cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetic resonance imaging, a commercial application for analog photonics

Replacing coax bundles in magnetic resonance imaging systems with fiber eliminates many problems such as crosstalk, ground loops, EMI, and safety hazards. An analog photonic link has been demonstrated with excellent image quality.
On the relation of J sub I to work done per unit uncracked area: Total, or component 'due to crack'

The direct evaluation of Rice's JI as a function of displacement, from the load-displacement record of a test of a single precracked specimen, was discussed. Special attention was given to the general form of the underlying relation.
Ultraviolet-induced dimerization of non-adjacent pyrimidines: A potential mechanism for the targeted −1 frameshift mutation☆

The DNA photoproduct responsible for the ultraviolet (u.v.)-induced targeted −1 frameshift mutation is unknown. Based on mutagenesis studies by others, we surmised that this lesion might be found in high abundance in single-stranded DNA. u.v. irradiation of the single-stranded alternating copolymer poly[d(G-T)]yielded a photoproduct that was characterized in detail. It consists of a thymine-thymine cyclobutane dimer of predominantly cis-syn configuration occurring between non-adjacent thymidyl residues on the same strand. Its formation is strongly inhibited in double-stranded DNA. A similar u.v. photoproduct was obtained in higher yield from the polypyrimidine alternating copolymer poly[d(C-T)]under conditions in which it is single-stranded. It is proposed that replication across the unrepaired photoproduct: is the cause of the targeted u.v.-induced −1 frameshift mutation.
Adaptive robot path planning in changing environments

Path planning needs to be fast to facilitate real-time robot programming. Unfortunately, current planning techniques are still too slow to be effective, as they often require several minutes, if not hours of computation. To overcome this difficulty, we present an adaptive algorithm that uses past experience to speed up future performance. It is a learning algorithm suitable for incrementally-changing environments such as those encountered in manufacturing of evolving products and waste-site remediation. The algorithm allows the robot to adapt to its environment by having two experience manipulation schemes: for minor environmental change, we use an object-attached experience abstraction scheme to increase the flexibility of the learned experience; for major environmental change, we use an on-demand experience repair scheme to retain those experiences that remain valid and useful. Using this algorithm, we can effectively reduce the overall robot planning time by re-using the computation result for one task to plan a path for another. >
Protein Processing, Processing in the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Network

Introduction The Protein Processing Assembly Line Polypeptide Production The Endoplasmic Reticulum: Polypeptide Folding and Modification Overview of the ER Lumen Folding in the ER Glycosylation in the ER Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Linked Proteins Membrane Traffic: ER to Golgi and Beyond The Golgi Apparatus Overview of the Golgi Complex Golgi Targeting and Protein Trafficking Oligosaccharide Processing in the Golgi Other Post-Translational Processing Events Endoproteases: The Proprotein Convertase Family Transport to the Cell Surface Concluding Remarks Bibliography Keywords: post-translational modifications; glycosylation; sialation; pharmacokinetic properties
Unstructured Control Flow in GPGPU

The current trend toward heterogeneous architectures motivates us to reconsider current software and hardware paradigms. The focus is centered around new parallel programming models, compiler design, and runtime resource management techniques to exploit the features of many-core processor architectures. Graphics Processing Units (GPU) have become the platform of choice in this area for accelerating a large range of data-parallel and task-parallel applications. The rapid adoption of GPU computing has been greatly aided by the introduction of high-level programming environments such as CUDA C and OpenCL. However, each vendor implements these programming models differently and we must analyze the internals in order to get a better understanding of the performance results. One of the main differences across implementations is the handling of program control flow by the compiler and the hardware. Some implementations can support unstructured control flow based on branches and labels; others are based on structured control flow relying solely on if-then and while constructs. In this paper we describe a tool that can be used to analyze the difference between these two approaches. We created a dynamic compiler called Caracal that translates applications with unstructured control flow so they can run on hardware that requires structured programs. In order to accomplish this, Caracal builds a control tree of the program and creates single-entry, single-exit regions called hammock graphs. We used this tool to analyze the performance differences between NVIDIA's implementation of CUDA C and AMD's implementation of OpenCL. We found that the requirement for structured control flow can increase the number of registers allocated by 20 registers and impact performance as much as 2x.
Cognition and distance learning

Can distance learning transform higher education, saving money and improving student learning? Modern technologies allow instructors to design distance learning environments with all the features of traditional courses and more. What findings from research on instruction can help course designers make effective choices? I argue that students who take an autonomous stance towards instruction tend to learn from most courses, and that course designers who take a scaffolded knowledge integration approach to course design can enable autonomous learning. To help designers create courses that transform passive students into autonomous learners, this article draws on recent research on instruction. I describe the scaffolded knowledge integration framework and use this framework to interpret current approaches to distance learning. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Self-Limiting Aggregation by Controlled Ligand−Receptor Stoichiometry

Colloidal aggregation can be made self-limiting by controlling the ratio of reactive groups (ligands such as biotin coupled to phospholipids and incorporated in a vesicle membrane) on the colloid surface to cross-linking agents (multifunctional receptors such as avidin or streptavidin) in solution. A distinct transition occurs between limited and complete aggregation as a function of the ligand-to-receptor ratio. The “limited” aggregates formed are spherical in nature with a fractal dimension of 2.9. The size of the aggregates depends on the overall concentration of surface accessible biotin-ligands, which can be controlled either by the biotin-lipid fraction in the bilayer at fixed vesicle concentration, or by increasing the vesicle concentration at fixed biotin-lipid fraction. The spherical shapes and concentration dependence are the result of the free diffusion of the ligands on the vesicle surfaces. A simple model of the process based on Smolukowski aggregation kinetics coupled with a Langmuir-type su...
Endorsements of Ellis' irrational beliefs as a function of DSM‐III psychotic diagnoses

Asked normal Ss (N = 120) as well as patients (N = 150) diagnosed as manic, major depressive disorder and schizophrenic to give their opinions with regard to Ellis' 11 irrational beliefs. The schizophrenia group and major depressive group were noted to endorse at least 3 and 4 of the irrational beliefs, respectively, a striking contrast to both the normal and manic groups, who did not endorse any of these ideas. Thus, the data with regard to two of the three psychotic groups are consistent with rational-emotive theory.
"It's alive! it's alive! we've created a monster!": implementing a new test scanning system at VCU

Every department at VCU, as well as the entire student body, utilizes test scanning services provided by our office, the VCU helpIT Center. The push for a new test scanning system was mainly so that we could work with newer test scanning technology, lower our annual maintenance costs as well as provide a system which we could personalize to fit VCU's needs. The VCU helpIT Center was tasked with implementing and transitioning the VCU faculty and students to a new test scanning system. This paper discusses our process of transition from our Legacy Scantron test scanning system, to our new gradeIT system (which utilizes Remark OMR). Our paper highlights our 'plan of attack' we developed to prepare for the transition, the implementation steps we took, our marketing campaign that we developed, the successes we celebrated, as well as the shortfalls we encountered in our attempt to provide a change in services to the VCU community.
ERP correlates of pitch error detection in complex Tone and Voice auditory feedback with missing fundamental

Previous studies have shown that the pitch of a sound is perceived in the absence of its fundamental frequency (F0), suggesting that a distinct mechanism may resolve pitch based on a pattern that exists between harmonic frequencies. The present study investigated whether such a mechanism is active during voice pitch control. ERPs were recorded in response to +200 cents pitch shifts in the auditory feedback of self-vocalizations and complex tones with and without the F0. The absence of the fundamental induced no difference in ERP latencies. However, a right-hemisphere difference was found in the N1 amplitudes with larger responses to complex tones that included the fundamental compared to when it was missing. The P1 and N1 latencies were shorter in the left hemisphere, and the N1 and P2 amplitudes were larger bilaterally for pitch shifts in voice and complex tones compared with pure tones. These findings suggest hemispheric differences in neural encoding of pitch in sounds with missing fundamental. Data from the present study suggest that the right cortical auditory areas, thought to be specialized for spectral processing, may utilize different mechanisms to resolve pitch in sounds with missing fundamental. The left hemisphere seems to perform faster processing to resolve pitch based on the rate of temporal variations in complex sounds compared with pure tones. These effects indicate that the differential neural processing of pitch in the left and right hemispheres may enable the audio-vocal system to detect temporal and spectral variations in the auditory feedback for vocal pitch control.
Has the Internet Increased Exports for Firms from Low and Middle-Income Countries?

Abstract Many commentators have suggested that the internet is one of the forces driving globalization. This paper assesses one aspect of these claims, looking at whether internet access appears to affect the export performance using data from enterprises in low and middle-income economies in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. The paper finds a strong correlation between exporting and internet access at the enterprise level. Moreover, this correlation remains after controlling factors that might affect both exports and internet connectivity and self-selectivity.
Induction of term labor with intravenous PGF2α: A review

PIP: Studies of prostaglandins (PGs) used for term labor induction are reviewed, and aside from a slight tendency toward developing hypertonus with PGF2 alpha, evidence suggests that prostaglandins for labor induction, while no better than oxytocin, are equally efficacious. After the discovery of PGF2 alpha in the decidua of term pregnant uterus, impetus for research was found. Research first tended to record uterine activity, and next dose-response studies were performed. For labor induction studies, a double-blind study of 300 patients found a comparative advantage in efficacy of PGE2 over PGF2 alpha combined with oxytocin. Other double-blind studies reported an apparent synergism between oxytocin and PGE2 or, on the contrary, reported no difference in efficacy. Anderson's protocol design, using a double-blind protocol with Bishop score-classified patients before induction, has been modified but remains the basis of most protocols. Only in special situations has PGF2 alpha been found more efficacious than oxytocin; such situations are missed abortion, intrauterine death, molar gestations, and anencephalic pregnancy. 1 researcher suggests PGF2 alpha is indicated in patients with very low Bishop scores. Studies on the safety of prostaglandins for labor induction, for both child and mother, have generally concluded that if uterine hyperstimulation is avoided, there will be no serious sequelae. Hypertonus can be avoided by using step-wise dose increases based on labor progression, rather than fixed dose amounts. Also, in terms of safety, there is a possible advantage of PGF2 alpha over oxytocin in the area of antidiuresis, since 1 study has shown that PGF2 alpha has no antidiuretic effect.
Fuzzy Adaptive Direct Generalized Predictive Control Algorithm in the Application of AWC Control

Using the characteristics of prediction model, rolling optimization and feedback correction, a AWC system based on generalized predictive control was designed, and its control performance was simulated based on a hot strip continuous mill. The results show that generalized predictive controller achieves better control effects than the normal PID on response time and steady precision with matching model; when model mismatching is caused by inaccuracy of plastic coefficient and pure delay time, the normal PID is overshot or even oscillation, but the control performance of the generalized predictive controller is not influenced by model parameter variations .
Combustion synthesis of diamond

Abstract Diamond has been grown using an unmodified oxyacetylene brazing/ welding torch in air. The typical experiment uses a water cooled substrate holder with a torch nozzle to substrate distance which varies from around 1 mm to 3–4 cm depending upon total gas flow, nozzle size, O 2 :C 2 H 2 ratio etc. The deposits obtained to date have not been uniform in morphology, growth rate or Raman signature. Although polishing of silicon substrates clearly enhances nucleation density in most such experiments, the very high (greater than 10 8 cm −2 ) nucleation densities seen with either microwave or hot filament syntheses have not been seen with the “torch” method. The high gas temperatures employed (around 3000°C) necessitates the cooling of substrates which introduces large and difficult to reproduce thermal gradients. Much work remains to be done if smooth, thin and/or uniform coatings are to be obtained this way. Diamond can be obtained by acetylene combustion using a flat flame burner at pressures of 25 and 50 Torr by adjusting the O 2 :C 2 H 2 ratio to around 1.16. This development offers a means for the study of such flames and the eventual development of a satisfactory model for diamond formation from them.
The role of paranasal sinuses as weight reducers of the head determined by electromyography of postural neck muscles.

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to determine the significance of the paranasal sinuses as weight reducers of the skull for maintenance of equipoise of the head. This proposed function has been an object of speculation for centuries and still appears in some anatomy and otolaryngology texts as a possible function of the paranasal sinuses of man. The method employed was an electromyographic investigation of the activity of some postural neck muscles under the usual conditions of balancing the head and also in response to the addition of weights anterior to the atlantooccipital joint in amounts comparable to filling the sinuses with either compact or cancellous bone. Twenty-seven men and women, 20–29 yr of age, served as subjects. Wire electrodes, placed intramuscularly, were used along with surface electrodes. The recording instrument was a Sanborn four channel thermal recorder. At least 6 oz of weight, applied to a specified area anterior to the atlantooccipital joint, was necessary to evoke an initial simultaneous increase in the activity of the posterior cervical musculature of 93 per cent of the subjects. Six ounces is more than two to three times the weight of either cancellous or compact bone required to fill the average sinus volumes. It was concluded that the paranasal sinuses of man are not significant as weight reducers of the skull for maintenance of equipoise of the head.
Beyond decisionism and anarchy: The task of re-thinking resolve

Au-dela de son implication ideologique dans le mouvement nazi, l'A. etudie la dimension sociale du concept de determination developpe par Heidegger. Adoptant le cadre pratique de l'ethique kantienne, et utilisant le langage anarchisant de R. Schurmann, l'A. redefinit la notion de determination comme la liberte qui marque notre entree dans le domaine de la praxis politique tendue vers le bien commun (C. M. Sherover)
KINETICS OF THE ULTRAVIOLET‐INDUCED DIMERIZATION OF THYMINE IN FROZEN SOLUTIONS*

— It is known that thymine forms dimers when aqueous solutions are irradiated with ultraviolet light while in the frozen state, but does not form dimers when solutions are irradiated in the liquid state. The eutectic point of aqueous thymine solutions was found to be. —0.02°C. Since the irradiation of frozen solutions is always carried out at lower temperatures, the dimerization must be occurring in the solid state. Activation energies and quantum yields for dimer formation were determined by irradiating 1–mm layers of thymine solution at —5°C to — 707deg;C for various lengths of time. As expected, the activation energy was zero. After measuring the amount of radiation scattered by samples of ice, the extreme values for the quantum yield were found to be 0.73 and 4.08. The lower limit assumed that all the scattered light was absorbed by thymine; the upper limit assumed that none was absorbed. Since the theoretical maximum quantum yield is 2, the best estimate of the quantum yield is considered to be between 1 and 2.
Kissinger's philosophy of history and Kantian ethics

(1996). Kissinger's philosophy of history and Kantian ethics. Diplomacy & Statecraft: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 97-124.
Field Dependence/Independence and Learning Condition: An Exploratory Study of Style Vs Ability

Recent reviews have concluded that field-independent individuals typically show learning equal or superior to that of field-dependent individuals. However, many studies supporting these conclusions have not capitalized fully on the stylistic strengths of field-dependent learners. Among 35 field-independent and 42 field-dependent undergraduates, when grade-point average was controlled, no significant differences were found in scores on an examination following an audiotaped lecture. However, field-dependent learners significantly outperformed their field-independent peers on follow-up quizzes when material was presented interactively, using examples that required social sensitivity for full appreciation. These results are discussed as supporting the importance of further study of the stylistic aspects of field dependence/independence and the narrowness of conceptualizations of individual differences when teaching.
Is agoraphobia harder to treat? A comparison of agoraphobics' and simple phobics' response to treatment

Abstract Agoraphobia is reputed to be more difficult to treat than simple phobia. In a test of this supposition, 38 agoraphobics and 19 simple phobics were each given 10 sessions of graduated in vivo exposure. They were assessed before and after therapy using a behavioral avoidance test, behavioral diaries, and self-report measures. Analysis of covariance revealed unequivocal posttest differences only on self-assessed disability level; agoraphobics had changed less in their report of global disability immediately following treatment but not at follow-up. Sixty-eight percent of the simple phobics showed clinically significant improvement on avoidance of the Main Phobia, compared with 34% of the agoraphobics. On three other outcome measures, including more precise behavioral measures of phobia, agoraphobics and simple phobics responded equivalently to treatment. Given clinicians' impressions about the comparative difficulty in treating agoraphobic clients, fewer differences in treatment response were obtained than were expected. Several possible explanations for this discrepancy are discussed.
Biosynthesis of radioactive RNA and DNA pyrimidines from thymidine-2-C-14.

Metabolic pathways in the synthesis of ribo- and desoxyribonucleic acids by a Neurospora mutant were investigated following replacement of thymidine used in growth experiments with thymidine-2-C14. Chromatograms prepared from mycelia were scanned with a Geiger counter. Data are tabulated. (C.H.)
Leveraging firm-level marketing capabilities with marketing employee development

Abstract Using the theoretical foundations of the resource-based view of the firm, this study develops and measures marketing employee development capabilities and investigates how it moderates the relationships between brand and customer relationship management capabilities and firm performance outcomes. Based on a random sample survey of chief marketing executives from selected industries, combined with objective firm performance indicators and controls, results demonstrate that marketing employee development capabilities can leverage the relationships between firm-level marketing capabilities and customer satisfaction, market effectiveness, and objective financial performance. Further, these results show that such capabilities can be complementary and, in some cases, even substitute for each other, which improves organizational performance. Implications for researchers and marketing managers are discussed.
Integrating 128 Element InSb Array: Recent Results

There has been a continuing evolution toward larger arrays of infrared detectors, and the technology base derived from the Galileo Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) has been expanded to linear arrays including from 128 to 512 elements. This advance is based on the commercial availability of high-quality InSb photodiodes and 128/256 element FET switch MUX's (multiplexing elements). The present investigation is concerned with an experimental 128-element linear imager using InSb detectors and silicon MUX for readout. Attention is given to detector array electrical characteristics, the detector readout architecture, noise, and special effects.
Recovery of memory after reminder: Evidence for two forms of retrieval deficit induced by ECS

Using a one-trial fear-conditioning paradigm and ECS, three experiments contrasted the generalization hypothesis with the dissociation/retrieval failure hypothesis in predicting the outcome of reminder treatment given to ECS subjects evidencing different degrees of amnesia at the time of treatment. Experiment I showed a small but reliable increase in retention when reminder was administered to ECS subjects showing strong amnesia. Experiment II showed virtually no effect of reminder when administered to ECS subjects showing partial amnesia. Experiment III provided evidence that the small amount of memory recovery obtained in Experiment I resulted from an interaction between memorial and confounding variables. With confounding variables controlled, reminder induced a very substantial recovery of memory in ECS subjects. These results are contrary to the generalization hypothesis but are consistent with the dissociation/retrieval failure hypothesis that ECS results in two forms of memory retrieval deficit which interact, under some conditions, to determine the degree of retention observed following reminder.
Pathogenicity, Fungicide Resistance, and Genetic Variability of Phytophthora rubi Isolates from Raspberry (Rubus idaeus) in the Western United States

Abstract Root rot of raspberry (Rubus idaeus), thought to be primarily caused by Phytophthora rubi, is an economically important disease in the western United States. The objectives of this study were to determine which Phytophthora species are involved in root rot, examine the efficacy of different isolation methods (cane, root, and root/soil baiting with young raspberry plants), and determine if pathogenicity, fungicide resistance, and/or genetic variation exists among P. rubi isolates collected from raspberry fields in Washington, Oregon, and California. Of 275 samples, direct isolation from cane material resulted in a greater number of P. rubi isolates (39%), whereas root/soil baiting yielded the least (11%). Sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region of 210 of the total 597 collected Phytophthora isolates showed that all but one isolate (identified as P. bisheria) were P. rubi. Results of the pathogenicity and fungicide resistance to mefenoxam comparing 14 total isolates from Washington, Or...
Quantitative digital radiography versus dual photon absorptiometry of the lumbar spine.

Lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by quantitative digital radiography, a new dual energy x-ray technique, and by 153Gd dual photon absorptiometry (DPA) in 85 patients. Each patient was measured twice by the new method and once by DPA on the same day, with repositioning between measurements. Serial measurements were made on an hydroxyapatite spine phantom embedded in tissue-equivalent plastic to evaluate the long term reproducibility of each instrument. The spinal BMD measurements with the 2 techniques were linearly related and highly correlated (r = 0.98) over a range from severely osteopenic to high normal. This correlation was not affected by the age, weight, or BMD of the patient measured. Quantitative digital radiography's long-term reproducibility using the spine phantom was stable for 180 days (coefficient of variation, 0.23%); DPA values were 3 times as variable for 170 days (coefficient of variation 0.73%) and increased 1.0% (P < 0.0001) after a software change. The short term r...
Effect of Photodynamic Therapy on Revascularization of Fasciocutaneous Flaps

Objective Photodynamic therapy (PDT) may be used as an adjuvant intraoperative treatment to improve locoregional control. PDT has been shown both to delay wound healing and to have a deleterious effect on flap survival after a primary ischemic insult. This delay in wound healing may make the flap dependent on its pedicled blood supply for a prolonged period. Long-term flap loss may be experienced. The effect of PDT on flap revascularization, with subsequent dependence on its vascular pedicle, is evaluated. Study Design Randomized controlled trial using a rodent model. Methods A rat fasciocutaneous flap was used. Study groups were as follows: group I received no treatment; group II received treatment with 630-nm light; groups III and IV were given Photofrin (in group III, loupes without a fiberoptic light source were used for flap elevation, and in group IV, light source was employed); and group V was given Photofrin and 630-nm light. Primary ischemic times of 2 or 4 hours were used. Vascular pedicles were ligated on postoperative day (POD) 5, 6, or 7, and percentage of flap survival was evaluated 7 days later. Results With 2 hours of ischemia, revascularization was decreased in the PDT group on POD 6 (P < .05) and on day 7 (P < .005) when compared with the other groups. With 4 hours of ischemia, revascularization was decreased in the PDT group on PODs 5 (P < .001), 6 (P < .01), and 7 (P < .005). Conclusion Intraoperative PDT decreases revascularization of a rat fasciocutaneous flap.
Groups for Grief and Survivorship after Bereavement: A Review.

Abstract Descriptive and research literature in group work for bereavement is reviewed and critiqued. Included are groups for loss of parent, child, sibling, spouse, or classmate due to illness, suicide, or violent death.
Improper Intimacy: Afrikaans Churches, the National Party and the Anti-Miscegenation Laws

(1994). Improper Intimacy: Afrikaans Churches, the National Party and the Anti-Miscegenation Laws. South African Historical Journal: Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 55-79.
Comparison of adaptations to a 12-month exercise program and late outcome in patients with healed myocardial infarction and ejection fraction 50%.

To characterize the differences in adaptations to endurance exercise training and prognosis between patients with depressed and normal left ventricular (LV) function, 20 patients with coronary artery disease were studied and followed for 7 years. Patients with normal LV function had enhancement of LV systolic function, but the group with LV dysfunction did not exhibit cardiac adaptations and had more cardiac events than those with normal LV function.
Identifying modular function via edge annotation in gene correlation networks using Gene Ontology search

Correlation networks provide a powerful tool for analyzing large sets of biological information. This method of high-throughput data modeling has important implications in uncovering novel knowledge of cellular function. Previous studies on other types of network modeling (protein-protein interaction networks, metabolomes, etc.) have demonstrated the presence of relationships between network structures and organization of cellular function. Studies with correlation network further confirm the existence of such network structure and biological function relationship. However, correlation networks are typically noisy and the identified network structures, such as clusters, must be further investigated to verify actual cellular function. This is traditionally done using Gene Ontology enrichment of the genes in that cluster. In this study a novel method to identify common cluster functions in correlation networks is proposed, which uses annotations of edges as opposed to the traditional annotation of node analysis. The results obtained using proposed method reveals functional relationships in clusters not visible by the traditional approach.
The Holocaust as History and Human Rights: A Cross-National Analysis of Holocaust Education in Social Science Textbooks, 1970-2008.

This article examines Holocaust education in secondary school social science textbooks around the world since 1970, using data coded from 465 textbooks from 69 countries. It finds that books and countries more connected to world society and with an accompanying emphasis on human rights, diversity in society and a depiction of international, rather than national, society are more likely to discuss the Holocaust. Additionally, textbooks from Western countries contain more discussion of the Holocaust, although the rate is increasing in Eastern European and other non-Western countries, suggesting eventual convergence. We also find a shift in the nature of discussion, from a historical event to a violation of human rights or crime against humanity. These findings broadly support the arguments of neo-institutional theories that the social and cultural realms of the contemporary world are increasingly globalized and that notions of human rights are a central feature of world society.
The Mythology of European Monetary Union

The global economic crisis that began in 2008 with the failure of American financial institutions has appeared in Europe as a crisis of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) which poses the most profound challenges the European Union (EU) has faced since its founding in 1958. People are asking: how did the EU get itself into this situation and why it is having so much trouble getting out of it? Although many factors converged to produce this perfect storm, at the heart of the crisis is a persistent failure to recognize that there are durable differences in the institutional structures of the European political economies, which cannot readily be erased and offer comparative institutional advantages that national governments often exploit (Hall and Soskice 2001; Amable 2003). Economic prosperity in Europe has long depended on the operation of these national varieties of capitalism (Hall 2001a). From its inception, however, EMU has been built on the assumption that such institutional differences are transient deviations from neo-classical economic models, which should be corrected rather than accommodated. Of course, officials engaged in day-to-day policy-making have a more nuanced understanding of how their economies operate, but the major policy initiatives associated with the Euro have been justified in terms of this view. As a result, the Euro operates on a distinctive mythology. Mythologies have their uses, especially in politics, as Machiavelli (1984) noted; and this one was instrumental to securing agreement to the establishment of a monetary union with a particular institutional form in 1992. This was the high water mark of a rational expectations economics whose doctrines left a distinctive imprint on the new union. In contrast to preceding Keynesian views, which saw active macroeconomic management as the key to stable growth, the new classical economics held that fiscal policy was rarely stabilizing and monetary policy largely without lasting effects on the real economy. Prosperity was said to depend, not on demand management, but on supply-side measures to make markets in labor and goods more competitive (Crystal 1979; Cuthbertson 1979). Since active fiscal policy was deemed counterproductive, no effort was made to give the new monetary union capacities for coordinating its member states’ fiscal policies over the medium term. A Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) placing crude limits on national deficits and debt was considered sufficient. Since monetary policy was said to be of value only for controlling inflation, and best done through monetary rules, the new union was endowed with a European central bank (ECB) entirely independent of political control, with circumscribed powers that kept it focused on inflation and unable to purchase sovereign debt directly. EMU acquired these features ultimately because this is what the member states, who were interested in EMU for political as well as economic reasons, could agree on; but images of the economy purveyed by
Dilated cardiomyopathy and role of antithrombotic therapy.

Abstract Background There is no consensus as to whether anticoagulation has a favorable risk:benefit in reducing thromboembolic events in patients with heart failure (HF) secondary to dilated cardiomyopathy who do not suffer from atrial fibrillation or primary valvular disease. Methods and Results The literature reviewed on this topic included most recent and ongoing studies that assessed the use of anticoagulation for this population. Several large retrospective studies showed an increased risk of thromboembolic events among patients with depressed left ventricular function. The relative risk of stroke in individuals with HF from all causes was found to be 4.1 for men and 2.8 for women, but confounding comorbidities (such as atrial fibrillation and coronary artery disease) were commonly present. Currently, there are no randomized prospective trials to guide the use of antithrombotics for these patients, and the risk of bleeding secondary to anticoagulation has limited the use of oral anticoagulants for prevention of thrombosis. Among patients with HF, increasing age directly correlates with both major bleeding and thromboembolic events, with a 46% relative risk of bleeding for each 10-year increase in age older than 40 years. Conclusions To date, there is no agreement on appropriate antithrombotic treatment (if any) for primary thromboembolism prophylaxis in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy with sinus rhythm. In recent years, several promising prospective trials were terminated prematurely due to inadequate enrollment. The Warfarin Aspirin-Reduced Cardiac Ejection Fraction trial may provide evidence regarding the use of anticoagulation for patients with decreased myocardial function.
Application of dirichlet integrals for curtailment problems in sampling inspection

The standard problem in sampling inspection is to consider plans with and without curtailment. Curtailment causes difficulty and authors rarely give exact results (i.e., exact OC and ASN functions) for curtailed procedures. In this article we regard curtailment as an inverse sampling procedure and use Dirichlet integrals to obtain exact formulas for the OC, the ASN, and also the variance of the number of observations required under three types of plans: no curtailment, semicurtailment (for rejection only) and two-sided curtailment. Different sections of the article deal with the single sample, the two-stage, and the multiple-stage sampling problems. New tables for carrying out the single-sample procedure are included in the article. The authors feel that this article presents new directions and new ways of dealing with problems associated with quality control.
Anticipating the Impact of Insurance Expansion on Inpatient Urological Surgery

Abstract Introduction The Affordable Care Act is expected to provide coverage for nearly 25 million previously uninsured individuals. Because the potential impact of the ACA on urological care remains unknown, we estimated the impact of insurance expansion on the use of inpatient urological surgeries using Massachusetts health care reform as a natural experiment. Methods We identified nonelderly patients who underwent inpatient urological surgery from 2003 through 2010 using inpatient databases from Massachusetts and 2 control states. Using July 2007 as the transition point between pre-reform and post-reform periods, we performed a difference-in-differences analysis to estimate the effect of insurance expansion on overall and procedure specific rates of inpatient urological surgery. We also performed subgroup analyses according to race, income and insurance status. Results We identified 1.4 million surgeries performed during the study interval. We observed no change in the overall rate of inpatient urological surgery for the Massachusetts population as a whole. However, we saw an increase in the rate of inpatient urological surgery for nonwhite and low income patients. Our difference-in-differences analysis confirmed these results (all patients 1.0%, p=0.668; nonwhite patients 9.9%, p=0.006; low income patients 6.6%, p=0.041). At a procedure level insurance expansion caused increased rates of inpatient benign prostatic hyperplasia procedures but had no effect on rates of prostatectomy, cystectomy, nephrectomy, pyeloplasty or percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Conclusions Insurance expansion in Massachusetts increased the overall rate of inpatient urological surgery only for nonwhite patients and low income patients. These data inform key stakeholders about the potential impact of national insurance expansion for a large segment of urological care.
Extracting Acetic Acid from Acidic Solutions

Abstract In the UREX + process, acetic acid must be removed from the raffinate stream to avoid interference with the recovery and recycle of nitric acid solutions. Solvent extraction was selected to be the most promising approach to accomplish this cleanup. Acetic acid partitioning into pure diluents used in the UREX + process were found to be too low for an effective separation. Of the solvents tested, the most promising solvents for the extraction of acetic acid were found to be TBP in dodecane and TBP in FS-13.
A new approach to quasi-linear evolution equations in non-reflexive Banach spaces

THE APPROACH to quasi-linear evolution equations which is presented in [l] is based on the method of contractor directions. A further refinement of that method is presented here which makes it possible to utilize the simplified approach to linear evolution equations presented in [2]. It turns out that in order to construct the appropriate contractor directions as required by the proposed method, it suffices to solve the corresponding linear equations for the operators generating the approximate evolution operators of Kato [7], [8]. This is possible due to the flexibility of the method of contractor directions. Let X, Y, 2 be Banach spaces and denote by I/ -11x, 11 -/IY, II .IIL the norms in X, Y, 2, respectively. We assume that the embedding 2 C Y C X is continuous and 2 is dense in X. Let IV, be an open ball in Y with center x0 E 2 and radius r > 0, and denote by W its closure in Y, and let 20 be an open ball in 2 with the same center x0 and radius R > 0. Given 0 c b, denote by C(0, b; X), C(0, b; Y), C(0, b; 2) the spaces of all continuous functions x = x(t), y = r(t), z = z(t) defined on the interval [0, b] with values in X, Y, 2 and norms lIXll?X = sup [IIx(~)I/~:O s t d b],
Flashback Detection Sensor for Hydrogen Augmented Natural Gas Combustion

The use of hydrogen augmented fuel is being investigated by various researchers as a method to extend the lean operating limit, and potentially reduce thermal NOx formation in natural gas fired lean premixed (LPM) combustion systems. The resulting increase in flame speed during hydrogen augmentation, however, increases the propensity for flashback in LPM systems. Real-time in-situ monitoring of flashback is important for the development of control strategies for use of hydrogen augmented fuel in state-of-the-art combustion systems, and for the development of advanced hydrogen combustion systems. The National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) and Woodward Industrial Controls are developing a combustion control and diagnostics sensor (CCADS), which has already been demonstrated as a useful sensor for in-situ monitoring of natural gas combustion, including detection of important combustion events such as flashback and lean blowoff. Since CCADS is a flame ionization sensor technique, the low ion concentration produced in pure hydrogen combustion raises concerns of whether CCADS can be used to monitor flashback in hydrogen augmented combustion. This paper discusses CCADS tests conducted at 0.2-0.6 MPa (2-6 atm), demonstrating flashback detection with fuel compositions up to 80% hydrogen (by volume) mixed with natural gas. NETL’s Simulation Validation (SimVal) combustor offers full opticalmore » access to pressurized combustion during these tests. The CCADS data and high-speed video show the reaction zone moves upstream into the nozzle as the hydrogen fuel concentration increases, as is expected with the increased flame speed of the mixture. The CCADS data and video also demonstrate the opportunity for using CCADS to provide the necessary in-situ monitor to control flashback and lean blowoff in hydrogen augmented combustion applications.« less
Preparing to identify and intervene in health care.

Abstract The national prevalence of elder abuse is unknown, and estimates vary from study to study. Currently, 1.2 to 2 million older Americans are believed to be victims of elder abuse each year. Researchers and clinicians concur that elder abuse is under reported, is a serious problem, rarely occurs as an isolated event, persists over extended periods, and requires coordinated intervention.
Conventional fluorescence spectrometry of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in Shpol'skii matrices at 77 K

A simple fluorimeter assembled from commercial components and its use for the study and application of the Shpol'skii effect on polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in n-alkane matrices at 77 K are described. The correlation between the dimensions and geometries of PAHs and their corresponding Shpol'skii solvents is considered. Analytical figures of merit have been evaluated, and the power of the Shpol'skii technique with a conventional fluorimeter in the direct qualitative and quantitative determination of 11 PAHs in mixture is demonstrated. Comparisons with conventional room-temperature fluorescence and laser-excited Shpol'skii spectrometry are also commented upon.
Reconsidering Forced-Choice Item Formats for Applicant Personality Assessment

The effects of motivated distortion on forced-choice (FC) and normative inventories were examined in three studies. Study 1 examined the effects of distortion on the construct validity of the two item formats in terms of convergent and discriminant validity. The results showed that both types of measures were susceptible to motivated distortion, however the FC items were better indicators of personality and less related to socially desirable responding when participants were asked to respond as if applying for a job. Study 2 considered the criterion-related validity of the inventories in terms of predicting supervisors' ratings of job performance, finding that distortion had a more deleterious effect on the validity of the normative inventory with some enhancement of the validity of the FC inventory being observed. Study 3 investigated whether additional constructs are introduced into the measurement process when motivated respondents attempt to increase scores on FC items. Results of Study 3 indicated th...
Ablation and thermal effects in a viscoelastic cylinder

This paper considers the problem of a hollow viscoelastic cylinder in plane strain whose outer boundary is confined in an elastic casing and whose inner boundary is subject to a prescribed pressure, set for convenience equal to zero. The material is thermorheologically simple and is assumed to be in a temperature field which is rotationally symmetric but otherwise arbitrary. The problems is reduced to a system ofVolterra-type integral equations whose solution is represented in aNeumann expansion.
The initial phase of Ca2+-uptake and ATPase activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles.

the course of Pi production by sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles (SR) was first pointed out by Kanazawa et al. [l] and attributed to a transi- tion in the rate constant for hydrolysis of a phospho- rylated enzyme intermediate (E--P). Subsequently, an initial burst was observed by Froehlich and Taylor [2] and related to formation of a second, acid-labile phosphorylated intermediate (EP). The reported measurements were made in the presence of low ATP concentrations, or limited to the first 300 ms of reac- tion. We have now obtained resolution of the entire curve of Pi production within a time interval between 20 ms and 10 s in the presence of ATP concentrations producing near maximal velocity at 25°C. In addition, we have monitored the simultaneous occurrence of CaTuptake determining, thereby, Ca/Pi coupling ratios in the transient state. 2. Methods SR was prepared from rabbit skeletal muscle as previously described [3]. Reaction mixtures for ATPase activity were mixed and quenched with a Durrum D-1 33 multimixing apparatus. Acid-stable phosphoprotein and Pi were determined as described by Froehlich and Taylor [2]. Ca”-uptake by SR was measured by following the light absorption changes undergone by the metallochromic indicator murexide, after mixing the reagents by stopped flow [4]. 3. Results and discussion Addition of ATP (0.5 mM) to a mixture contain- ing SR, Ca” and required cofactors results in Pi pro- duction displaying an initial burst within the first 100 ms of reaction, and then proceeding at decreas- ing velocity (fig. 1, top). The initial burst is also obtained in the absence of Cap (1 .O mM EGTA and no added calcium). In this case however, the activity following the burst proceeds linearly and is lower than in the presence of Ca? It is apparent that the initial Pi burst of similar magnitude in the absence and in the presence of Ca? However, precise estimates of the initial burst in the presence of Cap are hampered by the complexity of the time curve obtained in this condition. On the other hand, the magnitude of the burst in the absence of Caw may be reliably estimated by extrapolation of the linear activity observed in this condition (fig.1,