cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparing of Temperatures of Rolling Bearing under the Oil-Air Lubrication to the Spray Lubrication

The heat generating mechanism inside the cavity of rolling bearing is analyzed and the convective heat transfer coefficient of bearing raceway surface in different rotational speed is calculated under the oil-air lubrication and the spray lubrication in this paper. The fluid domain geometry model of deep groove ball bearing SKF6208 is established, employing the flow field module in Workbench. The comparing simulations of the temperatures of rolling bearing cavity under the oil-air lubrication to the spray lubrication are done in different rotational speed. The simulation results show that the highest temperature of bearing cavity with the oil-air lubrication is almost the same to the spray lubrication when the bearing rotational speed is lower, and the highest temperature of bearing cavity with the oil-air lubrication is far lower than the spray lubrication when the bearing rotational speed is higher. Those conclusions verify the advantages of the oil-air lubrication in high rotational speed.
Mechanism-Based Combination Treatment Dramatically Increases Therapeutic Efficacy in Murine Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy

Globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD, Krabbe disease) is a lysosomal storage disease (LSD) caused by a deficiency in galactocerebrosidase (GALC) activity. In the absence of GALC activity, the cytotoxic lipid, galactosylsphingosine (psychosine), accumulates in the CNS and peripheral nervous system. Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells are particularly sensitive to psychosine, thus leading to a demyelinating phenotype. Although hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation provides modest benefit in both presymptomatic children and the murine model (Twitcher), there is no cure for GLD. In addition, GLD has been relatively refractory to virtually every experimental therapy attempted. Here, Twitcher mice were simultaneously treated with CNS-directed gene therapy, substrate reduction therapy, and bone marrow transplantation to target the primary pathogenic mechanism (GALC deficiency) and two secondary consequences of GALC deficiency (psychosine accumulation and neuroinflammation). Simultaneously treating multiple pathogenic targets resulted in an unprecedented increase in life span with improved motor function, persistent GALC expression, nearly normal psychosine levels, and decreased neuroinflammation. Treating the primary pathogenic mechanism and secondary targets will likely improve therapeutic efficacy for other LSDs with complex pathological and clinical presentations.
Hypoxia Induces Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Cultured Human Endothelial Cells

Smooth muscle cells, macrophages, glial cells, keratinocytes, and transformed cells have been established as synthesis sites for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The modulating effects of VEGF are essentially limited to endothelial cells (ECs), the only cell type consistently shown to express VEGF receptors. VEGF has thus been considered to act exclusively via a paracrine pathway. We sought to determine whether the role of human ECs might, under selected conditions, extend beyond that of a target to involve contingency synthesis of VEGF. In both unstimulated human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs) and human derma-derived microvascular ECs (HMECs), Northern analysis detected no VEGF transcripts. Phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate (10-7M) treatment, however, induced VEGF mRNA expression in both HUVECs and HMECs, peaking at 3 and 6 h, respectively, and returning to undetectable levels by 12 h. In vitro exposure of HUVECs to a hypoxic environment (pO2 = 35 mm of mercury) for 12, 24, and 48 h and exposure of HMECs for 6, 12, 24, and 48 h induced VEGF mRNA in a time-dependent fashion. Re-exposure to normoxia (pO2 = 150 mm of mercury) for 24 h after 24 h of hypoxia returned VEGF mRNA transcripts to undetectable levels in HUVECs. Cobalt chloride and nickel chloride treatment each induced VEGF mRNA in ECs. Cycloheximide treatment further augmented expression of VEGF mRNA induced by cobalt chloride, nickel chloride, and hypoxia in HUVECs. VEGF protein production in hypoxic HUVECs was demonstrated immunohistochemically. Conditioned media from hypoxic HUVECs caused a 2-fold increase in the incorporation of tritiated thymidine. Finally, immune precipitates of anti-KDR probed with anti-Tyr(P) antibodies demonstrated evidence of receptor autophosphorylation in hypoxic but not normoxic HUVECs. These findings thus establish the potential for an autocrine pathway that may augment and/or amplify the paracrine effects of VEGF in stimulating angiogenesis.
Absence of hexagon gauge anomalies in higher loop superstring amplitudes

Abstract It is shown that there are no gravitational, Yang-Mills, local supersymmetry hexagon anomalies in higher genus amplitudes of type II superstring and heterotic string theory in ten dimensions. The nonrenormalization theorem for massless parity-violating higher genus amplitudes is also proved.
Distribution and neurochemical character of substance P receptor (SPR)-immunoreactive striatal neurons of the macaque monkey: accumulation of SP fibers and SPR neurons and dendrites in "striocapsules" encircling striosomes.

The striatal distribution of the substance P receptor (SPR) protein was examined in relation to its ligand, the neuro-peptide SP, as well as to the neurochemical and compartmental composition of the neostriatum in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in immunohistochemical experiments. About 2% of striatal neurons, displaying varicose, virtually spine-free dendrites characteristic of large and medium-sized aspiny interneurons, expressed SPR immunoreactivity. SPR/choline acetyltransferase, SPR/somatostatin, SPR/GABA, SPR/calbindin D28k, and SPR/parvalbumin double immunolabeling experiments demonstrated that SPR-positive cells are either cholinergic or somatostatinergic. Comparison of SP and SPR immunoreactivities in double-labeled and adjacent single-labeled sections revealed compartment-specific match and mismatch between the densities of the peptide and receptor. A matching high density of SP fibers and SPR cells and dendrites was only observed in the rim of the striosome compartments. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence for an anatomical border comprised of dendritic processes that separate striatal compartments. We have termed these zones “striocapsules,” because they encircle and encapsulate striosomal cell islands. In the striatal matrix, an abundance of SPR-labeled profiles was complemented with light SP staining. By contrast, in the core of the striosomes, SPR labeling was sparse and SP staining intense. SP-positive axon-like puncta frequently contacted SPR-positive dendrites in all striatal compartments. The SP receptor/ligand match indicates a sharp increase in the efficacy of SP action in the striocapsules, and suggests that the influence of SP might be heightened in this striatal subcompartment. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The ureter as a pedicle for construction of a ureteral urethra: the double tunnel.

ABSTRACT Purpose: Clean intermittent self-catheterization has been shown to be an effective method for the prevention of upper tract urinary disease in patients who are unable to void efficiently. When the urethra is not available for catheterization surgeons can construct a catheterizable channel from the appendix or retubularized bowel. However, for patients without an appendix and limited bowel segments we have reimplanted the ureter to prevent reflux and tunneled the distal portion of the same ureter to construct a catheterizable stoma, the "double tunnel." Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed our 10-year experience with the double tunnel ureteral pedicle. A total of 10 patients (8 girls and 2 boys) were included in this study. The left ureter was used in 7 cases and the right ureter was used in 3. Mean followup for these patients was 4.1 years, with a range of 0.5 to 8.5 years. Outcome measures included intraoperative complications, reoperation rates, postoperative complications and upper urinary tract deterioration. Results: There were no intraoperative complications. Furthermore, there were no cases of stomal stenosis or strictures that required reoperation or excision of the ureteral pedicle in the followup period. In our cohort the renal function associated with the ipsilateral double tunnel ureteral pedicle remained stable or improved. All patients reported that their catheterizable stoma is still functional. Conclusions: The double tunnel ureteral pedicle provides another option in the urological armamentarium when there are minimal resources with which to construct a catheterizable stoma.
THE EFFECT OF DECK DECELERATION ON MAN'S RESPONSE TO SHIP SHOCK MOTIONS

Abstract Vertical shock motions, such as those of a ship's deck caused by a non-contact underwater explosion, can cause compressive injuries to shipboard personnel. An analysis is given which permits the prediction of these direct compressive injuries as a function of the following shock motion parameters: deck acceleration, maximum deck velocity, and deck deceleration. The results of the analysis indicate that the magnitude of the deck deceleration can, under certain conditions, significantly effect personnel tolerance limits to shock motion.
Towards Anhydrous Preservation: Osmotic Analysis of Cell Drying

Dry preservation involves removing water from a sample so that molecular mobility is decreased and degradative biochemical processes are slowed. Recently this approach has been explored as an energy-efficient alternative to cryopreservation of mammalian cells. Hurdles to the successful dry preservation of cells include quantification problems associated with non-uniform dehydration processes and the high sensitivity of mammalian cells to osmotic stress.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Computer aided process planning for tape automated bonding

Abstract This paper describes the design and development of a knowledge based Computer Aided Process Planning (CAPP) system for Printed Circuit Board assembly. The domain considered uses both Surface Mount Technology (SMT) and Tape Automated Bonding (TAB) components. The structure and design of the CAPP system, and its inputs and outputs are discussed.
Development of a canine nociceptive thermal escape model.

Acute nociceptive models which have been validated for large animal species are limited, yet nociceptive assessment in non-rodent species is important in analgesic drug development where larger animals may be necessary because of the technical requirements of the study. Here we report development and validation of a canine hind paw thermal escape model and the effect of analgesics on withdrawal latencies. Individual focused projection bulbs were used as left and right voltage-adjusted thermal stimuli placed below a glass plate in a specifically designed canine holding apparatus. After acclimation, dogs were lightly restrained in a fabric sling while standing on the glass plate. The anterior center of the metatarsal pad of the left and right hind paw was positioned on the glass over each light, and duration of stimulation tolerance timed. For every trial, the escape latency from lamp actuation to paw withdrawal was recorded twice for each hind paw. The mean population baseline withdrawal latency of 9.3+/-1.7s (mean+/-S.D., n=12 dogs) was shown to be repeatable between paws, within and between individual animals, and between test days. This latency corresponded to a glass surface temperature of 49.5 degrees C. A cut-off time of 20s (corresponding to a glass surface temperature of 56.5 degrees C) was set to prevent tissue damage. Intravenous administration (mg/kg) of morphine (1.0), hydromorphone (0.2), butorphanol (0.4), fentanyl (0.01), and dexmedetomidine (0.01) significantly (p butorphanol>bupenorphine>fentanyl=saline. A dose-effect curve for hydromorphone was generated and corresponded to previously described dose-effect relationships in other species. The non-analgesic tranquilizer acepromazine (0.1mg/kg) produced mild sedation, but no significant increase in latency from that of saline. The model yielded a clear distinction between analgesia and sedation for all agents tested. These studies provide validation of a canine thermal escape model and have demonstrated the efficacy of clinically relevant doses of analgesics in elevating escape latencies. This model will facilitate quantification of the effects of parenterally and neuraxially administered analgesics in dogs.
In-Hospital Cardiology Consultation and Evidence-Based Care for Nursing Home Residents With Heart Failure

Objectives To determine the association between cardiology consultation and evidence-based care for nursing home (NH) residents with heart failure (HF).
Functional Outcome in TBI I: Neuropsychological, Emotional, and Behavioral Mediators

Literature exists to suggest that the severity of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is positively associated with the severity of functional impairment. However, potential mediators of this relationship have not been studied systematically. In the present study, we evaluated a model hypothesized to explain the relationship between TBI severity and functional impairment in 87 patients with moderate-to-severe TBI, studied longitudinally. Using structural equation modeling, we found that only neuropsychological status (but not emotional or behavioral difficulties) consistently mediated the relationship between TBI severity and functional outcome at 12-months post-injury. These findings suggest that, of the factors examined here, neurocognitive compromise plays the most prominent role in mediating post-TBI adaptive functioning in moderate-to-severe TBI, which has important implications for post-injury interventions.
Sustainability and the Childe thesis – What are the effects of local characteristics and conditions on sustainable development policy?

The Childe thesis is fundamental to the urban ecology theoretical framework, explaining the development of communities as a result of the interplay between the dynamics of population, organization, environment, and technology. This perspective is consistent with sustainability, ecosystem, and bioregional principles that recognize the importance of local response to local conditions. In the face of globalizing forces that enable communities to expand their range of exploitation beyond local carrying capacity, how relevant are these concepts? This study provides evidence that communities in the US do respond to local signals and that such response is conditioned by levels of education and political mobilization. It also identifies factors that are related to increased levels of adoption of sustainable development policies.
Connexins: New genes in atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis, the main cause of death and disability in adult populations of industrialized societies, is a multifactorial progressive process involving a variety of pathogenic mechanisms. Our current view on the pathogenesis of the disease implies complex patterns of interactions between a dysfunctional endothelium, leukocytes, and activated smooth muscle cells in which cytokines and growth factors are known to play a crucial role. Apart from paracrine cell-to-cell signalling, a role for gap junction-mediated intercellular communication in the development of the disease has been recently suggested. Gap junction channels result from the docking of two hemichannels or connexons, formed by the hexameric assembly of connexins, and directly connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells. In this review, we summarize existing evidence implicating connexins in atherosclerosis. Indeed, the expression pattern of vascular connexins is altered during atherosclerotic plaque formation. In addition, changes in connexin expression or gap junctional communication have been observed in vascular cells in vitro by disturbances in blood flow, cholesterol, inflammatory cytokines, and growth factors. Furthermore, genetically modifying connexin expression affects the course of the atherosclerotic process in mouse models of the disease. Finally, the involvement of connexins in treatment of atherosclerotic disease will be discussed.
SU‐E‐T‐474: Adaptive Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) Planning for Lung Cancer: Can We Predict Who Will Benefit?

Purpose: We have previously shown that adaptive lung SBRT planning can mitigate dose to adjacent organs at risk (OARs). The aim of this study is to investigate factors that affect dosimetric effectiveness of adaptive lung SBRT, so that we may predict which patients benefit most from an adaptive strategy. Methods: 20 patients who underwent SBRT for lung cancer at our institution were included. Cone‐beam CT(CBCT) images acquired before each fraction were retrospectively analyzed to determine tumor volume changes throughout the course of treatment. Adaptive plans were created for each CBCT dataset using the same planning parameters as the original CT‐based plan. Two accumulative dose plans, non‐adaptive(PNON) and adaptive(PADP), were generated for each patient using deformable image registration to sum dose from each fraction. Dosimetric comparisons between PNON and PADP were performed for cord, lung, chest wall, and esophagus. Statistical significances were tested using paired t‐test(significance level=0.05). Correlations were evaluated between dosimetric changes from adaptive planning(Delta_D) and potential impacting factors, including tumor‐to‐OAR distances(dT‐OAR), initial ITV(ITV1), ITV change(Delta_ITV), and effective ITV diameter change(Delta_dITV). Results: Compared to PNON, PADP significantly reduced dosimetric metrics of all OARs (p=0∼0.03). Dealta_D was found to positively correlate with Delta_dITV/dT‐OAR for dose‐to‐5cc (D5cc) of esophagus (r=0.77), Dmax of esophagus (r=0.76), and D30cc of chest wall (r=0.72). Stronger correlations between Delta_dITV/dT‐OAR and Delta_D30cc of chest wall were discovered for peripheral (r=0.82) and central tumors (r=0.94), respectively. No correlation was found between Delta_dITV/dT‐OAR and Delta_D1.2cc or Delta_D0.35cc of spinal cord, largely due to two IMRT patients planned with tight cord constraints. After removing these two cases, good correlations were recovered between Delta_dITV/dT‐OAR and Delta_D1.2cc, Delta_D0.35cc of spinal cord (r=0.75 and 0.71, respectively). Conclusion: Adaptive SBRT planning for selected patients resulted in significant dose reduction in adjacent OARs. Tumor diameter change and tumor‐to‐OAR distance are potential indicators for dosimetric effectiveness of adaptive lung SBRT.
Increased CXCL8 (IL-8) expression in Multiple Sclerosis.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the CNS which is characterized by large mononuclear cell infiltration and significant demyelination. CXCL8 is a chemo-attractant for both neutrophils and monocytes and triggers their firm adhesion to endothelium. In this study, we demonstrate that serum CXCL8 and CXCL8 secretion from PBMCs are significantly higher in untreated MS patients compared to controls and are significantly reduced in MS patients receiving interferon-β1a therapy. We suggest that CXCL8 may serve as a marker of monocyte activity in MS and may play a role in monocyte recruitment to the CNS.
Original Research: Changing Trends in Newly Licensed RNs

Objective: Recent changes in U.S. health care and economics may influence the demand for nurses and the work choices of newly licensed RNs (NLRNs). We sought to compare the work lives of two cohorts of NLRNs licensed six years apart. Methods: Data were collected from two groups of NLRNs in 14 states via mailed surveys. The first group consisted of a subset of NLRNs surveyed for a larger study in 2004–05; the second group was surveyed by similar methods in 2010–11. Responses were weighted to adjust for differences in response rates according to geographic area. Results: Response rates were 58% and 47%, respectively, for the 2004–05 cohort (N = 774) and the 2010–11 cohort (N = 1,613). The NLRNs in the later cohort were less likely to work in hospitals, special-care units, and direct care and more likely to work as managers, be enrolled in formal education programs, and view their work environments positively, resulting in more commitment to the organization. Also, those in the later cohort reported fewer local job opportunities, and a greater number held a second job Conclusions: These findings indicate a shift from the traditional work patterns of NLRNs, who often began their careers in hospitals. Employers’ heightened awareness of such changing trends among NLRNs may help them in planning for RN recruitment and retention.
Dominator-tree analysis for distributed authorization

Practical analysis tools for distributed authorization need to answer quickly and accurately the question: who can access this resource? DAP (Delegation with Acyclic Paths) is a distributed authorization framework (introduced in [17]) that tries to inter-operate better with standard PKI mechanisms while retaining some of the benefits of new trust management schemes. DAP has an acyclicity requirement which makes it more difficult to answer the question quickly. In this paper we use a technique borrowed from compiler optimization, dominator-tree problem decomposition, to overcome this limitation of DAP with a fast heuristic. We show through simulation the heuristic's performance in a realistic federated resource management scenario.We also show how this heuristic can be complemented by clone-analysis techniques that exploit similarities between principals to further improve performance. We are currently using the heuristic and clone-analysis in practice in a design/analysis security tool.
Temporary Inhibition of Translocation Velocity and Mass Transfer Rate by Petiole Cooling

pulse, which was found to give a minimal amount of time for reaching the detection threshold. Loading constitutes a constant and presumably relatively small part of the time between supplying of the pulse and its arrival in the sink. The time of arrival was generally measurable to within t-0.5 min. Distance was measured from the base of the source blade to the center of the sink leaf. Velocity measured in this manner represents a minimal estimate of the velocity of the fastest moving component of the translocate (11). The time courses of mass transfer for four plants studied by steady state labeling, and for 19 plants studied by pulse labeling are compared in Figures 1 and 2. Both show the temporary inhibition of translocation reported previously (8). The relative mass transfer rate time course is compared with the time course of translocation velocity in Figure 3. The pattern of change in velocity measured after 30, 60, and 240 min of cooling conforms well with that in relative mass transfer rates observed after the same treatment times. A linear regression analysis of relative accumulation rate as a function of apparent velocity is shown in Figure 4. These data have a correlation coefficient of 0.7, indicating a strong dependence of mass transfer rate on translocation velocity. Application of Student's t test revealed that both velocity and relative mass transfer rates differed from their re
Lipid metabolism of rat adipocytes in culture

Isolated differentiated rat adipocytes embedded in a collagen matrix were maintained in culture for 0, 4 and 14 days. Assessment of viability by either anabolic glucose metabolism or catabolic lipolytic metabolism can be misleading; both types of metabolism should be measured to establish the status of cells. Cells maintained morphological integrity even when not viable as judged by anabolic glucose metabolism.
An Optimal Disjoint Pair of Additive Spanners for the 3D Grid

A spanner of a connected graph G is a spanning connected subgraph S. If DG(u, v) and DS(u, v) denote the distance between vertices u and v in G and S, respectively, then S is an f(x)-spanner if and only if DS(u, v) ≤ f(DG(u, v)). The value f(x) - x is the delay of the spanner. An additive spanner is one with constant delay. Given a graph G and function f(x), an interesting problem is to partition the edges of G so as to define edge-disjoint f(x)-spanners of G. This paper exhibits a pair of (x + 4)-spanners for the infinite three dimensional grid, and shows that 4 is the least integer K for which there exists an edge-disjoint pair of delay-K spanners. spanner, grid, additive spanner, parallel network.
Mathematical theory of group selection: Structure of group selection in founder populations determined from convexity of the extinction operator

Abstract Genetic analysis for group selection is developed for the case of a biallelic locus (A, a) undergoing group selection of founder populations only. By contrast to R. Levins“E = E(x) models, extinction now depends on genetics at the propagule stage but acts uniformly on larger populations. Biological evidence supports this hypothesis, which also allows mathematical treatment at once simpler and biologically more general than the Fokker-Planck partial differential equation formalism adopted by Levins. It is presently possible to handle cytogenetics of both diploid and haplodiploid type. The model is set up as a quasideterministic recursion in the 5-simplex Σ5, collapsing both drift and mendelian selection effects into a single parameter u, which is a Fisher-Kimura-Ohta fixation probability. In the analysis, it is shown that the stability of the fixed points is determined by the convexity of the extinction operator acting on propagules, assumed to be of size 2. Thus, [Formula: see text] in which E1 and E3 are extinction probabilities for phenotypically uniform founder populations and E2 is the corresponding probability for founder populations of mixed phenotype. Further parameter regions are defined where fixation of the group-selected gene is globally stable, and this is still possible even when extinction pressure acting on carrying capacity populations becomes weak relative to a fixed mendelian selection strength.
Gaucher's Disease: A Genetic Disease Detected in Skin Fibroblast Cultures

Skin fibroblasts from three adult patients with chronic noncerebral Gaucher's disease, three children of one of the patients, three parents, and six normal individuals were grown in cell culture. Giant fibroblasts containing metachromatic material were seen in all cultures derived from affected individuals and heterozygous carriers but not in those derived from normal individuals.
Synthesis of Functionalized Alpha-methylene Lactones

Abstract A recent report2 prompts us to disclose our progress pertaining to the synthesis of α-methylene- δ-valerolactones fused onto an unsaturated functionalized ring 1. As part of our work in this area,3,4 we desired to obtain a sample of lactone 4 for further elaboration. Thus, alkylation of 1,3-cyclohexanedione with α-(l-bromomethyl)acrylate5 yielded compound 2 which was subsequently hydrolyzed to the corresponding acid 3. Initial attempts to cyclize compound 3 by heating in trifluoroacetic anhydride or acetic anhydride resulted in the formation of the desired lactone 4 along with a substantial amount of another compound 5. When lactone 4 was allowed to sit at room temperature or was heated in the presence of acid, it was transformed into compound 5. On the basis of the available data, structure 5 is proposed for this compound.6 The protected form7 of lactone 4 was eventually obtained by reacting acid 3 with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide in pvridine8 followed by treatment with thiophenol in pyridine.
Robust tracking and regulation control for mobile robots

This paper presents the design of a new, differentiable kinematic control law that utilizes a damped dynamic oscillator with a tunable frequency of oscillation to achieve global uniformly ultimately bounded tracking (i.e., the position/orientation tracking errors globally exponentially converge to a neighbourhood about zero that can be made arbitrarily small). In contrast to many of the previously developed kinematic tracking controllers, the proposed controller can be used for the regulation problem as well; hence, a unified framework is provided for both the tracking and the regulation problem. To compensate for uncertainty in the dynamic model, we illustrate how the kinematic controller can be used to design a robust nonlinear controller. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the performance of the proposed controller. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Viral infections in acute graft-versus-host disease: A review of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches

Background While immunosuppressive therapy for acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) advances, viral reactivation has been found to be an increasingly common complication in these patients. Dermatologists may often be consulted on inpatient services for evaluation. Objective We investigated the literature for the role of viral infections in aGVHD and review the current evidence regarding management. Methods Articles in the public domain regarding aGVHD, cytomegalovirus, Epstein–Barr virus, varicella zoster virus, hepatitis viruses, parvovirus B19, and respiratory viruses were included. Results Dermatologic findings vary between different viral antigens, and some infections may be a marker for the development of aGVHD or worsen prognosis. Limitations The heterogeneous cohorts of the studies reviewed often preclude direct comparison between results. Conclusion The relationship between viral reactivation and aGVHD may be bidirectional and is worthy of further exploration. Additional studies are needed to determine appropriate prophylaxis and treatment.
Unified sand modeling using associated or non-associated flow rule

Abstract A constitutive model for unified modeling of sand behavior was formulated in this study. The model is based on generalized plasticity and critical state mechanics. It incorporates a unique flow rule and a unique hardening modulus. The flow rule is a function of the void ratio and its deviation from an associated flow rule reduces with an increase in sand density. The hardening modulus allows the model to simulate a wide range of sand behavior even with an associated flow rule. With 13 material constants, most of which have definite physical meanings and are straightforward to calibrate using conventional element tests, the model can simulate the drained and undrained responses of sand over a large range of initial void ratios and confining pressures. In addition, the model can be readily degenerated to follow an associated flow rule. The associated-flow-model, which requires 11 material constants, can also reproduce the responses of medium-loose to dense sands when the confining pressure is modest. Although the associated-flow model is not capable of describing the bifurcation of sand responses before the failure surface is reached, it may have advantage in the numerical simulation of well-compacted earth structures like earthdams, embankments and retaining walls.
Discussion of an experiment to measure the polarization of dayglow Lyman alpha

Abstract The results of a recent measurement of the degree of polarization of dayglow Lyman a have been published. The upper limit of 1.5 per cent polarization at 200 km is shown to be not inconsistent with that expected for a hydrogen atmosphere normalized to 3 × 107 atm/cm3 at 100 km. The observed horizon brightening of 32 per cent between 32° and 65° solar zenith angle is also consistent with the model which is that required to account for the bulk of airglow Lyman α observations.
Thermal anisotropies in the solar wind: Evidence of heating by interstellar pickup ions?

A recent paper by Gray et al. [1996] shows that the Alfven ion cyclotron instability is generated by newly created pickup ions and heats the thermal solar wind protons in the direction perpendicular to the magnetic field. This instability operates most effectively in regions where the plasma β is low, so this mechanism predicts that the ratio of the temperatures perpendicular and parallel to the magnetic field should be larger in low-β regions of the solar wind. We look for this effect in ISEE-3 and Voyager 2 data. The near-Earth ISEE-3 data show no evidence for greater thermal anisotropies at low β. Voyager 2 data obtained between 1 and 8 AU show that the ambient proton thermal anisotropy is a function of β, with parallel temperatures generally greater than perpendicular temperatures except when β is small. For Voyager 2 data, the average ratio of perpendicular to parallel temperature is about 0.9, but this ratio is ∼2 when β is less than 0.1 and ∼4 when β is less than 0.01.
Mortality and Attrition Processes in Longitudinal Studies in Africa: An Appraisal of the Iford Surveys

This paper considers the impact of sample-attrition through dropouts on mortality analyses, using the pioneering IFORD survey of Yaounde (Cameroon). The essential issue in the IFORD surveys is the possibility that mortality of members of the cohort may differentially select some children, with specific underlying characteristics. The paper implements a method to assess the following three distinct concerns that may arise in the analysis of the IFORD data: (a) the estimation of the relationship between the covariates and the rate of occurrence of mortality or attrition over time; (b) the study of the interrelation between processes under a specific set of conditions during intervals between rounds for those children still alive and in the survey at the beginning of each interval; and (c) the issue of whether mortality and mortality differentials are affected when attrition is ignored. This approach accounts for sample-selection bias that may have resulted in the attrition process. The analyses provide insi...
Long-term outcomes of IL-2R antibody vs antithymocyte globulin for induction therapy in kidney transplantation.

Long-term outcomes of IL-2R antibody vs antithymocyte globulin for induction therapy in kidney transplantation
Demonstrations of an air-slot photonic crystal nanocavity with ultrasmall mode volumes for enhanced light-matter interactions

We demonstrate experimentally a photonic crystal nanocavity with an ultrasmall modal volume of 10−2(λ/n)3, based on a designed air-slot in a two-dimensional photonic crystal lattice. Coupling to the tightly localized nanocavity of the fabricated sample is achieved with the tapered fiber, with strong applications to nonlinear optics and cavity quantum electrodynamics studies.
Constraints on learning and their role in language acquisition: Studies of the acquisition of American sign language

Abstract The general question raised here is why the young child is superior to older children and adults at language acquisition, while at the same time inferior to them in many other cognitive tasks. As an example of the general problem, the paper reviews our own work on the acquisition of complex verbs of American Sign Language (ASL). It begins with an outline of the structure of verbs of motion in ASL, along with possible inductive generalizations a language learner might make concerning this structure. Three lines of research on ASL acquisition are then presented. The first line of research demonstrates that young children, exposed to ASL as a native language, acquire ASL verbs in terms of morphological components, piece by piece, as do children learning spoken language. Moreover, they do so despite alternative generalizations which seem potentially simpler. The second line of research compares native learners of ASL with learners exposed to ASL later in life. This research shows that, while native learners make the morphological componential generalization described, later learners in fact do make alternative generalizations. The third line of research investigates native learners of ASL whose parental input models are late learners. Again it appears that natives perform a morphological analysis, despite the fact that their input is not well organized for such analyses. Taken together, the research shows a striking tendency for children—and only children—to acquire language in a particular fashion. The paper concludes with a discussion of possible explanations for these findings. One possibility is that children have a special set of skills for language acquisition which declines with age. A second possibility is that the cognitive limitations of the child provide the basis on which the child's componential learning occurs, and that the expansion of these cognitive abilities with age is in part responsible for the decline in this type of learning.
The 1990 Reform of U.K. Local Authority Finance: An Alternative Analysis: Reply to Barnett and Smith

IWOULD LIKE to thank Richard Barnett and Peter Smith for their comment on my paper on English local authority finance, which I found both useful and stimulating. In their analysis they make two points. The first is that, given the system of finance described in the paper, the regression results reported on local authority spending are misspecified since they take no account of the kink in the budget constraint faced by local authorities. This is of course correct, and in subsequent work with James Gordon, we did use the econometrics of kinked budget constraints to look at the behavior of English local authorities in more detail.1 In the earlier paper, however, I was not attempting to build a model of local authority behavior. Rather, I was trying to illustrate the fact that local authorities did appear to alter their spending, depending on the differing tax prices they faced due to the system of local authority finance then in place; hence, the graphs of the relationship between ratable value and spending provided in the text. The regression results reported were simply meant to illustrate this relationship evident in the graphs, a point which I probably did not emphasize sufficiently in the text. Barnett and Smith's second point is that, while the system of local authority finance described in the text is accurate for the years before 1989/90, in 1989/90 itself (the year for which I analyzed spending data),
Constraints on the expansion of Ganymede and the thickness of the lithosphere

Since grooved terrain has formed from extensional faulting of at least one half of the surface of Ganymede, grooves may be due to planetary expansion which can be constrained by determining the extension associated with groove formation. The geometry and kinematics of a fault or group of faults must be known in order to determine the extension. Although neither of these is known for grooves on Ganymede, geologically reasonable end members of the dip, displacement and extension of faults which bound the graben can be estimated in order to place valuable constraints on possible surface area and radius increases as well as on the thickness of the Ganymede lithosphere. Minimum lithosphere thickness is estimated to be 5 km in the Marius and 9 km in the Galileo regions, at the time of furrow formation, and 4 km at the time of groove formation.
Evaluation of the “effective volume shift” method for axial dispersion corrections in multi-detector size exclusion chromatography

Abstract Band broadening in size exclusion chromatography (SEC) causes errors in the calculated molar mass distribution even when molar-mass-sensitive detectors are used. These errors can be partially corrected by shifting the elution volume of the molar-mass-sensitive detector chromatogram relative to the concentration detector chromatogram, and then re-calculating the molar mass distribution. In this paper a computer simulation of multi-detector SEC of a polymer with a Flory–Schulz molar mass distribution and Gaussian band broadening is used to study the volume shift method of correcting for band broadening. The results are compared with those obtained by applying a conventional band broadening correction. In the case of SEC with a light scattering detector the results from the two methods are comparable. For SEC-viscometry with universal calibration the conventional method is significantly more accurate than the volume shift method. A method for calculating the volume shift required to correct for a known amount of band broadening is also presented.
Combinatorial methods in the construction of point sets with uniformity properties

It is well known that (t, m, s)-nets are useful in numerical analysis. Many of the constructions of such nets arise from number theoretic or algebraic constructions. Less well known is the fact that combinatorial constructions also yield nets with very good and in many cases, optimal parameters. In this paper, we provide a survey of such combinatorial constructions of (t, m, s)-nets.
Revisiting the surface properties of Mg(0001) thin films and their effect on the adatom binding energy and self-diffusion

Abstract We perform first-principles calculations of the properties of the Mg(0001) surface of thin films to examine the giant oscillations of surface energy and interlayer relaxation of Mg(0001) films as a function of thickness reported previously. We find that, although overcoming the thin-film limit requires up to 25 layers, properties exclusive to the surface layer are well converged for 18-layer thick films (~ 4.1 nm). Furthermore, the fcc-stacking fault is found to be energetically favorable for the Mg adatom by 15 meV. We also find that the binding energy of the Mg adatom (~ 0.6 eV), well converged for 7-layer films, is significantly weaker than the value reported by previous calculations. In addition, our calculations show small diffusion barriers of 9 meV (hcp to fcc) and 25 meV (fcc to hcp) for the monomer.
The Journalist Behind the Curtain: Participatory Functions on the Internet and their Impact on Perceptions of the Work of Journalism

Through a framework from the sociology of occupations, this study examines the consequences of increasing audience participation in journalism processes. This framework suggests that increased transparency between readers and journalists may weaken the occupation's authority. A weakening of exclusive authority in the eyes of the public may leave the jurisdictional area of journalism vulnerable to rival occupations, such as bloggers. The challenge from this budding activity suggests news audiences have continued to broaden their perceptions of what constitutes news, as findings from this study predict.
A multi-kilohertz electro-optic switch for ultrafast laser systems

Summary form only given.We report on the use of a multi-kilohertz intracavity electro-optic switch to both efficiently cavity-dump a femtosecond Ti:sapphire oscillator and perform the switching for a high-repetition-rate Ti:sapphire regenerative amplifier. The polarization switch consists of a transverse-field KD*P Pockels cell and a novel near-Brewster sapphire Rochon polarizer. In contrast to more conventional longitudinal Pockels cells with dielectric thin-film polarizers, this switch is capable of 50 kHz operation and near 100% switching efficiency due to the Rochon polarizer's high extinction ratio (>10/sup 4/:1) and low insertion loss (nominally 100% transmission for the undeviated p-polarization and 100 nm about the central design wavelength), and high damage threshold (>10 GW/cm/sup 2/) are attractive properties for ultrafast laser systems, especially regenerative amplifiers.
Quantification of Acid Sites in H-ZSM-5, H-β, and H-Y Zeolites

Abstract The effect of sodium poisoning on the activity forn-hexane cracking over H-ZSM-5, H-β, and dealuminated H-Y zeolites was compared with spectroscopic changes in the region of the stretching vibration of the surface hydroxyls. For all zeolites, there was a high correlation between then-hexane cracking activity and the intensity of the IR bands assigned to strongly acidic hydroxyl bands. The lethal sodium doses for H-β and H-ZSM-5 indicate that about 80% of the framework aluminum of these zeolites gives rise to catalytically active sites. For the dealuminated H-Y sample, only 15% of the framework aluminum results in catalytically active sites.
Marcel Proust (1871-1922): reassessment of his asthma and other maladies

Marcel Proust endured severe allergies and bronchial asthma from early childhood. Those who suffer from the frightening and recurrent pangs of asthma often become dependent on their parents particularly mother; Proust was no exception. In his time asthma was poorly understood by physicians who considered the illness to be a type of hysteria. Decades later, we now understand that the severe, poorly controlled, suffocating episodes of asthma were responsible for the complex persona that Marcel Proust had assumed.
Analysis of Peer Review Comments: QM Recommendations and Feedback Intervention Theory.

Because feedback is a critical component of the continuous improvement cycle of the Quality Matters (QM) peer review process, the present research analyzed the feedback that peer reviewers provided to course developers after a voluntary, nonofficial QM peer review of online courses. Previous research reveals that the effects of feedback on performance are not consistently positive; however, these findings are frequently ignored by those who assume that all feedback improves performance. Feedback Intervention Theory (FIT) organizes the wide variability in this body of research by outlining conditions when feedback can be expected to improve or impair performance. In the present research, peer review comments were analyzed in comparison to the QM guidelines for writing effective recommendations and FIT to evaluate the feedback from the peer review process. Results of this study are applied to inform future training and peer review implementation.
Positive Psychological Interventions in Counseling What Every Counseling Psychologist Should Know

Counseling psychologists are in a prime position to claim preeminence in the field of applied positive psychology. A number of misunderstandings or misconceptions of positive psychology seem to interfere, however, with the focus (or lack thereof) that has been placed upon training counseling psychologists to utilize and contribute to positive psychological scholarship and applications. In this article, the most commonly reported misconceptions are addressed, and foundational information regarding positive psychological constructs, theories, and processes most relevant to the applied work of counseling psychologists is reviewed. Counseling psychologists are encouraged to claim positive psychology as the logical extension of our humanistic roots and to consider how to both utilize and contribute to the growing body of positive psychological scholarship.
Physical Therapist Role Satisfaction in the Treatment of the Spinal Cord-Injured Person

The purpose of this article is to discuss role satisfaction and role deprivation experienced by the physical therapist during rehabilitation of the spinal cord-injured person. Physical therapist goals to promote patient independence may be in conflict with the therapist experiencing role satisfaction. The patient-therapist relationship is examined and recommendations for therapist behaviors that foster a positive and productive interaction are given.
Conformational Changes in HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Induced by Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Binding

Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) are a group of small hydrophobic compounds with diverse structures that specifically inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). NNRTIs interact with HIV-1 RT by binding to a single site on the p66 subunit of the p66/p51 heterodimeric enzyme, termed the NNRTI-binding pocket (NNRTI-BP). This binding interaction results in both short-range and long-range distortions of RT structure. In this article, we review the structural, computational and experimental evidence of the NNRTI-induced conformational changes in HIV-1 RT and relate them to the mechanism by which these compounds inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcription.