cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
T1 Measurement by NMR Inversion Recovery: An Upper-Division Undergraduate Experiment in Advanced NMR Techniques Demonstrating the Concept of Contrast-Enhanced MRI

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is the tool of choice for organic chemists to determine the molecular structure of organic molecules and, as a result, is a fundamental topic in the organic chemistry curriculum. A novel laboratory module has been developed to expand the scope of NMR spectroscopy beyond structure validation at the undergraduate level to include how organic chemistry and FT-NMR spectroscopy are directly related to contrast-assisted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This laboratory module allows students to synthesize commercially available MRI contrast agents and exposes students to the important concepts of longitudinal relaxation time (T1) and relaxation rate (r1), and how both properties can be enhanced by paramagnetic contrast agents. By using an NMR spectrometer for inversion recovery experiments, students will be able to bridge the concepts of NMR and MRI, while understanding how organic chemistry plays a vital role in a technology that revolutionized diagnostic and therapeutic medicine.
Regulating Slavery: Deckstacking and Credible Commitment in the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

In 1850, Congress delegated federal judicial powers to a new bureaucracy that was devoted to capturing escaped slaves in free states and returning them to their owners. The Fugitive Slave Act was an attempt to enhance the credibility of a commitment made in the Constitution`s Article IV § 2, which had gone unenforced for more than half a century. This article demonstrates how Congress engaged in deck-stacking, engineering the administrative structure and judicial procedures of the fugitive slave rendition process in ways that favored slave-holding interests. Analysis of votes by members of Congress on final passage of the act and amendments to the act demonstrate the political influences on choices of process. I demonstrate that regional (free versus slave state), partisan (Whig versus Democrat), and electoral (Free Soil party support) calculations all play a role in determining the likelihood of a legislator voting for the antislavery position. Moreover, political conflict was muted when amendments dealt mainly with structural issues, but was amplified when the amendment's content was procedural.
Quantitative characterization of human breast tissue based on deep learning segmentation of 3D optical coherence tomography images

In this study, we performed dual-modality optical coherence tomography (OCT) characterization (volumetric OCT imaging and quantitative optical coherence elastography) on human breast tissue specimens. We trained and validated a U-Net for automatic image segmentation. Our results demonstrated that U-Net segmentation can be used to assist clinical diagnosis for breast cancer, and is a powerful enabling tool to advance our understanding of the characteristics for breast tissue. Based on the results obtained from U-Net segmentation of 3D OCT images, we demonstrated significant morphological heterogeneity in small breast specimens acquired through diagnostic biopsy. We also found that breast specimens affected by different pathologies had different structural characteristics. By correlating U-Net analysis of structural OCT images with mechanical measurement provided by quantitative optical coherence elastography, we showed that the change of mechanical properties in breast tissue is not directly due to the change in the amount of dense or porous tissue.
Trans-acting genetic variation affects the expression of adjacent genes

Abstract Gene expression differences among individuals are shaped by trans-acting expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs). Most trans-eQTLs map to hotspot locations that influence many genes. The molecular mechanisms perturbed by hotspots are often assumed to involve “vertical” cascades of effects in pathways that can ultimately affect the expression of thousands of genes. Here, we report that trans-eQTLs can affect the expression of adjacent genes via “horizontal” mechanisms that extend along a chromosome. Genes affected by trans-eQTL hotspots in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were more likely to be located next to each other than expected by chance. These paired hotspot effects tended to occur at adjacent genes that show coexpression in response to genetic and environmental perturbations. Physical proximity and shared chromatin state, in addition to regulation of adjacent genes by similar transcription factors, were independently associated with paired hotspot effects. The effects of trans-eQTLs can spread among neighboring genes even when these genes do not share a common function. This phenomenon could result in unexpected connections between regulatory genetic variation and phenotypes.
Baseflow response to climate variability induced droughts in the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River Basin, U.S.A.

Droughts have been a major factor leading to the Tri-State Water Wars in the southeastern United States. One of the primary issues related to the conflict is the reduction in baseflow levels in the Flint River during droughts. This affects the availability of freshwater resources to support the endangered mussel species in the Flint and Apalachicola Rivers and threatens the shellfish industry in the Apalachicola Bay. Study of large-scale climate phenomena as well as the interactions of interannual with decadal and multidecadal oceanic–atmospheric phenomena can provide valuable information regarding regional climatic conditions such as droughts and their impact on water resources. This study was conducted to quantify the impacts of climate variability cycles on baseflow levels in the Flint River. The individual and coupled impacts of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on baseflow were quantified. The non-parametric Joint Rank Fit (JRFit) procedure was used to provide a robust test of the significance of interactions between the phases of ENSO–PDO, ENSO–AMO and ENSO–NAO baseflows. Simple-main effect comparisons were also performed using the JRFit model to estimate significant difference between the positive and negative phase baseflows of PDO, AMO and NAO associated with El Nino or La Nina phases. The results indicate that the phases of ENSO, AMO and NAO significantly affect baseflows in the Flint River. Interaction tests showed that the PDO and AMO phases modulate ENSO phase baseflows. La Nina associated with positive phases of PDO and AMO resulted in greater decrease in baseflow levels of approximately 28% and 33%, respectively. However, La Nina associated with negative phase of AMO showed above normal baseflows. The results illustrate the importance of coupled analyses of climate variability by providing a better understanding of the severity of droughts and their impact on baseflows. The results obtained from this study can be used by water managers in the region as a guide for the issuance of drought severity-based water restrictions.
Commitment and Sexual Behaviors in Adolescent Dating Relationships

Adolescence marks the long transition between childhood and adulthood. On their journey to adulthood, adolescents face a variety of developmental tasks, including the exploration of and experimentation with individual identities, attitudes, and commitments, the initiation and development of friendships and romantic relationships, and experimentation with expressions of sexuality. A central social context for accomplishing these tasks is romantic dating relationships, making such relationships a crucial area for developmental research.
A NSQIP Review of Major Morbidity and Mortality of Synchronous Liver Resection for Colorectal Metastasis Stratified by Extent of Liver Resection and Type of Colorectal Resection

Safety of synchronous hepatectomy and colorectal resection (CRR) for metastatic colorectal cancer remains controversial. We hypothesized that both the extent of hepatectomy and CRR influences postoperative outcomes. Prospective 2005–2013 ACS-NSQIP data were retrospectively reviewed for mortality and major morbidity (MM) after (1) isolated hepatectomy, (2) isolated CRR, and (3) synchronous resection for colorectal cancer. Hepatectomy and CRR risk categories were created based on mortality and MM of respective isolated resections. The synchronous cohort was then stratified based on risk categories. Cumulative asynchronous mortality and MM were estimated compared to that observed in the synchronous cohort via unadjusted relative risk and risk difference. There were 43,408 patients identified. Among isolated hepatectomy patients (N = 6,661), trisectionectomy and right hepatectomy experienced the greatest mortality and were defined as “major” hepatectomy. Among isolated CRR patients (N = 35,825), diverted left colectomy, abdominoperineal resection, total abdominal colectomy, and total abdominal proctocolectomy experienced the greatest MM and were defined as “high risk” CRR. Synchronous patients (N = 922) were stratified by hepatectomy and CRR risk categories; mortality and MM varied from 0.9 to 5.0 % and 25.5 to 55.0 %, respectively. Mortality and MM were greatest for patients undergoing “high risk” CRR and “major” hepatectomy and lowest for synchronous CRR and “minor” hepatectomy. As both CRR and hepatectomy risk categories increased, there was a significant trend in increasing mortality and MM in synchronous patients. Additionally, comparison of the synchronous resections versus the estimated cumulative asynchronous outcomes showed that (1) mortality was significantly less after synchronous minor hepatectomy and either low or high risk CRR, and (2) neither mortality nor major morbidity differed significantly after major hepatectomy with either high or low risk CRR. Major morbidity after synchronous hepatic and colorectal resections vary incrementally and are related to both the risk of hepatectomy and CRR. Stratification of outcomes by the hepatectomy and CRR components may reflect a more accurate description of risks. Comparison of synchronous and combined outcomes of individual operations supports a potential benefit for synchronous resections with minor hepatectomy.
Commentary: Internalization theory and its relation to RBV and TCE

Abstract Rugman's work contains critical elements of both the resource-based view and transaction cost economics within the framework of internalization theory. The framework that he helped develop not only explains the raison d’etre of the MNE but has also been extended to explicate the choice among different organization modes for cross-border exploitation of complementary assets. I show the continued relevance of both the concept of FSAs and the concept of transaction costs to explaining the expansion of MNEs and their choice of market entry mode today.
Classical conditioning of female sexual arousal

The classical conditioning of subjective and physiological aspects of female sexual arousal was examined. Experimental subjects were run in a delayed conditioning design, where an amber light was paired with excerpts from erotic videos. Control subjects received presentations of the same amber tight and videos, but these presentations did not overlap with one another. Dependent variables included subjective ratings of arousal to the light and the videos as well as change in vaginal pulse amplitude assessed during exposure to the different stimuli. Experimental subjects evidenced increased arousal to the light over conditioning trials, as assessed by subjective ratings of sexual arousal. This finding is suggestive of a learned effect. However, results failed to indicate significant differences between experimental and control groups. Therefore, the increased arousal to the light evidenced by experimental subjects may not be due to classical conditioning. Suggestions regarding these findings, clinical implications, and future research are discussed.
Biosynthesis of the Peptidoglycan of Bacterial Cell Walls X. FURTHER STUDY OF THE GLYCYL TRANSFER RIBONUCLEIC ACIDS ACTIVE IN PEPTIDOGLYCAN SYNTHESIS IN STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

Abstract Three glycine acceptor transfer RNAs (tRNAs) have been separated from the crude tRNA of Staphylococcus aureus H. All three support the incorporation of glycine into peptidoglycan. Two of them participate in polypeptide synthesis as examined by various methods. However, one of the glycyl-tRNAs is inactive in polynucleotide-directed polypeptide synthesis as well as in the synthesis of rabbit hemoglobin. This tRNA does not bind to ribosomes in the presence of any of the known codons for glycine.
Land Use Planning and Wildlife Maintenance

The study of plants and animals on islands, both natural and artificial, has produced a body of generalizations immediately useful to land use planners concerned with minimizing the impacts of habitat destruction on the environment. A case study of 37 isolated chaparral fragments in San Diego, California, demonstrates the consequences of habitat fragmentation, including rapid and predictable extinctions of native birds in isolated canyons. This study and others can be used to generate planning guidelines for the prevention of such disappearances. Among the most important measures that can be taken are consolidation of open space set-asides and the provision of corridors linking habitat patches. Corridors can mitigate some of the negative effects of development on wildlife, especially where they facilitate the movement of large predators.
Neurofibromin progress on the fly

The genetic disease neurofibromatosis type 1 causes tumours and, in some cases, learning difficulties. The disease is caused by a mutation in the gene for a protein called neurofibromin, which is involved in the control of cell division. Results in fruitflies that lack the protein suggest that the learning disabilities of patients may result from a need for neurofibromin in normal learning processes, rather than in the development of the brain.
Deaths following vaccination: What does the evidence show?

Vaccines are rigorously tested and monitored and are among the safest medical products we use. Millions of vaccinations are given to children and adults in the United States each year. Serious adverse reactions are rare. However, because of the high volume of use, coincidental adverse events including deaths, that are temporally associated with vaccination, do occur. When death occurs shortly following vaccination, loved ones and others might naturally question whether it was related to vaccination. A large body of evidence supports the safety of vaccines, and multiple studies and scientific reviews have found no association between vaccination and deaths except in rare cases. During the US multi-state measles outbreak of 2014-2015, unsubstantiated claims of deaths caused by measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine began circulating on the Internet, prompting responses by public health officials to address common misinterpretations and misuses of vaccine safety surveillance data, particularly around spontaneous reports submitted to the US Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). We summarize epidemiologic data on deaths following vaccination, including examples where reasonable scientific evidence exists to support that vaccination caused or contributed to deaths. Rare cases where a known or plausible theoretical risk of death following vaccination exists include anaphylaxis, vaccine-strain systemic infection after administration of live vaccines to severely immunocompromised persons, intussusception after rotavirus vaccine, Guillain-Barre syndrome after inactivated influenza vaccine, fall-related injuries associated with syncope after vaccination, yellow fever vaccine-associated viscerotropic disease or associated neurologic disease, serious complications from smallpox vaccine including eczema vaccinatum, progressive vaccinia, postvaccinal encephalitis, myocarditis, and dilated cardiomyopathy, and vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis from oral poliovirus vaccine. However, making general assumptions and drawing conclusions about vaccinations causing deaths based on spontaneous reports to VAERS - some of which might be anecdotal or second-hand - or from case reports in the media, is not a scientifically valid practice.
The Microsoft Antitrust Case: Rejoinder

In this rejoinder, I discuss the inappropriateness of the theory of predation proposed by Prof. Frank Fisher as well as comments by Dr. O’Brien and Prof. O’Toole. I show that Dr. Fisher’s theory of predation is likely to characterize aggressive procompetitive actions as anti-competitive. If adopted, courts will discourage firms from taking socially beneficial aggressive pro-competitive actions.
The subparietal and parietooccipital sulci: an anatomical study.

Abstract The subparietal and parietooccipital sulci are both located on the medial surface of the brain. Both of these sulci reveal significant variability in pattern and complexity. Both subparietal and parietooccipital sulci play an important role as surgical landmarks using posterior interhemispheric parietooccipital approach to lesions located adjacent to the ventricular trigon deep to the cingulate gyrus. The aim of this study is to analyze variations in the patterns of the subparietal and parietooccipital sulci and to emphasize their surgical importance. Fifty-six formalin-fixed cadaveric cerebral hemispheres from 28 adult humans are examined. Subparietal and parietal sulci patterns, variations and their relationship with the cingulate sulcus are studied according to the terminology introduced by Ono et al. The H-pattern was observed in 50% (n = 28) of all hemispheres, being the most common pattern of the subparietal sulcus. The Straight pattern was observed in the 30.4% (n = 17) of all hemispheres, being the most common pattern of the parietooccipital sulcus. Furthermore, more detailed results among the patterns, connections, side branches and the relationship with the adjacent sulci are given. Our study further confirms the complexities in the patterns of the subparietal and parietooccipital sulci and demonstrates that these sulci fall within an expected range of variations. Better knowledge of these variations will further help neurosurgeons to navigate easily during approaches involving the medial surface of the parietal lobe. Clin. Anat. 26:667-674, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Behavioral Parent Training to Address Feeding Problems in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Pilot Trial

The purpose of this study was to pilot a newly developed manualized behavioral parent training program (PT-F) for parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and feeding problems, and test the feasibility and initial efficacy of the treatment in a small open trial. Parents of a sample of 14 young children diagnosed with ASD, with an average age of 4 years, were enrolled in this study. Parents participated in a 9-session program delivered individually over the 16 weeks of the study. Outcome measures of feasibility, fidelity, and efficacy were collected. Parent attendance and satisfaction were high as was treatment fidelity. The Brief Autism Mealtime Behavior Inventory was significantly reduced over the trial as were disruptive behaviors. Finally, significant reduction in parenting stress was observed over the course of the study. Results support the feasibility and initial efficacy of this PT-F program for children with ASD and feeding problems. Additional research to include randomized trials are necessary to confirm these initial findings.
Methylation of ribosomal proteins during ribosome assembly in Escherichia coli.

In Escherichia coli, a number of ribosomal proteins are methylated. The time of methylation of L7 and L11 during ribosome assembly was studied. It was observed that the methylation of L7 could occur in the free protein stage. Both the 32S and 40S ribonucleoprotein intermediates also contained methylated L7 although the extent of methylation in these particles was not as high as in the free L7, the 45S or the 50S particles. Free L11 could also be partially methylated but the bulk of methylation of this protein was found in the 45S and the 50S particles.
Manganese doping influence on the plasmon energy of nickel films

Abstract Manganese doping in nickel films capped with copper have been prepared by evaporation in vacuum. The films are composed of grains with an average diameter of ~ 20 nm from scanning electron microscope scans. Optical absorption is measured over a wavelength range of 190–450 nm. Two plasmon peaks are observed at 3.30 eV and 4.45 eV for a range of concentrations of films. The 4.45 eV peak is a bulk plasmon peak that is enhanced by increasing the manganese in nickel. The 3.30 eV peak is a surface plasmon peak that increases in width or strength of plasmon resonance with increasing concentration of manganese. This may be a combination effect of charge carrier concentration and dielectric screening from the reformed electronic band structure caused by manganese doping. By adding manganese into nickel, the ferromagnetic order is further destroyed as a transition into a spin glass occurs. This spin glass behavior is seen in a coercivity measurement at 4 K where the coercivity drops precipitously as the doping concentration increases.
High-throughput enzyme evolution in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using a synthetic RNA switch

Metabolic engineering can produce a wide range of bulk and fine chemicals using renewable resources. These approaches frequently require high levels of activity from multiple heterologous enzymes. Directed evolution techniques have been used to improve the activity of a wide range of enzymes but can be difficult to apply when the enzyme is used in whole cells. To address this limitation, we developed generalizable in vivo biosensors using engineered RNA switches to link metabolite concentrations and GFP expression levels in living cells. Using such a sensor, we quantitatively screened large enzyme libraries in high throughput based on fluorescence, either in clonal cultures or in single cells by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). By iteratively screening libraries of a caffeine demethylase, we identified beneficial mutations that ultimately increased the enzyme activity in vivo by 33 fold and the product selectivity by 22 fold. As aptamer selection strategies allow RNA switches to be readily adapted to recognize new small molecules, these RNA-based screening techniques are applicable to a broad range of enzymes and metabolic pathways.
Structural and Mechanical Anisotropy Correlation via a Generalized Anisotropic Inverse Mechanics Method

Elastography, or imaging of the elastic properties of materials has emerged as an important medical diagnostics tool in the last few decades. Its primary focus has been in the area of tumor detection where such inverse methods measure the relative stiffness of regions in tissue in comparison to its surrounding [1,2]. In load-bearing tissues like tendons and blood vessels, the underlying anisotropic structure of the tissue is distinctive and essential for proper function. In diseased or damaged tissue this structure is altered. Hence the potential for a tool to quantify relative changes not just in stiffness but also directionality is high. We have developed a generalized inverse mechanics method to estimate the regional anisotropy in inhomogeneous tissue. We use a structural model for fibrous tissue with exponential stress-strain relationship to generate test data for the inverse solver. We compare the input structural anisotropy of the fiber model with the evaluated mechanical anisotropy of the constitutive parameters.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Rainfall over the Arabian Sea during the onset of the 1979 monsoon

One path to understanding the summer monsoon of south-east Asia lies through its regimes of rain. There the main scales of interest range, on the small side, down at least to component rainstorms: that is, extending over hundreds of kilometres and lasting about a day. On the large side, interest might be extended to include the whole quasi-planetary monsoon system, although here, for practical reasons, the limits are taken to be 1 week and several thousands of kilometres. The main branch of the summer monsoon forms over the Arabian Sea. The rainfall of this sea, roughly 3,000 km in its dimensions, is known to us from about 40 coastal stations, mostly in India, plus six instrumented islands and the reports of seagoing ships. The ships stay mainly in a few lanes and in any case only record the frequency of rain, not the amount. Thus, even taken all together, these reports are hardly adequate for building a picture of the monsoon rains. We report here a new technique for inferring daily rainfall from visible or IR images obtained by a geostationary satellite, applied in a simplified form to the Arabian Sea during the onset of the 1979 summer monsoon. The rain area estimated increased spectacularly (from 1 to 14%) over a 1-week period coincident with the appearance of the Somali jet and development of the onset vortex.
Grassroots Strategies for Promoting Maternal and Infant Health

For the past four years, grassroots organizing efforts in Rhode Island have been directed toward improving maternal and infant health. Coalitions of consumer organizations, health care providers, and activists have achieved important legislative initiatives, such as health insurance for uninsured pregnant women and promotion of midwifery services. This article examines the processes involved in organizing for improved maternal and infant health care, the dynamics involved in achieving a particular outcome, and the ways in which grassroots mobilization can affect public policy and contribute toward improved maternal and infant health.
Longitudinal relations between obesity and hypertension following pediatric renal transplantation

Obesity and hypertension frequently complicate renal transplantation (RTxp). The objective was to assess relations among obesity, hypertension, and glucocorticoids in pediatric RTxp recipients. A retrospective cohort study was carried out in 141 RTxp recipients, 2–21 years of age, with ≥12 months of follow-up. Body mass index Z-score (BMI-Z), systolic and diastolic blood pressure Z-scores (SBP-Z and DBP-Z), and medications at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months and annually thereafter were recorded. Quasi-least squares regression analysis was used. The prevalence of obesity (BMI ≥ 95th percentile) increased from 13% at baseline to >30% from 3 months onward. Greater glucocorticoid exposure (mg/kg/day) was associated with greater increases in BMI-Z (p < 0.001). This association was greater in males, younger recipients, and those with lower baseline BMI-Z (all interactions p < 0.02). The prevalence of systolic hypertension (SBP ≥ 95th percentile) was 73% at 1 month and ≥ 40% at all follow-up visits. Greater glucocorticoid exposure (p < 0.001) and increases in BMI-Z (p = 0.005) were independent determinants of SBP-Z over time. Cyclosporine (versus tacrolimus) was independently associated with greater SBP-Z and DBP-Z (p = 0.001). Sustained obesity and hypertension frequently complicated pediatric RTxp. Obesity was an independent determinant of systolic hypertension. Strategies are needed to prevent obesity and its impact on hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and allograft survival.
Prospective assessment of regional myocardial perfusion before and after coronary revascularization surgery by Quantitative Thallium-201 scintigraphy

Because thallium-201 uptake relates directly to the amount of viable myocardium and nutrient blood flow, the potential for exercise scintigraphy to predict response to coronary revascularization surgery was investigated in 47 consecutive patients. All patients underwent thallium-201 scintigraphy and coronary angiography at a mean (± standard deviation) of 4.3 ±3.1 weeks before and 7.5 ± 1.6 weeks after surgery. Thallium uptake and washout were computer-quantified and each of six segments was defined as normal, showing total or partial redistribution or a persistent defect. Persistent defects were further classified according to the percent reduction in regional thallium activity; PD25-50denoted a 25 to 50% constant reduction in relative thallium activity and PD> 50denoted a greater than 50% reduction. Of 82 segments with total redistribution before surgery, 76 (93%) showed normal thallium uptake and washout postoperatively, versus only 16 (73%) of 22 with partial redistribution (probability [p] = 0.01). Preoperative ventriculography revealed that 95% of the segments with total redistribution had preserved wall motion, versus only 74% of those with partial redistribution (p = 0.01). Of 42 persistent defects thought to represent myocardial scar before surgery, 19 (45%) demonstrated normal perfusion postoperatively. Of the persistent defects that showed improved thallium perfusion postoperatively, 75% had normal or hypokinetic wall motion before surgery, versus only 14% of those without improvement (p Thus, preoperative quantitative thallium-201 scintigraphy appears useful in predicting response to revascularization surgery, and some persistent defects may revert to normal thallium uptake after surgery. Importantly, the preoperative distinction between viable and nonviable myocardium can be reasonably established by quantitating the amount of persistent reduction in thallium uptake and correlating this with preoperative wall motion.
X-Ray and Optical Imagery of the SN 1006 Supernova Remnant

We present a high-resolution X-ray image of SN 1006: a mosaic of four ROSAT HRI images that together cover the entire supernova remnant. A well-defined shock front is observed surrounding the remnant shell. Comparison of the X-ray and radio images shows a close correspondence in general morphology, especially for the brightest features. Along the northeast limb of the shell, where the remnant is brightest in both bands, the X-ray/radio correspondence is striking in its detail. The data are consistent with a model in which the X-ray emission in this region results primarily from synchrotron radiation by the same population of shock-accelerated electrons that produce the radio emission. New optical images show Hα emission over a much greater portion of the remnant than has previously been reported. Newly discovered faint filaments in the south, like the much brighter ones along the northwest limb, delineate the primary shock as it propagates into the interstellar medium. In the northwest, a narrow X-ray peak traces just inside the crisp optical filaments and provides a laboratory for observing the effects of a fast, nonradiative shock propagating nearly perpendicular to our line of sight. The calculated profile of the thermal X-ray emission from a rapidly ionizing postshock plasma closely matches the observed profile, supporting a model in which nonequilibrium thermal processes dominate the X-ray emission in the northwest. The measured displacement of 8'' between the optical filaments and the X-ray peak, combined with previously measured proper motions for the filaments, indicates a timescale of only ~120 yr for X-ray heating and ionization behind the shock. In addition to the narrow optical filaments around the rim of SN 1006, we find faint, diffuse Hα emission within the remnant shell to the southwest. This emission probably represents nonradiative sheets viewed obliquely.
Variation in the lactase dehydrogenase activity of the esophagus.

Quantitative assay and electrophroetic study of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from various tissues of the opossum esophagus were performed. On the basis of expression of the LDH isozymes, we concluded that the smooth muscle of the body of the esophagus carry on more anaerobic glycolysis than the striated muscle. The smooth muscle of the gastroesophageal junction carry on both anaerobic as well aerobic glycolysis.
Transcriptional profiling of Wnt4 mutant mouse kidneys identifies genes expressed during nephron formation

The mature nephron forms from a simple epithelial vesicle into an elaborate structure with distinct regions of specialized physiological function. The molecular components driving the process of nephron development are not well understood. To identify genes that may be informative in this process we conducted a transcriptional profiling screen using Wnt4 mutant kidneys. In Wnt4-/- homozygous mice, condensates and pretubular aggregates are induced, however, epithelial renal vesicles fail to form and subsequent tubulogenesis is blocked. A transcriptional profile comparison between wildtype and Wnt4-/- mutant kidneys at E14.5 was performed using Affymetrix oligonucleotide microarrays to identify nephron-expressed genes. This approach identified 236 genes with expression levels >1.8-fold higher in wildtype versus mutant kidneys, amongst these were a number of known nephron component markers confirming the validity of the screen. These results were further detailed by wholemount in situ hybridization (WISH) of E15.5 urogenital systems (UGS). We annotated the spatial expression pattern of these genes into eight categories of expression. Genes expressed in renal vesicle and their derivatives, structures absent in the mutant, accounted for the largest number of the observed expression patterns. A number of additional genes in areas not directly overlapping the Wnt4 expression domain were also identified including the cap mesenchyme, the collecting duct, and the cortical interstitium. This study provides a useful compendium of molecular markers for the study of nephrogenesis.
A molecular dynamics investigation of a stepped metal-ceramic interface

Metal-ceramic interfacial systems play an important role in a wide variety of applications, from oxidation of metals and adhesion of protective coatings, to electronic packaging and structural composites. The understanding of the atomistic structural and dynamic response of such systems to external stresses is crucial to a full understanding of such phenomena as yield, fatigue, wear, and tribology. Molecular dynamics (MD) permits the controlled study of these systems at the atomistic level for relatively large numbers of atoms and complex geometries. In this paper, the influence of interfacial roughness on shear strength is considered. A model metal-ceramic interfacial system, subject to an external shear stress, is simulated using MD techniques. Periodic steps are placed in the interface to represent interfacial roughness. These steps are varied in relative metal/ceramic composition and step edge overlap.
Physical localization and genetic mapping of the fertility restoration gene Rfo in canola (Brassica napus L.)

The Ogu cytoplasm for male sterility and its fertility restorer gene Rfo in canola (Brassica napus L.) were origi- nally introgressed from radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and have been widely used for canola hybrid production and breed- ing. The objective of this study was to determine the physical location of the Rfo locus in the canola genome using fluorescence in situ hybridization and genetic mapping. For physical localization of the Rfo gene, two bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones, G62 and B420, which were closely linked to the Rfo gene, were used as probes to hybridize with the somatic metaphase chromosomes of a canola hybrid variety, PHI-46 (46H02), containing the Rfo fragment. The results showed that both clones were physically located at the end of one large metacentric chromosome. By simultaneous use of two BAC clones and 45S rDNA repeated sequences as the probes, we demonstrated that the large metacentric chro- mosome probed with the two BAC clones did not carry 45S rDNA repeated sequences. The chromosome was 3.65 ± 0.74 mm in average length (20 cells) and ranked second in size among the chromosomes without 45S rDNAs. The centro- mere index of the chromosome (20 cells) was calculated as 43.74 ± 4.19. A comparison with previously reported putative karyotypes of B. napus (AACC) and its diploid ancestors Brassica rapa L. (AA) and Brassica oleracea L. (CC) suggests that the chromosome carrying the Rfo fragment might belong to one of three large metacentric chromosomes of the C ge- nome. Genetic mapping has confirmed the localization of the Rfo fragment to the distal region of linkage group N19, which corresponds to the C genome in B. napus. This study has provided the evidence of the location of the Rfo gene on canola chromosomes and established a basic framework for further physical mapping and manipulation of the gene.
OCCUPATIONAL DERMATOSES IN PERSPECTIVE

During 1979 approximately 20% of 160 laboratory employees in an animal virus research institute had skin problems; in two-thirds of cases (14% of the total number of laboratory employees) the dermatoses were non-occupational in origin. Occupational contact dermatitis was irritant in nature rather than allergic. Only one active case of occupational allergic contact dermatitis was diagnosed. This investigation is reported as an example of the profile of skin disease in many places of work; it also demonstrates that most conditions can be managed by improving work practices.
Interaction of ammonia with hydrogen on Al(111)

Abstract The interaction of NH3 with clean and hydrogenated Al(111) surfaces is studied using temperature programmed desorption and infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy. On clean Al(111), NH3 adsorbs molecularly and desorbs by 200 K. In contrast, on the H-covered surface, a new NH3 desorption state (β) is seen at 225 K. The β-NH3 coverage tracks that of H, reaching a saturation coverage of about 0.58 NH 3 Al surface atom on the fully H-covered surface. Infrared spectroscopy shows that H causes appreciable change in NH3 adsorption geometry. NH3 preferentially adsorbs via a Lewis acid-base interaction at monohydride sites with the Al-N bond inclined away from the surface normal, whereas on the H-free surface this bond is essentially normal to the surface.
Effect of endothelin on normal and diseased human coronary arteries

We have examined the action of endothelin on healthy and diseased human epicardial coronary arteries to assess its possible role in coronary vascular disorders such as vasospasm and atherosclerosis. Endothelin (10(-10) mol l-1-10(-7) mol l-1) produced dose-dependent contractions in both normal and diseased vessels. The level of constriction was significantly greatly in healthy vessels at 10(-8) mol l-1 endothelin. A greater response was recorded in smaller, more distal vessel segments, irrespective of the pathology of the tissue. Endothelium denudation of disease-free segments had no significant effect on the response to endothelin. In the presence of a threshold dose of endothelin (10(-9) mol l-1), there was no measurable increase in the tension generated by potassium chloride, the thromboxane-mimetic U46619, noradrenaline and histamine. However, the response to 5-HT showed a large increase in arteries from four patients (440-147%) but slight or no increase in arteries from another three patients. We conclude that the interaction with other vasoconstrictor substances is a possible mechanism whereby endothelin may be involved in coronary artery vasospasm. In addition, endothelin may also be involved in the regulation of vascular tone of the small vessels of the heart.
Optimistic Teaching: Improving the Capacity for Teachers to Reduce Young Children’s Challenging Behavior

This pilot study compared the differential impact of two professional development interventions to improve preschool teachers’ use of positive behavioral interventions and supports (PBIS) and decrease young children’s social emotional difficulties. Teachers were randomly assigned to one of two coaching interventions conducted over the course of one academic year. Teachers received either Optimistic Teaching, an approach combining traditional coaching in PBIS with a cognitive-behavioral component to address teachers’ self-efficacy, or traditional PBIS coaching. Teachers in the Optimistic Teaching condition implemented significantly more PBIS skills related to teaching children social skills and involving families in their children’s social emotional development when compared to teachers who were exposed to traditional PBIS coaching alone. Teachers in the Optimistic Teaching condition reported significantly fewer children with serious social emotional difficulties post-intervention. Teachers’ experience and self-reported self-efficacy were analyzed for their influence on teachers’ post-intervention use of PBIS skills. The results are discussed in light of how future professional development efforts might address preschool teachers’ motivation to adopt new practices such as PBIS.
Jacobi elliptic functions and change of variable in a convolution

We solve the functional equation $$\frac{{G(y + x)}}{{G(y - x)}} = \frac{{f(y) + f(x)}}{{f(y) - f(x)}}$$ where (f, G) are a pair of meromorphic functions. This equation comes from a convolution identity related to Brownian motion, and its solutions are given by certain Jacobi elliptic functions.
Postmortem wound dehiscence. A report of three cases.

Three cases of healing incised wounds that dehisced following death are reported. All three deaths were apparent drownings during summer months. The incised wounds had occurred from 1 week to 6 months prior to death. The length of post-mortem immersion ranged from 2 days to 3 weeks, and all three decedents exhibited significant decompositional changes. Proper recognition of this postmortem artifact eliminates undue suspicions and contributes to proper identification. Language: en
Synthesis, bioactivity, and DNA-cleaving ability of desferrioxamine B-nalidixic acid and anthraquinone carboxylic acid conjugates

Abstract Synthesis and in vitro activity of two novel conjugates ( 4 and 5 ) of desferrioxamine B, with nalidixic acid ( 2 ) and anthraquinone carboxylic acid ( 3 ), are described.
Effects of administration of gonadotropic hormone on vitamin A deficient rats.

Summary1. To find out whether degeneration of secondary sex organs in vit. A deficient male rats is due to the inability of the testes to produce androgens or to a decrease in the activity of the pituitary, gonadotropic hormone was administered to vit. A deficient animals and to their controls and the effects compared with control conditions. 2. The weight response of “target organs,” e.g. kidneys and seminal vesicles was found to be essentially normal in vit. A deficient animals, thus showing that androgens could still be produced by the testes. 3. On the other hand, it was observed that gonadotropic hormone had a definitely injurious effect on vit. A deficient animals, in particular producing a block at the spermatocyte level with consequent arrest of spermatide production.
Endobronchial involvement with non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma. A clinical–radiologic analysis

Based on experience with three cases of endobronchial non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and a review of cases previously reported, two patterns of lymphomatous involvement of airways are described. The Type 1 pattern is characterized by diffuse submucosal infiltrates occurring in the presence of intra- and extrathoracic lymphoma. In Type 2 cases, central airways are involved by a solitary mass in the absence of clinically apparent systemic lymphoma. The clinical-radiologic picture is characterized by signs of pneumonitis in Type 1 cases, while in Type 2 cases, signs of airway obstruction uniformly occur.
Probing active to sterile neutrino oscillations in the LENS detector

Sterile neutrino (${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{s}$) conversion in meter scale baselines can be sensitively probed using monoenergetic, sub-MeV, flavor-pure ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}$'s from an artificial Megacurie source and the unique technology of the LENS low energy solar ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}$ detector. Active-sterile oscillations can be directly observed in the granular LENS detector itself to critically test and extend results of short baseline accelerator and reactor experiments.
Vacuum ultraviolet photoabsorption study of SO

The photoabsorption of SO was investigated by producing the radicals from a pulsed discharge of a trace of SO2 in Ar. The photoabsorption cross section of SO in the 115-135 nm region was measured. A repulsive potential curve is constructed from the observed photoabsorption spectrum.
Female consciousness and feminism in Africa

The 1970s saw a number of significant works on women's collective action and protests in Africa, inspired firstly by a recognition that, despite the significant roles played by African women in their anti-colonial struggles, they remained politically and economically disadvantaged vis-a-vis men; secondly, by the participation of African women in their armed liberation struggles of the 1970s; and finally, by the impact of the women's movement in the West on scholarship by and about women.1 But academic scholarship follows the cycles of social movements and the 1980s and 1990s have been a period of relative quiescence for the study of women's movements in Africa. Instead, work has focussed on gender, economic development, and the state. This literature points to the gendered process of state formation in colonial and post-colonial Africa. Rather than addressing women's political confrontations, it emphasizes their exit or withdrawal from politics due to their marginalization by male-dominated states that ignore women's social needs.2
Ageing and Place: Perspectives, Policy, Practice

Gavin J. Andrews and David R. Phillips, eds. London and New York: Routledge, 2005. xv and 252 pp., figures, tables, index. $115.00 cloth (ISBN 0-415-32044-5). It is tempting to speculate that repre...
Comparison of poultry exudate and carcass rinse sampling methods for the recovery of Campylobacter spp. subtypes demonstrates unique subtypes recovered from exudate.

Abstract The carcass rinse procedure is a method commonly used for the detection of Campylobacter spp. on processed poultry products. Alternatively, carcass exudate (weep or drip), a viscous fluid comprised of blood and water that leaks into packaging, can also be sampled. It is unknown however if direct carcass rinse or exudate/weep can be utilized to preferentially recover different Campylobacter spp. subtypes. If there is a difference in subtypes recovered, the Campylobacter spp. subtypes from carcass rinse analysis may not be indicative of consumer exposure, as the exudate is the fluid to which consumers are potentially exposed to due to kitchen cross-contamination. Experiments were conducted to determine if there are differences in recovery of Campylobacter spp. subtypes between the two methodologies. The experiment was performed in triplicate using three flocks located on different farms. For each flock, 50 fecal samples were obtained on the farm, 25 carcass rinses during pre-chill processing, 25 carcass rinses during post-chill processing, and 50 samples from exudate from carcasses stored at 4 °C (25 after 2-day storage and 25 after 6-day storage). Each sample type was cultured for Campylobacter spp. Isolates recovered from positive samples were subtyped using flaA SVR (flagellin A-short variable region) DNA sequence typing and compared for relatedness. The data demonstrated that multiple subtypes of Campylobacter jejuni were present in a flock, and that subtypes present in a flock during production were also present on the final processed product. Subtypes recovered by the two recovery methodologies were similar based on flaA SVR classification. Combining the totals from all 3 flocks a total of 10 flaA SVR subtypes were recovered from post-chill carcass rinses and 9 subtypes recovered from 6-day exudate samples.
Excitation of the $\tilde{a}\,^3B_1$ and $\tilde{A}\,^1B_1$ states of H2O by low-energy electron impact

We report measured and calculated differential cross-sections for inelastic scattering of low-energy electrons by water leading to excitation of the dissociative (1b1 → 4a1) 1, 3B1 states. The measurements were taken using conventional energy-loss spectroscopy at incident energies of 9, 10, 12, 15, and 20 eV for scattering angles from 10° to 130°. The calculations were carried out using the Schwinger multichannel method, with a Born-dipole correction applied in the singlet excitation channel. Integral excitation cross sections for the and states are also derived from the differential cross section results.