cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantum statistical study of the C + + OH → CO + H + /CO + + H reaction: Reaction rate and product branching ratio at interstellar temperatures

The C+ + OH reaction is an important process in the interstellar synthesis of the CO molecule and the CO+ ion. This reaction has two possible chemical outcomes, namely, formation of CO + H+ and CO+ + H products. Formation of CO + H+ occurs on the ground 11A′ potential energy surface (PES), while CO+ + H can be formed on the 13A′ and 21A′ PESs. The stationary points on these three PESs have been found in explicitly correlated internally contracted multireference configuration interaction (icMRCI-F12a+Q) calculations. The entrance channel on the 11A′ PES is barrierless, and the barriers on the 13A′ and 21A′ PESs are submerged so that the reaction to form both sets of products can occur at interstellar temperatures. The quantum statistical method of Manolopoulos and co-workers was employed with the three PESs in the reactant channel to compute the total reaction cross section and rate coefficient, as well as the product branching ratio, as a function of temperature. These PESs can be adiabatically accessed by the ground spin-orbit state, C+(2P1/2), and the rate coefficient for the reaction of this state was estimated by invoking the adiabatic approximation.The C+ + OH reaction is an important process in the interstellar synthesis of the CO molecule and the CO+ ion. This reaction has two possible chemical outcomes, namely, formation of CO + H+ and CO+ + H products. Formation of CO + H+ occurs on the ground 11A′ potential energy surface (PES), while CO+ + H can be formed on the 13A′ and 21A′ PESs. The stationary points on these three PESs have been found in explicitly correlated internally contracted multireference configuration interaction (icMRCI-F12a+Q) calculations. The entrance channel on the 11A′ PES is barrierless, and the barriers on the 13A′ and 21A′ PESs are submerged so that the reaction to form both sets of products can occur at interstellar temperatures. The quantum statistical method of Manolopoulos and co-workers was employed with the three PESs in the reactant channel to compute the total reaction cross section and rate coefficient, as well as the product branching ratio, as a function of temperature. These PESs can be adiabatically accessed b...
Onward Kitchen Soldiers! Gender, Food and Health in Germany’s Long Great War

Heather Perry’s chapter examines the wartime impact of food and resource scarcity on German ideas of health and nutrition. Whereas previous scholars have focused on how hunger and deprivation in WWI Germany contributed to social unrest, female politicization and popular revolution, she examines how the war reshaped popular ideas about diet and nutrition, shifted culinary habits and eating practices and embedded among Germans the notion that national belonging included the promotion of bodily health, as well. Moreover, she argues that despite the demobilization of the nation’s military soldiers in 1918, the popularization of science and nutrition throughout Germany’s “long WWI” educated and empowered women as ongoing “kitchen soldiers” in the nation’s new nutritional order.
Paradoxical Elevation of Both Serum B12 and Methylmalonic Acid Levels in Assessing B12 Status in Children With Short-Bowel Syndrome.

Background Measurement of vitamin B12 (B12) levels is routinely used to monitor B12 sufficiency. However, its accuracy may not be reliable in patients with short-bowel syndrome (SBS). The presence of elevated methylmalonic acid (MMA) levels can also be used as a marker for B12 deficiency. Therefore, our aim was to analyze serum B12 and MMA levels simultaneously in a cohort of children with SBS to evaluate the accuracy of these markers in the assessment of B12 status. Methods Children ages 1-18 with intestinal failure were eligible for enrollment. MMA and B12 levels were checked simultaneously in all patients, with 93 sets of labs obtained over 2 years. Fifty percent of the patients were receiving parenteral nutrition. B12 injections were administered to 14 patients who had simultaneously elevated MMA and B12, and a repeat MMA level was measured 4-6 weeks after injection. Data were collected retrospectively. Results Forty-eight percent of the lab pairs showed evidence of both elevated MMA and high or normal B12, which contradicted the expected inverse relationship of these markers. There was a statistically significant decrease in mean MMA values after treatment with B12 injections (412.7 vs 1037.5, P = 0.001). Conclusion Paradoxical elevation of MMA with normal or elevated serum B12 is common in children with SBS. Caution should be used when interpreting serum B12 and MMA values in this setting. This may be related to effects of small-bowel bacterial overgrowth, a condition commonly seen in these patients.
TO CLOSE OR NOT TO CLOSE: PARADOXICAL CORONARY ARTERY EMBOLISM FROM PATENT FORAMEN OVALE

Coronary embolism (CE) is a rare cause of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) that remains under-diagnosed in clinical practice. A 37 year old man without prior medical history presented with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Bystanders applied a defibrillator, and 1 shock was given. He had immediate
EEG Correlates of Involuntary Cognitions in the Reflexive Imagery Task.

The Reflexive Imagery Task (RIT) reveals that the activation of sets can result in involuntary cognitions that are triggered by external stimuli. In the basic RIT, participants are presented with an image of an object (e.g., CAT) and instructed to not think of the name of the object. Involuntary subvocalizations of the name (the RIT effect) arise on roughly 80% of the trials. We conducted an electroencephalography (EEG) study to explore the neural correlates of the RIT effect. Subjects were presented with one object at a time in one condition and two objects simultaneously in another condition. Five regions were defined by electrode sites: frontal (F3-F4), parietal (P3-P4), temporal (T3-T4), right hemisphere (F4-P4), and left hemisphere (F3-P3). We focused on the alpha (8-13 Hz), beta (13-30 Hz), delta (.01-4 Hz), and theta (4-8 Hz) frequencies.
74 – Menkes Disease

Publisher Summary Menkes disease is a rare condition with incidence estimates ranging from 1/100,000 live births to 1/250,000. It is an inborn disorder of copper metabolism with multisystem ramifications. It is caused by defects in a X-chromosomal gene that encodes an intracellular copper-transporting adenosine phosphatase. As an X-linked recessive condition, Menkes disease typically occurs in male infants who present at 2–3 months with loss of previously obtained developmental milestones and the onset of hypotonia, failure to thrive, and seizures. Characteristic physical changes of the hair and facies, in conjunction with typical neurologic findings, often suggest the diagnosis. Rapid and robust molecular diagnosis of Menkes disease has become available, although this approach typically is still not as fast as neurochemical analysis. Early identification of affected infants is a fundamental requirement for successful medical intervention.
Islands Between Worlds: Caribbean Cold War Literatures

The creolised cultural and political space of the Caribbean extended during the Cold War as it became subject to numerous US interventions, to the revolutionary influence of Cuba and to continuing control by Western European empires. The chapter argues that figures such as Aime Cesaire, Rene Depestre, C.L.R. James and Nicolas Guillen, although not often considered ‘Cold War intellectuals’, offer unique insight into Cold War intellectual currents by virtue of their direct engagement with all three ‘worlds’ of the era. This chapter surveys the writings of these and other progressive Caribbean intellectuals as they sought to articulate emancipatory projects both specific to the material conditions of their own people and in solidarity with other small nations caught up in the superpower struggle.
An Open-Source Software Application for Drifter Trajectory Prediction in the Mid-Atlantic Bight

There are several different types of floatables in the ocean. Some of these floating particles or drifters are of high value to people and are worth using resources to track and recover, such as people, boats, or equipment. To recover a drifting particle, the rescue party would need to have some information on where the particle may be located and where it may be headed. Lots of effort in the oceanography world in recent years has gone into providing the kind of data that is invaluable for such a task. There are many ocean and atmospheric models well suited to specific regions, as well as oceanography equipment reporting data that are translated and recorded in a format people can use. Several of these data are now freely available online, and easy to access. We test HF Radar and the regional ocean model Doppio to track a surface drifter and a glider in distress using the particle tracking framework OpenDrift. We found that HFR and Doppio do have some differences in trajectories but mostly agree in the 48-hour simulations. The tools used in this analysis are open source, and a collection of scripts is being made available for interested parties.
Syntactic structures and the general Markov models.

We further the theme of studying syntactic structures data from Longobardi (2017b), Collins (2010), Ceolin et al. (2020) and Koopman (2011) using general Markov models initiated in Shu et al. (2017), exploring the question of how consistent the data is with the idea that general Markov models. The ideas explored in the present paper are more generally applicable than to the setting of syntactic structures, and can be used when analyzing consistency of data with general Markov models. Additionally, we give an interpretation of the methods of Ceolin et al. (2020) as an infinite sites evolutionary model and compare it to the Markov model and explore each in the context of evolutionary processes acting on human language syntax.
Daily associations between sleep and stressors in nurses with and without children.

Previous research shows that adults with children have poorer sleep overall than adults without children. Poorer sleep is associated with experiencing more frequent and severe stressors. The daily link between sleep and stressors may differ by parenting status; yet this potential difference has not been addressed, especially in nurses who provide care both at work and home. This study examined whether the sleep-stress relationship is stronger for nurses with children than those without. During 14 days of ecological momentary assessment, 60 hospital nurses (24 parents) reported their previous night's sleep characteristics upon waking. Three times daily, they also reported whether they encountered any stressors and how severe those stressors were. Associations were assessed at the within- and between-person levels with parenting status as a between-person moderator. After controlling for covariates, previous night's poorer sleep quality, lower sleep sufficiency, and shorter time in bed were associated with perceiving more frequent or severe stressors the following day. Some of these daily associations were moderated by parenting status, such that the sleep-stressor link was only significant for parents, with the magnitude of association being stronger for those with 2+ children relative to 1 child. These findings suggest that nurses with children are at greater risk for a stronger linkage between poorer sleep and greater stressor frequency and severity. A stronger sleep-stressor relationship could have compounding effects on health. Improving sleep in this group may be critical to reduce their stress and improve the quality of care across work and home.
Constructing Moore spaces with the Baire property from dense metric subspaces

Abstract We demonstrate methods of constructing a Moore space in which a given metric space is densely embedded, and also investigate properties which will result in superspaces for such metric spaces which are Moore spaces with the Baire property and thereby describe properties of some spaces into which metric spaces can be densely embedded.
Vocational Education (I): Current Issues and Challenges

(2013). Vocational Education (I): Current Issues and Challenges. Chinese Education & Society: Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 3-11.
A Boundary Element Technique on the Solution of Cylindrical Shell Bending Problems

The object of this paper is to investigate the possibility of utilizing fundamental solutions in series form along with the plate singularity to implement the boundary element technique in non-shallow cylindrical shell problems with arbitrary loads. The boundary integral equations are set up by direct formulation and the series kernels of boundary integrals are derived from the more exact set of differential equations, namely, Morley-Koiter equations.
Calculating the Exact Probability of Language-Like Patterns in Biomolecular Sequences

We present algorithms for the exact computation of the probability that a random string of a certain length matches a given regular expression. These algorithms can be used to determine statistical significance in a variety of pattern searches such as motif searches and gene-finding. This work improves upon work of Kleffe and Langebacker (Kleffe & Langbecker 1990) and of Sewell and Durbin (Sewell & Durbin 1995) in several ways. First, in many cases of interest, the algorithms presented here are faster. In addition, the type of pattern considered here strictly includes those of both previous works but also allows, for instance, arbitrary length gaps. Also, the type of probability model which can be used is more general than that of Sewell and Durbin, allowing for Markov chains. The problem solved in this work is in fact in the class of NP-hard problems which are believed to be intractable. However, the problem is fixed-parameter tractable, meaning that it is tractable for small patterns. The is problem is also computationally feasible for many patterns which occur in practice. As a sample application, we consider calculating the statistical significance of most of the PROSITE patterns as in Sewell and Durbin. Whereas their method was only fast enough to exactly compute the probabilities for sequences of length 13 larger than the pattern length, we calculate these probabilities for sequences of up to length 2000. In addition, we calculate most of these probabilities using a first order Markov chain. Most of the PROSITE patterns have high significance at length 2000 under both the i.i.d. and Markov chain models. For further applications, we demonstrate the calculation of the probability of a PROSITE pattern occurring on either strand of a random DNA sequence of up to 500 kilo-bases and the probability of a simple gene model occurring in a random sequence of up to 1 megabase.
Law and justice in the courts of classical Athens

1. Introduction 2. Athens and its legal system 3. Relevance in the popular courts 4. The homicide courts 5. Legal insecurity in Athens 6. Maritime cases 7. Conclusions.
How Old Is Planet Earth

Using a precise hafnium-tungsten "clock," three groups have recently revised the time table of the early events that led to Earth9s formation. In his Perspective, Jacobsen explains how this isotopic clock works and what it has revealed about early Earth. Just 10 million years after the first grains formed in the solar system, Earth had already accreted about 64% of its mass. About 20 million years later, a Mars-sized impactor smashed into Earth, leading to the formation of the Moon. The data also shed light on the origin of the materials from which the solar system was made.
High-speed III-V asymmetric Fabry-Perot modulators

High-speed asymmetric Fabry-Perot modulators (AFPMs) could make extremely high-aggregate-bandwidth photonic switching systems a reality. Here I review our work on the design, fabrication, and mm-wave electrical and optical characterization of AFPMs with >35-GHz frequency response. >
EventBrowser: A Flexible Tool for Scalable Analysis of Event Data

Event management is fundamental to network and systems management. To date, this discipline has focused on reporting alerts in real time. This paper describes a tool, EventBrowser, intended for ad hoc analysis of historical logs, especially for problem determination and validating the benefits of configuration changes. EventBrowser addresses: (a) irregularities in the structure of event messages, (b) problems with visualizing patterns in large volumes of categorical data, and (c) difficulties with providing multiple views at different levels of detail. In particular for item (c), EventBrowser provides summary statistics (e.g., by host name), relationships between events (e.g., via scatter plots), and full message details. We have applied EventBrowser to analyze data from a production network. Our visualizations reveal a number of abnormalities that are not detected readily by conventional tools.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa AlgB, a two-component response regulator of the NtrC family, is required for algD transcription.

Most strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from the respiratory tracts of cystic fibrosis patients have a mucoid colony morphology due to the synthesis of an expolysaccharide called alginate. The algB gene product (AlgB) is necessary for the high-level production of alginate in mucoid P. aeruginosa. In this study, AlgB was shown to be involved in the transcription of algD, a gene previously demonstrated to be activated in mucoid P. aeruginosa. In vitro and in vivo expression studies reveal that algB encodes a protein with a molecular size of 49 kDa. The DNA sequence of a 2.2-kb P. aeruginosa fragment containing algB was also determined. The amino-terminal domain of AlgB was found to be conserved with the amino-terminal domains of the response regulator class of two-component regulatory proteins. The central domain of AlgB has sequences highly conserved with those in the NtrC subfamily of transcriptional activators (NtrC, NifA, HydG, DctD, FlbD, TyrR, and PgtA). The central domain of AlgB also contains a potential nucleotide binding site. AlgB is the first NtrC homolog described from P. aeruginosa. At the carboxy terminus of AlgB, a helix-turn-helix motif was observed, suggesting that AlgB is a DNA-binding protein. The strongly conserved NtrC-like central domain of AlgB is not present in AlgR, another alginate response regulator. This study therefore identifies and characterizes the second of at least two unique response regulators used by P. aeruginosa to control alginate gene expression. Images
Continuous quantum error correction for non-Markovian decoherence

We study the effect of continuous quantum error correction in the case where each qubit in a codeword is subject to a general Hamiltonian interaction with an independent bath. We first consider the scheme in the case of a trivial single-qubit code, which provides useful insights into the workings of continuous error correction and the difference between Markovian and non-Markovian decoherence. We then study the model of a bit-flip code with each qubit coupled to an independent bath qubit and subject to continuous correction, and find its solution. We show that for sufficiently large error-correction rates, the encoded state approximately follows an evolution of the type of a single decohering qubit, but with an effectively decreased coupling constant. The factor by which the coupling constant is decreased scales quadratically with the error-correction rate. This is compared to the case of Markovian noise, where the decoherence rate is effectively decreased by a factor which scales only linearly with the rate of error correction. The quadratic enhancement depends on the existence of a Zeno regime in the Hamiltonian evolution which is absent in purely Markovian dynamics. We analyze the range of validity of this result and identify two relevant time scales. Finally, we extend the result to more general codes and argue that the performance of continuous error correction will exhibit the same qualitative characteristics.
Observed ozone response to variations in solar ultraviolet radiation

During the winter of 1979, the solar ultraviolet irradiance varied with a period of 13.5 days and an amplitude of 1 percent. The zonal mean ozone values in the tropics varied with the solar irradiance, with an amplitude of 0.25 to 0.60 percent. This observation agrees with earlier calculations, although the response may be overestimated. These results imply changes in ozone at an altitude of 48 kilometers of up to 12 percent over an 11-year solar cycle. Interpretation of ozone changes in the upper stratosphere will require measurements of solar ultraviolet radiation at wavelengths near 200 nanometers.
An Information Technology Architecture for Drug Effectiveness Reporting and Post-Marketing Surveillance

Adverse drug events impose a large cost on the society in terms of lives and healthcare costs. In this paper, we propose an information system for monitoring adverse drug events in an outpatient setting that can form a part of the post marketing surveillance program. The proposed system architecture builds on previous studies analyzing the involvement of community pharmacies in identifying and reporting adverse drug events. We define the key requirements of such a monitoring and reporting system, identify the critical factors that influence the successful implementation and use of the system, and propose information technology solutions that satisfy these requirements.
Stretch-Induced Regulation of Angiotensinogen Gene Expression in Cardiac Myocytes and Fibroblasts: Opposing Roles of JNK1/2 and p38α MAP Kinases

The cardiac renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been implicated in mediating myocyte hypertrophy, remodeling, and fibroblast proliferation in the hemodynamically overloaded heart. However, the intracellular signaling mechanisms responsible for regulation of angiotensinogen (Ao), a substrate of the RAS system, are largely unknown. Here we report the identification of JNK1/2 as a negative, and p38α as a major positive regulator of Ao gene expression. Isolated neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVM) and fibroblasts (NRFB) plated on deformable membranes coated with collagen IV, were exposed to 20% equiaxial static-stretch (0-24 hr). Mechanical stretch initially depressed Ao gene expression (4 h), whereas after 8 h, Ao gene expression increased in a time-dependent manner. Blockade of JNK1/2 with SP600125 increased basal Ao gene expression in NRVM (10.52 ± 1.98 fold, P<0.001) and NRFB (13.32 ± 2.07 fold, P<0.001). Adenovirus-mediated expression of wild-type JNK1 significantly inhibited, whereas expression of dominant-negative JNK1 and JNK2 increased basal and stretch-mediated (24 h) Ao gene expression, showing that both JNK1 and JNK2 to be negative regulators of Ao gene expression in NRVM and NRFB. Blockade of p38α/β by SB202190 or p38α by SB203580 significantly inhibited stretch-induced (24 h) Ao gene expression, whereas expression of wild-type p38α increased stretch-induced Ao gene expression in both NRVM (8.41 ± 1.50 fold, P<0.001) and NRFB (3.39 ± 0.74 fold, P<0.001). Conversely, expression of dominant-negative p38α significantly inhibited stretch response. Moreover, expression of constitutively active MKK6b (E) significantly stimulated Ao gene expression in absence of stretch, indicating that p38 activation alone is sufficient to induce Ao gene expression. Taken together p38α was demonstrated to be a positive regulator, whereas JNK1/2 was found to be a negative regulator of Ao gene expression. Prolonged stretch diminished JNK1/2 activation, which was accompanied by a reciprocal increase in p38 activation and Ao gene expression. This suggests that a balance in JNK1/2 and p38α activation determines the level of Ao gene expression in myocardial cells.
Spin-glass dynamics determined from muon spin relaxation and neutron spin echo measurements

Muon spin relaxation (μSR) and neutron spin echo (NSE) measurements of magnetic ion correlation times and correlation functions in the spin glass systemsCuMn,AgMn, andAuFe are compared. It is found that theμSR and NSE measurements are in excellent agreement both above and below the spin-glass freezing temperatures. The experimental results are compared to recent theories of spin-glass dynamics.
Computer-Assisted Spectral Identification of Unknown Mixtures

Procedures are described which permit the qualitative analysis of spectral mixtures by using factor analysis in conjunction with a spectral reference library.
The effect of decision strategy and task complexity on decision performance

Abstract While prior descriptive research has identified a number of information-processing strategies used by decision makers, the efficiency of subjects' decisions when using these strategies has received little attention. This study examines the relative performance of four decision strategies under differing levels of task complexity. Some strategies are cognitively complex, while others employ simplifying procedures to reduce processing effort. Whether these reduced processing strategies result in less efficient decisions is therefore of interest. Decision accuracy and time taken to make a decision were assessed. Forty-eight professionals employed the strategies at three levels of task complexity. Repeated measures ANOVAs indicated that the more efficient decision makers were those who used a reduced processing strategy such as elimination by aspects when faced with a complex decision task. The decision makers achieved this efficiency by saving time, without losing decision accuracy. Implications and possible extensions of these results are discussed.
Catheter-Based Therapies for Deep Vein Thrombosis

The basic treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) over the past several decades has consisted of anticoagulation only, with inferior vena cava filtration for those who either failed or could not tolerate anticoagulation. Until recently no randomized trials had studied the efficacy of thrombolysis in DVT despite advances in techniques and technologies for endovascular clot removal. This article is a review of the current evidence on catheter-based therapies for patients with DVT. Technical considerations to improve outcome as well as optimal patient selection are discussed.
Modeling Kinetic Shifts for Tight Transition States in Threshold Collision-Induced Dissociation. Case Study: Phenol Cation

A threshold collision-induced dissociation (CID) study is performed on the phenol cation dissociation, investigating the CO-loss channel. Quantum chemical calculations are performed on the system to investigate the details of the potential energy surface and to provide the molecular parameters necessary for CID cross-section modeling. The effects of kinetic shifts on the CID threshold determinations are investigated using a model that incorporates statistical unimolecular decay theory. The model is tested using unimolecular dissociation rate constants as a function of energy provided by earlier photoelectron−photoion coincidence (PEPICO) experiments. Calculations indicate that the rate-determining step is an initial enol−keto isomerization. When the calculated transition state that corresponds to this step is used in the unimolecular decay model, the PEPICO rates are reproduced very well. The dissociation thresholds derived from CID data are in reasonable agreement with the ones derived from fitting the P...
Isomorphism Types of Trees

A tree is a partially ordered system 〈A, ≦〉 such that for every x∈A the set Px = {y | yx} is well ordered by ≦. The rankp(x) of x is the order type of Px (this is an ordinal number). The rank ρ(T) of the tree is the least upper bound of ρ(x), x∈A. For every ordinal α, Rα(T), or simply, Rα, is the set of all elements of rank α.
A Convenient Preparation of Cyclopentane-1,2-Dione

Abstract Cyclopentane-1,2-dione 1 has been employed as a synthetic intermediate in the preparation of a variety of organic compounds including propellanes1a, b, iso-coumarones2, and pyrazines3; moreover, the dione 1 shows some promise4 as a potential precursor to the sesquiterpene, modhephene5. Most authors who have reported the synthesis of 1 in recent years have used the method of Acheson, who treated 2-bromocyclopentanone with ferric chloride/water6 and obtained a 40% yield of 1. We required a more efficient preparation of this material and turned to the bromine oxidation7 of the bis-trimethylsilyl ether 2 as a possible alternative. In this regard, diethyl glutarate was cyclized, via the modified acyloin procedure of Bloomfield8, to provide excellent yields of the bis-silyl ether 2; however, treatment of this compound with bromine furnished only small amounts
Sediment deposition patterns in restored freshwater wetlands using sediment traps

Abstract Sedimentation rates in constructed wetlands in northeastern Illinois, USA, ranged from 5.9 to 12.8 kg m−2 y−1 in 1989–1990, higher than expected based on concentrations of suspended sediment in influent waters of the wetlands. This predicted an accumulation of 0.5 to 1.0 cm/y. Rates were significantly lower in 1991 growing season, ranging from 1.2 to 4.2 kg m−2 y−1. Factors contributing to the high sedimentation included internal autochthonous production of organic matter and resuspension. Low- and high-flow hydrologic conditions had little effect on sedimentation from 1989–1990 but sedimentation was higher in the high-flow wetlands in the 1991 growing season. Deposition was a function of hydrologic loading near the water inflows; no differences were evident further downstream in the basins. Deposition rates and organic and phoshporus concentrations of the sediments increased through the growing season in conjunction with higher sediment concentrations in the inflow water. The patchy nature of vegetation density within the experimental wetlands created channelized flow, resulting in spatial variability in sediment deposition.
Shedding light on brain circuits.

o w b e i I t has been said that scientific progress depends more on new technologies than new concepts. In truth, it is often new technologies that generate new concepts. For systems neuroscince, optogenetics has been unquestionably the hottest technolgy developed in the past 7 years. A PubMed search yields more han 250 citations for “optogenetic” as of April 2012. Judging from he number of posters using optogenetics at the 2011 meeting of he Society for Neuroscience, this number will surely double in the ext year. Some of the great early successes of this approach are summaized in this special issue of Biological Psychiatry. As the reader will ee, optogenetics has allowed systems neuroscience to move from he correlational descriptions of neurophysiology and neuroanatmy to mechanistic studies with precise temporal and cellular conrol. Simply stated, optogenetics lets us tune circuits in unrestrained ehaving animals, demonstrating that activity of a particular cell opulation is necessary or sufficient for a particular function. From its first description of use in mammals in 2005 (1), the ight-activated, circuit-breaking technology has progressed rapidly. ew opsins allowed studies of inhibition as well as excitation. Linkng the opsin to cre-dependent expression conferred high specificty of cellular expression. The application of this method to rats and onhuman primates has brought circuit breaking to a broad range f interesting behavioral questions. Subsequent articles in this issue escribe how this tool can shed light (excuse the inevitable pun) on he circuits for aggression, anxiety, arousal, reward, depression, ocial behavior, and even cortical oscillations. But if new technologies generate new concepts, what are the ew concepts resulting from optogenetics? Has optogenetics simly allowed us to prove what we already suspected (parvalbuminositive inhibitory neurons generate gamma synchrony; hypocrein-positive cells regulate arousal) (2,3), or is there a new insight rom this tool that was unpredicted? One could well argue that imilar to better telescopes that have given us the details of galaxies hat heretofore were murky clusters, optogenetics has shown us he precise cellular architecture underlying complex behaviors. Alhough this is perhaps not an entirely new concept, because of ptogenetics, it is now undeniable that there is a precise cellular rchitecture underlying complex behavior. One need read no further than the paper by Anderson (4) in this ssue to appreciate the conceptual power of understanding this rchitecture. Anderson tested Tinbergen’s hypothesis of behavioral ierarchies by finding specific neurons in the mouse ventromedial ypothalamic nucleus that mediate attack behavior intermingled ith and potentially inhibited by neurons involved in mating. Score ne for technology-clarifying concepts. But it is important to remember, as Deisseroth noted (in this ssue), that optogenetics is best viewed as one tool in a toolbox for
Adaptive coding of visual information in neural populations

Individual neurons at multiple stages of the visual system adapt to constant features in the visual scene, but how adaptation alters population dynamics is unknown. This paper shows that in the macaque primary visual cortex (V1), adaptation to briefly presented oriented stimuli alters pairwise correlations, with implications for the efficiency of the population code. Our perception of the environment relies on the capacity of neural networks to adapt rapidly to changes in incoming stimuli1,2,3,4. It is increasingly being realized that the neural code is adaptive5, that is, sensory neurons change their responses and selectivity in a dynamic manner to match the changes in input stimuli1,2,5. Understanding how rapid exposure, or adaptation, to a stimulus of fixed structure changes information processing by cortical networks is essential for understanding the relationship between sensory coding and behaviour5,6,7,8. Physiological investigations of adaptation have contributed greatly to our understanding of how individual sensory neurons change their responses to influence stimulus coding2,9,10,11,12, yet whether and how adaptation affects information coding in neural populations is unknown. Here we examine how brief adaptation (on the timescale of visual fixation)2,9,10 influences the structure of interneuronal correlations and the accuracy of population coding in the macaque (Macaca mulatta) primary visual cortex (V1). We find that brief adaptation to a stimulus of fixed structure reorganizes the distribution of correlations across the entire network by selectively reducing their mean and variability. The post-adaptation changes in neuronal correlations are associated with specific, stimulus-dependent changes in the efficiency of the population code, and are consistent with changes in perceptual performance after adaptation2,13,14. Our results have implications beyond the predictions of current theories of sensory coding, suggesting that brief adaptation improves the accuracy of population coding to optimize neuronal performance during natural viewing.
Transboundary Issues in Wilderness Management

/ The management of lands adjacent to federally designated wilderness is increasingly seen to have the potential to negatively impact wilderness resources and management objectives. This paper first examines the numerous and often conflicting laws and regulations that influence how managers can mitigate transboundary issues. We then examine the various types of transboundary issues, and describe how they impact wilderness resources. Transboundary issues include recreational use, extractive activities, fire management, exotic species introductions, aircraft overflights and military operations, water diversion, urban encroachment, and transported pollutants. KEY WORDS: Adjacent lands; Buffer zones; Ecosystem management; Wilderness; Zones of influence
Monitoring molecular aging of lens proteins using noninvasive quasi-elastic light scattering

Post-translational modifications of lens proteins during aging can be monitored with quasi-elastic light scattering. Here, we show the ability of the technique to detect these changes both ;in vitro and ;in vivo.
FRUITING PATTERNS OF COPRINUS VARIEGATUS PECK

IN THE SPRING of 1937 a century-old American elm on my lawn was cut down, not because it was diseased but because a severe wind storm had broken its upper branches. The sawyer left a fourfoot stump having a diameter of 3 ft. with low buttresses on the NW, NE, SE, and SW sides. The buttresses marked the positions of four major roots. Two large trumpet creepers, one on the west and one on the east side, had grown far up into the crown of the tree. These vines also were cut off at the four-foot level and left two stumps each 3 in. in diameter. The elm stump was located near the mouth of a shallow ravine which had been in grass for more than 50 years. The elm however bad grown up in a forest dominated by white oak, beech, and sugar maple. The roots that developed southward extended into a broader ravine which is the main drainage line of more than two acres of lawn. During prolonged droughts the soil penetrated by the elm roots is the last part of the lawn to dry out. During 1937 more than 200 sprouts developed from the cambium layer and during the summer formed a circular crown on the elm stump. Shoots also developed from the trumpet-creeper stumps and by summer their interlocking branches had formed an umbrellalike leafy canopy. The stump was thus shaded except toward the base. The canopy no doubt decreased the rate of water loss from the elm stump and prevented its desiccation between showers in midsummer. The following spring (1938) the elm sprouts were dead and there was no evidence that any part of the stump was alive. Chinks and cracks developed in the wood cylinder. The bark was loose but was held in place by its own anastomosing fibers. Four years later in May, 1942 successive crops of fruit-bodies appeared on the stump, and the fungus was identified by Dr. W. G. Stover as Coprinus variegatus Peck. Most of the fruit-bodies developed on the wood near the base. Other clumps appeared higher up on the wood under the loosened bark and occasionally on top. The frequency of fruiting and the remarkable change of position of successive crops of pilei led me to keep a record of approximate numbers and the locations of the clumps. Data have now been accumulated over a period of 7 years. They seem to merit analysis and correlation with environmental conditions, food supply and the growth and development of the mycelium of Coprinus variegatus, a fungus that derives its food from wood. The record indicates that in this locality the species fruits during the summer season from May to September, and that the yield of fruit-bodies and spores is very large.
1054 revisited: response to Ryder

(2011). 1054 revisited: response to Ryder. Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies: Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 38-44.
Clinical observation of the temporal association between crack cocaine and duodenal ulcer perforation.

Hypothesis To determine if a cause-effect relationship exists between crack cocaine use and duodenal ulcer perforation (DUP). Patients and methods A retrospective study was conducted of all patients undergoing emergency surgical management for peptic ulcer disease over a 6-year period at a large inner-city municipal teaching hospital. The hospital records of 78 consecutive patients presenting with complications of peptic ulcer disease between April 1990 and April 1996 were reviewed. Group A (n = 24) consisted of patients with confirmation of crack cocaine usage within 8 hours of clinical presentation; group B (n = 54) consisted of patients with no antecedent history of crack cocaine use. Demographic data, timing of drug use, clinical presentation, laboratory and radiographic findings, toxicology screening, operative findings, and postoperative course were compared between the two groups. Results Both groups revealed a similar gender distribution, tobacco use, prior peptic ulcer symptoms, and laboratory findings. Group A patients were younger ( t test, P = 0.01) and more likely to present with perforation, whereas patients in group B presented with a combination of symptoms (chi square, P = 0.03). Duodenal ulcer perforation was present in 75% of patients in group A compared with 46% of patients in group B (chi square, P = 0.04). Group B patients had a significantly longer hospital stay compared with those in group A ( t test, P = 0.01). Both crack cocaine and alcohol are independent predictors of duodenal ulcer perforation. Conclusions Patients with recent use of crack cocaine and/or alcohol are more likely to present with duodenal perforations. Although a temporal association between crack cocaine use and duodenal ulcer perforation was demonstrated, this study does not confirm a cause-effect relationship. A prospective cohort study is needed to clarify the pathogenesis of this potential causeeffect relationship.
Cation-pi Interactions Contribute Significantly To The Stability Of The D2 Domain Of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are ∼ 16 kDa heparin binding proteins that regulate key cellular processes such as angiogenesis, differentiation, morphogenesis, wound healing and tumor growth. FGFRs consist of three extracellular ligand binding domains (D1, D2, D3), a single transmembrane helix, and cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain. Cell surface-bound HSPGs (heparan sulfate proteoglycans) supported dimerization or polymerization of the FGFRs are thought to be required to activate the signaling pathway. The D2 domain is suggested to bind with both HSPGs and FGFs to form a ternary complex. Xray and NMR solution structures of the D2 domain have been analyzed using the CAPTURE cation-pi program. The CAPTURE program indicates cation-pi interactions between residues Y10:R7 (Xray), W46:R58 (NMR) and possibly F92:K6 (Xray). Biophysical characterization of the mutants at each cation and pi pair, identified by CAPTURE, shows a significant destabilization resulting from the Y10A, W46A and R58E mutations. Results from differential scanning calorimetry show a reduction in melting temperature by 10-14 °C for Y10A, W46 and R58 mutants of D2. The reduction in the stability of the D2 domain is corroborated by results of ANS binding, thermal denaturation and a limited trypsin digestion experiments. The HSQC of D2 Y10A shows limited chemical shift perturbation of residues in the vicinity of the mutation site. The W46A and R58E mutations show significant 1H-15N chemical shift perturbations in their HSQC spectra. The results obtained in this study show that cation-pi interactions contribute significantly to the thermodynamic stability of proteins. In addition, our results indicate that cation-pi predictions made on solution NMR structures are more reliable than those predicted based on crystal structures.
Self-recording: Its effects on individuals high and low in motivation

Although self-recording is being used increasingly as a therapeutic technique in and of itself, its effects are mixed. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the level of commitment or motivation expressed by the individuals involved is related to the effectiveness of self-recording. The target subjects of interest were all students (eight) who talked no more than 10% of the time during group discussion sessions. Half (four) indicated they were high in motivation to increase their verbal participation and half (four) low in motivation. Separate t tests for related means were computed between baseline and self-recording phases for each group. When students self-recorded, talking significantly increased over baseline levels for the students high in motivation but not for the students low in motivation. It was concluded that self-recording alone is likely to be a promising technique for persons high in motivation but minimally effective with persons who are low in motivation.
Persistent reduction of immediate early gene mRNA in rat forebrain following single or multiple doses of cocaine

Stimulus-induced expression of immediate early genes (IEGs) is believed to be involved in the transduction of extracellular stimuli into prolonged modifications of cellular function. Previous studies have demonstrated that the IEGs NGFI-A (zif268) and c-fos are each rapidly induced in the caudate putamen (CP) by treatment with the indirect dopamine agonist cocaine. The short-term course of this induction has been well studied. However, the consequences of cocaine use are not limited to immediate pharmacological effects. Withdrawal, especially from prolonged or repeated use, can produce extended physiological and behavioral changes. At the cellular level, these longer-term effects may be mediated by or reflected in changes in the expression of IEGs. For this reason, we have investigated long-term perturbations in IEG expression during withdrawal from intravenously (IV) or intraperitoneally (IP) administered cocaine. Levels of NGFI-A and c-fos were measured in the CP of rats by Northern blot analysis, which confirmed that cocaine-induced increases of NGFI-A and c-fos mRNA lasts for several hours after drug administration. Immediately following this induction, however, there is a prolonged period during which a marked reduction in the relative amount of mRNA for both NGFI-A and c-fos is observed in cocaine-treated animals when compared to matched, vehicle-treated controls. This repression persisted for several hours after a single injection and as long as several days following multiple injections, strongly suggesting a cumulative effect for repeated exposures. Perturbation of IEG expression can affect key cellular processes and, therefore, these changes are likely to play an important role in mediating the long-term neurophysiologic effects produced by use of cocaine.
Structural properties of rat serum proteins which correlate with their degradative rates in vivo

SERUM proteins1,2 like intracellular proteins3–7, are continually being degraded and replaced at characteristic rates. Although there is appreciable evidence that structural alterations can influence the half lives of serum proteins8–11, the features of serum proteins which normally influence their degradative rates are unknown. The present experiments were undertaken to learn more about the factors influencing the degradation of serum proteins and to explore any possible relationship of this process to the catabolism of intracellular proteins.
Spiritual Struggle and Adjustment to Loss in College Students: Moderation by Denomination

During their college years, students experience a variety of life transitions, including significant gains and losses. Spiritual transformations and struggles surrounding religious faith are also common during college. Despite its prominence, little is known about how spiritual struggle influences college students' adjustment to loss and whether the relationship differs by religious denomination. In a longitudinal study of college students dealing with personally significant losses, the authors assessed how spiritual struggle was related to negative (symptoms of posttraumatic stress and depression) and positive (stress-related growth and life satisfaction) aspects of adjustment and whether denomination moderated these relationships. Results indicated that struggle has a powerful adverse impact on adjustment. Further, denomination moderated the relationship of struggle with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms concurrently and after a 2-month lag, such that spiritual struggle appeared particularly toxic ...
Athermal, diode-pumped Nd:YLF regenerative amplifier

A new athermal, highly stable, diode-pumped Nd:YLF regenerative amplifier has been developed that can amplify shaped pulses with durations of up to 10 ns.