cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Molecular Biology of Oral Carcinogenesis: Toward a Tumor Progression Model

Purpose: An understanding of the molecular basis of oral carcinogenesis will alter our clinical approach to oral cancer. The nomenclature and major themes of molecular oral tumor biology are reviewed, beginning with the regulation events governing normal cellular physiology. In carcinogenesis, chromosomal or cytogenetic alterations lead to deregulation of tightly controlled stimulatory and inhibitory pathways, growth-promoting proto-oncogenes are mutated into overactive oncogenes, and growth-suppressing or tumor suppressor genes are inactivated. Recent advances in defining these fundamental mechanisms of tumor biology may allow prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of oral cancer to be approached at the molecular level.
Network inference, error, and informant (in)accuracy: a Bayesian approach

Abstract Much, if not most, social network data is derived from informant reports; past research, however, has indicated that such reports are in fact highly inaccurate representations of social interaction. In this paper, a family of hierarchical Bayesian models is developed which allows for the simultaneous inference of informant accuracy and social structure in the presence of measurement error and missing data. Posterior simulation for these models using Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods is outlined. Robustness of the models to structurally correlated error rates, implications of the Bayesian modeling framework for improved data collection strategies, and the validity of the criterion graph are also discussed.
Magnetic remanence measurements of single particles and the nature of domain patterns in titanomagnetites

In addition to classical body domain patterns, a profusion of complex maze like domain structures have been observed using the Bitter technique on titanomagnetites. Controversy persists over how important a role such complicated domain patterns play in remanent magnetization. We have compared the magnetic properties of single particles, which exhibit complex patterns with those that exhibit simple ones. IRM acquisition and DC and AF demagnetization of IRMs of single particles were measured. We found that both types of grains exhibit similar bulk magnetic properties. The simple patterns reorganize with changing magnetization state while complicated patterns apparently remain constant. We suggest that the remanent magnetization of grains with complicated patterns is carried by the bulk of the particle within which a more simple domain structure controls magnetic behavior.
Evaluation of flow-injection techniques for microwave plasma torch atomic emission spectrometry

Flow injection (FI) sample introduction was coupled with a recently developed atomic emission source, the microwave plasma torch (MPT), operating at 200 W with Ar as the plasma gas. The use of FI in conjunction with an ultrasonic nebulizer was compared with direct nebulization; parameters taken into consideration include carrier solution flow-rate, aerosol carrier gas flow-rate, sample volume, dispersion coefficients and the effect of two easily ionized concomitant elements. Detection limits and precision of the FI technique were assessed for four sample-loop volumes: 75, 200, 250, and 500 μl. Flow injection was found to offer several advantages over continuous sample introduction: rapid sample throughput and a reduction of memory effects without a loss in sensitivity or precision. Furthermore, by appropriate choice of sample dispersion, a significant reduction of the Na and K interferences can be achieved without a substantial deterioration in sensitivity. An FI system incorporating a microcolumn of bonded silica with octadecyl functional groups was used to determine Cu in synthetic sea water. The sample preconcentration time was one minute at a sample solution flow-rate of 1.0 ml min−1; pure ethanol was used as the eluent. The detection capability in this preconcentration mode was approximately 25 times better than that offered by a comparable continuous nebulization system. The detection limit for Cu was 0.16 ng ml−1, the relative standard deviation at 500 ng ml−1 was about 3.2%, and recovery rates were in the 94–97% range.
A comparison of capillary pressure-saturation relations for drainage in two- and three-fluid porous media.

Abstract Attempts to model the separate phase transport of contaminants in the subsurface have been hindered by a scarcity of constitutive data, especially for the three-fluid case. In earlier work14–16, the authors have developed and tested laboratory techniques, including dualgamma attenuation and differentially wetted tensiometers, to measure relative saturations and capillary pressures in multifluid porous media. These techniques are used, in the research reported here, to test the validity of two-fluid approximations for three-fluid capillary pressure-saturation relations. These relations are measured and compared for two- and three-fluid cases in porous media consisting of unconsolidated quartz sand, air, tetrachloroethylene and water. Agreement between two- and three-fluid data is found to be good for the case of monotonic drainage.
Reflexive Language: Reported Speech and Metapragmatics

Reflexive Language: Reported Speech and Metapragmatics. John A. Lucy. ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. + 414 pp., figures, notes, references, indexes.
How Small Colleges and Universities Prepare Future Teachers for the Multicultural Classroom

Hickey, M. Gail, & Lanahan, Brian K. (2012). Even the Janitor Is White: Educating for Cultural Diversity in Small Colleges and Universities. New York, NY: Peter Lang. 240 pp., $37.95, paperback, IS...
Business Simulations and Cognitive Learning

This article focuses on the research associated with the assessment of the cognitive learning that occurs through participation in a simulation exercise. It summarizes the objective evidence regarding cognitive learning versus the perceptions of cognitive learning achieved as reported by participants and instructors. The authors also explain why little progress has occurred in objectively assessing cognitive learning in the past 25 years and provide potential options for filling this deficiency.
cAMP activates the expression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase gene 1 during early preadipocyte differentiation.

Abstract Stearoyl-CoA desaturase gene 1 (scd1) mRNA levels were induced during the 1st day of 3T3-L1 differentiation. scd1 expression had previously been observed only in late-stage differentiation, during the period of triacylglycerol accumulation. The induction of 3T3-L1 differentiation requires treatment with insulin, dexamethasone, and an agent that increases intracellular cAMP levels. Treatment of preadipocytes with cAMP-elevating agents caused an increase in scd1 mRNA concentrations. Insulin and dexamethasone had no effect on scd1 mRNA expression in preadipocytes. The increase in mRNA resulted from transcriptional activation of the scd1 gene. 8-Bromo-cAMP treatment of differentiated adipocytes had no effect on scd1 mRNA levels, suggesting a preadipocyte-specific effect. The increase in scd1 mRNA occurred maximally after 6 h of cAMP treatment and was shown to require protein synthesis. Deletion and mutagenesis analyses have localized the cAMP response to sequence within the first 250 base pairs of the 5′-flanking region of the scd1 gene. Treatment with phorbol ester enhanced the induction of scd1 mRNA by cAMP, suggesting the involvement of AP-2 as a mediator of the cAMP response. The induction of scd1 expression by cAMP during early differentiation was distinct from that observed during late adipocyte development. This early expression presents a novel regulated function of scd1 during the differentiation process, independent of its lipogenic role in late adipocyte development. The induction of scd1 also introduces a role for cAMP in 3T3-L1 differentiation.
Penalty Function Finite Element Analysis of Steady Viscous Incompressible Flow in Rotating Coordinates

Finite element methods for incompressible viscous flow in turbomachines have not been presented in the literature previously. This paper develops a penalty function primitive variable method including Coriolis and centrifugal force terms for steady flow in a rotating coordinate system. Simplex elements are used with the result of solution times comparable to equivalent finite different solutions. Example cases considered are Couette flow, Poiseuile flow, flow over a step and flow in a rotating channel. Both laminar and turbulent flows are discussed. The accuracy of computed solutions compares well with theoretical solutions and experimenal measurements.
An empirical investigation of six levels of enterprise resource planning integration

The purpose of this research is to propose a six-level ERP integration model and to empirically investigate if each of the six levels exists. The six levels are system-specification, system-user, islands-of-technology, organizational, socio-organizational, and global integration. Empirical data were collected by using a large-scale survey of ERP professionals. We conducted various validity and reliability tests to confirm the proposed theoretical framework. Using partial least squares (PLSs) analysis, the results of the investigation confirmed the existence of the six levels of ERP integration. The results of the investigation have implications for research and practice.
A class of rigid punch problems involving forces and moments

Abstract This study is concerned with a new formulation of a class of rigid punch problems in which not only forces but also moments are applied. The associated variational formulation is given by variational inequalities following Duvaut, and an existence theorem of solutions is obtained under the compatibility condition for applied forces and moments. A solution method for the variational inequality is also introduced together with several numerical examples.
Mapping streaming architectures on reconfigurable platforms

Hardware accelerators, used as application-specific extensions to the computational capabilities of a system, are efficient mechanisms to enhance the performance and reduce the power dissipation in a System On Chip (SoC). These accelerators execute on the computationally critical part of the application, and offload computations from the scalar processors. In this paper, we present a design automation tool that generates accelerators based on a given application kernel. The accelerators are processing streaming data, and support a programming model which can naturally express a large number of embedded applications, and which results in efficient and fast hardware implementations. We demonstrate the applicability of the tool for architectural space exploration for a number of media applications, with results on area, throughput, and clock speeds.
Emplacement temperatures of unsorted and unstratified deposits of volcanic rock debris as determined by paleomagnetic techniques

Unsorted and unstratified deposits of volcanic rock debris typically flank recently active stratovolcanoes. It is often difficult, using standard geologic procedures, to establish whether a particular deposit was emplaced by a pyroclastic flow, lahar, rock avalanche, or glacier. Determination of the emplacement temperatures of clasts contained in the deposit aids in discriminating among some of these possibilities. The emplacement temperature of a clast can be estimated by analyzing its thermoremanent magnetization. To do this, oriented samples of the clasts are submitted to progressive thermal demagnetization; the directions and magnitudes of the resulting residual remanent vectors provide the information necessary to estimate the temperatures at which the clasts were emplaced. Studies of samples that were given artificial emplacement temperatures reveal that estimates are within ±25 °C of the actual values. The temperature range within which estimates are possible depends on the thermoremanent magnetization acquisition curve of a clast. Data obtained from deposits of volcanic rock debris from Mount St. Helens, Washington, indicate that for andesitic and dacitic rocks, the range is roughly 100 to 550 °C. The procedure probably can be applied to other geologic problems that require temperature information.
Special Collection: Suicide Awareness and Prevention in Psychiatric Education: Introduction and Dedication

Charles E. Kubly died as a young man after struggling with severe and recurring depression for many years. Charlie’s mother, Billie, and father, Michael, with the full efforts of their family, have responded to this tragedy with passion and tremendous strength, actively and constantly working to improve the lives of those who struggle with depression. They established the Charles E. Kubly Foundation in 2003, and its mission is seeking “to better the lives of those affected by depression by increasing public awareness of the disease and its devastating effects, eliminating the stigma associated with it, supporting suicide prevention programs and promoting improved access to quality mental health resources within communities.” Through the Foundation’s competitive small grant program, the editor-in-chief, Laura Weiss Roberts, submitted a proposal for an issue of our journal to include a focus on education in psychiatry related to suicide, and this special collection of papers is the result. The editors thank Jon A. Lehrmann, M.D., the Charles E. Kubly Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine of the Medical College of Wisconsin, who worked with us to create this collection. The Charles E. Kubly Foundation has raised over $1.3 million over the past 10 years and uses these funds to support diverse projects. Readers of the journal may wish to learn more by looking at the Foundation’s website, http:// charlesekublyfoundation.org/. A few examples of projects they have supported include an art education engagement program for high school students, a mental health summit at a local college, stigma reduction talks at local schools, youth education retreats focusing on helping develop coping skills, and “Train the Trainer” education for correctional officers on depression and suicide prevention. The Charles E. Kubly Foundation produces an annual event in Milwaukee, “Beyond the Blues,” where people gather for fun, music, and great food, symbolizing hope and fostering the role of community in addressing depression and its impact. This special collection in Academic Psychiatry is dedicated to Charlie and all who loved him.
The Spatial Markets of Cities Organized in a Hierarchical System

Mounting evidence indicates that large, world-class cities have expanded their spatial markets well beyond the regional urban systems in which they are located. This has led many observers to conclude that in the contemporary economy, interdependence, interaction, and connectivity are no longer fundamental characteristics of hierarchical urban systems. Virtually all research, however, deals exclusively with the changing role of large cities, while the spatial markets of medium- and smaller-sized cities comprising an urban system have been ignored. The primary objective of this paper is to investigate whether the spatial markets of medium- and smaller-sized cities in an urban hierarchical system continue to display a systematic relationship with city size, or whether they also reveal the absence of connection, or integration, with the regional system. The analysis uses survey data collected from 480 producer service firms located in an urban hierarchy comprising 15 midwestern cities of the United States. T...
The application of thin-film field-emission cathodes to electronic tubes

Abstract The emission properties of arrays of field emission cathodes, fabricated using thin film technology and microlithography are reviewed. It is argued that from the standpoint of life, stability, energy distribution, current fluctuation noise, and average current density over the array, these cathodes have demonstrated sufficient promise to justify their trial use in a range of electronic devices. Specific applications and possible problem areas are also discussed.
Combinatorial catalyst discovery

There have been recent attempts to use the principles of combinatorial chemistry and high-throughput screening strategies for catalyst identification. With the technology available that allows the synthesis of large libraries, scientists of varied backgrounds have implemented screening efforts to identify active and selective catalysts. Within this context, several techniques have come to light in the past year: infrared thermography is used to identify optimal catalysts by monitoring the change in temperature for exothermic reactions; fluorescence and colored-dye assays, a familiar tool to biologists, is being applied to the identification of catalysts that exhibit the highest activity. Whereas none of these screening methods provide a general solution to the problem of screening large combinatorial libraries (there is likely to be no general solution), each advance represents an important intellectual and technological step forward.
Dyspepsia: How Should We Measure It?

This study developed and validated a multidimensional measure of dyspepsia. A questionnaire was administered to 126 patients with dyspepsia who presented for care at a VA outpatient clinic and a family physician's private office. Dyspepsia-specific health was measured by self-report using: (1) an existing dyspepsia scale that produces an aggregate score by summing ratings across pain and non-pain symptoms; (2) adaptations of two scales originally designed to measure back pain; and (3) a new scale measuring satisfaction with dyspepsia-related health. Generic health was measured using the SF-36. Results from factor analysis revealed four dimensions of dyspepsia-related health: pain intensity, pain disability, non-pain symptoms, and satisfaction with dyspepsia-related health. After refinements, scales representing the four dimensions conformed to psychometric standards for reliability, and convergent and discriminant validity. The importance of measuring dyspepsia using a multidimensional approach was confirmed by demonstrating that classification of dyspepsia severity depended on the dimension that was assessed. We conclude that dyspepsia is best measured using a multidimensional approach.
Recombinant RNA polymerase: inducible overexpression, purification and assembly of Escherichia coli rpo gene products

The genes, rpoA, rpoB and rpoC of Escherichia coli, which encode the RNA polymerase α-, β- and β′-subunits, respectively, have been individually placed on expression plasmids under the control of the bacteriophage T7 promoter. Induction of the T7 RNA polymerase gene in host cells harboring each of the three plasmids resulted in the extensive overproduction of the three polypeptides. The overproduced subunits were purified and assembled into a functional enzyme, whose specific activity and dependence on the δ-factor were indistinguishable from native RNA polymerase purified by conventional methods.
Dispersion of Argon

Determinations of the refractivity of argon from measurements made with a corner-reflector Michelson interferometer are given for 17 vacuum wavelengths from 4679 to 20 586 A. Sixteen of these measurements resulted in the dispersion formula (n − 1)107 = 643.2135 + [286060.21/(144 − (σ2)], at 15°C and 760 Torr, where σ is the wave number in reciprocal microns. Comparison is made with other workers who made similar measurements.
In-plane quasi-particle tunneling into Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8

Abstract Planar tunneling spectroscopy is performed into the a-b plane of the high-temperature superconductor Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8 . The tunneling spectra exhibit a zero-bias conductance peak (ZBCP). Preliminary studies as a function of temperature, crystallographic orientation, magnetic field magnitude and direction confirm the ZBCP is an Andreev bound state (ABS) at zero energy. Below 5K, a depletion in the density of states at zero energy is observed
Contribution of NMDA Receptor Hypofunction in Prefrontal and Cortical Excitatory Neurons to Schizophrenia-Like Phenotypes

Pharmacological and genetic studies support a role for NMDA receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction in the etiology of schizophrenia. We have previously demonstrated that NMDAR obligatory subunit 1 (GluN1) deletion in corticolimbic interneurons during early postnatal development is sufficient to confer schizophrenia-like phenotypes in mice. However, the consequence of NMDAR hypofunction in cortical excitatory neurons is not well delineated. Here, we characterize a conditional knockout mouse strain (CtxGluN1 KO mice), in which postnatal GluN1 deletion is largely confined to the excitatory neurons in layer II/III of the medial prefrontal cortex and sensory cortices, as evidenced by the lack of GluN1 mRNA expression in in situ hybridization immunocytochemistry as well as the lack of NMDA currents with in vitro recordings. Mutants were impaired in prepulse inhibition of the auditory startle reflex as well as object-based short-term memory. However, they did not exhibit impairments in additional hallmarks of schizophrenia-like phenotypes (e.g. spatial working memory, social behavior, saccharine preference, novelty and amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion, and anxiety-related behavior). Furthermore, upon administration of the NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801, there were no differences in locomotor activity versus controls. The mutant mice also showed negligible levels of reactive oxygen species production following chronic social isolation, and recording of miniature-EPSC/IPSCs from layer II/III excitatory neurons in medial prefrontal cortex suggested no alteration in GABAergic activity. All together, the mutant mice displayed cognitive deficits in the absence of additional behavioral or cellular phenotypes reflecting schizophrenia pathophysiology. Thus, NMDAR hypofunction in prefrontal and cortical excitatory neurons may recapitulate only a cognitive aspect of human schizophrenia symptoms.
Cotton Dust and Complement in Vivo

Cotton grown in Stoneville, Mississippi and harvested by three different methods was examined for anticomplementary activity in human serum in vivo. Subjects exposed to cotton dust in a model cardroom for six hours showed changes in C3c and CH50 after exposure to closed boll harvested, bract removed cotton dust when compared with a group of normal, unexposed controls. Decreases in C3c, :C4, and C3A were associated with decreases in FEV1 after exposure to closed boll harvested bract intact cotton dust. The data from this preliminary study suggest in vivo associations between inhalation of cotton dusts and complement which appear to be independent of endotoxin contamination. These findings suggest a relationship between cotton dust inhalation and complement-mediated respiratory impairment.
Chemical dependency problems in ob/gyn practice

Abstract Although alcoholism and other chemical dependencies are common diseases among American women, they often remain undiagnosed until they have reached their late stages. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that screening in ob/gyn settings is an effective way to identify alcoholism and other drug dependence. A variety of screening methods are discussed and a sample health questionnaire provided. Referral techniques and referral problems related to denial are presented. Finally, issues in the treatment of chemically dependent women and opportunities for prevention in ob/gyn practice are reviewed.
Influence of the chain length of long molecules on the equation of state in binary gas-liquid mixtures

The simple Flory-Huggins model can be combined with the lattice gas as was done by Tompa and others. Here the same method is used to obtain the van der Waals equation of state for a binary gas-liquid system containing a solute consisting of segmented molecules. The simplified equation of state developed here is useful for the study of the critical properties of such systems, in particular, the dependence of the various parameters on the chain length of the molecules.
Airway Response to Hair Spray in Normal Subjects and Subjects with Hyperreactive Airways

Short-term 20-second exposure to hair sprays A and B failed to show significant decreases in maximum expiratory flow rates at low pulmonary volumes in normal subjects; however, significant decreases were observed with hair spray B in eight subjects with hyperreactive airways (abnormal response to inhalation of methacholine). On the partial flow-volume curves, flows at 40 percent and 25 percent of forced vital capacity decreased 8.9 to 10.3 percent and 14 to 18.7 percent, respectively. The hair sprays differed in their content of perfume and plasticizer, and since the latter is generally considered nontoxic at room temperature, the perfume may be the responsible agent It would appear from this study that normal healthy individuals are at little risk, at least from brief exposure to hair spray; however, in the presence of hyperreactive airways, as seen in asthmatic subjects and in some people with allergic rhinitis and viral respiratory infections, an immediate response of the airways may result from exposure to some hair sprays.
Calculated infrared spectra of nerve agents and simulants.

Abstract Since organophosphorus nerve agents are among the most toxic known chemical warfare agents, it is desirable to have a way to distinguish between one and another. Infrared spectroscopy is a common tool for identifying molecules. Given the difficulty in handling these chemicals, calculated IR spectra can be useful. Calculated IR spectra are presented for G agents, V agents, and simulants. Quantum chemistry calculations were performed using the Gaussian 03 package at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory. The most prominent IR lines are due to vibrations of P O C and P O groups within the molecules. It should be possible to distinguish between the G-series and V-series agents using IR spectroscopy, but unique identification of individual chemical agents is unlikely.
NMR in quadrupole glasses and the spectral density of orientation fluctuations

Previous NMR experiments on ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ at low temperatures ($T\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.3$ K) and intermediate orthohydrogen concentrations ($0.1lxl0.55$) indicate that ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ forms a quadrupole glass state. The interpretation of the NMR data in terms of molecular orientations and/or reorientations has not been clear. We propose a unified explanation of the many NMR measurements (${T}_{1}$, line shape, spin echoes, and stimulated echoes) in terms of the spectral density of the molecular orientations. All the data are compatible with the development of a dc component in the spectral density as the temperature is decreased while the ac parts are not greatly changed. Strictly dynamic theories are shown not to agree with the experiments. The NMR behaviors of ordinary glasses and quadrupole glasses are compared and found to reflect fundamental symmetry differences between the two states. The spin-lattice relaxation data in ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ appear to indicate a broad distribution of fluctuation frequencies. Interpretation of the observed minimum in ${T}_{1}$ as a motional minimum may be incorrect. Finally, an experimental test of the ergodicity of quadrupole glasses is proposed.
Two Faces of Representation: On the Neuroscience of Folk Psychology

Much work in contemporary philosophy of mind and neurophilosophy hinges on the concept of ‘representation,’ but that concept inherits a problematic ambiguity from neuroscience, where scientists may distinguish between cognitive and physiological levels of representation only tacitly. First, I explicate two potentially distinct senses of representation corresponding to these levels. I then argue that ambiguity about the nature of representation in philosophy of mind is problematic for at least one prominent philosophical project that aims to use neuroscientific work on representation to defend the existence or explanatory relevance of intentional mental states, namely Schroeder’s (2004) scientific explication of desire in terms of the neurobiology of reward. I argue that philosophical treatments of the relationship between cognitive and neural architecture must attend more carefully to the ambiguity in the concept of representation. I conclude by outlining a strategy for addressing the gap between levels of representation, one that privileges a local or narrow philosophical approach to interpreting scientific concepts and data over a global or general approach.
Imbalance Response and Stability Characteristics of a Rotor Supported by Hybrid Air Foil Bearings

This article presents the imbalance response of a 4.84-kg rotor of 49 mm in diameter supported by hybrid air foil bearings (HAFBs). In this work, hybrid means hydrostatic injection of pressurized air into the air film. Previous experimental works by the authors on HAFBs with different designs (elastic supports, overall size, number of top foils) considered the load capacity at low speeds and the cooling effectiveness of the hybrid operation. The current article investigates the rotordynamics performance of HAFBs. The HAFB in this work has three top foils with hydrodynamic preload with a clearance distribution similar to traditional three-lobe bearings. The imbalance response in cylindrical mode is presented with different supply pressures (2.67–4.67 bar). Imbalance responses near the critical speeds do not clearly show the effect of increased pressure on the bearing stiffness, natural frequency, and damping around the critical speeds. However, the frequency of subsynchronous vibrations (considered to be t...
Seismic and acoustic signal identification algorithms

This paper will describe an algorithm for detecting and classifying seismic and acoustic signals for unattended ground sensors. The algorithm must be computationally efficient and continuously process a data stream in order to establish whether or not a desired signal has changed state (turned-on or off). The paper will focus on describing a Fourier based technique that compares the running power spectral density estimate of the data to a predetermined signature in order to determine if the desired signal has changed state. How to establish the signature and the detection thresholds will be discussed as well as the theoretical statistics of the algorithm for the Gaussian noise case with results from simulated data. Actual seismic data results will also be discussed along with techniques used to reduce false alarms due to the inherent nonstationary noise environments found with actual data.
An innovative simulation approach for labs in computer architecture

This paper describes a new approach to lab assignments in computer architecture courses. Using a tool suite for the target instruction-set architecture, students model the performance of a sequence of processor architectures running selected benchmark programs. Students add code to a fully functional emulator to track the timing of each instruction based on the data and hardware resources it requires. By comparing the needs of the current instruction with records of resource usage and result timing of prior instructions, it can be determined if this instruction must be delayed for any reason. This approach results in cycle-accurate timing without the overhead of models at the register-transfer level, and it illustrates how diverse architectural elements combine to make a processor work. Students verify their code by matching the results of a standard, and then they use their simulators to study the performance tradeoffs of a variety of high-level design alternatives.
Cross - correlation studies with CMB polarization maps

The free-electron population during the reionized epoch rescatters the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature quadrupole and generates a now well-known polarization signal at large angular scales. While this contribution has been detected in the temperature-polarization cross power spectrum measured with Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe data, due to the large cosmic variance associated with anisotropy measurements at angular scales of tens of degrees only limited information related to reionization, such as the optical depth to electron scattering, can be extracted. The inhomogeneities in the free-electron population lead to an additional secondary polarization anisotropy contribution at arcminute scales. While the fluctuation amplitude, relative to dominant primordial fluctuations, is small, we suggest that a cross correlation between the arcminute scale CMB polarization data and a tracer field of the high redshift universe, such as through fluctuations captured by the 21 cm neutral hydrogen background or those in the infrared background related to the first protogalaxies, may allow one to study additional details related to reionization. For this purpose, we discuss an optimized higher order correlation measurement, in the form of a three-point function, including information from large angular scale CMB temperature anisotropies in addition to the arcminute scale polarization signal related to inhomogeneous reionization. We suggest that the proposed bispectrum can be measured with a substantial signal-to-noise ratio and does not require all-sky maps of CMB polarization or that of the tracer field. A measurement such as the one proposed may allow one to establish the epoch when CMB polarization related to reionization is generated and to address the question whether the universe was reionized once or twice.
Reading Comprehension Improvement with Individualized Cognitive Profiles and Metacognition

This study models improving classroom reading instruction through valid assessment and individualized metacomprehension. Individualized cognitive profiles of Woodcock-Johnson III cognitive abilities correlated with reading comprehension were used during classroom independent reading for judgments of learning, feedback, self-reflection, and comprehension questions. This systematic metacognitive inquiry treatment was based on findings in cognition, metacomprehension, and effective reading instruction. The research was conducted with 196 intermediate elementary students in 10 classrooms. Each classroom had three experimental levels: cognitive assessment only (control group), cognitive assessment + profile awareness (profile awareness group), and cognitive assessment + profile awareness + metacognitive systematic inquiry (metacognitive systematic inquiry group). The treatment yielded significantly higher comprehension on a valid state standardized reading test, but not on an informal reading inventory.
Species-Specific Elements in the Large T-Antigen J Domain Are Required for Cellular Transformation and DNA Replication by Simian Virus 40

The J domain of simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen is required for efficient DNA replication and transformation. Despite previous reports demonstrating the promiscuity of J domains in heterologous systems, results presented here show the requirement for specific J-domain sequences in SV40 large-T-antigen-mediated activities. In particular, chimeric-T-antigen constructs in which the SV40 T-antigen J domain was replaced with that from the yeast Ydj1p or Escherichia coli DnaJ proteins failed to replicate in BSC40 cells and did not transform REF52 cells. However, T antigen containing the JC virus J domain was functional in these assays, although it was less efficient than the wild type. The inability of some large-T-antigen chimeras to promote DNA replication and elicit cellular transformation was not due to a failure to interact with hsc70, since a nonfunctional chimera, containing the DnaJ J domain, bound hsc70. However, this nonfunctional chimeric T antigen was reduced in its ability to stimulate hsc70 ATPase activity and unable to liberate E2F from p130, indicating that transcriptional activation of factors required for cell growth and DNA replication may be compromised. Our data suggest that the T-antigen J domain harbors species-specific elements required for viral activities in vivo.
Reduction of Quality (RoQ) Attacks on Dynamic Load Balancers: Vulnerability Assessment and Design Tradeoffs

One key adaptation mechanism often deployed in networking and computing systems is dynamic load balancing. The goal from employing dynamic load balancers is to ensure that the offered load would be judiciously distributed across resources to optimize the overall performance. To that end, this paper discovers and studies new instances of Reduction of Quality (RoQ) attacks that target the dynamic operation of load balancers. Our exposition is focused on a number of load balancing policies that are either employed in current commercial products or have been proposed in literature for future deployment. Through queuing theory analysis, numerical solutions, simulations and Internet experiments, we are able to assess the impact of RoQ attacks through the potency metric. We identify the key factors, such as feedback delay and averaging parameters, that expose the trade-offs between resilience and susceptibility to RoQ attacks. These factors could be used to harden load balancers against RoQ attacks. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first to study adversarial exploits on the dynamic operation of load balancers.
Low-power 8Gb/s near-threshold serial link receivers using super-harmonic injection locking in 65nm CMOS

A testchip of 8Gb/s forwarded clock serial link receivers is presented. The receiver exploits a novel low-power super-harmonic injection-locked ring oscillator for symmetric multi-phase local clock generation and dekewing. Further power reduction is achieved by designing most the receiver circuits in the near-threshold region of 0.6V supply, with the exception of only the global clock buffer, test buffers and synthesized digital circuits at nominal 1V supply. At architectural level, 1∶10 direct demultiplexing rate is chosen as a demonstration of achieving low supply operation by high-parallelism design. Fabricated in 65nm CMOS technology, two receiver prototypes are integrated in this testchip, one without and the other with front S/Hs. Including the amortized power of global clock distribution, they consume 1.3mW and 2mW respectively at 8Gb/s input data rate, which achieve the power efficiency of 0.163mW/Gb/s and 0.25mW/Gb/s. Measurement results show both receivers get BER &#60; 10−12 across a 20-cm FR4 PCB channel.
“Your Life is Waiting!” Symbolic Meanings in Direct-to-Consumer Antidepressant Advertising

This semiotic analysis demonstrates how pharmaceutical companies strategically frame depression within the hotly contested terrain of direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertising. The study tracks regulati...
Comparison of co-expression measures: mutual information, correlation, and model based indices

Co-expression measures are often used to define networks among genes. Mutual information (MI) is often used as a generalized correlation measure. It is not clear how much MI adds beyond standard (robust) correlation measures or regression model based association measures. Further, it is important to assess what transformations of these and other co-expression measures lead to biologically meaningful modules (clusters of genes). We provide a comprehensive comparison between mutual information and several correlation measures in 8 empirical data sets and in simulations. We also study different approaches for transforming an adjacency matrix, e.g. using the topological overlap measure. Overall, we confirm close relationships between MI and correlation in all data sets which reflects the fact that most gene pairs satisfy linear or monotonic relationships. We discuss rare situations when the two measures disagree. We also compare correlation and MI based approaches when it comes to defining co-expression network modules. We show that a robust measure of correlation (the biweight midcorrelation transformed via the topological overlap transformation) leads to modules that are superior to MI based modules and maximal information coefficient (MIC) based modules in terms of gene ontology enrichment. We present a function that relates correlation to mutual information which can be used to approximate the mutual information from the corresponding correlation coefficient. We propose the use of polynomial or spline regression models as an alternative to MI for capturing non-linear relationships between quantitative variables. The biweight midcorrelation outperforms MI in terms of elucidating gene pairwise relationships. Coupled with the topological overlap matrix transformation, it often leads to more significantly enriched co-expression modules. Spline and polynomial networks form attractive alternatives to MI in case of non-linear relationships. Our results indicate that MI networks can safely be replaced by correlation networks when it comes to measuring co-expression relationships in stationary data.
Ketoprofen gel as an adjunct to physical therapist management of a child with Sever disease

Background and Purpose. Sever disease is the most common cause of heel pain in athletic children. The purpose of this case report is to describe the addition of ketoprofen gel to the physical therapy intervention of a child with Sever disease. Case Description. The patient was an 8-year-old girl diagnosed with Sever disease. Physical therapy intervention consisted of 6 visits over a 3-week period with traditional interventions (including rest, discontinuation of activities that aggravate the condition, hot and cold packs, heel lifts, calf stretching, and strengthening) and the addition of ketoprofen gel to reduce local inflammation and relieve pain. Outcomes. The patient demonstrated improvement in all outcome measures: pain rating, the Lower Extremity Functional Scale, strength, and range of motion. Discussion. The child had relief of pain and returned to activities after 18 days of intervention, which was 30 days less than reports of intervention in the literature that did not include the use of ketoprofen gel. [White RL. Ketoprofen gel as an adjunct to physical therapist management of a child with Sever disease. Phys Ther . 2006;86:424–433.]
Three electrode measurements on solid electrolytes

AC impedance spectroscopy and chronopotentiometry have been used to study solid-state ionic conductors. Results obtained using three electrodes are compared to those using a two-electrode configuration. The uncompensated resistance was shown to depend strongly on the geometric placement of the electrodes. The optimal configuration for minimized uncompensated resistance effects is similar to the Luggin capillary arrangement in the liquid phase. The effect of non-negligible geometric capacitance on interpretation of results is discussed.
Determination of boron in materials by cold neutron prompt gamma-ray activation analysis

An instrument for cold neutron prompt gamma-ray activation analysis (PGAA), located at the NIST Center for Neutron Research (NCNR), has proven useful for the measurement of boron in a variety of materials. Neutrons, moderated by passage through liquid hydrogen at 20 K, pass through a 58Ni coated guide to the PGAA station in the cold neutron guide hall of the NCNR. The thermal equivalent neutron fluence rate at the sample position is 9 × 108 cm−2 s−1. Prompt gamma rays are measured by a cadmium- and lead-shielded high-purity germanium detector. The instrument has been used to measure boron mass fractions in minerals, in NIST SRM 2175 (Refractory Alloy MP-35-N) for certification of boron, and most recently in semiconductor-grade silicon. The limit of detection for boron in many materials is <10 ng g−1.
Agglomeration and de-agglomeration of rotating wet doublets

In this work, experiments using a pendulum apparatus were conducted for two particles engaged in oblique, wetted collisions over a range of impact angles, impact velocities, coating thicknesses, liquid viscosities, particle materials, and particle radii. From previous studies on normal or head-on collisions, the two particles bounce apart if the Stokes number (a ratio of particle inertia to viscous forces) exceeds a critical value, whereas they stick together if the Stokes number is below this critical value. However, for oblique collisions, an additional outcome is observed at moderate Stokes numbers and impact angles, in which the spheres initially stick together, rotate as a doublet, and then separate due to centrifugal forces. We refer to this outcome as ‘stick–rotate–separate’. For subcritical Stokes numbers exhibiting this new outcome, the experimental results for the apparent coefficient of normal restitution and angle of rotation from impact to separation show only weak dependence on the fluid viscosity and thickness and the dry restitution coefficient, whereas they both decrease with increasing particle radius. These results are in contrast with those for supercritical Stokes numbers in which the spheres bounce upon impact. An accompanying theory based on lubrication forces, the glass transition of the liquid layer, and solid deformation and rebound agrees well with experimental results and gives insight into the observed trends.
Thermodynamics of non-simple elastic materials

Elastic materials whose local state depends upon the first and second order gradients of the deformation, the temperature, its gradient and the time rate of change of the temperature are studied according to an inequality proposed by Green and Laws. It is shown that in such materials either thermal disturbances can propagate with finite speed in the linear theory, and the constitutive quantities do not depend upon the second order gradients of the deformation or the constitutive quantities may depend upon the second order gradients of the deformation and in the linear theory thermal disturbances do not propagate with finite speed. In the latter case the entropy inequality reduces to the Clausius-Duhem inequality.
Caveolins, liquid-ordered domains, and signal transduction.

Caveolae were originally identified as flask-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane in endothelial and epithelial cells (14). Prior to the development of biochemical methods for their purification, caveolae were thought to principally mediate the transcellular movement of molecules (101, 145). Recently, the development of novel purification procedures has greatly expanded our knowledge regarding the putative functions of caveolae in vivo. In this review, we seek to update the working definition of caveolae, describe the functional roles of the caveolin gene family, and summarize the evidence that supports a role for caveolae as mediators of a number of cellular signaling processes.
College Students and Disability Law

This article briefly reviews Section 504 and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and identifies the criteria that are used to determine whether a student is both "disabled" and "qualified." Then, specific areas of admission, accommodation, and dismissal are examined. Finally, guidelines are presented that may be used by professors and administrators in their efforts to provide qualified students with disabilities with nondiscriminatory access to higher education.
The Beck Anxiety Inventory in Older Adults With Generalized Anxiety Disorder

The authors investigated the psychometric properties of the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) in a sample of 75 older generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) patients and a comparison group of 32 older adults without significant psychopathology. Internal consistency was above .80, and the BAI showed evidence of convergent validity in both groups. Evidence for discriminant validity with respect to measures of depression was weaker. Two items, fearing the worst and nervousness, correctly distinguished 86.5% of patients with GAD and 93.8% of the normal controls. Medical comorbidity was associated with somatic but not cognitive anxiety symptoms in the normal older sample. Overall, results indicate the limitations of the BAI in assessing anxiety symptoms in older adults and suggest the need for use of an instrument focusing on cognitive aspects of anxiety.