cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Are educators ready for reform—A response to the critics

In this rejoinder, we respond to the reactions provided by Thomas Andre, Donald Beggs, Robert Brown, Susan Hegland, Kenneth Henson, Theodore Kowalski, Richard Lathrop, Phyllis Maslow, Royce Ronning, James Schnurr, John Sikula, and John Surber. In addition, we present findings based on data collected from three additional national samples; The National School Board Association (NSBA), the National Association of Secondary School Principals (NASSP), as well as teachers who were in the NASSP sample. Finally, we draw conclusions from our data-collection efforts and from reactions given by the scholars listed above to make suggestions about which kinds of reforms educators are ready to implement.
[Surveillance and control of Japanese encephalitis in Henan province, 1950 - 2008].

Objective To analyze the characteristics and trend of Japanese encephalitis (JE) in Henan province. Methods Adopting descriptive epidemiological method to analyze the data on the epidemic situation of JE from 1950 to 2008, and on mosquitoes and host animals at disease surveillance points. The host serum JE IgG antibody was detected by ELISA. Data was analyzed using SPSS 12.0 and Excel 2003 software. Results The incidence of JE in Henan province had a fluctuant downward trend. Peak of the incidence fell in July to September, accounting for 88.09% of total cases. The scope of geographical distribution was increasing from northern to southern parts of the province. Cases mainly concentrated in the southern and south-eastern parts of the province. 0-14 year-old group had the highest incidence (81.95%). In Luoyang city, there was a significant increase in children at 15-years or older (58.93%). Most patients were farmers (42.33%). The positive-times for half of the antibodies of JE in piglets of the surveillance sentinels were different, which might be the reason for the different levels for the incidence rates. The proportion of different kinds of mosquitoes were also different in surveillance sentinel sites, and the time for the density peak of the mosquitoes was in accordance with the incidence peak of JE. Conclusion To develop control strategies, evidence should be based on the characteristics of geographical variance, age, occupation differences, data related to monitoring on animal host and media mosquitoes of JE incidence in Henan province. Key words: Japanese encephalitis; Surveillance; Mosquitoes; Host animals
Soil solution interactions may limit Pb remediation using P amendments in an urban soil.

Lead (Pb) contaminated soils are a potential exposure hazard to the public. Amending soils with phosphorus (P) may reduce Pb soil hazards. Soil from Cleveland, OH containing 726 ± 14 mg Pb kg-1 was amended in a laboratory study with bone meal and triple super phosphate (TSP) at 5:1 P:Pb molar ratios. Soil was acidified, neturalized and re-acidified to encourage Pb phosphate formation. PRSTM-probes were used to evaluate changes in soil solution chemistry. Soil acidification did not decrease in vitro bioaccessible (IVBA) Pb using either a pH 1.5, 0.4 M glycine solution or a pH 2.5 solution with organic acids. PRSTM-probe data found soluble Pb increased 10-fold in acidic conditions compared to circumnetural pH conditions. In acidic conditions (p = 3-4), TSP treated soils increased detected P 10-fold over untreated soils. Bone meal application did not increase PRSTM-probe detected P, indicating there may have been insufficient P to react with Pb. X-ray absorption spectroscopy suggested a 10% increase in pyromorphite formation for the TSP treated soil only. Treatments increased soil electrical conductivity above 16 mS cm-1, potentially causing a new salinity hazard. This study used a novel approach by combining the human ingestion endpoint, PRSTM-probes, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy to evaluate treatment efficacy. PRSTM-probe data indicated potentially excess Ca relative to P across incubation steps that could have competed with Pb for soluble P. More research is needed to characterize soil solutions in Pb contaminated urban soils to identify where P treatments might be effective and when competing cations, such as Ca, Fe, and Zn may limit low rate P applications for treating Pb soils.
Taxation and Authoritarian Resilience

AbstractTaxation provides important inferences about the nature of non-oil authoritarian regimes. This article looks at taxation to understand the ruling Chinese Communist Party’s relationship to society. It finds that the party has maintained fiscal capacity through non-intrusive transactional taxes that allow it to deliver more services in wealthier areas where potential dissent is greatest. This model is reaching its limits because of its negative impacts on economic growth and social equity. Attempts to expand new taxation sources—such as property value taxes or progressive and comprehensive personal income taxes—are difficult because of the prior reliance on transactional taxes. As a result, the CCP will rationally continue to rely on inefficient and inequitable taxation because of the political costs of pursuing a modern taxation system. The China case is indicative of the fiscal dynamics of durable authoritarian regimes.
Assessing non-inferiority of myocardial uptake on FDG PET-MR vs. PET-CT on simultaneously acquired whole body PET-MR scans

1491 Objectives *Because of differences in attenuation correction methods, PET-MR images may not reliably replicate relative myocardial tracer distributions visualized on PET-CT images. *Study goal was to systematically compare myocardial FDG uptake on same day PET-MR images in patients undergoing PET-CT imaging. Methods We analyzed 27 patients undergoing sequential PET-MR and PET-CT images. SUVmean was obtained in each of the standard 17 standard myocardial segments; these values were then normalized by dividing by the brightest segment. Values from the PET-CT images, both with and without TOF, were then compared to those from PET-MRI images using a generalized linear model with generalized estimating equations to analyze the effects of modality difference on relative segmental uptake. Results Each of the 17 segments was evaluated. There was no significant difference in the mean normalized SUVs between non-TOF MR and non-TOF CT (0.728 vs. 0.742, p=0.384). Similarly, there was no significant difference in the mean normalized SUVs between TOF CT and non-TOF CT (0.726 vs. 0.742, p=0.137). There was only a marginally significant difference in SUV values between segments (p=0.054 for non-TOF MR vs. non-TOF CT, and p=0.063 for TOF CT vs. non-TOF CT). Conclusions *When comparable imaging methods are employed, PET-MR images do reliably replicate FDG uptake on PET-CT images. *Use of comparable imaging methods will facilitate direct comparison between PET-MR and PET-CT images in clinical practice.
The Effects of an Auditory Matching iPad App on Three Preschoolers’ Echoic and Listener Responses

We investigated the effects of an auditory match-to-sample protocol on three preschoolers’ accurate echoics to 100 English words and advanced listener responses. The protocol was presented by using an iPad app Sounds the same: an app to target listening and speaking clearly. We used a combination of a multiple probe design (for echoic responses) and a delayed multiple probe design (for advanced listener literacy responses) with a time-lagged baseline across participants to test the effectiveness of the protocol. The three participants ranged from 4 to 5 years old and were all diagnosed as preschoolers with disabilities. They were taught to discriminate between positive and negative exemplars of progressively more difficult sounds, words, and phases by matching the sample stimulus to the matching exemplar. Our data show that the mastery of the intervention resulted in increases in the accuracy of the participants’ articulation of their echoics, as well as their advanced listener repertoires as measured by the responses to spoken directions in the presence of visual distractors.
MRI surveillance of vestibular schwannomas without contrast enhancement: Clinical and economic evaluation.

Objectives To determine if high-resolution T2-weighted (HRT2) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a comparably accurate and economical alternative to the gold standard of contrast-enhanced T1-weighted (T1C) MRI for surveillance of know vestibular schwannomas (VSs). Study design Retrospective case-control analysis, systematic review, and economic evaluation. Methods Vestibular schwannoma size in anteroposterior, mediolateral, and superoinferior axes were measured by two neuroradiologists, both blinded to previous measurements, for 50 randomized patients with T1C and HRT2 on two separate occasions. Measurements were assessed by Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients, and differences were analyzed by Student t test. Once the data were analyzed, appropriate economic evaluation was performed utilizing institutional-, federal-, and literature-based estimates of cost and incidence/prevalence. Results Pearson correlations (r) between T1C and HRT2 were 0.991 and 0.973 for radiologists 1 and 2, respectively, with no statistically significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) between imaging techniques. Intraobserver and interobserver reliability estimates (κ) were 0.88 to 1 for both T1C and HRT2, indicating very high reliability. Cost-minimization analysis demonstrated cost and charge differences of $148.02 and $1,284 per patient per scan, respectively. This represents an overall cost and charge savings for this 50-patient cohort of $7,401 and $64,200, respectively. Conclusion HRT2 imaging is a highly reliable and lower-cost alternative to T1C for follow-up surveillance scans in patients with VS. Level of evidence 2C. Laryngoscope, 128:202-209, 2018.
Empowering Parents in Singing to Hospitalized Infants: The Role of the Music Therapist

Introduction: While we understand the potential benefits of mothers and fathers singing to their infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), the process is not simple. The challenges can be personal, contextual, and temporal. Singing is not a natural action for everyone. With rapidly increasing individualized music listening technology and decreasing opportunities for active music making in many countries, people have less experience and awareness of their own musicality. This can hinder their capacity to use music as part of nurturing their infant. Additionally, across their time in the NICU, parents can feel concerned about singing in a “public” place.
Can the Achievement Gap Be Linked to Differences in the Development of Naming Strategies? A Comparison of African American and European American Children’s Responses on a Picture-Labeling Task

In this study, working- and middle-class African American and European American adults and children aged two through six were shown a series of pictures including “normal” referents and unfamiliar combinations which they were asked to identify. There were both age- and class-dependent differences in terms of naming behaviors but there were none according to ethnicity. When these results are interpreted in consideration of the still-widening achievement gap, it is clear that linguists and educators continue to face the same issue: there remains a societal insistence on furthering the primacy of middle class linguistic structures and language behaviors which serves to maintain a cycle of educational failure for African American working-class children.
Brain language: Uncovering functional connectivity codes

The functional connectivity within a specific set of brain networks (or domain) can assume different configurations known as domain states that change with time. Recently, we proposed an information theoretical framework that models the finite set of domain states as elements of an alphabet. Significant bits of information have been found to be shared among domains, but specific domain codification was not explored. This work describes a method to identify code words used to transmit and receive information between the cerebrum and the cerebellum based on dynamic domain connectivity estimated from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Following the theory of jointly typical sets, the developed method identifies the codeword length and the specific combination of domain states on each codeword. Resting state fMRI data was taken from 121 subjects with no significant age difference between males and females. Group independent component analysis was utilized to identify important brain networks and group them in a cerebellum and six other domains representing the cerebrum. The amount of information between the cerebellum, the executive control and sensorimotor domains showed a statistically significant number of bits. The proposed method quantified specific temporal sequences of domain states encoded within bits shared between cerebellum and cerebrum.
Multi-depth suspended sediment estimation using high-resolution remote-sensing UAV in Maumee River, Ohio

Satellite remote-sensing has been widely used to map suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in waterbodies. Current development of the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology allows mapping of SSC...
L 1 graph based on sparse coding for feature selection

In machine learning and pattern recognition, feature selection has been a very active topic in the literature. Unsupervised feature selection is challenging due to the lack of label which would supply the categorical information. How to define an appropriate metric is the key for feature selection. In this paper, we propose a "filter" method for unsupervised feature selection, which is based on the geometry properties of l1 graph. l1 graph is constructed through sparse coding. The graph establishes the relations of feature subspaces and the quality of features is evaluated by features' local preserving ability. We compare our method with classic unsupervised feature selection methods (Laplacian score and Pearson correlation) and supervised method (Fisher score) on benchmark data sets. The classification results based on support vector machine, k-nearest neighbors and multi-layer feed-forward networks demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of our method.
Feminist Care Ethics and Business Ethics

Beginning in the 1980s, a groundswell of feminist theorists and philosophers challenged many of the assumptions surrounding traditional Western moral theory through what came to be known as “care ethics.” Accounting for context, valuing emotions, and emphasizing the concrete over the abstract, care ethics is a relational approach to morality that transcends traditional philosophical divisions of ethics, epistemology, and ontology. In many ways, care ethics engages in different “work” than other ethical theories because although it has a normative dimension – answering the question, “what is the right thing to do?” – it also has significant implications for how we know one another and who we are. In this respect, care ethics is not an alternative moral theory but a different way of framing or thinking about ethics. Care ethicists do not reject rules, rights, or consequences but believe that such methods do not capture the full scope of morality. Furthermore, care ethics arose out of women’s experience and feminist theory, but it is not a “woman’s morality.” Although sometimes characterized as such, care ethics does not reinforce gender essentialism. Today, feminist and nonfeminist theorists have made care ethics into a robust field of research and publication. This chapter introduces care ethics and discusses its place and potential in business ethics. In the process, the chapter addresses some of the myths about care ethics – that it is a “touchy-feely” personal morality – by discussing practical applications in business institutions. In particular, this chapter offers a brief overview of care ethics and a review of the discussions of care ethics within the business ethics literature. The potential role of care in business decisions, corporate culture, and the management of diversity is addressed.
Reconsidering the Evolution of Nonlinguistic Communication: The Case of Laughter

Nonlinguistic communication is typically proposed to convey representational messages, implying that particular signals are associated with specific signaler emotions, intentions, or external referents. However, common signals produced by both nonhuman primates and humans may not exhibit such specificity, with human laughter for example showing significant diversity in both acoustic form and production context. We therefore outline an alternative to the representational approach, arguing that laughter and other nonlinguistic vocalizations are used to influence the affective states of listeners, thereby also affecting their behavior. In the case of laughter, we propose a primary function of accentuating or inducing positive affect in the perceiver in order to promote a more favorable stance toward the laugher. Two simple strategies are identified, namely producing laughter with acoustic features that have an immediate impact on listener arousal, and pairing these sounds with positive affect in the listener to create learned affective responses. Both depend on factors like the listener's current emotional state and past interactions with the vocalizer, with laughers predicted to adjust their sounds accordingly. This approach is used to explain findings from two experimental studies that examined the use of laughter in same-sex and different-sex dyads composed of either friends or strangers, and may be applicable to other forms of nonlinguistic communication.
TCT-156 The Absorb Bioresorbable Vascular Scaffolds Demonstrate Lower Wall Shear Stress Compared to Metallic Xience V: Interim Analysis from the ABSORB III Imaging Study

The Absorb bioresorbable vascular scaffold (BVS) is associated with higher rates of target lesion failure and device thrombosis at 3 years. Low wall shear stress (WSS) plays an important role in atherogenesis and potentially stent failure. In the prospective, multicenter, randomized ABSORB III
GraphBTM: Graph Enhanced Autoencoded Variational Inference for Biterm Topic Model

Discovering the latent topics within texts has been a fundamental task for many applications. However, conventional topic models suffer different problems in different settings. The Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) may not work well for short texts due to the data sparsity (i.e. the sparse word co-occurrence patterns in short documents). The Biterm Topic Model (BTM) learns topics by modeling the word-pairs named biterms in the whole corpus. This assumption is very strong when documents are long with rich topic information and do not exhibit the transitivity of biterms. In this paper, we propose a novel way called GraphBTM to represent biterms as graphs and design a Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) with residual connections to extract transitive features from biterms. To overcome the data sparsity of LDA and the strong assumption of BTM, we sample a fixed number of documents to form a mini-corpus as a sample. We also propose a dataset called All News extracted from 15 news publishers, in which documents are much longer than 20 Newsgroups. We present an amortized variational inference method for GraphBTM. Our method generates more coherent topics compared with previous approaches. Experiments show that the sampling strategy improves performance by a large margin.
Challenges in the Pap diagnosis of endocervical adenocarcinoma in situ.

Introduction Recognition of adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) in cervical cytology is challenging. Materials and methods We calculated the sensitivity and accuracy of Papanicolaou (Pap) tests obtained within 1 year of a histologic diagnosis of AIS from 2007 to 2016. We also correlated it with the coexistence of squamous lesions, calculated the interobserver agreement, and compared these measures with those of endocervical adenocarcinoma (ECCA). We correlated AIS detection with high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) status. Results Of 72 patients with histologic AIS and 48 patients with ECCA, 92% and 87.5%, respectively, had abnormal Pap test results. A glandular abnormality was detected in 44.4% of the AIS and 77.1% of the ECCA cases. Complete cytohistologic concordance was reached in 8.3% of AIS and 22.9% of ECCA cases. In addition, 27.8% of AIS and 6.3% of ECCA cases were diagnosed on Pap as a high-risk squamous abnormality. Concurrent squamous lesions were present in 79.2% of patients with AIS and 29.2% of patients with ECCA. The Paps from the AIS and ECCA cases were diagnosed as pure squamous abnormalities in 47.2% and 10.4% of cases, respectively. In the AIS cases, interobserver agreement was substantial for detection of any high-risk cytologic abnormality (kappa = 0.67) and fair for detection of any glandular abnormality (kappa = 0.34). Among the 26 patients with AIS tested for hrHPV, 92% had positive results and 8% had negative results. Conclusions The cytologic sensitivity for the detection of AIS remains low. It is directly related to the coexistence of squamous lesions. Cytology and hrHPV as stand-alone screening tests fail in the early detection of a small proportion of glandular lesions, although combined testing will improve their detection rates.
Sperm-inherited H3K27me3 impacts offspring transcription and development in C. elegans

Paternal epigenetic inheritance is gaining attention for its growing medical relevance. However, the form in which paternal epigenetic information is transmitted to offspring and how it influences offspring development remain poorly understood. Here we show that in C. elegans, sperm-inherited chromatin states transmitted to the primordial germ cells in offspring influence germline transcription and development. We show that sperm chromosomes inherited lacking the repressive histone modification H3K27me3 are maintained in that state by H3K36me3 antagonism. Inheritance of H3K27me3-lacking sperm chromosomes results in derepression in the germline of somatic genes, especially neuronal genes, predominantly from sperm-inherited alleles. This results in germ cells primed for losing their germ cell identity and adopting a neuronal fate. These data demonstrate that histone modifications are one mechanism through which epigenetic information from a father can shape offspring gene expression and development.
Urban Policy in North America

Urban policy in North America comprises a blend of historically established laws and government policies together with newer efforts to address urban problems. In the former category are key social agreements, for example, that urban development will be primarily carried out by the private sector, constrained only by planning laws that are mostly in the domain of local and state governments. Examples in the latter category include efforts to solve specific urban problems such as inadequate and unaffordable housing for low-income populations, or to respond to infrastructure deficiencies in transportation. All three countries in North America – the United States, Canada, and Mexico – are federal in their governance structure, so policy is necessarily distributed across the levels of government. As a result, central government plays only a limited role in key aspects of urban growth, though in Mexico there is a stronger tradition of centralization of policy. Within this framework, urban policy is diverse, but falls into three broad groupings. First, land use and development underpin urbanization; policy in these areas has existed from the earliest days in all three countries, exemplified by regulation of urban form. In North America, such regulation has, to varying degrees, supported market driven development. Second, urban policy deals with management of key functions, exemplified by transportation, public health, utilities, and environmental quality. Such policy occurs at all levels of government. Third, urban policy addresses social issues that have varied over time from the acculturation of immigrants, to poverty, housing, and race relations.
The influence of MSI (metal–support interactions) on activity and selectivity in the hydrogenation of aldehydes and ketones

The vapor–phase hydrogenation of a group of aldehydes and ketones which contain unsaturated C=C bonds has been studied over a family of supported Pt catalysts. Turnover frequencies, activation energies and reaction orders for crotonaldehyde, benzaldehyde, phenylacetaldehyde and acetophenone are provided and compared to those for butyraldehyde, benzyl alcohol, 1–phenylethanol, acetylcyclohexane and acetone. Metal–support interactions (MSI) induced in Pt/TiO2 not only enhance specific activity but also markedly shift selectivity because hydrogenation of the carbonyl bond is favored. The retention of high selectivity to the intermediate unsaturated alcohols shows that adsorption properties, as well as kinetic parameters, are altered. A model is discussed which describes the sites responsible for this behavior.
GluA1 in central amygdala increases pain but inhibits opioid withdrawal-induced aversion.

The amygdala is important in regulation of emotion-associated behavioral responses both to positive reinforcing stimuli such as addicting opioids and to negative aversive stimuli such as fear and p...
Abstract IA14: Deconstructing the origins of PDAC development

The TP53 gene, which encodes the p53 transcription factor, is mutated in ~75% of human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs), underscoring the fundamental role of p53 as a barrier to PDAC development. Despite this critical function, however, the cellular and molecular programs through which p53 acts in pancreatic cancer suppression remain poorly understood. To gain a better understanding of the pathways through which p53 acts to suppress PDAC development, which will provide key insight into how the disease develops, we have taken combined mouse genetic and genomic approaches. First, we have sought to determine whether p53 acts in acinar and/or ductal cells to restrain PDAC development. Importantly, for these experiments we have used adult mice to more accurately mimic the development of PDAC in humans. Second, we have sought to systematically deconstruct the role of p53 deletion and p53 missense mutations in driving cancer from these different cells of origin. This comprehensive analysis of large adult mouse cohorts has helped to define the cell of origin for PDAC and the effects of different p53 mutations on spontaneous PDAC development. To gain additional insight into the programs that become dysregulated during pancreatic cancer development, we have performed RNA-sequencing analysis on tumors arising from different compartments and driven by different genetic lesions. These studies have revealed the molecular profiles of tumors arising from acinar versus ductal cells as well those driven by different types of p53 mutations. Through comparison to human pancreatic cancer data, our studies are helping us to better understand the paths to PDAC development in humans and the underlying origins of different subtypes of this disease. Citation Format: Brittany Flowers, Hang Xu, Kathryn Hanson, Christina Curtis, Hannes Vogel, Laura Wood, Laura D. Attardi. Deconstructing the origins of PDAC development [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on the Evolving Landscape of Cancer Modeling; 2020 Mar 2-5; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(11 Suppl):Abstract nr IA14.
Racial and socioeconomic disparities in patient experience of clinician empathy: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction Clinician empathy is a vital component of high-quality healthcare. Healthcare disparities may reflect a societal lack of empathy for disadvantaged persons in general, and recent research suggests that socioeconomic disparities exist in patient satisfaction with clinicians. However, it is currently unclear if there are disparities in patient experience of empathy from clinicians. Our objective is to systematically analyse the scientific literature to test the hypothesis that racial and socioeconomic status (SES) disparities exist in patient-reported experience of clinician empathy. Methods and analysis In accordance with published methodological guidelines for conducting a systematic review, we will analyse studies reporting patient assessment of clinician empathy using the Consultation and Relational Empathy (CARE) measure, which to date is the most commonly used and well-validated methodology in clinical research for measuring clinician empathy from the patient’s perspective. We will use a standardised data collection template and assess study quality (risk of bias) using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. We will abstract data for the CARE measure stratified by race and SES, and we will contact the corresponding authors to obtain stratified data by race/SES if not reported in the original manuscript. Where appropriate, we will pool the data and perform quantitative meta-analysis to test if non-white (compared to white) patients and low SES (compared to high SES) patients report lower scores for clinician empathy. Ethics and dissemination No individual patient-level data will be collected and thus the proposed systematic review does not require ethical approval. This systematic review will test if racial and SES differences exist in patient experience of clinician empathy, and will inform future research to help promote healthcare equity. PROSPERO registration number CRD42019142809.
An electroweak basis for neutrinoless double β decay

A discovery of neutrinoless double-β decay would be profound, providing the first direct experimental evidence of ΔL = 2 lepton number violating processes. While a natural explanation is provided by an effective Majorana neutrino mass, other new physics interpretations should be carefully evaluated. At low-energies such new physics could man-ifest itself in the form of color and SU(2) L × U(1) Y invariant higher dimension operators. Here we determine a complete set of electroweak invariant dimension-9 operators, and our analysis supersedes those that only impose U(1) em invariance. Imposing electroweak invariance implies: 1) a significantly reduced set of leading order operators compared to only imposing U(1) em invariance; and 2) other collider signatures. Prior to imposing electroweak invariance we find a minimal basis of 24 dimension-9 operators, which is reduced to 11 electroweak invariant operators at leading order in the expansion in the Higgs vacuum expectation value. We set up a systematic analysis of the hadronic realization of the 4-quark operators using chiral perturbation theory, and apply it to determine which of these operators have long-distance pion enhancements at leading order in the chiral expansion. We also find at dimension-11 and dimension-13 the electroweak invariant operators that after electroweak symmetry breaking produce the remaining ΔL = 2 operators that would appear at dimension-9 if only U(1) em is imposed.
Stop the Stop the Beach Pluarlity

approach threatens a "breathtaking" general expansion of the regulatory takings doctrine beyond the fact-sensitive, fairness-based approach canonized in Penn Central.64 Third, assuming that one can identify property "rights," how would the U.S. Supreme Court determine whether a state supreme court has "eliminated" an "established" right? Whether property rights are established or eliminated are novel legal inquiries likely to be shaped by the ideological inclinations of the Supreme Court justices. In these cases, as in Stop the Beach, the state court will have denied that it has acted beyond its authority or changed the law. Common law judges have long interpreted their precedents to create space for adaptation to new circumstances.65 The Proctor court, for example, extensively reviewed conflicting precedents on when a plaintiff would be entitled to an injunction for an encroachment, grounding its approach in a long tradition of equitable weighing of the propriety of an injunction. It recognized "the evolution of property law in Washington away from rigid adherence to an injunction rule and toward a more reasoned, flexible approach."66 The court concluded: "Nothing in our holding today undermines fundamental property rights: it remains true that a landowner may generally obtain an injunction to eject trespassers." 67 Four justices dissented, however, feeling that the majority had overruled a key precedent, "dissolving [that decision's] strong protection of private property rights." 68 What justification could there be for the U.S. Supreme Court to reinterpret the state court's own precedents after nine state justices chosen by that state's political process have argued over the proper meaning of state law to determine both the contours of existing law and the permissible freedom of interpretation? Surely good-faith differences of legal interpretation by judges trained in their state's common law and charged by their state constitutions with its preservation and adaptation do not give rise to federal constitutional objections. The Stop the Beach plurality may be concerned about bad faith, such as deceptive decisions that do not employ ordinary legal reasoning ("judicial decree") that other state institutions cannot remedy. But such concerns sound in due process because judicial decisions of that nature depart from the rule of law and work an injustice regardless of the interests deprived. The Court has long make an independent determination about what the state rule is when there is doubt about its existence.
Advanced Data Analytics In Geotechnics: Adapting to the Big Data Era

Everyone is talking about the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on the future of work. In one camp are people like the industrialist Elon Musk who fear the potential evils of AI and its possible impact on the future of mankind as depicted in the movies The Terminator and The Matrix. In the opposite camp, people like Nobel laureate Joseph Stiglitz claim that AI will usher a new age of prosperity that rivals the industrial age. The truth is, of course, somewhere in between. In this article, we provide a primer on AI, debunk some misconceptions, and explore some of the possible impacts of AI on the future of geotechnics.
The effects of feeding various dietary fats on the development and regression of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis.

The factors responsible for the development of atherosclerosis and the dietary lipids influencing it can only be studied under well controlled conditions in the experimental animal (1). Among the many experimental models of this disease process that have been investigated, the progressive atheromatous arterial lesions produced in the Rhesus monkey utilizing the nutritional approaches pioneered by Taylor et al (2,3,4) offer a number of advantages. The Rhesus monkey atheormatous lesions tend to resemble the human disease process much more closely in morphologic characteristics, distribution and complications than those frequently studied in the rabbit, rat, fowl and dog. The large number of additional advantages and the relatively few disadvantages of using the Rhesus monkey model of atherosclerosis produced by dietary means have been reviewed recently (5) and will not be repeated here. Suffice it to say that most of the disadvantages of this experimental model can be overcome by diligent work.
Muscarinic receptor-mediated cyclic GMP formation by cultured nerve cells--ionic dependence and effects of local anesthetics.

Abstract A new assay technique for measuring receptor-mediated cyclic GMP formation by cultured mouse neutroblastoma cells was used to study the role of ions in, and the effects of local anesthetics on, the function of the muscarinic receptor. The technique involved radioactively labeling intracellular stores of GTP by incubating cells with [ 3 H]guanine and isolating [ 3 H]cyclic GMP with a cation exchange resin (Dowex-50 + ) column. High-pressure liquid chromatography of cell extracts and of eluates from the Dowex column showed that after 45 min the majority of the radioactivity in the cell extracts was [ 3 H]GTP and that, for carbamylcholine-stimulated cells, greater than 90 per cent of the radioactivity in the eluates was [ 3 H]cyclic GMP. In the absence of external Na + ([Na + ] e , with cesium chloride as osmotic filler) or external ([Ca 2+ ] e ), the carbamylcholine-stimulated formation of [ 3 H]cyclic GMP was about 60 and 10 per cent of control, respectively, while removal of other ions had no significant effect. There was little difference in the responses at 10 mM vs 110 mM−[Na + ] e , whereas the optimal [Ca 2+ ], was around 5 mM. Ca 2+ increased [ 3 H]cyclic GMP formation in response to carbamylcholine without affecting the apparent affinity of this agonist for the receptor. Local anesthetics were apparently competitive inhibitors of carbamylcholine with equilibrium dissociation constants ( K B ) in the range of 6–250 μM. The rank order for the apparent affinity of local anesthetics for the muscarinic receptor was tetracaine = butacaine = procaine > dibucaine = lidocaine > ethyl aminobenzoate.
Role of Programs Designed to Improve the Microbiological Safety of Imported Food

Conflicting issues often emerge and must be resolved in order to implement an effective strategy to improve the microbiological safety of imported food, as illustrated in the two boxed examples that follow: (i) BSE and the risk of variant Creutzfeld-Jakob Disease (vCJD) from eating beef, and (ii) Salmonella in eggs and broilers. This chapter describes the range of tools adopted to improve the microbiological safety of imported food. The proliferation of private standards and related certification raises important questions regarding their roles in ensuring the microbiological safety of imported food. International organizations play important leadership roles in efforts to improve the microbiological safety of foods. Among these organizations, the Codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex) is particularly important. The Codex standard-setting process and the standards themselves play an influential role in microbiological food safety for imported foods on several levels. In assessing the potential value of risk-based programs to improving the microbiological safety of imported foods, it is also necessary to consider how economics may challenge their value. Risk management is the identification and selection of appropriate food safety controls based on risk assessment and other factors that may be important to the risk management decision. The Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) approach is a prime example of the application of risk management principles in a systematic manner. Government is responsible for introducing or strengthening existing emergency response systems to respond to food bioterrorism by identifying necessary components of an emergency response program.
Professorial Reflection and Practical Pedagogical Suggestions for Increasing Guided Reflection for Students in a Service-Learning Class

Service-learning is an experiential pedagogy that encourages students to understand academic content through performing direct service at a community organization. While research supports the benefits of service-learning pedagogy for students, there are fewer articles to guidance to faculty on how to teach service-learning, especially to faculty who have no prior experience. As guided reflection is a central component to service-learning pedagogy, this article shares both professorial reflection on the author’s learning trajectory as well as reflections ideas from the author’s service-learning class geared towards incorporating a more reflection oriented methodology for students. Even in a class that is not service-learning based, these exercises might be incorporated into a class for the purposes of enhancing student learning.
Regional anesthesia and prostate cancer recurrence

Regional anesthesia and analgesia attenuate or preventeach of these adverse effects. For example, regional anes-thesia attenuates the neuroendocrine stress response tosurgery by blocking afferent neural transmission fromreaching the central nervous system and activating thestress response and by blocking descending efferent acti-vation of the sympathetic nervous system.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum. IV. Solubilization of microsomal adenosine triphosphatase.

Abstract A soluble adenosine triphosphatase was obtained from skeletal muscle microsomes by extraction with deoxycholate. The Mg++-moderated soluble microsomal ATPase is activated 10- to 20-fold by 10-5 m Ca++ and inhibited by ethylene glycol bis(β-aminoethyl ether)tetraacetate. Spontaneous formation of microsomal vesicles from solubilized microsomes occurs on removal of deoxycholate by dilution with water or Sephadex chromatography. The soluble ATPase preparations contain phospholipids in amounts comparable to the intact microsomes and treatment with phospholipase C causes an inhibition of the ATPase activity. The inhibition of ATPase activity and Ca++ transport of regenerated microsomes by phospholipase C can be reversed with the addition of synthetic lecithin and lysolecithin. Electrophoretic separation of solubilized microsomal components causes reversible inactivation of ATPase. Trypsin treatment causes the rapid release of proteins from microsomes accompanied by decreased turbidity and an activation of ATPase activity.
Chapter 3 – Adaptation and Divergence in Stressful Environments

Adaptation and divergence are the key aspects of life. Darwinian adaptation, via natural selection, is the major active process affecting form and function. Divergence is the underlying process resulting in biodiversity. Determining the factors affecting adaptation and divergence is a central goal in understanding the origin of species. This chapterfocuses on the outcomes of two studies, and both the studies examined the evolution of a single strain of the bacterium Escherichia coli ( E. coli) and its derived descendants. Generalizations from these two studies might appear foolhardy, but only if the outcome had been that stress has no effect on adaptation and divergence. Rather, the effects of stress were seen to be ubiquitous, verifying longstanding opinions thathave proven difficult to address with other systems. Stress promotes diversity, even during evolution under benign conditions. Stress can enhance the rate of adaptation, but can also result in reduced fitness in previously benign environments. Stress can severely constrain adaptation under some environmental conditions. These complex results with an extremely simple bacterial model system provide a baseline against which more complex evolutionary responses to stress can be measured.
Compliance in spectrometry:- quality assurance of spectrophotometric measurements at NIST

Abstract This paper documents the compliance in spectrophotometric measurements at NIST to ISO/IEC Guide 25. The areas of implementation include the quality manual, equipment records, calibration methods, computer software documentation, test report format, and complaint handling procedures.
Introduction to the Toxins Special Issue on Ergot Alkaloids

Ergot alkaloids are among the most relevant natural products in the history of toxins and pharmaceuticals. Until the late 20th century, human and livestock exposure to ergot alkaloids was primarily through ingestion of “ergots,” which are spur-shaped or seed-like resting structures (sclerotia) of ergot fungi, the Claviceps species. Because ergots have similar density to grains, traditional threshing techniques generally failed to remove them, and outbreaks of ergot typically led to mass poisonings. [...]
Enterobacterial Small Mobile Sequences Carry Open Reading Frames and are Found Intragenically—Evolutionary Implications for Formation of New Peptides

Intergenic repeat units of 127-bp (RU-1) and 168-bp (RU-2), as well as a newly-found class of 103-bp (RU-3), represent small mobile sequences in enterobacterial genomes present in multiple intergenic regions. These repeat sequences display similarities to eukaryotic miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITE). The RU mobile elements have not been reported to encode amino acid sequences. An in silico approach was used to scan genomes for location of repeat units. RU sequences are found to have open reading frames, which are present in annotated gene loci whereby the RU amino acid sequence is maintained. Gene loci that display repeat units include those that encode large proteins which are part of super families that carry conserved domains and those that carry predicted motifs such as signal peptide sequences and transmembrane domains. A putative exported protein in Y. pestis and a phylogenetically conserved putative inner membrane protein in Salmonella species represent some of the more interesting constructs. We hypothesize that a major outcome of RU open reading frame fusions is the evolutionary emergence of new proteins.
A new species of the hermit crab genus Michelopagurus McLaughlin, 1997 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Paguridae) from Moorea, French Polynesia

Abstract A new species of the family Paguridae Latreille, 1802, Michelopagurus tangaloa n. sp., is described from deep waters (485–1145 m) off the coast of Moorea, French Polynesia, South Pacific. This new species is the fifth known in the genus Michelopagurus McLaughlin, 1997, and the third from the Indo-West Pacific; the other two species are distributed in the Atlantic Ocean. All five species are rarely collected and most are known from a few type specimens. The new species most closely resembles its Indonesian congener M. chacei McLaughlin, 1997 but can be differentiated by having an acutely triangular rostrum terminating in a small spine, instead of the broadly rounded, terminally unarmed rostrum in M. chacei. Other subtle differences are: corneas reduced, not dilated or wider than distal width of peduncle in M. tangaloa n. sp., whereas corneas are weakly dilated and wider than distal width of peduncle in M. chacei; right cheliped dorsal surface of palm lacking spines, and carpi at most with weak dor...
IBN KHALDUN: THE LAST GREEK AND THE FIRST ANNALISTE HISTORIAN

Despite the attention that scholars have lavished on Ibn Khaldun's Muqaddima, the historiographical significance of that remarkable work is still not well understood. Scholars continue to discuss the Muqaddima largely within the context of Islamic historiography, even though most of them regard it as an anomaly that differs fundamentally from the works of other Muslim historians. In certain respects, the Muqaddima belongs to an Islamic historical tradition, that of al-Tabari and al-Masעudi. Yet, its dominant intellectual lineage is the rationalist thought that stretches from the Peripatetic philosophers, and especially from Aristotle (384–322 BCE), through such Greco–Islamic thinkers as al-Farabi (870–950 CE), Ibn Sina (980–1037 CE), and Ibn Rushd (1126–1198 CE) onward to European philosophical historians and sociologists of the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries. It is precisely because Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406 CE) used the logical apparatus and materialist assumptions of this rationalist tradition as the conceptual basis for his new historical science that he can be characterized as the last Greek historian. He can be considered the first Annaliste historian because the same Greek philosophical heritage influenced both the sociologist Emile Durkheim, who wrote his Latin dissertation on Montesquieu (1689–1755 CE), and also Durkheim's student, Marc Bloch, the cofounder of the Annales School. This heritage is also visible in an attenuated form in Fernand Braudel's distinction between the longue duree and the history of events. Indeed, Ibn Khaldun developed what modern scholars would identify as a structuralist methodology, using classical logic to identify enduring socioeconomic realities underlying cultural phenomena and ephemeral events, what he describes as the “general conditions of regions, races and periods that constitute the historian's foundation.”