cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Properly Diagnosing Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is found in many clinical conditions and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a clinical condition characterized by precapillary PH without causes such as lung disease, chronic thromboembolic PH, or other rare conditions. Evaluating a patient with suspected PH requires a series of investigations intended to confirm the diagnosis, determine the clinical PH group (and, in the case of PAH group 1, the specific etiology), and evaluate the functional and hemodynamic impairment. The workup should identify the risk factors for PH (e.g., left heart disease, lung diseases associated with alveolar hypoxia, and chronic thromboembolism) versus the conditions associated with PAH group 1 (e.g., scleroderma, human immunodeficiency virus, anorexigen use, liver disease). A detailed algorithm is presented to help physicians determine the appropriate PH category. Because the presence of one condition associated with PH does not exclude another etiologies, clinicians are strongly encouraged to follow the entire algorithm. Discussions and case studies are presented describing the differentiation of PAH group 1 from PH group 2 and PAH group 1 from PH group 3; diagnosing PH group 4; determining the long-term calcium channel blocker response in those with idiopathic PAH; and determining the severity of PH.
Synthesis of 3-substituted indoles via N-acylindolium ions

Abstract 3-Substituted N-(N′N′-diethylcarbamyl)indoles are prepared from indole-3-carboxaldehyde in good overall yield via N-acylindolium ion intermediates.
Gold Nanoparticles with Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Formed via Surface Initiated Atom Transfer Free Radical Polymerization Exhibit Unusually Slow Aggregation Kinetics

Thermoresponsive polymer brushes on 20 nm colloidal gold were formed through atom transfer free radical polymerization (ATRP) of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) in aqueous media. In this approach, the “grafting-from” technique was used with atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) to grow polymer chains from the surface of gold nanoparticles (∼20 nm). “Grafting from” using the ATRP technique enables dense, uniform, and homogeneous coverage of polymer chains on the surface of gold nanoparticles. Other advantages of ATRP are the growth of polymer chains without appreciable chain termination or chain transfer and that the presence of an active initiator site at the end of the growing polymer chain facilitates synthesis of surface grafted block copolymers. In the present work, pNIPAAm was grown from the surface of nanoparticles with the help of 2-bromopropionyl bromide as the initiator. The polymerization reaction was carried out at room temperature under inert atmosphere and aqueous conditions. The system ...
Approaches to Global Politics in the Twenty-first Century: A Review Essay

The contributions to this volume focus on four central driving forces in the international system: realpolitik, the pursuit of power; economic systems for pursuing wealth; social technologies for maintaining order; and identities that define group actors. Examining the effects of these forces generates a range of possible projections for the future of world politics—global war or peace, prosperity or economic collapse, social order or violent breakdown. Most of the contributors here tend toward the optimistic end of the spectrum, though for different reasons: David Wilkinson forecasts a stable unipolar balance of power, for example, while George Modelski and William Thompson foresee the evolution of a stable democratic peace; only Robert Denemark suggests a potentially high likelihood of hegemonic war in the twenty-first century. While most agree that increasing globalization is transforming world politics, they disagree on the effects because those effects will depend on how people react—whether they devise effective social technologies to manage globalization, and whether they adopt cooperative or hostile interpretations of their identities.
A Minimum Spanning Forest Based Hyperspectral Image Classification Method for Cancerous Tissue Detection

Hyperspectral imaging is a developing modality for cancer detection. The rich information associated with hyperspectral images allow for the examination between cancerous and healthy tissue. This study focuses on a new method that incorporates support vector machines into a minimum spanning forest algorithm for differentiating cancerous tissue from normal tissue. Spectral information was gathered to test the algorithm. Animal experiments were performed and hyperspectral images were acquired from tumor-bearing mice. In vivo imaging experimental results demonstrate the applicability of the proposed classification method for cancer tissue classification on hyperspectral images.
Refraction Correction of Rocket Tracking Radar Inputs in Near Real Time

Abstract A technique has been developed to correct rocket tracking radar inputs in near real time (maximum computing time of 100 msec) for refractive effects, by iterating twice an approximate closed-form solution for an exponentially stratified model. Maximum computational discrepancies for a test atmosphere between the results using this technique and those using an accurate numerical integration of the ray-tracing equations were under 3 m for the range error and 0.2 mrad for both the bending and the elevation errors. The technique works well for any initial antenna elevation angle, including zero and negative values, and for all practical radar ranges.
Programmed cell death of plant tracheary elements differentiating in vitro

We used various microscopic and labeling techniques to examine events occurring during the programmed cell death (PCD) of plant tracheary elements (TEs) developing in vitro. TEs differentiating in vitro synthesize a secondary cell wall which is complex in composition and pattern at approximately 72 h after hormone manipulation. The timing of PCD events was established relative to this developmental marker. Cytoplasmic streaming continues throughout secondary wall synthesis, which takes 6 h to complete in a typical cell. Vital dye staining and ultrastructural analysis show that the vacuole and plasma membrane are intact during secondary cell wall synthesis, but the cytoplasm becomes less dense in appearance, most likely through the action of confined hydrolysis by small vacuoles which are seen throughout the cell at this time. The final, preeminent step of TE PCD is a rapid collapse of the vacuole occurring after completion of secondary cell wall synthesis. Vacuole collapse is an irreversible commitment to death which results in the immediate cessation of cytoplasmic streaming and leads to the complete degradation of cellular contents, which is probably accomplished by release of hydrolytic enzymes sequestered in the vacuole. This event represents a novel form of PCD. The degradation of nuclear DNA is detectable by TUNEL, an in situ labeling method, and appears to occur near or after vacuole collapse. Our observations indicate that the process of cellular degradation that produces the hollow TE cell corpse is an active and cell-autonomous process which is distinguishable morphologically and kinetically from necrosis. Although TE PCD does not resemble apoptosis morphologically, we describe the production of spherical protoplast fragments by cultured cells that resemble apoptotic bodies but which are not involved in TE PCD. We also present evidence that, unlike the hypersensitive response (HR), TE PCD does not involve an oxidative burst. While this evidence does not exclude a role for reactive oxygen intermediates in TE PCD, it does suggest TE PCD is mechanistically distinct from cell death during the HR.
A new approach to receptor ligand design: synthesis and conformation of a new class of potent and highly selective μ opioid antagonists utilizing tetrahydroisoouinoline carroxylic acid

Abstract Investigations of the physiological functions of opioid receptors (μ,δ,κ and others) require potent and selective receptor ligands. Conformational constraint provides a useful approach to increase receptor selectivity of flexible peptides. This approach reduces the set of low energy conformations accessible for the ligand and thus can provide insight into topologica1 features that may be responsible for high affinity to a particular receptor subtype. Using this approach, we describe a new class of potent and selective μ opioid receptor antagonists and demonstrate a new approach for the design of receptor specific ligands by which a low affinity, “non-physiological” activity of a natural peptide hormone is converted to a high potency, receptor selective ligand for that receptor, and, at the same time, eliminates the activity at the natural receptors for the peptide. Recently we reported the design and synthesis of a new class of μ opioid receptor selective antagonists, of which (CTP) was found to be among the most potent and selective, and (PCTP) exhibited a sharp decrease of affinity for μ receptors ( 100 foTd) and a modest increase ( 3 fold) in affinity for δ receptors. We now present 1h NMR evidence which suggests a more folded conformation for the latter compound. This result led to the design of further constrained analogues in which a methylene bridge is inserted between the α-amino group and the 2'position of the aromatic ring of n -phe1 in CTP. This analogue (TCTP) was found to be the most μ vs. δ receptor selective ligand known (> 9000 fold selective), with very litt1e somatostatin-like activity. NMR investigations have revealed that the side chain of D -Tic residue exists exclusively in a g- conformation. Disconnection of this methylene bridge via synthesis of gave an analogue that exhibited low affinity for the μ opioid receptor and greatly reduced selectivity. NMR investigations have uncovered a large participation of g+ and trans side chain conformations for the aromatic ring in the D -N-MePhe residue, and a more folded overall conformation. These results illustrate how constraint of side chain moieties of critical amino acid residues to a specific or “biased” conformation can provide important insights into the topological requirements for peptide-receptor interactions and can contribute to design of ligands for receptor mapping.
The social drug lag: An examination of pharmaceutical approval delays in medicaid formularies☆

Abstract Several states have enacted restrictive drug formularies in order to control the costs of their Medicaid pharmaceutical programs. This study investigates the restrictiveness of these formularies by analyzing the delay in approving new drug products for Medicaid reimbursement. A restrictiveness index is developed which relates the drug product months which are denied to Medicaid patients to the potential product months of availability if all products which were newly approved for general use were simultaneously made available to the Medicaid population. The study then relates the restrictiveness of state formularies to Medicaid drug program costs and to total Medicaid program costs. We find that restrictiveness of formularies is not associated with lower drug costs, but that total Medicaid costs are lower in states with more restrictive formularies. We suggest that restrictive formularies may occur in states with other Medicaid cost-containment measures, so that total Medicaid exoenditures are contained in those states, even though there is no reduction in drug expenditures.
AlGaInP green light-emitting diode

The structures and performances of surface emitting AlGaInP green light emitting diodes (LEDs) with emission wavelength around 565 nm were studied. The AlGaInP green LEDs with epitaxial structure grown on P-type GaAs substrate showed the best performance. This is the first paper ever reported for the fabrication of AlGaInP LEDs using P-type GaAs as a substrate. In AlGaInP LED structure using P-type GaAs substrate, the highly conductive n- type AlInP was consequently used as a top confining layer and the current crowding problem was significantly improved. Therefore, the green electroluminescence (EL) was uniformly emitted from the surface of LED dice.
Lateral mobility of human erythrocyte integral membrane proteins

Fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled integral membrane proteins are mobile in the membranes of human erythrocytes that have been fused (and haemolysed) by Sendai virus or polyethylene glycol. Minimum diffusion coefficients are of the order of 10−11 cm2 s−1 at 37 °C. This mobility is reduced several-fold at room temperature, not detected at 0 °C, and is significantly greater in fresh than in aged blood. Mobility was assessed by observing the spread of fluorescence on labelled cells which had been fused with unlabelled cells; neither intramembrane particle aggregation nor spectrin release occurred during this process.
Search for parity mixing in the /sup 93/Tc 17/2/sup -/ isomer: measurements of internal conversion coefficients

The internal conversion coefficients were measured for several transitions in /sup 93/Tc with an electron spectrometer and a Ge(Li) detector. The /sup 92/Mo(..cap alpha..,p2n) reaction was used to study the decay of the isomeric tau = 15 ..mu..sec 17/2 level at 2185.3 keV as well as the decay of the prompt 17/2/sup +/ level at 2185.0 keV. Due to parity mixing the wave function for the 17/2 isomeric level may have the form vertical-bar17/2/sup -/ > + ..cap alpha..vertical-bar17/2/sup +/> where ..cap alpha.. is small. The experimental K-shell conversion coefficients for the 17/2 ..-->.. 13/2/sup +/ and 17/2/sup +/ ..-->.. 13/2/sup +/ transitions imply GAMMA (E2,17/2 ..-->.. 13/2/sup +/)/GAMMA (E2 + M2 + E3, 17/2 ..-->.. 13/2/sup +/) vertical-bar< or = 0.13 eV for the matrix element of the parity violating Hamiltonian.
Babesiosis in Fairfield County, Connecticut.

To the Editor: Human babesiosis, caused by Babesia microti, was initially described in the eastern United States in 1970 in a woman vacationing on Nantucket Island, Massachusetts (1). With few exceptions, almost all subsequent cases were recorded from islands in the northeastern United States and Cape Cod, Massachusetts (2), until this illness was diagnosed in 13 patients living in New London County in southeastern Connecticut (3,4). B. microti was isolated from white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus, captured from 1988 to 1990 in the yards of patients. Babesiosis also was diagnosed in persons living in Wisconsin (5) and in New Jersey (6) who acquired the organism locally. The number of cases of babesiosis reported by health departments on their Web sites and by personal communication in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New York State, was 330 from 1988 to 2002, 121 from 1994 to 2002, and 542 from 1986 to 2001, respectively. The number of cases reported by the New York City Health Department from 1991 to 2000 was 75.
WE-A-BRD-01: Innovation in Radiation Therapy Planning I: Knowledge Guided Treatment Planning

Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) offer the capability of normal tissues and organs sparing. However, the exact amount of sparing is often unknown until the plan is complete. This lack of prior guidance has led to the iterative, trial and-error approach in current planning practice. Even with this effort the search for patient-specific optimal organ sparing is still strongly influenced by planner's experience. While experience generally helps in maximizing the dosimetric advantages of IMRT/VMAT, there have been several reports showing unnecessarily high degree of plan quality variability at individual institutions and amongst different institutions, even with a large amount of experience and the best available tools. Further, when physician and physicist evaluate a plan, the dosimetric quality of the plan is often compared with a standard protocol that ignores individual patient anatomy and tumor characteristic variations. In recent years, developments of knowledge models for clinical IMRT/VMAT planning guidance have shown promising clinical potentials. These knowledge models extract past expert clinical experience into mathematical models that predict dose sparing references at patient-specific level. For physicians and planners, these references provide objective values that reflect best achievable dosimetric constraints. For quality assurance, applying patient-specific dosimetry requirementsmore » will enable more quantitative and objective assessment of protocol compliance for complex IMRT planning. Learning Objectives: Modeling and representation of knowledge for knowledge-guided treatment planning. Demonstrations of knowledge-guided treatment planning with a few clinical caanatomical sites. Validation and evaluation of knowledge models for cost and quality effective standardization of plan optimization.« less
Fire Retardancy of Polymeric Materials Incorporated With Nanoscale Inclusions

Polymeric materials have a wide variety of applications in many manufacturing industries. However, because of the molecular structures and chemical compositions of polymeric materials, they have considerably low resistances against the fire/heat. Although these materials are highly flammable, their flame retardancy can be improved significantly by incorporating with flame retardant nanomaterials. Nanoclay and nanotalc are some of the examples of the flame retardant nanomaterials which are highly cost effective and environmentally friendly for these applications. Thus, these inclusions have a great potential to improve thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties of the new materials. This study is mainly focused on the effects of nanoparticle additions in the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in terms of the flame retardancy. Five sets of nanocomposite materials were prepared using the solvent casting method at different weight percentages of the nanomaterials. The flame retardancy values of the resultant nanocomposite samples were determined using the ASTM UL 94 standard tests. The test results were also supported with the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) tests. Surface characterization of the resultant materials was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Test results showed that the flame retardancy values of the new nanostructured materials were significantly enhanced in the presence of nanoscale inclusions, which may be useful for various industrial applications.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Disulfide bonds are necessary for structure and activity in Aspergillus ficuum phytase.

The function of disulfide bonds in Aspergillus ficuum phytase was elucidated by unfolding studies, using guanidinium hydrochloride (Gu.HCl) as denaturant. Although the enzyme is totally inactivated by 0.8 M Gu.HCl, at pH 5.0, the active conformation is instantaneously restored by 0.6 M Gu.HCl, at pH 5.0. Conditions which would permit refolding of phytase are completely negated by 10 mM beta-mercaptoethanol and causes its catalytic demise at pH 7.5. Assay of free thiols using Ellman's reagent indicates that none of the thiols in the ten cysteines in phytase are free; five disulfide bonds were predicted for the enzyme. Sequence comparison of mold phytases and yeast acid phosphatases indicates four conserved cysteines. Thus, disulfide bonds play an important role in the folding of fungal phytase; any perturbation of the process of its formation causes an altered three-dimensional structure that is inconsistent with catalytic activity.
A Video Server cost/performance Estimator tool

The Video Server Estimator (VSE) is an analytical tool which allows a user to perform a cost/performance analysis of video servers with hierarchical storage. The underlying model comprises multiple systems, main memory, expanded storage, disks and a tape library. The main objective of the tool is to optimally allocate the video files to different storage media based on the system parameters and the video file request probability distribution. The cost and the size of the video server that can accommodate a customer profile are determined. Furthermore, the impact of design parameters on the cost and performance are examined through a parametric analysis.
Composite assessment of gestational age: a comparison of institutionally derived and published regression equations.

Summary OBJECTIVES : This study was undertaken to evaluate (1) the applicability of previously reportedregression equations for gestational age assessment to our patient population in Pittsburgh and (2) whether the addition of radius length or its substitution for one of the other fetal measurements could improve the prediction of gestational age. STUDY DESIGN : Five fetal parameters -biparietal diameter, head circumference, abdominalcircumference, femur length, and radius length-were measured in a prospective cross-sectional study of gestational age assessment in 265 pregnant women between 13 and 43 weeks' gestation. RESULTS : The regression equation derived for each fetal parameter was found to be quite similar topreviously published reports. Although the coefficient of determination was only minimally affected, the variability improved with the institutionally derived regression equation. CONCLUSION : The incorporation of several fetal measurements into a composite assessment ofgestational age generally enhances the accuracy of the prediction. The addition of a second long bone to a gestational age assessment does not significantly improve results
The RACECAR heuristic for automatic function specialization on multi-core heterogeneous systems

Embedded systems increasingly combine multi-core processors and heterogeneous resources such as graphics-processing units and field-programmable gate arrays. However, significant application design complexity for such systems caused by parallel programming and device-specific challenges has often led to untapped performance potential. Application developers targeting such systems currently must determine how to parallelize computation, create different device-specialized implementations for each heterogeneous resource, and then determine how to apportion work to each resource. In this paper, we present the RACECAR heuristic to automate the optimization of applications for multi-core heterogeneous systems by automatically exploring implementation alternatives that include different algorithms, parallelization strategies, and work distributions. Experimental results show RACECAR-specialized implementations can effectively incorporate provided implementations and parallelize computation across multiple cores, graphics-processing units, and field-programmable gate arrays, improving performance by an average of 47x compared to a CPU, while the fastest provided implementations are only able to average 33x.
DESTRUCTIVE EFFECTS OF PLASMAS GENERATED BY EXPLODING WIRES

This report describes the experiments conducted to separate the effects of the four methods for transferring energy from the wire to the sample, and it describes the damage caused by each transfer method. In what follows, the equipment is described, the various experiments are discussed, the results are presented, and theoretical arguments are given to explain the results.
The superior turbinectomy approach to isolated sphenoid sinus disease and to the sella turcica.

Sphenoidotomy or sphenoidectomy are most commonly performed as part of a more extensive pansinus procedure. However, rhinologists may find themselves occasionally in a need to surgically treat an i...
Efficient and Optimal Attitude Determination Using Recursive Global Positioning System Signal Operations

In this paper, a new and efficient algorithm is developed for attitude determination from Global Positioning System signals. The new algorithm is derived from a generalized nonlinear predictive filter for nonlinear systems. This uses a one time-step ahead approach to propagate a simple kinematics model for attitude determination. The advantages of the new algorithm over previously developed methods include: it provides optimal attitudes even for coplanar baseline configurations; it guarantees convergence even for poor initial conditions; it is a non-iterative algorithm; and it is computationally efficient. These advantages clearly make the new algorithm well suited to on-board applications. The performance of the new algorithm is tested on a dynamic hardware simulator. Results indicate that the new algorithm accurately estimates the attitude of a moving vehicle, and provides robust attitude estimates even when other methods, such as a linearized least-squares approach, fail due to poor initial starting conditions.
Metabolism of the neurotoxic tertiary amine, MPTP, by brain monoamine oxidase.

The neurotoxic chemical MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,4,5-tetrahydropyridine) is metabolized by rat brain mitochondrial fractions at a rate of 0.91 +/- 0.02 nmoles/mg protein/min. The major metabolite has been identified as the 1-methyl-4- phenylpyridinium species. This biotransformation process is blocked by 10(-7) M deprenyl and pargyline. MPTP itself inhibited the metabolism of benzylamine by brain mitochondrial fractions. These results are discussed in terms of possible bioactivation mechanisms that may be associated with the neurodegenerative properties of MPTP .
The α-adrenoceptor antagonist properties of the enantiomers of doxazosin in the human prostate

The alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist properties of doxazosin and its enantiomers were characterized using human prostate tissue and cell membranes isolated from rat-1 fibroblast expressing each of the cloned human alpha 1-adrenoceptor subtypes. In the alpha 1-adrenoceptor-binding studies on the human prostate with [3H]doxazosin and 2-{[beta-(3-[125I],4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]aminomethyl}-l-tetralone ([125I]HEAT), no significant differences were observed between racemic doxazosin, R-doxazosin and S-doxazosin (mean -log Ki (pKi) values were 8.60-8.63, 8.47-8.55 and 8.61-8.65, respectively), whereas the alpha 2-adrenoceptor-binding studies with [3H]rauwolscine and [3H]clonidine revealed that the alpha 2-adrenoceptor-binding affinity of S-doxazosin (pKi = 5.91-5.94) was slightly (3- or 4-fold), but significantly lower than that of R-doxazosin (pKi = 6.47-6.54). Studies in phenylephrine-contracted prostatic tissue showed no significant difference in alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist potency between racemic doxazosin, R-doxazosin and S-doxazosin (pA2 values were 8.43 +/- 0.28, 8.64 +/- 0.56 and 8.75 +/- 0.38, respectively). In the binding studies with cloned alpha 1-adrenoceptor subtypes using [3H]prazosin and [125I]HEAT, racemic doxazosin, R-doxazosin and S-doxazosin showed no selectivity for the alpha 1-adrenoceptor subtypes. The present study demonstrated that doxazosin and its enantiomers are highly selective alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonists and that there is no evidence suggesting differential alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist effects of doxazosin and its enantiomers in the human prostate. Doxazosin, therefore, could be described as displaying balanced activity across all three alpha 1-adrenoceptor subtypes.
Zero-dimensional spaces from linear structures

Abstract It is well known that spaces defined from a separated uniform structure with a linearly ordered base of uncountable cofinality (ω μ -metrizable spaces) are ultraparacompact and have an ortho-base, hence are non-Archimedean spaces in the sense of A. Monna. Our results concern whether certain wider classes of spaces defined from linear structures retain these properties. We construct for every regular cardinal ω μ , examples of ω μ -additive, ω μ -stratifiable spaces (i.e., ω μ -Nagata spaces) that do not have an ortho-base. We give a number of examples of linearly stratifiable spaces, one of which is related to an example of Eric K. van Douwen concerning countable box products of stratifiable spaces.
Toxins: bacterial and marine toxins.

The term toxin refers in a specific way to a toxic substance of biologic origin; that is, a true toxin is a poison produced by a living organism. The purpose of this article is to review some of the most potentially dangerous toxins of concern today. Mechanisms of action, routes of exposure, diagnostic tools, and treatment recommendations are addressed. In addition, current therapeutic uses for certain toxins are discussed. Language: en
Simulated in situ characterization of soil organic and inorganic carbon with visible near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy

Abstract Visible and near-infrared (VisNIR, 400–2500 nm) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) is a rapid, inexpensive sensing method that has shown promise for lab-based soil characterization. However, little has been reported on how DRS will work in a field setting on intact soil cores. Seventy-two soil cores, representing 21 soil series and four parent materials, were extracted from six fields in Central Texas. Each soil core was scanned with a VisNIR spectrometer with a spectral range of 350–2500 nm in four combinations of moisture content and pre-treatment, including field-moist intact, air-dried intact, field-moist smeared intact, and air-dried ground. Visible near-infrared spectra were then used to predict soil organic and inorganic carbon (C) using partial least squares (PLS) regression. The PLS model was validated with 30% of the original soil cores that were randomly selected and withheld from the calibration model. The organic C validation had a root mean squared deviation (RMSD) of 5.4 g kg− 1 and 4.1 g kg− 1 for the field-moist and air-dried intact scans, respectively. The RMSD values for inorganic C were 8.7 g kg− 1 and 7.8 g kg− 1 for the field-moist and air-dried intact scans, respectively. Smearing the samples had minimal effects on prediction accuracies for organic and inorganic C. Variable soil moisture did reduce prediction accuracies. Soil color, pH, and soil reaction to 1 N HCL were added as auxiliary predictors. Soil color improved organic C predictions by 0.2 to 0.4 g kg− 1. The field-moist intact inorganic C model improved with soil color (RMSD = 8.0 g kg− 1), soil pH (8.3 g kg− 1), and soil reaction to HCl (6.5 g kg− 1). These results show that in situ spectroscopy can measure organic and inorganic C with some loss of accuracy compared to dried ground samples. In inorganic C predictions, an easy-to-measure auxiliary variable, like soil reaction with 1 N HCl, can improve in situ predictions compared to dried ground predictions.
Coral reef inhabiting tubeworms (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from Enewetak, Kwajalein, Rongelap and Utirik Atolls, Marshall Islands

The coral reef inhabiting tubeworms from the Marshall Islands have been studied by few authors mainly by samplings in Enewetak Atoll. We report several new records of serpuline and spirorbine tubeworms from Enewetak Atoll as well as from Kwajalein, Utirik and Rongelap Atolls. Twenty-one species of Serpulinae and seven species of Spirorbinae are described and illustrated with line drawings, colour and/or scanning electron microscopy photographs. Neodexiospira turrita nom. nov. is proposed to replace Neodexiospira preacuta. Enewetak Atoll still represents the most species-rich atoll in the Marshall Islands but this is most likely the result of a greater sampling effort in this atoll for the last few decades.
Fault injection in digital logic circuits at the VHDL level

This paper presents hardware-based techniques for transient and permanent fault injection in VHDL descriptors of both combinational and sequential digital circuits. The designer can choose the fault injection rate, which may vary from 100% (permanent fault) down to 0.01% (transient fault).
Ionic liquid matrices for improved detection of proteins and polymers in time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry

The analyte signal enhancements of polymers and proteins were investigated using ionic liquid (IL) matrix-enhanced SIMS. The molecular weight of the polymer does not play a significant role in determining the magnitude of the n-mer and oligomer ion intensity enhancements. The analyte ion intensities enhancements are strongly dependent on the chemistry of the polymer side and terminal groups. Further, it was observed that ILs based on the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization matrix 2,5 dihydroxybenzoic acid were the most effective matrices. The molecular ion intensity enhancements of peptides including bradykinin were also investigated. Using bradykinins with different terminal amino acids, it is observed that molecular ion intensities are significantly enhanced using IL matrices if the N or C terminal amino acid can accept (or donate) a proton. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discrimination and classification of adulterants in maple syrup with the use of infrared spectroscopic techniques

Food adulteration is a profit-making business for some unscrupulous manufacturers. Maple syrup is a soft target for adulterators owing to its simplicity of chemical composition. The use of infrared spectroscopic techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and near-infrared (NIR) as a tool to detect adulterants such as cane and beet invert syrups as well as cane and beet sugar solutions in maple syrup was investigated. The FTIR spectra of adulterated samples were characterised and the regions of 800-1200 cm -1 (carbohydrates) and 1200-1800 and 2800-3200 cm -1 (carbohydrates, carboxylic acids and amino acids) were used for detection. The NIR spectral region between 1100 and 1660nm was used for analysis. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and canonical variate analysis (CVA) were used for discriminant analysis, while partial least squares (PLS) and principal component regression (PCR) were used for quantitative analysis. FTIR was more accurate in predicting adulteration using the two different regions (R 2 > 0.93 and 0.98) compared with NIR (R 2 > 0.93). Classification and quantification of adulterants in maple syrup show that both NIR and FTIR can be used for detecting adulterants such as pure beet and cane sugar solutions, but FTIR was superior to NIR in detecting invert syrups. Le sirop d'erable est une cible facile pour l'adulteration grâce a sa composition chimique simple. L'utilisation de techniques de spectroscopie infrarouge a transformee de Fourier (FTIR) ou proche infrarouge (NIR) est evaluee pour la detection d'adulterants comme les sirops de sucres invertis ou les solutions de sucre de canne et de betterave dans le sirop d'erable. La classification et la quantification de ces composes montrent que ces 2 techniques peuvent etre utilisees pour la detection de solutions de sucre mais la FTIR est superieure dans la detection de sirops invertis.
Women in Bioavailability/Bioequivalence Trials — A Regulatory Perspective

There has been a debate on the issue of inclusion of women in bioequivalence trials since the publication of a Federal Register notice by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1993 entitled “Guideline for the Study and Evaluation of Gender Differences in the Clinical Evaluation of Drugs.” Women are now generally not included in bioequivalence trials. A primary reason for the exclusion lies in the concern that hormonal fluctuation during different phases of the menstrual cycle in women might increase the intrasubject variability and thereby decrease the statistical power of the bioequivalence study.A comprehensive review of literature conducted by the FDA has revealed little or no evidence for a significant impact of the menstrual cycle on the intrasubject variance of pharmacokinetic parameters of drugs. In a small number of reports, an alteration in pharmacokinetics of the drug was noted in different phases of the menstrual cycle, which might suggest an increase in intrasubject variability in women co...
Sensitivity analysis of a simple routing strategy

For several classes of queueing networks, on-line perturbation techniques have been used to determine parametric sensitivity of performance. These techniques typically assume "small" perturbations affecting only the occurrence time of events in the system. In networks with dynamic routing, however, queue length perturbations are also inevitably created. In order to investigate the phenomena involved in this case, a simple routing strategy is considered, based on comparing queue length to a given threshold parameter. A process is presented for evaluating throughput sensitivity with respect to this parameter along an observed sample path. Compared to earlier results, some additional information is now needed for tracking state perturbations. It is shown, however, that sensitivity analysis can still be performed on-line and provide accurate results.
ARROGANCE AND SURPRISE IN PSYCHOANALYTIC PROCESS

(2013). Arrogance and Surprise in Psychoanalytic Process. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly: Vol. 82, No. 2, pp. 393-412.
Design of a fault-tolerant satellite cluster link establishment protocol

The design of a protocol for satellite cluster link establishment and management that accounts for link corruption, node failures, and node re-establishment is presented in this paper. This protocol will need to manage the traffic flow between nodes in the satellite cluster, adjust routing tables due to node motion, allow for sub-networks in the cluster, and similar activities. This protocol development is in its initial stages. Preliminary results with eight nodes demonstrate its operations and potential problems that may arise when significant numbers of channel errors are present
Polymerization of p-acryloyloxybenzoic acid

Polymerization of p-acryloyloxybenzoic acid by heating on a hot stage was previously reported to lead to a lyotropic mesophase. Using optical microscopy, thermal analysis, and infrared analysis, it was shown that this mesophase involves oligomers of poly(p-oxybenzoate) formed from the monomer by ester interchange through internal acidolysis.
Buffer Zones of Territories of Gray Wolves as Regions of Intraspecific Strife

The locations of 22 territorial gray wolves ( Canis lupus ) killed by conspecifics in north-eastern Minnesota were analyzed in a study involving radio-telemetry from 1968 through 1992. Twenty-three percent of the wolves were killed precisely on the borders of their estimated territories; 41%, within 1.0 km (16% of the radius of their mean-estimated territory) inside or outside the estimated edge; 91%, within 3.2 km inside or outside (50% of the radius of their mean-estimated territory) of the estimated edge. This appears to be the first report of intraspecific mortality of mammals along territorial boundaries.
Amino-terminal amino acid sequences of electron transfer proteins from Gram-negative bacteria as indicators of their cellular localization: the sulfate-reducing bacteria

Data are presented that all known periplasmic redox proteins from the sulfate reducing bacteria included in the genus, Desulfovibrio have aminoterminal (N-terminal) amino-acid sequences commonly found in other Gram-negative bacteria and are indicative of recognition sites for signal peptides. In contrast, none of the cytoplasmic redox proteins exhibited these unique N-terminal amino-acid sequences. It is proposed that the N-terminal amino-acid residues of a given protein can be used as an indicator of its cellular localization within the bacterial cell.
Factor Structure in Groups Selected on Observed Scores

British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology (1989) 4 2 , 81-90 Printed in Great Britain £> 1989 The British Psychological Society Factor structure in groups selected on observed scores Bengt O. Muthen Graduate School of Education, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA A new method is proposed for estimating factor means and factor covariances in a group of individuals selected on their observed scores. The selection variable is, for example, the total score on an admissions test. Given a factor model for the test items based on the group of test takers, we may be interested in the factor structure for those in the top quartile. The differences in factor means and covariances between this selected group and the full group gives useful information both on successful test performance and on test validity. The new method draws on the classic Pearson-Lawley selection formulas. It avoids the fallacy of factor analysis on the selected group, which would lead to incorrect estimates. The new method is applied to a simple factor structure model for the G M A T test. Although the majority of the G M A T items test verbal skills, it is found that a quantitative factor shows the greatest change in moving from average to top quartile test takers. 1. Introduction Consider a certain factor analysis model that fits well for a population of individuals. The analyses leading to this estimated model are assumed to be based on random observations from this population. The question to be studied is: what is the factor structure for a subset of this population, when the subset is defined by a variable that is a function of the observed variables? This problem arises naturally in the analysis of student responses to university admissions tests of various kinds, e.g. S A T , G R E , L S A T , G M A T . Here, the set of variables consists of test items administered to a sample from a population of test takers. The sum of the test items constitutes the test score. This test score plays a major role in decisions to admit students. The test items may be added up ('parcelled') according to different content areas and factor analysed. If a certain simple factor structure is found in this population an interesting investigation is then to try to determine what the factor structure is for students in the upper tail of the test score distribution. How is the factor structure different for this group of students, who are likely to be admitted, as compared to the general population? D o the factor means increase more for certain factors, implying that these are particularly important in a successful test outcome? D o the decreased factor variances indicate a
Parameters of the SLAC Next Linear Collider

In this paper, we present the parameters and layout of the Next Linear Collider (NLC). The NLC is the SLAC design of a future linear collider using X-band RF technology in the main linacs. The collider would have an initial center-of-mass energy of 0.5 TeV which would be upgraded to 1 TeV and then 1.5 TeV in two stages. The design luminosity is >5/spl times/10/sup 33/ cm/sup -2/ sec/sup -1/ at 0.5 TeV and >10/sup 34/ cm/sup -2/ sec/sup -1/ at 1.0 and 1.5 TeV. We will briefly describe the components of the collider and the proposed energy upgrade scenario.
Retroperitoneal hematoma: An unexpected complication during intervention on an occluded superficial femoral artery via a retrograde popliteal artery approach

Peripheral arterial disease involvement of the superficial femoral artery (SFA) is common. Different endovascular techniques are used successfully for revascularization of this artery. A retrograde approach to chronic total occlusion (CTO) of the SFA through the ipsilateral popliteal artery has been used occasionally if an antegrade approach is not feasible or has failed. Some of the known complications encountered during this approach are arteriovenous fistula formation at the access site, occlusion of the popliteal artery if closure devices are used, and bleeding. There are no reports of perforation or bleeding of the SFA or the external iliac artery (EIA) during a popliteal approach, probably due to lack of flow in the occluded segment of the SFA. We report a case in which a retroperitoneal hematoma occurred due to retrograde blood flow through the established true channel in the proximal SFA and subsequently to the dissection plane with a wire tip perforation in the EIA, which was treated by stopping retrograde filling with prolonged balloon inflation in the distal SFA before the CTO.
Watch what I do, not what I say I do

Behavioral inhibition (BI), a tendency to withdraw from or avoid novel social and non-social situations, is a personality trait which can confer risk for anxiety disorders. Like many personality traits, BI is often assessed via self-report questionnaires where respondents rate themselves for frequency of certain behaviors or feelings. However, questionnaires have inherent limitations, particularly in psychiatric populations where there may be unawareness of deficit. A viable alternative may be virtual environments, in which the participant guides an on-screen "avatar" through a series of onscreen events meant to simulate real-world situations. Here, we report on initial development of such an assessment tool, involving several onscreen scenarios with choice points where the participant can select from response options corresponding to inhibited or uninhibited behaviors. In two experiments involving over 300 college students, scores on the computer-based task were strongly correlated with BI scores attained through self-report questionnaire (r?>?.780, p?<?.001); this relationship held regardless of participant gender and experience with computer games. The results suggest that virtual environments may hold promise as alternative formats for assessment of personality traits in populations unsuited to traditional paper-and-pencil questionnaire formats due to psychopathology, limited attention span, or poor vocabulary and/or literacy skills. Display Omitted The trait of behavioral inhibition (BI) can confer risk for anxiety disorders.Here, we developed a simple behavioral task to probe BI.Subjects guided an avatar through onscreen scenarios involving social interaction.Task performance correlated strongly with BI score assessed via questionnaire.Virtual environments may offer a useful format for personality assessment.
One Step Closer To European Union: Smart Card Technology In Turkey

Europe and Asia are competing to deploy smart cards for functions from banking to retailing to telecommunications. This study analyzes factors that contribute to the implementation of smart card technology, focusing on smart card and magnetic card technologies in the financial industry in Turkey. The paper examines the effects of technological and business factors on Turkish banks, such as Akbank, Deniz Bank, Garanti Bankasi, and Tekstil Bank. The business factors are budgeting, culture, customization, and loyalty, and the technical factors are infrastructure, multi-functionality, payment speed, and transaction security. This exploratory study will assist international and local entrepreneurial entrants to the financial industry in Turkey, in taking advantage of smart card technology.
Dorsoventral patterning of the vertebrate neural tube is conserved in a protochordate

The notochord and dorsal ectoderm induce dorsoventral compartmentalization of the vertebrate neural tube through the differential regulation of genes such as HNF-3beta, Pax3, Pax6 and snail. Here we analyze the expression of HNF-3beta and snail homologues in the ascidian, Ciona intestinalis, a member of the subphylum Urochordata, the earliest branch in the chordate phylum. A combination of in situ hybridization and promoter fusion analyses was used to demonstrate that the Ciona HNF-3beta homologue is expressed in the ventralmost ependymal cells of the neural tube, while the Ciona snail homologue is expressed at the junction between the invaginating neuroepithelium and dorsal ectoderm, similar to the patterns seen in vertebrates. These findings provide evidence that dorsoventral compartmentalization of the chordate neural tube is not an innovation of the vertebrates. We propose that precursors of the floor plate and neural crest were present in a common ancestor of both vertebrates and ascidians.