cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calvin’s Geneva Confronts Magic and Witchcraft: The Evidence from the Consistory

Abstract This essay examines the actions of the Consistory of Geneva, a morals court created and dominated by John Calvin, against reputed cases of magic and superstition. During the ministry of Calvin, the most common of these involved white magic to cure people of various illnesses. The Consistory was not unduly harsh in dealing with therapeutic magic, usually just rebuking the miscreants and temporarily excluding them from communion. It also showed a remarkable degree of skepticism when confronting accusations of maleficia, at times viewing the allegations as a form of defamation of the person accused of witchcraft. The Consistory, like the Catholic Inquisition, attacked superstition, but it extended superstition to include numerous practices that Catholics accepted. Calvinism’s elimination of many rituals and sacramentals greatly restricted access to the supernatural. Evidence from the Consistory suggests that Calvinism promoted the professionalization of medicine and, in the long run, the disenchantment of the world.
SYMMETRY AND DEVELOPMENT OF BUTOMUS UMBELLATUS (BUTOMACEAE) AND LIMNOCHARIS FLAVA (LIMNOCHARITACEAE)

A B S T R A C T The prostrate rhizome of Butomus umbellatus produces branch primordia of two sorts, inflorescence primordia and nonprecocious vegetative lateral buds. The inflorescence primordia form precociously by the bifurcation of the apical meristem of the rhizome, whereas the nonprecocious vegetative buds are formed away from the apical meristem. The rhizome normally produces a branch in the axial of each foliage leaf. However, it is unclear whether the rhizome is a monopodial or a sympodial structure. Lateral buds are produced on the inflorescence of B. umbellatus either by the bifurcation or trifurcation of apical meristems. The inflorescence consists of monochasial units as well as units of greater complexity, and certain of the flower buds lack subtending bracts. The upright vegetative axis of Limnocharis flava has sympodial growth and produces evicted branch primordia solely by meristematic bifurcation. Only certain leaves of the axis are associated with evicted branch primordia and each such primordium gives rise to an inflorescence. The flowers of L. flava are borne in a cincinnus and, although the inflorescence is simpler than that of Butomus umbellatus, the two inflorescences appear to conform to a fundamental body plan. The ultimate bud on the inflorescence of Limnocharis flava always forms a vegetative shoot, and the inflorescence may also produce supernumerary vegetative buds. Buttomus umbellatus and Limnoclharis flava exhibit a high degree of mirror image symmetry.
The Comparative Value of Yellow Corn, Yellow Milo, and Hegari in a Diet for Growing Chicks

Abstract Yellow corn is not successfully grown in the arid regions of the Southwest, but the grain sorghums are grown extensively and are of considerable economic importance. The grain sorghums, yellow milo † and hegari, are usually cheaper, at least in the Salt River Valley region of Arizona, than the imported yellow corn, and are used extensively in poultry rations in some localities. In the diets recommended for poultry of different ages by the U. S. Poultry Experiment Station, Glendale, Arizona, yellow milo partly replaces yellow corn. Hoist and Newlon (1927), Payne (1926), and Sherwood (1926) suggest that milo may be substituted, wholly or in part, for yellow corn in diets for laying hens. However, there are no experimental data available which show the comparative nutritive value of yellow corn, yellow milo, and hegari when they are used in diets for chicks. Smith (1930a) used albino rats as experimental subjects, and concluded . . .
Improving the quality of group judgment: Social judgment analysis and the nominal group technique

Abstract Previous research findings suggest that group judgment is superior to individual judgment, although groups fail to reach their full potential because of problems associated with the interaction process. Thus, uninstructed interacting groups perform at a level generally better than the competence of their average members but rarely as well as their most proficient members. The current study explores two methods of group judgment making which have been developed to reduce the discrepancy between potential and actual group performance: Social Judgment Analysis and the Nominal Group Technique. These two methods are compared in a controlled experimental setting with regard to their potential both to significantly reduce group disagreement and to provide accurate judgments. The two methods were found to be equally strong in the quality of judgments produced; both sets of groups performed at a level of accuracy equivalent to that of the most proficient member. Social Judgment Analysis, however, was found to be a significantly better method of developing consensus among group members than the Nominal Group Technique.
A comparison of the degradation of 4-nitrophenol via direct and sensitized photocatalysis in TiO2 slurries

Sensitized photocatalysis has been demonstrated with colored pollutants such as nitrophenols. With visible light excitation of an adsorbed nitrophenol, charge injection into the conduction band of the semiconductor occurs and subsequent transformation of nitrophenols is possible. This work reports the results of experiments of direct and sensitized photocatalysis of 4-nitrophenol using an annular reactor, TiO2, and an artificial light source. The extent of 4-nitrophenol degradation was determined in order to assess mechanistic differences between direct and sensitized photocatalysis. Three major aromatic intermediates were identified for both types of photocatalysis—4-nitrocatechol, hydroquinone, and benzenetriol—but the reaction pathway and distribution of these intermediates are dependent on the photocatalytic mechanism. Nitrite, nitrate, and ammonium ions were analyzed to determine the participation of oxidation vs reduction in the degradation pathway. The systems were also analyzed under N2 atmosphere to determine the role of oxygen in the degradation pathway of 4-nitrophenol. The results presented herein verify those observed in powder systems indicating that sensitization in aqueous systems with a low 4-nitrophenol:semiconductor concentration achieves partial destruction of the parent compound and denitration. It is thought that these chemical transformations may enhance the biodegradability of nitroaromatic compounds, suggesting that sensitized photocatalysis has the potential to be used as a pretreatment process in combination with biological treatment.
Online database for instantaneous streamflow data

Access to U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) historical instantaneous streamflow discharge data, dating from around 1990, is now available online through the Instantaneous Data Archive (IDA), the USGS announced on 14 November. In this new system, users can find streamflow information reported at the time intervals at which it is collected, typically 15-minute to hourly intervals. Although instantaneous data have been available for many years, they were not accessible through the Internet. Robert Hirsch, USGS Associate Director of Water, said, “A userfriendly archive of historical instantaneous streamflow data is important to many different users for such things as floodplain mapping, flood modeling, and estimating pollutant transport.” The site currently has about 1.5 billion instantaneous data values from 5500 stream gages in 26 states. The number of states and stream gages with data will continue to increase, according to the USGS. For more information, visit the Web site: http://ida.water.usgs.gov/ida/.
CT predictors of mortality in pathology confirmed ARDS.

To identify CT findings that predict mortality in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and to identify CT findings that differentiate diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) from DAD with prominent histopathological features of organizing pneumonia (DAD-OP). Twenty-eight patients with ARDS (corroborated by open biopsy) and chest CT within 2 weeks of biopsy were included in our study. Differences in CT findings in patients with survivors versus nonsurvivors as well as for DAD versus DAD-OP were compared using Fisher’s exact test. Lung involvement of greater than 80%, RA/LA ratio >1, and varicoid traction bronchiectasis were statistically more common in nonsurvivors than in survivors (respective p values of 0.001, 0.008, and 0.038). PA dilation greater than 3 cm and RV/LV ratio greater than 0.9 were also more common in nonsurvivors than in survivors but these factors did not achieve significance. CT findings did not differentiate DAD from DAD-OP. Our study suggests that >80% of lung involvement, RA/LA ratio >1, and varicoid bronchiectasis predict mortality in patients with ARDS/DAD. Signs of right-sided heart failure (PA dilation greater than 3 cm and RV/LV ratio greater than 0.9) approached significance. CT findings did not differentiate DAD from DAD-OP.
Infliximab for the treatment of paediatric ulcerative colitis

Objective To evaluate the pharmacology, efficacy, safety and role of infliximab in the treatment of paediatric ulcerative colitis. Data sources A literature search was conducted using Ovid Medline (January 2000–December 2013), Embase (January 1996–December 2013) to identify clinical trials and review articles. Keywords included infliximab, paediatric and ulcerative colitis. References of selected studies were also evaluated for relevant information. Study selection and data extraction Articles were limited to those published in the English language and studies in humans. Studies included in the review examined paediatric data in ulcerative colitis and Crohn9s disease (pharmacokinetics). Data synthesis Infliximab is approved in the USA and Europe for use in patients with ulcerative colitis, 6 years of age and older. Infliximab has shown efficacy in triggering and maintaining a symptomatic response in retrospective reviews, small cohort studies and a phase 3 clinical trial. Infliximab was determined to be safe, with only a minimal number of adverse drug events identified during studies. Conclusions Infliximab is currently the only tumour necrosis factor-α inhibitor approved for induction and maintenance of remission of paediatric ulcerative colitis. It provides expansion of available treatment options, may eliminate the need for corticosteroids and can delay colectomy. Despite a triad of black-boxed warnings and a lack of long-term study results, infliximab is generally well tolerated, has proven efficacy for up to 54 weeks and safety for up to 104 weeks. Further comparative studies against conventional therapies are warranted to determine its usefulness as a first-line treatment option.
Probabilistic Forecasts of Stock Prices and Earnings: The Hazards of Nascent Expertise

Abstract Undergraduate and graduate students in finance courses made probabilistic forecasts of the quarterly changes in the stock prices and earnings of publicly traded companies. Consistent with previous findings ( Stael von Holstein, 1972 ), the overall accuracy of both price and earnings forecasts was very modest; subjects would have been more accurate had they predicted that price changes were equally likely to fall into any of the specified ranges. Also consistent with earlier suggestions of “inverted” expertise effects, undergraduate subjects were more accurate than graduate subjects. Decompositional analyses of subjects' judgments were consistent with the hypothesis that graduate students' relatively poor accuracy was affected by their greater tendency to report forecasts that varied from one stock to the next instead of the same forecast for every one. It is argued that the most plausible explanation is that the graduate subjects responded to cues they thought were predictive, but which actually were not. However, it cannot be ruled out completely that the graduate subjects attended to truly predictive cues, but were simply unable to use them appropriately.
Growth of children with diabetes mellitus in relationship to level of control of the disease

O NE of the major questions regarding the treatment of young patients with diabetes mellitus is what constitutes an adequate level of control of the disease. To the present time we have found it practicable to aim to keep the diabetic child free from insulin reactions and from excreting sugar in the urine while receiving a normal diet. 1, ~ As our group has enlarged and the period of observation has lengthened we are endeavoring tic evaluate our records to see whether or not anything has been gained by maintaining this high level of control. The present study was undertaken to determine the relationship between the growth of children with diabetes mellitus and the level of control of their disease.
Importance of vegetation in removing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the atmosphere

ANTHROPOGENIC semi-volatile organic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are highly lipophilic (which makes them likely to accumulate in animal tissue), and some are carcinogenic or mutagenic1. Although such compounds are known to accumulate in vegetation2–5, little is known about the quantitative role played by vegetation in removing them from the atmosphere. We have developed a mass-balance model for PAHs for the northeast of the United States, based on measurements of PAHs in soil and vegetation from Bloomington, Indiana, and published values for PAH concentrations and fluxes in air, water, sediments and soils. Our model shows that 44±18% of the PAHs emitted into the atmosphere from sources in this region are removed by vegetation. Although the equilibrium between the atmosphere and vegetation depends on ambient temperature6, we believe that most of the PAHs absorbed by vegetation at the end of the growing season are incorporated into the soil7,8 and permanently removed from the atmosphere.
The yeast copper/zinc superoxide dismutase and the pentose phosphate pathway play overlapping roles in oxidative stress protection.

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, loss of cytosolic superoxide dismutase (Sod1) results in several air-dependent mutant phenotypes, including methionine auxotrophy and oxygen sensitivity. Here we report that these two sod1Δ phenotypes were specifically suppressed by elevated expression of the TKL1 gene, encoding transketolase of the pentose phosphate pathway. The apparent connection between Sod1 and the pentose phosphate pathway prompted an investigation of mutants defective in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Zwf1), which catalyzes the rate-limiting NADPH-producing step of this pathway. We confirmed that zwf1Δ mutants are methionine auxotrophs and report that they also are oxygen-sensitive. We determined that a functional ZWF1 gene product was required for TKL1 to suppress sod1Δ, leading us to propose that increased flux through the oxidative reactions of the pentose phosphate pathway can rescue sod1 methionine auxotrophy. To better understand this methionine growth requirement, we examined the sulfur compound requirements of sod1Δ and zwf1Δ mutants, and noted that these mutants exhibit the same apparent defect in sulfur assimilation. Our studies suggest that this defect results from the impaired redox status of aerobically grown sod1 and zwf1 mutants, implicating Sod1 and the pentose phosphate pathway as being critical for maintenance of the cellular redox state.
CHOLESTERYL ESTERS OF THE GLIOBLASTOMA

The sterol ester fraction in the human glioblastoma was isolated and characterized. Cholesterol was identified as the constituent sterol. Contained in the complex mixture of fatty acids were members with 0-4 double bonds and 14-28 carbon atoms. About 1/4 of the acids were polyunsaturated. Long chain members (C20 and above) composed 1/3 of the mixture. The results suggest that the sterol ester component in the glioblastoma does not derive from blood plasma.
Potentiation of the growth-inhibitory effects of vitamin D in prostate cancer by genistein.

One of the goals of current research on prostatecancer is the identiﬁcation of new, less toxic agents thatwould prevent prostate cancer development and/or slowits progression. Among these, calcitriol, the hormonallyactive form of vitamin D, and soy and one of its activeingredients, genistein, have been investigated for theirpotential to exert beneﬁcial effects on the progression ofprostate cancer.
How optics has changed data communications

Today's voice/data communication packet or circuits switched networks are characterized by hybrid architectures. The relatively low transmission bandwidth of electronics and optoelectronic interfaces makes it difficult to fully utilize the large bandwidth of optical fiber. This problem can be overcome if the data is left in optical form during signal processing steps such as address recognition, demultiplexing, switching, routing, regeneration, dispersion compensation, and clock recovery. This requires high bandwidth, ultrafast, all-optical devices to perform these signal processing functions. These will allow move away from electronic bandwidth of a few tens of gigahertz to a terahertz bandwidth offered by all-optical devices thus fully utilize the enormous capacity of an optical fiber. This requires new data formats as well as a whole new class of ultrafast all-optical devices. We will describe a new generation of such devices based on different optical phenomena such as wavelength filtering, phase shifting, optical interference, mixing, and controlled nonlinear index changes which enable us to perform various very complex functionalities not only in today's networks but also for the future use in all-optical data networks.
Dopamine receptors in the anterior lobe of the human pituitary gland: autoradiographic localization.

We examined the distribution of dopamine and serotonin receptors in human pituitary gland by light microscopic autoradiography using [3H]spiperone as a binding ligand. Clusters of specific binding sites for [3H]spiperone were observed in the anterior pituitary. This clustering is similar to the clustering of lactotrophs observed in immunohistochemical studies. No specific binding sites for [3H]spiperone were present in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. We found no evidence for the presence of serotonin-2 receptors (i.e. cinanserin-displaceable [3H]spiperone binding) in human pituitary.
Multidimensional assessment using the adolescent pediatric pain tool: a case report.

PURPOSE. Children's and adolescents’ pain experiences are complex and multidimensional. Therefore, assessing a single dimension of pain intensity is in many instances inadequate. The purpose of this case report is to illustrate the benefits of using a multidimensional pain tool to assess vaso-occlusive pain in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease. CONCLUSIONS. The adolescent pediatric pain tool (APPT) provides a valid multidimensional pain assessment that facilitates individual pain assessments that optimize children's and adolescents’ pain relief interventions and outcomes. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. The APPT is particularly valuable when clinicians encounter children and adolescents experiencing complex, difficult to manage pain.
Spray mechanism in paper spray ionization

Abstract Images and droplet size measurements show that paper spray operates in two distinct spray modes. Mode 1 occurs in solvent-rich systems in which multiple Taylor conejets are created producing droplets of a range of sizes. Mode 2 occurs at low solvent flow rates and the higher currents (∼1 uA) suggest a contribution from corona discharge. The latter experiment produces monodispersed droplet sizes. A distinguishing feature of paper spray in both modes is a fixed droplet velocity independent of droplet size.
Nosocomial Hepatitis A

Excerpt Nosocomial hepatitis B is a well-recognized problem, but acute-care hospitals generally have been considered unlikely settings for the transmission of hepatitis A (1, 2). Several recent rep...
Common fragile sites as targets for chromosome rearrangements

Common fragile sites are large chromosomal regions that preferentially exhibit gaps or breaks after DNA synthesis is partially perturbed. Fragile site instability in cultured cells is well documented and includes gaps and breaks on metaphase chromosomes, translocation and deletions breakpoints, and sister chromosome exchanges. In recent years, much has been learned about the genomic structure at fragile sites and the cellular mechanisms that monitor their stability. The study of fragile sites has merged with that of cell cycle checkpoints and DNA repair, with multiple proteins from these pathways implicated in fragile site stability, including ATR, BRCA1, CHK1, and RAD51. Since their discovery, fragile sites have been implicated in constitutional and cancer chromosome rearrangements in vivo and recent studies suggest that common fragile sites may serve as markers of chromosome damage caused by replication stress during early tumorigenesis. Here we review the relationship of fragile sites to chromosome rearrangements, particularly in tumor cells, and discuss the mechanisms that may be involved.
Neuromuscular Recovery During Washout of Desflurane vs. Isoflurane

Although potentiation of muscle relaxants by inhaled anesthetics is desirable (it reduces the total dose of muscle relaxant and, presumably, the plasma concentration of the relaxant), recent investigations suggest that potentiation persists beyond washout of the inhaled anesthetic (1). Because desflurane exits rapidly from lung (and possibly from muscle), we evaluated neuromuscular function during washout of inhaled anesthetics during steady state vecuronium infusion. To minimize the effect of variability, we used a crossover study design in volunteers.
Treatment of trichotillomania by covert sensitization

Abstract A 26-yr-old male with a 17-yr history of hair-pulling was treated by covert sensitization for 6 weeks. A significant decrease in hair-pulling and impulses to pull occurred over the treatment period. Three and 6-month follow-up indicated that the treatment effects were maintained.
Identifications of part families and bottleneck parts in cellular manufacturing

The formation of machine‐part families is an important task in the design of cellular and flexible manufacturing systems. The formation results in the creation of many benefits for manufacturing systems. Among the many methods utilized in machine‐cells formation, the similarity coefficient method (SCM) is most widely used. When SCM is used, the rearrangement of machine and part components is required to form machine‐part families. This process of rearrangement has been considered as being subjective and difficult and may result in improper assignments to parts families, resulting in a negation of benefits promised. This paper presents an effective algorithm to identify part‐families and bottleneck‐parts, given machine groupings, rather than addressing the machine grouping problem in general.
On the orientation of low temperature π-bonded ethylene on Pt(111)

Abstract The adsorption of ethylene on Pt(111) has been followed, using UPS and detection at the normal and off-normal, at temperatures low enough to allow multilayer growth. The absence of an orbital, at the normal, during the first stages of adsorption and its presence from the beginning, off-normal, allowed us to conclude that the first (π-bonded) monolayer is oriented flat and parallel to the surface.
Amphibian chemical defense: antifungal metabolites of the microsymbiont Janthinobacterium lividum on the salamander Plethodon cinereus.

Disease has spurred declines in global amphibian populations. In particular, the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis has decimated amphibian diversity in some areas unaffected by habitat loss. However, there is little evidence to explain how some amphibian species persist despite infection or even clear the pathogen beyond detection. One hypothesis is that certain bacterial symbionts on the skin of amphibians inhibit the growth of the pathogen. An antifungal strain of Janthinobacterium lividum, isolated from the skin of the red-backed salamander Plethodon cinereus, produces antifungal metabolites at concentrations lethal to B. dendrobatidis. Antifungal metabolites were identified by using reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography, high resolution mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, and UV-Vis spectroscopy and tested for efficacy of inhibiting the pathogen. Two metabolites, indole-3-carboxaldehyde and violacein, inhibited the pathogen’s growth at relatively low concentrations (68.9 and 1.82 μM, respectively). Analysis of fresh salamander skin confirmed the presence of J. lividum and its metabolites on the skin of host salamanders in concentrations high enough to hinder or kill the pathogen (51 and 207 μM, respectively). These results support the hypothesis that cutaneous, mutualistic bacteria play a role in amphibian resistance to fungal disease. Exploitation of this biological process may provide long-term resistance to B. dendrobatidis for vulnerable amphibians and serve as a model for managing future emerging diseases in wildlife populations.
Using range data in automatic modeling of buildings

Abstract We present a system for modeling buildings from a single correlation-based digital elevation model (DEM). The model is constructed in two stages. The first stage segments the DEM into planar surface patches that describe the building. The second stage generates the final polygonal model of the building using weak geometric constraints. We use robust estimation methods at different stages of our modeling process to obtain an efficient and noise-insensitive modeling system. The proposed system is fully automatic and does not use any a priori information about the shape of the buildings. We present results on isolated buildings and on a large area of the city of Berlin. Finally, we propose an evaluation with the intended application.
Setting the Justice Agenda: Seven Unanswered Questions about “What, Why, and How”

Abstract I argue that organizational researchers and theorists should address seven important issues inspired by Cropanzano et al.'s (2001) “what, why, and how” questions about organizational justice. Specifically, our collective justice agenda should examine the following questions: (1) What is the conceptual status of interactional justice? (2) How are reactions to injustice related to the source of injustice? (3) Are the motives underlying justice behavior really distinct? (4) What is the role of control in creating justice? (5) How are referent others selected? (6) How are “would, could, and should” judgments interrelated? and (7) Is justice a cause or consequence of social motives?
Youth Perceptions of a Technology-Focused Social Enterprise

A qualitative approach was used to explore youth’s perceptions of their experiences with Change Agent Productions (CAP); a social enterprise designed to provide challenging, positive youth, and career development opportunities for low-income, culturally-diverse high school and college-age youth. Four focus groups were held with youth who had worked at least one job for CAP at the end of the second year of the program. Open–ended questions were used to explore youth job experiences as well as the impact these experiences had on different areas of their lives. Besides helping youth to learn about potential career paths and the subtleties of employment in the real world, outcome themes included improved academic success and higher educational aspirations, more self-confidence, professionalism, leadership skills, better work habits, and improved communication and relationships with both peers and family. Implications for social enterprises focused on youth are discussed.
Behavioral considerations suggest an average reward TD model of the dopamine system

Abstract Recently there has been much interest in modeling the activity of primate midbrain dopamine neurons as signalling reward prediction error. But since the models are based on temporal-difference (TD) learning, they assume an exponential decline with time in the value of delayed reinforcers, an assumption long known to conflict with animal behavior. We show that a variant of TD learning that tracks variations in the average reward per timestep rather than cumulative discounted reward preserves the models’ success at explaining neurophysiological data while significantly increasing their applicability to behavioral data.
An electron microscopy study of the microfibrillar structure of deformed polyethylene spherulites

A quantitative analysis of the deformation of thin spherulitic polyethylene films was undertaken at the microscopic level with the aid of a gold marking technique. The deformation microstructure which developed was further characterized through the use of a gold decoration technique. The microfibrillar morphology was found to agree quite well with Peterlin’s model of the microfibril. Changes in the sample morphology as delineated by the gold decoration, support the proposed mechanisms of the transformation of the folded chain spherulitic morphology into the microfibrillar morphology and the subsequent deformation of the microfibrillar structure.
ACUPUNCTURE IN THE 1990S : A REVIEW FOR THE PRIMARY CARE PHYSICIAN

The purpose of this article is to educate primary care providers regarding the theory and basic principles of acupuncture. Various indications for acupuncture are discussed. It is hoped that this article will allow the primary care practitioner to correctly identify patients in his or her practice who might benefit from acupuncture treatment.
Liability and Collective Identity: A Response to Walzer

There is much to admire in Michael Walzer’s discussion of terrorism and just war. I particularly applaud his insistence that liability to attack is a matter of action rather than membership or collective identity. “It is,” he writes, “the extension of violence or the threat of violence from individuals to groups that is the special feature of terrorism: Men and women are targeted because of their membership... It is who you are, not what you are doing, that makes you vulnerable; identity is liability. And that’s a connection that we are morally bound to resist (Walzer, 2006).” This seems to me an important insight about the distinctive wrongness of terrorism – that its harming of the innocent is not only intended as a means of influencing the deliberation and action of others but is also a psychological assault against and a devaluing of an entire group, membership in which by the immediate victims is the sole basis of their selection as targets of attack. Walzer’s insight also has significant implications for the requirement of discrimination in war. Despite the article’s great merits, I have two major reservations about its arguments. Both concern claims advanced in section 1. I also have doubts about the sharp distinction Walzer draws in section 3 between war and police action. I think that just war is police action of a sort while unjust war is criminal action of a sort. This is a significant disagreement but I will not pursue it here. My most serious concern about Walzer’s argument derives from his failure consistently to adhere to the rejection of group membership as a basis of liability to attack. Consider soldiers. Walzer embraces the accepted view that “it is entirely legitimate to kill soldiers at random, as they come within range, so to speak, and it is legitimate to try to terrorize the ones who never come within range (Walzer, 2006).” What is it about soldiers, once war has begun, that makes them “rightly subject to attack, all of them, all the time” (unless they have surrendered or been taken prisoner) (Walzer, 2006)? According to Walzer’s view – and here he speaks for the dominant tradition within just war theory – it is because they are “materially engaged in the war effort (Walzer, 2006).” They actively pose a threat to others, thereby rendering themselves liable to defensive killing. Their liability is a function of their action – their engagement in the business of war. Philosophia (2006) 34:13–17 DOI 10.1007/s11406-006-9005-0
On the occurrence of a fibrous lamina on the inner aspect of the nuclear envelope in certain cells of vertebrates

The fine structure of the fibrous lamina on the inner aspect of the nuclear envelope in cells of various invertebrates is reviewed, and attention is drawn to the common occurrence of a similar but thinner layer in nuclei of cells in vertebrates. Certain superficial similarities are pointed out in the relations of fibrous lamina to the nuclear pores and of the basement lamina to the endothelial capillary pores. It is suggested that in future considerations of the physiological exchange of materials between nucleoplasm and cytoplasm the properties of the fibrous lamina must be taken into account.
Congestion rents and FTR evaluations in mixed-pool-bilateral systems

Evaluation of key metrics for congestion management, including the congestion rents and the financial transmission rights (FTR) payoffs, requires the efficient allocation of transmission services and the calculation of appropriate locational marginal prices (LMPs). This requirement is particularly acute when there are bilateral transactions coexisting with the centralized pool markets. We propose a new formulation for this purpose, which captures explicitly the contribution of the bilateral transactions to the social welfare. The proposed formulation effectively integrates the pool market and the bilateral transactions on a consistent basis and results in the more efficient allocation of the transmission resources than the conventional tool. We assess analytically the capabilities of the proposed formulation and solution and quantify the improvements in the evaluations over those done using the conventional approach. Such improvements are also illustrated using simulation results on a wide range of test systems including the IEEE 118-bus network.
Damage Tracking Using Smart Sensor Network

Sensors are frequently used in damage diagnosis for structural health monitoring (SHM) of aerospace structures. This process typically requires a considerably large number of sensors. By increasing the number of sensors, the amount of data collected, though useful, becomes a burden due to the required computational overhead. In this paper, a random correlation cumulative approach is used to track damage intensity and propagation. The relative correlation between any two randomly chosen sensors is recorded and compared over time. The randomness of the process leads to detecting and tracking any arbitrary crack propagation. A case study for damage detection and tracking using 40 sensors in a steel plate is presented and discussed. It is shown that the proposed method can successfully allow damage tracking while limiting the data considered in the sensor network.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Exposure to Unethical Career Events: Effects on Decision-Making, Climate, and Socialization

An implicit goal of many interventions intended to enhance integrity is to minimize peoples' exposure to unethical events. The intent of the present effort was to examine if exposure to unethical practices in the course of one's work is related to ethical decision making. Accordingly, 248 doctoral students in the biological, health, and social sciences were asked to complete a field appropriate measure of ethical decision making. In addition, they were asked to complete measures examining the perceived acceptability of unethical events and a measure examining perceptions of ethical climate. When these criterion measures were correlated with a measure examining the frequency with which they had been exposed to unethical events in their day-to-day work, it was found that event exposure was strongly related to ethical decision making but less strongly related to climate perceptions and perceptions of event acceptability. However, these relationships were moderated by level of experience. The implications of ...
Neural plasticity in the mouse inferior colliculus: relationship to hearing loss, augmented acoustic stimulation, and prepulse inhibition

C57BL/6J (C57) and DBA/2J (DBA) mice exhibit progressive high-frequency hearing loss. Extracellular recordings of responses of neurons in the inferior colliculus (IC) evoked by 70-dB SPL tones indicated that normal tonotopic organization was greatly disrupted in both strains: still-audible lower frequencies (4-12 kHz) evoked responses in a large percentage of recording sites in ventral tonotopic regions that normally respond strongly to high frequencies only. To relate the IC responses to an auditory behavior, prepulse inhibition (PPI) was measured using 70-dB tones as prepulses. As high-frequency hearing loss progressed in C57 mice, prepulses of 4-12 kHz elicited stronger PPI, and this was significantly correlated with changes in the percentage of IC recording sites responding to 70-dB tones (the neural pathway for PPI includes the IC). The analysis was extended to DBA mice that had been exposed to an augmented acoustic environment (AAE) - a procedure that improves PPI. In these mice, a higher percentage of IC recording sites responded to 70-dB tones, and this was correlated with improved PPI. The data suggest that responses of IC neurons reflect both hearing loss-induced plasticity and changes induced by exposure to an AAE, and these neural changes are correlated with the magnitude of PPI.
Modification of Fruit Flavors by Aspartame and Sucrose

Power functions for fruitiness intensity of fruit flavored (orange and strawberry) solutions unsweetened and sweetened with equisweet concentrations of aspartame and sucrose were developed using nine experienced panel members to assess any modification of fruit flavor by sweeteners. Enhancement (at low flavor levels) of fruitiness was observed in the aspartame sweetened systems even though the power functions of both flavorants were lowered by the addition of aspartame. The enhancement was more pronounced in the orange flavored system, suggesting a flavorant effect.
Application of an oblique absorbing boundary condition in the finite element simulation of phased‐array antennas

This article describes the application of an absorbing boundary condition for truncating finite element meshes in the analysis of phased-array antennas. For a plane wave incident on a planar boundary at a certain specified angle, this boundary condition can be tuned to be reflectionless for all frequencies and polarizations. To demonstrate its application, this boundary condition is implemented in the dual-primal finite-element tearing and interconnecting method for simulation of large-scale phased-array antennas. A good performance is achieved in terms of accuracy and convergence of the numerical solution. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:178–184, 2014
Anthrax toxin: causative agent in the death of rhesus monkeys.

Anthrax toxin was present in the blood obtained from rhesus monkeys at the terminal stage of anthrax and was also present in increasing amounts in the lymph as death approached. When sterile toxin produced in vitro was injected in sufficient amounts, monkeys died unless they were injected with specific antiserum. Death with symptoms of toxemia occurred within 2 hours after injection of 1011 spores, whereas 1010 spores or less required 20 or more hours of growth in vivo to cause death.
Modeling Assessment Of The Side Writing Properties Of A Notch Write Head.

The side writing properties of a notch write head is studied via 3-D finite element method modeling. The head field properties are characterized by the erase width, track edge write gradient, and edge transition shift position. The calculated head field of the notch head are compared to the calculated values for a trimmed and merged head. The results show a significant decrease in the erase width at small notch depths of less than 1 gap length. However, the improved edge transition profiles associated with the trimmed head are not realized until the notch depth exceeds approximately 2 gap lengths.
The Effect of an Electronic SBAR Communication Tool on Documentation of Acute Events in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

The Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation (SBAR) handoff tool is designed to improve communication. The effects of integrating an electronic medical record (EMR) with a SBAR template are unclear. The research team hypothesizes that an electronic SBAR template improves documentation and communication between nurses and physicians. In all, 84 patient events were recorded from 542 admissions to the pediatric intensive care unit. Three time periods were studied: (a) paper documentation only, (b) electronic documentation, and (c) electronic documentation with an SBAR template. Documentation quality was assessed using a 4-point scoring system. The frequency of event notes increased progressively during the 3 study periods. Mean quality scores improved significantly from paper documentation to EMR free-text notes and to electronic SBAR-template notes, as did nurse and attending physician notification. The implementation of an electronic SBAR note is associated with more complete documentation and increased frequency of documentation of communication among nurses and physicians.
Genetic variation in IGF1 , IGFBP3 , IRS1 , IRS2 and risk of breast cancer in women living in Southwestern United States

An insulin-related pathway to breast cancer has been hypothesized. We examine the 19 CA repeat of the IGF1 gene, the -202 C > A IGFBP3, the G972R IRS, and the G1057D IRS2 polymorphisms among 1,175 non-Hispanic white (NHW) and 576 Hispanic newly diagnosed breast cancer cases and 1,330 NHW and 727 Hispanic controls living in Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah. Among post-menopausal women not recently exposed to hormones, not having the 19 CA repeat of IGF1 gene was associated with breast cancer among NHW women [odds ratio (OR) 2.14, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.21–3.79] and having an R allele of G972R IRS1 increased breast cancer risk among Hispanic women (OR 2.70, 95% CI 1.13–6.46). Among post-menopausal Hispanic women recently exposed to hormones the A allele of the -202 C > A IGFBP3 polymorphism increased risk of breast cancer (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.06–2.33). The IGF1 19 CA repeat polymorphism interacted with hormone replacement therapy (HRT) among NHW post-menopausal women; women who had the 19/19 IGF1 genotype were at reduced risk of breast cancer (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.47–0.88) if they did not use HRT. We also observed interaction between body mass index and IGF1 19 CA repeat (p=0.06) and between weight gain and the -202 C > A IGFBP3 polymorphism (p=0.05) in NHW post-menopausal women not recently exposed to hormones. Our data suggest that associations between insulin-related genes and breast cancer risk among women living in the Southwestern United States may be dependent on estrogen exposure and may differ by ethnicity.
Approximating Maximum Flow in Polygonal Domains using Spanners

We study a maximum ow problem in a polygonal domain P : Determine the maximum number of disjoint \thick" paths (of specied width w) through P from a source edge to a sink edge of P . We show that Euclidean spanners oer a means of computing approximately optimal solutions. For a polygonal domain with n vertices and h point holes, we give a 1=2-approximation algorithm that runs in time O(n + h log(nh)); this is to be contrasted with the known exact methods that take time O(nh +n logn). Further, we show experimentally that using a spanner (e.g., Delaunay graph) yields approximation ratios very close to one.
Visual Cryptography for Biometric Privacy

Preserving the privacy of digital biometric data (e.g., face images) stored in a central database has become of paramount importance. This work explores the possibility of using visual cryptography for imparting privacy to biometric data such as fingerprint images, iris codes, and face images. In the case of faces, a private face image is dithered into two host face images (known as sheets) that are stored in two separate database servers such that the private image can be revealed only when both sheets are simultaneously available; at the same time, the individual sheet images do not reveal the identity of the private image. A series of experiments on the XM2VTS and IMM face databases confirm the following: 1) the possibility of hiding a private face image in two host face images; 2) the successful matching of face images reconstructed from the sheets; 3) the inability of sheets to reveal the identity of the private face image; 4) using different pairs of host images to encrypt different samples of the same private face; and 5) the difficulty of cross-database matching for determining identities. A similar process is used to de-identify fingerprint images and iris codes prior to storing them in a central database.
What can we learn from twin studies? A comprehensive evaluation of the equal environments assumption.

Abstract Twin studies are a major source of information about genetic effects on behavior, but they depend on a controversial assumption known as the equal environments assumption (EEA): that similarity in co-twins’ environments is not predictive of similarity in co-twin outcomes. Although evidence has largely supported the EEA, critics have claimed that environmental similarity has not been measured well, and most studies of the EEA have focused on outcomes related to health and psychology. This article addresses these limitations through (1) a reanalysis of data from the most cited study of the EEA, Loehlin and Nichols (1976) , using better measures, and through (2) an analysis of nationally representative twin data from MIDUS using more comprehensive controls on a wider variety of outcomes than previous studies. Results support a middle ground position; it is likely that the EEA is not strictly valid for most outcomes, but the resulting bias is likely modest.
Iron-57 NMR chemical shifts and mössbauer quadrupole splittings in metalloporphyrins, ferrocytochrome c, and myoglobins: A density functional theory investigation

We have evaluated the 57Fe nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shielding and Mossbauer electric field gradient tensors and their orientations for a cytochrome c model compound as well as for isopropyl isocyanide and carbon monoxy−myoglobin model systems and two simple metalloporphyrins containing bis(pyridine) and bis(trimethylphosphine) ligands, using Kohn−Sham density functional theory. For cytochrome c we used a model Fe(II) porphyrin structure together with a 1-methylimidazole base (to represent His-18) and a dimethyl sulfide molecule (to represent Met-80 in the structure of horse heart ferrocytochrome c), both located at the X-ray coordinates for cyt c Fe(II). For the Mb calculations, we used the coordinates of two recently characterized metalloporphyrins: (i-PrNC)(1-methylimidazole)(5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphinato)Fe(II) and (CO)(1-methylimidazole)(5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphinato)Fe(II), while literature structures were used for the bis-ligand adducts. We used a “locally dense” basis to evaluate ...