cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Luminescent properties of Y2O3:Eu3+ nanophosphor prepared from urea added precursor using flame spray pyrolysis

Y2O3:Eu3+ nanophosphor was synthesized by flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) from urea added nitrate based liquid precursor. In this study, urea serves as fuel and subsequently provides additional heat in the flame zone during the synthesis of phosphor particles. The end product shows cubic phase Y2O3:Eu3+ nanophosphor successfully prepared by FSP without heat treatment. The influence of synthesis conditions such as different mol of urea and nitrate source materials in aqueous solution, and doping concentration on luminescent properties, were investigated. The characteristics of nanophosphor such as crystallinity and morphology under various experiments of conditions were carried out by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The particle size of product was found to be in the range of 20–30 nm from transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In photoluminescence (PL) properties, Y2O3:Eu3+ nanophosphor emitted red light with a peak wavelength of 609 nm when excited with 398 nm wavelength photons.
Metabolic insufficiency underlies intratumoral cytotoxic T cell dysfunction.

Meeting abstracts T cells have the remarkable ability to recognize and remove abnormal cells with precision, a feature that is very desirable for the treatment of cancer. However, while T cells specific for tumor antigens are primed and can infiltrate tumors, they are quickly rendered dysfunctional
Acrylic resin guide for locating the abutment screw access channel of cement-retained implant prostheses.

Abutment screw loosening represents a common and challenging technical complication of cement-retained implant prostheses. This article describes the fabrication of a simple and accurate poly(methyl methacrylate) guide for identifying the location and angulation of the abutment screw access channel of a cement-retained implant prosthesis with a loosened abutment screw.
Line Integral Alternating Minimization Algorithm for Dual-Energy X-Ray CT Image Reconstruction

We propose a new algorithm, called line integral alternating minimization (LIAM), for dual-energy X-ray CT image reconstruction. Instead of obtaining component images by minimizing the discrepancy between the data and the mean estimates, LIAM allows for a tunable discrepancy between the basis material projections and the basis sinograms. A parameter is introduced that controls the size of this discrepancy, and with this parameter the new algorithm can continuously go from a two-step approach to the joint estimation approach. LIAM alternates between iteratively updating the line integrals of the component images and reconstruction of the component images using an image iterative deblurring algorithm. An edge-preserving penalty function can be incorporated in the iterative deblurring step to decrease the roughness in component images. Images from both simulated and experimentally acquired sinograms from a clinical scanner were reconstructed by LIAM while varying the regularization parameters to identify good choices. The results from the dual-energy alternating minimization algorithm applied to the same data were used for comparison. Using a small fraction of the computation time of dual-energy alternating minimization, LIAM achieves better accuracy of the component images in the presence of Poisson noise for simulated data reconstruction and achieves the same level of accuracy for real data reconstruction.
Further Studies on Bacterium Necrophorum Isolated from Cases of Chronic Ulcerative Colitis

Bacterium necrophorum has been found in a large number of pathological conditions in nearly all domestic animals and in some wild animals. In man it has been reported in only a few isolated cases. Our experience, in reviewing the literature and in searching for this organism in ulcerated colons in man, has indicated that Bact. necrophorum is perhaps as common in man as in other animals. The French workers' have ascribed to Bacillus funduliformis the cause of many pathological conditions in man which resemble Bact. necrophorum infections in animals. Recently Henthorne, Thompson and Beaver2 of the Mayo Clinic described the isolation of the funduliformis organism in pure culture from four cases of hepatic abscess. Three of the patients had carcinoma of the rectum and in the fourth the primary pathological lesion was unknown. They also isolated this organism in pure culture from a fecal (?) fistula in a patient with a carcinoma of the sigmoid flexure. A sixth culture they isolated in mixture with other organisms from a pulmonary abscess. A careful survey of the literature fails to reveal any striking difference between Bact. necrophorum and the funduliformis organism. The present paper deals with (1) the isolation of Bact. necrophorum from additional cases of chronic ulcerative colitis, (2) a study of the biochemical properties of the strains, (3) the morphology of Bact. necrophorum on blood agar to which cevitamic acid has been added, (4) pathogenicity and immunity studies in rabbits, (5) attempts to ulcerate the normal isolated colon of a rhesus monkey with Bact. necrophorum, and (6) the effect of repeated curettage of the colon in two sphinx baboons.
Extraadrenal myelolipoma. A report of two cases.

Two cases of extraadrenal myelolipoma with unusual clinico-pathologic features are described. The patient in case 1 had multifocal myelolipomas, involving both the lung and retroperitoneum, that mimicked malignancy, and the patient in case 2 had a single diffuse retroperitoneal myelolipoma without circumscription. Of possible etiologic significance is the fact that both patients were treated with exogenous steroids.
ID: 90: ADAM10 REGULATES STEMNESS OF ADULT NEURAL STEM CELLS BY MEDIATING THEIR POSITIONING WITHIN THE SVZ NICHE

The subventricular zone (SVZ) niche has been defined to have two distinct microenivroments, an apical compartment that is directly in contact with CSF and a basal compartment with a rich vascular network. Both these compartments regulate neural stem cell (NSC) properties via a diverse array of extrinsic cues by regulating both NSC-NSC and NSC-niche interactions. A majority of these signaling mechanisms are initiated by metalloproteinases. In this study, we investigated one such molecule, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10) and its role in maintaining NSC properties. Using a conditional knockout, in which ADAM10 is specifically deleted in NSCs and NPCs (Nestin-CRE™/ADAM10fl/fl; denoted as KO) we noted altered contacts within the apical and basal compartments. BrdU pulse-chase studies demonstrated an increased number of long-term retaining BrdU NSCs in these KO mice. We also observed decreased BrdU label retaining neurons in the olfactory bulb in addition to a decreased neuroblast population in the SVZ indicating impaired neurogenesis in the KO mice. Intriguingly, we also observed cytoskeletal changes in NSCs and decreased migration of cells from the core of neurospheres derived from KO SVZ cells. This altered cell shape could intrinsically affect cell cycle progression. Taken together, this data suggests ADAM10 activity within the SVZ niche regulates NSC intrinsic properties and alters their cell cycle progression. Moreover, ADAM10 deletion appears to promote an aberrant self-renewal phenotype in NSCs preventing their differentiation. A more thorough understanding of how ADAM10 mediates these cellular changes and the underlying molecular mechanisms could be crucial in enhancing SVZ neurogenesis.
Implementation strategy for quality management of government functions in Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Along with the increasing of government investment for public health functions in the recent years,the important problem that the managers of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention face is how to get the maximum output from the minimum investment.The project management and total quality management are the modern management means,which have obtained significant effect in other fields.According to the actual condition,the three elements which include time,cost and quality were regarded as the beginning,Tianjin Center for Disease Control and Prevention implemented the total quality management in all works of the Center,carried out the dynamic assessment,accumulated some experience,and achieved outstanding results.
Gas-Water Flow Digital Simulator for Low Permeability Gas Reservoir with Slippage Effect

Low permeability gas reservoir is normally characterized by low porosity, low permeability and high water saturation, and the existence of slippage effect is obviously found in gas flowing through porous media without irreducible water. The tighter the rock, the lower the permeability, and the more obvious the slippage effect is. However, common gas reservoir model is never the less used for numerical simulation study of low-permeability gas reservoir, which leads to more differences between development indices predicted and real ones. The mechanism of percolation in low-permeability gas reservoir is analyzed. The nonlinear percolation mathematic model to both gas and water is then developed. Furthermore, the related numerical and simulation models and simulator are established, considering the concept of gas relative permeability with the slippage effect.
Increased Intracranial Pressure in Childhood

While the symptoms of this condition are sometimes dramatic they may be subtle and misleading. Factors that contribute to intracranial pressure and its increase are reviewed and the clinical presentations are described. Increased intracranial pressure is a neuropediatric emergency that requires prompt recognition and treatment if death or other grave sequelae are to be prevented.
Nonlinear Analyses of Phase Change and Crystal Growth Phenomena

Investigators of problems in nonlinear hydrodynamic stability theory are aware of the fact that their methods can be adapted so that they apply to a broad class of physical phenomena. The controlled unidirectional solidification of a pure substance or binary mixture under the influence of imposed temperature and/or solute gradients is an example of a phenomena of this sort. For the last twenty years, the morphological stability of freely growing interfacial boundaries between the liquid and solid phases during such transitions has been analyzed by means of linear stability theory. Typical problems involve diffusion-controlled growth of a precipitate from a solid solution or crystallization from the melt. Idealized (unperturbed) solutions usually exist for interfaces of simple shape, but under certain conditions these simple shapes are spontaneously unstable with respect to small disturbances. Growth subsequent to instability is no longer governed by linear stability theory and more complicated quasi-steady-state structures (e.g., nodes, bands, cells) or chaotic tree-like shapes (dendrites) can occur. This review will survey our current understanding of these nonlinear growth forms from the vantage point of those results obtained by a fluid mechanical stability method applied to a particular three-dimensional solidification model.
Imaging of Biliary Infections

Biliary tract infections cover a wide spectrum of etiologies and clinical presentations. Imaging plays an important role in understanding the etiology and as well as the extent of disease. Imaging also plays a vital role in assessing treatment response once a diagnosis is established. This article will review the imaging findings of commonly encountered biliary tract infectious diseases.
Comparing reproductive success of a colonial seabird, the Magellanic Penguin, estimated by coarse- and fine-scale temporal sampling

ABSTRACT Fecundity, an important demographic variable for wildlife populations, is time consuming and expensive to measure. For seabirds, reproductive success is often estimated from 2 surveys of the colony, 1 during incubation and 1 during chick rearing. Using 33 yr of data on Magellanic Penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus), we compared reproductive success estimated from 2 surveys per season, from infrequent nest checks, and from daily nest checks to answer 4 questions: (1) Is reproductive success estimated from 2 surveys per season accurate enough for population models (within 15% of the ‘true' value)? We found that the answer was yes, if surveys were done on optimal dates and chick counts were adjusted by the percentage of chicks that were heavy enough to fledge. Optimal dates depended on the synchrony and phenology of the species. If penguins bred particularly late or early in a given year, estimates were wrong even if counts were done on the average optimal date. (2) Can counts of occupied nests be ad...
The Dynamics of Strongly Stratified Estuaries

This chapter examines the dynamics of strongly stratified estuaries by addressing the parameters that lead to strong stratification and by examining the dynamics of different types of strongly stratified estuaries, notably salt wedge estuaries and fjords. Stratification is shown to be determined by the balance between the stratifying tendency of the estuarine circulation and mixing by the tides. Several parametrizations are presented that can be used to estimate the strength of estuarine stratification. The dynamics of highly stratified estuaries are best expressed using the two-layer equations of motion, which are presented in detail in this chapter. The chapter includes a brief discussion of two-layer hydraulic phenomena such as hydraulic transitions, subcritical and supercritical flow. Frictional two-layer processes are discussed both in context with salt wedges and fjords. Discussion of fjord dynamics includes Knudsen’s relation expressing the relationship between the strength of the exchange flow, the freshwater inflow, and the salinity difference between the upper and lower layers. Fjord mixing and the concept of overmixing are also discussed.
Legionnaire's Disease: A Clinical Diagnostic Approach

Legionnaire's disease is a nonzoonotic atypical pneumonia caused by Legionella sp that occurs sporadically or in outbreaks. Legionnaire's disease pneumonia is accompanied by several extrapulmonary clinical and laboratory findings. Rather than testing all pneumonias for Legionnaire's disease, the clinical challenge is to recognize the diagnostic significance of Legionnaire's disease’s. The pretest probability of Legionnaire's disease is increased if several characteristic extrapulmonary findings are present. Similarly, if certain key findings are absent, Legionnaire's disease may be eliminated from further diagnostic consideration. If characteristic clinical findings are present, then specific tests should be ordered to confirm or rule out Legionnaire's disease.
A review on additive manufacturing of polymer-fiber composites

Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) of polymer-fiber composites has transformed AM into a robust manufacturing paradigm and enabled producing highly customized parts with significantly improved mechanical properties, compared to un-reinforced polymers. Almost all commercially available AM methods could benefit from various fiber reinforcement techniques. Recent developments in 3D printing methods of fiber reinforced polymers, namely, fused deposition modeling (FDM), laminated object manufacturing (LOM), stereolithography (SL), extrusion, and selective laser sintering (SLS) are reviewed in this study to understand the trends and future directions in the respective areas. In addition to extra strength, fibers have also been used in 4D printing to control and manipulate the change of shape or swelling after 3D printing, right out of the printing bed. Although AM of fiber/polymer composites are increasingly developing and under intense attention, there are some issues needed to be addressed including void formation, poor adhesion of fibers and matrix, blockage due to filler inclusion, increased curing time, modelling, simulation, etc. Nonetheless, numerous innovative techniques were spotted amongst recent work trying to overcome these challenges with new material or manufacturing techniques.
Engineering Bacillus megaterium Strains To Secrete Cellulases for Synergistic Cellulose Degradation in a Microbial Community

Recent environmental concerns have intensified the need to develop systems to degrade waste biomass for use as an inexpensive carbon source for microbial chemical production. Current approaches to biomass utilization rely on pretreatment processes that include expensive enzymatic purification steps for the requisite cellulases. We aimed to engineer a synthetic microbial community to synergistically degrade cellulose by compartmentalizing the system with multiple specialized Bacillus megaterium strains. EGI1, an endoglucanase, and Cel9AT, a multimodular cellulase, were targeted for secretion from B. megaterium. A small library of signal peptides (SPs) with five amino acid linkers was selected to tag each cellulase for secretion from B. megaterium. Cellulase activity against amorphous cellulose was confirmed through a series of bioassays, and the most active SP constructs were identified as EGI1 with the LipA SP and Cel9AT with the YngK SP. The activity of the optimized cellulase secretion strains was characterized individually and in tandem to assess synergistic cellulolytic activity. The combination of EGI1 and Cel9AT yielded higher activity than either single cellulase. A coculture of EGI1 and Cel9AT secreting B. megaterium strains demonstrated synergistic behavior with higher activity than either monoculture. This cellulose degradation module can be further integrated with bioproduct synthesis modules to build complex systems for the production of high value molecules.
Role of Krüppel-like Factor 4-p21CIP1 Axis in Breast Cancer Stem-like Cell Inhibition by Benzyl Isothiocyanate

Cancer chemoprevention by benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), which is derived from cruciferous vegetables like garden cress, in a transgenic mouse model of breast cancer is associated with inhibition of breast cancer stem-like cells (bCSC), but the molecular regulators of this effect remain elusive. This study demonstrates a protective effect of Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4)-p21CIP1 axis in bCSC inhibition by BITC. Exposure of human breast cancer cells (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and SUM159) to plasma-achievable concentrations of BITC resulted in a robust induction of KLF4 mRNA and its protein expression as determined by qRT-PCR and Western blotting or confocal microscopy. BITC-mediated suppression of bCSC markers, including aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 activity and mammosphere frequency, was significantly augmented by transient or stable knockdown of KLF4. Western blotting and IHC revealed relatively higher levels of KLF4 protein in mammary tumor sections from BITC-treated mice in comparison with controls, but the difference was insignificant. Analysis of the breast cancer RNA-Seq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas indicated significant positive correlation between expression of KLF4 and that of p21CIP1 (CDKN1A) but not β-Catenin (CTNNB1). Knockdown of p21CIP1 protein also amplified BITC-mediated suppression of bCSC. Finally, KLF4 was recruited to the promoter of p21CIP1 as indicated by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. These results indicate that induction of KLF4-p21CIP1 axis attenuates inhibitory effect of BITC on bCSC self-renewal. Translational implication of these findings is that breast cancer chemoprevention by BITC may be augmented with a combination regimen involving BITC and an inhibitor of KLF4.
Phylogenetic transmission clusters among newly diagnosed antiretroviral drug-naïve patients with human immunodeficiency virus-1 in Korea: A study from 1999 to 2012.

Population-level phylogenetic patterns reflect both transmission dynamics and genetic changes, which accumulate because of selection or drift. In this study, we determined whether a longitudinally sampled dataset derived from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-infected individuals over a 14-year period (1999–2012) could shed light on the transmission processes involved in the initiation of the HIV-1 epidemic in Korea. In total, 927 sequences were acquired from 1999 to 2012; each sequence was acquired from an individual patient who had not received treatment. Sequences were used for drug resistance and phylogenetic analyses. Phylogenetic and other analyses were conducted using MEGA version 6.06 based on the GTR G+I parameter model and SAS. Of the 927 samples, 863 (93.1%) were classified as subtype B and 64 were classified as other subtypes. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that 104 of 927 patient samples (11.2%) were grouped into 37 clusters. Being part of a transmission cluster was significantly associated with subtype-B viruses, infection via sexual contact, and the infection of young males. Of all clusters, three (~8.1%) that comprised 10 individual samples (22.2% of 45 individuals) included at least one member with total transmitted drug resistance (TDR). In summary, HIV transmission cluster analyses can integrate laboratory data with behavioral data to enable the identification of key transmission patterns to develop tailored interventions aimed at interrupting transmission chains.
A home away from home: football and the street in a South African township

Grassroots football in Soweto is peculiar – played in public, but suspended in ideas of confined protection. Physically situated in the midst of treacherous streets, but understood through concepts...
REFLECTIONS ON RACE, THE BODY AND BOUNDARIES How to Get on the Bus

Drawing inspiration from the work of dancer and anthropologist Katherine Dunham, this paper explores strategies for teaching about both the experience of race and the ethnography of race. Focusing specifically on ways to encourage students to explore the embodiment of race as it intersects with politics of power, strategies to use both within and outside the classroom are explored. Methods emphasize both in-classroom strategies, and those that take students beyond the classroom – and specifically – onto the bus. The setting is the United States, and here the bus has specific historical and cultural resonance. The strategies are transferable and widely applicable (with adjustments for cultural and historical context) to a variety of sites.
The Experiences and Perceptions of Collaboration Between OTs and Other School Professionals

Date Presented 04/05/19 This study utilized a researcher-developed survey to investigate collaboration among school-based professionals. Participants included 243 OTs and other school professionals, including PTs, SLPs, psychologists, and teachers from across the US. Findings described include the amount and type of collaboration prevalent among school-based professionals as well as factors that contribute to successful collaboration and barriers that limit collaborative practices. Primary Author and Speaker: Meira Orentlicher Additional Authors and Speakers: Diana Lashinsky, Sarah Bergstein Teixeira Contributing Authors: Amy Mograby
Chapter 4 – Optimum Design Concepts: Optimality Conditions

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses basic ideas, concepts, and theories used for design optimization (the minimization problem). Theorems on the subject are stated without proofs. Their implications and use in the optimization process are also discussed. Useful insights regarding the optimality conditions are presented and illustrated. It is assumed that the variables are continuous and that all problem functions are continuous and at least twice continuously differentiable. The optimization method is sub divided into optimality criteria methods (indirect methods) and search methods (direct methods). Further optimality criteria methods and search method is divided into constrained problem and unconstrained problem. A thorough knowledge of optimality conditions is important for an understanding of the performance of various numerical (search) methods. This chapter also defines concepts of local and global minima using the standard mathematical model for design optimization. The design optimization problem is always converted to minimization of a cost function subject to equality and inequality constraints. Further it describes necessary and sufficient conditions for optimality of unconstrained and constrained optimization problems. It is important to understand the meaning of the terms necessary and sufficient. These terms have general meaning in mathematical analyses.
Modulation of Neuronal Kir3 Channels by Cholesterol

In recent years, cholesterol emerged as a major regulator of ion channel function. The most common effect of cholesterol on ion channels is a decrease in channel activity. We have recently shown that unexpectedly cholesterol enrichment up-regulates G-protein gated inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK or Kir3) activity in atrial myocytes.Here we focus on neuronal Kir3 channels, and determine the effect of cholesterol on their function. Several Kir3 subunits are expressed in the hippocampus: Kir3.1, Kir3.2a, Kir3.2c and Kir3.3. Among these, Kir3.2 may be expressed as a homomer or as a heteromer with Kir3.1 and/or Kir3.3, both of which do not express as homomers in the plasma membrane.We first studied the effect of cholesterol on a pore mutant of Kir3.2 that increases its membrane expression and activity, Kir3.2∧ (Kir3.2_E152D). We show that when Kir3.2∧ was expressed in Xenopus oocytes, the resulting current was up-regulated by in vitro cholesterol enrichment of the oocyte membrane. Next, using planar lipid bilayers we demonstrate that cholesterol significantly increased the open probability of the Kir3.2∧ channels. No change was observed in the unitary conductance. Most importantly, we show that also in vitro cholesterol enrichment of freshly isolated hippocampal pyramidal neurons resulted in a strong increase in physiological Kir3 currents. These findings indicate that cholesterol plays a critical role in modulating neuronal Kir3 channels.
Power Laws in Superspreading Events: Evidence from Coronavirus Outbreaks and Implications for SIR Models

Abstract While they are rare, superspreading events (SSEs), wherein a few primary cases infect an extraordinarily large number of secondary cases, are recognized as a prominent determinant of aggregate infection rates (ℛ0). Existing stochastic SIR models incorporate SSEs by fitting distributions with thin tails, or finite variance, and therefore predicting almost deterministic epidemiological outcomes in large populations. This paper documents evidence from recent coronavirus outbreaks, including SARS, MERS, and COVID-19, that SSEs follow a power law distribution with fat tails, or infinite variance. We then extend an otherwise standard SIR model with the estimated power law distributions, and show that idiosyncratic uncertainties in SSEs will lead to large aggregate uncertainties in infection dynamics, even with large populations. That is, the timing and magnitude of outbreaks will be unpredictable. While such uncertainties have social costs, we also find that they on average decrease the herd immunity thresholds and the cumulative infections because per-period infection rates have decreasing marginal effects. Our findings have implications for social distancing interventions: targeting SSEs reduces not only the average rate of infection (ℛ0) but also its uncertainty. To understand this effect, and to improve inference of the average reproduction numbers under fat tails, estimating the tail distribution of SSEs is vital.
Education Activism in the Trump-DeVos Era: Opt Out Florida’s Leaders Respond to the 2016 Election

This paper investigates the impact of the 2016 presidential election on the Opt Out Florida Network (OOFN). Findings indicate that the widespread protests against the Trump presidency after the ele...
12. SAY WHAT: QUANTIFYING AND CLASSIFYING JARGON USAGE ON INPATIENT ROUNDS

Background Despite understanding that plain language is essential for effective communication, prior research has found that medical providers still use terminology that may be misunderstood by patients (i.e. jargon) several times per encounter. However, little is known about the types and frequency of jargon used in the pediatric inpatient setting. Methods After training for consistency, three medical students audited inpatient morning rounds on a general pediatric service, recording and categorizing all jargon used with a novel jargon classification framework published by Pitt and Hendrickson (Eradicating Jargon-Oblivion - A Proposed Classification System of Medical Jargon; JGIM 2019). After each day of rounds, students provided feedback to the medical team. The study period consisted of 12 sessions over 12 weeks. Results Over 12 weeks, there were a total of 446 jargon words spoken, 313 (70%) of which were not explicitly defined to the patient or family by the healthcare provider. The average (± standard deviation [SD]) undefined jargon words per patient (JPP) was 4.5 (±3.31), and the average (±SD) undefined jargon words per minute (JPM) was 0.37 (±0.13). The most common categories of jargon used include Technical Terminology (e.g. bronchiolitis, 36.7%), Medical Vernacular (e.g. blood culture, 30.8%), and Acronyms (e.g. NPO, 18.1%). Conclusion Undefined jargon was used frequently by healthcare providers in the inpatient pediatric setting. Additional study is indicated to further understand and identify optimal interventions to reduce jargon use at the bedside. Future interventions could consider families with pre-existing medical knowledge, expand the program to other specialties, and include patient and/or family reflections on observed encounters.
Political Participation and Civic Courage: The Negative Effect of Transparency on Making Small Campaign Contributions

This study assesses whether public disclosure of campaign contributions affects citizens’ willingness to give money to candidates. In the American states, campaign finance laws require disclosure of private information for contributors at relatively low thresholds ranging from $1 to $300. The Internet has made it relatively easy to publicize such information in a way that changes the social context for political participation. Drawing on social influence theory, the analysis suggests that citizens are sensitive to divulging private information, especially those who are surrounded by people with different political views. Using experimental data from the 2011 Cooperative Congressional Election Studies, it demonstrates how individuals refrain from making small campaign contributions or reduce their donations to avoid disclosing their identities. The conclusion discusses the implications of transparency laws for political participation, especially for small donors.
Sickle Cell Disease

Substitution of the amino acid valine for glutamic acid converts adult hemoglobin (A) to sickle (S) hemoglobin. If lysine is substituted for glutamic acid, hemoglobin C results. Although patients who have a double dose of S hemoglobin develop systemic problems—crisis, anemia, and hemolysis—those with S-C or sickle-thalassemia develop ocular problems. Arterial occlusions and infarction of the optic nerve can be seen. One fourth of patients with S-S disease will have maculopathy.
The University of North Florida Through Time: An Evaluation of Land Use Through Geospatial Techniques

The University of North Florida (UNF) was founded in 1972 on a 1000-acre tract of land in southeastern Jacksonville. Since then, the university has grown to 28 buildings, five residence halls, with an all-time high of 17,000 students. This study examines the comprehensive footprint growth of the UNF from 1970 to 2017. Utilizing remotely sensed aerial imagery and GIS techniques, we map and measure the expansion of infrastructure, as well as the loss of natural areas on campus. In light of the university’s approaching 50th anniversary, our geospatial analysis provides the framework by which we chronicle the history of UNF’s expansion.
The Reionization History at High Redshifts I: Physical Models and New Constraints from CMB Polarization

The recent discovery of a high optical depth tau to Thomson scattering from the WMAP data implies that significant reionization took place at redshifts z~15. This discovery has important implications for the sources of reionization, and allows, for the first time, constraints to be placed on physical reionization scenarios out to redshift z~20. Using a new suite of semi-analytic reionization models, we show that the high value of tau requires a surprisingly high efficiency epsilon of the first generation of UV sources for injecting ionizing photons into the intergalactic medium. We find that no simple reionization model can be consistent with the combination of the WMAP result with data from the z 10^4K decreased by a factor of ~ 30 between (z~20) and (z~6). We discuss the relevant physical issues to produce either scenario, and argue that both options are viable, and allowed by current data. In detailed models of the reionization history, we find that the evolution of the ionized fractions in the two scenarios have distinctive features that Planck can distinguish at 3 sigma significance. At the high WMAP value for tau, Planck will also be able to provide tight statistical constraints on reionization model parameters, and elucidate much of the physics at the end of the Dark Ages. The sources responsible for the high optical depth discovered by WMAP should be directly detectable out to z~15 by the James Webb Space Telescope.
Tight stationarity and tree-like scales

Abstract Let κ be a singular cardinal of countable cofinality, 〈 κ n : n ω 〉 be a sequence of regular cardinals which is increasing and cofinal in κ. Using a scale, we define a mapping μ from ∏ n P ( κ n ) to P ( κ + ) which relates tight stationarity on κ to the usual notion of stationarity on κ + . We produce a model where all subsets of κ + are in the range of μ for some κ a singular. Using a version of the diagonal supercompact Prikry forcing, we obtain such a model where κ is strong limit. Then we construct a sequence of stationary sets that is not tightly stationary in a strong way, namely, its image under μ is empty. All of these results start from a model with a continuous tree-like scale on κ.
Effects of postnatal estrogen manipulations on juvenile alloparental behavior.

Abstract Sex- and species-specific patterns of estrogen receptor (ER)-α expression are established early in development, which may contribute to sexual differentiation of behavior and determine male social organization. The current study investigated the effects of ERα and ERβ activation during the second postnatal week on subsequent alloparental behavior and ERα expression in juvenile prairie voles. Male and female pups were treated daily with 17β-estradiol (E2, ERα/ERβ agonist), PPT (selective ERα agonist), DPN (selective ERβ agonist), or the oil vehicle on postnatal days (PD) 8–14. Alloparental behavior and ERα expression were examined at PD21. PPT treatment inhibited prosocial motivation in males and increased pup-directed aggression in both sexes. E2 and DPN had no apparent effect on behavior in either sex. PPT-treated males had increased ERα expression in the medial preoptic area (MPN), medial amygdala (MEApd) and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTpr). DPN treatment also increased ERα expression in males, but only in the BSTpr. Female ERα expression was unaffected by treatment. These results support the hypothesis that ERα activation in early life is associated with less prosocial patterns of central ERα expression and alloparental behavior in males. The lack of an effect of E2 on behavior suggests that ERβ may antagonize the effects of ERα on alloparental behavior. The results in DPN-treated males suggest that ERα in the MEApd, and not the BSTpr, may be a primary determinant of alloparental behavior in males.
The diversity of sexual attitudes in Medieval Europe: Christian and medical traditions

(1996). The diversity of sexual attitudes in Medieval Europe: Christian and medical traditions. Global Bioethics: Vol. 9, No. 1-4, pp. 93-100.
Knowledge management: a strategic tool for the new millennium

Summary form only given, as follows. This paper presents an assessment of knowledge management based on the experience of several consulting companies.
Machado-Joseph Disease/Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3

Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), also known as spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), may be the most common dominantly inherited ataxia in the world. Here I will review historical, clinical, neuropathological, genetic, and pathogenic features of MJD, and finish with a brief discussion of present, and possible future, treatment for this currently incurable disorder. Like many other dominantly inherited ataxias, MJD/SCA3 shows remarkable clinical heterogeneity, reflecting the underlying genetic defect: an unstable CAG trinucleotide repeat that varies in size among affected persons. This pathogenic repeat in MJD/SCA3 encodes an expanded tract of the amino acid glutamine in the disease protein, which is known as ataxin-3. MJD/SCA3 is one of nine identified polyglutamine neurodegenerative diseases which share features of pathogenesis centered on protein misfolding and accumulation. The specific properties of MJD/SCA3 and its disease protein are discussed in light of what is known about the entire class of polyglutamine diseases.
Depression: A Public Feeling Ann Cvetkovich. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2012.

Depression: A Public Feeling Ann Cvetkovich. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2012.In Depression: A Public Feeling, Ann Cvetkovich examines an alarming proliferation of depression in the general population with a rigorous commitment to dismantling preconceived notions about this disorder and what she sees as both a pervasive and unhealthy handling of it. Establishing the cause and cure for this problem has always been relegated to the medical community, a practice to which she heartily objects. Her text is literally a close reading of the book's title with expansive analysis of the overused but under analyzed terms "depression" and "feeling." Using poststructuralist strategies modeling from feminist and LGBT community activities, Cvetkovich reconstructs the word "depression" from its medical roots. She is unrelenting in her political indictment of the cultural complicity that managed to generate a disease whose treatment reinforces and assures its ongoing destructiveness while appearing to cure. Instead, she offers a new genealogy for the origins of depression and further avenues for recontextualization through the development of new cultural communities as found in the "Public Feelings Project."Cvetkovich initially defines all the terms that constitute her book title, the most unfamiliar being "public feeling." For Cvetkovich, this term refers to a project in which the author and like-minded participants formed groups such as "Feel Tank Chicago," which was committed to reframing post-9/11 despair into action programs with optimistic orientations. This antidote, as mapped out in Depression: A Public Feeling, provides a blueprint for achieving progress, while much of the work rests on processes external to writing. The task is enterprising, and the contents of the book are far reaching and, at times, quite discontinuous. Despite its obvious intellectual acuity on the subject, the book is not an easy one to traverse both because of the text's intentionally disjunctive structure as well as its highly abstruse terminology and farreaching conceptual scaffolding.The introduction lays out her new terminology and painstakingly transforms the standard clinical term for depression into a collective one within "cultural and social phenomenon" (1). By that gesture, Cvetkovich is able to find collectivity out of various communities within which she personally interacts such as the previously referenced "Feel Tank Chicago," a group that had meetings, a Web site, and interfaced with other like-minded communities. She not only resurrects the term "feeling" from the junk heap of facile, self-help terminology, but she also restores theoretical gravitas to the term. In a brief excerpt from Cvetkovich's journals about her own breakdown as a junior professor, she personalizes the text. …
When Does R&D Expense Distort Profitability Estimates?

Financial analysts and researchers use accounting-based measures of profitability to assess the past performance of firms and as a starting point in forecasting future performance. Research and development costs can distort profitability measures because firms are required to expense R&D immediately, even if the investment creates future benefits. This article introduces a new model identifying two observable firm characteristics that must both be present for R&D costs to distort return on assets (ROA): large R&D expenditures and a sizable difference between ROA and the firm's growth rate. Because these conditions typically do not occur together, there is frequently little difference between unadjusted ROA and ROA estimates obtained by reversing, capitalizing, and depreciating historical R&D costs, and the two ROA measures produce similar rankings of firm profitability. Our approach identifies cases for which unadjusted ROA could be misleading, letting analysts and researchers target these firms for further analysis.
Vesnarinone Suppresses TNF-Induced Activation of NF-κB, c-Jun Kinase, and Apoptosis

Vesnarinone, a synthetic quinolinone derivative used in the treatment of cardiac failure, exhibits immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and cell growth regulatory properties. The mechanisms underlying these properties are not understood, but due to the critical role of nuclear transcription factor NF-kappa B in these responses, we hypothesized that vesnarinone must modulate NF-kappa B activation. We investigated the effect of vesnarinone on NF-kappa B activation induced by inflammatory agents. Vesnarinone blocked TNF-induced activation of NF-kappa B in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. This effect was mediated through inhibition of phosphorylation and degradation of I kappa B alpha, an inhibitor of NF-kappa B. The effects of vesnarinone were not cell type specific, as it blocked TNF-induced NF-kappa B activation in a variety of cells. NF-kappa B-dependent reporter gene transcription activated by TNF was also suppressed by vesnarinone. The TNF-induced NF-kappa B activation cascade involving TNF receptor 1-TNF receptor associated death domain-TNF receptor associated factor 2 NF-kappa B-inducing kinase-IKK was interrupted at the TNF receptor associated factor 2 and NF-kappa B-inducing kinase sites by vesnarinone, thus suppressing NF-kappa B reporter gene expression. Vesnarinone also blocked NF-kappa B activation induced by several other inflammatory agents, inhibited the TNF-induced activation of transcription factor AP-1, and suppressed the TNF-induced activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase. TNF-induced cytotoxicity, caspase activation, and lipid peroxidation were also abolished by vesnarinone. Overall, our results indicate that vesnarinone inhibits activation of NF-kappa B and AP-1 and their associated kinases. This may provide a molecular basis for vesnarinone's ability to suppress inflammation, immunomodulation, and growth regulation.
Impact of Horizontal Genetic Transfer on the Evolution of Bacterial Genomes

Analyses of bacterial genomes suggest that horizontal genetic transfer was an important process in the acquisition of new functions. Models of bacterial diversification are explored in detail in this chapter. Although the rate of horizontal transfer in Escherichia coli is substantial, and potentially useful information has been delivered in the form of selfish operons, it is clear that bacterial genomes are not growing ever larger in size; it is also clear that particular bacterial strains exhibit a definable set of metabolic capabilities and certainly do not perform every biochemical function possible. The acquired sequences—when they are maintained by natural selection and show signs of amelioration—must provide a selectable function that contributes to cellular fitness, few point mutation changes are likely to improve cellular fitness. For this reason, acquired genes are more likely to contribute to the long-term evolution of bacterial species than are point mutations. Both mutational processes and horizontal genetic transfer have allowed diversity of bacterial species in soils to arise from the common ancestor of all known life. If the roles of horizontal genetic transfer and chromosomal deletion are considered in shaping the composition of bacterial chromosomes, we can see that the mode of genome evolution has strong implications for how bacteria diversify. More recent work examining the role played by laterally transferred genes in lineage diversification concluded that the acquisition of laterally acquired genes (like the cob operons in Salmonella) was the initiating event leading to genetic isolation between bacterial species.
Is S-1 a potential game changer in adjuvant therapy of pancreatic cancer?

There remains a lack of consensus on the optimal adjuvant therapy for pancreatic cancer. In general, chemoradiation is favored in the United States and gemcitabine based chemotherapy is favored in Europe. Both of these approaches have been shown by large prospective, randomized trials to improve disease free survivals and in some studies overall survival. We present the summary of three abstracts from the 2013 American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Annual Meeting and discuss their potential impact on our clinical practice. Adjuvant oral chemotherapy with S-1 (Fukutomi et al ., Abstract #4008) has now emerged as a promising alternative to the traditional gold standard of intravenous gemcitabine in a relatively large randomized phase III clinical trial. Another study by Yoshitomi et al . (Abstract #4056) examined the value of adjuvant chemotherapy with S-1 alone versus combination of S-1 and gemcitabine versus gemcitabine alone in a three arm phase II clinical trial (CAP-002 Study). In terms of biomarkers in pancreatic cancer, Neoptolemos et al . presented the impact of hENT1 tumor levels on the outcome of the patients with pancreatic cancer (Abstract #4006) who had received adjuvant chemotherapy with either 5-flurouracil or gemcitabine in the ESPAC trial. Image: Composition and mechanism of action of S-1.
Incorporating the patient’s voice into electronic health records through patient-reported outcomes as the “review of systems”

Owing to lack of standardization for eliciting patient symptoms, the limited time available during clinical encounters, and the often-competing priorities of patients and providers, providers may not appreciate the full spectrum of the patient’s symptom experience. Using electronically collected patient-reported outcomes to capture the review of system outside of the clinic visit may not only improve the efficiency, completeness, and accuracy of data collection for the review of system, but also provide the opportunity to operationalize incorporating the patient’s voice into the electronic health record. While the necessary technology is already available, multiple stakeholders, including electronic health record vendors, clinicians, researchers, and professional societies, need to align their interests before this can become a widespread reality.