cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A molecular thermodynamic model for the stability of hepatitis B capsids

Self-assembly of capsid proteins and genome encapsidation are two critical steps in the life cycle of most plant and animal viruses. A theoretical description of such processes from a physiochemical perspective may help better understand viral replication and morphogenesis thus provide fresh insights into the experimental studies of antiviral strategies. In this work, we propose a molecular thermodynamic model for predicting the stability of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) capsids either with or without loading nucleic materials. With the key components represented by coarse-grained thermodynamic models, the theoretical predictions are in excellent agreement with experimental data for the formation free energies of empty T4 capsids over a broad range of temperature and ion concentrations. The theoretical model predicts T3/T4 dimorphism also in good agreement with the capsid formation at in vivo and in vitro conditions. In addition, we have studied the stability of the viral particles in response to physiological cellular conditions with the explicit consideration of the hydrophobic association of capsid subunits, electrostatic interactions, molecular excluded volume effects, entropy of mixing, and conformational changes of the biomolecular species. The course-grained model captures the essential features of the HBV nucleocapsid stability revealed by recent experiments.
Specificity and reversibility of interferon ganglioside interaction.

RECENT studies have indicated that antiviral action of interferon is triggered by interaction with the cell membrane: Sepharose-bound mouse interferon (IF–Sepharose) retains its antiviral activity, and direct contact with the target cells is necessary to produce the antiviral effect1,2. Cells stimulated by double-stranded polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid to produce interferon are not protected from viral infection in the presence of interferon antiserum, indicating that interferon acts only after it has left the cells in which it is produced3. The same conclusion has been drawn from experiments with ouabain which inhibits the action, but not the production of primate interferon: cells stimulated to produce interferon fail to become antiviral in the presence of ouabain4.
Decompositions For Optimal Power Flows

The Han-Powell algorithm has proved to be extremely fast and robust for small optimum power flow problems (of the order of 100 buses). However, it balks at full size problems (of the order of 1000 buses). This paper develops a class of decompositions to break large problems down to sizes the Han-Powell algorithm can comfortably tackle. From this class we select one mem- ber-called the Super Hybrid-that seems to work best and describe it in detail.
The fate of the distal aorta after repair of acute type A aortic dissection.

Objectives The residual aorta's behavior after repair of acute type A dissection is incompletely understood. We analyzed segmental growth rates, distal reoperation, and factors influencing long-term survival. Methods One hundred seventy-nine consecutive patients (70% male; mean age, 60 years) with acute type A dissection underwent aggressive resection of the intimal tear and open distal anastomosis (1986-2003). Hospital mortality was 13.4%. Survivors had serial computed tomographic scans: digitization yielded distal segmental dimensions. Segment-specific average rates of enlargement and factors influencing faster growth were analyzed. Distal reoperations and patient survival were examined. Results Eighty-nine (57%) patients had imaging data sufficient for growth rate calculations. The median diameters after repair were as follows: aortic arch, 3.6 cm; descending aorta, 3.7 cm; and abdominal aorta, 3.2 cm. Subsequent growth rates were 0.8, 1.0, and 0.8 mm/y, respectively. Initial size of greater than 4 cm (P = .005) and initial diameter of less than 4 cm with a patent false lumen (P = .004) predicted greater growth in the descending aorta, and male sex (P = .05) significantly affected growth in the abdominal aorta. No significant factors were found for the aortic arch. There were 25 distal aortic reoperations (16 patients), and risk of reoperation was 16% at 10 years. Risk factors reducing long-term survival after repair of acute type A dissection included age (P Conclusions Growth of the distal aorta after repair of acute type A dissection is typically slow and linear. Distal reoperation is uncommon, and late risk of death is approximately twice that of a healthy population.
Evidence for open field lines in Jupiter's magnetosphere

A model for the night-side Jovian magnetic field is derived partly on the basis of theoretical considerations and partly on the basis of the magnetic-field data obtained during the outbound leg of the path of Pioneer 10. This model can explain the observed sawtooth modulation of energetic particle fluxes in terms of closed and open field lines that cannot contain the particles. The model is applicable only to the Jovian magnetotail.
Epidemiology and child psychiatry: historical and conceptual development.

I T COULD BE ARGUED that child psychiatry and epidemiology have little to contribute to one another. Child psychiatry has managed to survive as a “stepchild” of general psychiatry, and a “cousin” of pediatrics, while epidemiology has steadily matured as an exact and basic science of social medicine and public health. Epidemiology makes demands that measurable disorders and diseases be discrete in time and space. Child psychiatry struggles to extract meaningful information from the ‘noise” of behavior. Epidemiologists can all too easily dismiss child psychiatrists more as patrons than practitioners of medicine. Child psychiatrists, recognizing the complexity of behavior, are not too readily moved to assign its complexity to categories or reduce its variations to rating scales. This paper, the first in a series exploring interaction between these two disciplines, examines some important historical landmarks. The argument is made that past relations between epidemiology and other medical specialties began in a manner not dissimilar to the present relationship between it and child psychiatry. The current level of development in child psychiatry as a medical science might be reasonably compared to the pre-Pasteur era in internal medicine. Epidemiology assumed a major role during this latter period in producing evidence on the distribution and spread of infectious diseases as exemplified in the seminal work of John Snow on cholera. This work was joined with laboratory sciences to thrust internal medicine into a rapid phase of development. It is unlikely that this movement would have been successful if either had occurred alone. A similar argument may be applied to child psychiatry. It is doubtful that clinical or laboratory methods alone will result in sufficient scientific catalysis to make fundamental changes in the practice of the profession. The origins of child psychiatry took place in response to the progressive industrialization and urbanization of our social environment. ’ The changes brought about in forms of work, family relationships, and group tensions have been ably documented. The “mental hygiene movement” formulated by William Healy,2 the obstetrician, and Adolph Meyer, the psychiatN3 represent the wellsprings from which child psychiatry emerged as a separate professional activity. Its focus, however, on the treatment of delinquents and the prevention of crime did not find ready acceptance with adult psychiatrists or pediatricians. Considered a subdiscipline of general psychiatry, it was as much
A universal strategy for development of a method for absolute quantification of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in biological matrices using differential dimethyl labeling coupled with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Although the strategic use of enzymatic digestion combined with isotope dilution mass spectrometry has been increasingly developed and used for the absolute quantification of therapeutic and endogenous proteins in the biopharmaceutical industry over the past several years, the lack of an appropriate internal standard has become the rate-limiting step in the development of a standardized analytical approach to provide bioanalytical support for both preclinical and clinical studies. In this study, we present a universal strategy for fast development and validation (within 1−2 weeks) of a method for absolute quantification of a therapeutic monoclonal antibody in biological matrices using differential dimethyl labeling coupled with UPLC-MS/MS. Differential dimethyl labeling of tryptic peptides generated from the purified therapeutic monoclonal antibody and those derived from proteins in cynomolgus monkey serum with either d(2)- or d(0)-formaldehyde provided a fast, cost-effective, and standardized approach to...
FISH digital imaging microscopy in mosquito genomics

The yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, transmits pathogens that affect both humans and livestock, and has been the focus of extensive research to identify genetic loci that may be useful in control strategies. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and digital imaging microscopy have provided a rapid mechanism to populate the physical map with probes derived from genetic markers, cDNAs and recombinant genomic libraries. When the physical and genetic linkage maps are aligned, map-based cloning will allow the rapid isolation of target genomic sequences. The strategy of FISH mapping and the results of initial hybridization studies are reviewed here by Martin Ferguson, Susan Brown and Dennis Knudson. An Ae. aegypti-specific genomic database, which collates data from mapping studies, sequences, references and other relevant information, is also discussed.
The genetic implications of age-dependent penetrance in manic-depressive illness

Abstract An age dependent penetrance function was derived for manic-depressive illness, using age-of-onset data from sixty-one affected probands. The function used was a one-hit model, with earliest age-of-onset at about 14 yr, and a steadily increasing probability of manifesting the illness thereafter. The utility of the penetrance function for pedigree analysis was illustrated, using the families of the sixty-one probands. A sex-linked dominant model of inheritance was about eighty-nine times more likely than an autosomal dominant model, and both were far more likely than autosomal recessive or sex-linked recessive models. The more general single major locus model and the polygenic model cannot be ruled out, but would seem to be unnecessarily over-parameterized for the data at hand. The sex-linked dominant and autosomal dominant models were also compared, by means of the age specific morbidity risks and sibs and children. Both models provided a fairly close fit of expectation and observation, but the sex-linked model was preferable. Although the genetic conclusions cannot automatically be applied to other material, the analytical techniques should be useful elsewhere. Other uses of the penetrance function were indicated.
The Dependence Of Quantum Noise On Screen Sharpness

While radiographic mottle is predominantly statistical noise and fundamentally dependent on the number of screen absorbed x-ray photons per exposure, the noise recorded on film and perceived by the radiologist is also dependent on sharpness. To measure this effect quantitatively, we have compared Wiener spectra for systems with equal statistics, but with sequential reductions in the modulation transfer function. The data suggest that many examinations, such as tomograms, gall bladders and angiograms could benefit from a deliber-ate reduction in screen/film sharpness so as to decrease noise in an already unsharp radiologic image.
Deafening Drives Cell-Type-Specific Changes to Dendritic Spines in a Sensorimotor Nucleus Important to Learned Vocalizations

Hearing loss prevents vocal learning and causes learned vocalizations to deteriorate, but how vocalization-related auditory feedback acts on neural circuits that control vocalization remains poorly understood. We deafened adult zebra finches, which rely on auditory feedback to maintain their learned songs, to test the hypothesis that deafening modifies synapses on neurons in a sensorimotor nucleus important to song production. Longitudinal in vivo imaging revealed that deafening selectively decreased the size and stability of dendritic spines on neurons that provide input to a striatothalamic pathway important to audition-dependent vocal plasticity, and changes in spine size preceded and predicted subsequent vocal degradation. Moreover, electrophysiological recordings from these neurons showed that structural changes were accompanied by functional weakening of both excitatory and inhibitory synapses, increased intrinsic excitability, and changes in spontaneous action potential output. These findings shed light on where and how auditory feedback acts within sensorimotor circuits to shape learned vocalizations.
Selenophosphate Synthetase: Enzyme Labeling Studies with [γ-32P]ATP, [β-32P]ATP, [8-14C]ATP, and [75Se]Selenide

Selenophosphate synthetase catalyzes a reaction in which ATP and selenide are converted to H3SeP03, H3P04, and AMP in a 1:1:1 ratio. Selenophosphate is derived from the gamma phosphoryl group and orthophosphate from the beta phosphoryl group of ATP. In the absence of selenide, a slow reaction in which ATP is converted quantitatively to 2 H3P04 and AMP occurs. Labeling experiments carried out to detect a putative enzyme-bound pyrophosphate intermediate in the overall reaction showed that up to 0.6 equivalent of the 32P label from [gamma-32P]ATP was bound to protein under enzyme turnover conditions, but only a negligible amount of 32P from [beta-32P]ATP was present. Thus, no Enz-PP intermediate was present in a detectable amount under the experimental conditions used. Isolated enzyme samples contained 75Se from 75Se-labeled selenide and [14C]AMP from [8-14C]ATP in amounts similar to the bound 32P from [gamma-32P]ATP, suggesting that two of the final products, selenophosphate and AMP, were the radioactive compounds detected in these experiments.
11.3: Reflective Stacked Crossed Guest-Host Display with a Planarized Inner Diffuser

We describe a 320-dpi, 4-inch diagonal TFT driven stacked crossed guest-host reflective display panel with a planarized diffuser inside the cell, fabricated by using a photopolymer process. This paper describes the structure and fabrication of the diffuser and the characteristics of the panel.
Testing Space-based Infrared Sensors for Systematic Errors

Recent developments in compact, monochromatic, high-power infrared light sources allow the implementation of analogs of laboratory measurement tests on-orbit for infrared sensors. This paper presents experimental results to demonstrate this concept.
Clinical significance of beta1-selectivity and intrinsic sympathomimetic activity in a beta-adrenergic blocking drug

Almost all beta-adrenergic blockers, regardless of their pharmacologic characteristics, appear to have blood pressure-lowering activity in hypertensive patients. Comparisons between nonselective beta-blocking agents, such as propranolol and nadolol, with beta 1-selective drugs, such as metoprolol, atenolol and acebutolol, have demonstrated close similarities in their antihypertensive effects in patients. Similarly, beta blockers with and without intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA) have comparable antihypertensive effects. However, beta-selective agents may offer some advantages over conventional beta blockers in hypertensive patients with concurrent conditions such as chronic obstructive airways disease, peripheral vascular disease, diabetes and hyperlipidemia. Beta 1-selective drugs are also preferred in diabetic patients receiving hypoglycemic agents because they do not interfere with glycogenolysis. Agents lacking ISA, such as propranolol, acutely increase peripheral resistance. beta blockers with ISA usually lower resistance. ISA may also minimize the bradycardia frequently found in elderly patients. Agents with ISA may protect against the decrease in high density lipoprotein cholesterol and the modest increase in triglycerides noted with some beta blockers that do not have ISA. Thus, in a large number of clinical situations in which hypertension is found, the properties of beta 1 selectivity and ISA allow beta blockers to be used with greater safety. Therefore, agents possessing both of these properties may be particularly valuable.
Collaborative error control method for sequential logic circuits

A collaborative method is proposed to detect soft errors in combinational logic and memory elements of sequential logic circuits. The proposed match functions examine the current flip-flop values and the incoming flip-flop inputs produced by combinational logic to recognize the presence of soft errors. Conventional error control methods for sequential circuits focus on protecting the memory elements, rather than combinational logic. Unfortunately, the error rate of combinational logic is approaching that of memory elements as technology scales down. Modular redundancy approaches, such as triple modular redundancy (TMR), can simply protect both combinational logic and memory elements at the cost of large area and power. We apply the proposed collaborative method to a binary counter and one ITC'99 benchmark circuit to assess the system failure rate and error protection overhead. Gate-level simulation results show that our approach improves the system failure rate more than one order of magnitude over TMR. Synthesized netlists show that our method consumes 40% less area and 50% less power than TMR. Experimental results also show that our method achieves a comparable error detection rate to an error control coding method with 34% dynamic power reduction.
Configuration Interaction Study of the Electronic Structure of the OH Radical by the Atomic and Molecular Orbital Methods

The role played in configuration interaction calculations by the particular form of the orbitals selected as basis is explored by a direct application on the electronic structure of the ground state of the OH molecule. Two configuration interaction studies have been carried out using different sets of one‐particle functions: (1) the set natural to the isolated atoms (called AO's) and (2) the orbitals belonging to the molecule (MO's).In (1), using the Hartree‐Fock 1s, 2s, and 2p functions for atomic oxygen and the 1s state for hydrogen, and keeping the 1s oxygen state doubly occupied, all Slater determinants of the appropriate ground state symmetry (2π) were found. The dissociation energy and the expansion coefficients of the determinants were determined by a variational procedure which minimized the energy of the system. The nonorthogonality of the basic AO's was treated without approximation by the method of Lowdin. The necessary integrals were calculated on Whirlwind I, the M.I.T. high‐speed digital computer; all two‐center integrals were computed by expanding the hydrogen orbital about the oxygen center (analogously to the methods of Barnett and Coulson, Coolidge, Lowdin, etc.).In (2), the molecular orbitals (MO's) were found as linear combinations of the above AO's, with coefficients determined by a modified self‐consistent field (Roothaan) procedure, in which the energy of a single Slater determinant was made stationary at three values of the internuclear separation. A configuration interaction calculation was then made using these ``best'' MO's as the basic set of one‐particle functions. Also included are a calculation of the dipole moment and Mulliken's electron distribution analysis.The results of these studies are discussed and comparison is made to experiment and other theoretical calculations.
Perceptual evaluation of coded stereo image pairs

A methodology to quantify the perceptual quality of coded stereo image pairs is developed. It can determine the performance of stereo image condign algorithm with respect to each other, as well as with respect to original stereo pairs. In addition, statistical significance of the comparisons can be obtained. The results can also be used to quantify the distortion in depth information since perceptual quality of stereo pairs is directly related to depth information.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Making the Connection Between Zoning and Health Disparities

Abstract A top priority of the federal government's Healthy People initiative is to address inequalities and injustices, and to eliminate disparities by race and ethnicity, education, income, and geographic location. Unfortunately, progress toward this goal has been minimal, and low-income and some racial and ethnic minority groups remain more likely to suffer from a variety of diseases and health risks. Inequalities in the built and social environments underlie many of the socioeconomic and racial and ethnic disparities in health risks and outcomes. Zoning is the primary tool used in the U.S. to control land use; zoning plays a predominant role in creating and maintaining built environments. The reliance on outdated zoning codes has helped contribute to various environmental injustices and inequalities. Zoning policies have been suggested as one potentially useful tool to make communities more conducive to health, and to more equitably distribute opportunities and risks to health. Effective zoning policy...
Modification of drug effects by l-α-acetylmethadol

The effects of drugs on rate of responding by rats under a multiple fixed-ratio fixed-interval schedule of food presentation were studied before and during chronic administration of l-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM). Small doses of methadone, phencyclidine, chlordiazepoxide and pentobarbital increased rates of responding under the fixed-interval component of the schedule. At higher doses, these drugs, as well as LAAM, morphine and haloperidol, decreased rates of responding under both schedule components. Chronic LAAM administration shifted the dose-effect curves for LAAM, morphine, methadone, and to some extent, perhaps pentobarbital, to the right, but did not shift the dose-effect curves to the right for chlordiazepoxide, phencyclidine and haloperidol. The rate-increasing effects of small doses of methadone, phencyclidine, pentobarbital and chlordiazepoxide were attenuated during chronic LAAM administration.
A "Backwards" Two-Body Problem of Classical Relativistic Electrodynamics

The two-body problem of classical electrodynamics can be formulated in terms of action at a distance by using the retarded Li\'enard-Wiechert potentials (or a combination of retarded and advanced potentials). The resulting equations of motion in the retarded case, for example, form a complicated functional delay-differential system. For such equations in the case of one-dimensional motion, as shown in an earlier paper, one can specify rather arbitrary past histories of the particles, and then solve for the future trajectories. Yet it is often assumed or asserted that unique trajectories would be determined by the specification of Newtonian initial data (the positions and velocities of the particles at some instant). Simple examples of delay-differential equations should lead one to doubt this. For example, even if the values of $x$ and all its derivatives are given at ${t}_{0}$, the equation ${x}^{\ensuremath{'}}(t)=ax(t)+bx(t\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\tau})$, with $\ensuremath{\tau}g0$ and $b\ensuremath{\ne}0$, still has infinitely many solutions valid for all $t$. Nevertheless, under certain special conditions for the electrodynamic equations it is found that instantaneous values of positions and velocities do indeed determine the solution uniquely. The case treated in this paper involves two charges of like sign moving on the $x$ axis, assumed to have been subject only to their mutual retarded electrodynamic interaction for all time in the past. The similar questions of existence and uniqueness for a more general model, e.g., three-dimensional motion or half-retarded and half-advanced interactions, or even for charges with opposite signs remain open.
Supporting exploratory people search: a study of factor transparency and user control

People search is an active research topic in recent years. Related works includes expert finding, collaborator recommendation, link prediction and social matching. However, the diverse objectives and exploratory nature of those tasks make it difficult to develop a flexible method for people search that works for every task. In this project, we developed PeopleExplorer, an interactive people search system to support exploratory search tasks when looking for people. In the system, users could specify their task objectives by selecting and adjusting key criteria. Three criteria were considered: the content relevance, the candidate authoritativeness and the social similarity between the user and the candidates. This project represents a first attempt to add transparency to exploratory people search, and to give users full control over the search process. The system was evaluated through an experiment with 24 participants undertaking four different tasks. The results show that with comparable time and effort, users of our system performed significantly better in their people search tasks than those using the baseline system. Users of our system also exhibited many unique behaviors in query reformulation and candidate selection. We found that users' general perceptions about three criteria varied during different tasks, which confirms our assumptions regarding modeling task difference and user variance in people search systems.
High-performance backlights: the enabling technology for high-density LCDs

The demand for increased information content and improved image quality on matrix displays has driven the display manufacturer to provide very high pixel density displays. The new- generation displays have very low luminous transmittance, 2% to 4% typical. The consequence of manufacturing high density, low transmittance displays is a disproportionate burden of performance is placed on the backlight system. Low heat, high luminous efficiency, high dimming ratio backlight systems are the key to success of these growing display technologies. Backlight systems with luminous efficiencies greater than 65 lumens per watt are now available for use with high density displays. These backlight systems lend themselves well to a wide variety of applications including commercial automotive, general aviation aircraft, and advanced military aircraft and ground vehicles where high performance is critical.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The evolution of optical and electrical properties of low-k dielectrics under bias stress

Photocurrent spectroscopy and transient photocurrent measurements are employed in order to investigate the change in barrier heights and density of traps within low-k dielectric films under bias stressing conditions. By characterizing these fundamental physical properties, we hope to gain an understanding of the processes leading to time-dependent dielectric breakdown.
On two-dimensional indexability and optimal range search indexing

In this paper we settle several longstanding open problems in theory of indexability and external orthogonal range searching. In the rst part of the paper, we apply the theory of indexability to the problem of two-dimensional range searching. We show that the special case of 3-sided querying can be solved with constant redundancy and access overhead. From this, we derive indexing schemes for general 4-sided range queries that exhibit an optimal tradeo between redundancy and access overhead. In the second part of the paper, we develop dynamic external memory data structures for the two query types. Our structure for 3-sided queries occupies O(N=B) disk blocks, and it supports insertions and deletions in O(log B N) I/Os and queries in O(log B N + T=B) I/Os, where B is the disk block size, N is the number of points, and T is the query output size. These bounds are optimal. Our structure for general (4-sided) range searching occupies O (N=B)(log(N=B))= log log B N disk blocks and answers queries in O(log B N + T=B) I/Os, which are optimal. It also supports updates in O (log B N)(log(N=B))= log log B N I/Os. Center for Geometric Computing, Department of Computer Science, Duke University, Box 90129, Durham, NC 27708{0129. Supported in part by the U.S. Army Research O ce through MURI grant DAAH04{96{1{0013 and by the National Science Foundation through ESS grant EIA{9870734. Part of this work was done while visiting BRICS, Department of Computer Science, University of Aarhus, Denmark. Email: large@cs.duke.edu. yDepartment of Computer Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-1188. Email vsam@cs.utexas.edu zCenter for Geometric Computing, Department of Computer Science, Duke University, Box 90129, Durham, NC 27708{0129. Supported in part by the U.S. Army Research O ce through MURI grant DAAH04{96{1{0013 and by the National Science Foundation through grants CCR{9522047 and EIA{9870734. Part of this work was done while visiting BRICS, Department of Computer Science, University of Aarhus, Denmark and I.N.R.I.A., Sophia Antipolis, France. Email: jsv@cs.duke.edu.
Remarks on a theorem of McGee

L'A. releve trois points notables dans l'argument que V. McGee developpe afin de demontrer que les logiques conditionnelles de E. W. Adams, R. Stalnaker et D. Lewis ne peuvent etre traduites dans le cadre d'une logique multivaluee: 1) concernant la validite de l'inference, 2) concernant l'operation de la quasi-conjonction, 3) concernant la propriete de condensation
An Ultrahigh-Sensitivity Threshold Neutron Detector for Plasma Diagnostics

An ultrahigh-sensitivity fast fission counter was developed to selectively detect high-energy neutrons (En>1 MeV) produced by D-D and D-T fusion reactions in thermonuclear plasmas. Discrimination against slow and epithermal neutrons produced by scattering or electrodissociation of deuterium was achieved by sensitizing the detector with 100 g of highly depleted 238UO2, which has a fission threshold for neutron energies En>1 MeV. The capacitive signal loading effects of the detector's large electrode area (5 m2) were mitigated by using a transmission-line electrode configuration. Wideband, low-noise preamplifiers were developed to match the 25-? characteristic impedance of the transmission line. The neutron sensitivity of the detector was shown to be 0.07 counts·s-1·[neutron/(cm2·s)]-1 for En>2 MeV in initial laboratory testing.
Software change and evolution (SCE '99)

Software evolution is an intrinsic part of both software development and software maintenance and it is one of the most common software processes. It consists of repeated sofbwe change that affects only a part of software and leaves the rest intact.
Rapid functional dissection of genetic networks via tissue-specific transduction and RNAi in mouse embryos

Using ultrasound-guided in utero infections of fluorescently traceable lentiviruses carrying RNAi or Cre recombinase into mouse embryos, we have demonstrated noninvasive, highly efficient selective transduction of surface epithelium, in which progenitors stably incorporate and propagate the desired genetic alterations. We achieved epidermal-specific infection using small generic promoters of existing lentiviral short hairpin RNA libraries, thus enabling rapid assessment of gene function as well as complex genetic interactions in skin morphogenesis and disease in vivo. We adapted this technology to devise a new quantitative method for ascertaining whether a gene confers a growth advantage or disadvantage in skin tumorigenesis. Using α1-catenin as a model, we uncover new insights into its role as a widely expressed tumor suppressor and reveal physiological interactions between Ctnna1 and the Hras1-Mapk3 and Trp53 gene pathways in regulating skin cell proliferation and apoptosis. Our study illustrates the strategy and its broad applicability for investigations of tissue morphogenesis, lineage specification and cancers.
Dextroamphetamine and dexamethasone suppression test prediction of desipramine response.

Obrist WD, Thompson HK, Wang HS, Wilkinson I (1975): Regional cerebral blood flow estimated by 133-xenon inhalation. Snake 6245-256. Speilberger CD, Gorsuch RL, Lushene RE (1970): STAI Manual. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists’ Press. Thomas DJ (1982): Whole blood viscosity and cerebral blood flow. Stroke 13:285-287. Vellar OD (1974): Changes in hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit during the menstrual cycle. I: A cross-sectional study. Actu Obstet Gynecol Sand 53~243-246. Wood F (1980): Theoretical, methodological, and statistical implications of inhalation rCBF technique for the study of brain-behavior relationships. Brain Lung 9:1-8.
Lattice dynamics and anharmonic self-energies for the lithium halides

Lattice-dynamical calculations, using both the modified deformation-dipole model and the breathing-shell model, of the lithium halides are presented. Using the phonon frequencies and eigenvectors generated from these calculations, the frequency and temperature dependence of the Hermitean and anti-Hermitean parts of the $q\ensuremath{\approx}0$ transverse-optic-mode self-energy are calculated. The results of the anharmonic calculations reveal that the zero-frequency self-energy shift is dominated at low temperatures for all four halides by the first-order quartic anharmonicity, but that, as the temperature is increased, the second-order cubic and quartic anharmonic contributions become increasingly more dominant, causing a changeover in sign for the zero-frequency self-energy shift, a result observed experimentally for other alkali halides crystalizing in the NaCl structure. This same phenomenon is also found for the far-infrared self-energy shift for LiBr and LiI, but for LiF and LiCl it appears that the second-order cubic and quartic anharmonicity provides the dominant contribution to the far-infrared self-energy shift at all temperatures. For all four materials the second-order cubic anharmonicity provides the dominant contribution to the inverse lifetime at low temperatures, but as the temperature is increased the second-order quartic contribution becomes increasingly important and finally provides the dominant contribution. At low temperatures the calculations yield lifetimes which are much longer than are actually observed, but for LiF, where experimental data exist at temperatures up to 1100 K, the calculations are in reasonable agreement for the range 200-1100 K.
Failure modes of polyurethane/aluminium oxide joints primed with hydrophilic macromolecules

Abstract The use of a near-monolayer thickness of poly(itaconic acid) macromolecule primer significantly improves the durability of bonds in polyurethane-aluminium oxide joint systems exposed to hot alkaline solutions. In those joints that failed on exposure, the cause was cohesive failure in the polyurethane-poly(itaconic acid) mixed regions. The use of other water-soluble primers, such as poly(vinylpyrrolidone), poly(acrylamide), and poly(styrenesulphonic acid) was less effective. It is concluded that the failure of the exposed joints is due to the hydrolysis of the polyurethane-primer mixed layer adjacent to the aluminium oxide.
Krypton adsorption on microporous carbons and 5A zeolite

Abstract The sorption of Kr on three carbon molecular sieves, two activated carbons, and 5A Linde zeolite sieve has been studied at 77°, 195°, 273°, and 298°K. Except at 77°K, the carbon molecular sieve, exhibiting 5A molecular sieve properties, adsorbed more Kr than any other sample, at low relative vapor pressures at which the gas is released from nuclear reactors. With the exception of the zeolite sieve, sorption results for all samples could be satisfactorily represented by the Dubinin theory for adsorption in microporous solids. Heats of adsorption and structural parameters of the microporous adsorbents have been reported.
WE-E-134-09: Evaluation of the Performance of Cardiac Displacement and Strain Imaging Using Radiofrequency and Envelope Signals

Purpose: Echocardiographic strain imaging is a promising method for detecting deformation of cardiac muscle. In addition to fidelity to the underlying deformation, high spatial and temporal resolution are required for accurate analysis of regional myocardial function. However, all current clinical approaches use speckle‐tracking algorithms applied to B‐mode images derived from envelope signals. Such approaches are inherently of lower spatial resolution, since they require larger data blocks for deformation tracking due to the absence of phase information. Methods: In this study, we evaluate the performance of local strain estimators using B‐mode, envelope and radiofrequency signals, utilizing data acquired from a uniformly elastic tissue mimicking phantom, 3D cardiac simulation, and clinical data on a healthy volunteer. Results: Signal‐to‐noise ratio improvements using radiofrequency signals for linear and phased array geometries were 5.80 dB and 9.48 dB over that obtained with envelope signals (at peak strain) in phantom studies. Cardiac simulation studies over two cardiac cycles, indicate that the standard deviation of estimated strain using envelope signals from two of the six segments for a short‐axis view (anterior and anterolateral) were 48% and 44% higher than that obtained using radiofrequency signals. In a similar manner, analysis on a healthy volunteer also indicate that the standard deviation of the estimated strain using B‐mode and envelope signals were 16% and 42% higher than that obtained using radiofrequency signals in the anteroseptal segment, and 45% and 27% in the anterior segment. Conclusion: These results show the significant reduction in the variability of the strain estimated as well as improvements in the spatial resolution and signal‐to‐noise ratios obtained using radiofrequency signals.
Encapsulation of the ferritin protein in sol-gel derived silica glasses

A significant recent development in sol-gel science has been the encapsulation of biomolecules such as proteins and enzymes in optically transparent silica glasses. This paper reports on the encapsulation of an iron (Fe) storage protein, ferritin, to develop a magnetic silica glass. Native ferritin, which has a nanometer-sized microcrystalline Fe oxide core, was encapsulated in optically transparent silica glasses using the sol-gel process. Fe could be released from ferritin but could not be reconstituted into apoferritin when the protein was trapped in the pores of the glass. Transmission electron microscopy of ferritin-doped aged silica gels indicated that crystallinity of the Fe oxide core was retained upon sol-gel encapsulation. Magnetic measurements on ferritin-doped silica gels indicated the material to be paramagnetic, but not superparamagnetic.
Can We Restore Broadly Shared Prosperity

Good Jobs, Bad Jobs and other Russell Sage publications greatly strengthen our knowledge of both the causes of low-wage work and what is required to improve jobs and economic opportunities. These multidisciplinary studies complement basic principles with detailed comparative fieldwork which shows that globalized product and labor market competition does not create immutable tradeoffs between the quality and quantity of jobs; although it won’t be easy in the American context, broadly shared prosperity can be restored by a combination of value-added competitiveness policies, collective bargaining, minimum and prevailing wages, human resource development, labor market policies, and social supports.
Shear band bifurcations in ductile single crystals

Abstract A shear band bifurcation analysis for a multiply slipping ductile single crystal is presented. The crystal is rate independent, and crystallographic slip is governed by Schmid's law. Attention is focused on double slip in a tensile deformation, so that comparison with previous studies is feasible. The results, which consider the rigid-plastic and elastic-plastic cases separately, show several qualitative features in agreement with experiment and with earlier analytical work based on a plane strain model. The shear band orientations exhibit the expected tendency, but the critical strain hardening values obtained here, while positive, are quite low. The present results also indicate the ready availability of non-uniform slip patterns, or ‘patchy slip’, a phenomenology consistent both with experimental observations and recent numerical studies.
Computer-aided analysis and design of robust multivariable control systems for chemical processes

Abstract A conceptual framework to design robust process control systems is develope d and its realization through an interactive computer-aided design software is presented. The overall design methodology is based on a unified treatment of recent theoretical results in modern control and new computational techniques in symbolic logic manipulation, singular value decomposition and optimization. Several physical examples are given to demonstrate the application of the design approach and the utility of its computer software.
Linear analysis of automotive hydro-mechanical mount with emphasis on decoupler characteristics

Abstract A hydro-mechanical mount for an automotive engine can provide superior stiffness and damping characteristics which may vary with frequency and excitation amplitude. In order to better understand such a passive device, a linear time-invariant model with lumped mechanical and fluid elements is proposed and validated by comparing dynamic stiffness spectra predictions with experimental data over the frequency range 1–50 Hz. Special emphasis has been placed on the modeling of both free and fixed type decouplers. Most, if not all, of the prior models have been shown to be the special cases of the proposed four-degree-of-freedom system model. Several reduced or simplified forms of this model have been examined, and parametric design studies have been carried out. The performance of a typical hydro-mechanical mount has also been compared with the conventional rubber mount for the resonance control and vibration isolation characteristics. Inappropriateness of the low frequency model beyond 100 Hz is identified. Other limitations associated with the linear models are identified and future research issues have been discussed briefly.
Velocity Track Display—A Technique to Extract Real-Time Tropical Cyclone Circulations Using a Single Airborne Doppler Radar

Abstract The concept and formulation of a real-time airborne Doppler radar wind field analysis technique, velocity track display (VTD), is presented. The VTD algorithm is a harmonic analysis method similar to the velocity–azimuth display technique for ground-based radars; however, it is designed to deduce the primary circulation properties of atmospheric vortices such as tropical cyclones. When an aircraft, equipped with a Doppler radar scanning in a track-orthogonal plane, penetrates a cyclonic circulation, VTD decomposes Doppler velocities on cylindrical rings into tangential, radial, and the mean cross-track component of the wind velocity. Obtaining estimates of the vortex circulation requires data from only one aircraft flight leg instead of two in the pseudo-dual Doppler radar method. As a test, the VTD technique was applied to two orthogonal legs (“figure 4” pattern) in Hurricane Gloria (1985). The entire computation was completed about 15 min after the end of each flight leg with little or no human...
Observations of kinetic energy correspondences in the internal wave field

Abstract Measurements from moored current meters have been investigated for the phenomena of energy simultaneity and propagation in the pelagic internal wave field. The correpondences between the energy behavior at different locations is highly statistically significant over large vertical ( ⋍1 km ) and horizontal ( ⋍50 km ) separations; these lengths for the unity of the wave field are much larger than previously identified by the more traditional coherence measurement. Regions of poorer energy correspondence are also identified and tentatively related to features in the basic stratification. Futhermore, lower bounds are obtained for the rate of energy transit between the various mooring locations, and a significant vertical propagation is identified for the greater depths.
Variable‐rate selective excitation for rapid MRI sequences

Balanced steady-state free precession (SSFP) imaging sequences require short repetition times (TRs) to avoid off-resonance artifacts. The use of slab-selective excitations is common, as this can improve imaging speed by limiting the field of view (FOV). However, the necessarily short-duration excitations have poor slab profiles. This results in unusable slices at the slab edge due to significant flip-angle variations or aliasing in the slab direction. Variable-rate selective excitation (VERSE) is a technique by which a time-varying gradient waveform is combined with a modified RF waveform to provide the same excitation profile with different RF power and duration characteristics. With the use of VERSE, it is possible to design short-duration pulses with dramatically improved slab profiles. These pulses achieve high flip angles with only minor off-resonance sensitivity, while meeting SAR limits at 1.5 T. The improved slab profiles will enable more rapid 3D imaging of limited volumes, with more consistent image contrast across the excited slab.
Covalent binding of [14C]thiourea to protein in lungs from endotoxin-treated rats

Administration of thiourea to mature male rats at a dosage of 3.5 mg/kg (ip) produced marked pleural effusion by 2 hr (3-4 ml). Pretreatment with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) significantly reduced this pleural effusion (less than 0.5 ml). Despite this unequivocal effect, there was no corresponding reduction in the covalent binding of (/sup 14/C)thiourea to lung protein. These data indicate that the protective effect of endotoxin against the initial stages of thiourea pneumotoxicity does not involve a reduction in binding of the (/sup 14/C)thiourea or a metabolite to lung protein. However, alterations in low levels of binding to specific cell types or particular protein(s) relative to covalent binding cannot be ruled out.