cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Single grain (U-Th)/He ages from phosphates in Acapulco meteorite and implications for thermal history

The cooling history of the Acapulco meteorite for >400°C is well established using various chronometers suggesting extremely fast cooling (>1000°C/Ma). In contrast, the thermal history for low temperatures (<400°C) is poorly understood because of large uncertainties in the chronometers applicable to this temperature range. To better constrain the cooling history for the low-temperature range, we applied (U–Th)/He dating techniques to individual phosphate grains. One whitlockite and 11 apatite grains yielded (U–Th)/He ages ranging from 1272±22 (1σ, analytical error only) Ma to 4584±51 Ma, with tight clustering at ∼4.55 Ga. The weighted mean of the five oldest ages (4538±32 Ma, 1σ uncertainty including systematic error) is suggested to be the minimum age representing primary cooling of the Acapulco body passing through ∼120°C. Although it is impossible to precisely quantify the effects of energetic α particle ejection from the outermost ∼20 μm of the phosphates, petrographic evidence suggests that most dated samples are fragments likely derived from the interior of larger grains, thus greatly reducing this source of error. Indeed the five oldest samples cannot have suffered substantial ejection since the uncorrected ages are identical with the crystallization age of the Acapulco meteorite. The new (U–Th)/He data suggest rapid cooling of Acapulco down to ∼120°C. This evidence suggests that the younger ^(40)Ar/^(39)Ar age (4507±9 (1σ) Ma) obtained from Acapulco plagioclase, which should reflect cooling through ∼300°C, is spuriously young due to systematic errors (i.e., decay constants and/or standard data) in the ^(40)Ar/^(39)Ar method, as suggested by comparison between high-precision ^(40)Ar/^(39)Ar and U/Pb ages for terrestrial volcanic rocks. The scattered He age distribution <4.0 Ga implies very heterogeneous thermal disturbances after the primary cooling of the body.
Interrogating Bodies: Medico-Racial Knowledge, Politics, and the Study of a Disease

L'anemie a hematites falciformes serait une maladie propre aux Noirs. L'A. montre comment celle-ci, au debut du 20 eme siecle, s'est inscrite dans un reseau de discours racial qui la considerait comme un marqueur de difference raciale ; comment elle a ete utilisee pour conserver et reproduire les corps raciaux et leurs signes differentiels ; comment elle etait employee pour savoir qui est noir et qui est blanc. Si la physionomie et la genealogie ne suffisaient pas a montrer l'hybridite de l'individu, on expliquait l'anemie d'un Europeen par l'histoire et la geographie de ses ascendants en contact avec des Noirs
Computed tomography perfusion–based selection of patients for endovascular recanalization

Intravenous and intraarterial recombinant tissue plasminogen activator remains underutilized in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, largely due to strict adherence to the concept of the therapeutic time window for administration. Recent efforts to expand the number of patients eligible for thrombolysis have been mirrored by an evolution in endovascular recanalization technology and techniques. As a result, there is a growing need to establish efficient and reliable means by which to select candidates for endovascular intervention beyond the traditional criteria of time from symptom onset. Perfusion imaging techniques, particularly CT perfusion used in combination with CT angiography, represent an increasingly recognized means by which to identify those patients who stand to benefit most from endovascular recanalization. Additionally, CT perfusion and CT angiography appear to provide sufficient data by which to exclude patients in whom there is little chance of neurological recovery or a substantial ri...
Child Poverty Among Racial Minorities and Immigrants: Explaining Trends and Differentials*

Objective. This article examines the effects of changing family structure (including cohabitation) and maternal employment during the 1990s on child poverty rates across America’s diverse racial and ethnic groups. Unlike most previous studies focused on broad pan-ethnic groups, our analyses examine children distinguished by race/ethnicity, immigrant generation, and national origin (e.g., Mexican, Japanese, Middle Eastern, among others). Methods. The analyses, using methods of demographic standardization, are based on data from the 1990 and 2000 Public Use Microdata Samples of the U.S. Decennial Censuses. Results. Child poverty rates declined broadly across population groups in the 1990s. Increasing maternal employment during the 1990s, rather than changing family structure, accounted for the largest share (nearly 40 percent) of the recent decline in child poverty rates. Changes in family structure played a minor role in reducing child poverty for most of the 25 groups considered in this article. Differences in family structure accounted for a large part of observed child poverty differences between minority groups. Conclusions. Rapid increases in maternal employment during the 1990s provided a hedge against rising child poverty and a route to economic self-sufficiency for growing shares of single mothers and their children. Over the past quarter-century, the economic fortunes of America’s children and youth have diverged significantly from the rest of America’s population. For example, child poverty rates were only about 60 percent of elderly poverty rates in the 1960s, but they were over 80 percent higher in the early 1990s. After peaking during the 1993 recession, however, poverty rates among children declined by the end of the 1990s to their lowest levels in more than 20 years (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2004a). The growth in
H-Bridge Class-D Power Amplifiers for Digital Pulse Modulation Transmitters

This paper presents an H-bridge class-D power amplifier for digital pulse modulation transmitters. For the proposed class-D amplifier, the drivers of the pull-up and pulldown devices were separated to minimize power loss associated with the shoot-through currents. The amplifier can be driven by binary digital signals generated by a delta-sigma modulator directly. The H-bridge class-D power amplifier system was tested with CDMA IS-95 signals at 800 MHz. The drain efficiency of 31% was achieved with output power of 15 dBm and an ACPR of -43 dBc.
Streamline-based method for intra-day solar forecasting through remote sensing

Abstract This work presents an enhanced deterministic solar irradiance forecasting approach that relies on satellite images and ground measurements as inputs. The proposed method is based on a ground-truth improved satellite-to-irradiance model for the prediction of global horizontal irradiance ( GHI ). This approach relies on cloud tracking and advection with an optical flow algorithm. The application of the optical flow algorithm between two consecutive satellite image frames allows for the calculation of a vector field covering each pixel in the satellite image. This cloud motion vector ( CMV ) field determines the streamline passing through the location of interest. The estimated cloud advection along the quasi-steady streamline to the location of interest is than computed, and this information is translated into an irradiance forecast for the location of interest. In order to reduce the error associated with a linear satellite-to-irradiance model, a novel approach employing ground measurements is proposed. Additionally, decision heuristics are identified and implemented to issue a forecast based on CMV or persistence, depending on the current sky conditions. The overall method is tested for over 110 days of operational 1-, 2- and 3-h ahead GHI forecasts, implemented and evaluated for San Diego, California. The continual forecasting skill of this method for the 110 days ranges between 8% and 19% over persistence, depending on the forecast horizon. While previously proposed methods achieve similar skills, the completely deterministic approach combined with comparably low computation and implementation costs makes the proposed method suitable for applications with limited availability of data.
Controlled drug release from bioerodible hydrophobic ointments.

Abstract A new type of poly (ortho ester) was prepared by the condensation of a triol and an alkyl ortho ester. The condensation produces polymers that are viscous pastes at r.t. even though molecular weights in excess of 50 000 dalton can be produced. Such materials are useful as bioerodible drug delivery devices because rate of release of an incorporated therapeutic agent can be controlled by the addition of small amounts of acidic excipients to the polymer. A significant advantage of these materials is that therapeutic agents can be incorporated by simple mixing at r.t. without the use of solvents.
Dental Management of Neonates Requiring Prolonged Oral Intubation

An orotracheal route is frequently the preferred method of intubation for premature infants. Nasal intubation may contribute to airway obstruction and possible hypoxia, further contributing to labored breathing. Additional complications include occlusion of the nasal aperture during a crucial period of development, nasal infections, and hypertrophy of the nasal lining. Oral mucosa is less susceptible to damage than nasal mucosa; however, orotracheal tubes must be stabilized against displacement from tongue and jaw movements to prevent discomfort and subsequent tissue trauma. Problems associated with rehabilitation of very-low-birth-weight neonates and other infants requiring long-term oral intubation include palatal grooving, acquired cleft palate, and damage to the primary dentition. Various intraoral aids have been used to reduce pressure application from intubation and feeding tubes on the palatal tissues. References to these procedures have yet to be reported in the prosthodontic literature. This article presents a rational for design and construction of an intraoral device which protects the palatal tissues and stabilizes the orotracheal tube.
Articular manifestations of hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy in bronchogenic carcinoma. A clinical and pathologic study

Eight patients with bronchogenic carcinoma presented with painful joint effusions as part of the syndrome of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. Elevated sedimentation rates and symptomatic relief with aspirin were common, but synovial fluids all had leukocyte counts less than 500/mm3. Synovial microvascular injury was found in all patients, and electron-dense deposits in synovial vessel walls were identified in 5 cases. These vascular deposits suggest a role for circulating materials in pathogenesis.
A conformational study of N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine and 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate by the empirical method

Abstract Conformational analysis of N -phenyl-1-naphthylamine and 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate (ANS) was carried out using the empirical method. Properties such as conformational energies and dipole moments were considered. Furthermore, the effect of solvent medium was examined through the effective dielectic constant. The N -phenyl-1-naphthylamine molecule showed two energy minima which were independent of dielectic constant. The ANS molecule also showed two energy minima but the minima changed positions when the dielectic constant increased from 1.0 (vacuum) to 80.0 (highly polar medium). Hydrogen bonding appeared to play an important role in stabilizing these conformations. The minimum energy conformations may have relevance to the binding of ANS to lipid bilayers and bimembranes. The dipole moment, in contrast to the energy minimum, was found to depend on orientation of the sulfonate group rather than of the benzene ring with respect to the naphthalene ring. Thus binding and fluorescence enhancement of ANS may be attributed to the orientation of the sulfonate group, which to a large extent may determine the magnitude of the dipole moment and the degree of electrostatic interactions between the probe and binding domains. Various dimensions like intra-atomic distances, volume and area of the ANS molecule were calculated.
Undergraduate Taught "Minicourses" in Conjunction with an Introductory Lecture Course.

A contract-option educational experience designed and presented by selected upperclass students for introductory students is highly rated by both.
Liquid-Phase Citral Hydrogenation over SiO2-Supported Group VIII Metals

Abstract Liquid-phase citral hydrogenation over SiO 2 -supported Group VIII metals at 300 K and 1 atm was studied in the absence of all transport limitations as verified by the Madon–Boudart test and the Weisz–Prater criterion. The initial TOF (turnover frequency) for citral hydrogenation varied by three orders of magnitude and exhibited the following trend: Pd>Pt>Ir>Os>Ru>Rh>Ni>Co⪢Fe (no activity was detected over Fe/SiO 2 ). When TOF is correlated with percentage d-character, a volcano plot results. There are significant differences in product distribution among the different metals, with Os, Ru, and Co exhibiting high selectivity toward the unsaturated alcohol isomers (geraniol and nerol), while Rh, Ni, and Pd were more selective for citronellal and isopulegol. The variation in product distribution among the various metals is rationalized on the basis of the d-band widths that affect the relative importance of the stabilizing two-electron interactions and destabilizing four-electron interactions. With the exception of Ni/SiO 2 , all catalysts exhibited substantial deactivation that was attributed to inhibition by adsorbed CO produced by the decomposition of either citral or the unsaturated alcohol. In contrast, Ni/SiO 2 exhibited an initially low, stable TOF during the first 7 h that then increased fourfold and again remained constant to 84% citral conversion, at which point the run was terminated.
Morphometric analysis of the response of Anabaena flos-aquae and Anabaena variabilis (Cyanophyceae) to selected concentrations of zinc

The toxicological responses of the freshwater cyanophycean algaeAnabaena flos-aquae andA. variabilis, to selected concentrations of the essential cation zinc, were quantified by the techniques of stereological electron microscopic morphometry. The cation concentrations used were 20.6, 52.0, and 114.7 μM, which represented the 96-hr EC50 dose forA. variabilis and an equal bisection of a log scale above and below this concentration. The results indicated that the surface area of the thylakoids ofA. flos-aquae were significantly increased after exposure to 114.7 μM Zn, and that there was a significant increase in the number of lipid bodies per cell. All test concentrations caused a significant reduction in both the numbers and relative volume of the cell's cyanophycin granules, but resulted in an increase in the cell's membrane limited crystalline inclusions. Both 52.0 and 114.7 μM Zn caused a significant increase in the surface area of the thylakoids ofA. variabilis, but only the highest concentration caused an increase in the volume of the interthylakoidal spaces. The relative volume and numbers of lipid bodies ofA. variabilis cells were increased by exposure to 52.0 μM Zn, and 114.7 μM Zn caused a significant increase in the relative volume and numbers of the cell's polyphosphate bodies. The significance of these results are discussed in terms of potential cellular detoxification mechanisms, which are important in the cell's ability to cope with the anthropogenic introduction into the aquatic environment of metal and industrial pollutants.
An optimal receiver using a time-dependent adaptive filter

The optimal time-dependent receiver (OTDR) is presented and shown to be superior to the conventional matched filter receiver when cyclostationary interference is present. This performance advantage is explained by viewing both the OTDR and the conventional matched filter receiver as time-dependent filters that use the spectral correlation properties of the signal. The matched filter is periodic at the baud rate of the signal of interest whereas the OTDR is periodic at the baud rate of the signal of interest and any other statistical periodicity of the received signal (including that of the interfering signal). These additional filter periodicities provide the OTDR with the capability of exploiting additional spectral correlation characteristics, thus providing superior performance. Simulations are presented to show the bit-error-rate performance advantage of the OTDR (a new demodulation scheme for digitally modulated signals). >
Determination of Shallow Shear-Wave Attenuation in the Mississippi Embayment Using Vertical Seismic Profiling Data

Abstract We used vertical seismic profiling (VSP) data collected in four shallow boreholes (about 40 to 60 m deep) to study the shear-wave attenuation in the Mississippi embayment in southwestern Tennessee. The source was an air-powered hammer that produces repeatable SH waves that were recorded by monitor geophones deployed on the surface very close to the source. The spectral ratio method was used to estimate the shear-wave quality factor ( Q S ). The method assumes that the amplitudes of the seismic waves decay exponentially in the frequency domain. The spectral ratio was computed using a VSP trace at a certain depth and the corresponding monitor trace. Using the source monitor trace as reference eliminates possible artifacts that may be introduced by changes in the source-ground coupling. The slope of a least-square line fitted to the logarithm of the spectral ratio versus frequency gives the attenuation coefficient α ( z ) for that depth. Then a straight line is fitted to α ( z ) as a function of z , and the slope of this line is used to estimate an average value of Q S . For the four sites, Shelby Farms, Covington, Brownsville, and Jackson, the Q S values are 25.3±2.6, 18.6±3.4, 18.4±7.6, and 16.4±2.6, respectively. To assess the reliability of these results, synthetic VSP data were generated from the first cycles of the monitor traces recorded in the four sites and these Q S values. Except for Brownsville, good matches with correlation coefficients equal to 96%–99% were obtained between the synthetic VSPs and the actual VSPs, indicating that the Q S values we obtained are reliable. In addition, these values are also consistent with recent results obtained by others using seismic data generated by small earthquakes recorded by the Japanese strong-motion network Kiban-Kyoshin (KiK-net).
A Single-Supplier, Multiple-Retailer Model with Single-Season, Multiple-Ordering Opportunities, and Fixed Ordering Cost

In this paper, we discuss the replenishment decision of seasonal products in a two-echelon distribution system consisting of a supplier and multiple retailers. Because of long manufacturing lead time, the supplier orders its entire stock for the season well in advance. The retailers, on the other hand, can replenish their inventory from the supplier throughout the season as demand realizes. Demand at each retailer follows a Poisson process. Each retailer order incurs a fixed cost, and the usual understocking and overstocking costs occur. When retailer lead time is negligible, we show that it is optimal for the retailer to follow a time-based, order-up-to policy and order only when inventory is depleted. We also characterize the structure of the optimal policy and propose a number of heuristics for easier computation. For the supplier, we express the distribution of total demand. This allows the supplier to solve a classic newsvendor problem to determine the total stock for the season. We find that the optimal retailer policy can sometimes cause large demand variation for the supplier, resulting in lower supplier profit. In centralized settings, this may even result in lower system profit than some naive retailer heuristics, creating inefficiency in the supply chain. We offer insights on potential causes and managerial implications.
Triptolide reduces cyst formation in a neonatal to adult transition Pkd1 model of ADPKD

Background. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), a major cause of end-stage renal failure, results from genetic mutation of either polycystin-1 (Pkd1 )o r polycystin-2 (Pkd2). In order to develop novel therapies to treat the advancement of disease progression, numerous rodent models of different genetic backgrounds are available to study cyst development. Methods. Here, a Pkd1-floxed inducible mouse model using the interferon responsive Mx1Cre-recombinase was utilized to test the effect of the small molecule triptolide. Relativeto otherPkd1inactivation models,cystprogression in this neonatal to adult transition model is attenuated. Following the characterization of inducible cyst formation in these mice, the development of kidney cysts from triptolide or vehicle-treated animals was analysed. Results. AlthoughPkd1deletiononpostnatalDaysP10and P12resulted innumerous cystsbyP35,dailyinjectionswith triptolide beginning on Day P16 significantly reduced the total number of cysts per kidney, with a pronounced effect on the number of microcysts and the overall cystic burden. Additionally, renal function as assessed by blood urea nitrogen levels was also improved in triptolide-treated mice at both the P22 and P35 time points. As the Pkd1 flox/flox ; Mx1Cre model has not been previously used for drug development studies, the feasibility of a 6-month adult Pkd1 inactivation study was also tested. While kidney cyst formation was minimal and focal in nature, livers of these Pkd1-deficientmicewereseverelycystic,enlargedandpale. Conclusions. These results suggest that the Pkd1 flox/flox ;
Soft Tissue Foreign Bodies: Sonographic Diagnosis and Therapeutic Management

With the advent of meticulous sonographic techniques, high-resolution sonography is the main imaging tool used for the detection and localization of non-radiopaque foreign bodies in soft tissue. Written in the context of the author's clinical experience over 15 years with identification, localization, and removal of more than 400 foreign bodies in the soft tissues, bones, joints, tendons, facial structures, and the orbit, this article focuses on the management of soft tissue foreign bodies, including those in muscle, tendon, and intra-articular spaces and structures.
Bone mineral density of competitive male mountain and road cyclists

Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare the bone mineral density (BMD) of two types of trained male cyclists (n = 30) with recreationally active men (n = 15), aged 20–40 years. Sixteen of the cyclists regularly trained for, and competed in, cross-country mountain bike races. The other 14 cyclists trained and raced on the road. The cyclists had trained an average of 11 ± 3 hours per week for 8 ± 4 years. Fifteen recreationally active men volunteered as controls. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to assess BMD of the proximal femur, lumbar spine, and total body. Anthropometric, muscle strength and power, aerobic fitness, and sex hormone data assessments were conducted on all participants. Mountain cyclists were younger and weighed less than road cyclists and controls. BMD at all sites was comparable among the three groups ( p > 0.05). When adjusted for body weight and controlled for age, BMD was significantly higher at all sites in the mountain cyclists compared with the road cyclists and controls. Some anthropometric, physical fitness, and sex steroid variables were predictive of BMD, but of these variables, only total body weight, total body fat, and aerobic fitness were different between the groups. In conclusion, endurance road cycling does not appear to be any more beneficial to bone health than recreational activity in apparently healthy men of normal bone mass. Higher BMD in the mountain cyclists suggests that mountain cycling may provide an osteogenic stimulus that is not inherent to road cycling.
Mössbauer effect velocity drive linearized by shape correction

Abstract An electromechanical feedback system for the measurement of Mossbauer effect spectra in multiscaler mode of operation of a pulse-height analyzer is described. The equations of motion of the system have been examined analytically (through use of an IBM 7094 and Cal-Comp plotter). The velocity drive has been linearized by introduction of a correction term in the Fourier expansion of acceleration.
Single image super-resolution in frequency domain

This paper presents a neighborhood dependent components based feature learning (NDCFL) for regression analysis in single image super-resolution. Given a low resolution input, the method uses directional Fourier phase feature components to adaptively learn the regression kernel based on local covariance to estimate the high resolution image. Although this formulation resembles other regression and covariance based methods, our method uses image features to learn the local covariance from geometric similarity between low resolution image and its high resolution counterpart. For each patch in the neighborhood, we estimate four directional variances to adapt the interpolated pixels. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm performs better than other state of the art techniques especially at higher resolution scales.
Thinking styles and emotional states of male and female prison inmates by mental disorder status.

Objectives:This study explored criminal thinking styles and feelings of aggression and hopelessness among male and female inmates who reported mental disorders and those who did not. Methods:A total of 4,204 respondents (3,986 males and 218 females) who were expected to be released from prison within 24 months completed an hour-long audio computer-assisted self-interview survey that included the Beck Hopelessness Scale, Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire Short-Form, and Criminal Sentiments Scale-Modified. Weights were constructed to adjust the sampled population to the full population of the prison. Results:A mental disorder was reported by 19.8% of male and 46.1% of female participants, with 6.6% of males and 19.4% of females reporting a serious mental disorder. The criminal thinking patterns of male and female inmates who reported mental disorders were consistent with those of inmates who reported no mental disorders; however, levels of criminal attitudes were significantly higher among males reporting...
Synthesis and characterization of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

This paper describes the results of an investigation of modified synthetic protocols to produce monodispersed magnetic ferrite nanoparticles, γ-Fe2O3 and Fe3O4, and their magnetic properties. The synthesis involved thermal decomposition of organometallic precursors followed by oxidation or reduction. In the synthesis of γ-Fe2O3, iron pentacarbonyl was used as the precursor and trimethylamine oxide as the oxidant. In the synthesis of Fe3O4, iron (III) acetylacetonate was reduced by 1, 2-hexadecanediol. The particle sizes ranged from 5–15 nm with high monodispersity. Results from TEM, XPS, and SQUID characterizations of these iron oxide nanoparticles are discussed.
Mutations in the Middle of the Transmembrane Domain Reverse the Polarity of Transport of the Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin in MDCK Epithelial Cells

The composition of the plasma membrane domains of epithelial cells is maintained by biosynthetic pathways that can sort both proteins and lipids into transport vesicles destined for either the apical or basolateral surface. In MDCK cells, the influenza virus hemagglutinin is sorted in the trans -Golgi network into detergent-insoluble, glycosphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that are proposed to be necessary for sorting hemagglutinin to the apical cell surface. Site- directed mutagenesis of the hemagglutinin transmembrane domain was used to test this proposal. The region of the transmembrane domain required for apical transport included the residues most conserved among hemagglutinin subtypes. Several mutants were found to enter detergent-insoluble membranes but were not properly sorted. Replacement of transmembrane residues 520 and 521 with alanines converted the 2A520 mutant hemagglutinin into a basolateral protein. Depleting cell cholesterol reduced the ability of wild-type hemagglutinin to partition into detergent-insoluble membranes but had no effect on apical or basolateral sorting. In contrast, cholesterol depletion allowed random transport of the 2A520 mutant. The mutant appeared to lack sorting information but was prevented from reaching the apical surface when detergent-insoluble membranes were present. Apical sorting of hemagglutinin may require binding of either protein or lipids at the middle of the transmembrane domain and this normally occurs in detergent-insoluble membrane domains. Entry into these domains appears necessary, but not sufficient, for apical sorting.
Stratiform and Convective Classification of Rainfall Using SSM/I 85-GHz Brightness Temperature Observations

Abstract A better understanding of global climate calls for more accurate estimates of liquid and ice water content profiles of precipitating clouds and their associated latent heating profiles. Convective and stratiform precipitation regimes have different latent heating and therefore impact the earth’s climate differently. Classification of clouds over oceans has traditionally been part of more general rainfall retrieval schemes. These schemes are based on individual or combined visible and infrared, and microwave satellite observations. However, none of these schemes report validations of their cloud classification with independent ground observations. The objective of this study is to develop a scheme to classify convective and stratiform precipitating clouds using satellite brightness temperature observations. The proposed scheme probabilistically relates a quantity called variability index (VI) to the stratiform fractional precipitation coverage over the satellite field of view (FOV). The VI for a s...
The impact of mycophenolate mofetil dosing patterns on clinical outcome after renal transplantation

Background: Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) has proven to be a very effective drug for the prevention of acute rejection following renal transplantation when dosed as prescribed at 2 or 3 g/d. However, circum- stances arise in clinical transplantation where the dose must be lowered, either to avoid drug toxicity or because of concurrent infection. The impact on the incidence of acute rejection and graft survival when the MMF dose must be lowered has not previously been investigated. Methods: In this study, a cohort of 721 kidney transplant recipients who received immunosuppression using MMF in conjunction with cyclosporine and prednisone and OKT3 (n ¼ 425) or Simulect (n ¼ 296) induction were evaluated. Clinical outcomes were compared and contrasted between patients with and without MMF dose changes within the first year post- transplantation. Results: The majority of patients (70.3%, n ¼ 507) had at least one dose change within the first post-transplant year. Compared with the 214 patients who did not have a dose change, these patients had a much higher incidence of acute rejection within the first post-transplant year (23.3% vs. 3.7%, p < 0.001). This resulted in a significantly decreased 3-yr death-censored graft survival (76.3% vs. 88.3%, p ¼ 0.003). The incidence of acute rejec- tion for patients who had a dose change was highest if the dose change occurred within the first post-transplant month (34.4%). The incidence of acute rejection for the dose change patients was influenced by recipient ethnicity (African-American vs. Caucasian) and the type of induction agent used (OKT3 vs. Simulect). Conclusion: Altering the dose of MMF within the first post-transplant year correlated with a significantly worse clinical outcome in this cohort of renal transplant recipients. These data suggest that avoidance of MMF dose changes within the first year after renal transplantation would result in improved graft survival.
Mathematical model insights into arsenic detoxification

Arsenic in drinking water, a major health hazard to millions of people in South and East Asia and in other parts of the world, is ingested primarily as trivalent inorganic arsenic (iAs), which then undergoes hepatic methylation to methylarsonic acid (MMAs) and a second methylation to dimethylarsinic acid (DMAs). Although MMAs and DMAs are also known to be toxic, DMAs is more easily excreted in the urine and therefore methylation has generally been considered a detoxification pathway. A collaborative modeling project between epidemiologists, biologists, and mathematicians has the purpose of explaining existing data on methylation in human studies in Bangladesh and also testing, by mathematical modeling, effects of nutritional supplements that could increase As methylation. We develop a whole body mathematical model of arsenic metabolism including arsenic absorption, storage, methylation, and excretion. The parameters for arsenic methylation in the liver were taken from the biochemical literature. The transport parameters between compartments are largely unknown, so we adjust them so that the model accurately predicts the urine excretion rates of time for the iAs, MMAs, and DMAs in single dose experiments on human subjects. We test the model by showing that, with no changes in parameters, it predicts accurately the time courses of urinary excretion in mutiple dose experiments conducted on human subjects. Our main purpose is to use the model to study and interpret the data on the effects of folate supplementation on arsenic methylation and excretion in clinical trials in Bangladesh. Folate supplementation of folate-deficient individuals resulted in a 14% decrease in arsenicals in the blood. This is confirmed by the model and the model predicts that arsenicals in the liver will decrease by 19% and arsenicals in other body stores by 26% in these same individuals. In addition, the model predicts that arsenic methyltransferase has been upregulated by a factor of two in this population. Finally, we also show that a modification of the model gives excellent fits to the data on arsenic metabolism in human cultured hepatocytes. The analysis of the Bangladesh data using the model suggests that folate supplementation may be more effective at reducing whole body arsenic than previously expected. There is almost no data on the upregulation of arsenic methyltransferase in populations chronically exposed to arsenic. Our model predicts upregulation by a factor of two in the Bangladesh population studied. This prediction should be verified since it could have important public health consequences both for treatment strategies and for setting appropriate limits on arsenic in drinking water. Our model has compartments for the binding of arsenicals to proteins inside of cells and we show that these comparments are necessary to obtain good fits to data. Protein-binding of arsenicals should be explored in future biochemical studies.
Nucleosome Avidities and Transcriptional Silencing in Yeast

Summary A classical example of "transcriptional silencing" is found in the yeast S. cerevisiae mating-type switch [1, 2]. The gene pairs a1/a2 and α1/α2 , positioned at the loci HMR and HML , respectively, are silenced by Sir proteins recruited by proteins that bind sites flanking each locus. Transfer of either gene pair to the Sir-free MAT locus, or mutation of the Sirs, allows expression of those genes at levels sufficient to foster yeast mating. Here we confirm that, in the absence of Sirs, a1 and a2 at HMR are expressed at low levels [3]. This level is low because, we show, the relevant transcriptional activators, which work from regulatory sites located between the divergently transcribed genes, are weak. That property—weak activation—is a prerequisite for effective silencing upon recruitment of Sirs. We use our quantitative nucleosome occupancy assay to show that Sirs (which bind nucleosomes) increase the avidities with which those nucleosomes form at the promoters. That increase can account for at least part of the repressive effects of the Sirs and can explain why silencing is effective in countering weak activation only. We suggest that "silencing" in higher eukaryotes (e.g., by Polycomb or HP1) follows similar rules [4, 5] and note where such effects could be important.
Theorizing Borders in a ‘Borderless World’: Globalization, Territory and Identity

Although declarations or predictions of a borderless world have become somewhat ubiquitous over the last twenty years, state borders remain one of the most basic and visible features of the international system. While it is true that a range of issues, like environmental change, migration, or international trade, highlight the growing interaction and interdependence between different places around the world, borders continue to play a central role in shaping, dividing, and uniting the world's societies, economies, and ecosystems. Reflecting their significance for scholars across the social sciences, a growing body of multidisciplinary research has investigated the continuing power of borders in our supposedly borderless world. This article examines some of the main lines of inquiry, research, and theory in this emerging field of border studies.
DLP hyperspectral imaging for surgical and clinical utility

We describe a novel digital light processing, DLP hyperspectral imaging system for visualizing chemical composition of in vivo tissues during surgical procedures non-invasively and at near video rate. The novelty of the DLP hyperspectral imaging system resides in (1) its ability to conform light to rapidly sweep through a series of preprogrammed spectral illuminations as simple as a set of contiguous bandpasses to any number of complex spectra, and (2) processing the reflected spectroscopic image data using unique supervised and unsupervised chemometric methods that color encode molecular content of tissue at each image detector pixel providing an optical biopsy. Spectral illumination of tissue is accomplished utilizing a DLP® based spectral illuminator incorporating a series of bandpass spectra and measuring the reflectance image with a CCD array detector. Wavelength dependent images are post processed with a multivariate least squares analysis method using known reference spectra of oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin. Alternatively, illuminating with complex reference spectra reduces the number of spectral images required for generating chemically relevant images color encoded for relative percentage of oxyhemoglobin are collected and displayed in real time near-video rate, (3 to 4) frames per second (fps). As a proof of principle application, a kidney of an anesthetized pig was imaged before and after renal vasculature occlusion showing the clamped kidney to be 61% of the unclamped kidney percentage of oxyhemoglobin. Using the "3-Shot" spectral illumination method and gathering data at (3 to 4) fps shows a non-linear exponential de-oxygenation of hemoglobin reaching steady state within 30 seconds post occlusion.
Early Adolescent Risk Behavior Outcomes of Childhood Externalizing Behavioral Trajectories

Little is known about the early childhood indicators of adolescent risk. The link between trajectories of externalizing behavioral problems and early adolescent risk behavior was examined in a longitudinal sample of 875 child participants in the LONGSCAN studies. Five trajectory groups of children defined by externalizing behavior problems were identified: Low, Low-Medium, Moderate, Increasing-High, and High. After controlling for demographics and maltreatment, violent/delinquent behavior was significantly predicted by membership in the Moderate and Increasing-High problem behavior groups. Substance use in early adolescence was significantly predicted by membership in the High behavior problem group. These findings suggest that there is a great deal of continuity between patterns of externalizing behavior in childhood and risk-taking in early adolescence. Understanding the course of externalizing behavior in childhood can help identify children at particular risk for more serious behavioral problems in early adolescence.
Hypoxic exposure after smoke cessation restores alveolar surface area in mice

Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which mainly results from chronic exposure to tobacco smoke, is a major public health burden with no effective treatment. We have previously shown that hypoxia can induce lung growth in adult mice [1]. The aim of this study is to investigate if sustained hypoxia can restore the loss of alveolar surface area caused by tobacco smoke. Methods: We exposed C57BL/6J mice to 6 months of tobacco smoke (250 mg/m 3 suspended particles in 2.5 h/day) followed by 3 months of sustained hypoxia (SH) with an FiO 2 of 10% and appropriate control groups (no smoke/normoxia (N)). Pulmonary function was measured in anesthetized mice. Following euthanasia lungs were processed for morphometry, mean airspace chord length (Lm) was measured and alveolar surface area was calculated. Results: Mice exposed to tobacco smoke had a trend towards a lower alveolar surface area compared to control mice even 3 months after smoke cessation (p=0.10). SH increased total lung capacity, whereas Lm was unchanged. SH significantly increased the alveolar surface area in mice previously exposed to smoke (p=0.008, Fig. 1), but not in control mice. Conclusions: Sustained hypoxia after cessation of tobacco smoking restores alveolar surface area in mice. Future studies of the underlying mechanisms might lead to potential therapies. Reference: 1Reinke et al, Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011, 300(2):L266-73.
Tissue-factor–bearing microvesicles arise from lipid rafts and fuse with activated platelets to initiate coagulation

Tissue factor (TF) circulates in plasma, largely on monocyte/macrophage-derived microvesicles that can bind activated platelets through a mechanism involving P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) on the microvesicles and P-selectin on the platelets. We found these microvesicles to be selectively enriched in both TF and PSGL-1, and deficient in CD45, suggesting that they arise from distinct membrane microdomains. We investigated the possibility that microvesicles arise from cholesterol-rich lipid rafts and found that both TF and PSGL-1, but not CD45, localize to lipid rafts in blood monocytes and in the monocytic cell line THP-1. Consistent with a raft origin of TF-bearing microvesicles, their shedding was significantly reduced with depletion of membrane cholesterol. We also evaluated the interaction between TF-bearing microvesicles and platelets. Microvesicles bound only activated platelets, and required PSGL-1 to do so. The microvesicles not only bound the activated platelets, they fused with them, transferring both proteins and lipid to the platelet membrane. Fusion was blocked by either annexin V or an antibody to PSGL-1 and had an important functional consequence: increasing the proteolytic activity of the TF-VIIa complex. These findings suggest a mechanism by which all of the membrane-bound reactions of the coagulation system can be localized to the surface of activated platelets.
Hair drug testing of children suspected of exposure to the manufacture of methamphetamine.

Abstract Introduction This study compares hair color and age in children tested for methamphetamine by hair analysis due to suspicion of exposure to the manufacture of methamphetamine by their caregivers. Methods A retrospective analysis evaluated differences in hair drug testing results of 107 children less than 12 years of age tested due to clinical suspicion of having been exposed to the manufacture of methamphetamine. Results (confirmed by gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy) were compared for differences in likelihood of testing positive in relation to the subject’s age and having light or dark colored hair and reported with crude and adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Results Of 107 children, 103 had a sufficient hair specimen for analysis. A third (36%) of the study population was less than 3 years of age. Almost half (45%) of the children tested positive for methamphetamine. 15% of the total study population tested positive for methamphetamine in combination with amphetamine indicating some degree of systemic exposure. No children were positive for amphetamine without also being positive for methamphetamine. Children less than 3 years of age were more likely to test positive. Positive hair drug tests for the combination of methamphetamine and amphetamine occurred in children with both light and dark colored hair. Discussion and conclusion Children living in homes where methamphetamine is being manufactured can have drug identified in their hair regardless of hair color. This testing can aid in illuminating the child’s presence in an at-risk environment and a family in need of services.
Constant Power Control of DFIG Wind Turbines With Supercapacitor Energy Storage

With the increasing penetration of wind power into electric power grids, energy storage devices will be required to dynamically match the intermittency of wind energy. This paper proposes a novel two-layer constant power control scheme for a wind farm equipped with doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbines. Each DFIG wind turbine is equipped with a supercapacitor energy storage system (ESS) and is controlled by the low-layer wind turbine generator (WTG) controllers and coordinated by a high-layer wind farm supervisory controller (WFSC). The WFSC generates the active power references for the low-layer WTG controllers according to the active power demand from or generation commitment to the grid operator; the low-layer WTG controllers then regulate each DFIG wind turbine to generate the desired amount of active power, where the deviations between the available wind energy input and desired active power output are compensated by the ESS. Simulation studies are carried out in PSCAD/EMTDC on a wind farm equipped with 15 DFIG wind turbines to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.
Diet, Natural Products and Cancer Chemoprevention

There is considerable scientific evidence to suggest that nutritive and nonnutritive plant-based dietary factors can inhibit the process of carcinogenesis effectively. Cancer chemoprevention involves pharmacologic intervention with synthetic or naturally occurring chemicals to prevent, inhibit or reverse carcinogenesis or prevent the development of invasive cancer. In light of the considerable effort that has been expended by scientists from the academic, governmental and private sectors in identifying, characterizing and utilizing potential cancer chemopreventive agents, it is reasonable to inquire about the progress that has been made to date and the promise that this field holds in the fight against cancer. The symposium entitled Diet, Natural Products and Cancer Chemoprevention: Progress and Promise was therefore organized at Experimental Biology 99 by the American Society for Nutritional Sciences to address in part these two issues. Progress in the development of cancer chemopreventive agents, examples of current clinical and experimental research of particular relevance to cancer prevention and the promise of chemoprevention in effectively contributing to the conquest of cancer were highlighted.
Self‐Reported Alcohol Expectancies and Postdrinking Sexual Inferences About Women

In evaluating dating scenarios, perceivers tend to infer more sexual responsiveness for drinking than nondrinking daters. The origin of these postdrinking sexual inferences has not previously been examined. In the present study, we considered whether perceivers' alcohol expectancies would influence these inferences. Male and female subjects completed a brief expectancy measure, read a vignette depicting a beer-drinking or cola-drinking woman, and evaluated the targeted woman. Multiple-regression equations were computed to test a replication hypothesis and an interaction hypothesis. In support of the replication hypothesis, subjects rated the beer-drinking woman as more sexual than her cola-drinking counterpart. In support of the interaction hypothesis, male but not female subjects exhibited the predicted expectancy by drink interaction. High expectancy men but not low expectancy men rated the beer-drinking woman as more likely to engage in sexual behaviors than the cola-drinking woman. This finding was evident on behaviorally specific measures, but not on trait-like measures. The roles of stereotypes and alcohol expectancies as determinants of post-drinking sexual inferences are discussed.