cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From Communal Patriotism To City-State Chauvinism: Transformation of Collective Identities in Northern Italy, 1050–1500

At the turn of the first millennium, the rise of autonomous communes and city-states in northern Italy coincided with the development of a particular sense of attachment to land and city, which is widely labeled as civic patriotism. Neither the transformation of these collective identities across time nor the macrostructural dynamics behind this transformation has received much attention. Through an examination of these communes and city-states from the eleventh to the sixteenth century, this paper unpacks different forms of collective identities that prevailed in northern Italy in different periods of time, all of which have previously been labeled as “patriotism” in the literature. The differentiation I propose between “communal patriotism,” “civic nationalism,” and “city-state chauvinism” presents a more nuanced picture which highlights the differences in the ways these collective identities are produced, reproduced, and transformed. My analysis also discusses the role played by macrostructural dynamics (e.g., changing climate in the macropolitical economy as well as inter-city-state system in the peninsula) in transforming these collective identities. Alongside a longue duree evolutionary transformation, there were two conjunctural moments which created ruptures in the transformation of collective identities in northern Italy: The first took place during the territorialization of the communes and the conquest of the contado in the mid-twelfth century and the second occurred in the aftermath of the crisis of the fourteenth century.
Analysis of factors that correlate with mucositis in recipients of autologous and allogeneic stem-cell transplants.

PURPOSE: To identify predictors of oral mucositis and gastrointestinal toxicity after high-dose therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Mucositis and gastrointestinal toxicity were prospectively evaluated in 202 recipients of high-dose therapy and autologous or allogeneic stem-cell rescue. Of 10 outcome variables, three were selected as end points: the peak value for the University of Nebraska Oral Assessment Score (MUCPEAK), the duration of parenteral nutritional support, and the peak daily output of diarrhea. Potential covariates included patient age, sex, diagnosis, treatment protocol, transplantation type, stem-cell source, and rate of neutrophil recovery. The three selected end points were also examined for correlation with blood infections and transplant-related mortality. RESULTS: A diagnosis of leukemia, use of total body irradiation, allogeneic transplantation, and delayed neutrophil recovery were associated with increased oral mucositis and longer parenteral nutritional support. No factors were associate...
The Effects of Retail Sales Promotions on Consumer Decision Making Strategies and Attitude-Behavior Consistency

The purpose of this paper is to investigate marketers’ ability to affect the attitude-behavior relationship through the design and implementation of sales promotions, specifically point-of-purchase displays. Three dimensions that may be manipulated in a sales promotion environment – availability of information, motivation, and opportunity for deliberation – are described and hypothesized to affect consumer decision making. Strength of prior brand attitudes within a product category is thought to moderate the effect that these factors have on consumer decision making strategies. Further, it is suggested that engaging in either an attribute-based or attitude-based decision making strategy will determine observed attitude-behavior consistency.
Numerical modeling of supercritical carbon dioxide flow in see-through labyrinth seals

Abstract This paper presents a numerical study of supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) flow in see-through labyrinth seals. The computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation of this scenario is performed under the framework of OpenFOAM. Properties of sCO2 are implemented into OpenFOAM with a user-defined interface. A test facility was constructed to measure the leakage rate and pressure drop of sCO2 in see-through labyrinth seals. Various designs and conditions have been tested to study the flow characteristic and provide validation data for the numerical model. The primary goal is to verify the model's capability to predict leakage rate, with a secondary goal focused on using the code to optimize the seal design for sCO2. This research concludes with some guidelines for the see-through labyrinth seal optimization.
A thin broadband cavity-backed slot spiral antenna for automotive applications

A second mode slot spiral antenna having maximum radiation between the broadside and horizontal directions is proposed for automotive applications. The antenna is situated in a shallow cavity and can be conformally mounted at various locations on a car. Finite element and fast multipole moment method simulations of the isolated and mounted antennas are provided and compared with measurements. It is shown that a 5.5 diameter aperture with 0.5 inch deep cavity can provide coverage for DAB, PCS and SDARS systems.
Stimulation of embryonic development in Microplitis croceipes (Braconidae) in cell culture media preconditioned with a fat body cell line derived from a nonpermissive host, gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar.

A cell culture medium, IPL-52B, was preconditioned with host fat body and two insect cell lines to determine if they would support embryonic development of Microplitis croceipes in vitro. The medium was preconditioned with the cell line IPL-LdFB, derived from fat body of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, cell line IAL-TND1, derived from imaginal discs of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni, and whole fat body tissue from host Helicoverpa zea. A second cell culture medium, Excell 400, was preconditioned with only the cell line, IPL-LdFB. Pregerm band eggs were dissected from third instar host larvae and incubated in the conditioned medium for 20 h. Newly laid parasitoid eggs did not develop in unconditioned IPL-52B, but did develop to germ band stage in unconditioned Excell 400. The IPL-52B medium conditioned with both cell lines induced germ band formation, but only the L. dispar cell line (IPL-LdFB) promoted significant development to eclosion comparable to host fat body tissue. Excell 400 medium preconditioned with the cell line, IPL-LdFB also supported development to eclosion.
Public opinion polls and perceptions of US human spaceflight

Abstract A belief exists in the United States about public support for NASA's human spaceflight activities. Many hold that NASA and the cause of the human exploration of space enjoyed outstanding public support and confidence in the 1960s during the era of Apollo and that public support waned in the post- Apollo era, only to sink to quite low depths in the decade of the 1990s. These beliefs are predicated on anecdotal evidence that should not be discounted, but empirical evidence gleaned from public opinion polling data suggests that some of these conceptions are totally incorrect and others are either incomplete or more nuanced than previously believed. This article explores the evolution of public support for space exploration since the 1960s. Using polling data from a variety of sources it presents trends over time and offers comments on the meaning of public perceptions for the evolution of space policy and the development of space exploration in the United States.
Automobile fuel regulations: Direct benefit-cost analysis, 1981–1984

Abstract The object of this paper is to analyse economic efficiency and equity aspects of the auto-gasoline mileage regulations for 1981–1984. The paper uses data available from the US Department of Transportation to estimate both the direct benefits of gasoline and maintenance cost savings and the cost of compliance by the manufacturers. The direct benefit/cost ratios exceed unity and it is concluded that the regulations are cost-effective. The equity aspects are analysed by grouping families according to income groups in the Consumer Expenditure Survey data of the US Bureau of Labor Statistics. The analysis shows that lower income groups owning fewer cars derive fewer benefits, relative to upper income groups, from fuel economy regulations. Income compensating measures such as ‘fuel stamps’ are suggested as a way of mitigating this inequity.
Aqueous slurry erosion in some cobalt base superalloys

An orifice erosion test was used to study the influence of metallurgical variables in a series of cobalt base superalloys on their resistance to erosion by aqueous slurries of SiO2. A slurry of 30 pct solids by weight of 4.5 μm silica was used to erode a variety of microstructures obtained by compositional and processing control. The time de-pendence of the pressure drop across an orifice (P) was found to follow the relationP = Kt-@#@ n wheret is time (min), andK andn are constants. The erosion exponent,n, varied from 0.052 to 0.148 and was found to be dependent upon carbon content and processing variables.
An empirical study of Taiwan's bond market based on the nonlinear dynamic model

This article examines long-run dynamic adjustments of the term structure of interest rates using Taiwan government bond interest with different maturities. This permits threshold and momentum-threshold adjustments to test for asymmetry in unit roots and cointegration. More specifically, we employ nonlinear methodology to investigate whether the term structure of interest rates is consistent with the expectation theory. The results support the expectation theory in the case of the term structure of interest rates with dynamic adjustment. Furthermore, we find solid evidence of the asymmetric price transmission effect among bonds with different maturities in both the short and long run, and we employ the asymmetry error-correction model to successfully capture dynamic adjustments of interest rates.
Dyrk kinases regulate phosphorylation of doublecortin, cytoskeletal organization, and neuronal morphology.

In a neuronal overexpression screen focused on kinases and phosphatases, one “hit” was the dual specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase (Dyrk4), which increased the number of dendritic branches in hippocampal neurons. Overexpression of various Dyrk family members in primary neurons significantly changed neuronal morphology. Dyrk1A decreased axon growth, Dyrk3 and Dyrk4 increased dendritic branching, and Dyrk2 decreased both axon and dendrite growth and branching. Kinase-deficient mutants revealed that most of these effects depend on kinase activity. Because doublecortin (DCX), a microtubule-binding protein, regulates cytoskeletal dynamics and neuronal morphogenesis, we investigated the possibility that DCX is a target of Dyrks. We found that overexpression of Dyrk2 and Dyrk3, but not Dyrk1A or Dyrk4, can change DCX phosphorylation status. Mutation of a consensus phosphorylation site for Dyrk kinases at Serine 306 (Ser306) in DCX indicated that this is one target site for Dyrk2 and Dyrk3. Overexpression of Dyrk2 restored altered DCX distribution in the growth cones of dendrites and axons, and partially reversed the morphological effects of DCX overexpression; some of these effects were abrogated by mutation of Ser306 to alanine. These studies implicate Dyrks in the regulation of cytoskeletal organization and process outgrowth in neurons, and suggest that DCX is one relevant Dyrk target.
Small Angle Scattering of Thermal Neutrons

Experiments on the small angle scattering of thermal neutrons by powders are compared with theory. The available theories, which closely resemble those for small angle scattering of x-rays, are found to give a satisfactory account of the results. In general, the neutrons are scattered into a Gaussian distribution in angle whose width is directly proportional to the wave-length of the neutrons, the coherent scattering amplitude of the nuclei in the powder and the square root of the number of particles traversed in the powder by any one neutron.
The effect of multivalency on the specificity of protein and cell interactions.

Abstract The specificity of interaction between proteins and ligands is shown to depend on the multivalency of the interaction. Increases in specificity are possible by increasing the number of protein subunit-ligand interactions. Since there are many receptors on each cell membrane, cells can be considered multivalent and cell-cell interactions can be very specific.
Seeking unique and common biological themes in multiple gene lists or datasets: pathway pattern extraction pipeline for pathway-level comparative analysis

One of the challenges in the analysis of microarray data is to integrate and compare the selected (e.g., differential) gene lists from multiple experiments for common or unique underlying biological themes. A common way to approach this problem is to extract common genes from these gene lists and then subject these genes to enrichment analysis to reveal the underlying biology. However, the capacity of this approach is largely restricted by the limited number of common genes shared by datasets from multiple experiments, which could be caused by the complexity of the biological system itself. We now introduce a new Pathway Pattern Extraction Pipeline (PPEP), which extends the existing WPS application by providing a new pathway-level comparative analysis scheme. To facilitate comparing and correlating results from different studies and sources, PPEP contains new interfaces that allow evaluation of the pathway-level enrichment patterns across multiple gene lists. As an exploratory tool, this analysis pipeline may help reveal the underlying biological themes at both the pathway and gene levels. The analysis scheme provided by PPEP begins with multiple gene lists, which may be derived from different studies in terms of the biological contexts, applied technologies, or methodologies. These lists are then subjected to pathway-level comparative analysis for extraction of pathway-level patterns. This analysis pipeline helps to explore the commonality or uniqueness of these lists at the level of pathways or biological processes from different but relevant biological systems using a combination of statistical enrichment measurements, pathway-level pattern extraction, and graphical display of the relationships of genes and their associated pathways as Gene-Term Association Networks (GTANs) within the WPS platform. As a proof of concept, we have used the new method to analyze many datasets from our collaborators as well as some public microarray datasets. This tool provides a new pathway-level analysis scheme for integrative and comparative analysis of data derived from different but relevant systems. The tool is freely available as a Pathway Pattern Extraction Pipeline implemented in our existing software package WPS, which can be obtained at http://www.abcc.ncifcrf.gov/wps/wps_index.php
Thrombopoietin, HSCs, and the Osteoblast Niche: Holding On Loosely, but Not Letting G0

New findings in this issue of Cell Stem Cell by Qian et al. (2007) and Yoshihara et al. (2007) reveal that thrombopoietin modulates hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) cell-cycle progression at the osteoblast surface, linking a single cytokine with a specific postnatal niche cell. These observations indicate that simultaneous stimulation and suspension in a G(0) state are critical for maintenance of the HSC pool.
Ergonomic Evaluation of a Cabinet Manufacturing Facility

A Health Hazard Evaluation was conducted by researchers from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Safety Research at a cabinet manufacturing facility. Company mana...
Deconvolution of the Fluorescence Emission Spectrum of Human Antithrombin and Identification of the Tryptophan Residues That Are Responsive to Heparin Binding

Heparin causes an allosterically transmitted conformational change in the reactive center loop of antithrombin and a 40% enhancement of tryptophan fluorescence. We have expressed four human antithrombins containing single Trp --> Phe mutations and determined that the fluorescence of antithrombin is a linear combination of the four tryptophans. The contributions to the spectrum of native antithrombin at 340 nm were 8% for Trp-49, 10% for Trp-189, 19% for Trp-225, and 63% for Trp-307. Trp-225 and Trp-307 accounted for the majority of the heparin-induced fluorescence enhancement, contributing 37 and 36%, respectively. Trp-49 and Trp-225 underwent spectral shifts of 15 nm to blue and 5 nm to red, respectively, in the antithrombin-heparin complex. The blue shift for Trp-49 is consistent with partial burial by contact with heparin, whereas the red shift for Trp-225 and large enhancement probably result from increased solvent access upon heparin-induced displacement of the contact residue Ser-380. The enhancement for Trp-307 may result from the heparin-induced movement of helix H seen in the crystal structure. The time-resolved fluorescence properties of individual tryptophans of wild-type antithrombin were also determined using the four variants and showed that Trp-225 and Trp-307 experienced the largest change in lifetime upon heparin binding, providing support for the steady-state fluorescence deconvolution.
Copy number alterations in pancreatic cancer identify recurrent PAK4 amplification

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal of all cancers. The median survival is 6 months, and less than 5% of those diagnosed survive 5-years. Recurrent genetic deletions and amplifications in 73 pancreatic adenocarcinomas, the largest sample set analyzed to date for pancreatic cancer, were defined using comparative genomic hybridization The recurrent genetic alterations identified target a number of previously well-characterized genes, as well as regions that contain possible new oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. We have focused on chromosome 19q13, a region frequently found amplified in pancreatic cancer, and demonstrate how boundaries of common regions of mutation can be mapped, and how a gene, in this case PAK4 amplified on chromosome19q13, can be functionally validated. We show that although the PAK4 gene is not activated by mutation in cell lines with gene amplification, an oncogenic form of the KRAS2 gene is present in these cells, and oncogenic KRAS2 can activate PAK4. In fact in the three ...
Dissociation and Transformation

Humanistic psychology looks toward the healthiest, most fully developed individuals as models for human potential. Dissociation of consciousness has generally been seen as pathological. There is increasing evidence, however, that dissociated states of consciousness can also be components of a healthy developmental path. The phenomenon of dissociation into more than one personality, each with a separate sense of self-identity, allows for complex transformative processes to occur within the "community of selves." Evidence for these processes comes from clinical studies of multiple personality, experimental studies of hypnosis, and introspective accounts by dissociators.
Microsatellite variation within and among North American lineages of Phragmites australis

Over the past century, the spread of the common reed (Phragmites australis) has had a dramatic impact on wetland communities across North America. Although native populations of Phragmites persist, introduced invasive populations have dominated many sites and it is not clear if the two types can interbreed. This study compares patterns of differentiation in 10 microsatellite loci among North American and European Phragmites individuals with results obtained from sequencing of noncoding chloroplast DNA. Three population lineages (native, introduced and Gulf Coast) were previously identified in North America from chloroplast DNA and similar structuring was found in the nuclear genome. Each lineage was distinguished by unique alleles and allele combinations and the introduced lineage was closely related to its hypothesized source population in Europe. Size homoplasy and diagnostic base substitutions distinguishing lineages were evident at several loci, further emphasizing that native, introduced and Gulf Coast North American Phragmites lineages are genetically distinct. Gene flow between lineages was low and invasive introduced populations do not represent a hybrid population type.
Antibiotics in the management of spinal postoperative wound infections

Postoperative infections after spinal surgery have devastating consequences in terms of lengthy hospital stays, increased spinal degeneration, potential instability, and increased costs. The majority of these infections are caused by Gram-positive organisms, but Gram-negative infections are also reported. Treatment of these infections is becoming more complicated with the development of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, especially resistant Gram-positive bacteria. As a result, appropriate cultures and antibiotic sensitivity studies are necessary to ensure adequate antibiotic coverage for postoperative spinal infections. New antibiotics are available to treat Gram-positive bacteria that are resistant to conventional antibiotics. Quinupristin-dalfopristin, linezolid, and daptomycin all have been introduced over the last 4 years and each is reported to have activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus , vancomycin-resistant S. aureus , vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus , and other Gram-positive pathogens. With resistance increasing among Gram-positive bacteria, spinal surgeons should familiarize themselves with these new antibiotics and the clinical circumstances where these antibiotics are appropriate.
Rethinking Reflection: Teachers' Critiques

This article presents findings from a study conducted with a teacher focus group asked to read and discuss their responses to selected published teacher narratives of reflective practice. The teachers challenged features of practitioner reflection presented in several of the reading selections as not representative of how they experienced reflection in practice. In this study, the teachers' critiques were not viewed as anti-intellectual, lazy, or provincial. Rather, the researcher used reader response theory to frame the teachers' critiques as informed feedback that needs the inquiry and input of teacher educators. The findings invite consideration of the unintended consequences of these representations for practitioners and scholars, especially in an age of emphasis on standards and accountability.
A comparative basis-set study of NeH+ using coupled-cluster techniques

Unrestricted Hartree-Fock, coupled-cluster calculations are reported for the ground state of NeH+ using atomic basis sets of increasing size and accuracy for both Ne and H. The goal is to determine the basis set and coupled-cluster level of calculation needed to obtain a NeH+ potential energy curve of known accuracy. Here, it is shown that calculations using a quintuple zeta basis at the coupled-cluster singles and doubles level with noniterative triples, CCSD(T), predict a Ne—H bond dissociation energy that is within about 0.01 eV of the exact Born–Oppenheimer molecular electronic structure result. Spectroscopic constants determined using the Simons–Parr–Finlan procedure are found to be in very good agreement with the experimental results. Calculations at the augmented quadruple zeta level for the two lowest triplet excited states of the NeH+ species are presented. Both of these states separate into ground-state Ne+ and H(1s). The resulting potential curves predict stable minima at the SCF, CCSD, and CCSD(T) levels with dissociation energies of about 0.07 eV. Spectroscopic constants from the potential curves and dissociation constants are reported. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A NOTE ON THE SMALL MORTGAGE MARKET

IN A RECENT issue of this Journal Professor James C. T. Mao presented a test of a hypothesis' which we had advanced earlier2 concerning the relationship between the structure of a local mortgage market and the amount of FHA and VA lending that one could expect to find in a particular market. Since data in the original article were restricted to twenty-five major metropolitan areas covered in the 1950 survey of residential financing,3 it was impossible to conclude whether or not the theses applied with equally satisfactory results to non-metropolitan areas.4 Professor Mao's note, however, does apply the hypothesis to a non-metropolitan area (Ann Arbor) and concludes:
Improved sputum expectoration following a single dose of INS316 in patients with chronic bronchitis.

Uridine 5′-triphosphate (UTP) is a naturally occurring agonist for P2Y 2 receptors on the apical surface of ciliated respiratory epithelium. UTP stimulates salt and water transport and cilia beat frequency in human airway epithelium in vitro . Single, inhaled doses of UTP stimulate mucociliary clearance in conscious, intubated sheep and in patients with mild chronic bronchitis (smokers and former smokers), suggesting that UTP may be useful for obtaining deep-lung sputum specimens suitable for diagnostic purposes. Study objective UTP is being developed for the cytologic diagnosis of lung cancer under the compound number INS316 Solution for Inhalation (Inspire Pharmaceuticals; Durham, NC). Its ability to improve the quality of expectorated sputum was tested in the current study. Design Placebo-controlled, double-blind, escalating two-period cross-over study. Setting Outpatient volunteers. Patients or participants Twenty-six patients with mild chronic bronchitis. Intervention Patients attempted to expectorate a specimen spontaneously, following a single inhaled dose of INS316 (10 to 180 mg), and following placebo. Measurements and results Sputum weight, sputum cell content, spirometry, and oxyhemoglobin saturation. Only 28% of these patients were able to expectorate a macrophage-containing, deep-lung specimen spontaneously or following inhalation of placebo. In contrast, 85% of the patients were able to produce a specimen following inhalation of INS316. The average weight of the sputum expectorated was increased fourfold by placebo and 10-fold by INS316. A mild transient decrease in pulmonary function was observed following INS316 administration. Conclusion A single dose of INS316 safely improves the ability of patients with mild chronic bronchitis to expectorate a deep-lung sputum specimen suitable for cytologic evaluation.
Evaluation of Counter Electrodes Composed by Carbon Nanofibers and Nanoparticles in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

A series of counter electrodes (CEs) for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) was fabricated using different weight ratios of electrospun carbon nanofibers (ECNs) and carbon nanoparticles (CNPs). The conductivity of neat ECN was 838 S/m, which is more than twice than that of neat CNP, and the bulk resistance of CEs decreased as the ECN ratios increased in the composite, leading to lower transport resistance in the CEs. However, as the concentration of CNPs increased, the surface area of CEs also improved because CNPs have a much smaller dimension than ECNs, leading to higher electrocatalytic property. The CEs with higher ratio of CNPs possessed several superiorities compared with those with higher ratio ECNs, such as larger surface area for triiodide reduction, faster reaction rate, and less charge transfer resistance at the interface of CE and electrolyte. Evidenced from cyclic voltammograms and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, the devices with higher ratio CNPs exhibited lower Nernst diffusion impedance and higher efficiency electrocatalytic performance than those with higher ratio ECNs. When the materials of CE switched from neat ECN to those with a higher concentration of CNPs, the DSSC fill factor, current density, and efficiency were improved.
Cosmetic saline breast implants: A survey of satisfaction, breast- feeding experience, cancer screening, and health

Saline breast implants have been used for the past 30 years for cosmetic and reconstructive purposes. Data based on a large number of patients are needed to evaluate patient satisfaction, cancer screening practices, problems associated with breast-feeding, and health effects. We conducted a follow-up study of 292 cosmetic saline breast implant patients from Texas and Louisiana who consented to a telephone nit<:rule&t.. Using a Likert scale, we measured the patients' degree of satisfaction with the implants. The results indicated that 80.5 percent were satisfied, 73.3 percent would recommend saline breast implants to others, and 65.1 percent felt that implants improved their quality of life. The extent of satisfaction was independent of the number of additional surgeries, age at implant, and follow-up time. Mammography use and breast self-examination were reported with high fre-quency in this survey. Ninety-one percent of study participants who were between 40 and 49 years of age at time of interview and 94 percent of those 50 or older reported having had at least one mammogram. Breast self-examination was practiced by 75 percent of the women, and 61 percent reported checking their breasts at least once a month. Of the 46 women who had children after augmentation, 28 reported breast-feeding and 8 (28.6 percent) reported having implant-related problems. The patients were asked to provide information regarding a series of conditions for which they sought medical attention. They reported: atypical rheumatoid syndrome (n = 1), Sjogren syndrome (n = 1), atypical autoimmune disorder (n = 1), and chronic fatigue syndrome (n = 2). Overall, women who elected to have saline breast implants were satisfied with their augmentations, had mammo-grams and performed breast self-examinations more often than nonaugmented women. A few had problems when breast-feeding that could be related to their implants. There were no reports of breast cancer, but five women reported autoimmune conditions.
On-line microvascular blood cell flow velocity measurement by simplified correlation technique☆

Abstract The velocity of red blood cells in the microvasculature was measured by the dualslit photometric technique. The time delay to maximum crosscorrelation was determined on-line with a simplified correlator which utilizes a digital delay line and simplified multipliers. The correlation is computed over eight delay channels. Results are comparable to those obtained with 100-channel commercial correlation computers.
Electrophoretic determinations of hyaluronate produced by cells in culture

Abstract A method for the quantitative analysis of hyaluronic acid is described. Electrophoresis of hyaluronate in composite gels of polyacrylamide (2%) and agarose (0.5%) results in separation of hyaluronate from other glycosaminoglycans. The amount of hyaluronate can be determined quantitatively from the optical density of the stained hyaluronate in the gels. Hyaluronate from cultures of Rous sarcoma cells has been labeled with [3H]glucosamine, and both radioactivity and absorbance appear coincidently as a discrete band after gel electrophoresis. The use of gel electrophoretic determinations4 in an analysis of hyaluronate synthesis in cell cultures is described.
The Isolated RNase H Domain of Murine Leukemia Virus Reverse Transcriptase RETENTION OF ACTIVITY WITH CONCOMITANT LOSS OF SPECIFICITY

Retroviral RNases H are similar in sequence and structure to Escherichia coli RNase HI and yet have differences in substrate specificities, metal ion requirements, and specific activities. Separation of reverse transcriptase (RT) into polymerase and RNase H domains yields an active RNase H from murine leukemia virus (MuLV) but an inactive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNase H. The "handle region" present in E. coli RNase HI but absent in HIV RNase H contributes to the binding to its substrate and when inserted into HIV RNase H results in an active enzyme retaining some degree of specificity. Here, we show MuLV protein containing the C-terminal 175 amino acids with its own handle region or that of E. coli RNase HI has the same specific activity as the RNase H of RT, retains a preference for Mn2+ as the cation required for activity, and has association rate (KA) 10% that of E. coli RNase HI. However, with model substrates, specificities for removal of the tRNAPro primer and polypurine tract stability are lost, indicating specificity of RNase H of MuLV requires the remainder of the RT. Differences in KA, while significant, appear insufficient to account for the differences in specific activities of the bacterial and viral RNases H.
Why do illiterates do so badly in Logic

My title is a complex question. Any attempt at answering it presumes a ‘yes’ answer to the question, Do illiterates do badly in logic? Illiterates certainly do not give the answers to very simple exercises in formal logic that you or I would give, and I am going to explain why. However, my explanation does not account for why illiterates do badly because I do not think that there is anything wrong with their answers. My title intentionally makes use of a misleading question in order to focus attention on the presumption behind the question.
Couples' Employment/Retirement Status and the Division of Household Tasks

This study investigates how the employment/retirement status of both spouses impinges on each spouse's contributions to traditionally male and female household chores as well as on the couple's division of household labor. Results based on a subsample of the National Survey of Families and Households (N = 672) indicate more complex patterns than those suggested by previous research. Specifically, employment/retirement status effects on housework vary by gender and domain, as well as by wife's work history. Compared to dual-earner couples, retired wives spend more and their husbands less time on "female" chores. Husbands' contributions to "male" tasks are highest if they are retired and their wives employed, and lowest if the husband is employed and the wife retired. Retired husbands of housewives spend more time with both male and female chores than employed husbands of housewives, whereas housewives whose husbands are retired contribute less to female chores than housewives whose husbands are employed.
How do urology residents manage personal finances

Abstract Objectives. To examine personal financial management among residents to answer three research questions: do residents make reasonable financial choices; why do some residents not save; and what steps can be taken to improve residents’ personal financial decisions. Methods. Portions of the Federal Reserve Board’s Survey of Consumer Finances were modified and piloted to elicit demographic, expense, saving, and income data. The final questionnaire was completed by 151 urology residents at 20 programs. Results. Comparing residents with the general population in the same age and income categories, the median debt/household income ratio was 2.38 versus 0.64. Residents had greater educational debt, greater noneducational debt, and lower savings. Resident participation in retirement accounts was 100% at institutions with employer-matching 401k or 403b plans, 63% at institutions with nonmatching 401k or 403b plans, and 48% at institutions without retirement plans for residents ( P = 0.002). Fifty-nine percent of residents budgeted expenses, 27% had cash balances below $1000, 51% had paid interest charges on credit cards within the previous year, and 12% maintained unpaid credit card balances greater than $10,000. The median resident income was $38,400. Conclusions. A significant minority of residents appear not to make reasonable financial choices. Some residents save little because of a failure to budget, indebtedness, high projected income growth, or insufficient attention to personal financial management. Residents save more when they are eligible for tax-deferred retirement plans, particularly when their institution matches their contributions. Many residents would benefit from instruction concerning prudent financial management.
Human agency in a wireless world: Patterns of technology use in nomadic computing environments

The problems of nomadic computing users have been described as challenges presented by the interplay of time, space and context. However, theoretical accounts to date have not addressed all three aspects of nomadic computing in a single effort. We investigated how the practices of individual nomadic computing users in a large mortgage finance company changed after implementation of a nomadic computing environment. Although users experienced contradictory outcomes as they sought resolutions to the dilemmas posed by work and nonwork demands, all users reported effectiveness in their computing practices. We attribute their effectiveness to skilled use of technologies to control the boundaries between their personal and business social contexts. The variety of patterns of boundary control across nomadic workers in the study is explained using a theory of human agency that focuses on the temporal, spatial and contextual conditions facing actors as they engage with their nomadic computing environments.
Heidegger's Topology: Being, Place, World. By Jeff Malpas.

(2010). Heidegger's Topology: Being, Place, World. By Jeff Malpas. Geographical Review: Vol. 100, No. 1, pp. 129-131.
Place makes the poison: Wesolowski Award Lecture — 1999

Paracelsus, the Renaissance figure often called the father of toxicology, is given that credit partly for being the first to note that “the dose makes the poison.” Modern understanding of the importance of personal exposure in determining dose, however, indicates that to a large extent as well, “place makes the poison.” The relative proximity of a pollution source to people has just as big an impact on its importance as a hazard as does the relative toxicity (including chemical nature and size distribution) of its emissions. The exposure effectiveness (or intake fraction) of common air pollution sources, for example, varies over nearly four orders of magnitude. A place-makes-the-poison perspective not only identifies new relationships and priorities among known sources, but also reveals an entirely new landscape of sources and potential control measures. It, thus, has profound economic and policy implications, which will be examined in the context of particle air pollution in different parts of the world.
Cell cycle analysis of human peripheral blood T lymphocytes in long-term culture☆

We have studied the cell cycle of resting T lymphocytes from long-term (LT) cultures following stimulation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and recombinant Interleukin 2 (IL-2). We examined the kinetics of entry into S phase by autoradiography, the accumulation of cellular RNA by microfluorometric techniques, and ultrastructural morphology by electron microscopy. In addition, we examined the expression at the mRNA level of six cell cycle-dependent growth-regulated genes (c-fos, c-myc, KC-1, JE-3, vimentin, and histone H3). We show that T lymphocytes of LT cultures respond differently to mitogenic stimulation than the T lymphocytes of freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures. At the ultrastructural, biochemical, and molecular levels, resting T lymphocytes of LT cultures can be distinguished from physiological (G0) lymphocytes of peripheral blood.
Amorphous IGZO TFTs and circuits on conformable aluminum substrates

Abstract This paper reports the characteristics of a-IGZO TFTs and circuits fabricated on conformable aluminum substrates. TFTs with field-effect mobility of up to 15.3 cm2/V s, average threshold voltage of 5.2 V, and off current less than 10−12 were demonstrated at zero strain; applying mechanical tensile strain up to 1.25% through bending was found to have a beneficial result to the device characteristics as mobility increased and threshold voltage decreased. These results highlight the potential of aluminum substrates for the use in future display and other large area electronics applications.
From docking false-positive to active anti-HIV agent.

Virtual screening of the Maybridge library of ca. 70 000 compounds was performed using a similarity filter, docking, and molecular mechanics−generalized Born/surface area postprocessing to seek potential non-nucleoside inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (NNRTIs). Although known NNRTIs were retrieved well, purchase and assaying of representative, top-scoring compounds from the library failed to yield any active anti-HIV agents. However, the highest-ranked library compound, oxadiazole 1, was pursued as a potential “near-miss” with the BOMB program to seek constructive modifications. Subsequent synthesis and assaying of several polychloro-analogs did yield anti-HIV agents with EC50 values as low as 310 nM. The study demonstrates that it is possible to learn from a formally unsuccessful virtual-screening exercise and, with the aid of computational analyses, to efficiently evolve a false positive into a true active.
Isolation of a novel USF2 isoform: repressor of cathepsin B expression

Abstract We previously demonstrated that upstream stimulatory factor 1 (USF1) and USF2 regulate transcription of cathepsin B. Here, we have cloned a novel transcript variant of USF2 from a human DU145 prostate cancer cell line by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). This new transcript variant, designated USF2c, results from alternative splicing of the primary USF2 transcript using a cryptic splicing acceptor site within exon 6. As a consequence, USF2c is missing exons 4, 5, and part of exon 6. USF2c can be transcribed and translated to a protein of ∼29 kDa in vitro, and the resulting USF2c protein can bind as a homodimer to the E-box of the cathepsin B promoter. USF2c is expressed in two other prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP, PC3), and U87 human glioblastoma cells as are USF2a and USF2b, two previously identified isoforms of USF2. Cotransfection experiments in DU145 and U87 cells demonstrate that USF2c can down-regulate expression of cathepsin B. These results suggest that USF2c regulates expression of cathepsin B by binding to the E box element in the cathepsin B promoter as a repressor.
Automation and the automobile worker

have been congressional hearings, hundreds of conferences, and thousands of newspaper and magazine articles dealing with the possible consequences of automation for American society. This concern has not yet, however, manifested itself in a comprehensive program of research designed to discover what the effects of automation may actually be. To the extent that social scientists have become concerned with the problem at all, their attention has been focussed primarily upon the possibility of technological displacement of workers and its attendant problems. The question of individual and organizational adjustments to the changes in production techniques has received much less attention. This paper is not concerned with the problems of workers who have lost their jobs as a result of automation but with the adjustment problems of what is currently a much larger group of workers: those who are still working but who have recently experienced the changes in their jobs resulting from the introduction of automated machinery. We will consider, first, the nature of the changes in the job of the individual worker in the automated plant and then the effect of these changes upon work satisfaction and attitudes toward industrial work.
Buried by bad decisions

Our brains are hard-wired to make poor choices about harm prevention in today's world. But we can fight it, says Daniel Gilbert.
Conceptual connections between realistic and abstract pictures

On each of 11 trials, an experimental group was presented a realistic picture (of the literal information in a proverb) and two abstract, nonrepresentational pictures. The subjects chose the abstract picture that provided the best conceptual match for the realistic picture. Control subjects chose from the abstract pictures without having seen the realistic pictures. The experimental group reliably selected the correct picture on most trials whereas the control group performed at chance. Also, when the experimental subjects’ rationales for their choices were appropriate, they chose the correct picture 92% of the time; inappropriate rationales were associated with a 56% correct response rate. Apparently, the subjects used analogical formats to map surface information in the two kinds of pictures and connected them via a more fundamental abstract medium.
Technology and student-centered learning in higher education: Issues and practices

Unlike Didactic Approaches that dominated both lecture and mediated instruction in the past, systems are emerging that are designed to extend the unique inquiry priorities and needs of learners. Student-centered learning environments (SCLEs) provide complimentary activities that enable individuals to address unique learning interests and needs. They invite learner engagement through relevant problem contexts and the availability of appropriate resources. Technology enables methods through which important thinking processes can be guided. They support inquiry through information seeking, retrieval, and generation. While significant advances have been reported, problems have also surfaced. This paper introduces student-centered learning, provides examples of exemplary post-secondary student-centered learning practices, and identifies problems and issues associated with adopting, adapting, scaling, and advancing student-centered learning in higher education.
The Personification of Reliability, Safety, and Security

Crash dummies have been used for many years to evaluate the safety and crash worthiness of automobiles and other vehicles. The dummies provide a way of measuring the ergonomics of the automobile's design and also the impact of a crash on the vehicle occupants. Personas serve the same purpose for software systems. A persona represents a certain type of user; however it goes beyond a user's physical characteristics to also include the user's attitudes and goals as well as how they will interact with the system. Personas have traditionally been used to represent a broad segment of system users and personalize the design of the user interface for that subset of users. In this paper we show how the use of personas can be extended to evaluate several aspects of system security, safety, and reliability. First, when eliciting system requirements, personas serve as the basis for evaluating the effects of system vulnerabilities identified in UML use-cases. Second, personas are used to determine work loads and operational profiles, which, in turn, determine the execution times for various system functions, and ultimately to allocate reliability requirements and the amount of testing needed to achieve that reliability among the system modules. The use of a persona for these tasks brings both realism and specificity to these tasks that cannot be achieved using a generic "user"