cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Peritoneal exudate in larval Ranapipens contains cells that are embryologically derived from dorsal lateral plate me soderm

Abstract The embryonic origin of cells functioning in a peritoneal exudate response of larval Rana pipiens was investigated. Normal larva received injections of sodium caseinate on day 0 and cells in the peritoneal cavity were assayed on days 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 16. Experimental animals that received cytogenetically labeled transplants of dorsal mesoderm at 67–72 hours of development were injected with sodium caseinate on day 0 and assayed on days 5, 7 and 9. Feulgen-DNA microdensitometric analysis showed that the peritoneal exudate from days 5, 7, 9 contained hemopoietic cells that were derived from the embryonic transplant. Therefore, dorsal mesoderm gave rise to cells capable of functioning in a peritoneal exudate response to injections of sodium caseinate.
Inhibition experiments with pneumococcal c and depyruvylated type-IV polysaccharides

Abstract Phosphorylcholine, a component of the group-specific “somatic” C-polysaccharide of pneumococcus, has previously been shown to be a potent inhibitor of the precipitation of C-reactive protein (CRP) by C-polysaccharide as well as of the reaction between C-reactive myeloma proteins and the polysaccharide. We now find that phosphorylcholine is a fairly strong inhibitor of the homologous C-polysaccharide anti-C reaction as well as of the precipitation of anti-C by depyruvylated, pneumococcal type-IV, capsular polysaccharide. d -Glucose and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- d -galactose are poor inhibitors. The surmise that phosphorylcholine might be an important antigenic determinant of C-polysaccharide is therefore confirmed by direct evidence.
The new vaccines: building viruses that elicit antitumor immunity

Whereas cancer cells are poor immunogens, some viruses are capable of eliciting powerful and lifelong immunity. Recombinant viruses and plasmid DNA encoding tumor-associated antigens can elicit powerful and specific immune responses that can be enhanced by the use of cytokines and costimulatory molecules. These immune responses have destroyed growing tumor cells in experimental animal models. For the first time, immunotherapeutic strategies that employ recombinant viruses are being tested in clinical trials with cancer patients.
Comparison of plume structures of carbon dioxide emitted from different mosquito traps

Abstract. A large field wind tunnel was used to compare four types of CO2-baited mosquito traps. This study compared the plume structure and concentration of CO2 emitted by each trap, flow of suction into the trapping systems, flow of CO2 being released, trap shape and configuration, differences in visual appearance, and differences in temperature and humidity of emissions at the source of CO2 compared to ambient air. The structure of the CO2 plumes emitted by each trap differed considerably. All four plumes were turbulent, causing the concentration of CO2 within several metres of the source to attenuate to between 375 and 875 p.p.m. The Encephalitis Virus Surveillance (EVS) trap emitted concentrations of CO2 exceeding 20 000 p.p.m., the detection limits of our equipment, whereas the Mosquito Magnet® Freedom (MMF), Mosquito Magnet® Liberty (MML) and Mosquito Magnet® X (MMX) traps released CO2 at peaks of about 3500, 7200 and 8700 p.p.m., respectively. The MMX trap produced the greatest air velocity at both the suction inlet and CO2 outlet, followed by the MMF, MML and the EVS traps, respectively.
Correlation of substrate-stabilization patterns with proposed mechanisms for three nucleoside phosphorylases.

Substrate-stabilization of uridine phosphorylase (uridine:orthophosphate ribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.3), thymidine phosphorylase (thymidine:orthophosphate deoxyribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.4) and purine-nucleoside phosphorylase (purine-nucleoside:orthophosphate ribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.1) from Escherichia coli was investigated by heat-inactivation experiments. Nucleoside substrates stabilized uridine phosphorylase and purine-nucleoside phosphorylase, but not thymidine phosphorylase. Aglycone substrates stabilized only uridine phosphorylase. Phosphate or pentose-l-phosphate ester substrates stabilized all three enzymes. The appropriate pentose-l-phosphate ester was a more effective stabilizer than was phosphate with all three enzymes. In previous reports dealing with the kinetic analysis of these phosphorylases, sequential mechanisms were proposed. Each enzyme appeared to have a different sequence of substrate addition. The substrate-stabilization patterns reported here are consistent with the proposed mechanisms.
Genome-wide Coactivation Analysis of PGC-1α Identifies BAF60a as a Regulator of Hepatic Lipid Metabolism

Summary Impaired mitochondrial function has been implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, heart failure, and neurodegeneration as well as during aging. Studies with the PGC-1 transcriptional coactivators have demonstrated that these factors are central components of the regulatory network that controls mitochondrial function in mammalian cells. Here we describe a genome-wide coactivation assay to globally identify transcription factors and cofactors in this pathway. These analyses revealed a molecular signature of the PGC-1α transcriptional network and identified BAF60a (SMARCD1) as a molecular link between the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complexes and hepatic lipid metabolism. Adenoviral-mediated expression of BAF60a stimulates fatty acid β-oxidation in cultured hepatocytes and ameliorates hepatic steatosis in vivo. PGC-1α mediates the recruitment of BAF60a to PPARα-binding sites, leading to transcriptional activation of peroxisomal and mitochondrial fat-oxidation genes. These results define a role for the SWI/SNF complexes in the regulation of lipid homeostasis.
Dual excimer emission of p-terphenyl induced by γ-cyclodextrin in aqueous solutions

Abstract Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy of p-terphenyl (p-T) in an aqueous solution of γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) has revealed the presence of three emitting species, namely the locally-excited p-terphenyl, a low-energy excimer emitting at λmax=408 nm and a higher-energy excimer at λmax=390 nm. In the presence of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), only the locally-excited state is observed. The identity and the kinetics of the emitting species are discussed. This Letter reports on the detection of excimer fluorescence for p-terphenyl.
HIV-1 Tat targets microtubules to induce apoptosis, a process promoted by the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 relative Bim.

Depletion of CD4+ T cells is the hallmark of HIV infection and AIDS progression. In addition to the direct killing of the viral-infected cells, HIV infection also leads to increased apoptosis of predominantly uninfected bystander cells. This is mediated in part through the HIV-1 Tat protein, which is secreted by the infected cells and taken up by uninfected cells. Using an affinity-purification approach, a specific and direct interaction of Tat with tubulin and polymerized microtubules has been detected. This interaction does not affect the secretion and uptake of Tat, but is critical for Tat to induce apoptosis. Tat binds tubulin/microtubules through a four-amino-acid subdomain of its conserved core region, leading to the alteration of microtubule dynamics and activation of a mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway. Bim, a pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 relative and a transducer of death signals initiated by perturbation of microtubule dynamics, facilitates the Tat-induced apoptosis. Our findings reveal a strategy by which Tat induces apoptosis by targeting the microtubule network. Thus HIV-1 Tat joins a growing list of pathogen-derived proteins that target the cytoskeleton of host cells.
Refuge habitats for fishes during seasonal drying in an intermittent stream: movement, survival and abundance of three minnow species

Drought and summer drying can be important disturbance events in many small streams leading to intermittent or isolated habitats. We examined what habitats act as refuges for fishes during summer drying, hypothesizing that pools would act as refuge habitats. We predicted that during drying fish would show directional movement into pools from riffle habitats, survival rates would be greater in pools than in riffles, and fish abundance would increase in pool habitats. We examined movement, survival and abundance of three minnow species, bigeye shiner (Notropis boops), highland stoneroller (Campostoma spadiceum) and creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus), during seasonal stream drying in an Ozark stream using a closed robust multi-strata mark-recapture sampling. Population parameters were estimated using plausible models within program MARK, where a priori models are ranked using Akaike’s Information Criterion. Creek chub showed directional movement into pools and increased survival and abundance in pools during drying. Highland stonerollers showed strong directional movement into pools and abundance increased in pools during drying, but survival rates were not significantly greater in pools than riffles. Bigeye shiners showed high movement rates during drying, but the movement was non-directional, and survival rates were greater in riffles than pools. Therefore, creek chub supported our hypothesis and pools appear to act as refuge habitats for this species, whereas highland stonerollers partly supported the hypothesis and bigeye shiners did not support the pool refuge hypothesis. Refuge habitats during drying are species dependent. An urgent need exists to further understand refuge habitats in streams given projected changes in climate and continued alteration of hydrological regimes.
Consensus Clustering of U.S. Temperature and Precipitation Data

Abstract A “consensus clustering” strategy is applied to long-term temperature and precipitation time series data for the purpose of delineating climate zones of the conterminous United States in a “data-driven” (as opposed to “rule-driven”) fashion. Cluster analysis simplifies a dataset by arranging “objects” (here, climate divisions or stations) into a smaller number of relatively homogeneous groups or clusters on the basis of interobject dissimilarities computed using the identified “attributes” (here, temperature and precipitation measurements recorded for the objects). The results demonstrate the spatial scales associated with climatic variability and may suggest climatically justified ways in which the number of objects in a dataset may be reduced. Implicit in this work is the arguable contention that temperature and precipitation data are both necessary and sufficient for the delineation of climatic zones. In prior work, the temperature and precipitation data were mixed during the computation of th...
Feminism and social media research

CSCW has begun to publish feminist studies and to host panels that specifically address feminist issues such as gender in peer production. Building on these renewed interests on gender and social computing, we present a workshop on feminist approaches to social media research. The goals of our workshop are to identify ways to improve social media research by leveraging feminist approaches and to provide an opportunity for researchers to reflect on their practices in order to learn from one another.
Sociology dismissing religion? the presentation of religious change in introductory sociology textbooks

This paper explores whether the field of sociology harbors a dismissive attitude towards religion. Specifically it examines whether introductory sociology textbooks present the classic secularization theory over the more recent religious economies explanation of religious change. The classical secularization thesis suggests that religion is declining in importance in modern societies and may disappear completely. The religious economies perspective proposes that religion has actually become more influential and dynamic over time. While both theories are well represented in the sociology of religion literature, we explore whether generalist sociology textbooks reflect this reality. This article provides a content analysis of 31 introductory sociology textbooks published between 2003 and 2006. We assess the presence and promotion of the above theories in these textbooks. Our analysis reveals that 20 (65%) of the 31 textbooks in our study present only secularization theory, while seven (23%) of the textbooks cover both secularization theory and religious economies theory. We assess the ramifications of such a lopsided arrangement and conclude by encouraging a more open dialogue on this issue.
On Maturity Measures of the Public Debt

I. A theory of the debt, 148. — II. Conventional maturity measures of the debt, 152. — III. A suggested alternative, 154. — IV. Conclusion, 157.
Space applications of the MITS Electron-Photon Monte Carlo transport code system

The MITS multigroup/continuous-energy electron-photon Monte Carlo transport code system has matured to the point that it is capable of addressing more realistic three-dimensional adjoint applications. It is first employed to efficiently predict point doses as a function of source energy for simple three-dimensional experimental geometries exposed to planar sources of monoenergetic electrons up to 4.0 MeV due to simulated uniform isotropic fluences. Results are in very good agreement with experimental data. It is then used to efficiently simulate dose to a detector in a subsystem of a GPS satellite from the natural electron environment, employing a relatively complex model of the satellite. The capability for survivability analysis of space systems is demonstrated, and results are obtained with and without variance reduction.
Neurokinin‐1 (NK‐1) receptor antagonists abrogate methamphetamine‐induced striatal dopaminergic neurotoxicity in the murine brain

Methamphetamine (METH) is an addictive substance that also causes extensive neural degeneration in the central nervous system. Because METH augments striatal substance P (SP) levels, we hypothesized that this neuropeptide plays a role in methamphetamine-induced toxicity and neural damage in the striatum. In this study we present evidence demonstrating that signaling through the neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor by SP plays an important role in methamphetamine-induced toxicity in the striatum. We tested the effects of the selective NK-1 receptor antagonists WIN-51,708 and L-733,060 on several markers of dopaminergic terminal toxicity in the mouse striatum. Administration of NK-1 receptor antagonist prevented the loss of dopamine transporters assessed by autoradiography and western blotting, the loss of tissue dopamine assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography, and the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase, as well as the induction of glial fibrillary acidic protein determined by western blotting. Pre-treatment with NK-1 receptor antagonist had no effect on METH-induced hyperthermia. Pre-exposure of mice to either of the NK-1 receptor antagonists alone was without effect on all of these neurochemical markers. These results provide the first evidence that tachykinins, particularly SP, acting through NK-1 receptors, play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of nigrostriatal dopaminergic terminal degeneration induced by METH. This finding could lead to novel therapeutic strategies to offset drug addictions as well as in the treatment of a number of disorders including Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases.
Reaction orders of Decomposition of Anhydrous Amorphates

AbstractSolids can occur either as crystalline or as (particulate) amorphates. The chemical stability of the solid in crystalline form will differ from the same entity in amorphous form. The amorphous form, furthermore, may be above or below a glass transition temperature, Tg (glassy below and rubbery above Tg), and it is shown in the following that a simple rubbery amorphate should decompose by first order and the rate constants should adhere to an Arrhenius relationship with an activation energy which is the difference between ground state and excited state energies. Indomethacin has been used as a model compound.
The impact of climate extremes and irrigation on US crop yields

Climate variability and extremes are expected to increase due to climate change; this may have significant negative impacts for agricultural production. Previous work has primarily focused on the impact of mean growing season temperature and precipitation on rainfed crop yields with little work on irrigated crop yields or climate extremes and their timing. County-level crop yields and daily precipitation and temperature data are pooled to quantify the impact of climate variability and extremes on four major staple crops in the United States. Conditional density plots are used to graphically explore the relationship between climate extremes and crop yields, thereby avoiding assumptions about linearity or underlying probability distributions. Non-linear and threshold-type relationships exist between yields and both precipitation and temperature climate indices; irrigation significantly reduces the impact of all climate indices. In some cases, this occurs by shifting the threshold, such that a more extreme weather event is necessary to negatively impact yields. In other cases, irrigation essentially decouples the crop yields from climate. This work demonstrates that irrigation may be a beneficial adaptation mechanism to changes in climate extremes in coming decades.
TGF-β–Activated Kinase 1 Is Crucial in Podocyte Differentiation and Glomerular Capillary Formation

TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) is a key intermediate in signal transduction induced by TGF-β or inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-1, which are potent inducers of podocyte injury responses that lead to proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis. Nevertheless, little is known about the physiologic and pathologic roles of TAK1 in podocytes. To examine the in vivo role of TAK1, we generated podocyte-specific Tak1 knockout mice (Nphs2-Cre(+):Tak1(fx/fx); Tak1(∆/∆)). Targeted deletion of Tak1 in podocytes resulted in perinatal lethality, with approximately 50% of animals dying soon after birth and 90% of animals dying within 1 week of birth. Tak1(∆/∆) mice developed proteinuria from P1 and exhibited delayed glomerulogenesis and reduced expression of Wilms' tumor suppressor 1 and nephrin in podocytes. Compared with Tak1(fx/fx) mice, Tak1(∆/∆) mice exhibited impaired formation of podocyte foot processes that caused disruption of the podocyte architecture with prominent foot process effacement. Intriguingly, Tak1(∆/∆) mice displayed increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor within the glomerulus and abnormally enlarged glomerular capillaries. Furthermore, 4- and 7-week-old Tak1(∆/∆) mice with proteinuria had increased collagen deposition in the mesangium and the adjacent tubulointerstitial area. Thus, loss of Tak1 in podocytes is associated with the development of proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis. Taken together, our data show that TAK1 regulates the expression of Wilms' tumor suppressor 1, nephrin, and vascular endothelial growth factor and that TAK1 signaling has a crucial role in podocyte differentiation and attainment of normal glomerular microvasculature during kidney development and glomerular filtration barrier homeostasis.
Ordinal measures for image correspondence

We present ordinal measures of association for image correspondence in the context of stereo. Linear correspondence measures like correlation and the sum of squared difference between intensity distributions are known to be fragile. Ordinal measures which are based on relative ordering of intensity values in windows-rank permutations-have demonstrable robustness. By using distance metrics between two rank permutations, ordinal measures are defined. These measures are independent of absolute intensity scale and invariant to monotone transformations of intensity values like gamma variation between images. We have developed simple algorithms for their efficient implementation. Experiments suggest the superiority of ordinal measures over existing techniques under nonideal conditions. These measures serve as a general tool for image matching that are applicable to other vision problems such as motion estimation and texture-based image retrieval.
Changing Universities: A Cross-Cultural Approach

Roger Harrison and Richard L. Hopkins' paper is one of the few post-Berkeley critiques that accurately delimits the painful conditions of teaching and learning within the contemporary university. What must teaching and learning be like when we have to acknowledge the soundness of the following insight by Harrison and Hopkins (i966, p. 9): "As most college graduates know, it is possible for a person to go through four or more years of higher education without having his values, emotions, or sense of self deeply touched once in a classroom."
Using functional analysis procedures to monitor medication effects in an outpatient and school setting

Functional analysis methods were used to monitor medication used to reduce vocal and physical tics of a child with Tourettes Syndrome. An initial functional analysis suggested that the tics were maintained by automatic reinforcement. Given this result, the participant's physician prescribed Orap 1mg per day to reduce the tics. Post-medication results demonstrated a reduced level of tics by the participant. Although preliminary, the findings suggest that functional analysis methods can be used to monitor the effects of medication in outpatient and school settings. Thus, more research using functional analyses to assess medication effects is needed. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Perturbation analysis of stochastic hybrid systems and applications to resource contention games

We provide an overview of the recently developed general infinitesimal perturbation analysis (IPA) framework for stochastic hybrid systems (SHSs), and establish some conditions under which this framework can be used to obtain unbiased performance gradient estimates in a particularly simple and efficient manner. We also propose a general scheme for systematically deriving an abstraction of a discrete event system (DES) in the form of an SHS. Then, as an application of the general IPA framework, we study a class of stochastic non-cooperative games termed “resource contention games” modeled through stochastic flow models (SFMs), where two or more players (users) compete for the use of a sharable resource. Simulation results are provided for a simple version of such games to illustrate and contrast system-centric and user-centric optimization.
Laser‐induced phase changes in olivine FePO4: a warning on characterizing LiFePO4‐based cathodes with Raman spectroscopy

Raman spectroscopy is an excellent technique for probing lithium intercalation reactions of many diverse lithium ion battery electrode materials. The technique is especially useful for probing LiFePO4-based cathodes because the intramolecular vibrational modes of the PO43− anions yield intense bands in the Raman spectrum, which are sensitive to the presence of Li+ ions. However, the high power lasers typically used in Raman spectroscopy can induce phase transitions in solid-state materials. These phase transitions may appear as changes in the spectroscopic data and could lead to erroneous conclusions concerning the delithiation mechanism of LiFePO4. Therefore, we examine the effect of exposing olivine FePO4 to a range of power settings of a 532-nm laser. Laser power settings higher than 1.3 W/mm2 are sufficient to destroy the FePO4 crystal structure and result in the formation of disordered FePO4. After the laser is turned off, the amorphous FePO4 compound crystallizes in the electrochemically inactive α-FePO4 phase. The present experimental results strongly suggest that the power setting of the excitation laser should be carefully controlled when using Raman spectroscopy to characterize fundamental lithium ion intercalation processes of olivine materials. In addition, Raman spectra of the amorphous intermediate might provide insight into the α-FePO4 to olivine FePO4 phase transition that is known to occur at temperatures higher than 450 °C. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of alternate family structures on managerial career paths

The number of “traditional” families, those with an employed father and a not-employed mother, has been decreasing. This article presents an expanded typology of family structure that includes spou...
The ross procedure in adults: intermediate-term results

Abstract Background The durability of the Ross procedure may be optimized by appropriate geometric matching of the aortic and pulmonary artery roots. We employed a surgical strategy to standardize the operation in order to avoid more readily a geometric mismatch. Methods The Ross procedure was performed as a root replacement. Without regard for patient body surface area, the aortic annulus was plicated to 23 mm and externally buttressed with felt. Geometric mismatch of the distal autograft anastomosis was avoided by liberal use of a synthetic interposition graft, and the anastomosis was also externally buttressed with felt. An over-sized pulmonary homograft (27 to 28 mm) was routinely used to reconstruct the right ventricular outflow tract. Results Forty-four consecutive patients (27 men and 17 women; mean age, 49 ± 9 years) were operated on between January 1997 and March 2002. Mean follow-up was 38 ± 5 months. Twenty-nine patients had aortic stenosis and 15 had aortic regurgitation. Aortic annular plication was done in 41 (93%) and an aortic interposition was used in 14 (32%). There were three hospital deaths, with no subsequent deaths. Only 1 patient required reoperation 2.5 years postoperatively from recurrent endocarditis. No patient has more that "trivial" autograft insufficiency, and the mean autograft gradient was 7 ± 3 mm Hg. No patient has significant pulmonary homograft stenosis. Conclusions Geometric matching of the aortic and pulmonary roots may be readily accomplished using a standardized approach to the Ross procedure. In turn, this may optimize the durability of the operation.
An examination of dynamics crosstalk between SH2 and SH3 domains by hydrogen/deuterium exchange and mass spectrometry

The ability of proteins to regulate their own enzymatic activity can be facilitated by changes in structure or protein dynamics in response to external regulators. Because many proteins contain SH2 and SH3 domains, transmission of information between the domains is a potential method of allosteric regulation. To determine if ligand binding to one modular domain may alter structural dynamics in an adjacent domain, allowing potential transmission of information through the protein, we used hydrogen exchange and mass spectrometry to measure changes in protein dynamics in the SH3 and SH2 domains of hematopoietic cell kinase (Hck). Ligand binding to either domain had little or no effect on hydrogen exchange in the adjacent domain, suggesting that changes in protein structure or dynamics are not a means of SH2/SH3 crosstalk. Furthermore, ligands of varying affinity covalently attached to SH3/SH2 altered dynamics only in the domain to which they bind. Such results demonstrate that ligand binding may not structurally alter adjacent SH3/SH2 domains and implies that other aspects of protein architecture contribute to the multiple levels of regulation in proteins containing SH3 and SH2 domains.
Interactive effects of food availability and aerial body temperature on the survival of two intertidal Mytilus species.

Abstract Intertidal organisms must episodically contend with the rigors of both the terrestrial and the marine environments. While body temperatures during high tide are driven primarily by water temperature, aerial body temperatures are driven by multiple environmental factors such that temperature of an organism during low tide is usually quite different from air temperature. Thus, whereas decades of research have investigated the effects of water temperature on intertidal species, considerably less is known about the physiological impacts of temperature during aerial exposure at low tide, especially with regard to the interaction of aerial body temperature with other stressors. We examined the interactive effects of aerial body temperature and food supply on the survival of two intertidal blue mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis and Mytilus trossulus . Survival was monitored for nine weeks using a simulated tidal cycle, with two levels of food and three levels of aerial body temperature (30, 25, and 20 °C). Decreased food supply significantly reduced the survival of mussels, but only under the 30 °C treatment. In the other two thermal regimes there were no significant effect of food on survival. When aerial body temperatures are high, food availability may have a greater effect on intertidal organisms. Decreases in ocean productivity have been linked to increased in ocean temperatures, thus intertidal organisms may become more susceptible to thermal stress as climates shift.
Adaptation-based programming for network protocol design: An 802.11x case study (abstract)

The design of network protocols is a complicated and tedious endeavor. For instance, designing a MAC layer protocol for the 802.11 standard typically involves a number of high-level decisions (e.g., conditions for backoff steps) followed by an individual tuning of numeric parameters (e.g., backoff factors), for a variety of network conditions. A different way to view this design process is that of a designer being forced to fully specify a solution to a complex problem. At the other extreme of the programming spectrum lie Reinforcement Learning techniques which only require a minimal problem specification from the programmer.
Physiological satiety implications of gastrointestinal antiobesity surgery

This manuscript reviews the known satiety signals and the impact of antiobesity surgery on these physiological satiety mechanisms. Satiety signals originate from the stomach and small bowel to stop eating behavior. Stomach signals (gastric distension) produce early satiety by releasing hypothalamic cholecystokinin (CCK). The intermeal interval is probably mediated by peripheral CCK released by a threshold level of intraluminal calories. Anti-obesity operations probably rely little on these physiological satiety signals. Gastric balloons and gastroplasty produce nonphysiological gastric distension whereas intestinal bypass causes malabsorption. Gastric bypass combines supramaximal gastric distension with taste aversion from dumping. Future physiological manipulation of the satiety cascade will lead to improve obesity intervention.
A THEORY OF QUALITY MANAGEMENT UNDERLYING THE DEMING MANAGEMENT METHOD

In its current form, the Deming management method contains a prescriptive set of 14 points that serve as guidelines for appropriate organizational behavior and practice regarding quality management. Despite the apparent effect of these 14 points on both the industrial world and the practice of management theory around the world, there is little evidence of the role of the Deming management method in the formalization and advancement of management theory. Although its impact on management practice is clear, neither its theoretical contribution nor its theoretical base has yet to be articulated. Yes, there is a theory of quality management underlying the Deming management method, but at present, this theory is presented in the prescriptive form of these 14 points. We propose and articulate a theory of quality management to describe and explain the effects of adopting the Deming management method. This theory is based on the conceptual synthesis of Deming's writings, literature on the Deming management metho...
¡Vamos! How School Leaders Promote Equity and Excellence for Bilingual Students

Background: Focusing on culturally and linguistically diverse students, this article presents a narrative synthesis of empirical evidence guiding school leaders to promote educational equity and ex...
The Relationship between Genetic Recombination and Commitment to Chromosomal Segregation at Meiosis

When meiocytes are removed from a meiosis-inducing environment at an early stage of development they can revert to mitotic division. At later developmental stages, however, they exhibit an irreversible commitment to the completion of meiosis and lose the ability to return to mitosis (Stern and Hotta, 1969; Ganesan et al., 1958; Simchen et al., 1972).
Understanding the effect of computer-supported, case-based instruction on third-year medical students' ethical reasoning

The major focus of this study was to determine whether or not providing third-year medical students with example videos that exhibit experts’ ethical reasoning and with opportunities to engage in online asynchronous ethical case discussions would stimulate change and improvement in students’ ethical reasoning. It was speculated that the medical students would be able to reflect on both their own reasoning and others’ reasoning and thus develop complexity in how they reason. In this study ethical reasoning consisted of four components: (1) identification of ethical issues (ethical sensitivity); (2) adoption of multiple viewpoints (ethical viewpoint); (3) resolution of ethical dilemmas (ethical options); and, (4) justification of decisions and actions (ethical justification). In addition to examining the effectiveness of the instructional activities, the impact of the ethics curriculum on students’ perception of the relevance and effectiveness of medical ethics teaching on their ability to handle ethical issues in daily clinical practice was also examined. Finally, another aim of this study was to understand how medical students interacted with their peers during online asynchronous ethical case discussions. ANOVA results did not show any significant difference between the computer-supported, case-based (CSCB) instruction and non computer-supported, case-based (non-CSCB) instruction groups on the four sub-scores (ethical sensitivity, ethical viewpoint, ethical options, and ethical justification) from the pre-test to post-test. Results revealed, however, a significant increase on participants’ perception of their ability to deal with ethical issues in clinical settings after the ethics curriculum in the Internal Medicine clerkship rotation. Two levels of content analyses using pre-determined coding schemes were applied in order to identify interaction patterns in the online asynchronous ethical case discussions.
Tales from the Frontline Implementing an E-Prescription Technology

Health Information Technology (HIT) has great potential to enhance patient care and improve efficiency of health care delivery if it is appropriately designed, implemented and used. In 2009 the Office of the National Coordinator (ONC) created Meaningful Use (MU) incentives to promote HIT adoption, which has spurred major investment in HIT, but the program has shown no reduction in use errors. Because the MU program mainly focuses on clinical process measures, with no attention to the processes of system design and implementation, many organizations encounter challenges to attain the MU. Previous studies identified lack of adequate implementation plans, lack of team support, lack of workflow analysis, and lack of dedicated resources as main barriers to MU attainment. We have identified similar concerns, and here present tales from the frontline to show perceptions of end users when our organization rushed through the implementation of e-prescription technology to meet the MU deadlines. Insufficient attenti...
Elementary School-Based Obesity Intervention Using an Educational Curriculum.

Background: Pediatric obesity is a significant public health problem with a prevalence of 16.9% among US children. School-based obesity interventions show promise for reducing adiposity in elementa...
Selective loss of KGDHC-enriched neurons in Alzheimer temporal cortex: does mitochondrial variation contribute to selective vulnerability?

The Research Objective of this study was to test whether variation in mitochondrial composition is associated with “selective vulnerability” in Alzheimer brain. The term “selective vulnerability” refers to the loss of relatively vulnerable brain cells and the spring of relatively resistant brain cells in disorders in which a genetic defect or environmental agent acts on both types of cells. The mechanisms underlying selective vulnerability are largely unknown, but mitochondria may be involved; the composition of mitochondria varies among different types of neurons, and mitochondria have an important role in cell death. Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is one of a number of neurodegenerative disorders in which both selective vulnerability and abnormalities of mitochondria occur. Methods. We examined by immunohistochemistry the cellular distribution of a mitochondrial constituent (the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, KGDHC) known to be deficient in AD, in relation to the known selective vulnerability of neurons in areas 21 and 22 of the temporal lobe in this neurodegenerative disorder. Results. In normal human brain, cortical layers III and V contain neurons intensely immunoreactive for KGDHC, compared to other cells in these areas. The KGDHC-enriched cells are lost in AD (p<0.001). In layer III, the loss of KGDHC-enriched cells is proportional to total loss of neurons, as determined by immunoreactivity to neuron specific enolase (NSE). In layer V, a higher proportion of the KGDHC-enriched neurons are lost than of other (NSE positive) neurons (p<0.001). Significance. Variations in mitochondrial composition may be one of the factors determining which cells die first when different types of cells are exposed to the same stress.
Abstract 5163: Mitochondrial mutations and gene expression analysis in colorectal adenopolyps

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common diagnosed and cause of cancer related deaths in both men and women in the United States. Numerous studies have analyzed mitochondria DNA mutations in CRC and other tumors. Results from these studies have detected high mutation rates which may lead to mitochondrial deregulation and tumor progression. Most CRCs develop from adenopolyps via the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Therefore, analysis of mitochondrial mutations and gene expression may provide a mechanism for inhibition of this tumoral sequence in individuals with a high risk of developing CRC. In the present study, PCR based sequencing and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) were used to determine if mutations in mitochondrial encoded genes and levels of expression of these genes could influence the progression of the adenoma- carcinoma tumoral sequence. Genes analyzed included MT-RNR1, MT-COI, MT-ATP6, MT- MT-CYB, and mitochondrial ND genes that are involved in the normal metabolism of mitochondria. Measurements were made for 34 tissue sample pairs obtained from various types of colorectal adenomas and corresponding normal surrounding tissues. Additionally, mitochondrial complexes I (NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase) and III (CoQH2-cytochrome c reductase) protein was analyzed. There was progressive differential expression of mt-genes and complexes I and III proteins among the colorectal tumor stages relative to their paired normal samples. The level of complexes I and III were higher in tumor tissues relative to normal surrounding tissues. Noticeably, the expression of MT-COI was higher in late stage carcinomas among; all studied transcripts. We detected 54 point mutations in one region ranging from 11871-11877. The frequency of these mutations in all stages was as followed; 71.5% in tubular adenoma, 57% tubulovillous, and 43% in villous and carcinoma. Our results suggest that alterations in mt-gene expression play a role in the transformation of the colorectal tumoral stages. Citation Format: LaShanale M. Wallace, Sharifeh Mehrabi, Xuebiao Yao, Felix Aikhionbare. Mitochondrial mutations and gene expression analysis in colorectal adenopolyps. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 5163.
Genomics and Patents: A Practical Guide for Genome Scientists and Clinical Researchers

Scientists and clinical researchers using genomic tools and/or genomic information are likely to encounter the world of patenting and licensing. This chapter describes some important patent cases relevant to genomics and walks through a series of questions to think about in deciding whether to seek patents on inventions and how to license those patents to foster broad use without hindering subsequent innovation or freedom of research.
What Works: Lessons From a Research Study of Specialized Science High School Graduates.

The overall goal of the study was to delineate educational and career aftereffects of the long-held aims behind the formation of specialized science high schools and to provide insight into the edu...
Interfacial electron transfer from nonstoichiometric cadmium sulfide nanoparticles to free and complexed copper(II) ions in 2-propanol

The interactions of free and complexed copper ions (Cu(ClO4)2, Cu(acac)2, and CuTPP) with the surface of nonstoichiometric CdS nanoparticles were monitored by EPR spectroscopy, recombination luminescence quenching and UV/VIS absorption spectroscopy. It was found that formation of a surface S-Cu bond takes place both in the case of Cu(ClO4)2 (free Cu2+ ions) and Cu(acac)2. This process is accompanied by thermal (dark) reduction of Cu2+ to Cu+, formation of a new energy level in the semiconductor bandgap and quenching of the original recombination luminescence of the nanoparticles. The quenching data obey a static interaction model, which confirms binding of copper ions onto the surface of CdS nanoparticles. In addition, Cu(acac)2 molecules can interact with Cd2+ ions on the surface of CdS, leading to a less effective quenching of the recombination luminescence of CdS, compared to that by free copper ions. In contrast to the behavior of Cu(ClO4)2 and Cu(acac)2, copper(II) tetraphenylporphyrin does not interact directly with the surface of CdS nanoparticles, leading to a very negligible quenching of the recombination luminescence of CdS (e tr − /h tr + ) nanoparticles.
Isolation of bacterial compartments to track movement of protein synthesis factors

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARSs) comprise an enzyme family that generates and maintains pools of aminoacylated tRNAs, which serve as essential substrates for protein synthesis. Many protein synthesis factors, including tRNA and AARSs also have non-canonical functions. Particularly in mammalian cells, alternate functions of AARSs have been associated with re-distribution in the cell to sites that are removed from translation. Sub-fractionation methods for E. coli were designed and optimized to carefully investigate re-localization of bacterial AARSs and tRNA that might aid in conferring alternate activities. Cell fractionation included isolation of the cytoplasm, periplasm, membrane, outer membrane vesicles, and extracellular media. Specific endogenous proteins and RNAs were probed respectively within each fraction via Western blots using antibodies and by Northern blots with primers to unique regions of the nucleic acid.
Simply connected Lie groups

As this chapter unfolds, we will see that the properties of compactness, path-connectedness, and simple connectedness are crucial for distinguishing between Lie groups with the same Lie algebra.
Perceived social stress and symptom severity among help-seeking adolescents with versus without clinical high-risk for psychosis.

Abstract Research suggests that social stress exposure influences illness presentation and course among youth at clinical high-risk (CHR) for psychosis, though less is known about the extent to which self-reported perceptions of social stress relate to the severity of positive symptoms. Importantly, despite the notion that youth at CHR are especially susceptible to elevations in positive symptoms under conditions of stress, no study has examined this presumption relative to other psychiatric groups. Extending previous work demonstrating that perceived social stress was higher in a CHR group than in a clinical group of non-CHR, help-seeking controls, the current study aimed to: (1) examine whether perceived social stress is related to the severity of attenuated positive symptoms in the full sample ( N = 110); and (2) determine whether CHR status moderates the stress-symptom relation. Exploratory analyses examined relations of perceived social stress to negative, disorganized, and general symptoms. Greater perceptions of social stress were associated with more severe positive symptoms in the entire sample; however, although positive symptoms and perceived social stress were higher in the CHR group, the strength of this relation was statistically indistinguishable across groups. No differential effect of perceived social stress was observed for any symptom domain. Results provide some support for the diathesis-stress model of psychosis, while also suggesting that social stress and symptomatology are related independent of clinical vulnerability to psychosis. Future research would benefit from longitudinal studies of stress-symptom relations across CHR and help-seeking control groups.
Comparing the Defendant to Images of the Culprit: Interpreting Results of Mock Witness Filler‐Control Tests

Summary Criminals are occasionally recorded on video committing a crime. At trial, jurors may be shown images of the culprit to determine if they match the defendant. However, several sources of bias may influence juror matching decisions. Also, even with clear video, the accuracy of defendant-culprit matching can be relatively poor. To reduce these problems, we propose that defendant-culprit matching be viewed as a type of forensic test. If conducted as a forensic test, defendant-culprit matching can be improved by adding fillers and testing mock witnesses rather than the actual jurors. A Bayesian analysis of data from two experiments shows that a filler-control test can be highly diagnostic, even when the decisions of mock witnesses are far from unanimous. However, when viewing conditions are poor, a filler-control test may not provide much new information about whether the defendant matches the culprit. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Review of Prompt-Fading Procedures: Implications for Effective and Efficient Skill Acquisition

This paper reports a systematic review of prompt-fading research, with a focus on experiments comparing two or more prompt-fading procedures. Forty-five articles with 46 experiments met the operationally-defined inclusion criteria. For the selected articles, data on several variables were extracted and analyzed. Research demonstrated that all prompt-fading procedures were generally effective in promoting acquisition of behavior. Stimulus prompting was more effective and efficient when compared to response-prompting procedures. Comparisons of response-prompting procedures yielded variable efficiency results. These outcomes are discussed in terms of the behavioral principles that facilitate transfer of stimulus control from the prompt to the discriminative stimulus, such as blocking and overshadowing. Basic investigations of the role of these behavioral principles might help develop prompt-fading procedures that are consistently effective across participants. Implications for research include suggestions for the development of individualized assessments of stimulus control, similar to the functional analysis methodology.