cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of serum markers of myocardial injury for the early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction

Summary Newer methods for diagnosing acute myocardial infarction are available. Each strategy and marker has its pros and cons. The additive value of these markers diagnostically and particularly in providing beneficial alternative treatment options over the use of the ECG alone requires further definition.
A model of cochlear mechanics with outer hair cell motility

The outer hair cell (OHC) is known to have the ability to change its length in response to voltage changes across its membrane. The apparent function of this OHC motility is to enhance the tuning of the basilar membrane. The model presented in this paper represents the displacement‐to‐voltage and voltage‐to‐displacement transducers of the OHC explicitly, each as low‐pass filter functions. The model results show that this OHC representation is sufficient to provide a model of cochlear mechanics with mechanical tuning at the inner hair cell which is comparable to the threshold tuning curves observed in single auditory nerve fibers. The enhancement of tuning provided by OHC motility can be interpreted as the combined action of a cochlear amplifier and a second filter. This model demonstrates that realistic cochlear tuning does not require intrinsic resonance in any cochlear structure other than the basilar membrane.
Development, hatching, and infectivity of Echinostoma caproni (Trematoda) eggs, and histologic and histochemical observations on the miracidia

Light microscopy studies were done on the eggs and miracidia of the intestinal trematode Echinostoma caproni. Eggs were obtained by homogenizing adult worms derived from ICR mice in artificial spring water (ASW). To study egg development and to obtain miracidia, eggs were incubated in ASW in either a light or a dark environment for 10 days at 28 degrees C. Egg development was characterized and staged at 2-day intervals from day 0 to day 10 postembryonation. No significant difference in development was seen in eggs maintained under conditions of light or darkness. Eggs maintained in darkness for 10 days and exposed to incandescent light produced a large synchronous hatch of miracidia within 3 h of exposure to light. As expected, miracidia used to expose Biomphalaria glabrata snails produced patent infections at 5-7 weeks postinfection (p.i.). Embryonated eggs aged from 0 to 10 days that had been fed to B. glabrata snails also produced infections within 4 weeks of infection. Miracidial longevity studies showed that 50 newly hatched miracidia maintained at either 4 degrees, 12 degrees, 22 degrees, or 38 degrees C lived for 6, 28, 14, and 5 h, respectively. Histology studies were done on whole miracidia stained in 0.01% neutral red and in Schneider's acetocarmine. Histochemistry studies of miracidia stained with alcian blue (pH 2.5) showed the presence of acid mucopolysaccharides in the epidermal plates; miracidia treated with periodic acid-Schiff plus 0.5% malt diastase showed the presence of glycogen in the body and in the epidermal/subepidermal region. Miracidia stained with Lillie's Oil Red O showed the presence of sparse neutral fat droplets in the body.
The Ultrafast Photophysics of Pentacene Coupled to Surface Plasmon Active Nanohole Films

Pentacene, a model organic semiconductor, is shown to couple with surface plasmon (SP) active silver nanohole films to produce enhanced excited-state absorption. In addition, the dynamics of triplet formation and decay on a subpicosecond time scale are altered due to the coupling of the excited state with the resonant SP, possibly involving the interplay between singlet fission and triplet-triplet annihilation. Shifting the resonance of the SP with respect to the pentacene excitations and introducing a dielectric spacer between pentacene and metal lead to changes in the spectra and dynamics that can be explained qualitatively. These results are compared with recent literature reports of molecule/plasmon hybridization and are placed in context with efforts to utilize SPs for enhanced solar energy conversion.
Enforced Face-to-Face Stacking of Organic Semiconductor Building Blocks within Hydrogen-Bonded Molecular Cocrystals

We report a method to enforce face-to-face stacking of the aromatic rings of organic semiconductor molecules in the solid state that employs bifunctional hydrogen-bond donors, in the form of semiconductor cocrystal formers, to align semiconductor building blocks.
Recurrent severe facial emphysema in a submariner.

Emphysema can result from various causes. It frequently resolves spontaneously within three to five days, but it can be fatal. An active, highly trained young submariner may have lost his chosen career and possibly even his life because of severe recurrent emphysema. The emphysema was caused by a painless dental defect that permitted air to enter facial interstitial spaces. Treatment required only the elimination of the existing aperture.
Angela Y. Davis and the prison abolition movement, Part II

Despite America's growing concern with the problem of crime, major upheavals of the criminal justice system are rarely discussed. The prison abolition movement is one such upheaval which, although supported by empirical research, is largely grassroots and often ignored. Angela Y. Davis, however, has carried the torch for this movement for decades and accepted the challenge of convincing a nation that prison abolition is a real alternative. As an author and speaker for this movement, her work has added legitimacy to the prison abolition discourse. Her use of philosophy challenges our assumptions about punishment and crime, and is reflective of both the past and future of criminology. From her involvement in one of the most famous trials of the century, to her work as co‐founder of Critical Resistance, Angela Y. Davis has lived a life worthy of notice and study by criminologists.
Issues in the psychological assessment of preschool children

Abstract This article discussed two issues relating to assessment of preschool children: (1) whether assessments of children of this age should be attempted, and (2) the issue of what is a “good” assessment. The general impression from a review of the literature and from personal experience is that preschool assessment is desirable and can be useful, but only under conditions which avoid labeling and attempt to circumvent and reduce the problems of reliability and validity, taking into consideration the interacting variables of the child, the task, and the setting.
THE EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL DERIVATIVES OF THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE ON THE METAMORPHOSIS OF RANA PIPIENS TADPOLES.

Abstract Thirty-nine different chemically modified derivatives of TSH preparations have been studied on metamorphosis of Rana pipiens tadpoles. The results indicate that derivatives prepared under a wide range of conditions show various degrees of metamorphosing ability when tested in the tadpole. None of the derivatives gave evidence of inhibiting simultaneously administered TSH, or preventing normal metamorphosis.
Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) microscopy of a polycarbonate/poly(acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene) blend

Blends of polycarbonate (PC), poly(styrene/acrylonitrile) (SAN), and polybutadiene (PB), commonly called PC/acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) blends, are complex mixtures. The ABS component consists of free SAN copolymer and SAN grafted onto PB (SAN-g-PB). PC/ABS blends are materials that typically require heavy metal staining to differentiate the separate phases at a high spatial resolution in an electron microscope. Our eventual goal is the characterization of blends of PC and ABS as a function of increasing thermomechanical cycles. Because heavy metal staining is not directly sensitive to potential compositional changes in these polymers, we explored the characterization of PC/ABS blends with a directly sensitive imaging technique: near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) microscopy. Here we report NEXAFS spectra of the carbon K shell of PC, SAN, and SAN-gPB, and we evaluate the contrast in a PC/ABS blend across an energy range of 280–295 eV in the presence of TiO2 additives. We unambiguously observed free SAN in the PC matrix. NEXAFS spectroscopy exhibits spectral variations that are sensitive to numerous chemical functionalities and permits the characterization of the composition of organic materials. The information is analogous to what can be obtained in the near edge of core loss features in electron energy loss spectroscopy. During the last few years, the combination of NEXAFS and a high spatial resolution of about 50 nm has been achieved. The resolution has not reached a fundamental limit and is expected to approach 10 nm in the future. NEXAFS microscopy has already been used to image biological systems and examine the morphology and orientation of polymer systems near the K-shell absorption edge of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen. NEXAFS spectroscopy without spatial resolution has also been successfully used to investigate various polymer surfaces (see refs. 19–26). One advantage of NEXAFS microscopy in imaging polymer systems is that materials of similar electron density and elemental chemistry can be differentiated and complex compositions can be quantified at much higher spatial resolutions than are possible with IR or Raman microscopy. In addition, organic materials can be differentiated directly on the basis of differences in chemical composition rather than through the indirect and aggressive Correspondence to: C. C. Sloop (E-mail: ccsloop@us. ibm.com) Present Address: National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD *Present Address: IBM Corporation, Research Triangle Park, NC
A finite element formulation for laminar flow of a fluid with microstructure

The particular fluids considered are commonly known as micropolar fluids, in which case suspended particulate microstructures are modelled by an extended continuum formulation. The particle microspin is a new kinematic variable which is independent of the classical vorticity vector and thereby allows relative rotation between particles and the surrounding fluid.
Direct evidence for BBSome-associated intraflagellar transport reveals distinct properties of native mammalian cilia

Cilia dysfunction underlies a class of human diseases with variable penetrance in different organ systems. Across eukaryotes, intraflagellar transport (IFT) facilitates cilia biogenesis and cargo trafficking, but our understanding of mammalian IFT is insufficient. Here we perform live analysis of cilia ultrastructure, composition and cargo transport in native mammalian tissue using olfactory sensory neurons. Proximal and distal axonemes of these neurons show no bias towards IFT kinesin-2 choice, and Kif17 homodimer is dispensable for distal segment IFT. We identify Bardet-Biedl syndrome proteins (BBSome) as bona fide constituents of IFT in olfactory sensory neurons, and show that they exist in 1:1 stoichiometry with IFT particles. Conversely, subpopulations of peripheral membrane proteins, as well as transmembrane olfactory signalling pathway components, are capable of IFT but with significantly less frequency and/or duration. Our results yield a model for IFT and cargo trafficking in native mammalian cilia and may explain the penetrance of specific ciliopathy phenotypes in olfactory neurons.
Comparative observation of fibroblasts derived from the papillary and reticular dermis of infants and adults: growth kinetics, packing density at confluence and surface morphology.

Abstract We have confirmed the reports of Harper and Grove (Science, 204 (1979) 526–527), and Azzarone and Macierira-Coehlo (J. Cell Sci. 57 (1982) 177–187) that fibroblasts derived from the papillary dermis have greater in vitro growth potential and longer replicative lifespans than genomically identical fibroblasts derived from the reticular dermis. In addition we demonstrate that the kinetics of cell replication differ for papillary and reticular fibroblasts derived from infant and adult donors. Infant papillary fibroblasts replicate at faster rates than reticular fibroblasts throughout the growth cycle. Adult papillary and reticular fibroblasts replicate at similar rates at low cell densities, but exponential growth of reticular fibroblasts slows at lower cell densities than papillary fibroblasts suggesting that they are more sensitive to density-dependent inhibition of replication. The surface morphologies of reticular fibroblasts and papillary fibroblasts at confluence correlate with their growth kinetics. The decreased cell yields of reticular fibroblasts appears related to the spreading behaviors of individual cells which stretch and occupy more area of the growth surface than do papillary fibroblasts. These data and the reports cited clearly show that one must account for the presence of at least two distinct populations of dermal fibroblasts when examining their biological properties in vitro.
Quantifying the Performance of a Tactile Sensor: A Case Study

This paper discusses the design of a contact sensor for use with the Utah-MIT dexterous hand [Jacobsen, et al. 1984]. The sensor utilizes an 8 x 8 array of capacitive cells. These results extend the work presented in Siegel, Garabieta, and Hollerbach [1985], Siegel [1986], and the earlier work of Boie [1984]. Before the sensor itself is discussed, a general outline for de-signing contact sensors is proposed. By evaluating the issues raised by this outline, the ultimate usefulness of the final device is more assured. The task outline is shown below: . Ascertain the quantity to be sensed. . Ascertain how this quantity can be sensed. . Determine where the sensor is to be used. . Determine what transduction processes can be applied. . Select the most appropriate transduction process. . Model the transduction process. . Determine how the sensor should be fabricated. . Build and test the sensor. It should be noted that designing tactile sensors is an exercise in evaluating engineering tradeoffs. Each of the above steps constrain the entire design process. The outcome of the latter steps will often force reevaluation of decisions made in earlier steps.
Sources of radioactivity in the ocean environment: From low level waste to nuclear powered submarines

Abstract This paper summarizes both natural and man-made radioactivity in the marine environment. Radioactivity occurs naturally in both the sea water and in the ocean sediment. Radioactivity in the sea water is fairly uniform geographically and is dominated by the naturally occurring isotope 40 K (potassium-40). Unlike sea water, sediment radiation levels vary with sediment type and location. The primary source of natural radiation in the sediment results from deposition of insoluble thorium isotopes formed by the decay of water-soluble uranium. Man-made sources of radioactivity arise from, in descending order of importance: • Sinking of two U.S. and two Soviet nuclear submarines; • Fallout from nuclear weapons testing; • Dumping of primarily British and American low-level nuclear waste; and • Dumping of reprocessing plant radiated effluents from the British Windscale facility and other European and Indian reprocessing facilities.
DNAzyme logic-controlled biofuel cells for self-powered biosensors

The integration of a biosensor employing a DNAzyme logic system within a biofuel cell is presented. The self-powered DNAzyme logic biosensor conforms with INH logic operation and generates power output in accordance with a truth table. The new concept of logic-activated DNAzyme by the input signals has wide-ranging implications in the self-powered diagnostics domain.
Gas-phase photolysis of cyclopentene at 147.0 nm and 123.6 nm

Abstract The photolysis of cyclopentene was investigated in a static system using “gettered” xenon (147.0 nm) and krypton (123.6 nm) resonance lamps. Hydrogen, acetylene, ethylene, allene, methylacetylene, vinylacetylene and cyclopentadiene accounted for nearly 90% of the observable decomposition products. Identification of H atoms, vinyl and propargyl radicals was made through the use of numerous additives such as NO, O 2 , H 2 S, D 2 S, and CD 3 I. Seven major primary processes were identified and primary quantum yields were assigned for both 147.0 nm and 123.6 nm photolyses. At 123.6 nm photoionization occurred with an ionization efficiency of 0.16. The formation of cyclopentane at 123.6 nm is attributed to the ion—molecule condensation reaction between the parent ion and a neutral cyclopentene.
Applied behavior analysis, social validation, and the psychopharmacology of mental retardation

Although rarely used in this context, research techniques associated with applied behavior analysis may be especially useful for examining the effects of psychotropic medications in people with mental retardation. One characteristic of applied behavior analysis is that researchers often report social validity data, in addition to data that quantify the behaviors targeted for change. Social validity data reflect the social significance of target behaviors, the appropriateness of procedures, and the perceived importance of results. They are important because they can be used to predict whether a given intervention will be used and, if used, whether consumers are likely to be satisfied with it. Social validity merits consideration in studies of the psychopharmacology of mental retardation, but researchers have largely ignored the topic. MRDD Research Reviews 1999;5:342–347. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Factors affecting agonistic communication in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

This study dealt with factors affecting agonistic communication in rhesus monkeys. Definitions were given for various postures, facial expressions, and vocalizations. The data revealed that such communications depended at least upon the following factors: 1. Age Dominance displays (yawning, threats) increased with age while fear grimaces and vocalizations decreased with age. 2. Sex Dominance displays occurred more often and fear grimaces and vocalizations less often in males than in females. Crook tail should be used with caution as a measure of dominance, at least in subadult rhesus monkeys. The average duration of crook tail seemed to be a more relevant index of dominance than the frequency of crook tail. 3. Rearing Motherless mothering and peer deprivation depressed displays of dominance, while rotated mothering increased dominance displays. Repeated separation produced submissive and dependent behavior; however, calls for social contact (coos) were emitted much more frequently in these animals. This vocalization change was probably a product of social learning. 4. Social stimulus Displays of dominance and submission were dependent upon the nature (i.e., size, age, hostility) of the social partner. 5. Adaptation to the social partner Dominance related behaviors decreased and calls for friendly contact increased as the animal became more familiar with a strange social partner.
Heat Transfer From a Finned Surface in Ducted Air Jet Suction and Impingement

Comparing the assumptions of Models #1 and #3, we can see that the level of accounting for the three-dimensional nature of PTH is identical. The material properties in both models are assumed to be temperature-dependent and dependent on the stress levels. There are some insignificant differences. For example, the Model #3 accounts for a variable barrel thickness, whereas the Model #1 assumes that the barrel thickness is constant for the entire PTH barrel. Without any complications, both models can be developed in an identical manner. This is true as far as both models are axisymmetric. Of course, the FE method has the advantage to consider the general 3D elements what in the closed-form solution would be very cumbersome. This fact, however, does not relate to the comparison of Models #1 and #3. Comparing Figs. 1‐3 with cross-sections of actual PTH’s ~Fig. 4!, we can see that application of FE method does not bring the model geometry closer to the real structure. The material properties used in FE model are those typically used in the microelectronic industry. For example, the barrel-copper properties are taken from the tests of board layer plating—though there exists evidence that these coppers may have significantly different properties, as well as the properties of plated copper may vary in the range of 650 percent ~Safranek @5#!. In addition to this indefiniteness in the geometry and material properties, it is known for such FE multimaterial models that there is a high mesh sensitivity of the numerical results. Therefore, we cannot consider the FE model’s quantitative results to be highly accurate. High dependence of the failure indicators ~maximum equivalent plastic strains! on many geometrical and material parameters of the structure makes it impossible to generalize conclusions derived from one pilot set of results to all PTH structures. These limitations of the FE method must be taken into consideration when a tool for the stress analysis of a microelectronic structure is chosen. Exchange of opinions on these issues would be very useful for our engineering community. References @1# Orringer, O. and Tong, P., 1984, ‘‘Uses and abuses of the finite element method,’’ Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering, Vol. 450, Bellingham, Washington, DC, pp. 2‐33. @2# Subbarayan, G., Ramakrishna, K., and Sammakia, B. G., 1997, ‘‘The Impact of Interfacial Adhesion on PTH and Via Stress State,’’ ASME J. Electron. Packag., 119, pp. 260‐267. @3# Engelmaier, W., 1988, ‘‘Plated Through Hole Failures in Thermal Cycling: Analytical Considerations,’’ Technical Report IPC-TR-579, Lincolnwood, IL. @4# Mirman, B., 1988, ‘‘Mathematical Model of a Plated-Through Hole under a
A Bi-Criteria Measure to Assess Supply Chain Network Performance for Critical Needs Under Capacity and Demand Disruptions

In this paper, we develop a supply chain/logistics network model for critical needs in the case of disruptions. The objective is to minimize the total network costs, which are generalized costs that may include the monetary, risk, time, and social costs. The model assumes that disruptions may have an impact on both the network link capacities as well as on the product demands. Two different cases of disruption scenarios are considered. In the first case, we assume that the impacts of the disruptions are mild and that the demands can be met. In the second case, the demands cannot all be satisfied. For these two cases, we propose two individual performance measures. We then construct a bi-criteria measure to assess the supply chain network performance for critical needs. An algorithm is described which is applied to solve a spectrum of numerical examples in order to illustrate the new concepts.
Juvenile hormone regulates de novo isoprenoid aggregation pheromone biosynthesis in pine bark beetles, Ips spp., through transcriptional control of HMG-CoA reductase.

Evidence is presented for transcriptional regulation of de novo pheromone biosynthesis in Ips spp. bark beetles, but the comparative biochemical and molecular approach reveals a dichotomy between species in the pini and grandicollis subgeneric groups. Radiotracer studies with 14C-acetate demonstrate that feeding on host phloem stimulates biosynthesis in males of three Ips spp. However, treatment with juvenile hormone III (JH III) stimulates biosynthesis only in Ips pini. Thus, two species in the grandicollis subgeneric group (I. grandicollis and I. paraconfusus) appear to have a different mode of regulation related to JH III than does I. pini. Between 16 and 20 hr after feeding has commenced, pheromone production, as measured by accumulation in abdominal tissue, is stimulated about 150- (I. pini) and 350-times (I. paraconfusus) above the control level of 1–10 ng/male measured at 0 hr. Treatment with JH III results in accumulation in I. pini that is 3–4 times more than in phloem-fed males, whereas the identical treatment results in only weak accumulation in I. paraconfusus (45-times less than phloem-fed males). Comparative studies of gene expression and enzyme activity related to biosynthesis also support different modes of JH III-related regulation in I. pini and I. paraconfusus. In males of both species, feeding on host phloem results in increased transcript abundance and increased activity for the key de novo isoprenoid pathway enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-R). However, while JH III treatment results in comparable maximal increases in HMG-R transcript levels in both species (similar to feeding), the activity of HMG-R in crude extracts from JH III-treated male I. paraconfusus is low in comparison with male I. pini. Hypothetical explanations for the interspecific dichotomy in the regulation of pheromone biosynthesis include a second hormone or factor in grandicollis group species that functions either alone or with JH III; in both cases acting after HMG-R has been transcribed.
Generalized Penalty-Function Concepts in Mathematical Optimization

Given a mathematical program, this paper constructs an alternate problem with its feasibility region a superset of the original mathematical program. The objective function of this new problem is constructed so that a penalty is imposed for solutions outside the original feasibility region. One attempts to choose an objective function that makes the optimal solutions to the new problem the same as the optimal solutions to the original mathematical program.
A case study demonstrates how the entertainment business–and everyone else—can benefit by using hybrid Med‐Arb processes

Gerald F. Phillips, of Los Angeles, analyzes a hybrid med-arb case in which he served as a neutral. The process worked, and the author uses the example to help him make the case for more hybrid ADR processes for sophisticated parties, which, for Phillips, is a long-running awareness campaign
Comparison of the Cervical Extension Angle and the Upper Trapezius Muscle Activity between Overhead Work and Below-knee Work

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to compare the cervical extension angle and the upper trapezius muscle activity between overhead work and below-knee work. [Subjects] Twelve males aged 20–30 years, were recruited. [Methods] We measured the cervical extension angle and upper trapezius muscle activity during overhead work and below-knee work. [Results] The results show that the cervical extension angle and upper trapezius muscle activity were significantly increased during below-knee work compared to overhead work. [Conclusion] Below-knee work is more likely to cause neck and shoulder pain than overhead work. Therefore, future studies should investigate below-knee work in detail.
The Effect of Red Cell Dynamics on Platelet Spatial Distribution in Sudden Expansion

Thrombosis is a common complication associated with blood contacting devices [1]. Platelets often (or preferably) deposit in specific regions which contain complex flow featuring separations, recirculation zones and stagnation points [2, 3].Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Benign mixed tumor of salivary gland origin presenting as a mediastinal mass

Benign mixed tumor is a common neoplasm of the salivary gland. It may rarely occur as an intrabronchial lesion. A case of a mixed tumor of salivary gland origin presenting as a mediastinal mass is described.
Diffusing light photography of fully developed isotropic ripple turbulence.

The instantaneous height of the entire surface of a fluid executing high amplitude motion can be obtained by photographing light that has been forced to diffuse through the liquid. This technique has been applied to resolve solitons and observe the frequency and wave-number spectra of ripple turbulence. Higher order correlations and various models of turbulence can be probed with this method.
Assessing the relationship between biomass and soil organic matter in created wetlands of central Pennsylvania, USA

Abstract Created wetlands are frequently structurally different from the natural wetlands they are intended to replace. With differences in structure might come differences in function. Most created wetlands in central Pennsylvania have very low amounts of soil organic matter relative to levels found in natural wetlands. However, anecdotal evidence also suggests that plant production is equivalent in created wetlands to natural wetlands. There is little evidence to indicate that this plant biomass in created wetlands is finding its way into the soil as organic matter. This might translate into a lack of function in the mitigation wetlands. To address this issue, we studied plant biomass production in seven created wetlands in central Pennsylvania (USA). We measured above- and below-ground biomass and compared results with known values of soil organic matter and hydrology for the same wetlands. We found biomass to be approximately equivalent to that produced in natural freshwater marshes, although the below-ground component was somewhat higher. We found no relationship of biomass to soil organic matter, even though site conditions were wet enough to retard plant decomposition.
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Recent Advances and New Insights in Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is increasingly employed as a diagnostic test in the evaluation of cardiovascular disease. This article provides an update on recent developments in diagnostic and prognostic applications of CMR in clinical practice. Specifically, advances in the evaluation of myocardial diseases of both ischemic and nonischemic etiology are emphasized. New data on less frequent indications such as constrictive pericarditis, valvular heart disease, or pulmonary hypertension are also summarized. Finally, the emerging roles of novel techniques, like myocardial T1-mapping or molecular imaging, are discussed.
A Thermomechanical Approach to Tire Power Loss Modeling

Abstract The increasing emphasis on improving fuel economy has created a need for a good analytical model for predicting tire power loss. Some of the existing tire power loss models are first reviewed and deficiencies noted, principal among these being the constitutive theory used to characterize tire materials, the model for the tire‐pavement interaction, the model to account for the changing thermal state of the tire, and the model representing the interaction between the thermal and the mechanical states of the tire. The characteristics of an ideal power loss model are then outlined, its conceptual basis is presented, and the specific tasks needed to develop it and eliminate the previously listed deficiencies are discussed. Required experimental inputs to the model are enumerated. Finally, preliminary results are presented which demonstrate the feasibility of the approach.
Is there a potential therapeutic role for vitamin E or other antioxidants in atherosclerosis

In-vitro studies and animal model studies provide an ever-growing body of evidence, direct and indirect, that oxidation of low-density lipoprotein and/or related oxidative mechanisms play a role in atherogenesis. However, two recent, very large, carefully conducted clinical intervention trials using adequate doses of vitamin E demonstrated no effect on a composite end-point of non-fatal infarction, stroke or death from cardiovascular causes. Why the unexpected negative results? Possibly because the animal intervention evidence on which these trials were based deals primarily with very early lesions (fatty streaks). That evidence does not necessarily provide a basis for predicting what antioxidant intervention will do in patients with advanced lesions, particularly when the end-points used relate to unstable plaques and fatal thrombosis, events for which we have no adequate animal models. Nor does it necessarily follow that the same antioxidants used successfully in animals will be effective in humans. The strength of the evidence for the oxidative modification hypothesis is such that negative clinical trials with one particular antioxidant, in patients with very advanced coronary heart disease and lasting only 3-5 years, should not be taken as refutation of the hypothesis. Perhaps different kinds of human trials are needed, trials in which the development of new lesions is measured, in order to test whether antioxidants can decrease the rate of initiation and early progression of atherosclerosis as they do in animals. The answer to the title query is 'Probably, but it is too soon to say'.
Towards a reflexive framework for development: technology transfer after the empirical turn

The purpose of this essay is to: (1) detail how recent trends in philosophical theory have made it possible for philosophers of technology to critically discuss technology transfer; (2) demonstrate that economic standards of assessment are conducive to obscuring the hidden tradeoffs that technological practices, such as mobile phone use in Bangladesh, can engender; and (3) provide the basis of an alternative model that can reflexively addresses dimensions of technology transfer that neo-classical economic accounts occlude.
Correlation of HIV protease structure with Indinavir resistance: a data mining and neural networks approach

This paper presents some results of data mining HIV genotypic and structural data. Our aim is to try to relate structural features of HIV enzymes essential to its reproductive abilities to the drug resistance phenomenon. This paper concentrates on the HIV protease enzyme and Indinavir which is one of the FDA approved protease inhibitors. Our starting point was the current list of HIV mutations related to drug resistance. We used the fact that some molecular structures determined through high resolution X-ray crystallography were available for the protease-Indinavir complex. Starting with these structures and the known mutations, we modelled the mutant proteases and studied the pattern of atomic contacts between the protease and the drug. After suitable pre- processing, these patterns have been used as the input of our data mining process. We have used both supervised and unsupervised learning techniques with the aim of understanding the relationship between structural features at a molecular level and resistance to Indinavir. The supervised learning was aimed at predicting IC90 values for arbitrary mutants. The SOFM was aimed at identifying those structural features that are important for drug resistance and discovering a classifier based on such features. We have used validation and cross validation to test the generalization abilities of the learning paradigm we have designed. The straightforward supervised learning was able to learn very successfully but validation results are less than satisfactory. This is due to the insufficient number of patterns in the training set which in turn is due to the scarcity of the available data. The data mining using SOFM was very successful. We have managed to distinguish between resistant and non-resistant mutants using structural features. We have been able to divide all reported HIV mutants into several categories based on their 3- dimensional molecular structures and the pattern of contacts between the mutant protease and Indinavir. Our classifier shows reasonably good prediction performance being able to predict the drug resistance of previously unseen mutants with an accuracy of between 60% and 70%. We believe that this performance can be greatly improved once more data becomes available. The results presented here support the hypothesis that structural features of the molecular structure can be used in antiviral drug treatment selection and drug design.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Abnormal hypermyelination in a neonate with Sturge-Weber syndrome demonstrated on diffusion-tensor imaging.

In Sturge-Weber syndrome in neonates, evaluation of the extent of the brain parenchymal involvement is difficult due to the lack of calcification, although it is important for initiation of preventive antiepileptic treatment and prediction of prognosis. We present the first application of diffusion-tensor imaging with fractional anisotropy and ADC maps in a 7-day-old neonate. Abnormal T2 hypointensity in the subcortical white matter corresponded to the areas of increased FA and decreased ADC on diffusion-tensor imaging, which probably represents abnormal hypermyelination. Diffusion-tensor imaging enabled to quantify the abnormal hypermyelination, and is useful in early diagnosis of Sturge-Weber syndrome. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
In vitro characterization of novel NR2B selective NMDA receptor antagonists

N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subunit specific receptor antagonism has potential therapeutic application for multiple CNS pathologies. MERCK 1, MERCK 2, and MERCK 3 are novel NR2B subtype selective NMDA receptor antagonists. The affinity and the kinetic mechanism of inhibition by these antagonists and ifenprodil were investigated using the whole-cell configuration of the patch clamp technique, calcium flux, and radioligand binding on a mouse cell line L(tk-) expressing recombinant human heteromeric NMDA receptors consisting of NR1a/NR2B subunit combinations. The rank order of potency, as determined by electrophysiology, was ifenprodil<MERCK 2<MERCK 1<MERCK 3 with K(D)'s 79+/-8, 2.4+/-1.1, 1.3+/-0.9, and approximately 0.16+/-0.02 nM, respectively. The apparent dissociation rate constants among these compounds differed by as much as 394-fold whereas the apparent association constants varied less than 3-fold. Higher affinities were a result of slower drug dissociation kinetics of receptor unbinding. Maximal inhibition was not voltage-dependent and was not statistically different at saturating concentrations by these compounds. These results provide the first detailed functional analysis of the kinetic mechanism of MERCK 1, MERCK 2, and MERCK 3 inhibition of NMDA receptors.
USE OF EXCLOSURES TO ASSESS THE IMPACT OF COPPER SULFATE TREATMENTS ON PHYTOPLANKTON

ABSTRACT The impact of a whole-lake copper sulfate treatment is difficult to assess because it is uncertain how the lake would have behaved if the copper had not been added, that is, no control exists. However, control can be created by isolating lake water in an enclosure prior to the copper sulfate treatment. The enclosure, by excluding copper, functions as an exclosure. By comparing the exclosure and the lake, the true impact of the copper treatment can be assessed. In this study, small (1 m diameter) polyethylene enclosures were used to study the effect of copper sulfate treatments of Halsteds Bay of Lake Minnetonka, Minn. Specific rates of photosynthesis were depressed in the lake only on the day of the copper treatment, after which rates exceeded the control for several weeks. In the period immediately after the copper treatment, green algae, diatoms, and nonnitrogen-fixing blue-greens were more common in the lake than in the control, but gradually nitrogen-fixing blue-green algae became dominant ag...
Assessing Congruence and Surrogacy Among Wetland Macroinvertebrate Taxa Towards Efficiently Measuring Biodiversity

Aquatic macroinvertebrates are a biodiverse component of wetlands. Knowing the degree to which the different groups show congruence in their diversity and composition is therefore necessary if we are to optimize cost effectiveness of macroinvertebrate-based monitoring tools. Here we used published family lists of macroinvertebrate assemblages from 381 wetlands spread across the Western Palearctic and the Nearctic geographic regions, comprising both temporary and permanent waters. In order to determine the magnitude and nature of the spatial variability in the composition of molluscans, crustaceans and insects, we first examined beta diversity patterns for these groups. We then assessed which pairs of these taxonomic groups, or sub-groups (i.e. molluscan and crustacean classes, and insect orders), had a higher congruence in taxonomic richness and composition. We finally tested if any particular combination of groups could serve as a useful surrogate to estimate overall taxonomic richness. We found Mollusca composition could be better predicted than Crustacea and Insecta compositions. Mollusca (M), Hemiptera (H) and Coleoptera (C) family richnesses showed highest congruence with the rest of the groups. We subsequently combined the family richness of these groups (MHC) and observed that this metric was highly correlated with non-MHC family richness. We thus suggest that MHC should be considered when implementing new, or adapting existing, wetland biodiversity monitoring programs.
Association of ABO incompatibility with elevation of nucleated red blood cell counts in term neonates.

Abstract Objective: Nucleated red blood cells in the circulation in term neonates have been associated with a wide range of pathologic conditions. We sought to examine the relationship between nucleated red blood cells in the circulation of term neonates and maternal-neonatal blood type compatibility. Study Design: We prospectively collected umbilical blood from all live-born neonates delivered at our institution. Venous blood was analyzed for nucleated red blood cells and is reported as the number of nucleated red blood cells per 100 white blood cells. We reviewed maternal and neonatal records for neonates born at ≥37 weeks' gestation for correlative clinical data. Statistical analysis was performed with the SAS statistical software package (version 6.12; SAS Institute, Inc, Cary, NC). Kruskal-Wallis analysis was used as a nonparametric test. Results: We evaluated 1661 neonates delivered during the study period and found a mean (±SD) of 9.29 ± 18.56 nucleated red blood cells per 100 white blood cells (range, 0-327 nucleated red blood cells per 100 white blood cells). Nucleated red blood cell counts were lower in ABO-compatible maternal-fetal dyads (mean ± SD, 8.29 ± 12.84 nucleated red blood cells per 100 white blood cells; range, 0-216 nucleated red blood cells per 100 white blood cells) than in ABO-incompatible dyads (mean ± SD, 13.16 ± 13.16 nucleated red blood cells per 100 white blood cells; range, 0-327 nucleated red blood cells/100 white blood cells; P =.006). Neonates of mothers with blood groups A and B had significantly lower nucleated red blood cell counts ( P P P Conclusion: Maternal-fetal ABO incompatibility is associated with elevation of nucleated red blood cell count in term neonates. Nucleated red blood cell elevation does not always connote a serious pathologic process, however, because ABO incompatibility usually does not adversely affect neonatal outcome. The clinical significance of an elevated nucleated red blood cell count thus is limited. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183:1532-6.)
The course of persistent airflow limitation in subjects with and without asthma.

Summary Rationale Most patients who develop persistent airflow limitation do so either as a manifestation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease that is largely related to smoking or as a consequence of persistent asthma. We sought to compare the natural course of lung function associated with persistent airflow limitation in subjects with and without asthma from early to late adult life. Methods We studied 2552 participants aged 25 or more who had multiple questionnaire and lung function data from the long-term prospective population-based Tucson Epidemiological Study of Airway Obstructive Disease. Persistent airflow limitation was defined as FEV 1 /FVC ratio consistently 25 years) and the presence of airflow limitation during the study follow-up (never, inconsistent, or persistent). Results Among subjects with an asthma onset ≤25 years, blood eosinophilia increased significantly the odds of developing persistent airflow limitation (adjusted ORs: 3.7, 1.4–9.5), whereas cigarette smoking was the strongest risk factor for persistent airflow limitation among non-asthmatics and among subjects with asthma onset after age 25 years. Among subjects with persistent airflow limitation, the natural course of lung function differed between subjects with asthma onset ≤25 years and non-asthmatics, with the former having lower FEV 1 levels at age 25 (predicted value for a 175-cm tall male of 3400 versus 4090ml, respectively; p 1 loss between age 25 and 75 (1590 versus 2140ml; p =0.003). Conclusion In subjects who have asthma onset before 25 years of age and persistent airflow limitation in adult life, the bulk of the FEV 1 deficit is already established before age 25 years.
Competing for help: new insights into the function of follicular helper T cells.

The development and function of the CD4 T-cell subset that controls B-cell responses to protein antigens has lagged behind our knowledge of other effector lineages of CD4 T cells. Two new studies published in Nature Immunology1, 2 shed light on the requirements for CD4 T cells that are selected for B cell help, and how they mediate that function through the secretion of cytokines.
Development and validation of an instrument to measure asthma symptom control in children.

Background. Few instruments exist to measure control of asthma symptoms in children. A brief instrument administered at healthcare visits could provide a more consistent approach to symptom recognition for patients and providers. Objective. To develop a Pediatric Asthma Control Tool to measure asthma symptom control at pediatric healthcare visits and evaluate the instrument compared to expert assessment and an asthma-related quality-of-life (QOL) measure. Design/method. A preliminary 14-item instrument was generated through a process of literature review, meetings of institutional experts, and focus groups of parents and providers. The preliminary survey measured asthma control over the past 3 months in 2 domains: frequency of asthma flares and presence of symptoms when the child was at their best. Persistent symptoms were categorized according to published national asthma guidelines (NAEPP). The instrument and an asthma-related QOL measure were administered in the waiting room before a specialist visit f...
A preliminary study of sexual activity as a distraction for young drivers.

In what may be the first in-depth study of sexual activity as a driving distraction in the US, a sample of 195 male and 511 female college students at a Midwestern university (M age = 19.7) participated in an on-line study of sex while driving (SWD). Of these, 64 (32.8%) men and 47 (9.3%) women had engaged in sex while driving (SWD). Nine percent of men and 29% of women had engaged in SWD as a passenger. In most recent SWD incidents, respondents reported that the two most common acts were oral sex (70.3%) and genital touching (60.4%). About 11% engaged in vaginal intercourse. Sexual activity lasted from 1 to 10 min for 42.7% of the respondents. Nearly half (49.1%) were traveling 61–80 mph during sex. Considering respondents’ lifetime incidents of SWD, the most common driving errors reported were speeding (37.8%), drifting into another lane (36%), and letting go of the steering wheel (10.8%). Only 1.8% nearly had a crash, and none actually had a crash. Separate regression analyses for male and female respondents revealed that lower intentions to engage in SWD in the future were associated with higher estimates of the probability of a car crash. The authors consider SWD to be an under-reported in-vehicle distraction and encourage more research and prevention efforts.
Communication instruction: What is being done to develop the communication skills of accounting students?

Abstract A survey was conducted to determine what colleges and universities are doing to improve accounting students' communication skills and how they are doing it. Results indicate that much is already being done to improve the communication skills of accounting students, and that more programs are being planned. The survey revealed that accounting students at most of the responding colleges and universities have access to formal instruction in business communication, and that some communication programs are tailored for accounting majors. In addition to communication programs already in effect at the time of the survey, several schools were planning to add either an accounting communication course or an integrated skills program.