cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spectrophotometric determination of palladium with 1-thioglycerol and a study of palladium complex formation with four similar thio-organic compounds

Abstract A study of the reactivity of five thio-organic compounds with palladiumII ions has been made and one of them, 1-thioglycerol, selected for use as a spectrophotometric reagent for palladium. Its sensitivity is 0.01 μg of palladium cm 2 for log I 0 I = 0.001. The sensitivity of the other four compounds is about the same. Beer's law is obeyed over the palladium concentration range of 0.5 to 9 ppm. The effects of pH, order of addition of reagents, temperature and diverse ions have been investigated.
Implementation of logic functions and computations by chemical kinetics

Abstract We review our work on the computational functions of the kinetics of chemical networks. We examine spatially homogeneous networks which are based on prototypical reactions occurring in living cells and show the construction of logic gates and sequential and parallel networks. This work motivates the study of an important biochemical pathway, glycolysis, and we demonstrate that the switch that controls the flux in the direction of glycolysis or gluconeogenesis may be described as a fuzzy AND operator. We also study a spatially inhomogeneous network which shares features of theoretical and biological neural networks.
A digital brain atlas and its application to the visceral neuraxis

We describe the details and application of a digital brain atlas for the comparison and integration of graphical neurobiological data. The atlas consists of multiple sets of high-resolution video images acquired from histological tissue sections representing a 3-dimensional (3D) volume of an exemplar rat brain. Through an interactive graphical interface running on a standard computer workstation, experimental data is brought into register with the atlas. Once in the atlas, coordinate reference frame data can be compared, analyzed, and visualized in 3 dimensions. We demonstrate the validity and usefulness of the digital brain atlas with a series of results on the visceral neuraxis in the rat.
Spectral information and the experimental resolution problem

Abstract Two new methods are presented for correcting measured spectral distributions for experimental resolution distortion. These techniques are based on numerical solutions of the integral equation transformation between an ideal distribution and the smeared experimental spectrum. The first technique employs the experimental data in a least squares criterion and the second technique is a modified least squares approach using a priori information to limit the appearance of unrealistic oscillations in the solution. The applicability of the techniques to various types of distributions and the use of the technique with experimental data containing statistical fluctuations are discussed and illustrated with examples.
Analysis of the flow structure inside the valveless standing wave pump

The flow structure inside the valveless standing wave pump is investigated experimentally. The two-dimensional velocity fields inside the chamber of this novel pump at different phases of the excitation signal are measured using the synchronized particle image velocimetry technique. The variations in the pump flow rate, pressure loss coefficients, and rectification capability of the diffuser-nozzle element are analyzed. According to the results obtained in this paper, the net flow rate of the pump increases with an increase in the pressure (or Reynolds number). The interactions of three different flow fields inside the pump chamber (pumping flow, acoustic, and streaming velocities) are studied. It is found that, while the pumping flow has an effect on the acoustic velocity patterns only around the inlet and outlet orifices, the streaming velocity structures are drastically affected by the pumping flow.
Flow Visualization of Liquid Hydrogen Line Chilldown Tests

We present experimental measurements of wall and fluid temperature during chill-down tests of a warm cryogenic line with liquid hydrogen. Synchronized video and fluid temperature measurements are used to interpret stream temperature profiles versus time. When cold liquid hydrogen starts to flow into the warm line, a sequence of flow regimes, spanning from all-vapor at the outset to bubbly with continuum liquid at the end can be observed at a location far downstream of the cold inlet. In this paper we propose interpretations to the observed flow regimes and fluid temperature histories for two chilldown methods, viz. trickle (i.e. continuous) flow and pulse flow. Calculations of heat flux from the wall to the fluid versus wall temperature indicate the presence of the transition/nucleate boiling regimes only. The present tests, run at typical Reynolds numbers of approx O(10 (exp 5)), are in sharp contrast to similar tests conducted at lower Reynolds numbers where a well-defined film boiling region is observed.
Close Friends as Survivors: Bereavement Patterns in a “Hidden” Population:

In a departure from traditional bereavement research, which concentrates on the impact of familial death upon surviving family members, this article explores the bereavement of persons who have exp...
Penicillamine deprotonations and interactions with copper ions.

Abstract In aqueous solutions about five times as many penicillamine molecules possess ionized sulfhydryl groups as deprotonated amino groups. That the corresponding ratio for cysteine is two is reaffirmed. N -Acetyl- dl -penicillamine and d -penicillamine react with Cu(II), even in acid solutions, to yield the corresponding disulfide and Cu(I). Cu(I) binds on the average only one sulfhydryl molecule, and a polymeric structure is suggested. A mixed valence state purple species absorbing at 520 nm and stable even in air is formed when approximately equivalent amounts of Cu(I), Cu(II), and d -penicillamine are present in neutral solutions. In the absence of oxygen and in the presence of 0.1 n base d -penicillamine forms a 2:1 complex with Cu(II) that is stable for hours. Absorption and circular dichroism are reported for the above species and the Cu(II) complexes of l -cystinediamide and l -cystinylbisglycine.
Output error estimation strategies for discontinuous Galerkin discretizations of unsteady convection‐dominated flows

We study practical strategies for estimating numerical errors in scalar outputs calculated from unsteady simulations of convection-dominated flows, including those governed by the compressible Navier–Stokes equations. The discretization is a discontinuous Galerkin finite element method in space and time on static spatial meshes. Time-integral quantities are considered for scalar outputs and these are shown to superconverge with temporal refinement. Output error estimates are calculated using the adjoint-weighted residual method, where the unsteady adjoint solution is obtained using a discrete approach with an iterative solver. We investigate the accuracy versus computational cost trade-off for various approximations of the fine-space adjoint and find that exact adjoint solutions are accurate but expensive. To reduce the cost, we propose a local temporal reconstruction that takes advantage of superconvergence properties at Radau points, and a spatial reconstruction based on nearest-neighbor elements. This inexact adjoint yields output error estimates at a computational cost of less than 2.5 times that of the forward problem for the cases tested. The calculated error estimates account for numerical error arising from both the spatial and temporal discretizations, and we present a method for identifying the percentage contributions of each discretization to the output error. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wireless Powering for Low-Power Distributed Sensors

In this paper, an overview of the field of wireless powering is presented with an emphasis on low-power applications. Several rectenna elements and arrays are discussed in more detail: (1) a 10-GHz array for powering sensors in aircraft wings; (2) a single antenna in the 2.4-GHz ISM band for low-power assisted-living sensors; and (3) a broadband array for power harvesting in the 2-18GHz frequency range.
Intrinsic differences in sensitivity to 5-HT between high- and low-output terminals innervating the same target.

The differential action of neuromodulators on synapses of various efficacy provides additional fine tuning of synaptic regulation beyond frequency induced plasticity. We used the well-characterized high- and low-output motor nerve terminals, of the tonic and phasic neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) in the walking leg extensor muscle of the crayfish, to investigate differential actions of serotonin (5-HT) since both terminals innervate the same target. The excitatory postsynaptic potentials of the tonic NMJ are enhanced to a greater extent than for the phasic NMJs during exposure to 5-HT (100 nM). Macropatch current recordings at identified sites along the motor nerve terminals and quantal analysis indicate that mean quantal content is substantially increased by 5-HT. The overall probability of vesicular release increases to a greater extent at tonic terminals than at phasic terminals when exposed to 100 nM 5-HT. Measures in the area (i.e. charge) of spontaneous quantal currents indicate no difference in postsynaptic receptivity to the glutamatergic synaptic transmission upon exposure to 5-HT. The results provide new details concerning differential modulation of low- and high-output synapses present on the same target tissue.
Diameters of the Galilean satellites from pioneer data

Pioneers 10 and 11 have transmitted seven images of the Galilean satellites with surface resolutions on the order of several hundred kilometers. Because the point-spread function is well determined, it has been possible to measure the radius of each of the four satellites to a precision of typically plus or minus 30 km. The method used fits a semicircle to the illuminated limb by varying the center coordinates and radius until the best-fit criteria are satisfied. Careful attention is given to locating the true edge position within the blurred image. The radius determinations and corresponding densities for the satellites are: Io (1840 plus or minus 30, 3.41 plus or minus 0.19), Europa (1552 plus or minus 20, 3.06 plus or minus 0.15), Ganymede (2650 plus or minus 25, 1.90 plus or minus 0.06), and Callisto (2420 plus or minus 20, 1.81 plus or minus 0.05), where the units are in kilometers and grams per cubic centimeters, respectively.
A review of nighttime eating disorders

Nighttime eating is categorized as either night eating syndrome (NES) or sleep-related eating disorder (SRED). These conditions represent an interruption in the overnight fast that characterizes human sleep. A critical review of the literature on NES and SRED will suggest that they are situated at opposite poles of a disordered eating spectrum. NES could be considered an abnormality in the circadian rhythm of meal timing with a normal circadian timing of sleep onset. Conversely, the feeding behavior in SRED is characterized by recurrent episodes of eating after an arousal from nighttime sleep with or without amnesia. Both conditions are often relentless and chronic. Multiple definitions of night eating have limited our ability to determine the exact prevalence of NES. Studies have suggested that central nervous system (CNS) serotonin modulation may lead to an effective treatment of NES. SRED is frequently associated with other sleep disorders, in particular parasomnias. Early studies have shown that the anti-seizure medication topiramate may be an effective treatment for SRED.
The RepA and RepB autorepressors and TraR play opposing roles in the regulation of a Ti plasmid repABC operon.

Summary The replicator regions of the Ti plasmids of Agrobac- terium tumefaciens belong to the repABC family of replication and partitioning systems, members of which are widely distributed among alpha proteobac- teria. In the region upstream of the octopine-type Ti plasmid repABC operon, three promoters were recently shown to be activated by the LuxR-type reg- ulator TraR. Activation of these promoters by TraR led to enhanced rep gene expression and increased Ti plasmid copy number. Here we describe a fourth pro- moter, designated P4. This promoter lies directly upstream of repA and is not regulated by TraR. The promoter was localized by subcloning and demon- strated to be strongly autorepressed. RepA is the major cis -acting autorepressor of this promoter, though RepB enhanced repression and was essential for RepA-mediated repression in trans . Purified RepA bound to an approximately 70-nucleotide operator site overlapping the P4 promoter and extending well downstream. Binding affinity was increased by ade- nosine di- and tri-phosphates and also by purified RepB. Activation of P1, P2, and P3 enhanced the activity of P4, suggesting that P4 somehow commu- nicates with the upstream promoters. These findings demonstrate that both autoinduction and autorepres- sion play critical and opposing roles in regulating repABC expression and hence in the replication, sta- bility and copy number of the Ti plasmid.
Making up is hard to do, especially for mothers with high levels of depressive symptoms and their infant sons.

Background: The goal of this study was to evaluate the interactions of mothers with normative or high levels of depressive symptomatology on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) and their 3-month-old infants. Although successful mutual regulation of affect is critical to children's socio-emotional development, little is known about the factors that influence dyadic processes such as synchrony, matching, mismatching, and bi-directionality during early infancy. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of maternal depressive symptom status, infant gender, and interactional context on mother–infant affective expressiveness and the dyadic features of their interactions. Methods: Participants were 133 mothers and their healthy full-term infants. Mothers were classified into three groups on the basis of their total score on the CES-D at 2 months of infant age: a high symptom group (CES-D score ≥ 16), a mid symptom control group (CES-D score = 2–12), and a low symptom group (CES-D score = 0–1). Mothers and infants were then videotaped in the Face-to-Face Still-Face paradigm at 3 months of infant age. The mothers’ and infants’ affect during the interactions prior to (first play) and following the still-face (reunion play) were coded microanalytically using Izard's AFFEX system. Results: Results indicated that male as compared to female infants were more vulnerable to high levels of maternal depressive symptoms and that high symptom mothers and their sons had more difficult interactions in the challenging reunion episode. Conclusions: The findings suggest that a cycle of mutual regulatory problems may become established between high symptom mothers and their sons, particularly in challenging social contexts. The long-term consequences of this early social interactive vulnerability in terms of later development need to be further investigated.
A ratiometric-based measure of gene co-expression

Background: Gene co-expression analysis has previously been based on measures that include correlation coefficients and mutual information, as well as newcomers such as MIC. These measures depend primarily on the degree of association between the RNA levels of two genes and to a lesser extent on their variability. They focus on the similarity of expression value trajectories that change in like manner across samples. However there are relationships of biological interest for which these classical measures are expected to be insensitive. These include genes whose expression levels are ratiometrically stable and genes whose variance is tightly constrained. Large-scale studies of relatively homogeneous samples, including single cell RNA-seq, are experimental settings in which such relationships might be especially pertinent. Results: We develop and implement a ratiometric approach for detecting gene associations (abbreviated RA). It is based on the coefficient of variation of the measured expression ratio of each pair of genes. We apply it to a collection of lymphoblastoid RNA-seq data from the 1000 Genomes Project Consortium, a typical sample set with high overall homogeneity. RA is a selective method, reporting in this case ~1/4 of all possible gene pairs, yet these relationships include a distilled picture of biological relationships previously found by other methods. In addition, RA reveals expression relationships that are not detected by traditional correlation and mutual information methods. We also analyze data from individual lymphoblastoid cells and show that desirable properties of the RA method extend to single-cell RNA-seq. Conclusion: We show that our ratiometric method identifies biologically significant relationships that are often missed or low-ranked by conventional association-based methods when applied to a relatively homogenous dataset. The results open new questions about the regulatory mechanisms that produce strong RA relationships. RA is scalable and potentially well suited for the analysis of thousands of bulk-RNA or single-cell transcriptomes.
Effect of Electrode Microstructure on the Sensitivity and Response Time of Potentiometric NOX Sensors

Nanometric La2CuO4 was synthesized with the Pechini method, co-precipitation, and two variations of the auto-ignition technique for fabricating NOX sensor electrodes. The auto-ignition technique produced the most phase-pure powder with the smallest particle size and the largest specific surface area. The sensor electrodes were subjected to various thermal treatments resulting in a variety of electrode grain sizes and distributions. The response times of the sensors were exponentially dependent on electrode grain size. Sensors with fine-grained electrodes were able to produce a steady-state and consistent voltage at lower temperatures; improving their response sensitivity. Sensors fabricated with powders synthesized through the auto-ignition route responded quickly, sensitively, and reproducibility to NO.
Knowledge Needed by a Teacher to Provide Analytic Scaffolding During Undergraduate Mathematics Classroom Discussions

Using case study analysis and a cognitive theoretical orientation, we examine elements of knowledge for teaching needed by a mathematician to orchestrate whole-class discussions in an undergraduate mathematics classroom. The instructor, an experienced teacher and mathematics researcher, used an inquiry-oriented curriculum to teach a differential equations course for the first time after teaching it with traditional lecture methods for many years. Examples of classroom teaching and interview data demonstrate that, despite having extensive teaching experience and possessing strong content knowledge, some instructors may still face challenges when trying to provide analytic scaffolding to move whole-class discussions toward a lesson’s mathematical goals. We also hypothesize several component practices necessary for the successful use of analytic scaffolding. Our analysis focuses on the relationship between the instructor’s pedagogical content knowledge and specialized content knowledge and his capacity to enact these component practices during whole-class discussions.
The Consumer City Center

The paper, Consumer City, challenges the notion of traditional research that cities are formed due to production. Glaeser et al. (2001) claim that although production is an important factor for the formation of cities in cities, cities are driven by the demand for consumption.
Estimated Global Hydrographic Variability

An estimate is made of the three-dimensional global oceanic temperature and salinity variability, omitting the seasonal cycle, both as a major descriptive element of the ocean circulation and for use in the error estimates of state estimation. Historical hydrography, recent data from the World Ocean Circulation Experiment, and Argo profile data are all used. Root-mean-square vertical displacements in the upper 300 m of the ocean are generally smaller than 50 m, except in energetic boundary currents and in the North Atlantic subpolar gyre. Variability in temperature and salinity is strongly correlated below the top 100 m. Salinity contributions to sea surface height variability appear more significant at low latitudes than expected, possibly resulting from advective and diffusive processes. Results are generally consistent with altimetric variability under two simple kinematic hypotheses, and much of the observed structure coincides with known dynamical features. A large fraction of the sea surface height variability is consistent with the hypothesis of dominance of the first baroclinic mode.
A versatile SERS-based immunoassay for immunoglobulin detection using antigen-coated gold nanoparticles and malachite green-conjugated protein A/G.

A surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) immunoassay for antibody detection in serum is described in the present work. The developed assay is conducted in solution and utilizes Au nanoparticles coated with the envelope (E) protein of West Nile Virus (WNV) as the SERS-active substrate and malachite green (MG)-conjugated protein A/G (MG-pA/G) as a bi-functional Raman tag/antibody binding reporter. Upon incubation of these reagents with serum collected from rabbits inoculated with E antigen, laser interrogation of the sandwiched immunocomplex revealed a SERS signaling response diagnostic for MG. The intensification of signature spectral peaks is shown to be proportionate to the concentration of added serum and the limit of antibody detection is 2 ng/ml of serum. To assess assay performance relative to more a traditional immunoassay, indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays conducted using the same concentrations of reagents were found to be >400-fold less sensitive. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) monitoring of immunocomplex film deposition on solid Au surfaces also confirmed the formation of antigen–antibody–protein A/G trilayers and provided quantitative measurements of film thickness which likely position MG within the sensing distance of laser-elicited, enhanced electromagnetic fields. The sensitivity and inherent versatility of the assay, which is provided by the binding of pA/G to a broad spectrum of immunoglobulins in different mammalian species, suggest that it could be developed as an alternative immunoassay format to the ELISA.
ATP-dependent Chaperoning Activity of Reticulocyte Lysate*

We have developed an assay for chaperone-mediated protein renaturation using thermally denatured Firefly luciferase. Dilution of denatured luciferase (> 99% loss of activity) into reticulocyte lysate typically results in recovery of 5-15% activity. Addition of an ATP-regenerating system increases yields to > 60%, while heat shock or the addition of denatured proteins inhibits the chaperoning activity. Reticulocyte lysate contains abundant quantities of the heat shock proteins, hsp90 and hsp70, and a 60-kDa protein homologous to the yeast stress protein, STI1. Immune isolated samples of these three proteins support recovery of up to 35% of luciferase activity in an ATP-dependent manner, suggesting that these or associated proteins are involved in the renaturation of luciferase. Furthermore, we observed a correlation between luciferase renaturation activity and the levels of hsp70 and hsp90 in reticulocyte lysate preparations. Purified hsp90 and hsp70, along with an ATP-regenerating system, are able to renature luciferase to greater than 20% of its original activity. This renaturation is most efficient when hsp90 and hsp70 are at about a 2:1 ratio and at concentrations similar to those found in reticulocyte lysate. This study provides evidence for an ATP-dependent chaperoning activity in reticulocyte lysate that involves a cooperative action of hsp70 and hsp90.
Does ambiguity promote imitation, or hinder it? an empirical study of benchmarking teams

Attractive theoretical arguments can be made that causal ambiguity promotes imitation and that it hinders imitation, but the relationship is seldom investigated empirically. We study 21 benchmarking teams whose projects led them to confront different levels of ambiguity. While all teams sought to learn from external firms, those facing the greatest ambiguity reported lower levels of inter-organizational influence and were less likely to reference visited companies when making recommendations to senior management. Rather than mimicking other firms, teams working in opaque domains turned to academics and consultants. These results resonate with resource and evolutionary theories of the firm, which explain why inter-organizational imitation is difficult, and with varieties of institutional analysis that emphasize interpretive processes grounded in theoretical models.
Overcoming Ecologic Bias using the Two-Phase Study Design

Ecologic (aggregate) data are widely available and widely utilized in epidemiologic studies. However, ecologic bias, which arises because aggregate data cannot characterize within-group variability in exposure and confounder variables, can only be removed by supplementing ecologic data with individual-level data. Here the authors describe the two-phase study design as a framework for achieving this objective. In phase 1, outcomes are stratified by any combination of area, confounders, and error-prone (or discretized) versions of exposures of interest. Phase 2 data, sampled within each phase 1 stratum, provide accurate measures of exposure and possibly of additional confounders. The phase 1 aggregate-level data provide a high level of statistical power and a cross-classification by which individuals may be efficiently sampled in phase 2. The phase 2 individual-level data then provide a control for ecologic bias by characterizing the within-area variability in exposures and confounders. In this paper, the authors illustrate the two-phase study design by estimating the association between infant mortality and birth weight in several regions of North Carolina for 2000-2004, controlling for gender and race. This example shows that the two-phase design removes ecologic bias and produces gains in efficiency over the use of case-control data alone. The authors discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the approach.
Protractor: a fast and accurate gesture recognizer

Protractor is a novel gesture recognizer that can be easily implemented and quickly customized for different users. Protractor uses a nearest neighbor approach, which recognizes an unknown gesture based on its similarity to each of the known gestures, e.g., training samples or examples given by a user. In particular, it employs a novel method to measure the similarity between gestures, by calculating a minimum angular distance between them with a closed-form solution. As a result, Protractor is more accurate, naturally covers more gesture variation, runs significantly faster and uses much less memory than its peers. This makes Protractor suitable for mobile computing, which is limited in processing power and memory. An evaluation on both a previously published gesture data set and a newly collected gesture data set indicates that Protractor outperforms its peers in many aspects.
Fitting smooth curves

A novel method for fitting smooth curves to noisy data is presented. A curve is represented by two nonlinear functions of arc length. The smoothing procedure is essentially iterative and includes three major steps: coefficient estimation, computation of fitted values, and reparameterization. The coefficients are first locally estimated based on the weighted-least-squares principle. Fitted values are then found through data projection. This leads to a self-consistent curve. Finally, the functions are reparameterized to unit speed, which gives the curve a smooth appearance. The problem of shrinkage with curver fitting does not occur with the proposed method, and no shrinkage compensation is required. Preliminary experimental results using synthetic contours and real computer tomography image data are given. >
Subcutaneous immunoglobulin replacement therapy for primary antibody deficiency: advancements into the 21st century.

Objectives To provide a review of the world literature and discuss the clinical role of subcutaneous immunoglobulin (SCIG) therapy for primary antibody deficiency. Data Sources English-language publications on SCIG therapy were identified through MEDLINE and through the reference list of the initially identified publications. Study Selection Articles pertaining to SCIG for the treatment of immunodeficiency, particularly primary antibody deficiency, were selected. Results SCIG therapy has been shown to be effective and safe for the treatment of primary immunodeficiency. The risk of systemic reactions during infusion is generally reported to be less than 1%. Many patients prefer SCIG over conventional intravenous immunoglobulin therapy because of increased convenience and independence associated with SCIG therapy. Publications show SCIG therapy to be advantageous in selected patient populations, such as children, pregnant women, and patients with poor intravenous access. Conclusion SCIG therapy has been widely used in some European countries for a number of years, but a Food and Drug Administration–approved product was only recently introduced into the United States in 2006. SCIG therapy offers unique advantages that are applicable to many patients receiving immunoglobulin therapy for primary immunodeficiency.
The Accuracy of Diagnostic Ultrasound in Detecting Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Enlargement in Malignant Lymphoma and Hodgkin’s Disease

Two hundred thirty abdominal ultrasound examinations were done on 124 patients with a proven diagnosis of malignant lymphoma or Hodgkin’s disease between 1970 and 1973 in an attempt to detect the presence of retroperitoneal lumph node enlargement secondary to malignancy. In 35 cases, tissue confirmation was obtained by either laparotomy or autopsy. In 32 of 35 cases, the ultrasound finding of either enlarged or not enlarged retroperitoneal lumph nodes was confirmed. Of 2 6 patients with positive retroperitoneal scans, 2 3 were found to have enlarged nodes at exploration (88% accuracy of detection). In 3 of these cases the node enlargement was due to other causes, giving a histological confirmation in 20 of 26 cases (77% specificity). There were nine negative ultrasound scans in which tissue confirmation was available, with 100% correlation. In this series ultrasound was more accurate than lymphangiography and Gallium scanning in evaluating retroperitoneal involvement in malignant lymphoma and Hodgkin’s disease.
Metabolism of Bovine Semen. XII. Galactose as an Indicator of Hexose Transport by Bovine Spermatozoa

Abstract Galactose-1-C 14 has been used to study the transport of hexoses across the cell membrane of washed bovine spermatozoa. Trials with unlabeled glucose and with 2,4-dinitrophenol established an energy requirement for the transport of galactose. The transport system was shown to be sensitive to iodoacetate and to mercuric chloride, and did not respond to insulin. Since galactose readily accumulated in the cell and little C 14 O 2 was produced, it was a good indicator of hexose transport. An active transport system was indicated, but some transfer appeared to be passive and not energy-dependent.
A Mixture Model for Quantum Dot Images of Kinesin Motor Assays

Summary. We introduce a nearly automatic procedure to locate and count the quantum dots in images of kinesin motor assays. Our procedure employs an approximate likelihood estimator based on a two-component mixture model for the image data; the first component has a normal distribution, and the other component is distributed as a normal random variable plus an exponential random variable. The normal component has an unknown variance, which we model as a function of the mean. We use B-splines to estimate the variance function during a training run on a suitable image, and the estimate is used to process subsequent images. Parameter estimates are generated for each image along with estimates of standard errors, and the number of dots in the image is determined using an information criterion and likelihood ratio tests. Realistic simulations show that our procedure is robust and that it leads to accurate estimates, both of parameters and of standard errors.
Isolation of a protein containing covalently linked large and small subunits of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase from Botryococcus braunii

Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and a 66-kD protein were co-purified from solubilized microsomal preparations of the green alga Botryococcus braunii by Green A agarose, sucrose density gradient, MonoQ, and gel filtration. The 66-kD protein remained intact after 6 M urea treatment and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It could be detected in the soluble fraction of the cell-free extract but appeared to be more abundant in the microsomal preparations. It cross-reacted with antibodies raised against Rubisco holoenzyme, large and small subunits, indicating that the 66-kD protein contains both the large and the small subunits of Rubisco. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of this protein and that of a proteolytic fragment showed high homology with the mature Rubisco small subunits, and the sequence of another proteolytic fragment showed high homology with that of the Rubisco large subunit. It is concluded that the 66-kD protein is produced by cross-linking of large and small sub-units of Rubisco in the cell.
The Relationship Of Service Quality To Client Satisfaction In An Accounting Firm Setting

This paper presents the results of a study using the marketing-based SERVQUAL scale to examine the relationship between service quality and client satisfaction in an accounting firm setting. Using a sample of 154 clients, we confirm that service quality is positively related in clients’ satisfaction with their accounting firm. More importantly, we examine the individual dimensions of service quality to provide insight into specific steps accounting firms can take to increase client satisfaction.
A New Evolution for Fast-Tracking Trade Agreements: Managing Environmental and Labor Standards Through Extraterritorial Regulation

The public protests concerning globalization and Congress' refusal to renew fast-track negotiating authority for the President were generated by the same concerns - the environmental and labor welfare implications of free trade. This article addresses the linkage of trade liberalization and environmental and labor concerns. The analysis seeks instruction through understanding the deficiencies of the conventional approaches to managing linkage. Building on this understanding, this article sets forth a new approach to managing linkage through recasting the relationship of congressional oversight and executive fast-track authority to negotiate trade agreements. The proposal is to include in any regional free trade agreement to which the United States is party, a reciprocal authorization between the state parties, to regulate extraterritorially within the particular free trade regime, companies owned or controlled by the nationals of the regulating state. Pursuant to this proposal, the U.S. Congress would seek to ensure basic levels of protection for the environment and workers in the subject companies. The article explains how this allows revival of the fast-track authority of the Executive, securing its advantages for the negotiation of freer trade, while transforming the current frustration in congressional oversight to effective regulation and preserving the competitiveness of U.S. businesses operating abroad.
Microstructural Mechanism of Electromigration Failure In Narrow Interconnects

Microstructural studies of electromigration failure were performed on Al-2Cu-lSi interconnects with 1.3 µm width. The lines were tested to failure under controlled conditions after pre-aging for various times at three different temperatures. Examination of the microstructure of the failure sites suggests that the lines fail at the bamboo grains that terminate the longest polygranular segments in the line. Transgranular slit voids form after Cu has been swept from the grain that falls. Hence, pre-aging lines to create a more stable distribution of Cu lengthens the time required to sweep Cu and significantly increases the time to failure. The optimal microstructure has a maximum intragranular density of stable θ precipitates. In this case transgranular slit failure is suppressed, and the bamboo grain fails by diffuse thinning to rupture.
Thermal Physiology and Energetics of Peromyscus; Ontogeny, Body Temperature, Metabolism, Insulation, and Microclimatology

This is one of two concurrent papers reviewing aspects of the thermal and water physiology and energetics of the genus Peromyscus . In this review paper, initial emphasis is given to developing a thermal life history of young mice during the preweaning and immediate post-weaning periods. Subsequent sections discuss the body temperatures, metabolic rates, body insulation, thermoregulatory mechanisms, and microclimates of adults. A comparative approach is taken throughout, and emphasis is given to acclimation and acclimatization. Major goals are to review the extant literature comprehensively and thereby help to identify directions for future research.
Club cells surviving influenza A virus infection induce temporary nonspecific antiviral immunity

A brief window of antigen-nonspecific protection has been observed after influenza A virus (IAV) infection. Although this temporary immunity has been assumed to be the result of residual nonspecific inflammation, this period of induced immunity has not been fully studied. Because IAV has long been characterized as a cytopathic virus (based on its ability to rapidly lyse most cell types in culture), it has been a forgone conclusion that directly infected cells could not be contributing to this effect. Using a Cre recombinase-expressing IAV, we have previously shown that club cells can survive direct viral infection. We show here not only that these cells can eliminate all traces of the virus and survive but also that they acquire a heightened antiviral response phenotype after surviving. Moreover, we experimentally demonstrate temporary nonspecific viral immunity after IAV infection and show that surviving cells are required for this phenotype. This work characterizes a virally induced modulation of the innate immune response that may represent a new mechanism to prevent viral diseases.
Axial Capacity of Single Pile Foundations in Soil

This chapter deals with single pile foundations in homogeneous and nonhomogeneous soils. Calculations of axial load a single pile foundation can withstand are explained in details in this chapter. The calculations were performed to satisfy both bearing capacity and elastic settlement requirements. For the bearing capacity condition, several methods were utilized and the effects of many factors were considered in these methods such as pile shape (square/circular), pile size, pile length, soil type, and groundwater table. Then again, the effects of skin friction and the end bearing components were considered in the elastic settlement analyses. Additionally, a step-by-step procedure is introduced in this chapter to develop bearing capacity and elastic settlement design charts which can be useful in the design process of single piles in soil. A number of design problems are also presented in this chapter and its solution are explained in details. These problems were first hand-solved, and then, resolved using the Pile-1 (in soil) and Pile-2 (in rock) applications of the foundationPro program. Finally, a set of design projects was suggested at the end of this chapter to allow the reader practice the concepts learned.
The association of adenoid and tonsil with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome in children

Objective:To explore the role of the adenoid and tonsil in children with sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome(OSAHS).Methods:94 children with OSAHS were diagnosed by polysomnography(PSG) and the tonsil and adenoid size were evaluated.The data were analysed statistically.Results:29 cases(30.85%) had adenoid hypertrophy,and 8 cases(8.51%) had tonsil hypertrophy, 52 cases(55.32%) had both adenoid and tonsil hypertrophy,5 cases(5.32%) had neither adenoid hypertrophy nor tonsil hypertrophy.The differences among only tonsil hypertrophy patients,only adenoid hypertrophy and both adenoid and tonsil hypertrophy on AHI, LSaO2 were significant(P 0.05).The difference between only adenoid hypertrophy patients and both adenoid and tonsil hypertrophy patients was not significant(P 0.05).The differences on AHI in different level groups of tonsil grade were not significant.The differences on AHI in different level groups of adenoid grade were significant.The R value of correction between the adenoid and AHI was 0.522.The R value of correction between the tonsil and AHI was 0.125.Conclusion:The adenoid hypertrophy has a positive relationship with OSAHS,but the tonsil hypertrophy is not relative with OSAHS.Synchronous hypertrophy of adenoid and tonsil can increase the incidence of OSAHS.
Study on the Clutter Suppression for Airborne Phased Array Radar

The paper introduces a method of clutter suppression for airborne phased array radar, which deduces the twodimensional adaptive processor by maximum likelihood ratio theory in the Gauss clutter background and certain signal model and suppresses radar clutter of phased array by the technique of an equal line array. 
Application of control chart and deviation bar chart? in early warning of varicella in a military unit

[Objective]To set up warning models for early warning of varicella,to early detect epidemic signs of varicella so as to adopt control measures as soon as possible.[Methods]The varicella incidence data of a military unit from 2006-2010 was used to form an early warning database,and control chart and deviation bar chart for early warning model establishment.The optimal model and thresholds were ascertained through calculation of sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value,Youden index and drawing receiver operator characteristic curver(ROC)with reference to the popular standards.[Results] The warning model of control chart had a higher warning efficacy than that of deviation bar chart.At the P 90 of alert threshold,sensitivity was 100%,specificity of 75.0%,positive predictive value of 66.7%,Youden index of 0.75.[Conclusion]Control chart method can be used as early warning models for varicella.
Machine processing of seismic travel-time data

Abstract A method of constructing empirical travel-time curves from a sample of observed times has been programmed for computation on a high-speed data processing machine. The method reduces to a uniform procedure analysis hitherto successful in obtaining the standard travel-time tables, and its speed of operation promises to facilitate the construction of regional tables. The program processes up to 500 observations of the phase under revision, taken from any number of selected earthquakes. The hypocenter and time of origin of each shock are first adjusted by an automatic procedure previously described and the needed correction applied to the observed times. The corrected times are then weighted relative to a provisional travel-time table, and the weights used to fit polynomials up to a specified degree. Sample characteristics are also computed to facilitate statistical treatment. Preliminary results, obtained using the program to process PKIKP times from nine Aleutian shocks and a deep focus New Zealand shock, are presented. These results supply additional evidence that, relative to the standard P tables, J.-B. PKIKP times require the addition of about 1¼ sec.
An exploration of inter-pulse coupling in nanosecond pulsed high frequency discharge ignition

Abstract A parametric exploration of the dynamics of ignition using nanosecond pulsed high frequency discharges (NPHFD) in flowing mixtures of methane and air is conducted to determine the “inter-pulse coupling” effect of a burst of high frequency discharges in the pulse repetition frequency (PRF) range of 1–300 kHz. The impacts of PRF, number of pulses, equivalence ratio, discharge gap distance, and flow velocity are quantified in terms of ignition probability and minimum ignition power, and schlieren images of ignition kernel development are presented. Three regimes of inter-pulse coupling are found for different values of PRF: fully-coupled, partially-coupled, and decoupled. Each regime is characterized by distinct ignition probabilities and kernel structures. The fully-coupled regime occurs for the highest PRF and exhibits complete ignition of the kernel and the highest ignition probability. The partially-coupled regime occurs for intermediate PRF and exhibits only local ignition of portions of the kernel and has the lowest ignition probability. The decoupled regime occurs for the lowest PRF and exhibits multiple non-interacting ignition events with ignition probability being a linear function of the number of pulses. The effect of equivalence ratio is found to increase or decrease the ignition probability without altering the structure of inter-pulse coupling. The electrode gap distance determines the degree of heat and active species quenching to the electrode surfaces, and shifts the transition between the partially-coupled and fully-coupled regimes to higher PRFs as the gap distance is decreased. Flow velocity determines the degree of convective heat loss, with lower velocities increasing the ignition probability and altering the structure of inter-pulse coupling in a non-monotonic fashion.
Microphysical Properties of Convectively Forced Mixed-Phase Clouds

Abstract The main topic of this chapter is the microphysical properties of convectively forced mixed-phase clouds. Numerous techniques have been used to measure the in situ properties of convectively forced mixed-phase clouds, with various uncertainties in their measurements discussed. It is shown that there is a wide variability in the observed microphysical properties of convective clouds that can be attributed to numerous factors. Finally, some recommendations for future projects sampling convectively forced mixed-phase clouds are discussed.
Evaluation of the potential efficacy of an ultrasound-guided adductor canal block technique in dog cadavers.

Abstract Objective To evaluate an ultrasound-guided technique for adductor canal (AC) block by describing the distribution of methylene blue around the AC, popliteal fossa, saphenous, tibial and common fibular nerves in dog cadavers. Study design Prospective experimental trial. Animals Ten mixed breed canine cadavers weighing 28.55 ± 3.94 kg. Methods Ultrasound scans of the AC were performed bilaterally in 10 canine cadavers. A high-frequency linear transducer was placed on the long axis of the pectineus muscle and using an in-plane technique, an insulated needle was introduced at a proximal to distal direction into the AC. Methylene blue 0.1% (0.3 mL kg−1) was administered followed by dissection. The presence of dye over the target nerves for ≥2 cm was considered successful distribution. Three of 10 cadavers were submitted to computed tomography (CT) and one of them to magnetic resonance (MR) evaluation. Results Methylene blue reached the AC in 20 (100%) and the popliteal fossa in 17 (85%) pelvic limbs. Staining was successful in the saphenous nerve (4.0 ± 1.57 cm) in 11 (55%) limbs, tibial nerve (2.65 ± 0.8 cm) in six (30%) and common fibular nerve (2.7 ± 0.9 cm) in four (20%). There was no evidence of staining around the motor branches of the femoral nerve. No intraneural or intravascular dye spread was found during dissections. Contrast distribution to the popliteal fossa was observed in three limbs (50%) in CT and in one (50%) MR image. Conclusions and clinical relevance Although the tibial and common fibular nerves were not stained as often as the saphenous nerve, dye was encountered throughout the popliteal fossa near the nerves. The AC block may be useful for intra and postoperative analgesia in stifle surgery with minimal femoral motor dysfunction. However, further study is required to confirm its efficacy and safety in vivo.