cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reform in teacher education: A personal comment

The Benton and Hoyt article reveals substantial information about attitudes toward teacher preparation in America. however, a notable set of issues are not a part of their data base because those responsible for programming teacher education have ignored them. This response presents a beginning at identifying such issues.
Diphenylbutadiene in supersonic jets: Spectroscopy and picosecond dynamics

The picosecond dynamics and one- and two-photon excitation of jet-cooled diphenylbutadiene are reported. An A_g^* state is found to lie below the dipole allowed B_u^* state. Isomerization and/or other non-radiative processes are important above a threshold of 1050 cm^(−1) excess energy. Results are compared with those previously obtained for stilbene.
De‐Solv‐It for Hot Paving Asphalt Burn: Case Report

Summary Removal of tar or paving asphalt from skin specifically to evaluate underlying burn injuries and to facilitate their treatment can be a difficult problem. We report the successful use of De-Solv-It Multi-Use solvent for cutaneous removal of adherent asphalt cement. This product should be considered for ED use. Controlled trials of this agent and further evaluation of any cutaneous or mucous membrane toxicity should be undertaken to further validate our experience.
MM-align: a quick algorithm for aligning multiple-chain protein complex structures using iterative dynamic programming

Structural comparison of multiple-chain protein complexes is essential in many studies of protein-protein interactions. We develop a new algorithm, MM-align, for sequence-independent alignment of protein complex structures. The algorithm is built on a heuristic iteration of a modified Needleman-Wunsch dynamic programming (DP) algorithm, with the alignment score specified by the inter-complex residue distances. The multiple chains in each complex are first joined, in every possible order, and then simultaneously aligned with cross-chain alignments prevented. The alignments of interface residues are enhanced by an interface-specific weighting factor. MM-align is tested on a large-scale benchmark set of 205 x 3897 non-homologous multiple-chain complex pairs. Compared with a naive extension of the monomer alignment program of TM-align, the alignment accuracy of MM-align is significantly higher as judged by the average TM-score of the physically-aligned residues. MM-align is about two times faster than TM-align because of omitting the cross-alignment zone of the DP matrix. It also shows that the enhanced alignment of the interfaces helps in identifying biologically relevant protein complex pairs.
Charge‐sensitive secondary electron imaging of diamond microstructures

The surface orientation and detailed defect microstructure of polycrystalline diamond can be observed in a scanning electron microscope through local changes in the surface conductivity. The electron contrast in uncoated samples is straightforward to distinguish when the rms surface roughness is less than about 2 nm. This degree of smoothness occurs on some of the faceted surfaces of individual diamond grains but can also be achieved by polishing. The contrast, observable only in the secondary electron imaging mode, shows a strong dependence on both beam voltage and current. It is postulated that the contrast is produced solely by the differential rate at which the electron beam-induced charge can be locally dissipated through crystalline defects and grain boundaries in the otherwise highly nonconductive diamond matrix. The appearance of the charge-related contrast requires that highly connected pathways exist between the crystalline defects and the high-angle grain boundaries.
Weighing the Evidence to Formulate Dietary Guidelines

Dietary guidelines have broad implications for the health of individuals and populations. Increasingly, government agencies and medical organization that issue guidelines have pursued evidence-based approaches. These approaches emphasize a comprehensive, critical, and explicit examination of the scientific evidence that the proposed dietary practice will improve health. Evidence-based guidelines typically feature an explicit methodology, include as their foundation a systematic review of the evidence, provide graded recommendations that are linked directly to the supporting evidence, and state explicitly when recommendations are based on opinion. Guideline development usually involves some combination of six steps: (1) specification of the topic and the guideline development methodology, (2) systematic review of the evidence, (3) consideration of expert opinion, (4) public policy analysis, (5) drafting of the document, and (6) peer review. The supporting evidence undergoes critical appraisal, including an assessment of the magnitude of the effect on outcomes observed in studies, the quality of the studies reporting the effect, or both. Dietary guidelines should also consider untoward effects, potential harms, and economic implications to society, the food industry, and others. A hallmark of evidence-based guidelines is making explicit the strength of recommendations and the quality of the evidence on which they are based. Grading systems are commonly used to rate the quality of the supporting evidence.
Kinetics of blockade of different receptors by chlorpromazin ein rabbits stomach strips

Abstract The kinetics of receptor blockade by chlorpromazine (5 × 10−8 M) were studied of fundic strips from the rabbit stomach. Onset of blockade by chlorpromazine proceeds at nearly identical rates when carbamylcholine and histamine are the agonists ( t 1 2 = approximately 5 min ) while occuring more slowly against phenylephrine ( t 1 2 = 41 min ). Similarly, offset of blockade by chlorpromazine is faster against carbamylcholine and histamine ( t 1 2 = 83 and 34 min , respectively) than against phenylephrine ( t 1 2 = 385 min ). The pA2 values of chlorpromazine on the α-adrenergic, muscarinic and histaminic (H1) receptors are 8.96, 7.17, and 7.90, respectively. No correlation exist between the kinetics of blockade and the affinity of chlorpromazine for the receptors. It is suggested, therefore, that α-adrenereceptors in the rabbit stomach are less accessible to chlorpromazine, or distributed differently within the tissue, than either the muscarinic or histaminic receptors.
A Quantitative Balance of Nucleus and Nucleolus. Measurements by Microinterferometry

In nuclei isolated from the rat liver and in sectioned specimens of egg cell nuclei of a slug, the volume and dry mass of both nucleus and nucleolus were measured individually following the aid of microinterferometry. There is close correlationship between the nuclear and nucleolar volumes, between the nuclear and nucleolar dry masses, and there is also a slight correlationship between the nuclear and nucleolar mass concentrations. It is suggested that a nuclear-nucleolar balance is formed within the nucleus in terms of quantity.
Stability of time-delay systems with sampled feedback†

Implementation of a feedback control which approximates the optimal control for a linear delay system is considered. Sufficient conditions for asymptotic stability of the resulting sampled-data feedback system are determined.
Selective catalytic oxidation (SCO) of ammonia to nitrogen over Fe-exchanged zeolites prepared by sublimation of FeCl3

Abstract Fe-exchanged zeolites were prepared by subliming FeCl3 and studied as catalysts for selective catalytic oxidation (SCO) of ammonia to nitrogen in the presence of oxygen. Fe-ZSM-5 prepared by sublimation of FeCl3 at 700 °C showed excellent SCO performances at a very high space velocity (GHSV=2.3×105 h−1). Over 99% NH3 conversion and nearly 100% N2 selectivity were obtained at 400 °C. Among Fe-ZSM-5 catalysts prepared by subliming at different temperatures (denoted in parentheses, in °C), the catalytic performance decreased in the sequence of Fe-ZSM-5 (700) > Fe-ZSM-5 (600) > Fe-ZSM-5 (500), Fe-ZSM-5 (400), Fe-ZSM-5 (350). Among different Fe-zeolite catalysts prepared by subliming at 700 °C, the catalytic performance decreased in the sequence of Fe-ZSM-5 > Fe-MOR > Fe-FER > Fe-Beta > Fe-Y which are similar to the Fe-zeolites prepared by aqueous ion-exchange method. The activity for the SCR (selective catalytic reduction) of NO with ammonia was also investigated on different Fe-zeolites. The FT-IR results supported the two-step mechanism: NO is an intermediate for N2 formation, NH3 was first oxidized to NO by O2, NO then reacts to the unreacted NH3 to produce N2.
Annotate Wikipedia with Flickr images: concepts and case study

Wikipedia, as an open editable resource, provides reliable knowledge and taxonomy. Contrast to the rich literal information, Wikipedia is lack of visual illustrations, like images and animations. Can we visually annotate Wikipedia concept and provide representative images according to its taxonomy? The huge amount of online social media, such as the tagged images in Flickr, is a good visual resource. Nevertheless, the noisy nature of the tags hinders itself. Based on the observation that images are often collected by the groups with common interest or topic, we propose a framework to visually annotate Wikipedia via social community. The contribution of our work is two-fold: (i) we diversely enrich Wikipedia with images based on its taxonomy; (ii) we introduce community effort to overcome the noisy nature of tags in harvesting images. This work shows our concept and community data collection of the proposed system.
Lunar troilite: crystallography.

Fine, euhedral crystals of troilite from lunar sample 10050 show a hexagonal habit consistent with the high-temperature NiAs-type structure. Complete three-dimensional counter intensity data have been measured and used to confirm and refine Bertaut9s proposed low-temperature crystal structure.
Transcription factor AP-2 functions as a repressor that contributes to the liver-specific expression of serum amyloid A1 gene.

We previously identified transcription factor AP-2 as the nuclear factor that interacts with the tissue-specific repressor element in the rat serum amyloid A1 (SAA1) promoter. In this report, we provide evidence for a second AP-2-binding site and show that both AP-2 sites participate in mediating the transcription repression of SAA1 promoter. This proximal AP-2 site overlaps with the NFkappaB-binding site known to be essential for SAA1 promoter activity. Protein binding competition experiments demonstrated that AP-2 and NFkappaB binding to these overlapping sites were mutually exclusive. Furthermore, the addition of AP-2 easily displaced prebound NFkappaB, whereas NFkappaB could not displace AP-2. These results thus suggest that one mechanism by which AP-2 negatively regulates SAA1 promoter activity may be by antagonizing the function of NFkappaB. Consistent with a repression function, transient expression of AP-2 in HepG2 cells inhibited conditioned medium-induced SAA1 promoter activation. This inhibition was dependent on functional AP-2-binding sites, since mutation of AP-2-binding sites abolished inhibitory effects of AP-2 in HepG2 cells as well as resulted in derepression of the SAA1 promoter in HeLa cells. In addition to SAA1, we found that several other liver gene promoters also contain putative AP-2-binding sites. Some of these sequences could specifically inhibit AP-2.DNA complex formation, and for the human complement C3 promoter, overexpression of AP-2 also could repress its cytokine-mediated activation. Finally, stable expression of AP-2 in hepatoma cells significantly reduced the expression of endogenous SAA, albumin, and alpha-fetoprotein genes. Taken together, our results suggest that AP-2 may function as a transcription repressor to inhibit the expression of not only SAA1 gene but also other liver genes in nonhepatic cells.
The Current Status of Exenatide Once Weekly

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic, progressive metabolic disorder that is associated with long-term microvascular (retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy) and macrovascular (myocardial infarction, stroke, peripheral arterial disease) complications. Both the prevalence of T2DM and the cost of its long-term complications have driven the focus and emphasis on treatments aimed at reducing hyperglycemia and controlling hypertension and dyslipidemia while minimizing hypoglycemia and weight gain. Exenatide twice daily, the first GLP-1R agonist approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMEA), has been shown to reduce hemoglobin A1C, lower fasting and postprandial plasma blood glucose concentrations as well as reduce body weight without causing significant hypoglycemia. However, its current formulation requires twice daily subcutaneous injections and does not provide continuous GLP-1R activation. Therefore, a long-acting release form of exenatide has been developed for use as a once-weekly injection, providing for convenient administration and continuous GLP-1R activation. This review covers the currently published data on this new formulation including mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, efficacy and comparison trials to other commonly used anti-diabetic agents.
Temporal and Spatial Variability in Midge Assemblages from a Backwater Lake in Pool-2, Mississippi River

The temporal and spatial variability in the midge assemblage found in a backwater lake of the Mississippi River was examined. Bi-weekly samples were taken during the summers of 1987 and 1988. Four taxa of chironomids were found. The population density and sizes of chironomids, and the proportion that each taxon comprised of the midge assemblage, varied significantly in time and space. In an attempt to examine whether the variability noted was related to sediment accretion in the lake, sedimentation rates were measured. There were few correlations among sedimentation rate or the organic matter content of the collected sediment and the structure of the midge assemblage. Those few correlations that were statistically significant were low and often paradoxical. For example negative relationships were found between the density and size of Chironomus spp., a detritivore, and the amount of sediment deposited or its organic matter content. Also no significant relationships were found between the density of the predator Cryptochironomus spp. and the density of other chironomids (potential prey). These negative findings indicate that factors other than food, such as sediment texture, may be more important than food availability in structuring chironomid assemblages in backwater areas. There was spatial variability in the densities and sizes of chironomids that may be explained by differences in sediment texture and organic matter. This suggests that short-term inputs of sediment (as ascertained by sediment traps) may not greatly influence midge assemblages while the long-term changes in sediment composition may have large influences.
81 and 31 keV 133Xe photons for soft tissue component analysis by differential absorption

The 31 and 81 keV radiations from 133Xe have been successfully used in dual beam absorptiometry for determination of tissue lipid and lipid-free fractions. The two primary radiations are amenable to filtering, and sufficient monochromaticity is obtainable for differential absorption studies. Fat and fat-free tissue ratios have been analyzed with a comparable accuracy to that found with 109Cd and 125I−241Am systems. 133Xe's short half life is a disadvantage; but the penetration, low cost, and ubiquitous nature of this isotope make it a source candidate for in vivo fat-lean fraction determinations.
Moderating effect of discriminatory attributions on repatronage intentions

Abstract This research investigates the role of social context at the time of a service failure. The negativity of the service failure has the potential to escalate when consumers who are part of a traditionally stigmatized group believe the service failure to be a purposeful event brought on by physically observable differences in appearance. A small exploratory study and two large scale data collections are conducted to validate a measure of transaction specific attributions of discrimination (TSAD) to enhance our understanding of the issue. The moderating effect of TSAD is demonstrated on repatronage intentions to the service firm.
Glucose Depletion Rapidly Inhibits Translation Initiation in Yeast

Glucose performs key functions as a signaling molecule in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Glucose depletion is known to regulate gene expression via pathways that lead to derepression of genes at the transcriptional level. In this study, we have investigated the effect of glucose depletion on protein synthesis. We discovered that glucose withdrawal from the growth medium led to a rapid inhibition of protein synthesis and that this effect was readily reversed upon readdition of glucose. Neither the inhibition nor the reactivation of translation required new transcription. This inhibition also did not require activation of the amino acid starvation pathway or inactivation of the TOR kinase pathway. However, mutants in the glucose repression (reg1, glc7, hxk2, and ssn6), hexose transporter induction (snf3 rgt2), and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (tpk1(w) and tpk2(w)) pathways were resistant to the inhibitory effects of glucose withdrawal on translation. These findings highlight the intimate connection between the nutrient status of the cell and its translational capacity. They also help to define a new area of posttranscriptional regulation in yeast.
Efficient Synthetic Access to the Hetisine C20-Diterpenoid Alkaloids. A Concise Synthesis of Nominine via Oxidoisoquinolinium-1,3-Dipolar and Dienamine-Diels−Alder Cycloadditions

A concise synthetic approach to the hetisine C20-diterpenoid alkaloids is reported. The total synthesis of (±)-nominine was accomplished in a 15-step sequence employing a dual cycloaddition strateg...
Eskimo craniofacial morphology, cold stress and the maxillary sinus

A determination of the capacity of the maxillary sinus was made for eight Eskimo populations, one Mongolian population and one American white population. Statistical analyses reveal strong and significant correlations of the mean temperature of the coldest month where these populations live with differences in mean maxillary sinus volume (MSV) values. Results indicate that maxillary sinus volume in Eskimo populations decreases in colder areas. These changes may be due to commensurate structural ramifications of internal nasal anatomy variation, specifically of the inferior concha (maxilloturbinal) and inferior meatus. A review of the physiological, morphological and cultural responses of the Eskimo to cold suggests that only the facial area as a whole, and the internal nasal apparatus in particular, sustain significant cold exposure. The "cold-engineered" hypothesis of Mongoloid craniofacial form (Coon et al., '50) finds little support in the anthropological research and literature.
The Process of Sol-Gel Method Prepared Bi-2212 Superconductors Tapes

In this dissertation, Bi-2212 superconducting tapes was prepared by sol-gel method, in addition we mainly studied heat treatment conditions and sintering material drying conditions of the NiO/Ni substrate, and gived a optimization to the process. The heat treatment process of the NiO/Ni substrate had been researched.Based on previous experience, we explored the temperature of heat treatment and improved the process.Afterheattreatment,the samples was analyzed by metallographic microscope and X-ray diffraction,and we analysed these data. It’s concluded that the dense uniform oxide film can be sintered in 800°C with a 3 hours’ heat treatment.We further explored the conditions of the Bi-2212 superconducting materials.During the preparation. We mainly studied the drying temperature and sintering temperature ,because they would affect the gel phase transition and control components. It has a very important effect on high-quality superconducting strip preparation. Experiments results showed that drying the sample at 510 °C in temperature is best. all the samples was analyzed by X-ray diffraction. We summed up the data derived from experiments , it showed that sintering the sample at 850°C,we can obtain the mixed phase of Bi-2201 and Bi-2212.
Critical comparison of second-order closures with direct numerical simulations of homogeneous turbulence

Recently, several second order closure models have been proposed for closing the second moment equations, in which the velocity-pressure gradient (and scalar-pressure gradient) tensor and the dissipation rate tensor are two of the most important terms. In the literature, these correlation tensors are usually decomposed into a so called rapid term and a return-to-isotropy term. Models of these terms have been used in global flow calculations together with other modeled terms. However, their individual behavior in different flows have not been fully examined because they are un-measurable in the laboratory. Recently, the development of direct numerical simulation (DNS) of turbulence has given us the opportunity to do this kind of study. With the direct numerical simulation, we may use the solution to exactly calculate the values of these correlation terms and then directly compare them with the values from their modeled formulations (models). Here, we make direct comparisons of five representative rapid models and eight return-to-isotropy models using the DNS data of forty five homogeneous flows which were done by Rogers et al. (1986) and Lee et al. (1985). The purpose of these direct comparisons is to explore the performance of these models in different flows and identify the ones which give the best performance. The modeling procedure, model constraints, and the various evaluated models are described. The detailed results of the direct comparisons are discussed, and a few concluding remarks on turbulence models are given.
Environment-driven responses in progressive supranuclear palsy

The neurological signs and behaviors that accompany degenerative diseases associated with fronto-striatal dysfunction are incompletely described. We observed several novel environmentally-driven behaviors in seven patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). All patients had cognitive deficits with greatest impairments on tests of frontal lobe function, and frontal lobe cerebral perfusion was significantly reduced in 4 of the 5 who had single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) brain scans. Visual grasping, in which a patient's gaze was attracted to an incidental object in the environment such as a TV set or mirror, was preeminent. Once fixed, there was inability to release the gaze and shift to another object. In other instances, removing a table placed in front of a patient or unbuckling of his seat belt would make him stand up, which was impossible on command. Similarly, playing music would induce rhythmic foot beating, which was never obtained on command. There were compulsive utilization behaviors, such as repetitively picking up and replacing the telephone for no apparent reason. As expected, there were signs of heightened facial reflexes, grasp reflexes, apraxia of eyelid opening, echolalia and echopraxia. We postulate that these stimuli-oriented behaviors stem from parietal lobe disinhibition due to fronto-striatal dysfunction.
Implant reconstruction of the bone-grafted maxilla: review of the literature and presentation of 8 cases.

Purpose This study prospectively investigates the long-term success of iliac crest bone grafting and the secondary placement of osseointegrated implants in reconstructing maxillae with severely reduced bone mass. Materials and Methods Eight consecutive patients (7 women, 1 man), aged 18 to 69 (mean, 49.6), were treated by augmentation of their maxillae with corticocancellous autogenous iliac bone blocks. Forty-one Branemark implants of 7 to 15 mm in length and 3.75 mm in diameter were placed after a minimum delay of 6 months. Bone healing, maintenance of bone height, and implant stability were measured by clinical examination and radiographic control. Results One patient was lost to follow-up at 24 months after delivery of the prosthesis and one was lost at 75 months. The average duration of follow-up after loading of the implants was 90.5 months, and the longest was 154 months. Thirty-four of 41 (83%) of the implants survived to the end of the observation period. Four of 6 implants that failed were 7 mm in length and the other 2 were 10 mm in length. One 10-mm implant was “slept” because of poor positioning. All prostheses survived. There was one significant gingival infection that resulted in loss of 1.5 mm of bone after which the implant remained stable. None of the other implants were associated with crestal bone loss of more than 0.5 mm for the duration of this study. Conclusions Delayed placement of osseointegrated implants in maxillae augmented by iliac bone grafts is predictable and successful in the long term.
Bacterial Shape and ActA Distribution Affect Initiation of Listeria monocytogenes Actin-Based Motility

We have examined the process by which the intracellular bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes initiates actin-based motility and determined the contribution of the variable surface distribution of the ActA protein to initiation and steady-state movement. To directly correlate ActA distributions to actin dynamics and motility of live bacteria, ActA was fused to a monomeric red fluorescent protein (mRFP1). Actin comet tail formation and steady-state bacterial movement rates both depended on ActA distribution, which in turn was tightly coupled to the bacterial cell cycle. Motility initiation was found to be a highly complex, multistep process for bacteria, in contrast to the simple symmetry breaking previously observed for ActA-coated spherical beads. F-actin initially accumulated along the sides of the bacterium and then slowly migrated to the bacterial pole expressing the highest density of ActA as a tail formed. Early movement was highly unstable with extreme changes in speed and frequent stops. Over time, saltatory motility and sensitivity to the immediate environment decreased as bacterial movement became robust at a constant steady-state speed.
Angular distributions in Auger-electron-cascade coincidence measurements.

A formalism is developed for the angular distribution of two electrons in an Auger cascade. The formalism is applied to a coincidence measurement on the ${L}_{1}$-${L}_{2}$,3${\mathrm{M}}_{\mathrm{i}}$-${M}_{i}$${M}_{J}$Mk cascades in argon. The motivation for this study is the possibility of using such a cascade measurement in ${}^{1}$${}_{67}^{63}$Ho to detect a nonzero neutrino mass. The cascade calculation in Ho is currently sufficiently unmanageable that a simpler calculation in Yb was performed. The latter calculation indicates that the angular anisotropy is on the order of 25% when reasonable assumptions on experimental detector parameters are made. This is comparable to the angular anisotropy calculated for a similar transition in Ar with similar experimental detector parameters.
Setting Limits: A Response

Setting Limits: Medical Goals in an Aging Society was published in 1987, and immediately incurred considerable criticism because of its contention that age-based health care rationing could become necessary in the future as the baby boom generation aged and retired. That argument was considered to be ageist, discriminatory, and dangerous, and the ensuing debate generated a large number of books and articles. A response is offered to the criticisms, suggesting that we will not be able to evade the problem as easily as some critics have proposed, and that an age-limit proposal should be compared with other unpleasant choices, not with an ideal world.
Subunit structure of deglycosylated human and swine trachea and Cowper's gland mucin glycoproteins

The oligosaccharide chains in human and swine trachea and Cowper's gland mucin glycoproteins were completely removed in order to examine the subunit structure and properties of the polypeptide chains of these glycoproteins. The carbohydrate, which constitutes more than 70% of these glycoproteins, was removed by two treatments with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid for 3 h at 3° and periodate oxidation by a modified Smith degradation. All of the sialic acid, fucose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylgalactosamine present in these glycoproteins was removed by these procedures.
Source spectra and composition of cosmic rays implied by an analysis of interstellar and interplanetary travel.

Source spectra and composition of cosmic rays implied by analysis of interstellar and interplanetary travel
An efficient and versatile synthesis of β-alkylidene-α,α-disubstituted cyclopentanones

Abstract A direct, two step synthesis of specifically-substituted cyclopentanones utilizing α-alkoxy organolithium reagents is reported.
Extended summary: Nanoscale management of electron-phonon energy transfer

Understanding of nanoscale energy transfer and transformations is of fundamental importance to a variety of technologies, such as chip packaging and energy conversion. Nanostructured materials provide scientists and engineers with many possibilities to manipulate energy transfer and its conversion into various forms. Currently, nanoscale management of energy-related transport and kinetics is mainly associated with engineering of phonons, because these energy carriers have characteristic wavelengths in the nanoscale range.
Adjustment Factors for Previous and Present Days Open Considering All Lactations

Abstract Previous and present days open of the first three lactations were fit simultaneously as fixed effects using a mixed model containing herd-year-seasons and groups of sires (fixed effects), sires within groups, and cows nested within sires (random effects). Best linear unbiased estimates showed that, as present days open increased from 20 to 305 d, milk yield increased by 1024, 1221, and 1015 kg and fat yield increased by 30, 39, and 33 kg in first, second, and third lactations, respectively. As previous days open increased from 20 to 305 d, milk yield increased by 1041 and 1097 kg and fat yield increased by 35 and 43 kg in second and third lactations, respectively. Multiplicative adjustment factors were developed to adjust production data for the mainly environmental effects of previous and present days open. Small differences were found between the various sets of factors. One set of factors could be used for all lactations with only small differences in adjusted records.
The penetration of sodium into the epithelium of the frog skin.

The aim of this paper is twofold. First, to describe a method for the measurement of the unidirectional flux of Na from the outer bathing solution into epithelium (JOT), and second, to describe the use of this method under a variety of experimental conditions in order to obtain some insight into the nature of this flux. The method developed is based on the exposure of a frog skin to a Ringer solution containing 22Na. The exposure is made so that neighboring points along the surface remain in contact with the 22Na solution for gradually longer periods, ranging from 0 to 46 sec. Some 8 to 10 samples of the exposed part are used to obtain the time course of the uptake of 22Na and this time course is used, in turn, to evaluate JOT. This flux is then studied in skins mounted between two identical Ringer solutions with 115 mM Na (11.25 ± 0.10 [18] µmole·hr-2 cm-2), and in skins mounted with Ringer with 1 mM Na on the outside and 115 mM Na on the inside (0.43 ± 0.05 [18] µmole·hr-1·cm-2. From the observations that the flux is much larger than the net Na flux across the whole skin, that it is inhibited by K+, and is unaffected by ouabain, it is concluded that the penetration of Na+ into the epithelium does not occur by simple diffusion and is not directly dependent on an ouabain-sensitive mechanism. In the course of these experiments it was observed that when the skin was crushed between two chambers the uptake of Na in the neighboring exposed areas was decreased.
Bayesian Sperm Competition Estimates

We introduce a Bayesian method for estimating parameters for a model of multiple mating and sperm displacement from genotype counts of brood-structured data. The model is initially targeted for Drosophila melanogaster, but is easily adapted to other organisms. The method is appropriate for use with field studies where the number of mates and the genotypes of the mates cannot be controlled, but where unlinked markers have been collected for a set of females and a sample of their offspring. Advantages over previous approaches include full use of multilocus information and the ability to cope appropriately with missing data and ambiguities about which alleles are maternally vs. paternally inherited. The advantages of including X-linked markers are also demonstrated.
Bilateral cataracts in a 6‐yr‐old with new onset diabetes: a novel presentation of a known INS gene mutation

The prevalence of diabetes-related cataracts during childhood is less than 1%. When cataracts occur, it is often in adolescent females with prolonged symptoms and significant hyperglycemia. Cataracts are not a classic feature of monogenic diabetes. We report a case of a 6-yr-old, previously healthy Caucasian male, who presented with bilateral acquired cataracts and was subsequently diagnosed with new onset diabetes. Additional symptoms at presentation included a several year history of polyuria and polydipsia, mild hepatomegaly, and short stature. Pertinent negatives include acanthosis nigricans, lipoatrophy, deafness, muscle weakness, or neuropathy. HbA1c was significantly elevated at diagnosis (>14%, 129.5 mmol/mol) without evidence of ketosis. Autoantibody testing was negative. Features of Mauriac syndrome (short stature, hepatomegaly) as well as acquired cataracts indicated long-standing hyperglycemia with sufficient insulin production to prevent ketone production and development of diabetic ketoacidosis. Whole exome sequencing was conducted and a de novo heterozygous mutation in the INS gene (c.94G>A; p.Gly32Ser) was identified. INS gene mutations are common causes of permanent neonatal diabetes but rare causes of antibody-negative diabetes in children. Importantly, INS gene mutations have not been previously associated with acquired cataracts. Knowledge of a monogenic cause of diabetes allows clinicians to tailor counseling and screening of diabetes-related comorbidities. In summary, this case highlights the need to consider testing for monogenic diabetes, specifically INS gene mutations, in pediatric patients with antibody-negative diabetes, especially if complications of prolonged hyperglycemia are present at diagnosis.
On the modeling of the 2010 Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill

Abstract Two oil particle trajectory forecasting systems were developed and applied to the 2010 Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico. Both systems use ocean current fields from high-resolution numerical ocean circulation model simulations, Lagrangian stochastic models to represent unresolved sub-grid scale variability to advect oil particles, and Monte Carlo-based schemes for representing uncertain biochemical and physical processes. The first system assumes two-dimensional particle motion at the ocean surface, the oil is in one state, and the particle removal is modeled as a Monte Carlo process parameterized by a one number removal rate. Oil particles are seeded using both initial conditions based on observations and particles released at the location of the Maconda well. The initial conditions (ICs) of oil particle location for the two-dimensional surface oil trajectory forecasts are based on a fusing of all available information including satellite-based analyses. The resulting oil map is digitized into a shape file within which a polygon filling software generates longitude and latitude with variable particle density depending on the amount of oil present in the observations for the IC. The more complex system assumes three (light, medium, heavy) states for the oil, each state has a different removal rate in the Monte Carlo process, three-dimensional particle motion, and a particle size-dependent oil mixing model. Simulations from the two-dimensional forecast system produced results that qualitatively agreed with the uncertain “truth” fields. These simulations validated the use of our Monte Carlo scheme for representing oil removal by evaporation and other weathering processes. Eulerian velocity fields for predicting particle motion from data-assimilative models produced better particle trajectory distributions than a free running model with no data assimilation. Monte Carlo simulations of the three-dimensional oil particle trajectory, whose ensembles were generated by perturbing the size of the oil particles and the fraction in a given size range that are released at depth, the two largest unknowns in this problem. 36 realizations of the model were run with only subsurface oil releases. An average of these results yields that after three months, about 25% of the oil remains in the water column and that most of the oil is below 800 m.
The influence of tectonic plates on mantle convection patterns, temperature and heat flow

SUMMARY The dynamic coupling between plate motion and mantle convection is investigated in a suite of Cartesian models by systematically varying aspect ratios and plate geometries. The aim of the study presented here is to determine to what extent plates affect mantle flow patterns, temperature and surface heat flux. To this end, we compare numerical convection models with free-slip boundary conditions to models that incorporate between one and six plates, where the geometries of the plates remain fixed while the plate velocities evolve dynamically with the flow. We also vary the widths of the plates and the computational domain in order to determine what constraint these parameters place on the mean temperature, heat flux and plate velocity of mantle convection models. We have investigated the influence of plates for three whole-mantle convection cases that differ in their heating modes (internally heated and basally heated) and rheologies (isoviscous and depth-dependent viscosity). We present a systematic investigation of over 30 models that exhibit increasingly complex behaviour in order to understand highly time-dependent systems using the insight gained from simpler models. In models with aspect ratios from 0.5 to 12 we find that for the same heating mode, variations in temperature can be as much as 40 per cent when comparing calculations with unit-width plates to models incorporating plates with widths equal to five times the model depth. Mean surface heat flux may decrease by 60 per cent over the same range of plate widths. We also find that internally heated mantle convection models incorporating plates exhibit novel behaviour that, we believe, has not been described previously in mantle convection studies. Specifically, in internally heated models, plate motion is characterized by episodic reversals in direction driven by changes in the mantle circulation from clockwise to counterclockwise and vice versa. These flow reversals occur in internally heated convection and are caused by a build-up of heat in the interiors of wide convection cells close to mantle downwellings. We find that flow reversals occur rapidly and are present in both single-plate and multiple-plate models that include internal heating. This behaviour offers a possible explanation for why the Pacific plate suddenly changed its direction some 43 Ma.
DNA assembly with gaps (Dawg): simulating sequence evolution

Motivation: Relationships amongst taxa are inferred from biological data using phylogenetic methods and procedures. Very few known phylogenies exist against which to test the accuracy of our inferences. Therefore, in the absence of biological data, simulated data must be used to test the accuracy of methods which produce these inferences. Researchers have limited or non-existent options for simulations useful for studying the impact of insertions, deletions, and alignments on phylogenetic accuracy. Results: To satisfy this gap I have developed a new algorithm of indel formation and incorporated it into a new, flexible, and portable application for sequence simulation. The application, called Dawg, simulates phylogenetic evolution of DNA sequences in continuous time using the robust general time reversible model with gamma and invariant rate heterogeneity and a novel length-dependent model of indel formation. On completion, Dawg produces the true alignment of the simulated sequences. Unlike other applications, Dawg allows indel lengths to be explicitly distributed via a biologically realistic power law. Many options are available to allow users to customize their simulations and results. Because simulating with indels would be problematic if biologically realistic parameters could not be estimated, a script is provided with Dawg that can estimate the parameters of indel formation from sequence data. Dawg was applied to the sequences of four chloroplast trnK introns. It was used to parametrically bootstrap an estimation of the rate of indel formation for the phylogeny. Because Dawg can assist in parametric bootstrapping of sequence data it is useful beyond phylogenetics, such as studying alignment algorithms or parameters of molecular evolution. Availability: Dawg 1.0.0 can be obtained at the following websites: http://www.genetics.uga.edu/sw/ or http://scit.us/dawg/. The package includes source code, example files, a brief manual and helper scripts. Binary distributions are available for Windows and Macintosh OS X. A development page for Dawg exists at http://scit.us/dawg/, with links to a Subversion repository, mailing lists and updated versions. Contact: [email protected]
Multiple model classification using SVM-based approach

We propose a new method for nonlinear classification using several simple (linear) classifiers. The approach is based on a new formulation of the learning problem called multiple model estimation [V. Cherkassky and Y. Ma, 2002]. The paper describes practical implementation of this approach using an appropriate modification of standard SVM classification algorithm. Several empirical comparisons presented in this paper indicate that the proposed multiple model classification (MMC) method (using linear component models) yields better (or similar) prediction accuracy than standard nonlinear SVM classifiers. However, the main practical advantage of MMC method is that it does not require heuristic tuning of nonlinear SVM parameters (such as selection of kernel type, regularization parameter) in order to achieve good classification accuracy.
Video Songs from Sesame Street: A Comparison of Fifth Graders' and Adults' Opinions regarding Messages for Preschool Children

The study was designed to assess the opinions of fifth-graders and adults concerning messages conveyed to preschool children through video songs, and to compare fifth graders' and adults' opinions to preschool children's responses to questions about the same video songs. Also assessed were subjects' opinions regarding the importance of the messages, whether the messages would be learned, and how much the videos would be liked by preschool children. Two hundred seventeen subjects (fifth-grade children, n = 91; and adults, n = 726) were shown three videotaped productions of songs used in a previous study with preschool children. Adults listed significantly more implicit messages than did fifth graders, whose messages were more explicit (previous findings show that preschoolers report explicit messages). Significant differences were also found between fifth graders and adults concerning importance, learning, and liking. The study has implications for adults who use music segments from children's television a...
Prostanoid- and interleukin-1-induced primary genes in cementoblastic cells.

Background: Cementum is a key component of a functional periodontal organ. However, regenerating lost cementum is difficult and often incomplete. Identifying molecular mediators of cementoblast differentiation and function should lead to better targeted treatment for periodontitis. Prostaglandins increase mineralization of murine cementoblastic OCCM cells and alveolar bone formation, whereas the cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1) inhibits alveolar bone formation. We hypothesized that differentially induced primary genes in OCCM cells may mediate anabolic and catabolic responses. Our objective was to identify primary genes differentially induced by the synthetic prostanoid fluprostenol and IL-1 in cementoblastic cells.Methods: Confluent OCCM cells were pretreated with the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide followed by fluprostenol or IL-1 for 1.5 hours. cDNA generated from each group was used for cDNA subtraction hybridization to identify differentially induced genes. Preferential gene induction was veri...
A study of 42 type Ia supernovae and a resulting measurement of ΩM and ΩΛ1This work was supported in part by the United States Department of Energy, contract numbers DE-AC03-76SF00098, CfPA, and NSF contract number AST-9120005.1

Abstract A search for cosmological supernovae has discovered over 75, most of which are type Ia supernovae. There is strong evidence from measurements of nearby type Ia supernovae that they can be considered as distance indicators or “standard candles” after correction for the width (time scale stretch parameter) of the individual light curves. Measurements and analysis are completed on 42 of these distant, z=0.18 to 0.83, supernovae. These supernovae, together with 18 “nearby”, z Ω M +Ω Λ =1 , we obtain ΩM= 0.28 +0.09 −0.08 ( statistical ) +0.05 −0.04 (systematic). The data are strongly inconsistent with a Λ=0 flat cosmology, the simplest inflationary universe model. An open, Λ=0 cosmology also does not fit the data well: the data strongly suggest that the cosmological constant is non-zero and positive, with a confidence of P(Λ>0)>99%.
Entry and Coordination in Mixed-Member Systems: A Controlled Comparison Testing the Contamination Hypothesis

Do the logics of entry and coordination that hold in pure single-member district plurality (SMDP) systems and in pure proportional representation (PR) systems hold in the SMDP tier and the PR tier of mixed-member systems? The fact that single-member districts are embedded in multimember districts means the logic of entry and coordination in either may be contaminated by the existence of the other. How can we establish the counterfactual of how many parties we should expect in one tier if the other tier did not exist? We leverage the design of districts in the United Kingdom to address this challenge, observing voting in the same (or very similar) districts but under multiple electoral systems. We find only limited support for the hypothesis that contamination occurs across tiers of mixed-member systems and conclude that there appears to be generally sophisticated decision making about both entry and coordination.1