cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A numerical algorithm for solving manipulator forward dynamics

Abstract A new algorithm is presented for iterative solution of systems of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with any order for multibody dynamics and control problems. The collocation technique (based on the explicit fixed-point iteration scheme) may be used for solving both initial value problems (IVPs) and boundary value problems (BVPs). The BVP is solved by first transforming it into the IVP. If the Lipschitz constant is large and the algorithm diverges in a single (‘long’) domain, the domain is partitioned into a number of subdomains and the local solutions of the corresponding BVPs are matched either locally (in parallel) or globally. The technique is general and may be applied to general systems of ODEs in any field. As an illustration, the forward dynamics problem of a manipulator is solved as an IVP and then as a BVP.
Partial shape recognition of 2-D shapes using normalized interval vertex descriptors

A new technique for recognizing partially occluded or incomplete 2-D representations of man made objects is presented here. Recognition is performed without regard for orientation, position, and scale of the objects. This technique based on Normalized Interval Vertex Descriptors (NIVD) a representation derived from the physical characteristic of an object (vertices and sides) that is easy to obtain, especially for polygon like shapes. NIVD shape representation is a periodic scale, rotation and translation invariant function of the contour of the object. Although global in nature, NIVDs, through a subtemplate matching and a renormalization process of the matching sections, can be used for partial shape recognition. Objects on the scene are identified as belonging to a given class by finding the largest partial match of the object representation and a previously acquired clean representation of the class model. Experimental results of this technique are also included.
Knowledge Management: An Emerging Discipline

Society is entering into an era where the future essentially will be determined by people’s ability to wisely use knowledge, a precious global resource that is the embodiment of human intellectual capital and technology. As people begin to expand their understanding of knowledge as an essential asset, they are realizing that in many ways the future is limited only by imagination and the ability to leverage the human mind. As knowledge increasingly becomes the key strategic resource of the future the need to develop comprehensive understanding of knowledge processes for the creation, transfer and deployment of this unique asset are becoming critical. Educational institutions and training organizations and businesses and knowledge‐based organizations in the public sector are in need of an integrative discipline for studying, researching and learning about the knowledge assets ‐ human intellectual capital and technology. An international society of knowledge professionals is proposed which can provide the necessary focus for fostering collaboration among the best minds and organizations on study, research and learning dedicated to the underlying disciplines and their integrative evolution into the emergence of Knowledge Management as a new discipline.
Matrix stiffness reverses the effect of actomyosin tension on cell proliferation

The stiffness of the extracellular matrix exerts powerful effects on cell proliferation and differentiation, but the mechanisms transducing matrix stiffness into cellular fate decisions remain poorly understood. Two widely reported responses to matrix stiffening are increases in actomyosin contractility and cell proliferation. To delineate their relationship, we modulated cytoskeletal tension in cells grown across a physiological range of matrix stiffnesses. On both synthetic and naturally derived soft matrices, and across a panel of cell types, we observed a striking reversal of the effect of inhibiting actomyosin contractility, switching from the attenuation of proliferation on rigid substrates to the robust promotion of proliferation on soft matrices. Inhibiting contractility on soft matrices decoupled proliferation from cytoskeletal tension and focal adhesion organization, but not from cell spread area. Our results demonstrate that matrix stiffness and actomyosin contractility converge on cell spreading in an unexpected fashion to control a key aspect of cell fate.
Lawrence Stark, M.D., biomedical engineer.

In 1942, the country went to war with an enthusiasm and patriotism not seen before or since. In that spirit, Lawrence Stark, then in his first year of undergraduate work at Colombia University, enlisted in the Navy. The Navy elected to keep him at Colombia until they could send him to Albany Medical College a year and a half later. Throughout (and despite) medical school his enthusiasm for science grew, particularly in the areas of biochemistry and genetics. Another passion was also fermenting: an intrigue with quantitative methods and engineering approaches, perhaps influenced by his father who graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1920 with a degree in chemical engineering. In his last year of medical school, Larry sent off for a copy of Shannon's 1948 ground-breaking paper on Information
Foveal Vision: Dependence of Threshold Energy on the Visual Angle of a Circular Target*

It is shown that circular nonmoving targets, detected at threshold, which appear as a “point source” for low values of the subtended visual angle (target diameter), pass smoothly into a subjective annular shape for larger diameters. The annulus is the locale of the luminance gradient and therefore provides the significant visual information. The annulus width is 0.9 min of arc when the adapting luminance B is 102 ft-L and rises to 1.3 min as B falls to 10−3 ft-L. Because of this continuous transition from a point source to an annulus, the “critical visual angle” is at best only an approximation.Over a range of B from 10−3 to 102 ft-L and a duration of stimulus from 10−2 to 1 sec the threshold energy for a point source rises 140 fold. The corresponding rise in the threshold energy per sq min of annulus area is about 1600 fold.The trends in threshold energy and in threshold contrast with increasing target size are believed to measure some of the effects of retinal (or neural) interaction and inhibition in the human fovea.
Fetal cerebral blood flow, electrocorticographic activity, and oxygenation: responses to acute hypoxia

Arterial blood gases are critical in regulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral metabolic rate for O2 (CMRO2). However, the relation of these variables to cortical tissue (t), and electrocorticographic (ECoG) activity (high voltage low frequency, HVLF, versus low voltage high frequency, LVHF), are not well defined. In the fetus, we tested the hypothesis that ECoG pattern is associated closely with cerebral oxygenation. In fetal sheep (n= 8) with laser Doppler flowmeter, fluorescent O2 probe and ECoG electrodes, we measured laser Doppler CBF (LD-CBF), t, ECoG and spectral edge frequency-90 (SEF90) in response to 40 min isocapnic hypoxia. In the normoxic fetus, LD-CBF and CMRO2 correlated highly with ECoG state. With a shift from HVLF to LVHF, t decreased followed by increased LD-CBF (18%) and CMRO2 (13%). With acute hypoxia (= 12 ± 1 Torr), t decreased to ∼3 Torr, LD-CBF increased 48 ± 10%, ECoG shifted to chiefly the HVLF state, SEF90 decreased ∼15%, and CMRO2 decreased ∼20% (P < 0.05 for each). For the normoxic fetus, CBF was closely related to ECoG state, but this association was less evident during acute hypoxia. We speculate that, in the otherwise stressed fetus, acute hypoxia may further compromise cerebral oxygenation.
Psychological Maltreatment and its Relationship with Negative Affect in Men and Women

The current study examined whether psychologically maltreated adults experience posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)–related symptoms. Gender differences in levels of depression, anxiety, and anger among individuals who were psychologically maltreated were also investigated. One hundred fifty-five individuals who were either psychologically maltreated or nonabused during their lifetime participated in the study. Results indicated psychologically maltreated adults had significantly higher levels of PTSD symptomatology, depression, anxiety, and anger than their nonabused counterparts. Differences between psychologically maltreated men and women in levels of PTSD symptomatology, depression, anxiety, and anger were not significant. Significant positive correlations were found between measures of posttraumatic stress, depression, anxiety, and anger.
Electrophysiological responses of male and female antennae to pistachio and almond host plant volatiles

The polyphagous navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is a major insect pest of almonds and pistachios in California (USA). Amyelois transitella moths have proven difficult to monitor and control for over 5 decades; however, recent reports indicate progress towards attractants using pheromone or semiochemical blends. Despite advances of a host plant volatile attractant blend that is effective for monitoring moth populations in almond orchards, the blend’s attractancy and capture efficacy of A. transitella has not translated to pistachio orchards. The apparent orchard specificity of A. transitella to the blend suggests a different composition of host plant volatiles is needed to either improve the current blend or a new blend formulation is required for monitoring in pistachio orchards. One objective of this study was to evaluate available individual host volatiles via a standardised puff method in combination with electroantennographic analysis. In total 105 volatiles were evaluated individually for their ability to elicit an electrophysiological chemoreception response from excised male and female A. transitella antennae. Male antennae responded significantly higher to alcohols, aldehydes, alkyls, aromatics, and ketones. Female antennae responded significantly higher to benzenoids, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and short-chain alcohols.
The Iconography of the American City: or, A Gothic Tale of Modern Times

Some dozen years ago, I began in collaboration with David Holmes, Dewey Wallace, Charles Wallace, and others to conduct tours of houses of worship during the annual meetings of the American Academy of Religion and the American Society of Church History. The challenge of these tours for me gradually metamorphosed from providing basic information on dates, architectural styles, and parish history highlights—all useful enough in themselves—to reading these buildings in the broader context of the urban built environment. Churches, synagogues, and other religious buildings do not appear in the vacuum that a slide presentation or text illustration might suggest. Rather, they are in a continual mute dialogue with their surroundings, which in the urban context tend to be other buildings of commercial or civic purpose. The context is also four-dimensional. Not only do religious buildings themselves undergo expansion, remodeling, and changes in denominational identity, but their neighbors frequently change even more rapidly.
Assessing the HCCI Characteristics of Natural Gas Using a Free Piston Rapid Compression Expansion Machine

A free piston, rapid compression expansion machine (RCEM) has been used previously to investigate the autoignition, or homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) behavior of a wide range of gaseous and liquid hydrocarbon fuels [1]. Reported data were the efficiency and emissions characteristics of these fuels, where the compression ratios required to achieve autoignition ranged from 16:1 to 50:1. The purpose was to assess the potential of HCCI as a driver for a high efficiency, low emissions futuristic powerplant. In [1] no attempt was made to study the ignition temperatures of the fuel-air mixtures, or the rates and extent of combustion seen under the experimental conditions. These however are important metrics by which kinetic and other combustion models can be validated, and would also provide a means by which the RCEM data can be compared to rapid compression machine (RCM) data. The purpose of this work was to develop a method to calculate these parameters. A new crevice-ring model was employed for the RCEM ringpack. Calculations are presented for both uncombusted and combusted data where the ring model is demonstrated, and the autoignition characteristics of natural gas in this device are quantified.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Intelligent knowledge discovery in peer-to-peer file sharing

Emerging peer-to-peer computing provides new possibilities but also challenges for distributed applications. Despite their significant potential, current peer-to-peer networks lack efficient knowledge discovery and management. This paper addresses this deficiency and proposes the Intelligent File Sharing framework, which provides an effective and flexible query for P2P file sharing. The IFS is based on powerful schema and flexible inference, as well as efficiently integrated and extensible retrieval algorithms. Experimental results have provided evidence of the high performance and scalability of the Intelligent File Sharing (IFS) system in peer-to-peer environments.
Modulation by dietary vitamin E and selenium of clotting whole blood thromboxane A2 and aortic prostacyclin synthesis in rats

The effect of dietary vitamin E and selenium (Se) on aortic prostacyclin (PGI2) and clotting whole blood thromboxane (TX) A2 synthesis in 1-month-old Fischer 344 rats was investigated. Rats were fed basal semi-purified diets deficient in vitamin E and Se or basal diet supplemented with either 200 IU vitamin E and/or 0.2 ppm Se per kg diet for 2 months. Ex vivo production of TXB2 and 6-keto-PGF1α, the corresponding stable metabolites of TXA2 and PGI2, were measured in whole blood and aortic rings, respectively. Animals fed vitamin E-deficient diet had significantly (P < 0.05) lower plasma levels of α-tocopherol than those fed vitamin E-supplemented diet. Plasma Se was undetected and activity of plasma glutathione peroxidase was diminished in rats fed Se-deficient diets. Vitamin E and Se treatments affected TXA2 and PGI2 production differently. Aortic PGI2 synthesis was affected by both dietary vitamin E and Se, whereas whole blood TXA2 synthesis was only affected by dietary vitamin E. These results suggest that vitamin E and Se have specific and different effects on TXA2 and PGI2 synthesis, and that their combined supplementation may have a favorable effect on PGI2:TXA2 ratio.
Review and update of lens and grid schlieren and motion camera schlieren

Optical density variation in fluids and transparent solids can often be studied by examining the effect of refraction of light passing through the medium. The schlieren technique has proven to be particularly well suited for these applications, and has been widely used for wind-tunnel studies. Newer variations of this technique have extended it to a wide range of applications. The lens and grid schlieren systems have been used to examine aerodynamic flow fields that were previously difficult to study with conventional schlieren systems. Motion camera schlieren was developed to obtain the flow field around aircraft in flight and rocket sleds. This paper gives an up to date review of the background and development of the lens and grid schlieren and motion camera schlieren techniques and includes examples of many of the flows studied using the techniques, including some previously unpublished ones. In addition, some preliminary results from new versions of both types of systems are described.
MgB2 Thin Films on Metal Substrates for Superconducting RF Cavity Applications

Magnesium diboride is a promising material for superconducting RF (SRF) cavity applications. Compared to the currently used superconductor for SRF cavities Nb, MgB2 has the potential to achieve lower RF loss and higher acceleration field due to its higher critical temperature and thermodynamic critical magnetic field. Since the RF field only penetrates a few penetration depths into a superconductor, a superconducting coating of several hundred nanometers on a metal cavity is sufficient for superb SRF cavity performances. In this work, we report the properties of MgB2 thin films deposited by the hybrid physical–chemical vapor deposition (HPCVD) technique on different metal substrates including Nb, Mo, Ta, and stainless steel. All the films were polycrystalline, as indicated by X-ray diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy, and showed T c ∼39 K, determined by resistance versus temperature, magnetic susceptibility, and dielectric resonator measurements. MgB2 films deposited on Nb substrates polished to various degrees of smoothness exhibit similar T c . The result is a promising step in the investigation of using MgB2 as an alternative to Nb for SRF cavities.
Counterbureaucracies in Theory and Practice

Counterbureaucracies differfrom other bureaucracies in their goals, resources, discretion, and culture. This article develops several theoretical propositions concerning counterbureaucracies and then considers how they actually behave. Despite negative goals and a self-reliant culture, counterbureaucracies have generally flourished in recent years. Public relations, a service orientation, and professionalism have helped them to generate vital political support.
Immediate and long-term results following repair of aortic left ventricular discontinuity: a 25-year experience.

From 1967 to 1993, 21 patients underwent surgical repair of aortic left ventricular discontinuity as a result of acute bacterial endocarditis. Repair of the defect between the aorta and left ventricle was usually with interposition of a patch (prosthetic patch or autologous pericardium), using a continuous monofilament suture. Interrupted pledgetted stitches were used when the ventricular tissue appeared friable. A valve prosthesis was then sewn to the patch and remaining annulus. Three patients died in the immediate perioperative period. Long follow-up ranging from 5 to 142 months (mean 36 months) is available on 17 of 18 survivors. There were six deaths in this group from 11 to 142 months (mean 67 months) from initial surgery. Of 11 long-term survivors (5 to 61 months (mean 21 months) after operation), nine have had event-free courses. Two cases of recurrent subacute bacterial endocarditis occurred 3 and 52 months after surgery in patients who were intravenous drug abusers, both of whom were managed medically. It is concluded that while aortic left ventricular discontinuity remains a potentially lethal complication of acute bacterial endocarditis, debridement of infected necrotic tissue, patch repair of the defect, and prosthetic valve replacement offer satisfactory immediate and late results.
ON IMAGE CLASSIFICATION: CITY IMAGES VS. LANDSCAPES

Abstract Grouping images into semantically meaningful categories using low-level visual features is a challenging and important problem in content-based image retrieval. Based on these groupings, effective indices can be built for an image database. In this paper, we show how a specific high-level classification problem (city images vs landscapes) can be solved from relatively simple low-level features geared for the particular classes. We have developed a procedure to qualitatively measure the saliency of a feature towards a classification problem based on the plot of the intra-class and inter-class distance distributions. We use this approach to determine the discriminative power of the following features: color histogram, color coherence vector, DCT coefficient, edge direction histogram, and edge direction coherence vector. We determine that the edge direction-based features have the most discriminative power for the classification problem of interest here. A weighted k -NN classifier is used for the classification which results in an accuracy of 93.9% when evaluated on an image database of 2716 images using the leave-one-out method. This approach has been extended to further classify 528 landscape images into forests, mountains, and sunset/sunrise classes. First, the input images are classified as sunset/sunrise images vs forest & mountain images (94.5% accuracy) and then the forest & mountain images are classified as forest images or mountain images (91.7% accuracy). We are currently identifying further semantic classes to assign to images as well as extracting low level features which are salient for these classes. Our final goal is to combine multiple 2-class classifiers into a single hierarchical classifier.
Analysis and Chemistry of Distilled Lime Oil (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle)

Distilled Key lime oil (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) from Mexico has been analyzed by GC/MS and GC/FT-IR with cryofocusing capability. A total of 98 compounds have been identified. Thirty-three of these have not been reported previously for distilled Key lime oil. Quantitative data based on internal standard and response factors is presented for distilled lime oil and compared to cold pressed lime peel oil. Additional insights into the complex chemistry that takes place during distilled lime oil production are discussed.
Testosterone 5α-reductase activity in neural tissue of fetal rhesus macaques

Abstract After development of a 5α-reductase activity (5α-RA) assay based on the capacity of microsomes to convert [3H]testosterone (T) to [3H]dihydrotestosterone (DHT), we analyzed 5α-RA in neural tissues of fetal rhesus macaques at 50, 80 and 150 days of gestation. This method allowed us to collect kinetic data on the properties of the 5α-reductase resident in fetal brain at 150 days of gestation. The Km and Vmax calculated from these data were 4.32μM and 22.6nmol·mg protein−1· h−1, respectively. Analyses of 5α-RA in microsomes from the hypothalamic-preoptic area-amygdala (HPA) at dilutions of 1 25 and 1 50 indicated higher enzyme activity with increasing dilution of the microsomes. Measurement of 5α-RA using concentrations of [3H]T which saturated the enzyme in diencephalon (DIEN), brain stem (B.STEM), temporal (TCTX) and frontal cortex (FCTX) of six 50-day old fetuses (3 males and 3 females) revealed no obvious sex differences in 5α-RA, however, a significant difference (P Significant increases in 5α-RA were observed in FCTX and TCTX with time of gestation (50, 80 and 150 days). Other tisues, including amygdala, hippocampus, cerebellum, tegmentum and septum also change with fetal age. These data demonstrate the existence of 5α-reductase in the fetal monkey brain. Significant changes in cortical 5α-RA suggest some role for 5α-reductase in development.
Structure selectivity relationship studies of 17-cyclopropylmethyl-3,14β-dihydroxy-4,5α-epoxy-6β-[(4′-pyridyl)carboxamido]morphinan derivatives toward the development of the mu opioid receptor antagonists

Abstract Mu opioid receptor antagonists have been applied to target a variety of diseases clinically. The current study is designed to explore the structure selectivity relationship (SSR) of 17-cyclopropylmethyl-3,14β-dihydroxy-4,5α-epoxy-6β-[(4′-pyridyl)carboxamido]morphinan (NAP), a lead compound identified as a selective mu opioid receptor antagonist based on the previous study. Among a series of NAP derivatives synthesized, compounds 6 (NMP) and 9 (NGP) maintained comparable binding affinity, selectivity and efficacy to the lead compound. Particularly, the mu opioid receptor selectivity over kappa opioid receptor of NGP was considerably enhanced compared to that of NAP. Overall, the preliminary SSR supported our original hypothesis that an alternate ‘address’ domain may exist in the mu opioid receptor, which favors the ligands carrying a hydrogen bond acceptor and an aromatic system to selectively recognize the mu opioid receptor.
The role of video for self-evaluation in early field experiences

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to explore the influence of video models on teacher candidates' capacity to self-evaluate their teaching performance in early fieldwork. This was examined by providing video models along with evaluation rubrics that represented desired performance standard to one group of pre-service teacher candidates, while another group was provided the descriptions of these lessons and corresponding evaluation rubrics. Participants then video recorded their teaching and self-evaluated this performance. Results indicated that the introduction of video models reduced inflation of scores in self-evaluation and enhanced candidates' understanding of the expectations for the performance assessment of teaching.
Planar fluorescence imaging of a supersonic axisymmetric base flow with mass bleed

Acetone planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) was used to study the supersonic flow over an axisymmetric base with mass bleed. Detailed side-view and global end-view images were obtained in the recirculation regions, shear layer, and trailing wake. For the three bleed rates studied, the instantaneous behavior of the flowfield deviated substantially from the expected mean flow, especially for bleed rates below the optimal case. Large pockets of unmixed bleed fluid dominated the flowfield for the low and intermediate bleed rates, even in the trailing wake, highlighting the unsteady nature of the flowfield. The power-on condition for the high-bleed-rate case was the most temporally stable flowfield, due to the high momentum of the bleed jet. A multiplateau stirring effect was prevalent for all cases, consistent with previous compressible shear layer findings, and the effect increased with increasing bleed rate and distance downstream. Probability density functions (PDFs) of PLIF intensity indicated a similar mixing character between the low and intermediate bleed rates in the near wake and for all bleed rate cases in the trailing wake. The multiplateau stirring effect and unmixed bleed fluid pockets were represented well in the mixing PDFs.
Advantages and Disadvantages of using a Focused Ion Beam to Prepare TEM Samples From Irradiated U-10Mo Monolithic Nuclear Fuel

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and focused ion beam (FIB) milling were performed on an irradiated U–10Mo monolithic fuel to understand its irradiation microstructure. This is the first reported TEM work of an irradiated fuel sample prepared using a FIB. Advantages and disadvantages of using the FIB to create TEM samples from this irradiated fuel will be presented along with some results from the work. Sample preparation techniques used to create SEM and FIB samples from the brittle irradiated monolithic sample will also be discussed.
Evaluation of Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry for Routine Proteome Analyses

Abstract Many different separation strategies have been developed for conducting proteomic studies, but microcapillary reversed‐phase liquid chromatography (µLC) coupled online to mass spectrometry (MS) has played an undeniably central role. We have conducted a study to evaluate two different common column configurations, along with two common stationary phase materials, for their ability to identify peptides from a complex proteome digest. A 10 cm long × 75 µm inner diameter (id) capillary column with an integrated electrospray tip, and a 30 cm long × 75 µm id capillary column in which the electrospray tip is separated from the separation capillary via a stainless steel union, both packed in‐house with reversed phase C18, 5 µm, 300 A pore size particles, were evaluated for their ability to effectively resolve a complex mixture of tryptic peptides from a mouse cortical neuron proteome sample for online tandem MS (MS/MS) analysis. The results demonstrate that the continuous 10 cm long × 75 µm id capillary ...
Linguistically guided anticipatory eye movements in scene viewing

The present study replicated the well-known demonstration by Altmann and Kamide (1999) that listeners make linguistically guided anticipatory eye movements, but used photographs of scenes rather than clip-art arrays as the visual stimuli. When listeners heard a verb for which a particular object in a visual scene was the likely theme, they made earlier looks to this object (e.g., looks to a cake upon hearing The boy will eat …) than when they heard a control verb (The boy will move …). New data analyses assessed whether these anticipatory effects are due to a linguistic effect on the targeting of saccades (i.e., the where parameter of eye movement control), the duration of fixations (i.e., the when parameter), or both. Participants made fewer fixations before reaching the target object when the verb was selectionally restricting (e.g., will eat). However, verb type had no effect on the duration of individual eye fixations. These results suggest an important constraint on the linkage between spoken languag...
Laser-Assisted Milling of Silicon Nitride Ceramics and Inconel 718

Laser-assisted machining (LAM) has shown its potential to significantly reduce fabrication costs and improve product quality for advanced materials. While extensive studies have been conducted on laser-assisted turning of various ceramics and high temperature alloys, few attempts have been made to extend LAM to milling operations. In this paper, a transient, three-dimensional thermal model developed for laser-assisted milling (LAML) is presented and its accuracy is verified by surface temperature measurements with an infrared camera. LAML experiments designed by the model are successfully conducted on silicon nitride ceramics using TiAIN coated carbide end mills and Inconel 718 using SiC reinforced alumina cutting tools. The promising experimental results, including good surface roughness and acceptable tool wear, show the validation of applying the thermal model to design LAML processes and the feasibility of employing LAML for difficult-to-machine materials such as advanced ceramics and superalloys.
Effects of Training in Creativity and Creative Problem Finding upon Business People

Abstract The effects of training in creativity and creative problem finding on American business people were tested and measured in terms of fluency in data- and problem finding, flexibility in problem finding, and quality of the problem statement. The training program was based on the Osborn-Parnes Creative Problem-Solving Model. Sixty-eight business people were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups. The results of the control group, who completed a problem-finding task without training, were compared with those of the experimental group, who completed the task after receiving training. The findings indicate that training affected the experimental group's fluency and flexibility in data- and problem finding and affected the quality of the problem statement.
On the relationship of aerosol optics to moments of particle size distribution

Particle size distributions are sometimes conveniently described in terms of their integral moments. It is known that the details of a size distribution cannot always be recovered from its moments, but it has also been shown that an aerosol's optical properties can be insensitive to these details. This paper explores the limits of the correspondence between optics and moments, exhibiting size distributions with identical moments but dissimilar optical properties, and dissimilar moments but similar optical properties. The examples involve multimodal size distributions of the type observed in continental ambient air.
The role of the DLPFC in dietary restraint: A response to Del Parigi

In the preceding letter to the editor, Del Parigi emphasizes the importance of functional neuroimaging methods in studying the neurobiology of eating behavior and self-control. We whole heartily agree with this assessment. Moreover, Del Parigi is correct in suggesting that behavioral measures of eating patterns, such as the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire [3], are useful tools in this research agenda.
Distributed creativity: How collective creations emerge from collaboration.

Creativity is often considered to be a mental process that occurs within a person’s head. In this article, we analyze a group creative process: One that generates a creative product, but one in which no single participant’s contribution determines the result. We analyze a series of 5 theater performances that were improvisationally developed in rehearsal by a theater group; over the course of these 5 performances, a collaborative creation emerged from the improvised dialogues of the group. We argue that in cases of creativity such as this one, it is inaccurate to describe creativity as a purely mental process; rather, this case represents a nonindividualistic creative process that we refer to as distributed creativity. We chose this term by analogy with studies of distributed cognition, which are well established in cognitive science, but have not yet had a substantial impact on creativity research. Our study demonstrates a methodology that can be used to study distributed creative processes, provides a theoretical framework to explain these processes, and contributes to our understanding of how collaboration contributes to creativity.
Comparison of ovarian palpation, milk progesterone and plasma progesterone in the cow

Holstein cows were examined twice weekly, beginning at 13 to 18 days after parturition, using palpation per rectum and milk progesterone (P4) assay to determine the functional status of the corpus luteum (CL). These results were then compared with P4 concentrations in the plasma to determine which test was the more accurate in detecting functional luteal tissue, or if both tests were needed for optimal accuracy. The tests were found to be comparable except when the plasma P4 concentration was <1. 0 ng/ml. At this level, errors due to palpation occurred more frequently than those due to milk P4 concentrations since the still palpable CL of pregnancy could be mistaken for a functional CL at 14 to 21 days after parturition. However, at all the other concentrations including when plasma P4 was <1.0 ng/ml and the cows were more than 21 days post partum, neither the milk P4 assay nor palpation per rectum could be considered the better indicator of luteal status. Therefore, we conclude that the combined use of both tests does not afford better assessment of luteal function than either test alone.
"Creating Dissonance for the Visitor": The Heart of the Liberty Bell Controversy

This paper examines the controversy surrounding the location and proposed interpretive plan for Independence National Historical Park9s new pavilion for the Liberty Bell. Written from the perspective of a graduate student and former Independence NHP employee, it attempts to help historians and Park Service employees to better understand each other9s positions, and to penetrate to the heart of the issue at stake—the park9s own sense of self-understanding and mission. It then moves on to show the relevance of this specific controversy to questions of broader significance, such as the fundamental character of American history, the post–September 11th responsibility of historic sites, the strength of national mythology, and the vital importance of critical public history.
Spouse or partner abuse, use of health services, and unmet need for medical care in U.S. Women

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to examine the relationship of spouse or partner abuse to the use of health services and to unmet need for health care in a representative sample of U.S. women, using a 1993 cross-sectional, nationally representative telephone survey. A total of 1324 women who were between the ages of 18 and 64 and who were married or cohabiting with a man at the time of the survey participated in the study. The main outcome measures were use of health services in the past year; and unmet needs for medical care in the past year. Our results showed that 8.4% of the participants reported being physically abused by their spouse or partner in the past year. Women exposed to spouse abuse were more likely to be young (18 to 24 years), African-American, less educated, poor, and reside in the central city or very rural areas. Those who had a need for health care (as measured by their worse physical and mental health status) and who had less access to health care (as measured by a lower lik...
Religious influence on parental attitudes toward the use of corporal punishment

Certain Biblical passages if interpreted literally can be understood as advocating the use of corporal punishment in disciplining children. The purpose of this research was to determine if persons affiliated with religious denominations which emphasized a literal belief in the Bible would demonstrate less appropriate attitudes with regard to discipline than their counterparts who were affiliated with religious denominations which do not subscribe to a literal interpretation of the Bible. The sample consisted of 881 persons who were members of denominations classified as literal or nonliteral believers. Statistically significant differences were noted on the Physical Punishment Scale of the Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory with persons, regardless of gender or their level of education, who were members of churches subscribing to a literal belief in the Bible preferring the use of corporal punishment over alternate methods of discipline as compared to their nonliteral counterparts.
Mortality in field populations of face fly larvae and pupae.

To obtain a gross estimate of field mortality of larval populations of Musca autumnalis De Geer in Virginia, approximately equal numbers of eggs laid in the laboratory were placed in trays of manure inside insect-proof cages and inside insect-accessible cages. Differences in numbers of resulting pupae were considered to be caused by the biotic environment. Larval mortality averaged 49% in 1966 and 63% in 1967. Adult flies emerged from 92.1% of the pupae in the protected cage but from only 47.4% of the exposed pupae. As as result of exposure to the biotic environment total reduction of adult flies was 80.1%.
Bipartite diamnionic monochorionic twin placenta with superficial vascular anastomoses: report of a case.

Abstract We describe a rare case of a bipartite, diamnionic monochorionic twin placenta with superficial vascular anastomoses.
AS A YOUNG CHILD’S PARENT DIES: CONCEPTUALIZING AND CONSTRUCTING PREVENTIVE INTERVENTIONS

The impending death of a parent with young children in the home presents a family with often overwhelming challenges. Social workers and other mental health professionals are in a position to assist such families if they understand the misperceptions, beliefs and veiled presentation of affect in children. The framing of proposed interventions in cognitive, affective and behavioral spheres will be discussed. Parent guidance, critical to the overall success of the intervention, is presented along with many clinical examples and vignettes.
Assignment and Procedure Call Proof Rules

The multiple assignment statement is defined in full generality—including assignment to subscripted variables and record fields—using the “axiomatic” approach of Hoare. Proof rules are developed for calls of procedures using global variables, var parameters, result parameters, and value parameters, using the idea of multiple assignment to provide understanding. An attempt is made to clarify some issues that have arisen concerning the use of rules of inference to aid in generating “verification conditions” in mechanical verifiers and the use of logical variables to denote initial values of program variables.
Population-based input function and image-derived input function for [11C](R)-rolipram PET imaging: methodology, validation and application to the study of major depressive disorder

Abstract Quantitative PET studies of neuroreceptor tracers typically require that arterial input function be measured. The aim of this study was to explore the use of a population-based input function (PBIF) and an image-derived input function (IDIF) for [11C](R)-rolipram kinetic analysis, with the goal of reducing – and possibly eliminating – the number of arterial blood samples needed to measure parent radioligand concentrations. Methods A PBIF was first generated using [11C](R)-rolipram parent time–activity curves from 12 healthy volunteers (Group 1). Both invasive (blood samples) and non-invasive (body weight, body surface area, and lean body mass) scaling methods for PBIF were tested. The scaling method that gave the best estimate of the Logan-VT values was then used to determine the test–retest variability of PBIF in Group 1 and then prospectively applied to another population of 25 healthy subjects (Group 2), as well as to a population of 26 patients with major depressive disorder (Group 3). Results were also compared to those obtained with an image-derived input function (IDIF) from the internal carotid artery. In some subjects, we measured arteriovenous differences in [11C](R)-rolipram concentration to see whether venous samples could be used instead of arterial samples. Finally, we assessed the ability of IDIF and PBIF to discriminate depressed patients (MDD) and healthy subjects. Results Arterial blood-scaled PBIF gave better results than any non-invasive scaling technique. Excellent results were obtained when the blood-scaled PBIF was prospectively applied to the subjects in Group 2 (VT ratio 1.02 ± 0.05; mean ± SD) and Group 3 (VT ratio 1.03 ± 0.04). Equally accurate results were obtained for two subpopulations of subjects drawn from Groups 2 and 3 who had very differently shaped (i.e. “flatter” or “steeper”) input functions compared to PBIF (VT ratio 1.07 ± 0.04 and 0.99 ± 0.04, respectively). Results obtained via PBIF were equivalent to those obtained via IDIF (VT ratio 0.99 ± 0.05 and 1.00 ± 0.04 for healthy subjects and MDD patients, respectively). Retest variability of PBIF was equivalent to that obtained with full input function and IDIF (14.5%, 15.2%, and 14.1%, respectively). Due to [11C](R)-rolipram arteriovenous differences, venous samples could not be substituted for arterial samples. With both IDIF and PBIF, depressed patients had a 20% reduction in [11C](R)-rolipram binding as compared to control (two-way ANOVA: p = 0.008 and 0.005, respectively). These results were almost equivalent to those obtained using 23 arterial samples. Conclusion Although some arterial samples are still necessary, both PBIF and IDIF are accurate and precise alternatives to full arterial input function for [11C](R)-rolipram PET studies. Both techniques give accurate results with low variability, even for clinically different groups of subjects and those with very differently shaped input functions.
Effects of continuous positive airway pressure on sleep apnea and ventricular irritability in patients with heart failure

Background—Patients with heart failure and systolic dysfunction may develop disordered breathing during sleep. Repeated episodes of apnea and hypopnea may result in desaturation and arousals, which could adversely affect left ventricular function. The purpose of this study was to determine the short-term effects of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on sleep-disordered breathing and its consequences in heart failure patients. Methods and Results—The author prospectively studied 29 male patients whose initial polysomnograms showed 15 or more episodes of apnea and hypopnea per hour (apnea-hypopnea index, AHI). Twenty-one patients had predominately central and 8 patients obstructive sleep apnea. All were treated with CPAP during the subsequent night. In 16 patients, CPAP resulted in virtual elimination of disordered breathing. In these patients, the mean AHI (36±12 [SD] versus 4±3 per hour, P=0.0001), arousal index due to disordered breathing (16±9 versus 2±2 per hour, P=0.0001), and percent of total...
Nanomedicine as an emerging approach against intracellular pathogens.

Diseases such as tuberculosis, hepatitis, and HIV/AIDS are caused by intracellular pathogens and are a major burden to the global medical community. Conventional treatments for these diseases typically consist of long-term therapy with a combination of drugs, which may lead to side effects and contribute to low patient compliance. The pathogens reside within intracellular compartments of the cell, which provide additional barriers to effective treatment. Therefore, there is a need for improved and more effective therapies for such intracellular diseases. This review will summarize, for the first time, the intracellular compartments in which pathogens can reside and discuss how nanomedicine has the potential to improve intracellular disease therapy by offering properties such as targeting, sustained drug release, and drug delivery to the pathogen’s intracellular location. The characteristics of nanomedicine may prove advantageous in developing improved or alternative therapies for intracellular diseases.
Effect of Educational Programs, Rigid Sharps Containers, and Universal Precautions on Reported Needlestick Injuries in Healthcare Workers

Objective: To evaluate the effect of infection control programs on reported needlestick injuries in a general hospital. Design: Surveillance of all reported needlestick injuries at the University of Cincinnati Hospital was maintained by the infection control department for five years, from 1985 through 1989. Data on individual workers were collected, tabulated on a monthly basis, and reviewed continually to monitor trends in injuries. During this time, the effects of each of three new infection control programs on reported injuries were evaluated sequentially. Setting: A 700-bed general hospital that serves as the main teaching hospital of the University of cincinnati. Participants: All employees of University Hospital who reported to personnel health for management of needlestick injuries. Interventions: In 1986, an educational program to prevent injuries was initiated and continued throughout the surveillance period. In 1987, rigid sharps disposal containers were placed in all hospital rooms. In 1988, universal precautions were introduced with an intensive inservice. Results: Surveillance identified 1,602 needlestick injuries (320/year) or 104/1 ,000/ year. After the educational program began, reported injuries increased rather than decreased, and this was attributed to increased reporting. Subsequently, after installation of the new disposal containers, reported injuries returned to the levels seen prior to the educational program, but recapping injuries showed a significant decrease from 63/year to 30, or 20/1,000/year to 10. This decrease was observed in nurses but not in other healthcare workers. After universal precautions were instituted, total injuries increased slightly, but recapping injuries remained at 50% of the levels reported prior to the use of rigid sharps disposal containers. Conclusions: The three infection control programs failed to produce a major reduction in reported needlestick injuries, except for a decrease in recapping injuries associated with the placement of rigid sharps disposal containers in all patient rooms. These observations indicate that new approaches are needed to reduce needlestick injuries.