cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incidence and size of lateral costal artery in 103 patients.

Abstract Background: The internal mammary artery is used widely as a conduit for coronary artery bypass grafting. Most practicing cardiac surgeons are unaware of an aberrant side branch, the lateral costal artery (LCA), that arises proximally. Unligated, this side branch has been held responsible for early recurrence of angina in a small number of patients in the literature. In this study we identified the incidence and length of the LCA. Methods: We studied 103 patients who had coronary artery bypass grafting with bilateral internal mammary arteries. The presence or absence of an LCA was noted, and a record was made of the number of intercostal spaces traversed. Results: Thirty-one of 103 patients had an LCA on one or the other side. Twenty-five patients had bilateral LCAs in which length was equal on both sides in 18. Median length was two intercostal spaces (range, one to six). The LCA extended to the fifth space or beyond in 5 patients. Conclusions: The LCA was present in one third of patients who had coronary artery bypass grafting. A few patients had vessels sizable enough to raise concerns about recurrence of angina. It is prudent to exclude the presence of an LCA in all patients who have cardiac operations.
Selective catechol oxidations with diphenyl selenoxide. Applications to phenolic coupling.

Abstract Diphenyl selenoxide was used as a mild and selective oxidant in the synthesis of aporphines and homoaporphines. An intramolecular coupling between a phenol and a catechol is believed to proceed via catechol selenurane intermediates.
JOEL WALTERS , Bilingualism: The sociopragmatic-psycholinguistic interface

Joel Walters, Bilingualism: The sociopragmatic-psycholinguistic interface. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2005. Pp. xi, 323. Pb. $37.50.In the Preface to this volume, Joel Walters explains why we need “yet another model of bilingual processing” (p. viii): The field of bilingualism is divided between researchers focused on the social situating and functions of bilingualism and those concerned with mental structures of bilingualism. Yet bilingual speakers function linguistically at the intersection of these two realms; Walters is concerned to construct a map of cognitive processes at that intersection. In other words, Walters takes on an enormous task: to construct a psycholinguistic model of bilingual processing that includes the wealth of social and pragmatic information that plays a role in bilingual speech and interaction.
The Long, Strange Trip of Barbara Gordon: Images of Librarians in Comic Books

Summary Historically, the medium of comic books and the profession of librarianship have both suffered image problems. The former is deemed unrespectable; the latter lacks the same level of prestige afforded many other professions. Does having this in common result in comic books offering images of librarians and librarianship more informed (and, therefore, more positive) than are generally to be found in other media? Or do they employ the same cliches about librarians that are the bane of so many in the profession? To examine these questions, some of the more prominent depictions of librarians in mainstream American comic books and graphic novels were reviewed. with mixed results. Recent depictions of librarians do seem to be more informed and more sympathetic than in the past, but even today, comic book writers still employ some of the more negative stereotypes about librarians as a way to provide their relationship with some quick and easy laughs.
Use of potentially inappropriate pain-related medications in older adults with painful neuropathic disorders.

Abstract Background: Although older adults with painful neuropathic disorders (PNDs) would appear to be at elevated risk for receiving potentially inappropriate pain-related medications, the extent of such drug use in this population is unknown. Objective: The goal of this study was to assess the use of potentially inappropriate pain-related medications among patients with PNDs aged ≥65 years. Methods: Using a large, integrated US health insurance database, we identified all persons aged ≥65 years with ≥2 medical encounters involving diagnoses of PNDs during calendar year 2000. Patients with Results: We identified 22,668 patients with PNDs aged ≥65 years (mean [SD] age, 73.9 [6.0] years; 58.6% female). Almost one half (11,233 [49.6%]) of patients received ≥1 potentially inappropriate pain-related medication, including propoxyphene (26.7%) and amitriptyline (10.2%). Women were more likely than men to receive these medications (54.2% vs 43.0%, respectively; P P Conclusions: Use of potentially inappropriate pain-related medications among older adults with PNDs is common. Further research is needed to ascertain whether the benefits of these agents outweigh their risks in this population.
Isolation of polymorphic microsatellite loci in the Hawaii amakihi (Hemignathus virens) and their use in other honeycreeper species

We report the isolation and characterization of five polymorphic microsatellite loci in the Hawaii amakihi, Hemignathus virens, one of the most common native Hawaiian forest birds. These loci exhibit high levels of allelic diversity and heterozygosity in the three honeycreeper species we screened, and promise to be useful in our investigation of differences between honeycreeper populations at different elevations.
Market Orientation, Top Management Emphasis, and Performance Within University Schools of Business: Implications for Universities

Narver and Slater's (1990) "market orientation" scale and Jaworski and Kohli's (1993) "management emphasis on market orientation" and "overall performance" scales were reworded for application to university schools of business. The variables were measured for three "markets" (students, parents of students, and employers of graduates). Specifically, the study investigates (1) the reliability and validity of the scales; (2) levels of market orientation, management emphasis on market orientation, and overall performance; (3) correlation between top management emphasis and market orientation; and (4) correlation between market orientation and performance. Results support the construct of the scales and confirm the applicability of market orientation to higher education.
Quantitation of IgG antibody to the type-specific polysaccharide of group B streptococcus type 1b in pregnant women and infected infants

1. Cote C J, Meuwissen H J, Pickering R J: Effects on the neonate of prednisone and azathioprine administered to the mother during pregnancy. J PEDIATR 85:324, 1974. 2. Saarikoski S, Seppala M: Immunosuppression during pregnancy: Transmission of azathioprine and its metabolites from the mother to the fetus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 115:1100, 1973. 3. Migeon C J, Bertrand J, Gemzell CA: The transplacental passage of various steroid hormones in midpregnancy. Recent Prog Horm Res i7:207, 1961. 4. Leb DW, Weisskopf B, Kanovitz BS: Chromosome aberrations in the child of a kidney transplant recipient. Arch Intern Med 128:441, 1971. 5. Lower GD, Stevens LE, Najarian JS, Reemtsma K: Problems from immunosuppressives during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 111:1120, 1971. 6. Hayes K, Symington G, Mackay IR: Maternal immunosup, pression and cytomegalovirus infection of the fetus. Aust NZ J Med 9:430, 1979. 7. Claman HWi Corticosteroids and lymphoid cells: N Engl J Med 287:388, 1972. 8. Pierce JC, Hume DM: Toxicity of azathioprine. Laval Med 41:295, 1970. 9. Sieber SM, Adamson RH: Toxicity of antineoplastic agents in man, Adv Cancer Res 22:57, 1975. 10. Pollack MS, Kirkpatrick D, Kapoor N, Dupont B, O'Reilly R J: Identification by HLA typing of intrauterine-derived maternal T cells in four patients with severe combined immunodeficiency. N Engl J Med 307:662, 1982. 11. Seemayer TA: The graft-versus-host reaction: A pathogenetic mechanism of experimental and human disease. Perspect Pediatr Pathol 5:93, 1979. 12. Seemayer TA, Bolande RP: Thymic involution m~micking thymic dysplasia: A consequence of transfusion-induced graft,versus-host disease in a premature infant. Arch Pathol Lab Med 104:141, 1980.
Papillomaviruses in head and neck disease: Pathophysiology and possible regulation

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are etiologic agents of both benign and malignant epithelial tumors. More than 60 different types of viruses are known, each associated with tissue site the lesion type specificities and differing probabilities of malignant progression. HPVs type 6 and type 11 cause benign papillomas of mucosal squamous epithelium in the aerodigestive tract, with only rare conversion to malignancy. HPV 16 is the most frequently detected HPV in the genital tract, inducing flat lesions with a significant risk of malignant conversion. In the aerodigestive tract, HPV 16 is found only rarely in benign lesions but is detected in 5–20% of squamous carcinomas. In the aerodigestive tract, HPVs frequently cause latent infection, i.e., viral DNA present in tissue but no evidence of clinical or histologic disease. Approximately 10% of the general population may have latent infections. Regulation and activation of latent infections are not well understood, although it is clear that viral functions are tightly regulated by the state of differentiation of the squamous host cell. Control of viral transcription may be the key to prevention of viral activation, and thus control of disease. Among the possible agents under investigation are retinoids, growth factors, anti-sense RNA which interferes with viral expression, and estrogen metabolites. All of these agents modulate either viral expression or cell differentiation or both. It is hoped that in the near future one or more of these agents will be useful in preventing HPV-associated disease.
Case Report: Combined Small Cell Lung Cancer in a Lung Transplant Recipient

Lung transplantation confers an increased risk of lung cancer, especially for single lung transplant recipients, due to both the epidemiologic risk factors associated with the patient population and the posttransplantation immunosuppression required. We report what we believe to be the first case of combined small cell lung carcinoma identified in the native lung of a single lung transplant recipient. Combined small cell lung cancer is an increasingly recognized subtype of small cell carcinoma, and its possible presence is an important consideration in the interpretation of fine-needle aspiration biopsies. In our case, initial fine-needle aspiration suggested squamous cell carcinoma, and it was only after lobectomy that the diagnosis of small cell carcinoma was made. The case highlights the increased risk of malignancy in lung transplant recipients and suggests a role for adaptation of lung cancer screening guidelines to address this high-risk population.
Temperament and Loving-Styles in College Women: Associations with Eating Attitudes:

The purpose of the present study was to examine the associations of temperament and love attitudes with eating behaviors in 190 college-aged nonclinical women who completed a survey that included measures of temperament, loving-style, and eating attitudes. Certain temperament and loving-style variables showed significant statistical association with scores on eating attitudes. Specifically, both obsessive and game-playing love-styles were related to the Dieting and Bulimia–Food Preoccupation dimensions of the eating scales, while temperamental fear and anger were related to bulimia and oral control. The role of interpersonal relationships and self-perceptions of temperament may provide a useful perspective for understanding the etiology of eating disorders.
A comparative study of the photoluminescence and conduction mechanisms of low temperature pulsed laser deposited and atomic layer deposited zinc oxide thin films

Zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films were synthesized by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and atomic layer deposition (ALD) at 100 °C on glass, and their structural, electrical, and optical properties were compared before and after 300 °C post-deposition annealing in argon, vacuum, and air. The room temperature photoluminescence (PL) of the ALD films grown at 100 °C was characterized by a broad, defect emission band peaking at 605 nm, which decreased in intensity after annealing. In contrast, the PL of the PLD films was dominated by 385 nm emission, and luminescence at 425 nm was also observed. The PL intensity of these films increased after annealing. The data suggest that overall electrical and photoluminescent characteristics of the ALD films are determined by the relative zinc interstitial and oxygen vacancy concentrations which vary with annealing treatment. The electro-optical properties of the PLD films are determined by Zn interstitials. The potential impact of the observed absorption and emission bands on optoelectronic applications is discussed.
953 CEREBROSPINAL FLUID BICARBONATE AND POTASSIUM REGULATION IN ICN NEONATES

CSF obtained for evaluation of potential sepsis in 42 ICN babies of B.W. 930-4090 gms. and gest. age 27-42 wks. was evaluated for ≥ and K+ regulation. Total CO2 content was measured. CSF ≥ was compared with plasma values calculated from pH and PCO2 measurements bracketing the time of L.P. in infants with stable acid-base values for 3 hours. CSF K+ was compared with same day plasma values. Three ≥ groups appeared evident within the wide distribution of values. I: A reference group with minimal abnormality where CSF ≥ was greater than expected from adult results. II: A group of infants with sepsis, birth asphyxia or recent severe hypoxia. ≥ values were lower than expected when samples were obtained within 24 hours of the insult. III: A small group (N=3) with severe metabolic acidosis and no sepsis or recent hypoxia that had ≥ values similar to those of Group I. With respect to K+, in 38 of 42 infants CSF values varied from 3.0-3.9 mM/1 while plasma values ranged from 3.1-6.3 mM/1. Our results suggest these infants regulate ≥ poorly when stressed by sepsis, severe hypoxia or birth asphyxia. They regulate CSF K+ very well. (Partially supported by NHLBI grant HL 18351;* supported by NIH RCDA HL 00364.)
Non-linear propagation in near sonic flows

A nonlinear analysis is developed for sound propagation in a variable-area duct in which the mean flow approaches choking conditions. A quasi-one-dimensional model is used and the nonlinear analysis represents the acoustic disturbance as a sum of interacting harmonics. The numerical procedure is stable for cases of strong interaction and is able to integrate through the throat region without any numerical instability.
The effects of task demands on bimanual skill acquisition

Bimanual coordination is essential for everyday activities. It is thought that different degrees of demands may affect learning of new bimanual patterns. One demand is at the level of performance and involves breaking the tendency to produce mirror-symmetric movements. A second is at a perceptual level and involves controlling each hand to separate (i.e., split) goals. A third demand involves switching between different task contexts (e.g., a different uni- or bimanual task), instead of continuously practicing one task repeatedly. Here, we studied the effect of these task demands on motor planning (reaction time) and execution (error) while subjects learned a novel bimanual isometric pinch force task. In Experiment 1, subjects continuously practiced in one of the two extremes of the following bimanual conditions: (1) symmetric force demands and a perceptually unified target for each hand or (2) asymmetric force demands and perceptually split targets. Subjects performing in the asymmetric condition showed some interference between hands, but all subjects, regardless of group, could learn the isometric pinch force task similarly. In Experiment 2, subjects practiced these and two other conditions, but in a paradigm where practice was briefly interrupted by the performance of either a unimanual or a different bimanual condition. Reaction times were longer and errors were larger well after the interruption when the main movement to be learned required asymmetric forces. There was no effect when the main movement required symmetric forces. These findings demonstrate two main points. First, people can learn bimanual tasks with very different demands on the same timescale if they are not interrupted. Second, interruption during learning can negatively impact both planning and execution and this depends on the demands of the bimanual task to be learned. This information will be important for training patient populations, who may be more susceptible to increased task demands.
Subunit Structure of Gas Vesicles: A MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry Study

Many aquatic microorganisms use gas vesicles to regulate their depth in the water column. The molecular basis for the novel physical properties of these floatation organelles remains mysterious due to the inapplicability of either solution or single crystal structural methods. In the present study, some folding constraints for the approximately 7-kDa GvpA building blocks of the vesicles are established via matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry studies of intact and proteolyzed vesicles from the cyanobacterium Anabaena flos-aquae and the archaea Halobacterium salinarum. The spectra of undigested vesicles show no evidence of posttranslational modification of the GvpA. The extent of carboxypeptidase digestion shows that the alanine rich C-terminal pentapeptide of GvpA is exposed to the surface in both organisms. The bonds that are cleaved by Trypsin and GluC are exclusively in the extended N-terminus of the Anabaena flos-aquae protein and in the extended C-terminus of the Halobacterium salinarum protein. All the potentially cleavable peptide bonds in the central, highly conserved portion of the protein appear to be shielded from protease attack in spite of the fact that some of the corresponding side chains are almost certainly exposed to the aqueous medium.
Oxygen activation with transition-metal complexes in aqueous solution.

Coordination to transition-metal complexes changes both the thermodynamics and kinetics of oxygen reduction. Some of the intermediates (superoxo, hydroperoxo, and oxo species) are close analogues of organic oxygen-centered radicals and peroxides (ROO•, ROOH, and RO•). Metal-based intermediates are typically less reactive, but more persistent, than organic radicals, which makes the two types of intermediates similarly effective in their reactions with various substrates. The self-exchange rate constant for hydrogen-atom transfer for the couples CraqOO2+/CraqOOH2+ and L1(H2O)RhOO2+/L1(H2O)RhOOH2+ was estimated to be 101±1 M−1 s−1. The use of this value in the simplified Marcus equation for the CraqO2+/CraqOOH2+ cross reaction provided an upper limit kCrO,CrOH ≤ 10(−2±1) M−1 s−1 for CraqO2+/CraqOH2+ self-exchange. Even though superoxo complexes react very slowly in bimolecular self-reactions, extremely fast cross reactions with organic counterparts, i.e., acylperoxyl radicals, have been observed. Many of the...
Learning State Selection for Reconfigurable Antennas: A Multi-Armed Bandit Approach

Reconfigurable antennas are capable of dynamically re-shaping their radiation patterns in response to the needs of a wireless link or a network. In order to utilize the benefits of reconfigurable antennas, selecting an optimal antenna state for communication is essential and depends on the availability of full channel state information for all the available antenna states. We consider the problem of reconfigurable antenna state selection in a single user MIMO system. We first formulate the state selection as a multi-armed bandit problem that aims to optimize arbitrary link quality metrics. We then show that by using online learning under a multi-armed bandit framework, a sequential decision policy can be employed to learn optimal antenna states without instantaneous full CSI and without a priori knowledge of wireless channel statistics. Our objective is to devise an adaptive state selection technique when the channels corresponding to all the states are not directly observable and compare our results against the case of a known model or genie with full information. We evaluate the performance of the proposed antenna state selection technique by identifying key link quality metrics and using measured channels in a 2 × 2 MIMO OFDM system. We show that the proposed technique maximizes long term link performance with reduced channel training frequency.
Corporate Social Responsibility and the Millennials

The incorporation of corporate social responsibility (CSR) into an organization's strategic plan may impact the company's ability to attract and keep members of the Millennial generation as employees. The authors examined the CSR attitudes of college students and the correlation of these attitudes with willingness to work for companies that emphasize CSR through employee volunteerism. The outcome from an event consisting of 9 high-level executives from for- and nonprofit companies explaining their CSR philosophy to these students is described. Results indicated that the event itself was responsible for changes in the students’ attitudes and were not correlated with earlier attitudes or actions.
Dengue fever: diagnostic importance of a camelback fever pattern

We present a case of imported dengue fever in a 52-year-old man acquired during a recent trip to Ecuador. Fever in a returning traveler from tropical areas often presents a diagnostic problem for clinicians. Our patient presented with severe arthralgias and myalgias and had a camelback/saddleback fever pattern accompanied by relative bradycardia, which was a clue to the diagnosis. He had conjunctival suffusion and the truncal rash, but adenopathy was not present. He also had a generalized headache and abdominal pain. Nonspecific laboratory abnormalities included leukopenia, lymphopenia, atypical lymphocytes, thrombocytopenia, and mildly increased serum transaminases. Clinicians should consider dengue fever in the differential diagnosis in travelers returning from dengue fever endemic areas of Southeast Asia, Latin America, and Africa. Although early findings are nonspecific, a truncal rash accompanied by leukopenia and thrombocytopenia, if followed by biphasic fever pattern (ie, camelback/saddleback fever curve with relative bradycardia), suggest dengue fever as the primary diagnostic consideration.
PSIST: A scalable approach to indexing protein structures using suffix trees

Approaches for indexing proteins and for fast and scalable searching for structures similar to a query structure have important applications such as protein structure and function prediction, protein classification and drug discovery. In this paper, we develop a new method for extracting local structural (or geometric) features from protein structures. These feature vectors are in turn converted into a set of symbols, which are then indexed using a suffix tree. For a given query, the suffix tree index can be used effectively to retrieve the maximal matches, which are then chained to obtain the local alignments. Finally, similar proteins are retrieved by their alignment score against the query. Our results show classification accuracy up to 50% and 92.9% at the topology and class level according to the CATH classification. These results outperform the best previous methods. We also show that PSIST is highly scalable due to the external suffix tree indexing approach it uses; it is able to index about 70,500 domains from SCOP in under an hour.
On the excitation of cyclotron harmonic waves by newborn heavy ions

Wave measurements in planetary foreshocks and cometary environments show the sporadic occurrence of magnetic spectra with harmonic structure related to ion-cyclotron frequencies. Dilute populations of anisotropic and/or drifting charged particles can excite obliquely propagating modes with spacecraft frequencies close to the observed harmonics. Previous analyses of this generation mechanism are extended to drifting and nondrifting loss-cone-type distributions of heavy ions in a dense hydrogen magnetoplasma, characterizing the complex (real frequency and growth rate) dispersion, polarization, and compressibility of the unstable cyclotron harmonic waves. Solution of the full kinetic dispersion equation shows that it is possible to attain harmonic excitation, both in the drifting and nondrifting regimes. However, the bandwidth inherent to frequency Doppler shifts of obliquely propagating waves might preclude the observation of spectral structure in the spacecraft frame. The Giotto observations in the upstream region of comet Halley provide a reference to discuss the results.
Dynamic Spectrum Management of Front End Linearity and Dynamic Range

Most of the consideration of the benefits and applicability of Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) has been focused on issues associated with spectrum availability. This paper describes the use of DSA to resolve challenges in achieving wireless and cognitive radio operation in dense or energetic spectrum. It also demonstrates that the use of DSA can significantly reduce requirements for linearity and dynamic range in the radio front end, and reduce the intermodulation- induced noise floor through integration of DSA with the selection of front end filter settings. This approach could enable DSA and cognitive radios to be more affordable than conventional radios, and addresses spectrum issues that are not practically manageable through manual approaches.
Reversal of Coagulopathy Using Prothrombin Complex Concentrates is Associated with Improved Outcome Compared to Fresh Frozen Plasma in Warfarin-Associated Intracranial Hemorrhage

There are no studies demonstrating that prothrombin complex concentrates (PCC) improves outcome compared FFP in patients with warfarin-associated intracranial hemorrhage. A prospective, observational study was conducted of patients who received PCC (Bebulin VH), FFP, or PCC + FFP. All groups received vitamin K 10 mg IV. INR reversal (<1.4), adverse events (venous thromboembolism, myocardial infraction, pulmonary edema), major hemorrhage (new or worsened intracranial hemorrhage, anemia requiring transfusion or GI bleed), and 3-month functional outcome were compared between the groups using Chi squared and logistic regression analysis. Of 64 patients, PCC alone was used in 16 (mean dose 48 IU/kg), FFP alone in 25 (mean dose 12.5 ml/kg), and PCC + FFP in 23 (median doses 47.4 IU/kg and 11.4 ml/kg, respectively). INR correction occurred in 88, 84, and 70 %, respectively. There were no differences in time to INR correction or adverse events between the groups, but FFP alone was associated with more major hemorrhage after administration (52 %, OR 5.0, 95 % CI 1.6–15.4, P = 0.006) and PCC with less (6 %, OR 0.1, 95 % CI 0.01–0.8, P = 0.033). After adjusting for age, admission GCS, initial INR, and bleed type, the use of PCC was associated with a lower risk of death or severe disability at 3-months (adjusted OR 0.02, 95 % CI 0.001–0.8, P = 0.039), while FFP alone was associated with a higher risk (adjusted OR 51.6, 95 % CI 1.2–2163.1, P = 0.039). PCC adequately corrected INR without any increase in adverse events compared to FFP and was associated with less major hemorrhage and improved 3-month outcomes in patients with warfarin-associated intracranial hemorrhage.
Independent associations of socioeconomic factors with disability and pain in adults with knee osteoarthritis

Background The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between function, pain and stiffness outcomes with individual and community socioeconomic status (SES) measures among individuals with radiographic knee osteoarthritis (rOA).
Mitral Bioprosthetic Valve Endocarditis Caused by an Unusual Microorganism, Gemella morbillorum, in an Intravenous Drug User

ABSTRACT We report a case of Gemella morbillorum mitral bioprosthetic valve endocarditis with perivalvular extension in a 44-year-old human immunodeficiency virus-positive man who is an active intravenous drug user together with review of all published cases. This is only the second reported case of Gemella morbillorum endocarditis in a patient with a prosthetic valve.
Comprehensive Head and Neck Radiotherapy Dose-Volume Constraints Do Not Apply to Smaller Volumes

Aim: To investigate the impact of definitive radiation therapy (RT) in the management of early glottic cancer on clinical RT-induced dysphagia (RID) and carotid vasculopathy (RICV). Patients and Methods: This is a single- institution retrospective study. From January 1997 to 2010, 253 patients, with early glottic cancer, underwent RT with 60 Co or LINAC-6 MV photons. RT fields with wedge pair and daily 5-mm bolus were applied in all patients treated with 6- MV photons to avoid under-dose of the anterior laryngeal structures. The whole larynx (LX), pharyngeal constrictors (PCs), and carotid arteries (CA) were contoured and dose- volume histograms (DVHs) were generated to assess the delivered dose. The median age of patients was 65 years (range; 28-93), Caucasians were 80%, males were 87%, and 23% had T2 lesions. Results: After a median follow-up of seven years (range; 1.5-12), the median dose and fraction size delivered to the LX were 63 and 2.25 Gy, respectively. The mean doses to the LX, PC, and CA were 57 Gy delivered to 34 cm 3 , 54 Gy to 15 cm 3 , and 60 Gy to 4 cm 3 , respectively. The LX, PC and CA V60 and V65 were (77 and 71), (70 and 52) and (84 and 51), respectively. Patients with acute dysphagia grades 1, 2, and 3 or more were 81, 19%, and zero, respectively; none had clinically RID or RICV. Conclusion: Small-volume RT up to 67.5 Gy at 2.25 Gy per fraction, is not a predictor of RID or RICV. Separate delineation of the aforementioned critical structures, as well as others, may better identify dose tolerances to maintain function and further prioritize the importance of structures in RID and RICV. Multiple studies report on radiation therapy (RT) dose values that cause permanent radiation-induced dysphagia (RID) (1- 6) and cerebrovascular disease (RICV) (7-12). The dose values that these studies report are important because they are being used to support recommendations to change treatment such as surgery in place of RT, a different RT technique, and/or different prescribed doses of RT. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the dose values that have been correlated with swallowing and vascular problems are not applicable to patients who are treated with RT-alone for early true vocal cord cancer.
THE STUDY OF CRINOIDS DURING THE 20TH CENTURY AND THE CHALLENGES OF THE 21ST CENTURY

Abstract Development of a phylogenetic classification has been a primary pursuit of crinoid paleontologists during the 20th century. Wachsmuth and Springer and Bather vigorously debated crinoid classification during the waning years of the 19th century, and although tremendous progress has been made a comprehensive phylogenetic classification is still the primary objective for crinoid research during the early 21st century. Twentieth century crinoid studies are divisible into four periods. The direct influence of Frank Springer and Francis Bather continued until approximately 1925. Descriptive studies dominated the period of 1926–1943 and culminated in a comprehensive classification of Paleozoic crinoids that was a combination of the ideas of Wachsmuth and Springer and Bather. The end of the third period, 1944–1978, was marked by publication of the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. The Treatise compilation brought together classification ideas for the entire class into a truly comprehensive classific...
Enhancing lipid production of the marine diatom Chaetoceros gracilis: synergistic interactions of sodium chloride and silicon

Silicon deficiency is a lipid-promoting stress for many oleaginous diatoms. Literature reports suggest that re- duced salinity in seawater, a primary component of which is sodium chloride, may inhibit metabolism of silicon in marine diatoms. We hypothesized that lowering sodium chloride be- low ocean levels may thus be effective in creating silicon stress and enhancing lipid productivity. We examined the interacting effects of silicon supply (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.8 mM) and sodium chloride concentration (50, 100, and 400 mM) on growth and lipid production in Chaetoceros gracilis. This was done in batch culture to facilitate the application of severe stress. Low levels of either sodium chloride or silicon resulted in at least 50 % increases in lipid content. The synergy of simultaneous, moderate sodium chlo- ride and silicon stress resulted in lipid content up to 73 % of dry mass and lipid productivity of 1.7 g m −2 day −1 ;w ith a daily integrated photosynthetic photon flux of 17.3 mol photons m −2 day −1 , the efficiency of lipid synthesis was thus 0.1 gm ol −1 of photons. Decreased silicon also resulted in a 5 % shift inlipid chain lengthfrom C18toC16fatty acids. We observed a strong sodium chloride/silicon interaction on total and ash-free dry mass densities that arose because low sodium chloride concentrations were inhibitory to growth, but the inhibition was overcome with excessive silicon supply. This observation suggests that low levels of sodium chlo- ride may have affected metabolism of silicon. The findings of this study can be used to enhance lipid production in oleaginous marine diatoms.
Vena Cava Filters: Why, When, What, How?

Pulmonary emboli, a potentially lethal venous thromboembolic complication, is a potentially preventable morbidity or mortality that surgeons should consider in the perioperative period or in high-risk patients. Prophylactic inferior vena cava (IVC) filter placement offers a high protection rate against fatal pulmonary emboli. This manuscript discusses the indications for filter placement, different types of currently available IVC filters, and problems and complications of filter placement and vena cava filters. Optional or retrievable IVC filters are also discussed. Overall, individual patient's clinical risks and benefits should be considered before vena cava filter placement. The new generation of optional filters may offer clinicians a new option of temporal risk reduction without the long-term complications that can be associated with permanent IVC filters.
Probabilistic Aspects of Infinite Trees and Some Applications

We begin by using flows to assign a positive real number, called the branching number, to an arbitrary (irregular) infinite locally finite tree. The branching number represents the “average” number of branches per vertex and is the exponential of the dimension of (the boundary of) the tree, as introduced by Furstenberg. There are many senses in which this branching number is an average. We discuss some based variously on electrical networks, random walks, percolation, or tree-indexed (branching) random walks. A refinement of the notion of branching number uses ideas of potential theory. This creates quite precise connections among probabilistic processes on trees.
The role of routine postoperative stentograms in the pediatric patient undergoing excisional tapered ureteral reimplantation

Abstract Objective To determine the usefulness of routine stentograms in postoperative management of pediatric patients undergoing excisional tapered ureteral reimplantation. Materials and methods A retrospective review of all pediatric patients undergoing excisional tapered ureteral reimplantation from March 2003 to March 2008 at one center was performed. One hundred patients were identified. Seventeen had stentograms performed approximately 2 weeks (1–5 weeks) after surgery. The 83 without stentograms composed the control group. Results Of the 17 pediatric patients with postoperative stentograms, 10 (59%) had no contrast observed in the bladder. Ureteral stents were removed despite this finding. No anastamotic leaks were observed. In this group, not one had a postoperative complication at time of follow up (mean 25 months; range 4–52). Of the 83 patients without stentograms, not one had clinical signs of anastamotic leakage or obstruction at discharge. The stents were removed routinely 2 weeks (range 1–8) after surgery. Nine patients (10.8%) developed ureteral obstruction (mean 7 weeks; range 1–24) requiring intervention. Three of these patients required a second operation. Conclusions Since routine stentograms rarely identify ureteral leak, and poor drainage on postoperative stentogram does not indicate a risk of obstruction, these studies are not required following routine excisional tapered ureteral reimplant.
On Sharing Quantitative Trait GWAS Results in an Era of Multiple-omics Data and the Limits of Genomic Privacy

Recent advances in genome-scale, system-level measurements of quantitative phenotypes (transcriptome, metabolome, and proteome) promise to yield unprecedented biological insights. In this environment, broad dissemination of results from genome-wide association studies (GWASs) or deep-sequencing efforts is highly desirable. However, summary results from case-control studies (allele frequencies) have been withdrawn from public access because it has been shown that they can be used for inferring participation in a study if the individual's genotype is available. A natural question that follows is how much private information is contained in summary results from quantitative trait GWAS such as regression coefficients or p values. We show that regression coefficients for many SNPs can reveal the person's participation and for participants his or her phenotype with high accuracy. Our power calculations show that regression coefficients contain as much information on individuals as allele frequencies do, if the person's phenotype is rather extreme or if multiple phenotypes are available as has been increasingly facilitated by the use of multiple-omics data sets. These findings emphasize the need to devise a mechanism that allows data sharing that will facilitate scientific progress without sacrificing privacy protection.
Evolutionary and Functional analyses of Cytochrome P4501A promoter polymorphisms in natural populations

The functional importance of variable, transcriptional regulatory sequences within and among natural populations is largely unexplored. We analyzed the cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) promoter in three populations of the minnow, Fundulus heteroclitus, because two SNPs in the promoter and first intron of CYP1A are under selection in populations adapted to pollutants. To define the importance of these SNPs, 1,630 bp of the CYP1A promoter and first intron and exon were sequenced in eight individuals from three populations: a population from a polluted environment resistant to some aromatic pollutants and two flanking, reference populations. CYP1A is induced by many aromatic pollutants, but in populations adapted to pollutants, CYP1A has been shown to be refractory to induction. We were interested in understanding whether variation in the CYP1A promoter explains mechanism(s) of adaptation to these aromatic pollutants. The CYP1A promoter was extremely variable (an average of 9.3% of the promoter nucleotides varied among all populations) and exhibited no fixed differences between populations. Since CYP1A is poorly inducible in adapted fish, we hypothesized that CYP1A promoter regions might vary functionally between populations. Unexpectedly, in vitro analysis showed significantly greater transcription from CYP1A promoters found in the population from the polluted environment relative to promoters found in both reference populations. Thus, despite extensive variation among populations and lack of fixed differences between populations, individuals from a polluted environment have significantly enhanced promoter activity. These data demonstrate that intraspecific variation, which provides the raw material for natural selection to act on, can occur while maintaining promoter function.
Efficient gene transfer to human squamous cell carcinomas by the herpes simplex virus type 1 amplicon vector

Abstract Background: This study evaluates the efficiency of herpes simplex virus (HSV) mediated gene transfer in human squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cell lines in vitro and in vivo when delivered by selective intra-arterial perfusion. Methods: Human head and neck SCC were exposed to HSV-LacZ and HSV–interleukin-2 (IL-2) and gene transfer and expression assessed by X-gal staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Hamster cheek pouch tumors were perfused with HSV-LacZ or HSV–IL-2, by microcannulating the external carotid artery, and gene transfer determined. Results: A ratio of 5 viral particles per tumor cell achieved gene transfer rates exceeding 50%. Interleukin-2 levels of 287 ± 17 to 424 ± 8.4 ng per million cells were achieved at a ratio of 2 viral particles per tumor cell. Selective intra-arterial perfusion of the HSV–IL-2 vector yielded IL-2 levels of 45.8 ± 17.0 pg per g tumor. Conclusions: HSV amplicon vectors are efficient vehicles for gene transfer in vitro in human head and neck SCC cell lines and in vivo when introduced by selective intra-arterial perfusion.
Students' Pre-Election Perceptions of Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan:

As part of a continuing investigation into the public perception of national and international leaders, the Activity Vector Analysis (AVA) was administered to 176 community college students. Instructions were to check those words which are descriptive of Jimmy Carter and his major opponent, Ronald Reagan. The data yielded two distinct clusters, (1) around AVA Pattern 4529 for Carter, which correlated perfectly with an image observed for him one year prior in the same setting and (2) around AVA Pattern 7616 for Reagan, which correlated .81 with the “administrative pattern” of U.S. self-made company presidents. The correlation between the Carter profile and the Reagan profile was .59, suggesting some overlap in their respective public images. It is the difference between the two candidates, however, which serves as the focus for discussion.
Identifying opportunities for inpatient-centric technology

The evolution from a disease-centered model of care to a more patient-centered model presents opportunities for going beyond designing technology to support medical professionals to encompass supporting patients as well. In this work, we conducted interviews with 16 inpatients and 5 visitors in several hospital wards to uncover opportunities for improving the inpatient experience. Findings suggest that a redesign of the call button system could improve nurse-patient communication and relieve anxiety. Providing information about overall progress and upcoming events could help patients maintain a sense of autonomy in a disempowering environment. Helping patients learn more about their health through information access could lead to a greater sense of ownership over health. Technology promoting social connectedness could help patients virtually escape the isolating hospital environment. Finally, novel interaction techniques could make technology more accessible to this unique population.
Neuro-variable structure flight control of reusable launch vehicles

This paper is concerned with the development of robust nonlinear control algorithms for reusable launch vehicle (RLV), a highly nonlinear system with external disturbances and dynamic uncertainties due to varying flight conditions. A new robust control scheme for autopilot of RL V in both ascent and decent modes is derived. This scheme employs a rather simple algorithm and demands no linearization or estimation on any bounded function, its effectiveness is verified via simulation.
Stability of Hemoglobin and Albumin Adducts of Benzene Oxide and 1,4-Benzoquinone after Administration of Benzene to F344 Rats

The stability of cysteinyl adducts of benzene oxide (BO) and mono-S-substituted cysteinyl adducts of 1,4-benzoquinone (1,4-BQ) was investigated in both hemoglobin (Hb) and albumin (Alb) following administration of a single oral dose of 400 mg [U-14C/13C6]benzene/kg body weight to F344 rats. Total radiobound adducts to Hb were stable, as were adducts formed by the reaction of [13C6]BO with cysteinyl residues on Hb. In both cases adduct stability was indicated by zero-order kinetics with decay rates consistent with the lifetime of rat erythrocytes. Hb adducts of 1,4-BQ were not detected, possibly due to the production of multi-S-substituted adducts within the erythrocyte. Regarding Alb binding, total radiobound adducts decayed more rapidly than expected (half-life of 0.4 days), suggesting that uncharacterized benzene metabolites were noncovalently bound or formed unstable adducts with Alb. Although adducts from reactions of BO and 1,4-BQ with Alb both decayed with rates consistent with those of Alb turnover in the rat, the half-life for 1,4-BQ-Alb (2.5 days) was shorter than that for BO-Alb (3.1 days), suggesting some instability of 1,4-BQ-Alb. Assuming similar rates of adduct instability in humans and rats, the 1,4-BQ-Alb adducts would be eliminated with a half-life of approximately 8 days, compared with BO-Alb, which would be expected to turnover with Alb (half-life of approximately 21 days).
T helper type 1–specific Brg1 recruitment and remodeling of nucleosomes positioned at the IFN-γ promoter are Stat4 dependent

Transcriptional competence of the interferon-γ (IFN-γ) locus is enhanced as Th1 effectors develop from naive CD4 T lymphocytes; conversely, this gene is repressed during Th2 differentiation. We now show that the Switch (Swi)–sucrose nonfermenter (SNF) component Brahma-related gene 1 (Brg1) is recruited, and positioned nucleosomes are remodeled, in a Th1-specific manner that is dependent on the transcription factor Stat4 and calcineurin phosphatase activity. Interference with specific components of mammalian Swi–SNF complexes decreased CD4 T cell differentiation into IFN-γ–positive Th1 cells. These findings reveal a collaborative mechanism of IFN-γ gene regulation during Th1 differentiation and suggest that a Th1-specific chromatin structure is created by early recruitment of Swi–SNF complexes and nucleosome remodeling dependent on Stat4 and calcineurin activation.
Cross-Strike Structural Discontinuities--Exploration Rationale for Eastern Plateau Province: ABSTRACT

Cross-strike structural discontinuities (CSDs) are zones of structural disruption several kilometers wide in the Appalachian and other overthrust belts. CSDs are not faults or fault zones. They typically contain about 1,000 cu km of unusually fractured rock. For example, in eastern West Virginia, one CSD (Parsons lineament) trends west-northwest at least from the Appalachian front to the Intraplateau structural front, with no evidence of basement involvement. The Parsons lineament has double to triple the normal joint intensity in exposed Upper Devonian siltstones. Another CSD (Petersburg lineament) trends west-southwest from the western Valley and Ridge province, and crosses the Appalachian structural front. The Petersburg lineament aligns with Arkle's hinge line, a prob ble basement flexure under the western and central Plateau province, and has twice-normal joint intensity in exposed Lower Pennsylvanian sandstones. The two CSDs appear to intersect in southern Tucker and northern Randolph Counties, West Virginia. CSDs and their intersections, particularly beneath intersections of short air-photo lineaments, may comprise highly permeable fractured reservoirs. If the seal is preserved, CSDs can provide a tool for extending exploration into the little-tested eastern Plateau province of West Virginia and adjacent states, where organic-rich Devonian shales are thick and thermally mature. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1591------------
CAD-oriented equivalent circuit modeling of step discontinuities in rectangular waveguides

A novel equivalent circuit model for step discontinuities in rectangular waveguides is presented. The equivalent circuit model is based on a modal analysis and enables full-wave characterization of the step-discontinuity by circuit analysis on commercial simulators. The equivalent circuit model of the H-plane step has been implemented on Libra to demonstrate its accuracy. Results of the circuit analysis were found to be in virtually perfect agreement with the conventional mode-matching solution based on incident and reflected wave amplitudes.