cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effectiveness of GIOSS for the text database discovery problem

The popularity of on-line document databases has led to a new problem: finding which text databases (out of many candidate choices) are the most relevant to a user. Identifying the relevant databases for a given query is the text database discovery problem. The first part of this paper presents a practical solution based on estimating the result size of a query and a database. The method is termed GlOSS—Glossary of Servers Server. The second part of this paper evaluates the effectiveness of GlOSS based on a trace of real user queries. In addition, we analyze the storage cost of our approach.
Significance of capillary basement membrane changes in diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a disease in which the capillary basement membranes are substantially altered. This diabetic microangiopathy is characterized by a thickening of the basement membrane and changes in its permeability characteristic due to a disturbance in the production and distribution of its functional components. Glucose metabolism and insulin imbalance have been implicated in these basement membrane modifications. The authors describe normal capillary basement membrane architecture and then discuss how pathologic changes caused by diabetes mellitus are related to diabetic foot pathology.
Manganese Toxicity in Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) Callus and Seedlings

Summary Manganese toxicity in callus and seedlings of five cultivars of burley tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) was examined in order to assess the feasibility of using in vitro approaches for improving Mn tolerance. Foliar chlorosis and necrotic spotting, indicative of Mn toxicity, were observed in seedlings grown in sand and exposed to elevated Mn concentrations. Manganeseinduced growth reductions were apparent in all cultivars; however, Ky 15 and Ky 17 were significantly more sensitive than Ky 14. In the callus tissue, increasing the media Mn concentration resulted in tissue discoloration and reduced growth. Differences among cultivars were evident with Ky 15 and Burley 21 callus appearing to be more sensitive than Ky 10, Ky 14 and Ky 17. The Mn content in callus and seedlings increased to the same extent in all cultivars. There was an agreement between the callus and seedling growth responses to Mn stress only for some of the cultivars. The results suggest that Mn tolerance in tobacco is a manifestation of both cellular and whole plant characteristics.
Derivatization of the Rhombohedral Rare-Earth-Metal (R) Cluster Halides R7(Z)X12: The New NaLa6(Os)I12

Abstract The many examples of R 7 ( Z ) X 12 cluster phases for R =rare-earth metal, Z =interstitial element, X = Cl, Br, I, occur in a characteristic rhombohedral structure R 3+ [ R 6 ( Z ) X 12 ] in which the seventh R atom is situated in a trigonal antiprismatic X i site between halide-interbridged clusters in an anionic network that can be described as [La 6 (Os)] X i 6 X i−a 6 X a−i 6 ]. The first example of a substituted derivative, NaLa 6 (Os)I 12 , has been achieved via exploratory synthetic reactions in neat systems near 850°C. The structure has been refined in space group R 3 (No. 148), a =16.214(4) A, c =11.172(4) A , R / R w ( F )=3.5/3.9%. The cluster is geometrically very close to an ideal octahedron in shape, showing a trigonal elongation of only 0.026(3) A and La–Os–La angles of 90±0.37(4)°. The La–I and Na–I distances are likewise very similar and substantially ideal. This regularity is unexpected in view of both the cluster's apparent 15-cluster-based electron configuration with an expected nominal t 3 1u HOMO and the behavior of many other cluster structures with incomplete electronic structures. Furthermore, the phase inexplicably exhibits only a TIP term in magnetic susceptibility, ∼3.4×10 −4 emu mol −1 , for which no explanation is currently available.
Usefulness of heart rate at rest as a predictor of mortality, hospitalization for heart failure, myocardial infarction, and stroke in patients with stable coronary heart disease (Data from the Treating to New Targets [TNT] trial).

The heart rate at rest (HR) is a predictor of cardiovascular (CV) mortality. However, its effect on nonfatal CV events is unknown. The aim of the present post hoc analysis of the Treating New Targets (TNT) trial was to assess the effect of the HR at rest on major CV events in patients with stable coronary heart disease. A total of 9,580 subjects were included in the present analysis and were followed up for a median of 4.9 years. The rate of major CV events was 11.9% in those with a baseline HR of ≥70 beats/min versus 8.8% in those with a baseline HR of
Effect of Acute Metabolic Acidosis on Vasopressin-Dependent Cyclic AMP in Rat Kidney

Acidic media have been reported to inhibit the hydro-osmotic effect of vasopressin in toad bladders, probably through inhibition of the cyclic AMP system. However, the mechanism of inhibition of the cyclic AMP system is controversial. Therefore, that inhibitory mechanism was further investigated in rat kidneys. The antidiuretic response to vasopression was significantly inhibited in animals with metabolic acidosis. The inhibition of the antidiuretic response was associated with a smaller than normal increase of urinary excretion of cyclic AMP after the iv injection of vasopressin. In in vitro experiments, both the increase of cyclic AMP concentration in renal medullary slices and the activation of adenylate cyclase in medulla by vasopressin were significantly less in acidic than in control media. These findings suggest that medabolic acidosis inhibits the antidiuretic effect of vasopressin by inhibiting the vasopressin-dependent cyclic AMP system in the kidney. Acidic media also inhibited cyclic AMP-phosphodiesterase. These dual effects of acidosis on adenylate cyclase and cyclic AMP-phosphodiesterase may explain the conflicting findings observed in the experiments on toad bladders.
Emotive alert: HMM-based emotion detection in voicemail messages

Voicemail has become an integral part of our personal and professional communication. The number of messages that accumulate in our voice mailboxes necessitate new ways of prioritizing them. Currently, we are forced to actively listen to all messages in order to find out which ones are important and which ones can be attended to later on. In this paper, we describe Emotive Alert, a system that can detect some of the significant emotions in a new message and notify the account owner along various affective axes, including urgency, formality, valence (happy vs. sad) and arousal (calm vs. excited). We have used a purely acoustic, HMM-based approach for identifying the emotions, which allows application of this system to all messages independent of language.
Cross-cuing mechanisms and ipsilateral eye-hand control in split-brain monkeys

Abstract It was proposed that split-brain monkeys are able to perform ipsilateral eye-hand response because the seeing hemisphere can cross-cue the blind hemisphere, which is in major motor control of the arm, by orienting toward a point in space and, thereby, allow for the bilateral registration of head, neck, and eye position. In the present study, accuracy of ipsilateral eye-hand response was measured in normal and split-brain animals under conditions of free and restrained head movement. The results confirm the view that split-brain monkeys rely on cross-cuing information in order to maintain this kind of behavioral unity.
Physician Payment Incentives to Improve Care Quality—Reply

Drs Himmelstein and Woolhandler suggest that pay-for-performance incentives led clinicians to falsify records. The program we evaluated was designed to align incentives with delivering high-quality care, rather than high-volume care, which is the incentive alignment under fee-for-service, and to pay clinicians more for doing what is difficult, such as controlling blood pressure in a patient with comorbidities. We have no data specifically on falsification. However, prior literature on Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set measures found that clinicians generally round to the nearest number on a 10 scale (ie, round to 130 mm Hg for a systolic blood pressure measurement of 129 mm Hg or 131 mm Hg).1 In reviewing data from our practices abstracted by a third party,2 we found this rounding behavior in both study groups. Of 1651 visits reviewed, among systolic blood pressure measurements ranging from 129 to 131 mm Hg, the control group (n = 141) percentages for readings were 4.2% at 129 mm Hg, 93.0% at 130 mm Hg, and 2.8% at 131 mm Hg, and in the incentive group (n = 116), they were 1.7%, 91.3%, and 6.9%, respectively.
Preparation and high-frequency properties of high Tc superconducting thin films

Single target in situ sputter deposition using 9O off-axis geometry has made it possible to study various physical properties of superconducting films of YBaCu3O'x under well controlled conditions. The superconducting DC and high frequency properties, and the normal state properties can all be optimized under conditions which do not necessarily produce the highest Tc's. Surface resistances at 4.2 K and 10 GHz are reproducibly less than 20 iQ. Correlations between the processing parameters, DC properties, microstructures and high frequency properties of these films as they are presently known are summarized.
RELATIONSHIP OF ASEXUAL DEVELOPMENT TO AFLATOXIN PRODUCTION IN ASPERGILLUS PARASITICUS

The association between asexual development and aflatoxin production in Aspergillus parasiticus is reviewed. Aflatoxin does not appear to be a product of asexual development. The ability to sporulate and to produce aflatoxin are not mutually exclusive of each other. The environment regulates the asexual development and aflatoxin production. The initial inoculum level will affect the competence time and the time of initiation of aflatoxin production. The time of initiation of aflatoxin production is independent of the initial composition of the medium, in contrast to the onset of sporulation which is dependent on the medium.
Effects of a new compatibilizer system on the flexural properties of wood–polyethylene composites

A novel wood–plastic compatibilizer system containing a paper wet-strength agent as a wood-binding domain and stearic anhydride as a polyethylene (PE) binding domain was investigated. Treatment of wood flour with a commercial paper wet-strength agent Kymene® 557H (simply called Kymene) before the mixing of PE and the wood flour increased the modulus of rupture (MOR) and the modulus of elasticity (MOE) of the resulting wood–PE composites. Addition of stearic acid in the mixing of PE and the wood–Kymene mixture further increased the MOR and MOE. Stearic anhydride was even more effective than stearic acid in the increase of the MOR and MOE. Compared to wood–PE composites without a compatibilizer, the stearic anhydride–Kymene compatibilizer system increased the MOR by about 33% and the MOE by about 40%. The stearic anhydride–Kymene compatibilizer system gave a slightly lower MOR, but higher MOE than those of the commercially used compatibilizer (maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene). The compatibilization mechanisms were proposed as follows: Kymene not only bound to wood fibers, but also strengthened and stiffened the wood fibers. Stearic anhydride formed covalent linkages such as ester and amide with the Kymene-consolidated wood fibers and the long hydrocarbon chain of the stearic anhydride bonded to the PE matrix through entanglements and/or cocrystallization. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3667–3672, 2004
Estimates of regional contributions to wet acid deposition in western Massachusetts during the summer of 1984

Abstract The General Motors mobile Atmospheric Research Laboratory was situated in rural western Massachusetts in the Berkshire Mountains for 62 days during the summer of 1984. One purpose of this study was to determine the source regions of wet acid deposition for this northeastern U.S. location. First, to apportion the precursors (sulfate, sulfur dioxide and nitrate) to source regions, daily ambient air samples were analyzed for the precursors as well as for tracer species that are associated with particular sources. Factor and trajectory analyses were then used to deduce the contributions of the Midwest and the Northeast to these precursors. Finally, the contribution of the precursors to precipitation acidity was estimated by analyzing the chemical constituents in the rain during seven precipitation events. Averaged over the entire duration of the study, the data show that Northeast sources accounted for about 60% of the precipitation sulfate and nitrate, while Midwest sources accounted for about 30%. The balance (~ 10%) was accounted for by background sulfate. A more useful way of examining the data is according to the type of storm that caused the wet deposition. The site was affected by two basic types of storms: coastal low-pressure systems that traveled up the Atlantic Coast, and cold fronts that approached from the west. During the coastal lowpressure events, the Midwestern contribution to precipitation acidity was zero, as easterly flows from the Atlantic Ocean dominated. The cold front events, however, were all associated with southwesterly flows, and the Midwest contributions exceeded the Northeast contributions. During these events, the average Midwest contribution to precipitation acidity was about 50%. For all events, the ratio of sulfate to nitrate was approximately 2:1 on an equivalent basis. During the coastal lows, the relative nitrate contributions were the highest. It was estimated that particulate sulfate scavenging was responsible for about half of the sulfate in the rain, while the other half was due to in-cloud oxidation of gaseous sulfur dioxide.
Progress report on the improved linear ion trap physics package

This article describes an improvement in the architecture of the physics package used in the linear ion trap (LIT) based frequency standard developed at JPL. This new design is based on the observation that ions can be moved along the axis of an LIT by applied dc voltages. The state selection/interrogation region can be separated from the more critical microwave resonance region where the multiplied local oscillator (LO) signal is compared to the stable atomic transition. This separation relaxes many of the design constraints of the present units. Improvements include increased frequency stability, and a substantial reduction in size, mass and cost of the final frequency standard. >
AN INCREASE IN RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL CELLS IN OUTLYING BONE MARROW CONSEQUENT UPON A LOCAL INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE

In adult mammals and birds there is a great quantitative difference in the reticulo-endothelial system content of the bone marrow of central bones as compared with distal outlying bones. Experimental procedures reported in the accompanying communication effecting development and increase of hemopoiesis in inactive yellow marrow also effect a reticulo-endothelial cell increase.
Denitrification and Nitrate Consumption in an Herbaceous Riparian Area and Perennial Ryegrass Seed Cropping System

Riparian ecosystems have the capacity to lower NO 3 - concentrations in groundwater entering from nonpoint agricultural sources. The processes responsible for decreases in riparian groundwater NO," concentrations in the Willamette Valley of Oregon are not well understood. Our objective was to determine if denitrification and/or dissimilatory NO 3 - reduction to NH 4 + (DNRA) could explain decreases in groundwater NO 3 - moving from a perennial ryegrass cropping system into a mixed-herbaceous riparian area. In situ denitrification rates (DN) were not different between the riparian area (near-stream or near-cropping system) and cropping system the first year. In the second year, during the transition to a clover planting, DN was highest just inside of the riparian/cropping system border. Median denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) rates ranged from 29.5 to 44.6 mg N 2 O-N kg -1 d -1 for surface soils (0-15 cm) and 0.7 to 1.7 μg N 2 O-N kg -1 d -1 in the subsoil (135-150 cm). Denitrification enzyme activity rates were not different among the zones and were most often correlated to soil moisture and NH 4 + . Nitrate additions to surface soils increased DEA rates, indicating a potential to denitrify additional NO 3 - . Based on groundwater velocity estimates, NO 3 - (3.8 mg NO 3 - -N L -1 ) entering the riparian surface soil could have been consumed in 0.2 to 7 m by denitrification and 0.03 to 1.0 m by DNRA. Denitrification rates measured in the subsoil could not explain the spatial decrease in NΟ 3 - . However, with the potentially slow movement of water in the subsoil, denitrification and DNRA (0 to 264 pg N kg -1 d -1 ) together could have completely consumed NO 3 - within 0.5 m of entering the riparian zone.
Accelerated protein structure comparison using TM-score-GPU

Motivation: Accurate comparisons of different protein structures play important roles in structural biology, structure prediction and functional annotation. The root-mean-square-deviation (RMSD) after optimal superposition is the predominant measure of similarity due to the ease and speed of computation. However, global RMSD is dependent on the length of the protein and can be dominated by divergent loops that can obscure local regions of similarity. A more sophisticated measure of structure similarity, Template Modeling (TM)-score, avoids these problems, and it is one of the measures used by the community-wide experiments of critical assessment of protein structure prediction to compare predicted models with experimental structures. TM-score calculations are, however, much slower than RMSD calculations. We have therefore implemented a very fast version of TM-score for Graphical Processing Units (TM-score-GPU), using a new and novel hybrid Kabsch/quaternion method for calculating the optimal superposition and RMSD that is designed for parallel applications. This acceleration in speed allows TM-score to be used efficiently in computationally intensive applications such as for clustering of protein models and genome-wide comparisons of structure. Results: TM-score-GPU was applied to six sets of models from Nutritious Rice for the World for a total of 3 million comparisons. TM-score-GPU is 68 times faster on an ATI 5870 GPU, on average, than the original CPU single-threaded implementation on an AMD Phenom II 810 quad-core processor. Availability and implementation: The complete source, including the GPU code and the hybrid RMSD subroutine, can be downloaded and used without restriction at http://software.compbio.washington.edu/misc/downloads/tmscore/. The implementation is in C++/OpenCL. Contact: ram@compbio.washington.edu Supplementary Information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Spinning Effects on the Spreading Profiles in PFPE Nanofilms

As fly height of slider in head-disk interface (HDI) decreases with increasing areal density, the intermittent contacts between head and disk during operation could occur and cause lubricant depletion in the nanofilm. Therefore, the spreading behavior of perfluoropolyether (PFPE) lubricant films is an important consideration in the HDI to maintain long-term reliability of hard disk drives. The spreading behaviors of PFPE monolayer on a spinning disk in operating condition were investigated via optical surface analyzer. A lubricated zone suitable for the study of spreading in a spinning disk was prepared via a special coating technique. L-t plot and convective Cattaneo equation were adopted to analyze the spreading behavior. In case of spinning disk, shear stress by air flow or centrifugal force dominates the spreading characteristics. We developed a mesoscale diffusion equation including convective effects induced by the disk spinning.
The role of waterfalls and knickzones in controlling the style and pace of landscape adjustment in the western San Gabriel Mountains, California

Bedrock rivers set the pace of landscape adjustment to tectonic and climatic forcing by transmitting signals of base-level change upstream through the channel network and ultimately to hillslopes. River incision is typically modeled as a monotonic function of bed shear stress or stream power, modulated by sediment tools and cover effects, but these models do not apply in channels with steep or vertical bedrock reaches due to changes in flow dynamics, hydraulic geometry, and bed cover. Here, we investigate how such knickzones (oversteepened channel reaches often containing waterfalls) influence the propagation of slope-break knickpoints that separate relict from adjusting topography, and thus the response times of landscapes to external forcing. We use a conceptual long-profile model to explore the consequences of waterfalls and knickzones on channel response and compare predictions to light detection and ranging (LiDAR) topography, field observations, and cosmogenic radionuclide data from Big Tujunga Creek, a 300 km2 watershed in the San Gabriel Mountains, California. Three prominent knickzones along Big Tujunga Creek, characterized by numerous waterfalls, show contrasting behavior. For the upper knickzone, waterfalls align with bands of harder rock exposed on adjacent hillslopes, and between waterfalls, the channel is mantled by large (>2 m) boulders, indicating knickzone retreat is slow compared to predictions of slope-break knickpoint retreat from stream-power models, enhancing the preservation of an upstream relict landscape. The middle knickzone shows evidence for both fast and slow knickzone retreat, as well as significant deviations from predictions of uniform tributary knickpoint elevations derived from stream-power models. The lower knickzone is characterized by a waterfall and knickzone within an incised inner gorge that provide evidence of rapid retreat relative to background channel incision. Overall, we find a pattern of decreasing knickzone and waterfall retreat rate with distance upstream of the range front, beyond decreases predicted by simple area-dependent celerity models. Our results highlight that waterfalls and knickzones can both enhance and inhibit landscape adjustment, leading to divergent controls on the pace of landscape evolution.
LYSOZYME IN EPIPHYSEAL CARTILAGE : IV. Embryonic Chick Cartilage Lysozyme-Its Localization and Partial Characterization.

The localization of chick embryonic lysozyme was determined by two techniques: by studying the rate of release from the tissue during sequential enzymatic digestion and by immunocytochemistry. Both techniques indicate that, in this tissue, lysozyme is primarily extra-cellular. Cartilage lysozyme was isolated and partially characterized and found to be identical with egg white lysozyme in its immunologic and enzymatic behavior. In addition, a method for the isolation of large numbers of viable chondrocytes is described.
Functional genomic characterization of delipidation elicited by trans-10, cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid (t10c12-CLA) in a polygenic obese line of mice.

Gene expression was measured during t10c12-CLA-induced body fat reduction in a polygenic obese line of mice. Adult mice (n = 185) were allotted to a 2 × 2 factorial experiment consisting of either ...
40-Gb/s Package Design Using Wire-Bonded Plastic Ball Grid Array

A 40-Gb/s packaging solution that uses low-cost wire-bonded plastic ball grid array (WB-PBGA) technology is presented. Since such a high speed was beyond the reach of conventional package designs, a new design methodology was proposed-discontinuity cancellation in both signal-current and return-current paths. The 3-D structures of bonding wires, vias, solder ball pads, and power distribution networks were optimized for the discontinuity cancellation. Two versions of four-layer WB-PBGA packages were designed; one according to the proposed methodology and the other conventionally. The proposed design methodology was verified with full-wave simulation, passive bandwidth measurement, time domain reflectometry (TDR), eye diagram measurement, and jitter analysis.
Oral Health Literacy in the Dental Office: The Unrecognized Patient Risk Factor

According to the report Healthy People 2010, oral health literacy is the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate oral health decisions. Studies have linked a patient's health literacy to a variety of significant health behaviors, statuses and outcomes. This article provides an overview of the literature concerning the levels of health literacy among adults in the U.S., the effects of literacy levels on treatment and patient outcomes, literacy assessment in the practice setting and the effects of a patient's literacy on communication with a dental health provider. The implications of inadequate patient oral health literacy on the practice of dental hygienists and communication recommendations are discussed, as is the need for future research specifically on oral health literacy.
State estimation of fast-rate systems using slow-rate image sensors

This paper presents algorithms for state estimation of adaptive optics (AO) systems with fast-rate actuators and slow-rate image sensors. Typically, the information obtained from these slow-rate image sensors is the time-averaged output measurement during the exposure time. The additional information available in the image measurement (in the form of an intensity distribution) is discarded. In order to fully extract information from these blurry measurements, the image sensor is modeled as an integrative intensity sensor. The integrative intensity sensor is a transform from temporal outputs to pixel-domain measurements. Thus, the state estimation problem for the AO system is recast into a multi-rate estimation problem from a non-linear output measurement. Based on this formulation, we propose and compare estimation algorithms that exploit the unique properties of the non-linear integrative sensor model. Experimental results on a fast-rate beam steering mirror and a slow-rate image sensor verify that using the integrative sensor model and exploiting its structure for state estimation can result in lower prediction error.
Effect of Loading Sequence on Notch Strength of Warm Prestressed Alloy Steel

An experimental study of the effects of warm prestressing on the fracture strength of notched and fatigue-cracked bend bars of a Ni-Cr-Mo, low-alloy forging-grade steel was conducted. The steel was tested in four heat treatment conditions simulating four thickness fractions of a 23-1/2 -in-thick forging. Three load-temperature paths were investigated: (1) preload-cool-fracture, (2) preload-cool-unload-fracture, (3) preload-unload-cool-fracture. The fracture strengths of the prestressed bars were compared with the fracture strengths of unprestressed bars. The benefits of prestressing for each load-temperature path decreased in the order listed, although prestressing was always beneficial. The benefits also decreased with decreasing fracture-test temperature relative to the 50-percent FATT.
MicroRNAs in normal and psoriatic skin

Psoriasis is a chronic and common human skin disorder currently with no cure. Psoriatic skin displays inflammatory, raised, and scaly lesions with widely aberrant gene expression. Recent studies have revealed critical roles that microRNAs play as a class of posttranscriptional gene regulator in skin development and skin diseases. A substantial number of novel microRNAs have been identified in skin, and much has been learned about the dysregulated expression and functional roles of microRNAs in psoriasis, as well as the robustness and plasticity of microRNA-mediated gene expression regulation. Here we review recent progresses in discovery, profiling, and characterization of microRNAs in human psoriatic skin, discuss insights to their biological functions, and share our view on remaining challenges to be addressed.
Neighborhoods and health

Foreword Ana V. Diez Roux 1. Neighborhoods and Health: A Progress Report Dustin T. Duncan and Ichiro Kawachi 2. Operationalizing Neighborhood Definitions in Health Research: Spatial Misclassification and Other Issues Dustin T. Duncan, Seann D. Regan, and Basile Chaix 3. Quantitative Methods for Measuring Neighborhood Characteristics in Neighborhood Health Research Dustin T. Duncan, William C. Goedel, and Rumi Chunara 4. Statistical Methods in Spatial Epidemiology Samson Gebreab 5. Agent Based Models Brenda Heaton, Abdulrahman El-Sayed, and Sandro Galea 6. Experimental and quasi-experimental designs in neighborhood health effects research: Strengthening causal inference and promoting translation Nicole M. Schmidt, Quynh C. Nguyen, and Theresa L. Osypuk 7. Qualitative Methods and Neighborhood Health Research Danya E. Keene 8. Designing Healthier Built Environments Pedro Gullon Tosio and Gina S. Lovasi 9. Food Environment and Health Jason Block, Michael Seward, Peter James 10. Neighborhoods, Social Stigma, and Health Danya E. Keene and Mark B. Padilla 11. Neighborhood Foreclosure and Health Maraina Arcaya 12. Residential Segregation and Health Michael R. Kramer Index
Commodity Price Dynamics: Stochastic Fundamental Volatility, Speculation, and Commodity Storage

Commodity price spikes are often accompanied by allegations that speculative excess has caused prices to depart dramatically from levels justified by fundamentals. Since prices guide real resource allocations, distortions in prices should lead to distortions in real variables, such as inventories. In 2005-2006 critics of speculation pointed to anomalous increases in stocks in the face of rising prices as evidence of speculative distortion. This article demonstrates, however, that when the volatility of fundamental shocks is stochastic, such comovements occur in competitive markets. Since agents use inventories to smooth out the effects of unpredictable net demand shocks, a positive volatility shock induces an increase in inventories. For inventories to increase (holding the level of the net demand shock constant), prices must rise to reduce consumption and encourage production. The analysis implies that an increase in speculative stocks is at best a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for the existence of a speculative price distortion.
Transnational feedback, soft law, and preferences in global financial regulation

ABSTRACTPre-crisis global governance of finance was marked by considerable preference alignment between the two regulatory great powers, the US and the EU. The article's explanation of this surprising pattern in regulatory preferences takes the institutional context of global finance seriously. It highlights the endogenous, temporal effects of inter-national institutions at the core of global economic governance: transnational regulatory networks and the soft law they produce. Transnational soft law is not simply an articulation of a focal point, we demonstrate, but also a political resource that may be employed by reform-minded agents dissatisfied with their domestic policy status quo. We label such feedback processes ‘templates-as-disruptors,’ meaning that the establishment of transnational soft law by regulatory networks at t1 creates policy templates that disrupt pre-existing internal (e.g. domestic) political contests at t2. In addition to improving an understanding of historical events and great pow...
Signal processing techniques for ensuring fidelity of back-end signal transmission in flash memory based solid state drives

Solid State Drives (SSDs) use Flash memory for its high speed performance for random reads. An SSD controller has a front end interface which communicates with the host and a back end interface which communicates with the media. A popular media interface is the Open NAND Flash Interface (ONFI). As throughputs increase, the ONFI bandwidths have to increase. ONFI 4.0 supports data rates exceeding 2.5 GHz. At these rates, the ONFI channel is far from ideal. The channel becomes frequency selective and the channel impulse response exhibits a notch. Since inter-symbol-interference (ISI) sets in, a scheme for ISI cancellation is required or some other means to eliminate the effect of ISI becomes mandatory. In this work, we propose a filter bank approach to solve the problem of notch cancellation. Since a frequency band is completely lost, over-sampling of the signal becomes mandatory. One scheme maybe to use the excess bandwidth to replicate the frequency contents which are in the notch region. At the receiver, the replicated contents are translated back to their correct spectral location. However, this method has the drawback that the high-pass and low-pass filters have high order. Since data rates exceed 2.5GHz, it is difficult to implement high order filters at such rates. Hence we propose a filter bank based approach which consists of digital filters which have low order and still permit perfect reconstruction. The idea of filter banks is to permit aliasing at an individual filter basis, but when the signal from different filters is combined, the aliasing component from the different banks cancel each other. An extra set of constraints are also required to ensure that the overall transfer function is atmost a delay. We propose using a biorthogonal filter bank as is used in the discret multi-tone modulation (DMT) system for asymmetric digital subscribe line (ADSL) applications. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) filter banks are commonly used for these applications, but a general biorthogonal filter bank does serve the purpose. A general biorthogonal filter bank can be used to design filters which have non-uniform band pass characteristics. Simulation results show that use of the biorthogonal filter bank leads to complete recovery from the notch. The filter bank also permits equalization of the channel response in the other than the notch frequency region to create an ideal channel for signal transmission.
Elderly patients and high force resistance exercise--a descriptive report: can an anabolic, muscle growth response occur without muscle damage or inflammation?

ABSTRACTBackground and Purpose:Elderly individuals participate in resistance exercise to induce an anabolic response and grow muscle to help overcome functional deficits. It is thought that a muscle damage and inflammatory response to resistance exercise is a necessary prerequisite for an anabolic a
CONSERVACIÓN Y DESARROLLO DE LA AMAZONÍA EN UN CONTEXTO MEGADIVERSO

El desconocimiento de la compleja realidad ecologica y sociocultural de la Amazonia, junto con la debil presencia del Estado y la marginacion de las comunidades amazonicas, han contribuido a promover la erosion de los recursos de la biodiversidad y la degradacion de los ecosistemas, y a empobrecer a las poblaciones amazonicas que dependen de estos recursos para subsistir. La extraccion descontrolada de recursos de flora y fauna en la mayor parte del territorio amazonico esta provocando cambios en la estructura y funcionalidad de los ecosistemas, con imprevisibles consecuencias a largo plazo. La conservacion de la biodiversidad amazonica requiere no solo por crear una buena red de areas protegidas conectadas a traves de corredores biologicos: es necesario manejar y proteger en su conjunto el territorio amazonico con una vision ecosistemica, de cuenca y de paisaje, buscando recuperar la salud y funcionalidad de los ecosistemas. Y es indispensable involucrar a las comunidades locales para que sean participes tanto de la gestion como de los beneficios del aprovechamiento de los recursos de la biodiversidad.
Thoracentesis and Chest Tube Drainage

Thoracentesis can be used as both a diagnostic and a therapeutic tool. Tube thoracostomy can be life saving. Each technique requires familiarity with the principles of pulmonary and pleural anatomy and physiology. It is mandatory that all pulmonary and critical care practitioners be familiar with the indications, benefits, and risks of these interventions to prevent devastating complications.
Why is there and should there be more attention paid to dental erosion

Fluoride delivered by fluoridation, toothpaste, and mouth rinses, combined with regular preventive professional and personal care, has given us a much better opportunity to keep our teeth for a lifetime. But in contrast to better preventive care, lifestyle changes leading to stress or dietary changes in what and how we drink and eat may adversely affect the esthetics and/or healthy look of our teeth. Surface-enamel wear can be described as the result as well as a chronicle of an individual's life. Components of wear--including abfraction, attrition, abrasion, and erosion--combine to characterize the lifetime of wear. The chemical-erosive-wear component appears to be changing because of modern cultural life choices. A number of literature reports conclude that excessive exposure to various acid sources can contribute to the chemical erosion of tooth surfaces. For example, the hydrochloric acid regurgitated from the stomach, the acid added to swimming pools to combat microbes, the citric and chelating carboxylic acids of fruit and fruit-based beverages, the phosphoric acid of cola beverages, and the acetic acid of vinegars used for salads all can contribute to the chemical erosion of tooth surfaces. While these acid sources have the potential to erode, our saliva and the manner in which we consume these substances can largely modify the erosive action of the acids they contain. With a better understanding of our personal lifestyle choices coupled with the educated guidance of our profession, we can help to reduce the opportunities for erosive wear to occur.
Pivotal Results of the Medtronic Vascular Talent Thoracic Stent Graft System: The VALOR Trial

The VALOR trial was a prospective, nonrandomized, multicenter clinical study conducted in the United States to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the Medtronic Vascular Talent Thoracic Stent Graft in the treatment of thoracic aortic diseases. Enrollment occurred from December 2003 to June 2005 at 38 institutions across ed States This report focuses on the pivotal test group population, which included patients diagnosed with TAAs. These patients were considered candidates for open surgical repair and were low to moderate risk (0, 1, and 2) per the modified Society for Vascular Surgery and the American Association for Vascular Surgery criteria. (The anatomic and medical inclusion and exclusion criteria are presented in Table 28.1.)
Applications of injection-locked narrow stripe and large active area laser diodes

Injection of a signal from a single spatial and spectral mode master laser diode can be used to control the spectral characteristics of a narrow stripe slave laser and to establish phase coherence between multiple lasers. With high power large active area laser diodes such as coupled stripe arrays, external injection can also control the near field phase distribution and, therefore, the far field diffraction pattern of the laser.1–3 As a result, diffraction-limited and single spectral mode emission has been demonstrated in 0.5-1.0-W laser arrays and broad stripe4 GaAlAs lasers which operated with wide diffraction patterns when free running. A typical injection-locking arrangement and the resulting laser far field are shown in Figs. 1 and 2.
Changes in Multidigit Synergies and Their Feed-Forward Adjustments in Multiple Sclerosis

The authors explored the changes in multidigit synergies in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) within the framework of the uncontrolled manifold hypothesis. The specific hypotheses were that both synergy indices and anticipatory synergy adjustments prior to the initiation of a self-paced quick action would be diminished in the patients compared to age-matched controls. The MS patients and age-matched controls (n = 13 in both groups) performed one-finger and multifinger force production tasks involving both accurate steady-state force production and quick force pulses. The patients showed significantly lower maximal finger forces and a tendency toward slower force pulses. Enslaving was increased in MS, but only in the lateral fingers (index and little). Indices of multifinger synergies during steady-state force production were lower in MS, mainly due to the lower amount of intertrial variance that did not affect total force. Anticipatory synergy adjustments were significantly delayed in MS. The results show that MS leads to significant changes in multidigit synergies and feed-forward adjustments of the synergies prior to a quick action. The authors discuss possible contributions of subcortical structures to the impaired synergic control.
To Avoid or Not to Avoid: When Emotions Overflow

ABSTRACTThis study focuses on how postepisodic conflict avoidance is related to the emotional and behavioral reactions to a partner's destructive conflict behavior. The first hypothesis predicted that a partner's destructive behavior is positively related to postepisodic conflict avoidance when an individual becomes emotionally flooded and withdraws during an argument. Conversely, a partner's destructive behavior was expected to be negatively related to postepisodic conflict avoidance when an individual becomes emotionally flooded and reciprocates the destructive behavior during an argument. A path analysis of the accounts of 182 undergraduate participants about a recent conflict episode supported the second hypothesis but not the first. However, results indicate other positive paths between a partner's destructive behavior and postepisodic conflict avoidance. Limitations and future research directions are discussed. This study extends the anger avoidance model and also advances understanding of destructi...
ARCTiC LawE: An Upper-Body Exoskeleton for Firearm Training

The Armed Robotic Control for Training in Civilian Law Enforcement, or ARCTiC LawE, is an upper-body exoskeleton designed to assist civilian, military, and law enforcement personnel in accurate, precise, and reliable handgun techniques. This exoskeleton training utilizes a laser-based handgun with similar dimensions, trigger pull, and break action to a Glock® 19 pistol, common to both public and private security sectors. The paper aims to train and test subjects with no handgun training/experience both with and without the ARCTiC LawE and compare the results of accuracy, precision, and speed. Ultimately, the exoskeleton greatly impacts sensory motor learning, and the biomechanical implications are confirmed via both performance and physiological measurements. The researchers believe the ARCTiC LawE is a viable substitute for training with live-fire handguns in order to reduce the cost of training time and munitions. They also believe the ARCTiC LawE will increase accuracy and precision for typical law enforcement and military live-fire drills. Additionally, this paper increases the breadth of knowledge for exoskeletons as a tool for training.
Static and dynamic wavelength routing via the gradient optical force

We propose and demonstrate an all-optical wavelength routing approach that uses a tuning mechanism based upon the optical gradient force in a specially designed nano-optomechanical system. The resulting mechanically compliant 'spiderweb' resonator realizes seamless wavelength routing over a range of 3,000 times the intrinsic channel width, with a tuning efficiency of 309 GHz mW^(-1), a switching time of less than 200 ns, and 100% channel quality preservation over the entire tuning range. These results indicate the potential for radiation pressure actuated devices to be used in a variety of photonics applications, such as channel routing/switching, buffering, dispersion compensation, pulse trapping/release and widely tunable lasers.
Modeling of Interior Permanent Magnet Machine Considering Saturation, Cross Coupling, Spatial Harmonics, and Temperature Effects

Interior permanent magnet (IPM) machine is one of the most widely used machine topologies in electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles nowadays. The idealized IPM machine model is commonly used in the analysis and simulation of IPM machine’s control and drive system. However, nonlinearity and temperature effects will greatly influence the performance and characteristics of IPM machine. Without a precise IPM machine model, high-performance IPM machine control algorithm cannot be accurately evaluated in the simulation. This paper derived the IPM machine’s voltage equations and torque equation considering saturation, cross coupling, spatial harmonics, and temperature effects. The derived IPM machine equations can use as high-fidelity IPM machine model with the assistance of lookup tables in the machine drive system simulation. The results in this paper facilitate the design of high-performance IPM machine controller, which is robust to temperature variation.
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and the use of radiofrequency catheter ablation.

Objective To describe Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome and the use of radiofrequency catheter ablation to prevent further recurrence of the tachycardias associated with this syndrome. The pathophysiology, electrocardiographic findings, treatment modalities for both short- and long-term therapy, as well as the treatment with radiofrequency catheter ablation are presented. Pathophysiology WPW is the most common form of the preexcitation syndromes. Ventricular myocardium is preexcited by use of an alternate conduction pathway or accessory pathway. Electrocardiographic characteristics show a short PR interval, presence of a delta wave, widened QRS complex, and ST-T wave changes. Most common tachyarrhythmias associated with this syndrome are orthodromic and antidromic reciprocating tachycardia and atrial fibrillation. Outcome There is significant morbidity and mortality associated with WPW. Although rare, some patients' initial presentation may be ventricular fibrillation or sudden cardiac death. Interventions Short-term therapy will include vagal maneuvers, atrioventricular nodal blocking agents, or direct current cardioversion. Long-term therapy includes antiarrhythmic therapy, and surgical or catheter ablation. NURSING CONSIDERATIONS: Critical Care nurses play an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of the patient with WPW. Recognizing the characteristic signs on the 12-lead electrocardiogram, understanding the proper therapy for arrhythmias, and possessing knowledge of the syndrome to educate the patient are vital pieces of information necessary to care for the patient with WPW.
A Practical Model for Conducting Helpful Peer Review of Teaching

This chapter outlines a practical and easy-to-implement four-stage model of peer review. This model differs from most models in that it also includes a meeting with students during which the peer reviewer gathers contextual information about the quality of the their learning experiences based on their teacher’s pedagogical practices. We describe the details involved in successfully completing each stage of peer review as well as the outcomes that derive from using this model. Finally, we note that the success of any model of peer review is highly dependent on particular skillsets of the individuals conducting the peer review. These qualities include pedagogical expertise, observational skills, and interview skills.
Greater Data Science Ahead

David Donoho's “50 Years of Data Science” provides an insightful, historical context and a progressive vision for teaching and performing scientific research in the emerging and evolving field of D...