cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does certified organic farming reduce greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural production

The increasing prevalence of ecologically sustainable products in consumer markets, such as organic produce, are generally assumed to curtail anthropogenic impacts on the environment. Here I intend to present an alternative perspective on sustainable production by interpreting the relationship between recent rises in organic agriculture and greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural production. I construct two time series fixed-effects panel regressions to estimate how increases in organic farmland impact greenhouse gas emissions derived from agricultural production. My analysis finds that the rise of certified organic production in the United States is not correlated with declines in greenhouse gas emissions derived specifically from agricultural production, and on the contrary is associated positively overall agricultural greenhouse gas emissions. To make sense of this finding, I embed my research within the conventionalization thesis. As a result I argue that the recent USDA certification of organic farming has generated a bifurcated organic market, where one form of organic farming works as a sustainable counterforce to conventional agriculture and the other works to increase the economic accessibility of organic farming through weakening practice standards most conducive to reducing agricultural greenhouse gas output. Additionally, I construct my own theoretical framework known as the displacement paradox to further interpret my findings.
Constructing the “new ethnicities”: media, sexuality, and diaspora identity in the lives of South Asian immigrant girls

This paper posits that adolescence, as experienced by girls of immigrant diaspora groups, is complicated by issues of race, culture and nation that intersect with discourses of sex and gender. In terms of globalization theory, sexuality is conceptualized as a locus of cultural hybridization; media representations of sexuality often mark the global/local nexus for diaspora peoples. In this study, a series of in‐depth interviews were conducted with South Asian American girls in order to analyze the role of media in their sexual identity constructions. The focus group data revealed radical rearticulations of sexual identity from an “interstitial” audience position that involved oppositional readings of various media texts. These rearticulations can be seen as part of the project of forging new ethnicities in the diaspora context.
Intrinsic Invariance Groups, Mass Operators, and Linear Wave Equations

Relativity theory permits motions of a free-spinning particle in which the instantaneous velocity and linear momentum are not collinear. Therefore, it is necessary to specify two invariance groups in order to completely describe the space-time symmetry properties of a particle with intrinsic spin. If the quantal description of such a particle is given by a covariant linear field equation, then the external space-time symmetry is specified by the 10-element Poincar\'e group generated by the linear four-momentum and total angular momentum operators. However, invariance of the field equation under external inhomogeneous Lorentz transformations does not complete the algebra of the 10-element group generated by the instantaneous four-velocity and spin angular-momentum operators. Several formulations of linear field equations admitting a mass-spin spectrum are based on different choices for this latter, intrinsic, space-time symmetry group. We begin with the simplest choice, namely, intrinsic Poincar\'e invariance, and establish the formal connection between these several formulations by constructing a unitary transformation which generates an infinite sequence of linear wave equations describing ascendingly more complex intrinsic space-time symmetry, but linked by a common mass operator. Of special interest is the infinitesimal transformation which generates the familiar intrinsic DeSitter group. Finally, some kinematical properties of this transformation are discussed for various proposed mass operators.
Echocardiographic diagnosis of calcific stenosis of a stented aortic homograft in the mitral position.

Echocardiography was used to diagnose a calcified and stenotic stent-mounted aortic homograft in the mitral position. Poorly moving intense echoes from the valve leaflets suggested extensive tissue fibrosis and calcification. Markedly reduced diastolic posterior movement of the echoes returning from the stent implied restriction to ventricular filling through a stenotic mitral valve. Hemodynamic, angiographic, and pathologic findings confirmed this ultrasonic diagnosis. The ultrasonic appearance of the normally functioning stented tissue valve in the mitral position and the technique for recording this bioprosthesis are described.
Teaching Theory in an Empirically-Oriented Graduate Program.

The role of theory is to facilitate cognitive integration, both for sociology and for sociologists. Integration has a vertical dimension (abstract to concrete) and a horizontal one (across schools and substantive fields). Attention to these dimensions of integration competes for time in sociology courses, with the result that trade-offs are required. Teaching theory in an empirically oriented graduate degree program, the author has decided to stress horizontal integration over the upper level of vertical integration.
Basement membrane: Putting up the barriers

The basement membrane is a highly organized extracellular matrix with adhesive and barrier functions. Assembly of this matrix uses two types of cell surface receptor, integrins and dystroglycan, to coordinate formation of a polygonal network of laminin, a major basement membrane protein.
Pioneers in Optics: Dominique-François-Jean Arago and Augustin-Jean Fresnel

Dominique-Francois-Jean Arago, better known simply as Francois Arago, was born on February 26, 1786, in Eastagel, France. A member of a political family, Arago was provided with a classical education, studying first at Perpignan and then at the Ecole Polytechnique in Paris. In 1809, at the age of 23, Arago became a professor of analytical geometry at the prestigious Paris school and was subsequently made director of the Paris Observatory. Interested in a variety of scientific fields, Arago's greatest contributions were in optics, astronomy, and electromagnetism. A staunch republican, Arago was also active in politics and was a distinguished statesman later in life.
Multispectral, multifusion, laser polarimetric imaging principles

The engineering and physical principles of a novel multispectral, multifusion, optical imaging system, based on all-active interrogation of targets surrounded by scattered media, using the Mueller matrices-based formalism, are presented. Specifically, the uniqueness of this innovative imaging system consists in the fusion of dual-energy subtraction principles, with multispectral rotating retarder, complete Mueller matrix-based polarimetric principles, implemented with other parameters. The experimental results indicate clearly that, high-contrast images can be obtained by backscattered photons from several embedded targets, in scattered media, by means of the presented principles
Dose-Intensive Therapy for Breast Cancer

SELECTED CASE In 1988, a 38-year-old woman noticed progressive, symmetrical hardening of both breasts. Mammograms showed dense tissue bilaterally with no discrete masses and biopsies were unfortunately not recommended. In 1989, she developed lumbar back pain, and a complete blood cell count showed a hemoglobin level of 90 mg/L, a white blood cell count of 3.4×10 9 /L, and a platelet count of 90×10 9 /L. Her breast examination showed bilateral, diffuse denseness without skin involvement. Breast and bone marrow biopsies showed estrogen receptor-positive infiltrating ductal breast carcinoma metastatic to the bone marrow. She was treated with dose-intensive fluorouracil, leucovorin calcium, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide (FLAC) in combination with the hematopoietic growth factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF). After two cycles of therapy, her back pain had disappeared and her blood cell counts normalized. After 10 cycles, her breast examination was normal, but repeat bone marrow examination showed a residual microscopic focus
Chronic Administration of Phenyl N- TERT - Butylnitrone Protects the Retina Against Light Damage

Retinal dystrophies comprise a large number of disorders characterized by a slow and progressive retinal degeneration. Most are the results of mutations expressed in either photoreceptor or retinal pigment epithelial cells. There is currently no treatment by which the primary disorder can be modified, although researchers around the world are working on different potential therapeutic approaches to treat retinal degenerations. These are based on the possibility of transfecting the photoreceptor or retinal epithelial cells with a functioning gene, transplanting photoreceptor or retinal pigment epithelial cells into the sub-retinal space, using electronic devices to stimulate the retina, or administrating drugs to enhance the repair/defense systems of the retina. Although encouraging success has been shown in animals models, gene therapy1, transplantation2 or injection of growth factors3,4,5 require invasive intraocular procedures and some have significant side effects.
Design of line source antennas for difference patterns with sidelobes of individually arbitrary heights

A design method is presented for the determination of continuous line sources which will yield sum patterns consisting of a narrow main beam and sidelobes whose individual heights can be adjusted to any arbitrary specification. The method is based on a generalized Taylor pattern which is perturbed in successive iterations until the desired pattern results. For practical cases the convergence is rapid, and an economical computer program of general applicability has been written which will terminate when the desired pattern has been achieved within a specified tolerance, at which point a final pattern and aperture distribution are printed out. The theory is illustrated by several cases of practical interest.
Advanced design and modeling for manufacturability of a hybrid MCM package

The objective of this paper is to focus on manufacturability aspects of the MCM package through advanced design and modeling techniques. Two types of modeling are discussed: electrical and process. Use of electrical modeling to enhance manufacturability is demonstrated. Process modeling is driven by the requirements to maximize yield. A Poisson model which relates the product complexity and process characteristics to electrical yield are discussed. Three phases of advanced design techniques, namely cube design, substrate design and thin film design are shown to reduce cycle time and also manufacturing defects. >
Modeling fibroblast-mediated conduction in the ventricle

This study used a model of a cardiac muscle fiber composed of myocytes (M) and a centrally located insert of fibroblasts (F). Myocytes were represented with the Luo-Rudy model with physical dimensions of cultured neonatal mouse cardiac myocytes. Fibroblasts were represented as passive cells with negligible transmembrane currents. Gap functional conductance values were set to 15, 4.7 and 4 nS for MM, MF, and FF junctions respectively. Conduction delay, velocity, and changes in dV/dt max were studied for inserts composed of 1-4 cells, with varying fibroblast length. Results showed that propagation is sustained for inserts of up to 3 cells with significant conduction delays and depressed conduction velocities. Action potentials from myocytes distal to the insert had depressed dV/dt max and long foot potentials. Fibroblasts intercalated in a cardiac muscle fiber may allow propagation of the electrical activity through electrotonic interactions, introducing long propagation delays and changes in conduction velocity. These electrical interactions may explain phenomena such as fractionated electrograms and microreentry.
Cognitive and Psychosocial Characteristics of Gifted Students With Written Language Disability

Gifted and talented students who also have a specific learning disability (SLD) are typically referred to as twice-exceptional and are among the most underserved students in our schools. Previous special education laws promoted a wait-to-fail approach; therefore, gifted students with SLD often were overlooked because their average academic performance was not “failure” enough. The flip side to this was the fact that students’ giftedness, as measured by general ability tests, often was masked by average, yet relatively weak, academic achievement. They were not only waiting to fail, they were failing to flourish. The authors present the data gathered from 14 gifted students with SLD, specifically a disorder of written expression. Students were determined to be gifted if they earned a score of 120 (Superior) on the Verbal Scale of a cognitive ability test. They were considered to have a written language disability through an evaluation of their written language skills. The average Verbal IQ for the group was...
Dual-templating of macroporous multicomponent MoVTeNbOx catalysts for propane ammoxidation to acrylonitrile

Thermally stable ordered porous MoVTeNbO x phases displaying both macroporous and mesoporous structures were prepared for the first time by a dual-templating approach employing colloidal arrays of polystyrene spheres and non-ionic surfactants. The MoVTeNbO x phases possessing such dual porosity were obtained after polystyrene spheres and non-ionic surfactants were removed in a low temperature calcination step. These hierarchical MoVTeNbO x phases displaying bimodal pore structure transformed into macroporous rutile phase possessing nanocrystalline inorganic walls at high temperature. These MoVTeNbO x rutile phases possessed high surface areas (70 m2/g), desirable pore architectures, robust nanocrystalline inorganic walls, and enhanced thermal stability (up to 600 °C). Although these macroporous MoVTeNbO x rutile catalysts displayed lower activity in propane ammoxidation and lower acrylonitrile selectivity in propane ammoxidation as compared to the active and selective M1 phase, the novel synthesis method reported in these studies represents a promising general approach to design novel complex mixed metal oxides for a wide range of applications in selective oxidation catalysis.
The survival and differentiation of fetal membranes grafted into the peritoneal cavity in mice.

Fetal membranes grafted to the omentum in mice do not degenerate at a time corresponding to the normal termination of the donor pregnancy, as would be expected if a “biological clock” were matching their lifespan with that of the embryo and placenta. Neither, in our experience, did such grafted membranes form a variety of highly differentiated secondary tissues, as some authors have suggested. Rather, the fate of the various components of the membrane seemed different for each cell type. In allogeneic hosts a brisk cellular reaction occurred and the membranes were destroyed. In isogeneic hosts, the grafts was vascularized and healthy membrane-derived structures were still present after 33 days of grafting (48 days conceptual age). Mesothelial cells remained applied to well-preserved basement membrane, whereas visceral endoderm cells appeared to degenerate or else detach themselves and become free rounded cells with foamy cytoplasm, sometimes multinucleated. Mesodermal cells accompanying the blood vessels of the membrane probably accounted for the connective tissue stroma seen in these grafts. The normal failure of the fetal membranes to persist in situ after the termination of pregnancy may result from the resistance of the uterine lumen to grafts not having highly invasive properties, together with the general sloughing of the uterine lining which takes place after delivery.
Dissociation of a protonated secondary amine in the gas phase via an ion-neutral complex

Collisionally activated dissociation of conjugate acid ions of neopentyl isopropylamine (1) gives loss of a neutral C5H10 molecule, MH + –C5H10, as the predominant decomposition peak (≥70% of the total fragment ion abundance). Quantitative evaluation of the relative peak intensities from protonated 1 and its deuterated analogues permits an assessment of the contribution of hydrogen transfer from the CH3 of the neopentyl group (-position) relative to the CH2 (-position), as well as the corresponding kinetic isotope effects. The ratio of -transfer to -transfer from the neopentyl group is on the order of 5:1, implying that loss of 2-methyl-1-butene is preferred over loss of 2-methyl-2-butene, despite the fact that the latter C5H10 isomer is >6 kJ mol −1 more stable than the former. An alternative interpretation of the -/-transfer ratio would suppose that all 11 hydrogens in the neopentyl group randomize prior to dissociation. Measured differences between - and -isotope effects argue against hydrogen randomization: the kH/kD for proton transfer from CH2 versus CD2 has a value close to unity, while the deuterium isotope effect for transfer from CH3 versus CD3 exhibits kH/kD = 1.6. Experimental results support a mechanism in which bond fission forms a [tert-amyl cation isopropylamine] ion–neutral complex, which then decomposes via proton transfer from the charged to the neutral partner. © 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Vector competence of the stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae) for West Nile virus.

ABSTRACT In 2006–2007, stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), were suspected of being enzootic vectors of West Nile virus (family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus, WNV) during a die-off of American white pelicans (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmelin) (Pelecanidae) in Montana, USA. WNV-positive stable flies were observed feeding en masse on incapacitated, WNV-positive pelicans, arousing suspicions that the flies could have been involved in WNV transmission among pelicans, and perhaps to livestock and humans. We assessed biological transmission by infecting stable flies intrathoracically with WNV and testing them at 2-d intervals over 20 d. Infectious WNV was detected in fly bodies in decreasing amounts over time for only the first 6 d postinfection, an indication that WNV did not replicate within fly tissues and that stable flies cannot biologically transmit WNV. We assessed mechanical transmission using a novel technique. Specifically, we fed WNV-infected blood to individual flies by using...
Inductive microtransformer exploiting the magnetoelastic effect

Microtransformers built up in thin film technology lend themselves to be used as micro-strain gauges. The basic concept is to utilize the magnetoelastic effect for modulating a microtransformer coupling as a function of the strain the core is exposed to. The microtransformer consists of a pair of dual layer planar coils, coupled by two soft magnetic yokes. The microtransformer is located in the support area of a cantilever beam. The main emphasis is put on investigating the technological challenges involved in building such a device. While neither the transformer design nor the flux guide material have been yet optimized for the intended application, the investigations reveal that the basic concept is very promising. The initial test samples are reaching strain gauge k-factors substantially greater than for classic strain gauges.
Evaluation of the Reliability and Validity of a Measure of Anxiolytic Drug-Use Intensity for Pharmacoepidemiologic Studies

OBJECTIVE:To assess the reliability and validity of a proposed new standard of drug-use intensity, the minimum marketed dose (MMD), using anxiolytic drugs as models.DESIGN:Retrospective, cohort design.SETTING:Staff model, nonprofit health maintenance organization.PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS:Eighty-five patients who obtained one or more prescriptions for an anxiolytic, antidepressant, or sedative-hypnotic drug during three consecutive one-year time periods. Fifty-nine patients had a prescription filled during the year before the study.RESULTS:For anxiolytic drugs, the magnitude of the average correlation for the MMD measure of drug-use intensity was greater than the total number of prescriptions and the total number of dosage units. Discriminant validity was demonstrated because the MMD was not correlated with measures in unrelated therapeutic categories. Summed MMD units were shown to significantly predict physical impairment (criterion validity).CONCLUSIONS:The MMD measure of drug-use intensity was reliable an...
Sensor abstractions for control of navigation

An approach to building high-level control systems for robotics that is based on Bayesian decision theory is presented. The authors show how this approach provides a natural and modular way of integrating sensing and planning. They develop a simple solution for a particular problem as an illustration. They also examine the cost of using such a model and consider the areas in which abstraction can reduce this cost. The authors focus on the area of spatial abstraction. They discuss an abstraction that has been used to solve problems involving robot navigation and give a detailed account of the mapping from raw sensor data to the abstraction. >
Differences in Depression, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Lifetime Trauma Exposure in Formerly Abused Women With Mild Versus Moderate to Severe Chronic Pain

Although associations between intimate partner violence, chronic pain, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and lifetime trauma exposure are well known, previous studies are limited by their recruitment of women from shelters. These relationships were explored with a community-based sample of formerly abused women ( N = 84). Seventy-seven percent of women reported pain of >3 months duration, and 75% had moderate to severe pain. Based on logistic regression analysis, women with moderate to severe chronic pain were significantly less likely to be employed, had more depressive symptoms, and were in the abusive relationship longer than women in mild chronic pain. Both pain severity groups had equally high levels of depressive and PTSD symptoms and multiple trauma exposures. Findings document the persistence of significant symptomatology in formerly abused women.
An evaluation of factors affecting hazardous waste workers' use of respiratory protective equipment.

The purpose of this study was to describe the perceptions of a group of hazardous waste workers about their workplace hazards and to understand their beliefs and attitudes about the use of respiratory protective equipment (RPE). There were two phases of data collection: (1) interviews to identify factors that influence respirator use and (2) a written survey to evaluate the importance of these factors. This article describes the findings from the written survey completed by 255 eligible respondents (return rate = 46.5%, 255/548). Subjects used a weighting system to score 18 identified factors that influence the use of RPE. Scores were compared according to type of respirator, frequency of use, and associated health symptoms. The factors that had the most positive influence on respirator use were concern about work exposure, fit-testing, and training. The most negative influences were communication, personal comfort, effect on vision, structural environment, and fatigue. More frequent users (once per month...
Tonal Change Induced by Language Attrition and Phonetic Similarity in Hai-lu Hakka

This study examines the potential role of language attrition in the sound change of low-level tone in Hai-lu Hakka, and compares the change with similar tonal changes in Hong Kong Cantonese and Taiwan Southern Min (Taiwanese). The low-level tone changes to low-falling tone largely among young non-daily users, so the effect of language attrition led by a decline in frequency of use is hypothesized to be the main cause for the tonal change. To verify this hypothesis, three perception tasks and one production task were conducted on three groups of Hakka speakers: young non-daily users, young daily users and older daily users. The results show that: (i) non-daily users made significantly more tonal errors than daily users, (ii) the low-level tone was the least accurate category in all tasks and (iii) non-daily users were more likely to confuse low-level tone with low-falling tone in the production task than in the perception ones, indicating the effects of language attrition and phonetic similarity, and an asymmetry between perception and production processes. The findings suggest that the effects of language attrition reinforce the internal dynamics of phonetic similarity between low-level and low-falling tones, and result in sound change from the most confusing category to its counterpart that is similar in pitch height for minimizing articulatory efforts. Therefore, we claim that the ongoing tonal change is less likely to be an inevitable consequence resulting from Mandarin’s tonal influence via language contact, but an unfortunate outcome of Hai-lu Hakka’s attrition processes.
Affinity functions in fuzzy connectedness based image segmentation II: Defining and recognizing truly novel affinities

Affinity functions - the measure of how strongly pairs of adjacent spels in the image hang together - represent the core aspect (main variability parameter) of the fuzzy connectedness (FC) algorithms, an important class of image segmentation schemas. In this paper, we present the first ever theoretical analysis of the two standard affinities, homogeneity and object-feature, the way they can be combined, and which combined versions are truly distinct from each other. The analysis is based on the notion of equivalent affinities, the theory of which comes from a companion Part I of this paper (Ciesielski and Udupa, in this issue) [11]. We demonstrate that the homogeneity based and object feature based affinities are equivalent, respectively, to the difference quotient of the intensity function and Rosenfeld's degree of connectivity. We also show that many parameters used in the definitions of these two affinities are redundant in the sense that changing their values lead to equivalent affinities. We finish with an analysis of possible ways of combining different component affinities that result in non-equivalent affinities. In particular, we investigate which of these methods, when applied to homogeneity based and object-feature based components lead to truly novel (non-equivalent) affinities, and how this is affected by different choices of parameters. Since the main goal of the paper is to identify, by formal mathematical arguments, the affinity functions that are equivalent, extensive experimental confirmations are not needed - they show completely identical FC segmentations - and as such, only relevant examples of the theoretical results are provided. Instead, we focus mainly on theoretical results within a perspective of the fuzzy connectedness segmentation literature.
A Study of Wind Stress Determination Methods from a Ship and an Offshore Tower

Comparisons are made between surface wind stress measurements obtained by the inertial-dissipation and direct covariance methods on a stable offshore tower and by the inertial-dissipation and bulk methods on a ship. The shipboard inertial-dissipation friction velocity measurements agreed very well with both the tower inertialdissipation and direct covariance values, to within 62% in the mean and with a 10% or lower rms scatter. The inertial-dissipation determinations also exhibited less scatter than the tower direct covariance measurements. A detailed error analysis indicates that shipboard inertial-dissipation wind stress values can have an accuracy of better than 15% in near-neutral conditions, as compared to an accuracy of roughly 30% for the bulk method. The accuracy of shipboard inertial-dissipation values was shown to be equal to that of direct covariance measurements from a tower. Errors in inertial-dissipation wind stress values are most likely due primarily to deviations from the assumed balance between turbulent kinetic energy production and dissipation and to errors in determining the wind speed variance spectra. Errors in direct covariance measurements are most likely due primarily to finite time averaging and to flow distortion effects, unless great care is taken to minimize or correct for flow distortion. The high accuracy of inertial-dissipation wind stress values found in this study, combined with the well-known difficulties in shipboard direct covariance measurements due to platform motion and flow distortion, demonstrate that the inertial-dissipation method is the best option at present for determining the wind stress from a ship.
Demographic and clinicopathological profile of patients with chronic pancreatitis in a tertiary referral teaching hospital of West Bengal: Personal experience

There is a paucity of data on the demographic and clinicopathological profiles of patients with chronic pancreatitis from the eastern part of India. This study documents the demographic and clinicopathological profiles of patients with chronic pancreatitis presenting to a general surgery unit of a tertiary referral hospital of Kolkata. The records of 145 patients presenting with chronic pancreatitis over a 5-year period were scrutinized and their demographics, clinical profile, and complications and morphological changes of the pancreas are described. Of the 145 patients, more than 50 % were under the age of 30 years. Males were affected more frequently than females (M/F = 3.8:1). While idiopathic pancreatitis was the most common form of chronic pancreatitis (41.4 %), alcohol was found to be the most common etiology (37.9 %). Pain was the most common presenting symptom (n = 143; 98.6 %). Sixty-five subjects (45 %) had diabetes of which 32 subjects were insulin-dependent. On contrast-enhanced computed tomography, ductal dilatation was seen in 80 (55.17 %) subjects, while ductal calculi and ductal dilatation in 54 cases (37.2 %). Parenchymal calcification was seen in 45 patients of whom 40 patients (89 %) were under the age of 30 years. Pseudocyst was the most common complication (n = 16) followed by biliary obstruction (n = 8) and portal hypertension (n = 4). Patients with alcoholic pancreatitis had significantly higher frequency of severe abdominal pain, diabetes, and local complications as compared to the other forms of pancreatitis in our study. Idiopathic pancreatitis was the most common form of chronic pancreatitis in this study, followed by alcoholic pancreatitis and then tropical pancreatitis.
Reply to Letter Regarding "The Value of Rotational Venography Versus Anterior-Posterior Venography in 100 Consecutive IVC Filter Retrievals".

To the editor, We appreciate the interest of Jia et al. in our article ‘‘The Value of Rotational Venography Versus Anterior-Posterior Venography in 100 Consecutive IVC Filter Retrievals’’ [1]. Because this was not a surgical or necropsy-based study, an embedded filter tip was defined in our study by a composite reference of the standard imaging definition of lack of contrast around the filter tip along with the operative findings encountered during filter removal that required removal with endobronchial forceps. We feel this is a far more accurate definition compared with the timeand tiltbased definition proposed by the authors of the letter. Further, we prefer an evidence-based definition to a conjectural one. It has been elegantly shown that filter components can become embedded within 30 days [2] and likely sooner, given that the process of development of intimal hyperplasia in foreign bodies such as stents and filters begins immediately; one recent study of coronary stents showed [90 % strut coverage by 2 weeks [3]. The authors of the letter suggest, without any evidentiary basis, that 15 days is the minimum time needed to have a tip embedded filter. Given that there are no data to support this time-based definition, coupled with evidence in the literature to the contrary, their assertion that a filter removed at 11 days cannot be tip embedded is untenable. We thank Jia et al. for their interest in our work and appreciate the opportunity to further discuss the issue they raised. The issue raised by their letter, however, is not central to the importance of this study. The mean dwell time for filters in our study was 448 days and only 1 was removed at 11 days. Rotational venography can help interventionalists plan an appropriate approach to filter removal and avoid unsuccessful attempts to remove tipembedded filters using standard techniques which can occur if only AP venography is used. We stand by the conclusion of our study that ‘‘rotational venograms allow for more accurate detection of tip-embedded IVC filters compared to AP views alone.’’ Sincerely, S. William Stavropoulos, MD Scott O. Trerotola, MD Ryan M. Kiefer
Profits Theory and Profits Taxation (Theorie des benefices et imposition des benefices) (Teoria y tributacion de las utilidades)

optimum income taxation. Its subject is the properties of income tax structures, or tax tables, that are efficient, hence leaving no possibility for a general reduction of tax rates, except at a sacrifice of tax revenue, and no possibility for a reduction of the burden of taxation borne by one group, except at a cost to another. Thus far, research in this field has been confined to the taxation of personal income: wages, interest, and rent; the economics of business, or company, income taxation has been left untouched. In the now standard models of optimum income taxation there are no company profits and indeed no companies at all, incorporated or unincorporated; these models are extensions of the competitive general equilibrium model of neoclassical theory. It is generally agreed that profits are common in most market economies, and there is a widespread (though far from unanimous) sense that they are a quantitatively important component in national income. Yet insofar as basic classical theory makes any room for profits, it sees each instance of profit as an exceptional and usually localized phenomenon of natural or unnatural monopoly power. Hence, it is generally conceded that an adequate theory of profits must rest on some different, nonclassical theory. Since there is not so far a modern theory of profits that approximates the clarity and precision of neoclassical theory, the recent discussions of profits taxation have not converged upon a unified
The endocytic recycling compartment maintains cargo segregation acquired upon exit from the sorting endosome

The endocytic recycling compartment maintains segregation of cargo after sorting in peripheral endosomes, and cargo is recycled by distinct pathways to the plasma membrane. In addition, tubular rec...
Analysis of Time, Cost, and Environmental Impact Relationships at the Building-Material Level

AbstractRecently many studies have shown interest in understanding the relationship between different project objectives in the context of sustainable development in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry. However, those studies were mainly focused on the relationship at the building level. The authors of this study argue that a better understanding of such a relationship at the material level is equally important, because many decisions related to design and construction methods are made based on the selection of materials or products. Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine data patterns of installation time, cost, and environmental impacts in terms of CO2 emissions at the material level. Six material categories, i.e., structural components, exterior claddings, insulation, roofing, concrete footings, and concrete slabs-on-grade, were analyzed to examine the relationship between material cost and CO2 emissions. Two scenarios were considered for each category to bett...
Evaporation Momentum Force on a Bubble Under Asymmetric Temperature Conditions

Recent literature claims that boiling performance can be significantly improved by using evaporation momentum force to control the trajectory of a bubble. This approach merits a detailed investigation into evaporation momentum force and its effect on bubble growth and bubble trajectory. In this paper an expression for evaporation momentum pressure experienced by a bubble is determined. This is incorporated into a well established bubble growth model (Mikic-Rohsenow) to evaluate the effect of evaporation momentum pressure on bubble growth rate. The effect of evaporation momentum force on a bubble growing in asymmetric temperature field is then studied and the resultant trajectory is evaluated. The results are compared with experimental data of bubble trajectory subjected to an asymmetric temperature condition. The final results suggest that the evaporation momentum pressure in the vicinity of contact line can significantly change the bubble trajectory, and surfaces designed to exploit this effect seem to be promising for boiling enhancement.© 2014 ASME
Imperial and Social Relations in Postclassic South-Central Veracruz, Mexico

We explore social and imperial relations in the western lower Papaloapan Basin, especially along the lower Blanco River, using statistical analyses of ceramic rims from recent surveys. This region is sandwiched between two known tributary provincial centers of the Aztec empire, but its relationship to the empire is uncertain in colonial documentary materials. Our analyses illuminate changes in social relations from the Middle (A. D. 1150–1350) to Late Postclassic (A. D. 1350–1520) periods and shed light on the impact of Aztec imperialism. We use a ceramic unmixing procedure to assign collections to the Middle and Late Postclassic periods for assessment of settlement patterns. Next we use cluster analyses to examine vertical wealth and status differentiation. In the Middle Postclassic period, we observe a concentric gradation of wealth and status away from the small center of El Sauce. Late Postclassic changes include the decline of El Sauce and the founding of a new center at Callejon del Horno. The concentric model does not apply to the Late Postclassic period, however, and wealth and status became more highly concentrated at Callejon del Horno compared to its hinterland. We also investigate sparse collections-those with few Postclassic rims-to evaluate whether these collections represent poor residences or, rather, sherd scatter from possible field manuring. The lower Blanco region was likely integrated into the Aztec empire on the basis of changes in vertical social differentiation from Middle to Late Postclassic times and percentages of Aztec-style ceramics compared to known Aztec provincial centers, especially Cotaxtla.
Abstract ES2-2: DNA Repair and Breast Cancer: Therapeutic Opportunities

The recognition that BRCA1 and BRCA2 have roles in DNA repair and that defects in either of these genes leads to specific therapeutic vulnerabilities has increased our understanding of why some tumors are susceptible to chemotherapy. Mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 cause defective homologous recombination, one of the fundamental systems for DNA repair. Preclinical modeling, clinical trials, and observations about acquired chemotherapy resistance all suggest strongly that mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 also sensitize tumors to the platinum agents, cisplatinum and carboplatinum, underscoring the important role of homologous recombination in response to these agents. Further, data concerning the increased dependence of cells with defects in another DNA repair system, base excision repair, on homologous recombination has led to the development of PARP inhibitors. These new therapeutic agents exploit this relationship between these DNA repair pathways and underscore the utility of synthetic lethality as a concept in drug development. These insights as they apply to breast cancer therapy will be discussed. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr ES2-2.
Culture and Human Society

nation that feels the urgent need for more land, and sees nowhere to get it, will fight for the products of land in one way or another, and nothing can stop it-except superior force. When one realizes that the duplication of the population history since 1800 would mean 4 billion people in the world in the year 2100, and 8 billion in the year 2250, it is impossible for even the most optimistically inclined to believe that such numbers could be supported by any available combination of natural resources and technological efficiency, or that nations so crowded could be induced by any system of political regulations or adjustments to live in peace and harmony with each other. Some practical, and practised, plan for the deliberate and drastic regulation of population growth emerges as the central and most indispensable feature of any program of postwar world reorganization.
The taxonomy of the genusFrankia

A discussion covering the problems ofFrankia taxonomy was held at the “Frankia Workshop” in Wageningen, September 4–6, 1983. It was agreed that the genusFrankia can be satisfactorily defined, but that solid criteria for species determination are not now available and that use of specific names should be avoided for the present.
Selective Filtration of Vitamin C by the Placenta

Summary1. Additional data are presented to demonstrate the selective action of the placenta in filtering vitamin C from the maternal body. 2. Although this selectivity tends to take place at all levels of deficiency or saturation, latent scurvy may be present at birth, as the level of vitamin C in the placenta is, in the final analysis, dependent upon the maternal reserves of this substance.The vitamin C used in these studies was Cebione, supplied through the courtesy of Merck and Company, Rahway, New Jersey.
Temporary Response of Photosynthetic Characteristic of Nyssa sinensis on Doubled CO_2 Concentration

The photosynthetic characteristics of Nyssa sinensis were determined with Li-6400 portable system by using Li-6400-01 CO2 cartridge to provide CO2(mass fraction being 4.0×10-4) doubled CO2 concentration(mass fraction being 8.0×10-4),the temporary response on photosynthetic characteristic were discussed.Research shows that net photosynthetic rate depicts diurnal patterns of single peaks with obvious maximum,which have no obvious influence by doubled CO2 concentration,and there is no obvious decline at noon.Doubled CO2 concentration which obviously improve net photosynthetic rate is averagely increased by 47.22%.The doubled CO2 concentration,stomatal conductance transpiration rate show a decreasing trend;water use efficiency stomatal limitation value show an increasing trend after doubled CO2 concentration.
Research on Reconstruction of the Principle of Justice in the Initial Distribution Field in Social Transition Period

Fairness and justice,particularly fairness in the area of allocation,become increasingly the focus of attention in contemporary China.Whether justice in the allocation process is realized or not depends largely on what kind of principles are implemented.Using the research methods of Marxist historicism,combined with the special realities of Chinese society in the transitional period,reflecting the principle of distribution of "giving priority to efficiency,with due consideration to fairness",and drawing on Rawls’ distributive justice philosophy,the paper puts forward that in order to achieve fairness and justice in the initial distribution field,we must practice the principle of equality,the principle of contribution and the principle of compensation.
Phylogeny of Coreopsideae (Asteraceae) inferred from nuclear and plastid DNA sequences

A phylogenetic study of tribe Coreopsideae (Asteraceae) was conducted using sequences from two plastid regions matK and the trnL-trnF spacer, and nuclear ITS. Analyses of the plastid and ITS datasets result in similar topologies; thus these data partitions were combined and reanalyzed, resulting in a more highly resolved estimate ofphylogeny. The plastid, ITS and total evidence trees indicate that the two largest genera of the tribe, Bidens and Coreopsis, are not monophyletic. Total evidence reveals several relationships that are not recovered by analyses of the individual data partitions, including a clade of four insular genera sister to a clade consisting of two sections of Mexican Coreopsis, and the genera Henricksonia, and Heterosperma. Furthermore, the annual, monospecific genus Dicranocarpus and Dahlia are recovered as sisters. The nuclear and plastid data partitions disagree with regard to the monophyly of Coreopsis sect. Pseudoagarista, with ITS placing the Mexican and South American members in distant clades whereas plastid sequences show them as sister groups. There is hard incongruence between the position of the enigmatic Coreocarpus congregatus in the plastid and nuclear trees. Comments are provided on possible diagnostic characters for clades in the total evidence tree.
Climate Variability, Opposition Group Formation and Conflict Onset

Political Science has a rich heritage of trying to understand how time-invariant geo-physical and geo-political features impact the calculus of peace and war, within and among societies. The growing body of climate change evidence has encouraged the re-examination of such questions yielding a variety of hypotheses which attempt to explain how weather variations can trigger societal and civil conflict. We develop an agent-based, predictive analytic model for subnational conflict onset. We model the preferences and influence of citizens in geophysical space and capture the emergence of groups and the diffusion of support and opposition across society using cooperative game theory. We then model the interaction of groups and the government utilizing non-cooperative game theory to ascertain conflict onset. Such a method empowers us to ascertain the duration and magnitude of environmental shocks which would most prominently lead to conflict within societies with specific demographic and wealth characteristics.
Rare-earth perovskites along the CaTiO3-Na0.5La0.5TiO3 join: Phase transitions, formation enthalpies, and implications for loparite minerals

The mineral loparite is the principal ore of the light rare earth elements (LREE) with solid solution compositions in the quaternary system perovskite-lueshite-tausonite-loparite (CaTiO3-NaNbO3-SrTiO3-Na0.5 Ln 0.5TiO3) ( Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd). In this study, perovskite solid solutions Ca1−2xNaxLaxTiO3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.50) along the perovskite-loparite join were synthesized using solid-state sintering methods. XRD analysis indicates that as the Na+La content increases, the structure changes from orthorhombic to tetragonal. The enthalpies of formation at 298 K from the constituent oxides ![Formula][1] and from the elements ![Formula][2] have been determined using high-temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry in molten 3Na2O·4MoO3 at 973 K. Enthalpy of formation from oxides ![Formula][3] becomes more exothermic with increasing Na+La content, suggesting a stabilization effect of the substitution Ca2+ → 0.5Na+ + 0.5La3+. The observed trend of increasing thermodynamic stability with decreasing structural distortion is in agreement with that seen in many other ABO3 perovskites. The thermodynamic stability of perovskite solid solutions Ca1−2xNaxLaxTiO3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.50) along the CaTiO3-Na0.5La0.5TiO3 join provides insights into the natural occurrence of loparite minerals (La,Na,Sr,Ca)(Ti,Nb,Ta,Fe3+)O3. [1]: /embed/mml-math-1.gif [2]: /embed/mml-math-2.gif [3]: /embed/mml-math-3.gif