cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Defining precise measurements with sketched annotations

Technology has been largely employed in the modern education system but rarely fosters natural communication between the human and the machine. We wish to explore the use of sketch recognition based software as a medium for student computer interaction within the context of computer assisted tutoring systems. Since the student can draw directly on the screen in this scenario, the interaction mimics familiar pencil and paper techniques while the speed and one-on-one attention of the computer alleviate some of the challenges currently faced by students and teachers in a traditional education setting. Furthermore, we wish to promote the incorporation of more free response questions ("build a structure to meet these requirements" instead of "analyze this structure") into the modern curriculum. These types of questions are rare because of how difficult they are to grade, but more closely approximate reality and provide context for the methodologies learned in the classroom. Free response questions require a large degree of flexibility and an overall more intelligent tutoring system than has been previously studied. Mechanix is a sketch recognition based tutoring system that provides immediate feedback for engineering statics problems. In order to extend Mechanix to support free response problems, the software needs to know the precise physical properties of sketched elements. We introduce measurement mechanisms such that, with minimal effort, a user may specify the precise measurements of a truss, so that Mechanix can create and solve systems of equations to determine how forces are distributed throughout the truss. Therefore, given a sketched truss and measurements as a response to a free response questions, the system may determine whether the structure satisfies the requirements of the question.
Investment choices in the petroleum industry

Abstract This article supplies evidence that, when making internal resource allocations, firms seek to minimize own-firm risk. When a firm seeks to minimize the risk (variance of return) to a portfolio of long-term investments, the correlations between various investments affect the allocation of resources. A model is developed that is used to test the importance of covariance risk in the oil industry, with particular attention to the allocation of funds between investments in established and alternative energy sources. The empirical results suggest that covariance risk matters — some investments may be undertaken for their diversification properties.
ON THE EFFECT OF COCAINE UPON SODIUM-DEFICIENT FROG NERVE.

Cocaine diffuses through the epineurium with remarkable rapidity. The coefficient of diffusion of cocaine in the epineurium cannot be less than 0.44 x 10–4 cm.2/min.; it probably is not less than 1.22 x 10–4 cm.2/min. Lack of sodium markedly sensitizes the nerve fibers to the anesthetic action of cocaine. With sodium-deficient A fibers the action of cocaine develops in two phases. During the first phase cocaine substitutes for sodium and restores to A fibers the ability to conduct impulses; during the second phase cocaine produces anesthesia. It is suggested that cocaine anesthetizes the nerve fibers through the sodium mechanism; i.e., by interfering with some of those chemical reactions in which, directly or indirectly, the internal sodium takes part.
Out with the Old, In with the New? Habitus and Social Mobility at Selective Colleges

Sociologists have long recognized that cultural differences help explain the perpetuation of inequality by invisibly limiting access to elite cultural norms. However, there has been little investig...
PHYSIOLOGICAL ONTOGENY : A. CHICKEN EMBRYOS. XIII. THE TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTIC FOR THE CONTRACTION RATE OF THE WHOLE HEART.

The relation of heart rate frequencies to temperature in intact chicken embryos has been studied and the temperature characteristics calculated for each of a number of ages. These have been found to vary from 14,000 or better 12,000 µ for embryos 3 days old, to about 6,000 µ for others of 15 days. There appears to be a systematic change with time. If this inference is correct, important correlation with other properties of the pace-making function in the intact heart should become possible.
Finite Difference Methods for 3D Viscous Incompressible Flows in the Vorticity-Vector Potential Formulation on Nonstaggered Grids

Simple, efficient, and accurate finite difference methods are introduced for 3D unsteady viscous incompressible flows in the vorticity?vector potential formulation on nonstaggered grids. Two different types of methods are discussed. They differ in the implementation of the normal component of the vorticity boundary condition and consequently the enforcement of the divergence free condition for vorticity. Both second-order and fourth-order accurate schemes are developed. A detailed accuracy test is performed, revealing the structure of the error and the effect of how the convective terms are discretized near the boundary. The influence of the divergence free condition for vorticity to the overall accuracy is studied. Results on the cubic driven cavity flow at Reynolds number 500 and 3200 are shown and compared with that of the MAC scheme.
Neuromonitoring in Thyroid Surgery: Attitudes, Usage Patterns, and Predictors of Use Among Endocrine Surgeons

The use of neuromonitoring in thyroid surgery is controversial. Attitudes about neuromonitoring, usage patterns, and predictors of use have not been formally studied. We hypothesized that attitudes would predict usage patterns and that the predominant strategy among endocrine surgeons would be no neuromonitoring during thyroid surgery. Members of the American Association of Endocrine Surgeons and registrants of the 2006 annual meeting were surveyed by e-mail. An Internet-based survey composed of simple answer and Likert questions was used. Central tendency was evaluated by modal response. Significance was analyzed by the chi-squared test, and strength of association was calculated by Cramer’s V. A total of 117 surveys were completed (41%). Respondents were placed into two groups based on use (37.1%), or nonuse (62.9%) of neuromonitoring. The use category was composed of routine (13.8%) and selective (23.3%) users. The nonuse category was composed of those who have never used neuromonitoring (49.1%) and those who have abandoned its use (13.8%). Nonusers were older (p = 0.023) and reported a lower case volume (p = 0.003), less familiarity with the technology (p < 0.001), and less access to the equipment (p < 0.001). Nonusers reported a lower frequency of patient-initiated discussions about neuromonitoring (p < 0.001) and were less likely to initiate a discussion with patients (p < 0.001). In total, 56% of users and 90% of nonusers believed neuromonitoring does not improve the safety of thyroidectomy (p < 0.01). There was no difference in perceived nerve injury rate between users and nonusers. Users agreed that benefits include facilitating identification of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, facilitating resident education, improving patient outcomes, and decreasing liability risk, whereas nonusers disagreed with these statements. Nonusers believed that neuromonitoring can lead to reliance on technology and loss of surgical technique or judgment, but users disagreed. There was consensus of opinion that neuromonitoring allows identification of an intact nerve, can lead to a false sense of security, drives up costs, is beneficial in <10% of cases, does not shorten the length of the procedure, and does not prevent nerve injury. Usage is associated with surgeon age, case volume, equipment availability and familiarity, beliefs about the degree of benefit, and frequency of patient or doctor initiated discussions.
Nonaxisymmetric Thermally Driven Circulations and Upper-Tropospheric Monsoon Dynamics

Abstract The authors investigate the nonlinear dynamics of almost inviscid, thermally forced, divergent circulations in situations that are not axisymmetric. In shallow-water numerical calculations, asymmetry is imposed on a locally forced anticyclone by imposition of a mean wind, or a planetary vorticity gradient. Behavior is similar in the two cases. With weak asymmetry, the forced anticyclone is distorted but remains intact and is qualitatively unchanged from the symmetric response. For sufficiently large asymmetry, however, the elongated anticyclone becomes unstable and periodically sheds eddies. This behavior shows how the circulation constraint can be satisfied, even when the time-mean absolute vorticity remains finite in the divergent region, and provides a continuous evolution between the nonlinear (symmetric) and linear (highly asymmetric) limits. Westward shedding of anticyclones from the Tibetan anticyclone is indeed evident in NCEP reanalysis data. These eddies are trapped near the tropopause....
Scleroderma and pulmonary hypertension complicating two pregnancies: use of neuraxial anesthesia, general anesthesia, epoprostenol and a multidisciplinary approach for cesarean delivery

Literature regarding the anesthetic care of patients with scleroderma during labor and delivery is limited to remote case reports. No recent publications provide information on the anesthetic management of patients with coexisting pulmonary hypertension. This report describes the anesthetic and multidisciplinary management of two pregnant patients with concomitant scleroderma and pulmonary hypertension undergoing cesarean delivery; one with neuraxial anesthesia and one with general anesthesia. Considerations for neuraxial and general anesthesia in patients with concurrent scleroderma and pulmonary hypertension are discussed.
The Relationship of Records Management Activities to the Field of Business History

interested in the work of records managers. Since historians are more familiar with history than with records, this article will proceed from the consideration of records management to business history. Records management is a specialized service concerned with the creation, processing, and maintenance of the fewest and best records at the lowest possible cost in salaries, space, and equipment. The breadth of this definition includes activities that are also the responsibility of management analysts, systems analysts, office managers, and cost accountants, as well as equipment specialists in the fields of electronic data processing, information retrieval, and microphotography. While procedural costs are a prime consideration for the records manager, he is also concerned with the quality of documentation in his organization and its availability. Providing concise, relevant, and accurate information is the goal of records managers.
Wave dispersion in high‐rise buildings due to soil–structure interaction

Nonparametric techniques for estimation of wave dispersion in buildings by seismic interferometry are applied to a simple model of a soil–structure interaction (SSI) system with coupled horizontal and rocking response. The system consists of a viscously damped shear beam, representing a building, on a rigid foundation embedded in a half-space. The analysis shows that (i) wave propagation through the system is dispersive. The dispersion is characterized by lower phase velocity (softening) in the band containing the fundamental system mode of vibration, and little change in the higher frequency bands, relative to the building shear wave velocity. This mirrors its well-known effect on the frequencies of vibration, i.e. reduction for the fundamental mode and no significant change for the higher modes of vibration, in agreement with the duality of the wave and vibrational nature of structural response. Nevertheless, the phase velocity identified from broader band impulse response functions is very close to the superstructure shear wave velocity, as found by an earlier study of the same model. The analysis reveals that (ii) the reason for this apparent paradox is that the latter estimates are biased towards the higher values, representative of the higher frequencies in the band, where the response is less affected by SSI. It is also discussed that (iii) bending flexibility and soil flexibility produce similar effects on the phase velocities and frequencies of vibration of a building. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vitamin D: Too Soon to Turn Out the Lights?

The interest level among practitioners and investigators alike in linking vitamin D deficiency with cardiovascular outcomes has hardly subsided, despite the consistent lack of clear evidence supporting the relationship. Why does there continue to be such feverish interest in the subject matter? Despite our best efforts during the past half century to understand and modify known risk factors, cardiovascular disease remains one of the most common causes of death among women and men worldwide.1 The major outcomes of interest, such as myocardial infarction and stroke, have substantial morbidity, and the number of individuals newly affected by these conditions is not likely to diminish. As with the outcomes, the exposure of interest is easily quantified although with various cut points that constitute normal and abnormal levels. Circulating levels of 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), unlike biomarkers for most other vitamins, can be measured routinely using widely accessible automated platforms. Global population studies would argue that vitamin D deficiency has reached almost epidemic proportions.2 Furthermore, and most importantly, correcting vitamin D deficiency is not only possible (and quantifiable) but also fairly inexpensive. Finally, experimental studies strongly suggest a myriad of biological pathways linking cardiovascular disease and vitamin D deficiency, thus supporting the plausibility that treatment with vitamin D would improve cardiac structure, prevent plaque development, and lower blood pressure, among a host of other cardiovascular-related end points.3–8 The combination of these and possibly other factors have fueled the perfect storm, yet studies attempting to establish a causal relationship between vitamin D and cardiovascular disease are unlikely to be completed soon.9 See accompanying articles on pages 2633, 2639 Defining the level of circulating 25OHD below which replacement is necessary continues to …
Strong lithium polysulfide chemisorption on electroactive sites of nitrogen-doped carbon composites for high-performance lithium-sulfur battery cathodes.

Despite the high theoretical capacity of lithium–sulfur batteries, their practical applications are severely hindered by a fast capacity decay, stemming from the dissolution and diffusion of lithium polysulfides in the electrolyte. A novel functional carbon composite (carbon-nanotube-interpenetrated mesoporous nitrogen-doped carbon spheres, MNCS/CNT), which can strongly adsorb lithium polysulfides, is now reported to act as a sulfur host. The nitrogen functional groups of this composite enable the effective trapping of lithium polysulfides on electroactive sites within the cathode, leading to a much improved electrochemical performance (1200 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles). The enhancement in adsorption can be attributed to the chemical bonding of lithium ions by nitrogen functional groups in the MNCS/CNT framework. Furthermore, the micrometer-sized spherical structure of the material yields a high areal capacity (ca. 6 mAh cm−2) with a high sulfur loading of approximately 5 mg cm−2, which is ideal for practical applications of the lithium–sulfur batteries.
Analysis of Benzoylecgonine in Dried Blood Spots by Liquid Chromatography-Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Residual samples from blood spots (i.e., whole blood spotted onto filter paper) are a useful source for epidemiological screening studies involving newborns. However, the small volume of available from residual blood spots complicates the assay. A method for analyzing benzoylecgonine (BZE; the primary metabolite of cocaine) in blood spots, in which the blood spot is eluted with aqueous ammonium acetate-methanol containing N-methyl trideuterated-BZE as an internal standard, followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry using multiple reaction monitoring, has been developed. This approach provides a rapid, direct, sensitive (limit of detection, approximately 2 ng/mL, based on a 12-pL sample size), and highly specific means of determining BZE concentrations in blood spots. We have applied this method for confirmatory analyses in a large epidemiological study of the prevalence of cocaine use during late pregnancy.
The Effects of Power Law Fluid Rheology on Coil Heat Transfer for Agitated Vessel in the Transitional Flow Regime

A CFD model of heat transfer from power-law fluids to helical cooling coils in the transitional flow regime of a baffled tank mixed with a pitched blade turbine was developed with FluentTM. The model captured local temperature and velocity gradients. Simulations were run, varying Re, Pr, K and n. The results indicate that a Sieder-Tate type correlation, with the exponent on and the coefficient in front of the Reynolds number being a function of n, is recommended for estimating ho. Also, a new two coil bank design was found to be more efficient when 450 < Re < 650. On a developpe a l'aide de FluentTM un modele CFD de transfert de chaleur pour un serpentin helicoidal dans un reservoir a contrepales agite par une turbine a pales inclinees dans le regime de transition, applique au refroidissement de fluides de loi de puissance. Le modele permet de determiner la temperature locale et les gradients de vitesse. On a effectue des simulations en variant Re, Pr, K et n. Les resultats indiquent qu'une correlation de type Sieder-Tate, ou l'exposant et le coefficient premultiplicateur du nombre de Reynolds sont fonction de n, est recommandee pour l'estimation de ho. On a egalement trouve qu'une nouvelle conception de reservoir a deux serpentins etait plus efficace lorsque 450 < Re < 650.
“You Start Feeling Old” Rock Musicians Reconciling the Dilemmas of Adulthood

Using interview data from 38 musicians, this study examines the ways in which the transition to adulthood is complicated by aspirations to a nonstandard line of work. Musicians face a recurring set of obstacles as they move into adulthood and respond by enacting various tactics to reconcile these dilemmas. The “on-time” musicians do so by framing emerging adulthood as a time for exploration, while musicians in young adulthood regarded as “off-time” feel more pressure to disengage from musical careers. Those who persist are able to do so by successfully reframing the musician identity as congruent with adulthood. This research illustrates the challenges of attaining adulthood for those on nonstandard paths as well as the ways in which adulthood is achieved by contemporary young adults.
Is the Water Rising? Reflections on Inequality and American Democracy

Many Americans were shocked and shamed by the televised images of New Orleans in the wake of Hurricane Katrina. Scenes of physical devastation were juxtaposed with even more disturbing scenes of human devastation. Thousands of residents, mostly Black and poor, seemed to be trapped in a Hobbesian state of nature, abandoned by government and civilized society. An untold number starved to death; for days their corpses floated in the streets.
Swim stress, motion, and deformation of active matter: effect of an external field

We analyze the stress, dispersion, and average swimming speed of self-propelled particles subjected to an external field that affects their orientation and speed. The swimming trajectory is governed by a competition between the orienting influence (i.e., taxis) associated with the external (e.g., magnetic, gravitational, thermal, nutrient concentration) field versus the effects that randomize the particle orientations (e.g., rotary Brownian motion and/or an intrinsic tumbling mechanism like the flagella of bacteria). The swimmers' motion is characterized by a mean drift velocity and an effective translational diffusivity that becomes anisotropic in the presence of the orienting field. Since the diffusivity yields information about the micromechanical stress, the anisotropy generated by the external field creates a normal stress difference in the recently developed “swim stress” tensor [Takatori, Yan, and Brady, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2014]. This property can be exploited in the design of soft, compressible materials in which their size, shape, and motion can be manipulated and tuned by loading the material with active swimmers. Since the swimmers exert different normal stresses in different directions, the material can compress/expand, elongate, and translate depending on the external field strength. Such an active system can be used as nano/micromechanical devices and motors. Analytical solutions are corroborated by Brownian dynamics simulations.
Kinase-independent potentiation of B cell antigen receptor-mediated signal transduction by the protein tyrosine kinase Src.

Signal transduction mediated by the B cell Ag receptor involves the activation of multiple protein tyrosine kinases that are members of the Src family (i.e., Fyn, Lyn, Blk, Lck). To determine whether members of the Src family possess common physical and/or enzymatic properties that enable them to potentiate signal transduction via the B cell Ag receptor, we expressed the protein tyrosine kinase Src in the B lymphoma cell line K46-17 mu m lambda. Based on coprecipitation analysis and two-color immunofluorescence, this heterologous Src family kinase was observed to physically associate with the B cell Ag receptor. Additional experiments demonstrated that B cell Ag receptor cross-linking results in increased tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of Src. Several parameters of B cell activation, including tyrosine phosphorylation of intracellular substrates, calcium mobilization, and transcription factor activation, were potentiated in cells that expressed Src when compared with control cells. To determine whether potentiation of Ag receptor-mediated signaling by Src was dependent on its catalytic activity, a kinase-deficient form of Src was expressed in K46-17 mu m lambda cells. Transfectants expressing kinase-deficient Src exhibited an enhanced responsiveness to stimulation through the B cell Ag receptor that was comparable with transfectants expressing wild-type Src. Additionally, kinase-deficient Src was observed to associate with the endogenous kinase Lyn in an activation-dependent manner. These findings indicate that members of the Src family may potentiate Ag receptor-mediated signaling via a kinase-independent mechanism(s) that involves amplification of kinase recruitment to the Ag receptor activation complex.
Lyapunov-based control of a robot and mass-spring system undergoing an impact collision

The control of a dynamic system with impact conditions is an interesting problem with practical importance. One difficulty in controlling systems subject to impact collisions is that the equations of motion are different when the system status changes suddenly from a non-contact state to a contact state. In this paper a nonlinear controller is designed to regulate the states of two dynamic systems that collide. The academic example of a planar robot colliding with an unactuated mass-spring system is used to represent a broader class of such systems. The control objective is to command a robot to collide with an unactuated mass-spring system and regulate the spring-mass to a desired compressed state. Lyapunov-based methods are used to develop a continuous controller that yields global asymptotic regulation of the spring-mass and robot links. Unlike some other results in literature, the developed continuous force controller does not depend on sensing the impact, measuring the impact force, or the measurement of other acceleration terms.
GUI-Based Laboratory Architecture for Teaching and Research in Digital Control of SMPS

Digital control is a powerful modern design technique and important research topic in power electronics, and it is useful to have a simple but flexible platform for experimentation and education purposes. It is shown that a very powerful and easy to use system that can be utilized to control a very diverse range of devices can be easily implemented by using a graphical user interface (GUI) running on a PC to control an FPGA. The FPGA only needs to run a small, modular communication component to interface with the PC and decode commands to perform direct digital hardware control. Since the user has real-time control of the FPGA via the GUI, it is possible to evaluate design and parameter changes in real-time, without reprogramming the FPGA. This makes the proposed platform an ideal tool for educators and researchers alike
Quality-of-protection (QoP)-an online monitoring and self-protection mechanism

With increasing faults and attacks on the Internet infrastructure, there is an impending need to provide automatic techniques to detect and mitigate the impact of attacks on network services. Denial-of-service attacks have been successful in denying legitimate traffic access to its required resources because existing routing protocols treat the attacking traffic equally as any normal traffic. This paper presents a proactive network defense framework that can be integrated with existing quality-of-service (QoS) protocols to provide differentiated services to network traffic flows based on their distance from the normal behavior. We introduce a new metric that we refer to as abnormality distance (AD) metric that can be used to classify traffic into normal, probable normal, probable abnormal (suspicious traffic), and abnormal (attacking traffic). The AD metric can then be used in conjunction with any QoS protocol to give high priority to normal traffic and lower priority to abnormal traffic. We demonstrate through several examples, how our approach can dynamically detect attacks, quantify their impact, and how to reduce the impacts and recover from them.
Tort Law and Criminal Behavior (Guns)

This article, written for the symposium on Guns, Crime and Punishment in America, analyzes the relation between tort law and criminal behavior. The analysis reveals an inconsistency that requires redress. In applying negligence doctrine, courts have expressly recognized that the threat of criminal and tort liability does not induce perfect compliance with the law. By contrast, in applying the rule of strict liability for abnormally dangerous activities, courts assume everyone acts lawfully. For reasons illustrated by the tort cases involving the manufacture and distribution of handguns, courts should eliminate the inconsistency by applying the rule of strict liability in a manner that accounts for unlawful behavior. The use of strict liability to enforce the duty of care, which is expressly rejected by the proposed Restatement Third of Torts: General Principles, is faithful to the rule of strict liability in the Restatement (Second) of Torts. Moreover, the enforcement rationale for strict liability is consistent with other rationales for strict liability, including the reciprocity rationale. The value of the enforcement rationale for strict liability is illustrated by the tort cases involving handgun manufacturers. The enforcement rationale reveals that the appropriateness of strict liability depends on how the self-defense interests of non-criminal gun owners should be weighed against the competing security interests of individuals who do not own guns and are exposed to the risk of being injured by gun-toting criminals. In an analogous context, tort law has decided in favor of self-defense. The implications of this well-established tort principle provide a persuasive rationale for not applying strict liability to the manufacture and distribution of handguns, a rationale far superior to the existing rationale that dismisses the strict liability claim on the ground that the threat of negligence liability induces all gun-toting criminals to exercise reasonable care.
A NUMERICAL HINDCASTOF STORM CURRENTS ON THE NORWEGIAN SHELF

This paper describes an initial effort to model storm-driven currents and surge in the region indicated in Figure 1. The model results ultimately will be used in the design and operation of offshore oil platforms in the region. The study consisted of four major tasks: I) review of the data base and selection of the hindcast storms, 2) hindcast of the selected storms, 3) set-up and testing of the current model, and f) hindcast of currents for the selected storms.
User Heterogeneity in Technology Use: Too Much of a Good Thing?

The literature on pathological and problematic use of the Internet and cell phones is growing rapidly. Much of the literature focuses on the existence and magnitude of technology addiction (TA). Another developing literature examines the implications of burgeoning technology use for various outcomes, confirming both positive and negative effects. This strand of the literature has tended to focus on one facet of technology in isolation. In contrast, we conduct a combined analysis of computer and cell phone use, which becomes more important as advancing technology blurs the distinction between the two types of hardware. Researchers in this field have also tended to rely on small convenience samples for their data. We apply factor analysis to two large, nationally representative datasets. In the 2012 Current Population Survey (CPS) Internet Use Supplement and Educational Supplement data for teens and young adults, we identify five mutually exclusive types of users, and three varieties of technology use. In the 2014 Pew Research Center Omnibus Internet Survey, with respondents from all age groups, we identify two types of users. We use multivariate analysis to uncover attributes of the user and use types. We hypothesize that different usage patterns may correspond to heterogeneity in user type and in the impact of technology use on user outcomes.
THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF HEADACHE CAUSED BY CEREBRAL CYSTICERCOSIS

Objective: To observe characteristic of headache in diagnosis type and treatment of cerebral cysticercosis.Methed:1400 cases with cerebral cysticercosis were studied, in which 730 cases with headache (52.1%,730/1400).There are CT、MRI and immunological test of CSF(IHA,ELISA of cerebral cysticercosis) were made in all cases who were divided into intraventricular cysts type, meningeal type, parenchymal type and mixed type. They were treated by operation and medication (albendazole or praziquantel) according to increased intracranial pressure and normal intracranial pressure.Result: The headache of intraventricular cysts type (13.9%, 102/730) is characterized in Brun's sign; Meningeal type (17.6%, 129/730) characterized with fever(25%), meningeal sign (62.7%),obstructive hydrocephalus(39.5%), IHA of CSF is 100% positive; Parenchymal cysts type (25.2%, 184/730) characterized in constant headache with increased intracranial pressure (98/184,53.2%); Others were mixed cysts type (43.1%, 315/730). In all cases treated by Albendazole or Praziquantel, aggravation of the headache occurred, during the average from 1 to 4 days (92%). In the most of patients(88%), headache disappeared after repeating 3～5 periods of treatment, but concentration of IHA in CSF increased and kept 1～3 years. Conclusion: Headache is one of significant criteria on differential diagnosis, effect of treatment and prognosis of neurocysticercosis.
Normal cervical dilatation pattern in late pregnancy and labor

The mean cervical changes of the last 4 weeks of pregnancy (prelabor) and during labor have been calculated. In prelabor, the cervix dilates at an accelerating rate. In the final days of prelabor, the mean dilatation for the nullipara is 1.8 cm., and 2.2 cm. for the multipara. Effacement progresses steadily in late pregnancy; at term, the nullipara’s cervix is 70 per cent effaced, and that of the multipara 61 per cent. The “cervical coefficient” (the product of dilatation times per cent effacement) at any point in prelabor is relatively constant for all parities. Normal active labor performed under optimal conditions is characterized by: (1) constant acceleration in dilatation without any terminal “deceleration phase,” (2) brevity, and (3) dilatation at approximately the same rate for nulliparas and multiparas after 4 cm. has been reached.
Psychotherapy Research:: Current Trends

In this article I attempt to identify some salient themes in contemporary psychotherapy research. Maturation of the field is reflected in research of higher quality, collaborative research efforts, and rapprochement between researchers, therapists, and theoreticians. Continuing difficulties surround the following areas: outcome, technique, therapist and patient variables as well as their interaction (therapeutic alliance). Society's concerns, the rise of brief psychotherapy, and issues relating to the training of therapists are highlighted.
Gene Expression Profiles for Normal Human Bone Marrow-Derived CD34+ Stem Cells and CD34−/CD33+ Myeloid-Committed Progenitor Cells in Response to Daily Granulocyte-Colony-Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) Treatment.

Abstract G-CSF is widely used to accelerate marrow recovery after cancer chemotherapy, to facilitate collection of hematopoietic progenitor cells, and to treat severe chronic neutropenia. Although G-CSF was originally defined as a stimulus for myeloid cell proliferation, it has potent anti-apoptotic properties, affects synthesis of proteins stored in neutrophil granules, and has many other effects on cells of the myeloid lineage. To improve understanding of the molecular and cellular effects of G-CSF, particularly related to its use for the treatment of severe chronic neutropenia, we performed gene expression profile studies using Affymetrix oligonucleotide arrays and purified bone marrow cell sub-populations from normal volunteers treated with daily subcutaneous G-CSF (300 mcg/sc/qd) for five days. Under local anaesthesia, paired marrow aspirates were obtained from the posterior iliac crest before and after 5 daily doses of G-CSF. CD34+ and CD34−/CD33+ cells were purified using Miltenyi immunomagnetic beads. Two rounds of amplification of total RNA isolated from purified CD34+ or CD33+cells was used to obtain sufficient cRNA for hybridization. Expression data from scanned chips were first analyzed using the RMA algorithm. The limma package of the Bioconductor project was used to identify differentially expressed genes. Limma uses an empirical Bayes method to moderate the standard errors of the estimated log-fold changes. The statistical analysis of CD33+ cells revealed that 150 of more than 12,000 genes examined were up- or down-regulated >2-fold in response to G-CSF treatment. The top 10 genes with up- or down-regulated level of expression include clusterin, neutrophil elastase, two transcription factors, gelsolin, Grb2, phospholipase D3, protein kinase C, the major vault protein, and serine-threonine kinase. In the myeloid-committed CD34-/CD33+ progenitor cells, genes with altered expression level represent those with gene products involved in the cell cycle, regulation of apoptosis, the cytoskeleton, the inflammatory response, or serine proteases and transcription factors. Most of the genes up-regulated in CD33+ cells (e.g. neutrophil elastase, phospholipase D, protein kinase C) were down-regulated in CD34-positive cells in response to G-CSF. The results of the comparative analyses revealed the normal signature gene expression profiles for CD34+ and CD34−/CD33+ cells and identified genes that may mediate specific G-CSF effects.
Parity- and Time-Reversal-Invariance-Violating Nucleon-Nucleon Interactions in the Large- $N_c$ Expansion

Violations of parity (P) and time reversal invariance (T) in few-nucleon systems provide interesting tests of our understanding of the Standard Model as well as sensitive probes of Beyond-the-Standard-Model physics. Because of the small size of the symmetry-violating effects, experimental constraints on symmetry-violating nucleon-nucleon interactions are currently weak, if they exist at all. We analyze both P-violating T-conserving and P-violating T-violating nucleon-nucleon interactions in terms of the large-\(N_c\) expansion of QCD to provide additional theoretical constraints. This analysis leads to a hierarchy of terms in symmetry-violating potentials, establishes relations between couplings, and helps to delineate the terms that should be most important in phenomenological applications.
Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Modeling Studies of New Pyrido[3,4-b]indole Derivatives as Broad-Spectrum Potent Anticancer Agents.

Objective: There is an urgent need drugs against particularly difficult to treat solid tumors such as pancreatic, triple negative breast, lung, colon, metastatic prostate cancers and melanoma. Thus, the objective of this study was to synthesize compounds based computational modeling that indicated the pyrido[3,4-b]indole class bind to MDM2, a new cancer target for which there are still no drug on the market. Methods: Compounds were synthesized by established methods and tested for antiproliferative activity against a broad range of human cancer cell lines, comprising HCT116 colon, HPAC, MIA PaCa-2 and Panc-1 pancreatic, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-468 breast, A375 and WM164 melanoma, A549 lung, and LNCaP, DU145 and PC3 prostate cancer lines. Computational docking was also undertaken. Results: The novel pyrido[3,4-b]indoles synthesized exhibited a clear SAR with regards to antiproliferative activity, with potent broad-spectrum anticancer activity with IC50s down to 80, 130, 130 and 200 nM for breast, colon, melanoma and pancreatic cancer cells, respectively. 1-Naphthyl at C1 combined with methoxy at C6 provided the best antiproliferative activity. Thus, compound 11 (1-naphthyl-6-methoxy-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole) showed the highest potency. A mechanistic feature of the compounds as a group is a strongly selective G2/M cell cycle phase arrest. Docking at on MDM2 suggested a hydrogen bond interaction between the 6-methoxy Tyr106, hydrophobic interaction with Val93, pi-pi stacking interactions with Tyr100 and His96 and hydrophobic interactions with Leu54 and Ile99. An N9-methyl group disrupted binding interactions, such as H-bond interactions involving the N9 hydrogen. Conclusion: We have identified a novel series of pyrido[3,4-b]indoles with potent broad spectrum anticancer activity towards the most aggressive and difficult to treat cancers including metastatic pancreatic cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, triple negative breast cancers, and BRAFV600E mutant melanoma, as well as metastatic colon and prostate cancers. There was also evidence of selectivity towards cancer cells relative to normal cells. These compounds will serve as new leads from which novel therapeutics and molecular tools can be developed for a wide variety of cancers.
Improved equipment used by knowledgeable operators does reduce radiation

Improvements in fluoroscopic equipment design and configuration facilitates radiation reduction. Operators should exploit improved equipment and fully apply procedural radiation management techniques. Less radiation did not impair the success rate of treating complex CTO lesions.
The Application of Finite Automata Theory to Sequential Control of Chemical Processes

Abstract The design of a hierarchical logical programmable controller using finite automata theory for a sample chemical plant is discussed. The state explosion problem is approached by suggesting logical arguments to split the Mealy automaton a priori into smaller elements by vertical and horizontal decomposition. The step by step approach to the state aggregation problem results in a hierarchical set of automata which are easy to design and are of practical relevance, a feature that should make the approach attractive for industrial applications.
Use of Earthworm Biotechnology for the Management of Effluents from Intensively Housed Livestock

With a rapidly expanding world population, growing use of intensive animal husbandry, and increasingly stringent waste disposal legislation, the problem of disposing of livestock effluent is alread...
Cobalt Phosphide Coupled with Heteroatom-Doped Nanocarbon Hybrid Electroctalysts for Efficient, Long-Life Rechargeable Zinc-Air Batteries.

Metal phosphides and heteroatom-doped carbons have been regarded as promising candidates as bifunctional catalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). However, both have suffered from stability issues during repeated ORR and OER operations in zinc–air batteries (ZABs). Herein, this study reports a versatile cobalt-based hybrid catalyst with a 1D structure by integrating the metal-organic framework-derived conversion approach and an in situ crosslinking method. Among them, the 1D hybrid catalyst composed of ultrasmall cobalt phosphide nanoparticles supported by nitrogen-, sulfur-, phosphorus-doped carbon matrix shows remarkable bifunctional activity close to that of the benchmark precious-metal catalysts along with an excellent durability in the full potential range covering both the OER and ORR. The overall overpotential of the rechargeable ZABs can be greatly reduced with this bifunctional hybrid catalyst as an air-electrode, and the cycling stability outperforms the commercial Pt/C catalyst. It is revealed that the cobalt phosphide nanoparticles are in situ converted to cobalt oxide under the accelerated conditions during OER (and/or ORR) of the ZABs and reduces the anodic current applied to the carbon. This contributes to the stability of the carbon material and in maintaining the high initial catalytic properties of the hybrid catalyst.
Evaluating static and adaptive safety stock policies for robust pharmaceutical supply chains

Over the past decade, there has been an epidemic of drug shortages plaguing the U.S. While efforts have been made to address the robustness of pharmaceutical supply chains, shortages persist. Two common drivers of drug shortages are (1) supply disruptions and (2) responses by decision makers throughout the supply chain as they react to these disruptions. To understand and characterize the relationship between these drivers, a systems dynamics model has been developed. Results indicate that, for various decision makers, the best inventory policies, based on Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), evolve with the type of disruption.
Multi-material continuum topology optimization with arbitrary volume and mass constraints

Abstract A framework is presented for multi-material compliance minimization in the context of continuum based topology optimization . We adopt the common approach of finding an optimal shape by solving a series of explicit convex (linear) approximations to the volume constrained compliance minimization problem . The dual objective associated with the linearized subproblems is a separable function of the Lagrange multipliers and thus, the update of each design variable is dependent only on the Lagrange multiplier of its associated volume constraint. By tailoring the ZPR design variable update scheme to the continuum setting, each volume constraint is updated independently. This formulation leads to a setting in which sufficiently general volume/mass constraints can be specified, i.e., each volume/mass constraint can control either all or a subset of the candidate materials and can control either the entire domain (global constraints) or a sub-region of the domain (local constraints). Material interpolation schemes are investigated and coupled with the presented approach. The key ideas presented herein are demonstrated through representative examples in 2D and 3D.
Efficacy of video-based education program in improving metabolic surgery perception among patients with obesity and diabetes

Abstract Background Metabolic surgery remains underutilized despite its efficacy and safety. Poor perception of surgery has been cited as one of the major reasons. Objectives Evaluate current patient perceptions about metabolic surgery and measure the impact a video-based education program has on changing the perceptions of patients diagnosed with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Setting A university hospital in the United States. Methods A prospective interventional study was performed at an endocrinology clinic. Patients were asked to complete surveys evaluating their perception of metabolic surgery before and after watching a short educational video. Results A total of 51 patients were recruited; almost all patients (98%) attempted weight loss in the past, and approximately 90.1% voiced dissatisfaction with their current weight. The video-based education program was effective in improving the patient's perception of the efficacy and safety with regard to surgery. In addition, the proportion of patients with overall positive impression toward metabolic surgery increased from 22.5% to 53.1% (P Conclusions Most patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes held negative impressions of metabolic surgery due to its perceived risk profile. A video-based educational intervention may improve patients' perception and increase their willingness for surgical referral. Future trials with a broader sample and longer follow-up could provide answers to its efficacy in increasing metabolic surgery accessibility.
Affsens: a mobile platform for capturing affect in context

Capturing natural emotions as they occur in the wild is a known challenge. Participant compliance is often low and often the most important events are not captured. We present a new application design for capturing emotional assessments in the wild, using phone based sensors to determine events of interest and to generate timely in situ prompts. We present a flexible design that allows both quick assessments (less than 30s) and in depth journaling. The application is designed to be beautiful, engaging and informative while capturing rich data to inform insights and algorithms.
Detection of hydrogen peroxide production in the isolated rat lung using Amplex red.

The objectives of this study were to develop a robust protocol to measure the rate of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production in isolated perfused rat lungs, as an index of oxidative stress, and to determine the cellular sources of the measured H2O2 using the extracellular probe Amplex red (AR). AR was added to the recirculating perfusate in an isolated perfused rat lung. AR's highly fluorescent oxidation product resorufin was measured in the perfusate. Experiments were carried out without and with rotenone (complex I inhibitor), thenoyltrifluoroacetone (complex II inhibitor), antimycin A (complex III inhibitor), potassium cyanide (complex IV inhibitor), or diohenylene iodonium (inhibitor of flavin-containing enzymes, e.g. NAD(P)H oxidase or NOX) added to the perfusate. We also evaluated the effect of acute changes in oxygen (O2) concentration of ventilation gas on lung rate of H2O2 release into the perfusate. Baseline lung rate of H2O2 release was 8.45 ± 0.31 (SEM) nmol/min/g dry wt. Inhibiting mitochondrial complex II reduced this rate by 76%, and inhibiting flavin-containing enzymes reduced it by another 23%. Inhibiting complex I had a small (13%) effect on the rate, whereas inhibiting complex III had no effect. Inhibiting complex IV increased this rate by 310%. Increasing %O2 in the ventilation gas mixture from 15 to 95% had a small (27%) effect on this rate, and this O2-dependent increase was mostly nonmitochondrial. Results suggest complex II as a potentially important source and/or regulator of mitochondrial H2O2, and that most of acute hyperoxia-enhanced lung rate of H2O2 release is from nonmitochondrial rather than mitochondrial sources.