cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Process analytic models of creative capacities

Abstract: Although a number of factors condition the success of creative efforts, most investigators recognize the fundamental importance of novel problem solutions. As a result, a number of systems intending to describe the processes contributing to the generation of innovative problem solutions have been proposed. In the present article, earlier models describing the processes contributing to creative problem solutions are reviewed. The common themes appearing in these models are then considered in relation to the use of extant information structures. Certain implications of cognitive information processing for understanding the nature and ontogeny of the creative act are then discussed, along with their potential contributions to the identification and development of creative potential.
Melanonychia and mucocutaneous hyperpigmentation due to hydroxyurea use in an HIV‐infected patient

A 51-year-old black woman with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection presented to the Dermatology Clinic in June of 1998. She complained of dark bands in her nails, as well as darkening of her tongue, hands, and feet. She first noticed these changes in April 1998. One month earlier she had been started on hydroxyurea, nevirapine, and didanosine. Zidovudine had been discontinued 1 year prior to presentation. No nail changes were noted at that time. Other medications included acyclovir, propanolol, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and ibuprofen. The physical examination was remarkable for irregular, hyperpigmented patches, some confluent, on the tongue and oral mucosa (Fig. 1). Perioral hyperpigmentation was also present. Irregular, hyperpigmented macules were present on the palms and soles, and there was diffuse hyperpigmentation of the dorsal hands and feet. Blue–gray, well-demarcated, horizontal bands were present on all 20 nails beginning at the proximal nail fold and progressing distally (Fig. 2). A diagnosis of hydroxyurea-induced hyperpigmentation was made and hydroxyurea was discontinued. Six months later, the mucocutaneous areas of hyperpigmentation were lighter, but still present. The hyperpigmented bands on the fingernails had fully grown out and those on the toenails were more distally located. Figure 1. Hyperpigmentation was evident on the oral mucosa, as seen here on the tongue Download figure to PowerPoint Figure 2. Horizontal bands present on all 20 nails Download figure to PowerPoint
The rotational spectrum and molecular parameters of ClO in the v = 0 and v = 1 states

Abstract The J = 9 2 ← 7 2 , 2 Π 3 2 and 2 Π 1 2 , ground vibrational state transitions of 35ClO and 37ClO and the 2 Π 1 2 , excited vibrational state transitions of 35ClO have been observed in the 164–167 GHz region. Additional measurements have also been made on the J = 3 2 ← 1 2 and J = 5 2 ← 3 2 transitions of both the ground and excited vibrational states. All measurements were made using millimeter oscillators which were phase locked to harmonics of a Hewlett-Packard microwave spectrometer's X-band source. Λ-doubling splitting of a few 2 Π 1 2 transitions was resolved. When magnetic and nuclear quadrupole hyperfine terms off-diagonal in J and Ω in the Hund's case (a) representation were included in addition to the usual diagonal terms, an excellent fit to all of our observed transitions resulted. The most significant change from previously determined parameters is the centrifugal distortion constant D for which the values, D0 = 0.03972(26) MHz for 35ClO, D0 = 0.03888(32) MHz for 37ClO and D1 = 0.0395(21) MHz for 35ClO are obtained. Values of 1.56959(1) A for the equilibrium bond length and 854(7) cm−1 for the equilibrium vibrational frequency are derived from the measured spectra. In addition, values for the Λ-doubling constant βp and the quadrupole coupling constant eQq2 were derived from the measured spectra for the first time.
Local anesthetics: stimulation of incorporation of inositol into phosphoinositides in guinea pig cerebral cortical synaptoneurosomes.

Abstract Various local anesthetics enhanced the incorporation of [ 3 H]inositol into phosphoinositides in guinea pig cerebral cortical synaptoneurosomes. Dibucaine, QX-572 and dimethisoquin showed maximum stimulation at 100 μM, tetracaine and diphenhydramine at 300 μM, and QX-314 at 1 mM, while quinacrine, lidocaine and cocaine showed no or only slight stimulation. There was no correlation between local anesthetic activity, estimated by inhibition of the 22 Na + flux elicited by the sodium channel activator batrachotoxin, and the potency for stimulation of inositol incorporation. A quaternary, relatively weak, local anesthetic, QX-572, was the most potent agent in stimulation of inositol incorporation, while the next most potent agent was dibucaine, a tertiary, very potent, local anesthetic. Dibucaine did not affect the uptake of [ 3 H]inositol by synaptoneurosomes. The incorporation of [ 3 H]inositol into phosphoinositides was increased in calcium-free buffer. The presence of dibucaine resulted in further stimulation of [ 3 H]inositol incorporation in calcium-free buffer. Although dibucaine and QX-572 markedly stimulated incorporation of [ 3 H]inositol into phosphoinositides, only QX-572 significantly enhanced the incorporation of 32 PO 3− 4 into phosphoinositides. The results suggest that certain local anesthetics enhance a pathway involving an exchange reaction between inositol and the phosphoinositol ester bond of phosphatidylinositol, but do not markedly affect the de novo pathway of phosphoinositide synthesis.
The efficiency of pooling in the detection of rare mutations.

It is a pleasure to thank Mitchell Gail, Joni Rutter, and Binbing Yu for helpful discussions.
Fast Serial Link Using Optical Fibers

Optical fibers used for the transmission of digital data offer the advantage of high speed and complete immunity from electromagnetic interference. They are particularly useful in astronomy for isolating sensitive detecting apparatus from noisy digital computers. A serial data link is described using relatively inexpensive, commercially available components (transmitter, receiver, cable and connectors) with an encoder/decoder circuit built using standard TTL digital logic components. The circuit encodes data into a self-clocked serial data stream in a modified NRZ (non-return to zero) format, allowing efficient data transmission. A decoder circuit is described for extracting the embedded clock and decoding the serial stream at speeds of up to 40 megabaud. Circuitry is presented for the operation of fiber optic receivers that do not operate well at lower frequencies, allowing for data transmission rates down to DC. Although designed for high speed fiber optic operation, the circuit is equally well suited to medium or low speed operation over wires and offers the advantage of not having to transmit a separate clock. Finally, a data error rate is measured by operating the link for a long period of time.
Nuclear physics and astrophysics of the r-process

Some nuclear and astrophysical aspects of the r-process are discussed. Particular attention is paid to observations of abundances in metal-poor stars and their implications for the astrophysical site and yield patterns of the r-process. The effects of supernova neutrinos and related nuclear processes on the yield patterns are explored. The uncertainties in the theoretical nuclear input for the r-process are discussed and the need for experimental data is emphasized.
A Pertussis Toxin-Sensitive G-Protein Mediates the α2-Adrenergic Receptor Inhibition of Melatonin Release in Photoreceptive Chick Pineal Cell Cultures

The avian pineal gland is a photoreceptive organ that has been shown to contain postjunctional α2-adrenoceptors that inhibit melatonin synthesis and/or release upon receptor activation. Physiological response and [32P]ADP ribosylation experiments were performed to investigate whether pertussis toxin-sensitive guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins) were involved in the transduction of the α2-adrenergic signal. For physiological response studies, the effects of pertussis toxin on melatonin release in dissociated cell cultures exposed to norepinephrine were assessed. Pertussis toxin blocked α2- adrenergic receptor-mediated inhibition in a dose-dependent manner. Pertussis toxin-induced blockade appeared to be noncompetitive. One and 10 ng/ml doses of pertussis toxin partially blocked and a 100 ng/ml dose completely blocked norepinephrine- induced inhibition. Pertussis toxin-catalyzed [32P]ADP ribosylation of G-proteins in chick pineal cell membranes was assessed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylam...
Field responses of the western pine beetle1 and one of its predators to host- and beetle-produced compounds

The responses of the western pine beetle (Dendroctonus brev-icomis LeConte) andTemnochila chlorodia (Mannerheim) to candidate attractants—exo- andendo-brevicomm, frontalin,trans-verbenol, ver-benone, and ponderosa pine turpentine and its major monoterpene components—were quantified by counts of beetles on traps baited with the various attractants, singly and in combinations released simultaneously. Combinations ofexo-brevicomin and frontalin plus a monoterpene or turpentine were the most attractive toD. brevicomis. The responses to these attractant combinations were reduced when verbenone plustrans-verbenol were present. All single compounds and binary mixtures, exceptexo-brevicomin plus frontalin, were much less attractive.exo-Brevicomin was most attractive toT. chlorodia, and this response appeared to decrease when verbenone plustrans-verbenol were present.
Integrating Coherent Porous Silicon as a Wicking Structure in the MEMS Based Fabrication of a Vertically Wicking Micro-Columnated Loop Heat Pipe

System design, component-wise fabrication and experimental thin-film evaporation results are presented for a vertically wicking micro-columnated loop heat pipe. Designed for fabrication using a three-layer wafer stack, this MEMS phase change device has components etched on both sides of the middle silicon wafer that are sealed by thinner top and bottom capping wafers. A coherent porous silicon (CPS) based dual-scale micro-columnated wick design uses a primary wick for capillary pumping and a secondary surface-micro-textured wick for thin-film liquid evaporation. For etching CPS, a Teflon based wafer-level electrochemical etching setup is implemented and results from a preliminary die-level etching study are reported. The main device components, which include the fluid transport channels, the condenser section and the columnated vapor chamber in a non-CPS base, are fabricated on silicon wafers using standard MEMS fabrication techniques. Thermal experiments are performed to study the phenomena of thin-film evaporation in a columnated open-loop micro evaporator.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Materials for high–density electronic packaging and interconnections in the higher packaging levels

This paper concentrates on the materials requirements anticipated for future packaging strategies of electronic components beyond the 1st level package. This includes Wafer Scale Integration (Level 0), hybrid assembly of bare chips in multichip modules (Level 1.5), printed wiring board (PWB) assembly, including surface mount (Level 2), and higher levels (connectors, mother boards, and cables). Furthermore, high-performance digital VLSI logic packaging only is addressed, to the exclusion of memory, analog, and power circuitry (except power supplies).
Effect of capacitor size and pathway resistance on defibrillation threshold for implantable defibrillators.

BACKGROUNDThe time constant of truncated exponential pulses used with implantable defibrillators is determined by the output capacitor size and defibrillation pathway resistance. The optimal capacitor size is unknown.METHODS AND RESULTSThis study compared defibrillation threshold (DFT) for standard 120-microF capacitors (DFT120) and smaller 60-microF capacitors (DFT60) at implantation of cardioverter-defibrillators in 67 patients using epicardial electrodes (15 patients) or one of four transvenous electrode configurations (52 patients). Paired comparisons of DFT60 and DFT120 were made for 44 defibrillation pathways using monophasic pulses and for 53 pathways using biphasic pulses. Truncated exponential pulses with 65% tilt were used. Pooled data from all electrode configurations showed a significant inverse correlation between pathway resistance and the ratio of stored energy DFT60 to DFT120 (monophasic pulses: r = .75, P = .0001; biphasic pulses: r = .68, P = .0001). Data from all electrode configuration...
An Aquatic Bacterium That Lyses Cyanobacteria Associated with Off-Flavor of Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

Abstract In laboratory studies a bacterium isolated from pond water lysed cells of selected cyanobacteria, including species of Anabaena and Oscillatoria. The bacterium was a Gram negative rod that produced yellow colonies when streaked on BG-11 medium supplemented with 6 g/liter tryptic soy broth and solidified with 1% agar. The DNA sequence for the 16S rRNA gene of the bacterium indicated a relationship to species of Xanthomonas, but the sequence homology of 95.58% indicated no definitive match for the genus. Shake-flask cultures of the bacterium produced approximately 3 × 10 9 plaque-forming units/ml of culture broth when grown in BG-11 medium plus 6 g/liter tryptic soy broth and assayed in lawns of Anabaena sp. (ATCC 27898). Seven days after the bacterium was inoculated to shake-flask cultures of algae and cyanobacteria, average reductions in chlorophyll a were 94 to 98% for Oscillatoria spp. (ATCC 29205, UTEX 1567, O. cf. chalybea (LA OC-1), UTEX 390, UTEX 1566), 77% for Lyngbya sp. (UTEX 386), and 13 to 98% for Anabaena spp. (ATCC 27892, ATCC 27893, ATCC 27898, ATCC 27211, UTEX 1609, and UTEX 377). No significant reductions in chlorophyll a were noted for Chlorella vulgaris (UTEX 26), Scenedesmus subspicatus (UTEX 2594), Selenastrum capricornutum (UTEX 1648), Microcystis aeruginosa (UTEX 2063), or Plectonema boryanum (ATCC 18200). The bacterium could be a potential microbial algicide for some cyanobacteria, particularly species of Anabaena and Oscillatoria that have been associated with off-flavor in commercially grown channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus.
Data Dissemination in Wireless Broadcast Channels: Network Coding or Cooperation

Network coding and cooperative diversity have each extensively been explored in the literature as a means to substantially improve the performance of wireless networks. Yet, little work has been conducted to compare their performance under a common framework. Our goal in this paper is to fill in this gap. Specifically, we consider a single-hop wireless network consisting of a base station and N receivers. We perform an asymptotic analysis, as N rarr infin, of the expected delay associated with the broadcasting of a file consisting of K packets. We show that if K is fixed, cooperation outperforms network coding, in the sense that the expected delay is proportional to K (and thus within a constant factor of the optimal delay) in the former case while it grows logarithmically with N in the latter case. On the other hand, if K grows with N at a rate at least as fast as (log N)r, for r > 1, then we show that the average delay of network coding is within a factor less than two of the optimal delay, no worse than the average delay of cooperation. Our analytical findings are validated through extensive numerical simulations.
Thermosensitive water-dispersible hairy particle-supported pd nanoparticles for catalysis of hydrogenation in an aqueous/organic biphasic system.

We report in this article the use of thermosensitive water-dispersible polymer brush-grafted polymeric particles as carriers for Pd nanoparticles for the catalysis of hydrogenation of styrene in an aqueous/organic biphasic system. Thermoresponsive poly(methoxytri(ethylene glycol) methacrylate) brushes were grown from initiator-functionalized core−shell cross-linked poly(t-butyl acrylate) (PtBA) particles via surface-initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization. The t-butyl group of PtBA in the core was removed with trifluoroacetic acid, followed by loading of Pd2+ cations through ion exchange. Pd nanoparticles were prepared by reduction of Pd2+ ions with ethanol at 70 °C. Dynamic light scattering studies showed that the Pd nanoparticle-loaded thermosensitive hairy particles in water began to shrink when the temperature was above 30 °C. The supported Pd nanoparticles efficiently catalyzed hydrogenation of styrene in an aqueous/octane biphasic system and were reused five times with no changes in the yield...
UNDAMPED OSCILLATIONS OF PYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDE AND OXYGEN TENSION IN CHEMOSTAT CULTURES OF KLEBSIELLA AEROGENES

Klebsiella aerogenes was grown in chemostat culture with the pH controlled to ±0.01 and temperature to ±0.1°C. The oxygen tension of the culture was regulated by changing the partial pressure of oxygen in the gas phase and recorded by means of an oxygen electrode. Reduced pyridine nucleotide was monitored continuously in the culture by means of direct fluorimetry. On applying an anaerobic shock to the culture, damped oscillations in pyridine nucleotide fluorescence were obtained. Further anaerobic shocks decreased the damping and eventually gave rise to undamped oscillations of a 2–3 min period which continued for several days. These oscillations were paralleled by oscillations of the same frequency in respiration rate. The amplitude of the oscillations in the respiration rate was equivalent to only 1% of the total steady-state respiration, whereas that of pyridine nucleotide oscillations was equivalent to 10% of the total aerobic/anaerobic fluorescence response. The oscillations ceased on interrupting the glucose feed but restarted on adding excess glucose to the culture. Addition of succinate also restarted the oscillations so that they appear not to be of glycolytic origin. The frequency of oscillations varied with growth rate and conditions. Oscillations of much lower frequency were obtained under limited-oxygen and anaerobic conditions than under fully aerobic conditions. Under glucose-limited conditions, fluctuations were found in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content which were in phase with the pyridine nucleotide oscillations, but under nitrogen-limited growth conditions no such fluctuations in ATP were observed. The primary oscillating pathway could not be identified but the mechanism would appear to be quite different from that involved in oscillations observed in yeast cells. The synchronization of oscillations and observations of negative damping could be explained by a syntalysis effect.
Hyperspectral detection algorithms: From old ideas to operational concepts to next generation

Some of the earliest concepts for detecting targets with hyperspectral systems have not been realized in practice in real time systems. First we review some of the earliest approaches, most of which were based on simplistic models of hyperspectral clutter. Next, the algorithms employed by the first operational sensors are reviewed, and their relationship to the earlier naive models are discussed. Variants that are likely to be incorporated in the next generation systems are described. Finally, we speculate on the prospects of some futuristic detection methods.
ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF SOIL ORGANIC MATTER IN TAYLOR VALLEY, ANTARCTICA

Soil organic matter in the dry valleys of the McMurdo Sound Region sustains a unique terrestrial microbial community in one of the most extreme climates on earth. The origin of this organic material has long been in question, given the absence of higher plants in this arid ecosystem. We examined the sources and distribution of organic matter from six elevational transects extending along a 30-km section of Taylor Valley (163° E, 77.35° S), from the head of the valley to the Ross Sea. The δ13C and δ15N of soil were determined both to identify potential sources of soil organic matter (i.e., marine, lacustrine, and/or terrestrial) and to map C and N source distribution in the valley. Results suggest that the primary source for soil organic matter is not the wind transport of organic material from modern aquatic systems (a long-held hypothesis). Instead, our data indicate that modern distributional patterns of low-elevation (<150 m above sea level [a.s.l.]) soil organic matter (SOM) in Taylor Dry Valley are s...
Estimating the production rate of loosely bound hadronic molecules using event generators

We examine the use of hadronic event generators, such as Pythia or Herwig, to estimate the production rate of loosely bound hadronic molecules, such as the deuteron and the $X(3872)$. In the case of the deuteron, we point out that there are large uncertainties in the normalization of the predictions using event generators, because baryon pair distributions are not among the inputs used to tune the event generators. Predictions using Pythia for antideuteron production in $\ensuremath{\Upsilon}$ decay are compared to measurements by the CLEO Collaboration. They suggest that Pythia overpredicts the probability of producing pairs of baryons, at least in $\ensuremath{\Upsilon}$ decay into three gluons, and that the standard value of the coalescence parameter underpredicts the probability for formation of a deuteron from a neutron and proton with small relative momentum. In the case of the $X(3872)$, we discuss a proposed upper bound on the prompt cross section at the Tevatron that has been used as an argument against the $X(3872)$ being a loosely bound charm-meson molecule. We demonstrate that this proposed upper bound is invalid by showing that the analogous upper bound for the antideuteron would be smaller than the observed antideuteron cross section.
Response of graywater recycling systems based on hydroponic plant growth to three classes of surfactants

Anionic (sodium laureth sulfate, SLES), amphoteric (cocamidopropyl betaine, CAPB) and nonionic (alcohol polyethoxylate, AE) surfactants were added to separate nutrient film technique (NFT) hydroponic systems containing dwarf wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. USU Apogee) in a series of 21 day trials. Surfactant was added either in a (1). temporally dynamic mode (1-3 g surfactant m(-2) growing area d(-1)) as effected by automatic addition of a 300 ppm surfactant solution to meet plant water demand, or (2). continuous mode (2 g surfactant m(-2) growing area d(-1)) as effected by slow addition (10 mLh(-1)) of a 2000 ppm surfactant solution beginning at 4d after planting. SLES showed rapid primary degradation in both experiments, with no accumulation 24 h after initial addition. CAPB and AE were degraded less rapidly, with 30-50% remaining 24 h after initial addition, but CAPB and AE levels were below detection limit for the remainder of the study. No reductions in vegetative growth of wheat were observed in response to SLES, but biomass was reduced 20-25% with CAPB and AE. Microbial communities associated with both the plant roots and wetted hardware surfaces actively degraded the surfactants, as determined by monitoring surfactant levels following pulse additions at day 20 (with plants) and day 21 (after plant removal). In order to test whether the biofilm communities could ameliorate phytotoxicity by providing a microbial community acclimated for CAPB and AE decay, the continuous exposure systems were planted with wheat seeds after crop removal at day 21. Acclimation resulted in faster primary degradation (>90% within 24h) and reduced phytotoxicity. Overall, the studies indicate that relatively small areas (3-5m(2)) of hydroponic plant systems can process per capita production of mixed surfactants (5-10 g x person(-1)d(-1)) with minimal effects on plant growth.
Limits on the CO2Content of the Martian Polar Deposits

Abstract It has recently been suggested that large quantities of CO 2 could be sequestered within the martian polar deposits as CO 2 ice or CO 2 clathrate hydrate, stabilized against sublimation by a non-porous overburden of water ice. I investigate the phase stability of CO 2 -bearing polar ices and place limits on the quantity of CO 2 that can be sequestered. The magnitude of this limitation follows from CO 2 -bearing ices having thermal conductivities on the order of 5 to 6 times smaller than that of water ice, producing a higher geothermal gradient. Results indicate that only under favorable, and probably unrealistic, conditions an upper limit of 112 mbar of CO 2 can be sequestered as CO 2 clathrate or 254 mbar as CO 2 ice in the north polar deposit. More realistic conditions will limit CO 2 to no more than a few 10s of mbar. In either case, less CO 2 is also allowed and none is required by existing observations. The south polar deposit probably consists of a similar composition, but thinner deposits make placing limits difficult. Limited quantities of CO 2 in the polar regions primarily implies that large amounts of CO 2 are not released at high obliquity, reducing the magnitude of periodic climate change. In addition, climate-evolution models that predict large CO 2 -bearing caps at present should be rejected, favoring models that do not predict extensive CO 2 -bearing ice deposits.
Riparian ecohydrology: regulation of water flux from the ground to the atmosphere in the Middle Rio Grande, New Mexico

During the previous decade, the south-western United States has faced declining water resources and escalating forest fires due to long-term regional drought. Competing demands for water resources require a careful accounting of the basin water budget. Water lost to the atmosphere through riparian evapotranspiration (ET) is believed to rank in the top third of water budget depletions. To better manage depletions in a large river system, patterns of riparian ET must be better understood. This paper provides a general overview of the ecological, hydrological, and atmospheric issues surrounding riparian ET in the Middle Rio Grande (MRG) of New Mexico. Long-term measurements of ET, water table depth, and micro-meteorological conditions have been made at sites dominated by native cottonwood (Populus deltoides) forests and non-native saltcedar (Tamarix chinensis) thickets along the MRG. Over periods longer than one week, groundwater and leaf area index (LAI) dynamics relate well with ET rates. Evapotranspiration from P. deltoides forests was unaffected by annual drought conditions in much of the MRG where the water table is maintained within 3 m of the surface. Evapotranspiration from a dense Tamarix chinensis thicket did not decline with increasing groundwater depth; instead, ET increased by 50%, from 6 mm/day to 9 mm/day, as the water table receded at nearly 7 cm/day. Leaf area index of the T. chinensis thicket, likewise, increased during groundwater decline. Leaf area index can be manipulated as well following removal of non-native species. When T. chinensis and non-native Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) were removed from a P. deltoides understory, water salvaged through reduced ET was 26 cm/yr in relation to ET measured at reference sites. To investigate correlates to short-term variations in ET, stepwise multiple linear regression was used to evaluate atmospheric conditions under which ET is elevated or depressed. At the P. deltoides-dominated sites, ET anomalies were positively correlated to net radiation (Rn) and negatively correlated to sensible heat flux (H), cross-corridor wind speed (v), and along-corridor wind speed (u) (r2 = 0·54). At the T. chinensis-dominated sites, ET anomalies were positively correlated with Rn, u, the friction coefficient (u*), and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and were negatively correlated to surface humidity scale (q*), daily high and low temperature, H, and precipitation (r2 = 0·66). Both Tamarix and Populus can transpire prodigious quantities of water when conditions are favourable. In the MRG, T. chinensis is preferentially found where summer flooding and cold air drainage occurs, and P. deltoides is preferentially located in areas with shallow groundwater within 2 m of the surface. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radiometric scene normalization using pseudoinvariant features

Abstract A scene-to-scene radiometric normalization technique has been developed which corrects for atmospheric degradations, illumination effects, and sensor response differences in multitemporal multispectral imagery. The technique is based on the statistical invariance of the reflectance of man-made in-scene elements such as concrete, asphalt, and rooftops. Differences in the grey-level distributions of these invariant objects is assumed to be a linear function and is corrected statistically to perform the normalization. The technique exhibits errors in reflectance of approximately 1% for Landsat TM and high-resolution air photo imagery in all spectral regions studied.
The influence of urban park characteristics on ant (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) communities

As rapid urbanization continues, existing natural areas within urban zones will play a critical role in safeguarding remaining biodiversity. Ants are an integral part of almost every terrestrial ecosystem, including urban environments, and understanding which environmental characteristics influence their persistence is critical. In this study, 24 protected natural areas within urban parks including mosaic, scrub, herbaceous and forest habitats were surveyed for ants with 563 pitfall traps. The data provide insights into the distribution and abundance of ant fauna in San Francisco natural areas, as well as which characteristics of parks have the most influence on ant community composition. A total of 2,068 ant individuals representing 15 species were collected. A regression analysis revealed that urban forests reduced ant richness and abundance and that there was little or no impact of the Argentine ant on native ants. Natural area size and shape were not important in explaining variations in overall ant species richness and abundance, with many smaller natural areas harboring ant populations that are just as diverse and robust as larger areas.
New sources of gutta-percha in Garrya flavescens and G. wrightii

Abstract Analyses of extracts from whole-plant samples revealed that Garrya flavescens and Garrya wrightii produced gutta ( trans -1,4-polyisoprene) as the major hydrocarbon in yields of 1.2 and 0.4 %, respectively. The average MWs of gutta were 142000 for G. flavescens and 10000 for G. wrightii . These species also yielded moderate amounts of ‘oil’ and ‘polyphenol’. To our knowledge, these are the first species of Garryaceae reported to produce gutta.
Black silicon created by interfered femtosecond laser illumination

A periodic parallel microgrooves on the silicon substrate with 2.5 um spacing covered by various nanostructures can be fabricated by using the interfered femtosecond laser illumination. The morphology created by this approach is apparently different from the common method using the femtosecond laser and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). However, the treated silicon area could tremendously reduce the reflection from the surface. The reflectance of the structured surface is around 5% throughout the visible to near IR (1.1 um) despite of the viewing angle, which is comparative. Furthermore, the effect of the reflectance reduction is weaker but still obvious when wavelength is beyond 1.1 um, which is believed to be able to extend to the mid IR range.
Views of traditional archaeology

Gordon R. Willey, ed. Archaeological Researches in Retrospect. Cambridge: Winthrop Publishers, 1974. xix + 296 pp. Maps, figures, illustrations, and glossary. $9.95 (cloth), $5.95 (paper). Gordon R. Willey and Jeremy A. Sabloff. A History of American Archaeology. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Company, 1974. xix + 252 pp. Illustrations, maps, charts, bibliography, and index. $4.95 (paper).
Heat stress reduces intestinal barrier integrity and favors intestinal glucose transport in growing pigs.

Excessive heat exposure reduces intestinal integrity and post-absorptive energetics that can inhibit wellbeing and be fatal. Therefore, our objectives were to examine how acute heat stress (HS) alters intestinal integrity and metabolism in growing pigs. Animals were exposed to either thermal neutral (TN, 21°C; 35–50% humidity; n = 8) or HS conditions (35°C; 24–43% humidity; n = 8) for 24 h. Compared to TN, rectal temperatures in HS pigs increased by 1.6°C and respiration rates by 2-fold (P<0.05). As expected, HS decreased feed intake by 53% (P<0.05) and body weight (P<0.05) compared to TN pigs. Ileum heat shock protein 70 expression increased (P<0.05), while intestinal integrity was compromised in the HS pigs (ileum and colon TER decreased; P<0.05). Furthermore, HS increased serum endotoxin concentrations (P = 0.05). Intestinal permeability was accompanied by an increase in protein expression of myosin light chain kinase (P<0.05) and casein kinase II-α (P = 0.06). Protein expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins in the ileum revealed claudin 3 and occludin expression to be increased overall due to HS (P<0.05), while there were no differences in claudin 1 expression. Intestinal glucose transport and blood glucose were elevated due to HS (P<0.05). This was supported by increased ileum Na+/K+ ATPase activity in HS pigs. SGLT-1 protein expression was unaltered; however, HS increased ileal GLUT-2 protein expression (P = 0.06). Altogether, these data indicate that HS reduce intestinal integrity and increase intestinal stress and glucose transport.
Idiotypic analysis of monoclonal anti-fluorescyl antibodies: localization and characterization of idiotypic determinants

Nine monoclonal IgG anti-fluorescyl antibodies, which exhibit diverse affinities for fluorescein (Fl) (Ka values ranging from 5 X 10(6) to 10(10) M-1) were analyzed idiotypically. Each of the BALB/c hybridoma proteins (gamma, kappa) exhibited unique idiotypic determinants although two clones (6-10-6 and 20-19-1) were partially (15-20%) cross-reactive. Of two other clones (4-6-9 and 4-6-10) derived from the same cell line, 4-6-9 contained gamma 1 heavy (H) chains and 4-6-10 contained both gamma 1 and gamma 2b H-chains. In addition, 4-6-9 shared idiotypic determinants with 4-6-10 although the latter also displayed unique idiotypic specificities. Collectively, the nine clones demonstrated structural diversity analogous to previous studies which defined binding mechanism diversity. The location of determinants recognized by anti-idiotype reagents directed against each of the monoclonal antibodies was examined by binding inhibition with free Fl and fluorescein-BSA (Fl-BSA). All clones contained determinants both within the active site (Fl-inhibitable) and in close proximity to it (Fl-BSA-inhibitable), although the relative proportions of these determinants varied among the clones. Inhibitor concns required for 50% inhibition varied independently of ligand binding affinity, and therefore were more likely influenced by the heterogeneous nature and affinity of the anti-idiotype reagents toward the individual determinants. Idiotypic analysis of H- and light (L) chains derived from five monoclonal antibodies of diverse affinities was performed. Fl binding and expression of idiotypic determinants by all clones required both H- and L-chains. Restoration of the idiotype by reassociated H- and L-chains was found to be highly restricted to homologous H- and L-chain pairs, as heterologous combinations did not result in the expression of either parental idiotype. The latter was true whether the heterologous pairs were derived from clones of the same isotype or the heterologous combination associated to form an intact molecule with greater affinity than the parental H- and L-chain combination. Heterologous recombinants from the two clones (6-10-6 and 20-19-1) exhibiting partial idiotypic cross-reactivity were able to restore a fraction (approximately 25%) of their idiotypic determinants. Results demonstrated the extensive conformational requirements of ligand binding and idiotype expression and indicated that a high degree of specificity in the VH- and VL-chain interaction must exist for the expression of these idiotypes.
Protein tyrosine phosphatases as adhesion receptors

Abstract The intracellular segments of classic adhesion molecules such as N-CAM do not show structural similarity to any known signaling molecules. This suggests that their effects on signaling responses must be exerted indirectly through associated proteins. In contrast, many receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) possess extracellular segments with homology to cell adhesion protein tyrosine phosphatase catalytic domains. Therefore, the RPTPs have the potential for direct modulation of catalytic function through engagement of the extracellular segment, suggesting they could be direct signal transducers of cell contact phenomena. In the past few years, some RPTPs have been shown to effect cell—cell adhesion directly via homophilic binding or indirectly by association with known cell adhesion molecules. In addition, RPTPs have been localized to points of cell—cell or cell—matrix contact, indicating their potential to regulate these structures.
Status epilepticus after the initial diagnosis of epilepsy in children.

Objectives: To determine the risk and predictors of status epilepticus in children after they have been diagnosed with epilepsy. Methods: In a prospective community-based cohort study of 613 children, the occurrence of status epilepticus after the initial diagnosis of epilepsy was ascertained. Parents were called every 3 months, and interval medical records were reviewed every 6 months. Predictors of primary interest included a history of status before the diagnosis of epilepsy, age at onset, underlying etiology, and epilepsy syndrome. Data were analyzed with χ 2 tests, Kaplan–Meier analyses, and Cox proportional hazards models. Results: Of 613 children followed a median of 8.0 years, 58 (9.5%) had ≥1 episode of status epilepticus during follow-up evaluation. The first episode occurred a median of 2.5 years after initial diagnosis (range, p Conclusions: Status epilepticus occurs in ∼10% of children after initial diagnosis of epilepsy. Status epilepticus before initial diagnosis, young age at onset, and symptomatic etiology independently influence the risk of status epilepticus. In those without status epilepticus before diagnosis, the risk is modest and is realized over a prolonged period. For children at highest risk, maintaining abortive therapy in the home may be a reasonable precaution.
Intercellular Interactomics of Human Brain Endothelial Cells and Th17 Lymphocytes: A Novel Strategy for Identifying Therapeutic Targets of CNS Inflammation

Leukocyte infiltration across an activated brain endothelium contributes to the neuroinflammation seen in many neurological disorders. Recent evidence shows that IL-17-producing T-lymphocytes (e.g., Th17 cells) possess brain-homing capability and contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and cerebral ischemia. The leukocyte transmigration across the endothelium is a highly regulated, multistep process involving intercellular communications and interactions between the leukocytes and endothelial cells. The molecules involved in the process are attractive therapeutic targets for inhibiting leukocyte brain migration. We hypothesized and have been successful in demonstrating that molecules of potential therapeutic significance involved in Th17-brain endothelial cell (BEC) communications and interactions can be discovered through the combination of advanced membrane/submembrane proteomic and interactomic methods. We describe elements of this strategy and preliminary results obtained in method and approach development. The Th17-BEC interaction network provides new insights into the complexity of the transmigration process mediated by well-organized, subcellularly localized molecular interactions. These molecules and interactions are potential diagnostic, therapeutic, or theranostic targets for treatment of neurological conditions accompanied or caused by leukocyte infiltration.
Portugal, Spain, and the African Atlantic, 1343-1490: Chivalry and Crusade from John of Gaunt to Henry the Navigator

Part One Studies relating to the English diplomatic and military interventions in the Iberian peninsula during the hundred years war (1343-1400): Joao Fernandes Andeiro at the court of John of Lancaster 1371-1381 on the sources of Ferno Lopes Fernao Lopes and the text of the treaty of Santarem Portuguese galleys in the service of Richard II 1385-1389 "King of Castile and Leon, Duke of Lancester" - John of Gaunt's Spanish court medieval Portuguese students at Oxford University una alianza frustrada - las bodas de Pedro I de Castilla y Juana Plantaganet the war in Spain and Portugal archivists as historians - the case of the Portuguese 15th-century royal chroniclers the Nessus-shirt of Spanish history. Part 2 Studies relating to Prince Henry the Navigator and to the 15th-century maritime expansion of Portugal: Prince Henry the Navigator Castilian documentary sources for the history of the Portuguese expansion in Guinea, in the last years of the reign of Dom Afonso V new light on the text of Eustache de la Fosse's "Voiaige a la Guinee" 1479-1480 some socio-linguistic problems concerning the 15th-century Portuguese discoveries in the African Atlantic Prince Henry the Navigator - the rise and fall of a culture hero white kings on black kings - Rui de Pina and the problem of black African sovereignty Prince Henry and the necessary end.
Phosphorus dynamics in soils and landscapes

Abstract Transformations of P along both biological and pedologic pathways are reviewed and integrated in order to develop a comprehensive appreciation of P dynamics in soil ecosystems. The biological P cycle is driven by the essential role P plays in energy transport in biological systems. Mineralization of organic P is influenced by a process referred to as biochemical mineralization wherein hydrolysis of P is repressed by an ample supply of labile P and induced by a limited supply. Pedological P transformations are driven by leaching and increasing acidity which result in the weathering of primary minerals and the formation of secondary minerals. Although the biological cycle is more dynamic than the sluggish pedologic pathway, long-term evolution of P forms in soil ecosystems is controlled by the latter which continually moves P into a sink consisting primarily of occluded P. Occurrence of soluble P as an intermediate during P transformations accommodates translocation of P within soils and landscapes. Because both P content and forms and classes of Soil Taxonomy are related to stage of soil development, a relationship is proposed between taxonomic classes and P forms in soils.
Micro-fluidic channels on nanopatterned substrates: Monitoring protein binding to lipid bilayers with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

We used surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to detect binding events between streptavidin and biotinylated lipid bilayers. The binding events took place at the surface between micro-fluidic channels and anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) with the latter serving as substrates. The bilayers were incorporated in the substrate pores. It was revealed that non-bound molecules were easily washed away and that large suspended cells (Salmonella enterica) are less likely to interfere with the monitoring process: when focusing to the lower surface of the channel, one may resolve mostly the bound molecules.
Brachial and crural indices of European Late Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic Humans

Abstract Among recent humans brachial and crural indices are positively correlated with mean annual temperature, such that high indices are found in tropical groups. However, despite inhabiting glacial Europe, the Upper Paleolithic Europeans possessed high indices, prompting Trinkaus (1981) to argue for gene flow from warmer regions associated with modern human emergence in Europe. In contrast, Frayeret al. (1993) point out that Late Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic Europeans shouldnotexhibit tropically-adapted limb proportions, since, even assuming replacement, their ancestors had experienced cold stress in glacial Europe for at least 12 millennia. This study investigates three questions tied to the brachial and crural indices among Late Pleistocene and recent humans. First, which limb segments (either proximal or distal) are primarily responsible for variation in brachial and crural indices? Second, are these indices reflective ofoveralllimb elongation? And finally, do the Late Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic Europeans retain relatively and/or absolutely long limbs? Results indicate that in the lower limb, the distal limb segment contributes most of the variability to intralimb proportions, while in the upper limb the proximal and distal limb segments appear to be equally variable. Additionally, brachial and crural indices do not appear to be a good measure of overall limb length, and thus, while the Late Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic humans have significantly higher (i.e., tropically-adapted) brachial and crural indices than do recent Europeans, they also have shorter (i.e., cold-adapted) limbs. The somewhat paradoxical retention of “tropical” indices in the context of more “cold-adapted” limb length is best explained as evidence for Replacement in the European Late Pleistocene, followed by gradual cold adaptation in glacial Europe.
Spiral CT: Clinical applications in the gastrointestinal tract

Spiral CT provides the ability to acquire single breathhold volume acquisitions that allow for optimization of the infusion of iodinated contrast material and CT data acquisition. Although initial applications focused on the chest, liver, and vascular system, spiral CT has important implications for the tubular structures of the GI tract (esophagus, stomach, small bowel, and colon). Tumor detection and staging may be optimized by these better datasets which also provide multiplanar and 3D imaging capabilities. This article reviews many of these specific applications and emphasizes the potential value of spiral CT scanning.