cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is Conflict of Interest Becoming a Challenge for Institution-Based Institutional Review Boards?

Expansion of business relationships between academic institutions and their leaders and industry have become a reality, whereas media attention regarding conflict of interest (COI) at academic institutions has raised concerns about possible erosion of public trust. The Institutional Review Board (IRB) should collaborate with institutional COI committees to ensure that research with human subjects is in compliance with various applicable federal regulations. The IRB and COI committee should take additional independent action as necessary under their separate mandates to protect the welfare, safety, and rights of human subjects and to include limits on protocols affected by significant financial interests of the institution or its decision makers. If unable to review research due to an intrainstitutional conflict, the local IRB should consider transferring the study review and oversight to an external unaffiliated institutional or central IRB. A process for involvement of an executive institutional IRB is proposed. Clin Cancer Res; 19(15); 4034–9. ©2013 AACR .
Waiver of informed consent: A survey of emergency medicine patients

Abstract Changes to Federal regulations pertaining to waiver of informed consent for acute care research were debated by the research and regulatory communities for more than 2 years before being finalized in October of 1996. Input from the general public was limited. This survey investigated the opinions of emergency medicine patients concerning wavier of informed consent for acute care research. A convenience sample of 212 patients were approached at a tertiary care academic urban emergency department. Seventy-three percent approved of waiver of informed consent if the absolute risks were minimal (50% if the absolute risks were greater than minimal but the incremental risk were minimal). Educational status and certain aspects of the patient's current health status (but not age, race, or gender) significantly affected the results. While most emergency medicine patients would want to be enrolled in a study if they had a serious illness and were unable to give informed consent, a significant percentage of patients would not want to be enrolled regardless of the degree of risk or availability of a family member to speak on their behalf. Waiver of informed consent for emergency research is an ethical dilemma pitting individual rights against societal needs and physician parentalism. A better understanding of what patients consider appropriate may help in resolving this dilemma.
Frame Synchronization for PPM-Encoded Longitudinal Position Words in Magnetic Tape Storage

Frame synchronization is studied for pulse-position modulation-encoded longitudinal position (LPOS) words that are embedded in servo patterns written on tape. After introducing soft-output detection of LPOS symbols, the problem of LPOS frame synchronization using soft outputs from the LPOS detector is considered. An efficient LPOS frame-synchronization algorithm that is robust in the presence of transition noise found in magnetic recording channels is then proposed. Finally, the performance of hard-decision LPOS frame synchronization is compared by simulations with that of the proposed soft-decision algorithm, and a hardware implementation of the overall scheme is illustrated.
Are X-Ray Backscatter Scanners Safe for Airport Passenger Screening? For Most Individuals, Probably Yes, but a Billion Scans per Year Raises Long-Term Public Health Concerns

From a public health policy perspective, given that up to 1 billion such scans per year are now possible in the United States, we should have concerns about the long-term consequences of an extremely large number of people all being exposed to a likely extremely small radiation-induced cancer risk—in particular given that there are current practical alternatives that do not involve ionizing radiation.
An Integration Technology for RF and Microwave Circuits Based on Interconnect Programming

A configurable integration technology suitable for implementing application specific radio-frequency (RF) and microwave circuits is presented. This postfabrication integration scheme is compatible with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology and utilizes room temperature deposited Parylene-N as low loss and low permittivity dielectric material. Interconnect lines, inductors, and transmission lines fabricated on top of arrays of prefabricated 0.13 ?m and 90 nm CMOS transistors coated with Parylene-N are configured to design interconnect programmable RF and microwave circuits. The technology is used to demonstrate three proof of concept interconnect programmable narrowband amplifiers. These amplifiers have center frequencies of 5.5, 6.4, and 18 GHz with forward gain S21 of 16.6, 11, and 18.7 dB, respectively. Fabrication simplicity and programmable nature of this technology compared to standard application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) fabrication lowers the cost and time to market of individual ASIC chip.
Estimation of claims in an outbound automotive supply chain using capture–recapture methodology

Vehicle inspection in an outbound automotive supply chain is a manual process performed in challenging conditions at various nodes along the transportation network. This paper describes the application of a statistical technique called ‘capture–recapture (CR) modelling’ (traditionally used in animal ecology estimation) to estimate the dealer claims based on the vehicle defects detected during inspection. Current industry practice in the USA permits the dealers to file the claims up to nine months after receiving the vehicles. The outcome of this research can be used to estimate the dealer claims at a one-month delay. Hence, the output of this model can be used to evaluate the progress made in the quality of the service in a finished vehicle supply chain without having to wait for the claims to be filed. On applying the CR technique to two assembly plants of a leading automotive manufacturer in the USA, the results were found to be statistically similar. Hence, the principles outlined in this paper can be ...
The Rda Concept: Time for a Change?

Fifty-one years ago, at the height of World War II, the National Research Council (NRC) published a six-page document entitled Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs). Since then, the nine successive editions of the RDAs have become nutrition's gold standard—the most authoritative guide to the nutrient needs of people in the United States, used for an extraordinary variety of purposes. The NRC's Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) will soon begin work on an 11th edition of the RDAs, the edition that will help to guide the practice of nutrition into the 21st century. How should the RDAs be defined for this new era? Should they retain their current focus, or is a new concept needed to reflect continuing progress in nutrition science? Should prevention of chronic diseases be considered in the development of new allowances? How should the needs of nutritionally vulnerable segments of the population, such as smokers and the elderly, be taken into account? Should the process of developing new RDAs be made more open and more "scientifically democratic''? Can efforts be made to ensure consistency between the RDAs and other recommendations? All of these questions were considered at a workshop on future recommended dietary allowances held at Rutgers University on April 13, 1993. The workshop participants discussed many aspects of the RDA concept and the process by which RDAs are developed and updated. Their strongest focus, however, was on the crucial question of whether concepts of chronic disease prevention
Influence of pacing on the left ventricular electrogram in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy: Implications for substrate mapping

a mean procedure time of 122 42 min (range 75-246 min). In 5/50 patients common atrial flutter reoccured within one month after cryoablation. Successful reablation using radiofrequency (RF) energy was performed in all of them. In 30/32 recurrence free patients, who gave final consent to invasive control stimulation, persistency of BCB was verified. In 2 patients recovery of isthmus conduction was detectable. Including the relapses 81.1% of the patients (30/37) showed persistency of BCB. Cryo applications were painless in general. No procedural complications were observed. Conclusions: Cryoablation of the CTI using the large tip catheter is feasible and safe in the treatment of common atrial flutter. Acute and short-term success rates are comparable to those reported for RF ablation. Besides short term clinical success the persistency of BCB one month after cryoablation proves efficacy of cryoablation technique.
Immunoassay Analysis of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide

Screening large numbers of urine samples for drugs of abuse is typically accomplished using immunoassays that allow for processing large numbers of samples without the requirement of sample preparation before analysis. Until fairly recently, screening of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in urine samples could only be accomplished by the use of radioimmunoassays (RIA). Recently, new nonisotopic immunoassays have been developed for the screening of samples for LSD. These assays lend themselves to rapid, high-volume, automated analysis compared with RIA procedures. In order to evaluate the current commercially available assays, samples prepared at known concentrations were tested by each of the assays. In addition, samples from known use of LSD were tested and the performance of each of the assays compared. The assays examined in this study included RIA assays from Roche Diagnostics (Abuscreen) and Diagnostic Products (coat-a-count) and nonisotopic assays from Roche (OnLine), Behring (EMIT), Boehringer Mannheim (CEDIA), and STC (Microplate EIA). Assays that could readily be carried out in a semiquantitative mode (determining concentration based on a calibration curve) were evaluated as to their relative response to the samples tested. All of the assays evaluated identified all of the samples which confirmed positive by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Likewise, each of the assays identified some samples which did not confirm as positive by GC-MS.
Incorporation of Radioactive Metals and Trace Metals into Phosphate “Anhydrous” Autunite: Thermodynamic Evaluation

The prediction of heavy metal solubility in the presence of phosphate is the key for designing a successful environmental remediation strategy or for the performance assessment of a nuclear waste repository. In order to evaluate the possibility for solubilities and incorporation of U and its fission products, such as Cs, Np, Pu, it is important to have the Gibbs free energies of formation of possible end-member phases. In this paper, we use a linear free energy relationship to calculate the Gibbs free energies of formation of divalent cation “anhydrous” autunite phases [M2+(UO2)2(PO4)2] and monovalent cation “anhydrous” autunite phases [M+2(UO2)2(PO4)2]. Based on predicted Gibbs free energies of formation for autunite phases, an equilibrium calculation indicates that it is feasible to incorporate NpO2+ into the autunite phases. If concentration of Cs+ is high, Cs+ will be incorporated into the autunite phases. However, it is not feasible to incorporate low concentration Cs+ released from spent fuel into the uranyl phosphate phases with layered structure and interlayer water (such as autunite phases, boltwoodite phases, and uranophane phases) as previously proposed. The predicted data can be considered as a first order approximation.
Dynamics of psychopathy and moral disengagement in the etiology of crime

Moral engagement produces strong emotions that help individuals refrain from serious criminal behavior, but what if a youth is unable to experience these emotions. Based on a sample of adjudicated delinquents and using a series of structural equation models, we test whether moral disengagement varies by level of psychopathy in relation to criminal onset and assess this stability across gender. Psychopathic personality features, moral disengagement, and family stress intermixed in diverse ways depending on the severity of psychopathic personality and gender. At higher levels of psychopathy, the effect of psychopathy on criminal onset was unmediated. However, moral disengagement was found to have mediating effects on criminal onset at lower levels of psychopathy. Study findings lend support to the hypothesis that due to core emotional deficits, youth high on psychopathy are unaffected by the mechanisms of moral disengagement. RESULTS are discussed in light of theories of morality and psychopathy and the treatment of moral deficits among youthful offenders. Language: en
Diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract This paper summarizes changes that distinguish early Alzheimer’s disease (AD) from nondemented aging based on 49 well characterized cases (30 nondemented, 10 very mildly demented, and 9 severely demented). Tangles were found in all nondemented cases (aged 54 to 88) concentrated in limbic structures. The probability of high tangle density increases with age, even in the absence of plaques or dementia. Based on plaques, nondemented cases can be divided into three groups: 1) cases younger than 73 years of age with one-third of older cases had no plaques; 2) about one-half of cases over 74 years of age had a few diffuse plaques in restricted patches in the neocortex; 3) about one-quarter of cases over 74 years of age had many neuritic and diffuse plaques throughout the neocortex; these may represent “preclinical” AD. Very mildly demented cases had high concentrations of neuritic and diffuse plaques in the neocortex and tangles in limbic structures. The observations indicate that the minimal diagnostic criterion for AD is plaques throughout the neocortex together with neurofibrillary changes (tangles in limbic structures and neuritic plaques in cortex). Tangles are a necessary but not sufficient criterion.
Time-varying risk premia in American depository receipt returns

This paper examines the role of the world market, the home market, and exchange rate factors in the conditional pricing of a sample of 80 American Depository Receipts (ADRs) from 11 developed markets. Estimations based on a Multivariate GARCH in mean (MGARCH-M) model find that changes over time have led to the market for ADRs to become more integrated with the world market, though there is still substantial evidence of segmentation. The findings suggest that US investors in ADRs as a class are exposed to all three forms of risk. Some ADRs exhibit pricing of at least one risk factor and sometimes all three factors.
Interaction of 3β, 5α-tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone in rat and guinea-pig neurons : a comparison of Ca2+- and GABAA-Cl--channel current modulation

Abstract A comparison of the interaction of 3β, 5α-tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone (TDOC) on voltage-gated Ca 2+ - and the γ-aminobutyric receptor (GABA A ) gated-Cl − -channels was examined in freshly dissociated guinea-pig (GP) and rat hippocampal CA1 neurons and rat hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMN) neurons. The steady-state inhibition of the peak Ca 2+ channel current evoked by depolarized steps from −80 to −10 mV by TDOC increased in concentration-dependent manner with IC 50 values of 1 and 6 pM for rat and GP CA1 neurons, respectively and 3 nM for rat VMN neurons. TDOC rapidly and reversibly inhibited a fraction (up to 26%) of the total Ca 2+ channel current in all neurons. Intracellular dialysis with GDP-β-S (500 μM) significantly diminished the TDOC inhibition of the Ca 2+ channel current, suggesting a G-protein involvement. In neurons isolated from pertussis-toxin–treated animals by chronic intracerebroventricular (1000 ng/24/48 h) infusion, the TDOC inhibition was also significantly diminished, suggesting modulation by the Gα i and/or Gα 0 G-protein subunits. The peak GABA-gated inward Cl − current was enhanced in both species from 0.1 to 10 μM with the greatest increase (48% at 10 μM) seen in the VMN. There was no difference in the enhancement of the GABA current in the CA1 region of both species. The results show that in contrast to the 3α-series, the 3β-series weakly enhance the GABA-evoked Cl − current but potently inhibit the Ca 2+ channel current. In addition, these results also suggest a common mode of action and a lack of interspecies difference for this steroid.
Survey of Minnesota Parent Attitudes Regarding School-Based Depression and Suicide Screening and Education

School-based depression screening and education programs are recommended for addressing the high rates of children's mental illness. The objectives of this study were to (1) identify Minnesota parent attitudes regarding the provision of school-based depression and suicide screening and education and (2) identify predictors of parent support for these school-based programs. A random sample of 1,300 Minnesota households with children ages 5-18 years was surveyed by mail. Chi-square tests and regression analyses were used to detect differences in parent support for depression and suicide screening and education across demographic categories, and parent beliefs and knowledge about depression and suicide. The response rate of eligible households was 43 % (N = 511). Overall, 84-89 % of parents supported school-based depression and suicide screening and education. After adjusting for all variables, parent support for depression screening was associated with greater knowledge [OR 8.48, CI(1.30-55.21)] and fewer stigmatizing beliefs [OR 0.03, CI(0.01-0.12)]. Support for suicide screening was associated with fewer stigmatizing beliefs [OR 0.03, CI(0.01-0.10)]. Support for depression education was associated with fewer stigmatizing beliefs [OR 0.32, CI(0.10-1.00)] and lower educational attainment [OR 0.59, CI(0.40-0.89)]. Support for suicide education was associated with greater knowledge [OR 7.99, CI(1.02-62.68)], fewer stigmatizing beliefs [OR 0.26, CI(0.07-0.92)], and lower educational attainment [OR 0.60, CI(0.38-0.94)]. Parent support for school-based depression and suicide screening and education was high. Parent education to decrease stigmatizing beliefs and increase knowledge about depression and suicide may increase support among the minority of parents who do not endorse such programs.
Navigation Rules for Exploring Large Multidimensional Data Cubes

Navigating through multidimensional data cubes is a nontrivial task. Although On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP) provides the capability to view multidimensional data through rollup, drill-down, and slicing-dicing, it offers minimal guidance to end users in the actual knowledge discovery process. In this article, we address this knowledge discovery problem by identifying novel and useful patterns concealed in multidimensional data that are used for effective exploration of data cubes. We present an algorithm for the DIscovery of Sk-NAvigation Rules (DISNAR), which discovers the hidden interesting patterns in the form of Sk-navigation rules using a test of skewness on the pairs of the current and its candidate drill-down lattice nodes. The rules then are used to enhance navigational capabilities, as illustrated by our rule-driven system. Extensive experimental analysis shows that the DISNAR algorithm discovers the interesting patterns with a high recall and precision with small execution time and low space overhead.
Recombinant Slit2 attenuates neuroinflammation after surgical brain injury by inhibiting peripheral immune cell infiltration via Robo1-srGAP1 pathway in a rat model.

Abstract Background and purpose Peripheral immune cell infiltration to the brain tissue at the perisurgical site can promote neuroinflammation after surgical brain injury (SBI). Slit2, an extracellular matrix protein, has been reported to reduce leukocyte migration. This study evaluated the effect of recombinant Slit2 and the role of its receptor roundabout1 (Robo1) and its downstream mediator Slit-Robo GTPase activating protein 1 (srGAP1)-Cdc42 on peripheral immune cell infiltration after SBI in a rat model. Methods One hundred and fifty-three adult male Sprague–Dawley rats (280–350 g) were used. Partial resection of right frontal lobe was performed to induce SBI. Slit2 siRNA was administered by intracerebroventricular injection 24 h before SBI. Recombinant Slit2 was injected intraperitoneally 1 h before SBI. Recombinant Robo1 used as a decoy receptor was co-administered with recombinant Slit2. srGAP1 siRNA was administered by intracerebroventricular injection 24 h before SBI. Post-assessments included brain water content measurement, neurological tests, ELISA, Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and Cdc42 activity assay. Results Endogenous Slit2 was increased after SBI. Robo1 was expressed by peripheral immune cells. Endogenous Slit2 knockdown worsened brain edema after SBI. Recombinant Slit2 administration reduced brain edema, neurological deficits, and pro-inflammatory cytokines after SBI. Recombinant Slit2 reduced peripheral immune cell markers cluster of differentiation 45 (CD45) and myeloperoxidase (MPO), as well as Cdc42 activity in the perisurgical brain tissue which was reversed by recombinant Robo1 co-administration and srGAP1 siRNA. Conclusions Recombinant Slit2 improved outcomes by reducing neuroinflammation after SBI, possibly by decreasing peripheral immune cell infiltration to the perisurgical site through Robo1-srGAP1 mediated inhibition of Cdc42 activity. These results suggest that Slit2 may be beneficial to reduce SBI-induced neuroinflammation.
A Footnote to a Theorem of Solovay on Recursive Encodability

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a new proof of Solovay's effective Ramsey theorem, which states that every recursively encodable set is hyperarithmetic. This is used as a lemma to prove an even more effective Ramsey theorem and proceed to the main theorem by an easy stage construction. The proof presented in the chapter directly follows Solovay for many key ideas and individual steps. A set of natural numbers is recursively encodable if it is recursive in some subset of every infinite set. For s and X sets of natural numbers with X infinite and P a set of sets, the pair 〈s,X〉 lands in P if for every infinite Y ⊆ X, s ∪ Y∈ P; it avoids P if it lands in the complement of P. X itself lands in P if 〈0,X〉 does so; likewise for avoids. The Nash–Williams strengthening of Ramsey's theorem states that if P is open, there is an infinite set that either lands in P or avoids P.
A study to improve the identification of pancreatobiliary adenocarcinoma utilizing fine-needle aspiration cytology and immunohistochemical application for KOC and S100P

Introduction The identification of pancreatic adenocarcinoma by fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology is a difficult, yet critical, task. This study uses a panel of two immunohistochemical (IHC) markers, KOC and S100P, to augment the interpretation of pancreatic adenocarcinoma using cytopathology specimens and to compare these to corresponding surgical specimens. Materials and methods We retrospectively reviewed 33 surgical specimens with pancreatic adenocarcinoma and 33 corresponding, preceding FNA cytology specimens. IHC studies for KOC and S100P were performed on both the surgical specimens and cytology cell blocks. Three pathologists reviewed the staining intensity and amount of tumor cell staining within these blocks. The findings were then analyzed for sensitivity, specificity, and combined sensitivity and specificity for the 2 markers. Results KOC performed similarly to S100P in sensitivity for surgical specimens (90.9% for both) and better for FNA specimens (92.3% versus 82.7%, respectively). The specificity of KOC was significantly better than S100P for surgical and FNA specimens (100% for KOC in both specimens versus 72.7% and 89.7% for S100P in both specimens, respectively). The combined sensitivity of the panel of KOC and S100P was 99.2% for surgical specimens and 98.7% for FNA specimens. The combined specificity was 72.7% for surgical specimens and 89.7% for FNA specimens. Conclusions We found using KOC and S100P on FNA cell block cytology specimens to be a useful adjunct for interpretation when an interpretation of atypical or suspicious for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is being considered and there are atypical epithelial cell groups in the cell block.
Enhancing preclinical year pathology exposure: the Angevine approach

Less than 2% of graduating US medical seniors select pathology residencies. One major obstacle to attracting prospective residents is the relative "invisibility" of pathology; medical students lacking positive preclinical exposure to pathology are unlikely to later select pathology clerkships or residencies. The Angevine Fellowship is a 10-week competitive pathology internship medical students may apply for the summer following their first year of preclinical training at our institution. We sought to determine whether it was an effective pathology recruitment tool and how it compared with the postsophomore pathology fellowship (PSF). Angevine fellow and PSF data from 2000 to 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. Specialty choices of former fellows already matched into residency programs were tabulated. Data regarding annual percentage of graduating seniors at our institution who matched into pathology during the years former fellow cohorts matched were also examined. Our results showed that of the former Angevine fellow cohorts already matched into residency programs, 40% (8/20) matched in pathology and 20% (4/20) at our own institution. Angevine fellows comprised a disproportionately high number of the graduating seniors matching in pathology at our medical school (26.7%). PSFs comprised 6.67%. Although we have endowment funding for 2 Angevine fellows annually, the level of interest among applicants has increased to the point that our department has consistently contributed funding for 1-2 additional fellowship spots since 2011. We conclude that the Angevine Fellowship offers an effective alternative to the postsophomore fellowship. It has proven successful at our institution and could be implemented at others to potentially improve pathology recruitment trends nationwide.
“Wish we would have known that!” Communication Breakdown Impedes Person-Centered Care

Purpose To understand how nursing home staff obtain information needed for implementing person-centered care (PCC) to residents with dementia who exhibit behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), and how they communicate this information to other staff. Barriers to PCC and information exchange were also explored. Design and methods Participants were 59 staff from two nursing homes. Focus group methodology captured discussions in eight 1-hr sessions. Sessions were audiotaped and transcribed. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis to provide a comprehensive summary of real world context of implementing PCC. Results To deliver PCC staff identified a need for access to psychosocial/medical history of the resident and knowledge of strategies families used for managing BPSD in the past. However, resident information is not routinely shared with all staff and written documentation systems for communicating resident-specific information do not support the time-pressured work pattern of certified nursing assistants (CNAs). Word-of-mouth was considered more reliable and expedient than educational sessions. CNAs described themselves as visual learners who prefer educational programs addressing individual resident emergent behaviors and programs that are scheduled at dedicated times. Implications To improve PCC the flow of information exchange requires: inclusion of all staff, particularly CNAs; systems of communication that consider the time and resource constraints of nursing homes; development of educational programs for BPSD that are responsive to staff learning styles; administrative investment in nursing leadership to effect these changes; and reimbursement approaches to encourage culture change investments.
Turbulence Mitigation for Coherent Ladar using Photon Counting Detector Arrays

The atmospheric turbulence-limited aperture size for coherent ladar can be significantly increased by propagating the local oscillator with the signal through the turbulent medium and detecting the return signal with an array of photon-counting detectors.
Teaching Online Can Make Us Better Teachers

Online education gives teachers unique opportunities to more profoundly bring learning research and learner-centered teaching practices into their teaching. This article examines five reasons online teaching can lead teachers in healthy directions by exploring the (beneficial) challenges of lecturing online, the untapped potential of student-generated content, the critical importance of student motivation, the social and emotional components of learning, and the benefits of multi-sensory learning.
Effect of Methyl Parathion Vapors from Contaminated Pollen on Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Within a Hive

Pollen contaminated with the emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and the microencapsulated (ME) formulations of methyl parathion was introduced into standard-size hives of honey bees in the field. The pollen was contained within screen cages where it was inaccessible to direct contact by the bees. Two levels of each formulation were tested. Over the 32-day posttreatment period, the high EC treatment had a significantly greater effect on adult bee mortality than the high ME treatment, and both had a significantly greater effect than the control treatment. At the low treatment level, neither formulation had a significant effect. Methyl parathion was detected in air samples, dead adult bees, and wax comb taken from hives from all the treatments except the control.
The Fifth Daqing Oil Production Buried Pipeline Insulation Optimization

Tested the scene operating conditions of The fifth Daqing Oil Production buried gathering pipeline insulation condition and calculated its heat trsnsfer coefficient,heat loss and power loss by optimization software.Built the objective function by the minimum of annual operating cost and annual cost-sharing,optimization the insulation layer thickness,comparative and analysis the results.The results show that the overall heat transfer coefficient lower 85.9%,pressure drop lower 6%,temperature difference lower 81.8%,heat flux lower 91.7%,insulation depreciation costs increased by 9%,heat loss expenses lower 88.8%,power costs 7% lower,total cost lower 77.8%,annual savings is 786 000 yuan,after optimizing the design insulation depreciation charges increased,but it greatly reduces the cost of heat loss.
Unbiased timing error estimation in the presence of non-ideal interpolation

We propose a method to eliminate the bias term present in the timing error estimator employed in digital receivers where the input signal is sampled by a fixed clock that is not synchronized to the transmitter clock. This bias error results from the non-ideal interpolation that precedes the timing error estimator. We show that it can be derived as a function of the previously estimated symbol timings. An unbiased timing error estimate can then be obtained by subtracting this bias term from the output of the timing error detector. Simulation results are included to show the performance improvement realizable by employing this method.
Transformed T0 orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) plants produced from highly regenerative tissues derived from mature seeds

A highly efficient and reproducible transformation system for orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L. cv. Rapido, 2n=4×=28) was established using microprojectile bombardment of highly regenerative, green tissues derived from mature seeds. These tissues, induced from embryogenic callus, were bombarded with a mixture of three plasmids containing the hygromycin phosphotransferase (hpt), phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (bar) and β-glucuronidase (uidA; gus) genes. From 147 individual explants bombarded, 11 independent hygromycin-resistant lines (7.5%) were obtained after an 8- to 16-week selection period using 30–50 mg/l hygromycin B. Of the 11 independent lines, ten (91%) were regenerable. The presence and integration of the transgene(s) were assessed using PCR and DNA blot hybridization. Coexpression frequency of the three transgenes (hpt/bar/uidA) in T0 plants was 20%, and of two transgenes, either hpt/bar or hpt/uidA, 45–60%. Due to greenhouse conditions optimized for the growth of other species, T1 seed has not been obtained from these plants. While the inability to analyze progeny plants precludes the conclusive demonstration of stable transformation, the results of all molecular and biochemical analyses of T0 plants are consistent with the production of stably transformed plants. Frequent change in ploidy level was observed in transformed T0 orchardgrass plants. Plants from only three of the ten independent lines analyzed had the normal tetraploid number of chromosomes (2n=4×=28), while plants from seven lines (70%) were octaploid (2n=8×=56). The octaploid plants had abnormal morphological features, such as narrower, thicker and more upright leaves.
Surface deformation from a pressurized subsurface fracture: Problem description

This document speci es a set of problems that entail the calculation of ground surface deformation caused by a pressurized subsurface fracture. The solid medium is assumed to be isotropic-homogeneous where linear elasticity applies. The e ects of the uid in the fracture is represented by a uniform pressure applied onto the two fracture walls. The fracture is assumed to be rectangular in shape and various dipping angles are considered. In addition to the full 3D solution, we reduce the 3D problem to a plane-strain geometry, so that 2D codes can participate in the comparison and results can be compared with those available in the literature.
Classroom Discourse and Student Learning

The study of classroom discourse includes descriptions of the forms of talk that are specific to academic contexts, characterizations of the rules that govern teacher–student talk, and accounts of the ways in which the development of language skills can be fostered or hindered in classrooms. The field has contributed to better understanding of varied issues such as the socialization of academic language, gender roles in classrooms, and processes of second-language learning in school.
What Are We Doing? A Survey of United States Nephrology Fellowship Program Directors

Interest in nephrology has been declining in recent years. Long work hours and a poor work/life balance may be partially responsible, and may also affect a fellowship's educational mission. We surveyed nephrology program directors using a web-based survey in order to define current clinical and educational practice patterns and identify areas for improvement. Our survey explored fellowship program demographics, fellows' workload, call structure, and education. Program directors were asked to estimate the average and maximum number of patients on each of their inpatient services, the number of patients seen by fellows in clinic, and to provide details regarding their overnight and weekend call. In addition, we asked about number of and composition of didactic conferences. Sixty-eight out of 148 program directors responded to the survey (46%). The average number of fellows per program was approximately seven. The busiest inpatient services had a mean of 21.5±5.9 patients on average and 33.8±10.7 at their maximum. The second busiest services had an average and maximum of 15.6±6.0 and 24.5±10.8 patients, respectively. Transplant-only services had fewer patients than other service compositions. A minority of services (14.5%) employed physician extenders. Fellows most commonly see patients during a single weekly continuity clinic, with a typical fellow-to-faculty ratio of 2:1. The majority of programs do not alter outpatient responsibilities during inpatient service time. Most programs (approximately 75%) divided overnight and weekend call responsibilities equally between first year and more senior fellows. Educational practices varied widely between programs. Our survey underscores the large variety in workload, practice patterns, and didactics at different institutions and provides a framework to help improve the service/education balance in nephrology fellowships.
Semantic Graph based Pseudo Relevance Feedback for Biomedical Information Retrieval

This paper proposed a novel pseudo relevance feedback strategy to facilitate the retrieval of more relevant biomedical documents by improving the quality of both feedback documents and expansion terms. Firstly, an ontology-graph based query expansion technique is applied to retrieve more relevant feedback documents. Secondly, useful expansion terms are extracted from the feedback documents based on a semantic graph based ranking approach. We add the expansion terms to the user query to retrieve more relevant documents. We use 10-fold cross validation technique to evaluate the performance of the proposed pseudo relevance feedback strategy over OHSUMED test collection. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed strategy improves the retrieval performance by 33.8% over free-text based query in 11-point average precision. The proposed strategy also achieves better retrieval performance than two representative pseudo relevance feedback approaches. We have integrated this new strategy into G-Bean, a graph-based biomedical search engine. G-Bean is available at: http://bioinformatics.clemson.edu:8080/G-Bean/index.jsp
Medical Perspectives of Psychological Management of Pain in the Rehabilitation Patient

This chapter gives a brief summary of psychological treatments for pain, within the rubric of a multidisciplinary rehabilitation treatment paradigm across a variety of rehabilitation diagnoses. The strong impact of psychosocial factors on chronic pain in particular is emphasized, including the importance of understanding pain behaviors in a social context. The theoretical basis behind psychological management is reviewed, with a background discussion involving some of the predominant psychological approaches used today. This chapter includes a discussion of operant conditioning theory, biofeedback, relaxation therapy, hypnosis, mindfulness-based techniques, and cognitive behavioral therapy. Cognitive behavioral therapy, which is an all-encompassing approach to psychological treatment or “talk therapy,” embraces the concept of cognitive restructuring of maladaptive pain beliefs. The goal is self-management and increased pain coping skills with appropriate counseling. With psychological management, the pain sufferer may be able to improve tolerance to and suffering from pain, respond better to treatments, and have an improved outlook on how pain affects one’s life.
Prehypertension in early versus late pregnancy

Introduction: Hypertensive disorders play a significant role in maternal morbidity and mortality. Limited data on prehypertension (preHTN) in pregnancy exist. We examine the risk of adverse outcome...
Refrigeration of Fresh Produce from Field to Home: Refrigeration Systems and Logistics

Lowering the respiration rate of fresh vegetables is essential to preserving market quality. The most important technology for lowering respiration rates remains proper cooling of produce within hours of harvest. In general, harvesting should be done in the early morning hours to minimize field heat. Harvested produce should avoid direct exposure to sun, or field-cool before transport to packing or transportation facilities. Produce will then be cooled to safe storage temperatures. Produce should be shipped to market as soon as possible. Refrigerated loading and unloading areas should be used. Trucks should be cooled before loading, and load pallets should be loaded toward the center of the truck. Insulating plastic strips should be used in the truck and in the loading dock. Produce should be moved rapidly to the storage area, at the appropriate temperature, and displayed at the appropriate temperature range. Room cooling means produce is simply placed in a cold storage room and cools slowly and nonuniformly, mainly through conduction and natural convective contact with refrigerated air. However, a cold room is normally used to store previously cooled produce, and does not have the capacity to remove heat from the uncooled produce. Most cold rooms will increase in temperature after each fresh batch of warmer produce is added. A compromise is to form a cooling area, by partitioning part of the storage using a tarpaulin suspended from the ceiling. This helps reduce temperature fluctuations, but should only be considered as a temporary measure.
Qualitative and Quantitative Aspects of Polynucleotide Modification

A discussion of the chemistry of polynucleotide modification involves not only the reactivity of the individual units but also the role of secondary structure or conformation of the polymer. As will be discussed later, the reactivity of bases in a polymer with particular reagents can be quite dissimilar to that in a monomer, depending on whether the base is hydrogen bonded in a double-stranded structure, whether there are stacking interactions, or whether it is protein encased. Although the chemistry of base modification is often determined using bases, nucleosides, or nucleotides, this is only a general guide to the sites and extent of modification by the same reagents acting on polynucleotides.
Budget theory in local government: the process-outcome conundrum

Local government budget processes have changed substantially since the early 1990s, due in part to an expanded emphasis on performance accountability and the availability of information technology. We present evidence that local government budget outcomes also have changed over the same time period when disaggregated at the functional level. Though we do not assert a causal relationship between the two, our findings indicate that the normative-descriptive gap in budget theory described by Rubin (1990) deserves new scholarly attention. Our profession’s attraction to incrementalism may have blurred the success of budget reform in local government.
Lactulose: A Simple Sugar in a Complex Encephalopathy

Hepatic encephalopathy is a common encephalopathy and one of the very few that are treatable. Lactulose has remained a standard pharmaceutical intervention and is listed as one of the World Health Organization’s Essential Medicines. The discovery of lactulose, the acid dialysis proof of concept, and the role of Bircher are not well known. This historical vignette reviews the gradual understanding of the complex liver–brain connection, the effective treatment of hepatic stupor with lactulose, and the immediate relevance of lactulose to the practice of consultative neurocritical care.
Kant, Husserl, and the Case for Non-Conceptual Content

In recent debates about the nature of non-conceptual content, the Kantian account of intuition in the first Critique has been seen as a sort of founding doctrine for both conceptualist and non-conceptualist positions. In this paper, I begin by examining recent representative versions of the Kantian conceptualist (John McDowell) and Kantian non-conceptualist (Robert Hanna) positions, and suggest that the way the debate is commonly construed by those on both sides misses a much broader and more important conception of non-conceptual content, one for which resources can be found in Husserl’s later thought. Husserl’s account of the object as “transcendental clue” [Transzendentaler Leitfaden] in the context of his later genetic phenomenology suggests a less reductive account of non-conceptual aspects of experience that respects central insights of Kant’s transcendental idealism but does not reduce the role of the non-conceptual to a mere formally determined, not-yet-conceptualized “fodder.”
Love with a Proper Stranger: What Anti-Miscegenation Laws Can Tell Us About the Meaning of Race, Sex, and Marriage

If true love is for the lucky few, then for the rest of us there is the far more mundane institution of marriage. Traditionally, love has sat in an uneasy relationship to marriage, and only in the last century has romantic love emerged as the primary, if not exclusive, justification for a wedding in the United States. In part, the triumph of love reflects a society increasingly committed to an ethic of individualism, including individualism of the romantic variety, so that marriage is no longer presumptively a tool for the State to advance the general welfare. In the quest for individual liberation, women have gained access to education and employment that increasingly emancipates them from dependency on a husband to achieve economic security. Because marriage has grown to be a matter of personal choice, the number of restrictions on permissible partners has steadily declined.
Children's Cognitive Responses to the Somatic Symptoms of Panic

The purpose of this study was to test Nelles and Barlow's (1988) hypothesis that spontaneous panic attacks are rare or nonexistent prior to adolescence as children lack the ability to make the internal, catastrophic attributions (i.e., thoughts of losing control, going crazy, or dying) characteristic of panic according to the cognitive model (Clark, 1986). Conceptions of panic attacks, including the understanding of symptoms and causes, and cognitive interpretations of the somatic symptoms of panic were examined in children from Grades 3, 6, and 9. A significant main effect for grade was found for conceptions of panic attacks, with third graders receiving significantly lower scores than sixth and ninth graders. However, the majority of all children, regardless of age, tended to employ internal (e.g., “I'd think I was scared or nervous”) rather than external (e.g., “I'd think I was feeling that way because of the temperature or the weather”) explanations of panic attacks. No significant grade differences were found for the tendency to make internal versus external and catastrophic versus noncatastrophic attributions in response to the somatic symptoms of panic. When presented with panic imagery in a panic induction phase, children, regardless of age, made more internal and noncatastrophic attributions. Finally, internal attributional style in response to negative outcomes and anxiety sensitivity were found to be significant predictors of internal, catastrophic attributions. The challenge that these findings pose to Nelles and Barlow's hypothesis, and their relevance for understanding children's cognitive interpretations of panic symptomatology are discussed.
Reviews Section: The Motax 33 -- motorized, portable, air- assisted, CDA sprayer

The Motax 33, a portable air-assisted controlled droplet application (CDA) sprayer, offers a new approach to the application of pesticides within coffee and other bush crops. It uses a rotary atomizer to produce small, uniformly sized droplets which are propelled into the crop foliage by a wide and turbulent air blast, allowing the use of low spray volumes. Compared with traditional high-volume techniques the sprayer offers the possibility of improved spray coverage and penetration at low spray volumes, typically 30--70 l ha−1, allowing more timely spray treatments with the potential to adopt more responsive integrated insect pest and disease management strategies
SVIB Patterning: A Comparison Of Clients And Non-Clients

The number of clients (N = 157) and non-clients (N = 110) who had primary, secondary, and reject patterns on the SVIB were compared by chi-square analysis. None of the findings were significant, al...