cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A review of process development steps for new material systems in three dimensional printing (3DP)

Three dimensional printing (3DP) is a method for direct digital manufacturing that provides capabilities for creating a wide range of part geometries (including internal channels) in a broad variety of materials, including just about anything that is available as a spreadable powder. Taking advantage of the full variety of materials requires development of specific implementations of 3DP. This paper organizes the process of 3DP implementation into five steps (powder formulation, binder method selection, binder formulation and testing, printing process specification, and post-processing specification) and presents a review of the literature relevant to each step in 3DP implementation.
American unemployment in historical perspective

During the twentieth century, the annual average unemployment rate reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics data has varied between 1.2 and 24.9 percent. This article, derived from our recent book,Out of Work: Unemployment and Government in 20th Century America, examines and explains variations in unemployment over time. These large fluctuations in unemployment probably account for this century’s obsession with joblessness. Alfred Marshall’sPrinciples of Economics, published in 1890, barely mentions unemployment. Only two short generations later, unemployment was the dominant topic of interest among economists, and the most influential economics book of this century, Keynes’sGeneral Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, was concerned largely with explaining its existence.
Weber's law, the "near miss," and binaural detection.

Weber functions (ΔI/I in dB) for gated 250-Hz tones were studied for monaural and several binaural stimulus configurations (homophasic, and antiphasic with varying phase angle for addition of signal to masker). The various cues for discrimination of signal plus masker from masker alone are functions of intensity increments at one or both ears, an intensity increment at one ear coupled with a decrement at the other, or the introduction of a phase difference between the ears. The decline of the Weber fraction with increasing masker level (the “near miss” to Weber’s law) was confirmed for monaural discrimination over the entire 40-dB range, and a similar rate of decline was found for various binaural stimuli over the lower half of that range. The data also confirm the individual differences found in other studies for sensitivity favoring either interaural amplitude or interaural phase shifts.
Transplacentally acquired erythrodontia

An infant born of a woman having erythropoietic porphyria is described. The child has no evidence of the disorder other than erythrodontia. The erythrodontia is considered to be a result of transplacentally acquired transient porphyria. The rarity of births among women with this disorder is discussed.
Inductively coupled plasma—mass spectrometry drift correction based on generalized internal references identified by principal components factor analysis

Abstract Abstract factor analysis is applied to repeated measurements of inductively coupled plasma—mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) responses for several elemental masses in a multielement standard. During good operation, over 90% of the variance in response is accounted for by two or three factors. These factors tend to correlate with different mass ranges, and these correlations allow a rational basis for selection of candidates for internal reference elements. Internal references selected from these candidates were used to evaluate three different mathematical methods for correcting ICP-MS responses of all elements. The line ratio internal reference method and the analyte internal reference correlation method, which use a single internal reference for all elemental masses, improved precisions for most elements but decreased or had no effect on precisions of other elements. The generalized internal reference method, which may use more than one elemental mass in the correction calculation, improved precisions for all elements in most experiments.
Depression of leucine and isoproterenol induced insulin secretions in the spontaneously diabetic New Zealand white rabbit.

Rabbits were studied from a closed colony of NZW rabbits which exhibits a 19% occurrance of spontaneous diabetes mellitus. Six overtly diabetic rabbits and eight rabbits with normal glucose disposal were tested with intravenous glucose challenge (500 mg/kg), L-leucine administration (125 mg/kg), and 30 minute infusions with isoproterenol (10 μg/kg/min). These agents were shown to be ineffective insulin secretogogues in the overtly diabetic group when compared to the highly significant IRI response observed in colony rabbits with normal glucose disposal. The data indicate that the defect in IRI secretion observed in the spontaneously diabetic NZW rabbits is not confined to stimulation by glucose, but represents an abnormal IRI release mechanism which appears to lack secretogogue specificity.
Development of a Short-Form Scale of Public Attitudes toward Homelessness.

How do urban Americans regard the problem of homelessness? Recent surveys by pollsters and social scientists seem to document a “backlash” during the 1980s, with public sentiment shifting from sympathy to resentment. The U.S. Supreme Court, for example, recently upheld a controversial 1990 New York City law forbidding poor people from panhandling in the city's subways. This study was designed to develop a brief, reliable, valid scale to more precisely assess public attitudes toward homelessness (acronym PATH), which future researchers can use to more exactly chart changes and correlates of public opinion toward homelessness. Here, a cross section of 222 adults in New York City responded to a 38- item survey containing PATH and five other brief scales. Analysis of responses found general support for four initial hypotheses: (1) There was indeed a remarkable diversity of public opinion, from 3 to 20 points on the 0– 20- point PA TH Scale, ranging from profound sympathy to anger and disgust. (2) A short- form of MacDonald's Poverty Scale correlated only modestly with one's PATH score (r=+0.49) that, along with respondents' comments, suggests these two forms of social distress may now be viewed quite separately in the American psyche. (3) Psychometrically, the 5- item PATH proved to be high in internal reliability (α=0.74), and in construct validity, with significant correlations with 4 other items. (4) Results so far indicate at least some personality basis for PATH. As expected, those most sympathetic to the homeless were significantly lower in authoritarian personality (r=−0.24) and in belief in a just world (r=−0.13). Unexpectedly, PATH correlated negatively with Social Desirability (r=− 0.15, p < 0.05). Potential uses of this PATH scale are explored, along with the notion of important distinctions in poverty and homelessness as two increasingly separate forms of social distress.
Proof of the Young–Laplace Equation Using the Theory of Calculus of Variations Applied to Petroleum Fluids

Abstract Computer technology has advanced rapidly in the past two decades. Many complicated petroleum science and engineering problems have been solved numerically using computers. Consequently, less attention has been paid to analytical methods. Higher education institutions have a tendency to offer more numerical analysis courses and less advanced mathematics courses than before. As a result, the analytical skills of graduating petroleum scientists and engineers are declining. This article demonstrates that analytical methods are still favorable in solving some petroleum science and engineering problems. The demonstration example is the proof of the Young–Laplace equation using the theory of Calculus of Variations applied to petroleum fluids.
National trends in treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, 1994-2007.

Background Diabetes mellitus is common, costly, and increasingly prevalent. Despite innovations in therapy, little is known about patterns and costs of drug treatment. Methods We used the National Disease and Therapeutic Index to analyze medications prescribed between 1994 and 2007 for all US office visits among patients 35 years and older with type 2 diabetes. We used the National Prescription Audit to assess medication costs between 2001 and 2007. Results The estimated number of patient visits for treated diabetes increased from 25 million (95% confidence interval [CI], 23 million to 27 million) in 1994 to 36 million (95% CI, 34 million to 38 million) by 2007. The mean number of diabetes medications per treated patient increased from 1.14 (95% CI, 1.06-1.22) in 1994 to 1.63 (1.54-1.72) in 2007. Monotherapy declined from 82% (95% CI, 75%-89%) of visits during which a treatment was used in 1994 to 47% (43%-51%) in 2007. Insulin use decreased from 38% of treatment visits in 1994 to a nadir of 25% in 2000 and then increased to 28% in 2007. Sulfonylurea use decreased from 67% of treatment visits in 1994 to 34% in 2007. By 2007, biguanides (54% of treatment visits) and glitazones (thiazolidinediones) (28%) were leading therapeutic classes. Increasing use of glitazones, newer insulins, sitagliptin phosphate, and exenatide largely accounted for recent increases in the mean cost per prescription ($56 in 2001 to $76 in 2007) and aggregate drug expenditures ($6.7 billion in 2001 to $12.5 billion in 2007). Conclusions Increasingly complex and costly diabetes treatments are being applied to an increasing population. The magnitude of these rapid changes raises concerns about whether these more costly therapies will result in proportionately improved outcomes.
Isolation and characterization of a hemagglutinin from Amphitrite ornata, a polychaetous annelid

Extracts of the marine polychaetous annelid, Amphitrite ornata, agglutinate rat, rabbit, chicken and human erythrocytes and in other work have been shown to inhibit the growth of Ehrlich ascites tumors in mice. Fractionation of extracts on Sephadex G-100 gave three active fractions with molecular weights of 30 000, 54 000 and 100 000. The 30 000 dalton fraction (B) was purified 72-fold by ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration and preparative disc gel electrophoresis. The purified hemagglutinin, amphitritin, was homogeneous on analytical disc gel electrophoresis at four different pH values and gave a sharp boundary in sedimentation velocity ultracentrifugation. The three fractions showed parallel specificity toward rat and chicken erythrocytes, the former giving the higher titer. The purified agglutinin was active toward human blood groups A, B and O and exhibited 4-fold higher activity toward group A. The hemagglutinin titer against rat red blood cells was lowered only by N-acetylgalactosamine, the terminal sugar residue of the group A determinant. None of the saccharides tested inhibited agglutination of chicken erythrocytes. Hemagglutinin activity was insensitive to dialysis or treatment with EDTA. The activity was not affected by digestion with trypsin or pronase, but was destroyed by phenol extraction. Analytical disc gel electrophoresis showed one protein band with high anodal mobility at pH 8.5, which was not affected by proteolytic enzymes but was removed by phenol. Activity was unaffected by heating at 70 °C for 30 min but was destroyed by similar treatment at 85 °C. Activity was at a maximum at pH 7–9 and decreased reversibly down to pH 4 at which point it was irreversibly inactivated. The higher molecular weight agglutinin (A1) could be dissociated to give amphitritin by treatment with 6M urea or precipitation in 55% (NH4)2SO4. This dissociation was not reversed by dialysis. Amphitritin is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight determined by gel filtration of 30 000 and by approach to equilibrium sedimentation of 32 000. Amino acid analysis showed a preponderance of aspartic and glutamic acids and relatively large amounts of glycine, proline, alanine, valine and cysteine. The carbohydrate moiety which represented 12.8% of the molecule, contained mannose, galactose, glucosamine and sialic acid. Amphitritin is the first hemagglutinin to be isolated from a polychaetous annelid.
Approaches to Assessment, Testing Decisions, and Analytical Determination of Genotoxic Impurities in Drug Substances

The assessment and control of genotoxic impurities (GTI) in pharmaceutical products has received considerable attention in recent years. Molecular functional groups that render starting materials and synthetic intermediates useful as reactive building blocks for small molecules may also be responsible for their genotoxicity. As a potential safety concern, it is important to understand the various issues related to GTIs and how they can be addressed for clinical and commercial phases of development. Justification that these impurities are controlled to safe levels must be obtained during development. This article will briefly discuss the multiple sources of anticipated impurities in a drug substance (also known as active pharmaceutical ingredient or API) synthetic route and how they are identified as GTIs in early chemical process development. A risk-based approach consistent with regulatory expectations is described for establishing control of GTIs. The approach includes process design considerations, imp...
Absence of Supervision

Abstract We are pleased to introduce this new department, which will address a vital area for HPERD professionals in our increasingly litigious society. The department editor, Thomas H. Sawyer, Ed. D., has a remarkable store of experience that includes serving as professor of recreation and sport management at Indiana State University, as the former chair of the JOPERD editorial board (1992–94), and as editor of the Journal of the Legal Aspects of Sport (1996-present). As Dr. Sawyer describes it, “Law Review has been designed to assist readers in understanding better their responsibilities to students, patients, or clients, and the ramifications of their actions or failure to act. Further, readers will receive risk management tips to assist in reducing their overall liability.”—Ed.
Increased Ca Sparks and Waves Frequency and Unchanged [Na]i in Hearts from Ankyrin-B Heterozygous Mice

The interplay between Na/Ca exchanger (NCX) and Na/K-ATPase (NKA) is essential in regulating cardiac [Na]i, [Ca]i and contractility. The membrane targeting and stability of both NCX and NKA require direct interaction with cytoskeletal protein ankyrin B (AnkB). Humans with AnkB loss-of-function mutations and AnkB heterozygous mice (AnkB+/-) display a complex cardiac phenotype that includes ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death. Cardiac myocytes from AnkB+/- mice show reduced NCX and NKA expression at the T-tubules, larger cellular and SR Ca load and increased frequency of delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs). How the coordinated loss of NCX and NKA affects SR Ca release and [Na]i is poorly understood. We measured Ca sparks and waves in myocytes from AnkB+/- and wild-type (WT) mice with and without 1 μM isoproterenol. Under control conditions, Ca transients, SR Ca load and Ca sparks frequency (CaSpF), even normalized to SR Ca content, were higher in AnkB+/- mice at all frequencies. With isoproterenol, Ca transient amplitude and SR Ca content were similar in myocytes from WT and AnkB+/- mice, but CaSpF was still elevated in AnkB+/- mice. Ca waves occurred preponderantly in AnkB+/- mice. In some cases, Ca waves and sparks evolved into synchronous after-Ca transients that are indicative of DADs. This data suggest that SR Ca release is enhanced in AnkB+/- mice. We measured [Na]i to determine whether the increased CaSpF in AnkB+/- mice is due to higher [Na]i, which may elevate diastolic Ca. [Na]i was slightly, but not significantly, lower in AnkB+/- vs. WT mice (11.4±1.1 vs. 13.2±1.7 mM in WT). Isoproterenol lowered [Na]i by a comparable amount in both AnkB+/- and WT mice (to 8.1±0.9 mM and 11.1±1.5 mM). Thus, altered [Na]i does not explain the increased Ca sparks frequency in AnkB+/- mice.
The potential use of implanted radiolabelled bovine nasal cartilage in dialysis tubing to evaluate agents affecting cartilage degradation in vivo.

Cartilage which undergoes extensive autolysisin vitro (spontaneous or stimulated) is characterized by proteoglycan loss. Experimental conditions and inhibitor profils studies suggest neutral metalloproteinases induce the autolysis.
Mediating effect of positive psychological capital in Taiwan’s life insurance industry

In this study I applied hierarchical regression analysis to positive psychological capital. Emphasis was placed on identifying relationships among perceived supervisor support, positive psychological capital constructs, and job performance in Taiwan’s life insurance industry. Hierarchical regression results indicate that positive psychological capital mediates the relationship between perceived supervisor support and job performance.
A cross-scale comparison of drainage basin characteristics derived from digital elevation models

The feasibility of using small-scale digital elevation models (DEMs) to extract various drainage basin characteristics was evaluated by comparing basin parameters derived from the 1:250 000 DEMs with those from the 1:24 000 DEMs. Twenty basins ranging approximately from 150 km2 to 1000 km2 in West Virginia, a geologically complex region, were examined in this study. The basin parameters examined included those commonly used in hydrology and geomorphology such as elevation, slope, stream length, drainage density, relief ratio and ruggedness number. Our results suggested that the 1:250 000 DEMs can provide accurate estimates for elevation-based and stream-length-based basin parameters, but not for slope-based parameters. After examining the differences between the DEM-derived basin parameters from the two different scales, we found that the performance of the 1:250 000 DEMs was not significantly influenced by basin size, while terrain complexity seems to be an important factor of accuracy of the estimated basin parameters. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
T-Cell receptor and autoimmune disease

Since the genes encoding the TCR have been cloned, their structure, organization, pattern of rearrangement, diversification and expression in ontogeny have been classified. However, there are still many important questions to be addressed, such as the nature of thymic education, tolerance, the mechanism of MHC-restricted antigen recognition and the relation between TCR repertoire and autoimmunity. In the future, new approaches to study these issues, such as transgenic mice, X-ray crystallography, and severe combined immune deficiency mice reconstituted with human hematopoietic cells will lead to a more profound understanding of these questions. This will hopefully allow us to manipulate the immune response in different and more effective ways than are currently available.
Developing turbulent convective heat transfer in helical pipes

Abstract A fully elliptic numerical study has been carried out to investigate three-dimensional turbulent developing convective heat transfer in helical pipes with finite pitches. The κ-e standard two-equation turbulence model is used to simulate turbulent flow. The governing equations are solved by a control-volume finite element method. Numerical results have been compared to the existing experimental data and a good agreement has been obtained. The results presented in this paper cover a Reynolds number range of 2.5 x 104∼ 1.0 x 105, a pitch range of 0.0 ∼ 0.6 and a curvature ratio range of 0.025 ∼ 0.050. The developments of effective thermal conductivity and temperature fields and local and average Nusselt numbers are given and discussed. It has been found that the examined parameters exert complex effects on developing thermal fields and heat transfer in the helical pipes. The Nusselt numbers for the helical pipes are oscillatory before the flow is fully developed, especially for the case of relatively large curvature ratio.
Reducing hospital morbidity and mortality following esophagectomy

Abstract Background Esophagogastrectomy (EG) is a formidable operation with significant morbidity and mortality rates. Risk factor analyses have been performed, but few studies have produced strategies that have improved operative results. This study was performed in order to identify prognostic variables that might be used to develop a strategy for optimizing outcomes after EG. Methods The records of all patients (n = 379) who underwent EG patients at a tertiary medical center between 1996 and 2002 were retrospectively reviewed. Thirty-day morbidity and mortality were determined, and multivariable logistical regression analysis assessed the effect of preoperative and postoperative variables on early mortality. Results Operations included Ivor Lewis (n = 179), transhiatal (n = 130), and other approaches (n = 70). Operative mortality was 5.8%; 64% experienced complications, including respiratory complications (28.5%), anastamotic strictures (25%), and leak (14%). Increasing age, anastomotic leak, Charlson comorbidity index 3, worse swallowing scores, and pneumonia were associated with increased risk of mortality by univariate analysis. However, only age ( p = 0.002) and pneumonia ( p = 0.0008) were independently associated with mortality by multivariable analysis. Pneumonia was associated with a 20% incidence of death. Patients with pneumonia had significantly worse deglutition and anastomotic integrity on barium esophagogram compared with patients without pneumonia ( p Conclusions Morbidity and mortality of EG are significant, but most complications, including anastomotic leak, are not independent predictors of mortality. The most important complication after EG is pneumonia. Strategies to decrease postoperative mortality should include careful assessment of swallowing abnormalities and predisposition to aspiration by cineradiography or fiberoptic endoscopy. After EG, acceptable pharyngeal function and airway protection should be verified before resuming oral intake.
A pox on thee! Manipulation of the host immune system by myxoma virus and implications for viral-host co-adaptation.

Abstract The poxviruses have evolved a diverse array of proteins which serve to subvert innate and adaptive host responses that abort or at least limit viral infections. Myxoma virus and its rabbit host are considered to represent an ideal poxvirus–host system in which to study the effects of these immunomodulatory proteins. Studies of laboratory rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) infected with gene knockout variants of myxoma virus have provided compelling evidence that several myxoma virus gene products contribute to the pathogenic condition known as myxomatosis. However, myxomatosis, which is characterized by skin lesions, systemic immunosuppression, and a high mortality rate, does not occur in the virus’ natural South American host, Sylvilogus brasiliensis. Moreover, in Australia where myxoma virus was willfully introduced to control populations of O. cuniculus, myxomatosis-resistant rabbits emerged within a year of myxoma virus introduction into the field. In this review I discuss the characterized immunomodulatory proteins of myxoma virus, their biochemical properties, their pathogenic effects in laboratory rabbits, the role of the host immune system in the susceptibility or resistance to myxomatosis, and the evidence that immunomodulatory genes may have been attenuated during the co-adaptation of myxoma virus and O. cuniculus in Australia.
Disfluencies at the Onset of Stuttering.

This study describes disfluencies in rare speech samples obtained from young children in temporal proximity to their stuttering onsets. Ten 2 and 3 year olds diagnosed by parents to have begun stut...
The National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R): background and aims.

The National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) is a new nationally representative community household survey of the prevalence and correlates of mental disorders in the US. The NCS-R was carried out a decade after the original NCS. The NCS-R repeats many of the questions from the NCS and also expands the NCS questioning to include assessments based on the more recent Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) diagnostics system (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). The NCS-R was designed to (1) investigate time trends and their correlates over the decade of the 1990s and (2) expand the assessment of the prevalence and correlates of mental disorders beyond the assessment in the baseline NCS in order to address a number of important substantive and methodological issues that were raised by the NCS. This paper presents a brief review of these aims. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Onions for Sale: Putting Privacy on the Market

We propose that Tor supports the purchase of its services. Problem Overview. Onion routing, and in particular the Tor network, is tech- nically well-designed to provide communications privacy. However, the resource constraints of a volunteer network result in unacceptable performance for many users. As a consequence, many users turn to paid services, but even when avail- able they aren't ideal solutions. For example, Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) are often used for anonymous communication and censorship avoidance. How- ever, VPNs are not designed to work against an active or state-level adversary and present a fragile single source of trust, as well as suffering from more subtle flaws (1). As another example, users hide peer-to-peer file sharing via "seedboxes" that run the P2P protocol at a paid host. However, accessing such services is recognizable, and these solutions again present a single source of trust. Proposed Solution. We propose that Tor supports the optional purchase of its services to simultaneously provide communications privacy to a new population while improving privacy for the old. In this approach, the existing Tor network infrastructure will be used to provide both paid and unpaid service, but paid ser- vice will be prioritized to deliver acceptable performance. Users migrating their activity from existing services will improve their communication anonymity and privacy while at the same time providing additional cover traffic and additional resources for Tor's existing user base. Technical Approach. There are several technical components needed to incorpo- rate payments into Tor's main services. To provide incentive to pay for service, traffic from users who pay is prioritized over traffic from those who don't using a new circuit scheduling architecture (2). Communication between hidden service providers who pay and their clients is similarly prioritized. To enhance censor- ship evasion, users paying for this service are provided with access to a special reserved pool of bridges. To allow anonymous payments, we can take advantage of Bitcoin, although there are other possibilities. Similarly, there are multiple options for investing those payments into Tor network improvement without centralizing control or liability, such as using trusted third-parties that take di- rect payment. We feel that the challenges in this approach are surmountable and that the benefits outweigh the associated risks.
Comparison of the Acute Inflammatory Response of Two Commercial Platelet-Rich Plasma Systems in Healthy Rabbit Tendons

Background: Numerous studies have shown platelet-rich plasma (PRP) preparations differ with respect to the inclusion of certain blood components, which may affect the host’s cellular response.Hypothesis: This study evaluated the inflammatory effect of Biomet GPS III leukocyte-rich PRP (LR-PRP) versus MTF Cascade leukocyte-poor PRP (LP-PRP) after intratendinous injection in an animal model. The authors anticipated that LR-PRP would incite a greater acute inflammatory response than LP-PRP.Study Design: Controlled laboratory study.Methods: A total of 17 skeletally mature New Zealand White rabbits were tested. In all cases, healthy patellar tendons were treated. In the control animals, one patellar tendon was injected with 2 mL autologous whole blood, and the other was injected with 2 mL sterile saline. Seven total tendons were injected with whole blood, and 7 tendons were injected with saline. In the experimental animals, one patellar tendon was injected with 2 mL LR-PRP, and the other was injected with 2 mL...
Early Events in B Lymphocyte Activation

B cell activation can be quantitated indirectly by assaying antibody production or directly by measuring cellular changes that occur immediately after exposure to an activation signal. This unit provides methods for the latter (direct) approach--namely, methods for quantifying early parameters of B cell activation such as increases in intracellular ionized calcium concentration [Ca2+]I, cell size, and MHC class II-antigen expression. These assays are not so much B cell specific as activation specific; as such they are a useful means of providing information about cellular events that are independent of antibody secretion. While the protocols included in this unit have been specifically designed for use with murine B cells, they can also be used with B cells obtained from other species. In addition, the method described here also applies to T cells.
Visions of Desire: Tanizaki’s Fictional Worlds

No Japanese writer was more obsessed with desire than Tanizaki Jun'ichiro (1886-1965). Over a career that spanned half a century, he explored, with both joyful fascination and ruthless insight, the dazzling varieties of sexuality, the complementary attractions of exoticism and nostalgia, the human yearning for mastery over others, and the tense relationship between fantasy and the exterior world. His fiction is filled with portrayals of desire in all its violence, irony, pathos, and comedy. In one of Tanizaki's novels, a young engineer fascinated with the West sets out to transform a Japanese bar girl into his very own version of Mary Pickford. He succeeds to such an extent that the girl, growing tired of his immutable Japaneseness, begins to take foreign lovers. Cuckolded and humiliated though his is, the engineer is unable to leave his fantasy-come-to-life and resigns himself to enslavement. In another novel, a Westernized Japanese finds himself gradually drawn to the past. Specifically, he is attracted to his father-in-law's companion, a young woman who has been trained and costumed to play the part of an old-fashioned mistress. Though this woman is no more a flesh-and-blood embodiment of tradition than a bunraku doll, the protagonist contemplates a life with someone like her, a life defined by the pursuit of abstract, dehumanized cultural ideals. Visions of Desire locates such novels in the shifting discourse on cultural identity and cultural aspiration that permeates Japanese life. Ito argues that Tanizaki's novels do not merely end in the reification and contemplation of cultural ideals but rather problematize the desire behind such ideals. He finds in the writer's fiction a subtle understanding of cultural aspiration as a process riddled with subversions, influenced by patterns of mediation, and circumscribed by the lonely efforts of individual subjectivity. He discovers in Tanizaki's fables about the male effort to transform women into cultural icons a clear awareness of the sexual and class hierarchies that make such transformation possible. Visions of Desire is the first book in English on a writer who is possibly modern Japan's greatest novelist. It has written for both the specialist and the general reader, setting his argument in a discussion both of Tanizaki's times and of the life of a writer who believed in living out the fantasies that fueled his fictions.
The Potential of Proteomics Technologies for Crop Improvement under Drought Conditions

Sustainable food production is a major challenge to our current agricultural systems. At the global level, water stress is one of the most critical abiotic factors that affect crop productivity. Currently, a vast amount of research efforts are being laid down to generate molecular information leading to an understanding of this abiotic stress factor. Although gene expression analysis at the transcription level has enhanced our understanding regarding the response of plants to drought stress, many questions remain unanswered at the protein level. In view of the fact that the plant proteome is highly dynamic in nature, proteomics is becoming essential for the study of many different aspects of plant functions. Further, proteomics is also a key part of the –omics suite of techniques and facilitates a systems biology approach to biological problems. Although proteomics studies of drought responses in crop plants are still in their infancy, recent significant progress illustrates the promise of proteomics proj...
Epidemiology of Community-Acquired Clostridium difficile-Associated Diarrhea

The epidemiology of clinically recognized community-acquired Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea was assessed in a retrospective cohort study of members of a health maintenance organization (HMO). Potential cases were identified through positive toxin assay results and confirmed by review of automated full-text medical records. Of 51 cases identified (7.7 per 100,000 person-years), 42 (82%) were diagnosed and treated exclusively in the ambulatory care setting; 33 cases occurred within 42 days after 494,491 exposures to antibiotics dispensed by an HMO pharmacy. Antibiotic-specific attack rates varied from 0 to 2040 cases per 100,000 exposures. Increased age was associated with C. difficile-associated diarrhea (P < .001). Age-adjusted antibiotic-specific attack rates were at least 10-fold higher (P < .05) for nitrofurantoin, cefuroxime, cephalexin plus dicloxacillin, ampicillin/clavulanate plus cefaclor, and ampicillin/clavulanate plus cefuroxime than for ampicillin or amoxicillin; several other antibiotics were associated with similar but not significantly increased risks.
Developmental Adaptations of Solution-Focused Family Therapy

Solution-focused interventions emphasize exceptions to problems and the future without a problem. However, certain cognitive abilities are required to enable clients to delve into the past and detail nonproblem times, and then think about how to apply these blueprints to the future. Since children and some teenagers still think in concrete ways, solution-focused techniques need to be adapted to meet the developmental requirements of youth. In this article, the adaptation of techniques will be illustrated in the context of solution-focused family therapy for the treatment of behavior problems in children. [Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention 2:301–313 (2002)]
A role for presynaptic mechanisms in the actions of nomifensine and haloperidol.

Psychomotor stimulants and neuroleptics exert multiple effects on dopaminergic signaling and produce the dopamine (DA)-related behaviors of motor activation and catalepsy, respectively. However, a clear relationship between dopaminergic activity and behavior has been very difficult to demonstrate in the awake animal, thus challenging existing notions about the mechanism of these drugs. The present study examined whether the drug-induced behaviors are linked to a presynaptic site of action, the DA transporter (DAT) for psychomotor stimulants and the DA autoreceptor for neuroleptics. Doses of nomifensine (7 mg/kg i.p.), a DA uptake inhibitor, and haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg i.p.), a dopaminergic antagonist, were selected to examine characteristic behavioral patterns for each drug: stimulant-induced motor activation in the case of nomifensine and neuroleptic-induced catalepsy in the case of haloperidol. Presynaptic mechanisms were quantified in situ from extracellular DA dynamics evoked by electrical stimulation and recorded by voltammetry in the freely moving animal. In the first experiment, the maximal concentration of electrically evoked DA ([DA](max)) measured in the caudate-putamen was found to reflect the local, instantaneous change in presynaptic DAT or DA autoreceptor activity according to the ascribed action of the drug injected. A positive temporal association was found between [DA](max) and motor activation following nomifensine (r=0.99) and a negative correlation was found between [DA](max) and catalepsy following haloperidol (r=-0.96) in the second experiment. Taken together, the results suggest that a dopaminergic presynaptic site is a target of systemically applied psychomotor stimulants and regulates the postsynaptic action of neuroleptics during behavior. This finding was made possible by a voltammetric microprobe with millisecond temporal resolution and its use in the awake animal to assess release and uptake, two key mechanisms of dopaminergic neurotransmission. Moreover, the results indicate that presynaptic mechanisms may play a more important role in DA-behavior relationships than is currently thought.
Tangible Interactive Microbiology for Informal Science Education

We present an interactive platform that enables human users to interface with microbiological living cells through a touch-screen, thereby generating a tangible interactive experience with the microscopic world that is hidden to most people. Euglena gracilis, single-celled phototactic microorganisms, are imaged and optically stimulated via a microscope setup equipped with a projector and a touch-screen display. Users can directly interact with these organisms by drawing patterns onto the screen, which displays the real-time magnified view of the microfluidic chamber with the motile euglena cells. The drawings are directly projected onto the chamber, thereby influencing the swimming motion of the cells. We discuss the architecture of the system and provide exploratory user testing results in a facilitated setting, which shows engaging nature of our system for children and the general public. In conclusion, our tangible interactive microscope allows artistic expression and scientific exploration with the ease of a "child's play."
Free set algebras satisfying systems of equations

In this paper we introduce the notion of a set algebra S satisfying a system g of equations. After defining a notion of freeness for such algebras, we show that, for any system g of equations, set algebras that are free in the class of structures satisfying g exist and are unique up to a bisimulation. Along the way, analogues of classical set-theoretic and algebraic properties are investigated. In this note we introduce the notion of a set-algebra, i.e., an algebraic structure endowed with non-trivial set-theoretic properties. The motivation for doing so is provided by the desire to further investigate certain models for non-well-founded set theory introduced by the author in [2] and to account for the observation that such models seem to behave like "free" structures (in some sense) among those satisfying certain set-theoretic equations such as, e.g., x = {x}. Non-well-founded models of set theory have been receiving increasing attention over the past few years, beginning with Aczel's seminal work [1]. For the most part, these models have been obtained as largest fixed points of certain operators induced by equations (see Barwise and Moss [4]). However, one can obtain models of non-well-founded set theory also as smallest fixed points, as it follows, for instance, from the approach of [2], where smallest fixed points are used to obtain models of ZFC minus Foundation satisfying certain equations. (For a further application of the method see [3].) In order to make the analogy between models obtained via smallest fixed points and free structures precise, we need to carry out a "five-step program," by providing: (1) the right notion of set-theoretic structure; (2) a class of maps preserving that structure" (3) a notion offreeness that is appropriate for such structures and maps; (4) existence theorems for free structures; (5) uniqueness theorems for free structures, where 'uniqueness' is construed up to some notion of similarity. This is analogous to what one usually finds in universal algebra, where, for instance, one might have: Received February 12, 1998; revised May 20, 1998. Thanks to an anonymous referee for helpful comments and criticisms. ? 1999, Associationi for Symbolic Logic 0022-4812/99/6404-0021 /$2.90
Vitamin k-dependent carboxylase: liver activity in various species.

SummaryLiver microsomes of eight species (Holtzman- and Warfarin-resistant rats, mice, guinea pigs, hamsters, rabbits, calves, pigs, and chickens) have been assayed for the vitamin K-dependent carboxylase activity that converts protein-bound glutamyl residues to γ-carboxyglutamyl residues. Development of hypoprothrombinemia by anticoagulant treatment or vitamin K deficiency caused a two- to fourfold increase in liver carboxylase activity in all species except the guinea pig. The carboxylase activity in the hamster was about threefold higher than rat or guinea pig and, five- to sixfold higher than that of mice, rabbit, and pig. Microsomes from chicken or calf liver had very low vitamin K-dependent peptide carboxylase activity.
Contextual Models of Party Identification: A Critical Examination

A growing number of papers have appeared which report that the partisanship of the local context influences the party attachments of individual residents. The present paper criticizes this finding and the contextual approach to the study of partisan choice. First, the general mathematical model of contextual partisanship is derived from existing research. Next, a multiple data file, consisting of survey and aggregate evidence, is used to examine the generality of certain specific models. Finally, the same data file is employed to consider the effects of two assumptions common to contextual models, “random mixing” and nonselection. Only one of four specific models is initially found to fit observations. Further analysis reveals that individuals' party allegiances are spuriously attributed to contextual influences as a result of assuming random mixing and nonselection.
Automatic generation of topic pages using query-based aspect models

We investigate the automatic generation of topic pages as an alternative to the current Web search paradigm. We describe a general framework, which combines query log analysis to build aspect models, sentence selection methods for identifying relevant and non-redundant Web sentences, and a technique for sentence ordering. We evaluate our approach on biographical topics both automatically and manually, by using Wikipedia as reference.
Wireless Sensor Networks for Machinery Monitoring

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are currently been actively investigated in the research community on account of their unprecedented spatial density of sensors, local computational plus storage capacity, and potential for distributed and fault-tolerant monitoring. Today, they are mainly deployed for environmental monitoring - e.g. for “smart building” control, water quality monitoring, and botanical studies. In the future, it is clear they have a huge potential for industrial applications such as machinery monitoring, shop instrumentation, and process control. Wireless sensor nodes can be mounted on various parts of machinery and plant to promote early fault detection and analysis. Their small size and autonomy enables their placement in locations that are usually difficult to access. In addition, it is also possible, with minimal changes to the machine configuration, to deploy sensors on the machinery after it has been installed. The sensor nodes cannot only monitor their own output but also collaborate with neighboring nodes to determine the health of the overall machines and provide early warnings of potential failure. We study, in this paper, the benefits of using wireless sensor networks in machine tools and plant equipment. We discuss the uses of these networks and the issues that must be addressed in order for these implementations to be successful. We also present two case studies for machinery and machine too monitoring.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Control System Design, Continuous‐Time

The sections in this article are 1 System Compensation 2 Root-Locus Method 3 Frequency-Response Method 4 Root-Locus Approach to the Design of Control Systems 5 Frequency-Response Approach to the Design of Control Systems 6 Comparison of Lead, Lag, Lag-Lead Compensation 7 Multi-Degrees-of-Freedom Control 8 Concluding Comments
Effects of Mutations in Arabidopsis FtsZ1 on Plastid Division, FtsZ Ring Formation and Positioning, and FtsZ Filament Morphology in vivo

In plants, chloroplast division FtsZ proteins have diverged into two families, FtsZ1 and FtsZ2. FtsZ1 is more divergent from its bacterial counterparts and lacks a C-terminal motif conserved in most other FtsZs. To begin investigating FtsZ1 structure-function relationships, we first identified a T-DNA insertion mutation in the single FtsZ1 gene in Arabidopsis thaliana, AtFtsZ1-1. Homozygotes null for FtsZ1, though impaired in chloroplast division, could be isolated and set seed normally, indicating that FtsZ1 is not essential for viability. We then mapped five additional atftsZ1-1 alleles onto an FtsZ1 structural model and characterized chloroplast morphologies, FtsZ protein levels and FtsZ filament morphologies in young and mature leaves of the corresponding mutants. atftsZ1-1(G267R), atftsZ1-1(R298Q) and atftsZ1-1(Delta404-433) exhibit reduced FtsZ1 accumulation but wild-type FtsZ2 levels. The semi-dominant atftsZ1-1(G267R) mutation caused the most severe phenotype, altering a conserved residue in the predicted T7 loop. atftsZ1-1(G267R) protein accumulates normally in young leaves but is not detected in rings or filaments. atftsZ1-1(R298Q) has midplastid FtsZ1-containing rings in young leaves, indicating that R298 is not critical for ring formation or positioning despite its conservation. atftsZ1-1(D159N) and atftsZ1-1(G366A) both have overly long, sometimes spiral-like FtsZ filaments, suggesting that FtsZ dynamics are altered in these mutants. However, atftsZ1-1(D159N) exhibits loss of proper midplastid FtsZ positioning while atftsZ1-1(G366A) does not. Finally, truncation of the FtsZ1 C-terminus in atftsZ1-1(Delta404-433) impairs chloroplast division somewhat but does not prevent midplastid Z ring formation. These alleles will facilitate understanding of how the in vitro biochemical properties of FtsZ1 are related to its in vivo function.
Active learning based frequent itemset mining over the deep web

In recent years, one mode of data dissemination has become extremely popular, which is the deep web. A key characteristics of deep web data sources is that data can only be accessed through the limited query interface they support. This paper develops a methodology for mining the deep web. Because these data sources cannot be accessed directly, thus, data mining must be performed based on sampling of the datasets. The samples, in turn, can only be obtained by querying the deep web databases with specific inputs. Unlike existing sampling based methods, which are typically applied on relational databases or streaming data, sampling costs, and not the computation or memory costs, are the dominant consideration in designing the algorithm.
Opening Minds Through Narratives

This essay focuses on two specific challenges for cultivating open-mindedness in schools: preconscious perceptual limitations and an impoverished view of how humans hold beliefs. An exploration of perceptual limitations such as self-deception and perceptual blindness reveals the need for some type of curricular friction to help students perceive their own (as well as others’) beliefs and perspectives. Conceiving of strong beliefs as embedded in networks of other beliefs and tied to a person’s identity highlights why some of our beliefs can be invulnerable to the powers of rational analysis. The protection these networks provide indicates the need for a curricular tool that possesses the ability to penetrate their hold. This essay proposes that engaging with well-chosen and meaningful narratives in classrooms can help negotiate this set of challenges by providing practice in perceiving, considering, and taking seriously alternative perspectives. In doing so, narratives help cultivate the genuine openness required by open-mindedness.