cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
22FFL: A high performance and ultra low power FinFET technology for mobile and RF applications

A FinFET technology named 22FFL has been developed that combines high-performance, ultra-low power logic and RF transistors as well as single-pattern backend flow for the first time. High performance transistors exhibit 57%/87% higher NMOS/PMOS drive current compared to the previously reported 22nm technology [1]. New ultra-low power logic devices are introduced that reduce bit cell leakage by 28x compared to a regular SRAM cell enabling a new 6T low-leakage SRAM with bit cell leakage of sub 1pA/cell. An RF device with optimized layout has been developed and shows excellent f T /f MAX of (230GHz/284GHz) and (238GHz/242GHz) for NMOS and PMOS respectively.
Seeing Through the Avatar’s Eyes: Effects of Point-of-View and Gender Match on Identification and Enjoyment:

This study examines the mediating role of identification in the relationship between gameplay point-of-view, gender-swapping, and enjoyment of the gaming experience, taking a multidimensional persp...
Predictors of treatment completion for families referred to trauma‐focused cognitive behavioral therapy after child abuse.

Despite advances in the dissemination of evidence-based therapy for abuse-related traumatic stress, many referred children fail to complete treatment. Using archival data from a sample of children participating in trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) at a hospital-based child advocacy center, analyses explored the impact of baseline child traumatic stress symptoms, a second (nonprimary) caregiver's treatment attendance, and the number of assessment sessions on treatment completion while controlling for demographic variables. We conducted analyses separately for the total sample (n = 77) and for a subsample of children 6 years of age or older (n = 65) who completed measures of traumatic stress. Families who completed TF-CBT had fewer pretreatment assessment sessions, odds ratio (OR) = 0.41, 95% CI [0.19, 0.88], and greater nonprimary caregiver session attendance, OR = 1.30, 95% CI [1.03, 1.64], than families who did not complete treatment. Child age, race, and insurance status did not predict treatment completion. Among children at least 6 years of age, treatment completion was related to younger child age, OR = 0.76, 95% CI [0.59, 0.98], and fewer diagnostic evaluation sessions, OR = 0.29, 95% CI [0.11, 0.74], but not to baseline traumatic stress symptoms. Findings may suggest benefits of shortening the assessment period and including a second caregiver in TF-CBT.
The History of Mesothelioma

The story of the discovery of this rare tumor and of the subsequent controversies that arose about its causation by specific forms of commercial asbestos is long and complex. It could fill an entire book. This chapter focuses on the early history of the discovery, from 1767 to 1900; on the histologic controversies, from 1900 to 1942; and on the diagnostic controversies and the role of asbestos, from 1943 to 1973 (Table 1.1). The period from 1972 through the 1980s and 1990s could be characterized by advances in the industrial hygiene assessment of exposures, case-control studies, and other major epidemiologic studies concerning health effects in asbestos end-product users, paraoccupational exposures, household exposures, school and building exposures, and the role of specific asbestos fiber types, fiber characteristics, and lung fiber burden analysis. The 1970s to 1990s was also the period when the role of environmental exposure to erionite, tremolite, and ceramic fibers was discovered, and molecular and cellular biology focused on the characteristics of fiber carcinogenicity. In the final period, from the late 1990s to the present, the focus has been on the viral contribution to pathogenesis such as SV40 and human genetics and treatment strategies. The history of the discoveries after 1973 is covered by other authors in other chapters in this book.
Integration of Genomic Medicine into Pathology Residency Training: The Stanford Open Curriculum

Next-generation sequencing methods provide an opportunity for molecular pathology laboratories to perform genomic testing that is far more comprehensive than single-gene analyses. Genome-based test results are expected to develop into an integral component of diagnostic clinical medicine and to provide the basis for individually tailored health care. To achieve these goals, rigorous interpretation of high-quality data must be informed by the medical history and the phenotype of the patient. The discipline of pathology is well positioned to implement genome-based testing and to interpret its results, but new knowledge and skills must be included in the training of pathologists to develop expertise in this area. Pathology residents should be trained in emerging technologies to integrate genomic test results appropriately with more traditional testing, to accelerate clinical studies using genomic data, and to help develop appropriate standards of data quality and evidence-based interpretation of these test results. We have created a genomic pathology curriculum as a first step in helping pathology residents build a foundation for the understanding of genomic medicine and its implications for clinical practice. This curriculum is freely accessible online.
Major Complications Independently Increase Long-Term Mortality After Pancreatoduodenectomy for Cancer.

Postoperative major morbidity has been associated with worse survival gastrointestinal tumors. This association remains controversial in pancreatic cancer (PC). We analyzed whether major complications after surgical resection affect long-term survival. Records of all PC patients resected from 2007 to 2015 were reviewed. Major morbidity was defined as any grade-3 or higher 30-day complications, per the Clavien-Dindo Classification. Patients who died within 90 days after surgery were excluded from survival analysis. Of 616 patients, 81.7% underwent pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) and 18.3% distal pancreatectomy (DP). Major complications occurred in 19.1% after PD and 15.9% after DP. In patients who survived > 90 days, the likelihood of receiving adjuvant treatment was 43.9% if major complications had occurred, vs. 68.5% if not (p < 0.001), and those who received it started the treatment median 10 days later compared with uncomplicated patients (median 60 days (50–72) vs. 50 days (41–61), p = 0.001). By univariate analysis, in addition to the conventional pathology-related prognostic determinants and the receipt of adjuvant treatment, major complications worsened long-term survival after PD (median OS 26 months vs. 15, p = 0.008). A difference was also seen after DP, but it did not reach statistical significance, likely related to the small sample size (median OS 33 months vs. 18, p = 0.189). At multivariate analysis for PD, major postoperative complications remained independently associated with worse survival [HR 1.37, 95%CI (1.01–1.86)]. Major surgical complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy are associated with worse long-term survival in pancreatic cancer. This effect is independent of the receipt of adjuvant treatment.
Reconstructing mothers’ responsibility and guilt: Journalistic coverage of the ‘Remedia Affair’ in Israel:

This article explores journalistic representations of mothers during the horrific ‘Remedia Affair’, a 2003 tragedy in which dozens of Jewish Israeli babies fell sick and five died after being fed d...
Joint infrastructure planning and fleet management for one-way electric car sharing under time-varying uncertain demand

Abstract We propose an innovative framework to deploy a one-way Electric Vehicle (EV) sharing system that serves an urban area. For the first time, long-term infrastructure planning (charging station location and fleet distribution) and real-time fleet operations (relocation and charging decisions) are jointly optimized under time-varying uncertain demand. This substantially advances EV sharing system efficiency and yields a practical management strategy. We propose a multistage stochastic model to address the critical challenge of time-varying uncertain demand. An accelerated solution algorithm is developed to conquer the curse of dimensionality in integer infrastructure planning decisions. Meaningful insights are delivered through hypothetical numerical experiments and a realistic case study with EV sharing service in the New York City.
Comment: A Relational Framework for Integrating the Study of Empathy in Children and Adults:

I strongly agree with Main and Kho’s primary contention that a relational approach can provide clarity regarding how empathy-related processes become increasingly coordinated over the lifespan. How...
Approaches for creating therapy games

Therapy games have the potential to offer people with disabilities a cost-effective, personalized, data-driven, connected, and motivating context for otherwise tedious and repetitive therapy. The paramount challenge in creating therapy games is creating a motivating experience with mechanics that translate into improved health outcomes---a wicked problem. To this end, I use research through design to explore multiple approaches to the co-creation of therapy games for various populations, including children with speech impairments, adults with developmental disabilities, children with Sensory-Based Motor Disorder (SBMD), and stroke survivors. I have collaborated on 3 therapy games, which serve as case studies where I explore identifying best practices, unique insights, and suggestions for future therapy game creators. Specifically, I discuss game-first versus therapy-first approaches, closed-game systems versus more open-ended playful systems, and potential future research directions.
Fifth force and hyperfine splitting in bound systems

Two recent experimental observations at the ATOMKI Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (regarding the angular emission pattern of electron-positron pairs from nuclear transitions from excited states in $^{8}\mathrm{Be}$ and $^{4}\mathrm{He}$) indicate the possible existence of a particle of a rest mass energy of roughly 17 MeV. The so-called X17 particle constitutes a virtual state in the process, preceding the emission of the electron-positron pair. Based on the symmetry of the nuclear transitions (${1}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{0}^{+}$ and ${0}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{0}^{+}$), the X17 could either be a vector, or a pseudoscalar particle. Here, we calculate the effective potentials generated by the X17, for hyperfine interactions in simple atomic systems, for both the pseudoscalar as well as the vector X17 hypotheses. The effective Hamiltonians are obtained in a general form which is applicable to both electronic as well as muonic bound systems. The effect of virtual annihilation and its contribution to the hyperfine splitting also is considered. Because of the short range of the X17-generated potentials, the most promising pathway for the observation of the X17-mediated effects in bound systems concerns hyperfine interactions, which, for $S$ states, are given by modifications of short-range (Dirac-$\ensuremath{\delta}$) potentials in coordinate space. For the pseudoscalar hypothesis, the exchange of one virtual X17 quantum between the bound lepton and the nucleus leads to hyperfine effects, but does not affect the Lamb shift. Effects due to the X17 are shown to be drastically enhanced for muonic bound systems. Prospects for the detection of hyperfine effects mediated by X17 exchange are analyzed for muonic deuterium, muonic hydrogen, muonium, true muonium (${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ bound system), and positronium.
Suitability of various noninfinity area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) estimates for use in bioequivalence determinations: relationship to AUC from zero to time infinity (AUC0-INF).

The influence of random error and elimination rate on estimates of the area under the curve from zero to time infinity (AUC0–INF) was determined in a simulation study using noninfinity measured AUC values (i.e., AUCTM, area to a measured common sampling time, and AUC0-LAST, area to the last measured sampling time). Further, the extent of absorption of generic danazol, baclofen, and oxazepam was determined using measured methods of estimating area under the curve in bioequivalence studies. The noninfinity AUC estimates and their 90% confidence intervals for the difference in product means were compared for each individual drug. Products chosen fulfilled one of the following three criteria: (1) a high “apparent intrasubject variability” and a half-life greater than 8 hr (danazol); (2) a low apparent intrasubject variability and a half-life less than 4 hr (baclofen); and (3) products exhibiting a low apparent intrasubject variability and a half-life greater than 8 hr (oxazepam). For the simulated data, AUCTM performed best when subjects had similar half-lives (i.e., low variability), which results in AUCTM = AUC0–LAST. On the other hand, AUC0–LAST worked best with a high fractional standard deviation (fsd) and a short elimination half-life (i.e., less than 4 hr). The noninfinity 90% confidence intervals for danazol and oxazepam were inconsistent with those observed at AUC0–INF. However, baclofen, which has a short elimination half-life, exhibited good agreement between the noninfinity and the AUC0–INF 90% confidence intervals. However, across all three drug groups, the comparison based upon the area calculated from time zero to the last quantifiable concentration, AUC0–LAST, consistently provided the best approximation of AUC0–INF.
Clinical Predictors of positive Tc-99m pyrophosphate scan in patients hospitalized for decompensated heart failure

659 Objectives: Understanding the characteristics of patients with a final diagnosis of transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CA) may help optimally triage patients for Tc-99m pyrophosphate (PYP) scanning. The study was aimed to investigate the prevalence as well as the clinical features along with the electrocardiographic and echocardiographic characteristics of patients with ATTR-CA, who were referred for PYP scan after being hospitalized for decompensated heart failure. Methods: We included all the patients who were referred for PYP scan after heart failure-related hospitalization at our center between 06/2015 and 06/2019. ATTR-CA was diagnosed by positive PYP scan and negative serum studies for AL amyloidosis; gene testing results were used to differentiate between wild-type ATTR-CA and hereditary ATTR-CA. The transthoracic echocardiogram and electrocardiogram were included which were performed around the time of PYP scan. The echocardiographic measurements were based on the American Society of Echocardiography guidelines. The medical history was obtained through chart review. Results: Of the 155 patients who underwent PYP scan, 45 (29%) were PYP +ve. All PYP +ve patients were wild-type ATTR-CA. In the PYP negative group, 8 patients (7.2%) had eventual diagnosis of AL amyloidosis. Compared to the PYP -ve group, the PYP +ve group had similar age (mean 79.5 vs 78.1 years, p=0.9), BMI (28.2 kg/m2 vs 30.1 kg/m2, p=0.7) and a higher prevalence of bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome (62% vs 15%, p<0.01). PYP +ve patients had higher prevalence of low QRS voltage (47% vs 7%, p<0.01), left anterior fascicular block (LAFB) (27% vs 9%, p<0.01), first-degree atrioventricular block (AVB) (29% vs 11%, p=0.01) and atrial fibrillation (85% vs 41%, p< 0.01). PYP +ve patients also had lower left atrial volume index (LAVI) (43 mL/m2 vs 59 mL/m2, p=0.001), greater left ventricular septal thickness (1.67cm vs 1.5cm, p=0.01), increased posterior wall thickness (1.5cm vs 1.3cm, p=0.02) and worse mean diastology (2.6±0.5 vs 1.7± 0.8, p< 0.001). There was no difference in ejection fraction (51% vs 50%, p=0.7) or pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (39 mmHg vs 37.5 mmHg, p=0.9). Conclusions: At our center, almost one-third of the hospitalized patients who were clinically suspected to have cardiac amyloidosis had a final diagnosis of wild-type ATTR-CA. A history of carpal tunnel syndrome, ECG findings of low QRS voltage, AVB and LAFB, and echocardiographic features of left ventricular hypertrophy and high-grade diastolic dysfunction were prevalent in wild-type ATTR-CA.
Food Insecurity, Well-being, and Academic Success among College Students: Implications for Post COVID-19 Pandemic Programming.

College students experience food insecurity at higher rates than the general population, which has been found to be directly and indirectly associated with poor mental and physical health in addition to academic success. Since the rise of the COVID-19 pandemic, mounting evidence has demonstrated an increase in food insecurity rates in the U.S. The current study assessed food insecurity and its associated impacts on health and academic success among college students at a large urban university (n = 1743). Results revealed 46.8% of students as food insecure with statistically significant differences in race/ethnicity, GPA, and hours worked per week. Students who were observed with any level of food insecurity were more likely to also experience challenges with academics, careers, procrastination, and faculty as compared to their food secure counterparts. Analysis of differences in well-being indicators by food insecurity status revealed that students with any level of food insecurity were observed with statistically significantly higher mean scores for psychological distress, loneliness, and suicide behavior, with reduced scores for flourishing and resiliency as compared to their food secure counterparts. Implications for post-COVID-19 programming to mitigate food insecurity and associated public health issues associated with the COVID-19 and future pandemics are discussed.
Regulation, Self-Regulation, and Construction of the Self in the Maintenance of Physical Health

Publisher Summary The approach to understanding behavior for managing current and avoiding future disease emphasizes the distinction between problem solving or environmental regulation, self-regulation, and construction of the self. Creating new identities and altering old ones, and adding and modifying procedures for problem solving are not the typical reactions to confrontations with illness. Most illnesses are time limited and managed with an available repertoire of treatments. Reconstruction of the self begins when illness poses novel problems, and extensive redefinition of the self is more likely for illnesses that are represented and experienced both as highly disruptive and long lasting. The goal-directed processes involved in adaptation to illness, whether goals are set by the self or by experts and involve or do not involve reconstruction of the self, are heavily influenced by the biological properties of the disease (for example, level of pain, functional disability, visibility of damage) and by individual and societal models of the disease process.
Case series of patients with ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm.

Author(s): Spencer, Taylor; Juyia, Rushad; Parks, Robyn; Hodapp, Matthew | Abstract: Introduction: Traditionally, patients with suspected ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (rAAA) are taken immediately for operative repair. Computed tomography (CT) has been considered contraindicated. However, with the emergence of endovascular repair, this approach to suspected rAAA could be changing.Methods: We present retrospective data in a case series of 110 patients with rAAA. Patients were managed at a single tertiary medical center over a five-year period. At this site, there was an established multidisciplinary protocol in which patients with suspected rAAA undergo CT with consideration for endovascular aortic repair (EVAR).Results: Our results demonstrated a mortality of 30% with our institutional protocol for CT in suspected rAAA. Comparing patients who ultimately had EVAR with open repair, those able to have endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) had lower mortality, shorter hospital stays for survivors, and a greater likelihood of being discharged to home than those with open repair. While survivors were more likely to have had EVAR, surviving patients were younger, had a significantly lower creatinine at presentation, and required fewer blood transfusions than those who died.Conclusion: Based on this case series, an institutional approach endorsing CT for presumed rAAA appears to be reasonable. Our results suggest that EVAR may be beneficial in appropriately-selected patients and that CT may potentially facilitate superior management options for patient care. [West J Emerg Med. 2015;16(3):367–371.]
Privileged American children.

For almost 20 years now my wife and I have been working with the children of rather well-to-do, if not rich, families. We began, and have continued our work, on quite the other side of the railroad tracks. We started visiting white and black children from New Orleans at their homes in 1960, when that city was seized by rioting mobs bent on preventing school desegregation. As is often the case, the boys and girls caught up in a terrible and continuing social crisis (for them an intensely personal one) were without exception from relatively hard-pressed families—in the case of the blacks, extremely poor, in the case of whites, working-class at best.
Veterinary services in disasters and emergencies.

Military personnel are quite familiar with disaster preparedness. Each military facility has a disaster preparedness plan that assigns tasks and responsibilities and allocates resources to deal with potential natural or man-made disasters that range from severe thunderstorms to nuclear warfare. We know that a clear plan is essential to immediate reaction, recovery from sustained damage, and moving ahead with our mission.
Adaptive Behavior Scales

Publisher Summary Adaptive behavior scales play an important role in helping practitioners diagnose, plan supports, or determine an individual's level of independence. Research is being conducted to develop specific scales to examine the underlying constructs that these scales are designed to measure. The construct of adaptive behavior is fundamental to any definition of intellectual disability (ID). Current definitions of ID include adaptive behavior as a component, but place adaptive behavior at different levels of prominence. The most widely used adaptive behavior scales provide a unified composite score in addition to individual domain scores. There are a number of unique concerns regarding the psychometric properties of tests when applied to persons with ID. Scales in which ceiling scores are established rapidly underestimates an individual's abilities in that domain if the skills have developed in an atypical order. The scales identified most frequently are the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS), the Adaptive Behavior Scales (ABS), and the Scales of Independent Behavior (SIB)/ Inventory for Client and Agency Planning (ICAP).
Effect of debonding forces on bonded orthodontic brackets: finite element study

The finite element analysis method was used to obtain values of the von Mises equivalent stress (SEQV) at selected locations within the adhesive layer of two-dimensional models of bonded orthodontic brackets. In all, 39 model cases were analyzed involving 4 overall bracket configurations, 3 combinations of materials of fabrication of the bracket, 3 types of debonding forces and 4 adhesives. The results are presented to show the sensitivity of SEQV to each of the parameters studied. Comments are made on the usefulness of the results in the development of a standard protocol for experimental determination of the bond strength of adhesives used in securing orthodontic brackets.
Opportunities in photovoltaics for space power generation

Photovoltaics provide virtually all power generation for space systems, and the majority of these, in recent years, are multijunction solar cells comprised of III-V materials. Multijunction solar cells are designed for optimal efficiency under the space AM0 (Air Mass Zero) solar spectrum and to operate with high reliability under hostile environmental conditions. State of practice crystalline multijunction solar cells are primarily triple junction (GaInP/sub 2//GaAs/Ge) grown on Ge single crystal wafers. Development efforts are focused on increasing the efficiency of these cells beyond 30%. For next-generation spacecraft, space compatible thin-film solar cells are being developed. Nanotechnology and novel materials hold promise for extending cell performance beyond these technologies. Opportunities for space-qualified solar cells extend from commercial and government satellites, where power demands continue to grow, to power generation systems on the high altitude airships being developed in several nations.
Gallbladder disease—II. utilization of the life table method in obtaining clinically useful information: A study of 62,739 weight-conscious women

Abstract In the present cross-sectional study of 62,739 TOPS women, cohorts were reconstructed. The life table technique was used to compare age-specific subgroups of the population by obesity levels and parity. This cohort analysis allowed the calculation of incidence rates which were used to evaluate risk factors of gallbladder disease. Relative risk and probability of GBD were also determined and their application to a hypothetical patient was demonstrated. The results of this paper show that the probability of GBD significantly increases with increasing weight, age and parity, in that order of importance. A multiple regression analysis revealed that obesity accounted for a large portion of the variation of GBD. About 88% of the variation was explained by the linear combinations of obesity, age and parity. The risk of GBD among extremely obese women in their 20's is greater than 6 times that of women with normal weight in their 20's. For the entire population under study, the probability of developing GBD by age 60 was estimated to be 32.9 100 women.
Early life on land

Soils and life on Earth are so intimately interconnected that it is well to ask, “what is life?.” Three general properties especially distinguish living things from inanimate open systems such as flames and eddies: living things are complexly organized, have self-reinforcing sequences of chemical reactions, and can reproduce.
Landmarking Manifolds with Gaussian Processes

We present an algorithm for finding landmarks along a manifold. These landmarks provide a small set of locations spaced out along the manifold such that they capture the low-dimensional nonlinear structure of the data embedded in the high-dimensional space. The approach does not select points directly from the dataset, but instead we optimize each landmark by moving along the continuous manifold space (as approximated by the data) according to the gradient of an objective function. We borrow ideas from active learning with Gaussian processes to define the objective, which has the property that a new landmark is "repelled" by those currently selected, allowing for exploration of the manifold. We derive a stochastic algorithm for learning with large datasets and show results on several datasets, including the Million Song Dataset and articles from the New York Times.
Cation-rich (100) surface reconstructions of InP and GaP

The trimer reconstruction of the (100) InP surface which has been discovered experimentally is confirmed by first-principle calculations. The charge density of atomic configuration, which has the lowest surface energy is in perfect agreement with experimental scanning tunneling microscopy images. We predict the same trimer reconstruction also to be observable on GaP (100) surfaces and discuss how local stress makes this reconstruction energetically unfavorable for GaAs.
Monte Carlo Calculations of Turbulent Diffusion Flames

Abstract Calculations of turbulent diffusion flames are presented and compared with experimental data. In the calculation procedure, the mean continuity and momentum equations are solved by a finite-difference method, and the k-ϵ turbulence model is used to model the Reynolds stresses. The conserved-scalar approach is used so that the local, instantaneous, thermochemical properties of the flame are uniquely related to a single conserved scalar f(x, 1)—the mixture fraction. A modelled transport equation for the probability density function (pdf) of f is solved by a Monte Carlo method. The results of calculations are compared with experimental data for three turbulent flows: an inert methane jet; a hydrogen/air diffusion flame; and a hydrogen-argon/air diffusion flame. In general there is good agreement between calculated and measured quantities, including pdf's. Numerical tests of the Monte Carlo method are also reported. These demonstrate the convergence of the method and provide an estimate of the statis...
Activities implemented jointly: another look at the facts

Abstract The first Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Berlin established a pilot phase of so-called Activities Implemented Jointly (AIJ). This pilot phase started in 1995 and was to end in 1999. It was prolonged at the fourth Conference of the Parties in Buenos Aires (1998) for a yet undetermined period after 2000. This paper is an empirical study of AIJ experience in the first five years (1995–1999) based on 96 AIJ from the UNFCCC’s web site as of April 30, 1999, and a separate study on seven AIJ projects of Japan. The main results of this study are: (1) AIJ investment shows a pattern of regional-specificity with rather divergent regional investment portfolios in the United States, Japan and Europe. This pattern can be traced back to differences in the national AIJ programs of investors and hosts, on the one hand, and to specific ways of minimizing transaction cost on the other, e.g. by attaching AIJ to established institutional links of development co-operation or by ‘trading in the neighbourhood’; and (2) AIJs are overwhelmingly no regret-measures with almost zero or negative cost. Transaction costs of reporting have been minimized by applying simple and straightforward methods of baseline determination. The exception to this is the verification procedure where expensive external verification prevails.
Highly-reliable silicon and glass interposers-to-printed wiring board SMT interconnections: Modeling, design, fabrication and reliability

Ultra-miniaturization and 3D integration of electronic systems require interposers with high density of off-chip interconnections. Silicon and glass interposers are being developed widely to meet these needs. These substrate materials have the intrinsic advantage of very high dimensional stability over traditional organic substrates [1] thus providing opportunities for layer to layer wiring with very small vias. However, compared to organic boards, with a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of about 12–18 ppm/°C, silicon and glass substrates have a significantly lower CTE of 3–8 ppm/°C. Therefore, reliability becomes one of the major concerns when silicon or glass interposers are mounted directly on organic system boards using SMT technology with solders. This paper presents an approach to address the above reliability issues using compliant build-up dielectrics to decouple the stress from interposer to the system board, to reduce the stress experienced by the solder interconnections. The proposed approach is compatible with surface mount technology (SMT) and also helps with the handling and metallization of thin silicon and glass substrates. Finite element modeling was used to analyze the effectiveness of the compliant dielectrics, laminated onto both sides of silicon or glass interposers. Parametric study was performed to analyze the influence of multiple variables, such as material properties and geometry parameters, on the reliability of the SMT interconnections, to optimize the buffering effect. Test vehicles of size 7.2mm × 7.2mm were fabricated with 25um thick RXP-4M polymer, laminated on both sides of glass and silicon interposers. In this study, interposers with 180um thick, low CTE glass, 180um thick high CTE glass, and 240um thick silicon interposers were fabricated and assembled on standard FR-4 system boards, using ball grid array (BGA) interconnections. Thermal cycling test was performed to investigate the reliability of solder ball joints. The high CTE glass sample was shown to survive 1900 thermal cycles from −55°C to 125°C, before the first failure was detected in one of the corner joints. This paper shows that the use of compliant dielectric material, explored in this research, yields promising reliability performance of BGA interconnections with low CTE interposers without underfill at a body size of 7.2mm.
A Review of: “CLINICAL FORENSIC MEDICINE, revised, Margaret M. Stark, editor”: Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2005; 438 pages, $99.50 (with CD included).

This book, edited by Margaret Stark with contributors all but two from the United Kingdom, is written from the British perspective. This revised edition of Clinical Forensic Medicine–A Physician's ...
THE MINERAL NUTRITION OF MICROCYSTIS AERUGINOSA

FARR, WANDA K., AND W. A. SISSON. 1939. Observations on the membranes of epidermal cells of the Avena coleoptile. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. 10: 127137. FREY-WYSSLING, A. 1936. Der Aufbau der pflanzlichen Zellwinde. Protoplasma 25: 261-300. . 1948a. Submicroscopic morphology of protoplasm and its derivatives. Elsevier Publishing Co. New York. -. 1948b. The growth in surface of the plant cell wall. Growth 12: 151-169. K. MUHLETHALER, AND R. W. G. WYCKOFF. 1948. Mikrofibrillenbau der pflanzlichen Zellwiinde. Experientia 4: 475-476. HESs, K., H. KIESSIG, W. MERGIN, AND W. ENGEL. 1939. Zur Kenntnis der bildung von Cellulose in der Zellwand. Ber. Deutsch. Chem. Ges. 72: 642-652. HEYN, A. N. J. 1936. Further investigations on the mechanism of cell elongation and the properties of the cell wall in connection with elongation. IV. Investigations on the molecular structure of chitin cell wall of sporangiophores of Phycomyces and its probable bearing on the phenomenon of spiral growth. Protoplasma 25: 372-396. . 1939. Some remarks on the mechanism of spiral growth of the sporangiophores of Phycomyces and a suggestion for its further explanation. Proc. Kon. Akad. Amsterdam. 42: 431-437. IIOCK, C. W., R. C. RAMSEY, AND M. HARRIS. 1941. Microscopic structure of the cotton fiber. Jour. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand. 26: 93-104. JOHANSEN, D. A. 1940. Plant microtechnique. McGrawHill Book Co. New York. KERR, T. 1951. Growth and structure of the primary wall. In Skoog, Plant growth substances: 37-42. Univ. of Wisconsin Press.
Associations between prescription opioid injection and Hepatitis C virus among young injection drug users.

AbstractObjective: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) incidence has been increasing among young injection drug users (IDUs). This analysis examined whether the emerging practice of prescription opioid (PO) injection is associated with self-reported HCV among young IDUs. Methods: Young IDUs (n = 162) aged 18–25-years-old who indicated recent misuse of prescription drugs were sampled in New York and Los Angeles during 2009–2011. Participants reported lifetime PO injection history and results from their most recent HCV test as well as demographic characteristics and lifetime drug use. Bivariate analyses examined relationships between covariates and both lifetime PO injection and HCV positivity. Poisson regression examined the associations between lifetime PO injection, HCV positivity, and significant covariates. Results: A majority reported lifetime PO injection (72.2%) and 30.9% self-reported being HCV positive. Lifetime PO injectors were nearly three times more likely to report being HCV positive than non-PO injector...
An energy limit of transition state theory

Abstract We have determined an energy limit at which the assumption of classical transition state theory is certain to fail for each member of a series of collinear reactions A + BC → AB + C on the Porter—Karplus potential energy surface.
Ethnicity, Gender, and Global Risk Indicators in the Lives of Status Offenders Coming to the Attention of the Juvenile Court

The present study examined the risks and needs of status offenders in comparison to an at-large juvenile court sample, with specific attention paid to factors related to gender and ethnicity. Status offenders displayed significantly higher risk scores than the comparison sample in domains associated with both family and parenting concerns and educational concerns. In addition, females displayed higher risk levels than males and White youth displayed significantly higher risk levels than minority youth across a wide variety of risk domains. Further analyses were conducted regarding the participation of African American males and females in a program designed as an alternative to detention. For both groups, successful program completion was accompanied by little or no further court involvement, whereas failure to complete the program was related to a variety of negative outcomes. However, African American females and males successfully completing program requirements displayed different risks and needs at the outset of their participation.
Minimum energy configuration of epitaxial material clusters on a lattice-mismatched substrate

Strained epitaxial material clusters or islands grown on a relatively thick substrate are considered in the context of continuum mechanics. The islands and the substrate are modeled as isotropic elastic solids with similar material properties. The geometry is assumed to be two-dimensional. Under the assumption that the total free energy of the system consists of the energy of the free surface and the strain energy, minimum energy profiles of dislocation-free islands are calculated. It is shown that even though the surface energy contribution to the free energy favors a flat film morphology, an islanded morphology is the preferred growth mode of a strained film with a sufficiently large lattice mismatch. The coalescence of two islands which are relatively close to each other is also considered. It is demonstrated that the free energy of the system is reduced through the coalescence of islands and that coalescence may occur spontaneously. Minimum energy profiles of islands containing interface misfit dislocations are also calculated. Sufficiently large dislocated islands are shown to have a smaller height-to-width aspect ratio and a lower surface chemical potential at equilibrium than dislocation-free equilibrium islands of the same size. This result is used to explain qualitatively how the nucleation of a dislocation can affect the growth characteristics of an island.
Presidedress soil nitrogen test for corn in Virginia

Abstract The presidedress soil nitrate test (PSNT) and the presidedress tissue nitrogen test (PTNT) have been developed to assess residual soil nitrogen (N) sufficiency for corn (Zea mays L.) in the humid eastern U.S. We conducted field studies at 47 sites during 1990 and 1991 to evaluate the use of the PSNT and PTNT for corn in Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and Appalachian Ridge and Valley regions of Virginia. Seven rates of fertilizer N (0, 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, and 270 kg/ha) were applied at corn height of 0.40 to 0.50 m and replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Whole corn plants and soil to a depth of 0.30 m were sampled when corn height was 0.15 to 0.30 m to estimate available soil N prior to the application of fertilizer N treatments. Corn grain yield response to fertilizer N was used to assess residual soil N availability. Nitrogen concentration of whole corn plants at 0.15 to 0.30 m height was not an accurate indicator of plant‐available soil N. Corn yields were maximized withou...
Carbachol-elicited mouse-killing in the rat: Animals attacked and wound location

Mouse-killing was elicited in naturally nonkiller rats by bilateral injections of carbachol into the lateral hypothalamus. These carbachol-converted killers also attacked rat pups and adult rats during the period of drug action. The wounds were distributed more widely over the bodies of mice attacked by carbachol-converted killers than by natural killers. These data suggest that carbachol-elicited killing is similar to affective or irritable aggression.
Electronics: A diverse printed future.

An approach that entails printing compound-semiconductor ribbons on a silicon substrate offers the means to build nanoscale transistors that can be switched on and off much more effectively than their bulk analogues. See Letter page 286 Compound semiconductor materials such as gallium arsenide and indium arsenide have outstanding electronic properties, but are costly to process and cannot, on their own, compete with silicon when it comes to low-cost fabrication. But as the relentless miniaturization of silicon electronics is reaching its limits, an alternative route of enhanced device performance is becoming more attractive: the integration of compound semiconductors within silicon. Ali Javey and colleagues now present a promising new concept to integrate ultrathin layers of single-crystal indium arsenide on silicon-based substrates with an epitaxial transfer method, a technique borrowed from large-area optoelectronics. With this technique, involving the use of an elastomeric stamp to lift off indium arsenide nanowires and transfer them to a silicon-based substrate, the authors fabricate thin film transistors with excellent device performance.
Fast evaluation of CTEQ parton distributions in Monte Carlos

Abstract A few changes to the routines that calculate CTEQ parton distribution functions allow modern compilers to optimize the evaluations, while having no quantitative effect on the results. Overall computation time is reduced by a factor of 4–5 in matrix-element calculations, and by 1.3–2.5 in showering Monte Carlo event generators. Similar improvements in performance may be expected in any calculations relying heavily on interpolation or multiple calls to functions.
Sequential excavation, NATM and ADECO: What they have in common and how they differ

Abstract Rabcewicz, 1964 , Rabcewicz, 1965 maintained that “tunnels should be driven full face whenever possible”. ADECO, which stands for “Analysis of Controlled Deformations in tunnels”, now allows us to fulfill Rabcewicz’s dream in any stress–strain condition. In order to achieve that dream and its consequent control over cost and schedule, however, NATM must be abandoned for the ADECO. The paper traces the history of the sequential excavation, NATM (as first conceived) and Analysis of Controlled Deformations (ADECO) with the aim of shedding light on the unavoidable use of sequential excavation in “soft ground”, and of highlighting advances in tunnel design and construction that have occurred in Europe after and as alternates to the NATM. The paper presents the basic concepts in the ADECO approach to design, construction and monitoring of tunnels together with some case histories, including: full face excavation for Cassia tunnel (face area > 230 m2) in sands and silts under 5 m cover below an archeological area in Rome, Italy; Tartaguille tunnel (face area > 140 m2) advanced full face in highly swelling and squeezing ground under 100 m cover where NATM led to catastrophic failure, France; and 80 km of tunnels (face area > 140 m2) advanced full face in highly squeezing/swelling ground under 500 m cover for the high-speed railway line between Bologne and Florence, Italy (turnkey contract).
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 inhibition in experimental murine colitis.

Abstract Background In the setting of inflammatory bowel disease, inflammation is associated with a simultaneous increase in angiogenesis; moreover, elevated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels implicate angiogenesis as a pathologic contributor to disease severity. We hypothesize that selectively inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2) in a model of murine colitis will reduce angiogenesis, resulting in decreased inflammation and disease severity, providing mechanistic insight into the role of pathologic angiogenesis in IBD. Materials and methods In a dextran sodium sulfate model of murine colitis, anti-VEGFR2 monoclonal antibody (DC101) or placebo was administered. Clinical assessments followed by histologic and molecular tissue analysis were performed to quantify inflammation, microvessel density (MVD), VEGF and VEGFR2 gene expression, and phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase protein expression. Results Weight loss began after d 6 with the treatment group demonstrating a more favorable percent weight change. Inflammation and MVD were similar between cohorts, both increasing in parallel toward a plateau. VEGF and VEGFR2 messenger RNA expression were not significantly different, but phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase was elevated in the DC101 cohort ( P = 0.03). Conclusions Despite a more favorable weight change profile in the treated group, no difference was observed between cohorts regarding clinical disease severity. However, a parallel rise in inflammation and MVD was observed coinciding with weight loss, suggesting their relationship in IBD. VEGFR2 downstream signaling was significantly elevated in the treated cohort, possibly by VEGF-independent signal transduction. Early and effective inhibition of angiogenesis by limiting downstream VEGF signaling or targeting multiple angiogenic pathways may block angiogenesis, thereby reducing disease severity and provide evidence toward the mechanism and clinical benefit of antiangiogenics in the setting of IBD.
The impact of self-monitoring of blood glucose on self-efficacy and pregnancy outcomes in women with diet-controlled gestational diabetes.

PURPOSEThe purpose of this study was to examine the effects of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) on feelings of self-efficacy, dietary compliance, and pregnancy outcomes in women with diet-controlled gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).METHODSFifty-eight women with GDM and a fasting blood glucose level <95 mg/dL were randomly assigned to 2 groups. The experimental group measured their blood glucose levels 4 times daily using a reflectance meter with memory. Metabolic status was assessed in the control group by periodic monitoring at prenatal visits. Otherwise the management protocol was identical for both groups. The Diabetes Empowerment Scale was completed at study entry and at 37 weeks gestation to assess feelings of self-efficacy. Dietary compliance was assessed at each visit.RESULTSBoth groups of women achieved excellent glucose control; only 1 woman in each group required insulin therapy. There were no significant differences with regard to feelings of self-efficacy, dietary compliance, birth w...
A holistic network model for supply chain analysis

Abstract Supply chain researchers are experiencing a conceptual and analytical paradox. They are asked to move beyond dyadic analyses and investigate larger network effects with only a limited analytical toolkit. This research proposes the use of bilinear mixed-modeling to holistically analyze supply chain phenomena. Through this approach, researchers are able to account for multiple supply chain relationships, higher-order dependencies among member firms, and simultaneously evaluate covariates from buyer and seller perspectives. The model is validated through the lens of a pervasive supply chain problem commonly referred to as the bullwhip effect. A sample of firms from the US apparel industry in 2004 is analyzed and then the findings are confirmed using data from 2005. In addition to validating the model through the presence of the bullwhip effect, the bilinear model illuminates variables such as advertising, price deals, inventory turnover, and inventory backlogs that exacerbate or diminish inventory differences between firms in a supply chain. The results extend research on supply networks and supply efficiency to a more holistic level and show that higher-order dependencies are important drivers of supply chain phenomena.