cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Forms of collaboration and social fit in wildlife management: A comparison of policy networks in Alaska

Rapid environmental change in the Arctic has led to calls for new forms of environmental governance that consciously fit policy solutions to both the policy problem as well as the underlying social–ecological system dynamics. While efforts to evaluate the ecological fit of institutions to place have become more sophisticated, efforts to measure the social fit of policy remains underdeveloped. In order to examine the effect of institutional form on policy processes and socially relevant outcomes, I employ a mixed methods approach including ethnographic data and social network analysis to compare the implementation of two international wildlife regimes in two indigenous Inupiaq towns in Alaska. My results yield three findings: (1) that separate institutions create differently structured policy networks, (2) differences in network structures and levels of power-sharing correlate with perceptions of policy, and (3) networks that reflect local social patterns are more likely to be considered fair and inclusive. These findings support congruence theory, which posits that public policy reflective of local constructions of legitimacy will achieve greater success than policy that is not reflective.
The effects of septal area lesions on the meal patterns of female rats

Abstract Measures of food intake and body weight were compared in female rats with sham or septal area lesions. In addition, the pattern of food intake during the day and the night was analyzed into meal sizes and post meal intervals. Postoperatively sham and septal rats were comparable in that both maintained stable food intake and body weight over the testing period. However, the analysis of meal patterns showed that septal rats ate very small, frequent meals relative to sham rats. Since this type of feeding pattern is also seen in animals with gastrointestinal motor deficits, it is suggested that the motor aspects of feeding should be investigated in rats with septal lesions.
Oscillatory flow in thin-walled curved elastic tubes.

A numerical analysis is carried out for oscillatory flow of a viscous incompressible fluid through thin-walled elastic tubes with small curvature. A wave propagation analysis for sinusoidal input pressure disturbance yields a resulting asymmetrical flow pattern and the secondary flow pattern induced by centrifugal effects due to curvature. Essential differences between the effects of curvature on steady and oscillatory flows are obtained. A complicated quadrihelical secondary flow pattern is obtained. The flow pattern and computed wall shear in curved tubes are determined and compared with those of oscillatory flow through straight elastic tubes. Parameters in the computation are chosen to correspond to physiological flows at arterial sites of small curvature.
Bon Jovi: America’s Ultimate Band

Towards the end of the book Bon Jovi: America’s Ultimate Band, Margaret Olson argues that the band Bon Jovi “have woven themselves into the tapestry of American daily life in a way no one could hav...
Solar Effects in the Motion of Vanguard

A NEW analysis which I have carried out of the complicated period changes of Satellite 1958 β2 (Vanguard) shows a correlation with three solar effects: (1) the hour angle of the Sun as reckoned from the perigee point of the orbit; (2) the 27-day variations in solar activity discovered by Jacchia1; (3) the total daily solar insolation at the latitude of perigee.
Novel mutations in the polyadenine tract of the transforming growth factor β type II receptor gene are found in a subpopulation of human pancreatic adenocarcinomas

In this study, we determined the incidence of microsatellite instability (MIN) in pancreatic adenocarcinoma and determined whether MIN might target, for mutations, the simple nucleotide repeats of the transforming growth factor beta type II receptor (TGFBR2) gene. Forty-eight surgically resected pancreatic tumor tissue samples and two normal pancreas tissue samples were analyzed in this study. Microsatellite analysis was performed for six loci in 14 of the 48 tumor specimens for which we had matching normal genomic DNA. Only four of the 14 tumors (29%) were MIN-positive as determined by the presence of microsatellite variations in more than one locus. Interestingly, eight of the 14 specimens (57%) showed microsatellite variations or loss of heterozygosity at D18S34, suggesting that this locus may be a critical region of genetic instability in pancreatic tumorigenesis. Of the 48 tumors, only two (4%) showed mutations in the polyA region, one of the MIN-targeted sites of the TGFBR2 gene. DNA sequence analysis of these two specimens showed the presence of a two-base deletion in one tumor specimen and the other tumor specimen showed a base substitution in the polyA tract at codon 128 of the TGFBR2 gene. The fact that these mutations occurred in the polyA tract of some pancreatic tumors suggests that a subpopulation of these tumors may be susceptible to MIN-targeted mutations. The incidence of these mutations are low and similar to that reported for nonhereditary, sporadic colon cancers.
The historic fur trade and climate change

Why did the Dutch come to the North American shores 400 years ago? Was it wanderlust, expansionist policies, or simply money? The earliest western explorers were the Vikings who, in the 1100s, were able to sail beyond Iceland and Greenland to Newfoundland, because they did so during the Medieval Warm Period. English explorer Henry Hudson, on the other hand, could not find a northern passage to China because the early 1600s were the coldest part of the Little Ice Age and the northern seas were frozen over (Figure 1). After Hudson's third voyage, Dutch merchants contracted several sailors to establish trading posts for beaver pelts in the Americas. Among them was Adriaen Block, who built the first western settlement on the island of Manhattan (New York) after a fire on his ship forced him to over-winter there in 1614 [Varekamp and Varekamp, 2006]. His 1614 ‘figurative map’ shows Long Island Sound as an estuary, and introduced for the first time the name ‘Niew Nederlandt’ (New Netherlands).
Spoken language translation from parallel speech audio: Simultaneous interpretation as SLT training data

In recent work, we proposed an alternative to parallel text as translation model (TM) training data: audio recordings of parallel speech (pSp), as it occurs in any communication scenario where interpreters are involved. Although interpretation compares poorly to translation, we reported surprisingly strong translation results for systems based on pSp trained TMs. This work extends the use of pSp as a data source for unsupervised training of all major models involved in statistical spoken language translation. We consider the scenario of speech translation between a resource rich and a resource-deficient language. Our seed models are based on 10h of transcribed audio and parallel text comprised of 100k translated words. With the help of 92h of untranscribed pSp audio, and by taking advantage of the redundancy inherent to pSp (the same information is given twice, in two languages), we report significant improvements for the resource-deficient acoustic, language and translation models.
Analysis of the interactions of functional domains of a nuclear origin of replication from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract We have determined that ARS121 is an efficient origin of replication on chromosome X of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This origin is comprised of at least three distinct functional domains. One of these domains is the ARS121 core sequence (approximately 35 bp-long), which is essential for origin activity. This essential core contains an 11 bp sequence resembling (2 bp mismatch) the ARS consensus. Another important domain is an enhancer of DNA replication, which binds the OBF1 protein. The third domain, ATR (A/T-rich, approximately 72 bp), is auxiliary and works in either orientation, but only when located 3' to the essential core. When fused to the ARS121 core both the enhancer and the ATR domain act synergistically to enhance the activity of the origin. Furthermore, when fused to the essential core sequences of heterologous ARSs, ARS1 and ARS307, the auxiliary domains also appeared to stimulate synergistically origin function. These results suggest that (i) in order to elicit maximal origin activity all three domains have to interact and (ii) activation of the essential core sequences at different origins of replication may share a common mechanism.
Human factor in till-fabric analysis

Experiment shows that geologists accept a wide range of pebble shapes for till-fabric analysis. Most of this variation can be accounted for by a single variable—the B:A axial ratio of the clast. The individuals were classified into three groups, “conservatives,” “moderates,” and “liberals,” depending on the pebble elongation they would accept. Data on till pebble fabric were collected sequentially from 19 basal till sites in east-central New Hampshire. Fabric diagrams were produced for 11 different combinations of pebble elongation and quantity from each site, evaluated, and compared to independent indicators of ice-flow direction. The results show that the use of 100 elongate pebbles by conservative standards tends to produce uniform, intense, precise, accurate, and imbricated fabrics; whereas reversed and transverse fabrics are scarce. As shape selection becomes more liberal and as fewer pebbles are used, the fabrics tend to become irregular, weaker, less precise, less accurate, and less imbricated; whereas reversed and transverse fabrics are more frequently generated. At the extreme, where few pebbles are selected by liberal standards, the resulting fabrics approach those generated from random numbers. About 100 pebbles, selected by rather conservative shape standards ( B:A ≤0.59) are necessary to obtain dependable diagrams.
Colloquium 15: Role of the Protease-Activated Receptors in Neural Development, Degeneration and Trauma

Signalling through protease activated receptors (PARs) is important during neural development and reappears during certain CNS disorders resulting in loss of neurons. These heptohelical G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are activated by specific proteolysis of N-terminal fragments. How they are regulated at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels is of paramount importance in developing neuroprotective strategies. We and others showed in vitro that serine protease signalled apoptosis involves activation of PAR-1 and a pathway involving coupled Gs, intracellular calcium elevation, activation of caspases, and apoptotic cell death. In vivo, after spinal cord injury in rats and during motor neuron degeneration in wobbler mice, PAR-1 is up-regulated in the regions most affected even prior to the onset of phenotypic motor loss in the homozygous recessive wobbler mouse. Information is beginning to appear on transcriptional regulation of PAR expression and involves several transcription factors (TFs) such as AP-1, SP-1, NFκB and, more recently, JAK/STAT. The regulation of PARs in the nervous system will be reviewed with an emphasis on those PARs unregulated during neurodegeneration and in response to CNS injury. In summary, immunohistochemistry, quantitative mRNA, gene array analyses of the receptor sequences present and their modulation by exogenous factors indicate that they are potential targets for therapeutic intervention to help preserve neuronal health. Acknowledgements: Supported by the Dept. of Veterans Affairs, Christopher Reeve Paralysis Foundation, ALS Association, Lied Endowment, KUMCRI and Midwest Biomedical Research Foundation.
‘Kolberg’: film, filmscript and Kołobrzeg today

(1994). ‘Kolberg’: film, filmscript and Kolobrzeg today. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television: Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 449-466.
Surface enhanced raman scattering and photodimerization of pyridyl-substituted ethylenes at a silver electrode surface

Pyridyl-substituted ethylenes have been observed to photodimerize while adsorbed at a polycrystalline silver electrode surface. Surface Raman spectra reveal that vinylpyridine and bis-pyridyl ethylene dimerize to products in which ethylenic bonds have been reduced. The potential dependence of the photochemical threshold wavelength implicates the role of adsorbateto-metal charge transfer excitation in the dimerization mechanism.Adsorbate-to-metal charge transfer leaves a cation radical which initiates dimerization with nearest neighbor adsorbate molecules. Photochemistry occurs only under conditions of heavy surface coverage. A prerequisite to the topochemical dimerization of ethylenic compounds in the solid state requires that the separation between neighboring ethylene groups lie between 3.7 and 4.1 A. The silver lattice parameter of 4.08 A and the absence of photochemistry under light surface coverages appear to correlate well to the solid state topochemical prerequisite. Observed isotopic shifts in the surface Raman spectra of the photoproducts prepared in H2O/D2O electrolytes indicates that solvent proton transfer occurs during dimerization. Adsorbate surface orientation was determined and the structures of photoproducts are identified.
Information Based Delivery System for Sprayed Polyurethane Foam in Roofing

This paper describes the results of a three year research effort to reshape a Spray Polyurethane Foam (SPF) roofing manufacturer’s delivery system from a ‘‘low-bid,’’ marketing system, into an info...
Mitigation of satellite orbit errors resulting from the numerical integration across shadow boundaries

Abstract The tracking of geodetic satellites through the use of very precise laser ranging has led to the development and application of techniques to mitigate the effect of various numerical errors that can affect the convergence of orbit solutions or that introduce aliases into the estimated parameters. The dominant numerical integration error is in the along-track direction and has been controlled for long arc solutions through the introduction of empirical along-track acceleration parameters (CTs) and the application of Encke's method (J.B. Lundberg, B.E. Schutz, R.K. Fields, M.M. Watkins, AIAA Journal of Guidance, Control and Dynamics 14 (3) (1991) 683–686; J.B. Lundberg, S. Bettadpur, R.J. Eanes, AAS/AIAA Astrodynamcis Specialist Conference, Durango, Colorado, 19–22 August 1992, pp. AAS 91–351). In the case of orbit solutions for the LAser GEOdynamics Statellites (LAGEOS), the CT parameters are also used to represent the Yarkovsky drag effect. It has been found that the numerical integration across the shadow boundaries can introduce additional integration errors that introduce significant aliases in the CT parameters and compromise their representation of the Yarkovsky effect. With the appropriate choice of stepsize, the additional errors that result from the crossing of shadow boundaries can be mitigated significantly while maintaining a computationally efficient stepsize.
Effect of induction agent on posttransplant outcomes in deceased donor kidney transplant recipients: influence of race.

Abstract Background The effect of induction agents on kidney transplant outcomes with respect to race is not well studied. We aimed to compare the outcomes of deceased donor kidney (DDK) transplants in African American (AA) and non-African American (non-AA) recipients who underwent induction therapy with rabbit-antithymoglobulin (rATG), alemtuzumab (ALE), or interleukin (IL)-2 receptor blocker (IL-2B) and were maintained on a calcineurin inhibitor, (CNI)/mycophenolate mofetil (MMF)–based regimen with/without steroid. Methods Using OPTN/UNOS database, we identified patients (≥18 years) who underwent DDK transplants from January 2000 to December 2008 and received rATG ( n = 21,506), ALE ( n = 3476), or IL- 2B ( n = 17,869) and were maintained on a CNI/MMF–based regimen with/without steroids. Multivariate analysis was performed adjusting for steroid use and factors known to adversely impact graft outcome. Results The median follow up was 29.6 months (range, 10.7–60.1). ALE induction as compared to rATG had inferior adjusted graft ( P P = .003) survivals in non-AA recipients but similar in AA recipients. In non-AA recipients, IL-2 induction as compared with rATG had similar adjusted graft but inferior patient survival ( P = .04), and in AA recipients had inferior graft ( P = .002) but similar patient survival. Conclusion Our study shows racial differences in renal transplant outcomes with regard to induction modality.
A device for dynamic modulation of cell-generated tension in 3D biopolymer gels

The mechanical environment surrounding cells has a critical impact on their behavior, including differentiation, migration, shape and proliferation. Studies have shown that substrate stiffness plays a key role in the behavior of cells grown on 2D substrates, and substrates with dynamic modulus. However, methods for studying cellular response to active changes in stiffness in 3D are lacking. The goal of this project was to develop a method to mechanically modulate the boundary stiffness experienced by fibroblasts in a 3D gel to mimic extracellular matrix. We created a device that utilizes thin stainless steel cantilevered beams that support cell-seeded gels suspended within a culture well. The boundary stiffness is dynamically modulated by a clamp which changes the active length of the cantilever beams. The tensile forces generated by the cells can be quantified based on the calculated spring constant for the active length of the particular set of beams and the subsequent deflection of the beams from cellular contraction of the collagen gel. Spring constants at various clamp heights were validated using force vs. displacement testing of the prototype. In future experiments, collagen gels populated with cells will be grown around the end of the beams, tension will be quantified based on deflection, and active length will be actuated to observe changes in gel contraction, cell proliferation and differentiation. This device has the potential to add significantly to our knowledge of how cells respond to changes in their mechanical environment.
Expelling patients 1778

Such patients are to be expelled from the infirmary: (1) Who at their admission falsified their disease, or intentionally concealed any material part of it. (2) Who refuse the food, drink, medicines, or operations prescribed, or take any medicines, drink, or food, not ordered by the physicians or surgeons. The History and Statutes of the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh. Edinburgh: E Balfour and Smellie, 1778:76-7
Light Modulates Voltage-Dependent Potassium Channels in Limulus Ventral Photoreceptors

Voltage-dependent outward current measured in the dark is reduced after illumination. This reduction can be blocked by tetraethylammonium and is associated with a decrease in total membrane conductance. The voltage dependence of the current reduced by light is the same as that of the delayed rectifier. These results indicate that light modulates the delayed rectifier. This modulation serves to maintain a stable voltage response to constant illumination.
Synthesis of regioselectively brominated cellulose esters and 6-cyano-6-deoxycellulose esters

The control of regiochemistry in the synthesis of polysaccharide derivatives is one of the most significant scientific challenges in the field. Its importance is only further highlighted by the individual successes in synthesis of regioselectively substituted derivatives, in particular cellulose esters and ethers, over the last 20 years. The availability of these samples and studies of their properties versus randomly substituted analogs has shown clearly that properties like solubility, aggregation phenomena, and optical properties depend heavily on the regiochemistry of substitution. We report here on the one-pot synthesis of novel 6-bromo-6-deoxy-2,3-O-acylcellulose derivatives, which as more organic soluble derivatives of 6-bromo-6-deoxycellulose should allow broader exploitation of the highly regioselective cellulose 6-bromination chemistry. We illustrate the potential of these new derivatives by conversion to 6-cyano-6-deoxycellulose esters.
Calcineurin and synaptophysin in the human spinal cord of normal individuals and patients with familial dysautonomia.

This report concerns the immunohistochemical demonstration of two neuronal Ca2+-binding proteins, calcineurin and synaptophysin, in the spinal cord of normal controls and from patients with familial dysautonomia. In controls, calcineurin immunoreactivity was highly concentrated in small nerve cells and fibers of the substantia gelatinosa. Synaptophysin immunoreactivity was normally distributed throughout the spinal cord gray matter, being highly concentrated in the substantia gelatinosa, the dorsal nucleus of Clarke and the anterior horn. In patients with familial dysautonomia, no apparent changes in calcineurin immunoreactivity were found in the substantia gelatinosa. By contrast, there was a significant depletion of synaptophysin-positive axon terminals in the substantia gelatinosa and in the dorsal nucleus of Clarke of patients with familial dysautonomia.
Simulation based strategy for nonlinear optimal control: application to a microbial cell reactor

Optimal control of systems with complex nonlinear behaviour such as steady state multiplicity results in a nonlinear optimization problem that needs to be solved online at each sample time. We present an approach based on simulation, function approximation and evolutionary improvement aimed towards simplifying online optimization. Closed loop data from a suboptimal control law, such as MPC based on successive linearization, are used to obtain an approximation of the ‘cost-to-go’ function, which is subsequently improved through iterations of the Bellman equation. Using this offline-computed cost approximation, an infinite horizon problem is converted to an equivalent single stage problem—substantially reducing the computational burden. This approach is tested on continuous culture of microbes growing on a nutrient medium containing two substrates that exhibits steady state multiplicity. Extrapolation of the cost-to-go function approximator can lead to deterioration of online performance. Some remedies to prevent such problems caused by extrapolation are proposed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systemic NMDA treatment increases plasma ACTH in the neonatal female and male rat.

Abstract The present study was designed to examine the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) response to N- methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) in neonatal rats. Subcutaneous injection of NMDA (30 mg/kg) was found to increase plasma ACTH concentrations two-fold after 15 min in 9–10 and 20–21 day-old female and male rats. Pretreatment with the competitive NMDA receptor antagonist CPP (10mg/kg) failed to attenuate the ACTH response to NMDA in the younger rats, yet reduced the response in older ones. These findings indicate that NMDA can elevate plasma ACTH in both female and male neonatal rats, however this response is not sensitive to CPP antagonism until the end of the neonatal period.
Madelung's deformity: a spectrum of presentation.

Purpose To evaluate the hypotheses that all Madelung's deformity subjects have dyschondrosteosis (defined as short stature and mesomelia, in addition to Madelung's deformity) and to evaluate the concept that Madelung's deformity may affect the entire radius. Methods A radiographic and medical records review was performed for 26 subjects (46 extremities) with Madelung's deformity. The radiographs were assessed for radius and ulna length, sagittal radial bow, severity of the Madelung deformity, and radiocapitellar joint space. The sagittal radial bow and the radiocapitellar joint space were used to classify subjects according to whether the Madelung deformity was limited to the distal radius or involved the entire radius. Results Thirty-one extremities in 18 subjects were classified as having a distal radius Madelung deformity and 15 extremities in 8 subjects were classified as having an entire radius Madelung deformity. The radius and ulna length and subject height were significantly decreased compared with age- and height-matched normal values in both groups; the entire radius group was more severely affected. In addition, the entire radius group had more severe deformities with respect to lunate subsidence and ulnar tilt. All of the entire radius subjects and 9 of 14 of the distal radius subjects had dyschondrosteosis. Conclusions Madelung's deformity presents as a spectrum. It may affect the entire radius or it may affect only the distal radius. Extremities with involvement of the entire radius have a shorter radius and ulna, decreased height, and a more severe deformity than extremities with involvement of only the distal radius. Additionally, most subjects with Madelung's deformity have dyschondrosteosis. Type of study/level of evidence Diagnostic III.
A comparison of micronucleus induction in 3 mouse strains with representative clastogens.

The frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) was compared in BALB/c, C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice after the intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), potassium chromate (K2CrO4), colchicine (COL), cycloheximide (CYH), 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4-NQO) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). In BALB/c mice, the frequency of MNPCEs was significantly increased by all the chemicals tested, as compared to the vehicle control. In both C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice, MMS, K2CrO4, COL and 4-NQO significantly increased MNPCEs, but CYH and 5-FU only slightly increased the MNPCEs in C57BL/6 and had no effect on DBA/2 mice. These results suggest that BALB/c mice are more sensitive to the induction of MNPCEs with a wider spectrum of chemicals than C57BL/6 or DBA/2 mice.
An investigation of the question of histamine tolerance

Abstract 1.1. The subcutaneous administration of histamine to dogs with total gastric pouches does not result in tachyphylaxis, as measured by the gastric secretory response. 2.2. A gradual reduction in gastric secretory response is noted in the total pouch dogs when histamine is administered (1) at three-hour intervals, (2) twice a day for a four-day period, and (3) eight to twelve times a month for a six-month period. 3.3. Under similar conditions, Heidenhain pouch dogs do not show this decreasing response, nor do they show a decreasing response when histamine is given twice daily, on alternate days, for three weeks. 4.4. It may be concluded that the decreasing response noted in total pouch dogs is related to the greater loss of gastric juice and to the poorer reserve nutrition of the total pouch dogs. 5.5. The opinion is expressed that animal experiments have so far failed to provide an experimental analogy for the therapeutic effect claimed for histamine "desensitization" in allergy.
Routing of spike series by dynamic circuits in the hippocampus

Recurrent inhibitory loops are simple neuronal circuits found in the central nervous system, yet little is known about the physiological rules governing their activity. Here we use simultaneous somatic and dendritic recordings in rat hippocampal slices to show that during a series of action potentials in pyramidal cells recurrent inhibition rapidly shifts from their soma to the apical dendrites. Two distinct inhibitory circuits are sequentially recruited to produce this shift: one, time-locked with submillisecond precision to the onset of the action potential series, transiently inhibits the somatic and perisomatic regions of pyramidal cells; the other, activated in proportion to the rate of action potentials in the series, durably inhibits the distal apical dendrites. These two operating modes result from the synergy between pre- and postsynaptic properties of excitatory synapses onto recurrent inhibitory neurons with distinct projection patterns. Thus, the onset of a series of action potentials and the rate of action potentials in the series are selectively captured and transformed into different spatial patterns of recurrent inhibition.
Party system nationalization, presidential coalitions, and government spending

This paper argues that there is a strong relationship between geographical patterns of political parties' electoral performance and the composition of central government expenditures. When party system nationalization is high, the composition of spending will focus more on non-targetable expenditures, while targetable expenditures increase as the party system distribution of votes across different districts becomes less homogenous. However, the effect of party nationalization on spending type is conditioned by the size of the presidential coalition; targeted transfers will increase if the coalition size decreases, even if party nationalization is high. I find support for these hypotheses with an empirical analysis of district-level electoral and government expenditure data for several countries in Latin America between 1990 and 2006.
James’ quasi-reflexive space is not isomorphic to any subspace of its dual

We prove that each non-reflexive subspace ofJ* contains a subspace isomorphic toJ* and complmented inJ*. Consequences are thatJ is not isomorphic to any subspace ofJ*, and that every reflexive subspace ofJ is contained in a complemented reflexive subspace ofJ.
Soil Clogging Genesis in Soil Treatment Units Used for Onsite Wastewater Reclamation: A Review

Onsite wastewater systems, widely used in the United States and abroad, often rely on infiltration of effluents into native soils for tertiary treatment and natural disinfection. The processes that govern soil clogging and hydraulic performance during infiltration into soil are complex and involve a dynamic interaction between physical, chemical, and biological processes. The authors link the development of soil clogging in onsite systems with the fundamental physical, chemical, and microbial processes that can occur during wastewater reclamation in soil environments. They provide a critical review of onsite wastewater systems, outlining the different types of wastewater-induced soil clogging, clogging locations, and clogging materials. The authors then focus on the influence of oxygen concentration on clogging and the environmental conditions that stimulate the accumulation of organic materials from microbial metabolism. Correlations are made between observational data in porous media studies and microbi...
Night-time eating in men and women with binge eating disorder

This study examined the frequency of night-time eating (NE) and its correlates in men and women with binge eating disorder (BED). Two-hundred and seven consecutively evaluated adults (45 men and 162 women) with BED were assessed with semi-structured interviews and a battery of behavioral and psychological measures. Overall, 28% (N = 58) of the participants reported NE. A significantly higher proportion of men (42%) than women (24%) reported NE. Overall, participants who reported NE had a significantly higher body mass index, but otherwise differed little from those who did not report NE. Men and women without NE differed little on behavioral and psychological measures, whereas women with NE had significantly higher levels of eating-, weight-, and shape-concerns than men with NE.
Strain-Promoted Alkyne Azide Cycloaddition for the Functionalization of Poly(amide)-Based Dendrons and Dendrimers

Functionalization of a poly(amido)-based dendron with ethylene glycol chains (PEG) using copper-catalyzed alkyne azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) afforded dendrons with significant levels of copper contaminations, preventing the use of such materials for biological applications. We suggest that the presence of amide, PEG, and triazole functional groups allows for copper complexation, thereby preventing the separation of the copper catalyst from the final dendron. To minimize this problem, synthetic variations on CuAAC including the addition of “click” additives for copper sequestering as well as the use of copper wire as the copper source were investigated. None of these strategies, however, resulted in copper-free products. In contrast, we developed a copper-free strain-promoted alkyne azide cycloaddition (SPAAC) strategy that functionalized poly(amide)-based dendrons and dendrimers with PEG chains quantitatively under mild reaction conditions without any metal contamination. The SPAAC products were character...
Spousal Capital as a Resource for Couples Starting a Business

This longitudinal study finds that spousal capital is an important resource for entrepreneurs starting a business because it has implications for business sustainability and couple relationship quality. Structural equation modeling supported a process whereby gender had an impact on spousal involvement in the business, which was positively associated with dedication to the business, leading to shorter break-even times, and higher couple relationship quality. Male entrepreneurs were more likely to have a spouse involved in the business compared to female entrepreneurs, which in part, may contribute to the gender gap in the success of new businesses. Study findings have implications for couples seeking to start a business as well as family educators working with such couples.
Accounting for semiconductor industry dynamics

Abstract Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) markets have been characterized by three empirical regularities: (i) rapidly falling prices during early stages of the product cycle, (ii) increased average market penetration by Japanese producers over successive product generations, and (iii) ostensibly below-cost sales by those firms for prolonged periods. This paper indicates how a competitive model incorporating production experience effects and process technology dissemination can account for each of these industry features. The model also identifies and explains a recurrent pattern in individual product generations' market share time paths.
Direct prenatal chromosome diagnosis of a malignancy

A fetal tumor was suspected at 31 weeks of gestation. The occurrence of polyhydramnios led to an ultrasound examination, which revealed deformation of the fetal head, face, eye, and neck. This was confirmed by computerized tomography. Amniocentesis yielded cells with an inverted duplication of chromosome #1. This abnormality of chromosome #1 marked the malignant teratoma cells in the amniotic fluid. Cytogenetic analysis of tumor tissue and of normal tissue obtained postnatally confirmed that the abnormality of chromosome #1 observed in amniotic fluid cells was confined to the tumor. The constitutional karyotype was normal. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the direct chromosomal detection of malignancy before birth.
The impact of ankle radiographs on the diagnosis and management of acute ankle injuries

Rationale and Objectives. We assessed the impact of ankle radiographs on referring physicians' diagnoses and treatment of acute ankle injuries. Methods. Twenty emergency department physicians prospectively completed questionnaires before and after radiography on 101 patients with acute trauma receiving ankle radiographs. The questionnaires asked physicians to estimate the probability (0–100%) of their most likely diagnosis before and after receiving the radiographic information. We also asked their anticipated and final treatment plans. We calculated the mean gain in diagnostic confidence percentage and the proportion of patients with changed initial diagnoses or anticipated management. Results. The mean gain in diagnostic certainty from ankle radiographs was 34% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 28–40%). Ankle radiographs changed physicians' initial diagnoses in 37% (95% CI = 28–47%) of the patients. Immediate clinical management changed in 30% (95% CI = 22–40%) of the patients. Conclusion. Plain ankle radiographs have considerable impact on referring physicians' diagnoses and treatment of acute ankle trauma.
All controllers for the general H ∞ control problem: LMI existence conditions and state space formulas

This paper presents all controllers for the general H∞ control problem (with no assumptions on the plant matrices). Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of an H∞ controller of any order are given in terms of three Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs). Our existence conditions are equivalent to Scherer's results, but with a more elementary derivation. Furthermore, we provide the set of all H∞ controllers explicitly parametrized in the state space using the positive definite solutions to the LMIs. Even under standard assumptions (full rank, etc.), our controller parametrization has an advantage over the Q-parametrization. The freedom Q (a real-rational stable transfer matrix with the H∞ norm bounded above by a specified number) is replaced by a constant matrix L of fixed dimension with a norm bound, and the solutions (X, Y) to the LMIs. The inequality formulation converts the existence conditions to a convex feasibility problem, and also the free matrix L and the pair (X, Y) define a finite dimensional design space, as opposed to the infinite dimensional space associated with the Q-parametrization.
Electrophysiological properties of spinal motoneurons in the adult turtle.

The purpose of this study was to develop a scheme for classifying turtle motoneurons, such that their properties could be compared to those of other vertebrate species, including, in particular, the cat. A 130-cell sample of turtle motoneurons was provisionally classified into four groups (1–4) on the basis of a cluster analysis of the cells' intracellularly recorded input resistance, rheobase, and slope of their stimulus current-spike frequency relation. These measurements, using sharp microelectrodes and an in vitro spinal cord slice preparation, were particularly robust. It is argued that the cat counterpart of our turtle type 1, 2, and 3 motoneurons innervate slow-twitch muscle fibers, fast-twitch-oxidative fibers, and fast-twitch-glycolytic fibers, respectively. Our turtle type 4 motoneuron is thought analogous to a particularly high-threshold cat and human cell that innervates highly fatigable fast-twitch muscle fibers in both species. Our turtle type 1 category may include cells that innervate non-twitch muscle fibers, which are found in other non-mammalian vertebrates. To advance comparative spinal cord neurobiology, the present results invite comparison to the motoneurons of other vertebrate species, which have yet to be subjected to similar or other classification procedures.
An online evidence-based decision support system for distinguishing benign from malignant vertebral compression fractures by magnetic resonance imaging feature analysis

Decision support systems have been used to promote the practice of evidence-based medicine. Computer-assisted diagnosis can serve as one element of evidence-based radiology. One area where such tools may provide benefit is analysis of vertebral compression fractures (VCFs), which can be a challenge in MRI interpretation. VCFs may be benign or malignant in etiology, and several MRI features may help to make this important distinction. We describe a web-based decision support system for discriminating benign from malignant VCFs as a prototype for a more general diagnostic decision support framework for radiologists. The system has three components: a feature checklist with an image gallery derived from proven reference cases, a prediction model, and a reporting mechanism. The website allows users to input the findings for a case to be interpreted using a structured feature checklist. The image gallery complements the checklist, for clarity and training purposes. The input from the checklist is then used to calculate the likelihood of malignancy by a logistic regression prediction model. Standardized report text is generated that summarizes pertinent positive and negative findings. This computer-assisted diagnosis system demonstrates the integration of three areas where diagnostic decision support can aid radiologists: first, in image interpretation, through feature checklists and illustrative image galleries; second, in feature-based prediction modeling; and third, in structured reporting. We present a diagnostic decision support tool that provides radiologists with evidence-based guidance for discriminating benign from malignant VCF. This model may be useful in other difficult-diagnosis situations and requires further clinical testing.
The Impact of a Food Elimination Diet on Collegiate Athletes' 300-meter Run Time and Concentration.

Background: Optimal human function and performance through diet strategies are critical for everyone but especially for those involved in collegiate or professional athletics. Currently, individualized medicine (IM) is emerging as a more efficacious approach to health with emphasis on personalized diet strategies for the public and is common practice for elite athletes. One method for directing patient-specific foods in the diet, while concomitantly impacting physical performance, may be via IgG food sensitivity and Candida albicans analysis from dried blood spot (DBS) collections. Methods: The authors designed a quasi-experimental, nonrandomized, pilot study without a control group. Twenty-three participants, 15 female, 8 male, from soccer/volleyball and football athletic teams, respectively, mean age 19.64+0.86 years, were recruited for the study, which examined preposttest 300-meter run times and questionnaire responses after a 14-day IgG DBS–directed food elimination diet based on IgG reactivity to 93...
Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a growing public health problem

Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CAMRSA) infections slowly began to be reported in healthy children from the late 1980s through to the late 1990s. Since 2000, many investigators have described rapid increases in the number of children that are colonized and infected with CAMRSA. Initially, most children presented with localized skin and soft-tissue infections (e.g., cellulitis, abscesses, furuncles and carbuncles). However, more children are now having severe invasive infections, including overwhelming sepsis with deep venous thrombosis, necrotizing pneumonia, empyema, multifocal osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, pyomyositis, necrotizing fasciitis, orbital and pre-septal cellulitis, toxic shock syndrome and endocarditis. Similar invasive infections are also now being seen with community-acquired methcillin-susceptible S. aureus (CAMSSA) and the relative virulence of CAMRSA strains compared with CAMSSA strains is unclear and may be changing. The emergence of CAMRSA has require...
Modulation of fluorescence in Heliobacterium modesticaldum cells.

In what appears to be a common theme for all phototrophs, heliobacteria exhibit complex modulations of fluorescence yield when illuminated with actinic light and probed on a time scale of μs to minutes. The fluorescence yield from cells of Heliobacterium modesticaldum remained nearly constant for the first 10–100 ms of illumination and then rose to a maximum level with one or two inflections over the course of many seconds. Fluorescence then declined to a steady-state value within about one minute. In this analysis, the origins of the fluorescence induction in whole cells of heliobacteria are investigated by treating cells with a combination of electron accepters, donors, and inhibitors of the photosynthetic electron transport, as well as varying the temperature. We conclude that fluorescence modulation in H. modesticaldum results from acceptor-side limitation in the reaction center (RC), possibly due to charge recombination between P800+ and A0−.
Occam's razor, geriatric syndromes, and the dizzy patient.

Tinetti and colleagues' study in this issue emphasizes an important and easily forgotten point: Dizziness, especially among elderly persons, is often due to multiple disorders involving multiple or...
An Industry-Based Engineering Management Master's Program for the Working Engineer

The Engineering Management Master's Program is an educational partnership between Wayne State University and the Ford Motor Company that targets the working engineer on the path to technical leadership. The paper describes the educational model that drives the goals of the program. It expresses a set of underlying beliefs that guide educational design and implementation, and explains how these philosophies give life to courses and guide program implementation. Finally it presents a set of issues important in transferring the experience to other institutions.
Cascades: an extensible heterogeneous sensor networking framework

This demonstration shows a powerful high-level, heterogeneous sensor networking framework, Cascades. We intend to demonstrate how, with this framework, application designers have great control over implementation designs without the requirement of in-depth development. Several key components and example applications will be demonstrated, along with some important concepts used in this Python-based framework. The emphasis will be on video sensing and application control in heterogeneous sensor networks consisting of Crossbow Stargate (PC-class) and MicaZ (mote-class) devices.
Amine-Directed Alkene Hydrocarboxylation

Homo- and bishomoallylic secondary and tertiary amines react with Rh(I) complexes di-μ-chloro(tetracarbonyl)dirhodium(I) [(CO)2RhCl]2 (1), di-μ-chloro(diethylene)(dicarbonyl)dirhodium(I) [(CO)(CH2CH2)RhCl]2 (2), or di-μ-chloro(tetraethylene)dirhodium(I) [(CH2CH2)2RhCl]2 (11) to yield bidentate mono- or dimeric complexes. The facial selectivity of binding is influenced by the presence of stereogenic centers on the tether between the alkene and amine. Addition of anhydrous HCl to the complex at −78 °C followed by P(OMe)3 in MeOH yields lactams from secondary amine complexes or amino esters from reaction of the corresponding tertiary amine complexes in a highly stereoselective fashion. Isolation of intermediate Rh(III) alkyls 21−23 or Rh(III) acyls 24 or 25 upholds the proposed mechanistic hypothesis. Reaction with a trisubstituted alkenylamine supports the expected syn addition across the alkene and carbonylation with retention of configuration. Reaction of allylic dideutero-substituted bishomoallylamine co...
A Method for the Measurement of total Drug Convertible to Cysteamine: Application to Pharmacokinetic Experiments with Ethiofos

Abstract An analytical method has been developed for the quantification of cysteamine (2-aminoethanethiol) in plasma. A reductive sample pretreatment is used to convert disulfide-bound cysteamine to the free thiol which is subsequently separated by HPLC and detected by electrochemical detection (LCEC). The method was developed to follow drug disposition after administration of ethiofos (WR-2721, S-2-(3-aminopropylamino) ethyl phosphorothioic acid) and WR-1065 (2-(3-aminopropylamino)ethanethiol). Standard calibration curves were linear over the range 0.01- to 25.0 /μg/mL (0.130-324 μM) and a minimum detectable quantity of 0.01 μg/mL was calculated at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. Assay precision over the same range averaged 2% (coefficient of variation) and relative recovery, used as a measure of accuracy, was 100Z. Stability of cysteamine in plasma, relative to an internal standard (2-aminopropanethiol, WR-186) was good; stored samples were found to contain an average of 94.6 ± 10.4z of the original cyste...
The Asian source of Arctic haze bands

‘ARCTIC haze’ refers to turbid layers of air which are found regularly over the pack ice north of Alaska during periods of clear weather1. These layers are diffuse, hundreds to thousands of kilometres wide, 1–3 km thick, and can occur as single or multiple bands of different heights at nearly any level in the troposphere. They are invisible from the ground, but may limit horizontal and slant visibility within a layer to as little as 3–8 km. Their colour is grey–blue in the antisolar direction and reddish–brown in the solar direction, suggesting that they are true aerosol rather than ice crystals.