cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Liquids characterization using a dielectric resonator-based microwave probe

A dielectric resonator-based microwave probe for low loss and lossy liquids characterization is presented in this paper. When the probe is operated under in-situ conditions, improvement of the probe sensitivity to variations in the permittivity of the liquid was observed. Measurements of the quality factor of the resonator reveal that the probe is able to resolve variations around 0.04 in e' for low loss liquids. The spatial resolution of the probe is 10 µm, and was experimentally verified by scanning a MMIC detector covered with a 30 µm thick layer of mineral oil, at a standoff distance of 10 µm. Scanning results confirm that the presence of the mineral oil layer on top of the circuit improves the sensitivity of the probe without degrading the spatial resolution. Simulated data using a lumped-element model of the probe and sample support the measured results.
African American Women Principals: Heeding the Call to Serve as Conduits for Transforming Urban School Communities

African American women leaders are often found in urban schools that have been exhausted of resources and lack support. However, due to their disproportionate representation in urban schools, African American women principals have become adept at uniting and engaging stakeholders in marginalized school settings into action. The intent for this research project was to illuminate commonalities of African American women leaders of urban school environments and understand how they make sense of their leadership roles. We conducted a focus group interview with three African American women principals of urban schools. Themes that emerged include: Heeding the Call and Staying the Spiritual Course; Understanding Individual Students, Families, and Communities for Change; and Caring for the Human Condition. Findings have implications for leadership preparation and practice.
A Benchmark Suite for Unstructured Data Processing

A large fraction of the data that will stored and accessed in future systems is expected to be unstructured, in the form of images, audio files, etc. Therefore, it is very important to design future I/O subsystems to provide efficient storage, and access to these vast and continuously growing repositories of unstructured data. To facilitate system design and evaluation, we first need benchmarks that capture the processing and I/O access characteristics of applications that operate on unstructured data. In this paper, we present an unstructured data processing benchmark suite that we have developed. We provide detailed descriptions of the workloads in the benchmark suite and discuss the larger space of application characteristics that each of them capture.
Measurement of through-space connectivities between spin-1/2 and quadrupolar nuclei in solid-state NMR: the TEDOR-MQMAS method.

We present the transferred echo double-resonance multiple-quantum MAS (TEDOR-MQMAS) method that allows to analyze under high resolution the through-bond connectivities between spin-1/2 and quadrupolar nuclei. This method avoids some of the limitations related to the spin-lock of half-integer quadrupolar nuclei under MAS. However, the losses observed during the TEDOR transfer are related to the T′2 constants, and they may thus be more important than those observed during the CP-MAS transfer, which are related to T1ρ > T′2. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transverse vibration and buckling of a cantilevered beam with tip body under axial acceleration

Abstract The transverse vibration and buckling of a cantilevered beam subject to constant axial acceleration with rigid tip body is investigated. Two classes of tip bodies are recognized: those with mass centers located along the beam tip tangent line, and those with mass centers having an arbitrary offset with respect to the beam attachment point (but not lying along the beam tip tangent line). For the former class, the critical buckling loads and shapes as well as the natural frequencies and mode shapes are determined analytically. It is shown that for the latter class of tip bodies, steady state solutions exist except for certain critical values of acceleration. The free vibration problem for this later class of tip bodies is addressed. Numerical comparisons are made between the exact analysis and a Rayleigh-Ritz procedure for the first three natural frequencies for values of base acceleration between zero and the first critical buckling value.
How characteristic are characteristic functions

Every game form and effectivity function (EF) generates a family of characteristic functions (CFs) via feasible utility function profiles. We investigate the extent this family characterizes the underlying structure in which agents interact. The strategic structure CFs characterize is found to be limited to that which is implicit in the representative EF. If the dependency between CF and utility function profile is observable and coalitions pursue only pure strategies, then EFs are fully characterizable by their CF progeny. When mixed strategies are viable, CFs are only sufficient for the “effective surface” of an EF. A number of important EF properties are CF characterizable even when dependency between CF and utility function profile is unobservable. Even so, radically different EFs may have the same CF lineage.
Effects of imipramine on copulatory behavior of male rats

Each of 16 male Long-Evans rats completed three tests of copulatory behavior: one following saline injection, one following administration of 10 mg/kg imipramine, and one following 25 mg/kg imipramine. Imipramine produced a prolongation of the intervals between intromissions within series and of the intervals between ejaculation and the resumption of copulation for all series tested. The number of intromissions required to attain ejaculation was reduced in all series. The effects were primarily attributable to the 25-mg/kg dose and are interpreted in the context of data relating male and female copulatory behavior to brain monoaminergic function.
Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease of the Lower Extremities

Smoking should be stopped and hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and hypothyroidism treated in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) of the lower extremities. Statins decrease the incidence of intermittent claudication and improve exercise duration until the onset of intermittent claudication in persons with PAD and hypercholesterolemia. Antiplatelet drugs such as aspirin or clopidogrel, especially clopidogrel, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and statins should be given to all persons with PAD. Beta blockers should be given if coronary artery disease is present. Exercise rehabilitation programs and cilostazol increase exercise time until intermittent claudication develops. Chelation therapy should be avoided. Indications for lower extremity percutaneous transluminal angioplasty or bypass surgery are (1) incapacitating claudication in persons interfering with work or lifestyle, (2) limb salvage in persons with limb-threatening ischemia as manifested by rest pain, nonhealing ulcers, and/or infection or gangrene, and (3) vasculogenic impotence.
Observing the earth radiation budget from satellites: Past, present, and a look to the future

Satellite measurements of the radiative exchange between the planet earth and space have been the objective of many experiments since the beginning of the space age in the late 1950's. The on-going mission of the Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) experiments has been and will be to consider flight hardware, data handling and scientific analysis methods in a single design strategy. Research and development on observational data has produced an analysis model of errors associated with ERB measurement systems on polar satellites. Results show that the variability of reflected solar radiation from changing meteorology dominates measurement uncertainties. As an application, model calculations demonstrate that measurement requirements for the verification of climate models may be satisfied with observations from one polar satellite, provided there is information on diurnal variations of the radiation budget from the ERBE mission.
Solid State Electrochemically Generated Luminescence Based on Serial Frozen Concentration Gradients of RuIII/II and RuII/I Couples in a Molten Ruthenium 2,2‘-Bipyridine Complex

The attachment of two polyethylene glycol tails (n = 7, MW = 350) to ruthenium tris(bipyridine) via ester links on the 4,4‘-positions of one of the bipyridine ligands yields a highly viscous (η ≈ 107 cP) molten salt (abbreviated [Ru(bpy)2(bpy(CO2MePEG350)2)](ClO4)2) that glasses at ca. −5 °C. At room temperature, the ionic conductivity of the melt is sufficiently high that application of 2.4 V across the fingers of a Pt interdigitated electrode array (IDA) coated with the melt leads to the electrolytic development of serial concentration gradient microstructures of RuIII/II and RuII/I states. At the intersection of the two concentration gradients, in the interior of the coating, reaction between the RuIII and RuI states leads to ECL emission with an efficiency of 0.2% photons/electron. Cooling a concentration gradient-containing film to −20 °C under voltage bias, so as to preserve the gradient microstructure, yields a film that has an emission efficiency of 0.1%, a current and light emission response that...
Use of an Ultrasonic Scalpel as an Alternative to Electrocautery in Patients With Pacemakers

We report the safe and effective use of an ultrasonically activated scalpel as an alternative to unipolar electrocautery during surgical procedures in 4 patients with pacemakers. This scalpel provided adequate hemostasis without the adverse consequences of electromagnetic interference. As the scalpel was able to easily cut through the silicone connector sleeve of one generator, it is not recommended for routine generator replacement because it may damage existing pacing leads. However, its use during nonpacemaker operations in patients with pacemakers should be considered.
Flow field measurement by tracer photography

Methods of inserting and photographing tracers in an air stream are described. Successive positions of micrometer-sized oil drops are determined in centimeter-sized fields of a low power microscope by triple flash illumination at known intervals of 10 to 500 microseconds. Tracer positions read from the picture are entered into a computer and velocities calculated throughout the field. Some examples of computer displays of velocity fields are presented.
A study of idealized striated marks and their comparisons using models.

The use of models is proposed to enable evaluation of striated tool mark comparisons. Suitable models, through the use of random number tables, have been constructed for various values of probability of match. An ideal model has been proposed, and evidence of its ideality produced. It has been found that run distributions of striated mark comparisons obey the relationship : N / p = s 1 \( 1 + 2 / r + 3 / r r ' + 4 / r r ' r r " … \) where r=s 1 /s 2 , r′ = s 2 /s 3 , etc., N=total striae, p=the reciprocal of the probability of match, s 1 = the number of runs of size 1, etc. When r=r′ = r″… = p, the probability of any striation matching is independent of the other striae. When r′, r″ … are all functions of r, dependent systems are described. When r, r′, r″ … are unrelated, the general case exists, including identical and near-identical striae sets.
The role of GABAergic inhibition on direction-dependent sharpening of frequency tuning in bat inferior collicular neurons

This study examined the role of GABAergic inhibition on direction-dependent sharpening of frequency tuning curves (FTCs) in bat inferior collicular (IC) neurons under free field stimulation conditions. The minimum threshold (MT) at the neurons best frequency (BF) and the sharpness (Q(10), Q(20), Q(30)) of FTCs of most IC neurons increased as the sound direction changed from contralateral azimuths to ipsilateral azimuths. The application of GABA(A) antagonist, bicuculline, lowered all MTs but the application did not abolish direction-dependent variation in MT. MTs determined during bicuculline application at 40 ipsilateral were still significantly higher than those determined at 40 degrees contralateral (two-tailed paired t-test, P<0.0001). In contrast, although application of bicuculline essentially had no effect on the BFs of IC neurons, it differentially broadened neurons FTCs at different azimuths abolishing the direction-dependent sharpening of frequency tuning (i. e. Q(n) values, two-tailed paired t-test, P<0.01). These data indicate that GABAergic inhibition makes an important contribution to the direction-dependent frequency tuning of most IC neurons.
Factors Affecting Establishment and Recovery of Sasajiscymnus tsugae (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), an Introduced Predator of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) on Eastern Hemlock (Pinales: Pinaceae)

ABSTRACT To reduce populations of hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), >500,000 Sasajiscymnus tsugae (Sasaji and McClure) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) have been released in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park since 2002. To determine factors affecting establishment and recovery of these predatory beetles, 65 single release sites were sampled using beat sheets from 2008 to 2012. Several abiotic and biotic factors were evaluated for their association with establishment and recovery of S. tsugae. Information on predatory beetle releases (location, year of release, number released, and season of release), topographic features (elevation, slope, Beers transformed aspect, and topographic relative moisture index), and temperature data (minimum and maximum temperatures 1 d after release and average minimum and maximum temperatures 7 d after release) were obtained from Great Smoky Mountains National Park personnel. These factors were evaluated using stepwise logistic regression ...
Assessment of myocardial perfusion by positron emission tomography.

Positron emission tomography (PET) represents an advanced imaging technology for the noninvasive evaluation of regional myocardial blood flow. Several blood flow tracers are available, including cyclotron-produced radiopharmaceuticals such as [ 15 O]H 2 O and [ 13 N]NH 3 and generator-produced rubidium-82 ([ 82 Rb]-) and copper-62 ([ 62 Cu]-) pyruvaldehyde- bis -( N -4-methylthiosemicarbazone) (PTSM). 82 Rb and [ 13 N]NH 3 are the most commonly employed tracers for the qualitative evaluation of regional myocardial perfusion. Their use allows the accurate detection of coronary artery disease in combination with pharmacologic stress. Initial comparative studies with thallium-201 ( 201 Tl) single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) have shown that PET has a higher diagnostic accuracy. Beyond improved diagnostic performance, the quantitative flow measurements provided by PET represent an important advance in nuclear cardiology. The radiopharmaceuticals [ 15 O]H 2 O and [ 13 N]NH 3 have been applied for the noninvasive determination of regional coronary reserve. Quantification of blood flow based on tracer kinetic modeling yields blood flow values in close agreement with determinations provided by invasive procedures. The noninvasive quantification of blood flow provides a useful research and clinical tool for the objective assessment of therapeutic interventions as well as pathophysiologic alterations of regional myocardial blood flow in various cardiac diseases.
On the optimum design of piston rings

We study a family of control problems that arise in the design of dynamically loaded bearings which have a minimum power loss; in particular, we study the design of piston rings with minimum parasitic power loss.
Ubiquitous, self-tuning, scalable servers

Hardware developments allow wonderful reliability and essentially limitless capabilities in storage, networks, memory, and processing power. Costs have dropped dramatically. PCs are becoming ubiquitous.The features and scalability of DBMS software have advanced to the point where most commercial systems can solve virtually all OLTP and DSS requirements.The Internet and application software packages allow rapid deployment and facilitate a broad range of solutions.
Medical risk and therapeutic effectiveness of rapid smoking

To assess the potential medical risks of rapid smoking, 24 healthy, male cigarette smokers were examined under the following conditions: baseline (after 12-hr tobacco abstinence), normal smoking, and rapid smoking. After normal and rapid smoking standard 12-lead EKG, arterial blood gases, and vital signs were evaluated, and during rapid smoking each subject was monitored electrocardiographically throughout the session. During or after rapid smoking there were no EKG abnormalities. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and systolic blood pressure rose after normal and rapid smoking. Many subjects developed elevated arterial pH with lowered serum potassium after rapid smoking, and two-thirds of the subjects developed relative hypoxemia. Among those who completed treatment, 61% were still abstaining from cigarettes after 6 months. Rapid smoking was found to be safe for healthy subjects. However, the safety of the technique among persons with cardiopulmonary disease cannot be predicted from the results of this study.
The Size Effect of Boron Nitride Particles on the Tribological Performance of Biolubricants for Energy Conservation and Sustainability

The size of particulate additives in a bio-based lubricant influences their friction and wear performance during sliding contact. The present investigation evaluates the effect of boron nitride particle size on the tribological performance of canola oil-based lubricant mixtures. During sliding experiments, micron-, submicron-, and nanometer-sized boron nitride particle additives were considered. Friction and wear measurements were carried out on the prepared lubricant mixtures using a pin-on-disk tribometer at ambient conditions. A scanning electron microscope and optical profilometer were used for topographical studies to evaluate the influence of particle size on wear damage and surface roughness. The results revealed that the nanometer-sized particulate mixture outperformed micron- and submicron-sized particulate combinations in terms of friction and wear performance and provided a 90 % smoother surface finish. Furthermore, the tribological response of canola oil containing micron- or submicron-sized particles was found to be significantly enhanced by the addition of nano-sized particles, where the friction and wear were reduced by 40 and 70 %, respectively. It was inferred that the nano-sized particles were able to better coalesce in the asperity valleys due to their small size and spherical shape, which provided them with enhanced tribological properties in comparison with the micron- and submicron-sized particles that were larger and exhibited a plate-shaped in geometry. Newly developed non-dimensional surface roughness parameters were introduced to quantify the influence of particle size and the mechanisms involved in the tribological phenomena. The state of lubricants derived from bio-based feedstock were subsequently explored for their influence on energy conservation and sustainability, as well as their potential impact on the lubricant market place.
Internal and near-surface electromagnetic fields for an absorbing spheroidal particle with arbitrary illumination

A theoretical procedure in which a spheroidal coordinate separation-of-variables solution is used is developed for the determination of the internal and the near-surface electromagnetic fields for an arbitrary monochromatic field that is incident upon a homogeneous spheroidal particle. Calculations are presented for both the prolate and the oblate geometries, demonstrating the effects of particle size, particle axis ratio, and the orientation and character (plane-wave and focused Gaussian beam) of the incident field on the resultant internal and near-surface electromagnetic-field distributions.
México Profundo: Reclaiming a Civilization

Mexico Profundo: Reclaiming a Civilization. GUILLERMO BONFIL BATALLA. Translated by Philip A. Dennis. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996. xxiv + 198 pp., references cited, bibliographic appendix, index.
The Manufacture of Cheddar Cheese from Pasteurized Milk in Commercial Plants

Summary A method developed in the laboratories of the Bureau of Dairy Industry for making Cheddar cheese from pasteurized milk, for which preliminary results were given in an earlier publication in this journal, has been put into commercial practice in approximately 150 factories. Results obtained over a period of about 3 years are presented for factories in Minnesota, Indiana, Missouri, and Arkansas, in which the work was carried on intensively and in which practically complete cheese-grading records were available for the periods before and after the method was introduced. Results obtained in factories in Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, and Tennessee, in which less complete grading records were available, are not given in this report. In those factories in which the proportion of No. 1 cheese had been relatively low, the use of the method resulted in a striking improvement in quality and uniformity. Even in those factories in which the proportion of No. 1 cheese had been relatively high, some improvement in quality and uniformity was obtained. This work has demonstrated that a uniformly high percentage of No. 1 cheese can be made from pasteurized milk with the use of a suitably controlled amount of an active starter and with the use of a definite time schedule, arid that the use of a time schedule simplifies the cheese-making operations. These results are in agreement with those of the earlier work, in that they indicate a definite relationship between the rate of development of acidity during the making process and the quality of the cheese made from pasteurized milk. They also show the range within which the acidity should be maintained in a controlled making process.
Wittgenstein on Metaphysical/Everyday Use

Wittgenstein remarked ‘What we do is to bring words back from their metaphysical to their everyday use’ (PI§116). On this basis, his ‘later philosophy’ is generally regarded as a version of ‘ordinary language philosophy’. He is taken to criticize philosophers for making (‘metaphysical’) statements which deviate in different ways from the everyday use of some of their component expressions. I marshal textual evidence for another reading of this remark, and show that he used ‘metaphysical’ in a traditional way, namely, to describe philosophical attempts to delineate the essence of things by establishing necessities and impossibilities. On his conception, ‘everyday’ simply means ‘non-metaphysical’ (in this precise sense). Comparisons of philosophical utterances with non-philosophical uses of words are meant to call attention to this crucial distinction.
Confirming a Masterpiece by El Greco

Among university collections, the Washington University collection in St. Louis enjoys a considerable reputation due to its important examples of painting by modern masters such as Picasso, Braque, Gris, Leger, Miro, Pollock, and de Kooning. The growth of the collection has purposely been directed toward recent periods of painting since a university collection can almost never be historically encyclopaedic. Since 1946 the care and attention of several distinguished scholars has built the Washington University collection into an impressive study group of modern European and American masters. Not so widely known is the collection's excellent representation of other schools of painting which includes an outstanding group of 18th century English portraits such as Hogarth's Lord Grey and Lady West as Children, and the 19th century European and American painters Daumier, Gustave Moreau, Eakins and Inness.
Stakeholder theory and dynamics in supply chain collaboration

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a framework for analyzing stakeholder‐management strategies in supply chain collaboration. The authors aim to show how prior dyadic relations with a stakeholder and perception of situational demands on the relationship determine the choice of aggressive vs cooperative strategies in managing stakeholder relationships.Design/methodology/approach – To develop a blueprint for predicting collaboration strategies, literature on stakeholder theory, stakeholder management strategies, field theory, and organizational mental models was surveyed. From the literature, 31 predictors of eight stakeholder management strategies were identified. To operationalize the study's constructs, results of a national survey were analyzed to determine the significant predictors of stakeholder management strategies.Findings – Factor analysis identified two groups of stakeholder strategies: aggressive strategies and cooperative strategies. Aggressive strategies feature some form of fo...
ANTLION FORAGING: TRACKING PREY ACROSS SPACE AND TIME

To capture their prey, larval antlions invest energy in building and maintaining conical pit traps in fine-particulate substrate. The resident antlions (Myrmeleon immaculatus) at Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, Michigan, USA, seldom relocated their pits, and we wondered whether this site fidelity could be understood as an optimal (or near-optimal) response to observed spatial and temporal variation in prey availability. To determine this, we considered a large number of compound foraging strategies, each composed of the number of days over which the antlion evaluates foraging success at a site; the weighted-average foraging success during this interval, below which threshold the antlion moves to a new site; and the length of the random walk taken by the antlion to a new pit location. Using Monte Carlo simulation, we determined the expected net energy gain from each of these strategies by antlions rewarded according to the field data set. The overall highest gain strategy generally agreed with our a priori expectations for the observed pattern of patchiness in prey availability over space and time. Moreover, the corresponding optimal frequency of pit relocation, 1.65 moves over the observation period of ∼8 wk, is in rough agreement with field observations. However, the gain surface was relatively flat: 60% of the investigated strategies yielded within 8% of the maximum gain. When costs of pit relocation were reduced, maximal gain strategies shifted to generate frequent movement, suggesting that the magnitude of such sampling costs may control the foraging strategy in environments with high spatiotemporal variability.
Bishop Compton and the Revolution of 1688

Recently the revolution of 1688 has again become a fashionable topic. Renewed research and reinterpretation have provided valuable new insights into the role of William of Orange as well as the larger European setting of the event. The danger exists, however, that the pendulum of historical interpretation will swing too far in discounting the significance of the domestic scene. While much of the glory and simplicity of the traditional Whig approach have evaporated under close scrutiny, the fact still remains that the movement against James n was basically English in origin. In this connexion the need clearly emerges for reexamination and further investigation into the part played by those prominent in promoting the conspiracy. The point is nicely illustrated by the case of Henry Compton, bishop of London, whose importance to the revolutionary cause in the last few months before Torbay has never been fully appreciated.
Center-line Velocity Models for Flanged Local Exhaust Openings

Abstract Local exhaust systems are important in controlling exposures. Recently, there has been a great deal of interest in predicting hood flow patterns in order to determine effectiveness. This article presents a generalized approach, based in potential flow theory, to develop the hood center-line air velocity models directly for flanged openings of practical geometries. These were the rectangle, the square, the circle, and the slot. Measurements of the center-line velocities for a flanged circular opening were conducted to determine the validity of the potential flow assumption. Agreement of the theoretical model with experimental data indicates that the potential flow approximation applies to flow into unobstructed exhaust hoods. The theoretical models for the circle, the rectangle, and the slot were also compared to the empirically based equations found in the Industrial Ventilation Manual. Good agreement between the empirical and theoretical models was noted in the case of circular openings and in t...
COGNITIVE TRAILS IN STRATEGIC DECISION‐MAKING: LINKING THEORIES OF PERSONALITIES AND COGNITIONS*

This article attempts to reveal Jungian personality types' cognitive biases through a strategic management framework. The four personality types seem to use distinct heuristics to gather data, to generate and to evaluate alternatives. The connected heuristics appear as cognitive trails. We propose that different personality types habitually use certain cognitive trails; consequently, they can fall prey to biases that lurk in these trails. Cognitive trails may include linked input, output, and operational biases. We present the results from a pilot study to illustrate some connections between personality types and biases. We also explore some implications for future research and for management practice.
Soft X-ray Spectroscopy and Spectromicroscopy Studies of Organic Molecules in the Environment

Organic molecules are found everywhere and play an important role in almost all biogeochemical processes occurring on the surface of the Earth (Aiken et al. 1985; Thurman 1985; Schwartzenbach et al. 1993; Senesi and Miano 1994). They are found in soluble and insoluble phases, coatings on mineral and colloidal particles, and in gas phase molecules in soils, sediments and aquatic systems. The activities of macro- and micro-fauna and flora release organic molecules of various sizes and composition. Photochemical reactions in the atmosphere also add certain small chain molecules to the organic carbon content in the environment. Significant compositional variations occur in natural organic molecules, which include small chain carboxylic acids, alcohols and amino acids; and polymeric, polyfunctional and polydisperse macromolecules such as humic and fulvic acids. The behavior of small chain molecules and their influence on different geochemical reactions is well understood. However, understanding of the chemistry of biopolymers and their role in different biogeochemical processes in the environment is poor, which may be attributed to the unavailability of instrumentation to examine the chemistry of natural organic molecules in their pristine state. Two important properties that dictate the behavior of natural organic molecules and biopolymers in the environment are: functional group chemistry and (macro)molecular structure (Schnitzer 1991). Evaluation of these two properties is complicated by the compositional and structural heterogeneity of the naturally occurring organic molecules, and their ability to form intramolecular and intermolecular H-bonds, which further modify their structure and chemical reactivity. These two properties are interrelated and one influences the other. The chemical composition of natural waters (pH, ionic composition and concentration, redox conditions) and soil and sediment particle surface chemistry (composition, coordination environment, number of reactive groups) also modify their behavior. It is not well understood how each of these environmental variables influences the …
Fracture Waves Revisited

Self-sustaining fracture waves hypothesized by Galin and Cherepanov (1966) have been observed in shock-compressed glasses and in Prince Rupert’s drops, but their speed did not correspond to the predicted value. This controversy is addressed in the present note. We now assume that this speed is equal to the local velocity of sound in the particulate material just behind the wave front, and show that, then, it is in a reasonable agreement with test data. The specific heat spent on the self-sustaining fracture wave in soda lime glass is estimated to be 1 to 20 J/g for moderately high pressures.
Enhanced Antitumor Efficacy of Vasculostatin (Vstat120) Expressing Oncolytic HSV-1

Oncolytic viral (OV) therapy is a promising therapeutic modality for brain tumors. Vasculostatin (Vstat120) is the cleaved and secreted extracellular fragment of brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1 (BAI1), a brain-specific receptor. To date, the therapeutic efficacy of Vstat120 delivery into established tumors has not been investigated. Here we tested the therapeutic efficacy of combining Vstat120 gene delivery in conjunction with OV therapy. We constructed RAMBO (Rapid Antiangiogenesis Mediated By Oncolytic virus), which expresses Vstat120 under the control of the herpes simplex virus (HSV) IE4/5 promoter. Secreted Vstat120 was detected as soon as 4 hours postinfection in vitro and was retained for up to 13 days after OV therapy in subcutaneous tumors. RAMBO-produced Vstat120 efficiently inhibited endothelial cell migration and tube formation in vitro (P = 0.0005 and P = 0.0184, respectively) and inhibited angiogenesis (P = 0.007) in vivo. There was a significant suppression of intracranial and subcutaneous glioma growth in mice treated with RAMBO compared to the control virus, HSVQ (P = 0.0021 and P < 0.05, respectively). Statistically significant reduction in tumor vascular volume fraction (VVF) and microvessel density (MVD) was observed in tumors treated with RAMBO. This is the first study to report the antitumor effects of Vstat120 delivery into established tumors and supports the further development of RAMBO as a possible cancer therapy.
Influence of energetics and electronic coupling on through-bond and through-space electron transfer within U-shaped donor-bridge-acceptor arrays

We present here a study of multistep electron transfer mechanisms within donor-bridge-acceptor arrays consisting of functionalized aromatic imide and diimide donors and acceptors arranged in rodlike linear structures and in U-shaped folded structures on xanthene scaffolds. Femtosecond and nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy is used to explore the relative efficiency of through-bond and through-space electron transfer in these molecules. The magnitude of the electronic coupling between the oxidized donor and the reduced acceptor is probed specifically by direct measurements of the singlet−triplet splitting, 2J, within the radical ion pairs using magnetic field effects on the yield of triplet states resulting from radical ion pair recombination. These data are used to quantitatively assess the effects of both energetics and electronic coupling on the electron transfer mechanism. Through-space electron transfer is found to be a viable mechanism in the U-shaped structures when reduction of the accept...
The distribution of gases in the protoplanetary nebula.

Abstract It is demonstrated that the distribution of elements in the solar system may be connected with solar magnetic fields. Relative diffusion of neutral particles and ions in a magnetic field (“ambipolar diffusion”) separates elements of different ionization potential. A simple model of the origin of the solar system which takes account of ambipolar diffusion succesfully predicts relative terrestrial abundances of the noble gases Ne, A, Kr, and Xe.
Explicating the role of emotion dysregulation in risky behaviors: a review and synthesis of the literature with directions for future research and clinical practice☆

Extant literature provides support for emotion dysregulation as a transdiagnostic construct with relevance to the pathogenesis and treatment of numerous psychiatric difficulties and maladaptive behaviors, including risky, self-destructive, and health-compromising behaviors (e.g., substance use, risky sexual behavior). The aim of the present review is to synthesize theory and empirical research on the relationship between emotion dysregulation and risky behaviors. In addition, we highlight cutting-edge approaches for investigating the emotion dysregulation-risky behavior, including examination of the role of positive emotional experiences and inclusion of context-dependent and physiological assessments. Finally, we note the relevance of the emotion dysregulation-risky behavior relation to intervention efforts aimed at reducing risky behaviors.
The effects of psychological load and speed on tractor operator error.

Sixteen tractor operators made a total of 64 runs through a tractor driving course designed to measure operator performance in a simulated field operation. The number of tasks the operator was required to perform was held constant while speed was varied and 12.9 km/h (2 and 8 mile/h). However, the psychological load was greater at the row end. The number of steering errors highly correlated with the speed, [Formula: see text] , [Formula: see text] . The steering error rate was not evenly distributed thorughout the course, but was significantly higher at the end of the rows as the tractor entered or exited. This research on speed-load theory as it applied to complex tractor-machinery operation indicates that the number of steering errors an operator makes is directly related to speed and psychological load.
Electrical properties of microcrystalline silicon prepared by reactive magnetron sputtering from crystalline silicon targets

Abstract We discuss the preparation and characterization of B-doped microcrystalline silicon, μc-Si, thin films prepared by reactive magnetron sputtering, RMS, in a hydrogen containing ambient. Samples have been prepared while the substrate temperature, hydrogen partial pressure, and sputtering power were ystematically varied. The B-dopant concentration was varied through contro l of the r.f. power applied to two crystalline silicon sputtering targets, one undoped and the other B-doped.
ESE-ENDOR study and DFT calculations on oxovanadium compounds: Effect of axial anionic ligands on the 51V nuclear quadrupolar coupling constant

High-frequency electron spin echo-electron nuclear double resonance (ESE-ENDOR) spectroscopy is applied to oxovanadium VO 2 + complexes of Hcapca in the form of trans-[VOX(capca)] and to H 2 capcah in the form of cis-[VOX(Hcapcah)], where X = Cl - or SCN - . Nuclear quadrupolar coupling constants (nqcc), which are unobtainable by conventional continuous-wave electron paramagnetic resonance (CW-EPR), were measured and reported in terms of P | | (P | | = 3e 2 qQ/84 for I = 7/2). P | | values for trans-[VOCl(capca)] and trans-[VOSCN-(capca)] were calculated to be -0.18 and -0.21 MHz, respectively. In the cases of cis-[VOCl(Hcapcah)] and cis-[VOSCN(Hcapcah), P | | values were calculated to be -0.35 and -0.45 MHz, respectively. The experimental results are supported by DFT calculations of quadrupolar and hyperfine couplings for various oxovanadium compounds, including the cis and trans complexes studied by ESE-ENDOR. The charged ligands, coordinated axially trans to the oxo bond, reduce the electric field gradient along the V=O bond, thereby decreasing the observed magnitude of the nuclear quadrupolar coupling constants relative to those of the comparable cis compounds. This experimental finding is confirmed by quantum mechanical calculations. Although the absolute values of quadrupolar splittings cannot be calculated with acceptable accuracy, the observed experimental trends are very well reproduced. Thus, the complementary use of DFT and pulsed-ENDOR is a promising methodology for the study of biologically relevant vanadyl compounds.
A self-evolving anomaly detection framework for developing highly dependable utility clouds

Utility clouds continue to grow in scale and in the complexity of their components and interactions, which introduces a key challenge to failure and resource management for highly dependable cloud computing. Autonomic anomaly detection is a crucial technique for understanding emergent, cloud-wide phenomena and self-managing cloud resources for system-level dependability assurance. To identify anomalies, we need to monitor the system execution and collect health-related runtime performance data. These data are usually unlabeled and a prior failure history is not always available in production systems, especially for newly deployed or managed utility clouds. In this paper, we present a self-evolving anomaly detection framework with mechanisms for dependability assurance in utility clouds. No prior failure history is required. The detector self-evolves by recursively exploring newly generated verified detection results for future anomaly identification. Statistical learning technologies are exploited in detector determination and working dataset selection. Experimental results in an institute-wide cloud computing system show that the detection accuracy improves as it evolves. With self-evolvement, the detector can achieve 92.1% detection sensitivity and 83.8% detection specificity, which makes it well suitable for building highly dependable utility clouds.
The social structural basis of the organization of persons in memory

This paper summarizes and discusses three studies of patterns in the recall of persons in socially bounded communities. Individual sin three different communities (a graduate academic program, a religious fellowship, and a department in a formal organization) free-listed the names of persons in their respective communities. Results indicate that the individuals in each community share a common cognitive structure of community members that is based on the community’s social structure. These studies, combined with the results of other research, strongly suggest that persons are organized in memory according to social structural principles and that affiliation and dominance are the principal dimensions of social cognition. Suggestions are offered for future research to test the generality of these findings.
Transposition of the gene cluster CYC1-OSM1-RAD7 in yeast

Abstract A mutant of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains an increased amount of iso-1-cytochrome c because two copies of a segment, denoted COR, were transposed to a new position on chromosome VII, while the original COR region was retained at the normal position on chromosome X; this COR segment encompasses the CYC1, OSM1 and RAD7 loci which determine, respectively, iso-1-cytochrome c, osmotic sensitivity and ultraviolet light sensitivity. The analysis of genomic DNA with cloned probes indicates that the length of the COR segment is approximately 12,000 base-pairs. We suggest that certain normal strains of yeast, which possibly may contain reiterated sequences, can produce extended transpositions similar to prokaryotes.
Muscarinic agonist-induced actions on potassium and calcium channels in atrial myocytes: differential desensitization.

Desensitization to the effects of acetylcholine (ACh) or carbachol (CCh) on ACh-regulated potassium current (IK(ACh)) and the voltage-dependent L-type, calcium current (ICa(L)) was studied in single guinea-pig atrial cells under voltage clamp at room temperature (22–24°C). At a holding potential of −40mV, CCh (100μm) activated IK(ACh) repeatedly and reproducibly when applied for 15-s periods with 60s intervals between applications. Prolonged (lOmin) exposure to CCh caused a time-dependent decline of IK(ACh) and a marked reduction (desensitization) of the response to subsequent application of CCh. In the absence of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) in the pipette, only partial resensitization occurred within 20min after CCh washout. The desensitization to CCh could also be obtained when adenosine (20μm) was used to activate this current. Therefore, this desensitization must be heterologous. In the presence of isoproterenol (ISO, 3 μm), 1Ca(L) increased. Acetylcholine continued to inhibit this current at a time when its activation of IK(ACh) had become desensitized. Muscarinic inhibition of 1Ca(L) eventually desensitized but only after IK(ACh) desensitization had occurred. Because of its heterologous nature, as well as of the ability of ACh to desensitize in the presence of intrapipette dextran, which is reported to inhibit β-adrenergic receptor kinase (βARK), it seems unlikely that βARK-dependent phosphorylation of the muscarinic receptor (mAChR) accounted for desensitization. The differential desensitization time course is consistent with the hypothesis that different subunits of G1 the inhibitory guanine nucleotide binding protein, not only transduce the agonist effects of ACh on IK(ACh) and ICa(L) but are also subjected to different inactivation/regulation processes.
Differences and similarities in the community roles of three rocky intertidal surfgrasses

Abstract To investigate the use of morphological and taxonomic similarities among species in developing ecological generalizations, this study compares the organization of three communities, each dominated by a different surfgrass species. In Oregon, Phyllospadix serrulatus Rupr. ex Aschers. (Potamogetonaceae) lives in the middle intertidal zone; P. scouleri Hook. in the low intertidal zone; P. torreyi S. Wats. in the infralittoral fringe. In the study areas, the three communities differed in several respects: (1) distinct assemblages of plants and animals were associated with each surfgrass species; (2) after experimental removal of surfgrass, upright algal cover increased at different rates; (3) different species invaded following surfgrass removal. Algal cover increased most rapidly after P. scouleri removal, more slowly after P. torreyi removal, and most slowly after P. serrulatus removal. The green alga Ulva and the red alga Rhodomela larix (Turn.) C.Ag. dominated following Phyllospadix scouleri removal, the red algae Odonthalia floccosa (Esp.) Falk. and Iridaea cordata (Turn.) Bory dominated after Phyllospadix torreyi removal, and the red alga Gigartina papillata dominated Phyllospadix serrulatus removal. These three surfgrass communities also resembled each other in several basic respects: all three species (1) are spatial dominants (over 80% cover) forming persistent beds, (2) prevent other organisms from invading, and (3) recover slowly from disturbance, over 3 yr to recover from a 0.25-m2 surfgrass removal. These three surfgrasses appear to play similar roles in their communities. Morphologically similar species, such as other species in the genus Phyllospadix, other seagrasses, or large algae, may play similar roles in their communities.
ANTIOXIDANT EFFECTS OF SOY PROTEIN HYDROLYSATES ON COPPER‐CATALYZED METHYL LINOLEATE OXIDATION

Oxidation of methyl linoleate in a model emulsion system containing soy protein and copper was studied. The prooxidative effect of soy protein was inhibited following proteolysis. Both the TBA test and diene conjugation measurements showed similar oxidative patterns. The inhibitory effect of the proteolytic treatment was ascribed to the binding of copper by proteolytic products and these copper complexes appeared to be less catalytic than the intact protein-copper complex. However, the release of bound antioxidant phenolics or copper chelating agents, e.g. phytic acid following proteolysis, may also be involved.
Nuclear energy without reprocessing: A future made possible by energy conservation

Abstract The achievements of energy conservation and the promise of future progress have rendered economically unattractive for many decades the separation of plutonium from spent reactor fuel (reprocessing) and its recycle into breeder or light water reactors. Despite this, reprocessing and recycle are already underway in Europe and Japan. If unchecked, these activities, by the end of the century, will lead to an annual flow in routine commerce of tens of thousands of kilograms of separated plutonium, a circumstance which would pose a grave threat to international security. However, continued stagnation of nuclear power programs in much of the world, due significantly to greatly reduced growth rates in electricity demand, will underscore the economic folly of reprocessing and recycle and may eventually encourage their abandonment.