cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Mortification of the Self: Erving Goffman’s Analysis of the Mental Hospital

In this article I summarize the main points in the first two essays in Erving Goffman’s Asylums, published in 1961, which is based on his field work at St. Elizabeths Hospital in Washington, D.C. in 1955–56. The first essay presents his concept of total institutions. The second focuses on the mortification of the self that one experiences during the pre-patient and patient phases. Although these essays reflect observations that were made some 60 years ago, his analysis of what happens to the mental patient in the hospital environment is still relevant, especially for seminary students whose CPE field work takes place in the mental hospital setting. This article also provides the basis for a follow-up article on William F. Lynch’s (1965) Images of Hope, which he wrote during his residence at St. Elizabeths Hospital in the early 1960s.
Early esophagram in per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) for achalasia does not predict long-term outcomes

Background In the recently reported international survey of centers performing per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM), 88% of operators reported obtaining routinely an early postoperative contrast esophagram. To date, there have been no studies to assess the prognostic value of early esophagram in POEM. Methods A retrospective review of a prospectively maintained, single-institution database of patients who underwent POEM for treatment of achalasia was conducted. Patients were evaluated with a routine contrast esophagram on the first postoperative day (POD#1) to assess for perforation. The finding of delayed esophageal emptying, as determined by an attending radiologist, was compared with the patients’ symptomatic outcomes and functional parameters at one year follow-up. Results Contrast esophagram was obtained on POD#1 for 72 patients undergoing POEM; 26 patients (36%) were observed to have a delay in esophageal emptying. Both groups of patients, those with a delay and those without a delay in esophageal emptying on POD#1, had similar preoperative Eckardt scores (7 ± 2 vs 7 ± 2, P = ns) and column height at 5 minutes on preoperative timed barium esophagram (12.1 ± 8 cm vs 14.1 ± 8 cm, P = ns). At a mean follow-up of 1 year, there was no difference in Eckardt scores between patients with and those without a delay in emptying on POD#1 esophagram (1 ± 2 vs 1 ± 1, P = ns), nor was there a difference between the 2 groups in column height at 5 minutes on TBE (5.5 ± 5 cm for delay vs 4.2 ± 4 cm for no delay; P = ns). Rates of treatment failure, as measured by Eckardt score >3 or need for subsequent treatment, also did not differ between the 2 groups (3 patients with delay vs 4 patients without delay in emptying, P = ns). Conclusion Delay in passage of contrast on POD#1 esophagram did not predict symptomatic or physiologic outcomes at 1-year follow-up in patients undergoing POEM for treatment of achalasia.
Factors affecting the vertical distribution of the zooplankton assemblage in Lake Michigan: The role of the invasive predator Bythotrephes longimanus

Abstract We analyze six years of survey data in Lake Michigan, which spanned large ranges in the abundance of the invasive predatory cladoceran Bythotrephes, to quantify the effect of this predator on the daytime vertical distribution of the nine most common species and life stages of Lake Michigan zooplankton. We found that Bythotrephes abundance and hypolimnion depth explained almost 50% of the variation in the vertical distribution of many zooplankton. Bythotrephes abundance was associated with significant and large (approximately 5–11 m) depth increases in cladocerans Daphnia and Bosmina, adult and copepodite stages of cyclopoid copepods, and adult diaptomid copepods Leptodiaptomus minutus, and Leptodiaptomus ashlandi; but did not significantly affect the depth of copepod nauplii, diaptomid copepodites, and adult Leptodiaptomus sicilis. Whereas other environmental factors, such as light attenuation coefficient, epilimnion and hypolimnion temperature, and sampling date significantly influenced the depth of various species and life stages, the inclusion of such environmental factors into linear models did not significantly lower the predicted influence of Bythotrephes. These results suggest that Bythotrephes abundance has a significant and large influence on the vertical distribution of a large component of the zooplankton assemblage in Lake Michigan. We argue that this pattern is driven by a Bythotrephes-induced anti-predator response in zooplankton prey. Such effects could lead to widespread growth costs to the zooplankton assemblage due to the colder water temperatures experienced at greater depths, which could in turn affect the rapidly changing Lake Michigan food web.
Creep of a poly(etherurethane urea) in an oxidative environment

The creep behavior of a PEUU without added stabilizers was examined in H2O2/CoCl2, an environment that simulates the biodegradation of this polymer. Creep in the control environments, air, water, and H2O2, was logarithmic with time as is characteristic of primary or viscoelastic creep. At short times, creep in H2O2/CoCl2 followed the same time dependency as creep in H2O2; however, at longer times an acceleration in the creep rate was observed. Creep in H2O2/CoCl2 was satisfactorily described by addition of a linear time term to the creep equation with an induction time, ti. The induction time was extended by stress-induced crystallization of the soft segments, but was reduced by an increase in H2O2 concentration. Oxidative degradation of the PEUU soft segments was detected by infrared and GPC analysis at times less than ti. This led to the speculation that an initial “precursor” layer was created at the surface by chain cleavage. Microcracking in a subsequent stage was postulated to be responsible for the observed effect on the creep behavior. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Measuring Brønsted acid densites in zeolite HY with diphosphine molecules and solid state NMR spectroscopy.

The use of 31P MAS NMR spectroscopy, combined with diphenyldiphosphine Ph2P(CH2)nPPh2 probe molecules with two basic groups (n = 1, 3, and 6, corresponding to maximum P−P separations of approximately 3.0, 5.6, and 9.4 A, respectively), to investigate both acidities and distances between Bronsted acid sites in zeolite HY (Si/Al = 2.6) is demonstrated in this communication. More than 90% of the Ph2P(CH2)6PPh2 molecules are doubly protonated on zeolite HY at a loading level of 12 molecules per unit cell, indicating that there are at least 12 pairs of Bronsted acid sites about 9 A apart. Similarly, experiments involving Ph2P(CH2)3PPh2 show that there are only six pairs of Bronsted acid sites separated by a distance of 6 A. Only approximately 60% of the Ph2PCH2PPh2 molecules were doubly protonated for a loading level of 4 molecules/unit cell, as not all of the Bronsted acid sites were sufficiently acidic to protonate both ends of this molecule. 31P 2D double quantum NMR spectroscopy was used to confirm the spe...
Multiple box model for dispersion of air pollutants from area sources

Abstract A two-dimensional atmospheric diffusion model for computation of the ambient air concentration of pollutants emitted from an area source is described. When the geostrophic wind, the net heat flux, the surface roughness, the mixing height of the atmosphere and the emission rate of the source are specified, the steady-state pollutant concentration is determined as a function of distance downwind and distance from the surface. Conservation of mass equations for an array of boxes (or nodes) are solved simultaneously by an implicit finite difference scheme for different representative atmospheric conditions and the results discussed.
Five-Year Follow-up of the Effects of Bilateral Intranasal Sphenoethmoidectomy in Patients with Sinusitis and Asthma:

Chronic sinusitis has been recognized to be a contributing factor to asthma in some patients. We report a 5-year follow-up study of 16 patients who had undergone bilateral sphenoethmoidectomy after...
Arts foster scientific success: Avocations of Nobel, National Academy, Royal Society, and Sigma Xi members.

Various investigators have proposed that “scientific geniuses" are polym aths. To test this hypothesis, a uto­ biographies, biographies, and obituary notices of Nobel Prize winners in the sciences, m em bers of the Royal Society, and the U.S. National Academ y of S ciences were read and adult arts and crafts avocations tabulated. Data w ere com pared with a 1936 avocation survey of Sigma Xi m em bers and a 1982 survey of arts avocations am ong the U.S. public. Nobel laureates were significantly more likely to engage in arts and crafts avocations than Royal Society and National Academ y of Sciences mem bers, who were in turn significantly more likely than Sigma Xi m em bers and the U.S. public. S cientists and their biographers often com m ented on the utility of their avocations as stimuli for their science. The utility of arts and crafts training for scientists may have important public policy and educational im plications in light of the marginalization of these subjects in m ost curricula.
Exploring student beliefs and understanding in elementary science and mathematics

This study had the goal of investigating the association among elementary students' (N = 276) science and math beliefs and the relationship between those beliefs and teachers' ratings of mathematical and science understanding. Results of structural path analysis indicate that in science, intellectual risk-taking (IRT; the willingness to share tentative ideas, ask questions, attempting to do, and learn new things) was positively related to teachers' ratings of science understanding, while creative self-efficacy (CSE) beliefs (i.e., students' confidence in their ability to generate ideas and solutions in science) were indirectly related (working through IRT). Results also indicate that students' scientific certainty beliefs (i.e., the belief that science knowledge is stable, fixed, and represented by correct answers) were negatively related to teachers' ratings of science understanding. With respect to math, results indicate that students' CSE beliefs were positively related to teachers' ratings of math understanding; whereas students' mathematical source beliefs (i.e., believing that math knowledge originates from external sources) were negatively related. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 49: 942–960, 2012
Crystallographic evidence for chemical ordering in UCu 5 − x Pd x

We report elastic neutron-diffraction measurements on ${\mathrm{UCu}}_{5\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Pd}}_{x}$ ($x=0.65,$ 1.0, and 1.5) using the High-Intensity Powder Diffractometer instrument at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center. Data from six detector banks were simultaneously refined using Rietveld analysis. From the refinements of the data, we find that for Pd concentrations $xl1,$ Pd atoms preferentially occupy the minority Cu/Pd $4c$ sites, and Cu atoms fully occupy the majority Cu/Pd $16e$ sites. For Pd concentrations $xg1,$ Pd atoms fully occupy the minority sites and a mixture of Cu and Pd atoms occupy the $16e$ sites. At the special concentration $x=1,$ we find that the Pd and Cu atoms occupy separate crystallographic sites. This arrangement of atoms is indicative of chemical ordering, although no superlattice peaks were observed. The implications of chemical ordering in ${\mathrm{UCu}}_{5\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Pd}}_{x}$ on disorder-driven models of non-Fermi-liquid behavior will be discussed.
A partition relation for successors of Large Cardinals

We address partition problems of Erdos and Hajnal by showing that $\kappa^+\to(\kappa^2+1,\alpha)$ for all $\alpha<\kappa^+$ , if $\kappa^{<\kappa}=\kappa$ and $\kappa$ carries a $\kappa$ -dense ideal. If $\kappa$ is measurable we show that $\kappa^+\to(\alpha)^2_n$ for $n<\omega, \alpha<\Omega$ where $\Omega$ is a very large ordinal less than $\kappa^+$ that is closed under all primitive recursive ordinal operations.
Localization of motor- and nonmotor-related neurons within the matrix-striosome organization of rat striatum

Striatal neurons can be classified as movement- and nonmovement-related depending on their ability to change firing rate in close temporal association with spontaneous movement in an open-field arena. The present study assessed the location of these cell types within the compartmental organization of the striatum by combining single-unit recording techniques in freely moving rats with calbindin immunohistochemistry. Movement-related neurons were found predominately either in the matrix or along the matrix-striosome border. Most of these neurons were nonselective in that they increased activity whenever the animals changed from a quiet resting posture to any form of behavioral activation (e.g., grooming, locomotion, rearing). The remaining neurons in this group responded exclusively to movements of the head. Nonselective units discharged at a significantly slower rate than head-movement units during both quiet rest and periods of actual movement. Nonmovement-related neurons, which failed to show a reliable change in activity to overt behavior, comprised a relatively small portion of the neuronal sample but were also located in either the matrix or along the matrix-striosome border. Collectively, these results suggest that even though striatal neurons can be distinguished on the basis of their responsiveness to ongoing behavior in an open-field paradigm, such distinctions are not clearly linked to sites within the matrix or its striosomal borders.
Mild/minimal stimulation for in vitro fertilization: an old idea that needs to be revisited

Mild ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization usually refers to the use of low-dose gonadotropins in conjunction with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist whereas minimal stimulation refers to the use of a sequential administration of clomiphene citrate followed by low-dose gonadotropins and a GnRH antagonist. These protocols offer important cost and tolerability advantages to all patients but specifically to high and low responders.
Age-Associated Increases in Pulmonary Artery Systolic Pressure in the General Population

Background— In contrast to the wealth of data on isolated systolic hypertension involving the systemic circulation in the elderly, much less is known about age-related change in pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) and its prognostic impact in the general population. We sought to define the relationship between PASP and age, to evaluate which factors influence PASP, and to determine whether PASP is independently predictive of mortality in the community. Methods and Results— A random sample of the Olmsted County, Minn, general population (n=2042) underwent echocardiography and spirometry and was followed up for a median of 9 years. PASP was measured from the tricuspid regurgitation velocity. Left ventricular diastolic pressure was estimated with Doppler echocardiography (E/e′ ratio), and arterial stiffening was assessed from the brachial artery pulse pressure. Among 1413 subjects (69%) with measurable PASP (age, 63±11 years; 43% male), median PASP was 26 mm Hg (25th to 75th percentile, 24 to 30 mm Hg)...
Sense and Self-Regulation Checklist, a Measure of Comorbid Autism Symptoms: Initial Psychometric Evidence

Sensory and self-regulatory symptoms make up most of the comorbid symptoms in autism and are associated with increased autism severity. We validated a parent-caregiver measure of comorbid symptoms in autism, the Sense and Self-Regulation Checklist (SSC), in 265 children <6 yr with typical development (n = 138), autism (n = 99), or other developmental delay (n = 28); Cronbach's α was .87. We report two new findings discriminating autism from other groups: (1) multifocal tactile sensory impairment, characterized by hyporeactivity to injurious stimuli and hyperreactivity to noninjurious stimuli (F[2, 262] = 86.8, p < .001) and (2) global self-regulatory delay (F[2, 262] = 122, p < .001). Both findings suggest an explanation for social delay in children with autism. The SSC reports a prevalence of sensory and self-regulatory findings approaching 100% in the autism group (96% and 98%, respectively), raising the possibility that sensory and self-regulatory difficulties represent a core part of autism.
Integrating parallelization strategies for linkage analysis

We describe a second parallel implementation of the ILINK program from the LINKAGE package that improves on our previous implementation. To improve running time we integrated the strategy of parallel estimation of the gradient at a candidate recombination fraction vector with a previously implemented strategy for evaluating in parallel the likelihood at one vector. We also integrated an adaptive loadbalancing strategy in conjunction with our previous static loadbalancing strategy. We implemented a strategy for partitioning input pedigrees, but this slowed down the program; we give some evidence for what the problems are. To best exploit parallelism at all levels of the program and to take advantage of both coarse-grain and fine-grain parallelism it is necessary to combine multiple algorithmic strategies.
Evaluation and Management of Proximal Humerus Fractures

Proximal humerus fractures are common injuries, especially among older osteoporotic women. Restoration of function requires a thorough understanding of the neurovascular, musculotendinous, and bony anatomy. This paper addresses the relevant anatomy and highlights various management options, including indication for arthroplasty. In the vast majority of cases, proximal humerus fractures may be treated nonoperatively. In the case of displaced fractures, when surgical intervention may be pursued, numerous constructs have been investigated. Of these, the proximal humerus locking plate is the most widely used. Arthroplasty is generally reserved for comminuted 4-part fractures, head-split fractures, or fractures with significant underlying arthritic changes. Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty is reserved for patients with a deficient rotator cuff, or highly comminuted tuberosities.
Time-frequency analysis of the scattered signal from chipless RFID tags

Chipless RFID tags provide low-cost identification codes for tracking and identification purposes. Most of the researches in this area are concerned with the design considerations of chipless RFID tags. On the other hand, identification technique employed in the reader plays an important role in the detection of the tag. The data is incorporated as complex natural resonances (CNRs) of the tag. The transmitting antenna interrogates the tag, and scattered signal is affected by two different phenomena. The first part of the response in the time-domain is early-time response which emanates from the scattering centers of the tag. The local resonances in the early-time provide the global resonances of the structure in the late-time. In the frequency domain, the scattered field from the tag is the combination of the early-time and late-time responses which depends on the polarization, direction and the distance of the tag from the transmitting and receiving antennas. Based on singularity expansion method, we expect to have a maxima for each CNR in the frequency response of the late-time response, which is not the case for the total field. It will be shown in this presentation that the absolute value of frequency-domain RCS data and the group-delay analysis are not sufficient for extracting the poles of the tag. Depending on the polarization, direction of arrival and distance of the tag compared to the receiving antenna, the resonant frequencies of the tag may be mistaken or concealed by the spatial variations of the fields.
A technique for measuring speech effectiveness in public speaking classes

(1956). A technique for measuring speech effectiveness in public speaking classes. Speech Monographs: Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 31-37.
A model for the effusion of water in carbon phenolic composites

A model is developed for the effusion of water in phenolic composites as the material is heated to moderate temperatures. The model is developed from the theory of the flow of gases through a porous media coupled with the thermodynamics of the evaporation of water from a condensed, binary mixture. The resulting model accounts for the evaporation of water from solid sites in the material to an internal pore network and the subsequent flow of water vapor through the pore network. The mathematical theory is applied by simulating the effusion behavior of water in a thermogravimetric test. The results obtained from the model compared favorably with the thermogravimetric measurements. The results also showed a close correlation between the permeability of the material and the rate of evaporation of water from the solid sites.
Two thyroid hormone response elements are present in the promoter of human thyroid hormone receptor beta 1.

Autoregulation of the human thyroid hormone receptor beta 1 (hTR beta 1) promoter was assessed by chloramphenicol acetyltransferase and luciferase reporter assays of transient transfections into COS1 and GH3 cells, DNase I footprinting, and gel shift assays. A 5'-deletional analysis of the promoter showed that the region between -906 and -839 and the sequence from -438 to -130 were positively regulated by T3 in COS1 cells cotransfected with an hTR beta 1 expression vector. We also transfected deletion constructs into GH3 cells and showed similar effects of T3 on the trans-activation of the reporters. DNase I footprinting showed a protected inverted palindromic thyroid response element (TRE) at position -890 to -866 in the distal fragment and a direct repeat at position -190 to -166 in the proximal fragment, which were protected by TRs. Mutation of each TRE significantly decreased the trans-activation of the promoter by T3. Gel mobility shift assays showed both proximal and distal TREs formed a retarded ba...
Partitioning of Free Energy Gain between the Photoisomerized Retinal and the Protein in Bacteriorhodopsin

Photoisomerization of the all-trans-retinal of bacteriorhodopsin to 13-cis,15-anti initiates a sequence of thermal reactions in which relaxation of the polyene chain back to all-trans is coupled to various changes in the protein and the translocation of a proton across the membrane. We investigated the nature of this high-energy state in a genetically modified bacteriorhodopsin. When the electric charges of residues 85 and 96, the two aspartic acids critical for proton transport, are both changed to what they become after photoexcitation of the wild-type protein, i.e., neutral and anionic, respectively, the retinal assumes a thermally stable 13-cis,15-anti configuration. Thus, we have reversed cause and effect in the photocycle. It follows that when the 13-cis,15-anti isomeric state is produced by illumination, in the wild type it is unstable initially only because of conflicts with the retinal binding pocket. Later in the photocycle, the free energy gain is transferred from the chromophore to the protein. Before recovery of the initial state, it will come to be represented entirely by the free energy of the changed protonation states of aspartic acids 85 and 96.
Pesticide Exposure During Greenhouse Applications. III. Variable Exposure Due to Ventilation Conditions and Spray Pressure

Abstract The primary objective of this study was to determine the effect of different ventilation systems and application pressures on dermal and respiratory exposure. Three types of ventilation were evaluated: low velocity unidirectional (uni; none > uni). Respiratory exposure also varied by ventilation type, but with a different pattern (none > > multi > uni). Application pressure had the greatest effect on respiratory exposure: low pressure (40 psi) values were less than high pressure (120 psi), regardless of ventilation type. The droplet size dist...
Impulsivity moderates the relationship between implicit associations about alcohol and alcohol use.

Implicit associations about alcohol are strong predictors of alcohol use, as is the personality trait of impulsivity. This study examines the role of impulsivity as a moderator of the association between implicit associations about alcohol and alcohol use. Two hundred and 19 participants completed measures of positive and negative implicit associations, as measured by the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and self-report questionnaires of impulsivity and alcohol use in the past month. Trait impulsivity was broken down into five facets identified in previous research. All facets of impulsivity and positive implicit associations about alcohol were positively correlated with past month alcohol use. The urgency facets (positive and negative) of impulsivity (acting rashly in response to strong positive or negative mood) moderated the relationship between positive implicit associations about alcohol and alcohol use. Compared to individuals low on positive or negative urgency, individuals high on positive or negative urgency tended to report acting more in line with their positive implicit associations by reporting more drinking in the past month. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Blockade of Toll-like receptor 4 attenuates morphine tolerance and facilitates the pain relieving properties of morphine.

The ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) is an integral locus for morphine action. Although it is clear that glia contribute to the development of morphine tolerance, to date, the investigation of their role has been limited to spinal and medullary loci. Opioids induce a neuroinflammatory response that opposes acute and long-term analgesia, thereby limiting their efficacy as therapeutic agents. Recent data suggest that the innate immune receptor Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), along with its coreceptor myeloid differentiation factor-2 (MD-2), mediates these effects. To date, the brain loci through which TLR4 modulates morphine tolerance have not been identified. We have previously demonstrated that chronic subcutaneous morphine results in tolerance that is accompanied by increases in vlPAG glial cell activity. Using in vivo pharmacological manipulations of vlPAG glia and TLR4 in the adult male rat, we show that intra-vlPAG administration of the general glial cell metabolic inhibitor propentofylline or the astrocyte activity inhibitor fluorocitrate attenuate tolerance to morphine. Characterization of MD-2 expression within the PAG revealed dense MD-2 expression throughout the vlPAG. Further, antagonizing vlPAG TLR4 dose dependently prevented the development of morphine tolerance, and vlPAG microinjections of TLR4 agonists dose dependently produced a “naive” tolerance to subsequent challenge doses of morphine. Finally, using a model of persistent inflammatory pain and pharmacological manipulation of TLR4 we demonstrate that systemic antagonism of TLR4 potentiated acute morphine antihyperalgesia. These results, together, indicate that vlPAG glia regulate morphine tolerance development via TLR4 signaling, and implicate TLR4 as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of pain.
Occurrence of Acute Leukaemia in Myeloproliferative Disorders

In a series of 306 cases of myeloproliferative disorders followed over a period of 21 years, 18 cases of well-documented acute leukaemia were encountered. Leukaemias were either acute myeloblastic or myelomonocytic and occurred from 6 months to 20 years after the initial diagnosis. Onset was relatively abrupt and the course rapidly fatal with with a median survival of 4 weeks. Due to the prolonged preleukaemic phase, it was possible to carry out a variety of clinical and laboratory observations. While no consistent features were noted, dysplastic haemopoiesis, a fall in leucocyte alkaline phosphatase activity, presence of Pelger-Huet anomaly and other abnormalities suggest a disturbance in granulocytic maturation. These findings suggest that, following an initial injury to a pleuripotential haemopoietic stem cell, a prolonged 'latent' period occurs and, due to exposure to additional injurious agents or to a lack of cell regulating factors, acute leukaemia develops.
Rotatory Seizures Associated with Frontal Lobe Malignant Neoplasm: A Case Report

Summary: An 81-year-old woman with rotatory seizures and a right frontal lobe malignant brain tumor is described. This association has not been previously reported, to our knowledge. Evidence for a possible dopamine receptor-mediated pathway of body rotation during rotatory seizures is discussed. RESUME Les auteurs decrivent le cas D'une femme agee de 81 ans qui a des crises rotatoires et une tumeur cerebrale maligne du lobe frontal droit. A leur con-naissance cette association n'a jamais ete rapportee auparavant. Ils discutent la possibilite de L';intervention D'une voie dopaminergique dans la rotation du corps au cours des crises rotatoires. RESUMEN Se describe a una enferma de 81 anos de edad con ataques rotatorios y tin tumor cerebral maligno localizado en el lobulo frontal derecho. Que sepamos esta asociacion no ha sido descrita previamente. Se discute la existencia de una posible via, mediada por receptores de dopamina, a traves de la cual se pro-ducirfa la rotacion corporal durante los ataques rotatorios. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Eine 81 jahrige Frau mit rotatorischen Anfallen und einem malignen Hirntumor im rechten Frontallappen wird beschrieben. Dieses Zusammentreffen ist bisher nicht dargestellt worden. Es wird diskutiert, welche Hinweise daftir existieren, das die Korperrotation wahrend rotatorischer Anfalle die Frage einer Er-regunsubertragung durch Dopaminrezeptoreinwirkung erlaubt.
A Comparison of Methods for Generating Normal Deviates on Digital Computers

Two methods recently developed for generating normal deviates within a computer are reviewed along with earlier proposals. A comparison of the various methods for application on an IBM 704 is given. The new direct method gives higher accuracy than previous methods of comparable speed. The detailed inverse technique proposed yields accuracy comparable with, or better than, most previous proposals using about one-quarter the computing time.
INCARCERATION, SOCIAL CAPITAL, AND CRIME: IMPLICATIONS FOR SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY*

This study is a theoretical exploration of the impact of public social control on the functioning of local social controls. Set within the framework of social disorganization and systemic theory, the study argues that an overreliance on incarceration as a formal control may hinder the ability of some communities to foster other forms of control because they weaken family and community structures. At the ecological level, the side effects of policies intended to fight crime by controlling individual behavior may exacerbate the problems they are intended to address. Thus, these communities may experience more, not less, social disorganization.
Electron emission properties of crystalline diamond and III-nitride surfaces

Abstract Wide bandgap semiconductors have the possibility of exhibiting a negative electron affinity (NEA) meaning that electrons in the conduction band are not bound by the surface. The surface conditions are shown to be of critical importance in obtaining a negative electron affinity. UV-photoelectron spectroscopy can be used to distinguish and explore the effect. Surface terminations of molecular adsorbates and metals are shown to induce an NEA on diamond. Furthermore, a NEA has been established for epitaxial AlN and AlGaN on 6H–SiC. Field emission measurements from flat surfaces of p-type diamond and AlN are similar, but it is shown that the mechanisms may be quite different. The measurements support the recent suggestions that field emission from p-type diamond originates from the valence band while for AlN on SiC, the field emission results indicate emission from the AlN conduction band. We also report PEEM (photo-electron emission microscopy) and FEEM (field electron emission microscopy) images of an array of nitride emitters.
Concordance of quality of life assessments following pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Purpose: To examine the concordance between pediatric patient's self-report and parent-report regarding a patient's quality of life (QoL) prior to and following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and to identify potential medical and demographic covariates of concordance. Patients and Methods: Utilizing the PedsQL 4.0, the longitudinal QoL data were obtained from 68 pediatric HSCT patient–parent dyads prior to and up to two years post-transplantation. Results: Reliability based upon Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC) indicates a parabolic pattern of concordance being significantly poorer in the acute phase of treatment 3 months post-HSCT, followed by a return to pre-transplant levels at subsequent assessments and a substantial rise at one- and two-year follow-up assessments (Baseline ICC = 0.42; 3 months = 0.11; 6 months = 0.54). Paired t-tests further indicate that concordance was highest for observable domains of functioning (Physical and School) with greater inter-rater discrepancies on the subjective domains (Emotional and Social) of QoL at baseline and 6 months post-transplantation. Conclusion: Children typically rated their QoL as higher than parents at all time points and in virtually all domains; however, both perspectives are vital in providing a more accurate depiction of a patient's treatment experience. Dyads speaking the same language exhibited higher levels of QoL agreement than those that did not, while concordance among female-patient-dyads was more disparate than male-patient-dyads. Such findings highlight the importance of implementing psychosocial assessments and possible interventions for patients and parents proactively during the HSCT to effectively address the impact of the treatment and recovery experiences. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physics and instrumentation of ultrasound

A thorough understanding of the physics of ultrasound waves and the instrumentation will provide the user with a better understanding of the capabilities and limitations of ultrasound equipment. The ultrasound machine combines two technologies: image production (M-mode and 2-dimensional imaging) with Doppler assessment (continuous and pulse wave as well as color-flow mapping). These distinct technologies have been combined to provide the examiner with the ability to make accurate and comprehensive diagnoses and guide therapeutic intervention.
A multi-step dealloying method to produce nanoporous gold with no volume change and minimal cracking

We report a simple two-step dealloying method for producing bulk nanoporous gold with no volume change and no significant cracking. The galvanostatic dealloying method used here appears superior to potentiostatic methods for fabricating millimeter-scale samples. Care must be taken when imaging the nanoscale, interconnected sponge-like structure with a focused ion beam, as even brief exposure caused immediate and extensive cracking of nanoporous gold, as well as ligament coarsening at the surface.
Evaluation of a predictive steady-state flow-injection method adapted to an open flow tube with a tracer

This paper describes the development and evaluation of a new approach to processing data from flow-injection systems. In this new approach, data from the leading edges of response peaks are used with appropriate mathematical models and curve-fitting methods to predict the steady-state signal that would be measured if sufficient sample were used to fill the flow tube with undiluted sample. This predictive steady-state data-processing option is adapted to and evaluated for open flow tubes. Predictive steady-state results for triiodide detected amperometrically are compared with results obtained by processing the same data sets by the more conventional peak-height, peak-width and peak-area options as well as directly measured steady-state signals of undiluted samples. All data-processing options yielded linear calibration plots, with deviations from linearity being significantly larger for the peak-width option than for the other options. Effects of changes in sample volume and flow-rate on quantitative results obtained with the different options were compared. Minimum sample volumes required by the steady-state methods are larger than those required for the other methods. However, both measured and predicted steady-state signals were much less dependent on sample volume and flow-rate than peak heights, peak areas or peak widths. Relative error coefficients for the steady-state options were 0.006%μl for changes in sample volume and 90%/ml s−1 (1.5%/ml min-1) for changes in flow-rate. Improvements in relative error coefficients for changes in sample volume of the predictive option relative to peak-height, peak-width and peak-area options are 55-, 633- and 167-fold, respectively. Improvements for changes in flow-rates for detectors that do not depend on flow-rate are 12-, 226-, and 36-fold, respectively (same order as above). The steady-state options are much more rugged than the peak-height, peak-area and peak-width methods.
Reliable ad hoc routing based on mobility prediction

Reliability is a very important issue in Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANETs). Shortest paths are usually used to route packets in MANETs. However, a shortest path may fail quickly, because some of the wireless links along a shortest path may be broken shortly after the path is established due to mobility of mobile nodes. Rediscovering routes may result in substantial data loss and message exchange overhead. In this paper, we study reliable ad hoc routing in the urban environment. Specifically, we formulate and study two optimization problems. In the minimum Cost Duration-bounded Path (CDP) routing problem, we seek a minimum cost source to destination path with duration no less than a given threshold. In the maximum Duration Cost-bounded Path (DCP) routing problem, we seek a maximum duration source to destination path with cost no greater than a given threshold. We use a waypoint graph to model the working area of a MANET and present an offline algorithm to compute a duration prediction table for the given waypoint graph. An entry in the duration prediction table contains the guaranteed worst-case duration of the corresponding wireless link. We then present an efficient algorithm which computes a minimum cost duration-bounded path, using the information provided in the duration prediction table. We also present a heuristic algorithm for the DCP routing problem. In addition, we show that the proposed prediction and routing schemes can be easily applied for designing reliable ad hoc routing protocols. Simulation results show that our mobility prediction based routing algorithms lead to higher network throughput and longer average path duration, compared with the shortest path routing.
Approach to Lipid Screening as a Risk Marker for Cardiovascular Disease in Pediatric Patients with Diabetes

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a well-known complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), and patients with DM are at an increased risk for early onset of CVD. Hyperglycemia is believed to be the primary mediator in premature development of atherosclerosis in patients with DM, but there are also derangements in cholesterol levels and inflammatory markers beyond the explanation of hyperglycemia. Although clinicians often screen for dyslipidemia as part of routine care for children and adolescents with DM, many do not feel comfortable treating this condition. Multiple guidelines exist to help clinicians with the prevention, screening, and treatment of CVD risk factors in pediatric patients with DM, but the guidelines do not always agree on screening intervals or medical treatment. Furthermore, the cost-effectiveness of medication use in this population has not been established. Research has advanced our understanding of the role of other biomarkers and radiologic studies of CVD risk, but these studies do not currently have a place in routine clinical practice. It is evident that the increased CVD risk in pediatric patients with DM is complex in origin and the optimal approach to managing dyslipidemia remains unclear. Therefore, an algorithm designed at the University of North Carolina (UNC), Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, is presented to help guide clinicians through screening and treatment of dyslipidemia in youth with DM.
Spoilage of vegetable crops by bacteria and fungi and related health hazards

After harvest, vegetables are often spoiled by a wide variety of microorganisms including many bacterial and fungal species. The most common bacterial agents are Erwinia carotovora, Pseudomonas spp., Corynebacterium, Xanthomonas campestris, and lactic acid bacteria with E. carotovora being the most common, attacking virtually every vegetable type. Fungi commonly causing spoilage of fresh vegetables are Botrytis cinerea, various species of the genera Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Colletotrichum, Phomopsis, Fusarium, Penicillium, Phoma, Phytophthora, Pythium and Rhizopus spp., Botrytis cinerea, Ceratocystis fimbriata, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and some mildews. A few of these organisms show a substrate preference whereas others such as Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Phytophthora, and Rhizopus spp., affect a wide variety of vegetables causing devastating losses. Many of these agents enter the plant tissue through mechanical or chilling injuries, or after the skin barrier has been broken down by other organisms. Besides causing huge economic losses, some fungal species could produce toxic metabolites in the affected sites, constituting a potential health hazard for humans. Additionally, vegetables have often served as vehicles for pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and parasites and were implicated in many food borne illness outbreaks. In order to slow down vegetable spoilage and minimize the associated adverse health effects, great caution should be taken to follow strict hygiene, good agricultural practices (GAPs) and good manufacturing practices (GMPs) during cultivation, harvest, storage, transport, and marketing.
A dilemma for internal realism

Given my dilemma, then, we should think twice before following Putnam away from metaphysical realism. Internal realism can offer only a false sense of philosophical security. And now we may doubt that it can offer even that.
Dialectics, Functionalism, and Structuralism, in Economic Thought

. “Structuralism” and “functionalism” facilitate an analysis of the evolution oi economic thought as a series of cultural, institutional, and socioeconomic challenges and responses. The methodologies of “structuralism” and “functionalism,” like Hegelian dialectics, 1 to which they are closely related, do not consider thought systems or socioeconomic systems in terms of fixed and stable relationships but in the light of dynamic processes of change. They emphasize communication, feedback, and continuity. The aim of these methodologies is to facilitate the analyses of changes in interrelationships which constitute the processes of evolution. The economist is concerned with the theoretical analysis of socioeconomic processes. His task can be facilitated by describing and analyzing structural-functional relationships of the economy and its parts. However, the methodologies of structuralism and functionalism cannot be used to predict theoretical developments. At best they can be utilized to select from some set of possible alternatives.
Threshold voltage adjustable process for self-aligned gate GaAs JFET

A self-aligned GaAs JFET process, allowing threshold voltage adjustment after gate metallisation, has been developed. Zn-doped tungsten silicide was used as the gate metallisation, which also acts as the source of Zn diffusion for the p-junction gate. The threshold voltage was adjusted by repeated short thermal pulses in a lamp annealer at 550°C. The process has the potential to solve the most difficult task of threshold voltage control necessary for achieving high yield in LSI fabrication.
Kv4 channels exhibit modulation of closed-state inactivation in inside-out patches.

Abstract The mechanisms of inactivation gating of the neuronal somatodendritic A-type K + current and the cardiac I to were investigated in Xenopus oocyte macropatches expressing Kv4.1 and Kv4.3 channels. Upon membrane patch excision (inside-out), Kv4.1 channels undergo time-dependent acceleration of macroscopic inactivation accompanied by a parallel partial current rundown. These changes are readily reversible by patch cramming, suggesting the influence of modulatory cytoplasmic factors. The consequences of these perturbations were investigated in detail to gain insights into the biophysical basis and mechanisms of inactivation gating. Accelerated inactivation at positive voltages (0 to +110mV) is mainly the result of reducing the time constant of slow inactivation and the relative weight of the slow component of inactivation. Concomitantly, the time constants of closed-state inactivation at negative membrane potentials (−90 to −50mV) are substantially decreased in inside-out patches. Deactivation is moderately accelerated, and recovery from inactivation and the peak G–V curve exhibit little or no change. In agreement with more favorable closed-state inactivation in inside-out patches, the steady-state inactivation curve exhibits a hyperpolarizing shift of ∼10mV. Closed-state inactivation was similarly enhanced in Kv4.3. An allosteric model that assumes significant closed-state inactivation at all relevant voltages can explain Kv4 inactivation gating and the modulatory changes.
Searching for the pseudoscalar Higgs boson of minimal supersymmetry via its ZHl decay mode at hadron supercolliders

Abstract The pseudoscalar Higgs boson ( H p ) in the minimal supersymmetric model decays into a Z boson and the lightest scalar Higgs boson ( H l ) with a large branching ratio when M Z + m Hl m H p m t . The final state where Z → l + l − and H l → τ + τ − , with one-prong hadronic τ decays, may provide a promising way to simultaneously detect H l and H p in regions of parameter space where there is no other detectable H p signal the two-body kinematics can allow for an H l and H p mass reconstruction.
Dietary Supplement Use Among Undergraduate College Students

Abstract The prevalence of use of dietary supplements by undergraduate students, the types of supplements used, the reasons for use of supplements and differences by major of study and gender were examined. Dietary supplements were defined as vitamins, minerals, herbal products, tissue extracts, proteins, amino acids, and other products purchased and ingested to improve health and prevent disease. A total of 784 undergraduate students who were enrolled in introductory nutrition classes at The Ohio State University completed a questionnaire on the first day of class. The questionnaire identified whether the student had taken dietary supplements during the previous year, the identity of the products taken if any, their reasons for taking supplements and general demographic information. Subjects were classified as a health/science major (includes biology, dental hygiene, dietetics, exercise physiology, exercise science, food science, nursing, nutrition, occupational therapy, optometry, pharmacy, physical therapy and radiological technology) (n=232) and non-health/science majors (n=552). Approximately 74% of health/science majors and 68% of non-health/science majors reported taking a dietary supplement of some kind within the previous year. Both percentages are higher than that determined in surveys of the general population however major of study was found to be insignificant in determining dietary supplement use in the previous year (p