cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimating the Economic Model of Crime With Individual Data

The paper develops a variant of the economic model of crime. The model developed is estimated using information on the post-release activities of a sample of men released from the North Carolina prison system. Both the expected certainty and severity of punishment are found to deter criminal activity in a number of instances and a 1 percent increase in certainty is generally found to have a greater effect than a similar increase in severity. Certainty of punishment is found to have a greater effect for relatively minor offenders and severity for persons offenders. While higher legal wages are found to deter, their effect is quite weak.
Thermographic measurement of sexual arousal: A methodological note

A thermographic measure of sexual arousal in terms of the four stages of sexual stimulation (excitement phase, plateau phase, orgasm phase, and resolution phase) articulated by Masters and Johnson (1966) is described. A male and female masturbated to orgasm; the results are presented in terms of interpretations of both the thermographic image and the quantitative temperature profile. Possible future research applications are suggested, including sexual dysfunctions, sexual arousal, and gender differences.
Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acids and total dietary lipid concentrations on growth responses of juvenile channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus

Abstract Dietary conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) have been shown to alter growth rates and tissue lipid concentrations in some species of fish, but have not been evaluated in channel catfish. In the current study, a 3×3 factorial design was used to examine the effects of dietary CLA and total dietary lipid concentrations on growth rate, tissue proximate composition and nutrient retention of channel catfish. Nine dietary treatments were formulated to contain either 0%, 0.5% or 1.0% CLA in diets containing 5.0%, 7.5% or 10.0% total lipid. Each diet was fed to apparent satiation twice daily to triplicate groups of fish initially weighing 13.4 g/fish. At the end of the 8-week feeding trial, weight gain, feed efficiency, feed intake and tissue proximate composition were not significantly affected by dietary CLA. However, protein retention was significantly affected by a dietary CLA×lipid interaction and values tended to reflect carcass crude protein concentrations. The effects of varying total dietary lipid concentrations on growth response and tissue composition were more pronounced. Feed efficiency, carcass lipid concentration, protein retention and energy retention were significantly increased in fish fed 7.5% and 10.0% dietary lipid compared with fish fed 5.0% dietary lipid. Hepatosomatic index (HSI) was significantly reduced and liver total lipid concentrations were significantly increased in fish fed diets containing 10.0% lipid compared with fish fed diets containing 5.0% lipid. Liver total lipid and HSI values of fish fed 7.5% dietary lipid were intermediate to those of fish fed 5.0% and 10.0% lipid. Results of this study indicate that dietary CLA have little potential for improving growth responses of channel catfish. Variable responses to dietary CLA among species may be the result of variation in energy metabolism or differences in composition of CLA supplements evaluated.
The hyperdense lumen sign: the tale of the elusive pulmonary embolism

A 55-year-old man with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) presented to the emergency department with 2 weeks of progressively worsening dyspnoea. The admitting service interpreted the initial chest radiograph as demonstrating a right lower lobe infiltrate. The patient was admitted for acute COPD exacerbation secondary to right lower lobe pneumonia and was started on antibiotics. An unenhanced chest CT was obtained, which demonstrated hyperdensities within the bilateral pulmonary arteries concerning for pulmonary embolism (PE; figure 1A, B). A chest CT angiography (CTA) was subsequently ordered and confirmed a saddle embolus with multiple bilateral pulmonary emboli (figures 1C and 2) and right heart strain. The patient's …
The incidence of microemboli to the brain is less with endarterectomy than with percutaneous revascularization with distal filters or flow reversal.

Background Current data suggest microembolization to the brain may result in long-term cognitive dysfunction despite the absence of immediate clinically obvious cerebrovascular events. We reviewed a series of patients treated electively with carotid endarterectomy (CEA), carotid artery stenting (CAS) with distal filters, and carotid stenting with flow reversal (FRS) monitored continuously with transcranial Doppler scan (TCD) during the procedure to detect microembolization rates. Methods TCD insonation of the M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery was conducted during 42 procedures (15 CEA, 20 CAS, and 7 FRS) in 41 patients seen at an academic center. One patient had staged bilateral CEA. Ipsilateral microembolic signals (MESs) were divided into three phases: preprotection phase (until internal carotid artery [ICA] cross-shunted or clamped if no shunt was used, filter deployed, or flow reversal established), protection phase (until clamp/shunt was removed, filter removed, or antegrade flow re-established), and postprotection phase (after clamp/shunt was removed, filter removed, or antegrade flow re-established). Descriptive statistics are reported as mean ± SE for continuous variables and N (%) for categorical variables. Differences in ipsilateral emboli counts based on cerebral protection strategy were assessed using nonparametric methods. Results TCD insonation and procedural success were obtained in 33 procedures (79%; 14 CEA, 14 CAS, and 5 FRS). Highest ipsilateral MESs were observed for CAS (319.3 ± 110.3), followed by FRS (184.2 ± 110.5), and CEA (15.3 ± 22.0). Pairwise comparisons revealed significantly higher ipsilateral MESs with both FRS and CAS when compared to CEA (P = .007 for FRS and P Conclusion CEA is associated with lower rates of microembolization compared with carotid stenting. Flow reversal may represent a procedural modification with potential to reduce microembolization during carotid stenting; further investigation is warranted to determine the relationship between cerebral protection strategies and outcomes associated with carotid stenting.
TGDA: Nonparametric Discriminant Analysis.

A computer program for two-group nonparametric discriminant analysis is described here. Based on Bayes' Theorem for probability revision, the statistical rationale for this program makes use of the calculation of maximum likelihood estimates of group membership. A unique feature of the program is the comparison of the classificatory ability of the Bayesian procedure relative to that of the standard Linear Discriminant Function.
Neuroimaging studies of fronto-limbic dysfunction in geriatric depression

Abstract Geriatric depression (GD) is an increasingly prevalent condition with specific clinical features and comorbidities. The neurobiology of this condition has only recently begun to be elucidated. The structural and functional neuroimaging literature relevant to a systems-level neurobiological understanding of GD is reviewed. A positron emission tomography (PET) imaging activation study of GD is described. This study utilized neurocognitive activation probes, as well as resting measures, to examine fronto-limbic abnormalities associated with clinical features, neuropsychological profiles, and treatment outcome in GD. Such ongoing work helps to establish models and test hypotheses concerning the neural substrates and pathophysiology of this devastating neuropsychiatric condition. In so doing, it provides a foundation for the development of more specific, biologically-based diagnostic and treatment strategies.
The effect of 2,5,2′,5′‐tetrachlorobiphenyl on growth and death of the cyanobacterium Anabaena flos‐aquae

The effect of 2,5,2',5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TcBP) on cell death was investigated in the cyanobacterium Anabaena flos-aquae (Lyngb.) Breb grown in a P-limited, semicontinuous culture under N2-fixing conditions during a 17-d period. The TcBP was supplied daily to yield final concentrations of 1, 10, and 100 ppb (or ng/ml). At 1 and 10 ppb, the population size of live cells (sum of live vegetative cells and live heterocysts) was not different from that of the TcBP-free controls (p > 0.1, t test) and remained constant both in its absolute value (9.6 X 10(5) cells/ml) and as a percentage of the total population (98.6%). However, at 100 ppb, the population size of live cells declined significantly after the 11th day (8.2 x 10(5) cells/ml, or 96.6% of total population; p < 0.01, t test). The decrease in viable cells was mostly found in vegetative cells. Bioconcentration factor in the cell ([pg TcBP/g dry wt cells]/[pg TcBP/ml]) was 1.23 x 10(5).
Feeding preferences of spodoptera exigua in response to form and concentration of selenium

Minimal information is available on the impact of various or- ganic and inorganic forms of the ecologically and agricultur- ally important pollutant, selenium (Se), on insect herbivores. We conducted bioassays with artificial diet to examine the feed- ing responses of a generalist herbivore, Spodoptera exigua (Hbner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), to various forms and con- centrations of Se. Two different-aged cohorts of larvae were examined in choice tests with control diets vs. test diets incor- porating lethal concentrations (LC10, LC30, LC50, and LC70) of sodium selenate, sodium selenite, seleno-DL-cystine, and seleno- DL-methionine. Tests initiated with neonates showed larvae sig- nificantly preferred control diet over diet with sodium selenate, sodium selenite, or selenocystine, but at most concentrations showed no preference between selenomethionine and control diet. Choice tests initiated with third instars demonstrated a preference for control diet over sodium selenate treatments, and sodium selenite treatments. In contrast, no significant re- sponses were found in tests initiated with third instars offered the choice between selenocystine or selenomethionine and un- treated controls. Additionally, comparisons of consumption demonstrated that inorganic selenium compounds were anti- feedants whereas the organic selenium compounds tested have little antifeedant activity. The toxicity of all of the tested forms of selenium, in combination with the lack of antifeedant activ- ity of some compounds, has the potential to affect both the distribution and diversity of terrestrial herbivores in both ag- ricultural and natural systems. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 42:64n73, 1999. ' 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Use of a minimally invasive retractor system for retrieval of intracranial fragments in wartime trauma

Objective Wartime penetrating brain injury can result in deep-seated parenchymal and intraventicular shrapnel, bullets, and bone. Large fragments pose a risk of secondary injury from migration, infection, and metal toxicity. It has been recommended that aggressive removal of fragments be avoided. The goal of this study is to report our technique of minimally invasive removal of select deep-seated fragments using a tubular retractor system. Methods A retrospective review of our database of service members presenting with penetrating traumatic brain injuries incurred during Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom and treated at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center and the National Naval Medical Center was performed. Six individuals were identified in which the Vycor ViewSite retractor system (Vycor Medical, Boca Raton, Florida, USA) was used to remove a ventricular or deep intraparenchymal fragment. All patients were male and ranged in age from 21 to 29 years. Fragment location included the foramen of Monro; the atrium of the right lateral ventricle; parasagittally within the right occipital lobe; the occipital horn of the right lateral ventricle; the deep white matter of the dominant temporal lobe; and within the posterior right temporal lobe deep to the junction of the transverse and sigmoid dural venous sinuses. Fragments included in-driven bone, shrapnel from improvised explosive devices, and bullets. Results In all cases the fragment was successfully removed. No patient had worsening of their neurologic condition following surgery. Conclusion Deep parenchymal and intraventricular fragments can be safely removed using a tubular retractor system.
Guardianship primavera: a first look at factors associated with having a legal guardian using a nationally representative sample of community-dwelling adults.

Although guardianship is an intrusive intervention that usually removes an adult's basic civil rights, studies of factors that place adults at risk for guardianship have largely been based on small studies of court files. While important and informative, these studies do not allow us to draw anything but tentative conclusions on risk factors for guardianship. The purpose of this article is to examine risk factors for having a legal guardian using a nationally representative sample for the first time. Logistic regression was conducted on the probability of having a legal guardian, using the Andersen model of health care utilization adapted for factors implied by the guardianship literature. The National Health Interview Supplement on Disability (1995) sample consisted of 65,013 adults aged 19 and older, and a sub-sample aged 60 and older ( n = 13,784). Results indicate, first, that the prevalence of guardianship in community-dwelling adults is 0.3 percent, or over 750,000 people. Second, particularly for o...
Anomalous dispersion of surface plasma oscillations

We observed that a monomolecular layer of an organic dye strongly influences the surface plasma oscillation (SPO) on thin silver films in spectral regions where the dye absorbs. Experimentally, squarylium dye was deposited by the Langmuir-Blodgett monolayer technique and the silver-dye films were investigated by their SPO’s. Within the absorption band, the SPO’s exhibited an anomalous dispersion and a pronounced variation in the damping. To explain this behavior, theoretical model calculations and approximate expressions are presented which show the relationship between the dielectric function of the coating and the observed effect. The influence of anisotropy is briefly outlined.
An overview of the PL.8 compiler

The PL.8 compiler accepts multiple source languages and produces high quality object code for several different machines. The strategy used is to first do a simple translation of the source program to a low level intermediate language. Global optimization and register allocation are then used to improve code rather than relying on special case code selection.
Effects of trimethylaluminium and tetrakis(ethylmethylamino) hafnium in the early stages of the atomic-layer-deposition of aluminum oxide and hafnium oxide on hydroxylated GaN nanoclusters.

We calculate the interactions of two atomic layer deposition (ALD) reactants, trimethylaluminium (TMA) and tetrakis(ethylmethylamino) hafnium (TEMAH) with the hydroxylated Ga-face of GaN clusters when aluminum oxide and hafnium oxide, respectively, are being deposited. The GaN clusters are suitable as testbeds for the actual Ga-face on practical GaN nanocrystals of importance not only in electronics but for several other applications in nanotechnology. We find that TMA spontaneously interacts with hydroxylated GaN; however it does not follow the atomic layer deposition reaction path unless there is an excess in potential energy introduced in the clusters at the beginning of the optimization, for instance, using larger bond lengths of various bonds in the initial structures. TEMAH also does not interact with hydroxylated GaN, unless there is an excess in potential energy. The formation of a Ga—N(CH3)(CH2CH3) bond during the ALD of HfO2 using TEMAH as the reactant without breaking the Hf—N bond could be the key part of the mechanism behind the formation of an interface layer at the HfO2/GaN interface.
Demonstration of antibiofilm and antifungal efficacy of chitosan against candidal biofilms, using an in vivo central venous catheter model

Candida species are a major cause of catheter infections. Using a central venous catheter Candida albicans biofilm model, we demonstrated that chitosan, a polymer isolated from crustacean exoskeletons, inhibits candidal biofilm formation in vivo. Furthermore, chitosan statistically significantly decreased both the metabolic activity of the biofilms and the cell viability of C. albicans and Candida parapsilosis biofilms in vitro. In addition, confocal and scanning electron microscopic examination demonstrated that chitosan penetrates candidal biofilms and damages fungal cells. Importantly, the concentrations of chitosan that were used to evaluate fungal biofilm susceptibility were not toxic to human endothelial cells. Chitosan should be considered for the prevention or treatment of fungal biofilms on central venous catheters and perhaps other medical devices.
Priming Crime and Activating Blackness: Understanding the Psychological Impact of the Overrepresentation of Blacks as Lawbreakers on Television News

Two experiments examined the extent to which U.S. viewers’ perceptions that Blacks face structural limitations to success, support for the death penalty, and culpability judgments could be influenced by exposure to racialized crime news. Participants were exposed to a majority of Black suspects, a majority of White suspects, unidentified suspects, and noncrime news stories. In addition, participants’ prior news viewing was assessed. In Study 1, heavy news viewers exposed to unidentified perpetrators were less likely than heavy news viewers exposed to noncrime stories to perceive that Blacks face structural limitations to success. In addition, heavy news viewers exposed to unidentified perpetrators were more likely than heavy news viewers exposed to noncrime stories to support the death penalty. In Study 2, participants exposed to a majority of Black suspects were more likely than participants exposed to noncrime stories to find a subsequent race-unidentified criminal culpable for his offense. In addition, heavy news viewers were more likely to exhibit the above effect than light news viewers. The methodological and theoretical implications of these findings are discussed in light of chronic activation and the priming paradigm.
Phosphoenolpyruvate Synthetase of Escherichia coli PURIFICATION, SOME PROPERTIES, AND THE ROLE OF DIVALENT METAL IONS

A procedure for the preparation of highly purified phosphoenolpyruvate synthetase from Escherichia coli is described. The purified enzyme is markedly stabilized against inactivation by high concentrations of sucrose and is susceptible to inactivation by sulfhydryl reagents. The binding of the activating manganous ion to the dephosphoenzyme was investigated by electron spin resonance and proton relaxation rate of water. The proton relaxation rate of water was enhanced 12 times relative to the Mn2+ aquo-ion. Addition of pyruvate decreased the enhancement, indicating the formation of a dephosphoenzyme-manganese-pyruvate complex. On the basis of a molecular weight of 250,000 it was calculated that 3 to 4 moles of Mn2+ were bound per mole of enzyme with K d ≅ 30 µ m . The phosphate content of phosphoenzyme whether prepared from ATP or phosphoenolpyruvate was 1 to 2 moles of phosphate per mole of enzyme. Initial velocity studies of the forward reaction indicate that an irreversible step occurs between the binding of MgATP to the enzyme and the binding of pyruvate. MgATP and pyruvate combine with the dephospho- and the phosphoenzyme form, respectively, to form kinetically active complexes; the Michaelis constants are K m g atp = 28 µ m and Kpyruvate = 20 µ m at 5 m m free Mg2+. A requirement for free divalent metal ion (Mg2+ or Mn2+) in addition to that bound to ATP was indicated by the kinetic studies and was implicated in the binding of pyruvate to the enzyme. At high concentrations of free Mg2+ and Mn2+, the reaction is inhibited. Ca2+ is not an activator but inhibits the Mn2+-activated reaction.
Thermal aware scheduling on an Intel desktop computer

As a result the exponentially increased power consumption of IC chips, how to deal with the heat generated by processors has become a major concern in design of computing systems. Recently, we have seen extensive theoretical research results on dynamic thermal aware computing published in the literature. However, there are not many experimental researches reported based on practical computing platforms. To this end, we implemented a number of thermal aware scheduling techniques based on an Intel desktop computer and studied their performance. Our experimental results clearly demonstrate that the dynamic thermal management strategy is an effective method to control processor temperature. In addition, our experimental results also effectively validate several theoretical results reported in the literature.
Experimental Study of Tubular Flange Girders

The behavior of I-shaped steel girders with flanges made from concrete-filled tubes is investigated experimentally, focusing on concrete-filled tubular flange girders (CFTFGs) in positive bending regions where the concrete-filled tube is the compression flange. The investigation included CFTFGs that are either composite or noncomposite with a concrete deck. For the composite CFTFGs, girders with rectangular tubes and either a flat web or a corrugated web are studied, and for the noncomposite CFTFGs, girders with round tubes and flat webs are studied. The objectives are: (1) to provide experimental data demonstrating the load carrying capability of CFTFGs and the advantages of CFTFGs over conventional I-girders; and (2) to verify the adequacy of analytical models by comparing experimental and analytical results. The experimental results demonstrate the improved lateral torsional buckling capacity of CFTFGs, and their capability to carry factored design loads under construction conditions and in the final constructed condition. The comparison between experimental and analytical results shows the adequacy of simple analytical models for CFTFGs.
Data throttling for data-intensive workflows

Existing workflow systems attempt to achieve high performance by intelligently scheduling tasks on resources, sometimes even attempting to move the largest data files on the highest-capacity links. However, such approaches are inherently limited, in that there is only minimal control available regarding the arrival time and rate of data transfer between nodes, resulting in unbalanced workflows in which one task is idle while waiting for data to arrive. This paper describes a data throttling framework that can be exploited by workflow systems to uniquely regulate the rate of data transfers between the workflow tasks via a specially-created QoS-enabled GridFTP server. Our workflow planner constructs a schedule that both specifies when/where individual tasks are to be executed, as well as when and at what rate data is to be transferred. Simulation results involving a simple workflow indicate that our system can achieve a 30% speedup when nodes show a computation/communication ratio of approximately 0.5. We reinforce and confirm these results via the actual implementation of the Montage workflow in the wide area, obtaining a maximum speedup of 31% and an average speedup with 16%. Overall, we believe that our data throttling grid workflow system both executes workflows more efficiently (by better establishing balanced workflow graphs) and operates more cooperatively with unrelated concurrent grid activities by consuming less overall network bandwidth, allowing such unrelated activities to execute more efficiently as well.
Barriers to Implementing Treatment Integrity Procedures in School Psychology Research: Survey of Treatment Outcome Researchers.

Treatment integrity data are essential to drawing valid conclusions in treatment outcome studies. Such data, however, are not always included in peer-reviewed research articles in school psychology or related fields. To gain a better understanding of why treatment integrity data are lacking in the school psychology research, we surveyed the authors of the 210 treatment outcome articles published in four school psychology journals from 1995 through 2008 regarding their perceptions of barriers to implementing treatment integrity procedures. Results indicated that (a) lack of theory and specific guidelines on treatment integrity procedures; (b) lack of general knowledge about treatment integrity; (c) time, cost, and labor demands; and (d) lack of editorial requirement were broadly perceived as barriers by school psychology researchers to implementing treatment integrity procedures. Implications for future research are discussed.
Binary Tree-based Generic Demosaicking Algorithm for Multispectral Filter Arrays

In this paper, we extend the idea of using mosaicked color filter array (CFA) in color imaging, which has been widely adopted in the digital color camera industry, to the use of multispectral filter array (MSFA) in multispectral imaging. The filter array technique can help reduce the cost, achieve exact registration, and improve the robustness of the imaging system. However, the extension from CFA to MSFA is not straightforward. First, most CFAs only deal with a few bands (3 or 4) within the narrow visual spectral region, while the design of MSFA needs to handle the arrangement of multiple bands (more than 3) across a much wider spectral range. Second, most existing CFA demosaicking algorithms assume the fixed Bayer CFA and are confined to properties only existed in the color domain. Therefore, they cannot be directly applied to multispectral demosaicking. The main challenges faced in multispectral demosaicking is how to design a generic algorithm that can handle the more diversified MSFA patterns, and how to improve performance with a coarser spatial resolution and a less degree of spectral correlation. In this paper, we present a binary tree based generic demosaicking method. Two metrics are used to evaluate the generic algorithm, including the root mean-square error (RMSE) for reconstruction performance and the classification accuracy for target discrimination performance. Experimental results show that the demosaicked images present low RMSE (less than 7) and comparable classification performance as original images. These results support that MSFA technique can be applied to multispectral imaging with unique advantages
In situ force mapping of mammary gland transformation

Tumor progression is characterized by an incremental stiffening of the tissue. The importance of tissue rigidity to cancer is appreciated, yet the contribution of specific tissue elements to tumor stiffening and their physiological significance remains unclear. We performed high-resolution atomic force microscopy indentation in live and snap-frozen fluorescently labeled mammary tissues to explore the origin of the tissue stiffening associated with mammary tumor development in PyMT mice. The tumor epithelium, the tumor-associated vasculature and the extracellular matrix all contributed to mammary gland stiffening as it transitioned from normal to invasive carcinoma. Consistent with the concept that extracellular matrix stiffness modifies cell tension, we found that isolated transformed mammary epithelial cells were intrinsically stiffer than their normal counterparts but that the malignant epithelium in situ was far stiffer than isolated breast tumor cells. Moreover, using an in situ vitrification approach, we determined that the extracellular matrix adjacent to the epithelium progressively stiffened as tissue evolved from normal through benign to an invasive state. Importantly, we also noted that there was significant mechanical heterogeneity within the transformed tissue both in the epithelium and the tumor-associated neovasculature. The vascular bed within the tumor core was substantially stiffer than the large patent vessels at the invasive front that are surrounded by the stiffest extracellular matrix. These findings clarify the contribution of individual mammary gland tissue elements to the altered biomechanical landscape of cancerous tissues and emphasize the importance of studying cancer cell evolution under conditions that preserve native interactions.
Kalman filter based modeling and constrained H ∞ optimal control for active noise cancellation

In this paper, a system identification and a robust control strategy are considered and investigated both theoretically and experimentally for active noise cancellation (ANC) in an acoustic duct. The system identification is based on recursive Kalman filter (RKF) estimation technique, and the control is according to a new constrained Hinfin optimal control strategy. A continuous-time model of the acoustic duct is found first, in state space form, using RKF technique. The new Hinfin optimal control with closed-loop pole assignment is then applied, which improves the performance of the robust controller and ensures the stability of the closed-loop system under the modeling errors and measurement noise. As a consequence, this methodology results in a noise reduction in a wide bandwidth that is desirable in the area of ANC. Actual hardware experiments using a DSP have been carried out in order to verify the applicability and the performance of the proposed method.
Human saliva and taste responses to acids varying in anions, titratable acidity, and pH.

Abstract Twenty subjects recorded perceived sourness of solutions of citric + fumaric and of citric + tartaric acids, at pH 3.5 and titratable acidity (TiA) of 4.0 g/l on a moving chart, while parotid saliva flow was recorded via a sialometer. Sourness intensity and flow were greater when citric was the minor acid than when it was dominant. Subjects varied widely in calculated volume of saliva reservoir, but not flow rate (time to 2 3 reservoir vol.). In tartaric-fumaric acid mixtures varying in pH (3.0–3.75) at a constant TiA of 4.0 g/l, and varying in TiA (3.7–4.6 g/l) at a constant pH of 3.5, sourness intensity and parotid flow increased with acidity and decreased with pH. However, eight subjects with a high flow (HF=1.2±0.28 g/2 min) and nine subjects with a low flow (LF=0.43±0.11 g/2 min) differed widely: (a) In response to variation in stimulus pH and TiA, HF demonstrated marked alteration in flow, but little change in sourness; LF responded at a lower absolute level, but showed marked changes in sourness and little change in flow; (b) Salivary pH was higher and Na+ was three times greater for the HF than for the LF subjects; and (c) Salivary Ca++ showed a direct relationship with flow and pH among the HF, but an inverse relationship for the LF subjects.
The Influence of Incandescent and Infrared Light Upon Chicks

Abstract From time to time poultry producers inquire about the cause of a peculiar eye abnormality in young chickens in which the eye appears enlarged and elongated. This condition has been described by Lauber et al. (1961) and was produced by exposing young chicks to continuous incandescent light of 3-foot candle intensity at bird level. Because poultry producers sometimes use various forms of infrared heat lamp equipment, it was desirable to determine if such equipment would cause development of the abnormal eye condition. An experiment was conducted to determine what effect light from two kinds of heat lamps as compared to light from incandescent lamps had upon chicks. Quadruplicate pens of broiler cross chicks 1 equally divided for sex received light as follows: (1) 250 watt infrared heat lamps of red glass—24 hrs.; (2) 250 watt infrared heat lamps of white glass—24 hrs.; (3) 60 watt incandescent lamps—24 hrs.; …
Gender Differences in Family Support: Is There a Payoff?

National data for respondents over age 65 revealed that, although women are less likely to be living with a spouse, living arrangements of unmarried women and men are similar. Women live closer to children, receive more phone calls, have marginally more contact but do not receive more mail. Women's receipt of more informal assistance is largely explained by greater need levels, particularly for the unmarried. These findings are discussed in relation to women's roles as family caretaker and kinkeeper at earlier life cycle stages.
The cerci and abdominal giant fibres of the house cricket, Acheta domesticus. I. Anatomy and physiology of normal adults

The abdominal cerci of crickets are clothed with approximately 3400 hair and campaniform sensilla. Their axons form functional connexions in the terminal abdominal ganglion with a group of ten giant interneurons. The two largest interneurons (l.g.i. and m.g.i.) are powerfully excited by ipsilateral sound and air puff stimulation, weakly excited by substrate vibration via non-cercal receptors, and inhibited by contralateral cercal stimulation. These patterns of connexion are used to assay the precision of synapse formation in animals whose cercal development has been experimentally manipulated. The cercal sensilla comprise: about 300 singly innervated filiform hairs and 65 morphologically related clavate hairs; 2400 multiply innervated appressed trichoid sensilla of two subtypes; and about 600 campaniform sensilla associated with the sockets of the filiform hairs. The cercal nerve carries a corresponding number of axons with the majority in the 0.1 to 0.5 $\mu $m diameter range. The appressed hairs are rather uniformly distributed over the cercal surface. In contrast, the clavate hairs occur as a single patch on the medial aspect of the base of each cercus. The structure of the socket causes each filiform hair to vibrate in a single plane. The majority vibrate in the longitudinal axis of the cercus, but well defined mid-dorsal and mid-ventral rows vibrate transversely. Only a few obliquely oriented hairs are found. The axons of the cercal nerve degenerate very rapidly after removal of the cercus, and degeneration figures indicate the distribution of axonal terminals in the ganglion. All terminals in normal animals are ipsilateral, arranged in two loosely organized glomeruli. The l.g.i. and m.g.i. respond to sound stimuli of 2000 Hz and less (best frequency - 600 Hz), to air streams of velocities about 0.5 m/s and above, and to substrate vibration in a narrow band of frequencies centred on about 2000 Hz. Thresholds have not been measured carefully, but are 70 dB or less for sound in an open laboratory, and 10$^{-6}$ cm or less for substrate vibration. The l.g.i. and m.g.i. show a marked directional sensitivity to sound, presumably related to the vibration planes of the filiform hairs; differences of 5 degrees in speaker location appear to be discriminable.
Meningeal transient receptor potential channel M8 activation causes cutaneous facial and hindpaw allodynia in a preclinical rodent model of headache

BackgroundMigraine headache is a neurological disorder affecting millions worldwide. However, little is known about the mechanisms contributing to migraine. Recent genome-wide association studies h...
Manejo del esófago de Barrett: del tamizaje a los nuevos tratamientos

Barrett's esophagus is a premalignant condition of the esophagus in which the squamous epithelium of the lower end of the esophagus is replaced with columnar epithelium. Since the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma is on the rise, the major gastroenterology societies have come up with their recommendations for screening and surveillance. Specific factors like obesity, white race, age over 50 years, early age of onset of GERD, smoking and hiatal hernia have been identified as increasing the risk of Barrett's esophagus and adenocarcinoma. The diagnosis requires both endoscopic identification of columnar-lined mucosa and histological confirmation with biopsy. Most medical societies recommend screening people with GERD and other risk factors with endoscopy, but other alternatives employing less invasive methods are currently being studied. Surveillance strategies vary depending on the endoscopic findings and the Seattle biopsy protocol with random 4-quadrant sampling is recommended. Biomarkers have shown promising results, but more studies are needed in the future. White light endoscopy is the standard practice, but other advanced imaging modalities have shown variable results and hence more studies are awaited for further validation. Endoscopic eradication techniques, including both resection and ablation, have shown good but variable results for treating dysplastic lesions confined to the mucosa. Resection procedures to remove visible lesions followed by ablation of the dysplastic mucosa have shown the best results with higher eradication rates and lower recurrence rates. Surgical management is reserved for lesions with sub-mucosal invasion and lymph node spread with increased risk of metastasis.
Overcoming Nonviral Gene Delivery Barriers: Perspective and Future

A key end goal of gene delivery research is to develop clinically relevant vectors that can be used to combat elusive diseases such as AIDS. Despite promising engineering strategies, efficiency and ultimately gene modulation efficacy of nonviral vectors have been hindered by numerous in vitro and in vivo barriers that have resulted in subviral performance. In this perspective, we concentrate on the gene delivery barriers associated with the two most common classes of nonviral vectors, cationic-based lipids and polymers. We present the existing delivery barriers and summarize current vector-specific strategies to overcome said barriers.
The Military Emergency Tourniquet Program's Lessons Learned With Devices and Designs

ABSTRACTObjective: The purpose of this study is to report the device lessons learned from an emergency tourniquet program and, in particular, to emphasize analysis of discarded devices recovered after clinical use. Methods: Discarded tourniquet devices were analyzed after use in emergency care of war casualties to determine wear and tear patterns, effectiveness rates, and associations among device designs. Results: The 159 devices recovered comprised seven designs. Emergency & Military Tourniquet (92%) and Combat Application Tourniquet (79%) effectiveness rates were significantly different from each other and better than other tourniquets (p < 0.002) as the most effective ambulance and field tourniquets, respectively. Designs had specific pitfalls (e.g., sand-clogged ratchets) and strengths (the pneumatic design was least painful). Every device had wear, abrasions, or deformity about the band edges or bladder. User understanding of how devices work best helped attain better results. Some desirable traits ...
Cocaine and cocaethylene binding in human serum.

The binding of cocaine (COC) and cocaethylene (CE) in human serum was studied by equilibrium dialysis. Scatchard analysis suggested a high-affinity binder (K a , 2.56 X 10 4 L/mol ; B 0 , 7.38 X 10 -5 mol/L) and a low-affinity binder (K a , 4.47 X 10 3 L/mol ; B a , 2.77 X 10 -4 mol/L) for COC. Two high-affinity binders (K a , 5.21 X 10 4 L/mol ; B o , 2.54 X 10 -5 mol/L ; and K a , 4.32 X 10 4 L/mol ; B o , 2.43 X 10 -5 mol/L) were discernible for CE. For both compounds additional, very-low-affinity, high-capacity (nonspecific) binding was also seen. Supplementation of serum with specific proteins suggested that the high-affinity binding was due to alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, whereas the low-affinity binding was due to albumin, inasmuch as such supplementation increased the ratio of bound to free drug for both COC and CE.(Key words : Albumin ; Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein ; Binding sites ; Cocaethylene ; Cocaine ; Equilibrium constant of association ; Equilibrium dialysis ; Proteins ; Scatchard analysis; Serum) Am J Clin Pathol 1995 ;104 :180-186.
Skeptical theism, moral skepticism, and epistemic propriety

Respondents to the argument from evil who follow Michael Bergmann’s development of skeptical theism hold that our failure to determine God’s reasons for permitting evil does not disconfirm theism (i.e. render theism less probable on the evidence of evil than it would be if merely evaluated against our background knowledge) at all. They claim that such a thesis follows from the very plausible claim that (ST) we have no good reason to think our access to the realm of value is representative of the full realm of value. There are two interpretations of ST’s strength, the stronger of which leads skeptical theists into moral skepticism and the weaker of which fails to rebut the argument from evil. As I demonstrate, skeptical theists avoid the charge of moral skepticism while also successfully rebutting the argument from evil only by embracing an equivocation between these two interpretations of ST. Thus, as I argue, skeptical theists are caught in a troubling dilemma: they must choose between moral skepticism and failure to adequately respond to the argument from evil.
Combined Effect of Smoking and Occupational Exposure to Noise on Hearing Loss

Occupation noise induced hearing loss (NIHL)is one of the major occupational diseases in the world.It was found that smoking was associated with hearing loss beyond occupational noise exposure.Cigarette smoking is an important risk factor for NIHL.Smoking may aggravate NIHL through injuring the inner hair cell or leading to the inner tissue hypoxia.
Experimental research of electrostatic spray with digital holography

To obtain data about position,size and velocity of droplets in the electrostatic spray,a device based on in-line digital microscopic holography for spray measurement was devised and established,which has lateral measurement scope of 12.5mm,utmost spatial resolution of 90.5LP/mm,and the capacity of measuring the droplet in 8μm diameter.Spray measurements under the Talyor-cone mode with single metal capillary and multiple metal capillaries were carried out respectively on the established device,and the relations between average diameter,average velocity of droplets and flow rate were obtained.Results show that position,size and velocity of droplets can be obtained simultaneously during a single-shot measurement by the device,which is of great significance to the measurement on spray and the research of electrostatic spray.
Cloudlets: at the leading edge of mobile-cloud convergence

As mobile computing and cloud computing converge, the sensing and interaction capabilities of mobile devices can be seamlessly fused with compute-intensive and data-intensive processing in the cloud. Cloudlets are important architectural components in this convergence, representing the middle tier of a mobile device — cloudlet — cloud hierarchy. We show how cloudlets enable a new genre of applications called cognitive assistance applications that augment human perception and cognition. We describe a plug-and-play architecture for cognitive assistance, and a proof of concept using Google Glass.
Energy Delay Tradeoff in Multichannel Full-Duplex Wireless LANs

Although full-duplex transmission can be helpful for enhancing wireless link capacity, it may require extra energy to overcome the residual self-interference. In this paper, we investigate the tradeoff between energy consumption and delay in a multichannel full-duplex wireless LAN. The goal is to minimize the energy consumption while keeping the traffic queues stable. With Lyapunov optimization, we develop a throughput optimal online scheme to achieve the goals with optimized channel assignment, transmission scheduling, and transmission mode selection. We study the influence of full-duplex transmissions on the network capacity region, prove the optimality of the proposed algorithm, and derive upper bounds for the average queue length and energy consumption, which demonstrate the energy-delay tradeoff in such systems. The proposed algorithm and the capacity region analysis are validated with simulations.
Techniques of Endovascular Repair of Aorto-Iliac Aneurysms Using Iliac Branch Devices

The evolution of endovascular techniques has increased the proportion of patients who are suitable for treatment with endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). Developments in fenestrated and branched technology provide an endovascular solution to incorporate the visceral branches and iliac arteries. Iliac branch devices (IBDs) allow preservation of flow into one or both internal iliac arteries in patients with ectatic or aneurysmal iliac arteries. The technique has been performed with high technical success and no added morbidity and mortality compared to standard EVAR, potentially decreasing the risk of pelvic ischemic complications associated with hypogastric exclusion. This article summarizes the technical aspects of EVAR using IBDs with four different designs.
Drs. Aggarwal and Oddis reply

We appreciate the feedback from Fritzler, et al 1, on our article “A Negative Antinuclear Antibody Does Not Indicate Autoantibody Negativity in Myositis: Role of Anticytoplasmic Antibody as a Screening Test for Antisynthetase Syndrome,” published in The Journal 2. Our primary goal was to simply call attention to the many clinical laboratories in the United States that will report a negative antinuclear antibody (ANA) and not report the presence of cytoplasmic staining, which could indicate the presence of an antisynthetase autoantibody. This indeed may be in the setting of other commercial autoantibodies (i.e., rheumatoid factor, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, etc.) also being reported as negative. The clinical correlate of this is that the patient with the antisynthetase syndrome (particularly those with non-Jo1 autoantibodies) may not fully manifest the entire clinical spectrum of the antisynthetase syndrome but could certainly present with lung dominant disease. Thus, when autoantibody testing is ordered on this subset of patients, there is the possibility that the report yields a “negative” ANA. This forme fruste of autoimmune interstitial lung … Address correspondence to Dr. R. Aggarwal, UPMC Arthritis and Autoimmunity Center, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3601 Fifth Ave., Suite 2B, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA. E-mail: aggarwalr{at}upmc.edu
Technology Reemergence: Creating New Value for Old Technologies in Swiss Mechanical Watchmaking, 1970-2008:

This article uses a study of the Swiss mechanical watch industry to build theory about how a legacy technology, instead of being supplanted by a new dominant design as current theory would predict,...
Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: Pulmonary Physiologic Principles and Management

In the United States, approximately 17,500 cases of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) occur each year, with an estimated 245,000 to 345,000 individuals living with chronic SCI. Acute management of respiratory dysfunction has resulted in improvement in early survival, but life expectancy remains less than that of the general population, and pulmonary complications are a leading cause of mortality. The global changes in pulmonary function, underlying pathophysiology, and the management options to improve respiratory muscle weakness and pulmonary clearance in persons with SCI are discussed. Given its high prevalence among subjects with cervical SCI, sleep disordered breathing is also discussed.
Resistance Against Itself: Austrian Cinema’s Responses to the Far-Right

This chapter examines Austrian cinema’s treatment of the far-right since the late 1990s. After an overview of the post-1945 development of the Austrian far-right Freedom Party, this chapter briefly discuss how the more prominent examples of critical Austrian cinema since the 1990s have primarily taken an indirect response to the far-right’s ascent. The chapter will then offer detailed readings of three films that adopt a more direct approach: the omnibus film, Zur Lage: Osterreich in sechs Kapiteln, (Michael Glawogger, Michael Sturminger, Barbara Albert and Ulrich Seidl, 2002); Franz Fuchs: ein Patriot (Elisabeth Scharang, 2007) and finally, Todespolka (Michael Pfeifenberger, 2010). Examining the considerable stylistic differences and the different contexts that these three films address will reveal their attempts to raise political consciousness, shape historical awareness, and enact critique of the populist far-right, illustrating as well their sensitivities to the dynamics of representing the far-right and their shared concern for engagement with the political sphere.