cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physics-Guided AI for Large-Scale Spatiotemporal Data

There is a great interest in scientific communities for harnessing the power of AI in applications ranging from climate science to quantum chemistry. The common theme in many of these applications is that the data are spatiotemporal with governing physics. Unfortunately, today's ML approaches are mostly purely data-driven, i.e., they solely rely on (labeled) data for learning statistical patterns. Collecting labeled data can be quite expensive in real-world applications. Moreover, the resulting black-box AI models are difficult to interpret for domain scientists. Many scientific applications contain valuable domain knowledge such as laws of physics or symmetry. On its own, black-box AI may ignore known physical laws, or spend tremendous training time only to re-discover them. This can lead to solutions that may violate physical principles or predictions that generalize poorly to unseen test scenarios. For example, energy conservation is well-understood in climate science but existing ML models predictions often fail to follow such a principle. Physics-guided or physics-informed AI is an emerging area spanning several disciplines to principally integrate physics in AI models and algorithms. The goal of this tutorial is to (1) provide an overview of spatiotemporal data analysis and its central role in science (2) survey development in physics-guided AI and their connection to existing techniques in scientific fields, and (3) identify the benchmark datasets, open problems and future directions in physics-guided AI and its broader impact. We believe this is a very timely and highly impactful topic. This tutorial will draw attention from the data science community to emerging applications in science. It will also bring new audiences from the scientific fields to data science. Currently, many techniques for analyzing scientific data have been developed in isolation. This tutorial aims to bridge the gap and facilitate cross-learning from different domains.
High school students’ friendship network, physical activity and residential locations – a stochastic actor based model

Evidence shows that adolescents do not do enough physical activity (PA), which could contribute to childhood overweight and obesity. Studies have shown that both the built environment and social networks could influence adolescents’ PA, but more studies are needed to investigate their combined influence using longitudinal data. We used a stochastic actor-based model analyzing two waves of Add Health data to test if (1) home location has a significant influence on high school student’s friendships, and (2) the neighborhood built environment has a significant influence on high school student’s PA while controlling for friendship networks. The results indicate that students’ PA level emulated peers’ PA levels and students who lived closer together, increased the likelihood of forming friendships. However, the built environment variables that described adolescents’ residential neighborhoods did not show a significant influence on students’ PA dynamics. This study contributes to our understanding of the joint impacts of social networks and home location on adolescents’ friend networks and PA dynamics in urban settings.
Associations of Early and Late Gestational Weight Gain with Infant Birth Size.

Objectives Associations of gestational weight gain (GWG) during specific periods of pregnancy with infant birth size have been inconsistent. Infant sex-specific differences in these associations are unknown Methods Information on GWG (kg) [total, early (\20 weeks gestation), and late (C20 weeks gestation)] and indices of infant birth size including birthweight (BW), ponderal index (PI), crown-heel length (CHL), and head circumference (HC) was collected from 3,621 pregnant women. We calculated adjusted mean differences and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) relating total, early and late GWG to infant birth size using multivariable linear regression procedures. We used stratified analyses and interaction terms to test whether associations differed by infant sex. Results One-kg increases in total, early or late GWG were associated with BW increases of 17.2 g (95 % CI 13.8‐18.9), 14.1 g (95 % CI 10.3‐18.0), and 21.0 g (95 % CI 16.7‐25.4), respectively. Early GWG‐BW and late GWG‐BW associations were different (p = 0.026). Sexstratified total GWG‐BW associations were similar to overall results. There were sex-specific differences in early GWG‐BW and late GWG‐BW associations. Among females, early GWG‐BW (12.0 g, 95 % CI 6.7‐17.2) and late GWG‐BW (24.2 g, 95 % CI 18.2‐30.3) associations differed (p = 0.0042); the corresponding associations did not differ among males. Total, early, and late GWG were associated with CHL and HC, but not with PI. Associations did not differ for early or late GWG. Conclusions for Practice For comparable GWG, lateGWG-related BW increase is greater than early-GWG-related BW increase, particularly among female infants.
A Matter of Principle, 19 J. Marshall L. Rev. 237 (1985)

and concrete intentions, which coexist in a legislator's mind, but which may well conflict in the analysis of a particular
The Ability to Estimate Knowledge and Performance in College: A Metacognitive Analysis

While in college students learn a great deal of new knowledge, and over time successful students learn to update their knowledge as new concepts, facts, and procedures are acquired. The metacognitive ability to accurately estimate one's knowledge was hypothesized to be related to academic achievement in college. The two studies reported in this paper examined the relationship between a measure of metacognitive word knowledge (the KMA) and performance in college. Using undergraduate gpa in a number of academic domains as criterion measures, this research provides support for the validity of the KMA as a predictor of success in college. Suggestions for further research relating performance on the KMA to learning in complex domains are offered.
The Human Connectome: Linking Structure and Function in the Human Brain

Publisher Summary The human brain is a complex and highly dynamic biological network, the physical structure of which is still only partially mapped. This chapter provides an overview of how the analysis of comprehensive maps of structural brain connectivity, the human connectome, may benefit our understanding of structure–function relationships in the human brain. Such a structural description will serve as a fundamental research tool for understanding how the brain works as a complex system. A major distinction among descriptions of brain networks is that of structural, functional, and effective connectivity. The structural pattern of connections is likely to influence the patterns of functional and effective interactions between brain regions, and such interactions in turn are likely to have effects on their own physiological efficacy or strength, through mechanisms of activity- and experience-dependent plasticity. Structural connectivity describes a physical network of connections, which may correspond to fiber pathways or individual synapses. The basic structural elements of the brain are not easily defined, because of the brain's intrinsic multiscale architecture and the many linkages across these different levels that determine brain function. A major incentive for deriving the connectome of the human brain is the power of the mathematical tools that are available for the study of networks. One of the useful attributes of network analysis tools is their applicability to both structural and functional/effective connectivity data sets. Future advances in diffusion imaging and in other non-invasive network mapping technologies may allow the construction of a comprehensive and detailed map of structural connections of individual human subjects. Such data sets may prove valuable in detecting connectional correlates of neurological or psychiatric conditions in an individual brain, or for predicting individual cognitive or behavioral performance.
Auxiliary vector function method for vector variational approach for the solution of complex anisotropic media using the finite element numerical method

An approach which is compatible with finite element solutions of electromagnetic problems is considered. Construction of a modified energy type expression for a general linear anisotropic medium which does not possess Hermitian properties is undertaken. From this energy expression a modified energy functional is derived which is shown to have volumetric and surface parts. Volumetric parts contain electromagnetic governing equations of the media, and surface parts provide constraints on field components on interfacial boundaries. Spurious mode elimination is available through these surface parts. Media examined include gyroelectric, gyromagnetic, combined gyroelectric and gyromagnetic, and complex media displaying gyroelectric, gyromagnetic, and optical activities. >
Multi-layer spiral inductor design for monolithic DC-DC converters

This paper discusses ideas for integrating inductors using standard CMOS process to be used in monolithic DC-DC converters. A circuit model for single-layer planar, spiral inductor is presented. Expressions to compute each element in this model are described. Estimates of performance from these expressions and from the simulation results using a field solver is compared to validate the circuit model of the single-layer spiral. Selection of the geometric parameters of the spiral, based on the simulation results, is discussed. Further, the single-layer circuit model is extended to model the multilayer spiral inductor by using valid approximations. Feasibility of multi-layer spiral inductor is discussed. Better alternatives for single-layer spiral inductor are identified.
Optical spectroscopic study of tuhualite and a re-examination of the beryl, cordierite, and osumilite spectra

Polarized optical absorption spectra of a rare Fe^(2+), Fe^(3+)-bearing silicate mineral, tuhualite, (Na,K)_2 Fe^(2+)_2 Fe^(3+)_2 Si_(12)O_(30), were measured at room temperature in the range 350–4000 nm (ca. 28500–2500 cm^(−1)). The spectra display a number of strongly pleochroic absorption bands in the visible and NIR range, which are attributed to ferric and ferrous ions distributed over octahedral and tetrahedral sites in the structure. No absorption bands caused by H_2O or OH stretching vibrations have been observed in the 3000 to 4000 cm^(−1) range. A narrow, weak absorption line at ~422 nm (γ ≈ β) is attributed to the ^6A_(1g) → ^4A_(1g),^4E_g spin-forbidden transition of six-coordinated Fe^(3+) ions that occupy the octahedral Fe2 position of the tuhualite structure. A broad, intense band at ~573 nm (γ > β >> α) is assigned to a Fe^(2+)/Fe^(3+) intervalence charge transfer transition (IVCT) between tetrahedral Fe^(2+) and octahedral Fe^(3+). Together with the high-energy absorption edge, the band at 573 nm causes the intense violet color and spectacular pleochroism (γ > β >> α) of tuhualite. An intense band at ~1040 nm (γ > β >> α) and a much weaker band ~ 2150 nm (α) are attributed to spin-allowed dd transitions of Fe^(2+) in the strongly distorted tetrahedral Fe1 sites. On the basis of the data obtained for tuhualite, optical spectra of the structurally related minerals beryl, cordierite, and osumilite are discussed and re-assigned. The spectra are re-interpreted on the basis of the distribution of Fe^(2+) in these minerals over structural octahedral and tetrahedral positions.
Natural cytotoxic (NC) activity: A multi-lineage system regulated by IL-2

The studies described in this report demonstrate that NC activity is the function of a number of distinct effector cell populations and not due to a single type of NC cell. While IL-2 was found to augment the NC activity of all populations tested, in vitro culture and T-deficient mutant mouse studies would suggest that it is not necessary for maintaining NC activity. With NC being an ‘activity’ rather than the function of a single effector cell type, identifying all populations that lyse the WEHI-164 target as a single type of effector is no longer valid. As discussed previously, the same situation may apply to the NK compartment [43].
Ammonium Ion Currents in the Squid Giant Axon

Voltage-clamp studies on intact and internally perfused squid giant axons demonstrate that ammonium can substitute partially for either sodium or potassium. Ammonium carries the early transient current with 0.3 times the permeability of sodium and it carries the delayed current with 0.3 times the potassium permeability. The conductance changes observed in voltage clamp show approximately the same time course in ammonium solutions as in the normal physiological solutions. These ammonium ion permeabilities account for the known effects of ammonium on nerve excitability. Experiments with the drugs tetrodotoxin (TTX) and tetraethyl ammonium chloride (TEA) demonstrate that these molecules block the early and late components of the current selectively, even when both components are carried by the same ion, ammonium.
Optimal Control of Beams With Dynamic Loading and Buckling

The vibration of beams can be suppressed by a set of discrete actuators associated with a causal optimal, coupled-modal control algorithm. The controller can be applied to control a beam subjected to a resonant cyclic load, a moving load, and a beam column subjected to a unit impuse at midspan before buckling
US telephone deregulation: lessons to be learned, mistakes to be avoided

Abstract The deregulation of the US telephone system and its transition from pervasive regulated monopoly to a mixture of competition and regulation has been a central feature of telecommunications policy in the US for the past two decades. Much progress has been made, but local telephone service remains as ‘the last frontier’. This review of the US experience provides important lessons for sensible regulation and deregulation – lessons that are applicable to international telephone service, as well as to other network industries.
Determinants of suburban development controls: A Fischel expedition

In addition to land-use zoning, development controls in the suburban municipalities of metropolitan Chicago include architectural reviews, appearance regulations, historical preservation areas, enterprise zones, tax-increment financing districts, development impact fees and regulations pertaining to group homes, mobile homes, factory-assembled homes and adult uses. Results of a factor analysis imply that development control policies tend to cluster into quality development regulations, regulations aimed at lower-class development and growth controls. Subsequent econometric analysis suggests that larger suburbs make greater use of nearly all types of development control. Suburbs with new housing and high median household incomes tend to have complex single-family zoning provisions. Suburbs with lower incomes, larger minority populations and greater poverty rates are more likely to use Enterprise Zones and TIF districts, have more complex zoning for apartment buildings and tend not to have development impac...
MULTI-MODE ANALYSIS OF A TWO COAXIAL CUP PRIME FOCUS FEED WITH AN INFINITE FLANGE

ABSTRACT The circular waveguide antenna feed with multiple coaxial cups is analyzed using the method of moments. The radiation properties of this type of prime focus feed are examined with particular emphasis on the level of cross-polarized radiation. It is demonstrated that by optimizing the feed dimensions the cross-polarization can be maintained below − 27 dB over a 20% bandwidth for a feed with a single coaxial cup. By examining the effects of various numbers of modes used to approximate the aperture fields it is concluded that quite accurate results can be obtained by including only the TE11 and TM11 modes in each aperture region.
Influence of Preservice Teachers' Beliefs About Pupil Achievement on Attitudes Toward Inclusion

This study identified beliefs about pupils, learning, and schooling held by special education preservice teachers that are likely to influence their support for the inclusion of students with disabilities in general education settings as well as their instructional effectiveness in inclusive settings. By examining written assignments and course and advising discussions, the researcher screened the written and oral narratives of 182 junior and senior majors and minors at various stages of their undergraduate special education teacher preparation. Analysis of narratives revealed that special education preservice teachers held a variety of anti-inclusion beliefs. It is suggested that if inclusion is to be successful, teacher education programs should seek antidotes to these anti-inclusion beliefs.
99mTc(Sn) phosphocreatine: labeling characteristics and biological distribution.

Abstract A N-substituted phosphamic acid derivative was investigated in animals after labeling with stannous reduced 99m Tc-pertechnetate. Phosphocreatine, an agent indigenous to muscle, was labeled with 99m Tc(Sn) and formed a colloid after intravenous administration. 99m Tc(Sn) phosphocreatine concentrated primarily in the liver (RES) and secondarily in the spleen, bone marrow, kidneys and soft tissue. The in vivo colloid formation of this agent may be related to its racemic nature whereby insoluble 99m Tc(Sn) phosphate is formed after administration.
A shift in content of the IS fundamentals course

In light of the recent discussion on whether Information Systems (IS) as a field should stay focused on its technology core, a survey of IS instructors was done to determine the current and growing emphases of the introductory fundamentals of IS courses. In general, topics relating to technology applied to business improvement are currently emphasised, while business topics are becoming increasingly important. Purely technological topics are currently seen as the least important and not gaining in importance.
A Metallocene with Ga−Zr Bonds: Cp2Zr(GaR)2 (Cp = C5H5; R = −C6H3-2,6-(2,4,6-i-Pr3C6H2)2)

The reaction of sodium metal with Cp2ZrCl2 and RGaCl2 in hexane affords Cp2Zr(GaR)2 (R = −C6H3-2,6-(2,4,6-i-Pr3C6H2)2) as deep green-black air-sensitive crystals. Essentially, Cp2Zr(GaR)2 is isoelectronic with the well-known 18-electron zirconocene dicarbonyl, Cp2Zr(CO)2, complex. The title compound is the first example of an organometallic compound containing Ga−Zr bonds (Ga−Zr = 2.6350(8) A).
Mechanism of 4-(β-D-Ribofuranosyl)aminobenzene 5′-Phosphate Synthase, a Key Enzyme in the Methanopterin Biosynthetic Pathway

Abstract The first committed step in methanopterin biosynthesis is catalyzed by 4-(β-d-ribofuranosyl)aminobenzene 5′-phosphate (RFA-P) synthase. Unlike all known phosphoribosyltransferases, β-RFA-P synthase catalyzes the unique formation of a C-riboside instead of an N-riboside in the condensation of p-aminobenzoic acid (pABA) and 5-phospho-α-d-ribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) to produce 4-(β-d-ribofuranosyl)aminobenzene 5′-phosphate (β-RFA-P), CO2, and inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi). Here we report the successful cloning, active overexpression in Escherichia coli, and purification of this homodimeric enzyme containing two 36.2-kDa subunits from the methanogen Methanococcus jannaschii. Steady-state initial velocity and product inhibition kinetic studies indicate an ordered Bi-Ter mechanism involving binding of PRPP, then pABA, followed by release of the products CO2, then β-RFA-P, and finally PP. The Michaelis parameters are as follows: KmpABA, 0.15 mm; KmPRPP, 1.50 mm; Vmax, 375 nmol/min/mg; kcat, 0.23 s–1. CO2 showed uncompetitive inhibition, Ki = 0.990 mm, under varied PRPP and saturated pABA, and a mixed type of inhibition, K1 = 1.40 mm and K = 3.800 mm, under varied pABA and saturated PRPP. RFA-P showed uncompetitive inhibition, Ki = 0.210 mm, under varied PRPP and saturated pABA, and again uncompetitive, Ki = 0.300 mm, under saturated PRPP and varied pABA. PPi exhibits competitive inhibition, Ki = 0.320 mm, under varied PRPP and saturated pABA, and a mixed type of inhibition, K1 = 0.60 mm and K2 = 1.900 mm, under saturated PRPP and varied pABA. Synthase lacks any chromogenic cofactor, and the presence of pyridoxal phosphate and the mechanistically related pyruvoyl cofactors has been strictly excluded.
VARIATIONS IN THE REACTION OF CHICKS TO DIFFERENT METHODS OF ADMINISTERING ANDROGENS1

EXPERIMENTS on the chick in this laboratory (i and 2) have demonstrated that oreton-B (dihydroandrosterone′bemoate) is more effective in prc′ducing comb growth and in initiating the crowing reaction than is oreton (testosterone′propionate). Earlier work (3, 4, and 5) has shown that andro′genie compounds of the testosterone series are usually more potent than those of the androsterone series, and that testosterone-propionate is the most efficient androgen tested. It has been reported, on the other hand, (6) that dihydroandrosterone′benzoate is 50 to 100 per cent more efficient than androserone depending on dosage, but theoretically this compound should e less potent than testosterone′propionate. Recently Kochakian (7) con′firmed the conclusions of others relative to the effectiveness of the propionate ester of testosterone, but his results differ from those of Parkes (5), inasmuchas equal amounts of the hormone given in multiple doses proved to be more effective than if given in single injections. My exper...
Hiring and Recruiting Female Faculty.

This chapter explores the attractiveness of community colleges for female faculty. It highlights several areas that need continued improvement to attract and retain female faculty and provides recommendations for changes to policies and practices.
Pleistocene megafaunal collapse, novel plant communities, and enhanced fire regimes in North America.

Although the North American megafaunal extinctions and the formation of novel plant communities are well-known features of the last deglaciation, the causal relationships between these phenomena are unclear. Using the dung fungus Sporormiella and other paleoecological proxies from Appleman Lake, Indiana, and several New York sites, we established that the megafaunal decline closely preceded enhanced fire regimes and the development of plant communities that have no modern analogs. The loss of keystone megaherbivores may thus have altered ecosystem structure and function by the release of palatable hardwoods from herbivory pressure and by fuel accumulation. Megafaunal populations collapsed from 14,800 to 13,700 years ago, well before the final extinctions and during the Bolling-Allerod warm period. Human impacts remain plausible, but the decline predates Younger Dryas cooling and the extraterrestrial impact event proposed to have occurred 12,900 years ago.
Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infancy increases length- and weight-for-age but not BMI to 6 years when controlling for effects of maternal smoking $

Abstract Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) are added to infant formula but their effect on long-term growth of children is under studied. We evaluated the effects of feeding LCPUFA-supplemented formula ( n =54) compared to control formula ( n =15) throughout infancy on growth from birth-6 years. Growth was described using separate models developed with the MIXED procedure of SAS ® that included maternal smoking history and gender. Compared to children fed control formula, children who consumed LCPUFA supplemented formula had higher length-/stature-/and weight-for-age percentiles but not body mass index (BMI) percentile from birth to 6 years. Maternal smoking predicted lower stature (2–6 years), higher weight-for-length (birth-18 months) and BMI percentile (2–6 years) independent of LCPUFA effects. Gender interacted with the effect of LCPUFA on stature, and the relationship between smoking and BMI, with a larger effect for boys. Energy intake did not explain growth differences. A relatively small control sample is a limitation.
Transforming growth factor type β regulation of actin mRNA

Stimulation of quiescent cultures of AKR-2B cells with transforming growth factor type beta (TGF beta) resulted in a transitory increase in actin cytoplasmic poly(A) + RNA. Levels of actin mRNA peaked approximately 4-8 hours subsequent to TGF beta addition and approached basal levels by 24 hours. The accumulation of actin transcripts was dose dependent and insensitive to inhibitors of protein synthesis; 1-3 ng/ml TGF beta induced maximal actin gene expression. Actin isotype-specific probes demonstrated that both beta- and gamma-cytoplasmic actins are induced by TGF beta.
Simultaneous velocimetry and thermometry of air by use of nonresonant heterodyned laser-induced thermal acoustics

Nonresonant laser-induced thermal acoustics is used with heterodyne detection to measure temperature (285–295 K) and a single component of velocity (20–150 m/s) in an atmospheric pressure, subsonic, unseeded air jet. Good agreement is found with Pitot-tube measurements of velocity (0.2% at 150 m/s and 2% at 20 m/s) and the isentropic expansion model for temperature (0.3%).
Dispersion of nonlinear optical susceptibilities of InAs, InSb, and GaAs in the visible region

We have measured the dispersion of $|{\ensuremath{\chi}}^{(2)}(2\ensuremath{\omega})|$ for the III-V semiconductors InAs, InSb, and GaAs at 80 and 300 K, with $\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}$ between 2.0 and 2.7 eV. Large dispersion in $|{\ensuremath{\chi}}^{(2)}(2\ensuremath{\omega})|$ is found for all three semiconductors, while the results for the two temperatures are similar. We compare the observed structures in ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{(2)}$ with those in ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{(1)}(\ensuremath{\omega})$ and ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{(1)}(2\ensuremath{\omega})$, and derive Miller's $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ from our experimental values. We also compare our measured ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{(2)}(2\ensuremath{\omega})$ with recent theoretical results obtained from empirical pseudopotential calculations.
Wave Propagation in Membrane-Based Nonlinear Periodic Structures

Wave propagation in a periodic structure, formed by membrane elements on nonlinear elastic supports, is studied using a finite element discretization of a single unit cell followed by a perturbation analysis. The study is motivated in part by the need to study the dynamic behavior of micro-machined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs). The requisite small parameter in the system arises from the ratio of the membrane to flexible support stiffness. The perturbation approach recovers linear Bloch formalism at first order, and amplitude-dependent dispersion corrections at higher orders. The procedure is used to generate weakly nonlinear band diagrams, which can in turn be used to identify amplitude-dependent bandgaps and group velocities. These diagrams also reveal that the strongest amplitude dependency occurs in high-frequency optical modes. Ultimately, the predicted dispersion behavior will be useful in assessing inter-element coupling and identifying effective excitation strategies for actuating CMUTs.© 2011 ASME
CD4+ NK cells can be productively infected with HIV, leading to downregulation of CD4 expression and changes in function.

NK cells mediate the innate immune response, and HIV-infected individuals demonstrate altered NK cell phenotype and function. We find that CD4+ NK cells are susceptible to HIV infection; this could account for the NK cell dysfunction seen in HIV-infected individuals. CD4+ NK cells express CXCR4 and can be infected with X4-tropic viruses and some primary R5-utilizing viral isolates. Treatment with the CXCR4 ligands AMD3100 and SDF-1α partially blocks infection with X4-tropic virus, treatment with anti-CCL Igs upregulates CCR5 surface expression and enables infection with HIV-Bal. HIV infection of NK cells results in CD4 downregulation and the production of infectious virus. HIV-infected CD4+ NK cells mediate NK cell cytotoxicity, however, HIV infection is associated with decreased chemotaxis towards IL-16. Thus, HIV infection of CD4+ NK cells could account for the NK cell dysfunction observed in HIV-infected individuals. Furthermore infected NK cells could serve as a viral reservoir of HIV in vivo.
Nanoparticles of Er-doped glass produced by laser ablation of microparticles

We report the production of Er impurity-doped glass nanoparticles (NPs) by laser ablation of doped glass microparticles entrained in a flowing argon aerosol. The NP composition for this process is similar to the starting feedstock material, so the manufacture of impurity-doped NP requires only an impurity-doped feedstock. In experiments, NPs with a relatively large mean size of 20 nm were produced to purposely not confine the fluorescence of the impurity; however, other valuable properties of the NPs such as low-temperature sintering were retained. We measured the resulting changes in stoichiometry using energy dispersive spectroscopy in both scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. We measured the spectra from both sparsely deposited regions consisting of individual NPs and clusters of NPs, and densely deposited regions where the deposits formed nanostructured films. The spectra measured from sparse and dense deposits were similar; for samples stored for six months in atmospheric conditions, the fluorescence measured from isolated NPs was quenched, but not the fluorescence measured from the densely deposited nanostructured films. In samples in which the fluorescence was measured within weeks of deposition, the fluorescence lifetimes were found to be only 0.5 ms shorter than those of the starting microparticles, indicating that the nanostructure did not significantly influence the defect or impurity quenching of the Er ions.
Return to primary service among bone marrow transplant rehabilitation inpatients: an index for predicting outcomes.

Abstract Objective To assess rehabilitation inpatient risk of return to primary (RTP) service in patients with bone marrow transplant (BMT). Design Retrospective review. Setting Inpatient rehabilitation unit within a tertiary referral-based cancer center. Participants All patients with BMT (131) who were admitted a total of 147 times to inpatient rehabilitation between January 1, 2002, and April 30, 2010. Interventions None. Main Outcome Measures We analyzed RTP service and demographic information, cancer characteristics, medications, hospital admission characteristics, and laboratory values. Results A total of 61 (41%) of 147 of BMT admissions were transferred from the inpatient rehabilitation unit back to the primary service. Of those transferred back, 23 (38%) of 61 died after being transferred back to the primary service. Significant or near-significant relationships were found for a platelet count of P 0.9 milligrams/deciliter ( P P =.0501); the presence of an antibacterial agent ( P =.0519); the presence of an antifungal agent ( P P Conclusions Patients with BMT have a high rate of transfer from the inpatient rehabilitation unit back to the primary service. The RTP-BMT index score can be a useful tool to help clinicians predict the likelihood of return to the primary acute care service.
The Archive, Disciplinarity, and Governing: Cultural Studies and the Writing of History:

This article historicizes the archive as a mechanism of exclusion. It focuses on three archival sites (the development of archival rationalization in the 19th century, national archives and the col...
Transformation of hamster pancreatic duct cells by 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), in vitro

The tobacco specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is a potent carcinogen in laboratory animals. In the present study, in vitro transformation of spontaneously immortal hamster pancreatic duct cells following exposure to 20 mM NNK for 1,3,5 and 7 days is described. NNK imparted a dose-dependent and time-dependent toxicity to pancreatic duct cells in vitro. After NNK treatment, duct cells were grown either in complete duct medium (CDM) or in the absence of bovine pituitary extract, epidermal growth factor and Nu-serum (incomplete duct medium, IDM). Addition of NNK to the culture for 1 and 3 days did not affect the growth of the cells, whereas exposure of the cells for 5 and 7 days was inhibitory. One and 3 day NNK-treated cells were able to grow in the absence of growth factors and serum immediately after the treatment without any inhibition of growth. Untreated cells grew as a monolayer consisting of tightly packed polygonal cells with single nuclei. NNK treated cells also grew as a monolayer with numerous mitotic figures and multi-nucleated large cells. The doubling time between the untreated (16 h) and NNK-treated cells (14 h) was not significantly different prior to injection into the nude mice. NNK treated cells grown in IDM displayed anchorage independency in soft-agar. The tumorigenicity of the untreated and NNK treated cells (5 x 10(6)) was determined in nude mice. One and 3 day NNK-treated cells grown in CDM produced well-differentiated, mucinous tumors with a lower frequency (2/4 sites) and longer duration, but produced tumors at a higher frequency (4/4 sites) and shorter duration when grown in IDM. Five and 7 day NNK-treated cells grown in CDM did not produce any tumors; however, they produced tumors when grown in CDM followed by IDM (5/8 and 6/8 sites) with a shorter duration in nude mice. Analysis of DNA for k-ras mutation at codons 12, 13 and 61 showed G-A transition at codon 12 of the k-ras oncogene in tumor cells of 1 and 3 day NNK treatment. No mutation was detected in tumor cells from 5 and 7 day treatment.
Enhanced metal adsorption by soybean hulls modified with citric acid

Abstract A method was developed to enhance metal ion adsorption of soybean hulls for wastewater treatment using copper ion (Cu2+) as a typical metal ion. Hulls, extracted with 0.1 N NaOH, were modified with different citric acid (CA) concentrations (0.1-1.2 M) at 120°C for 90 min. CA-modified hulls had adsorption capacities for Cu2+ from 0.68 to 2.44 mmoles/g, which was much higher than for unmodified hulls (0.39 mmoles/g). The total negative charge for these hulls also increased with increasing CA concentration and was about twice the copper ion adsorption capacity at all CA concentrations. The need for NaOH (base) extraction (BE) before CA modification was examined. CA-modified, non-extracted (NE) and CA-modified, BE hulls were compared for adsorption kinetics and adsorption capacity. Base extraction resulted in modified hulls with faster adsorption kinetics and slightly lower adsorption capacity for copper ion than NE hulls. For BE, CA-modified hulls, increasing the temperature from 25°C to 60°C appeared to have no effect on the rate of copper ion removal from solution. CA modification of soybean hulls greatly enhanced metal ion removal and resulted in a product with possible commercial potential for metal ion remediation.
Scissors, Surveys, And Psycho‐Prophylactics: Prenatal Health Care Campaigns And State Building In China, 1949–1954

This paper examines how the Chinese state’s prenatal health care campaigns of the early 1950s attempted to redefine women’s social and political roles. The replacement of local midwifing practices with a uniform birthing method in order to radically reduce infant and mother mortality entailed complex ramifications regarding the relationship of women vis-a-vis the state. Campaigns involved demonizing "traditional" midwifing, promoting a statistical vision of female reproductivity and children as national resources, and the isolation of individual mothers as directly responsible to the state for managing reproduction for the national interest. In sum, a physiological definition of gender was used to open women’s bodies to state management. Utopic visions of painless childbirth and of the socialist nation as a giant new family were used to promote participation in grassroots campaigns, but the sources also point to forms of local resistance to the micro-level reorganization of power these campaigns intended.
The Place of Counseling in the Preparation of Student Personnel Workers

The nature of preparation of student personnel workers is currently under discussion. Because of the variety of settings within higher education in which student personnel workers function and the specialized nature of their functions, their preparation should be different from counseling psychologists. Consideration is given to the possible conflicting nature of the student personnel worker's commitment to the institution and his commitment to individual students. The inadequacy of a philosophy of counseling based on radical individualism is discussed. An attempt is made to formulate a consistent and integrated rationale for student personnel work. The position is taken that education as a counselor, based upon an adequate philosophy of individual development within lines that will benefit the whole society, is crucial to adequate functioning as an effective student personnel worker.
Further applications for capillary gas chromatography in routine quantitative toxicological analyses

The use of capillary column gas chromatography for drug screening in forensic toxicology has become increasingly widespread. Screening procedures however are often lengthy and unsuitable for rapid confirmatory or quantitative applications. In order to develop a practical scheme for confirmatory/quantitative analysis, we have optimized a series of temperature profiles to allow the rapid quantitative determination of a wide range of acid/neutral and basic drugs in extracts from post mortem fluids and tissue. The appropriate profile is selected based on the retention index on a standard crosslinked methyl silicone column used to screen extracts. The use of a 5% phenyl methyl silicone phase allows complementary identification, and allows the separation of some pairs of compounds with identical retention indices in the screning procedure.
Adenovirus E1B 19-Kilodalton Protein Modulates Innate Immunity through Apoptotic Mimicry

ABSTRACT Cells that undergo apoptosis in response to chemical or physical stimuli repress inflammatory reactions, but cells that undergo nonapoptotic death in response to such stimuli lack this activity. Whether cells dying from viral infection exhibit a cell death-type modulatory effect on inflammatory reactions is unknown. We compared the effects on macrophage inflammatory responses of cells dying an apoptotic or a nonapoptotic death as a result of adenoviral infection. The results were exactly opposite to the predictions from the conventional paradigm. Cells dying by apoptosis induced by infection with an adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) E1B 19-kilodalton (E1B 19K) gene deletion mutant did not repress macrophage NF-κB activation or cytokine responses to proinflammatory stimuli, whereas cells dying a nonapoptotic death from infection with E1B 19K-competent, wild-type Ad5 repressed these macrophage inflammatory responses as well as cells undergoing classical apoptosis in response to chemical injury. The immunorepressive, E1B 19K-related cell death activity depended upon direct contact of the virally infected corpses with responder macrophages. Replacement of the viral E1B 19K gene with the mammalian Bcl-2 gene in cis restored the nonapoptotic, immunorepressive cell death activity of virally infected cells. These results define a novel function of the antiapoptotic, adenoviral E1B 19K protein that may limit local host innate immune inflammation during accumulation of virally infected cells at sites of infection and suggest that E1B 19K-deleted, replicating adenoviral vectors might induce greater inflammatory responses to virally infected cells than E1B 19K-positive vectors, because of the net effect of their loss-of-function mutation. IMPORTANCE We observed that cells dying a nonapoptotic cell death induced by adenovirus infection repressed macrophage proinflammatory responses while cells dying by apoptosis induced by infection with an E1B 19K deletion mutant virus did not repress macrophage proinflammatory responses and enhanced some cytokine responses. Our results define a new function of the antiapoptotic, adenoviral protein E1B 19K, which we have termed “apoptotic mimicry.” Our studies suggest the possibility that the presence or absence of this E1B 19K function could alter the immunological outcome of both natural and therapeutic adenoviral infections. For example, emerging, highly immunopathogenic adenovirus serotypes might induce increased host inflammatory responses as a result of altered E1B 19K function or expression. It is also possible that engineered variations in E1B 19K expression/function could be created during adenovirus vector design that would increase the therapeutic efficacy of replicating adenovirus vectors for vaccines or oncolytic viral targeting of neoplastic cells.
Energy Consumption Model for Power Management in Wireless Sensor Networks

It is well recognized that a proper energy consumption model is a foundation for developing and evaluating a power management scheme in the wireless sensor networks (WSN). However, by investigating the organization and behavior of the communication subsystem in WSN devices, we found that in terms of energy consumption, the actual specifications of real WSN devices are significantly different from those typically assumed while designing and evaluating the energy-aware protocols. We argue that the fundamental energy consumption behavior of real WSN devices is critically important to properly model before optimizing or developing an energy-aware design even at higher communication layers. Thus, we initially propose a general energy consumption model of WSN devices based on their actual hardware architecture. In particular, we utilize measured energy consumption performance of the actual hardware components to implement a realistic CSESM (communication subsystem energy consumption model) of WSN devices, which reflects the energy consumption in various functioning states and during transitions between states of the devices. By applying the CSECM, we are able to evaluate and analyze the energy efficiency of various WSN sleeping schedule protocols. Experimental measurements with real WSN devices (CC1000 and CC2420) validated the CSECM and its application methodology. Furthermore, using realistic CSECM parameter from real WSN devices has significant impact on the evaluation of energy efficient WSN sleeping schedule protocols and in developing effective power management schemes.
A Spectroscopic and Thermodynamic Investigation of Mercuric Iodide Physically Confined in Porous Glass Hosts

Raman and electronic spectra and results from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) are reported for mercuric iodide (HgI2) confined in four different pore-sized glass hosts. The Raman spectra reveal peaks at 39 and 141 cm−1 that indicate the confined HgI2 is stabilized at 300 K in a modified orthorhombic (yellow) β-phase which is observed at 400 K for the bulk material. An additional band begins to appear at 145 cm−1 for pore radii smaller than 3.75 nm suggesting the presence of new phase of confined HgI2. The DSC measurements show the melting and freezing transitions of confined β-HgI2 are depressed from values reported for the bulk material and the depression increases as the pore size decreases. No transition is observed in the DSC measurement which could be attributed to the α→β transition for the confined material. Evidence supporting the new phase of HgI2 is observed in the electronic spectra of the confined HgI2 by the appearance of an energy gap transitions located at 2.7 eV.
Potential for supernova neutrino detection in MiniBooNE

The MiniBooNE detector at Fermilab is designed to search for ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}$ oscillation appearance at ${E}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}\ensuremath{\sim}1 \mathrm{GeV}$ and to make a decisive test of the LSND signal. The main detector (inside a veto shield) is a spherical volume containing 0.680 ktons of mineral oil. This inner volume, viewed by 1280 phototubes, is primarily a \ifmmode \check{C}\else \v{C}\fi{}erenkov medium, as the scintillation yield is low. The entire detector is under a 3 m earth overburden. Though the detector is not optimized for low-energy (tens of MeV) events, and the cosmic-ray muon rate is high (10 kHz), we show that MiniBooNE can function as a useful supernova neutrino detector. Simple trigger-level cuts can greatly reduce the backgrounds due to cosmic-ray muons. For a canonical Galactic supernova at 10 kpc, about 190 supernova ${\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{e}+\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{p}{e}^{+}+n$ events would be detected. By adding MiniBooNE to the international network of supernova detectors, the possibility of a supernova being missed would be reduced. Additionally, the paths of the supernova neutrinos through Earth will be different for MiniBooNE and other detectors, thus allowing tests of matter-affected mixing effects on the neutrino signal.
Identification by targeted differential display of an immediate early gene encoding a putative serine/threonine kinase.

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-1 mitogenic signal transduction is mediated in part by gene products that are specifically expressed in response to cell surface receptor binding and activation. We have used a targeted differential display method to identify FGF-1-inducible genes in murine NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. Here we report that one of these genes is predicted to encode a novel serine/threonine-specific protein kinase. This putative kinase has been named Fnk, for FGF-inducible kinase. The deduced Fnk amino acid sequence has 49, 36, 33, 32, and 22% overall identity to mouse serum-inducible kinase (Snk), mouse polo-like kinase (Plk), Drosophila polo, Saccharomyces Cdc5, and mouse Snk/Plk-akin kinase (Sak), respectively. These proteins are all members of the polo subfamily of structurally related serine/threonine kinases. The Plk, polo, Cdc5, and Sak kinases are required for cell division. FGF-1 induction of Fnk mRNA expression is first detected at 30 min after mitogen addition, reflects transcriptional activation, and does not require de novo protein synthesis. FGF-2, platelet-derived growth factor-BB, calf serum, or phorbol myristate acetate treatment of quiescent cells also induces fnk gene expression. Fnk mRNA is expressed in vivo in a tissue-specific manner, with relatively high levels detected in newborn and adult mouse skin. These results indicate that Fnk may be a transiently ex-pressed protein kinase involved in the early signaling events required for growth factor-stimulated cell cycle progression.
18-Atom-Ringed Macrocyclic Tetra-imidazoliums for Preparation of Monomeric Tetra-carbene Complexes

18-Atom-ringed macrocyclic tetra-imidazolium ligands have been synthesized by a two-step procedure and are the smallest free tetra-imidazoliums to date. The structures of the tetra-imidazoliums were characterized by multinuclear NMR and high-resolution ESI/MS to distinguish them from the potential di-imidazolium species. These tetra-imidazolium ligands form monomeric tetra-carbene complexes of platinum through in situ deprotonation.
The effects of buffer growth parameters on heteroepitaxial ZnO films grown by pulsed laser deposition

Abstract The effects of buffer layer deposition conditions on subsequent ZnO epitaxy on sapphire (0001) were examined. An initial ZnO buffer layer improves surface roughness for a wide range of buffer layer growth temperatures and pressures. Changes in buffer layer growth pressure and temperature have a moderate effect on the roughness of subsequent film growth. However, the conditions for buffer layer deposition have a large impact on crystallinity of subsequent films. In particular, the out-of-plane X-ray diffraction rocking curve full-width half-maximum decreased as buffer deposition temperature or O 2 /O 3 pressure increases. Carrier mobility in the subsequent thick ZnO film was enhanced with increase in buffer layer deposition temperature. Carrier concentration decreased with increasing buffer layer deposition pressure.