cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Separation of Proteins in Human Milk

Abstract A separation of proteins in human milk whey using high performance ion exchange chromatography is reported. Three chromatographic peaks were identified on the basis of retention times as bile salt-stimulated lipase (BSSL), lactoferrin, and α-lactalbumin. Implications for the purification of BSSL are discussed and suggestions for future purification procedures are made.
The Value of WISC-R Profile Analysis for the Differential Diagnosis of Learning Disabled Children.

Examined the research on WISC-R profile analysis germane to the differential diagnosis of learning disabled children in relation to several methodological problems that concern score use and interpretation. The evidence based on Bannatyne's (1974) recategorization of the subtests indicates a Spatial greater than Conceptual greater than Sequencing pattern of performance for learning disabled children. The application of this evidence of group characteristics to the individual child is problematic. The trend is not consistent. In addition, the interpretation of the individual profile is complicated by the unreliability of a few of the subtests, the unreliability of subtest difference scores, the unreliability of Bannatyne category difference scores, and the invalidity of the difference scores for discriminating between learning disabled and other children. It was recommended that clinicians not use the WISC-R profile to diagnose specific learning disabilities. Instead, the analysis may have greater utility in the prevention and remediation of learning problems, especially at the preschool level.
Writing and sketching in the air, recognizing and controlling on the fly

Recent technologies in vision sensors are capable of capturing 3D finger positions and movements. We propose a novel way to control and interact with computers by moving fingers in the air. The positions of fingers are precisely captured by a computer vision device. By tracking the moving patterns of fingers, we can then recognize users' intended control commands or input information. We demonstrate this human input approach through an example application of handwriting recognition. By treating the input as a time series of 3D positions, we propose a fast algorithm using dynamic time warping to recognize characters in online fashion. We employ various optimization techniques to recognize in real time as one writes. Experiments show promising recognition performance and speed.
Cigarette smoking exacerbates and its cessation ameliorates renal injury in type 2 diabetes.

ABSTRACT Background Patients with type 2 diabetes and macroalbuminuria generally experience progressive glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decline despite angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition (ACEI) and blood pressure (BP) control but this therapy generally stabilizes GFR in those without macroalbuminuria. Cigarette smoking exacerbates GFR decline in patients with type 2 diabetes and macroalbuminuria despite ACEI and BP control; whether this therapy prevents nephropathy progression in nonmacroalbuminuric type 2 diabetic smokers is unknown. Methods We determined the course of urine excretion of indices of renal injury that distinguished patients with type 2 diabetes with and without macroalbuminuria but with normal plasma creatinine who were prospectively followed 6 months while receiving ACEI and BP control. We compared this course in nonsmokers and smokers with normo-, micro-, and macroalbuminuria (n = 157) and in response to smoking cessation in a separate cohort (n = 80) with microalbuminuria. Results Urine excretion of transforming growth factor β -1 (U TGF β V) increased in macroalbuminuric but not in nonmacroalbuminuric nonsmokers and U TGF β V rate was higher in smokers than nonsmokers within each albuminuria group. In the separate microalbuminuric cohort, the rate of U TGF β V change for quitting smokers was not different from nonsmokers (0.093 versus −0.123 ng/g of creatine/week, P = not significant) but that for nonquitting smokers (0.970) was higher than nonsmokers ( P = 0.017). Conclusions Patients with type 2 diabetes who are at high risk compared with low risk for nephropathy progression have progressive renal injury as measured by increasing U TGFβ V. Cigarette smoking exacerbates renal injury in type 2 diabetes despite BP control and ACEI, but its cessation in those with microalbuminuria ameliorates the progressive renal injury caused by continued smoking.
Nuclear morphometry during the cell cycle

Directly measured and derived geometric and densitometric parameters were obtained by means of the automated image analyzer Quantimet 720-D in Feulgen-stained HeLa cells synchronized by selective mitotic detachment. These data indicate substantial alteration of nuclear morphology during the entire cell cycle, even during the G1 and G2 phases, and the late G1-early S and late S-G2 transitions.
Felt dispensability in groups of coactors: The effects of shared responsibility and explicit anonymity on cognitive effort

Abstract The study reported here tests the effects of explicit anonymity and shared responsibility on cognitive effort. In Experiment 1, ninety-nine undergraduate students participated in a multiattribute judgment task, and math models of their judgments were constructed. Results showed that students who believed the responsibility for the judgment task was shared by 15 others used less complex judgment strategies than single judges or judges working in pairs. Results also showed that the effect of explicit anonymity on cognitive effort was quite small. In Experiment 2, students performed the job evaluation task and responded to questionnaire items measuring attitudes toward the task. Responses to these items showed that students who shared responsibility for the judgment task with 15 others felt more dispensable than students working alone or students working in pairs. Together these data show that feelings of dispensability can be the primary cause of social loafing in some situations and that feeling necessary can motivate effort in spite of anonymity.
Controlled growth of tetrapod-branched inorganic nanocrystals

Nanoscale materials are currently being exploited as active components in a wide range of technological applications in various fields, such as composite materials1,2, chemical sensing3, biomedicine4,5,6, optoelectronics7,8,9 and nanoelectronics10,11,12. Colloidal nanocrystals are promising candidates in these fields, due to their ease of fabrication and processibility. Even more applications and new functional materials might emerge if nanocrystals could be synthesized in shapes of higher complexity than the ones produced by current methods (spheres, rods, discs)13,14,15,16,17,18,19. Here, we demonstrate that polytypism, or the existence of two or more crystal structures in different domains of the same crystal, coupled with the manipulation of surface energy at the nanoscale, can be exploited to produce branched inorganic nanostructures controllably. For the case of CdTe, we designed a high yield, reproducible synthesis of soluble, tetrapod-shaped nanocrystals through which we can independently control the width and length of the four arms.
A COMPARISON OF THE GROWTH CURVES OF ADAPTED AND UNADAPTED LINES OF INFLUENZA VIRUS

A comparison of the growth curves of adapted and unadapted lines of the same strain of Type A or Type B influenza virus in mice has demonstrated that the unadapted lines of virus exhibit a lag phase of growth lasting approximately 12 hours during which little or no multiplication of virus can be demonstrated. Multiplication by the adapted line begins earlier and may be evident as soon as 6 hours after inoculation. Following the lag phase, the rates of multiplication of both lines of virus were indistinguishable when dilute inocula were used. The maximal infectious titer of the unadapted line was lower than that of the adapted line of the same strain and this disparity was increased following inoculation with large doses of virus. The shape and slope of the growth curves of influenza virus in mice were shown to be determined by the line, strain, and concentration of virus used for inoculation. The significance of these findings has been discussed.
The Liberty and Property Defence League and Individualism

In 1882, when Dicey's so-called age of ‘Individualism’ was over and the high tide of laissez-faire was receding, there emerged for die first time in Britain a thoroughly dogmatic pressure group for extreme laissez-faire. This was the Liberty and Property Defence League. The League originated as part of what Beatrice Webb described as the ‘reaction against empirical socialism [which] came to a head under Mr Gladstone's administration of 1880–85’. But it out lasted Gladstone's second government and defended laissez-faire widi some effect until the end of the century.
Visual Outcome in Cystic Craniopharyngiomas Treated with Intracavitary Phosphorus-32

Seven patients with cystic craniopharyngiomas were treated with stereotactic instillation of radioactive phosphorus-32 (32P). Five patients had been previously treated with various combinations of surgery and external beam irradiation, whereas two had the 32P instillation at a primary therapy. Visual acuity improved in 13 eyes and remained stable in 1. Visual fields normalized in three patients, improved in two, and remained stable in two. Two patients received single treatments with 32P, whereas five required multiple instillations for recurrent cyst expansion.
Challenges faced by public health nursing leaders in hyperturbulent times.

Objective This study discusses the challenges and characteristics of effective public health nursing leaders in local health departments and barriers to effective leadership during the hyperturbulent conditions of 2008–2010. Design and Sample Participants were drawn from a purposive sample of seven directors of nursing (DON) in six county LHDs in two states for this qualitative study using inductive methods. Measures Semistructured telephone interviews were conducted, using open-ended questions. Data analysis consisted of coding, pattern identification, and theme development, assisted by the use of ATLAS.ti™. Credibility was achieved through intercoder agreement and resonance of the findings with participants. Results Two underlying challenges emerged: leadership dissonance and leading through ambiguity. Three key effective leadership attributes identified were as follows: collaborative change management, life-long learning, and being visionary. DONs identified extrinsic and intrinsic barriers to leadership effectiveness and leading change in public health systems and PHN practice. Conclusion Results suggest ways to support PHN leaders in order to overcome barriers to effective leadership such as defined leadership competencies, continuing education, and mentorship opportunities.
Dependence of superconducting transition temperature on doping and structural distortion of the CuO2 planes in La2-xMxCuO4 (M=Nd, Ca, Sr).

We have separated the structural and doping effects on the superconducting transition temperature in La2−xMxCuO4 (M=Nd, Ca, Sr). At a fixed doping level, the highest Tc is found for flat and square CuO2 planes in the tetragonal structure. Tc is reduced proportionally to the structural distortions of the CuO2 planes in the orthorhombic structure. The local minimum of Tc vs doping is observed for both orthorhombic Ca- and Sr-substituted materials around x∼0.12. This minimum may be related to the intrinsic dependence of the electronic density of states at EF due to a weakly split singularity of DOS.
Recent volcanic and fumarolic activity at Santiaguito volcano, Guatemala

Santiaguito, an extrusive domal complex in southwestern Guatemala has recently exhibited renewed domal growth, as much as 50 meters vertically in the first twelve months of growth. Synchronous with this activity, near the other end of the complex 1.3 km distant, there are pyroclastic eruptions. Ninety percent of the extensive hot lumarolic emission at Santiaguito is concentrated near the active pyroclastic vent, although numerous other lumaroles are found including a group of particularly hot vents associated with the current dome extrusion. Description and tabulation of chemical and mineralogical characteristics of sublimates and condensed gas from fumaroles at eight localities on the mountain illustrate the essential similarity and also the minor differences. The differences are in many instances related to volume of gas, the amount of rainwater dilution, and amount of oxidation of the gases along their path.
Caregivers experienced 6 phases in coping over time with severe and persistent mental illness in a family member

(2002) Qual Health Res 12, 1076. Muhlbauer SA. . Navigating the storm of mental illness: phases in the family’s journey. . ; . : . –92 . [OpenUrl][1][Abstract/FREE Full Text][2] QUESTION: What processes or phases do caregivers experience in caring for a family member with severe and persistent mental illness? Qualitative study done within a theoretical framework of symbolic interaction and dramaturgical interviewing. Central midwestern USA. 26 people (69% women, 100% white) aged 40−76 years (mean age 56 y) who had participated in a 36 hour psychoeducational course, had a family member with a severe and persistent mental illness, and had been assisting their family member with the management of the mental illness for several years. Mentally ill family members ranged in age from 18 to 73 years (mean age 33 y) and were usually offspring. 26 semistructured interviews, each lasting 1.5−2 hours, were done using a flexible and indepth questioning method. Participants were interviewed until no new themes or phases emerged. Phases in the development of illness were evident after 18 interviews, and 8 additional interviews … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DQualitative%2BHealth%2BResearch%26rft.stitle%253DQual%2BHealth%2BRes%26rft.issn%253D1049-7323%26rft.aulast%253DMuhlbauer%26rft.auinit1%253DS.%2BA.%26rft.volume%253D12%26rft.issue%253D8%26rft.spage%253D1076%26rft.epage%253D1092%26rft.atitle%253DNavigating%2Bthe%2BStorm%2Bof%2BMental%2BIllness%253A%2BPhases%2Bin%2Bthe%2BFamily%2527s%2BJourney%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1177%252F104973202129120458%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F12365589%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=spqhr&resid=12/8/1076&atom=%2Febnurs%2F6%2F3%2F94.atom
Synthesis and initial PET imaging of new potential NK1 receptor radioligands 1-[2-(3,5-bis-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxy)-1-phenyl-ethyl]-4-[11C]methyl-piperazine and {4-[2-(3,5-bis-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxy)-1-phenyl-ethyl]-piperazine-1-yl}-acetic acid [11C]methyl ester.

Abstract The NK 1 receptor radioligands 1-[2-(3,5-bis-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxy)-1-phenyl-ethyl]-4-[ 11 C]methyl-piperazine ([ 11 C]BMP, [ 11 C]1) and {4-[2-(3,5-bis-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxy)-1-phenyl-ethyl]-piperazine-1-yl}-acetic acid [ 11 C]methyl ester ([ 11 C]BME, [ 11 C]2) were synthesized for evaluation as new potential PET imaging agents for brain NK 1 receptors. The new tracers [ 11 C]BMP and [ 11 C]BME were prepared by N -[ 11 C]methylation and O -[ 11 C]methylation of corresponding precursors 1-[2-(3,5-bis-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxy)-1-phenyl-ethyl]-piperazine and {4-[2-(3,5-bis-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxy)-1-phenyl-ethyl]-piperazine-1-yl}-acetic acid using [ 11 C]methyl triflate and isolated by solid-phase extraction (SPE) purification procedure with 40–55% radiochemical yields, decay corrected to end of bombardment, and a synthesis time of 15–20 min. The initial PET dynamic studies of the tracers [ 11 C]1 and [ 11 C]2 in rats were performed using an animal PET scanner, IndyPET-II, developed in our laboratory. The results show the tracer [ 11 C]BMP had better uptake in the animal brain than the tracer [ 11 C]BME and gave higher quality rat brain images. Blocking studies by intravenous coinjection of hot tracer [ 11 C]BMP with cold drug BMP had no effect on [ 11 C]BMP-PET rat brain imaging. Likewise, blocking studies by intravenous coinjection of hot tracer [ 11 C]BME with cold drug BME also showed no effect on [ 11 C]BME-PET rat brain imaging. These results suggest that the localization of [ 11 C]BMP and [ 11 C]BME in rat brain is mediated by nonspecific processes, and the visualization of [ 11 C]BMP-PET and [ 11 C]BME-PET on rat brain is related to nonspecific binding.
Absorption spectra and formation constants of steroid-iodine complexes.

Abstract Studies have been made of the ultraviolet and visible absorption spectra of steroid-iodine charge transfer complexes. Iodine complexes with keto-steroids in Freon solution have absorption maxima at 250–270 mμ, and the complexes involving carbon double bonds as donors have maxima at 320–360 mμ. Equilibrium constants range from 0.4 to 12 liters/mole. At higher concentrations, dimer complex formation was observed for 5α-cholestan-3-one with a formation constant of 350 liters/mole. Broad peaks at 280 and 390 mμ characterize the dimer spectrum. It is suggested the dimer rearranges to an “inner” complex involving an I 3 − . The enthalpies of dimers formation are surprisingly high, about 15–20 kcal/mole. Conditions for the precipitation and crystallization of solid complexes were investigated. The spectra of several solid complexes are somewhat similar to the dimer spectra.
Did Motor Voter Work

This article examines the impact of the 1993 National Voter Registration Act on turnout and the composition of state electorates in the 1996 elections. We address two questions regarding the effect...
Contesting citizenship from below: Central Americans and the struggle for inclusion

This article examines Central Americans’ demands for legalization to understand how Latino migrants articulate notions of membership normally excluded from dominant definitions of citizenship. Drawing from 28 in-depth and semi-structured interviews, I find that Central Americans broaden the definition of citizenship beyond state-centered legalistic conceptions. Through an examination of the responses of Central American migrants situated in different legal statuses, my analysis brings to the surface the meanings attributed to citizenship from the perspectives of those included, excluded and ambiguously situated legally. In contrast to thin models of citizenship in which individuals are passive bearers of rights granted by states, my respondents defined citizenship as an enactment of membership in a cultural and political community. Within these varied experiences with legality, respondents used participation to enact forms of political membership and to substantiate their claims to inclusion. Importantly, Central Americans’ responses also signaled how the imagined community extends beyond national borders. In grounding citizenship theory in ethnographic research with Central Americans, the case study also demonstrates how Latino migrants’ claims to legalization form the basis of redefinitions of citizenship itself.
Comparing cultures within-subjects A cognitive account of acculturation as a framework for cross-cultural study

Cross-culturally comparable `units of culture' may be found in the experience of immigrants for whom certain experiential domains of meaning from the `first culture' are brought into comparison and contrast with corresponding domains in the `second culture'. The notion of domains is here developed out of `semantic domain' from cognitive anthropology, `cognitive domain' from cognitive linguistics, and `discourse domain' from second language acquisition. The clue to such domains is immigrants' coming to greater second language fluency in some areas of experience and less in other areas (communicative and cultural competence). These distinctions are used to develop a cognitive theory of acculturation that focuses research on cultures within-subjects (within immigrants) in contrast to the traditional focus on comparison between cultural groups (between subjects). This article is speculative and derives from work in cognitive anthropology, ethnographic report, studies of second language acquisition, and psycho...
Practical utilities for monitoring multicast service availability

Monitoring has become one of the key issues for the successful deployment of IP multicast in the Internet. During the last decade, several tools and systems have been developed to monitor several different characteristics of IP multicast. In this paper, we focus on one specific monitoring task: monitoring end-to-end multicast service availability in the inter-domain. This task is important to maintain service robustness between sources and receivers. Without this assurance, the multicast infrastructure may become disconnected and essentially unusable. In this paper, we first study existing multicast diagnostic tools (e.g. mping and mtrace) and present their shortcomings in verifying end-to-end multicast availability. Then, we propose new multicast diagnostic utilities (mcping and mcroute) that can be used to perform various monitoring and measurement functions including verification of end-to-end service availability. We present a sample case study demonstrating the utility of these primitives in detecting and classifying multicast reachability problems in the inter-domain. The proposed utilities introduce only a few modifications to the service architecture and, in exchange, provide the multicast community with effective means to monitor and measure multicast service characteristics.
Cyclic Variations of Serum Progestins and Immunoreactive Estrogens in Marmosets

As an index of reproductive cyclicity, the levels of progestins and immunoreactive estrogens were determined in the serum of adult female marmosets. The estrogens were determined by radioimmunoassay and the progestins were measured by a protein binding assay. The estrogens increased from a mean value of 2.3± 0.2 ng/ml to a mean peak level of 6.2 ± 0.8 ng/ml in approximately 5 days, followed by a rapid decline. Progestins began to increase shortly after the initiation of the estrogen rise, attained a mean peak level of 272.3 ± 17.5 ng/ml in approximately 5 days, and declined to levels of 140.3 ± 6.8 ng/ml before the ensuing rise in serum estrogens. The mean cycle length, as determined by the interval between successive progestin peaks, was IS.5 ± 1.5 days. These results suggest the marmoset, a New World monkey, has a shorter reproductive cycle than Old World monkeys. (Endocrinology 92: 1096, 1973)
Real interest rate parity new measures and tests

Abstract International financial theory implies that for international comparisons, the appropriate measure of the real interest rate is one defined in terms of traded goods prices alone. New measures of the real interest rate are constructed using changes in price indexes for traded goods as deflators. These new measures are tested for international real rate equality and the results are compared to those of similar tests using measures based on the change in the CPI and the WPI. There are important differences between the traded goods real rate measures and those based on either the CPI or the WPI. However, in general, the tests support the hypothesis that the real interest rate is approximately measured in terms of traded goods. (JEL F30)
The more things change …: milk pasteurization, food irradiation, and biotechnology in the New York Times

Abstract Discussions of science in the news often revolves around issues such as reporter–scientist relationships, how an issue was covered, or how certain issues are chosen among a myriad of possible topics. The aim of this project is to compare coverage between technological stories to evaluate journalistic practices over an extended period of time. Using the journalists-as-interpretive-communities perspective, we argue that New York Times coverage of food technologies over the past century has actually changed very little as the same types of experts and claimsmakers are quoted, trajectories of the coverage are similar, and the cultural resources used within the stories have not shifted to some new form of journalism. We focus on debates surrounding milk pasteurization, food irradiation, and biotechnology.
Acute and relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis are regulated by differential expression of the CC chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein-1α and monocyte chemotactic protein-1

Abstract Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a T lymphocyte-mediated disease of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration and demyelination resulting in paralysis. We examined CC chemokine expression in the CNS throughout the entire course of the disease and found that the production of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α correlated with increasing acute disease severity and remained elevated throughout chronic, relapsing disease. In contrast, a substantial level of monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 expression was not observed until late in acute disease and continued to be evident in the relapsing phase of the disease. MCP-1 expression correlated with increasing severity of clinical relapses. Lower levels of RANTES in the CNS were noted throughout the disease course, but showed little correlation with either acute or relapsing disease. Although RANTES expression was observed during the entire course of disease, anti-RANTES treatment had no effect on clinical disease progression. Anti-MCP-1, but not anti-MIP-1α, treatment during relapsing EAE decreased clinical severity of relapsing disease. Furthermore, anti-MCP-1 treatment reduced CNS macrophage accumulation during relapsing EAE. These results suggest that MIP-1α controls mononuclear cell accumulation during acute EAE, while MCP-1 controls mononuclear cell infiltration during relapsing EAE.
Does hypophosphatemia play a role in acute liver failure

This is the first record of hypophosphataemia in acute liver failure induced by paracetamol; it occurred in most of the patients and was severe (<0.3 mmol/l) in more than one third. At this level hypophosphataemia produces impaired oxygen transport and tissue hypoxia, abnormal leucocyte function, depressed platelet numbers and function, generalised muscle weakness, and disorder of the central nervous system; these are frequent complications of acute liver failure. The similarity of the effects of liver failure and hypophosphataemia on the central nervous system (irritability, muscle weakness, dysarthria, confusion, and coma) suggests that phosphate depletion may be important in hepatic encephalopathy, and a progressive defect of phosphate metabolism in brain tissue of patients with chronic liver disease was shown recently by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The cause of hypophosphataemia in acute liver failure remains unclear. None of the recognised causes of moderate (0.3-0.7 mmol/l) hypophosphataemia correlated with the phosphate concentrations in our patients. The reduced maximum tubular reabsorption of phosphate in two patients suggests an increased loss of renal phosphate, perhaps due to a direct effect of paracetamol, although the correlation between plasma phosphate and creatinine concentrations suggests that renal failure may protect against hypophosphataemia. Because of the serious clinical implications of phosphate imbalance in acute liver failure the homoeostatic mechanisms of bone and renal phosphate reabsorption in this condition need to be studied urgently. Plasma phosphate concentrations should be monitored carefully during infusion of glucose in patients with liver failure.
An approach to implementing dynamic adaptation in C

This paper describes TRAP/C++, a software tool that enables new adaptable behavior to be added to existing C++ programs in a transparent fashion. In previous investigations, we used an aspect-oriented approach to manually define aspects for adaptation infrastructure, which were woven into the original application code at compile time. In follow-on work, we developed TRAP, a transparent shaping technique for automatically generating adaptation aspects, where TRAP/J is a specific instantiation of TRAP. This paper presents our work into building TRAP/C++, which was intended to be a port of TRAP/J into C++. Designing TRAP/C++ required us to overcome two major hurdles: lack of reflection in C++ and the incompatibility between the management of objects in C++ and the aspect weaving technique used in TRAP/J. We used generative programming methods to produce two tools, TrapGen and TrapCC, that work together to produce the desired TRAP/C++ functionality. Details of the TRAP/C++ architecture and operation are presented, which we illustrate with a description of a case study that adds dynamic auditing capabilities to an existing distributed C++ application.
Children chronically diseased.

Summary On the basis of specified criteria we have attempted to carry out an over-all survey of chronically diseased children in a 10-year series of a population of 265,000 in Sweden. The incidence of chronic disease was 12.4 per 1000 children aged 2–11 years. Sixty per cent of the material were boys. The various groups of incapacitating diseases are reviewed and social, therapeutic, and educational problems discussed. The present writers urgently demand increased attention on the part of the community for the chronically sick children and advise a conjoint management of their affairs on a team-work basis within the separate health-service areas of the country. Les affections chroniques chez l'enfant. En se basant sur des criteres determines, les auteurs se sont efforces de dresser un bilan des affections chroniques de l'enfance en Suede, dans un groupe de 265 000 per-sonnes, et en etudiant une periode de dix annees. La frequence a pu etre fixee a 12.4 pour mille enfants, âges de 2 a 11 ans. Soixante pour cent d'entr'eux etaient des garcons. La nature des affections causales est indiquee, et les problemes sociaux, therapeutiques et educatifs qu'ils posent sont passes en revue. Les auteurs sollicitent une attention accrue a l'egard de ce groupe d'enfants atteints d'affections chroniques. La solution des problemes necessite la collaboration en equipe des divers services sociaux du pays. Chronisch kranke Kinder. Auf der Basis von spezifizierten Kriterien haben die Autoren versucht, sich einen Uberblick uber chronisch kranke Kinder in einer 10-Jahresgruppe einer Bevolkerung von 265 000 in Schweden zu verschaffen. Das Vorkommen von chronischen Erkran-kungen betrug bei Kindern von 2–11 Jahren 12,4 auf 1000. 60 % des Materials waren Knaben. Die verschiedenen Gruppen der die Leistungsfahigkeit herabsetzenden Erkran-kungen werden gepruft und soziale, therapeutische und erzieherische Probleme erortert. Die Autoren fordern dringend eine starkere Beachtung chronisch kranker Kinder und empfehlen eine gemeinschaftliche Handhabung ihrer Belange auf Team-Work Basis innerhalb der einzelnen Gesundheitsdienstbezirke des Landes. Ninos con enfermedades cronicas. Sobre las bases de un criterio especifico, los autores han intentado llevar a eabo una pesquisa de ninos cronicamente enfermos en una serie de 10 anos de edad correspon-diente a una poblacion sueca de 265 000 habitantes. La incidencia de enfermedades cronicas fue de 12.4 por 1000 ninos entre los 2 y los 11 anos de edad. 60 por ciento del material eran varones. Se revisan los distintos grupos de enfermedades incapacitantes discutiendose los problemas sociales, terapeuticos y educacionales. Los autores requieren urgente atencion, de parte de la comunidad, hacia los ninos cronicamente enfermos y aconsejan un manejo conjunto de sus problemas sobre la base de trabajo en equipo entre las areas del servicio de saludad de diferentes partes del pais.
Qualitative Analysis of Magneto-Rheological Tuned Vibration Absorbers: Experimental Approach

The primary purpose of this study is to provide an experimental evaluation of some of the characteristics and benefits of magneto-rheological tuned vibration absorbers (MR TVAs). Tuned vibration absorbers (TVAs) often provide a simple and elegant solution to many vibration problems. To extend the concept of passive TVAs to MR TVAs, we discuss four different control methods, called velocity-based on-off groundhook control, velocity-based continuous groundhook control, displacement-based on-off groundhook control, and displacement-based continuous groundhook control. Using the test apparatus, a series of tests were conducted to investigate the dynamics of the MR TVA with each control policy. The performances of each of the cases were then analyzed along with the equivalent passive TVA. The performance index was the transmissibility between the input and the output displacement of the structure. The experimental results indicate that the most suitable control method for MR TVAs is the displacement-based groundhook control.
Spontaneous eyeblinks and state anxiety following exercise.

The purposes of this investigation were: (1) assess the impact of acute exercise on spontaneous eyeblink rate, and (2) determine the relationship between eyeblinks and state anxiety before and following exercise. Sixteen men performed a graded treadmill run for the purpose of assessing maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). On three separate days the subjects completed a 15 min run at 75% of VO2max, a 30 min run at 75% of VO2max, and a control condition which involved 15 min of imagined running. State anxiety and eyeblink rate were assessed immediately before as well as 5, 10, 20, and 30 min following each condition. Multivariate ANOVA (3 Conditions × 5 Trials) with repeated measures revealed a significant main effect for trials (Wilks' Lambda =. 80; F = 2.5; df = 4,42; p =. 05) for eyeblink rate. One-way ANOVA post hoc tests indicated that eyeblinks increased significantly following the imagined exercise condition only. A significant main effect for trials (Wilks' Lambda =. 47; F = 12.1; df = 4,42; p <. 001) wa...
Engineered Cartilage, Bone, Joints, and Menisci

Reconstruction of many musculoskeletal structures can be accomplished by bone grafting and implantation of prostheses. Alternate approaches are needed, however, for repair of complex structures such a
Hypolimnion Flow Between the Central and Eastern Basins of Lake Erie During 1977 (Interbasin Hypolimnion Flows)

Abstract The shallow central basin of Lake Erie (mean depth 19 m) is separated from the deeper eastern basin (mean depth 28.5 m) by the Pennsylvania Ridge which extends southward from the base of Long Point to Erie, Pennsylvania. The crest of the ridge lies at a depth of 15 m except for a narrow notch near Erie, Pennsylvania, where communication between the two basins extends to 24 m depth. Both basins are stratified in summer, and the thin (2 m) hypolimnion of the central basin becomes depleted of oxygen by late summer. Flows to the hypolimnion of the central basin from the mid thermocline water of the eastern basin have been thought to be important sources of dissolved oxygen to the central basin. Data from ship cruises and current meter moorings made in 1977 have been used to form an estimate of the hypolimnion flux across the sill area. A strong correlation between winds and mean flux is observed and the dynamic balance appears to be one where surface pressure gradient created by wind stress is opposed by internal pressure gradients and by bottom friction. While the total quantity of oxygen transported by the subsurface flow is significant in terms of the later summer oxygen consumption of the central basin hypolimnion, its effects are confined to the eastern half of that basin due to the relatively weak horizontal diffusion in the mid-basin hypolimnion.
Beyond the Education Silo? Tackling Adolescent Secondary Education in Rural India.

In this paper we examine the factors contributing to gender inequality in secondary schooling in India by critically reviewing the government’s secondary education policy. Drawing on the findings of a study in rural Gujarat, we couple this analysis with an examination of the gendered dynamics that restrict girls’ ability to fully benefit from the education infrastructure and initiatives that do exist, using Connell’s Gender and Power framework. We propose that an extension of the government's current approach to educational reform, focused primarily on expanding infrastructure may aggravate the gender, class and caste asymmetries at secondary level. Fostering an environment that enables vulnerable adolescent girls to benefit from enhanced educational provisions is essential to realizing their rights and the achievement of an equitable system.
Interaction of Transforming Growth Factor-β Receptor I with Farnesyl-protein Transferase-α in Yeast and Mammalian Cells

Abstract Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signals through two transmembrane serine/threonine kinases, known as TβR-I and TβR-II. Several lines of evidence suggest that TβR-II acts as a primary receptor, binding TGF-β and phosphorylating TβR-I whose kinase activity then propagates the signal to unknown substrates. We report an interaction between TβR-I and the farnesyl-protein transferase-α subunit (FT-α) both in a yeast two-hybrid system and in mammalian cells. These findings raise the possibility that TGF-β might regulate cellular functions by altering the ability of FT-α to catalyze isoprenylation of targets such as G proteins, lamins, or cytoskeletal components. However, we provide evidence that TGF-β action does not alter the overall protein isoprenyl transferase activity in Mv1Lu mink lung epithelial cells. In fact, the β subunits of farnesyl transferase and geranylgeranyl transferase, which are necessary for the activity of FT-α, prevent the association of FT-α with TβR-I. Furthermore, farnesyl transferase activity is shown to be dispensable for TGF-β signaling of growth inhibitory and transcriptional responses in these cells. These results suggest that the interaction between TβR-I and FT-α does not affect the known functions of these two proteins.
A single amino acid change in the C-terminal domain of the matrix protein M1 of influenza B virus confers mouse adaptation and virulence

Serial passage of an initially avirulent influenza B virus, B/Memphis/12/97, resulted in the selection of a variant which was lethal in mice. Virulence correlated with improved growth in vivo and prolonged replication. Sequencing of the complete coding regions of the parent and mouse-adapted viruses revealed 8 amino acid differences. Sequencing and characterization of intermediate passages suggested that one change in the C-terminal domain of the M1 protein, an asparagine to a serine at position 221, was responsible for acquisition of virulence and lethality. Site-directed mutagenesis of the M segment of a different virus, B/Yamanashi/166/98, to change this amino acid residue confirmed its importance by conferring improved growth and virulence in mice. This observation suggests a role for the C domain of the M1 protein in growth and virulence in a mammalian host.
Multiple Factors driving Variability of CO2 Exchange Between the Ocean and Atmosphere in a Tropical Coral Reef Environment

In this paper, we present the results of the first automated continuous multi-year high temporal frequency study of CO2 dynamics in a coastal coral reef ecosystem. The data cover 2.5 years of nearly continuous operation of the CRIMP-CO2 buoy spanning particularly wet and dry seasons in southern Kaneohe Bay, a semi-enclosed tropical coral reef ecosystem in Hawaii. We interpret our observational results in the context of how rapidly changing physical and biogeochemical conditions affect the pCO2 of surface waters and the magnitude and direction of air–sea exchange of CO2. Local climatic forcing strongly affects the biogeochemistry, water column properties, and gas exchange between the ocean and atmosphere in Kaneohe Bay. Rainfall driven by trade winds and other localized storms generates pulses of nutrient-rich water, which exert a strong control on primary productivity and impact carbon cycling in the water column of the bay. The “La Nina” winter of 2005–2006 was one of the wettest winters in Hawaii in 30 years and contrasted sharply with preceding and subsequent drier winter seasons. In addition, short-term variability in physical forcing adds complexity and helps drive the response of the CO2–carbonic acid system of the bay. Freshwater pulses to Kaneohe Bay provide nutrient subsidies to bay waters, relieving the normal nitrogen limitation of this system and driving phytoplankton productivity. Seawater pCO2 responds to the blooms as well as to physical forcing mechanisms, leading to a relatively wide range of pCO2 in seawater from about 250 to 650 μatm, depending on conditions. Large drawdowns in pCO2 following storms occasionally cause bay waters to switch from being a source of CO2 to the atmosphere to being a sink. Yet, during our study period, the southern sector of Kaneohe Bay remained a net source of CO2 to the atmosphere on an annualized basis. The integrated net annual flux of CO2 from the bay to the atmosphere varied between years by a factor of more than two and was lower during the wet “La Nina” year, than during the following year. Over the study period, the net annualized flux was 1.80 mol C m−2 year−1. Our CO2 flux estimates are consistent with prior synoptic work in Kaneohe Bay and with estimates in other tropical coral reef ecosystems studied to date. The high degree of climatological, physical, and biogeochemical variability observed in this study suggests that automated high-frequency observations are needed to capture the short-, intermediate-, and long-term variability of CO2 and other properties of these highly dynamic coastal coral reef ecosystems.
Leaders and Followers in a Postindustrial Age: A Psychodynamic View

Of the many demands posed by the postindustrial milieu (Hirschhorn, 1988), perhaps the most poignant is the need for leaders and their subordinates to recognize their dependence on one another. The rationale for this need is simple and pragmatic: The pressures dictated by postindustrial technological advancements; the pace, depth, and accumulation of change; and the complexity and consequences of decisions all require the maximum use of resources, particularly human resources. In brief, the leader no longer charts the organization’ s work, with subordinates lined up to do the bidding. Instead, the leader and the subordinates must collaborate.
A low temperature sintering phenomenon in heated portland cement pastes

Abstract A previous investigation by the author of the dimensional instability of portland cement pastes heated at atmospheric pressure to 500 F suggested that a sintering phenomenon was a contributing source of contractive deformation. This hypothesis has been further investigated through studies of ball mill hydrated cement pastes which were subsequently heated at 500 F, compacted into small cylinders, then reheated to 500 F. An increase in strength and a decrease in volume and specific surface area of the heated compacts is cited as evidence that a sintering phenomenon is operative over the temperature range studied.
Antibodies of restricted heterogeneity induced by DNP-insulin☆

Abstract Immunization of rabbits with a preparation of DNP-insulin, specially purified by isoelectric focusing, has led to the production of anti-DNP antibody of very restricted heterogeneity in all seven rabbits examined and in amounts up to 800 μg/ml serum. The homogeneity of one of the antibody samples was shown by the straight line character of its binding curve for 3H-labeled DNP-lysine (Sips' heterogeneity index = 1.0) and by the simplicity of its isoelectric focusing pattern. Similar simple patterns were observed for antibodies from the other six rabbits although two produced very little anti-DNP antibody.
Addictions and the Law

Publisher Summary Addictions and the law are interwoven in court cases, legislative actions, constitutional law, and administrative policy. This chapter focuses on the treatment of alcohol and drug addiction infused crime by the law in the United States. In general, the law views alcohol and drug addiction as an illness in an individual who bears responsibility for its consequences, including punishment and therapeutic treatments. The individual is not completely guilty or absolved from criminal or civil responsibilities because of addictive disease. Legal decisions have acknowledged that addiction to drugs and alcohol is not a willful misconduct in a legal sense, and they have emphasized that being a drug addict or an alcoholic is a status and not a crime. Alcohol and drug disorders are considered the root causes of criminal and civil violations that can be ameliorated or eliminated through therapeutic actions sanctioned and monitored by the courts. The correctional system provides an opportunity to intervene for those individuals with alcohol and drug disorders, particularly when these disorders are implicated with the crimes causing their incarceration. The forensic psychiatrist and the generalist should thus acquaint themselves with the efficacy of addictions treatment and the importance and advantages of identifying addictive diseases in their patients. If addiction treatment is viewed as an alternative consequence of addictive disease in legal cases, the psychiatrist can cooperate with the legal system to improve clinical care and reduce harm to self and others by those suffering from alcohol and drug disorders.
Study of Calsequestrin Aggregation by Flow Field‐Flow Fractionation with Light Scattering Detection

Flow field‐flow fractionation (FIFFF) with multi‐angle light scattering detection indicates that calsequestrin forms even numbered aggregates, supporting the view that this Ca2+ binding protein agg...
On the uniform complete convergence of density function estimates

Letf be a uniformly continuous density function. LetW be a non-negative weight function which is continuous on its compact support [a, b] and ∫abW(x)dx=1. The complete convergence of $$\mathop {\sup }\limits_{ - \infty< s< \infty } \left| {\frac{1}{{nb\left( n \right)}}\sum\limits_{k - 1}^n {W\left( {\frac{{s - X_k }}{{b\left( n \right)}}} \right)} - f\left( s \right)} \right|$$ to zero is obtained under varying conditions on the bandwidthsb(n), support or moments off, and smoothness ofW. For example, one choice of the weight function for these results is Epanechnikov's optimal function andnb2(n)>nδ for some δ>0. The uniform complete convergence of the mode estimate is also considered.
High temperature electrochemistry of molten fluoride salt for measurement of dissolved chromium

AbstractAn in situ electrochemical probe, utilising anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV), has been developed to measure dissolved Cr concentration in the molten salt LiF–KF–NaF (46·5–11·5–42 mol.-%), commonly referred to as FLiNaK. Tests were performed in a glassy carbon crucible in an argon atmosphere glovebox at a molten salt temperature of 650°C. Cyclic voltammetry was performed to determine reversibility and mid peak potential. The Cr2+/Cr0 reaction occurred with a mid peak potential of −0·51 V versus a 10 mol.-% Ni2+/Ni0 reference electrode. The integrated current from the anodic waves at this potential were used for Cr cation quantification. The integrated current from the ASV measurements correlated linearly with Cr concentration, measured independently using neutron activation analysis, over a range of 30–950 ppm (1·2–38 mmol L−1). This study is significant for determining Cr concentrations in high temperature molten FLiNaK salts exposed to Cr containing structural materials.