cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Silanol Density, Distribution, and Hydration State of Fumed Silica on the Formation of Self-Assembled Monolayers of n-Octadecyltrichlorosilane

The saturation adsorption of octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) on two fumed silicas [Aerosil 380 (A380), Aerosil OX50 (OX50)] was investigated as a function of their hydration states. The amount of water adsorbed onto the fumed silica was in the order superhydrated A380 > as is A380 ∼ superhydrated OX50 > as is OX50. The amount of OTS adsorbed onto the Aerosil samples was in the order superhydrated OX50 > superhydrated A380 ≫ as is A380 ∼ as is OX50. This ordering was explained by the effects of the underlying silica substrate: (i) the effective surface area available for adsorption was greater for the less aggregated OX50 than for A380; (ii) the increased number of non-nearest-neighbor isolated silanols on OX50 provided a greater number of sites for direct hydrogen bonding of OTS; (iii) increased water adsorption resulted in increased OTS adsorption as reported in the literature;1 (iv) however, some “mobile” water not tightly bound to the silica surface of A380 could be rinsed off, along with attached OTS ...
Efficiency bounds for a generalization of ranked-set sampling

AbstractPartially rank-ordered set sampling (PROSS) is a generalization of ranked-set sampling (RSS) in which the ranker is not required to give a full ranking in each set. In this paper, we compare the efficiency of the sample mean as an estimator of the population mean under PROSS, RSS, and simple random sampling (SRS). We find that for fixed set size and total sample size, the efficiency of PROSS falls between that of SRS and that of RSS. We also develop a method for finding a sharp upper bound on the efficiency of PROSS relative to SRS for a particular design.
Spectrochemical determination of magnesium, chromium, nickel, copper and zinc in human plasma and red cells

Abstract Procedures are given for the collection and digestion of human plasma and red cells for the spectrochemical determination of Mg, Cr. Ni, Cu and Zn. Values found for the five metals are compared with those reported in the literature. The accuracy and precision of the method are good. The time required to prepare and analyze a sample has been reduced to less than half (14 h) required for the plasma analysis procedure recently reported by this laboratory. The red cells require about 17 h.
Entrapment and escape: Inventional metaphors in Ronald Reagan's economic rhetoric

Ronald Reagan's economic rhetoric reflects his use of inventional metaphors of entrapment and escape, language ideally meshing with the American public's perception of the economy in the first half of the 1980s. Although the combination of a rejuvenated economy and Reagan's rhetoric probably helped sharpen Reagan's image and provided relief for a frustrated American public, Reagan's reliance on the inventional metaphors produced a rigidity in his approach to new situations, ultimately damaging his ability to lead the nation.
The vanishing veterinarian-scientist?

Views: Commentary 775 I a slim volume entitled The Vanishing PhysicianScientist?, the editor, Andrew I. Schafer, and 15 other distinguished professors of medicine lament and discuss the alarmingly sharp decline during recent decades in the numbers of physicians who choose careers that straddle the areas of clinical practice and basic research. In medical schools today, high-impact biomedical research is conducted mainly by nonphysician scientists with doctoral degrees. To a greater or lesser degree, most of the observations, issues, and proposed remedies discussed in Schafer’s book are relevant to the situation in American schools of veterinary medicine. Veterinarian-scientists, clinical investigators responsible for patient care and equipped through rigorous basic science training to engage in high-impact biomedical research, are poorly represented in veterinary medical teaching hospitals. Present-day economic, cultural, demographic, and sociological factors would seem to portend an even greater deficit in the foreseeable future—an ominous prospect for the profession at a time when medical science and practice, increasingly dominated by genomic and molecular medicine, call for vastly increased investments in translational research, a bidirectional path between patient and laboratory, and in systems biology, a field directed at studying the complex interactions that occur in whole biological systems by applying rigorous data integration and mathematical models to holistic analysis of biological networks. Although the concept represented by the term translational research is hardly new, its prominence today reflects a growing recognition of the widening gulf in language and understanding between clinicians and basic scientists. Because nonphysician scientists and medical and veterinary scientists who have forsaken the clinic for the bench dominate basic science research, patient-oriented investigations are now carried on mainly by clinicians and clinician-educators with neither the time nor the appropriate skills for high-impact research. Clinicians with opportunities to participate substantially with basic science faculty in multidisciplinary team research require protected time but are likely to be thwarted by heavy patient care and teaching obligations in a hospital environment of increasing complexity and stifling financial constraints. If veterinary educators accept the premise that veterinary medicine, like medicine, faces a critical shortThe vanishing veterinarian-scientist?
TIMP-3 and MMP-3 contribute to delayed inflammation and hippocampal neuronal death following global ischemia

Hippocampal neuronal death following transient global ischemia in the mouse takes days to occur, providing a potential timeframe for therapeutic intervention. Since matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) enhances inflammation and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 (TIMP-3) promotes apoptosis in ischemia, we hypothesized that they are involved in neuronal death secondary to transient global ischemia. Timp-3 knockout (T3KO) and wild type (T3WT) mice underwent 30 min bilateral carotid artery occlusion (BCAO), which causes hippocampal neuronal death 7 days after reperfusion. Mice lacking the Timp-3 gene have significantly less astrocytosis, microglial reactivity, MMP-3 activity and neuronal cell death. In addition, T3KO mice had decreased tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-1 (TNFR1) expression and increased TNF-alpha converting enzyme (TACE) activity. Mmp-3 KO mice with a similar BCAO showed significantly fewer microglial cells, reduced TNF-alpha expression, and less neuronal death than the Mmp-3 WT. To see if TIMP-3 and MMP-3 cell death pathways were independent, we blocked MMPs with the broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor, BB-94, on days 3 through 6 of reperfusion in T3WT and T3KO mice. BB-94 rescued hippocampal neurons at 7 days in both T3WT and T3KO mice, but significantly fewer neurons died in T3KO mice treated with BB-94. Our results indicate a novel additive role for TIMP-3 and MMP-3 in delayed neuronal death, and show that delayed treatment with MMP inhibitors can be used to reduce hippocampal death.
Delayed light studies on photosynthetic energy conversion. I. Identification of the oxygen-evolving photoreaction as the delayed light emitter in mutants of Scenedesmus obliquus

Abstract 1. The relative intensity of delayed singlet emission from chlorophyll was measured from 10 −3 sec to 10 2 sec after cessation of illumination in the wild-type and two non-photosynthetic mutants of a green alga, Scenedesmus obliquus . 2. Mutant 11, in which the oxygen-evolving, short-wavelength photoreaction (photoreaction II) was blocked, emitted very low intensities of delayed light compared with the wild-type. When the emission was averaged from 0.75 to 4.2 msec from the center of a flash of exciting light, the wild-type emitted 250 times the intensity emitted by mutant 11. 3. Mutant 8, in which the pyridine nucleotide-reducing, long-wavelength photoreaction (photoreaction I) was blocked, emitted delayed light with different decay kinetics from those of the wild-type. In the millisecond time range, mutant 8 emitted higher intensities of delayed light, and the emission decayed very slowly. In the second time range, mutant 8 emitted lower intensities than the wild-type, and the decay was rapid. 4. On the basis of the two-photoreaction hypothesis, and of the earlier evidence from photosynthetic bacteria which indicates that functional reaction centers are required in order for delayed light to be emitted, the weak emission from mutant 11 implies that nearly all delayed light from normal plants is due to energy storage by photoreaction II. 5. The altered decay kinetics of mutant 8 (higher intensity, slower decay) in the msec time range are shown to be consistent with the Hill and Bendall hypothesis of two photoreactions linked by an electron-transport chain. Lack of function of photoreaction I would result in a completely reduced electron-transport chain which could not accept reducing equivalents from photoreaction II. 6. The altered decay kinetics of mutant 8 in the second time range are shown to be inconsistent with any modification of the Hill and Bendall hypothesis which does not provide a pathway for reducing equivalents to migrate from photoreaction I to photoreaction II. A comparison of this long-term delayed light in the wild-type and mutant 8 implies the presence of a slow charge migration (1–50 sec) in the wild-type from photoreaction I to photoreaction II, which in turn results in long-term light emission by photoreaction II. 7. Two modifications of the Hill and Bendall hypothesis, both of which provide for appropriate charge migration, are discussed. The present data may be accounted for either by the addition of a second electron-transport chain or by a single inhomogeneous pigment system which harvests energy from two spatially separated reaction centers. The latter hypothesis also accounts for a number of previously published observations.
The “Ongoing Narrative of Creation:” Lectio Divina and Narrative Therapy in Conversation for Liberative Pastoral Theology And Care

This paper places narrative therapy--the analysis and de/reconstruction of individual and community stories--in conversation with the practice of lectio divina, understood as the hearing of and meditation on sacred texts, particularly concerning the care of women. It explores how, if humans are created in the image of God, careseekers’ stories might be seen as manifesting and even shaping elements of the divine narrative. Through an overview of both narrative therapy and lectio divina, it emphasizes implications for authorship and authority in each approach and highlights both affinities and tensions in potential interplay between the two. Finally, it asks if there is a way to understand the interplay of lectio divina and narrative therapy through the mystical/prophetic lenses.
Radion Phenomenology with 3 and 4 Generations

We study radion phenomenology in an warped extra-dimension scenario with standard model fields in the bulk, with and without an additional fourth family of fermions. The radion couplings with the fermions will be generically misaligned with respect to the standard model fermion mass matrices, therefore producing some amount of flavor-violating couplings and potentially influencing production and decay rates of the radion. Simple analytic expressions for the radion-fermion couplings are obtained with three or four families. We also update and analyze the current experimental limits on radion couplings and on the model parameters, again with both three- and four-family scenarios. We finally present the modified decay branching ratios of the radion with an emphasis on the new channels involving flavor-diagonal and flavor-violating decays into fourth-generation quarks and leptons.
Overview of polarimetric interferometry

SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) interferometry has enabled two important science applications: surface change detection and topographic mapping. SAR interferometry is sensitive to the location of the imaged area and the scattering geometry. SAR polarimetry makes use of the polarization dependent scattering response of each pixel within the imaged area. The polarimetric response is highly sensitive to the scattering mechanism of a pixel. S.R. Cloude and K.P. Papathanassiou first published the formulation of polarimetric interferometry that combines both SAR interferometry and SAR polarimetry. The main purpose of using polarimetric interferometry is to extract scattering medium information that may be difficult to obtain from scalar interferometry. Even though the formulation and initial demonstrations appear to be very promising, potential applications of polarimetric interferometry can only be verified by comparing polarimetric interferometry signatures with ground truth data. In this talk, we present the theory and implementation of SAR polarimetric interferometry. Especially, we review SAR polarimetry, SAR interferometry, and SAR polarimetric interferometry in a unified manner. In addition, a new calibration technique suitable for polarimetric interferometry is suggested in this paper.
Determination of suitable storage conditions to preserve fermentable sugars in raw thick beet juice for ethanol production.

New long-term storage techniques are necessary to preserve fermentable sugars from sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) varieties which may qualify as advanced biofuel feedstocks in the United States. The focus of this study was to evaluate the combined effect of pH and refractometric dissolved solids (RDS) content on fermentable sugar preservation in raw thick beet juice stored for 24 wk at 23 ± 1 °C. Response surface methodology was applied to model the change in fermentable sugars in raw thick juice stored under controlled acidic (2 ≤ pH ≤ 5) and alkaline (8 ≤ pH ≤ 11) conditions in combination with RDS weight fractions in the range of 60–69%. Combinations of pH ≤ 3.5 or pH ≥ 9.5 with RDS ≥ 64.5% were effective in preserving up to 99% of fermentable sugars in stored raw thick juice. Following storage, yeast fermentation of acidic treatments achieved efficiencies of up to 82% relative to raw juice, whereas yeast fermentation was hindered in alkaline treatments resulting in efficiencies of up to 54%.
Nanoparticles as contrast agents for in-vivo bioimaging: current status and future perspectives

Nanoparticle-based contrast agents are quickly becoming valuable and potentially transformative tools for enhancing medical diagnostics for a wide range of in-vivo imaging modalities. Compared with conventional molecular-scale contrast agents, nanoparticles (NPs) promise improved abilities for in-vivo detection and potentially enhanced targeting efficiencies through longer engineered circulation times, designed clearance pathways, and multimeric binding capacities. However, NP contrast agents are not without issues. Difficulties in minimizing batch-to-batch variations and problems with identifying and characterizing key physicochemical properties that define the in-vivo fate and transport of NPs are significant barriers to the introduction of new NP materials as clinical contrast agents. This manuscript reviews the development and application of nanoparticles and their future potential to advance current and emerging clinical bioimaging techniques. A focus is placed on the application of solid, phase-separated materials, for example metals and metal oxides, and their specific application as contrast agents for in-vivo near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), computed tomography (CT), ultrasound (US), and photoacoustic imaging (PAI). Clinical and preclinical applications of NPs are identified for a broad spectrum of imaging applications, with commentaries on the future promise of these materials. Emerging technologies, for example multifunctional and theranostic NPs, and their potential for clinical advances are also discussed.
Consent for Intravenous Thrombolysis in Acute Stroke: Review and Future Directions

Intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator is the standard of care for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke within 3 hours after stroke onset. Randomized clinical studies have demonstrated that intravenous thrombolysis improves functional outcomes but is not lifesaving. Complications of intravenous thrombolysis include severe intracranial hemorrhage that may be lethal. As with any therapy, consent cannot be assumed in the decision to use intravenous thrombolysis. Currently, there is no standardized method to estimate the capacity of patients with acute stroke, and empirical data for this patient population are limited. It is our position that candidates for intravenous thrombolysis should be properly assessed for their capacity to give direct consent before another form of consent is sought. We believe this would best be achieved by the development and standardization of a procedure for capacity assessment specifically for use in patients with acute stroke. To this end, we review the elements of informed consent, the legal standards for competence that a candidate for intravenous thrombolysis must meet to consent to treatment, recommendations for assessing capacity to give direct informed consent with attention to difficulties presented by the acute stroke setting, alternatives to direct consent with their inherent moral difficulties, and potential directions for research and discourse on capacity assessment in acute stroke.
Understanding the effects of larger ratios of women in national legislatures: Proportions and gender differentiation in Sweden and Norway

Abstract This article examines how surges of female representation have produced gender patterns in standing committees and affected the financial support for “women's policy” in the Norwegian and Swedish national legislatures. The argument is two-fold. The more women there were in the Riksdag and the Storting, the more likely they were initially to end up on a “female” standing committee. Second, as the ratio of women legislators grew, spending on “families and children” in the national budget plummeted in both countries, only to acquire more prominence as the proportion of women legislators reached more than one fourth. The article begins with an extensive critical analysis of the gender-theoretical assumptions of the women and legislatures literature, suggesting that contemporary feminist scholarship that assumes gender to be malleable and contextual is more fruitful.
Pressureless Sintering of Zirconium Diboride

Zirconium diboride (ZrB 2 ) ceramics were sintered to a relative density of ∼ 98% without applied external pressure. Densification studies were performed in the temperature range of 1900 -2150 C. Examination of bulk density as a function of temperature revealed that shrinkage started at ∼2100°C, with significant densification occurring at only 2150°C. At 2150°C, isothermal holds were used to determine the effect of time on relative density and microstructure. For a hold time of 540 min at 2150 C, ZrB 2 pellets reached an average density of 6.02±0.04 g/cm 3 (98% of theoretical) with an average grain size of 9.0 ±5.6 μm. Four-point bend strength, elastic modulus, and Vickers' hardness were measured for sintered ZrB 2 and compared with values reported for hot-pressed materials. Vickers' hardness of sintered ZrB 2 was 14.5±2.6 GPa, which was significantly lower when compared with 23 GPa for hot-pressed ZrB 2 . Strength and elastic modulus of the ZrB 2 were 444±30 MPa and 454 GPa, which were comparable with values reported for hot-pressed ZrB 2 . The ability to densify ZrB 2 ceramics without hot pressing should enable near-net shape processing, which would significantly reduce the cost of fabricating ZrB 2 components compared with conventional hot pressing and machining.
Mechanical and Thermal Design of the CEBAF Hall A Beam Calorimeter

A calorimeter is being fabricated to provide 0.5% - 1.0% absolute measurement of the beam current in the Hall A end station of the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) at Jefferson Lab (JLAB). Modern powder metallurgy processes have produced high density, high thermal conductivity tungsten-copper composite materials that minimize electromagnetic and hadronic energy loss while maintaining a rapid thermal response time. Heat leaks are minimized by mounting the mass in vacuum on glass ceramic mounts. A conduction cooling scheme utilizes an advanced carbon fiber compliant thermal interface material. Transient finite difference and finite element models were developed to estimate heat leaks and thermal response times.
Unavoidable Minors of Large 3-Connected Binary Matroids

We show that, for every integerngreater than two, there is a numberNsuch that every 3-connected binary matroid with at leastNelements has a minor that is isomorphic to the cycle matroid ofK3,n, its dual, the cycle matroid of the wheel withnspokes, or the vector matroid of the binary matrix (In|Jn?In), whereJnis then×nmatrix of all ones.
Entity quick click: rapid text copying based on automatic entity extraction

Retyping text phrases can be time consuming. As a result, techniques for copying text from one software application to another, such as copy-and-paste and drag-and-drop are now commonplace. However, even these techniques can be too slow in situations where many phrases need to be copied. In the special case where the phrases to be copied represent syntactically identifiable entities, such as person names, company names, telephone numbers, or street addresses, much faster phrase copying is possible. We describe entity quick click, an approach that reduces both the amount of cursor travel and the number of button presses needed to copy a phrase.
The Paradox of Naming Resolved, by a Kinder, Gentler Theory of Direct Reference

There is overwhelming evidence that proper names must have senses or connotations that somehow contain contingent information about their referents. There is also overwhelming evidence that proper names cannot possibly have such senses or connotations. That is the Paradox of Naming.
Adaptive joint rate allocation and quantization in subband signal coding

We propose an elegant yet efficient adaptive subband coding scheme in which the rate allocation and structures of the quantizers are jointly optimized based on the time-varying rate-distortion characteristics of the input signals. By employing the tree-structured vector quantizers and the generalized BFOS pruning algorithm, the operations of the rate allocation and quantization are elegantly combined, whereby the adaptation is both convenient and optimal. The results on video coding have shown that the adaptive scheme can achieve substantial performance improvement over the non-adaptive scheme.
Structures of PD-1 with its ligands: Sideways and dancing cheek to cheek

T cell activation requires a TCR-mediated signal, but the strength, course, and duration are directed by costimulatory molecules and cytokines from the antigen-presenting cell (APC). An unexpected finding was that some molecular pairs attenuate the strength of the TCR signal, a process termed coinhibition (reviewed in refs. 1–3). The threshold for the initiation of an immune response is set very high, with a requirement for both antigen recognition and costimulatory signals from innate immune recognition of “danger” signals. Paradoxically, T cell activation also induces expression of coinhibitory receptors such as programmed death-1 (PD-1). Cytokines produced after T cell activation such as INF-γ and IL-4 up-regulate PD-1 ligands, establishing a feedback loop that attenuates immune responses and limits the extent of immune-mediated tissue damage unless overridden by strong costimulatory signals. PD-1 is a CD28 family member expressed on activated T cells, B cells, and myeloid cells. In proximity to the TCR signaling complex, PD-1 delivers a coinhibitory signal upon binding to either of its two ligands, PD-L1 or PD-L2. Engagement of ligand results in tyrosine phosphorylation of the PD-1 cytoplasmic domain and recruitment of phosphatases, particularly SHP2 (Fig. 1). This results in dephosphorylation of TCR proximal signaling molecules including ZAP70, PKCθ, and CD3ζ, leading to attenuation of the TCR/CD28 signal (4). The role of the PD-1 pathway in peripheral T cell tolerance and its role in immune evasion by tumors and chronic infections make the PD-1 pathway a promising therapeutic target. Two recent papers have determined the structures of the PD-1/PD-L1 (5) and PD-1/PD-L2 complexes [see Lazar-Molnar et al. (6) in this issue of PNAS].
Meriwether Lewis: Was it Suicide?.

Even 200 years following the conclusion of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, questions remain about whether Meriwether Lewis' death was a suicide. The purpose of this article is to consider this issue by examining historical evidence from a psychological perspective. A risk factor model for suicide assessment (Sanchez, 2001) is employed to evaluate the nature of Lewis' historical, personal, psychosocial environmental, and clinical risk factors as well as protective factors. The authors conclude that though there is some evidence to support a theory of murder, Lewis was at a high suicide risk at the time of his death, and that the preponderance of the evidence indicates that he died by his own hand.
The shift toward social-ecological systems perspectives: insights into the human-nature relationship

This study examines how social and natural scientists converged on a new ontological approach to science. Three distinguishing features comprise this new approach. They include: (1) an integration of the social and ecological into a fully coupled social-ecological systems perspective, (2) a holistic view of scientific phenomena requiring a transdisciplinary approach to its study, and (3) the refutation of a purely equilibrium-based understanding of systems. We explore this by first introducing complex adaptive systems science and reconsidering systems theory. We next look at the application of complex adaptive systems in institutional analyses conducted by political economists. Following this, we show how ecologists used the concept of resilience to apply a similar approach to the study of ecosystems. Finally, we show how a growing community of social and natural scientists have united to utilize a social-ecological systems framework to take a more holistic and transdisciplinary approach to science.
VP3: using vertex path and power proximity for energy efficient key distribution

We study the problem of energy-efficient key distribution for securing multicast communications in wireless ad hoc networks. Recently we showed that a cross-layer design approach for key distribution incorporating network layer (routing) as well as physical layer (energy) parameters leads to energy savings. We also showed that heuristics are needed to reduce the computational complexity. In this paper we show that further reduction in energy expenditure is achieved by assigning common keys to nodes the receive messages from a sender via a common path. We develop a computationally viable heuristic called VP3 that uses codewords to represent paths and groups nodes based on the length of the common path, derived by the Hamming distance between codewords. We also present simulation results to illustrate the improvements achieved by VP3.
Human Agency in Social Cognitive Theory

The present article examines the nature and function of human agency within the conceptual model of triadic reciprocal causation. In analyzing the operation of human agency in this interactional causal structure, social cognitive theory accords a central role to cognitive, vicarious, self-reflective, and self-regulatory processes. The issues addressed concern the psychological mechanisms through which personal agency is exercised, the hierar- chical structure of self-regulatory systems, eschewal of the dichotomous construal of self as agent and self as object, and the properties of a nondualistic but nonreductional conception of human agency. The relation of agent cau- sality to the fundamental issues of freedom and deter- minism is also analyzed. The recent years have witnessed a resurgence of interest in the self-referent phenomena. One can point to several reasons why self processes have come to pervade many domains of psychology. Self-generated activities lie at the very heart of causal processes. They not only contribute to the meaning and valence of most external influences, but they also function as important proximal determi- nants of motivation and action. The capacity to exercise control over one's own thought processes, motivation, and action is a distinctively human characteristic. Because judgments and actions are partly self-determined, people can effect change in themselves and their situations through their own efforts. In this article, I will examine the mechanisms of human agency through which such changes are realized.
The maize SBP-box transcription factor encoded by tasselsheath4 regulates bract development and the establishment of meristem boundaries

Plant architecture consists of repeating units called phytomers, each containing an internode, leaf and axillary meristem. The formation of boundaries within the phytomer is necessary to differentiate and separate these three components, otherwise some will grow at the expense of others. The microRNA-targeted SBP-box transcription factor tasselsheath4 (tsh4) plays an essential role in establishing these boundaries within the inflorescence. tsh4 mutants display altered phyllotaxy, fewer lateral meristems and ectopic leaves that grow at the expense of the meristem. Double-mutant analyses of tsh4 and several highly branched mutants, such as ramosa1-3 and branched silkless1, demonstrated a requirement for tsh4 in branch meristem initiation and maintenance. TSH4 protein, however, was localized throughout the inflorescence stem and at the base of lateral meristems, but not within the meristem itself. Double labeling of TSH4 with the ramosa2, branched silkless1 and knotted1 meristem markers confirmed that TSH4 forms a boundary adjacent to all lateral meristems. Indeed, double labeling of miR156 showed a meristem-specific pattern complementary to that of TSH4, consistent with tsh4 being negatively regulated by this microRNA. Thus, downregulation of TSH4 by a combination of microRNAs and branching pathway genes allows the establishment of lateral meristems and the repression of leaf initiation, thereby playing a major role in defining meristem versus leaf boundaries.
The pathophysiology of ocular allergy: A review

Allergic eye disease is an abnormal immune hypersensitivity response to allergens. It is characterized by IgE-mediated and/or T-lymphocyte-mediated immune hypersensitivity reactions that lead to an immune response, resulting in the clinical manifestations of ocular allergy. This review will focus on immunopathophysiology of the different types of allergic eye disease commonly encountered in the primary care setting. The objective is to provide the clinician with a considerable understanding of the immunopathogenesis of allergic eye disease. The primary focus of this review will be on the antibody- and cell-mediated immune hypersensitivity reactions relevant to allergic eye disease, the different phases of ocular allergic immune response and the histopathological manifestations of these commonly encountered ocular allergies. The basic concepts of immunology with emphasis on adaptive immunity and lymphocyte activation, as well as the components of the immune system that are relevant to ocular allergy will also be reviewed.
What Is Democracy (and What Is Its Raison D’Etre)?

This article aims to say what democracy is or what the predicate ‘democratic’ means, as opposed to saying what is good, right, or desirable about it. The basic idea—by no means a novel one—is that a democratic system is one that features substantial equality of political power. More distinctively it is argued that ‘democratic’ is a relative gradable adjective, the use of which permits different, contextually determined thresholds of democraticness. Thus, a system can be correctly called ‘democratic’ even if it does not feature perfect equality of power. The article's central undertaking is to give greater precision to the operative notion(s) of power. No complete or fully unified measure of power is offered, but several conceptual tools are introduced that help give suitable content to power measurement. These tools include distinctions between conditional versus unconditional power and direct versus indirect power. Using such tools, a variety of prima facie problems for the power equality approach are addressed and defused. Finally, the theory is compared to epistemic and deliberative approaches to democracy; and reasons are offered for the attractiveness of democracy that flows from the power equality theme.
How Nurses Decide to Ambulate Hospitalized Older Adults: Development of a Conceptual Model

Adults over the age of 65 years account for 60% of all hospital admissions and experience consequential negative outcomes directly related to hospitalization. Negative outcomes include falls, delirium, loss in ability to perform basic activities of daily living, and new walking dependence. New walking dependence, defined as the loss in ability to walk independently, occurs in 16%--59% of hospitalized older patients. Nurses are pivotal in promoting functional walking independence in hospitalized patients. However, little is known about how nurses make decisions about whether, when, and how to ambulate older patients. A qualitative study using grounded dimensional analysis was conducted to further explore how nurses make decisions about ambulating hospitalized older adults. Twenty-five registered nurses participated in in-depth interviews lasting 30--60 min. Open, axial, and selective coding was used during the analysis. A conceptual model, which is grounded in how nurses experience ambulating patients, was developed. Multiple categories and dimensions interact and produce an action by the nurse to either restrict mobilization to the level of the bed or progress the patient to ambulation in the hallway. Factors that seemed to have a greater impact on nurses' decisions on whether, when, and how to ambulate were the risk/opportunity assessment, preventing complications, and the presence of a unit expectation to ambulate patients.
Experimental test of an alignment-sensing scheme for a gravitational-wave interferometer.

An alignment-sensing scheme for all significant angular degrees of freedom of a power-recycled Michelson interferometer with Fabry Perot cavities in the arms was tested on a tabletop interferometer. The response to misalignment of all degrees of freedom was measured at each sensor, and good agreement was found between measured and theoretical values.
Reversible Repression of Early Enzyme Synthesis in Bacteriophage T4-infected Escherichia coli

A mutant of Escherichia coli B, defective in its accumulation of K(+), was found to synthesize protein at a rate proportional to the level of this cation in the growth medium. When bacteriophage T4-infected cells were incubated in growth medium containing 1 mm K(+), phage deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was synthesized at a rate 25% that of normal, and phage protein was synthesized at a rate of 50% of normal. Deoxycytidine pyrophosphatase, a phage-directed early enzyme, shut off at a level of 55% that of normal when infected cells were incubated in medium containing 1 mm K(+). However, deoxycytidine pyrophosphatase synthesis resumed in these cells when they were shifted to medium containing the normal K(+) concentration (33 mm). DNA synthesis also attained the rate characteristic of this K(+) concentration. These results suggest that phage DNA synthesis is not sufficient to repress early protein formation and also indicate that the inhibitor of early protein formation is an early function whose synthesis is sensitive to the same repression as that of the early proteins.
Designs for Learning: Studying Science Museum Exhibits that Do More than Entertain.

Science museum staff face a constructivist dilemma as they design their public spaces: the exhibits should facilitate science learning, yet they also need to support a diverse visiting public in making their own personal choices about where to attend, what to do, and how to interpret their interactions. To be effective as teaching tools, exhibits need to be highly intrinsically motivating at every step of an interaction in order to sustain involvement by an audience who views their visit primarily as a leisure activity. Given these challenges, it is vital to support the design process with a strong program of research and evaluation. I give a personal perspective on one institution's research and evaluation work over the last decade, focusing on four areas: immediate apprehendability, physical interactivity, conceptual coherence, and diversity of learners. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed88(Suppl. 1):S17–S33, 2004
Immunomodulatory drug lenalidomide (CC-5013, IMiD3) augments anti-CD40 SGN-40-induced cytotoxicity in human multiple myeloma: Clinical implications.

SGN-40, a humanized immoglobulin G1 (IgG1) anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody, mediates cytotoxicity against human multiple myeloma (MM) cells via suppression of IL-6-induced proliferative and antiapoptotic effects, as well as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). We here studied the clinical significance of an immunomodulatory drug lenalidomide on SGN-40-induced cytotoxicity against CD138+CD40+ MM lines and patient MM cells. Pretreatment with lenalidomide sensitized MM cells to SGN-40-induced cell death. Combined lenalidomide and SGN-40 significantly induced MM apoptosis, evidenced by enhanced cleavage of caspase 3/8/PARP and increased subG0 cells, compared with either single agent at the same doses. Pretreatment of effector cells with lenalidomide augmented SGN-40-induced MM cell lysis, associated with an increased number of CD56+CD3− NK cells expressing CD16 and LFA-1. Importantly, pretreatment with lenalidomide or lenalidomide and SGN-40 markedly enhanced NK-cell-mediated lysis of autologous patient MM cells by SGN-40. Lenalidomide also upregulated CD40L on CD56+CD3− NK cells, facilitating IL-2-mediated activation of NK cells. In addition, lenalidomide induced the CD56dim NK subset, which are more potent mediators of ADCC against target MM cells than the CD56bright NK subset. Finally, pretreatment of both effector and target MM cells with lenalidomide markedly enhanced SGN-40-mediated ADCC against CD40-expressing MM cells. These studies therefore demonstrate that the addition of lenalidomide to SGN-40 enhances cytotoxicity against MM cells, providing the framework for combined lenalidomide and SGN-40 in a new treatment paradigm to both target MM cells directly and induce immune effectors against MM.
Molecular Dynamics of Dimethyldioxirane C–H Oxidation

We report molecular dynamics simulations of the reaction of dimethyldioxirane (DMDO) with isobutane. The reaction involves hydrogen atom abstraction in the transition state, and trajectories branch to the oxygen rebound pathway, which gives tert-butanol and acetone, or a separated radical pair. In the gas phase, only 10% of the reactive trajectories undergo the oxygen rebound pathway, but this increases to 90% in simulations in an implicit acetone solvent (SMD) because the oxygen rebound becomes barrierless in solution. Short-lived diradical species were observed in the oxygen rebound trajectories. The time gap between C–H bond-breaking and C–O bond formation ranges from 30 to 150 fs, close to the <200 fs lifetime of radical pairs from DMDO hydroxylation of trans-1-phenyl-2-ethylcyclopropane measured by Newcomb.
Reversible Stochastically Gated Diffusion-Influenced Reactions.

An approximate but accurate theory is developed for the kinetics of reversible binding of a ligand to a macromolecule when either can stochastically fluctuate between reactive and unreactive conformations. The theory is based on a set of reaction–diffusion equations for the deviations of the pair distributions from their bulk values. The concentrations are shown to satisfy non-Markovian rate equations with memory kernels that are obtained by solving an irreversible geminate (i.e., two-particle) problem. The relaxation to equilibrium is not exponential but rather a power law. In the Markovian limit, the theory reduces to a set of ordinary rate equations with renormalized rate constants.
Plasma Undulator Based on Laser Excitation of Wakefields in a Plasma Channel

An undulator is proposed based on the plasma wakefields excited by a laser pulse in a plasma channel. Generation of the undulator fields is achieved by inducing centroid oscillations of the laser pulse in the channel. The period of such an undulator is proportional to the Rayleigh length of the laser pulse and can be submillimeter, while preserving high undulator strength. The electron trajectories in the undulator are examined, expressions for the undulator strength are presented, and the spontaneous radiation is calculated. Multimode and multicolor laser pulses are considered for greater tunability of the undulator period and strength.
Thermionic current losses due to quantum trapping in III-V superlattice solar cells

Thermionically escaping electrons comprise traveling quantum mechanical waves liable to trapping and backscattering due to nearest neighbor quantum wells in a multi-layer photovoltaic device. Such losses due to scattering and trapping are taken into consideration in this communication, where transmitted waves are calculated after scattering and trapping take place. In such lossy multiquantum well "lines", computations show that thermionic-carrier current density values may drop by a factor close to 66 % due to overall scattering (i.e. trapping and backscattering combined) namely, for 6nm width (GaAs-AlGaAs) undoped quantum well at room temperature, current densities are expected to drop from 0.4 mA/cm2 (with recombination losses but with no scattering) down to a range of 0.136 mA/cm2 (with both recombination losses and overall scattering).
Platelet-activating factor induces protein kinase activity in the particulate fraction of human neutrophils.

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a proinflammatory lipid that has both platelet- and phagocyte-stimulating properties. Because several known activators of calcium-, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase c, PKC) also stimulate neutrophil responses and because neutrophil stimuli such as phorbol diesters and the chemotactic peptide f-Met-Leu-Phe are reported to increase protein kinase activity in neutrophil (PMN) particulate fractions, we investigated the effect of PAF on neutrophil protein kinase activities. In neutrophils exposed to 10(-6) mol/L PAF, cytosolic PKC activity was 521 +/- 38 pmol 32P/10(7) PMN/min (mean +/- SEM), which was not significantly lower than cystolic activity in buffer-treated controls (558 +/- 32 pmol 32P/10(7) PMN/min, n = 14). PAF-exposed cells exhibited a concomitant rise in protein kinase activity associated with the particulate fraction with 53 +/- 4 pmol 32P/10(7) PMN/min compared with 32 +/- 2 pmol in control cells (n = 14). Particulate protein kinase activity was independent of the presence of calcium and phospholipid in the assay medium. The specific PKC inhibitor H-7 inhibited particulate protein kinase activity, however, which suggested that the enzyme activity assayed in this fraction may be PKC in a constitutively activated form. The increase in particulate protein kinase activity induced by PAF required the presence of cytochalasin B, was detectable within 5 seconds of exposure to PAF, and was not reversed by washing the cells free of extracellular PAF after initial exposure. Although PAF did not have a direct effect on PKC activity from cytosolic fractions from resting cells, the increase in particulate protein kinase activity induced by PAF was inhibited when the cells were first depleted of calcium by incubation with Quin 2. These results suggest that PAF induces an increase in particulate protein kinase activity in neutrophils by a calcium- dependent mechanism and that the induction of membrane-associated protein kinase activity may be involved in neutrophil-stimulating actions such as superoxide production, which occur at higher concentrations of PAF.
Microbiome in the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis and lung transplant-related disease.

Significant advances in culture-independent methods have expanded our knowledge about the diversity of the lung microbial environment. Complex microorganisms and microbial communities can now be identified in the distal airways in a variety of respiratory diseases, including cystic fibrosis (CF) and the posttransplantation lung. Although there are significant methodologic concerns about sampling the lung microbiome, several studies have now shown that the microbiome of the lower respiratory tract is distinct from the upper airway. CF is a disease characterized by chronic airway infections that lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Traditional culture–dependent methods have identified a select group of pathogens that cause exacerbations in CF, but studies using bacterial 16S rRNA gene–based microarrays have shown that the CF microbiome is an intricate and dynamic bacterial ecosystem, which influences both host immune health and disease pathogenesis. These microbial communities can shift with external influences, including antibiotic exposure. In addition, there have been a number of studies suggesting a link between the gut microbiome and respiratory health in CF. Compared with CF, there is significantly less knowledge about the microbiome of the transplanted lung. Risk factors for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, one of the leading causes of death, include microbial infections. Lung transplant patients have a unique lung microbiome that is different than the pretransplanted microbiome and changes with time. Understanding the host-pathogen interactions in these diseases may suggest targeted therapies and improve long-term survival in these patients.
Building an Entrepreneurship Research Record Worthy of Promotion

This chapter recognizes the importance of promotion for entrepreneurship scholars but also acknowledges that the process underlying the decision to grant or deny promotion is often opaque to those going through it. There are various metrics and proxies that people use to assess a candidate’s research record for quality and quantity, and in this chapter I detail these “measures” as well as their limitations. The chapter also explores the role of external reviews and offers some advice for how these letters should be written and how they should be read by those making the promotion decision. I specifically discuss the metrics and attitudes toward entrepreneurship research and journals.
A Comparison of Drinkers' and Nondrinkers' Responses to Health-Related Information Presented on Wine Beverage Labels

The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (BATF) recently approved two statements that can now be presented on wine bottles to inform consumers about the potential positive health effects of wine consumption. This study examined effects related to the inclusion of a health claim related statement in abetween-subjects experiment involving drinkers and nondrinkers' exposure to manipulated wine labels. The results indicate that consumer attitudes towards the wine product and perceptions of the long-term health effects of wine consumption were influenced by the interaction between the presence of a government warning statement, the availability of a health-effects claim, and drinking status. The implications of these findings for marketers and public policy makers are discussed.