cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal classifier feedback improves cost-benefit but not base-rate decision criterion learning in perceptual categorization.

Unequal payoffs engender separate reward- and accuracy-maximizing decision criteria; unequal base rates do not. When payoffs are unequal, observers place greater emphasis on accuracy than is optimal. This study compares objective classifier (the objectively correct response) with optimal classifier feedback (the optimal classifier’s response) when payoffs or base rates are unequal. It provides a critical test of Maddox and Bohil’s (1998) competition between reward and accuracy maximization (COBRA) hypothesis, comparing it with a competition between reward and probability matching (COBRM) and a competition between reward and equal response frequencies (COBRE) hypothesis. The COBRA prediction that optimal classifier feedback leads to better decision criterion learning relative to objective classifier feedback when payoffs are unequal, but not when base rates are unequal, was supported. Model-based analyses suggested that the weight placed on accuracy was reduced for optimal classifier feedback relative to objective classifier feedback. In addition, delayed feedback affected learning of the reward-maximizing decision criterion.
Simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant in two children with hemolytic-uremic syndrome

Simultaneous pancreas-kidney (SPK) transplantation has rarely been performed in the pediatric population. This report describes successful SPK transplantation in a 12-year-old girl and a 14-year-old boy with renal and pancreatic insufficiency secondary to postdiarrheal hemolytic-uremic syndrome. All reported cases of pediatric SPK transplantation are reviewed. SPK transplantation is a feasible option in selected pediatric patients with combined pancreatic and renal insufficiency.
Dynamic DNA Helicase-DNA Polymerase Interactions Assure Processive Replication Fork Movement

A single copy of bacteriophage T7 DNA polymerase and DNA helicase advance the replication fork with a processivity greater than 17,000 nucleotides. Nonetheless, the polymerase transiently dissociates from the DNA without leaving the replisome. Ensemble and single-molecule techniques demonstrate that this dynamic processivity is made possible by two modes of DNA polymerase-helicase interaction. During DNA synthesis the polymerase and the helicase interact at a high-affinity site. In this polymerizing mode, the polymerase dissociates from the DNA approximately every 5000 bases. The polymerase, however, remains bound to the helicase via an electrostatic binding mode that involves the acidic C-terminal tail of the helicase and a basic region in the polymerase to which the processivity factor also binds. The polymerase transfers via the electrostatic interaction around the hexameric helicase in search of the primer-template.
An efficient method for the numerical solution of one-phase Stefan problems (abstract)

The purpose of this talk is to discuss an implicit numerical method for the solution of a class of Stefan problems. The method is efficient in the sense that, although the location of the moving boundary is determined by solving a sequence of problems, the amount of computation done to advance the solution one time step is little more than would be required if the boundary were fixed.
Transformational Leadership in the Public Sector: Does Structure Matter?

This study contributes to our understanding of leadership in public sector organizations by investigating the effect of organizational structure on the transformational leadership practices of municipal chief administrative officers. Using data from a national survey of senior managers in local government, the findings of this study suggest a number of possible explanations for why public sector organizations exhibit higher levels of transformational leadership than what scholars traditionally expect. Our findings suggest that the structure of these organizations may not be as bureaucratic as commonly believed and that some bureaucratic characteristics had little, if any, adverse affect on the prevalence or practice of transformational leadership behaviors. In particular, although organizational hierarchy and inadequate lateral/upward communication were associated with lower transformational leadership, no relationship was found between transformational leadership behaviors and two types of organizational red tape. Contrary to expectations in the mainstream leadership literature, however, the use of performance measurement by municipal organizations was associated with a significant increase in reported transformational leadership behaviors.
The Criminalization of Dissent: Protest Violence, Activist Performance, and the Curious Case of the VolxTheaterKarawane in Genoa

The arrest of the activist performance collective the VolxTheaterKarawane concretely reveals the discourse of criminalization state authorities used to brutally suppress dissent at the 2001 G8 Summit in Genoa, Italy. It is one example of the increasingly common strategy of political elites who promote the perception of political protest as a criminal act, a misapprehension that has profound consequences for the future of democracy and dissent in late capitalism.
Langmuir receives Bowen Award

The 1996 N. L. Bowen Award was presented to Charles Langmuir at the AGU Fall Meeting on December 16, 1996. The award is given by the Volcanology, Geochemistry, and Petrology section for a single outstanding contribution to volcanology, geochemistry, or petrology made during the preceding 5 years. The award citation and Langmuir's response are given here.
Interpretive validity theory: mapping a methodology for validating educational assessments

Background: Validity theory has evolved significantly over the past 30 years in response to the increased use of assessments across scientific, social and educational settings. The overarching trajectory of this evolution reflects a shift from a purely quantitative, positivistic approach to a conception of validity reliant on the interpretation of multiple evidence sources integrated into validity arguments. Moreover, within contemporary validity, interpretation has been emphasised as a central process; however, despite this emphasis, there have been few explicit articulations of specific interpretive methodologies applicable to the practice of validation. Purpose: To link contemporary theoretical foundations in validity to practical methods and structures to help guide the collection and analysis of interpretive validity evidence. By building upon existing validity theory, this paper aims to provide greater clarity on the practice of validation and contribute toward the larger developing framework for th...
1861 PROLONGATION OF INSPIRATORY TIME BY LOWER AIRWAY OCCLUSION IN CHILDREN

Inspiration is strongly inhibited by volume-related vagal afferents in human neonates and animals but this reflex is not as active in human adults during normal breathing. To determine if volume-related inspiratory inhibition occurs beyond the neonatal period we performed 10±1 end expiratory occlusions in 5 patients (3-17mos.) with cuffed tracheostomy or endotracheal tubes. Occlusion pressure and surface diaphragm electromyogram (DIA EMG) were simultaneously recorded. DIA EMG duration (TIDIA) was measured from the raw signal, and peak amplitude, time to peak and rate of rise of DIA EMG were quantified from moving average signals. Inspiratory time (Ti) was measured from flow signal during the breath immediately preceding occlusion and from occlusion pressure (JAP 38:335, 1975) during the first occluded effort. During control breaths TIDIA was longer than Ti from flow (790±110vs 550±130ms, p<0.01). Occlusion consistently increased Ti (550±1130 to 710±230ms, p<0.05) and TIDIA (790±110 to 990±130ms, p<0.001). Peak amplitude and time to peak DIA EMG increased by 22±6%, p<0.005 and 30±4%, p<0.001, respectively, during occlusion but rate of rise did not change. In summary, in patients with isolated lower airways, end expiratory occlusions prolonged inspiratory efforts and DIA EMG. These findings indicate that during normal breathing volume-related afferents shorten inspiration in children. Isolation of lower airways suggests that these reflexes are not mediated by upper airway mechanoreceptors. Thus, the Hering-Breuer reflex may he present beyond the neonatal period. (Supp. NIH HL31173 and HL25830)
Avoidance of strobe lights by zooplankton

Underwater strobe lights can influence the behavior and distribution of fishes and are increasingly used as a technique to divert fish away from water intake structures on dams. However, few studies examine how strobe lights may affect organisms other than targeted species. To gain insight on strobe lighting effects on nontarget invertebrates, we investigated whether underwater strobe lights influence zooplankton distributions and abundance in Lake Oahe, South Dakota. Zooplankton were collected using vertical tows at 3 discrete distances from an underwater strobe light to quantify the influence of light intensity on zooplankton density. Samples were collected from 3 different depth ranges (0–10 m, 10–20 m and 20–30 m) at <1 m, 15 m and ⩾100 m distance intervals away from the strobe light. Copepods represented 67.2% and Daphnia spp. represented 23.3% of all zooplankton sampled from 17 August to 15 September 2004. Night time zooplankton densities significantly decreased in surface waters when strobe lights ...
Are we losing the art of midwifery

There has been an increasing emphasis on the use of technology for the assessment and evaluation of women during the antepartum and intrapartum periods. As a result, “hands-on” skills, such as abdominal palpation and clinical pelvimetry, receive less emphasis in educational programs and practice. Are nurse-midwifery educational programs turning the focus of their curriculum too frequently toward high-risk pregnancy and away from the normal pregnancy? There is a need to balance nurse-midwifery education, to consider the needs of all pregnant women while incorporating advances in technology appropriately. Some recent graduates are not adequately trained in the use of assessment skills that are not dependent upon technology; thus, their capability as practitioners is compromised. Integration of new content into nurse-midwifery curricula should always reflect the philosophy of each program. Renewed attention to teaching, using, and assessing these skills should be encouraged.
Magnetic susceptibility of [(CH3)3NH]NiCl3·2H2O and (C9H7NH)NiCl3·32H2O:one dimensional S=1 systems with ferromagnetic intrachain interactions

Abstract The powder magnetic susceptibilities of the new 1dS=1 systems [(CH3)3NH]NiCl3·2H2O (henceforth TMAN) and (C9H7NH)NiCl3· 3 2 H 2 O (henceforth QNC) have been measured down to T=2 K. Both salts contain bibridged nickel chloride chains. The data reveals strong ferromagnetic intrachain spin correlations in both salts with the onset of long range order at T=3.5 K in TMAN. A theoretical expression for the susceptibility of a 1dS=1 Ising system with single ion anisotropy has been derived. The results of the analysis are compared with those for high temperature series expansion of a Heisenberg system with single ion anisotropy. Both models give J/k⋍10–14 K for TMAN and QNC with the Ms=0 level low.
Sensitization of amphetamine-induced stereotyped behaviors during the acute response: role of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors.

During the response to an injection of amphetamine, rapid changes occur in the ability of the drug to induce stereotyped behaviors. This enhanced responsivity does not involve changes in the caudate-putamen or nucleus accumbens extracellular dopamine response, but appears to require activation of dopamine receptors. In the present studies we examined the role that D1 and D2 dopamine receptors might play in the development and expression of the enhanced stereotypy response. In one series of experiments we used the dopamine agonists, SKF 82958 and quinpirole as relatively selective probes at D1 and D2 dopamine receptors, respectively, to test for changes in dopamine receptor sensitivity following a pretreatment ('priming') with 4.0 mg/kg amphetamine. Doses of both SKF 82958 and quinpirole which were sub-threshold to induce perseverative behaviors in control animals, promoted stereotyped behaviors in amphetamine-primed animals, suggesting an enhanced sensitivity of both D1 and D2 receptors. In a second series of experiments, we sought to determine whether priming with these relatively selective dopamine receptor agonists, as well as the mixed D1/D2 agonist, apomorphine, would result in an enhanced stereotypy response to the subsequent administration of non-stereotypy producing doses of amphetamine (0.5-1.5 mg/kg). Priming with the dopamine receptor agonists each resulted in an enhanced amphetamine-induced stereotypy response. These results indicate that both D1 and D2 dopamine receptors contribute to both the development and the expression of the altered stereotypy responsivity, though several dose- and time-related observations suggest that other mechanisms likely contribute as well. Because these changes are apparent during the amphetamine response, they may have important implications for the evolving behavioral alterations which result when stimulants are administered in a binge pattern of drug abuse.
SU‐GG‐T‐274: Dosimetric Characteristics of a Commercially Available Optical Stimulated Luminescence Dosimeter (OSLD)

Purpose: To assess the dosimetric characteristics of the Landauer Microstar optical stimulated luminescencedosimetry (OSLD) system, the energy, dose rate, and angular dependencies, linearity, temporal and reading fade, and intra‐batch variation were systematically tested. Method and Materials: All detector chips were irradiated a custom‐milled 25×25 cm polystyrene phantom. Calibration of the system was done for 6 MV, 10×10 cm2field size, 100 cm SAD, and dmax. Relative energy response was determined for 6 and 15 MV xrays and 6, 9, 12, 16, and 20 MeV electrons. Groups of multiple chips received up to 20 Gy to assess the linearity and reproducibility of the system. The angular dependency was studied by varying the angle of incidence. Reading fade dependency was quantified by repeatedly reading out an exposed chip over a one hour period. Temporal fade was quantified by readouts up to 14 days post irradiation. Results: OSLD response is linear to within 5% over the dose range 0 to 20 Gy. OSLD response decreased by 5% at 90° incidence. Energy dependence showed the largest variation, 5%, was between 6 MV xrays and 12MeV electrons. Measurement uncertainty is 2.5% (1σ, n=70). Reading fade is found to be 0.1%/rdg. Temporal fade is 5%, 2%, and 1% for 1cGy, 5 cGy, and ⩾50 cGy, respectively, between 15 minutes and 2 hours after irradiation, and 15%, 7%, and 3% at 14 days. Conclusion: OLSD exhibits some nonlinearity, as well as angular, energy, and intra‐batch variation under reference conditions. Refinements in calibration software and tighter quality control by the manufacturer should improve the accuracy and chip to chip variation. Temporal and reading fade are not clinically significant.
Biochemical pharmacology of isolated neuronal growth cones: implications for synaptogenesis.

Abstract The neuronal growth cone is critical to the establishment of neuronal polarity through its motile, pathfinding and target recognition properties exhibited during synaptogenesis. Subcellular fractionation procedures yielding milligram quantities of isolated growth cones has allowed for biochemical and pharmacological investigation of intrinsic growth cone components that are likely to be involved in regulation of growth cone function in neuronal development. These ‘mapping’ studies of growth cone components are prerequisites to elucidating the mechanisms by which extracellular factors influence the motility, adhesion and directed growth of the growth cone. For example, neurotransmitters and polypeptide growth factors which have been shown in other systems to modulate growth cone behavior are presumed to act through receptors on the growth cone, inducing secondmessenger molecule formation and consequent modification and regulation of proteins effecting the response(s) of the growth cone (i.e. proteins involved in motility, adhesion and membrane turnover). In a relatively short period of time, work with the isolated growth cone preparation has identified, in independent studies, many of the elements involved in this proposed scheme of events, including transmitter receptors, second-messenger cascades, and second-messenger post-translational modifications. An obvious future goal will be to analyze in more detail the intracellular events, and the relationships between them, in the growth cone and how they transmit extracellular signals into responses such as motility and adhesivity which underly the growth cone's synaptogenic properties. It is to be expected that much of this information will come forth from experimentation with the isolated growth cone preparation.
Perinatal differences in delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase activity☆

Abstract Prenatal levels of ALA synthetase are higher in rats, rabbits and guinea pigs than in adult animals. The rat and rabbit reach the lower adult levels within the first week of life, while the guinea pig activity declines during the late prenatal period. It is suggested that the regulation of this enzyme in fetal and neonatal animals is less effectively controlled than in adult animals of the same specie. The possible etiology of an increased perinatal ALA synthetase activity and its suggested role in neonatal jaundice, erythropoiesis, and deficiency of microsomal drug metabolizing enzyme systems are discussed.
Standards structure for a data processing department

Standards are reputed to solve a great number of problems within a data processing organization. In truth, standards alone solve very few problems. This paper presents this dilemma in terms of the practical objectives and consequences of local standards development. Rather than promote a particular standards set, general appropriateness is discussed in terms of a supportive standards structure. The model for standards development which is utilized is the Standards Manual used at Indiana University for administrative data processing. The experience of its development illustrates the conditions underlying a proper standards structure:• the need for and applicability of local standards• the organization of a Standards Manual• the organization of a department standards committee• the procedures for standards evaluation and maintenance• the procedures for standards enforcementStandards are no simple nostrum used to remedy basic ills in the computer installation. However, the structure presented in this paper is one important aspect of a greatly needed determination to manage the data processing environment in a consistent manner.
Spinal transection accelerates the developmental expression of penile reflexes in male rats.

Abstract The development of penile reflexes (erections, cups, and flips) in intact and spinally transected male rats was investigated. Spinal transection on Day 25 advanced the ages of onset of penile erections and flips approximately 10 days relative to control males. There were no differences in the ages of onset of penile cups and preputial separation between transected and control males. In addition to advancing the onset of penile reflexes, spinal transection reduced the latency to first reflex and increased the number of erections and flips. The developmental onset of penile reflexes in intact male rats can not be attributed only to the age at which the spinal mechanisms underlying the reflexes mature, but rather to an age-related reduction in supraspinal inhibition.
Literature review of thermal and radiation performance parameters for high-temperature, uranium dioxide fueled cermet materials

Abstract High-temperature fissile-fueled cermet literature was reviewed. Data are presented primarily for the W–UO2 as this was the system most frequently studied; other reviewed systems include cermets with Mo, Re, or alloys as a matrix. Failure mechanisms for the cermets are typically degradation of mechanical integrity and loss of fuel. Mechanical failure can occur through stresses produced from dissimilar expansion coefficients, voids created from diffusion of dissimilar materials or formation of metal hydride and subsequent volume expansion. Fuel loss failure can occur by high temperature surface vaporization or by vaporization after loss of mechanical integrity. Techniques found to aid in retaining fuel include the use of coatings around UO2 fuel particles, use of oxide stabilizers in the UO2, minimizing grain sizes in the metal matrix, minimizing impurities, controlling the cermet sintering atmosphere, and cladding around the cermet.
Precision Rhinoplasty. Part II: Prediction

This retrospective study was undertaken to investigate the soft-tissue response rate to the skeletal and soft-tissue alterations following a rhinoplasty. Ninety-eight patients, 80 females and 18 males, with a mean follow-up of 13 months, were included in this study. The tracings of the outline of pr
A formal theory of social power

This paper builds on French's (1956) Formal Theory of Social Power. In the theory, a population's power structure is formally related to its structure of influential communications which, in turn, is formally related to its pattern and prevalence of interpersonal agreements. The theory's predictions include the following about the members of a population: (1) the expected influence of each member in determining other members’ opinions on an issue; (2) the probability of consensus on an issue in the population or in any given subset (dyad or cluster) of the members; and (3) the probability that any given proportion of the members (e.g., a majority) will be in agreement on an issue. The theory overcomes well‐recognized limitations of French's seminal effort. Its predictions rest (1) on a micro‐level process of opinion change and (2) on macro‐level variations in the pattern and strengths of the ties that comprise a power structure.
Acyl-CoA binding proteins interact with the acyl-CoA binding domain of mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyl transferase I.

Although the rate limiting step in mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, catalyzed by carnitine palmitoyl transferase I (CPTI), utilizes long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs (LCFA-CoA) as a substrate, how LCFA-CoA is transferred to CPTI remains elusive. Based on secondary structural predictions and conserved tryptophan residues, the cytoplasmic C-terminal domain was hypothesized to be the LCFA-CoA binding site and important for interaction with cytoplasmic LCFA-CoA binding/transport proteins to provide a potential route for LCFA-CoA transfer. To begin to address this question, the cytoplasmic C-terminal region of liver CPTI (L-CPTI) was recombinantly expressed and purified. Data herein showed for the first time that the L-CPTI C-terminal 89 residues were sufficient for high affinity binding of LCFA-CoA (K d = 2–10 nM) and direct interaction with several cytoplasmic LCFA-CoA binding proteins (K d < 10 nM), leading to enhanced CPTI activity. Furthermore, alanine substitutions for tryptophan in L-CPTI (W391A and W452A) altered secondary structure, decreased binding affinity for LCFA-CoA, and almost completely abolished L-CPTI activity, suggesting that these amino acids may be important for ligand stabilization necessary for L-CPTI activity. Moreover, while decreased activity of the W452A mutant could be explained by decreased binding of lipid binding proteins, W391 itself seems to be important for activity. These data suggest that both interactions with lipid binding proteins and the peptide itself are important for optimal enzyme activity.
A Variable Multidimensional Dark Adaptometer

A visual adaptometer designed for the investigation of several parameters of adaptation is described. The apparatus is relatively simple and inexpensive to construct. Its utility and flexibility make it a useful instrument for research and classroom demonstration.
Effects of Triiodothyronine and Aldosterone on Water and Electrolyte Excretion by the Hypophysectomized Rat

Triiodothyronine retards the excretion of a water load by hypophysectomized rats and increases urine osmolality. In addition, triiodothyronine increases sodium retention during the first few hours after water loading or saline loading. Aldosterone treatment in any of several doses fails to produce any of these effects. Following 24-hr fluid deprivation, however,aldosterone exerts a greater influence on sodium retention than does triiodothyronine, but does not increase the urine osmolality as does the latter hormone. We propose that, while adrenal steroids may exert permissive effects, the renal effects of triiodothyronine cannot be due solely to increased aldosterone secretion or adrenal perfusion. {Endocrinology 80: 1185, 1967)
Effects of endodontic media and medicaments on root canal mycoplasma.

Abstract Mycoplasma isolated from a human root canal have been used in this study. Quantitation based on the ability of these microorganisms to form colonies has been used to study their relationship to endodontic media and medicaments.
Treatment of severe depression with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are recognized as effective as and better tolerated than older antidepressant therapies and have become the drugs of choice in the treatment of mild to moderate depression. However, there is a clinical impression that the SSRIs are less effective than older therapies in the severely depressed patient. A limited number of trials have attempted to address this issue. This review assesses 16 controlled studies of SSRIs in severe depression. The findings from a majority of studies found the SSRIs to be superior to placebo and as effective as but better tolerated than the tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) in severely depressed patients. Although future studies are needed to corroborate and elaborate on these data, studies still support the use of SSRIs in this patient population. Depression and Anxiety 4:182–189, 1996/1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Involvement of Unendorsed Motorcycle Operators in Fatal Crashes in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, 2005–2011

Objective: This study examines the role of unendorsed motorcycle operators in fatal motorcycle crashes and the interrelationships of endorsement status and motorcycle type with operator characteristics like riding impaired. Methods: Cases were drawn from a database tracking fatal crashes occurring within Cuyahoga County, Ohio, from 2005 to 2011. Analysis focused on 75 fatal motorcycle crashes in which the deceased motorcycle operators were male and coroner's reports, police crash reports, and license endorsement status were available. Analysis included comparison of means, chi square testing, and binary logistic regression. Results: More than half of motorcyclists (53%) did not have motorcycle endorsements. Mean age of unendorsed riders was 36.8 years, compared to 44.2 years for endorsed riders. Motorcyclists were considered at fault in 69 percent of cases, most often due to reckless operation, failure to control, or speeding. Mean blood alcohol concentration for fatally injured motorcyclists was 0.06 per...
Aromatic substitution via organoboranes 2. Regiospecific alkylation of the furan and pyrrole nucleus

Abstract Reaction of 2-lithiofuran or 1-methyl-2-lithiopyrrole with trialkylboranes leads to a borate salt. Subsequent treatment with an appropriate electrophile such as NCS leads to teh 2-alkylfuran or 1-methyl-2-alkylpyrrole.
Optimum Design of Structures at Elevated Temperatures

This paper describes optimum design techniques for structures where high temperatures are important design considerations. An improved variant of fully stressed design (FSD), denoted thermal fully stressed design (TFSD), is described which converges significantly faster than FSD for problems where thermal stresses are comparable in magnitude to mechanical stresses. Also, an optimali ty criterion is described for sizing structures subjected to temperature constraints. Simultaneous requirements on strength and temperatures are handled by two different techniques: 1) state-of-the-art mathematical programming method and 2) the optimality criterion technique for temperature constraints combined with FSD for strength constraints. Finally, a method is described to optimize the insulation and ply thickness of an insulated composite panel with a time-varying temperature applied to the outer surface of the insulation and a general set of in-plane loads applied to the panel. Temperature and strength constraints are satisfied at a specified number of times. Only a small number of such discrete times are necessary for adequate results for an example contained herein.
Continuous Voice to Text Computerized Dictation in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Improves Efficiency 1261

Continuous Voice to Text Computerized Dictation in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Improves Efficiency 1261
Oxolinic Acid in the Treatment of Typhoid Fever Due to Chloramphenicol-Resistant Strains of Salmonella typhi

Abstract Of 28 strains of Salmonella typhosa collected in late 1972 in Vietnam, 4 had minimum inhibitory concentrations to chloramphenicol of >100 μg/ml. Median minimum inhibitory concentrations of all strains to oxolinic acid were 0.39 μg/ml; ampicillin, 6.25 μg/ml; amoxicillin, 0.39 μg/ml. Widespread typhoid fever appeared in mid-1973 with more than three-fourths of strains found to be resistant to chloramphenicol. Peak serum concentrations of oxolinic acid average 3.0 μg/ml after the oral ingestion of 1.0 g. In July 1974, a pilot study was begun to evaluate the efficacy of oxolinic acid in vivo, recognizing the discrepancy between in vitro and in vivo results with many agents evaluated in the treatment of typhoid fever. Seven patients with typhoid fever, six with positive blood cultures, were treated with oxolinic acid (1.5 g twice daily by mouth, a daily dose that averaged 75 mg/kg per day) for 5 to 12 days. In four of six patients, blood cultures became negative at 2 to 3 days, with another being negative at 6 days. Despite negative blood cultures, all but one patient remained clinically ill with temperatures of >39.5 C at 4 to 9 days. All strains were susceptible to 0.19 μg of oxolinic acid per ml, and resistant strains did not occur. One patient died after being changed to ampicillin, one left against advice, three responded to amoxicillin, and one died with pseudomonas bacteremia. Toxicity to oxolinic acid did not occur.
Neural Correlates of the Contextual Interference Effect in Motor Learning: A Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Investigation

ABSTRACT The authors applied transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to investigate the causal role of the primary motor cortex (M1) for the contextual-interference effect in motor learning. Previous work using a nonfocal TMS coil suggested a casual role for M1 during high-interference practice conditions, but this hypothesis has not yet been proven. In the 1st experiment, participants practiced 3 rapid elbow flexion–extension tasks in either a blocked or random order, with learning assessed by a delayed retention test. TMS was delivered immediately after feedback during practice using a circular coil, centered over the contralateral M1. Each participant practiced with 1 of 3 TMS conditions: no TMS, real TMS, or sham TMS. Although no significant differences were observed between groups during acquisition, retention of the random group was better than the blocked group. The learning benefits of random practice were attenuated in the real-TMS condition, but not in the sham-TMS or no-TMS conditions. In the 2...
Damage detection by applying statistical methods to PZT impedance measurements

ABSTRACT An effective integrated structural health monitoring system must include a method of sensing and a process of damage identification that are optimized to work together. The result is a system that provides an automated and quantified assessment of damage present in a structure. Two candidates for such a symbiosis of sensing and damage identification are impedance-based measurement and statistical process control. The impedance-based structural health monitoring method uses a high frequency signal to excite a structure through a bonded piezoelectric patch and measures the impedance response of the excited structure across a frequency spectrum. In structural damage cases such as threads loosening or a crack developing, the structure in question will begin to show a change in impedance. Once measured, a damage sensitive feature from this impedance change can be statistically quantified into different damage cases by statistical process control. This paper addresses impedance measurements from experimental structures and a subsequent statistical method for quantitatively determining when the impedance signature of the structures has changed significantly enough to warrant the classification of damaged. Simple features and hypothesis testing algorithms are explored in an effort to create real-time solutions and reduce the complexity of damage identification for future use in low resource integrated structural health monitoring systems. Keywords: Structural health monitoring, damage identification, integrated systems, statistical process control, impedance method, smart materials.
The effects of CEO equity ownership and firm diversification on risk taking

This research explores the effects of CEO equity ownership and corporate diversification on firms' risk-taking and risk avoidance behaviors. Hypotheses regarding these effects are tested through econometric analysis of mergers in the U.S. cable television industry. Risk taking and avoidance are measured as horizontal expansion through acquisitions and as the divestiture of assets, respectively, in the face of increasing environmental turbulence. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Dynamic Energy Landscape of Dihydrofolate Reductase Catalysis

We used nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation dispersion to characterize higher energy conformational substates of Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase. Each intermediate in the catalytic cycle samples low-lying excited states whose conformations resemble the ground-state structures of preceding and following intermediates. Substrate and cofactor exchange occurs through these excited substates. The maximum hydride transfer and steady-state turnover rates are governed by the dynamics of transitions between ground and excited states of the intermediates. Thus, the modulation of the energy landscape by the bound ligands funnels the enzyme through its reaction cycle along a preferred kinetic path.
Surface Texturing of Metals by Cathode Spots of Atmospheric Arc

This paper investigates the application of atmospheric arc (the same arc that is used for welding) for surface texturing of aluminum alloy in micro scale. This research shows that micro-texturing of metallic surfaces is feasible with an arc-based, inexpensive, environment-friendly method. In this paper, fundamental phenomena occurring during surface texturing process using cathode spots of arc are introduced. The surface texturing process is experimentally studied using surface microscopy and high-speed real-time monitoring by a machine-vision system. The advantages of the process and the potential applications are discussed.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Pairing in a tight-binding model with occupation-dependent hopping rate: Exact diagonalization study.

The Hubbard model with occupation-dependent hopping rate exhibits superconductivity in a wide range of parameters within mean-field (BCS) theory. Here we study pair binding energies in this model for small clusters by exact diagonalization of the Hamiltonian. The model is defined by on-site and nearest-neighbor repulsions {ital U} and {ital V}, and occupation-dependent hopping rate {ital t}({ital n})={ital t}+{ital n}{Delta}{ital t}. We present results for one-dimensional chains and for two-dimensional square lattices of sizes 4{times}4, 6{times}6, and 8{times}8. As a function of carrier density {ital n} the pair binding energy first increases and then decreases, and vanishes beyond a critical density. BCS results for the pair binding energy are found to be in remarkably good agreement with the exact results. In particular, BCS theory accurately reproduces the range of interaction parameters where pair binding exists in the exact solution. The model is found to exhibit no tendency to phase separation or clustering of more than two particles even for parameters giving rise to strong pair binding, in contrast to other tight-binding models where pairing occurs.
Substance Use and its Association with Psychiatric Symptoms in Perinatally HIV-infected and HIV-Affected Adolescents

Drug use in combination with psychiatric illness may lead to unsafe sexual risk behavior and increased risk for secondary HIV transmission among adolescents with HIV infection. We compared the prevalence of substance use for perinatally HIV-infected youth to uninfected adolescents living in families affected by HIV infection, and evaluated the association of psychiatric symptoms with risk of substance use. Among 299 adolescents (196 HIV+, 103 HIV−) aged 12–18 years enrolled in IMPAACT P1055, a multisite US cohort study, 14% reported substance use at enrollment (HIV+: 13%, HIV−: 16%). In adjusted logistic regression models, adolescents had significantly higher odds of substance use if they met symptom criteria for ADHD [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.7, Wald χ2 = 5.18, P = 0.02], major depression or dysthymia (aOR = 4.0, Wald χ2 = 7.36, P = 0.01), oppositional defiant disorder (aOR = 4.8, Wald χ2 = 12.7, P = 0.001), or conduct disorder (aOR = 15.4, Wald χ2 = 28.12, P = 0.001). Among HIV-infected youth, those with lower CD4 lymphocyte percentage (CD4% < 25%) had significantly increased risk of substance use (aOR = 2.7, Wald χ2 = 4.79, P = 0.03). However, there was no overall association of substance use with HIV infection status, and the association between psychiatric symptoms and substance use did not differ by HIV status. Programs to prevent substance use should target both HIV-infected and uninfected adolescents living in families affected by HIV infection, particularly those with psychiatric symptoms.
Analysis of Distributed Representation of Constituent Structure in Connectionist Systems

A general method, the tensor product representation, is described for the distributed representation of value/variable bindings. The method allows the fully distributed representation of symbolic structures: the roles in the structures, as well as the fillers for those roles, can be arbitrarily non-local. Fully and partially localized special cases reduce to existing cases of connectionist representations of structured data; the tensor product representation generalizes these and the few existing examples of fully distributed representations of structures. The representation saturates gracefully as larger structures are represented; it permits recursive construction of complex representations from simpler ones; it respects the independence of the capacities to generate and maintain multiple bindings in parallel; it extends naturally to continuous structures and continuous representational patterns; it permits values to also serve as variables; it enables analysis of the interference of symbolic structures stored in associative memories; and it leads to characterization of optimal distributed representations of roles and a recirculation algorithm for learning them.
Two Feedback Types: Do They Make a Difference?.

This study contrasts the effects of two distinct ways of respon ding to a student essay: discrete-item attention to form and holistic feedback on meaning. In examining the before- and after-essays of a linguistically diverse group of 26 college freshmen, it shows that the use of a holistic response is likely to increase a student's awareness of sentence boundaries more than the alternative. In other words, responding to content results in improvements in grammatical accu racy. General implications are also addressed.
Alcohol use and cardiovascular disease preventive services.

Background Moderate drinking is associated with decreased cardiovascular mortality. Biological effects may mediate this association, but differences in utilization of preventive services may be important.Design and Methods Cross-sectional analysis of adults participating in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey with data on alcohol use and prior use of services for the detection and treatment of hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia. Regression models were analysed to provide age-, sex- and race-adjusted risk estimates for outcomes related to these services for several patterns of alcohol use relative to regular light drinkers.Results Hypertension was more common in most alcohol use strata compared with regular light drinkers (adjusted prevalence ratios 1.22 for lifelong abstainers, 1.33 for nonlifelong abstainers, 1.35 for infrequent moderate drinkers, 2.01 for frequent moderate drinkers, 1.73 for infrequent heavy drinkers and 1.98 for regular heavy drinkers, P-values < 0.05). Havin...
Intellectual property protection by watermarking combinational logic synthesis solutions

The intellectual property business model is vulnerable to a number of potentially devastating obstructions, such as misappropriation and intellectual property fraud. We propose a new method for intellectual property protection which facilitates design watermarking at the combinational logic synthesis level. We developed protocols for embedding designer- and/or tool-specific information into a logic network while performing multi-level logic minimization and technology mapping. We demonstrate that the difficulty of erasing an author's signature or finding another signature in the synthesized design can be made arbitrarily computationally difficult. We also developed a statistical method which enables us to establish the strength of the proof of authorship. The watermarking method has been tested on a standard set of real-life benchmarks where an exceptionally high probability of authorship has been achieved with a negligible overhead in solution quality.
The Effect of Absorbance on Raman Intensities in Solids

Raman spectra have been observed for several simple systems as powders in the solid state. The (measured) intensities of the Raman bands appear to be functions which are dependent upon the concentration and the particle size of the Raman scattering material. A significant effect on the Raman intensity was noted as a result of the "effective absorptivity" of the material, defined as the combined effect of absorbance and the scattering of the material Sample thickness and materials of high, low and intermediate effective absorptivity are considered to demonstrate their effects on the Raman intensities.
Surface Anchoring and Chevron Structure in Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals

Applying a sufficiently high electric field to a ferroelectric smectic-C liquid crystal deforms the so-called chevron structure into one in which the layers are flat. This transition happens in three different ways depending on the type of liquid crystal phase. In all three cases, the flattening has been believed to begin from the middle of the smectic layers. We show that a previously proposed model can predict the possibility of forming a new type of partially flattened layer in which the flattening begins at the edges of the layer. This interesting behavior takes place when the surface anchoring is strong.
DC expressing transgene Foxp3 are regulatory APC

Tolerogenic DC and suppressive Foxp3(+) Treg play important roles in preventing autoimmunity and allograft rejection. We report that (adenovirus mediated) ectopic expression of Foxp3 in human DC (i.e. DC.Foxp3) yields an APC that severely limits T-cell proliferation and type-1 immune responses from the naive, but not memory, pool of responder T cells in vitro. In marked contrast, the frequencies of type-2 and Treg responses were dramatically increased after stimulation of naive T cells with DC.Foxp3 versus control DC. DC.Foxp3-induced CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg cells potently suppressed the proliferation of, and IFN-gamma production from, CD4(+) and CD8(+) responder T cells. Notably, the immunosuppressive biology of DC.Foxp3 was effectively normalized by addition of 1-methyl-tryptophan or neutralizing anti-TGF-beta1 Ab during the period of T-cell priming. These data suggest the potential utility of regulatory DC.Foxp3 and/or DC.Foxp3-induced CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg as translational agents for the amelioration or prevention of pathology in the setting of allograft transplantation and/or autoimmunity.
Teaching Psychoeducation Online at UCONN's Neag School of Education

Teaching psychoeducation online has not been adequately defined in the educational and psychological literature and the teaching processes have gone unspecified. An expanded definition of psychoeducation is presented and a 10 part process paradigm is presented to help conceptualize future courses. The process paradigm is explained by discussing “Introduction to Counseling and Psychoeducation (EPSY 3333)”, a three credit, online course that uses psychoeducational approaches. An evaluation of students in nine separate EPSY 3333 classes (n=203) is reported on the effectiveness of the teaching strategies, the cognitive and affective processes students experienced, the personal action taken by students, and the self-reported impact of the course. The results indicate that students reported the course positively impacted them both cognitively and emotionally and they took action to solve their personal problems. Limitations to the self-report course evaluations are discussed and the need for more complex research is recommended that assesses the effects of online psychoeducation.
The nonimpact of thyroid stunning: remnant ablation rates in 131I-scanned and nonscanned individuals.

Thyroid stunning has been reported as the temporary impairment of thyroid tissue after a 111-MBq or greater diagnostic 131I dose that decreases the final absorbed dose in ablative therapy. Concerns regarding the reality of stunning have arisen in part due to a flawed study design in prior reports. To assess whether a stunning effect has any impact on therapeutic outcomes, we compared initial treatment ablation rates in patients who received 111- to 185-MBq 131I diagnostic scans (n = 37) before ablative doses of 3700–7400 MBq with ablation rates in patients who did not receive any 131I before the initial treatment dose (n = 63). Ablation rates were 64.9% for scanned patients and 66.7% for nonscanned patients, a nonsignificant difference. Nonscanned patients with metastatic lesions (n = 23) were ablated at a higher rate (78.3%) than scanned patients (n = 9) (66.7%), but the difference was not significant (P = 0.50). It is possible that the reported stunning phenomenon, specifically its impact in temporarily...