cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aortic regurgitation in the heterotopic rat heart transplant: effect on ventricular remodeling and diastolic function.

Abstract Objectives Use of the heterotopic rat cardiac isograft model is limited by ventricular atrophy attributable to the left ventricle's non-working state. Previous studies indicate that increased left ventricular pressure-volume work minimizes atrophy. We used a simpler approach to increase ventricular work, imposing aortic regurgitation on the transplant. We hypothesized that this would prevent atrophy and preserve left ventricular compliance. Methods We analyzed heterotopic transplants with aortic valvotomy and without aortic valvotomy (controls). Recipient native hearts served as separate controls. After 15 to 25 days, we measured cardiac wet weight, dry weight, and water content of all groups and measured echocardiographic left ventricular wall thickness and end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters in both transplant groups. Left ventricular volume infusions yielded pressure-volume data that we analyzed using regression methods. Results Aortic regurgitant transplants weighed more than control transplants (dry weight, 0.109 ± 0.013 g vs 0.097 ± 0.016 g; p = 0.020, 2-way analysis of variance), but all transplants weighed less than native hearts weighed ( p = 0.001). Control transplants were less compliant than regurgitant transplants ( p = 0.002), but the latter were similar to their own native hearts ( p = 0.34). Wall thickness decreased in regurgitant vs control transplants ( p = 0.020, Student's t -test), but end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters increased ( p ≤ 0.001). Conclusions Aortic regurgitation in heterotopic transplants improves left ventricular compliance through chamber dilatation without preventing atrophy. Moderate acute aortic regurgitation affects ventricular remodeling more than it stimulates myocardial hypertrophy. Smaller end-diastolic diameter, greater wall thickness, and myocardial edema may explain decreased compliance in non-working transplants.
Malignant pancreatic tumors: incidence and outcome in 58 pediatric patients.

Abstract Objective The purpose of the study was to examine current incidence trends and outcomes for children with pancreatic malignancies. Methods The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry (1973-2004) was examined for pediatric patients with pancreatic malignancies (up to 19 years of age). Results Malignant pancreatic neoplasms were identified in 58 patients. Females outnumbered males 1.9 to 1 (38 vs 20) for an age population–adjusted incidence of 0.021 and 0.015 per 100,000. Overall, 70% (n = 41) of patients were white. Asians had the highest incidence. Tumors were classified as exocrine (n = 31, 53.4%), endocrine (n = 19, 32.8%), or sarcomas (n = 5, 8.6%). Exocrine tumors included pancreatoblastoma (n = 10), solid-cystic tumor (SCT) (n = 10), ductal adenocarcinoma (DA) (n = 7), and acinar cell carcinoma (ACC) (n = 4). All SCTs and 80% of pancreatoblastomas were seen in females, whereas males had a higher incidence of DA 71% ( P = .036). Ductal adenocarcinoma, SCT, acinar cell carcinoma, sarcomas, and endocrine tumors were more common in children older than 10 years, whereas pancreatoblastoma was more common in younger children ( P = .045). Almost half of patients (n = 25) presented with distant metastasis; of these, 44% were endocrine tumors. Survival was significantly greater for female patients ( P = .004) and for those who had surgery ( P = .001) by both univariate and multivariate analysis. There was a significant difference in tumor type 15-year survival with DA having the worst (23%) and SCT the best (100%). Conclusions Pediatric pancreatic neoplasms are uncommon and carry a variable prognosis. Both female sex and surgery were independent predictors of improved survival.
Tactical configurations and their generic ring

Abstract A construction of Tits is used to cast the argument of Kilmoyer-Solomon and Higman proving the Feit-Higman theorem in the context of tactical configurations. An analog of a result of Cvetkovic shows what combinatorial data is needed to determine the representations associated with a given configuration. The possible representations fall into three types. A bound is given for the size of certain configurations for which one of the three types fails to occur and for which the first non-zero bit of combinatorial data is sufficiently large.
Drag measurements of cones in the rarefied flow regime.

Drag measurements of cones in rarefied flow regime extended to higher and lower cone semivertex angles
Evolution of an interdisciplinary enterprise: the Journal of Archaeological Science at 35 years

The Journal of Archaeological Science first appeared in 1974 as an explicitly interdisciplinary medium, linking archaeology with the natural sciences, and one that emphasizes methodological innovation. This editorial analysis examines the steady growth of the journal from 400 to 3200 print pages per annum, and from a small to a large, double-column format. The impact factor increased until it became the leading archaeological journal overall. Tracking the published papers according to national origin, manuscripts from the USA began to outpace those from the UK in 1990, and Australia, South Africa and Canada are well represented. After 2000 the influx of papers from non-Anglophone countries also increased rapidly until by 2008 they exceeded those from the UK or USA. A growing interest for archaeological science is suggested in Mediterranean countries such as France, Israel, Spain and Italy. Thematic trends are more difficult to track due to the growing structural complexity of many papers. That said, there is no striking thematic shift, confirming the viability of the inclusive philosophy and diversity of the journal, and its balance between problems and analytical innovation, as applied to significant archaeological issues. Possible editorial responses to changing directions in archaeology are discussed. For all scientific periodicals, the efficacy of the peer-review system today is challenged by the increasing numbers of journals and manuscripts, together with the greater specialization of high-tech methods. This demands greater professional responsibility as well as new solutions.
Better letter of intent for pharmacy residency applications.

The explosion in the number of residency applicants and the very compressed timeline for residency coordinators to review them for interview selection have put greater emphasis on the content and quality of the prospective resident’s application. Conventional recommendations for specific items
Prospective comparative clinical trials in The Journal of Hand Surgery (American)

All issues of The Journal of Hand Surgery (American), from volume 1, number 1 through volume 19, number 6, were reviewed to identify studies that might qualify as prospective, comparative clinical trials. Prospective studies that compared two or more clinical treatments were labeled as either randomized controlled trials (RCT) if they included some form of random assignment or controlled clinical trials (CCT) if they did not. A total of 25 CCT and 8 RCT were identified among the 3 107 articles, letters, and abstracts that were reviewed. The results will be used to update the Medline Database, to make online identification of RCTs and CCTs easier.
EMDS 3.0: A modeling framework for coping with complexity in environmental assessment and planning

The Ecosystem Management Decision Support (EMDS) system is an application framework for knowledge-based decision support of ecological assessments at any geographic scale. The system integrates state-of-the-art geographic information system (GIS) as well as knowledge-based reasoning and decision modeling technologies to provide decision support for a substantial portion of the adaptive management process of ecosystem management. EMDS 3.0 is implemented as an ArcMap® extension and integrates the logic engine of NetWeaver® to perform landscape evaluations, and the decision modeling engine of Criterium DecisionPlus® for evaluating management priorities. Key features of the system’s evaluation component include abilities to (1) reason about large, abstract, multi-faceted ecosystem management problems, (2) perform useful evaluations with incomplete information, (3) evaluate the influence of missing information, and (4) determine priorities for missing information. A key feature of the planning component is the ability to determine priorities for management activities, taking into account not only ecosystem condition, but also criteria that account for the feasibility and efficacy of potential management actions. Both components include powerful and intuitive diagnostic features that facilitate communicating the explanation of modeling results to a broad audience.
E-Tailing on Zazzle.Com.

An innovative project was designed for a retail management course to enhance critical thinking skills and provide hands-on learning about marketing strategy in an electronic retail context. Students created, promoted, and managed online stores using Zazzle.com, which retails user-generated designs, and analyzed the results of their efforts. Assessment of student deliverables suggests enhanced understanding of key concepts and critical thinking. The project could be adapted for marketing strategy, social media marketing, or consumer behavior courses. Instructors who adopt the project should allow adequate time, consider seeking graphic artists and/or nonprofit partners in advance, and carefully monitor promotion implementation efforts to help maximize the learning experience.
Circular Dichroism of Hapten—Antibody Complexes: Characterization of the Combining Sites of Native and Reformed MOPC‐315 Protein, Its Isolated Subunits, and Its Fv Fragment

Extrinsic Cotton effects generated by binding haptens to native and reformed MOPC-315 protein, its subunits, and its Fv fragment have been examined. The identity of the combining sites of native and reassociated proteins and Fv-315 was demonstrated by the identity of their circular dichroism (CD) difference spectra. The spectrum of TNP-aminocaproate complexed with L chains differed in maxima and minima and cross-over points and lacked the 495-nm CD peak of TNP-aminocaproate-MOPC-315 protein and Nalpha-TNP-tryptophan spectra. A negative 293-nm tryptophanyl CD band, present in spectra of MOPC-315 protins and Fv-315 but absent from spectra of L and H chains, was blue-shifted by haptens and may represent electronic interactions occurring within the MOPC-315 combining site between tryptophanyl and chromophoric residues of different subunits. This conclusion is supported by molecular models of the MOPC-315 combining site.
The relationship of saline-induced changes in vasopressin secretion to basal and corticotropin-releasing hormone-stimulated adrenocorticotropin and cortisol secretion in man.

To investigate the effect of endogenous arginine vasopressin (AVP) on ACTH secretion, normal subjects were given infusions of either hypertonic saline (HS) or isotonic saline (NS) combined with human corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) or placebo. Basal plasma AVP was 2.3 ± 0.3 (±se) pg/ ml, did not change with NS treatment, and rose to 5.4 ± 0.6 pg/ ml during HS infusion (P < 0.01). Both basal and CRH-stimulated plasma ACTH and cortisol concentrations increased during HS infusion. Peak plasma ACTH and cortisol levels were 11.4 ± 1.5 pg/ml and 8.6 ± 0.8 Mg/dl, respectively, during the HS (plus placebo) infusion. During the NS (plus placebo) infusion, plasma ACTH and cortisol gradually declined to 6.8 ± 0.5 pg/ml and 2.6 ± 0.4 μg/dl. The timing of the rise in ACTH during the HS infusion paralleled the rise in AVP. When an iv dose of 1 μg/kg CRH was administered during the saline infusions, peak plasma ACTH and cortisol levels were 27.7 ± 6.3 pg/ml and 17.5 ± 1.0 μg/dl, respectively, during the HS infusio...
Short-term retention of temporal and spatial order

Retention of temporal and spatial order information were compared in a short-term recall situation where only order information was to be learned. Concave-upward bow-shaped serial position functions were found for temporal but not spatial positions, whether subjects recalled the temporal or the spatial order of the items. Retention of temporal order was superior to retention of spatial order. However, spatial and temporal order recall should be further compared with a design which eliminates an asymmetry present in this and previous studies.
Asynchronous signal-dependent non-uniform sampler

Analog sparse signals resulting from biomedical and sensing network applications are typically non–stationary with frequency–varying spectra. By ignoring that the maximum frequency of their spectra is changing, uniform sampling of sparse signals collects unnecessary samples in quiescent segments of the signal. A more appropriate sampling approach would be signal–dependent. Moreover, in many of these applications power consumption and analog processing are issues of great importance that need to be considered. In this paper we present a signal dependent non–uniform sampler that uses a Modified Asynchronous Sigma Delta Modulator which consumes low–power and can be processed using analog procedures. Using Prolate Spheroidal Wave Functions (PSWF) interpolation of the original signal is performed, thus giving an asynchronous analog to digital and digital to analog conversion. Stable solutions are obtained by using modulated PSWFs functions. The advantage of the adapted asynchronous sampler is that range of frequencies of the sparse signal is taken into account avoiding aliasing. Moreover, it requires saving only the zero–crossing times of the non–uniform samples, or their differences, and the reconstruction can be done using their quantized values and a PSWF–based interpolation. The range of frequencies analyzed can be changed and the sampler can be implemented as a bank of filters for unknown range of frequencies. The performance of the proposed algorithm is illustrated with an electroencephalogram (EEG) signal.
Type I interferon pathway in adult and juvenile dermatomyositis

Gene expression profiling and protein studies of the type I interferon pathway have revealed important insights into the disease process in adult and juvenile dermatomyositis. The most prominent and consistent feature has been a characteristic whole blood gene signature indicating upregulation of the type I interferon pathway. Upregulation of the type I interferon protein signature has added additional markers of disease activity and insight into the pathogenesis of the disease.
Non-aqueous reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of synthetic triacylglycerols and diacylglycerols

Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods were developed for the separation of molecular species of 45 synthetic triacylglycerols and diacylglycerols. These methods used linear gradients of methanol-isopropanol and UV detection at 205 nm as well as radioactive flow detection, which we add for metabolic studies. The elution orders of triacylglycerols and diacylglycerols depend on the polarity of their fatty acid constituents with elution time increasing as polarity decreases. The elution orders of triacylglycerols depending on their fatty acid constituents were as follows: ricinoliec acid<linolenic acid<palmitoleic acid<myristic acid<palmitelaidic acid<linoleic acid<linolelaidic acid<oleic acid<palmitic acid<elaidic acid<petroselinic acid<petroselaidic acid<stearic acid, while the elution orders of diacylglycerols were: palmitic acid<oleic acid<stearic acid. For both classes of glycerides, elution corresponded closely with chain length, degree of unsaturation and presence of polar groups and they were similar to the elution orders of fatty acids on an aqueous C18 HPLC which we reported recently: Other structural features also affect eltion order, as triacylglycerol containing a cis-fatty acid elutes slightly earlier than its isomer containing a trans-fatty acid. Additionally, higher polarity in the sn-2 position causes earlier elution; Diacylglycerol with a hydroxy group at sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone and triacylglycerol with a polar group on the fatty acid chain at sn-2 position elute slightly earlier than their respective sn-1(3) isomers.
Squeezing close to the stability boundaries of the Paul trap

We propose theoretically and prove numerically that an arbitrarily high degree of squeezing is obtained for the wave function of a charged particle in an ideal Paul trap if the trap is operated close to the stability boundaries.
Prooxidant Effects of Monoglycerides and Diglycerides in Soybean Oil

Effects of 0, 0.25 and 0.5% monostearin, distearin, monolinolein or dilinolein on the oxidative stability of soybean oil were studied by measuring oxygen in the headspace of oil bottles by gas chromatography. As the levels of the monoglycerides and diglycerides increased from 0, 0.25 to 0.5%, headspace oxygen during storage decreased. The control sample (0%) was significantly different from the samples containing monostearin, distearin, monolinolein or dilinolein at α=0.05. All these mono- and di-glycerides acted as prooxidants in soybean oil.
A network architecture for a geostationary communication satellite

An M-VSAT communication system envisioned by NASA would provide low data rate, direct-to-the-user communications services for interactive data, voice, facsimile, and video conferencing. Such a system would enhance current communications services and enable new services. >
Combustion of methane in fuel-rich mixtures☆

Abstract The combustion of CH 4 in fuel-rich, CH 4 /O 2 /Ar = 9/1/90, mixtures was studied by infrared (IR) laser kinetic absorption spectroscopy behind incident shock waves with 1800 T K at total densities of ∼1.2 × 10 −6 mol cm −3 . Computer simulations using a 63-reaction mechanism were used to identify the elementary reactions that determined the data parameters and to investigate the consequences of various rate-constant assumptions. An experimental data base from the literature was also used to test the mechanism and rate constants over a wide variety of conditions of temperature, pressure, and equivalence ratio. Rate-constant expressions are suggested for CH 2 + CH 3 = C 2 H 4 + H and CH 3 + O 2 = CH 2 O + OH.
Application of slow light: a DARPA perspective

This paper outlines the scientific basis on which the DARPA Slow Light program is formed. Two fundamental application classes are mentioned, and the scientific motivation for each developed to indicate overall goals and prospects for insertion into specific devices.
Age-related neural degeneration in nuclear-factor κB p50 knockout mice

Nuclear factor-kappaB is a transcription factor that regulates a variety of genes involved not only with immune and inflammatory responses, but also in cell survival. Nuclear-factor kappaB in the CNS is an area of current research interest; however, its role in age-related neural degeneration is obscure. The present study examines developmental degeneration changes in wild type and nuclear factor-kappaB p50 subunit knockout mice (p50-/-) using various morphological methodologies. P50-/- mice appeared normal at birth. At 6 and 10 months old, the body weight of p50-/- mice was significantly less than that of wild type mice and they started to die from aging. Consistently, terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling positive cells in the cortex were significantly more in p50-/- mice than that in wild type mice, and neuronal cells in the cortex, hippocampus and caudate nucleus-putamen decreased in p50-/- mice. Fewer myelinated axons of the optic nerve were found in p50-/- mice than in wild type mice at 6 months. In p50-/- mice, morphological examinations showed: 1) aging and degenerative changes in the cortex and hippocampus including increased lipofuscin granules in neural cytoplasm, 2) abnormal capillaries, 3) dark and watery alterations and organelle accumulations, 4) apoptotic glia cells, and 5) terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling and caspase-3 positive neurons. These results suggest that nuclear-factor kappaB may play an important role in neurovascular development, cell survival, and the aging process in the CNS. This new evidence linking nuclear-factor kappaB to myelination and aging may be of considerable importance for several areas of basic and clinical neuroscience.
Clinical criteria to prevent unnecessary diagnostic testing in emergency department patients with suspected pulmonary embolism.

Summary. Overuse of the d-dimer to screen for possible pulmonary embolism (PE) can have negative consequences. This study derives and tests clinical criteria to justify not ordering a d-dimer. The test threshold was estimated at 1.8% using the method of Pauker and Kassirer. The PE rule-out criteria were derived from logistic regression analysis with stepwise backward elimination of 21 variables collected on 3148 emergency department patients evaluated for PE at 10 US hospitals. Eight variables were included in a block rule: Age 94%, no unilateral leg swelling, no hemoptysis, no recent trauma or surgery, no prior PE or DVT, no hormone use. The rule was then prospectively tested in a low-risk group (1427 patients from two hospitals initially tested for PE with a d-dimer) and a very low-risk group (convenience sample of 382 patients with chief complaint of dyspnea, PE not suspected). The prevalence of PE was 8% (95% confidence interval: 7–9%) in the low-risk group and 2% (1–4%) in the very low-risk group on longitudinal follow-up. Application of the rule in the low-risk and very low-risk populations yielded sensitivities of 96% and 100% and specificities of 27% and 15%, respectively. The prevalence of PE in those who met the rule criteria was 1.4% (0.5–3.0%) and 0% (0–6.2%), respectively. The derived eight-factor block rule reduced the pretest probability below the test threshold for d-dimer in two validation populations, but the rule's utility was limited by low specificity.
Mechanism of Force Generation in Kinesin Motility

Conventional kinesin is a dimeric motor protein that uses adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to walk processively along the microtubule. Although its nucleotide dependent conformational switching and binding of the neck linker (NL) on the motor head are known to be key events in kinesin motility, the basic mechanism by which it amplifies a small conformational change upon ATP binding to generate the force of the walking stroke has not been known. We combined structural analysis with a set of molecular dynamics simulations to identify the 9-residue long N-terminal region, which we named the ‘cover strand’ (CS), as an additional element essential for kinesin’s power stroke. It operates by differentially forming a β-sheet with NL when ATP binds, whereby the ‘cover-neck bundle’ (CNB) has an inherent conformational bias that drives NL into its binding pocket on the motor head. After the initial stroke, the later half of NL, starting with the ‘asparagine latch’ in the middle, forms specific bonds with the motor head to ensure tight binding. We constructed the force map generated by CNB, which showed a forward bias in agreement with single molecule motility measurements. Our result is consistent with other experimental observations, including the estimated stall force and the transverse anisotropy. The novel mechanism of force generation by the dynamic folding of CNB appears to hold in various kinesin families, and elucidates the economy in the design principle of the smallest known processive motor.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
EPR study of Er 3 + crystal-field and 165 Ho 3 + − E r 3 + interactions in single crystals of Ho x Y 1 − x VO 4 ( x = 0.02 – 1 . 0 0 )

Liquid-helium temperature electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of the ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$ ion in single crystals of ${\mathrm{Ho}}_{x}{\mathrm{Y}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{VO}}_{4}$ $(x=0.02--1.0)$ are exploited to reveal the influence of the crystal-field and ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}{\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{o}}^{3+}$ interactions. The ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$ g value at 4 K in the lightly doped samples $(xl0.3)$ was here successfully accounted for by the estimated crystal-field parameters ${(\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$): ${B}_{2}^{0}=\ensuremath{-}108.0,$ ${B}_{4}^{0}=40.0,$ ${B}_{6}^{0}=\ensuremath{-}40.0,$ ${B}_{4}^{4}=\ensuremath{-}949.0,$ ${B}_{6}^{4}=26.0,$ while that in the concentrated paramagnetic samples $(x=0.9,$ 1.0) by the parameters ${(\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$): ${B}_{2}^{0}=\ensuremath{-}114.8,$ ${B}_{4}^{0}=46.9,$ ${B}_{6}^{0}=\ensuremath{-}43.8,$ ${B}_{4}^{4}=\ensuremath{-}971.4,$ ${B}_{6}^{4}=91.9.$ The shift of the ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$ g value in the paramagnetic ${\mathrm{Ho}}_{x}{\mathrm{Y}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{VO}}_{4}$ crystals $(x=0.9,$ 1.0) from that in the diamagnetic ${\mathrm{YVO}}_{4}$ crystal has been analyzed to estimate the value of the parameter \ensuremath{\gamma} (=-2.2 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$) describing the diagonal element of the symmetric tensor representing ${\mathrm{Ho}}^{3+}{\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{r}}^{3+}$ interactions. The unresolved EPR linewidth of the ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$ ion is accounted for by the indirect superhyperfine interaction ${(A}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}})$ of the ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$ ion with the surrounding ${}^{165}\mathrm{Ho}$ nuclei, estimating ${A}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}=0.0026{\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}.$ In addition, the absolute value of the parameter \ensuremath{\varepsilon}, an off-diagonal element of the antisymmetric tensor describing ${\mathrm{Ho}}^{3+}{\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{r}}^{3+}$ interactions, has been estimated to be $|\ensuremath{\varepsilon}|=0.029{\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}.$
Modulation of insulin-like growth factor actions in L6A1 myoblasts by insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-4 and IGFBP-5: a dual role for IGFBP-5

We have previously shown that the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) stimulate both proliferation and differentiation of skeletal muscle cells in culture, and that these actions in L6A1 muscle cells may be modulated by three secreted IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), IGFBP-4, -5, and -6. Since we found that the temporal expression pattern of IGFBP-4 and IGFBP-5 differed dramatically during the transition from proliferating myoblasts to differentiated myotubes, we undertook the current study to examine the effects of purified IGFBP-4 and IGFBP-5 on IGF-stimulated actions in L6A1 muscle cells. As has been shown for other cell types, we found that IGFBP-4 had only inhibitory actions, inhibiting IGF-I and IGF-II-stimulated proliferation and differentiation. In contrast, IGFBP-5 exhibited both inhibitory and stimulatory actions. When added in the presence of 30 ng/ml IGF-I, IGFBP-5 (250 ng/ml) inhibited all markers of the early proliferative response: the tyrosine phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic signaling molecules IRS-1 and Shc, the activation of the MAP kinases, ERK1 and 2, the elevation of c-fos mRNA, the early inhibition of the elevation in myogenin mRNA, and the increase in cell number. In contrast, IGFBP-5 stimulated all aspects of the myogenic response to IGF-I: the later rise in myogenin mRNA, the elevation of creatine kinase activity, and the fusion of myoblasts into myotubes. This dual response to IGFBP-5 was greatest when it was added at a molar ratio of IGFBP-5 to IGF-I of 2:1. In contrast, when IGFBP-5 was added in the presence of IGF-II, it inhibited both proliferation and differentiation. Neither IGFBP had any effect when added in the presence of R3 IGF-I, an analog with substantially reduced affinity for IGFBPs. Our results suggest that the role of IGFBP-4 is mainly to sequester excess IGFs, and thus inhibit all actions. IGFBP-5, however, is capable of eliciting a dual response, possibly due to its unique ability to associate with the cell membrane.
Response to comment on “comparison of laboratory emission spectra with mercury telescopic data” by melissa lane

Abstract The laboratory spectrum published in Fig. 3 of A. L. Sprague and T. L. Roush (1998, Icarus133, 174–183) is a mixture of magnetite and hematite (∼34–45% magnetite, ∼55–66% hematite) rather than magnetite or hematite (M. D. Lane 2000, Icarus143, 000–000) alone. Because of the unusual nature of this sample (it is uniformly magnetic) we present results of X-ray diffraction, petrographic microscopy, and additional microprobe analyses. We compare this spectrum with laboratory spectra of hematite and magnetite. We can draw no conclusions regarding the presence or absence of magnetite on Mercury based solely on data in the spectral region 7.5–12μm.
Teaching Community Health Nursing in the Developing World

The importance of providing nursing students with clinical experiences that enhance their worldview has been recognized in the literature and by nursing organizations. With the increasing diversity of cultures and populations in the world, there is widespread agreement of the need for nurses to have knowledge of global health care systems and nursing care delivery in other countries and to become more culturally competent practitioners. This article will describe an under-graduate senior community health clinical practicum in urban Managua, Nicaragua. Through their workin the health clinics, homes, and community of their assigned families, the students in this transcultural practicum experience the challenges of living and working in a developing country with a challenging health care system, extreme poverty, and limited resources. Not surprisingly, the pretrip perceptions of the students were altered during this life-changing experience.
Occupational Differences in Involvement with Ownership in an Airline Employee Ownership Program

This study found that involvement in employee ownership-positive feelings about the program and participation in ownership opportunities-varied by occupation. Highest status employees were most involved. Lower status employees were either uninvolved or cynical about the program. Involvement also varied as a result of union commitments. Employees who favored a union which did not support ownership were less involved in the ownership program.
Smoking as subculture? Influence on Hispanic and non-Hispanic White women's attitudes toward smoking and obesity.

Cultural stereotypes might help explain why smoking is less prevalent among Hispanic than non-Hispanic White women, whereas obesity is more prevalent. Hispanic (n = 130) and non-Hispanic White (n = 114) women rated their thoughts and feelings regarding a female smoker and an overweight woman. Ethnicity did not influence evaluations, but attitudes toward smokers were more positive among more acculturated Hispanic women, F(1, 66) = 9.9, p < .01. Less acculturated women evaluated an overweight woman more positively than a smoker, F(1, 28) = 5.65, p < .05; more acculturated women did the opposite, F( 1, 36) = 5.92, p < .05. Smokers evaluated smokers more positively than overweight women, F(1, 86) = 40.8, p < .01; nonsmokers did the opposite, F(l, 138) = 7.7, p < .01. Personal body weight did not influence evaluations. Acculturation and smoking status appear to have a greater influence than ethnicity or weight status on women's attitudes toward smoking and weight.
Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 p12I Expression Increases Cytoplasmic Calcium To Enhance the Activation of Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) establishes persistent infection and is associated with lymphoproliferative or neurodegenerative diseases. As a complex retrovirus, HTLV-1 contains typical structural and enzymatic genes, as well as regulatory and accessory genes encoded in the pX region. The early events necessary for HTLV-1 to establish infection in lymphocytes, its primary target cells, remain unresolved. Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of regulatory and accessory gene products in determining this virus-host interaction. Among these, pX open reading frame I, which encodes two proteins, p12(I) and p27(I), is required for establishing persistent infection in vivo and for infection in quiescent primary lymphocytes. In addition, p12(I) localizes in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and cis-Golgi apparatus and associates with a calcium binding protein, calreticulin. We recently reported that p12(I) expression induces the calcium-responsive T-cell transcription factor, nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), in the presence of phorbol ester activation. Based on these studies, we hypothesize that p12(I) may modulate calcium release from the ER. Here, we report that p12(I) expression increases basal cytoplasmic calcium and concurrently diminishes calcium available for release from the ER stores. Overexpression of calreticulin, a calcium buffer protein, blocked p12(I)-mediated NFAT activation independently of its ability to bind p12(I). Chemical inhibition studies using inhibitors of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor and calcium release-activated calcium channels suggest that inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor in the ER membrane and calcium release-activated calcium channels in the plasma membrane contribute to p12(I)-mediated NFAT activation. Collectively, our results are the first to demonstrate the role of p12(I) in elevating cytoplasmic calcium, an antecedent to T-cell activation, and further support the important role of this accessory protein in the early events of HTLV-1 infection.
Attention to Endpoints: A Cross‐Linguistic Constraint on Spatial Meaning

We investigate a possible universal constraint on spatial meaning. It has been proposed that people attend preferentially to the endpoints of spatial motion events, and that languages may therefore make finer semantic distinctions at event endpoints than at event beginnings. We test this proposal. In Experiment 1, we show that people discriminate the endpoints of spatial motion events more readily than they do event beginnings—suggesting a non-linguistic attentional bias toward endpoints. In Experiment 2, speakers of Arabic, Chinese, and English each described a set of spatial events displayed in video clips. Although the spatial systems of these languages differ, speakers of all three languages made finer semantic distinctions at event endpoints, compared to event beginnings. These findings are consistent with the proposal that event endpoints are privileged over event beginnings, in both language and perception.
Elastomeric Nanofibers of Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene Triblock Copolymer

Nanofibers of a commercial styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock copolymer were electrospun from solution, and collected either as a nonwoven elastomeric fabric, or on a layer of graphite that was evaporated onto a glass microscope slide. The resulting nanofibers were elastic, birefringent, and most had diameters around 100 nm. A few thin, beaded fibers were found among the smooth nanofibers. The diameter of the fibers between the beads was as small as 3 nm. After staining with osmium tetroxide, the nanofibers were examined using transmission electron microscopy. Separated phases of styrene and butadiene blocks were observed. The single-phase domains were irregular in shape, but elongated along the axis of the fiber. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction patterns showed a weak indication of molecular orientation along the fiber axis, and the birefringence confirmed that such orientation was present. The single-phase domains grew larger in nanofibers that were held at room temperature (∼ 25 °C) for several days. Annealing at a temperature 70 °C greatly accelerated the growth of the single-phase domains. The nanofibers softened and flattened on the evaporated graphite during annealing.
Obesity hypoventilation syndrome in a 12‐year‐old child requiring therapeutic phlebotomy: Case report and review of the literature

The childhood obesity epidemic involves unusual and underrecognized complications associated with this clinical and public health problem. Obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) is defined as the triad of obesity, daytime hypoventilation, and sleep-disordered breathing in the absence of an alternative neuromuscular, mechanical or metabolic explanation for hypoventilation. We herewith report a 12-year-old boy who was diagnosed with OHS. The patient improved with phlebotomy and bi-level positive airway pressure. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of secondary polycythemia due to OHS requiring therapeutic phlebotomy.
DETERMINATION OF A FLAME STERILIZATION PROCESS FOR APRICOT HALVES IN 303 × 406 CANS

Canned apricots are an acid product and therefore require a thermal treatment sufficient to control only the outgrowth of spoilagecausing microorganisms. Using a flame process simulator, apricot halves in 303 × 406 cans received levels of thermal treatment which reduced the number of microorganisms to below the commercially achieved level without inactivating polyphenoloxidase. When the flame process was modified to inactivate polyphenoxidase also, the level of lethality was significantly higher, and, at the same time, thermal degradation (Co) was less than what is normally achieved in the commercial agitating steam or boiling water processes. In-can processing temperatures in the commercial flame sterilizer were successfully measured.
New systems for delivery of drugs to the brain in neurological disease

The restricted or regulated entry of most blood-borne substances into the brain has been recognised for more than a century. The blood-brain barrier (BBB)-shielding function provided by endothelial cells is important in the treatment of neurological diseases because this exclusion of foreign substances also restricts entry of many potentially therapeutic agents into the brain. The recent identification of several neuroactive proteins of potential therapeutic value has highlighted the crucial need for effective and safe transcapillary delivery methods to the brain. One promising method is delivery through brain capillaries by augmentation of pinocytotic vesicles delivery systems that use this cellular mechanism are in development. Recent investigations in animal models show that large molecules of neurotherapeutic potential can be conjugated to peptidomimetic ligands, which bind to selected peptide receptors, and are then internalised and transported in small vesicles across the cytoplasmic brain capillary barrier. These conjugates have been shown to remain functionally active and effective in animal models of neurological disease.
City of Man, City of God: The Re‐Urbanization of American Evangelicals

In post-World War II America, U.S. Evangelicalism became a religion deeply entrenched with suburbanization and commercial sprawl. This article examines the growing phenomenon of middle-class white Evangelicals who are returning to the city. Since September 2008 I have conducted ethnographic fieldwork with nearly 100 Evangelicals in the post-industrial, Rust Belt cities of Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Middletown. I argue first that Evangelical re-urbanization is structured by two cultural logics: a biting cultural critique of suburban megachurches, and a desire for the “reconciliation” of urban life to “the kingdom of God.” Second, re-urbanized Evangelicals necessarily encounter the dilemmas of late modern urbanism, including structural processes like neighborhood gentrification. I stress the importance of this phenomenon for both the impact of religion on America's cities and the impact of urban restructuring on American religion.
Concurrent administration of sirolimus and voriconazole: a pilot study assessing safety and approaches to appropriate management.

Study Objectives. To assess the use and safety of concurrent administration of voriconazole and sirolimus—which is contraindicat ed—and to determine approaches for appropriately managing patients who receive both drugs. Design. Retrospective medical record review. Setting. University-affiliated medical center. Patients. Thirty-one cases in 23 inpatients who received at least one dose of voriconazole and sirolimus concomitantly within a 24-hour period. Measurements and Main Results. Data on sirolimus and voriconazole indications, doses, routes, frequencies, and administration times; number of days of coadministration; and sirolimus dosage adjustments were collected. In addition, data on laboratory values, adverse events, sirolimus concentrations, and concomitant drugs, including cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A isoenzyme and P-glycoprotein inhibitors and inducers, were collected for 7 days before, during, and for 14 days after coadministration. No cases of elevated sirolimus concentrations (> 20 mg/ml) occurred in patients stabilized with voriconazole before starting low-dose sirolimus 0.5‐1 mg/day, or in those stabilized with sirolimus 0.5‐2 mg/day who had baseline sirolimus concentrations of 12 ng/ml or lower and whose sirolimus dose was decreased by 50% before the addition of voriconazole. In contrast, elevated sirolimus concentrations were experienced in patients receiving sirolimus doses of 4 mg/day or higher who had sirolimus concentrations of 12 ng/ml or higher and whose sirolimus dose was not decreased before addition of voriconazole. In a patient who received sirolimus with itraconazole, a strong CYP3A isoenzyme inhibitor, one case of only a minimal increase in the sirolimus concentration occurred after the addition of voriconazole. Conclusions. Sirolimus and voriconazole can be safely coadministered as long as consideration is given to which agent the patient receives first, the sirolimus dosage, sirolimus concentrations, and concurrent disease states and CYP3A isoenzyme inhibitors. Sirolimus concentrations should be closely and routinely monitored before, during, and after coadministration of voriconazole and other CYP3A isoenzyme inhibitors. Based on the results of this pilot study, a protocol on the management of this drug combination will be implemented and prospectively evaluated for efficacy and safety.
Green sturgeon distribution in the Pacific Ocean estimated from modeled oceanographic features and migration behavior.

The green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris), which is found in the eastern Pacific Ocean from Baja California to the Bering Sea, tends to be highly migratory, moving long distances among estuaries, spawning rivers, and distant coastal regions. Factors that determine the oceanic distribution of green sturgeon are unclear, but broad-scale physical conditions interacting with migration behavior may play an important role. We estimated the distribution of green sturgeon by modeling species-environment relationships using oceanographic and migration behavior covariates with maximum entropy modeling (MaxEnt) of species geographic distributions. The primary concentration of green sturgeon was estimated from approximately 41–51.5° N latitude in the coastal waters of Washington, Oregon, and Vancouver Island and in the vicinity of San Francisco and Monterey Bays from 36–37° N latitude. Unsuitably cold water temperatures in the far north and energetic efficiencies associated with prevailing water currents may provide the best explanation for the range-wide marine distribution of green sturgeon. Independent trawl records, fisheries observer records, and tagging studies corroborated our findings. However, our model also delineated patchily distributed habitat south of Monterey Bay, though there are few records of green sturgeon from this region. Green sturgeon are likely influenced by countervailing pressures governing their dispersal. They are behaviorally directed to revisit natal freshwater spawning rivers and persistent overwintering grounds in coastal marine habitats, yet they are likely physiologically bounded by abiotic and biotic environmental features. Impacts of human activities on green sturgeon or their habitat in coastal waters, such as bottom-disturbing trawl fisheries, may be minimized through marine spatial planning that makes use of high-quality species distribution information.
'Gerodesign': safe and comfortable living spaces for older adults.

"Gerodesign" is the planning of living spaces specifically for older adults. It involves careful consideration of the safety and comfort needs of this population, while incorporating enough flexibility to permit personal preferences. Architecture, space planning, flooring, furniture, utilities, appliances, lighting, color, and accessories may be successfully combined to satisfy practical and aesthetic needs. The physician who is aware of these principles can serve as a resource for patients and their families as home living spaces are designed and modified for the comfort and safety of the older adult. Language: en
Pharmacy language assistance resources and their association with pharmacists' self-efficacy in communicating with Spanish-speaking patients

Abstract Background Spanish-speaking patients experience significant disparities in care and poorer health outcomes in comparison to English-speaking patients, often due to language barriers. Providers should be equipped with resources to effectively communicate with Spanish-speaking patients to provide the best possible care. Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the resources available to support pharmacists' communication with Spanish-speaking patients. Methods A cross-sectional study design was used to examine language-assistance resources in community pharmacies throughout the state of Illinois. A telephone survey contained items to examine the accessibility, frequency of use, ease of use, and helpfulness of language-assistance resources; items were rated on a 5-point Likert-type scale (1 = Never to 5 = Always). The survey also included nine items to assess pharmacists' self-efficacy in communicating with Spanish-speaking patients. Purposeful sampling was utilized to increase the likelihood of obtaining information from pharmacies serving Hispanic populations. The sample was categorized into high and low Spanish-speaking populations based on pharmacists' self-reported data. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to examine relationships between language-assistance resources and pharmacist self-efficacy. Results A total of 231 community pharmacists participated in the survey. The most accessible language-assistance resources were computer-based (92%) and telephone help lines (80%). Among various computer-based resources, Spanish labels ( M = 2.12, SD = 1.58) and leaflets ( M = 2.04, SD = 1.49) were the most frequently used. Computer generated Spanish leaflets and labels, and language-assistance telephone lines were also perceived to be easier to use and more helpful in comparison to paper-based resources and personnel. Respondents also reported that it was easy to use friends and family ( M = 3.5, SD = 1.8) and that they were helpful ( M = 3.58, SD = 1.26). Access to computer-based resources ( β = 0.16, P = 0.02), and to family or friends who speak Spanish ( β = 0.24, P P Conclusions Despite having access to computer-based resources and language-assistance telephone lines, pharmacists rarely used these resources to communicate with Spanish-speaking patients. Efforts such as workplace resource training and pharmacy school cultural competency curricula should be implemented to promote as well as support pharmacists' use of language-assistance resources to provide optimal care to Spanish-speaking patients.