cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observation or laparoscopic adrenalectomy for adrenal incidentaloma? A surgical decision analysis.

Background: The optimal strategy remains controversial for adrenal incidentaloma, 4 to 6 cm in size, nonfunctioning, and without malignant imaging characteristics. A decision analysis model was used to identify relevant variables for selecting the optimal management (observation versus adrenalectomy). Material/Methods: Risk/benefit analysis in tertiary care center. The probabilities of each health outcome states were determined by a review of the literature from 1980 to 2002 (n=2,844 patients); and from a retrospective review of experience at University of California San Francisco (UCSF). Results: The baseline probabilities of morbidity after laparoscopic unilateral adrenalectomy and a new indication developing during initial observation (hypersecretion, size increase, malignancy) were 7.8% and 3.1%, respectively. We found observation to be the preferred approach when using baseline probabilities and utilities. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy becomes the preferred approach however if: 1) The morbidity rate from laparoscopic unilateral adrenalectomy is 7.5%, 3) A patient's perspective of observation has a utility of lower than 98.6%, and 4) A patient views having a complication from adrenalectomy is not much deleterious (utility >88.1%). Conclusions: This decision analysis model identifies the important variables for selecting the optimal management approach for adrenal incidenlalomas. These results can be used to select the optimal management strategy based on individual patient preference and surgeon-specific complication rate.
Bareheaded and Barefaced Counsel: Courts React to Unprofessionalism in Lawyers’ Papers

This article examines effective legal writing through numerous examples of courts’ reactions to errors in lawyers’ writing. It covers errors ranging from misrepresenting the law to grammatical and citation errors. The erring lawyers incurred consequences that ranged from disbarment to strong verbal rebukes.
Soil moisture and texture controls of selected parameters of needle ice growth

Needle ice was grown in the laboratory to determine the limits of soil moisture and texture on the growth of needle ice. As the percentage of fines in the soil increases the lower limit of soil moisture required for growth decreases and may be defined by a linear boundary. The efficiency of conversion of soil water to needle ice in soil samples used, peaked at about 16 per cent soil fines. Contrary to expectations the finer textured soils produced significantly thicker ice crystals. Quantity of soil lifted by needle ice was related to ice height, the ice mass to atmospheric void ratio, soil texture and moisture and soil surface roughness. However, no definite, quantitative relationships could be determined. A test to determine if needle ice is selective in the grain sizes of particles lifted suggested no selectivity.
Needs‐Led Service Not Acquisitions‐Led Service in the Research Library

Experience has shown that states lose business and stall the ensuing development of their economies because of a lack of quality and foresight in their education systems. Some states feel that they have a vast reservoir of unskilled citizens who will work for nothing and companies will buy into it, but Harlan Cleveland in his article, “Education for Citizenship in the Information Society,” writes that “people who do not educate themselves, and keep re‐educating themselves to participate in the new knowledge environment will be the peasants of the information society.” Many research libraries are also stunting their own development through a lack of foresight in the provision of service. These libraries feel that their “all‐encompassing” unconnected collections continue to be a drawing card for recruiting and retaining the best scholars. University administrators who are also strategic planners will not continue to financially support this attitude.
Acetyl-Terminated and Template-Assembled Collagen-Based Polypeptides Composed of Gly-Pro-Hyp Sequences. 2. Synthesis and Conformational Analysis by Circular Dichroism, Ultraviolet Absorbance, and Optical Rotation

Template-assembled collagen-based polypeptides KTA-[Gly-(Gly-Pro-Hyp)n-NH2]3 (n = 1, 3, 5, 6; KTA is cis,cis-1,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid, also known as the Kemp triacid) and acetyl-terminated single-chain collagen-based analogs Ac-(Gly-Pro-Hyp)n-NH2 (n = 1, 3, 5, 6, 9) were synthesized by solid phase segment condensation methods. The triple-helical propensities of these collagen analogs were investigated using circular dichroism, ultraviolet absorbance, optical rotation, and nuclear magnetic resonance measurements. The acetyl analogs, Ac-(Gly-Pro-Hyp)n-NH2 (n = 6, 9), assume a stable triple-helical conformation in H2O (0.2 mg/mL) at room temperature. By contrast, Ac-(Gly-Pro-Hyp)5-NH2 adopts a triple-helical conformation in H2O only below 18 °C at a concentration of 0.2 mg/mL. For the template-assembled collagen analogs, results show that KTA-[Gly-(Gly-Pro-Hyp)n-NH2]3 (n = 5, 6) peptides form triple-helical structures which have melting temperatures above 70 °C in H2O. These meltin...
Analytic evaluation of interference effects on laser output in a Fabry–Perot resonator

The effects of the forward- and backward-wave interference in a standing-wave resonator on laser output intensity are considered. In the paraxial- and plane-wave approximation and with boundary conditions appropriate for a Fabry–Perot resonator, the intensity equations are analytically solved. The variation of the output intensity with various parameters, such as the mirror reflection and absorption coefficients, small-signal gain, and atomic detuning, is considered, and the results are compared with those obtained when the interference effects are neglected. Considerable departure from the latter case is found. Our results should find application in choosing optimum parameters in the design of a laser resonator.
Laser-based ultrasonic inspection of complexly contoured composite and metallic structures for aerospace applications

Previously, the applicability of laser-based ultrasonic techniques for the automated inspection of polymer-matrix airframe structures, having either flat or contoured geometries, has been demonstrated without restriction to large radii of curvature. More recently our LBU inspection capability has been extended to include higher spatial resolution for the inspection of complexly contoured metallic structures. In this paper, progress regarding the application of LBU to the inspection of complex geometry polymer-matrix composite structures and metallic rocket engine components is summarized.
Reverse genetics recovery of Lujo virus and role of virus RNA secondary structures in efficient virus growth

ABSTRACT Arenaviruses are rodent-borne viruses with a bisegmented RNA genome. A genetically unique arenavirus, Lujo virus, was recently discovered as the causal agent of a nosocomial outbreak of acute febrile illness with hemorrhagic manifestations in Zambia and South Africa. The outbreak had a case fatality rate of 80%. A reverse genetics system to rescue infectious Lujo virus from cDNA was established to investigate the biological properties of this virus. Sequencing the genomic termini showed unique nucleotides at the 3′ terminus of the S segment promoter element. While developing this system, we discovered that reconstructing infectious Lujo virus using the previously reported L segment intergenic region (IGR), comprising the arenaviral transcription termination signal, yielded an attenuated Lujo virus. Resequencing revealed that the correct L segment IGR was 36 nucleotides longer, and incorporating it into the reconstructed Lujo virus restored the growth rate to that of the authentic clinical virus isolate. These additional nucleotides were predicted to more than double the free energy of the IGR main stem-loop structure. In addition, incorporating the newly determined L-IGR into a replicon reporter system enhanced the expression of a luciferase reporter L segment. Overall, these results imply that an extremely stable secondary structure within the L-IGR is critical for Lujo virus propagation and viral protein production. The technology for producing recombinant Lujo virus now provides a method to precisely investigate the molecular determinants of virulence of this newly identified pathogen.
The Red Guards of Paris: French Student Maoism of the 1960s

This article examines how Maoist theory and practice were imported to France during the 1960s. A syncretic phenomenon, as notions developed in the Chinese cultural context were adapted to the very different Gallic situation, French Maoism proved to be especially influential among students at the Ecole normale superieure at the rue d’Ulm in Paris, where the Marxist theoretician, Louis Althusser, was teaching. Maoist philosophy facilitated critiques of the Moscow-aligned French Communist Party and its student union; it enabled Althusser's rethinking of the Marxist tradition, and it ultimately provided ammunition for his students’ eventual break with his “theoreticism.” Maoism's fecund contribution to French intellectual culture in the 1960s, helping to lay the groundwork for the events of May 1968, derived principally from its dual theoretical and practical nature. This article highlights two specific Maoist tenants—the inevitably violent nature of revolution and the ersatz-empiricist method of the “investi...
On a Theorem in Geometry

(1967). On a Theorem in Geometry. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 74, No. 6, pp. 627-640.
Minireview: DNA replication in plant mitochondria.

Higher plant mitochondrial genomes exhibit much greater structural complexity compared to most other organisms. Unlike well-characterized metazoan mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication, an understanding of the mechanism(s) and proteins involved in plant mtDNA replication remains unclear. Several plant mtDNA replication proteins, including DNA polymerases, DNA primase/helicase, and accessory proteins have been identified. Mitochondrial dynamics, genome structure, and the complexity of dual-targeted and dual-function proteins that provide at least partial redundancy suggest that plants have a unique model for maintaining and replicating mtDNA when compared to the replication mechanism utilized by most metazoan organisms.
Diffusion through composite media

Abstract The diffusion equation for the temperature distribution in each of k sections of a composite with internal heat generation and either heating, cooling or perfect thermal contact at the k − 1 interfaces is solved. The composite consists of k discrete plates, cylinders or spheres each of different material. The k sections have an arbitrary initial temperature distribution and the media are exchanging heat at the external boundaries through two different, though constant, arbitrary film coefficients with two different time dependent surroundings. The solution is obtained by using a unique dependent variable substitution which gives a new partial differential equation with homogeneous external boundary conditions. The solution for this derived partial differential equation is then obtained by using the Vodicka type of orthogonality relationship. The solution, thus obtained, gives the temperature distribution in any of the k plates, cylinders or spheres for any position x and time t for the most general type of linear boundary, internal and initial conditions.
Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Is Upregulated in Hibernating Myocardium

Abstract Background. Ischemia is known to be a potent stimulus for the upregulation of angiogenic growth factors, such as basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). While previous investigations have shown that many angiogenic growth factors are upregulated in animal models of myocardial ischemia, the models used are limited in their ability to produce stable ischemia beyond a few weeks. Our laboratory uses a stable model of hibernating myocardium where later time points may be examined. Therefore, the goal of this study was to examine bFGF protein levels in the myocardium at baseline and 3 or 6 months following the onset of myocardial ischemia. Methods. A total of 18 miniswine were studied. Basal endogenous levels of bFGF were measured in control animals (n = 6) immediately following sacrifice, while 12 other pigs underwent a 90% left circumflex artery occlusion with documented hibernating myocardium by positron emission tomography (13N-ammonia) and dobutamine stress echocardiography. These animals were studied at 3 (n = 7) and 6 months (n = 5) postoperatively. At sacrifice, six 3 × 3 mm samples were harvested from the left circumflex (hibernating) myocardium. Basic FGF levels (picograms per microgram of protein) were determined using ELISA kits. Results. Basic FGF protein levels 3 months after the creation of hibernating myocardium were three times greater than in nonischemic control animals (P Conclusions. Endogenous bFGF production is upregulated at 3 and 6 months in hibernating porcine myocardium. The angiogenic effects of exogenous bFGF delivered into ischemic myocardium with varying levels of endogenous growth factors must be determined.
Growth Inhibition of Tadpoles Exposed to Sertraline in the Presence of Conspecifics

Abstract Sertraline (“Zoloft”) is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) suspected of causing developmental abnormalities in some aquatic organisms at environmentally relevant concentrations. SSRIs have been detected downstream from wastewater treatment plants, but the risks associated with environmental exposure have not been well documented. We tested the effects of sertraline on development of Wood Frog (Lithobates sylvaticus) larvae. Tadpoles hatched from wild-collected egg masses were exposed to concentrations of 0, 0.1, 1.0, or 10.0 μg/L of sertraline through metamorphosis. We tracked tadpole development using image analysis (452 digital images) to estimate mass periodically during the tadpole stage, and we also recorded mass at metamorphosis. Time to metamorphosis did not differ between treatments, but sertraline-exposed tadpoles grew less when raised among conspecifics. However, this effect was not detected when the study was repeated with tadpoles raised individually. This indicates that...
Development of a Logic Model for a Physical Activity–Based Employee Wellness Program for Mass Transit Workers

Transportation workers, who constitute a large sector of the workforce, have worksite factors that harm their health. Worksite wellness programs must target this at-risk population. Although physical activity is often a component of worksite wellness logic models, we consider it the cornerstone for improving the health of mass transit employees. Program theory was based on in-person interviews and focus groups of employees. We identified 4 short-term outcome categories, which provided a chain of responses based on the program activities that should lead to the desired end results. This logic model may have significant public health impact, because it can serve as a framework for other US mass transit districts and worksite populations that face similar barriers to wellness, including truck drivers, railroad employees, and pilots. The objective of this article is to discuss the development of a logic model for a physical activity–based mass-transit employee wellness program by describing the target population, program theory, the components of the logic model, and the process of its development.
Personal Brand in Online Advertisements: Comparing White and Brazilian Male Sex Workers

We examine marketing strategies used by Brazilian and white American male sex workers in their online advertisements and the degree to which ethnicity is emphasized as an aspect of personal brandin...
Subverting ER-stress towards apoptosis by nelfinavir and curcumin coexposure augments docetaxel efficacy in castration resistant prostate cancer cells.

Despite its side-effects, docetaxel (DTX) remains a first-line treatment against castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Therefore, strategies to increase its anti-tumor efficacy and decrease its side effects are critically needed. Targeting of the constitutive endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in cancer cells is being investigated as a chemosensitization approach. We hypothesized that the simultaneous induction of ER-stress and suppression of PI3K/AKT survival pathway will be a more effective approach. In a CRPC cell line, C4-2B, we observed significant (p<0.005) enhancement of DTX-induced cytotoxicity following coexposure to thapsigargin and an AKT-inhibitor. However, since these two agents are not clinically approved, we investigated whether a combination of nelfinavir (NFR) and curcumin (CUR), known to target both these metabolic pathways, can similarly increase DTX cytotoxicity in CRPC cells. Within 24 hrs post-exposure to physiologic concentrations of NFR (5 µM) and CUR (5 µM) a significantly (p<0.005) enhanced cytotoxicity was evident with low concentration of DTX (10 nM). This 3-drug combination rapidly increased apoptosis in aggressive C4-2B cells, but not in RWPE-1 cells or in primary prostate epithelial cells (PrEC). Comparative molecular studies revealed that this 3-drug combination caused a more pronounced suppression of phosphorylated-AKT and higher induction in phosphorylated-eIF2α in C4-2B cells, as compared to RWPE-1 cells. Acute exposure (3–9 hrs) to this 3-drug combination intensified ER-stress induced pro-apoptotic markers, i.e. ATF4, CHOP, and TRIB3. At much lower concentrations, chronic (3 wks) exposures to these three agents drastically reduced colony forming units (CFU) by C4-2B cells. In vivo studies using mice containing C4-2B tumor xenografts showed significant (p<0.05) enhancement of DTX’s (10 mg/kg) anti-tumor efficacy following coexposure to NFR (20 mg/kg) & CUR (100 mg/kg). Immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses of tumor sections indicated decreased Ki-67 staining and increased TUNEL intensity in mice exposed to the 3-drug combination. Therefore, subverting ER-stress towards apoptosis using adjuvant therapy with NFR and CUR can chemosensitize the CRPC cells to DTX therapy.
MDCT in the evaluation of skeletal trauma: principles, protocols and clinical applications.

Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) scanners have made volume imaging possible and are used extensively to study polytrauma patients, especially in the evaluation of the spine and peripheral skeleton. An MDCT scanner coupled with a modern workstation has become an essential diagnostic tool for any emergency department. Familiarity with the basic physical principles of MDCT such as projection data, section collimation, and beam collimation is important to achieve high-quality imaging while keeping unnecessary radiation to a minimum. After a polytrauma MDCT examination, images can be reconstructed to obtain different slice thickness, slice interval, fields of view, or reconstruction kernels. No additional scanning is needed for imaging the thoracolumbar spine or bony pelvis. High-quality multiplanar reformation (MPR) and three-dimensional (3-D) images can be created at the workstation using the volumetric data. However, MDCT is a high-dose examination, and care should be taken to use as low a dose as possible. In the musculoskeletal system, MDCT has long been used for evaluation of spinal and pelvic trauma; however, the frequency of its use in extremity trauma has been low. In the extremities, radiography seems to underestimate the extent and severity of injury, especially in complex areas such as the shoulder, elbow, wrist, knee, and ankle. MDCT in the extremities is helpful in fracture detection, evaluation, characterization, and treatment planning. The MPR images give excellent structural detail, and the 3-D images help in understanding the spatial relations, which is important for fracture classification and for preoperative planning. MDCT is also helpful in the follow-up of postoperative results, even in the presence of hardware. Tendon injuries can also be evaluated with MDCT.
Chemistry of submarine hydrothermal solutions at Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California

Abstract Reconnaisance ALVIN dives in the sediment-filled southern trough of the Guaymas Basin found active hot springs with temperatures ranging up to 315°C. High temperature activity is generally restricted to the crests of large mounds that rise out of the flat-lying basin sediments. The chemistry of the hydrothermal waters is distinctly different from that characteristic of sediment-starved, open ocean ridge axes in that the solutions are alkaline, contain ammonium as a major ion and are strongly depleted in the “ore-forming” metals. These compositions are interpreted as the result of reaction of a primary solution, similar in composition to those as 21°N, EPR, with the biogenous sediments overlying the intrusion zone. The pH of this fluid is raised both by the dissolution of carbonate and the addition of ammonium from thermocatalytic cracking of immature planktonic carbon. Metal sulfides are consequently precipitated at depth in the sediment column. The Guaymas Basin is thus the site of active formation of a sediment-hosted massive sulfide mineral deposit; the exiting waters are the “spent” ore-forming fluid. The ammonium data demonstrate that organic carbon (black shale) is, by itself, a sufficient source of alkalinity to induce the precipitation of sulfides from ascending solutions. Since ammonium does not participate directly in these reactions but does form secondary aluminosilicate minerals these latter should constitute a valuable exploration tool in the search for shale hosted deposits.
Trace element concentrations in Coastal Hawaiian waters

The objective of this work is to characterize the concentrations of selected trace elements (V, Mn, Ni, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Se, As, Mo, Cd, Pb, U) in diverse nearshore (50 m), coastal (1.5 km) and seawater well environments within the Hawaiian Archipelago using robust analytical methods that are appropriate for metals analyses in seawater. The sampling sites include locations having varying type, quality and quantity of freshwater input. In most coastal and nearshore cases, the trace element concentrations approximate values characteristic of offshore waters. Concentrations of trace elements in coastal waters that were enriched through either urban or agricultural inputs declined sharply within a short distance from shore; this is taken to indicate the predominant importance of physical mixing/advective processes along with particle scavenging in these dynamic areas. Trace element levels in seawater wells did not evidence any concentration trends consistent with island age suggesting little or no impact of island weathering on metal concentrations; concentration differences among wells appeared to be more dependent on well depth, redox conditions, and/or salinity. Sampling also targeted nearshore locales where ciguatera fish poisoning is prominent because of suggested linkages between trace element concentrations and aberrant dinoflagellate growth. Nearshore stations where ciguatera is prevalent failed to show clearly different trace element levels except for two prominent locales which showed elevated Mn and Fe concentrations.
Study on Modular Design Method for CNC Lathe

A multi-dimensional module partition methodology is put forward for CNC lathe, in which not only the functional module partition and the physical structure module partition of CNC machine tools are taken into account, but the characteristics of different stages of in the whole life-cycle of machine tools is considered as well. On the basis of this the principle of module partition for CNC machine tools are presented. The mechanical structure system of CNC lathe is elaborated on the functional module and structural module. A CNC machine tool company’s HTC Series CNC lathes modular design is illustrated as an example.
Essential primary amino groups of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase indicated by reaction with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate.

Abstract Pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP) and CO2 were competitive for the same site on d -ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.39), presumably an ϵ-amino group of a lysyl residue. An apparent noncompetitive inhibition occurred with respect to ribulose bisphosphate (RuP2). The time course of inactivation was first order with respect to both PLP and RuP2 carboxylase concentration. The extinction coefficient was found to be 5800 ± 800 m −1 cm−1 for the maximal absorbance at 432 nm of the enzyme/PLP Schiff base. The titration of the enzyme with PLP gave a biphasic double reciprocal plot. The number of amino groups reacting with PLP was calculated to be 9.5 and 19 per molecule of enzyme, at low and high concentrations of PLP. Half of the amino groups available for reaction with PLP at either concentration could be protected by RuP2. When the RuP2 carboxylase/PLP complex was reduced with NaBH4 in the absence of substrates, only 20% of the enzyme activity was recovered, but, in the presence of RuP2 or bicarbonate, the recovery of enzyme activity was 80 or 25%, respectively. It is concluded that there are eight primary groups that react with PLP, one at each of the eight catalytic sites of the RuP2 carboxylase molecule. It is postulated that this amine is essential for formation and/or activation of an enzyme/CO2 complex. In the absence of CO2, this amine may react with the carbonyl function of RuP2. This provides an explanation for the inactivation of RuP2 carboxylase upon preincubation with RuP2 in the absence of CO2 and even the inactivation of the activated enzyme at RuP2 concentrations above 0.5 m m . The second set of eight primary amino groups which react with PLP may involve the CO2 regulatory site.
Tuning shifts of the auditory system by corticocortical and corticofugal projections and conditioning

Abstract The central auditory system consists of the lemniscal and nonlemniscal systems. The thalamic lemniscal and nonlemniscal auditory nuclei are different from each other in response properties and neural connectivities. The cortical auditory areas receiving the projections from these thalamic nuclei interact with each other through corticocortical projections and project down to the subcortical auditory nuclei. This corticofugal (descending) system forms multiple feedback loops with the ascending system. The corticocortical and corticofugal projections modulate auditory signal processing and play an essential role in the plasticity of the auditory system. Focal electric stimulation – comparable to repetitive tonal stimulation – of the lemniscal system evokes three major types of changes in the physiological properties, such as the tuning to specific values of acoustic parameters of cortical and subcortical auditory neurons through different combinations of facilitation and inhibition. For such changes, a neuromodulator, acetylcholine, plays an essential role. Electric stimulation of the nonlemniscal system evokes changes in the lemniscal system that is different from those evoked by the lemniscal stimulation. Auditory signals ascending from the lemniscal and nonlemniscal thalamic nuclei to the cortical auditory areas appear to be selected or adjusted by a “differential” gating mechanism. Conditioning for associative learning and pseudo-conditioning for nonassociative learning respectively elicit tone-specific and nonspecific plastic changes. The lemniscal, corticofugal and cholinergic systems are involved in eliciting the former, but not the latter. The current article reviews the recent progress in the research of corticocortical and corticofugal modulations of the auditory system and its plasticity elicited by conditioning and pseudo-conditioning.
Log-Linear Modeling Under Generalized Inverse Sampling Scheme

This article discusses the log-linear model for a multi-way contingency table, where the cell values represent the frequency counts that follow an extended negative multinomial distribution. This is an extension of the negative multinomial log-linear model described by Evans and Bonett (1989). The parameters of the new model are estimated by the maximum likelihood method. The likelihood ratio test for the general log-linear hypothesis is derived, and a practical application of the log-linear model under the generalized inverse sampling scheme is presented.
Two New Records of Sphacelia from Mysore

IN the course of his studies on the sugary disease of Sorghum vulgare caused by Sphacelia Sorghi McRae, Ajrekar1 recorded three other wild grasses, namely, Andropogon caricosus var. molicomous, Ischœmum pilosum and Pennisetum alepecuros as having the Sphacelial stages of an ergot. Sclerotial stages were observed by him only on the last-named host, and he pointed out that heavy infestation by a species of Cerebella competed with the formation of sclerotial stages in other cases.
Volumetric loading of alveolar macrophages (AM) : a possible basis for diminished AM-mediated particle clearance

Using intratracheal instillation of radioactively labeled plastic microspheres of 3.3 and 10.3 microns diameter at two dose levels, this 7-month study in male Fischer 344 rats was designed to test a volumetric particulate burden hypothesis that has been proposed as a mechanistic basis for the condition of dust overloading of the lungs with highly insoluble particles of very low toxicity and to explain the prolongation of pulmonary particle retention. The study utilized airway and deep lung lavage techniques, scanning electron and optical microscopy of lavaged cells and lungs of sacrificed animals, particle distribution in alveolar macrophages (AM), fecal recovery of radioactive particles, and lung retention measurements by external counting. Microscopic assessments revealed that essentially all of the 3.3- and 10.3-microns-diameter particles were phagocytized by AM within 24 h postinstillation. One phagocytized 10.3-microns particle is capable of producing the hypothesized 600-microns 3/AM overload criterion for virtual AM immobilization. Neither the number nor the volume of 3.3-microns-diameter particles instilled was large enough to produce volumetric overloading assuming uniform distribution of the particles in the lung. In contrast to the 3.3-microns particles, the 10.3-microns particles were apparently sequestered to a greater extent and capable of greatly prolonging AM-mediated clearance of particles from the pulmonary region. The measured pulmonary retention half-times for the small and large particles were 86-109 days and 870-1020 days, respectively. Fecal recovery data closely complemented pulmonary clearance data for both particle sizes. The two-particle approach was found supportive of the volumetric overload hypothesis.
Liquid to Semisolid Rheological Transitions of Normal and High-oleic Peanut Oils upon Cooling to Refrigeration Temperatures

Rheological transitions of peanut oils cooled from 20 to 3 °C at 0.5 °C/min were monitored via small strain oscillatory measurements at 0.1 Hz and 1 Pa. Oils were from nine different cultivars of peanut, and three oils were classified as high-oleic (approximately 80% oleic acid). High-oleic oils maintained an overall liquid-like character at 3 °C for 2 h. In contrast, several normal (non high-oleic) peanut oils displayed a predominantly elastic (solid-like) response after 2 h at 3 °C. Increases in viscoelasticity were associated with lipid crystallization events as confirmed by DSC. The higher (p < 0.001) liquid viscosities and increased (p < 0.001) contents of oleic acid, which has a more non-linear structure as compared to other fatty acids typical in these oils, were hypothesized to hinder crystallization in high-oleic oils. Changes in viscoelasticity at 3 °C were greatest for three normal oils that had the significantly (p < 0.001) highest content of C20:0 and/or C22:0 fatty acids, and these long, saturated hydrocarbon chains are hypothesized to promote crystallization. No peanut oil maintained clarity after 5.5 h at 0 °C (modified cold test used to screen salad oils); however, these data as a whole suggest strategies for breeding and/or processing peanut oils for enhanced resistance to crystallization.
Generation and self-trapping of optical propelling beams

We generate optical beams with rotating intensity blades, namely “optical propellers”, by employing Moire technique. Such rotating beams are controlled by SLM without mechanical movement or phase-sensitive interference. Self-trapping of propelling beams is also demonstrated.
Anisotropic magnetic ordering via combined spin and orbital exchange scattering of conduction electrons

Abstract We present and discuss the corrected form for the Coqblin-Schrieffer (CS) interaction between Ce3+ ions in metallic systems. The form of this interaction, and its use in detailed calculations, makes clear the physical basis for the anomalous magnetic behavior of cerium and light actinide monopnictides of NaCl-structure.
Deployment of anti‐virus software: a case study

The growth of Inter‐ and intranets and the sharing of software have led to a rise in the transmission of viruses, especially among the PC and MAC platforms. However, maintaining virus protection software and pattern updates for any large organization is a monumental problem, especially when the organization supports multiple platforms and operating systems. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and other National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Centers have had problems maintaining current virus protection software and pattern files, and so NASA asked the JPL Network and Computer Security (NCS) Group to lead an effort to search for a comprehensive solution. This paper puts forward a study, analysis and recommendations concerning anti‐virus software solutions, problems encountered and their resolutions. One of the key issues was finding a single‐source anti‐virus software solution. Selection and deployment of single‐source anti‐virus software were successful. The lessons learned in the deployment of a software product site‐wide may benefit other organizations facing a similar situation.
SOS: Seeking outcome success in vascular surgery

The Morse code letters SOS do not stand for “save our ship,” but were chosen by the International Radio Telegraph Convention of July 1908 because this combination of . . .—. . . was easy to send and recognize. When the ship Titanic was sinking on April 15, 1912, the new signal SOS was sent for the first time from a sinking ship. The Californian was nearby, but as no one was manning the radio room, no one heard the Morse code distress signals. The Carpathia steamed from 58 miles away to rescue 711 survivors. After this disaster, ships were required to monitor their radios 24 hours a day. Technology has changed, and now distress signals from ships at sea are sent from emergency locators that pinpoint their location with signals bounced off satellites. In 1995, the United States Coast Guard ended the use of Morse code transmissions in its maritime communications service. But if a ship were to send a Morse code SOS signal, rescue efforts would likely be initiated. . . if anyone were listening. Surgeons, perhaps uniquely in the practice of medicine, are rewarded by outcome success in their endeavors but are also burdened by their failures. If a patient exsanguinates while you attempt operative control of arterial injury or suffers a stroke during carotid endarterectomy, it is hard to say the blame does not weigh on your conscience. If we, as surgeons, listen to our conscience in future endeavors, we may be able to decrease our mistakes. An objective assessment of complications on our own vascular service judged 68% to 79% of “avoidable complications” to be technical errors such as early graft failure. The focus of such monitoring now is on attempting to identify opportunities for improvement.
Migration, Acculturation and Social Mobility Among the Untouchable Gold Miners in South India: A Case Study

This paper studies the factors of migration among the Paraiyans of South India. Migration is motivated by a desire to be free from the stigma of Untouchability and perpetual economic bondage. The Paraiyans by coming over to an industrial city try to project a new self free from the social constraints prevalent in their villages. The process of acculturation occurs through the Paraiyan's association with disparate individuals, clubs, trade unions and political parties. Migration to the city has caused them to feel a sense of emancipation from their Untouchable status and occupational immobility.
Substitution or Promotion? The Impact of Price Discounts on Cross-Channel Sales of Digital Movies

Abstract Technology is transforming the marketing function in many ways, and this transformation is particularly apparent for information goods such as movies where digital technologies provide marketers with new distribution channels, which in turn create new opportunities for cross-channel effects. However, these digital channels also provide researchers with new opportunities to measure micro-level customer behavior to understand the impact of cross-channel effects in real-world settings. In this paper, we study cross-channel effects between movies sold in digital purchase (commonly known as Electronic Sell Through or EST) and digital rental (commonly known as Video-On-Demand or VOD) markets. We do this using a unique sales dataset from a major digital movie retailer provided by a major movie studio. Our analysis takes advantage of a 14-week field experiment that allows us to measure the impact of price discounts on own- and cross-channel sales. We use this experiment to estimate own and cross price elasticities, whether price discounts cannibalize future sales, and most importantly whether price discounts in one channel affect sales for the same product in a presumably competing channel. Our analysis indicates that digital movie consumers are highly sensitive to price promotions. However, we also find that, contrary to expectations, price promotions in a digital sales channel for a movie do not seem to cannibalize digital rentals. Indeed, our results suggest that, if anything, price promotions for digital movie sales can increase digital rentals. We explore a variety of explanations for this counterintuitive result, including the possibility that the ease of information transmission online through third-party websites, blogs, and online discussion areas may create information spillovers such that price discounts in one channel may increase product awareness in other competing sales channels. From a managerial perspective, our results suggest that cross-channel cannibalization can be reduced or even reversed in the presence of information spillovers, and that there are many new opportunities for marketers to directly measure these cross-channel effects using experimental data from online platforms.
"GROWTH-PROMOTING SUBSTANCE" AND ELONGATION OF ROOTS.

The vertical elongation of normal roots of Lupinus seedlings proceeds at constant rate over periods of 4 to 5 hours. The decapitation of a root stops its elongation for a variable length of time, followed by a period of renewed elongation at a rate lower than that of the normal root. The tipping of the decapitated root with a tip of a coleoptile of Zea induces a decrease in the rate of elongation of the root. The same effect can be obtained with the diffusate from tips of coleoptile of Avena and to a lesser extent with diffusate of root tips. The reduction in the rate of elongation of the root determined by diffusate from the lower half of the tip of a coleoptile placed horizontally is more pronounced than the inhibition elicited by the diffusate of the upper half of the same tip. Various experiments with the diffusate of tips support the idea that under the conditions used the growth-promoting substance of the coleoptile tip or root tip inhibits the elongation of the decapitated root.
Principles and pitfalls in establishing normal electrocardiographic limits.

Abstract The three main prerequisites for determination of valid normal limits are adequate sample size, sample composition representative of the average healthy population, and adequate statistical evaluation. In a substantial number of publications, even recent publications, one or the other of these principles (and occasionally all three) have been disregarded. The most common error is inadequate sample size. The minimal sample size of a male adult population for determination of normal limits should exceed 500, and approach 1,000 for a mixed sample of men and women. Constitutional variables affecting the electrocardiogram (relative body weight, age, sex and race) must be considered. In view of the skewed distribution of most electrocardiographic items, 95 or 98 percentiles should be used for determination of valid normal limits. Use of standard deviations (usually ± 2 SD) may result in erroneous limits. The extreme values of the distribution of a sample of healthy persons are not acceptable because they include values from a substantial number of abnormal persons, thus resulting in a large number of false normal diagnoses.
Language revitalization and language pedagogy: new teaching and learning strategies

Language learning and teaching of endangered languages have many features and needs that are quite different from the teaching of world languages. Groups whose languages are endangered try to turn language loss around; many new language teaching and learning strategies are emerging, to suit the special needs and goals of language revitalization. The teaching of ‘foreign languages’, ‘majority languages’, ‘heritage languages’ and endangered languages is compared in this paper. Because of the paucity of language teaching resources for endangered languages, and especially because of the special goals of learning for language revitalization, individuals and communities and the professionals who work with them are developing novel ways of teaching and learning their ancestral language, to meet the goals of language learners and their communities.
Selectivity of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of methyl propiolate to 3-phenylsydnone in near- or supercritical carbon dioxide

Abstract The selectivity of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of methyl propiolate to 3-phenylsydnone was measured under various conditions of pressure (7.6–30.4 MPa) and temperature (333–423 K) in near- or supercritical carbon dioxide. The reaction produces a mixture of two regioisomers, 3-carbomethoxy-1-phenylpyrazole (isomer A) and 4-carbomethoxy-1-phenylpyrazole (isomer B). Reaction composition was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) instrument, programmed in the static mode, was used as the reaction apparatus. The selectivity (isomer A/isomer B) of the reaction was compared with the selectivity in toluene at 353 K. For both solvents, selectivity did not vary over time for up to 12 h in CO2 and 67 h in toluene. The mean selectivity measured in toluene was 3.62 compared with 5.08 in CO2. At 7.6 MPa and 1 h in CO2, the selectivity decreased with increasing temperature from 5.52 at 353 K to 3.14 at 423 K. At 353 K and 3 h, the selectivity increased with increasing pressure from 4.96 at 7.6 MPa to 6.56 at 30.4 MPa, however, the yield decreased by 50%. Overall, lower pressure and higher temperature gave higher yields while higher pressure and lower temperature produced greater selectivity of isomer A over isomer B.
Estimates of trace metal inputs from non-point sources discharged into estuaries

Abstract Elliott Bay and the Duwamish Waterway, Washington were sampled for dissolved trace metals during a period of wet weather in January 1986. High concentrations of dissolved Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd and less elevated concentrations of dissolved Ni were found in marine waters adjacent to operating shipyards and a combined sewer overflow pipe that was discharging. Changes in the transports of dissolved trace metals, which have been deduced from trace metal-salinity plots, were attributed to emissions from anthropogenic sources. While 65% of the dissolved Cu and Zn transported from Elliott Bay were attributed to emissions from shipyards along Elliott Bay's shoreline, an additional 30% of the Zn was added by industrial areas adjacent to waterways supplying freshwater. Only 20% of the Elliott Bay dissolved Ni transport was contributed by shoreline sources. In contrast, anthropogenic sources did not increase the transport of dissolved Fe.
High performance liquid chromatography of the tocols in corn grain

A sensitive and selective method was developed for analyzing the tocol isomers in corn grain by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. The relative proportions and the total amounts of the tocol isomers (α-tocopherol, α-tocotrienol, γ-tocopherol and γ-tocortrienol) varied greatly among the 15 corn inbreds that were examined. Although γ-tocopherol has traditionally been considered to be the predominant vitamin E isomer in corn, inbreds with equal or higher levels of α-tocopherol have been discovered. No tocotrienols were found in corn germ oil, only α-and γ-tocopherols. Analysis of the tocopherols of the germ oils of inbreds and their reciprocal crosses indicated that the proportions of the α- and γ-isomers and the total amount of the tocopherols are heritable.
Incidence of colorectal adenocarcinoma by anatomic subsite. An epidemiologic study of time trends and racial differences in the Detroit, Michigan area.

BACKGROUND Colorectal adenocarcinoma may represent more than one disease process. Numerous epidemiologic studies suggest that rates of occurrence of colorectal adenocarcinoma at particular anatomic subsites (e.g., right colon, left colon, and rectum) may be associated with distinctive geographic, demographic, and risk factor profiles. This study explored time trends over a 22-year period of the incidence of adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum at various subsites among patients of different race, gender, and stage of disease. METHODS Data on the incidence of colorectal adenocarcinoma were obtained from a population-based cancer registry in the Detroit, Michigan area funded by the National Cancer Institute. Age-adjusted incidence rates were analyzed by year of diagnosis. Relative survival rates were also obtained for different race and gender categories, along with disease stage at diagnosis. RESULTS A major rise was revealed in the incidence of adenocarcinoma in the right colon among African American men and women between the mid-1970s and the early 1980s. The rise was greatest among African American men and accounts for increases in late stage disease among them. Corresponding decreases in survival among African American men were noted. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicated widely differing disease patterns based on anatomic subsite and patient demography and also indicated a need for targeted efforts at early detection of adenocarcinoma of the right colon among African Americans. Cancer 1997; 79:441-7. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
Porous Polymer Coatings: a Versatile Approach to Superhydrophobic Surfaces

Here, a facile and inexpensive approach to superhydrophobic polymer coatings is presented. The method involves the in situ polymerization of common monomers in the presence of a porogenic solvent to afford superhydrophobic surfaces with the desired combination of micro- and nanoscale roughness. The method is applicable to a variety of substrates and is not limited to small areas or flat surfaces. The polymerized material can be ground into a superhydrophobic powder, which, once applied to a surface, renders it superhydrophobic. The morphology of the porous polymer structure can be efficiently controlled by composition of the polymerization mixture, while surface chemistry can be adjusted by photografting. Morphology control is used to reduce the globule size of the porous architecture from micro down to nanoscale thereby affording a transparent material. The influence of both surface chemistry as well as the length scale of surface roughness on the superhydrophobicity is discussed.
Why is Pseudomonas aeruginosa a pathogen

Despite the expression of a myriad of virulence factors, healthy individuals are generally able to resist infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte-dependent killing is the major mechanism responsible for resistance; dysregulation of host defense mechanisms in addition to expression of specific bacterial factors can result in life-threatening infections with this bacterium.