cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Uncovering whiteness as discourse: A critical discourse analysis of the in-state resident tuition debate for undocumented students in Texas

Undocumented college students in the United States encounter a number of structural barriers to postsecondary education success, including disparate in-state resident tuition (ISRT) policies across the country. Texas, the first state to establish ISRT benefits for undocumented college students, has been a site of tension respective to this issue over the last 20 years. In fact, there have been eight legislative attempts to repeal the state’s affirmative ISRT policy. In order to investigate this ongoing ISRT debate in Texas, we used critical discourse analysis methods to analyze the implicit and explicit messages communicated in the policy and surrounding policy discourse. Our conceptual framework, grounded in three constructs of critical whiteness studies including ontological expansiveness, color evasiveness, and individualization, allowed us to uncover whiteness as a pernicious undergirding force within this policy discourse.
Opportunities for Success on Small Dairy Farms Revisited

This paper offers advice to veterinarians that service small dairy producers in the United States (US). There are opportunities in today’s market place for dairy producers that want to remain small, but only if they follow a few basic business practices. These may include getting to an optimum size that will generate adequate income for family living while avoiding the problems associated with a “large farm,” limiting investments and debt, focusing on just milk and heifer production, achieving high levels of productivity per cow, and avoiding some of the “philosophical issues” that prevent small farms from achieving profitability. In fact, these rules apply not only to small dairy farms, but any business. Small dairy farms can take advantage of strategies used by their larger competitors in order to prosper in the years ahead.A central theme in this paper is that not all farms in the US have the same goals for profitability family income and size of operation (number of cows). For example, some farms want to limit farm size in order to avoid hiring labor beyond what the family can provide. Others want to build equity before retirement. For others, a family may want to significantly expand in order to create opportunities for a son or daughter that wants to participate in the business. Thus it is important to recognize that people have different goals and objectives. That said, these goals must make sense in today’s competitive market environment.
Lyme Prosthetic Joint Infection in Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Case Report.

Case An 81-year-old man from the northeastern United States presented with an acute Borrelia burgdorferi prosthetic joint infection (PJI) 15 years after undergoing a right total knee arthroplasty. He had no complications until his recent presentation. He was treated with irrigation and debridement with implant retention. Synovial fluid Lyme polymerase chain reaction and serological tests were positive. Postoperatively, he received oral doxycycline and at 6 weeks was asymptomatic. Four months later, he died of neuroborreliosis vasculitis, a complication of Lyme. Conclusion We recommend considering Lyme disease as a cause of culture-negative PJIs in endemic regions. Early surgical treatment may mitigate adverse outcomes of Lyme.
Effect of Nutrition Support Therapy on Outcomes in Children with Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury (4858)

Objective: Examine the effect of timing and quantity of nutrition support on long-term outcomes in pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients. Background: TBI causes the body to enter a hypermetabolic and hypercatabolic state, resulting in increased nutritional needs. Past studies of adult TBI have identified an association between the amount of nutrition received and overall outcomes. Design/Methods: A retrospective review was performed of patients 0–18 years presenting to level 1 trauma centers with moderate to severe TBI from January 2010 to January 2019. Children with abusive head trauma were excluded. The data included demographics, assessments on presentation, ICU course, presence of ileus, calories per day, and goal calories per day within the first 7 days post-injury. Descriptive statistics and regression modeling analyses were performed. Outcomes included mortality, ICU length of stay, and pediatric Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended Pediatric Version (GOS-E Peds) at 12–18 months post-injury. Results: 81 of 185 patients (44%) received nutrition within 7 days of injury. 61 received enteral nutrition (EN) only, 2 received total parenteral nutrition (TPN) only, and 18 received TPN+EN. Median time to initiation of nutrition was 2.6 days for EN and 3.0 days for TPN. Seventeen (21%) patients met recommended goal calories. A 30% increase in the daily minimum percent of goal calories was associated with a 1-point decrease in GOS-E Peds score. The mean percent of goal calories achieved on day 7 was 33% greater in patients receiving TPN+EN versus patients receiving EN alone. No difference was observed in the rate of hospital acquired infections between patients receiving TPN+EN and EN alone, but patients receiving TPN+EN had first bowel movements an average of 1.3 days later than patients receiving EN alone. Conclusions: Maintaining moderate and severe TBI patients’ caloric intake as close to goal as possible within the first 7 days may improve outcomes in pediatric TBI. Disclosure: Dr. McElroy has nothing to disclose. Dr. Peariso has nothing to disclose. Dr. Horn has nothing to disclose.
The interplay of core self-evaluation and entrepreneurial self-efficacy in predicting entrepreneurial orientation

Given limited attention to the individual-level antecedents of entrepreneurial orientation in small business ventures, this study explores two antecedents, core self-evaluation and entrepreneurial ...
Neural and Self-report Measures of Sensitivity to Uncertainty as Predictors of COVID-Related Negative Affect

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has been a period of unprecedented uncertainty. Research indicates individuals differ in their response to uncertainty and these differences are mediated by anterior insula (aINS) function. Those most sensitive to uncertainty are likely vulnerable to negative affect in the context of the pandemic. The current study was designed to directly test this question using both neural and self-reported measures of sensitivity to uncertainty. Fifty-nine volunteers completed a task designed to probe neural response to anticipation of predictable (P-) and unpredictable (U-) threat-of-electric-shock during functional magnetic resonance imaging and a self-report measure of intolerance of uncertainty (IU). Approximately two years later, during the peak of the pandemic, participants reported their emotional reactions to the COVID-19 crisis. Multilevel mixed models revealed that greater aINS activation to U-threat and greater self-reported IU were independent predictors of increased COVID-related negative affect. These findings were significant when adjusting for biological sex and depression and anxiety symptom severity. The results add to a growing literature demonstrating that individual differences in response to uncertainty have a robust impact on mood and functioning. Results also highlight that individuals highly sensitive to uncertainty may be at increased risk for poor mental health during the ongoing pandemic.
Current Trends and Controversies in Internet Peering and Transit: Implications for the Future Evolution of the Internet

The hierarchy of Internet peering and transit interconnection agreements between Internet Service Providers (ISPs) defines the core economic structure of the Internet. Recent interconnection agreements (e.g., between Netflix and AT&T, Comcast or Verizon) have generated considerable comment and concern, much of which is misleading as to the root causes for new peering agreements and even the future of the Internet itself. Given this critical setting, this paper examines how and why Internet peering and transit is changing, and discusses the implications of these changes on the future evolution of the Internet. What makes this research novel is the analysis of new Internet traffic data to identify future trends relevant to Internet interconnection. These data provide insight into the congestion level of different interconnects in a few places on the Internet. We next develop a framework to describe past evolution in Internet Interconnection in order to better understand the changing characteristics in Internet traffic, and other new developments impacting the economics of Internet interconnection. This framework demonstrates how most network providers have been progressively expanding their networks over a larger proportion of the end-to-end connection (i.e., increasing their network investment), providing an explanation of the changes in Internet interconnection, and resulting controversies, to keep pace with this network evolution. The strategic implications of our analysis: 1) a more complete understanding of the full network investment undertaken by network providers may help avoid, or at least better explain, the future controversies, 2) rapidly changing nature of Internet content will be constant source of change in interconnection, and 3) the changing role of Tier 1 providers will be further impacted by increasing peering among Tier 2 and Tier 3 providers through the implementation of remote peering based upon open standards for Internet Exchange Providers. Taken as a whole, the increasingly overlapping roles of network providers call into question the utility of the traditional "Tiered" framework as a useful description of the current Internet peering ecosystem, and suggests the need for a new, updated framework to predict and describe future peering relationships.
Overview of the Power Systems Engineering Branch and Experience with 4D Team Building

This presentation provides a brief overview of a 4-D teambuilding assessment conducted for the Power Systems Engineering Branch.
Opportunities and Challenges for LVAD Therapy Now and in the Future

Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are increasingly being used to support patients suffering from advanced heart failure . Efficacy has been proven in prospective controlled trials. Observations from registries and clinical experiences all suggest improving mortality , morbidity , and costs. Global expansion of the technology serves as tacit endorsement of these notions. The large gap between actual and projected potential use can be partially explained by improvements in medical therapy for heart failure and heart transplantation as well as the biological limitations of the implanted machines and their relationship to the retained native heart . Improvements in the near future will focus improving clinical management strategies and the introduction of full implantable systems . Ultimately pumps which have a more intimate relationship both to the retained heart and host will be necessary to improve results. This will include the introduction of pulsatility and the reduction of shear stress and the use of more bio-friendly materials.
Acquiring New Words from Context

We present an incremental approach to the task of learning word definitions, including both syntactic and semantic information, from the use of unknown words in context. It is implemented in a unification-based natural language system called LINK. The approach naturally fits into LINK's normal language processing. Unification operations, applied routinely during processing, provide the learning algorithm with both syntactic and semantic information, which it uses to formulate hypotheses about word definitions. We describe the LINK system and the learning algorithm, and present the results of an empirical test, in which the algorithm was used on a limited-domain application corpus.
Small Press Review

Bennett Cerf said it, and he was in a position to know. He and his associates made the Modern Library a success, offering good writing and the opportunity for self-education to a generation. He got rich doing it. He published Ulysses in America, suing the United States government in 1933 to lift a ban on one of the most important small-press books in modern publishing history. There's no need to rehearse the heroic story of the publication of Ulysses by Sylvia Beach's Shakespeare and Co. and the pressmen and machines of M. Daranti?re of Dijon. But it's worth remarking that the small press was resorted to after the efforts of Ezra Pound and others, to secure large-press publication, had failed. In a nutshell, that is the story of the small press, as I understand it. It is the vanguard of publishing art?run by lovers of paper and type fonts, and sometimes language, as well as by writers-manqu??and it is the last resort for those who cannot publish elsewhere. The two func tions are honorable, historically valid (think of Whitman, Emerson, Thoreau) and publicly useful. No one will be surprised to think of small presses this way, though I've said it coldly, and most utterances about the small presses are declaimed by cultural cheerleaders; one usually is reluctant to speak coldly of these presses, just as one is reluctant to criticize health foods, talkative children, and petitions that include the word "justice." But it's important, I think, at the outset of this meditation on recent fiction from the small presses, that the two factors be linked. The small press is an outpost in the darkness and is needed by literary pioneers, and it sometimes is necessary to a readership. A lot of federal money, and sometimes separate state money, as well as private-foundation money, is spent by the small presses to publish poetry and fiction. Government exists to put milk in babies' mouths, medicine in the bodies of the sick,
Neighborhood Income Matters: Disparities in Community Recreation Facilities, Amenities, and Programs

Physical activity is important for children's development and their current and future health; national recommendations are for them to engage in at least 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity daily. Most of children's physical activity occurs outside of school hours; thus, access to and the quality of community recreation facilities and programming are particularly relevant. Researchers have identified strong links among socioeconomic disparities, physical inactivity, and poor health, but a limited number of studies have examined how access to community recreation facilities and physical activity programming are affected by local socioeconomic conditions. In many low-income communities, park and recreation facilities may be the only place for children to be physically active outside of school; thus, it is important to understand the connection between community environmental characteristics and child use of facilities. We were interested in determining whether the characteristics of community recreation center environments would be associated with neighborhood income and children's use of the centers. To do this we designed a study to identify whether neighborhood income disparities were associated with recreation center environmental characteristics and whether those characteristics were associated with young children's use of the center. We believed that findings to these questions could inform policy decisions within recreation centers and recreation departments to improve equity, facility use, and levels of physical activity. Thirty community recreation centers and 541 nearby families with children aged 5-8 years in five cities in Southern California participated in the study. To generate data we used multiple research instrumentation including (a) a structured physical activity survey of program offerings and barriers to children's participation in physical activity at the center [completed by recreation center supervisors], (b) direct observation of the presence and condition of recreation center facilities and amenities by trained assessors, and (c) a parent questionnaire on child use of the center. Results indicated that the condition of the community center facilities and amenities, but not their number, was positively related to neighborhood income (p < .05). As well, the number of cost-free, but not total, youth physical activity programs was inversely associated with neighborhood income (p < .05). Parent's report of their children using centers was positively associated with the number of amenities observed there (p < .05). The results suggest that policy makers and community recreation center staff should consider both neighborhood economic issues and environmental characteristics in their efforts to promote children's physical activity at recreation centers.
Authentication on untrusted remote hosts with public-key sudo

Two common tools in Linux- and UNIX-based environments are SSH for secure communications and sudo for performing administrative tasks. These are independent programs with substantially different purposes, but they are often used in conjunction. In this paper, we describe a weakness in their interaction and present our solution, public-key sudo. Public-key sudo1 is an extension to the sudo authentication mechanism which allows for public key authentication using the SSH public key framework. We describe our implementation of a BSD SSH authentication module and the SSH modifications required to use this module.
New observations and corrections concerning the trio of invasive hydromedusae Maeotias marginata (=M. inexpectata), Blackfordia virginica, and Moerisia sp: in the San Francisco Estuary

New observations of Maeotias, Blackfordia, and Moerisia in low salinity waters of the San Francisco Bay estuary allow better understanding of the life cycles and natural history of these three genera of invading hydrozoans. Maeotias inexpectata Ostroumoff, 1896 is found to be a junior synonym of Maeotias marginata (Modeer, 1791). Moreover, M. inexspectata Ostroumoff, 1896b is an incorrect subsequent spelling of M. inexpectata Ostroumoff, 1896a. The clear presence of marginal statocysts in the medusa of this species places it back in the family Olindiidae of the Limnomedusae. Polyps previously attributed to Maeotias in San Francisco Bay are now known to belong to a Moerisia sp., whose medusa has also recently been found in the estuary system. Solitary Moerisia polyps have been found in the field amongst the general fouling fauna on floating docks in the Napa River. Small simple primary polyps of M. marginata were obtained in the laboratory. Polyps of Blackfordia virginica have been found in abundance in the field covering the valves of nonindigenous barnacles in the Napa River and laboratory-cultured colonies are pictured here along with their newly-released and juvenile medusae.
Feature extraction for laryngeal evaluation

Signal processing techniques are utilized in an attempt to discriminate speakers with laryngeal pathology from a normal population. These include classical periodicity analysis and discriminant analysis performed on a set of features representative of the associated all-pole LP models. These are applied to both the acoustic and electroglottographic waveforms. Preliminary results encourage further refinement of the technique and use of the laryngograph in this application.
How Christian Groups in America Have Accommodated Changing Beliefs about Homosexuality

This paper is a draft chapter from a larger book-in-progress, tentatively titled Moral Evolution: Why Culture Trumps Religion in American Politics. The book argues that in the long run, religious perspectives on political issues follow rather than lead public opinion. During periods of cultural transition, religious leaders often resist trends in attitudes, values, and behaviors that conflict with their doctrines, but they adjust their positions as their own members become affected by the same transformations sweeping across the rest of society. The current paper applies these ideas to the politics of homosexuality in America since 1900. Before the late 1960s, religious and secular orientations toward homosexuality overlapped, with secular institutions — the law and order arms of government on the one hand, the psychiatric profession on the other — taking the lead in condemning homosexuality through laws, practices, and scientific discourse. As Americans became more tolerant of homosexuality beginning in the early 1970, different parts of the public moved in tandem. Using data from the General Social Survey, I show that Catholics and mainline Protestants closely resembled the overall U.S. population from 1973 to 2010 in their opinions about the morality of homosexuality and the need for civil rights protections for gays and lesbians. Evangelical and black Protestants started from lower bases but shifted their opinions in the same direction as the rest of the population. The paper documents three responses through which Christian leaders accommodated the growing acceptance of homosexuality among their members and in American society more generally. The first response was a theological debate about the relevant biblical passages on homosexual behavior, with revisionists arguing that traditional interpretations of the Bible are wrong. The second response included varied actions by mainline denominations, including statements more favorable to homosexuality and, more recently, the ordaining of gay and lesbian pastors. The third response was a softening of political rhetoric, including among conservative Christians and the organizations that represent them. Taken together, these responses show how Christian groups have made important accommodations on the issue of homosexuality.
The Road to Independence? Scotland since the Sixties – By Murray Pittock

This author's clear, thoughtful history of modern Scotland deserves to reach a wide audience, especially among students and general readers. He finds in the 1960s the crucial period that put Scotla...
Sonic Hedgehog Controls the Phenotypic Fate and Therapeutic Efficacy of Grafted Neural Precursor Cells in a Model of Nigrostriatal Neurodegeneration

The expression of soluble growth and survival promoting factors by neural precursor cells (NPCs) is suggested to be a prominent mechanism underlying the protective and regenerative effects of these cells after transplantation. Nevertheless, how and to what extent specific NPC-expressed factors contribute to therapeutic effects is not well understood. Using RNA silencing, the current study investigated the roles of two donor NPC molecules, namely glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and sonic hedgehog (SHH), in the protection of substantia nigra dopamine neurons in rats treated with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Analyses indicate that as opposed to the knock-down of GDNF, SHH inhibition caused a profound decline in nigrostriatal neuroprotection. Further, SHH silencing also curbed endogenous neurogenesis and the migration of host brdU+/dcx+ neural precursors into the striatum, which was present in the animals receiving control or GDNF silenced NPCs. A change in graft phenotype, mainly reflected by a reduced proportion of undifferentiated nestin+ cells, as well as a significantly greater host microglial activity, suggested an important role for these processes in the attenuation of neuroprotection and neurogenesis upon SHH silencing. Overall these studies reveal core mechanisms fundamental to grafted NPC-based therapeutic effects, and delineate the particular contributions of two graft-expressed molecules, SHH and GDNF, in mediating midbrain dopamine neuron protection, and host plasticity after NPC transplantation.
Effects of SO2 plus NaCl aerosol combined with moderate exercise on pulmonary function in asthmatic adolescents

Eight adolescent subjects with a diagnosis of extrinsic asthma and exercise-induced bronchospasm were exposed for 30 min at rest followed by 10 min of moderate exercise on a treadmill to the following experimental modes: (a) filtered air, (b) 1 ppm of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and 1 mg/m3 of sodium chloride (NaCl) droplet aerosol, or (c) 1 mg/m3 of NaCl droplet aerosol alone. All exposures were at ⩾75% relative humidity and 22°C. Functional measurements of total respiratory resistance (RT), maximal flow at 50 and 75% expired vital capacity (Vmax50 and Vmax75), forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1.0), and functional residual capacity (FRC) were recorded before and after exposure. Statistically significant changes were seen in RT, Vmax50 and Vmax75, and FEV1.0 following exposure to SO2  NaCl droplet aerosol during exercise. The changes seen were greater than those seen in the same subjects during exposure at rest or in healthy adult subjects exposed to various air pollutants.
Nine-channel tip/tilt detector at the CHARA Array

A new CCD based tip/tilt detection system was installed in the CHARA array on August 21, 2005. The new system can serve six telescopes simultaneously and is sensitive to a wavelength as long as 1 μm. The tip/tilt camera is based on an E2V CCD39-01, a small (80×80) back illuminated frame transfer device with a pixel size of 24×24 μm2. The measured read-out noise and conversion gain of the camera is 6.4 e- at 384 kpx s-1 and 1.1 e-/ADU, respectively at a temperature of -30 C°. Nine quad-pixel channels have been created on the CCD in a 10×10 pixel sub-array close to one of the read out amplifiers. Vignetting on the quad-pixel channels is negligible. Crosstalk between adjacent channels has been eliminated. The image scale on the CCD is 3.46 arcsecs/pixel. The limiting magnitude is expected to be V=12 at 20 ms integration time under good seeing conditions.© (2006) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Message-based priority functions in local multiaccess communication systems

Abstract The proliferation of computer networks has brought about a wealth of applications that impose disparate requirements upon the communication channels they use. In particular, the traffic requirements differ to such a degree that optimization of access schemes for one pattern is often detrimental to all rest. Message priority offers a solution to the problem. It provides a means of administering channel usage to meet these requirements while maintaining high total utilization. This paper proposes priority schemes appropriate for introduction into different architectures of local multiaccess communication systems to achieve these desired results.
Direct Measurement of Instantaneous Coronary Blood Flow after Total Correction of Anomalous Left Coronary Artery

An anomalous left coronary artery was excised from the pulmonary artery and connected by a reversed segment of autogenous saphenous vein to the ascending aorta in a 20-year-old man. Before it was anastomosed to the aorta, retrograde flow of oxygenated blood from coronary artery to pulmonary artery occurred predominantly during diastole; the pressure in the left main coronary artery was 30/15 mm Hg and rose to systemic levels following occlusion of the coronary artery at its junction with the pulmonary artery. After transplantation to the aorta, the vessel was encircled with an electromagnetic flow probe and instantaneous left coronary artery blood flow was measured simultaneously with the pressures in the left ventricle and ascending aorta. The pattern of instantaneous coronary blood flow and its relation to ventricular and aortic pressure were similar to the pattern that has been observed in normal animals. Mean flow through the left coronary artery was 104 ml/min. Following operation, the left ventricular enddiastolic pressure decreased to normal levels and the anastomosis was proved to be patent. Transplantation of the anomalous coronary artery to the systemic circulation restores normal coronary dynamics and may be preferable to simple ligation.
Differential effects of prostaglandins and isoproterenol on cAMP content and Na, K pump activity in rat submandibular acini.

The β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol and prostaglandins E1 and E2 (but not F2α) increased the cAMP content of rat submandibular acini in vitro, but only isoproterenol enhanced ouabain-sensitive86Rb (K) uptake. These findings suggest that cAMP is not involved in the activation of the Na, K pump in salivary cells.
Palladium(II)-mediated cascade carbonylative annulation of o-alkynyl-phenols on silyl linker-based macrobeads: a combinatorial synthesis of a 2,3-disubstituted benzo[b]furan library.

A palladium(II)-mediated cascade carbonylative annulation of o-alkynylphenols was achieved successfully on silyl linker-based macrobeads, which led to an efficient combinatorial synthesis of a 2,3-disubstituted benzo[b]furan library.
Hydration and Radiosensitivity

Summary and Conclusions1. Artemia “eggs,” essentially in the blastula stage in suspended development, can tolerate about 200,- 000 r more x-radiation in the dry than in the wet state, if criteria of hatching and motility after 48 hours hydration are considered. 2. The disparity between hatching and motility curves is greater in dry than in hydrated eggs following x-irradiation. Requirements for hatching must be less radiosensitive than those for motility, since there was always a disparity between these 2 steps in development. It is probable that hydrated eggs are so radiosensitive that only the hardiest survive, and these reach motility. 3. Hydrated eggs are variously radiosensitive, depending upon duration of hydration prior to x-irradiation. There is an immediate drop in radioresistance following hydration, with gradual recovery of this resistance so that after 7 hours of hydration eggs are quite radioresistant again. 4. Delay of one month between x-irradiation and hydration was detrimental to eggs, re...
The changing epidemiology of invasive candidiasis: Candida glabrata and Candida krusei as the leading causes of candidemia in hematologic malignancy

BACKGROUND. The objective of the current retrospective study was to compare the epidemiology of candidemia and its risk factors in patients who had hematologic malignancies(HM) with those in patients who had solid tumors (ST). METHODS. The medical and electronic records of all patients with cancer who had candidemia at the authors' institution from 1993 to 2003 were reviewed for demographic data and clinical information, including the use of prophylactic fluconazole, the infecting Candida species, and the source of candidemia (catheter-related vs other apparent sources). RESULTS. Six hundred thirty-five patients with candidemia were analyzed. C. glabrata and C. krusei were the leading causes of candidemia in 31% and 24% of patients with HM, respectively, and in 18% and 2% of patients with ST, respectively (P < .001). A catheter was the source of candidemia in 36% of the patients with ST and in 12% of the patients with HM (P < .001). Response to antifungal therapy occurred in 73% of the ST group compared with 49% of the HM group (P < .001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that fluconazole prophylaxis was a risk factor for both C. glabrata and C. krusei candidemia. The analysis also identified neutropenia as a risk factor for all candidemia and catheter-related infection as a risk factor for C. parapsilosis candidemia. CONCLUSIONS. The results of this study indicated that C. glabrata and C. krusei were the leading causes of candidemia in patients with HM. Neutropenia was the leading risk factor for all candidemia, whereas the catheter was the leading risk factor for C. parapsilosis candidemia. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Evidence for clonal evolution in pre‐B‐cell leukaemia

This case study provides evidence for clonal evolution in pre-B-cell leukaemia. At diagnosis, the lymphoblasts from a 3-year-old boy were morphologically subtyped as L1 (French-American-British classification). Their immunophenotype was CALLA+, CIgM+, SIg-, TdT+, and the karyotype was pseudodiploid with a 1;19 translocation. Striking shifts were apparent when the child relapsed 16 months later. The morphologic subtype had changed to L3, CALLA and TdT had disappeared, and a consistent karyotype was lacking. The modal chromosome number had increased through clonal evolution to 85, the 1;19 translocation was retained, and a new marker, a 14q+ (partial duplication) appeared and was present in a majority of cells. These cytogenetic findings are characteristic of a transforming state. However, despite the loss of TdT, the appearance of classic L3 morphology and the acquisition of a 14q+ marker, the cells retained a predominantly pre-B phenotype.
The normal Q-T interval.

Abstract 1. 1. The correlation between the Q-T and the R-R intervals was determined in 649 healthy men and 311 healthy women from 20 to 59 years of age, with consideration of constitutional and physiologic variables, and ten additional electrocardiographic items using an electronic computer. 2. 2. Of the numerous factors investigated, only age made a small, but statistically significant, contribution to the relationship between the Q-T and the R-R intervals. 3. 3. As best fit, logarithmic and linear regression equations were obtained. In actual application the difference between these two regression equations was so small that the simple linear regression equation is preferred. 4. 4. In comparison with six other formulas for the relationship between Q-T and R-R intervals, most commonly used in clinical application, the logarithmic CWS(1) and the linear CWS(2) regression equations gave the least discrepancies to the actual values in 9 subjects near the extremes of the wide scatter of Q-T versus R-R intervals. 5. 5. There was excellent agreement in the range of heart rate from 56 to 115 per minute between upper (97.5 per cent) and lower (2.5 per cent) normal limits determined from the percentile distribution and predicted from the linear regression equation. 6. 6. The normal limits of the Q-T interval are presented in five ranges of heart rate for convenient clinical application, and are believed to be more reliable than those previously suggested. The limitations of prediction of the Q-T interval from the heart rate are discussed.
Characterization of the Insulin and Somatomedin-C Receptors in Human Placental Cell Membranes

ABSTRACT Human placentas have been used to further investigate the binding of insulin and somatomedin to cell membrane receptors. Conditions for optimal binding of 125I-insulin were defined for both participate membrane preparations and membranes solubilized in Triton X-100. Human placental membranes are a rich source of high affinity insulin receptors. As in previous studies with rat liver and fat cell preparations, only somatomedin and proinsulin were effective competitors for binding to the insulin receptor. These findings were used to define the optimal conditions for a competitive binding assay for insulin and insulin-like peptides. This assay had threshold sensitivities of 10 μU/ml for insulin and less than 0.1 U/ml for somatomedin. Incubation at 4 C for 15–18 hr essentially eliminated proteolytic degradation of the labeled hormone and led to strikingly better binding than was observed at higher temperatures. A highly purified preparation of somatomedin-C labeled with radioactive iodine was found to...
The stability of hexacosanoyl lysophosphatidylcholine in dried-blood spot quality control materials for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy newborn screening

Abstract Objectives Newborn screening for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy utilizes tandem mass spectrometry to analyze dried-blood spot specimens. Quality control materials (dried-blood spots enriched with hexacosanoyl lysophosphatidylcholine) were prepared and stored at different temperatures for up to 518 days to evaluate the stability of this biomarker for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. Design and methods Dried-blood spot storage included desiccant (45, 171, and 518 days) or omitted desiccant (53 days at > 90% relative humidity). Specimens were stored for 171 and 518 days at − 20 °C, 4 °C, ambient temperature, and 37 °C. Each weekday for 45 days, a bag of specimens stored at 4 °C was warmed to ambient temperature and one specimen was removed for storage at − 80 °C. Specimens were analyzed by high-performance liquid-chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry and data was plotted as concentration (micromoles per liter) vs. time. Linear regression provided slope and y-intercept values for each storage condition. Results Small slope values (0.01 or less) and y-intercept values close to the enrichment indicated less than 11% loss of hexacosanoyl lysophosphatidylcholine under all storage conditions tested. Conclusions Quality control materials for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy are stable for at least 1 year when stored with desiccant.
Parent-reported eating and leisure-time activity selection patterns related to energy balance in preschool- and school-aged children.

Abstract Objective Compare parent-reported preschool- and school-aged children's eating and leisure-time activity patterns that are proposed to influence energy balance. Design Cross-sectional investigation of children, 2 to 12 years, attending a well visit. Setting Pediatric private practice/ambulatory pediatric clinic. Participants One hundred seventy-four children: 49% preschool-aged, 54% female, 28% Hispanic, and 34% overweight or at risk for overweight. Variables Measured Parent-reported eating/leisure-time behaviors. Height/weight from medical records. Analysis Analyses of covariance/chi-square tests; significance at P ≤ .05. Results By parents' report, preschool-aged children consumed more servings/day of low-fat dairy (2.1 ± 1.6 vs 1.7 ± 1.5; P .01), fewer servings/day of sweetened drinks (1.4 ± 1.9 vs 2.2 ± 2.6; P P .05) than school-aged children. Fewer preschool-aged children consumed salty (14.0% vs 26.1%; P P P Conclusions and Implications Parent-reported children's eating/leisure-time patterns that may influence energy balance were less healthful in the school-aged children. However, most children did not meet recommendations, irrespective of age or weight. Interventions for meeting recommendations should start with families with preschool-aged children. Future research should focus on identifying factors that might be contributing to increased reporting of problematic food and leisure-time activity patterns in school-aged children.
The synthesis of novel polycyclic heterocyclic ring systems via photocyclization. 6. Naphthothienonaphthyridines

Five novel polycyclic heterocyclic ring systems are reported via photocyclization. The specific final products in these ring systems are: naphtho[1′,2′:4,5]thieno[2,3-c][1,8]naphthyridin-6(5H)-one (5), naphtho-[1′,2′:4,5]thieno[2,3-c][1,6]naphthyridin-6(5H)-one (6), naphtho[1′,2′:4,5]thieno[2,3-c]-1,5-naphthyridine (9), naphtho[1′,2′:4,5]thieno[2,3-c][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]-1,5-naphthyridine (12), and naphtho[2′,1′:4,5]thieno[2,3-c]-1,5-naphthyridine (17). The direction of photocyclization to produce 9 was established from a zero quantum two-dimensional nmr spectroscopy experiment (ZQCOSY) using 6-chloronaphtho[1′,2′:4,5]thieno[2,3-c]-1,5-naphthyridine (8) as the model compound.
Parametrically Amplified $Z$ -Axis Lorentz Force Magnetometer

This paper describes a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) Lorentz force navigation magnetometer whose fabrication is fully compatible with existing foundry processes used to manufacture MEMS inertial sensors. Operating at 1 atm, the magnetometer is shown to have a Brownian-noise-limited field resolution of 87 nT/√Hz and a corresponding angular resolution of 0.7°/√Hz. To achieve Brownian-noise-limited performance at 1 atm, parametric amplification was performed which amplifies the Lorentz force 40% more than the Brownian noise force and increases the field sensitivity of the device up to 82.5 folds. Here, the parametric signal is also used to perform electromechanical amplitude modulation to mitigate capacitive feedthrough of the drive signal to the sensing electronics.
Knowledge and the practice of sociology

Noting that sociology, like other disciplines, usually discusses itself as if its content—its body of knowledge—were created by a wholly intellectual process, I am adopting in this paper the approach of the sociology of knowledge by emphasizing the “existential factors” that influence knowledge. I employ the poorly developed concept of occupation, and argue that in the United States academic disciplines like sociology are best analyzed as professions, which areorganized occupations. American professions sustain their present position by the functional differentiation of members into separate administrative, research or scholarship, and practice roles. Practice roles serving lay clients or patrons provide the basic economic support of the profession as a whole. The characteristic practice role of most academic arts and science disciplines is teaching. Using sociology and its special position in the undergraduate curriculum as an example, I suggest that the contingencies of teaching influence what knowledge is used, underlie at least part of the public image of the discipline, and determine some of what becomes part of the published corpus of the discipline's knowledge.
Applicability of Kübler-Ross's stages of dying to the suicidal individual: a review of the literature.

Evidence from the literature is presented that suicidal people may experience the emotions described by Kubler-Ross in her description of the dying process. Language: en
Probabilistic properties of fitness-based quasi-reflection in evolutionary algorithms

Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) excel in optimizing systems with a large number of variables. Previous mathematical and empirical studies have shown that opposition-based algorithms can improve EA performance. We review existing opposition-based algorithms and introduce a new one. The proposed algorithm is named fitness-based quasi-reflection and employs the relative fitness of solution candidates to generate new individuals. We provide the probabilistic analysis to prove that among all the opposition-based methods that we investigate, fitness-based quasi-reflection has the highest probability of being closer to the solution of an optimization problem. We support our theoretical findings via Monte Carlo simulations and discuss the use of different reflection weights. We also demonstrate the benefits of fitness-based quasi-reflection on three state-of-the-art EAs that have competed at IEEE CEC competitions. The experimental results illustrate that fitness-based quasi-reflection enhances EA performance, particularly on problems with more challenging solution spaces. We found that competitive DE (CDE) which was ranked tenth in CEC 2013 competition benefited the most from opposition. CDE with fitness-based quasi-reflection improved on 21 out of the 28 problems in the CEC 2013 test suite and achieved 100% success rate on seven more problems than CDE.
Note on optimizing environmental enrichment: a study of fennec fox and zoo guests

Environmental enrichment is widely used to stimulate animal time budgets that seem more natural and diverse than those of unenriched animals. Uncertainty of reward is a suggested means to maintain enrichment's efficacy. Foraging tasks are widely applied in zoo animal enrichment, yet few rely on the logic of optimal foraging theory to help maintain animal motivation. We applied a foraging strategy to zoo housed fennec foxes as enrichment. We varied only the probability of when and where food would occur in the animals' exhibit. Our methods increased behavioral diversity, animal activity, and stimulated guest interest in the exhibit.
Appropriate Use Criteria: Past, Present, Future

Reports that cardiologists overuse procedures are common in the lay press, with concerns ranging from legitimate differences in judgment to outright fraud. Clinical practice guidelines were created to assist physicians in practicing evidence-based medicine, but in 2004, on the basis of mounting evidence of unexplained geographic variation in use and increasing cost and regulatory pressures, the American College of Cardiology decided to create a new category of standards, appropriate use criteria (AUC). AUC are constructed around common patient scenarios and intended to inform bedside decision making and provide guidance regarding overall patterns of care. AUC blend all levels of evidence gleaned from relevant randomized clinical trials, clinical practice guidelines, and expert consensus. AUC are basedonlevels ofevidence A(randomized controlledtrials)andB (observational studies) when available (and including level of evidence C, expert opinion). The evidence is considered following arigorous,prospectiveprocessadaptedfromanexistingDelphimethodology used by the RAND Corporation for similar purposes, which generates ratings regarding the reasonableness of performing a test or procedure in a specific clinical situation. 1 Importantly, the technical panel rating the indications in terms of appropriateness is composed of <50% of specialists in that area. The reactions to these early documents ranged from embracing them as a useful and needed tool to guide practice to outright rejection (‘‘How dare anyone imply that I practice inappropriate medicine!’’). The first applications of AUC to actual patients provided interesting and important insights into current patterns of care, highlighted areas of possible overuse, and indicated that quality improvement was possible by means of targeted intervention, especially because most inappropriate use was clustered into just a few indications. However, there were also questions: the complexities of clinical medicine meant that the AUC class often could not be determined, and when it could, reproducibility among observers was modest. There were subtle differences in indications and rankings between similar modalities such as stress echocardiography and stress nuclear medicine that could be confusing. Those wishing to adopt AUC were uncertain as to the ‘‘correct’’ level of inappropriateness and what the optimal relationship should be between AUC ranking and the likelihood of a new finding or a change in care. Clearly, this was an effort in its infancy. With time, experience, and a broader awareness of the need for such documents, AUC have matured. Revisions of virtually all the imaging AUC have increased the documents’ coverage of the full range of clinical scenarios, harmonized indications and methods, and in the case of echocardiography created a single combined document for
Spray desorption collection of free fatty acids onto a solid phase microextraction fiber for trap grease analysis in biofuel production

Spray desorption collection (SDC) is a sample collection and preparation method that allows for the collection of soluble chemical compounds directly from solid surfaces. Here the analysis of trap grease, a potential biofuel feedstock, is demonstrated by combining SDC with solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) collection followed by direct GC-MS analysis. The SPME fiber collects droplets of solvent, which has picked up analytes from the solid sample surface. It is found that the SDC–SPME combination is a simple and convenient method to collect sample components from surfaces when they are less volatile than heptanoic acid, while the collection efficiency of highly volatile compounds is increasingly reduced due to the purging effect of the nebulising gas. In a real trap grease analysis the SDC–SPME method was able to analyze both the longer chain fatty acids in the sample, important for energy production evaluation of the sample, as well as volatile sample components down to pentanoic acid, which may add to off-odours produced during biofuel use.