cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Methodology for Estimating Reliability in Transportation Networks with Degraded Link Capacities

The measurement of transportation network reliability is a complex issue because it involves both the infrastructure and the behavioral responses of the users. This subject is challenging because there is no single agreed-upon reliability measure. Sources of system unreliability include natural and man-made disasters, recurrent events that result from demand variation, and nonrecurrent events that affect network supply such as incidents, work zones, and weather conditions. This article introduces a new method for estimating the effect of travel demand variation and link capacity degradation on the expected reliability of a roadway network. The method is applied to a roadway network and results of travel time reliability and capacity reliability are presented. The new travel time reliability method is sensitive to the users' perspective since it reflects that an increase in segment travel time should always result in less travel time reliability. This method can be expanded to large scale networks.
Mapping of protein phosphorylation by dual enzyme digestion and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-quadrupole orthogonal time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

Successful and accurate localization of phosphorylation sites is essential to fully understand phosphoprotein function and regulation in cellular signaling events. Mass spectrometry (MS) combined with the specific enrichment of phosphopeptides by immobilized metalaffinity chromatography (IMAC) is now a routine strategy for the analysis of protein phosphorylation [1–3]. As a relatively new tandem mass spectrometric technique, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization– quadrupole orthogonal time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI–QoTOFMS) is very useful for the rapid detection of phosphopeptides in an IMAC eluate due to a characteristic neutral loss of H3PO4 (98Da) or loss of HPO 3 ð80DaÞ [4]. An advantage of MALDI over electrospray ionization (ESI) on a QoTOFMS instrument is that MS detection and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/ MS) of a phosphopeptide can be performed on a single sample target, which is beneficial when the protein sample amount is limited. In many instances, sensitive MS/MS sequencing of phosphopeptides derived from tryptic digestion is hampered by the large size of peptides, resulting in poor sequence coverage that makes it difficult to accurately locate phosphorylation sites in the peptides. Moreover, the reduced recovery of large phosphopeptides is often observed during IMAC enrichment [3]. Alternative proteolytic enzymes can be used to reduce unfavorable phosphopeptide size [5,6]. Schlosser combined elastase digestion, IMAC, and QoTOFMS to characterize protein phosphorylation [6]. Herein, we evaluate the efficacy of a strategy that utilizes dual-enzyme digestion with trypsin and the nonspecific proteinase K combined with IMAC preconcentration of phosphopeptides for analysis by MALDI–QoTOFMS. In this regard, we show that this is a highly effective strategy for the characterization of phosphorylation sites in large phosphopeptides.
The family-centered medical home: Specific considerations for child health Research and policy

S ince the initial conceptualization of the medical home in the 1960s and 70s in pediatrics, its definition and principles have evolved. The addition of clinicians in family medicine and internal medicine, policymakers, payer groups, and consumer groups to medical home study and implementation has given tremendous positive momentum to the movement to create patientand family-centered medical homes for children, adolescents and adults. While there is a great deal of similarity between medical home concepts and models for the care of adults and children, some principles should be emphasized in child and adolescent health, and a few health concepts are unique. These have important implications for how child-relevant research and policy related to the medical home should be promoted. This paper describes perspectives on the primary care medical home from the standpoint of child and adolescent health.
Pyrolysis kinetics for long-chain n-alkylcyclohexanes

We report new experimental data and a general, mechanism-based structure−reactivity relationship for the pyrolysis of long-chain n-alkylcyclohexanes. The relationship has as its foundation the previously deduced free-radical reaction mechanism for alkylcyclohexane pyrolysis. The model is general because it incorporates the effect of the alkyl chain length on the global kinetics by accounting for the chain-length-dependent reaction path degeneracy of the initiation, β-scission, and hydrogen-abstraction steps. The global kinetics determined from the model for pyrolyses at 400 °C and an initial reactant concentration of 0.13 mol/L are in good accord with the experimentally determined rate constants for nine different n-alkylcyclohexanes with aliphatic substituents ranging from butyl (n-C4) to octadecyl (n-C18). A sensitivity analysis reveals that the rate constants for initiation, termination, and β-scission to form a primary radical had the greatest influence on the calculated pyrolysis rate. This work prov...
Molecular-Level Modeling of Interfacial Phenomena in Boiling Processes

The thermophysics of liquid–vapor interfaces has long been recognized as a critical element in the physical mechanisms of boiling processes. This article will describe results of recent molecular d...
DNA fiber replication in chromosomes of a higher plant (Pisum sativum).

Abstract Techniques were developed for the autoradiographic analysis of chromosomal DNA fiber replication of higher plant cells. The DNA fibers of Pisum root meristem cells replicate via many tandemly arranged replicons. Each replicon has an initiation point and the average distance between them is about 54 μm. Most of the replicons of Pisum showed bidirectional DNA chain growth that proceeded from a commonly shared initiation point. The average rate of replication per single fork is approx. 29 μm/h at 23 °C.
Fast pyrolysis of microalgae in a falling solids reactor: Effects of process variables and zeolite catalysts

Abstract Non-catalytic and catalytic pyrolysis of microalgae were carried out to generate an organic liquid fuel precursor. The impacts of several process variables on the fast pyrolysis in a falling solids reactor are reported, including temperature, particle size, flow rate, and atmosphere (N 2 , H 2 O and CO 2 ). Experiments were carried out with duckweed as the biomass to provide some comparison. The speciated organic phase product data were classified according to the different compound types including hydrocarbons, alcohols, oxygenates, and nitrogenates. In-situ catalytic pyrolysis produced an organic phase with an increased fraction of hydrocarbons and decreased fraction of oxygenates, evidence for carbon removal chemistries such as decarboxylation and decarbonylation. The noncatalytic pyrolysis gave the highest total liquid yield while catalytic pyrolysis resulted in the highest yield of the desired hydrocarbon fraction. A comparison of four exchanged ZSM-5 catalysts (H-, Fe-, Cu-, and Ni-) indicates that the protonated zeolite provided the largest enhancement among the catalysts of the liquid product yield and composition: H-ZSM-5 increased the yield of the hydrocarbon fraction in the organic phase from 21% to 43%, a 100% relative increase, and exhibited the least coking. The effects of biomass weight hourly space velocity, and comparisons between H-ZSM5 powder and monolithic catalysts are also reported. The implications of the findings for the conversion of microalgae to liquid fuels are discussed.
Boldly Going Beyond Mathematics

Holland offers a framework for analyzing complex adaptive systems through considerations of the signals and boundaries among their evolving parts.
Role of angiogenesis in tumor growth and metastasis

Angiogenesis is required for invasive tumor growth and metastasis and constitutes an important point in the control of cancer progression. Its inhibition may be a valuable new approach to cancer therapy. Avascular tumors are severely restricted in their growth potential because of the lack of a blood supply. For tumors to develop in size and metastatic potential they must make an "angiogenic switch" through perturbing the local balance of proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors. Frequently, tumors overexpress proangiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor, allowing them to make this angiogenic switch. Two strategies used in the development of antiangiogenic agents involve the inhibition of proangiogenic factors (eg, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor monoclonal antibodies) as well as therapy with endogenous inhibitors of angiogenesis, such as endostatin and angiostatin. Therapy with endogenous angiogenic inhibitors such as endostatin and angiostatin may reverse the angiogenic switch preventing growth of tumor vasculature. Preclinical studies have shown that endostatin effectively inhibits tumor growth and shrinks existing tumor blood vessels. Phase 1 clinical trials of endostatin and angiostatin are ongoing, and preliminary results show minimal toxicities.
A re-examination of process-outcome relations in cognitive therapy for depression: Disaggregating within-patient and between-patient effects

AbstractObjective: We previously examined alliance and therapist adherence as predictors of symptom change. Applying a new analytic strategy, we can ensure that any relations identified were not attributable to stable patient characteristics. Method: Participants were 57 depressed cognitive therapy patients. We disaggregated within- and between-patient variation in process measures. Results: Between-patients, variability in adherence to Cognitive Methods and Negotiating/Structuring predicted patients' symptom change. Within-patients, only variability in ratings of adherence to Cognitive Methods predicted next-session symptom change. Conclusions: Relations involving between-patient process variables are potentially attributable to stable patient characteristics. However, the relation of within-patient Cognitive Methods and session-to-session symptom change cannot be attributed to stable characteristics and is consistent with a causal relationship.
Über fluorhaltige Verbindungen der Elemente der V. Hauptgruppe. XIX. Die Reaktion von AsF5 mit KOCH3

AsF5 reagiert mit KOCH3 in Trichlortrifluorathan (Frigedohn 113) zu AsF4OCH3 und K[AsF6]. In AsF3 zeigt die neue Verbindung elektrolytische Leitfahigkeit. Auf Grund von Hydrolyseversuchen wird der Verbindung die Struktur [AsF2(OCH3)2][AsF6] zugeschrieben. AsF5 reacts with KOCH3 in trichlorotrifluoroethane yielding K[AsF6] and a new compound to which – according to its electrolytic conductivity in AsF3 solution and its hydrolytic behaviour – the structure [AsF2(OCH3)2][AsF6] is assigned.
Crossing Boundaries: Nativity, Ethnicity, and Mate Selection

The influx of immigrants has increased diversity among ethnic minorities and indicates that they may take multiple integration paths in American society. Previous research on ethnic integration has often focused on panethnic differences, and few have explored ethnic diversity within a racial or panethnic context. Using 2000 U.S. census data for Puerto Rican–, Mexican-, Chinese-, and Filipino-origin individuals, we examine differences in marriage and cohabitation with whites, with other minorities, within a panethnic group, and within an ethnic group by nativity status. Ethnic endogamy is strong and, to a lesser extent, so is panethnic endogamy. Yet, marital or cohabiting unions with whites remain an important path of integration but differ significantly by ethnicity, nativity, age at arrival, and educational attainment. Meanwhile, ethnic differences in marriage and cohabitation with other racial or ethnic minorities are strong. Our analysis supports that unions with whites remain a major path of integration, but other paths of integration also become viable options for all ethnic groups.
Palpable breast abnormalities must be resolved histologically.

Editor: I could not help but see the article by Dr Dennis and colleagues in the April 2001 issue of Radiology (1) and wonder in amazement how irresponsible journalism is becoming. How many lawyers will cite this article in breast cancer cases in defense of “delay in diagnosis?” Come on people! Nothing in medicine is 100%! I would like to refer you to the most recent patient for whom I have cared who fits your patient profile, that is, palpable lump, normal mammogram, normal sonogram. The examinations were performed by extremely experienced dedicated breast imaging physicians in a busy tertiary referral academic health science center. If we followed your algorithm (no biopsy), this patient would not be currently undergoing systemic therapy for stage IIB invasive ductal cell carcinoma with lobular features. I might add that the patient is contemplating prophylactic contralateral mastectomy owing to the failure of conventional imaging to help diagnose and/or depict her palpable breast cancer! Bottom line: Palpable breast abnormalities must be resolved histologically (and/or cytologically), and concordance must be achieved. In order for the medical profession to serve patients with breast abnormalities, vigilance must be maintained. Open biopsy does not always have to be performed to achieve concordance, but I would be very skeptical of an algorithm that allowed “the sun to set” on an undiagnosed solid palpable breast lump! I agree with the authors’ call for a prospective randomized study.
Metabolism of octopamine in vitro by monoamine oxidase in some rat tissues.

Abstract The deamination in vitro of DL-octopamine by MAO in rat brain, heart, kidney, liver and vas deferens has been studied by a radiochemical method. Kinetic constants for octopamine metabolism, as well as its sensitivity to inhibition by the irreversible MAO inhibitor clorgyline are described for each tissue. On the basis of the inhibition data, it was concluded that octopamine is metabolized preferentially by type A MAO in heart, kidney and vas deferens. However, in brain and liver, type B MAO is also responsible for a significant proportion of total octopamine metabolism. These studies are discussed in relation to current ideas about the regulation of octopamine concentrations in animal tissues, and the possible importance of this amine in mammalian physiology.
Vitamin D-related gene polymorphisms, plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and breast cancer risk.

Studies of vitamin D-pathway genetic variants in relation to cancer risk have been inconsistent. We examined the associations between vitamin D-related genetic polymorphisms, plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], and breast cancer risk. In a population-based case–control study of 967 incident breast cancer cases and 993 controls, we genotyped 25 polymorphisms encoding the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene, 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1), 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1), and vitamin D-binding protein (GC) and measured plasma 25(OH)D. We used multivariable logistic regression to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). Among CYP24A1 polymorphisms, rs6068816 was associated with a 72 % reduction in breast cancer risk (TT vs. CC, OR 0.28, 95 % CI 0.10–0.76; p trend = 0.01), but for rs13038432, the 46 % decrease included the null value (GG vs. AA, OR 0.54, 95 % CI 0.17–1.67; p trend = 0.03). Increased risk that included the null value was noted for CYP24A1 rs3787557 (CC vs. TT, OR 1.34, 95 % CI 0.92–1.89). The VDR polymorphism, TaqI (rs731236), was associated with a 26 % risk reduction (TT vs. CC, OR 0.74, 95 % CI 0.56–0.98; p trend = 0.01). For other polymorphisms, ORs were weak and included the null value. The inverse association for plasma 25(OH)D with breast cancer was more pronounced (OR 0.43, 95 % CI 0.27–0.68) among women with the common allele for CYP24A1, rs927650 (p for interaction on a multiplicative scale = 0.01). Breast cancer risk may be associated with specific vitamin D-related polymorphisms, particularly CYP24A1. Genetic variation in the vitamin D pathway should be considered when designing potential intervention strategies with vitamin D supplementation.
Global Innovation, Creating an Innovation Process

Summary form only given. Innovation is a word used often today to mean many different things. To some it is invention to others it is doing something completely new. We at IBM believe innovation occurs at the intersection of invention and business insight. Creating an atmosphere and an ecosystem for innovation requires some new ideas and processes. It is global, it is unpredictable yet it can be encouraged and supported for success. The Global Innovation Outlook, or GIO, is a process that IBM has used for the past couple of years to create an innovation ecosystem. The journey for activity is as interesting as the results. I will discuss the process and what we've learned about the process as well as the specific results and outcomes from the first GIO and second GIO. The topics include: healthcare, transportation and the future enterprise
Minimally invasive epicardial activation mapping from multielectrode catheters

Catheter based electrophysiologic studies of the epicardium are limited to regions near the coronary arteries and veins or require transthoracic access. We have developed a statistical approach by which to estimate high resolution maps of epicardial activation from multielectrode venous catheter measurements. An essential component of this approach is the computation of an estimation matrix based on a training set of previously measured maps of epicardial activation. We report here on a strategy by which to improve estimation accuracy by matching the composition of the training set to features of the estimated activation map. Results suggest that matching based on the site of ectopic activation achieves an improvement in estimation accuracy. A further finding is that estimation accuracy was preserved when based on as few as 14 measurement electrodes, thus supporting the clinical feasibility of activation mapping from multielectrode catheters.
A post-adoption analysis of computing in the home☆

Abstract This article discusses how households adapt to an emerging technology, ‘computing in the home’. Using a sample of 282 households who own personal computers, the study examines several issues connected with the patterns of utilization and problems in adopting a new technology. The results show that utilization patterns vary according to prior knowledge, household structure and length of ownership. Implications are drawn for further research in the area of household/technology interaction.
The value of online learning and MRI: finding a niche for expensive technologies.

AbstractBackground: The benefits of online learning come at a price. How can we optimize the overall value?Aims: Critically appraise the value of online learning.Methods: Narrative review.Results: Several prevalent myths overinflate the value of online learning. These include that online learning is cheap and easy (it is usually more expensive), that it is more efficient (efficiency depends on the instructional design, not the modality), that it will transform education (fundamental learning principles have not changed), and that the Net Generation expects it (there is no evidence of pent-up demand). However, online learning does add real value by enhancing flexibility, control and analytics. Costs may also go down if disruptive innovations (e.g. low-cost, low-tech, but instructionally sound “good enough” online learning) supplant technically superior but more expensive online learning products. Cost-lowering strategies include focusing on core principles of learning rather than technologies, using easy-t...
Chaotic Invariants for Human Action Recognition

The paper introduces an action recognition framework that uses concepts from the theory of chaotic systems to model and analyze nonlinear dynamics of human actions. Trajectories of reference joints are used as the representation of the non-linear dynamical system that is generating the action. Each trajectory is then used to reconstruct a phase space of appropriate dimension by employing a delay-embedding scheme. The properties of the reconstructed phase space are captured in terms of dynamical and metric invariants that include Lyapunov exponent, correlation integral and correlation dimension. Finally, the action is represented by a feature vector which is a combination of these invariants over all the reference trajectories. Our contributions in this paper include :1) investigation of the appropriateness of theory of chaotic systems for human action modelling and recognition, 2) a new set of features to characterize nonlinear dynamics of human actions, 3) experimental validation of the feasibility and potential merits of carrying out action recognition using methods from theory of chaotic systems.
Identification of PWARX hybrid models with unknown and possibly different orders

We consider the problem of identifying the orders and the model parameters of PWARX hybrid models from noiseless input/output data. We cast the identification problem in an algebraic geometric framework in which the number of discrete states corresponds to the degree of a multivariate polynomial p and the orders and the model parameters are encoded on the factors of p. We derive a rank constraint on the input/output data from which one can estimate the coefficients of p. Given p, we show that one can estimate the orders and the parameters of each ARX model from the derivatives of p at a collection of regressors that minimize a certain objective function. Our solution does not require previous knowledge about the orders of the ARX models (only an upper bound is needed), nor does it constraint the orders to be equal. Also the switching mechanism can be arbitrary; hence the switches need not be separated by a minimum dwell time. We illustrate our approach with an algebraic example of a switching circuit and with simulation results in the presence of noisy data.
YOUNG ADULTS' PERSPECTIVES ON DIVORCE Living Arrangements

There is increasing consensus that the perspectives of children need to be taken into account in decisions made by divorcing parents and the courts and that young adults who have lived through their parents’ divorces can be an important source of information about children’s perspectives. In this study, the authors assessed the perspectives of 820 college adults from divorced families on the issue of children’s living arrangements after divorce. Respondents wanted to have spent more time with their fathers as they were growing up, and the living arrangement they believed was best was living equal time with each parent. The living arrangements they had as children gave them generally little time with their fathers. Respondents reported that their fathers wanted more time with them but that their mothers generally did not want them to spend more time with their fathers.
SVM Model Based on Signal Transformation and its Applications in Oil Water-Flooded Identification

this paper, a method of signal transformation for feature extraction is proposed. It can transform log-signal space into the vector space, which the experiment system requires, and then use SVM (Support Vector Machine) automatically to identify the water-flooded status of oil-saturated stratum. The results of experiment indicate that this algorithm has good identification ability and strong generalization ability in condition that the number of training swatch is limited.
Wavelet transform based fast approximate Fourier transform

We propose an algorithm that uses the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) as a tool to compute the discrete Fourier transform (DFT). The Cooley-Tukey FFT is shown to be a special case of the proposed algorithm when the wavelets in use are trivial. If no intermediate coefficients are dropped and no approximations are made, the proposed algorithm computes the exact result, and its computational complexity is on the same order of the FFT, i.e. O(N log/sub 2/ N). The main advantage of the proposed algorithm is that the good time and frequency localization of wavelets can be exploited to approximate the Fourier transform for many classes of signals resulting in much less computation. Thus the new algorithm provides an efficient complexity vs. accuracy tradeoff. When approximations are allowed, under certain sparsity conditions, the algorithm can achieve linear complexity, i.e. O(N). The proposed algorithm also has built-in noise reduction capability.
What Coalition Factors Foster Community Capacity? Lessons Learned From the Fighting Back Initiative

Coalitions build community capacity by encouraging local organizations to expand services, programs, or policies (i.e., organizational capacity). The aim of the study was to identify coalition factors--resources, lead agency, governance, and leadership--that foster organizational capacity. Thirteen coalitions funded by Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's Fighting Back (FB) Initiative were examined in a multiple-site case study where coalition served as the unit of analysis. Organizational capacity was measured by creating a scale for each community based on changes in programs, services, or policies among eight types of organizations. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses were conducted to identify relationships among organizational capacity and coalition factors. FB sites with greater organizational capacity shared seven characteristics: received more funds for coalition building; delayed establishing new lead agencies; were housed in agencies supportive of FB; maintained stable, participatory decision-making bodies; cultivated active involvement of local government; practiced collaborative leadership; and had effective, long-serving project directors.
Outcomes of Modestly Hypofractionated Radiation for Lung Tumors: Pre- and Mid-Treatment Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography Metrics as Prognostic Factors

Abstract Introduction Modestly hypofractionated radiation therapy (HypoRT; 60-66 Gy in 3-Gy fractions) allows patients with locally advanced thoracic tumors and poor performance status to complete treatment within a shorter period without concurrent chemotherapy. We evaluated the outcomes and imaging prognostic factors of HypoRT. Materials and Methods We retrospectively reviewed the data from all patients with primary and metastatic intrathoracic tumors treated with HypoRT from 2006 to 2012. We analyzed the survival and toxicity outcomes, including overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), local recurrence (LR), and distant metastasis. We also evaluated the following tumor metrics in an exploratory analysis: gross tumor volume (GTV), maximum standardized uptake value (SUV Max ), and metabolic tumor volume using a threshold of ≥ 50% of the SUV Max (MTV 50% ) or the maximum gradient of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose uptake (MTV Edge ). We assessed the association of these metrics and their changes from before to mid-RT using positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) with OS and PFS. Results We identified 29 patients, all with pre-RT and 20 with mid-RT PET-CT scans. The median follow-up period was 15 months. The 2-year overall and non–small-cell lung cancer-only rate for OS, PFS, and LR, was 59% and 59%, 52% and 41%, and 27% and 32%, respectively. No grade ≥ 3 toxicities developed. The median decrease in GTV, SUV Max , and MTV Edge was 11%, 24%, and 18%, respectively. Inferior OS was associated with a larger pre-RT MTV Edge ( P = .005) and pre-RT MTV 50% ( P = .007). Inferior PFS was associated with a larger mid-RT SUV Max ( P = .003). Conclusion These findings add to the growing body of data demonstrating promising outcomes and limited toxicity with HypoRT. The pre- and mid-RT PET-CT metrics could be useful for prognostic stratification in future clinical trials.
Impulsive stimulated Raman scattering experiments in the polariton regime

Femtosecond time-resolved impulsive stimulated Raman scattering (ISRS) experiments on optic phonon–polariton modes are discussd. The effects of polariton dispersion and propagation are treated. The results provide guidance of accurate analysis of ISRS data from polar phonons.
A medical database case study for reflective database access control

Reflective Database Access Control (RDBAC) is a model in which a database privilege is expressed as a database query itself, rather than as a static privilege in an access control matrix. RDBAC aids the management of database access controls by improving the expressiveness of policies, enabling enforcement at the database level rather than at the application level. This in turn facilitates the creation of new applications without the need for duplicating security enforcement in each application. Past work has proposed the use of the Transaction Datalog (TD) language as a theoretical basis for RDBAC. We present a case study for a medical database using TD. This case study includes a wide range of access patterns for which RDBAC provides a simple method for formulating policies, demonstrating the flexibility of RDBAC as well as the practicality and scalability of using such a system in real-world applications that require non-trivial policy definitions on large data sets.
Priming on perceptual implicit memory tests can be achieved through presentation of associates

Roediger and McDermott (1995) presented lists of semantic associates (e.g.,door, glass, pane, shade, ledge) to induce false recall of related, nonpresented words (e.g.,window). This study procedure was used in an attempt to determine whether associative activation of target words would be sufficient to produce priming on perceptual implicit memory tests. Priming of the nonpresented items occurred on both word stem completion and word fragment completion, but the level of priming was generally lower than for items that had been studied. Priming of the related, nonpresented words occurred on a conceptual implicit test of word association; further, the level of priming was equivalent to that of presented words.
Phylogeography and conservation genetics of the Columbia spotted frog (Rana luteiventris; Amphibia, Ranidae).

The Columbia spotted frog ( Rana luteiventris ) has a widespread distribution in western Canada and the western US, although the southern reach of its range is highly fragmented into several isolated populations. Threats from various factors have raised concerns regarding the long-term survival of many small, isolated populations. Here, we report a study designed to determine the phylogeographic and conservation genetic parameters of R. luteiventris in the western US. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences were examined for phylogeographic structuring using phylogenetic reconstruction methods, coupled with networking and nested clade analyses. These methods permitted a distinction to be made between historic and demographic forces acting to generate geographical patterning of genetic variation. Phylogenetic analysis revealed four geographically correlated monophyletic clades. Three of these clades correspond to well-defined, nonoverlapping geographical locations in the fragmented portion of the range. The other is comprised of all samples collected from the contiguous range and includes one isolate from northern Wyoming. Networking and nested clade analyses confirmed these results and revealed that historical processes, such as range expansion and vicariance, rather than recurrent gene flow are likely responsible for observed patterns of genetic variation. A measure of genetic variation ( θ = 4 N e μ ) revealed that R. luteiventris populations in Utah have a relatively low amount of genetic variation compared with populations in the continuous portion of the range.
The waiting time for m mutations

We consider a model of a population of fixed size N in which each individual gets replaced at rate one and each individual experiences a mutation at rate¹. We calculate the asymptotic distribution of the time that it takes before there is an individual in the population with m mutations. Several different behaviors are possible, depending on how¹changes with N. These results have applications to the problem of determining the waiting time for regulatory sequences to appear and to models of cancer development.
Output feedback control using high-gain observers in the presence of measurement noise

Output feedback control using high-gain observers in the presence of measurement noise is considered for a class of nonlinear systems. We show that the closed-loop system with high-gain observer converges to a closed-loop system with ideal differentiation as the gain of the observer is increased. This ideal differentiation system is developed to reference the convergence properties. Analytical and simulation results are presented.
Residues of a Movement: The Aging of the American Protest Generation

The theory of political generations asserts that enduring and relevant political consequences result from critical experiences during the formative years. This study draws on a national three-wave panel study of young adults surveyed in 1965, 1973, and 1982 to test the theory with respect to the Vietnam era protest movement. College-educated protestors and nonprotestors are compared with themselves and with each other over time. Generational effects are categorized into absolute, relative, and equivalent continuity. Very strong continuities emerge for attitudes associated with the protestors' political baptism. Although erosion effects appear in more contemporary affairs, the protest generation remains quite distinctive. However, its limited size dampens the generation's political impact and qualifies the general thesis in a fashion that probably characterizes other examples of political generations also.
Experimental progress toward a 1 GW, 1 /spl mu/s pulse length, high current relativistic klystron

A 1 /spl mu/s pulse-length, high-current relativistic klystron is being developed with a desired peak output power of 1 GW at 1.3 GHz. The tube consists of an input cavity, a single idler cavity, and an output cavity. Power levels as high as 475 MW have been experimentally observed. Current experimental results are presented. Physics and engineering issues affecting klystron performance are discussed. >
Glucose metabolism in reperfused myocardium measured by [2-18F] 2-fluorodeoxyglucose and PET

Objective: [2-18F] 2-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is widely used to trace glucose metabolism for cardiac imaging with positron emission tomography. Because the transport and phosphorylation rates differ for glucose and FDG, a lumped constant (LC) is used to correct for these differences. The effects of ischemia and reperfusion on the LC in vivo are unknown. To determine the validity of FDG as a tracer of glucose metabolism in post-ischemic myocardium in vivo, the relationship between glucose uptake (GU) and FDG metabolic rate (FDG-MR) was assessed early post-reperfusion following a transient ischemic event. Methods: FDG metabolic rate, measured with FDG and PET, was compared to invasive measurements of substrate metabolism in reperfused and global myocardium of dogs subjected to 25 min ischemia and 2 h reperfusion. Results: The FDG metabolic rate was decreased 20±4% in reperfused relative to remote myocardium. Glucose oxidation and lactate uptake were also decreased in reperfused relative to global myocardium, by 26±6% and 60±8% respectively. Glucose uptake did not differ significantly between reperfused and global myocardium. A linear correlation between FDG metabolic rate and glucose uptake was found in both reperfused and remote myocardium. Estimates of the LC from the slopes of the regression lines were similar in reperfused and remote myocardium, 1.25 and 1.44 respectively, and did not differ significantly from the LC determined in control dogs, 1.1. Conclusions: We conclude that the FDG metabolic rate continues to correlate well with glucose metabolism in reperfused myocardium. While FDG metabolic rate was modestly decreased in the absence of a significant change in glucose uptake, large alterations in the LC are not found 2 h post-reperfusion in vivo.
An Achievement Goal Theory Perspective on Issues in Motivation Terminology, Theory, and Research

There are a number of important issues raised by Murphy and Alexander in the lead article of this issue. In this response, four general issues are discussed in light of current research and achievement goal theory. The four issues include: (1) the general definition and theoretical clarity of motivational constructs, (2) the accessibility and consciousness of motivational beliefs, (3) the interdependent or independent nature of the relations between motivational constructs, and (4) the stability of motivation over time, domains, and contexts. These issues are considered in the context of current achievement goal theory research with the hope that the discussion will help to clarify the four issues for both motivational theory and research in general as well as for specific theoretical and empirical efforts within goal theory research.
Recovery following outpatient anesthesia: Use of enflurane versus propofol☆

Abstract Study Objective: To compare the intraoperative conditions and postoperative recovery of patients following the use of either propofol-nitrous oxide (N 2 O) or enfurane-N 2 O for maintenance of outpatient anesthesia. Design: Randomized, single-blind study. Setting: University hospital outpatient surgery center. Patients: 61 ASA physical status I and II, healthy female outpatients undergoing laparoscopic surgery. Interventions: Patients were randomly assigned to one of three anesthetic regimes. Group 1 (control) received thiopental sodium 4 mg/kg intravenously (IV), followed by 0.5% to 1.5% enfurane and 67% N 2 0 in oxygen (O 2 ). Group 2 received propofol 2 mg/kg IV, followed by 0.5% to 1.5% enfurane and 67% N 2 O in O 2 . Group 3 received propofol 2 mg/kg IV, followed by propofol 50 to 160 μg/kg/min IV and 67% N 2 O in O 2 . All patients received succinylcholine 1 mglkg IV to facilitate tracheal intubation and atracurium 10 to 20 mg IV to provide adequate relaxation during the maintenance period. Measurements and Main Results: Recovery from anesthesia was assessed by a research nurse who was unaware of the anesthetic technique used. The mean ± SD time to eye opening was significantly longer in the thiopental-enflurane-N 2 O group (Group 1) than in the propofol-propofol-N 2 0 group (Group 3) (6.1 ± 2.5 minutes vs. 3.5 ± 2.8 minutes, respectively). In addition, the mean time to respond to verbal commands was significantly shorter in the propofol induction groups compared with the thiopental induction group. However, the use of enfurane versus propofol for maintenance of anesthesia did not significantly prolong the time from arrival in the recovery room to sitting, tolerating oral fluids, walking, or being judged "fit for discharge." There were no differences among the three groups with respect to postoperative pain or analgesic requirements. Finally, patients who received enfurane for maintenance of anesthesia had a significantly higher frequency of nausea and vomiting than the propofol maintenance group. Conclusion: Induction of anesthesia with propofol is associated with a more rapid emergence from anesthesia than induction with thiopental. Maintenance of anesthesia with enfurane did not prolong recovery compared with maintenance with propofol, but enfurane was associated with increased frequency of postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Electrostatic Assembly of a Redox Catalysis System for Detection of Glutamate

Interfacial assemblies capable of determining glutamate by redox catalysis are prepared by electrostatic assembly of alternating layers of ferrocene poly(allylamine) polymer and glutamate oxidase on a gold electrode. Deposition of the polymer was confirmed in cyclic voltammetry measurements by the presence of a surface wave corresponding to the oxidation of the ferrocene group. In the presence of glutamate in the adjacent electrolyte solution, the current increases and approaches a pseudosteady state, consistent with redox catalysis. Electrodes modified with glutamate oxidase had a linear response to glutamate up to 0.0045 M with sensitivity of 20 μA/cm2 and a limit of detection of 31.4 μM glutamate. An apparent Michaelis–Menten constant of 0.40(±0.13) mM for the confined glutamate oxidase was determined for this assembly. When used in flow-injection experiments, glucose oxidase modified electrodes responded to transient zones of glucose; however, the detection limits of the assemblies to the flowing stream were substantially higher than found for measurements on static solutions.
OpinoFetch: a practical and efficient approach to collecting opinions on arbitrary entities

The abundance of opinions on the Web is now becoming a critical source of information in a variety of application areas such as business intelligence, market research and online shopping. Unfortunately, due to the rapid growth of online content, there is no one source to obtain a comprehensive set of opinions about a specific entity or a topic, making access to such content severely limited. While previous works have been focused on mining and summarizing online opinions, there is limited work on exploring the automatic collection of opinion content on the Web. In this paper, we propose a lightweight and practical approach to collecting opinion containing pages, namely review pages on the Web for arbitrary entities. We leverage existing Web search engines and use a novel information network called the FetchGraph to efficiently obtain review pages for entities of interest. Our experiments in three different domains show that our method is more effective than plain search engine results and we are able to collect entity specific review pages efficiently with reasonable precision and accuracy.
Cues associated with accurate and inaccurate interview impressions.

(1958). Cues Associated with Accurate and Inaccurate Interview Impressions. Psychiatry: Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 405-409.
Transcendental Philosophy and Intersubjectivity: Mutual Recognition as a Condition for the Possibility of Self‐Consciousness in Sections 1–3 of Fichte's Foundations of Natural Right

In the opening sections of his Foundations of Natural Right, Fichte argues that mutual recognition is a condition for the possibility of self-consciousness. However, the argument turns on the apparently unconvincing claim that, in the context of transcendental philosophy, conceptions of the subject as an isolated individual give rise to a vicious circle the resolution of which requires the introduction of a second rational being to ‘summon’ the first. In this essay, my aim is to present a revised account of the opening arguments on which they are more convincing. In particular, I argue that the problem of a circle is genuine and may be seen to result from a relation of mutual dependence between agency and cognition which ensures that for an exercise of either capacity to take place, an exercise of the other would have already had to have taken place with the result that neither can occur. Moreover, the solution is successful. The summons (the claim of the other) prevents us from being driven around the circle once more because it is a ‘synthesis’ that reconciles the constraint to which I am subject as a cognizer of independently given objects and my freedom as a self-determining subject.
Abstract 2890: Effects of calcium and vitamin D on markers of vitamin D metabolism in normal colon mucosa: A randomized clinical trial

Background: In colon cancer cell lines and rodent models calcium and vitamin D favorably modulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis and affect and are affected by local expression of the vitamin D receptor (VDR), CYP27B1, and CYP24A1; however, the latter has not been investigated in humans. To evaluate the effects of supplemental calcium and vitamin D 3 on VDR, CYP27B1, and CYP24A1 expression in the normal colorectal epithelium, we conducted a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled 2×2 factorial clinical trial. Methods: Ninety-two men and women with at least one pathology-confirmed sporadic colorectal adenoma were treated with calcium 2 g/day or vitamin D 3 800 IU/day, alone or in combination vs. placebo over six months. VDR, CYP27B1, and CYP24A1 were detected in biopsies of normal-appearing colorectal mucosa using standardized automated immunohistochemistry, and their overall expression and distributions within the colon crypts were quantified by novel image analysis methods. The relative treatment effects were calculated and assessed using a MIXED effects model as implemented by SAS v9.2. Results: Relative to the placebo group, in the calcium + vitamin D 3 group VDR expression increased 19% (p=0.13) along the full length of crypts, 19% (p=0.09) in the upper 40% (differentiation zone) of crypts, and 31 % (p=0.13) in the lower 60% (proliferation zone) of crypts. In the vitamin D 3 only group CYP27B1 expression increased 259% (p=0.04) along the full length of crypts, 211% (p=0.04) in the upper 40% of crypts, and 210% (p=0.04) in the lower 60% of crypts. CYP24A1 expression along the full length of crypts decreased 21% (p=0.51) in the calcium group, and increased 65% (p=0.22) and 51% (p=0.37) in the vitamin D 3 and calcium + vitamin D 3 groups, respectively. Discussion: These preliminary results 1) suggest that, as hypothesized, calcium and vitamin D 3 , individually or in combination may modulate VDR, CYP27B1, and CYP24A1 expression in the normal-appearing human colorectal epithelium, which may promote normal patterns of cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis; 2) provide further evidence to the potential importance of vitamin D metabolism and its autocrine/paracrine function in colorectal mucosa; 3) provide support for the efficacy of calcium and vitamin D 3 in reducing risk for colorectal neoplasms; and 4) present the potential of the VDR and CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 as potential modifiable biomarkers of risk for colorectal neoplasms. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2890.
A method for the determination of calcium in tissues.

The determination of calcium in tissues is almost invariably carried out on the ash. Ashing is, however, a time consuming and laborious procedure, and is in addition distinctly expensive on account of the platinum ware required.We have, therefore, worked out a method whereby ashing is replaced by autoclave digestion. Ten grams of tissue is digested with 50 cc. of 0.1 N sodium hydroxide for two hours at 200° C. The solution is then acidified with hydrochloric acid, diluted to 60 cc., allowed to stand for at least 30 minutes, and filtered by suction through a Gooch crucible provided with an asbestos mat. An aliquot of this filtrate contained in a conical centrifuge tube is made alkaline to methyl red by the cautious addition of ammonium hydroxide and the calcium precipitated by means of ammonium oxalate. After one hour the tube is centrifuged and the supernatant liquid poured off as completely as possible, care being taken to avoid disturbing the precipitate.The precipitate is dissolved in normal sulfuric a...
Clinical quality management in the combat zone: the good, the bad, and the unintended consequences.

ABSTRACTClinical quality management (CQM) is a fixture of modern U.S. healthcare to include fixed military medical treatment facilities. CQM is now being applied to the battlefield. In a related fashion, standards of care have been proposed in the context of combat medicine. The overall goal is to improve the medical care of casualties. Despite good intentions, the concepts and execution of CQM and standards of care are neither well-described in the literature nor established in official military doctrine and regulation. This has resulted in variable and haphazard applications that range from the positive and supportive to the negative and counterproductive. This article outlines the use of CQM in combat operations and asserts that a deliberate analysis of the benefits and risks is needed before its continued use. Future directions should focus on the impact of CQM on mission, doctrine, training, staffing, and unit organization. Rigorous adherence to evidence of effectiveness is essential before applying ...