cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Ancona, Italy Earthquake Swarm, 1972

The earthquake sequence that began in January, 1972 at Ancona, Italy is a typical swarm, with maximum magnitudes of 4.4 – 4.9. Peaks of activity occured on February 4 – 6 and June 14 – 18. The widespread superficial damage to buildings and the long duration of the activity caused severe anxiety among the population, with serious consequences for the community, beyond the direct effects of the earthquakes.
Chemical Transformation of Pt–Fe3O4 Colloidal Hybrid Nanoparticles into PtPb–Fe3O4 and Pt3Sn–Fe3O4 Heterodimers and (PtPb–Fe3O4)n Nanoflowers

Colloidal hybrid nanoparticles contain multiple domains that are directly fused together through a solid–solid interface, which facilitates synergistic interactions between the components that can lead to enhanced properties, as well as multifunctionality in a single particle. By nucleating one nanoparticle on the surface of another, a growing number of these hybrid nanoparticles can be synthesized. However, to rapidly expand the materials diversity of such systems, alternative routes to heterogeneous seeded nucleation are needed. Here, we show that solution-mediated chemical transformation reactions, which are well established for pseudomorphically transforming colloidal metal nanoparticles into derivative metal-containing phases, can also be applied to colloidal hybrid nanoparticles. Specifically, we show that Pt–Fe3O4 heterodimers react with Pb(acac)2 and Sn(acac)2 at 180–200 °C in a mixture of benzyl ether, oleylamine, oleic acid, and tert-butylamine borane to form PtPb–Fe3O4 and Pt3Sn–Fe3O4 heterodim...
IS A NEGATIVE REGRESSION OF ΔP ON P EVIDENCE OF A STABLE POLYMORPHISM

There has been much interest in inferring evolutionary processes from the temporal and spatial distribution of gene frequencies. A recent paper by Kohn and Tamarin (1978) and an earlier paper (Tamarin and Krebs, 1969) examined the temporal changes in allele frequencies in fluctuating vole populations. When the change in gene frequency between successive samples Api (= P,+1 Pt), was plotted against P,, the gene frequency in the ith sample, a significant negative linear regression was obtained. The authors infer that the predicted gene frequency ?, when Ap equals zero, estimates an equilibrium gene frequency (see Fig. 1). Furthermore, they conclude that ? is a stable equilibrium maintained by some form of balancing selection. A stable, nontrivial equilibrium is a predicted result from the standard deterministic model where selection favors the heterozygote (Li, 1955). In this case, the relationship between p and Ap near the equilibrium is negative (see Li, Fig. 1), such that Ap restores p to the equilibrium point. Here I explore other, equally likely reasons for expecting a negative relationship between Ap and p. The relationship between Ap and p depends on the underlying distribution of gene frequencies from which one samples. Consider a case where gene frequency is a random variable with a uniform probability distribution. All gene frequencies in the interval (0,1) are equiprobable and there is no equilibrium point. If gene frequency in the ith sample p,, is an independent sample from the uniform distribution, and Api = p,+? p,, then the conditional expectation of Ap, given pi is
Prediction of Spontaneous Preterm Birth Among Nulliparous Women With a Short Cervix.

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether demographic and sonographic factors associated with spontaneous preterm birth among nulliparous women with a cervical length of less than 30 mm could be combined into an accurate prediction model for spontaneous preterm birth. METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis of a trial of nulliparous women with a singleton gestation and a cervical length of less than 30 mm on transvaginal sonography between 16 and 22 weeks who lacked other risk factors for spontaneous (eg, prior cervical excisional procedure) or medically indicated (eg, chronic hypertension) preterm birth, who were randomized to either 17α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate treatment or a placebo. Risk factors associated with spontaneous preterm birth within the entire cohort were identified by univariable analysis. Factors significantly associated (P < .05) with spontaneous preterm birth were included in a multivariable logistic regression analysis to determine whether an accurate prediction model could be developed. RESULTS Of the 657 randomized patients, 109 (16.6%) had spontaneous preterm birth before 37 weeks' gestation. Logistic regression analysis revealed only cervical length (odds ratio, 1.06 per 1-mm decrease; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.10) to be associated with spontaneous preterm birth. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve based on this regression was low (0.63; 95% confidence interval, 0.58-0.69). Results were similar for the outcome of spontaneous preterm birth before 34 weeks. CONCLUSIONS An accurate prediction model for spontaneous preterm birth among nulliparous women with a short cervix could not be developed.
Selective preoperative evaluation for possible N2 disease in carcinoma of the lung.

The efficacy of computed tomography and surgical mediastinal exploration in determining tumor resectability were retrospectively evaluated in 92 consecutive patients with non–small cell lung carcinoma. Status of mediastinal nodes was ultimately determined by surgical mediastinal exploration or thoracotomy. Patients were divided into three groups on the basis of chest roentgenography: Group I comprised 30 patients with peripheral T1 or T2 lesions with normal hilar and mediastinal shadows. Only one patient was found to have an involved node. Chest roentgenography had an accuracy rate of 96% and computed tomography, 93%. Thoracotomy is recommended without either computed tomography or surgical mediastinal exploration in this group. Group II comprised 47 patients with T1 or T2 lesions with an abnormal hilus, an abnormal mediastinal shadow, or either the hilus or mediastinum obscured by overlying parenchymal disease. Computed tomography revealed mediastinal nodes 1 cm or greater in size (abnormal node group) in 21 patients (45%) and smaller than 1 cm (normal node group) in 26 patients (55%). Surgical mediastinal exploration was performed in the abnormal node group and involved nodes were found in 17 of 21 patients (81 %). In the normal node group, thoracotomy only was performed and no involved nodes were found. Computed tomography is recommended in all patients in Group II. Patients in the normal node group may be subjected to thoracotomy only and those in the abnormal node group should undergo surgical mediastinal exploration as the next diagnostic step before thoracotomy. Group III comprised 15 patients with grossly abnormal mediastinal shadows. Findings from computed tomography were abnormal in all 10 patients in whom it was done. Surgical mediastinal exploration was done in all 15 and yielded abnormal results in 14. It is recommended in this group that computed tomography is unnecessary and surgical mediastinal exploration should be the only diagnostic procedure. Thus, in potentially resectable non–small cell lung carcinoma, the use of computed tomography and surgical mediastinal exploration should be selective and should be determined by appropriate initial interpretation of the chest roentgenogram.
Pharmacological Approaches to Smoking Cessation

Currently, 28% of U.S. adults smoke, and this percentage is declining by 0.5% per year; however, this rate of decline must double if the goal in Healthy People 2000 (smoking prevalence of no more than 15% among adults) is to be reached. To help decrease physiological barriers to smoking cessation, numerous pharmacological approaches have been used. I review the effec¬tiveness of these approaches, including interventions reported in the relatively older literature as well as more recent approaches, such as nicotine replacement, Clonidine, antianxiety agents, and antidepressants. I also discuss the results and design of clinical trials.
Founding of International Society of Biomechanics

A highlight of the Fourth Seminar was the founding of the International Society of Biomechanics (ISB). The idea for such an organization was discussed at the Third Seminar in Rome in 1971, and at that time a committee under the direction of Dr. Jurg Wartenweiler of Zurich was formed to prepare the constitution and to make plans for the founding meeting. On Wednesday evening during the Fourth Seminar, the constitution was reviewed and discussed. The following day, the constitution was ratified, and officers and members of the Executive Council were elected. These included: Dr. Jurg Wartenweiler (Switzerland), President; Dr. Richard C. Nelson, (USA), Vice President; Dr. Jaap Vredenbregt (The Netherlands), General Secretary; Dr. Hans Debrunner (Switzerland), Treasurer. The Council members are: Dr. John V. Basmajian (USA), Dr. S. Bouisset (France); Dr. Wolfgang Gutewort (GDR); Dr. Marcel Hebbelinck (Belgium); Dr. Ernst Jokl (USA); Dr. Hideji Matsui (Japan), and Dr. Gunther Rau (BRD).
Fibrotic vs. Myxomatous Remodeling of Mitral Valves

Heart valves respond to load patterns imposed during valve function by remodeling their microstructure and matrix components. When exposed to loading or geometry outside of its normal range, the valve will remodel. We performed mechanical testing and biochemical analysis of extracellular matrix to compare normal mitral valves with valves that had remodeled due to primary or secondary valve disease. One form of remodeling we found was a fibrotic change, characterized by disorganized collagen produced to withstand high tensile loads. This remodeling occurred in congestive heart failure, in which the mitral valves were significantly less extensible, stiffer, and less viscous than autopsy control valves. These material changes were accompanied by higher cell and collagen concentrations as well as less water. We found a different type of remodeling in myxomatous mitral valves, in which abnormally low tensile loading results in the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Myxomatous valves were more extensible, less stiff and strong, and contained more water and the GAGs hyaluronan and chondroitin 6-sulfate than normal mitral valves. Thus, valves that experience higher tensile loads than normal exhibited fibrotic scarring and stiffening, while valves with reduced normal loading demonstrated a degenerative edematous change with high extensibility and low strength.
RasGRP1 promotes amphetamine-induced motor behavior through a Rhes interaction network (“Rhesactome”) in the striatum

The striatum of the brain coordinates motor function. Dopamine-related drugs may be therapeutic to patients with striatal neurodegeneration, such as Huntington’s disease (HD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), but these drugs have unwanted side effects. In addition to stimulating the release of norepinephrine, amphetamines, which are used for narcolepsy and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), trigger dopamine release in the striatum. The guanosine triphosphatase Ras homolog enriched in the striatum (Rhes) inhibits dopaminergic signaling in the striatum, is implicated in HD and L-dopa–induced dyskinesia, and has a role in striatal motor control. We found that the guanine nucleotide exchange factor RasGRP1 inhibited Rhes-mediated control of striatal motor activity in mice. RasGRP1 stabilized Rhes, increasing its synaptic accumulation in the striatum. Whereas partially Rhes-deficient ( Rhes +/− ) mice had an enhanced locomotor response to amphetamine, this phenotype was attenuated by coincident depletion of RasGRP1. By proteomic analysis of striatal lysates from Rhes -heterozygous mice with wild-type or partial or complete knockout of Rasgrp1 , we identified a diverse set of Rhes-interacting proteins, the “Rhesactome,” and determined that RasGRP1 affected the composition of the amphetamine-induced Rhesactome, which included PDE2A (phosphodiesterase 2A; a protein associated with major depressive disorder), LRRC7 (leucine-rich repeat–containing 7; a protein associated with bipolar disorder and ADHD), and DLG2 (discs large homolog 2; a protein associated with chronic pain). Thus, this Rhes network provides insight into striatal effects of amphetamine and may aid the development of strategies to treat various neurological and psychological disorders associated with the striatal dysfunction.
Reproducible and reusable research: are journal data sharing policies meeting the mark?

BACKGROUND There is wide agreement in the biomedical research community that research data sharing is a primary ingredient for ensuring that science is more transparent and reproducible. Publishers could play an important role in facilitating and enforcing data sharing; however, many journals have not yet implemented data sharing policies and the requirements vary widely across journals. This study set out to analyze the pervasiveness and quality of data sharing policies in the biomedical literature. METHODS The online author's instructions and editorial policies for 318 biomedical journals were manually reviewed to analyze the journal's data sharing requirements and characteristics. The data sharing policies were ranked using a rubric to determine if data sharing was required, recommended, required only for omics data, or not addressed at all. The data sharing method and licensing recommendations were examined, as well any mention of reproducibility or similar concepts. The data was analyzed for patterns relating to publishing volume, Journal Impact Factor, and the publishing model (open access or subscription) of each journal. RESULTS A total of 11.9% of journals analyzed explicitly stated that data sharing was required as a condition of publication. A total of 9.1% of journals required data sharing, but did not state that it would affect publication decisions. 23.3% of journals had a statement encouraging authors to share their data but did not require it. A total of 9.1% of journals mentioned data sharing indirectly, and only 14.8% addressed protein, proteomic, and/or genomic data sharing. There was no mention of data sharing in 31.8% of journals. Impact factors were significantly higher for journals with the strongest data sharing policies compared to all other data sharing criteria. Open access journals were not more likely to require data sharing than subscription journals. DISCUSSION Our study confirmed earlier investigations which observed that only a minority of biomedical journals require data sharing, and a significant association between higher Impact Factors and journals with a data sharing requirement. Moreover, while 65.7% of the journals in our study that required data sharing addressed the concept of reproducibility, as with earlier investigations, we found that most data sharing policies did not provide specific guidance on the practices that ensure data is maximally available and reusable.
Identification of Loci Underlying Seed Yield in Recombinant Inbred and Near Isogeneic Soybean Lines Derived from Flyer by Hartwig

Two major determinants of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed yield were resistances to the soybean cyst nematode (SCN) and sudden death syndrome (SDS). Two loci were identified rhg1/Rfs2 and rhg3/rfs5 (for resistance to SCN, Heterodera glycines (I.) HG Type 1.3- (race 14), HG Type 0 (race 3) and SDS caused by Fusarium virguliforme (Roy & Rupe)). The aim of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying seed yield. Used were 142 microsatellite markers and the recombinant inbred line population (RIL) ‘Flyer’ × ‘Hartwig’ (F × H; n=92). Flyer (F) was high yielding but SCN and SDS susceptible. Hartwig (H) was lower yielding but resistant to all SCN Hg Types and SDS. Four regions on 3 chromosomes were associated with seed yield. The first region on chromosome 9 (Gm9, qYld09.1), identified by the microsatellite marker Satt539-Satt242 (LOD 2.9, 13% variation) derived the beneficial allele from Hartwig (F allele 2.76 ± 0.06 Mg/Ha; H allele 2.98 ± 0.03 Mg/ha). The second region on Gm9 (qYld09.2) between Satt337 and Satt326 spanned 1.4 cM (LOD of 5.31, 20.2% variation) and the beneficial allele derived from Flyer (0.22 Mg/ha F allele 2.98 ± 0.03, H allele 2.77 ± 0.04 Mg/Ha). The third and fourth QTL were identified in genetic linkage groups D2 (qYld19.1) and G (qYld18.1) in regions previously associated with resistance to SCN. The region encompassing rhg1/Rfs2 on Gm18 between the microsatellite marker TMD1 and Satt610 spanned 15.5 cM (LOD 3.05, 15.8 % variation, F allele 2.37 ± 0.035; H allele 2.91 ± 0.058 Mg/Ha). The region on linkage group D2 between Satt514 and Satt488 spanned 32.6 cM (LOD 2.57, Kas13.3% variation, F allele 2.79 ± 0.049; H allele 3.1 ± 0.043 Mg/Ha). The QTL detected will allow marker assisted selection to stack seed yield, with pest resistance traits (rhg1/Rfs2/qYld18.1; H/H/H allele) and recombinant loci (Rhg5/Rfs2/qYld19.1; H/F/H alleles).
TCF7L1 recruits CtBP and HDAC1 to repress DICKKOPF4 gene expression in human colorectal cancer cells

The T-cell factor/Lymphoid enhancer factor (TCF/LEF; hereafter TCF) family of transcription factors are critical regulators of colorectal cancer (CRC) cell growth. Of the four TCF family members, TCF7L1 functions predominantly as a repressor of gene expression. Few studies have addressed the role of TCF7L1 in CRC and only a handful of target genes regulated by this repressor are known. By silencing TCF7L1 expression in HCT116 cells, we show that it promotes cell proliferation and tumorigenesis in vivo by driving cell cycle progression. Microarray analysis of transcripts differentially expressed in control and TCF7L1-silenced CRC cells identified genes that control cell cycle kinetics and cancer pathways. Among these, expression of the Wnt antagonist DICKKOPF4 (DKK4) was upregulated when TCF7L1 levels were reduced. We found that TCF7L1 recruits the C-terminal binding protein (CtBP) and histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) to the DKK4 promoter to repress DKK4 gene expression. In the absence of TCF7L1, TCF7L2 and β-catenin occupancy at the DKK4 promoter is stimulated and DKK4 expression is increased. These findings uncover a critical role for TCF7L1 in repressing DKK4 gene expression to promote the oncogenic potential of CRCs.
TP53 mutation does not confer a poor outcome in adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who are treated with frontline hyper‐CVAD‐based regimens

BACKGROUND Tumor protein 53 (TP53) mutations are uncommon in adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and predict a poor outcome. METHODS TP53 mutation analysis was performed in 164 newly diagnosed adult patients with ALL using a combination of targeted amplicon-based next-generation sequencing and Sanger sequencing. RESULTS TP53 mutations were detected in 25 patients (15%), with a median allelic frequency of 42.2% (range, 5.6%-93.8%). The majority of mutations were single-nucleotide variants of missense type and involved the DNA-binding domain. TP53-mutated (TP53mut) ALL was found to be significantly associated with older age, lower median white blood cell and platelet counts, lower frequency of Philadelphia chromosome and a higher frequency of low hypodiploid karyotype compared with ALL with wild-type TP53 (TP53wt). To evaluate the prognostic effect of TP53 mutations, the authors selected 146 patients with B-cell immunophenotype ALL (24 with TP53mut and 122 with TP53wt) who were uniformly treated with frontline hyperfractionated cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone (hyper-CVAD)-based regimens; >90% of these individuals also received a monoclonal antibody. Over a median follow-up duration of 15 months, there was no significant difference in the median overall survival, event-free survival, and duration of complete remission noted between patients with TP53mut ALL and those with TP53wt ALL. CONCLUSIONS Hyper-CVAD-based regimens appear to negate the poor prognostic impact of TP53 mutations in patients with adult B-cell immunophenotype ALL. Cancer 2017;123:3717-24. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Equalization algorithms in Millimeter wave communication systems

TAKE — AWAY • A quick look at mm wave communication and 802.11 ad standard • A peek at need of Equalization and types of Equalizer (with comparative performance) • Understanding Golay Codes used in 802.11 ad • An idea about MMSE based Equalizer and a Decision directed equalizer for 802.11 ad
Perspectives on pedagogical change: instructor and student experiences of a newly implemented undergraduate engineering dynamics curriculum*

Engineering education has been slow to adopt research-based educational innovations. Few prior works on such adoption have investigated the combined classroom experiences of instructors and student...
Major Depressive Disorder and Emotion-Related Impulsivity: Are Both Related to Cognitive Inhibition?

Previous studies indicate that emotion-relevant impulsivity is related to depression and relatedly, suicidal ideation and behavior. Little is known, however, about underlying mechanisms driving this impulsivity. We hypothesized that participants diagnosed with depression would show difficulties with emotion-related impulsivity and inhibition compared to controls, and that there would be a link between inhibition deficits and emotion-relevant impulsivity. To test these hypotheses, 60 participants diagnosed with lifetime major depressive disorder (MDD; 47 full-remission, 8 current MDD, 5 partial remission) and 100 nondepressed controls completed measures of impulsivity and current depressive symptoms, underwent a negative mood induction, and completed tasks that assessed components of inhibition: the ability to suppress pre-potent responses (antisaccade task) and the ability to resist interference (word-naming task). Although people with a history of MDD did not show cognitive inhibition deficits, they did endorse more emotion-related impulsivity, which in turn related to difficulty suppressing pre-potent responses. Limitations, as well as implications for future research and treatment are discussed.
Songs of the Soul: An Exploration of Art Songs by Twentieth-Century African-American Composers

When considering the breadth of American song literature, the works of African-American composers are not as commonly found within the standard music repertoire. When songs by African-American composers are performed in recital, they are typically limited to arrangements of spirituals. While these pieces certainly deserve a place in song recitals, this limited programming leaves audiences unaware of the rich history of contributions made to the genre of art song by African-American composers. This article seeks to fill this gap and serve as a reference for baritone music literature. The five musicians discussed are Modernists (Robert Owens and H. Leslie Adams) and Traditionalists (Camille Nickerson, Hall Johnson, and Margaret Bonds). Together, they present a rich variety of African-American classical music of the twentieth century. African Americans are not one-dimensional, and neither is the music that emanates from these composers. The pieces discussed contain elements of jazz, blues, and other ...
MECHANISM OF LEUKOCYTE ADHERENCE INHIBITION

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a mechanism of leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI). A study described in the chapter was undertaken to confirm the validity of the LAI as an in vitro correlate of delayed hypersensitivity and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms involved. The procedures utilized were essentially the same as those described originally, except that guinea pigs were used as the experimental animals instead of humans or mice. Guinea pig peripheral blood leukocytes were incubated with or without specific antigen or culture supernatants for 30 min. They were transferred onto a hemocytometer chamber and incubated for an additional 90 min. The number of cells on a given area of the chamber was counted before and after rinsing, and the percentage of adherent cells was calculated. When the LAI was examined in guinea pigs immunized with an antigen in Freund's complete adjuvant (CFA) and those immunized with the antigen in Freund's incomplete adjuvant (IFA), a positive LAI was shown as early as 5 days after immunization with CFA. However, no significant leukocyte adherence inhibition was observed in guinea pigs immunized with IFA throughout a 6-week period following immunization.
Policy proposal for correcting the imbalance in general surgical manpower

The Graduate Medical Education National Advisory Committee's 1980 report on physician manpower estimated that 23,500 general surgeons would be required in 1990 and that there would be a surplus of 11,800 trained general surgeons by then. Using the GMENAC estimates of need and our analysis of supply, we project a surplus of only about half that number. To balance the supply of general surgeons to anticipated needs by the year 2000, it is estimated that the number of physicians beginning their residency training in general surgery between 1984 and 1995 should be reduced by 20% in relation to the number of first-year general surgery residents in 1982-1983.
Hepatitis B Virus Diseases

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has a worldwide distribution and is of great medical importance because it may be the most common cause of chronic liver disease including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in humans [1]. In addition, this virus and three close relatives recently found in lower animal species (woodchuck hepatitis virus or WHV in Marmota monax, ground squirrel hepatitis virus or GSHV in Spermophilus beechei, and duck hepatitis B virus or DHBV in Pekin ducks) share very interesting ultrastructural, antigenic, molecular and biological features that distinguish them from members of all of the previously recognized virus groups (reviewed in [2]). These viruses represent a new virus group that has been called the hepadna viruses [2]. They have very narrow host ranges and have not been transmitted to convenient laboratory animals. Since they have not been propagated in tissue culture, many details of their mechanism of replication are still not known. However, several unique features are apparent and one of these is virion ultrastructure (reviewed in [2–4]). The hepatitis B virion or Dane particle is a spherical particle approximately 42 nm in diameter with an electron dense spherical inner core or nucleocapsid and an outer shell or envelope. The lipid-containing envelope bears the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), which is contained in a viral genome-specified polypeptide to which virus neutralizing antibody (anti-HBs) is directed.
Charm and Beauty Photoproduction at Fermilab

Four manifestations of Charm have been observed in photoproduction at Fermilab so far. These four are (1) multimuon indications of the total Charm cross section and observations of (2) Ψ and Ψ′, (3) D0 and D* and (4) Λc. The relevent photoproduction experiments in the search for Charm at Fermilab are the broad band neutral beam experiments by a Columbia-Fermilab-Illinois (CFI) collaboration1, the Tagged Photon Beam experiment by the TPS collaboration2 and the muon beam experiment with an active iron target by the Berkeley-Fermilab-Princeton (BFP) collaboration.3
Dignity - A Missing Piece in the Puzzle of Organizational Research?

In line with Zald’s (1993) argument, we suggest that a reconnection with the notion of Kantian dignity would allow organizational research to pursue an “enlightenment” model viewing organizational studies as applied discipline with a goal of public and civic participation, rather than an engineering model pursuing specific problem solving toward predefined goals of profit maximization. Such a perspective has yielded many practical benefits as well as increased the theoretical accuracy for example in the field of conflict resolution and negotiation. While not all elements of organizational research need to increase accuracy at the expense of parsimony, some parts could benefit from broadening assumptions of human nature. As long as researchers can mindfully choose among options there may be renewed vigor for some streams of organizational research that also translate in relevance both scholarly and practically.
Dynamics of Correlated Superlattices

Superlattice structures have attracted a great deal of attention over the past decade (For a review see [1]). The semiconductor type I superlattice of interest in this paper is an array of electron layers trapped in potential wells on semiconductor interfaces. For the purpose of most discussions, including the present one, the superlattice can be represented by a model of an infinite array of monolayers separated from each other by a fixed distance, say d; each monolayer is a two-dimensional (2D) one-component plasma (OCP) of N electrons embedded in a neutralizing positive background; the mean areal electron density is given by na = N/A. Tunneling between neighboring layers will be neglected: this is justifiable as long as d > λ, the decay length of the electron wave function.
Exercise, Weight, and Sleep

Children with neurodevelopmental disabilities are at increased risk for physical inactivity and obesity. Inactive or obese children are more likely to become inactive or obese adults, resulting in increased risk for developing several chronic conditions. The literature has documented a strong relationship between exercise, weight, and sleep in adults and typically developing children, but this is much less clear in children with neurodevelopmental disabilities. Understanding the impact that physical activity and weight can have on sleep disorders may help develop interventions that target modifiable behaviors to treat sleep disorders in children with neurodevelopmental disabilities.
A Design Artifact for Distributed Cognition: "Natural Science" Pilot Leads to an Expanded Design Science Program

As part of an on-going design science project, we are developing “Theory Garden,” a tool that enables individuals to easily generate visual causal models, thus making their perspectives explicit. Theory Garden aids in the drawing of personal theories of a situation as users indicate their assumptions with qualitative statements and simulate the resulting models. The intuitive interface is intended to minimize the barrier to use, and thus be accessible to a wide audience. The simulation engine enables users to better understand theoretical implications of their theories, and to engage in scenario-based simulation. This paper represents the first step in our effort to scientifically validate our use expectations for the software. In this step we identify a range of use patterns of untrained users. We address strategies for dealing with the unexpected variation that we found in personal modeling strategies, as well as a next step in our study.
Impact of Effective Management Strategies on Patients With the Most Extreme Phenotypic Expression of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Advances in treatment options for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HC) have proven effective in many patients for promoting favorable long-term outcomes. Whether this expectation is similar for patients with the most extreme expression of massive left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, a particularly aggressive form of the disease is unresolved. Of 1,766 consecutive HC patients presenting to Tufts HC Institute (2004 to 2015), 92 were identified with extreme LV wall thickness (30 to 48 mm), and compared with 1,674 HC patients with less marked hypertrophy (13 to 29 mm). Follow-up assessment was over 5.3 ± 3.4 years. Patients with massive LV hypertrophy (n = 92) had higher sudden death event rates (3.0%/year) than did patients with lesser hypertrophy (0.8%/year; p
Tribology of Sequentially Irradiated and Annealed UHMWPE with and without Impingement

Alternative bearing materials for total hip arthroplasty include ceramic-on-ceramic (CoC), metal-on-metal (MoM) and highly crosslinked UHMWPE. Each has benefits and limitations. Ceramics offer substantial wear resistance but suffer design limitations due to the brittle nature of the material (no elevated rims, minimum 5mm thickness). MoM devices are strong and allow many design options with minimum thickness requirements, but the wear process appears to produce metal ions with unknown long term effect unknown. Highly crosslinked UHMWPE offers good wear performance but may have design limitations due to strength concerns.
Synthesis of the spiroketal segment (C19C34) of the rutamycins, antifungal metabolites of Streptomyces species

Abstract A convergent synthesis of the spiroketal subunit of rutamycins A and B has been devised via Julia coupling of sulfone 14 with aldehyde 23 ; the pentahydroxy ketone 3 derived from 25 underwent spontaneous cyclization to spiroketal 4 .
Glycogen Storage Diseases

The glycogen storage diseases are inherited inborn errors of metabolism that affect glycogen metabolism. They are numbered (I–VII) in the order that they were described, although there are several other metabolic disorders that also affect glycogen metabolism (1,2).
Multi-Dimensional Machine Learning Approaches for Fruit Shape Recognition and Phenotyping in Strawberry

Abstract Background Shape is a critical element of the visual appeal of strawberry fruit and determined by both genetic and non-genetic factors. Current fruit phenotyping approaches for external characteristics in strawberry rely on the human eye to make categorical assessments. However, fruit shape is multi-dimensional, continuously variable, and not adequately described by a single quantitative variable. Morphometric approaches enable the study of complex forms but are often abstract and difficult to interpret. In this study, we developed a mathematical approach for transforming fruit shape classifications from digital images onto an ordinal scale called the principal progression of k clusters (PPKC). We use these human-recognizable shape categories to select features extracted from multiple morphometric analyses that are best fit for genome-wide and forward genetic analyses. Results We transformed images of strawberry fruit into human-recognizable categories using unsupervised machine learning, discovered four principal shape categories, and inferred progression using PPKC. We extracted 67 quantitative features from digital images of strawberries using a suite of morphometric analyses and multi-variate approaches. These analyses defined informative feature sets that effectively captured quantitative differences between shape classes. Classification accuracy ranged from 68.9 – 99.3% for the newly created, genetically correlated phenotypic variables describing a shape. Conclusions Our results demonstrated that strawberry fruit shapes could be robustly quantified, accurately classified, and empirically ordered using image analyses, machine learning, and PPKC. We generated a dictionary of quantitative traits for studying and predicting shape classes and identifying genetic factors underlying phenotypic variability for fruit shape in strawberry. The methods and approaches we applied in strawberry should apply to other fruits, vegetables, and specialty crops.
Thermal Design Considerations for III-N Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers Using Electro-Opto-Thermal Numerical Simulations

III-N VCSELs undergo severe self-heating which limits the output optical power. This makes thermal management a critical design consideration. The three most common VCSEL structures (hybrid VCSELs, flip-chip VCSELs and ELOG VCSELs) have been studied using advanced self-consistent electro-opto-thermal numerical simulations. The key geometric and material parameters affecting the thermal resistance of these devices have been identified. Our simulations suggest that some of the proposed solutions and design modifications can increase the maximum optical output power by as much 100%. This manuscript also describes the correct method of using numerical simulation in device design—to predict trends and isolate the key factors affecting device performance.
Infinite Lattice Learner: an ensemble for incremental learning

The state of the art in supervised learning has developed effective models for learning, generalizing, recognizing faces and images, time series prediction, and more. However, most of these powerful models cannot effectively learn incrementally. Infinite Lattice Learner (ILL) is an ensemble model that extends state-of-the-art machine learning methods into incremental learning models. With ILL, even batch models can learn incrementally with exceptional data retention ability. Instead of continually revisiting past instances to retain learned information, ILL allows existing methods to converge on new information without overriding previous knowledge. With ILL, models can efficiently chase a drifting function without continually revisiting a changing dataset. Models wrapped in ILL can operate in continuous real-time environments where millions of unique samples are seen every day. Big datasets too large to fit in memory, or even a single machine, can be learned in portions. ILL utilizes an infinite Cartesian grid of points with an underlying model tiled upon it. Efficient algorithms for discovering nearby points and lazy evaluation make this seemingly impossible task possible. Extensive empirical evaluation reveals impressive retention ability for all ILL models. ILL similarly proves its generalization ability on a variety of datasets from classification and regression to image recognition.
Obesity in Adolescence

This chapter reviews research addressing obesity during adolescence. Epidemiologic findings indicate that obesity has increased dramatically in adolescents during the past several decades so that currently approximately one-third of adolescents in the United States are overweight, with about 17 % considered obese. Rates of obesity are greater among youth from ethnic minority and lower-income families. Overweight adolescents have a high likelihood of remaining overweight as adults. Etiologic factors indicate the important role of hereditary, early growth, and environmental factors, with behavioral factors of excessive caloric intake and decreased energy expenditure resulting in positive energy balance and increased adiposity over time. Review of the correlates of obesity reveals that adolescents have increased risk for several physical health disorders, including high blood pressure, high cholesterol, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, orthopedic problems, sleep apnea, asthma, and fatty liver disease. Psychosocial correlates of obesity in adolescents include increased risk for problems related to body image problems, self-esteem, social isolation and discrimination, depression, and reduced quality of life. Research on interventions for obesity in adolescents reveals the challenges of weight control over time; however there is some support for the efficacy of behavioral interventions targeting reduced caloric intake, increased physical activity, and reduced sedentary behavior. Medical interventions including pharmacological and surgical approaches have shown some efficacy, but more research is needed to demonstrate their safety and acceptability, as well as long-term effects. In recent years, Internet-delivered behavioral interventions have shown some promise and these approaches will likely be needed in order to more effectively reach the population of overweight adolescents. Given the tremendous challenge in successfully treating obesity during adolescence, and the costs of its continuation into adulthood, a public health approach is needed to address the environmental factors that are responsible for the increased incidence of obesity in youth.
Does knowledge of evolutionary biology change high school students’ attitudes about healthy eating?

Embedded in the emerging area of evolutionary medicine is the premise that evolutionary biology can serve a pedagogical function with widespread applications for education and outreach. Although great strides have been taken over the decades by the science education community to improve evolution education in general, the knowledge gulf or gap between advances in evolutionary medicine and public understanding through the educational system has widened at a rapid pace—and not without consequences for public health, especially for young people. Epidemiological data indicate that the high rates of obesity and type-2 diabetes have begun to extend to adolescents and teenagers, an alarming trend of great concern. Would knowledge of the evolutionary biology perspective on diet and health have value for young people? Little is known about the efficacy of evolutionary medicine education as a public health outreach strategy. A small study was conducted at a New England high school and consisted of two research components: (1) a cross-sectional survey of students’ views about what “healthy eating” means and (2) an intervention experiment designed to isolate exposure to knowledge of evolutionary biology. Data were collected through the use of questionnaires and analyzed according to qualitative methods. The survey results showed that students had an accurate view of general guidelines for healthy eating in alignment with public health messaging (e.g., avoiding junk food, eating lots of fruits and vegetables). The main result from the intervention experiment showed that students who received instruction in nutritional physiology alone did not change their view of what “healthy eating” means, whereas students who received instruction in nutritional physiology coupled with evolutionary biology changed their views of healthy food choices, leading to intended dietary changes. A brief, one-time exposure to key concepts in evolutionary biology brought about a shift in students’ perceptions of healthy eating. An approach that can cause a shift in perception or attitude, considered an essential first step toward effecting behavioral change, merits further attention and development. Evolutionary medicine education holds strong potential as an untapped yet effective public health outreach strategy regarding the dietary choices of youth.
Presidential Communication in the “Tweetosphere”: A Functional and Network Analyses of President Trump’s Direct Messaging

This study examined President Donald J. Trump’s “tweetosphere”. It was a multimethod functional analysis of Trump’s ego network (him and the people he follows, mentions, retweets, and replies to) of 741 tweets and retweets in his first year of office. The findings indicate that President Trump tends to tweet about, retweet, and mention (tag) himself, his government, conservative media, and family more than people of opposing political ideologies and the mainstream media. More than a third of his tweets and retweets were positive self-acclaims, especially about his character, his government, family, and conservative media.
The rising worldwide impact of benign prostatic hyperplasia

Objectives To describe the trend in the impact of lower urinary tract symptoms attributed to benign prostatic hyperplasia (LUTS/BPH) on a global scale using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database. Materials and methods Using the GBD database, worldwide data aggregated from registries and health systems from 1990 to 2017 were filtered for LUTS/BPH diagnoses. Calculation of years lived with disability (YLD) were compared with other urological diseases. YLD were calculated by a standardized method using assigned disability weights. The GBD-defined sociodemographic index (SDI) was used to assess impact of LUTS/BPH by global SDI quintile. Results Global Burden of Disease data over the 1990-2017 study period were summarized and global numbers and trends noted with other urological diseases for comparison. A total of 2 427 334 YLD were attributed to BPH in 2017 alone, almost three times more than those attributed to the next highest urological disease, prostate cancer (843 227 YLD). When stratified by SDI quintile, a much lower impact of BPH was found in the bottom three quintiles, despite this subset representing 66.9% of the 2017 world population. Conclusions Lower urinary tract symptoms attributed to benign prostatic hyperplasia exert a rapidly rising human burden far exceeding other urological diseases. As the population ages and men in a lower SDI enjoy increased life expectancy and decreased competing mortalities, a continually accelerating wave of LUTS/BPH can be forecast. These epidemiological trends have serious implications for the future allocation of resources and the global urological workforce.
“¿Por Qué no Sabes Español?”: Pressured Monolingualism and Its Impacts on Mexican Americans

The question of language diversity in US classrooms has been widely debated in the public sphere and among educators, including scholars and teachers of rhetoric, writing, and literacy studies. While many teachers, scholars, and administrators in higher education support multilingual education in theory, they struggle to know how to enact it. Compounding this challenge is the fact that negative attitudes toward and policies about multilingualism in the K-12 context influence some multilingual families to decide to raise their children to speak only English. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with family members and friends, the author examines the causes and consequences of monolingualism for Mexican Americans. The author argues that political and educational discourses pressure families to assimilate to a monolingual society and that “pressured monolingualism” weakens family relationships, ethnic identities, and cultures. This article concludes by considering why K-12 school districts should embrace multilingualism, how public attitudes can change, and ways those who’ve experienced “pressured monolingualism” can take advantage of the resources of higher education and university life to learn languages and explore and celebrate their cultures with others.
Environmental Influences on the Human Microbiome and Implications for Noncommunicable Disease.

The human microbiome contributes metabolic functions, protects against pathogens, educates the immune system, and through these basic functions, directly or indirectly, affects most of our physiolo...
Completions of Pseudo Ordered Sets

A pseudo ordered set (X,≤) is a set X with a binary relation ≤ that is reflexive and antisymmetric. We associate to a pseudo ordered set X, a partially ordered set Γ(X) called the covering poset. Taking any completion (C,f) of the covering poset Γ(X), and a special equivalence relation 𝜃 on this completion, yields a completion C/𝜃 of the pseudo ordered set X. The case when (C,f) is the MacNeille completion of Γ(X) gives the pseudo MacNeille completion of X.
MMCoVaR: Multimodal COVID-19 Vaccine Focused Data Repository for Fake News Detection and a Baseline Architecture for Classification.

The outbreak of COVID-19 has resulted in an "infodemic" that has encouraged the propagation of misinformation about COVID-19 and cure methods which, in turn, could negatively affect the adoption of recommended public health measures in the larger population. In this paper, we provide a new multimodal (consisting of images, text and temporal information) labeled dataset containing news articles and tweets on the COVID-19 vaccine. We collected 2,593 news articles from 80 publishers for one year between Feb 16th 2020 to May 8th 2021 and 24184 Twitter posts (collected between April 17th 2021 to May 8th 2021). We combine ratings from two news media ranking sites: Medias Bias Chart and Media Bias/Fact Check (MBFC) to classify the news dataset into two levels of credibility: reliable and unreliable. The combination of two filters allows for higher precision of labeling. We also propose a stance detection mechanism to annotate tweets into three levels of credibility: reliable, unreliable and inconclusive. We provide several statistics as well as other analytics like, publisher distribution, publication date distribution, topic analysis, etc. We also provide a novel architecture that classifies the news data into misinformation or truth to provide a baseline performance for this dataset. We find that the proposed architecture has an F-Score of 0.919 and accuracy of 0.882 for fake news detection. Furthermore, we provide benchmark performance for misinformation detection on tweet dataset. This new multimodal dataset can be used in research on COVID-19 vaccine, including misinformation detection, influence of fake COVID-19 vaccine information, etc.