cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Fine Line between Security and Liberty: The "Secret" Court Struggle to Determine the Path of Foreign Intelligence Surveillance in the Wake of September 11th

The structure of the United States federal court system can be considered common knowledge: the Supreme Court sits atop a pyramid of lower circuit courts and trial courts, all of which are, for the most part, open to the public. Until 2002, most Americans were unaware of the existence of a "secret" court whose sole duty is to review and approve applications authorizing foreign intelligence surveillance conducted by the Executive Branch. The year 2002 was an unprecedented year for the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court ("FISC"), 3 and the statute that created it, the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 ("FISA"). 4 For the first time in FISA's twenty-three year history, FISC denied an application for electronic surveillance and the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review ("Court of Review") was convened to hear its first appeal. 5
The postoperative lumbar spine: Imaging considerations

MRI with intravenous contrast has recently become the imaging modality of choice in the evaluation of patients developing recurrent back pain or symptoms following laminectomy and/or discectomy. The normal postoperative appearance is important to recognize because a number of changes occur normally throughout the healing, period. The difference between epidural scar and recurrent disc herniation can usually be determined on MRI. Postoperative fluid collections may also develop. Disc space infection, although uncommon, is a critical diagnosis, but can be confused with degenerative end plate changes. Arachnoiditis, and spinal stenosis also show characteristic imaging findings.
The Left-Wing Whigs: Whitbread, The Mountain and Reform, 1809–1815

In the decade after 1807, the Whig Opposition was divided between the conservatives and the progressives, the former consisting of the Grenvillites and most Foxite-Whigs, particularly their leaders, while many of the latter associated together in the Mountain. This was led by Samuel Whitbread until his death in 1815. It was distinguished from the rest of the Opposition primarily by its independent, aggressively activist support for economical and parliamentary reform and its willingness to associate on these issues with the followers of Sir Francis Burdett and the metropolitan radicals. The Opposition as a whole, and more recently the Grenvillites, have been carefully examined as part of the ongoing study of political groups in this era, but as yet there is no systematic analysis of the Mountain. This paper identifies twenty-one Mountaineers and marshalls the evidence for the nature of their activities together. It also analyzes the sources and nature of their reformist ideology, their independence, their tactics as a pressure group and their relationship to the Whigs and the radicals.ITwelve Mountaineers were by birth aristocrats and gentry. The Mountain's independent character was in part shaped by country gentlemen like Thomas William Coke and Charles Callis Western. Although committed to Whiggism and the Whig party, such men also inherited in some respects the eighteenth-century country party mentality which believed that the executive was corrupt and prided itself on acting independently as a check upon its excesses. Young Lord Folkestone, even more independent, was committed to Whiggism but not at all to the Whig party for he thought of himself as an independent, virtuous aristocrat guarding against and exposing government corruption.
Application of silver stains to gastric endocrine cells in plastic sections.

A simultaneous light and electron microscopic study of mouse gastric mucosa was made to determine whether the silver nitrate methenamine stain of Duk-Ho Lee could be used to stain gastric endocrine-like cells in plastic embedded tissue. Examination of consecutive thick and thin sections showed that this stain blackened the granules of the predominant type of endocrine-like cell present. Blackening of the granules with silver occured in tissue fixed in osmium tetroxide solution with or without dichromate salt or in tissue fixed in glutaraldehyde then treated with osmium. The intensity of staining was deepest in the osmium-dichromate fixed tissue, but the glutaraldehyde-osmium procedure gave less interference from diffuse silver impregnation and better preservation of detail for electron microscopy.
P‐87: Multi‐Channel Liquid Crystal Retardation Measurement Technology

We propose a novel real-time multi-channel retardation measurement method for the quality control of liquid crystal panels, for example cell gap and compensation film. We combine spectroscopic ellipsometry method with the hyperspectral imaging spectrograph to realize multi-channel measurement. In particular, polarizing beam splitter is used in spectroscopic ellipsometry method to replace the analyzer for speeding up measurement.
Experimental Measurements of Fiber Threadline Vibrations in the Melt-Blowing Process

The motion of a melt-blown fiber was experimentally measured. After exiting the spinning die, a melt-blown fiber was found to vibrate with frequencies and amplitudes that were functions of the operating conditions (polymer flow rate, polymer temperature, air flow rate, and air temperature). Fiber amplitude was measured with both multiple-image flash photography and laser Doppler velocimetry. Fiber frequency was measured with laser Doppler velocimetry.
Rapid estimation of potato tuber total protein content with coomassie brilliant blue G-250

A new method for measuring protein with Coo-massie Brilliant Blue G-250 has been adapted for use as a screening method in a potato tuber protein improvement breeding program. The method is simple, fast and inexpensive, and has successfully estimated the total protein content of a broad range of tuber genotypes having dissimilar amino acid profiles and tuber maturities. Correlation between the Coomassie method and a modified micro-Kjeldahl method, the standard method used in the potato breeding program, was 0.93. Free amino acids and other compounds which interfere with other methods for measuring protein do not interfere with the Coomassie Brilliant Blue procedure.
Differential dispersal propensities between individuals in male Leucorrhinia intacta (Odonata: Libellulidae)

Abstract I compared males of Leucorrhinia intacta collected at two permanent and two previously dried ponds to assess whether males colonizing formerly dried sites differed in morphology or level of mite parasitism from males at permanent sites. Males colonizing sites that had local extinctions in the previous year due to pond drying were more similar to each other in body size and levels of parasitism than to males at sites which had not dried. Males at the two permanent sites differed significantly from each other in body size and these differences appear to reflect different local conditions. Comparison of males at two adjacent sites, one permanent and one which previously dried, found that the males colonizing the previously dried site were larger, in better condition, and had lower rates and numbers of mite parasites than males at the permanent site. Results from this study suggest two non-exclusive hypotheses about dispersal and colonization in this species. First, dispersal is condition dependent i...
Irradiation-Induced Grain Growth: Role of Dislocations

Existing theories of irradiation-induced grain growth assume that growth occurs by the boundary migration mechanism commonly observed for thermal growth and that it is only the point defects generated si boundaries during the irradiation which are responsible for boundary migration. In contrast, in situ observations during ion irradiation of Au films at temperatures less than 20 K even have clearly demonstrated that growth occurs both by boundary migration and by grain coalescence. Here we present further evidence for the latter. Furthermore, the substantial defect cluster activity observed during irradiation suggests that dislocations play a significant role in the growth phenomenon. Here, we also demonstrate qualitatively that glide of such dislocations to or “through” a boundary can produce essentially the same effect on boundary position or structure that the original point defects would have had if they had migrated individually to or through the boundary. Via dislocation motion, point defects originating far from a boundary may induce boundary migration or boundary structure change, and hence, grain growth.
Geometric Modeling and Optimization of Multimaterial Compliant Mechanisms Using Multilayer Wide Curves

Multimaterial compliant mechanisms enhance the performance of regular single-material compliant mechanisms by adding a new design option, material type variation. This paper introduces a geometric modeling method for multimaterial compliant mechanisms by using multilayer wide curves. Based on the introduced modeling method, a geometric optimization approach for multimaterial compliant mechanisms is proposed. A multilayer wide curve is a curve with variable cross sections and multiple materials. In this paper, every connection in the multimaterial compliant mechanism is represented by a multilayer wide curve, and the whole mechanism is modeled as a set of connected multilayer wide curves. The geometric modeling and the optimization of a multimaterial compliant mechanism are considered as the generation and the optimal selection of the control parameters of the corresponding multilayer wide curves. The deformation and performance of multimaterial compliant mechanisms are evaluated by the isoparametric degenerate-continuum nonlinear finite element procedure. The problem-dependent objectives are optimized, and the practical constraints are imposed during the optimization process. The effectiveness of the proposed geometric modeling and optimization procedures is verified by the demonstrated examples.
SU-C-110-03: Utility of Maximum Intensity Projections of Gated PET Images in Determining Internal Target Volumes of Moving Lung Tumors: A Phantom Study

Purpose: To examine maximum intensity projections (MIPs) as a method for segmenting lungtumor internal target volumes (ITVs) in positron emission tomography(PET)images using two threshold‐based methods, and to assess various parameters that potentially affect the accuracy of tumor segmentation by this technique. Methods and Materials: An acrylic phantom setup, consisting of a 1.5cm diameter sphere filled with 11 ‐C solution inside a cylindrical bath of 18‐fluorodeoxyglucose solution, was used for a PET list‐mode acquisition. The phantom was attached to a robotic arm that moved according to four patient breathing trajectories via an abdominal breathing bellows device. List‐mode data was gated based on the breathing trajectories, and PET‐MIPs were created from the reconstructed gated images. ITVs were calculated and compared for both un‐gated PETimages and PET‐MIPs by using varying thresholds of absolute standardized uptake value (SUV) and percentage of maximum SUV. In addition, a simulation of PET‐MIPs was performed to examine the effects of tumor size, image smoothing, and tumor trajectory on the accuracy of ITV measurement. Results: For any given threshold value, PET‐MIPs tended to produce larger ITVs than un‐gated PET. For optimal percentage thresholds across all trajectories, PET‐MIPs measured an ITV to within 5% accuracy in a larger SUV range with lower initial values than un‐gated PET for the same accuracy. For both PET‐MIP and un‐gated PET, a percentage threshold method produced a smaller deviation from true ITV in similar SUV ranges when compared to an absolute threshold method. The PET‐MIP simulation demonstrated greater accuracy of ITV measurement with increased image smoothing and sphere size. Breathing trajectories exhibiting baseline drift negatively impacted accurate ITV determination. Conclusion: Threshold‐based ITV segmentation is sensitive to lungtumor volume, trajectory, and SUV. PET‐MIPs appear to be a promising tool in the accurate delineation of lungtumor ITV.
Assessment of enrichment factors and grain size influence on the metal distribution in riverbed sediments (Anllóns River, NW Spain).

The metals distribution in the bed sediments of the Anllons River was studied, with special emphasis on the evaluation of the metal distribution as a function of the granulometric fraction chosen for the analysis. Statistical significant differences between the distribution of K, Ca, Cr, Mn, As, Rb, Sr and Nb in the bulk (<2 mm) and fine fraction (<63 μm) were not found. Fe, Ni, Cu, Ga, Zr, Zn and Pb commonly appear in higher concentrations in the fine fraction, whereas Ti appears in higher concentrations in the bulk fraction. In general, it was observed that contamination phenomena tend to equalise the concentrations of both fractions, and this was mainly explained as the result of two processes. First, the formation of coatings over sands and, second, the formation of large aggregates (pseudo-sands) at sites located over basic rocks, whose chemical behaviour is closer to that of clays and could be responsible for significant adsorption processes. Normalisation techniques to evaluate contamination were applied by testing Nb, Sr, Rb or Ga as normaliser elements and by using crustal or shale average values for background concentrations. The most satisfactory result was obtained when using shale average values and Ga as the normaliser element. Arsenic was identified as the main contaminant of the basin, exceeding in all cases the low-effect reference values proposed by sediment quality guidelines and in two cases the medium-effect reference values. These sites were identified by multivariate techniques, which allow differentiating site 10 as affected by anthropogenic inputs related to past mining activities.
Drinking and blood pressure responses to central injection of L-NAME in conscious rats.

Abstract The drinking behavior and blood pressure responses to ICV administration of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) or NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 10, 250, or 500 μg), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, were examined in conscious rats following either osmotic stimulation 0.0 M NaCl, 15 ml/kg, SC) or induction of hemorrhage (0.7 ml/min to a 20% blood volume loss). Water intake increased in all animals. L-NAME at doses of 250 and 500 μg, but not 10 μg, significantly attenuated water consumption induced by both stimuli. The mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), which increased after osmotic stimulation, was maintained at pressor levels by 250 and 500 μg), of L-NAME, but decreased progressively and reached basal levels after treatment with aCSF and the lowest dose of L-NAME (i.e., 10 μg). Hemorrhage significantly decreased MABP in all rats. The fall in blood pressure associated with hemorrhage returned to control levels in animals treated with 250 and 500 μg of L-NAME but not in those treated with aCSF or 10 μg), of L-NAME. These results indicate that nitric oxide is involved in the regulation of drinking behavior and may play an important role in the central control of blood pressure during osmotic stimulation and hypotensive hemorrhage.
Aluminum under high pressure. I - Equation of state

A curve of applied pressure P versus lattice constant a is calculated for single crystal aluminum. It results from an application of the method of structural expansions for deriving the energies of simple metals, a method known to give reasonable results for the elastic constants even at second order in the effective electron-ion interaction. The method is taken from Fermi surface analysis . This essentially experimental information is used to verify that the extant face-centered cubic structure remains the preferred crystalline phase up to the highest pressures considered. Arguments are given to suggest that the P versus a curve should have reasonable a priori accuracy, which may be improved if experimental data in the intermediate pressure region can be provided to refine the energy dependent pseudo-potential. At 3 megabars the lattice constant is reduced by only 22%; the ion cores at this pressure are still very well separated.
Rate coefficients for the reaction of O( 1 D) with the atmospherically long-lived greenhouse gases NF 3 , SF 5 CF 3 , CHF 3 , C 2 F 6 , c-C 4 F 8 , n -C 5 F 12 , and n -C 6 F 14

Abstract. The contribution of atmospherically persistent (long-lived) greenhouse gases to the radiative forcing of Earth has increased over the past several decades. The impact of highly fluorinated, saturated compounds, in particular perfluorinated compounds, on climate change is a concern because of their long atmospheric lifetimes, which are primarily determined by stratospheric loss processes, as well as their strong absorption in the infrared "window" region. A potentially key stratospheric loss process for these compounds is their gas-phase reaction with electronically excited oxygen atoms, O( 1 D). Therefore, accurate reaction rate coefficient data is desired for input to climate change models. In this work, rate coefficients, k , were measured for the reaction of O( 1 D) with several key long-lived greenhouse gases, namely NF 3 , SF 5 CF 3 , CHF 3 (HFC-23), C 2 F 6 , c-C 4 F 8 , n -C 5 F 12 , and n -C 6 F 14 . Room temperature rate coefficients for the total reaction, k Tot , corresponding to loss of O( 1 D), and reactive channel, k R , corresponding to the loss of the reactant compound, were measured for NF 3 and SF 5 CF 3 using competitive reaction and relative rate methods, respectively. k R was measured for the CHF 3 reaction and improved upper-limits were determined for the perfluorinated compounds included in this study. For NF 3 , k Tot was determined to be (2.55 ± 0.38) × 10 −11 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 and k R , which was measured using CF 3 Cl, N 2 O, CF 2 ClCF 2 Cl (CFC-114), and CF 3 CFCl 2 (CFC-114a) as reference compounds, was determined to be (2.21 ± 0.33) × 10 −11 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 . For SF 5 CF 3 , k Tot = (3.24 ± 0.50) × 10 −13 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 and k R ×14 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 were measured, where k R is a factor of three lower than the current recommendation of k Tot for use in atmospheric modeling. For CHF 3 k R was determined to be (2.35 ± 0.35) × 10 −12 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 , which corresponds to a reactive channel yield of 0.26 ± 0.04, and resolves a large discrepancy among previously reported values. The quoted uncertainties are 2σ and include estimated systematic errors. Upper-limits for k R for the C 2 F 6 , c-C 4 F 8 , n -C 5 F 12 , and n -C 6 F 14 reactions were determined to be 3.0, 3.5, 5.0, and 16 (in units of 10 −14 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 ), respectively. The results from this work are compared with results from previous studies. As part of this work, infrared absorption band strengths for NF 3 and SF 5 CF 3 were measured and found to be in good agreement with recently reported values.
Communication: Quasiclassical trajectory calculations of correlated product-state distributions for the dissociation of (H2O)2 and (D2O)2

Stimulated by recent experiments [B. E. Rocher-Casterline, L. C. Ch'ng, A. K. Mollner, and H. Reisler, J. Chem. Phys.134, 211101 (2011)], we report quasiclassical trajectory calculations of the dissociation dynamics of the water dimer, (H2O)2 (and also (D2O)2) using a full-dimensional ab initiopotential energy surface. The dissociation is initiated by exciting the H-bonded OH(OD)-stretch, as done experimentally for (H2O)2. Normal mode analysis of the fragment pairs is done and the correlated vibrational populations are obtained by (a) standard histogram binning (HB), (b) harmonic normal-mode energy-based Gaussian binning (GB), and (c) a modified version of (b) using accurate vibrational energies obtained in the Cartesian space. We show that HB allows opening quantum mechanically closed states, whereas GB, especially via (c), gives physically correct results. Dissociation of both (H2O)2 and (D2O)2 mainly produces either fragment in the bending excited (010) state. The H2O(J) and D2O(J) rotational distributions are similar, peaking at J = 3–5. The computations do not show significant difference between the ro-vibrational distributions of the donor and acceptor fragments. Diffusion Monte Carlo computations are performed for (D2O)2 providing an accurate zero-point energy of 7247 cm−1, and thus, a benchmark D 0 of 1244 ± 5 cm−1.
Parametric dependence of electric field variability in the Sondrestrom database: A linear relation with Kp

[1] Motivated by the question of the auroral region contribution to thermospheric heating, the database from the Sondrestrom incoherent scatter radar is used to study the variability of the high-latitude vector electric field. The ability of various geophysical parameters to describe the variability is evaluated, using a minimum variance criterion, and it is found that the standard deviation scales linearly with Kp. It is also found that magnetic latitude and magnetic local time are important descriptors and that the specific dependance largely agrees with variability measurements made by the DE 2 satellite, even though the latter measurements probe a much higher frequency range. A number of other parameters are found to be less important as descriptors, including the IMF clock angle and the season. Thermospheric global circulation models currently incorporate an auroral zone heat source in the form of Joule heating associated with the mean electric field E, where the mean is taken over temporal and spatial scales below the models resolution. However, comparison of the modeling outputs with MSIS suggests that the auroral zone heat source is underestimated. Because it is the mean of the squared electric field that determines Joule heating and not the square of the mean, the electric field variability √E- | 2 > has been put forward as the missing source. Our results indicate that this heat source may be parameterized by Kp, which carries the further implication that the variability is associated with a global-scale phenomenon.
VLBA Phase-Referencing

Residual delay errors in VLBI data limit the image sensitivity and dynamic range attainable using current calibration techniques such as self-calibration. Applying phase corrections derived from regular observations of nearby calibrators (phase-referencing), the residual delay errors on a target source can be reduced, increasing coherent integration times. In this paper we present the results of a series of observations made with the VLBA to examine the effectiveness of phase-referencing for improving instrumental phase stability. Optimum observing strategies when studying weak (~mJy) sources are discussed.
Endopeptidase Cleavage Generates a Functionally Distinct Isoform of C1q/Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Protein-12 (CTRP12) with an Altered Oligomeric State and Signaling Specificity

Adipose tissue-derived adipokines are an important class of secreted metabolic regulators that mediate tissue cross-talk to control systemic energy balance. We recently described C1q/TNF-related protein-12 (CTRP12), a novel insulin-sensitizing adipokine that regulates glucose metabolism in liver and adipose tissue. However, the biochemical properties of CTRP12 and its naturally occurring cleaved isoform have not been characterized. Here, we show that CTRP12 is a secreted hormone subjected to multiple functionally relevant posttranslational modifications at highly conserved residues. For example, Asn39 is glycosylated, whereas Cys85 mediates the assembly of higher order oligomeric structure. Endopeptidase cleavage at Lys91 generates a cleaved globular gCTRP12 isoform, the expression of which is increased by insulin. PCSK3/furin was identified as the major proprotein convertase expressed by adipocytes that mediates the endogenous cleavage of CTRP12. Cleavage at Lys91 is context-dependent: mutation of the charged Arg93 to Ala on the P2′ position enhanced cleavage, and triple mutations (K90A/K91A/R93A) abolished cleavage. Importantly, the two isoforms of CTRP12 differ in oligomeric structures and are functionally distinct. The full-length protein forms trimers and larger complexes, and the cleaved isoform consisted of predominantly dimers. Whereas full-length fCTRP12 strongly activated Akt signaling in H4IIE hepatocytes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes, gCTRP12 preferentially activated MAP kinase (ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK) signaling. Further, only fCTRP12 improved insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in adipocytes. These results reveal a novel mechanism controlling signaling specificity and function of a hormone via cleavage-dependent alteration in oligomeric state.
Ecological niche models of mammalian glacial refugia show consistent bias

Ecological niche models (ENMs) are crucial tools for anticipating range shifts driven by climate change. As hypotheses of future biotic change, they can be difficult to test using independent data. The fossil record is the best way to assess the ability of ENMs to correctly predict range shifts because it provides empirical ranges under novel climate conditions. We tested the performance of ENMs using fossil distributions from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ∼21 000 yr ago). We compared hindcast ENM LGM distribution hypotheses for five species of small mammals, drawn from the published literature, to the known LGM fossil record for those species and found a consistent southern prediction bias in the ENMs. This bias urges caution in interpreting future range predictions, and we suggest that the Pleistocene and Holocene fossil record should be used as an additional resource for calibrating niche modelling for conservation planning.
GPU-generated "parameterized" trees

Incorporating different-looking trees in a single graphics application involves either loading numerous polygonal/point models, or generating them algorithmically. In any case, this increases the demand of rendering resources both in terms of computing power and memory to hold all models simultaneously. This paper presents a novel method that produces different-looking trees from a common domain starting from the same polygonal model. Since the shape of the canopy decides the appearance of large trees, we focus on generating canopies automatically from the same polygonal model and some parameters. Thus the generated canopies can be thought of as functions of a parameterized domain. A branch structure created separately then completes the tree model. Using this method, a program can maintain a single copy of the polygonal model, and create different tree models from it by merely changing these parameters. Our method can be efficiently implemented on a GPU, thereby allowing us to store only a few models directly in GPU memory and creating different-looking tree models from them at runtime.
Emerging methods for the intelligent processing of materials

Emerging methods, procedures, and performance measures are presented for the design of intelligent materials processing systems that combine both comprehensive new process representations and correspondingly advanced process control systems. The description of these developments is presented in five parts. The first provides the partitioning of global processes into decoupled finite subprocesses for improved accommodation of process nonlinearities with accompanying simplification of control system complexity. The second is sensor/controller/actuator accountability to establish an on-line process variability baseline whose greatest sensitivity is attributable to process measurement limitations. Development three combines multiloop control with decoupled subprocesses for enhanced process disorder reduction and improved likelihood of achieving material parameters of interest. The fourth, closely associated with development three, provides accurate multiloop control compensation by identification of decoupled trapezoidal subprocess models. The fifth presents a process description language of qualitative subprocess influences for augmenting incompletely modeled processes and unmeasurable control elements by supervising the control space to minimize control conflicts and process variability.
Auditory Evoked Potentials during Speech Perception

Neural responses evoked by the same binaural speech signal were recorded from ten right-handed subjects during two auditory identification tasks. One task required analysis of acoustic parameters important for making a linguistic distinction, while the other task required analysis of an acoustic parameter which provides no linguistic information at the phoneme level. In the time interval between stimulus onset and the subjects' identification responses, evoked potentials from the two tasks were significantly different over the left hemisphere but identical over the right hemisphere. These results indicate that different neural events occur in the left hemisphere during analysis of linguistic versus nonlinguistic parameters of the same acoustic signal.
Top to bottom reengineering: University System of Maryland enhances productivity, improves accountability, and maintains quality

This chapter examines how the University System of Maryland repositioned itself as a state system able to thrive in an era of permanently diminished resources and perpetually escalating demands.
Regulating Pornography: A Public Dilemma

L'article analyse les attitudes sexuelles de 64 femmes et 39 hommes et leur attitude (positive ou negative) face au controle de la pornographie
Glucocorticoids differentially regulate Na-bile acid cotransport in normal and chronically inflamed rabbit ileal villus cells

Previous studies have demonstrated that apical Na-bile acid cotransport (ASBT) is inhibited during chronic ileitis by both a decrease in the affinity as well as a decrease in the number of cotransporters. Methylprednisolone (MP), a commonly used treatment for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD, e.g., Crohn's disease), has been shown to reverse the inhibition of several other Na-solute cotransporters during chronic enteritis. However, the effect of MP on ASBT in the chronically inflamed ileum is not known. MP stimulated ASBT in villus cells from the normal rabbit ileum by increasing the cotransporter expression without a change in the affinity of the cotransporter for bile acid. Western blot studies demonstrated an increase in cotransporter expression. MP reversed the inhibition of ASBT in villus cells from the chronically inflamed ileum. Kinetic studies demonstrated that the mechanism of MP-mediated reversal of ASBT inhibition was secondary to a restoration of both affinity as well as cotransporter numbers. Western blot analysis demonstrated restoration of cotransporter numbers after MP treatment of rabbits with chronic ileitis. Thus MP stimulates ASBT in the normal ileum by increasing cotransporter numbers. MP reverses the inhibition of ASBT during chronic ileitis. However, MP restores the diminished affinity as well as cotransporter expression levels during chronic ileitis. Thus MP differentially regulates ASBT in the normal and in the chronically inflamed ileum.
Housing Affordability: Lessons from the United States

Over the last two decades, New Zealand experienced a threefold increase in housing prices. The largest surge in prices in recent years occurred between 1998 and 2007, a period of housing price growth in many developed economies. Since 2007, housing price growth remained flat until 2011, and then prices once again embarked on an upward trend. However, recent housing price growth has been concentrated in Auckland and Christchurch. The purpose of this report is to compare and contrast New Zealand housing trends and policies with those of United States. The report summarizes lessons learned from the United States and highlights data needs and research questions that may require further consideration in order to better understand housing markets in New Zealand.
Linking Obstetric and Midwifery Practice With Optimal Outcomes

Objective To compare midwifery and medical care practices and measure optimal perinatal outcomes using a new clinimetric instrument. Design Prospective descriptive cohort design. Setting A large, inner city obstetric service with medical and midwifery services. Participants Three hundred seventy‐five of 400 consecutively enrolled patients were participated (25 excluded due to extreme risk status or missing data); 92% were of minority race/ethnicity and 54% had less than a high school education. Of the 375 patients, 179 received physician care and 196 received nurse‐midwife care. Main Outcome Measures The Optimality Index‐US was measured. Health record data were extracted and scored using the Optimality Index‐US to summarize the optimality of processes and outcomes of care as well as the woman's preexisting health status. Results Midwifery patients had more optimal care processes (less use of technology and intervention) with no difference in neonatal outcomes, even when preexisting risk was taken into account. Conclusion Even among moderate‐risk patients, the midwifery model of care with its limited use of interventions can produce outcomes equivalent to or better than those of the biomedical model. JOGNN, 35, 779‐785; 2006. DOI: 10.1111/J.1552‐6909.2006.00106.x
Markov Random Fields Can Bridge Levels of Abstraction

Network vision systems must make inferences from evidential information across levels of representational abstraction, from low level invariants, through intermediate scene segments, to high level behaviorally relevant object descriptions. This paper shows that such networks can be realized as Markov Random Fields (MRFs). We show first how to construct an MRF functionally equivalent to a Hough transform parameter network, thus establishing a principled probabilistic basis for visual networks. Second, we show that these MRF parameter networks are more capable and flexible than traditional methods. In particular, they have a well-defined probabilistic interpretation, intrinsically incorporate feedback, and offer richer representations and decision capabilities.
Crystal Structures of RNase H Bound to an RNA/DNA Hybrid: Substrate Specificity and Metal-Dependent Catalysis

RNase H belongs to a nucleotidyl-transferase superfamily, which includes transposase, retroviral integrase, Holliday junction resolvase, and RISC nuclease Argonaute. We report the crystal structures of RNase H complexed with an RNA/DNA hybrid and a mechanism for substrate recognition and two-metal-ion-dependent catalysis. RNase H specifically recognizes the A form RNA strand and the B form DNA strand. Structure comparisons lead us to predict the catalytic residues of Argonaute and conclude that two-metal-ion catalysis is a general feature of the superfamily. In nucleases, the two metal ions are asymmetrically coordinated and have distinct roles in activating the nucleophile and stabilizing the transition state. In transposases, they are symmetrically coordinated and exchange roles to alternately activate a water and a 3'-OH for successive strand cleavage and transfer by a ping-pong mechanism.
Iterative reconstruction of multidimensional signals from nonuniformly spaced samples

A number of different methods for reconstruction of bandlimited 1-D and 2-D signals from nonuniformly spaced samples are compared experimentally. The six 1-D algorithms are solution for Fourier series coefficients, two methods due to Yen, Papoulis' coordinate transformation, cubic splines, and an iterative method similar to those of Wiley and Gerchberg. Three of the 2-D algorithms are iterative. They differ in the mode of space domain error correction. The fourth 2-D algorithm is the thin-plate splines method. The methods are evaluated on the basis of mean signal-to-error energy ratios calculated over an ensemble consisting of reconstructions of several functions, each sampled with many different random point sets. Sample plots of reconstructions are also included.
PLL settling time: phase vs. frequency

The tuning speed of frequency synthesizers is usually specified by either phase or frequency settling. The paper shows that in frequency hopping systems phase settling characteristics correspond to system performance better than frequency settling characteristics. Simulation results are compared to a mathematical analysis, and intuitive explanations are used to clarify this paradoxical relationship. Specific phase settling specifications are discussed. >
Surviving Breast Cancer and Living with Lymphedema: Resiliency among Women in the Context of Their Families:

This study involves secondary analysis of an existing qualitative dataset (in-depth interviews with survivors [n = 6] and health professionals [n = 2], observations of a support group [n = 3], and field notes). Based on previous findings from this dataset, new questions arose regarding why only some of post–breast cancer lymphedema women who were interviewed appeared resilient within the context of their families. In the present study, we reinvestigate this dataset using the resiliency model of family stress, adjustment, and adaptation to guide our investigation via the construction of an a priori template used in analyses. Three stressors are identified that contribute to the vulnerability of these women. Resiliency in the women is characterized as adjustment, adaptation, or crisis. The present findings provide a foundation for assisting women with lymphedema and their families and underscore practitioners’ need to serve the patient and the family.
Historical Aspects of Ultraviolet Action Spectroscopy

One of the fundamental methods for analysis of an organism's responses to UV radiation is the construction of the wavelength dependence for a given bioeffect, termed an action spectrum. At minimum, this demonstrates the organism's response to different spectral regions; in some cases, it points to the target chromophore for the effect. The historical importance of certain action spectra and the development of refined techniques for their construction is the subject of this review. Wherever possible, I have kept to the original spellings, terms and identification of wavelengths. This includes using angstroms and nanometers (but not millimicrons) as the authors did. I preferred to reference papers with the most complete set of data rather than the earliest reports.
Implicit Large Eddy Simulation of Transitional Flows Over Airfoils and Wings

United States. Air Force Office of Scientific Research (MURI project on Biologically Inspired Flight)
Predicting individuals' interest after a performance result: The roles of motivational orientations at high and low performance.

This field study incorporated a trichotomous typology of motivations to explore interactions of a performance result with several motivational orientations in predicting subsequent interest in a learning endeavor. Although relevant literature suggests that low performance would be associated with lower interest, we hypothesized that motivation to approach mastery (i.e., learning and achievement orientations) would counteract this negative relationship. We also hypothesized that motivation to avoid poor performance (i.e., avoid–performance orientation) would exacerbate the link between low performance and lower interest. In light of theoretical issues concerning motivation to show competence (i.e., approach–performance orientation), we did not offer a hypothesis concerning this third type of motivation. Results supported only the hypothesized interactions. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Evaluation of a Dispensing Instrument (Dynatech MIC-2000) for Preparing Microtiter Antibiotic Plates and Testing Their Potency During Storage

The MIC-2000 96-channel dispenser was evaluated for accuracy and repeatability of dispensing 50-mul volumes of water. It was found to perform within the manufacturer's specifications for accuracy of +/-5%, but not within the limits for repeatability of +/-1%. Overall, instrument performance was found to be satisfactory for the antimicrobial susceptibility testing technique which has been implemented in this laboratory. A method is suggested for simple evaluation of the volumes dispensed. A variety of antibiotics may be stored in Trypticase soy broth in Microtiter plates without loss of potency for periods of at least 2 weeks at -20 degrees C and 4 months at -70 degrees C.
Properties and Chemical Applications of 18O Isotope Shifts in 13C and 15N Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Isotope effects may be broadly classified as intrinsic isotope effects (either primary isotope effects or secondary isotope effects), equilibrium isotope effects, or solvent isotope effects. In nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy the most intensely studied and widely used of these isotope effects are the (intrinsic) secondary isotope effects, which arise because isotopic substitution in a molecule changes the shielding of other nuclei in the molecule. Thus, NMR signals of chemically identical nuclei in different isotopomers may have different chemical shifts. In general, the chemical shifts of nuclei in isotopomers with the heavier isotopes are upfield with respect to the lighter isotopes within a series, as for example the isotopes of hydrogen, the isotopes of oxygen, etc. The magnitudes of these secondary isotope effects are calculated as the differences in the chemical shifts for the different isotopomers, and are called isotope effects, isotope-induced shifts, or simply, isotope shifts.
The role of 3-dimensional ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of müllerian duct anomalies: a review of the literature.

Objective The purpose of this article is to review the published literature and determine the roles that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and endovaginal 3-dimensional ultrasonography (3DUS) play in the diagnosis of mullerian duct anomalies (MDAs). Methods A PubMed search was performed to identify all of the articles pertaining to the use of MRI or 3DUS for the evaluation or diagnosis of MDAs. Clinical studies, review articles, case reports, and descriptive studies were reviewed. Results Magnetic resonance imaging and 3DUS are highly sensitive and specific in identifying women with MDAs. Magnetic resonance imaging is 100% to 28.6% sensitive and 100% to 66% specific in correctly categorizing MDAs. Three-dimensional ultrasonography is 100% to 98% sensitive and 100% specific in correctly categorizing MDAs. Conclusions In experienced hands, both MRI and 3DUS are adequate modalities for identifying women with MDAs. There is a lack of studies comparing MRI with 3DUS for the diagnosis and categorization of MDAs. However, it seems likely that 3DUS is more sensitive and specific than MRI in categorizing specific types of MDAs. The high sensitivity and specificity of 3DUS make it an ideal tool for identifying women with MDAs that are amenable to hysteroscopic resection. Therefore, we believe that as practitioners become more experienced, 3DUS will emerge as the reference standard for the diagnosis of MDAs.
Quantitatively Oriented Data Collection Designs

Decision making requires relevant data. The problem facing the program and project evaluator is how best (meaning efficiently and effectively) to gather that data. The data must be gathered in a systematic fashion and in such a way as to allow the project impact be seen in as clearly defined form as possible.
'Their Promises of Paradise': Institutional Segregation, Community Treatment, the Ada, and Olmstead V. L.C.

This article argues that the Supreme Court's decision in Olmstead v. L.C., 119 S. Ct. 2176 (1999), finding a qualified right to community treatment and services for certain institutionalized persons under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and endorsing an "integration mandate," forces us to reconsider the role of the "least restrictive alternative" in institutional mental disability law, and may serve to resuscitate and revitalize the constitutional foundations of that principle in this area of the law. In this context, Olmstead has the capacity to be the Supreme Court's most therapeutic mental disability law decision since that Court decided, in Jackson v. Indiana, 406 U.S. 715 (1972), that the "nature and duration" of civil commitment were constitutionally bound.
The Reform of the Practice Teaching and the Training Mode of Creative Talents for Electronic-Information-Type Specialties

In this paper, we take communications engineering specialty as an example, and investigate the practice teaching and the training mode of creative talents for electronic-information-type specialties. During formulating the training program, the course system needs to be optimized with emphasis on the teaching contents of practical skills. The experiments of fundamental courses and theoretical courses mainly fall within validation-type experiments, and the ones of professional platform courses and practical optional courses mainly belong to design-type experiments. Moreover, it’s stressed that the subjects of course projects and graduation design should be comprehensive, practical and innovative; extracurricular activities in science and technology focus on training student’s technical expertise. Finally, The construction scheme of professional laboratory is presented for further enhancing student’s engineering practical ability and innovation ability.
Reevaluation of the Genus Hyalomyzus Richards with the Description of Two New Species (Homoptera: Aphididae)

Alatae and apterae of the genus Hyalomyzus , including 2 new species, Hyalomyzus orphnophlebos n. sp. and Hyalomyzus pocosinus n. sp., are described, illustrated, and keys are provided for identification. Hyalomyzus tissoti Nielsson & Habeck is considered a synonym of Hyalomyzus jussiaeae Smith. Cladistic analysis of 17 taxa using 25 morphological characters is discussed.
What’s a life worth? Ethnographic counterfactual analysis, undocumented status and sociological autopsy in a wrongful death lawsuit

This paper asks ‘What is a life worth?’ by analyzing the wrongful death lawsuit for Douglas Morales, an undocumented student who died in 2008 at 17 from brain injuries suffered playing football. The paper first examines how sociologists and New Jersey law monetarily value a child’s life, especially when undocumented status would have decreased long-term earnings. Second, it uses ethnographic, counterfactual methods to do a ‘sociological autopsy’ offering a plausible alternative, a more positive scenario – including a path to legal status – for Douglas’s future life. It uses interviews and document review to establish Douglas’s life habits, leveraging sociological and psychological research on immigrant youth achievers to predict higher future earnings. The paper advances ‘public sociology’ by deploying ethnographic, case-oriented methods to challenge the devaluation of this undocumented life, critique American immigration policies, and to help the decedent’s family directly.
A new planktonic diatom species, Rhizosolenia sigmoida, from upper Pliocene sediments of the equatorial Pacific Ocean

A new stratigraphically important species, Rhizosolenia sigmoida, is described from upper Pliocene sediments of the equatorial Pacific Ocean. It is distinguishable from Rhizosolenia bergonii Peragallo primarily by the length of the apical process and the shape of the apex of the calyptra. Rhizosolenia praebergonii Mukhina is separated from Rhizosolenia sigmoida by the inflection at the base of the apical process and the shape of the apex of the valve as well as by being temporally displaced.