cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chronic electroencephalography in epilepsy with a responsive neurostimulation device: current status and future prospects.

Introduction Implanted neurostimulation devices are gaining traction as therapeutic options for people with certain forms of drug-resistant focal epilepsy. Some of these devices enable chronic electroencephalography (cEEG), which offers views of the dynamics of brain activity in epilepsy over unprecedented time horizons. Areas covered This review focuses on clinical insights and basic neuroscience discoveries enabled by analyses of cEEG from an exemplar device, the NeuroPace RNS® System. Applications of RNS cEEG covered here include counting and lateralizing seizures, quantifying medication response, characterizing spells, forecasting seizures, and exploring mechanisms of cognition. Limitations of the RNS System are discussed in the context of next-generation devices in development. Expert opinion The wide temporal lens of cEEG helps capture the dynamism of epilepsy, revealing phenomena that cannot be appreciated with short duration recordings. The RNS System is a vanguard device whose diagnostic utility rivals its therapeutic benefits, but emerging minimally invasive devices, including those with subscalp recording electrodes, promise to be more applicable within a broad population of people with epilepsy. Epileptology is on the precipice of a paradigm shift in which cEEG is a standard part of diagnostic evaluations and clinical management is predicated on quantitative observations integrated over long timescales.
CONCURRENT PROGRESSION SCHEMES IN MULTIARTERIAL TRAFFIC NETWORKS

Abstract Progression schemes are commonly used by traffic engineers for the coordination of traffic signals on arterial streets. Commonly available programs use the traditional approach which consists of a uniform bandwidth design for each arterial. The multi-band criterion, on the other hand, enables us to adapt the progressions to the specific characteristics of each link in the network and thus to obtain improved performance. In this paper we describe the development and application of the multi-band signal optimization scheme in multiarterial grid networks. The proposed model optimizes all the signal control variables, including phase lengths, offsets, cycle time and phase sequences and generates variable bandwidth progressions on each arterial in the network.
Nerve Growth Factor and Aging: A Hypothesis

There are dramatic changes in neural, meaning neuronal and glial, metabolism in the central nervous system, CNS, during critical phases of early development associated with synaptogenic events; delayed responses to traumatic injury associated with abortive axonal sprouting; and the cumulative impairment of limbic and cortical function associated with advanced aging and most exaggerated in Parkinson’s and senile dementia of the Alzheimer’s type (SDAT). Common elements present during these three events are: the involvement of neuronal growth factors, such as the nerve growth factor protein (NGF); drastic changes in energy metabolism leading to significant oxidative stress; and disruption of ongoing homeostatic processes. The latter is more acute after injury and more gradual in aged CNS.
Gardner's Equation for Water Movement to Plant Roots

Wilford R. Gardner in 1960 was the first to provide an analytical solution for the movement of water to a plant root. This chapter presents his equation, which is a basis for simulation models that have followed. The equation determines the difference in matric potential at the soil–root boundary and the bulk soil required to maintain a constant rate of water uptake by a plant. Assumptions used in developing the equation are presented. Conclusions resulting from use of the equation are cited. One shows that root radius is not extremely important in determining the difference in matric potential between the soil–root boundary and the bulk soil. Another conclusion is that over short distances there is little difference in the matric potential between the root and the soil in the vicinity of the root until the soil becomes very dry. A biography of Gardner is given in the appendix.
The trade-offs between manual and computer-based stereology/classification: application to estimates of volume fraction

Estimation of volume or the ratio of volumes in an image requires both mensuration and classification. The former is achieved through stereology - a set of techniques that estimate such parameters as area, volume, surface area, length, and number. Classification is achieved by extracting features that capture discriminating information (e.g., about tissue type). Both stereology and classification can be performed either manually or by computer. Manual techniques for the combination are based on coarse point counting (low resolution), but assumed perfect pixel classification. Computer-based methods, on the other hand, rely on very fine point counting but in general suffer from imperfect pixel classification. This paper examines the interaction between manual and image processing-based approaches; in particular, we present a measure that combines the classification and measurement errors. Estimation of the variance is used to define the conditions under which each method is and is not advantageous despite its underlying error. This allows the user to choose a method that optimizes overall performance, given the human and machine capabilities available. Illustrations are given of cases in which each method can be preferable, as measured by the variance of the estimate of the performance that was inferred from the measurement.
Functional recovery following rehabilitation after hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke.

Abstract Kelly PJ, Furie KL, Shafqat S, Rallis N, Chang Y, Stein J. Functional recovery following rehabilitation after hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003;84:968–72. Objectives: To quantify recovery after rehabilitation therapy and to identify factors that predicted functional outcome in survivors of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) compared with cerebral infarction. Design: Retrospective study of consecutive ICH and cerebral infarction admissions to a rehabilitation hospital over a 4-year period. Setting: Free-standing urban rehabilitation hospital. Participants: A total of 1064 cases met the inclusion criteria (545 women, 519 men; 871 with cerebral infarction, 193 with ICH). Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: Functional status was measured using the FIM™ instrument, recorded at admission and discharge. Recovery was quantified by the change in FIM total score (ΔFIM total score). Outcome measures were total discharge FIM score and ΔFIM total score. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Results: Total admission FIM score was higher in patients with cerebral infarction than in patients with ICH (59 vs 51, P =.0001). No difference in total discharge FIM score was present. Patients with ICH made a significantly greater recovery than those with cerebral infarction (ΔFIM total score, 28 vs 23.3; P =.002). On multivariate analysis, younger age, longer length of stay, and admission FIM cognitive subscore independently predicted total discharge FIM and ΔFIM total score. The severity of disability at admission, indicated by total admission FIM score, independently predicted total discharge FIM score, but not ΔFIM total score. The ICH patients with the most severely disabling strokes had significantly greater recovery than cerebral infarction patients with stroke of similar severity. Conclusions: The patients with ICH had greater functional impairment than the cerebral infarction patients at admission, but made greater gains. Patients with the most severely disabling ICH improved more than those with cerebral infarction of comparable severity. Initial severity of disability, age, and duration of therapy best predicted functional outcome after rehabilitation.
Letter to the editor: Capsid structure of bacteriophage lambda

The arrangement of capsomers in the capsid of phage λ has been investigated by electron micrography of negatively stained fragments of empty capsids, polyheads, and intact virions. The proposed structure is a composite T = 7 levo lattice, with hexamer and pentamer clustering of the D protein and trimer clustering of the E protein. Such a lattice requires that the λ capsid contain 420 copies of the D and E proteins, a number compatible with recent chemical determinations.
HANSON’S AUTOMATED MARKET MAKER

From Hanson’s “market scoring rule,” we derive all the necessary formulae to implement a corresponding automated market maker for a prediction market. The market maker has many desirable qualities and always stands ready to trade, thus providing liquidity to markets. The formulae cover all transactions for buying and selling market contracts. In addition, we address practical concerns like how to correctly treat rounding errors and how to prevent errors that allow traders to cheat the market, and provide a practical numerical example. We have used Hanson's automated market maker to run many markets at Microsoft.
Practical Techniques for Language Design and Prototyping

Global computing involves the interplay of a vast variety of languages, but practially useful foundations for language specification and prototyping at the semantic level are lacking. In this talk we present a systematic approach consisting of three techniques: 1. A generic calculus of explicit substitutions with names (called CINNI) that allows us give a first-order representation of syntax to uniformly deal with all binding aspects. 2. An executable representation of Felleisen-style operational semantics in terms of first-order rewrite rules. 3. A logical framework, namely rewriting logic, that allows us to express (1) and (2) and, in addition, language aspects such as concurrency and non-determinism. We illustrate the use of these techniques in two applications: 1. A formal specification and analysis of PLAN, a Packet Language for Active Networks, that has been developed in the Switchware project at UPenn. This work was conducted in the scope of the DARPA Active Network Program. 2. The development of CIAO, a Calculus of Imperative Active Objects, a core language for concurrent object-oriented programming. It is especially designed to allow a the representation of practically relevant sublanguages of common object-oriented languages such as Java, C#, and C++. This second application is subject of ongoing work.
Factor analysis of angle-dependent XPS Si 2p spectra from dry processed Si wafers

Abstract Si (100) wafers were treated by a dry processing procedure to produce a clean thin surface oxide. The Angle-Dependent XPS (ADXPS) spectra of these surfaces show the formation of a uniform oxide. The high resolution data from the Si 2p region collected with monochromatic X-rays suggested multiple Si chemical environments. Synthetic curve-fitting of the Si 2p region confirmed the presence of Si metal, silicon dioxide and suboxides. In order to fit the Si metal region accurately it was necessary to include a second spin doublet. This additional spin doublet is mainly attributed to a silicon fluoride species. Target factor analysis applied to the ADXPS spectra of the elemental silicon region collected at six angles extracted the spectra and concentrations of two Si species. Both factors were observed as spin doublets and were attributed to silicon in elemental and fluoride environments.
COMPUTER SIMULATION OF THE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF GRAIN BOUNDARIES

Calcul explicite des grandeurs thermodynamiques d'exces caracteristiques des joints de grains a partir de simulation de dynamique moleculaire
Prompt energization of relativistic and highly relativistic electrons during a substorm interval

On 17 March 2013, a large magnetic storm significantly depleted the multi-MeV radiation belt. We present multi-instrument observations from the Van Allen Probes spacecraft Radiation Belt Storm Probe A and Radiation Belt Storm Probe B at ∼6 Re in the midnight sector magnetosphere and from ground-based ionospheric sensors during a substorm dipolarization followed by rapid reenergization of multi-MeV electrons [1]. A 50% increase in magnetic field magnitude occurred simultaneously with dramatic increases in 100 keV electron fluxes and a 100 times increase in VLF wave intensity. Chorus is excited following the injection of low-energy (1–30 keV) plasma sheet electrons into the inner magnetosphere [2]. During the 17 March substorm injection, cold plasma that had circulated into the nightside magnetosphere from the dayside ionosphere-plasmasphere contributed to an energetic (50 keV) electron population involved in chorus-mode wave amplification [3]. The high-energy tail (>100 keV) of the injected electrons and the intense VLF waves provide a seed population and energy source for subsequent radiation belt energization. The observed electron flux behavior is striking in its large increases over short intervals. As seen by RBSP-A at L∗ ∼ 4.5 highly relativistic (>2MeV) electron fluxes increased immediately at the time of the substorm injection and strong chorus enhancement. At RBSP-B, at apogee at substorm onset, observed in the ∼5 h separation between L∗ = 4.0 crossings, 3.60 MeV highly relativistic electron fluxes increased by a factor of 56, while 4.50 MeV flux increased by an even larger factor of 95. The 17 March multipoint observations indicate the significant role that substorm processes can play in creating a seed population of 100 keV electrons and VLF chorus wave enhancements that can lead to a prompt energization of relativistic and highly relativistic electrons in the region outside the plasmapause.
Nonlinear theory of hard-skin plates and shells

In paper [3] it was developed a linear theory of hard-skin plates, i.e. sandwich plates the outer layers of which are much harder than the core layer. It was shown that the leading approximation involves the transverse shear, and, a closed system of governing equations was derived. In this paper the results of [3] are extended to nonlinear theory of hard-skin plates and shells.
Colossal anisotropy of the magnetic properties of doped lithium nitrodometalates

We present a first-principles investigation of the electronic structure and physical properties of doped lithium nitridometalates ${\mathrm{Li}}_{2}$(${\mathrm{Li}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{M}}_{x}$)N (LiMN) with M = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni. The diverse properties include the equilibrium magnetic moments, magneto-crystalline anisotropy, magneto-optical Kerr spectra, and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism. We explain the colossal magnetic anisotropy in LiFeN by its unique electronic structure which ultimately leads to a series of unusual physical properties. The most unique property is a complete suppression of relativistic effects and freezing of orbital moments for in-plane orientation of the magnetization. This leads to the colossal spatial anisotropy of many magnetic properties including energy, Kerr, and dichroism effects. LiFeN is identified as an ultimate single-ion anisotropy system where a nearly insulating state can be produced by a spin orbital coupling alone. A very nontrivial strongly fluctuating and sign changing character of the magnetic anisotropy with electronic $3d$-atomic doping is predicted theoretically. A large and highly anisotropic Kerr effect due to the interband transitions between atomic-like Fe $3d$ bands is found for LiFeN. A giant anisotropy of the x-ray magnetic circular dichroism for the Fe $K$ spectrum and a very weak one for the Fe ${L}_{2,3}$ spectra in LiFeN are also predicted.
Thermal dependence of water and electrolyte excretion in two species of lizards

Abstract 1. 1. Lizards with different preferred temperatures were water-loaded, and their ability to excrete excess water and conserve electrolytes was tested at several temperatures. 2. 2. Rates of water excretion were much less temperature dependent in lizards having a low preferred temperature, but were maximal at about 30–35°C in both species. 3. 3. Urinary sodium levels were minimal at temperatures near the respective preferred temperature of each species. 4. 4. Urinary potassium levels were low and apparently not temperature dependent over most of the range studied, but increased as lethal temperatures were approached.
The Effect of Base Sequence on the Stability of RNA and DNA Single Base Bulges

Forty-eight RNA duplexes were constructed that contained all common single base bulges at six different locations. The stabilities of the RNAs were determined by temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE). The relative stability of a single base bulge was dependent on both base identity and the nearest neighbor context. The single base bulges were placed into two categories. A bulged base with no identical neighboring base was defined as a Group I base bulge. Group II-bulged bases had at least one neighboring base identical to it. Group II bulges were generally more stable than Group I bulges in the same nearest neighbor environments. This indicates that position degeneracy of an unpaired base enhances stability. Differences in the mobility transition temperatures between the RNA fragments with bulges and the completely base-paired reference RNAs were related to free energy differences. Simple models for estimating the free energy contribution of single base bulges were evaluated from the free energy...
EEG-triggered echo-planar functional MRI in epilepsy

We investigated whether: (1) EEG recordings could be successfully performed in an MRI imager, (2) subclinical epileptic discharges could be used to trigger ultrafast functional MRI images, (3) artifact-free functional MRI images could be obtained while the patient was having the EEG monitored, and (4) the functional MRI images so obtained would show focal signal increases in relation to epileptic discharges. We report our results in two patients who showed focally higher signal intensity, reflective of increased local blood flow, in ultrafast functional MRI timed to epileptic discharges recorded while the patients were in the imager and compared with images not associated with discharges. One patient showed a focal increase despite a clinical and EEG history of generalized discharges. This approach may have the potential to identify brain regions activated during brief focal epileptic discharges.
Effects of monovalent cations on the activities associated with coupling site III of rat liver mitochondria

Abstract The effects of substitution of K + by Li + , Na + , or Rb + in the assay medium on the processes of electron transfer and H + translocation associated with Site III are investigated. The replacement of K + with Rb + has little effect, if any, on the measured initial rates of H + extrusion and electron transfer. The substitution of K + by Li + increases the initial rate of both processes simultaneously while the replacement of K + by Na + causes an enhancement on the rate of electron transfer with concomitant inhibition of the observed acidification. The presence of either Na + or Li + decreases the proton-leak rate of the inner membrane. These results suggest that the link between electron transfer and H + translocation in Site III is weakened by the presence of Na + .
Fuzzy approaches to multicriteria de Novo programs

Abstract Multicriteria de Novo programming is a promising tool for optimal system design. However, there exist no algorithms for solving a general multicriteria de Novo program. Only special cases have been discussed. This paper proposes a two-step fuzzy approach based on the ideal and negative ideal solutions. It is shown that this approach is very efficient and is applicable to the general multicriteria de Novo programming. The fuzzy version of this problem is also formulated and analyzed. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the approaches.
Theoretical and Experimental Investigations of the Electronic Rydberg States of Diazomethane: Assignments and State Interactions

strongly predissociative. Analyses of photoelectron kinetic energy distributions indicate that the ground vibrational level of the 2 1 B1(3pz) state is mixed with the 2 1 A2(3py) O9 level, which is of B1 vibronic symmetry. The other 2 1 A2(3py) vibronic states exhibit pure Rydberg character, generating ions in single vibrational levels. The photoelectron spectra of the 3 1 A1(3px r ﷿) state, on the other hand, give rise to many states of the ion as a result of strong mixing with the valence state, as evidenced also in the ab initio calculations. The equilibrium geometries of the electronic states of neutral diazomethane were calculated by CCSD(T), using the cc-pVTZ basis, and by B3LYP, using the 6-311G(2df,p) basis. Geometry and frequencies of the ground state of the cation were calculated by CCSD(T)/cc-pVTZ, using the unrestricted (UHF) reference. Vertical excitation energies were calculated using EOM-CCSD/6-311(3+,+)G* at the B3LYP optimized geometry. The theoretical results show that the 2 1 A2(3py r ﷿) and 2 1 B1(3pz r ﷿) states have geometries similar to the ion, which has C2V symmetry, with slight differences due to the interactions of the electron in the 3p orbital with the nuclei charge distributions. The geometry of the 3 1 A1(3px r ﷿) state is quite different and has Cs symmetry. The experimental and theoretical results agree very well, both in regard to excitation energies and to vibrational modes of the ion.
Esotericism and Modernity: An Encounter with Leo Strauss

Strauss championed a philosophy of history according to which philosophers characteristically hide their actual beliefs when writing about ethics and politics. This paper begins by suggesting that an esoteric philosophy of history encourages a set of specific biases when writing histories of philosophy. Proponents of esotericism are liable to be far too ready to conclude that philosophers intended to hide their beliefs; they are likely to be insufficiently attuned to the varied contexts in which philosophers write; and they are likely to be too ready to assimilate the beliefs of philosophers to a norm. Thereafter the paper considers the presence of these biases in Strauss's account of modernity. Strauss allows for waves of modernity but he defines these waves as part of a single, monolithic project that is defined in contrast to the esoteric character of ancient philosophy and that leads inexorably to nihilism. Once we correct for the biases mentioned above, however, modernity appears as a series of projects located in specific contexts and confronting particular dilemmas. Again, where Strauss presents our own era as one of crisis, this revised account of modernity suggests that we merely confront the more local issue of how to forge a community out of self-governing individuals.
Application Of Maximum-Likelihood Image-Restoration In Quantum-Photon Limited Noncoherent Optical Imaging Systems And Their Relation To Nuclear-Medicine Imaging

Recent studies by others in maximum-likelihood (ML) image restoration have shown the feasibility of restoring positron-emission tomography images to a point beyond the classical limitation in resolution. These results have prompted a parallel study reported herein to determine if a similar method might provide superresolving image-restoration in quantum-photon limited noncoherent imaging systems. The challenge posed in this study is that of restoring Fourier components in the image that have been removed by the optical system. For clarity we summarize in this paper the derivation of the ML-based algorithm, which is an adaptation of the developments in 1,2. Computer simulations are presented which show the feasibility of superresolution and the property of restoring missing Fourier components. Also shown are the results of a preliminary experiment of restoring the image from a defocused camera. Several potential applications that fit this model include fluorescence microscopy, astronomical imaging and infrared imaging.
Adenomatous Polyps of the Colon

A 52-year-old man with no personal or family history of colon cancer, colonic polyps, or inflammatory bowel disease underwent a screening colonoscopy that showed no abnormalities except for a 1.5-cm pedunculated polyp at the hepatic flexure that was removed by means of a snare with cautery. The polyp was a tubulovillous adenoma without high-grade dysplasia. How should his care be managed?
Cellular pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.

The author proposes that paired helical filaments, which contain the protein tau in the fibrillar or β-pleated sheet conformation, compete with microtubules for binding to nascent, soluble tau. Binding of nascent tau to tau in the β-pleated sheet conformation autocatalyzes the conformational change into the β-pleated sheet conformation. As long as sufficient tau is present to stabilize microtubules, neuronal function is normal. However, because paired helical filaments are resistant to proteolysis, they accumulate and eventually bind the bulk of nascent tau. This results in progressive microtubule instability and eventually neuronal death. Senile plaques are involved in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis in that they contain fibrillar proteins which may function as heteronucleants, catalyzing the fibrillogenesis of other proteins such as tau. In this paradigm, apolipoprotein E4 serves as a heteronucleant for fibrillogenesis of tau.
From new towns to green politics. Campaigning for town and country planning, 1946–1990

From new towns to green politics. Campaigning for town and country planning, 1946–1990, Dennis Hardy, Abingdon: Routledge, 2011 [1991], 238 pp., £25 (paperback). This is the paperback edition of a ...
Effects of simazine treatment on channel catfish and bluegill production in ponds

Abstract Application of 13.4 kg/ha of simazine to the bottom of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) ponds before flooding resulted in an extended period of low dissolved oxygen, a 19% reduction (P 0.05). Simazine treatment caused an initial reduction in macrophyte coverage in bluegill ponds, but macrophyte coverage increased as simazine concentrations in the pond water declined.
Territoriality in Proteus: advertisement and aggression.

“Thus, principles of evolution are dramatically exhibited by studying strains of Proteus on a solid medium, which contains a source of nutrients and oxidizable organic compounds. If the descendants of an individual are to compete successfully in this defined habitat, they must have evolved: (i) highly efficient enzyme catalysts to release and trap free energy, (ii) mobile mechanisms to access the site where more free energy is available, and (iii) mechanisms to stake out a claim on free energy—territoriality, one of the fundamental principles of ecology. Microbes did it first.” ---Ralph S. Wolfe1 Members of the bacterial species Proteus mirabilis are capable of rapid swarming over a hard agar surface. Swarming colonies display a striking phenotype in which a visible boundary forms between swarms of different strains. In contrast, boundaries do not arise between two swarms of a single strain (Figure 1). This behavior is a demonstration that P. mirabilis swarms are capable of territoriality and self versus non-self recognition. Though first described over 70 years ago, the molecular mechanisms underlying boundary formation in P. mirabilis have remained stubbornly elusive despite the combined efforts of several research groups. In this article we attempt to give a concise review of the historical and current models for Proteus boundary formation. We begin with a brief background on the genus Proteus and specifically the species Proteus mirabilis, followed by a review of swarm boundary formation. We then analyze the two prominent models for boundary formation: (1) preemptive antagonism and (2) recognition. We conclude with the broader implications of P. mirabilis territoriality and self vs non-self recognition. Figure 1 Boundary between P. mirabilis strains 2. The genus Proteus 2.1 General information about the ecology of Proteus The genus Proteus is a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family. Proteus can be found in soil and contaminated water, and for some Proteus species, in the intestinal tract of animals. In soil and water, and perhaps healthy animals, Proteus species are likely involved in the degradation of organic material. These bacteria are noted for their ability to utilize urea as a source of nitrogen and energy2. The two Proteus species most commonly found in humans are P. mirabilis and to a lesser extent P. vulgaris3. Jacobsen et al. and Manos et al. recently reviewed Proteus pathogenesis in detail2,3. In brief, P. mirabilis is an opportunistic pathogen that causes complicated urinary tract infections, especially in people requiring long-term indwelling catheterization4. In hospital and nursing home settings, Proteus species can also cause infections in the ear, nose, throat, and skin, among others, especially immunocompromised individuals. Infections at multiple sites in a single patient are caused by single P. mirabilis strains; P. mirabilis strains isolated from the catheter, urine, feces and kidney stones of a single patient are often the same strain, suggesting that P. mirabilis infections are clonal5–7.
Obstetrician-gynecologists' knowledge and opinions about the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) committee, the Women's Health Amendment, and the Affordable Care Act: national study after the release of the USPSTF 2009 Breast Cancer Screening Recommendation Statement.

Abstract Objective Investigate the knowledge and opinions of obstetrician and gynecologists (ob–gyns) regarding the USPSTF committee and statement, and to assess their reactions to healthcare legislation. Methods A national cross-sectional survey study of ob–gyns was conducted six months after a controversial USPSTF recommendation statement was released in November 2009. Ob–gyns' opinions about the Women's Health Amendment (WHA) and the Affordable Care Act (ACA) were also assessed. Results A total of 54% of ob–gyns knew that the USPSTF recommendations do not represent the position of the U.S. government and 40% knew that the USPSTF is not comprised of federal employees. A majority (60%) thought that the USPSTF was influenced by potential costs more than guidelines should be. When examining ob–gyns opinions about new national health policies, 88% support the mammography coverage provided by the WHA but support for the ACA varied. Conclusion This study provides a snapshot of ob–gyns' knowledge and opinions about the USPSTF and breast cancer screening guidelines at a controversial point in time. Our findings are a unique contribution to larger efforts to understand health and political policy as the culture of medicine continues to evolve.
Acoustic metamaterial plates for elastic wave absorption and structural vibration suppression

Abstract This article presents the design and modeling techniques and design guidelines, and reveals the actual working mechanism of acoustic metamaterial plates for elastic wave absorption and structural vibration suppression. Each of the studied metamaterial plates is designed by integrating two (or one) isotropic plates with distributed discrete mass-spring-damper subsystems that act as local vibration absorbers. For an infinite metamaterial plate, its stopband is obtained by dispersion analysis on an analytical unit cell. For a finite metamaterial plate with specific boundary conditions, frequency response analysis of its full-size finite-element model is performed to show its stopband behavior, and the stopband behavior is further confirmed by transient analysis based on direct numerical integration of the finite-element equations. Influences of the vibration absorbers׳ local resonant frequencies and damping ratios and the plate׳s damping, boundary conditions, and natural frequencies and mode shapes are thoroughly examined. The concepts of negative effective mass and spring and acoustic and optical wave modes are explained in detail. The working mechanism of acoustic metamaterial plates is revealed to be based on the concept of conventional vibration absorbers. An absorber׳s resonant vibration excited by the incoming elastic wave generates a concentrated inertial force to work against the plate׳s internal shear force, straighten the plate, and attenuate/stop the wave propagation. Numerical results show that the stopband׳s location is determined by the local resonant frequency of absorbers, the stopband׳s width increases with the (absorber mass)/(unit cell mass) ratio, and increase of absorbers׳ damping significantly increases the stopband׳s width and reduces low-frequency vibration amplitudes. However, too much damping may deactivate the stopband effect, and the plate׳s material damping is not as efficient as absorbers׳ damping for suppression of low-frequency vibrations.
World-model-based collision avoidance system for a force-reflecting telerobot

A world model collision avoidance system has been developed in the Kansas Augmented Telerobotics Laboratory (KATL) at the University of Kansas. Collision avoidance is implemented on a Kraft Telerobotics master/slave system. The two primary components of the system discussed within are the building the obstacle model and the scheme for the distributed sampling of the obstacle model by the slave model. The system rune in real-time on a PC-AT platform. The collision avoidance system samples the location of objects in the slave's surroundings from the KATL world model. The system then converts a simplified constructive solid geometry (CSG) representation of the world model into the octree representation of the obstacle model. The world model represents objects with variable amounts of detail. This allows the user to select the amount of detail that is passed the collision avoidance system, which leads directly to the amount of detail in the obstacle model. At run time, the future position of the slave is predicted. The collision avoidance system resolves each link of the slave into an octree structure and requests the octree of the obstacle model in the vicinity of the slave across an Arcnet LAN. The system uses a fast algorithm to determine whether a collision will occur. If a collision is imminent, feedback forces are applied to the master to avoid the potential collision.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
EFFECTS OF DDAVP ON GENDER-SPECIFIC VERBAL AND VISUOSPATIAL TASKS IN HEALTHY YOUNG ADULTS

Although several studies have demonstrated the efficacy of the vasopressin analog DDAVP in enhancing human cognition, few previous studies have explored possible interactions of treatment with DDAVP and gender in healthy young adults. The present study was undertaken to explore the effects of treatment with DDAVP on gender-specific tasks. Male and female volunteers were treated with either DDAVP or saline and asked to recall lists of words and to perform the Paper Folding and Stroop Color Word Tests. Although treatment with DDAVP produced few effects in these tasks, the effects that were noted involved impairment of performance.
Physostigmine effects in Alzheimer's disease: Relationship to dementia severity

Eleven demented patients were administered .004, .009, and .013 mg/kg physostigmine intramuscularly, and placebo, double-blind, in Phase 1. The most effective dose, in terms of showing the best memory score as compared to saline, was repeated during Phase 2. Five patients improved their verbal memory scores in both Phases 1 and 2 after the most effective dose of physostigmine; these five "responders" were found to be significantly more demented than the six "nonresponders." Drug-induced increases in memory scores were significantly correlated with illness severity. Intrusions, which were not a factor in selection of the most effective dose, were reduced in the group as a whole, with the responders showing the most improvement and the nonresponders the least. The association between physostigmine effect and degree of dementia suggests to us that the severe cases may have more permeable blood-brain barriers, and that drug availability to the brain is an important factor in evaluating treatment of SDAT with cholinergic substances.
Quantifier Elimination for Real Closed Fields by Cylindrical Algebraic Decomposition: a synopsis

This is a brief summary and exposition of the paper "Quantifier Elimination for Real Closed Fields by Cylindrical Algebraic Decomposition," which was presented at the Second GI Conference on Automata Theory and Formal Languages, University of Kaiserslautern, May 1975, and which appears in the proceedings of that conference, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 33 (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1975, pages 134--183). A preliminary version of this paper was presented at the EUROSAM 74 Conference, Stockholm, July 1974, and appears in the proceedings of that conference, SIGSAM Bulletin, Vol. 8, No. 3 (August 1974), pages 30--90. The final version of the paper includes a rather detailed analysis of the computing time of the algorithm, which was omitted from the preliminary version In addition, the final version describes several significant improvements to the algorithm of the earlier version.
Intermittency and the expanding emitting source model

Factorial moments for fragment charges have been calculated using the expanding-emitting-source model. Signals suggestive of intermittency are found when events are summed over the wide range of excitation energy approximating reactions of Au on emulsion at 1 GeV/nucleon. Of particular importance are events at high excitation energy which lack final residues and are associated with the vaporization of the source. A link between the behavior of the factorial moments and vaporization is suggested.
Airway management of a child after tracheal resection.

To report a strategy for minimizing airway risks and optimizing airway management in the post-reanastomosis phase of the anesthetic management of a patient undergoing tracheal reconstruction. A 14-yr-old boy with squamous cell carcinoma of his trachea underwent a tracheal resection and end-to-end reanastomosis for removal of tumour. This procedure was accomplished through a right thoracotomy. A thoracic epidural had been placed before induction of anesthesia through which 3 mg morphine and 10 ml bupivacaine 0.25% with epinephrine were administered during surgery. After chest wall closure the patient was allowed to recover spontaneous respiration and the trachea was extubated during deep anesthesia to eliminate airway response with coughing which might have stressed the anastomosis. An infusion of bupivacaine 0.0625% and morphine (100 μg · ml−1) was maintained until the third postoperative day. The patient had an unremarkable postoperative course and was discharged on the eighth postoperative day. In this case thoracic epidural analgesia and tracheal extubation during deep anesthesia was a safe and effective strategy for minimizing airway risks and optimizing airway management in after the reanastomosis phase of tracheal resection.
Effects on Eye Color Mediated by DNA Injection into Drosophila Embryos

Drosophila embryos of v; bw constitution were injected with purified v+; bw+ (allo-) and v; bw (iso-) DNA solutions. Flies with partial formation of brown pigment were recovered from both kinds of DNA injections, and several stocks were successfully established.
Developing citizens and communities through youth environmental action

Although several studies have examined learning outcomes of environmental action experiences for youth, little is known about the aims motivating practitioners to involve youth in action creating positive environmental and social change, nor how practitioners perceive success. This research explored through phenomenological interviews practitioners’ purposes for using an environmental action approach. Practitioners in this inquiry, who engaged youth in action addressing a range of environmental issues in varied programmatic and community contexts in the US, expressed multifaceted aims motivating their educational practice. Interpretation of practitioners’ stories with respect to their purposes and perceptions of success contributed to a conceptual framework relating environmental action to the development of citizens and sustainable communities. Whereas others have described the stages and learning outcomes of environmental action, this inquiry illustrates the potential of environmental action for concurr...
The effect of microstructure on the transport properties of glasses in the sodium silicate system

The internal friction and DC electrical resistivity of amorphously decomposed binary sodium silicate glasses containing from 4.0 to 18.4 mole % Na2O have been measured. The observed phase separation has little effect upon the internal friction of these glasses. The magnitude and temperature behaviour of the DC electrical resistivity is affected by the degree and type of amorphous decomposition.
The prognostic significance of thrombocytosis in uterine papillary serous carcinomas

Abstract Objectives We have shown that preoperative thrombocytosis (platelet counts >400×10 9 /l) is an independent poor prognostic factor in epithelial ovarian cancers (EOC) and is associated with worse survival. In light of the similarities between uterine papillary serous carcinomas (UPSC) and EOC, we sought to determine the incidence of thrombocytosis in UPSC and examine associations with clinico-pathologic features and survival. Methods 68 patients with UPSC were identified between 1996 and 2004 at 3 institutions. After IRB approval, records were retrospectively reviewed and data analyzed using Chi-squared and Cox proportional hazards model; survival was analyzed by the method of Kaplan and Meier. Results 8/68 (12%) patients had thrombocytosis at primary diagnosis. Patients with thrombocytosis were found to have more advanced stage disease ( p =0.002) and ascites >1 L ( p p p =0.0067) and overall survival (24 versus 45 months, p =0.0026). On multivariate analysis, thrombocytosis retained significance as a poor prognostic indicator in patients after controlling for age and stage ( p =0.04). Conclusions Thrombocytosis may be a marker of aggressive tumor biology in UPSC. Platelet-secreted growth factors may promote aggressive cancer phenotype through contribution to metastasis, invasion, and primary tumor growth.
Transmission of Necrotizing Hepatopancreatitis in Penaeus vannamei

Abstract Necrotizing hepatopancreatitis (NHP) has been an important disease of shrimp mariculture in Texas since it was first recognized in 1985. This disease has resulted in mass mortalities of Penaeus vannamei in commercial growout ponds. Though the cause has remained an enigma, results of a recent morphologic study suggested that the etiology was of one or possibly two intracellular bacteria. The predominant organism associated with necrotic hepatopancreatic tubules was a small, pleomorphic rod, while small numbers of a unique helical organism was sometimes also present. In the present study, successful transmission of necrotizing hepatopancreatitis was accomplished in P. vannamei. Shrimp were injected with a suspension of small, pleomorphic, Gram-negative organisms isolated from spontaneously infected farmed shrimp. Experimentally infected shrimp demonstrated characteristic histologic lesions of NHP and intracellular bacteria in hepatopancreatic epithelial cells. Ultrastructurally, moderate numbers of small pleomorphic rods were demonstrated within hepatopancreatic cells of four infected shrimp, while only a single helical organism was identified. The findings indicate that NHP is the result of a bacterial infection and that the small, pleomorphic, Gram-negative bacterium plays a major role in the pathogenesis of the disease. The relationship of the helical organism in development of the disease and its relationship to the pleomorphic bacterium could not be determined from this study. Shrimp maintained for 20 weeks in a tank that had previously held NHP-infected shrimp failed to develop histologic evidence of hepatopancreatic intracellular infection or evidence of disease. The findings suggest that transmission of this intracellular bacterium may involve a reservoir host and/or that it requires specific environmental conditions.
Characterization of the fatigue properties of a hybrid composite utilized in high voltage electric transmission

Abstract The fatigue properties of a unidirectional carbon/glass/epoxy hybrid composite used as the load bearing member of the next generation high voltage transmission lines were evaluated. It was found that the composite showed a strong sensitivity to the amount of transverse loading when tested using the rotating beam method. These results indicate that the bearing stress at mechanical connections must be considered for effective fatigue life design. At the lowest stress amplitude evaluated in this research, the hybrid composite material exhibited run-out behavior. For the remaining stress amplitudes, the S–N behavior of the hybrid composite material was well described by a “Basquin type” power law relationship. It was also found that the composite exhibited a period of “wear-in” behavior in which the composites’ axial modulus increased substantially. This increase was attributed to a change in the alignment of the reinforcing fibers under the influence of an applied load.
Survey of C. difficile-Specific Infection Control Policies in Local Long-Term Care Facilities.

Introduction: The incidence and severity of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) has been increasing and long-term care facility (LTCF) residents are at high risk given their age, co-morbidities, and high antibiotic exposure. Infection control policies are crucial for controlling CDI, but there are currently no regulatory guidelines in the United States. Therefore, we evaluated infection control policies in local LTCFs to define the CDI-specific policies and the administrative and staff understanding of CDI, so as to identify perceived barriers for compliance. Methods: IRB approval was sought and exemption granted, all 8 local LTCFs were asked to participate. Each facility was visited by study personnel who interviewed the administrative Infection Control Practitioner (ICP) and 3-4 Licensed Practical Nurses (LPNs) with distinct survey format. Infection control policies were then compared to the SHEA recommendations for CDI in LTCFs. Results: Of the eligible facilities, 75% (n = 6) participated. ICP (n = 6) and LPNs (n = 21) were interviewed. All facilities accept residents with active CDI and 2 had written CDI-specific infection control policies. All facilities had hand hygiene or glove use policies and 2 had policies for the use of sporicidal environmental cleaning. No facility restricted antibiotic use. Each facility has a policy to instruct their staff through in-services, either annually or upon new hire, but 33% (n = 7) LPNs reported no facility-based CDI training. While 80% (n = 17) of LPNs felt comfortable with the facility CDI policies, only 11 accurately restated it. ICPs felt the most relevant barrier to staff compliance was time constraints (n = 4, 67%), however, LPNs felt it was limited knowledge (n = 10, 48%) and poor communication (n = 2, 10%). Discussion and Conclusions: With the increasing incidence and severity of CDI in LCTF, few of the facilities surveyed had CDI-specific policies. Despite CDI-specific training, there is a perceived knowledge and communication gap for staff caring for residents with CDI.
Development of Embryonic Pattern in D. melanogaster as Revealed by Accumulation of the Nuclear engrailed Protein

Engrailed is required to establish and maintain developmental compartments within each segment of the fly. To understand the role of the engrailed protein in this process, we have raised antibodies against engrailed and have visualized an engrailed protein in embryos by indirect immunofluorescence. The protein accumulates in the nucleus, supporting the notion that engrailed is a regulatory factor. The first pattern of expression is in alternating segments followed by expression in every segment, suggesting that engrailed may be responding to pair-rule segmentation gene products. Overall, engrailed protein levels peak in areas undergoing morphogenesis. Finally, the complex final form of the head and terminalia derive from earlier simple subdivision of these areas into developmental fields by engrailed.