cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Summary of the Meeting

The eighth course of the International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectoscopy has examined the structure and dynamic properties of disordered solids with emphasis on the processes which occur in these materials. The field is very wide and rich, and only a fraction of it could be covered in two weeks. In order to summarize the subjects that were covered, four themes which appeared in various degrees throughout the school were identified. First is the obvious need to define disorder and how ordered and disordered systems differ, i.e., how the static structure of a disordered solid can be characterized. Second, one would like to understand the transition from the ordered to the disordered state (or vice-versa), including both the structural and electronic evolution. Dimensionality, the third theme, played an extremely significant role in the discussion of the static and dynamic processes of disordered solids. Finally, the effect of disorder on the dynamic properties of a disordered system was a recurrent subject which threaded through many of the lectures at the school.
Urinary Cell mRNA Profiles Predictive of Human Kidney Allograft Status

Immune monitoring of kidney allograft recipients and personalized therapeutics may help reach the aspirational goal of "one transplant for life." The invasive kidney biopsy procedure, the diagnostic tool of choice, has become safer and the biopsy classification more refined. Nevertheless, biopsy-associated complications, interobserver variability in biopsy specimen scoring, and costs continue to be significant concerns. The dynamics of the immune repertoire make frequent assessments of allograft status necessary, but repeat biopsies of the kidney are neither practical nor safe. To address the existing challenges, we developed urinary cell mRNA profiling and investigated the diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive accuracy of absolute levels of a hypothesis-based panel of mRNAs encoding immunoregulatory proteins. Enabled by our refinements of the PCR assay and by investigating mechanistic hypotheses, our single-center studies identified urinary cell mRNAs associated with T cell-mediated rejection, antibody-mediated rejection, interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy, and BK virus nephropathy. In the multicenter National Institutes of Health Clinical Trials in Organ Transplantation-04, we discovered and validated a urinary cell three-gene signature of T-cell CD3 e chain mRNA, interferon gamma inducible protein 10 (IP-10) mRNA, and 18s ribosomal RNA that is diagnostic of subclinical acute cellular rejection and acute cellular rejection and prognostic of acute cellular rejection and graft function. The trajectory of the signature score remained flat and below the diagnostic threshold for acute cellular rejection in the patients with no rejection biopsy specimens, whereas a sharp rise was observed during the weeks before the biopsy specimen that showed acute cellular rejection. Our RNA sequencing and bioinformatics identified kidney allograft biopsy specimen gene signatures of acute rejection to be enriched in urinary cells matched to acute rejection biopsy specimens. The urinary cellular landscape was more diverse and more enriched for immune cell types compared with kidney allograft biopsy specimens. Urinary cell mRNA profile-guided clinical trials are needed to evaluate their value compared with current standard of care.
Higher Stress And Symptom Severity Are Associated With Worse Depressive Symptom Profiles In Patients Receiving Chemotherapy

ABSTRACT Purpose In a sample of oncology patients, identify subgroups of patients with distinct depressive symptom profiles and evaluate for differences in demographic and clinical characteristics, levels of stress and resilience, and the severity of common co-occurring symptoms. Methods Patients (n=1327) had a diagnosis of breast, gastrointestinal, gynecological, or lung cancer; had received chemotherapy within the preceding four weeks; and were scheduled to receive at least two additional cycles of chemotherapy. Demographic and clinical characteristics, stress, resilience, and co-occurring symptoms were evaluated at enrollment. Depressive symptoms were evaluated using the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale a total of six times over two cycles of chemotherapy. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to identify subgroups of patients (i.e., latent classes) with distinct depressive symptom profiles using the six CES-D scores. Results Based on the findings from the LPA, 47.3% of the patients were classified as “None”; 33.6% as “Subsyndromal”; 13.8% as “Moderate”; and 5.3% as “High”. Compared to None class, patients in the Subsyndromal, Moderate, and High classes had a lower functional status, a higher comorbidity burden, and a self-reported diagnosis of depression or back pain. Those patients with higher levels of depressive symptoms reported higher levels of stress, lower levels of resilience, and increased severity of co-occurring symptoms. Conclusions Inter-individual variability in depressive symptoms was associated with demographic and clinical characteristics, multiple types of stress and levels of resilience, as well as with the increased severity of multiple co-occurring symptoms. The risk factors associated with worse depressive symptom profiles can assist clinicians to identify high risk patients and initiate more timely supportive care interventions.
GaAs power MESFET performance sensitivity to profile and process parameter variations

Large-signal performance sensitivities for power GaAs MESFETs fabricated with uniform, ion-implanted, and lo-hi-lo conducting-channel doping profiles are calculated and compared. The large-signal sensitivities of the RF power and power-added efficiency are determined for the device designs as a function of variations in various process-dependent parameters. It is demonstrated that the channel doping profile and breakdown voltage have the most significant influence on large-signal RF performance. >
E-Pitfalls: Ethics and E-Discovery

Written for a symposium on e-discovery, this Article addresses the convergence of ethics and e-discovery, and contends that the surprise and concern often expressed regarding ethical issues in e-discovery, which seem to view the use of such ethical considerations as novel, unusual, and contrary to traditional discovery practices, are overstated. In particular, this Article argues that despite the seeming distinctiveness of issues concerning electronically stored information, well-established ethical rules apply to these issues in very familiar patterns and approaches. After examining the interplay between legal ethics and the practice of law generally, the Article analyzes the recent Qualcomm decision and offers some insights into both the reasons behind the Qualcomm court's insistence on employing ethical precepts in the e-discovery context, and why the use of ethical principles in discovery is likely to continue. Specifically, two provisions within Federal Rule 26(g) invite the continued use of ethical principles: (1) the limited nature of Rule 26(g)'s authorization of sanctions, and (2) the "reasonable inquiry" required by Rule 26(g) before signing a disclosure, discovery request, or response.
Microbiota Metabolite Regulation of Host Immune Homeostasis: A Mechanistic Missing Link

Metazoans predominantly co-exist with symbiotic microorganisms called the microbiota. Metagenomic surveys of the microbiota reveal a diverse ecosystem of microbes particularly in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Perturbations in the GI microbiota in higher mammals (i.e., humans) are linked to diseases with variegated symptomology including inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, and auto-inflammatory disorders. Indeed, studies using germ-free mice (lacking a microbiota) confirm that host development and homeostasis are dependent on the microbiota. A long-known key feature of the GI tract microbiota is metabolizing host indigestible dietary matter for maximum energy extraction; however, host signaling pathways are greatly influenced by the microbiota as well. In line with these observations, recent research has revealed that metabolites produced strictly by select microbiota members are mechanistic regulators of host cell functions. In this review, we discuss two major classes of microbiota-produced metabolites: short-chain fatty acids and tryptophan metabolites. We describe the known important roles for these metabolites in shaping host immunity and comment on the current status and future directions for microbiota metabolomics research.
DOUBLE POTENTIAL STEP CHRONOCOULOMETRY PART II. MEASUREMENT OF THE CHEMICAL REACTION RATE IN AN EC MECHANISM WHEN BOTH ELECTRODE REACTANT AND PRODUCT ARE ADSORBED

Summary The double potential step chronocoulometric theory for EC type electrode reactions (irreversible chemical kinetics) both with and without complications arising from the adsorption of electrode reactant and product has been verified using the reduction of azobenzene in acidic H 2 O-EtOH media as a model system. Hydrazobenzene has been found to adsorb on mercury electrodes to a significant extent over the potential range −0.10 V to −0.40 V vs. SCE. Both kinetic and nonkinetic charge ratios, | Q b / Q f |, have been corrected for the effects of azobenzene and hydrazobenzene. Using the adsorption corrected kinetic | Q b / Q f |, a plot of k τ vs. τ was found to be nonlinear when k τ was calculated from the previously derived EC kinetic theory; whereas no significant derivation for linearity was found for the newly derived theory. The benzidine rearrangement rate constant obtained in 1.18 M HClO 4 was 4.27 s −1 in excellent agreement with previous chronoamperometric results.
Reduced vowel space is a robust indicator of psychological distress: A cross-corpus analysis

Reduced frequency range in vowel production is a well documented speech characteristic of individuals' with psychological and neurological disorders. Depression is known to influence motor control and in particular speech production. The assessment and documentation of reduced vowel space and associated perceived hypoarticulation and reduced expressivity often rely on subjective assessments. Within this work, we investigate an automatic unsupervised machine learning approach to assess a speaker's vowel space within three distinct speech corpora and compare observed vowel space measures of subjects with and without psychological conditions associated with psychological distress, namely depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and suicidality. Our experiments are based on recordings of over 300 individuals. The experiments show a significantly reduced vowel space in conversational speech for depression, PTSD, and suicidality. We further observe a similar trend of reduced vowel space for read speech. A possible explanation for a reduced vowel space is psychomotor retardation, a common symptom of depression that influences motor control and speech production.
A Causal Model for Joint Evaluation of Placebo and Treatment-Specific Effects in Clinical Trials

Evaluation of medical treatments is frequently complicated by the presence of substantial placebo effects, especially on relatively subjective endpoints, and the standard solution to this problem is a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. However, effective blinding does not guarantee that all patients have the same belief or mentality about which treatment they have received (or treatmentality, for brevity), making it difficult to interpret the usual intent-to-treat effect as a causal effect. We discuss the causal relationships among treatment, treatmentality and the clinical outcome of interest, and propose a causal model for joint evaluation of placebo and treatment-specific effects. The model highlights the importance of measuring and incorporating patient treatmentality and suggests that each treatment group should be considered a separate observational study with a patient's treatmentality playing the role of an uncontrolled exposure. This perspective allows us to adapt existing methods for dealing with confounding to joint estimation of placebo and treatment-specific effects using measured treatmentality data, commonly known as blinding assessment data. We first apply this approach to the most common type of blinding assessment data, which is categorical, and illustrate the methods using an example from asthma. We then propose that blinding assessment data can be collected as a continuous variable, specifically when a patient's treatmentality is measured as a subjective probability, and describe analytic methods for that case.
Challenging Nature: Local Knowledge, Agroscience, and Food Security in Tanga Region, Tanzania

Challenging Nature: Local Knowledge, Agroscience, and Food Security in Tanga Region, Tanzania. Philip W. Porter. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006. 318 pp.
Dental service mix among older adults aged 65 and over, United States, 1999 and 2009

Objectives The oral health of older Americans will assume increasing importance because of their increasing numbers and the evolving connections between oral health and general health. To establish a baseline and provide data for oral health workforce models, this report describes the types of dental procedures received by US adults 65 years and older in 2009 and looks at trends since 1999. Methods Data for this analysis came from the 1999 and 2009 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. The primary outcome variable represented the types of dental procedures that were received during a dental visit in the preceding year. Descriptive variables included dental insurance and poverty status. Analysis was restricted to adults aged 65 and over. Results In 2009, diagnostic and preventive procedures accounted for almost three-quarters of all services. Compared with services received by those with private insurance, there were significantly fewer diagnostic and endodontic procedures among those with public coverage. Between 1999 and 2009, the proportion of preventive services significantly increased, whereas the proportion of restorative and endodontic services significantly decreased. Also, the likelihood of receiving preventive procedures increased, whereas the probability of receiving restorative or endodontic services decreased. Conclusions Findings point to a shift in the mix of dental services received by older adults during the two periods. The predominance of diagnostic and preventive procedures has important access and workforce implications. An expanded role for dental hygienists in helping to meet the oral health needs of older adults is possible given a hygienist's current scope of practice.
The impact of e-diagnostics - one year later

Initially, the industry viewed e-diagnostics as a way to collect, trend, and extract potential failure points from equipment, as well as to provide the ability for a remote service engineer to gain access to equipment for trouble shooting. As e-diagnostics progressed, the industry needed to implement an e-diagnostics enabling solution that not only collected and analyzed data, but also delivered true added value support with the goal of making tools more productive. KLA-Tencor's iSupport e-Diagnostics program was the first in the industry to design a solution integrating a value-added support program with e-diagnostics technology. During the first year of iSupport connectivity to worldwide customer sites, the program focused on assisting users with "Reactive" and "Escalation" support calls. This paper addresses the background, success cases, and value experienced by many iSupport customers throughout this first year of operation. Additionally, this paper addresses the iSupport road map, where predictive failure monitoring holds much promise.
BIOINSTRUMENTATION ACTIVITIES IN FOUR LOCALES

Abstract : Progress in bio-instrumentation was observed in the laboratories where instruments are both developed and used in tackling the research and applications problems of biology. The report concerns visits to four locations, and provides hints on how successful bioinstrumentation can be carried out in exceedingly different environments.
Gel Entrapment of Antibody: A New Strategy for Facilitating Both Manual and Automated Radioimmunoassay

A technique of radioimmunoassay is presented that eliminates pipetting and centrifugation, and excludes interferences by high-molecular-weight materials from the incubation and separation steps. A solid-phase binding reagent is prepared by first entrapping antibody in polyacrylamide gel. This gel is then fragmented, sieved, dried with ethanol or lyophilized, and placed in miniature disposable chromatographic columns. Application of the sample to the intra-gel column compartment is determined by the water regain of the gel. This pipetless method of sample application depends on reproducible aliquots of dry gel particles in every column. A method for preloading radiolabeled hormone and standard hormone into the column is also described. This technique has been successfully applied to the assay of angiotensin I and insulin. Dry antibody—gel stored at room temperature for 26 months has not shown loss of binding activity.
Historical Archaeology: Back from the Edge

Historical Archaeology: Back from the Edge. Pedro Paulo A. Funari. Martin Hall. and Sian Jones. eds. New York: Routledge, 1999. 350 pp.
Oxygen transport in the intact red cell

A rapid-flow technique was used to study and determine the resistance of the red cell membrane to oxygen transport and the diffusion coefficient for oxygen transport in the red cell interior. With a mathematical description for the process in the intact red cell and experimental results, the magnitude of the membrane transfer coefficient (h) and the diffusion coefficient (D) can be obtained. Two models were considered. One is that of simple unidimensional diffusion through a red cell, shaped as a rectangular slab with no end effects (model 1) and the other is two-dimensional diffusion through a cylindrical disc (model 2). As a result of this study, it was found that, for model 1, the value of h, the oxygen transport coefficient for the membrane was 2.6 cm/sec, and D, the diffusion for oxygen transport inside the red cell, was 4.3 × 10−6 cm2/sec. For model 2, h and D were, respectively, 0.9 cm/sec and 3.8 × 10−6 cm2/sec. On a employe une methode basee sur un ecoulement rapide pour etudier et determiner la resistance au transport d'oxygene de la membrane de la cellule rouge, ainsi que le coefficient de diffusion dans le cas du transport d'oxygene a l'interieur de la cellule rouge. On peut trouver l'ampleur du coefficient de transfert (h) de la membrane et le coefficient de diffusion (D), au moyen d'une description mathematique du processus dans la cellule rouge intacte, et des resultats experimentaux. On a considere deux modeles: le modele 1 reproduit une simple diffusion a une dimension a travers une cellule rouge (sous forme de plaque rectangulaire sans effets aux extremites); le modele 2 represente une diffusion a deux dimensions a travers un disque cylindrique. Ladite etude a permis de trouver que, dans le cas du modele 1, la valeur de h (coefficient de transport d'oxygene de la membrane) etait de 2.6 centimetres a la seconde et la valeur de D (coefficient de diffusion pour le transport d'oxygene a l'interieur de la cellule rouge) etait 4.3 × 10−6 centimetres carres a la seconde. Dans le cas du modele 2, h et D etaient respectivement 0.9 centimetres a la seconde et 3.8 × 10−6 centimetres carres a la seconde.
Zonation and maintenance of copepod populations in the Oregon upwelling zone

Abstract Oregon has one of the smaller and best known coastal upwelling systems. It is about 50 km wide, but upwelling is most intense within 15 km of the shore, and episodes of active upwelling primarily affect the circulation and hydrography of the upper 20 m. It is in this nearshore, surface zone that phytoplankton and zooplankton are most abundant. Phytoplankton biomass is 5 to 20 mg chl- a m −3 , and zooplankton 50 to 200 mg dry weight m −3 . Vertically stratified sampling along transects perpendicular to the shore has produced a new picture of the upwelling process and suggests relationships between circulation and the population biology of planktonic animals. The zooplankton is dominated by five species of copepod. Each is distributed in a different pattern: Acartia clausii is almost completely restricted to the upper 5 to 10 m of the water column and the first 5 km from shore. Pseudocalanus sp. is abundant from 0 to 15 km and between 10 and 20 m depth, but it reproduces only within a few kilometers of the shore. Acartia longiremis lives and reproduces offshore (10 km) in the surface (0 to 10-m) mixed layer. Oithona similis is abundant offshore (10 km) between 10- and 20-m depths. Calanus marshallae lives offshore as older copepodite stages, but the females return shoreward and lay their eggs at about 10 km offshore. The nauplii and younger copepodites develop in the very nearshore zone. The patterns of animal distribution together with data on salinity, temperature, and chlorophyll- a lead to the following conclusions about the circulation in the Oregon upwelling zone: First, during active upwelling, the Ekman layer within 0 to 10 km is less than 5 m deep. Offshore of the frontal region, this layer is 10 to 15 m thick. Second, when upwelling is active, the surface layer offshore of the frontal region is not continuously transported offshore. Instead, this mass is moved offshore some fixed distance, no more than 20 to 40 km. During relaxation, this surface water returns shoreward to its former location. Third, we propose a two-cell zonal circulation scheme during initiation of active upwelling: Looking north in vertical section, a divergence is located 10 km from shore, with a clockwise rotating cell on the landward side and a counterclockwise cell on the seaward side. The population of each zooplankton species appears to be maintained within the upwelling zone by a specific relationship between its distribution and the circulation.
Distributed optimization of markov reward processes

Dynamic programming provides perhaps the most natural way to model many control problems, but suffers from the fact that existing solution procedures do not scale gracefully with the size of the problem. In this work, we present a gradient- based policy search technique that exploits the fact that in many applications the state space and control actions are naturally distributed. After presenting our modeling assumptions, we introduce a technique in which a set of distributed agents compute an estimate of the partial derivative of a system-wide objective with respect to the parameters under their control and use it in a gradient-based policy search procedure. We illustrate the algorithm with an application to energy-efficient coverage in energy harvesting sensor networks. The resulting algorithm can be implemented using only local information available to the sensors, and is therefore fully scalable. Our numerical results are encouraging and allow us to conjecture the usefulness of our approach.
Forward masking by maskers of uncertain frequency content.

Large amounts of simultaneous masking can be produced when the frequency content of multicomponent maskers is changed with each presentation. This study examined whether such masker uncertainty also influences forward masking. The forward maskers were a 1000-Hz sinusoid, a broadband noise, and tonal complexes composed of 2–100 sinusoids drawn at random from a 300 to 3000-Hz range. A 10-ms signal at 1000 Hz followed the offset of 200-ms, 60 to 80-dB maskers with delays of 4–32 ms. For comparison, simultaneous-masked thresholds were measured for a 200-ms signal at 1000 Hz for a subset of conditions or taken from an earlier study. Unlike simultaneous masking, forward masking showed little effect of masker uncertainty. As confirmed by fitting a three-parameter descriptive model of forward masking, the pattern of results was similar for the sinusoidal, noise, and multicomponent forward maskers and there was no reduction in masking with decreased masker uncertainty. Performance in simultaneous masking improved to equal that in forward masking when the signal was shortened from 200 to 10 ms. Thus temporal disparities between masker and signal can offset the effects of spectral uncertainty and help separate the relative contribution of peripheral versus more central processes.
Optimal late potential criteria for reducing false positive signal-averaged electrocardiograms.

The purposes of this study were to determine for signal-averaged electrocardiograms in normal subjects: (1) the incidence of false positives for various filter frequencies and late potential criteria and (2) reproducibility over time. In 46 normal volunteers, the QRS vector magnitude was bidirectionally high-pass filtered at 25, 40, and 100 Hz. As high-pass filter frequency increased, QRS duration decreased from 98 ± 9 to 92 ± 9 msec (p < 0.0001), terminal QRS root mean square voltage decreased from 60 ± 41 to 14 ± 9 μV (p < 0.0001), and terminal QRS low amplitude signal duration increased from 27 ± 7 to 41 ± 14 msec (p < 0.0001). For individual parameters, the incidence of false positive tests ranged from 2% to 41%, whereas there were no false positive tests for the combination of abnormal QRS duration plus either root mean square voltage or low amplitude signal duration. Measurements were repeated after 6.4 ± 0.3 months in 26 subjects and were highly reproducible at all filter settings. The potentially high incidence of false positive tests with some criteria has important implications for the use of signal-averaged electrocardiography as a screening test in patient populations with various arrhythmia risks.
Seasonal incidence of the cabbage seedpod weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on rapeseed in West Tennessee

Populations of the cabbage seedpod weevil, Ceutorhynchus assimilis (Paykull), were sampled in Fayette, Haywood, Henry, and Lake counties in seven and eight commercial rapeseed, Brassica napus spp. oleifera L., field sites in 1990 and 1991, respectively. The cabbage seedpod weevil was the most abundant (98.8%) of the eight curculionid species collected. Adult C. assimilis populations were monitored weekly from 7 April to 4 June 1990 and from 10 April to 4 June 1991. During early season, overwintering C. assimilis adult populations peaked on 27 April 1990 and 11 April 1991, respectively. Late in the season, adult C. assimilis (probable F1) populations peaked again on 4 June 1990 and 22 May 1991, respectively. Cabbage seedpod weevil populations were relatively low at sites in 1990; however, the total weevil population in Henry County was 79 times higher than that in Lake County in 1991. In the absence of commercial rapeseed fields, weevil densities in 1993 were 229 times greater on turnip, B. rapa L., in Henry County than in Lake County. A hypothesis for the higher weevil populations is that Henry County has more available alternate hosts and overwintering sites. Because rapeseed is new and C. assimilis is well adapted to this host, weevil infestations will likely increase and severely damage rapeseed stands as plantings increase in West Tennessee.
Preparation of Li2S–GeSe2–P2S5 electrolytes by a single step ball milling for all-solid-state lithium secondary batteries

Abstract Glass–ceramic and glass Li2S–GeSe2–P2S5 electrolytes were prepared by a single step ball milling (SSBM) process. Various compositions of Li4−xGe1−xPxS2(1+x)Se2(1−x) with/without heat treatment (HT) from x = 0.55 to x = 1.00 were systematically investigated. Structural analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed gradual increase of the lattice constant followed by significant phase change with increasing GeSe2. HT also affected the crystallinity. Incorporation of GeSe2 in Li2S–P2S5 kept high conductivity with a maximum value of 1.4 × 10−3 S cm−1 at room temperature for x = 0.95 in Li4−xGe1−xPxS2(1+x)Se2(1−x) without HT. All-solid-state LiCoO2/Li cells using Li2S–GeSe2–P2S5 as solid-state electrolytes (SE) were tested by constant-current constant-voltage (CCCV) charge–discharge cycling at a current density of 50 μA cm−2 between 2.5 and 4.3 V (vs. Li/Li+). In spite of the extremely high conductivity of the SE, LiCoO2/Li cells showed a large irreversible reaction especially during the first charging cycle. LiCoO2 with SEs heat-treated at elevated temperature exhibited a capacity over 100 mAh g−1 at the second cycle and consistently improved cycle retention, which is believed to be due to the better interfacial stability.
High Speed Nanopositioner with Magneto Resistance-Based Position Sensing

Abstract High bandwidth, high resolution nanopositioning is a key enabling technology for nanoscale metrology and manipulation. A scanner design with good dynamical behavior is essential for high speed nanopositioning. Through a combination of high stiffness/rigidity of the flexures, a low carried mass, and direct mechanical connections, an X-Y scanner is designed which has excellent dynamical behavior with the first resonant frequencies beyond 4 kHz in both scan axes. For closed loop operation of such fast scanners, there is a need for high bandwidth, low noise sensing schemes. A sensing concept based on the property of magneto-resistance (MR) shows great potential towards enabling low-noise position sensing over a very wide bandwidth. This paper details experimental studies in achieving high bandwidth nanopositioning through a combination of scanner design with superior dynamical behavior, novel low noise, high-bandwidth MR-based position sensing, and modern control techniques.
Clustering of high throughput gene expression data

High throughput biological data need to be processed, analyzed, and interpreted to address problems in life sciences. Bioinformatics, computational biology, and systems biology deal with biological problems using computational methods. Clustering is one of the methods used to gain insight into biological processes, particularly at the genomics level. Clearly, clustering can be used in many areas of biological data analysis. However, this paper presents a review of the current clustering algorithms designed especially for analyzing gene expression data. It is also intended to introduce one of the main problems in bioinformatics - clustering gene expression data - to the operations research community.
Creating revenue via Organisational ‘Brandpression’ Management (OBpM): a marriage of brand management and impression management in professional sport

Characterised as activities organisations take to positively influence the image the public has of them, Organisational Impression Management (OIM) is essentially analogous to brand management. To date, however, there is a dearth of literature that links OIM and brand management. Taking this into account, this paper dovetails OIM and brand management literature, detailing a process we refer to as Organisational ‘Brandpression’ Management (OBpM). Focusing on professional sport, we illustrate how professional sport organisations can proactively employ OBpM, thereby contributing to its ability to maintain support from its current consumer base while also creating positive first impressions and attracting those yet to ‘buy in’ to the organisation's brand. This, we argue, permits the organisation to leverage their brand as a revenue generator in the marketplace. We identify key areas that professional sport organisations should focus on in order to accomplish this: legitimacy, distinction, consistency, trustworthiness, reputation, affiliation, and employee satisfaction. We conclude with a discussion of future research directions.
Women's Self-Reported Condom Use: Intra and Interpersonal Factors

In the past several years, the greatest proportionate increase in AIDS diagnoses has occurred among women. Yet, while the risk of HIV infection increases, female college students continue to report inconsistent HIV prevention behaviors. Past research on condom use among college women has focused on intrapersonal aspects of the behavior, and little is known about the influence of interpersonal factors on women's condom use. In this study we examined the relative salience of both intra and interpersonal factors on African American and white women's use of condoms. We found that interpersonal variables were particularly salient predictors of condom use. There were no ethnic differences in the effects of interpersonal variables; however, there were differences in the effects of self-efficacy on condom use.
Bone and fat as a function of body weight in adult mammals

Abstract Three independent data sets, for both bone and fat weight, in adult mammals, expressed as a function of body weight, were submitted to linear regression analysis of the log-log transformed data. For land mammals generally, weighing up to 6.6 metric tons, the slope of the best-fit regression line for skeletal weight is 1.073 ± 0.021. This regression line underestimates skeletal weight in the elephant by about 40%. For cetaceans, varying in body weight from about 0.1 to over 100 metric tons, the slope of the best-fit regression line for skeletal weight is 1.133 ± 0.044. Since the slopes for these two groups of mammals are not statistically different, and since cetaceans are normally shielded from gravity, due to buoyancy, it is suggested that the slope (1.073) in land mammals may not be an adaption to gravity. After pooling the data from the three data sets for fat, the resultant regression has a slope of 1.146 ± 0.026. It is argued, on theoretical grounds, that slopes greater than 1.2–1.3 will not be found for the log-log regression of any major tissue on body weight, taken over the whole mammalian weight range.
Doppler-broadening measurements of positronium thermalization in gases

The formation and subsequent thermalization of positronium (Ps) produced at a few eV in gases are investigated using time-resolved Doppler-broadening measurements of the annihilation photons. A static magnetic field quenches the Ps enabling Doppler energy measurements from 25 to 70 ns after the Ps is formed. Varying the gas density permits a significant range of the thermalization process to be observed. Seven different gases are studied, He, Ne, Ar, H{sub 2}, N{sub 2}, isobutane, and neopentane. A classical elastic scattering model fits all the gas data reasonably well. For each gas, an elastic scattering cross section and an average Ps formation energy are determined from the classical model fit. When comparisons can be made, these cross sections are often significantly smaller than most quantum-mechanical-theory predictions and most previous experimental results obtained using the angular correlation technique. Various systematic tests have been applied to the apparatus and the analysis, reinforcing the discrepancy with previous works.
A Finite-Time Thermodynamic Framework for Optimizing Solar-Thermal Power Plants

Fundamental differences between the optimization strategies for power cycles used in "traditional" and solar-thermal power plants are identified using principles of finite-time thermodynamics. Optimal operating efficiencies for the power cycles in traditional and solar-thermal power plants are derived. In solar-thermal power plants, the added capital cost of a collector field shifts the optimum power cycle operating point to a higher-cycle efficiency when compared to a traditional plant. A model and method for optimizing the thermoeconomic performance of solar-thermal power plants based on the finite-time analysis is presented. The method is demonstrated by optimizing an existing organic Rankine cycle design for use with solar-thermal input. The net investment ratio (capital cost to net power) is improved by 17%, indicating the presence of opportunities for further optimization in some current solar-thermal designs.
Self-retaining retraction techniques for vascular surgery: use of a mechanical robot arm

Self-retaining retraction techniques for the performance of major vascular operations are described. These techniques use standard instruments present in all operating rooms in addition to newer devices, such as mechanical arm retractors and fixed-frame retractors. They can provide exposure of the femoral and iliac arteries, all portions of the abdominal aorta and its branches, the lumbar sympathetic chain, the carotid, the axillary, and all lower extremity arteries. These techniques have been applied in 1051 operations and have provided superior exposure without the need for multiple surgical assistants.
A Hamilton--Jacobi Equation for the Continuum Limit of Nondominated Sorting

We show that nondominated sorting of a sequence $X_1,\dots,X_n$ of independent and identically distributed random variables in $\mathbb{R}^d$ has a continuum limit that corresponds to solving a Hamilton--Jacobi equation involving the probability density function $f$ of $X_i$. Nondominated sorting is a fundamental problem in multiobjective optimization and is equivalent to finding the canonical antichain partition and to problems involving the longest chain among Euclidean points. As an application of this result, we show that nondominated sorting is asymptotically stable under bounded random perturbations in $X_1,\dots,X_n$. We give a numerical scheme for computing the viscosity solution of this Hamilton--Jacobi equation and present some numerical simulations for various density functions.
TU‐C‐M100F‐05: Automated Classification of Substructures of White Matter Via Anisotropic Water Diffusion

Purpose:Diffusiontenorimaging (DTI) has been shown to be a valuable technology for in vivo assessment of white matter (WM) diseases, and has potential for monitoring the effect of radiation on WM structures. The aim of this work is to develop an automated method for classification of substructures of normal‐appearing and disease‐affected white matter (NA and DAWM) from diffusiontenorimages. Methods: The methodology is based upon the fuzzy c‐means clustering algorithm with nearest‐neighbor spatial constraint to enhance spatial continuity and overcome intensity inhomogeneity. To resolve substructures of WM and grey matter (GM), which are obscured by large diffusion coefficients and variations in cerebral‐spinal fluid (CSF), a two‐layer hierarchical tree of fuzzy classification was developed. In the first level of classification, tissue is segmented from CSF or a fluid‐like class. Then, tissue is further partitioned into subclasses based upon their characteristicanisotropic water diffusion. We tested which feature space could result in better classification, in which the DTI data were presented as diffusion‐weighted data, elements of the diffusiontenor, and eigen‐diffusivities. We applied the method to DTI data from patients with normal‐appearing WM, low grade glioma, meningioma, and benign brain tumors. Resolved structures of NAWM and GM were compared to a brain atlas. Results: Eigen‐diffusivities resulted in most robust classification of substructures than other forms of data. Resolved substructures included genu and splenium of corpus callosum, corticospinalfibers, subinsular WM, optical radiation WM, internal capsule, caudate nucleus, lenticular nucleus, and thalamus. Necrotic tumor and edema regions of WM were identified with either a fluid‐like or sub‐tissue class, depending upon the water content, and viable tissue.Conclusion: We have developed a robust method for classification of substructures of NA and DA WM and GM using DTI. The differentiated substructures could be useful for radiation treatment planning, and for monitoring radiation effect.
A study of carbon dioxide fixation in the hen oviduct.

Abstract 1. 1. An unknown radioactive material arises during the course of radioactive carbon dioxide fixation in the hen oviduct. 2. 2. This unknown material is very steam-volatile, becomes distributed in the alcohol region of a n-amyl alcohol-water counter-current distribution, and contains its radioactivity in a very labile form so that 14CO2 is liberated on heating. 3. 3. The material appears to be interconvertible with carboxyl-labeled acetic acid. 4. 4. Present evidence indicates that the material may be one or more acyl derivatives of a β-keto acid, possibly acetoacetic acid.
Logistics: The nuts and bolts of moving products

Donald F. Wood, Anthony P. Barone, Paul R. Murphy, and Daniel L. Wardlow. 2002. International Logistics (2nd ed.). New York: AMACOM Books. ISBN: 0814406661. Kent N. Gourdin. 2000. Global Logistics Management. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, ISBN: 1557868832.
Fast exact multiplication by the Hessian

Just storing the Hessian H (the matrix of second derivatives δ2E/δwiδ wj of the error E with respect to each pair of weights) of a large neural network is difficult. Since a common use of a large matrix like H is to compute its product with various vectors, we derive a technique that directly calculates Hv, where v is an arbitrary vector. To calculate Hv, we first define a differential operator Rv{f(w)} = (δ/δr)f(w + rv)|r=0, note that Rv{∇w} = Hv and Rv{w} = v, and then apply Rv{·} to the equations used to compute ∇w. The result is an exact and numerically stable procedure for computing Hv, which takes about as much computation, and is about as local, as a gradient evaluation. We then apply the technique to a one pass gradient calculation algorithm (backpropagation), a relaxation gradient calculation algorithm (recurrent backpropagation), and two stochastic gradient calculation algorithms (Boltzmann machines and weight perturbation). Finally, we show that this technique can be used at the heart of many iterative techniques for computing various properties of H, obviating any need to calculate the full Hessian.
Molecular Genetic Analysis of 675 Group A Streptococcus Isolates Collected in a Carrier Study at Lackland Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas

Contemporary molecular genetic analysis methods have not been used to study large samples of carriage isolates of group A Streptococcus. To determine the emm types causing asymptomatic carriage and pharyngitis in a closed population, we analyzed 675 isolates recovered from a population-based surveillance study of 10,634 recruits at Lackland Air Force Base, Texas, during 4 months in 1993-1994. Strains with emml and emm6 alleles accounted for only 22% of the isolates recovered from asymptomatic recruits at entrance to training. However, these 2 emm types caused 69% of the pharyngitis cases identified during training and represented 51% of the isolates recovered from the throat on exit from training. Sequence analysis of the hypervariable sic gene documented that distinct emm 1 subclones disseminated in specific training groups called flights. The preferential increase in the prevalence of emm 1 and emm6 isolates during the 6-week training period indicates an enhanced ability of these strains to disseminate and cause disease in this population.
Update on Instruments to Measure DSM-III and DSM-III-R Personality Disorders

In the last 2 years, researchers have revised personality instruments to encompass the DSM-III-R criteria for personality disorders. More recent, innovative instruments undergoing validity work include a self-report instrument that rederives DSM-III personality categories from dimensional measures, a self-report designed to be used in conjunction with a diagnostic interview, an interview designed to be given by trained lay people, and a family history measure of the DSM-III personality disorder clusters. The modifications of older instruments and those instruments more recently developed are described. Clearly instruments require additional validity testing and better test-retest reliability. Discrepancies between different measurement instruments also need to be addressed.
Effect of dose on increased etonitazene self-administration by rats due to food deprivation

Rats were trained to self-administer IV-delivered etonitazene while food satiated. A wide range of etonitazene doses (5–80 μg/kg) and saline were tested under food satiation and food deprivation conditions. Food deprivation produced a parallel increase in the dose-response function under FR 1 and FR 16 schedule conditions.
Genotypic influences on lead-induced hyperactivity in mice

Male mice, genetically selected for differences in brain weight or from a heterogeneous (HET) stock, were used to explore potential interactions between genotype and exposure to lead as manifested in activity. At the time of birth dams and their pups were given either water or a 0.5% lead acetate solution as the sole source of fluid. Fluid conditions remained constant throughout the experiment. The effects of chronic lead on activity in young adult mice depended on the genotype of the individual. Specifically, in an open field, HET mice exposed to lead tended to be more active than their control counterparts. Low-and high-brain weight lead-exposed mice at times were hypoactive but this effect depended on the specific nature of the measure.
Internal, Shellside Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Characteristics for a Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger

Mesure des coefficients de transfert de chaleur par tubes et des pertes de charge par compartiment et entre compartiment sur le cote calandre d'un echangeur de chaleur a faisceau et calandre. Etude de l'influence sur des caracteristiques de la dimension des fenetres de chicanes et du nombre de Reynolds
Public health and business: a partnership that makes cents.

Historically, public health agencies have had relatively few formal partnerships with private business. However, both groups share an interest in ensuring a healthy population. Businesses have a fi...
Urban/industrial pollution for the New York City–Washington, D. C., corridor, 1996–1998: 1. Providing independent verification of CO and PCE emissions inventories

Atmospheric mixing ratios of carbon monoxide (CO) and perchloroethylene (PCE, C 2 Cl 4 ) were measured above the canopy at Harvard forest, MA every half-hour for 3 years starting in January 1996. Pollution enhancements are strongly correlated with winds from the southwest, the direction of the New York City-Washington, D. C., corridor, as compared to background levels observed during northwest winds traveling from Canada. We establish the ratio of CO to PCE pollution enhancements by wind direction, by season, and by year and use these results to test the quality of county-level and national source emission inventories for these two gases. The EPA carbon monoxide emission county-level inventories and the McCulloch and Midgley sales-based national-level PCE release estimates are found to be in accord with our independent observations of urban/industrial releases. For the New York City-Washington, D. C., corridor the inventory-based CO I l PCE I emissions ratio of 584 (kg/kg) for 1996 falls well within the range of observationally-based ACO/APCE pollution plume ratios of 388 to 706 (kg/kg) and is only 11% higher than the observed mean of 521 ± 90 (kg/kg). On the basis of this agreement, PCE emission estimates for 1997 and 1998 are derived from the CO inventory emissions values and the observed ΔCO/ΔPCE ratios in pollution plumes for those years; despite the call for voluntary cutbacks, urban/industrial emissions of PCE appear to be on the rise.
Language and cognition in two children with Williams syndrome.

In this study, aspects of language, single-gesture retrieval, combinatorial play, and visual-spatial cognition are reported in two children with Williams syndrome who were in the single-word stage ...