cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CuCl/HCl electrolyzer kinetics for hydrogen production via Cu-Cl thermochemical cycle

Hydrogen gas is a vital chemical for industrial processes that satisfy many growing needs in modern society. Currently hydrogen gas is used heavily in the petrochemical and agricultural industries. Hydrogen is a promising fuel for automotive and other applications. To meet these needs, the primary source of hydrogen gas production is from reforming fossil fuels. However, with the advent of climate change debates, global interest has increased for methods of hydrogen production not reliant on fossil fuels. Hydrogen production via a thermochemical cycle is one of the most promising methods for a sustainable source of hydrogen gas.
Regulation of Interphotoreceptor Retinoid-Binding Protein (IRBP)-Specific Th1 and Th17 Cells in Anterior Chamber-Associated Immune Deviation (ACAID)

Antigen injection into the anterior chamber (AC) of the eye, before systemic administration of an immunogenic dose, inhibits the development of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to the immunizing antigen.1–9 This immunologic phenomenon has been termed anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID). The characteristics of ACAID are the suppression of DTH by antigen-specific CD4+ Th1 cells, the inhibition of priming of antigen-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs), and the preservation of noncomplement fixing antigen-specific antibody responses.10 Previous studies have shown that AC injection of an encephalitogenic or uveitogenic peptide can impair the development of autoimmune disease in the relevant organ.1,2 A newly identified autoreactive T cell subset expressing IL-17 has been identified as a major pathogenic T-cell subset.11–14 Thus, we wanted to determine whether ACAID induced by an immunogenic peptide would affect the Th1- and Th17- autoreactive T-cell subsets. We pretreated EAU-prone B6 mice with the uveitogenic peptide IRBP1–20 to determine whether ACAID is associated with decreased function of IFN-γ+ and IL-17+ pathogenic T cells. We also explored whether the generation of IL-17+ uveitogenic T cells was different in mice pretreated with the nonuveitogenic peptide IRBP161–180. We observed that the AC injection of the uveitogenic, but not the nonuveitogenic, antigen inhibited the development of EAU. We also observed that ACAID induced in mice with the uveitogenic peptide had decreased function of IFN-γ+ and IL-17+ uveitogenic T cells, with the latter affected more significantly. The inhibition of these effector T cells was mediated by increased regulatory T-cell activity.
An approximate analysis of the bearing capacity of prismatic rock pillars

Abstract An approximate analysis of the bearing capacity of prismatic rock pillars is presented in which the differential slice method is utilized. The rock is modelled as a rigid-perfectly plastic solid which obeys a linear or non-linear Mohr-Coulomb type yield condition. Two types of pillars are considered: a homogeneous one in contact with strong rock, and a pillar separated from the surrounding rock by a weak layer. The slices are selected from kinematical consideration of the failure mechanisms. The influence on the bearing capacity of the width to height ratio, and of the width to length ratio is analyzed in detail. The results are compared with some theoretical and empirical formulae suggested in the literature.
Principals as Boundary Spanners: Working Collaboratively To Solve Problems:

There are many reasons to be concerned about the condition of children. Some progress steadily through our public schools to higher education or the world of work, but poor academic performance and...
Wnt-Signaling in Retinal Development and Disease

The Wnt-signaling pathway is a known regulator of stem cell maintenance, cellular proliferation and differentiation, and cancer development in various tissues. Wnt proteins play a central role during various stages of retinal development; retinal field establishment, retinal and hyaloid vasculogeneis, cornea and lens development, eye field formation, and maintenance of retinal stem cell and neuronal specification in many species are Wnt-regulated processes. Uncontrolled Wnt signaling may cause retinal diseases such as familial exudative vitroretinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa, and Norrie’s disease, further underscoring the importance of the Wnt-signaling pathway in the retina. This review summarizes major developments and discoveries regarding the role of the Wnt-signaling pathway as it pertains to retinal development and disease.
A phasic-tonic proprioceptor in the telson of the crayfish Procambarus clarki (Girard)

A proprioceptor in the telson of the crayfish Procambarus clarki was found, which is made up of about five units. These show range fractionation, i.e. different threshold distributions and their response to bending of the telson has a transient and a stationary component. The peak frequencies reached during the period of the transient component were shown to increase with increasing bending velocity and had — with the exception of one case — the highest values when extension (contrary to flexion) was imposed. The position characteristic discharge frequencies of the stationary component and their variation with different telson positions were considerably smaller. The receptor signals movement and position to the central nervous system and is therefore called a phasictonic one.
Interferon‐γ differentially regulates antigen‐processing functions in distinct endocytic compartments of macrophages with constitutive expression of class II major histocompatibility complex molecules

RAW264.7 cells were transfected to express constitutively the murine class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC-II) molecule, I-Ak. The resulting RAW.Ak cells presented HEL(46-61) peptide to 3A9 T hybridoma cells, but they were unable to process and present HEL protein in their resting state. However, IFN-gamma stimulation induced the ability of RAW.Ak to process and present HEL protein, with little effect on their ability to present HEL(46-61) peptide. Antigen catabolism showed little change with IFN-gamma stimulation, suggesting that the production of peptides was not the regulated step in the processing pathway. Furthermore, HEL(46-61) peptide delivered directly into lysosomes by acid-resistant liposomes was also presented only upon IFN-gamma stimulation, while the presentation of peptides delivered into endosomes by acid-sensitive liposomes showed a lesser dependence on IFN-gamma stimulation. Thus, IFN-gamma regulated the ability of peptides delivered into certain lysosomal compartments to meet with MHC-II molecules and form peptide-MHC complexes, or to transport subsequently to the plasma membrane. Two other antigens, ribonuclease A and haemoglobin, were processed by RAW.Ak cells without IFN-gamma stimulation, suggesting that these antigens could be processed by different mechanisms, perhaps in earlier endocytic compartments. Thus, different antigens may be processed in distinct endocytic compartments, and an IFN-gamma-regulated mechanism controls the rescue of peptides from lysosomal compartments for presentation at the plasma membrane.
Telemetry Measured Body Temperature of Domestic Fowl at Various Ambient Temperatures

Adult, male Single Comb White Leghorn chickens (SCWL) were housed unrestrained in individual cages in a controlled environment room with a photoperiod of 12L:12D. By means of surgically implanted radio transmitter, body temperatures were recorded hourly for five consecutive days at each of six experimental temperatures: 23, 26, 29, 32, 35, and 38 C. The data were evaluated statistically by correlogram, periodogram, and harmonic analysis. Period length of each cycle was about 24 hr at all ambient temperatures. No significant differences in deep body temperature were observed until the ambient temperature reached 32 C; but highly significant increases were detected between 32, 35, and 38 C. Diurnal differences in body temperature ranged from .6 to 1.1 C. It has been suggested that the body temperature of male chicken may be under the control of a biological clock that synchronizes with the solar day.
Atmospheric forcing of the oceanic semidiurnal tide

[1] The principal solar semidiurnal tide (S2) in the ocean is forced by the pressure loading of the atmospheric thermal tide as well as by the gravitational tidal potential. This paper examines the effects of adding the atmospheric S2 forcing to a forward tide model. When the model is forced only by the gravitational potential, the S2 relative elevation error with respect to pelagic tide gauges is anomalously poor. After atmospheric S2 forcing is added, the relative error reduces to levels seen in other tidal constituents. In the global average, the atmospherically forced S2 ocean tide is 14.7 percent as large as the gravitationally forced S2 tide, and differs by about 109.4° in phase, consistent with the relative amplitudes and phases of the atmospheric and gravitational S2 forcings. Because the S2 air tide is periodic, the oceanic S2 tide represents a particularly clean test of the ability of numerical models to successfully replicate the oceanic response to atmospheric pressure loading.
FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES IN ISRAEL, 1950–54

THIS STUDY IS an investigation into the structure of the financial intermediaries in operation in Israel in 1950-54 and the factors that affected the development of the various specific groups of intermediaries. First, the role of financial intermediaries in an economic system is discussed in general terms: What are the variables that determine the level of funds demanded by economic units from financial intermediaries? Under what conditions will ultimate owners of funds hold financial assets? Can these assets be acquired directly as claims on the ultimate users of funds or indirectly as claims on the financial intermediaries? The effect of financial intermediaries in the economy is also analyzed: the operation of these organizations reduces the demand for cash holdings as an asset by substituting financial earning assets (claims on themselves) which are nearly as riskless and liquid as money but which pay a positive rate of interest. The framework in which financial intermediaries operate is applied to the specific experience of the Israeli economy. It is shown that, since real national output grew rapidly and the general price level rose even faster, there was no scarcity of opportunities to channel funds to ultimate users of funds. However, the inflation prevented financial assets from being acquired voluntarily by potential savers because of the decline in the purchasing power of these assets. Funds were made available for development either involuntarily, i.e., through the inflationary process which led to the expansion of the banking organizations, or through increased dependence on the international flow of capital. The import surplus which assisted in developing the Israeli economy was channeled through the government and Jewish Agency development budgets, and, as a result, the importance of the public and the quasi-public sectors in the economy increased. The effect of funds obtained from the government development budget led to a rapid growth of finance companies of the public and quasi-public sectors and was also felt on the development of other types of financial intermediaries.
Colocutaneous fistula after a PEG.

A 69-year-old manwith a history of traumatic brain injury had a PEG tube placed at the time of surgery for the injury; this tube was to be used to administer medications and nutrition.Twoweekslater,hewasnotedtohaveliquid,nonbloody diarrhea and weight loss. Stool studies showed no infectious etiology. A colonoscopy revealed the PEG button withinthedistaltransversecolon(A).AtthetimeofthePEG placement,thebutton hadbeenconfirmedtobewithinthe stomach. The patient underwent surgical repair of the fistula and replacement of the PEG, with immediate resolution of the diarrhea. DISCLOSURE
251 Pre Operative Preparation Bundle of Care: Listening to the Needs of the Paediatric Intensive Care (PICU) Patient and Family

251 Pre Operative Preparation Bundle of Care: Listening to the Needs of the Paediatric Intensive Care (PICU) Patient and Family
Measurement of the surface tension of mucin solutions

Abstract The surface tension of various mucin solutions at constant or varying pH was measured using the pendent drop method. The surface tension was independent of added electrolyte concentration, pH and mucin concentration. It only depended on the source of mucin. The results are related to the mechanism of bioadhesion between polymers and mucus.
Improvement of Axial Load Capacity of Elliptical Cylindrical Shells

DOI: 10.2514/1.37012 By varying the thickness of the cylinder wall with circumferential position, the axial buckling capacities of homogeneous, isotropic cylindrical shells with elliptical cross sections are improved. The classic buckling stress relation for a uniform-thickness homogeneous, isotropic circular cylindrical shell is applied to cylinders with ellipticalcrosssections.Itisassumedthatthisrelationcanbeusedtodesignthewallthicknessesofellipticalcylinders as a function of circumferential location to compensate for the negative effects of the variation of the radius of curvature with circumferential location. Three variable-thickness elliptical cylinder designs are proposed, and analytical expressions for the thickness variation, cross-sectional area, axial buckling stress, axial buckling stress resultant, and axial buckling load for each design are derived. Predictions from the analytical development are then compared with finite element analyses of the three designs. So-called small and large cylinders with three values of eccentricityareconsidered.Thecomparisonsbetweenthe finiteelementresultsandtheanalyticpredictionsarequite good. It is shown that considerable improvement in axial buckling capacity can be achieved with the thicknesstailoring technique, and in some cases the axial capacity of the circular cylinder with the same circumference is achieved.
Dietary fish oil enhances renal hypertrophy in experimental diabetes

Abstract Renal hypertrophy occurs early in the natural history of human and experimental diabetes and may be a manifestation of the same pathophysiological process which ultimately results in diabetic nephropathy. The precise biological events which stimulate and regulate this growth process remain incompletely understood. We postulated that renal eicosanoids contribute to the development of renal hypertrophy in diabetes. We elected to test the effects of suppression of dienoic eicosanoid metabolism (arachidonic acid metabolism) on renal hypertrophy in diabetic rats by feeding fish oil. Diabetic rats fed fish oil had markedly reduced insulin requirements compared to control rats pair-fed a beef tallow-rich diet. The concentrations of prostaglandin E 2 , 6-keto-prostaglandin F 1α , and thromboxane B 2 were depressed in the renal cortex of diabetic rats fed fish oil. This alteration in eicosanoid metabolism was associated with a substantial enhancement of diabetic renal hypertrophy. These results indicate that dietary fish oil has profound effects on renal eicosanoid metabolism in experimental diabetes and that these autocoids may participate in the biological events which regulate diabetic renal hypertrophy.
Electroseismic investigation of the shallow subsurface: Field measurements and numerical modeling

Recent studies have demonstrated that electroseismic phenomena in porous media have the potential to detect zones of high fluid mobility and fluid chemistry contrasts in the subsurface. However, there have only been a few field studies of these phenomena since they were first observed 60 years ago. None of these studies were able to support observations with an explicit comparison to results of full waveform modeling. In this paper, we demonstrate that the electroseismic phenomena in porous media can be observed in the field, explained, and modeled numerically, yielding a good agreement between the field and the synthetic data. We first outline the design of our field experiment and describe the procedure used to reduce noise in the electroseismic data. After that, we present and interpret the field data, demonstrating how and where different electroseismic signals originated in the subsurface. Finally, we model our field experiment numerically and demonstrate that the numerical results correctly simulate arrival times, polarity, and amplitude variation with offset behavior of the electroseismic signals measured in the field.
MORTALITY OF SEA OTTERS IN PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND FOLLOWING THE EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL

: This paper presents an estimate of the total number of sea otters that died as a direct consequence of the oil spill that occurred when the T/V Exxon Valdez grounded in Prince William Sound, Alaska on 24 March 1989. We compared sea otter counts conducted from small boats throughout the Sound during the summers of 1984 and 1985 to counts made after the spill during the summer of 1989. We used ratio estimators, corrected for sighting probability, to calculate otter densities and population estimates for portions of the Sound affected by the oil spill. We estimated the otter population in the portion of Prince William Sound affected by the oil was 6,546 at the time of the spill and that the post-spill population in the summer of 1989 was 3,898, yielding a loss estimate of approximately 2,650. Bootstrapping techniques were used to approximate confidence limits on the loss estimate of about 500–5,000 otters. The wide confidence limits are a result of the complex scheme required to estimate losses and limitations of the data. Despite the uncertainty of the loss estimate it is clear that a significant fraction of the otters in the spill zone survived. We observed otters persisting in relatively clean embayments throughout the oil spill zone suggesting that the highly convoluted coastline of Prince William Sound produced refuges that allowed some sea otters in the oil spill area to survive.
Deoxygenation and oxygen annealing of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ single observed in situ by 17O NMR

Abstract In situ 17 O NMR deoxygenation and oxygen annealing experiments have been carried out on single-crystal samples of Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+ δ . Single-crystal samples allow the previously unobservable (in powder samples) O(Bi) resonance to be obtained. This resonance is observed more readily at elevated temperature and in deoxygenated samples. There are three additional resonances compared with powder spectra, which appear to represent discrete sites rather than the broad distribution of sites suggested from X-ray data on the incommensurate displacement of the heavier atoms in this material. The shift of these O(Bi) resonances indicates that there is no Knight shift contribution to the total shift and hence no charge carriers in the Bi planes. 17 O Knight shifts are obtained for oxygens in the Cu planes and these change with oxygen content in the in situ experiments and after deoxygenation, implying that the superconducting transition temperature ( T c ) is inversely proportional to the O(Cu) Knight shift and therefore carrier concentration. The in situ annealing experiments give direct evidence that is the O(Bi) oxygens that exchange most readily in Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+ δ , being the most easily observed resonance as oxygen in the unenriched sample exchanges with 17 O-enriched O 2 annealing gas.
Hypertrophic osteopathy associated with a renal adenoma in a cat.

Hypertrophic osteopathy is a hyperostotic syndrome of the appendicular skeleton that is most commonly associated with intrathoracic neoplasia or inflammation. The condition is rarely associated wit...
Endoscopic laser repair of posterior glottic, subglottic and tracheal stenosis by division or micro-trapdoor flap.

Laryngeal and tracheal stenosis have been refractory to a wide variety of treatments including dilation, stents, or have required major open operation, e.g., laryngofissure with and without skin or mucosal grafts and segmental resection with larynx release. Adequate airway even when achieved was frequently at the expense of voice quality and significant morbidity or mortality. A new highly successful endoscopic technique is described for the treatment of posterior glottic stenosis (apparent bilateral vocal cord paralysis), subglottic stenosis, and tracheal stenosis up to 1 cm thick. The procedure involves the endoscopic use of the CO2 laser, and a micro-trapdoor mucosal flap. Ninety percent of the patients in the group studied obtained an adequate airway with good voice quality and no tracheotomy was required in those patients not already having one. In 19 patients there was no mortality and essentially no morbidity.
Diagnostic errors by radiology residents in interpreting pediatric radiographs in an emergency setting.

There are few data regarding the frequency and type of diagnostic errors made by radiology residents and fellows (“trainees”). However, increasing interest in reducing medical errors highlights the need to analyze which areas of medical knowledge are most problematic for physicians-in-training, including radiology trainees. Once these areas are identified, they can be emphasized during training. To quantify the diagnostic errors made by radiology trainees interpreting radiographs from a pediatric emergency department. A total of 23,273 dictations of emergency radiographs performed over a 1-year period at a pediatric hospital were analyzed for corrections after staff interpretation and for type and incidence of missed abnormalities by radiology trainees. Errors were categorized by type of pathology and anatomic region. Of the 80 errors detected, 90% were false negatives and 69% were recurrent. Most errors (69%) involved the diagnosis of fractures and/or dislocations. Sixty-one percent of all recurrent errors involved buckle, Salter II, avulsion, and transverse fractures—yet these cases constituted only 3% of all cases seen during the study period. The most common errors made by radiology trainees can be identified. By targeting these errors, training programs can improve the quality and relevance of the education they provide.
Removal of hydrogen sulfide from natural gas through an electrochemical membrane separator

An advanced process is developed for the separation of H[sub 2]S from natural gas through an electrochemical membrane. H[sub 2]S is removed from natural gas by reduction to the sulfide ion and H[sub 2] at the cathode. The sulfide ion migrates to the anode through a molten salt electrolyte suspended in an inert ceramic matrix. Once at the anode it is oxidized to elemental sulfur and swept away for condensation in an inert gas stream. The natural gas is enriched with H[sub 2]. Order-of-magnitude reductions in H[sub 2]S concentration have been repeatedly recorded on a single pass through the cell. This process allows removal of H[sub 2]S, while producing H[sub 2] and elemental sulfur directly. No absorbent are used, and there is no need for subsequent treatment of concentrated H[sub 2]S stream as with conventional gas sweetening technology. This makes the process economically attractive, since it is much less equipment-intensive than conventional technology.
Forensic psychiatric/mental health nursing: behind closed doors.

Incidents like the shootings in Arizona earlier this year bring to public attention the fact that there are members of our society who are mentally disturbed and who also may commit sometimes serious crimes. Although most of the debate centers on how to prevent these crimes, the fact that these perpetrators have to be cared for remains. Forensic psychiatric nurses care for clients who have broken the law, sometimes through committing crimes that are heinous and grab the public’s attention. When public interest has waned, these clients still need psychiatric treatment, often for very long periods, and sometimes for the remainder of their lives. Once high-profile offenders are imprisoned or placed in forensic inpatient settings, any remaining public attention is typically on victims and on prevention strategies—How can we recognize “disturbed” individuals before they commit such atrocities? What went wrong? Relative to the incarcerated offender, the public breathes a collective sigh of relief—out of sight, out of mind. On the other end of the public attention spectrum, perpetrators of crimes known only to the victims and the legal system are considered criminals first, mentally ill
Hybrid dynamic systems: mode transition behavior in hybrid dynamic systems

Physical system modeling benefits from the use of implicit equations because it is often an intuitive way to describe physical constraints and behaviors. To achieve efficient models, model abstraction may lead to idealized component behavior that switches between modes of operation (e.g., an electrical diode may be on or off) based on inequalities (e.g., voltage > 0). In an explicit representation, the combination of these local mode switches leads to a combinatorial explosion of the number of global modes. It is shown how an implicit formulation can be used to formulate these mode switches, thereby circumventing the combinatorial problem. This leads to the use of differential and algebraic equations (DAEs) for each of the modes. In case these DAEs are of high index, jumps in generalized state variables may occur. In combination with the inequalities that define mode switching, this leads to rich and complex mode transition behavior. An overview of this mode switching behavior and an ontology is presented.
Measuring Dissociation Rate Constants of Protein Complexes through Subunit Exchange: Experimental Design and Theoretical Modeling

Protein complexes are dynamic macromolecules that constantly dissociate into, and simultaneously are assembled from, free subunits. Dissociation rate constants, koff, provide structural and functional information on protein complexes. However, because all existing methods for measuring koff require high-quality purification and specific modifications of protein complexes, dissociation kinetics has only been studied for a small set of model complexes. Here, we propose a new method, called Metabolically-labeled Affinity-tagged Subunit Exchange (MASE), to measure koff using metabolic stable isotope labeling, affinity purification and mass spectrometry. MASE is based on a subunit exchange process between an unlabeled affinity-tagged variant and a metabolically-labeled untagged variant of a complex. The subunit exchange process was modeled theoretically for a heterodimeric complex. The results showed that koff determines, and hence can be estimated from, the observed rate of subunit exchange. This study provided the theoretical foundation for future experiments that can validate and apply the MASE method.
Separation of the 2- and 6-Nitro-3-Acetamido-4-Chlorobenzoic Acid Precursors of a Potent Hydroxyanthranilic Acid Oxygenase Inhibitor by pH-Zone-Refining-Countercurrent Chromatography

Abstract Multigram quantities of 2- and 6-nitro-3-acetamido-4-chlorobenzoic acids were separated by pH-zone-refining CCC. A two-phase solvent system composed of methyl tertiary-butyl ether, acetonitrile and water was employed using trifluoroacetic acid as a displacer acid in the organic mobile phase and ammonia as a retainer base in the aqueous stationary phase.
Effects of gamma irradiation on the mechanisms of sperm transfer in Trichoplusia ni

Abstract The mechanisms involved in the transfer of sperm by unirradiated and irradiated cabbage loopers were studied by live dissection of the female immediately after the initiation of mating. This technique allows for observation of the entire mating and sperm transfer process. Failure of gamma-sterilized (30 krad.) adult male cabbage loopers to transfer sperm to the spermatheca was due to the inability of the irradiated males properly to incorporate sperm into the spermatophore bulb. The time required for mating was significantly longer for gamma-sterilized male moths. The timing of the insertion of the spermatophore, inflating the spermatophore bulb, and the inclusion of sperm into the bulb was altered in irradiated moths. Most irradiated males studied everted their endophallus early and ejaculated into the bursa copulatrix. Since eupyrene sperm have no motility until reaching the spermatheca, they have no way of being utilized for fertilization. A fraction of the apyrene sperm, on the other hand, find their way from the bursa copulatrix to the spermatheca since this type of sperm is motile at the time of ejaculation. Apyrene sperm being anucleate cannot effect fertilization so that radio-sterilization of the cabbage looper is essentially due to lack of sperm utilizable by the female. Irradiated males ejaculated the same number of eupyrene and apyrene bundles as the controls. These studies indicate that the elicitation of the ovipositional response is initiated by one or more of the male accessory secretions which must be incorporated into the spermatophore bulb to be effective.
Efficient design methodology for microwave frequency multiplexers using infinite-array prototype circuits

Frequency multiplexers of the manifold type, in which individual channel filters connect to a main trunk line without the use of isolating directional circuit components, are noted for their compactness, achieved through controlled signal interactions among channel circuits. A major drawback often associated with manifold designs is the potentially large number of network variables that must be handled simultaneously. The new multiplexer design approach being presented utilizes infinite-array prototype circuits based on logarithmic-periodic principles which, in turn, allow a significant reduction in the simultaneous-variable count. The technique is not confined to manifold architectures and can accommodate both contiguous and noncontiguous channels with a wide variety of frequency band allocations. The versatility of the approach is illustrated by two experimental contiguous-band five-channel multiplexer circuits that operate at C- and X-band frequencies, with one circuit designed for equal fractional bandwidths of 20%, and the other for constant absolute bandwidths of 800 MHz. These examples are believed to represent the first practical and successful utilizations of logarithmic periodicity in microwave multiport network design. >
Physically literate and physically educated: A rose by any other name?

Abstract In the 2013 release of the U.S. National Physical Education Standards the term “physically literate” replaced “physically educated”. Unfortunately, most discourse within the profession about the term physically literate occurred primarily after its adoption. While we agree with the spirit and intent of the term, we feel it is essential to discuss not only what has been potentially gained but also lost. In our paper, we illustrate the similarity of the terms physically educated and physically literate and essentially, from a definitional perspective, find little difference—but are these terms interchangeable? We provide a critical review of the standards and conclude that the change to physical literacy has produced a shift away from psychomotor outcomes to cognitive outcomes. Our concerns about this are many, but most importantly they are about the need to emphasize the “physical” in physical education (PE). It is our belief that the key to elevating the profession and maintaining and increasing support for PE is in its ability to promote and provide physical activity. Without physical activity and physical fitness as main outcomes, PE increases its vulnerability to extinction as a standard part of the U.S. K-12 education curriculum.
Small-angle neutron scattering study of the wet and dry high-temperature oxidation of alumina- and chromia-forming stainless steels

Foils of T347 stainless steel and a developmental alumina-forming austenitic (AFA) stainless steel were oxidized at 800 C in dry air, air with 10% H2O, and air with 10% D2O. The T347 foils exhibited a transition to rapid Fe-base oxide formation between 24 and 72 h of exposure in H2O and D2O, but exhibited protective Cr-rich oxide formation in dry air. In contrast, only thin, protective Al-rich oxide surfaces were observed for the AFA alloy foils under all conditions studied. Changes in the small angle neutron scattering (SANS) signal were observed for the T347 stainless steel as a function of oxidation time in dry air, attributed to oxide grain growth and porosity formation/partial scale detachment associated with spinel phase at the scale/gas interface. For the AFA alloy, only minor changes in scattering as a result of oxidation time were observed. For both T347 and AFA, similar scattering was observed in dry and wet air (H2O and D2O) exposure. This finding indicates that water vapor exposure did not induce significant morphological changes in the oxide scales (such as increased porosity) in the 5-300 nm size regime accessed by SANS.
S-Ku band intelligent amplifier microsystem

Progress-to-date of a S-Ku band intelligent amplifier microsystem is presented. Performance objectives are 0.5 Watt with 30%-55% power added efficiency across the band using a total of 10 RF MEMS. GaAs-to-GaAs and Borosilicate-to-GaAs low temperature (<250C) indium-gold wafer bonding is employed to provide hermeticity and integration of the pHEMT transistor with the RF MEMS. The compact mixed signal microsystem, 2 inches by 3 inches, utilizes an existing data processor with an intelligent control algorithm which optimizes the input and output circuit matching networks for optimal performance.
Atomic line spectra from electron-bombarded KCl:Tl and KBr:Tl crystals

Abstract Optical emission spectra obtained from electron-bombarded KCl:Tl and KBR:Tl crystals are reported. The spectra consist of sharp lines and broad bands. The broad bands are due to the characteristic Tl+ emission. The sharp lines coincide in energy with emission lines from electronic transitions of isolated neutral potassium atoms. The production of the excited state potassium atoms was found to depend on the incident beam current. A linear dependence was found in the low current region, a third power dependence for intermediate currents, and greater than third power dependence for high currents.
Axially-doped n + -p − -n + and p + -n − -p + silicon nanowires: vapor-liquid-solid growth and field effect transistor characterization

Engineering materials at the nanoscale by combining controlled nanomaterial synthesis and directed assembly methods offers the potential to create new electronic and optical devices with improved performance and functionality. Semiconductor nanowires have been of particular interest as a model system for studying new physical phenomena arising from their scaled geometries as well as for applications in high performance vertical transistors, thin film electronic, electro-optical, and sensing devices and circuits. However, the use of relatively immature nanowire growth, in-situ doping, and device integration processes have made it difficult to elucidate and compare the electrical transport properties across different device platforms (e.g., nanowire versus planar) and length scales. This talk will describe recent results showing that thermally-oxidized in-situ axially-doped n+-p--n+ and p+-n--p+ silicon nanowires (20 to 50 run in diameter) grown by the vapor-liquid-solid technique can be used to fabricate stable and reproducible n- and p-channel top-gate and wrap-around-gate field effect transistors (FETs) that operate by inversion ofthe channel and have both high on-state current (Ion) and on/off-state current ratio (Ion/Ioff). Control measurements using back-gated device structures that separately probe the properties of the heavily-doped source/drain regions and lightly-doped channel region confirm that radial thin film deposition on the channel is prevented during vapor-liquid-solid growth of the second heavily-doped nanowire segment, which is necessary for fabricating complementary field effect transistors using these silicon nanowires. The effective mobility estimated from the measured channel resistance of n+-p--n+ and p+-n--p+ silicon nanowire FETs having 1 ?m-long channels will be provided and related to planar devices. Finally, the properties of the top-gate and wrap-around-gate n- and p-channel silicon nanowire FETs will be compared as a function of global back gate bias.
Dual-output dc-dc buck converters with bidirectional and unidirectional characteristics

This study presents single-input double-output unidirectional and bidirectional dc-dc buck converters, for applications that demand two dc-controlled output voltages. The proposed converters present a component count reduction and it is considered as a monolithic device with two output voltages generated by the same power converter. The main advantages of the proposed converters are reduction of costs and better power losses distribution among the semiconductor devices. Besides the proposal of suitable power converters, this study presents their models, control strategies, modulation approaches and design specification. The selected simulated and experimental results are presented as well.
Predictive sentence processing in L2 and L1: What is different?

There is ample evidence that native speakers anticipate upcoming information at various levels during sentence comprehension. In contrast, some studies on late second-language (L2) learners support the view that L2 learners do not anticipate information during processing, or at least, not to the same extent as native speakers do. In the current paper, I propose that native and L2 speakers are underlyingly the same as far as sentence processing mechanisms are concerned, and that potential differences in anticipatory behavior can be accounted for by the same factors that drive individual differences in native speakers; in particular, differences in frequency biases, competing information, the accuracy and consistency of the lexical representation, and task-induced effects. Suggestions for future research are provided.
Retrospective voting and strategic behavior in European Parliament elections

Abstract Since no ‘responsible’ continental party system has yet emerged to provide stable cues to European Parliament (EP) voters, they are left to choose between their countries’ domestic parties. Though the large majority of participants act just as they did in the previous national election, some switch their votes. This essay investigates the divergence between EP and national election results, finding evidence that voters who change their behavior often act in a rational manner. Two empirical regularities have been reported in the literature on EP electoral outcomes, and two theories posited to explain them. First, parties that hold power in domestic governments tend to do poorly in EP races, with their greatest losses coming when the elections fall midway through their tenures. Previous explanations of this phenomenon focus on a natural ‘cycle of popularity’ that all governments face. I test the competing theory that this cycle is not natural but driven by retrospective judgements of a government’s record. Macroeconomic performance, rather than time itself, is the key explanatory factor. Second, minor parties tend to improve upon their domestic vote totals in EP elections. Is this because voters who have become unhappy with major parties use European races, which usually fall between domestic contests, to cast a protest vote? I consider this theory along with an alternative explanation in which voters move to small parties even though their preferences remain stable. The different electoral rules that govern EP races and the lower stakes involved provide voters with new strategic incentives, which guide their votes. Tests of these four theories using aggregate election returns from every EP contest along with survey data from the 1994 races provide much evidence of retrospective voting and strategic behavior.
Framework for Conceptual Change.

Students often enter introductory courses lacking a consistent conceptual framework about natural sciences, and after traditional instruction, many experience little change in conceptual understanding. This article analyzes the nature and origin of misconceptions and discusses how they are formed and where they come from. It explains why it is so difficult to change students’ concepts. This article also reviews Posner et al.’s (1982) conceptual change model and elaborates how and under what conditions it can be employed to modify students’ preexisting concepts. Various challenges of that conceptual change model are discussed. How to teach to provoke conceptual change is discussed in a further paper.
Formation of a very thin current sheet in the near-earth magnetotail and the explosive growth phase of substorms

A magnetofricional method is used to construct two-dimensional MHD equilibria of the Earth's magnetosphere for a given distribution of entropy functions(S = pV(exp gamma), where p is the plasma pressure and V is the tube volume per unit magnetic flux. It is found that a very thin current sheet with B (sub zeta) is less than 0.5 nu T and thickness less than 1000 km can be formed in the near-earth magnetotail (x is approximately -8 to -20R(sub e) during the growth phase of substorm. The tail current sheets are found to become thinner as the entropy or the entropy gradient increases. It is suggested that the new entropy anti-diffusion instability associated with plasma transport across field lines leads to magnetic field dipolarization and accelerates the formation of thin current sheet, which may explain the observed explosive growth phase of substorms.
Phase coupling for horizontal microcode generation

Microcode for mass produced architectures is still predominantly generated by hand. Yet, as speed dictates the vertical migration of commonly executed functions to microcode, the demand for automated code generation increases.Though considerably more complex than phase-decoupled methods, phase-coupled methods for the generation of horizontal microcode have the potential to produce more highly optimized microcode. Results of the retargetable phase-coupled microcode compiler, Horizon, are presented and directions suggested.
Quantification of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase activity in human placentae: development of a protocol suitable for studying effects of environmental exposures on human metabolism.

Summary Several issues regarding measurement of placental AHH and 7ECD activity were studied, and standardized procedures that appeared more suitable than previous assay procedures for measurement of MFO induction in epidemiological studies were adopted. In the AHH assay, deletion of the rat-liver supernatant eliminated a possible extraneous contribution to measurement of low levels of AHH activity and did not substantially affect measurement of higher levels of activity. Increasing the protein concentration of placentae homogenate from 2 to 6 mg, and the length of the incubation time from 20 to 60 min, allowed for accumulation of more BaP products, potentially maximizing the detection of low levels of AHH activity. Use of tissue homogenates made the procedure more convenient and did not appear to interfere with interindividual comparisons of activity. Assay of homogenates of fresh and frozen tissue from the same placenta gave similar results, so that frozen tissue was adopted for convenience and replicability. Although a potential problem for specimens with high AHH activity, degradation of product(s) was modest in AHH assays of human placenta. The efficiency of extraction of fluorescent products declined with increasing protein concentrations in the reaction mixture of AHH assays, but it was stable for a range of product concentrations, and could be controlled by the use of a constant amount of protein per assay. Recovery of product for the 7ECD assay was more complete and was not affected by protein concentration. Additionally, the 7ECD activity was easily detected in every placenta, regardless of smoking exposure. However, in this study the AHH assay appeared to be better at discriminating between non-smokers and smokers. These observations, and the potential differences in the spectrum of agents causing induction of mixedfunction oxidases, suggest that both assays are potentially useful measures of human MFO induction in clinical or epidemiological studies.
Diastereoselectivity of Enolate Anion Protonation. H/D Exchange of β-Substituted Ethyl Butanoates in Ethanol-d

The stereochemistry of base-catalyzed H/D exchange on 13 β-substituted ethyl butanoates in ethanol-d has been studied in order to analyze the steric and electronic factors which control the diastereoselectivity of electrophilic attack on enolate anions. Electrophilic deuteration of the enolate anion also determines the stereoselectivity of 1,4-conjugate addition of ethanol-d to α,β-unsaturated esters. Experimental conditions were selected which rigorously exclude the effects of ion pairing and aggregation. The research showed that stereoelectronic factors generally produce higher stereoselection than steric effects do. Electronegative heteroatom substituents at C-3 produced a 10:1 ratio of the 2R*,3R*/2R*,3S* 2-deuteriobutanoates. In the most stable transition states for electrophilic attack, these electronegative substituents occupy an antiperiplanar position to the forming C−D bond. Only with a β-tert-butyl substituent did steric effects produce high stereoselection, and it fell off rapidly with a decre...
Once a friend, always a friend? Effects of homophily on women's support networks across a decade☆

Abstract This study uses data collected on 42 women and 432 members of their social networks across a 10-year period beginning with the women's return to school in midlife. The paper addresses three questions: (1) To what extent did the same individuals continue to be active members of the women's social support networks across the decade; (2) to what extent did educational similarity explain which individuals continued to be active members of the women's networks; and (3) did educational similarity explain patterns of both support and socializing? The analyses revealed that between one-quarter and one-third of the associates named as sources of school/work support, general emotional support or socializing continued to be named 10 years after the first interview. The analyses also demonstrated that associates' educational attainment was important in explaining which individuals continued to serve as sources of support for school/work; however, educational attainment was not important in explaining which associates continued to serve as sources of either general emotional support or socializing.