cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Channeling of 20-100 eV Si atoms above the Si (111) surface

Abstract The interaction of low energy silicon atoms with an unreconstructed (111) silicon surface has been studied using molecular dynamics techniques and an accurate description of the covalent Si-Si interaction. For angles of incidence below a critical value, a new phenomenon of “surface channeling” is observed. In “surface channeling”, the trajectory of the incoming particle is steered by short-range repulsive and long-range attractive interactions with the surface atoms parallel to, and roughly 2 A above, the surface of the substrate. Such surface channeling trajectories offer considerable promise for precision control of beam-induced growth.
The Importance of Complete Pathologic Response After Neoadjuvant Systemic Treatment in Breast Cancer Research and Practice: Reply

We agree with the comments of Dr. Kalogerakos [1] in his letter regarding the recent article [2] in which we describe our nodal response rates following neoadjuvant endocrine therapy and neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. Pathologic complete response (pCR) rates following neoadjuvant systemic therapy are predictive of long-term survival benefits [3]. Our results demonstrate that pCR rates may differ between the primary breast tumor and the nodal tissue within an individual patient. Of the 19 patients who had a complete nodal pathologic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, only 4 (21%) also had a complete response in the breast. Conversely, there were 12 (17%) patients who had a complete pathological response in the breast following neoadjuvant chemotherapy, but had persistent disease in the nodal tissue. Future neoadjuvant trials will need to address not only the primary breast tumor response but also the nodal response in determining the pCR and its relationship to recurrence rates and overall survival. We recognize the limitations of our single-institution, retrospective study in its inability to identify the patient and tumor characteristics that may predict a pCR following neoadjuvant systemic therapy. The only factor associated with a difference in the rate of a nodal pCR was the type of neoadjuvant therapy used; all 19 patients with a nodal pCR received neoadjuvant chemotherapy and none received neoadjuvant endocrine therapy (P \ 0.05). The reasons for this absence of a nodal pCR following neoadjuvant endocrine therapy are unclear. Perhaps the mechanism of action for endocrine agents differs in such a way as to result in less tumoricidal activity than that of chemotherapeutic agents. To be able to predict which specific treatments will benefit which specific patients and result in the highest overall pCR rates for all neoadjuvant regimens must be the ultimate goal of future trials. This will allow physicians to personalize individual patient treatment and optimize outcomes.
Alignment And Focusing Device For A Multibeam Laser System

Large inertial confinement fusion laser systems have many beams focusing on a small target. The Antares system is a 24A¢â¬â?beam CO2 pulse laser. To produce uniform illumination, the 24 beams must be individually focused on (or near) the target's surface in a symmetric pattern. To assess the quality of a given beam, we will locate a Smartt (point diffraction) interferometer at the desired focal point and illuminate it with an alignment laser. The resulting fringe pattern shows defocus, lateral misalignment, and beam aberrations; all of which can be minimized by tilting and translating the focusing mirror and the preceding flat mirror. The device described in this paper will remotely translate the Smartt interferometer to any position in the target space and point it in any direction using a two axis gimbal. The fringes produced by the interferometer are relayed out of the target vacuum shell to a vidicon by a train of prisms. We are designing four separate "snap in" heads to mount on the gimbal; two of which are Smartt interferometers (for 10.6 pm and 633 nm) and two for pinholes, should we wish to put an alignment beam backwards through the system.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
THERMAL MECHANISMS RELATED TO THE PHOTOLYSIS OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE

Summary A diagram of the relationships between the mechanisms discussed above is given in Table 3. Because of the obvious importance of the photolysis of NO2 to the interpretation of the various thermal mechanisms, additional quantitative studies of the photolysis of NO2 are in order. A quantitative study of the photolysis of NO2 would contribute mainly to the field of combustion kinetics rather than to the field of photochemistry.
Transcranial Doppler measurements in migraine and nitroglycerin headache

The objective of this study was to examine the cerebral circulation during spontaneous migraine attacks and to compare changes to an experimental headache model induced by nitroglycerin (NTG) infusion. This prospective study was carried out in a tertiary care hospital on migraineurs with or without aura. Healthy volunteers served as controls. There were no interventions. Flow velocity (FV) and pulsatility index (PI) were measured in migraineurs between and during headache attacks. In controls, FV and PI of the middle cerebral arteries were performed at baseline and after each IV infusion of 0.125, 0.25 and 0.5 μg/kg/min of NTG. In migraineurs, a significant increase in the mean flow velocity (MFV) in the left vertebral artery (VA) and the PI of the right VA during spontaneous migraine headache was found. In controls, all FV significantly decreased after infusion of NTG. The NTG model produces expected and substantially different vascular effects than those seen with spontaneous migraine headache.
Birth dates of retinal ganglion cells giving rise to the crossed and uncrossed optic projections in the mouse.

In the mouse, as in most mammals, the crossed optic projections originate from the entire extent of the retina, whereas ganglion cells giving rise to the uncrossed (ipsilateral) projection are restricted to the temporal and ventral retina. The nasal border of this bilaterally projecting region in the retina corresponds to the midline of the visual field. Here the birth dates of ipsilaterally and contralaterally projecting ganglion cells were determined by combining tritiated thymidine labelling in the embryo with horseradish peroxidase tracings from the optic tract in the adult. Contralaterally projecting ganglion cells were found to be generated from embryonic day E11 to about E19 in a crude concentric fashion with the oldest cells in central and youngest ones in peripheral retina. Ipsilaterally projecting cells were born from E11 to E16, that is, during the earlier part of the period in which the contralateral projection was born. At the earliest time of ganglion cell generation (E11--12) ipsi- and contralaterally projecting cells were born within separate retinal regions, with the future midline representation forming the border between the two zones. This distinction became lost after E13, when both ipsi- and contralaterally projecting cells were born in the bilaterally projecting region. Hence at E11--12 the retina was found to have a bipartite organization that may allow the specification of the two maps of opposite topographical polarity in which the crossed and uncrossed projections are organized. Since in the adult retina this bipartite organization is preserved only in the large ganglion cells that project to the lateral geniculate nucleus, and since large ganglion cells are known to be the earliest ones formed in the mouse, these cells may be the ones that establish the early and bilateral projections of the retina. The conclusion that the bilateral projection system in the retina reflects an early developmental programme, and not the result of competition between the two eyes at later stages, was reinforced by observing a practically normal retinal origin of ipsilateral projections in mice which had only one normal eye from the earliest stages of eye development.
The Human Estrogen Receptor-α Is a Ubiquitinated Protein Whose Stability Is Affected Differentially by Agonists, Antagonists, and Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators

The human estrogen receptor alpha-isoform (ERalpha) is a nuclear transcription factor that displays a complex pharmacology. In addition to classical agonists and antagonists, the transcriptional activity of ERalpha can be regulated by selective estrogen receptor modulators, a new class of drugs whose relative agonist/antagonist activity is determined by cell context. It has been demonstrated that the binding of different ligands to ERalpha results in the formation of unique ERalpha-ligand conformations. These conformations have been shown to influence ERalpha-cofactor binding and, therefore, have a profound impact on ERalpha pharmacology. In this study, we demonstrate that the nature of the bound ligand also influences the stability of ERalpha, revealing an additional mechanism by which the pharmacological activity of a compound is determined. Of note we found that although all ERalpha-ligand complexes can be ubiquitinated and degraded by the 26 S proteasome in vivo, the mechanisms by which they are targeted for proteolysis appear to be different. Specifically, for agonist-activated ERalpha, an inverse relationship between transcriptional activity and receptor stability was observed. This relationship does not extend to selective estrogen receptor modulators and pure antagonists. Instead, it appears that with these compounds, the determinant of receptor stability is the ligand-induced conformation of ERalpha. We conclude that the different conformational states adopted by ERalpha in the presence of different ligands influence transcriptional activity directly by regulating cofactor binding and indirectly by modulating receptor stability.
Retrieving information from Korsakoff patients: effects of categorical cues and reference to the task.

Summary A group of Korsakoff patients was rehearsed on a list of words and the categories to which these words belonged. Following a delay period, recall was tested under three conditions: reference to the task, reference to the task and cuing with the appropriate category, cuing with the appropriate category without reference to the task. While non-Korsakoff alcoholic patients displayed excellent recall as long as the task was mentioned, the Korskoff patients required both cues for adequate recall. A number of further analyses revealed that the response patterns of the Korsakoff patients were altered irrespective of the type of cuing. These findings are discussed in terms of the kinds of mnemonic capacities which are preserved and impaired in Korsakoff patients.
Antibacterial effects of American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) concentrate on foodborne pathogens

Abstract Antibacterial effects of American cranberry ( Vaccinium macrocarpon ) concentrate on foodborne pathogens, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes , Salmonella Typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus in vitro were investigated. Cranberry concentrate at various concentrations was prepared in distilled water (DW) or Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth. Pathogens were inoculated in each sample and incubated at 21 and 4 °C for 0, 1, 5, 7, and 24 h (DW samples) and 0, 1, 3, and 5 days (BHI samples). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to study the effects of cranberry concentrate on cellular structure of pathogens. DW results showed that S. Typhimurium and L. monocytogenes were reduced to non-detectable levels at 5 h in 100 μl/ml treatment at 21 and 4 °C. At 24 h, no target pathogens were detected from the 100 μl/ml treatment. BHI data indicated that the 100 μl/ml treatment reduced the four pathogens by 3–8 log CFU/ml compared with the control on Day 5 at 21 and 4 °C. TEM revealed damage to the bacterial cell walls and membranes. Cranberry concentrate has antibacterial effects on the four foodborne pathogens. Based on potential health benefits and proven antimicrobial effects, American cranberry concentrate may have dual applications as a food preservative.
Lead-free and halogen free solder flip chips on board using SMT processes and materials for miniaturization and lower cost

Miniaturization and the integration of a growing number of functions in portable electronic devices require an extremely high packaging density for the active and passive components. There are many ways to increase the packaging density and a few examples would be to stack them such as with Package on Package (PoP), fine pitch CSP's or solder flipchip on board. This means that the size and pitch of solder balls or pads in the electronic component packages will continue to shrink and that component stacking with so called Package on Package (PoP) and fine-pitch CSP's will continue to be heavily used. Another important factor is that not only is the area density increasing and the drive to make portable electronics thinner also drives thinner components and thereby warpage becomes one of the key challenges. The use of fine pitch CSP and PoP component's, equal and below 0.40mm pitch, poses a number of challenges for PCB Design, SMT Assembly process and Reliability and since the assembly methods and requirements of these are very similar to lead-free solder flipchips this means lead-free solder flipchip on board can be implemented into high volume consumer products at minimal extra cost of process or materials such as flux underfill and last but not least the cost of printed circuit boards. First, a feasible assembly process must be achieved. The assembly process ranges all the way from screen-printing, dipping in flux or paste, reflow soldering in air or nitrogen and underfill. Many factors influence the quality of the assembly process and with the reduced pitch, the process capabilities for both assembly and PCB fabrication will be tested to its limit and beyond. The basic processes to control are screen-printing, pick & place, reflow soldering with the aid of Nitrogen and underfill and by using solder flipchip some of the challenges can actually be eliminated but there will also be some extra challenges such as known good die, wafer feeding and others. Second, the correct incoming materials such as PCB material, PCB surface finish, solder paste, dipping flux, underfill and PCB design need to be selected to ensure a high yielding, cost effective and reliable interconnects. Of course, the mechanics of the products makes a big difference as well but it is very product dependent and many of today's products leave little room for designing the mechanics in the most reliable way due to total cost and overall look and size of the products This paper will discuss different design & layout alternatives and assembly & material selection alternatives for using 0.18mm pitch solder flipchips instead of 0.30-0.40mm pitch CSP's and their corresponding challenges. Different flux and underfill materials are evaluated for compatibility with the lead-free solder and halogen free materials and processes. Results from assembly and reliability testing will be presented, in comparison with 0.30mm pitch CSP's on halogen free FR4 substrates with and without underfill.
Problems and results of cardiac transplantation.

Abstract Cardiac transplantation has been used in the treatment of 18 patients with end-stage heart disease. The major problems in cardiac transplantation include acquisition of donors, proper selection of recipients, achieving optimum histocompatibility, and proper regulation of drug therapy to maximize immunosuppression and minimize side reactions. All donors had irreversible brain damage due mainly to hemorrhage, trauma, or tumor. The most common cause of end-stage heart disease (14 patients) was occlusive pathology of the coronary arteries. Lymphocyte typing was done according to the Terasaki system, and most patients had less than favorable (C and D) matches. Survival after transplantation ranged from 14 hours to 834 months, and no patient died as a result of technical problems related to the operation. The most common causes of death were infection and chronic rejection. Three patients were discharged from the hospital, and two returned to work—all three died later of chronic rejection after periods up to 834 months. Complications of therapy included hyperglycemia, cushingoid habitus, osteoporosis, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia and reduced resistance to infection. An orthotopic cardiac prosthesis can be used to prolong life in a patient with end-stage heart disease who may die before an allograft becomes available. 18,19 The transplanted human heart, in the absence of rejection, functions satisfactorily and can provide palliation in patients with end-stage heart disease for which no other form of treatment is effective.
Simplified method of clinical phenotyping for older men and women using established field-based measures.

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to determine body composition classification using field-based testing measurements in healthy elderly men and women. The use of isoperformance curves is presented as a method for this determination. Baseline values from 107 healthy Caucasian men and women, over the age of 65 years old, who participated in a separate longitudinal study, were used for this investigation. Field-based measurements of age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), and handgrip strength were recorded on an individual basis. Relative skeletal muscle index (RSMI) and body fat percentage (FAT%) were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for each participant. Sarcopenia cut-off values for RSMI of 7.26 kg·m− 2 for men and 5.45 kg·m− 2 for women and elderly obesity cut-off values for FAT% of 27% for men and 38% for women were used. Individuals above the RSMI cut-off and below the FAT% cut-off were classified in the normal phenotype category, while individuals below the RSMI cut-off and above the FAT% cut-off were classified in the sarcopenic-obese phenotype category. Prediction equations for RSMI and FAT% from sex, BMI, and handgrip strength values were developed using multiple regression analysis. The prediction equations were validated using double cross-validation. The final regression equation developed to predict FAT% from sex, BMI, and handgrip strength resulted in a strong relationship (adjusted R2 = 0.741) to DXA values with a low standard error of the estimate (SEE = 3.994%). The final regression equation developed to predict RSMI from the field-based testing measures also resulted in a strong relationship (adjusted R2 = 0.841) to DXA values with a low standard error of the estimate (SEE = 0.544 kg·m− 2). Isoperformance curves were developed from the relationship between BMI and handgrip strength for men and women with the aforementioned clinical phenotype classification criteria. These visual representations were used to aid in the classification and evaluation of sarcopenia, obesity, and sarcopenic-obesity in elderly individuals. Future research should replicate the current findings with an increased sample size and the development of tailored interventions for each body composition category.
‘Now I can go on:’ Wittgenstein and our embodied embeddedness in the ‘Hurly-Burly’ of life

Wittgenstein is not primarily concerned with anything mysterious going on inside people's heads, but with us simply ‘going on’ with each other; that is, with us being able to inter-relate our everyday, bodily activities in unproblematic ways in with those of others, in practice. Learning to communicate with clear and unequivocal meanings; to send messages; to fully understand each other; to be able to reach out, so to speak, from within language-game entwined forms of life, and to talk in theoretical terms of the contacts one has made., as an individual, with what is out there; and so on — all these abilities are, or can be, later developments. Wittgenstein's investigations into our pre-individual, pre-theoretical, embodied, compulsive activities are utterly revolutionary. They open up a vast new realm for empirical study to do with the detailed and subtle nature of the bodily activities in the ‘background’ to everything that we do. The relational character of such pre-theoretical, Ur-linguistic, spontaneous bodily activities—and the way in which they display us as ‘seeing connections’ from within a ‘synopsis of trivialities’ — is explored through the paradigm of currently fashionable 3–13 random dot autostereograms.
Longitudinal Anisotropy of the High-Field Conductivity of n -Type Germanium at Room Temperature

New pulse measurements of the high-field conductivity of $n$-type germanium at room temperature have been performed. Contrary to previous measurements, the conductivity is anisotropic above the Ohmic field range. The highest current for a given field is found along the 100g crystallographic axes; the 110g current is as much as 9% lower, and the 111g current 14% lower than the 100g current. The maximum anisotropy is found at a field of 3 kV/cm. No region of constant drift velocity is found; current increases with field up to 30 kV/cm, the highest field applied.
Observation of infrared absorption in HgSe and HgTe in transient megagauss fields

Abstract Applying infrared-magneto spectroscopy in transient megagauss fields, we were able not only to observe detailed inter- and intraband resonances, but also to study the carrier dynamics due to the pronounced hysteresis effects in the magneto transmission. These time-delay effects are shown only at temperatures above 100 K and are strongest at room temperature in the cyclotron-resonance transitions. The effect can be explained by a delay in the thermalization of the carrier population due to a finite spin-lattice relaxation time being in the order of the characteristic time of the field variation. Choosing HgSe and HgTe as examples we demonstrate the transient megagauss fields are a useful tool for the investigation of spin related carrier dynamics in semiconductors.
The cytokine hypothesis: A neurodevelopmental explanation for the emergence of schizophrenia later in life

There is increasing evidence for the cytokine hypothesis, which states that exposure to elevated cytokines in utero due to maternal immune activation is a major risk factor for the development of schizophrenia later in life. This is supported by numerous epidemicologic studies that connect multiple infections with schizophrenia emergence. Furthermore, cytokines are critically involved in early neurodevelopment and deviations from the norm can result in abnormal neuroanatomy and brain chemistry. Animal models of schizophrenia also support the critical role of developmental neuroinflammation in predisposing the brain to anatomical and behavioral abnormalities. Although there is strong evidence for the critical role of cytokines, they most likely work with other contributing risk factors such as genetic predisposition. New evidence indicates that cytokine exposure in utero may prime the brain and that a second stressor during adolescence, referred to as a second hit, may activate existing developmental vulnerabilities resulting in the emergence of clinical schizophrenia. Further knowledge of these pathogenic processes and risk factors could be very instrumental in reducing risk and slowing emergence of schizophrenia.
Digging at the Roots: Discipline, Management, and Metaphor.

Abstract The author describes and criticizes the influence of industrial metaphors in education and teacher education. He argues that education renewal requires the creation of new metaphors that represent teacher-student relationships quite different from those typically associated with discipline and management. An approach to preservice teacher education is briefly described that involves analyzing teaching metaphors as a means of exploring beginning teacher thinking and generating alternative conceptions of teaching. Finally, some of the difficulties involved in creating and institutionalizing alternative metaphors for teaching and learning are discussed.
Automated contour mapping with a regional deformable model.

Purpose To develop a regional narrow-band algorithm to auto-propagate the contour surface of a region of interest (ROI) from one phase to other phases of four-dimensional computed tomography (4D-CT). Methods and Materials The ROI contours were manually delineated on a selected phase of 4D-CT. A narrow band encompassing the ROI boundary was created on the image and used as a compact representation of the ROI surface. A BSpline deformable registration was performed to map the band to other phases. A Mattes mutual information was used as the metric function, and the limited memory Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno algorithm was used to optimize the function. After registration the deformation field was extracted and used to transform the manual contours to other phases. Bidirectional contour mapping was introduced to evaluate the proposed technique. The new algorithm was tested on synthetic images and applied to 4D-CT images of 4 thoracic patients and a head-and-neck Cone-beam CT case. Results Application of the algorithm to synthetic images and Cone-beam CT images indicates that an accuracy of 1.0 mm is achievable and that 4D-CT images show a spatial accuracy better than 1.5 mm for ROI mappings between adjacent phases, and 3 mm in opposite-phase mapping. Compared with whole image–based calculations, the computation was an order of magnitude more efficient, in addition to the much-reduced computer memory consumption. Conclusions A narrow-band model is an efficient way for contour mapping and should find widespread application in future 4D treatment planning.
Effect of Low Temperatures on Young's Modulus of Elastomers

Abstract The data presented should be of value to the rubber technologist who may be called on to produce a compound having a given base polymer capable of performing satisfactorily down to a specified low temperature. Although natural rubber is basically more cold-resistant than some of the other synthetic elastomers, it has been found possible to add larger quantities of softeners and modifiers to the latter (without causing too serious a decrease in mechanical properties) than can be added to natural rubber. Consequently, it is possible to compound synthetic elastomer stocks having better low-temperature properties than natural rubber stocks. In the case of material which does not exhibit crystallization, it should be possible (either from experience or by a simple test at normal temperatures) to set an upper limit for the Young's modulus of the proposed stock consistent with satisfactory operation. A modulus vs. temperature curve of the stock would then indicate definitely whether the observed modulus...
T cells in a suppressor circuit and non-T:non-B cells bear different I-J determinants.

T cells involved in the generation of suppressor activity bear an I-J-subregion controlled determinant (e.g., J1) which is distinct from that (e.g., J2) found on non-T:non-B accessory cells. T-cell subsets examined include Ly-1 inducer and Ly-1,2 acceptor cells which collaborate to generate suppressor activity in the in vitro sheep red blood cell antibody system. Non-T:non-B accessory cells examined include accessory cells involved in concanavalin-A induced, T-cell proliferative responses and in in vitro antibody responses to sheep red blood cells. These results provide evidence for serologic and genetic complexity of the I-J subregion of the murine H-2 gene complex.
Insights into the Aberrant Activity of Mutant EGFR Kinase Domain and Drug Recognition

The oncogenicity of the L858R mutant form of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in non-small-cell lung cancer is thought to be due to the constitutive activation of its kinase domain. The selectivity of the marketed drugs gefitinib and erlotinib for L858R mutant is attributed to their specific recognition of the active kinase and to weaker ATP binding by L858R EGFR. We present crystal structures showing that neither L858R nor the drug-resistant L858R+T790M EGFR kinase domain is in the constitutively active conformation. Additional co-crystal structures show that gefitinib and dacomitinib, an irreversible anilinoquinazoline derivative currently in clinical development, may not be conformation specific for the active state of the enzyme. Structural data further reveal the potential mode of recognition of one of the autophosphorylation sites in the C-terminal tail, Tyr-1016, by the kinase domain. Biochemical and biophysical evidence suggest that the oncogenic mutations impact the conformational dynamics of the enzyme.
Job Satisfaction And Morale In The Ugandan Health Workforce

Ugandan health workers are dissatisfied with their jobs, especially their compensation and working conditions. About one in four would like to leave the country to improve their outlook, including more than half of all physicians. In this paper we report differences by type of health worker, sex, age, sector (public or nonprofit), and location. Policy strategies to strengthen human resources for health in Uganda should focus on salary and benefits (especially health coverage), working conditions and workload, facility infrastructure (including water and electricity), management, and workforce camaraderie.
CAIS: collaborative asynchronous inspection of software

Many software engineering tasks have a synchronous component that requires the participants to assemble together at the same time and place. This approach is expensive in terms of traveling, scheduling and human resources. Existing computer tools mitigate these constraints by adding structure to the meeting, providing on-line document support, and distributing the participants over geographic boundaries. The constraint remains, however, that all participants participate at the same timeWe propose relaxing the time constraint in software engineering tasks to resolve issues non-concurrently, in effect reducing (and in some cases eliminating) the need for the synchronous meeting. We hypothesize that support for asynchrony will enable software engineering teams to work together as effectively in different times as in same time.We have chosen software inspection as our candidate software engineering task because it is well-understood, highly-structured, and widely-practiced. We have designed and developed a Collaborative Asynchronous Inspection of Software (CAIS) meeting prototype that supports the meeting part of inspection. CAIS allows participants to effectively "meet" even when separated by time zones and working schedules. We have conducted a pilot study comparing the manual and CAIS meetings and present our results and lessons learned.
Cellular Precipitation at a 17-7 PH Stainless Steel Interphase Interface During Low-Temperature Nitridation

Cellular precipitation of Cr-rich nitrides was observed at an austenite–ferrite interface in 17-7 PH stainless steel after low-temperature nitridation. Fine-scale lamellar rocksalt-structured nitride (MN1−x , M: randomly distributed Fe, Cr, and Al) was identified at the interfaces between austenite and ferrite by local-electrode atom-probe tomography and transmission electron microscopy. The small size and spacing of the nitride lamellae reflect the low mobility of substitutional atoms under the conditions of low-temperature nitridation. Nitrides of the same structure were formed within the ferrite grain as extremely small particles. The face-centered cubic nitride precipitates in the Bain orientation relationship with the ferrite.
Dopamine neurotoxicity in cortical neurons

Dopamine (DA), at concentrations greater than 100 microM, has previously been demonstrated to be toxic to mesencephalic, striatal and dorsal root ganglion cell cultures. Pharmacological experiments suggest that DA also may play a role in the cortical neurotoxicity caused by systemic administration of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists such as phencyclidine and MK-801. In this study, the potential toxicity of DA in primary cortical cell cultures was determined in vitro. Using calcein and ethidium homodimer fluorescence as a marker for live and dead cells, respectively, we observed that a 24 h treatment with 10-100 microM DA produced a concentration-dependent increase in the number of ethidium homodimer-labelled cells. The cell death induced by 10 microM DA was dramatically reduced by co-administration of either superoxide dismutase and catalase or deferoxamine mesylate, an iron chelator. To verify this observation, the effects of 10 microM DA on the release of cytoplasmic lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was measured. DA increased LDH release in a manner that was inhibited by both superoxide dismutase/catalase and deferoxamine. Nomifensine potentiated the effect of DA on LDH release, suggesting a protective role for DA uptake in this system. On the other hand, neither D1 nor D2 antagonists were able to prevent DA-induced LDH release. These data suggest that relatively low concentrations of DA can be injurious to cortical neurons through a mechanism that likely involves DA autooxidation and the formation of reactive oxygen species such as superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical. This mechanism may be important in the toxic effects of psychomotor stimulants such as amphetamine. However, the failure of DA receptor antagonists to affect DA-induced injury argues that the effect of DA on cortical neurons in culture does not model the toxic effect of phencyclidine and MK-801 observed in vivo.
Association of Hospitality Financial Management Educators (Ahfme) Academic Member 2013 Total Annual Earnings

This study uses survey research to determine the 2013 annual earnings of hospitality financial management educators. Forty-five percent of AHFME members affiliated with educational institutions responded. Survey results show that, for 2013, annual base salaries of AHFME members ranged from $69,500 to $250,000. The lowest paid member was an assistant professor and the highest paid member, a full professor. Many respondents supplemented their base salaries by teaching during summer school or consulting or both. The total annual earnings of AHFME members ranged from $72,000 to $338,000. Survey results also show that hospitality financial management educators appear to be more highly compensated than the average college professor.
Hemoglobin target in chronic kidney disease: a pediatric perspective

Erythropoietin has transformed the treatment of the anemia of chronic kidney disease (CKD) by preventing the need for blood transfusions and improving the quality of life in all patients, including children. Anemia in children, in the age group 1-19 years, may be defined as hemoglobin (Hgb) levels < 12.1-13.5 g/dl for boys and < 11.4-11.5 g/dl for girls, based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) norms. The prevalence of anemia in children ranges from 31.2% in stage 1 CKD to 93.3% in stages 4 and 5 CKD. The recent publication of trials evaluating the optimal hemoglobin level in adult CKD patients has generated considerable uncertainty about the target Hgb level in children with CKD. It is unclear whether generalizing of results from these trials in adults to children is appropriate. Adequately powered, randomized, controlled studies have not been conducted on children, and none to our knowledge are currently planned. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) offers scant guidance on the Hgb target level for children, other than implying that it should be no different from that for adults. The purpose of this editorial is to critically scrutinize whether there is a benefit to the normalization of anemia in children with CKD and whether adoption of the results from adult studies is appropriate.
Lay and Monastic Forms of Pure Land Devotionalism: Typology and History

This study attempts to broaden the usual understanding of the Chinese and Japanese Pure Land traditions by delineating two orientations toward Pure Land devotionalism: A lay orientation which is usually considered the whole of Pure Land devotionalism, and a monastic orientation which is often excluded from the history of Pure Land piety. This distinction makes clear not only the greater breadth of the Pure Land movement, but the way in which its growth was influenced by cross-currents between its two wings. In part one of the paper, the two orientations are typologically differentiated by considerations of (1) their views of history and of the human condition, (2) the types of buddha-reflection (nienjolnembutsu) they taught, and (3) their soteriologies. In part two we then sketch the history of these two forms of Pure Land devotionalism in China and Japan down to the twelfth century. We propose four stages of development: (1) A stage of initial formulation of the principals and styles of the monastic and the lay oriented traditions by Lu-shan Hui-yuan [334-416] and T'an-luan [c. 488-554], respectively; (2) a stage of clear differentiation of the two traditions represented by Chih-i [538-97] on the one hand, and by Shan-tao [613-81] on the other; (3) a stage of integration of the two forms, in China by Tz'u-min hui-jih [680-748], and in Japan by Genshin [942-1017]; and (4) a stage of radical re-differentiation of these by Honen [1133-1212] in Japan.
Les premiers antibiotiques et les plus récents. Leur coexistence. Leur place respective

Resume L'industrie pharmaceutique a recemment developpe des β-lactamines, d'un spectre sans precedent, dont la plupart se caracterisent par une demi-vie prolongee et quelques unes par une excretion biliaire augmentee. Ces nouveaux antibiotiques sont devenus des outils tres utiles dans le traitement de quelques infections bacteriennes systemiques. Toutefois la plupart des infections bacteriennes se traitent encore avec les antibiotiques traditionnels, les nouvelles molecules etant particulierement utilisees dans le traitement d'une minorite d'infections chez les patients hospitalises. De plus, les nouvelles cephalosporines, en raison de leur large spectre, de leur demi-vie prolongee et de leur excretion biliaire importante, entrainent des effets secondaires rarement ou jamais decrits avec les premiers antibiotiques. On note, parmi ces effets, des alterations de la flore intestinale, de la diarrhee, une colonisation par des especes bacteriennes resistantes, une hypoprothrombinemie, des defauts d'agregation plaquettaire et meme un effet antabuse. Il est egalement important de souligner que l'utilisation des nouvelles β-lactamines peut entrainer le developpement d'une resistance in vivo, soit a cause d'une liaison sans hydrolyse, soit a cause d'une barriere de permeabilite. Il est donc important de continuer a utiliser les anciens agents antimicrobiens au spectre le plus etroit possible, tout en reservant les nouveaux antibiotiques pour faire face a des circonstances particulieres. En terme de drogues pour le futur, il se peut que l'on ait epuise tous les benefices des β-lactamines traditionnelles et que l'on doive developper de nouvelles categories de β-lactamines (par exemple les monobactams, les carbapenems) ou encore que l'on doive s'orienter vers de nouvelles classes (par exemple les fluoroquinolones). Aussi, malgre cette ere florissante dans le domaine de l'antibiotherapie, les anciens antibiotiques ont encore bien leur place dans le traitement de la plupart des infections.
Nonsymmetric inflation of a magnetic dipole

The basic theoretical properties of nonsymmetric inflation of a dipole magnetic field by ionized gas are pointed out. It is shown that the distortion ΔB of the field in the neighborhood of the dipole depends very much upon whether there is a nonconducting layer present and upon the configuration of the inflating gas, in contrast to symmetric inflation where ΔB depends only upon the total energy of the inflating gas. Dissipation of the nonsymmetric portion of the inflating gas is rapid because nonsymmetric inflation drives current down along the magnetic lines of force and across the ionosphere. Dissipation is also rapid because of the nonsymmetric distortion of the field, whose pattern rotates with the azimuthal drift of the inflating gas. The high rate of dissipation implies that nonsymmetric inflation can probably be important only during the active phase of a magnetic storm.
PKC isozymes and diacylglycerol-regulated proteins as effectors of growth factor receptors.

Growth factors exert their cellular effects through signal transduction pathways that are initiated by the ligation of growth factors to their cell surface receptors. One of the well-established effectors of growth factor receptors is protein kinase C (PKC), a family of serine-threonine kinases that have been known for years as the main target of the phorbol ester tumor promoters. While there is abundant information regarding downstream PKC effectors and partners, how individual PKC isozymes become activated by growth factors and the regulation of receptor function by PKCs is only partially understood. Moreover, the identification of novel “non-kinase” DAG-binding proteins has added a new level of complexity to the field of DAG signaling.
Seasonal Occurrence, Hosts, Parasitism and Parasites of Cabbage and Soybean Loopers in the Lower Rio Grande Valley

A 4-yr study showed cabbage loopers, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), and soybean loopers, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), most abundant in April, July and August. Cabbage loopers were collected from 28 host plant species and soybean loopers from 22 hosts. Total parasitism of loopers was considerable (58–71%) during all but 4 mo of the year. Twentynine parasite species were reared from looper larvae and pupae.
Improved path clustering for adaptive path-delay testing

Adaptive path-delay testing is a testing methodology that reduces redundant test patterns based on the measured process condition of a die under test (DUT). To improve testing efficiency, process conditions are clustered into a limited number of clusters, each of which has a corresponding set of test patterns. The test pattern set of a cluster must include all potential timing-critical paths of all process conditions in the cluster. Hence, high-quality clustering is needed to minimize redundant test paths. In this paper, we propose a new clustering heuristic to minimize the expected number of redundant test paths in adaptive path-delay testing. Our experimental results on randomly generated testcases show that the proposed clustering heuristic can reduce the expected number of test paths by up to 40% compared to the previous Greedy clustering algorithm of Uezono et al. [5]. To address unique attributes of an industrial testcase obtained from the authors of [5], we integrate the dynamic-programming restricted-partitioning technique of [1], which improves the expected number of test paths by up to 5% compared to the Greedy algorithm.
Microstructural Analysis of Thermite Welds

Thermite welding is a simple and cost-effective process widely used in the field for rail repair and joining. Despite the well-accepted use of this technology, there is a major concern regarding the soundness of the weldments which are often found to be very sensitive to wear and cracking. In order to gain a better understanding of the structural factors that contribute to the performance behavior of thermite welds, systematic microstructural analyses of a series of welds was conducted. Of particular interest in this study was to carefully examine and compare the microstructure of the weld metal, heat affected zone (HAZ) and base metal of a series of thermite welded samples with different carbon content. The results of this work revealed the presence of proeutectoid cementite along the prior austenite grain boundaries at the three locations examined. In addition, microhardness evaluation of the welds revealed that substantial softening takes place in the HAZ, independent of the chemical composition of the rails or weld processing conditions. The presence of proeutectoid cementite along the prior austenite grain boundaries and the softening that takes place in the HAZ are two of the structural factors most likely responsible for the lower than expected wear behavior observed in welded or repaired rail steels. This paper will present and discuss the microstructural and processing factors associated with the formation of proeutectoid cementite and the causes leading to the observed softening.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Betrayed Rebels in German Literature: Büchner, Toller, and Koestler

Georg Buchner's Dantons Tod (1835), Ernst Toller's Masse-Mensch (1920), and Arthur Koestler's Darkness at Noon (1941), works by political dissenters about revolution, portray a moderate rebel's victimization by extremist colleagues. Buchner's Danton, less politician than conscience-ridden intellectual, suffers profound disillusionment from which he seeks escape in death. Toller's Woman too undergoes a crisis of conscience and doubt but emerges with her ideals intact and regards death as a private expiation of guilt. Koestler's Rubashov, plagued by conscience and incapable of self-deception, discovers the “grammatical fiction,” i.e. his renascent ego, and also accepts death as penance. Their colleagues having subverted the humanistic aims of revolution, these rebels confront the “grassliche Fatalismus der Geschichte” (Buchner's phrase) to learn through awareness of personal guilt that paradox, contradictions, and agonizing alternatives pave the path of radical politics. Despite important differences in polemical thrust, all three works show that man's suffering transcends politics.
Piezoelectricity in the Dielectric Component of Nanoscale Dielectric-Ferroelectric Superlattices

The origin of the functional properties of complex oxide superlattices can be resolved using time-resolved synchrotron x-ray diffraction into contributions from the component layers making up the repeating unit. The CaTiO{sub 3} layers of a CaTiO{sub 3}/BaTiO{sub 3} superlattice have a piezoelectric response to an applied electric field, consistent with a large continuous polarization throughout the superlattice. The overall piezoelectric coefficient at large strains, 54 pm/V, agrees with first-principles predictions in which a tetragonal symmetry is imposed on the superlattice by the SrTiO{sub 3} substrate.
Geometry sensing through POR1 regulates Rac1 activity controlling early osteoblast differentiation in response to nanofiber diameter

Bone grafting procedures in the United States rely heavily upon autografts and allografts, which are donor-dependent, cause donor site pain, and can transmit disease. Synthetic bone grafts can reduce these risks; however, synthetics lack the bone differentiating (osteoinductive) abilities of auto- and allografts. Achieving innate osteoinductive properties of synthetics through surface modifications is currently under investigation. This study focuses on nanofibers, with emphasis on how fiber diameter and the potential curvature sensor POR1 affect the activation of the signaling molecules Rac1 and Arf1, and leading to expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), an osteoinductive marker. Diameters of 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 μm were compared against a flat control. The highest level of Rac1 activation was achieved on the smallest fibers (0.1 μm), a trend that was lost in POR1 knockdowns. This supports the hypothesis that on small nanofibers, POR1 favorably binds to highly curved cell membranes, which allows Rac1 to subsequently dissociate and activate. When the curvature is insufficient to bind POR1, POR1 binds to inactive Rac1 and competitively inhibits its activation. Arf1 activation followed an opposite trend, with the largest nanofibers exhibiting the highest activity. This trend reinforces the known interaction between Rac1 and Arf1 through the GIT-PIX complex, an Arf1 GAP and Rac1 GEF, respectively. Large, (1.0 μm), nanofibers demonstrated the highest ALP activity, indicating that ALP expression is inversely dependent on Rac1 activation. Knockdown of POR1 resulted in increased ALP activity across the substrates but without regard to the curvature sensing trend seen previously. Thus, POR1 senses curvature and increases Rac1 activity, which negatively regulates bone differentiation.