cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The use of a classic lipid extraction method for simultaneous recovery of organic pollutants and microbial lipids from sediments

Abstract An analytical protocol is described which allows for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and phospholipid fatty acids on the same sample. This procedure allowed for the simultaneous evaluation of PAH concentration and its biological effects on the microbial community. The total extract was separated into PAH, neutral lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid fractions on a silicic acid column by sequential elution using hexane, chloroform, acetone and methanol. This method was shown to be simple, effective and reproducible, and can be applied to very small samples (20–100 mg of sediment). PAH concentration was determined directly from the hexane fraction by GC/MS analysis without further preparative steps. Microbial community structure was simultaneously determined using phospholipid ester-linked fatty acids (PLFA). This method was evaluated based on analysis of Standard Reference Material (NIST SRM 1941a), and applied to environmental samples from Eagle Harbor, Puget Sound, Washington.
Development of arrays of TES x-ray detectors

Both the x-ray astrophysics and microanalysis communities need large format arrays of high-spectral-resolution x-ray detectors. To meet this need, we are fabricating multi-pixel arrays of our successful single pixel transition edge sensor (TES) x-ray microcalorimeters. We will adapt SQUID multiplexing technology already in use with our infrared TES bolometer arrays to reduce the wiring and power dissipation at the cold stage of our cryostat. Room temperature digital feedback electronics have also been developed to simplify the read-out of large numbers of pixels, and microfabrication techniques are being explored to enable the fabrication of large, close-packed arrays of TES microcalorimeters.
Comparative studies of the effects of nutrient-based phagostimulants on six lepidopterous insect pests

The effects of five commercial, nutrient-based phagostimulants-Pheast (AgriSense), Coax (CCT), Gusto (Atochem North America), Entice (Custom Chemicides), and Mo-Bait (Loveland Industries)-on the feeding behavior of six lepidopteran insect species were compared. The species were gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lymantriidae); com earworm, Helicoverpa (Heliothis) zea (Boddie); fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith); beet armyworm, S. exigua (Hubner) (Noctuidae); European com borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) (Pyralidae); and diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Plutellidae). Consumption of cellulose-agar media containing phagostimulants and of leaf disks treated with phagostimulants was measured. Comparisons of responses of larvae in terms of attraction and arrestancy were made with untreated filter paper or filter paper treated with phagostimulant. Large differences in consumption between phagostimulants were found when we used cellulose-agar media. However, differences in consumption were smaller when plant material was used as a substrate, especially in choice (treated versus control) tests. The four phagostimulants that contained high percentages of protein generally elicited stronger responses than the phagostimulant containing primarily sugars (Mo-Bait). Overall, Pheast tended to elicit the greatest response; Mo-Bait, elicited the least. Some attractancy and arrestancy were noted, except with L. dispar , but no differences between phagostimulants were found. The methods used here for the comparative evaluation of phagostimulants should be useful in developing practical applications of feeding stimulants to increase the efficacy of microbial and other insect control agents under practical field conditions.
Reply to the research mission in myeloma by Richardson et al.

Although by definition the purpose of editorials is to provoke discussion, I share the authors' indignation1 with the implications regarding research clinicians' motivations and the influence of corporate rhetoric they have surmized my editorial to contain.2 This was not what I intended to convey, and I am grateful that they have taken the time to correct these misconceptions. In response I acknowledge here the fact that not only research clinicians, but all interested health care professionals (including those in the pharmaceutical industry, regulatory agencies, philanthropic organizations and medical education companies) involved in myeloma clinical trials have a common, unifying and over-riding goal of helping patients.
High g testing of MEMS devices

Replicating the mechanical environments to which MEMS devices (Micro- Electro-Mechanical Systems) are exposed requires extreme test strategies. Acceleration levels in the 10's of thousands of g's is a normal occurrence in today's MEMS applications. Traditional test methods in use for over a half century are no longer adequate. New test methods are constantly required to meet the demanding quality and reliability levels of everything from emerging consumer applications to safety critical military and automotive systems.
Evaluating the progress of restored cordgrass (Spartina foliosa) marshes : Belowground biomass and tissue nitrogen

We report the first data on belowground tissue mass and nitrogen (N) concentration forSpartina foliosa in southern California, assessing one natural and two constructed marshes on San Diego Bay. Biomass at the natural marsh was low compared to that of otherSpartina spp., but higher than values reported forS. foliosa in northern California. In sandy constructed marshes planted 5 and 10 years before this study,S. foliosa had lower belowground tissue N, lower N crop (%N×biomass), and shallower roots than in the adjacent natural marsh. We took advantage of a 2-yr, large-scale fertilization project being performed in the older constructed marsh and examined biomass and N storage after N additions. Although there was a trend toward N accumulation with fertilization, N crop remained at approximately 50% of natural marsh levels, unlike the large aboveground responses to N addition in our previous studies. Lower belowground reserves help to explain poor aerial growth in the created marshes and suggest the need for finer sediments (with greater potential for holding and supplying nutrients) to sustain (S. foliosa. While fine sediments are beginning to accumulate on the surface of the created marshes, vertical accretion is more likely to shift the plant community toward other species than to enhanceS. foliosa growth. We suggest salvaging and importing fine, organic marsh sediments or providing organic amendments to establish proper substrate conditions. Overexcavating and allowing fine sediments to accumulate remains an option, although the time scale is unpredictable due to the stochasticity of accretion events.
Clustering and methylation of repeated DNA: persistence in avian development and evolution

In the chicken genome, clusters of repeated DNA sequences occur which have alternate arrangements of the component sequence elements. Many of these clustered, repeated sequences are extensively methylated. We have established that both their arrangement and their methylation are invariant regardless of the source of chicken DNA. Comparisons included DNA from sperm, from a series of embryonic stages, from tissues of single adult individuals, and from thirty individual chickens of two strains. These same sequences are found in the DNA of some avian species related to chickens, and there they show the same clustered, methylated form. In related species, some of the arrangements found in chicken DNA are different or missing.
Bed usage in a Dublin teaching hospital: a prospective audit

We prospectively audited inpatient bed use in our hospital for the first three months of this year. While 70% (mean age 54±20.8 years) of our patients went home on the day they were medically discharged, 30% (mean age 70.3±18.3 years) remained in the hospital awaiting step-down facilities. The total of 486 bed days occupied by overstaying patients would if available, have allowed treatment of 54% more patients without any increase in the hospital complement of beds, preventing the cancellation of elective procedures and preventing patients remaining on trolleys overnight. These prospective data emphasise (1) a highly inefficient use of acute hospital beds; (2) the need for step-down facilities; (3) efficient use of existing hospital beds is the highest priority both for optimal patient care and optimal use of expensive hospital resources; (4) efficient use of existing facilities should be achieved before the construction of additional facilities.
On the recovery of photosensitivity in two passerine species, American tree sparrows (Spizella arborea) and Harris' sparrows (Zonotrichia querula)

Abstract To test the hypothesis that a spontaneous increase in plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) signals recovery of photosensitivity in castrated passerine birds, LH concentrations were measured weekly in intact and in castrated photorefractory tree sparrows and Harris' sparrows transferred to short days. After 7 weeks on short days (Experiment 1) or after 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 weeks (Experiment 2), intact and castrated tree sparrows (Experiment 1) or castrated Harris' sparrows (Experiment 2) were challenged with long days (1 week) to determine if photosensitivity had been restored. As evidenced by a significant LH response to photostimulation, tree sparrows had regained at least partial photosensitivity after 7 weeks on short days. However, during exposure to short days, plasma LH concentrations in castrated males did not differ from those in intact males, and plasma LH concentrations in intact or castrated males did not vary with time. The first indication that photosensitivity had been partially restored in Harris' sparrows came after 7 weeks on short days, when castrated males responded to photostimulation with a fourfold elevation in plasma LH concentration. However, before week 7 and through week 10, LH concentrations remained suppressed in both intact and castrated males retained on short days. These data show that recovery of photosensitivity in castrated tree sparrows and Harris' sparrows held on short days is not signaled by a spontaneous elevation in plasma LH concentration, and that plasma LH concentrations in acutely photosensitive intact male tree sparrows and Harris' sparrows held on short days are not suppressed because of gonadal negative feedback.
Reviewing the impact of computerized provider order entry on clinical outcomes: The quality of systematic reviews

Abstract Purpose Computerized provider order entry (CPOE) is central to current efforts at improving clinical care. Understanding the quality of the evidence for CPOE is important to the practical decision of implementation, patient safety and future design efforts. This paper presents the results of a systematic analysis of the quality of systematic reviews of empirical CPOE research. Methods The systematic search process included PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, Cochrane, INSPEC, and PsychInfo databases from the years 1987–mid 2010 in English only. All reviews with a focus on CPOE, electronic ordering, Electronic Health Record, or Health Information Technology were included. Studies were excluded if they did not mention a systematic review in the title or text, report a formal search process, report results of the search, or specifically include a separate section on CPOE in the results. Quality was assessed using systematic criteria developed by Oxman and Guyatt, QUOROM, and PRISMA. All three authors conducted the reviews independently. Disagreements were resolved through discussion. Descriptive data was extracted. Results The search process yielded 185 initial unique references with 13 final reviews meeting the inclusion criteria. The rating of overall quality in the Oxman and Guyatt scale averaged 4.9 out of a possible 7 and the average mean of the sum of the other questions was 5.69. The overall QUOROM/PRISMA ratings averaged 63% completion and ranging from 45% to 81%. Conclusions The quality of these reviews were moderate. Only one study conducted a full quantitative synthesis, and overall heterogeneity was reported as very high in the 3 studies that measured it. Recommendations emphasize clarifying the phenomenon of CPOE by avoiding reporting conclusions across sub-group analyses, increasing emphasis on the development of theoretical models, including more quantitative assessments, and increasing breadth of outcomes.
A study of chemoprophylaxis of postpartum urinary-tract infection.

There is evidence that routine catheterization of the urethra at the time of delivery has contributed to the frequency of postpartum bacteriuria. The possibility of preventing bacteriuria under these conditions was studied in 415 healthy women who had normal spontaneous deliveries preceded by routine catheterization. Of these, a test group of 217 received antimicrobial (sulfamethoxypyridazine) therapy whereas a contratest group of 198 was treated with a placebo. Two patients in the test group and 17 in the contratest group developed symptomatic urinary-tract infection during the study. The effectiveness of the prophylaxis was clearly demonstrated. Bacteriuria appearinwhere-r delivery did not persist, whereas patients with evidence of infection at the time of delivery tended to have bacteria in the urine at the visit 6 weeks post partum.
La politica de comercio exterior en competencia imperfecta : un ejercicio de simulacion para chile

Introduccion. Los desarrollos recientes de la teoria de las politicas de comercio exterior y las industriales en la competencia imperfecta han demstrado que la proteccion de una industria nacional puede incrementar el bienestar. El hecho de que la proteccion, o cualquier otra forma de la intervencion de politica, incremente o no el bienestar depende de los supuestos que se formulen acerca de la estructura de la industria, el comportamiento de las empresas, las caracteristicas de la economia(el numero de industrias con rendimientos crecientes, la disponibilidad de recursos para la industria en expansion...), la relacion con los mercados mundiales(integrados o segmentados, de paises grandes o pequenos), etcetera. La cuestion basica es que una economia podria beneficiarse expandiendo una industria en la que el precio exceda al costo marginal y las empresan tengan una ganancia economica, incrementando el producto de empresas individuales cuando haya economias de escala y canalizando las ganacias de extranjeros hacia los productores nacionales...
Some Characteristics of the Uptake of Glutamine by Corn Scutellum

Slices of corn scutellum were used to study amino acid uptake, a natural function of this tissue. The uptake of glutamine was found to be inhibited by several monovalent cations. The accompanying anion did not affect the inhibition. Divalent cations stimulated glutamine uptake, particularly at high glutamine concentrations. The inhibition by monovalent cations was reversed by divalent cations.There was a broad pH optimum (4.3-5.2), and a wide range of pH values over which substantial rates of glutamine uptake were observed (3-7).Seventeen protein amino acids were tested for their effects on glutamine uptake. l-Alanine, l-cysteine, l-glutamic acid, glycine, l-serine, and l-methionine were the only inhibitory amino acids. The inhibition by alanine and methionine was overcome at high glutamine concentrations whereas the inhibition by monovalent cations was not. The inhibition by amino acids was not reversed by divalent cations. d-Alanine and d-methionine had no effect on glutamine uptake.High concentrations of sucrose (0.5 m) did not affect glutamine uptake. Thus, osmotic shock did not cause a dissociation of a transport protein from a membrane. Mannose inhibited glutamine uptake but glucose, galactose, and fructose did not. In addition to respiratory inhibitors, N-ethylmaleimide inhibited glutamine uptake. Ouabain did not affect glutamine uptake.
Anthropometric analysis of mandibular asymmetry in infants with deformational posterior plagiocephaly

Abstract Purpose: The incidence of deformational posterior plagiocephaly has increased dramatically since 1992. We tested the hypothesis that mandibular asymmetry, associated with this condition, is secondary to anterior displacement of the ipsilateral temporomandibular joint. The response to molding helmet therapy was also evaluated. Patients and Methods: A caliper was used to measure mandibular dimensions in 27 infants (16 boys and 11 girls) with deformational posterior plagiocephaly; the mean age was 6.2 months (range, 3 to 12 months). Anthropometric measures included ramal height (condylion-gonion), body length (gonion-gnathion), and condylion-gnathion. Gonial angle was calculated from the law of cosines: C2 = A2 + B2 − 2AB cos c. The position of the temporomandibular joint was accepted as corresponding to auricular position and measured from tragion to subnasal. Cranial asymmetry was measured, in the horizontal plane, from orbitale superius to the contralateral parieto-occipital point at the level of inion. Ten of 27 patients were remeasured 5 months after beginning helmet therapy to evaluate change in mandibular dimensions. Results: Two thirds of infants (67%) had right-sided and one third (33%) had left-sided deformational posterior plagiocephaly. The mean auricular anterior displacement was 79.7 mm on the affected side and 83.4 mm on the unaffected side. The mean difference of 3.8 mm between the sides was statistically significant (P
An ab Initio Study of the Kinetics of the Reactions of Halomethanes with the Hydroxyl Radical. 3. Kinetic Parameters Predictions for the Potential Halon Replacements CH2FBr, CHFBr2 , CHFClBr, CHCl2Br, and CHClBr2

Ab initio PMP4(SDTQ)/6-311G(3df,2p)//MP2/6-311G(2d,2p) calculations, together with canonical transition state theory, were used in order to compute the energetics and predict the kinetics (in the t...
Diffraction of harmonic flexural waves in a cracked elastic plate carrying electrical current

The scattering effect of harmonic flexural waves at a through crack in an elastic plate carrying electrical current is investigated. In this context, the Kirchhoffean bending plate theory is extended as to include magnetoelastic interactions. An incident wave giving rise to bending moments symmetric about the longitudinal x -axis of the crack is applied. Fourier transform technique reduces the problem to dual integral equations, which are then cast to a system of two singular integral equations. Efficient numerical computation is implemented to get the bending moment intensity factor for arbitrary frequency of the incident wave and of arbitrary electrical current intensity. The asymptotic behaviour of the bending moment intensity factor is analysed and parametric studies are conducted.
Relevance and utility of peritoneal cultures in patients with peritonitis.

Background: The pathogenic organisms responsible for the manifestations of secondary peritonitis have been well characterized through almost 30 years of experimental and clinical studies. Enteric gram-negative organisms and anaerobes predominate, with Escherichia coli and Bacteroides fragilis, respectively, being the most frequent isolates. This flora is remarkably consistent across patients and institutions. As a result of this consistency and the availability of well-established effective empiric antimicrobial regimens, many surgeons believe that cultures of peritoneal exudates in patients with peritonitis offer no useful information and no clinical benefit. Methods: Review of pertinent antibiotic and management trials in the management of intraabdominal infection. Results: There is increasing evidence that identification of organisms resistant to the chosen empiric antibiotic regimen portends a higher likelihood of failure. What is not clear is whether postoperative changes in the regimen in accordance...
Spin dynamics in La2CuO4: consistent description by the inclusion of ring exchange

Abstract We consider the square lattice Heisenberg antiferromagnet with plaquette ring exchange ( J □ ) to investigate the spin dynamics in La 2 CuO 4 . The values for the in-plane exchange parameters, J =151.9 meV and J □ =0.24 J, are obtained consistently by an accurate fit to the experimentally observed spin-wave dispersion. In a parameter-free calculation for the Raman light scattering intensity we find that the inclusion of ring exchange in the dispersion and the magnon–magnon interaction vertex leads to a 2-magnon peak position in B 1g geometry which agrees perfectly with the experimental value.
Perceptions of Interaction: The critical predictor in distance education

Abstract This study examined learner perceptions of interaction and satisfaction in a course delivered by interactive television. The participants were 123 K‐6 teachers in a Developmental Approaches in Science and Health program. Three sessions of the ten‐session course were examined. Significant correlations were found between perceptions of personal and overall interaction within the class. Perceptions of personal interaction were a moderate predictor of satisfaction. The critical predictor of satisfaction was the perception of overall interaction. These findings suggest that when learners perceive the level of interaction to be high, they will be more satisfied with instruction than when they perceive the level of interaction to be low. Overall dynamics in interaction may have a stronger impact on learners’ satisfaction than does strictly personal participation. Vicarious interaction within the class as a whole may result in greater learner satisfaction than will the overt engagement of each participan...
Mathematical Models for Society and Biology, 2nd ed. [Book Reviews]

This 12-chapter text has the goal of showing how mathematics can illuminate fascinating problems drawn from society and biology. Each chapter takes a particular mathematical topic and applies it to one or more problems in society or biology. The text is written at the approximate level of a person who has completed sophomore mathematics and is familiar with items such as false positives and false negatives, probability, differential equations, etc. The text is not designed to be a classroom textbook but instead is recommended by this reviewer as a supplement to lectures in biology or applied mathematics or simply as an enjoyable read over a period of several afternoons at your leisure. For many readers, the mathematics in the chapters should be a review; however, a few chapters may cover topics that are not covered in undergraduate courses. Therefore, if needed, the appendices cover the normal density, Poisson events nonlinear differential equations and oscillations, and conditional probability, and may be reviewed to aid understanding of a particular chapter topic.
Time-Resolved IR Studies of 2-Naphthyl(carbomethoxy)carbene: Reactivity and Direct Experimental Estimate of the Singlet/Triplet Energy Gap

To clarify the role of diazocarbonyl excited states in Wolff rearrangement chemistry, time-resolved infrared (TRIR) spectroscopy has been used to study methyl 2-diazo-(2-naphthyl) acetate (1) and the subsequently produced 2-naphthyl(carbomethoxy)carbene (2). TRIR analysis of the growth rate of the ketene rearrangement product following laser excitation of diazoester 1 demonstrates that in this case ketene is formed almost exclusively from the carbene. The absence of reaction from the diazoester excited state is likely due to the highly preferred anti relationship between the diazo and carbonyl groups in 1. In addition, the detection of IR bands from both the singlet and triplet states of spin-equilibrated carbene 2 has allowed a direct experimental estimate of the singlet/triplet energy gap in solution at ambient temperature. This work represents the first TRIR detection and study of a carbene intermediate and demonstrates the potential value of TRIR spectroscopy in structural and mechanistic aspects of c...
Books Exercise in Rehabilitation Medicine, ed 2

Frontera WR, ed. Champaign, IL 61825, Human Kinetics, 2006, hardcover, 464 pp, illus, ISBN: 0-7360-5541-X, $95. This second edition is edited by 3 physicians who assembled a group of 35 contributors from various health care fields. Since the publication of the first edition, each chapter has been updated and 3 additional chapters (“Cancer,” “Human Immunodeficiency Virus,” and “End-Stage Renal Disease”) have been included to make the text current. The text provides basic information on exercise physiology and its application to the clinical setting. The information in the text appears to be geared toward the physical medicine and rehabilitation physician and is a little too generic for the practicing physical therapist. The text is divided into 4 parts. The first part, “Biological Considerations,” contains 4 chapters that lay the foundation for the book. The first chapter describes the acute physiological …
Hinweise auf ein Gleichgewicht zwischen μ‐Alkin‐und Alkylidin‐Komplexen von Wolframalkoxiden: [W2(OR)6(μ‐C2R′2)] ⇋ 2[(RO)3WCR′]

La decomposition des alcynes dans la sphere de coordination des metaux est la base d'une nouvelle synthese de complexes W 3 -alkylidyne. Ainsi on etudie la synthese de [W 3 (μ 3 -CR')(OCH 2 tBu) 9 ]
Entire solutions of certain partial differential equations inC n

We describe entire solutions inC n of non-linear partial differential equations of the form (∂w/∂z j ) k =f(w), wheref is a meromorphic function in the complex plane andk is a positive integer.
p-Cyanophenylalanine and selenomethionine constitute a useful fluorophore–quencher pair for short distance measurements: application to polyproline peptides

The CN stretching frequency and fluorescence quantum yield of p-cyanophenylalanine are sensitive to environment. As such, this unnatural amino acid has found broad applications, ranging from studying how proteins fold to determining the local electric field of membranes. Herein, we demonstrate that the fluorescence of p-cyanophenylalanine can be quenched by selenomethionine through an electron transfer process occurring at short distances, thus further expanding its spectroscopic utility. Using this fluorophore–quencher pair, we are able to show that short polyproline peptides (1–4 prolines) are not rigid; instead, they sample a bimodal conformational distribution.
Upper bound on C/A and L1C code spectral separation coefficients

It is well known that the available effective carrier-to-noise density ratio (C/N 0 ) effective to a GPS receiver is degraded to a greater degree due to spectral line effects than when spectral line effects are ignored for the Global Positioning System (GPS) coarse acquisition (C/A) codes. 12(C/N 0 ) effective is an important parameter used to characterize the GPS receiver performance in terms of code acquisition, carrier loss of lock, and data bit error rate. In today's signal environment, which includes a growing number of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) in the Radio Navigation Satellite System (RNSS) band, there is a need to account for all the interference sources accurately to make sure that the intersystem and intrasystem Radio Frequency Compatibility (RFC) is achieved. Towards this goal many studies in the past considered quasi-analysis and simulation methods to account for the spectral line effects on the GPS C/A code receivers. The spectral separation coefficient (SSC) provides a measure of the amount of interference that can be expected from one signal to the other. An upper bound on C/A code SSC was presented in last year's IEEE Aeroconference [1]. In this paper we make refinements to the upper bound equations for the C/A codes presented in [1] and also extend the bounds to codes other than the C/A codes. Computational advantage is still retained with the refinement to the equations.
Hunger strikers: ethical and legal dimensions of medical complicity in torture at Guantanamo Bay

Physicians and other licensed health professionals are involved in force-feeding prisoners on hunger strike at the US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay (GTMO), Cuba, the detention center established to hold individuals captured and suspected of being terrorists in the wake of September 11, 2001. The force-feeding of competent hunger strikers violates medical ethics and constitutes medical complicity in torture. Given the failure of civilian and military law to end the practice, the medical profession must exert policy and regulatory pressure to bring the policy and operations of the US Department of Defense into compliance with established ethical standards. Physicians, other health professionals, and organized medicine must appeal to civilian state oversight bodies and federal regulators of medical science to revoke the licenses of health professionals who have committed prisoner abuses at GTMO.
Factors Associated with Nursing Home Admission after Stroke in Older Women

Background We examined the social and economic factors associated with nursing home (NH) admission in older women, overall and poststroke. Methods The Women's Health Initiative (WHI) included women aged 50-79 years at enrollment (1993-1998). In the WHI Extension Study (2005-2010), participants annually reported any NH admission in the preceding year. Separate multivariate logistic regression models analyzed social and economic factors associated with long-term NH admission, defined as an admission on 2 or more questionnaires, overall and poststroke. Results Of 103,237 participants, 8904 (8.6%) reported NH admission (2005-2010); 534 of 2225 (24.0%) women with incident stroke reported poststroke NH admission. Decreased likelihoods of NH admission overall were demonstrated for Asian, Black, and Hispanic women (versus whites, adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = .35-.44, P Conclusions The level of care needed after a disabling stroke may overwhelm social and economic structures in place that might otherwise enable avoidance of NH admission. We need to identify ways to provide care consistent with patients' preferences, even after a disabling stroke.
TEM investigation of Lewiston, Idaho, fibrolite: Microstructure and grain boundary energetics

High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) revealed that a sample of fine-grained Lewiston, Idaho, fibrolite is predominantly fibrolite with trace amounts of poorly crystalline layer silicates. The fibrolite consists of aggregates of acicular grains where the c axis of each grain is parallel to the elongation direction. Widths of 195 grains were measured: The average is 0.41 mm, the mode is 0.29 mm, and the range is 0.05‐1.57 mm. No stacking faults or other extended defects were observed in any of the grains. Grain boundary energies were calculated using the symmetrical dislocation tilt wall theory (SDTW) and measurements of misorientation between the c axes of neighboring fibrolite crystals. The angles of misorientation range from 18 to 118, yielding grain boundary energies ranging from 310 to 967 ergs/cm 2 , respectively, with an average energy of 610 ergs/ cm 2 . Modeling the fibrolite grains as infinitely long cylinders and using the experimentally measured average grain diameter, an average molar grain boundary energy of 320 J/mol was calculated. This excess grain boundary energy could correspond to a shift of as much as 1140 8C in the andalusite-sillimanite boundary and 130 8C in the kyanite-sillimanite boundary. Typical fibrolite grain boundaries adopt relatively high-energy configurations. We attribute this to fibrolite nucleation at pre-existing low-angle grain boundaries in layer silicates, preserving misorientations, and conferring a fine-grained texture.
Psychometric Properties of a Korean Version of the Revised Neo-Personality Inventory

Native Korean speakers attending English-speaking universities in the United States (47 men, 37 women) were administered Form S (self-report) or Form R (observer's ratings) of both the English and Korean language versions of the Revised NEO-Personality Inventory. Analyses of internal consistency reliability, Pearson correlation coefficients, and t tests computed across languages and within forms suggested chat the Korean translations of Form S and Form R were essentially equivalent to the English originals. Using the Korean versions of the Form S and Form R domains, correlations were computed between self-reported personality traits and the traits as rated by each participant's spouse. The resulting correlation matrix supported the convergent and discriminant validity of this Korean translation of the Revised NEO-Personality Inventory.
The value of certification: an empirical assessment of the perceptions of end‐users of local area networks

.Certification is one criterion that employers seek when hiring network professionals. Many employers assume a certified network professional is better able to manage networked resources than is a non-certified counterpart. Therefore, employers often offer a monetary premium to attract certified network professionals. By measuring end-user perceptions, the current study empirically assesses the popular industry assumption that certified network professionals are more adept managers of network resources than those individuals who are not certified network professionals. Analyses of a data derived from 299 end-users of 11 separate local area networks indicate no statistically significant difference exists between the capabilities of certified network professionals and non-certified network professionals.
Confidence Interval Estimation of Survival Probabilities for Censored Data

Abstract The likelihood ratio method for confidence interval estimation of survival or life-time probabilities is investigated for censored data. This approach depends on a constrained product-limit estimator for the survival function. The likelihood method is compared with two alternative methods based on normal approximations to the product-limit estimator for several cases of uncensored and randomly censored samples. The methods are generalized for the ratio of two survival probabilities.
Studies on the pteridines in the milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas)☆

Abstract A quantitative re-examination of the pteridines in Oncopeltus has given results at variance with those published previously. The precursors of the red pteridine, erythropterin, are xanthopterin and, probably, oxalacetic acid. Xanthopterin is not present as such in Oncopeltus eggs but exists as 7,8-dihydroxanthopterin. Chrysopterin and biopterin have also been isolated and identified from later growth stages of the bug.
Density Estimation of Corn Rootworm Egg Populations Based upon Frequency of Occurrence

A new approach is developed for the estimation of insect population densities which eliminates the necessity of counting every individual per sample. Although the method was developed for populations of corn rootworm eggs, it seems as applicable to other organisms featuring contagious distributions. Estimation by the proposed method is based upon the proportion (p) of samples containing at least t insects each, where t, termed threshold density, can be any positive integer specified. For example, if t is 1, counting is entirely unnecessary since the only information required is the proportion of samples in which the organism is present. The prediction equation which links mean density to the variables ° and t must be estimated beforehand from a series of samples extending over a wide range of population densities. Expressing the model in terms of logarithms premits the estimation of its parameters by linear least squares. The study indicates that there is an optimal threshold level associated with every p...
Exercise increases blood flow to locomotor, vestibular, cardiorespiratory and visual regions of the brain in miniature swine

1. The purpose of these experiments was to use radiolabelled microspheres to measure blood flow distribution within the brain, and in particular to areas associated with motor function, maintenance of equilibrium, cardiorespiratory control, vision, hearing and smell, at rest and during exercise in miniature swine. Exercise consisted of steady-state treadmill running at intensities eliciting 70 and 100 % maximal oxygen consumption (V(O(2),max)). 2. Mean arterial pressure was elevated by 17 and 26 % above that at rest during exercise at 70 and 100 % V(O(2),max), respectively. 3. Mean brain blood flow increased 24 and 25 % at 70 and 100 % V(O(2),max), respectively. Blood flow was not locally elevated to cortical regions associated with motor and somatosensory functions during exercise, but was increased to several subcortical areas that are involved in the control of locomotion. 4. Exercise elevated perfusion and diminished vascular resistance in several regions of the brain related to the maintenance of equilibrium (vestibular nuclear area, cerebellar ventral vermis and floccular lobe), cardiorespiratory control (medulla and pons), and vision (dorsal occipital cortex, superior colliculi and lateral geniculate body). Conversely, blood flow to regions related to hearing (cochlear nuclei, inferior colliculi and temporal cortex) and smell (olfactory bulbs and rhinencephalon) were unaltered by exercise and associated with increases in vascular resistance. 5. The data indicate that blood flow increases as a function of exercise intensity to several areas of the brain associated with integrating sensory input and motor output (anterior and dorsal cerebellar vermis) and the maintenance of equilibrium (vestibular nuclei). Additionally, there was an intensity-dependent decrease of vascular resistance in the dorsal cerebellar vermis.
THE LONGITUDINAL DEPENDENCE OF HEAVY-ION COMPOSITION IN THE 2013 APRIL 11 SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLE EVENT

On 2013 April 11 active region 11719 was centered just west of the central meridian; at 06:55 UT, it erupted with an M6.5 X-ray flare and a moderately fast (~800 km s^(–1)) coronal mass ejection. This solar activity resulted in the acceleration of energetic ions to produce a solar energetic particle (SEP) event that was subsequently observed in energetic protons by both ACE and the two STEREO spacecraft. Heavy ions at energies ≥10 MeV nucleon^(–1) were well measured by SEP sensors on ACE and STEREO-B, allowing the longitudinal dependence of the event composition to be studied. Both spacecraft observed significant enhancements in the Fe/O ratio at 12-33 MeV nucleon^(–1), with the STEREO-B abundance ratio (Fe/O = 0.69) being similar to that of the large, Fe-rich SEP events observed in solar cycle 23. The footpoint of the magnetic field line connected to the ACE spacecraft was longitudinally farther from the flare site (77° versus 58°), and the measured Fe/O ratio at ACE was 0.48, 44% lower than at STEREO-B but still enhanced by more than a factor of 3.5 over average SEP abundances. Only upper limits were obtained for the ^3He/^4He abundance ratio at both spacecraft. Low upper limits of 0.07% and 1% were obtained from the ACE sensors at 0.5-2 and 6.5-11.3 MeV nucleon^(–1), respectively, whereas the STEREO-B sensor provided an upper limit of 4%. These characteristics of high, but longitudinally variable, Fe/O ratios and low ^3He/^4He ratios are not expected from either the direct flare contribution scenario or the remnant flare suprathermal material theory put forth to explain the Fe-rich SEP events of cycle 23.
Industrial-era global ocean heat uptake doubles in recent decades

Changes in ocean heat content over the industrial era are investigated from a range of observations. Using this data as input to climate models shows that nearly half of the increase occurred in recent decades, and more than a third occurs below 700 m.
Introduction to Premodern Historical Systems: The Rise and Fall of States and Empires

Here are three studies of the phenomenon of rise and fall in premodern historical systems. In the modern world-system an analogous process takes the form of the rise and fall of hegemonic core powers, and the arena of contention became global in scope during the 19th century (c.e.). The studies here are of three di?erent and largely separate regional world-systems during di?erent time periods. All three focus on state formation, empire building and collapse.
Convergence of linear algebraic reliability simulation

In this paper, numerical methods for the solution of a reliability modeling problem are presented by finding the steady state solution of a Markov chain. The reliability modeling problem analyzed is that of a large system made up of two smaller systems each with a varying number of subsystems. The focus of this study is on the optimal choice and formulation of algorithms for the steady-state solution of the generator matrix for the Markov chain associated with the given reliability modeling problem. In this context, iterative linear equation solution algorithms were compared. The Conjugate-Gradient method was determined to have the quickest convergence with the Gauss-Seidel method following close behind for the relevant model structures. Current work associated with this project analyzes the convergence of the Successive Over-Relaxation method. This work is part of a larger program for simulating, processing, and analyzing stochastic processes associated with simulation of naval systems.
Wireless Control of Parabolic Shells Using Photostrictive Actuators

Photostrictive actuator, which can turn light energy into mechanical energy, is a new promising photoactuation technique for non-contact wireless active control of flexible structures. Optical mirrors, communication antennas, solar/optical reflectors, nozzles, rocket fairings, etc. often have the shape of parabolic shells or shells of revolution, due to their required focusing, aiming, or reflecting performance. In this paper, the active control of flexible parabolic shells using discrete photostrictive actuators is investigated. Parabolic shell of revolution is considered one of the most difficult geometry among all shell and non-shell structures. Because of this, an approximate way to estimate the dynamic behavior and light-induced control forces of a photostrictive coupled parabolic shell is presented. Based on the approximate model, the effects of actuator locations as well as membrane and bending components on the control action are analyzed. The results obtained indicate that the control forces are mode and location dependent. It is also shown by analysis that the membrane control action is much more significant than the bending control action. The validation of the approximate model is done by comparing the light-induced control forces of the photostrictive coupled shells obtained by the approximate equivalent spherical shell model and those obtained by the parabolic shell model.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Kathryn Kalinak, ed., Music in the Western: Notes from the Frontier

New York and London: Routledge, 2012. [ix, 237p. ISBN: 9780415882279. $39.99 (trade paper)] Routledge Music and Screen Media Series. Music examples, illustrations, figures, tables, and index.
Design Education in Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

In general, the attendance level and interest in the discussions that took place following the presentations at each of the four sessions of the symposium suggest that educational programming at future TMS meetings has a very solid constituency. The organization of the symposium Powder Processing Education for the Year 2000 by the Materials Design & Manufacturing Division’s Powder Metallurgy Committee for the 1994 TMS Annual Meeting is likely to provide further demonstration of this level of interest. As our profession continues to evolve, TMS has the opportunity to play a signal role as a conduit of information among professionals and educators wishing to improve their “product” and between educators wishing to share with others the best means of obtaining such improvement.
MEMBRANE-PERMEABILITY ASSAY USING CACO-2 CELLS IN DRUG DISCOVERY

The Caco-2 human-epithelial cell line has been widely used as a tissue-culture model for permeability measurements to predict human oral absorption in the drug discovery stage. In my presentation I will address some of the strategic applications of the Caco-2 model. Physicochemical properties affect the permeability. For example, permeability tends to be underestimated in hydrophilic compounds. For determining the permeability of poorly soluble drugs, some solubilizing reagents or bovine serum albumin can be used. The expression of some carrier-mediated transport systems has been confirmed on Caco-2 cell monolayers; therefore, we should pay attention to evaluating compounds that may be substrates of the transporters. The pH of the medium also affects the result of this assay. Transport studies with an apical pH value at 6.0 or 6.5 showed better prediction of in vivo drug absorption in human. For compounds that are substrates of P-glycoprotein (Pgp), the use of a Pgp inhibitor resulted in a better estimate of absorption in humans. The results suggest that compounds can be ranked according to how well they are absorbed; namely, those with Papp less than 1×10-6cm/s (poorly absorbed), between 1×10-6cm/s and 1×10-5cm/s (moderately absorbed), and greater than 1×10-5cm/s (well absorbed). The data of the Caco-2 assays are sometimes different, however, from those in different laboratories due to fluctuations in permeability resulting from passages and culture conditions, even when using the same clone. For high throughput screening, the permeability in 96-well Caco-2 assay demonstrates a good correlation with known human absorption for a variety of compounds. This is comparable to a 24-well system. Automation machines can be successfully applied for Caco-2 assays. Several in silicostudies for the prediction of Caco-2 permeability have also been conducted. A database system to which scientists easily access should be developed in collaboration with information-technologyg roups.
The lung at high altitude: bronchoalveolar lavage in acute mountain sickness and pulmonary edema.

High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), a severe form of altitude illness that can occur in young healthy individuals, is a noncardiogenic form of edema that is associated with high concentrations of...
A Type of Device of Clamping Pipes in Wide Range of Diameters

A type of Self-equalizing and Self-centring clamping device, which can be used to clamp pipes in wide range of diame ters and provide powerful clamping force, is introduced from respects of work ing principle, design and calculation.
External Auditors' Involvement in the Internal Audit Function's Work Plan and Subsequent Reliance Before and After a Negative Audit Discovery

SUMMARY: To reduce redundancies and increase efficiency in the evaluation of internal controls (PCAOB 2007, 402–403), professional standards encourage coordination between external auditors and their clients' internal audit function (IAF). Recent surveys of internal auditors find that a component of this coordination is external auditors' involvement in developing the IAF's audit plans. Nevertheless, it is not known how such involvement affects external auditors' reliance on the internal control test work of the IAF, either before or after a negative audit discovery. Based on an experiment with 107 experienced auditors, we find that external auditors involved in the development of the IAF's audit plan perceive the IAF as more objective and that both objectivity and involvement contribute to these auditors' placing more reliance on the IAF as compared to external auditors with no involvement. This initial reliance results in the involved auditors' proposing reductions to the audit budget and re-performing ...