cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Urban protest in Mexico and Brazil

Why do social organizations decide to protest instead of working through institutional channels? This book draws hypotheses from three standard models of contentious political action - POS, resource mobilization, and identity - and subjects them to a series of qualitative and quantitative tests. The results have implications for social movement theory, studies of protest, and theories of public policy/agenda setting. The characteristics of movement organizations - type of resources, internal leadership competition, and identity - shape their inherent propensity to protest. Party alliance does not constrain protest, even when the party ally wins power. Instead, protest becomes a key part of organizational maintenance, producing constant incentives to protest that do not reflect changing external conditions. Nevertheless, organizations do respond to changes in the political context, governmental cycles in particular. In the first year of a new government, organizations have strong incentives to protest in order to establish their priority in the policy agenda.
Rules versus play in early modern art markets

The paper identifies and tries to account for the forms taken in selected art markets for the selling of paintings, as a response to specific features and constraints in the local regulatory environment. Our analytical histories cover 15 th century Bruges, 16th century Antwerp, 17 th century Amsterdam, and early 18 th century London and Paris. They yield some evidence that : (1) restrictive guilds did not succeed in stifling innovation. though innovators were forced to take indirect routes and to adopt forms not always the most efficient; (2) where circumstances allowed a choice of auction form (English or Dutch) the method selected matched the prior experience of buyers (low or high respectively) ; and (3) in the single instance where guilds were open to cooperation across skill categories this coincided with a series of marketing experiments and a range of novel products.
Dynamic Revenue and Project Management

We consider a service provider who makes dynamic pricing decisions for deadline-based projects with specific resource requirements. The provider receives service requests and quotes a menu of prices for different completion times, based on the project type and resources required to complete the project. Given the fixed resource capacity per period, the provider has the flexibility of processing a project in different time periods as long as all projects are completed by their respective deadlines. This flexibility adds a dimension of dynamic project scheduling to the provider's decision, making it a non-traditional dynamic network revenue management (DNRM) problem. We first present a procedure to reformulate this problem as a traditional DNRM and show that the reformulation is equivalent to the original problem. We then consider the dynamic problem of setting prices for different completion times and present a fast, effective, and scalable procedure to approximately solve the problem. The approximate solution provides a real-time pricing strategy as well as an upper bound on the optimal revenue for the purpose of evaluation. We discuss how to extend the procedure to general choice models under fairly mild assumptions. We numerically test the procedure under various choice models and parameter settings and demonstrate its effectiveness.
Use of School Wellness Policy Templates in One Texas Public Health Region: A Mixed-Methods Analysis.

BACKGROUND Federal law requires most school districts to develop school wellness policies (SWPs), which state agencies assist in by providing templates. Templates provide standard language, which districts may edit for numerous reasons. We aimed to identify the frequency/consistency of template usage and identify the types of edits districts make when using SWP templates. METHODS We identified SWPs (N = 117) and templates (N = 2) from districts in 1 Texas public health region. We developed template specific coding guides, which allowed us to examine the frequency SWPs used template text within multiple areas (eg, nutrition goals, reporting). We also collected/categorized SWP edits from the template text and conducted a thematic analysis of locally developed SWPs and SWP templates. RESULTS Of 117 SWPs, 81.2% used a 2020 template, 13.7% used a 2005 template, and 5.1% created their own SWP. Across template-based SWPs, 44 content edits (0.4 per policy) occurred in 9 categories. Thematic analysis revealed: (1) locally developed SWPs created an informed mission statement linked to their goals; (2) Locally developed SWPs provided details that the current template includes in wellness plans. CONCLUSIONS Most districts used exact template language when writing their SWP. Adding spaces where districts can specify details could improve SWP content.
Family-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Youth With Misophonia: A Case Report

Abstract Misophonia is a common condition that causes significant distress and impairment for patients and families. Despite the growing body of literature, most treatment descriptions do not incorporate objective assessment measures or detail techniques to involve family members in addressing misophonia. This case report provides a step-by-step family-based cognitive-behavioral approach to treat youth with misophonia, uses objective rating scales to monitor therapeutic improvement, and elicits feedback on the therapeutic skills used between therapy sessions. It also provides guidance on implementing inhibitory learning exposures for youth with misophonia.
Association of atrial fibrillation and various cancer subtypes.

Background Studies have shown that the incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in cancer is most likely due to the presence of inflammatory markers. The purpose of our study is to determine the association of AF with different cancer subtypes and its impact on in-hospital outcomes. Methods Data were obtained from the National Inpatient Sample database between 2005 and 2015. Patients with various cancers and AF were studied. ICD-9-CM codes were utilized to verify variables. Patients were divided into three age groups: Group 1 (age 80 years). Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson chi-square and binary logistic regression analysis to determine the association of individual cancers with AF. Results The prevalence of AF was 14.6% among total study patients (n = 46 030 380). After adjusting for confounding variables through multivariate regression analysis, AF showed significant association in Group 1 with lung cancer (odds ratio, OR = 1.92), multiple myeloma (OR = 1.59), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (OR = 1.55), respiratory cancer (OR = 1.55), prostate cancer (OR = 1.20), leukemia (OR = 1.12), and Hodgkin's lymphoma (OR = 1.03). In Group 2, the association of AF with multiple myeloma (1.21), lung cancer (OR = 1.15), Hodgkin lymphoma (OR = 1.15), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (OR = 1.12), respiratory cancer (OR = 1.08), prostate cancer (OR = 1.06), leukemia (OR = 1.14), and colon cancer (OR = 1.01) were significant. In Group 3, AF showed significant association with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (OR = 1.06), prostate (OR = 1.03), leukemia (OR = 1.03), Hodgkin's lymphoma (OR = 1.02), multiple myeloma (OR = 1.01), colon cancer (OR = 1.01), and breast cancer (OR = 1.01). The highest mortality was found in lung cancer in age 80. Conclusion In patients age 80 years, it has significant association with non-Hodgkin lymphoma and prostate cancer. In patients age 80 years, increased mortality was seen in those with AF and prostate cancer. Twitter abstract In age
Demonstrating the Sagnac Effect Using Tabletop Optics on a Rotary Platform

A Sagnac interferometer splits an incident beam of light into two components which travel in opposite directions of the same path. Consequently, each beam travels an equivalent distance. However, by rotating the entire apparatus at a sufficient speed, a noticeable change in the beams’ interference pattern is observed. This pattern results from one beam travelling against rotation and the other travelling with rotation, resulting in an increase or decrease in apparent path length, respectively. This is known as the Sagnac Effect. By using a traditional mirror-and-laser interferometer setup and a large turntable, we demonstrate the Sagnac Effect by showing that a given angular velocity results in a phase shift which matches what is predicted.
A solid-supported membrane electrophysiology assay for efficient characterization of ion-coupled transport.

Transport stoichiometry determination can provide great insight into the mechanism and function of ion-coupled transporters. Traditional reversal potential assays are a reliable, general method for determining the transport stoichiometry of ion-coupled transporters, but the time and material costs of this technique hinder investigations of transporter behavior under multiple experimental conditions. Solid-supported membrane electrophysiology (SSME) allows multiple recordings of liposomal or membrane samples adsorbed onto a sensor and is sensitive enough to detect transport currents from moderate-flux transporters that are inaccessible to traditional electrophysiology techniques. Here, we use SSME to develop a new method for measuring transport stoichiometry with greatly improved throughput. Using this technique, we were able to verify the recent report of a fixed 2:1 stoichiometry for the proton:guanidinium antiporter Gdx, reproduce the 1H+:2Cl− antiport stoichiometry of CLC-ec1, and confirm loose proton:nitrate coupling for CLC-ec1. Furthermore, we were able to demonstrate quantitative exchange of internal contents of liposomes adsorbed onto SSME sensors to allow multiple experimental conditions to be tested on a single sample. Our SSME method provides a fast, easy, general method for measuring transport stoichiometry, which will facilitate future mechanistic and functional studies of ion-coupled transporters.
Teaching English in the Year 2000.

Recently, the students at a high school in New Hampshire politely asked one of the presidential candidates (who shall remain unnamed) a number of difficult, thought-provoking questions concerning his policies and present platform. None of the students asked the question that was perhaps uppermost in their minds, but afterwards, in the hallways, they decided what this candidate's motto should be for his campaign workers: "Let's win one for the zipper!" Thanks to the U.S. Supreme Court, they will probably not be allowed to address that topic in their school newspaper. But given their statements, and also thanks to the U.S. Supreme Court, by the year 2000 some of them will be carrying on in newspapers and magazines the heritage of biting satire and zinging caricature that has long been part of our political process. In spite of what many may think, today's students have the potential to be tomorrow's Oliphants, Wrights, and Trudeaus. And in spite of what many may think, today's infants, preschoolers, kindergartners, and first graders have the talents to be outstanding learners in the middle schools and high schools of the year 2000. Granted, we could assume the worst. If, as one recent study suggested, seventeen-year-old students today tend to respond to literature as did thirteen-year-olds ten years ago, then seniors in the year 2000 might respond like today's nine-year-olds. Or, if students today have an attention span of ten to twelve minutes, which correlates with the time between commercials in a television sitcom, then students in the year 2000 might have an attention span that correlates with today's music videos-three to four minutes. Let us, however, put gloom and doom aside and assume the positive; let us consider English in the year 2000 as it ought to be, rather than as it could be. Several movements will have emerged clearly by that unusual date, 2000. For example, English teachers will accept the idea that students have unique responses to literature. Part of this acceptance will come from factors that have
Fingerprinting ratings for collaborative filtering: theoretical and empirical analysis

We consider fingerprinting methods for collaborative filtering (CF) systems. In general, CF systems show their real strength when supplied with enormous data sets. Earlier work already suggests sketching techniques to handle massive amounts of information, but most prior analysis has so far been limited to non-ranking application scenarios and has focused mainly on a theoretical analysis. We demonstrate how to use fingerprinting methods to compute a family of rank correlation coefficients. Our methods allow identifying users who have similar rankings over a certain set of items, a problem that lies at the heart of CF applications. We show that our method allows approximating rank correlations with high accuracy and confidence. We examine the suggested methods empirically through a recommender system for the Netflix dataset, showing that the required fingerprint sizes are even smaller than the theoretical analysis suggests. We also explore the of use standard hash functions rather than min-wise independent hashes and the relation between the quality of the final recommendations and the fingerprint size.
Influenza neuraminidase as target for antivirals.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the function of neuraminidase (NA), its structure, how inhibitors are designed, and the current state of the development of new agents against influenza. The serious deficiency of amantadine is that it is totally ineffective against influenza B infections, because the type B virus uses a different ion channel. With the constant threat of a new pandemic influenza strain emerging, there has been renewed interest in developing antiviral drugs targeted to the viral NA, and the availability of the crystal structures of NA from several different viruses has enabled the structure-based design of inhibitors, some of which are showing considerable promise in clinical trials. Influenza NA is an excellent target for drug design in that its active site is highly conserved and very rigid. Inhibitors have been developed relatively quickly because organic synthesis concentrated on those compounds predicted to bind well. Resistance can probably be avoided by targeting interactions to the most essential amino acid side chains, but there is still a question of whether the need for NA activity can be circumvented in vivo , as has been demonstrated in vitro .
Environmentally Assisted Cracking Behavior of Nickel Alloys in Simulated Acidic and Alkaline Ground Waters Using U-Bend Specimens

The model for the degradation of the containers for nuclear waste includes three modes of corrosion, namely general corrosion, localized corrosion and environmentally assisted cracking (EAC). The objective of the current research was to quantify the susceptibility of five nickel alloys to EAC in several environmental conditions with varying solution composition, temperature and electrochemical potential. These alloys included: Alloy 22 (N06022), Alloy C-4 (N06455), Alloy 625 (N06625), Alloy G-3 (N06985) and Alloy 825 (N08825). The susceptibility to EAC was evaluated using constant deformation (deflection) U-bend specimens in both the non-welded (wrought) and welded conditions. Results show that after more than five years exposure in the vapor and liquid phases of alkaline (pH {approx} 10) and acidic (pH {approx} 3) multi-ionic environments at 60 C and 90 C, none of the tested alloys suffered environmentally assisted cracking.
Addition of sensory structures and associated neurons to the crayfish telson during development

1. Many features of the arrangement of mechanoreceptors on the adult crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) tail are present in young animals; certain characteristic groups of receptors are seen in their proper arrangements as early as the first instar. 2. Sensory structures are added mainly to the most lateral regions of the telson, though there is some addition in medial areas and interstitially, within already-developed groups and rows of receptors. 3. The predictable arrangement of receptors in groups and rows, the addition of entire new rows of morphologically distinctive receptors in sparsely populated areas, and the addition of mechanoreceptors to already crowded rows indicate that the addition of receptors is non-random and also independent of the density of existing sensory structures. 4. When mechanoreceptors are added late in development, the associated primary afferents in the adult animal do not exhibit lower average conduction velocities than those of primary afferents associated with “pioneer” receptors. They therefore are probably not smaller cells.
Methods for Computing Normalisations of Affine Rings

Our main purpose is to give multiple examples for using the available implementations for computing the normalization of an affine ring, computing the minimial generators of the normalization as an algebra over the original ring and integral closures of ideals. Some such examples have been published for Singular, but not for Macaulay 2 and we present both in this paper. We also briefly describe the implementations.
Unsupervised Detection of Outlier Images Using Multi-Order Image Transforms

The task of unsupervised detection of peculiar images has immediate applications to numerous scientific disciplines such as astronomy and biology. Here we describe a simple non-parametric method that uses multi-order image transforms for the purpose of automatic unsupervised detection of peculiar images in image datasets. The method is based on computing a large set of image features from the raw pixels and the first and second order of several combinations of image transforms. Then, the features are assigned weights based on their variance, and the peculiarity of each image is determined by its weighted Euclidean distance from the centroid such that the weights are computed from the variance. Experimental results show that features extracted from multi-order image transforms can be used to automatically detect peculiar images in an unsupervised fashion in different image datasets, including faces, paintings, microscopy images, and more, and can be used to find uncommon or peculiar images in large datasets in cases where the target image of interest is not known. The performance of the method is superior to general methods such as one-class SVM. Source code and data used in this paper are publicly available, and can be used as a benchmark to develop and compare the performance of algorithms for unsupervised detection of peculiar images.
Construction of a cytosolic firefly luciferase reporter cassette for use in PCR-mediated gene deletion and fusion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Monitoring promoter response to environmental changes using reporter systems has provided invaluable information regarding cellular state. With the development of in vivo luciferase reporter systems, inexpensive, sensitive and accurate promoter assays have been developed without the variability reported between in vitro samplings. Current luciferase reporter systems, however, are largely inflexible to modifications to the promoter of interest. To overcome problems in flexibility and stability of these expression vectors, we report the creation of a novel vector system which introduces a cytosol-localized Photinus pyralis luciferase [LUC*(−SKL)] capable of one-step, in vivo measurements into a promoter–reporter system via PCR-based gene deletion and fusion. After introduction of the reporter under HUG1 promoter control, cytosolic localization was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy. The dose–response of this novel construct was then compared with that of a similar HUG1Δ::yEGFP1 promoter–reporter system and shown to give a similar response pattern. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selective Excitation of Tropical Atmospheric Waves in Wave-CISK: The Effect of Vertical Wind Shear

Abstract The growth of waves and the generation of potential energy in wave-CISK require unstable waves to tilt with height oppositely to their direction of propagation. This makes the structures and instability properties of these waves very sensitive to the presence of vertical shear in the basic flow. Equatorial Kelvin and Rossby-gravity waves have opposite phase tilt with height to what they have in the stratosphere, and their growth is selectively favored by basic flows with westward vertical shear and eastward vertical shear, respectively. Similar calculations are also made for gravity waves and Rossby waves. It is shown that eastward vertical shear of the basic flow promotes CISK for westward propagating Rossby-gravity, Rossby, and gravity waves and suppresses CISK for eastward propagating Kelvin and gravity waves, while westward shear of the basic flow has the reverse effects.
Intersystem crossing in molecular dimers

Abstract Intersystem crossing in molecular pairs is examined in relation to the structure of the pair. Simple relationships are derived which differ from previously reported ones by the inclusion of the vibronic nature of intersystem crossing.
The α5 subunit of the murine type A GABA receptor

GABA[A] receptors in the brain convert binding of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) to inhibition by chloride currents. Several important classes of drugs, including benzodiazepines and alcohol, modulate these receptors, which have also been implicated in epilepsy. We describe the alpha5 subunit of GABAA receptors in mice, comparing inbred DBA/2J mice, prone to juvenile audiogenic seizures, with seizure resistant C57BL/6J mice. We find no sequence differences between the strains, although there are several interesting amino acid differences from the rat. We also compare the expression of the alpha5 subunit in whole brains of DBA/2J mice to that in C57BL/6J mice at 21 days, the peak of the former's seizure susceptibility, again finding no significant difference. We further describe the pattern of expression of alpha5 mRNA during mouse brain development, with a peak at 3 days after birth, and among five brain regions in the adult mouse, with the highest levels in the hippocampus. Finally, we present preliminary evidence for rare alternative splicing of this subunit's message, in the N-terminal extracellular domain, to give a form not translatable into a functional protein.
Growth and Sintering of Au−Pt Nanoparticles on Oxidized and Reduced CeOx(111) Thin Films by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

Bimetallic Au−Pt particles were prepared by sequential deposition of Pt first followed by Au on both oxidized CeO2(111) and reduced CeO1.88(111) thin films. The structure of Au−Pt particles was studied using scanning tunneling microscopy and compared to that of pure Au and Pt particles. Au forms larger particles on both ceria surfaces compared to Pt due to its greater mobility. Upon heating, Au significantly sinters and forms large hexagonal particles. Deposition of Au on pre-existing Pt particles on ceria with a low coverage of 0.1 ML at 300 K produces pure Au and Au−Pt particles with more Au particles on a reduced CeO1.88 surface. A bimodal size distribution is formed upon heating to high temperatures due to the different sintering behavior of Au and Au−Pt on ceria. By increasing the Pt coverage, bimetallic Au−Pt particles are more easily formed at 300 K, and a monodispersed particle size distribution is obtained.
Right Brain: How to treat the untreatable

Mr. X came in to the hospital late at night. He initially had left-sided weakness and headache but rapidly progressed to decreased level of consciousness (Glasgow Coma Scale score was 4). From home, I reviewed his head CT, which revealed a large supratentorial bleed that had ruptured into both lateral ventricles, and significant midline shift. Without having seen the patient, I already knew that his prognosis for survival was very low.
Observation of Sublattice Disordering of the Catalytic Sites in a Complex Mo–V–Nb–Te–O Oxidation Catalyst Using High Temperature STEM Imaging

A Mo–V–Nb–Te–O oxidation catalyst has been imaged using scanning transmission electron microscopy at 780 K, which is slightly above its operating temperature. We observe a sublattice disordering of the corner-sharing octahedra forming the catalytic sites containing V5+ while the edge-sharing pentagonal bipyramidal {Nb(Mo5)} sublattice remains structurally more rigid and thereby maintains the overall structural integrity of the catalyst. Imaging the termination of the edges of the [001] basal zones at room temperature reveal a preference for presence of a closed network of secondary structural {Nb(Mo)5} units providing further evidence of the stability of this sublattice structure. We propose that sublattice disordering of catalytic sites enables structural flexibility to accommodate different oxidation states during multistep chemical reactions within a more rigid superstructure and presents a new paradigm for compositionally and structurally complex catalysts.
Impact of cadaver dissection: working toward solutions.

Netterstrom and Kayser’s study (2008), ‘‘Learning to be adoctor while learning anatomy,’’ beautifully documents a classicproblem in medical education: the adverse impact that tradi-tional dissection of the cadaver has had on students’ professio-nal development. In their study, medical students report that‘‘faculty donotencouragecommonreﬂectionontheexperi-ence ...asaconsequence,studentslearn ...toendureandtocontrol and master anatomy and feelings alone ...cop(ing)by detaching themselves from the experience ...they onlyfocus on ﬁnding the anatomic structures they have learnedabout ...separated and isolated from everyday life ...learn(ing)tobe ...cold ...’’(NetterstromandKayser,2008).At the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in the Bronx,anatomists and clinicians have collaborated to harness thepower of this rite of passage and effectively use it to trans-form impressionable young students into physicians who canmore fully care for patients.In the anatomy course at Albert Einstein College of Medi-cine, general internists and family practitioners have beenrecruited to join the Generalist Physician Anatomy Faculty(GPAF) Program. The goal of this program is to promote aclinically relevant patient-centered approach to learning anat-omy by having practicing physicians help students appreciatethe unique humanness of the person who once possessed thephysical remains that are being examined and exploredthrough dissection (Richardson, 2000; Francis and Lewis,2001).The GPAF Program begins with the students’ ﬁrst encounterwith the cadaver. The generalist physician brings her or his stu-dent team into the dissection lab and introduces them to theircadaver. Together, students and physician perform a physicalexamination of the completely nude supine cadaver. Modelingcomfort with comprehensive care of the whole patient, the phy-sician facilitates discussion of the divergent feelings that the dis-section and the care of patients evoke: close human connection,alternating with objective professional distance (Lachman andPawlina, 2006; Montross, 2007; Arraez-Aybar et al., 2008).Over the course of the full dissection, the GPAFs help studentsfocus on variation and pathology, alongside normal anatomy,and teach them to engage in clinical reasoning as they identifyﬁndings. They work with students to develop hypotheses aboutthe disease and how the observed conditions may have im-pacted the daily activities, medical care, and end-of-life issuesof the person when he or she was alive (Marks et al., 2007).Throughout the anatomy dissection course the GPAF interactwith their students via on-line discussions (Grinspan et al., 2007)and three face-to-face meetings. It has been our experience thatthecorevalueoftheGPAF programisfoundin thegeneralistphy-sician–student relationship that develops through these interac-tions and meetings. This unique relationship not only motivatesstudents to learn patient-centered clinical anatomy but also whetstheir appetite for the time when they will actually care for the liv-ingwhocangivehistoriesthatputphysicalﬁndingsintocontext.
Comparison of differential gain in single quantum well and bulk double heterostructure lasers

The differential gain in single quantum well and bulk double heterostructure lasers is compared. In variance with previous predictions, no differential gain enhancement is found in single quantum well structure lasers at room temperature. Only at low temperatures do the quantum well lasers possess higher differential gain than bulk double heterostructure lasers. The results have important implications in the area of high speed phenomena for these devices.
Cardiovascular Pharmacology of Dopexamine in Low Output Congestive Heart Failure

Dose-response infusions (0.25 to 4.0 micrograms/kg/min) and extended infusions of dopexamine, a new synthetic catechol with beta 2 adrenergic and dopaminergic agonist effects, were performed in 12 patients with low output congestive heart failure (CHF). The central and regional hemodynamic effects and responses in renal function were determined and compared with those of saline-placebo control patients in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design. Dopexamine significantly increased cardiac output at a dose greater than or equal to 0.25 micrograms/kg/min secondary to an increase in stroke volume at greater than or equal to 0.25 micrograms/kg/min and heart rate at greater than or equal to 0.50 micrograms/kg/min. Dopexamine evoked a significant decrease in systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances, with mild reductions noted for systemic and pulmonary diastolic pressures. Right and left ventricular filling pressures decreased over the entire dose range of dopexamine concomitant with a demonstrable improvement in the indexes of ventricular performance. Dopexamine preferentially increased visceral (renal, hepatic-splanchnic) blood flow over that of limb. Urine volume and sodium excretion increased slightly with dopexamine. Dopexamine elicits rather prominent vasodilating effects (particularly of visceral vascular beds), some positive inotropy and chronotropy and favorable responses in renal function.
Enlarging skull fractures in children

Large skull fractures are conventionally followed radiographically until healing occurs. Fractures which enlarge or remain unhealed are commonly termed “leptomeningeal cysts” or “growing skull fractures”. This study of ten children with this injury and a review of the literature shows that a true leptomeningeal cyst is seldom present and that skull fractures do not “grow”. Moreover, careful history-taking and physical examination will correctly identify all enlarging or unhealed skull fractures of childhood without the need for plain radiographs or computed tomography of the skull.
The Role of Centering for Interaction of Level 1 Variables in Multilevel Structural Equation Models

This article examined the role of centering in estimating interaction effects in multilevel structural equation models. Interactions are typically represented by product term of 2 variables that are hypothesized to interact. In multilevel structural equation modeling (MSEM), the product term involving Level 1 variables is decomposed into within-cluster and between-cluster random components. The choice of centering affects the decomposition of the product term, and therefore affects the sample variance and covariance associated with the product term used in the maximum likelihood fitting function. The simulation study showed that for an interaction between a Level 1 variable and a Level 2 variable, the product term of uncentered variables or the product term of grand mean centered variables produced unbiased estimates in both Level 1 and Level 2 models. The product term of cluster mean centered variables produced biased estimates in the Level 1 model. For an interaction between 2 Level 1 variables, the pro...
Family Strain Among White and Latino Parents of Children with Mental and Behavioral Health Disorders

Caring for children with mental and behavioral health conditions can lead to family strain. Research indicates that Latino children are less likely to adhere to recommended treatment for their mental health diagnoses, increasing the potential for family strain. Little research has focused on understanding the different predictors of family strain among white and Latino families of children with mental health or behavioral health diagnoses. This paper uses a model of family strain to understand how stressors, resources, and perceptions predict family strain for white and Latino parents of children with a mental or behavioral health condition. Data from a telephone survey of 268 parents of children with a mental or behavioral health condition were analyzed to understand predictors of strain using the Family Strain Index scale. Findings indicate that family strain does differ between white and Latino families. Latino families’ strain was predicted by age of parent (β = −0.381, P < 0.001), perceptions of treatment quality (β = 0.306, P < 0.001), and child’s current symptom burden (β = −0.390, P < 0.001). White family strain was related to their child’s health status (β = −0.240, P < 0.001), symptom burden (β = −0.339, P < 0.001), and parent’s level of education (β = −0.315, P < 0.001).
ACTL6a Enforces the Epidermal Progenitor State by Suppressing SWI/SNF-Dependent Induction of KLF4

Somatic progenitors suppress differentiation to maintain tissue self-renewal. The mammalian SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex regulates nucleosome packaging to control differentiation in embryonic and adult stem cells. Catalytic Brg1 and Brm subunits are required for these processes; however, the roles of SWI/SNF regulatory subunits are not fully understood. Here, we show that ACTL6a/BAF53A modulates the SWI/SNF complex to suppress differentiation in epidermis. Conditional loss of ACTL6a resulted in terminal differentiation, cell-cycle exit, and hypoplasia, whereas ectopic expression of ACTL6a promoted the progenitor state. A significant portion of genes regulated by ACTL6a were found to also be targets of KLF4, a known activator of epidermal differentiation. Mechanistically, we show that ACTL6a prevents SWI/SNF complex binding to promoters of KLF4 and other differentiation genes and that SWI/SNF catalytic subunits are required for full induction of KLF4 targets. Thus, ACTL6a controls the epidermal progenitor state by sequestering SWI/SNF to prevent activation of differentiation programs.
Disability and Psychologic Distress in Patients with Nonspecific and Specific Arm Pain

Psychological illness influences the experience and expression of pain and disability. We tested three null hypotheses: (1) patients with nonspecific pain (medically unexplained and idiopathic) and patients with specific pain (discrete and verifiable) are equally likely to screen for psychiatric illnesses based on a validated screening questionnaire; (2) the presence of psychiatric illness (from a screening questionnaire) will not predict whether patients have specific or nonspecific pain type; and (3) across all patients and regardless of whether they have specific or nonspecific pain, psychiatric illness will not predict disability as measured by the Disabilities of the Arm Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire. We rejected all null hypotheses. The 41 patients with nonspecific arm pain were more likely than the 40 patients with specific arm pain to screen for a somatoform disorder (34% versus 7.5%), posttraumatic stress disorder (24% versus 7.5%), and panic disorder (12.2% versus 5%). The presence of anxiety and somatoform disorders predicted pain type (nonspecific versus specific) and arm-specific disability (DASH). Somatoform disorder was the strongest predictor of pain type and DASH scores. Based on a screening questionnaire, a comorbid psychiatric illness, a somatoform disorder in particular, is associated with nonspecific arm pain and arm-specific disability. Level of Evidence: Level II, diagnostic study. See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Nanofiber-coated drug eluting stent for the stabilization of mast cells.

Purpose The nanofiber-hydrogel blend containing nitric oxide (NO) donors and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers (Edaravone: EDV) was explored as an advanced strategy for stabilization of Mast cells (MCs) to achieve efficient immune-suppressive effects.
An optical switching architecture for hierarchical group communication

We show that the problem of finding the maximum passable subset of a permutation through a banyan is NP-complete. We then describe a two-level optical interconnection structure for groups or clusters of end-nodes (LANs or processors). At the higher level, an optical banyan is used to switch wavelength multiplexed packets from the groups. Technologically difficult switching of individual wavelengths is avoided by prearranging transmissions from the groups in a way that they can be switched in a wavelength insensitive manner. Further, by keeping the banyan conflict-free, we allow each of the groups to access the entire set of wavelengths for multiplexing, thus maximizing the bisection bandwidth. The proposed optical interconnect can support multiple multicast connections between each pair of groups, in which source nodes may simultaneously multicast several different packets to different subsets within a destination group. System-wide multicasts and broadcasts can be achieved through repetitive group-to-group transmissions. The network uses readily available components such as opto-electronic directional couplers, fixed wavelength transmitters, and diffraction-based parallel receivers while avoiding the use of relatively slow and expensive tunable components.
Reproductive Health Policies in President Bush's Second Term: Old Battles and New Fronts in the United States and Internationally

The current Bush Administration has made dramatic changes in US domestic and international reproductive health policies. This paper discusses the issues involved in some of these changes, and it considers likely developments in this area during the remainder of George W. Bush's second term. The first section of the paper defines the term reproductive health and presents a framework for classifying reproductive health policies. The second section examines changes that the Administration has made in domestic family planning policies. The third section looks at analogous changes in American assistance for reproductive health internationally. The final section considers the implications of these trends for future policy and women's health.
Effect of natural organic matter on aggregation behavior of C60 fullerene in water

Abstract The stability of C60 fullerene particles in water affects its mobility, bioavailability, and toxicity to organisms. Natural organic matters (NOMs) have pronounced effects on the aggregation behavior of C60 fullerene. This study was to examine the effects of NOM structural properties on the aggregation behavior of fullerene water suspension (FWS). Fulvic acid (FA), tannic acid (TA), and two structurally different humic acids (HA1 and HA7) were studied. HA1 and HA7 were sequentially extracted HAs, where HA7 was more hydrophobic than HA1 and had a higher molecular weight. Aggregation was induced by addition of varying amounts of Ca2+ to the FWS with 2 mg/L of each NOM. The absolute value of zeta potential |ζ| of pure FWS increased after addition of any type of NOM. Addition of Ca2+ to the FWS + NOM system decreased |ζ| of fullerene almost uniformly for all types of NOM. FWS critical coagulation concentration (CCC) was equal to 14.5, 6.5, 5.4, and 3.7 mM Ca2+ for HA7, HA1, FA, and TA, respectively. The order of increasing CCCs was positively correlated to the NOMs molecular weight and negatively to their polarity. A nearly constant ζ for FWS + NOM system at a wide range of Ca2+ concentrations suggested the steric stability rather than electrostatic one. This study highlighted the role of NOM in the fate of manufactured nanoparticles in the environment and linked the structural properties of NOM to their interaction with manufactured nanoparticles.
Variations in rupture process with recurrence interval in a repeated small earthquake

IN theory and in laboratory experiments, friction on sliding surfaces such as rock, glass and metal increases with time since the previous episode of slip1. This time dependence is a central pillar of the friction laws widely used to model earthquake phenomena2,3. On natural faults, other properties, such as rupture velocity4,5, porosity and fluid pressure6–11, may also vary with the recurrence interval. Eighteen repetitions of the same small earthquake, separated by intervals ranging from a few days to several years, allow us to test these laboratory predictions in situ. The events with the longest time since the previous earthquake tend to have about 15% larger seismic moment than those with the shortest intervals, although this trend is weak. In addition, the rupture durations of the events with the longest recurrence intervals are more than a factor of two shorter than for the events with the shortest intervals. Both decreased duration and increased friction are consistent with progressive fault healing during the time of stationary contact.
Radiative gauge symmetry breaking in supersymmetric flipped SU(5)

Abstract The radiative breaking of the SU(5)×U(1) symmetry in the flipped SU(5) model recently proposed by Antoniadis et al. is studied using renormalization group techniques. It is shown that gaugino masses can only be the dominant source of supersymmetry breaking at the Planck scale if the U(1) gaugino mass M 1 is at least 10 times larger than the SU(5) gaugino mass M 5 . If M 1 ≅ M 5 at the Planck scale, non-vanishing trilinear soft breaking terms (“ A -terms”) are needed already at the Planck scale. In both cases consequences for the sparticle spectrum at the weak scale are discussed.
Colonoscopy demand and capacity in New Hampshire.

Background Screening for colorectal cancer has been clearly shown to decrease the incidence and mortality from this disease. Accurate information about the demand and capacity for screening, particularly with colonoscopy, is critical in planning screening strategies. National assessments have recently begun; estimates of smaller geographic regions should improve the accuracy of national estimates, as well as inform strategies for individual states. This study evaluates the demand and capacity for colonoscopy in the state of New Hampshire. Methods All endoscopy sites in the state of New Hampshire were contacted to determine their number of endoscopists, monthly colonoscopies, and estimates of the percentage of colonoscopy done for screening. Barriers to increasing current capacity were also assessed. The capacity estimates were compared to demand estimates based on population census figures. Data were collected in 2003 to 2004 and analyzed in 2005 to 2006. Results One hundred fourteen endoscopists at 36 centers performed 49,352 colonoscopies in 2002, an average of 39 to 43 total monthly colonoscopies per endoscopist. Approximately 60% were estimated to have been done for screening. Estimated demand was approximately twice the available capacity for screening and surveillance. The impact of factors such as compliance, percent screening, and population growth were assessed to inform future screening strategies. Conclusions In 2002, demand for screening colonoscopy in New Hampshire for patients aged more than 50 years was approximately twice the available capacity. However, if the assessed screening capacity of 2002 were to increase by 20%, combined with a target of 60% population compliance with screening as an initial goal, the demand for colonoscopy in New Hampshire would be met.
Heterogeneous chemistry of individual mineral dust particles from different dust source regions: the importance of particle mineralogy

The heterogeneous chemistry of individual dust particles from four different dust source regions is investigated on a particle-by-particle basis using state-of-the-art scanning electron microscopy techniques including computer-controlled Scanning Electron Microscopy/Computer-Controlled energy dispersive X-ray (CCSEM/EDX) analysis. Morphology and compositional changes of individual particles as they react with nitric acid are observed. Clear differences in the reactivity of mineral dusts from these four different dust regions with nitric acid could be observed. Mineral dust from source regions containing high levels of calcium, such as those found in parts of China and Saudi Arabia, are found to react to the greatest extent. Calcium containing minerals, such as calcite (CaCO3) and dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2), react to form nitrate salts whereas other calcium containing minerals such as gypsum (CaSO42H2O) do not react. The importance of particle chemical composition and mineralogy in the heterogeneous chemistry of mineral dust aerosol is definitively borne out in this study of individual dust particles.
Analytical electron microscopy studies of radiation damage

Analytical electron microscopy (AEM) has provided structural, crystallographic, and compositional characterization to aid in the understanding of radiation damage processes, especially in multiphase materials. The range of AEM techniques is based on the use of as many of the signals produced by the interaction of an electron beam with a specimen as possible. This paper briefly discusses the origins, capabilities, and current developments of AEM, including the spatial resolution of the various techniques. Several important applications of AEM in radiation damage studies, including radiation-induced segregation and phase instability in austenitic stainless steels, will be reviewed. From the comparison of phase equilibria under irradiation to that under thermal aging, principles for alloy development in non-nuclear applications will be discussed.
The Replication Problem in Sociology: A Report and a Suggestion*

The deleterious effects of joint bias in favor of statistical inference and against replication are becoming well known. The acceptance of numerous Type I errors into the literature is by far the most serious of these. Data on the contents of three major journals support the contention that a joint bias for statistical significance tests, for rejections, and against replication exists in modern sociology. This finding replicates that of Sterling (1959) for psychology. A speculative analysis of the dynamics of publication decisions suggests that a compact format for reporting replications might make their publication more attractive to editors, and thus increase their frequency in the literature. A possible format for briefly reporting replication studies is suggested.
The jubilee of plate tectonics

What should one expect at a birthday gathering for an idea that suffered disdain from birth, but was later transformed overnight into the ruling global theory of the Earth sciences? Tom Hilde and Richard Carlson (Texas A&M University, College Station, Tex.), under the auspices of the Texas A&M Geodynamics Research Institute, with the cooperation of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) , the Inter-Union Commission on the Lithosphere, and the U.S. Geodynamics Committee, convened an unprecedented gathering of the makers of Earth science's modern revolution and a large number of their foremost disciples at Texas A&M April 22– 24 , 1987. Those who missed the show will have to read for weeks to learn of the panoply of profound new developments across the broad front of research bearing on plate tectonics, but those with an interest in their own intellectual genealogy will not be able to recapture the sense of historic moment that pervaded Rudder Tower Conference Center as many of the old revolutionaries opened windows on the past. Of the 20 key participants or originators who were invited to speak, all but four sent abstracts. Pleased and surprised by this strong response, the convenors found themselves in the rather difficult position of having to limit the number of talks by nonoriginators to 20. The unique assembly also provided the first opportunity to video interviews with more than a dozen of the originators.