cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Further studies of amino acid transport by embryonic chick bone.

Abstract Uptakes by embryonic chick bone of various neutral amino acids and the effects on these uptakes of low temperature, N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), and competing amino acids were measured. At 38°, diffusible radioactivity gradients of more than 1.0 between total tissue water and incubation medium were established for each of 15 amino acids tested. At 4°, by contrast, entry of amino acids into the intracellular fraction was slow and did not proceed against a concentration gradient. Amino acid accumulation was completely inhibited by NEM. This inhibition was not immediate, however, and, during the first ½ hour of exposure to NEM, amino acid gradients were developed. Thereafter, net efflux occurred until, in some experiments, virtually all of the free amino acid had been expelled from the cells. If the bones in the presence of NEM were incubated at 4° after the first 30 min at 38°, net efflux did not occur; instead, the 30-min gradients were retained unchanged for at least 2½ hours. It was concluded that the NEM-treated tissue is capable of driving amino acid efflux by a metabolically dependent process despite inhibition of influx capacity. In this respect, inhibition by NEM differs from inhibition by actinomycin D, puromycin, or chilling. Evidence is presented for the existence of at least two sites for the transport of neutral amino acids by embryonic bones. The sites appear to be analogous to the alanine-preferring (A) and leucine-preferring (L) sites described by Christensen and colleagues. The A site specificity, as indicated by sensitivity to inhibition by alanine, is especially high for proline and α-aminoisobutyric acid. l site dependence is most notable for isoleucine, and in this tissue is defined more clearly by sensitivity to tryptophan than by sensitivity to leucine. Leucine has mixed A and L site affinities, as do most of the other amino acids tested.
The contribution of autophagy to lymphocyte survival and homeostasis

Over the life span of a T lymphocyte, from thymic development to death, it is subjected to a variety of stresses and stimuli. Upon receipt of each stress or stimulus, a potentially life-changing fate decision must be made, namely, whether to commit to a form of programmed cell death or to make the necessary adaptations to effectively deal with the changing environment. In our laboratory, we have identified several stresses that a T lymphocyte will encounter during a normal life span. Our studies have focused on how T cells utilize autophagy to get a grasp on the situation, or in cases in which survival is untenable, how T cells use autophagy to hasten their demise. This review focuses on the functions of T-cell autophagy in maintaining homeostasis, eliminating excess or dangerous levels of mitochondria, trimming levels of endoplasmic reticulum, and promoting a healthy metabolic level to allow cells to perform as productive components of the immune system. In addition, the use of autophagy signaling molecules to perform autophagy-independent tasks involved in the maintenance of immune homeostasis is discussed.
History, implementation, and current status of the National Spinal Cord Injury Database.

Abstract Objective: To summarize a 25-year history of the Model Spinal Cord Injury Program and the coexistent National Spinal Cord Injury Database and provide the status of the Database with a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses. Design: Inception cohort. Setting: Model spinal cord injury systems throughout the United States. Results: As of September 1998, the National Spinal Cord Injury Database included abbreviated registry records on 6,085 new patients, more complete initial injury and hospitalization records on 18,969 new patients, and 78,627 annual follow up records on those persons. Although stability and continuity of the Database has been a priority since it was started, some changes were needed to meet the changes in health care, health care policy, and new technology. Conclusion: This large database can now provide a wealth of information about short- and long-term outcomes, provide data on which future health care policies can be evaluated, and act as a source for answers to future research questions.
A phylogenetic analysis of the land plants

Phylogenetic systematics (cladistics) is a theory of phylogeny reconstruction and classification widely used in zoology. Taxa are grouped hierarchically by the sharing of derived (advanced) characters. The information is expressed in a cladogram, a best estimate of a phylogeny. Plant systematists generally use a phenetic system, grouping taxa on overall similarity which results in many groups being formed, at least in part, on the basis of shared primitive characters. The methods of phylogenetic systematics are used to create a preliminary cladogram of land plants. The current classification of land plants is criticized for its inclusion of many groups which are not monophyletic. Objections to the use of phylogenetic systematics in botany, apparent convergences within major groups and frequent hybridization, are shown to be invalid. It is concluded that cladistic analysis presents the best estimate of die natural hierarchy of organisms, and should be adopted by plant systematists in their assessment of plant interrelationships.
Anxiety change produced by self-induced muscle tension and by relaxation with respiration feedback

The effect of self-induced muscle tension, and relaxation aided by auditory feedback of breath sounds, was studied using the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List (MAACL) and four treatment groups. Group I held their masseter muscles tense; Group II relaxed their masseter muscles; Group III relaxed in general, with respiration feedback; Group IV relaxed in general, but listened only to amplifier background “hum.” Treatment effects interacted with the anxiety scale of the MAACL, but not with the depression or the hostility scale. Masseter tension increased low initial anxiety, but high initial anxiety was decreased. Respiration feedback decreased anxiety at all but the lowest levels and may be an effective adjunct to desensitization therapy.
Tissue banking safety : caveats and precautions for the oral and maxillofacial surgeon

Oral and maxillofacial reconstructive surgeons using allogeneic tissues have expressed justifiable concern over the safety of these tissues as they relate to the transmission of infectious disease. This report reviews cases of infectious disease transmission from inadequately screened donors of allogeneic tissues, as well as those related to improper sterilization and cataloging of these tissues. It is concluded that good judgment and attention to good science on the part of the tissue bank as well as the surgeon can maximize the ability to place contamination-free specimens, thereby avoiding complications similar to those described.
Vibrational spectrum and conformation of cyclopropyldimethylborane

The infrared (3500–50 cm−1) and Raman spectra (3500-10 cm−1) have been recorded for cyclopropyldimethylborane in both the gaseous and solid states. Additionally, the Raman spectrum of the liquid was recorded and qualitative depolarization values were obtained. Only one conformation has been found in all three physical states and, on the basis of the polarized nature of the Raman band assigned as the BC2 antisymmetric stretch, this conformer is identified as being the bisected structure with Cs molecular symmetry. A complete vibrational assignment, except for the BC2 and two methyl torsional modes, is proposed based on the depolarization data, infrared gas phase band contours, and group frequencies. These results are compared to the corresponding data for several other organoboranes.
A liquid chromatographic method for the determination of tolnaftate in pharmaceutical formulations.

Abstract A simple LC method was developed and validated for the analysis of tolnaftate in various pharmaceutical formulations. This method did not require any complex sample extraction procedure. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a reversed-phase, C 18 column with UV detection at 258 nm. This isocratic system was operated at ambient temperature and required 9 min of chromatographic time. The mobile phase consisted of methanol—aqueous potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution (80:20, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.5 ml min −1 . Standard curves were linear over the concentration range of 1.0–51.0 μg ml −1 . Within-day and between-day relative standard deviation values ranged from 0.7 to 2.9% and from 1.3 to 3.4%, respectively. This method was used to quantify tolnaftate in microcapsule, microsphere, cream, powder, liquid, liquid aerosol and powder aerosol formulations. This method was also used to study the stability of tolnaftate in solution during its extraction from microcapsule formulations.
Measuring the surface area of apples for expression of pesticide residues.

Several methods of measuring the surface area of apples have been reported in the literature, but with little supporting data for their selection or by which to judge the magnitude of the errors associated with these methods. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the accuracy and precision of the use of weight, volume displacement, and diameter using planimeter measurement as a standard for determining the surface area of apples. Because methods of calculating surface area assume apples to be perfect spheres, ping-pong balls were used as working standards. McIntosh and Delicious apples were sampled from two areas in each tree through the season for measurement and supplemented by weight and volume displacement data collected routinely from apple residue studies in previous years. All methods used were found comparable on ping-pong balls. Surface areas of apples computed from volume displacement and the planimeter were not significantly different. Location of the fruit in a tree, development of the fruit during the season, and the variation from year to year were found to affect specific gravity significantly. Surface areas using weight and a constant specific gravity were significantly different from planimeter values on Golden Delicious but not on McIntosh. Both volume displacement and the weight method were superior to the others studied. Sample size, sources of variation, and bias were evaluated and are discussed.
Bending of a perforated circular cylindrical cantilever

Abstract Employing a special class of basis functions, a Saint-Venant flexure function suitable for the problem of the bending of a circular cylinder with 4 N ( N = 1,2,3,…) circular cylindrical cavities in the axial direction is obtained. It is assumed that the load passes through the centroid of the symmetrical cross-section of the beam. It is also assumed that all conditions needed for the Saint-Venant solution of the bending of prismatic bars with one end fixed are met. The linearly-independent basis functions which automatically satisfy a homogeneous outer boundary condition are derived in closed form. They are generated from the integration of the products of trigonometric functions and the Green's function for the solution of Poisson's equation with singularities symmetrically located in four quadrants. Through shrinking the radius of the closed path of integration and by certain limiting processes, the integrations are performed analytically. The functions so obtained are summed to closed forms by the employment of an analytic function and its derivatives. The mathematical proof for the continuity of the functions and their derivatives across the circle joining the centers of the holes is presented. The inner boundary condition(s) is (are) satisfied with the point-by-point technique and method of least square error. Numerical results for the case of a beam with four circular cylindrical cavities are given.
Oxidation of Bilirubin Produces Compounds that Cause Prolonged Vasospasm of Rat Cerebral Vessels: A Contributor to Subarachnoid Hemorrhage–Induced Vasospasm

The authors have previously shown that bilirubin-oxidation products (BOXes) are present in CSF of subarachnoid hemorrhage patients with vasospasm, and that BOXes cause vasoconstriction in vitro. This study determined whether BOXes cause vasospasm in vivo. Identical volumes of either lysed blood or standardized amounts of BOXes were injected into the cisterna magna of adult rats. BOX injections caused 6 of 10 rats to die within 10 minutes, whereas 12 of 12 rats survived for 24 hours after blood injections. The mechanism for this significant (P < or = 0.01) increase in mortality was unclear. To directly test whether BOXes produced vasospasm, a cranial window technique was used. Application of 20 microL of 10-micromol/L bilirubin had little effect on the vessels. However, application of BOXes produced marked, dose-dependent small artery and arteriole vasospasm that approached a 90% decrease in diameter by 40 minutes after application in some vessels, and persisted for at least 24 hours. To determine if BOX-mediated vasospasm led to cortical injury, histology and immunocytochemistry were performed on animals that survived for 24 hours. There was a BOX-related stress protein response for HSP25 and HSP32 (HO-1) without evidence of infarction. The finding that the BOXes produce vasospasm of cerebral vessels in vivo, in conjunction with BOXes being found in CSF of vasospasm patients, supports our hypothesis that BOXes contribute to or cause cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage.
From spontaneous ionization to subatomic physics: Some vignettes from cosmic ray history

Abstract In 1879 Crookes discovered that air seemed to ionize spontaneously. With the discovery in 1896 of radioactivity by Henri Becquerel, it appeared that the mystery was solved. However a number of physicists sought a quantitative agreement between the ”spontaneous ionization” and the radioactivity in the earth. The persistence of these physicists led to the discovery of another source of radiation which appeared to come from the heavens. The nature of this ”cosmic radiation” involved phenomena that were completely unknown. Coming to an understanding of the nature of this cosmic radiation took about 40 years between 1912 and 1953. This history involves extraordinary scientists and the invention of dramatic new detection techniques. This story finishes with a remarkable conference organized by Patrick Blackett and Louis Leprince–Ringuet (1953) in the Pyrenees town of Bagneres de Bigorre. Following 1953 the cosmic ray researchers divided into two groups, those who continued the investigation of the new particles with the accelerators and those who continued with the search for the origin and the astrophysics of the cosmic rays.
Reply to Rosenberg

My central argument that there's no principled line between people's purposes and merely biological purposes is (not that both rest on some form of selection but) that people's explicit purposes emerge from and are continuous with prior background purposes such as purposes derived from conditioning, from explicit recognition of what one finds rewarding itself the fruit of conditioning and natural selection from trial and error in thought, and so forth. I'm listening for Rosenberg's own principled answer to my question whether when you lightly touch the brake on a curve during an animated conversation or turn off the alarm in your sleep, it is your whole person that has the purpose or rather some "subpersonal" mechanism within. Rosenberg ignores that my "just so stories" are firmly anchored to studies in ethology, experimental work in animal psychology, experimental work in both cognitive and social psychology, and in neurology. Clearly, any proposed analysis of the main increments in the development from primitive behavior controls to human behavior controls can only be a matter of reasonable speculation. Is this out of place in science? In philosophy? (Or is it just that admitting it is unseemly?) Rosenberg is right that I don't offer a theory of the origin of detached representations of goal states. I explain that they are not needed for the guidance of a great deal of surprisingly sophisticated purposeful activity, but not where they come from evolutionarily speaking. I don't say where representations subject to negation hence sensitive to contradiction come from either. In both cases, I try merely to show what they do for us that couldn't be done with more primitive representations. Yes, there are real differences between ordinary seeing and seeing on television and between ordinary hearing and hearing through language. These differences are recognized in common speech and carefully discussed both in Varieties and in (Millikan, 2000). But I'm interested here in similarities that have standardly been missed between gaining information by ordinary perception and by testimony. Overlooking these
Computational inaccuracy of irregular field dosimetry

It is pointed out that the computer program that calculates the effect of the flattening filter on the dosimetry of the PC‐12 is incorrect. (AIP)
Damage-free mask repair using electron-beam-induced chemical reactions

Substrate damage from Ga ions is a fundamental problem of using focused ion beam (FIB) for mask defect repair. One way to avoid substrate damage from repair is to replace Ga ions with electrons. In this paper, we describe our efforts and present some promising results that demonstrate the feasibility of using e-beam induced processes for mask repair. We employ e-beam induced chemical etching for opaque defect removal and metal deposition for clear defect repair. The examples will include Pt deposition, quartz etch for phase-shift mask and TaN etch for EUV mask. High-resolution electron beam technology is relatively mature, so the infrastructure for building an e-beam system suitable for mask repair exists today. This makes the development of an e-beam based damage-free repair technology attractive. E-beam also offers superior spatial resolution for high edge placement precision and image quality for small defects on ever shrinking mask features.
Modulation of amplitude and direction of in vivo immune responses by co‐administration of cytokine gene expression cassettes with DNA immunogens

Immunization with nucleic acids has been shown to induce both antigen-specific cellular and humoral immune responses in vivo. We hypothesize that immunization with DNA could be enhanced by directing specific immune responses induced by the vaccine based on the differential correlates of protection known for a particular pathogen. Recently we and others reported that specific immune responses generated by DNA vaccine could be modulated by co-delivery of gene expression cassettes encoding for IL-12, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and the co-stimulatory molecule CD86. To further engineer the immune response in vivo, we investigated the induction and regulation of immune responses following the co-delivery of pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1 alpha, TNF-alpha, and TNF-beta), Th1 cytokine (IL-2, IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18), and Th2 cytokine (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10) genes. We observed enhancement of antigen-specific humoral response with the co-delivery of Th2 cytokine genes IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 as well as those of IL-2 and IL-18. A dramatic increase in antigen-specific T helper cell proliferation was seen with IL-2 and TNF-alpha gene co-injections. In addition, we observed a significant enhancement of the cytotoxic response with the co-administration of TNF-alpha and IL-15 genes with HIV-1 DNA immunogens. These increases in CTL response were both MHC class I restricted and CD8+ T cell dependent. Together with earlier reports on the utility of co-immunizing using immunologically important molecules together with DNA immunogens, we demonstrate the potential of this strategy as an important tool for the development of more rationally designed vaccines.
Effect of group B streptococcal type-specific antigen on polymorphonuclear leukocyte function and polymorphonuclear leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction

Neonatal group B streptococcal pneumonia is a severe disease, often resulting in death. Autopsy findings resemble those of hyaline membrane disease. Numerous organisms may be seen in the alveoli, but few polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) are found in the areas of bacterial invasion. Aggregated PMNs are often found, however, in the pulmonary capillaries. This study was designed to explore the effect of the group B streptococcal (GBS) type III antigen on PMN chemotaxis and PMN-endothelial cell interactions. Human PMNs were isolated and pretreated with 0.25 to 4 micrograms/ml of GBS type III antigen prior to determining their chemotactic response to the chemoattractants formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, zymosan-activated serum, platelet-activating factor, and leukotriene B4. The GBS antigen caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, zymosan-activated serum, and platelet-activating factor-mediated chemotaxis (% inhibition of 38.1 +/- 4.0, 55.5 +/- 3.3, 46.7 +/- 9.7%, respectively; p less than 0.01). Leukotriene B4-mediated chemotaxis was not significantly depressed (21.2% +/- 7.7 inhibition; NSD). Group B streptococcal antigen also inhibited formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine-induced PMN adherence to endothelial cells in a concentration-dependent fashion when incubations were performed in the absence of serum. In contrast, incubation of GBS type III antigen with serum deficient in antibody to GBS resulted in a marked enhancement of PMN attachment to human endothelial cells. No significant enhancement of adherence was sen with the antigen in the presence of serum containing GBS type III antibody. These data suggest that the GBS type III antigen by itself may inhibit the influx of PMNs into the local site of infection in the alveoli.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Endoscopic tracking for use in interactive image-guided surgery

In minimally invasive surgery (MIS), endoscopes are used in real-time to enhance visualization and minimize invasion of healthy tissue. Unfortunately, the field of view provided by the scope is limited. In interactive image guided surgery (IIGS), the display of present surgical position on preoperative tomographic images enhances the surgeons field of view and provides knowledge of surgical anatomy. However, changes in the anatomy during surgery are not realized by the current IIGS techniques. This manuscript details the initial experiments conducted to merge the strengths of MIS with IIGS. This incudes: (1) developing a technique for accurately tracking an endoscope in physical space and (2) determining a transformation to map endoscopic image space into physical (patient) space.
STRUCTURE, SPECTRA, AND REACTION ENERGIES OF THE ALUMINUM-PHOSPHORUS RINGS(HAL-PH)2 AND (H2AL-PH2)2 AND THE (HAL-PH)4 CLUSTER

Recently a six-membered ring consisting of three coordinate aluminum and phosphorus was synthesized, as well as an R2AlPR‘2 compound of three coordinate aluminum and phosphorus. This research was initiated in order to better understanding the bonding in these new compounds, as well as the more common compounds that contain four coordinate aluminum and phosphorus. Ab initio investigations of the structure, bonding, vibrational spectra, and reaction energies for the unknown three coordinate ring (HAl−PH)2, the four coordinate ring (H2Al−PH2)2, and the four coordinate cluster (HAl−PH)4 are presented. The three coordinate ring has two conformers that are within 3 kcal mol-1 in energy. The higher energy conformer is planar and the P−H bonds are trans, while the other is puckered and the P−H bonds are cis. The theoretical Al−P bond lengths are within 0.01 A of the experimental values for the three coordinate Al−P compounds, despite the size difference between the hydrogen atoms of the model compound and the sub...
Thermal Inactivation of the Primer in DNA-Dependent Synthesis of RNA in Animal Tissue

An enzyme preparation obtained from bovine lymphosarcoma tissue catalyzes the DNA-dependent synthesis of RNA. Native DNA is a more efficient primer in the reaction than heat-denatured DNA.
Fracture of cubical tungsten specimens under explosive loading

Abstract Tests have been conducted on cubical specimens of two tungsten alloys subject to explosive loading. One- and two-dimensional numerical simulations have been used in conjunction with experimental data to estimate the spall stress values of the two alloys. Capping the specimens with a thin layer of aluminum suppressed spallation, but led to fracture along the centerline of specimens of one of the two alloy materials; specimens of the other alloy maintained their integrity. Two-dimensional numerical simulations show large tensile stress along the centerline of the fragment due to the superposition of rarefaction waves from edge relief. The derived spall strengths of the two alloys were found to be consistent with the centerline fracture characteristics.
Interfacial side-reactions at a LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 electrode in organic carbonate-based electrolytes

Abstract Interfacial side-reactions at a LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 spinel electrode in LiPF 6 /organic carbonate-based electrolyte were investigated using FTIR and fluorescence spectroscopy. In situ measurements at a carbon- and binder-free LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 electrode showed formation of fluorescent species that coincides with the oxidation of Ni II + in LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 . The majority of these electrolyte oxidation products diffuse away into the electrolyte but fluorescence images of cycled LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 composite electrodes also show fluorescent residues at the surface of the electrode. FTIR and Raman spectra of the surface layer indicate formation of metal-ion doped organic and inorganic compounds upon electrolyte oxidation at potentials above 4.2 V.
Experiments on heat-stabilized laminar boundary layers in water

There has been much recent interest in the stabilization of water boundary layers by wall heating. Calculations based upon linear stability theory have predicted transition Reynolds numbers as high as 200 million for a zero pressure gradient boundary layer over a heated wall. The experiment described in this paper was intended to investigate these predictions. The test boundary layer develops on the inside surface of a cylindrical tube which is 0·1 m in diameter and 6·1 m in length. The displacement thickness is small relative to the tube radius under all conditions of interest. The tube is heated by electrical heaters on the outside wall. The location of transition is determined by flush-mounted hot-film probes, or by flow visualization at the tube exit.A transition Reynolds number of 15 million has been obtained without heat, which shows that free-stream turbulence and other perturbations are well controlled. A transition Reynolds number of 47 million has been obtained with an 8 °C wall overheat. However, as temperature is further increased there are no additional increases in transition Reynolds number, which is in contradiction to the theory. Several possible reasons for the discrepancy between theory and experiment have been investigated.
Utilization of deoxyribonucleosides by virulent and avirulent Pneumococci.

Abstract The utilization of deoxyribonucleosides was studied in virulent and avirulent pneumococci. It was found that virulent pneumococci incorporated five [14C]deoxyribonucleosides into DNA at a greater rate and extent than avirulent pneumococci. However, when the polysaccharide capsule surrounding virulent cells was removed by a hydrolytic enzyme, incorporation was reduced considerably. 1. 1. The rate of uptake of [14C]deoxyribonucleosides was greater in virulent than avirulent pneumococci, but the differences were greater for pyrimidine deoxyribonucleosides than for purine deoxyribonucleosides. 2. 2. Almost all of the radioactivity found in DNA of virulent and avirulent cells after incorporation of deoxycytidine, deoxyuridine and thymidine was localized in the thymine moiety. No significant radioactivity was detected in the cytosine moiety. The pathway of deoxycytidine, deoxyuridine and thymidine utilization, for which all of the intermediates were detected in studies with cell-free extracts, was as follows: No deoxycytidine kinase or dCMP deaminase were detected. More radioactivity was localized in the thymine moiety of DNA when deoxycytidine was used as the substrate than when thymidine was employed, despite the same initial specific activity. 3. 3. Radioactivity from deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine and deoxyinosine that was incorporated into DNA of virulent cells was found both in the adenine and guanine moieties. In avirulent cells, only the radioactivity from deoxyguanosine was found in these two purine moieties, while label from deoxyadenosine or deoxyinosine was found exclusively in the adenine moiety of avirulent DNA. Not all of the intermediates were found in cell-free extracts for any single pathway involving purine deoxyribonucleosides but by combining the results obtained with the three of them, an almost complete picture of metabolism was revealed. 4. 4. Whereas virulent cells were capable of converting deoxyinosine (or dIMP) to deoxyxanthosine or dXMP, and the latter to deoxyguanosine (or dGMP), avirulent cells could not carry out these reactions. 5. 5. Almost 70–80% of the radioactivity found in the nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) fraction after incorporation of purine deoxyribonucleosides was removed by alkaline hydrolysis and subsequent acid precipitation of the DNA. This was not the case with pyrimidine deoxyribonucleosides.
A Socio-Psychological Approach to Improve Student Participation and Review Quality in Peer Code Reviews

Modern day computing jobs are increasingly emphasizing on soft skills such as design, collaboration and communication skills in addition to programming skills. Having students participate in peer reviews is one possible way to develop such soft skills. However, we have observed that low student participation and low review quality can impede the educational value of the peer review process. To address this issue and improve student learning in computer programming courses, we propose to implement and evaluate social comparisons— a method suggested by socio-psychological research.
Clinic Type and Patient Characteristics Affecting Time to Resolution After an Abnormal Cancer-Screening Exam

Background: Research shows that multilevel factors influence healthcare delivery and patient outcomes. The study goal was to examine how clinic type (academic medical center (AMC) or federally-qualified health center (FQHC)) and patient characteristics influence time to resolution (TTR) among individuals with an abnormal cancer screening test enrolled in a patient navigation (PN) intervention. Methods: Data were obtained from the Ohio Patient Navigation Research Project, a group-randomized trial of 862 patients from 18 clinics in Columbus, Ohio. Patient's TTR after an abnormal breast, cervical, or colorectal screening test and the clinics' patient and provider characteristics were obtained. Descriptive statistics and Cox shared frailty proportional hazards regression models of TTR were used. Results: The mean patient age was 44.8 years and 71% of patients were white. In models adjusted for study arm, FQHC patients had a 39% lower rate of resolution than AMC patients (P=0.004). Patient factors of having a college education, private insurance, higher income, and being older were significantly associated with lower TTR. After adjustment for factors that substantially impacted the effect of clinic type (patient insurance status, education level and age), clinic type was not significantly associated with TTR. Conclusions: These results suggest that TTR among individuals participating in PN programs is influenced by multiple socioeconomic patient-level factors rather than clinic type. Consequently, PN interventions should be tailored to address SES factors that influence TTR. Impact: These results provide clues regarding where to target PN interventions and the importance of recognizing predictors of TTR according to clinic type.
An energy model for graphics processing units

We present an energy model for a graphics processing unit (GPU) that is based on the amount and type of work performed in various parts of the unit. By designing and running directed tests on a GPU, we measure the energy consumed when performing different arithmetic and memory operations, allowing us to accurately predict the energy that any arbitrary mix of operations will take. With some knowledge of how data travels through and is transformed by the graphics pipeline, we can predict how many of each operation will occur for a given scene, leading to an estimate of the energy usage. We validate our model against different types of existing graphical applications. With an average difference of 3% from measured energy under typical workloads, our model can be used for various purposes. In this work, we explore and present two use cases: 1) predicting the energy performance of applications on a different architecture, and 2) exploring the energy efficiency of different algorithms to achieve the same graphical effect.
Establishment and partial characterization of a radiation-induced canine monocytic leukemic cell line (RK9ML-1)

A myeloid leukemic cell line, designated RK9ML-1, was established from a dog with acute radiation-induced monocytic leukemia. Based on cytochemical stains which reacted positively only with nonspecific esterase, morphological and ultrastructural characteristics which indicated the presence of phagocytic vacuoles and lysosomal bodies, and cell surface properties which indicated the presence of Fc receptors, all the findings support that RK9ML-1 is of monocytic lineage. Chromosomal analysis of the cell line indicated the cells to be hypodiploid with acrocentric autosomes characteristic of canine cells.
Test of independence between tow sets of variates

In this paper asymptotic expansions of the null as well as non-null distributions of the likelihood ratio criterion for testing independence between two sets of variates are obtained. These appear to be better than the ones available in the literature . In factin the null case for p = 1 and p = 2 , t h e expansion reduces to the exact di stribution. In the non-null case, the expansion is given i n terms of non-central beta distributions and for the case when the population canonical correlation coefficients are small.
An algorithm for optimal buffer placement in reliable serial lines

The optimal allocation of buffer capacity in unbalanced production lines with reliable but variable workstations is a complex and little-researched topic. Analytic formulas for the throughput of these lines do not exist, so simulation is the only practical alternative for estimating throughput. Exhaustive search over all possible buffer allocations quickly becomes impractical beyond short lines and few buffers. Thus an algorithm is needed to efficiently find optimal or near-optimal allocations. We develop a simple search algorithm for determining the optimal allocation of a fixed amount of buffer capacity in an n-station serial line. The algorithm, which is an adaptation of the Spendley-Hext and Nelder-Mead simplex search algorithms, uses simulation to estimate throughput for every allocation considered. An important feature of the algorithm is that the simulation run length is adjusted during the running of the algorithm to save simulation run time when high precision in throughput estimates is not needed, and to ensure adequate precision when it is needed. We describe the algorithm and show that it can reliably find the known optimal allocation in balanced lines. Then we test the ability of the algorithm to find optimal allocations in unbalanced lines, first for cases in which the optimal allocation is known, and subsequently for cases in which the optimal allocation is not known. We focus particularly on lines with multiple imbalances in means and variances. In general, our algorithm proves highly efficient in finding a near-optimal allocation with short simulation run times. It also usually finds the true optimal allocation, but it is in the nature of this problem that many buffer allocations differ in throughput by small amounts that are difficult to resolve even with long simulation runs.
On the interaction between localization and location verification for wireless sensor networks

Secure wireless sensor networks (WSNs) must be able to associate a set of reported data with a valid location. Many algorithms exist for the localization service that determines a WSN node's location, and current research is developing for location verification, where the network must determine whether or not a node's claimed location is valid (or invalid). However, the interaction of these two services creates another challenge, since there is no method to distinguish between benign errors, e.g., errors that are inherent to the localization technique, and malicious errors, e.g., errors due to a node's deceptive location report. In this paper, we study the problem of inherent localization errors and their impact on the location verification service. We propose a localization and location verification (LLV) server model, and define categories of LLV schemes for discrete and continuous resolution. We then designate two metrics to measure the impact of inherent localization errors-the probability of verification (for the discrete location verification schemes) and the CDF of the deviation distance (for the continuous location verification schemes)-to analyze the performance of each LLV category. Numerical results show that a proper tuning mechanism is needed to tolerate even small inherited estimation errors, otherwise the location verification can result in the rejection of almost all nodes. In addition, we propose several location verification feedback (LV-FEED) algorithms to improve the localization accuracy. Analysis of these algorithms shows that a significant improvement in localization accuracy can be accomplished in a few iterations of executing the location verification feedback schemes.
Conversion of n-heptane over Pt- and Pd/SAPO-11 catalysts

The conversion of n-heptane over a set of Pt- and Pd-/SAPO-11 catalysts has been investigated over the temperature range 300–500°C with a feed ratio (H2/HC) of 15 at 1 atm. Two additional Pt-based catalysts, modified by Na addition (Na/Pt of 0.50 and 0.87) were also studied. Major products were cracked species (C1–C6), i-heptane, n-heptene and toluene. Minor amounts of methylcyclohexane, -hexene and ethylcyclopentane were also observed with the sodium-containing catalysts. Deactivation by coke formation was observed primarily in the 400 to 500°C range, however the selectivities for isomerization and cracking were not affected by cracking. The Pt/SAPO-11 catalysts were superior to the Pd formulations for activity, activity maintenance and ring closure selectivity. Na is an effective promoter for toluene formation, particularly at higher temperatures. The overall reaction pathways for these catalysts are consistent with a scheme proposed previously for n-hexane [M. Hoffmeister and J.B. Butt, Appl. Catal. A, 82 (1992) 169].
Influence of Fed-Fasted State on Intestinal PEPT1 Expression and In Vivo Pharmacokinetics of Glycylsarcosine in Wild-Type and Pept1 Knockout Mice

Purpose To determine if fasting would affect the intestinal expression and in vivo functional activity of PEPT1 as determined after oral dosing of the dipeptide glycylsarcosine (GlySar).
AFM Observations on the Growth Mechanisms of Epitaxial Perovskite Oxide SrRuO3 Thin Films

The growth mechanism and surface morphology of epitaxial SrRuO3 thin films deposited on exact and vicinal (001) SrTiO3 and exact (001) LaAlO3 substrates has been studied. Vicinal substrates with miscut angle, a, up to 4° toward [010] direction were used. Atomic force microscope images show that the films grown on exact (001) SrTiO3 substrate had a growth mechanism involving two dimensional nucleation. In contrast, characteristic step patterns were observed on the films deposited on vicinal substrates, suggesting that these films had a step flow growth mode. The films deposited on exact (001) LaAlO3 substrates had a three dimensional island growth, due to the incoherence between the film and substrate lattice. These results were found to be consistent with the results of x-ray diffraction analysis of the in-plane domain structure.
Gastrointestinal Anomalies Associated With Esophageal Atresia or Tracheoesophageal Fistula

• A retrospective analysis of 150 consecutive patients with esophageal atresia and/or tracheoesophageal fistula was undertaken. The incidence and variety of gastrointestinal (GI) anomalies, the method of management, and the cause of death were critically reviewed to outline preferred methods of management. Of these patients, 87 were male and 63 female. There were 62 GI anomalies in 40 patients. The most common GI anomalies included anorectal anomalies in 17 patients, malrotation of the midgut in 13 patients, duodenal atresia or stenosis in ten patients, and annular pancreas and ectopic pancreatic tissue in three patients each. Six patients had the combination of tracheoesophageal fistula, duodenal obstruction, and anorectal anomaly. Of the 150 patients, 23 have died, with 15 deaths occurring in those with associated GI anomalies. The GI anomalies contributed directly to the deaths of five of these 15 patients. Delay in diagnosis and, on occasion, improper initial management resulted in increased morbidity and mortality. ( Arch Surg 114:1125-1128, 1979)
The effect of PNPLA3 on fibrosis progression and development of hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis.

The Effect of PNPLA3 on Fibrosis Progression and Development of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Meta-analysis
Adsorption of pseudomonads to tobacco cell walls and its significance to bacterium—host interactions

Cells of Pseudomonas fluorescens, a saprophyte, P. pisi, a pea pathogen, and P. tabaci, a tobacco pathogen, were introduced into the intercellular spaces of tobacco leaf tissue and subsequently recovered by centrifugation. The percentage recoveries of P. pisi and P. tabaci cells were respectively at least 10·8 and 4·1 times that of P. fluorescens cells. These results indicate that the efficiency of adsorption to tobacco cell walls is greatest for P. fluorescens and least for P. pisi. Thus the induction of the hypersensitive reaction in tobacco by P. pisi does not require efficient adsorption of bacterial cells to tobacco cell walls. Scanning electron micrographs showed that the tobacco cell wall beneath P. fluorescens Gells was eroded within 5 h of inoculation. Adsorption of bacterial cells to tobacco cell walls may facilitate this erosion.
Cohomological results in monoid and category theory via classifying spaces

The thesis lays foundations for a topological, homotopical, and homological methodology in the study of monoids via the classifying space functor ||: CAT → TOP. In Section 0 basic constructions are described giving relationships between categories, monoid actions, and posets. An important adjunction D:CAT ↓ C ⇄ CAT Cop:∗ is described that will be used extensively throughout the work. Then the classifying space functor is introduced and several known homotopy theoretical results are stated. Using these results, it is shown that when the classifying space functor is applied to the adjunction above, one gets maps that are homotopy equivalences. This has far-reaching implications. The (co)homology of the classifying spaces is then described and it is proved that this (co)homology arises from the comonad associated with the above adjunction. This is a direct generalization of the fact that the bar construction arises from an adjunction. Let X be a right M-set with M a given monoid. Then it is proved that H∗(M, ZX) is isomormphic to the classifying space of a certain category naturally associated with the (M, X). The section ends with conditions under which the classifying spaces of a monoid is homotopy equivalent to a finite-dimensional CW-complex. In Section 1, it is proved that associated to every functor F:X → Y is a spectral sequence whose Ep, q2 term is Hp(Yop, HqDF) and whose termination is Hp + q(X, Z). Here, DF:Yop → CAT is the functor associated with F where D is as in the above adjunction. Thus, HqDF = Hq(DF(), Z) → AB as a functor. One should anticipate this result, since |X|→|DF ∗ Y | from Section 0, and DF ∗ Y → Y should be thought of as a categorical analogue of a fiber bundle with “fiber” DF. Then, using the results of Section 0, we obtain that given f:Cop → CAT, there exists a spectral sequence whose Ep, q2 term is Hq(Cop, Hqƒ) and whose termination is Hp + q(|ƒ∗C|, Z). Here, Hqƒ:Cop → Ab is given by Hqƒ() = Hq(|ƒ(·)|, Z). The first spectral sequence is applied to the following situation to compute the Euler characteristic of |C| when it exists: F:C → P is a functor from C to a finite poset such that HqDF = 0 if q is large enough, and finitely generated otherwise. The section ends with conditions under which the right M-module Z where i · m = 0 if m ≠ 1 (we assume here that the group of units of M = {1}) is acyclic. This module is of importance in the next section. The last section deals with the issue of when a surmorphism is a (co)homological equivalence. It is shown that ƒ:M → N is a homology equivalence iff |Dƒ| is acyclic. Then, it is proved that if ƒ:M → N is given and I ⊆ M is an ideal such that ƒ¦M − I is injective as a function, then if f∣I is a homology equivalence, so if ƒ. This result, proved using the spectral sequence of Section 1, should be compared to the following result in homotopy theory: Let (X, A) be an NDR pair and suppose ƒ:A → B is a homotopy equivalence. Then so is \tf:X → X ∪ƒB. Then null surmorphisms are defined and it is proved that these surmorphisms are (co)homology equivalences.
Using the Extended Health Belief Model to understand siblings’ perceptions of risk for hereditary hemochromatosis

Abstract Objective This research focuses on individuals’ reactions to news that a sibling has been diagnosed with hereditary hemochromatosis (HH). We used the Extended Health Belief Model (EHBM) to frame our analysis of siblings’ perceptions of risk for HH and decision of whether to obtain diagnostic testing. Method 60 patient and 25 sibling interviews were transcribed and thematically analyzed for the six components of the EHBM. Results Patient and sibling reports of siblings’ perceptions were categorized into the six components of the EHBM: susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, cue to action, and self-efficacy. Conclusion In the case of HH, siblings’ perceptions of HH are varied and include a range of motivators and barriers that may impact family-based detection. Family-based detection can often play an important part of effective public health strategies to address inherited risk of disease. Further research should examine the EHBM with other genetic conditions. Practice implications This analysis using the EHBM suggests areas of importance for message development for both medical personnel and HH patients to promote diagnostic testing of at-risk siblings.
Review of united states fuel-cell patents issued from 1947 to 1962

Abstract This review of U.S. Patent literature covers the period from 1947 to the end of 1962. During this period, many basic concepts of modern fuel-cell design were put forth in patents: Broers' molten-carbonate fuel cell, Bacon's high-pressure alkaline electrolyte fuel cell, Grubb's membrane fuel cell, the ion exchange membranes by Juda and McRae, and the DSK electrode by Justi, Scheibe, and Winsel.