cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in CLOCK mutant mice

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming a major health issue as obesity increases around the world. We studied the effect of a circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (CLOCK) mutant (ClkΔ19/Δ19) protein on hepatic lipid metabolism in C57BL/6 Clkwt/wt and apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe-/-) mice. Both ClkΔ19/Δ19 and ClkΔ19/Δ19 Apoe-/- mice developed a full spectrum of liver diseases (steatosis, steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma) recognized in human NAFLD when challenged with a Western diet, lipopolysaccharide, or CoCl2. We identified induction of CD36 and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) proteins as contributing factors for NAFLD. Mechanistic studies showed that WT CLOCK protein interacted with the E-box enhancer elements in the promoters of the proline hydroxylase domain (PHD) proteins to increase expression. In ClkΔ19/Δ19 mice, PHD levels were low, and HIF1α protein levels were increased. When its levels were high, HIF1α interacted with the Cd36 promoter to augment expression and enhance fatty acid uptake. Thus, these studies establish a regulatory link among circadian rhythms, hypoxia response, fatty acid uptake, and NAFLD. The mouse models described here may be useful for further mechanistic studies in the progression of liver diseases and in the discovery of drugs for the treatment of these disorders.
Zinc selenide analyzed by XPS

Zinc selenide (ZnSe) was analyzed using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). A small notched rod was fractured in the XPS vacuum system at 6 × 10−4 Pa to create an oxygen-free surface for analysis. Spectral regions for Zn 2p, Zn 3d, Zn LMM, O 1s, C 1s, Se 3d, Se 3p, and Se LMM and valence band regions were acquired. The presence of carbon could not be confirmed due to interferences between C 1s and Se LMM and between C KLL and Zn 3s. It is believed that any carbon present is very low.
Age-Based Healthcare Stereotype Threat during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Older adults have been identified as a high-risk population for COVID-19 by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Though well-intentioned, this nonspecific designation highlights stereotypes of older adults as frail and in need of protection, exacerbating negative age-based stereotypes that can have adverse effects on older adults' well-being. Healthcare stereotype threat (HCST) is concern about being judged by providers and receiving biased medical treatment based on stereotypes about one's identity - in this case age. Given the attention to older adults' physical vulnerabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic, older adults may be especially worried about age-based judgments from medical providers and sensitive to ageist attitudes about COVID-19. Online data collection (April 13 to May 15, 2020) with adults aged 50 and older (N = 2325, M = 63.11, SD = 7.53) examined age-based HCST. Respondents who worried that healthcare providers judged them based on age (n = 584) also reported more negative COVID-19 reactions, including perceived indifference toward older adults, young adults' lack of concern about health, and unfavorable media coverage of older adults. The results highlight the intersection of two pandemics: COVID-19 and ageism. We close with consideration of the clinical implications of the results.
Recruiting all the talent into undergraduate STEM student success programs using an invitational approach

Student success programs have achieved demonstrated benefits in broadening participation in the geosciences and other STEM fields. These programs typically require an application from potential par...
Evolving Systems of Stochastic Differential Equations

We introduce Evolving Systems of Stochastic Differential Equations. This model generalizes the well-known stochastic differential equations with Markovian switching, enabling the countably many local systems to have solutions in regime-dependent dimension. We provide two constructions, the first one based upon general results on measure-valued processes and the second one partially inspired by recent developments of the theory of concatenation of right processes. We prove the Feller property under very mild assumptions, provide some extensions to the basic model, and show applications of our general framework to a biological model.
Attosecond Noncollinear Four Wave Mixing

Attosecond pulses produced by high harmonic generation are excellent sources of broadband excitation in the extreme ultraviolet. Such pulses can be used to produce coherent superpositions of electronic and vibrational states in atoms and small molecules. The resultant coherent superpositions, or wave packets, can then probed by a time-delayed optical pulse, which modifies the polarization of the medium by coupling to neighboring states. The time dependent spectral interferences in this method, called attosecond transient absorption in the collinear configuration, are recorded with outstanding temporal and spectral resolution to reveal electronic and vibrational structure and dynamics.
Economic Consequences, Nationalist Passions: Keynes, Crisis, Culture, and Policy

ion is one of the most copiously documented facts of the [Modernist] period." J.C. Middleton, The Rise of Primitivism and its Relevance to the Poetry of Expressionism and Dada, in THE DISCONTINUOUS TRADITION: STUDIES IN GERMAN LITERATURE IN HONOUR OF ERNEST LUDWIG STAHL 182, 194 (P.F. Ganz ed., 1971). See generally ROBERT GOLDWATER, PRIMITIVISM IN MODERN ART (Ist ed. 1938; 2d ed. 1986). 32. JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES, THE GENERAL THEORY OF EMPLOYMENT INTEREST AND MONEY 376-77 (1936) [hereinafter GENERAL THEORY].
Family Caregiving to Frail Elders: Experiences of Young Adult Grandchildren as Auxiliary Caregivers

ABSTRACT A phenomenological exploration of the lived experiences of young adult grandchildren involved in the process of family caregiving to frail grandparents was undertaken. In-depth interviews were conducted with 10 young adult grandchildren who were involved as auxiliary caregivers. Three primary themes emerged from analysis of the interview data. The first theme encompassed both the diversity and continuity of the nature of intergenerational relationships in their families. The second theme captured aspects of the nature of their involvement in the family caregiving process. The third theme emerged from their descriptions of feeling caught in the middle or pulled in various ways.
Earth sensing with large aperture radiometers

Three microwave radiometer instruments built by JPL for NASA for remote sensing of the Earth's atmosphere and surface are described. The three instruments are the Microwave Sounder Unit, the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer, and the Microwave Limb Sounder. >
Energy Harvesting from the Human Body and Powering up Implant Devices

This article reviews research activities at the system level on (i) energy harvesting with wearable devices from the human body and (ii) powering up implant devices. The first part reviews wearable devices to harvest energy from the human body for biomedical and portable devices. Harvestable human body energy sources can be classified into two categories, voluntary and involuntary. Voluntary sources are capable of providing high power levels, up to several watts, but are only available when the wearer is active. Involuntary sources are constantly available, but provide much smaller amounts of energy, of the order of milliwatts. The latter part of the article reviews research activities to power up devices implanted in the human body. There are two approaches to power up implant devices. The first approach is to harvest energy from the body or ambient sources. The energy sources are essentially limited to kinetic energy of the body, body heat, and solar. The second approach is to transmit power to implant devices wirelessly. The power level available to implanted devices through harvesting or power transmission is small, often of the order of microwatts.
Regulation of Proliferation-Survival Decisions during Tumor Cell Hypoxia

Hypoxia may influence tumor biology in paradoxically opposing ways: it is lethal as a direct stress trigger, yet hypoxic zones in solid tumors harbor viable cells which are particularly resistant to treatment and contribute importantly to disease relapse. To examine mechanisms underlying growth-survival decisions during hypoxia, we have compared genetically related transformed and untransformed fibroblast cells in vitro for proliferation, survival, clonogenicity, cell cycle, and p53 expression. Hypoxia induces G0/G1 arrest in primary fibroblasts but triggers apoptosis in oncogene-transformed derivatives. Unexpectedly, the mechanism of apoptosis is seen to require accumulated acidosis and is rescued by enhanced buffering. The direct effect of hypoxia under nonacidotic conditions is unique to transformed cells in that they override the hypoxic G0/G1 arrest of primary cells. Moreover, when uncoupled from acidosis, hypoxia enhances tumor cell viability and clonogenicity relative to normoxia. p53 is correspondingly upregulated in response to hypoxia-induced acidosis but downregulated during hypoxia without acidosis. Hypoxia may thus produce both treatment resistance and a growth advantage. Given strong evidence that hypoxic regions in solid tumors are often nonacidotic (G. Helmlinger, F. Yuan, M. Dellian, and R. K. Jain, Nat. Med. 3:177-182, 1997), this behavior may influence relapse and implicates such cells as potentially important therapeutic targets.
Brownian functionals on hypersurfaces in Euclidean space

Using the first exit time for Brownian motion from a smoothly bounded domain in Euclidean space, we define two natural functionals on the space of embedded, compact, oriented, unparametrized hypersurfaces in Euclidean space. We develop explicit formulas for the first variation of each of the functionals and characterize the critical points.
The decline of mass armed forces and compulsory military service

(1992). The decline of mass armed forces and compulsory military service. Defense Analysis: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 45-59.
Pathway analysis in the context of Bayesian networks - mathematical modeling of master and canalizing genes

We utilize a tree-structured Bayesian network to characterize and detect master and canalizing genes via the coefficient of determination (CoD). Master genes possess strong regulation over groups of genes, whereas canalizing genes take over the regulation of large cohorts under certain cell conditions. While related, the two concepts are not the same and the analytic measures we employ reveal that difference. We also consider hypothesis testing for successful drug intervention in the framework of the Bayesian model.
Estimation of forest structural parameters using 5 and 10 meter SPOT-5 satellite data

Abstract Large areas of forest in the US and Canada are affected by insects and disease each year. Over the past century, outbreaks of the Eastern spruce budworm have become more frequent and severe. The notion of designing a more pest resistant landscape through prescriptive management practices hinges on our ability to effectively model forest–insect dynamics at regional scales. Increasingly, more detailed pixel-wise estimates of forest biophysical parameters are needed for such endeavors. Lidar technology, although promising, is not yet viable for repeated regional accounting, necessitating the development of methods which take advantage of existing spaceborne assets. Our objective is to use one of these assets (SPOT-5) to estimate a large set of forest structural attributes at a finer spatial grain size (5 m and 10 m) over a broader area than is currently available for the purpose of supplying needed input data for disturbance simulation modeling. We employ neighborhood statistics (standard deviation, variance, sill variance, and ratios of these metrics at 5 and 10 m) calculated from SPOT-5 sensor data and derivatives to estimate and map tree canopy diameter (CDIA), bole diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height (HT), crown closure (CC), vertical length of live crown (LC), and basal area (BA). A partial least squares (PLS) regression approach was used with these local statistics and field data to produce models for pixel-wise estimation and mapping of mean values, respectively, for hardwood and coniferous forest CDIA ( R 2 = 0.82 and 0.93, RMSE 0.62 and 0.47 m), DBH ( R 2 = 0.82 and 0.90, RMSE 2.92 and 3.75 cm), HT ( R 2 = 0.69 and 0.92, RMSE 1.27 and 1.59 m), CC ( R 2 = 0.52 and 0.68, RMSE 5.49 and 6.02%), LC ( R 2 = 0.58 and 0.81, RMSE 0.96 and 1.25 m), and BA ( R 2 = 0.71 and 0.74, RMSE 2.47 and 4.58 m 2 ha − 1 ) for a 3600 km 2 area in northeast Minnesota. This approach for quantifying forest structure is robust in the sense that a detailed forest cover type map is not required to stratify analysis at any step in the process. Hence, we show that multi-resolution SPOT-5 data are a practical alternative to lidar for regional characterization of forest biophysical parameters. However, lidar data may potentially be used to calibrate these SPOT-based structure models in the future.
A modelling and decomposition strategy for the MINLP optimization of process flowsheets

Abstract This paper shows that in structural flowsheet optimization problems that are formulated as mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problems, modelling can have a great impact in the quality of solutions that are obtained, as well as on the computational efficiency. A modelling/decomposition strategy is proposed to exploit the special structure of flowsheet synthesis problems that are to be solved with the OA/ER algorithm. The objective of this procedure is to reduce the computational effort required to solve the MINLP optimization problem, and to reduce the effect that nonconvexities can have in cutting-off the global optimum. The modelling strategy eliminates nonconvexities in the interconnection nodes through linear constraints and valid outer-approximations. The decomposition strategy has the important feature of only requiring the NLP optimization of the current candidate flowsheet. Nonexisting units in the superstructure are suboptimized through a Lagrangian decomposition scheme. Application of the proposed modelling/decomposition procedure is illustrated with several examples, including the synthesis of the HDA toluene process.
An Investigation of Substrate Effect on AMC Production by Rhizopus nigricans

SUMMARY In production of acetylmethylearbinol (AMC), Rhizopus nigricans was more efficient with monosaccharides than with disaccharides as carbon sources. Starch permitted intermediate growth, but only a low AMC production. Greatest growth resulted when galactose was the substrate. AMC levels were higher when glucose was the substrate, thus giving lower (better) efficiency giving lower Bask. from pyruvate and acetaldehyde substrates but absent in the presence of sulfite, indicating that acetaldehyde is an essential intermediate for the production of AMC by R. nigricans. Diacetyl substrate was changed the most, AMC substrate next, and butanediol substrate the least by R. nigricans mycelial mats.
Estrogen-Regulated Gene Networks in Human Breast Cancer Cells: Involvement of E2F1 in the Regulation of Cell Proliferation

Estrogens generally stimulate the proliferation of estrogen receptor (ER)-containing breast cancer cells, but they also suppress proliferation of some ER-positive breast tumors. Using a genome-wide analysis of gene expression in two ER-positive human breast cancer cell lines that differ in their proliferative response to estrogen, we sought to identify genes involved in estrogen-regulated cell proliferation. To this end, we compared the transcriptional profiles of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231ER+ cells, which have directionally opposite 17beta-estradiol (E2)-dependent proliferation patterns, MCF-7 cells being stimulated and 231ER+ cells suppressed by E2. We identified a set of approximately 70 genes regulated by E2 in both cells, with most being regulated by hormone in an opposite fashion. Using a variety of bioinformatics approaches, we found the E2F binding site to be overrepresented in the potential regulatory regions of many cell cycle-related genes stimulated by estrogen in MCF-7 but inhibited by estrogen in 231ER+ cells. Biochemical analyses confirmed that E2F1 and E2F downstream target genes were increased in MCF-7 and decreased in 231ER+ cells upon estrogen treatment. Furthermore, RNA interference-mediated knockdown of E2F1 blocked estrogen regulation of E2F1 target genes and resulted in loss of estrogen regulation of proliferation. These results demonstrate that regulation by estrogen of E2F1, and subsequently its downstream target genes, is critical for hormone regulation of the proliferative program of these breast cancer cells, and that gene expression profiling combined with bioinformatic analyses of transcription factor binding site enrichment in regulated genes can identify key components associated with nuclear receptor hormonal regulation of important cellular functions.
Roadside Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Soils in Franklin County, Massachusetts, and Surrounding Towns

Abstract Metals cycle through the environment, and although many metals are required by biota, several have no known biological function and can be toxic. Metal concentrations [cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), palladium (Pd), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn)] are surveyed with an eye toward soil chemistry, environmental and anthropogenic conditions, and potential remediation in 15 locations in and adjacent to Franklin County, MA. Road‐condition information was gathered, soil pH determined, and soils analyzed for soil metal content via a five‐phase sequential extraction and ICP‐AES analyses. Results indicate the majority of similarities are linked to soil pH and soil geochemistry, with only a few metals (Cr, Pb, and Zn) showing clear anthropogenic trends.
Supervised analysis when the number of candidate features (p) greatly exceeds the number of cases (n)

New genomic and proteomic technologies provide measurements of thousands of features for each case. This provides a context for enhanced discovery and false discovery. Most statistical and machine learning procedures were not developed for the p>>n setting and the literature of DNA microarray studies contains many examples of mis-use of analytic and computatinal methods such a cross-validation. This paper highlights some of key aspects of p>>n problems for identifying informative features and developing accurate classifiers.
The current status of fluoride salt cooled high temperature reactor (FHR) technology and its overlap with HIF target chamber concepts

Abstract The fluoride salt cooled high temperature reactor (FHR) is a class of fission reactor designs that use liquid fluoride salt coolant, TRISO coated particle fuel, and graphite moderator. Heavy ion fusion (HIF) can likewise make use of liquid fluoride salts, to create thick or thin liquid layers to protect structures in the target chamber from ablation by target X-rays and damage from fusion neutron irradiation. This presentation summarizes ongoing work in support of design development and safety analysis of FHR systems. Development work for fluoride salt systems with application to both FHR and HIF includes thermal-hydraulic modeling and experimentation, salt chemistry control, tritium management, salt corrosion of metallic alloys, and development of major components (e.g., pumps, heat exchangers) and gas-Brayton cycle power conversion systems. In support of FHR development, a thermal-hydraulic experimental test bay for separate effects (SETs) and integral effect tests (IETs) was built at UC Berkeley, and a second IET facility is under design. The experiments investigate heat transfer and fluid dynamics and they make use of oils as simulant fluids at reduced scale, temperature, and power of the prototypical salt-cooled system. With direct application to HIF, vortex tube flow was investigated in scaled experiments with mineral oil. Liquid jets response to impulse loading was likewise studied using water as a simulant fluid. A set of four workshops engaging industry and national laboratory experts were completed in 2012, with the goal of developing a technology pathway to the design and licensing of a commercial FHR. The pathway will include experimental and modeling efforts at universities and national laboratories, requirements for a component test facility for reliability testing of fluoride salt equipment at prototypical conditions, requirements for an FHR test reactor, and development of a pre-conceptual design for a commercial reactor.
Whole lung irradiation in pediatric patients using helical tomotherapy to minimize cardiac, breast, and thyroid dose

The purpose of this study is to determine whether the use of helical tomotherapy can reduce dose to the heart, breast tissue, and thyroid gland in children receiving whole lung irradiation (WLI). Computed tomography simulation scans from nine pediatric patients previously treated with WLI were used for this dosimetry study. Each scan was alternatively planned using helical tomotherapy to minimize dose to surrounding critical structures. The clinical target volume (CTV) included both lungs. The ribs and spine in proximity to the lungs were included in the CTV to minimize bone asymmetry resulting from partial irradiation. The planning target volume (PTV) included the CTV with a 0.8-cm margin. The following structures were contoured: right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle, right and left breast, thyroid gland, and the humeral heads. Median dose (D med), minimum dose (D min), and maximum dose (D max) for the PTV, CTV, heart chambers, thyroid gland, right and left breast as well as right and left humeral heads were also obtained. The median PTV receiving the prescription dose was 97 %, with PTVs ranging from 95 to 99 %. The average D med for each of the four chambers of the heart ranged from 37 to 55 % of the prescription dose. The average D med for the breasts ranged from 88 to 95 % while for the thyroid gland was 10 % of the prescription dose. Helical tomotherapy can minimize the radiation dose delivered to nontarget organs such as the heart, breasts, and thyroid gland.
Effect of age and diet on fasting blood and plasma glucose levels, plasma nonesterified fatty acid levels, and glucose tolerance in dairy calves.

Abstract Fifteen male dairy calves were used to investigate the effects of age and diet on blood and plasma glucose and plasma nonesterified fatty acid levels, and glucose tolerance. Nine Holsteins and six Jerseys, one day old, were placed on one of three diets for a 100-day experimental period. The diets were: (I) milk, fortified with nonfat milk solids, (II) milk plus high-starch concentrate, and (III) milk plus high-fiber concentrate. Once each week a 16-hr fasting blood sample was obtained and 500mg glucose/kg body weight were administered to each calf for a glucose tolerance test. Blood and plasma glucose levels increased with advancing age in calves fed Diet I. There were decreases in blood and plasma glucose levels with advancing age in calves fed Diet II. Blood glucose declined, whereas plasma glucose levels increased, with advancing age in calves receiving Diet III. No change was detected in plasma nonesterified fatty acid levels with advancing age. Correlations between glucose and nonesterified fatty acid levels were negative and significant. The inverse relationship observed between these metabolites supports the view that nonesterified fatty acids are mobilized to maintain caloric homeostasis during periods of fast. Glucose tolerance decreased with advancing age in calves fed each of the diets, but rates of decrease were not significantly different among diets.
Nucleotide excision repair functions in the removal of chromium-induced DNA damage in mammalian cells.

Some hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI))-containing compounds are human lung carcinogens. While ample information is available on the genetic lesions produced by Cr, surprisingly little is known regarding the cellular mechanisms involved in the removal of Cr-DNA adducts. Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a highly versatile pathway that is responsive to a variety of DNA helix-distorting lesions. Binary Cr-DNA monoadducts do not produce a significant degree of helical distortion. However, these lesions are unstable due to the propensity of Cr(III) to form DNA adducts (DNA interstrand crosslinks, DNA-protein/amino acid ternary adducts) which may serve as substrates for NER. Therefore, the focus of this study was to determine the role of NER in the processing of Cr-DNA damage using normal (CHO-AA8) and NER-deficient [UV-5 (XP-D); UV-41 (ERCC4/XP-F)] hamster cells. We found that both UV-5 and UV-41 cells exhibited an increased sensitivity towards Cr(VI)-induced clonogenic lethality relative to AA8 cells and were completely deficient in the removal of Cr-DNA adducts. In contrast, repair-complemented UV-5 (expressing hamster XPD) and UV-41 (expressing human ERCC4) cells exhibited similar clonogenic survival and removed Cr-DNA adducts to a similar extent as AA8 cells. In order to extend these findings to the molecular level, we examined the ability of Cr(III)-damaged DNA to induce DNA repair synthesis in cell extracts. Repair synthesis was observed in reactions using extracts derived from AA8, or repair-complemented, but not NER-deficient cells. Cr(III)-induced repair resynthesis was sensitive to inhibition by the DNA polymerase δ/e inhibitor, aphidicolin, but not 2′,3′-dideoxythymidine triphosphate (ddTTP), a polymerase β inhibitor. These results collectively suggest that NER functions in the protection of cells from Cr(VI) lethality and is essential for the removal of Cr(III)-DNA adducts. Consequently, NER may represent an important mechanism for preventing Cr(VI)-induced mutagenesis and neoplastic transformation.
Transfer of knowledge in knowledge management systems: unexplored issues and suggested studies

The management practice literature is replete with reports of practices being used to motivate a firm’s knowledge workers to transfer knowledge into and out of the firm’s computer resident knowledge repositories, i.e., to participate with commitment in the firm’s Knowledge Management System. Unfortunately, little is known with any certainty about which of these practices have what effects under which conditions. It appears that in many cases the practices are ill suited for the particular situations where they are employed, with unknown but perhaps sizeable losses in opportunities foregone because valuable knowledge is not as fully or completely transferred as is possible. In addition, it seems that some of these practices are likely to be interfering with the effectiveness of other practices, just as some drugs interfere with the potentially positive effects of other drugs. About these matters, our knowledge is exceeded by our ignorance. The paper identifies some major problems associated with knowledge transfer, and articulates some of the most important issues associated with these problems. Eight research questions are raised that, if answered with sound studies, would enable organisations to be more effective in their transfer of knowledge.
Current status of the UCSF second-generation PACS

This paper describes the current status of the second generation PACS at UCSF commenced in October 1992. The UCSF PACS is designed in-house as a hospital-integrated PACS based on an open architecture concept using industrial standards including UNIX operating system, C programming language, X-Window user interface, TCP/IP communication protocol, DICOM 3.0 image standard and HL7 health data format. Other manufacturer's PACS components which conform with these standards can be easily integrated into the system. Relevant data from HIS and RIS is automatically incorporated into the PACS using HL7 data format and TCP/IP communication protocol. The UCSF system also takes advantage of state-of-the-art communication, storage, and software technologies in ATM, multiple storage media, automatic programming, multilevel processes for a better cost-performance system. The primary PACS network is the 155 Mbits/sec OC3 ATM with the Ethernet as the back-up. The UCSF PACS also connects Mt. Zion Hospital and San Francisco VA Medical Center in the San Francisco Bay area via an ATM wide area network with a T1 line as the back-up. Currently, five MR and five CT scanners from multiple sites, two computed radiography systems, two film digitizers, one US PACS module, the hospital HIS and the department RIS have been connected to the PACS network. The image data is managed by a mirrored database (Sybase). The PACS controller, with its 1.3 terabyte optical disk library, acquires 2.5 gigabytes digital data daily. Four 2K, five, 1,600-line multiple monitor display workstations are on line in neuroradiology, pediatric radiology and intensive care units for clinical use. In addition, the PACS supports over 100 Macintosh users in the department and selected hospital sites for both images and textual retrieval through a client/server mechanism. We are also developing a computation and visualization node in the PACS network for advancing radiology research.
Change in Density of Potassium Chloride Crystals upon Irradiation with X- Rays

Alkali halide crystals become colored when irradiated with x-rays. Theoretical considerations indicate that the coloration is due to absorption centers which consist of electrons trapped at negative ion vacancies. Precision measurements of the density of uncolored crystals, however, indicate that it is very unlikely that there is a sufficient number of vacancies present in well annealed crystals to account for the number of color centers, which may be determined optically, unless vacancies are formed as a result of the irradiation.
THE ROLE OF LEADERSHIP AND STRATEGY IN NAVIGATING POLITICAL INCORPORATION: Defining a Niche for Human Relations in Orange County, California, 1971–2000

Political incorporation represents an important and complex trajectory for social movements. Whether that trajectory leads to favorable substantive outcomes or merely to formalistic representation ...
Toward Greater Consciousness in the 21st Century Workplace: How Buddhist Practices Fit In

The purpose of this study was to determine the applicability of Buddhist practices in today’s workplaces. The findings were supported by interviews with Buddhist masters and Buddhist business practitioners, as well as literature review, through phenomenological analysis. As a means of presenting the main reasons why Buddhist practices should be considered in contemporary workplaces, a SWOT analysis is presented. In this analysis, a number of strengths for using Buddhist practices in workplaces are listed such as pro-scientific, greater personal responsibility, and healthy detachment, while potential weaknesses such as non-harming, equanimity, and no competition are also reviewed. Both the strengths and the weaknesses could be listed in reverse if applied to a different extent. Among the opportunities were issues such as re-educating the world of business, enhancing personal ownership and a healthier society, while the threats comprised issues such as creating different imbalances, disinterest, and stationary development.
Procoagulant activity in normal human urine associated with subcellular particles

Procoagulant activity in normal human urine associated with subcellular particles. Procoagulant activity (PCA) in normal human urine was found to be sedimented by centrifugation at ×100,000g. Therefore, studies were done to identify the structures associated with the procoagulant activity. Transmission electron microscopy of the ×100,000g pellet revealed numerous membrane-bound vesicles as well as fibrous material. Filtration of normal urine through a 0.2-µm filter removed more than 90% of the procoagulant activity. Scanning electron microscopy of the filter surface revealed 0.1 to 1.1 µm particles and fibrous material. By centrifugation at pH 3 and 5 the fibrous material and particles were separated. The procoagulant activity remained with the particles in each case. The fibrous material was shown to be Tamm-Horsfall protein by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting using anti-Tamm-Horsfall protein serum. Purified Tamm-Horsfall protein itself was not procoagulant. Therefore, PCA in normal human urine is associated with particles 0.1 to 1.1 µm in diameter which appear to be lipid membranes in various arrangements.
Realistic planning and qualitative research

It is common to find in planning both by government and via private consultants ideologically-loaded abstractions dressed up as practicality. There are plans for the year 2000, to which no channels of implementation exist; ‘New Cities’ of monumental character; ‘policies’ which bear a strong resemblance to the joint communiqu& of governments which disagree and which are not willing to declare their disagreement. This is particularly true of planning in the developing countries or less-developed countries (LDCs), and nowhere more so than in the field of housing. Here calculations of ‘deficit’ based on bad data relating to poor categories may be joined with ‘programmes’ constituting at best very partial solutions to the existing problems and at worst exacerbating them via slum clearance. There is a tendency to interpret such ‘paper plans’ and ‘show projects’ as representing a lack of sophistication. But surely there is more behind it than that. Unrealistic planning has behind it a huge weight of institutional interests of groups which benefit from the expensive projects, and by governments which need to appear as committed to progress, and to present a set of actions benefiting the few as a commitment to high standards for everyone. Thus to press for realism in housing and urban planning in LDCs requires not merely an intellectual grasp of the working of cities, but energy, tenacity, and moral commitment. It is not surprising, therefore, that Otto Koenigsberger has been one of the important figures in a slow movement towards greater realism in the way that housing and urban planning are thought about in the developing countries. Realism is grounded in a concern for the lives of people, as well as in common sense; for many years Koenigsberger has exemplified both. I want here to call attention to some particular developments in planning for the cities of the Third World developments with which Koenigsberger has had a good deal to do and to suggest their relationship to research. This is the development of approaches to housing and settlement policy which are less building programmes than intervention programmes. I will briefly indicate the types of research which have supported these programmatic approaches, and then discuss the way a commitment to these newer approaches requires a new approach to research as well one which relies much more heavily on qualitative methods than in the past.
Testing and characterization of PV modules with integrated microinverters

Photovoltaic (PV) modules with attached microinverters are becoming increasingly popular in PV systems, especially in the residential system market, as such systems offer several benefits not found in PV systems utilizing central inverters. PV modules with fully integrated microinverters are emerging to fill a similar market space. These “AC modules” absorb solar energy and produce AC energy without allowing access to the intermediate DC bus. Existing test procedures and performance models designed for separate DC and AC components are unusable when the inverter is integrated into the module. Sandia National Laboratories is developing a new set of test procedures and performance model designed for AC modules.
Longitudinal association of alcohol use with HIV disease progression and psychological health of women with HIV.

Abstract We evaluated the association of alcohol consumption and depression, and their effects on HIV disease progression among women with HIV. The study included 871 women with HIV who were recruited from 1993–1995 in four US cities. The participants had physical examination, medical record extraction, and venipuncture, CD4+T-cell counts determination, measurement of depression symptoms (using the self-report Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale), and alcohol use assessment at enrollment, and semiannually until March 2000. Multilevel random coefficient ordinal models as well as multilevel models with joint responses were used in the analysis. There was no significant association between level of alcohol use and CD4+ T-cell counts. When participants were stratified by antiretroviral therapy (ART) use, the association between alcohol and CD4+ T-cell did not reach statistical significance. The association between alcohol consumption and depression was significant (p<0.001). Depression had a s...
Patterns, Thinking, and Cognition: A Theory of Judgment

For decades, both policymakers and analysts have been frustrated by sharp and stubborn conflicts between expert and lay perceptions on issues of environmental risk. For example, most experts - even those opposed to nuclear power on other grounds - would see precautions like those now in place as adequate to protect against risks from nuclear waste. But the public finds that very hard to believe. Similar sharp conflicts of expert/lay intuition are evident on a wide range of risk issues, from the safety of bendictin as a treatment for morning sickness to the safety of irradiation of food to destroy microorganisms. In Dealing with Risk, Howard Margolis explores the expert/lay rift surrounding such contentious issues and provides a provocative new account. The usual explanation of expert/lay conflicts is that experts are focused only on a narrow notion of risk - such as potential fatalities - but lay intuition is concerned about a wide range of further concerns, such as fairness and voluntariness of exposure. Margolis argues that this "rival rationalities" view in a fundamental way misses the point of these controversies, since the additional dimensions of lay concern often are more plausibly interpreted as reflections of lay concern than as causes. Margolis argues that risk assessment typically involves weighing a broad range of often complicated trade-offs between costs and benefits. As laypersons, however, we are by definition forced to make judgments on complex matters beyond the scope of our normal experience. Especially in cases involving potential danger, we frequently discount nuance and respond more viscerally. Cognitively we fall back on default responses, all-purpose intuitionssuch as "better safe than sorry" or "nothing ventured, nothing gained." Such intuitions don't admit of careful balancing of pros and cons, and lay opinion consequently becomes polarized and at odds with the expert view.
Morphology of Campeloma rufum, a parthenogenetic snail

Collections of Campeloma rufum were made at all seasons of the year from the Salt Fork River at Homer Park, Illinois, for gross anatomical and histological studies. No males nor male reproductive cells were found, all individuals showing definite female structures. The gonad, found on the columellar surface of the digestive gland, shows ovarian cells. A U-shaped tube from the albumen gland to the uterus receives the oviduct near its proximal end. This duct leads into a glandular pocket, the shell gland, which in turn empties into the sac-like uterus. The uterus terminates near the edge of the mantle in a muscular vaginal tube. The previously undescribed kidney, a glandular, pyramidal organ, lies posterior and to the left of the upper end of the mantle cavity. The kidney possesses two orifices opening into the pericardium and ureter respectively. The ureter opens between the vagina and the anus. Intra-uterine young were observed during all seasons of the year varying progressively from small veliger to fully formed young. A later paper on oogenesis, will attempt to substantiate parthenogentic reproduction for C. rufum.
African Americans’ Perceptions of Physician Attempts to Address Obesity in the Primary Care Setting

BACKGROUND Obesity disproportionately affects African Americans and leads to several major co-morbidities. While guidelines recommend physicians identify obese patients and counsel them on weight management, little is known about how these efforts are received by patients.
Current status of implantable defibrillator devices in patients with left ventricular dysfunction — The first report from the online registry database

Background: The current status of the efficacy of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD. and cardiac-resynchronization therapy with implantable defibrillator (CRT-D. in patients with left ventricular dysfunction needs to be clarified. Methods and Results: From the Japanese Cardiac Device Treatment Registry database, a total of 1,584 patients who had an LVEF ≦ 40% and had an ICD or CRT-D were selected as subjects in this study. The difference in the clinical characteristics between the primary and secondary prevention groups and the transition of the indications for device implantation over time were examined. Primary prevention gradually increased up to about 50% in all patients. The implantations of ICD/CRT-D for primary prevention in ischemic hear disease was significantly lower than that in dilated cardiomyopathy (33% vs 51%; p Conclusions: In Japan, the implantable defibrillator devices for primary prevention was significantly lower in ischemic heart disease compared with dilated cardiomyopathy. Further, an extension of the indications for ICD/CRT-D implantations has recently been occurring, especially with CRT-D devices for primary prevention.
Evaluation of Risk Factors for Morbidity and Mortality after Pylorectomy and Gastroduodenostomy in Dogs

Objectives— To (1) identify and describe the type and frequency of postoperative complications after pylorectomy and gastroduodenostomy in dogs and (2) identify preoperative and intraoperative risk factors, including the presence of neoplasia, prognostic for patient mortality after surgery. Study Design— Case series. Animals— Dogs (n=24) treated by pylorectomy and gastroduodenostomy. Methods— Medical records (2000–2007) for 2 teaching hospitals of dogs treated that had pylorectomy and gastroduodenostomy were reviewed. Pre-, intra-, and postoperative data were obtained from the medical record. Results— Of the 24 dogs, 75% survived 14 days, but 10 (41%) died by 3 months. Overall median survival time (MST) was 578 days. On log-rank univariate analysis, preoperative weight loss (P=.001) and malignant neoplasia (P=.01) were associated with decreased survival time. Dogs with malignant neoplasia had a MST of 33 days. Common postoperative morbidity included hypoalbuminemia (62.5%) and anemia (58.3%). Conclusions— Pylorectomy with gastroduodenostomy has a good short-term outcome but long-term survival time is poor in dogs with malignant neoplasia. Clinical Relevance— Overall, most dogs treated with pylorectomy and gastroduodenostomy survived the postoperative period; however, preoperative weight loss and malignant neoplasia were associated with decreased survival time. Because dogs with malignant neoplasia have markedly shortened survival times, pertinent preoperative, diagnostics steps should be exhausted to identify underlying neoplasia.
Error-Correcting-Code Memory Reliability Calculations

The subject of this paper is the Mean Time to Failure (MTTF) calculation for a computer memory array with error correcting code (ECC) that detects and corrects 1-bit errors in memory words. The MTTF calculation is examined within the framework of the Whole Chip Failure Mode model. This paper has two main contributions: 1) The MTTF equation is derived in a way that is mathematically simpler and easier to understand. 2) An approximation to the exact equation is derived along with bounds on the accuracy of the approximation. This approximation has a simple, intuitive interpretation that relates the ECC case back to the simpler nonECC case. The first result provides insights to readers interested in the theory of memory reliability calculations while the second provides quick estimates to those in need of actual calculations.
Lure composition, component ratio, and dose for trapping male Mocis latipes (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with synthetic sex pheromone.

Greatest catches of male Mocis latipes (Guenee) in bucket traps were obtained with a 5-mg load of a 20:80 ratio of (Z, Z)-6,9-heneicosadriene/(Z, Z, Z)-3,6,9-heneicosadriene on a rubber septum. Trap catches were reduced with doses 5 mg per septum, with different ratios of the two compounds or with either compound alone. Addition of 5% (Z, Z, Z)-3,6,9-eicosatriene did not significantly increase trap captures. All three compounds have been reported to be components of female M. latipes sex pheromone.
Class Inclusion: Effect of Response Variation on Assessment of Preschool Children's Performance:

To investigate the effect of response variation in the assessment of preschool children's performance on a class-inclusion task 52 girls and boys, 4 and 5 yr. of age, were randomly assigned to verbal and manual response conditions on a class-inclusion task. Judgments and explanatory responses were scored separately and two-way analyses of variance were conducted on each set of scores. Children in the manual condition scored significantly higher than those in the verbal condition; however, there was no indication that full mastery of class inclusion could be elicited earlier by the manual condition. There was no main effect due to sex, but there was an interaction of sex by procedure.
Modelling chromium biochemistry: Synthesis and characterization of [NEt3H][Cr4IIIO2(O2CPh)7(pic)2]·CH2Cl2 (Hpic = Picolinic acid)

Abstract Reaction of [Cr 3 O(O 2 CPh) 6 (H 2 O) 3 ]NO 3 in PhCN with NEt 3 and picolinic acid followed by recrystallization of the resulting solid from CH 2 Cl 2 -hexanes affords green crystals of [NEt 3 H][Cr 4 O 2 (O 2 CPh) 7 (pic) 2 ] ( 1 ). The X-ray crystal structure reveals the presence of a di(μ-oxo) tetrachromium(III) core in the anion, which combines two structural elements previously proposed as important for the biological activity of chromium.
Factors associated with high postoperative myopia after penetrating keratoplasties in infants.

Sixteen penetrating keratoplasties performed in patients younger than 2 years of age were reviewed to determine which factors were associated with high postoperative refractive errors. When tissue from donors younger than 2 years was used, the mean postoperative spherical equivalent was −13.7 diopters, compared with +2.0 diopters when tissue from donors older than 2 years was used ( P = 0.001). Analysis of variance suggests that the use of a 0.5-mm oversized transplant, as opposed to a 0- to 0.3-mm oversized transplant, contributed to the production of high myopia when tissue from donors younger than 2 years was used ( P = 0.009). The high myopia appears to have resulted from steep transplant curvatures. Based on these results, we recommend against the combined use of corneal transplant tissue from very young donors and 0.5-mm oversized transplants for infant penetrating keratoplasties.