Transfusion and Hypermagnesemia

SYMMETRICAL cortical necrosis of the kidneys has been reported occasionally in newborn infants. This entity has occurred in association with asphyxia neonatorum, erythroblastosis fetalis, septicemia, dehydration secondary to gastroenteritis, intra-uterine distress, and uteroplacental hemorrhage. 1-4 The pathogenesis of the renal lesions in bilateral cortical necrosis has been attributed to renal ischemia, thrombosis of the small blood vessels being a frequently associated, but inconstant, phenomenon. 1 The case report which follows is of interest in that the renal disease in this newborn infant was related to anemia resulting from an intrauterine fetomaternal transfusion. In addition, the child had hypermagnesemia, caused by the rectal instillation of magnesium sulfate (epsom salts) enemas. Because of the recent widespread publicity surrounding the use of magnesium sulfate enemas in the newborn as a dehydrating agent, primarily in the therapy of hyaline membrane disease, the potential toxicity of such therapy also will be discussed. Report of a
The role of the liver in the turnover of plasma cholesterol.

Abstract 1. 1. Cholesterol labeled by admixture with cholesterol-4-C 14 was injected intravenously into rats, and the specific activity of total cholesterol isolated from plasma was determined at various intervals from 18 to 90 hr. after the injections. 2. 2. The specific activity-time curves for total cholesterol isolated from plasma of normal rats were straight lines when plotted on semilogarithmic paper. Following exclusion of the liver from the circulation, the turnover of total cholesterol isolated from plasma ceased abruptly. The significance of this finding is discussed. 3. 3. The turnover time for total cholesterol isolated from plasma was about 60 hr. The significance of this finding is also discussed.
Reduced-Order Estimation for Some Discrete-Time Nonlinear Stochastic Systems

In this paper, we consider discrete-time nonlinear stochastic signal and measurement models and obtain unbiased linear minimum variance estimator equations to reconstruct a prescribed linear combination of state variables.
On the future of wavelength routing networks

This article discusses the possible applications for optical networks based on wavelength division multiplexing and how they compete and complement current high-speed networks (SONET, ATM). We first outline the best-case scenario for this technology and describe the spectrum of proposed optical networks (WDM links, passive optical access networks, broadcast-and-select networks, and wavelength routing networks). Then we focus on wavelength routing networks and describe their advantages and disadvantages relative to other competing alternatives for very-high-speed networks. Finally, we analyze the different markets for such networks in the telco and data communications arena.
Finite Deformation Micromechanical Analysis of Textile-Reinforced Plastics

Nonlinear elastic stiffness behaviors of plain-weave textile-reinforced composites are considered in this work by modeling finite deformation effects at two scales: (1) at the fiber diameter scale within yarns (~10 microns); (2) at the yarn diameter scale within woven textiles (~1000 microns). To capture the effect of heterogeneous microscale stress and strain fields, symmetric, conjugate, stress and strain measures are first established. A transversely isotropic hyperelasticity model is then presented for modeling finite deformation behaviors of yarns. After the free parameters of this model are estimated using unit cell analysis at the fiber-diameter scale, it is then incorporated into plain-weave textile unit cell model. The textile mode is then subjected to finite strain deformation controlled loading to quantify nonlinearity in stiffness behaviors.© 2003 ASME
End-to-End Delay Analysis for Fixed Priority Scheduling in WirelessHART Networks

The WirelessHART standard has been specifically designed for real-time communication between sensor and actuator devices for industrial process monitoring and control. End-to-end communication delay analysis for WirelessHART networks is required for acceptance test of real-time data flows from sensors to actuators and for workload adjustment in response to network dynamics. In this paper, we map the scheduling of real-time periodic data flows in a WirelessHART network to real-time multiprocessor scheduling. We, then, exploit the response time analysis for multiprocessor scheduling and propose a novel method for the end-to-end delay analysis of the real-time flows that are scheduled using a fixed priority scheduling policy in a WirelessHART network. Simulations based on both random topologies and real network topologies of a physical testbed demonstrate the efficacy of our end-to-end delay analysis in terms of acceptance ratio under various fixed priority scheduling policies.
Arbitrary branched and intersecting cracks with the eXtended Finite Element Method

SUMMARY Extensions of a new technique for the nite element modelling of cracks with multiple branches, multiple holes and cracks emanating from holes are presented. This extended nite element method (X-FEM) allows the representation of crack discontinuities and voids independently of the mesh. A standard displacementbased approximation is enriched by incorporating discontinuous elds through a partition of unity method. A methodology that constructs the enriched approximation based on the interaction of the discontinuous geometric features with the mesh is developed. Computation of the stress intensity factors (SIF) in dierent examples involving branched and intersecting cracks as well as cracks emanating from holes are presented to demonstrate the accuracy and the robustness of the proposed technique. Copyright ? 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Communication, Power and Counter-power in the Network Society

This article presents a set of grounded hypotheses on the relationship between communication and power relationships in the technological context that characterizes the network society. Based on a selected body of communication literature, and of a number of case studies and examples, it argues that the media have become the social space where power is decided. It shows the direct link between politics, media politics, the politics of scandal, and the crisis of political legitimacy in a global perspective. It also puts forward the notion that the development of interactive, horizontal networks of communication has induced the rise of a new form of communication, mass self-communication, over the Internet and wireless communication networks. Under these conditions, insurgent politics and social movements are able to intervene more decisively in the new communication space. However, corporate media and mainstream politics have also invested in this new communication space. As a result of these processes, mass media and horizontal communication networks are converging. The net outcome of this evolution is a historical shift of the public sphere from the institutional realm to the new communication space.
Room temperature photoluminescence of MBE grown single quantum wells on InGaAs graded buffers

We present room temperature photoluminescence studies of InGaAs single quantum wells grown on top of In/sub 0/spl rarr/x/Ga/sub 1/spl rarr/(1-x)/As graded buffers (0.05<x<0.25), with InGaAs and InAlGaAs barriers. Emission was improved 30 times by rapid thermal annealing.
Assessment of the vascularity of a left ventricular mass using myocardial contrast echocardiography

In addition to a thrombus, an intracardiac mass lesion can represent a primary cardiac tumor, or a metastatic lesion to the heart. The echocardiographic appearance and location of the mass, as well as the associated clinical scenario provide useful clues regarding cause, but these echocardiographic features alone may not always be diagnostic. Because most benign cardiac tumors are relatively avascular, the vascularity of a mass may be a feature that can help differentiate benign from malignant tumors. We present a case of a patient with a history of malignant melanoma who was found incidentally to have a cardiac mass on echocardiography. Contrast echocardiography (CE) was used to evaluate the vascularity of the mass. This case is compared with another patient with an apical thrombus, which represents an "avascular" intracardiac structure.
Pharmacokinetics of cefoperazone: a review.

The pharmacokinetics of cefoperazone in normal subjects, and in patients with hepatic and renal dysfunction are reviewed. After intravenous administration of 2g of cefoperazone, levels in serum ranged from 202 to 375µg/ml depending on the period of drug administration. After intramuscular injection of 2g of cefoperazone, the mean peak serum level was 11 1µg/ml at 1.5 hours. At 12 hours after dosing, mean serum levels were still 2 to 4µg/ml. Cefoperazone was 90% bound to serum proteins. The apparent volume of distribution was 10 to 13L. The half-life of the drug varied from 1.6 to 2.4 hours; serum clearance was between 75 and 96ml/min. Urinary excretion was rapid, but only 15 to 36 % of the cefoperazone dose was recovered in the urine. Renal clearance ranged from 14 to 25ml/min. Urine levels of cefoperazone in excess of 32µg/ml were maintained for at least 12 hours. Biliary levels of cefoperazone were many-fold higher than serum levels; peak bile concentrations from 675 to 6000µg/ml were obtained.
A crossed molecular beam study on the reaction of methylidyne radicals [CH(X2Π)] with acetylene [C2H2(X1Σg+)]—competing C3H2 + H and C3H + H2 channels

We carried out the crossed molecular beam reaction of ground state methylidyne radicals, CH(X2Π), with acetylene, C2H2(X1Σg+), at a nominal collision energy of 16.8 kJ mol−1. Under single collision conditions, we identified both the atomic and molecular hydrogen loss pathways forming C3H2 and C3H isomers, respectively. A detailed analysis of the experimental data suggested the formation of c-C3H2 (31.5 ± 5.0%), HCCCH/H2CCC (59.5 ± 5.0%), and l-HCCC (9.0 ± 2.0%). The reaction proceeded indirectly via complex formation and involved the unimolecular decomposition of long-lived propargyl radicals to form l-HCCC plus molecular hydrogen and HCCCH/H2CCC plus atomic hydrogen. The formation of c-C3H2 was suggested to be produced via unimolecular decomposition of the cyclopropenyl radical, which in turn could be accessed via addition of the methylidyne radical to both carbon atoms of the acetylene molecule or after an initial addition to only one acetylenic carbon atom via ring closure. This investigation brings us closer to unraveling of the reaction of important combustion radicals—methylidyne—and the connected unimolecular decomposition of chemically activated propargyl radicals. This also links to the formation of C3H and C3H2 in combustion flames and in the interstellar medium.
DISCRIMINATION OF MENTAL WORKLOAD LEVELS IN HUMAN SUBJECTS WITH FUNCTIONAL NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY

We have applied functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to the human forehead to distinguish different levels of mental workload on the basis of hemodynamic changes occurring in the prefrontal cortex. We report data on 3 subjects from a protocol involving 3 mental workload levels based on to working memory tasks. To quantify the potential of fNIRS for mental workload discrimination, we have applied a 3-nearest neighbor classification algorithm based on the amplitude of oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) and deoxyhemoglobin (HbR) concentration changes associated with the working memory tasks. We have found classification success rates in the range of 44%–72%, which are significantly higher than the corresponding chance level (for random data) of 19.1%. This work shows the potential of fNIRS for mental workload classification, especially when more parameters (rather than just the amplitude of concentration changes used here) and more sophisticated classification algorithms (rather than the simple 3-nearest neighbor algorithm used here) are considered and optimized for this application.
Structure of Witkin's Embedded Figures Test.

A number of reports have indicated that Witkin's Embedded Figures Test correlates with performance on standard intelligence tests. This finding was replicated in a recent factor analytic study when...
Life and death as a T lymphocyte: from immune protection to HIV pathogenesis.

Detailed analysis of T cell dynamics in humans is challenging and mouse models can be important tools for characterizing T cell dynamic processes. In a paper just published in Journal of Biology, Marques et al. suggest that a mouse model in which activated CD4+ T cells are deleted has relevance for HIV infection. See research article http://jbiol.com/content/8/10/93 T lymphocytes have a difficult existence. As mature cells, they are essential for immunity to infection, but in the early stages of their development in the thymus, more than 90% of them fail selection for the appropriate antigen receptors and die before export to the peripheral immune system. Those that achieve maturity spend weeks, months or even years circulating through the body, in constant search of a foreign antigen that their antigen-specific receptor can recognize, and needing continuously to compete for trophic signals necessary for their survival. Most fail to find an antigenic match and remain as small resting cells until death. A few encounter the right partner and undergo a transient bout of exponential clonal expansion, only for more than 90% of these progeny to be lost by apoptosis shortly after the antigen is cleared. The remaining 10% are maintained as memory cells (Figure 1), conferring lasting protection. In normal individuals the T cell population shows excellent homeostatic control, with stable numbers for decades in adult humans, except for intermittent bursts of expansion during infection. Moreover, this homeostasis applies not only to the total number of T cells but to the proportions of these cells in the two major functional subsets of T lymphocytes – CD8 + T cells, whose principal function is to kill virus-infected cells, and CD4 + T cells, which are critical for activating other immune cells, including CD8+ T cells and the B cells that secrete antibodies. Understanding what happens to the performance of the immune system when this balance is disturbed is of both fundamental interest and clinical relevance. In perhaps one of the most relevant examples, HIV-infected individuals lose their CD4 + T cells, a loss that results in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and death from secondary infections if the original infection is untreated.
Computation of the equivalent capacitance of a via in a multilayered board using the closed-form Green's function

A method based on the quasi-static approximation for computing the equivalent capacitance of a via is presented in this paper. The geometry of a via consists of traces, pads and a perfectly conducting cylindrical rod; the via is buried in a multilayered dielectric medium with optional reference (ground) planes. The total number of traces, pads, and ground planes can be arbitrary, as well as the angles and cross sections. The method is based on the excess charge formulation of an integral equation applied in conjunction with the recently developed closed-form Green's function.
The Vertical Split in Neurosis and Psychosis: Motor Acts and the Infrastructure of Agency

Disavowed action can be viewed as a psychological attempt to retain lost agency. Kohut described the vertical split of disavowal by contrasting it with the horizontal split of repression. In The Analysis of the Self, Kohut (1971) writes that the vertical split is “a specific, chronic structural change .... ” Inthis state, he argues, “the ideational and emotional manifestations of a vertical split in the psyche—in contrast to such horizontal splits as those brought about on a deeper level by repression and on a higher level by negation (Freud, 1925)—are correlated to the side-byside, conscious existence (italics added) of otherwise incompatible psychological attitudes, in depth” (Kohut, 1971, pp. 176–177). The development of Kohut’s thinking about the vertical split arose out of his work with the narcissistic behavior disorders. The overt motor acts that label these patients are familiar as the shoplifter, the adulterer, fetishist, exhibitionist, embezzler, and other more subtle variations on the theme. Goldberg (1999), in his book Being of Two Minds: The Vertical Split in Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy, and Goldberg (2001), in his book Errant Selves: A Casebook of Misbehavior, points to the distinct, side-by-side personality that carry out these misdeeds. This “other” personality, one that is conscious to the patient and yet simultaneously foreign, is usually cast as (1) misbehaving and (2) as being driven by a narcissistic need in the deepest sense. There are significant reasons to disagree with the first contention and to concur wholeheartedly with the second. In both neurosis and psychosis, the vertical split may be seen to display unusual or foreign actions not immediately recognizable
Ocean acoustic tomography as a data assimilation problem

The ocean acoustic tomographic (OAT) approach to sound speed field estimation is generalized to include a variety of sources of information of interest such as an oceanographic model of the sound speed field, direct local sound speed measurements, and a full field acoustic propagation model as well as measurements. The inverse problem is presented as a four-dimensional field estimation problem using a variational approach commonly used in oceanographic data assimilation. The current OAT approach is shown to be a special case of the general framework. The matched-field tomography (MFT) approach is also discussed within this context. A simple implementation of this novel approach is then investigated in the absence of a suitable oceanographic model, and acoustic propagation is accounted for using a standard parabolic equation model. The inverse equations derived are validated numerically through a simple inversion example, and some issues on environmental mismatch and computations are discussed. The developments then provide a basic framework for ongoing data-model melding in acoustically focused oceanographic sampling (AFOS) network.
Plurigenera of general type surfaces in mixed characteristic

We construct general type surfaces in mixed characteristic whose geometric genera can be made to jump by arbitrarily prescribed positive amount under specialization. We then show that this phenomenon of jumping geometric genus presents itself in some compact Shimura surfaces. Finally, we find a set of conditions, met by the latter Shimura surfaces, that forces the higher plurigenera to remain constant in reduction modulo p.
Rain ratio variation in the Tropical Ocean: Tests with surface sediments in the eastern equatorial Pacific ☆

The organic carbon to calcite flux ratio (rain ratio) has a profound effect on the preservation of carbonates in the deep sea and may influence atmospheric pCO2 over millennia. Unfortunately, the degree to which the rain ratio varies in the more productive regions of the oceans is not well determined with sediment trap data. The rain ratio in the upper ocean appears dominantly linked to diatom productivity, which is not necessarily directly linked to total production and may be regionally variable. However, ballasting and protection of organic carbon by calcareous particles in the deeps may limit ratio variability at the seafloor. Sediment trap data do not exist for the regional determination of rain ratios in key highly productive areas like the eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP). To overcome this, we turn to surface sediment composition and accumulation rates as a representation of modern ratio variation. We present 230 Thorium ( 230 Th)-normalized carbonate, opal, organic carbon and detrital matter accumulation rates from core top samples in the EEP. We demonstrate a novel approach for estimating modern rain ratios from sedimentary proxies by (1) calculating vertical calcite flux from 230 Th-normalized carbonate accumulation rates (CARs) with correction for preservation and (2) calculating organic carbon fluxes with multiple algorithms that depend in varying degrees on ballasting. We find that organic carbon flux estimates from algorithms with and without a ballasting function produce results different from one another. Sediment accumulation rates for opal reflect the likely pattern of diatom production. By contrast, the organic carbon accumulation rate does not correlate well with surface ocean productivity or any of our algorithm-based organic carbon flux estimates. Instead, it correlates with the detrital component of the sediments suggesting an allochthonous input to sedimentary organic carbon accumulation in the EEP, which reduces its value as a productivity tracer. However, our calcite and multiple, satellite-based organic carbon fluxes allow estimation of the rain ratio and demonstrate a common regional pattern with moderate to strong variability in the rain ratio across the EEP. This variability is significant and is transmitted into the deeps leaving a sedimentary record regardless of the algorithm chosen to calculate organic carbon fluxes. Furthermore, we provide evidence suggesting that the rain ratio in the EEP may be driven by wind-supplied iron availability, which would regionally enhance nutrient use and promote diatom growth. r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.