cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis on a outbreak of influenza A H1N1 in a primary school in Kaifeng city

Objective To discuss the reasons of influenza outbreak in a primary school and to provide evidence for the future prevention and control influenza.Methods Data was collected through the China Information system for influenza surveillance.These data was analyzed through microsoft Excel 2003 software.Results This influenza outbreak was caused by close contact with each other among pupils in the same class. The initial case was diagnosed on December23 th.Subsequently the cases increased and reached the peak on December 25 th.The number of the total cases was 24.Cases were 11-13 years old in the same class.The attack rate was 32.43 %. Conclusions To strengthen the health education for pupils.Epidemic management and surveillance were needed to strength.Physical examination and tracking the absents were should been implement strictly in the flu season. The vaccination of influenza vaccine should be pursued actively before the flu season
Brucellosis Surveillance of Particular Occupational Population in Baoan District

Objective To investigate the brucellosis infection of particular population engaged in animal husbandry and the risk factors for the development of counter measures of prevention and treatment of the disease in the district. Methods Skin allergy test was done for 532 people with particular occupational. And serum tube agglutination test was performed for those who had a positive result in skin allergy test. Results The brucellosis infection rate of particular occupational population was 0.38%, and tube agglutination tests for all infected specimens were negative. It was found that the infection was associated with cattle raising. Conclusion People engaged in animal husbandry have a higher risk of brucellosis. Cows can be a source of pathogen causing human brucellosis, which cannot be neglected. It is suggested that public education of prevention and treatment of brucellosis should be strengthened. Surveillance and information in the flow of livestock should be reinforced. Mechanism of compensation for killing sick livestocks should be implemented. The scope of brucellosis surveillance ought to be enlarged. Emphasis should be placed on human brucellosis surveillance in occupational population engaged in animal husbandry in the district.
An individualization of dietary requirements for energy in adults.

This article proposes an estimate of the daily caloric recommendation for individual adults at 50 heal per kilogram lean body mass.
Lymphocyte 5′-Nucleotidase Deficiency: Clinical and Metabolic Characteristics of the Associated Hypogammaglobulinemia

Decreased activity of 5′-nucleotidase on the surface of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM’s) has recently been observed in young males with congenital agammaglobulinemia1, primary non-familial hypogammaglobulinemia1–3, and selective IgA deficiency3,4. A partial deficiency of the ecto-enzyme occurred in 12 of 12 patients with congenital agammaglobulinemia, in 4 of 15 with acquired (common variable) immunodeficiency, and in 2 of 10 with selective IgA deficiency. The enzyme values and clinical classification of the 18 enzyme deficient subjects with primary hypogammaglobulinemia are shown in Table 1.
Approach to the Infected Catheter

Vascular access is imperative to all hemodialysis patients. Although the rate of chronic central venous catheter (CVC) use has declined, the majority of dialysis patients still initiate using a CVC. This device increases the infectious complication rate and mortality of a high-risk population. It is necessary that all members of the health-care team can prevent, recognize, diagnose, and appropriately treat infections related to CVC to improve the outcomes of hemodialysis patients. This chapter will review the risks, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of catheter-related infections. It is a team approach that is necessary to deal with this potentially devastating vascular access complication.
Newborn intestinal obstruction due to mesenteric lymphangioma: A diagnostic challenge

Abstract Lymphatic malformations are uncommon benign cystic lesions that typically present in the neck and axilla during infancy. They are more rarely observed in the abdomen and extremities. This study presents the case of a newborn infant who was admitted to the hospital with vomiting. While the cause of the vomiting was investigated, a complete intestinal obstruction developed, and an emergency surgical intervention was performed. During a laparotomy, a cystic mass originating from the mesentery was discovered. A lymphangioma mass resulting in intestinal obstruction during the third week of life was not considered in the differential diagnosis.
A case study using narrative therapy to “rewrite” the non-conforming reputation of a high school student

This paper begins with a brief description of research stating that adolescents in schools generally pursue reputations that are either nonconforming or conforming. This is usually achieved through the development of goals specific to each type of reputation. Essential to the maintenance of a reputation is the recruitment of an audience. It is also proposed by researchers that intervention by school personnel becomes crucial when trying to counteract the negative effects of a nonconforming Using a case study, this paper investigates the use of Narrative Therapy with a 15-year-old male student in a high school who had developed a nonconforming reputation. A three-year-old nonconforming reputation is put through a Narrative framework that challenges “its” goals and reason for being. As the sessions progress, there is a sense that this young person is beginning to move towards a more preferred sense of self that is potentially different from the one set-up by the nonconforming reputation. This is achieved by using a Narrative style dialogical approach that shows how language censures and as well as its ability to promote (liberate) chosen behaviour. Apart from the development of a more preferred sense of self, an interesting outcome from using this approach has also been the unique way restraint works within the school.
Relative incentive rate in a multi-period and multi-task agency

This study explicitly calculates the relative incentive rate in an N-period contract with multiple tasks. The inter-temporal covariance risk, as well as the within-period risk premium, prevents the first best allocation of effort from being endogenously achieved even if the first best allocation is feasible. The inter-temporal covariance risk reduces the effective sensitivity of a performance measure, and thus the performance measure with a bigger inter-temporal covariance risk is assigned a weaker relative incentive rate. From these results, an empirical prediction is derived that a performance measure with larger positive (negative) inter-temporal covariances is assigned a weaker (stronger) relative incentive rate in multi-period contracts.
Data for: Ames-2016 Line Lists for 13 Isotopologues of CO2: Updates, Consistency, and Remaining Issues

Abstract A new 626-based Ames-2 PES refinement and Ames-2016 line lists for 13 CO2 isotopologues are reported. A consistent σRMS = ±0.02 cm−1 is established for hundreds of isotopologue band origins using the Ames-2 PES. Ames-2016 line lists are computed at 296 K, 1000 K and 4000 K using the Ames-2 PES and the same DMS-N2 dipole surface used previously, with J up to 150, E′ up to 24,000 cm−1 or 18,000 cm−1 and appropriate intensity cutoffs. The lists are compared to the CDSD-296, CDSD-4000 databases, UCL line lists, and a few recent highly accurate CO2 intensity measurements. Both agreements and discrepancies are discussed. Compared to the old Ames CO2 lists, the Ames-2016 line lists have line position deviations reduced by 50% or more, which consequently leads to more reliable intensities. The line shape parameters in the Ames-2016 line lists are predicted using the newly assigned conventional vibrational polyad quantum numbers for rovibrational levels below 12,000 cm−1 so the quality of the line shape parameters is similar to that of CDSD or HITRAN. This study further proves that a semi-empirically refined PES (Ames-1 and Ames-2) coupled with a high quality ab initio DMS (DMS-N2 and UCL) may generate IR predictions with consistent accuracy and is thus helpful in the analysis of laboratory spectra and simulations of various isotopologues. The Ames-2016 lists based on DMS-N2 have reached the ∼1% intensity prediction accuracy level for the recent 626 30013-00001 and 20013-00001 bands, but further quantification and improvements require sub-percent or sub-half-percent accurate experimental intensities. The inter-isotopologue consistency of the intensity prediction accuracies should have reached better than 1–3% for regular bands not affected by resonances. Since the Effective Dipole Models (EDM) in CDSD and HITRAN have 1–20% or even larger uncertainties, we show that the Ames lists can provide better alternative IR data for many hard-to-determine isotopologue bands. Comparison at 4000 K suggests that the Ames-4000 K 12C16O2 line list is reliable and consistent within the current cutoffs of J ≤ 150 and E′ ≤ 24,000 cm−1, but intensity contributions involving higher energy levels should not be omitted and future computations need to be converged up to at least 32,000 cm−1 or higher. The remaining issues are discussed regarding the source of energy level discrepancies, intensity underestimations by ∼50% for some weak bands, etc. and also future work.
Abstract 6: Angiotensin II via Its Type 1 Receptor Up-regulates (Pro)renin Receptor Expression in Doca-salt Hypertension

We previously reported that brain (pro)renin receptor (PRR) expression levels are elevated in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt induced hypertension; however, the underlining mechanism remains unknown. To address whether angiotensin (Ang II) type 1 receptor (AT1R) signals are involved in the regulation of PRR expression in DOCA-salt hypertension, C57Bl/6J mice were implanted with telemetry transmitters. After two weeks recovery, mice were treated with DOCA (50mg) or SHAM pellet, and supplied with 0.9% saline as drinking solution; at the same time, mice were ICV infused with artificial CSF or AT1R blocker losartan (3mg/kg/day) for 3 weeks. The mean arterial BP was significantly higher in DOCA-salt (132.3±6.3mmHg) compared to SHAM (100.2±2.3mmHg) mice. ICV infusion of losartan prevented the increase in BP (107.4±2.7mmHg) following DOCA-salt treatment. The PRR mRNA levels (fold change) were significantly increased in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of DOCA-salt (2.9±0.3) compared with SHAM mice (1.0±0.1, P
Use of hepatitis A vaccine for post-exposure prophylaxis in individuals over 40 years of age: A systematic review of published studies and recommendations for vaccine use.

Abstract Introduction Hepatitis A can cause widespread outbreaks. Until 2018, postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) in the United States for individuals >40 years consisted of immune globulin (IG) administered as soon as possible after exposure, ideally within 14 days whereas those aged ≤40 should receive hepatitis A (HepA) vaccine. However, state health departments reporting difficulty quickly accessing and administering IG, costs of higher IG doses and importance of long-term HAV protection prompted CDC to review immunogenicity data for use of HepA vaccine for PEP in older adults. We reviewed literature on use of HepA vaccine in adults >40 years and existing recommendations for HepA vaccine for use as PEP in other countries. Methods We searched PubMed and EMBASE from January 1, 1992-January 7, 2017 using the terms “hepatitis A vaccine∗” and “HAV vaccine∗.” Two reviewers read each abstract and articles were preserved if they included results (seroprotection, mean titers) within 28 days of HepA vaccine administration in adults >40 years. Additionally, we reviewed PEP recommendations from six other jurisdictions. Results A total of 1,039 unique articles were identified, of which eight were retained and two added from references. Three studies included direct comparisons between individuals aged >40 years and those ≤40 years and one other study included three age groups over 40 years, finding lowest immunogenicity in the oldest adults. All found higher proportions seroprotected (definition varied by study) in younger age groups (ages varied by study) at 15 days post-vaccination but similar seroprotection at 30 days. Most other jurisdictions reviewed recommended vaccine alone or in conjunction with IG for PEP in older adults. Conclusions Immunogenicity of HepA vaccine may be diminished in older adults, especially in the very oldest age groups. HepA vaccine should be administered as soon as possible within 14 days after exposure to achieve the best possible immune response.
Transport Theory, Invariant Imbedding, and Two-Point Boundary Value Problems

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the consideration of a sequence of simple mathematical models of physical problems that leads in a natural manner to results concerning differential, partial differential, and integro-differential equations. These initial value problems are ordinarily of a nonlinear nature, even when the original equations are linear. Its solution is considered in two different ways, and these two viewpoints lead to a connection between a simple pair of ordinary differential equations with conditions specified at two points and a Riccati equation with a single side condition. It is interesting to speculate on the possible generalizations of the method of characteristics provided by invariant imbedding. The fact that mathematics is often applicable to physical problems is well known to everyone and the fact that physical considerations leads naturally to new mathematics is also well known, though sometimes overlooked.
Quantitative in vitro multimodal brain autoradiography of glutamatergic, dopaminergic, cannabinoid, and nicotinic receptors in Disrupted-In-Schizophrenia-1 (DISC1) mice

1178 Objectives The aim is to quantify distribution of glutamatergic [metabotropic glutamate 5 (mGluR5)]; dopaminergic [dopamine 2 /3 (D2/3R)]; cannabinoid-1 (CB1R); and nicotinic acetylcholine (nAchR) receptors in DISC1 mice. Methods In vitro quantitative autoradiography using phosphor imaging was performed in control (CTRL) (n=4) and mutant DISC1 (n=4) male mice with 3 sagittal slices (20 µm) of 2, 1.5 and 1 mm to left from midline using 11C-raclopride (D2/3R), 11C-ABP688 (mGluR5), 18F-AZAN (nAChR) and 11C-OMAR (CB1R). Digital light unit was measured using ImageJ (NIH) and coregistration algorithm with histology. Total binding (TB) (pmol/cc) fit from standard and Binding index (BI) defined as [(ROI-reference)/reference] were analyzed. Results In contrast to CTRL, BI in DISC1 showed a significant increase in frontal mGluR5, decrease in striatal D2/3R, increase in hippocampal CB1R, and decrease in dorsal thalamic nACh (p Conclusions The mild down-regulation of striatal D2/3R may be related to dominant-negative effects of mutant DISC1 on endogenous DISC1, impacting DR downstream signaling pathways. Multiple neuroreceptor mapping and interactions in DISC1 might be useful for psychiatric drug develoment. Research Support NIBIB, NIDA, NIAAA (5T32EB006351-05) (JK),NIDA 5R33DA016182-05 (W.B.M), ARRA RO1NIMH and NARSAD (MVP
Rhythm control for atrial fibrillation favorable outcomes or futile endeavor

Numerous studies have established that atrial fibrillation (AF) is an important cause of stroke, an exacerbating factor for heart failure, a common reason for hospital stay, and an independent predictor of mortality ([1,2][1]). Therefore, it seems logical that suppression of AF would improve
Functional and Structural Characteristics of the Glycosaminoglycans of the Bladder Luminal Surface

The glycosaminoglycan layer of bladder has been proposed to play a crucial role in protecting the bladder from harmful substances in urine. Rats were partially cystectomized to determine whether bladder glycosaminoglycans are routinely eluted from the bladder surface in detectable quantities. Cystectomy produced no detectable qualitative or quantitative changes in excreted GAG thereby showing that most urinary glycosaminoglycan originates in the kidney and not from the bladder. Damaging the glycosaminoglycan layer by a dilute acid wash, however, leads to a consistent decrease in the output of urinary GAG which recovers to normal at the same rate as the layer regenerates. This suggests that the newly exposed sites tightly bind urinary GAG. We suggest that such binding may be a component of the normal physiological defense mechanism of the bladder. The bladder glycosaminoglycan layer was isolated, dilute acid being used to elute ionically-bound material and brief trypsinization to elute intercalated proteoglycans from the luminal surface. The GAG from the luminal surface, which was present at a density of one chain per 50 nm.2 of bladder surface, was quite different in composition from that isolated from the whole bladder.
Assessing all the Evidence for Risks and Benefits With Folic Acid Fortification and Supplementation

Abstract Flour fortification with folic acid, mandated for the prevention of neural tube defects (NTD), can be regarded as a positive public health intervention especially for women of childbearing age. However, the denial of the possibility of adverse effects related to interaction between high folic acid intake and vitamin B12 deficiency or the possibility that folic acid fortification and/or supplementation may be associated with adverse effects in some elderly racial/genetic subgroups is a major concern that is being overlooked. Denying the existence of these adverse effects will prevent further and more methodological studies to understand the mechanism and risk of adverse effects of adding folic acid in substantial amounts to any nation’s food supply by fortification and/or supplementation.
Biopsy Techniques to Establish Diagnosis and Type of Malignant Lymphoma

The role of the surgeon in the treatment of a patient suspected of having malignant lymphoma is to assist in establishing the diagnosis and the stage of disease. Proper biopsy technique of cervical, axillary or inguinal lymph nodes requires careful attention to anatomic details and meticulous dissection to avoid unnecessary complications.
Differential Motivations for Pursuing Interventional Radiology: Implications for Residency Recruitment.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study is to compare the motivations of interventional radiology (IR) residency, IR fellowship, and diagnostic radiology (DR) applicants. Materials and Methods A questionnaire was distributed to IR integrated residency and IR fellowship applicants for the 2018 National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) Match. Survey respondents scored the influence of 13 aspects of IR on their career decision. These results were combined with a previously published survey of DR residency applicants from 2016 who were asked the same questions. Pairwise comparisons to survey responses were made between IR residency and IR fellowship as well as IR residency and DR residency respondents. Results There were 202 of 657 DR residency respondents (response rate 30.7%), 114 of 295 IR residency respondents (response rate 38.6%), and 70 of 169 IR fellowship respondents (response rate 41.4%). Compared with DR respondents, IR residency respondents rated the following factors more positively: influence of a mentor (P = .030), perceived job satisfaction (P Conclusion The motivations for pursuing IR residency differ from both DR residency and IR fellowship. Understanding these motivations can help to recruit top quality IR residency applicants.
Introduction - Climate Disaster Law: Barriers and Opportunities

One might reasonably ask why we need a separate category of law devoted to climate disaster. Can’t the laws addressing natural disaster address this too? Just add climate and stir. Unfortunately, the science and empirical evidence suggest not. First, as we will see, the large majority of disasters are susceptible in some way to changes in atmospheric, land-based, and ocean temperatures. To understand the risks involved and the plausible policy responses, climate-change thinking must be built into the analysis. Second, even where garden-variety disaster planning might do the trick, ignoring the role of climate change leads us to ignore the moral responsibility we have to move as quickly as we can to a carbon-free economy. This collection applies the idea of Climate Disaster Law to International Law, Public Law, Environmental Law and Private Law, and considers the unique challenges, barriers and opportunities which climate disasters pose for law and policy.
Enantioselective Electrophilic Aromatic Nitration: A Chiral Auxiliary Approach

Enantioselective electrophilic aromatic nitration methodology is needed to advance chirality-assisted synthesis (CAS). Reported here is an enantioselective aromatic nitration strategy operating with chiral diester auxiliaries, and it provides an enantioselective synthesis of a C3v -symmetric tribenzotriquinacene (TBTQ). These axially-chiral structures are much sought-after building blocks for CAS, but they were not accessible prior to this work in enantioenriched form without resolution of enantiomers. This nitration strategy controls the stereochemistry of threefold nitration reactions from above the aromatic rings with chiral diester arms. Dicarbonyl-to-arenium chelation rigidifies the reaction systems, so that remote stereocenters position the ester-directing groups selectively over specific atoms of the TBTQ framework. Closely guided by computational design, a more selective through-space directing arm was first predicted with density functional theory (DFT), and then confirmed in the laboratory, to outperform the initial structural design. This enantio- and regioselective TBTQ synthesis opens a new pathway to access building blocks for CAS.
Regulation of Chemicals in Food

This chapter discusses the regulation of chemicals introduced into food during cultivation and processing. It covers chemicals intentionally added to facilitate production, enhance products, mislead buyers or physically harm consumers, as well as chemicals that inadvertently contaminate food from processing equipment, packaging, or environmental pollution. The chapter surveys a variety of regulatory strategies that arise out of domestic law (using the United States as an example), transnational legal obligations (using the European Union as an example), and international standards (using the Codex Alimentarius as an example).
Long-range persistence in sea surface temperature off the coast of central California

We estimate long-range persistence in ocean surface temperature off the coast of central California, a region where similar observations have not been made. The database consists of 20-year records...
Introduction: Chinese Buddhist Philosophy and Its “Other”

This introduction consists of two sections. The first section focuses on the understanding of the nature and identity of Chinese Buddhist philosophy by delving into the relationship of Chinese Buddhist philosophy with its other. This “other” mainly involves Indian Buddhist philosophy, Daoist and Confucian philosophies, and Western philosophy in modern time. The section pays attention to the subversive process of the Chinese assimilation of Indian Buddhist philosophy, a process of interaction, interchange and interpenetration, which is conditioned by multiple social-historical, linguistic-conceptual and practical factors. The process defies the clear-cut distinction of assimilator and assimilated. The outcome is close to something that is neither originally Indian nor originally Chinese. In modern time this dynamic relationship with the other is extended to Western philosophy. The section conducts a survey of this relationship, and promotes a mutual inclusive attitude towards, and benefiting from, each other. The second section offers the outline for each of the remaining 17 chapters.
Presence of Substrate Aids Lateral Gate Separation in LptD

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) provide the outer membrane (OM) of Gram-negative bacteria with a strong protective barrier. The periplasm-spanning Lpt machinery is responsible for the transport of LPS molecules across the periplasm, culminating in insertion by the outer-membrane proteins LptD and LptE. In order to elucidate the mechanisms of LPS insertion by LptDE, we performed over 14 microseconds of equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. Bilayer-dependent differences in the fluctuations and secondary structure of LptD's extracellular loops are observed for a pure DMPE membrane vs. a model of the OM. Furthermore, LptD's periplasmic N-terminal domain is highly dynamic, which may help to maintain the integrity of the periplasm-spanning complex amidst relative motion of the inner-membrane and outer-membrane anchored domains. In addition, our simulations demonstrate that binding of LPS substrate activates a switching between the associated and dissociated states of two lumenal loops at the interface between the β-barrel and the N-terminal domain as well as LptD's lateral gate on the microsecond timescale, neither of which is observed for the apo state. Placement of a substrate LPS molecule also causes an increase in the average separation of the LptD lateral gate strands and a lowering of the energetic barrier to lateral gate opening.
Experimental Study of Soil and Aspect on American Ginseng in an Appalachian Cove Ecosystem

Panax quinquefolius, American ginseng, is one of the most valuable non-timber forest products providing provisioning and cultural ecosystem services in eastern temperate forests. Although ginseng has a broad distribution range, populations are declining due to several factors including overharvesting and habitat degradation. We designed experiments to study the effects of soil and aspect on ginseng to better identify potential reintroduction sites. We hypothesized soil and aspect would have a significant effect on ginseng performance. Performance included growth (leaf area, height, number of prongs) and reproduction (inflorescence presence). We predicted ginseng would have greatest performance in calcium-rich loam soil, on north-facing slopes. After four growing seasons, we found only soil had a significant effect on growth. This was a consistent result over four growing seasons. On average, ginseng grown in limed loam soil were 55-mm taller with 20,000 mm2 more leaf area and more prongs than ginseng grown in soils lower in calcium. Aspect did not affect any measured variables. Given these results, we suggest identifying soils with higher levels of calcium regardless of aspect as potential ginseng habitat. This experimental study contributes to a more complete understanding of the ecology of ginseng. Further, these results can be incorporated into developing strategies for restoration and management of this valuable species.
Safety of Mechanical Support via the Axillary Artery as a Bridge to Orthotopic Heart Transplantation

Purpose Intra-aortic balloon pumps (A-IABP), Impella, and the intravascular ventricular assist system (iVAS) are being utilized as bridges to orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT). Benefits of an axillary approach include allowing patients to ambulate prior to transplantation. The purpose of this case series is to examine the safety of this approach as a bridge to OHT since the implementation of the new UNOS donor heart allocation schema in October 2018. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all patients who underwent implantation of an intra-axillary mechanical assist device as a bridge to OHT from December 2018 until August 2019 at a single institution. All devices were inserted via surgical grafts sewn directly to the axillary artery. Primary outcome of interest was successful bridge to OHT. Secondary outcomes included death, time to OHT, stroke, and vascular complications. Results Ten patients were included in the series: 7 treated with A-IABP, 1 with Imeplla, and 2 with iVAS (Figure 1). Mean age was 56 and 20% were female. In the A-IABP group, 5 were implanted in the left axilla and 2 in the right. The proximal right axillary artery was used for Impella and iVAS access. There were no axillary approach related morbidities nor any neurologic or vascular complications. However, 2 patients with A-IABP required return to the OR for A-IABP reimplantation due to device malfunction. 6 patients with A-IABP survived to OHT with mean time to transplant of 25 days (Range: 6-68). One A-IABP and the Impella patient survived to OHT after conversion to CentriMag. 1 iVAS patient survived to OHT after 29 days and 1 is waiting at home for OHT. Conclusion There is growing interest in the use of intra-axillary mechanical support devices in patients awaiting OHT. This approach has the advantage of improved mobility while maintaining adequate hemodynamic support. The use of axillary mechanical support in this series was associated with successful bridge to transplant in all patients.
Spawning Substrate Preferences of the Yazoo Darter (Etheostoma raneyi)

The Yazoo Darter Etheostoma raneyi is a small imperiled snubnose darter endemic to Upper Gulf Coastal Plain streams in north-central Mississippi. Installation of rip-rap and wood is being considered in an effort to increase suitable habitat and spawning substrate for the species. In common with other snubnose darters, Yazoo Darters attach their eggs to appropriate spawning substrate. However, it is not known if Yazoo Darters, or other imperiled Coastal Plain snubnose darters, will use rock substrate for spawning given it is almost entirely absent from streams of occurrence. If Yazoo Darters show no preference between wood and rock (rip-rap) for spawning, management would have greater flexibility when designing stream habitat installations for imperiled Coastal Plain snubnose darters, because the installation of rip-rap is much less expensive and time consuming than installation of wood. We used a randomized block experiment in an outdoor mesocosm facility to test for spawning substrate preferences. We counted >7600 eggs and Yazoo Darters used both substrates but used wood more than twice as often as rip-rap. Though we cannot recommend habitat installations using only rip-rap, any installation using a mix of wood and rip-rap will enhance spawning habitat for the Yazoo Darter and at least four other imperiled Coastal Plain snubnose darters.
Improvised Field Expedient Method for Renal Replacement Therapy in a Porcine Model of Acute Kidney Injury.

OBJECTIVE Dialysis patients may not have access to conventional renal replacement therapy (RRT) following disasters. We hypothesized that improvised renal replacement therapy (ImpRRT) would be comparable to continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in a porcine acute kidney injury model. METHODS Following bilateral nephrectomies and 2 hours of caudal aortic occlusion, 12 pigs were randomized to 4 hours of ImpRRT or CRRT. In the ImpRRT group, blood was circulated through a dialysis filter using a rapid infuser to collect the ultrafiltrate. Improvised replacement fluid, made with stock solutions, was infused pre-pump. In the CRRT group, commercial replacement fluid was used. During RRT, animals received isotonic crystalloids and norepinephrine. RESULTS There were no differences in serum creatinine, calcium, magnesium, or phosphorus concentrations. While there was a difference between groups in serum potassium concentration over time (P < 0.001), significance was lost in pairwise comparison at specific time points. Replacement fluids or ultrafiltrate flows did not differ between groups. There were no differences in lactate concentration, isotonic crystalloid requirement, or norepinephrine doses. No difference was found in electrolyte concentrations between the commercial and improvised replacement solutions. CONCLUSION The ImpRRT system achieved similar performance to CRRT and may represent a potential option for temporary RRT following disasters.
Crystal Engineering: from Structure to Function

Modern crystal engineering has emerged as a rich discipline whose success requires an iterative process of synthesis, crystallography, crystal structure analysis, and computational methods. By focusing on the molecular recognition events during nucleation and growth, chemists have uncovered new ways of controlling the internal structure and symmetry of crystals and of producing materials with useful chemical and physical properties.
A Novel Model for Generating Creative, Community-Responsive Interventions to Reduce Gender-Based Violence on College Campuses

Currently, the most successful prevention interventions against sexual violence (SV) on United States college campuses target modifications at the individual and interpersonal levels. Community-level interventions have been under-developed for college campuses. To address this gap, we employ a citizen science model for understanding campus community factors affecting SV risk. The model, called Our Voice, starts by engaging groups of college students to collect data in their own communities, identifying factors they view as increasing the risk of SV. In facilitated meetings, participants then review and analyze their collective data and use it to generate actionable community-level solutions and advocate for them with local decision-makers. We share findings from a first-generation study of the Our Voice model applied to SV prevention on one college campus, and include recommendations for further research.
Firms and Inequality: A Regional Perspective

The emerging conversation on inequality positions the firm as a central contributor to this growing societal problem. Our study builds on this work by extending the relationship between firms and i...
Micro-PIV Measurements of Multiphase Flow in Deforming Porous Media Subject to Mineral Dissolution

Mineral dissolution is studied in novel calcite-based porous micromodels under single- and multiphase conditions, with a focus on the interactions of mineral dissolution with pore flow. Microscopic particle image velocimetry (PIV) was utilized to simultaneously characterize the local velocity field and the instantaneous shapes of the dissolving grains. The preliminary results provide a unique view of the coupled dynamics between pore flow and mineral dissolution.
Definitive radiotherapy in lieu of systemic therapy for oligometastatic renal cell carcinoma: a single-arm, single-centre, feasibility, phase 2 trial

Summary Background The role of radiotherapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma is controversial. We prospectively tested the feasibility and efficacy of radiotherapy to defer systemic therapy for patients with oligometastatic renal cell carcinoma. Methods This single-arm, phase 2, feasibility trial was done at one centre in the USA (The MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA). Patients (aged ≥18 years) with five or fewer metastatic lesions, an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group status of 0–2, and no more than one previous systemic therapy (if this therapy was stopped at least 1 month before enrolment) without limitations on renal cell carcinoma histology were eligible for inclusion. Patients were treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy (defined as ≤5 fractions with ≥7 Gy per fraction) to all lesions and maintained off systemic therapy. When lesion location precluded safe stereotactic body radiotherapy, patients were treated with hypofractionated intensity-modulated radiotherapy regimes consisting of 60–70 Gy in ten fractions or 52·5–67·5 Gy in 15 fractions. Additional rounds of radiotherapy were allowed to treat subsequent sites of progression. Co-primary endpoints were feasibility (defined as all planned radiotherapy completed with ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT03575611 . Findings 30 patients (six [20%] women) were enrolled from July 13, 2018, to Sept 18, 2020. All patients had clear cell histology and had a nephrectomy before enrolment. All patients completed at least one round of radiotherapy with less than 7 days of unplanned breaks. At a median follow-up of 17·5 months (IQR 13·2–24·6), median progression-free survival was 22·7 months (95% CI 10·4–not reached; 1-year progression-free survival 64% [95% CI 48–85]). Three (10%) patients had severe adverse events: two grade 3 (back pain and muscle weakness) and one grade 4 (hyperglycaemia) adverse events were observed. There were no treatment-related deaths. Interpretation Sequential radiotherapy might facilitate deferral of systemic therapy initiation and could allow sustained systemic therapy breaks for select patients with oligometastatic renal cell carcinoma. Funding Anna Fuller Foundation, the Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (CPRIT), and the National Cancer Institute.
Biologic Response to Intracavitary Interleukin-2/Lymphokine Activated Killer (IAK) Cells in the Treatmemt of Primary Malignant Brain Tumors

A Phase I trial of intracavitary recombinant Cetus IL-2 and lymphokine-activated killer (IAK) cells was performed in 9 adult patients (pts) with recurrent glioma with Karnofsky scores ≦ 60; 8 pts Grade IV, 1 pt Grade III. Following leukapheresis, lymphocytes were activated ex vivo. Activated IAK and IL-2 were infused via an Ommaya reservoir implanted in the tumor cavity during reqperation. Repetitive bolus IL-2 was given MWF for two weeks (wks). This cycle was repeated 2 wks later and in similar 4 wk courses every 12 wks for pts with anti-tumor response or stable disease. Corticosteroid therapy was limited to treatment of IL-2 related CNS toxicity. There was no evidence of systemic toxicity, nor were changes observed in peripheral immunophenotypes. The reservoirs were aspirated prior to each infusion and analyzed. A progressive eosinophilia was noted in the aspirates in a cumulative IL-2 dose-dependent manner, with apparent priming between cycles. Lumbar CSF punctures obtained in two cases also demonstrated eosinophilia. Similarly, IL-2 levels increased in the aspirates in a cumulative dose related manner. Tissue specimens, obtained in 5 pts after therapy, demonstrated pericavitary necrosis with an eosinophilic infiltrate and perivascular mononuclear cells. There were two partial responses. The median survival for 8 pts with Grade IV tumors was >50 wks, with 3 pts still alive.
Conditional choice with a vacuous second tier

This paper studies a generalization of rational choice theory. I briefly review the motivations that Helzner gives for his conditional choice construction (2013). Then, I focus on the important class of conditional choice functions with vacuous second tiers. This class is interesting for both formal and philosophical reasons. I argue that this class makes explicit one of conditional choice’s normative motivations in terms of an account of neutrality advocated within a certain tradition in decision theory. The observations recorded—several of which are generalizations of central results in the standard theory of rational choice—are intended to provide further insight into how conditional choice generalizes the standard account and are offered as additional evidence of the fruitfulness of the conditional choice framework.
Automatic Optical Crack Tracking for Double Cantilever Beam Specimens

An automatic crack tracking scheme is developed for measuring the tensile opening (mode I) interlaminar fracture toughness (GIc) of continuous glass fiber-reinforced composite materials. The technique is directly compared to ASTM standard D5528, which contains a manual procedure to obtain GIc values from crack length data using a double cantilever beam (DCB) specimen. In this study, a custom computer program with edge detection software rapidly, automatically, and accurately tracks the crack front in translucent DCB specimens by optically monitoring dissimilarities between delaminated and intact portions of the sample. The program combines mechanical testing, image processing, and data collection subroutines into a single interface. The technique is compatible with sample geometries and fabrication processes described in ASTM D5528, and it requires only the addition of a charge-coupled device (CCD) and light source. Compared with the manual techniques outlined in the ASTM standard, the introduced method provides enhanced resolution and reduced workload to determine crack length and resulting GIc of continuous glass fiber-reinforced composite DCB samples.
Differences in Readiness between Rural Hospitals and Primary Care Providers for Telemedicine Adoption and Implementation: Findings from a Statewide Telemedicine Survey

AbstractPurpose:Published advantages of and challenges with telemedicine led us to examine the scope of telemedicine adoption, implementation readiness, and barriers in a southern state where adoption has been historically low. We hypothesized that rural hospitals and primary care providers (RPCPs)
High speed measurement of FET V/sub th/ at low I/sub d/

High-speed measurement of field-effect transistor (FET) threshold voltage at low drain current has been achieved by using an analog feedback method with proper guarding techniques. The method can be applied to process control test structure FETs and/or to characterize FETs which may be formed in high-density metal-oxide semiconductor large-scale integration circuits. Ease of operation has been augmented by dedicated software. With correct application of the guard technique, it is proved that V/sub th/ at low I/sub d/ such as 1 nA can be measured in a reasonable measurement time. >
School Lessons in War: Children at Tuol Sleng & the Rise of International Protections for Children in War

This paper uses the exploitation of children by the Khmer Rouge at Tuol Sleng torture prison as a point of departure to survey the rise of international protections for children in war from an historical perspective.
Substituted methanes: Part XXXIV. Raman and infrared spectral data and calculated thermodynamic properties for CH2Cl2, CHDCl2, and CD2Cl2

Raman displacements, semiquantitative relative intensities, and approximate depolarization ratios were obtained for liquid CH2Cl2, CHDCl2, and CD2Cl2; and wave numbers and estimated relative intensities for the infrared bands from 400 to 4000 cycles/cm were obtained for both the liquid and the gas. Vibrational assignments for the deuteriated compounds were made by comparison with the results for CH2Cl2, and by application of the complete isotopic substitution rules of Brodersen and Langseth. The results confirm the infrared work of Shimanouchi and Suzuki for these compounds, except for the σ2 fundamental of CD2Cl2 which was assigned to the 1052 cycles/cm Raman line. Thermodynamic properties (heat content function, free energy function, entropy, and heat capacity) were calculated for twelve temperatures from 100 to 1000°K to a rigid-rotor, harmonic-oscillator approximation.
Optical rotation and viscosity of native and denatured proteins. XIV. Effect of surface active anions on serum γ‐globulin and trypsin inhibitor

The effect of sodium octyl-, decyl-, and dodecyl sulfates, and of sodium dihexyl- and dioctyl sulfosuccinates on serum γ-globulin and soybean trypsin inhibitor was investigated. It was found that the surface-active anions enhanced the viscosity of both proteins. Under the influence of the surface active anions, the specific rotation of the γ-globulins became more negative in all instances, whereas the specific rotation of the trypsin inhibitor was changed in a more complex way. The b0 values of native γ-globulin and trypsin inhibitor were found to be zero, and the surface active agents effectuated a negative shift of b0. This effect depended on the size of the hydrophobic ion and its concentration. The rotatory dispersion curves of the native proteins displayed smooth curves in the far ultraviolet, and the surface active anions produced an incipient COTTON effect at 230–240 mμ. It was concluded that the hydrophobic groups of the anions interact with the hydrophobic interior of the macromolecules of the proteins; the native non-helical conformation of the proteins thereby is changed into a different ordered conformation. This transition is opposite to that observed in the denaturation of the helical proteins. Der Einflus von Octyl-, Decyl und Dodecylsulfat sowie Dihexyl- und Dioctylsulfosuccinat (alle in der Form von Natriumsalzen) auf die Viskositat und das optische Drehungsvermogen von Serum-γ-Globulin und Trypsin-Inhibitor (aus Sojabohnen) wurde untersucht. Es wurde gefunden, das die oberflachenaktiven Anionen die Viskositat der Proteinlosungen erhohen. Das spezifische Drehungsvermogen von γ-Globulin wurde stets zu starker negativen Werten verschoben; die optische Aktivitat des Trypsin-Inhibitors verandert sich dagegen in komplizierterer Weise. Die b0-Werte der nativen Proteine wurden gleich Null gefunden; die oberflachenaktiven Anionen verschoben diese Werte in negativer Richtung. Es zeigte sich ferner, das diese Effekte von der Grose der hydrophoben Gruppe und der Konzentration des Anions abhangig sind. Die Rotationsdispersion der Proteine wurde mit ultraviolettem Licht verfolgt und dabei gefunden, das sich das spezifische Drehungsvermogen der nativen Proteine mit Verminderung der Wellenlange nach einer Exponential-Funktion glatt in negativer Richtung verschiebt . In Gegenwart oberflachenaktiver Ionen zeigen die Kurven Diskontinuitaten bei 230–240 mμ, die einen COTTON-Effekt andeuten. Daraus wurde die Schlusfolgerung gezogen, das die hydrophoben Gruppen der oberflachenaktiven Anionen mit den hydrophoben Bezirken im Innern der Proteinmolekule reagieren. Die native, nicht helixartige Konformation wird also in eine andere regulare Konformation uberfuhrt. Diese umwandlung ist verschieden von derjenigen, die bei der Denaturierung von Proteinen in Helix(Wendel)-form beobachtet wird.
Risk of Infection After Intra-articular Steroid Injection at the Time of Ankle Arthroscopy in a Medicare Population.

Purpose To employ a national database to evaluate the association between intraoperative corticosteroid injection at the time of ankle arthroscopy and postoperative infection rates in Medicare patients. Methods A national insurance database was queried for Medicare patients who underwent ankle arthroscopy, including arthroscopic removal of loose body, synovectomy, and limited or extensive debridement. Two groups were created: ankle arthroscopy with concomitant local steroid injection (n = 459) and a control group of patients who underwent ankle arthroscopy without intraoperative local steroid injection (n = 9,327). The demographics and Charlson Comorbidity Index of each group were compared. Infection rates within 6 months postoperatively were assessed using International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision, and Current Procedural Terminology codes and compared between groups using χ 2 -tests. Results A total of 9,786 unique patients who underwent ankle arthroscopy were included in the study. There were no statistically significant differences between the steroid injection study group and controls for the assessed infection-related variables, including gender, age group, obesity, smoking, and average Charlson Comorbidity Index. The infection rate for patients who had a local steroid injection at the time of surgery was 3.9% (18/459 patients), compared with 1.8% (168/9,327 patients) in the control group (odds ratio, 2.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.4 to 3.7; P = .002.) The majority of this difference was noted between the 65 and 79 years age groups. Conclusions The use of intraoperative intraarticular corticosteroid injection at the time of ankle arthroscopy in Medicare patients is associated with significantly increased rates of postoperative infection compared with controls without intraoperative steroid injections. Level of Evidence Level IV, therapeutic case series.