cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NCAA concussion education in ice hockey: an ineffective mandate

Background/aim Despite concussion education being increasingly mandated by states and sports leagues, there has been limited evaluation of what education is in fact effective. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) currently mandates that institutions provide concussion education, without specifying content or delivery. The present study evaluated the effectiveness of this general mandate, as enacted for male collegiate ice hockey teams within one conference of competition. Methods In a prospective cohort design, 146 players from 6 male collegiate ice hockey teams in one Division 1 conference completed written surveys before and after receiving their institution-determined concussion education. Knowledge, attitudes, perceived norms and behavioural intention were assessed using validated measures. Education content and delivery was assessed by open-ended responses and consultation with team athletic trainers. Results All teams received concussion education material; however, content and delivery varied. Rates of material recall differed by delivery format. Considering all teams together, there were no significant improvements in knowledge and only a very small decrease in intention to continue playing while experiencing symptoms of a concussion. Pre-education and post-education, there were significant between-team differences in attitudes towards concussion reporting and behavioural intention. Conclusions The NCAA9s general education mandate was divergently enacted; it did not significantly change the constructs of interest nor did it mitigate the pre-education team differences in these constructs. Existing educational materials should be evaluated, theory and evidence-driven materials developed, and mandates extended to, at a minimum, recommend materials found to be effective in changing concussion-reporting behaviour.
Cross-Cultural Approaches in Archaeology: Comparative Ethnology, Comparative Archaeology, and Archaeoethnology

Cross-cultural approaches have been used widely in archaeological research. Comparative ethnology has provided a number of archaeological indicators of behavior, but large segments of the archaeological record have not yet been subjected to extensive comparative analysis. Comparative archaeology has aided in exploring variation among societal types (such as chiefdoms) and categories within the archaeological record (such as settlements). Diachronic comparisons have been used frequently by archaeologists, but these have often been based on unique samples and only rarely have employed statistics to aid in the discovery or testing of hypotheses. Archaeoethnology, comparative analyses of archaeological cases employing valid samples and statistical evaluation of theories and hypotheses, is introduced.
Where is that Noise Coming from

Cells regulate their internal environments, homeostatically maintaining molecular concentrations, and adjusting these in response to stimuli. They succeed despite the regulatory networks responsible being intrinsically noisy. Random fluctuations in molecule counts are inherent in biochemical signal processing, and the role of this noise is incompletely understood. In particular, how does evolution structure networks to tolerate such noise? From an engineering perspective, how can we design synthetic networks with low output noise?
Garbanzo Bean Flour Usage in Cantonese Noodles

Cantonese noodles were fortified with several levels of garbanzo bean flours with different particle sizes. The mixogram water absorption of dough fortified with garbanzo bean flour fractions decreased by 2% to 9%. The replacement of wheat flour by garbanzo bean flour resulted in a decrease in texture profile analysis (TPA) parameters of cooked noodles. Noodles fortified with flour containing small particles of garbanzo bean fractions had higher TPA parameters and lower cooking loss than those fortified with large particles. The L * values of Cantonese noodles doughs slightly decreased with garbanzo bean substitution and b * values increased significantly. Essential amino acid contents of noodles were increased by garbanzo bean fortification
Sulfonamide Resistance of Propionibacteria: Nutrition and Transport

Abstract Three variations of a synthetic growth medium were used to study the folic acid and p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) requirements of Propionibacterium. P. shermanii, P. freudenreichii, P. thoenii, and P. arabinosum synthesize folic acid and do not require PABA or folic acid. P. pentosaceum, P. jensenii, and P. rubrum are stimulated by folic acid or PABA, but do not show an absolute requirement. P. peterssonii shows a requirement for either PABA or folic acid. The addition of 300 μg of sulfadiazine per ml did not inhibit growth of propionibacteria in the synthetic medium, synthetic medium plus PABA, or synthetic medium plus folic acid. P. freudenreichii was not inhibited even when 500 μg of sulfadiazine per ml was added to the synthetic medium, nor did it degrade sulfadiazine significantly. Trimethoprim totally inhibited the growth of Propionibacterium. Radioactive sulfadiazine was transported by sulfadiazine-sensitive Escherichia coli but not by P. freudenreichii, indicating that the sulfadiazine resistance of propionibacteria could be mainly due to their inability to transport sulfonamides.
Impressions of high and low Machiavellian men1

Naive judges viewed brief, silent videotape excerpts or photographs of 18 men who had been classified as high or low in Machiavellianism. They were asked either to identify each stimulus person as high or low, or to choose from a list of trait adjectives those which best described each. Stimulus persons were identified accurately. The traits which were chosen to describe them were consistent with the characterizations of high and low Machiavellians in the research literature. Neither judgment appears to have been based on a single, observable aspect of the stimulus persons' appearance or behavior. It is concluded that practitioners of interpersonal strategies like Machiavellianism can communicate elaborate, self-serving impressions to others.
Evaluating a 4-marker signature of aggressive prostate cancer using time-dependent AUC

BACKGROUND We previously identified a protein tumor signature of PTEN, SMAD4, SPP1, and CCND1 that, together with clinical features, was associated with lethal outcomes among prostate cancer patients. In the current study, we sought to validate the molecular model using time-dependent measures of AUC and predictive values for discriminating lethal from non-lethal prostate cancer. METHODS Using data from the initial study, we fit survival models for men with prostate cancer who were participants in the Physicians' Health Study (PHS; n = 276). Based on these models, we generated prognostic risk scores in an independent population, the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS; n = 347) to evaluate external validity. In each cohort, men were followed prospectively from cancer diagnosis through 2011 for development of distant metastasis or cancer mortality. We measured protein tumor expression of PTEN, SMAD4, SPP1, and CCND1 on tissue microarrays. RESULTS During a median of 11.9 and 14.3 years follow-up in the PHS and HPFS cohorts, 24 and 32 men (9%) developed lethal disease. When used as a prognostic factor in a new population, addition of the four markers to clinical variables did not improve discriminatory accuracy through 15 years of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Although the four markers have been identified as key biological mediators in metastatic progression, they do not provide independent, long-term prognostic information beyond clinical factors when measured at diagnosis. This finding may underscore the broad heterogeneity in aggressive prostate tumors and highlight the challenges that may result from overfitting in discovery-based research. Prostate 75:1926–1933, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Control Design for Rotor Suspension

This chapter presents the design and implementation of the AMB rotor levitation controllers for the compressor test rig. First of all, we discuss the different standards that have been developed for compressors and other rotating machines with AMBs. The requirements and recommendations defined in these standards are followed in our design of the AMB levitation controllers. Next, we present the derivation of the mathematical model describing the lateral and axial dynamics of the rotor/AMB system. A combination of the finite-element approach with the modal reduction method is employed to obtain an accurate model of the rotor radial dynamics. In the axial direction, linearized approximations of AMB inefficiencies, such as the eddy current losses and the back-EMF effects, are included. Finally, the rotor levitation controllers are designed and implemented for the radial and thrust AMBs. In the lateral direction an LQG controller is designed to minimize the rotor vibrations, while an H ∞ controller is synthesized for the thrust AMB to maximize the impeller position tracking performance. In both cases, the controllers are implemented in the test rig, and experimental measurements are presented.
6q deletions define distinct clinico-pathologic subsets of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Commonly observed in lymphoid neoplasms, deletions of 6q have been correlated with histologic and clinical subsets of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Our recent analysis of loss of heterozygosity of 6q loci in NHL showed two regions of minimal molecular deletion (RMD), an RMD1 at 6q25–27 and an RMD2 at 6q21–23. To establish correlations between these RMDs and regions of minimal cytogenetic deletions (RCDs) on 6q, and to define associations between RCDs and clinico-pathologic features, we have analyzed chromosome 6 abnormalities in 459 consecutively ascertained, karyotypically abnormal cases of NHL. Among these, 126 (27.5%) cases had structural abnormalities of chromosome 6, of which 94 were deletions. Analysis of these deletions identified three RCDs. An RCD1 encompassing 6q25–27 was seen in 45 intermediate- grade NHL. An RCD2 at 6q21 was observed in 11 high-grade NHL, 9 of which were of the immunoblastic subtype. An RCD3 at 6q23 was noted in 18 low-grade NHL lacking a t(14;18) translocation. Of these 18 cases, 12 were small lymphocytic NHL and, in 2 of these, del(6q) was the sole karyotypic abnormality. In 20 cases of low-grade NHL with t(14;18), the deletions spanned both RCD1 and RCD3. These data suggested the presence of at least 3 tumor suppressor genes on 6q within RCD1, RCD2, and RCD3; they also showed associations between RCDs in 6q and subsets of NHL, including a specific association between a group of well-differentiated lymphoid neoplasms and RCD3. The apparent heterogeneity of breakpoints when all NHLs are considered together explains the inability of previous studies to reliably establish correlations between recurring 6q deletions and histologic and clinical features of NHL.
Lacosamide tolerability in adult patients with partial-onset seizures: Impact of planned reduction and mechanism of action of concomitant antiepileptic drugs

Abstract Objective We evaluated the impact of planned dose reduction and mechanism of action of concomitant AEDs on tolerability in adults with partial-onset seizures undergoing lacosamide (LCM) titration. Methods Data were collected at baseline and 3–6 and 12–24 months post-LCM initiation. Subjects were categorized as having planned reduction of concomitant AEDs or not; AEDs were categorized as traditional sodium channel blockers (TSCB) or non-TSCB (NTSCB). Groups with/without planned reduction were compared on the presence and number of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) using chi-square tests or logistic regression and on time to LCM discontinuation with time-to-event methods controlling for standardized (STD) AED dose, a measure of concomitant AED load. Similar analyses were performed comparing subjects taking TSCB and NTSCB agents and used to identify relationships with ≥ 50% decreases in seizure frequency. Results One hundred six adults (mean age 41.4 ± 13.4; 50% male) underwent LCM titration from June 2009–2011 with complete data. Reduction of concomitant AEDs was planned at the time of LCM initiation in 59 (55.7%) subjects. Fewer subjects with planned reduction had TEAEs (49.2% vs. 68.1%; p = 0.05), and these subjects had a lower risk of TEAEs (OR 0.36; p = 0.019) after adjusting for STD AED dose. The hazard ratio (95% CI) for LCM discontinuation was 0.46 (0.23, 0.94) in subjects with planned reduction of concomitant AEDs vs. others (p = 0.033) and 3.29 (1.01, 10.70) in subjects taking TSCB vs. NTSCB agents (p = 0.048). Among all cases, those who ever had TEAEs had significantly higher STD dose at both follow-up visits (p = 0.033 and p = 0.023, respectively). Seizure outcomes were not significantly different between groups at the last follow-up assessment. Significance Planned reduction of concomitant AEDs during LCM initiation and the use of NTSCB agents only are associated with a reduced risk of TEAEs and LCM discontinuation in adults with partial-onset seizures. This study extends prior observations by considering total AED load in the assessment of tolerability and supports the benefits of early reduction of concomitant AEDs during LCM initiation.
Charge trapping and scattering in epitaxial graphene

The Hall mobility and corresponding density of charge carriers in epitaxial graphene exhibit unexpectedly strong temperature dependence. This behavior is attributed to charge traps in the silicon carbide substrate that have a characteristic binding energy of approximately 70 meV. The electrostatic screening associated with these traps and the corresponding carrier transport behavior are investigated, as is transport at low densities, where the mobility sharply increases. The mobility at high carrier densities can be satisfactorily described by invoking Coulomb and short-range scattering. Scatterer transparency in the long-wavelength limit is suggested to occur in the low density regime, resulting in an abrupt mobility increase.
Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in medical patients.

Purpose of reviewVenous thromboembolism, including deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, represents a significant source of morbidity and mortality in the United States and worldwide. Most acutely ill medical patients are at risk for venous thromboembolism, and prophylaxis is recommended. How
Efficient yellow and green emitting InGaN/GaN nanostructured QW materials and LEDs

Efficient green emitting LEDs and monolithic white light emitting LEDs require the extension of the range of efficient light emission in the GaN/InGaN materials system. We demonstrate high efficiency green and yellow light emitting multiple quantum well (MQW) structures grown on GaN nanostripe templates. The structures show promise for realizing high efficiency phosphor – free white LEDs. The nanostripe dimensions range from 100 to 300 nm and have separations that range from 300 nm to 1 μm. The MOCVD growth conditions strongly affect surfaces expressed in the GaN nanostripes whose sidewalls can be controlled to be nearly vertical or inclined and intersecting. Single quantum well (QW) structures are grown on these different stripes. Photoluminescence (PL) measurement shows that QW grown on stripes with the {10−11} surfaces and triangular shape emit the longest peak wavelength and highly efficient PL emission peak wavelengths as long as 570 nm are realized. PL and electroluminescence (EL) spectra show narrow linewidth that is comparable to the planar case and CL studies further demonstrate the uniform emission wavelength along the sidewalls of the structures. Finally, we have grown and fabricated green emitting LEDs on {10−11} faceted nanostripes with promising device characteristics.
The role of hysterosalpingography in the evaluation of infertility.

Hysterosalpingography is the only radiologic procedure routinely performed in the initial evaluation of the infertile woman. Hysterosalpingography is used to assess the anatomy of the uterus and the patency of the fallopian tubes, and is performed in the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle. It can be performed with either water- or oil-soluble contrast medium. Care should be taken during the procedure that excessive amounts of contrast medium are not injected, because that could obscure the diagnostic findings. Selective salpingography can help evaluate a suspected proximal tubal occlusion. The complications associated with hysterosalpingography include pain, pelvic infection, intravasation of contrast medium and allergic reactions. Abnormal hysterosalpingographic findings include occlusion of one or both fallopian tubes, uterine filling defects and mullerian anomalies. Therapy for abnormal hysterosalpingographic findings depends on the specific clinical scenario and includes endoscopic surgery, laparotomy and in vitro fertilization.
Algorithms used in adverse drug event reports: a comparative study.

OBJECTIF: Notre objectif premier etait de determiner la concordance des algorithmes de Kramer et de Karch dans l'etablissement du lien de causalite entre une reaction adverse et un medicament. Notre second objectif etait de verifier la possiblilite d'utilser ces algorithmes dans l'evaluation des cas publies dans la litterature medicale. DEVIS EXPERIMENTAL : Comparaison ouverte par un seul evaluateur des algorithemes de Kramer et de Karch dans l'evaluation du lien de causalite de 200 reactions medicamenteuses adverses extraites de la litterature medicale. RESULTATS: Les algorithmes ne different pas significativement dans la proportion de cas juges definitivement (p = 0.5204) ou probablement (p = 0.2972) relies a la medication. L'algorithme de Kramer est plus enclin a assigner un risque probable (p = 0.0001), alors que l'instrument de Karch aura tendance a juger la causalite improbable (p = 0.0001). Les algorithmes concordent dans 41% des cas et sont juges acceptables pour l'evaluation de la litterature car l'information publiee est suffisante pour permettre leur utilisation dans plus de 90% des cas recenses. CONCLUSIONS : L'evaluation du lien de causalite peut varier selon qu'on utilise l'algorithme de Kramer ou celui de Karch. Cette difference entre les deux instruments depend de leur application mais aussi de differences structurelles.
Plant - Microbial and mineral contributions to amino acid and protein organic matter accumulation during 4000 years of pedogenesis

Abstract The dynamics and persistence of proteinaceous compounds during pedogenesis are major mechanisms of soil formation and determinants of organic matter (OM) turnover. We investigated the accumulation patterns of proteinogenic amino acids associated with minerals dominated by permanently negative charges (primary silica minerals) and related these to vegetative and belowground microbial succession during soil ecosystem development. Positively-charged amino acids (arginine, lysine, histidine), extracted from whole soil pool using 6 M HCl, showed clear patterns of accumulation, increasing ∼65% during 4010 years of development, while negatively charged amino acids (glutamic acid, aspartic acid) decreased ∼13%. In the mineral associated sub-pool, positively charged amino acids were approximately ∼431% more enriched, while negatively charged amino acids were ∼38% depleted as compared to the whole soil pool. The multivariate ordination of soil bacterial community structure based on a 16s ribosomal RNA gene analysis and that of the aboveground plant community structure predicted 71% (p
Crystal structure of the drug‐resistant S31N influenza M2 proton channel

The M2 protein is a small proton channel found in the influenza A virus that is necessary for viral replication. The M2 channel is the target of a class of drugs called the adamantanes, which block the channel pore and prevent the virus from replicating. In recent decades mutations have arisen in M2 that prevent the adamantanes from binding to the channel pore, with the most prevalent of these mutations being S31N. Here we report the first crystal structure of the S31N mutant crystallized using lipidic cubic phase crystallization techniques and solved to 1.59 A resolution. The Asn31 residues point directly into the center of the channel pore and form a hydrogen-bonded network that disrupts the drug-binding site. Ordered waters in the channel pore form a continuous hydrogen bonding network from Gly34 to His37.
DNA REPAIR PATHWAYS: EXCISION REPAIR IN PERMEABILIZED CELLS

ABSTRACT Schemes proposed and documented for the repair of structural defects in DNA are outlined. It is important to consider unique effects in replicating regions of DNA. Lesions on the leading strand side may be treated differently than those on the lagging strand side of the fork. Excision repair involves the removal of damaged single strand regions within duplex DNA and resynthesis. Studies with permeabilized bacteria have aided the analysis of precursor, energy and enzyme requirements for excision repair. For example, previous results with toluenlzed E. coli have shown that either pol II or pol III can substitute for pol I in an ATP dependent mode of repair replication. We have developed an analogous approach for studying excision repair in permeabilized human cells. Isolated WI38 nuclei exhibit UV dependent repair replication while nuclei from xeroderma pigmentosum (group A) cells do not. Added T4 endonuclease V, but not pancreatic DNase I, promotes UV dependent repair synthesis. Our results support the view that the incision step in the excision repair sequence is defective in xeroderma pigmentosum (group A) and they demonstrate the utility of permeabilized mammalian cells for probing DNA repair with exogenous enzymes and substrates.
Common Urologic Procedures

While this chapter is by no means an exhaustive review of every possible urologic procedure that can or may be performed in the ICU setting, it is certainly aspiring to be a concise, relevant, evidence-based review of some of the more common procedures that you may be asked to perform or even observe. To wit, some of the topics we will cover include proper sterile technique for the insertion of Foley catheters, difficult Foley catheters, bedside clot evacuation, and reduction of paraphimosis.
General Variational Theory of the Flight Paths of Rocket-Powered Aircraft, Missiles and Satellite Carriers

General equations are presented for analyzing the optimum flight paths of rocket-powered aircraft, missiles and satellites. The Earth is assumed spherical; the variability of the acceleration of gravity with the altitude is accounted for.
The Subcellular PAPS Synthesis Pathway Responsible for the Sulfation of Proteoglycans

プロテオグリカン (PGs) は細胞表面および細胞外マトリックスに多量に存在している分子であり、種々の生物現象に関与している。最近、ショウジョウバエでの硫酸転移酵素変異体の解析により、グリコサミノグリカン (GAGs) の硫酸化が発生時における成長シグナルに重要であることが示された。GAGs の硫酸化は、1) 硫酸トランスポーターによる硫酸イオンの細胞内への輸送、2) 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) 合成酵素によるPAPSへの変換、3) PAPSトランスポーターによるPAPSの細胞質からゴルジ装置への輸送、4) 硫酸転移酵素によるPAPSからGAGsへの硫酸基の転移、の4つのステップが必要である。これらの構成成分は脊椎動物と無脊椎動物で保存されている。本レビューでは、硫酸転移酵素より前の段階での、PAPS供給における各ステップの重要性について、ヒトとショウジョウバエ遺伝子とを比較しながら概要を述べる。
Transobturator Bypass Utilizing Fluoroscopic Guidance.

Introduction Transobturator bypass is an older and less frequently performed revascularization of the lower extremity that is useful in the setting of multiple failed lower extremity bypasses usually due to groin sepsis and infection(s). It can be a technically challenging operation due to anatomic constraints. Report We describe a successful transobturator bypass utilizing fluoroscopy for passage of bypass tunneler and graft through the obturator foramen. Discussion Live fluoroscopy is a versatile technique and in conjunction with our described surgical technique of lower extremity bypass should help increase the technical success rates of this procedure.
The Golden Age of American Imperialism: Resourcing the Spanish–American War

Following the carnage of the Civil War, America found itself in a period of relative calm, both politically and militarily. The United States and Great Britain had settled their differences and no longer saw a need for military confrontation in North America; meanwhile, the US Army conducted a low level counterinsurgency campaign against the Plains Indians, gradually forcing them back into more constrained spaces, providing a preview of future operations in the Far East against Filipino guerillas. The real changes in military technology took place near the end of the century in both the land and naval arena. The Spanish–American War demonstrated the utility of new technologies both in the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean theaters.
Comparing the photothermal effects of gold nanorods and single-walled carbon nanotubes in cancer models

Laser Immunotherapy (LIT) is an innovative cancer treatment modality that is specifically targeted towards treating late-stage, metastatic cancer. This treatment modality utilizes laser irradiation in combination with active immune system stimulation to induce a systemic anti-tumor immune response against metastatic cancer. Nanoparticles have recently been utilized to support and increase the photothermal effect of the laser irradiation by absorbing the light energy produced from the laser and converting that energy into thermal energy. In the past, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have been the main choice in nanotechnology, however, recent studies have shown that gold nanorods (AuNRs) are a prospective alternative that may produce photothermal effects similar to SWNTs. Due to the precedence of gold biomaterials currently having approval for use in various treatments for humans, AuNRs are regarded to be a safer option than SWNTs. The goal of this study is to precisely compare any differences in photothermal effects between AuNRs and SWNTs. Both types of nanoparticles were irradiated with the same wavelength of near-infrared light to ascertain the photothermal effects in gel phantom tumor models, aqueous solutions, and metastatic cancer cell cultures. We discerned from the results that the AuNRs could be equally or more effective than SWNTs in absorbing the light energy from the laser and converting it into thermal energy. In both solution and gel studies, AuNRs were shown to be more efficient than SWNTs in creating thermal energy, while in cell studies, no definitive differences between AuNRs and SWNTs were observed. The cytotoxicity of both nanoparticles needs further assessment in future studies. Given these results, AuNRs are comparable to SWNTs, even superior in certain aspects. This advances the opportunity to use AuNRs as replacements for SWNTs in LIT treatments. The results from this study will contribute to any subsequent studies in the development of this cancer modality using photothermal therapy enhanced by nanoparticles.
RESEARCH DIRECTIONS IN TROPICAL FOREST RESTORATION

In the past few years, numerous global, national, and regional targets have been set to restore millions of hectares of tropical forest to achieve multiple goals, including carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, improvements in the quality and supply of water, and support of human livelihoods. To achieve these ambitious goals, restoration decision makers need guiding principles regarding how to invest limited resources for large-scale forest restoration. Research over the past two decades has shown that a host of abiotic and biotic factors can slow tropical forest recovery, but that the specific barriers to and rate of recovery are site specific. Hence, restoration strategies must be carefully selected considering the natural resilience of a given site, localized barriers to recovery, and the ecological and human goals of the project. Despite the substantial advances in our understanding of tropical forest regeneration and restoration, to date neither the scale of scientific studies nor the restoration projects being implemented have matched the ambitious forest landscape restoration plans that are being proposed. I discuss key ways to enhance the success of tropical forest restoration efforts, citing a range of examples to illustrate each point. Specifically, restoration projects need to be planned and evaluated at larger spatial scales and over longer time periods, which requires better integration of the science and practice of forest restoration. Ultimately, forest restoration success hinges on including multiple stakeholders, such as farmers, local communities, local government leaders, regional and national policymakers, and scientists, in the planning, implementation, and evaluation processes. Finally, efforts to improve knowledge sharing across restoration projects in different regions will enhance the likelihood of implementing successful tropical forest restoration projects at the desired scale.
Sex, Gut, and Microglia

Microglia are brain-resident macrophages whose function affects a myriad of physiological processes and can in turn be affected by peripheral factors. In a recent issue of Cell, Garel, Ginhoux and colleagues describe how gender, developmental stage, and microbiome contribute to the transcriptome of microglia (Thion et al., 2018).
Platelet Signaling and Disease: Targeted Therapy for Thrombosis and Other Related Diseases

Platelets are essential for clotting in the blood and maintenance of normal hemostasis. Under pathologic conditions such as atherosclerosis, vascular injury often results in hyperactive platelet activation, resulting in occlusive thrombus formation, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Recent work in the field has elucidated a number of platelet functions unique from that of maintaining hemostasis, including regulation of tumor growth and metastasis, inflammation, infection, and immune response. Traditional therapeutic targets for inhibiting platelet activation have primarily been limited to cyclooxygenase-1, integrin αIIbβ3, and the P2Y12 receptor. Recently identified signaling pathways regulating platelet function have made it possible to develop novel approaches for pharmacological intervention in the blood to limit platelet reactivity. In this review, we cover the newly discovered roles for platelets as well as their role in hemostasis and thrombosis. These new roles for platelets lend importance to the development of new therapies targeted to the platelet. Additionally, we highlight the promising receptor and enzymatic targets that may further decrease platelet activation and help to address the myriad of pathologic conditions now known to involve platelets without significant effects on hemostasis.
The joys and perils of computerization.

The decision to computerize comes after an agency grows beyond its capacity to efficiently control the day-to-day business and/or gather data to plan for future needs. Once the decision to computerize is made, several questions must be answered, including, "What are the computer needs of the agency?" "What functions must it provide?" and "Which system will serve the agency?"
Great problems of geometry and space

To do mathematics is to raise great mathematical problems, and try to solve them. Eventually to solve them. This time, we shall treat problems of geometry and space, and we shall classify geometric objects in dimensions 2 and 3. Dimension 2 is classical: it’s the classification of surfaces, which are obtained by attaching handles on spheres. One can also describe surfaces by using the Poincare −Lobatchevsky upper half plane. What happens in higher dimensions? In dimension ≧5, Smale obtained decisive results in 1960. Last year, Thurston published great results in dimension 3. He conjectured the way such objects can be constructed starting with simple models, and also how one could obtain them from the analogue of the upper half plane in 3 dimensions. He proved a good part of his conjectures. We shall describe Thurston’s vision
Redox control of iodotyrosine deiodinase

The redox chemistry of flavoproteins is often gated by substrate and iodotyrosine deiodinase (IYD) has the additional ability to switch between reaction modes based on the substrate. Association of fluorotyrosine (F-Tyr), an inert substrate analog, stabilizes single electron transfer reactions of IYD that are not observed in the absence of this ligand. The co-crystal of F-Tyr and a T239A variant of human IYD have now been characterized to provide a structural basis for control of its flavin reactivity. Coordination of F-Tyr in the active site of this IYD closely mimics that of iodotyrosine and only minor perturbations are observed after replacement of an active site Thr with Ala. However, loss of the side chain hydroxyl group removes a key hydrogen bond from flavin and suppresses the formation of its semiquinone intermediate. Even substitution of Thr with Ser decreases the midpoint potential of human IYD between its oxidized and semiquinone forms of flavin by almost 80 mV. This decrease does not adversely affect the kinetics of reductive dehalogenation although an analogous Ala variant exhibits a 6.7-fold decrease in its kcat /Km . Active site ligands lacking the zwitterion of halotyrosine are not able to induce closure of the active site lid that is necessary for promoting single electron transfer and dehalogenation. Under these conditions, a basal two-electron process dominates catalysis as indicated by preferential reduction of nitrophenol rather than deiodination of iodophenol.
Design and implementation of semester long project and problem based bioinformatics course

Background : Advancements in ‘high-throughput technologies’ have inundated us with data across disciplines. As a result, there is a bottleneck in addressing the demand for analyzing data and training of ‘next generation data scientists’. Methods : In response to this need, the authors designed a single semester “Bioinformatics” course that introduced a small cohort of students at the University of South Carolina to methods for analyzing data generated through different ‘omic’ platforms using variety of model systems. The course was divided into seven modules with each module ending with a problem. Results : Towards the end of the course, the students each designed a project that allowed them to pursue their individual interests. These completed projects were presented as talks and posters at ISCB-RSG-SEUSA symposium held at University of South Carolina. Conclusions : An important outcome of this course design was that the students acquired the basic skills to critically evaluate the reporting and interpretation of data of a problem or a project during the symposium.
Reversal of Blood Flow in the Internal Jugular Vein - A Case Series and Review of the Literature

Objective The objectives of this study were to identify the causes of internal jugular vein (IJV) blood flow reversal revealed on ultrasound imaging. Methods In this retrospective review, 4796 upper extremity venous ultrasounds completed at a single institution between January 2012 and December 2017 were reviewed to identify cases of flow reversal in the IJV. Fourteen patients were identified with IJV flow reversal. Medical charts of these 14 patients were reviewed to identify the etiology of blood flow reversal. Results Intraluminal causes were the most common and were most frequently seen in patients with vascular damage secondary to placement of endovascular devices. Flow reversal most commonly occurred in the left IJV and was equally represented in men and women. Ages ranged from 41.38 to 82.76 years, with an average age of 61.92 years. Conclusion Reversal of flow in the IJV is a rare finding which is most often diagnosed on ultrasound evaluation of the upper extremity. Further investigation should be performed when flow reversal is identified, as the underlying cause may have serious clinical implications.
Acoustic correlates of breathy sonorants in Marathi

Abstract Breathy voiced sonorant consonants are typologically rare, more so than other non-modal sonorants (e.g. voiceless sonorants, which are widely attested in language families like Tibeto-Burman and Otomanguean). Similarly, they are more vulnerable to diachronic loss than voiceless sonorants (e.g. in Tibeto-Burman). The acoustic correlates of breathiness in sonorants have not been thoroughly investigated, and a question arises as to whether there is a tie between their acoustics and their typology: does the acoustic encoding of breathiness in sonorants contribute to their typological scarcity? The current study probes this question via instrumental acoustic analysis of breathy and modal obstruents and sonorants in Marathi, an Indic language. Measures standardly used to assess voice quality (F0, H1*-H2*, H1*-A1*, H1*-A2*, H1*-A3*, and Cepstral Peak Prominence) are reported. As expected, breathy voiced obstruents are associated with increased values in the H1-based measures and decreased values in Cepstral Peak Prominence (CPP), a measure which reflects the presence of noise in the signal. Sonorants show the same general trend, with higher H1-based measures and lower CPP associated with breathy than with plain sonorants, but the differences between plain and breathy consonants is greater in obstruents than in sonorants. Specifically, the acoustic correlates of breathy voice are diminished in post-sonorant contexts. It is proposed that phonemic breathy voice is not acoustically encoded as robustly in sonorant consonants as in obstruents, and that this helps explain the typology.
World records by two milers and amateurish "ultra" runners.

In 2018, newspapers noted the deaths of several significant athletes, including Roger Bannister, who, in 1954, was the first to run a mile in less than 4 minutes (Figure 1). Our own editor, Dr. Bil...
The Future Is Open: Open-Source Tools for Behavioral Neuroscience Research.

There has been a recent and substantial increase in the use of open-source tools for conducting research studies in neuroscience. The OpenBehavior Project was created to disseminate open-source projects specific to the study of behavior. In this commentary, we emphasize the benefits of adopting an open-source mindset and highlight current methods and projects that give promise for open-source tools to drive advancement of behavioral measurement and ultimately understanding the neural basis of behavior. Over the past decade, there has been an explosion in the use of new neurobiological tools for measuring and controlling brain cell activity. Recent developments in optogenetics, chemogenetics, cellular imaging, and fiber photometry have spiked publications across cellular, systems, and behavioral neuroscience. Researchers with expertise in molecular biology or cellular physiology are now carrying out behavioral studies, and often bring a fresh approach to the fine-grained study of behavior that has led to the development of many new assays for measuring behavior and cognition in animal models (mice, flies, worms, etc.). Thanks to a revolution in low-cost methods for 3D printing and off-the-shelf microcontrollers (e.g., Arduino, Teensy, microPython) and single-board computers (Raspberry Pi), many of these research groups are able to create complex behavioral tasks quite easily. The R and Python languages, specialized computing libraries (e.g., numpy, OpenCV, TensorFlow), and the Anaconda Python distribution have been crucial for the development of open source analysis software for neuroscience projects. In parallel, these developments in neuroscience research have occurred during a time when there is a simultaneous movement toward sharing computer code (Eglen et al., 2017; Gleeson et al., 2017), through websites like GitHub, and opening up the process of software and hardware design to non-experts through hackerspaces and makerspaces. Despite these developments, there is still room for …
Does metabolic activity on FDG PET-CT predict clinical behavior of pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAC)?

1410 Objectives Up to 33% of PAC patients develop peripheral venothromboembolic disease (VTE). Those with VTE have more aggressive tumors, thought due to thrombogenic elements in the tumor microenvironment (ME). Animal studies suggest anti-tumor effects of anticoagulants, but human studies are inconsistent, possibly because enriched populations at risk for VTE cannot be assembled. The objectives were: (1) to determine whether metabolic activity of the PAC tumor on initial staging FDG PET-CT predicts aggressiveness of PAC, and (2) whether metabolic activity predicts which patients will develop VTE. Methods A retrospective study identified 124 patients with PAC with an initial staging FDG PET-CT, measurable primary tumor on CT or MRI and at least 2 years of clinical follow-up. Metabolic activity on FDG PET (SUVmax) and size of primary tumor were correlated with initial stage and overall survival (OS) by Pearson’s correlation. Differences in SUVmax of the primary tumor in patients with and without peripheral VTE or peritumoral vascular thrombosis were compared by 1-way ANOVA analysis of variance. Results 15/124 patients (12%) developed peripheral VTE, and 39/124 (31%) had peritumoral thrombosis/occlusion. There was a weakly positive correlation between SUVmax and initial stage of PAC (r = 0.25), slightly higher than the correlation between initial tumor size and tumor stage (r = 0.23). However, there was no significant difference in SUVmax between patients who did, or did not, develop peripheral VTE or peritumoral vascular thrombosis. There was a weakly negative correlation between SUVmax and OS (r = -.26). Conclusions Higher metabolic activity on FDG PET correlates with higher initial stage of PAC and with decreased OS. However, FDG PET did not predict which patients developed VTE. To assemble enriched populations of patients with prominent thrombotic elements in the tumor microenvironment, novel-imaging methods that target ME features may be required. Research Support Support provided by the Center for Quantitative Cancer Imaging, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT.
Parent–Child Relationships and Aging Parents’ Sleep Quality: A Comparison of One-Child and Multiple-Children Families in China:

Objectives: This study examined the associations between parent-child relationships and sleep difficulty among older parents in the context of Chinese multiple-children and one-child families. Methods: Using the 2014 China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey, this study analyzed older parents' (N = 8,450) reports of sleep quality and relationships with each of children. Results: Results from multivariate logistic regression models showed that living alone, greater variations in children's financial transfers and emotional closeness, and more instrumental support from children were associated with higher risks of sleep difficulty for Chinese older parents with multiple children. The maximum levels of financial transfers and emotional closeness from all children were related to lower risks of sleep difficulty for parents from multiple-children families, while greater instrumental support from children was associated with higher risks of sleep difficulty for parents from one-child families. Discussion: Findings have implications for support programs for Chinese aging population with sleep problems.
Vector field solution for Brinkman equation in presence of disconnected spheres

A basis function expansion and transformation technique are generalized to find a vector variable solution around two separated spheres where the Brinkman equation governs the field. Addressing this problem can lead to a derivation of the flow field over many porous spheres and quantify how the unsteady dynamics of many Brownian particles cumulatively affects stochastic motion.
Mobility Accelerates Consensus Building in Sensor Networks

The primary goal of this letter is to study the impact of mobility in wireless sensor networks modeled as a leader-follower structure. Although it is intuitively known that mobility enhances the convergence rate of consensus-building in a sensor network, analytical reasoning for this intuition is not available in the literature. For filling the gap, this letter provides concrete proofs to demonstrate the benefits of introducing mobility in a sensor network with two leaders in terms of improved convergence rate in consensus building.
Outcome of a thorough screening of lower urinary tract function in all pediatric kidney recipients.

LUTD is one of the possible factors influencing pediatric kidney graft outcomes. This study evaluates the results of a thorough assessment of voiding behavior in pediatric transplants. Data of patients with kidney disease of nephrological origin are compared to those with urological origin. A single-center analysis of pediatric kidney transplants performed from 2005 to the present was executed. Donor and recipient characteristics as well as voiding and drinking habits were documented using FVCs and uroflowmetry with PVR measurements. LUTD was defined by a mean MVV >150% or 15% of EBC or >20 mL, abnormal voiding patterns or behavior, and presence of LUT symptoms. LUTD was diagnosed in 71% of the 56 screened children and more present in urological origin of kidney disease (100%) compared to nephrological origin (61%, P = .005). Individual presence of LUT symptoms, abnormal voiding behavior, FVC parameters, UTIs, and uroflowmetry/PVR parameters were not different between the two groups. Polyuria after transplantation was seen in 63% of patients, mainly in the first post-transplant years and recipients aged <10 years. Time after transplantation was a significant independent predictive factor for the presence of LUTD. LUTD is common in all pediatric kidney recipients and underestimated in those with a nephrological origin of disease. Active screening, monitoring and a care attention plan prior to transplantation and during follow-up, is advocated to optimize outcomes for all patients.
Silver-carbon-nanotube composite metallization for increased durability of silicon solar cells against cell cracks

Abstract One of the ways to reduce the cost of solar electricity is to reduce the degradation rate of solar modules and extend their lifetime well beyond 30 years. The extended module lifetime translates to increased bankability of utility-scale PV projects. In this work, we specifically address cell-crack-induced degradation by introducing crack-tolerant metallization. We make use of low-cost, multi-walled carbon nanotubes embedded in commercial screen-printable silver pastes as a highly integratable engineering solution. When the carbon nanotubes are appropriately functionalized and incorporated into commercial silver pastes, the resulting metal contacts on solar cells, after screen-printing and firing, show exceptional fracture toughness. These composite metal contacts possess increased ductility, electrical gap-bridging capability greater than 50 μm, and “self-healing” to regain electrical continuity even after cycles of complete electrical failure under large strain. While providing crack-tolerant mechanical properties, the composite paste delivers similar beginning-of-life cell performance as the conventional silver paste.
Strategies to Increase Self-, Student, and Discipline Advocacy in Adapted Physical Education

While sharing some characteristics with their general physical education colleagues, adapted physical educators also face unique challenges related to their role. For example, both general and adap...