cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Excitatory actions of substance P in the rat lateral posterior nucleus.

The lateral posterior nucleus (LP) receives inputs from both neocortex and superior colliculus (SC), and is involved with integration and processing of higher-level visual information. Relay neurons in LP contain tachykinin receptors and are innervated by substance P (SP)-containing SC neurons and by layer V neurons of the visual cortex. In this study, we investigated the actions of SP on LP relay neurons using whole-cell recording techniques. SP produced a graded depolarizing response in LP neurons along the rostro-caudal extent of the lateral subdivision of LP nuclei (LPI), with a significantly larger response in rostral LPI neurons compared with caudal LPI neurons. In rostral LPI, SP (5-2000 n M ) depolarized nearly all relay neurons tested (> 98%) in a concentration-dependent manner. Voltage-clamp experiments revealed that SP produced an inward current associated with a decreased conductance. The inward current was mediated primarily by neurokinin receptor (NK) 1 tachykinin receptors, although significantly smaller inward currents were produced by specific NK 2 and NK 3 receptor agonists. The selective NK 1 receptor antagonist RP67580 attenuated the SP-mediated response by 71.5% and was significantly larger than the attenuation of the SP response obtained by NK 2 and NK 3 receptor antagonists, GR159897 and SB222200, respectively. The SP-mediated response showed voltage characteristics consistent with a K + conductance, and was attenuated by Cs + , a K + channel blocker. Our data suggest that SP may modulate visual information that is being processed and integrated in the LPI with inputs from collicular sources.
Nucleus basalis neurons exhibit axonal branching with decreased impulse conduction velocity in rat cerebrocortex

Abstract Single neurons in the basal forebrain (nucleus basalis area) were antidromically activated from the frontal or parietal cortex in anesthetized rats. Wide ranges of antidromic latencies were observed overall, with frontal and parietal stimulation yielding values ranging from 1.0 to 26.0 ms and 1.6–24.0 ms, respectively. Individual neurons often exhibited multiple antidromic latencies, such that deeper sites of stimulation or greater stimulation amplitudes generally yielded discretely different, shorter latencies than more superficial sites or lower amplitudes of stimulation. Single neurons were also often driven from neighboring sites (1–2 mm apart) within the frontal cortex, but no cell was coactivated from both frontal and parietal cortices. Finally, patterns and rates of spontaneous activity varied markedly among these cortically projecting neurons, with some cells being non-spontaneous and others exhibiting tonic rates of 30–40 Hz. Impulse waveforms also differed among driven cells, from relatively low-amplitude, negative spikes to large-amplitude, entirely positive spikes in unfiltered signals. These results indicate that cortically projecting, putatively cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain form a physiologically heterogeneous population in terms of impulse conduction velocity, spontaneous discharge, and spike waveforms. Our finding of multiple antidromic latencies and driving from neighboring sites indicate that these fibers may be highly branched in local terminal fields, but that individual cells may project exclusively to a single cortical area. Faster conduction velocities for deep compared to superficial cortical stimulation sites imply that these fibers may become non-myelinated upon entering cortical terminal fields, or that they may become markedly thinner as they travel within the cortex. This system of cholinergic cortical afferents differs in many physiologic aspects from the other non-thalamic cortical input systems of catecholamine or indoleamine neurons.
Anxieties without borders: The United States, Europe and their southern neighbours

(2005). Anxieties without borders: The United States, Europe and their southern neighbours. The International Spectator: Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 59-82.
Position-momentum uncertainty products for exactly solvable potentials

The author shows how the position-momentum uncertainty products may be obtained analytically for the eigenstates of the exactly solvable symmetric Poeschl-Teller, symmetric Rosen-Morse, and one-dimensional Morse potentials.
Laser direct write for release of SiO 2 MEMS and nano-scale devices

We have developed a novel process for releasing MEMS and nano-scale devices formed in SiO2 on a Si substrate. Current approaches for releasing MEMS made of SiO2 use wet chemical etches (e.g. EDTA or KOH) or gas phase chemical etches such as xenon difluoride. These approaches are inherently messy and difficult to control. We have shown that it is possible to release patterned SiO2 structures using a direct write laser assisted chemical etching technique. The developed process removes Si only from the immediate area leaving behind the SiO2 device. The technique allows the surrounding larger area of the Si wafer to be conserved for use in packaging or integration with electronics. Further, as the release is accomplished in the gas phase, we see none of the problems of "stiction" associated with a liquid etch release process. In fact, we have found this method to be so gentle that we have been able to release devices made from SiO2 films on the order of hundreds of nanometers.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
OSHA--interpretation for the industrial hygienist.

This is a critical analysis of some of the industrial hygiene aspects of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, with special emphasis on scientific interpretation. The ability of the Act to achieve its intended purpose of protectiug the health of workers is entirely dependent on the prudence with which the administrating federal agency, the Department of Labor, employs the discretion granted to it by Congress.
Studies on the nature of the replicating DNA in Escherichia coli infected with certain amber mutants of phage T4.

The DNA synthesized in restrictive bacteria following infection by various amber mutants of phage T4 that are defective in DNA synthesis or maturation was examined. None of the infections resulted in the production of normal, 200 s, replicating DNA ( Frankel, 1966 b ), which, however, was found both in restrictive and permissive cells after infection with the wild-type phage. Two mutants produced DNA fragments, while one caused the appearance of a 400s structure. Mixed infection of restrictive cells with the amber mutants resulted in the appearance of normal replicating DNA. Infection of the permissive strain by the individual phages resulted in the production of fast-sedimenting DNA, although some evidence of the mutant defect could still be observed in two of the infections.
Wage-Setting Measures: A Survey and Assessment

Wage setting has been one of the most heavily studied institutions in the field of comparative political economy over the past two decades, and quantitative measures of wage-setting arrangements have played a major role in this research. Yet the proliferation of such measures in recent years presents researchers with a sizable array from which to choose. In addition, some scholars are rather skeptical about the validity and/or reliability of these measures. This article offers a survey and assessment of fifteen wage-setting measures. It attempts to answer questions about (1) how these indicators differ from one another in conceptualization and measurement strategy; (2) which are the most valid and reliable; (3) the strengths and weaknesses of measures of wage centralization versus those of wage coordination; (4) particular countries or time periods for which there are noteworthy discrepancies in scoring; (5) how sensitive empirical findings are to the choice of wage-setting measure.
The response time of transcription and translation of the leu-2 gene of Neurospora to its inducer, α-isopropylmalate, approaches the permissible minimum

The rate of transcription and translation of the leu-2 gene of Neurospora crassa was measured after induction by alpha-isopropylmalate. Little message of enzyme was found before inducer addition but transcription in the lower eukaryote was found well underway within five minutes after inducer addition, followed in a minute or two by the appearance of functional enzyme. The timing was close to the limit set by RNA synthesis and ribosome procession. As a consequence, it seems unlikely that traversal of the cell and/or nuclear membranes by the inducer and message involves intermediate synthetic reactions and that the leu-3 positive regulatory element is fully available for participation in the induction process before the inducer is added. A significant overshoot in message synthesis was found early in the induction process. This is discussed with respect to previously observed effects of the inducer on general RNA synthesis.
Electrical conductivity measurements during the thermal decomposition reaction of ammonium metavanadate

Electrical conductivity vs. temperature curve shows all characteristic peaks due to individual stages of the thermal decomposition reaction of NH4VO3, including the stage of formation of the anhydrous ammonium divanadate at ∼150°, obtainable only under special experimental conditions on TG, DTG, and DTA curves. It is suggested that such measurements can be used for detecting and/or confirming the existence of intermediate solid products of decomposition in case they are difficult to be identified.
Mars: The next steps

In 1993, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) began the Mars Surveyor program to fly small, focused missions to Mars at every launch opportunity (2-year intervals) using the “faster, better, cheaper” approach championed by administrator Dan Goldin. NASA's plans are now under intense scrutiny because of the loss of all spacecraft arriving at Mars within the past six months. Panels commissioned to study the failures have released reports enumerating technical, managerial, and program problems and made recommendations to address these lapses. Recent events also provide an opportunity to reconsider the larger picture of Mars exploration: What are the program's goals within the context of both the scientific community and the society that supports it, and what is the best strategy to achieve those goals?
ATTA – A new method of ultrasensitive isotope trace analysis

Abstract A new method of ultrasensitive isotope trace analysis has been developed. This method, based on the technique of laser manipulation of neutral atoms, has been used to count individual 85Kr and 81Kr atoms present in a natural krypton gas sample with isotopic abundances in the range of 10−11 and 10−13, respectively. This method is free of contamination from other isotopes and elements and can be applied to various different isotope tracers for a wide range of applications. The demonstrated detection efficiency is 1×10−7. System improvements could increase the efficiency by many orders of magnitude.
Resilience against discrimination: Ethnic identity and other-group orientation as protective factors for Korean Americans

This study investigated the resilience of 84 Korean American college students in the context of perceived ethnic discrimination. Two cultural resources, multidimensional ethnic identity and other-group orientation, were hypothesized as protective factors that moderate the negative effects of discrimination. Only 1 aspect of ethnic identity was found to have a moderation effect. Specifically, ethnic identity pride operated as a protective-reactive factor that moderated the effects of discrimination on depressive symptoms and social connectedness but not on self-esteem. Ethnic identity pride and perceived discrimination had first-order effects on self-esteem.
Fatigue and non-fatigue mathematical muscle models during functional electrical stimulation of paralyzed muscle.

Abstract Electrical muscle stimulation demonstrates potential for preventing muscle atrophy and restoring functional movement after spinal cord injury (SCI). Control systems used to optimize delivery of electrical stimulation protocols depend upon the algorithms generated using computational models of paralyzed muscle force output. The Hill–Huxley-type model, while being highly accurate, is also very complex, making it difficult for real-time implementation. In this paper, we propose a Wiener–Hammerstein system to model the paralyzed skeletal muscle under electrical stimulus conditions. The proposed model has substantial advantages in identification algorithm analysis and implementation including computational complexity and convergence, which enable it to be used in real-time model implementation. Experimental data sets from the soleus muscles of 14 subjects with SCI were collected and tested. The simulation results show that the proposed model outperforms the Hill–Huxley-type model not only in peak force prediction, but also in fitting performance for force output of each individual stimulation train.
A large eddy in the central Arctic Ocean

[1] Long-term moored measurements of temperature, salinity, and velocity over the abyssal plain near the North Pole show a rich array of eddy-like structures over a wide range of depths. Here we demonstrate an anticyclone that extends from the surface to at least 1700 m, is about 60 km across, and has a likely origin along the Eurasian continental margin.
Jupiter's Great Red Spot - A free atmospheric vortex

A simple hydrodynamic model yields steady-state solutions with many of the properties of the Great Red Spot and the neighboring belts and zones of Jupiter. No special forcing mechanism is necessary to maintain the circulation of the Spot. This is consistent with observations which indicate that the Great Red Spot and the zones have similar dynamic properties.
Somatostatin: historical aspects.

Reichlin S. Somatostatin: historical aspects.Somatostatin, in essence an almost universal chalone, initially described as a 14 amino-acid-long peptide that inhibits growth hormone (GH) release, has been shown to be one of a family of related peptides, ubiquitous in distribution and versatile as a paracrine factor with a potentially important role in the regulation of gut, pancreatic, and nervous system function, in addition to its well-recognized influence on the pituitary secretion of GH and thyroid-stimulating hormone. With the development of new super agonists, it has become possible to manipulate the endocrine milieu, to modify gut, pancreatic, and pituitary function, and, in the case of several diseases such as acromegaly and intractable diarrhoea, to make a significant advance in therapy.
Cloning and characterization of ftsZ and pyrF from the archaeon Thermoplasma acidophilum.

To characterize cytoskeletal components of archaea, the ftsZ gene from Thermoplasma acidophilum was cloned and sequenced. In T. acidophilum ftsZ, which is involved in cell division, was found to be in an operon with the pyrF gene, which encodes orotidine-5'-monophosphate decarboxylase (ODC), an essential enzyme in pyrimidine biosynthesis. Both ftsZ and pyrF from T. acidophilum were expressed in Escherichia coli and formed functional proteins. FtsZ expression in wild-type E. coli resulted in the filamentous phenotype characteristic of ftsZ mutants. T. acidophilum pyrF expression in an E. coli mutant lacking pyrF complemented the mutation and rescued the strain. Sequence alignments of ODCs from archaea, bacteria, and eukarya reveal five conserved regions, two of which have homology to 3-hexulose-6-phosphate synthase (HPS), suggesting a common substrate recognition and binding motif.
Predictability of the clinical course of juvenile dermatomyositis based on initial muscle biopsy: a retrospective study of 72 patients.

Objective Except when the diagnosis of juvenile dermatomyositis (DM) is in doubt, a case has not been made for routine muscle biopsy (MB). We sought to determine whether MB findings prior to systemic therapy have prognostic value. Methods We reviewed the hospital records and slides prepared from the initial open MB of 72 patients treated at one center between 1977 and 2002 and followed for a minimum of 2 years. None of the patients had received a course of systemic corticosteroid therapy at the time of MB. Our approach to MB evaluation was based on recent discussions with muscle pathology experts to develop criteria for assessing inflammation, vasculopathy, myofiber atrophy, regeneration, acute and chronic myopathic change, and stromal changes. Using simple and multivariate logistic regression, we tested each MB parameter for ability to predict outcome using 2 published classification systems. Results Extensive active myopathic changes (excluding regeneration) and central nuclei without basophilia predicted chronic juvenile DM. Severe arteropathic change, positive arterial direct immunofluorescence, obvious foci of severe capillary loss/endomysial fibrosis, and muscle infarcts predicted chronic juvenile DM, particularly with ulceration. Other MB parameters, regardless of severity, were not significant predictors of chronic juvenile DM versus limited disease. Conclusion A scoring system for evaluating pretreatment MB in juvenile DM that focuses on extent of necrotizing myopathy, severity of vasculopathy, and features of established chronicity such as central nucleation of nonbasophilic myofibers may provide a basis for stratification of therapeutic regimens according to risk for chronic disease. The validity of our findings should be prospectively tested.
Neuropilin 2/semaphorin 3F signaling is essential for cranial neural crest migration and trigeminal ganglion condensation.

In the head of vertebrate embryos, neural crest cells migrate from the neural tube into the presumptive facial region and condense to form cranial ganglia and skeletal elements in the branchial arches. We show that newly formed neural folds and migrating neural crest cells express the neuropilin 2 (npn2) receptor in a manner that is highly conserved in amniotes. The repulsive npn2 ligand semaphorin (sema) 3F is expressed in a complementary pattern in the mouse. Furthermore, mice carrying null mutations for either npn2 or sema3F have abnormal cranial neural crest migration. Most notably, “bridges” of migrating cells are observed crossing between neural crest streams entering branchial arches 1 and 2. In addition, trigeminal ganglia fail to form correctly in the mutants and are improperly condensed and loosely organized. These data show that npn2/sema3F signaling is required for proper cranial neural crest development in the head.
A comparison of the carbohydrate binding properties of two Dolichos biflorus lectins.

The carbohydrate binding properties of theDolichos biflorus seed lectin and DB58, a vegetative tissue lectin from this plant, were compared using two types of solid phase assays. Both lectins bind to hog blood group A + H substance covalently coupled to Sepharose 4B and this binding can be inhibited with free blood group A + H substance. However, the binding of the seed lectin is inhibited byD-GalNAc whereas DB58 binding was not inhbited by any monosaccharide tested, thus suggesting that its carbohydrate combining site may be more extensive than that of the seed lectin. The activities of these two lectins also differ from one another in ability to recognize blood group A + H substance adsorbed on to plastic and in the effects of salt and urea on their carbohydrate binding activities. Neither lectin showed glycosidase activity with p-nitrophenyl α-D-GalNAc or p-nitrophenyl β-D-GalNAc.
Comparison of the treatment outcome of pubovaginal sling, tension-free vaginal tape, and transobturator tape for stress urinary incontinence with intrinsic sphincter deficiency

Objective The aim of this study was to compare the treatment outcome of 3 sling procedures for stress urinary incontinence with intrinsic sphincter deficiency. Study Design This retrospective study included 253 patients who underwent incontinence surgery (pubovaginal sling [PVS] = 87, tension-free vaginal tape [TVT] = 94, and transobturator tape [TOT] = 72) for urodynamic stress incontinence with intrinsic sphincter deficiency. Analysis of variance, χ 2 test, Fisher's exact test, Kaplan–Meier survival analysis, and Cox proportional hazard regression were used for statistical analysis. Results Overall complication rates were not significantly different. At 2 years postoperatively, the cumulative cure rates of the PVS, TVT, and TOT groups were significantly different (87.25%, 86.94%, and 34.89%, respectively; P Conclusion PVS and TVT were more efficacious, but the long-term cure rates were low.
Gas emissions from landfills and their contributions to global warming

Abstract The contribution of methane from UK landfills is described in relation to total gas emissions to the atmosphere and how these have been shown to contribute to global warming. The known effects that methane has on the atmosphere are reviewed and the relationship to those effects caused by other greenhouse gases is described. A methodology utilized in assessing the quantity of landfill gas emitted from landfill sites is described, as are the main principles used in a gas generation model. Results of a survey, field trials and categorisation of the many types of site condition and waste mixtures are explainted, including the techniques incorporated into the model to allow a potential gas yield to be predicted. The factors that limit this potential yield of methane such as the oxidizing capacity of soil are identified and assessed. The potential effect of landfill-gas utilisation on the total emission and the economic viability of such schemes is reviewed in relation to reduced carbon dioxide and methane emissions. Combustion of landfill gas is shown to make a small net contribution to the potential equivalent CO2 reductions. The economics of energy recovery from landfill gas associated with CO2 reductions are shown to be significantly better than other alternative energy forms.
Critical currents of superconducting metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors

A short-channel Si metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor that exhibited a Josephson supercurrent due to the proximity effect was reported recently. In this paper we point out that the dependence of the critical current of this gated weak link on channel carrier concentration is well described by a model that treats the device as a two-dimensional electron gas contacted by source and drain electrodes that are superconducting due to the proximity effect. The critical current is directly related to the boundary condition for the superconducting order parameter at the superconductor-semiconductor interfaces, which is determined by the probability for tunneling through the interfacial Schottky barriers, in contrast to the case of contacts to normal metals. We use a recent superconducting-field-effect-transistor experiment to demonstrate that theoretical results which have been widely and successfully applied to superconductor--normal-metal--superconductor weak links are not adequate to treat semiconductor-coupled weak links.
Low velocity impact on polymer composite plates in contact with water

In this study, composite materials were tested in two different environments to determine the role of Fluid Structure Interaction with composites under a low velocity impact. This was done using a low velocity impact machine and polymer composite plates. The composite is made of laminated symmetrical plain weave E-glass fabrics. The test area of the composite plates is 30.5 cm by 30.5 cm with clamped boundary conditions. The testing was done using a drop weight system to impact the center of the test area. One testing was performed with composite plates in air, called dry impact. The other testing was conducted while composite plates were submerged in water, called wet impact. A Plexiglas box in conjunction with the impact machine was used to keep the top of the composite sample dry while it was submerged in an anechoic water tank, so called water-backed air impact. Output from the tests was recorded using strain gauges and a force impact sensor. The results show that an added mass effect from the water plays a large role in the Fluid Structure Interaction with composites due to the similar densities of water and the composites. The wet impact results in a larger impact force and damage than the dry impact under the same impact condition, i.e., the same impact mass and drop height.
Chemical compositions, antioxidant capacities, and antiproliferative activities of selected fruit seed flours

Seed flours from black raspberry, red raspberry, blueberry, cranberry, pinot noir grape, and chardonnay grape were examined for their total fat content, fatty acid composition, total phenolic content (TPC), total anthocyanin content (TAC), radical scavenging capacities against the peroxyl (ORAC) and stable DPPH radicals, chelating capacity against Fe2+, and antiproliferative activities using the HT-29 colon cancer cell line. Significant levels of fat were detected in the fruit seed flours and their fatty acid profiles may differ from those of the respective seed oils. Cranberry seed flour had the highest level of α-linolenic acid (30.9 g/100 g fat) and the lowest ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acids (1.2/1). The ORAC value of the chardonnay seed flour was 1076.4 Trolox equivalents μmol/g flour, and its TPC was 186.3 mg gallic acid equivalents/g flour. These values were 3−12 times higher than the other tested fruit seed flours. Furthermore, the ORAC value was significantly correlated to the TPC under the experimen...
On the stability of double bubbles and double drops.

Abstract The stability problems for equilibrium standard “double bubble” and “double drop” configurations are considered. Recent work has shown that a double bubble is stable to volume-preserving perturbations. In this paper, the stability to perturbations that do not conserve the volumes of the individual bubbles is examined. It is shown that a double bubble shape is also stable to these perturbations and, thus, is stable to arbitrary perturbations. The analysis is based on the principle of minimum total energy. A variational principle is used to formulate the stability problem for an equilibrium double drop configuration formed under zero gravity by two drops of immiscible incompressible liquids.
Specificity of the MAP kinase ERK2 for phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase.

Abstract Short-term regulation of catecholamine biosynthesis involves reversible phosphorylation of several serine residues in the N-terminal regulatory domain of tyrosine hydroxylase. The MAP kinases ERK1/2 have been identified as responsible for phosphorylation of Ser31. As an initial step in elucidating the effects of phosphorylation of Ser31 on the structure and activity of tyrosine hydroxylase, the kinetics of phosphorylation of the rat enzyme by recombinant rat ERK2 have been characterized. Complete phosphorylation results in incorporation of 2 mol of phosphate into each subunit of tyrosine hydroxylase. The S8A and S31A enzymes only incorporate a single phosphate, while the S19A and S40A enzymes incorporate two. Phosphorylation of S8A tyrosine hydroxylase is nine times as rapid as phosphorylation of the S31A enzyme, consistent with a ninefold preference of ERK2 for Ser31 over Ser8.
Cholinesterase inhibition by galanthamine and lycoramine.

Abstract Galanthamine, a recently isolated alkaloid, has been found to inhibit the acetylcholinesterase of muscle and the cholinesterase of plasma and brain. The inhibition of the muscle enzyme by galanthamine is greater than that produced by pyridostigmin, a compound of known usefulness, but less than that of neostigmin. The muscle cholinesterase inhibition produced by lycoramine was found to be about equal to that of pyridostigmin. These alkaloids are thus of interest because of the possibility of their therapeutic usefulness.
Measured Propagation Characteristics of Finite Ground Coplanar Waveguide on Silicon with a Thick Polyimide Interface Layer

Measured propagation characteristics of Finite Ground Coplanar (FGC) waveguide on silicon substrates with resistivities spanning 3 orders of magnitude (0.1 to 15.6 Ohm cm) and a 20 ?m thick polyimide interface layer are presented as a function of the FGC geometry. Results show that there is an optimum FGC geometry for minimum loss, and silicon with a resistivity of 0.1 Ohm cm has greater loss than substrates with higher and lower resistivity. Lastly, substrates with a resistivity of 10 Ohm cm or greater have acceptable loss characteristics.
The Hippocratic finger points the blame at PGE2.

Digital clubbing has been recognized since the time of the ancient Greeks as a sign of systemic disease. Now, a new study identifies a role for prostaglandin E2 in the pathogenesis of digital clubbing observed in familial hypertrophic osteoarthropathy.
Studies on the metabolic fate of [14C]2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in the mouse.

After a single po dose (135 micrograms/kg; 62 microCi/kg) of /sup 14/C-labeled 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in male ICR/Ha Swiss mice, 67 to 76% of the administered dose was eliminated via the feces and 1 to 2% in the urine during the first 24 hr following treatment. It seems likely that most of this material was simply not absorbed. Much of the remaining chemical was then excreted slowly in the urine (2%) and feces (7%) during the next 10 days, partly as the unchanged compound and partly as metabolites. One of the metabolites (Fraction II) appears to be a single polar, acidic metabolite characterized in urine (0.4 +/- 0.1%) and feces (2.2 +/- 0.2%), and is also likely excreted as a glucuronide conjugate. The rest of the radioactivity was in the form of unchanged TCDD in the animal body (17 +/- 2%). Steady rates of decline in the concentrations of the /sup 14/C as well as of the unchanged TCDD were reached in the feces and urine after the fifth day following the administration of the chemical. Based on this steady rate, the half-life of the radioactivity in the body was approximately 20 days. Urine, feces, and whole body were analyzed bymore » solvent extraction, /sup 14/C counting, thin-layer chromatography, and countercurrent distribution.« less
A crystalline protein from beef liver, kidney, and spleen.

The isolation and properties of a protein obtained in crystalline form from bovine liver, kidney, and spleen are described. The protein, which appears not to have been previously described, was originally named football protein by Sumner and Dounce. Football (FTBL) protein is a tetramer having a molecular weight of about 264,000 A monomer molecular weight of about 66,000 was obtained by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A s 20 =11.54, a rough diffusion constant of 3.68×10 −7 cm 2 /s, av=0.739, and an amino acid composition were obtained for the protein. The protein was also prepared from lamb liver in a concentrated but noncrystalline form. Anti-FTBL protein, prepared by immunizing rabbits with 2x crystallized beef liver protein, was used as a reagent to determine the tissue distribution of FTBL protein. The protein is present in beef liver, spleen, kidney, and white blood cells, but absent from beef red blood cells. An immunochemically related but not identical protein is present in rat liver, spleen, and kidney, but is not detected in rat thymus, pancreas, or heart muscle. As determined by immunodiffusion analysis, beef liver, kidney, and spleen protein and the lamb liver protein are immunologically indistinguishable from one another. Although tested on various substrates, no enzymatic activity has been found yet which can be attributed to crystalline beef FTBL protein. A list of the enzymes tested is given.
Impaired use of organizational strategies in free recall following frontal lobe damage

Free recall, use of organizational strategies, and interference effects were assessed in patients with frontal lobe lesions and control subjects. In three experiments, patients with frontal lobe lesions exhibited impaired free recall and reduced use of organizational strategies in tests of memory. Reduced use of strategies was observed on tests of recall of unrelated items, as measured by subjective organization, and on tests of recall of related items, as measured by both category clustering and subjective organization. Frontal patients benefited from strategy instruction at either study or test, suggesting that both encoding and retrieval processes are impaired by frontal lobe damage. These findings indicate that the free recall impairments exhibited by patients with frontal lobe lesions may be caused at least in part by deficits in the use of organizational strategies. In addition, when first-list learning was matched for patients and control subjects, patients with frontal lobe lesions exhibited relatively increased sensitivity to proactive interference during second-list learning.
Breakdown Current Density of CVD-Grown Multilayer Graphene Interconnects

Graphene wires have been fabricated from large-area multilayer graphene sheets grown by chemical vapor deposition. As the methane concentration increases, a larger percentage of thicker graphene layers are grown. The multilayer graphene sheets have an average thickness of 10-20 nm with sheet resistances between 500 and 1000 Ω/sq. The sheet resistance shows a strong correlation with the average surface roughness. This letter reports measured breakdown current densities up to 4×107 A/cm2, where resistive heating is proposed as the main breakdown mechanism. Increasing the uniformity of the graphene layers is important in achieving a higher breakdown current density.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Colonoscopic Examination of Individuals With a Family History of Colorectal Cancer

Background & Aims Guidelines recommend that persons with a high-risk family history of colorectal cancer (CRC) undergo colonoscopy examinations every 5 years, starting when they are 40 years old. We investigated factors associated with colonoscopy screening of individuals with a family history of CRC, focusing on race and ethnicity. Methods In a retrospective study, we analyzed data from the 2009 California Health Interview Survey on persons 40–80 years old with a first-degree relative (mother, father, sibling, or child) with CRC who had visited a physician within the past 5 years. Our study included an unweighted and population-weighted sample of 2539 and 870,214 individuals with a family history of CRC, respectively. We performed a survey-weighted logistic regression analysis to adjust for relevant demographic and socioeconomic variables and used estimates to calculate relative risks and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for colonoscopy examination within the past 5 years. Results In the weighted sample, 60.0% of subjects received a colonoscopy within the past 5 years. A physician recommendation for CRC screening increased the odds that an individual would undergo colonoscopy examination (relative risk, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.61–2.24). Latinos were 31% less likely to receive colonoscopies than whites (95% CI, 7%–55%). Among individuals 40–49 years old, blacks were 71% less likely to have had a colonoscopy than whites (95% CI, 13%–96%). Conclusion On the basis of an analysis of data from the California Health Interview Survey, less than two-thirds of individuals with a family history of CRC reported receiving guideline-recommended colonoscopy examinations within the past 5 years. We observed racial and ethnic disparities in colonoscopy screening of this high-risk group; Latinos and blacks were less likely to have had a colonoscopy than whites.
Long-term hearing outcome in patients receiving intratympanic gentamicin for Ménière's disease.

Objective To determine the long-term hearing outcome in patients with intractable vertigo caused by unilateral Meniere's disease who were treated with intratympanic injection of gentamicin. Study Design The study was a longitudinal analysis of hearing and control of vertigo in patients with unilateral Meniere's disease who received intratympanic gentamicin. Methods Pure-tone thresholds and speech discrimination scores on audiometry were analyzed, along with the control of vertigo. Criteria described in 1995 by the American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) were used. Patients treated with intratympanic gentamicin had “definite” Meniere's disease and had intractable vertigo despite optimal medical therapy, no symptoms suggestive of Meniere's disease in the contralateral ear, and serviceable hearing in the contralateral ear. The study analyzed the outcomes of 34 patients for whom follow-up data were available for periods greater than 24 months after intratympanic gentamicin. Results Complete control of vertigo (AAOHNS Class A) was obtained in 90% of the patients. Profound sensorineural hearing loss occurred as a result of gentamicin injection in 1 of the 34 patients (3%). When data from all patients were grouped together, hearing was improved in 5 (15%), unchanged in 23 (68%), and worse in 6 (17%) patients. This distribution of hearing outcome is similar to that in patients whose symptoms of Meniere's disease were managed with medical measures. Recurrent vertigo developed in 10 patients (29%) at an interval of 4 to 15 months after initially complete control. Treatment with additional intratympanic injection(s) of gentamicin did not result in a change in hearing. Conclusion The risk of hearing loss in patients treated with infrequent intratympanic injection(s) of gentamicin is low.
Light-weight 3D LADAR System for Construction Robotic Operations

This paper presents an on-going research on a light-weight 3-dimensional (3D) laser distance and ranging (LADAR) system development at the Peter Kiewit Institute (PKI) in University of Nebraska–Lincoln. The developed LADAR can be readily applied to several construction applications related to automated or robotic tasks, mobile robot navigation, reverse engineering, quality assurance/control, schedule control, and safety. A design concept of a LADAR system on a dynamic mobile platform is introduced which is especially designed for precise construction robotic operations such as welding, bolting, and connecting materials. Barriers for rapid 3D graphical workspace visualization at construction sites are discussed as well. The preliminary laboratory test results demonstrate that the 3D LADAR scanner developed in this study provides reliable scanned data. Unlike most of the heavy and bulky commercial LADAR products, the developed economical LADAR system can be used on mobile platforms and manipulators or confined area scanning applications due to its small size and light-weight characteristics.
Activity in ventromedial prefrontal cortex during self-related processing: positive subjective value or personal significance?

Well-being and subjective experience of a coherent world depend on our sense ofselfand relations between the self and the environment (e.g. people, objects and ideas). The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vMPFC) is involved in self-related processing, and disrupted vMPFC activity is associated with disruptions of emotional/social functioning (e.g. depression and autism). Clarifying precise function(s) of vMPFC in self-related processing is an area of active investigation. In this study, we sought to more specifically characterize the function of vMPFC in self-related processing, focusing on two alternative accounts: (i) assignment of positive subjective value to self-related information and (ii) assignment of personal significance to self-related information. During functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), participants imagined owning objects associated with either their perceived ingroup or outgroup. We found that for ingroup-associated objects, vMPFC showed greater activity for objects with increased than decreased post-ownership preference. In contrast, for outgroup-associated objects, vMPFC showed greater activity for objects with decreased than increased post-ownership preference. Our findings support the idea that the function of vMPFC in self-related processing may not be to represent/evaluate thepositivityor absolute preference of self-related information but to assign personal significance to it based on its meaning/function for the self.
The importance of distinguishing tumor grade in malignant gliomas: treatment and prognosis.

Abstract The use of radiation therapy for treatment of "malignant gliomas" is evaluated. The review includes data from UCSF † †UCSF = University of California in San Francisco. and selected data from the literature. It is concluded that the 5-year survival rate for "Grade III" tumors is near zero without radiation therapy but about 20% when radiation therapy is utilized. With the more malignant lesions, the "Grade IV" on glioblastoma multiforme, radiation therapy improves survival for one to perhaps three years; however, none of the patients who were included in the data reviewed survived 5 years, regardless of therapy.
Scanning micro-interferometer array with sub-picometer resolution for MEMS inspection

Micro scanning grating interferometer (muSGI) is a micromachined optical sensor to inspect MEMS. This paper presents the design, fabrication, implementation and analysis of an array of such muSGIs. The muSGIs are capable of static and dynamic displacement measurements. The muSGIs have phase sensitive micromachined gratings which are actuated by electrostatic force. The muSGIs are fabricated on SOI wafers. The fabricated tunable gratings exhibit the first resonance mode at 48 kHz and a damping ratio of ~0.05. The gratings show sufficient (~400 nm) displacement range for tuning it to high sensitivity position, achieved with 30 V operating voltage range. To actively tune the gratings a novel control algorithm is implemented real-time in a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). It adjusts the position of each grating with respect to corresponding sample, to achieve high sensitivity. Active control scheme is modeled using MATLAB and the performance results show good agreement with the experiments. The control algorithm is successfully used to characterize the tunable gratings and to demonstrate parallel operation of the muSGIs. Experimental results demonstrate a vertical resolution of 0.2 pm over 1 Hz bandwidth.
Length of Pre-Incubation Storage of Turkey Eggs and Its Effects on Body Weight

Abstract HATCHABILITY of fertile eggs is lowered and hatching time is lengthened when hatching eggs are stored for long periods before setting. These effects have been found in both chickens (Funk, 1934) and turkeys (Asmundson, 1947; Kosin, 1950). In addition, it has been noted that storing eggs reduces the 8 and 9 week post-hatching body weights of chickens (Becker, 1960; Zawalsky and Merritt, 1961). Because of the similarity of the influence of storage in both species, an experiment was performed to determine if storage of turkey eggs affected post-hatching turkey body weight. The results of that research are reported herein. MATERIAL AND METHODS Four lines of Broad Breasted Bronze turkeys developed from a base generation in 1954 (Kosin and Becker, 1959) were hatched in 1960 and mated during the 1961 breeding season. The lines were: line 1—random control; line 2—individually selected for large 24-week body weight; line 3—selected…
Fractal Complexity in Alexander Crummell's the Future of Africa

Although interdisciplinary research is not new, com bining mathematics and the study of African culture in this manner is a relatively new approach . Bridging various disciplines allows for the creation of new ideas and innovative ways of learni ng and introducing new concepts. Pluridisciplinary methodology, the approach utilize d in this paper, allows one to use qualitative and quantitative techniques to analyze text. Looki ng at Alexander Crummell’s work through a pluridisciplinary lens offers a new way of analyzin g research in African Studies specifically. The paper, to the best of my knowledge, is also the fir st major systematic analysis of The Future of Africa . The purpose of this paper is to delineate the fract al complexity of Alexander Crummell’s work that influenced Black Nationalism and Pan-African t hought. Alexander Crummell has been called the eloquent voice of the Pan-African movement. He was known not only as a Black Nationalist but also as a Pan-Africanist for his be lief of uniting Africans in the Diaspora and on the continent. The analysis indicates what W.E.B. Du Bois called double consciousness. Crummell, an American, returned to Liberia to spread Christianity where he represented the views of the colonizers and his hom eland America; however, he still wanted to connect and represent the views of Africans as a Bl ack man. The findings demonstrate this internal struggle faced by many in the Diaspora at the time.
Original Contribution: Learning syntactically significant temporal patterns of chords: A masking field embedded in an ART 3 architecture

In the traditional harmonic syntax of classical music, temporal patterns of chords vary in length, they often nest one within another, and they may lack overt markers indicating pattern boundaries. The self-organized learning of such patterns can be accomplished by a masking field embedded in an ART 3 architecture. A simulation of learning the chord patterns in the music of Handel uses a dynamic short-term memory store to transform sequential patterns of chords into network patterns of activation. A masking field develops distributed recognition codes for those patterns. Some suggestions are offered for implementing masking fields within the ART 3 architecture.
Exotic Plant Species Associations with Horse Trails, Old Roads, and Intact Native Communities in the Missouri Ozarks

ABSTRACT: We compared the extent to which exotic species are associated with horse trails, old roads, and intact communities within three native vegetation types in Ozark National Scenic Riverways, Missouri. We used a general linear model procedure and a Bonferroni multiple comparison test to compare exotic species richness, exotic to native species ratios, and exotic species percent cover across three usage types (horse trails, old roads, and intact communities) and three community types (river bottoms, upland waterways, and glades). We found that both exotic species richness and the ratio of exotic species to native species were greater in plots located along horse trails than in plots located either in intact native communities or along old roads. Native community types did not differ in the number of exotic species present, but river bottoms had a significantly higher exotic to native species ratio than glades. Continued introduction of exotic plant propagules may explain why horse trails contain more...
Sample-Path Analysis of Single-Server Queue with Multiple Vacations

We a give deterministic (sample path) proof of a result that extends the Pollaczek-Khintchine formula for a multiple vacation single-server queueing model. We also give a conservation law for the same system with multiple classes. Our results are completely rigorous and hold under weaker assumptions than those given in the literature. We do not make stochastic assumptions, so the results hold almost surely on every sample path of the stochastic process that describes the system evolution. The article is self contained in that it gives a brief review of necessary background material.