cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification and Management of Psychosocial and Developmental Problems in Community-Based, Primary Care Pediatric Practices

The importance of psychological and social issues for children's well-being has long been recognized and their importance in the practice of pediatrics is well documented. However, many of the studies looking at this issue have emphasized psychiatric problems rather than issues commonly referred to as the new morbidity. The goal of this research was to refocus interest on the problems of the new morbidity. This study examined the rates and predictors of psychological problems in 19 of 23 randomly chosen pediatric practices in the greater New Haven area. Families of all 4- to 8-year-old children were invited to participate and to complete the Child Behavior Checklist prior to seeing a clinician. Clinicians completed a 13-category checklist of psychosocial and developmental problems based on a World Health Organization-sponsored primary care, child-oriented classification system. Of the 2006 eligible families, 1886 (94%) participated. Clinicians identified at least one psychosocial or developmental problems in 515 children (27.3%). Thirty-one percent of the children with problems received no active intervention, 40% received intervention by the clinician, and 16% were referred to specialty services. Not surprisingly, children whose problems were rated as moderate or severe were twice as likely to be referred compared with children with mild problems. Recognition of a problem was related to four characteristics: if the visit was for well child rather than acute care; if the clinician felt he or she knew a child well; if the child was male; and if the child had unmarried parents (all P less than or equal to .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Laryngeal Metastasis 7 Years After Radical Nephrectomy

Metastasis of renal cell carcinoma to the head and neck, especially the larynx, is an extremely rare event. Most previously reported cases have involved a presenting laryngeal lesion that lead to the discovery of an underlying primary renal cell carcinoma. Even more unusual is the occurrence of an isolated laryngeal metastasis revealing itself years after nephrectomy, with an interim of undetected recurrence. We believe this case to be the first reported example of an isolated supraglottic laryngeal renal cell carcinoma metastasis occurring 7 years after radical nephrectomy. Local excision of such isolated lesions seems to offer a favorable prognosis.
Evidence against surface state limitations on efficiency of p-Si/CH3CN junctions

We report here the first efficient p-type Si-based semiconductor–liquid junction system. p-Type Si photocathodes have been previously reported to yield open circuit photovoltages, Voc, of 0.38–0.40 V with several redox systems1–8. Photocurrent–voltage studies of p-Si cathodes in CH3CN solvent have demonstrated 2.5% efficiency for conversion of 632.8-nm light to electricity with the N,N′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium2+/+ redox system1, and 0.5–2.4% with other macrocyclic complexes7,8. Such modest energy conversion efficiencies for small band gap semiconductors have been attributed to surface states which pin the semiconductor Fermi level6–9 and promote recombination processes10. However, we find that p-type Si/CH3CN interfaces can yield solar conversion efficiencies in excess of 10%, and can display open circuit photovoltages within 0.08 V of the theoretical limit for an ideal junction.
Study of Part-Site Interactions in Microscale Capillary Self Assembly

Most common microscale assembly strategies are serial based, such as robotic grasp-and-release systems. Regardless of their high cost and limited throughput, these systems are well developed and thus are easily commercialized [1]. Self-assembly (SA) is a parallel process that, when adapted to microscale, offers high throughput. Furthermore, SA eliminates the need for expensive tooling [2–4]. Yet the lack of SA process knowledge hinders its commercial implementation.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Block of glutamate transporters potentiates postsynaptic excitation

We have studied the effects of blockers of glutamate transporters on excitatory synaptic transmission to determine whether transporters increase the clearance rate of transmitter from the synaptic cleft on the millisecond time scale. The transporter blockers Li+ and THA increased the amplitude, but not the decay time, of spontaneous miniature AMPA receptor EPSCs recorded at 34 degrees C but not 24 degrees C. Evoked AMPA receptor EPSCs were similarly affected by THA. The rapidly dissociating AMPA receptor competitive antagonist PDA inhibited evoked AMPA receptor EPSCs less in the presence of THA at both temperatures, implying that transporter blockade slows clearance. We suggest that transporters speed glutamate clearance mainly by binding glutamate and that AMPA receptors are not saturated by synaptically released glutamate at 34 degrees C.
Radio-carbon analysis of oceanic Co2

Abstract Variations in the radio-carbon concentration of oceanic bicarbonate offer clues to large-scale ocean circulation patterns as well as to operation of the terrestrial CO 2 cycle. Samples for C 14 analysis are processed aboard ship where CO 2 gas is stripped from 100 gal of acidified ocean water and absorbed in two small containers of KOH solution. In the laboratory the regenerated CO 2 is purified and its C 14 activity is directly measured in one of two 51. gas proportional counters. These are surrounded by 1 in. of mercury and an anti-coincidence ring of 23 Geiger counters and are permanently mounted within an iron shield 8 in. thick. Backgrounds approximate 15 counts/min; net contemporary counts are about 30 and 60 counts/min at one and two atmospheres filling pressure. Each samples is counted for at least two 1000 min periods. The results, now representing over 100 deep and surface water samples, are expressed as per mil difference from a standard rather than in absolute units. For a given water mass, sample variations are consistent with those stemming from counting statistics alone (between 0·5 and 1·0 per cent). By mass spectrometrically analyzing the C 13 /C 12 ratio of the CO 2 assayed for radio-carbon, corrections are made for isotopic fractionation during shipboard processing of the samples.
Advanced laparoscopic fellowship training decreases conversion rates during laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute biliary diseases: A retrospective cohort study

Abstract Introduction : Acute biliary pathology is a risk factor for conversion to open surgery and increased surgical morbidity during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). The purpose of our study was to examine the impact of an advanced laparoscopic fellowship-trained surgeon on risks of conversion, surgical morbidity, and postoperative complications in this patient population. Methods : Of 1382 patients who underwent an LC from January 2008 to August 2011, 592 patients were diagnosed with an acute biliary process and were included in the study. Patients were divided into two groups; those operated on by an advanced laparoscopic fellowship-trained surgeon ( N = 237), and those operated on by a non-laparoscopic fellowship-trained surgeon ( N = 355). The primary end-points were conversion rates and surgical morbidity. The secondary end-point was operative time. Results : Fellowship-trained surgeons were more likely to perform IOC (57%) versus non-fellowship trained surgeons (20%) ( p p = 0.0004). The intraoperative and postoperative complication rates for the fellowship-trained group were not significantly different. The operative time was slightly longer in the non-fellowship trained group compared to the fellowship-trained group (104 min vs 111 min, p = 0.04). Discussion : Our data demonstrate that advanced laparoscopic fellowship training decreases conversion rates of laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute biliary pathology. Moreover, given the lower conversion rates, patients may have experienced shorter hospitalizations. Conclusions : Formal advanced laparoscopic fellowship training may decrease length of stay among patients presenting with acute biliary pathology who undergo laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Chronic kidney disease: the effect of CKD therapies on serum potassium levels.

The clinical management of chronic kidney disease leads to an inevitable interplay between recommended therapies and the hazards of impaired renal function. Disturbances in potassium level are a common byproduct of this interaction and can increase the risk of adverse safety outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease.
Why Case Studies? Reflections on Hord and Hall's Three Images

Hord and Hall's "Three Images: What Principals Do in Curriculum Implementation" (see previous article) is praiseworthy for at least two reasons. First, the study reported in this article emerged out of an extended line of inquiry: While a cohesive research program in which each new study builds incrementally upon prior ones is commonplace in most academic fields, such programs are not always easy to find in the field of education. Second, the study's design reflects methodological pluralism. The researchers not only collected both qualitative and quantitative data; they also analyzed their data at both aggragate and individual case levels. For example, as the title of the article suggests, the centerpiece of "Three Images: What Principals Do in Curriculum Implementation," is the presentation of data about three cases; the three case descriptions, however, are built around concepts which were developed during cross-case analysis. A closer look at the Hord and Hall article, however, reveals the need to mute laudatory comments somewhat. The fact that the study reported in the article is a component of an extended line of inquiry, for example, seems less impressive when the underlying assumptions and purposes of that line of inquiry are considered. Similarly, the authors' methodological pluralism seems less an asset when we focus on the nature of the qualitative data presented and on how data (both qualitative and quantitative) from individual cases are used in the article. I will discuss each of these problems in turn and then suggest how the two problems are related. Before proceeding, I should acknowledge that the focus of this critique is somewhat unusual. Normally critiques of research focus on narrow procedural questions. "Did the researchers do what they intended to do correctly?" is the question which traditionally gets asked. Although some procedural issues are discussed here, this critique also poses a very different sort of question. It questions the
Fast electron driven Alfvén eigenmodes in the current rise in Alcator C-MOD

The injection of 0.3–1 MW of lower hybrid current drive (LHCD) from the very start of the plasma drives a suprathermal electron tail that excites a series of bursting high frequency (100–700 kHz) instabilities in the current rise in Alcator C-Mod. These high frequency bursting modes have relatively small amplitude measured with poloidal field pick-up coils on outboard limiters. They are observed very early in the current rise with one to three bands of frequencies. The frequency at each burst corresponds very closely to the centre of the gap frequency for toroidal Alfven eigenmodes (TAEs), ωTAE = vA/2qR, for integer and half integer q values ranging typically from 11 down to 5.5. Measured average hard x-ray photon energies in the range 20–35 keV are in reasonable agreement with the theoretically calculated fast electron energy that matches the precession drift resonance condition for exciting Alfven eigenmodes.
Meeting physical activity guidelines and health-related fitness in youth.

Background National physical activity guidelines have been developed for Americans. Interest lies in the relationship between meeting the national physical activity guidelines and physical fitness outcomes in youth. Theoretically, those who meet the physical activity guidelines are more physically fit, which translates to better health and reduced risk. Purpose To examine the relationship between youth self-reported physical activity behaviors sufficient to meet DHHS Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans and an external health criterion: achievement of the Fitnessgram ® Healthy Fitness Zone™ (HFZ). Methods Logistic regression was used to examine achievement of the HFZ for three physical fitness measures (i.e., aerobic capacity, BMI, and muscle fitness) separately, and for all three combined, based on self-reported physical activity of 7 days per week for aerobic activity and ≥3 days per week of muscle-strengthening activity. One model examined the direct relationship between physical activity and fitness measures, and a second model assessed the same relationship while controlling for gender, age, ethnicity, economic status, and school. Data were collected during the 2009–2010 academic year and analyzed in 2012. Results Adolescents failing to meet national aerobic and muscle-strengthening physical activity guidelines have higher odds of not achieving healthy physical fitness levels of aerobic capacity, BMI, muscle fitness, and the combination of all three. An increase in the number of days of aerobic activity was related to decreased odds of being in the Needs Improvement Fitness Zone. Conclusions The findings provide further support that meeting the national physical activity guidelines produces health benefits for youth.
Multiaxial spine testing apparatus: system characterisation by evaluation of analogue and cadaveric lumbar spines

A custom 6 degrees-of-freedom test system was developed to collect unconstrained pure-moment biomechanical data from excised multi-segmental human spines. In this study, two characterisation methods were utilised. First, a polyethylene analogue model was created to establish test system baseline performance. Second, 22 lumbar spines (L1–L5) were tested to understand system operation under actual usage accounting for specimen stiffness and coupled motions. Each lumbar spine was tested in the anatomical planes (flexion-extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation) under two different conditions (intact and after implantation with an interbody cage at L3–L4). Specimen range of motion, neutral zone, and force/torque component errors generated by the test system were similar to previously reported data. Pure-moments were repeatable throughout the experiment in both cadaveric conditions, indicated by consistency in range of motion and neutral zone at the non-index levels. This characterisation will assist with interpretation of experimental data generated by the test system.
Stepfather involvement and adolescents' disposition toward having sex.

CONTEXT: Existing literature suggests that stepfather relationships may be associated with adolescents' attitudes toward sex. Given the large number of children living with stepfathers, these associations call for the attention of researchers and intervention programs. METHODS: Attitudes toward sex among participants in the first wave (1994- 1995) oftheNational Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) who were living in households headed by biological mothers and stepfathers were analyzed using linear regression models. Parental involvement and maternal attitudes toward sex were included as predictors. RESULTS: The greater the involvement between adolescents and their stepfathers, the less positively disposed adolescents are toward having sex; however, the association holds only for males. Females'dispositions toward sex are tied to their religiosity and their mothers' attitudes toward sex. Both males and females who are sexually experienced view sex more positively than do those who have never had sex. CONCLUSIONS: Different factors influence males' and females' motivations to engage in sex, and intervention programs need to be structured with these differences in mind. Programs that work toward cultivating close relationships between stepfathers and stepchildren will likely be most effective for males, while programs that highlight the important role that mothers play in making clear their beliefs about the acceptability of teenagers'sexual activity will likely be most effective for females.
Theoretical correlation between energy dissipation, angular momentum transfer, and charge diffusion in deep inelastic reactions

The $Z$ dependence of the orbital angular momentum transferred into the intrinsic spins of deep-inelastic collision partners is studied. The correlation between energy loss and nucleon transfer calculated by the present method is compared with that derived by previously proposed empirical methods. The currently used empirical approaches appear to be subject to serious systematic errors.
Somatic and behavioral ontogeny in three rat strains: preliminary observations of dopamine-mediated behaviors and brain D-1 receptors.

Unis, Alan S., Frances Petracca and Jamie Diaz: Somatic and Behavioral Ontogeny in Three Rat Strains: Preliminary Observations of Dopamine-Mediated Behaviors and Brain D-1 Receptors. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. & Biol. Psychiat. 1991, 15(1): 129–138. 1. 1. The acquisition of developmental milestones and maturational motor reflexes were compared in three rat strains (culled to 8 pups/litter), P344, Buff and SD. 2. 2. Open field behavior on postnatal day 21 was scored for locomotor activity, rears and center entries. 3. 3. F344 rats, which model ADHD, were the slowest of the three strains in acquiring a number of developmental milestones and in gaining weight; but they were intermediate in their scores for locomotor activity and rearing during open field testing at postnatal day 21. 4. 4. Preliminary autoradiographic data using the D-1 specific ligand [3H]-SCH 23390 are included which suggest that D-1 receptors, which display age-dependent changes in concentration and distribution, are relevant to day 21 open field behavior. 5. 5. F344 rats demonstrate developmental “dysmaturation” which is consistent with that observed in children with ADHD in that somatic growth is disproportionately delayed in comparison to neurological and motor maturation.
Lumbar intrafacet bone dowel fixation.

BACKGROUND The efficacy of intrafacet bone dowels in promoting lumbar fusion has not been established. A recently published study indicates a low fusion rate, along with device migration. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the mechanical stability of 2 lumbar facet fixation technologies before and after repeated cyclic loading. METHODS Six human lumbar specimens were implanted with both types of allograft, one at L2-3 and the other at L4-5, on a randomized basis. All specimens were subjected to pure-moment flexibility testing before and after implantation and after 2500 and 5000 cycles of flexion-extension bending. Each specimen was scanned with computed tomography before and after cyclic loading to measure device migration. RESULTS Only dowel 1 resulted in a statistically significant reduction in flexion-extension range of motion at the treatment level. This reduction was significant at baseline testing (P = .03) and after 2500 cycles of flexion-extension loading (P = .048) but was not significant after 5000 cycles of loading. One of the bone dowels extruded posteriorly out of the joint space during baseline axial torsion flexibility testing, which was before any cyclic loading. CONCLUSION The data obtained in this study do not indicate efficacy of fixation for cylindrical bone dowels in the lumbar facet joint. Significant fixation was detected only for one of the devices and was no longer present after a relatively short duration of repeated loading. Furthermore, considerable magnitudes of device migration were detected.
The Robin sequence as a consequence of malformation, dysplasia, and neuromuscular syndromes

The Robin sequence is a pathogenetically and etiologically heterogenous condition that can be an isolated defect or one feature of many different syndromes. The association of this pattern of malformation with neuromuscular conditions has been alluded to in the literature but not well documented. We report a family with a distinct neuromuscular condition that includes the Robin sequence and discuss the human syndromes and animal models in which the Robin sequence occurs.
An exploratory study of argument in the jury decision‐making process

Different from most other group decision‐making contexts, courtroom jurors face two distinct layers of argument— arguments made during the trial and arguments made during deliberation. The juror often makes an individual decision prior to deliberation based on arguments heard in court and then, using that decision, creates arguments with the other jurors about “what really happened.” The researchers used Canary, Tanita‐Ratledge and Seibold's (1982) coding scheme to analyze arguments in 80 mock juries. The results revealed that jurors’ arguments were not complex; they used assertions and acknowledgments most frequently, followed by propositions, elaborations, and non‐related arguments. The conclusions suggest practical applications for attorneys as well as a model of argument in jury decision‐making.
A hybrid collocation/Galerkin scheme for convective heat transfer problems with stochastic boundary conditions

SUMMARY We present a numerical method to study convective heat transfer in a high Reynolds number incompressible flow around a cylinder subject to uncertain boundary conditions. We exploit the one-way coupling of the energy and momentum transport to derive a semi-intrusive uncertainty propagation scheme, which combines Galerkin and collocation approaches for computing approximate statistics of the stochastic temperature field. The hybrid scheme converges rapidly and dramatically reduces the overall computational cost compared with the conventional uncertainty propagation schemes. Copyright q 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discretionary policy exploiting learning in a sticky-information model of the inflation-output trade-off: Bridging the gap to commitment

Abstract When present and past policy is used to learn about policymaking and predict future policy, central banks can exploit this to influence expectations and thereby improve policy without making any commitments. In a sticky-information model of the inflation-output trade-off, we show how the optimal discretionary policy exploiting learning converges towards the optimal commitment rule when the discounted sum of the weights the public’s policy-forecasting equation puts on past policy actions converges towards unity. While learning makes the optimal present policy action depend on the policy implemented in the past, the central bank can potentially reduce this dependency by influencing expectations through the public’s learning.
Fecal incontinence in pregnancy and post partum

Objective To assess the prevalence of fecal incontinence (FI) during pregnancy and post partum, and to determine any associations with demographic and birth variables.
Intracarotid substance P infusion inhibits ventilation in the goat.

Abstract Substance P (SP) has been proposed as an excitatory neuromodulator of the carotid body (CB) response to hypoxia based on data from the cat and rat. The role of SP as a CB neuromodulator in the goat is unknown. Awake ( n = 14) and chloralose anesthetized goats ( n = 6) were used to investigate the effects of intracarotid (IC) SP infusions (1–6 μg · kg −1 · min −1 ) and bolus injections (6 μg · kg −1 ) to the CB intact and denervated (CBX) sides (control) on mean ventilation (V e ) and mean blood pressure (MBP). In awake goats V e was decreased by infusion or bolus SP injection at a dose of 6 μg · kg −1 ( P −1 ,IV) blocked the decrease in V e induced by SP in normoxia and significantly increased the hypoxic ventilatory response (Pa O 2 = 40 torr). In anesthetized goats, IC injections of SP (1 to 6 μg · kg −1 ) reduced phrenic activity and MBP before and after CBX. In only one of five goats airway pressure was increased suggesting that bronchoconstriction was not a cause for the reduced ventilatory and phrenic activity induced by SP. Immunohistochemistry provided evidence of SP in CB nerve fibers and terminals, carotid sinus nerve axons and petrosal ganglion cells, but not in type I glomus cells. Our results do not support the view that SP is an excitatory neuromodulator of CB chemotransduction in the goat.
The Standard of Living During American Industrialization: Evidence from the Brandywine Region, 1800–1860

IThe question of what happened to living standards during the process of industrialization has been a matter of some dispute for a long time. While the conflict has been sharpest among British scholars, America has not been spared disagreement on the issue. Most American scholars have stressed the tangible economic benefits that appear to have been the direct result of industrial growth while others remain unconvinced.' The difficulty of resolving the issue, both in Britain and in America, is compounded by the complexity of generating appropriate data. Indeed, it is unlikely that the issue will be put to rest until there exists a solid and mutually acceptable body of evidence on wages and earnings (both real and nominal) for the years in question. Data useful for studying the relationship between growth, development, and welfare may be gleaned from individual company records. A rich source of such evidence exists in the manufacturing concerns of the Brandywine River Valley, an area which, for a variety of reasons, was well known as an early center of industrial activity. Water power was the dominant source of energy in American manufacturing during the first half of the nineteenth century, and the Brandywine possessed a large number of excellent sites for its generation. Producers on the Brandywine also had access by water to local and world markets via Wilmington and the Delaware Bay. Because of this strategic location workers could be recruited from among the immigrants who landed at nearby Philadelphia or Baltimore and from the agricultural hinterland of Delaware, southeastern Pennsylvania, and northern Maryland. The very concentration of industrial activity itself provided an attraction in the form of significant external benefits by insuring a pool of trained operatives accustomed to working with machinery and familiar with the requirements of the factory regime. A search through the records of several manufacturing enterprises in the Brandywine region during the antebellum years has yielded a sizeable body of data relating to the economic status of workers in the early decades of industrialization. The remainder of this paper deals with the presentation and analysis of this evidence.
Flexibility in generation planning: Identifying key operating constraints

This paper utilizes the recent methodology of clustered integer unit commitment (UC) — which tractably captures operational flexibility within generation expansion planning — to explore which operating constraints are the most important for generation investment decisions. Flexibility has been previously shown to alter the optimal generation mix, particularly in scenarios with high flexibility required by significant renewables (>=20%) and/or decreased flexibility of some low-carbon technologies (e.g. traditional nuclear). This work explores the potential to relax some operating constraints to speed-up computation while controlling errors. It is found that operating reserves and maintenance are the most important constraints, while hour-to-hour ramping is least important. However, relaxing integers provides the best accuracy vs. performance trade-offs, but only when the linear program (LP) relaxation includes the full problem with UC constraints. This reduces computation time ∼50× with the lowest errors across all metrics: cost (−1%), CO 2 (−1%), capacity (−9%), and energy mix (−9%). Considerably high speed ups are possible using the LP relaxed formulation with selected subsets of UC constraints. For cost and CO 2 , the combination of grouped reserves, ramping, maintenance, and LP provides errors around 2% with ∼1500× speedup. However, for capacity and energy mixes, only LP provides reasonable errors (<25%).
Operations Research: Deterministic Optimization Models

1. Introduction. 2. Modeling Linear Programs. 3. Review of Matrix Algebra and Geometry. 4. Duality and Optimality Conditions in LP. 5. Hungarian Method: A Primal-Dual Method for the Assignment Problem. 6. Primal Algorithm for the Transportation Problem. 7. The Simplex Method for General LP. 8. Algorithms for Multiobjective Models. 9. Modeling Integer and Combinatorial Programs. 10. The Branch and Bound Approach. 11. Heuristic Methods for Combinatorial Optimization Problems. 12. Dynamic Programming. 13. Critical Path Methods in Project Management. 14. Nonlinear Programming. Index.
Jet Production by a Gluon Source in {QCD}

Abstract The properties of jets produced by a gluon source are examined in QCD. We give a simple derivation of the jet opening angle (up to an undetermined constant) using arguments of general applicability. At asymptotic energies, gluon jets are found to be wider than quark jets in an intuitively natural way. Unfortunately, in the energy range anticipated for PEP or PETRA, the results are quite sensitive to variations in the undetermined constant so that firm quantitative predictions cannot be made within the present approximations.
Current to the ionosphere following a lightning stroke

A simple analytical expression for calculating the total current waveform to the ionosphere after a lightning stroke is derived. The validity of this expression is demonstrated by comparison with a more rigorous computer solution of Maxwell's equations. The analytic model demonstrates that the temporal variation of the current induced in the ionosphere and global circuit and the corresponding return current in the earth depends on the conductivity profile at intervening altitudes in the middle atmosphere. A conclusion is that capacitative coupling may provide tighter coupling between the lower atmosphere and the ionosphere than usually considered, in both directions, which may help to explain observations which seem to indicate that magnetospheric phenomena may in some instances trigger lightning.
Biexponential modeling of multigradient-echo MRI data of the brain.

Functional MRI (fMRI) using fast multigradient-echo acquisition methods allows the quantitative determination of the relevant parameter T. Previously, the TE-dependent signal decay has been modeled with a monoexponential function despite the complex composition of the brain. In this study, biexponential modeling was used to evaluate the relaxation of brain parenchyma and blood separate from that of cerebrospinal fluid. Single-shot multigradient-echo data acquired with spiral or EPI techniques were analyzed. In phantom experiments the biexponential method proved to be accurate. Compared to the biexponential procedure, the monoexponential model overestimated T (72.2 msec vs. 65.3 msec) and underestimated ΔT (2.96 msec vs. 3.19 msec) during visual stimulation. The biexponential method may allow intrinsic correction for partial volume effects due to cerebrospinal fluid. The activation-induced parameter changes are detected with a sensitivity equal to that of a monoexponential method. The resulting T and ΔT values describe the experimental data more accurately. Magn Reson Med 45:1116–1121, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Genotype to phenotype relationships in autism spectrum disorders

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are characterized by both phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity. Here the authors find that ASD functional genetic networks are enriched for genes expressed in deep layer cortical neurons, that mutations in females impact more highly expressed genes as compared to males and that intellectual scores reflect the severity of mutations.
Marxism, Business Ethics, and Corporate Social Responsibility

Originally delivered at a conference of Marxist philosophers in China, this article examines some links, and some tensions, between business ethics and the traditional concerns of Marxism. After discussing the emergence of business ethics as an academic discipline, it explores and attempts to answer two Marxist objections that might be brought against the enterprise of business ethics. The first is that business ethics is impossible because capitalism itself tends to produce greedy, overreaching, and unethical business behavior. The second is that business ethics is irrelevant because focusing on the moral or immoral conduct of individual firms or businesspeople distracts one’s attention from the systemic vices of capitalism. I argue, to the contrary, that, far from being impossible, business requires and indeed presupposes ethics and that for those who share Marx’s hope for a better society, nothing could be more relevant than engaging the debate over corporate social responsibility. In line with this, the article concludes by sketching some considerations favoring corporations’ adopting a broader view of their social and moral responsibilities, one that encompasses more than the pursuit of profit.
Sparse regression analysis of task-relevant information distribution in the brain

ABSTRACT One of key topics in fMRI analysis is discovery of task-related brain areas. We focus on predictive accuracyas a better relevance measure than traditional univariate voxel activations that miss important multivariatevoxel interactions. We use sparse regression (more specically, the Elastic Net 1 ) to learn predictive modelssimultaneously with selection of predictive voxel subsets, and to explore transition from task-relevant to task-irrelevant areas. Exploring the space of sparse solutions reveals a much wider spread of task-relevant informationin the brain than it is typically suggested by univariate correlations. This happens for several tasks we considered,and is most noticeable in case of complex tasks such as pain rating; however, for certain simpler tasks, a clearseparation between a small subset of relevant voxels and the rest of the brain is observed even with multivariateapproach to measuring relevance.Keywords: fMRI, pain perception, multivariate pattern analysis, sparse regression, Elastic Net
Consumers’ Level of Prejudice and Response to Black Models in Advertisements:

The authors report the results of a 2 × 3 factorial experiment which measures high and low prejudice white consumers’ evaluations of ads for which models’ race is manipulated. The study disconfirms...
Photovoltaics: An alternative 'Sun' for solar cells

Nanophotonic structures can be used to engineer efficient solar thermophotovoltaic systems.
Some contributions to the theory of cyclic quartic extensions of the rationals

Abstract K is a cyclic quartic extension of Q iff K = Q((rd + p d 1 2 ) 1 2 ) , where d > 1, p and r are rational integers, d squarefree, for which p2 + q2 = r2d for some integer q. Following a paper of A. A. Albert we show that the absolute discriminant, d( K Q ) , of the general cyclic quartic extension is given by d( K Q ) = (W 2 d 2 ) for an explicitly computable rational integer W. We next find that the relative discriminant, d( K F ) , is given by d( K F ) = (W d 1 2 ) , where F = Q (d 1 2 ) is K′s uniquely determined quadratic subfield. We use this last result in conjunction with Corollary 3, page 359, of Narkiewicz's “Elementary and Analytic Theory of Algebraic Numbers” (PWN-Polish Scientific Publishers, 1974) to establish the following Theorem 1: If the (wide) class number of F = Q(d 1 2 ) is odd then every cyclic quartic extension K of Q containing F has a relative integral basis over F. We give a second, more organic, proof of Theorem 1 which also allows us to prove the following converse result, namely Theorem 2: Suppose the quadratic field F is contained in some cyclic quartic extension of Q and suppose that F has even (wide) class number. There then is a cyclic quartic extension K of Q containing F such that K has no relative integral basis over F.
Preliminary Experimental Characterization of the Gas Film in Foil Thrust Bearings

Foil gas thrust bearings are a critical component enabling oil-free turbomachinery, but because of the strong effect bearing compliance has on the hydrodynamic gas film, current numerical simulation efforts require experimental measurement of gas film quantities for verification. In this study, experimentally measured bearing torque over a range of speeds and loads is used to draw conclusions about the gas film characteristics. Assuming an isothermal gas film of constant thickness, the torque measurements give typical reference values for bearing compressibility number and film thickness under normal operation. These data are presented for use in the development of more accurate foil thrust bearing numerical models.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Dissecting complex genetic and epigenetic alterations in cancer genomes using CpG island microarrays

Dissecting complex genetic and epigenetic alterations in cancer genomes using CpG island microarrays
Phase relations of pyroxene and amphibole in greenstone, blueschist and eclogite of the Franciscan Complex, California

The phase relations of pyroxenes, amphiboles and associated minerals in metamorphic rocks of the Franciscan Complex can be graphically depicted on a ternary diagram which has at its apices the metamorphic clinopyroxene end members, viz NaAl-NaFe3+-Ca(Fe2+, Mg). Phases are plotted by projection from a constant subassemblage of minerals. This analysis allows interpretation of the effects of pressure, temperature, bulk rock composition and fluid composition on stability of minerals within the Franciscan.
Herbal medicine in acute care medicine: past, present, and future?

Throughout medical history, clinicians have used herbal medications for a variety of ailments. Nowadays, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) based on herbal preparations is commonly used across the world and not uncommonly encountered even in the emergency department (ED) setting. Indeed, the use of CAM has become such a common practice that a survey in the United States revealed that 42% of the adult population consulted regularly alternative medical practitioners and spent more than US $27 billion per year on alternative medical therapies [1]. An exponential rise in the use of CAM, especially the use of herbal remedies, has been seen in Western countries over the past 10 years. Indeed, many patients presenting to the ED are routinely taking herbal components before their visit [2]. What is evenmore interesting is that in many instances, either the patient or a family member requests that these herbal preparations are continued during their hospital stay [3]. An interesting point, not familiar to many acute care practitioners, deals with the regulations of these herbal preparations. For example, in the United States, herbal medications are not subject to the Food and Drug Administration regulations. In 1994, the United States congress approved the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act, defining a dietary supplement as a product containing any of the following: vitamin, mineral, amino acid, herb, or other botanical concentrate [4]. Based on this Act, herbal products
Increasing Preservice Teachers’ Self-Efficacy Beliefs for Technology Integration

AbstractThis study was designed to explore how vicarious learning experiences and goal setting influence preservice teachers’ self-efficacy for integrating technology into the classroom. Two hundred and eighty students, enrolled in an introductory educational technology course at a large Midwestern university, participated. Students were divided into eighteen lab sections, which were assigned to one of four conditions (three experimental and one control). Pre- and post-surveys were administered to examine participants’ self-efficacy beliefs for technology integration. Results showed significant treatment effects for vicarious experiences and goal setting on participants’ judgments of self-efficacy for technology integration. A significantly more powerful effect was found when vicarious learning experiences and goal setting were both present compared to when only one of the two factors was present. Therefore, from the perspective of teacher educators, the use of vicarious learning experiences and the incor...
Failure of L-NAME to cause inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis: Role of inducible nitric oxide synthase

We addressed the hypothesis that administration of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) does not result in a sustained suppression of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, because of a compensatory expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). L-NAME was administered in the drinking water (0.1–1.0 mg/ml) for 7 days to guinea pigs and rats. Nitric oxide synthesis was assessed by [1] ex vivo formation of nitrite in blood vessels and intestine [2] tissue levels of cGMP [3] iNOS gene expression by RT-PCR [4] NADPH diaphorase staining [5] direct assessment of NO release in tissue explants using a microelectrode/electrochemical detection system. Chronic L-NAME administration elevated intestinal cGMP and nitrite levels in guinea pigs (p<0.05). In rats, intestinal nitrite levels were comparable in control and L-NAME treatment groups, whereas direct assessment of NO release defined a marked increase in the L-NAME group. Chronic L-NAME resulted in an induction of iNOS gene expression in rats and guinea pigs and novel sites of NADPH diaphorase staining in the intestine. We conclude that iNOS expression is responsible for a compensatory increase or normalization of NO synthesis during sustained administration of L-NAME.
Glycosylated hemoglobin levels in anxious and nonanxious diabetic patients

Abstract Previous investigations of the relationship between anxiety and diabetic control for the most part assessed diabetic patients as a homogeneous group. We hypothesized that diabetics with a high level of anxiety would demonstrate poorer metabolic control compared with those without much anxiety. Based on diagnostic interviews, we assigned 17 diabetics to high-, moderate-, or no-anxiety groups. The high-anxiety group proved to have significantly poorer metabolic status in the form of higher glycosylated hemoglobin levels. Control of anxiety could possibly aid in achieving metabolic control in diabetic patients with high levels of anxiety, who, however, are probably a minority of the total diabetic population.
Direct Observation of Individual Kinesin Head Motions

Optical-trapping assays for kinesin typically involve attaching a bead to the common stalk of the protein, whose motions report the average position of the molecule. Individual displacements produced by the separate heads therefore remain unresolved. We developed a novel assay for tracking a single head of Kinesin-1 while under controlled loads, by attaching a bead to one of the two head domains via a short (70 bp) DNA tether. This assay can directly report binding of the tethered head to the microtubule. Under hindering loads, we observed steps of ∼16 nm, as anticipated for heads moving in a hand-over-hand walk. Under assisting loads, we observed large jumps (>16-nm) in displacement at the start of step dwells, as load pulled the rear head forward beyond its partner head by ∼4 nm. Torque generated between the points of head attachment of the DNA and the neck linker tends to rotate the head, explaining this ‘overshoot’ feature. The durations of overshoots depend on the ATP concentration, implying that ATP binding to the new rear head allows the front (DNA-linked) head to rotate back to its normal orientation and bind the microtubule. To directly test whether one head is free to diffuse about its bound partner head between steps, we applied rapidly oscillating (hindering and assisting) loads to kinesin during stepping and measured the time-dependent difference between forward and rearward displacements of the bead. The magnitude of this signal varied between two discrete values, corresponding to those intervals when the bead-linked head adopted bound and unbound states. The existence of an unbound state disfavors models where one head docks against its partner between steps. We conclude that internal strain, generated whenever both heads bind the microtubule, is responsible for gating the kinetic cycle to ensure kinesin processivity.
Guest Editorial Data Mining in Bioinformatics and Biomedicine

The five papers in this special issue cover a broad range of topics, from analytic methods for DNA/RNA sequences, gene expression analysis, to protein function predictions.
A Golgi study of radial glial cells in developing monkey telencephalon: morphogenesis and transformation into astrocytes.

Radial glial cells (epithelial cells of Ramon y Cajal) impregnated by a modified del Rio Hortega rapid Golgi method were studied in the occipital lobes of 38 rhesus monkeys from embryonic day 48 (E48) to birth which occurs at E165 and in 27 postnatal animals to day 365 (P365). Some radial glial cells are already recognized at E48 by their bipolar shape and elongated radial fiber, which terminates with characteristic endfeet on the walls of blood vessels or at the pial surface. At slightly older ages-between E60 and E70-all cells spanning the cerebral wall develop lamellate expansions along their radial fiber and their endfeet become PAS positive. After E60, some radial glia detach from the ventricular surface and their somas become displaced outwards in the cerebral wall. After this age, radial glial cells are easily distinguished from migrating neurons by their larger oval nucleus located in the ventricular or subventricular zone, radial fiber extending outwards to the pial surface where it terminates in one or more endfeet, and the delicate lamellate expansions on both radial fiber and soma. Displaced radial glial cells have more closely packed lamellate expansions and display a range of transitional shapes leading to either fibrous or protoplasmic astrocytes. Between E95 and E140, when neuron migration to the visual cortex tapers off, perikarya of displaced radial glial cells form a conspicuous band at the outer border of the subventricular zone. Numerous transitional forms are present in the cortical plate at this age. After birth, fewer radial glial fibers are present in occipital lobe and their length is difficult to determine in the convoluted lateral cerebral wall expanded up to 10–20 mm. However, at P7 and P20, many radial fibers still span the medial cerebral wall in the depth of the calcarine fissure where it remains less than 2 mm thick. Even here, no fibers spanning the cerebral wall were seen in 17 animals from P50 to P200 despite the presence of well-impregnated transitional forms situated near the lateral ventricle and myriad astrocytes dispersed throughout the hemisphere. By P365, end of the first year, the few short remaining radial fibers belong to ependymal cells or mature astrocytes while all immature transitional forms have disappeared.
Institutions and the Legislative Success of ‘Strong’ Presidents: An Analysis of Government Bills in Chile

This paper examines the approval of government bills in Chile, evaluating the effect of presidential prerogatives and policy substance, and considering both bill-specific and contextual effects. The results show that presidential prerogatives over financial policy, as well as the ability to affect the congressional agenda through urgent bill scheduling, significantly influence government bill approval. As expected, government success is enhanced during the honeymoon period. However, changes in public approval of the president do not appear to exert a significant effect on the passage of presidential bills.
Race/Ethnic Discrimination and Preventive Service Utilization in a Sample of Whites, Blacks, Mexicans, and Puerto Ricans

Background:Race/ethnic discrimination is associated with poorer mental and physical health, worse health behaviors, and increased mortality, in addition to overall race/ethnic disparities in health. More specifically, it has been suggested as a possible determinant of the significant race/ethnic dif