cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Auger satellite and other characteristic events in Mg secondary electron spectra

Abstract Peaks in the very low energy, “true secondary”, portions of Mg secondary electron spectra are correlated with characteristic processes such as plasmon decay, etc. The satellite peak at an energy slightly greater than the main peak in the Auger spectrum is shown not to be due solely to double ionization in the L 23 level, and it is suggested that perhaps both plasmon absorption and double ionization processes contribute to the formation of the satellite peak. It is shown that it is not necessary to apply correction factors to values for ground state electron shell binding energies in free-electron-gas-like solids to achieve agreement between estimated and observed values of kinetic energies of Auger electrons ejected from valence bands.
DRIVING CESSATION: THE PERSPECTIVE OF SENIOR DRIVERS

Most adult Americans are overattached to and dependent on the private automobile. Because of the lack of appropriate alternative transportation in many areas of the country and the cultural value of the private car, older drivers may face a challenging transition when they need to consider driving cessation. In the year 2020, approximately 17% of the American population will be at least 65 years old, and approximately 50 million older adults will be driving. Driving and driving cessation, therefore, are critical gerontological issues, and the present study was designed to examine them, in detail. Focus group interviews were conducted with 59 drivers and nondrivers (mean age of 80 years) to elicit perceptions about driving and driving cessation. An open‐coding methodology was used to perform content analysis on participants’ statements and to identify common issues of concern. Results revealed that most older drivers were concerned with driving management (i.e., ways of extending safe driving) and were rel...
Interaction of Ihh and BMP/Noggin signaling during cartilage differentiation

Abstract Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have been implicated in regulating multiple stages of bone development. Recently it has been shown that constitutive activation of the BMP receptor-IA blocks chondrocyte differentiation in a similar manner as misexpression of Indian hedgehog. In this paper we analyze the role of BMPs as possible mediators of Indian hedgehog signaling and use Noggin misexpression to gain insight into additional roles of BMPs during cartilage differentiation. We show by comparative analysis of BMP and Ihh expression domains that the borders of Indian hedgehog expression in the chondrocytes are reflected in changes of the expression level of several BMP genes in the adjacent perichondrium. We further demonstrate that misexpression of Indian hedgehog appears to directly upregulate BMP2 and BMP4 expression, independent of the differentiation state of the flanking chondrocytes. In contrast, changes in BMP5 and BMP7 expression in the perichondrium correspond to altered differentiation states of the flanking chondrocytes. In addition, Noggin and Chordin, which are both expressed in the developing cartilage elements, also change their expression pattern after Ihh misexpression. Finally, we use retroviral misexpression of Noggin, a potent antagonist of BMP signaling, to gain insight into additional roles of BMP signaling during cartilage differentiation. We find that BMP signaling is necessary for the growth and differentiation of the cartilage elements. In addition, this analysis revealed that the members of the BMP/Noggin signaling pathway are linked in a complex autoregulatory network.
Tailoring (n,m) structure of single-walled carbon nanotubes by modifying reaction conditions and the nature of the support of CoMo catalysts.

The (n,m) population distribution of single-walled carbon nanotubes obtained on supported CoMo catalysts has been determined by photoluminescence and optical absorption. It has been found that the (n,m) distribution can be controlled by varying the gaseous feed composition, the reaction temperature, and the type of catalyst support used. When using CO as a feed over CoMo/SiO2 catalysts, increasing the synthesis temperature results in an increase in nanotube diameter, without a change in the chiral angle. By contrast, by changing the support from SiO2 to MgO, nanotubes with similar diameter but different chiral angles are obtained. Finally, keeping the same reaction conditions but varying the composition of the gaseous feed results in different (n,m) distribution. The clearly different distributions obtained when varying catalysts support and/or reaction conditions demonstrate that the (n,m) distribution is a result of differences in the growth kinetics, which in turn depends on the nanotube cap−metal clus...
A framework for risk-aware role based access control

Over the years, role based access control (RBAC) has remained a dominant form of access control both in the industry and academia. More recently, the need for risk awareness in access control has received considerable attention in the research community in light of issues such as insider threats. Although RBAC facilitates risk mitigation via features such as constraints (e.g. static and dynamic separation of duty), a quantified approach of risk awareness/mitigation has emerged as a promising research theme due to its inherent flexibility. In this approach, risk/cost metrics are computed for various entities involved in access control such as users and objects and a risk threshold limits the permissions that can be exercised. The quantified approach accommodates dynamism in access decisions based on contexts/situations such as an employee accessing a sensitive file using a work computer versus accessing using her own device. In this paper, we analyze the difference between the traditional constraint-based risk mitigation and the recent quantified risk-aware approaches in RBAC and propose a framework for introducing risk-awareness in RBAC models that incorporates quantified-risk. We also provide a formal specification of an adaptive risk-aware RBAC model by enhancing the NIST core RBAC model.
Depression, deficits in functional capacity, and impaired glycemic control in urban African Americans with type 2 diabetes.

Abstract Background Effective depression treatment does not reliably reduce glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in depressed patients with type 2 diabetes, possibly in part due to deficits in functional capacity, i.e. performance of certain everyday living skills, essential for effective diabetes self-management. We sought to determine: a) the magnitude of deficits in functional capacity among urban, African American (AA) patients with type 2 diabetes, and b) whether these deficits were associated with poorer glycemic control. Methods At their initial visit to an inner-city diabetes clinic, 172 AA patients with type 2 diabetes were assessed with a variety of instruments, including the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) and the UCSD Performance Skills Assessment-Brief (UPSA-B). They then entered a comprehensive diabetes management intervention, whose success was indexed by HbA1c levels at up to four reassessments over a one-year period. A mixed-effects model repeated-measures method was used to predict HbA1c. Results The prevalence of depression was 19%; the mean UPSA-B score was 81 ± 17. After multivariate adjustment, increased HbA1c levels over time were predicted by the presence of major depression ( B = .911, p = .002) and decreasing (worse) scores on the UPSA-B ( B = −.016, p = .027), respectively. Further adjustment for increasing the dosage of oral or insulin during the treatment eliminated the association between the UPSA score and HbA1c level ( B = −.010, p = .115). Conclusions Depression, as well as deficits in functional capacity, predicted reduced effectiveness of a diabetes self-management intervention. Future studies will determine whether interventions targeted at both improve glycemic control.
CEO credibility, perceived organizational reputation, and employee engagement

Abstract The current study explores how corporate leadership influences the effectiveness of internal public relations by linking CEO credibility, employee evaluation of the organizational reputation, and employee engagement. An online survey of 157 employees from a Fortune 500 company shows that CEO credibility is positively associated with perceived organizational reputation and employee engagement. Perceived organizational reputation significantly and positively affects employee engagement. Employee perception of organizational reputation fully mediates CEO credibility impact on employee engagement.
A simple-physics global circulation model for Venus: Sensitivity assessments of atmospheric superrotation

[1] A 3D global circulation model is adapted to the atmosphere of Venus to explore the nature of the planet's atmospheric superrotation. The model employs the full meteorological primitive equations and simplified forms for diabatic and other nonconservative forcings. It is therefore economical for performing very long simulations. To assess circulation equilibration and the occurrence of atmospheric superrotation, the climate model is run for 10,000–20,000 day integrations at 4° × 5° latitude-longitude horizontal resolution, and 56 vertical levels (denoted L56). The sensitivity of these simulations to imposed Venus-like diabatic heating rates, momentum dissipation rates, and various other key parameters (e.g., near-surface momentum drag), in addition to model configuration (e.g., low versus high vertical domain and number of atmospheric levels), is examined. We find equatorial superrotation in several of our numerical experiments, but the magnitude of superrotation is often less than observed. Further, the meridional structure of the mean zonal overturning (i.e., Hadley circulation) can consist of numerous cells which are symmetric about the equator and whose depth scale appears sensitive to the number of vertical layers imposed in the model atmosphere. We find that when realistic diabatic heating is imposed in the lowest several scales heights, only extremely weak atmospheric superrotation results.
Somal site of synthesis of fast transported materials in mammalian nerve fibers.

The crest of labelled materials carried down the fibers of cat sciatic nerve by the fast transport system was blocked by puromycin or cycloheximide injected into the lumbar 7th ganglion 20–30 min before the precursor 3H- leucine. The protein synthesis blocking agents were less effective when given 5 min after 3H-leucine injection and ineffective when injected 20 min or more afterwards. Differential centrifugation of the labelled components of nerve showed a relatively high specific activity (counts/min/mg protein) present in the small particulate and supernatant fractions of nerves removed 5–6 hrs after ganglion injection. Sephadex G-200 column gel filtration of the supernatant fraction showed the presence of labelled soluble proteins with molecular weights of 450,000 (peak Ia) and 68,000 (peak Ib), polypeptides with a molecular weight of 5,000, and a small amount of free leucine (peak II). In nerves taken 16–22 hrs after ganglion injection, a relatively greater specific activity was found in the peak Ia soluble protein. Labelled materials carried down by fast transport were allowed to enter the axons for a period of 5–6 hrs, and then further outflow from the somas prevented by ligations made just distal to the ganglia. After an additional 16 hrs in the animal it was found that the polypeptides and free leucine, which had entered these nerve fibers earlier, were not then later synthesized into the higher molecular weight proteins characteristic of the later downflows. These studies show a rapid synthesis of labelled materials carried down the fiber by the fast transport system and a translocation in the somas of another portion, mainly protein which is then carried out into the axon at later times.
Behavioral and cardiac reflex assays of the chemosensory acuity of channel catfish to amino acids

Abstract Two assays, a conditioned feeding response and a conditioned cardiac reflex, were developed to place previous electrophysiological, biochemical and gradient detection data into an organismal sensitivity perspective. Both assays yielded consistent chemosensory detection thresholds for several amino acids. The resultant stimulus effectiveness hierarchy is in very good agreement with biochemical binding data and the threshold values are quite similar to those obtained electrophysiologically. Thresholds ranged from 1×10 −9 M for the most effective stimuli (e.g., L-cysteine, L-arginine) to 1×10 −7 M for the least effective stimulus (glycine). Unlike previous applications of the cardiac conditioning technique, the present study extensively describes the methodology and the various response characteristics and compares the resultant thresholds with those obtained using a behavioral assay. Results obtained using the two techniques were in excellent agreement. Contrary to previous findings, the cutaneous gustatory system was capable of mediating both types of conditioned response. The behavioral implications of high gustatory sensitivity are discussed.
Glucocorticoid receptor blockade in the posterior interpositus nucleus reverses maternal separation-induced deficits in adult eyeblink conditioning

Previously, we showed that neonatal maternal separation impaired eyeblink conditioning in adult rats. This impairment is correlated with increased glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression in the cerebellar posterior interpositus nucleus, a critical site of learning-related plasticity. To assess whether increased GR expression is responsible for the separation-induced learning impairment, we infused a GR antagonist (mifepristone) or vehicle into the posterior interpositus during eyeblink conditioning in adult male Long-Evans rats that had undergone control rearing or neonatal maternal separation (1 h/day, postnatal days 2–14). Rats received standard rearing (control) or neonatal maternal separation (separated; 1h/day on postnatal days 2–14). In adulthood, rats underwent surgery for implantation of recording electrodes in the obicularis oculi of the left eyelid, a bipolar stimulating electrode dorsocaudal to the left eye, and an infusion guide cannula positioned over the posterior interpositus. Then, rats underwent 10 daily sessions of eyeblink conditioning. Rats in each group received either 0.2 μl of mifepristone (2ng in 2% EtOH) or vehicle infusion prior to each eyeblink conditioning session. Mifepristone infusions improved conditioning in separated rats, but impaired control rats’ performance. Thus, separation-induced increases in GRs may mediate the learning deficit seen in adult neonatally separated rats.
Oral D-penicillamine and intramuscular BAL+EDTA in the treatment of lead accumulation.

Summary Oral D-penicillamine and intramuscular BAL + EDTA have been used in the treatment of lead accumulation in three children with blood levels of at least 70 µUg per 100 ml. Lead balance studies were done during control periods and while the children were given either D-penicillamine orally or BAL plus EDTA intramuscularly. There was a marked cumulative negative lead balance and the blood lead levels decreased to normal after 6 days with either treatment. The results indicate that D-penicillamine given to three children orally, in doses as high as 100 mg/kg/day, is an effective and non-toxic lead chelator for short-term use.
The effect of unionization on labor productivity: Some time-series evidence

This paper presents evidence concerning the effect of unionization on the average productivity of labor using time-series data from the private, domestic sector of the U.S. economy over the 1948–73 period. Aggregate technology is specified by a constant-returns-to-scale, Cobb-Douglas production function which incorporates union and nonunion labor and proxies for both embodied and disembodied technical change. Maximum likelihood estimates of the model indicate that union membership significantly decreased average labor productivity, holding constant the quality and mix of capital and labor and controlling for cyclical effects.
A Comparative Study Between the McGill #2 Laboratory Mill and Commercial Milling Systems

ABSTRACT The degree of similarity between rice milled in a McGill #2 laboratory mill and commercial milling processes was evaluated using eight physical, physicochemical, and end-use properties. There was no statistical difference between the two milling systems with respect to color parameters L* and a*, final viscosity, texture, and end-use cooking properties (α = 0.05). Overall, the kernel dimensions of length, width, and thickness were less in the McGill #2 laboratory-milled rice than the same rice milled commercially. The incidence of bran streaks and peak viscosity values were each higher when the rice sample was milled commercially in 27, and 28, respectively, of the 29 samples by means comparison. The decrease in kernel dimensions and incidence of bran streaks were attributed to the more aggressive nature of the single-pass, batch milling system of the McGill #2 laboratory mill as compared with multipass, continuous milling systems that are used commercially. Finally, as surface lipid content (SLC...
Mathematical analysis of the MPS MX missile system

Abstract A model for the cost optimization analysis of the multiple protective shelter (MPS) MX missile system is developed. Because many of the components of the system have never been built before and an enemy's capabilities are hard to predict, parametric analysis has been carried out to understand more about the system design.
Lessons from New York City—how diabetes might be affecting overall rates of coronary heart disease

Lessons from New York City—how diabetes might be affecting overall rates of coronary heart disease
Going on Stage: Testosterone in Greetings and Meetings ☆

Abstract This research explored the relation of endogenous testosterone levels to behavior in brief social encounters. In four studies, 358 college students whose testosterone levels were known entered a room and (1) stood and spoke to a video camera, (2) stood and talked with an experimenter, (3) sat and talked with an interviewer, or (4) sat and talked with a peer. High-testosterone students entered more quickly, focused more directly on their targets, and displayed a more forward and independent manner. Results were similar for men and women. Correlates of testosterone are visible in thin slices of everyday behavior lasting only a few seconds. The effect of this behavior on a social interaction partner remains to be determined.
Hydroboration of terpenes I. The selective hydroboration of myrcene with disiamylborane

Abstract The reaction of disiamylborane with myrcene (7-methyl-3-methylene-1,6-octadiene) occurs selectively to place the boron atom at the 1-position. Oxidation of the resulting organoborane with alkaline hydrogen peroxide yields myrcenol (7-methyl-3-methylene-6-octen-1-ol) identified by infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. Further hydroboration of myrcenol with disiamylborane, or dihydroboration of myrcene with the reagent, results in selective reaction at the 3-methylene group. Oxidation of the products yields the diol, 7-methyl-3-hydroxymethyl-6-octan-1-ol. Consequently, the three double bonds of myrcene exhibit a tendency to undergo attack in the order, RCH 2 CH 2 > RR′CCH 2 > R 2 CCHR′, as predicted from competitive experiments with simple model systems.
Sensitivity of Multiple-Kinesin Transport to Microtubule Lattice Defects

Microtubules are fundamental biopolymers in cells, formed via self-assembly of tubulin dimers. Defects in microtubule lattices have been observed, including point defects (missing tubulin dimers) and line defects (protofilament disruption). Microtubule-based molecular motors enable long-range transport in cells. Potential impact of microtubule lattice defects on intracellular transport is not yet understood. Here we vary microtubule polymerization conditions to uncontrollably tune defect presence in microtubule lattices, and use single-molecule-type optical trapping experiments to investigate the impact of such defect on multiple-kinesin transport. We find that kinesin-based cargoes pause preferentially at specific locations along individual microtubules, and that the pause frequency and duration increase with increasing presence of defects in microtubules. Additionally, we find that the dissociation rates of multiple-kinesin-based cargoes are also strongly dependent on the specific microtubules they travel along. Taken together, our study highlights a previously unexplored, and important role of microtubule lattice assembly in controlling intracellular transport.
Discussion of Holistic, Continuous Assurance Integration: e‐Business Opportunities and Challenges

Internet privacy is named as one of the major barriers to the expansion and further development of e-commerce. This study is to identify the antecedents to Internet privacy concerns, to investigate the relationship of the antecedents and the perceived trust and to validate Internet privacy's effect on the perceived trust. A conceptual model which identifies Internet literacy and perceived vulnerability as antecedents to Internet privacy concern is proposed and tested based on the sample of 276 Internet users. Empirical findings show that Internet literacy affect Internet privacy concern negatively while perceived vulnerability affect positively. Also perceived vulnerability's effect on and privacy concern's effect on perceived trust has both directional negative support. Implications and further research agenda are provided with the limitation of the study.
Inpatient psychiatric treatment: should we revive a shrinking system?

INPATIENT PSYCHIATRIC TREATMENT appears to be shrinking. The most recent national data indicate that in the 2-year span between 1998 and 2000, 20% of private psychiatric hospitals closed and the number of inpatient beds declined by some 20%, across all types of hospitals (Manderscheid et al., 2004). There are 16 states reporting inpatient bed shortages (Mulligan, 2002). The shortages are particularly pronounced in the country’s Western and Midwestern sections where bed rates per 100,000 citizens are half of those in several Mid-Atlantic States. Shrinking services means decreased access for persons who need hospital-level care, leaving little option save for emergency room treatment (National Association of Psychiatric Hospital Systems [NAPHS] 2003). In one sense, inpatient care is vulnerable to rapid downsizing. It is an expensive form of treatment that has been slow to produce a body of outcome research demonstrating its worth. In some instances, reimbursement streams (both Medicare/Medicaid and private insurance) do not cover the true cost of hospitalization, often making the inpatient service a drain on the hospital balance sheet. Finally, there exists the popular wisdom that one way to expand funding for community-based mental health treatment is to use resources gained by decreasing inpatient services. A belief that has persisted for 20 years despite data demonstrating
Molecular crystallization controlled by pH regulates mesoscopic membrane morphology.

Coassembled molecular structures are known to exhibit a large varietyofgeometriesandmorphologies.Agrandchallengeofself-assemblydesign is to findtechniques to control thecrystal symmetries and overall morphologiesof multicomponent systems. By mixing þ3 and � 1 ionic amphiphiles, we assemble crystalline ionic bilayers in a large variety of geometries that resemble polyhedral cellular crystalline shells and archaea wall envelopes. We combine TEM with SAXS and WAXS to characterize the coassembled structures from the mesoscopic to nanometer scale. The degree of ionization of the amphiphiles and their intermolecular electrostatic interactions are controlled by varying pH. At low and highpHvalues,weobserveclosed,facetedvesicleswithtwo-dimensionalhexagonalmoleculararrangements,andatintermediatepH,weobserveribbons with rectangular-C packing. Furthermore, as pH increases, we observe interdigitation of the bilayer leaflets. Accurate atomistic molecular dynamics
Magnetic and thermal properties of high Tc superconductors

Measurements of the normal state magnetic susceptibility {chi}(T) of YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7}, Bi{sub 1.8}Pb{sub 0.2}Sr{sub 2}CaCu{sub 2}O{sub 8+{delta}}, and Bi{sub 2{minus}x}Pb{sub x}Sr{sub 2}Ca{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 10+{delta}} (x = 0.2 and 0.25) were carried out. All {chi}(T) data show negative curvature below {approximately}2{Tc}. The data for YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7} are in excellent agreement with a new calculation of the superconducting fluctuation diamagnetism. From the analysis, we infer s-wave pairing and microscopic parameters are obtained. For {chi}(T) of YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7}, part of the negative curvature is inferred to arise from the normal state background. We find a strong temperature dependent anisotropy {delta}{chi} {equivalent to} {chi}{sub c} {minus} {chi}{sub ab} and estimate the normal state spin contributions to {chi}(T). The heat capacity C(T) of YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7} is reported for 0.4 K < T < 400 K in zero and 70 kG magnetic fields. In addition to the feature associated with the onset of the superconductivity at {Tc}, two anomalies in C(T) were observed near 74 K and 330 K, with another possible anomaly near 102 K; the temperatures at which they occur correlate with anomalies in {chi}(T) and ultransonic measurements. The occurrence of the anomaly at {approxmore » equal} 330 K is found to be sample-dependent. The influences of a magnetic field and the thermal and/or magnetic field treatment history dependence of a pellet sample on C(T), the entropy and the influence of superconducting fluctuations on C(T) near {Tc}, and the possible source of the observed intrinsic nonzero {gamma}(0) at low T are discussed.« less
Entrainment regimes and flame characteristics of wildland fires

This paper reports results from a study of the flame characteristics of 22 wind-aided pine litter fires in a laboratory wind tunnel and 32 field fires in southern rough and litter-grass fuels. Flame characteristic and fire behaviour data from these fires, simple theoretical flame models and regression techniques are used to determine whether the data supportthederivedmodels.Whenthedatadonotsupportthemodels,alternativemodelsaredeveloped.Theexperimental fires are used to evaluate entrainment constants and air/fuel mass ratios in the model equations. Both the models and the experimental data are consistent with recently reported computational fluid dynamics simulations that suggest the existence of buoyancy- and convection-controlled regimes of fire behaviour. The results also suggest these regimes are delimited by a critical value of Byram's convection number. Flame heights and air/fuel ratios behave similarly in the laboratory and field, but flame tilt angle relationships differ. Additional keywords: air/fuel mass ratio, combustion regimes, entrainment constant, flame height, flame tilt angle.
Glial fibrillary acidic protein is reduced in cerebellum of subjects with major depression, but not schizophrenia.

Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is a major protein of astrocyte intermediate filaments and a specific marker for astrocytes. Alterations in levels of GFAP may reflect pathological regulation of neuronal function and survival as well as abnormal synaptogenesis and neurotransmission. We employed quantitative gel electrophoresis and Western blotting to measure levels of GFAP in cerebella of 60 subjects divided equally among schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, and normal controls. GFAP levels were reduced by 32%, 17% and 14.5% in depressed, bipolar, and schizophrenic cerebella, respectively, versus controls. Only the depressed value was significantly different (p=0.015 Post-hoc Bonferroni test). Measurement of β-actin levels showed no differences between the various groups. No significant effects of confounding variables were found. This is the first demonstration of GFAP reductions in cerebellum of subjects with mood disorders and schizophrenia, thereby adding to the reports of reductions in GFAP/glial cell counts in other brain regions of subjects with major depression, thus suggesting a downregulation of glial function in this disorder.
Shallow open-system evolution of basaltic magma beneath a subduction zone volcano: The Masaya Caldera Complex, Nicaragua

Abstract Lavas and pyroclastic material from the Masaya Caldera Complex have a number of distinctive geochemical features: relative compositional homogeneity, low Al2O3 and high FeO contents, a tholeitic differentiation trend, and elevated, large-ion-lithophile (LIL)-element concentrations (e.g., Ba ∼ 800 ppm). On CMAS projections their compositions always fall on or near low-pressure cotectics. In addition, the basalts of Masaya have unusually high 87Sr/86Sr and 10Be. Masaya has exhibited medium-term compositional cycles, best exhibited by the sawtoothed changes in TiO2 and FeO∗/MgO. There are also a number of longer-term compositional changes which are abrupt and generally coincide with caldera formation. Many of the geochemical characteristics of Masaya, coupled with a number of volcanological observations, indicate Masaya is underlain by a large, shallow, open-system magma chamber, perhaps on the order of 10 km3 in size. Although fractional crystallization is a significant magmatic process in Masaya's open-system chamber, magma mixing/contamination is equally important. Magma mixing is necessary to explain the discontinuous stratigraphic changes in magma composition observed at Masaya, and crustal contamination is necessary to explain their generally elevated 87Sr/86Sr and LIL-element concentrations. Two components, therefore, have been admixed into the magma chamber of Masaya: a LIL-poor basaltic component such has been erupted from the nearby Nejapa and Granada cinder cones; and a LIL-rich acidic component such has been erupted from the nearby calderas of Apoyo and Apoyeque. Admixtures of the former have dominated. Admixtures of the latter ended with caldera formation. Ironically, open-system behavior has exerted fundamental control on the maintenance of relative compositional homogeneity.
Seminary and University: Two Approaches to Theology and Religion

S THEOLOGIANS, scholars of religion, and educators we are facing challenges on two fronts: (1) scholarship in our seminaries for the church and its mission in the world and (2) the scholarly study of religion in the university. Churchmen are seeking those revisions in theological education which would better prepare men for the ministry of the church today. An increasing interest in the scholarly study of religion, particularly in tax-supported colleges and universities, and revolutionary changes in American higher education, are forcing a new look at the nature of religion as an academic discipline and its place in the college and university curriculum. The purpose of this essay is to consider some of the ways in which the two educational tasks seminary and the university differ. Largely as a result of historical factors, the distinction of the two tasks has not been clear. Up to the present, most of the significant scholarship in theology and religion has been done in Protestant-oriented graduate schools who train both ministers of the Gospel for the churches and scholars of religion for college and university faculties. Both groups are prepared in substantially the same curriculum and with the same faculty. Out ability to meet the two distinct challenges of the church and the university will be jeopardized unless the historically inherited situation is readjusted to present needs. I wish to make very clear from the beginning that in my judgment given the distinction between the seminary as part of the Church and the university as part of the common heritage of Western society, and given the unique character and purpose of each, the educational tasks are radically dissimilar. After several years of teaching experience in both college and seminary and several years of observation of both communities of learning, it is evident to me that the two institutions coincide with regard to the study of religion and theology only insofar as some of the same subject matter is appropriate to both. And even where there is a common subject matter, the reasons for its inclusion in each curriculum are, or should be, different; that difference being dictated by the unique ends for which each community of learning exists.
Eat more fibre.

The likely benefits include a lower risk of cardiovascular disease, pass it on One of my strongest memories from medical school is the image of two collections of stool projected in a guest lecture by Denis Burkitt. One, the stool of an African schoolboy, was large and moist; the other, that of an English schoolboy, was small and dry. Dr Burkitt, who was widely recognised for his work describing a unique cancer of the jaw in African children, went on to argue that diet, particularly one high in dietary fibre, could prevent many of the diseases common in Western countries. In the years since, dozens of studies have investigated the association between dietary fibre and chronic disease. The linked paper by Threapleton and colleagues (doi:10.1136/bmj.f6879) is an important addition to this literature.1 The investigators performed a state of the art meta-analysis of 22 cohort studies that related intake of dietary fibre with coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease. Consistent with most other studies, the meta-analysis showed a consistent inverse association between intake of dietary fibre and first coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease events. For both outcomes, every 7 g per day intake of total dietary fibre was associated with a significant …
Self-care materials in the practice of cardiology: an explorative study among American cardiologists

American practitioners were surveyed about the role of self-care materials in the management of cardiology patients. Respondents indicated their patients commonly use self-care materials and seek recommendation of appropriate readings. Over half those responding had reviewed 'some' popular works, but few had been able to keep up with this literature. The great majority of responders found self-care materials sometimes helpful to patients, considered certain works particularly helpful, and made recommendations to patients; many agreed that certain published works might be harmful. AHA publications were most frequently endorsed, followed by Dr Dean Ornish's Program for Reversing Heart Disease and The New American Diet. Patients were cautioned by some physicians to avoid certain other titles. Greater professional effort to evaluate the appropriateness of popularized self-care works for cardiology patients is needed.
Detecting remotely triggered temporal changes around the Parkfield section of the San Andreas fault

Detecting temporal changes in fault zone properties at seismogenic depth have been a long-sought goal in the seismological community for many decades. Recent studies based on waveform analysis of repeating earthquakes have found clear temporal changes in the shallow crust and around active fault zones associated with the occurrences of large nearby and teleseismic earthquakes. However, repeating earthquakes only occur in certain locations and their occurrence times cannot be controlled, which may result in inadequate sampling of the interested regions or time periods. Recent developments in passive imaging via auto- and cross-correlation of ambient seismic wavefields (e.g., seismic noise, earthquake coda waves) provide an ideal source for continuous monitoring of temporal changes around active fault zones. Here we conduct a systematic search of temporal changes along the Parkfield section of the San Andreas fault by cross-correlating relatively high-frequency (0.4–1.3 Hz) ambient noise signals recorded by 10 borehole stations in the High Resolution Seismic Network. After using stretch/compressed method to measure the delay time and the decorrelation-index between the daily noise cross-correlation functions (NCCFs), we find clear temporal changes in the median seismic velocity and decorrelation-index associated with the 2004 M6.0 Parkfield earthquake. We also apply the same procedure to the seismic data around five regional/teleseismic events that have triggered non-volcanic tremor in the same region, but failed to find any clear temporal changes in the daily NCCFs. The fact that our current technique can detect temporal changes from the nearby but not regional and teleseismic events, suggests that temporal changes associated with distance sources are very subtle or localized so that they could not be detected within the resolution of the current technique (∼0.2%).
Reward magnitude and number of training trials as joint factors in extinction

Reward magnitudes of 1, 2, 4 and 8 pellets (.045 gm) were combined factorially with 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128 reinforced training trials for a total of 300 rats in a straight runway. Extinction speed was a monotonic increasing function of number of training trials and also tended to increase with reward magnitude, but the latter effect was not significant. There was no interaction between reward magnitude and number of trials and no indication of nonmonotonicity for either variable.
EARLY AMERICAN WAYS OF WAR: A NEW RECONAISSANCE, 1600–1815

This review examines recent work on the ideology, culture, and socio-economic composition of early American militaries down to 1815. A fresh place has been given to the role of a Native American culture of war in influencing colonial warfare, although the exact nature of the synthesis of European and Indian traditions remains unclear. Social and economic investigations of the colonial militias and the Continental Army have revealed persistent patterns of expectations of contractual service and subsequent effective resistance when those conditions were not met. Taken together these works have brought us closer to a deeper understanding of the links between culture and military behaviour.
Glutamate oxidation in the differentiating slime mold II. Studies in vitro

The mechanism by which CO2 is formed from glutamate in extracts, of Dictyostelium discoideum does not involve a direct non-oxidative decarboxylation, since the reaction is inhibited anaerobically both in vivo and in vitro. α-Ketoglutarate is implicated as an intermediate in the reaction, since (a) it is decarboxylated at the same rate as glutamate, (b) it competitively dilutes out 14CO2 from [I-14C]glutamate. All the data are compatible with the conclusion that the rate of glutamate oxidation in vivo is substrate-controlled throughout differentiation.
A Longitudinal Examination of the Comparative Criterion-Related Validity of Additive and Referent-Shift Consensus Operationalizations of Team Efficacy:

Using a longitudinal design, the authors examined the criterion-related validity of two operationalizations of task-specific team efficacy that differed in their approximation to the level of analy...
Activin receptor inhibition by Smad2 regulates Drosophila wing disc patterning through BMP-response elements

Imaginal disc development in Drosophila requires coordinated cellular proliferation and tissue patterning. In our studies of TGFβ superfamily signaling components, we found that a protein null mutation of Smad2, the only Activin subfamily R-Smad in the fruit fly, produces overgrown wing discs that resemble gain of function for BMP subfamily signaling. The wing discs are expanded specifically along the anterior-posterior axis, with increased proliferation in lateral regions. The morphological defect is not observed in mutants for the TGFβ receptor baboon, and epistasis tests showed that baboon is epistatic to Smad2 for disc overgrowth. Rescue experiments indicate that Baboon binding, but not canonical transcription factor activity, of Smad2 is required for normal disc growth. Smad2 mutant discs generate a P-Mad stripe that is narrower and sharper than the normal gradient, and activation targets are correspondingly expressed in narrowed domains. Repression targets of P-Mad are profoundly mis-regulated, with brinker and pentagone reporter expression eliminated in Smad2 mutants. Loss of expression requires a silencer element previously shown to be controlled by BMP signaling. Epistasis experiments show that Baboon, Mad and Schnurri are required to mediate the ectopic silencer output in the absence of Smad2. Taken together, our results show that loss of Smad2 permits promiscuous Baboon activity, which represses genes subject to control by Mad-dependent silencer elements. The absence of Brinker and Pentagone in Smad2 mutants explains the compound wing disc phenotype. Our results highlight the physiological relevance of substrate inhibition of a kinase, and reveal a novel interplay between the Activin and BMP pathways.
U-director: a decision-theoretic narrative planning architecture for storytelling environments

Recent years have seen significant growth in work on interactive storytelling environments. A key challenge posed by these environments is narrative planning, in which a director agent orchestrates all of the events in a storyworld to create an optimal experience for a user, who is herself an active participant in the unfolding story. To create effective stories, the director agent must cope with the task's inherent uncertainty, including uncertainty about the user's intentions and the absence of a complete theory of narrative. Director agents must be efficient so they can operate in real time. In this paper, we present U-Director, a decision-theoretic narrative planning architecture that dynamically models narrative objectives (e.g., plot progress, narrative flow), storyworld state (e.g., plot focus), and user state (e.g., goals, beliefs) with a dynamic decision network that continually selects storyworld actions to maximize narrative utility on an ongoing basis. The U-DIRECTOR architecture has been implemented in a narrative planner for Crystal Island, an interactive storyworld in which users play the role of a medical detective solving a science mystery. Preliminary evaluations suggest that the U-DIRECTOR architecture satisfies the real-time constraints of interactive environments and creates engaging narrative experiences.
Closed-loop postoperative autotransfusion

Postoperative closed-loop autologous transfusion of blood is now in clinical use in the cardiac surgical intensive care unit of the authors' institution. The automated system requires minimal human intervention. The authors relate the need for autotransmission and distinguish among the different types. A description is given of the apparatus, software algorithm, and procedures that deliver postoperative autotransfusion with real-time feedback of relevant patient parameters. Postoperative closed-loop autotransfusion has proved to be a process with clinical benefits that requires limited time from the patient-care personnel. It increases patient safety and is cost-effective. >
Steady-state analysis of the symmetrical push-pull power converter employing a matrix transformer

Steady-state operation and observed phenomena for the SPPPC (symmetrical push-pull power converter) are analyzed on the basis of magnetic and state-space equations. It is found that the complex behaviour of the generalized SPPPC topology, which differs from the conventional push-pull converter in that it employs a matrix transformer and floating capacitors, is similar to that of a conventional push-pull converter with an input filter. Although there is no physical input filter in the SPPPC topology, an effective input filter is realized by the input inductor and the parallel combination of the floating capacitors. This effective input filter explains the near-zero input current rippler reported in the literature. Thus, the floating capacitors function not only as lossless snubbers but also as filters. In spite of the floating capacitors, the currents in the primary windings in series with the same switch are the same. The unique topological arrangement of the floating capacitors and the matrix transformer windings reduces the RMS current in the primary windings (from that in a conventional push-pull converter) and winding loss. Equations are derived for the steady-state values in a generalized SPPPC with semiconductor conduction losses. These equations, as well as the expected waveforms, have been verified by computer simulation and by experimental data. >
Gamma displacement cross-sections in various materials

Abstract The gamma displacement cross-sections for energies up to 14 MeV have been calculated in various materials at two values of displacement threshold energy (24 and 40 eV). Three types of gamma ray interactions with materials are considered, the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering and pair production. Depending on the atomic number ( Z ) of target materials and energy of incident gamma rays, the relative contribution of three interactions to total displacements changes. It is found that for medium and low- Z material Compton scattering is predominant over most of the energy range, while pair production becomes important for high- Z material at high gamma energy.
Ideal Evaluation from Coevolution

In many problems of interest, performance can be evaluated using tests, such as examples in concept learning, test points in function approximation, and opponents in game-playing. Evaluation on all tests is often infeasible. Identification of an accurate evaluation or fitness function is a difficult problem in itself, and approximations are likely to introduce human biases into the search process. Coevolution evolves the set of tests used for evaluation, but has so far often led to inaccurate evaluation. We show that for any set of learners, a Complete Evaluation Set can be determined that provides ideal evaluation as specified by Evolutionary Multi-Objective Optimization. This provides a principled approach to evaluation in coevolution, and thereby brings automatic ideal evaluation within reach. The Complete Evaluation Set is of manageable size, and progress towards it can be accurately measured. Based on this observation, an algorithm named DELPHI is developed. The algorithm is tested on problems likely to permit progress on only a subset of the underlying objectives. Where all comparison methods result in overspecialization, the proposed method and a variant achieve sustained progress in all underlying objectives. These findings demonstrate that ideal evaluation may be approximated by practical algorithms, and that accurate evaluation for test-based problems is possible even when the underlying objectives of a problem are unknown.
FlexMAC: a wireless protocol development and evaluation platform based on commodity hardware

Developing and evaluating wireless protocols is challenging because it requires flexible network interface hardware, which is not readily available. To reduce the efforts of conducting realistic wireless experiment, we have developed FlexMAC, a wireless protocol development and evaluation platform based on commodity hardware. FlexMAC targets CSMA wireless protocols and allows customization of functions such as backoff, retransmission, and packet timing. In this demo, we will show that FlexMAC is a useful tool for wireless protocol development. We will demonstrate two projects that are developed using FlexMAC, including a software-based 802.11 implementation and an opportunistic relaying protocol in 802.11.