cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shared influence and organizational behavior: A meta-analysis of situational variables expected to moderate participation-outcome relationships.

This study is a meta-analysis of the effects of four situational moderators on relationships between participation and five outcomes. Results based on 118 correlation coefficients indicate that, wi...
Assessment of infant cry: Acoustic cry analysis and parental perception

Infant crying signals distress to potential caretakers who can alleviate the aversive conditions that gave rise to the cry. The cry signal results from coordination among several brain regions that control respiration and vocal cord vibration from which the cry sounds are produced. Previous work has shown a relationship between acoustic characteristics of the cry and diagnoses related to neurological damage, SIDS, prematurity, medical conditions, and substance exposure during pregnancy. Thus, assessment of infant cry provides a window into the neurological and medical status of the infant. Assessment of infant cry is brief and noninvasive and requires recording equipment and a standardized stimulus to elicit a pain cry. The typical protocol involves 30 seconds of crying from a single application of the stimulus. The recorded cry is submitted to an automated computer analysis system that digitizes the cry and either presents a digital spectrogram of the cry or calculates measures of cry characteristics. The most common interpretation of cry measures is based on deviations from typical cry characteristics. Another approach evaluates the pattern across cry characteristics suggesting arousal or under-arousal or difficult temperament. Infants with abnormal cries should be referred for a full neurological evaluation. The second function of crying--to elicit caretaking--involves parent perception of the infant's needs. Typically, parents are sensitive to deviations in cry characteristics, but their perception can be altered by factors in themselves (e.g., depression) or in the context (e.g., culture). The potential for cry assessment is largely untapped. Infant crying and parental response is the first language of the new dyadic relationship. Deviations in the signal and/or misunderstanding the message can compromise infant care, parental effectiveness, and undermine the budding relationship. (c) 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2005;11:83-93.
A Randomized Clinical Trial of Continuous Aspiration of Subglottic Secretions in Cardiac Surgery Patients

Study objectives To determine whether the application of continuous aspiration of subglottic secretions (CASS) is associated with a decreased incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Design Prospective clinical trial. Setting Cardiothoracic ICU (CTICU) of Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, a university-affiliated teaching hospital. Patients Three hundred forty-three patients undergoing cardiac surgery and requiring mechanical ventilation in the CTICU. Interventions Patients were assigned to receive either CASS, using a specially designed endotracheal tube (Hi-Lo Evac; Mallinckrodt Inc; Athlone, Ireland), or routine postoperative medical care without CASS. Results One hundred sixty patients were assigned to receive CASS, and 183 were assigned to receive routine postoperative medical care without CASS. The two groups were similar at the time of randomization with regard to demographic characteristics, surgical procedures performed, and severity of illness. Risk factors for the development of VAP were also similar during the study period for both treatment groups. VAP was seen in 8 patients (5.0%) receiving CASS and in 15 patients (8.2%) receiving routine postoperative medical care without CASS (relative risk, 0.61%; 95% confidence interval, 0.27 to 1.40; p = 0.238). Episodes of VAP occurred statistically later among patients receiving CASS ([mean ± SD] 5.6 ± 2.3 days) than among patients who did not receive CASS (2.9 ± 1.2 days); (p = 0.006). No statistically significant differences for hospital mortality, overall duration of mechanical ventilation, lengths of stay in the hospital or CTICU, or acquired organ system derangements were found between the two treatment groups. No complications related to CASS were observed in the intervention group. Conclusions Our findings suggest that CASS can be safely administered to patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The occurrence of VAP can be significantly delayed among patients undergoing cardiac surgery using this simple-to-apply technique.
The New Normal

The use of the Internet as a research tool or venue has grown exponentially, and with such growth, continued attention to an array of ethical issues is necessary. One of the long-standing ethical issues in Internet research revolves around privacy and identifiability. This paper will contextualize the current state of Internet research and its ongoing ethical considerations with attention to a new "default of identifiability." It describes issues related to Internet-related human subjects research, though it is not intended to align with regulatory guidance. Instead, the paper seeks to stimulate further discussion across disciplines about the ethics of contemporary Internet research.
Fiscal Structures and Economic Growth at the State and Local Level

State and local governments have recently experienced severe budget problems. Many state legislatures and governors have cut spending or raised taxes. Such changes in fiscal structure may restore f...
Medically refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease in the obese: what is the best surgical approach?

Obesity is a recognized risk factor for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Traditional antireflux surgery (fundoplication) may not be appropriate in the morbidly obese, especially when other effective alternatives exist (bariatric surgery). A 13-item survey was designed to elicit professional opinions regarding the treatment of medically refractory GERD in obese patients. Members of the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) were randomly selected and emailed a link to an online survey. A total of 550 surgeons were contacted via email, and 92 (17 %) completed the survey. Of the respondents, 88 % perform laparoscopic antireflux surgery, 63 % perform bariatric surgery, and 59 % perform both. Overall, 77 % completed a minimally invasive surgery fellowship. In response to the question “Would you perform a laparoscopic fundoplication in a patient with medically refractory GERD and a BMI of ‘X’?” surgeons were less likely to offer fundoplication at a higher body mass index (BMI). The majority of respondents felt that laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass was the best option (91 %), followed by laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (6 %). Many had a morbidly obese patient with a primary surgical indication of GERD denied a bariatric procedure by their insurance company (57 %), and 35 % of those surgeons chose to do nothing rather than subject the patient to a fundoplication. Respondents uniformly felt that bariatric surgery should be recognized as a standard surgical option for treating GERD in the obese (96 %). When surgical treatment of GERD is indicated in an obese patient, bariatric surgery is the optimal approach, in the opinion of surgeons responding to our survey. Unfortunately, third-party payers often decline to provide benefits for a bariatric procedure for this indication. Additional data is necessary to confirm our belief that the opinions elicited through this survey are consistent with the standard of care as defined by the medical community.
The water intensity of the transitional hydrogen economy

The water intensity of the transitional hydrogen economy is analyzed by quantifying the direct and indirect water requirements to annually manufacture 60 billion kg of hydrogen partly by thermoelectrically powered electrolysis. It is determined that up to 143 billion gallons of water would be directly consumed as a feedstock, with a total consumption including evaporation of cooling water at power plants of 0.5-1.7 trillion gallons annually. Total water withdrawals for thermoelectric cooling (most of which is not consumed) are expected to increase by 27-97% from 195 000 million gallons/day today, depending primarily on the aggregate efficiency of electrolyzers that will be in place and the portion of hydrogen that is produced by thermoelectrically powered electrolysis. On a per unit basis, thermoelectric power generation for electrolysis will on average withdraw approximately 1100 gallons of cooling water and will consume 27 gallons of water as a feedstock and coolant for every kilogram of hydrogen that is produced using an electrolyzer that has an efficiency of 75%. Given that water withdrawals have remained steady for decades, this increase in water use represents a significant potential impact of the hydrogen economy on a critical resource, and is consequently relevant to water resource planners. Thus, if minimizing the impact of water resources is a priority and electrolysis becomes a widespread method of hydrogen production, hydrogen production would need to be from hydrogen production pathways that do not use much water (such as wind or solar), or effective water-free cooling methods (e.g. air cooling) will need to be developed and widely deployed.
A SIX-HOUR ASSAY FOR THE QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF ESTROGEN1

A study has been made of the effects of estrogen in the immature rat to attempt an inquiry into its mechanism of action (1). Preliminary experiments were concerned with the time relationships between an injection of estrogen, its earliest effects and the duration of the response. The early changes which occurred after a single injection were so striking that a detailed investigation of this effect was carried out. It was found that during the first few hours following an injection of estrogen the uterus of the immature rat undergoes a rapid change, accompanied by an increase in weight, due almost entirely to an accumulation of water. The quantitative aspects of this response have been calibrated with sufficient precision to permit of its use as a simple method for the accurate assay of estrogenic substances, and it is the purpose of this paper to describe the assay method which has evolved. It will be necessary, however, to include abrief description of the reaction upon which the test is based.
Supreme Court Affirms Copyright Term Extension Act

On January 15, 2003, the United States Supreme Court released its much anticipated opinion upholding the 1998 Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA). The Act extended the term of existing copyrights by 20 years, and also provided for longer terms for future copyrights, at least 70 years and in some cases well over 120 years. The Supreme Court’s decision, like the underlying Act, has been seen as a major victory for large-scale commercial copyright holders such as Disney and Time Warner, who’s creations like Mickey Mouse and the great movies and compositions of the 1920’s and early 30’s, are now protected until the year 2020 and beyond. Whether or not these commercial enterprises should be entitled to this victory will continue to be debated. However, there remain serious concerns that lesser works that have limited availability and commercial value will be the victims of the Act.
POPULATION STUDIES IN PREDOMINANTLY SELF-POLLINATED SPECIES. VIII. GENETIC VARIABILITY IN THE FESTUCA MICROSTACHYS COMPLEX.

Recent quantitative studies of autogamous plants have provided increasing evidence that a low level of outcrossing can have effects on the genetic organization of populations that is out of all proportion to its frequency (reviews in Allard and Hansche, 1964; Allard, 1965). Quantitative data indicate that very low rates of outcrossing in populations can lead to a sharing of the common gene pool to an extent that such populations have integrated genetic structures with many features similar to those of freely intermating Mendelian populations. Quantitative data on rates of outcrossing and other relevant parameters of populational variability are, however, limited to a few species in which the rate of outcrossing is one percent or more and information about species in which outcrossing is an infrequent event is largely observational and subjective. It is consequently not clear just how low intrapopulational gene flow can fall before a species loses all semblance of genetic organization and its population structure becomes largely a matter of ecological interactions among reproductively independent arrays of familial isolates. A search for plant materials which would be suitable for study of population structure in heavily inbreeding species led to the selection for this purpose of a characteristic and prevalent element of the vegetation of California, a group of eight species of slender annual grasses which can
Semantic satiation in paired associates

This study investigated the relationships between recall and connotative meaning changes as a result of satiation in paired associates. It was found that connotative changes only occurred concomitantly with recall errors and then primarily on the activity factor. Scoring-method differences raise questions concerning the bipolarity assumption involved in the use of semantic differential scales usually employed to detect meaning change.
Oviposition and Orientation of the Cereal Leaf Beetle

The orientation of the cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), during oviposition in the laboratory on seedlings of ‘Hudson’ barley, ‘Clintland’ 64 oats, or ‘Genesee’ wheat was similar, based on egg position. Oviposition on the blade apex of all 3 plants was less than on the other 4 transverse regions, but only 15% of the eggs were deposited on the blade base when the seedlings were illuminated from overhead compared with over 40% when they were illuminated from the side. When the width of the barley blade was decreased by removing the blade on one side of the midvein for the length of the leaf, oviposition on the narrow blades was reduced nearly 8-fold. The orientation of ovipositing beetles confined with inverted seedlings was inferred from the position of the egg; that these beetles had difficulty ovipositing was detected by the 3-fold increase in fallen or horizontal eggs. Also. the inversion forced the beetles to choose to oviposit either with or against gravity, and given this choice, nearly 50% of the eggs were deposited by beetles oriented upside down. Thus, the orientation of the host was found to modify female oviposition behavior. About 12% of the oviposition occurred during the scotophase of a 16-hr light:8-hr dark photoperiod at 26.7°C, and 76% of the eggs deposited during scotophase were deposited in the first half of this interval. Beetles that fed and overwintered in the field and then initiated normal spring oviposition, oviposited twice as long, an average of 34.3 days, as beetles from the same generation collected in the field and fed and stored in the laboratory about 20 weeks. The daily average number of eggs deposited per female ranged from 8.7 to 12.2 eggs.
Computational Analysis of a Wearable Artificial Pump Lung Device in Terms of Rotor/Stator Interactions

Lung disease is America’s third largest killer, and responsible for one in seven deaths [1]. Most lung disease is chronic, and respiratory support is essential. Current therapies for the respiratory failure include mechanical ventilation and bed-side extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) devices which closely simulate the physiological gas exchange of the natural lung.© 2009 ASME
The Perils of Transfusing the Sickle Cell Patient

A 44-year-old female with sickle cell disease presents to the emergency department with acute pain crisis (pain in shoulders and upper back). The patient’s hemoglobin (Hgb) level is 7.2 g/dL, which is around her usual baseline Hgb. The patient received 2 red blood cell (RBC) units in the outpatient department of another hospital 4 days prior to admission (her Hgb level was 7.6 g/dL prior to transfusion at that time), and as per that hospital’s blood bank, the patient has an antibody history of warm autoantibody, anti-Fya, and anti-Jkb. Overnight in the emergency department, the patient’s blood pressure dropped to 90/56 mmHg, and the Hgb level dropped to 5.4 g/dL with total bilirubin (T-Bili) level 15.3 mg/dL and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level 10,000 U/L. The patient is admitted to the medical intensive care unit (MICU) and a type and screen sample (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, EDTA anticoagulant) is submitted to the blood bank along with a request for two units of RBCs.
Oxidative release of natural glycans for functional glycomics

Glycans have essential roles in biology and the etiology of many diseases. A major hurdle in studying glycans through functional glycomics is the lack of methods to release glycans from diverse types of biological samples. Here we describe an oxidative strategy using household bleach to release all types of free reducing N-glycans and O-glycan-acids from glycoproteins, and glycan nitriles from glycosphingolipids. Released glycans are directly useful in glycomic analyses and can be derivatized fluorescently for functional glycomics. This chemical method overcomes the limitations in glycan generation and promotes archiving and characterization of human and animal glycomes and their functions.
China Urban Land Cover Classification

Urban land cover classification is the starting point of urban studies.However, in China,there has been a long-term debate on how to interpret China urban land cover classification.This paper,from an approach of defining urban area in a narrow sense,looks at the structure of urban area,esp.the classification between urban area and the outer area-rural area,the internal elements of it such as town centers,border district and suburbs.It argues that the following elements can be used as indicators to classify town centers,border district and suburbs,the population density in different districts;the proportionate of people in secondary industry and tertiary industry;Day-Night Population and the location index of the three industries.
Establishment of an AFLP system in Torreya grandis

Using DNA extracted by CTAB-silicon-based method from leaves and endosperm of Torreya grandis,a silver staining-based AFLP system was established for leaves and endosperm respectively.The result showed that using the digestion system of EcoR I/Mse I,36 of 64 primer pairs were not suitable for both leaves and endosperm,20 primer pairs suitable for endosperm,15 primer pairs suitable for leaves,and 7 primer pairs suitable for the both.This results provides fundamentals for further molecular studies of Torreya grandis using AFLP marker.
Study on Formation Mechanism of Cold Stressed Hypertension Induced by Whole Body Cold Exposure

Objective To study the formation mechanism of cold stressed hypertension induced by whole body cold exposure.Methods 60 male Sprague-Dawley adult rats were used.After 2 weeks of acclimatization,the rats were divided into two groups.In cold-exposed group,the rats were exposed to cold(4±1)℃for 4 h a day,while in the control group;the rats were treated in the same way except at the temperature of(25±1)℃.In the whole period of 6 weeks,systolic blood pressure(SBP),weight and heart rate were measured twice a week.Each group was further subdivided into three groups i.e.10 rats in each group.A subgroup of the cold-exposed and control rats were sacrificed at 2,4 and 6 week.Plasma was saved to measure superoxide dismutase(SOD)and malondialdehyde(MDA).Hypothalamus was made into homogenate to measure angiotensin Ⅱ and calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP).Results 1)At the second week,a significant difference was shown in SBP between the cold-exposed group and the control group,with SBP of(94±3)mmHg and(89±4)mmHg respectively(P0.01).At the sixth week,SBP in the cold-exposed group raised sharply to(117±49)mmHg,compared to that of the control group of(86±3)mmHg(P0.01).But no difference was observed in heart rate during the whole exposure period(P0.05).2)Compared to the control group,SOD of the cold-exposed group decreased significantly from the second week,and maintained throughout the cold exposure period(P0.05).No significant differences were shown in MDA level though it increased mildly in the cold-exposed group during 6 weeks of cold exposure(P0.05).At the same time,an opposite change was observed in CGRP and AngII in the cold-exposed group,with CGRP falling and AngII rising from the second week to the sixth week.Conclusions Cold stressed hypertension was induced in rats after repeated exposure to cold.Oxidative stress,sympathetic nerve activity and brain renin-angiotensin system(RAS)were involved in the development of cold stressed hypertension.
Modified Gambee intestinal anastomosis.

We describe herein a technique of a running, inverting single layer anastomosis using a modification of the original technique of the Gambee suture
Dermatology consultations significantly contribute quality to care of hospitalized patients: a prospective study of dermatology inpatient consults at a tertiary care center.

Background Cutaneous abnormalities are common in hospitalized patients but are frequently missed or misdiagnosed by admitting teams. Inpatient dermatology consultations provide important information to help diagnose and manage these patients. However, few studies have analyzed dermatology inpatient consultations and their effect. Methods We prospectively collected information for 691 consecutive dermatology consultations from November 2013 to November 2014. Results Patients ranged in age from newborns to 97 years old. The internal medicine service requested the most consultations (45%). Only 6.5% of consultations were requested within 24 hours of appearance of cutaneous findings. Before consultation, 70.3% of patients did not receive treatment for or based on their cutaneous findings. Dermatology consultation resulted in treatment change in 81.9% of patients. The most common diagnoses were drug rash and contact dermatitis. Biopsies confirmed 71.7% of the initial bedside diagnoses by the dermatology consultation team. Conclusions Common skin diseases were responsible for the majority of dermatology consultations. Most patients were not treated for their cutaneous conditions before the dermatology consultation. Dermatology consultations resulted in treatment changes in the majority of cases.
Cutaneous melanocytic dysplasia and malignant melanoma : a critical review

Melanocytic dysplasia refers not only to a variety of histologic changes, but is also a histologic diagnosis. Melanocytic dysplasia represents a diagnosis for those lesions in which the biologic potential cannot be determined. Histologic differences between a diagnosis of melanocytic dysplasia and malignant melanoma are detailed. The terms: borderline malignant melanoma or lesion, precancerous melanosis, active or activated nevus and atypical melanocytic hyperplasia should be abandoned. A differential diagnosis between in situ malignant melanoma and other melanin-containing in situ malignancies has been presented. All types of malignant melanoma which originate within the epidermis or epithelium have an in situ phase and show horizontal growth, and small early forms defy classification. The classification of the most common types of malignant melanoma has been revised. Although the level of invasion and tumor thickness are useful prognostic and therapeutic parameters, their determination is crude and subject to several shortcomings.
Superconducting FET with YBCO/STO/YBCO Tri-Layer Structures

YBa2CU3O7-x/SrTiO3/YBa2CU3O7-x (YBCO/STO/YBCO) tri-layer structures were fabricated and their characteristics on electric-field effect were evaluated. The surface of YBCO channel layer was covered with an ultra-thin STO protection layer, which was also used as a part of the gate insulator, deposited by the reactive co-evaporation method. Almost all of the STO gate insulator was deposited by the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method onto the ultra-thin STO/YBCO bi-layer without breaking the vacuum. To maintained its value of over 50K for the 5nm thick bottom YBCO layer. Another YBCO was deposited by the PLD method into focused ion beam etched contact holes to form a buried contact structure. All four of the transistors on an STO substrate had the Tc value of around 50K and negative VBD of higher than 4V. YBCO/STO/YBCO(2.4nm) SuFET had the Tc of 16.5K and modulation factor of over 20%. Two of these SuFETs, connected in parallel, were confirmed to operate simultaneously.
Islet ChREBP-β is increased in diabetes and controls ChREBP-α and glucose-induced gene expression via a negative feedback loop

Abstract Objective Carbohydrate-response element-binding protein (ChREBP) is the major transcription factor conferring glucose-induced gene expression in pancreatic islets, liver and adipose tissue. Recently, a novel ChREBP isoform, ChREBP-β, was identified in adipose tissue and found to be also expressed in islets and involved in glucose-induced beta cell proliferation. However, the physiological function of this less abundant β-isoform in the islet, and in diabetes, is largely unknown. The aims of the present study, therefore, were to determine how diabetes affects ChREBP-β and elucidate its physiological role in pancreatic beta cells. Methods Non-obese diabetic and obese, diabetic ob/ob mice were used as models of T1D and T2D and human islets and the rat INS-1 beta cell line were exposed to low/high glucose and used for ChREBP isoform-specific gain-and-loss-of-function experiments. Changes in ChREBP-β and ChREBP-α were assessed by qRT-PCR, immunoblotting, promoter luciferase, and chromatin immunoprecipitation studies. Results Expression of the ChREBP-β isoform was highly induced in diabetes and by glucose, whereas ChREBP-α was downregulated. Interestingly, ChREBP-β gain-of-function experiments further revealed that it was ChREBP-β that downregulated ChREBP-α through a negative feedback loop. On the other hand, ChREBP-β knockdown led to unabated ChREBP-α activity and glucose-induced expression of target genes, suggesting that one of the physiological roles of this novel β-isoform is to help keep glucose-induced and ChREBP-α-mediated gene expression under control. Conclusions We have identified a previously unappreciated negative feedback loop by which glucose-induced ChREBP-β downregulates ChREBP-α-signaling providing new insight into the physiological role of islet ChREBP-β and into the regulation of glucose-induced gene expression.
Tayassu albirostris (White-lipped peccary)

Cultures from biopsies of one male and two female animals and lymphocytes from one female were used for cytological preparations. The animals are display specimens of the San Diego Zoological Park, San Diego, California, USA. The animal specimens were originally collected in Costa Rica. The male karyotype shown here reveals G-banding.
Big Science, Team Science, and Open Science for Neuroscience

The Allen Institute for Brain Science is a non-profit private institution dedicated to basic brain science with an internal organization more commonly found in large physics projects—large teams generating complete, accurate and permanent resources for the mouse and human brain. It can also be viewed as an experiment in the sociology of neuroscience. We here describe some of the singular differences to more academic, PI-focused institutions.
Experience With Patient Referrals for Upper Extremity Transplantation at a U.S. Academic Medical Center

Purpose To date, there have been over 100 upper extremity transplantations (UET) performed worldwide. However, little data are available regarding institutional screening practices or description of the population of patients that seek transplantation as a treatment modality for their upper extremity disabilities. We performed a review of our institutional experience in an attempt to better understand our referral patterns and identify factors that may be associated with successful screening. Methods Contact demographic data, injury characteristics, and mode of referral were retrospectively reviewed from 2010 through 2015. Differences in demographic data, injury-related characteristics, and clinical trial outcomes were assessed with the Chi-square test or Fisher exact test. Results There were a total of 89 UET contacts. The average age was 35.2 years, with most contacts being white (n = 24). The majority were male (n = 66; 75.0%) and the most common indication for referral was trauma (n = 43; 55.8%). Of the 89 contacts, 20 (22.5%) were physician referrals and 69 (77.5%) were self-referrals. Physician referrals led to the most screened and accepted contacts, whereas self-referrals more often led to immediate exclusion. Conclusions This study gives an overview of the demographic composition of our UET contacts, with a specific emphasis on mode of referral. We have identified that physician referrals have led to more screened and accepted patients versus self-referred individuals. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic, Level IV.
Online retellings and the viral transformation of a twitter breakup story

The retelling and sharing of stories is not a new phenomenon. Many narrative analysts have devoted research to these processes. But the culture of participation ( Jenkins 2006 ) in the digital world has brought sharing to a completely new level by allowing users not only to broadcast their opinions and evaluations of a story but also to reappropriate it and recontextualize it in infinite recursions. We focus on such process of transformation of a narrative in different media and social media outlets through the analysis of the viral spread of a story posted by an individual Twitter user in 2015. Specifically, we illustrate how participation frameworks change from one retelling to another and how the original story becomes "nested" into a new meta-story centered on the twitter user as a character and on the viral spread of the story.
Microbial Forensics of RNA Viruses: Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the microbial forensic challenges of highly variable RNA viruses using the example of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). FMD is an economically devastating and highly transmissible disease of livestock and other animals. The FMD virus (FMDV) was the first animal virus discovered and belongs to the Picornaviridae family. FMDV exhibits high mutation rates that result in genetically heterogeneous populations in continuous competition and that allow selection of best-adapted variants for each particular environment in a quasideterministic fashion. Over the past decades, it has been well established that RNA viruses share high mutability and rapid evolutionary capabilities. Contrary to DNA systems, RNA viral pathogens exhibit a degree of genetic plasticity that in part explains why there are frequently “emerging pathogens” in new hosts. The high mutation rates and rapid evolutionary capabilities of RNA viral genomes require completely different approaches from those taken for DNA forensics. Despite the large body of molecular knowledge concerning biochemical and genetic properties of FMDV, there is a lack of systematic and statistically supported genetic studies directed toward reaching a consensus about meaningful parameters to be included in a microbial forensic investigation. Generation of this knowledge has started recently, but capabilities to define, analyze, and obtain conclusions from data obtained at the molecular level are still very limited. Acquiring and understanding the necessary data will depend on new technologies, new bioinformatics tools, and global accessibility of data.
Transport and Deposition of Aerosol Particles

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the theoretical models available to describe particle transport in typical semiconductor processing environments. Particle concentrations are assumed to be low enough so that the influence of the particle on fluid transport can be neglected; particle–particle interactions are also neglected. Under this assumption, the fluid and thermal fields are calculated first (in the absence of particles), and then used as input for subsequent particle transport calculations. The theoretical underpinnings for both the Lagrangian approach (where individual particle trajectories are calculated) and the Eulerian approach (where the particle concentration field is modeled as a continuum) are presented in the chapter. The strength of the Lagrangian formulation is in predicting particle transport resulting from external forces including particle inertia; but the current implementation cannot describe the chaotic effect of particle Brownian motion (i.e., particle diffusion) on particle transport. On the other hand, the Eulerian formulation can describe particle transport resulting from applied forces and particle diffusion, but the current implementation cannot account for particle inertia.
Intraoperative MRI for pediatric tumor management.

The emergence of intraoperative MRI has opened new doors for the surgical treatment of pediatric disorders. This technology will hopefully not only improve the surgeon’s ability to obtain complete tumor resections with minimal damage to surrounding structures, but also allows surgeons to perform various procedures via less invasive measures.
Association of Skin and Cartilage Variables With Composite Graft Healing in a Rabbit Model

ImportanceComposite grafting in nasal reconstruction involves transplanting auricular chondrocutaneous grafts, but the optimal design of these grafts is unknown. ObjectivesTo investigate the ideal ...
Metabolic Phenotype of Wild-Type and As3mt-Knockout C57BL/6J Mice Exposed to Inorganic Arsenic: The Role of Dietary Fat and Folate Intake

Background: Inorganic arsenic (iAs) is a diabetogen. Interindividual differences in iAs metabolism have been linked to susceptibility to diabetes in iAs-exposed populations. Dietary folate intake h...
Judging social interaction in the Heider and Simmel movie

Simple displays of moving shapes can give rise to percepts of animacy. These films elicit impoverished narratives in some individuals, such as those with an autism spectrum disorder. However, the verbal demand of producing a narrative limits the utility of this task. Non-verbal tasks have so far focused on detecting animate objects. Lacking from previous research is a task that relies less on verbal description but more than animacy perception. Here, we presented data using a new social interaction judgement task. Healthy young adults viewed the Heider and Simmel movie and pressed one button whenever they perceived social interaction and another button when no social interaction was perceived. We measured the time points at which social judgement began, the fluctuation of the judgement in relation to stimulus kinematic properties, and the overall mean of social judgement. Participants with higher autism traits reported lower levels of social interaction. Reversing the film in time produced lower social interaction judgements, though the temporal profile was preserved. Our study suggests that both low-level motion characteristics and high-level understanding contribute to social interaction judgement. The finding may facilitate future research on other populations and stimulate computational vision work on factors that drive social judgements.
Getting serious about the challenge of regulating germline gene therapy

The announcement of He Jiankui’s germline editing of human embryos has been followed by a torrent of almost universal criticism of the claim on scientific and ethical grounds. That criticism is warranted. There is little room for anything other than vociferous condemnation of He's announcement. Presenting the results of groundbreaking work by press conference and YouTube is not science. The issue now is not whether the work supporting the claims reported from China was done in an ethical manner. It was not. What is required to move forward is a justification for doing germline editing in humans. Many think there is none, and prohibitions abound. If such work is justifiable, a serious, rigorous framework must be imposed that insures that such research is done following the highest ethical standards that both protect human subjects and insure public trust and support.
An App for Who

With the ubiquity of smart and connected devices such as smartphones, and the ease of downloading Apps from various marketplaces, it has become standard practice for companies to enhance their service experience by releasing their own mobile apps. In one particular vertical, Fast-Food Restaurants, these applications have started to offer customers a chance to place mobile-orders. While mobile ordering comes with a variety of benefits such as skipping lines, order customization, and personalization features, it is not clear that current design can benefit all users. This study is part of a larger project that attempts to provide a service experience design that includes the needs of older users. As a first step toward this goal, in this study we assess the adoption, user experience (UX) and overall usability of an actual mobile ordering applications in an organization with respect to generational differences.
Chemogenetic actuator drugs impair prefrontal cortex-dependent working memory in rhesus monkeys

Abstract The most common chemogenetic neuromodulatory system, Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADDs), uses a non-endogenous actuator ligand to activate a modified muscarinic acetylcholine receptor that is no longer sensitive to acetylcholine. It is crucial in studies using these systems to test the potential effects of DREADD actuators prior to any DREADD transduction, so that effects of DREADDs can be attributed to the chemogenetic system rather than the actuator drug. We investigated working memory performance after injections of three DREADD agonists, clozapine, olanzapine, and deschloroclozapine, in male rhesus monkeys tested in a spatial delayed response task. Performance at 0.1 mg/kg clozapine and 0.1 mg/kg deschloroclozapine did not differ from mean performance after vehicle in any of the four subjects. Administration of 0.2 mg/kg clozapine impaired working memory function in three of the four monkeys. Two monkeys were impaired after administration of 0.1 mg/kg olanzapine and two monkeys were impaired after the 0.3 mg/kg dose of deschloroclozapine. We speculate that the unique neuropharmacology of prefrontal cortex function makes the primate prefrontal cortex especially vulnerable to off-target effects of DREADD actuator drugs with affinity for endogenous monoaminergic receptor systems. These findings underscore the importance of within-subject controls for DREADD actuator drugs to confirm that effects following DREADD receptor transduction are not due to the actuator drug itself, as well as validating the behavioral pharmacology of DREADD actuator drugs in the specific tasks under study. Significance Statement Chemogenetic technologies, such as Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADDs), allow for precise and remote manipulation of neuronal circuits. In the present study, we tested monkeys in a spatial delayed response task after injections of three actuator drugs – clozapine, olanzapine, and deschloroclozapine. We found that monkeys showed significant working memory impairments after 0.2 mg/kg clozapine, 0.1 mg/kg olanzapine, and 0.3 mg/kg deschloroclozapine compared to vehicle performance. In monkeys that showed impairments, these deficits were particularly apparent at longer delay periods. It is imperative to validate the drugs and dosages in the particular behavioral test to ensure any behavior after DREADD transduction can be attributed to activation of the receptors and not administration of the actuator drug itself.
Successful repeated laparoscopic liver resection for multiple colorectal metastasis in an elderly patient with multiple antiplatelets for high thromboembolic risks

We experienced a case of an elderly dual antiplatelet-burdened woman with high thromboembolic risks, undergoing repeated laparoscopic liver resection combined with multidrug chemotherapy for multiple bilobar liver metastases from colorectal cancer. Finally, R0 resection followed by the long-term survival was achieved. Combination of multidrug chemotherapy, repeated laparoscopic liver resection, and rigorous perioperative antithrombotic management with continuous aspirin monotherapy is one of the promising options for such high thromboembolic cases.
Child Maltreatment: Physical, Emotional and Sexual Abuse of Children and Child Neglect

When children are abused by their parents or caretakers, there is often a pattern of both emotional and physical abuse, that often persists over many years. Sexual abuse may be part of the experiences of these abused children, as well as exposure to IPV in their parents. The abuse can last over a period of years. Since multiple forms of abuse are so typical, it is generally impossible, empirically, to clearly separate the effects of different types of child abuse within the family. To further complicate the research on child abuse, especially child sex abuse, many studies do not identify the relationship of the perpetrator to the maltreated child. So, abuse by parents cannot not be readily separated from abuse by acquaintances or even strangers, even though parental abuse appears to be more traumatic than sexual contact from others. Given these limitations, it is clear that there are many effects on the child victimized by child maltreatment. Effects can be seen in maltreated children as well as in these individuals as adults. Effects of exposure to parental IPV have been associated with the children learning how one interacts with an intimate partner as well as with other symptoms of trauma exposure such as PTSD. These effects may vary depending on the age of the exposed child. In spite of these many reported effects, there is evidence that some maltreated children are able to function normally as teens or adults. Social support appears to be a major predictor of this resilience, along with other factors generally associated with good coping skills.
Teaching Biochemistry and Molecular Biology with Virtual Reality — Lesson Creation and Student Response

The commercialization of virtual reality (VR) hardware has enabled the use of VR as an educational tool. We describe how a VR platform was used to create molecular visualizations using standard PDB files with the purpose of delivering biochemistry and cellular biology lessons for undergraduates. Specifically, we describe two new software modules, one for rendering molecules generated from PDB files and one for creating interactive lectures. These modules were used to create two VR labs, one on DNA and collagen and the other on hemoglobin. We then describe how these labs were delivered, along with surveys and quizzes, to over 100 students in undergraduate biology courses. Student response to the labs are found to be extremely positive and the labs themselves are found to satisfy their educational objectives.
Politics of Justice: Presidents Trump and Grant and the Problem of Investigating the Executive Branch

Imagine the President undermining a criminal prosecution conducted by the President’s own Justice Department. Suppose the case implicated people closest to the President. Perhaps the President fired someone who was part of the investigation and prosecution. Then, believing the prosecutors are targeting the Presidency, the President openly advocates for someone the President’s Justice Department indicted. While this sounds like current events, those living in the 1870s would recognize this as President Ulysses Grant’s conduct during his Administration’s investigation and prosecution of the “Whiskey Rings.” Grant’s conduct undermined his administration’s efforts in the most controversial Whiskey Ring prosecution but came too late to affect any other cases. Nonetheless, President Grant’s conduct and the Justice Department’s response present a cautionary tale as our society and political system attempt to deal with the legal problems posed when the chief executive intercedes in a criminal case involving those closest to the President. Ultimately, Grant’s conduct illustrates a weakness in our constitutional system that has emerged through practice rather than design. We recognize the inherent conflict when the executive branch must investigate itself but the solutions generally involve isolating the Justice Department from high-level political influence. Instead, we should utilize the mechanism our constitution provides: congressional inquiry, followed by impeachment and removal from office. This establishes separation of powers, maintains checks and balances and avoids the inherent conflict created by internal executive branch investigations.
Fantastic n = 4: Ce 5 Co 4+x Ge 13-y Sn y of the A n+1 M n X 3n+1 homologous series.

Ce-based intermetallics are of interest due to the potential to study the interplay of localized magnetic moments and conduction electrons. Our work on Ce-based germanides led to the identification of a new homologous series An+1MnX3n+1 (A = rare earth, M = transition metal, X = tetrels, and n = 1–6). This work presents the single-crystal growth, structure determination, and anisotropic magnetic properties of the n = 4 member of the Cen+1ConGe3n+1 homologous series. Ce5Co4+xGe13−ySny consists of three Ce sites, three Co sites, seven Ge sites, and two Sn sites, and the crystal structure is best modeled in the orthorhombic space group Cmmm where a = 4.3031(8) A, b = 45.608(13) A, and c = 4.3264(8) A, which is in close agreement with the previously reported Sn-free analog where a = 4.265(1) A, b = 45.175(9) A, and c = 4.293(3) A. Anisotropic magnetic measurements show Kondo-like behavior and three magnetic transitions at 6, 4.9, and 2.4 K for Ce5Co4+xGe13−ySny.
Paid to produce absolutely nothing? A Nash-Cournot analysis of a proposed power purchase agreement

Abstract We investigate the incentive, market-behavior, and welfare effects of a proposed profit guarantee and associated power purchase agreement (PPA), which was introduced to ensure that generating firms remain viable through periods of higher-than-normal costs. The PPA ensures a guaranteed profit level either by transferring excess revenues from the affected firms to consumers or levying a surcharge on consumers to fund a subsidy for the affected firms. We develop and analyze a stylized Nash-Cournot model of a wholesale electricity market to examine the incentive effects of the proposed PPA. We find that the proposed PPA has incentive impacts that are contrary to its stated aim. The PPA incentivizes uneconomic firms to remain in the market when otherwise they would exit and incentivizes the shutdown of otherwise economically viable firms to restrict output, increasing prices. We find that the effects are pronounced by the corporate-separation asset-ownership structure that is employed in many jurisdictions. The theoretical results of the Nash-Cournot analysis are illustrated with a numerical case study which shows the deleterious consumer- and social-welfare effects of this incentive scheme. We discuss practical implications for regulatory policy, namely, that the proposed mechanism is ill-conceived, inefficient, and creates perverse incentives.
“By degrees it grows still more refin’d” : Katherine Philips’ curating of the Tutin manuscript

Early-modern Anglo-Welsh poet, Katherine Philips (self-styled “Orinda”) often described as a social author and manuscript poet, maintained a selected copy of her poems in what is now known as the T...