cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Counselors in the Safe Schools Movement: Introduction to the Special Issue on Safe Schools for Queer and Trans Students

In this introduction to the special issue on safe schools for queer and trans students, the authors call attention to the role of professional counselors in developing safer school climates for all students. In doing so, a brief history of the safe schools movement in the United States is provided. The authors introduce the articles contained in this special issue and outline the most pressing social justice issues professional counselors across settings must address to provide culturally-responsive interventions to queer and trans students.
Glycogenolytic Activity of Cyclic 3',5'-Monophosphates in Perfused Rat Liver

The comparative glycogenolytic effects of cyclic N6-2'-O-dibutyryl-(DBC), inosine-(3',5'-IMP), cytidine-(3',5'-CMP), guanosine-(3',5'-GMP), thymidine-(3',5'-TMP), uridine-(3',5'-UMP) and 7-deaza-adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate (3',5'-pTu), and 5'-AMP, inosine and Ringer solution were studied in isolated perfused livers of fed rats. The compounds were infused in equimolar dosage (7.8 mmoles/hr)using a perfusate medium of either whole rat blood and Ringer solution (BLD) for 4 hr (62 experiments) or Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate (KRB) buffer for 150 min (29 experiments). A rank order of glycemic activity was observed, with DBC, 3',5'- pTu, 3',5'-IMP and its monobutyryl derivative showing greatest activity among the cyclic nucleotides tested. 3',5'-TMP, 3',5'-UMP, 3',5'- CMP, inosine and 5'-AMP did not significantly increase glucose compared to control perfusions with Ringer solution. 3',5'-GMP-induced hyperglycemia was significantly more than Ringer solution transiently and only in the KRB perfusate. The similar ch...
Response-Card Instruction and Student Learning in a College Classroom

We compared the effects of in-class review questions with and without student-response cards on learning and participation in a community college classroom using an alternating treatments design. In addition, students completed consumer satisfaction questionnaires at 3 points throughout the course. A higher percentage of students earned an A on their end-of-class quiz during classes with response cards than during those without. The use of response cards also resulted in greater student participation compared to classes in which response cards were not used. The consumer satisfaction questionnaire indicated favorable student evaluation of the response-card method of instruction. We discuss these results in the context of extending the research on active student responding in college classrooms.
Simultaneous Video Stabilization and Moving Object Detection in Turbulence

Turbulence mitigation refers to the stabilization of videos with nonuniform deformations due to the influence of optical turbulence. Typical approaches for turbulence mitigation follow averaging or dewarping techniques. Although these methods can reduce the turbulence, they distort the independently moving objects, which can often be of great interest. In this paper, we address the novel problem of simultaneous turbulence mitigation and moving object detection. We propose a novel three-term low-rank matrix decomposition approach in which we decompose the turbulence sequence into three components: the background, the turbulence, and the object. We simplify this extremely difficult problem into a minimization of nuclear norm, Frobenius norm, and 21 norm. Our method is based on two observations: First, the turbulence causes dense and Gaussian noise and therefore can be captured by Frobenius norm, while the moving objects are sparse and thus can be captured by 21 norm. Second, since the object's motion is linear and intrinsically different from the Gaussian-like turbulence, a Gaussian-based turbulence model can be employed to enforce an additional constraint on the search space of the minimization. We demonstrate the robustness of our approach on challenging sequences which are significantly distorted with atmospheric turbulence and include extremely tiny moving objects.
Integrated superlattices and metamaterials

Physics is built on the use of constitutive equations governed by the Random Phase Approximation to deal with cancellations resulting from space-time variations of the phase of waves. Special handling of phase becomes possible in engineered materials, such as domain formations and periodicity. When dealing with interactions involving superlattices as well as metamaterials, the phase of electron or electromagnetic waves can be exploited in numerous ways. Examples include systems with gain such as amplifiers and oscillators, as well as serving as passive impedance matching elements such as image formation with lenses.
Effectiveness of religiously tailored interventions in Christian therapy

Abstract Christian therapy is sought by many clients, yet the existing research examining its effectiveness is sparse. Clients (n=220) and their therapists (n=51) in 6 Christian agencies and 1 secular agency across the United States participated in a study of Christian therapy. Clients and therapists in Christian therapy generally believed that religiously tailored interventions were appropriate. Clients in Christian therapy and secular therapy reported feeling equally close to their therapists and equal (and appreciable) improvements in their presenting problems over time. Compared with therapists in the secular agency, those in Christian agencies used secular interventions as frequently and religious interventions more frequently. Across all agencies, clients with high religious commitment reported greater closeness with their therapists and greater improvement in their presenting concerns when receiving religious interventions than did clients with low religious commitment.
Enhancement by zirconium of extraction of cations by organophosphorus acids—I monoacidic phosphonates☆

Abstract The extraction of zirconium from aqueous solutions by monoacidic phosphonates (monoesters of phosphonic acids) produces compounds which are much stronger extractants for many cations than are the simple acidic phosphonates. The most highly enhanced extractions observed are those of some of the alkaline earths and the lighter trivalent lanthanides and actinides. With 2-ethylhexyl phenylphosphonic acid (HEH[φP]) containing zirconium, extraction enhancement factors as high as 10 4 have been observed for some alkaline earths. Other cations for which zirconium increases extraction include Li(I), Ag(I), Tl(I), Mn(II), Co(II), Fe(III) in chloride, Y(III), Pb(IV), and Pu(IV), but not Cs(I), Be(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Cr(III), Fe(III) in nitrate, nor Sc(III). Enhancements vary with the anionic constituent of the aqueous solution. Enhancement is a complex function of the zirconium concentration. Hafnium and titanium are the only elements other than zirconium so far known to produce this enhancement. A suggested mechanism involves cation exchange with the hydrogen of a hydroxyl on a complex zirconic acid.
Ciske en zijn snijtanden

Leuk om een rat in je flat te hebben – op voorwaarde natuurlijk dat zijn aanwezigheid op uitnodiging is. En niet in het minst omdat de rat als knaagdier zulke bijzondere dentale eigenschappen heeft.
Coronary blood flow in patients with severe aortic stenosis before and after transcatheter aortic valve implantation.

Patients with severe aortic stenosis and no obstructed coronary arteries are reported to have reduced coronary flow. Doppler evaluation of proximal coronary flow is feasible using transesophageal echocardiography. The present study aimed to assess the change in coronary flow in patients with severe aortic stenosis undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). The left main coronary artery was visualized using transesophageal echocardiography in 90 patients undergoing TAVI using the Edwards SAPIEN valve. The peak systolic and diastolic velocities of the coronary flow and the time-velocity integral were obtained before and after TAVI using pulse-wave Doppler. Mean aortic gradients decreased from 47.1 ± 15.7 mm Hg before TAVI to 3.6 ± 2.6 mm Hg after TAVI (p 2 (p 10% in 43 patients (47.2%). Pearson's correlation coefficient revealed the change in LVEDP as the best correlate of change in coronary flow (R = −0.41, p = 0.003). In conclusion, TAVI resulted in a significant increase in coronary flow. The change in coronary flow was associated mostly with a decrease in LVEDP.
On the pressure drop modeling of monofilament-woven fabrics

Abstract Pressure drop of monofilament-woven fabrics is often calculated via the so-called orifice model in which a discharge coefficient is assigned to the weave's unit cell. In all previous models of woven fabrics, the filaments were assumed to have circular cross-sections—an assumption which is not entirely accurate especially when there is a considerable tension in the warps and wefts. Following the methodology developed by Lu et al. [1996. Fluid flow through basic weaves of monofilament filter cloth. Textile Research Journal 66 (5), 311–323], a new set of expressions are derived for calculating the most constricted open area, and so the discharge coefficient, of plain-woven monofilament fabrics having filaments with elliptical cross-sections. Conducting numerical simulations for computing the pressure drop of such fabrics, we observed a logarithmic relationship between the discharge coefficient and the Reynolds number. It was also shown that the discharge coefficient decreases by increasing the aspect ratio of the filaments’ cross-section.
1960s Africa in Historical Perspective: An Introduction

Scholars and other commentators have largely characterized the histories of African nations in terms of failed states, economic underdevelopment, political corruption, and civil war. This introduct...
The interplay between individual, social, and environmental influences on chimpanzee food choices.

Abstract The foraging activity of chimpanzees requires individuals to balance personal preferences with nutrient requirements, food availability, and interactions with members of their social group. To determine whether chimpanzee food preferences are fixed or malleable across varying socio-ecological contexts, we presented six zoo-housed chimpanzees with pairwise combinations of four different foods under two experimental conditions. First, we individually tested each chimpanzee's choices for the four foods to ascertain individual preferences. Second, we tested the chimpanzees in a situation which more-closely mimicked the foraging pressures experienced by wild chimpanzees. In this second condition, the chimpanzees were tested in a group setting and the food availability was less predictable, such as in a patchy foraging environment. Subjects expressed significant variation in their selection of which foods to consume in the two different contexts and also appeared more willing to consume less-preferred foods in the unpredictable, social environment. These results suggest that chimpanzees’ food preferences are not fixed, but change with context and are likely mediated by social facilitation. This is not only important to understand chimpanzees’ foraging patterns and dietary requirements, but also has implications for experimental paradigms that rely on food preferences.
Atypical presentation of a large interstitial pregnancy

We report the case of a 20-year-old female who presented to the ER with a 1-week history of worsening abdominal pain and intermittent vaginal bleeding for the previous 5 days. Physical exam was notable for bilateral adnexal tenderness and a closed cervix without motion tenderness or discharge. Laboratory data demonstrated a beta HCG level of 7,787 IU/L, and pelvic ultrasound with transvaginal imaging was subsequently performed. Neither an adnexal mass nor a normal intrauterine pregnancy was demonstrable; however, a focal right fundal 7-cm area of heterogeneous echogenicity was observed. Initial findings were felt indeterminate with considerations including potential degenerating leiomyoma coexistent with a nonvisualized intrauterine pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy, or recent spontaneous abortion versus atypical interstitial ectopic pregnancy. The patient, initially declining further clinical intervention, returned within 24 h with continued pain. A repeat ultrasound demonstrated a relatively static and unchanged appearance with only a minimal concurrent interval increase in beta HCG levels. MRI was performed for further elucidation and demonstrated a heterogeneously hypervascular right fundal interstitial 6-cm mass, which, in the clinical context, was most suspicious for an ectopic pregnancy. Confirmatory laparoscopic cornual wedge resection and salpingectomy was subsequently performed.
Adaptively Reevaluated Bayesian Localization (ARBL): A novel technique for radiological source localization

Abstract We present a novel technique for the localization of radiological sources in urban or rural environments from an aerial platform. The technique is based on a Bayesian approach to localization, in which measured count rates in a time series are compared with predicted count rates from a series of pre-calculated test sources to define likelihood. This technique is expanded by using a localized treatment with a limited field of view (FOV), coupled with a likelihood ratio reevaluation, allowing for real-time computation on commodity hardware for arbitrarily complex detector models and terrain. In particular, detectors with inherent asymmetry of response (such as those employing internal collimation or self-shielding for enhanced directional awareness) are leveraged by this approach to provide improved localization. Results from the localization technique are shown for simulated flight data using monolithic as well as directionally-aware detector models, and the capability of the methodology to locate radioisotopes is estimated for several test cases. This localization technique is shown to facilitate urban search by allowing quick and adaptive estimates of source location, in many cases from a single flyover near a source. In particular, this method represents a significant advancement from earlier methods like full-field Bayesian likelihood, which is not generally fast enough to allow for broad-field search in real time, and highest-net-counts estimation, which has a localization error that depends strongly on flight path and cannot generally operate without exhaustive search.
The glomerular basal lamina in hereditary nephritis.

Characteristic ultrastructural alterations of the glomerular basal lamina have been reported in hereditary nephritis. The basal lamina is irregularly thickened and the lamina densa shows replication with a “basket weave” pattern, enclosing electron-lucent lacunae which frequently contain small dense particles. However there is controversy regarding the specificity of this lesion in hereditary nephritis. To determine the specificity, 366 renal biopsies from 310 children were studied retrospectively. Twenty-four out of 27 patients with hereditary nephritis showed the characteristic changes of the basal lamina and they were widespread in 17. Two patients with recurrent haematuria but no family history of deafness or haematuria showed similar extensive changes and are regarded as new mutant cases of hereditary nephritis. Similar changes were seen in 17 of the 281 patients with other conditions but were always localized to a few capillary loops. We conclude that a widespread “basket weave” pattern appears to be confined to hereditary nephritis and is seen in the great majority of such cases.
Annual pelvic examination in the sexually active adolescent female: what are we doing and why are we doing it?

This question began to be formulated about 4 years ago as my colleagues and I were evaluating the efficacy of using urine-based DNA amplification tests to detect genital chlamydial infections in healthy sexually active young women. To begin the discussion it is necessary to define the problem. (excerpt)
Organizational Genealogies and the Persistence of Gender Inequality: The Case of Silicon Valley Law Firms

Using a study on foundings of Silicon Valley law firms, I propose and test an organizational theory on the genealogical persistence of gender inequality that emphasizes the routines (or blueprints) and experiences that founders transfer from their parent firms to their new firms. This transfer links the parent firm's gender hierarchy to women's advancement opportunities in the new firm. Founders from parent firms that historically had women in leadership positions, such that female leadership is institutionalized, are more likely to found firms that promote women into prominent positions. Conversely, founders from firms that historically had women in subordinate positions, such that female subordination is institutionalized, are less likely to promote women into prominent positions. Findings are consistent with the theory and also show that the persistence effect is stronger for founders who were previously lower-ranked employees and for founders who institute an organization of work similar to their pare...
ATOMIZATION IN A VENTURI SCRUBBER

High speed motion pictures were made or the breakup of a single jet of water in the throat of a venturi scrubber for various air and water jet velocities and different nozzle diameters. Atomization seemed to occur as the result of several different mechanisms, depending on the flow conditions, the most common mechanisms being breakup due to either capillary or acceleration waves and also breakup by “steady shear,” all of which have been observed by other investigators. The so-called “cloud-type” atomization proposed by Hesketh (1970) was not observed despite several attempts to achieve it. Measured values of pressure drop across the test section of the scrubber compare well with previously published results.
Trace fossils in amber: A new dimension for the ichnologist

Although amber has never been cited as a medium for trace fossils, the present study shows that fossilized resin does contain ichnofossils. Examples of impressions, secretions, protective coverings, domiciles, excretory products and feeding behavior occur in amber. These ichnofossils can be used to determine not only the presence of invertebrates and vertebrates at particular periods in the past, but also aspects of their behavior. Such fossils play a role in understanding past terrestrial ecosystems.
Selecting between gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin drops in ambulatory ophthalmic surgery.

The fourth-generation fluoroquinolones gatifloxacin (Zymar, Allergan Inc., Irvine, CA) and moxifloxacin (Vigamox, Alcon Laboratories Inc., Fort Worth, TX) are the broadest-spectrum topical antibiotics commercially available for the prophylaxis or treatment of ophthalmic infections. Compared with
Design and Synthesis of Alternating Regioregular Oligothiophenes/ Benzothiadiazole Copolymers for Organic Solar Cells

Low-bandgap regioregular polythiophene derivatives, PTh6BTD, PTh8BTD, and PTh4TTBTD, were synthesized through Stille coupling reaction. These are alternating copolymers of an electron-deficient ben...
Managerial ownership and firm performance: A re-examination using productivity measurement

Abstract The role of productivity in firm performance is of fundamental importance to the US economy. Consistent with the corporate finance approach, this paper uses the ownership stake of a firm's managers as an argument in estimating the firm's production function. Accordingly, this paper brings together the corporate finance and productivity literature. Using a large sample of randomly selected manufacturing firms that does not suffer from any survivorship or large firm size biases, we find that managerial ownership changes are positively related to changes in productivity. We also find a higher sensitivity of changes in managerial ownership to changes in productivity for firms who experience greater than the median change in managerial ownership. These results are robust to including lagged estimates of production inputs, year dummies and separate dummies for each firm to control for unobservable firm characteristics. In addition, we find that the stock market rewards firms with increases in firm value when these firms increase their level of productivity.
Performance analysis of three solutions to blockage problem in antennas operating in shared platform environment

Several approaches to reducing the blockage effects introduced by a rod- or wire-type antenna, obstructing the field of view of a reflector or another monopole, have been investigated and their performances have been compared. The far field patterns of the obstructed antenna in the presence of the blockage, with and without the cloak, have been numerically simulated.
Getting started in student affairs development

This chapter examines the challenges that are associated with initiating a fundraising effort in a student affairs division, particularly for administrators at large public universities.
Propargyl complexes of ruthenium

Abstract The first ruthenium-propargyl complexes CpL 2 RuCH 2 C=CPh (LCO ( 1 ) and PPh 3 ( 2 )) were synthesized by reaction of [Cp(CO) 2 Ru] − with PhCCCH 2 Cl or PhCCCH 2 OS(O) 2 C 6 H 4 Me- p and of Cp(PPh 3 ) 2 RuCl with PhC CCH 2 MgCl, respectively. In contrast, treatment of [Cp(CO) 2 Ru] − with HCCCH 2 Cl affords the ruthenium-η 1 -allenyl complex Cp(CO) 2 RuCHCCH 2 ( 3 ). Complex 1 is protonated by HBF 4 ·OEt 2 to ( syn -Cp(CO) 2 Ru(η 2 CH CCHPh)]BF 4 ( 4a ), which isomerizes within 2 h in acetone solution at room temperature to [ anti -Cp(CO) 2 Ru(η 2 -CH 2 CCHPh)]BF 4 ( 4b ). Compound 4b reacts with Pt(PPh 3 ) 2 (C 2 H 4 ) to give the ruthenium-substituted platinum (II)-η 3 allyl complex [(η-CH 2 C(Ru(CO) 2 Cp)CHPh)Pt(PPh 3 ) 2 ]BF 4 as the anti isomer quantitatively. Compound 1 undergoes facile [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions with tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) and p -toluenesulfonyl isocyanate (TSI); the latter reaction in CH 2 Cl 2 solution at 25°C proceeds slightly more rapidly (1.3 times) than the corresponding reaction of Cp(CO) 2 FeCH 2 CCPh. With Co2(CO) 8 , 1 yields the trinuclear (CO) 3 Co(μ-η 2 -PhCCCH 2 Ru(CO) 2 Cp)Co(CO) 3 , which undergoes very slow cleavage of the RuCH 2 bond with CF 3 CO 2 H, and replacement of CO (at Co) with PPh 3 . The foregoing reactions are compared and contrasted with the corresponding reactions of Cp(CO) 2 FeCH 2 CCPh. Where a comparison has been made, 2 was found to react faster than 1; however, its chemistry tends to be complicated by the lower stability of products and a facile PPh 3 -Co ligand exchange. With TSI and CO 2 (CO) 8 , the products are analogous to those of 1 but with Fe 2 (CO) 9 Cp(CO)PPh 3 )RuCH 2 CCPh and Fe(CO) 4 PPh 3 are obtained instead of heteronuclear metal complexes.
Analysis and computation of the derivative function for an isolated Lorentz line

Abstract : Analysis and methods of computation of the function y(x, rho) = (2/pi) integral from 0 to infinity of (exp-2x/(1+rho - squarez - square)) dz/(1+z - squared) are presented. Power series, asymptotic series, and other expansions are developed for six regions of the positive quadrant of the x rho plane. These expansions allow efficient calculation of y(x, rho) to a relative accuracy of 0.01% or better. (Author)
The N-Terminal Extension of Cardiac Troponin T Stabilizes the Blocked State of Cardiac Thin Filament

Cardiac troponin T (cTnT) is a key component of contractile regulatory proteins. cTnT is characterized by a ∼32 amino acid N-terminal extension (NTE), the function of which remains unknown. To understand its function, we generated a transgenic (TG) mouse line that expressed a recombinant chimeric cTnT in which the NTE of mouse cTnT was removed by replacing its 1–73 residues with the corresponding 1–41 residues of mouse fast skeletal TnT. Detergent-skinned papillary muscle fibers from non-TG (NTG) and TG mouse hearts were used to measure tension, ATPase activity, Ca2+ sensitivity (pCa50) of tension, rate of tension redevelopment, dynamic muscle fiber stiffness, and maximal fiber shortening velocity at sarcomere lengths (SLs) of 1.9 and 2.3 μm. Ca2+ sensitivity increased significantly in TG fibers at both short SL (pCa50 of 5.96 vs. 5.62 in NTG fibers) and long SL (pCa50 of 6.10 vs. 5.76 in NTG fibers). Maximal cross-bridge turnover and detachment kinetics were unaltered in TG fibers. Our data suggest that the NTE constrains cardiac thin filament activation such that the transition of the thin filament from the blocked to the closed state becomes less responsive to Ca2+. Our finding has implications regarding the effect of tissue- and disease-related changes in cTnT isoforms on cardiac muscle function.
Formulation of Transparent Colors with a Digital Computer

A digital computer was programed to calculate the concentrations required to produce a given transparent color by mixing soluble dyes. The computation is based on Beer’s law calculations at 65 wavelengths across the visible spectrum. The color to be formulated is specified in terms of CIE tristimulus values derived from instrumental measurement. The computer formulation technique was tested by making up to computed formulas a series of mixtures of dyes in a solvent and in an acrylic resin. The correspondence was good between the measured colors of the mixtures and those for which the formulations were calculated, as indicated by color differences averaging about 1 NBS unit (Adams chromatic value formula, normalized as in ASTM Method D 1482-57T).
The abuse potential of medications for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Recent advances in our understanding

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a psychiatric disorder that first presents in childhood and can cause impairment in social, emotional, and academic functioning. First-line treatment of ADHD is pharmacotherapy with stimulant medication. However, significant concerns about stimulants include their potential misuse or abuse. This review updates the reader on recent findings on the abuse potential of stimulants used to treat ADHD. Specific points of interest include the prevalence of misuse, risk factors associated with misuse, and implications of misuse on later substance use disorders.
Magnetic-field flux density and spectral characteristics of motor-driven personal appliances.

Flux density and spectral measurements were carried out on magnetic fields generated by several types of motor-driven personal appliances used near the body. Among the units tested were several for which the average flux densities, as determined at the surfaces of the appliance, exceeded 0.4 mT. Time-rates-of-change (dB/dt) for several units exceeded 1000 T/s, and several units exhibited high-frequency components in the low-MHz range. Use of such appliances, although normally of short duration, can represent exposure to magnetic fields of relatively high flux density, which may also have high-frequency components. Compared to other household and commercial sources of magnetic fields, those generated by certain motor-driven personal appliances may represent a significant contribution to time-weighted average exposure and may represent an important source of local induced currents in the body. Furthermore, high-frequency transients that represent only a minor contribution to time-weighted average exposure may generate significant instantaneous induced currents. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Caspase-8-mediated intracellular acidification precedes mitochondrial dysfunction in somatostatin-induced apoptosis.

Activation of initiator and effector caspases, mitochondrial changes involving a reduction in its membrane potential and release of cytochrome c (cyt c) into the cytosol, are characteristic features of apoptosis. These changes are associated with cell acidification in some models of apoptosis. The hierarchical relationship between these events has, however, not been deciphered. We have shown that somatostatin (SST), acting via the Src homology 2 bearing tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1, exerts cytotoxic action in MCF-7 cells, and triggers cell acidification and apoptosis. We investigated the temporal sequence of apoptotic events linking caspase activation, acidification, and mitochondrial dysfunction in this system and report here that (i) SHP-1-mediated caspase-8 activation is required for SST-induced decrease in pHi. (ii) Effector caspases are induced only when there is concomitant acidification. (iii) Decrease in pHi is necessary to induce reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential, cyt c release and caspase-9 activation and (iv) depletion of ATP ablates SST-induced cytc release and caspase-9 activation, but not its ability to induce effector caspases and apoptosis. These data reveal that SHP-1-/caspase-8-mediated acidification occurs at a site other than the mitochondrion and that SST-induced apoptosis is not dependent on disruption of mitochondrial function and caspase-9 activation.
Proximal wear rates by tooth position of resin composite restorations.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate restorations, previously placed in clinical trials, for the rate of wear of the proximal surfaces, by tooth position. Materials and methods: Seventy resin composite restorations were evaluated in bicuspids and molars. Fifty restorations were direct placement restorations and 20 were indirect placement restorations. Thirty-five bicuspids and 35 molars were evaluated for proximal wear rate. All restorations were opposing unrestored enamel proximal surfaces. Ten enamel to enamel proximal surfaces were chosen as controls. At baseline, contacts were judged to be closed visually and with thin, unwaxed dental floss. Impressions were taken at baseline and after 6, 12 and 24 months for the fabrication of models. Measurements for proximal wear, as determined by a loss of space between indexed transfer copings, were made under a zoom stereomicroscope by two independent evaluators. A parametric ANOVA, Student-Newman-Keuls, and log curve fit were applied to the data. Results: When all data were pooled regardless of material, there were no significant differences (P 0.950) regardless of actual amount of wear. Conclusions: Regardless of composites examined, there were no differences in the amount of proximal wear with regard to tooth position in the arch.
The Clarno Formation of central Oregon, U.S.A. — Volcanism on a thin continental margin

Abstract The Clarno Formation (mostly Eocene) of central Oregon, U.S.A., was formed as North America moved westward over subducting Pacific Ocean crust. The Clarno is a volcanic and volcanogenic assemblage whose flow rocks show: a calc-alkaline pattern on a Harker diagram, K 2 O-SiO 2 diagram, alkali-SiO 2 diagram, and AFM diagram; and a pattern transitional between calc-alkaline and tholeiitic on a SiO 2 -FeO * /MgO diagram. Its basalts are chemically similar to those of intra-oceanic island arcs (e.g., K 2 O of 0.30%), but subaerial deposition of the entire formation plus differentiation to rocks of high SiO 2 and alkali contents indicate that the Clarno was formed on a continental margin. Comparison of the Clarno with other Pacific-margin volcanic suites indicates that the Clarno was formed on thin (20–30 km) continental crust overlying a subduction zone of about 120 km depth.
Expression of hexokinase 1 and hexokinase 2 in mammary tissue of nonlactating and lactating rats: evaluation by RT-PCR.

Because the initial step in the metabolism of glucose involves phosphorylation by hexokinase (HK), we tested the hypothesis that the expression of the isozymes, hexokinase type 1 (HK1) and hexokinase type 2 (HK2), would be different in rat mammary tissue during pregnancy and lactation. RNA was extracted from mammary tissue dissected from timed pregnant rats (from gestional days 10 to 21) and nursing rat mothers (up to postnatal day 5) for mRNA examination by reverse transcriptase and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using isozyme specific oligonucleotide primers to the HK1 and HK2 cDNAs. The HK1 mRNA was expressed in both the nonlactating and lactating mammary gland tissue, but HK2 mRNA was found only during lactation. We speculate that the pattern of HK expression might affect human milk production and quality.
CarD stabilizes mycobacterial open complexes via a two-tiered kinetic mechanism

CarD is an essential and global transcriptional regulator in mycobacteria. While its biological role is unclear, CarD functions by interacting directly with RNA polymerase (RNAP) holoenzyme promoter complexes. Here, using a fluorescent reporter of open complex, we quantitate RPo formation in real time and show that Mycobacterium tuberculosis CarD has a dramatic effect on the energetics of RNAP bound complexes on the M. tuberculosis rrnAP3 ribosomal RNA promoter. The data reveal that Mycobacterium bovis RNAP exhibits an unstable RPo that is stabilized by CarD and suggest that CarD uses a twotiered, concentration-dependent mechanism by associating with open and closed complexes with different affinities. Specifically, the kinetics of opencomplex formation can be explained by a model where, at saturating concentrations of CarD, the rate of bubble collapse is slowed and the rate of opening is accelerated. The kinetics and open-complex stabilities of CarD mutants further clarify the roles played by the key residues W85, K90 and R25 previously shown to affect CarD-dependent gene regulation in vivo. In contrast to M. bovis RNAP, Escherichia coli RNAP efficiently forms RPo onrrnAP3, suggesting an important difference between the polymerases themselves and highlighting how transcriptional machinery can vary across bacterial genera.
Unbiased stereologic type I and type II hair cell counts in human utricular macula.

Objective: The objective of the study was to obtain unbiased estimates of the total number of type I and type II hair cells in human utricular macula from individuals with documented normal vestibular function. Study Design: Application of unbiased stereology using microdissected human temporal bone specimens was conducted in an observational study. Methods: Postmortem temporal bones were obtained from 10 normal patients (age range, 42-96 y; mean age, 82 y). The utricular maculae were microdissected, embedded in plastic, and cut into serial 2-μm sections. Unbiased estimates of the total number of type I and type II hair cells were obtained using the physical fractionator technique of stereology. Results: The average total number of hair cells was 27,508 (CV = 11%) consisting of 17,326 (coefficient of variation [CV] = 11%) type I hair cells and 10,182 (CV = 13%) type II hair cells. The ratio of type I to type II hair cells was 1.70:1. In the age range of the study, there was no statistically significant correlation between hair cell counts and age. Conclusions: Morphometric studies of the human utricular sensory epithelium can be accomplished using unbiased stereology on microdissected specimens. There was no effect of age on total hair cell counts or on the ratio of type I to type II hair cells in the age range of the study. Further studies on younger subjects are needed to establish the effect of age. The results from the present study are closely aligned with prior studies that estimated total hair cell counts using surface mount preparations. The current data represent the first total type I and type II hair cell counts in human utricular neuroepithelium.
An examination of glutamate decarboxylase65 immunoreactive puncta with respect to rat ventral pallidum neurons after repeated cocaine administration

The ventral pallidum is known to have topographically organized reciprocal gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic projections with the nucleus accumbens, and changes in these connections may play a role in mediating the behavioral sensitizing effect of repeated exposure to cocaine. The present study investigated glutamate decarboxylase-65 (GAD(65)) immunoreactivity in the rat ventral pallidum after repeated cocaine administration. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered bi-daily injections of 15 mg/kg cocaine or saline vehicle for 5 consecutive days. After 2 or 14 days of withdrawal, ventral pallidal sections were immunocytochemically processed for GAD(65) immunoreactive puncta and counts were made. In both groups, there were no statistically significant differences in the number or density of GAD(65) puncta in medial or lateral portions either in contact with neuronal cell bodies or in the neuropil after 2 or 14 days of withdrawal. The results suggest that there is no alteration in the number of GABAergic boutons expressing GAD(65) immunoreactivity in the ventral pallidum after repeated exposure to cocaine.
Screening for mental illness in primary care clinics.

Objectives: To assess the prevalence of mental disorders in inner city outpatient clinics and to improve the diagnosis of mental illness in primary care. Methods: The Problem Oriented Patient Report (POPR), a patient self-report checklist, was administered to 362 outpatients at two inner-city Buffalo primary care clinics. Patients’ completed POPR checklists were evaluated to identify those with potential mental illness diagnoses and were available for the physicians’ review during the patients’ visits. After the visit, clinical charts were reviewed to determine the frequency of new mental illness diagnoses among continuing and new patients. Results: The screening checklist (POPR) revealed potential mental illnesses in 148/362 outpatients, of which 98% had not been identified by the physicians who had reviewed the patients’ completed POPR forms. Only five new diagnoses of mental illnesses were independently made by clinics’ physicians—all in follow-up (continuing) patients. Conclusions: The physicians in the two clinics did not diagnose mental illnesses in their patients, even when written checklists of
The numerical solution of Stokes flow in a domain with re‐entrant boundaries by the boundary element method

Numerical solutions are presented for two-dimensional low Reynolds number flow in a rotating tank with stationary barriers. The boundary element method is employed, assuming straight panels and quadratic source distribution. The feasibility of repositioning the nodes as a way to minimize the error is explored. A stretching parameter places smaller elements near the re-entrant regions. Elementary error analysis shows uniform improvement in the solution with stretching. The changing eddy pattern for different numbers and sizes of the barriers is compared with experimental results.
Assessing the role of inferior olivary sensory signaling in the expression of conditioned eyeblinks using a combined glutamate/GABAA receptor antagonist protocol.

The inferior olive (IO) is a major component of the eyeblink conditioning neural network. The cerebellar learning hypothesis assumes that the IO supplies the cerebellum with a “teaching” unconditio...
The Use of Cs and Sr Isotopes as Tracers in the Arctic Mediterranean Seas

The Arctic Mediterranean Seas constitute an oceanic region in which the thermohaline circulation has a strong advective component and deep ventilation processes are very active relative to other oceanic areas. Details of the nature of these circulation and ventilation processes have been revealed through use of Cs and Sr isotopes from bomb-fallout and nuclear-waste sources as ocean tracers. In both cases, their regional input is dominated by advective supply in the Norwegian Atlantic Current and Norwegian Coastal Current, respectively. The different temporal, spatial, and compositional input patterns of these tracers have been used to study different facets of the regional circulation. These input differences and some representative applications of the use of these tracers are reviewed. The data discussed derive from samples collected both from research vessels and from Arctic ice camps. The topics addressed include: ( a ) the role of Arctic Intermediate Water as source, supplying recent surface water to North Atlantic Deep Water via the Denmark Strait overflow; ( b ) deep convective mixing in the Greenland Sea; ( c ) circulation or recirculation of Atlantic water in the Arctic basins; and ( d ) the role of Arctic shelfwaters in the ventilation of intermediate and deep water in the Eurasian and Canadian basins.
Rehabilitating Walking Speed Poststroke With Treadmill-Based Interventions: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

Background. In the past several years, several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have been reported regarding the efficacy of treadmill-based walking-specific rehabilitation programs, either indi...
JFK, Democracy, and U.S. Security Policy in the Americas

Book reviewed in this article: Stephen G. Rabe, The Most Dangerous Area in the World: John F. Kennedy Confronts Communist Revolution in Latin America
WD40-repeat protein WDR18 collaborates with TopBP1 to facilitate DNA damage checkpoint signaling.

Abstract The genomes of all living organisms are exposed to a wide spectrum of insults. To maintain genomic integrity, eukaryotes have evolved an elaborate surveillance mechanism – DNA damage checkpoint signaling – to detect damaged DNA and to arrest cell cycle progression, allowing time to process and repair DNA damage. TopBP1 plays multiple roles in the regulation of DNA damage checkpoint signaling. However, the molecular mechanism of how TopBP1 regulates ATR-mediated Chk1 phosphorylation is poorly understood. In this communication, we demonstrate (1) that the Chk1 activation domain of TopBP1 is critical in response to several different types of DNA damage; (2) that WD40-repeat protein WDR18 associates with the C-terminus of TopBP1 in vitro and in vivo ; (3) that the association between WDR18 and TopBP1 is required for AT70-induced Chk1 phosphorylation; (4) and that WDR18 itself is required for AT70-triggered Chk1 phosphorylation. In addition, WDR18 associates with Chk1 in vitro . The data suggest that WDR18 facilitates ATR-dependent Chk1 phosphorylation via interacting with both C-terminus of TopBP1 and Chk1. Our findings indicate that WDR18 is a bona fide checkpoint protein and that WDR18 works together with TopBP1 to promote DNA damage checkpoint signaling.
Genetic fate of recombinant adeno-associated virus vector genomes in muscle

Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors are promising human gene transfer vectors, because they mediate long-term gene expression in vivo. The vector DNA form responsible for sustained gene expression has not been clearly defined, but it has been presumed that the vector integrates to some degree and persists in this manner. Using two independent methods, we were unable to identify rAAV integrants in mouse muscle. In the first approach, we were unable to recover host cell-vector DNA junctions from a lambda phage library generated using transduced mouse muscle DNA that contained a high vector copy number. Following this result, we devised a PCR assay based on the principle that integrated rAAV vector sequences could be amplified using primers specific for mouse interspersed repetitive sequences (B1 elements). Using this assay, we analyzed transduced mouse muscle DNA isolated from 6 to 57 weeks after injection and did not detect amplification above background levels. Based on the demonstrated sensitivity of the assay, these results suggested that >99.5% of vector DNA was not integrated. Additional analyses using a novel DNA exonuclease showed that the majority of the rAAV vector DNA in muscle persisted over time as transcriptionally active monomeric and concatameric episomes.
Removal and recovery of compressed CO2 from flue gas by a novel thermal swing chemisorption process

A synopsis of the published literature on removal of CO2 from a flue gas is given. A novel thermal swing chemisorption (TSC) process concept is proposed for removal and recovery of compressed CO2 from a flue gas without precompression, predrying, or precooling. The process uses Na2O promoted alumina as a reversible CO2 selective chemisorbent in conjunction with the principles of rapid thermal swing adsorption for direct production of compressed CO2 from a flue gas. Several complementary process steps are used in the design to compress the product CO2 and to achieve high CO2 recovery and sorbent capacity utilization. Judicious steam purge steps are used for highly efficient sorbent regeneration and to minimize the steam requirement. The CO2 chemisorption characteristics of the sorbent are reviewed and a model simulation of the TSC process performance is reported. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
An active crosstalk reduction technique for parallel high-speed links in low cost wirebond BGA packages

We report a 4-channel 8 Gb/s/channel transmitter test chip assembled in a low cost 4-layer wirebond BGA package to evaluate the impact of active cross-talk mitigation and equalization techniques on signal performance. A half-rate 4-tap feed-forward and a cross-talk induced jitter equalizer is used to compensate package interconnect losses and data dependent signal coupling, respectively. All coefficients of the FFE and crosstalk jitter equalizer have programmable polarity and magnitude. The chip power dissipation is 225 mW, or 7 mW/Gb/s. The FFE and jitter equalizer achieves a measured RMS jitter reduction of 7.5-ps for an improvement of 50%.
Authenticity and historic preservation: towards an authentic history:

Authenticity was neither an exclusive criterion nor even a keyword in the rise of the historic preservation movement before the heated controversies over `Heritage' beginning in the late 1960s. Bot...
Hippocampal representation in place learning

The generality of the place-learning impairment associated with hippocampal system damage was challenged using methods of training that permitted subjects to form an individual association between the place of escape and a particular navigational route in an open-field water maze. Both normal rats and rats with fornix lesions (FX rats) acquired this task rapidly, although FX rats were slightly slower in achieving minimum escape latencies. In postcriterion testing, FX rats occasionally made near misses but, more often, their escape performance was indistinguishable from that of intact rats. Results from a variety of probe tests indicated that FX rats, like normal rats, had based their performance on a representation of multiple distal cues but their representation, unlike that of normal rats, was inflexible in that it could not be used to guide performance when the cues or starting position were altered. These results parallel those from other studies of hippocampal function in animals and humans: The learning deficit consequent to hippocampal system damage (1) is not specific to a particular category of learning materials, but is dependent on the representational demands of the task; (2) is observed when task demands encourage a representation based on relations among multiple cues, but not when the task encourages adaptation to an individual (or compound) stimulus; (3) spares acquisition of fundamental procedures needed to perform the task; and (4) impairs the flexible use of learned information in tests other than repetition of the learning experience.
The Preliminary Investigation of an Extract of theRoot of Cucurbita foetidissima

The alcoholic extract of Cucurbita foetidissima is physiologically active after the removal of a crystalline and amorphous product.The extract shows a definite oxytocic action, constricts the coronary vessels of the rat’s heart, and has a_ spasmogenic effect on the isolated intestine of the rat and mouse.Irritation studies prove the extract to be very irritating.Steps for purification of the extract and identification of the crystalline product will be reported later.