cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of apomorphine on blink kinematics in subhuman primates with and without facial nerve palsy.

PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to document the effect of acutely delivered apomorphine, a dopamine receptor agonist with both D1 and D2 properties, on blink rate and the amplitude–velocity characteristics of eyelid kinematics in a group of nonhuman primates. METHODS. Three cynomolgus and two rhesus macaques underwent baseline recordings for eyelid kinematics, using the Robinson search coil technique. Next, each animal received a 0.15-mg/kg subcutaneous injection of apomorphine. Recordings were taken at 45 and 90 minutes, respectively, after injection. Blink rates per minute were obtained, and main sequence relationships were calculated for every animal. The data were pooled for each eyelid, excluding one monkey who was affected by facial nerve palsy and was analyzed separately. RESULTS. Monkeys with normal facial musculature and normal baseline blink rates showed consistently longer, faster blinks after apomorphine. The main sequence relationship, although tending to be lower, was not statistically different from baseline. One monkey, with prior facial nerve palsy and a very steep amplitude versus peak velocity relationship, showed normalization of the main sequence slope after apomorphine at both 45 and 90 minutes after injection. CONCLUSIONS. Apomorphine consistently lowers blink rate and changed blink metrics in normal monkeys and, more dramatically, in a monkey with facial nerve palsy. These findings add credence to models in which dopamine deficiency plays a role in the modulation of blink kinematics. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002;43:2933–2938)
A solution to MIMO 4-block l/sup 1/ optimal control problems via convex optimization

Proposes an alternative solution to 4-block l/sup 1/ problems. This alternative is based upon the idea of transforming the l/sup 1/ problem into an equivalent (in the sense of having the same solution) mixed l/sup 1//H/sub /spl infin// problem that can be solved using convex optimization techniques. The proposed algorithm has the advantage of generating, at each step, an upper bound of the cost that converges uniformly to the optimal cost. Moreover, it allows for easily incorporating frequency and regional pole placement constraints. Finally, it does not require either solving large LP problems or obtaining the zero structure of the plant and computing the so-called zero interpolation and the rank interpolation conditions. The main drawback of this method is that it may suffer from order inflation. However, consistent numerical experience shows that the controllers obtained, albeit of high order, are amenable to model reduction by standard methods, with virtually no loss of performance.
Evidence Supports the Use of Soy Protein to Promote Cardiometabolic Health and Muscle Development

Consumption of adequate amounts of dietary protein can help individuals maintain a healthy body composition, especially when combined with resistance exercise and during weight loss. It is well established that dietary protein intake supports muscle development and helps reduce loss of lean body mass during weight loss. Numerous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of soy protein intake for promoting fat loss while preserving muscle mass and supporting lean body mass gains. In fact, soy protein and animal-based proteins both support weight loss and weight maintenance equally as part of an energy-restricted diet; however, soy protein offers additional cardiometabolic advantages. Key teaching points: Soy protein is a high-quality, plant-based protein that can be consumed throughout the life span. More human clinical studies have been conducted to assess the cholesterol-lowering effects of soy protein than any other cholesterol-lowering food ingredient. Ingestion of proteins with unique and complementary characteristics like soy, whey, and casein helps resistance-trained individuals achieve significant muscle growth. Recent research supports the efficacy of consuming a combination of soy, whey, and casein after resistance exercise to extend the time period that muscle building occurs.
Laboratory evidence for ion-acoustic-type double layers

The formation of an ion-acoustic-type double layer was observed in the laboratory for the first time. The rarefactive part of a long-wavelength ion-acoustic wave grew in amplitude because of the presence of drifting electrons. The corresponding current limitation led to the formation of the double layer.
Predicting the impacts of edge effects in fragmented habitats

Abstract We propose a protocol for assessing the ecological impacts of edge effects in fragments of natural habitat surrounded by induced (artificial) edges. The protocol involves three steps: (1) identification of focal taxa of particular conservation or management interest, (2) measurement of an ‘edge function’ that describes the response of these taxa to induced edges, and (3) use of a ‘Core-Area Model’ to extrapolate edge function parameters to existing or novel situations. The Core-Area Model accurately estimates the total area of pristine habitat contained within fragments. Moreover, it can be used to predict the amount of unaltered habitat preserved within any hypothetical fragment, such as a planned park or nature reserve, regardless of its size or shape. The model is simple, requiring two edge function parameters and the area and perimeter length of the fragment. Model simulations revealed that for any edge-sensitive species and habitat type there exists a critical range of fragment sizes in which the impacts of edge effects increase almost exponentially. This critical size range cannot be predicted without empirical measurement of the edge function.
Improved corresponding states principle for the noble gases

Abstract This paper contains the background for a complete synthesis of all the properties-equilibrium as well as transport—of the five noble gases and of the 26 mixtures that can be formed with them. The synthesis is valid for the zero-density limit only, but covers the temperature range from absolute zero to the onset of ionization. The synthesis is based on a thorough revision of the two-parameter extended law of corresponding states of Kestin, Ro and Wakeham. The paper recalls the basis for the original corresponding-states principle, identifies the places at which experiment and the theory of statistical mechanics suggest deviations, and proceeds to remove them to a point where almost perfect agreement between calculation and a very large body of diverse experimental data is achieved, in the sense that deviations of experimental data from calculation are of the same order as the uncertainty in the best contemporary measurements. The basis of the revised corresponding-states principle is a set of five parameters which characterize each pair-interaction together with a fully consistent and asymptotically correct set of universal collision integrals and functionals that appear in the rigorous theory. These are reinforced with selected quantum-mechanical calculations applied in regions where they are significant.
Linear representation of temporal location and Stevens's law.

Ss were asked to indicate points 1 week, 7 months, 3 years, and 9 years in the past and future on two time lines representing birth to present and present to death. Data for 90 college-age Ss fit a psychophysical power function following Stevens’s law. with negatively accelerated growth indicating proportionately greater linear representation of periods nearer to the present. Variability was greater for the representations of the future than of the past, with monotonic increases in variability as distance from the present increased.
Network-level structural covariance in the developing brain

Intrinsic or resting state functional connectivity MRI and structural covariance MRI have begun to reveal the adult human brain's multiple network architectures. How and when these networks emerge during development remains unclear, but understanding ontogeny could shed light on network function and dysfunction. In this study, we applied structural covariance MRI techniques to 300 children in four age categories (early childhood, 5–8 y; late childhood, 8.5–11 y; early adolescence, 12–14 y; late adolescence, 16–18 y) to characterize gray matter structural relationships between cortical nodes that make up large-scale functional networks. Network nodes identified from eight widely replicated functional intrinsic connectivity networks served as seed regions to map whole-brain structural covariance patterns in each age group. In general, structural covariance in the youngest age group was limited to seed and contralateral homologous regions. Networks derived using primary sensory and motor cortex seeds were already well-developed in early childhood but expanded in early adolescence before pruning to a more restricted topology resembling adult intrinsic connectivity network patterns. In contrast, language, social–emotional, and other cognitive networks were relatively undeveloped in younger age groups and showed increasingly distributed topology in older children. The so-called default-mode network provided a notable exception, following a developmental trajectory more similar to the primary sensorimotor systems. Relationships between functional maturation and structural covariance networks topology warrant future exploration.
Predicting cancer therapy-induced cardiotoxicity: the role of troponins and other markers.

Several anticancer drugs have been associated with cardiac toxicity, especially the anthracyclines and trastuzumab. The pathogenesis of anthracycline-associated toxicity has been well described, whereas the mechanism of trastuzumab-associated toxicity is unknown. Although routine cardiac imaging studies (e.g. echocardiogram or multiple gated acquisition scans) may identify subclinical evidence of myocardial dysfunction, available data do not support their routine use for monitoring asymptomatic patients undergoing cancer therapy. Other modalities such as nuclear medicine scintigraphy with indium-111-antimyosin antibody and endomyocardial biopsy have been shown to be useful in identifying early cardiac damage, but their routine use is limited by practical considerations such as feasibility and cost. Consequently, there is significant interest in developing simple and reproducible methods for identifying patients at risk for treatment-induced myocardial damage. Available data suggest that circulating markers such as troponins and natriuretic peptides could potentially be useful for this purpose. Measurement of plasma troponin levels are commonly used in clinical practice in order to provide diagnostic and prognostic information in patients with myocardial ischaemia. Elevated levels may likewise correlate with anthracycline-induced cardiac damage, although plasma levels are only minimally elevated (well below that associated with ischaemia), and elevations may persist for weeks or months after anthracycline exposure. Clinical trials are currently evaluating the role of these markers in predicting both early and late, clinical and subclinical damage associated with anthracyclines and trastuzumab.
Operational Systems for Observing the Lower Atmosphere: Importance of Data Sampling and Archival Procedures

Abstract A brief field project was conducted during July 1988 to assess the potential for Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD), 404-MHz radar wind profilers, and digital sounding systems to monitor the low-level wind field during clear-air conditions. The low-level jet was chosen as the phenomenon of interest because it is neither well sampled nor resolved by the current upper-air network, yet it is a common feature of mesoscale convective system and severe thunderstorm environments. Data were collected under quiescent synoptic conditions during several low-level jet events using a 10-cm NEXRAD-like Doppler radar and a digital sounding system colocated in Norman, Oklahoma. These data suggest that the areal-averaged horizontal winds calculated from the Doppler radar data using the Velocity Azimuth Display (VAD) technique are comparable with the winds observed using a digital sounding system, except under weak wind conditions. However, the vertical spacing of 304 m (1000 ft) between levels of horizontal V...
Emotional Reactivity to Everyday Problems, Affective Inertia, and Neuroticism

A naturalistic diary recording study was conducted to assess affective responses to everyday stress. Community-residing male participants made diary recordings regarding problem occurrence and mood several times a day for 8 days. In addition to reporting more frequent daily problems, persons scoring high in neuroticism were more reactive to stressors and were more distressed by recurrent problems than were persons scoring low in neuroticism. New problems affected everyone comparably. There was also evidence of affective inertia, such that bad mood was more likely to carry over to the next assessment. This lag effect tended to be stronger among more neurotic individuals.
Structural evidence for a dichotomy in rodent carcinogenesis: Involvement of genetic and cellular toxicity

The structural determinants identified as associated with carcinogenicity in rodents were compared to the structural determinants associated with mutagenicity in Salmonella and toxicity to cultured cells. The analysis revealed that the determinants of carcinogenicity could be separated into two almost mutually exclusive groups: Those associated with mutagenicity (and electrophilicity) and those associated with cell toxicity. These findings provide evidence for two mechanisms of cancer induction: A genotoxic one and a non-genotoxic one associated with cell toxicity.
Integrating actin assembly and endocytosis

The extent to which the many different pathways of endocytosis share underlying molecular mechanisms is currently unknown. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Yarar et al. (2007) report that SNX9, a protein that binds phosphatidylinositides, dynamin, and N-WASP, coordinates actin assembly with several distinct endocytic processes.
“The memory of dance,” an international conference of dance historians in Barcelona, 1994

The Association Europeenne des Historiens de la Danse (A.E.H.D.) held its annual conference at the Institut del Teatre in Barcelona, Spain, October 27-30, 1994. Attended by more than 130 participants, mostly from Spain (about sixty-five percent) and other parts of Europe (about twenty-six percent), the conference included presentations on the oral tradition, conventional and peripheral sources, archival work, notation, and the uses of computers and audiovisual technology in historical research. Of the 32 presenters, 9 were from Spain, 8 from the United States, 5 from England, 3 from France, 2 from Canada, and one each from Russia, Italy, Portugal, Sweden, and South Korea. The languages of the conference were Catalan, Spanish, and English, and simultaneous translation was provided throughout. Nelida Mones y Mestre, on the dance faculty of the Institut, was responsible for the excellent local arrangements. As so often with conferences, this one was an assemblage of intense experiences: contacts with old friends and new; a barrage of data, insights, and thoughts from the presentations; impassioned conversations; never enough time; and the physical battle from jet lag to stay awake.
Chemically induced tubal occlusion in the human female following a single instillation of quinacrine

Abstract In a case study of ten fertile women receiving a single intrauterine instillation of a suspension of Quinacrine, the six patients who did not have a hysterectomy 5 to 6 days later were found to have non-patent tubes when tested at least three weeks post-instillation. Five of these patients were using oral contraception prior to, during, and after treatment. Of the remaining four patients who underwent surgery within one week of instillation, three were found to have lesions suggesting tubal inflammation; none of these patients were using any kind of contraception.
Rapprochement of Rotter's Social Learning Theory with Self-Esteem Constructs.

To rectify confusion and vagueness concerning the definitional use of self-esteem, rapprochement of Rotter's (1954) social learning theory with self-esteem and related constructs is offered. These "self" constructs (namely, self-esteem, self-worth, self-confidence, self-satisfaction, and self-evaluation) are defined and combined into a conceptual framework indicating the impact of their interrelations with a self-esteem system. Incorporation of selected constructs from the social learning approach (i.e., expectancy, goal reinforcement value, minimal goal value) affords specification of the change process within the system. An attribution model is utilized to clarify the impact of causal internationalization on self-esteem and related constructs. Applications of the present system are provided with recommendations for empirical evaluation.
Frequency analysis of IC package inductance by the partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) method

The recent advancement in ICs toward higher speed and higher density resulted in problems of packages such as delay in signal pulses, increase in noise, etc. To suppress this type of noise, one has to reduce the inductance, capacitance, and resistance of wires associated with the package. Numerical simulation is an effective approach for efficiently finding a wire pattern which gives the minimum values for these circuit elements. Little analysis has been conducted for effective inductance dependent on current distribution because the wires inside the package have complex three-dimensional structures. This paper describes a simulation system for current distribution and effective inductance. The system uses the partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) method of calculating current flow in conductor segments. An actual package was analyzed with this simulator. It was shown that the simulated effective inductance as a function of frequency matches the measured value very well. It also was observed how the current distribution inside the conductor varies as the frequency changes. These results confirm the effectiveness of this method in analyzing the current distribution in, and the effective inductance of, package wires.
African Tongues on the Israeli Stage: A Reversed Diaspora

Over the last decade, Moroccan Israeli and Ethiopian Israeli actors have started to speak Maghrebi and Amharic, respectively, onstage. Their performances indicate a new, nonmainstream theatrical richness and “otherness,” and acknowledge diasporic cultures in Israel. “This is not a ‘trend,’ it is a return,” says a well-known Israeli singer—it is a reversed diaspora.
Current strategies with eptifibatide and other antiplatelet agents in percutaneous coronary intervention and acute coronary syndromes.

Antiplatelet and anticoagulation therapies are essential for the prevention of thromboembolic-induced myocardial ischaemia in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes and the ischaemic complications of percutaneous coronary intervention. Although heparin, direct thrombin inhibitors and oral platelet activation inhibitors provide substantial benefit, only glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa inhibitors block the final common pathway leading to platelet aggregation, and the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines recommend GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors as an integral component of care in these patients. Abciximab, eptifibatide and tirofiban all act through the GP IIb/IIIa receptor; however, variations in clinical outcomes among patients receiving these agents may be related to their structural and pharmacological differences, as well as to patient demographics. Data indicate that eptifibatide, at the current recommended dosing schedule, achieves the highest level of consistent platelet inhibiti...
Evaluation of the nematodes Steinernema feltiae and Thripinema nicklewoodi as biological control agents of western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis infesting chrysanthemum

Abstract In greenhouse studies, we evaluated a commercial formulation of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae and the inoculative release of the thrips-parasitic nematode Thripinema nicklewoodi against western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande infesting potted chrysanthemums. Foliar sprays of S. feltiae applied at 1.25–2.5×103 IJ mL−1 and 1000 – 2000 L ha−1 at 3-day intervals alone (targeting feeding stages) or in combination with soil applications (simultaneously treating non-feeding stages in the soil at the same rates) decreased but did not provide adequate control of thrips in flowering plants artificially infested with a dense population. Similar nematode treatments applied for four to five applications at 6-day intervals in two batches of initially clean chrysanthemums failed to prevent unacceptable damage to flowers and leaves from a dense natural infestation within the greenhouse. Although some IJ survived up to 48 h within flowers and flower buds, few nematode-...
“WE ARE THE UNHAPPY FEW”: RETURN AND DISILLUSIONMENT AMONG GERMAN-JEWISH INTELLECTUALS

After the Holocaust a few Jewish artists and intellectuals returned to Germany. The actor Fritz Kortner, the writer Wolfgang Hildesheimer, and the historian Hans-Joachim Schoeps represent three different areas of cultural activity among the returnees. Despite their different experiences they all felt by the 1960s that the hopes they had placed in a new German society were disappointed.
Hemolymph amino acid variations following behavioral and genetic changes in individual Drosophila larvae

This study investigated the effect of different sampling environments on hemolymph amino acid content of individual Drosophila melanogaster larvae. Hemolymph was collected from individual third instar larvae under cold-anesthetized, awake, and stress conditions. Qualitative and quantitative hemolymph amino acid analyses were performed via capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. The hemolymph amino acid concentrations, particularly arginine, glutamate, and taurine, changed significantly depending on the prior-to-sample-collection environments. Hemolymph amino acid analyses of six different Drosophila genotypes including two control genotypes and four mutant alleles were also carried out. Two mutant genotypes with over and under expression of a putative cystine-glutamate exchanger subunit were significantly different from each other with respect to their hemolymph glutamate, glycine, lysine, and taurine levels. Hemolymph amino acid analyses of stressed larvae of two control and two mutant genotypes indicated that behavior-related hemolymph chemical changes are also genotype dependent.
Adiponectin agonist ADP355 attenuates CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in mice.

Liver fibrosis is a growing global health problem characterized by excess deposition of fibrillar collagen, and activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Adiponectin is known to possess anti-fibrotic properties; however a high physiological concentration and multiple forms circulating in blood prohibit clinical use. Recently, an adiponectin-like small synthetic peptide agonist (ADP355: H-DAsn-Ile-Pro-Nva-Leu-Tyr-DSer-Phe-Ala-DSer-NH2) was synthesized for the treatment of murine breast cancer. The present study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of ADP355 as an anti-fibrotic agent in the in vivo carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis model. Liver fibrosis was induced in eight-week old male C57BL/6J mice by CCl4-gavage every other day for four weeks before injection of a nanoparticle-conjugated with ADP355 (nano-ADP355). Control gold nanoparticles and nano-ADP355 were administered by intraperitoneal injection for two weeks along with CCl4-gavage. All mice were sacrificed after 6 weeks, and serum and liver tissue were collected for biochemical, histopathologic and molecular analyses. Biochemical studies suggested ADP355 treatment attenuates liver fibrosis, determined by reduction of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase ALT) and hydroxyproline. Histopathology revealed chronic CCl4-treatment results in significant fibrosis, while ADP355 treatment induced significantly reversed fibrosis. Key markers for fibrogenesis–α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase I (TIMP1) were also markedly attenuated. Conversely, liver lysates from ADP355 treated mice increased phosphorylation of both endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and AMPK while AKT phosphorylation was diminished. These findings suggest ADP355 is a potent anti-fibrotic agent that can be an effective intervention against liver fibrosis.
Incremental supervised learning: localized updates in nonlocalized networks

Wendy K. Foslien and Tariq SamadHoneywell SSDC, 3660 Technology Drive, Minneapolis, MN 55418AbstractWe present a novel yet simple approach to incremental learning in neural networks: the problem ofupdating a mapping based on limited new data. The approach consists of forming a training set byappending to the new data additional training examples generated by exercising the network. Thisstrategy enables the mapping to be updated in the neighborhood of the new data without causing distortionselsewhere in the input space. The approach can be used with any neural network model; it is particularlyuseful for the popular multilayer sigmoidal networks in which small parameter changes can havenonlocal consequences. Demonstrations and parametric explorations on a toy problem are described.IntroductionWith an appropriate network design and training data, numerous applications have by now shown thataccurate neural network classifiers and function approximators can be developed. Research targeted atevolutionary improvements in learning algorithms and network models continues, but the current state-of-the-art is adequate for many applications where sufficient data is available in advance and trainingtime is not at a premium.However, satisfactory solutions to problems that require online adaptation cannot yet be realized. Withvirtually all neural network models, a network once trained on a data set cannot reliably be updated onnew data: there are no effective approaches for incremental learning. Learning algorithms will simplyminimize some error criterion over the new examples—only vestigial traces are likely to remain of the
Phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinases put PI4,5P(2) in its place.

Phosphatidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate (PI4,5P2) is a critical second messenger that regulates a myriad of diverse cellular activities including modulation of the actin cytoskeleton, vesicle trafficking, focal adhesion formation, and nuclear events. In order to effectively regulate these disparate cellular events, synthesis of PI4,5P2 by phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinases (PIP kinases) must be both spatially and temporally regulated. Two subfamilies of PIP kinases, types I and II, allow the generation of PI4,5P2 from independent pools of substrate, PI(4)P and PI(5)P respectively. In turn, type I and II PIP kinases show different subcellular localization and thus are involved in distinct signaling pathways. Additionally, several type I isoforms, and their splice variants, have now been shown to be differentially localized throughout the cell and to be involved in the synthesis of PI4,5P2 at distinct sites. These findings implicate PIP kinases as the major regulators of PI4,5P2-mediated events, making them key signaling enzymes in a variety of processes. Understanding the mechanisms regulating spatial and temporal synthesis of PI4,5P2 by PIP kinases is vital for understanding these processes as a whole. This review examines both structural and regulatory features that modulate activity, localization, and substrate usage of PIPKs.
"The Export Technology Content, Learning By Doing, and Specialization in Foreign Trade"

Abstract We examine empirically whether countries with relatively little production and export experience specialize in the production and export of more standardized and lower-technology products, and those with more production experience produce and export more recently developed and higher-technology products. Using panel data covering 127 countries and the period between 1970 and 1997, we find that export experience does help to account for the variation in export content. Exporting experience influences a country's export mix more than its production experience, suggesting that there may be a trade-induced component of learning by doing in foreign trade specialization.
Finite termination of asynchronous iterative algorithms

We consider n-processor distributed systems where the ith processor executes asynchronously the iteration xi = Â?i,(x). It is natural to terminate the iteration of the ith processor when some local condition, such as xiÂ?i(x): `smallÂ?, holds. However, local termination conditions of this type may not lead to global termination because of the asynchronous character of the algorithm. In this paper, we propose several approaches to modify the original algorithm and/or supplement it with an interprocessor communication protocol so that this difficulty does not arise. Some of the resulting procedures can be recast as termination detection schemes for arbitrary finite, distributed computations.
Volumetric composition of the rabbit skeleton

Four rabbit skeletons were completely analyzed for marrow contents by means of a volumetric technique developed previously in a study of the dog skeleton (Gong and Arnold, 1965). The distribution of the marrow in various skeletal areas as well as the relative contents of the three marrow components (water, fat and non-fatty organic fraction) were determined. It was found that more than two-thirds of the rabbit marrow was located in the various flat bones and one-third in the long bones. In spite of this, almost half of the skeletal marrow fat was located in the long bones. The nonfatty organic fraction of the marrow in the long bones, on the other hand, constituted only one-sixth of that found in the whole animal skeletal marrow. In terms of total marrow, about 51% of the rabbit skeletal volume was marrow. Based on the concept that fat-free marrow is a more adequate index of active marrow than the red marrow (Gong and Arnold, 1965), the distribution of the various centers of marrow activity was described and discussed.
PROLONGED DETECTION OF GENTAMICIN IN NEONATES FOLLOWING CESSATION OF THERAPY

Gentamicin has been detected in serum of adult patients long after the drug has been discontinued and is the result of tissue accumulation. A prospective study was designed to see if this occurs in neonates. Twelve patients were treated with gentamicin 2.5 mg/kg every twelve hours in combination with ampicillin for suspected or confirmed sepsis. Serum concentrations were measured throughout the duration of therapy and also after cessation of therapy for up to 28 days. Microbiological assay and radioimmunoassay were employed to determine serum levels. Analysis of the first four patients revealed mean serum concentrations of gentamicin at one hour after injection of 10.0, 7.5, 7.4 and 5.6 mcg/ml. At eleven hours after injection mean serum concentrations were 1.9, 2.2, 2.7 and 1.6 mcg/ml. Elimination rate constants calculated from these values do not account for the concentrations of 0.40 - 0.01 mcg/ml that were found in serum for 2-28 days after gentamicin was discontinued. This persistence of gentamicin for prolonged periods after cessation of therapy is due to the slow egress from a deep tissue compartment.
A metal micromechanical resonant switch for on-chip power applications

A micromechanical resonant switch, or “resoswitch” (c.f., Fig. 1), constructed in nickel metal rather than previously used polysilicon attains a switch FOM >50 THz, which is several times higher than so far attained by power FET devices and pin diodes. Here, the use of metal reduces the “on” resistance of the resoswitch to less than 1Ω, allowing it to generate 17.7dB of sustained electrical power gain at 25MHz when embedded in a simple switched-mode power amplifier circuit, marking the first successful demonstration of RF power gain using a micromechanical resonant switching device. The high FOM of this device may soon permit the near 100% efficiency predicted for Class-E switched-mode power amplifiers that has eluded transistor-based versions for decades. This in turn would greatly extend battery lifetimes for portable wireless communications and other applications.
The effects of sampling gear on the survival of striped bass ichthyoplankton

Hatchery spawned and reared eggs, yolk-sac larvae and larvae from Hudson River striped bass (Morone saxatilis) were released into ichthyoplankton nets in an experimental flume at velocities of 0.5, 1.5 and 3.0 fps. Percent survival was determined immediately after exposure and, for 14-day-old larvae, after 72 hr. to assess latent mortality effects. Immediate and latent mortality was found to be velocity-dependent. Yolk-sac larvae were most sensitive to velocity during net capture, followed by post-yolk-sac larvae and eggs, in decreasing order of sensitivity. Attempts to determine survival of striped bass ichthyoplankton using net-captured organisms at steam electric stations may be affected profoundly by differences in water velocity at intakes and discharges.
Developing Critical Thinking Skills in Accounting Students

Abstract The Accounting Education Change Commission has called for a reorientation in accounting education that emphasizes development of the student's capability to learn and preparation of students for life-long learning. As accounting educators consider the implications for teaching and assessment strategies, the cogent research in other academic fields is useful in developing the response to the committee's recommendations. This article examines selected research with a focus on the development of critical thinking skills, teaching strategies for critical thinking, and assessment criteria for critical thinking in accounting.
Disease Categories and Disease Kinships: Classification Practices in the U.S. Environmental Breast Cancer Movement

U.S. breast cancer activists have increasingly focused their efforts on addressing environmental causes of the disease. These efforts have included raising public awareness about environmental risks, pushing for scientific research on environmental causes, and promoting more stringent environmental regulations. As part of this work, activists have consistently “classified” breast cancer within broader disease categories that shape how activists conceptualize and carry out their political agendas. In this paper I explore the role that three disease categories—women's health, cancer, and endocrine disruption—have played in the U.S. environmental breast cancer movement. In doing so, I also show how activists' classification practices are simultaneously “disease kinship” practices that are just as integral to the movement's efforts as are the disease categories to which they are bound. By examining the centrality of diseases classification and disease kinship practices to environmental breast cancer activism,...
Acute inflammatory response to cowpox virus infection of the chorioallantoic membrane of the chick embryo.

Abstract The chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane was used to study the acute inflammatory response in the absence of contributions from the immune system. In preliminary experiments, lesions of wild-type cowpox virus strain Brighton (CPV-BR) and a 38K gene deletion mutant of CPV-BR (CPV-BR.Dl) were compared with vaccinia virus (strains WR and Copenhagen), fowlpox virus, laryngotracheitis virus, and infectious tenosynovitis virus, and were ranked for degree of induced inflammation. The maximal and minimal inflammatory responses were observed with CPV-BR.D1 and CPV-BR viruses, respectively. CPV-BR.Dl lacks a 38K gene which encodes an anti-inflammatory 38-kDa protein that has homology to SERPINs. The kinetics and character of the inflammatory response were examined further in the wild-type CPV-BR and mutant CPV-BR.Dl infections using cell counts, electron microscopy, and assays for inflammatory cell activation. CPV-BR virus infection rapidly spread through the ectoderm, uniformly infecting all cells with the production of large amounts of virions and viral-induced cytopathic effect, but evoking little or no inflammatory response until 144 hr p.i. The CPV-BR.D1 infection, on the other hand, was rapidly contained by a dexamethasone-sensitive inflammatory response mainly of activated heterophils which was advanced by 36 hr p.i. Both infections resulted in disseminated disease with similar numbers of liver lesions and only a slight difference in the LD 50 , with the CPV-BR.D1 values being higher than that for CPV-BR virus. In this model, the acute inflammatory response alone is unable to prevent disseminated disease and associated mortality.
Inside the atomic patent office

Before Stagg Field, before Trinity, before the atomic age dawned above Hiroshima and Nagasaki, nascent nuclear technologies emerged into a world unsure of how to manage the bevy of new and dangerous secrets. The surprising method of early atomic control? Patent censorship.
Analogs of tetrahydrofolic acid XXXV. Hydrophobic bonding to dihydrofolic reductase VII. Species differences with substituted 4,6‐diamino‐1,2‐dihydro‐s‐triazines

Twenty-four 4,6-diamino-1,2-dihydro- s -triazines with varying substituents on the 1- and 2-positions have been compared as inhibitors of the dihydrofolic reductase from pigeon liver and from E. coli B. Since the 4,6-diamino-1,2-dihydro- s -triazine most probably binds to the enzyme in the same area as the pteridine ring of the substrate, dihydrofolate, little difference was seen in complexing of the 1, 2, 2-trimethyl derivative (VI); this result was anticipated since the active site of an enzyme cannot be varied appreciably and still have a functioning enzyme. In contrast, hydrophobic bonding to the enzymes by alkyl or aryl groups on the 1- and 2-positions of the inhibitors could be anticipated to show differences in binding between the two species, since it should be possible for the relatively nonfunctional hydrophobic region on the enzyme to be quite variable from species to species and still allow the enzyme to function. The biggest differences between the two species were observed when substituents were attached to the 1-phenyl group of 4,6-diamino-1-phenyl-2,2-dimethyl-1,2-dihydro- s -triazine (I) or larger groups than methyl were introduced on the 2-position. Differences in conformational requirements for hydrophobic bonding to the two enzymes are presented.
Quantitative cytophotometric analysis of brain neuronal RNA and protein changes in acute T-2 mycotoxin poisoned rats.

L. J. Martin, J. D. Morse and A. Anthony. Quantitative cytophotometric analysis of brain neuronal RNA and protein changes in acute T-2 mycotoxin poisoned rats. Toxicon24, 933 – 941, 1986.—Male Sprague-Dawley rats (200 g) injected intraperitoneally with T-2 toxin, a trichothecene mycotoxin protein synthesis inhibitor, at dosages of 0.75, 1.0, 1.5 and 6.0 mg/kg (1 LD50 = 0.9 mg/kg) were decapitated at 8 hr post-exposure. Data were obtained on changes in neuronal (perikaryal) RNA levels, protein contents and nucleolar volumes in cerebrocortical (layer III) and striatal (caudate - putamen) brain regions using quantitative azure B - RNA and Coomassie - protein cytophotometry and ocular filar micrometry. Correlative observations were made on changes in brain cytomorphology. Reductions in neuronal RNA/protein contents and nucleolar volume were used as indices of impaired perikaryal functioning. At 8 hr after T-2 toxin poisoning the following results were obtained in cerebrocortical and striatal brain compartments: (1) neuronal RNA contents were generally maintained at control values in both brain regions, however, moderate RNA depletion was evidenced in the cerebral cortex with 1.5 mg/kg T-2 and in the striatum with a 6.0 mg/kg dose; (2) neuronal protein levels were suppressed in a dose-dependent fashion within the cerebrocortex, while in the striatum there was no direct correspondence between protein loss and T-2 dosage; (3) neuronal nucleolar volumes were typically maintained at control levels in both neuronal compartments. Microscopic observations revealed no gross evidence of T-2-induced brain cytopathology. These data indicate that T-2 toxin does not elicit direct cytopathic actions in these two brain regions, thus indicating that cerebrocortical and striatal compartments do not represent primary target sites of T-2 toxicant action. It is believed that neuronal protein depletion in these brain regions is more likely attributable to systemic effects of T-2 mycotoxin leading to cardiovascular insufficiency and hypoxemia.
STATUS CHANGE AND PERSISTENCE IN CHICAGO SUBURBS: MULTIPLE PATTERNS OF CAUSATION*

An examination of 1970–1980 census data for suburban Chicago indicates that, within the context of persisting inequities, causal links between community characteristics and status change vary by in...
Ethylene glycol assisted spray pyrolysis for the synthesis of hollow BaFe12O19 spheres

Hollow spherical BaFe12O19 particles were synthesized by spray pyrolysis from a solution containing ethylene glycol (EG) and precursors at 1000 degrees C. The effects of EG concentration on particle morphology, crystallinity and magnetic properties were investigated. The hollow spherical particles were found to consist of primary particles, and higher EG concentration led to a bigger primary particle size. EG concentration did not show much effect on the hollow particle size. Better crystallinity and higher magnetic coercivity were obtained with higher EG concentration, which is attributed to further crystallization with the heat produced from EG combustion. Saturation magnetization (emu/g) decreased with increasing EG concentration due to residual carbon from EG incomplete combustion, contributing as a non-magnetic phase to the particles. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Contribution of individual residues to formation of the native-like tertiary topology in the alpha-lactalbumin molten globule.

Molten globules are partially folded forms of proteins that have native-like secondary structure and a compact geometry, but often without rigid, specific side-chain packing. Recently, the molten globule of α-lactalbumin (α-LA) has been shown to adopt a native-like tertiary topology, mainly localized in the α-helical domain. This native-like topology is reflected by the high effective concentration (Ceff) for formation of the 28–111 disulfide bond, which is approximately 10 to 40 times higher than the Ceff for formation of any non-native disulfide bond in the α-helical domain. In order to understand the mechanism for formation of the native-like tertiary topology, we substituted alanine for each of the 23 buried residues in the α-helical domain of α-LA and determined the effect of these substitutions on the Ceff for formation of the 28–111 disulfide bond. Our results indicate that a subset of hydrophobic residues is most important for formation of the native-like topology. These residues form a densely packed core in the three-dimensional structure of α-LA. In contrast, the less important residues consist of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acids located at peripheral positions. These results suggest that a relatively small number of hydrophobic residues may be sufficient for specifying the overall structure of a protein during early stages of protein folding.
A variant presentation of transverse testicular ectopia due to abnormal insertion of the gubernaculum

Transverse testicular ectopia or crossed testicular ectopia is a well-described congenital anomaly in which both testes descend through a single inguinal canal. We report a new variant and discuss the possible mechanism and management of this anomaly. A 10-month-old male infant was referred to the paediatric surgery clinic for right cryptorchidism. An examination showed an empty right hemiscrotum and two testes on the left side (Fig. 1a). Ultrasonography revealed two testis-like masses in the left scrotum. Exploration of the right groin was initially performed for the right undescended testis and a spermatic cord structure within the right inguinal canal was found. The cord could be traced across the midline to the left upper ectopic testis. After delivering this gonad to the right groin incision, the gubernaculum connecting the testis was divided (Fig. 1b) and an adequate length of spermatic cord was achieved. Standard right orchiopexy was performed using a subdartos pouch without tension. The eutopic gonad was in the left lower scrotum. The patient was discharged some days after the operation. At 16 months of age, each testis is within its hemiscrotum and of normal size. An intravenous pyelogram, a voiding cystourethrogram, and ultrasonography of the abdomen showed no other abnormalities. Transverse testicular ectopia (TTE) is a rare form of ectopic testis; less than 150 well-documented cases have been reported until now [1]. The usual clinical presentation is an impalpable testis on one side and a normally descended testis with symptomatic inguinal hernia, containing two testes, discovered during herniotomy. The most commonly described technique for correcting TTE is the modified Ombredanne technique [4]. In this procedure, a trans-septal window is created through which the ectopic testis is fixed to the correct hemiscrotum, although its spermatic cord still crosses the midline and runs through the contralateral inguinal canal. In our case, no inguinal hernia or other urogenital associated anomaly was noted. Right groin exploration
Economic distribution as a social process

Abstract This article examines the role of extramarket and other noneconomic variables in the pricing of the factors of production or income distribution. The documented presence and salience of premarket variables in factor valuation makes economic distribution an eminently social process. In particular, even under a modern free-market economy, income and wealth distribution represents a process of institutionalization through the creation and imposition of social rules and sanctions as distinguished from inexorable natural laws. For instance, wage formation and dispersion (inequality) is reportedly more a function of the institutional structure of labor markets than of the automatic operation of some iron market laws of wages. To that extent income/wealth distribution becomes a matter of, in economic terms, discretionary decision making, rather than of an objective valuation of productive factors according to their (marginal) productivity or merit. In retrospect, the article supports the Keynesian hypothesis about the economically arbitrary and inequitable distribution of income and wealth in capitalism.
Effects of Clean Indoor Air Laws on Bar and Restaurant Revenue in Minnesota Cities

Background In recent years, local governments have strengthened laws to prohibit smoking in bars and restaurants to promote patron and employee health. Because of concerns that clean indoor air policies could have negative economic effects on some hospitality businesses, some cities have adopted partial clean indoor air policies (e.g., exempting bars). Purpose This paper considers how partial and comprehensive smokefree policies affected bar and restaurant revenue, using quarterly data reported to the Minnesota Department of Revenue. Methods Data from ten Minnesota cities from 2003 to 2007 were used to conduct a time-series analysis in 2009, adjusting for the population size of each city. Results Bars and restaurants governed by either partial or comprehensive policies had slightly higher revenues than those not regulated by any local clean indoor air policy. Bars and restaurants governed by partial local bans reported 0.009% higher total revenue ( p =0.5) and 0.052% higher liquor sales revenue ( p =0.003) than those not covered by a ban. Bars and restaurants governed by comprehensive local bans reported 0.026% higher total revenue ( p =0.05) and 0.018% higher liquor sales revenue ( p =0.35). Conclusions These findings suggest that smoking bans, whether comprehensive or partial, do not have a negative effect on bar and restaurant total or liquor revenues and may be associated with slightly higher revenue compared to not having a clean indoor air policy.