cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RnR: A Software-Assisted Record-and-Replay Hardware Prefetcher

Applications with irregular memory access patterns do not benefit well from the memory hierarchy as applications that have good locality do. Relatively high miss ratio and long memory access latency can cause the processor to stall and degrade system performance. Prefetching can help to hide the miss penalty by predicting which memory addresses will be accessed in the near future and issuing memory requests ahead of the time. However, software prefetchers add instruction overhead, whereas hardware prefetchers cannot efficiently predict irregular memory access sequences with high accuracy. Fortunately, in many important irregular applications (e.g., iterative solvers, graph algorithms, and sparse matrix-vector multiplication), memory access sequences repeat over multiple iterations or program phases. When the patterns are long, a conventional spatial-temporal prefetcher can not achieve high prefetching accuracy, but these repeating patterns can be identified by programmers.In this work, we propose a software-assisted hardware prefetcher that focuses on repeating irregular memory access patterns for data structures that cannot benefit from conventional hardware prefetchers. The key idea is to provide a programming interface to record cache miss sequence on the first appearance of a memory access pattern and prefetch through replaying the pattern on the following repeats. The proposed Record-and-Replay (RnR) prefetcher provides a lightweight software interface so that the programmers can specify in the application code: 1) which data structures have irregular memory accesses, 2) when to start the recording, and 3) when to start the replay (prefetching). This work evaluated three irregular workloads with different inputs. For the evaluated workloads and inputs, the proposed RnR prefetcher can achieve on average 2.16× speedup for graph applications and 2.91× speedup for an iterative solver with a sparse matrix-vector multiplication kernel. By leveraging the knowledge from the programmers, the proposed RnR prefetcher can achieve over 95% prefetching accuracy and miss coverage.
Targeting of GLUT5 for Transporter-Mediated Drug-Delivery Is Contingent upon Substrate Hydrophilicity

Specific link between high fructose uptake and cancer development and progression highlighted fructose transporters as potential means to achieve GLUT-mediated discrimination between normal and cancer cells. The gained expression of fructose-specific transporter GLUT5 in various cancers offers a possibility for developing cancer-specific imaging and bioactive agents. Herein, we explore the feasibility of delivering a bioactive agent through cancer-relevant fructose-specific transporter GLUT5. We employed specific targeting of GLUT5 by 2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol and investigated several drug conjugates for their ability to induce cancer-specific cytotoxicity. The proof-of-concept analysis was carried out for conjugates of chlorambucil (CLB) in GLUT5-positive breast cancer cells and normal breast cells. The cytotoxicity of conjugates was assessed over 24 h and 48 h, and significant dependence between cancer-selectivity and conjugate size was observed. The differences were found to relate to the loss of GLUT5-mediated uptake upon increased conjugate size and hydrophobicity. The findings provide information on the substrate tolerance of GLUT5 and highlight the importance of maintaining appropriate hydrophilicity for GLUT-mediated delivery.
Teaching with the Considerate Touch: Purposeful Kindness

Adjusting teaching during a pandemic is more than revising a syllabus and learning the skills to go online. Online teaching, especially during a time of crisis, calls on faculty to demonstrate to s...
Status, Operation and Performance of the RHIC Helium Refrigerator

The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider RHIC helium refrigerator was modified from the refrigerator originally constructed fifteen years ago for the ISABELLE accelerator. The modifications include a new cold vacuum compressor and relocating the cold circulating compressor to the cryogenic distribution valve boxes, which are located near the cryogenic feed to the collider rings. Prior to start up, an extensive effort was spent on improving conditions of the compressor system, turbine skids, valves, instrumentation and control apChapautus. In February, 1996, the RHIC refrigerator was successfully cooled to liquid helium temperature with 10 kW of heat input at 4.5 K, 53 kW at 60 K and 44 g/s of liquefaction, using approximately two-thirds of the installed compressor capacity. In July, 1996, the refrigerator was used to cool a 350 meter vacuum jacketed transfer line and two cryogenic distribution valve boxes. In February, 1997, the refrigerator was used to cool the first RHIC sextant for over one month of operation. At the end of the first sextant test, an electric heat input of 25 kW at approximately 5.5 K was introduced to simulate a full refrigeration capacity mode. The capacity and reliability of the refrigerator have been demonstrated. The performance of the refrigerator including turbines, heat exchangers, cold vacuum compressor and circulating compressor is given.
Neurologic aspects of palliative care for HIV/AIDS.

This chapter attempts to address the palliative-care issues that currently affect patients with HIV/AIDS and neurologic disease in many developed countries that have moved into the chronic-disease phase of the epidemic. The spectrum of morbidity and mortality in patients with AIDS has changed dramatically in recent years, following the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the mid-1990s. The chapter discusses the issues and the importance of incorporating a palliative care approach with respect to specific HIV-related neurologic conditions and symptoms. The current environment requires not only individual clinicians' sensitivity and expertise in dealing with the chronic symptom syndromes but also the institutional and programmatic response of the care delivery system in order to meet the needs effectively. While the chapter focuses on the palliative and supportive management of patients with HIV/AIDS with chronic neurologic disabilities and symptoms, it is important also to focus on care needs at the end of life for patients who die either of AIDS-related causes, of incurable comorbidities, or of other etiologies. In closing, it must be mentioned that the stresses and cumulative burden of caring for patients with AIDS in this chronic disease phase of the epidemic are also different from what they were earlier, when patients did not survive as long and there was a shorter shared history with their caregivers than is now the case.
The demographic impact of AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa: short- and long-term projections.

Abstract This paper describes the methodology used to incorporate AIDS mortality in recently revised World Bank population projections, and compares resulting demographic indicators with those constructed if AIDS is not incorporated, as in previous editions of the World Bank's projections. The paper first reviews different approaches for projecting AIDS and its demographic consequences. This is followed by a summary of an epidemiological model that simulates the spread of HIV used in this analysis, and a demographic model that translates mortality from AIDS into population outcomes. These models are then used in a set of simulations, from which the effect of current HIV prevalence on projected future mortality is extracted. Finally, the extracted equations linking current HIV prevalence with future mortality indicators are applied to sub-Saharan countries with a measurable level of current HIV prevalence.
Storage of Stock Cultures of Filamentous Fungi, Yeasts, and Some Aerobic Actinomycetes in Sterile Distilled Water

Castellani's procedure for maintaining cultures of filamentous fungi and yeasts in sterile distilled water was evaluated. Four hundred and seventeen isolates of 147 species belonging to 66 genera of filamentous fungi, yeasts, and aerobic actinomycetes were maintained in sterile distilled water at room temperature over periods ranging from 12 to 60 months in four independent experiments. Of the 417 cultures, 389 (93%) survived storage in sterile distilled water. The selection of good sporulating cultures and sufficient inoculum consisting of spores and hyphae suspended in sterile distilled water were the most important factors influencing survival in water over a longer period of time. The technique was found to be simple, inexpensive, and reliable.
Information and American Democracy: Technology in the Evolution of Political Power

This book assesses the consequences of new information technologies for American democracy in a way that is theoretical and also historically grounded. The author argues that new technologies have produced the fourth in a series of 'information revolutions' in the US, stretching back to the founding. Each of these, he argues, led to important structural changes in politics. After re-interpreting historical American political development from the perspective of evolving characteristics of information and political communications, the author evaluates effects of the Internet and related new media. The analysis shows that the use of new technologies is contributing to 'post-bureaucratic' political organization and fundamental changes in the structure of political interests. The author's conclusions tie together scholarship on parties, interest groups, bureaucracy, collective action, and political behavior with new theory and evidence about politics in the information age.
Transmission and Reception Properties of an Equatorial Slot Antenna on a Reentry Sphere

The reentry vehicle model employed in this study consists of a plasma-clad sphere with a narrow circumferential slot cut at the equator. The slot is excited by a biconical transmission line driven at its center by a coaxial cable. The homogeneous plasma is assumed to be in contact with the sphere. The driving-point impedance referred to the input terminals and the radiation field in terms of the input current are determined. The efficiency of transmission is calculated by taking the ratio of the power obtained by integrating the Poynting vector over the surface of a great sphere to the power supplied the linearly tapered radial transmission line by the coaxial cable. The voltage appearing across an impedance connected to the terminals of the biconical transmission line is evaluated in terms of the amplitude of an incident plane-wave electromagnetic field. Numerical results are presented exhibiting the transmission and reception qualities of the equatorial slot antenna on the reentry sphere for a range of frequencies and plasma properties.
Fast Flexible Electronics Made from Nanomembranes Derived from High-Quality Wafers

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the fast flexible electronics made from nanomembranes derived from high-quality wafers. The organic polymer-based flexible electronics exhibit extraordinary flexibility, bendability, and stretchability. The ideal materials for high-speed applications are high-mobility (also high saturation velocity if used for high-power devices) materials. This also holds for high-speed flexible electronics (fast flexible electronics). The material list for potential fast flexible electronics includes carbon nanotubes, grapheme, and a number of single crystal inorganic semiconductors. Carbon nanotubes have very high intrinsic carrier mobility. However, they have been difficult to use owing to the difficult manipulation of individual tubes, the difficulty of realizing low contact resistance, some alignment issues and the difficulty in separating metallic and semiconductor tubes. Single-crystal inorganic semiconductors recently emerged as a very promising semiconductor material for fast flexible electronics. Obtaining these materials in very thin forms has been the key to their practical application.
Taking it to the streets: how virtual reality can change mobile computing

Virtual reality has long been an indoor affair. Whether constrained by stationary computers ordisplays, or by the limitations of our tracking technologies, researchers typically build virtualenvironments that work within a single physical room or a portion of a room. Even distributedvirtual reality systems usually interconnect two or more such indoor spaces. Meanwhile, ascomputers grow ever smaller and faster, mobile computing is becoming an increasingly importantpart of our daily lives, accompanying us wherever we go, outdoors, as well as indoors.What will it take for virtual reality to move outdoors and finally see the light of day? And, whyshould we care? Within the virtual reality research community, work on augmented reality hasalready begun to explore outdoor environments-tracking using computer vision, gyroscopes,accelerometers, compasses, and GPS; and experimenting with (barely) wearable testbeds. I willdiscuss why virtual reality (especially in the form of augmented reality) and mobile computing are asynergistic combination, and will provide an overview of the research problems that must beaddressed for mobile augmented reality systems to play a major role in our future.Among the issues that I will review are overcoming physical and aesthetic barriers to mobilityand wearability; tracking and registration of heads, hands, bodies, and other objects; renderingvirtual objects in the real world; and developing sufficiently high quality displays. Equallyimportant is the design of head-tracked user interfaces that are well suited to mobility. Wearablesystems will need to support collaboration among mobile users, facile interaction with real andvirtual objects, and coordination across a wide range of heterogeneous displays and devices. Keyhere is the volatile nature of mobile interactions-users continually move into and out of thepresence of other users, devices, and objects, and rapidly change tasks. Furthermore, augmentedreality makes it possible for real and virtual objects to share the same display space, creating thepotential for a variety of visually confusing relationships as objects overlap and occlude each other.Avoiding these problems will require that the virtual world be redesigned and laid out on the fly, tomaintain desired visual relationships between virtual objects and other real and virtual objects.
The effect of chromatic aberrations on two-junction, two-terminal, devices on a concentrator system [solar cells]

Of the modules monitored in PVUSA (Photovoltaics for Utility-Scale Applications), the one with the highest efficiency has been the ENTECH concentrator system. If the 18%-efficient Si solar cells in this module could be replaced by 26%-28% efficient two-terminal, two-junction (Ga/sub 0.5/In/sub 0.5/P/GaAs) devices, the efficiency of the system could be increased. However, two-junction, two-terminal devices present a special problem in that they must be current matched to retain their high efficiencies. This implies that variations in the spectrum caused by the focusing optics could be a potential problem. In this study, the authors undertake to assess the severity of this problem and find that, when properly aligned, ENTECH's current lens introduces spectral nonuniformities which cause about 4% loss in power output for two-terminal Ga/sub 0.5/In/sub 0.5/P/GaAs devices compared with similar four-terminal devices. The power loss increases significantly if the lens is not correctly aligned, and can be diminished somewhat by reducing the maximum refraction angle of the lens from 40/spl deg/ to 30/spl deg/. While the spectral nonuniformities reduce the power output, they also reduce the sensitivity of the system to variations in the spectrum. Thus, they conclude that, while care should be taken to minimize losses from chromatic aberrations, because of the variable spectrum, chromatic aberrations are unlikely to be a serious problem in any well designed concentrator system.
SOURCE OF ERROR IN TEST FOR STOOL TRYPSIN

A source of error in the gelatin film test for stool trypsin is reported. Identical results are obtained with Kodak and DuPont film when incubation at room temperature for two hours is used. The gelatin on DuPont film incubated at 37° C. for one hour is digested by stools from infants with mucoviscidosis and also by distilled water as well as by stools from healthy infants. Stools from some infants with mucoviscidosis will digest the gelatin on Kodak film when incubated at 37° C. for two hours. Kodak film should be used if the preparations are to be incubated at 37° C. for one hour, as recommended in the original description of the technic.
Floral scent and pollinators of the holoparasite Pilostyles thurberi (Apodanthaceae)

Floral scent is likely important to the pollination of parasitic plants, despite that it has not been well-studied. We studied the pollination ecology of the North American stem holoparasite Pilostyles thurberi (Apodanthaceae) at two field sites in Texas. To identify effective pollinators, we collected floral visitors to P. thurberi flowers, observed their foraging behavior, and looked for P. thurberi pollen on their bodies. Augochloropsis metallica bees (Halictidae) and eumenine potter wasps (Vespidae) were pollinators. P. thurberi flowers are visually inconspicuous but produce a strong fruity fragrance. GC/MS analysis of whole floral extracts and dynamic headspace samples revealed the fragrance to be an unusually simple bouquet of raspberry ketone and several eugenols. Comparison of scent profiles to those from uninfected host plants ( Dalea formosa ) allowed putative separation of parasite and host volatiles. This is the first report of the constituents of floral fragrance in Apodanthaceae.
IRT Model Misspecification and Measurement of Growth in Vertical Scaling.

Functional form misfit is frequently a concern in item response theory (IRT), although the practical implications of misfit are often difficult to evaluate. In this article, we illustrate how seemingly negligible amounts of functional form misfit, when systematic, can be associated with significant distortions of the score metric in vertical scaling contexts. Our analysis uses two- and three-parameter versions of Samejima's logistic positive exponent model (LPE) as a data generating model. Consistent with prior work, we find LPEs generally provide a better comparative fit to real item response data than traditional IRT models (2PL, 3PL). Further, our simulation results illustrate how 2PL- or 3PL-based vertical scaling in the presence of LPE-induced misspecification leads to an artificial growth deceleration across grades, consistent with that commonly seen in vertical scaling studies. The results raise further concerns about the use of standard IRT models in measuring growth, even apart from the frequently cited concerns of construct shift/multidimensionality across grades.
A Comparison of Similarity and Interdependence as Triggers for In-Group Formation

In four experiments, subjects were informed of a threat from various sources to members of a social category to which they belonged. They were also given the opportunity to help a target person. The results of the first two experiments showed that in-group bias occurred only when the threat was from a social source rather than a nonsocial source or when there was no threat. The third experiment showed that the bias favored only those similar on the threatened category rather than those similar on another non-threatened category. The fourth experiment showed that when subjects knew the source of the threat, the bias was against only members of the threatening group, even when the threat was attributed to similar others. These findings indicate that interdependence resulting from a shared threat, rather than similarity alone, seems to play a key role in the formation of in-group boundaries.
High-Resolution Imaging Using Focused-Image Holography With Wave-Front Conjugation

Experimental results of a high-resolution holographic imaging system using wave-front conjugation are demonstrated. The hologram is created from the information on a master mask that is imaged with a simple single-element lens. The aberrations introduced by the lens are eliminated because the rays retrace the path back-through the lens. The theoretical resolution in the fully coherent imaging system is λ / 2 NA = 0.61 μm ( λ = 488 nm, NA ~0.4). Sub-micrometer resolution of the reconstructed aerial image is experimentally observed over the entire 1 cm diameter field.
Symptomatic gastric amyloidosis in patients with primary systemic amyloidosis.

We reviewed the clinical records of 769 patients with primary systemic amyloidosis who had been examined at Mayo Clinic Jacksonville (Jacksonville, Florida) or Mayo Clinic Rochester (Rochester, Minnesota) during a 12-year period (1978 through 1989). Of these 769 patients, 59 (8%) had biopsy-established gastrointestinal amyloidosis, and 8 (1%) had symptomatic gastric amyloidosis. All eight patients with symptomatic gastric amyloidosis had hematemesis or prolonged nausea and vomiting in association with weight loss. Additional findings were gastroparesis (in three patients), gastric tumor (in one), and gastric outlet obstruction (in one). Macroglossia was present in two patients, and multiple myeloma was diagnosed in three. Six of the eight patients had coexisting small bowel amyloidosis and weight losses of 6.5 to 22.5 kg. Congo red staining identified gastric amyloid in the media of blood vessels in all cases. All cases stained selectively for A. (seven cases) or K (one) light chain. All eight patients died; the median duration of survival after diagnosis was 13.8 months (range, 0.5 to 39.5). Death was due to cardiac failure (three patients), renal failure (two), chronic gastrointestinal obstruction and severe cachexia (two), or hepatic failure (one). Chemotherapy was given to seven patients but was only partially effective for ameliorating symptoms in one.
Is Too-Big-To-Fail Policy Effective for US Banks in an International Currency Crisis?

This study investigates the current role of the US "too-big-to-fail" (TBTF) policy for US banks in an international currency crisis in late 1997. It has been documented (Zhang, 2001) that the International Monetary Fund (IMF) term loan announcements concerning South Korea in late 1997 significantly increased the implicit value of the US bank loans and investments to South Korea and hence, the equity values of its US bank creditors. Using the market model, this paper examines the potential abnormal performance of the TBTF banks and the non-TBTF banks from different perspectives during mid-November to early December 1997. The evidence indicates the potential effectiveness of the implicit TBTF policy for US banks in the international currency crisis and the existence of the different pricing behavior of different groups of banks.
Study of Nuclear Reactions with Radioactive 17 F at HRIBF

Radioactive {sup 17}F beams were produced at the Holifield Radioactive Ion Beam Facility (HRIBF) using the Isotope Separator On-Line (ISOL) technique. Two of the experiments using accelerated {sup 17}F beams to study reaction mechanisms are presented: the simultaneous emission of two protons from a resonance in {sup 18}Ne and the breakup of {sup 17}F by {sup 208}Pb.
Conflict in divorce disputes: the determinants of pretrial settlement

Abstract As a result of the increasing divorce rate over the past decades and the growing burden on the U.S. court system, many states have stressed mediation as an alternative to a court judgment. What determines whether divorcing couples reach a bilateral settlement or resort to use of the courts? In this paper, we summarize the predictions from the theoretical literature on settlement failure and consider what these theories suggest in the application of divorce. The predictions of the models are empirically tested using the Stanford Child Custody Study. Estimation of the determinants of going to court indicates that none of the existing models on settlement failure adequately predict the determinants of using the courts. The results do, however, suggest that private information may play an important role in court usage. In addition, the results provide some interesting implications for policy-makers interested in decreasing the number of divorce cases that go to court. Attorney representation and the man’s income increase the likelihood of going to court while the woman’s education, the time lag between separation and divorce, and home ownership all decrease the likelihood of going to court.
Woody vegetative cover dynamics in response to recent climate change on an Atlantic coast barrier island: a remote sensing approach

Considering impacts of predicted increases in sea-level, storms, and alterations in precipitation patterns on geomorphological and associated ecological processes, woody vegetation dynamics may serve as sentinels to climate change on barrier islands. We examined island-scale conversion of land (i.e. sand to grassland to woody cover) while relating the importance of climate variables on rate of woody expansion. Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) was used to evaluate potential distribution of woody species based on distance to shoreline and elevation. Using Landsat TM imagery, we monitored changes in island size and vegetation classes (1984–2010). These comparisons revealed conversion of grassland to woody cover (285% increase) was closely linked to air temperature, precipitation and atmospheric [CO2]. LiDAR data indicated that woody species have not expanded completely into the potential range. Our results suggest that woody species are responsive to climate change, thus serving as sentinels on Virginia b...
Father‐daughter relationships in Disney's animated films

This study assesses the extent to which portrayals of father‐adolescent daughter relationships in four Disney feature films (The Little Mermaid, Aladdin, Beauty and the Beast, and Pocahontas) correspond with the qualities of successful and unsuccessful father‐adolescent daughter relationships as revealed in the research literature. Findings indicated that the relationships in The Little Mermaid and Aladdin correspond to father‐adolescent daughter relationships in which the father denies his daughter freedom to explore her adolescence, while the relationships in Beauty and the Beast and Pocahontas are more consistent with father‐adolescent daughter relationships in which the father allows the daughter freedom to negotiate her adolescence. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Study of Cyclization of Chelating Compounds Using Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was used for the study of cyclization of organic chelating compounds (chelators). Four chelating compounds were studed: Symmetrical ethylenediaminediacetic acid (s-EDDA), Unsymmetrical ethylenediaminediacetic acid (u-EDDA), N-(2-hydroxyethyl) ethylenediaminetriacetic acid (HEDTA), and N-(2-hydroxyethyl)iminodiacetic acid (HEIDA). The chelators were cyclized with treatments of acids and heating. The open and cyclized form of the chelators were semi-quantified by both positive and negative ion modes ESI-MS. The kinetics of chelator cyclization was studied as a function of reaction temperature and the pH of the matrix. The cyclization of s-EDDA was found to be a pseudo-first order reaction in s-EDDA and overall second order. The cyclizations of HEIDA and HEDTA are reversible reactions. Higher temperature and lower pH favors cyclization.
A Case Report of Absent Right Superior Vena Cava with Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava: Echocardiographic Findings

We hereby report a case of absent right superior vena cava (SVC) with persistent left SVC (PLSVC); the echocardiography findings using contrast (injection of agitated normal saline) are presented. CASE REPORT A 50-year-old woman underwent 2-dimensional echocardiography as part of evaluation of atypical chest pain of a few days’ duration. She did not have any significant medical or surgical history; she had no family history of heart disease. Results from a 12-lead electrocardiogram were within normal limits. The patient was found to have a large dilated coronary sinus measuring 3.2 cm in diameter (Figures 1 and 2). After saline injection into the left antecubital vein, the coronary sinus filled first then emptied into the right atrium (RA). Also, after the injection of agitated saline into the right antecubital vein, there was rapid filling of the coronary sinus structure then emptying into the RA (Figure 3). After both injections, there was a moderate amount of saline contrast going across the atrial septum into the left atrium and left ventricle, raising the possibility of coexisting patent foramen ovale or atrial septal defect (Figure 4). All 4 pulmonary veins appeared to originate in the left atrium. The atrial septum appeared to be somewhat thin, but no definite atrial septal defect could be seen on the color flow study. Color flow study and Doppler revealed mild-moderate tricuspid regurgitation; the estimated systolic pulmonary pressure was 26 mm Hg. The estimated ejection fraction was 60%, without evidence of wall-motion abnormalities. There was no evidence of diastolic dysfunction,
Impact of two-photon absorption on second-harmonic generation in CdTe as probed by wavelength- dependent Z-scan nonlinear spectroscopy

We present a nonlinear optical (NLO) probe technique, wavelength-dependent Z-scan nonlinear spectroscopy (WDZNS), which can be utilized for assessing broadband NLO properties of materials. Unlike typical Z-scans, WDZNS can spectrally monitor the frequency-doubled output as a function of wavelength λ as well as input intensity I. Based on WDZNS we have investigated the strong impact of two-photon absorption (TPA) on second-harmonic generation in CdTe over a broad TPA range. This complicated NLO effect is characterized by the λ-dependent TPA coefficient, which is consistent with a simple two-band model. The relative second-order NLO dispersion derived from WDZNS is also consistent with previous measurements.
Minimizing the Network Overhead of Checkpointing in Cycle-harvesting Cluster Environments

Cycle-harvesting systems such as Condor have been developed to make desktop machines in a local area (which are often similar to clusters in hardware configuration) available as a compute platform. To provide a dual-use capability, opportunistic jobs harvesting cycles from the desktop must be checkpointed before the desktop resources are reclaimed by their owners and the job is evacuated. In this paper, we investigate a new system for computing efficient checkpoint schedules in cycle-harvesting environments. Our system records the historical availability from each resource and fits a statistical model to the observations. Because checkpointing must often traverse the network (i.e. the desktop hosts do not provide sufficient persistent storage for checkpoints), we combine this model with predictions of network performance to the storage site to compute a checkpoint schedule. When an application is initiated on a particular resource, the system uses the computed distribution to parameterize a Markov state-transition model for the application's execution, evaluates the expected time and network overhead as a function of the checkpoint interval, and numerically optimizes with respect to time. We report on the performance of and implementation of this system using the Condor cycle-harvesting environment at the University of Wisconsin. We also evaluate the efficiencies we achieve for a variety of network overheads using trace-based simulation. Finally, we validate our simulations against the observed performance with Condor. Our results indicate that while the choice of model distribution has a relatively small but positive effect on time efficiency, it has a substantial impact on network utilization
Fascist Italy: Architectural and Urban Histories

Lucy M. Maulsby, Fascism, Architecture, and the Claiming of Modern Milan (1922–1943), Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2014, 272 pages, 65 illustrations, ISBN 978-1442646254. David Rifkind, The Battle for Modernism: Quadrante and the Politicization of Architectural Discourse in Fascist Italy, Venice: Marsilio, 2012, 304 pages, 138 illustrations, ISBN: 978-8831713481. Diane Ghirardo, Italy: Modern Architectures in History, London: Reaktion Books, 2013, 256 pages, 203 illustrations, ISBN 978-1861898647. Paolo Nicoloso, Architetture per un’identita italiana: Progetti e opere per fare gli italiani fascisti, Udine: Gaspari, 2012, 253 pages with maps and illustrations, ISBN 978-8875412586.
Effect of sparger design on hydrodynamics of a gas recirculation anaerobic bioreactor

The effects of sparger design and gas flow rate on, gas holdup distribution and liquid (slurry) recirculation velocity have been studied in a surrogate anaerobic bioreactor used for treating bovine waste with a conical bottom mixed by gas recirculation. A single orifice sparger (SOS) and a multi-orifice ring sparger (MORS) with the same orifice open area and gas flow rates (hence the same process power input) are compared in this study. The advanced non-invasive techniques of computer automated tomography (CT) and computer automated radioactive particle tracking (CARPT) were employed to determine gas holdup, liquid recirculation velocity, and the poorly mixed zones. Gas flows (Q(g)) ranging of 0.017 x 10(-3) m(3)/s to 0.083 x 10(-3) m(3)/s were used which correspond to draft tube superficial gas velocities ranging from 1.46 x 10(-2) m/s to 7.35 x 10(-2) m/s (based on draft tube diameter). Air was used for the gas, as the molecular weights of air and biogas (consisting mainly of CH(4) and CO(2)) are in the same range (biogas: 28.32-26.08 kg/kmol and air: 28.58 kg/kmol). When compared to the SOS for a given gas flow rate, the MORS gave better gas holdup distribution in the draft tube, enhanced the liquid (slurry) recirculation, and reduced the fraction of the poorly mixed zones. The improved gas holdup distribution in the draft tube was found to have increased the overall liquid velocity. Hence, for the same process power input the MORS system performed better by enhancing the liquid recirculation and reducing the poorly mixed zones.
Resource degradation, technical change, and the productivity of energy use in U.S. agriculture

Abstract Two important issues surrounding future food production are the reliance of industrial agriculture on large quantities of fossil fuels and the degree to which technical change and farm management can offset degradation in the form of soil erosion, groundwater depletion, reduced genetic diversity, pest resistance, and so on. This analysis uses new and more consistent data on energy use in U.S. agriculture to assess the forces that shape the productivity of energy use from 1950 to 1990. The results of an econometric model indicate that changes in the quantity of energy used per hectare, the average size of farms, the quantity of land harvested, the ratio of livestock to crop production, and weather influence the productivity of energy use (in order of decreasing importance). Energy productivity shows strong diminishing returns to increases in energy use per hectare of land. The model indirectly tests for the effects of of resource degradation and technical change on energy productivity. The results do not support the hypothesis that the effects of soil erosion and other forms of resource degradation have diminished the productivity of energy use in the U.S. farm sector, presumably due to advances in technology and behavioral responses on the part of farmers. The significant increase in energy productivity since 1980 is due to a sharp reduction in energy use per hectare, a reduction in the quantity of land utilized, and continuing increases in average farm size. These results are consistent with other empirical analyses of aggregate energy productivity in industrial agriculture that indicate an improvement in energy productivity in response to the energy price increases.
Using information management systems to study modern Greek folklore

The Karagiozis, Greek shadow puppet theater performance derived from a sixteenth century Turkish model, is an interactive performative event rather than a static text treated in isolation from its extended environmental and immediate performative contexts and thus requires critical shifts in the research approach one uses. A method of collating data that could handle the differences of multiple variants became necessary. Such a method had to effectively test the transformational growth of the form given the influence of irrational forces, had to organize a large number of variables as well as a substantial body of texts, and had to operate at the smallest level to insure that findings were confirmed or disconfirmed in the most exhaustive and comprehensive way possible. That method was to be found in information management systems, specifically Asksam and Notebook II.
The determination of urinary 17-ketosteroids.

THE determination of urinary 17-ketosteroids has become accepted as a valuable aid in the diagnosis of certain endocrine disorders, particularly disorders of the adrenal cortex. Since the methods first proposed by Zimmermann (1, 2), Wu and Chou (3) and Callow, Callow and Emmens (4) were reported, they have undergone modification at the hands of many investigators. In view of the continued and increasing interest in this determination, it seems pertinent to consider the adequacy of some of the proposed methods. This discussion will be limited to the colorimetric reaction, often called the Zimmermann reaction when applied to steroids. Callow and associates used purified absolute alcohol as the solvent for the test substance and the two reagents (KOH and m-dinitrobenzene) involved in this reaction. In most of the modifications aqueous alkali has been substituted for the absolute alcoholic alkali, since the latter solution is subject to rather rapid deterioration unless certain precautions are taken. Many who...
A note on the escape from a potential well

Abstract This brief note compares analytical results pertaining to the escape from a potential well. The system studied is the classical Duffing's equation with positive linear and negative cubic stiffness terms, i.e. a softening spring characteristic. Under gradually increasing periodic forcing, close to resonance, solutions may escape from the potential in which the system is oscillating. Comparison is made between the method of multiple scales and the harmonic balance method, and their stability characteristics investigated using Floquet theory and the Routh-Hurwitz criterion. This type of equation is familiar as an approximation to the motion of a pendulum, and similar types of equations have more recently been used to model the roll response of floating vessels in regular waves.
Current status of liver transplantation for hepatocellular cancer

The incidence of hepatocellular cancer is increasing in the United States and is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Traditionally, the gold standard treatment for hepatocellular cancer has been surgical resection, but most patients were not suitable candidates due to advanced disease. Other treatments include locally ablative techniques (cryosurgery, radiofrequency ablation and various injection therapies), chemotherapeutic options and rarely, radiation therapies. In the 1980s, liver transplant emerged as the treatment of choice for end-stage liver disease and also became an option for patients with hepatocellular cancer. When comparing liver transplant with resection in retrospective studies, liver transplant patients had better survival and reduced recurrence. However, not all patients with hepatocellular cancer will be candidates for liver transplant. Size, stage, and histological grade of tumor all affect prognosis after transplant. Use of chemotherapeutic treatments and locally ablative techniques may be beneficial prior to liver transplant, but larger controlled studies are needed. Liver transplant is the most effective treatment for hepatocellular cancer in the subgroup of smaller tumors, but ultimately we are limited by the number of available donors. Future goals in this area include increasing the donor pool and determining optimal management to allow patients to wait for an appropriate donor.
Static, Dynamic and Failure Behavior of a Novel Axial Composite Impeller for Water Chiller

Centrifugal forces applied to an impeller due to spinning generate large stresses. Aerodynamic forces are also imparted on the blade varying with time. These two forces play different roles during compressor events. Damage accumulated from these events results in the fatigue failure of impeller material and structure. Therefore, it is important to design the impeller against fatigue failure. The finite element method has been used in the study of impeller fracture mechanics and is regarded as an important tool in the design and analysis of impeller structures. A novel axial composite impeller manufactured through filament winding technology was invented by Michigan State University to compress water vapor as refrigerant. In this study dynamic and fatigue behavior of this composite impeller were analyzed using commercial code ANSYS. To begin with, load cases were identified, calculated and evaluated. Static analysis was performed using a full 3-D finite element model and the critical zone where fatigue failure begins was extracted to determine life assessment positions. Secondly, aerodynamic forces imparted on the blade were obtained from FLUENT; so that damage from dynamic stresses could be calculated. Finally, based on the FEM and FLUENT simulation results, a linear damage accumulation model was employed as a damage estimation rule to predict life of the composite impeller. A conservative life of 6498 h is given by this method.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Origin of urinary epidermal growth factor in humans: excretion of endogenous EGF and infused [131I]-human EGF and kidney histochemistry.

SUMMARY 1. This study examined (i) whether blood-infused epidermal growth factor (EGF) can pass into urine; (ii) whether infused labelled EGF behaves like endogenous plasma immunoreactive EGF; and (iii) which parts of the human nephron show morphological evidence of EGF synthesis? 2. We infused human [131I]-EGF into a volunteer. After 6 min, only 66% of the plasma counts represented intact EGF. At the end of infusion, the T 1/2 of EGF was calculated to be 1.6 min. The tail of the curve lasted for at least another 2 h. The total excretion of the labelled EGF was 2.45% of the infused dose and was proportional to the urine volume. 3. After a water load, the excretion of endogenous EGF was, on the contrary, inversely related to urine volume. 4. Immunohistochemically, human kidneys were not stained by monoclonal anti-EGF antibodies but showed positive in situ hybridization for EGF mRNA in the nuclei of glomerular mesangial cells, distal convoluted tubules and collecting tubules. 5. We conclude that human kidneys synthesize EGF and release it into urine. Plasma-derived EGF constitutes under normal conditions only a small part of the urinary EGF. Contrasting volume-dependency of the excretion of endogenous and [131I]-EGF requires further study and cautions against extrapolating results obtained with labelled EGF to physiological conditions.
Hypocalcemic effect of imidazole in rats.

Marked hypocalcemia, enhanced by feeding a low calcium diet, followed ip (400 mg/kg) or oral (800 mg/kg) administration of imidazole to rats. Imidazole also caused a fall in serum phosphorus. The drug retained its hypocalcemic effect after removal of the parathyroid glands, both the parathyroid and thyroid glands, or the kidneys, indicating that the presence of these organs is not necessary for its action. In parathyroidectomized rats, administration of imidazole antagonized the hypercalcemic effect of parathyroid extract. The hypocalcemic actionof imidazole was partially prevented by prior administration of isoproterenol and theophylline. Histamine HC1 (662 mg/kg, sc) also had a hypocalcemic effect. In light of the fact that imidazole activates adenosine 3′,5′-phosphodiesterase, the enzyme which degrades cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP), the present results suggest that the actions of thyrocalcitonin and parathyroid hormone may involve cyclic AMP. (Endocrinology 83: 521 1968)
Comparative metabolism of 4- 14 C-progesterone in normal and chronically inflamed human gingival tissue.

The In Vitro metabolism of 4-14C-progesterone in six normal and eight chronically inflamed gingival tissues has been investigated. The inflamed gingiva has been twice as active as the normal in converting progesterone to 5α and 5β-pregnandiones, 20α-dihydroprogesterone, and other unidentified polar compounds. The clinical implications of these findings as related to gingivitis have been discussed.
Indirectness in legal speech acts: An argument against the Out of Ritual hypothesis

Abstract Some recent work in Historical Pragmatics has, in effect, rejected the Uniformitarian Hypothesis by arguing that deep cognitive archaisms persisted in the relatively recent attested stages of human language. Bax's “Out of Ritual” hypothesis argues that that pragmatic indirectness arose only in the later Middle Ages out of ritual language use: “linguistic indirectness developed through three successive stages”—from ritual performance to “autonomous forms of linguistic indirectness, that is indirect usages not restricted to the confines of ritual interaction” ( Bax, 2002 :96). In the present paper, I test this hypothesis by examining various languages attested in antiquity and the early Middle Ages, with a focus on legal speech acts. The language of the law is an apt test case for the “Out of Ritual” hypothesis, since legal institutions typically involve a mixture of ritualized and spontaneous communication. I also offer other arguments to prove that indirectness is far older than is claimed by the Out of Ritual hypothesis; that it need not have grown out of ritual at all; and that, even if it did, we cannot possibly know this from the linguistic evidence available to us from texts, reconstruction, or typology.
The significance of noise measurements

Dirt has been defined as being matter out of place; likewise noise may be regarded as misplaced sound. Sounds that are attractive musical notes under one circumstance may be distressingly annoying under other conditions. Present knowledge of noise and its effective control is summarized here.
Macromolecular metabolism in hyperplastic epidermal disease--a radio-autographic study.

SUMMARY Radio-autographic techniques have been applied to the study of three hyperplastic human epidermal diseases; psoriasis, seborrhoeic keratoses and Bowen's disease. In each, a different alteration of nucleic acid and protein synthesis has been found when the abnormal tissue is compared to clinically normal contiguous skin. Psoriasis was characterized by stimulation of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis, while in mature seborrhoeic keratoses DNA synthesis was decreased at the same time as RNA and protein synthesis were increased. In Bowen's disease DNA and protein synthesis were enhanced, but the number of cells involved in RNA synthesis was decreased. Similar methods have been applied to psoriatic epidermis during treatment with vitamin A acid ointment. The medication resulted in inhibiton of DNA synthesis at a time when RNA and protein synthesis were enhanced.
New method for estimating widths of scattering resonances from real stabilization graphs

Abstract We present the method for estimating resonances widths, and positions, from graphs of stabilized energy eigenvalues as functions of a real variational parameter. The method requires no information about eigenvalues or eigenvectors of non-resonant roots or about the eigenvector of the resonant root. We apply the method successfuly to four resonances in collinear reactive scattering. We also apply Simons' new method that uses one resonant eigenvalue and one non-resonant eigenvalue, and we compare the predictions of the two stabilization-graph methods to results obtained from accurate quantal calculations for these test cases.