cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trends in energy-efficiency and robustness using stochastic sensor network-on-a-chip

The stochastic sensor network-on-chip (SSNOC) was recently proposed as an effective computational paradigm for jointly achieving energy-efficiency and robustness in nanoscale processes. In this paper, we study the trends in energy-efficiency and robustness exhibited by an SSNOC architecture as the feature size scales from 130nm to 32nm for a PN-code acquisition application. The conventional architecture exhibits a 3 orders-of-magnitude loss in detection probability P_{det} due to process variations in the 130nm and smaller technology nodes. At the 130nm and 90nm nodes, the proposed SSNOC architecture recovers from this performance loss, and exhibits a 2 orders-of-magnitude smaller variation in P_det compared to the conventional architecture. However, for the 65nm and 45nm technology nodes, the SSNOC architecture with assistance from circuit level techniques such as adaptive body bias (ABB) and adaptive supply voltage (ASV) shows a 2-3 order-of-magnitude better detection performance. In addition, the SSNOC architecture with ABB/ASV achieves 22% to 31% energy savings. For the 32nm node, the current version of SSNOC with ABB/ASV is not robust enough and thus motivates the need to explore even more powerful versions of SSNOC.
BUILDING A MOVEMENT FOR HEALTH CARE: KEY TO ORGANIZING THE UNORGANIZED?

History shows that labor union membership increased rapidly in the United States in the last century only during periods when broad movements for social justice also existed. One of these movements was the fight for basic social benefits during the Great Depression; the other was the struggle to secure democratic rights and dignity for African–Americans during the Civil Rights movement. This article presents an argument as to why labor should join in leading an offensive for single-payer national health insurance (NHI), not only to win health care for all, but to help jump start a broader social and economic justice movement that could create a socio-political climate that is more conducive to organizing the unorganized.
A qualitative examination of perceived barriers and facilitators of physical activity for urban and rural youth

Many adolescents, both rural and urban, are not meeting the recommended levels for physical activity (PA). This investigation was designed to elicit socioecologic barriers and facilitators for PA in rural and urban middle school youth and their parents. Thirteen focus groups were conducted with 41 youth and 50 parents from eastern North Carolina. Distance, cost, crime/danger and television were mentioned as the primary barriers among parents. Youth mentioned school policies related to PA and crime/danger as the main PA barriers. The most salient facilitators discussed by parents were social/peer facilitators, facilities available and parental role modeling of PA. The primary facilitators mentioned by youth were social outlets and facilities available. Results indicate that intrapersonal, interpersonal, environmental and policy factors related to PA resonated with both youth and parents. Since rural and urban residents often perceive and interact differently with PA environments, more research is needed to properly adapt interventions.
Factors Affecting Composition of Chicken Meat. A Literature Review

In the past decade, a great deal of emphasis has been placed on the nutritional value of food in both the raw and the processed state. Consumers are becoming more and more aware of nutritional valu...
Changing Trends of Childhood Disability, 2001–2011

BACKGROUND: Over the past half century the prevalence of childhood disability increased dramatically, coupled with notable increases in the prevalence of mental health and neurodevelopmental conditions. This study provides a detailed assessment of recent trends in childhood disability in relation to health conditions and sociodemographic factors. METHODS: Secondary data analysis of National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) datasets 2001–2002, 2004–2005, 2007–2008, and 2010–2011 ( N = 198 888) was conducted to calculate the prevalence, rate of change, severity, and sociodemographic disparities of parent-reported childhood disability. RESULTS: The prevalence of childhood disability has continued to increase, growing by 15.6% between 2001–2002 and 2010–2011. Nearly 6 million children were considered disabled in 2010–2011. Children living in poverty experienced the highest rates of disability, 102.6 cases per 1000 population in 2010–2011, but unexpectedly, children living in households with incomes ≥400% above the federal poverty level experienced the largest increase (28.4%) over this 10-year period. The percentage of disability cases related to any physical health condition declined 11.8% during the decade, whereas cases related to any neurodevelopmental or mental health condition increased by 20.9%. CONCLUSIONS: Over the past decade, parent-reported childhood disability steadily increased. As childhood disability due to physical conditions declined, there was a large increase in disabilities due to neurodevelopmental or mental health problems. For the first time since the NHIS began tracking childhood disability in 1957, the rise in reported prevalence is disproportionately occurring among socially advantaged families. This unexpected finding highlights the need to better understand the social, medical, and environmental factors influencing parent reports of childhood disability.
Fractionation of Carbon Isotopes during Biogenesis of Atmospheric Isoprene.

The stable carbon isotope composition of isoprene emitted from leaves of red oak (Quercus rubra L.) was measured. Isoprene was depleted in 13C relative to carbon recently fixed by photosynthesis. The difference in isotope composition between recently fixed carbon and emitted isoprene was independent of the isotopic composition of the source CO2. β-Carotene, an isoprenoid plant constituent, was depleted in 13C relative to whole leaf carbon to the same degree as isoprene, but fatty acids were more depleted. Isoprene emitted from leaves fed abscisic acid was much less depleted in 13C than was isoprene emitted from unstressed leaves. We conclude that isoprene is made from an isoprenoid precursor that is derived from acetyl-CoA made from recent photosynthate. The carbon isotope composition of isoprene in the atmosphere is likely to be slightly more negative (less 13C) than C3 plant material but when plants are stressed the isotopic composition could vary.
3-D numerical mode-matching (NMM) method for resistivity well-logging tools

A three-dimensional (3-D) numerical mode-matching (NMM) method is presented for Poisson's equation in general inhomogeneons media. It reduces the original 3-D problem into a series of two-dimensional (2-D) eigenvalue problems plus a one-dimensional (1-D) layered medium problem, which can be modeled efficiently by a recursion procedure. The algorithm is tested for several 3-D inhomogeneous media and an excellent agreement between the NMM and analytical solutions is obtained for all test cases. We demonstrate some typical applications of the 3-D NMM algorithm in resistivity well logging, including invasion zones of noncircular shape, vertical and horizontal fractures, and horizontal wells. The solution procedure proposed is directly applicable to wave propagation in 3-D inhomogeneous media.
The fabrication of an array of microcavities utilizing SU-8 photoresist as an alternative 'LIGA' technology

This paper reports the use of SU-8 photoresist in the formation of an array of microcavities in polystyrene for biochemistry and combinatorial chemistry applications. Fabrication of the array involves hot embossing of polystyrene utilizing a nickel-cobalt micro-mold electroformed from the original SU-8 structure. For the particular applications being considered, the volume of the cavities necessitates a cavity depth of 100 microns. While conventional LIGA technology could be used, the use of a photoimageable spin-on layer capable of defining structures at a thickness well over 100 microns has greatly simplified the procedure. Additionally, such a method can put LIGA type processing in the hands of researchers without ready access to a synchrotron source. As such, this paper will cover the technical details of using SU-8 photoresist as it applies to the fabrication of a thermoplastic bio-MEMS structure.
Acid and water solubility and strength of calcium hydroxide bases

Four calcium hydroxide base materials are examined to determine their compressive strength and water and acid solubility. The quality of a completed restoration can depend on critical properties of a hard-setting calcium hydroxide base material.
Vibrio cholerae Flagellar Synthesis and Virulence

Flagellar-mediated motility has been demonstrated to contribute to the pathogenesis of Vibrio cholerae. Nonmotile mutants of live attenuated cholera vaccine strains are significantly less reactogenic in human volunteers, but the exact contribution of motility to virulence appears to be multi-factorial. The flagellum of V. cholerae is a complex structure made up of multiple structural subunits (>40 proteins). Expression of flagellar genes proceeds via a transcription hierarchy. This flagellar regulatory cascade controls not only flagellar gene expression, but also influences the expression of additional (non-flagellar) genes with proven or implicated roles in virulence. Flagellar-mediated chemotaxis appears to be linked to transmission of V. cholerae from host to host, and thus epidemic spread of cholera. Motility also contributes to biofilm formation, which facilitates environmental persistence. Thus, the flagellum plays an integral part in the lifecycle of V. cholerae, both in the host as well as in the environment.
Physical symptoms in primary care. Predictors of psychiatric disorders and functional impairment.

Objective To examine how the type and number of physical symptoms reported by primary care patients are related to psychiatric disorders and functional impairment. Design Outpatient mental health survey. Setting Four primary care clinics. Patients One thousand adult clinic patients, of whom 631 were selected randomly or consecutively and 369 by convenience. Main outcome measures Psychiatric disorders as determined by the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders procedure; the presence or absence of 15 common physical symptoms and whether symptoms were somatoform (ie, lacked an adequate physical explanation); and functional status as determined by the Medical Outcomes Study Short-form General Health Survey. Results Each of the 15 common symptoms was frequently somatoform (range, 16% to 33%). The presence of any physical symptom increased the likelihood of a diagnosis of a mood or anxiety disorder by at least twofold to three-fold, and somatoform symptoms had a particularly strong association with psychiatric disorders. The likelihood of a psychiatric disorder increased dramatically with increasing numbers of physical symptoms. The prevalence of a mood disorder in patients with 0 to 1, 2 to 3, 4 to 5, 6 to 8, and 9 or more symptoms was 2%, 12%, 23%, 44%, and 60%, respectively, and the prevalence of an anxiety disorder was 1%, 7%, 13%, 30%, and 48%, respectively. Finally, each physical symptom was associated with significant functional impairment; indeed, the number of physical symptoms was a powerful correlate of functional status. Conclusions The number of physical symptoms is highly predictive for psychiatric disorders and functional impairment. Multiple or unexplained symptoms may signify a potentially treatable mood or anxiety disorder.
Abstract 140: National Trends in Utilization and Outcomes of Endovascular Treatment in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients

Background: With the availability of several new devices for mechanical thrombectomy after recent approvals by the Food and Drug Administration, the outcomes of patients undergoing endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke are expected to improve in United States. Objective: To evaluate trends in utilization of endovascular treatment and associated rates of death and disability among acute ischemic stroke patients over six years. Methods: We obtained data for patients admitted to hospitals in the United States between 2004 to 2009 with a primary diagnosis of ischemic stroke using a large national database. We determined the rate of utilization of endovascular treatment. Outcomes were classified as minimal disability, moderate to severe disability, and death based on discharge disposition. Results: Of the 670,069 patients with ischemic stroke, 72,342 (10.8%) received intravenous thrombolytic treatment, 18,229 (2.72%) had endovascular thrombolysis. Patients with endovascular treatment comprised 0.35% of ischemic strokes in 2004 vs 4.95% in 2009 (p Conclusion: There has been a significant increase in proportion of acute ischemic stroke patients receiving endovascular treatment over the last 6 years with significant reduction in in-hospital mortality.
Use of a Cre/Loxp Strategy in Mice to Determine the Cell-Specific Roles of Glucokinase in Mody-2

Mutations of glucokinase (GK) cause maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 2 (MODY-2), a monogenic form of diabetes that is characterized by an early age of onset and autosomal dominant inheritance. We have used a Cre/loxP strategy to generate pancreatic β-cell and hepatocyte-specific knockouts of GK in mice and have studied glucose homeostasis in these mice. The studies clearly demonstrate that diminished pancreatic β-cell GK accounts for most of the hyperglycaemia in MODY2. Mice deficient in hepatic GK are only moderately hyperglycaemic and have impaired insulin secretion. The mechanism by which the loss of hepatic GK impairs insulin secretion by the β-cell is not understood and requires further study.
Characterization of the neurotoxin isolated from a Clostridium baratii strain implicated in infant botulism.

Botulism is widely known to result from ingestion of food containing botulinum neurotoxin produced in situ by certain strains of Clostridium botulinum. Infant botulism caused by C. botulinum, unlike the food-borne intoxication, is the toxicoinfectious form of botulism (S. S. Arnon, p. 331-345, in G. E. Lewis, ed., Biomedical Aspects of Botulism, 1981). The strain of Clostridium baratii implicated in infant botulism produced a neurotoxin that was neutralized with antiserum for botulinum neurotoxin serotype F (J. D. Hall, L. M. McCroskey, B. J. Pincomb, and C. L. Hatheway, J. Clin. Microbiol. 21:654-655, 1985). We developed a procedure to culture the toxigenic C. baratii (strain 6341) in dialysis bags and a simple purification scheme (precipitation of 900-ml culture supernatant with ammonium sulfate and two anion-exchange chromatographic steps at pH 5.5 and 8.0) that yielded up to 150 micrograms of purified neurotoxin. It is an approximately 140-kDa single-chain protein and has the following sequence of amino acid residues at the N terminus: Pro-Val-Asn-Ile-Asn-Asn-Phe-Asn-Tyr-Asn-Asp-Pro-Ile-Asn-Asn-Thr-Thr-Ile- Leu. Comparison of this amino acid sequence with those of the botulinum neurotoxin serotypes A, B, and E showed 40 to 50% identical residues in comparable positions. The specific toxicity of the neurotoxin, approximately 2 x 10(6) 50% lethal doses for mice per mg of protein injected, was not enhanced significantly by mild trypsinization, although the protease cleaved the neurotoxin within a disulfide loop that generated at least two primary fragments, approximately 47 and approximately 86 kDa, that remained linked by an interchain disulfide. These two fragments resembled the light and heavy chains of the well-characterized neurotoxin serotypes A, B, C, D, E, and F produced by C. botulinum. Images
Patterns of Resource Distribution and Archaeological Settlement Patterns in the Piedmont Uplands of the Middle Atlantic Region

Varied patterns of subsistence resource distributions are found in the Piedmont Uplands throughout the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. Settlement patterns correlate with these resource distribution patterns through time. Paleo-Indian through Middle Archaic patterns are small scattered procurement sites that are part of a supra-local logistical system. Late Archaic through Middle Woodland patterns include large base camps in low relief settings forming the focal points for foraging systems, or a tethered nomadism. Late Woodland patterns are dependent upon intensive collecting and agriculture rather than specific subsistence resource distribution patterns.
Bill Lengths, Wintering Areas, and Taxonomy of North American Dunlins, Calidris alpina

THE Dunlin or Red-backed Sandpiper (Calidris alpina) is a common shorebird that breeds on circumpolar tundra and winters along north temperate seacoasts. The breeding ecology and behavior of this species have recently been studied in Finland by Soikkeli (1967), in northern Germany by Heldt (1966), in northern and western Alaska by Holmes (1966a, 1966b, 1966c; 1970; 1971) and MacLean (1969), and in northcentral Canada by Jehl (pers. comm.). These studies have revealed a number of ecological and behavioral differences between breeding populations, such as variations in the timing of the breeding cycle, of molt, and of migration. Breeding populations in Finland and northern Alaska were compared by Soikkeli (1967). The differences between these geographically distant and morphologically distinct populations are not too surprising. Recently Holmes (1970, 1971) has reported significant differences in breeding density and scheduling of breeding season events in Dunlin populations of northern and western Alaska, breeding grounds separated by 10? of latitude and approximately 550 miles. These findings led us to question the taxonomic relationship of the two Alaskan populations and their relationships to other breeding populations of C. alpina. The Alaskan Dunlins Holmes studied are presently considered to belong to a single North American subspecies, Calidris alpina pacifica (A.O.U., 1957; Gabrielson and Lincoln, 1959). Todd (1953) divided the North American Dunlins into three subspecies: "arcticola," "RangeNorthern Alaska in summer; migration and winter ranges not yet ascertained;" "pacifica," breeding in western Alaska and wintering along the Pacific coast of North America; and "hudsonia," breeding in arctic Canada and migrating across eastern North America to winter on the Gulf Coast. Thus, according to Todd's scheme, the two populations studied by Holmes are subspecifically distinct. Todd claimed that both "pacifica" and "arcticola" are distinguishable from the Siberian form, C. a. sakkalina. His analysis was based on bill length and coloration of the breeding plumage. During the course of our studies of C. alpina we, too, noticed differences in bill lengths of birds nesting in different parts of Alaska and from different wintering grounds. As bill length, unlike plumage, remains constant from breeding to wintering grounds, this characteristic can be used to determine the specific wintering range of each population,
Cognitive Diversity to Team Outcomes: The Roles of Cohesion and Conflict Management

Effects of diversity in team members’ rational and intuitive cognitive styles on team outcomes were investigated in a moderated-mediation model, exploring conflict management as a moderator and cohesion as a mediator. The negative effects of diversity on cohesion were moderated by conflict management, such that diversity harmed cohesion when conflict management was low but had no effect when conflict management was high. Cohesion mediated the relationship between the interaction of cognitive diversity and conflict management on team viability but not task performance. Implications for practice include promoting cognitive diversity and conflict management training in diverse teams. Suggestions for future research include expanding the sample and utilizing causal research designs.
Testing Consistency of Judgment Matrices in AHP with Method

The analytic hierarchy process(AHP) of Saaty is one of the popularly applied multicriteria solution.In addition,the consistency of AHP is the kernel of the theoretical research.There is an easy way to approve if a matrix can meet this criterion via the Saaty's consistency index. Having considered the distribution of stochastic perturbation which will be applied by judging matrices,the Saaty's consistency index needs to be revised for easily applying.In this paper,it illustrates the problem as manifested in both the Saaty's consistency index and new method calledα-consistence test.
Advances in medical biological defense technology.

Research and development on appropriate medical countermeasures have been in progress for many years for most of the commonly recognized biological threat agents. New advances in biotechnology have radically altered the traditional threat of biological agents because organisms can be modified to have properties of virulence or toxicity not found naturally. This article describes some of the advanced biotechnologic approaches used to produce medical countermeasures against the threats of biowarfare and bioterrorism.
Relationship of Absolute Numbers of Sertoli Cells to Testicular Size and Spermatogenesis in Young Beef Bulls

Testes were obtained from 34 Hereford or Angus bulls at about 1.5 yr of age and were used to investigate the relationship between the absolute number of Sertoli cells vs testicular size and daily spermatozoal production (DSP). Quantitative determination of DSP was based upon enumeration of elongated spermatids in testicular homogenates. The ratio of step 8 spermatids to Sertoli cells (S:SC) was established by direct counts of these cells in each of 20 round stage VIII seminiferous tubular cross sections for each bull. The number of Sertoli cells per paired testes was calculated as (total spermatids divided by S:SC)/.394, where total spermatids equalled the number of homogenization-resistant spermatids. The factor of .394 adjusted for the fact that the latter cells are present for only 39.4% of the spermatogenic cycle. All data were subjected to simple linear and second-order regression analyses. A positive linear relationship (P less than .005) was found between testicular weight (Y, in grams) and the absolute number of Sertoli cells per paired testes (X, in billions), which was characterized by the equation Y = 315.2 + 10.74X and a coefficient of correlation (r) of .56 (P less than .01). A similar relationship was observed between DSP (Y, in billions) and Sertoli cell numbers (X, in billions). This was characterized by the equation Y = 1.36 + .222X (P less than .005) and a coefficient of correlation of .70 (P less than .01). Daily sperm production was unrelated to the S:SC ratio (P greater than .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Cardiac Surgery Advances: Do We Still Remember How to Do the Open Bypass?

Coronary artery bypass grafting is one of the most thoroughly investigated and stereotyped procedures to date. The vast cumulative experience of CABG to date has resulted in both a highly streamlined and optimized commodity while also creating a barrier against innovation. As such, the mainstay approach to CABG is fundamentally the same as it was 20 years ago. However, more recently, a number of less invasive approaches have presented themselves that may begin to change the current surgical landscape. Robotic assistance now enables surgeons to perform CABG in a minimally invasive fashion either via minimally invasive direct CABG (MIDCAB) or totally endoscopically (TECAB). These approaches offer distinct advantages including attenuation of bleeding and infection risk, reduced postoperative recovery time and convalescence, as well as shorter hospital stays. Likewise they allow healthcare systems to meet the growing market demand for less invasive revascularization, thereby increasing market share, while becoming part of a modern strategy for achieving patient-centered care. However, implementing these novel procedures is not without difficulty. Less invasive approaches are associated with a significant learning curve that creates a challenging training environment during critical early adoption phases of this approach. Furthermore, some have raised concerns over the safety and cost of these technically complex operations. While much remains to be learned, there is a growing body of data to suggest that these procedures are both safe and cost effective in expert hands. Despite this, perceptions of these early experiences are difficult to change and remain a persistent hindrance to more widespread adoption. Changing these perceptions requires a combined approach of establishing consensus of the appropriate metrics of success while generating support among a broad base of stakeholders.
Hydroxyurea Use in Young Children With Sickle Cell Anemia in New York State

Introduction This study examined hydroxyurea usage in young children with sickle cell anemia within New York State (NYS). The cohort was 273 children with sickle cell anemia born in NYS in 2006–2009 and enrolled essentially continuously in Medicaid for the first 4 years of life. Methods Medicaid data were used to examine hydroxyurea usage in this group by age at first prescription fill, persistence, region, treatment institution, and year. Log-binomial regression models were used to estimate the likelihood of receiving hydroxyurea treatment. Data from birth through 2014 for all members of the study group were assembled and analyzed in 2015. Results About 25% of the cohort had at least one filled hydroxyurea prescription by their fifth birthday, and nearly 40% by the end of the study period. The mean proportion of days covered for the first year of therapy was 56.3%. Adherence was also assessed by calculating medication possession ratios for individual treatment periods. Slightly more than one third of treated children showed 80% coverage by these measures. There was a consistent, but not statistically significant, trend toward younger age at first fill. Significant regional and treatment center differences in initiation of hydroxyurea use, but not in persistence after initiation, were noted among NYS centers. Conclusions Subsequent to clinical studies demonstrating safety, current NYS-wide use of hydroxyurea in young children with sickle cell anemia appears to be widespread and increasing. However, practice differences between treatment centers and inadequate adherence may limit the full disease-modifying effects of hydroxyurea.
Interactive Cellular Automata Systems for Creative Projects

The use of cellular automata as a mechanism for generating captivating and unpredictable creative output has been explored by artists and composers since the introduction of the “Game of Life” by the mathematician John Conway and its subsequent popularization via the writings of Martin Gardner. This chapter surveys notable creative projects that incorporate cellular automata systems in order to generate new aesthetic possibilities. In particular, it describes a recent project, Fluid Automata, that utilizes a cellular automata system to create fluid simulations and to enable a range of expressivity in different interactive environments.
Miniaturised 45° power divider using three-dimensional MMIC technology

A miniaturised 45° power divider using three-dimensional MMIC technology is described. The divider comprises stacked thin-film microstrip lines that sandwich a ground plane between them. It has an area of only 0.43 mm2, and it exhibits a coupling of 4.5 ± 0.2 dB and a phase difference of 45 ± 1° from 28 to 33 GHz.
Noninvasive Prenatal Screening (NIPS) for Fetal Aneuploidies

Fetuses with trisomy 21, or Down syndrome, can be identified in the first or second trimester of pregnancy using a combination of serum markers in maternal serum and ultrasound findings. The sensitivity and specificity of these modalities is quite good, being in the range of 95%. Recently, several groups have begun to exploit the power of massively parallel sequencing (MPS) to identify prenatal anueploidies in cell-free fetal DNA that is found in the maternal circulation. Although recent court rulings regarding the patent positions surrounding this technology will likely lead to other entities being able to offer this form of testing, including academic institutions, at the time of this writing, four companies have been founded with prenatal detection of fetal chromosome abnormalities as their primary focus and testing is available exclusively (in the United States) through these companies. The sensitivity and specificity of detection for Down syndrome using MPS is markedly superior to serum and ultrasound markers, being greater than 99%. However, it is important to stress to women seeking testing that the specificity of the MPS approach, while very high, is not perfect. This is a screening test and positive results need confirmation with invasive testing (amniocentesis). In this chapter, we review the techniques that each of the currently active US companies are using for noninvasive prenatal screening.
Correcting Misperceptions: An In-class Exercise for Reducing Population Innumeracy Using Student Response Systems and a Test of Its Effectiveness

The current analysis examines the degree to which a classroom activity using student response systems (SRS) can improve the accuracy of commonly held demographic misperceptions. Overestimation of r...
Phase III trial of stem cell transplantation compared to melphalan and dexamethasone in the treatment of immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis (AL).

8595 Background: Autologous stem cell transplant is widely performed for the management of select patients with AL amyloidosis in the United States. There are no phase III trials that document impr...
Abstract TP102: Modulation of Neuroinflammation by Haptoglobin Reduces Oxidative Stress and Improves ICH Outcomes

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a stroke subtype associated with high morbidity and mortality. With breakdown of the blood-brain barrier and entry of toxic blood components and metabolites within...
Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Using R

Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Using R is the first hands-on guide to using the R statistical computing system written specifically for archaeologists. It shows how to use the system to analyze many types of archaeological data. Part I includes tutorials on R, with applications to real archaeological data showing how to compute descriptive statistics, create tables, and produce a wide variety of charts and graphs. Part II addresses the major multivariate approaches used by archaeologists, including multiple regression (and the generalized linear model); multiple analysis of variance and discriminant analysis; principal components analysis; correspondence analysis; distances and scaling; and cluster analysis. Part III covers specialized topics in archaeology, including intra-site spatial analysis, seriation, and assemblage diversity.
Superfluid fraction of He 4 very close to T λ

Measurements of the superfluid fraction ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathit{s}}$/\ensuremath{\rho} of $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ are presented for the reduced-temperature range 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}7}$\ensuremath{\lesssim}t\ensuremath{\equiv}1-T/${\mathit{T}}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}$\ensuremath{\lesssim}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$. The data were obtained from the second-sound velocity ${\mathit{u}}_{20}$, which in turn was determined from nonlinear-pulse transit-time measurements. The exponent \ensuremath{\zeta}, which describes the leading singularity of ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathit{s}}$/\ensuremath{\rho}, is found to be 0.6705\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0006. This result is in good agreement with existing theories and previous data much further away from ${\mathit{T}}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}$.
From Search to Research: Direct Answers, Perspectives and Dialog

Advances in artificial intelligence have improved machine understanding of speech, images, and natural language. This in turn has allowed us to greatly enhance the intelligence of products such as Bing and Cortana. This keynote describes our continuing journey beyond keyword-driven systems, into dialog and intelligent agent functionality, helping our users "research more, search less". Modern systems attempt to provide concise direct answers, which can fit on a small screen or become a spoken response. To find such answers, Microsoft can draw from a uniquely broad inventory of data sources such as the Bing Web & Knowledge graphs, the workplace graph of Office 365, and the Microsoft Academic Graph. Since these graphs contain a lot of text information, we apply machine reading and comprehension technology to extract concise answers. Microsoft has entries frequently topping the leaderboards in the community»s machine reading contests. To select the right answers, we use deep multi-task learning to develop a vector representation that is usable across multiple data sources and scenarios. This is combined with a large-scale data processing and serving infrastructure. We use this not only to find a single answer, but also to find multiple answers in cases where multiple valid perspectives exist. In the case of numeric answers, we provide some context to help users understand what the numbers mean. This is part of our effort to consider not just IQ but EQ in our conversational systems, where the chatbot Xiaoice leads the way in establishing a human connection, to develop long and sustained conversations. These advances improve product quality, enable new user experiences and have challenged us to rethink the entire intelligent search platform at Microsoft.
MEMBRANE MYSTERY: DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF A LARGE PAPILLARY FIBROELASTOMA

Papillary fibroelastomas (PFE) are the second most common primary cardiac tumor. While 30% are discovered incidentally, the most common clinical presentation is stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). In addition to transthoracic echocardiography, transesophageal echocardiography, CT, or MRI can
The Practice of Helpfulness: Leading with Kindness

The contemporary trend to emotional intelligence and leader empathy provides a strong connection to human virtues such as kindness. Similarly, kindness has enjoyed contemporary popularity through the mantra “random acts of kindness.” Particularly useful in empathic leadership styles, kindness is a key to providing emotional support, helping subordinates grow, putting subordinates first, and ethical behavior—all aspects of a range of empirically proven leadership styles. This chapter analyzes kindness within a biblical framework. Beginning with the narrative of showing kindness to foreigners, kindness is shown as general helpfulness, but more specifically as uprightness in relations with others or being helpful or beneficial to others. This chapter examines how kindness can be utilized within contemporary organizational leadership.
Evaluating the persistence of fluorescent and protein powders on adult blue orchard bees, Osmia lignaria (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), for mark-capture studies

The managed, solitary bee, Osmia lignaria Say, is an efficient pollinator of orchard crops. One limitation to their commercial success is high dispersal of populations away from orchards, resulting in low establishment in provided nest cavities even when optimal pollination is achieved. While exact causes for dispersal are unknown, many existing theories remain untested due to complications with evaluating O. lignaria establishment in field settings. We describe relatively simple and reliable methods for passively marking O. lignaria with egg albumin and casein powdered proteins combined with orange fluorescent powder as they emerge from cocoons. Marked adults were examined microscopically at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 days after emergence for the fluorescent powder followed by an anti-albumin and anti-casein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect the protein powders. The orange powder and egg albumin were highly persistent on adults throughout the 18-day study, suggesting the utility of these markers for studying dispersal and retention of O. lignaria in the field.
Neuromuscular ultrasound of the brachial plexus: A standardized approach

Reliable assessment of brachial plexus disorders can be challenging due to the complexity of the anatomy and variation of potential pathology. Electrodiagnostic testing can be both uncomfortable for the patient and inconclusive. Ultrasound can serve as a complement to clinical assessment, electrodiagnostic testing, and other imaging modalities. This study describes a systematic approach for performing neuromuscular ultrasound for suspected pathology in the brachial plexus. The literature regarding techniques for brachial plexus ultrasound was reviewed. A team composed of specialists in neurology, physiatry, anesthesiology, orthopedic surgery, and vascular surgery used this as the basis for describing standardized techniques for performing brachial plexus ultrasound. Four standard views, along with other supplemental views, are described for the evaluation of the brachial plexus. An illustrative case is presented. Ultrasound is a high-resolution point of care diagnostic tool that allows assessment of structural pathology affecting the brachial plexus. Muscle Nerve 58: 618-624, 2018.
The Emerging Industrial Relations of China, Edited by William Brown and Chang Kai (2017) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 250 pages. ISBN: 978-1-107-11441-8

William Brown, Britain’s leading industrial relations scholar-expert, and Chang Kai, China’s leading industrial relations scholarexpert, have joined forces to produce a first-rate volume describing the emerging industrial relations (IR) system in China. The volume is a collection of eleven chapters: two are coauthored by the editors, two are separately written by each editor, six are written by Chinese authors, and one is written by a British author.
Update: Antigen Presentation: A Balanced Diet

[ Michael Brenner and Steven Porcelli ][1] CD1 molecules are distant cousins of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules; both are located on the cell surface, and MHC binds or "displays" foreign peptides so that the immune system can recognize and eliminate them. In their Perspective, Brenner and Porcelli discuss the crystal structure of CD1, reported by [ Zeng et al .][2] in this issue. The new work shows how the structure of CD1 is specialized for presenting another class of antigens--lipids. [][3] [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org#affiliation [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/277/5324/339 [3]: http://
How an Equation from Physiology Can Become a Model

Students taking a first course in physiology or biochemistry encounter certain equations very early that typically evince a foreboding, if not outright terror. Memorable examples include the Nernst equation and the Henderson-Hasselbach equation; one remembers the encounter, not the content. And there were more to come: Poiseuille’s law of fluid flow and Michaelis-Menten kinetics, the Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium; one could go on endlessly. Let me confess something right now: I knew the feeling of terror just as much as the next student, because I was never sure how to take a logarithm of a sodium concentration, or whether the intracellular concentration of ion was divided by the extracellular concentration or vice-versa, or why the electrical potential was negative and the action potential was depolarizing.
Contact neodymium:YAG laser surgery in gastroenterology. An updated report.

Eighty-eight patients have been successfully treated endoscopically without complications using contact neodymium yttrium aluminum garnet: (YAG) laser probes (endoprobes) for tumors and bleeding and during open surgery (laser scalpel) to perform hepatic and pancreatic resections. The contact probes, made from a synthetic sapphire crystal with its optical properties, geometric design, thermal conductivity, and high melting temperature (2030 °C), have proven to be more effective than the current conventional noncontact method of delivering laser energy through a quartz fiber. Advantages include greater precision, sterility, avoidance of the tip melting, and lower neodymium: YAG laser energy required, resulting in reduced tissue damage. The configuration of the probes allows coagulation, cutting, or vaporization, depending on the clinical condition being treated.
Effects of LaSiO x Thickness and Forming Gas Anneal Temperature on Threshold Voltage Instability of 4H-SiC MOSFETs With LaSiO x

We report the effects of lanthanum-rich layer thickness and forming gas anneal (FGA) conditions on mobility and threshold voltage ( ${V} _{{\text {T}}}$ ) instability of high-mobility 4H-SiC MOSFETs using lanthanum silicate (LaSiO x ) interface engineering. MOSFETs with LaSiO x after high-temperature FGA show significantly improved ${V} _{\text {T}}$ reliability under positive gate bias. It is found that both the thickness of the initial lanthanum-rich layer and the FGA temperature profoundly influence MOSFET mobility and ${V} _{\text {T}}$ instability under positive bias. There is a tradeoff between mobility and ${V} _{\text {T}}$ shift under positive bias.
Abstract P093: A Nutrition Education Program Through the Farmer’s Market: Lessons Learned From Community-based Research in North Dakota

Introduction: More than 32% of adults have obesity in North Dakota (ND), cardiovascular diseases and cancer are the leading causes of death, and at least one in ten adults has diabetes in ND. Healt...
Carbon nanomaterials for thermal rectification

Abstract Thermal rectification is a phenomenon where the heat current is different when the temperature bias across a structure is reversed in direction. Thermal rectifiers, materials, or structures that can generate thermal rectification, are viewed as promising candidates for thermal management solutions or thermal signal processing. In this chapter, we discuss the research background on thermal rectification and common mechanisms based on which thermal rectification is generated. We focus on thermal rectifiers based on carbon nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes as well as nanoribbons, nanowiggles, or nanomeshes of graphene. Despite the great challenge in fabricating thermal rectifiers based on delicate nanostructures as predicted by modeling and simulations, the research on thermal rectifiers based on carbon materials are promising because of the large variety of carbon allotropes.
New Model Systems and the Development of Targeted Therapies for the Treatment of Neurofibromatosis Type 1-Associated Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors

Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) is a common genetic disorder and cancer predisposition syndrome (1:3000 births) caused by mutations in the tumor suppressor gene NF1. NF1 encodes neurofibromin, a negative regulator of the Ras signaling pathway. Individuals with NF1 often develop benign tumors of the peripheral nervous system (neurofibromas), originating from the Schwann cell linage, some of which progress further to malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs). Treatment options for neurofibromas and MPNSTs are extremely limited, relying largely on surgical resection and cytotoxic chemotherapy. Identification of novel therapeutic targets in both benign neurofibromas and MPNSTs is critical for improved patient outcomes and quality of life. Recent clinical trials conducted in patients with NF1 for the treatment of symptomatic plexiform neurofibromas using inhibitors of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) have shown very promising results. However, MEK inhibitors do not work in all patients and have significant side effects. In addition, preliminary evidence suggests single agent use of MEK inhibitors for MPNST treatment will fail. Here, we describe the preclinical efforts that led to the identification of MEK inhibitors as promising therapeutics for the treatment of NF1-related neoplasia and possible reasons they lack single agent efficacy in the treatment of MPNSTs. In addition, we describe work to find targets other than MEK for treatment of MPNST. These have come from studies of RAS biochemistry, in vitro drug screening, forward genetic screens for Schwann cell tumors, and synthetic lethal screens in cells with oncogenic RAS gene mutations. Lastly, we discuss new approaches to exploit drug screening and synthetic lethality with NF1 loss of function mutations in human Schwann cells using CRISPR/Cas9 technology.
Why Do Retail Prices Fall During Seasonal Demand Peaks

Examining all widely-sold products in a large, national scanner database, we find that seasonality in demand is large, pervasive across product categories, and heterogeneous in its timing. Yet at seasonal frequencies prices fluctuate little, and typically, countercyclically, falling as demand peaks. A natural explanation for this pattern is that demand becomes more elastic as its level peaks. We find, indeed, that for most seasonal products, demand becomes more elastic when demand levels peak. Quantitatively, the estimated seasonal elasticity changes can roughly rationalize observed countercyclical pricing. A likely mechanism for time-varying elasticities is seasonal shifts in the composition of buyers, as extensive margin responses account for nearly the entirety of seasonal demand shifts.
Patient Preparation for Outpatient Blood Work and the Impact of Surreptitious Fasting on Diagnoses of Diabetes and Prediabetes.

Abstract Objective To describe patient preparation for routine outpatient blood work and examine the implications of surreptitious fasting on interpretation of glucose results. Patients and Methods We designed a survey and administered it between September 1, 2016, and April 30, 2017, to assess fasting behaviors in a convenience sample of 526 adults presenting for outpatient blood work in 2 health systems between 7 am and 12 pm . We reviewed the electronic health records to extract glucose results. We describe the frequency of clinician-directed fasting and surreptitious fasting. In those surreptitiously fasting, we describe the frequency of missed diagnoses of prediabetes and diabetes. Results Of 526 participants, 330 (62.7%) self-identified as fasting, and 304 (92.1%) of those fasting met American Diabetes Association fasting criteria. Only 131 (24.9%) of those fasting were told to fast by their health care team. Almost 50% (257 of 526) believed it was important to fast for every blood test. Of the 64 patients with diabetes who were taking insulin, 37 (57.8%) fasted and took their insulin as prescribed. Among the 89 patients without diabetes who fasted without knowledge of their health care team and had glucose tested, 2 (2.2%) had a missed diagnosis of diabetes and 18 (20.2%) had a missed diagnosis of prediabetes. Conclusion Fasting for outpatient blood work is common, and patients frequently fast without awareness of their health care team. Failure to capture fasting status at the time of glucose testing is a missed opportunity to identify undiagnosed cases of diabetes and prediabetes.
A Multisensory Approach to Present Phonemes as Language Through a Wearable Haptic Device

Communication is an important part of our daily interactions; however, communication can be hindered, either through visual or auditory impairment, or because usual communication channels are overloaded. When standard communication channels are not available, our sense of touch offers an alternative sensory modality for transmitting messages. Multi-sensory haptic cues that combine multiple types of haptic sensations have shown promise for applications, such as haptic communication, that require large discrete cue sets while maintaining a small, wearable form factor. This article presents language transmission using a multi-sensory haptic device that occupies a small footprint on the upper arm. In our approach, phonemes are encoded as multisensory haptic cues consisting of vibration, radial squeeze, and lateral skin stretch components. Participants learned to identify haptically transmitted phonemes and words after training across a four day training period. A subset of our participants continued their training to extend word recognition free response. Participants were able to identify words after four days using multiple choice with an accuracy of 89% and after eight days using free response with an accuracy of 70%. These results show promise for the use of multisensory haptics for haptic communication, demonstrating high word recognition performance with a small, wearable device.