cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extracellular Adenosine Stimulates Vacuolar ATPase-Dependent Proton Secretion in Medullary Intercalated Cells

Acidosis is an important complication of AKI and CKD. Renal intercalated cells (ICs) express the proton pumping vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) and are extensively involved in acid-base homeostasis. H+ secretion in type A intercalated cells (A-ICs) is regulated by apical vesicle recycling and stimulated by cAMP. In other cell types, cAMP is increased by extracellular agonists, including adenosine, through purinergic receptors. Adenosine is a Food and Drug Administration-approved drug, but very little is known about the effect of adenosine on IC function. Therefore, we investigated the role of adenosine in the regulation of V-ATPase in ICs. Intravenous treatment of mice with adenosine or agonists of ADORA2A and ADORA2B purinergic P1 receptors induced V-ATPase apical membrane accumulation in medullary A-ICs but not in cortical A-ICs or other IC subtypes. Both receptors are located in A-IC apical membranes, and adenosine injection increased urine adenosine concentration and decreased urine pH. Cell fractionation showed that adenosine or an ADORA2A or ADORA2B agonist induced V-ATPase translocation from vesicles to the plasma membrane and increased protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent protein phosphorylation in purified medullary ICs that were isolated from mice. Either ADORA2A or ADORA2B antagonists or the PKA inhibitor mPKI blocked these effects. Finally, a fluorescence pH assay showed that adenosine activates V-ATPase in isolated medullary ICs. Our study shows that medullary A-ICs respond to luminal adenosine through ADORA2A and ADORA2B receptors in a cAMP/PKA pathway-dependent mechanism to induce V-ATPase-dependent H+ secretion.
Discovering Communities and Anomalies in Attributed Graphs: Interactive Visual Exploration and Summarization

Given a network with node attributes, how can we identify communities and spot anomalies? How can we characterize, describe, or summarize the network in a succinct way? Community extraction requires a measure of quality for connected subgraphs (e.g., social circles). Existing subgraph measures, however, either consider only the connectedness of nodes inside the community and ignore the cross-edges at the boundary (e.g., density) or only quantify the structure of the community and ignore the node attributes (e.g., conductance). In this work, we focus on node-attributed networks and introduce: (1) a new measure of subgraph quality for attributed communities called normality, (2) a community extraction algorithm that uses normality to extract communities and a few characterizing attributes per community, and (3) a summarization and interactive visualization approach for attributed graph exploration. More specifically, (1) we first introduce a new measure to quantify the normality of an attributed subgraph. Our normality measure carefully utilizes structure and attributes together to quantify both the internal consistency and external separability. We then formulate an objective function to automatically infer a few attributes (called the “focus”) and respective attribute weights, so as to maximize the normality score of a given subgraph. Most notably, unlike many other approaches, our measure allows for many cross-edges as long as they can be “exonerated;” i.e., either (i) are expected under a null graph model, and/or (ii) their boundary nodes do not exhibit the focus attributes. Next, (2) we propose AMEN (for Attributed Mining of Entity Networks), an algorithm that simultaneously discovers the communities and their respective focus in a given graph, with a goal to maximize the total normality. Communities for which a focus that yields high normality cannot be found are considered low quality or anomalous. Last, (3) we formulate a summarization task with a multi-criteria objective, which selects a subset of the communities that (i) cover the entire graph well, are (ii) high quality and (iii) diverse in their focus attributes. We further design an interactive visualization interface that presents the communities to a user in an interpretable, user-friendly fashion. The user can explore all the communities, analyze various algorithm-generated summaries, as well as devise their own summaries interactively to characterize the network in a succinct way. As the experiments on real-world attributed graphs show, our proposed approaches effectively find anomalous communities and outperform several existing measures and methods, such as conductance, density, OddBall, and SODA. We also conduct extensive user studies to measure the capability and efficiency that our approach provides to the users toward network summarization, exploration, and sensemaking.
Advanced ceramic protective lifetime prolong for particle control

As technical advances continue, the pattern size of semiconductor circuit has been shrunk. Defect control becomes tighter due to decrease in defect size that affects the image printed on the wafer. It is critical to the photomask which contained considerably shrunk circuit and ultra high density pattern for sub – 20nm tech device. Therefore particle source from all processes should be controlled extremely. Especially for dry etching process, Yttrium oxide (Y2O3) has been widely used for plasma resistance protective material such as lower electrode cover plate and inductively coupled plasma insulator. However, Y2O3 showed highest erosion rates under Cl2 plasma condition [1], shorten protective lifetime. Therefore, selection of ceramic material must be important for particle control in dry etch process. In this paper, we introduce Y2O3 coating film fluorination after plasma treatment. Y-F and Y-O bonding energies change after plasma treatment was observed with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Expect fluorinated surface can prolong protective lifetime in Cl2 plasma condition.
Comparative ultrastructure of the decidua in pregnancy and pseudopregnancy

Abstract The ultrastructural development of decidua in pregnant hamsters and in deciduomas of equivalent age are compared during the period of 3 days beginning 5 days and 19 hours after ovulation. At first, the decidua produced in response to the blastocyst resembles in detail that of the deciduoma caused by injection of air into the pseudopregnant uterine horn. Although the decidua in true pregnancy maintains its characteristic ultrastructural features, the first signs of degeneration within the deciduoma are detectable as early as 6 days and 19 hours after ovulation. This tissue may show mitoses and regressive changes simultaneously. By 7½ days after ovulation, degeneration of the deciduoma is advanced. Beyond that period, ultrastructural details are obliterated. Thus, by the time that a typical pericellular deposit has formed around the decidua in true pregnancy, the deciduoma has begun to deteriorate. The role of the trophoblast in inducing deposition of this capsular material therefore could not be evaluated in these experiments. The two triggering mechanisms, blastocyst and injection of air, induce a common pathway of decidualization in the progesterone-stimulated uterus.
State making and state terror

The interesting question, therefore, is this: why have we seldom heard about the destabilizing consequences of Central government policy in the pre-1949 Chinese countryside? Surely one reason has to do with the fact that the well-known models put forth by Western historians to comprehend modern Chinese history and politics by and large left out the interest of the Central government. Up until the time Theda Skocpol published States and Social Revolutions there were, generally speaking, three such models. In the first of these models, the Central government was said to have been a “state blown apart” by military separatism. Advocates of a second model acknowledged that Chiang Kai-shek led the Central government to defeat most of the aristocratic warlord armies of the 1927–30 period, but nonetheless portrayed the center as lacking the bureaucratic machinery necessary to penetrate the vast rural interior and halt the devolution of state power. According to Philip Kuhn, William Wei, and Philip C. C. Huang, this devolutionary process played into the hands of entrenched local elites who were against state building, or who, as Prasenjit Duara has brilliantly shown, acted as brokers to alter Central government claims in order to serve their own interests. Yet a third model was sketched out in the insightful historical studies of Lloyd E. Eastman. According to Eastman, the Republican center was real enough, but the plans of its policymakers to create economic wealth and expand their controls over rural society were confounded by factional infighting and cut short by the Japanese invasion of China in 1937.
Psychological distress and responses to comparative risk messages about electronic and combusted cigarettes.

Abstract Background People with mental illness suffer disproportionately high health burdens of smoking. Communicating to these smokers that electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are a less harmful alternative to combusted cigarettes might help them reduce their health risks by encouraging complete switching to e-cigarettes. However, such messages might also cause unintended consequences (e.g., dual use of both combusted and e-cigarettes). Our study examined how smokers with vs. without serious psychological distress (SPD) responded to messages communicating reduced harm of e-cigarettes in relation to cigarettes. Method In an online experiment, 1400 U.S. adult smokers with and without SPD viewed 1 of 6 messages about reduced harm of e-cigarettes compared to cigarettes or a control message. Then participants reported e-cigarette- and cigarette-related beliefs, and behavioral intentions. Results Message type (comparative risk messages vs. control) did not interact with SPD status to produce differential impacts on smokers with and without SPD. Regardless of being exposed to a comparative risk message or a control message, smokers with SPD reported greater perceived absolute risk of e-cigarettes and cigarettes, greater support for tobacco control, greater intentions to switch to e-cigarettes completely and seek help with quitting, and were less likely to report e-cigarettes were less harmful than cigarettes compared to smokers without SPD. Discussion Smokers with SPD had greater intentions to switch to e-cigarettes completely and seek help quitting compared to smokers without SPD, which indicates that smokers with SPD may be optimistic about e-cigarettes to help them quit smoking.
Experimental study of neural network material decomposition to account for pulse-pileup effects in photon-counting spectral CT

Spectral CT with photon-counting detectors has demonstrated potential for improved material decomposition but is challenged by nonideal effects such as pulse pileup. The purpose of this study was to investigate the performance of Neural Network (NN) material decomposition under varying pulse-pileup conditions. We hypothesize that the NN can compensate for pileup effects as it learns the relationship between the spectral measurements and basis material thicknesses through calibration. Photon-counting experiments were performed to: (1) investigate the optimal NN architecture across varying pileup conditions, (2) quantify the performance of NN material decomposition across varying pileup conditions and (3) demonstrate material decomposition of photon-counting CT data across varying pileup conditions. The NN was trained with log-normalized spectral transmission measurements through known thicknesses of basis materials (PMMA and aluminum) at five flux levels. The trained NN was then applied to photoncounting transmission measurements through Teflon, Delrin, and Neoprene to estimate the basis material thicknesses. The trained neural network was also applied to photon-counting CT data of a rod phantom. The optimal NN configuration remained generally consistent across the studied flux levels, thus a NN configuration with five hidden-layer nodes was selected for the subsequent analysis. For the test material slabs, overall decomposition error decreased with flux for Teflon and Delrin, while increasing with flux for Neoprene. The CT experiments showed lowest material decomposition error for the lower flux condition, but similar error for the two higher flux conditions. Pulse-pileup decreased the variation in material decomposition estimates. The effects of pileup on material decomposition error varied across different materials. These preliminary results suggest that NN material decomposition may account for pulse-pileup effects in photon-counting CT.
The Evolution of Aging With Pride-National Health, Aging, and Sexuality/Gender Study: Illuminating the Iridescent Life Course of LGBTQ Adults Aged 80 Years and Older in the United States.

Aging with Pride: National Health, Aging, and Sexuality/Gender Study is the first federally funded study addressing aging among LGBTQ older adults throughout the United States. This article examine...
Organic Mergers and Acquisitions

This paper examines the competition between organic and non-organic firms, their incentives to undertake a horizontal merger, and the effect of mergers on firms’ market shares. We also consider an alternative setting where one firm can acquire its rival. For generality, we allow for product differentiation, demand, and cost asymmetries. Our results show that both organic and non-organic firms, despite their cost asymmetries and demand differentials, have incentives to merge under large conditions. When demand and cost differentials are significant, we identify settings under which a firm (either organic or non-organic) purchases its rival, to subsequently shut it down, and yet increase its profits. We then study under which conditions the merger can be welfare improving, which is more likely when goods are highly differentiated and their production costs are relatively symmetric.
Federal Criminal Risk Assessment

Risk assessments are a common feature of federal decisionmaking, including across a range of administrative agencies. However, in federal criminal law, risk assessments have been only haltingly adopted. Decisions regarding bail, sentences, and prison programming have largely been made based on official discretion. Risk assessment instruments are currently used in federal courts pre-trial, post-conviction, and in federal prisons regarding security levels and reentry, with highly uneven results to date. The adoption of the FIRST STEP Act, which has the ambition to transform the federal prison system through use of risk instruments, has the potential to introduce a more legitimate, transparent, and validated approach, using instruments developed publicly and, ideally, implemented consistently. Questions remain regarding whether the risk and needs instrument adopted will then be successfully and consistently implemented to assign inmates to programs, whether there will be adequate resources for those programs, and what the effectiveness of those programs will be. Prior efforts in the federal system, including concerns raised by reports and audits of federal risk assessment, as well as evidence from efforts in states and locally, suggest reason for caution and care as this new system is implemented. Important lessons can be learned from the successes and the failures of prior efforts to improve outcomes in the criminal system.
Inorganic scintillation detectors for 192Ir brachytherapy

Many brachytherapy (BT) errors could be detected with real-time in vivo dosimetry technology. Inorganic scintillation detectors (ISDs) have demonstrated promising capabilities for BT, because some ISD materials can generate scintillation signals large enough that (a) the background signal emitted in the fiber-optic cable (stem signal) is insignificant, and (b) small detector volumes can be used to avoid volume averaging effects in steep dose gradients near BT sources. We investigated the characteristics of five ISD materials to identify one that is appropriate for BT. ISDs consisting of a 0.26 to 1.0 mm3 volume of ruby (Al2O3:Cr), a mixture of Y2O3:Eu and YVO4:Eu, ZnSe:O, or CsI:Tl coupled to a fiber-optic cable were irradiated in a water-equivalent phantom using a high-dose-rate 192Ir BT source. Detectors based on plastic scintillators BCF-12 and BCF-60 (0.8 mm3 volume) were used as a reference. Measurements demonstrated that the ruby, Y2O3:Eu+YVO4:Eu, ZnSe:O, and CsI:Tl ISDs emitted scintillation signals that were up to 19, 19, 250, and 880 times greater, respectively, than that of the BCF-12 detector. While the total signals of the plastic scintillation detectors were dominated by the stem signal for source positions 0.5 cm from the fiber-optic cable and >3.5 cm from the scintillator volume, the stem signal for the ruby and Y2O3:Eu+YVO4:Eu ISDs were <1% of the total signal for source positions <3.4 and <4.4 cm from the scintillator, respectively, and <0.7% and <0.5% for the ZnSe:O and CsI:Tl ISDs, respectively, for positions ⩽8.0 cm. In contrast to the other ISDs, the Y2O3:Eu+YVO4:Eu ISD exhibited unstable scintillation and significant afterglow. All ISDs exhibited significant energy dependence, i.e. their dose response to distance-dependent 192Ir energy spectra differed significantly from the absorbed dose in water. Provided that energy dependence is accounted for, ZnSe:O ISDs are promising for use in error detection and patient safety monitoring during BT.
Factor VIII:E113A Represents a High Specific Activity Factor VIII Arising from a Single Point Mutation within a Ca2+ Binding Site.

We recently identified an acidic-rich segment in the A1 domain of factor VIII (residues 110-126) that functions in the coordination of Ca 2+ , an ion necessary for cofactor activity (Wakabayashi et al., J. Biol. Chem.279:12677–12684, 2004). Using Ala-scanning mutagenesis, it was determined that replacement of residue E113 with Ala yielded a factor VIII point mutant that possessed an ~2-fold increased affinity for Ca 2+ as compared with wild type, suggesting that this residue did not directly contribute to Ca 2+ coordination but rather modulated the affinity of the ion at this site. Furthermore, the E113A factor VIII possessed twice the specific activity of wild type as determined by a one-stage clotting assay. This increased activity was not likely a result of increased affinity for Ca 2+ , since assays were performed at saturating Ca 2+ levels. Saturation mutagenesis at position 113 revealed that substitution at this position with relatively small, nonpolar residues were well-tolerated, whereas replacement with a number of polar or charged residues was detrimental to activity. Ala-substitution yielded the greatest activity increase of ~2-fold and this level was observed over a wide range of factor VIII concentrations. Time course experiments of factor VIII activation following reaction with thrombin revealed similar rates of activation and inactivation of E113A as observed for the wild type. Interestingly, results from factor Xa generation assays using purified reactants showed the mutant possessed 2+ coordination site may selectively enhance cofactor specific activity as measured in a plasma-based assay compared to activity determined in a purified system. The enhanced activity observed for E113A factor VIII may derive from a subtle alteration in conformation affecting a yet to be identified functional parameter.
ApoE (Apolipoprotein E) in Brain Pericytes Regulates Endothelial Function in an Isoform-Dependent Manner by Modulating Basement Membrane Components.

Objective: The e4 allele of the APOE gene (APOE4) is the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer disease when compared with the common e3 allele. Although there has been significant progress in...
Characterizing Microbiota from Sjögren's Syndrome Patients.

Objective:To compare the oral microbiota of Sjogren’s syndrome (SS) with that of healthy subjects (HS).Methods:Supragingival and subgingival biofilm samples were collected from the mesial-buccal to...
Appraisal inflation: Evidence from the 2009 GSE HVCC intervention

Appraisal inflation is a prominent aspect of lax underwriting practice. The GSE May 2009 Home Valuation Code of Conduct (HVCC) aims to prohibit lenders from influencing appraisers. Refinance loans, without a transaction price, are potentially more susceptible to appraisal inflation than purchase loans. We use GSE refinance loans as our treatment group and non-GSE refinance loans as the control group, and find that GSE refinance loans originated after May 2009 have lower default rates than non-GSE refinance loans. We further measure the appraisal inflation (bias) as the difference between the appraisal value in a 2009 refinance transaction and the actual transaction price in an earlier purchase transaction for the same property adjusted for local housing value changes. We find that the reduction in appraisal bias was larger for GSE refinance loans than for non-GSE refinance loans. This paper quantifies the “contribution” of appraisal inflation in poor loan underwriting standards and highlights the importance of unbiased and independent appraisal.
Intra-platform competition: the role of innovative and refinement evolution in app success

Abstract This study distinguishes between two types of app evolution based on its content: innovative evolution and refinement evolution. Drawing on product innovation and app evolution literature, we reveal the antecedents of those two types of evolution and their impacts on app success. The model was tested using a matched survey and objective data collected from 218 apps on Google Play. The results indicate that online customer monitoring routine is positively associated with both innovative evolution and refinement evolution. Furthermore, while refinement evolution is positively associated with app market performance, innovative evolution exerts its influence on app performance through refinement evolution.
Some Problems with Log-Normal Markov Runoff Models

Two methods for estimating the parameters of log-normally distributed runoff volumes employed in a lag one Markov model were investigated. In the first method the parameters were determined from the logarithms of the observed record. In the second method parameters were determined directly, by a method of moments, from the untransformed record. Both annual and monthly generation models were studied. Parameters for the flow record of Arroyo Seco, Soledad, CA, were estimated by both methods. Sequences were generated for both sets of parameters and used in a typical application—a storage reservoir capacity study. Storage requirements determined from these two sequences differed significantly.
1,2- and 2,1-Benzothiazines and Related Compounds

Publisher Summary The chapter focuses primarily on the two ring systems 1 and 2 and their oxidized derivatives. A few related ring systems, such as dibenzo- and hetero ring-fused 1,2-thiazines are included where it appears appropriate because of similar chemistry or analogous utility to the benzothiazine compounds. This chapter brings together all of the literature references to the title compounds, discusses the routes employed for their synthesis, and describes their reported chemical transformations. Special data and their utility are also discussed. The chapter discusses naptho- and dibenzo-1,2-thiazines, heterocyclic ring fused 1,2-thiazines, ring fused 1,2-benzothiazine derivatives, and 2,1-benzothiazines.
Duration of an ionospheric data assimilation initialization of a coupled thermosphere‐ionosphere model

[1] Initial conditions provide a critical input for accurate numerical forecast models in meteorology and oceanography. In this paper, we address this problem in space weather forecast models of the thermosphere-ionosphere system by using the electron densities from the Global Assimilation of Ionospheric Measurements (GAIM) model to initialize the ionospheric part of the Thermosphere Ionosphere Nested Grid (TING) model. The electron densities from the GAIM-initialized TING model (G-TING) are compared with the output from the stand-alone TING model (S-TING) for geomagnetically quiet and disturbed times in the early April 2004 period in order to observe how long the effects of the initialization would last. Our study shows that the e-folding time of the initialization is about 2 ∼ 3 hours for most conditions, although this result would probably be different if the initialization for the thermosphere is also included. However, this relaxation time displays significant variations with latitude, local time, and height, and it may also depend on the initial electron density differences between G-TING and S-TING. Furthermore, positive (G-TING > S-TING) and negative (G-TING < S-TING) density differences have different time durations of the initialization effects. Our study also indicates that there is little variation of the relaxation time with the geomagnetic activity despite the impact of geomagnetic storms on the thermosphere-ionosphere system.
A Strike Against Diamond Diplomacy

This editorial argues that, as a matter of public policy, the U.S. government should allow Cuba to compete in the World Baseball Classic.
1370PMUSIC THERAPY AS A TOOL OF PSYCHOTHERAPY IN ADOLESCENCE CANCER PATIENTS

ABSTRACT Aim: Adolescents cancer patients not only have substantial physical, cognitive, emotional and interpersonal problems but also added burden of a life threatening disease. Persistent body image concerns somatic preoccupation, disruptions in heterosexual relationships and deficit in social competence have all been documented in this age group. Integration of conventional and complementary modes of therapy can be helpful in case of psychological problems This study examines adolescent cancer patients and their parents perspectives about music and music therapy's role in their lives. Methods: We assessed 100 patients in their adolescence with their families in the Psycho oncology department of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Cancer Research Institute during July 2006 to December 2013. Among total patients 42% were ALL, 12% were NHL, 6% were Hodgkin disease, 12% were Rhabdomyosarcoma, 8% were PNET, 8% were Germ cell Tumor, 4% were brain tumor, 4% were Osteosarcoma and rest 4% were soft tissue and other patients. We examined their family functioning, mental health, self-esteem, and social competence. Music sessions for individuals and groups based on their needs and tastes were designed. The patients could listen music of their choice, play instruments themselves, writes songs or simply talk about music they liked. Results: Out of 100 patients 80% had excellent psychological functioning without serious social issues. They expressed a positive effect. Among them 10% expressed a little depression, 8% of the teenagers thought that their families were less attentive than the case with their counterparts. These adolescents were maladjusted to the society also. Two patients (2%) were reluctant to command. Majority of the patients who had psychological disturbances, responded well to Music therapy and agreed to proceed with their treatment except a few terminal cases. Positive effects may carry over into children's home lives and vicariously support families. Out of 20 patients psychologically challenged adolescents, 18 patients came back to normal state of mind after music therapy Conclusions: Hence we recommend psychotherapy strongly in their adolescent period in frequent intervals. Music therapy can be excellent tool for psychotherapy in the adolescent paediatric and cure strongly recommended Disclosure: All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
Fluorescent protein spectra

The cloning of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the jellyfish Aequoria victoria and its expression in heterologous systems was a significant advance for optical microscopy of living cells ([Chalfie et al., 1994][1]). Mutagenesis of jellyfish GFP has yielded proteins that fluoresce from blue
Individual Accountability in Cooperative Learning Groups at the College Level: Differential Effects on High, Average, and Low Exam Performers

Over a three-semester period in a large undergraduate human development course, students were assigned to 5–7 member groups to work together in preparing for an exam in one of the five content units in the course. Their exam performance was tracked over three units: a baseline unit in which students worked only individually, a unit in which they worked in cooperative teams, and a follow-up unit in which the formal cooperative team structure was removed. Three different bonus-credit contingencies were used in the cooperative learning unit across the three semesters: (a) awarding full bonus credit to each individual in the group if the group as a whole improved its exam performance by the specified amount, (b) awarding partial bonus credit to each individual in the group if the group as a whole improved it exam performance by the specified amount and full bonus credit to each individual who also improved by the specified amount, and (c) awarding full bonus credit to an individual in the group if both the group and the individual improved exam performance by the specified amount. The three contingencies produced somewhat similar patterns of change for low and average performers, but the high performers fared better under the last two contingencies than under the group-only contingency.
A generalized model for the transport of gases in porous, non-porous, and leaky membranes. I. Application to single gases

Abstract A theoretical framework for the transport of multi-component gases in membranes is formulated that includes simultaneous transport both through the pores and through the non-porous membrane phase. The model utilizes the extended dusty-gas model for describing te diffusion (ordinary, Knudsen, and surface diffusion) and flow of a multi-component gaseous mixture through the pores. In addition, the usual solution-diffusion model is adopted for describing the transport through the non-porous solid-phase. Some limiting forms of the generalized model are given. The model predictions are compared with experimental results for single gases reported in the literature for a variety of limiting situations involving one or more of these flux mechanisms. An experimental protocol is suggested for discerning the different mechanisms involved.
Early Tertiary Rifting in Western Oregon-Washington: GEOLOGIC NOTES

Seafloor spreading along the Kula-Farallon plate boundaries may be the explanation for geographic separation and different ages of the submarine basalts in western Oregon-Washington. Eocene strata of the Columbia arc are interpreted to be Tertiary seafloor that was wedged between the Juan de Fuca and North American plates when, in early Refugian time, subduction changed from its Mesozoic-early Tertiary location to the present location.
Turing’s Ideas and Models of Computation

The theory of computation that we have inherited from the 1960s focuses on algorithmic computation as embodied in the Turing Machine to the exclusion of other types of computation that Turing had considered. In this chapter we present new models of computation, inspired by Turing’s ideas, that are more appropriate for today’s interactive, networked, and embedded computing systems. These models represent super-Turing computation, going beyond Turing Machines and algorithms. We identify three principles underlying super-Turing computation (interaction with the world, infinity of resources, and evolution of systems) and apply these principles in our discussion of the implications of super-Turing computation for the future of computer science.
Population Structure Indices of Largemouth Bass and Smallmouth Bass Determined from Angler Catches

Abstract Increased angling effort on black bass (Micropterus dolomieui and Micropterus salmoides) requires more efficient and effective management to maintain the quality of the resource. Baseline data needed to develop effective management policies were collected for largemouth bass and smallmouth bass in 19 lakes and 1 river in Maine, representing 19,000 hectares of water. A card requesting only information on bass was distributed to anglers at bass club fishing tournaments and to the general public at sporting shops, general stores, and fishing lodges. Fishing diaries were given to selected anglers who had received specific instructions. Data were analyzed by the Proportional Stock Density index (PSD), a measure of population size structure. Populations of largemouth bass in eight waters had significant PSD values greater than 60%, indicating too few small fish. In three lakes, PSD was between 40 and 60%, indicating balanced populations. Populations of smallmouth bass in eight waters had significant PS...
High-Temperature Oxide Regrowth on Mechanically Damaged Surfaces

X-ray elemental maps are used with single-point abrasion tests of a nickel-based superalloy, exposed to air at 850 °C, to demonstrate how high-temperature oxidation products form differently on damaged and non-damaged tribosurfaces. These findings complement previous work on the nature of sliding combined with oxidation. Results have implications for modeling the wear processes of exhaust valves in internal combustion engines.
The (Multiple) Realization of Psychological and other Properties in the Sciences

: There has recently been controversy over the existence of ‘multiple realization’ in addition to some confusion between different conceptions of its nature. To resolve these problems, we focus on concrete examples from the sciences to provide precise accounts of the scientific concepts of ‘realization’ and ‘multiple realization’ that have played key roles in recent debates in the philosophy of science and philosophy of psychology. We illustrate the advantages of our view over a prominent rival account (Shapiro, 2000 and 2004) and use our work to rebut recent objections to the long-standing claim that psychological properties are multiply realized. For we use scientific evidence, in combination with our more precise theoretical framework, to show that we have strong reason to believe that psychological properties are indeed multiply realized both at the biochemical and neuronal levels.
CO2 chemoreception in the pulmonate snail, Helix aspersa

We have studied the response of the pneumostome to CO2, O2 and combined CO2 and O2 in intact snails. We found that pneumostomal opening increases in response to both hypercapnia and mild hypoxia. We determined which neural structures were essential for the pneumostomal response to CO2 by eliminating parts of the nervous system: the subesophageal ganglia and an intact anal nerve were necessary and sufficient elements for the CO2 response. Within the subesophageal ganglia, we identified a discrete region on the medial margin of the visceral ganglion that was capable of increasing pneumostomal area when focally stimulated with 6% CO2. Ion substitution experiments indicated that pneumostomal responses to hypercapnia were not mediated by the pneumostomal motor neurons themselves, but rather by interneurons connected polysynaptically to the motor neurons controlling pneumostomal function. In conclusion, intact H. aspersa have a ventilatory response to CO2, and this response is mediated by CO2 sensitive cells located in a small area of the central nervous system.
USE OF A LUNG STAPLER IN PULMONARY RESECTION.

lthough the results of pulmonary resection by standard techniques are good, there is a continuing need for, and interest in, A refinements in these techniques [5, 8, 141. There are two main areas of concern. The first is the control of blood and air leakage from the nonpleural surfaces after sublobar resection. The second is the elimination of the small but persistent number of bronchopleural fistulas. The mechanical stapler here described has been effective in our experience in approaching attainment of both objectives. A report from this hospital [15] on the use of the Russian UKB-25 stapler, formerly employed, indicated that it had some advantages but did not produce the marked improvement over previous techniques of bronchial closure that had been anticipated. The UKB-25 stapler lays down a single row of staples with the long axis of the staples parallel to the long axis of the bronchus. This report is on the use of the Russian stapler UKL-40,* which
A Compact and Versatile 19 GHz Digital Radio Field Trial Equipment

A digital radio equipment operating at frequencies around 19 GHz is described. Designed for field trial applications it can be used in a variety of configurations, allowing trials of multichannel telecommunications systems and mobile or fixed, digitally encoded television outside broadcast links. Microwave integrated circuits are used extensively throughout the r.f. and i.f. sections of the equipment allowing the realisation of compact, easily handled modules. The equipment transmits 1 or 2 binary data streams, each having data rates up to 154 Mbit/s. Hop lengths up to 5 or 10 km are achievable, depending on the grade of service required.
Comparison of adaptive filtering in time-, transform- and frequency-domain: An electrogastrographic study

Adaptive cancellation of motion artifacts in the electrogastrogram (EGG) is presented in this paper. The EGG is a surface measurement of gastric electrical activity. Like other noninvasive electrophysiological measurements, the EGG contains motion artifacts. A number of papers have been published on the adaptive cancellation of motion artifacts or interferences in biomedical signals. Adaptive filtering was performed in time domain in almost all of the previous publications. In this paper, however, three different sorts of adaptive filters were investigated and their efficiencies in cancellation of motion artifacts were compared with each other. These include time-domain, transform-domain, and frequency-domain adaptive filters. A series of simulations were conducted to investigate the performance of these adaptive filters in cancellation of respiratory and motion artifacts. The results show that the frequency-domain adaptive filter has superior performance over the time- and transform-domain adaptive filters in the cancellation of stationary respiratory artifacts in the EGG. Although results focus on the EGG, this paper provides useful information for adaptive filtering of other biomedical signals.
Exceptionally rapid CO release from a manganese(I) tricarbonyl complex derived from bis(4-chloro-phenylimino)acenaphthene upon exposure to visible light.

Two manganese(I) carbonyl complexes derived from α,α′-diimine ligands with extended conjugated framework namely [MnBr(CO)3(BIAN)] (1) and [MnBr(CO)3(MIAN)] (2), have been synthesized and structurally characterized. Unlike the previously reported photoactive CO-releasing molecules (photoCORMs), these two complexes exhibit unusually high sensitivity toward low power (0.3–10 mW) visible light (λ ≥ 520 nm) even in the solid state and rapidly release carbon monoxide (CO) upon illumination. The role of the ligand frames in such activity has been examined with the help of theoretical calculations. Application of these photoCORMs in delivering high fluxes of CO to biological targets is anticipated.
Structure and Stability of the Organo-Noble Gas Molecules XNgCCX and XNgCCNgX (Ng ) Kr, Ar; X ) F, Cl) †

Density functional theory (B3LYP) and ab initio theory [second-order Moller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) and coupled-cluster theory including single, double, and quasiperturbative triple excitations (CCSD(T))] have been used in combination with the standard and augmented correlation consistent basis sets (cc-pVnZ and aug-cc-pVnZ, where n = D, T, and Q) to investigate potential new noble gas compounds. Two classes of molecules were studied: XNgCCNgX and XNgCCX, where Ng = Kr and Ar and X = F and Cl. These molecules were characterized by finding the ground-state structures and calculating the relative energies, charge distributions, and vibrational frequencies. In addition, transition-state structures were also determined and decomposition pathways were identified through intrinsic reaction coordinate calculations.
A novel bioassay for screening and quantification of taxanes

We report a novel method for screening and quantifying tubulin-binding antimitotic agents that promote microtubule formation. The method is based on the shift in the peak of the fluorescence emission difference spectrum of tubulin complexed to metal free tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (TCPP) in the presence of antimitotic agents. Taxol® (paclitaxel), an anti-tumor drug approved for the treatment of a variety of cancers, caused the appearance of a new fluorescence peak at 645 nm at concentrations as low as 125 nM, the intensity of which was a function of the paclitaxel concentration. Cephalomannine caused the induction of a new fluorescence peak at 651 nm only above 1 µM. Baccatin did not induce the appearance of any new peak within detectable operating measurement conditions. These observations are in accordance with the biological activities/cytotoxicities of these compounds. Accordingly, it is proposed that the new method can be used for high throughput screening of antimitotic compounds.
Seasonal variation in primate fertility with an emphasis on the male

Seasonality of births occurs in a variety of animals including nonhuman primates and humans. Seasonal reproduction in humans is dampened by comparison with many animal species, and the factors controlling seasonality are more complex. It has proven difficult to unravel the multiplicity of variables controlling seasonal reproduction in humans. In this review, the seasonal variation in human reproduction is compared with that which occurs in freeranging troops of nonhuman primates in an effort to gain insight into the human phenomenon. This comparison shows that in both nonhuman primates and in humans, photoperiod is an important impeller of seasonal reproduction. Also, seasonal reproduction in nonhuman primates and humans is driven by a complex interaction between the animal and the social environment. This paper focuses on environmental impellers of seasonal reproduction in the male. Free-ranging male macaques exposed to a natural environment show a waxing and waning of sexual behavior, testosterone production, and spermatogenesis with a peak during mating season and a nadir during the birth season. Male macaques deprived of social cues from sexually receptive and/or attractive females undergo an incomplete or retarded sexual recrudescence when compared to male macaques exposed to a physical and social environment that initiates mating activity in a breeding group of male and female macaques. These latter results suggest that recrudescence of reproduction in male nonhuman primates during the mating season is dependent on cues from both the social and the physical environment. These results from nonhuman primates, together with results of the review of seasonal variation in human reproduction, suggest that the human female might play a key role in seasonality of births. Therefore, it is suggested that future research designed to unravel factors controlling seasonal patterns of human reproduction focus on factors regulating male-female interaction, female sexual behavior, and female fecundity.
Brain cholinesterase activity in fledgling starlings: Implications for monitoring exposure of songbirds to ChE inhibitors

Exposure of songbirds to organophosphate and carbamate pest ic ides is often determined by comparing the brain chol inesterase (ChE) a c t i v i t y of i nd i v i dua l s that have been exposed wi th that of unexposed bi rds of the same species (e .g . , see Busby et a l . 1981, 1982; Hamilton et a l . 1981). Knowledge of the normal pattern of ChE development in the brains of nes t l i ng and f l edg l i ng passerines is a necessary p re requ is i te for monitor ing exposure to ChE i n h i b i t o r s , and assessing the impacts of these i n h i b i t o r s on the reproduct ive success and surv iva l of songbirds. In a previous study, Grue et a l . (1981) reported tha t ChE a c t i v i t y in the brains of w i ld nes t l i ng European s t a r l i n g s (Sturnus v u l g a r i s ) , 3 to 18 days o ld , var ied s i g n i f i c a n t l y wi th age and appeared to increase toward adul t leve ls at a constant rate. Grue et a l . (1981) hypothesized that i f brain ChE a c t i v i t y continued to develop at a constant rate, leve ls in the brains of f l e d g l i n g s t a r l i n g s about 28 days old would be comparable to those in the brains of adu l ts . The present study was conducted to tes t t h i s hypothesis.
Reassessing hospital readmission penalties

Will Obamacare’s reductions in hospital readmissions improve the quality of care? The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 is midway through its four year implementation period. The centerpiece of the law is the requirement for near universal healthcare insurance coverage. It becomes effective in 2014. So much for the patient protection part of “Obamacare.” What about the affordable care aspect: cutting the hugely expensive costs in the US healthcare system? The act has always been weaker in that regard, but it does have some cost cutting measures. One that has already raised a ruckus is section 3025, the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program. Under this program the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) began reducing payments to hospitals with excess readmissions of patients with certain conditions in October last year. CMS began with three sentinel conditions—heart failure, myocardial infarction, and pneumonia—and is penalizing hospitals whose 30 day rates of readmission of patients with these diagnoses are higher than would be expected from each hospital’s case mix. In the first year of the program 2000 hospitals will lose about $300m (£194m; …
The White Establishment and the Character of Change

In Spike Lee's 1989 movie, "Do the Right Thing," an argument between the white owner of a pizzeria and a black customer who refuses to turn down his music escalates into racial name-calling and a brawl, followed by an over-zealous police response and, finally, a riot. Emotions run high, cultures clash and the "right thing" whatever that may be in the context of the movie is abandoned in a conflagration of rage and frustration. The scene is set in the oppressive heat of a summer night in the Bedford-Stuyvesant district of Brooklyn, New York, but the greater sense of oppression that pervades the movie emanates from the historical American reality: With regard to race relations, even when Americans know what the "right thing" is, they have frequently failed to do it. Each successive American generation is born into an inheritance of racial inequality. Each must grapple with the American dilemma,' and none leaves the racial culture unaltered. Yet real change in the personal and power
Response of a small Oregon estuary to coseismic subsidence and postseismic uplift in the past 300 years.

The Sixes River estuary, south coastal Oregon, sits above the locked portion of the Cascadia subduction zone, which intermittently releases in subduction-zone earthquakes. One such Cascadia earthquake ∼300 years ago caused subsidence and a tsunami at the Sixes estuary. The subsidence raised the river9s base level, resulting in an ∼3 km upstream shift of the head of tide of the estuary. At the upper end of the expanded estuary, more than 4 m of overbank sediment was deposited in the first decades or century after subsidence. Subsequent incision through the overbank deposits accompanied the gradual emergence of the estuary, and attendant downstream shift of the head of tide, as relative sea level fell in response to interseismic uplift.
Some aspects of intuitionistic fuzzy sets

We first discuss the significant role that duality plays in many aggregation operations involving intuitionistic fuzzy subsets. We then consider the extension to intuitionistic fuzzy subsets of a number of ideas from standard fuzzy subsets. In particular we look at the measure of specificity. We also look at the problem of alternative selection when decision criteria satisfaction is expressed using intuitionistic fuzzy subsets. We introduce a decision paradigm called the method of least commitment. We briefly look at the problem of defuzzification of intuitionistic fuzzy subsets.