cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nerve growth factor regulates substance P in adult sensory neurons through both TrkA and p75 receptors

Expression of the nociceptive peptide, substance P (SP) is regulated by the neurotrophin, nerve growth factor (NGF), and exogenous exposure to high levels of NGF increases its cellular content and release. NGF utilizes two receptors, the NGF-specific tyrosine kinase receptor, TrkA, and also the non-specific neurotrophin receptor, p75(NTR) (p75). The purpose of this study is to determine the relative involvement of these receptors in nociception. To investigate the role of TrkA in SP signaling, sensory neurons from adult rats were grown in vitro and exposed to a TrkA-blocking antibody. Pretreatment with the antibody inhibited NGF-induced SP elevation. Furthermore, when neurons were exposed to K252a, a relatively specific TrkA kinase inhibitor, the NGF effect on SP was also inhibited. K252a did not prevent SP up-regulation in cells exposed to forskolin or glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), two agents which increase SP expression independently of TrkA. When p75 was blocked by antiserum, SP up-regulation by NGF was also inhibited. The antiserum neither impacted neuronal survival or basal levels of SP expression, nor did it inhibit SP up-regulation induced by forskolin. Two other neurotrophins, which are also ligands for p75, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) did not block NGF-induced SP up-regulation, raising the possibility that activated p75 is able to cooperate in SP regulation regardless of which neurotrophin ligand occupies it. Our data suggest that NGF up-regulation of SP expression requires the involvement of both TrkA and p75, although the specific contribution of each receptor to SP signaling remains to be determined.
Decision Trees with Single and Multiple Interval-Valued Objectives

Important to decision making is recognition of what today's decisions have on future options, and an oft-used tool to aid in this problem is the decision tree. This paper addresses situations in which uncertainty arises in the objectives associated with different sequential decision paths and provides a decision tree for uncertain parameters where only bounds, not distributions, are known. Single-and multiple-objective interval-valued decision trees are introduced. Interval arithmetic is used for the decision tree rollback process. To address the difficulty of an interval-valued comparison of alternatives, several decision rules, as well as a probabilistic approach, are discussed in the decision tree context. The interval-valued decision trees are deployed in a simple maintenance, repair, and overhaul decision-making illustration.
Impact of spatial complexity preprocessing on hyperspectral data unmixing

For most of the success, hyperspectral image processing techniques have their origins in multidimensional signal processing with a special emphasis on optimization based on objective functions. Many of these techniques (ICA, PCA, NMF, OSP, etc.) have their basis on collections of single dimensional data and do not take in consideration any spatial based characteristics (such as the shape of objects in the scene). Recently, in an effort to improve the processing results, several approaches that characterize spatial complexity (based on the neighborhood information) were introduced. Our goal is to investigate how spatial complexity based approaches can be employed as preprocessing techniques for other previously established methods. First, we designed for each spatial complexity based technique a step that generates a hyperspectral cube scaled based on spatial information. Next we feed the new cubes to a group of processing techniques such as ICA and PCA. We compare the results between processing the original and the scaled data. We compared the results on the scaled data with the results on the full data. We built upon these initial results by employing additional spatial complexity approaches. We also introduced new hybrid approaches that would embed the spatial complexity step into the main processing stage.
An Analysis of the Two-Bar Ratcheting Behavior Using the Viscoplasticity Theory Based on Overstress (VBO)

The ratcheting behavior of the unsymmetric two-bar system was investigated by numerical experiments. The two bars are restrained to the same length and are subjected to a constant load. One bar sees cyclic temperature variations, while the other bar is kept at constant temperature. The material models employed are rate-independent plasticity (kinematic hardening) and the viscoplasticity theory based on overstress (VBO) matched to represent the cyclic neutral 6061 T6 aluminum alloy elastic and inelastic deformation behavior. For simplicity, temperature-independent material properties were assumed. Numerical analyses were performed to investigate the effects of rate of thermal loading and temperature range. Elastic-inelastic shakedown is ultimately achieved due to work hardening. There is a strain range increase until it reaches a steady value. Kinematic hardening and VBO predict almost the same strain range, which, for the case of VBO, is nearly rate-independent. The behavior for both material models is very different for the mean strain. For VBO, the number of cycles to shakedown is rate-dependent and is considerably larger than for kinematic hardening. Finally, the steady-state mean strain and strain range are computed directly for VBO.
Bycatch of jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas in the tuna purse-seine fishery of the eastern Pacific Ocean and predatory behaviour during capture

Abstract Squid were recorded by observers in 192 (1.9%) of 9928 purse-seine sets in the tuna fishery in and near the Gulf of California, Mexico (north area) and off Peru and Ecuador (south area) during 1997–2002. The squid were identified as jumbo squid ( Dosidicus gigas ) in 19% of the positive sets, and it was assumed that the squid in the other sets were also D. gigas because it is the only large squid that occurs in great numbers in these areas. The total bycatch recorded during 1997–2002 was estimated to be about 50 tonnes in the north area and 435 tonnes in the south area, and total removals may have been more than 600 tonnes. Five or more tonnes (maximum 100 tonnes) of squid were reported in 22 purse-seine sets, demonstrating that aggregations of hundreds of D. gigas sometimes occur near the surface during the daytime. The probability of squid bycatch varied significantly with year and set type in the north area and with time of day and year in the south area. Squid bycatch was observed most frequently in sets on unassociated tunas, and less often in mammal and floating-object sets in both the north and south areas. The probability of catching squid was lower at midday than in the morning or afternoon in the south area. Three accounts of squid attacks on skipjack ( Katsuwonus pelamis ) and yellowfin tuna ( Thunnus albacares ) inside the purse seine, and bite damage to the tuna, are described. This study provides the first account, to the authors’ knowledge, of interactions between jumbo squid and tunas, and demonstrates considerable plasticity in the schooling behaviour of D. gigas .
Experimental weekly to seasonal, global to regional US precipitation forecasts

The Scripps Experimental Climate Prediction Center (ECPC) has been making routine experimental, near real-time global and regional forecasts since Sept. 27, 1997 with the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) global spectral model (GSM) and the corresponding regional spectral model (RSM), which is based on the GSM, but which can develop higher resolution simulations and forecasts for limited regions. Images of these forecasts, at daily to seasonal time scales, are provided on the ECPC World Wide Web site (http://ecpc.ucsd.edu/) and digital forecast products are provided on the ECPC anonymous ftp site to interested collaborators. The forecast skill of the GSM for the first two years was previously described in several papers. The purpose of this paper is to further compare two additional years of GSM and the RSM precipitation forecasts over the US, with special attention to various biases and errors, as well as the significant forecast skill at weekly to seasonal time scales. While these experimental forecast results suggest that there is precipitation forecast skill, out to at least a season, to be realized from both global and regional dynamical models, it was disappointing that the RSM did not seem to provide markedly more skillful precipitation forecasts than the GSM. Excessive forecast variance is a major problem with the current RSM.
Potassium-Argon Age from a Granite at Mount Wilbur, Queen Maud Range, Antarctica

The basement complex of the Robert Scott Glacier area, Queen Maud Range, Antarctica, consists of a complex suite of metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks intruded by light gray biotite granite. Brown biotite from a granite at Mount Wilbur was dated by the potassium-argon method at 470 +/- 14 million years; this age coincides closely with many other ages from granitic rocks in the Transantarctic Mountains.
Process monitor gratings

Despite the increasing use of advanced imaging methods to pattern chip features, process windows continue to shrink with decreasing critical dimensions. Controlling the manufacturing process within these shrinking windows requires monitor structures designed to maximize both sensitivity and robustness. In particular, monitor structures must exhibit a large, measurable response to dose and focus changes over the entire range of the critical features process window. Any process variations present fundamental challenges to the effectiveness of OPC methods, since the shape compensation assumes a repeatable process. One particular process parameter which is under increasing scrutiny is focus blur, e.g. from finite laser bandwidth, which can cause such OPC instability, and thereby damage pattern fidelity. We introduce a new type of test target called the Process Monitor Grating (PMG) which is designed for extreme sensitivity to process variation. The PMG design principle is to use assist features to zero out higher diffraction orders. We show via simulation and experiment that such structures are indeed very sensitive to process variation. In addition, PMG targets have other desirable attributes such as mask manufacturability, robustness to pattern collapse, and compatibility with standard CD metrology methods such as scatterometry. PMG targets are applicable to the accurate determination of dose and focus deviations, and in combination with an isofocal grating target, allow the accurate determination of focus blur. The methods shown in this paper are broadly applicable to the characterization of process deviations using test wafers or to the control of product using kerf structures.
Multiprogram scheduling: parts 1 and 2. introduction and theory

In order to exploit fully a fast computer which possesses simultaneous processing abilities, it should to a large extent schedule its own workload. The scheduling routine must be capable of extremely rapid execution if it is not to prove self-defeating.The construction of a schedule entails determining which programs are to be run concurrently and which sequentially with respect to each other. A concise scheduling algorithm is described which tends to minimize the time for executing the entire pending workload (or any subset of it), subject to external constraints such as precedence, urgency, etc. The algorithm is applicable to a wide class of machines.
Synthesis of di‐ and tri‐tertiary amine containing methacrylic monomers and their (co)polymerization via RAFT

The synthesis, reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) (co)polymerization, and aqueous phase behavior of three methacrylic monomers containing two or three pendent tertiary amine functional groups are described. Homopolymerizations were conducted with 1-methyl-1-cyanoethyl dithiobenzoate (CPDB) under bulk conditions following standard RAFT procedures. All three monomers, 1,3-bis(dimethylamino)propan-2-yl methacrylate (M1), 1-(bis(3-(dimethylamino)propyl) amino)propan-2-yl methacrylate (M2), and 2-((2-(2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy)ethyl) methylamino)ethyl acrylate (M3), polymerized in a controlled manner as evidenced by the kinetic and molecular weight profiles. Homopolymerizations conducted at a lower ratio of CPDB:AIBN proceeded faster than those at a higher ratio. Subsequently, the facile copolymerization behavior of Ml and M3 was demonstrated via the synthesis of a range of statistical copolymers with hexyl and lauryl methacrylate comonomers containing 10-90 mol % hydrophobic comonomer. Finally, the aqueous-solution characteristics of the M1-M3 homopolymers were briefly examined. All three homopolymers were shown to undergo phase transitions in aqueous media in response to changes in both temperature and pH. Specifically, 1 wt % solutions of polyM1 were shown to possess an LCST of ∼22 °C, that of polyM2 at ∼33 °C, and for polyM3 the observed cloud point was ∼63 °C. Additionally, all homopolymers became hydrophobic and phase separated at high solution pH.
Development of the insect stomatogastric nervous system

The stomatogastric nervous system (SNS) forms a network of peripheral ganglia associated with the insect gut. The SNS originates from a neuroepithelial placode which dissolves into a population of migrating neural precursors. The formation of the SNS presents many parallels to the development of the vertebrate peripheral nervous system. Recent studies have started to provide answers for pertinent questions in SNS development, in particular, how the SNS placode is specified, how SNS precursors are released in a reproducible pattern from this placode and how different cell types in the SNS are determined.
Epidemiologic research using administrative databases: garbage in, garbage out.

Administrative databases stem from claims made for services by health care providers and institutions.1 Simply put, they are billing systems. These databases were created for reasons other than epidemiologic research—a key limitation. Data fields commonly include only basic demographic information,
Entropic Description of Gas Hydrate Ice-Liquid Equilibrium via Enhanced Sampling of Coexisting Phases.

Metastable β ice holds small guest molecules in stable gas hydrates, so its solid/liquid equilibrium is of interest. However, aqueous crystal/liquid transitions are very difficult to simulate. A new MD algorithm generates trajectories in a generalized NPT ensemble and equilibrates states of coexisting phases with a selectable enthalpy. Furthermore, with replicas spanning the range between β ice and liquid water we find the statistical temperature from the enthalpy histograms and characterize the transition by the entropy, introducing a general computational procedure for first-order transitions.
Training professionals to work with families of chronic patients

This paper describes a multidisciplinary (psychiatry, psychology, social work) training program which prepares clinicians to work in a collaborative relationship with families of the chronically mentally ill. Content includes an overview of traditional approaches to family roles in major mental illnesses, research findings on family burden, typology of professional-family interactions, and treatment and outcome issues related to older conceptual models of family-patient relationships. The training model includes a didactic component on relevant research and theory, incorporating social policy and cross-cultural issues and emphasizing the actual experiences of patients and families within a framework of coping and adaptation. Training in patient and family education, problem management, supportive counseling, and resource knowledge is accompanied by practicum experiences involving longitudinal work with chronic patients and families. Special features in psychiatric residency training are highlighted.
Statistical Control of a Gaussian Process

The optimal statistical control of a simple production process which has only two underlying states, in control and out of control, is studied. The produced items are assumed to have a measurable quality characteristic which has a normal distribution with known variance. When the process leaves control the mean of thii distribution shifts from μ0 to μ1, both assumed known. Costs are associated with the quality of an item and with repairing the process which returns it to a state of control. Other than immediately after repair, the process state is assumed unknown. This report gives a statistical control rule which, based on the quality history of produced items, tells when to repair the machine. The rule given minimizes the time average of the total cost of repairs plus quality.
Impaired NO-cGMP signaling in the pathogenesis of neonatal pulmonary hypertension and therapeutic implications

Background Postnatal survival is dependent upon successful transition of the pulmonary circulation at birth. Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) is a clinical syndrome that is characterized by the failure to achieve or sustain a marked reduction of pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) after delivery. High PVR causes extra-pulmonary right-to-left shunt, leading to profound hypoxemia, asphyxia and significant morbidity and mortality. Past studies have shown that NO-cGMP signaling contributes significantly to the normal fall in PVR at birth, and that decreased NO production or activity contributes to PPHN. Multicenter studies have shown that inhaled NO is effective in the treatment of clinical PPHN, but nearly 40% of newborns with PPHN fail to respond to iNO therapy. These findings suggest that additional therapies are essential for enhancing NO-cGMP signaling and improving outcomes of neonates with severe PPHN. Since recent studies demonstrated increased oxidative stress in experimental PPHN, we hypothesized that impaired NO responsiveness in PPHN may be due to decreased soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) activity due to oxidation. Cinaciguat (BAY 58-2667) is a novel sGC activator that causes vasodilation even in the presence of oxidized heme, but its hemodynamic effects in the perinatal lung are unknown. Therefore, we performed a series of physiologic studies in chronically-prepared, late gestation fetal lambs. Additional in vitro studies were performed with isolated pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (SMC) from normal and PPHN lambs. Results We found that in the normal fetus, cinaciguat (0.1 to 100 mcg over 10 min) caused dose-related increases in pulmonary blood flow greater than 4-fold above baseline values and reduced PVR by 80%. Treatment with ODQ, an sGC oxidizing inhibitor, enhanced cinaciguat-induced pulmonary vasodilation by over 150%. The pulmonary vasodilator effect of cinaciguat was prolonged, decreasing PVR for more than 1.5 hours after brief intrapulmonary infusion. In vitro stimulation of fetal pulmonary artery SMC with cinaciguat after ODQ treatment demonstrated a 14-fold increase in cGMP in comparison without ODQ. We further studied the pulmonary vascular effects of cinaciguat in fetal sheep with chronic pulmonary hypertension after partial ligation of the ductus arteriosus (PPHN). We found that in contrast with the loss of acetylcholineinduced pulmonary vasodilation 5 days after surgery, the cinaciguat response persisted and was enhanced in PPHN lambs. After cesarean-section delivery and mechanical ventilation, neonatal lambs with PPHN demonstrated markedly impaired vasodiliation to inhaled NO (20 and 40 ppm). In contrast, brief infusion of cinaciguat caused marked and prolonged pulmonary vasodilation.
SU‐FF‐T‐667: Planning Comparison to Determine Techniques and Role for Volumetric IMRT (RapidArc) in Routine Treatment Planning

Purpose: Compare volumetric (RapidArc 8.6) to static beam IMRT plans for a wide range of anatomic sites to determine: 1) where volumetric can be anticipated to outperform static beam IMRT 2) normal and target tissue morphologic characteristics favoring one approach over the other 3) develop template beam arrangements. Method and Materials: Large volume pelvis/nodes, head and neck, brain, abdomen, breast and lung were examined. Six recent static IMRT plans were selected for each site and re‐planned using volumetric IMRT to achieve the same D95% PTV coverage. Mean, max, and appropriate VDose were determined from DVH analysis. Overall volume of healthy tissues treated to prescribed dose (VPTV ‐ VRx) was examined. Results: Templates were developed for all sites. For pelvis, head and neck and abdomen: two coplanar arcs, collimators ± 30°. For brain two non‐coplanar arcs one arc in the transverse and a second in the saggital plane. In breast and lung Hybrid RapidArc was used. Volumetric arc demonstrated improvement in the pelvis: VPTV ‐ VRx 55%; lower (48%–63%), mean bowel dose; 8% lower (2–15%), Bladder V90%; 29% lower (1–47%), Rectum V90%; 8% lower (5–26%). Improvement was seen in the head and neck: Spinal cord/brain stem max dose; 6% lower (1–12%). In contrast mean ipsilateral parotid doses were higher 32 vs 30 Gy. Similar behavior was seen for other sites. Conclusion: Volumetric IMRT plans reduced dose to healthy tissues except when abutting large (∼10cm) concave PTV volumes e.g. parotid. In that case mean dose was similar. When the target was small (⩽ 3 cm) abutting normal tissues were easily spared with sharp dose gradients. Volumetric IMRT is a promising technique yielding similar to improved results over static field IMRT for many anatomic sites. Conflict of Interest : Work was supported in part by a grant from Varian Medical Systems
Mechanized meta-reasoning using a hybrid HOAS/de bruijn representation and reflection

We investigate the development of a general-purpose framework for mechanized reasoning about the meta-theory of programming languages. In order to provide a standard, uniform account of a programming language, we propose to define it as a logic in a logical framework, using the same mechanisms for definition, reasoning, and automation that are available to other logics. Then, in order to reason about the language's meta-theory, we use reflection to inject the programming language into (usually richer and more expressive) meta-theory.One of the key features of our approach is that structure of the language is preserved when it is reflected, including variables, meta-variables, and binding structure. This allows the structure of proofs to be preserved as well, and there is a one-to-one map from proof steps in the original programming logic to proof steps in the reflected logic. The act of reflecting a language is automated; all definitions, theorems, and proofs are preserved by the transformation and all the key lemmas (such as proof and structural induction) are automatically derived.The principal representation used by the reflected logic is higher-order abstract syntax (HOAS). However, reasoning about terms in HOAS can be awkward in some cases, especially for variables. For this reason, we define a computationally equivalent variable-free de Bruijn representation that is interchangeable with the HOAS in all contexts. The de Bruijn representation inherits the properties of substitution and alpha-equality from the logical framework, and it is not complicated by administrative issues like variable renumbering.We further develop the concepts and principles of proofs, provability, and structural and proof induction. This work is fully implemented in the MetaPRL theorem prover. We illustrate with an application to F
Norditerpene dilactones from Podocarpus nagi

Abstract Three new norditerpene dilactones have been isolated from the root bark of Podocarpus nagi . Their structures have been established as 1-deoxynagilactone A, 1-deoxy-2,3-dehydronagilactone A and 2,3-dehydronagilactone A by means of spectroscopic analyses. A possible biosynthetic pathway for the formation of the P. nagi diterpenoids has been proposed.
The stability of kidney-induced selection of Lewis lung tumor cell populations, and their metastasis-related behavior.

The surface charge densities of Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL) cells were measured in tumors transplanted into subcutaneous (s.c.) sites, and into the kidneys (K), as well as in kidney tumors transplanted to, and maintained in, the s.c. site (K.s.c.). K cells showed a significant increase in net negativity in comparison with s.c. cells, which was stable over 11 passages. On back-transplantation of K cells to the s.c. site, the net negativity of K.s.c. cells was higher than that of the s.c. cells, but the increase was stable for only 7 passages; on subsequent passages the net negativity fell, approaching that of the s.c. cells. Detailed analyses suggest the presence in these tumors of 2 subpopulations of 3LL cells, whose proportions change in the different sites studied to produce changes in the mean electrophoretic mobilities of the whole cancer cell populations. The altered proportions of the 2 cell types in the 3 sites were not associated with major changes either in their general behavior with respect to metastasis, or in differential growth in various organs following s.c., tail vein, and left ventricular injections. Selection induced by growth in the kidney, as evidenced by physicochemical changes at the cancer cell surface, was not associated with kidney preference in metastasis or metastasis-related behavior.
Comparison of Single Versus Multiple Species of Generalist Predators for Biological Control

An open question in biological control concerns the value of using multiple as opposed to a single species of natural enemies. To find out how the mechanisms by which multiple biocontrol agents might interact, I conducted laboratory experiments quantifying the behavior and effectiveness of predator species used either singly or in combination to control bean aphids, Aphis fabae Scopoli. The predators were larvae of a lacewing, Chrysoperla plorabunda (Fitch), and the sevenspotted lady beetle, Coccinella septempunctata L. The experiments consisted of 4 treatments tested in a 2 X 2 factorial design crossing 0 or 1 first-instar C. plorabunda with 0 or 1 first-instar C. septempunctata per fava bean plant, Vicia faba L. I also tested 2 additional treatments of 2 larvae of a single species, for a total of 6 treatments. The predators slowed the growth of aphid populations ; no evidence of interaction between the predator species could be seen in terms of their effects on the sizes of the final aphid populations. This result may be explained by the finding that larvae of C. plorabunda and C. septempunctata differed significantly in where they were most frequently found on the plant. No clear evidence for intraguild predation was found. Thus, the majority of the data indicated that C. plorabunda and C. septempunctata did not have significant interactions.
Parasitization of Amorbia cuneana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and Sabulodes aegrotata (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) on Avocado in Southern California

Immature stages of Sabulodes aegrotata (Guenee)and Amorbia cuneana Walsingham were collected from avocado foliage during 1978 through 1980 and held for parasite emergence. Fifteen parasite species were reared from each of the two pest species, with seven being parasitic on both pests. Fifteen of the parasites were hymenopterous species, and eight were dipterous (tachinids). The braconids. Apanteles caberatae Muesebeck, Bracon xanthonotus Ashmead, and Meteorus tersus Muesebeck, were the most common parasites reared from S. aegrotata , and the tachinids, Pseudoperichaeta erecta (Coquillett) and Aplomya Caesar (Aldrich), were the most commonon A. cuneana . The egg parasite, Trichogramma platneri Nagarkatti, also was very common and was reared from both pest species.
The farthest point Delaunay triangulation minimizes angles

Abstract The planar dual to the Euclidean farthest point Voronoi diagram for the set of vertices of a convex polygon has the lexicographic minimum possible sequence of triangle angles, sorted from sharpest to least sharp. As a consequence, the sharpest angle determined by three vertices of a convex polygon can be found in linear time.
The Zinc Transporter ZnT3 Interacts with AP-3 and It Is Preferentially Targeted to a Distinct Synaptic Vesicle Subpopulation

Synaptic vesicles (SV) are generated by two different mechanisms, one AP-2 dependent and one AP-3 dependent. It has been uncertain, however, whether these mechanisms generate SV that differ in molecular composition. We explored this hypothesis by analyzing the targeting of ZnT3 and synaptophysin both to PC12 synaptic-like microvesicles (SLMV) as well as SV isolated from wild-type and AP-3-deficient mocha brains. ZnT3 cytosolic tail interacted selectively with AP-3 in cell-free assays. Accordingly, pharmacological disruption of either AP-2- or AP-3-dependent SLMV biogenesis preferentially reduced synaptophysin or ZnT3 targeting, respectively; suggesting that these antigens were concentrated in different vesicles. As predicted, immuno-isolated SLMV revealed that ZnT3 and synaptophysin were enriched in different vesicle populations. Likewise, morphological and biochemical analyses in hippocampal neurons indicated that these two antigens were also present in distinct but overlapping domains. ZnT3 SV content was reduced in AP-3-deficient neurons, but synaptophysin was not altered in the AP-3 null background. Our evidence indicates that neuroendocrine cells assemble molecularly heterogeneous SV and suggests that this diversity could contribute to the functional variety of synapses.
Identification of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato genes induced during infection of Arabidopsis thaliana

Phytopathogenic bacteria possess a large number of genes that allow them to grow and cause disease on plants. Many of these genes should be induced when the bacteria come in contact with plant tissue. We used a modified in vivo expression technology (IVET) approach to identify genes from the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato that are induced upon infection of Arabidopsis thaliana and isolated over 500 in planta-expressed (ipx) promoter fusions. Sequence analysis of 79 fusions revealed several known and potential virulence genes, including hrp/hrc, avr and coronatine biosynthetic genes. In addition, we identified metabolic genes presumably important for adaptation to growth in plant tissue, as well as several genes with unknown function that may encode novel virulence factors. Many ipx fusions, including several corresponding to novel genes, are dependent on HrpL, an alternative RNA polymerase sigma factor that regulates the expression of virulence genes. Expression analysis indicated that several ipx fusions are strongly induced upon inoculation into plant tissue. Disruption of one ipx gene, conserved effector locus (CEL) orf1, encoding a putative lytic murein transglycosylase, resulted in decreased virulence of P. syringae. Our results demonstrate that this screen can be used successfully to isolate genes that are induced in planta, including many novel genes potentially involved in pathogenesis.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Attention Networks

Research attempting to elucidate the neuropathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has not only shed light on the disorder itself, it has simultaneously provided new insights into the mechanisms of normal cognition and attention. This review will highlight and integrate this bidirectional flow of information. Following a brief overview of ADHD clinical phenomenology, ADHD studies will be placed into a wider historical perspective by providing illustrative examples of how major models of attention have influenced the development of neurocircuitry models of ADHD. The review will then identify major components of neural systems potentially relevant to ADHD, including attention networks, reward/feedback-based processing systems, as well as a 'default mode' resting state network. Further, it will suggest ways in which these systems may interact and be influenced by neuromodulatory factors. Recent ADHD imaging data will be selectively provided to both illustrate the field's current level of knowledge and to show how such data can inform our understanding of normal brain functions. The review will conclude by suggesting possible avenues for future research.
Modality and representation in analogy

Design by analogy is a powerful part of the design process across the wide variety of modalities used by designers such as linguistic descriptions, sketches, and diagrams. We need tools to support people's ability to find and use analogies. A deeper understanding of the cognitive mechanisms underlying design and analogy is a crucial step in developing these tools. This paper presents an experiment that explores the effects of representation within the modality of sketching, the effects of functional models, and the retrieval and use of analogies. We find that the level of abstraction for the representation of prior knowledge and the representation of a current design problem both affect people's ability to retrieve and use analogous solutions. A general semantic description in memory facilitates retrieval of that prior knowledge. The ability to find and use an analogy is also facilitated by having an appropriate functional model of the problem. These studies result in a number of important implications for the development of tools to support design by analogy. Foremost among these implications is the ability to provide multiple representations of design problems by which designers may reason across, where the verb construct in the English language is a preferred mode for these representations.
The variance of energy estimates for the product model

A product model, in which {x(t)} , is the product of a slowly varying random window, {w(t)}, and a stationary random process, {g(t)}, is defined. A single realization of the process will be defined as x(t). This is slightly different from the usual definition of the product model where the window is typically defined as deterministic. An estimate of the energy (the zero order temporal moment, only in special cases is this physical energy) of the random process, {x(t)}, is defined as m0=∫∞∞|x(t)|2dt=∫−∞∞|w(t)g(t)|2dt Relationships for the mean and variance of the energy estimates, m0, are then developed. It is shown that for many cases the uncertainty (4π times the product of rms duration, Dt, and rms bandwidth, Df) is approximately the inverse of the normalized variance of the energy. The uncertainty is a quantitative measure of the expected error in the energy estimate. If a transient has a significant random component, a small uncertainty parameter implies large error in the energy estimate. Attempts to resolve a time/frequency spectrum near the uncertainty limits of a transient with a significant random component will result in large errors in the spectral estimates.
Phase II AIDS Malignancy Consortium (AMC) trial of topical halofuginone in AIDS-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS): clinical and biological effects using a novel intra-patient control design

Background KS is a disease of multifocal vascular proliferation. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and type I collagen play critical roles in angiogenesis and are potential targets. Halofuginone (Tempostatin™), a synthetic quinazolinone alkaloid derivative, induced anti-angiogenic, anti-metastatic and anti-proliferative effects in preclinical studies. It inhibits several essential stages of angiogenesis: endothelial cell proliferation, MMP2 expression, BM invasion, ECM deposition by newly formed vessels, synthesis of type I collagen during angiogenic sprouting, and bFGF-induced neovascularization. These data suggested that halofuginone might have activity in KS. Methods
Fabrication and performance evaluation of micromachined cavity-backed co-planar waveguide to rectangular waveguide transition at Y-band frequencies

The increasing demand for microwave and millimeter-wave (MMW) monolithic integrated circuits has led to the development and implementation of coplanar waveguides (CPW). CPW lines offer many advantages such as compact planar geometry and ease of integration with shunt and series elements. On the other hand, rectangular waveguides are widely used at higher frequencies as antenna feeds and filters due to their low loss characteristics, and high power handling capabilities. Because of these features, it is common to see submillimeter- and millimeter-wave devices combine waveguide components with CPW lines. For such devices, obviously an appropriate low loss transitions is required. However, as the frequency increases and the dimensions of the line and waveguide shrink, limitations of machining and microfabrication processes are not appropriate for the existing transition designs. The literature concerning mirofabricating waveguide structures at W-band and higher frequencies is rather sparse. There have been several attempts to fabricate MMW waveguides with low-cost microfabrication techniques such as lithography [1], [2]. However, in these techniques, the height of the waveguide is limited by the maximum thickness of the spun photoresist, limiting the fabrication to the reduced-height waveguides which suffer from high attenuation. An alternate technique to etch the waveguide is deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) of silicon which provides vertical sidewalls. In [3] and [4], a transition using microfabrication processes with separately fabricated and assembled probe has been reported for both diamond and rectangular waveguide with 20% bandwidth. In this study, we propose a cavity-backed CPW (CBCPW) to rectangular waveguide transition compatible with silicon microfabrication techniques that does not require multiple parts and assemblies. In this approach, the complexity associated with fabrication of suspended probe is eliminated and a compact and wideband transition is achieved using a novel two-pole resonant matching network. The transition is composed of a shorted CPW line over a reduced height short-circuited waveguide segment that is followed by an E-plane step discontinuity to a standard height waveguide. Since the structure is simple with the features aligned with the Cartesian coordinate surfaces, it is highly compatible with microfabrication processes and can be fabricated using multi-stage DRIE of silicon. A scaled model of this transition at Ka-band was fabricated using the standard machining tools, and its performance validated experimentally. In this paper, the same structure is considered for fabrication using silicon micromachining for operation at Y-band (240 GHz) frequencies.
Use of the Cytokinesis-Blocked Micronucleus Assay to Detect Gender Differences and Genetic Instability in a Lung Cancer Case–Control Study

Background: Although tobacco exposure is the predominant risk factor for lung cancer, other environmental agents are established lung carcinogens. Measuring the genotoxic effect of environmental exposures remains equivocal as increases in morbidity and mortality may be attributed to co-exposures such as smoking. Methods: We evaluated genetic instability and risk of lung cancer associated with exposure to environmental agents (e.g., exhaust) and smoking among 500 lung cancer cases and 500 controls using the Cytokinesis-Blocked Micronucleus (CBMN) assay. Linear regression was applied to estimate the adjusted means of the CBMN endpoints (micronuclei and nucleoplasmic bridges). Logistic regression analyses were used to estimate lung cancer risk and to control for potential confounding by age, gender, and smoking. Results: Cases showed significantly higher levels of micronuclei and nucleoplasmic bridges as compared to controls (mean ± SEM=3.54±0.04 vs.1.81 ±0.04 and mean ± SEM=4.26±0.03 vs. 0.99±0.03, respectively; p <0.001) with no differences among participants with or without reported environmental exposure. No differences were observed when stratified by smoking or environmental exposure among cases or controls. A difference in lung cancer risk was observed between non-exposed male and female heavy smokers, although it was not statistically significant (I2=64.9%; P-value for Q statistic=0.09). Conclusions: Our study confirms that the CBMN assay is an accurate predictor of lung cancer and supports the premise that heavy smoking may have an effect on DNA repair capacity and in turn modulate the risk of lung cancer. Impact: Identifying factors that increase lung cancer risk may lead to more effective prevention measures.
Aquaporins in Desert Rodent Physiology

Desert rodents face a sizeable challenge in maintaining salt and water homeostasis due to their life in an arid environment. A number of their organ systems exhibit functional characteristics that limit water loss above that which occurs in non-desert species under similar conditions. These systems include renal, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, nasal, and skin epithelia. The desert rodent kidney preserves body water by producing a highly concentrated urine that reaches a maximum osmolality nearly three times that of the common laboratory rat. The precise mechanism by which urine is concentrated in any mammal is unknown. Insights into the process may be more apparent in species that produce highly concentrated urine. Aquaporin water channels play a fundamental role in water transport in several desert rodent organ systems. The role of aquaporins in facilitating highly effective water preservation in desert rodents is only beginning to be explored. The organ systems of desert rodents and their associated AQPs are described.
The impact of nature experience on willingness to support conservation.

We hypothesized that willingness to financially support conservation depends on one's experience with nature. In order to test this hypothesis, we used a novel time-lagged correlation analysis to look at times series data concerning nature participation, and evaluate its relationship with future conservation support (measured as contributions to conservation NGOs). Our results suggest that the type and timing of nature experience may determine future conservation investment. Time spent hiking or backpacking is correlated with increased conservation contributions 11–12 years later. On the other hand, contributions are negatively correlated with past time spent on activities such as public lands visitation or fishing. Our results suggest that each hiker or backpacker translates to $200–$300 annually in future NGO contributions. We project that the recent decline in popularity of hiking and backpacking will negatively impact conservation NGO contributions from approximately 2010–2011 through at least 2018.
MULTIDOMAIN PSEUDOSPECTRAL TIME-DOMAIN (PSTD) METHOD FOR ACOUSTIC WAVES IN LOSSY MEDIA

A multidomain pseudospectral time-domain (PSTD) method is developed for acoustic wave equations in lossy media. The method is based on the spectral derivative operator approximated by Chebyshev Lagrange polynomials. In this multidomain scheme, the computational domain is decomposed into a set of subdomains conformal to the problem geometry. Each curved subdomain is then mapped onto a cube in the curvilinear coordinates so that a tensor-product Chebyshev grid can be utilized without the staircasing error. An unsplit-field, well-posed PML is developed as the absorbing boundary condition. The algorithm is validated by analytical solutions. The numerical solutions show that this algorithm is efficient for simulating acoustic wave phenomena in the presence of complex objects in inhomogeneous media. To our knowledge, the multidomain PSTD method for acoustics is a new development in three dimensions, although in two dimensions the method can be made equivalent to the two-dimensional method in electromagnetics.
Immunogenetic Analysis of H-2 Mutations: II. Cellular Immunity to the H-2Da Mutation

The H-2 da haplotype was derived from the H-2 d haplotype by a mutation localized to the D end of the H-2 complex. Coculture of H-2 d and H-2 da spleen cells gives rise to bidirectional MLR. However, the H-2 d anti-H-2 da response is much stronger than that of H-2 da anti-H-2 d . Both haplotypes gives rise to reciprocal CML. B10.D2(R103) strain spleen cells, which differ only at the D end of the H-2 complex from the H-2 d haplotype, kill H-2 da target cells in CML when sensitized to H-2 d stimulators and vice versa. Therefore, both the mutant and strain of origin share a D end CML specificity. H-2 d and H-2 da reject skin grafts in both directions, although some H-2 d grafts show prolonged acceptance on H-2 da recipients. These data are consistent with a mutation in the D end of the H-2 d haplotype resulting in gain-loss of an antigen(s) that gives rise to reciprocal MLR, CML, and skin graft rejection. Further, the mutant can be distinguished from the strain of origin on the basis of the strength of immune response in MLR.
Gender Matters. So Do Race and Class: Experiences of Gendered Racism on the Wal-Mart Shop Floor*:

This article demonstrates how biography shapes the experiences and testimonies of the women who participated in the Dukes v. Wal-Mart class action lawsuit. Using content analysis of 110 legal declarations, this study addresses three themes observed within court documents: gender discrimination, race relations between employees, and class differences among plaintiffs. The results confirm that women who participated in the ongoing class action lawsuit experienced varying forms of abuse and empowerment due to their positions as raced, classed, and gendered employees. The employees were forced to waste resources navigating relationships to power—energy which could have been used to improve themselves and empower those in their immediate communities. Therefore, the experiences of these women, as representatives of larger social groups, are telling of the nature of work for the millions of women that work for Wal-Mart stores and elsewhere.
Extended Viterbi algorithm for second order hidden Markov process

An extended Viterbi algorithm is presented that gives a maximum a posteriori estimation of the second-order hidden Markov process. The advantage of the second-order model and the complexity of the extended algorithm are compared with those of the original first-order one. The method used to develop the extended algorithm can also be used to extend the Viterbi algorithm further to any higher order. >
Near-Optimal Worst-Case Throughput Routing for Two-Dimensional Mesh Networks

Minimizing latency and maximizing throughput are important goals in the design of routing algorithms for interconnection networks. Ideally, we would like a routing algorithm to (a) route packets using the minimal number of hops to reduce latency and preserve communication locality, (b) deliver good worst-case and average-case throughput and (c) enable low-complexity (and hence, low latency) router implementation. In this paper, we focus on routing algorithms for an important class of interconnection networks: two dimensional (2D) mesh networks. Existing routing algorithms for mesh networks fail to satisfy one or more of design goals mentioned above. Variously, the routing algorithms suffer from poor worst case throughput (ROMM [13], DOR [23]), poor latency due to increased packet hops (VALIANT [31]) or increased latency due to hardware complexity (minimaladaptive [7, 30]). The major contribution of this paper is the design of an oblivious routing algorithm - O1TURN - with provable near-optimal worst-case throughput, good average-case throughput, low design complexity and minimal number of network hops for 2D-mesh networks, thus satisfying all the stated design goals. O1TURN offers optimal worst-case throughput when the network radix (k in a kxk network) is even. When the network radix is odd, O1TURN is within a 1/k2 factor of optimal worst-case throughput. O1TURN achieves superior or comparable average-case throughput with global traffic as well as local traffic. For example, O1TURN achieves 18.8%, 0.7% and 13.6% higher average-case throughput than DOR, ROMM and VALIANT routing, respectively when averaged over one million random traffic patterns on an 8x8 network. Finally, we demonstrate that O1TURN is well suited for a partitioned router implementation that is of similar delay complexity as a simple dimension-ordered router. Our implementation incurs a marginal increase in switch arbitration delay that is completely hidden in pipelined routers as it is not on the clock-critical path.