cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crystallization of polymers

First published in 2002, from an original 1964 edition, in the Crystallization of Polymers, 2nd edition Leo Mandelkern provides a self-contained treatment of polymer crystallization. All classes of macromolecules are included and the approach is through the basic disciplines of chemistry and physics. The book discusses the thermodynamics and physical properties that accompany the morphological and structural changes that occur when a collection of molecules of very high molecular weight are transformed from one state to another. Volume 1 is a presentation of the equilibrium concepts that serve as a basis for the subsequent volumes. In this volume the author shows that knowledge of the equilibrium requirements is vital to understanding all aspects of the polymer crystallization process, and the final state that eventually evolves. This book will be an invaluable reference work for all chemists, physicists and materials scientists who work in the area of polymer crystallization.
Approaches to the synthesis of benzo[c]phenanthridines

6-Methylbenzo [c] phenanthridine derivatives were synthesized via an established route and their cytotoxic activity determined. Attempts to synthesize benzo [c] phenanthridines lacking the 6-methyl group via a 2-benzopyrylium intermediate were unsuccessful
Anchor Maps and Stable Modules in Depth Two

An algebra extension A ∣ B is right depth two if its tensor-square $A \otimes _{B} A$ is in the Dress category ${\mathbf{Add}}_{A} A_{B}$ . We consider necessary conditions for right, similarly left, D2 extensions in terms of partial A-invariance of two-sided ideals in A contracted to the centralizer. Finite dimensional algebras extending central simple algebras are shown to be depth two. Following P. Xu, left and right bialgebroids over a base algebra R may be defined in terms of anchor maps, or representations on R. The anchor maps for the bialgebroids $S = {\text{End}}_{B} A_{B}$ and $T = {\text{End}}_{A} A \otimes _{B} A_{A}$ over the centralizer R = C A (B) are the modules S R and R T studied in Kadison (J. Alg. & Appl., 2005, preprint), Kadison (Contemp. Math., 391: 149–156, 2005), and Kadison and Kulshammer (Commun. Algebra, 34: 3103–3122, 2006), which provide information about the bialgebroids and the extension (Kadison, Bull. Belg. Math. Soc. Simon Stevin, 12: 275–293, 2005). The anchor maps for the Hopf algebroids in Khalkhali and Rangipour (Lett. Math. Phys., 70: 259–272, 2004) and Kadison (2005, preprint) reverse the order of right multiplication and action by a Hopf algebra element, and lift to the isomorphism in Van Oystaeyen and Panaite (Appl. Categ. Struct., 2006, in press). We sketch a theory of stable A-modules and their endomorphism rings and generalize the smash product decomposition in Kadison (Proc. Am. Math. Soc., 131: 2993–3002, 2003 Prop. 1.1) to any A-module. We observe that Schneider’s coGalois theory in Schneider (Isr. J. Math., 72: 167–195, 1990) provides examples of codepth two, such as the quotient epimorphism of a finite dimensional normal Hopf subalgebra. A homomorphism of finite dimensional coalgebras is codepth two if and only if its dual homomorphism of algebras is depth two.
Cool versus Ultracool White Dwarfs

A preliminary BVRIJHK analysis of the white dwarfs SSSPM J2231-7514 and SSSPM J2231-7515 is presented. Although both stars were reported to have Teff < 4000 K, the analysis here indicates Teff ≈ 4250 K for both SSSPM J2231-7514 and SSSPM J2231-7515. Given substantial scientific interest in the coolest extant degenerate stars, it is necessary to distinguish sub–4000 K objects from the bulk of cool white dwarfs. This analysis reiterates the importance of near-infrared observations in constraining the spectral energy distributions and effective temperatures of the coolest white dwarfs and briefly discusses their possible origins.
Residual Gas Motions in the Intracluster Medium and Bias in Hydrostatic Measurements of Mass Profiles of Clusters

We present analysis of bulk and random gas motions in the intracluster medium using high-resolution Eulerian cosmological simulations of 16 simulated clusters, including both very relaxed and unrelaxed systems and spanning a virial mass range of 5 x 10{sup 13} - 2 x 10{sup 15} h{sup -1} M-odot. We investigate effects of the residual subsonic gas motions on the hydrostatic estimates of mass profiles and concentrations of galaxy clusters. In agreement with previous studies, we find that the gas motions contribute up to approx5%-15% of the total pressure support in relaxed clusters with contribution increasing with the cluster-centric radius. The fractional pressure support is higher in unrelaxed systems. This contribution would not be accounted for in hydrostatic estimates of the total mass profile and would lead to systematic underestimate of mass. We demonstrate that total mass can be recovered accurately if pressure due to gas motions measured in simulations is explicitly taken into account in the equation of hydrostatic equilibrium. Given that the underestimate of mass is increasing at larger radii, where gas is less relaxed and contribution of gas motions to pressure is larger, the total density profile derived from hydrostatic analysis is more concentrated than the true profile.more » This may at least partially explain some high values of concentrations of clusters estimated from hydrostatic analysis of X-ray data.« less
Commentaries on Big Data's Importance for Accounting and Auditing

The commentaries in this forum on Big Data confront one of our profession’s most pressing challenges. How should we respond to Big Data? Big Data and business analytics now permeate almost all aspects of major companies’ decision making and business strategies. A large U.S. company, for example, might process a billion data elements every day to understand its competitive environment. Moreover, by its very nature, Big Data cannot avoid running head-on into the traditional systems of accounting and auditing that have served our profession so well in the past. What are the threats and opportunities for accounting and auditing generated by this fundamentally different way of understanding information and reporting by business organizations? This issue presents eight commentaries by expert academics and business professionals, who have studied and thought much about the core issues and challenges. Collectively, these commentaries not only define and frame the important issues for accounting and auditing but, also, they identify many feasible, yet difficult, pathways forward, wherein Big Data and traditional accounting and auditing might meld to better serve firms, stakeholders, and the public. These commentaries also
Heat of combustion of tantalum–tungsten oxide thermite composites

Abstract The heat of combustion of two distinctly synthesized stoichiometric tantalum–tungsten oxide energetic composites was investigated by bomb calorimetry. One composite was synthesized using a sol–gel (SG) derived method in which micrometric-scale tantalum is immobilized in a tungsten oxide three-dimensional nanostructured network structure. The second energetic composite was made from the mixing of micrometric-scale tantalum and commercially available (CA) nanometric tungsten oxide powders. The energetic composites were consolidated using the spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique under a 300 MPa pressure and at temperatures of 25, 400, and 500 °C. For samples consolidated at 25 °C, the density of the CA composite is 61.65 ± 1.07% in comparison to 56.41 ± 1.19% for the SG derived composite. In contrast, the resulting densities of the SG composite are higher than the CA composite for samples consolidated at 400 and 500 °C. The theoretical maximum density for the SG composite consolidated to 400 and 500 °C are 81.30 ± 0.58% and 84.42 ± 0.62%, respectively. The theoretical maximum density of the CA composite consolidated to 400 and 500 °C are 74.54 ± 0.80% and 77.90 ± 0.79%, respectively. X-ray diffraction analyses showed an increase of pre-reaction of the constituents with an increase in the consolidation temperature. The increase in pre-reaction results in lower stored energy content for samples consolidated to 400 and 500 °C in comparison to samples consolidated at 25 °C.
Cell-Cell Interactions in the Testis

THE ability of cells to interact and communicate is a biological phenomenon that developed with the evolution of multicellular organisms. The cell-cell interactions that have evolved are essential for the survival of both simple organisms such as dictyostelium and complex organisms such as mammals. These cellular associations allow an organism to develop capacities that are greater than the simple sum of their individual parts. As early as 1878, Claude Bernard proposed that the “milieu interieur” (i.e. internally produced fluid environment) and a cybernetic-like control system (i.e. cell-cell interactions and communication) in multicellular organisms are needed to adaptively regulate the growth, development, and maintenance of normal tissue function (1, 2). The experimental analysis of cellular interactions was initiated with the investigation of cell aggregation in simple organisms such as sponges (3, 4) and progressed into the areas of embryology (5) and cell biology (6, 7). Analysis of cell biology on ...
Do Ads Influence Editors? Advertising and Bias in the Financial Media

The independence of editorial content from advertisers' influence is a cornerstone of journalistic ethics. We test whether this independence is observed in practice. We find that mutual fund recommendations are correlated with past advertising in three personal finance publications but not in two national newspapers. Our tests control for numerous fund characteristics, total advertising expenditures, and past mentions. While positive mentions significantly increase fund inflows, they do not successfully predict returns. Future returns are similar for the funds we predict would have been mentioned in the absence of bias, suggesting that the cost of advertising bias to readers is small.
On locality in distributed storage systems

This paper studies the design of codes for distributed storage systems (DSS) that enable local repair in the event of node failure. This paper presents locally repairable codes based on low degree multivariate polynomials. Its code construction mechanism extends work on Noisy Interpolating Set by Dvir et al. [1]. The paper presents two classes of codes that allow node repair to be performed by contacting 2 and 3 surviving nodes respectively. It further shows that both classes are good in terms of their rate and minimum distance, and allow their rate to be bartered for greater flexibility in the repair process.
The ‘chemistry’ of research collaboration

Abstract This paper examines the process of research collaboration with other scientists based solely upon the experiences of the author: initiation of cooperation; agreement on purpose and responsibility; development of the joint project; information exchange and writing; and consequences unique to each research project.
Energy–momentum conservation and holographic S-matrix

Abstract We investigate the consequence of the energy–momentum conservation law for the holographic S -matrix from AdS/CFT correspondence. It is shown that the conservation law is not a natural consequence of conformal invariance in the large N limit. We predict a new singularity for the four-point correlation function of a marginal operator. Only the two-point scattering amplitude is explicitly calculated, and the result agrees with what is expected.
Differentiability of Stochastic Flow of Reflected Brownian Motions

We prove that a stochastic flow of reflected Brownian motions in a smooth multidimensional domain is differentiable with respect to its initial position. The derivative is a linear map represented by a multiplicative functional for reflected Brownian motion. The method of proof is based on excursion theory and analysis of the deterministic Skorokhod equation.
On Jacquet–Langlands isogeny over function fields

Abstract We propose a conjectural explicit isogeny from the Jacobians of hyperelliptic Drinfeld modular curves to the Jacobians of hyperelliptic modular curves of D -elliptic sheaves. The kernel of the isogeny is a subgroup of the cuspidal divisor group constructed by examining the canonical maps from the cuspidal divisor group into the component groups.
Finite solvable groups whose Quillen complex is Cohen-Macaulay

Abstract We will prove that the p-Quillen complex of a finite solvable group with cyclic derived group is Cohen–Macaulay, if p is an odd prime. If p = 2 we prove a similar conclusion, but there is a discussion to be made.
Novel MRI applications of laser-polarized noble gases

Gas-phase nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has great potential as a probe for a variety of interesting physical and biomedical problems that are not amenable to study by water or similar liquid. However, NMR of gases was largely neglected due to the low signal obtained from the thermally polarized gases with very low sample density. The advent of optical pumping techniques for enhancing the polarization of the noble gases3He and129Xe has bought new life to this field, especially in medical imaging where3He lung inhalation imaging is approaching a clinical application. However, there are numerous applications in materials science that also benefit from the use of these gases. We review primarily nonmedical applications of laser-polarized noble gases for both NMR imaging and spectroscopy and highlight progress with examples from our laboratory including high-resolution imaging at millitesla applied field strength and velocity imaging of convective flow. Porous media microstucture has been probed with both thermal and laser-polarized xenon, as xenon is an ideal probe due to low surface interaction with the grains of the porous media.
Recovery Time of Dynamic Allocation Processes

Many distributed protocols arising in on-line load balancing and dynamic resource allocation can be modeled by dynamic allocation processes related to the ``balls into bin'' problems. Traditionally the main focus of the research on dynamic allocation processes is on verifying whether a given process is stable, and, if so, on analyzing its behavior in the limit (i.e., after sufficiently many steps). Once we know that the process is stable and we know its behavior in the limit, it is natural to analyze its recovery time , which is the time needed by the process to recover from any arbitrarily bad situation and to arrive very closely to a stable (i.e., a typical) state. This investigation is important to provide assurance that even if at some stage the process has reached a highly undesirable state, we can predict with high confidence its behavior after the estimated recovery time. In this paper we present a general framework to study the recovery time of discrete-time dynamic allocation processes . We model allocation processes by suitably chosen ergodic Markov chains. For a given Markov chain we apply path coupling arguments to bound its convergence rate to the stationary distribution, which directly yields the estimation of the recovery time of the corresponding allocation process. Our coupling approach provides in a relatively simple way an accurate prediction of the recovery time. In particular, we show that our method can be applied to improve estimations of the recovery time significantly for various allocation processes related to allocations of balls into bins, and for the edge orientation problem studied before by Ajtai et al.
2-[2'-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]-1,2-dihydro- 3H-dibenz[de,h]isoquinoline-1,3-diones with substituents at positions 4, 8, 9, 10, and 11. Synthesis, antitumor activity, and quantitative structure-activity relationships.

New 2-[2‘-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1,2-dihydro-3H-dibenz[de,h]isoquinoline-1,3-diones with substituents at the 4, 8, 9, 10, and 11 positions were synthesized. Diazonium salts prepared from aminoazonafides were key intermediates for many of the analogues. Six of the new compounds were more potent than azonafide in a panel of tumor cells including human melanoma and ovarian carcinoma and murine L1210 leukemias. Three of these compounds, the 10-OCH3, 10-OC2H5, and 10-F analogues, had better ratios of cardiotoxicity to tumor-cell toxicity than azonafide. Eight compounds were not cross-resistant with MDR L1210 leukemia, and the 10-CN analogue was more potent against solid tumor cells than leukemia cells. The 9-OH, 10-CN, and 10-F analogues had high potency against both sensitive and resistant cell lines of MFX 7 breast carcinoma and WiDr colon carcinoma and sensitivity A599 lung carcinoma. Advantages of the 10-Cl, 10-NH2, and 10-CN analogues over azonafide were apparent in P388 leukemia in mice, and the 10-CN ana...
Large N phase transitions, finite volume, and entanglement entropy

Holographic studies of the entanglement entropy of field theories dual to charged and neutral black holes in asymptotically global AdS4 spacetimes are presented. The goal is to elucidate various properties of the quantity that are peculiar to working in finite volume, and to gain access to the behaviour of the entanglement entropy in the rich thermodynamic phase structure that is present at finite volume and large N . The entropy is followed through various first order phase transitions, and also a novel second order phase transition. Properties of a specific heat in the neighbourhood of the critical point are computed. Behaviour is found that contrasts interestingly with an earlier holographic study of a second order phase transition dual to an holographic superconductor.
On links with cyclotomic Jones polynomials

We show that if {Ln} is any infinite sequence of links with twist number τ(Ln) and with cyclotomic Jones polynomials of increasing span, then lim sup τ(Ln) = ∞. This implies that any infinite sequence of prime alternating links with cyclotomic Jones polynomials must have unbounded hyperbolic volume. The main tool is the multivariable twist–bracket polynomial, which generalizes the Kauffman bracket to link diagrams with open twist sites.
The last word on Giffen goods

Giffen goods have long been a minor embarrassment to economics. While it is customary to dismiss them as empirically irrelevant, this essay argues that a more fundamental difficulty with Giffen goods has somehow been overlooked.
Pseudoduality in sigma models

We revisit classical “on shell” duality, i.e., pseudoduality, in two-dimensional conformally invariant classical sigma models and find some new interesting results. We show that any two sigma models that are “on shell” duals have opposite 1-loop renormalization group beta functions because of the integrability conditions for the pseudoduality transformation. A new result states for any two compact Lie groups of the same dimension there is a natural pseudoduality transformation that maps classical solutions of the WZW model on the first group into solutions of the WZW model on the second group. This transformation preserves the stress-energy tensor. The two groups can be non-isomorphic such as Bl and Cl in the Cartan notation. This transformation can be used for a new construction of non-local conserved currents. The new non-local currents on G depend on the choice of dual group G.
The MAPEDIT system for automatic map digitization

Abstract A system for the automatic digitization of polygon boundaries is described. Digitized map files are created from a driver tape containing identification codes and approximate centroids of polygonal boundaries (e.g. census tracts), and a film image of the map. The digitizer scans on the film plane in an automatic line-following mode, producing the first stage of the map file for the editing system. The MAPEDIT system, which can be used either interactively or in batch mode, reads maps in several standard formats and provides for combining and selecting maps by census (or other) geocodes or by longitude and latitude. This sistem provides several stages of data compression, analysis, and verification, including algorithms for detecting straight lines, finding corners, fitting insets of maps together and matching boundaries common to a pair of polygons. Auxiliary programs (1) provide a very high resolution (1 part in 25,000) CRT plot of the map, (2) allow a detailed examination and editing of the map and (3) supply missing geocodes using auxiliary tapes such as the Medlist tapes.
Dark matter and dark matter candidates

Abstract The nature and identity of the dark matter of the Universe is one of the most challenging problems facing modern cosmology. Only 5% of the energy density of the Universe can be associated with known forms of matter. Problems for baryonic and neutrino dark matter imply the necessity to search beyond the standard model for dark matter candidates. Emphasis is placed on the prospects for supersymmetric dark matter.
The geometry of whips

In this article, we study geometric aspects of the space of arcs parameterized by unit speed in the L2 metric. Physically, this corresponds to the motion of a whip, and it also arises in studying shape recognition. The geodesic equation is the nonlinear, nonlocal wave equation ηtt = ∂s(σ ηs), with \({\lvert \eta_{s}\rvert\equiv 1}\) and σ given by \({\sigma_{ss}- \lvert \eta_{ss}\rvert^2 \sigma = -\lvert \eta_{st}\rvert^2}\), with boundary conditions σ(t, 1) = σ(t, −1) = 0 and η(t, 0) = 0. We prove that the space of arcs is a submanifold of the space of all curves, that the orthogonal projection exists but is not smooth, and as a consequence we get a Riemannian exponential map that is continuous and even differentiable but not C1. This is related to the fact that the curvature is positive but unbounded above, so that there are conjugate points at arbitrarily short times along any geodesic.
Liquidity and stock returns: Evidence from international markets

Abstract This paper tests the relation between expected excess stock returns and illiquidity risk in G7 markets. By conducting panel regressions on monthly data for 20 years, evidence shows that excess stock returns of the G7 countries are positively correlated with market illiquidity risk, but are negatively correlated with the innovation of firm-level illiquidity. Applying the model to the portfolio analysis, the evidence shows that the market-level illiquidity risk has a more profound effect on excess stock returns for large stocks, growth stocks, more liquid stocks, lower idiosyncratic risk stocks, and lower skewness stocks. However, the innovation from firm-level illiquidity has a stronger effect on small stocks, value stocks, more illiquid stocks, higher idiosyncratic risk stocks, lower skewness stocks, and lower kurtosis stocks.
Knots with unknotting number one and Heegaard Floer homology

Abstract We use Heegaard Floer homology to give obstructions to unknotting a knot with a single crossing change. These restrictions are particularly useful in the case where the knot in question is alternating. As an example, we use them to classify all knots with crossing number less than or equal to nine and unknotting number equal to one. We also classify alternating knots with 10 crossings and unknotting number equal to one.
Tunneling assisted two-photon absorption: The nonlinear Franz-Keldysh effect

The $N$-photon absorption coefficient of a direct gap semiconductor under the influence of a uniform electric field perpendicular to the layer and neglecting excitonic effects is calculated. For $N=2$ we recover the familiar results for the low-field regime. The system also shows the same universal behavior as for the $N=1$ case. Below the ${E}_{g}∕2$ edge the absorption coefficient develops the exponential tail characteristic of $N=1$, but with a different photon energy and electric field dependency while above the ${E}_{g}∕2$ edge Franz-Keldysh oscillations with strong damping features are present. An analytical expression for the tunneling assisted two-photon absorption coefficient is given. Our discussion gives suggestions for the use of the effect in the nonlinear regime to characterize the critical point of otherwise forbidden transitions in semiconductors.
THE LIMITS OF NUMERICAL PROBABILITY: FRANK H. KNIGHT AND LUDWIG VON MISES AND THE FREQUENCY INTERPRETATION

Both Frank H. Knight and Ludwig von Mises are recognized as founders of intellectual traditions: the Chicago School and the neo-Austrian School of economics, respectively. During their lifetime, Knight and Mises were engaged in controversies regarding the nature of socialism and capital (Knight 1941, pp. 409–27; 1936, pp. 255–66; 1938, pp. 267–68; Mises 1966, pp. 490–93, 848f.). My focus here, however, will be on a systematic yet rarely noted similarity in the works of Knight and Mises. In particular, both are representatives of the frequency interpretation of probability and share a similar view concerning the limitations of probability theory in economics and the social sciences generally. 1 In the following I will (1) briefly restate the principles of the frequency interpretation of probability; (2) show why Knight and Mises must be considered frequency theorists; and (3) discuss and evaluate the arguments provided by Knight and Mises against the possibility of applying probability theory in the area of economic forecasting (whether on the micro or the macro level).
A new superwind galaxy: XMM-Newton observations of NGC 6810

We present the first imaging X-ray observation of the highly inclined (i= 78°) Sab Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 6810 using XMM–Newton, which reveals soft X-ray emission that extends out to a projected height of ∼7 kpc away from the plane of the galaxy. The soft X-ray emission beyond the optical disc of the galaxy is most plausibly extraplanar, although it could instead come from large galactic radius. This extended X-ray emission is spatially associated with diffuse Hα emission, in particular with a prominent 5-kpc-long Hα filament on the north-west of the disc. A fraction ≲35 per cent of the total soft X-ray emission of the galaxy arises from projected heights |z| ≥ 2 kpc. Within the optical disc of the galaxy the soft X-ray emission is associated with the star-forming regions visible in ground-based Hα and XMM–Newton optical monitor near-UV imaging. The temperature, supersolar α-element-to-iron abundance ratio, soft X-ray/Hα correlation, and X-ray to far-infrared (FIR) flux ratio of NGC 6810 are all consistent with local starbursts with winds, although the large base radius of the outflow would make NGC 6810 one of the few ‘disc-wide’ superwinds currently known. Hard X-ray emission from NGC 6810 is weak, and the total E= 2–10 keV luminosity and spectral shape are consistent with the expected level of X-ray binary emission from the old and young stellar populations. The X-ray observations provide no evidence of any active galactic nucleus activity. We find that the optical, IR and radio properties of NGC 6810 are all consistent with a starburst galaxy, and that the old classification of this galaxy as a Seyfert 2 galaxy is probably incorrect.
THE DYNAMICS OF MAGNETORHEOLOGICAL ELASTOMERS STUDIED BY SYNCHROTRON RADIATION SPECKLE ANALYSIS

We introduce a new technique for probing the microscopic relaxation of magneto-viscoelastic materials consisting of magnetic particles embedded in a natural rubber matrix. Transversely coherent x-rays from a high brilliance synchrotron source are scattered by the magnetic particles, forming a speckle pattern at low scattering angles. The time dependence of this pattern is recorded with a CCD area detector while the sample is cyclically perturbed by a reversal of the magnetic field direction. The corresponding time-resolved scattering pattern probes both the dynamics of the particles and the relaxation of the matrix in which they are embedded. X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) reveals characteristic time scales for this relaxation by applying the intensity auto-correlation function to the time dependent speckle pattern. For low angle scattering, the wave vector dependence of the relaxation rate exhibits power law length scaling.
The synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation of a novel steroid with neurotrophic activity: NGA0187.

A full account of the total synthesis of neurotrophic compound NGA0187 is provided. A key feature of the synthesis involved the direct selective oxidation of 6α,7β-diol to install the unusual 6,7-ketol moiety and stereoselective conjugate addition of vinyl cuprate to enone. A preliminary evaluation of its ability to stimulate the neurite outgrowth was also evaluated with PC12 cell.
Differentially private iterative synchronous consensus

The iterative consensus problem requires a set of processes or agents with different initial values, to interact and update their states to eventually converge to a common value. Protocols solving iterative consensus serve as building blocks in a variety of systems where distributed coordination is required for load balancing, data aggregation, sensor fusion, filtering, and synchronization. In this paper, we introduce the private iterative consensus problem where agents are required to converge while protecting the privacy of their initial values from honest but curious adversaries. Protecting the initial states, in many applications, suffice to protect all subsequent states of the individual participants.We adapt the notion of differential privacy in this setting of iterative computation. Next, we present (i) a server-based and (ii) a completely distributed randomized mechanism for solving differentially private iterative consensus with adversaries who can observe the messages as well as the internal states of the server and a subset of the clients. Our analysis establishes the tradeoff between privacy and the accuracy: for given e, b >0, the e-differentially private mechanism for N agents, is guaranteed to convergence to a value within O(⁄1/e √bN) of the average of the initial values, with probability at least (1-b).
Prediction of SAR focus performance using ephemeris covariance

Synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) focus can be achieved based on either accurate ephemeris data or SAR processing parameters obtained from an autofocus process. For an SAR mapping project, a decision to choose one approach must be made in the early phase of system design. This requires a detailed analysis to predict the focus performance based on the predicted performance of the ephemeris data. For the Magellan project, this analysis is complicated by the facts that the Magellan radar is operated in a burst mode, and the Magellan radar maps the surface of Venus from a highly elliptical orbit. An analysis that is general enough so that both the strip mapping mode SAR system and the burst mode SAR system are considered is presented. The final result indicates that the ephemeris data obtained from the Magellan navigation system provides sufficient accuracy for meeting the Magellan image resolution requirement. >
BINARY MgO-BASED SOLID SOLUTION CATALYSTS FOR METHANE CONVERSION TO SYNGAS

The excellent catalytic performance and high stability of MgO–NiO solid solution catalysts in CH4 conversion to syngas generated the recent outburst of interest for the binary MgO-based solid solutions. This review will focus on the relationship between the catalytic performance of the binary MgO-based solid solution and its properties in the CO2 reforming, the partial oxidation and the steam reforming of methane. First, the development of methane conversion to syngas will be summarized. Second, the role of the basicity and of the solid solution in the design of a catalyst that can inhibit carbon deposition and active metal sintering will be examined. Third, the main results regarding the catalytic performance of the MgO-based solid solutions will be presented. Fourth, detailed information regarding the effects of the NiO/MgO composition, surface area, pore distribution, crystal lattice parameter, precursors, and preparation condition on its catalytic behavior will be provided.
Rearrangement of 3,3-disubstituted indolenines and synthesis of 2,3-substituted indoles.

Synthesis of 2,3-substituted indoles from phenylhydrazine and α-branched aldehydes via rearrangement of 3,3-disubstituted indolenine intermediates is reported.
Resolver signal requirements for high accuracy resolver-to-digital conversion

Tracking resolver-to-digital (R/D) conversion has emerged as the most robust method for obtaining high-resolution position information from resolvers. When driven by ideal resolver signals, tracking R/D converters currently offer position resolutions up to 2/sup 16/ quantization intervals/period (16-b resolution), and accuracies to 2/sup 14/ intervals/period (14-b accuracy). The effects of nonideal resolver signal characteristics commonly encountered in practice are investigated. Expressions for the position error reported by an R/D converter due to amplitude imbalance, quadrature error, inductive harmonics, reference phase shift, excitation signal distortion, and disturbance signals are found. From these expressions, bounds on the position accuracy achievable in practical resolver-based position-sensing systems are determined. >
The Contributions of Endogenous Growth Theory to the Analysis of Development Problems: An Assessment

The ‘old’ growth theory influenced the theory of economic development in several ways. Starting with the basic Harrod—Domar structure of capacity growth, development economists paid attention to the constraints posed by savings and the efficiency with which savings are utilised. The basic model was extended to incorporate structural rigidities constraining the capacity to convert exportables into imports of capital and intermediate goods (leading to the foreign exchange gap as an additional constraint) and the capacity to shift once-installed capital intersectorally (leading to a growth premium on investment allocation in favour of machine-making as in the Fel’dman—Mahalanobis planning model). The optimum growth literature led to a sophisticated discussion of terminal capacity constraints and social time discount rates in the context of development planning. Given the persistence of unemployment and underemployment, and the precapitalist organisation of production in some sectors, the classical growth model (to which Arthur Lewis had drawn attention) was often considered to be more appropriate than the Solow—Swan neoclassical growth model for studying development problems.
International Management Research Meets “The Rest of the World”

I discuss the implications of postcolonial studies for examining and expanding the study of international management. First, I outline various debates and approaches within the postcolonial field. Following this, I summarize key theoretical concepts emanating from three seminal postcolonial scholars—Said, Spivak, and Bhabha— whose works have helped define the field. I rely on each of their lenses—Orientalism, gendered postcolonial subject, and hybridity, respectively—to discuss possibilities and new directions for international management research.
Null geodesics in the Alcubierre warp-drive spacetime: the view from the bridge

The null geodesic equations in the Alcubierre warp-drive spacetime are numerically integrated to determine the angular deflection and redshift of photons which propagate through the distortion of the 'warp-drive' bubble to reach an observer at the origin of the warp effect. We find that for a starship with an effective warp speed exceeding the speed of light, stars in the forward hemisphere will appear closer to the direction of motion than they would to an observer at rest. This aberration is qualitatively similar to that caused by special relativity. Behind the starship, a conical region forms from within which no signal can reach the starship, an effective 'horizon'. Conversely, there is also a horizon-like structure in a conical region in front of the starship, into which the starship cannot send a signal. These causal structures are somewhat analogous to the Mach cones associated with supersonic fluid flow.
Structure, biosynthetic relationships and chemical synthesis of the icetexane diterpenoids

Covering: up to 2009A detailed overview of the icetexane diterpenoid natural product family is presented. The structure, isolation and biological activity of these natural products is followed by an examination of their biosynthetic relationships and a comprehensive summary of the synthetic approaches to the icetexane family; 92 references are cited.
FOMALHAUT'S DEBRIS DISK AND PLANET: CONSTRAINING THE MASS OF FOMALHAUT B FROM DISK MORPHOLOGY

Following the optical imaging of exoplanet candidate Fomalhaut b (Fom b), we present a numerical model of how Fomalhaut's debris disk is gravitationally shaped by a single interior planet. The model is simple, adaptable to other debris disks, and can be extended to accommodate multiple planets. If Fom b is the dominant perturber of the belt, then to produce the observed disk morphology it must have a mass M(sub pl) 101.5AU, and an orbital eccentricity e(sub pl) = 0.11 - 0.13. These conclusions are independent of Fom b's photometry. To not disrupt the disk, a greater mass for Fom b demands a smaller orbit farther removed from the disk; thus, future astrometric measurement of Fom b's orbit, combined with our model of planet-disk interaction, can be used to determine the mass more precisely. The inner edge of the debris disk at a approximately equals 133AU lies at the periphery of Fom b's chaotic zone, and the mean disk eccentricity of e approximately equals 0.11 is secularly forced by the planet, supporting predictions made prior to the discovery of Fom b. However, previous mass constraints based on disk morphology rely on several oversimplifications. We explain why our constraint is more reliable. It is based on a global model of the disk that is not restricted to the planet's chaotic zone boundary. Moreover, we screen disk parent bodies for dynamical stability over the system age of approximately 100 Myr, and model them separately from their dust grain progeny; the latter's orbits are strongly affected by radiation pressure and their lifetimes are limited to approximately 0.1 Myr by destructive grain-grain collisions. The single planet model predicts that planet and disk orbits be apsidally aligned. Fomalhaut b's nominal space velocity does not bear this out, but the astrometric uncertainties are difficult to quantify. Even if the apsidal misalignment proves real, our calculated upper mass limit of 3 M(sub J) still holds. Parent bodies are evacuated from mean-motion resonances with Fom b; these empty resonances are akin to the Kirkwood gaps opened by Jupiter. The belt contains at least 3M(sub Earth) of solids that are grinding down to dust, their velocity dispersions stirred so strongly by Fom b that collisions are destructive. Such a large mass in solids is consistent with Fom b having formed in situ.
Synthesis of a potent α-glucosidase inhibitor epimeric to FR 900483

Abstract The dihydropyrrole 2 was synthesized in four steps from a protected lyxose derivative. This compound exists as one component of a complex equilibrium that may also contain the hydrated forms, 7 , as well as a dimeric form. The mixture comprises a potent inhibitor of yeast α-glucosidase (K i ∼ 10 −7 M).
Two-dimensional programming

A new user-oriented programming system for the purpose of facilitating the programming and analysis of well-formulated problems has been designed and implemented at Columbia University, Hudson Laboratories. This system consists of a standard Flexowriter modified to construct two-dimensional mathematical expressions and a new programming language.
Supersymmetric unification without low energy supersymmetry and signatures for fine-tuning at the LHC

The cosmological constant problem is a failure of naturalness and suggests that a fine-tuning mechanism is at work, which may also address the hierarchy problem. An example — supported by Weinberg's successful prediction of the cosmological constant — is the potentially vast landscape of vacua in string theory, where the existence of galaxies and atoms is promoted to a vacuum selection criterion. Then, low energy SUSY becomes unnecessary, and supersymmetry — if present in the fundamental theory — can be broken near the unification scale. All the scalars of the supersymmetric standard model become ultraheavy, except for a single finely tuned Higgs. Yet, the fermions of the supersymmetric standard model can remain light, protected by chiral symmetry, and account for the successful unification of gauge couplings. This framework removes all the difficulties of the SSM: the absence of a light Higgs and sparticles, dimension five proton decay, SUSY flavor and CP problems, and the cosmological gravitino and moduli problems. High-scale SUSY breaking raises the mass of the light Higgs to ~ 120−150 GeV. The gluino is strikingly long lived, and a measurement of its lifetime can determine the ultraheavy scalar mass scale. Measuring the four Yukawa couplings of the Higgs to the gauginos and higgsinos precisely tests for high-scale SUSY. These ideas, if confirmed, will demonstrate that supersymmetry is present but irrelevant for the hierarchy problem — just as it has been irrelevant for the cosmological constant problem — strongly suggesting the existence of a fine-tuning mechanism in nature.
MAXIMAL EMPTY ELLIPSOIDS

The task of finding the largest empty ellipsoid defined by a set of n point sites in Rd is investigated. It is shown that this can be solved by enumerating the facets of the convex hull of the sites projected onto a manifold in R[d(d+3)/2]. While O(n[d(d+3)/4]) time is required in the worst case, it is found that O(nd) suffices on average for independent uniform points when d is fixed and n increases without bound. The effects on the running time caused by imposing certain restrictions on the orientation and shape of the ellipsoid are also described. Applications to motion planning and design centering are considered briefly.
Sub-Alfvenic inlet boundary conditions for axisymmetric MHD nozzles

There are numerous electromagnetic accelerator concepts which require plasma expansion through a magnetic nozzle. If the inlet flow is slower than one or all of the outgoing characteristics, namely, the Alfven, slow and fast magnetosonic speeds, then the number of inlet conditions which could be arbitrarily specified are reduced by the number of outgoing characteristics (up to three). We derive the axisymmetric compatibility equations using the method of projected characteristics for the inlet conditions in the z-plane to assure the boundary conditions being consistent with flow properties. We make simplifications to the equations assuming that the inlet Alfven speed is much faster than the sonic and slow magnetosonic speeds. We compare results for various inlet boundary conditions, including a modified Lax–Wendroff implementation of the compatibility equations, first order extrapolation and arbitrarily specifying the inlet conditions, in order to assess the stability and accuracy of various approaches.
Growth and frequency pushing effects in relativistic magnetron phase-locking

A magnetron-specific phase-locking model has been developed using the standard equivalent-circuit approach, which takes into account the unconventional magnetron growth characteristics as well as the frequency pushing effect. These effects owe their origin to the highly nonlinear electron-wave interaction; thus, they are believed to be more pronounced in relativistic magnetrons. The model predicts a wider locking bandwidth and a shorter locking time than those in conventional locking theory. The phase-locked amplitude resonance occurs, as the results indicate, at an injection frequency different from that of the free-running oscillator. >
Continuous Adaptive Object-Code Re-optimization Framework

Dynamic optimization presents opportunities for finding run-time bottlenecks and deploying optimizations in statically compiled programs. In this paper, we discuss our current implementation of our hardware sampling based dynamic optimization framework and applying our dynamic optimization system to various SPEC2000 benchmarks compiled with the ORC compiler at optimization level O2 and executed on an Itanium-2 machine. We use our optimization system to apply memory prefetching optimizations, improving the performance of multiple benchmark programs.
Excited-State OH Masers and Supernova Remnants

The collisionally pumped, ground-state 1720MHz maser line of OH is widely recognized as a tracer for shocked regions and observed in star forming regions and supernova remnants. Whereas some lines of excited states of OH have been detected and studied in star forming regions, the subject of excited-state OH in supernova remnants – where high collision rates are to be expected – is only recently being addressed. Modeling of collisional excitation of OH demonstrates that 1720, 4765 and 6049MHz masers can occur under similar conditions in regions of shocked gas. In particular, the 6049 and 4765MHz masers become more significant at increased OH column densities where the 1720MHz masers begin to be quenched. In supernova remnants, the detection of excited-state OH line maser emission could therefore serve as a probe of regions of higher column densities. Using the Very Large Array, we searched for excited-state OH in the 4.7, 7.8, 8.2 and 23.8GHz lines in four well studied supernova remnants with strong 1720MHz maser emission (SgrAEast, W28, W44 and IC443). No detections were made, at typical detection limits of around 10 mJybeam −1 . The search for the 6GHz lines were done using Effelsberg since the VLA receivers did not cover those frequencies,
The ubiquity and dual nature of ultra‐compact dwarfs

We present the discovery of several Ultra Compact Dwarfs (UCDs) located in field/group environments. Examination of these objects, plus literature UCDs, confirms the existence of two distinct formation channels for these compact stellar systems. We find that the UCDs we have discovered around the group elliptical NGC3923 (and most UCDs in general) have properties consistent with their being the most luminous members of the host galaxy’s globular cluster (GC) system. As with GCs they are therefore likely to be the product of the most violent epochs of galaxy formation. We describe UCDs of this type as giant GCs (GGCs). In contrast, the UCD we have found associated with the isolated S0 NGC4546 is clearly the result of the stripping of a nucleated companion galaxy. The young age (�3.4 Gyr) of the UCD, the lack of a correspondingly young GC population, the apparently short dynamical friction decay timescale (�0.5 Gyr) of the UCD, and the presence of a counterrotating gas disc in the host galaxy (co-rotating with respect to the UCD) together suggest that this UCD is the liberated nucleus remaining after the recent stripping of a companion by NGC4546. We infer that the presence of UCDs of either category (GGC’s formed in major star forming events, or stripped nuclei formed in minor mergers) can provide a useful probe of the assembly history of the host galaxy. We suggest a general scheme that unifies the formation of GCs, UCDs, and galaxy nuclei. In this picture “normal” GCs are a composite population, composed of GCs formed in situ, GCs acquired from accreted galaxies, and a population of lower mass stripped dwarf nuclei masquerading as GCs. Above a “scaling onset mass” of 2×10 6 M� (MV � –10), UCDs emerge together with a mass-size relation and a likely mass-metallicity relation (the “blue tilt”). In the mass range up to 7×10 7 M� (MV � –13) UCDs comprise a composite population of GGCs and stripped nuclei. Interestingly, dwarf nuclei have similar colours to blue GCs and UCDs across the scaling onset mass, smoothly extending the blue tilt, while nuclei of more massive galaxies and a prominent minority of UCDs extend the red locus of GCs. Above 7×10 7 M� , UCDs must be almost exclusively stripped nuclei, as no sufficiently rich GC systems exist to populate such an extreme of the GCLF.
Generation of universal linear optics by any beam splitter

Any beamsplitter that acts nontrivially on two modes can be used to generate a dense set of all unitary transformations on single photons in three or more modes, thereby making tunable beam splitters nonessential in principle for universal optical transformations.