cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nucleolar Contributions to DNA-Damage Response and Genomic (In)Stability in the Nervous System

The nucleolus is recognized as a cellular center of ribosomal biogenesis. In addition, the nucleolus is involved in stress response and genomic stability. In postmitotic neurons, the nucleolar RNA polymerase-1 is sensitive to DNA damage including single-strand breaks and/or bulky adducts. Hence, these forms of DNA damage disrupt structural integrity of the nucleolus producing nucleolar stress. In immature neurons, such a response is followed by activation of the p53-dependent apoptosis. In mature neurons that can survive nucleolar stress, chronic deficits of ribosome supply and subsequent translational deficits are expected. In addition, the nucleolar rRNA genes (rDNA) appear to play a structural role in chromatin organization promoting heterochromatin formation and regulating expression of euchromatic genes. Such functions may be affected by rDNA expansion that was reported in neurodegeneration including Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. This review is focused on the role of the nucleolus in the DNA-damage response and the genomic (in)stability in the nervous system. The mechanisms and potential consequences of nucleolar involvement in these phenomena are discussed.
Hard Vs. Soft Law: Alternatives, Complements, and Antagonists in International Governance

This article addresses the interaction of hard and soft law in a fragmented international law system. This issue is increasingly important in a world where functional international regimes proliferate to address globalization and national interdependence without any overarching legal hierarchy. The article makes three core claims in contradistinction to the existing literature. The first and primary claim is that international hard and soft law instruments can serve not only as alternatives or complements, but also as antagonists in many situations. The second, related claim is that this interaction has particular implications in a fragmented international law system, affecting the very nature of international hard and soft law regimes and their purported advantages. The interaction of hard and soft law regimes can lead to the hardening of soft law regimes, resulting in more strategic bargaining and reducing their purported advantages of consensus-building through information-sharing and persuasion; and it can lead to the softening of hard law regimes, resulting in reduced legal certainty and predictability, especially where there is distributive conflict between powerful states. The third and final claim is that the interaction of hard and soft law is not a binary either/or question, but one of specifying the conditions under which we can expect actors to employ hard and soft law as alternatives, complements or antagonists. The existing literature is not wrong in focusing on how hard and soft law may be employed as complements, but this literature tells only part of the story. The article provides an overarching theoretical framework for understanding the conditions under which states and other actors choose to employ hard and soft law in different ways, emphasizing the importance of distributive conflict among countries and their constituencies and the rise of regime complexes as conditions favorable to the use of hard and soft law as antagonists.
Vector-Borne Diseases of Freshwater Habitats

Human diseases transmitted by freshwater organisms result in death or debilitation to millions of people annually. Malaria, lymphatic filariasis or elephantiasis, Japanese encephalitis, dengue (all transmitted through the bites of certain species of mosquitoes), onchocerciasis or river blindness (transmitted by certain black flies), and schistosomiasis or bilharzia (where certain snails serve as intermediate host) are the most important diseases associated with freshwater habitats. Mosquitoes are the most important human-disease vectors and can transmit nematode worms, viruses, and protozoans. Disease control strategies vary according to vector, disease-causing parasite, and type of water body. The latter include natural rivers and lakes, human-made water bodies such as reservoirs, and water holders in human settlements such as tires and containers. Vaccinations and chemotherapy are used to control the parasites; application of toxicants, the use of biological control agents, and habitat manipulations are used to control vectors. Large-scale control of freshwater, vector-borne diseases have ranged from the temporarily successful (malaria) to the highly successful (onchocerciasis and yellow fever). The biodiversity of the vectors, parasites, and the control agents, as well as the non-target organisms affected by control activities, have influenced both the spread and the control of human diseases associated with fresh waters.
National estimates of 30-day readmissions among children hospitalized for asthma in the United States

Objective: Previous single-center studies have reported that up to 40% of children hospitalized for asthma will be readmitted. The study objectives are to investigate the prevalence and timing of 3...
Stocking up on Fish Mox: a Systematic Analysis of Cultural Narratives about Self-medicating in Online Forums.

This study is a systematic review of cultural narratives that drive American belief in the value and efficacy of stocking up on fish antibiotics for human consumption. Popularized by “doomsday prepper” forums and survivalist medical professionals’ online videos, this narrative suggests that in some scenarios humans may benefit from such treatments—even as they note its contraindication to mainstream public health advice. Discussions in crowd-sourcing forums however, reveal that in practice Americans are using them as a form of home remedy to treat routine infections without missing work or to make up for gaps in insurance coverage. This article argues for greater attention to what makes it plausible and reasonable to treat human conditions with animal medications. It suggests that public health initiatives should address such decisions as emerging from a rational analysis of social and economic conditions rather than dismissing such practices as dangerous to population and individual health outcomes. As social scientists of medicine have long argued, collective narratives about health and medicine illustrate deeply the broader contexts in which communities understand and experience bodily state and shape how communities interact with public health institutions and respond to medical expertise. This study surveys online discussions about “fish mox” to show how participants contest medical expertise and promote a more distributed form of populist expertise. As such, consuming fish mox is both panacea for health inequality and a critique of health institutions for perpetrating such stratification.
Changes in Case-Mix and Health Outcomes of Medicare Fee-for-Service Beneficiaries and Managed Care Enrollees During the Years 1992–2011

Background:Recent studies suggest that managed care enrollees (MCEs) and fee-for-service beneficiaries (FFSBs) have become similar in case-mix over time; but comparisons of health outcomes have yielded mixed results.Objective:To examine changes in differentials between MCEs and FFSBs both in case-mi
A New Protein Microsequenator Using Gas Phase Edman Reagents

Since its introduction in 1967, the use of automated Edman degradation in the spinning cup sequenator has been the most widely used method for determining the primary structure of polypeptides (1). For many years, the major limitations of the technique were the large amounts of sample required (10 to several hundred nmol) and difficulty in sequencing short peptides. These problems were mainly due to sample loss during the repeated extractions with organic solvents used to remove nonvolatile reagents and by-products from the sample film. Early attempts to minimize sample loss included the use of more volatile coupling buffers (2, 3), reduction in the volume of extraction solvents (4, 5), and the addition of various nonprotein carriers to the cup to add mass and stability to the sample film (3). However, the major breakthrough came with the introduction of a polymeric quaternary ammonium salt, Polybrene, to spinning cup sequencing technology (6). This substance effectively anchors small quantitites of both proteins and peptides in the cup and allows sequencing of even short hydrophobic peptides to completion. By combining the use of Polybrene with more extensive purification of reagents and solvents, improvements in spinning cup sequenator design, and analysis of >PhNCS-derivatives by reverse phase HPLC, we have previously obtained extended NH2-terminal sequence information on subnanomole quantities of a variety of peptides and proteins (7, 8).
Color Perimetry of Central Scotomas in Diseases of the Macula and Optic Nerve

We have used a microcomputer controlled color video tangent screen to examine 23 patients with isolated central visual field defects that have resulted from either optic nerve or macular disease. Colored test objects were used for kinetic perimetry. Test object luminance was matched to the luminance of a white surround at 10 ft lamberts by using flicker photometry. Central scotomas that were present by conventional kinetic perimetry (luminance increment sensitivity) were also present for color modulated test objects (color saturation increment sensitivity). In no case were defects found in the visual field for colored test objects that could not also be demonstrated by conventional luminance increment techniques. Qualitative shape characteristics of central visual field defects were of more value in distinguishing optic nerve and macular diseases, than was any difference between luminance and color perimetry.
“Grundstörungen”: Modelle der Ätiopathogenese

Die Frage nach dem, was der Wahn “eigentlich” ist, wurde und wird nicht selten dadurch zu beantworten versucht, das man auf seine Genese verweist. “Meist wurde die Entstehung und das Wesen des Wahns durcheinandergeworfen”, bemerkt Gruhle (1932, S. 170) zu Recht: Jeder, der Wahn “erklart” als Storung der Sexualentwicklung, des Affektes, der Wahrnehmung oder eines Gehirnvorgangs, d.h. jeder, der nach Grunden oder Ursachen von Wahn sucht, mus sich daruber im klaren sein, das dies bereits voraussetzt, zu wissen, was Wahn ist. Sofern hier nicht sauber getrennt wird in Fragen der Entstehung und Fragen der Abgrenzung der Sache selbst, entsteht ein methodischer Zirkel. Wenn wir im folgenden verschiedene Modelle der Atiopathogenese diskutieren, so vor allem deshalb, weil sie immer wieder aufgrund von (Selbst-) Misverstandnissen fur Bestimmungen dessen, was Wahn ist (des “Wesens” des Wahns), gehalten wurden und werden. Eine Auseinandersetzung mit Grundstorungsmodellen erscheint durch den erheblichen Einflus dieser Theorien auf die klinische Praxis zudem gerechtfertigt.
Learning statistical correlation of prostate deformations for fast registration

This paper presents a novel fast registration method for aligning the planning image onto each treatment image of a patient for adaptive radiation therapy of the prostate cancer. Specifically, an online correspondence interpolation method is presented to learn the statistical correlation of the deformations between prostate boundary and non-boundary regions from a population of training patients, as well as from the online-collected treatment images of the same patient. With this learned statistical correlation, the estimated boundary deformations can be used to rapidly predict regional deformations between prostates in the planning and treatment images. In particular, the population-based correlation can be initially used to interpolate the dense correspondences when the number of available treatment images from the current patient is small. With the acquisition of more treatment images from the current patient, the patient-specific information gradually plays a more important role to reflect the prostate shape changes of the current patient during the treatment. Eventually, only the patient-specific correlation is used to guide the regional correspondence prediction, once a sufficient number of treatment images have been acquired and segmented from the current patient. Experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve much faster registration speed yet with comparable registration accuracy compared with the thin plate spline (TPS) based interpolation approach.
Xenophilia and the Religious Openness Hypothesis: Love of the “Stranger” within Religious Fundamentalist and Biblical Foundationalist Ideological Surrounds:

While research documents conservative religious tendencies towards a fear (“phobia”) of the stranger (“xeno”), this investigation sought to evaluate possible additional potentials for a love (“phil...
Neurology residency training in 2017: A survey of preparation, perspectives, and plans.

Objective To survey graduating US neurology residents on the topics of debt, fellowship interview process, future plans, and their readiness for practice and business management tasks. Methods An electronic survey was sent to all US American Academy of Neurology member adult and child neurology residents graduating in June 2017. Results The response rate was 23.4% (n = 159). Of the 143 residents who provided information about student loans, 57% reported having debt (median $180,000). Ninety percent of respondents reported plans to pursue a fellowship after residency; 57% intended to stay at their home institution for additional training. Among respondents from adult neurology programs, 87% preferred to begin the fellowship application process after the first 6 months of the third postgraduate year. Almost half (46%) of adult neurology program residents felt they did not have enough outpatient exposure prior to making fellowship decisions compared to 14% of child neurology trainees. Although reported readiness to perform specific tasks (coding and office management) increased since 2007 ( p Conclusion Trainees completing residency report considerable educational debt. A large majority of residents feel the fellowship application process occurs too early. Despite improvements over recent years, the majority of residents continue to feel ill-prepared for specific practice management tasks. These results suggest a need to better understand the effect of educational debt on career choices, an examination of the timing of the fellowship application process, and the incorporation of additional business management training during residency.
Casual modeling of yield

Industry standard yield models make no provision for the heterogeneity of defect density or indication of how the uncertainty of defect density is propagated to uncertainty of die per wafer yield. In this paper we show how standard models can be extended by causal analysis to improve their generality. Causal diagrams are employed to specify yield models and make their assumptions transparent. Worked examples are provided as well as all the open-source code needed for the analyses.
Renal Function Syndromes

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses three clinically encountered syndromes of fluid and osmolar imbalance from a pathophysiological, clinical, and therapeutic standpoint—hyperosmolar states; diabetes insipidus (DI); and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) excess syndrome, particularly the syndrome of inappropriate ADH. The hyperosmolar state has several major characteristics. First, hyperosmolarity is present with plasma osmolarity equal to or greater than 350 mOsm/L. Second, hyperglycemia is usually seen, often with plasma glucose values greater than 1,000 mg/dL. This may represent decreased insulin secretion or decreased effect. Diabetic patients with the hyperosmolar state must be differentiated from those with ketoacidosis. The hyperosmolar patient will not usually have detectable ketoacids and the rapid Kussmaul respiration/acetone odor of breath seen in ketoacidosis. Third, depressed sensorium results from changes in osmolarity, fluid shifts into or out of cells, or from hyperglycemia. Another abnormality of water and osmotic balance is DI. There are two forms of DI—neurogenic and nephrogenic. Nephrogenic DI represents a defect of the target end-organ, the renal tubule. This defect is characterized by a lack of sensitivity of the tubule to endogenous and exogenous ADH. On the other hand, neurogenic DI reflects defective ADH production, transport, or release into the circulation.
Behavioral and Neural Dysregulation to Social Rewards and Links to Internalizing Symptoms in Adolescents

Adolescence is a time of unique sensitivity to socially salient stimuli such as social rewards. This period overlaps with the onset of psychopathology such as internalizing and externalizing symptoms. In the current studies, we examined behavioral and neural patterns of dysregulation to social rewards and threats, and links to internalizing and externalizing symptoms in youths. In study 1, we used a social Go/NoGo cognitive control task using peer faces to test for age-related behavioral differences in inhibitory failures in adolescents (N = 53, Mage = 13.37 years), and adults (N = 51, Mage = 43.71 years). In study 2, an independent adolescent sample (N = 51, Mage = 13.98 years) completed a similar social Go/NoGo cognitive control task during fMRI. Results show that adolescents had greater inhibitory failures - as measured by false alarm rate - to both social reward and threat cues than adults, and more so to social reward than threat cues. Greater inhibitory failures to social reward than threat cues were associated with greater internalizing symptoms, but were not significantly related to externalizing symptoms. At the neural level, greater inhibitory failures to social reward than threat cues as well as greater internalizing symptoms were both associated with heightened amygdala-ventral striatum connectivity. Our findings indicate that subcortico-subcortical connectivity, which is deemed to occur chronologically earlier and thus necessary for subcortico-cortical circuits, may serve as an early biomarker for emotion dysregulation and a risk factor for internalizing symptoms.
The correspondence of parent-reported measures of adolescent alcohol and cannabis use with adolescent-reported measures: A systematic review.

AbstractBackground: Valid assessment of adolescent substance use is important in both research and clinical applications. However, the optimal approach to assessing adolescent use remains controver...
A 3-to-40-V Automotive-Use GaN Driver With Active Bootstrap Balancing and V SW Dual-Edge Dead-Time Modulation Techniques

This article presents a GaN driver operating at a switching frequency variable from 10 to 30 MHz to achieve reliable and efficient power conversion for automotive electronics applications. An active bootstrap (BST) balancing (ABB) technique is presented to stabilize the BST rail voltage by sensing $V_{\mathrm{ SW}}$ and controlling BST rail charging. Meanwhile, a $V_{\mathrm{ SW}}$ dual-edge dead-time ( $t_{\mathrm{ dead}}$ ) modulation senses instant $V_{\mathrm{ IN}}$ and $I_{O}$ and generates optimal $t_{\mathrm{ dead}}$ for $V_{\mathrm{ SW}}$ trailing and leading edges, achieving zero-voltage switching (ZVS) turn-on for GaN power switches. To operate at high frequency and retain high efficiency, pulse-based dynamic up- and down-level shifters are developed to achieve sub-nanosecond propagation delay with a quiescent current of 0.5 $\mu \text{A}$ . To validate this work, a switching power converter prototype is implemented using a 0.35- $\mu \text{m}$ high-voltage (HV) BCD process. It maintains a constant 5.1-V BST rail voltage to prevent GaN FET from destructive breakdown and accomplishes 0.9-to-3.7-ns $t_{\mathrm{ dead}}$ and 3.7-to-10.4-ns $t_{\mathrm{ dead}}$ for $V_{\mathrm{ SW}}$ trailing and leading edge, respectively, in response to load current $I_{O}$ change from 0.01 to 1.2 A. The proposed techniques jointly improve the efficiency by 8.3%, which peaks at 90.7% for 12-to-5-V conversion and 88% for 40-to-5-V conversion.
English language teaching in South America, policy, preparation and practices

English language teaching initiatives have flourished all over South America in the last decades. English Language Teaching in South America, Policy, Preparation and Practices edited by Lia D. Kamh...
Relativistic multiconfiguration Dirac–Fock calculations of photoionization, electron-impact ionization, Auger decay, and relaxed-orbital oscillations of Cu ions

Abstract Core-hole creation and decay are of tremendous importance in both theory and applications. However, different ionization approaches and decay channels, especially at L-shell, bring many challenges to accurate simulation. In order to understand the ionization state effects on the creation and decay at L-shell hole, we performed a theoretical study of photon/electron-impact L-shell ionization of differently charged copper ions and the subsequent Auger electron and fluorescence emission by using the relativistic multiconfiguration Dirac–Fock approach. It was found that photoionization has much larger cross sections than electron-impact ionization near the ionization threshold, but smaller ones at higher impact energies. The ionization cross sections for 2s-sublevels are negligibly small compared with those for 2p-sublevels for both photon and electron impact ionizations. Additionally, the ionization cross sections decrease with the ionization state for both electron- and photon- impact L-shell ionizations. Similar to radiative (fluorescence) decay, Auger kinetic energy and yield decrease with ionization state, and the energy gaps and rate ratios between major Auger transitions change with ionization state. Furthermore, Auger rates from the L-shell decay are much larger than fluorescence rates, and the Auger-to-fluoresce decay ratio slightly decreases with increase in the ionization state of Cu ion.
Computational Screening of Organic Dye-Sensitizers for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: DFT/TDDFT Approach

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) represent a promising third-generation photovoltaic technology due to their ease in fabrication, low cost, ability to operate in diffused light, flexibility, and being lightweight. Organic dye-sensitizers are vital components of the DSSCs. Comprehensive theoretical study of the dye’s spectroscopic properties, including excitation energies ground- and excited-state oxidation potential, allows to design and screen organic dye-sensitizers for an efficient DSSC. Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) approaches have been efficiently used to estimate different optoelectronic properties of sensitizers. This chapter outlined the use of the DFT and TDDFT framework to design organic dye-sensitizers for DSSCs to predict different photophysical properties. Prediction of essential factors such as short-circuit current density (\({J}_{SC}\)), open-circuit voltage (\({V}_{OC}\)), along with charge transfer phenomena, will help experimental groups to fabricate DSSCs with higher photoconversion efficiency (PCE). Besides, this chapter includes a basic understanding of the mechanism of DSSCs, based on the energetics of the various constituents of the heterogeneous device.
Theses and Dissertations from Print to ETD: The Nuances of Preserving and Accessing Those in Music

Book chapter discussing the unique challenges of digitizing music theses and dissertations.
The Greek Cosmologists

This first volume takes the story from its beginnings in Ionian philosophy as far as the formation of the Atomic Theory and the first criticisms of it by Plato and Aristotle. The second volume will describe the cosmology of Plato and Aristotle, the attempt by Epicurean opponents to revive Atomism and later developments of the debate in classical philosophy and science up to the sixth century of our era. Both are accessible to anyone interested in the history of science and philosophy, even if they have no specialized knowledge of Greek philosophy and no Greek; but professional scholars too will find much of importance to them.
A Computer-Linked, Scanning, Microspectrophotometer Using the Two-Wavelength Method

A significant problem in the application of absorption spectrophotometry to tissue sections is that the chromo-phores are often not uniformly distributed; thus, the Beer-Lambert law cannot be used to relate transmittance to the quantity of absorber. There are three methods to compensate for the resulting distributional error: (i) The conventional method, which is suited for large objects, requires measurements be made only over homogeneous regions. (ii) The scanning method (1) integrates the results of many measurements each of which is made over an area sufficiently small so that the absorber distribution can be assumed to be homogeneous. (iii) The two-wavelength method requires measurement of the transmittance at two wavelengths for each field; the mass of absorber in the field is then calculated using the two-wavelength equations (2,3). It has been shown that the scanning and two-wavelength methods are equally accurate (4).
Methylation of RNA in bacteriophage T4 infected Escherichiacoli

Abstract Methylated bases have been detected in Escherichia coli DNA and in both soluble and ribosomal RNA Dunn and Smith 1958; Dunn, Smith, and Spahr 1960; Starr and Fefferman 1964. Their presence in messenger RNA has not been established. However, none have been detected in viral RNA from TMV Littlefield and Dunn 1958 or from coliphage f-2 Moore 1966. The methylation of nucleic acids was shown to occur at the polynucleotide level Fleissner and Borek 1962 by the action of methylases with S-adenosylmethionine as donor Gold and Hurwitz 1964; Hurwitz, Gold, and Anders 1964; Hurwitz, Anders, Gold, and Smith 1965. Although the biosynthesis is understood, the function of the methylated bases is obscure. This report deals with the in vivo methylation of RNA in bacteriophage T 4 infected E. coli and shows the incorporation of the methyl group of L -methionine into ribosylthymine of RNA. Most of the methylated RNA sediments at 4s in a sucrose gradient.
Database Management and Design

Part 1 Databases and their context: database systems and the evolution of database technology bonhomie catering - an introductory database application database systems in the organization. Part 2 Database design: conceptual data modelling the rational data model and relational design. Part 3 Relational database implementation: relational algebra and calculus - foundational languages relational implemetation with SQL relational implementation with query-by-example client/server database systems physical database organization and access. Part 4 Managing the database environment: database administration and control distributed database systems DBMS selection. Part 5 Advanced topics: knowledge-base and object-oriented systems. Part 6 Legacy database systems: the network data model the hierarchical model.
Inference Towards the Best Explanation: Reflections on the Issue of Climate Change

Science is an organized enterprise of inquiry which tries to tie together multiple strands of evidence to craft coherent explanations for disparate patterns in the natural world. Philosophers call this enterprise “inference towards the best explanation”. Such inferences at times depend upon detailed quantitative models, but at times one can rely upon the confluence of multiple strands of qualitative evidence. Humans are having unquestionable influences upon many aspects of the earth system at present, on land, in freshwater systems, and indeed the ocean, including devastating impacts on biodiversity. There are many patterns in the world at present – shrinking glaciers, shifting seasonal patterns in species’ life histories, and altered spatial distributions – which point to the signal of climate change, independent of the details of quantitative climate models. Yet, there are many other factors at play, often confounding clear assessment of the specific role of climate change in observed changes in the wor...
Dietary Therapy of Diabetes Mellitus

When a new diagnosis of diabetes is established, among the first stressful thoughts experienced by patients are concerns that they will not be able to eat foods they prefer and that their way of living will be compromised. Lifestyle, exercise habits and food preferences must be changed and individual choices will be limited. A patient newly diagnosed with diabetes fears that if certain changes do not occur, he or she will not be able to control blood sugar and he/she will be at risk for the host of complications associated with poorly controlled diabetes. However, the seldom publicized fact is that a person with diabetes should be eating basically similar to all other persons, according to the recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines for all Americans, 2000.1 These guidelines do not impose a foreboding protocol, but advise how everyone should be eating to consume the nutrients required by the human body and to avoid the weight related illnesses.2,3 “Healthy eating” and working toward an optimal life style is being encouraged. No longer should a “diabetic diet” or an American Diabetes Association diet (ADA diet) be prescribed by a physician. Rather, it is recommended that a diet prescription be based on careful assessment of food preferences, eating habits and other life style factors. This may require certain expertise that is often beyond the nutrition training of the medical practitioner and can also consume costly medical practice time. In consultation with the patient, a registered dietitian can develop recommendations that are attainable and consistent with reasonable treatment goals.
Structure of T-2 bacteriophage.

X-RAY scattering from orientated phages1,2 together with optical measurements3,4 have shown that the primary orientation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in the bacteriophage T-2 is parallel to the main axis of the phage. These data, combined with electron microscopy by Rubenstein5, and low-energy electron inactivation investigations by Cole6, enable the construction of a detailed model for the arrangement of D1STA in phage head.
Dosimetry of Radioisotopes: A nomogram permits the estimation of the radiation dose delivered by 30 isotopes of biological interest.

A nomogram is presented which permits the estimation of the radiation dose delivered by 30 isotopes of biological interest. Large working copies of this nomogram are available from the authors. (C. H.)
Diffuse spectral fundus reflectance measured using subretinally placed spectralon.

The diffuse fundus reflectance and the spectral transmittance of the swine sensory retina was measured in vivo using intravitreal illumination. Pars plana vitrectomy and intravitreal manipulations were performed on a female American Yorkshire domestic swine. Light from a scanning monochromator was coupled into a fiber optic intraocular illuminator inserted into the vitreous. A 1.93-mm2 region of the illuminated fundus was imaged from an oblique illumination angle. Multispectral retinal images were acquired for four experimental conditions: the eye (1) prior to vitrectomy, (2) after vitrectomy, (3) after insertion of a Spectralon disk super-retinally, and (4) after subretinal insertion of the disk. The absorption of melanin and hemoglobin in the red wavelengths was used to convert relative spectral reflectance to absolute reflectance. The flux scattered from the super-retinal Spectralon was used to correct for scattering in the globe. The transmittance of the sensory retina was measured in vivo using the scatter corrected subretinal Spectralon disk reflectance. The hemoglobin and melanin components of the spectrum due to scattered light were removed from the retinal transmission spectrum. The in vivo spectral transmittance of the sensory retina in this swine was essentially flat across the visible spectrum, with an average transmittance >90%.
Under the Lawn: Engaging the Water Cycle

This paper explores how several water technologies mediate people's relationship with nature in the domestic sphere. While septic systems are critical to the built environment in exurban North America, they remain largely unacknowledged. Their hidden participation in the backyards of private homes silently facilitates—yet outwardly denies—people's continued engagement in the water cycle. Now, a growing array of alternative practices (e.g. composting toilets and greywater systems) are being embraced by individuals choosing to intervene in their local ecology in an active manner. This study shows how the domestic realm can be a site of imaginative engagement and shifting consciousness, and moreover, serve as a catalyst in society's transition toward a meaningful sustainability.
PRODUCTION OF CARBON K X RAYS BY HEAVY-ION BOMBARDMENT.

Cross sections for $K$ x-ray production in carbon are presented for collisions involving incident ${\mathrm{C}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{N}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{Kr}}^{+}$, and ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{+}$ in the energy range 20 keV-1.5 MeV. Thick-target x-ray yield data are also included. The cross-section measurements are in excellent agreement with a simple theoretical model based on the Landau-Zener theory of level crossing.
Work-hardening of dispersion-strengthened disordered Cu3Au-SiO2single crystals

Abstract The Stage I work-hardening behaviour of disordered Cu3Au single crystals containing volume fractions, f, of SiO2 particles equalling 0·005 and 0·01, oriented for single slip on (111)[101], was studied in compression at 77 K and 295 K. At 295 K, Luders-band propagation was found to obscure the work-hardening behaviour up to about 10% shear strain. The rest of Stage I is parabolic when f = 0·01 but not when f = 0·005. At 77 K, only the samples with f = 0·01 showed any real evidence of parabolic hardening. Additional experiments demonstrated that no recovery of the flow stress is observed, which is attributed to the resistance of these alloys to plastic relaxation by static recovery processes. The experimentally measured work-hardening rates in the parabolic region of Stage I are in reasonable agreement with the quantitative predictions of the theories of Brown, Stobba and co-workers (theory B) and Hirsch, Humphreys and co-workers (theory H). The microstructures of samples with f = 0·01, deformed at...
A Sense of Sisterhood: A Qualitative Case Study of a Flexibly Structured, Long-Term Therapy Group for Divorced Women

This study incorporated ethnographic and phenomenological components to understand the individual and group experience of women who participated in a long-term, flexibly structured group for divorced women. Data included focus groups with both the participants (n = 3) and therapists (n = 4); individual interviews with the woman (n = 6) and therapists (n = 7); and transcripts from 22 different sessions that spanned the life of the group (12 that specifically focused on transitions within the group and 10 that were randomly chosen). Emerging themes centered on the positive experience of the group, the group as a safe place, the collaborative process of the group, and the gender-split of the therapists. Attachment theory, feminist ideology, and collaborative language systems are used to further explore the findings. Based on these results specific clinical implications are addressed that may help clinicians who work with women dealing with divorce.
Federal sector union liability for breach of duty of fair representation under title vii of the civil rights act: The problem of legal uncertainty

The duty of fair representation (DFR) was initially formulated by the U.S. Supreme Court in the 1940s to protect racial minorities working in the private sector from discrimination by their unions. More recently, the courts have extended the protections afforded by the DFR to state and local government workers. However, the ability of federal employees to invoke this doctrine, specifically under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act as amended, has not yet been resolved. This article examines the case law addressing this issue and argues that federal employee unions, just as unions operating in the private sector and at the state and local levels of government, should be subject to DFR obligations.
Diagnostic value of K-ras mutation analysis for pancreaticobiliary cytology specimens with indeterminate diagnosis.

BACKGROUND: Fine-needle aspiration and bile duct brushing cytology have been traditionally used for early detection of pancreaticobiliary malignancy. Quite frequently, the cytological interpretations of these specimens are indeterminate. In this retrospective study, we evaluated the diagnostic value of detecting K-ras (v-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog) mutation in pancreaticobiliary cytology specimens that had equivocal cytological diagnoses. METHODS: A total of 129 cases that had indeterminate cytology diagnoses, K-ras mutational analysis, and histopathological follow-up were retrieved. The cytological interpretations, histopathological diagnoses, and K-ras mutation results were reviewed and analyzed. RESULTS: Overall, the sensitivity and specificity of K-ras mutation for detection of pancreaticobiliary malignancy including adenocarcinoma, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm, and mucinous cystic neoplasm were 57% and 94%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values of K-ras mutation for the presence of pancreaticobiliary malignancy were 94% and 60%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate that K-ras mutation has a high predictive value for malignancy in patients with indeterminate pancreaticobiliary cytology and should be included as an important adjuvant diagnostic marker. It should be noted that a negative K-ras mutation result does not rule out malignancy, and K-ras mutation can be detected, although infrequently, in morphologically benign conditions. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Debt in a model of tax competition

Abstract This paper develops a two-jurisdiction, two-period model of tax competition where jurisdictions can finance government spending not only with current tax revenues but also with debt. Jurisdictions will have an incentive to issue debt because it reduces the standard tax competition problem of underprovision of government goods. Because the underprovision problem becomes more severe in the period when debt is retired, the net effects on deadweight loss from tax competition cannot be signed.
A second order turbulence model for the prediction of air movement and heat transfer in a ventilated room

A full-scale test room is used to investigate experimentally and numerically the velocity and temperature fields in the case of a mechanical ventilation. Detailed fields are measured for three cases of ventilation air temperature: an isothermal case, a hot case, and a cold case. The experimental data are used to test two turbulence models: a first order k-e realizable turbulence model and a second order quadratic RSM (Reynolds Stress Model) turbulence model. The RSM model predicts the temperature and velocity fields better than the k-e turbulence model. In particular, global values of velocity and temperature coming from experiments are in good agreement with the RSM turbulence model. This conclusion is confirmed using a turbulence analysis based on Lumley triangles.
Comparison of support provided by a semirigid orthosis and adhesive ankle taping before, during, and after exercise

The purpose of this study was to compare the relative effectiveness of athletic taping and a semirigid orthosis in providing inversion-eversion range restriction before, during, and after a 3 hour volleyball practice. The effect of each support method on the subjects' vertical jump ing ability was also assessed. Fourteen ankles were treated with both methods of support. Passive inver sion-eversion range of motion was measured on an ankle stability test instrument during five testing ses sions : 1) before support, 2) before exercise, 3) 20 minutes during exercise, 4) 60 minutes during exercise, and 5) after exercise. The two-way analysis of variance and posthoc comparisons revealed maximal losses in taping restriction for both inversion and eversion at 20 minutes into exercise. The orthosis demonstrated no mechanical restrictive failure until before and after ex ercise comparisons were made, and then only eversion range of motion was compromised. Neither support system affected subjects' vertical jumping a...
Sexually transmitted diseases in females in a juvenile detention center.

The medical staff of the King County Washington juvenile detention facility attempts to evaluate all new detainees within 72 hours of admission to the facility (or sooner if a history of genitourinary symptoms is elicited when they are questioned on admission about their health). In 1981 100 females who had received no antimicrobial agents in the month prior to examination and who were detained for more than 24 hours and available for comprehensive examinations were selected for this study of the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases in females in a juvenile detention center. The procedure for examining these young women was identical to that used in the Seattle-King County Harborview Medical Center clinic for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). It included a medical history a speculum examination of the vagina and cervix and a bimanual examination of the uterus and adnexa. Complete data were not available for all 100 female detainees. The mean age of those studied was 15.2 +- 1.3 years; 66% were white 30% were black 1% was Asian or Pacific Islander and 3% were of other ethnic groups. None were married. 37 of the 100 females were known or strongly suspected by the medical staff to be prostitutes. The median number of reported sexual consorts during the month prior to detention was 3 for prostitutes and 1 for other detainees. 68% of the 98 responding detainees used no contraception; 23% used foam and/or condoms and 8% used oral contraceptives. Volunteered or elicited symptoms related to the genitourinary system did not significantly differ between prostitutes and other detainees. The most common symptom abnormal vaginal discharge was present in 81% of the detainees. Only 8 had no genitourinary symptoms. None of the conditions sought differed significantly in prevalence between prostitutes and other detainees. Of detainees appropriately tested 18 (18%) of 98 were found to be infected with N. Gonorrhoeae and 17 (20%) of 86 with C. Trachomatis. Trichomoniasis was diagnosed in 38 (48%) of 80 detainees examined for it; bacterial vaginosis was diagnosed in 23 (25%) of 92 detainees. Vulvovaginal candidiasis was diagnosed in 6 detainees herpes genitalis in 2 vulvar warts in 4 and scabies in 1. Of 61 young women tested none had a reactive serologic test for syphilis. Recovery of either N. gonorrhoeae or C. Trachomatis was not significantly associated with complaints of vaginal discharge. Users of barrier methods were less likely to have C. trachomatis than were those not using contraception. Otherwise there was no statistically significant associations between the presence of N. gonorrhoeae or C. trachomatis and contraceptive method.
Double Resonance Spectroscopy of Multiple-Photon Excited Molecules

A crucial problem in the interpretation of multiple infrared photon absorption and dissociation effects in polyatomic molecules is that of the distribution of vibrational energy among the excited molecules. At issue is not only the distribution over vibrational modes within and individual molecule at total energy E {f(n1,...,nS|E)}, but also of E given an incident infrared fluence Φ {f(E|(Φ)} and, indeed, of 〈E〉 in a bulk ensemble given a spatially varying Φ(r,z) resulting from focussing of the laser beam into the sample. This problem has been attacked from a number of points of view, including those of master-equation models [1,2], information theory [3], quantum-mechanical equations of motion [4], and geometrical optics [5,6]. These models are typically compared with measurements of either total energy deposition in the irradiated gas, 〈n|Φ〉, or dissociation yield, 〈Y|Φ〉, at an overall fluence Φ [7]. It is not possible, however, to determine a distribution function uniquely from its first moments alone, such as 〈n〉 or 〈Y〉 [8]. Additional information is required, and the best source of this information is some sort of spectroscopic probe of the multiple-photon excited molecule. Such methods include: (1) Optical/Infrared Double Resonance (Laser-Induced Fluorescence Excitation) a tunable ultraviolet or visible laser is used to excite fluorescence from the vibrationally excited molecules prior to relaxation or dissociation. This is a very sensitive probe for species processing suitable electronic transitions, such as biacetyl [9] or propynal [l0]. (2) Infrared/Infrared Double Resonance systems in which a laser-induced fluorescence technique cannot be applied may be probed by a low-power c.w. (or pulsed) infrared source. This technique has been extensively applied SF6 [11–18] and a number of other systems since its initial demonstration by STEINFELD and co-workers in 1969. (3) Other methods such as laser intracavity absorption or infrared fluorescence due to multiple-photon excited molecules, are just now being developed.
Geodesy information in a modified relativity mission with two counter-orbiting polar satellites

Abstract The test of general relativity proposed by Van Patten and Everitt makes use of 2 counter-orbiting drag-free satellites in a near-cirular, near-polar orbit. Doppler range-rate measurements between the satellites, if they pass near a pole, provides an estimate of the mean plane separation to 1 mm, providing in turn a very accurate estimate of the sum of the nodal precissions due to earth oblateness. Precise ground-tracking of the nodes over an extended time-period (e.g. 2 1 2 yr ) can thus provide a 1% measurement of the small relativistic Lense-Thirring eastward nodal precission (about 6 m/yr for each satellite). The Doppler measurement provides, in addition, very accurate information on certain combinations of earth harmonic coefficients, as well as on the Love numbers k2, k3. We have recently realized that the remarkable geophysical output of this experiment can be enriched by allowing the point of encounter between the two satellites to progress from the poles to the equator during the course of the mission. We have reason to believe that by performing the experiment in this mode, all tesseral harmonics up to about 60th order could be separated and determined to accuracies up to three orders of magnitude better than current knowledge, and still contain a 1% Lense-Thirring determination.
The Regulation of Pharmacogenomics-based Drugs and Policy Making

In addition to potential future clinical benefits such as reducing adverse drug reactions and optimizing therapeutic efficacy, pharmacogenomic applications promise numerous benefits for the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, including decreasing the size and expense of clinical trials and streamlining the drug development process. The application of pharmacogenomics and related technological advances to drug development has prompted various regulatory agencies such as the United States Food and Drug Administration to issue guidance documents and other advisory statements. This article delineates the impact of pharmacogenomic-guided drug development on the regulatory process in the United States including relevant highlights of industry guidance documents and policy statements. Hypothetical vignettes are used to illustrate a number of issues that are challenging to policy makers and the potential impact of pharmacogenomic based drug research and development on the regulatory environment.