cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring Self-Reported Cancer-Related Cognitive Impairment: Recommendations from the Cancer Neuroscience Initiative Working Group

Cancer and its treatments are associated with increased risk for cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI). Methods and measures used to study and assess self-reported CRCI (sr-CRCI), however, remain diverse, resulting in heterogeneity across studies. The Patient-Reported Outcomes Working Group has been formed to promote homogeneity in the methods used to study sr-CRCI. In this report, using a psychometric taxonomy, we inventory and appraise instruments used in research to measure sr-CRCI, and we consider advances in patient-reported outcome methodology. Given its psychometric properties, we recommend the Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System Cognitive Function Short Form 8a for measurement of sr-CRCI in cancer patients and survivors, at a minimum, in order to increase scientific rigor and progress in addressing CRCI.
Modeling ignition and combustion in spark-ignition engines using a level set method

An improved discrete particle ignition kernel (DPIK) model and the G-equation combustion model have been developed and implemented in KIVA-3V. In the ignition model, the spark ignition kernel growth is tracked by Lagrangian markers and the spark discharge energy and flow turbulence effects on the ignition kernel growth are considered. The predicted ignition kernel size was compared with the available measurements and good agreement was obtained. Once the ignition kernel grows to a size where the turbulent flame is fully developed, the level set method (G-equation) is used to track the mean turbulent flame propagation. It is shown that, by ignoring the detailed turbulent flame brush structure, fine numerical resolution is not needed, thus making the models suitable for use in multidimensional modeling of SI engine combustion. To test the ignition and combustion models, they were applied to a homogeneous charge pancake geometry-combustion-chamber engine for which experimental heat flux data from probes in the engine head and cylinder liner was available. By comparing the flame arrival timings with the simulations, the ignition and combustion models were validated. In addition, the models were also applied to a homogenous charge Caterpillar converted propane-fueled engine. Good agreement with experimental cylinder pressures and NOx data was obtained as a function of ignition timing, engine speed and EGR levels.
Internal Membrane Control in Azotobacter vinelandii

Azotobacter vinelandii was grown on N 2 , NH 4 + , or NO 3 − , and an internal membrane network was observed by electron microscopy of thin sections of cells. Cells obtained in early exponential growth contained less internal membrane than did cells from cultures in late exponential growth. It seems likely that O 2 has a role in regulating the amount of internal membrane structure. Images
Therapists' Approaches to the Normative Challenges of Dual-Earner Couples

Abstract The majority of American couples with minor children are dual-earners, and research indicates that, in general, the members of these families are thriving. Yet, outdated societal ideologies and practices place stressors on these families. Dual-earner couples, particularly working mothers, may experience guilt and/or concern about their family arrangement. Additionally, these couples may experience tensions in renegotiating gender expectations. A national, random sample of clinical members of AAMFT was surveyed to find out how family therapists are responding to the normative challenges of dual-earner couples in therapy. Results suggest that many therapists are unaware of the related empirical literature regarding the benefits and challenges of dual-earner families. Further, many therapists remain unaware of how the societal context often promotes guilt and inequity among today's couples. Implications for family therapists are discussed, including the need for therapists to become more familiar wi...
On-chip input and ground ringing suppression in high-frequency buck converters

Conventional techniques for on-chip input and ground ringing suppression in high-frequency buck converters include slowing-down the gate-drive signals of the power switches, employing a RC snubber circuit, or introducing on-chip decoupling capacitors to ensure the resonance frequency of the impedance network at the input is much lower than switching frequency of the converter. The first two techniques significantly degrade efficiency, while the third consumes large silicon area. This paper proposes employing an on-chip decoupling capacitor that moves the resonance frequency of the impedance network at the input to between the switching frequency of the converter and its first harmonic, thereby achieving ringing suppression without degrading efficiency and with a much smaller on-chip capacitor than conventional methods. A 40-MHz buck converter design in 0.18-µm CMOS technology is used to test the proposed technique. The converter operates from 1.8-V input and produces an output ranging from 0.6–1.2 V with maximum load current of 1 A. The peak efficiency is 91.1%, and the input and ground ringing overshoot is suppressed to less than 0.3 V, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed technique.
Originalism and Summary Judgement

Over the last several years, the Supreme Court has revolutionized modern criminal procedure by invoking the Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial to strike down several sentencing innovations. This revolution has been led by members of the Supreme Court who follow an “originalist” method of constitutional interpretation. Recent work by the legal historian Suja Thomas has raised the question whether a similar “originalist” revolution may be on the horizon in civil cases governed by the Seventh Amendment’s right to a jury trial. In particular, Professor Thomas has argued that the summary judgment device is unconstitutional because it permits judges to resolve a set of cases - those where the sufficiency of a party’s evidence is in dispute - that could only be resolved by juries at the time the Seventh Amendment was ratified. In this Article, I argue that Professor Thomas’s historical findings are an insufficient basis from which an originalist might conclude that summary judgment is unconstitutional. Professor Thomas's analysis more or less rests on a comparison of jury practices in 1791 with jury practices today. But outside a context where one is trying to establish that a practice that existed at the time of the founding is still constitutional today, originalism cannot rest on a mere comparison of founding-era practices to modern practices. Not everything that juries did in 1791 was understood to be unchangeable absent a constitutional amendment. In order to separate the things that juries did that were important to the Seventh Amendment from the things that they did that were not, one must assemble a frame of reference external to the jury practices themselves. This external frame of reference might be assembled from many places - a comparison of founding-era lexicons to the constitutional text, an examination of founding-era statements on the question, an assessment of the original purposes of the Seventh Amendment, etc. - but it has to be assembled from somewhere. Professor Thomas has not yet focused her energies here. As such, more work needs to be done before an originalist can conclude summary judgment is unconstitutional.
Quality of life of Latina and Euro-American women with ductal carcinoma in situ

Background Risk factors for psychosocial distress following a breast cancer diagnosis include younger age, history of depression, inadequate social support, and serious comorbid conditions. Although these quality of life (QOL) concerns have been studied in women with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), Latina women have been understudied. Methods Data were from a cross-sectional telephone survey of Latina and Euro-American women with DCIS recruited through a population-based cancer registry. The sample included 396 Euro-American women and 349 Latina women; 156 were interviewed in English and 193 in Spanish, with a median of 2 years after diagnosis. Regression models were created for measures in each of the following four QOL domains: physical, psychological, social, and spiritual. Results Younger age, no partner, and lower income were related to lower QOL in various domains. Physical comorbidities were associated with lower physical, psychological, and social QOL; lingering effects of surgery and prior depression were associated with lower QOL in all domains. English-speaking and Spanish-speaking Latinas (SSLs) reported higher spiritual QOL, and SSLs reported lower social QOL than Euro-American women. Conclusions Despite having lower mortality, women with DCIS are treated with surgery and radiation therapy as if they have invasive cancer, and the aftereffects of treatment can impact their QOL. SSLs are at risk for lower QOL partly because of poverty. However, Latinas' greater spiritual QOL may mitigate some of the psychological and social effects of treatment. Implications It is important to incorporate these findings into treatment decision making (choice of surgical treatment) and survivorship care (monitoring women with a history of depression or physical comorbidity). Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hypoxic preconditioning induces changes in HIF-1 target genes in neonatal rat brain.

Hypoxic preconditioning induces tolerance to hypoxic-ischemic injury in neonatal rat brain and is associated with changes in gene expression. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is a transcription f...
Determining a cutoff for fetal lung maturity with lamellar body count testing

Objective. A lamellar body count (LBC) ≥50,000/μl is suggested to document fetal lung maturity (FLM). We sought to determine the LBC threshold for FLM with the Cell-dyn 4000 hematology analyser.Methods. We queried our database for patients who underwent LBC testing from 2001 to 2007. Included were deliveries between 35 and 38 weeks gestation with testing ≤7 days from delivery. We excluded twins, anomalies and cases of ruptured membranes. Data were analysed for sensitivity and specificity of predicting respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and plotted on a receiver operating characteristic curve.Results. There were 209 patients meeting study criteria. Of these, 120 had diabetes. Five neonates experienced RDS, all born to non-diabetic mothers with LBC values ≤72,000/μl. At this value the sensitivity is 100%, false positive rate 18% and the p value is 0.0146.Conclusion. Our results question the 50,000/μl threshold and demonstrate the need for hematology analyser specific thresholds.
Estrogen modulation of avian osteoclast lysosomal gene expression

We have previously demonstrated that avian osteoclasts contain high levels of 17 beta-estradiol (17 beta E2) receptors and respond to 17 beta E2 treatment with a dose-dependent decrease in in vitro resorption of [3H] proline-labeled bone particles. To more accurately assess the influence of 17 beta E2 on osteoclastic activity, the specificity of estrogen modulation of resorption levels was determined using a quantitative pit resorption assay. Treatment with 17 beta E2 significantly decreased the number of osteoclast resorption pits formed compared with that after either vehicle or 17 alpha E2 treatment. Cotreatment with 17 beta E2 and hydroxytamoxifen (a complete 17 beta E2 antagonist in birds) abrogated the influence of 17 beta E2 on resorption activity. To elucidate the mechanism by which 17 beta E2 inhibits osteoclast activity, the effects of 17 beta E2 on the steady state mRNA levels of two avian osteoclast lysosomal proteins, lysozyme and a lysosomal membrane protein (LEP-100), were examined. Using h...
Violaceous Necrotic Plaques on the Leg of an Immunosuppressed Patient

A61-year-oldmanwithacute lymphocytic leukemiawas seenwith plaquesonhis right legatday148afterallogeneicbonemarrowtransplantation. Three weeks earlier, he had fallen outdoors on his right knee, landing in apile of leaves. Thepatient reported increasederythemaof thekneeandnew lesionsappearingdistallydownthe right leg.Hisposttransplantationcoursehadbeencomplicatedby thedevelopment of chronic graft-vs-host disease, Aspergillus pneumonia, and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, for which his home medication regimen includedmethylprednisoloneacetate, voriconazole, and daptomycin, respectively. Physical examination revealed a marker-outlined, welldemarcated 8 × 4-cm violaceous hyperkeratotic plaque with a central 2-cm round area of dark necrotic crusted ulceration overlying the right knee (Figure, A). Distal to this were 3 welldemarcated plaques with similar morphologic findings. The lesions had not progressed beyond marked outlines from the previous day. Punch biopsy of the knee was performed, and tissue was sent for pathological analysis (Figure, B and C) and culture. What is your diagnosis?
Clonidine and the anti-parkinsonian response to l-dopa or piribedil

Abstract The ability of orally administered clonidine, an alpha noradrenergic agonist, to modify the therapeutic efficacy of l -DOPA or piribedil was studied in Parkinsonian patients. At doses which produced unequivocal cardiovascular changes, clonidine significantly diminished the anti-Parkinsonian potency of either drug. Anticholinergic agents markedly reduced this effect of clonidine. The results suggest that clonidine possesses cholinergic as well as noradrenergic activity and cast doubt on the accuracy of the l -DOPA potentiation test in rodents as a predictor of therapeutic efficacy in patients with Parkinson's disease.
Immigration and earnings inequality in America’s new small-town destinations

Abstract Research on the relationship between immigrant population concentration and earnings inequality is divided between two perspectives. Supply-side arguments maintain that areas attracting large numbers of immigrants experience minimal wage growth at the bottom of the earnings distribution, which increases local levels of earnings inequality. Demand-side arguments contend that industrial restructuring reduces the pay of manual labor regardless of, and even prior to, the arrival of foreign-born workers. Adjudicating between these two perspectives is hindered by issues of potential endogeneity, which confound attempts to independently assess the effects of immigration on inequality or vice versa using OLS regression. We consider a third perspective called the reciprocal effects hypothesis which contends that immigrant concentration and earnings inequality emerge together through a mutually reinforcing feedback process. We explore this question in America’s “new small-town destinations” using data from U.S. micropolitan statistical areas. We use three-stage least squares estimation to address the endogeneity problem and to test these three hypotheses. While we find support for both the supply- and demand-side perspectives, the results are best explained by the reciprocal effects hypothesis.
Personal Names as a Psychological Variable

This article reviewed the empirically based research on given names in several areas. The preferences for personal names were discussed in terms of variables such as the frequency of occurrence of the name and characteristics of the preferee such as sex, age, race, and religion. Liking of one's own names was related to some variables, including self-esteem. Unusual names apparently do have some effect, often a negative one. Personal names tend to have certain stereotypes associated with age, intelligence, attractiveness, and other dimensions. These stereotypes may in turn yield positive or negative consequences; however, their influence may be limited by other variables. The research on self-presentation by means of personal names and titles was also discussed. Additional topics covered included the effects of nicknames, sexually ambiguous or misleading names, being named for another person, and alphabetical position of surname.
Atraumatic Restorative Treatment for Prevention and Treatment of Caries in an Underserved Community

We evaluated the acceptability and effectiveness of atraumatic restorative treatment to prevent and treat caries in an underserved community in Mexico. We placed 370 restorations and 193 sealants in 118 children aged 5 to 18; 85% reported no pain, and 93% were comfortable with their restorations. We then evaluated the children 1 and 2 years later. At 2-year evaluation, 66% of restorations and 35% of sealants were retained. Atraumatic restorative treatment is acceptable and effective to control and prevent decay in a socioeconomically deprived community.
Simultaneous measurement of body center of pressure and center of gravity during upright stance. Part I: Methods

Abstract Clinical and experimental assessments of balance use measures of center of pressure (COP) excursion to quantify postural stability during standing. This assumes that the greater the COP excursions, the greater the imbalance. However, it is the position of the body center of gravity (COG), specifically in relation to the base of support, that determines static stability during upright standing. The reason the COG is frequently ignored is that it cannot be measured directly, whereas the COP is readily obtained from a force platform. We report here on a method for simultaneous measurement of the COP and COG displacements. To compute the COG displacements, an optoelectric imaging system operating in synchrony with a force platform was used to measure the three-dimensional positions of the body joints and body segment endpoints. The COG displacements were then computed from the segment kinematics using subject-specific anthropometric measurements. In Part II of this paper, we compare summary measures of the COP and COG excursions obtained from six subjects during three different upright stances.
The Impact Of Technological Change On Employment: Evidence From A Firm-Level Survey Of Long Island Manufacturers

Recent studies of capital-skill complementarity suffer from several important empirical limitations and a theoretical framework that treats technological change as exogenous. This paper addresses some of these limitations using a new, detailed firm-level dataset on technology usage and labor composition. Based on two-stage estimation procedures, our results imply that technological change leads to a shift in labor composition and compensation in favor of white-collar workers.
64 INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY BLOOD FLOW VELOCITIES BEFORE, DURING AND AFTER EXTRACORPOREAL MEMBRANAE OXYGENATION (ECMO)

In 24 infants (mean birth weight 3.3 +/-.09 kg) requiring ECMO, blood flow velocities in the internal carotid arteries were studied using pulsed doppler ultrasound. Systolic, mean and diastolic flow velocities were calculated in cm/s. Four infants had right common carotid repair. Fifteen healthy term babies (mean birth weight 3.4 +/-.11 kg) were used as controls. During ECMO. mean and diastolic flow velocities in the left internal carotid artery increased significantly (p<.05) (mean flow velocity 70%, diastolic flow velocity 123%). After ECMO,- systolic and mean flow velocities in the left internal carotid artery remained significantly elevated when compaired to control (p<.05). During ECMO, 48% of the infants had forward flow in the right internal carotid artery. No differences were found between the blood flow velocities in the left and the forward blood flow velocities in the right internal carotid artery during ECMO. The blood flow velocities in the left and in the right internal carotid artery appear similar in the 4 patients with right common carotid repair. Our results suggest a nigh prevalence of large collaterals between right and left internal carotid artery. The increase in left diastolic flow velocity may be due to ECMO pump action or decreased resistance. Carotid repair appears effective in restoring normal blood flow velocities.
Decreased susceptibility of liver mitochondria from diabetic rats to oxidative damage and associated increase in α-tocopherol

Abstract The susceptibility of mitochondria from liver and kidney of diabetic and normal rats to in vitro oxidative damage was assessed. Mitochondria were isolated from diabetic rats 4 weeks after streptozotocin injection and from age-matched, normal rats. Liver mitochondria from diabetic rats were less susceptible to oxidative damage (induced by Fe 3+ /adenosine 5′-diphosphate (ADP) xanthine/xanthine oxidase), as assessed by the formation of thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS) and sulfhydryl loss, than were mitochondria from normal rats. The decreased susceptibility of liver mitochondria from diabetic rats to oxidative damage correlated with a sevenfold increase in mitochondrial α-tocopherol levels. Activities of the antioxidant enzymes, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase, were lower in liver mitochondria from diabetic compared to normal rats. Manipulation of dietary α-tocopherol, to counteract the increased intake of α-tocopherol due to diabetes-associated polyphagia, failed to lower liver mitochondrial α-tocopherol to the levels found in normal rats. Mitochondria from kidney of diabetic rats were equally as susceptible to in vitro oxidative damage as kidney mitochondrial from normal rats. They had increased levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase but identical levels of α-tocopherol compared to mitochondria from normal rats. Dietary manipulation of α-tocopherol had no effect on kidney mitochondrial levels of the nutrient.
Alcoholics anonymous and gay American men.

Self-help groups can be powerful tools for self-change. Thus, counselors and other professionals are wise to consider referrals to such groups when possible. In this article, the nature of self-help groups is explored in general, and Alcoholics Anonymous (A.A.) in particular. A.A. was chosen because it is the "grandparent" of all 12-Step groups, it has proven effective over time, and because of the pandemic incidence of alcoholism among homosexual American men. Therefore, professionals should be well aware of this invaluable resource for the treatment of alcoholism. This article explores the homosexual alcoholic man in relation to A.A., as well as how professionals may be supportive of the gay A.A. member. Finally, some suggestions are provided about how rural homosexual alcoholic men might be better treated.
Thermal Properties of Restructured Beef Products at Different Isothermal Temperatures

Thermal properties and components of restructured beef products formulated with five binders (0.5-5.0%) were determined after heating to 35, 45, 55, or 65°C. Binders were: isolated soy protein, sodium caseinate, waxy modified corn starch, carrageenan, and oat flour. Water losses were greater when no binders were used until 65°C was attained. Density was influenced by both temperature and binder; specific heat was influenced by temperature; and thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity were influenced by binder. All thermal properties correlated with water and/or protein contents of restructured beef products.
Trends in age for hepatoportoenterostomy in the United States

Background Biliary atresia is a rare but devastating disease for which hepatoportoenterostomy remains the primary intervention. Increased age at the time of hepatoportoenterostomy is associated with unfavorable outcomes. In this study, we examined trends in age at the time of hepatoportoenterostomy and explored hospital and patient factors associated with more timely diagnosis and treatment. Methods Median ages of patients undergoing hepatoportoenterostomy for biliary atresia were compared using the Kids' Inpatients Database from 1997, 2000, 2003, and 2006. The patient and hospital factors associated with later treatment were compared. Results Of 192 patients, 13.5% had surgery in 1997, 13.5% in 2000, 36.5% in 2003, and 36.5% in 2006. The overall median age was 65.5 days; the median age was 64 days in 1997, 57.5 days in 2000, 69 days in 2003, and 64 days in 2006 ( P = .80). Overall, 71% of patients were treated at nonchildren's hospitals, and although the proportion has increased over time, the trend did not reach significance ( P = .12). Hispanic and African American patients were more likely to undergo hepatoportoenterostomy after 60 days of life compared with white patients (Hispanic patients: odds ratio, 3.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.1–12.5; P = .04; African American patients: odds ratio, 2.2; 95% confidence interval, 0.8–6.3; P = .14). Compared with specialized children's centers, treatment at nonchildren's hospitals was associated with delayed hepatoportoenterostomy (odds ratio, 3.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.2–9.8; P = .02). Conclusion Although early hepatoportoenterostomy is associated with improved outcomes for children with biliary atresia, our study shows the median age at surgery has not significantly changed over 2 decades. Both hospital and socioeconomic factors play a role in the early treatment of biliary atresia.
Remembering the Past and Preparing for an Intergenerational Future

In this final statement as Editor in Chief of the Journal of Intergenerational Relationships (JIR), I present to our readers and board members my thoughts about the links between the intergeneratio...
Demonstration of parallel polychromatic sampling based analog-to-digital conversion at 8 GS/s

A scalable photonic sampled analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) is presented utilizing four-wave mixing processes to multicast and sample a signal. By expanding the architecture to multiple parallel gates, the effective sampling rate is increased.
Bacterial flora of hemolymph from red swamp crawfish, Procambarus clarkii (Girard), from commercial ponds

Abstract Bacteria were present in the hemolymph of 41% (664 of 1560) of crawfish sampled from commercial crawfish ponds. Bacterial genera isolated included Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Corynebacterium, Flavobacterium, Pseudomonas , and Vibrio . Bacterial incidence correlated positively with chlorophyll a and bottom water temperature. Statistical analysis of the data indicated a highly significant correlation between bacterial incidence and temperature ( P ≥ 0.01), with bacterial incidence increasing significantly when temperatures exceeded 24°C and with bacterial numbers within individual crawfish increasing significantly when temperatures exceeded 28°C.
Vapor recognition with an integrated array of polymer-coated flexural plate wave sensors

Abstract Preliminary testing of a prototype instrument employing an integrated array of six polymer-coated flexural plate wave (FPW) sensors and an adsorbent preconcentrator is described. Responses to thermally desorbed samples of individual organic solvent vapors and binary and ternary vapor mixtures are linear with concentration, and mixture responses are equivalent to the sums of the responses of the component vapors, which co-elute from the preconcentrator in most cases. Limits of detection as low as 0.3 ppm are achieved from a 60-s (34 cm 3 ) air sample and peak widths at half-maximum range from 1 to 4 s. Tests at different flow rates suggest that the kinetics of vapor sorption in the sensor coating films may limit responses at higher flow rates, however, low data acquisition rates may also be contributory. Assessments of array performance using independent test data and Monte Carlo simulations with pattern recognition indicate that individual vapors and certain binary and ternary mixtures can be recognized/discriminated with very low error. More complex mixtures, and those containing homologous vapors, are problematic. This is the first report demonstrating multi-vapor analysis with an integrated FPW sensor array.
Estimation of the effect of food on the disposition of oral 5-fluorouracil in combination with eniluracil

Aims: To determine the effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of 5-fluoruracil (5-FU) taken orally with eniluracil and to compare the performance of different pharmacokinetic analysis methods in the detection a potential food-drug interaction. Methods: In a randomized, open-label, two-way crossover study, 12 patients received eniluracil (50 mg, orally) on days 1 and 2 and 5-FU (20 mg/m2, orally) on day 2 following either a 2-h fast or 20 min after a standard meal. Treatments were separated by 7 days. Timed blood samples were collected during the first two treatment periods and 5-FU concentrations determined by GC/MS. Data were analyzed and pharmacokinetic parameter estimates were obtained using a noncompartmental, two-stage and population analysis methods. Results: In fasted individuals, the clearance/bioavailability of 5-FU was estimated to be 5.6 l/h. The mean absorption lag-time was 0.24 h and was followed by rapid absorption of 5-FU. Administration of 5-FU and eniluracil with food resulted in a decrease in the 5-FU absorption rate constant by 90%. As a result, the peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of 5-FU was decreased by 21% and the time to Cmax was increased 2.9-fold. Clearance of 5-FU, relative bioavailability, and area under the plasma concentration vs time curve (AUC) remained unchanged with coadministration of food. Similar results were obtained using all three data analysis methods. Conclusions: Administration of food with oral 5-FU and eniluracil slowed absorption of 5-FU and decreased 5-FU Cmax, but did not effect AUC. Further investigation of the incorporation of population pharmacokinetic approaches in food effect studies is warranted.
Financial planning for savings and loan institutions—A new challenge

The savings and loan (S&L) industry has survived the fast wave of adverse conditions that confronted all fmancial institutions in the 1980s. S&L managers are now faced with the task of how to function best under the continuing deregulation of their industry. This paper presents a dynamic b&objective linear programming model intended to aid managers in making appropriate balance sheet decisions. The recent major changes in the network of regulations that affect S&L operations are incorporated into the model and discussed. Various uses of this approach are also suggested.
Photo-inhibition of cell division and growth in euglenoid flagellates.

Visible light of moderate intensity causes two and perhaps three types of division inhibition in Euglena gracilis are related cells. Fluorescent light causes a general inhibition of growth and division which is temperature-dependent. Pigmentation or complex organic media partially lifts this inhibition. A second type of inhibition, which is transient, can be caused by either fluorescent or incandescent light, and is found with an irreversibly bleached strain of Euglena grown on a limiting concentration of acetate; this inhibition could not be demonstrated in cells grown on limiting concentrations of glucose.
Persistent thyroid carcinoma.

Data regarding 17 cases of thyroid carcinoma persistent for ten to twenty-six years are reported. The ages of the patients at the time of the initial treatment varied from 8 to 56 years, and the tumors included all types of thyroid cancer. Only 1 tumor became histologically more anaplastic with persistence; all others were histologically similar at both the original and final examinations. Radical neck dissection as an initial therapeutic procedure was performed on only 3 patients. Although recurrences were limited to the neck in most instances, tumors of each histologic type showed a capacity for more distant metastases. Five of the 17 patients died as a result of persistent thyroid carcinoma.
The Introduction of Cattle into Colonial North America

Summary The data contained in the literature reviewed, points to the fact that cattle were imported directly to Virginia, Massachusetts, New York, New Hampshire, Delaware, and possibly southern New Jersey, from the colonizing European countries. Many cattle, however, were brought into the southwest, the Gulf area, Florida and the southeast from the Spanish possessions in the West Indies and from Mexico. It also appears that many cattle containing at least some Spanish inheritance were shipped into Virginia, Delaware, New Jersey, and Massachusetts. The initial mass importations of cattle from Europe into the North American colonies ceased about 1640. From that date to the American Revolution the cattle needs of the colonies were taken care of through intercolonial trade, or through trade with the Spanish colonies in the Western Hemisphere. A few cattle from the French Colonies in the St. Lawrence River Valley found their way into the "Old Northwest". The cattle improvement era did not start in England until many years after the initial period of importations into America had closed, and in America there was no basic work in cattle improvement during that period. American breeders waited for the English and European stockmen to supply the superior breeding stock which was so necessary in grading up the common cattle that by 1800 had increased to several million head. From 1640 to 1800 there was only an occasional animal imported and the only real possibility for general improvement of the milch cows lay in selection from within the existing cattle population. From 1800 to 1860 there were few attempts to protect the "purity" of the improved cattle which were being imported from time to time. The efforts made in the past 80 years to improve cattle in general, and particularly dairy cattle, have not been sufficient to eliminate all of the influence of the cattle that were bred in America for the first 250 years. To be convinced of this fact one needs only to travel through the southeastern part of the United States-the oldest cattle country in our nation.
Static and Dynamic Temperature Distribution of Heat Mats for Swine Farrowing Creep Heating

Laboratory and in-barn tests were conducted to study the thermal characteristics of electrical heat mats for creep heating in swine farrowing crates. An infrared imager was used to evaluate the surface temperature distribution and controllability of four commercial heat mats under constant environmental conditions. The effects of pig resting behavior on surface temperature distribution of the heat mat were elucidated by in-barn tests. Embedded temperature sensors facilitated the controllability of mat surface temperature. If either designed or operated improperly, electrical heat mats could contain hot spots (> 43°C or 109°F), which would greatly reduce the effective usable mat area for piglets. When piglets were lying on the mat with embedded temperature sensors, mat surface temperature rose in the occupied region and declined in the unoccupied region. The temperature difference between the two regions ranged from 7 to 12°C (13 to 22°F). Temperature feedback control maintained the mat temperature in a comfortable range for piglets. By comparison, a mat without temperature feedback control could become excessively hot (> 43°C or 109°F) for piglets.
Clinical follow-up after percutaneous aortic balloon valvuloplasty.

• Percutaneous aortic balloon valvuloplasty has been applied in a growing number of patients with severe symptomatic calcific aortic stenosis. Follow-up data from these patients have not been well characterized. In 88 patients (mean age, 80 ± 8 years) who underwent percutaneous aortic balloon valvuloplasty, the average initial aortic valve area was 0.48 ± 0.20 cm2, and it increased to 0.74 ± 0.26 cm2after dilation. The average duration of follow-up in survivors was 7.8 months. Actuarial survival at 6 and 12 months was 75% and 63%, respectively. Factors associated with subsequent death included more severe impairment from heart failure at baseline, smaller initial aortic valve area, smaller final aortic valve area, low baseline cardiac output, and low ejection fraction. Among the surviving patients, 50% had no cardiac symptoms, and 85% had improved symptoms from congestive heart failure. Percutaneous aortic balloon valvuloplasty is associated with continued increased mortality during follow-up, although symptomatic improvement in survivors is good. Percutaneous aortic balloon valvuloplasty can be considered a palliative approach for severely symptomatic patients at high risk for aortic valve operation or patients with a limited life span due to other medical problems, but it is not indicated in patients at acceptably low risk for aortic valve replacement. (Arch Intern Med. 1989;149:1405-1409)
THE ROLE OF PHOSPHOCREATINE AND ADENOSINE-TRIPHOSPHATE IN MUSCULAR CONTRACTION

In the presence of 20 mM PC a strong contraction is produced in glycerol-extracted muscle fibers by ATP and AMP in concentrations as low as 10(-6)M per liter. At low concentrations of nucleotide tension rises very slowly. This rise is interpreted as being due to absorption of nucleotide by the contractile elements. AMP gives an S-shaped tension curve, indicating that the conversion of AMP into ATP is an autocatalytic process. Tension is maintained in a contracted muscle even in PC solutions free of ATP. PC alone produces a contraction if applied within 5 minutes after ATP has been washed out from a contracting muscle. It is concluded from these results that PC is the substrate for the enzymatic activity of the contractile elements and that this activity depends on the presence of bound nucleotide which acts as an energy transfer mechanism. PC accelerates relaxation which is caused by ATP under certain conditions. In the presence of PC even very low concentrations of ATP can produce relaxation. A strong contraction can be produced under these conditions by the addition of Ca ions. These observations support the conclusion that relaxation depends on the rephosphorylation of nucleotide bound by the contractile elements.
A multivariable control scheme for robot manipulators

The article puts forward a simple scheme for multivariable control of robot manipulators to achieve trajectory tracking. The scheme is composed of an inner loop stabilizing controller and an outer loop tracking controller. The inner loop utilizes a multivariable PD controller to stabilize the robot by placing the poles of the linearized robot model at some desired locations. The outer loop employs a multivariable PID controller to achieve input-output decoupling and trajectory tracking. The gains of the PD and PID controllers are related directly to the linearized robot model by simple closed-form expressions. The controller gains are updated on-line to cope with variations in the robot model during gross motion and for payload change. Alternatively, the use of high gain controllers for gross motion and payload change is discussed. Computer simulation results are given for illustration.
Effect of thymine ribonucleoside on the metabolism of 125I-5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine

Abstract Thymine ribonucleoside affects the urinary excretion pattern and tissue distribution of 125I-labeled 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine (IUdR) and its metabolic derivatives in mice. In the absence of thymine ribonucleoside, 90–95 per cent of the radioactivity administered is excreted in the urine as iodide. A tenfold molar excess of thymine ribonucleoside, administered 30 min before the injection of 125I-IUdR does not alter the pattern of excretion but retards the amount of radioactivity excreted in the first 2 hr. A slight inhibition of the incorporation of IUdR into DNA also occurred at this level. On the other hand, a 100-fold excess of thymine ribonucleoside increased, during the first 2 hr, the urinary excretion of total radioactivity, which was composed mainly of 125I-iodouracil, as well as unchanged 125I-IUdR. The distribution of radioactivity among various tissues after the administration of a 100-fold excess of thymine ribonucleoside indicated a 2–5- to 3-fold greater uptake of radioactivity into the liver, heart, kidney, and muscle. The uptake was altered little or not at all in adrenals or in tissues that show a normal high rate of division, such as small intestine, spleen, and bone marrow. There was no increase in the utilization of IUdR for the biosynthesis of DNA.
Fiber-optic-coupled gimballed laser spotlight

Recent advances in high powered laser diodes and fiber optic coupling a low efficient integration of laser systems into existing gimbal systems. A high power, divergent beam can be used to illuminate a scene providing enhanced performance in poor weather, the recording of registry and augmentation to existing night vision devices. This paper describes the enabling technologies, applications and performance or recording alphanumeric.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Partner Incarceration and African-American Women’s Sexual Relationships and Risk: A Longitudinal Qualitative Study

Racialized mass incarceration is associated with racial/ethnic disparities in HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the US. The purpose of this longitudinal qualitative study was to learn about the processes through which partner incarceration affects African-American women’s sexual risk. Four waves of in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted in 2010–2011 with 30 women in Atlanta, Georgia (US) who had recently incarcerated partners. Approximately half the sample misused substances at baseline. Transcripts were analyzed using grounded theory. For over half the sample (N = 19), partner incarceration resulted in destitution, and half of this group (N = 9) developed new partnerships to secure shelter or food; most misused substances. Other women (N = 9) initiated casual relationships to meet emotional or sexual needs. When considered with past research, these findings suggest that reducing incarceration rates among African-American men may reduce HIV/STIs among African-American women, particularly among substance-misusing women, as might rapidly linking women with recently incarcerated partners to housing and economic support and drug treatment.
Geometry of the Myosin Dimer

MONOMERIC myosin in aqueous solutions of high ionic strength is in rapid reversible equilibrium with a dimer species1–3. Because this dimer is likely to be the initiating and possibly the building unit in the formation of the thick filament of muscle, its three dimensional geometry is of considerable importance.
Identification of Molecular Markers Associated with Adult Plant Resistance to Powdery Mildew in Common Wheat Cultivar Massey

Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis (DC.) E.O. Speer f. sp. tritici Em. Marchal (syn. Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici), is one of the major diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) worldwide. Race-specific resistance has been extensively used in wheat breeding programs, even though it is ephemeral. Adult plant resistance (APR) to powdery mildew is more durable than race-specific resistance. The APR to powdery mildew in winter wheat cultivar Massey has remained effective since its release in 1981. A cross was made between Massey and a powdery mildew susceptible cultivar Becker. Powdery mildew severity on F-2 leaves (the second leaf below the flag leaf) of 180 F 2:3 lines was rated under natural disease pressure in the field. Among 213 RFLP and 139 microsatellite markers surveyed, 88 (41%) and 90 (65%) markers, respectively, detected polymorphism between Becker and Massey. Bulked segregant analysis (BSA) was used to facilitate the identification of molecular markers associated with APR to powdery mildew. Three quantitative trait loci (QTLs), designated as QPm.vt-1B, QPm.vt-2A, and QPm.vt-2B, were identified with interval mapping. They are located on wheat chromosomes 1B, 2A, and 2B, and, respectively, explained 17, 29, and 11% of the total variation of F 2:3 lines for powdery mildew resistance. The three QTLs associated with APR to powdery mildew were derived from Massey, and displayed additive gene action. QPm.vt-2B also fits a recessive model for APR to powdery mildew. In a multi-QTL model, the three QTLs explained 50% of the total variation of F 2:3 lines for APR to powdery mildew. The presence of the three QTLs was confirmed with 97 recombinant inbred (RI) lines, tested for APR to powdery mildew under natural powdery mildew pressure over 3 yr (F 5:6 -F 7:8 generation). The molecular markers identified in this study have potential for use in marker-assisted selection and pyramiding of genes for resistance to powdery mildew.
A helical flow, circular microreactor for separating and enriching “smart” polymer–antibody capture reagents

We report a mechanistic study of how flow and recirculation in a microreactor can be used to optimize the capture and release of stimuli-responsive polymer–protein reagents on stimuli-responsive polymer-grafted channel surfaces. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) was grafted to polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) channel walls, creating switchable surfaces where PNIPAAm–protein conjugates would adhere at temperatures above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) and released below the LCST. A PNIPAAm–streptavidin conjugate that can capture biotinylated antibody–antigen targets was first characterized. The conjugate's immobilization and release were limited by mass transport to and from the functionalized PNIPAAm surface. Transport and adsorption efficiencies were dependent on the aggregate size of the PNIPAAm–streptavidin conjugate above the LCST and also were dependent on whether the conjugates were heated in the presence of the stimuli-responsive surface or pre-aggregated and then flowed across the surface. As conjugate size increased, through the addition of non-conjugated PNIPAAm, recirculation and mixing were shown to markedly improve conjugate immobilization compared to diffusion alone. Under optimized conditions of flow and reagent concentrations, approximately 60% of the streptavidin conjugate bolus could be captured at the surface and subsequently successfully released. The kinetic release profile sharpness was also strongly improved with recirculation and helical mixing. Finally, the concentration of protein–polymer conjugates could be achieved by continuous conjugate flow into the heated recirculator, allowing nearly linear enrichment of the conjugate reagent from larger volumes. This capability was shown with anti-p24 HIV monoclonal antibody reagents that were enriched over 5-fold using this protocol. These studies provide insight into the mechanism of smart polymer–protein conjugate capture and release in grafted channels and show the potential of this purification and enrichment module for processing diagnostic samples.
The Quest for Community in Osher Lifelong Learning Institutes

An open-ended online survey designed to explore issues related to learning communities was administered to directors of Osher Lifelong Learning Institute Programs across the United States. Sixty-five directors responded to this survey. Findings included a description of a learning community, which is constituted by learners having common goals, a sense of ownership, sustained relationships, holistic engagement, and meaningful peer interactions. Any successful strategy to build community rests on the foundation of committed volunteers and a responsive host institution. In addition to these, directors nurture their learning communities through a variety of strategies that include special interest groups, educational travel, sponsoring socially-focused activities, and consistent communication. Implications for international lifelong learning programs and the future of learning communities in the face of increased online and other distance education modalities are explored.