cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of taste extinction on ingestional potentiation in weanling rats

Four experiments investigated taste potentiation in weanling rats. In Experiment 1, the animals that drank a conditioning compound of denatonium and saccharin consumed significantly less on the test than controls that drank only saccharin during conditioning. This enhanced saccharin aversion was decremented by postconditioning extinction to denatonium in Experiment 2, and no generalization of saccharin aversions to the denatonium was observed in Experiment 3. Extinction of either saccharin or denatonium aversions after compound conditioning was shown in Experiment 4 to result in substantial decrements in aversions to the compound. The relationship of these outcomes to a multiple-association account of potentiation and to the role of discrimination processes in ingestional learning is discussed.
Recruiters’ Inferences of Applicant Personality Based on Resume Screening: Do Paper People have a Personality?

Research shows recruiters infer dispositional characteristics from job applicants’ resumes and use these inferences in evaluating applicants’ employability. However, the reliability and validity of these inferences have not been empirically tested. Using data collected from 244 recruiters, we found low levels of estimated interrater reliability when they reviewed entry-level applicants’ resumes and made inferences regarding applicants’ personality traits. Moreover, when recruiters’ inferences of applicant personality were correlated with applicants’ actual Big Five personality scores, results indicated that recruiters’ inferences lacked validity, with the possible exceptions of extraversion and openness to experience. Finally, despite being largely unreliable and invalid, recruiters’ inferences of applicants’ extraversion, openness to experience, and conscientiousness predicted the recruiters’ subsequent employability assessments of the applicants.
The Impact of Combined Antiretroviral Therapy on Biologic False-Positive Rapid Plasma Reagin Serologies in a Longitudinal Cohort of HIV-Infected Persons

Background. Our objective was to determine the impact of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and the degree of immunosuppression on biologic false-positive (BFP) rapid plasma reagin (RPR) tests among persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Methods. This was a nested retrospective study of HIV-infected patients enrolled in the Johns Hopkins HIV Clinical Cohort. BFP RPR was defined as a reactive RPR and a nonreactive fluorescent treponemal antibodyabsorption (FTA-ABS) test. Patients with BFP tests were compared to 2 control groups: HIV-infected patients (1) with active syphilis (reactive RPR and FTA-ABS) and (2) without current syphilis (nonreactive RPR). A persistent BFP test was defined by having at least 2 visits with consistent BFP at all visits. Results. Of 711 patients with HIV, 96 (13.5%) had BFP tests and 342 (48.1%) had syphilis. Twenty-two of 96 (23%) had persistent BFP tests. cART use was associated with decreased odds of BFP tests compared to having syphilis (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.31; 95% CI, .15–.63) and those with nonreactive RPR (AOR, 0.42; 95% CI, .22–.81). cART use was also associated with decreased odds of BFP persistence (AOR, 0.07; 95% CI, .01–.33). Neither CD4 count nor HIV RNA was significantly associated with BFP test results. Lower RPR titers, younger age, and injection drug use were associated with increased odds of BFP. Conclusions. The use of cART appears to decrease the odds of BFP RPR tests. This finding suggests that nontreponemal titer fluctuations in persons with HIV may reflect the influence of factors unrelated to syphilis disease activity.
A class of tests for equality of ordered means

SUMMARY Classical combination methods are used to develop tests for equality of orderconstrained means from k normal populations with known variance a2. The procedures are investigated analytically and empirically as in D. J. Bartholomew's classical study of the likelihood ratio tests for these problems. The operationally simple new procedures compare reasonably with the likelihood ratio procedure in terms of power.
Group Key Establishment: Adding Perfect Forward Secrecy at the Cost of One Round

A compiler is presented which, in the random oracle model, allows to add perfect forward secrecy to any secure authenticated group key establishment protocol P which has at least one round. The compiler does not modify the session identifier and does not impose changes on the underlying public key infrastructure. Building on a secure unauthenticated 1-round 2-party key establishment Q with perfect forward secrecy as auxiliary input, P is transformed into an authenticated group key establishment protocol with perfect forward secrecy and with one more round than P.
Hippocampal and prefrontal cortical mechanisms for goal-directed and memory-guided behavior

Mechanisms of memory-guided behavior were analyzed in a simulation of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex which guided movements of a virtual rat in virtual tasks including goal directed movement in the open field, a circular track task, and spatial alternation task. In these tasks, hippocampal circuits mediate retrieval from episodic memory. Possible episodes are retrieved in entorhinal cortex and the interaction with temporal context from dentate gyrus and region CA3 allows selection of specific episodes in CA1. Episodic retrieval allows selection of correct goal-directed movement by prefrontal cortex circuits. Network activity replicates current source density during theta rhythm, as well as theta phase precession and context sensitivity of place cells.
An assisted photography method for street scenes

We present an interactive, computational approach for assisting users with visual impairments during photographic documentation of transit problems. Our technique can be described as a method to improve picture composition, while retaining visual information that is expected to be most relevant. Our system considers the position of the estimated region of interest (ROI) of a photo, and camera orientation. Saliency maps and Gestalt theory are used for guiding the user towards a more balanced picture. Our current implementation for mobile phones uses optic flow to update the internal knowledge of the position of the ROI and tilt sensor readings to correct non horizontal or vertical camera orientations. Using ground truth labels, we confirmed our method proposes valid strategies for improving image composition. Future work includes an optimized implementation and user studies.
Learning similarity in heterogeneous data

In music information retrieval tasks, a particular object may be described by features drawn from multiple independent sources. For example, songs may be simultaneously described by lyrical content, probabilistic models of acoustic features, and collaborative filtering data. This motivates the question: how can these features be integrated in a meaningful way?We describe an algorithmic framework for constructing a unified feature space by learning non-linear transformations of heterogeneous data sources. The feature space is optimized so that Euclidean distance reproduces human measurements of subjective similarity between data points.
Background, Characteristics, and History

Behavioral assessment is one of many psychological assessment paradigms. It is composed of a diverse set of assumptions about behavior and its causes and assumptions about the best strategies for understanding persons with behavior problems, planning interventions, and evaluating the effects of those interventions.
Quantum theory of spin alignment in a circular magnetic nanotube

When electron spin and momentum couple in a solid, one generally obtains intriguing and unexpected phenomena. Metallic ferromagnetic nanotubes of cobalt with circular magnetization, which have been prepared by us and others, are a particularly interesting system. Here the spins of the conduction electrons are frustrated. They would like to align parallel to the magnetic field of the magnetization, but as the electrons move quickly around the tube the spins cannot follow the magnetization direction. In a previous short theoretical paper we solved the spin dynamics using a classical model. Here we generalize our work to a quantum mechanical model. The surprising result is that the spin of most conduction electrons is not parallel or anti-parallel to the circumferential magnetization but mostly parallel or anti-parallel to the axis of the nanotube. This result means that such a cobalt nanotube is a different ferromagnet from a cobalt film or bulk cobalt.
Shaping immigration news: a French-American comparison

Shaping Immigration News is a rich new volume that connects comparative media studies, cultural sociology, and immigration studies. Benson's empirical target is media coverage of immigration in Fra...
Ovine fetal renal and hormonal responses to changes in plasma epinephrine.

Circulating epinephrine alters atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) secretion, and all three hormones influence renal function. To quantify the relationships among fetal plasma epinephrine levels, fetal ANF and AVP secretion, and fetal renal function, six chronically catheterized fetal lambs (132 +/- 1 days gestation) received successive 40-min epinephrine infusions (0.1, 0.4, and 1.8 micrograms.min-1.kg-1). The second epinephrine infusion dose evoked significant increases in urine flow (V; 0.7 +/- 0.2 to 1.2 +/- 0.2 ml/min), free water clearance (CH2O; 0.3 +/- 0.1 to 0.7 +/- 0.1 ml/min), glomerular filtration rate (GFR; 3.9 +/- 0.7 to 5.4 +/- 0.8 ml/min), fractional water excretion (V/CH2O; 19 +/- 3 to 25 +/- 2%), mean arterial pressure (MAP; 45 +/- 3 to 51 +/- 4 mmHg), and a 94% increase in plasma ANF levels. A fourfold increase in the infusion dose significantly increased osmolar clearance (0.3 +/- 0.1 to 0.6 +/- 0.1 ml/min), sodium excretion (28 +/- 8 to 53 +/- 13 mueq/min), and plasma AVP levels (2.4 +/- 0.5 to 6.4 +/- 2.4 pg/ml) with no additional effect on V, CH2O, GFR, V/GFR, MAP, or plasma ANF levels. Urine osmolality and fractional sodium excretion did not change in response to epinephrine infusion. Our results demonstrate that epinephrine infusion stimulates fetal ANF secretion and to a lesser extent AVP secretion and significantly influences fetal renal function.
Rapid Serial Visual Presentation of Traffic Signs

Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP) consists of the brief presentation of words, one at a time, at the same location in a display. Text presented in an RSVP format can often be read more quickly than static text. Recall for RSVP traffic signs is compared with recall for wide and narrow static signs. Two sign durations are tested, 600 and 1200 msec, and word length is varied. At the brief duration, recall for RSVP signs was best, but at the longer duration, words presented in static signs were recalled more often. Shorter words were also recalled more readily when presented in an RSVP format.
Effects of Feed Restriction and Subsequent Gorging with Limited Access to Water on Male Turkeys Fed Graded Levels of Monensin

Abstract A floor pen study was conducted to determine the effects of feed restriction with subsequent gorging and water restriction on 5- to 10-wk-old toms fed graded levels of monensin. Eight treatments were factorially arranged with four levels of dietary monensin (0, 60, 100, and 140 ppm) and two feeding-watering regimens (ad libitum and restricted). Restricted birds had access to feed daily from 0800 to 1200 h and had no access to water during this period. The ad libitum birds had full access to feed and water. Feed restriction decreased (P .10) on feed:gain ratio. The mortality rate of restricted birds was 82% less (P .10) influence on the incidence of mortality. No treatment-related abnormalities were observed during either interim or terminal necropsies. Neither clinical signs of ionophore toxicity nor pathologic findings attributed to monensin treatment were observed during the study. Under the conditions of this experiment, the gorging of monensin treated (60 to 140 ppm) feed without access to water will not adversely affect the health status, or increase the mortality rate, of 5- to 10-wk-old male turkeys.
Solar radiation and the incidence and mortality of leading invasive cancers in the United States

Invasive cancer risk is inversely related to ultraviolet light exposure. This study explores relationships between cancer and the satellite-derived sunlight energy. We obtained the North America Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) daily average sunlight for the continental United States from 1999-2011. US Cancer Statistics age-adjusted-incidence and mortality was also obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). We found that cancer incidence for all invasive cancers and for 11 of 22 leading cancers significantly decreased with increased solar radiation. Cancer mortality for all invasive cancers was not significantly associated with solar radiation, but for 7 of 22 leading cancers, including cancers of the uterus, leukemias, lung, ovary, and urinary bladder, increased solar radiation predicted decreased mortality. With increasing solar radiation, increased incidence and cancer mortality was observed for liver cancer and increased incidence but not mortality was observed for cervical cancer. The current study confirms studies relating UV radiation to the incidence and mortality of a variety of cancer types. We find associations between solar radiation energy and the incidence and mortality of a number of types of cancers.
Blood flow, brain vascular dynamics, and the basis of resting state fMRI

The topology of cortical vasculature and the nature of the underlying blood flow is reviewed, along with vasomotor oscillations (0.1 Hz) that lock to variations in brain activity that may explain the basis of resting state fMRI.
The Swi3 protein plays a unique role in regulating respiration in eukaryotes

Recent experimental evidence increasingly shows that the dysregulation of cellular bioenergetics is associated with a wide array of common human diseases, including cancer, neurological diseases and diabetes. Respiration provides a vital source of cellular energy for most eukaryotic cells, particularly high energy demanding cells. However, the understanding of how respiration is globally regulated is very limited. Interestingly, recent evidence suggests that Swi3 is an important regulator of respiration genes in yeast. In this report, we performed an array of biochemical and genetic experiments and computational analysis to directly evaluate the function of Swi3 and its human homologues in regulating respiration. First, we showed, by computational analysis and measurements of oxygen consumption and promoter activities, that Swi3, not Swi2, regulates genes encoding functions involved in respiration and oxygen consumption. Biochemical analysis showed that the levels of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes were substantially increased in Δswi3 cells, compared with the parent cells. Additionally, our data showed that Swi3 strongly affects haem/oxygen-dependent activation of respiration gene promoters whereas Swi2 affects only the basal, haem-independent activities of these promoters. We found that increased expression of aerobic expression genes is correlated with increased oxygen consumption and growth rates in Δswi3 cells in air. Furthermore, using computational analysis and RNAi knockdown, we showed that the mammalian Swi3 BAF155 and BAF170 regulate respiration in HeLa cells. Together, these experimental and computational data demonstrated that Swi3 and its mammalian homologues are key regulators in regulating respiration.
Cardiovascular responses to adenosine in fetal sheep: autonomic blockade.

The mechanism by which adenosine increases heart rate was investigated in 21 chronically catheterized fetal sheep (> 0.8 term). Intra-arterial infusion of adenosine (0.16 mg.min-1.kg fetal wt-1) for 1 h significantly increased fetal heart rate within 5 min with maximum values of approximately 68 beats/min above the control mean of 163 +/- 8 beats/min. The average diastolic blood pressure was reduced only during the first 10 min of infusion, and the average systolic and mean arterial pressures were not significantly affected. Mean venous pressure rose by approximately 48% after 20 min of adenosine infusion, but all other measurements did not differ significantly from the control value. The mean hemoglobin concentration during the last 30 min of infusion was increased by approximately 8%. Plasma concentrations of norepinephrine and epinephrine were elevated only during the first 30 min of adenosine administration, to values as high as 2.3 and 5 times the respective control mean. Adenosine significantly increased mean fetal heart rate by about 15-20 beats/min in fetuses with autonomic ganglion blockade or combined cholinergic, alpha-, and beta-adrenergic receptor blockade. Intra-arterial infusion of CGS 21680C, an A2-adenosine receptor agonist, also produced a fetal tachycardia of approximately 86 beats/min above the control mean and increased intrinsic fetal heart rate by approximately 38 beats/min. It is concluded that approximately 75% of the positive chronotropic effects of adenosine are produced by A2-receptor stimulation of the autonomic nervous system and that approximately 25% of the rise in heart rate induced by adenosine may be caused by activation of A2-receptors in myocardium.
Physical and virtual cell phone sensors for traffic control: Algorithms and deployment impact

Decades of research have been directed towards improving the timing of traffic lights. The ubiquity of cell phones among drivers has created the opportunity to design new sensors for traffic light controllers. These new sensors, which search for radio signals that are constantly emanating from cell phones, hold the hope of replacing the typical induction-loop sensors that are installed within road pavements. A replacement to induction sensors is desired as they require significant roadwork to install, frequent maintenance and checkups, are sensitive to proper repairs and installation work, and the construction techniques, materials, and even surrounding unrelated ground work can be sources of failure. However, before cell phone sensors can be widely deployed, users must become comfortable with the passive use of their cell phones by municipalities for this purpose. Despite complete anonymization, public privacy concerns may remain. This presents a chicken-and-egg problem: without showing the benefits of using cell phones for traffic monitoring, users may not be willing to allow this use. In this paper, we show that by carefully training the traffic light controllers, we can unlock the benefits of these sensors when only a small fraction of users allow their cell phones to be used. Surprisingly, even when there is only small percentage of opted-in users, the new traffic controllers provide large benefits to all drivers.
BUOYANCY AS PREDICTED BY CERTAIN ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS.

Abstract Three discriminant analysis equations were computed to predict buoyancy from 17 anthropometric variables and four ratios. The subjects for the study were 69 white and 52 Negro male university students. The Negro group had less buoyancy and displayed different predictive variables than the white or the total group. The discriminant equations were significant beyond the 1 percent level.
Modes of Culture/Animal Cells

Based on the control scheme of nutrients and metabolites, there are many modes of cell culture processes, including batch, repeated-batch, fed-batch, chemostat, and perfusion, among which batch, fed-batch, and perfusion modes are used for industrial-scale biologics production. Batch is the simplest with little operation control of nutrients and metabolites, whereas perfusion is the most complex with intensive control. Generally, high-level control leads to high productivity, but with a tradeoff of high complexity, increasing risk of failure, and developmental time and cost. The choice of the culture mode is largely dependent on process capacity and quality requirements. Different culture modes are well distinguishable in cell growth, nutrient consumption, and product formation kinetics. Understanding the kinetics is the starting point for process development and improvement. The development of more sophisticated fed-batch and perfusion cultures is rooted in the understanding of the process established in batch culture. Batch culture is the indispensable first step for establishing a proper cell maintenance schedule and for further developing other culture modes with more complexity and higher performance. This article provides detailed discussions on different culture modes and associated culture kinetics and process design and operation considerations in the biotechnology industry.
Modeling of the flight system design in the early formulation of the Europa Project

During the early formulation stage of a mission concept, the multiple and frequent changes made to the system design present various systems engineering challenges, including: ensuring the internal consistency of multiple engineering reports describing distinct aspects of the same flight system; capturing the interdependencies between subsystems to guide the design iteration process; minimizing the amount of rework needed when the design is modified; managing multiple architectural alternatives while leveraging commonality; and finally providing traceability of the design changes made over time. This paper describes how such challenges have been partly addressed by the Model-Based Systems Engineering Team (MSET) on the Europa Project at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), through the application of Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) techniques. The paper first discusses the principle of Single-Source-of-Truth (SSoT) and how it can be supported by the use of a well-structured system model relying on a rich vocabulary (e.g., based on the SysML language). The application of modeling patterns to organize the Flight System design information and make it queryable is then examined, with specific examples used on the Europa project (such as launch dry mass, electrical power, thermal power, fields-of-view). The benefits of checking formal rules to verify the correctness of the model and ensure that changes were properly incorporated are also discussed. The paper then presents model organization strategies that maximize the reuse of information across multiple design architectures that are explored in early formulation, as well as various practices used to control the numerous changes made to the model as the design matures. Finally, the paper concludes with a summary of the lessons learned from using a system model on the Europa project in order to capture design information about the Flight System. This has proved to play a key role in delivering high-quality representations of the spacecraft design to a variety of stakeholders as well as demonstrating its viability.
Ferroelectric Devices for Microelectromechanical Systems (mems) Applications

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) represent a highly multidisciplinary new technology with enormous commercial potential. Relying heavily on manufacturing methodologies originally developed by the integrated circuit (IC) industry, MEMS encompass themes of miniaturization, multiplicity of structures, and microelectronics. The enabling technology, commonly called solid-state micromachining, is an outgrowth of the IC process. Several MEMS devices are just beginning to show promise in such applications as automotive air bag deployment devices, rapid biochemical analysis systems, and projection displays. A variety of mechanisms involving mechanical, chemical, thermal, and radiant energy detection is developed for MEMS sensors and actuators. In this chapter, the use of piezoelectric materials for microsensor and microactuator applications is reviewed. Certain ferroelectric ceramics, particularly those with the perovskite structure, are known to have very high piezoelectric constants. The ferroelectric ceramics receiving the most widespread use as a bulk piezoelectric as well as a thin-film piezoelectric are in the lead–zirconate–titanate system. The discussion of the materials deposition of piezoelectric materials onto MEMS-based materials and the associated solid-state micromachining methods is also reviewed. The present work is based mainly on the use of the piezoelectric material lead–zirconate–itanate, or PZT, and its integration into MEMS sensors and actuators. The focus herein is to review recent progress in the use of piezoelectric thin films in MEMS-based sensors and actuators. In comparison to other physical sensing and actuation mechanisms, piezoelectric-based MEMS are generally attractive due to their high sensitivity and low electrical noise in sensing applications and high force output in actuation applications.
Ellagic Acid Enhancement in Strawberries

Ellagic acid is a naturally occurring phenolic constituent of plants, including many that are important in our diet. Interest in ellagic acid has increased greatly during the past decade due to its effectiveness as an antimutagen and its potential as an inhibitor of chemically induced cancer. Much has been learned concerning the diverse clinical attributes of ellagic acid, but relatively little is known about its physiological, genetic, and ecological aspects and its ability to form derivatives (ellagitannins) in the plant.
Real-world effectiveness and predictors of sustained virological response with all-oral therapy in 21,242 hepatitis C genotype-1 patients.

Background Predictors of sustained virological response (SVR) to all-oral HCV regimens can inform nuanced treatment decisions. We evaluated effectiveness and identified predictors of SVR for ledipasvir/sofosbuvir ± ribavirin (LDV/SOF ±RBV) and ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir + dasabuvir (OPrD) ±RBV in patients treated in routine practice. Methods Observational, intent-to-treat cohort of 21,142 genotype-1 patients initiating 8 or 12 weeks of LDV/SOF ±RBV or 12 weeks of OPrD ±RBV at any Veterans Affairs facility. Multivariate logistic regression models were constructed to model SVR and identify predictors. Results SVR was 91.2% (9,781/10,720) for LDV/SOF, 89.6% (3,266/3,646) for LDV/SOF+RBV, 91.7% (1,197/1,306) for OPrD and 87.8% (3,365/3,832) for OPrD+RBV. For LDV/SOF ±RBV, reduced odds of SVR occurred in African-Americans (0.80, 95% CI 0.70, 0.92, P 3.25 (0.60, 95% CI 0.53, 0.69, P 3.25 negatively predicted SVR (0.72, 95% CI 0.59, 0.88, P Conclusions The diversity and size of this cohort allowed for extensive examination of regimen-specific predictors of SVR. FIB-4>3.25 and detectable 4-week on-treatment HCV RNA had the greatest negative impact. African-American race, low or high BMI, and PPIs negatively impacted odds of SVR for LDV/SOF ±RBV. Mental health diagnoses did not.
Nietzsche beyond correlationism: Meillassoux’s history of modern philosophy

Quentin Meillassoux’s speculative materialism rests on the historical claim that European philosophy since Kant is “correlationist” in its denial that thought can know being as it is in itself rather than merely for us. But though the claim is central to Meillassoux, it has not been much explored in the literature on his work. This paper argues that Nietzsche does not fit so easily into Meillassoux’s story. Though there are certain superficially correlationist elements in Nietzsche’s thought, part of his core project is an ethically motivated rejection of the issues with respect to which realism and correlationism are alternatives. Thus, rather than denying that thought can access being in itself, Nietzsche aims to leave behind ways of thinking within which the question of thought’s access or lack of access matters. This means that Meillassoux loses some of the motivation for his positive position.
Classifying ecosystems with metaproperties from terrestrial laser scanner data.

Point 1: In this study we introduce metaproperty analysis of Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) data, and demonstrate its application through several ecological classification problems. Metaproperty analysis considers pulselevel and spatial metrics derived from the hundreds of thousands to millions of lidar pulses present in a single scan from a typical contemporary instrument. In such large aggregations, properties of the populations of lidar data reflect attributes of the underlying ecological conditions of the ecosystems. Point 2: In this study we provide the Metaproperty Classification Model to employ TLS metaproperty analysis for classification problems in ecology. We applied this to a proof-of-concept study, which classified 88 scans from rooms and forests with 100% accuracy, to serve as template. Point 3: We then applied the Metaproperty Classification Model in earnest, to separate scans from temperate and tropical forests with 97.09% accuracy (N = 224), and to classify scans from inland and coastal tropical rainforests with 84.07% accuracy (N = 270). Point 4: The results demonstrate the potential for metaproperty analysis to identify subtle and important ecosystem conditions, including diseases and anthropogenic disturbances. Metaproperty analysis serves as an augmentation to contemporary object reconstruction applications of TLS in ecology, and can characterize regional heterogeneity in ecosystems to improve efforts using TLS to validate airborne and satellite estimations of ecosystem properties. Equivalent metrics to the metaproperties used in this study could easily be extracted from most TLS instruments currently utilized in ecology, making the principles and methods widely applicable. The lightweight format of metaproperty data encourages large-scale and collaborative ecosystem studies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
A ceric ammonium nitrate based oxidative cleavage pathway for the asymmetric aldol adducts of oxadiazinones derived from (1R,2S)-N-p-methoxybenzylnorephedrine

Abstract An N 4 - p -methoxybenzyloxadiazinone has been prepared from (1 R ,2 S )-norephedrine through a process of reductive amination, N-nitrosation, reduction, and cyclization. The oxadiazinone was acylated and employed in the asymmetric aldol addition reaction with aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes to yield aldol adducts in isolated yields ranging from 54% to 90%. Selected aldol adducts were treated with ceric ammonium nitrate in aqueous acetonitrile to afford the desired β-hydroxycarboxylic acids through a tandem process of oxidative cleavage of the N 4 - p -methoxybenzyl group and acidic hydrolysis of the N 3 -acyl side chain. The β-hydroxycarboxylic acids were recovered in high diastereomeric purity as determined by 500 MHz 1 H NMR spectroscopy and the absolute configuration was confirmed by polarimetry. The chiral auxiliary unit, the 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2 H -1,3,4-oxadiazin-2-one (oxadiazinone), was converted into its corresponding 3,6-dihydro-2 H -1,3,4-oxadiazin-2-one (oxadiazinone) through an oxidative pathway promoted by the ceric ammonium nitrate.
A Culturally Informed Model of the Development of the Impostor Phenomenon Among African American Youth

The impostor phenomenon, or feelings of intellectual incompetence among high achieving individuals, represents a maladaptive set of cognitions that can hamper positive psychological adjustment. Burgeoning research indicates that cognitions of impostor phenomenon are particularly salient among African American emerging adults. Despite the accumulating evidence to suggest the relevance of impostor phenomenon among African Americans, the factors and processes that influence the development of this construct remain unclear. The dearth of scholarship elucidating the antecedents to feelings of impostor phenomenon among African Americans is particularly striking when considering that impostor phenomenon may stem from experiences and messages youth receive during childhood and adolescence. Anchored within theories of adolescent development, this review proposes a culturally informed framework that (a) summarizes and critically evaluates literature regarding the developmental underpinnings of impostor phenomenon, (b) postulates possible pathways by which feelings of intellectual incompetence may develop among African American adolescents, and (c) provides future directions for research related to exploring feelings of impostor phenomenon among African American adolescents. The proposed framework provides a promising framework that expounds the complex underlying mechanisms that give rise to impostor phenomenon among African American youth, and provides recommendations for future research.
Factors Maintaining Genetic Variation for Host Preference in Drosophila

With the recognition in recent years that behavior may be the most important proximate determinant of patterns of host utilization in insects (Futuyma, 1983; Jermy, 1984), increasing efforts are being made to determine if populations harbor detectable levels of genetic variation for host-selection behavior. Such variation, it is believed, may be the raw material on which selection could bring about evolutionary changes in host usage. Because of the diversity of resources they use and the facility with which genetic analyses can be carried out, a substantial number of recent studies have focused on various species of Drosophila.
Secreted Klotho Attenuates Inflammation-Associated Aortic Valve Fibrosis in Senescence-Accelerated Mice P1.

Senescence-accelerated mice P1 (SAMP1) is an aging model characterized by shortened lifespan and early signs of senescence. Klotho is an aging-suppressor gene. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether in vivo expression of secreted klotho ( Skl ) gene attenuates aortic valve fibrosis in SAMP1 mice. SAMP1 mice and age-matched (AKR/J) control mice were used. SAMP1 mice developed obvious fibrosis in aortic valves, namely fibrotic aortic valve disease. Serum level of Skl was decreased drastically in SAMP1 mice. Expression of MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1), ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule 1), F4/80, and CD68 was increased in aortic valves of SAMP1 mice, indicating inflammation. An increase in expression of α-smooth muscle actin (myofibroblast marker), transforming growth factorβ-1, and scleraxis (a transcription factor of collagen synthesis) was also found in aortic valves of SAMP1 mice, suggesting that accelerated aging is associated with myofibroblast transition and collagen gene activation. We constructed adeno-associated virus 2 carrying mouse Skl cDNA for in vivo expression of Skl. Skl gene delivery effectively increased serum Skl of SAMP1 mice to the control level. Skl gene delivery inhibited inflammation and myofibroblastic transition in aortic valves and attenuated fibrotic aortic valve disease in SAMP1 mice. It is concluded that senescence-related fibrotic aortic valve disease in SAMP1 mice is associated with a decrease in serum klotho leading to inflammation, including macrophage infiltration and transforming growth factorβ-1/scleraxis-driven myofibroblast differentiation in aortic valves. Restoration of serum Skl levels by adeno-associated virus 2 carrying mouse Skl cDNA effectively suppresses inflammation and myofibroblastic transition and attenuates aortic valve fibrosis. Skl may be a potential therapeutic target for fibrotic aortic valve disease.
Value-Based Healthcare Transformation

The United States spends more on healthcare than any other developed nation, yet it ranks 37th in total health outcomes. Healthcare inflation risks solvency of the Medicare Trust Fund and spending approaches 20% of the gross domestic product (GDP). Historic policy trends to control healthcare costs are detailed. The aims of value-based healthcare transformation are to (1) improve access, (2) improve quality, and (3) slow the rate of healthcare cost increase. Healthcare inflation has slowed with the advent of value-based healthcare purchasing.
TRIPS, biotechnology and the public domain: what role will world trade law play?

TRIPS Article 27.3(b) contains a proprietary model for protecting innovation in biotechnology. This chapter explains the provision and sets forth the contentious WTO history of the provision. Developing countries that are relatively rich in biodiversity and traditional knowledge but poor in capital and scientific expertise favor a commons approach to agricultural innovation, an approach that is not reflected in TRIPS. Some developed countries are headquarters to firms developing this biodiversity and traditional knowledge into commercially exploitable forms of intellectual property, and it is these countries that are interested in a strong propietary model for biotechnological innovation. This paper examines how Europe and European law enters this debate. It examines European law relating to biotechnological innovation. The European position on TRIPS coverage of biotechnological innovation does not depart significantly from the United States position or from the position of the Quad group of countries generally. European law is converging with US law on adoption of a propietary model. Given the highly contentious nature of the subject and the sometimes vociferous developing country opposition to strong intellectual property protection, TRIPS and biotechnology will remain one of the more hotly contested topics of the Doha Round.
Chloride Transport by Gastric Mucosa

The vertebrate gastric mucosa is an electrically polarized epithelium that, under appropriate conditions, can generate an electrogenic current of Cl− or H+ ions. Both ions are actively transported from the serosal to the mucosal side of the epithelium. The cell responsible for all the H+ transport and the vast majority of Cl− transport is the oxyntic cell, a name deriving from its primary function, the secretion of isotonic hydrochloric acid (HC1). HC1 secretion is regulated by both neural and hormonal mechanisms that are closely tied to alimentation. Thus, the oxyntic cell has two physiological states, resting and stimulated, dependent on whether the cell has been activated to secrete HC1. While H+ secretion is limited to the stimulated state, Cl− transport occurs in both states, although the rate is substantially increased by stimulation.
The effects of IGF-I and IGF-II on cell growth and differentiation in the central nervous system.

The role of growth factors in central nervous system (CNS) function has been the focus of much research within the last decade. While much of the attention centered around nerve growth factor initially, other growth factors have also been shown to have a potential role in nervous system function. Among the most intriguing of these are the insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF-I and IGF-II). As early as 1941, a report was published in which crude pituitary extracts were shown to increase the brain size of tadpoles.1 Later studies following up on this initial observation demonstrated that the trophic factor involved in this response was growth hormone (GH) dependent2 and that the factor causing the increased growth was IGF-I.3
Hypothyroidism to predict for long term survival in patients with fosbretabulin treated anaplastic thyroid carcinoma.

e18108Background: Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is considered a systemic disease at the time of diagnosis and has a poor prognosis. A long-term survivor (Case #1) treated with combretastatin (fos...
Inside-Out Meniscal Repair in the Mid One-Third of the Menisci

Meniscal repair as an isolated surgical technique developed in the 1970s to treat peripheral longitudinal tears near the meniscosynovial junction. It rapidly evolved into an arthroscopically assisted technique. The development of a myriad of implants has led to evolution to all inside techniques. In the mid one-third of the menisci, classic inside-out meniscal suturing remains widely used due to the relative safety of avoiding important neurovascular structures, the ease of suture retrieval, and its low cost. In recent years, it has been demonstrated that repair of menisci can be extrapolated from just peripheral longitudinal tears to horizontal cleavage tears and deep radial tears. Classic inside-out suturing can be utilized in the mid one-third of the meniscus to repair these varied tear patterns.
Estimating the economic incentives necessary for eliminating child labor in Ghanaian cocoa production.

Concerns about the use of child labor in West African cocoa production became widespread in the early 2000s in many high-income countries. In 2015 in Ghana, 91.8% (or a total of 878,595) of the children working in the cocoa sector were involved in a form of hazardous work. Child labor in cocoa production is not just a symptom of poverty but also a contributing factor, as children often forgo a formal education to work in cocoa orchards. Current Ghanaian law prohibits child labor, but, with many cocoa households living in poverty, child labor becomes a necessity for survival, and as such, current child labor laws are rarely enforced. Therefore, an effective policy that eliminates child labor could compensate farmers by providing an economic incentive. In this paper, we develop and calibrate a farm household model to estimate the cocoa price premium necessary to eliminate child labor from cocoa production while leaving the farm household welfare unchanged. This welfare-neutral price premium removes the negative effects of eliminating child labor for the farm household. Varying degrees of child labor exists, with certain forms posing a greater risk to children’s wellbeing. The results show that eliminating the worst forms of child labor would require a cocoa price premium of 2.81% and eliminating regular work (non-hazardous work but over the maximum hours allowed for a child) and the worst forms would require an 11.81% premium, which could be paid for by the well-established Ghanaian Cocoa Marketing Board. An incentive for the Cocoa Marketing Board to pay the price premium and monitor and enforce this policy would be the ability to differentiate their cocoa as child-labor free and not lose market share to countries who cannot currently certify this practice.
Data Visualization Tools of Tobacco Product Use Patterns, Transitions and Sex Differences in the PATH Youth Data.

Introduction Evaluations of multiple tobacco product use and temporal changes in patterns of use are complicated by a large number of combinations and transitions. Visualization tools could easily identify most common patterns and transitions. Methods Set intersection bar plots describe ever use of five tobacco products among 12-17 years old youth in wave 1 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study (N = 11 497). Heat maps visualize unweighted frequencies of transitions from ever use at wave 1 (2013-2014) to past 12-month use at wave 2 (2014-2015). Weighted calibrated heat maps assess differences in relative frequencies of transitions by pattern at wave 1 and identify differences in transitions by sex. Results The most common tobacco product ever use patterns in wave 1 were of cigarettes only, e-cigarettes only or hookah only, followed by ever use of both cigarettes and e-cigarettes. Initiation of use between waves was uncommon. The most frequent transition among those who reported use at wave 2 but not at wave 1 (N = 971) was to e-cigarette use (N = 301). However, among e-cigarette-only ever users at wave 1 (N = 260), about half did not report any product use at wave 2. Use of three or more products remained stable. Adolescent girls compared to boys appeared more likely to report hookah use at both waves. Conclusion Set intersection bar plots and heat maps are useful for visualizing tobacco product use patterns and transitions, especially for multiple products. Both techniques could identify common problematic tobacco use patterns across and within populations. Implications Given the growing complexity of the youth tobacco use landscape, approaches to efficiently communicate patterns of multiple tobacco product use should be used more often. This study introduces set intersection bar plots and modified versions of heat maps to the tobacco product literature and illustrates their use in the PATH youth sample. These techniques are useful for visualizing absolute and relative frequencies of multiple possible patterns and transitions. They also suggest targets for subsequent statistical inference such as sex differences in hookah use. The methods can be applied more generally for data visualization wherever large number of combinations occurs.
Emotional Distress During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Psycho-Oncology Perspective

Patients with cancer represent a vulnerable population and are at greater risk of developing serious complications as a result of a COVID-19 infection. In response, oncology societies around the world have proposed changes to their standards of care. These changes have helped guide health care providers in prioritizing clinical management of patients with cancer: identifying situations in which urgent intervention is needed and those that can be triaged until the risk of infection has lessened.
Comparative study of PSCs formed by one step and sequential deposition of CH3NH3PbI3 using PEDOT: PSS as HTM

Abstract A comparative study has been performed in the synthesis of the perovskite material and also its deposition by the one step and two step dipping methods has been studied and compared. The perovskite material prepared by both the methods have undergone through the characterization techniques of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and UV–Vis absorbance spectroscopy. The J-V measurements with Keithley source meter has also been performed, which verifies the successful fabrication of the PSC in ambient air with single step as well sequential deposition of perovskite using PEDOT: PSS as HTM in each case.
Designing for Visibility: The Case of Mobile Apps

With a large number of mobile apps in both iOS and Android platforms, app developers face a significant challenge in generating market demand. Apps can incorporate social features to share information on social media platforms and gain visibility. Classifying features of an app as intrinsic or social, we focus on the impact of these features in the head, body, and tail of the demand distribution. We posit that owing to the lack of visibility, apps in the tail may benefit more from social features than those in the head or body sections. Using a panel of version release notes from the iOS platform, we develop a new hierarchical deep learning model to extract intrinsic and social features. Our results suggest that social features increase the relative demand only for tail apps. For apps in the head of the distribution, social and intrinsic features together help increase the relative demand. However, the combined effect of social and intrinsic is negative in the tail for low-quality apps. The results underscore the heterogeneity in the effect of social features on app demand, an important consideration in the design phase. We demonstrate that there is no one-size-fits-all approach that works in all parts of the demand distribution. Our study provides managerial guidance to app developers in making their products visible through design choices and presents a novel deep learning approach for product feature identification.
A shear center demonstration model using 3D-printing:

Locating the shear, or flexural, center of non-symmetric cross-sectional beams is a key element in the teaching of structural mechanics. That is, establishing the point on the plane of the cross-se...
How to teach physiology to 4th-grade children? High Tech PhUn!

Physiology Understanding (PhUn) week is the APS K-12 outreach program that helps increasing awareness about STEM education. Here, we combined PhUn week, health education, and high technology to sho...