cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of isoprenoid hydrocarbons and fatty acids in shark liver oil products.

The liver oil from the South American Basking shark has been fractionated by silica gel chromatography and analyzed by the new method of combined gas-chromatography mass spectrometry. The major compounds of the nonsaponifiable fraction are pristane and squalene, which account for 7.6 and 31.3% of the oil. The saponifiable fraction contains normal fatty acids from C14 to C22; the four major components are palmitic, oleic, and the monounsaturated eicosenoic and docosenoic acids. No correlation was observed between the hydrocarbons (essentially all isoprenoid derivatives) and the fatty acids (essentially all normal) of this oil. The same treatment was applied to a sample of commercial pristane which was obtained from Basking shark liver oil. It was found to contain about 1% phytane and small amounts of octadecane, nonadecane, and methyl and ethyl palmitates. Mass spectral data for squalene are presented for the first time along with the low electron energy-mass spectra for pristane and phytane.
EDUCATION AND MENTAL HEALTH STIGMA: THE EFFECTS OF ATTRIBUTION, BIASED ASSIMILATION, AND ATTITUDE POLARIZATION

Educational interventions to reduce stigmatizing attitudes about mental illness have not been compared to evaluate their effectiveness. To systematically compare educational interventions college students (N = 232) were presented with high and low control explanations (psychosocial vs. biological) of high and low control disorders (addiction vs. schizophrenia), and the effects on the stigmatizing attitudes of blame and social distancing were measured. Perceptions of how persuasive the information was and its impact on attitudes were predicted by preexisting attitudes about mental illness. However, perceptions of the persuasiveness of the educational information were also consistent with attribution theory such that low control (i.e., biological causes and schizophrenia) was associated with less blame. These results illustrate the complexity of attitudes about mental illness and a potential difficulty in changing them.
Voltage Dependence of Unipolar Excess Bulk Charge Density in Organic Insulators

The steady flow of a unipolar current through a real insulator containing bulk trapping sites and provided with an injecting contact has been divided into several regimes(1). At low voltage, there should be an ohmic regime in which bulk, thermal generation of carriers predominates. This is followed at higher voltages by a space charge limited current (SCLC) regime, during which traps are filled by the excess, injected carriers. With certain trap distributions, it is sometimes found that at a particular voltage (VTFL) the current rises much more steeply with voltage than was the case for voltages less than VTFL. This voltage is referred to as the traps filled limit (TFL) voltage and it provides a ready measure of the total trap density in the crystal. At sufficiently high voltages, the contact becomes depleted and the current tends toward saturation.
Time-Notch Filtering

A method is described for measuring low-level time-truncated signals by using narrow-bandwidth synchronous time-notch filters. These filter systems, intended for use with ordinary narrowband receivers or field intensity meters, provide a means of isolating time-truncated signals of interest from adjacent interfering signals. In addition, the important property of near optimum sensitivity (approaching that of a matched filter) is discussed, and the laboratory results of a low-frequency time-notch filter covering the 500-Hz to 2-MHz range are given.
The Weather Visualizer: a Java tool for interactive learning

The challenge of providing interactive educational resources via the Internet is growing. A great number of Web servers provide access to static products (images and text), providing very little interactivity for students. In an effort to address this need, the CoVis-Horizon group at UIUC has developed the Weather Visualizer, a web-based visualization tool that allows users to generate customized images real-time and archived weather data. Hypermedia instructional pages provide valuable content materials, introducing the meteorological features available in the Weather Visualizer while equipping the student with the knowledge necessary for correct interpretation the images themselves. The authors hope that the Weather Visualizer will become a valuable tool in the creation of an interactive learning environment, both inside and out of the classroom. Java development of the Weather Visualizer will allow students to actively work with the weather data, instantly adding or removing data fields with a click of a button, promoting an effective and efficient use of the Web in a classroom setting. Much of this can be accomplished without having to repeatedly go over the network and thus reduces the load on the server itself, allowing it to provide weather data to a much larger audience.
Cross-layer distributed joint power control and scheduling for delay-constrained applications over CDMA-based wireless ad-hoc networks

In this paper, we propose a cross-layer distributed power control and scheduling protocol for delay-constrained applications over mobile CDMA-based ad hoc wireless networks. Herein, we propose a novel scheme where power control is employed to combat delay occurring on multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks via cross-layer information exchange. Based on that, a distributed power control and scheduling protocol is proposed to control the incurred delay as well as the multiple access interference (MAI). Unlike other previous work on power control and scheduling, we also investigate the impact of Doppler spread upon the system performance, and provide a robust system which employs a combination of power control, and coding/interleaving to combat the effects of Doppler spread by exploiting the time diversity when the Doppler spread gets large. Hence, our proposed approach can function appropriately over a wide range of channel conditions.
An intelligent control approach for machining

An approach for controlling an intelligent machining workstation is introduced. The control system is built in behavior-achieving layers, which allows a machine tool to operate at increasing levels of competence. Each layer focuses on a specific simple control task for machining processes. Qualitative reasoning is used to augment the system at the highest layer, giving the system the ability to foresee patterns of behavior that lead to failure. It is shown how qualitative models can be selected, set up, and used to adjust control parameters. >
The Influence of Pharmacological Manipulation of Serotonin on Serum Growth Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone Levels in Young Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo)

Abstract Serum growth hormone (GH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were determined by homologous radioimmunoassay in 8 to 10-week-old domestic white turkeys treated by intraperitoneal injection of agents that alter serotonergic activity. The serotonin, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) precursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), at doses of 80 and 150 mg/kg, produced a dose-related elevation in serum GH (P=.09) and no change in serum LH (P=.30). Administration of fluoxetine (10 mg/kg), a 5-HT reuptake blocker, produced no change in serum GH or LH. When fluoxetine injection preceded the administration of a nonstimulatory dose of 5-HTP, an elevation in GH was observed, but again no change in LH level was evident. Stimulation of postsynaptic 5-HT receptors with quipazine (.5 to 10.0 mg/kg) resulted in a similar elevation in GH; persistence of the effect was dose dependent. Quipazine administration had no influence on serum LH levels. Administration of methysergide (10 or 25 mg/kg), a 5-HT antagonist, induced no change in either serum GH or LH levels. Serotonergic input appears to stimulate GH release and has no apparent influence on LH release in young turkeys.
A low-power digital filter for decimation and interpolation using approximate processing

This low-pass filter implements approximate processing for decimation and interpolation in oversampled data converters. Included in an experimental circuit are a pair of decimation filters and two pairs of interpolation filters in a single-chip multimedia audio system. Total power for these filters is 86.4 mW with 5 V power supply when the full order of the filters is used. Power is reduced by 36% for decimation and 17% for interpolation when approximate filtering is enabled.
Emerging Business Organizations in a Rapidly Changing Pork Industry

pork industry is often compared with the path trekked by the U.S. poultry industry several decades ago, when vertical integration emerged along with a limited set of contractual arrangements for producers. However, in the pork industry, contracting is not the only type of emerging organizational structure. Some unique joint ownership business arrangements have arisen in grain-producing regions where there was a perceived need to obtain value-added returns from feedgrains by becoming involved in large-scale hog production. In this paper we explore two such joint ownership organizations that have evolved in the pork industry, we discuss how they have addressed competitiveness issues, and we present a model that explains why these structures were adopted in their respective communities. Many argue that efficient production in today's pork industry requires large operations that capture economies of size and allow the adoption of new technologies. It is beyond the scope of this study to determine what size operation is efficient. However, large facilities require large initial equity investments. Wilson shows that a 600-sow farrow-to-finish operation in Saskatchewan requires a total investment of over $3.2 million (Canadian). This includes provisions for land, buildings, equipment, feed mill, breeding stock, and working capital. Few producers own the resources necessary to invest in this size operation individually. Three additional requirements associated with the operation of large-scale hog operations that create challenges for producers are (a) high levels of technical and managerial expertise, (b) access to superior genetics, and (c) a marketing channel that captures the premiums associated with selling large quantities of consistently hi h quality hogs. Some rural communities have recognized that large-scale hog production increases economic act vity by adding value to locally grown feed grains, providing jobs, and increasing the tax base. A variety of unique joint ownership organizations have evolved to address the challenge of producing hogs in a system that captures the benefits of feeding hogs locally and the industry economies of size. Three of these organizations include ValAdCo in Minnesota, Alliance Farm in Colorado, and community-based operations in Saskatchewan. In this paper, we closely examine the latter two. We describe the unique structures of these organizations and then present a model to explain the emergence of these systems. We conclude with suggestions for further research.
Feature subset selection bias for classification learning

Feature selection is often applied to high-dimensional data prior to classification learning. Using the same training dataset in both selection and learning can result in so-called feature subset selection bias. This bias putatively can exacerbate data over-fitting and negatively affect classification performance. However, in current practice separate datasets are seldom employed for selection and learning, because dividing the training data into two datasets for feature selection and classifier learning respectively reduces the amount of data that can be used in either task. This work attempts to address this dilemma. We formalize selection bias for classification learning, analyze its statistical properties, and study factors that affect selection bias, as well as how the bias impacts classification learning via various experiments. This research endeavors to provide illustration and explanation why the bias may not cause negative impact in classification as much as expected in regression.
Outer-loop vectorization: revisited for short SIMD architectures

Vectorization has been an important method of using data-level parallelism to accelerate scientific workloads on vector machines such as Cray for the past three decades. In the last decade it has also proven useful for accelerating multimedia and embedded applications on short SIMD architectures such as MMX, SSE and AltiVec. Most of the focus has been directed at innermost loops, effectively executing their iterations concurrently as much as possible. Outer loop vectorization refers to vectorizing a level of a loop nest other than the innermost, which can be beneficial if the outer loop exhibits greater data-level parallelism and locality than the innermost loop. Outer loop vectorization has traditionally been performed by interchanging an outer-loop with the innermost loop, followed by vectorizing it at the innermost position. A more direct unroll-and-jam approach can be used to vectorize an outer-loop without involving loop interchange, which can be especially suitable for short SIMD architectures. In this paper we revisit the method of outer loop vectorization, paying special attention to properties of modern short SIMD architectures. We show that even though current optimizing compilers for such targets do not apply outer-loop vectorization in general, it can provide significant performance improvements over innermost loop vectorization. Our implementation of direct outer-loop vectorization, available in GCC 4.3, achieves speedup factors of 3.13 and 2.77 on average across a set of benchmarks, compared to 1.53 and 1.39 achieved by innermost loop vectorization, when running on a Cell BE SPU and PowerPC970 processors respectively. Moreover, outer-loop vectorization provides new reuse opportunities that can be vital for such short SIMD architectures, including efficient handling of alignment. We present an optimization tapping such opportunities, capable of further boosting the performance obtained by outer-loop vectorization to achieve average speedup factors of 5.26 and 3.64.
Tidal truncation and barotropic convergence in a channel network tidally driven from opposing entrances

Residual circulation patterns in a channel network that is tidally driven from entrances on opposite sides are controlled by the temporal phasing and spatial asymmetry of the two forcing tides. The Napa/Sonoma Marsh Complex in San Francisco Bay, CA, is such a system. A sill on the west entrance to the system prevents a complete tidal range at spring tides that results in tidal truncation of water levels. Tidal truncation does not occur on the east side but asymmetries develop due to friction and off-channel wetland storage. The east and west asymmetric tides meet in the middle to produce a barotropic convergence zone that controls the transport of water and sediment. During spring tides, tidally averaged water-surface elevations are higher on the truncated west side. This creates tidally averaged fluxes of water and sediment to the east. During neap tides, the water levels are not truncated and the propagation speed of the tides controls residual circulation, creating a tidally averaged flux in the opposite direction.
The STEM Pipeline: The Role of Summer Research Experience in Minority Students' Ph.D. Aspirations

Practical research experience has been seen as an important tool to enhance learning in STEM fields and shape commitment to science careers. Indeed, this was a prominent recommendation of the Boyer Commission. Further, there is evidence this is especially important for minority students. In this paper, we examine the role of practical research experience during the summer for talented minority undergraduates in STEM fields. We focus on the link between summer research and STEM Ph.D. program matriculation. We examine evidence on this question using detailed data on students participating in the Meyerhoff Scholarship Program over a 14 year period at the University of Maryland Baltimore County. Our results provide evidence of strong positive effects of summer research on participation in STEM Ph.D. programs. Further, we show that the effects of summer research vary with the frequency and timing of these experiences. The evidence that educational strategies such as summer research experiences improve academic outcomes of minorities is vital, given concern about the science pipeline in the U.S. and the continuing growth in the racial/ethnic diversity of the college-age population.
Crime and the Restructuring of the U.S. Economy: A Reconsideration of the Class Linkages

Researchers have speculated that dislocations in the class structure produced by recent economic restructuring are responsible for a variety of social problems, including crime. However, attempts to demonstrate a causal link between restructuring and crime have been only partially successful. We attribute the lack of progress in this area to the narrow focus on the impact of unemployment, the neglect of meso-level class structures, and thefailure to conceptualize and empirically model the temporal and spatial dimensions of restructuring. This article extends contributions from the historical perspective on social structures of accumulation and collective-action frame theory to provide a more complete understanding of the class linkages between economic restructuring and crime. Hypotheses derived from these two models are tested with a pooled, crosssectional, time-series analysis of the state-level determinants of violent-crime, property-crime, and total crime rates. Results indicate that when properly examined across time and space, unemployment has its expected positive impact onf total crime rate and property-crime rate. Findings also suggest that net of the effects of unemployment and traditional predictors, class factors operating at the mesolevel (employer tactics and labor organization) influence property-crime and total crime rates byframing perceptions of class adversaries and agency. Since the early 1970s, American corporations have undertaken a massive restructuring of their operations in hopes of cutting labor costs and recapturing profits lost to growing foreign competition. The most obvious mani
Identification and Exploitation of Inadvertent Spectral Artifacts in Digital Audio

We show that modulation products from local oscillators in a variety of commercial camcorders are coupled into the recorded audio track, creating narrow band time invariant spectral features. These spectral features, left largely intact by transcoding, compression and other forms of audiovisual post processing, can encode characteristics of specific camcorders used to capture the audio files, including the make and model. Using data sets both downloaded from YouTube and collected under controlled laboratory conditions we demonstrate an average probability of detection (Pd) approaching 0.95 for identification of a specific camcorder in a population of thousands of similar recordings, with a probability of false alarm (Pfa) of about 0.11. We also demonstrate an average Pd of about 0.93 for correct association of make and model of camcorder based on comparison of audio spectral features extracted from random YouTube downloads compared to a reference library of spectral features captured from known makes and models of camcorders, with a Pfa of 0.06. The method described can be used independently or synergistically with image plane-based techniques such as those based upon Photo Response Non-Uniformity.
Analysis of Freeway Traffic Incident Conditions by Using Second-Order Spatiotemporal Traffic Performance Measures

The characteristics of preincident, postincident, and nonincident traffic conditions on freeways are investigated. The characteristics are defined by second-order statistical measures derived from spatiotemporal speed contour maps. Four performance measures are used to quantify properties such as smoothness, homogeneity, and randomness in traffic conditions in a manner similar to texture characterization of digital images. With real-world incident and traffic data sets, statistical analysis was conducted to seek distinctive characteristics of three groups of traffic operating conditions: preincident, postincident, and nonincident. The study results showed that the spatiotemporal characteristics of each of the three groups were not discernible. Although the distributions of performance measures within each group are statistically different, no consistent pattern was detected to imply that certain characteristics could increase the likelihood of incidents or identify precursory conditions to incidents.
Static timing analysis of irreversible crosstalk noise pulse faults

In a large scale deep sub-micron VLSI design it is impractical to consider all possible aggressor-victim pairs as candidates for crosstalk coupling faults. Inevitably, a significant portion of these crosstalk pairs can be safely discarded from a target faultlist. In this paper, we have developed a static timing analysis technique to identify pairs which can be identified as redundant from crosstalk point of view. Experimental results on ISCAS'89 and ITC'99 benchmark circuits show that our algorithm achieves a reasonable level of crosstalk-induced pulse faultlist reduction without being unduly demanding on computational resources.
PS1-26: Treatment Costs of Advanced Cancer: Variation in Costs for Stage IV vs. Recurrent Breast, Colorectal, Lung, and Prostate Cancers

Background/Aims Previous studies have described the variation in utilization and costs associated with cancer patients diagnosed at late stage vs. early stage. Other studies have described the high cost of cancer care in the terminal phase. Little is known regarding variation of costs of advanced cancer care between patients diagnosed de novo with stage IV cancer versus those with recurrent metastatic cancer that develops after definitive therapy for early stage disease and a period of disease-free survival. Our aim is to compare total monthly medical care costs and resource use during the year after development of metastatic disease among patients presenting with stage IV disease and those with metastatic recurrence, using data from two CRN sites with tumor registries that capture recurrence, adjusting for age and non-cancer comorbidity.
Progressive tubulointerstitial renal disease in infancy with associated hepatic abnormalities

Clinical, pathologic, and biochemical data are reported in two male infants who had rapidly progressive renal failure, enlarged kidneys, hepatosplenomegaly, and fat malabsorption. One infant, studied prior to the onset of significant renal insufficiency, manifested renal Fanconi syndrome, hyperparathyroidism, and marked hypocalcemia. After a brief period of dialysis, both received renal transplants. Neither has clinical evidence of reoccurrence of the renal disorder in the transplant, but both still have hepatic abnormalities. Morphologic features present in both patients include a renal lesion characterized by tubulointerstitial injury with a tubulocystic component and hepatic abnormalities with bile duct proliferation, portal fibrosis, and inflammation. These cases do not readily conform to any single published diagnostic category, including nephronophthisis-congenital hepatic fibrosis or infantile polycystic kidney disease, and appear to be unique.
Ethno‐Improvisation: A Technique for Teaching Cultural Emotions

The author describes a technique for studying cultural emotions by use of a project that combines ethnographic materials and improvisation. Students explore the cultural emotions of a human society different from their own through ethno-improvisation.
A general strategy for creating "inactive-conformation" abl inhibitors

Kinase inhibitors that bind to the ATP cleft can be broadly classified into two groups: those that bind exclusively to the ATP site with the kinase assuming a conformation otherwise conducive to phosphotransfer (type I), and those that exploit a hydrophobic site immediately adjacent to the ATP pocket made accessible by a conformational rearrangement of the activation loop (type II). To date, all type II inhibitors were discovered by using structure-activity-guided optimization strategies. Here, we describe a general pharmacophore model of type II inhibition that enables a rational "hybrid-design" approach whereby a 3-trifluoromethylbenzamide functionality is appended to four distinct type I scaffolds in order to convert them into their corresponding type II counterparts. We demonstrate that the designed compounds function as type II inhibitors by using biochemical and cellular kinase assays and by cocrystallography with Abl.
Midpoint rule as a variational-symplectic integrator: Hamiltonian systems

Numerical algorithms based on variational and symplectic integrators exhibit special features that make them promising candidates for application to general relativity and other constrained Hamiltonian systems. This paper lays part of the foundation for such applications. The midpoint rule for Hamilton's equations is examined from the perspectives of variational and symplectic integrators. It is shown that the midpoint rule preserves the symplectic form, conserves Noether charges, and exhibits excellent long-term energy behavior. The energy behavior is explained by the result, shown here, that the midpoint rule exactly conserves a phase space function that is close to the Hamiltonian. The presentation includes several examples.
Magnetic and Electric Dipole Moments of the \(H\ ^3\Delta_1\) State in ThO

The metastable H^3 Δ_1 state in the thorium monoxide (ThO) molecule is highly sensitive to the presence of a CP -violating permanent electric dipole moment of the electron (eEDM) [E. R. Meyer and J. L. Bohn, Phys. Rev. A 78, 010502 (2008)]. The magnetic dipole moment μ_H and the molecule-fixed electric dipole moment D_H of this state are measured in preparation for a search for the eEDM. The small magnetic moment μH=8.5(5)×10^(−3)μ_B displays the predicted cancellation of spin and orbital contributions in a ^3Δ_1 paramagnetic molecular state, providing a significant advantage for the suppression of magnetic field noise and related systematic effects in the eEDM search. In addition, the induced electric dipole moment is shown to be fully saturated in very modest electric fields (<10 V/cm). This feature is favorable for the suppression of many other potential systematic errors in the ThO eEDM search experiment.
Training Deictic Relational Responding in People Diagnosed with Schizophrenia

Background Research has suggested that people diagnosed with schizophrenia often exhibit social disinterest and a poor understanding of the beliefs and intentions of others.
Age of alcohol and marijuana use onset predicts weekly substance use and related psychosocial problems during young adulthood

The present study examined whether age of alcohol and marijuana use onset during adolescence predicted later substance use and related problems in several areas of psychosocial functioning among young adults. A total of 621 participants completed surveys regarding current substance use from 7th through 12th grades and also completed a survey as young adults (age 24) that included questions regarding the impact of alcohol and drug use on several areas of functioning. Findings indicated that earlier age of substance use onset was positively associated with weekly use of alcohol and marijuana during young adulthood, as well as substance-related occupational, relationship, and legal problems. The majority of young adults reporting problems due to alcohol or drug use had first reported alcohol and/or marijuana use before entering high school. For women, onset of substance use prior to high school was more strongly related to negative drug-related occupational outcomes than was concurrent weekly substance use a...
When science and politics listen to each other: good prospects from a new school breakfast program in Peru

This article provides an overview of a school breakfast program implemented in 1993 in the Peruvian Andes. The program, designed by the Instituto de Investigacion Nutricional in Lima and supported by the government of Peru, constitutes a clear departure from previous school feeding programs, which were heavily politicized and poorly documented. From the program's inception, nutritionists, managers, and social scientists have collaborated to produce a sound nutritional design, efficient distribution mechanisms, and effective evaluation methods. During the program's first year, controlled evaluations conducted in several Andean regions documented improved dietary intake and a significant decline in the prevalence of anemia. An educational evaluation also found improved verbal skills, higher school attendance, and lower dropout rates among recipients of the school breakfast. The results have prompted the Peruvian government to continue supporting the program, thus setting a new standard for the effective management of social expenditure in the context of economic adjustment.
Tweet, Tweet!: Using Live Twitter Chats in Social Work Education

AbstractThis article focuses on the use of Twitter and how it can be used to help students develop professional social work skills through live chats. An overview of the literature on Twitter in education is provided along with a discussion on New Media Literacies. A description of a live Twitter chat assignment with social work students is provided along with results from a survey assessing learning outcomes from the experience. Implications for social work education and suggestions for future research are also provided.
The Efficacy of the LearningRx Cognitive Training Program: Modality and Transfer Effects

This article describes two studies testing the efficacy of a commercial one-on-one cognitive training program (LearningRx) and its computer-based version (Brainskills) in laboratory and school settings. Study 1 tested Brainskills in a laboratory setting with 322 middle school students. Paired t-tests revealed significant gains on all cognitive measures and math performance after 3 weeks of training. Study 2, a randomized control study, included 225 high school students randomly assigned to one of three conditions: LearningRx, Brainskills, or study hall (control) in a school setting for a 15-week training period. Univariate ANCOVAs revealed significantly higher scores for the treatment groups compared with controls on working memory, logic and reasoning, and three of four math attitude measures but not for math performance. Implications for school-based interventions are discussed.
Critical exposure time for androgenization of the rat hypothalamus determined by antiandrogen injection.

SummaryThe simultaneous injection of 0.6 mg cyproterone acetate (CA), an antiandrogen, protects the 5-day-old female rat against the hypothalamic masculinizing action of 30 μg testosterone propionate. When CA was administered 6 or more hours after androgen injection, however, its effectiveness was markedly reduced. It is concluded that a CA-labile component of the process of hypothalamic masculinization, which lasts for less than 6 hours, may consist of the uptake of androgen by hypothalamic neurons.
Control of a Stochastic Model of an Aeroelastic Micro Air Vehicle in Turbulence

In this paper, we develop a linear quadratic regulator for an aeroelastic micro air vehicle experiencing a certain level of turbulence. The model takes into account the stochastic nature of turbulence using a framework derived from polynomial chaos theory, instead of using an approach based on a Monte-Carlo methodology. The dynamics of the micro air vehicle are taken from wind tunnel testing with some prescribed levels of turbulence. After the derivation of a parametrized model, polynomial chaos is used to develop a stochastic model. The stochastic dynamics of the system are converted into a deterministic system of higher dimensional state, but with a similar familiar state interpretation. Results are compared to those obtained using a Monte-Carlo design process in both computational speed and accuracy.
Inoculative Release and Establishment of Holcothorax testaceipes (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), a Palaearctic Agent for the Biological Control of Phyllonorycter spp. (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Connecticut Apple Orchards

In May 1988, inoculative releases (≈6,000 adults per site) of a Japanese strain of the encyrtid Holcothorax testaceipes (Ratzeburg) were made in the center of two unsprayed and two sprayed Connecticut apple orchards infested by Phyllonorycter spp. The encyrtid became established only at unsprayed sites, killing between 1 and 35% of parasitized larvae of Phyllonorycter blancardella (F.) in generations examined between 1988 and 1991. The proportion of parasitized larvae killed by H. testaceipes was higher in the first and third generation than in the second generation, which was a pattern sometimes observed in the endoparasitic Pholetesor omigis (Weed). The relative amount of mortality caused by H. testaceipes differed between unsprayed sites. In all orchards, the braconid P. omigis or the eulophid Sympiesis marylandensis Girault tended to dominate parasitoid guilds both before and after the release. The total amount of parasitism was higher at unsprayed than at sprayed sites, and parasitism by H. testaceipes was higher in the first than in the second generation. The amount of parasitism by the encyrtid was distributed uniformly throughout orchards in four of six (66.7%)generational samples. After the first generation of 1988, the mean distance of progeny from the tree where adults initially were released was similar in each generation within an orchard. In unsprayed orchards, the density in the generation of the release was 1.0-1.7 mines per 100 leaves, and density never exceeded 6.1 mines per 100 leaves thereafter. Persistence at low mine densities, oviposition in leafminer eggs, and rapid dispersal after release are desirable attributes of H. testaceipes , but itswidespread establishment in commercial orchards will depend on modifying current chemical control programs or releasing a resistant strain.
Radial artery pressures compared with subclavian artery pressure during coronary artery surgery.

Radial artery and subclavian artery pressures were measured in nine men undergoing coronary artery surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass. Radial artery pressures were measured simultaneously through short (10.2 cm) and long (106.9 cm) tubing using two transducers in a branched tubing system. Interaction between the branches was minimal in an in vitro test system. The radial artery pressures were compared with simultaneous subclavian artery pressures measured through a catheter introduced into the axillary artery. Pre-bypass, the systolic pressures were greater in the radial than in the subclavian artery (P
Prevention of Osteomyelitis in Traumatic Injuries

Infection prevention is important for both immediate and long-term outcomes when treating traumatic injuries to the foot and ankle. The unique anatomy of the foot and ankle, environmental factors associated with lower extremity trauma, and various injury patterns predispose this region to challenges with regard to infection prevention. Posttraumatic osteomyelitis has the potential to turn an otherwise treatable injury into a debilitating and possibly limb-threatening disorder requiring multiple operations and long-term antibiotic therapy. Prevention of osteomyelitis and wound infection following open trauma is a primary goal of the treating surgeon, and delays in medical and surgical treatment may increase the risk of complications. The focus of this chapter is to discuss infection prevention protocols for traumatic injuries involving the foot and ankle. Case examples are used to demonstrate our preferred treatment protocols for management of puncture wounds, open fractures, crush injuries, degloving injuries, and traumatic amputation associated with industrial, recreational, and lawn mower injuries.
Hereditary spherocytosis-sicklemia in the Negro; case report and study of a Negro family having multiple instances of hereditary spherocytosis.

1. A case of coexistent hereditary spherocytosis and sicklemia in a Negro female is reported. Hematologic and clinical amelioration followed splenectomy. 2. Study of three generations of the family of the propositus revealed one additional case of hereditary spherocytosis-sicklemia and 10 cases of hereditary spherocytosis in the Negro. 3. Further evidence is adduced that the combination of this heterozygous hemoglobinopathy with the red blood cell defect of hereditary spherocytosis produces an illness which is not grossly different from hereditary spherocytosis associated with normal hemoglobin.
An efficient robotic exploration planner with probabilistic guarantees

Efficient robotic exploration of an unknown, sensor limited, global-information-deficient environment poses a unique challenge to path planning algorithms because no deterministic guarantees on path completion and mission success can be made. Integrated Exploration (IE), which strives to combine localization and exploration, must be solved in order to create an autonomous robotic system capable of long term operation in new and challenging environments. This paper formulates a probabilistic framework which allows the creation of exploration algorithms providing probabilistic guarantees of success. A novel connection is made between the Hamiltonian Path Problem and exploration. The Guaranteed Probabilistic Information Explorer (G-PIE) is developed for the IE problem, providing a probabilistic guarantee on path completion, and asymptotic optimality of exploration.
Proteasome regulates turnover of toxic human amylin in pancreatic cells

Toxic human amylin (hA) oligomers and aggregates are implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Although recent studies demonstrated a causal connection between hA uptake and toxicity in pancreatic cells, the mechanism of amylin9s clearance following its internalization and its relationship to toxicity is yet to be determined, and hence was investigated here. Using pancreatic rat insulinoma β-cells and human islets as model systems, we show that hA, following its internalization, first accumulates in the cytosol followed by its translocation into nucleus, and to a lesser extent lysosomes, keeping the net cytosolic amylin content low. An increase in hA accumulation in the nucleus of pancreatic cells correlated with its cytotoxicity, suggesting that its excessive accumulation in the nucleus is detrimental. hA interacted with 20S core and 19S lid subunits of the β-cell proteasomal complex, as suggested by immunoprecipitation and confocal microscopy studies, which subsequently resulted in a decrease in the proteasome9s proteolytic activity in these cells. In vitro binding and activity assays confirmed an intrinsic and potent ability of amylin to interact with the 20S core complex thereby modulating its proteolytic activity. Interestingly, less toxic and aggregation incapable rat amylin (rA) showed a comparable inhibitory effect on proteasome activity and protein ubiquitination, decoupling amylin aggregation/ toxicity and amylin-induced protein stress. In agreement with these studies, inhibition of proteasomal proteolytic activity significantly increased intracellular amylin content and toxicity. Taken together, our results suggest a pivotal role of proteasomes in amylin9s turnover and detoxification in pancreatic cells.
Elaborating the Cognitive Rules Model of Interaction Goals: The Problem of Accounting for Individual Differences in Goal Formation

Current theories of message production typically assume that speakers design messages to accomplish goals, but provide limited detail about how speakers form goals. The cognitive rules (CR) model presents one explicit set of assumptions about how interaction goals are formed. To date, predictions from the model have fared well for individuals high in interpersonal construct differentiation, but have received little support for less differentiated individuals. This chapter offers two suggestions for how the CR model might be elaborated to accommodate individual differences in goal formation. One possibility is that highly differentiated individuals possess more complex schemata for forming goals than do less differentiated individuals, which allow highly differentiated persons to process evaluatively inconsistent information but also make them prone to perceptual biases. A second possibility is that highly and less differentiated individuals rely on different heuristic principles when framing interaction g...
RADIATIVE PROPERTIES OF REAL SURFACES

Ideally, electromagnetic wave theory may be used to predict all radiative properties of any material (reflectivity and transmissivity at an interface, absorption and emission within a medium). For a variety of reasons, however, the usefulness of the electromagnetic wave theory is extremely limited in practice. For one, the theory incorporates a large number of assumptions that are not necessarily good for all materials. Most importantly, electromagnetic wave theory neglects the effects of surface conditions on the radiative properties of these surfaces, instead assuming optically smooth interfaces of precisely the same (homogeneous) material as the bulk material—conditions that are very rarely met in practice. In the real world surfaces of materials are generally coated to varying degree with contaminants, oxide layers, and the like, and they usually have a certain degree of roughness (which is rarely even known on a quantitative basis). Thus, the greatest usefulness of the electromagnetic wave theory is that it provides the engineer with a tool to augment sparse experimental data through intelligent interpolation and extrapolation. Still, it is important to realize that radiative properties of opaque materials depend exclusively on the makeup of a very thin surface layer and, thus, may, for the same material, change from batch to batch and, indeed, overnight. This behavior is in contrast to most other thermophysical properties, such as thermal conductivity, which are bulk properties and as such are insensitive to surface contamination, roughness, and so on. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, formerly NBS) has recommended to reserve the ending “-ivity” for radiative properties of pure, perfectly smooth materials (the ones discussed in the previous chapter), and “-ance” for rough and contaminated surfaces. Most real surfaces fall into the latter category, discussed in the present chapter. Consequently, we will use the ending “-ance” for the definitions in the following section, and for most surface properties throughout this chapter (and the remainder of this book), unless the surface in question is optically smooth and the property is obtained from electromagnetic wave theory. Note that there will be occasions when either term could be used (“almost smooth” surfaces, comparing experimental data with electromagnetic wave theory, etc.).
Borderline resectable pancreatic cancer: conceptual evolution and current approach to image-based classification.

ABSTRACT Background Diagnostic imaging plays a critical role in the initial diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Over the past decade, the concept of ‘borderline resectable’ pancreatic cancer has emerged to describe a distinct subset of patients existing along the spectrum from resectable to locally advanced disease for whom a microscopically margin-positive (R1) resection is considered relatively more likely, primarily due to the relationship of the primary tumor with surrounding vasculature. Materials and methods This review traces the conceptual evolution of borderline resectability from a radiological perspective, including the debates over the key imaging criteria that define the thresholds between resectable, borderline resectable, and locally advanced or metastatic disease. This review also addresses the data supporting neoadjuvant therapy in this population and discusses current imaging practices before and during treatment. Results A growing body of evidence suggests that the borderline resectable group of patients may particularly benefit from neoadjuvant therapy to increase the likelihood of an ultimately margin-negative (R0) resection. Unfortunately, anatomic and imaging criteria to define borderline resectability are not yet universally agreed upon, with several classification systems proposed in the literature and considerable variance in institution-by-institution practice. As a result of this lack of consensus, as well as overall small patient numbers and lack of established clinical trials dedicated to borderline resectable patients, accurate evidence-based diagnostic categorization and treatment selection for this subset of patients remains a significant challenge. Conclusions Clinicians and radiologists alike should be cognizant of evolving imaging criteria for borderline resectability given their profound implications for treatment strategy, follow-up recommendations, and prognosis.
Effects of intermediate-severity disturbance on composition and structure in mixed Pinus-hardwood stands

Increasingly, forest managers intend to create or maintain mixed Pinus-hardwood stands. This stand assemblage may be driven by a variety of objectives but is often motivated by the desire to enhance native forest diversity and promote resilience to perturbations. Documenting the effects of natural disturbances on species composition and stand structure, and thus successional and developmental pathways, in stands with these mixtures is essential to achieve these goals. The specific objectives of this study were to quantify and compare the impacts of an intermediate-severity canopy disturbance on woody species composition, canopy structure, understory light regimes, and species diversity in mixed Pinus (Pinus taeda and Pinus virginiana)-hardwood stands on the Cumberland Plateau in Alabama. The natural intermediate-severity disturbance disproportionately removed large Pinus stems, promoted hardwood dominance, and effectively accelerated succession. The resultant stand structure did not resemble one of the widely recognized stages of stand development and was best characterized by the mixed-stage of development. The canopy disturbance did not significantly alter canopy-layer species diversity, but seedling- and sapling-layer diversity was significantly greater in disturbed neighborhoods. Results from this study may be used as guidelines by managers of mixed Pinus-hardwood systems. To maintain a Pinus component in stands that are succeeding to hardwood dominance, canopy disturbance alone is insufficient and must be planned in conjunction with competition reduction measures in the regeneration layer, such as fire or herbicide application. Conversely, if managers wish to promote a hardwood component in pure or near pure Pinus stands, creation of variably sized canopy openings throughout the stand may recruit hardwood reproduction to larger size classes, as the intermediate-severity disturbance documented here accelerated succession toward hardwood dominance.
Sztuka i przedmiotowość

Fragment pierwszego kompletnego i krytycznego polskiego przekladu jednego z najbardziej znanych tekstow Michaela Frieda, "Sztuka i przedmiotowośc", ktory w calości ukaze sie wkrotce w ksiązce Krzysztofa Pijarskiego "Michael Fried: archeologia modernizmu".
Elevated Concentration of Nitrate Ions in Water Through Direct Treatment by Dielectric Barrier Discharge

Direct treatment of water by dielectric barrier discharge plasma with pulse repetition rates in the range of 2.5–4 kHz and microsecond rise time scale was used to treat samples of water for up to 10 min. Very high concentration of nitrate ions was measured by ion chromatography, and explained by the plasma generator’s operating parameters. It is shown that electrical conductivity increases and pH decreases with treatment time. These effects are enhanced at higher pulse repetition rates of the plasma discharge, provided that the power supply linearly scales power with output frequency. An increase in electrical conductivity of the treated water is in accordance with the concentration of produced nitrate ions and pH decrease.