cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulation of pyruvate carboxylase in 3T3-L1 cells

When 3T3-L1 fibroblasts differentiate to adipocytes, the specific activity of pyruvate carboxylase (PC) increases about 25-fold in parallel with its intracellular protein concentration. The increase in PC protein concentration is accompanied by a 9-10-fold increase in the relative abundance of 4.2 kb PC mRNA measured by Northern-blot analysis using a cDNA probe encoding a segment of the PC gene of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The effects of cyclic AMP (cAMP) alone and together with insulin on levels of cellular protein, PC activity, PC protein and on the relative abundance of PC mRNA were examined in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Adipocytes exposed to cAMP for 24 h exhibited a 25% decrease in cellular protein and marked decreases in enzyme activity (88%) and PC mRNA abundance (98%) compared with untreated adipocyte controls. After 48 h of exposure to cAMP, PC activity and PC mRNA diminished to levels approaching their detection limits. When exposed to medium containing cAMP plus insulin, adipocyte enzyme activity and PC mRNA declined more slowly during the first 24 h exposure (about 20% decrease) but after 48 h fell to values comparable with those of adipocytes exposed to cAMP alone. Despite these decreases in enzyme activity, the PC protein content of adipocytes treated with cAMP alone or cAMP plus insulin are nearly identical with that of control adipocytes. The inactivation of PC in cAMP-treated adipocytes does not involve loss of the prosthetic group from the holoenzyme. Cross-linking experiments suggest that the spatial arrangement of protomers in inactive PC may differ from that in the active tetrameric enzyme. Data presented suggest that, in addition to inducing inactivation, cAMP may also regulate adipocyte PC by decreasing transcription of the PC gene and/or enhancing the rate of degradation of PC mRNA.
The Democratic Party: Responsiveness to African American Economic Issues

This paper examines the impact of policies and programs implemented by Democratic President, William Jefferson Clinton on the economic predicament of African Americans. Policies and programs implemented by the Clinton Administration between 1992 and 2000 were examined to better understand the extent to which democratic administrations respond to pressing social and economic issues specific to African Americans. This paper focuses primarily on the impact of these policies and programs on African Americans residing in the Delta region of the United States. The Delta region is the focus of this evaluation for several reasons. First, it has a well documented and extensive history of poverty among African Americans. Secondly, the Delta has a proportionally large African American population and federal policies and programs historically have been ineffective at significantly improving the economic predicament of African Americans in the region.
Business Models for Responsible Banking – A Trend Towards More Humanistic Banking?

Given the mounting criticism of the banking sector as corrosive to society, this article is presenting an overview of business models in the banking sector that can reconnect financial services with common good creation. We sketch out two basic paradigms informing banking practice: the economistic paradigm focusing on profit maximization and the humanistic one, serving the common good. We then highlight paradigmatic cases to explore how each of these business models fared during the natural experiment of the financial crisis. We conclude by providing lessons learned for better banking.
Proof of correctness of high-performance 3-1 interlock collapsing ALUs

A 32-bit 3-1 interlock collapsing ALU, proposed to allow the execution of two interlocked ALU-type instructions in one machine cycle using an instruction-level parallel machine implementation, is shown to produce results equivalent to a serial execution of the instructions using a 2-1 ALU. The equivalence is shown by deriving tables which represent all possible requirements for the serial execution of the instructions followed by the generalization of the table to represent sets of instructions rather than the individual instructions themselves. Consequently, the equivalence of the 3-1 interlock collapsing ALU operations with these generalized requirements of the serial execution of the instructions is shown. The correctness of a proposed high-speed interlock collapsing ALU is thereby demonstrated.
Calculation of 13C chemical shifts in rna nucleosides: structure-13C chemical shift relationships.

Isotropic 13C chemical shifts of the ribose sugar in model RNA nucleosides are calculated using SCF and DFT-GIAO ab initio methods for different combinations of ribose sugar pucker, exocyclic torsion angle, and glycosidic torsion angle. Idealized conformations were obtained using structures that were fully optimized by ab initio DFT methods starting with averaged parameters from a collection of crystallographic data. Solid-state coordinates of accurate crystal or neutron diffraction structures were also examined directly without optimization. The resulting 13C chemical shifts for the two sets of calculations are then compared. The GIAO-DFT method overestimates the shifts by an average of 5 ppm while the GIAO-SCF underestimates the shifts by the same amount. However, in the majority of cases the errors appear to be systematic, as the slope of a plot of calculated vs experimental shifts is very close to unity, with minimal scatter. The values of the 13C NMR shifts of the ribose sugar are therefore sufficiently precise to allow for statistical separation of sugar puckering modes and exocyclic torsion angle conformers, based on the canonical equation model formulated in a previous paper.
Photolytic Oxidative Degradation of Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane and Related Compounds

Abstract A study on the gas-phase photolytic oxidative degradation of volatile methyl silicon species has been conducted with ozone O3 as a convenient source of photolytic oxygen. Such a study would provide the relative reactivity data which may permit an immediate comparison of environmental persistence of volatile methyl silicon compounds such as octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), hexamethyldisiloxane, and tetramethyl-silane with n-octane. A reaction vessel was devised to allow convenient generation of ozone, measurement of its concentration, syringe introduction of the compounds, and periodic sampling of gas sample for GC analysis of their disappearance rates on irradiation with a UV source from which light shorter than 290 nm was filtered off. The results on the photolysis of O3 and D4 revealed that their decomposition is appreciably accelerated in the presence of water. The rate of decomposition of D4 increased with increasing initial ozone concentrations. It was found that the plot of log HLD4vs log...
Chemokines and Cell Migration in Secondary Lymphoid Organs

As few as one in 100,000 B and T lymphocytes are specific for a single protein antigen, such as tetanus toxin, yet these cells must come together if an antibody response is to occur. Bringing antigen-presenting cells and rare antigen-specific B and T lymphocytes into physical contact is a principal function of secondary lymphoid organs. In the last few years, details have begun to emerge on the cues that guide cell movements inside lymphoid organs, and a central role for the chemokine family of molecules has been uncovered. Here, current understanding of the roles played by chemokines in the functional biology of secondary lymphoid organs will be reviewed.
Comparion of multiple-marker screening with amniocentesis for the detection of fetal aneuploidy in women ≥35 years old

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to compare the multiple-marker screening test with elective amniocentesis for the detection of fetal Down syndrome and other aneuploidies in women aged ≥35. STUDY DESIGN: Our database included the multiple-marker screening test (maternal serum α-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin, unconjugated estriol, and maternal age) and genetic amniocentesis results from 1942 women aged ≥35. A Down syndrome risk ≥1:190 was considered screen positive. An algorithm to detect trisomy 18 was also used. RESULTS: The multiple-marker screening test Down syndrome screen-positive rate was 26.1% ( 507 1942 ). The Down syndrome detection rate was 75% ( 33 44 ); the trisomy 18 detection rate was 75% ( 3 4 ). However, the multiple-marker screening test detection rate for all aneuploidies was only 61%. Missed aneuploidies included trisomy 21, sex chromosome abnormalities, trisomy 13, trisomy 22, and trisomy 18. CONCLUSIONS: The multiple-marker screening test fails to detect approximately 39% of all fetal aneuploidies in women aged ≥35. These data should be provided to women considering prenatal diagnosis so that they can make an informed decision regarding the multiple-marker screening test versus amniocentesis for advanced maternal age.
Single-molecule dynamics of phytochrome-bound fluorophores probed by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) was used to investigate the hydrodynamic and photophysical properties of PR1 (phytofluor red 1), an intensely red fluorescent biliprotein variant of the truncated cyanobacterial phytochrome 1 (Cph1Δ, which consists of the N-terminal 514 amino acids). Single-molecule diffusion measurements showed that PR1 has excellent fluorescence properties at the single-molecule level, making it an interesting candidate for red fluorescent protein fusions. FCS measurements for probing dimer formation in solution over a range of protein concentrations were enabled by addition of Cph1Δ apoprotein (apoCph1Δ) to nanomolar solutions of PR1. FCS brightness analysis showed that heterodimerization of PR1 with apoCph1Δ altered the chemical environment of the PR1 chromophore to further enhance its fluorescence emission. Fluorescence correlation measurements also revealed interactions between apoCph1Δ and the red fluorescent dyes Cy5.18 and Atto 655 but not Alexa Fluor 660. The concentration dependence of protein:dye complex formation indicated that Atto 655 interacted with, or influenced the formation of, the apoCph1 dimer. These studies presage the utility of phytofluor tags for probing single-molecule dynamics in living cells in which the fluorescence signal can be controlled by the addition of various chromophores that have different structures and photophysical properties, thereby imparting different types of information, such as dimer formation or the presence of open binding faces on a protein.
A method for obtaining the temperature distribution at the interface of sliding bodies

The friction-induced temperature rise at the interface of two sliding bodies can cause a number of effects, including yield strength reduction, accelerated oxidation wear and thermoelastic instability, all of which may lead to degradation of performance or even the failure of the associated components. It is of interest, therefore, to accurately determine the temperature field resulting from sliding contact. In this study, the authors present a method for obtaining the temperature rise at the interface of two sliding semi-infinite bodies by partitioning the heat between them in such a way that the temperature at every grid point in the interface is same for both the bodies. A polynomial form is assumed for the unknown heat partition function and then a linear regression is performed to find the coefficients that optimize the temperature matching at the interface. The results of the analysis, when compared to the predictions of Blok and Jaeger, who each calculated a constant heat partition factor based on a single temperature match, indicate that their more simple analyses provide good estimates of either the maximum temperature rise (Blok) or the average temperature rise (Jaeger). The method of the current study, which yields the complete temperature and heat partition distributions within the interface, may be used in conducting a detailed thermal analysis of sliding bodies.
Bit-error-rate analysis of an ultrashort-pulse code-division multiple-access communication system

We present the bit-error-rate (BER) analysis of an ultrashort light pulse code-division multiple access (CDMA) communication system, which employs a practical nonlinear detector. The system considered here assumes a CDMA network, in which M user stations are connected via a star coupler and a common fiber channel. The transmitter at each station consists of a mode locked femtosecond fiber laser at 1550 nm whose ultrashort pulses are encoded by a spectral phase encoder and uses an on- off-keying scheme. The receiver consists of a decoder, a nonlinear detector, and an integrate and dump data circuit. In this work, we develop an efficient Monte Carlo simulation using importance sampling scheme to estimate the error probabilities of the system in addition to the analytical technique. The simulation results are found to be in good agreement with the analytical results.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
INDUCTION OF STREPTOMYCIN RESISTANCE IN SENSITIVE HEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE BY EXTRACTS CONTAINING DESOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID FROM RESISTANT HEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE

Resistance to streptomycin, of a degree exceeding 1000 microg. per ml., has been induced in sensitive strains of Hemophilus influenzae by exposure for 10 minutes to desoxyribonucleic acid-containing extracts isolated from a strain of type b Hemophilus influenzae which had emerged resistant to 1000 microg. of streptomycin per ml. DNA is essential for the process which brings out this change; the reaction can be prevented by destruction of the DNA with crystalline desoxyribonuclease.The resistant trait which is created in this way is heritable. The nature of the process which induces resistance is similar in all respects to the reaction which induces heritable changes in type specificity of H. influenzae. These results offer another example of the gene-like action of highly specific DNA's. The pattern of resistance brought out in a bacterial population exposed to the DNA-containing, resistance-inducing extract, is similar to that which occurs when emergence of resistance of H. influenzae to streptomycin follows the selection by streptomycin of spontaneously occurring resistant mutants. The change in a bacterial cell from average susceptibility to streptomycin to resistance to 1000 microg. of streptomycin per ml. can occur in a single step.
Review of reliability issues of metal-semiconductor-metal and avalanche photodiode photonic detectors

Abstract In this paper, we present a brief review of the principal mechanisms that influence the reliability of metal–semiconductor–metal (MSM) interdigitated photodetectors and avalanche photodiodes (APD). The most important mechanism influencing reliability in these devices is the dark current. However, other mechanisms such as edge and microplasmic breakdown and electrode degradation, can also affect device reliability. In this study, we describe numerical simulation techniques that can be utilized to understand the workings of some of these mechanisms and illustrate their usage in a few representative devices. Specifically, we discuss how advanced drift-diffusion and hydrodynamic simulation techniques can be used to study the dark current as well as the location of breakdown in MSM and APD devices.
Fat bundles and symplectic manifolds

A fat bundle is, roughly speaking, a bundle which has a lot of curvature, as opposed to a flat bundle, which has none. (The precise definition is given in Section 1.) For example, a bundle with structure group S’ is fat if it has a connection whose curvature is a symplectic structure on the base. The notion of fat bundle arises naturally from the study of riemannian fibre bundles with totally geodesic fibres. Positivity of certain sectional curvatures turns out to be equivalent to fatness of the connection determined by the orthogonal complements to the fibres. It was for this reason that fat bundles were introduced in a manuscript written at MIT in 1968 and circulated informally [20]. (The term unj7at used in that manuscript to mean fat is rather lacking in euphony; it is also slightly misleading, since a bundle which is not flat might not be unflat either-most bundles are somewhere in between.) Some of the results in this paper are taken from the 1968 manuscript, in particular Lemma 3.1, Theorem 4.1 and its corollaries, Theorem 6.1, and Theorem 7.2, but there are substantial additions as well. Using an idea of Sternberg, we show in Section 3 how to construct symplectic manifolds out of any fat bundle, using coadjoint orbits of the structure group; we then continue the discussion by using an idea of Thurston [ 181 to show that, whatever the connection, it is often possible to put a symplectic structure on the total space of a bundle whose tibres and base are symplectic. (In particular, it is sufficient that the bundle be compact and have simply connected fibres.) A problem which was posed and partially solved in [20] was to determine the fat 3-sphere bundles over S4. This problem has just been solved by Derdziriski and Rigas [7]-there is only the Hopf tibration S3 + S’ + S4. Their solution (see Section 7) uses ideas generated by the recent revival of interest in 4-dimensional riemarmian geometry [2] centered around the notion of self-duality. Several important contributions to the theory of fat bundles have been
Carbon Monoxide: Present and Future Indications for a Medical Gas

Gaseous molecules continue to hold new promise in molecular medicine as experimental and clinical therapeutics. The low molecular weight gas carbon monoxide (CO), and similar gaseous molecules (e.g., H2S, nitric oxide) have been implicated as potential inhalation therapies in inf lammatory diseases. At high concentration, CO represents a toxic inhalation hazard, and is a common component of air pollution. CO is also produced endogenously as a product of heme degradation catalyzed by heme oxygenase enzymes. CO binds avidly to hemoglobin, causing hypoxemia and decreased oxygen delivery to tissues at high concentrations. At physiological concentrations, CO may have endogenous roles as a signal transduction molecule in the regulation of neural and vascular function and cellular homeostasis. CO has been demonstrated to act as an effective antiinf lammatory agent in preclinical animal models of inf lammation, acute lung injury, sepsis, ischemia/reperfusion injury, and organ transplantation. Additional experimental indications for this gas include pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, metabolic diseases, and preeclampsia. The development of chemical CO releasing compounds constitutes a novel pharmaceutical approach to CO delivery with demonstrated effectiveness in sepsis models. Current and pending clinical evaluation will determine the usefulness of this gas as a therapeutic in human disease.
Gata2 and Gata3: novel markers for early embryonic polarity and for non-neural ectoderm in the chick embryo.

Abstract We have investigated in detail the expression patterns of two Gata genes, cGata2 and cGata3, during early chick development. In addition to confirming previously described expression of these two genes in developing brain, kidney and blood islands, this study reveals several important novel expression domains during very early stages of development. cGata2 is expressed in the area opaca in pre-primitive streak stages, forming a gradient along the A–P axis (strongest anteriorly). Both genes are expressed strongly in the entire non-neural ectoderm from stage 4+, and neither is expressed in prospective neural plate at any stage. Unlike other previously described non-neural markers, neither gene is expressed in the dorsal neural tube. We also describe dynamic expression of cGata2 and cGata3 during eye, ear and gut development.
Mu2e: a Muon to Electron Conversion Experiment at Fermilab

Abstract We present the status of Mu2e, a proposed experiment to measure the rate of muon to electron conversion in the field of a nucleus. The Mu2e experiment will be hosted by Fermilab at a new muon campus, using a new beamline to deliver protons to the muon generation target. Mu2e will use a series of three solenoids to collect, transport, stop, and analyze the muons produced when the 8 GeV pulsed proton beam from the booster hits the tungsten production target. The 200 nsec wide proton pulse is designed to have a ratio of out-of-time to in-time protons better than 10 − 10 , insuring a measurement time window of approximately 1 microsecond essentially free from beam pion background. A precision, low-mass straw tube tracker will measure electron momenta with a precision of 1/1000, allowing clean separation of the conversion signal from Decay In Orbit electrons, the principle experimental background. Extensive coverage of multi-layer scintillation counters will detect 99.99% of the cosmic muons which could generate fake signals. A crystal calorimeter will provide particle ID to further reduce backgrounds. Detailed simulations show a 3-year run with 7.56 × 10 17 stopped muons will allow a Single Event Sensitivity of 2 × 10 − 17 , allowing an estimated 90% confidence level sensitivity to R μ e of 6 × 10 − 17 , a four-orders of magnitude improvement over existing limits. The Mu2e schedule is technically limited, with commissioning beginning in 2019. Mu2e may also run at Project X with 10× higher luminosity using either an aluminum or titanium target after minimal upgrades.
Heterogeneous reactions of sulfur dioxide with carbonaceous particles

The rate of adsorption of SO2 on a prototype carbonaceous surface was measured at low pressure in a flow reactor. The measured rate indicates a maximum atmospheric loss of SO2 by heterogeneous reaction of 1%/h for a particle density of 100 μg/m3. The capacity of carbon particles to adsorb SO2 is limited at ∼1 mg SO2 g−1 C. NO2 has no effect on the rate of SO2 adsorption or the saturation behavior.
An analysis of regional and demographic differences in United States Internet usage

The Pew Internet and American Life Project collects data on overall Internet usage in the United States. This study reviews data gathered by Pew in December 2002 and tests the overall premise that regional differences exist in Internet usage in the U.S. today. Through Chi–square analysis this report tests whether observed regional and demographic differences in Internet usage are statistically significant. The report first reviews regional and demographic differences separately and finds significant variation across twelve defined regions and ten separate demographic categories. It then reviews demographic differences within regions and tests a series of null hypotheses proposing no significant differences between regions based on the demographic factors. Most of these hypotheses are rejected with noted difference. The report explores other limited hypotheses on the data and concludes with a call for further study to refine the impact of regional and demographic differences in Internet usage in U.S. society.
The lattice points of an n-dimensional tetrahedron.

We show that the number of orderedm-tuples of points on the integer lattice, inside or on then-dimensional tetrahedron bounded by the hyperplanesX1=0,X2=0, ...,Xn=0 andw1X1+w2Xn+...+wn Xn=X, with the property that, for eachj, no more thank such points have non-zerojth ordinate, is asymptotically $$\left\{ {\prod\limits_{ = 1}^n {\left( {\frac{X}{{w_J }}} \right)} } \right\}^k \times \sum \left( {\begin{array}{*{20}c} n \\ c \\ \end{array} } \right)\frac{1}{{\prod\nolimits_{l = 1}^m {d_t !} }}$$ asX → ∞, where\(\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}c} n \\ c \\ \end{array} } \right): = n!/\prod c_I !\), this product and the sum above are taken over all sets\(\{ c_l :I \subseteq \{ 1,...,m\} ,|I| = k\} \) of non-negative integers which sum ton, and\(d_i : = \Sigma _{Ii \in I^C I} \) for eachi.
Irrational beliefs as predictors of negative affective states

One effort to specify cognitive mediators related to dysfunctional emotional responses has been made by Ellis, who proposed that certain irrational beliefs elicit maladaptive emotional reactions. In order to test Ellis's hypotheses in a nonclinical sample, the Irrational Beliefs Test, two anxiety inventories, the MMPI-168, and a locus of control scale were completed by 32 male heavy social drinker undergraduates, who then kept daily records of their anxiety, anger, unhappiness, and drinking behaviors for 7 months. Four factors underlay the 10 beliefs but did not necessarily correlate with dysphoric affect. Certain irrational beliefs predicted daily unhappiness ratings over the 7-month period and daily anger ratings over 3 months, but the beliefs exhibited only a weak relationship with daily general anxiety ratings. Irrational beliefs, especially worrying about approval and competence, were strongly related to test anxiety and Spielberger's trait anxiety measure, were somewhat related to social anxiety and general anxiety, were minimally related to locus of control and social desirability, and were essentially unrelated to the MMPI-168's measures of depression and anxiety and to drinking behaviors. Although 2 of the irrational beliefs failed to exhibit relationships with negative affect, the other 8 show the predicted relationships to moods, providing support for a cognitive mediational model of maladaptive emotions in a nonpathological population.
Novel noninvasive anthropometric measure in preterm and full-term infants: normative values for waist circumference:length ratio at birth

Novel noninvasive anthropometric measure in preterm and full-term infants: normative values for waist circumference:length ratio at birth
Parachute Testing at Altitudes Between 30 and 90 Kilometers

High altitude parachute systems test techniques for analysis of inflation, stability variations porosity, effects at low dynamic pressure, etc
Spectral domain analysis of eigenmodes in a shielded multilayer coplanar waveguide for microwave and millimeter-wave integrated circuits

Coplanar waveguide has found increasing use in microwave and millimeter-wave integrated circuits, and a knowledge of its eigenmodes is very useful for circuit design. In this paper, we determine the dispersion properties of the eigenmodes in a shielded multilayer coplanar waveguide using the spectral domain approach. Numerical results of the propagation constants for different combinations of dielectric materials are presented to illustrate the behaviors of the eigenmodes.
Immune regulation of multiple sclerosis by CD8+ T cells

The role of CD8+ T cells in the process of autoimmune pathology has been both understudied and controversial. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) with underlying T cell-mediated immunopathology. CD8+ T cells are the predominant T cells in human MS lesions, showing oligoclonal expansion at the site of pathology. It is still unclear whether these cells represent pathogenic immune responses or disease-regulating elements. Through studies in human MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), we have discovered two novel CD8+ T cell populations that play an essential immunoregulatory role in disease: (1) MHC class Ia-restricted neuroantigen-specific "autoregulatory" CD8+ T cells and (2) glatiramer acetate (GA/Copaxone(®)) therapy-induced Qa-1/HLA-E-restricted GA-specific CD8+ T cells. These CD8+ Tregs suppress proliferation of pathogenic CD4+ CD25- T cells when stimulated by their cognate antigens. Similarly, CD8+ Tregs significantly suppress EAE when transferred either pre-disease induction or during peak disease. The mechanism of disease inhibition depends, at least in part, on an antigen-specific, contact-dependent process and works through modulation of CD4+ T cell responses as well as antigen-presenting cells through a combination of cytotoxicity and cytokine-mediated modulation. This review provides an overview of our understanding of CD8+ T cells in immune-mediated disease, focusing particularly on our findings regarding regulatory CD8+ T cells both in MS and in EAE. Clinical relevance of these novel CD8-regulatory populations is discussed, providing insights into a potentially intriguing, novel therapeutic strategy for these diseases.
Nyquist rate ADCs

This session on Nyquest rate data converters has 7 exciting papers exploring the ranges of low power pipeline converters, calibration of SAR converters, ultra high speed flash converters, and high speed low power interleaved SAR converters.
Numerical solution of nonlinear equations with real and complex variables

Abstract In this paper we attempt to develop the algorithm of PIS (Perturbed Iterative Scheme) in its simplest form, yet retaining its mathematical rigor. Several applications are given and a brief comparison of PIS is made with other methods. The fundamental concept behind PIS is explained. Success of the method is basically for solutions of nonlinear systems.
A bootstrap approach to hypothesis testing in least absolute value regression

This study compares three alternative procedures for testing the significance of coefficients in least absolute value (LAV) regression, in the context of small samples. The three tests considered are: the likelihood ratio test using an estimator of the nuisance parameter proposed by McKean and Schrader (Comm. Statist. Simulation Comput. 13 (1984)), the Lagrange multiplier test, and a bootstrap test in which critical values of the test statistic are obtained by resampling. Comparisons among the tests are made by considering both observed significance levels and power. The bootstrap test used in this study performs well, compared to the other two tests. This result is in contrast to results, involving a somewhat different use of the bootstrap technique, obtained by Dielman and Pfaffenberger (Comput. Statist. Data Anal. 14 (1992)), and suggests that the use of the technique proposed in this paper has strong potential for applicability in hypothesis testing for LAV regression.
CHEMISTRY OF SINGLET OXYGEN—XXVIII*. STERIC AND ELECTRONIC EFFECTS ON THE REACTIVITY OF SULFIDES WITH SINGLET OXYGEN

—The rates of reaction of singlet oxygen with a number of alkyl and aryl sulfides have been determined in CH3OH. The rate for diethylsulfide is 1.71 ± 0.06 × 107M-1 s-1. The addition of methyl groups α to the sulfur causes an approximate tenfold decrease in rate for each symmetrical pair. A similar effect is caused by replacement of alkyl by phenyl groups. The rates of substituted thioanisoles correlate well with σ(ρ= -1.6). but poorly with EP/2 (half-peak oxidation potentials). A mechanism involving nucleophilic reaction of the sulfide with oxygen, rather than charge transfer is suggested.
Human ability to randomize sequences as a function of information per item

Human ability to randomize sequences has been investigated previously. Ross (1955) found only slight deviation from chance in Ss' randomization of binary symbols. Bakan (1960) found no first-order preference for either of the binary symbols, but reported a significantly greater incidence of alternations than expected by chance. Rath (1966) investigated Ss' randomization of binary, decimal, and alphabetic symbols (2, 10, and 26 alternatives, respectively) and reported significant first-order deviations from chance in most Ss in the binary condition and in all Ss in the other two conditions. The rate of character production decreased as the number of alternatives to be randomized increased. None of the above authors used the information measure in order to obtain higher order estimates of redundancy. Attneave (1959, pp. 13-26) describes the method of determining nth order estimate of relative entropy (Rn) or relative redundancy (Cn) , so that Cn = 1 - Rn and Rn = HnlHmax, where Hn is the estimate of average information given n - 1 preceding elements and Hmax the maximum possible information, The purpose of the present study is to determine relative redundancy up to the 5th order (Co to C5 ) for S-produced random sequences of binary and ternary digits with maximum of 1 and 1.585 bits of information per digit, respectively. While it is reasonable to expect that relative redundancy will increase as n increases from o to 5, it is also predicted that the relative redundancy will increase at a faster rate in the case of ternary digits because of their greater information content. This is to say that in the ternary condition Ss are asked to produce a greater amount of information and will actually produce a smaller proportion of the maximum amount of information than in the binary condition.
Lowland Forest Resources and Their Conservation in Southern Somalia

Lowland forest in southern Somalia is restricted to the Holawajir depression and banks of the Jubba and Shabeelle Rivers. Riverine forest probably covers less than 3,000 ha and is undergoing rapid clearance for farming, so that it seems unlikely to survive this century. Further biological survey is required but the flora, and bird and mammal faunas, appear to be impoverished compared with those on the lower Tana River in Kenya.
Stability of fungal α-amylase in sodium dodecylsulfate

Unfolding of a fungal α-amylase in aqueous sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) solution was examined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). When the α-amylase was incubated with 1% SDS at room temperature and subjected to SDS-PAGE, it showed a much higher mobility than expected from the molecular weight. Circular dichroic and gel filtration analyses indicated that the protein is apparently in the native conformation upon incubation with 1% SDS. When the protein was heated in the presence of 1% SDS at 90°C for 10 min, it had a lower mobility in SDS-PAGE and showed characteristics of an unfolded protein by circular dichroism and gel filtration. The melting temperatures of the protein were determined in the absence and presence of SDS by incubating it for 10 min at various temperatures. The melting temperatures were 70, 55, and 49°C in the presence of 0, 1, and 2% SDS, respectively. The observed small shift of the melting temperatures by SDS suggests that the destabilizing action of SDS on the α-amylase is weak. However, the unfolding in SDS is not reversible process, since prolonged incubation of the protein with 1% SDS at 50°C gradually increased the amount of unfolded protein. This indicates that the SDS-induced unfolding of the α-amylase is a slow process.
Mental health needs among Cambodian refugees in Utah

A total of 124 Cambodian refugees in Utah were interviewed about their mental health and demographic characteristics. Results indicate that 51 percent met the DSM-III-R criteria for major depression and 45 percent for a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Findings of other mental health diagnoses were less frequent. It was also found that in spite of high rates of psychopathology, utilization of health and mental health services was limited. A number of barriers prevented easy access to such services, particularly for those with PTSD.
Erratum to: Functional model of biological neural networks

The online version of the original article can be found under doi:10.1007/s11571-010-9110-4.
UNDERGROUND DETECTION USING DIFFERENTIAL HEAT ANALYSIS

Field tests were conducted to determine if an object buried near the surface could be detected by monitoring the surface temperature of the soil. A series of tests using various object depths and thermal diffusivities were made with a portable infrared thermometer. In addition, a three-dimensional, implicit computer simulation was used to model and normalize the data. The method of underground detection investigated appears to be effective not only in locating a buried object but also in estimating its thermal diffusivity. Furthermore, some idea of object shape and depth can be obtained.
Family study of subthreshold psychopathology in a community sample.

Background There has been increasing interest in the validity and familial transmission of subthreshold psychiatric conditions and the relationship between subthreshold conditions and full syndrome (FS) disorders. However, most of these studies examined a single subthreshold condition and thus fail to take into account the high co-morbidity among subthreshold conditions and between subthreshold conditions and FS disorders. Method A family study of subthreshold psychiatric conditions was conducted with 739 community-drawn young adults and their 1744 relatives. We examined (1) whether relatives of probands with subthreshold major depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, alcohol use, substance use, and/or conduct disorder exhibited an increased rate of the corresponding (homotypic) FS disorder; (2) whether subthreshold disorders were associated with increased familial rates of other (heterotypic) FS disorders; (3) whether subthreshold and FS conditions are associated with similar familial liabilities; and (4) whether these homotypic and heterotypic associations persisted after controlling for co-morbidity. Results Significant homotypic associations were observed for subthreshold anxiety, alcohol, conduct, and a trend was observed for major depression. Only the homotypic association for alcohol and conduct remained after controlling for co-morbid subthreshold and FS conditions. Many heterotypic associations were observed and most remained after controlling for co-morbidity. Conclusions It is important to broaden the study of subthreshold psychopathology to multiple disorders. In particular cases, controlling for co-morbidity with other subthreshold and FS conditions altered the patterns of familial aggregation. Etiological processes that are common to particular disorders and subthreshold conditions are discussed.
The Consistency of Peer Review in Student Writing Projects

Abstract The advantages of using students to grade one another's papers are compelling. But can students perform such evaluation tasks honestly and efficiently? This article examines the peer evaluation process undertaken by 60 undergraduate students to determine whether students are consistent graders for both total scores and selected disaggregate evaluation criteria. The overall conclusion is that students are able to grade papers efficiently and consistently.
Frequency and temperature dependence in electromagnetic properties of Martian analog minerals

[1] Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) has the potential to image the Martian subsurface to give geological context to drilling targets, investigate stratigraphy, and locate subsurface water. GPR depth of penetration depends strongly on the electromagnetic (EM) properties (complex dielectric permittivity, complex magnetic permeability, and DC resistivity) of the subsurface. These EM properties in turn depend on the mineralogical composition of the subsurface and are sensitive to temperature. In this study, the EM properties of Martian analog samples were measured versus frequency (1 MHz-1 GHz) and at Martian temperatures (180–300 K). Results from the study found the following: gray hematite has a large temperature-dependent dielectric relaxation, magnetite has a temperature-independent magnetic relaxation, and JSC Mars-1 has a broad temperature-dependent dielectric relaxation most likely caused by absorbed water. Two orbital radars, MARSIS and SHARAD, are currently investigating the subsurface of Mars. On the basis of the results of our measurements, the attenuation rate of gray hematite is 0.03 and 0.9 dB/m, magnetite is 0.04 and 1.1 dB/m, and JSC Mars-1 is 0.015 and 0.09 dB/m at MARSIS and SHARAD frequencies, respectively, and at the average Martian temperature of 213 K. With respect to using GPR for subsurface investigation on Mars, absorbed water will be a larger attenuator of radar energy as high concentrations of magnetite and gray hematite are not found globally on Mars. Citation: Stillman, D., and G. Olhoeft (2008), Frequency and temperature dependence in electromagnetic properties of Martian analog minerals, J. Geophys. Res., 113, E09005, doi:10.1029/2007JE002977.
Almost sure convergence in distributed parameter identification algorithms under correlated noise

Abstract A class of nonlinear least squares identification algorithms for distributed parameter systems is considered. Almost sure convergence of the algorithm is developed under quite general correlated noise conditions.
The beginning of the end of Robert H. Schuller's Crystal Cathedral Ministry: A towering failure in crisis management as reflected through media narratives of financial crisis, family conflict, and follower dissent

Abstract In 2010–2011, the Crystal Cathedral Ministry, one of the world's most respected Christian megachurches ( Frankl, 1990 ), endured a series of crisis events culminating with a court ordered sale of its property. This signaled the end of Robert H. Schuller's ministry. This research analyzes dozens of news stories published during the crisis, documenting that the ministry failed to effectively use the media to communicate on vital issues. This failure exacerbated the crisis by allowing, unchecked, a proliferation of news stories portaying the ministry as out of touch, and Schuller family members as quarreling spendthrifts. Despite Schuller's decades of service, national prominence, and ‘positive thinking’ focus, his ministry was overcome by the materialism he purported to stand against. The rapid downfall is an extraordinary event within Christian televangelism. Examining media reporting of it allows important conclusions to be reached about any organization's communication with media gatekeepers in a time of crisis.
EFFECT OF PHENCYCLIDINE (PCP) ON THE FETUS

The purpose of this study was to report the effects of maternal PCP use on the fetus. 94 neonates whose mothers had a history of PCP exposure were compared with 94 control infants. Mothers of study and control patients were matched by maternal date of recruitment, ethnicity, weight, parity, weeks gestation at registration, and tobacco smoking behavior. PCP using women tended to be multiple drug abusers compared to non PCP users (mean number of drugs used 1.4±1.12 vs 0.6±0.8) [p< 0.001]. PCP use was assessed by questionnaire and repeated urine testing. Infant growth, neurological function, physical characteristics, behavior, and hospital course were assessed by a single examiner blind to the maternal history. Study infants had a mean of 4.5±2.7 abnormalities while control infants had a mean of 3.6±2.4 abnormalities [p (2 tailed)< 0.005]. Non parametric tests were used to determine which abnormalities differentiated the study from the control infants. Study infants were more likely to have poor attention, hypertonia, and depressed neonatal reflexes [p < .05]. Growth was normal and anatomic abnormalities were not found. The contribution of 7 classes of abused substances (narcotics, depressants, marijuana, stimulants, cocaine, glue, and alcohol) to the total number of abnormalities was assessed using stepwise multiple regression. Only PCP accounted for a significant percentage of the variance (f = 4.38; p < .05). This study indicates that maternal PCP alone may lead to abnormal neonatal neurobehavior.
Properties of white light flares. I - Association with H-alpha flares and sudden frequency deviations.

All four large EUV bursts for which there were available concurrent white light observations of at least fair quality, were detected as white light flares. The rise times and maxima of the white light emissions coincided with rise times and maxima of the EUV bursts. The frequency of strong EUV bursts suggests that white light flares may occur at the rate of five or six per year near sunspot maximum. All of the white light flare areas coincided with intense bright areas of the H-alpha flares. These small areas appeared to be sources of high velocity ejecta in H-alpha. The white light flares occurred as several knots or patches of 2 to 15 arc-sec diameter, with bright cores perhaps less than 2 arc-sec diameter (1500 km). They preferred the outer penumbral borders of strong sunspots within 10 arc-sec of a longitudinal neutral line in the magnetic field.
Preterm premature rupture of membranes: comparison between twin and singleton gestations.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical characteristics and pregnancy outcomes of twin and singleton pregnancies complicated by preterm premature rupture of membranes (PROM) and to compare the groups to evaluate for differences in these areas. In this retrospective study, patients with a gestational age of <36 weeks admitted between 1993 and 1996 with PROM were evaluated for their clinical characteristics and pregnancy outcomes. Twin and singleton pregnancies were compared and the results were evaluated for significant differences. Patients with lethal fetal anomalies, clinical chorioamnionitis at presentation, or fetal distress at presentation were excluded from analysis. Liberal use of tocolysis was provided to both groups of patients, as were serial doses of betamethasone and vitamin K. Twenty-eight sets of twins and 119 singleton pregnancies were included in the analysis. Differences were noted with respect to twin and singleton pregnancies for both latency period (4.26 days vs 8.6 days...
A Selective Turn-On Fluorescent Sensor for Imaging Copper in Living Cells

We present the synthesis, properties, and biological applications of Coppersensor-1 (CS1), a new water-soluble, turn-on fluorescent sensor for intracellular imaging of copper in living biological samples. CS1 utilizes a BODIPY reporter and thioether-rich receptor to provide high selectivity and sensitivity for Cu+ over other biologically relevant metal ions, including Cu2+, in aqueous solution. This BODIPY-based probe is the first Cu+-responsive sensor with visible excitation and emission profiles and gives a 10-fold turn-on response for detecting this ion. Confocal microscopy experiments further establish that CS1 is membrane-permeable and can successfully monitor intracellular Cu+ levels within living cells.
Direct resolution of enantiomers in high-performance immunoaffinity chromatography under isocratic conditions.

This paper describes the application of stereoselective antibodies as tailor-made chiral selectors for the separation of enantiomers in HPLC under isocratic conditions. Stereoselective monoclonal antibodies to d- and l-α-amino acids, raised against protein conjugates of p-amino-d- and l-phenylalanine, were immobilized on a synthetic high-flow-through support material and used for rapid enantiomer separation of a number of amino acids at flow rates between 0.1 and 10 mL/min. Since separations could be performed in a mild buffer, column lifetime considerably exceeded that of classical immunoaffinity systems. Using an anti-d-amino acid antibody as chiral selector, the l-enantiomers eluted with the void volume, while the d-enantiomers eluted second. Inverted elution orders were obtained on chiral stationary phases prepared from an anti-l-amino acid antibody. These results demonstrate, for the first time, that antibody-based chiral stationary phases are useful for routine enantiomer separation under true high-...