cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Goal Orientation of Adult Students Towards Learning Strategies: The Malaysian Context

The purpose of this study is to identify the goal orientation of adult students in the Malaysian context. The finding of this study shows that mastery goal orientation registered the highest mean among the adult students. Therefore, the adult students were found to have adopted mastery goal orientation in their learning process. The analysis of t-Test and One-Way ANOVA indicates that there were no significant group differences in the mean scores of mastery goal orientation among gender, age group and years of experience of the respondents. In addition, this study also attempts to offer the higher education institutions to understand the students’ learning strategies by knowing their goal orientation. It provides information on how deep learning strategies can be integrated with mastery goal orientation so that they are in line to produce better learning outcomes. It is recommended in this study that deep learning methods such as flexible learning and problem-based learning can be used to encourage students to take greater responsibilities for their learning outcomes. In this respect, they will be able to interact with the facilitator on the course material in a more practical and analytical manner. In terms of future research, this study provides validated measures of goal orientation which can be used by future researchers in the similar research setting.
Beyond all reason indeed: the pedagogical promise of critical race testimony

Critical race testimony is the act of bearing witness – from a critical perspective – to the ways in which racism is inflicted on and inflected in one’s life experiences. In this article, the author begins her process of theorizing within the context of a classroom dilemma, which compels her to expand on the meaning and value of critical race testimony to a socially just pedagogy of race. She provide a brief historical analysis of critical race testimony, locating it within the Black autobiographical tradition, and most notably within the work of W.E.B. DuBois, who insinuated throughout his body of work that a ‘purely’ rational approach to race was an incomplete and thus to some extent ineffective approach to redressing notions of race and practices of racism. This tradition, the author suggests, has been revived and reasserted within the context of critical race theory’s use of the Black (Latino, Native, Asian, and European) autobiographical voice through counter‐storytelling – not as an alternative exta...
Disruption of multicellular organization in the cellular slime molds by cyclic amp

Abstract Addition of cyclic AMP causes disorder in the multicellular stage of a number of species of cellular slime molds. In those which produce fruits with cellular stalks, the addition of cyclic AMP stimulates prestalk cells to differentiate into mature stalk cells. Prespore cells do not differentiate into spores under the influence of cyclic AMP, most degenerate and seem to die. I hypothesize that the normal course of differentiation from vegetative cells is one leading to spores, but that cyclic AMP can divert this course to one leading to the stalk cell. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP disrupt slugs of Polysphondylium pallidum , while species of Dictyostelium are disrupted by only cyclic AMP. The multicellular stage of P. violaceum is unaffected by high concentrations of exogenous cyclic nucleotides. Cell organization of Acytostelium ellipticum , a species with an acellular stalk, was disrupted by cyclic AMP, but no stalk cells were formed; only spores.
Regulation of polyamine biosynthesis by antizyme and some recent developments relating the induction of polyamine biosynthesis to cell growth. Review.

This review considers the role of antizyme, of amino acids and of protein synthesis in the regulation of polyamine biosynthesis.
Silicon-amine intercalated titanates as novel supports for hydrotreating catalyst

Abstract A layered crystalline titanate (T2CT) [Anthony and Dosch, US Patent 5 177 045 (1993)] is intercalated with silicon-amine compounds, such as 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and n-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ethylenediamine. N-alkylamine is used as a secondary swelling agent to adjust the amount of silicon-amine intercalating into T2CT. Molybdenum and nickel are loaded into silicon-amine intercalated T2CT by impregnation. Hydrogenation of pyrene, hydrodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene, and hydrodenitrogenation of quinoline are used to study the catalytic activity of the NiMo catalysts. The most active NiMo catalysts was activated by calcination and then sulfiding. The NiMo/pillared T2CT catalysts are more active than a commercial catalyst (Shell 324M) for hydrogenation of pyrene, while the activities of the NiMo/pillared T2CT catalysts for hydrodesulfurization and hydrodenitrogenation are similar to those of Shell 324M. The amount of silicon relative to titanium of the pillared T2CT, used as supports, has a significant effect on the catalytic activities and physical properties of the supports.
The interaction of science and world view in Sir Julian Huxley's Evolutionary biology.

Throughout my career as a scholar I have been deeply interested in the interaction of science and world view, especially (although not exclusively) in relation to the rise and development of evolutionary biology. Everyone believes that scientific discoveries and theories profoundly influence world views, but the idea that world views influence the development of science encounters considerable resistance, especially when advanced in connection with twentieth-century science. Scientists will sometimes concede that general ideas about man, nature, God, society, history, and the like have influenced science in past centuries, but when it comes to their own researches and theories they tend to fall back on nineteenth-century conceptions of science. Their science, they assert, is based squarely on observation, experiment, and purely scientific reasoning unsullied by extraneous influences. In this respect they are witting or unwitting disciples of Auguste Comte, believing that Western thought has moved progressively from a theological through a metaphysical to a positive status. How, then, shall we test the extent to which twentieth-century evolutionary biology has been shaped by world view? Ideally, one would like to delineate a world view shared by most evolutionary biologists of this century, and then show how this world view has influenced their scientific research and thinking. But this is a task for which I am not yet ready, having just begun my studies along this line. Instead, I shall attempt an analysis of the interaction of science and world view in the evolutionary writings of one leading exponent of the "modern synthesis." Sir Julian Huxley's writings provide excellent materials for the investigation I have in mind, for it was Huxley's ambition from youth onward to define a world view based on evolutionary biology that would unite mankind under the banner of evolutionary humanism and displace forever the creeds and dogmas that had retarded the progress of civilization in past ages. No one
Localized watermarking: methodology and application to operation scheduling

Recently, a number of techniques for IP protection have been introduced that rely on a selection of a global solution to an optimization problem according to a unique user-specific digital signature. Although such techniques may provide convincing proof of authorship with low hardware overhead, they fail to protect parts of design, do not provide an easy procedure for watermark detection, and are not capable of detecting the watermark when the design or its part is augmented in another larger design. Since these demands are of the highest interest for the IP business, we introduce localized watermarking as an IP protection technique that enables these features while satisfying the demand for low-cost and transparency. We propose a set of protocols that implement the new watermarking methodology at the operation scheduling design level. We have demonstrated that the difficulty of erasing or finding another signature in the synthesized design can be made arbitrarily computationally difficult. The watermarking method has been tested on a set of real-life benchmarks where high likelihood of authorship has been achieved with negligible overhead in solution quality.
Functional visual effects of lesions located near the optic nerve head.

Three patients with retinal lesions near or impinging on the optic nerve head are presented. Three different functional disruptions are demonstrated by quantitative layer-by-layer perimetry. In one, a patient who primarily exhibited subretinal neovascularization, inner retinal functions were anomalous; but the overlying nerve fiber bundle was as yet not affected. In the second patient, an individual with possible histoplasmosis causing an outer retinal/choroidal lesion, the overlying nerve fiber bundle was affected causing apparent retrograde changes in inner retinal function at remote visual field locations; but another aspect of optic nerve function (time-dependent response) was not anomalous. These apparently retrograde changes were essentially identical to functional changes previously demonstrated in patients with established open-angle glaucoma. In the third patient, with presumed toxoplasmosis, there were clear-out time-dependent anomalous responses consistent with optic nerve involvement, as previously reported in patients with optic neutitis. There were also modest, time-stable, nerve fiber bundle defects present in this third patient. Together, these results demonstrate that lesions in the area of the disc can have very different functional consequences, and that quantitative psychophysical techniques can elucidate these differences.
Infections after the use of alemtuzumab in solid organ transplant recipients: a comparative study

We undertook a retrospective cohort study comparing infection in solid organ transplant recipients receiving alemtuzumab (n = 726) versus basiliximab (n = 215) or antithymocyte globulin (ATG) (n = 85). Eighty-one percent of patients had kidney transplants. Overall, 33% of patients in the alemtuzumab group (240/724) developed infection compared with 40% (87/215) in the basiliximab group (odds ratio [OR], 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.53-0.99; P = .04). The frequency of infection was similar in the alemtuzumab and ATG groups (33% versus 36%, respectively, P = .53). The frequency of fungal infections, most caused by Candida spp., was similar in the alemtuzumab and basiliximab groups (10% versus 9%); disseminated fungal infection occurred in 68% of the patients with fungal infection receiving alemtuzumab and in 30% of the patients with fungal infection receiving basiliximab (OR, 4.76; 95% CI, 1.58-14.28; P = .003). Basiliximab posed a higher risk than alemtuzumab for infection. Disseminated candidal infections were more common in patients receiving alemtuzumab.
The situation of causality

Causality in the abstract is a grand theme. We take it up when we want to penetrate to the bottom of things to understand general laws that govern the working at the world of the deepest and most detailed level. In this essay, I argue for a more situated understanding of causality. To counter our desire for ever greater generality, I suggest that causal relations, even those that hold only on average, require context. To counter our desire for ever greater detail, I suggest that causal relations may exist only at a certain level of granularity. The case for the situatedness of causality is based on the epistemic character of causality. A causal structure is a structure for predictions that might be made by an ideally knowledgeable and observant scientist. It tells us about the unfolding of that scientist’s knowledge. It has objective aspects, because knowledge must have objects. But it also has subjective aspects, because knowledge must also have a subject, and possibilities and probabilities are meaningless without reference to that subject. The epistemic character and situatedness of causality tell us something about what kinds of objects should be called causes. The objects available to statisticians variables and Moivrean events are not causes because they are not situated. But they can be used to detect and aggregate causes. The arguments advanced here build on my book, The Art of Causal Conjecture (Shafer 1996), which develops a detailed account of causal relations in probability trees.
Effects of placentation on selected type A behaviors in adult males in the national heart, lung, and blood institute (NHLBI) twin study

A dermatoglyphic index derived from monozygotic (MZ) twins of known placental type was used to estimate placentation retrospectively in a sample of adult male MZ twins. Examination of behavioral test scores with respect to placentation showed that the within-pair difference of most measures of type A behavior was smaller in presumed monochorionic than presumed dichorionic pairs. Measures of cognitive function and hostility were not related to placental type. Intraclass correlations in the monochorionic subgroup of MZ twins were greater than the correlations reported for the full sample of MZ twins. The trends were strongest for the Adjective Check List scales taken at two different exams 5 years apart and, to a lesser extent, for the Framingham type A scale. Our results are most consistent with greater intrauterine environmental covariance in monochorionic MZ twins as an explanation for inflation of the MZ twin correlation relative to dizygotic (DZ) correlation reported for some type A measures.
Vibrio cholerae Hemolysin Is Required for Lethality, Developmental Delay, and Intestinal Vacuolation in Caenorhabditis elegans

Background: Cholera toxin (CT) and toxin-co-regulated pili (TCP) are the major virulence factors of Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 strains that contribute to the pathogenesis of disease during devastating cholera pandemics. However, CT and TCP negative V. cholerae strains are still able to cause severe diarrheal disease in humans through mechanisms that are not well understood. Methodology/Principal Findings: To determine the role of other virulence factors in V. cholerae pathogenesis, we used a CT and TCP independent infection model in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and identified the hemolysin A (hlyA) gene as a factor responsible for animal death and developmental delay. We demonstrated a correlation between the severity of infection in the nematode and the level of hemolytic activity in the V. cholerae biotypes. At the cellular level, V. cholerae infection induces formation of vacuoles in the intestinal cells in a hlyA dependent manner, consistent with the previous in vitro observations. Conclusions/Significance: Our data strongly suggest that HlyA is a virulence factor in C. elegans infection leading to lethality and developmental delay presumably through intestinal cytopathic changes.
Residential- and commercial-scale distributed wind energy in North Dakota, USA

We use one year of hourly wind speed measurements at 14 sites across North Dakota to evaluate how both residential- and commercial-scale (utility-scale) wind turbines can help to meet electricity needs within the state. Data are available from April 2004 through March 2005, a period with slightly lower mean wind speeds as compared to a long-term climatology; thus our calculations represent a conservative estimate of wind power for these sites. We assume the wind patterns at each site are representative of the county as a whole and, using capacity factors of 20% (residential) and 35% (commercial), we estimate the amount of electricity that can be generated for the county and compare it to county-based estimates of electricity usage. Our results show that a residential-scale turbine could provide between 90% and 165% of annual net per-person electricity usage in these 14 counties, depending on the wind speed. In addition, for the counties with the smallest populations, only six commercial-scale turbines are needed to meet the net annual county electricity usage; the most populous county would require up to 69 turbines. An evaluation of month-to-month electricity supply and demand showed that between 9% and 20% (13% and 29%) of monthly electricity needs for a county with low (high) average wind speeds could be met if 30% of the county's households had a residential-scale turbine. Our results show that residential-scale turbines have the potential to contribute meaningfully to a distributed-generation wind energy landscape.
A novel double-peaked spin-glass susceptibility-temperature response in the ternary alloy Fe69Mn26Cr5

Abstract We have studied the low-field ( B ≦ 10 −2 T) d.c. susceptibility χ of the austenitic stainless-steel alloy Fe 69 Mn 26 Cr 5 as a function of the magnetic field B and temperature T . χ( T ) shows structure, strong B dependence, and typical irreversible effects. The range of temperatures studied comprises three distinct regions. In the high-temperature region (300 K ≦ T ≦ 380 K) a blunt peak in the susceptibility is noticed at T 2 = 340 K. T 2 was not sensitive to thermal cycling. χ( T ) displayed a sharp cusp at T 1 = 200 K. This peak was sensitive to the thermal history of the sample and was strongly suppressed by B . Between T 1 and T 2 a shallow valley with some hysteresis was observed. We interpret this behavior to be due to a low-temperature pure spin-glass phase, a high temperature conventional paramagnetic phase, and coexisting antiferromagnetic and spin-glass phases between T 1 and T 2 .
Delay of gratification and delay discounting in rats.

Delay discounting (DD) and delay of gratification (DG) are two measures of impulsive behavior often viewed as reflecting the same or equivalent processes. However, there are some key differences in the contingencies of reinforcement between the procedures that may have implications for understanding impulsivity. This study used DD and DG procedures to determine if differences in contingencies of reinforcement specified by DD and DG alters how much organisms discount the value of delayed reinforcers. Twenty-four water-deprived rats performed one of two Adjusting Amount procedures, which consisted of repeated choices between a fixed amount of water (250 ml) delivered after a delay (0, 4, 8, 16, or 32 s) and an adjusting, usually lesser amount delivered immediately. Half of the rats (n=12) performed a DD procedure designed to assess preference for immediate over delayed reinforcers in which they had discrete choices between the immediate and delayed amounts of water. A DG procedure was used for the other half of the rats (n=12). In the DG procedure rats also selected between immediate and delayed alternatives, but if they chose the delayed alternative they could switch to and receive the immediate alternative at any time during the delay to the larger reward. In the DD procedure switching responses were not reinforced but were still recorded and used for analyses. The DD functions of the two groups did not differ significantly. However, at the longer delays, the DG group made significantly fewer switching responses than the DD group. A possible role of response inhibition in the DG procedure is discussed.
Status of the Advanced Light Source

Status of the Advanced Light SourceJ. N. MarxAccelerator & Fusion Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720ABSTRACTThe Advanced Light Source (ALS), now under construction at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, will be a national user facil-ity for the production ofhigh-brightness and partially coherent soft x-ray and ultraviolet synchrotron radiation. The ALS is basedon a low-emittance electron storage ring optimized for operation at 1.5 GeV with insertion devices in 10 long straight sectionsand 24 premier bend-magnet ports. High-brightness photon beams, from less than 10 eV to more than 2 keY, will be producedby undulators, thereby providing many research opportunities in materials and surface science, biology, atomic physics andchemistry. Wigglers and bend magnets will provide high-flux, broad-band radiation at energies to 10 keY.2. INTRODUCTIONThe availability of intense, tunable, collimated, polarized radiation in the x-ray and ultraviolet regions of the spectrum hasdriven theevolutionary developmentofdedicated facilities optimized forthe generation ofsynchrotron radiation [1]. The newest,third-generation synchrotron sources are based on the use ofan electron or positron storage ring specifically designed to have avery low emittance and many long straight sections containing insertion devices (wigglers and undulators).The combination ofa low-emittance storage ring with optimized undulators makes possible the generation ofradiation witha spectral brightness that is increased by orders ofmagnitude over that ofexisting, second-generation sources. In the past, order-of-magnitude increases in brightness have led to qualitatively new developments in spectroscopic and structural studies of bothgas-phase and condensed matter. The increased brightness of the third-generation synchrotron sources is expected to have asimilar impact [2, 3].Around the world, construction ofseveralthird-generation synchrotron sources is either under way orplanned, including theAdvanced Light Source (ALS) at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. The ALS is in its fourth year of construction with a totalconstruction cost of approximately $
Joining policies in a multipriority multiclass batch computer system

Consider a multipriority batch computer system which users from several different classes may join, with toll, service, and waiting charges. Such a system is formulated here as a semi-Markov decision process, in which the aim of arriving users is to minimize their expected loss. The optimal joining policy of arriving users who may join the system at some of its queues is a control limit policy, with a single control number for any possible queue and the user's class; a newly arriving user will join a queue that is not filled up to the control number corresponding to this queue and the user's class. In this paper control numbers, as well as lower and upper bounds for the control numbers and the capacities of the system's queues, are derived.
EFFECTS OF CONTEXTUAL INTERFERENCE ON RETENTION OF THREE VOLLEYBALL SKILLS

Previous research in motor learning has shown that random practice schedules facilitate retention and transfer of motor skills more than repetitive practice schedules. The purpose of this study was to investigate the generalizability of contextual interference effects. High school students (63 boys, 76 girls) from three physical education class periods were randomly assigned to one of three practice conditions, random, random-blocked, or blocked practice within a class period. Three teachers were randomly assigned to a practice group within a class period and taught a different practice condition each class period. There were nine groups with three practice groups per class period. Subjects practiced the volleyball forearm pass, set, or overhead serve for 30 trials every day for nine class periods. All subjects recorded scores for their practice trials each day during acquisition and were posttested after a 2-day retention interval. Analysis of variance indicated significant improvement in all groups but ...
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Status, Challenges and Opportunities

A solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) electrochemically converts chemical energy of a fuel into electricity at temperatures from about 650 to 1000oC. SOFCs offer certain advantages over lower temperature fuel cells, notably ability to use CO as a fuel rather than being poisoned by it, and high grade exhaust heat for combined heat and power, or combined cycle gas turbine applications. This paper reviews the operating principle, materials for different cell and stack components, cell designs, and applications of SOFCs. Among different designs of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), the electrical resistance of tubular SOFCs is high, and areal power density (W/cm2) and volumetric power density (W/cm3) low. Planar SOFCs, in contrast, are capable of achieving very high power densities.
A pragmatic view of animal-borne video technology

Based on recent applications to wild and trained birds [1–3], Rutz and Bluff highlighted developments in animal-borne video and environmental data collection systems (AVEDs) [4]. We agree that AVEDs can provide novel insights relevant to behavioural ecology and conservation [5]. Their emphasis on video-tracking reinforces our broader recommendations about the utility of combining video with other sensors [5]. However, Rutz and Bluff give ecologists an overly optimistic view of transmission-based AVEDs and video-tracking.
Studies of the Phoront of Hyalophysa chattoni (Ciliophora, Apostomatida) Encysted on Grass Shrimp1

. The apostomatous ciliate Hyalophysa chattoni, an ectosymbiont of the grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio, encysts and dedifferentiates within 48 h from the migratory tomite to a phoretic stage devoid of complex ciliary fields. The presettlement crawling and pivoting of the tomite may play a role in its initial attachment to the shrimp. Metamorphosis of exuviotrophic apostomes has been previously observed to take place immediately prior to host ecdysis. The study has found that Hyalophysa's metamorphosis to the feeding stage on grass shrimp is initiated by a cue from the premolt host and begins during earlier stages of the molt cycle (D0 and D1). Due to the long premolt stage of the host's diecdysic molt cycle, metamorphosis is initiated well before ecdysis (over six days). Hyalophysa was able to encyst and metamorphose within 41/4 h when exposed to shrimp in a late premolt stage, indicating that the control of apostome metamorphosis is solely host-dependent.
Hemispheric and Facial Asymmetry: Faces of Academe

Facial asymmetry (facedness) of selected academic faculty members was studied in relation to brain asymmetry and cognitive specialization. Comparisons of facedness were made among humanities faculty (H), faculty members of mathematics and physics (M-P), psychologists (P), and a group of randomly selected individuals (R). Facedness was defined in terms of the relative sizes (in square centimeters) of the two hemifaces. It was predicted that the four groups would show differences in facedness, namely, H, right face bias; M-P,left face bias; P,no bias; and R, no bias. The predictions were confirmed, and the results interpreted in terms of known differences in hemispheric specialization of cognitive functions as they relate to the dominant cognitive activity of each of the different groups. In view of the contralateral control of the two hemifaces (below the eyes) by the two hemispheres of the brain, the two sides of the face undergo differential muscular development, thus creating facial asymmetry. Other factors, such as gender, also may affect facial asymmetry. Suggestions for further research on facedness are discussed.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN FUNGIFORM PAPILLAE DENSITY, PROP SENSITIVITY AND BREAD ROUGHNESS PERCEPTION

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to determine if fungiform papillae density and 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) sensitivity were correlated with bread roughness intensity and discrimination. We hypothesized that individuals more sensitive to PROP and with higher fungiform papillae densities would perceive enhanced bread roughness and would have better roughness discrimination abilities. Thirty-seven panelists rated the roughness of bread samples that had been differentially staled to manipulate roughness. Panelists also rated bitterness and sweetness intensities. The samples included series of 100% whole wheat and 100% refined wheat breads that had been staled for 0–5 days. We measured each subject's fungiform papillae density and perceived PROP intensity. Contrary to our hypothesis, panelists with greater papillae densities did not perceive greater roughness intensities and were not better at discriminating roughness differences. Panelists who perceived greater PROP intensity, however, perceived greater roughness, bitterness and sweetness intensities and were better able to discriminate roughness differences. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS This study adds to the growing body of research that correlates 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) sensitivity with food texture perception. It expands the current findings to a solid food product. It also adds to the small body of literature examining the effects of fungiform papillae density on texture perception but contrary to previous research finds no effects of fungiform papillae density on texture perception. This research also expands our current knowledge of roughness and bitterness differences between whole wheat and refined bread and how roughness and bitterness perception in bread relate to PROP sensitivity. This knowledge is important because supertasters show greater dislike for whole wheat breads, which may affect bread choices and consumer health. Consumption of whole grain foods, including whole wheat bread, has been linked to reduced risk of coronary heart disease, type II diabetes, certain cancers, and all-cause mortality.
Giant axonal neuropathy: Correlation of clinical findings with postmortem neuropathology

We report the clinical and postmortem neuropathological findings in a case of long-standing giant axonal neuropathy. The patient, a caucasian male with kinky hair, was first seen at 4 years of age because of increasing unsteadiness of gait. Clinical examination showed nystagmus, cerebellar ataxia, distal sensory loss, and weakness. A sural nerve biopsy at 8 years of age revealed giant axonal neuropathy. The patient became increasingly demented and was incapacitated by weakness and ataxia; he died at 18 years of age. Histological examination of the brain and spinal cord showed numerous Rosenthal fibers, a distal axonopathy that most severely affected the corticospinal tracts, middle cerebellar peduncles, and posterior columns, and olivocerebellar degeneration.
Surface charging of phosphors and its effects on cathodoluminescence at low electron energies

Measurements of the threshold for secondary electron emission and shifts of the carbon Auger line position have been used to deduce the surface potential of several common phosphors during irradiation by electrons in the 0.5--5.0 keV range. All of the insulating phosphors display similar behavior: the surface potential is within {+-}1 V of zero at low electron energies. However, above 2--3 kV it becomes increasingly negative, reaching hundreds of volts within 1 keV of the turn-on energy. The electron energy at which this charging begins decreases dramatically after Coulomb aging at 17 {micro}A/cm{sup 2} for 30--60 min. Measurements using coincident electron beams at low and high electron energies to control the surface potential were made to investigate the dependence of the cathodoluminescence (CL) process on charging. Initially, the CL from the two beams is identical to the sum of the separate beam responses, but after Coulomb aging large deviations from this additivity are observed. These results indicate that charging has important, detrimental effects on CL efficiency after prolonged e-beam irradiation. Measurements of the electron energy dependence of the CL efficiency before and after Coulomb aging will also be presented, and the implications of these data on the physics of the low-voltage CL process will be discussed.
Endogenous TFP and cross-country income differences ☆

Abstract Using a class of endogenous growth models that exhibit international spillovers, we show that most of the cross-country differences in output per worker are explained by barriers to the accumulation of rival factors (physical and human capital) rather than by barriers to the accumulation of knowledge. This is shown theoretically, by comparing models with exogenous and endogenous TFP, and quantitatively by using a carefully calibrated version of the model. The main finding is that barriers to the accumulation of physical and human capital explain up to 64% of income gaps relative to the US.
Performance evaluation of mobile slotted ALOHA networks under different channel models-a simulation study

A simulation model is developed to compare the performance of mobile slotted ALOHA networks with linear topology (such as the communications from vehicles to base stations in the future Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems) under different channel models. Typical mobile radio channels such as Rayleigh, Rician, Rayleigh with lognormal shadowing, and Rician with lognormal shadowing are considered and their throughput-delay performance are compared against each other. It is found that different channels have similar performance when data traffic load is light. The difference becomes more significant when load is heavy. Simulation results show that none of the 4 channels always has the best performance. An interesting phenomenon was found for the network configuration considered-when the network is overloaded, network throughput may first decrease and then increase as the load keeps increasing.
QR‐SCMEH‐MO calculations on inner‐transition metal diatomic molecules having 12 valence electrons‐Nd2 and U2

The QR-SCMEH-MO computational method has been developed and tested on a numerous variety of inorganic systems over some 45-plus years, with surprisingly good success. More recently this method has been applied to the transition metal molecules, Cr2, Mo2, W2, and Sg2 with 12 valence d/s electrons. The results were at least as good as those obtained from the most accurate ab initio and DFT methods currently available. An extension of the method has been made to the diatomic 12 valence electrons, f/s orbital systems, Nd2 and U2, which is the topic of this presentation. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
A Variable Bin Width Histogram Based Image Clustering Algorithm

In image clustering, digital images can be represented with a large number of visual features corresponding to a high dimensional data space. Traditional clustering algorithms have difficulty in processing image dataset because of the curse of dimensionality. Moreover, similarity between images is measured by the values of partial features. To discover clusters existing in different subspace is known as the projective clustering problem. In this paper, we propose a novel projective clustering algorithm that utilizes dense area detection in variable bin width histograms to form the description of potential cluster candidates. Those candidates with sufficient number of data objects are treated as description of clusters. Relative entropy is used as a density threshold in order to iteratively detect dense areas in each histogram. The construction of variable bin width histogram is automatic. Compared with fixed bin width histogram used in previous projective clustering algorithms, such as EPCH (an Efficient Projective Clustering technique by Histogram construction), variable bin width histogram keeps a nice tradeoff between accurately approximating the underlying distribution and clustering efficiency. Fewer input parameters are required in our proposed algorithm, and the only input parameter required is more robust to variations of other factors such as bin width and is more interpretable to general users. Experiments on an image segmentation dataset show that our algorithm has a better clustering quality than EPCH according to V-Measure.
Bayesian method for biological pathway discovery from high-throughput experimental data

This paper describes a novel Bayesian method for discovering intra-cellular pathways from high throughput data. This Bayesian method is generalized from a deterministic algorithm, and it combines experimental data with prior belief to produce as output a probability distribution over the possible causal relationships between each pair of variables. We applied this algorithm to gene expression data on galactose metabolism in yeast. The area under ROC curve (AUROC) for the Wagner algorithm is 0.64. For the Bayesian algorithm the AUROC is 0.87, with a 95% confidence interval of (0.77 0.94). Thus, the Bayesian algorithm performs statistically significantly better than Wagner algorithm.
Nitrogen Effects on Leaf Anatomy within the Intercalary Meristems of Tall Fescue Leaf Blades

Abstract Longitudinal elongation contributes most to leaf area expansion of grasses and its rate is known to be strongly affected by N. Our objective was to determine the effect of two N regimes (N 0 and N+) on the gradient of leaf tissue formation in meristems of two contrasting tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) genotypes. Proportions of epidermal, mesophyll and vascular tissue as well as intercellular air space were determined throughout the base of actively elongating leaves. The area of leaf transverse sections nearly doubled between the ligule and the distal end of the growth zone (about 30 mm), and was mainly associated with lateral epidermal and mesophyll cell division in the proximal 5.0–7.5 mm. Further increase in transverse area was due to the formation of intercellular airspace and transverse expansion of epidermal cells. Depending on genotype and N treatment the mesophyll, epidermis, vascular bundles and air space comprised 45–54%, 20–28%, 6–9%, and 17–21%, respectively, of transverse leaf area in the distal part of the growth zone. After a slight increase close to the leaf base, the area of vascular tissue remained constant throughout the growth zone. The proportion of air space to mesophyll space was higher at N 0 than at N+ because mesophyll area was enhanced by N+ to a greater degree than by N 0 . In the genotype with slow leaf elongation, the increase in cross-sectional leaf area was due to an increase in both leaf width and leaf thickness. In the genotype which had faster leaf elongation and wider leaves, only leaf thickness was enhanced by N+.
The effects of shell availability on intraspecific competition in experimental populations of the hermit crab, Pagurus longicarpus Say

Abstract It has been proposed in the literature that intraspecific competition in hermit crabs, mediated by a succession of shell exchanges, would lead to members of a given size class experiencing approximately the same level of shell adequacy. This hypothesis was modified and extended to predict that intraspecific competition should result in the maximization of the correlation between hermit crab size and shell size, regardless of the level of shell adequacy. The prediction has been tested by establishing laboratory populations of the hermit crab Pagurus longicarpus Say, and simulating these populations using a computer program which assumed constant motivational states and dominance relationships. The populations at the beginning of the experiment consisted of 19–21 individuals inhabiting shells as a result of a process that did not allow actual shell selection. The populations were divided among three treatments based on the availability of 0, 10, or 20 shells in addition to those inhabited initially. At the end of the first week, all populations displayed an increased correlation between hermit crab weight and shell weight, and these values were similar to those generated by the computer simulation. The values at the end of the second week, however, showed a noticeable decline in the populations with no empty shells available. In addition, these populations had the largest number of injuries, which could only be the result of aggressive encounters between hermit crabs. The results of these experiments are used to formulate a general model of hermit crab behavior under different levels of shell availability and shell adequacy.
Partial nitritation ANAMMOX in submerged attached growth bioreactors with smart aeration at 20 °C

Submerged attached growth bioreactors (SAGBs) were operated at 20 °C for 30 weeks in smart-aerated, partial nitritation ANAMMOX mode and in a timer-controlled, cyclic aeration mode. The smart-aerated SAGBs removed 48–53% of total nitrogen (TN) compared to 45% for SAGBs with timed aeration. Low dissolved oxygen concentrations and cyclic pH patterns in the smart-aerated SAGBs suggested conditions favorable to partial nitritation ANAMMOX and stoichiometrically-derived and numerically modeled estimations attributed 63–68% and 14–44% of TN removal to partial nitritation ANAMMOX in these bioreactors, respectively. Ammonia removals of 36–67% in the smart-aerated SAGBs, with measured oxygen and organic carbon limitations, further suggest partial nitritation ANAMMOX. The smart-aerated SAGBs required substantially less aeration to achieve TN removals similar to SAGBs with timer-controlled aeration. Genomic DNA testing confirmed that the dominant ANAMMOX seed bacteria, received from a treatment plant utilizing the DEMON® sidestream deammonification process, was a Candidatus Brocadia sp. (of the Planctomycetales order). The DNA from these bacteria was also present in the SAGBs at the conclusion of the study providing evidence for attached growth and limited biomass washout.
Mouse organic solute transporter alpha deficiency alters FGF15 expression and bile acid metabolism

Background & Aims Blocking intestinal bile acid (BA) absorption by inhibiting or inactivating the apical sodium-dependent BA transporter (Asbt) classically induces hepatic BA synthesis. In contrast, blocking intestinal BA absorption by inactivating the basolateral BA transporter, organic solute transporter alpha–beta (Ostα–Ostβ) is associated with an altered homeostatic response and decreased hepatic BA synthesis. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanisms underlying this phenotype, including the role of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15). Methods BA and cholesterol metabolism, intestinal phenotype, expression of genes important for BA metabolism, and intestinal FGF15 expression were examined in wild type, Ostα −/− , Fxr −/− , and Ostα −/− Fxr −/− mice. Results Inactivation of Ostα was associated with decreases in hepatic cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (Cyp7a1) expression, BA pool size, and intestinal cholesterol absorption. Ostα −/− mice exhibited significant small intestinal changes, including altered ileal villus morphology, and increases in intestinal length and mass. Total ileal FGF15 expression was elevated almost 20-fold in Ostα −/− mice as a result of increased villus epithelial cell number and ileocyte FGF15 protein expression. Ostα −/− Fxr −/− mice exhibited decreased ileal FGF15 expression, restoration of intestinal cholesterol absorption, and increases in hepatic Cyp7a1 expression, fecal BA excretion, and BA pool size. FXR deficiency did not reverse the intestinal morphological changes or compensatory decrease for ileal Asbt expression in Ostα −/− mice. Conclusions These results indicate that signaling via FXR is required for the paradoxical repression of hepatic BA synthesis but not the complex intestinal adaptive changes in Ostα −/− mice.
Magnetic Diffusion Times for Infusion and Effusion in Nonlinear Steel Slabs and Cylinders

Magnetic diffusion time in nonlinear steel is shown to vary with applied field magnitude and whether the field is undergoing infusion (inward flow upon turnon) or effusion (outward flow upon turnoff). Transient finite-element analysis is used to compute planar flux effusion that agrees very closely with an analytical equation for unsaturated steel slabs. When the steel is saturated, it is shown that effusion times can be much longer than infusion times, which are greatly reduced by saturation. Effusion times are computed for varying levels of saturation both in planar slabs and in axisymmetric cylinders.
Evolution of Robustness and Cellular Stochasticity of Gene Expression

Gene expression varies widely in cells with the same genotype and environment (1,2). Predicting the patterns of stochastic cellular fluctuations remains an un- solved challenge. I propose that the degree to which varying cellular components combine to determine robust phenotypes may predict the amount of variability. Microbes pro- vide excellent experimental models to analyze the relations between robust phenotypes and stochastic variability.
Multiple damage progression paths in model-based prognostics

Model-based prognostics approaches employ domain knowledge about a system, its components, and how they fail through the use of physics-based models. Component wear is driven by several different degradation phenomena, each resulting in their own damage progression path, overlapping to contribute to the overall degradation of the component. We develop a model-based prognostics methodology using particle filters, in which the problem of characterizing multiple damage progression paths is cast as a joint state-parameter estimation problem. The estimate is represented as a probability distribution, allowing the prediction of end of life and remaining useful life within a probabilistic framework that supports uncertainty management. We also develop a novel variance control mechanism that maintains an uncertainty bound around the hidden parameters to limit the amount of estimation uncertainty and, consequently, reduce prediction uncertainty. We construct a detailed physics-based model of a centrifugal pump, to which we apply our model-based prognostics algorithms. We illustrate the operation of the prognostic solution with a number of simulation-based experiments and demonstrate the performance of the chosen approach when multiple damage mechanisms are active.
The Impact of Extra-Work Variables on Behavior in Work Environments

Contrary to the position taken by recent writers, this paper argues that considerable theoretical work currently is in place to guide future research on the effect of the external environment on key work variables such as pay satisfaction, voluntary turnover, and employee attendance. Relevant theory pertaining to each dependent variable is reviewed and integrated to help provide directions for future research.
Integration of living cells into microsystems technology

Provides an overview of some of the key advances and remaining challenges related to the combination of microfabrication technology and living cells and a sampling of a broad spectrum of exciting opportunities and promises in biology and medicine. Microfabrication techniques that have revolutionized the electronics industry, are now poised to revolutionize the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and biomedical device industries. The two leading applications of microfabrication in biology include "genes-on-a-chip" to monitor the expression level of potentially all genes in humans or various model systems and organisms simultaneously, and "lab-on-a-chip" type devices to perform biochemistry in microchambers. Equally exciting is the fact that biomedical application of microfabricated devices is no longer limited to non-living systems such as genes-on-a-chip or lab-on-a-chip. Recent advances in the understanding of cellular behavior in microenvironments have started to pave the way towards living micro-devices. The ability to integrate cells with microdevices is important for controlling cellular interactions on a sub-cellular level, for obtaining highly parallel, statistically meaningful readouts over large cell populations, and for miniaturizing instrumentation towards minimally-invasive, portable, fast, inexpensive devices. The rich assortment of living microdevices that can be built using bioMEMS techniques have important applications in fundamental cell biological studies, tissue engineering, cell separation and culture devices, diagnostics, and high-throughput drug screening tools.
Increased Resistance to cis-Diamminedichloroplatinum(II) in NIH 3T3 Cells Transformed by ras Oncogenes

Abstract The genetic basis of cellular resistance to the anticancer drug cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (CP) is not well understood. In the course of identifying genes from human tumors capable of conferring resistance to CP, we tested the ability of several types of cellular and viral ras oncogene (H, K, and N) to alter the CP response of mouse cells. Using clonogenic assays, we found that NIH 3T3 fibroblasts transformed with missense mutation-activated ras oncogenes demonstrated substantially increased resistance to 1-h exposures to CP (P