cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ubiquitous virtual reality ‘To-Go’

We propose to demonstrate a ubiquitous immersive virtual reality system that is highly scalable and accessible to a larger audience. With the advent of handheld and wearable devices, we have seen it gain considerable popularity among the common masses. We present a practical design of such a system that offers the core affordances of immersive virtual reality in a portable and untethered configuration. In addition, we have developed an extensive immersive virtual experience that involves engaging users visually and aurally. This is an effort towards integrating VR into the space and time of user workflows.
Accountability in Development Aid Law: The World Bank, UNDP and Emerging Structures of Transnational Oversight

The article analyzes accountability mechanisms in development aid law, defining development aid law as the legal regime regulating the transfer of official development assistance. It focuses on the rules of two multilateral donor institutions, the World Bank and the United Nations Development Program. It also examines the accountability mechanisms pertaining to the recipients of aid, since the transfer of aid involves not only a donor but also a recipient.The article first conceptualizes the notion of ‘accountability’ for legal analysis and flashes out the non-legal context of the transfer of development aid. On that basis it goes on to argue that there is a surprising plenitude of accountability mechanisms that go well beyond the conventional mechanisms of supervisory control of International Organizations by member states. Instead, such mechanisms involve several actors, standards and types of sanctions. However, the article also asks whether these mechanisms add up to a coherent system, give voice and access to the relevant constituencies and thus achieve a satisfactory standard of accountability. Finally, the article connects its findings to the wider discussion on the emergence of an international or global administrative law.
Friendship and Disaffiliation Among the Skid Row Population.

Personal relationships of skid row men have been described in terms of disaffiliation and replacemtent of friends. Analysis of social relationships of Philadelphia skid row residents upheld the theory of replacement. There was, however, a decline in the number of friends reported after the age of 70, which generally coincided with 20 years residence in the area. The loss of relationships was more closely associated with length of residence in skid row than with age. Qualitative measures of personal relationships indicated no major association between sociability and length of residence in skid row but a small association with advancing age. The proportions of friendless men desiring either friends of casual acquaintances were not related to either age or length of residence. These findings fail to uphold the disaffiliation hypothesis of aging and run counter to Vesliard's postulate of loss of need for meaningful personal relationships with increased exposure to the life of an outcast.
Postembolization neurological deficits in cerebral arteriovenous malformations: stratification by arteriovenous malformation grade.

OBJECTIVE: To stratify the risk of embolization during the treatment of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) by grade and to assess its impact on the overall treatment risk. METHODS: Patients with cerebral AVMs treated with embolization between 1995 and 2004 were retrospectively reviewed. Age, sex, AVM grade, location of lesion, number and location of embolized arteries, and number of embolization sessions were analyzed with respect to neurological or vascular complications after embolization. RESULTS: Embolization was performed in 153 patients: 508 vessels were embolized during 203 sessions (mean, 3.3 vessels per patient). The mean angiographic and clinical follow-up periods were 1.7 and 2.1 years, respectively (range, 3-60 mo). The periprocedural morbidity and mortality rate was 11.8%, but at the last follow-up examination, only 2% of survivors were significantly disabled (modified Rankin score > 2). One (0.7%) patient died, and 17 patients experienced unexpected neurological deficits immediately after embolization. Five of these patients demonstrated near or total recovery during follow-up. The number of branches embolized was the only variable significantly related to neurological deficit (P < 0.017). The long-term rates of neurological deficits after embolization were 0, 5, 7, 10, and 18%, respectively, for AVM Grades I through V. Among 114 patients who underwent preoperative embolization, follow-up deficit rates of Grades I through V were 0, 5, 6, 6, and 25%, respectively. Long-term permanent deficits from embolization occurred in 8.6% of patients. CONCLUSION: Endovascular treatment carries a procedural risk related to AVM grade and number of branches treated. This risk should be weighed carefully in the context of overall treatment morbidity and mortality.
Ocular structure and function in an aged monkey with spontaneous diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus develops spontaneously in middle-aged, obese rhesus monkeys, thus making them a good model for examining the effects of co-morbid factors on the development of end-organ damage. Changes in structure and function in the eyes of one monkey who spontaneously developed type 2 diabetes are reported here. This animal had concomitant hypertension, high levels of triglycerides and serum cholesterol, and a low fraction of high-density lipoprotein. The eyes showed intraretinal hemorrhages and large areas of retinal capillary nonperfusion. Indo-cyanin green (ICG) angiography revealed a large area of non- or poorly perfused choriocapillaris in one eye, and immunohistochemistry showed loss of viable choriocapillaries in this region. Both basal laminar deposits and hard drusen were present on areas of Bruch's membrane adjacent to nonviable choriocapillaris. Blood flow via the nasal posterior ciliary arteries to this section of choroid was not detectable by color duplex Doppler ultrasound, indicating contribution of extraocular vascular disease to ischemia in this eye. There was a severe decline in number of photoreceptor inner and outer segments, and corresponding reductions in the multifocal electroretinogram (ERG), in the areas of choriocapillaris loss. The ganzfeld ERG indicated loss in both inner and outer retinal function. Much of the ganglion cell layer was absent throughout the retina, possibly reflecting the effect of diabetes as well as chronic open angle glaucoma; the latter diagnosis supported by elevated intraocular pressures and excavated optic disks. In summary, high resolution, enzyme histochemical and histopathological analyses of a diabetic hypertensive monkey retina and choroid after serial functional in vivo analyses have demonstrated the relationship between vascular dysfunction and visual function loss. Choroidal vascular dysfunction in both large and small vessels was associated with age-related macular degeneration-like changes in Bruch's membrane and photoreceptor degeneration.
Theoretical Thermochemistry of the 1-Buten-3-yn-1-yl Radical and Its Chloro Derivatives

High-level electronic structure calculations combined with empirical adjustments predict the standard enthalpy of the C-H bond dissociation in HCtC-CHdCH2 to be equal to 115.1 ( 1.4 kcal/mol, i.e., ca. 4.0 kcal/ mol higher than that of the analogous bond cleavage in ethene. This difference in bond strengths stems from resonance stabilization of the parent molecule. The standard enthalpy of formation of the 1-buten-3-yn-1-yl radical is estimated at 133.8 ( 1.5 kcal/mol, which is significantly higher than all of the previously published values. As in the case of polychlorinated alkanes, the BLYP approximation is found to seriously underestimate the strengths of the C-H and C-Cl bonds in chloro derivatives of HCtC-CHdCH2. On the other hand, the BLYP/6-311G**, MP2/6-311G**, QCISD/6-311G**, and CCSD(T)/6-311G** predictions for the standard enthalpy of ethyne dimerization all closely match their experimental counterpart.
Effect of vitamin A on glycoconjugate: synthesis in the trabecular meshwork. A preliminary report.

We studied the effect of vitamin A on glycoconjugate synthesis in trabecular meshwork (TM) cells in vivo. The aqueous flow system of two cats and one monkey was exposed in vivo to retinoic acid dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). One hour prior to enucleation, [3H]glucosamine was injected into all eyes. The tissue was subsequently processed for autoradiography. The density of grains (grains μm−2) in the vitamin A-treated eyes of Cats I and II was 77% and 30% less, respectively, than the density of grains in the control eyes. In the monkey the grain density was 56% less in the experimental eye compared with the control eye. These data suggest that exogenous vitamin A suppresses glycoconjugate synthesis in TM cells in vivo.
Total energy expenditure and energy requirements in healthy elderly persons.

To investigate energy requirements in healthy elderly subjects, we assessed the association of total energy expenditure (TEE) with resting metabolic rate (RMR), physical activity, body composition, and energy intake in 13 individuals (aged 56 to 78 years, six women and seven men). Free-living TEE was measured using doubly labeled water, RMR was measured by respiratory gas analysis, and energy expenditure of physical activity (EEPA) was derived from the difference between TEE and RMR, assuming the thermic response to feeding contributes 10% of TEE. Fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) were obtained from underwater weighing, VO2max was determined from a bicycle test to exhaustion, energy intake was obtained from a 3-day food diary, and leisure time activity (LTA) was determined by structured interview. TEE was 2,406 +/- 438 kcal/d (range, 1,856 to 3,200 kcal/d, or 1.25 to 2.11 times RMR) and was related to VO2max (r = .79, P = .001), LTA (r = .74, P = .004), FFM (r = .69, P = .009), and FM (r = -.64, P = .018). The association between TEE and VO2max persisted after adjustment for FFM (partial r = .58, P = .036). EEPA was related to LTA (r = .83, P less than .0001) and FM (r = -.58, P = .039). Energy intake underestimated TEE by 31% +/- 18% in women and by 12% +/- 11% in men. Using stepwise regression, TEE was best predicted by VO2max and LTA (total adjusted r2 = .86). We conclude the following: (1) TEE varies greatly within healthy elderly subjects due to variations in physical activity; (2) VO2max has an important role in predicting energy requirements in older individuals; and (3) healthy older individuals underreport energy intake.
The Role of Apparent Depth and Context in the Perception of the Ponzo Illusion

The role of apparent depth features and the proximity of the test lines to the adjacent contours in the actuation of the Ponzo illusion was examined. Six versions of the Ponzo figure were employed: a standard Ponzo figure and five modified figures in which the test lines varied in orientation (horizontal or vertical) and in location (inside or outside the converging contours). Both manipulations resulted in a significant decrease in the magnitude of the illusion in comparison to the standard Ponzo figure. The results suggest that the Ponzo illusion is significantly affected by contextual factors.
Protein, Fiber, and Lipid Content of Vegetable Soybean

Abstract There has been an increased interest in soybean nutrition. Soybean is harvested for oil and soyfood production, but may also be for use as a vegetable. Matured soybean and field-type soybean, from which soyfood and oil are manufactured, are high in protein and linoleic acid, respectively. Little is known about these nutrient contents in vegetable soybean. We analyzed the vegetable soybean's protein, fiber, and fatty acid composition. Thirty-one vegetable soybean genotypes from Maturity Groups III-VI harvested between Growth Stages 6 and 7 were shelled and freeze dried. Kjeldahl and Weende methods were used to analyze nitrogen and crude fiber, respectively. After extraction by Maxwell's method, gas chromatography was used to analyze total lipid and fatty acids. Protein was calculated by multiplying nitrogen by 6.25. Mean grams % of dry vegetable soybean were: 7.5 crude fiber; 36.9 protein; and 18.3 total lipid. Mean fatty acids % of total lipid were: 19.08 palmitoleic acid; 15.80 oleic acid; 44.77 linoleic acid; and 12.94 linolenic acid. There were significant correlations (p>0.01) among these nutrients. All nutrients showed significant differences among the genotypes, indicating high variabilities. When selecting genotypes for production, attention should be given to the nutrient content of the genotypes to breed a vegetable soybean having enhanced oleic acid and fiber content.
Generalization of the linear algebraic method to three dimensions.

We present a numerical method for the solution of the Lippmann-Schwinger equation for electron-molecule collisions. By performing a three-dimensional numerical quadrature, this approach avoids both a basis-set representation of the wave function and a partial-wave expansion of the scattering potential. The resulting linear equations, analogous in form to the one-dimensional linear algebraic method, are solved with the direct iteration-variation method. Several numerical examples are presented. The prospect for using this numerical quadrature scheme for electron-polyatomic molecules is discussed.
Legitimacy Concerns in Animal Advocacy Organizations during the Michael Vick Dogfighting Scandal

AbstractUsing the quasi-experimental setting of the Michael Vick dogfighting case, the researchers employed rich interview content to explore the question, “When a critical event occurs in the animal advocacy field, what motivates advocacy groups to respond?” The investigation reveals that what was thought to be one critical event was in actuality three unique yet interrelated critical events—(1) the revelation of the transgressions; (2) the punishment of the perpetrator; and (3) the decision about whether to ally with the perpetrator in advocacy. The study shows that legitimacy concerns, occasionally paired with reflections on organizational identity, influenced the decision-making of advocacy organizations across all three critical events, as each held the potential either to legitimize or to delegitimize the advocacy organizations and/or the perpetrator (i.e., Vick).
No effect of carbohydrate feeding on glycogen synthase in human muscle during exercise

The effect of carbohydrate (CHO) feedings on exercise-mediated changes in glycogen synthase fractional (GSF) activity has been investigated. Subjects cycled at approximately 70% of maximal oxygen uptake on two occasions: the first to fatigue (135 +/- 17 min; mean +/- SE) (control, CON), and the second at the same workload and duration as the first, but with the addition of frequent ingestion of CHO during exercise (0.27 g kg-1 body weight every 15 min). Biopsies were taken from the quadriceps femoris muscle before and immediately after exercise. Plasma glucose and insulin decreased during CON exercise, but remained elevated throughout CHO exercise (end of exercise: glucose = 4.4 +/- 0.2 mM CON vs. 5.8 +/- 0.2 CHO, P 0.05 between treatments). It is concluded that under the present conditions CHO feedings do not alter the exercise-mediated changes in GSF activity. The increase in GSF during exercise is attributed at least in part to the decrease in muscle glycogen (which increases the suitability of GS as substrate for GS phosphatase).
A vehicle-terrain system modeling and simulation approach to mobility analysis of vehicles on soft terrain

This paper presents an approach to modeling and simulation of vehicles interacting with the environment (terrain) in a realistic, three-dimensional setting and to assess vehicle mobility based on simulation results. To reliably predict vehicle performance under realistic off-road conditions, lumped-parameter models commonly used in vehicle dynamics are not adequate. In this work, high fidelity, multibody dynamics approach is employed to capture vehicle nonlinear dynamic characteristics. Because all vehicle control forces/moments are generated at the patch where tire and terrain interacts, tire modeling, soil modeling, and tire-soil interaction modeling are critical. In this work, tire is modeled as multiple-input-multiple-output system with parameters determined via high-fidelity physical-based finite element model and/or test data; soil is modeled using the Bekker-Wong approach with parameters determined using high-fidelity physical-based finite element soil model and/or test data. Although the Bekker-Wong approach is relatively old, effective implementation to achieve its fully potential is possible only recently, with the advent of the so-called dynamic terrain database. A computational algorithm for such an implementation is presented. Dynamic terrain allows natural treatment of the multiple-pass problem in spatial and dynamic fashion, as opposed to the approaches found in the literature that can only deal with planar, steady-state rolling in an ad hoc fashion. Tire-terrain interaction is modeled using a hybrid approach of empirical and semi-empirical models. A complete simulation environment can be constructed by integrating all the models and mobility analysis of vehicles be perform on soft terrain. An example is presented to demonstrate the approach. Conclusions and future research directions are presented at the end of the paper.
Localization of Network Performance Problems with Multi-Level Discrete Tomography

The focus of network monitoring and problem diagnosis gradually moves towards ``soft failures'' and performance problems, such as noticeable jitter or loss rate. A major, and still unresolved, problem in this space is to localize a performance problem at the granularity of individual IP-layer links. We propose a network tomography framework that aims to localize performance problems in the set of paths that interconnect a full-mesh topology formed by N sensors. As opposed to Boolean tomography, which models links as "good" versus "bad", we consider a multi-level discrete tomography framework that can capture the large diversity of performance levels seen at the Internet. We evaluate two tomography methods: the first assumes that the performance of a path is determined by the lowest-performance link in the path; the second also takes into account the number of such links. We propose an efficient algorithm for each method and then evaluate their accuracy and also show their superiority over two traditional approaches (Boolean and Analogue) on real single-provider networks (ESnet and Internet2) as well as in an interdomain context (PlanetLab).
Evaluating the cumulative effects of alteration on New England wetlands

In New England, patterns of glacial deposition strongly influence wetland occurrence and function. Many wetlands are associated with permeable deposits and owe their existence to groundwater discharge. Whether developed on deposits of high or low permeability, wetlands are often associated with streams and appear to play an important role in controlling and modifying streamflow. Evidence is cited showing that some wetlands operate to lessen flood peaks, and may have the seasonal effect of increasing spring discharges and depressing low flows. Wetlands overlying permeable deposits may be associated with important aquifers where they can produce slight modifications in water quality and head distribution within the aquifer. Impacts to wetlands undoubtedly will affect these functions, but the precise nature of the effect is difficult to predict. This is especially true of incremental impacts to wetlands, which may, for example, produce a change in streamflow disproportionate to wetland area in the drainage basin, i.e., a nonlinear effect as defined by Preston and Bedford (1988). Additional research is needed before hydrologic function can be reliably correlated with physical properties of wetlands and landscapes. A model is proposed to structure future research and explore relationships between hydrologic function and physical properties of wetlands and landscapes. The model considers (1) the nature of the underlying deposits (geologic type), (2) location in the drainage basin (topographic position), (3) relationship to the principal zone of saturation (hydrologic position), and (4) hydrologic character of the organic deposit.
The effectiveness of five rodenticides and three application procedures in controlling Microtine voles (Microtus montanus) in Washington State apple orchards

Abstract Four formulations of the acute toxicant zinc phosphide and one formulation of the subacute toxicant chlorophacinone were evaluated on voles ( Microtus montanus ) in two Red and Golden Delicious apple orchards in north central Washington during the spring. Three treatment techniques combining cultural practices with differing methods of bait application were compared concurrently. Raking, followed by a single broadcast application of baits or the hand-placement of baits, was the most effective treatment. A second bait application gave a slight improvement only when no cultural work was done, and then only with two of the five baits tested. Whole wheat and steam-rolled oat baits with 2% zinc phosphide and Rozol® chlorophacinone baits were usually more effective than zinc phosphide on cracked corn or ZP Rodent Bait AG®.
Protection of Yeast Against Photosensitized Killing

The ability of a number of radioprotective compounds to protect Saccharomyces cerevisiae against photosensitized killing was studied. Protection was afforded by cysteamine, glutathione, penicillamine, N,N-dimethylmercaptoethylamine, 1-mercapto-2-aminobutane, mercaptopropylamine, 2-aminoethylisothiouronium bromide HBr (AET), and cysteine, but not by cystamine, potassium cyanide, or glucose. Other sulfhydryl compounds such as mercaptosuccinic acid, β-mercaptopropionic acid, sodium thioglycollate and α-monothioglycerol also did not protect. It appears from the data presented that the thiol compounds with a free or substituted amino group protected yeast against photodynamic killing while the thiol compounds lacking the amino group did not protect.
Endoscopic decompression in partial small bowel obstruction

Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy has been applied successfully in the management of patients with small bowel obstruction. In one group of patients after gastrectomy with a Roux-Y limb obstructed at the level of the transverse mesocolon, the endoscope was manipulated into this segment, and the tip was deflected in four directions with release of the kink. Conventional wisdom depends heavily on the interpretation of the upper gastrointestinal series, which in all five patients in this report proved to be incorrect. It was only through the endoscopic examination that the anastomoses were found to be patent, and the kinked segment of jejunum, once identified, could be released by endoscopic manipulation. Two patients required repeat endoscopy, and at last follow-up, all patients were eating well with no recurrence of symptoms. In the second group of patients with distal small bowel obstruction who normally would be considered for Miller-Abbott tube management, it was possible to decompress the stomach, duodenum, and upper jejunum endoscopically with immediate clinical and radiographic improvement. In addition, it was also possible to place the Miller-Abbott tube into the small bowel at the same time and thus avoid the 2 to 3 days of delay in advancing the tube beyond the pylorus. All patients had improvement and there were no complications. Although two required laparotomy several weeks later, they too were improved by the endoscopic procedures. The immediate decompression and rapid intubation represent significant advances in the management of patients with small bowel obstruction.
Iron Fortification of Infant Foods A Decade of Change

A survey of iron-fortified commercial foods commonly marketed for consumption by infants was conducted in 1972 and again in 1982. Positive changes had occurred in infant formulas and cereals during that decade, in availability of fortifying iron, level of fortification, and label infor mation. Miscellaneous iron-containing products, cookies, and crackers were unreliable sources of dietary iron in both 1972 and 1982. Availability of fortifying iron in regular cereals had improved by 1982, though 10 percent lacked the label information. Fortified infant formulas and cereals contribute iron of high bioavailability to the typical infant diet in amounts equal to the USRDA. Food manufacturers need to continue to apply knowledge gained through research to sustain the lessened but still highly prevalent incidence of anemia in 1-2-year old children.
Ultra-high performance rugged scaled power MOSFETs for high-frequency power conversion

The ruggedness and performance of ultra-high density low-voltage power MOSFETs are reported. It is shown that rugged power MOSFETs with ultra-high static and switching performance can be developed using scaled silicon technologies. The experimental results are supported with extensive numerical simulations which clearly show important physical effects as the technology is scaled.
Establishing radiologic image transmission via a transmission control protocol/Internet protocol network between two teaching hospitals in Houston.

The technical and management considerations necessary for the establishment of a network link between computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) networks of two geographically separated teaching hospitals are presented. The University of Texas Medical School at Houston Department of Radiology provides radiology residency training at its primary teaching hospital and at a second county-run hospital located approximately 12 miles away. A direct network link between the two hospitals was desired to permit timely consultative services to residents and professional colleagues. The network link was established by integrating the county hospital free-standing imaging network into the network infrastructure of the Medical School and the main teaching hospital. Technical issues involved in the integration were reassignment of internet protocol (IP) addresses, determination of data transmission protocol compatibilities, proof of connectivity and image transmission, transmission speeds and network loading, and management of the new network. These issues were resolved in a planned stepwise fashion and despite the fact that the system has a rate-limiting T1 segment between the county hospital and the teaching hospital the transmission speed was deemed suitable. The project has proven successful and can provide a guide for planning similar projects elsewhere. It has in fact made possible several new services for the teaching and research activities of the department’s faculty and residents, which were not envisaged before the implementation of this connection.
The disease formerly known as rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis is a complex disease where predetermined and stochastic factors conspire to confer disease susceptibility. In light of the diverse responses to targeted therapies, rheumatoid arthritis might represent a final common clinical phenotype that reflects many pathogenic pathways. Therefore, it might be appropriate to begin thinking about rheumatoid arthritis as a syndrome rather than a disease. Use of genetics, epigenetics, microbiomics, and other unbiased technologies will probably permit stratification of patients based on mechanisms of disease rather than by clinical phenotype.
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE GREEN ALGA DICHOTOMOSIPHON TUBEROSUS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE OCCURRENCE OF STRIATED TUBULES IN THE CHLOROPLAST1

SUMMARY The ultrastructure of the siphonous green alga Dichotomosiphon tuberosus (A. Br.) Ernst is compared with that of other siphonous plants. There is a characteristic association between the Golgi bodies and endoplasmic reticulum, but. the mitochondria are not involved in the association as they are in Vaucheria and the phycomycete Saprolegnia. An unusual structure and arrangement of the chloroplasts is described as well as a previously unreported type of “striated tubule” which occurs in most if not all chloroplasts, and amyloplasts. The structure of these tubules is compared with that of other tubules recently found in green algae and higher plants. In addition, cytoplasmic microtubules arranged in the longitudinal direction of the siphon suggest a function in cytoplasmic streaming.
Behavioral Ecology and the Transition to Agriculture

Behavioral Ecology and the Transition to Agriculture. Douglas J. Kennett and Bruce Winterhalder, eds. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006. 394 pp.
Individual variation in prey selection by sea otters: patterns, causes and implications

Summary 1. Longitudinal records of prey selection by 10 adult female sea otters on the Monterey Peninsula, California, from 1983 to 1990 demonstrate extreme inter-individual variation in diet. Variation in prey availability cannot explain these differences as the data were obtained from a common spatial-temporal area. 2. Individual dietary patterns persisted throughout our study, thus indicating that they are life-long characteristics. 3. Individual dietary patterns in sea otters appear to be transmitted along matrilines, probably by way of learning during the period of mother‐young association. 4. Efficient utilization of different prey types probably requires radically different sensory/motor skills, each of which is difficult to acquire and all of which may exceed the learning and performance capacities of any single individual. This would explain the absence of generalists and inertia against switching, but not the existence of alternative specialists. 5. Such individual variation might arise in a constant environment from frequencydependent effects, whereby the relative benefit of a given prey specialization depends on the number of other individuals utilizing that prey. Additionally, many of the sea otter’s prey fluctuate substantially in abundance through time. This temporal variation, in conjunction with matrilineal transmission of foraging skills, may act to mediate the temporal dynamics of prey specializations. 6. Regardless of the exact cause, such extreme individual variation in diet has broad ramifications for population and community ecology. 7. The published literature indicates that similar patterns occur in many other species.
Metrics for Assessing Earthquake‐Hazard Map Performance

Recent large earthquakes that caused great damage in areas predicted to be relatively safe, illustrate the importance of criteria that assess how well earthquake hazard maps used to develop codes for earthquake‐resistant construction are actually performing. At present, there is no agreed‐upon way of assessing how well a map performed and thus determining whether one map performed better than another. The fractional site exceedance metric implicit in current maps, that during the chosen time interval the predicted ground motion will be exceeded only at a specific fraction of the sites, is useful but permits maps to be nominally successful even if they significantly underpredict or overpredict shaking, or permits them to be nominally unsuccessful but do well in terms of predicting shaking. We explore some possible metrics that better measure the effects of overprediction and underprediction and can be weighted to reflect the two differently and to reflect differences in populations and property at risk. Although no single metric alone fully characterizes map behavior, using several metrics can provide useful insight for comparing and improving hazard maps. For example, both probabilistic and deterministic hazard maps for Italy dramatically overpredict the recorded shaking in a 2200‐yr‐long historical intensity catalog, illustrating problems in the data (most likely), models, or both.
Ruthenium-caged antisense morpholinos for regulating gene expression in zebrafish embryos†

Photochemical approaches afford high spatiotemporal control over molecular structure and function, for broad applications in materials and biological science. Here, we present the first example of a visible light responsive ruthenium-based photolinker, Ru(bipyridine)2(3-ethynylpyridine)2 (RuBEP), which was reacted stoichiometrically with a 25mer DNA or morpholino (MO) oligonucleotide functionalized with 3′ and 5′ terminal azides, via Cu(I)-mediated [3+2] Huisgen cycloaddition reactions. RuBEP-caged circular morpholinos (Ru-MOs) targeting two early developmental zebrafish genes, chordin and notail, were synthesized and tested in vivo. One-cell-stage zebrafish embryos microinjected with Ru-MO and incubated in the dark for 24 h developed normally, consistent with caging, whereas irradiation at 450 nm dissociated one 3-ethynylpyridine ligand (Φ = 0.33) and uncaged the MO to achieve gene knockdown. As demonstrated, Ru photolinkers provide a versatile method for controlling structure and function of biopolymers.
How does cross-reactive stimulation affect the longevity of CD8+ T cell memory?

Immunological memory—the ability to “remember” previously encountered pathogens and respond faster upon re-exposure is a central feature of the immune response in vertebrates. The cross-reactive stimulation hypothesis for the maintenance of memory proposes that memory cells specific for a given pathogen are maintained by cross-reactive stimulation following infections with other (unrelated) pathogens. We use mathematical models to examine the cross-reactive stimulation hypothesis. We find that: (i) the direct boosting of cross-reactive lineages only provides a very small increase in the average longevity of immunological memory; (ii) the expansion of cross-reactive lineages can indirectly increase the longevity of memory by reducing the magnitude of expansion of new naive lineages which occupy space in the memory compartment and are responsible for the decline in memory; (iii) cross-reactive stimulation results in variation in the rates of decline of different lineages of memory cells and enrichment of memory cell population for cells that are cross-reactive for the pathogens to which the individual has been exposed.
Innovation Modification During Intraorganizational Adoption

We propose a theoretical framework illustrating key sets of constructs and processes, both at the individual level and at the organization level, that constitute the intraorganizational adoption of innovations. It illustrates how socialization, social influence, and structuration processes in organizations operate to influence the degree of fidelity (match between design/intended use and actual use) and uniformity (similarity across users) in innovation process outcomes. We offer propositions concerning how innovations come to lack fidelity and/or uniformity as they are used in organizations. A case study of a program innovation in a Fortune 400 corporation is used to illustrate the framework.
Cyclin E Restores p53 Activity in Contact-Inhibited Cells

The wild-type p53 protein is a potent growth suppressor when overexpressed in vitro. It functions as a transcriptional activator and causes growth arrest at the G1/S stage of the cell cycle. We monitored p53 transactivation as an indicator of p53 function throughout the cell cycle. We first demonstrate that cells which exhibited contact inhibition of growth lacked p53 transactivation function at high cell density. Since these cells were noncycling, we examined whether the ectopic expression of any cyclin could override contact inhibition of growth and restore p53 transactivation function. The transfection of cyclin E at high cell density stimulated the progression of cells through the cell cycle and restored p53 transactivation function. The transcriptional activity of p53 induced by cyclin E was regulated at the level of DNA binding. Cells that did not show contact inhibition of growth had a functional p53 regardless of cell density. Thus, contact inhibition of cell growth corresponded to a lack of p53 transactivation function and the overexpression of cyclin E in these contact-inhibited cells stimulated cell cycle progression and resulted in p53 transcriptional activity.
The ATR signaling pathway is disabled during infection with the parvovirus minute virus of mice.

The ATR kinase has essential functions in maintenance of genome integrity in response to replication stress. ATR is recruited to RPA-coated single-stranded DNA at DNA damage sites via its interacting partner, ATRIP, which binds to the large subunit of RPA. ATR activation typically leads to activation of the Chk1 kinase among other substrates. We show here that, together with a number of other DNA repair proteins, both ATR and its associated protein, ATRIP, were recruited to viral nuclear replication compartments (autonomous parvovirus-associated replication [APAR] bodies) during replication of the single-stranded parvovirus minute virus of mice (MVM). Chk1, however, was not activated during MVM infection even though viral genomes bearing bound RPA, normally a potent trigger of ATR activation, accumulate in APAR bodies. Failure to activate Chk1 in response to MVM infection was likely due to our observation that Rad9 failed to associate with chromatin at MVM APAR bodies. Additionally, early in infection, prior to the onset of the virus-induced DNA damage response (DDR), stalling of the replication of MVM genomes with hydroxyurea (HU) resulted in Chk1 phosphorylation in a virus dose-dependent manner. However, upon establishment of full viral replication, MVM infection prevented activation of Chk1 in response to HU and various other drug treatments. Finally, ATR phosphorylation became undetectable upon MVM infection, and although virus infection induced RPA32 phosphorylation on serine 33, an ATR-associated phosphorylation site, this phosphorylation event could not be prevented by ATR depletion or inhibition. Together our results suggest that MVM infection disables the ATR signaling pathway. IMPORTANCE Upon infection, the parvovirus MVM activates a cellular DNA damage response that governs virus-induced cell cycle arrest and is required for efficient virus replication. ATM and ATR are major cellular kinases that coordinate the DNA damage response to diverse DNA damage stimuli. Although a significant amount has been discovered about ATM activation during parvovirus infection, involvement of the ATR pathway has been less studied. During MVM infection, Chk1, a major downstream target of ATR, is not detectably phosphorylated even though viral genomes bearing the bound cellular single-strand binding protein RPA, normally a potent trigger of ATR activation, accumulate in viral replication centers. ATR phosphorylation also became undetectable. In addition, upon establishment of full viral replication, MVM infection prevented activation of Chk1 in response to hydroxyurea and various other drug treatments. Our results suggest that MVM infection disables this important cellular signaling pathway.
GABA: a cotransmitter linking leptin to obesity prevention.

The recent surge of obesity, type II diabetes, and other obesity-relateddiseaseshasfocusedattentiononbrain mechanisms underlying the regulation of body weight. Leptinisakeyfactorlinkingbodyfattobrainmechanisms controlling food intake and energy expenditure. This hormoneisreleasedfromadipocytestocirculateatlevelsthat are approximately proportional to the levels of body fat (1).Highlevelsofleptinactonbrainfeedingcontrolmechanismsasanegativefeedbacksignaltoproducesatiety,an action produced when leptin binds to isoform B leptin receptors in specific brain regions (2). Consequently, subjects overeat and become massively obese if either endogenous leptin or its receptors are absent or ineffective. A question that has generated much interest and research is: What classes of neurons and neurotransmitters mediate leptin’s antiobesity actions? Significant insight into this question is provided by Xu et al. (3) in this issue. Their work suggests that a portion of leptin’s antiobesity effectsaremediatedbysynapticreleaseofaminobutyric acid (GABA) from the specific subset of hypothalamic GABAergic neurons that also express leptin receptors. To explore this question, they generated mice in which the vesicular GABA transporter (Vgat) gene was specifically deleted within leptin receptor-expressing neurons (i.e. LepR-Ires-Cre:Vgat flox/flox mice). The cellular impact of thismanipulationisthattheGABAergicneuronswithleptin receptors lose their ability to secrete GABA. However, they retain the ability to secrete their cotransmitters and respond to leptin. Given this manipulation, Xu et al. evaluated the impact of abolishing GABA release specifically from the subset of GABAergic neurons that also express leptin receptors. Controls for effectiveness and specificity of the gene deletions included evidence that deletion of Vgat in leptin receptor neurons: dramatically reduced Vgat mRNA expression in the arcuate nucleus, dorsomedial hypothalamus, and lateral hypothalamus (LH), the only brain regions with GABAergic neurons that express leptin receptors (4); produced little apparent change in Vgat expression in other brain regions (e.g. cortex); reduced vesicular GABA transporter immunoreactivity but left intact the leptin receptor p-STAT3 response to leptin application. The key behavioral findings were that the experimental mice exhibited mild but significant overeating, obesity, and had reduced energy expenditure as suggestedbythemildreductioninO2consumptionduringthe night phase of the light-dark cycle. The satiating effect of peripherallyinjectedleptinwasalsoblunted.Collectively,
Sites of photodamage in vivo and in vitro by a cationic porphyrin.

— Localization and photodynamic efficacy of a monocationic porphyrin (MCP) were assessed using murine leukemia cells in culture. This sensitizer localized at surface membrane loci and catalyzed selective photodamage to membrane structures. Although both cationic and hydrophobic, this porphyrin was not recognized by the multidrug transporter, which excludes many cationic agents from cells that express multidrug resistance. Photodynamic studies with the murine radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumor model indicated moderate photosensitization of neoplastic lesions in vivo at 3 h, but not at 24 h after sensitizer administration. Pharmacokinetic studies indicate that plasma levels, not tissue levels were the major determinant of photodynamic therapy (PDT) response. Consistent with this observation, vascular damage and disturbances of tissue perfusion followed PDT. These effects were more pronounced in tumor-bearing skin than in normal skin. The therapeutic response to MCP appeared to be related mainly to secondary, probably vascular, effects.
Latino immigration: Preparing school psychologists to meet students' needs.

As the population of immigrant Latino students continues to rise, school psychologists serving Latino children and families must develop the knowledge and skills necessary to provide high-quality psychological services to culturally and linguistically diverse students from immigrant families. Following a review of the relevant literature on the educational, social, and emotional needs of immigrant Latino children, we describe Project SUPERB (Scholars Using Psychology and Education to Reach Bilinguals), a grant-funded initiative to address the shortage of bilingual (Spanish-English) school psychologists. We discuss important issues regarding training and preparation to develop the competencies necessary for effective assessment, intervention, and collaboration in the context of school settings to help immigrant children achieve success. Finally, we identify ways in which school psychologists may adopt a leadership role in working with schools and families to promote positive outcomes.
Nonbelievers and Government Religious Speech

In the past few years, nonbelievers have become much more prominent in the United States. But while their visibility has increased, they are still a small minority, and they remain disliked, distrusted, and not truly American in the eyes of many. As a result, many nonbelievers are hesitant about disclosing their views, and those who do often face hostility and discrimination. This Article argues that government religious speech such as “In God We Trust” or a Latin cross war memorial violates the Establishment Clause in part because it exacerbates the precarious position of nonbelievers in this country. One of the main goals of the Establishment Clause is to protect religious minorities like nonbelievers. Contrary to claims that government religious speech is essentially harmless, and that any offense it causes should not be considered of constitutional dimension, government religious speech harms both the equality and liberty of nonbelievers. It undermines the equality of nonbelievers by sending the message that they are not worthy of equal regard and by reinforcing stereotypes - in particular, that atheists are immoral and unpatriotic - which lead to discrimination against them. The perpetuation of these stereotypes also undermines the liberty of nonbelievers by making them less willing, or even afraid, to follow the dictates of their conscience. In short, the claim that government religious speech does not violate the Establishment Clause because it only offends nonbelievers misunderstands exactly what is at stake.
The Strongest Acid: Protonation of Carbon Dioxide

The strongest carborane acid, H(CHB11F11), protonates CO2 while traditional mixed Lewis/Bronsted superacids do not. The product is deduced from IR spectroscopy and calculation to be the proton disolvate, H(CO2)2(+). The carborane acid H(CHB11F11) is therefore the strongest known acid. The failure of traditional mixed superacids to protonate weak bases such as CO2 can be traced to a competition between the proton and the Lewis acid for the added base. The high protic acidity promised by large absolute values of the Hammett acidity function (H0) is not realized in practice because the basicity of an added base is suppressed by Lewis acid/base adduct formation.
Euflammation dynamically regulates peripheral inflammation induced neuroimmune reactivity and sickness behavior

Peripheral inflammation can trigger the production and release of inflammatory cytokines, leading to sickness behavior, fatigue, reduced cognitive function and other CNS responses. In the current study, we show that this immune to brain afferent signaling can be regulated by euflammation, which enhances the innate immune reactivity after the host has been challenged with increasing amounts of subthreshold levels of bacteria. When a sublethal dose of Escherichia coli was injected to the euflammatory animals inside euflammation induction locus (EIL) or outside EIL, global microglial activation, proinflammatory cytokine production in the brain, expression of endothelial cyclooxygenase II and induction of c-fos expression in the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus were all attenuated comparing to control mice receiving comparable injections. Euflammation also modulated innate immunity outside EIL by enhancing the bactericidal activity and upregulated inflammation-associated gene expression in spleen cells. When LPS was administered inside EIL, euflammatory mice showed reduced neuroimmune reactivity. In contrast, following intra air pouch (outside EIL) LPS injection, euflammatory mice exhibited exacerbated neuroinflammation and sickness behavior. Collectively, our study demonstrates that euflammation regulates innate immunity both inside and outside EIL. These adaptive immune alterations offer protection against bacteria infection but also engender vulnerability to endotoxin induced neuroinflammation.
Basic mechanisms of gas transport and past research using perfluorocarbons.

(Spiess BD. Basic mechanisms of gas transport and past research using perfluorocarbons. Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine. 2010;40(1):23-8.) Perfluorocarbon compounds have been utilized either in pure (neat) form or as emulsions suspended in aqueous fluids. These man-made chemicals possess a unique physical property allowing them to dissolve much more of the respired gases (oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide) than any water-based system. Understanding the basic physical chemistry surrounding these emerging medical technologies will assure they are utilized to maximum benefit for mankind. It is clear they should not simply be viewed as ‘blood substitutes’ but rather as enhanced gas-transport pharmaceuticals.