cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early vulnerability to ischemia/reperfusion injury in motor terminals innervating fast muscles of SOD1-G93A mice

In mouse models of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (fALS), motor neurons are especially vulnerable to oxidative stresses in vitro. To determine whether this increased vulnerability also extends to motor nerve terminals in vivo, we assayed the effect of tourniquet-induced ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury on motor terminals innervating fast and slow hindlimb muscles in male G93A-SOD1 mice and their wild-type littermates. These mice also expressed yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) in motor neurons. We report that in SOD1-G93A/YFP mice the motor terminals innervating two predominantly fast muscles, extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and plantaris, were more vulnerable to I/R injury than motor terminals innervating the predominantly slow soleus muscle. The mean duration of EDL ischemia required to produce a 50% reduction in endplate innervation in SOD1-G93A/YFP mice was 26 min, compared to 45 min in YFP-only mice. The post-I/R destruction of EDL terminals in SOD1-G93A mice was rapid (<2 h) and was not duplicated by cutting the sciatic nerve at the tourniquet site. The increased sensitivity to I/R injury was evident in EDL muscles of SOD1-G93A/YFP mice as young as 31 days, well before the onset of motor neuron death at approximately 90 days. This early vulnerability to I/R injury may correlate with the finding (confirmed here) that in fALS mice motor nerve terminals innervating fast hindlimb muscles degenerate before those innervating slow muscles, at ages that precede motor neuron death. Early vulnerability of fast motor terminals to I/R injury thus may signal, and possibly contribute to, early events involved in motor neuron death.
Food versus Feed and the Dynamics of the World Food Situation: Discussion

I do not have major conceptual or methodological differences with any of the papers. What is intended here is to supplement Dr. Mellor's paper, since his analysis excluded the People's Republic of China (PRC), and to elaborate on Dr. Tang's paper. Basically, China's agricultural development faces the same problems the other developing countries have encountered, namely, a large population to feed, backward agricultural technology, large rural sector, and a poor natural endownment. In addition, China suffers from the consequences of thirty years of isolation and the aftereffects of past dogmatic ideology. Since 1976, China's current leadership has embarked on a pragmatic course of modernization of the economy. Therefore, the Chinese agricultural development should be looked at in two distinct periods: 1949-76 and 1977 to date. Some of the notable agricultural policies in force today include: (a) putting the order of economic priority as agriculture, light industry, and heavy industry, with emphasis also on energy and transportation sectors; (b) raising standards of living in rural and urban areas by raising personal income, by producing more consumer goods and less capital goods, and by subsidizing the gap between the recently raised procurement prices and the retail prices of agricultural products; (c) decentralizing more production and managerial decision making down to basic production units instead of relying on orders from the central government; (d) implementing, on a large scale, a material incentive production system rather than relying on ideology as in the past; (e) allowing the expansion of private sector by enlarging the size of private plots and opening rural free markets-as a result, the rural income derived from this activity has increased from 25% of total in 1979 to possibly as high as 40% currently; (f) being willing to import large amounts of farm goods, especially grains and cotton, in order to satisfy rising demand; (g) emphasizing science, technology, ecoomics, and management; and (h) strictly enforcing population control. Because of these policies much progress was made in agriculture between 1977 and 1980. Table 1 presents a rough comparison. In addition, population growth rate was reduced to about 1.1% in 1980. Per capita inome for a commune member from collective distribution, which had increased from 43 yuan in 1956 to 63 yuan in 1976, rise to 85 yuan in 1980, a similar increase in just four
Detection and properties of dissolved atomic hydrogen formed during electrochemical polarization

Abstract A temporary reducing species is formed in solution when Mg is made anode, or Pt, Ni or Sn are made cathodes, in 0·1 N NaCl deaerated with either N 2 or H 2 . Rate of decay, as measured by diffusion currents corresponding to anodic oxidation at a Pt micro-electrode, follows a first order reaction with average half-life of about 5 min. Similar half-life properties are observed when gaseous atomic hydrogen is dissolved in the electrolyte; hence it is concluded that the reducing species is dissolved atomic hydrogen, H(aq), or its reaction product with water. Its diffusion coefficient in water is higher than that of H 2 . The concentration of H(aq) formed by electrolysis of dilute NACl at a Pt cathode at 5 mA/cm 2 is about 2 × 10 −4 g-atom/1 in an unstirred solution; the concentration is less in a vigorously stirred solution, which brings the electrolyte into more intimate contact with surfaces which catalyse combination to form H 2 . Rate of decay is largely insensitive to either temperature or pH of the solution. Steady-state concentration is a linear function of current density of electrolysis. When Mg undergoes anodic dissolution, H(aq) presumably forms either by local action currents on the magnesium surface, or by rapid reaction of dissolved univalent magnesium ions with water.
A uniformly convergent alternative to the davidson-cole distribution function

Abstract A new skewed-arc alternative to the Davidson-Cole permittivity function is derived. It has the same very low and very high frequency limit angles in its Cole-Cole arc and approaches the behavior of the Davidson-Cole permittivity function for small values of the exponent parameter β. The difference, however, becomes increasingly appreciable for large values of β. The distribution function g(ln τ) is very much like that for the Davidson-Cole system, but it does not exhibit any singular nor discontinuous slope behavior for any value of the relaxation time τ.
Functional response of juvenile pink and chum salmon: effects of consumer size and two types of zooplankton prey

Feeding rate experiments were conducted for pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha fry [mean fork length (LF) 39 mm], juveniles (103–104 mm LF) and juvenile chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta (106–107 mm LF). Fishes were presented with small copepod (Tisbi sp.) or larger mysid shrimp (Mysidopsis bahia) prey at varying densities ranging from 1 to 235 prey l−1 in feeding rate experiments conducted at water temperatures ranging from 10·5 to 12·0° C under high light levels and low turbidity conditions. Juvenile pink and chum salmon demonstrated a type II functional response to mysid and copepod prey. Mysid prey was readily selected by both species whereas the smaller bodied copepod prey was not. When offered copepods, pink salmon fry fed at a higher maximum consumption rate (2·5 copepods min−1) than larger juvenile pink salmon (0·4 copepods min−1), whereas larger juvenile chum salmon exhibited the highest feeding rate (3·8 copepods min−1). When feeding on mysids, the maximum feeding rate for larger juvenile pink (12·3 mysids min−1) and chum (11·5 mysids min−1) salmon were similar in magnitude, and higher than feeding rates on copepods. Functional response models parameterized for specific sizes of juvenile salmon and zooplankton prey provide an important tool for linking feeding rates to ambient foraging conditions in marine environments, and can enable mechanistic predictions for how feeding and growth should respond to spatial-temporal variability in biological and physical conditions during early marine life stages.
Transfer between the oddity and relative size concepts: Reversal and extradimensional shifts

Abstract Young children's transfer performance was investigated in three studies using the relational concepts of oddity/similarity and relative size. Transfer within relational concepts (e.g., large to small) was compared with transfer between relational concepts (e.g., large to odd). For the original learning condition of Exp. I, three- and four-year-old children were randomly assigned to either same or large as the correct solution. Those who reached criterion were then transferred to either a Reversal (R) or Extradimensional (ED) concept shift. R shifts were superior to ED shifts for both age groups. The four-year-olds learned the R shift faster, and the ED shift slower, than the original learning problem. The three-year-old Ss also showed a decrement on the ED shift but no facilitation was present in their performance on the R task. Experiments II and III introduced an optional shift procedure which permitted the Ss to treat the ambiguous shift problems as either an R or an ED shift. The test phase resulted in 35 40 S s in Exp. II and 17 18 S s in Exp. III choosing the R solution. The results are inconsistent with theories of learning which posit a developmental progression from single unit processes to complex mediational processes, unless that progression can be said to occur before three years of age.
OhioLINK Finding Aid Repository

Technical services are at the forefront of the changes that are taking place today in libraries. In this issue, our reviewers will introduce you to useful resources you may not be familiar with that can help you incorporate non-traditional metadata into your cataloging operations, take advantage of social media tools like blogs and crowdsourcing, and gain a better understanding of data-driven assessment.Do you have websites or applications of your own you would like to share with your colleagues in technical services? Our column WELCOMES new reviewers. Send comments and suggestions to the column editor: Marta Mestrovic Deyrup at marta.deyrup@shu.edu
What about Behavior?: Methodological Implications for Rockshelter Excavation and Spatial Analysis

Traditionally, archaeologists have used excavation data from Pennsylvania rockshelters to establish local and regional chronologies; however, these data sets do not lend themselves to behavioral or formational interpretations due to the scale of recovery resolution used. Behaviorally indicative evidence is apparent in contiguous block excavations using analytic units measuring 50 cm × 50 cm × 5 cm for lot collection. At least three specific behaviors—hunting gear maintenance, bone processing, and activity area maintenance—can be recovered from analytic units that result in structured spatial patterning that goes undetected at 1 m collection resolution. Behaviors universal to hunter-gatherers are indicated by the distributions of small artifacts (< 1 cm) of various classes. A current challenge in the discipline of archaeology is relating behavioral theory to the interpretation of structured remains of prehistoric hunter-gatherer occupations. This research highlights these behaviors and the relevant literat...
Nucleocytosolic Acetyl-Coenzyme A Synthetase Is Required for Histone Acetylation and Global Transcription

Metabolic enzymes rarely regulate informational processes like gene expression. Yeast acetyl-CoA synthetases (Acs1p and 2p) are exceptional, as they are important not only for carbon metabolism but also are shown here to supply the acetyl-CoA for histone acetylation by histone acetyltransferases (HATs). acs2-Ts mutants exhibit global histone deacetylation, transcriptional defects, and synthetic growth defects with HAT mutants at high temperatures. In glycerol with ethanol, Acs1p is an alternate acetyl-CoA source for HATs. Rapid deacetylation after Acs2p inactivation suggests nuclear acetyl-CoA synthesis is rate limiting for histone acetylation. Different histone lysines exhibit distinct deacetylation rates, with N-terminal tail lysines deacetylated rapidly and H3 lysine 56 slowly. Yeast mitochondrial and nucleocytosolic acetyl-CoA pools are biochemically isolated. Thus, acetyl-CoA metabolism is directly linked to chromatin regulation and may affect diverse cellular processes in which acetylation and metabolism intersect, such as disease states and aging.
L 1 adaptive controller for systems with input quantization

This paper quantifies performance bounds of L 1 adaptive controllers for linear uncertain systems with input quantization. Two basic types of quantizers are considered: uniform quantizers and logarithmic quantizers. The performance bounds of the L 1 adaptive controller in the presence of input quantization proved to have an additional term, dependent upon the quality of quantization. The signals of the closed-loop L 1 adaptive systems can be rendered arbitrarily close to the corresponding signals of a bounded reference system by increasing the adaptation rate and improving the quantizer. Simulations confirm the theoretical results.
GENERALIZED SECOND-ORDER TWO-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS: COMPUTING THE TRANSFER FUNCTION

In this paper, the discrete Fourier transform is used to determine the coefficients of a transfer function of a new generalized two-dimensional system of second-order: Ex(i1 + 2, i2 + 2) = A0x(i1 + 1, i2 + 1) + A1x(i1 + 1, i2) + A2x(i1, i2 + 1). The algorithm is straightforward and has been implemented using the software package Matlab™. A step-by-step example illustrating the application of the algorithm is presented.
Spin relaxation within the 6 P 1 2 2 and 6 S 1 2 2 states of cesium measured by white-light optical pumping

Collisional relaxation of spin polarization within the Cs atom has been studied using new techniques of white-light optical pumping. Analyses of pumping transient signals have been made including full treatments of effects due to the hyperfine interaction and spin exchange. The nuclear-spin-independent cross sections for relaxation of $〈{S}_{z}〉$ in the $6^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}$ state of Cs, at 288 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, are (in ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}23}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$): Cs-He, 2.43 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.24; Cs-Ne, 4.08 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.40; Cs-Ar, 108 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 10; Cs-${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$, 55.2 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 5.5. The nuclear-spin-independent cross sections for relaxation of $〈{J}_{z}〉$ within the $6^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}$ state of Cs, at 288 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, are (in units of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}16}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$): Cs-He, 12.5 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 4.0; Cs-Ne, 6.9 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 2.0. The Cs-buffer-gas diffusion coefficients, extrapolated to 273 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, are (in units of ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$): Cs-He, 0.291 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.030; Cs-Ne, 0.171 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.017; Cs-Ar, 0.111 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.011; Cs-${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$, 0.098 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.010. There is no experimental evidence for contributions to low-pressure relaxation rates from the formation of Cs-buffer-gas van der Waals molecules, even in the case of Cs-Ar. There is, however, possible evidence for small contributions to relaxation rates at high buffer-gas pressures from this source.
The metallographic preparation of micro-miniature devices

Abstract A technique for preparing micro-miniature devices for metallographic analysis is described. The class of materials involved in these devices is generally of the brittle type such as silicon and germanium. However, gold, a very ductile material, is almost always present as an interconnecting media with alumina ceramic or glass often present as the substrate or mounting member. Thus, the range of material hardness found in a typical device assembly can include hard ceramic, brittle silicon and soft gold. Increased interest in evaluating these new art devices has shown that the standard techniques of specimen preparation are unsuitable. For example, because of the extreme differences in component hardness, exact retention of interfaces has been a difficult problem. The method described in this article utilizes a near complete diamond abrasive process.
A new approach toward improved low temperature performance of Li-ion battery

We report a new approach toward formulating an electrolyte for low temperature operation of Li-ion batteries. The core of this new approach is to use LiBF4 salt instead of LiPF6, which is the chosen solute in the state-of-the-art Li-ion electrolytes. We found that although LiBF4-based electrolyte has lower ionic conductivity than the LiPF6 analogue, it provides improved low temperature performance. In particular, at −30 °C, a Li-ion cell with 1 m (mol/kg solvent) LiBF4 dissolved in 1:1:3 (wt.) propylene carbonate (PC)/ethylene carbonate (EC)/ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC) mixed solvent delivers as high as 86% of capacity, in comparison to that obtained at 20 °C. Whereas the counterpart one, using LiPF6, only retains 72%. Furthermore, the cell with LiBF4-based electrolyte shows lower polarization at −30 °C. The above results suggest that the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte is not the only limitation to the low temperature operation of Li-ion batteries. Analysis of cell impedance reveals that the improved low temperature performance by LiBF4 arises from a reduced charge-transfer resistance.
Postoperative intra-abdominal and pelvic sepsis complicating ileal pouch-anal anastomosis.

In a series of 500 patients who underwent ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis or polyposis coli, significant intra-abdominal or pelvic sepsis developed in 30 (6%). Among the patients who did not require laparotomy because they responded to treatment with antibiotics or local drainage (surgical or radiologically guided) or both, no pouches were excised and the ileostomy closure rate (92%) was similar to that for the patients who did not have sepsis. The 17 patients whose sepsis did require laparotomy had a high rate of pouch excision (41%) (p<0.0001) and a low rate of ileostomy closure (29%) (p<0.0001). Factors identified as possibly associated with severe sepsis included female gender and ulcerative colitis complicated by toxicity or malignancy.
Hemagglutinin loss by vaccinia virus and its relationship to virus adaptation in tumor and l cells.

SummaryFollowing the observation that vaccinia virus became hemagglutinin-negative when fully adapted to the Ehrlich ascites tumor, the question arose as to whether or not the hemagglutinin loss was an intrinsic step in the adaptation process. In the present study it was possible to show that the loss of hemagglutinin by vaccinia virus and an increased ability to multiply in a host system are independent transitions, but may occur simultaneously.
GAS-PHASE TRANSURANIUM ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY : REACTIONS OF NP+, PU+, NPO+, AND PUO+ WITH ALKENES

The study of gas-phase organometallic chemistry has been extended to the first two transuranium elements, Np and Pu. Product abundances were determined for reactions of the alkenes, L = ethene, cis...
The ironless cos θ magnet option for the SSC

The Fermilab design of a 5 T, 5 cm aperture superconducting dipole is described, that attempts to integrate essential cryogenic details with a low cold mass, low heat leak magnet containing a coil surrounded by aluminum collars. Operating characteristics of coils made with aluminum collars are presented along with harmonic data obtained from 1 meter long 5 cm aperture collared coils. A summary of results obtained from cold tests of a 7.6 cm aperture, 6 m long aluminum collared coil in an iron vacuum vessel cryostat are reviewed. Results from the measurement of heat leak to 4.5K, 10K, and 80K are discussed for a 12 m prototype cryostat. Calculations are summarized for passively correcting the persistent current sextupole fields.
Assimilation of ammonia by the azolla‐anabaena symbiosis

Abstract 15N‐labeled ammonia was rapidly assimilated by Azolla caroliniana and incorporated into plant material even though sustained growth of the fern‐algae symbiosis cannot be maintained with ammonia as nitrogen source. During ammonia uptake, the nitrogenous pool of the fern rapidly increases and contains large amounts of free ammonia and glutamine. N2 fixation activity of the algal symbiont declines during assimilation of ammonia, but it is restored to a high level upon transfer of plants to nitrogen‐free media, as the pool ammonia content decreases. During growth of the fern on N2, the algal symbiont supplies ammonia in a manner permitting sustained growth of the plant. Exogenous ammonia, therefore, appears to interrupt regulation of inorganic nitrogen metabolism of the plant‐algal symbiosis.
The preparation of uranium monocarbide-plutonium monocarbide solid solutions, plutonium sesquicarbide and plutonium monocarbide

Abstract Hypostoicheiometric uranium monocarbide-plutonium monocarbide solid solutions with no impurities detectable by X-ray diffraction or metallographic examination have been prepared simply by sintering at 1450–1850°C mixtures of uranium dioxide, plutonium dioxide and graphite. Pellets with densities up to 12·85 g/cm 3 (94·5 per cent of theoretical density) were achieved by a second sintering of pressed pellets of the reaction product. By a similar procedure single-phase stoicheiometric plutonium sesquicarbide has been prepared with pellet densities up to 12·6 g/cm 3 (99 per cent of theoretical density). However, hypostoicheiometric plutonium monocarbide prepared in the same manner always contained plutonium sesquicarbide as the only impurity. Arc melting of the sintered uranium monocarbide-plutonium monocarbide solid solutions and plutonium sesquicarbide yielded comparably pure materials of near theoretical density. Arc melting of the sintered plutonium monocarbide eliminated the plutonium sesquicarbide impurity resulting in a single-phase hypostoicheiometric plutonium monocarbide.
Is it Really Just About Being More Like a Fag? Confronting the Gay Male Model Mantra

Although the debate between feminism and queer is by now a fairly old and some might argue, trite and overwrought one, in this paper I direct my attention to a specific feminist assessment of queer that I find to be especially unhelpful and pernicious: the automatic linkage of queer with the exaltation of a gay male subjectivity. This article is informed by my own ethnographic research on lesbian/queer public sexual cultures; specifically, two Canadian lesbian/queer bathhouses, where public sex and sexual exploration are encouraged. I argue that this contention, that lesbians who espouse queer are aping (gay) male sexuality and subjectivity—due to the privileging of non-normative sexual practices found within the gay male community—does two things: (re)essentializes genders and sexualities, and, more importantly, robs non-gay male subjects (e.g., women, lesbians, butches, trans identified individuals) of their own agency. In sum, I believe that this linkage to a supposed gay male imitation, and concomitantly, viewing lesbian/queer sexual cultures, behaviors, configurations, and signifying sexual economies as mere derivatives of gay male culture, reinforces lesbian/queer invisibility and (re)centers the heterosexual matrix. For the sake of lesbian/queer subjects’ own viability, lesbian/queer sexualities must thus be pulled out of this discursive trap.
Vascular mimetics based on microfluidics for imaging the leukocyte–endothelial inflammatory response

We describe the development, validation, and application of a novel PDMS-based microfluidic device for imaging leukocyte interaction with a biological substrate at defined shear force employing a parallel plate geometry that optimizes experimental throughput while decreasing reagent consumption. The device is vacuum bonded above a standard 6-well tissue culture plate that accommodates a monolayer of endothelial cells, thereby providing a channel to directly observe the kinetics of leukocyte adhesion under defined shear flow. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was applied to model the shear stress and the trajectory of leukocytes within the flow channels at a micron length scale. In order to test this model, neutrophil capture, rolling, and deceleration to arrest as a function of time and position was imaged in the transparent channels. Neutrophil recruitment to the substrate proved to be highly sensitive to disturbances in flow streamlines, which enhanced the rate of neutrophil–surface collisions at the entrance to the channels. Downstream from these disturbances, the relationship between receptor mediated deceleration of rolling neutrophils and dose response of stimulation by the chemokine IL-8 was found to provide a functional readout of integrin activation. This microfluidic technique allows detailed kinetic studies of cell adhesion and reveals neutrophil activation within seconds to chemotactic molecules at concentrations in the picoMolar range.
Dual-disperser Design for Single-shot Computational Spectral Imaging

We describe a dual-disperser approach to computational spectral imaging. This approach enables flexible code design and avoids problems present in single-disperser systems. We will report on a prototype single-shot spectral imager based on these ideas.
The Nature and Functions of Classroom Rules

ABSTRACTThis article looks at classroom rules—what they are and how they work. It begins by proposing that classroom rules are not the merely instrumental tools of management they are often taken to be, but rather that they are structures of meaning used by teachers and students to make sense of the world. Two functions of classroom rules are examined: how they embody a way of life and how they shape instruction and subject matter. As students embrace rules (or reject them, for that matter), they engage not only in short-term behaviors but also in far-reaching ways of thinking about themselves and the world. The article also examines how teachers' beliefs about the nature and functions of rules bear on the quality of classroom life. The belief that rules are merely instrumental separates them from the “real” business of the classroom and undercuts the teacher's ability to reflect on practice. A vision of rules that separates them, as mere means, from ends separates them also from meaning. Students can do ...
A single parathyroid hormone level obtained 4 hours after total thyroidectomy predicts the need for postoperative calcium supplementation.

Background Parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels after total thyroidectomy have been shown to predict the development of symptomatic hypocalcemia and the need for calcium supplementation. This study aimed to determine whether a PTH level drawn 4 hours postoperatively is as effective as a level drawn on postoperative day 1 (POD1) in predicting this need. Study Design This is a single-institution retrospective review of 4-hour and POD1 PTH levels in patients who underwent total thyroidectomy from January 2012 to September 2012. If POD1 PTH was ≥10 pg/mL, patients did not routinely receive supplementation; if PTH was Results Of 77 patients, 20 (26%) had a 4-hour PTH Conclusions A single PTH level obtained 4 hours after total thyroidectomy that is ≥10 pg/mL accurately identifies patients who do not need calcium supplementation or additional monitoring of serum calcium levels. Same-day discharge, if deemed safe, can be accomplished with or without calcium supplementation based on the 4-hour PTH level. Greater consideration should be given to calcitriol supplementation in patients with a 4-hour PTH
Considerations in civil commitment of individuals with substance use disorders

Several states currently have enacted laws that allow for civil commitment for individuals diagnosed with severe substance use disorders. Civil commitment or involuntary commitment refers to the legal process by which individuals with mental illness are court-ordered into inpatient and/or outpatient treatment programs. Although initially civil commitment laws were intended for individuals with severe mental illness, these statutes have been extended to cover individuals with severe substance use disorders. Much of the recent legislation allowing for civil commitment of individuals with substance use disorders has come about in response to the heroin epidemic and is designed to provide an alternative to the unrelenting progression of opioid use disorders. Civil commitment also provides an opportunity for individuals with opioid use disorders to make informed decisions regarding ongoing or continued treatment. However, civil commitment also raises concerns regarding the potential violation of 14th Amendment rights, specifically pertaining to abuses of deprivation of liberty or freedom, which are guaranteed under the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution. This commentary examines these issues while supporting the need for effective brief civil commitment legislation in all states.
Organ Labeling Using Anatomical Model-Driven Global Optimization

Organ labeling involves estimating approximate organ locations from medical images and has several traditional and emerging applications. The organ labels can serve as initialization for automatic and fast image processing, provide additional information for image data mining and retrieval, and assist fast image navigation and workflow on radiology workstations. The problem is made difficult by variability in anatomy, imaging modalities, scanning protocols, and pathology. This paper presents a new model-based framework to localizing multiple organs in the body from images produced by different scanning modalities. The model has two components: a modality-independent geometric model and a modality-specific (CT, MR) appearance model. The geometric representation encodes anatomical knowledge as the distribution of individual and relative locations of organs. The appearance models for each organ are created from their intensity profiles in the respective modality. The multi-organ labeling problem is then formulated as a global optimization problem solved using dynamic programming without requiring initialization. Initial results of applying the framework to CT and MR volumes were encouraging and demonstrated the strength of using organ-level anatomical information with simple geometric models and image-level feature sets for the task of organ labeling.
X-ray crystal structure of aminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase (PurM), from the Escherichia coli purine biosynthetic pathway at 2.5 Å resolution

Abstract Background: The purine biosynthetic pathway in procaryotes enlists eleven enzymes, six of which use ATP. Enzymes 5 and 6 of this pathway, formylglycinamide ribonucleotide (FGAR) amidotransferase (PurL) and aminoimidazole ribonucleotide (AIR) synthetase (PurM) utilize ATP to activate the oxygen of an amide within their substrate toward nucleophilic attack by a nitrogen. AIR synthetase uses the product of PurL, formylglycinamidine ribonucleotide (FGAM) and ATP to make AIR, ADP and P i . Results: The structure of a hexahistidine-tagged PurM has been solved by multiwavelength anomalous diffraction phasing techniques using protein containing 28 selenomethionines per asymmetric unit. The final model of PurM consists of two crystallographically independent dimers and four sulfates. The overall R factor at 2.5 A resolution is 19.2%, with an R free of 26.4%. The active site, identified in part by conserved residues, is proposed to be a long groove generated by the interaction of two monomers. A search of the sequence databases suggests that the ATP-binding sites between PurM and PurL may be structurally conserved. Conclusions: The first structure of a new class of ATP-binding enzyme, PurM, has been solved and a model for the active site has been proposed. The structure is unprecedented, with an extensive and unusual sheet-mediated intersubunit interaction defining the active-site grooves. Sequence searches suggest that two successive enzymes in the purine biosynthetic pathway, proposed to use similar chemistries, will have similar ATP-binding domains.
Application system/400 performance characteristics

The operating system for Application System/400™ (AS/400™) provides an unprecedented breadth of function and system services in a single, integrated system. The majority of functions are implemented on top of an abstract, high-level machine interface in a hardware-independent manner, using many architectural characteristics normally associated with poor performance. Despite these architectural and functional traits of the operating system, the AS/400 exhibits excellent price and performance characteristics for commercial applications and is a competitive system in the mid-range commercial application arena. A number of design and optimization techniques, many of them unique or innovative, were incorporated into the AS/400 to achieve a combination of advanced design, function, and performance and are the main subjects discussed in this paper.
Polymorphism, Packing, Resolution, and Reliability in Single-Crystal DNA Oligomer Analyses

Abstract Synthetic double-helical B-DNA oligonucleotides crystallize in orthorhombic, monoclinic, and trigonal patterns that are determined by fine details of intermolecular contacts. Crystal packing apparently has relatively little influence on local helix structure, and noncrystallographic symmetry differences can be used to evaluate the quality of analyses.
Ultrastructural alterations in skeletal muscle fibers of streptozotocin-diabetic rats

The ultrastructure of fast-twitch-oxidative-glycolytic (FOG), fast-twitch-glycolytic (FG) and slow-twitch-oxidative (SO) fibers in plantaris and soleus muscles of normal and streptozotocin-diabetic rats was studied. In the diabetic animals, the mitochondria of FOG and SO fibers showed a loss of cristae and an increase in electron-dense granules. There was also an increased number of lipid droplets in close proximity to the mitochondria and the nuclei, and a separation of individual muscle nuclei to form satellite cells. Higher incidences of surface projections and sarcoplasmic splittings at the nuclear region were noticed in SO fibers. The FG fibers showed some disorientation of the T-tubular system. It is concluded that streptozotocin-diabetes has differential effects on the fine structure of the three fiber types of rat skeletal muscle.
FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF IDIOPATHIC ADRENAL CALCIFICATION IN THE ADULT

Two young adults with idiopathic adrenal calcification are described. In one patient the calcification was probably secondary to adrenal haemorrhage in the neonatal period. Neither patient exhibited clinical features suggestive of adrenal cortical insufficiency, and baseline serum cortisol levels were normal. The corticosteroid responses to ACTH administration and to other provocative tests indicated that both glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid reserve was normal. One patient showed an appropriate epinephrine response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia. We conclude that even extensive adrenal calcification may be compatible with completely normal adrenal function. Since, however, little is known of the natural history of this condition, lifelong follow-up of such patients is advised.
Role of global stress in the health-related quality of life of caregivers: evidence from the Survey of the Health of Wisconsin

Purpose Informal caregivers play a critical role in the care of individuals who are aging or have disabilities and are at increased risk for poor health outcomes. This study sought to determine whether and to what extent: (1) global stress and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) differed between caregivers and non-caregivers; (2) global stress mediated the relationship between caregiving status and HRQoL; and (3) caregiver strain (i.e., stress attributable to caregiving) was associated with worse HRQoL after accounting for global stress.
Transmission spectrums and retinal blue-light irradiance values of untinted and yellow-tinted intraocular lenses.

Purpose To record and compare the spectral transmission characteristics of foldable untinted and yellow-tinted intraocular lenses (IOLs) and evaluate the protective effects against retinal damage by sunlight. Setting Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan. Methods The study evaluated 3 untinted IOLs (SA60AT, VA-60BBR, AU6 K) and 3 yellow-tinted IOLs (SN60AT, YA-60BBR, AU6 N) of 3 lens powers (+10.0 diopters [D], +20.0 D, and +30.0 D). Spectral transmittance in the wavelength range of 300 to 800 nm was measured using a spectrophotometer through 2.5 mm and 4.5 mm diameter apertures. Retinal hazard indices, including blue-light irradiance and maximum permissible exposure duration per day (t max ) for viewing sunlight, were calculated. Results The untinted IOLs completely absorbed ultraviolet (UV) light and nearly completely absorbed transmitted visible light at wavelengths longer than 440 nm. Yellow-tinted IOLs absorbed more in the blue-light range (400 to 500 nm) than untinted IOLs. The blue-light irradiance was 34.2% to 56.0% lower with the SN60AT IOL than with the SA60AT IOL, 35.2% to 48.4% lower with the YA-60BBR IOL than with the VA-60BBR IOL, and 16.8% to 22.9% lower with the AU6 N IOL than with the AU6 K IOL. Blue-light irradiance values of SN60AT and YA-60BBR IOLs decreased as the lens power increased. Conclusions Compared with aphakic eyes, UV-blocking untinted IOLs reduced the blue-light irradiance value by 60%; yellow-tinted IOLs conferred an additional 17% to 56% reduction. The difference in lens power was significantly related to the blue-light irradiance value of some yellow-tinted IOLs. Financial Disclosure No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Synthesis and structure of diaquo-tetra-μ-β-alanin atoniumdirhodium(II) tetraperchlorate dihydrate

Nachdem durch Einwirkung von 2-tert.-Butoxycarbonyloximino 2-phenylacetonitril in Gegenwart von uberschussigem NEt3 bei 45°C in Aceton/Wasser auf Alanin die Aminogruppe geschutzt wird, reagiert das entstandene Butoxycarbonyl-β-alanin mit Rh-trichlorid-trihydrat zu dem Bruckenkomplex (I), der nach Abspalten der Schutzgruppe die Titelverbindung (II) liefert, die durch eine Kristallstrukturuntersuchung (Raumgruppe Pccn, Z=4) charakterisiert wurde.
System approach to a broader concept in engineering education: the WPI plan

The paper describes a comprehensive new approach to engineering education at the Worcester Polytechnic Institute in Massachusetts. Students are encouraged to assume an important degree of responsibility for their own educational programme and are assessed on their performance on two substantial projects as well as by a competency examination in their major field. Evaluation studies of the course have shown that the original objectives have been achieved.
Comparison of ureteral washing and biopsy specimens in the community setting.

BACKGROUND Ureteral lesions can be difficult to diagnose. The value of ureteral biopsy in addition to ureteral washings has not been defined clearly. METHODS All ureteral washings and biopsies with follow-up that were performed at a single institution were reviewed. RESULTS In total, 39 patients underwent ureteral washing, ureteral biopsy, or both and had follow-up: Eighteen patients had urothelial tumors at follow-up (14 high-grade carcinomas, 3 low-grade carcinomas, and 1 papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential). The sensitivity was 79% for washings and 71% for biopsies (P = 1.0), for a combined sensitivity of 100%. Biopsies often were scant, and cell blocks from biopsies and washings often were of value. CONCLUSIONS Ureteral washings and biopsies had similar sensitivity and appeared to be complementary. Cell blocks often are useful for both specimen types. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2006. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
X-ray spectro-microscopy of complex materials and surfaces

The detailed understanding of complex materials used in information technology requires the use of state-of-the-art experimental techniques that provide information on the electronic and magnetic properties of the materials. The increasing miniaturization of components furthermore demands the use of techniques with spatial resolution down to the nanometer range. A means to satisfy both requirements is to combine the capabilities of conventional X-ray absorption spectroscopy with those of electron microscopy in a new technique designated as X-ray photoemission electron microscopy. This paper reviews the principles of this new spectro-microscopy approach and presents selected applications to the study of materials of interest in information technology.
Diabetic thigh muscle infarction in association with antiphospholipid antibodies.

Abstract Background: Diabetic muscle infarction (DMI) is a rare complication of type 1 diabetes mellitus. DMI has a stereotyped clinical presentation and characteristic, though nonspecific, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histologic findings. The etiology, however, remains controversial. Objectives: To present the first reported cases of DMI in association with positive antiphospholipid (aPL) antibody titers and to discuss the etiologic and pathogenic significance of the association between type 1 diabetes and aPL antibodies. Methods: Descriptive case reports of 2 patients with DMI and positive aPL antibodies and a review of the relevant literature. Results: Our 2 patients with DMI are female type-1 diabetics with end-organ microvascular complications who presented with an abrupt, painful swelling or mass of the thigh musculature. The diagnosis of DMI was based on the clinical picture and the findings on T2-weighted MRI and histologic evaluation. The first patient had a long history of known aPL antibodies in the setting of systemic lupus erythematosus. The second patient was only determined to be aPL positive after her recurrent episodes of DMI. The first patient was treated with anticoagulation and corticosteroids with relatively rapid resolution of symptoms. The second patient was treated with local debridement and supportive care with a resulting course of prolonged symptoms and recurrences. There are no controlled trials of the treatment of DMI. In the literature there is evidence for an increased prevalence of aPL antibodies in type 1 diabetic patients. The pathogenesis of DMI is poorly understood, but the hypercoagulable state often associated with aPL antibodies may play an important role. Conclusions/Relevance: aPL antibodies may be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic muscle infarction and could serve as an important target of therapeutic intervention, namely with anticoagulation. Semin Arthritis Rheum 30:272-280. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company
Multiscale Robotics Framework for MEMS Assembly

This paper presents advancement in microassembly and packaging automation accomplished using multiscale robotic platforms. We introduce M3 and mu3 - two unique multiscale platforms (M 3 - macro-meso-micro; mu3 $meso-micro-nano). The robots with their corresponding end-effectors are characterized in terms of accuracy, repeatability and resolution in positioning. A typical assembly application in the M3 consists of components whose size range from 126 microns to 25 millimeters and the typical assembly tolerances range from 4 microns to 300 microns. A typical assembly application for mu3 consists of manipulating components mum to 1mm in size, with tolerances between 500nm and 50 mum. The M 3 has a macroscale workspace and four high precision robots performing coordinated tasks, vision systems for positioning, calibration and closed-loop control, reconfigurable end-effectors for part pick and place and fixtures such as parts tray and tool rests. The mu3 has a centimeter scale workspace and 3 robots configured into a 3D microassembly station with 19 DOF with coarse motion servos and fine motion piezos, microgrippers and 3D stereo vision. In addition, the mu3 is small enough to be used inside of a scanning electron microscope (SEM). This allows multiscale micro/nano-scale assembly up to a precision of 3 nm. Both multiscale platform stations aim to deliver reconfigurable precision assembly using Labviewtrade based supervisory software modules. Integrated bonding process tools allow for packaging of a variety of different MEMS devices
The Diffusion of an Unsuccessful Innovation

It is often assumed that only successful or effective innovations diffuse. This article examines the diffusion of an unsuccessful protest tactic used during the student divestment movement: the shantytown. Two factors led student activists to adopt it. The first factor was the media construction of the tactic as successful. The second factor was how this tactic fit with an existing student tactical repertoire and resonated with students' perceptions of South Africa. These factors led students to adopt it without attaining information about its effectiveness at actually forcing university divestment.
Immunological basis in the pathogenesis of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy

Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy poses a great risk to both maternal and fetal health. Despite extensive research, much of the pathogenesis of this disorder is unknown. The increase in bile acids observed in patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy has been noted to cause a change in the immune system from the normally mediated TH2 response to one that is more oriented towards TH1. In this literature review, we have critically reviewed the current literature regarding the changes in the immune system and the potential effects of immunological changes in the management of the patient. The current treatment, ursodeoxycholic acid, is also discussed along with potential combination therapies and future directions for research.
Spatial Price Discrimination with Heterogeneous Products

Product heterogeneity is introduced into the context of spatial price discrimination. Many of the strong properties of the standard homogeneous goods case (which are attained as a limit case here) are shown to be no longer valid. In particular, the social optimum is no longer sustainable as a market equilibrium unless products are either identical or else very different.
Material stability analysis of particle methods

Material instabilities are precursors to phenomena such as shear bands and fracture. Therefore, numerical methods that are intended for failure simulation need to reproduce the onset of material instabilities with reasonable fidelity. Here the effectiveness of particle discretizations in reproducing of the onset of material instabilities is analyzed in two dimensions. For this purpose, a simplified hyperelastic law and a Blatz–Ko material are used. It is shown that the Eulerian kernels used in smooth particle hydrodynamics severely distort the domain of material stability, so that material instabilities can occur in stress states that should be stable. In particular, for the uniaxial case, material instabilities occur at much lower stresses, which is often called the tensile instability. On the other hand, for Lagrangian kernels, the domain of material stability is reproduced very well. We also show that particle methods without stress points exhibit instabilities due to rank deficiency of the discrete equations.
Insights into Morphology and Disease from the Dog Genome Project

Although most modern dog breeds are less than 200 years old, the symbiosis between man and dog is ancient. Since prehistoric times, repeated selection events have transformed the wolf into man's guardians, laborers, athletes, and companions. The rapid transformation from pack predator to loyal companion is a feat that is arguably unique among domesticated animals. How this transformation came to pass remained a biological mystery until recently: Within the past decade, the deployment of genomic approaches to study population structure, detect signatures of selection, and identify genetic variants that underlie canine phenotypes is ushering into focus novel biological mechanisms that make dogs remarkable. Ironically, the very practices responsible for breed formation also spurned morbidity; today, many diseases are correlated with breed identity. In this review, we discuss man's best friend in the context of a genetic model to understand paradigms of heritable phenotypes, both desirable and disadvantageous.