cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variation of transmittance spectra of porous antireflection coatings with index profile

Transmittance spectra were calculated for single-layer coatings with (1) homogeneous refractive index, (2) index profiles that increase monotonically with distance into the coating, and (3) index profiles that rise in discrete steps. The calculations predict that large transmittance at tuned wavelengths can be obtained using any of these coating designs and known, porous silica coating materials. The spectral bandwidth of transmittance maxima increases when the index profile is altered from homogeneous to any profile whose index increases monotonically with thickness in the coating. Bandwidth is greatest for the linear-ramp coating whose index rises linearly from that of air to that of the substrate, but this design cannot currently be used because we are unable to fabricate silica coating material with the extremely large porosity needed to provide a coating index near unity at the air interface. For currently attainable fractional silica contents, estimated to be in the range 0.4 to 0.5, the optimum bandwidth is provided by a coating with a single discrete step in its index profile.
A practical monthly optimum operations model

A mathematical model is developed for the Central Valley Project. The model produces a 12-month operating policy. The model is programmed in FORTRAN IV for processing on a CDC CYBER 74 computer. Project operations managers use the model as a decision-advising tool. This model will be coupled with a daily strategy mode. A four-dimensional incremental dynamic programming algorithm is developed to optimize the operation of the four-reservoir system. The objective of the model is to maximize energy generation within the limits of firm water and power contracts, mandatory releases, and flood control. A unique technique given the acronym RecIP for recomputed initial policy is developed to compute the initial operating policy that is optimized. The RecIP technique is an iterative process using the results of the incremental dynamic programming algorithm to compute a new initial policy to satisfy the required end of operational period target storages desired by the user.
Using cognitive pretesting in scale development for Parkinson's disease: the Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) example.

Background Cognitive pretesting, a qualitative step in scale development, precedes field testing and assesses the difficulty of instrument completion for examiners and respondents. Cognitive pretesting assesses respondent interest, attention span, discomfort, and comprehension, and highlights problems with the logical structure of questions/response options that can affect understanding. In the past this approach was not consistently used in the development or revision of movement disorders scales. Methods We applied qualitative cognitive pretesting using testing guides in development of the Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS). The guides were based on qualitative techniques, verbal probing and "think-aloud" interviewing, to identify problems with the scale from the patient and rater perspectives. English-speaking Parkinson's disease patients and movement disorders specialists (raters) from multiple specialty clinics in the United States, Western Europe and Canada used the MDS-UPDRS and completed the testing guides. Results Two rounds of cognitive pretesting were necessary before proceeding to field testing of the revised scale to assess clinimetric properties. Scale revisions based on cognitive pretesting included changes in phrasing, simplification of some questions, and addition of a reassuring statement explaining that not all PD patients experience the symptoms described in the questions. Conclusions The strategy of incorporating cognitive pretesting into scale development and revision provides a model for other movement disorders scales. Cognitive pretesting is being used in translating the MDS-UPDRS into multiple languages to improve comprehension and acceptance and in the development of a new Unified Dyskinesia Rating Scale for Parkinson's disease patients.
Rivastigmine as alternative treatment for refractory REM behavior disorder in Parkinson's disease.

Background: We report on a double-blind, crossover pilot trial for the treatment of rapid eye movement behavior disorder (RBD) in 12 patients with Parkinson's disease in whom conventional therapy failed. Methods: We employed a patch of the cholinesterase inhibitor rivastigmine at a dose of 4.6 mg/24 hours for 3 weeks compared with placebo to reduce the frequency of RBD episodes. The number of RBD episodes was monitored by diaries of bed partners. Results: Rivastigmine was well tolerated in most patients, with minor side effects, mainly related to peripheral cholinergic action, and significantly reduced the mean frequency of RBD episodes during the observation time. Conclusions: The results of this pilot trial need to be confirmed by further studies on a larger number of patients. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society
Exclusionary Strategies in the Hatch-Waxman Context

The intersection of patent and antitrust law has rarely been witness to a more protracted tension than that which currently resides in the pharmaceutical industry. Given the great societal need for access to affordable drugs, Congress sought to simultaneously encourage generic entry into patent-protected pharmaceutical markets, while financially rewarding those incumbents that first developed the relevant drugs. The ensuing Hatch-Waxman Act sought to balance these diametrically-opposed objectives and, in so doing, created a somewhat arcane, interwoven, and complex regulatory structure. It is within this framework that incumbent brand-name manufacturers and potential generic drug producers now operate. Given the axiomatic desire of drug companies to maximize their profits, it is unsurprising that brand-name pharmaceutical corporations have gone to some length to strategically manipulate the statutory structure to their advantage. A number of exclusionary tactics have emerged, pursuant to which incumbent drug producers have sought to discourage or even foreclose generic entry. This Article analyzes the various exclusionary phenomena that have emerged, and suggests optimal legal rules for addressing them.
Design Problem Solving: Knowledge Structures and Control Strategies

This work provides a perspective on design problem solving in the context of expert systems and outlines a general theory of knowledge-based reasoning. An expert system for design built according to these ideas is described.
Temperature Responses to Spectral Solar Variability on Decadal Time Scales

[1] Two scenarios of spectral solar forcing, namely Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SIM)-based out-of-phase variations and conventional in-phase variations, are input to a time-dependent radiative-convective model (RCM), and to the GISS modelE. Both scenarios and models give maximum temperature responses in the upper stratosphere, decreasing to the surface. Upper stratospheric peak-to-peak responses to out-of-phase forcing are ∼0.6 K and ∼0.9 K in RCM and modelE, ∼5 times larger than responses to in-phase forcing. Stratospheric responses are in-phase with TSI and UV variations, and resemble HALOE observed 11-year temperature variations. For in-phase forcing, ocean mixed layer response lags surface air response by ∼2 years, and is ∼0.06 K compared to ∼0.14 K for atmosphere. For out-of-phase forcing, lags are similar, but surface responses are significantly smaller. For both scenarios, modelE surface responses are less than 0.1 K in the tropics, and display similar patterns over oceanic regions, but complex responses over land.
Groundwater contamination by trace level organics from a rapid infiltration site

Abstract The trace organic removal efficiency for a rapid infiltration system is described. A broad spectrum monitoring of trace organics in the secondary sewage effluent applied to a rapid infiltration site is compared to a similar broad spectrum analysis of the groundwater beneath the site. Overall removal efficiency was about 92%. A chemical class breakdown of the organics yields removal efficiencies from 70 to 100%. The effects of groundwater dampening on concentration fluctuations was also treated over a 5-day period, showing very little difference over this time period.
UNISYS: description of the CBAS system used for MUC-5

This paper describes CBAS, a data extraction system with rule-based reasoning modules. The CBAS architecture depicted in Figure 1 emphasizes the use of multiple processors to detect significant primitive facts which are then processed by reasoning modules implemented as collections of forward-chaining rules to infer additional information. A guiding principle behind the architecture is to rely as much as possible on initial processors with relatively simple internal structure in order to insure greater robustness. However, the model does allow for the use of sophisticated initial processors, processors which embody linguistic analysis techniques. This emphasis on collections of multiple preprocessors which provide sets of primitive facts to be reasoned about is reminiscent of the standard architecture proposed for multisensor data fusion systems (where preprocessor = sensor) [5].
Is Justified True Belief Knowledge

Various attempts have been made in recent years to state necessary and sufficient conditions for someone's knowing a given proposition. The attempts have often been such that they can be stated in a form similar to the following: 1 a S knows that P IFF P is true, S believes that P, and S is justified in believing that P.
Structural insights into dioxygen-activating copper enzymes.

Copper-containing enzymes that react with O 2 play a key role in many biological processes. Mononuclear, dinuclear and trinuclear copper centers function in O 2 binding, activation and subsequent substrate oxidation. Recent advances in the structural biology of O 2 -activating copper enzymes range from the identification of novel copper centers, such as that of particulate methane monooxygenase, to the elucidation of the details of O 2 binding and reactivity in peptidylglycine α-hydroxylating monooxygenase. Structures of phenoxazinone synthase and Fet3 contribute to our understanding of multicopper oxidases. Additionally, details of the tyrosinase structure provide new insight into how dicopper sites confer substrate specificity. A common theme for each of these enzymes is that the protein scaffold plays a major role in dictating the overall function.
Applications of ICP-MS in marine analytical chemistry

The versatility of ICP-MS in marine analytical chemistry is illustrated with applications to the multielement trace analysis of two recently released marine reference materials, the coastal seawater CASS-2 and the non-defatted lobster hepatopancreas tissue LUTS-1, and to the determination of tributyltin and dibutyltin in the harbour sediment reference material PACS-1 by HPLC-ICP-MS. Seawater analyses were performed after separation of the trace elements either by adsorption on immobilized 8-hydroxy-quinoline or by reductive coprecipitation with iron and palladium. Simultaneous determination of seven trace elements in LUTS-1, including mercury, by isotope dilution ICP-MS, was achieved after dissolution by microwave digestion with nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide. Butyltin species in PACS-1 were separated by cation exchange HPLC of an extract of the sediment; method detection limits for tributyltin and dibutyltin in sediment samples are estimated to be 5 ng Sn/g and 12 ng Sn/g, respectively.
Evaluation of the evidence that tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA) cause cancer in humans.

Considerable evidence exists that TSNA may cause cancer in humans. Strong evidence suggests that the NNN and NNK in snuff are at least partially responsible for the excess of oral cancer among snuff dippers. Tobacco smoke, because it is a combustion product, is a far more complex matrix than is smokeless tobacco. Nonetheless, NNK is well established as a lung carcinogen in laboratory animals at levels similar to those experienced by heavy smokers. Although the epidemiology of the smoking/lung cancer association has been studied extensively and is well established as a causal relationship, few attempts have been made to determine the effective constituents in tobacco smoke, much less to quantify them and to reduce their levels in consumer products. More work is needed to determine TSNA uptake in smokers and users of smokeless tobacco and to determine the factors involved in the possible endogenous formation of TSNA and in their metabolic activation or inhibition of their formation. Exploratory work is in progress with various biological markers that may prove useful in quantifying the levels of TSNA exposure in humans. Epidemiologic evidence indicates that in addition to tobacco use other factors are causally related to the development of cancers of the oral cavity, lung and esophagus and that these factors (e.g., radon exposure in uranium miners who smoke) can act synergistically. Experimental investigation of some of these synergistic effects may prove to be a step in the direction of determining the proportion of various cancers that are likely to be attributable to various causes and ultimately to the various constituents of tobacco exposure.
Fixation and embedment, in situ, of tissue culture cells for electron microscopy.

Abstract The effects of six fixatives on the ultrastructure of He La cells have been compared. It was found that the fixatives routinely used for other tissues were not satisfactory for the preservation of HeLa cells. However, glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide applied as a ‘cocktail’ provide excellent ultrastructural preservation. Karnovsky's fixative with postosmication was also satisfactory and can be used to advantage in enzyme studies. A modification of the method of Brinkley et al. (1967) of in situ fixation and embedment of tissue culture material, in Falcon T-30 flasks, is described. This method allows for use of routine tissue culture techniques and for the pre-selection of cell or cells for examination by electron microscopy.
Using conceptual frameworks in management training: the case of education

Aims to demonstrate how conceptual frameworks can guide managerial training in education. Such purpose should apply to various countries because the concepts, by their nature, have universal characteristics. Uses three managerial functions: the rationale for their selection; the methods of teaching them; and the results of teaching as benchmarks of the use of the guidelines. Also provides an argument that other managerial functions can be taught in the same way. This work, which focuses on communication, style and problem solving, is considered experimental in nature. More research is needed to understand better the relations between conceptual frameworks and administration training.
A Nile blue staining technic for the differentiation of melanin and lipofuscins.

When paraffin sections are stained in 0.05-.01% Nile blue in 1 % sulfuric acid, washed thoroughly in water and mounted in aqueous media, lipofuscins color deep blue, melanins dark green, myelin and red cells lighter greens and background pale green. If, immediately after staining, the preparations are at once extracted with acetone with or without a 1% sulfuric acid rinse, melanins remain dark green, mast cells color purple, lipofuscins and background decolorize and nuclei may stain light green.
A thermostable vacuolar-type membrane pyrophosphatase from the archaeon Pyrobaculum aerophilum: implications for the origins of pyrophosphate-energized pumps.

Abstract Vacuolar-type H + -translocating pyrophosphatases (V-PPases) have been considered to be restricted to plants, a few species of phototrophic proteobacteria and protists. Here, we describe PVP, a thermostable, sequence-divergent V-PPase from the facultatively aerobic hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrobaculum aerophilum . PVP shares only 38% sequence identity with both the prototypical V-PPase from Arabidopsis thaliana and the H + -PPi synthase from Rhodospirillum rubrum , yet possesses most of the structural features characteristic of V-PPases. Heterologous expression of PVP in Saccharomyces cerevisiae yields a M r 64 000 membrane polypeptide that specifically catalyzes Mg 2+ -dependent PPi hydrolysis. The existence of PVP implies that PPi-energized H + -translocation is phylogenetically more deeply rooted than previously thought.
Progestagens, anabolic‐androgenic compounds, estrogens: Effects on triglycerides and postheraprin lipolytic enzymes

Oral contraceptives, estrogens, progestagens and anabolic-androgenic compounds have extensive effects on plasma triglycerides and on triglyceride clearing enzymes. This review will center on recent advances in the understanding of the mode of action of these compounds, both in normals and in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia.
A primitive model for single-chain/aqueous-solution behavior of PEO under pressure

A model of polymer chain conformations is introduced which strongly modifies the Flory theory by accounting for the saturation of hydrogen bonds in hydrosoluble polymers. The theory leads to an unusual pressure-dependent phase behavior, including a critical pressure beyond which hydrosolubility is reduced.
Hydrogen Bonding versus Ion Pairing in Polyelectrolyte Multilayers with Homopolynucleotides

Homopolynucleotidespoly(adenylic acid), poly(A), and poly(uridylic acid), poly(U)were assembled, layer-by-layer, into thin films with poly(ethylenimine), PEI. Various combinations and sequences of polynucleotide and PEI were used to highlight contributions of electrostatic versus hydrogen bonding as driving forces for multilayer build-up. Assembly of alternating poly(A) and poly(U) failed to yield growing films, due to excessively strong interactions between these complimentary strands. The surface morphology of multilayers depended on the deposition order and whether films had been annealed by salt. Films assembled from preformed A/U duplexes (having high persistence lengths) were very smooth. Individual adsorption steps, followed by optical waveguide light-mode spectroscopy, showed that only complementary polynucleotides adsorb by H-bonding to the surface of a growing multilayer. In contrast to behavior usually observed for polyelectrolyte multilayer build-up, the films decreased in thickness with incre...
Development of electroplated magnetic materials for MEMS

Soft ferromagnetic materials have thus far found the most utility in magnetic-MEMS, because the technologies necessary for depositing and micromachining them have been well developed previously by the data storage industry.
Crystallization of yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA

Abstract The crystallization of purified yeast tRNAPhe is described. The method involves the exposure of the magnesium salt of tRNA to chloroform at 3°C. The ability of chloroform to organize water structure may be important to crystallization.
AN AUTOMATIC THREE-DIMENSIONAL FINITE ELEMENT MESH GENERATION SYSTEM FOR THE POISSON-BOLTZMANN EQUATION

We present an automatic three-dimensional mesh generation system for the solution of the Poisson–Boltzmann equation using a finite element discretization. The different algorithms presented allow the construction of a tetrahedral mesh using a predetermined spatial distribution of vertices adapted to the geometry of the dielectric continuum solvent model. A constrained mesh generation strategy, based on Bowyer's algorithm, is used to construct the tetrahedral elements incrementally and embed the Richards surface of the molecule into the mesh as a set of triangular faces. A direct mesh construction algorithm is then used to refine the existing mesh in the neighborhood of the dielectric interface. This will allow an accurate calculation of the induced polarization charge to be carried out while maintaining a sparse grid structure in the rest of the computational space. The inclusion of an ionic boundary at some finite distance from the dielectric interface can be automatically achieved as the grid point distribution outside the solute molecule is constructed using a set of surfaces topologically equivalent to this boundary. The meshes obtained by applying the algorithm to real molecular geometries are described. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem18: 1570–1590, 1997
A Grid-Less Approach to Underdetermined Direction of Arrival Estimation Via Low Rank Matrix Denoising

The problem of direction of arrival (DOA) estimation of narrowband sources using an antenna array is considered where the number of sources can potentially exceed the number of sensors. In earlier works, the authors showed that using a suitable antenna geometry, such as the nested and coprime arrays, it is possible to localize O(M2) sources using M sensors. To this end, two different approaches have been proposed. One is based on an extension of subspace based methods such as MUSIC to these sparse arrays, and the other employs l1 norm minimization based sparse estimation techniques by assuming an underlying grid. While the former requires the knowledge of number of sources, the latter suffers from basis mismatch effects. In this letter, a new approach is proposed which overcomes both these weaknesses. The method is hybrid in nature, using a low rank matrix denoising approach followed by a MUSIC-like subspace method to estimate the DOAs. The number of sources is revealed as a by-product of the low rank denoising stage. Moreover, it does not assume any underlying grid and thereby does not suffer from basis mismatch. Numerical examples validate the effectiveness of the proposed method when compared against existing techniques.
Activation of acute phase response factor (APRF)/Stat3 transcription factor by growth hormone.

The mechanism by which the binding of growth hormone (GH) to its cell surface receptor elicits changes in gene transcription are largely unknown. The transcription factor Stat1/p91 has been shown to be activated by GH. Here we show that acute phase response factor or Stat3 f1p4an antigenically related protein), is also activated by GH. Stat3 has been implicated in the interleukin-6-dependent induction of acute phase response genes. GH promotes in 3T3-F442A fibroblasts the tyrosyl phosphorylation of a protein immunoprecipitated by antibodies to Stat3. This protein co-migrates with a tyrosyl phosphorylated protein from cells treated with leukemia inhibitory factor, a cytokine known to activate Stat3. Tyrosyl phosphorylated Stat3 is also observed in response to interferon-gamma. Stat3 is present in GH-inducible DNA-binding complexes that bind the sis-inducible element in the c-fos promoter and the acute phase response element in the alpha 2-macroglobulin promoter. The ability of GH to activate both Stat1 and Stat3 (i.e. increase their tyrosyl phosphorylation and ability to bind to DNA) suggests that gene regulation by GH involves multiple Stat proteins. Shared transcription factors among hormones and cytokines that activate JAK kinases provide an explanation for shared responses, while the ability of the different ligands to differentially recruit various Stat family members suggests mechanisms by which specificity in gene regulation could be achieved.
Post Keynesian economics and international policy coordination

Abstract This article discusses the nature of macroeconomic interdependence in the world economy and questions whether traditional Neoclassical solutions can avoid the associated problems. It further argues that those problems are really manifestations of the problems with typical government macropolicies. The article includes a brief discussion of the Post Keynesian and Neoclassical schools of thought in economics and concludes that efforts by economist to devise guidelines for international coordination bodies are useless in the absence of radical changes in domestic macropolicies.
Metabolic profile of XK469 (2(R)-[4-(7-chloro-2-quinoxalinyl)oxyphenoxy]-propionic acid; NSC698215) in patients and in vitro: low potential for active or toxic metabolites or for drug–drug interactions

As part of an ongoing phase 1 study, we studied the excretion of XK469 and its metabolism in patients and in vitro. Five primary metabolites were identified by HPLC/MS/MS. An oxidized product formed by cytosolic aldehyde oxidase was the predominant species both in urine and human hepatocytes in vitro. Conjugates of XK469 with glycine, taurine, and glucuronic acid, as well as the microsomal product, 4-oxo-XK469, were also found in urine and in vitro, but none were major contributors to the mass balance for XK469 elimination. Based upon the relative concentrations circulating in plasma, systemic exposure to parent drug was 100-fold higher than for the metabolites. Thus, both toxicity and efficacy of XK469 are most likely to be produced by the parent molecule, rather than the metabolites. Urinary recovery of parent drug was low (2% of dose in 24 h), partly because of the long half-life of XK469 (approximately 3 days). In addition, the metabolite profile in urine indicates that only 25% of the XK469-derived material was unchanged drug. Thus, urinary excretion was not a major factor in XK469 elimination. Variations in systemic exposure to XK469 will be strongly influenced by factors that alter the activity of aldehyde oxidase, including pharmacogenetics, enzyme inhibition, and enzyme induction, but no specific modifiers have been reported. The multiday half-life of XK469 hampered our ability to obtain a complete mass balance, and the possibility exists that other routes, such as biliary excretion, may also play a substantial role in XK469 disposition.
ON THE EQUIVALENCE OF ALTERNATIVE MEASURES OF THE ELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTION

This paper provides a necessary and sufficient condition for the equivalence of three alternative measures of the elasticity of factor substitution: the Allen-Uzawa partial elasticity, the shadow elasticity and the general two-factor two-price elasticity.
The effect of nonnutritive sucking on oxygenation in healthy, crying full-term infants

Abstract Crying in healthy, recently born infants has been associated with decreased oxygenation, which may prolong adjustment to extrauterine life. This research investigated the use of nonnutritive sucking (NNS) as an intervention to reduce crying and prevent any decreases in oxygenation that may occur in crying healthy term infants between 9 and 72 hours of life. Twenty-nine experimental group infants, who received a pacifier (NNS) immediately after crying was induced by a heelstick, had statistically significantly higher transcutaneous oxygen tensions (tcPO 2 s) compared with baseline values than 30 control (ONNS) infants who did not. Infants who received NNS also had higher tcPO 2 s after crying than infants who did not. NNS, which attenuates crying, may alleviate crying-induced oxygen decreases in healthy, transitional newborn infants.
Comparative study of the hypercoordinate carbonium ions and their boron analogs: A challenge for spectroscopists

Abstract Theoretical and related experimental studies have shown that carbon can extend its bonding from Kekule’s tetravalent methane to five, six or seven coordinated protonated methanes, i.e., CH 5 + , CH 6 2+ and CH 7 3+ and their analogs. Ab initio calculations indicate that higher coordinated, highly charged carbonium ions could be viable species despite the substantial charge–charge repulsion. Structure and bonding of such carbonium ions and the isoelectronic boron analogs were studied and are discussed. These contribute to our general understanding of the electrophilic reactivity of C–H and C–C single bonds.
The Fate of Place. Edward S. Casey, and City Lives and City Forms. Jon Caulfield and Linda Peake, editor; Streets: Critical Perspectives on Public Space. elik Zeynep, Diane Favro, and Richard Ingersoll, editors; Culture, Globalization, and the World System: Contemporary Conditions for the Representation of Identity. Anthony D. King, editor; Out of Place: Homeless Mobilizations, Subcities, and Contested Landscapes. Talmadge Wright

(1999). The Fate of Place. Edward S. Casey, and City Lives and City Forms. Jon Caulfield and Linda Peake, editor; Streets: Critical Perspectives on Public Space. �elik Zeynep, Diane Favro, and Richard Ingersoll, editors; Culture, Globalization, and the World System: Contemporary Conditions for the Representation of Identity. Anthony D. King, editor; Out of Place: Homeless Mobilizations, Subcities, and Contested Landscapes. Talmadge Wright. Urban Geography: Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 188-196.
A convenient graph paper for depicting the behavior of the moment of inertia of high spin nuclear rotational states

Abstract A graph paper is described which is useful in the study of the behavior of the moment of inertia for high spin states of deformed even-even nuclei.
An Agent and Two Principals U.S. Court of Appeals Responses to Employment Division, Department of Human Resources v. Smith and the Religious Freedom Restoration Act

Principal-agent theory recently has been used to analyze responses of the U.S. Court of Appeals to search and seizure decisions of the Supreme Court. This article examines what happens when agents (the U.S. Court of Appeals) are faced with the dilemma of following the conflicting commands of two principals (the Supreme Court and Congress). These conflicting commands take the form of the Court's decision in Employment Division, Department of Human Resources v. Smith (1990) and the congressional attempt to overturn this decision in the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) of 1993. The results of the multivariate analysis demonstrate that even after controlling on legal (case-fact) and political variables, the U.S. Court of Appeals became more hostile to religious free exercise claims after Smith and became more receptive to such claims after the passage of RFRA. The lower courts appear willing to act as the agents of both the Supreme Court and Congress.
Variable-range hopping in the critical regime

Mott's theory of variable range hopping (VRH) is extended to the critical regime approaching the metal-insulator transition where the hopping energy ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{h}(T)l\mathrm{kT}.$ The Miller-Abrahams impedance between a pair of sites is minimized for an arbitrary value of ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{h}/kT.$ The theory features spatial dispersion of the dielectric response function $\ensuremath{\epsilon}(R,n),$ which introduces a new length scale ${r}_{s}$ into the Miller-Abrahams resonance energy. In the regime ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{h}\ensuremath{\ll}\mathrm{kT}$ the Mott exponent 1/4 changes to 2/7 and the numerical factor [18.1] in the Mott ${T}_{0}$ is reduced to 1.51. Efros-Shklovskii VRH is also modified by the inclusion of $\ensuremath{\epsilon}(R,n)$ and the ${T}_{0}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ depends critically on the spatial dispersion of $\ensuremath{\epsilon}(R,n)$ and this feature allows an explanation of the Ge:Ga data of Watanabe et al., which exhibits ${T}_{0}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\propto}(1\ensuremath{-}{n/n}_{c}{)}^{1.0}.$ The new result for the Mott case allows the Si:As and Si:P results to be explained over a range of ${10}^{6}$ in Mott ${T}_{0}$ values encompassing the crossover from high-temperature Mott VRH to conventional low-temperature Mott VRH. The reduced density dependence of the Mott VRH prefactor ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{0}(n)$ is also satisfactorily explained. In the critical regime for $1\ensuremath{-}{n/n}_{c}l0.05,$ Si:As and Si:P yield the localization length exponent $\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\sim}1.$
The effect of subfornical organ lesions and ventricular blockade on drinking induced by angiotensin II.

Abstract The role of the subfornical organ (SFO) as the unique receptor site for the drinking behavior induced by intracranial injections of angiotensin II (AII) was investigated. It was found that: (1) drinking in response to intraventricular (IVT) injections of AII was reduced in 6 rats but was unchanged after 80–100% damage of the SFO in 4 cases; (2) reduction of drinking to lateral ventricular application of AII was seen with no apparent SFO damage in 4 rats; (3) recovery of the AII induced drinking deficit was consistently observed within a short time interval (14 days), even in those animals with complete SFO lesions: (4) the presence of ventricular debris was correlated with deficits in water intake to IVT angiotensin injections. In a second experiment artificial blockade of the ventricular space was produced by a plugging technique. Plugging the anterior third ventricle simulated the effects of SFO lesioning. It was concluded that the SFO is not a unique receptor area since the ventral anterior third ventricle is also sensitive for AII (IVT) induced drinking. If the SFO is a receptor site for AII circulating in the CSF it is probably not the only periventricular receptor site. Access of AII to the anterior ventral third ventricle appears to be essential for inducement of drinking.
The cranking model applied to Yb bands and band crossings

Abstract In-beam γ-ray spectroscopy experiments have been performed on 160, 161, 162 Yb in Copenhagen and on 160 Yb in Oak Ridge. Fifteen rotational sequences (bands) were observed, most of them beyond I = 20. Thirteen band crossings (upbends or backbends) were found, and these are classified according to the frequency and the gain in aligned angular momentum in the crossing. Six negative-parity side bands in 160,162 Yb and the i 13 2 band in 161 Yb experience a similar crossing around ω = 0.36 MeV/ h , a value intermediate to the frequencies of the first and second yrast backbends in 160 Yb. Cranking model calculations are used to suggest quasiparticle assignments for the bands and to explain the nature of the three basic types of band crossings observed in our measurements.
Unmanned outer planet capture missions.

Direct flight and Jupiter swingby heliocentric trajectory modes of elliptic capture orbits compared for unmanned missions to outer planets
Psychologists and High School Science Fairs: Some Ethical and Professional Concerns

This article describes my experience as an administrator of a regional high school science fair. Problems associated with non-compliance of guidelines for the use of animal and human subjects are discussed. Suggestions are given for the involvement of psychologists in high school science fairs.
Nonlinear refractive index of optical crystals.

The nonlinear refractive indices (${n}_{2}$) of a large number of optical crystals have been measured at a wavelength near one micrometer with use of nearly degenerate three-wave mixing. The measurements are compared with the predictions of an empirical formula derived by Boling, Glass, and Owyoung. This formula, which relates ${n}_{2}$ to the linear refractive index and its dispersion, is shown to be accurate to within about 30% for materials with nonlinear indices ranging over 3 orders of magnitude. Measurements for a number of binary oxide and fluoride crystals have been analyzed under the assumption that the hyperpolarizability of the anion is much larger than that of the cation. It is found that the hyperpolarizability of oxygen varies by a factor of 10, and that of fluorine varies by a factor of 7, depending on the size of the coordinating cation. This behavior is similar to that of the linear polarizability, although the hyperpolarizability is much more sensitive than the linear polarizability to the identity of the cation. The measured halide ion hyperpolarizabilities for several alkali-halide crystals are in reasonable agreement with recent self-consistent calculations. A semiempirical model was proposed by Wilson and Curtis to account for the dependence of the linear anionic polarizability on the radius of the cation. This model also accounts quite well for the variation of the hyperpolarizability of both fluorine and oxygen, except for cation partners that have filled or unfilled d-electron shells. The nonlinear indices of a number of complex oxides (i.e., those with more than one cation) have been calculated from the partial hyperpolarizabilities deduced from the data for the binary oxides. The calculated and measured values of ${n}_{2}$ agree to within an average error of 13%.
Stimulation of Actin Polymerization by Filament Severing

The extent and dynamics of actin polymerization in solution are calculated as functions of the filament severing rate, using a simple model of in vitro polymerization. The model is solved by both analytic theory and stochastic-growth simulation. The results show that severing essentially always enhances actin polymerization by freeing up barbed ends, if barbed-end cappers are present. Severing has much weaker effects if only pointed-end cappers are present. In the early stages of polymerization, the polymerized-actin concentration grows exponentially as a function of time. The exponential growth rate is given in terms of the severing rate, and the latter is given in terms of the maximum slope in a polymerization time course. Severing and branching are found to act synergistically.
Buoyancy waves in Pluto’s high atmosphere: Implications for stellar occultations

We apply scintillation theory to stellar signal fluctuations in the high-resolution, high signal/noise, dual-wavelength data from the MMT observation of the 2007 March 18 occultation of P445.3 by Pluto. A well-defined high wavenumber cutoff in the fluctuations is consistent with viscous-thermal dissipation of buoyancy waves (internal gravity waves) in Pluto’s high atmosphere, and provides strong evidence that the underlying density fluctuations are governed by the gravity-wave dispersion relation.
The probability-matching decision rule in the visual discrimination of order

In three experiments, human Ss were required to decide, on each trial, which of two spatially proximate, nearly simultaneous, lights was illuminated first. The right light preceded the left on either .33 or .83 of the trials. When Ss were frequently informed of these values, then, regardless of the accuracy of performance, Ss adjusted the rate at which they made “right” responses to approximate the rate at which the right-first pattern was presented. These results are in clear agreement with an adaptation of Atkinson’s three-state detection model.
Clinical features and insulin regulation in infants with a syndrome of prolonged neonatal hyperinsulinism

Objectives To characterize the clinical features and insulin regulation in infants with hypoglycemia due to prolonged neonatal hyperinsulinism. Study design Data were collected on 26 infants with hypoglycemia due to neonatal hyperinsulinism that later resolved. Acute insulin response (AIR) tests to calcium, leucine, glucose, and tolbutamide were performed in 11 neonates. Results were compared to children with genetic hyperinsulinism due to mutations of the adenosine triphosphate–dependent potassium (K ATP ) channel and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). Results Among the 26 neonates, there were significantly more males, small-for-gestational-age infants, and cesarean deliveries. Only 5 of the 26 had no identifiable risk factor. Hyperinsulinism was diagnosed at a median age of 13 days (range, 2 to 180 days) and resolved by a median age of 181 days (range, 18 to 403 days). Diazoxide was effective in 19 of the 21 neonates treated. In the 11 neonates tested, the AIRs to calcium, leucine, glucose, and tolbutamide resembled those in normal controls and differed from genetic hyperinsulinism due to K ATP channel and GDH mutations. Conclusions We define a syndrome of prolonged neonatal hyperinsulinism that is responsive to diazoxide, persists for several months, and resolves spontaneously. AIR tests suggest that both the K ATP channel and GDH have normal function.
PLASMA FLOWS AT VOYAGER 2 AWAY FROM THE MEASURED SUPRATHERMAL PRESSURES

Plasma flows measured by Voyager 2 show a clear rotation away from radially outward with increasing penetration into the inner heliosheath while the overall flow speed remains roughly constant. However, the direction of rotation is far more into the transverse, and less into the polar direction, than predicted. No current model reproduces the key observational results of (1) the direction of flow rotation or (2) constancy of the flow speed. Here we show that the direction is consistent with flow away from the region of maximum pressure in the inner heliosheath, ~20? south of the upwind direction, as measured by the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX). Further, we show that the dominance of the suprathermal ion pressure in the inner heliosheath measured by IBEX can explain both the observed flow rotation and constancy of the flow speed. These results indicate the critical importance of suprathermal ions in the physics of the inner heliosheath and have significant implications for understanding this key region of the heliosphere's interstellar interaction and astrophysical plasmas more broadly.
Effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on habituation and sensitization of the startle response in the rat.

Abstract In 4 experiments the effect of d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on the acoustic startle response in rats was measured. A low dose (20 μg/kg) facilitated startle but a high dose (160 μg/kg) at first facilitated but then depressed startle somewhat relative to an intermediate dose (40 μg/kg). 2-brom LSD (199 μg/kg) had no detectable effect and 40 μg/kg LSD did not change startle in raphe-lesioned rats. LSD appeared to augment sensitization rather than acting on the startle circuit directly since it did not increase startle unless given in conjunction with either background noise or repetitive tones. LSD did not prevent between session habituation. Relationships between habituation, sensitization, and the midbrain raphe nuclei were discussed.
COMPUTER SIMULATIONS OF THE SOLVATOCHROMISM OF BETAINE-30

Monte Carlo simulations of the pyridinium N-phenolate dye “betaine-30” in 12 solvents (20 solvent representations) were performed in order to explore the molecular basis of the ET(30) scale of solvent polarity. Ab initio (HF/6-31G*) and semiempirical (AM1 and INDO/S) electronic structure calculations were used to determine the geometry and charge distribution of betaine-30 in its S0 and S1 states. The solvent effect on the betaine absorption spectrum was assumed to derive from electrostatic interactions between the effective charge distributions of solvent molecules and the charge shift brought about by the S0 → S1 transition. Two models for this charge shift, one obtained from INDO/S calculations and the other an idealized two-site model, were used for the spectral calculations. Good agreement between simulated and observed ΔET shifts (ET(30) values measured relative to the nonpolar standard tetramethylsilane) was found for both charge-shift models. In water and other hydroxylic solvents, the O atom of t...
Abundance patterns and foraging activity of ant communities in abandoned, organic and commercial apple orchards in Northern California

Abstract The abundance patterns of ant communities were monitored with pitfall traps during 14 weeks in four northern California, dry farmed, apple orchards: an abandoned orchard undisturbed for 25 years, two ‘organically’ managed orchards, one with a cover crop of bell beans (Vicia faba) and grasses and the other kept clean of cover by discing, and a ‘commercial’ clean cultivated orchard sprayed with organophosphate insecticides. Six species of ants coexisted in the abandoned orchard, whereas only two species were found in the managed orchards. In both the organic and sprayed, clean cultivated systems, ants were more abundant in the orchard edges than in the vegetation-free centers. This trend was not apparent in the abandoned or organic cover orchards, where plant diversity in the center was similar to that of the edges. Ant predation on potato tuberworm larvae, Phthorimaea operculella, artificially placed on the orchard floor, declined with the intensity of management and vegetational simplication. A higher incidence of larval removal occurred in the edges than in the centers of the clean cultivated orchards. No noticeable populations of ants were detected on the trees in any of the orchards. Increased vegetational diversity and lack of disturbance appeared to affect ant locomotory activity and foraging efficiency by creating preferred sheltering and feeding sites.
Two-dimensional Ising model with crossing and four-spin interactions and a magnetic field i (π/2) kT

The Ising model on a checkerboard lattice with crossing and four-spin interactions is solved exactly when there is pure imaginary magnetic fieldH=i(π/2)kT. The model exhibits a critical point with continuously varying exponents.
Differential modulation by estrogen of α2-adrenergic and I1-imidazoline receptor-mediated hypotension in female rats

We have recently shown that estrogen negatively modulates the hypotensive effect of clonidine (mixed α2-/I1-receptor agonist) in female rats and implicates the cardiovascular autonomic control in t...
Model of the Thermodynamic Structure of the Trade-Wind Boundary Layer: Part I. Theoretical Formulation and Sensitivity Tests.

Abstract A numerical model which predicts the time variation of the thermodynamic structure of the trade-wind boundary layer is developed. Horizontally homogeneous conditions are assumed and the large-scale divergence, sea surface temperature and surface wind speed are specified externally. The model predicts the average value of mixing ratio and moist static energy in the subcloud and cloud layer and the slopes of these quantities in the cloud layer; the model also predicts the height of the transition layer (the layer which defines the boundary between the cloud and subcloud layer) and the height of the trade inversion. Subcloud layer convective fluxes are specified by using the bulk aerodynamic method for specifying the surface fluxes and a mixed-layer parameterization of the fluxes at the top of the subcloud layer. The moist convective processes are parameterized in terms of a mass flux which varies linearly with height and a cloud-environment difference in thermodynamic quantities which also varies l...
The True Confessions of a White Rawlsian Liberal: An Argument for a Capacities Approach to Democratic Legitimacy

AbstractThis paper takes as its point of departure the constitutional talks in South Africa in the early 1990’s. I suggest that liberal rather than democratic values held a particular attraction to South African political philosophers like me. Taking the example of Rawlsian liberalism, I show how liberalism locates the normative anchors of legitimacy outside the democratic process and is content with a weak interpretation of political equality. As an alternative I sketch a capacities approach to democratic legitimacy drawing on the work of Sen and Nussbaum. In particular I argue that the capacity to participate in democratic practices is what grounds and legitimizes principles of democratic justice agreed to by citizens. I conclude by suggesting that South Africa’s democracy would have been stronger if the state had attended to the capacities of citizens to participate in the democratic process.
Oscillatory Electroreflectance of SrTi O 3

The electroreflectance spectrum of semiconducting SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ exhibits an oscillatory behavior which is mainly due to interference between light reflected from the surface and light reflected from the back of the space-charge region. The experiment provides a simple method of measuring both the high-frequency free-carrier effective mass and the electro-optic effect.