cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analyzing the Relation Between Spatial and Geometric Reasoning for Elementary and Middle School Students

Numerous studies have found that spatial ability and mathematical ability are positively correlated. But specifying the exact nature of the relation between these types of reasoning has been elusive, with much research focused on understanding correlations between mathematical performance and specific spatial skills as measured by spatial tests. We attempt to deepen understanding of the relationship between spatial and mathematical reasoning by precisely describing the spatial processes involved in reasoning about specific topics in geometry. We focus on two major components of spatial reasoning. Spatial visualization involves mentally creating and manipulating images of objects in space, from fixed or changing perspectives on the objects, so that one can reason about the objects and actions on them, both when the objects are and are not visible. Property-based spatial analytic reasoning decomposes objects into their parts using geometric properties to specify how the parts or shapes are related, and, using these relationships, operates on the parts. Spatial analytic reasoning generally employs concepts such as measurement, congruence, parallelism, and isometries to conceptualize spatial relationships.
Family Therapists and Children:: A Case of Neglect?

The inclusion of children in family psychotherapy can provide the opportunity for unparalleled growth, honesty, access to the unconscious, and the kind of warmth and excitement that make family work so enticing. Yet, the presence of children also may prove discomforting if therapists personal and professional preparation makes them feel vulnerable and incompetent. The resultant exclusion of children may lead to therapeutic stagnation and rob them of their right to equal treatment. This paper addresses the therapist's experience of treating children in the family context and the training, outcome, and ethical issues involved.
Sustainable Cloud Encoding for Adaptive Bitrate Streaming over CDNs

Video streaming is the most popular application on today’s Internet. Millions of people around the globe access video contents using various end user devices, such as smart phones, tablets, laptops, and TVs. To meet the requirements of different end user devices and variable network conditions, videos need to be encoded into different quality versions before delivery to the clients. Such large-scale encoding tasks consume significant amounts of energy. In this paper, we investigate to what extent the realtime video encoding clouds can be powered by renewable energy sources. We show that video encoding tasks are suitable for execution on clouds that are powered by a combination of renewable and grid energy sources. With the use of our power management policies, grid energy usage can be reduced by 73–83%, which leads to electricity cost reductions of 14–28% compared to unlimited non-renewable power.
Metastatic Carcinoma of the Iris

Of three women and one man with metastatic carcinoma of the iris, the average age of the four was 50.2 years. Two of the tumors originated in the breast and two in the lungs. The average survival from time of diagnosis of the iris lesion was less than six months. Each patient presented with characteristic grayish-white translucent nodules on the iris or in the anterior chamber angle. The patients displayed other features of iris metastases such as secondary glaucoma, rubeosis iridis, iris atrophy, anterior uveitis, hypopyon, and hyphema. As an aid in the clinical evaluation, anterior segment fluorescein angiography was performed, revealing vascular details not seen clinically. Leakage of dye was a constant feature of the angiogram.
Choosing persuasion targets: How expectations of qualitative change increase advocacy intentions

Abstract Advocacy is a topic of increasing import in the attitudes literature, but researchers know little to nothing about how people (i.e., persuaders) choose their targets (i.e., the recipients of their advocacy). Four main experiments and six supplemental studies (total N = 3684) demonstrate that people prefer to direct persuasion efforts toward individuals who seem poised to shift their attitudes qualitatively (e.g., from negative to positive) rather than non-qualitatively (e.g., from positive to more positive). This preference stems from the fact that qualitative attitude change is perceived as greater in magnitude and expected to have a larger impact on behavior. These findings provide initial insight into the factors that drive persuasion target selection, and are inconsistent with what past persuasion research, conventional marketing wisdom, and our empirical evidence suggests persuaders should do. People tend to select persuasion targets they believe they can change qualitatively, but at least sometimes can have greater persuasive impact by targeting individuals who are already leaning in their direction.
Rapid Screening for Uranium in Soils Using Field-Portable X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer: A Comparative Study

Depleted uranium (DU) armor-penetrating munitions are used on testing and training ranges leading to elevated concentrations of U in range soils. To prevent exposure from secure areas contaminated ...
Nitrile Ylides and Nitrenes from 2H-Azirines

2H-Azirines represent versatile substrates which can serve as useful precursors for the synthesis of other heterocyclic rings.1–7 An unusual feature of this three-membered heterocyclic ring is that it is susceptible to attack by both electrophilic and nucleophilic reagents.7 In addition, the 2π electrons present in the ring are known to participate in thermally allowed [π 2 s + π 2 s] cycloadditions as the dienophile component.8,9 Another intriguing aspect of this ring system is that it can participate as a dipolarophile in 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions.10–12 Reaction with diazoalkanes10–12 and nitrile oxides10 transforms the 2H-azirine into allylic azides and carbodiimides, respectively. Few reactions rival cycloadditions in the number of bonds that undergo transformation during the reaction, producing products considerably more complex than the reactants. Cycloaddition reactions utilizing 2H-azirines include thermal reactions with ketenes,5,6 ketenimines,5 cyclopentadienones,13,14 cyclopentadiene,15 and diphenylisobenzofuran16,17 to yield a variety of unusual heterocyclic ring systems. 2H-Azirines also react photochemically with various carbon-carbon and hetero double bonds to give five-membered heterocyclic rings.18,19 The photoreaction proceeds by way of irreversible opening of the azirine ring to form a nitrile ylide intermediate which is subsequently trapped by a suitable dipolarophile.20 Products formed on thermal excitation of the 2H-azirine system, on the other hand, appear to involve vinyl nitrenes as intermediates.21–32 The intent of this chapter is to provide an indication of the wide diversity and intriguing transformations that 2H-azirines undergo upon electronic and thermal excitation. It is hoped that an overview of the major developments and potentialities in this area will be attained.
The Unvanquished: The Administrative State and the Federal Communications Commission

In this paper, I examine how far deregulation might go at one independent agency, the FCC. The FCC is a small agency that regulates a large and important part of the U.S. economy with rapidly changing technology. FCC Chairman Ajit has spoken articulately about the need for a greater use of economics at the FCC, and that in turn should lead to greater deregulation. The FCC staff is filled with talented people who can and do migrate to higher-paying jobs in the private sector. If deregulation can work anywhere, it should be at the FCC. On the other hand, if deregulation is difficult to impose at the FCC, how much harder it must be at other larger, more bureaucratic agencies.
Shape-Changing Control Interface Design: Augmenting Physical Affordances to Enhance a Digital Interface Experience in Cross-Device Interaction.

Multiple distributed interfaces in cross-device interaction increase users’ cognitive load when switching from one device to another. A clear spatial reference and physical affordances can help reduce additional cognitive efforts users pay in a multi-device system. However, increasing physical affordances may adversely affect users’ cognitive process in comprehending the desired interaction. By providing physical affordances in sequential order, interfaces can limit the number of physical affordances at one affordance for each step of the interaction. When assisted by digital contents, these sequential physical affordances can better communicate possible actions of an interface. Tangible Dial, an integrated control interface system with a shape-changing dial and digital displays, was designed and tested with users to validate the principle of spatial references and sequential affordances in cross-device interaction.
Secondary adrenal insufficiency: recent updates and new directions for diagnosis and management.

Secondary adrenal insufficiency is the most common subtype of adrenal insufficiency that can be caused by certain medications, pituitary destruction (as in pituitary masses, inflammation, or infiltration), or, rarely, associated with certain germline variants. In this review, we discuss the etiology, epidemiology, and clinical presentation of secondary adrenal insufficiency, and focus on the diagnostic and management challenges. We also review management of selected special populations of patients and discuss patient-important outcomes associated with secondary adrenal insufficiency.
Sound and Complete Neural Network Repair with Minimality and Locality Guarantees.

We present a novel methodology for repairing neural networks that use ReLU activation functions. Unlike existing methods that rely on modifying the weights of a neural network which can induce a global change in the function space, our approach applies only a localized change in the function space while still guaranteeing the removal of the buggy behavior. By leveraging the piecewise linear nature of ReLU networks, our approach can efficiently construct a patch network tailored to the linear region where the buggy input resides, which when combined with the original network, provably corrects the behavior on the buggy input. Our method is both sound and complete -- the repaired network is guaranteed to fix the buggy input, and a patch is guaranteed to be found for any buggy input. Moreover, our approach preserves the continuous piecewise linear nature of ReLU networks, automatically generalizes the repair to all the points including other undetected buggy inputs inside the repair region, is minimal in terms of changes in the function space, and guarantees that outputs on inputs away from the repair region are unaltered. On several benchmarks, we show that our approach significantly outperforms existing methods in terms of locality and limiting negative side effects.
Windows 95 and Nt Programming With the Microsoft Foundation Class Library

Introduction to 32-bit Windows 95 and NT Windows 95 and NT concepts and terminology important programming elements a procedure-oriented approach foundations for object-oriented approach foundations for obkect-oriented programming the Microsoft Foundation Class Library an object oriented approach the AppWizard code generator adding icon cursor bitmap font and sound resources adding menu keyboard accelerators toolbars and tooltips adding dialog boxes understanding graphics primitives common controls a complete MFC application OLE concepts developing OLE applications custom controls developing custom controls special applications.
Individual differences in O2 deficit and O2 debt.

Abstract Forty-four male college students performed 10 min. of moderately heavy work at a constant rate (1,077 kg-m/min) on the bicycle ergometer. Oxygen intake was measured during the 10-min. exercise and 15-min. recovery periods. A relative steady-state VO2 (2.92 L/min) was not reached until the last 2 min. of work. The mean net 02 debt (4.98 L) was 12% larger than the 02 deficit (4.46 L). The correlations between deficit and debt were r = .58 using individual curves for obtaining the steady-state, and r = .52 when averages of the last 3 min. were used. When steady-state variance was held statistically constant the deficit-debt partial correlation was r = .54, indicating that the possible spurious factor was trivial. It was concluded that in heavy exercise some portion of the 02 debt is a consequence of the deficit incurred during the early part of work, and that it is possible to reconcile the classical with the recent concepts of deficit-debt relationships, except for the discarding of the glycogen re...
Uterine prolapse in a mare leading to metritis, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, septic shock and death

This Case Report describes severe complications associated with uterine prolapse in a mare. A 6-year-old Trakehner mare was examined for depression, moderate pain and vaginal discharge 3 days after correction of a uterine prolapse. The clinical examination and haematology revealed that the mare had an infection with systemic inflammatory response syndrome and shock. Due to the uncontrollable, persistent pain, an exploratory celiotomy was performed which revealed severe metritis. During anaesthesia, the mare developed severe cardiovascular compromise and died in recovery. In previously reported cases of uterine prolapse in the mare, the authors warn of uterine injury, broad ligament haemorrhage, metritis, endotoxaemia and laminitis but often have a successful outcome with conventional therapy. This case describes a mare that developed severe complications and death after uterine prolapse. Mares with uterine prolapse require appropriate treatment and vigilant monitoring post treatment to prevent life threatening complications.
Conjunctions, relative pronouns

A conjunction is a word which serves to introduce a clause and connect it to an accompanying clause. Dutch conjunctions call for two different types of word order. Many conjunctions with which we have already become familiar simply form a connecting link between clauses without making any change in word order. These are the so-called coordinating conjunctions.
De doos van Pandora: openmaken of dicht laten?

Misschien mag het geen verbazing wekken dat een gebrekkig proces een gebrekkig product oplevert. Het elementairste probleem is de armzalige en inconsequente tekst. Toegegeven: voorlopige werkgroepteksten zijn vaak weinig precies geschreven en van wisselende kwaliteit, maar het is verbazingwekkend dat de DSM-V-leiding heeft nagelaten de teksten te redigeren op helderheid en consistentie. Het zou om die reden een verspilling van energie, tijd en geld zijn om onderzoek in het veld (field trials) te doen voordat de nieuwe criteria een verregaande revisie hebben ondergaan. (...)
Chapter 18 Duality for the household: Theory and applications

Abstract This chapter presents the theory of consumer choice as applied to household behavior. An internally consistent, self-contained framework is developed for the analysis of consumer preferences, household production, quality attributes, and produced nonmarket commodities in static and dynamic environments. Consumer expectations and naive and rational habit formation are considered in detail. The emphasis is on developing an internally consistent duality for consumer choice theory in each of these contexts. The chapter develops a general, logically consistent modeling framework for the applied economic analysis of consumption choices by the household.
Overcoming Impediments to Information Sharing

When deciding whether to share information, firms consider their private welfare. Discrepancies between social and private welfare may lead firms excessively to share information to anti-competitive ends - in facilitating of cartels and other harmful horizontal practices - a problem both antitrust scholarship and case law have paid much attention to. On the other hand, legal scholars have paid far less attention to the opposite type of inefficiency in information sharing among competitors - namely, the problem of sub-optimal information sharing. This phenomenon can generate significant social costs and is of special importance in network industries because the maintenance of compatibility, a key to producing positive network effects, typically requires information sharing. Understanding the hitherto neglected impact of sub-optimal information sharing is important not only for many areas of antitrust law, but also for developing effective policies towards network industries and critical infrastructures more generally, as well as for improving those procedural rules that concern information exchange among litigating parties. This paper therefore advances the legal analysis of impediments to efficient information sharing in a number of significant ways: First, it shows that the strategic behavior of competitors may erect an economic barrier to information sharing that has not been previously addressed in the literature - the fear of degradation. This form of strategic behavior involves the strategic refusal to share information when the refusal inflicts a greater harm on one's rivals than on oneself, and thus generates a competitive advantage. Second, the paper reveals a hitherto unrecognized set of behavioral impediments to information sharing, wherein rivalry norms and managers' risk attitudes bias competitors' judgments of the prospects of information sharing and the status-quo bias and ambiguity aversion lead these decision makers to avoid such arrangements. Third, it integrates these economic and behavioral insights with the findings of the extant literature to create a new framework for predicting when private information sharing will be suboptimal. Finally, we suggest how the alignment of private information sharing with social optimality may be promoted, based on the framework developed here.
Contemporary Practice Patterns in the Management of Acute Obstructing Ureteral Stones.

Abstract Purpose: To elucidate current practice patterns among Endourological Society members for acutely obstructing ureteral stones necessitating intervention. Methods: A practice pattern survey was sent to members of the Endourological Society using Survey Monkey. The following question stem was given: “Patient presents to the ER with acute renal colic and intractable pain, no signs of infection, i.e. afebrile and no pyuria. Stone is obstructing, and causing intractable pain; thus observation or medical expulsive therapy is not appropriate.” A follow-up stem was provided for specific scenarios: “Calculus measuring x mm at x location. What is your preferred management option?” The options given for immediate management included shockwave lithotripsy (SWL), ureteroscopy (URS), stent placement, or percutaneous management. Results: Four hundred and sixteen complete responses of approximately 2000 were received. There was a significant difference in management choice based on stone location (P<0.001) and st...
Mechanism of thermal energy charge transfer reactions: He+-, Ne+-, Ar+-, Kr+-, Xe+-, N2+-, CO+-, CO2+-, and N2O+- reacting with CH3F, CH2F2, CHF3 and CF4

Abstract Absolute ion loss rate constants for the reactions of He +− , Ne +− , Ar +− , Kr +− , Xe +− , N 2 +− , CO +− , CO 2 +− and N 2 O +− with CH 3 F, CH 2 F 2 , CHF 3 and CF 4 are reported. In almost all cases electron transfer is the exclusive or strongly dominant reaction channel. The reactions of CO +− are an exception. In these cases F − transfer successfully competes with e − transfer. Hydrogen atom abstraction is observed in the reactions of CO +− and N 2 O +− and may occur in Kr +− and Xe +− reactions as well. In each case, however, H − abstraction is a minor reaction product. The results are interpreted in terms of the Franck—Condon factors for ionization of the fluoromethane molecules. From the occurrence of the reaction CH 3 F +− + CH 3 F → C 2 H 4 F + + HF + H − it was deduced that Δ H f (C 2 H 4 F + ) ⩽175 kcal mol −1 .
Early response and long-term results in the radiotherapy of childhood medulloblastoma

Outcome results of 23 patients with childhood medulloblastomas were analyzed in relation to radiation technique and survival. No failures were noted when radiation dose of 5 400 rad was used; whereas none survived in the sub-group treated with less than 4 000 rad. The prognosis in the very young age group, less than three years old, was worse compared to the older child with a tendency to advanced disease at presentation. Quality of life in all survivors was satisfactory and long-term sequelae were surprisingly minimal in all aspects of physical, mental, and intellectual developments. Vertebral growth disturbance and short stature were the major late sequellae of successful radiotherapy.
Clinical and pharmacologic studies with allylmercaptomethyl penicillin (penicillin “O”)

Abstract Pharmacologic properties of allylmercaptomethyl penicillin (penicillin "O") have been described. A series of patients with a variety of acute infections who were treated continuously or intermittently with penicillin "O" have been described. From the data it is evident that penicillin "O" has similar pharmacologic and antibacterial activity to penicillin G in the human and that it can be substituted safely for the latter in therapy of even the most serious infections, unit for unit. It is a complete substitute in most individuals exhibiting delayed anaphylactoid reactions to penicillin G. In instances of contact dermatitis from penicillin G and in those manifesting the "id" phenomena, penicillin "O" virtually always fails to be a satisfactory substitute. These latter two types of hypersensitivity reactions to penicillin G are, of course, far less common than the delayed type. Thus there is no evidence that penicillin G and "O" are devoid of cross immune reactions. It is also likely that individuals can become sensitized to penicillin "O" but the frequency of this phenomenon cannot be stated.
The spectroscopy and photophysics of isolated transitionmetal clusters

Transition-metal clusters are large heavy molecules possessing many low-lying electronic states, and can be produced under isolated conditions (i.e. in molecular or ion beams) only at very low number densities. As a result, many of the traditional methods of molecular spectroscopy cannot be used to study these species. However, newer techniques, developed within the last 15 years, have proven successful in probing neutral and charged transition-metal clusters. In this (selective) review, the strengths and weaknesses of these techniques are discussed, with recent examples provided.
The floppy infant

Much important information can be gained from the history (Box 1). Is there any relevant family history? Miscarriages should be specifically asked about as parents often do not volunteer information about this spontaneously. Were fetal movements normal? Was there any drug use during pregnancy? Was there any polyhydramnios? Does either parent have any neuromuscular symptoms? The mother mildly affected with myotonic dystrophy may have to be asked specifically about difficulties with hand grip, e.g. opening jars or bottles.
Imaging x-ray spectrometer for laser fusion applications.

A gold transmission grating has been coupled to a high-resolution Wolter-design grazing-incidence reflection x-ray microscope to produce an imaging x-ray spectrometer of unprecedented spatial resolution, spectral range, and collection solid angle. In a series of test experiments conducted at 1.75–2 keV, the instrument demonstrated a spectral resolving power, λ/Δλ, of 200 and a 1-D spatial resolution of 1 μm. The spectrometer’s large collection solid angle, ~2 × 10−5 sr, and broad spectral range, from the near UV to 3.2 keV, make it a very versatile instrument for laser-fusion applications.
Structure of the murine anion exchange protein

A full-length clone encoding the mouse erythrocyte anion exchange protein band 3, has been isolated from a cDNA library using an antibody against the mature erythrocyte protein. The complete nucleotide sequence has been determined. Substantial homology is evident between the deduced murine amino acid sequence and published sequences of fragments of human band 3 protein. The amino-terminal 420 and the carboxy-terminal 32 residues constitute polar, soluble domains, while the intervening 475 amino acids are likely to be intimately associated with the lipid bilayer. Hydrophobic analysis of this sequence, together with structural studies on the human protein, suggests the possibility of at least 12 membrane spans, predicting that both the amino- and carboxy-termini are intracellular.
Is the adsorption of water vapour wool photosensitive

The recent report by Bright and Carson,1 of the reversible action of tight on the adsorption of water vapour by wool is of unusual interest. This type of effect has not been hitherto observed in the many absorbate-absorbent systems studied.2 Commenting on the report, Cssie stated that the existence of such a phenomenon was not inconsistent with his theory of adsorption.3,1- He thought it possible that the absorption of light could lead to 3 very small change in the energy of sorption on the localized sites. If this effect be a true one, there must exist a “light” adsorption isotherm and also a “dark” adsorption isotherm. However, our efforts to account for the apparent reversible shift in equilibrium lead to hypotheses which are highly improbable. The experiments reported here were carried out in an attempt to confirm the work of Bright and Carson and to learn which wave lengths of light were involved. The results of a number of experiments were all negative, no reversible action of light was observed. Bright and Carson have stated in correspondence with us that they have since been unable to control the factor or factors required to reproduce the experiment previously reported. However, they feel that the phenomenon can exist and summarize their experiments with the statement that the appearance or non-appearance is controlled by some factor not at present within our knowledge.
Numerical simulation of linear and nonlinear quantum optics as a design tool for free-space quantum communications and quantum imaging

A new quantum optics tool for simulating quantum probability density functions resulting from the linear and nonlinear interaction of photons with atoms and with other photons is developed and presented. It can be used to design and simulate quantum optics experiments used in quantum communications, quantum computing, and quantum imaging. Examples of a photon interacting with linears systems of mirrors and beamsplitters are simulated. Nonlinear simulations of the interaction of three photons resulting in photon momentum entanglement is presented. The wavefunction is expanded in Fock states. Fock states cannot be represented by classical modeling and therefore, the results of our modeling can in general represent phenomena in both the linear and nonlinear cases which cannot be modeled by classical linear optics. The modeling presented here is more general than the classical linear optics. Models of atmospheric turbulence and their simulations are presented and demonstrate the potential for first principles physics quantum optics simulations through turbulence in realistic environments.
Reaction of ozone with amino acids and proteins

Abstract The following order of susceptibility of amino acids in aqueous solutions to oxidation by ozone has been found: cysteine, methionine, tryptophan, tyrosine, histidine, cystine, and phenylalanine. The other amino acids found in proteins were unaffected by ozone. The oxidations of tyrosine and histidine were dependent on pH, being greater under alkaline conditions. The oxidation of pancreatic ribonuclease by ozone resulted in a decrease in enzvmic activity. The amino acid residues most affected by treatment with ozone were tyrosine and histidine. Reaction of avidin with ozone caused changes in the absorption spectrum characteristic of the oxidation of tryptophan residues. The biotin binding capacity of avidin was lost after treatment of avidin with ozone. The changes in the absorption spectrum of avidin could be prevented if biotin was bound to the avidin before exposure to ozone.
Addendum—Prime ideals in crossed products of finite groups

In this note, we offer a simpler, alternate approach to the work of Section 3 of “Prime ideals in crossed products of finite groups.” Indeed, by using the induced ideal mapG instead of theν map, we have eliminated many of the unpleasant computations of the original argument.
Culture and the cognitive paradigm in social psychology

Abstract Within the historical frame of the paradigmatic change in psychology from behaviourism to cognitivism, the paper critically examines the basic metatheoretical features of cognitive social psychology, focusing the analysis on three major areas of that field: attribution, the impression of persons, and stereotypes. Of core concern in each theory-research enterprise are processes of the individual mind: causal inference, organization of traits, retrieval of stimulus information, etc. that are assumed to be general over content-domains, and universal across cultural contexts. A critique of cognitive process theory centres on these problematic assumptions, and argues that a priori aculturism prevents falsification of the hypothesized processes; tests of content-generality require that the meaning of varying surface content be constant, yet by ignoring culture, access to the source of meaning is precluded; cross-cultural research is necessary to specify the shared objective basis of social cognition wh...
MULTIELEMENT SOLID PHASE PRECONCENTRATION USING A CHELATING RESIN OF STYRENE DIVINYLBENZENE COPOLYMER AND APPLICATION TO ANALYSIS OF SEAWATER AND FISH OTOLITHS BY INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY (ICPMS).

A new chelating resin was synthesized by immobilizing 4–(2–thiazolylazo) resorcinol (TAR) on to a styrene divinylbenzene copolymer. This material was examined for on-line solid phase extraction/preconcentration of Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in seawater and fish otoliths for determination by inductively plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). A volume of 5.0 mL sample solution was loaded on to a mini-column of the resin at 2.0 mL min−1 via a sequential injection system. The optimum pH for multielement preconcentration was around pH 5.5. Recoveries were better than 96% in artificial seawater. Elution was achieved with 1.0 mL of 0.75 mol L−1 HNO3. The resin possesses a large sorption capacity ranging from 82.0 µmol g−1 for Pb to 319 µmol g−1 for Cu. The detection limits (3σ) varied between 0.0016 µg L−1 (Cd) and 0.015 µg L−1 (Zn) for preconcentration of 5.0 mL blank solutions (pH 5.5). Relative standard deviation for three replicate runs was between 0.3% (Cd) and 6% (Zn) at the 1.0 µg L−1 level. The procedure was...
Immunofluorescent study of chromatin proteins in cultured fibroblasts.

Abstract Antibodies against chromatin from 3T6 mouse fibroblasts and WI-38 human diploid fibroblasts were prepared by immunization of rabbits. Immunofluorescent studies showed species-specificity of these antichromatin antibodies. Furthermore, using anti-3T6 chromatin antibodies against 3T6 cells and anti-WI-38 chromatin antibodies against WI-38 cells, we observed, by immuno-fluorescent techniques, granular fluorescence in the diffusely stained nucleus and diffuse fluorescence in the cytoplasm. These results raise the possibility of the presence of a cytoplasmic pool of chromatin proteins.
Earnings Management to Minimize Superfund Cleanup and Transaction Costs

We investigate whether firms identified as potentially responsible parties (PRPs) under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (more commonly known as Superfund) appear to manipulate earnings to minimize their exposure to Superfund cleanup and transaction costs. We analyze the discretionary accrual behavior of 612 PRPs from 1981 to 1995 and increase the power of our tests by identifying those PRPs with the most incentive to manage earnings during PRP identification years. The results provide robust evidence consistent with the hypothesis that these PRPs use income-reducing discretionary accruals during PRP identification years in an attempt to minimize Superfund cleanup and transaction costs. We also consider whether PRPs' incentives to manage earnings change in response to a change in the EPA regulatory regime and find modest evidence consistent with our conjecture.
Technical communication in the 21st century: Where are we going?

Instead of offering a predictive “history” of the future, this essay explores how we arrive at our attitudes toward the future and the effects of such attitudes toward current practice. We greet the future with attitudes prepared by myths, master narratives that guide our vision of who we are and what we are becoming. One key myth in our discipline, the myth of immediate communication, proves an unreliable guide to the future. Readings in science fiction serve to demonstrate how a critique of the immediacy myth might proceed. The essay argues for a critically informed, open‐minded approach to the future, an approach that encourages an honest self‐criticism within the discipline.
The sonographic diagnosis of Dandy–Walker and Dandy–Walker variant: associated findings and outcomes

Outcomes of pregnancies with sonographically diagnosed Dandy-Walker (DW) or Dandy-Walker variant (DWV) syndromes vary widely. We examined our own experience with these diagnoses in an effort to identify those sonographic features that best predicted neonatal outcome. We identified 50 fetuses with DW and 49 with DWV diagnosed sonographically. Eighty-six per cent of fetuses with DW and 85% of fetuses with DWV had other sonographically identifiable anomalies, the most common being ventriculomegaly (DW: 32%; DWV: 27%) and cardiac defects (DW:38%; DWV: 41%). Forty-six per cent and 36% of available karyotypes in cases of DW and DWV, respectively, were abnormal. 50 out of 99 women in our series elected pregnancy termination. Only three pregnancies with DW resulted in a living infant, and only one of these had a normal paediatric examination at six-week follow-up. Thirteen out of 49 infants with DWV survived the neonatal period and 7 of 13 were reported initially as normal infants, including six with an isolated finding of DWV. We conclude that overall, the prognosis for these posterior fossa defects is grim but not uniformly fatal. The presence of other anomalies is associated with the worst prognosis. Isolated Dandy-Walker variant has the highest chance of leading to a normal neonate.
Correlates of hypertension among young men.

Abstract Among a cohort of 15,887 Oregon young adult males born during 1939–1941 and examined during 1957–1969, 600 (3.8%) were judged to have definite hypertension, 417 (2.6%) had labile or borderline hypertension, 200 (1.3%) were normotensive but had a history of previous blood pressure elevation, and 31 (0.2%) had hypertension secondary to cardiovascular or endocrine disorders. The following medical conditions were noted to increase the risk of definite hypertension prevalence (in order of strength of association): obesity, hearing loss, renal disorders, respiratory allergies, colorblindness, peptic ulcer, and blood or urine sugar disorders. The association with colorblindness was previously unreported. The strong association with hearing loss excluded suppurative middle ear disease and hereditary nephritis but could have been based on nonsuppurative ear disease or noise exposure. Since the registrants' average age was 21.5 years at examination, the causes of these associations were operative during childhood and adolescence.
Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus induces rapid necrosis and delayed apoptosis in myelinated mouse cerebellar explant cultures

Abstract Infection with the Daniel strain of Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis (TMEV-DA) virus induces persistent demyelinating lesions in mice and serves as a model for multiple sclerosis. During the acute phase of the disease, however, viral infection leads to cell death in vivo. Viral-induced death may result directly from viral infection of neural cells, or indirectly, by activation of the immune system. To examine the direct effects of TMEV infection on neural cells, myelinated explant cultures of the murine cerebellum were infected with 105 pfu of TMEV-DA for periods ranging from 1 to 72 h. Our results indicate that TMEV-DA replicates in cultured neural tissue. Initially, viral antigen is localized to a few isolated neural cells. However, within 72 h antigen was observed in multiple foci that included damaged cells and extracellular debris. Viral infection led to a rapid and cyclical induction of necrosis with a time period that was consistent with the lytic phase of the viral life-cycle. Simultaneously, we observed an increase in apoptosis 48 h post-infection. Electron micrographic analysis indicated that viral-infected cultures contained cells with fragmented nuclei and condensed cytoplasm, characteristic of apoptosis. The localization of apoptosis to the cerebellar granule cell layer, identified these cells as presumptive granule neurons. Viral infection, however, did not lead to myelin damage, though damaged axons were visible in TMEV-infected cultures. These results suggest that during the acute phase of infection, TMEV targets neural cells for apoptosis without directly disrupting myelin. Myelin damage may therefore result from the activation of the immune system.
Persistent penumbra in a rabbit stroke model: incidence and histologic characteristics.

Duration and extent of penumbra determine the window and brain volume in which interventions may save injured tissue after stroke. Understanding the penumbra in animals is necessary in order to design models that translate to effective clinical therapies. New Zealand white rabbits were embolized with aged autologous clot (n=23) or insoluble microspheres (n=21). To examine effects of treatment on penumbra, sphere-stroked animals were treated with 3 μm microbubbles plus ultrasound (n=19). Rabbits were euthanized at 4 or 24 hr. Infarct volume was measured following triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining of brain sections. Penumbra was visualized using immunostaining of pimonidazole injected fifteen minutes prior to euthanasia. Potentially reversible penumbra was present in 14.3% stroked rabbits at 4 hours and 15.7% at 24 hours after embolic stroke and represented up to 35% of total lost tissue. Intervention at up to 24 hours may benefit a significant patient population.
Discrete versus infinite molecular self-assembly: control in crystalline hydrogen-bonded assemblies based on resorcinol.

Cocrystallization of 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane (4,4‘-bipyeth) with resorcinol (res), 4-chlororesorcinol (4-Cl-res), and 4,6-dichlororesorcinol (4,6-di-Cl-res) yields molecular solids (4,4‘-bipyeth)·(res) 1a, 2(4,4‘-bipyeth)·2(4-Cl-res) 1b, and 2(4,4‘-bipyeth)·2(4,6-di-Cl-res) 1c with components held together by O−H···N hydrogen bonds. In 1a the components form an infinite 1D polar array, whereas in 1b and 1c the components form 0D four-component complexes. Formation of the discrete assemblies is attributed to peripheral steric effects, which block the solid-state polymerization.
The behaviour of the US consumer price index 1913–2003: a study of seasonality in the monthly US CPI

This article analyses the seasonality in the monthly consumer price index (CPI) over the period January 1913 to December 2003. We examine three types of month effects: if the mean of monthly CPI changes of the entire data set, and of a given month were significantly different from zero; if the mean of monthly CPI changes of a given month was different from the mean of the other months; and if the variance of the monthly CPI changes for a given month was different from the variance of the other months. The mean of monthly CPI changes for the entire data set (0.27%) was found to be significantly greater than zero. The means of monthly changes show a downward trend from September to December. When the data are sliced into three sub-periods, we find an increasing trend in the means and medians of monthly changes but a decreasing trend in the SDs of the monthly changes. The mean of monthly CPI changes during the republican presidencies (0.15%) was significantly lower than during the democratic presidencies (0....
TRIIODOTHYRONINE IN THE SERUM OF PATIENTS TREATED WITH RADIOACTIVE IODINE

THE presence of triiodothyronine in the serum of man was first demonstrated by Gross and Pitt-Rivers (1). In a previous report we described various radioiodinated amino acids, including triiodothyronine, which appeared in the sera of patients treated with radioactive iodine (2). Because labeled triiodothyronine was present in some of the samples of serum taken twenty-four hours after the administration of the I131, the occurrence of iodinated compounds in the serum was explored further by the method of chromatographic fractionation. The following were investigated: 1) the frequency of occurrence of triiodothyronine in both Graves' disease and hyperfunctioning adenomatous goiter, 2) whether triiodothyronine is present in patients with normal functioning thyroid tissue, 3) the earliest time at which the compounds, especially triiodothyronine, are demonstrable in the serum, 4) whether radiation effect could explain the presence of the compounds by the time they first became detectable, and 5) the relationshi...
Improving Channel Coordination Through Franchising

In this paper, we explore the role of franchising arrangements in improving coordination between channel members. In particular we focus on two elements of the franchising contract, namely, the royalty structure and the monitoring technology. We begin with a simple analysis where a manufacturer distributes its product through a retailer and the retail demand is affected by the retail price and the service provided by the retailer. In this context we show that neither royalty payments nor monitoring are needed for full coordination. We then extend the model to allow for free riding by franchisees and show that although monitoring helps affect the behavior of the franchisees, royalty payments are still unnecessary to coordinate the activities of the franchisor and the franchisees. Finally, we show that in environments where factors affecting retail sales are controlled by both the franchisor and the franchisee, royalty payments provide the necessary incentives for the franchisor while monitoring systems are used to ensure that franchisees also behave in the best interest of the channel. Our general results are found to be consistent with those in Brickley and Dark 1987 and Norton 1988, who conclude that franchising is affected by principal-agent problems. Our theory finds special support in the work of Lafontaine 1988 where it is concluded that the incidence of franchising is related to cost of monitoring and the importance of franchisor investments.
Effect of different light-dark schedules on survival from heart failure.

Abstract Our earlier work showed that life in constant light prolonged life for hamsters with an inherited cardiomyopathy when compared to littermates spending their lives in 24 hour days (lights on 12 hr each day). This study was designed to begin evaluating the mechanism for this effect. 4–5.5 month old cardiomyopathic hamsters (CMHs) were placed on one of 5 different light-dark (LD) schedules for the remainder of their lives: (1) LD 12:12 (moderate total light exposure, short photoperiodic effect, 24 hr daylength); (2) LD 12:13 (same total light as LD 12:12, long photoperiodic effect, non-24 hr daylength); (3) LD 6:30 (less total light than LD 12:12, long photoperiodic effect, non-24 hr daylength); (4) LD 18:6 (more total light than LD 12:12, long photoperiodic effect, 24 hr daylength); (5) constant light (high total light exposure, long photoperiodic effect, non-24 hr daylength). CMHs living on the first two non-24 hr schedules lived longer than LD 12:12 controls. This study therefore suggests that manipulating the biological clock can have positive therapeutic consequences. However, in contrast to our earlier studies, hamsters living in constant light were not protected -- perhaps because the hamsters began the treatment later in their lives or because their inherited disease was less severe than had been the case in hamsters used in previous studies. Defining the conditions that diminish or enhance the photobiological effect is an important challenge for future research.
Norman Mailer and Rank's Theory of the Creative Self

The present article investigates Mailer's fiction and non-fiction in relation to Rank's views on creativity. Both Rank and Mailer are interpreted as examples of artists who invent themselves, the f...
Neuropeptide Y: Behavioral effects in the golden hamster ☆

Abstract Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is found abundantly in nervous tissues of vertebrate species including the golden hamster. Centrally-administered NPY has been reported to elicit ingestive behaviors in the rat, squirrel, pig, mouse, and chick. To assess NPY's behavioral effects in a New World rodent that does not increase food intake after deprivation, NPY was injected intracerebroventricularly (10.0-0.04 μg/5 μl) in home-caged golden hamsters with ad lib access to food, water and 5% w/v ethanol solution. Food and fluid intakes, and behavior displays were monitored after NPY injection. NPY promptly increased short-term food intake and observed feeding behaviors at 10.0, 3.3, 1.1, and 0.37 μg NPY, but there was no effect on 24 hr food intake. Water and ethanol intakes were increased only at 10.0 and 0.37 μg NPY, respectively. Resting behaviors decreased at NPY doses that increased feeding, but there were no consistent effects of NPY on any other category of behavior. Results demonstrate that NPY potently stimulates short-term food intake and decreases resting behavior in the golden hamster. The lack of compensatory food intake in deprived hamsters cannot be explained as an insensitivity to the putative orexigenic function of endogenous neuropeptide Y.
The effect of rotation on the learning of taste aversions

Two rats were presented a distinctively flavored liquid while enclosed in an experimental chamber rotating at either 12 or 23 rpm. Over the course of the experiment, both rats developed a strong aversion to the liquid. The aversion was shown by failure to drink the liquid when it was offered in a nonrotating experimental chamber and by a reversal of preference for the liquid as compared to water. In this respect, the aversive properties of rotation are similar to the aversive properties of illness-producing agents, such as chemical toxins or X-rays, and are different from the aversive properties of electric shock.
A Social Problems Approach to Gerontology in Social Work Education

Abstract This paper proposes a social problems emphasis to gerontology in social work education which acknowledges the fact that the elderly are handicapped and discriminated against by social values, attitudes, and practices. The traditional integrative approach has been ineffective in educating and sensitizing students to problems and needs of the aged. The social problems emphasis is discussed as related to future manpower needs, enlightened social workers as citizens, and advocacy for the elderly. A proposal for schools is presented, with implications for practice, fieldwork settings, research, and classroom instruction.