cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physics-Based Convolutional Neural Network for Fault Diagnosis of Rolling Element Bearings

During the past few years, deep learning has been recognized as a useful tool in condition monitoring and fault detection of rolling element bearings. Although existing deep learning approaches are able to intelligently detect and classify the faults in bearings, they still face one or both of the following challenges: 1) most of these approaches rely exclusively on data and do not incorporate physical knowledge into the learning and prediction processes and 2) the approaches often focus on the fault diagnosis of a single bearing in a rotating machine, while in reality, a rotating machine may contain multiple bearings. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a novel approach, namely physics-based convolutional neural network (PCNN), for fault diagnosis of rolling element bearings. In PCNN, an exclusively data-driven deep learning approach, called CNN, is carefully modified to incorporate useful information from physical knowledge about bearings and their fault characteristics. To this end, the proposed approach 1) utilizes spectral kurtosis and envelope analysis to extract sidebands from raw sensor signals and minimize non-transient components of the signals and 2) feeds the information about the fault characteristics into the CNN model. With the capability to process signals from multiple sensors, the proposed PCNN approach is capable of concurrently monitoring multiple bearings and detecting faults in these bearings. The performance of PCNN in machinery fault diagnosis is compared with that of traditional machine learning- and deep learning-based approaches reported in the literature.
Shock propagation in media with non-uniform density

Flow resolving shock-capturing and shock-resolving simulations are conducted to study the shock propagation in media with non-uniform density. Shock propagation in a simplified one-dimensional configuration is first examined for various types of density profiles. Both shock-capturing and shock-resolving simulations predict the same results, when there is a separation of scales between the shock width and flow scales. The numerical results agree well with theoretical solutions in the case of weak shocks and linearly varying density fields. In the strong shock limit, better agreement with previous results obtained by the method of characteristics is observed when compared with the theoretical solutions. The differences can be attributed to the effects of re-reflected waves immediately behind the shock, which are not considered in the theoretical solutions. For fluctuating density profiles, the numerical results further deviate from the theoretical solutions and exhibit additional long-wavelength oscillations, which are shown to be related to the re-reflected waves. 3D density variations, with and without turbulent velocity fluctuations, are also considered to examine the shock propagation in flows with strongly variable complex density fields.
Accelerating model selection with safe screening for L 1 -regularized L 2 -SVM

The L1-regularized support vector machine (SVM) is a powerful predictive learning model that can generate sparse solutions. Compared to a dense solution, a sparse solution is usually more interoperable and more effective for removing noise and preserving signals. The L1-regularized SVM has been successfully applied in numerous applications to solve problems from text mining, bioinformatics, and image processing. The regularization parameter has a significant impact on the performance of an L1-regularized SVM model. Therefore, model selection needs to be performed to choose a good regularization parameter. In model selection, one needs to learn a solution path using a set of predefined parameter values. Therefore, many L1-regularized SVM models need to be fitted, which is usually very time consuming. This paper proposes a novel safe screening technique to accelerate model selection for the L1-regularized L2-SVM, which can lead to much better efficiency in many scenarios. The technique can successfully identify most inactive features in an optimal solution of the L1-regularized L2-SVM model and remove them before training. To achieve safe screening, the technique solves a minimization problem for each feature on a convex set that is formed by the intersection of a tight n-dimensional hyperball and the upper half-space. An efficient algorithm is designed to solve the problem based on zero-finding. Every feature that is removed by the proposed technique is guaranteed to have zero weight in the optimal solution. Therefore, an L1-regularized L2-SVM solver achieves exactly the same result by using only the selected features as when it uses the full feature set. Empirical study on high-dimensional benchmark data sets produced promising results and demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed technique.
Sanctity of Life and Menschenwürde: Can These Concepts Help Direct the Use of Resources in Critical Care?

Terms often play a guiding role in the fashioning of public policy precisely because they are strategically ambiguous. They unite disparate images, hopes, feelings, and aspirations that are at root heterogeneous. They then direct their force towards particular societal concerns. Such terms play a role in influencing outcomes, not a role in leading to resolutions of moral controversies by sound rational argument. In public policy debates it is frequently useful not to scrutinize such terms too closely because these coalitions of images which can move sentiments are then brought into question. Exploring them too carefully creates a tension among ideas and images that have worked in happy but unexamined collaboration. However, as with most coalitions, there come times in which public policy discussions bring the coalition itself into question.
Effects on Animal Health and Immune Function

The concept of developmental programming was established using epidemiologic studies that investigated chronic illnesses in humans, such as coronary heart disease and hypertension. In livestock species, the impacts of developmental programming are important for production and welfare reasons and are used as research models for human and other animal species. Dams should be in adequate nutritional status to ensure optimal nutrient supply for fetal growth, including development of their immune system. Beef and dairy cows with insufficient nutrient intake during gestation produce calves with reduced immunity against diseases, such as scours, respiratory disease, and mastitis.
Barriers to Consuming Dietary Protein and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors Among Low-Income and Homeless Adults (P04-089-19)

Objectives Over 40 million Americans identify as food insecure and lack access to adequate food. The objective of this study was to identify the barriers to consuming dietary protein and to determine how lack of access to dietary protein is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in food insecure (FI) and homeless adults
Drug Therapy in the Elderly

Publisher Summary This chapter describes drug therapy in the elderly. A hallmark of aging in humans is the development of multiple, coexisting physiological and pathophysiological changes that may benefit from drug therapy. The age-related changes that occur in physiological or psychological function prior to drug exposure are helpful in predicting and describing a particular drug response. The most consistent and predictable age-related change in drug pharmacokinetics (PK) is that of the renal clearance of drugs. Renal function—including renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, and active renal tubular secretory processes—declines with increasing age. It has been found that phase II biotransformations are little changed with aging, based on the studies of glucuronidation, sulfation, and acetylation. Prototype substrates studied for glucuronidation have been lorazepam and oxazepam. Theophylline neurotoxicity and cardiotoxicity are increased in older patients. Understanding age-related pathophysiology can, in some instances, allow for the prediction of age-related changes in drug disposition and effect. Drug therapy continues to be a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality in the elderly.
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the multienzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes, with emphasis on their structure, function, and regulation. These complexes have been isolated from Escherichia coli and from animal tissues as functional units with molecular weights in the millions. They have a distinct morphology and catalyze a coordinated sequence of reactions. These complexes have been separated into their component enzymes and have been reassembled from the isolated enzymes. It is becoming clear that enzymes are not randomly distributed in the intact cell but are rather organized in specific ways into functionally significant assemblages. A substantial part of the enzyme complement of most cells is normally found to be firmly bound to, or incorporated within, membranes. Also, many so-called soluble enzyme systems appear to be present in cells as discrete multienzyme complexes. The net result of either type of organization is localization, or compartmentation, of enzymes. Such intracellular organization of enzymes may give rise to increased efficiency or to new three-dimensional arrangements and new modes of activity, and may also provide the basis for elaborate control mechanisms.
Vowel discrimination in noise with formant enhancement: Effects of hearing loss and aging

The aim of this study was to investigate whether formant enhancement of F2 would improve vowel formant discrimination in noise for three groups of listeners (i.e., older listeners with hearing loss, older listeners with normal hearing, and young listeners with normal hearing). Thresholds of vowel formant discrimination were examined for the F2 frequencies of three American English vowels: /ʌ/, /ɛ/, and /i/ in long-term speech-shaped noise with signal-to-noise ratio of + 6 dB and + 12 dB. F2 frequencies of three vowels were enhanced by 6 dB. Thresholds of vowel formant discrimination were significantly highest for older listeners with hearing loss, while young listeners with normal hearing had lowest thresholds with the older listeners with normal hearing in between. However, discrimination thresholds were improved significantly for all three groups after F2 enhancement was implemented regardless of low or high SNR of background noise. Hearing loss and aging resulted in higher thresholds of vowel formant discrimination in noise and F2 enhancements could improve discrimination performance for all listeners in noise.
Association between smoking status and homocysteine levels and possible effect modification by cholesterol and oestradiol

Introduction: This study aimed to examine the association of smoking status with homocysteine levels and to determine whether the association is modified by oestradiol or cholesterol.Methods: Data ...
Social Factors of Health-Seeking Behavior: On Medical Treatment for Elders With Dementia in Oaxaca, Mexico:

This article presents data on family caregiving for elders with dementia in Oaxaca, Mexico. Drawing on a year of ethnographic research, this article explores how caregivers engage in health-seeking...
Assessment of poor functional status and post-acute care needs following primary ovarian cancer debulking surgery

Introduction Poor baseline functional status is associated with adverse surgical outcomes. Additionally, decline in the postoperative setting may result in the delay of additional treatments, impacting overall survival. This study assesses the incidence and risk factors for functional decline following primary ovarian cancer debulking surgery in previously independent women using discharge location as a surrogate. Methods All patients with a postoperative diagnosis of ovarian cancer who underwent surgical debulking and had documentation of discharge location were identified using the 2011–2012 American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. Patients were excluded if their baseline functional status was dependent or partially dependent, or if they died before discharge. Discharge destination was dichotomized as home versus non-home. Descriptive data included demographics, comorbidities, and perioperative outcomes. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the association of clinical and surgical factors on discharge destination. Results 1786 patients met the criteria for analysis; 120 (6.7%) patients were discharged to non-home. Differences between home and non-home discharges included age (53.2% vs 83.3% ≥60), body mass index (26.5 vs 27.8 median), comorbidities (45.2% vs 64.2% with ≥1), and complications (8.6% vs 30.0% with ≥1, all p Discussion 6.7% of previously independent ovarian cancer patients were discharged to non-home following surgery. Major risk factors for non-home include older age, comorbidities, and postoperative complications. Efforts to optimize baseline functional status and minimize surgical complications may improve discharge rates to non-home and postoperative functional status.
A Historical Overview of the Art of Brasília

First, this chapter provides a brief art history of the capital to emphasize that Brasilia’s twenty-first-century art does not take place in a void, but responds to earlier art from the 1960s onward. Second, it offers historical context relevant to more than one chapter. The chapter is organized chronologically, beginning with the proposal to create Brasilia in 1789 and continuing into the 1990s. Primarily, it focuses on art’s influence on the image of Brasilia, from Niemeyer’s palaces, to Legiao Urbana’s songs, to Behr’s mimeographed chapbooks, and to GOG’s rap.
Automatically steering cardiac catheters in vivo with respiratory motion compensation.

A robotic system for automatically navigating ultrasound (US) imaging catheters can provide real-time intra-cardiac imaging for diagnosis and treatment while reducing the need for clinicians to per...
1.09 – Mammalian Photopigments

Mammalian photopigments are typically located within the lipid membranes of rod and cone photoreceptors. They absorb incident light and, through a complex phototransduction cascade, relay information to downstream visual neurons. Recent results emerging from a variety of experimental approaches have greatly enhanced our understanding of photopigment structure and function. This chapter examines the diverse family of mammalian photopigments, considering their structure, function, and evolution, as well as their role in color vision and human retinal disease.
On the Complete Misunderstanding by Economists of Keynes’s Alleged Attack on ‘Mathematical Economics’ in the General Theory in the Appendix to Chapter 19 and Chapter 21

J M Keynes’s supposed attack on mathematical economics is a myth created by Joan Robinson and her fellow Pseudo Keynesians, Austin Robinson and Richard Kahn, as well as by many of their supporters. Nowhere does Keynes attack mathematical economics. Of course, he does attack “pseudo mathematics” and “mathematical” economics. What Keynes was attacking was the formal, mathematical, modeling strategy of A C Pigou in his The Theory of Unemployment (1933). Pigou’s approach was to treat macroeconomic phenomena in a strictly, Marshallian, partial equilibrium manner. Pigou’s basic model makes everything a function of a single variable, the real wage, subject to ceteris paribus. He then talks about the impact of other variables, but never incorporated them into his formal theoretical model.Keynes, himself, formulated what he called a similar, improved, “concoction”, in chapters 20 and 21, of Pigou’s model in order to formulate his microeconomic foundations for his D and Z model. Keynes’s basic model makes everything a function of a single variable, the expected real wage, subject to ceteris paribus. This allows him to generate the Aggregate Supply Curve (ASC), a locus of all D-Z intersections, which is a set of multiple equilibriums. However, Keynes’s IS-LP(LM) model, which is built on the ASC, involves more than one independent variable and was modeled by Keynes as a system of three mathematical, simultaneous equations that incorporated some of the interdependences of the macro system into a model that were not present in Pigou’s model in 1933. Pigou incorporated them into his formal model in his 1941 book. Keynes’s view is that no mathematical model can ever succeed in the goal of incorporating all of the complexities and interdependences of macroeconomic phenomena. Thus, careful judgment will always be required. However, macroeconomic, mathematical models that do incorporate interdependencies, complications and feedbacks are to be preferred to the Marshallian, partial equilibrium approach, which is, however, still valuable at the microeconomic level. The best understanding of Keynes’s critique in the General Theory was written by A. Greenspan in 2004.
Behavioral and psychosocial factors associated with COVID-19 skepticism in the United States.

COVID-19 skepticism can be conceptualized as the denial of the seriousness of the illness and the perception that the pandemic is overblown or a hoax. In the current study, we examined the association between COVID-19 skepticism and frequency of engaging in COVID-19 prevention behaviors, political ideology, social norms about distancing, COVID-19 information-seeking behaviors, and COVID-19 conspiracy theories. A survey was administered from May 5th–14th. At that time, there were over 1 million COVID-19 cases in the US. Participants were recruited online through MTurk. The three outcome variables were handwashing, mask wearing, and social distancing. Injunctive and descriptive norms were assessed as well as measures of perceived risk to self and others. There were 683 participants in the analyses. In the multiple logistic regression model, those who were of younger age (aOR = 0.97, p < 0.05), better health (aOR = 0.56, p < 0.01), and more politically conservative (aOR = 1.32, p < 0.01) were more likely to endorse COVID-19 skepticism statements. People who reported higher Skepticism were also less likely to that believe people close to them would die from COVID-19 (aOR = 4.2, p < 0.01), engage in COVID-19 prevention behaviors, including spending time inside to prevent coronavirus (aOR = 0.33, p < 0.01) and frequently wear a mask outside (aOR = 0.44, p < 0.01). Those who were more skeptical about COVID-19 were also more likely to believe the conspiracy theory that China purposefully spread the virus (aOR = 6.38 p < 0.01). COVID-19 Skepticism was strongly associated with reduced engagement in COVID-19 prevention behaviors. These findings bolster the arguments for making these public health recommendations mandatory.
A CNN Based Vision-Proprioception Fusion Method for Robust UGV Terrain Classification

The ability for ground vehicles to identify terrain types and characteristics can help provide more accurate localization and information-rich mapping solutions. Previous studies have shown the possibility of classifying terrain types based on proprioceptive sensors that monitor wheel-terrain interactions. However, most methods only work well when very strict motion restrictions are imposed including driving in a straight path with constant speed, making them difficult to be deployed on real-world field robotic missions. To lift this restriction, this letter proposes a fast, compact, and motion-robust, proprioception-based terrain classification method. This method uses common on-board UGV sensors and a 1D Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model. The accuracy of this model was further improved by fusing it with a vision-based CNN that made classification based on the appearance of terrain. Experimental results indicated the final fusion models were highly robust with strong performance, with over 93% accuracy, under various lighting conditions and motion maneuvers.
Iontophoretic administration of lidocaine anesthesia in office practice. An appraisal.

background : Obtaining anesthesia for dermatologic, office-based surgeries often involves the pain of needle stick and burning upon injection of local anesthetic agents. No truly effective method for obtaining painless anesthesia is well accepted in the United States. objective : A study was carried out using iontophoresis of lidocaine with epinephrine to determine the practicality of this method of delivering local anesthesia prior to invasive procedures in dermatology offices. methods : A two-center, open-label study was undertaken using iontophoretic administration of 4% lidocaine with epinephrine 1:50,000 before painful procedures occurring in the dermatologists’office. results : Ninety-four procedures in 64 patients were evaluated. Both patients and physicians recorded 51% of procedures as painless, 36% as minor (partial), and 14% causing moderate to severe pain. Iontophoretic local anesthesia was 80 to 100% effective for pain relief for injections, abrasions, laser surgery, and cautery; it was significantly less effective in effecting pain relief for dermal excisions. conclusions : Iontophoretic administration of anesthesia is a useful adjunct to the armamentarium of dermatologists performing surgical procedures in their office. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1992;18:937–940.
Halomethyl-metal compounds : XLVII. Phenyl(1,1-dichloroethyl)mercury, a potential CH3CCl transfer agent

Abstract Phenyl(1,1-dichloroethyl)mercury has been prepared via 1,1-dichloroethyllithium and evaluated as a potential CH 3 CCl transfer agent. Although this mercurial reacted with triethylsilane to give Et 3 SiCHClCH 3 (35%) and with allyltrimethylsilane to give 1-chloro-1-methyl-2-(trimethylsilylmethyl)cyclopropane (31%), its principal mode of reaction involved elimination of hydrogen chloride. The products resulting from this elimination were benzene (from HCl cleavage of PhHg bonds) and redistributed mercury compounds containing the concomitantly formed HgCClCH 2 moiety. Possible reasons for this unexpected reaction are discussed.
Some experiments and field observations of distemper in mink and ferrets.

This chapter describes some observations on the occurrence of canine distemper (CD) on mink farms and experimental trials using mink and ferrets. Ferrets—because of their high susceptibility to canine distemper virus (CDV)—show an invariably fatal course, which makes them the most satisfactory animal for conducting many distemper experiments. Vaccination is the only suitable means for the control of mink and ferret distemper. Attenuated live CDV vaccines produce a more dependable, longer lasting immunity and have replaced inactivated vaccines for ranch-raised mink and pet ferrets. Present-day distemper vaccines for mink are inexpensive and effectively immunize susceptible mink, and they can be combined with other vaccines to protect against mink virus enteritis, botulism, and Pseudomonas infections. In the case of dogs, foxes, mink, and ferrets and perhaps all other Mustelidae, Canidae, and Procyonidae, maternal antibody is a double-edged sword protecting young animals from distemper and conversely blocking early chicken embryo propagated (CEP) vaccination.
Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α Mediates Hypoxia-Induced Delayed Neuronal Death That Involves p53

Hypoxia-induced delayed neuronal death is known to require de novo gene expression; however, the molecular mediators that are involved remain undefined. The transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha), in addition to promoting the expression of adaptive genes under conditions of hypoxia, has been implicated as being a necessary component in p53-mediated cell death in tumors. Using herpes amplicon-mediated gene transfer in cortical neuronal cultures, we demonstrate that delivery of a dominant-negative form of HIF-1alpha (HIFdn), capable of disrupting hypoxia-dependent transcription, reduces delayed neuronal death that follows hypoxic stress. In contrast, hypoxia-resistant p53-null primary cultures are not protected by HIFdn expression. These data indicate that, in hypoxic neurons, HIF-1alpha and p53 conspire to promote a pathological sequence resulting in cell death.
Global Optimization Problems in Computer Vision

In the field of computer vision, computer scientists extract knowledge from an image by manipulating it through image transforms. In the mathematical language of image algebra an image transformation often corresponds to an image-template product. When performing this operation on a computer, savings in time and memory as well as a better fit to the specific computer architecture can often be achieved by using the technique of template decomposition. In this paper we use global optimization techniques to solve a general problem of morphological template decomposition.
Sperm Binding to the Zona Pellucida, Hyaluronic Acid Binding Assay, and PICSI

Work derived from the IVF arena has demonstrated that an abnormal sperm–zona pellucida interaction is frequently observed in infertile men. Such finding can be observed in the presence of normal or abnormal “basic” sperm parameters. An impaired sperm–zona pellucida interaction can result in failure of fertilization, thereby, decreasing chances of pregnancy when couples are being subjected to intrauterine insemination (IUI) or conventional IVF therapies. Consequently, sperm–zona pellucida binding assays were developed as a real need to assess sperm functional competence in the “extended” evaluation of the infertility work-up. The sperm Hyaluronic Binding Acid (HBA) assay has been applied to select sperm for ICSI. It has been proposed that the results of the test indicate that the selected spermatozoa have undergone normal spermatogenesis, but more studies are needed to prove its clinical value.
Localized regulation of the axon shaft during the emergence of collateral branches.

The ability of the axon to form de novo collateral branches along its length is fundamental to the establishment of complex patterns of connectivity during development and is also a major response of many axonal populations following injury. The emergence of branches is under both positive and negative control by extracellular signals. How the site of branch formation is determined is a fundamental question regarding the formation of branches. In theory, the whole axon shaft has the potential to give rise to a branch, but yet branches form only at specific sites. This feature of the formation of branches is emphasized by studies in which nerve growth factor (NGF), covalently attached to 10 micron beads, was applied locally along embryonic sensory axons (Gallo and Letourneau, 1998). Although contact of the beads with the axon shaft was able to drive the formation of a branch at the sites of contact, even after 3 hours of continuous contact only 46% of sites gave rise to a branch. Similarly, when NGF is bath applied to cultured sensory neurons, and thus the whole surface of the axon is exposed to NGF, axons usually only generate a maximum of 4–6 branches along the distal 100 microns of the axon, a response that is maximal by 30 minutes of treatment. Recent work, from our laboratory and others, has begun to shed light on why axons form branches at specific sites.
Does provider variation matter to health plans

Variance in treatments prescribed by an individual provider may indicate higher quality through better matching of patients to treatments or it may indicate uncertainty about the healthcare production function. It is unknown how health plans respond to provider-level treatment variation. We use a model drawn from the portfolio selection literature, which examines the choice among risky assets, or in this case, providers with heterogeneous treatment variance. We test this model on data from a behavioral healthcare vendor that exercises some control over provider selection. We find little evidence that the plan responds to provider-level variance.
Patient perception of shade match of porcelain fused to metal (PFM) restorations shows a greater satisfaction than that perceived by a prosthodontist. This patient satisfaction input should be taken into account when fabricating a PFM restoration

Abstract Original Article Al-Wahadni A, Ajlouni R, Al-Omari Q, Cobb D, Dawson D, Shade-match perception of porcelain-fused-to-metal restorations: a comparison between dentist and patient. J Am Dent Assoc 2002;133(9):1220-5; quiz 1260-1. Level of Evidence 2c Purpose To compare patients' and a prosthodontist's satisfaction with the shade of existing PFM restorations Source of Funding Not reported Type of Study/Design Retrospective cohort study
Nuclear Spin Exchange in Solids: Tl 203 and Tl 205 Magnetic Resonance in Thallium and Thallic Oxide

The line width of the ${\mathrm{Tl}}^{203}$ and ${\mathrm{Tl}}^{205}$ nuclear magnetic resonance in thallium and thallium oxide greatly exceeds the dipolar width, and is a function of the abundance of the other isotope. The results can be interpreted in terms of an exchange interaction $A{\mathrm{I}}_{1}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}{\mathrm{I}}_{2}$ between a pair of nuclear spins which exceeds the normal dipolar interaction. The exchange between different isotopes leads to broadening. Exchange between like nuclei should lead to narrowing, but it was found that samples containing 98.7 percent ${\mathrm{Tl}}^{205}$ still exhibit lines broader than the dipolar interaction. Two causes are shown to exist: anisotropy of the chemical shift and pseudodipolar exchange interaction. Analysis with the method of the moments gives for the exchange interaction constant $A{h}^{\ensuremath{-}1}=17.5$ kc/sec with a 30 percent anisotropic pseudo-dipolar character in the hexagonal metal, and $A{h}^{\ensuremath{-}1}=12$ kc/sec with less than 10 percent pseudo-dipolar character in thallic oxide. The oxide has a chemical shift of +0.55 percent with an anisotropy of 34 percent of this amount. The metal exhibits a shift of 1.56 percent with 16 percent anisotropy.Ramsey's theory of the nuclear spin exchange via excited electron states in molecules, is extended to solids. Most heavy isotopes in metals and insulators should exhibit exchange effects. From the anisotropy of the exchange, information about the relative amount of $p$ or $d$ character of the electron wave function in the solid can be obtained.It is predicted that thallic oxide has a nuclear Curie point at 3.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Whether it will become nuclear ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic depends on details of the electronic band structure.
Elevation in presynaptic Ca2+ level accompanying initial nerve-muscle contact in tissue culture

Nerve-muscle cocultures were used to study the relationship between neuronal Ca 2+ level and the earliest nerve-muscle interaction. Xenopus spinal cord neurons were loaded with Ca 2+ indicators and monitored by digital video microscopy as a myoball was manipulated into contact with it. Transmitter release was measured from the myoball by whole-cell recording. We observed a 1.5- to 6-fold increase in Ca 2+ level in the neurite upon contact with a myoball. Fifty percent of the pairs showing Ca 2+ elevation were also positive for neurotransmission. This Ca 2+ rise was suppressed by lifting away the myoball, by Ca 2+ -free solution, or by suramin, a polyanionic compound that interferes with cell surface receptors. This suppression was accompanied by a reduction in transmitter release. The specificity of the nerve-muscle contact-induced Ca 2+ rise was shown by its absence upon neuron-neuron contact. Naturally formed nerve-muscle contacts also showed an elevation in presynaptic Ca 2+ level. Thus, this elevation appears to be a physiological step in the early stage of synaptogenesis and is likely mediated by muscle-derived molecules.
Structure and function relationships of the helical ventricular myocardial band

Objective Understanding cardiac function requires knowledge of the architecture responsible for the normal actions of emptying and filling. Newer imaging methods are surveyed to characterize directional (narrowing, shortening, lengthening, and widening) and twisting motions. Methods These movements are defined and then compared with a spectrum of models to introduce a useful "functional anatomy" that explains cardiac spatial and temporal relationships. The sequential nature of normal contraction differs from a synchronous beat. Results The prior concept of constriction is replaced by understanding that clockwise and counterclockwise helical motions are necessary to cause the predominant twisting motion. The helical ventricular myocardial band model of Torrent-Guasp fulfills the architectural structure to define normal function. Expansion of information from this model allows novel understanding of mechanisms that explains why a component of ventricular suction involves a systolic event, clarifies septum function, determines diastolic dysfunction, introduces new treatments, shows how knowledge of the helical structure influences understanding of atrioventricular and biventricular pacing, and creates novel methods for introducing septal pacing stimuli. Conclusion Further testing of these spatial anatomic concepts is needed to create a more accurate understanding of the architectural mechanisms that underlie cardiac dynamics to address future problems in unhealthy hearts.
Further evaluation of a heparin neutralizer and its effect on factor IX in normal and coumadin-plasma.

Abstract Heparsorb®, a commercial anion exchange resin capable of removing large amounts of heparin from heparinized plasma, has recently been introduced into the clinical diagnostic laboratory as a useful reagent for the evaluation of blood coagulation in heparinized blood and the evaluation of an unexpected prolongation of global coagulation tests. In this paper data are presented which indicate that Heparsorb has little or no effect on the activities of blood coagulation factors in heparinized plasma, except for a modest (22%) reduction in factor IX-activity. Maximal loss of factor IX-activity was observed after incubation of plasma with Heparsorb for 15 min at room temperature. Prolonged storage of plasma before or after incubation with Heparsorb and changes in plasma pH had no appreciable effect on the extent of factor IX-activity loss. Evidence is presented to substantiate earlier findings that factor IX-activity is not removed by Heparsorb from plasma of patients on coumadin therapy, and to indicate that this lack of effect of Heparsorb on factor IX-activity in coumadin plasma is due to reduced affinity of hypocarboxy-IX for the heparin neutralizing resin.
REVISION, PHYLOGENETIC, BIOGEOGRAPHIC, AND HOST ANALYSES OF THE ENDEMIC WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN PHYMATOPSALLUS GROUP, WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF 9 NEW GENERA AND 15 NEW SPECIES (INSECTA: HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE: PHYLINAE)

Abstract Phymatopsallus Knight, 1964 and related genera endemic to the American Southwest and northern Mexico are revised. Nine new genus-group and 15 new species-group names are proposed. One previously proposed genus-group name and 9 species-group names are treated as junior synonyms. Color digital habitus illustrations of male specimens are provided for all species and females for most species; line drawings of male genitalia are provided for all species; line drawings of female genitalia are provided for one or more representatives of most generic groupings; scanning electron micrographs are used to illustrate a standard set of features for most taxa. Maps are provided to portray the distributions of all Phymatopsallus-group taxa and the outgroup taxon Schaffneropsallus, new genus. A phylogenetic analysis is conducted for 29 ingroup and 3 outgroup taxa. Distributional patterns and host associations are analyzed and discussed.
Preparation and characterisation of 2-formyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine, a compound with a cracker-like odour

Abstract 2-Acetyltetrahydropyridine is an important flavour constituent that imparts roasty, popcorn-like, and cracker-like odours to foods, such as bread, rice, popcorn, taco shells and tortilla chips. We postulated that the homologue with a formyl group in the C-2 position, 2-formyltetrahydropyridine, might have similar desirable odour qualities. Synthesis of this compound was performed by oxidation of 2-piperidinemethanol with silver carbonate supported on Celite®. This reaction produced a major volatile (46.9% of the total volatiles) with a retention index of 1023 on DB-1. GC–O revealed that the unknown had a strong cracker-like odour. The electron impact mass spectrum of the unknown had the following major ions: m / z 82, 111, 54, 68, 28, 43. The m / z 53–54 ratio and m / z 82–83 ratio were consistent with a 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine ring structure. GC-FTIR of the unknown revealed an N–H stretching band at 3435 cm −1 and a Fermi doublet at 2827 and 2713 cm −1 that indicated the presence of an aldehyde. A strong carbonyl absorption band was present at 1703 cm −1 . The unknown was tentatively identified as 2-formyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine, based on its retention index, odour quality, mass spectrum, and vapour phase infrared spectrum.
Marketing research and the aged consumer: The need for a new perspective

The aged consumer movement represents a major social trend which has broad implications for marketers. While many of these implications are positive, there are aspects associated with this movement that may prove detrimental to business firms if not acted upon in a positive manner. Perhaps the most notable of the potentially detrimental aspects is the increased activity of aged organizations in pressuring government for legislation designed to provide them with a greater voice in the marketplace. As a result of the movement's political strength, government is becoming an active advocate for the aged consumer. The obvious danger to business as a result of these activities is the potential for increased restrictive legislation. Certainly, a defense against such efforts is for business to meet the consumer needs of the elderly market segment more effectively. Unfortunately, a review of current marketing activities in this area does not show that such efforts are being expended. To correct this situation it is recommended that marketers attack this problem in two directions (1) through organizational and policy changes and (2) through increased research efforts. Specific recommendations are suggested in each of these areas.
Instantaneous rate of change: a numerical approach

The calculus reform movement has encouraged numerical and graphical approaches to functions in addition to the more traditional analytical approach. While valiant efforts have been made to use these other approaches in newer calculus curricula, more numerical approaches should be introduced. Research on student learning in calculus indicates that particular numerical approaches hold promise for students' learning of instantaneous rate of change. Numerical approaches involving the average rate of change over successively smaller intervals can be used to obtain the instantaneous rate of change for a given function at a given value of x. These approaches can help students appreciate the fundamental relationship between average and instantaneous rates of change. They can also be used to obtain general expressions for the derivative of most elementary functions. Standard computer spreadsheet programs facilitate this process and make numerical approaches a more viable option for calculus instruction. These are ...
Calcium-dependent binding of calmodulin to phospholipase A2 subunits induces enzymatic activation

Calmodulin interacted with phospholipase A2 from two different sources, as established by affinity chromatography, dimethylsuberimidate protein crosslinking, and phospholipase A2 assays. Calmodulin was covalently crosslinked to pancreatic and bee venom phospholipases A2 in a calcium-dependent manner, and enhanced the enzymatic activities of these phospholipases. Pancreatic phospholipase A2 was separated into two species of identical molecular weight by calmodulin affinity chromatography; the species that bound to immobilized calmodulin in a calcium-dependent manner was stimulated by calmodulin. This presents further evidence that phospholipase A2 is directly activated by calmodulin.
Major link between mast cells and the idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome

The idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (IHES) is characterized by sustained severe peripheral blood eosinophilia (more than 1500 eosinophils/mm3) and the presence of eosinophil-associated end-organ damage in a patient with no identifiable causes for the eosinophilia (eg, malignancy or infection
Advice for Developing Scholars

This commentary offers advice for developing scholars culled from this volume's contributors, research on talent development in educational psychology and other domains, and my own experiences as an educational psychologist and journal editor. The advice includes: a) follow your bliss, b) spend and create time, c) build collaborative relationships, d) hone technique, and e) frame failure.
One-sided normal prediction intervals and sample sizes for a third-stage sample

One-sided two-stage prediction intervals for a normal population are extended to a third sampling stage. Procedures and tables are given for two situations. In the first situation, methods for obtaining such intervals are presented, and tables for calculating such prediction intervals are provided. In the second situation, a two-stage prediction interval has been applied, and a third stage is now required. Sample sizes are given for the third stage.
Materials inspection and process control using compensated laser ultrasound evaluation (CLUE): demonstration of a low-cost laser ultrasonic sensor

We demonstrate the use of a nonsteady-state photo-induced-emf adaptive photodetector as a robust, low-cost laser ultrasonic sensor. This class of sensor enables high-fractional bandwidth ultrasound detection and, in addition, all-optical compensation of adverse in-factory noise, including vibration, speckle, relative platform motion, and optical fiber modal dispersion. Reference-beam and fiber-based time-delay interferometric configurations were demonstrated, as well as the use of a diode laser as a compact optical probe.
A limit theorem for a position-dependent branching process☆

An extension of the Galton-Watson process is assumed as the definition for the position-dependent branching process of neutron population in reactors. A sequence of generating functions is defined; the problem of criticality is sthdied; and the basic limit theorem is presented. (L.N.N.)
Generalized fractional programming: optimality and duality theory

The generalized fractional programming problem with a finite number of ratios in the objective is studied. Optimality and duality results are established, some with the help of an auxiliary problem and some directly. Convexity and stability of the auxiliary problem play a key role in the latter part of the paper.
Fiber fuse in high power optical fiber

This paper describes the observation of a fiber fuse observed in the core of a high-power highNA, all-glass, double-clad fiber. Fiber fuse is a phenomenon that results in a specific type of catastrophic destruction of an optical fiber-core from the point of initiation toward the light source. It is so named because its appearance is very similar to a burning fuse. In this paper, we examine the origin or the initiation source for the fiber fuse observed in the double-clad fiber. Furthermore, we propose a two-step thermal mechanism for the fiber-fuse generation in optical fiber.
Glass-Transition Temperature of Water

The glass-transition temperature of water (T(g)) has been calculated by use of the Tammann-Hesse viscosity equation with the viscosity equal to 10(13) poise at T(g). The derived value of T(g),162 +/- 1 degrees K, is significantly higher than previous estimates.
The effect of formation pressures on sheet structures—a possible case of Al-Si ordering

Abstract Experimental evidence is presented to show that a real change in the b and c dimensions of the unit cell of muscovite occurs as a function of the pressure at which it is synthesized. The contraction caused by changes of pressure from 5000 to 50,000 lb/in 2 is in the range from 0·1 to 0·5 per cent. The effect is demonstrated as being independent of “leaching,” hydronium substitution, starting materials, etc. Phlogopite and pyrophyllite do not show the same effect. Chlorite solid solutions with composition near clinochlore show a similar though smaller effect. The explanation offered for this phenomenon is the progressive ordering of Al-Si at higher pressures. Ordering appears to be enhanced (or made possible) by the presence of a vacancy or substitutional defect in the octahedral layer.
rab3D Protein Is a Specific Marker for Zymogen Granules in Gastric Chief Cells of Rats and Rabbits

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: Pepsinogen secretion from gastric chief cells requires a series of intracellular vesicle interactions. The final step of exocytosis involves fusion of secretory granules with the plasmalemma, culminating in the release of the digestive enzyme pepsinogen into the lumina of gastric glands. A group of specialized proteins tht confer membrane recognition, targeting, and fusion events are involved in regulated exocytosis. The aim of this study was to examine the distribution of rab3D, a low-molecular-weight guanosine 5'- triphosphate-binding protein, in gastric chief cells. METHODS: rab3D immunoreactivity was evaluated by Western blot analysis and by immunocytochemical studies at both confocal and electron-microscopic levels. RESULTS: rab3D immunoreactivity was specifically localized to the secretory granules in chief cells. Double labeling of gastric glands with rab3D and pepsinogen antibodies confirmed rab3D immunoreactivity localization to chief cells but not acid-secreting parietal cells. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed a near exclusive localization of the rab3D-like protein to the cytoplasmic face of the zymogen granules. After short-term stimulation consequent to feeding, rab3D immunoreactivity appeared to relocate from an apical region of duct cells to an unidentified cytoplasmic compartment. CONCLUSIONS: The localization and redistribution of the rab3D-like protein in the chief cell suggests that it may play an important role in regulated exocytosis. (Gastroenterology 1996 Mar;110(3):809-20)
Arterial pressure pulse palpation with the Haptic Lens

Palpation is a traditional method for diagnosis that uses the sense of touch. Due to its subjective nature, results from palpation are not always accurate and/or consistent. Therefore in order to enable a consistent and quantitative analysis by palpation, we propose this diagnostic by a novel device called the Haptic Lens. Considering the richness of parameters in the cardiac pressure pulse, we focus on developing a quantitative method for measuring arterial pressure pulse parameters using the Haptic Lens. We develop algorithms that enable accurate measurements of arterial pulse parameters. To demonstrate the efficacy of our approach and the ease of learning this method we used this device to measure arterial pulse parameters on 10 individuals.
Marine radar ocean wave retrieval’s dependency on range and azimuth

The strength of the surface wave signal in marine X-band radar (MR) images strongly depends on range and azimuth (i.e., the angle between antenna look and peak wave direction). Traditionally, MR wave analysis is carried out in a set of rectangular windows covering the radar field of view (FOV). The FOV is typically partially obstructed, e.g., due to the coastline or ship superstructures. Especially for ships that are subject to regular course changes, this results in an increased variability or error associated with wave parameters. Using MR measurements from R/P FLIP, acquired off California during the 2010 US Office of Naval Research (ONR) high resolution air–sea interaction (Hi-Res) experiment, this study quantifies the dependency of the radar-based 2D wave spectrum and parameters on range and azimuth. With the help of reference data from a nearby Datawell Waverider buoy, we propose empirical methods to remove the dependency and we illustrate their efficacy.