cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Time Dependence of Head-Media Interference at Low Fly Heights

The spacing between the head and the disk in hard disk drives was long considered to be limited by the roughness of the substrate topography. For the current ultrasmooth disks, as the head-media spacing can go even lower, intermolecular forces play a more significant role in the head-disk interaction and interesting new lubricant dynamics on the interface are revealed. We present an experiment where, when the head is flying extremely close to the disk, the head-disk contact develops within a short but finite period of time. The quartic root of the time goes linearly with the fly height or the head-disk spacing. A hypothesis based on lubricant moguls formation and growth is proposed. The ensuring calculation shows reasonable agreement with the data.
Evaluation of the effect of reconstructed image pixel size on defect detectability in Tl-201 fan-beam SPECT by an observer performance study

The effect of reconstructed image pixel size in the fan-beam filtered backprojection method in myocardial defect detection was investigated using an observer performance study and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis. A mathematical phantom of the human torso was used to model the anatomy and Thallium-201 (Tl-201) uptake in humans. Realistic projections from the phantom were simulated using a low-energy high resolution fan-beam collimator that incorporated the effects of photon attenuation, spatially varying detector response, scatter, and Poison noise. For a fan-beam collimator with a focal length of 55 cm and with a radius of rotation of 25 cm, the magnification at the center of rotation was two and the maximum magnification in the reconstructed region of interest was three. Myocardial defects were simulated as Gaussian-shaped decreases in Tl-201 uptake distribution. By changing the reconstructed image pixel size, five different classes of reconstructed images resulted, with projection bin width to reconstructed image pixel size (PBIP) ratios of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. The results from the observer study indicate that the reconstructed image pixel size has a significant effect on myocardial defect detection in reconstructed Tl-201 SPECT images. Moreover, the study indicated that in order to ensure maximum defect detectability the PBIP ratio should be at least as large as the maximum possible magnification within the reconstructed image array. >
A Survey of Optimization Techniques Targeting Low Power VLSI Circuits

We survey state-of-the-art optimization methods that target low power dissipation in VLSI circuits. Optimizations at the circuit, logic, architectural and system levels are considered.
Control scheme of hybrid matrix converter operating under balanced and unbalanced conditions

Hybrid matrix converters can potentially enable matrix converter in high-power applications that conventional matrix converters would not be able to attain. The hybrid matrix converter consists a main matrix converter that processes the bulk power conversion and an auxiliary back-back voltage source converter that improves the terminal power quality. Prior simulation study has successfully demonstrated that the superior spectral performance can be achieved. This paper is focused on the control scheme of the hybrid matrix converter operating under balanced and unbalanced conditions.
GENETIC INFLUENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF RENAL HYPERTENSION IN PARABIOTIC RATS : EVIDENCE FOR A HUMORAL FACTOR

The effects of several renal manipulations including uninephrectomy, unilateral renal artery constriction, and a combination of these two (Goldblatt procedure) were studied in two strains of rats with opposite constitutional predispositions to experimental hypertension. The protective value of intact renal tissue to protect against hypertension was shown to be genetically determined. The Goldblatt procedure carried out on only one member of a parabiotic pair induced hypertension in this operated rat but significant hypertension developed in the intact partner only when the operated animal belonged to the strain predisposed to hypertension. It was speculated that there were qualitative differences in the pressor signals of the two strains of rats. In the strain genetically predisposed to hypertension there are at least two pressor principles: ( a ) one which is common to both strains, not transmittable via the parabiosis junction and presumably related to the renin-angiotensin system; and ( b ) a second which is specific for the hypertension-prone strain and can be transmitted through the parabiosis junction. This transmittable agent is probably identical with the factor that produces salt hypertension and is associated with the salt-excreting mechanism.
Approach to the acute abdomen

Acute abdomen is a common clinical complaint identified in small animal patients. Success results from a proactive approach to management,including rapid stabilization of major body systems, early identification of the inciting problem(s), attention to comorbid conditions, and timely definitive therapy.
Abnormal vaginal bleeding in adolescents.

1. Susan Hayden Gray, MD* 2. S. Jean Emans, MD† 1. *Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass 2. †Division of Adolescent Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Describe normal and abnormal patterns of vaginal bleeding in adolescents. 2. Discuss the differential diagnosis of abnormal vaginal bleeding in adolescents. 3. Outline a strategy for diagnosis and management of abnormal vaginal bleeding. Many young women experience irregular or heavy vaginal bleeding in the course of their development. In most cases, the abnormal bleeding is due to anovulation and immaturity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian feedback mechanisms. However, abnormal bleeding may be the presenting sign of multiple medical illnesses that require long-term treatment and follow-up, and pediatricians must recognize and exclude other potential causes of bleeding. It is essential to review normal menstrual physiology before discussing abnormalities. An ovulatory menstrual cycle is comprised of three phases: follicular, ovulatory, and luteal. The follicular phase of the menstrual cycle typically lasts about 2 weeks but may vary from 7 to 21 days or longer. In the follicular phase, the hypothalamus releases pulses of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, stimulating the pituitary to release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). FSH and LH stimulate the development of ovarian follicles and the synthesis of steroid hormones. FSH increases the number of granulosa cells in the ovary, promotes estrogen secretion by increasing aromatase, and increases the number of FSH receptors on the granulosa cells. LH stimulates the ovarian theca cells to enhance the secretion of both estrogen and androgens, which are converted to testosterone and estrogen in ovarian and peripheral tissue. Rising estrogen concentrations stimulate proliferation of the endometrial lining and exert a negative feedback effect on FSH. They also exert a positive feedback effect on LH, resulting in the midcycle LH surge that stimulates ovulation. Both negative and positive feedback mechanisms must be functional for ovulation to occur. At ovulation, the ovary releases an oocyte, and the remaining ovarian follicle becomes …
Senses of care: Embodying inequality and sustaining personhood in the home care of older adults in Chicago

In paid home care—one of the fastest-growing occupations in the United States—low-wage workers help elderly clients living in their own homes remain independent by embodying and then reproducing the elders’ lifetimes of experience. Exploring the bodily and moral consequences of everyday home care practices in Chicago, I show that in this context, sustaining independent personhood depended on and intensified unequal social relations. To sustain clients’ personhood, workers developed a deeply embodied empathy that enabled them to imagine and re-create the elders’ social and sensory worlds. Home care practices involved unreciprocated circulations of bodily experience that led some workers to feel that the needs and preferences of their clients took priority over their own comfort and well-being. Care workers’ bodily practices thus became one way in which social hierarchies shaped individual subjectivities and came to seem morally legitimate.
Processing of lexical stress cues by young children

Abstract Although infants learn an impressive amount about their native-language phonological system by the end of the first year of life, after the first year children still have much to learn about how acoustic dimensions cue linguistic categories in fluent speech. The current study investigated what children have learned about how the acoustic dimension of pitch indicates the location of the stressed syllable in familiar words. Preschoolers (2.5- to 5-year-olds) and adults were tested on their ability to use lexical-stress cues to identify familiar words. Both age groups saw pictures of a bunny and a banana and heard versions of “bunny” and “banana” in which stress either was indicated normally with convergent cues (pitch, duration, amplitude, and vowel quality) or was manipulated such that only pitch differentiated the words’ initial syllables. Adults ( n = 48) used both the convergent cues and the isolated pitch cue to identify the target words as they unfolded. Children ( n = 206) used the convergent stress cues but not pitch alone in identifying words. We discuss potential reasons for children’s difficulty in exploiting isolated pitch cues to stress despite children’s early sensitivity to pitch in language. These findings contribute to a view in which phonological development progresses toward the adult state well past infancy.
Phenylbutazone treatment in breeding stallions: Preliminary evidence for no effect on semen or testicular size

Abstract Effects of phenylbutazone treatment on semen and testicular size were evaluated using 6 mature stallions. Three stallions were given 1 g phenylbutazone orally in feed twice daily for 4 weeks, and 3 stallions remained untreated. Semen samples were obtained daily for 7 consecutive days once during a 2-week baseline period (Week 2), once after 4 weeks of treatment (Week 6), and once following 1 complete spermatogenic cycle (60 days) after treatment was discontinued (Week 16). During the remaining weeks (Weeks 1,3,4,5,7,8 and 9), semen was collected twice weekly. Semen samples were evaluated using traditional and computer-assisted techniques at the time of collection and at 24 and 48 hours of storage at 4°C. Testicular volume was estimated using ultrasonography once during each period of the study. Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed no significant measurable effects of phenylbutazone treatment on semen at the time of collection or after storage at 4°C for 24 or 48 hours. Similarly, no effect on testicular volume was found.
Ortigalita Peak gabbro, Franciscan complex: U-Pb dates of intrusion and high-pressure–low-temperature metamorphism

Paleontological and isotopic age data from the Franciscan complex in the Ortigalita Peak quadrangle, Diablo Range, California, provide new insight into the tectonic evolution of at least part of the Franciscan complex. Graywacke, shale, pillowed greenstone, and chert in the quadrangle were deposited in Late Jurassic (Tithonian) time, about 135 to 150 m.y. ago, on the basis of radiolaria. These rocks then were incorporated in an accretionary wedge prior to the intrusion of gabbroic magma 95 m.y. ago (U-Pb dating on zircons). Subduction (metamorphism of gabbro and surrounding sedimentary rocks to blueschist grade) closely followed intrusion at about 92 m.y. ago (U-Pb dating on metamorphic titanite and “plagioclase” = albite + pumpellyite ± quartz). The brief interval between intrusion and subduction confirms the idea that the gabbro was intruded into the accretionary wedge, essentially at the site of plate convergence. The much longer interval (about 40 to 55 m.y.) between deposition and subduction reveals that the Franciscan had a long presubduction history and provides a time frame within which more speculative concepts such as extensive northward translation of the Franciscan must be constrained.
Tolerances of Old World bluestems to an acid soil high in exchangeable aluminum

Twenty-nine genotypes of Old World bluestems (Bothriochloa intermedia. B. ischaemum and B. caucasica) were screened for Al tolerance in greenhouse pots of acid Tatum subsoil which was unlimed at pH 4.1 and limed at pH 5.3. Three strains of weeping lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula) and El Reno side-oats grama grass (Bouteloua curtipendula) were also included as indicators of acid and alkaline soil tolerance, respectively. At pH 4.1 only 5 of the 29 bluestems and the 3 weeping lovegrasses produced measurable yields of tops or roots. The remaining 24 bluestems and side-oats grama either died or barely remained alive (due to frequent watering) with no appreciable growth. Weeping lovegrass was significantly more tolerant to the acid soil than any of the bluestems; relative top yields (pH 4.1/pH 5.3) were 101, 94 and 79% for the FQ71. common and FQ22 strains. respectively. Among the 5 bluestems that survived at pH 4.1. relative top yields ranged from 19 to 46%. Bluestems PI 300860 and PI 300857 (both B. intermedia) appeared more tolerant than PI 300886 (B. intermedia) and PI 312442 (B. caucasica) with PI 300858 (B. intermedia) being intermediate; however, all 5 showed promise for use on acid soils that are high in exchangeable Al. Genotypes that failed to grow at pH 4.1 included members of B. intermedia. B. ischaemum and B. caucasica. Some of these, such as PI 300825 (B. intermedia) and PI 300765 (B. caucasica), were among the highest yielders at pH 5.3. None of the 10 genotypes of B. ischaemum survived at pH 4.1.
Hollow cylindrical waveguides for use as evanescent fluorescence-based sensors: effect of numerical aperture on collected signal.

Hollow cylindrical waveguide sensors permit conventional capillary injection techniques for flowing precise volumes of a liquid sample through the sensor while exciting and collecting fluorescence by use of evanescent fields. Both a ray-optics model and experimental data show that fluorescence collected from bulk or thin-layer fluorescent samples increases strongly as the numerical aperture (N.A.) increases and is maximized when the N.A. of the excitation-collection optics matches the waveguide N.A. The dependence of fluorescence on N.A. closely resembled that reported previously for solid cylindrical waveguides. Mode mixing reduced the strength of this dependence and should be minimized to increase collected fluorescence.
Adaptive RF notch filtering using photorefractive two-beam coupling

We propose and demonstrate an optical system that performs adaptive notch filtering for RF signals, where narrowband interference noise is rejected without knowing a priori its frequency location. Our system makes novel use of photorefractive two-beam coupling along with an acoustooptic deflector. >
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is a technique for the determination of the structure of surfaces, with spatial resolution on the angstrom scale. In an oversimplified description, STM allows imaging of the surface of conductive materials down to the atomic level. The technique is based on the measurement and control of the current of electrons tunneling between a sharp stylus (hereafter called the tip) and the sample surface. During imaging, the tip is separated a few angstroms (3 to 10 A) from the surface, while it is being rastered with the help of piezoelectric transducers. The area scanned is tens to thousands of angstroms on a side. STM has the advantage over other microscopies that its operation does not require any special environmental conditions. Imaging can be performed in vacuum, at high pressures (including air), and in liquids. The choice of the environment is determined mostly by the requirements of the sample and its surface condition. Acquisition of STM images is relatively simple with modern instruments. Most of the experimental time is spent on sample preparation and tip conditioning in the appropriate environment (ultrahigh vacuum, electrochemical cell, or controlled atmosphere). Tip conditioning and noise reduction can sometimes add considerable time, depending on factors such as the nature of the experiment and reactivity of the sample. This time depends also on the type of information being sought. In considering the ultimate resolution obtainable with the STM, it is important to consider the role of tip geometry. On flat parts of the sample, where one tip atom is responsible for the tunneling, STM reaches its maximum performance. On rough surfaces, however, the tunneling point on the tip apex changes as it moves over sharp corners and changing slopes. The image is then a convolution of the tip and surface shapes, and the final resolution is determined by the tip radius and profile. STM is thus not the best technique to probe, for example, highly corrugated a patterned surfaces, and porous materials. Keywords: scanning tunneling microscopy (STM); complementary techniques; competitive techniques; principles; practical aspects; STM images; method automation; data analysis; initial interpretation; sample preparation; problems
The Impact of Lower Post Operative HMII Pump Speeds and Delayed Warfarin Initiation on Subsequent Gastrointestinal Bleeds

Introduction: Although surgically-placed continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices (cf-LVADs) improve cardiac output, the consequence of long-term continuous flow on peripheral vascular function, a significant predictor of adverse outcomes, remains unclear. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that patients (pts) with cf-LVADs would have increased arterial stiffness and diminished vascular endothelial function compared to pts with chronic heart failure (HF) and heart transplant (HT) recipients. Methods: We compared pts with at least 6 months of cf-LVAD support (n520) to pts with medically managed chronic HF (n519) and HT recipients (n519). Digital vascular function measurements with peripheral artery tonometry were utilized to assess arterial stiffness (augmentation index, AIx) and microvascular endothelial function following 5 minutes of arm arterial occlusion (reactive hyperemia index, RHI). Brachial artery ultrasound was used simultaneously to assess endothelial-dependent flow mediated dilation (FMD) of the conduit arteries. Results: Compared to HT recipients, pts with cf-LVADs demonstrated significantly higher AIx (23.75 6 20.35 vs. 5.58 6 10.24; p50.006) and lower RHI (1.38 6 0.51 vs. 1.94 6 0.49; p50.01) (Table 1). Pts with cf-LVADs demonstrated higher AIx than those with chronic HF (23.75 6 20.35 vs. 10.84 6 17.63; p50.07), however those differences did not reach statistical significance. There were no significant differences in RHI between cfLVAD and chronic HF pts. In addition, there were no significant differences in FMD between cf-LVAD pts and HT recipients, or cf-LVAD and chronic HF pts. Conclusion: This is the first demonstration that pts with long-term cf-LVADs have increased arterial stiffness and diminished microvascular endothelial function compared to HT recipients. These findings also suggest that, despite an increase in cardiac output, pts with cf-LVADs have increased arterial stiffness compared to those with chronic HF. The mechanisms behind these vascular findings remain unclear, but might be related to reduced pulsatility. The impact of persistent abnormal vascular function on outcomes in pts with cf-LVADs merits further investigation.
Ascent routines for propositional attitudes

An ascent routine (AR) allows a speaker to self-ascribe a given propositional attitude (PA) by redeploying the process that generates a corresponding lower level utterance. Thus, we may report on our beliefs about the weather by reporting (under certain constraints) on the weather. The chief criticism of my AR account of self-ascription, by Alvin Goldman and others, is that it covers few if any PA’s other than belief and offers no account of how we can attain reliability in identifying our attitude as belief, desire, hope, etc., without presupposing some sort of recognition process. The criticism can be answered, but only by giving up a tacit—and wholly unnecessary—assumption that has influenced discussions of ascent routines. Abandoning the assumption allows a different account of ARs that avoids the criticism and even provides an algorithm for finding a corresponding lower level utterance for any PA. The account I give is supported by research on children’s first uses of a propositional attitude vocabulary.
Mirror Reversals: Real and Perceived

A mirror optically reverses the axis perpendicular to its surface, but apparent reversals (eg right—left) can be seen parallel to the surface. This poses a perceptual problem which Ittelson, Mowafy, and Magid resolved by concluding that an object appears to differ from its mirror image by an apparent reversal along its axis of greatest symmetry. Three papers—two included in this discussion (by Haig and by Morris), and an earlier one by Gregory—that disagree with this conclusion are examined, and arguments advanced in them are shown to be unconvincing. The question of apparent mirror reversals is then discussed in more detail.
A Visual One-Page Catalog Interface for Analytical Product Selection

One of the key elements of e-commerce systems is the online product catalog. In this paper, we discuss the interface of online product catalogs, focusing on its ability to help shoppers navigate and analyze product information. Specifically, we present a new interactive interface for online product catalogs that is effective in navigating through the product information space and analytically selecting suitable products. It uses a multi-dimensional visualization mechanism based on parallel coordinates and augmented by a number of visual facilities for filtering, color-coding, and dynamic querying. We present a prototype and explain how the prototype visualizes the entire product information space in a single page and supports intuitive exploratory analysis with the visual facilities.
An evaluation of mechanisms preventing growth and survival of two native species in invasive Bohemian knotweed (Fallopia ×bohemica, Polygonaceae)

Restoring native diversity to habitats dominated by invasive plants requires improved understanding of mechanisms that allow introduced plants to retain dominance. We used a factorial transplant experiment to assess whether light limitation, nutrient limitation, or allelopathic interference by Fallopia 3bohemica reduces growth or survival of Eupatorium perfoliatum or Acer saccharinum. Increased light improved A. saccharinum performance but had no effect on E. perfoliatum growth. Increased light had no effect on A. saccharinum survival but improved E. perfoliatum survival. Activated carbon addition had short-term benefits allowing E. perfoliatum plants to grow for 4 wk and increased A. saccharinum leaf width but not biomass. Nutrient addition had no beneficial effect on transplants. These results in combination with the outcome of a cutting experiment suggest that F. 3bohemica achieves competitive superiority primarily by limiting access to light. Species-specific effects and significant interaction effects particularly of light and activated carbon suggest additional mechanisms. Allelopathic interference or interaction with microbial soil organisms may contribute to the lack of native species in populations of F. 3bohemica. Restoration efforts should combine selective F. 3bohemica control with soil amendments (such as activated carbon) to assess their potential to facilitate return of native species to invaded habitats.
Neural network learning of the inverse kinematic relationships for a robot arm

A methodology is presented whereby a neural network is used to learn the inverse kinematic relationship for a robot arm. A two-link, two-degree-of-freedom planar robot arm is simulated, and an accompanying neural network which solves the inverse kinematic problem is presented. The method is based on Kohonen's self-organizing mapping algorithm using a Widrow-Hoff-type error correction rule as introduced by H. Ritter et al. (1988, 1990). The authors have specifically addressed a number of issues associated with the inverse kinematic solution, including the occurrence of singularities and multiple solutions. Simulation results for a planar two-degree-of-freedom arm provide evidence that this approach is successful. The approach is a significant improvement over other neural net approaches documented in the literature. >
Campus directions

In this paper, we describe a system that allows visitors to a college campus to take meaningful self-guided tours. A visitor can use a device that uses a global positioning system (GPS) to display his or her current location. Users can select destinations around campus, and the system calculates the shortest path from the current location to the destination. A user can indicate that he is handicapped, and the system will not include routes that have stairs or other obstacles. Along the way to a destination, information appears as the device gets close to important landmarks on campus. This paper will present the current status of the project, preliminary results, and plans for future work.
Conophthorus ponderosae (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Infesting Lodgepole Pine Cones in Idaho

The ponderosa pine cone beetle, Conophthorus ponderosae Hopkins, is reported to infest lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta variety latifolia Engelmann, in Idaho. Infested cones remained unopened and attached to limbs, whereas normal cones at this location opened to shed seed in the fall. Sixty percent of infested cones produced no evident brood; the remaining infested cones contained an average of 5.3 overwintering adults that apparently were killed by abrupt and severe cold temperatures. The characteristic location of entry into lodgepole pine cones, and the nature of the tunnel made by an attacking beetle, are described. Possible reasons for the Idaho infestation and the rarity of C. ponderosae in lodgepole pine are discussed.
Function allocation for humans and automation in the context of team dynamics

Abstract Within Human Factors Engineering, a decision-making process called function allocation (FA) is used during the design life cycle of complex systems to distribute the system functions, typically identified through a functional requirements analysis, to all human and automated machine agents (or teammates) involved in controlling the system. Most FA methods make allocation decisions primarily by comparing the capabilities of humans and automation, and then by considering secondary factors such as cost, regulations, and the health and safety of workers. The primary analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of humans and machines, however, is almost always considered in terms of individual human or machine capabilities. Yet, FA is fundamentally about teamwork in that the goal of the FA decision-making process is to determine the optimal allocations of functions among agents. Given this framing of FA, and the increasing use of and sophistication of automation, there are two related social psychological issues that current FA methods need to address more thoroughly. First, many principles for effective human teamwork are not considered as central decision points or in the iterative hypothesis and testing phase in most FA methods, despite the fact that social factors have numerous positive and negative effects on individual and team capabilities. Second, social psychological factors affecting team performance can be difficult to translate to automated agents, and most FA methods currently do not account for this effect. The implications for these issues are discussed.
Iron Catalyzed Competitive Olefin Oxidation and ipso-Hydroxylation of Benzoic Acids: Further Evidence for an FeV═O Oxidant

The iron complex [FeII(TPA)(CH3CN)2](OTf)2 (1) [TPA = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine] with H2O2 as an oxidant performs ipso-hydroxylation of electron-withdrawing benzoic acids at room temperature, leading to multiple turnovers of corresponding phenols. ipso-Hydroxylation competes with olefin epoxidation and cis-dihydroxylation in the presence of olefins, with the product ratios being modulated by the relative amounts of benzoic acid, olefin, and water. It is proposed that benzoic acid and water compete for the available sixth site on the [(TPA)FeIII(OOH)] intermediate, which undergoes O−O bond heterolysis to form, respectively, the FeV(O)(O2CAr) and FeV(O)(OH) oxidants that determine the product outcome. The putative FeV(O)(O2CAr) oxidant decays either by undergoing oxidative decarboxylation and subsequent ipso-hydroxylation to form the observed phenol product or by oxo-transfer to olefins to form epoxide. The observed higher yield of phenol over epoxide or cis-diol in all cases studied, where an electron-wit...
The Impaired Responsiveness of Chronic Lymphatic Leukemia Lymphocytes to Allogeneic Lymphocytes

Normal lymphocytes respond to the presence of allogeneic lymphocytes in culture with a high uptake of 3H-thymidine. We present a study of the interaction of chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL) lymphocytes with normal allogeneic lymphocytes using the one-way mixed lymphocyte culture technique of Bach. The lymphocytes of 11 patients with CLL were tested separately against those of four normal subjects. In all 11 patients an impaired responsiveness was found. The mean response of CLL lymphocytes to those of the control panel was 19,805 cpm, whereas the mean response of panel lymphocytes to CLL lymphocytes was 90,319 cpm ( p < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the mean response of panel lymphocytes to CLL lymphocytes and to those of other panel members (81,630 cpm). Therefore, CLL lymphocytes display an impaired responsiveness to allogeneic lymphocytes, while their capacity to stimulate is intact. These results are in accord with their previously demonstrated impaired reactivity to phytohemagglutinin, a less specific mitogenic stimulus, and serve as further evidence of defective cellular immune response in CLL.
Asthma among Staten Island fresh kills landfill and barge workers following the September 11, 2001 World Trade Center terrorist attacks

Background Although airborne respiratory irritants at the World Trade Center (WTC) site have been associated with asthma among WTC Ground Zero workers, little is known about asthma associated with work at the Staten Island landfill or barges. Methods To evaluate the risk of asthma first diagnosed among Staten Island landfill and barge workers, we conducted a survey and multivariable logistic regression analysis regarding the association between Staten Island landfill and barge-related work exposures and the onset of post-9/11 asthma. Results Asthma newly diagnosed between September 11, 2001 and December 31, 2004 was reported by 100/1,836 (5.4%) enrollees. Jobs involving sifting, digging, welding, and steel cutting, enrollees with high landfill/barge exposure index scores or who were police and sanitation workers, and enrollees with probable posttraumatic stress disorder all had increased odds ratios for new-onset asthma. Conclusions Post-9/11 asthma cumulative incidence among Staten Island landfill/barge workers was similar to that of other WTC disaster rescue and recovery workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:795–804, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
No-Excuses Charter Schools

Chapter Seven, “No-Excuses Charter Schools,” investigates and rejects the hypothesis that so-called “no-excuses” charter schools represent a promising strategy for addressing the achievement gap. Chapter Seven reanalyzes key studies regarding two promising charter school models—the Knowledge is Power Program (KIPP) and the Harlem Children’s Zone Promise Academies. The reanalysis indicates that gains would fall to zero once these programs are implemented in every school across the nation. The analysis suggests why existing impact results are likely due to artifacts stemming from high teacher attrition and hoarding of a disproportionate share of the nation’s limited pool of highly-dedicated teachers, rather than gains that could be sustained when the programs are scaled up and implemented nationwide.
Oxidation-induced generation of a mild electrophile for proximity-enhanced protein–protein crosslinking

We report a strategy to introduce a reactive electrophile into proteins through the conversion of a chemically inert group into a bioreactive group in response to an inducer molecule. This strategy was demonstrated by oxidation-induced and proximity-enhanced protein-protein crosslinking in the presence of a large excess of free nucleophile.
The Experiences of Nurse Educators in Developing and Implementing Concurrent Enrollment Associate Degree in Nursing–Bachelor of Science in Nursing Programs

Abstract There is a critical shortage of bachelor of science-prepared nurses. Efficient pathways for bachelor of science completion, such as concurrent enrollment associate degree-to-bachelor of science programs, are needed to meet workforce demands. This article shares findings from a study of the experiences of nurse educators in developing and implementing concurrent enrollment in associate degree-to-bachelor of science programs. Detailed accounts of their experiences may facilitate an understanding of the process and assist educators in implementing similar programs.
Mind in the Quantum Universe

Astronomy has affected civilization in many ways, but none more profoundly than its impact on our idea of what we human beings actually are. We, in our innermost aspect, are our minds, and, strange as it may seem, our ideas about the nature of our minds are rooted in astronomy. It is not that our minds themselves are rooted in the stars, instead of in our brains. It is rather that our ideas about our minds are rooted in science, and that our basic science is rooted in astronomy.
Coronary stent thrombosis with vorapaxar versus placebo: results from the TRA 2° P-TIMI 50 trial.

Abstract Background Vorapaxar, a novel thrombin receptor antagonist, reduces cardiovascular death and recurrent thrombotic events when added to standard antiplatelet therapy in patients with stable atherosclerotic vascular disease. Objectives The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that treatment with vorapaxar reduces the rate of coronary stent thrombosis (ST) in stable patients with a history of coronary stenting. Methods TRA 2°P-TIMI 50 (Trial to Assess the Effects of Vorapaxar in Preventing Heart Attack and Stroke in Patients With Atherosclerosis-Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction 50) was a multinational, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of vorapaxar in stable patients with prior myocardial infarction, peripheral arterial disease, or stroke. We evaluated the rates of definite ST as adjudicated by a central events committee using Academic Research Consortium (ARC) criteria. Results A total of 26,449 patients were randomized, with 14,042 (53%) having a history of a coronary stent implantation before randomization, and an additional 449 patients receiving a coronary stent during the trial (total 14,491). During follow-up (median 2.5 years), there were 152 definite ST events, with the majority (92%) occurring late or very late. Vorapaxar reduced ARC definite ST (1.1% vs. 1.4%, hazard ratio [HR]: 0.71, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.51 to 0.98; p = 0.037). The reduction was consistent, regardless of time from percutaneous coronary intervention, history of diabetes, use of drug-eluting stents, and use of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) at randomization. Vorapaxar increased GUSTO moderate/severe bleeding (HR: 1.57, 95% CI: 1.26 to 1.94; p Conclusions The rate of ARC definite ST in stable patients, the majority of whom were receiving DAPT, was approximately 1.4% at 3 years. In stable patients with coronary stenting receiving standard antiplatelet therapy, vorapaxar administered for long-term secondary prevention significantly reduced ARC definite ST, including very late ST. (Trial to Assess the Effects of Vorapaxar [SCH 530348; MK-5348] in Preventing Heart Attack and Stroke in Patients With Atherosclerosis [TRA 2°P-TIMI 50] [P04737]; NCT00526474 )
Toxic Charity: How Churches and Charities Hurt Those They Help (And How to Reverse It)

Robert Lupton’s Toxic Charity: How Churches and Charities Hurt Those They Help (And How to Reverse It) contains important insights for faith-based social services and also points to a cutting edge ...
Partially Open HIV-1 Envelope Structures Exhibit Conformational Changes Relevant for Coreceptor Binding and Fusion.

HIV-1 Env, a trimer of gp120-gp41 heterodimers, mediates membrane fusion after binding host receptor CD4. Receptor binding displaces V1V2 loops from Env's apex, allowing coreceptor binding and opening Env to enable gp41-mediated fusion. We present 3.54 A and 4.06 A cryoelectron microscopy structures of partially open soluble native-like Env trimers (SOSIPs) bound to CD4. One structure, a complex with a coreceptor-mimicking antibody that binds both CD4 and gp120, stabilizes the displaced V1V2 and reveals its structure. Comparing partially and fully open Envs with closed Envs shows that gp41 rearrangements are independent of the CD4-induced rearrangements that result in V1V2 displacement and formation of a 4-stranded bridging sheet. These findings suggest ordered conformational changes before coreceptor binding: (1) gp120 opening inducing side-chain rearrangements and a compact gp41 central helix conformation, and (2) 4-stranded bridging-sheet formation and V1V2 displacement. These analyses illuminate potential receptor-induced Env changes and inform design of therapeutics disrupting viral entry.
Associations of Usual Pace and Complex Task Gait Speeds With Incident Mobility Disability

Background/objectives To assess whether gait speed under complex conditions predicts long-term risk for mobility disability as well as or better than usual-pace gait speed. Design Longitudinal cohort study. Setting/participants Subsample of Health Aging and Body Composition study with follow-up from 2002 to 2003 to 2010 to 2011, including 337 community-dwelling adults (mean age = 78.5 years, 50.7% female, 26.1% black). Measurements Associations of gait speed measured under usual-pace, fast-pace, dual-task, and narrow-path conditions with mobility disability, defined by any self-reported difficulty walking ¼ mile assessed annually, were tested by Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for demographic and health characteristics. Models were fitted for each walking condition, and R2 statistics were used to compare predictive value across models. Models were repeated for persistent mobility disability, defined as at least two consecutive years of mobility disability. Results Mobility disability occurred in 204 (60.5%) participants over the 8-year follow-up. There was a lower hazard of developing mobility disability with faster gait speed under all conditions. Hazard ratios, confidence intervals, and R2 of gait speed predicting mobility disability were similar across all four walking conditions (R2 range = 0.22-0.27), but were strongest for dual-task gait speed (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval], R2 of fully adjusted models = 0.81 [0.75-0.88], 0.27). Results were comparable for persistent mobility disability (R2 range = 0.26-0.28). Conclusion Slower gait speed under both usual-pace and complex conditions may be a clinical indicator of future risk of mobility disability. These results support the call for increased use of gait speed measures in routine geriatric care. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:2072-2076, 2019.
Noncommutative Rings and Closure Operations on Submodules

Radicals and torsion theories, first introduced, respectively, by Maranda in 1962 [142] and Dickson and Lambek in 1966 [39, 129], are important tools for studying rings and their modules. In this chapter, we show that both are equivalent to certain functorial closure operations on submodules, and any “cohereditary” radical is completely determined by the closure operation it induces on left ideals.
Using the HEXACO-100 to measure Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation: Introducing the HEXACO-IEO

Abstract Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation (IEO) is a three-dimensional conceptualization of personality traits that influence entrepreneurial outcomes, and it includes risk-taking, innovativeness, and proactiveness. Much is still unknown about IEO, in part due to the relative recency of its conceptualization and subsequent operationalization. Advancing our understanding of IEO could be greatly hastened if an existing, widespread measure was shown to approximate a supported measure of IEO. Existing datasets using this widespread measure could be reanalyzed to derive new inferences regarding IEO, and future authors administering this widespread measure for other purposes could simultaneously study IEO. One such nonproprietary measure that may gauge IEO is the HEXACO-100 (also labeled the HEXACO-PI-R). In the current article, we identify a collection of items from the HEXACO-100 that closely approximate a supported measure of IEO and its three dimensions, as evidenced by the measure’s psychometric properties as well as convergent and criterion validity. We label this collection of items the HEXACO-IEO. The identification of this measure opens many avenues for future research. The HEXACO-100 has been studied alongside a wide array of constructs – constructs that can now be studied alongside IEO. Also, the current study connects IEO with specific dimensions of the HEXACO. As this framework has been linked with many personality theories, IEO can too be linked with these theories. We specifically suggest that the Situation, Trait, and Outcome Activation (STOA) model may offer notable insights into IEO. Thus, the current article provides many implications for research on entrepreneurship, personality, and their intersection.
Deep Reinforcement Learning Applied to Airport Surface Movement Planning

This paper describes an Artificial Intelligence (AI) Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) model application to airport surface movement planning. Specific areas of support include planning conflict-free paths of flights, advising flight actions to avoid conflicts, and meeting flight-specific time constraints. We describe a unique way to represent the surface operational environment and schedule constraints for leveraging the DRL model with a Convolutional Neural Network and also demonstrate the training process and performance for routing surface traffic at a hypothetical airport. The proposed model learns entirely from the simulation to make sequential decisions for finding conflict-free routes, addressing incomplete schedule information, and coordinating the simultaneous rerouting of multiple flights. Such a DRL model, once adapted and trained for a realistic airport, may advise controllers on surface route planning, conflict probing, and resolving predicted conflicts.
Bilateral Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss and Intralabyrinthine Hemorrhage in a Patient With COVID-19.

Objective To describe a case of bilateral sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) and intralabyrinthine hemorrhage in a patient with COVID-19. Study design Clinical capsule report. Setting Tertiary academic referral center. Patient An adult woman with bilateral SSNHL, aural fullness, and vertigo with documented SARS-CoV-2 infection (IgG serology testing). Interventions High-dose oral prednisone with taper, intratympanic dexamethasone. Main outcome measures Audiometric testing, MRI of the internal auditory canal with and without contrast. Results A patient presented with bilateral SSNHL, bilateral aural fullness, and vertigo. Serology testing performed several weeks after onset of symptoms was positive for IgG COVID-19 antibodies. MRI showed bilateral intralabyrinthine hemorrhage (left worse than right) and no tumor. The patient was treated with two courses of high-dose oral prednisone with taper and a left intratympanic dexamethasone injection, resulting in near-resolution of vestibular symptoms, a fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss in the right ear, and a severe to profound mixed hearing loss in the left ear. Conclusions COVID-19 may have otologic manifestations including sudden SSNHL, aural fullness, vertigo, and intralabyrinthine hemorrhage.
Nonsymmetric Macdonald Superpolynomials

There are representations of the type-A Hecke algebra on spaces of polynomials in anti-commuting variables. Luque and the author (SLC 66, 2012) constructed nonsymmetric Macdonald polynomials taking values in arbitrary modules of the Hecke algebra. In this paper the two ideas are combined to define and study nonsymmetric Macdonald polynomials taking values in the aforementioned anti-commuting polynomials, in other words, superpolynomials. The modules, their orthogonal bases and their properties are first derived. In terms of the standard Young tableau approach to representations these modules correspond to hook tableaux. The details of the Dunkl-Luque theory and the particular application are presented. There is an inner product on the polynomials for which the Macdonald polynomials are mutually orthogonal. The squared norms for this product are determined. By using techniques of Baker and Forrester (Ann. Comb. 3, 1999) symmetric Macdonald polynomials are built up from the nonsymmetric theory. Here "symmetric" means in the Hecke algebra sense, not in the classical group sense. There is a concise formula for the squared norm of the minimal symmetric polynomial, and some formulas for anti-symmetric polynomials. For both symmetric and anti-symmetric polynomials there is a factorization when the polynomials are evaluated at special points.
Migration as a Catalyst for Organizational Change in Technical Services

This article describes the changes within the Western Michigan University Libraries Technical Services Department during a five-year period from 2012 to 2017, which involved a reorganization of sta...
Tele-TB: Using TeleMedicine to Increase Access to Directly Observed Therapy for Latent Tuberculosis Infection.

Introduction Treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) decreases risk of progression to active tuberculosis. Traditional treatment regimens required either daily isoniazid for 9 months, with historically poor compliance, or 12-week directly observed therapy (DOT) with isoniazid and rifapentine, with improved compliance but additional challenges of coordinating weekly clinic visits, further complicated if patients must travel a great distance for care. Materials and methods Our referral area is complicated by congested traffic often resulting in one-way commutes, which can exceed 2 hours. These travel times would be prohibitive for conducting weekly in-clinic DOT. In an effort to improve access to DOT, we implemented TeleMedicine LTBI DOT (vDOT) within a military pediatric infectious diseases clinic. Patients aged 24 months or older diagnosed with LTBI were referred for possible enrollment into our vDOT clinic. All patients without contraindications for receiving isoniazid and/or rifapentine were offered LTBI treatment via weekly vDOT or daily treatment with isoniazid or rifampin. The first visit for vDOT patients was performed in person to discuss treatment options, demonstrate use of TeleMedicine software, and ensure the patient was able to take the medications. Baseline information about patients and travel time to our facility was determined. Results To date, 16 patients have completed LTBI therapy using vDOT. Average one-way travel time to our facility for patients was 51 minutes. Actual time spent in most vDOT encounters was less than 10 minutes. Appointments were arranged to take place outside usual school and work hours so patients could complete vDOT with minimal interruptions to daily life, resulting in 100% treatment compliance and completion. Discussion Conducting LTBI DOT using TeleMedicine is a viable and time-saving measure that still allows for high levels of patient compliance and treatment completion while minimizing interruptions to academic and work schedules.