cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of carbohydrate restriction on prostate cancer tumor growth in a castrate mouse xenograft model.

Worldwide regional disparities in the occurrence of prostate cancer (PCa) have been attributed in part to the effect of diet, with Asian men having up to a six fold decreased incidence over their western counterparts [1]. Epidemiologic observations, however, have been inconclusive about which specific dietary components contribute to PCa [2–5]. A logical extension is that if diet can affect the development of cancer, it can also influence the growth of an established tumor, and indeed this has been demonstrated in animal studies [6–9]. While traditionally a low fat diet was thought to be optimal, we previously hypothesized that a reduced carbohydrate diet was likewise beneficial [10]. In a prior study we found that mice consuming a no-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (NCKD) had increased overall survival and slower tumor growth, compared to mice on a western diet, a benefit not observed in mice consuming a low fat diet [11]. These findings were then replicated in a similar xenograft model with the finding that a low-fat diet was also beneficial [12]. The favorable effect in the NCKD mice was thought to be from decreased signaling of the insulin/ insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis, a pathway integral in the progression of PCa [8, 10, 13–18]. These provocative results were further explored by another group with diets not completely devoid of carbohydrates, but rather with lower proportions (such as might be reasonably tolerated in human subjects) which have also been shown to delay tumor growth in a prostate xenograft model [19]. However, in that prior study a low-carbohydrate diet was not directly compared to a NCKD. To address this, we recently tested low-carbohydrate diets (10 and 20% carbohydrate kcals, respectively) vs. a NCKD in a mouse xenograft model and found all carbohydrate restricted diets had similar effects on tumor growth, overall survival, and IGF axis signaling, suggesting that low carbohydrate diets may be as effective as a NCKD [20]. While these dietary changes appear to be promising for slowing tumor growth, the best established therapy for stunting PCa involves chemical or surgical castration. The deleterious effects of androgen deprivation on weight, diabetes and cardiovascular health make dietary decisions under this circumstance of particular interest [21–23]. Thus we sought to explore the effect of low- and no-carbohydrate diets on tumor growth and survival as an adjunct to androgen deprivation therapy in a PCa xenograft model.
Hollow Platinum Spheres with Nano-Channels: Synthesis and Enhanced Catalysis for Oxygen Reduction

Hollow nanostructures are a particularly interesting class of materials that have unusual chemical and physical characteristics that are determined by their shape and composition. A facile procedure for the hollow Pt nanosphere catalysts with nanochannels was developed; the catalysts can be simply prepared at room temperature with silver nanoparticles as sacrificial templates. The incomplete shell of hollow nanospheres may provide the interior surface for the catalytic reaction, and the high surface area of Pt nanospheres leads to a higher catalytic activity. Consequently, these results demonstrate a simple route to enhance the catalytic efficiency of Pt catalysts by a simple improvement.
Tetraoleoylpyrophosphatidic acid: a four acyl-chain lipid which forms a hexagonal II phase with high curvature

Tetraoleoylpyrophosphatidic acid (bis phosphatidic acid), when hydrated in aqueous buffer, was shown to form an inverted hexagonal phase using 31P NMR. Low-angle x-ray diffraction provided verification of the formation of this phase in dilute aqueous buffer and in 2 M NaCl and permitted comparison of the tube diameter with that of cardiolipin in 2 M NaCl. By using the water cylinder diameters for tetraoleoylpyrophosphatidic acid, bovine cardiolipin, chloroplast monogalactosyl-diglyceride, and dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine as a means of estimating the spontaneous curvatures, tetraoleoylpyro-phosphatidic acid was shown to exhibit the greatest curvature of any of the above lipids, equaled only by the calcium salt of cardiolipin. Inverted micelles of hydrated tetraoleoylpyrophosphatidic acid and of cardiolipin in tetradecane were approximately the diameter of the inverted hexagonal tubes. A rationale is given for the differences.
Centruroides sculpturatus venom and platelet reactivity: possible role in scorpion venominduced defibrination syndrome

Abstract The effect of Centruroides sculpturatus venom and some purified fractions on the aggregation behavior of dog platelets has been examined. The venom causes a sustained partial aggregation, which proceeds almost instantly to complete aggregation on addition of adenosine diphosphate (ADP): the maximum aggregation to ADP is unaffected. The effects of the venom are not mimicked by any of the currently isolated neurotoxins, but are by a fraction obtained from the primary gradient separation of the venom. The effect of the venom is heat labile and unaffected by prior treatment of the platelets with tetrodotoxin, tetraethylammonium or aspirin. Heat lability rules out effects from most inorganic salts, serotonin or phospholipase A 2 , which are heat stable. A defibrination syndrome has been noted following envenomation by a member of the family Buthidae, and possibly occurs for C. sculpturatus venom as well: the effects of the venom on platelets may account in part for the occurrence of this syndrome.
An Experimental Model for the Study of Lymphedema and its Response to Therapeutic Lymphangiogenesis

Background Evaluation of the efficacy of molecular treatment strategies for lymphatic vascular insufficiency requires a suitable preclinical animal model. Ideally, the model should closely replicate the untreated human disease in its pathogenesis and pathological expression.
Intersession interval and reductions in frontalis EMG during biofeedback training.

Subjects were given practice in reducing frontalis EMG using biofeedback procedures with either Short, Medium, or Long intervals between practice sessions. After 10 sessions there were significant differences among the groups in decreasing EMG amplitude.
Desalination Using Low-Grade Heat Sources

This study evaluated the feasibility of utilizing low-grade heat sources such as solar energy or waste heat from industrial processes for desalination. The premise of the approach is that saline waters can be desalinated by evaporation and condensation of fresh water at near-ambient temperatures at low pressures. Low pressures can be achieved naturally in the head space of water columns of height equal to the local barometric head. By connecting the head space of such a saline water column to that of a distilled water column, and by maintaining the temperature of the former about 15–20°C above that of the latter, fresh water can be evaporated from the saline column and condensed in the distilled water column. In this study, it is proposed to use a sensible heat thermal energy storage (TES) system to heat the head space of the saline water column. The TES can be maintained at the desired temperature using solar energy and/or waste heat from thermal power plants, refrigeration plants, or air conditioning un...
Protease substrates inhibit binding of 3H-R5020 to the G-fragment in chick oviduct cytosol.

Abstract Our previous studies have shown that the binding of progestins to the chick oviduct progesterone receptor is inhibited by the protease substrates tryptophan methyl ester and tosyl arginine methyl ester. The K d of these substrates for the chick oviduct progesterone receptor is about 5 mM. Now we report the novel finding that incubation of chick oviduct cytosol for 18 to 24 hours at pH 7.8, 23° increases the affinity of tryptophan methyl ester and tosyl arginine methyl ester for the chick oviduct progesterone receptor by 5000 fold ( K d ∼ 1 μ M). Our experiments also show that the K d of R5020, a synthetic progestin, is about 0.2 nM for the native form of the progesterone receptor and about 1.0 nM for the treated receptor. It is known from studies in several laboratories, including our own, that our incubation conditions cause the progesterone receptor to be cleaved to a fragment of about 20,000 molecular weight. It may be that limited proteolysis activafes the protease substrate binding site on the chick oviduct progesterone receptor.
A rapid visual method to identify transformed plants

A rapid, efficient assay that is nondestructive and semiquantitative for identifying transgenic plants and progeny from Biolistic® and protoplast transformations is described. Leaf sections of maize and wheat plants are placed on an indicator medium containing chlorophenol red and the selection agent. Changes in the color of the medium from red to yellow resulting from altered pH indicate transformed plants within 2-5 d. The method is particularly suited to use with phosphinothricin and could be used with other suitable selectable markers.
The Discourse Community in Scientific and Technical Communication: Institutional and Social Views:

Theoretical studies in scientific and technical communication have begun to explore what they call discourse communities in the sciences and engineering on grounds that these communities provide th...
V- AND P-TYPE Ca2+-STIMULATED ATPases IN A CALCIFYING STRAIN OF PLEUROCHRYSIS SP. (HAPTOPHYCEAE)

Coccolithophorids are marine unicellular algae characterized by their ability to carry out controlled, subcellular calcification. The biochemical and kinetic features of membrane-bound Ca2+-stimulated ATPases have been examined. Membranes and organelles from axenic cultures of Pleurochrysis sp. (CCMP299) were isolated by means of sucrose density centrifugation. High levels of Ca2+-stimulated ATPase were detected in chloroplasts, Golgi apparatus, plasma membrane, and coccolith vesicles. The sensitivity of the enzyme activity in the organelles and membranes was assessed with pharmacologic agents that are known to be specific for the several isoforms of Ca2+-stimulated ATPase. The Ca2+-stimulated ATPase activity in the Golgi and coccolith vesicle preparations was sensitive to nitrate, thiocyanate, and sodium azide and insensitive to vanadate, cyclopiazonic acid, and thapsigargin. ATP-dependent H+ movement, but not 45Ca2+ transport, across the coccolith vesicle was demonstrated. The Ca2+-stimulated ATPase in the plasma membrane preparation was sensitive to vanadate. ATP-dependent, vanadate-sensitive efflux of 45Ca2+ was demonstrated for microsomal material derived from gradient-isolated plasma membrane. Polypeptides from isolated Golgi and coccolith vesicle preparations cross-reacted to an antibody raised against a subunit of the oat root proton pump, whereas polypeptides from the chloroplast preparations did not cross-react. These findings show that a V-type Ca2+-stimulated ATPase is located on the coccolith vesicle membrane and a P-type Ca2+-stimulated ATPase is located on the plasma membrane.
Chromatin Opening and Stable Perturbation of Core Histone:DNA Contacts by FoxO1 *

FoxO1, a member of the forkhead rabdomyosarcoma (FoxO) subfamily of transcription factors, binds DNA via a highly conserved winged-helix "forkhead box" motif used by other regulatory proteins to mediate their effects through chromatin binding and remodeling. To examine how FoxO1 regulates target genes in chromatin, we studied the binding of purified recombinant FoxO1 protein to nucleosome particles and chromatin arrays containing the insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1 promoter. We found that FoxO1 is able to bind to its cognate sites within the insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1 promoter on a nucleosome. This binding stably perturbs core histone:DNA contacts extending up- and downstream from sites of FoxO1 binding without disrupting the underlying core particle. FoxO1 is able to harness these capabilities to bind to and de-condense linker histone-compacted chromatin arrays. Chromatin opening by FoxO1 requires both the N and C termini of the protein, which are also required for high affinity core histone binding and, in the case of the N terminus, nucleosome perturbation. We suggest that the chromatin binding and remodeling functions revealed here for FoxO1 endow all FoxO factors with the ability to initiate and dynamically modulate active chromatin states, enabling their diverse roles as gene regulatory factors in metabolism, cell survival, apoptosis, cell cycle progression, DNA repair, and protection against oxidative stress.
Technical and perioperative outcomes of minimally invasive esophagectomy in the prone position.

Background Minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) is performed through various approaches, including using video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for mediastinal esophageal dissection. The prone technique allows for gravity-aided retraction of the lung. The aim of this study was to examine perioperative outcomes after prone MIE in relation to patient preoperative comorbidities.
Césaire et Haïti, des apports à évaluer

Des son premier opus, Cahier d’un retour au pays natal (1939), Aime Cesaire rend hommage a Haiti, et il est reconnu que son oeuvre puise largement dans l’histoire de ce pays qui lui a inspire deux ouvrages : La tragedie du roi Christophe (1961-1963) et Toussaint Louverture : la Revolution francaise et le probleme colonial (1961). Cet article se propose de mettre en lumiere ce qui est ignore ou refoule chez Cesaire, soit sa dette envers les litteratures haitiennes tant orales qu’ecrites, notamment ses emprunts aux essayistes Jean-Louis Vastey et Antenor Firmin, a l’historien Beaubrun Ardouin, au poete indigeniste Carl Brouard et a la tradition vaudou. De plus, au-dela de ces textes et a l’encontre de la doxa, l’auteur montrera que le corpus cesairien s’inscrit dans un vaste reseau intertextuel caribeen remontant au xixe siecle.
A case study of the impact of monetary policy on exchange rates

Abstract The impact of monetary policy on the level and variability of exchange rates has been debated in the literature since the emergence of flexible exchange rates. In this paper, we examine empirically the impact of the October 1979 change in monetary policy on the level and volatility of the U.S. exchange rate. The evidence suggests that the change contributed significantly to a decline in the exchange rate from 1979 through 1982, and also to an increase in the volatility of the exchange rate. Several hypotheses are advanced to explain these results.
Nitric oxide synthase in aging rat skeletal muscle.

Abstract The neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is expressed at high concentrations in skeletal muscle, and NO influences muscle contractility, glucose utilization, and free radical damage or protection. NOS activity and expression was evaluated in extensor digitorum longus (EDL), soleus, and diaphragm of 8 and 24 month old Fisher 344 rats. In 8-month-old animals, NOS activity was highest in EDL, which contained the highest percentage of NOS containing fibers, and was lowest in solues. NOS activity and percentage of NOS containing fibers was significantly reduced in all muscle groups with age. To determine if NOS reduction correlated with free radical injury the level of lipid peroxidation, as measured by malonaldehyde equivalents, was determined. With age lipid peroxidation increased in EDL, was reduced in diaphragm, and showed a non-significant change in soleus. Therefore, a straightforward reduction of NOS activity does not correlate with lipid peroxidation. The reduction of NOS with age in skeletal muscle may be most significant for muscle metabolism and force production and be of limited significance for free radical metabolism.
Comprehension and use of anaphoric devices in young and older adults

In telling and retelling stories older adults produce more instances of ambiguous reference than young adults. The four experiments reported here suggest that this increase in ambiguous reference is not caused by age‐ or cohort‐related differences in (a) knowledge structures needed to determine coreference based on plausibility, (b) availability or weighting of strategies for using anaphoric devices, or (c) assumptions about the degree of specificity needed by discourse partners to establish clarity of reference.
The Importance Of Accurate Performance Appraisals For Creating Ethical Organizations

Improving the day-to-day ethical judgments of employees within an organization remains a challenge. This study examined how employees’ job performance outcomes influence how others judge the employees’ ethical performance. The research found that respondents judged employees with successful job performance outcomes to have exhibited more ethical behaviors than employees with unsuccessful job performance outcomes. This pattern of results was consistent regardless of the respondent’s ethical beliefs. We discuss implications of these results for research and for practice, particularly in terms of improving judgments of ethical behavior in organizations.
Susceptibilities of oxyR regulon mutants of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium to isoniazid.

Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium are normally resistant to > 500 micrograms of the antituberculosis drug isonicotinic acid hydrazide (isoniazid; INH) per ml. Susceptibility to INH (
On the continuity of the P.S.-function

Let G be a locally compact, unimodular, topological group with μ Haar measure on G , and μ * the corresponding inner measure. If ( G ) denotes the Borel subsets of G of finite measure, and V(G) = {μ( E ): E ∈ ( G )}, then the Product Set function, or P.S.-function, of the group G , written Φ G , is defined by
Oral health promotion interventions during pregnancy: a systematic review.

Objectives Maternal oral disease during pregnancy is a significant public health issue due to its prevalence and lifecourse connections with adverse pregnancy/birth outcomes, early childhood caries, and chronic diseases. Although both medical and dental professional organizations have discipline-specific and co-endorsed guidelines, whether interventions exist that translate oral health evidence into practice remains unknown. Thus, we conducted a systematic review to examine the range, scope and impact of existing oral health promotion interventions during pregnancy. Methods Search terms related to oral health, health promotion, and pregnancy produced 7754 articles published before March 2013 from five search engines. Inclusion criteria: (i) intervention-based; (ii) quasi-experimental, experimental, or pretest/post-test design; (iii) pregnant women participants; (iv) outcomes including oral health knowledge, attitudes, and/or behaviors; (v) ≥5 participants; (vi) peer-review publication; and (vii) English language. Results All interventions (n = 7) were delivered in prenatal care settings and focused on education. Modalities varied, including the use of oral instruction and audiovisual presentations, in both individual and group formats; however, content was directed toward infant oral health. Few studies specifically addressed prenatal oral health guidelines. Primary outcomes measured included knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, self-efficacy and oral hygiene, and health-seeking behaviors. All but one study showed significant improvement in one of these outcomes postintervention. Conclusions Few oral health interventions among pregnant women addressed oral-related symptoms, hygiene behaviors, and potential oral–systemic implications specific to mothers. Subsequently, more theory- and evidence-based interventions addressing current prenatal oral health guidelines using rigorous designs are needed to improve oral and systemic health for both women and their offspring.
A Novel CPS System for Evaluating a Neural-Machine Interface for Artificial Legs

This paper presents a novel cyber physical system (CPS) that senses signals from two physical systems -- a human neuromuscular control system and a mechanical prosthesis -- to drive a cyber virtual reality (VR) system for the purpose of evaluating a neural-machine interface (NMI) for artificial legs. Novel cyber techniques are proposed to tackle two fundamental challenges in this CPS system: inherent computation complexity for accurately identifying user's intended movements and real-time 3D rendering of a virtual avatar and environment on the cyber system. A neuromuscular-mechanical fusion algorithm is developed to decipher user intent. The decisions are then fed into the virtual reality cyber system to drive real-time motion of an avatar emulating exactly intended movements of the user. The algorithms for intent recognition and 3D VR rendering are specifically tailored to multi-core GPUs. The designed CPS system is tested on human subjects wearing prostheses. The results have shown that fusion of neuromuscular control and mechanical information improves the accuracy for user intent classification, compared to the interface based on either neuromuscular or mechanical information alone. Additionally, we find orders of magnitude speedup of GPUs over general purpose PCs, making the real-time application possible. Our prototype implementation demonstrates the feasibility of using neuromuscular-mechanical fusion to drive virtual reality in real time, which can be an effective evaluation and training tool for leg amputees to neurally control their artificial legs.
Aristotle' identification of the Prime Mover as God

There is a certain conventional interpretation of Aristotle's argument, in Metaphysics Λ.7, for the identification of the first unmoved mover as God, according to which that argument has the following outline
Parsing complex sentences with structured connectionist networks

A modular, recurrent connectionist network is taught to incrementally parse complex sentences. From input presented one word at a time, the network learns to do semantic role assignment, noun phrase attachment, and clause structure recognition, for sentences with both active and passive constructions and center-embedded clauses. The network makes syntactic and semantic predictions at every step. Previous predictions are revised as expectations are confirmed or violated with the arrival of new information. The network induces its own grammar rules for dynamically transforming an input sequence of words into a syntactic/semantic interpretation. The network generalizes well and is tolerant of ill-formed inputs.
Initiation of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy at CD4+ T Lymphocyte Counts of >350 cells/mm3: Disease Progression, Treatment Durability, and Drug Toxicity

We compared clinical disease progression in 159 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons for whom highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was initiated when they had CD4 + T lymphocyte counts of 350-499 cells/ mm 3 with progression in 174 HIV-infected patients for whom it was not. Disease progression did not differ between the 2 groups (P = .21, log-rank test). Fifty-three percent of the 159 treated patients had HIV type 1 RNA levels of >400 copies/ mL at the most recent evaluation, and 41% had experienced adverse drug reactions necessitating a change in regimen. These findings support the recommendation that HAART not be initiated for patients with CD4 + cell counts of >350 cells/ mm 3 .
Redesigning Product Families using Heuristics and Shared Ontological Component Information

Many of today's manufacturing companies are using plat-form-based product development to realize families of products with sufficient variety to meet customers' demands while keeping costs relatively low. Although the benefits of commonality are widely known, many companies are still not taking full advantage of it when developing new products or redesigning existing ones. One reason is the lack of appropriate methods to retrieve and reuse relevant information when re/designing products. In this paper, we propose a framework to (1) collect information on product families, (2) store it using ontology, (3) retrieve relevant information on a product family using graph query, (4) reuse this information to redesign a product family using a genetic algorithm-based optimizer and (5) represent the redesigned product family using a product family concept lattice, which we call a networked bill of material (NBOM). Besides increasing the understanding of the interaction between components in a product family, the framework explicitly captures the redesign process for improving commonality using formal concept analysis. As an example, a family of staplers is redesigned using the proposed framework.
Energy-conserving discontinuous Galerkin methods for the Vlasov-Ampère system

In this paper, we propose energy-conserving numerical schemes for the Vlasov-Ampere (VA) systems. The VA system is a model used to describe the evolution of probability density function of charged particles under self consistent electric field in plasmas. It conserves many physical quantities, including the total energy which is comprised of the kinetic and electric energy. Unlike the total particle number conservation, the total energy conservation is challenging to achieve. For simulations in longer time ranges, negligence of this fact could cause unphysical results, such as plasma self heating or cooling. In this paper, we develop the first Eulerian solvers that can preserve fully discrete total energy conservation. The main components of our solvers include explicit or implicit energy-conserving temporal discretizations, an energy-conserving operator splitting for the VA equation and discontinuous Galerkin finite element methods for the spatial discretizations. We validate our schemes by rigorous derivations and benchmark numerical examples such as Landau damping, two-stream instability and bump-on-tail instability.
Influence of stromal-epithelial interactions on androgen action.

Androgen receptor (AR) signaling is vital to the development and function of the prostate and is a key pathway in prostate cancer. AR is differentially expressed in the stroma and epithelium, with both paracrine and autocrine control throughout the prostate. Stromal– epithelial interactions within the prostate are commonly dependent on AR signaling and expression. Alterations in these pathways can promote tumorigenesis. AR is also expressed in normal and malignant mammary tissues. Emerging data indicate a role for AR in certain subtypes of breast cancer that has the potential to be exploited therapeutically. The aim of this review is to highlight the importance of these interactions in normal development and tumorigenesis, with a focus on the prostate and breast.
The Drafting History of UCC Article 5

This is a source for persons seeking to understand the law of letters of credit under UCC Article 5. The book’s purpose is to bring together material from four hard-to-access source materials, set them out by subject matter, and allow comparative analysis that will add meaning to the spare language of the 1995 version of UCC Article 5, the current legislation. Article 5 acknowledges that it is a basic platform for law that governs letters of credit. The statute assumes that case law and case law history continue to play critical roles in fashioning the superstructure for that platform. Researchers can access current case law in treatises, but the law on which the first version of Article 5 (the 1952 version) relied is absent from most of the literature. Happily, in 1953 the New York Law Revision Commission asked Professor Rudolph Schlesinger to evaluate the 1952 version in light of then current case law. Schlesinger’s Report, first published in 1955, is not readily accessible. It is a superb restatement of letter of credit law at the time the drafters were first fashioning the letter of credit statute. Also largely inaccessible are the comments Henry Harfield, a leading letter of credit lawyer and commentator, prepared for New York’s now repealed 1962 version of Article 5. This resource/history makes those comments available as well as the Schlesinger Report. Finally, the chapters dealing with each section of the current version of Article 5 contain “Dolan Commentary” by the author, an academic who writes frequently on the subject and has been recognized by courts and commentators as an authority on letter of credit law. This book makes the Harfield comments accessible by setting them out after the 1962 version of Article 5, and the Schlesinger Report accessible by presenting relevant portions of it out after each section of the 1952 version of Article 5. Appendix A is the introduction and the conclusion of the Report, which are not set out in the chapters. The effect of presenting this section-by-section chronology is to give the researcher entree to the legislative and common law history of the entire letter of credit article from its earliest version to its current version with commentary by recognized letter of credit commentators.
Opening the Metaverse

Virtual worlds (VWs) have the ability to deliver enhanced visualization and simulation capabilities, and to support contextualized copresence, so they have the potential to serve large numbers of work organizations, educators, trainers, and scholars. To accomplish this, they must evolve into a metaverse that would make it easy for anyone to create and distribute 3D virtual information spaces that are collaborative, persistent, and interoperable, and that provide a shared social context for unifying and integrating resources, multimedia content, along with grid and cloud-based computing services on demand. On the basis of the example of the Web, the new global metamedium supporting the open metaverse must (1) be open and nonproprietary, (2) include a VW browser analogous to today’s open source web browsers for viewing and interacting with VWs, and (3) provide 3D hyperlink capability for traversing VW contexts. The Open Cobalt project seeks to accomplish this revolution by building and deploying a virtual-machine-based technology that functions as a VW browser and construction toolkit, and as an integrated development environment for accessing, creating, and publishing hyperlinked VWs.
Condensation in a Vertical Tube Bundle Operating in Passive Condensation Mode

Passive condenser systems are used in a number of industrial heat transfer systems. Passive containment cooling system (PCCS) which is composed of a number of vertical heat exchanger serves as an engineered safety system in an advanced boiling water reactor. The PCCS condenser must be able to remove sufficient energy from the reactor containment to prevent containment from exceeding its design pressure. Experiments were designed to simulate the PCCS condensation with a tube bundle. Scaling analysis was performed to scale down the prototype PCCS with a tube bundle consisting of four tubes. The tubes in the bundle were of prototype height (1.8 m) and diameter (52.5 mm) and the operating conditions and boundary conditions such as the operating pressure, secondary cooling system were designed to represent prototype conditions. Steam condensation tests were carried out in complete condensation mode where all the steam entering the condenser bundle is completely condensed. Condensation heat transfer coefficients (HTC) were obtained for various steam flow rate. The condensation pressure depended on the inlet steam flow rate which happens to be the maximum condensation rate for the given test pressure. Data on condensation heat transfer were obtained for primary pressure raging from 110–270 kPa. The tube bundle condensation heat transfer rates were compared with single tube heat transfer rates from previous work. The results showed that the condensation heat transfer coefficient for the tube in bundle was comparable with single tube, however the secondary side heat transfer coefficients for the tubes in bundle was higher than for the single tube. Condensation heat transfer for tube in bundle ranged from 7500 W/ m2K to 20,000 W/ m2K for the range of pressure studied. A heat and mass analogy model was developed and the condensation heat transfer prediction from the model was compared with experimental data.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Vocalizations of Red Wolves (Canis rufus)

Elicited and spontaneous vocalizations of wild canids in southeastern Texas and southwestern Louisiana were studied from December 1972 through April 1975. Sonagrams and tape recordings of adult red wolf sounds were used to describe flat howls, barking howls, combination howls, yip howls, whimpers, growls, barks, and choruses. The flat howl of red wolves and coyotes was compared because this was the most useful sound for field recognition of unknown canids. On the average, red wolf flat howls were of longer duration and lower Hertz or cycles/second (Hz) than coyote flat howls. There were also differences in beginning, ending, and manner of Hz change of the howl of red wolves and coyotes, but these differences were not absolute.
Effect of acute liver damage plus hypoxia on plasma erythropoietin content.

SummaryNormal rats placed in a low oxygen atmosphere did not elaborate in their plasma a factor capable of stimulating increased incorporation of Fe50 into red cells of normal or hypophysectomized recipients. However, when their liver was acutely damaged with carbon tetrachloride and they were then placed in low oxygen atmosphere, significant amounts of such a factor appeared in their plasma. This is interpreted as further evidence that the liver, under ordinary circumstances, has a significant part in the mechanisms that control red cell production.
A case–control analysis of smoking and breast cancer in African American women: findings from the AMBER Consortium

Recent population studies suggest a role of smoking in the etiology of breast cancer, but few have been conducted among African American women. In a collaborative project of four large studies, we examined associations between smoking measures and breast cancer risk by menopause and hormone receptor status [estrogen receptor-positive (ER+), ER-negative (ER-) and triple-negative (ER-, PR-, HER2-)]. The study included 5791 African American women with breast cancer and 17376 African American controls. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated in multivariable logistic regression analysis with adjustment for study and risk factors. Results differed by menopausal status. Among postmenopausal women, positive associations were observed for long duration and greater pack-years of smoking: relative to never smoking, fully adjusted ORs were 1.14 (95% CI: 1.03-1.26) for duration ≥20 years and 1.16 (95% CI: 1.01-1.33) for ≥20 pack-years. By contrast, inverse associations were observed among premenopausal women, with ORs of 0.80 (95% CI: 0.68-95) for current smoking and 0.81 (95% CI: 0.69-0.96) for former smoking, without trends by duration. Associations among postmenopausal women were somewhat stronger for ER+ breast cancer. The findings suggest that the relation of cigarette smoking to breast cancer risk in African American women may vary by menopausal status and breast cancer subtype.
A GAP THEOREM FOR ABELIAN VARIETIES OVER DIFFERENTIAL FIELDS

In [B1] the first author proved a theorem about differential algebraic groups (in the sense of Cassidy-Kolchin [C], [K2]) that implied the geometric LangMordell conjecture [L]; cf. Theorem 1 below. The proof in [B1] used an analytic argument, based on “Big Picard”. Hrushovski [H] was able to replace this analytic argument by a remarkable model theoretic argument, based in its turn on the difficult theory developed in [HZ]. Now Hrushovski’s model theoretic methods further lead to striking new results on differential algebraic groups [HS]; cf. Theorem 3 below. So a natural challenge presents itself: to find a proof for these new results that is free from model theory. In this note we shall give in particular a quick analytic proof of Theorem 3, based, again, on “Big Picard”. The main result of this note is the “Gap” Theorem 2 below, which should be viewed as a significant complement to Theorem 1; Theorems 1 and 2 will then easily imply Theorem 3. Some comments are in order concerning the role of the authors in this paper. The second author asked whether analytic methods as in [B1] could yield strong minimality and local modularity of the “Manin kernel” of a simple abelian variety which does not descend to the constants (Theorem 3 below). The first author then proved strong minimality (assertion 1 of Theorem 3) by proving a weaker version of Theorem 2 (namely for simple abelian varieties). The second author suggested some general ideas, analogous to those in [P1], for obtaining local modularity. In trying to carry out details, the first author came up with the proof of the present Theorem 2, from which everything follows. Recall some basic terminology of differential algebra [K1], [C], [B2]. (The definitions below will suffice to understand the statements of the Theorems below, without assuming any previous knowledge of differential algebra; for the proofs, however, familiarity with [B1], [B2] is required.) Let F be a δ−field (i.e. a field of characteristic zero equipped with a derivation δ.) One defines the ring of δ−polynomials F{y1, ..., yN} as the ring of usual polynomials with F−coefficients in the variables δyj , 1 ≤ j ≤ N, i ≥ 0. There is an obvious notion of order for δ−polynomials. F is said to be δ−closed if for any A, B ∈ F{y}, B = 0, such that the order of A is strictly bigger than the order of B there
Mode and Characteristics of 1 000 MW Unit Startup Without Electric Pump

This paper introduces the start-up mode without electric pump and optimization content of 1 000 MW unit in Ninghai Power Plant,analyzes the related tests and features during startup and offers a reference for research on the startup mode of domestic large-capacity units without electric pump.
The Prognosis of Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding and Postoperative Again:A Correlation Analysis

Objective To investigate the related factors and prognosis of hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage after hemorrhage.Methods All 219 patients with cerebral hemorrhage were selected in our hospital from March 2004 to September 2010,39 patients were bleeding again after surgery.Analysis patients' hypertension history,blood loss and bleeding again after surgery,and the healing effect of the postoperative blood pressure control level and lung infection patients after bleeding complications.The bleed again patients divided into surgery group and drug therapy group,and evaluation the results.Results There was positively correlated with hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage rebleeding and patients with hypertension history.(P0.05),but was no significant correlation with the amount of bleeding(P0.05).On comparing results of different treatment methods,the use of surgical treatment's prognosis was significantly better than drugs groups(P0.05).Conclusion Long-term history of hypertension,hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage have a higher risk of rebleeding,surgery patients' choice should be noted.While the indication for surgery in bleeding patients should try to choose surgical treatment,and strictly control of blood pressure and lung infection in order to improve the outcome.
Breakdowns in Controls in Automated Systems

The dissertation considers the general problem of failing to satisfy organizational control requirements (control requirements) in automated systems. The significant economic, social, and political consequences of failing to satisfy control requirements are discussed for background, using examples from well publicized failures in government, business, and the military. The dissertation proceeds to a detailed discussion of the general problem and identifies a constrained problem by focusing on two problem domains: accounting information and command and control. The formal research hypothesis describes a potential solution to the problem, which points to the process by which automated systems are developed. The solution, called the Meta-Artifact Process (MAP) is discussed in detail, with comparisons to existing processes. MAP adds three extensions to Object-Oriented Domain Analysis, one of which is the Meta-Artifact, and uses knowledge management techniques to make tacit knowledge explicit in the Meta-Artifact. The validation of MAP includes an executable prototype produced with MAP. The prototype is for the purchasing cycle from the accounting information domain, with a discussion of how the prototype successfully deals with the constrained problem and validates all three extensions of MAP. An evaluation, using a field study from the command and control domain, with questionnaire- and interview-based surveys, validates the second extension used in MAP - Domain Rules Analysis, based on domain rules. Domain rules characterize a domain and help define its boundaries. Domain rules are used in creating the third extension used in MAP---the Bifurcated Architecture. The Bifurcated Architecture allocates aspects of the system likely to change frequently---business rules or rules of engagement---to an external repository as data, rather than as software code. Managing the most frequently changed aspects of the system through an external repository reduces maintenance costs and improves reliability. Both the prototype and the evaluation conclude that MAP offers a solution to the problem that is significantly better than other system development processes.
THE EFFECTS OF RESPONSE CONTINGENT AND NON-CONTINGENT SHOCK ON DRUG SELF-ADMINISTRATION IN RHESUS MONKEYS

Suppression of ongoing positively reinforced behavior by the presentation of aversive stimuli has been reported in some cases while facilitation of such behavior has been noted in other instances. A major variable in these studies is the contingency of the aversive stimulus upon the response of the animal. The majority of these investigations have been concerned with the effects of aversive stimuli on food reinforced responding. Azrin (1956) found that response contingent punishment had a greater effect on responding than did shock delivered on a non-contingent basis. Hunt and Brady (1955) also demonstrated the importance of response contingency in a punishment situation. These investigations reported greater suppression of the punished response when the punishment was response contingent. In a review of the area, Church (1963) concluded that if the aversive stimulus is contingent upon the response of the animal, greater suppression, or less facilitation, will occur than if the shock is not contingent upon the response. Facilitation of responding has been found to occur under certain conditions. Holz and Azrin (1962) found that punishment can facilitate responding under conditions where low intensity punishment has been correlated with positive reinforcement.
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Microcrystals

Neutrophil extracellular traps represent a fascinating mechanism by which PMNs entrap extracellular microbes. The primary purpose of this innate immune mechanism is thought to localize the infection at an early stage. Interestingly, the ability of different microcrystals to induce NET formation has been recently described. Microcrystals are insoluble crystals with a size of 1-100 micrometers that have different composition and shape. Microcrystals have it in common that they irritate phagocytes including PMNs and typically trigger an inflammatory response. This review is the first to summarize observations with regard to PMN activation and NET release induced by microcrystals. Gout-causing monosodium urate crystals, pseudogout-causing calcium pyrophosphate dehydrate crystals, cholesterol crystals associated with atherosclerosis, silicosis-causing silica crystals, and adjuvant alum crystals are discussed.
Abstract 167: Consistency of Blood Pressure Control Predicts Vascular Outcome after Ischemic Stroke

Background: Hypertension is the leading modifiable risk factor for stroke. Uncontrolled hypertension increases cardiovascular risk, independent of type of treatment. Analysis of blood pressure (BP)...
Managing Care of Critically Ill Bariatric Patients

Nearly 160 million Americans are overweight, obese, or morbidly obese. Morbid obesity and its numerous comorbidities are threats to a person's health. Moreover, hospitalized individuals living with adiposity-based chronic conditions are at risk for certain immobility hazards. Many individuals who are morbidly obese look to metabolic surgery as a means for achieving sustainable weight loss. This article addresses critical care needs of people living with excess weight or weight maldistribution, along with specific needs of those undergoing metabolic surgery.
Crotalus horridus (Timber Rattlesnake) Maternal Scent Trailing by Neonates

Intraspecific chemical communication among related and unrelated conspecifics may play an important role in social organization and kin recognition within snakes. We monitored the movements of 7 adult Crotalus horridus (Timber Rattlesnake) and 22 of their neonates from May 2008 to October 2010. Our objective was to determine if neonates follow their mothers to suitable den sites in North Central Missouri. Mothers tended to move away from the rookery between parturition and ingress, but neonates stayed in the vicinity of their release site for up to a week after the dispersal of their mother. Despite the loss of radiotransmitters, we were able to follow 6 neonates to ingress: 5 overwintered in the same den as their mother and 1 overwintered in a known den of a conspecific female. Our observations support the hypothesis that Timber Rattlesnake neonates follow their mother or, at the very least, follow conspecifics to suitable den sites in the ir first year.
Unary positional computing

This paper introduces a novel representation that is a hybrid of unary and positional systems. It builds upon unary computation, a recent evolution in the field of stochastic computing. In contrast to the stochastic approach, the unary approach is completely accurate, with no random fluctuations. It requires less area and has much lower latency. However, compared to a conventional binary approach, the latency is still unacceptably high for many applications. The unary positional system proposed in this paper reduces the latency exponentially, with only a modest increase in the hardware complexity. Constructs for arithmetic operations such as addition and multiplication are presented and their performance is evaluated.
Characterization of the range effect in synthetic aperture radar images of concrete specimens for width estimation

Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) is an indispensable approach for the sustainability of critical civil infrastructure systems such as bridges and buildings. Recently, microwave/radar sensors are widely used for assessing the condition of concrete structures. Among existing imaging techniques in microwave/radar sensors, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging enables researchers to conduct surface and subsurface inspection of concrete structures in the range-cross-range representation of SAR images. The objective of this paper is to investigate the range effect of concrete specimens in SAR images at various ranges (15 cm, 50 cm, 75 cm, 100 cm, and 200 cm). One concrete panel specimen (water-to-cement ratio = 0.45) of 30-cm-by-30-cm-by-5-cm was manufactured and scanned by a 10 GHz SAR imaging radar sensor inside an anechoic chamber. Scatterers in SAR images representing two corners of the concrete panel were used to estimate the width of the panel. It was found that the range-dependent pattern of corner scatters can be used to predict the width of concrete panels. Also, the maximum SAR amplitude decreases when the range increases. An empirical model was also proposed for width estimation of concrete panels.