cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computer modelling — state-of-the-art report

Abstract Computer models have become basic tools for evaluating various parameters affecting vehicle performance under defined terrain conditions. Prediction of drawbar pull, ride comfort, speeds and mission times, fuel consumption, field capacity, etc. facilitates the tasks of both designers and users of off-road vehicles, as well as of researchers. The modelling approach generally provides a mathematical model which permits a description of the physical system frequently calling for backup data from field tests results. Regarding the papers submitted to this topic No. 9 ‘Computer Modelling’ and considering the 1981 state-of-the-art report on analytical methods and modelling by K.-J. Melzer [1], a classification of all papers has been established according to their generic model character.
Exposure of Phosphatidylinositol Transfer Proteins to Sphingomyelin−Cholesterol Membranes Suggests Transient but Productive Interactions with Raft-Like, Liquid-Ordered Domains†

Both isoforms of rat phosphatidylinositol transfer protein (PITP) mediate the intermembrane transfer of sphingomyelin (CerPCho). In the plasma membrane, CerPCho often segregates with cholesterol into microdomains such as lipid rafts and caveolae. To test the hypothesis that PITP exhibits a preference for CerPCho- and cholesterol-rich membranes, we prepared unilamellar vesicles containing variable amounts of these two lipids. We also used CerPCho species with different acyl composition and treated vesicles with agents known to sequester and remove cholesterol. We observed that the β isoform of rat PITP was more sensitive to membrane cholesterol than was the α isoform, as shown by increases in specific activities of lipid transfer of 2−6-fold. A relatively high membrane content of cholesterol (mole fraction > 0.4) was required to elicit such enhancements. Treatment of cholesterol-rich membranes with a series of β cyclodextrins demonstrated that, upon depletion of cholesterol from participating membranes, th...
Can the fair wage–effort hypothesis be interpreted as a safe effort hypothesis?

Abstract This paper proposes a model in which workers use information on their firm’s profitability to determine their effort. The model, which is derived from a standard utility function, yields results similar to Akerlof and Yellen’s [Quarterly Journal of Economics 105 (1990) 255] fair wage–effort hypothesis.
Growth of human pancreatic cancer is inhibited by down-regulation of gastrin gene expression.

OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the effects of gastrin messenger RNA (mRNA) down-regulation on growth of human pancreatic cancer. METHODS Gastrin expression was examined in human pancreatic cancer cell lines by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and peptide expression was assessed by immunocytochemistry. Gastrin was down-regulated using either stable transfection of an antisense gastrin cDNA or 1 of 3 shRNA (short hairpin RNA) constructs. Tumor formation was evaluated after either subcutaneous or orthotopic injections into nude mice. The effect of nanoliposomes loaded with gastrin siRNA (small interfering RNA) was tested in mice bearing pancreatic tumors. RESULTS Stable transfection of gastrin antisense or shRNAs into BxPC-3 cells resulted in clones with more than 90% reduction in gastrin mRNA. Tumor growth rate and incidence of metastases in both wild-type and transfected pancreatic cancer cells were directly proportional to the degrees of gastrin mRNA expression. Immunofluorescence analysis confirmed that gastrin peptide levels were decreased in antisense and shRNA tumors. Gastrin knockdown clones had lower Ki-67 and increased cleaved caspase-3 staining, consistent with known effects of gastrin on proliferation and apoptosis. Tumors in mice treated with gastrin siRNA were smaller than controls. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that RNAi targeting of gastrin could serve as an effective treatment for pancreatic cancer.
The dynamics of successive induction in larval zebrafish.

Charles Sherrington identified the properties of the synapse by purely behavioral means—the study of reflexes—more than 100 years ago. They were subsequently confirmed neurophysiologically. Studying reflex interaction, he also showed that activating one reflex often facilitates another, antagonistic one: successive induction, which has since been demonstrated in a wide range of species, from aphids to locusts to dogs and humans. We show a particularly orderly example in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae; the behavior (locomotion) of larvae is low in dark and intermediate in light, but low in light and substantially higher in dark when dark followed light. A quantitative model of a simple dynamic process is described that readily captures the behavior pattern and the effects of a number of manipulations of lighting conditions.
Visibility of Critical-Exponent Renormalization

The extent to which the renormalization of critical-point behavior should be visible experimentally is investigated on the basis of detailed numerical calculations for a three-dimensional soluble model (a mobile-electron Ising ferromagnet). If a dilution parameter $x$ is defined such that the change in critical temperature from the "pure" or unrenormalized system is $|{T}_{c}(x)\ensuremath{-}{T}_{c}^{0}|=\frac{x{T}_{c}}{f}$, where $f=0.6\ensuremath{-}0.9$, then we conclude that the effective exponents ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{\mathrm{fit}}(x)$ and ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\mathrm{fit}}(x)$ which will be observed experimentally, vary roughly as ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{\mathrm{fit}}\ensuremath{\approx}\ensuremath{\beta}+x\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{X}$ and ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\mathrm{fit}}\ensuremath{\simeq}\ensuremath{\gamma}+\frac{1}{5}x\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}(1+2{x}^{2})\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{X}$. Here $\ensuremath{\beta}$ and $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ are the ideal exponents for the order parameter and total fluctuation or susceptibility of the pure system, while $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{X}={\ensuremath{\beta}}_{X}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\beta}$ and $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{X}={\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{X}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$, in which ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{X}=\frac{\ensuremath{\beta}}{(1\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}})}$ and ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{X}=\frac{\ensuremath{\gamma}}{(1\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha})}$ are the fully renormalized exponents, while $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ (assumed positive) describe the divergence of the specific heats of the pure system. [Theoretically the true limiting asymptotic behavior at the transition is described by $\ensuremath{\beta}(x)={\ensuremath{\beta}}_{X}$ and $\ensuremath{\gamma}(x)={\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{X}$ for all $xg0$.] The renormalized specific heats are found to be sensitive to $x$ but their true renormalized behavior is not evident until $x\ensuremath{\gtrsim}0.3$. Various techniques of data analysis such as logarithmic, semilogarithmic, Heller-Benedek, and Kouvel-Fisher plots have been tested.
Unexpected axial preference of the Me2N substituent on the phosphorus atom of the P(III) 1,3,2,-oxazaphosphorinane ring system

Abstract The conformations of a series of 5,5-dimethyl-2-Z-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorinanes (Z = MeO, (CF3)2CHP, Ph, Me2N, and i -Pr2N) have been investigated by 1H NMR spectroscopy and by X-ray crystallography. Surprisingly, Me2N displays a strong preference for axial attachment to the ring; and i -Pr2N also is axial to a large extent (50%).
Experience with intravenous ferric carboxymaltose in patients with iron deficiency anemia

Erythropoiesis may be limited by absolute or functional iron deficiency or when chronic inflammatory conditions lead to iron sequestration. Intravenous iron may be indicated when oral iron cannot address the deficiency. Ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) is a nondextran iron preparation recently approved in the United States for intravenous treatment of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in adult patients with intolerance or unsatisfactory response to oral iron or with nondialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease. The full dose is two administrations of up to 750 mg separated by at least 7 days (up to 1500 mg total). FCM can be injected in 7-8 min or diluted in saline for slower infusion. The efficacy and safety of this dose was established in two prospective trials that randomized over 3500 subjects, 1775 of whom received FCM. One trial showed similar efficacy of FCM to an approved intravenous iron regimen (1000 mg of iron sucrose) in 2500 subjects with chronic kidney disease and additional cardiovascular risk factors. The other trial showed superior efficacy of FCM to oral iron in subjects with IDA due to various etiologies (e.g. gastrointestinal or uterine bleeding). In these trials, there was no significant difference between FCM and comparator with respect to an independently adjudicated composite safety endpoint, including death, myocardial infarction, or stroke. A database of 5799 subjects exposed to FCM provided a safety profile acceptable for regulatory approval. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that the transient, asymptomatic reduction in serum phosphate observed following FCM administration results from induction of fibroblast growth factor 23, which in turn induces renal phosphate excretion. An elevated hepcidin level may identify patients with IDA who will not respond to oral iron but will respond to FCM. The ability to administer FCM in two rapid injections or infusions will likely be viewed favorably by patients and healthcare providers.
Should dentistry be part of the National Health Information Infrastructure

ABSTRACT Background The National Health Information Infrastructure, or NHII, proposes to improve the effectiveness, efficiency and overall quality of health in the United States by establishing a national, electronic information network for health care. To date, dentistry's integration into this network has not been discussed widely. Methods The author reviews the NHII and its goals and structure through published reports and background literature. The author evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of the NHII regarding their implications for the dental care system. Results The NHII proposes to implement computer-based patient records, or CPRs, for most Americans by 2014, connect personal health information with other clinical and public health information, and enable different types of care providers to access CPRs. Advantages of the NHII include transparency of health information across health care providers, potentially increased involvement of patients in their care, better clinical decision making through connecting patient-specific information with the best clinical evidence, increased efficiency, enhanced bioterrorism defense and potential cost savings. Challenges in the implementation of the NHII in dentistry include limited use of CPRs, required investments in information technology, limited availability and adoption of standards, and perceived threats to privacy and confidentiality. Conclusions The implementation of the NHII is making rapid strides. Dentistry should become an active participant in the NHII and work to ensure that the needs of dental patients and the profession are met. Practice Implications The NHII has far-reaching implications on dental practice by making it easier to access relevant patient information and by helping to improve clinical decision making.
Neural network analysis of EUS images to differentiate between pancreatic malignancy and pancreatitis.

Background: The differentiation of focal pancreatitis and pancreatic adenocarcinoma is problematic and often resolved only by pancreaticoduodenectomy. EUS is the most sensitive imaging modality for both conditions, yet ultrasonic criteria for distinguishing the two have not been described and differentiation remains difficult. The aims of this study were to develop a self-learning computer program that can analyze EUS images and differentiate malignancy from pancreatitis, and to compare results obtained with this system with EUS interpretation by experienced endosonographers. Methods: Twenty-one patients with pancreatic cancer and 14 with focal pancreatitis were included. The diagnosis was confirmed histologically in all cases and each patient had undergone EUS. A single EUS image from each procedure was used for computer analysis. The results were compared with the EUS diagnosis reported at the actual procedure as well that of an endosonographer who reviewed videotapes of the procedures. Results: The software program differentiated focal pancreatitis from malignancy with a maximal 89% accuracy. With sensitivity set at 100% for malignancy, the program was 50% specific and accuracy was 80%. Sensitivity and accuracy of the endosonographer's impression at the time of EUS were, respectively, 89% and 85%. A sensitivity of 73% and accuracy of 83% were achieved with blinded interpretation of EUS videotapes. Conclusions: Analysis of EUS images with computer software programs is feasible and compares favorably with human interpretation. The application of this technology to EUS and other imaging scenarios could be a useful adjunct to diagnostic endoscopy and warrants further investigation.
Assessment of Morbidity and Mortality After Esophagectomy Using a Modified Frailty Index

Background Esophagectomy is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. This retrospective study examined use of a modified frailty index as a potential predictor of morbidity and mortality in esophagectomy patients. Methods National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Participant Use Files were reviewed for 2005 through 2010. Patients undergoing esophagectomy were selected based on CPT codes. A modified frailty index with 11 variables was used to determine correlation between frailty and postesophagectomy morbidity and mortality. Data were analyzed using χ 2 test and logistic regression. Results A total of 2,095 patients were included in the analysis. Higher frailty scores were associated with a statistically significant increase in morbidity and mortality. A frailty score of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 had associated morbidity rates of 17.9% (142 of 795 patients), 25.1% (178 of 710 patients), 31.4% (126 of 401 patients), 34.4% (48 of 140 patients), 44.4% (16 of 36 patients), and 61.5% (8 of 13 patients), respectively. A frailty score of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 had associated mortality rates of 1.8% (14 of 795 patients), 3.8% (27 of 710 patients), 4% (16 of 401 patients), 7.1% (10 of 140 patients), 8.3% (3 of 36 patients), and 23.1% (3 of 13 patients), respectively. When using multivariate logistic regression for mortality comparing age, functional status, prealbumin, emergency surgery, wound class, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, and sex, only age and frailty were statistically significant. The odds ratio was 31.84 for frailty ( p = 0.015) and 1.05 ( p = 0.001) for age. Conclusions Using a large national database, a modified frailty index was shown to correlate with postesophagectomy morbidity and mortality. Such an index may be used to aid in improving risk assessment and patient selection for esophagectomy.
Expression, tandem repeat copy number variation and stability of four macrosatellite arrays in the human genome

Macrosatellites are some of the largest variable number tandem repeats in the human genome, but what role these unusual sequences perform is unknown. Their importance to human health is clearly demonstrated by the 4q35 macrosatellite D4Z4 that is associated with the onset of the muscle degenerative disease facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Nevertheless, many other macrosatellite arrays in the human genome remain poorly characterized. Here we describe the organization, tandem repeat copy number variation, transmission stability and expression of four macrosatellite arrays in the human genome: the TAF11-Like array located on chromosomes 5p15.1, the SST1 arrays on 4q28.3 and 19q13.12, the PRR20 array located on chromosome 13q21.1, and the ZAV array at 9q32. All are polymorphic macrosatellite arrays that at least for TAF11-Like and SST1 show evidence of meiotic instability. With the exception of the SST1 array that is ubiquitously expressed, all are expressed at high levels in the testis and to a lesser extent in the brain. Our results extend the number of characterized macrosatellite arrays in the human genome and provide the foundation for formulation of hypotheses to begin assessing their functional role in the human genome.
A survey of cyanogenesis in palms (Arecaceae)

We surveyed leaf material of 545 individual palms representing 108 genera and 155 species for cyanogenesis using the Feigl-Anger test. We detected HCN production in only two species of one genus, Drymophloeus. Additional smaller surveys of shoot meristems and roots revealed cyanogenesis only in the shoot meristem of one species of Dypsis. Our results indicate that cyanogenesis is rather rare in the family. ( 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
High Incidence of Xenogenic Bone Marrow Engraftment in Pig-to-Baboon Intra-Bone Bone Marrow Transplantation

Previous attempts of α-1,3-galactocyltransferase knockout (GalTKO) pig bone marrow (BM) transplantation (Tx) into baboons have demonstrated a loss of macro-chimerism within 24 h in most cases. In order to achieve improved engraftment with persistence of peripheral chimerism, we have developed a new strategy of intra-bone BM (IBBM) Tx. Six baboons received GalTKO BM cells, with one-half of the cells transplanted into the bilateral tibiae directly and the remaining cells injected intravenously (IBBM/BM-Tx) with a conditioning immunosuppressive regimen. In order to assess immune responses induced by the combined IBBM/BM-Tx, three recipients received donor SLA-matched GalTKO kidneys in the peri-operative period of IBBM/BM-Tx (Group 1), and the others received kidneys 2 months after IBBM/BM-Tx (Group 2). Peripheral macro-chimerism was continuously detectable for up to 13 days (mean 7.7 days; range 3–13) post-IBBM/BM-Tx and in three animals, macro-chimerism reappeared at days 10, 14 and 21. Pig CFUs, indicating porcine progenitor cell engraftment, were detected in the host BM in four of six recipients on days 14, 15, 19 and 28. In addition, anti-pig unresponsiveness was observed by in vitro assays. GalTKO/pCMV-kidneys survived for extended periods (47 and 60 days). This strategy may provide a potent adjunct for inducing xenogeneic tolerance through BM-Tx.
Dynamic neural network-based robust identification and control of a class of nonlinear systems

A methodology for dynamic neural network (DNN) identification-based control of nonlinear systems is proposed. The multi-layer DNN structure is modified by the addition of a sliding mode term in order to robustly account for exogenous disturbances and DNN reconstruction errors. New weight update laws for the DNN are proposed which guarantee asymptotic regulation of the identification error to zero. The DNN identifier is used in conjunction with a continuous RISE feedback term for asymptotic tracking of a desired trajectory. Both the identifier and the controller operate simultaneously in real time.
Absorption switches in metal-dielectric-metal plasmonic waveguides

We theoretically investigate the properties of absorption switches for metal-dielectric-metal (MDM) plasmonic waveguides. We show that a MDM waveguide directly coupled to a cavity filled with an active material with tunable absorption coefficient can act as an absorption switch, in which the on/off states correspond to the absence/presence of optical pumping. We also show that a MDM plasmonic waveguide side-coupled to a cavity filled with an active material can operate as an absorption switch, in which the on/off states correspond to the presence/absence of pumping. For a specific modulation depth, the side-coupled-cavity switch results in more compact designs compared to the direct-coupled-cavity switch. Variations in the imaginary part of the refractive index of the material filling the cavity of Δκ = 0.01 (Δκ = 0.15) result in ~60% (~99%) modulation depth. The properties of both switches can be accurately described using transmission line theory.
Manipulating regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) : [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester blends—route towards high efficiency polymer solar cells

Polymer or “plastics” solar cells have been an intensively studied area since the discovery of efficient electron transfer between polymers and fullerenes and the introduction of the bulk-heterojunction concept. The last few years have seen significant improvement in plastic solar cell performance through aggressive research on the regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (RR-P3HT) : [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) system. The morphology of the system is controlled through two major strategies which have proven effective in improving the device efficiency—thermal annealing and solvent annealing (slow growth). In this Feature Article, we review the recent progress on this material system. A detailed discussion on thermal annealing and solvent annealing approaches to improve device performance is presented, including a comparison between the two strategies. The effects of these two approaches on improving polymer crystallinity, light absorption in the polymer, carrier transport, blend film nano-morphology, etc. are summarized. We also include a brief discussion on accurate measurement and characterization techniques for polymer solar cells to correctly determine the efficiency by applying spectral mismatch factors. Future directions and challenges on polymer solar cell development are also discussed.
Scene Reconstruction and Visualization from Internet Photo Collections: A Survey

The Internet has become an unprecedented source of visual information about our world, with millions of people uploading photos and videos to media-sharing sites at staggering rates. Virtually all of the world's famous landmarks and cities (and many not-so-famous ones) have been photographed hundreds of thousands or millions of times, and billions of these photos can be found on photo-sharing websites. This richness and variety make such Internet photo collections extremely attractive as a source of data for applications ranging from mapping and visualization to social science. However, a prerequisite to many such applications is recovering structure — often in the form of 3D geometry — from these massive, unorganized collections of imagery. This ever-growing collection of visual data opens up fundamental new questions in computer vision and computer graphics, where traditional techniques designed for small, controlled sets of images cannot be readily applied. This article surveys recent work on applying geometric computer vision to large, unstructured photo collections, as well as applications enabled by these new techniques in scene visualization, location recognition, image editing, and other areas of computer vision and graphics.
Transfer of cryopreserved equine embryos to progestin‐treated ovariectomised mares

Summary Good to excellent quality embryos between 160 and 980 μm in diameter were recovered 6.5 to 7 days after ovulation and washed in Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline plus 10 per cent foetal calf serum (PBS). Embryos were frozen in 0.5 ml French straws and seeded at −6°C. Embryos of 200 μm diameter or less were placed in 10 per cent glycerol in PBS and cooled from −6 to −30°C at 0.3°C/min, then to −33°C at 0.1°C/min. They were then plunged into liquid nitrogen. Embryos larger than 200 μm were frozen either 1) in 10 per cent glycerol plus 8.6 per cent sucrose with cooling at 0.5°C/min from −6 to 25°C followed by plunging, or 2) in 15 per cent glycerol plus 15 per cent sucrose and placed between gel-containing cold packs in a household freezer at — 25°C for 30 mins followed by plunging. Embryos were thawed for 20 sees in a 37°C water bath or held in air for 20 sees prior to thawing in a 37°C water bath for 20 sees. Glycerol from embryos frozen in the household freezer was removed in steps of 12, 9, 6, 3 and 0 per cent glycerol, all with 10 per cent sucrose, 6 mins/step. Glycerol was removed similarly for other treatments but the first two steps were omitted. Embryos were evaluated morphologically (1 = excellent, 5 = severely degenerate) prior to transfer to the uterus of ovariectomised mares between 24th November and 9th January. Mares were given 0.044 mg/kg bodyweight altrenogest for at least six days. Four pregnancies were established after transferring eight embryos 200 μm or less, demonstrating that progestin-treated, ovariectomised mares can serve as recipients for frozen embryos during the non-breeding season. However, only two of 24 larger embryos resulted in pregnancy. No difference was detected in the two methods of cooling, but post-thaw embryo quality was markedly improved (p<0.01) by holding straws in air for 20 sees prior to placing them in a water bath.
Characterization of Elastomers and Elastomeric Composites Using Ultrasound

The knowledge of elastic properties of the various types of rubber is significant for many commercial and academic applications. A sample set consisting of generic elastomeric compounds was studied using non-destructive non-contact ultrasonic techniques. The longitudinal sound wave velocities in the sample and wave amplitude attenuation in the sample were measured using the Second Wave Inc. Non-Contact Analyzer 1000 (NCA1000). The Contact method was then used to corroborate the results obtained. A rule-of-mixture model was used to compare the velocity values obtained by the non-contact technique. The preliminary results suggest that the differences in attenuation are driven by polymer type and also to a lesser extent by the loading level of carbon black fillers.
Casey Meets the Crisis Pregnancy Centers

Recent cases have found factual disclosure requirements to be constitutional when imposed on abortion providers but unconstitutional when imposed on crisis pregnancy centers. This paper argues that the outcomes in both kinds of cases can be explained by courts' perception of abortion as an ideological, political, or moral act rather than as health care.
The Relationship Between Intra-Organizational And Inter-Organizational Coordination And Its Influence On Product Quality Improvement

A sample of 225 firms is analyzed, using structural equation modeling, to test five hypotheses. This study seeks to gain a better understanding of the practice of coordination among functional areas within the buying firm as well as between buyer firms and their key suppliers. The implications of this research suggest that it is important for firms to focus on their long-term success as they work with key suppliers. The research shows when the stakeholders of the firm support its efforts to coordination and cooperation with its key suppliers, the firm benefits. Evidence shows cross-functional coordination enhances the firm’s capability to cooperate with its key suppliers. The findings are significant to supply chain manager and to the various functional managers in charge of quality, production, R&D, and customer service and their respective counter parts in supplier firms. Finally, this study expands prior research and fills a gap in the literature by showing the importance of inter-organizational coordination between the buyer’s supply management/purchasing function and the supplier’s operations function. This study reveals that conformance to specifications, product reliability and overall product quality performance can be significantly improved when these inter-organizational functional areas coordinate their requirements. The study also shows that product quality can be significantly improved when intra-organizational and inter-organizational coordination occurs simultaneously.
Green-Lighting Brown: A Cumulative-Process Conception of Judicial Impact

Disagreement over the meaning and power of Brown v. Board of Education is part of a larger debate about the capacity of the courts to influence social change. A "down with Brown" movement denies that the iconic case changed America. But, an examination of 68 United States Supreme Court cases (particularly the paradigm-shifting case of Green v. County School Board) and 414 Federal District Court cases, from 1944 through 1974, reveals a cumulative-judicial process that correlates well (and better than legislative efforts) with actual desegregation successes. Considering a "Green-lighted" Brown, rather than the historic case in isolation, better reveals the courts' true power.
Review of Several Hypotheses in Market Microstructure

The working paper has been superseded by the book quoted above. My own comments on the published book are provided below. The book was prepared without professional editing and proofreading was done on my own account. Hence, the book contains many errors, which could only be corrected by paying exorbitant fines to the publishers. Moreover, the graphics is awful and the price - also not my choice - but the editors, is absurd. Despite numerous errors and defects, both in style and substance, my book is the first attempt after M. O’Hara’s classic “Market microstructure” (1995) to put the entire field into a coherent framework of underlying ideas. I believe that the following statements will survive the test of time.1. The prices of securities evolve due to changes in order processing cost, inventory maintenance costs and change in beliefs of the market agents (Stoll, 2003). Of these three contributions, only the last (information asymmetry) is impacted by the economic fundamentals. 2. The time change from the discrete evolution in the physical (natural, calendar) time to the continuous evolution in the discrete (transaction, Ito-Mac Kean, local) time is stochastic and, in principle, contains all relevant economic information.3. Increasing (diminishing) transaction frictions reduce (increase) participation rate of the informed traders and, hence, reduce (increase) the contribution of information asymmetry to the market volatility.4. The component of the bid-ask spread attributable to the information asymmetry tends to zero in the absence of intervening economic events; the spread volatility asymptotically tends to twice the asset volatility. 5. Abstraction of the perfectly informed insider is not necessary for the informed trading models (Kyle, 1985, Glosten-Milgrom, 1985). No-arbitrage condition between the risky assets traded as private equity and in the stock exchange segregate the market for a security into parts behaving similarly to the groups of informed and uninformed traders, respectively (Li and Yang, 2008).
Synthesizing Presence: A Multidisciplinary Review Of The Literature

This multidisciplinary literature review analyzed one hundred and eight peer-reviewed journal articles focusing on presence from four academic disciplines: Mass Communication, Human-Computer Interaction, Education, and Psychology. It was conducted because there was a need for a comprehensive, integrated understanding of presence. Results strongly indicate that presence includes both objective and subjective criteria, and thus should be measured in both ways. Results also showed that the different academic disciplines approach the concept in similar, yet distinct ways. These similarities and differences also gave the researchers the necessary content to create a presence ontology. Future researchers are encouraged to use these results and ontology as a starting point for formulating research questions that advance an understanding of presence.
STUDIES OF HIGH-INTENSITY LASER-MATTER INTERACTIONS*

The irradiation of matter with high intensity, picosecond laser pulses offers the possibility of many unique interaction studies. At Los Alamos, several such studies have been underway for about a year. This paper is a report on the observations of the laser-matter interactions we have made to date.
Abstract 1100: Correlation of basic fibroblast growth factor and cyclooxygenase-2 activity in non-small lung cancer cells

Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) is a potent wide-spectrum mitogen and the dysregulation of its expression is associated with cell proliferation and immortalization in a wide variety of tumors. Its oncogenic nature may depend, in part, on its ability to prevent apoptosis. Its antisense gene, NUDT6, encodes a novel Nudix motif protein of unknown function, and overexpression of NUDT6 is known to suppress FGF-dependent cell proliferation (Baguma-Nibasheka et al, Mol Cell Endocrinol 267:127-136, 2007). Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a key enzyme in prostaglandin synthesis whose up-regulation has been implicated in the promotion of lung cancer. COX-2 inhibition suppresses growth and induces apoptosis in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. In this study, we evaluated the hypothesis that the antitumor activity of COX-2 inhibitors in lung cancer may involve modulation of FGF-2, which is overexpressed in NSCLC. Results: FGF, NUDT6 and COX-2 are co-expressed in NSCLC cells, and FGF-2 and COX-2, but not NUDT6 messenger RNA levels, as well as cell proliferation, are decreased by serum deprivation. Selective inhibition of COX-2 suppresses FGF-2 but not NUDT6 expression, and FGF-2 knockdown negates the effect of COX-2 inhibition on cell proliferation. These findings indicate that the antitumor effects of COX-2 inhibition in NSCLC may be mediated via suppression of FGF-2. Supported by the Frostburg State University of Biology Department. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1100. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1100
General Preparation of (N3N)ZrX (N3N = N(CH2CH2NSiMe3)33−) Complexes from a Hydride Surrogate

A homoleptic triamidoamine zirconium complex featuring a metalated trimethylsilyl substituent, [κ5-(Me3SiNCH2CH2)2NCH2CH2NSiMe2CH2]Zr (1), was synthesized by reaction of Zr(CH2Ph)4 with N(CH2CH2NHSiMe3)3 followed by sublimation. Complex 1 is a general precursor to a family of complexes with the formulation (N3N)ZrX (N3N = N(CH2CH2NSiMe3)33−, X = anionic ligand) by reactions that parallel expected reactivity of a hydride derivative. Treatment of 1 with phosphines, amines, thiols, alkynes, and phenol resulted in the formation of new, pseudo-C3v-symmetric (N3N)ZrX complexes (X = phosphido, amido, alkynyl, thiolate, or phenoxide) via element−H bond activation. Thus, the reactivity of complex 1 is that best described as a hydride surrogate. For example, complex 1 reacted with PhPH2 at ambient temperature to provide (N3N)ZrPHPh (2) in 86% yield. Density functional theory studies and X-ray crystal structures provide a general overview of the bonding in these complexes, which appears to be highly ionic. In genera...
Generalized Viral Illness Caused by an Intermediate Strain of Adenovirus (21/H21 + 35)

Ten isolates of an antigenically intermediate strain of adenovirus were recovered from eight persons who presented febrile upper respiratory illness, pneumonia, or multisystem disease between November 1976 and August 1978. Six isolates were recovered from four members of an extended family in which the other nine members all had serologic evidence of infection; the other four isolates were epidemiologically unrelated. The isolates were placed in hemagglutination group IB on the basis of results of differential hemagglutination tests. All isolates were identified as adenovirus 21 by serum-neutralization tests and as types 21, 34, or 35 by hemagglutination-inhibition tests with reference rabbit and horse antisera. Conversely, rabbit antiserum to the intermediate strain had high titers of neutralizing antibody to adenovirus 21 and high titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody to adenoviruses 21 and 35. The patients' serologic responses were similar. Thus, the isolates were typed as adenovirus 21/H21 + 35 and are the first such intermediate strains recorded.
First-principles studies of lone-pair-induced distortions in epitaxial phases of perovskite SnTiO 3 and PbTiO 3

In this project, a computational investigation utilizing density functional theory methods is carried out to elucidate the differences in stereochemical lone-pair activity of ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{2+}$ and ${\mathrm{Sn}}^{2+}$ A-site ions in epitaxial polar ${\mathrm{ATiO}}_{3}$ perovskites. The contrasting tendencies for the lead- and tin-based compounds to form different phases---$Amm2$ for the former versus $Cm$ for the latter---under biaxial tension are connected to the amount of charge concentrated within the lone pair lobes. Specifically, phases are energetically more preferable when as much charge as possible is dissipated out of the lobe, thus lowering the cost of Coulomb repulsions between the lone pair and the surrounding oxygen cage. Although a strong band-gap tuning was predicted in (fictitious) ${\mathrm{SnTiO}}_{3}$ during the tensile $P4mm\ensuremath{\rightarrow}Cm$ phase transformation [see W. D. Parker, J. M. Rondinelli, and S. M. Nakhmanson, Phys. Rev. B 84, 245126 (2011)], we find the same effect to be considerably weaker in ${\mathrm{PbTiO}}_{3}$. The insights gained about the electronic-level underpinnings of transitional behavior in such lone-pair-active epitaxial ferroelectrics may be used in the design of a new generation of more efficient electromechanical and electrooptical devices.
Investigation of a passive condenser system of an advanced boiling water reactor

An experimental study and best-estimate thermal-hydraulic code model assessment is performed to investigate the characteristics of the filmwise condensation with and without noncondensable gas in a...
Guidelines for risk reduction when handling gametes from infectious patients seeking assisted reproductive technologies

According to the Americans with Disabilities Act (1990), couples with blood-borne viruses that lead to infectious disease cannot be denied fertility treatment as long as the direct threat to the health and safety of others can be reduced or eliminated by a modification of policies or procedures. Three types of infectious patients are commonly discussed in the context of fertility treatment: those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C or hepatitis B. Seventy-five per cent of hepatitis C or HIV positive men and women are in their reproductive years, and these couples look to assisted reproductive techniques for risk reduction in conceiving a pregnancy. In many cases, only one partner is infected. Legal and ethical questions about treatment of infectious patients aside, the question most asked by clinical embryologists and andrologists is: "What are the laboratory protocols for working with gametes and embryos from patients with infectious disease?" The serostatus of each patient is the key that informs appropriate treatments. This guidance document describes protocols for handling gametes from seroconcordant and serodiscordant couples with infectious disease. With minor modifications, infectious patients with stable disease status and undetectable or low viral load can be accommodated in the IVF laboratory.
The Clinical Effect Analysis of Modified Snodgrass for Hypospadias in Children

Objective To explore the eff icacy of modifi ed Snodgrass procedures in hypospadias repair.Methods Records of 280 children who underwent modif ied Snodgrass operation were reviewd in Hunan Children's Hospital,and the effect of surgical treatment and postoperative complications were Analyzed and summarized.Results Children were followed-up for 6~36 months.Fistula occurred in 22 children(7.86%) and stenosis in 9 children(3.21%) out of 280 children.Conclusion The modif ied Snodgrass for hypospadias in children had broad indications,and low complication rate,the clinical effect were obvious.
Traditional versus iPad-Mediated Handwriting Instruction in Early Learners.

ABSTRACTThere has been a drastic increase in the use of technology in the classroom over the past 20 years. As computers and tablets permeate our schools, their presence is oftentimes seen as a cure to whatever problems may exist. While the promise of technology has held true within some domains, little has been done to examine its efficacy in some areas. The literature remains largely silent about the use of technology as a handwriting intervention in struggling learners. This study compared handwriting practice performed on iPads to handwriting practice performed through traditional means to determine the extent to which iPad-mediated handwriting practice transfers to traditional assessments. Twelve kindergarten and first-grade students from an urban public elementary school in central Texas participated in this small-scale study. The results indicate that traditional methods, while similar, were superior in terms of letter formation and letter orientation to iPad-mediated practice. Likewise, letter rec...
Combination disease-modifying antirheumatic drug therapy reduced work disability in early rheumatoid arthritis.

Source Citation Puolakka K, Kautiainen H, Mottonen T, et al. Impact of initial aggressive drug treatment with a combination of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs on the development of work disab...
Extrinsic work values and feedback: Contrary effects for performance and well-being

This article investigates the interactive effects of extrinsic value orientation and competence supportive feedback on the work outcomes of in-role and extra-role performance, and employees’ subjective well-being at work. Two studies are presented with samples consisting of a cross-section of employees and, for Study 1, their managers. In keeping with established theory and findings, competence supportive feedback demonstrated positive and significant main effects. In support of this article’s unique predictions, these relationships were amplified (in-role and extra-role performance) and attenuated (subjective well-being) at higher levels of individual extrinsic value orientation. Findings for well-being were more closely examined with the second sample, and an underlying mechanism of experienced work demands was identified. Thus, it seems that motivational sensitivity to the instrumental value of competence supportive feedback, in addition to its recognized psychological value, may drive work engagement ...
14 – Flammability tests for railway passenger cars

Publisher Summary Fire safety of passenger trains in the United States has been approached by regulating the flammability of furnishing and finish materials since early in the 20th century. Considerable research has been conducted to develop quantitative methods to assess the fire performance of the entire system, starting with modern metrics for the flammability of materials. In the past decade, global interest in high-speed trains has led to ever-increasing use of synthetics to reduce weight and increase energy efficiency. However, concern has been raised over the flammability and impact on fire hazard of plastics in their end-use configuration, even though they may be judged to be acceptable in small-scale tests. While non-metallic materials have traditionally been used in seat cushioning and upholstery, their use in other system components such as coverings for floors, walls and ceilings, window glazing and window or door gasketing and non-structural storage compartments have increased the fire load within the vehicles. In addition to the flammability characteristics of the interior furnishing materials, the size and design of the vehicle are all factors in determining the ultimate hazard to passengers and crew as a result of a fire. This chapter discusses the test procedures and performance criteria for the flammability and smoke emission characteristics of materials used in passenger rail vehicle.
Less-than-expected weight loss in normal-weight women undergoing caloric restriction and exercise is accompanied by preservation of fat-free mass and metabolic adaptations.

Normal-weight women frequently restrict their caloric intake and exercise, but little is known about the effects on body weight, body composition and metabolic adaptations in this population. We conducted a secondary analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial in sedentary normal-weight women. Women were assigned to a severe energy deficit (SEV: −1062±80 kcal per day; n=9), a moderate energy deficit (MOD: −633±71 kcal per day; n=7) or energy balance (BAL; n=9) while exercising five times per week for 3 months. Outcome variables included changes in body weight, body composition, resting metabolic rate (RMR) and metabolic hormones associated with energy conservation. Weight loss occurred in SEV (−3.7±0.9 kg, P 0.33). RMR decreased by −6±2% in MOD (P=0.020). In SEV, RMR did not change on a group level (P=0.66), but participants whose RMR declined lost more weight (P=0.020) and had a higher baseline RMR (P=0.026) than those whose RMR did not decrease. Characteristic changes in leptin (P=0.003), tri-iodothyronine (P=0.013), insulin-like growth factor-1 (P=0.016) and ghrelin (P=0.049) occurred only in SEV. The energy deficit and adaptive changes in RMR explained 54% of the observed weight loss. In normal-weight women, caloric restriction and exercise resulted in less-than-predicted weight loss. In contrast to previous literature, weight loss consisted almost exclusively of fat mass, whereas fat-free mass was preserved.
Molecular dynamics simulations of the surface tension of oxygen-supersaturated water

In this work, non-reactive molecular dynamic simulations were conducted to determine the surface tension of water as a function of the concentration of the dissolved gaseous molecules (O2), which would in turn help to predict the pressure inside the nanobubbles under supersaturation conditions. Knowing the bubble pressure is a prerequisite for understanding the mechanisms behind the spontaneous combustion of the H2/O2 gases inside the nanobubbles. First, the surface tension of pure water was determined using the planar interface method and the Irving and Kirkwood formula. Next, the surface tension of water containing four different supersaturation concentrations (S) of O2 gas molecules was computed considering the curved interface of a nanobubble. The surface tension of water was found to decrease with an increase in the supersaturation ratio or the concentration of the dissolved O2 gas molecules.
A new approach for evaluating climate change communication

Many scholars study when climate change communication increases citizen engagement. Yet, past work has largely used public opinion-based measures of engagement to evaluate alternative frames. In this paper, we argue for a new approach to evaluation, which is premised on research on the policy-making process showing that space on the political agenda and, ultimately, policy change are more likely to arise in response to changes in both public opinion and collective political action. Thus, we argue that alternative frames should be evaluated based on their consequences for both. This is especially critical given that frames can have divergent effects on attitudes and behavior. Using a combination of field and survey experiments, we apply our approach to evaluate two frames related to climate change risks. We find that they heighten people’s concern about climate change yet decrease their rate of political action to express that concern. Our results suggest caution with regard to these frames in particular and that, more generally, frames that might seem advantageous when examining public opinion may not be when political behavior is analyzed.
Mobile Devices and Investment News Apps: The Effects of Information Release, Push Notification, and the Fear of Missing Out

We examine how information dissemination via mobile device applications (apps) affects nonprofessional investors' judgments. In response to the prevalence of mobile device use, the media ungroups c...