cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
c (2×2)Cl/Cu(001) adsorbate geometry and substrate-surface relaxation using low-temperature angle-resolved photoemission extended fine structure

A detailed structural study of the c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)Cl/Cu(001) adsorbate system was made, using the angle-resolved photoemission extended-fine-structure (ARPEFS) technique at low temperature, which yields both more accurate surface structural information and near-surface structural information for deeper substrate layers. Electrons were detected along two emission directions, [001] and [011], and at two temperatures, 110 and 300 K. The Cl atoms were found to adsorb in the fourfold hollow site, 1.604(5) \AA{} above the first copper layer, with a Cl-Cu bond length of 2.416(3) \AA{} (in which the errors in parentheses are statistical standard deviations only). These values are in excellent agreement with a previous low-energy electron-diffraction study by Jona et al. The c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)Cl-covered first copper layer showed no relaxation with respect to the bulk position. However, a small corrugation of the second copper layer was found: The second-layer copper atoms below the Cl atoms move 0.042(12) \AA{} away from the surface, while those in open positions remain in their bulk positions. The distances from the Cl atoms to the third and fourth copper layers were found to be 5.222(25) and 7.023(22) \AA{}, respectively, yielding a bulklike interlayer spacing. Thus the depth sensitivity of the low-temperature ARPEFS facilitated definitive referencing of near-surface atomic positions to the underlying lattice.
HDL and cardiovascular-disease risk--time for a new approach?

Clinical and epidemiologic studies have consistently shown that low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol are strongly associated with an increase in the risk of coronary artery disease.1 Moreover, hypercholesterolemic mice with genetic defects in HDL metabolism are markedly atherosclerotic,2,3 providing compelling evidence that HDL is a key modulator of the disease in animal models. These observations, together with the large residual disease risk among patients with coronary disease who are treated with statins, have triggered intense interest in therapies that raise levels of HDL cholesterol. Despite the abundant evidence for the inverse association between HDL cholesterol and the . . .
Peroxiredoxin 6 phosphorylation and subsequent phospholipase A2 activity are required for agonist-mediated activation of NADPH oxidase in mouse pulmonary microvascular endothelium and alveolar macrophages

Peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6), a bifunctional enzyme with glutathione peroxidase and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activities, participates in the activation of NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) in neutrophils, but the mechanism for this effect is not known. We now demonstrate that Prdx6 is required for agonist-induced NOX2 activation in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVEC) and that the effect requires the PLA2 activity of Prdx6. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to angiotensin II (Ang II) or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate was markedly reduced in perfused lungs and isolated PMVEC from Prdx6 null mice. Rac1 and p47phox, cytosolic components of NOX2, translocated to the endothelial cell membrane after Ang II treatment in wild-type but not Prdx6 null PMVEC. MJ33, an inhibitor of Prdx6 PLA2 activity, blocked agonist-induced PLA2 activity and ROS generation in PMVEC by >80%, whereas inhibitors of other PLA2s were ineffective. Transfection of Prx6 null cells with wild-type and C47S mutant Prdx6, but not with mutants of the PLA2 active site (S32A, H26A, and D140A), “rescued” Ang II-induced PLA2 activity and ROS generation. Ang II treatment of wild-type cells resulted in phosphorylation of Prdx6 and its subsequent translocation from the cytosol to the cell membrane. Phosphorylation as well as PLA2 activity and ROS generation were markedly reduced by the MAPK inhibitor, U0126. Thus, agonist-induced MAPK activation leads to Prdx6 phosphorylation and translocation to the cell membrane, where its PLA2 activity facilitates assembly of the NOX2 complex and activation of the oxidase.
Putting the fear back into fear appeals: The extended parallel process model

The fear appeal literature is diverse and inconsistent. Existing fear appeal theories explain the positive linear results occurring in many studies, but are unable to explain the boomerang or curvilinear results occurring in other studies. The present work advances a theory integrating previous theoretical perspectives (i.e., Janis, 1967; Leventhal, 1970; Rogers, 1975, 1983) that is based on Leventhal's (1970) danger control/fear control framework. The proposed fear appeal theory, called the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM), expands on previous approaches in three ways: (a) by explaining why fear appeals fail; (b) by re‐incorporating fear as a central variable; and (c) by specifying the relationship between threat and efficacy in propositional forms. Specific propositions are given to guide future research.
Conciliation Boards in Revolutionary Petrograd: Aspects of the Crisis of Labor-Management Relations in 1917

In the past several years, our understanding of the Russian Revolution of 1917 has been enriched by studies of local, grass roots organizations which arose in the wake of the February Revolution and responded to the specific needs of their initiators. Studies of the raionnye sovety and factory militias, for example, have closely examined popular institutions which reflect in microcosm the larger issues and conflicts underlying the question of national reconstruction.1 By focusing on events "from below" we have gained a clearer understanding of the constraints within which the Provisional Government and Petrograd Soviet operated and the reasons for the widening gap between effective policy formulation and its execution. The conciliation boards (primiritel'nye kamery) provide a similarly productive area of investigation by illustrating some of the critical problems of labor-management relations, particularly the conflict over the dismissal of administrative personnel in the metal working industry of the capital. This issue is, admittedly, a small aspect of labor-management conflict in the revolutionary period, but one that is richly suggestive of the depth and contours of social conflict within the factories and the difficulty of finding institutional mechanisms for its resolution, even in the initial "peaceful" phase of revolutionary development. The dismissal of administrative personnel was an issue that dominated the proceedings of the local boards and in many ways influenced their further development.
Mutagen-induced changes in cellular deoxycytidine triphosphate and thymidine triphosphate in Chinese hamster ovary cells.

Abstract Deoxynucleoside triphosphate concentrations in Chinese hamster ovary cell lines, CHO-K1 and Mut 8–16, were examined following exposure of cells to UV or dimethylsulfate. Marked decreases in dCTP were observed 2 hr after exposure to both mutagens. In contrast, dTTP concentrations increased with increased cell killing after exposure to UV but not after exposure to dimethylsulfate. Examination of DNA synthesis in permeabilized cells in the presence of excess concentrations of dNTP substrates suggests that excess dCTP enhances replication while excess of dTTP inhibits replication. We therefore ask whether the increase in the dTTP dCTP ration in mutagenized whole cells either contributes to or prolongs induced inhibition of replication. In addition we proposed that such an induced dNTP imbalance may also contribute to an increase in mutations by enhancing the probability for base-misincorporation.
Possible transmission experiments with low-velocity helium droplets

We show that very low velocity droplets can be used to carry out an experiment to test whether condensate mediated transmission processes can occur in a superfluid droplet of $^{4}\mathrm{He}$. By appropriately choosing the droplet radius and temperature, we can eliminate the competing roton, phonon, and ripplon mediated elastic transmission events. Then a calculation shows that if a few percent or more of the incident atoms experience anomalous condensate mediated transmission, the effects should be detectable in the droplet trajectories. We consider two forms of the experiment, involving a freely falling droplet in ambient vapor in the first instance and an oscillating droplet in a magnetic trap in the second.
ON BILINEAR FORMS REPRESENTED BY TREES

The adjacency matrix of a weighted graph determines an integral bilinear form. The trees with unimodular adjacency matrices are described with special emphasis on the definite and semidefinite cases, since they arise as configuration graphs of good divisors in compact complex surfaces.
Dietary effects on initiation and promotion of hepatocarcinogenesis in rat.

Female F344/N rats were initiated with DEN (10 mg/kg) 24 h after a 70% partial hepatectomy. Groups of 10 rats were fed (a) AIN, group-1; (b) PD, group-2; or (c) NIH, group-3, for 1 week after initiation and were then fed NIH plus the promoting agent PB at a level of 0.05% in the diets for 6 months. Other groups were fed NIH for 1 week after initiation and then NIH without PB (group-4), AIN+PB (group-5), AIN without PB (group-6), PD+PB (group-7), or PD without PB (group-8) for 6 months. The numbers and volume percentages of AHF were quantified by stereologic methods from frozen serial sections, stained consecutively for GGT, ATPase, and G6Pase. For the groups fed different diets during the 1st week after initiation, the numbers and volume of AHF were significantly greater in group-2 than in groups 1 or 3. The numbers of AHF were significantly less in group-3 than in group-1. The numbers and volume of AHF were significantly greater in groups fed PB during the promotion phase, except in the case of group-7, whose focal volume did not differ from groups 6 or 8. Group-3 had significantly greater numbers of AHF than groups 5 and 7. These findings can be explained by the hypothesis that the NIH diet contained factors that acted synergistically with PB to enhance tumor promotion. The mean focal volume of both GGT positive and ATPase negative foci was significantly greater in group-5 than in all other groups; this indicates that the AIN+PB regimen selectively promoted the growth of a subpopulation of AHF. These findings show that alterations in the composition of diets fed during hepatocarcinogenesis significantly alter the effects of specific chemical agents acting during the stages of initiation and promotion in hepatocarcinogenesis.
Interconnections between the pretectum and visual thalamus in reptiles, Caiman crocodilus

Interconnections between the visual thalamus and the pretectum were investigated in one species of reptiles, Caiman crocodilus, by injections of horseradish peroxidase into nucleus rotundus. Nucleus pretectalis was identified as a major target of rotundal efferents as well as a significant input to nucleus rotundus. The presence of a pretectal nucleus with neural connections and topographic location similar to nucleus pretectalis of Caiman has been described in lizards and pigeons. Taken together, these observations suggest that this pretectal nuclear group and its associated fiber path may be a feature common to all non-mammalian amniotes.
Diverse regulation of NF-κB and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in murine nonalcoholic fatty liver

Fatty liver is highly sensitive to inflammatory activation. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) have anti-inflammatory effects and regulate lipid metabolism in the fatty liver. We hypothesized that fatty liver leads to endotoxin sensitivity through an imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory signals. Leptin-deficient, ob/ob mice and their lean littermates were challenged with single or double insults and pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways were tested on cytokine production and activation of nuclear regulatory factors NF-kappaB and peroxisome proliferator receptor element (PPRE). Ob/ob mice produced significantly higher serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin (IL) 6 and showed increased hepatic NF-kappaB activation compared to lean littermates after stimulation with a single dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or alcohol. In ob/ob mice, double insults with alcohol and LPS augmented proinflammatory responses mediated by increased degradation of inhibitory kappaB (IkappaB)-alpha and IkappaB-beta and preferential induction of the p65/p50 NF-kappaB heterodimer. In lean mice, in contrast, acute alcohol attenuated LPS-induced TNF-alpha, IL-6 production, and NF-kappaB activation through reduced IkappaB-alpha degradation and induction of p50/p50 homodimers. PPRE binding was increased in fatty but not in lean livers after alcohol or LPS stimulation. However, cotreatment with alcohol and LPS reduced both PPRE binding and nuclear levels of PPAR-alpha in fatty livers but increased those in lean livers. In conclusion, our results show opposite PPRE and NF-kappaB activation in fatty and lean livers. PPAR activation may represent an anti-inflammatory mechanism that fails in the fatty liver on increased proinflammatory pressure. Thus, an imbalance between PPAR-mediated anti-inflammatory and NF-kappaB-mediated proinflammatory signals may contribute to increased inflammation in the fatty liver.
Investigation of a subsonic-arc-attachment thruster using segmented anodes

To investigate high frequency arc instabilities observed in subsonic-arc-attachment thrusters, a 3 kW, segmented-anode arc jet was designed and tested using hydrogen as the propellant. The thruster nozzle geometry was scaled from a 30 kW design previously tested in the 1960's. By observing the current to each segment and the arc voltage, it was determined that the 75-200 kHz instabilities were results of axial movements of the arc anode attachment point. The arc attachment point was fully contained in the subsonic portion of the nozzle for nearly all flow rates. The effects of isolating selected segments were investigated. In some cases, forcing the arc downstream caused the restrike to cease. Finally, decreasing the background pressure from 18 to 0.05 Pa affected the pressure distribution in the nozzle including the pressure in the subsonic arc chamber.
Regional variations in land alienation: the Agricultural College Act of 1862

Public lands alienated under the Agricultural College Act of 1862 were far more widespread than has been documented previously. Mapping a sample of entries made under the Act between 1864 and 1873 shows that it enabled speculators to acquire large acreages of timber land in the lake states and vast acreages of grassland in the San Joaquin Valley of California. It also enabled small-scale speculators and bona fide settlers to acquire holdings in the prairie areas of Nebraska and Kansas. The Act was amended in 1770 to allow its use for payment of pre-emption claims, and this amendment encouraged the widespread use of the Act by bona fide settlers.
Evaluation of electrode configurations for high voltage interferent removal in laser-enhanced ionization spectrometry

Abstract The laser-enhanced ionization (LEI) signal results from a change in flame impedance produced by collisional ionization of laser-excited analyte atoms. Perturbations in the electrical composition of the flame due to high ion concentrations suppresses the LEI signal. Since the predominant source of electrical interferences is low ionization potential concomitants, high voltage electrodes might be used to remove interfering species prior to signal collection. High voltage interference removal precludes the use of the burner head as the signal collection anode so other electrode configurations were investigated. The optimum electrode geometry was determined and used for experimental evaluation of various removal electrode configurations. The appearance of anomalous signals was investigated and explained. The combination of the optimum signal collection and interference removal electrode geometry produced improvement in LEI signal recovery. The advantages and deficiencies of this system are discussed and compared with other approaches.
Improved mechanistic foam simulation with foam catastrophe theory

Abstract Recent experimental studies discovered that foam exhibits three different states (weak-foam, intermediate, and strong-foam states) reminiscent of catastrophe theory, and the strong-foam state consists of two distinct flow regimes (high-quality and low-quality regimes). No existing foam simulators can handle these concepts properly, especially when the simulation comes to near the limiting capillary pressure, P c * (or the limiting water saturation, S w * , equivalently) at which foam breaks down abruptly. Capturing the delicate feedback mechanism near P c * has been a great challenge in mechanistic foam simulations. This study presents how to build a mechanistic foam simulator consistent with foam catastrophe theory and two steady-state strong-foam regimes. More importantly, this study for the first time resolves the issues on the instability and divergence of numerical simulation that take place near the physical discontinuity (i.e., P c * or S w * ) in foam simulation. Results showed that it was necessary to choose an appropriate lamella-creation function to ensure the stability and convergence. Specifically (1) the lamella-creation function should increase rapidly above a certain pressure gradient (▿P), known as a minimum pressure gradient (▿Pmin) for lamella mobilization and division, to kick off active bubble generation, and (2) the function should also reach a plateau at high ▿P at which foam rheology is governed by bubble coalescence rather than bubble generation. This new mechanistic simulator required five parameters to fit the steady-state foam catastrophe, the two flow regimes, and dynamic foam coreflood data, each of which was determined uniquely. The foam model in this study manifested that active (or, inactive) lamella-creation mechanism could be compensated by active (or, inactive) lamella-coalescence mechanism in the modeling process. The level of how active these mechanisms were, however, had a significant impact on the shift from weak-foam to strong-foam propagation during dynamic foam displacement. Simulations were extended not only to simultaneous injection of gas and surfactant solutions in a wide range of injection velocities, but also to alternating gas and surfactant solutions in which the dynamic mechanisms near P c * is the key to field performance. Results were compared and verified with fractional flow analysis that was equipped with mechanistic foam mechanisms.
Non-redundant roles for Profilin2 and Profilin1 during vertebrate gastrulation

Gastrulation is a critical morphogenetic event during vertebrate embryogenesis, and it is comprised of directional cell movement resulting from the polarization and reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. The non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway has emerged as a key regulator of gastrulation. However, the molecular mechanisms by which the Wnt pathway mediates changes to the cellular actin cytoskeleton remains poorly defined. We had previously identified the Formin protein Daam1 and an effector molecule XProfilin1 as links for Wnt-mediated cytoskeletal changes during gastrulation. We report here the identification of XProfilin2 as a non-redundant and distinct effector of Daam1 for gastrulation. XProfilin2 interacts with FH1 domain of Daam1 and temporally interacts with Daam1 during gastrulation. In the Xenopus embryo, XProfilin2 is temporally expressed throughout embryogenesis and it is spatially expressed in cells undergoing morphogenetic movement during gastrulation. While we have previously shown XProfilin1 regulates blastopore closure, overexpression or depletion of XProfilin2 specifically affects convergent extension movement independent of mesodermal specification. Specifically, we show that XProfilin2 modulates cell polarization and axial alignment of mesodermal cells undergoing gastrulation independent of XProfilin1. Together, our studies demonstrate that XProfilin2 and XProfilin1 are non-redundant effectors for Daam1 for non-canonical Wnt signaling and that they regulate distinct functions during vertebrate gastrulation.
Hepatitis C infection and the increasing incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma: A population-based study

Background & Aims: A significantincrease in the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been reported in the United States. The risk factors underlying this increase remain unclear. Methods: By using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End-Results program (SEER)-Medicare–linked data, we conducted a population-based study to examine temporal changes in risk factors for patients 65 years and older diagnosed with HCC between 1993 and 1999. Only patients with continuous Medicare enrollment for 2 years before and up to 2 years after HCC diagnosis were examined. Univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate changes in risk factors over time (January 1993–June 1996 and July 1996–December 1999). Results: The age-adjusted incidence of HCC among persons 65 years of age and older significantly increased from 14.2 per 100,000 in 1993 to 18.1 per 100,000 in 1999. We identified 2584 patients with continuous Medicare enrollment 2 years before and up to 2 years after HCC diagnosis. The proportion of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related HCC increased from 11% during January of 1993 to June of 1996 to 21% during July of 1996 to December of 1999, whereas hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related HCC increased from 6% to 11% ( P Conclusions: There has been a significant recent increase in HCV- and HBV-related HCC. Increasing rates of HCV-related HCC can explain a substantial proportion of the reported increase in HCC incidence during recent years.
Buoyancy induced flows in a saturated porous medium adjacent to impermeable horizontal surfaces

Abstract Boundary-layer analysis is performed for the buoyancy-induced flows in a saturated porous medium adjacent to horizontal impermeable surfaces. Similarity solutions are obtained for the convective flow above a heated surface or below a cooled surface, where wall temperature is a power function of distance from the origin. Analytical expressions for boundary-layer thickness, local and overall surface heat flux are obtained. Applications to convective flow in a liquid-dominated geothermal reservoir are discussed.
Receptors for acylethanolamides-GPR55 and GPR119.

Acylethanolamides are lipid substances widely distributed in the body, generated from a membrane phospholipid precursor, N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE). The recent identification of arachidonoyl ethanolamide (anandamide or AEA) as an endogenous cannabinoid ligand has focused attention on acylethanolamides, which has further increased with the subsequent identification of related additional acylethanolamides with signaling function, such as oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA). Most of the biological functions of anandamide are mediated by the two G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors identified to date, CB1 and CB2, with the transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 receptor being an additional potential target. There has been increasing pharmacological evidence for the existence of additional cannabinoid receptors, with the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR55 being the most actively scrutinized, and is one of the subjects of this review. The other receptor reviewed here is GPR119, which can recognize OEA and PEA. These two acylethanolamides, although structurally related to anandamide, do not interact with classical cannabinoid receptors. Instead, they have high affinity for the nuclear receptor PPARα, which is believed to mediate many of their biological effects.
Is Postmenopausal Life-Span a Gift of Modern Health or a Product of Natural Selection?

The author discusses how researchers from various scientific disciplines view the origins of and mechanisms (evolutionary as well as physiological) underlying menopause in humans. She describes presentations from a symposium centered around interdisciplinary perspectives on female reproductive aging. Comparative zoology, primatology, and anthropology have much to contribute to our understanding of human menopause; hence the symposium contained speakers representing these subdisciplines, as well as the more typical disciplines of endocrinology and neurobiology.
A Unique High-Frequency Ventilator For Critically-ill Neonates With Severe Respiratory Failure 1744

Aim: To review the response in oxygenation, ventilation and survival, when using a uniquely designed high-frequency ventilator in neonates(≥34 weeks GA) failing conventional ventilation.
Casing the Environment

Science and Politics in the International Environment. Edited by Neil E. Harrison, Gary C. Bryner. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2004. 320 pp., $75.00 cloth (ISBN: 0-7425-2019-6), $32.95 paper (ISBN: 0-7425-2020-X). The modern edifice of the natural sciences began first with “natural history.” By presenting observations through description, people learned to look for patterns in nature and to ask questions. Only later did theory and methods come along to explain and explore the workings of nature. Science and Politics in the International Environment , edited by Neil Harrison and Gary Bryner, is a kind of natural history of international environmental issues. It contains ten case studies on an array of environmental issues along with brief chapters that explore how existing meso-scale theories like epistemic communities or discursive practices might help interpret the results. Those readers in search of grand theory or new theory will not find them here. For that matter, those scholars who seek carefully constructed comparative case studies will be disappointed. But for those educators who seek a book to use in a wide array of environmental or international relations courses—or in interdisciplinary science, technology, and society classes, this book just might be perfect. The natural history presented in Science and Politics in the International Environment was designed to be used actively with students. Thus, the appendix on using case studies should be read at the beginning of the book, not the end. It was puzzling to see the actual “how to use this book and why” in an appendix rather than as chapter 1. In fact, the first chapter is not particularly useful except as a prompt for philosophical debates about whether international relations has useful theories. The last chapter, “Toward Theory,” would be more helpful, but even it is not well framed nor strongly connected to the cases. The primary value of the book lies in the cases. Each case illustrates how science was or was not used in the creation and evolution of an environmental issue. …
Self-diffusion of polydisperse linear polymers☆

Abstract Self-diffusion coefficients are measured at 145°C for model linear polymers by a method that uses SANS to follow homogenization of initially segregated layers of conventional and deuterated polymers. Monodisperse ( N w / N n N w / N n = 1.5) systems having the same weight average degree of polymerization N w were measured. Diffusion coefficients for the two systems are essentially identical, in accord with a simple model in which all chains diffuse by reptation.
Improved growth curve measurements after supraglottoplasty

Objectives/Hypothesis: To evaluate changes in growth curve measurements after supraglottoplasty and compare these patterns to patients with laryngomalacia treated conservatively. Study Design: Retrospective case–control study. Methods: Children treated surgically for laryngomalacia were compared to control groups of patients who underwent observation or medical treatment only. Body weight the day of surgery and on follow-up visits was plotted on a standardized growth curve and the z-score calculated. Results: A total of 15 patients were included that were observed (group 1), 71 patients that were treated with medical therapy only (group 2), and 29 patients that underwent surgery (group 3). The average z-score at the time of surgery was significantly worse in group 3 (−0.854 ± 1.080), compared to the z-score at the time of diagnosis in group 1 (−0.086 ± 0.834), and the time when antireflux therapy was initiated in group 2 (−0.120 ± 0.979). Within 3 months from surgery, significant improvement on the growth curve was seen in group 3 (P = .009). After 12 months, all three groups approached the mean on the growth curve. Conclusions: In this series, patients with severe laryngomalacia who warranted surgery presented with significantly lower percentile weight on a standardized growth curve than patients who required only medical or conservative treatment. Substantial improvement in growth curve percentile was seen in the immediate months following supraglottoplasty. Long-term follow-up after supraglottoplasty shows that infants return to a mean weight on the growth curve.
Role of Social Class in Excess Black Stroke Mortality

Background and Purpose It has been suggested that a substantial proportion of the excess stroke mortality among black Americans may be attributable to relatively lower socioeconomic status (SES) in this group. In this report we provide the first quantitative estimates of the proportion of excess black stroke mortality attributable to SES for a large population-based cohort. Methods We used data from the National Longitudinal Mortality Study for persons 45 years and older (73 400 white men, 87 528 white women, 6522 black men, and 8816 black women). Sex-specific proportional hazards model were used to estimate excess black stroke mortality with and without adjustment for education and income (measures of SES). The contribution of SES to the excess black stroke risk was estimated from the difference in regression coefficients for race in these models. Results In men, low SES was associated with increased stroke mortality ( P ≤.0001) and accounted for 14% to 46% of the excess black stroke risk ( P <.05). However, we could find no association between SES and stroke mortality in women, and SES did not account for a significant proportion of the excess stroke mortality in black women. Conclusions Although SES proved to account for a statistically significant proportion of excess male black stroke mortality, overall SES explained less than one quarter of the observed excess between ages 45 and 65. In women, SES did not significantly reduce the estimated excess black stroke mortality. Although SES may be playing a role in excess black stroke mortality, a substantial proportion of the excess appears attributable to other sources, including cerebrovascular risk factors that are unrelated to SES, unmeasured lifestyle influences, social resources, and genetic factors.
Scalable attribute-based group key establishment: from passive to active and deniable

A protocol compiler is presented which transforms any unauthenticated (attribute-based) group key establishment protocol into an authenticated attribute-based group key establishment. If the protocol to which the compiler is applied does not make use of long-term secrets, then the resulting protocol is, in addition, deniable. In particular, applying our compiler to an unauthenticated 2-round protocol going back to Burmester and Desmedt results in a 3-round solution for attribute-based group key establishment, offering both forward secrecy and deniability.
Review: A survey of identity and handoff management approaches for the future Internet

Since its inception almost 40years ago, the Internet has evolved and changed immensely. New technology solutions are desired to keep up with this unprecedented growth. Besides the traditional computing devices, different types of mobile devices need to be supported by the future Internet architecture. In this work, a survey of identity and handoff management solutions proposed in future Internet architectures is presented. Mobility protocols developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force initiatives are discussed to give the background on the user mobility support challenges with the current architecture. The next generation network architectures supported by global initiatives are presented and analyzed in terms of their support for seamless user and device mobility. Furthermore, this survey is extended to include the architectures proposed for wireless mesh networks, which are envisioned to be a part of the next generation networks with their self organizing and self configuring network characteristics.
Wettability Literature Survey-Part 6: The Effects of Wettability on Waterflooding

Cet article est le sixieme d'une serie consacree a l'influence de la mouillabilite sur l'analyse des carottes. L'auteur etudie l'effet de la mouillabilite sur l'injection d'eau et notamment le coefficient de viscosite de l'huile, sa percee, sa saturation residuelle dans les systemes uniformement ou non mouilles
Evalution of Vitek and API 20S for species identification of enterococci

Abstract The performance of the Vitek System and the API 20S for identifying enterococci to the species level was evaluated in comparison with a conventional reference test scheme. A total of 369 isolates originally derived from a sample from 97 medical centers were tested, and the percentage of correctly identified organisms was (Vitek/API): 97.6%/79.2%, 95.3% /91.2%, and 86.0%/20.7% for Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium , and Enterococcus non- faecalis -non- faecium species, respectively. In addition, the predictive values for species identification of the results reported by the systems were 98.1% for Vitek and 85.9% for API. The Vitek System GPl card (software version ⩾8.1) was considered to be very acceptable for enterococci identification, with errors principally among the rare Enterococcus raffinosus isolates.
Mictomagnetism in V—Fe

Abstract Low field a.c. susceptibility measurements on several VFe alloys near 28 at.% Fe reveal that the magnetic state of these alloys depends strongly on the degree of atomic short-range order. With decreasing Fe concentration or increasing degree of atomic short-range order the alloys display a sudden change from ferromagnetism to mictomagnetism.
Nonlinear effects of colored nonstationary noise: Exact results

Abstract The master equation is derived for random systems under nonlinear time-dependent conditions. The (non-Markov) process is of such a type that with a time-dependent state transformation the dynamics can be modelled by a nonlinear but drift-free Langevin equation. The focus is on the statistical content of resulting master equation. The existence of stationary solutions and the quality of approximative results is discussed.
The concentration and isotopic abundances of atmospheric carbon dioxide in rural areas

Fifty samples of rural air collected near the Pacific coast of North America have been analysed for carbon dioxide reporting, in addition to concentration in air, the isotopic abundances of C13 and O18. A correlation observed for all samples between C13 isotope abundance and concentration in air can be explained by assuming an initial composition for atmospheric carbon dioxide of 0.031 volume per cent in air, C13C12 ratio−7.0 per mil., to which is added carbon dioxide of plant origin with a ratio of approximately −23 per mil. Minimum concentrations and associated carbon isotope ratios at different stations show very little variation (0.0307–0.0316 per cent, −6.7 to −7.4 per mil) and are believed to be representative of Pacific maritime air. Oxygen isotope abundances are approximately the same as for carbon dioxide in chemical equilibrium with average ocean water, but individual samples show variations which generally do not correlate with changes in concentration in air and are as yet unexplained.
Early middle Pleistocene glacial sediments (780000-620000 BP) near Kansas City, northeastern Kansas and northwestern Missouri, USA

Two lithologically distinct tills are present near the pre-Illinoian glacial boundary in northeastern Kansas and northwestern Missouri. The tills are probably early middle Pleistocene (780 000–620 000 BP) based on normal polarity and their stratigraphic relationship to dated terraces. The upper till is sandier than the lower till and contains more expandable clay minerals and less illite than the lower till. Glaciofluvial and supraglacial sediments are preserved between the tills, yet palaeosols, or other evidence of an interglacial, are not present, suggesting that the tills were deposited during a single glaciation. Southeasterly and southwesterly trending striae and till fabric suggest that the glacial succession was deposited by at least two fluctuations (phases) of a lobe, which probably advanced down the axis of the present Missouri River lowland. These tills probably correlate to early middle Pleistocene tills in southwestern Iowa and eastern Nebraska, although it is possible that the lower till may correlate to even older tills in these areas.
Effect of fixture compliance and cutting conditions on workpiece stability

This paper computes and investigates the effect of fixture compliance and cutting conditions on workpiece stability and uses it as a basis for selecting a suitable fixture among several alternatives. We use two criteria, the minimum eigenvalue of the fixture stiffness matrix and the largest displacement of the workpiece due to the cutting forces to assess the stability of the workpiece. First, the minimum eigenvalues of the fixture stiffness matrices, for the fixtures being considered, are computed. Second, since the eigenvalues are not dependant on the cutting forces, a displacement measure, the largest displacement of the workpiece due to the cutting force, is computed for each fixture. This displacement is a function of the cutting force and the fixture compliance. The choice of fixture is often a compromise between the two criteria. We also consider the combined influence of fixture compliance and cutting conditions on workpiece stability. The results from the simple study used for illustration show that the eigenvalues remain constant under different cutting conditions whilst the largest displacement reduces by 68%, a significant reduction.
Serotonin Involvement in the Inhibition of Episodic Luteinizing Hormone Release during Electrical Stimulation of the Midbrain Dorsal Raphe Nucleus in Ovariectomized Rats

The effect of electrical stimulation of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) in the midbrain on episodic LH release was studied in ovariectomized, pentobarbital- anesthetized rats. Animals were bled continuously at a rate of 50 μl whole blood/5-6 min through indwelling right atrial cannulae for 90 min before stimulation, 90 min during stimulation, as well as for 30-60 min thereafter. Whole blood was analyzed for LH by RIA. Electrical stimulation near but outside the DRN had no effect on pulsatile LH release. However, stimulation of the DRN completely inhibited episodic LH secretion for the entire period of stimulation. If brain levels of serotonin (5-HT) were decreased by DL-p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA; 320 mg/kg), given 71 h before stimulation, no change in episodic LH release occurred during DRN stimulation. Repletion of brain 5-HT levels with L-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP; 30 mg/kg), given to PCPA-treated rats 2.0-2.5 h before stimulation, restored the inhibition of pulsatile LH release during DRN stimulation...
Managing episodic homosexual behavior of adolescents in residential settings

Management of episodic homosexual behavior in residential settings has concerned practitioners for a number of years. Paradoxically, this important dimension of child care work has generated little in terms of guidelines or research for the preplexed professional. The reasons for this state-of-affairs are explored and guidelines for managing this complicated behavior are presented.
Diving Bradycardia in the Unrestrained Hippopotamus

THE slowing of heart rate in animals and birds responding to the asphyxia of diving has been noted many times since the early observations of Bert in 1870 (ref. 1). More recently, the diving bradycardia has been shown to be associated with major circulatory changes in which the blood flow in viscera and skeletal muscle is reduced without change in the arterial blood pressure. Additional evidence suggests that coronary and cerebral circulation is maintained2–4.
Structural Damage Detection Using Linear Matrix Inequality Methods

In this work, linear matrix inequality (LMI) methods are proposed for computationally efficient solution of damage detection problems in structures. The structural damage detection problem that is considered consists of estimating the existence, location, and extent of stiffness reduction in structures using experimental modal data. This problem is formulated as a convex optimization problem involving LMI constraints on the unknown structural stiffness parameters. LM1 optimization problems have low computational complexity and can be solved efficiently using recently developed interior-point methods. Both a matrix update and a parameter update formulation of the damage detection is provided in terms of LMIs, The presence of noise in the experimental data is taken explicitly into account in these formulations. The proposed techniques are applied to detect damage in simulation examples and in a cantilevered beam test-bed using experimental data obtained from modal tests.
Hormonal effects on zinc concentration and morphology of rat lateral prostate gland

Hypophysectomized rats were injected with prolactin and/or testosterone, and luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin and/or follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Tissue from the lateral prostate was processed for spectrophotometric determination of zinc and for electron microscopy. Changes in zinc concentration, epithelial height, and morphological characteristics were used to assess the effect of hormonal replacement on functional activity. Although testosterone administration resulted in full restoration of all parameters, there was no evidence of a synergistic effect of prolactin and testosterone. Prolactin alone decreased the zinc concentration and increased the epithelial height compared with control animals, and there was evidence of epithelial hyperplasia. Luteinizing hormone, alone or combined with prolactin or prolactin and FSH, resulted in a marked increase of epithelial height and restoration of morphological features found in intact animals; however, only a slight increase of zinc concentration over control values was elicited. Combined LH and FSH administration reduced epithelial height and zinc concentration compared with the other LH regimes, and there was evidence of cellular degeneration.
Biosedimentology of a Silurian Thrombolite Reef with Meter-Scale Growth Framework Cavities

A completely dolomitized Silurian reef at Maumee, Ohio, U.S.A., is uncommon among early Paleozoic reefs in that its framework consists of about 95% thrombolite boundstone and 5% corals. The reef lithified syndepositonally, as evidenced by centimeter- to meter-scale growth framework cavities within it that are completely filled with internal sediment. The largest cavities, 2-3.5 m in diameter, are prob- ably the largest ever recorded in a thrombolite reef. Four main types of components are distinguished in the reef frame- work: (1) dense bushy mesoclots, (2) dense rounded to subrounded mesoclots, (3) saccate microstructures, and (4) crusts, mostly struc- tureless, but also containing dense bushy mesoclots. The dense bushy components are abundant; rounded to sub-rounded mesoclots less so, and the remaining components are rare. The dense bushy and rounded to subrounded mesoclots are interpreted to represent the calcified re- mains of what were initially either aggregates of the probable filamen- tous cyanobacterum Angulocellularia or aggregates of renalcid calci- microbes, or both, and the saccate mesoclots as the calcimicrobe Ren- alcis sensu stricto. It is speculated that syndepositonal lithification of the reef framework was accomplished by impregnation of unlithified protomesoclots by micrite to create mesoclots along with the formation of micritic cement around and between mesoclots that served to fuse together successive generations of mesoclots. The direction of branching of bushy mesoclots in the reef indicates that unlithified protomesoclots were able to grow upward, laterally, and downward. This ability, along with syndepositional lithification to create mesoclots and to cement them together, enabled the protome- soclots and mesoclots to create reef knobs and, eventually, to roof over spaces that were centimeters to three or more meters in width and height to create growth framework cavities. Features indicative of rap- id deposition including graded bedding, poor sorting of bioclasts, and textural inversion are common in internal sediment in meter-size cav- ities. These features suggest that storms, possibly hurricanes, were at least as important, and probably more so, than ''everyday'' wave en- ergy in transporting sediment into all cavities in the reef, regardless of size.
THE REGULATORY ROLE OF DIVALENT CATIONS IN HUMAN GRANULOCYTE CHEMOTAXIS Evidence for an Association between Calcium Exchanges and Microtubule Assembly

Optimal human granulocyte chemotaxis has been shown to require both calcium and magnesium. Exposure of granulocytes to three different chemotactic factors (C5a, kallikrein, and dialyzable transfer factor) yielded a rapid calcium release, depressed calcium uptake, and was associated with a shift of calcium out of the cytoplasm and into a granule fraction. Colchicine, sodium azide, and cytochalasin B, in concentrations that inhibited chemotaxis, also inhibited calcium release while low concentrations of cytochalasin B, which enhanced chemotaxis, also enhanced calcium release. Microtubule assembly was visualized both in cells suspended in C5a without a chemotactic gradient and in cells actively migrating through a Micropore filter. The data suggest microtubule assembly is regulated, at least, in part, by the level of cytoplasmic calcium. It is proposed that asymmetric assembly of microtubules may be instrumental in imparting the net vector of motion during chemotaxis.
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act: More Bark Than Bite for Nonprofits

Based on a survey of a representative sample of nonprofit organizations, this article explores the impact of the Sarbanes—Oxley Act (SOX) on the nonprofit sector. The study addresses two questions: What is the level of SOX adoption by nonprofit organizations? and How do we explain variations in the adoption level of SOX? Using Poisson regression models, our study finds that the level of SOX adoption in nonprofit organizations is determined to a large extent by nonprofit organizations’ accountability and transparency structure prior to SOX. When this factor is taken into account, contrary to previous studies, the level of SOX adoption by nonprofits is modest. In addition to the existing accountability structure, important variables in the statistical explanation of SOX adoption include CEOs’ familiarity with SOX, attitudes of nonprofit CEOs toward SOX, and organization size.
Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and the evolution of the Chinese communist leadership

Analyses the power struggles within the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party between 1931, when several Party leaders left Shanghai and entered the Jiangxi Soviet, and 1945, by which time Mao ...
A Fiber Optic DC And Low Frequency Electric Field Sensor

We demonstrate a novel fiber-optic interferometric dc and low frequency electric field sen sor based on the electrostrictive effect in a Ba:PZT transducer. The sensor exhibits a minimum detectable electric field of 0.01 V/m/spl radic/Hz at 1 Hz using 9 cm of fiber.
Novel radiographic measurement algorithm demonstrating a link between obesity and lateral skull base attenuation

Objectives(1) To describe a validated algorithm for measuring tegmen thickness on computed tomography scans. (2) To compare the tegmen thickness in 3 groups: patients with spontaneous cerebrospinal...
A new technique of limb salvage after infected revision total knee arthroplasty: Artificial fusion***

Limb salvage after infection and multiple knee revision arthroplasty is difficult. The treatment options and a brief history of artificial fusion are reviewed, and a case with 4-year follow-up is described.