cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of individual and group rearing on age and size at maturity of male mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis

Age and size at sexual maturity were significantly greater for male mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis Baird and Girard, reared in sib-groups than for their sibs reared individually. Age at sexual maturity averaged 43.3 and 62.1 days for individually- and group-reared males, respectively, a 43% difference; final length and weight at maturity were 7.7 and 34.2% greater, respectively, for group-reared males than for their individually-reared sibs. The results were consistent among 30 families that represented the progeny of 30 wild-caught females. The observed differences may be attributable to behavioural interactions affecting the neuroendocrine control of the maturation process, as suggested by previous studies of Xiphophorus.
Rapid miniaturized chromatography for Tc-99m IDA agents: comparison with gel chromatography.

Miniaturized chromatographic systems for determining free pertechnetate and hydrolyzed reduced 99mTc levels in comericial 99mTc-labeled iminodiacetate (IDA) hepatobiliary radio-pharmaceuticals were evaluated and the results compared with gel chromatography column scanning (GCS). Commercial IDA agents were evaluated including 2,6-dimethyl IDA, p-isopropyl IDA, p-butyl IDA, and 2,6-diisopropyl IDA. Of all the chromatography systems evaluated, only Gelman ITLC-SA with 20% NaCl and Gelman ITLC-SG with distilled water correlated with GCS in evaluating free pertechnetate and hydrolyzed reduced 99mTc levels for all IDA radiopharmaceuticals. The miniaturized chromatography procedure, as outlined, is rapid, taking less than 4 min, and can easily be incorporated into the daily quality control program in any nuclear medicine facility.
Curbing the greenhouse effect by carbon dioxide adsorption with Zeolite 13X

The removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) from industrial emissions has become essential in the fight against climate change. In this study, we employed Zeolite 13X for the capture and recovery of CO2 in a flow through system where the adsorbent was subjected to five adsorption-desorption cycles. The influent stream contained 1.5% CO2 at standard conditions. The adsorbent bed was 1 in. in length and 1 in. 3/8 in dia., and was packed with 10 g of the zeolite. Temperature swing adsorption (TSA) was employed as the regeneration method through heating to approximately 135 °C with helium as the purge gas. The adsorbent capacity at 90% saturation was found to decrease from 78 to 60gCO2/kgZeolite13X after the fifth cycle. The CO2 capture ratio or the mass of CO2 adsorbed to the total mass that entered the system decreased from 63% to only 61% after the fifth cycle. The CO2 recovery efficiency ranged from 82 to 93% during desorption, and the CO2 relative recovery, i.e., CO2 desorbed for the nth cycle to CO2 adsorbed for the first cycle, ranged from 88 to 68%. The service life of the adsorbent was determined to be equal to eleven cycles at a useful capacity of 40gCO2/kgZeolite13X. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
An exact CSP beam representation for EM wave radiation

It is known that complex source point beams are exact solutions of the Maxwell's equations everywhere in in space. By using this property, it is shown in this work that any fully vector EM field can be exactly expanded in terms of CSP beams launched from an arbitrary surface enclosing the EM sources. The approach is based on the analytical extension of the surface equivalence theorem to the case in which the equivalent surface becomes complex. Three different variations of the surface equivalence theorem are considered, and the properties of each are discussed. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the exactness and efficiency of the approach. The resulting CSP beam expansion is expected to be useful in the solution of the EM radiation/scattering problems involving complicated environments, such as reflector problems and radome problems.
Order–disorder transitions of π‐conjugated polymers in condensed phases. I. General theory

A novel statistical mechanical theory for the order–disorder transformations of conjugated polymers in dilute solution and neat amorphous films is proposed. Single chain configurational statistics and the conformation‐dependent polymer–solvent interactions are included in the basic formulation. Abrupt transition phenomena arise from the energetic stabilization of the rod‐like conformation via the interaction of the delocalized electrons of the polymer backbone with the surrounding polarizable solvent. The theory is developed in detail for π‐conjugated polymers (polyenes and polydiacetylenes) in dilute solution and makes a significant number of qualitative and quantitative predictions. Available experimental data are consistent with the theoretical picture and a variety of additional experiments are suggested to critically test the proposed ideas. The statistical mechanical formalism is generalized to allow for intramolecular hydrogen bonding, polydispersity, solvent mixtures, defect correlations, and substituent disorder. These effects have quantitative consequences but do not change the qualitative physics of the proposed three‐dimensional solvation mechanism for the coupled electronic‐conformational transitions. Preliminary application of the theory to amorphous films is briefly considered.
Composition depth profiling by soft x-ray laser-ablation mass spectrometry

Mass spectrometry plays a vital role in the direct examination of the chemical composition of solids. We have introduced the use of soft x-ray laser ablation for mass spectrometry imaging. Here we demonstrate the method potential for composition depth profiling of multilayer stacks consisting of tens of nanometers thick metal and dielectric films.
Behavioural specificity of β-endorphin suppression of sexual behavior: differential receptor antagonism

Abstract Open field behavior was observed in conjunction with mating behavior to discern whether the effect of intraventricular (ICV) β-endorphin (β-END) on sexual behavior may be secondary to akinesia. Three groups of ovariectomized, estrogen-progesterone-primed rats each received counterbalanced treatments of saline ICV, 2 μg β-END ICV, or μg β-END ICV in combination with a selective opioid receptor antagonist. Receptive behavior (lordosis) and proceptive behaviors (presentation and ear wiggling) were consistently suppressed by β-END, while ambulation was unaffected. Rearing and grooming were generally decreased, although this effect was statistically significant in only one experiment. Pretreatment with the μ-1 antagonist naloxazone (50 mg/kg intravenously) reversed the effects of β-END on all behaviors tested. The σ receptor antagonist ICI-154,129 (12.5 and 50 μg ICV) only partially reversed the sexual effects of β-END but completely reversed the open field effects. It is concluded that the suppressive effects of β-END on sexual behavior, while not behaviorally specific, is not secondary to opioid-induced akinesia.
A Novel Polymer Supported Approach to Nucleoside Modification

Polymer-supported O6-(benzotriazol-1-yl)inosine derivatives (Pol-I and Pol-dI) have been synthesized reasonably effectively via reaction of nucleoside phosphonium salts with polymer-linked HOBt (Pol-HOBt). In constast to solution chemistry, use of polymer-supported BOP (Pol-BOP) did not lead to efficient nucleoside loading. Presence of the nucleosides on the support could be readily detected by MAS NMR. Exposure of the polymer-supported nucleosides, Pol-I and Pol-dI, to alcohol, phenol, thiol and amine nucleophiles caused cleavage from the support leading directly to the C-6 modified nucleoside analogues. To our knowledge, these are the first examples of the application of such technology for nucleoside modification. Where possible, results of reactions with the polymer-supported nucleosides are compared to those from solution chemistry, providing insight into the differences between the two techniques. These new polymer-supported nucleosides can be conveniently utilized for diversity-oriented synthesis.
Frequency Domain Design for Robust Performance Under Parametric, Unstructured, or Mixed Uncertainties

This article looks at direct frequency domain design for satisfying robust performance objectives in uncertain, linear time invariant (LTI) plants embedded in a single feedback loop. The uncertain plants may be described by parametric, nonparametric (or unstructured), or mixed uncertain models. Quantitative Feedback Theory (QFT) is one frequency domain design methodology that is direct and is equally effective with any of these models
A low-carb diet for a high-octane pathogen.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis adapts to the low-glucose conditions in its host by using lipids as a fuel source. This adaptation reveals a weak flank that might be exploited in drug development, as shown in work on mice and human cells (pages 638–644).
Cyclotron resonance of electrons in Si n-inversion layers at low densities: Many-body effects or localization?

A systematic investigation of electron cyclotron resonance on a series of Si MOS devices with surface vicinal to (100) and mobilities differing by a factor of two has been carried out at low temperatures and low densities. A multiple-line structure has been observed; the center of gravity and the overall linewidth show the same qualitative behavior as earlier work. Varying the surface crystallographic plane has little effect on these qualitative features. The poorer mobility sample shows larger frequency shifts which indicate the importance of localization.
Determination of homovanillic acid, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and pressure in the cerebrospinal fluid of Collie dogs following administration of ivermectin

Twelve adult Collie dogs were studied to determine the effects of ivermectin on neurotransmitter metabolites released from the brain into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and on CSF pressure. Ten of the 12 Collies were given ivermectin orally at a concentration of 200 μg/kg body weight. Three of these 10 Collies showed clinical signs of ivermectin-induced toxicosis which progressed into a state of unresponsive recumbency in 2 dogs. Cerebrospinal fluid pressures and neurotransmitter metabolite concentrations in cisterna magna CSF were analysed 49 to 50 hours after administration of ivermectin in 6 of the 10 treated dogs, and in the 2 untreated control Collies. Cerebrospinal fluid pressures were within normal limits in all dogs. However, compared to the CSF concentrations in the 2 untreated and 3 non-reactive Collies, the 2 ivermectin-reactive Collies still in recumbency had elevated CSF concentrations of homovanillic acid (HVA), a metabolite of dopamine, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), a metabolite of serotonin. These findings suggest an association between altered neurotransmission and severe ivermectin-induced neurological abnormalities. No evidence of elevated intracranial pressure was found.
Stability of exploratory multivariate data modeling in longitudinal data

Exploratory data-driven multivariate analysis provides a means of investigating underlying structure in complex data. To explore the stability of multivariate data modeling, we have applied a common method of multivariate modeling (factor analysis) to the Genetic Analysis Workshop 13 (GAW13) Framingham Heart Study data. Given the longitudinal nature of the data, multivariate models were generated independently for a number of different time points (corresponding to cross-sectional clinic visits for the two cohorts), and compared. In addition, each multivariate model was used to generate factor scores, which were then used as a quantitative trait in variance component-based linkage analysis to investigate the stability of linkage signals over time. We found surprisingly good correlation between factor models (i.e., predicted factor structures), maximum LOD scores, and locations of maximum LOD scores (0.81 0.99 for peak locations; and 0.67< ρ <0.93 for peak LOD scores). Furthermore, the regions implicated by linkage analysis with these factor scores have also been observed in other studies, further validating our exploratory modeling.
Effect of culture media on self-organization and protein synthesis of neural retina cells.

Abstract 1. 1. Seven-day-old chick embryo neural retina cells were grown in a totally chemically defined medium for 20 hr in rotation-mediated cultures. 2. 2. Supplementation of the medium with 5–10 mg/ml of crystalline bovine serum albumin enhanced the degree of aggregation and the morphologic appearance of the preparation. 3. 3. Small amounts of added protein had a marked stimulatory effect on the incorporation of glucosamine and glycine into the aggregates. 4. 4. At an albumin concentration of 5 mg/ml in MEM, protein synthesis was only slightly slower and the size of the aggregates were about the same as were obtained in serum containing control media. 5. 5. Glycine incorporation was more sensitive to the presence of macromolecules than glucosamine incorporation.
The development of photopic spectral sensitivity in human infants.

Abstract The photopic spectral sensitivity of 28 light-adapted human infants, ranging in age from 3 to 22 weeks, and of 3 light-adapted adults, was determined from the implicit time of the visually evoked response (VER). Results indicate that while the spectral sensitivity functions of the older infants (15–22 weeks) are similar to the adult function, the functions of the younger infants (3–14 weeks) show a relative elevation in sensitivity in the short-wave region of the spectrum. A possible explanation is that extrafoveal cones make a relatively greater contribution to the VER of very young infants, whose macular development may not be complete, than to that of older infants and adults.
Cord—Rubber Tire Composites: Theory and Applications

Abstract The stiffness and strength behavior of the constituent cord and rubber components of the pneumatic tire have been studied in detail by investigators in the industry since the early days of tire production. For example, the effect of twist on the stress-strain properties of cotton tire cord and the reinforcing effect of carbon black on the modulus of natural rubber were well known phenomena many decades ago. Similarly, differences between the elastic and viscoelastic behavior of cord and rubber have been well documented since the 1940's. On the other hand, the material properties (specifically, the elastic constants) of the cord-rubber composite system that comprises the tire are not as well known and have only begun to receive serious attention in the last decade. These tire elastic properties, whether they be referred to as stiffnesses, compliances or moduli, are anisotropic—i.e., they vary with direction. It is the properties of the anisotropic cord-rubber composite that primarily control the o...
Symptoms of DSM-III-R major depression in adolescence: Evidence from an epidemiological survey.

ABSTRACT Objective To examine the phenomenology of DSM-III-R major depression among adolescents diagnosed as “cases” in a community-based epidemiology study. Method A representative sample (N = 1,710) of older adolescents from several Oregon communities were interviewed using structured diagnostic schedules and DSM-III-R criteria in two annual assessments. Although the focus was depression, diagnoses were made for most child and adolescent psychiatric disorders. Results Nearly 30% of the sample at baseline had at least one current symptom of DSM-III-R major depression, but only 2.6% received a diagnosis. The most prevalent symptoms at baseline were depressed mood, sleep, and thinking problems. For new, or incident cases, the most frequent symptoms involved depressed mood, anhedonia, and thinking problems. Among those adolescents who had experienced two episodes of major depression, there was low concordance across episodes for both diagnostic criteria and specific symptoms. Comparisons with six studies of adolescent patients indicate our community “cases” are phenomenologically very similar to clinical cases of major depression in treatment settings. Conclusions The results presented, along with those from other studies of adults and children, provide strong evidence that DSM criteria for major depression are appropriate for adolescents. That is, DSM-III-R symptom criteria are manifested by both youths and adults, although the relative frequency of these criterion symptoms appear to be age-related.
High Hf Content NiTiHf Shape Memory Films

Polycrystalline NiTiHf films with around 9at% Hf have been successfully deposited from a single NiTiHf target using a DC magnetron sputtering system. Free standing films were obtained by depositing the films on single crystal silicon substrates. Thickness of the films was controlled between 10-12µm. In this investigation, the effects of deposition temperature on the crystallinity and transformation temperatures of the films were studied. Substrate temperature during deposition was varied between 300°C and 700°C at 100°C intervals. The influence of heat treatment temperature on the properties of the films was also investigated. The heat treatment temperature was between 300°C and 800°C at 100° C intervals. Transformation temperatures of these films were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The crystallinity was determined using x-ray diffractometry. It was found that all the as-deposited films were crystalline even when the substrate temperature was as low as 300°C. Both martensite and austenite transformation temperatures increase with increasing substrate temperature and increasing heat treatment temperature.
Towards effective and interpretable data mining by visual interaction

The primary aim of most data mining algorithms is to facilitate the discovery of concise and interpretable information from large amounts of data. However, many of the current formalizations of data mining algorithms have not quite reached this goal. One of the reasons for this is that the focus on using purely automated techniques has imposed several constraints on data mining algorithms. For example, any data mining problem such as clustering or association rules requires the specification of particular problem formulations, objective functions, and parameters. Such systems fail to take the user's needs into account very effectively. This makes it necessary to keep the user in the loop in a way which is both efficient and interpretable. One unique way of achieving this is by leveraging human visual perceptions on intermediate data mining results. Such a system combines the computational power of a computer and the intuitive abilities of a human to provide solutions which cannot be achieved by either. This paper will discuss a number of recent approaches to several data mining algorithms along these lines.
Flight Results of the NF-15B Intelligent Flight Control System (IFCS) Aircraft with Adaptation to a Longitudinally Destabilized Plant

Adaptive flight control systems have the potential to be resilient to extreme changes in airplane behavior. Extreme changes could be a result of a system failure or of damage to the airplane. The goal for the adaptive system is to provide an increase in survivability in the event that these extreme changes occur. A direct adaptive neural-network-based flight control system was developed for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration NF-15B Intelligent Flight Control System airplane. The adaptive element was incorporated into a dynamic inversion controller with explicit reference model-following. As a test the system was subjected to an abrupt change in plant stability simulating a destabilizing failure. Flight evaluations were performed with and without neural network adaptation. The results of these flight tests are presented. Comparison with simulation predictions and analysis of the performance of the adaptation system are discussed. The performance of the adaptation system is assessed in terms of its ability to stabilize the vehicle and reestablish good onboard reference model-following. Flight evaluation with the simulated destabilizing failure and adaptation engaged showed improvement in the vehicle stability margins. The convergent properties of this initial system warrant additional improvement since continued maneuvering caused continued adaptation change. Compared to the non-adaptive system the adaptive system provided better closed-loop behavior with improved matching of the onboard reference model. A detailed discussion of the flight results is presented.
The family on television: Evaluation of gender roles in situation comedy

This study investigated whether television domestic comedies’ depictions of gender roles within the family have changed in the past 40 years. Ten domestic comedies were selected based on their popularity and the inclusion of siblings. These series were divided into two groups—pre and post 1984, given the time span covered by the series and the series’ setting. College students screened three representative episodes and made subsequent judgments on the portrayals of similarity, equality, and dominance, family satisfaction and family stability in the spousal, sibling, and familial relationships. Results indicated the depictions of gender roles fluctuated throughout the period, with peaks in satisfaction and stability ratings in the 1950s and mid-1980s. More recent domestic comedies contained less positive depictions, specifically displaying more dominance and less satisfaction and stability. Subjects reported families that were more distressed were less desirable and less like their own.
Effects of Circulating Estradiol During Rat Estrous Cycle on LH Release Following Electrochemical Stimulation of Preoptic Brain or Administration of Synthetic LRF

Serum levels of estradiol (E2) and LH during the 5-day rat estrous cycle were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Serum E2 during the period between diestrus II and proestrus appeared to rise in a biphasic manner. The small and variable rise in serum E2 during diestrus II was followed by a marked rise (2–3- fold) at 0800 hr of proestrus I (day 3 postovulation). Thereafter E2 levels increased slowly through proestrus I until just prior to the surge of LH on proestrus II (day 4 postovulation). E2 levels declined asserum LH rose at 1800 hr of proestrus II. The temporal relationship between the circulating levelsof E2 during the estrous cycle and the release of LH after electrochemical stimulation(EC) of the medial preoptic area fMPOA) or administration of LH releasing factor (LRF) was next studied. Minimal increase in plasma LH was observed after EC stimulation of MPOA either during diestrus II when blood E2 values were low, or on morning of proestrus I when E2 levels were markedly elevated. However, with ...
Synthesis of Grunerite, Fe 7 Si 8 O 22 (OH) 2

GRUNERITE is a major rock-forming silicate in several metamorphosed sedimentary iron formations and is an important indicator of metamorphic grade in these rocks1. There have therefore been several attempts to determine experimentally the amphibole's thermal stability limits2–6. But these efforts have been frustrated by the inability to synthesize grunerite directly from oxide starting materials. Thus data on the stability range of grunerite must be inferred from field relations and oxygen isotope work7. Flaschen and Osborn2 found that grunerite formed only as a metastable decomposition product of minnesotaite (Fe3Si4O10(OH)2) at temperatures above 480° C and concluded that grunerite did not have a stability range under the conditions investigated. Kopp and Harris8 synthesized grunerite in the system NaOH–SiO2–Fe–H2O and Schurmann5 produced the amphibole by using bulk compositions which contained 2.7 weight per cent CaO. But the chemical composition of the grunerite produced in each case may depart significantly from the ideal Fe7Si8O22(OH)2 formula.
Wafer scale tilt-compensated silicon nanowire atomic force microscopy probes for high aspect ratio geometries

Using site controlled growth of single vapor-liquid-solid silicon nanowires, high aspect ratio tilt-compensated atomic force microscope probes are fabricated on a wafer scale. Methods are developed to sculpt the tips of these probes for desirable performance attributes. Probe performance is explored by imaging high aspect ratio structures using an atomic force microscope. Wafer scale tilt-compensated silicon nanowire probes are an excellent mass producible platform for non-destructive topographic imaging of high aspect ratio features.
RNA biosensor for the rapid detection of viable Escherichia coli in drinking water.

A highly sensitive and specific RNA biosensor was developed for the rapid detection of viable Escherichia coli as an indicator organism in water. The biosensor is coupled with protocols developed earlier for the extraction and amplification of mRNA molecules from E. coli [Anal. Biochem. 303 (2002) 186]. However, in contrast to earlier detection methods, the biosensor allows the rapid detection and quantification of E. coli mRNA in only 15-20 min. In addition, the biosensor is portable, inexpensive and very easy to use, which makes it an ideal detection system for field applications. Viable E. coli are identified and quantified via a 200 nt-long target sequence from mRNA (clpB) coding for a heat shock protein. For sample preparation, a heat shock is applied to the cells prior to disruption. Then, mRNA is extracted, purified and finally amplified using the isothermal amplification technique Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA). The amplified RNA is then quantified with the biosensor. The biosensor is a membrane-based DNA/RNA hybridization system using liposome amplification. The various biosensor components such as DNA probe sequences and concentration, buffers, incubation times have been optimized, and using a synthetic target sequence, a detection limit of 5 fmol per sample was determined. An excellent correlation to a much more elaborate and expensive laboratory based detection system was demonstrated, which can detect as few as 40 E. coli cfu/ml. Finally, the assay was tested regarding its specificity; no false positive signals were obtained from other microorganisms or from nonviable E. coli cells.
In Situ Raman Indentation of β‐Eucryptite: Characterization of the Pressure‐Induced Phase Transformation

A pressure-induced phase transformation in the lithium aluminum silicate β-eucryptite was studied with in situ Raman spectroscopy. Dense β-eucryptite composites were made via powder synthesis followed by sintering. The specimens were then subjected to diamond indentation up to applied contact stresses of about 8 GPa, while collecting Raman spectra. The appearance of a Raman peak (∼520 cm−1) at a contact stress of about 3 GPa likely corresponds to the reversible phase transformation of β-eucryptite to the orthorhombic phase ɛ-eucryptite. Loading and unloading in situ Raman indentation experiments are discussed with regards to this transformation.
Regulation of pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis through expression of integrins αVβ3 and αVβ5 on pulmonary T lymphocytes

Objective Pulmonary diseases associated with fibrosis, including scleroderma lung disease, are characterized by the accumulation of T cells in the lungs. These cells are thought to facilitate lung fibrosis, but the exact mechanisms of their profibrotic action are not clear. Several αV-containing integrins, including αVβ3 and αVβ5, have been shown to directly activate transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and promote collagen accumulation. The aim of this study was to investigate whether pulmonary T cells express profibrotic integrins and regulate collagen accumulation. Methods Expression of integrins was assessed by immunohistochemical analysis of lung tissue, by flow cytometry using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc), and in a CCL18 overexpression animal model of pulmonary T cell infiltration. Experiments in cell cultures were performed to determine whether integrin-expressing T cells are profibrotic in cocultures with pulmonary fibroblasts and, if so, through what possible mechanism. Results Lymphocytes and integrin-positive cells were present in the lungs, and pulmonary T cells expressed integrins αVβ3 and αVβ5 in patients with SSc and in the animal model. Systemic administration of neutralizing anti–integrin αV antibody or a genetic deficiency of integrin β3 in the CCL18 overexpression model significantly attenuated CCL18-driven pulmonary lymphocytic infiltration and collagen accumulation. Jurkat T cells overexpressing integrin αVβ3 or integrin αVβ5 in cocultures with primary pulmonary fibroblasts stimulated collagen accumulation and Smad2 nuclear translocation. Neutralizing anti-TGFβ antibody attenuated the profibrotic effect of integrin-expressing T cells. Conclusion Pulmonary infiltrating T lymphocytes may express integrins αVβ3 and αVβ5 that are necessary for lymphocytic infiltration and T cell–associated TGFβ activation and collagen accumulation.
A Baseband Technique for Automated LO Leakage Suppression Achieving < −80dBm in Wideband Passive Mixer-First Receivers

A baseband technique is presented to detect and suppress LO leakage in wideband passive mixer-first receivers. Using a variable shunting resistance on the RF port, the LO leakage signal is modulated, down-converted and detected from baseband outputs. Current DACs injecting to the baseband port are up-converted and can be adjusted to cancel LO leakage. Suppression of LO on the RF port < −80dBm is shown with a fully automated algorithm without the aid of RF spectrum monitoring. Index Terms — Harmonic mixing, local oscillator (LO) leakage, mixer, passive mixer, receiver, software-defined radio (SDR), wideband receiver.
Liminality, Authority, and Value: Reported Speech in Epideictic Rhetoric

Reported speech—the verbal phenomenon wherein a speaker attributes words or ideas to a previous speaker—is a highly potent rhetorical practice in epideictic oratory. Its role is not as straightforward as one might suppose, as exemplified by a case study of Native American powwow rhetoric. In this study, epideictic speakers typify and construct reported speech, using both analytic and formulaic modes to elaborate on ceremonial messages. I suggest that the role of reported speech is twofold: to validate authority and to construct value. The formulae in particular are useful rhetorical devices in reifying “equality” in powwow social structure. Epideictic rhetoric employing reported speech does not merely perform the significance of a given society; it constructs and manipulates interaction in order to minimize differential identities. More importantly, reported speech is a particular triadic discourse that parallels the transformation phase of ritual, known as liminality. This essay asserts that liminality is at the heart of all epideictic rhetoric and is thus crucial for understanding ritual discourse such as reported speech.
Fertilization but not irrigation influences hydraulic traits in plantation-grown loblolly pine

Abstract The goal of the study was to explore hydraulic traits in a 4-year-old loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) plantation to better understand plasticity of this species to resource availability. The influence of a factorial combination of irrigation (130 mm year −1 versus 494 mm year −1 ) and fertilization (0 kg N ha −1 year −1 versus 80 kg N ha −1 year −1 ) on stand-level transpiration, canopy stomatal conductance ( G S ), sapwood area to leaf area ratio ( A S : A L ), root area to leaf area ratio ( A R : A L ), and leaf specific hydraulic conductance ( G L ) was examined. The study site was located on the Savannah River Site near Aiken, SC. Transpiration was measured continuously over 11 months using thermal dissipation probes. Transpiration per unit ground area summed over the 11 months increased from 223 to 420 mm with fertilization, and transpiration per unit leaf area also increased with fertilization, suggesting increased growth efficiency. Fertilization increased A S : A L , G L , G S and leaf water potential but had no effect on A R : A L . Less aboveground woody biomass allocation to branches or greater growth efficiency may account for higher A S : A L in fertilized trees. Irrigation had no influence on hydraulic traits and the influence of fertilization on hydraulic traits was independent of irrigation. Fertilization increased growth whereas irrigation had little effect on growth and fertilization effects. These results indicate that hydraulic traits of loblolly pine are sensitive to nitrogen availability.
Excimers and Exciplexes of Conjugated Polymers

Observations of intermolecular excimers in several pi-conjugated polymers and exciplexes of these polymers with tris(p-tolyl) amine are reported. It is shown that the luminescence of conjugated polymer thin films originates from excimer emission and that the generally low quantum yield is the result of self-quenching. Thus, in sufficiently dilute solution, the "single-chain" emission has a quantum yield of unity. Exciplex luminescence and exciplex-mediated charge photogeneration have much higher quantum yields than the excimer-mediated photophysical processes. These results provide a basis for understanding and controlling the photophysics of conjugated polymers in terms of supramolecular structure and morphology.
Residue 17 of Sauvagine Cross-links to the First Transmembrane Domain of Corticotropin-releasing Factor Receptor 1 (CRFR1)

Corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 (CRFR1) mediates the physiological actions of corticotropin-releasing factor in the anterior pituitary gland and the central nervous system. Using chemical cross-linking we have previously reported that residue 16 of sauvagine (SVG) is in a close proximity to the second extracellular loop of CRFR1. Here we introduced p-benzoylphenylalanine (Bpa) at position 17 of a sauvagine analog, [Tyr0, Gln1, Bpa17]SVG, to covalently label CRFR1 and characterize the cross-linking site. Using a combination of receptor mutagenesis, peptide mapping, and N-terminal sequencing, we identified His117 within the first transmembrane domain (TM1) of CRFR1 as the cross-linking site for Bpa17 of 125I-[Tyr0, Gln1, Bpa17]SVG. These data indicate that, within the SVG-CRFR1 complex, residue 17 of the ligand lies withina9A distance from residue 117 of the TM1 of CRFR1. The molecular proximity between residue 17 of the ligand and TM1 of CRFR1 described here and between residue 16 of the ligand and the CRFR1 second extracellular loop described previously provides useful molecular constraints for modeling ligand-receptor interaction in mammalian cells expressing CRFR1.
CONFORMATION OF A CONJUGATED POLYELECTROLYTE IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION: SMALL ANGLE NEUTRON SCATTERING

Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) by a conjugated, luminescent polyelectrolyte, poly[5-methoxy-2-(4-sulfobutoxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MBL-PPV), was investigated at semi-dilute concentrations in aqueous solution at room temperature. The polymer conformation was studied in pure deteurated water and in solutions with added salt, in solutions with added dicationic quencher and in solutions with added surfactant. A single broad peak in the scattered intensity, I(q), was observed for all concentrations in salt free solutions; the peak position and peak intensity per monomer unit scale with the MBL-PPV concentration as qm ∼ c1/2 and I(qm)/c ∼ c-1/2, respectively. The upturn of I(q) at low q (q<0.08A−−) results from aggregation of the polymer chains; the sizes of the aggregates increase with increasing concentration. The addition of excess salt completely removes the broad peak from the scattering pattern as the salt ions screen the repulsive interchain electrostatic interaction. In high salt solutions, I(...
Half-of-the sites reactivity and negative co-operativity: the case of yeast glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Abstract Covalent modification of two of the four cysteine-149 residues of yeast glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, at pH 8.5, decreases the reactivity of the remaining two cysteine-149 residues and essentially inactivates the protein. The structure of the modifying reagent has only a secondary influence on this half-of-the-sites effect. Reactivity studies, together with the existing X-ray and sequence studies, suggest that the four active sites are initially functionally identical both in activity and in cysteine reactivity. The half-of-the-sites effect therefore arises in part or in whole from ligand-induced negatively co-operative conformational changes. A detailed kinetic study with iodoacetamide gives relative values of two rapidly reacting groups, a third more slowly reacting, and a fourth very slowly reacting group. These data, added to the existing data on cytidine triphosphate synthetase and alkaline phosphatase, suggest that the half-of-the-sites phenomena in many enzymes may be explained by ligand-induced negative co-operativity triggered by binding or covalent bond formation or both.
Identification of the Sites Phosphorylated by Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase on the β2 Subunit of L-Type Voltage-Dependent Calcium Channels†

Voltage-dependent L-type calcium (Ca) channels are heteromultimeric proteins that are regulated through phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). We demonstrated that the β2 subunit w...
Ethanol Blends and Engine Operating Strategy Effects on Light-Duty Spark-Ignition Engine Particle Emissions

Spark-ignition (SI) engines with direct-injection (DI) fueling can improve fuel economy and vehicle power beyond that of port fuel injection (PFI). Despite this distinct advantage, DI fueling often increases particle number emissions, such that SI exhaust may be subject to future particle emissions regulations. In this study, ethanol blends and engine operating strategy are evaluated for their effectiveness in reducing particle emissions in DI engines. The investigated fuels include a baseline emissions certification gasoline, a blend of 20 vol % ethanol with gasoline (E20), and a blend of 85 vol % ethanol with gasoline (E85). The operating strategies investigated reflect the versatility of emerging cam-based variable valve actuation technology capable of unthrottled operation with either early or late intake valve closing (EIVC or LIVC). Particle emissions are characterized in this study by the particle number size distribution as measured with a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) and by the filter ...
Evaluation of Low Impact Military Tires3

Abstract Laboratory and field tests were conducted on three low impact tires (Interco Trxus, Mickey Thompson BAHA Belted HP, Kevlar Dick Cepek F-C) and a standard, currently used military tire (Goodyear Wrangler MT). Laboratory tests include deflection, rutting, and plunger tests at pressures ranging from 10 to 30 psi and loads ranging from 600 to 2000 lbs. Footprint area was also measured. Field tests consisted of: (1) driving single tires over a plunger at slow speeds and measuring plunger depth, (2) driving the vehicle (modified M1008) in a straight line at various tire pressures and measuring rut depth and disturbed width, (3) driving vehicle (M1097A1) spirals in sand and measuring rut depth and disturbed width, and (4) driving vehicle (modified M1008) spirals over vegetation and measuring disturbed width and vegetative impacts. Although differences between the tire performances exist, this study did not reveal any tires exhibiting consistently lower impact potential than the Goodyear Wrangler MT tire.
Period and Cohort Effects on Religious Nonaffiliation and Religious Disaffiliation: A Research Note

Period and cohort effects on reports of no religious preference and religious disaffiliation are estimated. Results show that by 2006, the probability of reporting no religious preference had risen to almost .16. Additionally, the growing proportion of Americans raised with no religious preference substantially influences the increase in reporting no religious preference. Two recently developed analysis techniques for disentangling period and cohort effects are used: intrinsic estimator models and cross-classified, random-effects models. Results show (1) period-based increases in the probability of reporting no religious preference from 1990 to 2006, (2) across-cohort increases in no religious preference beginning with those born in the 1940s, and (3) a decline in the likelihood of religious disaffiliation (being raised with a religious preference but currently reporting no religious preference) for those born in the 1960s and 1970s compared to those born between 1945 and 1959.
Production of secondary deciduomata in the castrate and lactating rat.

A TRAUMATIC stimulus applied to the uterus of the rat or mouse induces a local endometrial reaction known as a deciduoma, which reaches maximum size in about four days. It has been established that progestational hormone is essential for the production and maintenance of the deciduoma and that excessive amounts of estrogenic hormone interfere with production and maintenance. It has also been both claimed (Selye and McKeown, 1935; Lyon and Allen, 1943; Atkinson and Leathern, 1945) and denied (Rothchild and Meyer 1942) that the presence of established deciduomata inhibit the development of further deciduomata. The purpose of this study was to investigate these latter conflicting claims. METHODS AND RESULTS The production of secondary deciduomata in the castrate rat. Ten adult female albino rats were castrated during the estrus phase of their vaginal cycles. Daily treatment with 1.0 mg. subcutaneous progesterone2 in 0.2 cc. peanut oil was started on the next day.
Pancreaticoduodenectomy for suspected malignancy: have advancements in radiographic imaging improved results?

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of recent improvements in radiographic imaging in detecting malignant pancreatic disease. Methods A review of 132 patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy for suspected malignancy from 1998 to 2005 was performed. Since 1998, patients were evaluated with helical computed tomography and since 2002 with multidetection scanners. Results Seventeen patients (12.9%) had nonneoplastic disease. The majority of these patients had chronic fibrosing pancreatitis (11 patients) and sclerosing lymphoplasmacytic pancreatitis (4 patients). The incidence of benign disease in patients undergoing resection from 1998 to 2001 (n = 45) was 8.9% in comparison to 14.9% for patients treated from 2002 to 2005 (n = 87, P = .39). Conclusion Advances in imaging modalities made during the study period did not improve our ability to discriminate between benign inflammatory conditions and neoplastic disease. The inability to distinguish benign from neoplastic disease justifies the use of pancreaticoduodenectomy in the appropriate clinical setting.
Proper smooth G-manifolds have complete G-invariant Riemannian metrics

Abstract Assume G is a Lie group, K is a compact subgroup of G and M is a proper smooth G-manifold. Using properties of the regular representations L 2 ( G ) and L 2 ( K ) , we first prove results about extending certain representations and embedding homogeneous spaces smoothly into Hilbert G-spaces. We then prove that M can be embedded as a closed smooth G-invariant submanifold of some Hilbert G-space. It follows that M admits a complete G-invariant smooth Riemannian metric.
Nuclear spin-state mixing in the NH 2 radical

Nuclear spin-state mixing affects magnetic resonance and relaxation, thereby providing means to obtain information about molecular and electronic structure and, through spin polarization of nuclear targets, nucleon structure. In this report a calculation of matrix elements of the intramolecular nuclear spin-state mixing Hamiltonian is formulated and carried out for the proton (deuteron) and ${}^{14}\mathrm{N}$ ${(}^{15}\mathrm{N})$ nuclei in isotopes of the small free radical ${\mathrm{NH}}_{2}.$ Two models of the electronic structure of the free radical are treated, one with the unpaired spin in a Slater orbital and the other employing an unrestricted Hartree-Fock basis set ${(6\ensuremath{-}31\mathrm{G}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ orbitals). With these matrix elements, the energies and spin-state mixing of the nuclear levels are quantified. For all four nuclei, the Slater matrix elements produce 23% smaller nuclear spin-state mixing than do the ${6\ensuremath{-}31\mathrm{G}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ elements. The Slater results are presented graphically. In the regions of magnetic-field strength where the energy separation of the hyperfine levels is least, mixing of the nuclear spin states is qualitatively different. In this ``crossover'' region unusual paths for both transverse and longitudinal nuclear spin polarization appear.
Glutamic γ-semialdehyde in arginine and proline synthesis of neurospora: A mutant-tracer analysis☆

Tracer experiments have shown that glutamic γ-semialdehyde is a precursor of arginine in growing Neurospora crassa. It has also been found, in confirmation of earlier work, that glutamic γ-semialdehyde is a precursor of proline in this argainine. Evidence for a channeling of intermediates in the pathway leading to arginine has been adduced in isotope studies with a N. crassa mutant that responds alternatively to proline or ornithine: whereas exogenous ornithine readily gains access to the proline pathway, endogenous ornithine (fro the arginine pathway) does not. The thus indicated physical separation of the arginine and proline pathways was corroborated in experiments with [2−14C] ornithine in wild-type N. crassa. Certain N. crassa mutants that respond to ornithine but not to proline may well be blocked through a disruption of enzyme organization (and hence of channeling) rather than through an impairment in enzyme production. The blocks in those mutants which respond alternatively to ornithine or proline (and also to glutamic γ-semialdehyde, pentahomoserine or α-keto-δ-aminovaleric acid) have been demonstrated to be located specifically in the glutamate-to-proline pathway.
Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors in the Era of Histology Codes: Results of a Population-Based Study

To date, all population-based epidemiologic data on gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) in the United States predate the 2001 implementation of GIST-specific histology coding. As such, results from previous studies were limited due to inclusion of non-GIST abdominal or gastrointestinal sarcomas. We utilized a national cancer registry with modern day histological codes to gain greater insight into the true epidemiology of GIST in the United States. We identified 6,142 patients diagnosed with GIST between 2001 and 2011 in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Incidence, survival, demographic risk factors, and prognostic factors were analyzed. Annual age-adjusted incidence rose from 0.55/100,000 in 2001 to 0.78/100,000 in 2011 and increased with age, peaking among 70-79 year olds (3.06/100,000). GIST was also more common in males than females [rate ratio (RR)=1.35], non-Hispanics than Hispanics (RR=1.23), and blacks (RR=2.07) or Asians/Pacific Islanders (RR=1.50) than whites. The study period had 5-year overall and GIST-specific survival rates of 65% and 79%, respectively. The 5-year overall survival rates for those with localized, regional, and metastatic disease at diagnosis were 77%, 64%, and 41%, respectively. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that older age at diagnosis, male sex, black race, and advanced stage at diagnosis were independent risk factors of worse overall survival. Multivariate analysis also showed the four aforementioned characteristics, along with earlier year of diagnosis, to be independent risk factors of worse GIST-specific survival. As the first population-based, epidemiological study of histologically confirmed disease, our findings provide a robust representation of GIST in the era of immunohistochemical diagnoses.
Defining and operationalizing supply chain process integration

Integration has been recognized as critical to successful supply chain management. However, an extensive literature review revealed no consensus in its conceptualization. The current study attempts to address this research gap by providing a better definition and operationalization of supply chain process integration. With empirical support, it is proposed that internal and external supply chain process integration should be treated as two separate constructs, each comprised of two dimensions: connectivity and simplification.