cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Attraction of European elm bark beetles,Scolytus multistriatus, to pheromone-baited traps

Newly emergedScolytus mullistriatus reared in the laboratory were marked, released in the field, and recaptured on sticky pheromone-baited traps at various distances. Four groups of beetles were conditioned before release by providing food, flight exercise, both food and flight, or by withholding food and flight for 24 hr to determine effect of treatment on pheromone response. Average catches per trap for untreated beetles and the respective treatments were 5.5, 2.1, 1.1, 1.0, and 0.6. Overall recovery ranged from 3 to 8% of 58,421 marked beetles released in four experiments. Combined feeding and flight exercise resulted in low trap response but flight to distant traps increased. Beetles held with no food or flight showed the lowest response. EndemicS. multistriatus responded to all traps with catches ranging from 13 to 17 times the number of marked beetles recaptured.
On a general synthesis algorithm of logical circuits using a restricted inventory of integrated circuits

The synthesis of combinational or switching circuits is a major task in digital computer design. Somewhere along the design process a set of Boolean (logical) equations are stated by the designer which describe the properties of the digital system. The designer is then faced with the task of implementing this set of equations using, in general, a restricted inventory of integrated circuits which constitute the basic building blocks. The structure of this inventory imposes restrictions on the use of the commonly known AND-OR two-level logical circuit design techniques, such as Quine-McCluskey, etc., because if followed, the synthesis thus obtained is not necessarily the optimum with respect to the particular inventory. A question, therefore arises how to proceed or what general method should be followed to synthesize a given Boolean Function using any general building block, and what are the conditions under which this task is possible with the given particular inventory?First, the inventory should be adequate. This means that the set of available integrated circuits should be such that any given Boolean Function can be synthesized.Second, the synthesis algorithm to be followed should be independent of the complexity or simplicity of the used inventory.Third, the number of steps of the algorithm should be finite and a certain criterion of “optimum” should be followed at the different steps to satisfy the specific designer's constraints.In this paper we introduce a general algorithm which satisfies the requirements mentioned above and produces an adequate implementation of a logical net (without feedback) provided the designer establishes an “adequate” set of design criteria.
Cooperative Sucrose Metabolism In Yeast Is A Snowdrift Game

Understanding the conditions required for the initiation and maintenance of cooperation is a classic problem in evolutionary biology. In order for the budding yeast S. cerevisiae to grow on sucrose the disaccharide must first be hydrolyzed by the enzyme invertase. This hydrolysis reaction is performed outside of the cell, in the periplasmic space between the plasma membrane and the cell wall, suggesting that invertase production may represent a cooperative behavior. Here we demonstrate that the vast majority (∼99%) of the monosaccharides created by sucrose hydrolysis diffuse away before they can be imported, thus making invertase production and secretion a cooperative behavior. In competition experiments we find coexistence between the wildtype cooperator strain and a mutant cheater strain that does not produce invertase, implying that the interaction is governed by the snowdrift game in which the optimal strategy is the opposite of one's opponents. A simple model of the cooperative interaction incorporating nonlinear benefits is able to explain this coexistence and also produces a phase diagram predicting that the outcome of the competition can be altered by varying either the cost of cooperation or the glucose concentration in the media. We are able to confirm the predictions of this phase diagram and also find that increasing the availability of glucose can have the surprising effect of decreasing the growth rate of the culture. Finally, we have characterized the wildtype invertase production strategy and find that the response is appropriate for the snowdrift game--wildtype cells cooperate when competing against cheater cells but cheat when competing against cells that always cooperate.
Stress and neurodevelopmental processes in the emergence of psychosis

The notion that stress plays a role in the etiology of psychotic disorders, especially schizophrenia, is longstanding. However, it is only in recent years that the potential neural mechanisms mediating this effect have come into sharper focus. The introduction of more sophisticated models of the interplay between psychosocial factors and brain function has expanded our opportunities for conceptualizing more detailed psychobiological models of stress in psychosis. Further, scientific advances in our understanding of adolescent brain development have shed light on a pivotal question that has challenged researchers; namely, why the first episode of psychosis typically occurs in late adolescence/young adulthood. In this paper, we begin by reviewing the evidence supporting associations between psychosocial stress and psychosis in diagnosed patients as well as individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis. We then discuss biological stress systems and examine changes that precede and follow psychosis onset. Next, research findings on structural and functional brain characteristics associated with psychosis are presented; these findings suggest that normal adolescent neuromaturational processes may go awry, thereby setting the stage for the emergence of psychotic syndromes. Finally, a model of neural mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of psychosis is presented and directions for future research strategies are explored.
Brain and behavior interface: Stress and the developing brain

Les etudes sur les animaux ont montre que les interactions mere-bebe peuvent avoir un impact a long terme sur les regions du cerveau qui regulent le comportement concernant la peur et la physiologie du stress. Dans ce travail, nous passons en revue les recherches sur des enfants et des nourrissons humains pour voir si les experiences precoces ont des effets similaires chez notre espece. Les recherches montrent que durant la premiere annee de la vie, un mode de soin sensible et attentif devient un fort regulateur du comportement emotionnel et de l'activite de l'hormone neuroendocrine de stress chez les jeunes enfants. Les recherches passees en revue suggerent que le temperament affecte les chances qu'ont les enfants d'avoir des augmentations d'hormones de stress quand la qualite de leur soin diminue. Enfin, nous passons en revue la litterature sur l'activite de l'hormone de stress chez les enfants qui ont ete maltraites tres tot dans leur vie, et nous explorons la question critique selon laquelle un soin accru plus tard dans le developpement peut renverser les effets d'experiences adverses precoces sur le comportement et la neurobiologie.
Fluctuation-induced couplings between defect lines or particle chains

One-dimensional structures such as defect lines or chains of dipolar particles are generally subject to strong Landau-Peierls thermal fluctuations. Coupling between these fluctuations in parallel lines may lead to an attractive force, analogous to the London force, or to a repulsive force of entropic origin. We analyze these forces for chains of electric dipoles and for flux lines in isotropic superconductors. In the first case the force is attractive, and can significantly change the Hamaker constant, which governs the attraction between colloidal particles. In the second case, over much of the magnetic field-temperature phase diagram the force is repulsive, and dominates over the direct repulsive interaction between flux lines.
The chicken and recent research in immunology.

(1965). The Chicken and Recent Research in Immunology. World's Poultry Science Journal: Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 6-11.
THE LIBRARY AS AN AGENCY OF SOCIAL COMMUNICATION

The act of communicating is, by definition, the transmission of a message from a communicator to a receptor. The message may be a simple signal or an extensive body of oral or recorded symbolic or pictorial representations. Communication can take place within an individual organism, between two individuals, or among the members of an aggregate, but always there is a mutually intelligible ‘language’ as well as a carrier or medium; and while there may be multiple receptors, in any given instance there can be only one transmitter. Just as in the biological organism there is a neural communication system, so in organized societies there is a social communication network. While the agencies which are a part of this network are easily recognized, and their functions easily identified, the fundamental nature of the communication process within society is only imperfecdy understood. Students of society know lamentably little about the ways in which knowledge and information are communicated within a culture, even a primitive culture. For that matter, psychologists and specialists in the operation of the human nervous system know precious little about the communication of information within the individual. Analogies have been drawn with the electronic circuitry of the computer just as the communication of information within a society has been likened to the spread of epidemics in a population.
Sweet's syndrome: a review of current treatment options.

Sweet’s syndrome was originally described in 1964 by Dr Robert Douglas Sweet as an ‘acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis’. The syndrome is characterized by pyrexia, elevated neutrophil count, painful red papules, nodules, plaques (which may be recurrent) and an infiltrate consisting predominantly of mature neutrophils that are diffusely distributed in the upper dermis. In addition to skin and mucosal lesions, Sweet’s syndrome can also present with extra-cutaneous manifestations. Sweet’s syndrome can be classified based upon the clinical setting in which it occurs: classical or idiopathic Sweet’s syndrome, malignancy-associated Sweet’s syndrome and drug-induced Sweet’s syndrome. Systemic corticosteroids have been considered the ‘gold standard’ for the treatment of patients with Sweet’s syndrome; in addition, treatment with topical and/or intralesional corticosteroids may be effective as either monotherapy or adjuvant therapy. However, spontaneous resolution of the symptoms and lesions has occurred in several patients with Sweet’s syndrome for whom disease-specific therapeutic intervention was not initiated and in some of the patients with drug-induced Sweet’s syndrome after withdrawal of the dermatosis-causing medication. Oral therapy with either potassium iodide or colchicine typically results in rapid resolution of Sweet’s syndrome symptoms and lesions; therefore, in patients with Sweet’s syndrome who have a potential systemic infection or in whom corticosteroids are contraindicated, it is reasonable to initiate treatment with these agents as a first-line therapy. Indomethacin, clofazimine, dapsone, and cyclosporine have also been effective therapeutic agents for managing Sweet’s syndrome. However, indomethacin and clofazimine appear less effective than corticosteroids, potassium iodide, and colchicine. Appropriate initial and follow-up laboratory monitoring is necessary when treating with either dapsone or cyclosporine because of the potential for severe adverse drug-associated effects. Systemic antibacterials with activity against Staphylococcus aureus frequently result in partial improvement of Sweet’s syndrome lesions when they are impetiginized or secondarily infected. In some patients with dermatosis-associated bacterial infections, organism-sensitive specific systemic antibacterials have been helpful in the management of their Sweet’s syndrome. Although patients with hematologic malignancy-associated Sweet’s syndrome often receive cytotoxic chemotherapy agents and antimetabolic drugs for the treatment of their underlying disorder, these agents are seldom used solely for the management of the symptoms and lesions of Sweet’s syndrome. The treatment of patients with Sweet’s syndrome with either etretinate or interferon-α have been reported as single case reports; both patients had improvement of not only their Sweet’s syndrome lesions, but also their associated hematologic disorder.
Cyclable Lithium and Capacity Loss in Li-Ion Cells

In lithium-ion cells, there are several different classes of capacity loss, both reversible and irreversible, that limit the cell's exploitable specific capacity and can lead to eventual cell failure. We attempt to clarify what is meant by capacity loss and cyclable lithium loss by defining these terms in the context of electrode state-of-charge restrictions. We define irreversible capacity loss as that associated with active material loss and define two types of reversible capacity loss associated with balanced and unbalanced side reactions. We also examine several methods of compensating for cyclable lithium loss associated with passive-film formation and calculate the effect each has on a cell's specific energy. Preforming the negative electrode, adding cyclable lithium to the positive electrode, and introducing lithium powder into the negative electrode appear to be the most attractive methods in terms of specific energy, but practical constraints such as fabrication cost must be evaluated to determine which is superior.
Decreased clearance of prednisolone, a factor in the development of corticosteroid side effects.

ABSTRACT To determine if the response of a patient to synthetic corticosteroids may be influenced by its rate of catabolism, the metabolic clearance rate (MCR) and serum half-life (t½) of prednisolone were measured in 13 patients being treated with prednisone and in 7 normal subjects. Tritiated prednisolone was studied since it is the metabolically active form to which administered prednisone is rapidly converted. Steroid side effects, hirsutism and facial and truncal obesity, correlated with a slow rate of prednisolone catabolism. Prednisolone t½ was longer (246 ± 13 min vs 175 ± 17 min, p < 0.001) and MCR lower (59 ± 3 1/24 hr/m2 vs 97 ± 6, p < 0.001) in patients who developed side effects than in those who did not. Therapeutic response did not correlate with the rate of catabolism of prednisolone. There was no difference in t½ (202 ± 15 min vs 238 ± 24) or in MCR (76 ± 10 1/24 hr/m2 vs 71 ± 8) between patients who responded to treatment and those who did not. The data suggest that patients who develop ...
Pole-Face Loss in Solid-Rotor Turbine Generators

ONE of the primary problems which confront the designer of electrical machinery is the predetermination of losses. This is peculiarly true for the designer of high-speed turbine-driven generators; the losses must be kept low, not only to increase the efficiency but also to keep the size of the apparatus to a minimum.
Café life in the digital age: augmenting information flow in a café-work-entertainment space

In this report we detail our experience of designing and installing a large-screen public, interactive community board, the eyeCanvas, in a neighbourhood cafe and art gallery in San Francisco. Features of the community board include the ability to display content related to the cafe, including menus, nightly events and artists' work; the possibility of signing up for the cafe's email newsletter; and a touch-screen, "finger scribble" application that allows comments to be left. We describe the cafe, the eyeCanvas interactive display, the contents that are posted to the display comment on the adoption, use and impact of the eyeCanvas display.
Electroencephalography theta differences between object nouns and action verbs when identifying semantic relations

Nouns and verbs differ in their semantic properties and relationships with other words in the lexicon. This study uses electroencephalography (EEG) to investigate how word class differences influence semantic retrieval and identification of semantic relationships. Participants identified whether the final word in a triplet (noun or verb) was related to the first two words (both nouns). Time frequency analysis of the EEG revealed word class and relatedness effects in theta, beta and gamma. Decreases in beta power were found during action verbs, which may be related to motor processing. Theta exhibited a word class by relatedness interaction in which unrelated verbs elicited a greater power increase compared to other conditions. These data indicate that action verbs require more neural activity when identifying the absence of relationships than object nouns, likely due to the abstract, flexible nature of verb meanings and the shallow structure of verb organisation.
xMDFF: molecular dynamics flexible fitting of low‐resolution X‐ray structures

X-ray crystallography remains the most dominant method for solving atomic structures. However, for relatively large systems, the availability of only medium-to-low-resolution diffraction data often limits the determination of all-atom details. A new molecular dynamics flexible fitting (MDFF)-based approach, xMDFF, for determining structures from such low-resolution crystallographic data is reported. xMDFF employs a real-space refinement scheme that flexibly fits atomic models into an iteratively updating electron-density map. It addresses significant large-scale deformations of the initial model to fit the low-resolution density, as tested with synthetic low-resolution maps of d-ribose-binding protein. xMDFF has been successfully applied to re-refine six low-resolution protein structures of varying sizes that had already been submitted to the Protein Data Bank. Finally, via systematic refinement of a series of data from 3.6 to 7 A resolution, xMDFF refinements together with electro­physiology experiments were used to validate the first all-atom structure of the voltage-sensing protein Ci-VSP.
Increase in rat brain acetylcholine induced by choline or deanol.

Abstract Administration of choline chloride, deanol, or Deaner ® to rats subsequently killed by microwave irradiation caused an increase in the concentration of both choline and acetylcholine in the corpus striatum, indicating that synthesis of brain acetylcholine can be stimulated in vivo by elevating the tissue concentration of its precursor. This finding suggests that the concentration of free choline in brain is below that necessary for a maximal rate of synthesis of acetylcholine, and raises the possibility that the availability of choline in brain may regulate the rate of synthesis of acetylcholine. These results also provide biochemical evidence for the view that the clinical effects of deanol result from its conversion to acetylcholine.
Why China matters.

In the 21st century, injury control specialists – along with those in almost every other discipline – would do well to keep an eye on China. The development of injury prevention as an academic and political entity in that country could do more to reduce the global burden of injury than any other single advancement we can envision. Domestically, China represents a huge and underserved market for injury control policy and programming. With 1.4 billion people and an economy that will soon become the world's largest, it is self-evident that successful injury control in China will have a significant effect on global totals. The global burden of road traffic injury, in particular, will be impacted by the Chinese experience. Investments in transportation infrastructure have been an engine of economic development in China, with a national highway …
Rising atmospheric CO2 and carbon sequestration in forests

Rising CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere could alter Earth's climate system, but it is thought that higher concentrations may improve plant growth through a process known as the “fertilization effect”. Forests are an important part of the planet's carbon cycle, and sequester a substantial amount of the CO2 released into the atmosphere by human activities. Many people believe that the amount of carbon sequestered by forests will increase as CO2 concentrations rise. However, an increasing body of research suggests that the fertilization effect is limited by nutrients and air pollution, in addition to the well documented limitations posed by temperature and precipitation. This review suggests that existing forests are not likely to increase sequestration as atmospheric CO2 increases. It is imperative, therefore, that we manage forests to maximize carbon retention in above- and belowground biomass and conserve soil carbon.
Oil-source correlation study in northeastern Alaska

Abstract The occurrence of numerous oil-stained outcrops across the coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) in northeastern Alaska indicates that commercial hydrocarbons could be present in the subsurface of this region. In addition, this region is flanked by two important oil provinces—the Prudhoe Bay area to the west and the Mackenzie delta to the east. To begin to understand the petroleum resource potential of ANWR, we evaluated the source rock quality and thermal maturity of five rock units ranging in age from Triassic to early Tertiary: Shublik Formation, Kingak Shale, pebble shale unit, Hue Shale and Canning Shale. We also compared ANWR oils using stable carbon isotope ratios, tricyclic terpane ratios, and saturate/aromatic hydrocarbon ratios. The organic carbon content of the five rock units range from an average of 1.6 to 4.0 wt%. Cretaceous rocks from the coastal plain are thermally immature (vitrinite reflectance ANWR oils are divided into three groups: (1) Jago oil type, includes oils from Angun Point, Katakturuk River and Jago River; (2) Manning oil type, from Manning Point near the coast of the Beaufort Sea; and (3) Kavik oil type, from Kavik west of the Canning River. None of the three oil types of ANWR compares favorably with the economically important oils from Prudhoe Bay and the National Petroleum Reserve of Alaska (NPRA). The most promising source rock for the otherd ANWR oil types could not be type II units of the Hue Shale. Possible source rocks for the other ANWR oil types could not be established.
Arthroscopy as a Treatment for Knee Osteoarthritis

Since surfaces become irregular and debris from cartilage and meniscus gets released into the joint cavity of osteoarthritic joints, washing away this debris and attendant crystals, smoothing rough surfaces and repairing tears might help patients with disease. Such interventions are accomplished during an arthroscopy, when a fibre-optic endoscope and surgical instruments are inserted into the knee. While initial uncontrolled case series suggested that arthroscopy alleviated pain in patients with osteoarthritis, large randomised trials have suggested that arthroscopy has a limited role as a treatment of osteoarthritis.
Human CD34+AC133+VEGFR-2+ cells are not endothelial progenitor cells but distinct, primitive hematopoietic progenitors

Objective Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are used for angiogenic therapies or as biomarkers to assess cardiovascular disease risk. However, there is no uniform definition of an EPC, which confounds EPC studies. EPCs are widely described as cells that coexpress the cell-surface antigens CD34, AC133, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2). These antigens are also expressed on primitive hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs). Remarkably, despite their original identification, CD34 + AC133 + VEGFR-2 + cells have never been isolated and simultaneously plated in hematopoietic and endothelial cell (EC) clonogenic assays to assess the identity of their clonal progeny, which are presumably the cellular participants in vascular regeneration. Methods CD34 + AC133 + VEGFR-2 + cells were isolated from human umbilical cord blood (CB) or granulocyte colony–stimulating factor–mobilized peripheral blood and assayed for either EPCs or HPCs. Results CD34 + AC133 + VEGFR-2 + cells did not form EPCs and were devoid of vessel forming activity. However, CD34 + AC133 + VEGFR-2 + cells formed HPCs and expressed the hematopoietic lineage-specific antigen, CD45. We next tested whether EPCs could be separated from HPCs by immunoselection for CD34 and CD45. CD34 + CD45 + cells formed HPCs but not EPCs, while CD34 + CD45 − cells formed EPCs but not HPCs. Conclusions Therefore, CD34 + AC133 + VEGFR-2 + cells are HPCs that do not yield EC progeny, and the biological mechanism for their correlation with cardiovascular disease needs to be reexamined.
Meson size effects in the upsilon particles

Abstract Masses, mass splittings and other properties of the ϒ(9.4 GeV) particle and related mesons are discussed in terms of mass formula based on the observation that the excitatation spectra of spin triplet mesons are roughly independent of meson masses.
Learning the Science of Research, Learning the Art of Teaching: Planning Backwards in a College Genetics Course

This paper examines how to incorporate ‘backward planning’ in a college-level genetics course at a large university in the southwestern part of the United States. The authors discuss how teaching w...
Utility of the theory of planned behavior to predict nursing staff blood pressure monitoring behaviours

Aims and objectives To evaluate constructs from the theory of planned behavior (TPB, Ajzen 2002) – attitudes, sense of control, subjective norms and intentions – as predictors of accuracy in blood pressure monitoring. Background Despite numerous initiatives aimed at teaching blood pressure measurement techniques, many healthcare providers measure blood pressures incorrectly. Design Descriptive, cohort design. Methods Medical assistants and licensed practical nurses were asked to complete a questionnaire on TPB variables. These nursing staff's patients had their blood pressures measured and completed a survey about techniques used to measure their blood pressure. We correlated nursing staff's responses on the TBP questionnaire with their intention to measure an accurate blood pressure and with the difference between their actual blood pressure measurement and a second measurement taken by a researcher immediately after the clinic visit. Patients' perceptions of MAs' and LPNs' blood pressure measurement techniques were examined descriptively. Results Perceived control and social norm predicted intention to measure an accurate blood pressure, with a negative relationship between knowledge and intention. Consistent with the TPB, intention was the only significant predictor of blood pressure measurement accuracy. Conclusions Theory of planned behavior constructs predicted the healthcare providers' intention to measure blood pressure accurately and intention predicted the actual accuracy of systolic blood pressure measurement. However, participants' knowledge about blood pressure measurement had an unexpected negative relationship with their intentions. Relevance to clinical practice These findings have important implications for nursing education departments and organisations which traditionally invest significant time and effort in annual competency training focused on knowledge enhancement by staff. This study suggests that a better strategy might involve efforts to enhance providers' intention to change, particularly by changing social norms or increasing perceived control of the behaviour by nursing staff.
Comparison of spouse and nonkin controls: The experience of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD)

Normal spouses may be an excellent source of control subjects in research on noninstitutionalized Alzheimer’s disease (AD) cases. To determine to what extent spouses might differ from nonkin controls, we compared information on 145 spouses of AD patients with 158 nonkin community volunteers enrolled by 23 centers of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease. Chi square and 1-way ANOVA analyses indicate that neither at entry nor over the next two years did the two groups of controls differ significantly on demographic characteristics, health status, or performance on neuropsy-chological measures. However, hierarchical logistic regression showed that, after controlling for demographic characteristics and physical status, dropout was nearly twice as high among spouse controls. Dropout was related to nonreturn of the AD case. Thus, as controls, spouses are viable as long as the cases to whom they are married remain in the study. (Aging Clin. Exp. Res. 6: 151–157, 1994)
Regional localization of virus in the central nervous system of mice persistently infected with murine coronavirus JHM

Abstract Suckling C57BU6 mice infected with mouse hepatitis virus strain JHM (MHV-JHM) develop either a fatal acute encephalomyelitis or a late onset demyelinating disease, depending on whether they are nursed by unimmunized or immunized dams. To determine the localization of virus-specific RNA, serial sections of brains from infected and uninfected mice were annealed with a 35 S-labeled antisense RNA probe and analyzed by film autoradiography. In the mice with acute encephalomyelitis, viral RNA was present in the mesencephalon, hypothalamus, hippocampus, basal ganglia, subcortical white matter, and thalamus. Viral RNA was detected in the spinal cords of all mice with the late onset, demyelinating encephalomyelitis, but was distributed into three different patterns in the brains of these mice, even though all had the same clinical disease. In the first group, viral RNA was detected only in the brainstem. In the second group, viral RNA was detected in the brainstem, thalamus, and cerebral grey matter. This distribution was consistent with viral spread along well-defined tracts connecting these parts of the brain. In the third group, viral RNA could be detected both in the brainstem and in several white matter tracts within close physical proximity to the optic chiasm. This distribution was consistent with viral spread by an extracellular route from one white matter tract to other tracts which were physically close, but which were not part of the same pathways. These results suggest that MHV-JHM spreads through the central nervous system both along well-defined neuronal pathways and by spread from contiguous structures, but also suggest that viral replicates preferentially in a limited number of areas of the brain. The technique of in situ hybridization with film autoradiography should be generally useful for analyzing macroscopic movements of virus within infected organs.
Common Medical Illnesses that Affect Anesthesia and Their Anesthetic Management

Patients undergoing an office-based anesthetic require a thorough preoperative evaluation to identify medical illnesses and undertake appropriate investigations or studies. This article addresses common medical illnesses seen in oral surgery offices and provides insight into their anesthetic management, concentrating on open-airway office-based anesthesia.
Effects of gas-band radiation on soot kinetics in laminar methane / air diffusion flames

Abstract A coupled radiation and soot kinetics calculation of laminar methane/air diffusion flame properties is described. Transport equations for mass, momentum, mixture fraction, enthalpy (sensible + chemical) including gas-band radiation, soot mass fraction, and soot number density are solved. A simplified soot kinetics model incorporating nucleation, growth, oxidation, and agglomeration processes is used. The reaction rates in the simplified kinetics model depend on the temperature and the local concentrations of C 2 H 2 , O 2 , and OH. The major gas species and the C 2 H 2 and OH concentrations are obtained using state relationships. The local temperature is obtained by solving the energy equation, taking radiation loss and gain from gas species and soot particles into consideration. The radiative source/sink term in the energy equation is obtained using a multiray method in conjunction with the narrow-band algorithm RADCAL. The results of the soot kinetics model are compared with existing laser-induced incandescence (LII) measurements of soot volume fractions. Reasonable comparison can be obtained only with an arbitrary downstream shift of 20 mm in the origin of the predictions from the burner exit. This highlights the need for improved chemical kinetics, but does not affect the following conclusions: 1) the contribution of participating gas (CO 2 and H 2 O) radiation dominates that of soot radiation by an order of magnitude in the present methane/air flames, and 2) even for the present weakly radiating flames, the local radiative heat loss/gain strongly influences the soot nucleation, formation, and oxidation rates.
Cesarean Birth in the United States: Epidemiology, Trends, and Outcomes

The percentage of United States cesarean births increased from 20.7% in 1996 to 31.1% in 2006. Cesarean rates increased for women of all ages, race/ethnic groups, and gestational ages and in all states. Both primary and repeat cesareans have increased. Increases in primary cesareans in cases of "no indicated risk" have been more rapid than in the overall population and seem the result of changes in obstetric practice rather than changes in the medical risk profile or increases in "maternal request." Several studies note an increased risk for neonatal and maternal mortality for medically elective cesareans compared with vaginal births.
Intelligent agents framework for developing knowledge-based decision support systems for collaborative organizational processes☆

Abstract In this paper we present a knowledge-based software framework for automating the execution of collaborative organizational processes performed by multiple organizational members. Intelligent computerized assistants or agents are used as the basis for the solution design. These assistants emulate the work and behavior of human agents; each of them is capable of acting autonomously, cooperatively and collaboratively to achieve the collective goal. Organizational processes expand in scope and evolve in time, and thus suffer from constantly changing requirements and assumptions. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our design formalism in managing change so that the software solution can adapt easily to the changing needs and situations of the organization. A knowledge-based operational prototype of the framework, using object-oriented technology and implemented using PROLOG, allowed us to examine the feasibility of having the “assistants” replace human agents in organizational process execution. These assistants proved to increase organizational productivity by effectively carrying out several tedious watchdog activities, thereby freeing humans to work on other challenging job-related responsibilities.
Civic education in the corporatized classroom

(1988). Civic education in the corporatized classroom. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 27, Civic Learning, pp. 288-295.
Obesity in male and female rhesus monkeys: fat distribution, glucoregulation, and serum androgen levels.

ABSTRACT Obese (n = 8) and nonobese (n = 6) adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were assessed in terms of body size and distribution of body fat, glucose tolerance, and serum lipid, insulin, and androgen levels. The weights of the obese monkeys were more than 2 SD above the mean for their sex, while the nonobese monkeys averaged less than 0.25 SD from the mean. Obese males and females had excess body fat located predominantly in the abdominal region; abdominal circumference was highly correlated with total body fat, as estimated by the isotope dilution method (r = 0.98; P < 0.001). Obese monkeys of both sexes had fasting hyperinsulinemia, greater insulin response to glucose administration, and marginally impaired glucose tolerance. Obese males had delayed maximal insulin response to glucose administration. Fasting serum triglycerides also were elevated in the obese monkeys (0.95 ± 0.08 us. 0.47 ± 0.05 mmol/ L; P < 0.001). Obese males had lower serum dihydrotestosterone levels than nonobese males (3.1 ± ...
Network analysis of brain activations in working memory: behavior and age relationships.

Forty-six middle-aged female subjects were scanned using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) during performance of three distinct stages of a working memory task-encoding, rehearsal, and recognition-for both printed pseudowords and visual forms. An expanse of areas, involving the inferior frontal, parietal, and extrastriate cortex, was active in response to stimuli during both the encoding and recognition periods. Additional increases during memory recognition were seen in right prefrontal regions, replicating a now-common finding [for reviews, see Fletcher et al. (1997) Trends Neurosci 20:213-218; MacLeod et al. (1998) NeuroImage 7:41-48], and broadly supporting the Hemispheric Encoding/Retrieval Asymmetry hypothesis [Tulving et al. (1994) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:2016-2020]. Notably, this asymmetry was not qualified by the type of material being processed. A few sites demonstrated higher activity levels during the rehearsal period, in the absence of any new stimuli, including the medial extrastriate, precuneus, and the medial temporal lobe. Further analyses examined relationships among subjects' brain activations, age, and behavioral scores on working memory tests, acquired outside the scanner. Correlations between brain scores and behavior scores indicated that activations in a number of areas, mainly frontal, were associated with performance. A multivariate analysis, Partial Least Squares [McIntosh et al. (1996) NeuroImage 3:143-157, (1997) Hum Brain Map 5:323-327], was then used to extract component effects from this large set of univariate correlations. Results indicated that better memory performance outside the scanner was associated with higher activity at specific sites within the frontal and, additionally, the medial temporal lobes. Analysis of age effects revealed that younger subjects tended to activate more than older subjects in areas of extrastriate cortex, medial frontal cortex, and the right medial temporal lobe; older subjects tended to activate more than younger subjects in the insular cortex, right inferior temporal lobe, and right inferior frontal gyrus. These results extend recent reports indicating that these regions are specifically involved in the memory impairments seen with aging.
Ex vivo quantification of the time course of contractile loading of the porcine lens capsule after cataract-like surgery

Cataract surgery is an invasive procedure that replaces the quasi-spherical native lens fibers with a flat prosthetic device, which initially reduces mechanical stress within the remnant lens capsule and, ultimately, leads to contraction of the capsule about the implant. Although resultant changes in geometry have been quantified previously, little is known about the loads associated with this contraction. We present a novel experimental culture device to quantify ex vivo the time course of increases in tension within the contracting lens capsule after cataract-like surgery. Results demonstrate that contraction reaches steady state within approximately one month with a mean tension of 1.45 mN/mm and Cauchy (true) stress of 13.4 kPa. A significant increase in alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) was also found in post-cultured compared to fresh lens capsules, thus suggesting that transdifferentiated lens epithelial cells (LECs) modulated the contraction. Quantification of loads imparted by the contracting lens capsule is important for assessing implant/capsule interactions and implant stability in vivo. Because contraction of the capsule may be modulated in part by LECs attempting to restore their native mechanical environment, our results further suggest a possible mechanism for the long-term errant changes in capsular structure commonly observed after surgery.
Unlocking the Latent Antimicrobial Potential of Biomimetically Synthesized Inorganic Materials

Inspired by biomineralization, biomimetic approaches utilize biomolecules and synthetic analogs to produce materials of controlled chemistry, morphology, and function under relatively benign conditions. A common characteristic of biological and biomimetic mineral-forming processes is the generation of mineral/biomolecule nanocomposites. In this work, it is demonstrated that a facile chemical reaction may be utilized to halogenate the nitrogen-containing moieties of the organics entrapped within bio-inorganic composites to yield halamine compounds. This process provides rapid and potent bactericidal activity to biomimetically and biologically produced materials that otherwise lack such functionality. Additionally, bio-inorganic composites containing the chlorinated peptide protamine are effective in rapidly neutralizing Bacillus spores (≥99.97% reduction in colony forming units within 10 min). The straightforward nature of the described process, and the efficacy of halamine compounds in neutralizing biological and chemical agents, provide new applicability to biogenic and biomimetic materials.
Molybdenum Imido Alkylidene Complexes Containing Biphen Ligands that Have Silyl Groups Attached through the 6 and 6‘ Methyl Group Carbon Atoms

Two new biphenolate ligands were prepared starting from 3,3‘-di-tert-butyl-5,5‘,6,6‘-tetramethyl-2,2‘-dimethoxy-1,1‘-biphenyl via deprotonation of the 6 and 6‘ methyl group with KO-t-Bu/n-BuLi, reaction with dichlorodimethylsilane or chlorotrimethylsilane, and deprotection with boron tribromide. Molybdenum imido alkylidene complexes were prepared by treating Mo(NAr)(CHCMe2Ph)(OTf)2(DME) with the dipotassium salt of each biphenolate. X-ray crystallographic studies of syn-Mo(NAr)(CHCMe2Ph)[(rac)-Me2SiBiphen] and syn-Mo(NAr)(CHCMe2Ph)[(rac)-TMS2Biphen] revealed a significantly different geometry of the biphenolate ligands compared to previously structurally characterized four-coordinate biphenolate molybdenum imido alkylidene complexes. The enantiopure complexes were shown to catalyze asymmetric olefin metathesis with an enantioselectivity comparable to that of Mo(NAr)(CHCMe2Ph)[(S)-Biphen].
Pine nut oil

THE oil would seem to be made up about as follows: As a check upon the foregoing, the iodine number of the oil may be calculated therefrom. Figured from 31.6 per cent glyceryl linoleate and 56.7 per cent glyceryl oleate, the iodine number is 103.8. This checks well with that found, 102.1. It is possible to calculate the percentage of linolenic acid as well as those of linoleic and oleic from the iodine and thiocyanogen-iodine numbers: this calculation indicated 10.1 per cent glyceryl linolinate, 44.4 per cent linoleate, 33.7 per cent oleate. Figured from these the iodine value would be 132.4. This shows that linolenic acid cannot be present in any considerable quantity. Pine Seed Oil fromPinus monophylla must therefore be classed as a semi-drying oil. The author here wishes to acknowledge the assistance of Messrs. H. J. Svien, H. D. Addison and G. T. Vaala by whom the experimental work was carefully performed.
Microscopic Defects and Infrared Absorption in Cadmium Telluride

The correlation observed in CdTe between microscopic defects and the infrared absorption at 10.6 μm is reported. The data were obtained from transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, infrared and optical microscopy, spectrophotometry, and laser calorimetry. For chlorine and indium doped samples it was determined that increasing the concentrations of In2Te3 and CdCl2 precipitate platelets subsequently increases the 10.6 μm infrared absorption coefficient in CdTe. Isolated dislocations, dislocation networks, tellurium precipitates, vacancy loops, and stacking faults were also shown to exercise an important influence on infrared absorption. Localized regions of defect aggregations in many samples were found to be responsible for the macroscopicabsorption sites typically observed by infrared microscopy. The significant differences between the present data and previously reported macroscopic defect models are discussed. Es wird uber den Zusammenhang zwischen mikroskopischen Fehlstellen und der 10,6 μm Infrarotabsorption in CdTe berichtet, der bei der Auswertung von Daten, gewonnen durch Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie, Rasterelektronenmikroskopie, Infrarot- und Lichtmikroskopie, Spektrophotometrie und Laserkalorimetrie, beobachtet wird. In Chlorund Indium-dotierten Proben ergibt sich, das bei steigender Konzentration von In2Te3 und CdCl2 Ausscheidungslamellen anschliesend den 10,6 μm-Infrarotabsorptionskoeffizienten in CdTe erhohen; isolierte Versetzungen, Versetzungsnetzwerke, Tellurausscheidungen, Leerstellenringe und Stapelfehler haben ebenfalls einen wesentlichen Einflus auf die Infrarotabsorption. In vielen Proben werden lokale Bereiche von Fehlstellenanhaufungen als Ursache fur die in der Infrarotmikroskopie haufig beobachteten makroskopischen Absorptionsstellen gefunden. Die wesentlichen Unterschiede zwischen den gefundenen Ergebnissen und den vorher beschriebenen Fehlstellenmodellen werden diskutiert.
Evaluating Adaptive Processes for Conservation and Management of Estuarine and Coastal Resources

This special feature: Genetic Structure and Adaptation in Coastal Ecosystems emphasizes the importance of research focused on population genetic structure and evolutionary change for understanding estuarine and coastal communities. Many studies have examined the effect of environmental gradients on community-level patterns in estuarine habitats; however, relatively little is known about the role of genetically based adaptation (the heritable response to these environmental gradients) in these organisms. This special feature presents 11 studies that use a variety of approaches including ecophysiology, ecological genetics, molecular markers, and patterns of gene expression occurring within these populations. These studies provide examples of the role of genetic diversity and adaptation across a diversity of estuarine and coastal environments, and highlight the temporal and spatial scales at which adaptation impinges upon management. This collection of papers is especially timely, given the increasing importance of understanding and predicting the response to global climate change in order to effectively manage these communities.
Substrate modification of the Crabtree effect in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.

Abstract Ehrlich Ascites Tumor cells, when washed free of ascites fluid, no longer showed a glucose-induced inhibition of respiration (Crabtree effect). Addition of 0.015 M dl -lactate restored the Crabtree effect by stimulating respiration in the glucose-free system to a greater extent than in the glucose-containing system. However, with added lactate the rate of respiration immediately after glucose addition was greater than in comparable systems without added lactate, and also greater than the rate immediately prior to release of inhibition. The apparent early stimulation caused by lactate was accentuated by adding lactate in higher concentrations. In fact at these lactate levels glucose addition caused a stimulation of respiration relative to the glucose-free system. The Crabtree effect was reversed. The ability of glucose to stimulate respiration in the presence of excess lactate occurred in unwashed as well as washed cells. Pyruvate was shown to cause a limited stimulation of respiration in the presence of glucose, but in the absence of glucose respiration was progressively stimulated by increased pyruvate concentration. Hence, the Crabtree effect became greater as the pyruvate level was increased. Although lactate stimulated respiration in the presence of glucose to a greater extent than pyruvate, both compounds inhibited glucose utilization. The effects of pyruvate and lactate upon respiration were compared with that of some tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates at the 0.07 M level.