cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of transparent and flexible electrically conductive adhesives for microelectronics applications

A novel flexible electrically conductive adhesive (FECA) has been designed for electronic interconnect applications that require high flexibility on the flexible substrates and connectors. The physical properties of the resulting ECAs such as the elastic modulus, glass transition temperatures, adhesion strength and electrical properties were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA), die shear tester and RCL multimeter. A high performance FECA with tunable modulus, flowability, glass transition temperature, electrical conductivity and adhesion strength was developed for the next-generation large scale flexible flat panel displays and printed electronics applications. Additionally, high transparency and flexibility ECAs have been achieved.
The non-equilibrium ortho/para spin state ratio for molecular H2 formed in the hydrolysis of lithium aluminum hydride

Abstract The ortho/para ratio for H 2 formed by reaction of LiAlH 4 with H 2 O is 2 is formed in non-equilibrium spin ratios. Presumably only a few states of H 2 are initially formed in the reaction.
Study of the Mechanism by Which an Orthocarbonate Reduces Residual Stress in a Composite

Orthocarbonates have received attention for their ability to improve com posite properties by a possible mechanism involving ring opening and simultaneous reduc tion of resin cure shrinkage. We conducted a detailed investigation of the physicochemical behavior of an orthocarbonate-epoxy resin blend known to reduce the residual stress in a composite. The orthocarbonate was found neither to undergo chemical reaction, nor to reduce resin cure shrinkage. However, its significant reduction of the resin Tg was found to be the feature that brought about the reduced residual stress in the composite.
Age and functions of the transient component of ON and OFF responses in visual processes

ABSTRACT Detections of appearances and disappearances in briefly interrupted complex patterns were examined in young and old subjects. According to neurophysiological evidence developed by Singer and Phillips (1974), the detection rates for the two types of events, which differ substantially as pattern durations and interstimulus intervals vary, are attributable to inhibitory interactions of ON- and OFF-centre relay cells of the lateral geniculate nucleus. The interactions affect the latency and amplitude of the transient component of the cells' responses. Phillips and Singer (1974) found that the neural model predicted the ability to detect the events. Using the same paradigm, we replicated their findings and found that differences in patterns of detection rates for appearances and disappearances in young and old subjects were consistent with the hypothesis that inhibitory interactions are stronger in older subjects, producing longer latency of OFF-centre relay cells. The neural model and the hypothesize...
Reliability of the Eating Disorder Examination in patients with binge eating disorder.

Objective This study examined the interrater and test-retest reliabilities of the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) in patients with binge eating disorder (BED). Method Interrater reliability and short-term (6–14 days) test-retest reliability of the EDE were examined in two study groups of 18 patients with BED. Results Interrater reliability was excellent for objective bulimic episodes and days (correlations above .98) and very good for the EDE scales, albeit somewhat variable (correlations range from .65 to .96). Test-retest reliabilities were very good for objective bulimic episodes (.70) and days (.71) and were good (significant) for the EDE scales, albeit somewhat variable (correlations range from .50 to .88). Interrater reliability was excellent for subjective bulimic episodes and days but test-retest reliabilities were unacceptable. Conclusions These findings support the reliability of the EDE for patients with BED. The EDE has utility for assessing the number of large binge episodes (objective bulimic episodes), as well as the number of days during which large binge episodes occurred. The EDE also demonstrates very good interrater and test-retest reliabilities for assessing the associated features of eating disorders in patients with BED. The results for subjective bulimic episodes are consistent with previous studies, suggesting that these eating behaviors may not be reliable indicators of eating disorders. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 80–85, 2004.
Measurement of the polarization in large-angle π - p elastic scattering at 2.93 and 3.25 GeV/c

We have measured the polarization for elastic scattering in the reaction ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$ at 2.93 and 3.25 GeV/c using a polarized proton target and multiwire proportional chambers (MWPC's) with emphasis on large-angle scattering. Events were selected by fast scintillation-counter logic. Beam trajectories were measured with four MWPC's and the scattered-particle angles were measured with one or two MWPC's; elastic events were determined by coplanarity and angle-angle correlations. The polarization is in agreement with previous measurements below $|t|=2.0$ (${\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c})}^{2}$, and crosses from negative to positive near the secondary dip in the differential cross section $\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}}{\mathrm{dt}}$. In the backward region, an energy dependence appears with the polarization being large and negative at 2.93 GeV/c and consistent with zero at 3.25 GeV/c.
Evaluation of sampling techniques and development of a sampling program for potato leafhopper adults on alfalfa.

The relative efficiency of the D-Vac® suction insect collector as a sampling method for collection of potato leafhopper adults on alfalfa was compared with that of an emergence trap, drop trap, and sweep net. The D-Vac and drop trap techniques were most efficient. Using the D-Vac insect collector, a sampling plan was developed to study the dynamics of potato leafhopper populations on alfalfa. The sample unit was a set of 10 (0.09 m2) sucks (a suck consisted of placing the suction orifice on the soil for ca. 2 sec). This sample unit showed the distribution of leafhoppers to be aggregated, following the negative binomial distribution. This distribution was used to calculate sample sizes required to estimate adult density within either a 10, 20, or 30% coefficient of variation. The densities of adult leafhoppers during most of the 1976 and 1977 seasons permitted population estimates within a 10–20% coefficient of variation.
A PVT-tolerant, ultra-low-power phase-locked loop for wireless implantable biomedical devices

An ultra-low-power, low-voltage frequency synthesizer designed for implantable biomedical devices is presented. Several design techniques are employed to address the issues in ultra-low voltage design, including the dynamic threshold-voltage for a drain-switching charge pump and dual resistor-varactor tuning for a ring-based voltage control oscillator. Moreover, three automatic calibration circuits are embedded to compensate the performance deviation due to process-voltage-temperature (PVT) variations. Designed in 0.13-µm CMOS technology with a power supply of 0.5 V, the PLL consumes 370 µW with a phase noise of −104 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset.
Relativistic constituent-quark model of nucleon form factors.

We explore the electromagnetic properties of relativistic constituent-quark models of the proton and neutron, in particular their dependence on the constituent-quark mass and the confinement scale. Relativistic effects are never negligible in any model which fits the charge radius of the proton. For a fixed charge radius the confinement scale decreases with decreasing quark masses. Nonvanishing Pauli moments of the constituent quarks are needed to fit the magnetic moments for any value of the quark mass and confinement scale. It is possible to describe existing form-factor data at least up to momentum transfers ${Q}^{2}=6$ Ge${\mathrm{V}}^{2}$ with quark masses significantly smaller than the conventional nonrelativistic choice of about one-third of the nucleon mass.
Uplift of the western margin of the Andean plateau revealed from canyon incision history, southern Peru

We explore canyon incision history of the western margin of the Andean (Altiplano-Puna) plateau in the central Andes as a proxy for surface uplift. (U-Th)/He apatite data show rapid cooling beginning at ca. 9 Ma and continuing to ca. 5.1 Ma in response to incision. A minimum of 1.0 km of incision took place during that interval. The youngest apatite date and a volcanic fl ow perched 125 m above the present valley fl oor dated at 2.261 ± 0.046 Ma ( 40 Ar/ 39 Ar) show that an additional ~1.4 km of incision occurred between ca. 5.1 and 2.3 Ma. Thus, we infer that a total of at least 2.4 km, or 75% of the present canyon depth was incised after ca. 9 Ma. (U-Th)/He zircon data collected along the same transect imply that the western margin of the plateau was warped upward into its present monoclinal form, rather than uplift being accommodated on major surface-breaking faults.
Zoogeography of Vietnamese primates

Based on geographic complementarity of congeneric taxa, the 22 species or well-defined subspecies of primates that inhabit Vietnam may be allocated to nine zoogeographic groups (lorises, two; macaques, three; langurs, three; gibbons, one). Analysis of group distributions reveals two major patterns: (1) four of the six non-macaque groups are essentially restricted to the eastern part of the Indochinese Peninsula, east of the Mekong River; and (2) species and subspecies in seven of the nine groups reach their northern or southern limits of distribution in central Vietnam, at 14–17‡N. The first pattern suggests that the Mekong River has been an important barrier to westward dispersal of nonmacaque primates in continental Southeast Asia. The second pattern suggests that a Zoogeographic barrier formerly extended east and west across Vietnam at ca. 14–17‡N.
Ketamine suppresses LPS-induced bile reflux and gastric bleeding in the rat.

Background: Although ketamine has many beneficial effects in a rat model of noninfectious inflammation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), its effects on gut ileus are unknown. We hypothesized that ketamine would improve LPS-induced ileus and therefore examined its effects on gastric emptying and intestinal transit as well as duodenogastric bile reflux and associated gastric bleeding. Methods: Male rats received saline or ketamine (7 mg/kg ip) 1 hour before saline or LPS (20 mg/kg ip) for 5 hours. Thirty minutes before killing, rats received orogastric rhodamine B isothiocyanate-labeled dextran and 5 minutes later fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextran via a duodenal catheter. GI contents were collected for dye, bile acid, and hemoglobin (index of bleeding) determinations. Results: LPS significantly impaired intestinal transit and increased duodenogastric bile reflux and gastric luminal hemoglobin content. Ketamine improved intestinal transit, prevented LPS-induced bile reflux, and diminished gastric bleeding. In mechanistic studies, ketamine also attenuated LPS-induced upregulation of the proinflammatory genes inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclo-oxygenase-2 in the stomach but preserved expression of the anti-inflammatory gene heme-oxygenase-1 (Western blot). Conclusions: These data suggest that ketamine may prevent LPS-induced gastric bleeding by decreasing bile reflux through improved intestinal transit or by local changes in nitric oxide, prostaglandin, and carbon monoxide metabolism.
Recognition by linear combinations of models

An approach to visual object recognition in which a 3D object is represented by the linear combination of 2D images of the object is proposed. It is shown that for objects with sharp edges as well as with smooth bounding contours, the set of possible images of a given object is embedded in a linear space spanned by a small number of views. For objects with sharp edges, the linear combination representation is exact. For objects with smooth boundaries, it is an approximation that often holds over a wide range of viewing angles. Rigid transformations (with or without scaling) can be distinguished from more general linear transformations of the object by testing certain constraints placed on the coefficients of the linear combinations. Three alternative methods of determining the transformation that matches a model to a given image are proposed. >
Spectrophotometric determination of rhodium with sym-diphenylcarbazone

Summary A sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of rhodium is based upon the purple color (absorbance maximum at 565 mμ) produced by sym-diphenylcarbazone at p h 3.0; methanol and N,N-dimethylformamide are used as solvents. For measurement in a 1-cm cell, the optimum range is about 0.3 to 1.5 p.p.m., and the useful lower limit is about 0.05 p.p.m. Although careful regulation of p h is required, the other variables are not critical. Preparation of the sample requires fuming down nearly to dryness with perchloric acid; by this procedure chloride and nitrate are removed, osmium and ruthenium are completely volatilized as tetroxides, and platinum and gold are completely precipitated. Iridium, which forms a purple product with the reagent, also interferes on account of the low p h at which it precipitates as hydrous oxide. Interference from chromium(VI) and mercury(II) can be removed by volatilizing chromyl chloride and mercury(II) chloride, respectively. Copper(II) must be absent. The purple rhodium product is not retained on either cation- or anion-exchange resins. The method of continuous variations indicates a reaction ratio of 2 moles of sym-diphenylcarbazone to 1 mole of rhodium.
Materials synthesis: towering forests of nanotube trees.

By growing and characterizing over 1,400 samples, researchers have been able to identify the optimum reaction conditions and catalyst structure for the production of ultrahigh 'forests' of double-walled carbon nanotubes.
Vaccine protection against simian immunodeficiency virus infection.

Abstract Rhesus monkeys were immunized by multiple inoculations with purified, disrupted, noninfectious simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in adjuvant. Immunized monkeys developed anti-SIV antibodies detectable by whole-virus ELISA and by immunoblot reactivity; these antibodies had weak neutralizing activity. One week after the last immunization, monkeys were challenged with 200-1000 animal infectious doses of uncloned, live SIV. The same strain of SIV that was used for vaccination was also used for challenge. Anamnestic antibody responses and SIV recovery from peripheral blood were used to evaluate infection following the live virus challenge; two of six vaccinated monkeys showed no evidence of infection following the live virus challenge. Transfusion of 10 ml of whole blood from these two into uninfected, naive rhesus monkeys did not result infection of the recipients, providing further support for the lack of infection in the two previously vaccinated animals. Four of four unvaccinated control monkeys inoculated with these doses of live SIV became infected and three of these died with AIDS 118-258 days after infection. Only one of the six vaccinated monkeys has died to date. In situ hybridization with lymph node biopsy specimens suggested that the virus load was much higher in control macaques than in vaccinated macaques. These results indicate that vaccination with inactivated whole virus can protect macaques against challenge with live SIV. Furthermore, they provide hope that vaccine protection against human AIDS virus infection may be possible.
Turnover rate and distribution pattern of radiostrontium in the skeleton of the laying hen.

SummaryFourteen laying hens were administered 10 /μc Sr89 each (intramuscularly), and 2 birds were killed at 12 hours, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 days, respectively. The soft tissues were cleared from the skeleton and all bones were analyzed for Sr89 content by liquid scintillation. It was observed that all bony tissues participate in Sr89 exchange, and that the ribs had the highest turnover rate, whereas, the skull had the lowest turnover rate. In general, it was found that bones composed primarily of spongy bone tissue turned over Sr faster than those of more compact construction.
C. elegans ksr-1 and ksr-2 have both unique and redundant functions and are required for MPK-1 ERK phosphorylation.

Abstract Kinase Suppressor of Ras (KSR) is a conserved protein that positively regulates Ras signaling and may function as a scaffold for Raf, MEK, and ERK [1]. However, the precise role of KSR is not well understood, and some observations have suggested that KSR might act in a parallel pathway. In C. elegans , ksr-1 is only required for a specific Ras-mediated process (sex myoblast migration) and is a nonessential positive regulator of other Ras-mediated developmental events [2, 3]. We report the existence of a second C. elegans ksr gene, ksr-2 , which is required for Ras-mediated signaling during germline meiotic progression and functions redundantly with ksr-1 during development of the excretory system, hermaphrodite vulva, and male spicules. Thus, while the ksr-1 and ksr-2 genes are individually required only for specific Ras-dependent processes, together these two genes appear necessary for most aspects of Ras-mediated signaling in C. elegans . The finding that ksr-2; ksr-1 double mutants have strong ras -like phenotypes and severely reduced or absent levels of diphosphorylated MPK-1 ERK strongly supports models where KSR acts to promote the activation or maintenance of the Raf/MEK/ERK kinase cascade.
Droplet lasing spectroscopy applied to droplet stream flames

Abstract Droplet lasing spectroscopy (DLS) has been applied to the measurement of droplet size and vaporization rates in both reacting and non-reacting rectilinear droplet streams. A Berglund-Liu droplet generator was used to generate a stream of droplets, approximately 63 microns in diameter and 6.5 droplet diameters apart. Ethanol, methanol, and a pentane/ethanol mixture were doped with Rhodamine 6G. Lasing spectra were examined in the steady-state combustion regime. In the pentane/ethanol case the measurements were carried out in a sooting region of the flame. In some cases, vaporization rates were high enough to measure the rate from consecutive droplets, yielding a quasi-instantaneous measurement. In all cases, the D 2 law of droplet vaporization was evident. In addition, photographs of the flames yielded measurements of flame height and thickness.
A biomechanical analysis of the ‘high guard’ position of arms during walking in toddlers

In this study, we investigated biomechanical contributions of the high guard position of the arms observed only in a subgroup of toddlers at very early stages of gait development. Six healthy toddlers who showed this peculiar arm posture were involved in this study. They participated in two data collection sessions (1 month apart). We used three-dimensional analysis of arm posture during gait to estimate the changes in forces and torques generated by the arms and acting on the upper trunk segment. Across visits, toddlers' increase in walking speeds coincided with lowering arm postures. Despite the apparent trend of changes in arm posture in this group of toddlers, the interaction between arm posture and upper trunk position created a variety of changes in forces and torques among individuals. Findings of this study exhibited an example of the exploration of dynamics by toddlers in the early stage of gait development.
Studies of DPNH oxidase: properties of a soluble DPNH dehydrogenase

Abstract A soluble highly purified DPNH dehydrogenase has been prepared from beef heart DPNH oxidase. The enzyme catalyzed the oxidation of DPNH by molecular oxygen, cytochrome c , indophenol, flavin-adenine dinucleotide and flavin mononucleotide. Hydrogen peroxide was found to be a product of the reaction when oxygen served as electron acceptor. The flavin component of the enzyme was easily removed from the preparation by dialysis or repeated treatment with ammonium sulfate, and may be bound to the enzyme through thiol linkages.
Neuronal Transgene Expression in Dominant-Negative SNARE Mice

Experimental advances in the study of neuroglia signaling have been greatly accelerated by the generation of transgenic mouse models. In particular, an elegant manipulation that interferes with astrocyte vesicular release of gliotransmitters via overexpression of a dominant-negative domain of vesicular SNARE (dnSNARE) has led to documented astrocytic involvement in processes that were traditionally considered strictly neuronal, including the sleep–wake cycle, LTP, cognition, cortical slow waves, depression, and pain. A key premise leading to these conclusions was that expression of the dnSNARE was specific to astrocytes. Inconsistent with this premise, we report here widespread expression of the dnSNARE transgene in cortical neurons. We further demonstrate that the activity of cortical neurons is reversibly suppressed in dnSNARE mice. These findings highlight the need for independent validation of astrocytic functions identified in dnSNARE mice and thus question critical evidence that astrocytes contribute to neurotransmission through SNARE-dependent vesicular release of gliotransmitters.
Lysolecithin-induced Alteration of Subendothelial Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans Increases Monocyte Binding to Matrix

The cause and consequence of altered proteoglycans in atherosclerosis are poorly understood. To determine whether proteoglycans affect monocyte binding, we studied the effects of heparin and proteoglycan degrading enzymes on THP-1 monocyte adhesion to subendothelial matrix (SEM). Monocyte binding increased about 2-fold after SEM was treated with heparinase. In addition, heparin decreased monocyte binding to fibronectin, a known SEM protein, by 60%. These data suggest that SEM heparan sulfate inhibits monocyte binding to SEM proteins. We next examined whether lysolecithin, a constituent of modified lipoproteins, affects endothelial heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) production and monocyte binding. Lysolecithin (10-200 μM) decreased total 35SO4 in SEM (20-75%). 2-fold more monocytes bound to SEM from lysolecithin treated cells than to control SEM. Heparinase treatment did not further increase monocyte binding to lysolecithin-treated SEM. HSPG degrading activity was found in medium from lysolecithin-treated but not control cells. 35SO4-labeled products obtained from labeled matrix treated with lysolecithin-conditioned medium were similar in size to those generated by heparinase. These data suggest that lysolecithin-treated endothelial cells secrete a heparanase-like activity. We hypothesize that decreased vessel wall HSPG, as occurs in atherogenic conditions, allows increased monocyte retention within the vessel and is due to the actions of an endothelial heparanase.
Landscape Modeling of In Situ Soil Respiration in a Forested Watershed of Southeastern Kentucky, USA

Data on carbon fluxes such as soil respiration are needed to develop strategies for increased carbon sequestration and reduced levels of atmospheric trace gases. Soil respiration is driven by proximal factors (e.g., soil temperature and soil moisture), which affect soil respiration by regulating microbial and root activity, and distal factors (e.g., topography), which affect soil respiration by influencing proximal factors. The objectives of this study were: (1) to relate measured carbon dioxide flux from forest soils to proximal and distal factors; and (2) to develop predictive soil-landscape models of soil respiration across a forested watershed. Carbon dioxide flux from the soil surface was measured monthly for 12 months at sampling points selected using a random stratified approach, with strata established based on slope aspect (NE and SW), slope shape (concave and convex), and slope position (upper, middle, and lower backslope). We generated empirical models using robust linear regression techniques to examine relationships between soil respiration and both proximal (soil physical and chemical properties) and distal factors (terrain attributes calculated from a 30-m digital elevation model). In situ soil respiration rates were greater on the NE-facing slopes than the SW-facing slopes. The models that we developed and validated explain up to 66% of variability in measured soil respiration, although seasonal model relationships varied. Soil temperature was the most consistent proximal factor for predicting soil respiration rates, while slope aspect was the most consistent distal factor among the models.
On the equivalent inclusion method and impotent eigenstrains

The equivalency equations and the nature of the solution are investigated when an inhomogeneity under applied stresses is simulated by an inclusion with eigenstrains. The equivalency equations by which the equivalent eigenstrain is obtained becomes singular when the inhomogeneity is void and the applied stress has a form of polynomials of coordinates of degree one. The solutions of the system of the equivalency equations are not uniquely determined. Explicit expressions are given for the impotent eigenstrains which do not generate any stress field throughout a material.
Three sex dimorphisms in the granule cell layer of the hippocampus in house mice

Inbred strains of mice differ in number of neurons in the dentate granule cell layer of hippocampus and in granule cell density. In a study of both sexes in 6 strains, females had significantly lower granule cell density than males of the same strain. Females of strains with high neuron numbers had significantly fewer granule cells than males of the same strain, while males and females of low neuron number strains did not differ from each other. Sizes of neuronal nuclei were examined in males and females of two strains. No significant strain difference was found, but females had significantly smaller nuclei. The results suggest that hippocampal function is associated with the differing adaptive roles of male and female house mice.
Depressive symptoms, negative urgency and substance use initiation in adolescents.

Background Studies show depressive symptoms are associated with substance use in adolescents, but the mechanism underlying this association is still unclear. This study investigated negative urgency – the disposition to rash action during emotional states – as a factor explaining relations between depressive symptoms and use of several substances.
The Male Supremacist Complex: Discovery or Invention?

!Kung bands from Lee (1969:55) and the sex ratios computed by Divale. The average sex ratio for these 14 !Kung groups (248 people) is 63:100 for young, and 88:100 for adult, which are different figures than Divale's 84:100 for young a d 108:100 for adults. The lumping together of these figures, then, presents an inaccurate picture of the sex ratios of the majority of the groups. In the Divale and Harris article, 16 of the 20 groups originally used by Divale have been excluded, with selected new groups added to support their thesis that warfare and the male supremacist complex were determinants of sex ratios in primitive populations. Divale and Harris did not include the 14 !Kung bands used by Divale (1972). The Greenland Eskimo and the Mission Yir-Yoront have also been excluded. The !Kung data used by Divale and Harris (1976) are for 19 bands in 1952 rather than the
Towards multielectron photocatalysis: a porphyrin array for lateral hole transfer and capture on a metal oxide surface

Current molecular water-oxidation photoelectrocatalytic cells have substantial kinetic limitations under normal solar photon flux where electron–hole recombination processes may outcompete charge buildup on the catalytic centers. One method of overcoming these limitations is to design a system where multiple light-harvesting dyes work cooperatively with a single catalyst. We report a porphyrin monomer/dyad array for analysis of lateral hole transfer on a SnO2 surface consisting of a free-base porphyrin that functions to absorb light and initiate charge injection into the conduction band of SnO2, which leaves a positive charge on the organic moiety, and a free-base porphyrin/Zn-porphyrin dyad molecule that functions as a thermodynamic trap for the photoinduced holes. By using transient absorption spectroscopy, we have determined that the holes on the surface-bound free-base porphyrins are highly mobile via electron self-exchange between close-packed neighbors. The lateral charge-transfer processes were modelled by treating the system statistically with a random-walk method that utilizes experimentally derived kinetic parameters. The results of the modelling indicate that each self-exchange (hop) occurs within 25 ns and that the holes are efficiently transferred to the Zn-porphyrin. This hole-harvesting scheme provides a framework for enhancing the efficiency of multielectron photoelectrocatalytic reactions such as the four-electron oxidation of water.
Integration of paper-based microfluidic devices with commercial electrochemical readers

The combination of simple Electrochemical Micro-Paper-based Analytical Devices (EµPADs) with commercially available glucometers allows rapid, quantitative electrochemical analysis of a number of compounds relevant to human health (e.g., glucose, cholesterol, lactate, and alcohol) in blood or urine.
Large-scale 3D microporous structures by two-photon laser machining

We fabricate large-scale 3D microporous structures fabricated with two-photon polymerization in broad-area SU-8 photoresist. This approach enables the fabrication of microporous structures simulating complex 3D microfluidic systems.
The intra-articular effects of immobilization on the human knee.

The Intra-Articular Effects of Immobilization on the Human Knee W. ENNEKING;MARSHALL HOROWITZ; The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery
A theoretical and experimental investigation of power harvesting using the NiMnGa martensite reorientation mechanism

Magnetic shape memory alloys (MSMAs) can exhibit the shape memory effect when there is a magnetic field in the vicinity of a material point. The microstructure of the MSMAs is comprised of tetragonal martensite variants, each with their preferred internal magnetization orientation. Starting from a random variant orientation, the application of a large enough magnetic field will cause the variants to reorient so that the internal magnetization vectors align with the external field. Then, keeping the magnetic field constant and adding a variable compressive stress in a direction normal to that of the magnetic field, some or all of the martensitic variants may rotate into a stress preferred state. As the variants reorient, the internal magnetization vectors rotate, and the material’s magnetization changes. For power harvesting and sensing applications, the change in magnetization induces a current in a pickup coil placed around the MSMA specimen, resulting in an output voltage at its terminals according to Faraday’s law of inductance. This paper focuses on the evaluation of the voltage output, both experimentally and numerically, in an attempt to assess the ability of a MSMA thermodynamic based constitutive model, used in conjunction with Faraday’s law of induction, to predict the variant reorientation induced voltage output. Assessing the accuracy of the predicted voltage is beneficial for the design of both MSMA based power harvesting devices and MSMA based displacement sensors. (Some figures may appear in colour only in the online journal)
Correction of potential energy surface using inverse perturbation and singular value decomposition

Abstract A procedure to correct an existing potential energy surface using experimental spectroscopic data is presented. The current approach uses an inverse perturbation analysis with a least-square fitting and solves linear algebraic equations by singular value decomposition. Application to a two-dimensional ArOH potential shows that the current approach is accurate, numerically stable and fast convergent.
Farming for Ethics: An Examination of the Ethical Challenges of Missouri Corn and Soybean Producers

Interviews with Missouri corn and soybean farmers reveal what farmers feel are the most important ethical challenges in agriculture. In contrast to the literature, which characterizes ethical challenges in term of philosophical debates about soil conservation, the use of pesticides and genetically modified seeds, or the treatment of animals, for instance, this research finds that farmers perceive ethical challenges in behavioral terms. The reason is rooted in the industrialization of agricultural production, which creates tensions for farmers between doing what they believe to be right and doing what they feel they must in order to survive.
Us vs. Them: Understanding Social Dynamics in Wikipedia with Revert Graph Visualizations

Wikipedia is a wiki-based encyclopedia that has become one of the most popular collaborative on-line knowledge systems. As in any large collaborative system, as Wikipedia has grown, conflicts and coordination costs have increased dramatically. Visual analytic tools provide a mechanism for addressing these issues by enabling users to more quickly and effectively make sense of the status of a collaborative environment. In this paper we describe a model for identifying patterns of conflicts in Wikipedia articles. The model relies on users' editing history and the relationships between user edits, especially revisions that void previous edits, known as "reverts". Based on this model, we constructed Revert Graph, a tool that visualizes the overall conflict patterns between groups of users. It enables visual analysis of opinion groups and rapid interactive exploration of those relationships via detail drill- downs. We present user patterns and case studies that show the effectiveness of these techniques, and discuss how they could generalize to other systems.
The origin of photochemical anisotropy in SrTiO 3

Photochemical reactions that deposit insoluble products on catalytic surfaces have been used to probe the anisotropy of the reactivity of SrTiO3 microcrystals. Both reduced and oxidized products are formed preferentially on {100} surfaces. It is proposed that the anisotropic photochemical reactivity can be explained by the electronic band structure. Because direct optical transitions for charge carriers having momentum vectors in the direction overlap well with the spectral distribution of the absorbed photons, more photogenerated carriers are moving toward {100} surfaces than other surfaces and, as a result, {100} surfaces are more active. Knowledge of the electronic band structure and the spectral distribution of the light allows predictions to be made about the anisotropic reactivity of photocatalysts with other crystal structures.
Sunitinib Induced Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage: A Case Report

A 68-year-old man with papillary renal cell carcinoma of the transplanted kidney presented with worsening respiratory distress while on treatment with sunitinib. Computerized tomography of chest revealed diffuse ground-glass opacities, and sequentially bloody bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was noted on bronchoscopy. There was marked clinico-radiologic improvement after withdrawal of sunitinib. This is the first case report of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage as an adverse effect of sunitinib in non-metastatic papillary renal cell carcinoma. With the increasing use of sunitinib in treatment of solid tumors, it is important to be aware of this potential adverse effect. Clinicians need to be vigilant for alveolar hemorrhage in patients on sunitinib with or without evidence of lung metastasis. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4021/jmc1011w
Host specificity of Lepeophtheirus crassus (Wilson and Bere) (Copepoda: Caligidae) parasitic on the marlin sucker Remora osteochir (Cuvier) in the Atlantic Ocean.

Three species of remoras—Remora brachyptera (Lowe), Remora osteochir (Cuvier), and Remora remora (Linnaeus)—were collected from 4 species of billfishes—Istiophorus platypterus (Shaw), Makaira nigricans Lacepede, Tetrapturus albidus Poey, and Tetrapturus pfluegeri Robins and de Sylva—on board a Japanese long-liner Shoyo Maru during her cruise in 2002 across the Atlantic. However, only the marlin sucker (R. osteochir) was found to carry a parasitic copepod, Lepeophtheirus crassus (Wilson and Bere, 1936). Although 12 species of parasitic copepods have been reported from billfishes around the world ocean, none of them is L. crassus. Thus, L. crassus is considered a parasite specific to the marlin sucker.
Near-field scanning optical microscopy of photonic crystal high-Q nanocavities

Near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) was used to observe high-resolution images of planar photonic crystal nanocavities fabricated in active InGaAsP material. We have observed the smallest optical cavity modes and dielectric band modes.
Old Cryptococcus neoformans Cells Contribute to Virulence in Chronic Cryptococcosis

ABSTRACT Does cell age matter in virulence? The emergence of persister cells during chronic infections is critical for persistence of infection, but little is known how this occurs. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that the replicative age of the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans contributes to persistence during chronic meningoencephalitis. Generationally older C. neoformans cells are more resistant to hydrogen peroxide stress, macrophage intracellular killing, and antifungal agents. Older cells accumulate in both experimental rat infection and in human cryptococcosis. Mathematical modeling supports the concept that the presence of older C. neoformans cells emerges from in vivo selection pressures. We propose that advanced replicative aging is a new unanticipated virulence trait that emerges during chronic fungal infection and facilitates persistence. Therapeutic interventions that target old cells could help in the clearance of chronic infections. IMPORTANCE Our findings that the generational age of Cryptococcus neoformans cells matters in pathogenesis introduces a novel concept to eukaryotic pathogenesis research. We propose that emerging properties of aging C. neoformans cells and possibly also other fungal pathogens contribute to persistence and virulence. Whereas the replicative life span of strains may not matter for virulence per se , age-related resilience and thus the generational age of individual C. neoformans cells within a pathogen population could greatly affect persistence of the pathogen population and therefore impact outcome.
Effect of Innovative Building Design on Physical Activity

Stair climbing can be a low-cost and relatively accessible way to add everyday physical activity, but many building stairwells are inaccessible or unpleasant and elevators are far more convenient. This study explores the use of and attitude toward stairs in an innovative office building where the main elevators for able-bodied users stop only at every third floor ("skip-stop" elevators). These users are expected to walk up or down nearby stairs that have been made open and appealing ("skip-stop" stairs). The study takes advantage of a natural experiment. Some workers' offices were clustered around the skip-stop elevator and the stairs, whereas others had access to a traditional elevator core, that is, an elevator that stopped at each floor with nearby fire exit stairs. Stair use on the open skip-stop stairs and enclosed fire stairs was measured using infrared monitors and card-reader activity logs. An online survey of employees (N=299, a 17.4% response rate) gathered information on stair use and attitudes and behaviors toward physical activity; interviews with key personnel identified major implementation issues. The skip-stop stair was used 33 times more than the enclosed stair of the traditional elevator core, with 72% of survey participants reporting daily stair use. Although implementation issues related to organizational objectives, costs, security, barrier-free accessibility, and building codes exist, the skip-stop feature offers a successful strategy for increasing stair use in workplaces.
Treatment allocation for the potential urgent patients in hospital emergency department to reduce length of stay – a simulation approach

Extended waiting in the emergency room continues to be a recognized problem; to alleviate this many hospitals have adopted triage systems which classify patients based on their priority level and fast track processes for low acuity patients. This paper aims to reduce the length of stay in Emergency Department (ED) by allocating urgent patients in either the traditional treatment or the fast track route without compromising care for higher acuity patients. This study focuses on the five-priority level system and evaluates the concept using simulation and classification techniques. Literature has reported that priority three patients, whose conditions are initially not life threatening but may progress to a critical level, are the majority and normally encounter the longest wait. The simulation was built based on a difined ED patient flow considering factors such as patient arrival patterns, treatment times, and resource capacity. Analysis of Variance was conducted to determine the impact of each factor to the decision on level 3 patient allocation. A regression model was constructed to estimate the cycle time savings. Decision tree was used to further provide ED a general guideline on the allocation of level 3 patients. The study concludes that the fast track route as an option for level 3 patients is adequate if the fast track has higher or similar capacity as the traditional treatment route especially for the rural EDs where level 3 patients are identified 61% of time and required longer treatment. The patient cycle time saving estimated as much as three hours.
The Canonization of Edward the Confessor

ENGLAND'S Edward the Confessor was noted during his life for his religious fervor and faith and, within a few years after his death in 1066, acquired among some of his subjects the reputation of a saint. His first Vita, apparently written before the end of 1075, is the earliest evidence of the rumors of the deceased king's sanctity. This biography summed up the picture of Edward as a saint in its final paragraph.' "That he who was proved a saint in this world," the author wrote, "is now living as a saint in heaven the propitious Deity reveals through these signs at his grave; there, by his intervention, the blind are made to see and the lame to walk again, the sick are cured and the sad consoled; and God, the King of kings, allows these tokens of his piety to happen for the faith of everyone who invokes the Lord."2 In spite of this rapid "canonisatio per viam cultus," the official recognition of the saint by the Church was delayed and was not pronounced until a century later. A first official sanction of the cult may have been the translation of the king's body in 1102. This was perhaps "an episcopal translation performed by Gundulf of Rochester on behalf of the archbishop of Canterbury."3 But another thirty-six years passed by before a serious attempt
Turbulent Vortex Breakdown: Experiments in Tubes at High Reynolds Numbers

Trailing vortices, swirling flows in pipes, vortical flows above sweptback wings at large angles-of-attack, flows in closed containers with a rotating lid, and columnar vortices in atmosphere may experience breakdown: The transformation of a slender vortex into three-dimensional forms. Where, how, and under what circumstances does this transformation occur in viscous vortical flows constitute the essence of the breakdown problem. Neither a stagnation point, nor a region of reversed flow, nor the bridging of laminar-turbulent states is necessary.
Chiropractic Response to a Spontaneous Vertebral Artery Dissection

Objective The purpose of this case report is to describe a case in which early detection and proper follow-up of spontaneous vertebral artery dissection led to satisfactory outcomes.
Socioeconomic Structures and Mate Selection among Urban Populations in Developing Regions

This is a cross-cultural analysis of the mate-selection process among urban populations in developing countries. "In this paper mate selection practices by groups which have migrated to urban settings in the developing world are examined in the diverse settings of squatter settlements in Turkey and the Philippines caste systems in India tribal societies of Africa matrilineal and patrilineal societies and among peasant societies of Peru and Mexico. The differential impact of socioeconomic urban conditions on men and women is emphasized regarding mate selection practices. It is argued that cultural factors...or psychological factors are not sufficient explanations alone for the diverse response of migrants to these urban settings regarding what occurs in them to traditional mate selection practices. It is argued that the structure of the socioeconomic system these groups depend on in an urban setting must be analyzed as a major factor influencing the trends toward continuity or change in mate selection." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA) (EXCERPT)
Immunohistochemical Detection of Hepatitis C Antigen by Monoclonal Antibody TORDJI-22 Compared With PCR Viral Detection

We sought to determine the sensitivity and specificity of immunohistochemistry using the TORDJI-22 MoAb (BioGenex, San Ramon, Calif), which is specific for the C-100 protein of the hepatitis C virus, compared with reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of tissue for viral RNA. RT-PCR had been performed on 52 fixed tissue specimens. Immunohistochemistry was performed using prediluted antibody with the alkaline phosphatase/fast red (BioGenex) technique. Predigestion with Protease XXIV (BioGenex) and other procedures followed the manufacturer's protocols. Positive immunohistochemistry was narrowly defined as tightly clumped, perinuclear red granules in hepatocytes. Of the specimens, 28 were positive by RT-PCR. With RT-PCR as the standard of comparison, immunohistochemistry yielded a sensitivity of 70% and specificity of 84%. Positive cells, when present, were usually very rare. With stringent criteria, immunohistochemistry with the TORDJI-22 monoclonal antibody is a very specific, fairly sensitive diagnostic test for hepatitis C virus in fixed liver tissues.