cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Novel Online Load Shedding Strategy for Mitigating Fault-Induced Delayed Voltage Recovery

This paper develops a novel online fast load shedding strategy aimed at shedding the most effective load to mitigate fault-induced delayed voltage recovery (FIDVR). Induction motor kinetic energy deviation has been shown to be identical to the integral of power imbalance. Instead of using voltage as an indicator, the proposed strategy applies a centralized scheme making use of equivalent motor kinetic energy to identify the most effective loads to shed. In order to derive kinetic energy, the equivalent inertia and the speed of the induction motor are needed. A methodology is proposed to obtain these variables through online measurements. Simulations on a sample power system illustrate the novel load shedding strategy and its effectiveness. The proposed strategy is compared with conventional four-stage under-voltage load shedding (UVLS) scheme. The results have validated that the proposed strategy can effectively mitigate fault-induced delayed voltage recovery and require much less load to be shed.
ECG criteria for accurate localization of left anterolateral and posterolateral accessory pathways.

Background : Left lateral accessory pathway (AP) location along the mitral annulus (MA) can influence ablation strategy, including choice of a transseptal or retrograde aortic approach and the use of deflectable sheaths and/or bidirectional catheters. We aimed to develop electrocardiographic (ECG) criteria to accurately localize a left lateral AP, hypothesizing that the relationship of QRS amplitudes in limb leads II and III could be used to differentiate left anterolateral (LAL) from left posterolateral (LPL) AP locations. Methods : The ECGs from patients who underwent ablation of a left-sided AP between 2001 and 2008 were evaluated for the relationship of QRS amplitudes in limb leads II and III. A LAL-AP was defined by successful ablation between 12 and 3 o’clock on the MA, as seen in left anterior oblique (LAO) fluoroscopic projection. A LPL-AP was defined by successful ablation between 3 and 6 o’clock in the LAO projection. Results : In 249 consecutive patients undergoing AP ablation, 23 met the prespecified inclusion criteria: manifest preexcitation due to single AP, ablated successfully in a LAL or LPL location. The ratio of dominant QRS amplitude in lead II to lead III was ≥1 in 10/11 patients with LAL-AP, compared with 3/12 patients with a LPL-AP (P = 0.002). Using these criteria, two blinded reviewers predicted a LAL or LPL location with 87% accuracy and 100% interobserver agreement. Conclusions : We report new ECG criteria that can be used to accurately predict the anterior and posterior location of a left lateral AP. Such localization may facilitate procedural planning. (PACE 2012;35:1444–1450)
B2 Phases and their Defect Structures: Part I. Ab Initio Enthalpy of Formation and Enthalpy of Mixing in the Al-Ni-Pt-Ru System

The enthalpies of formation of the bcc phases in the Al-Ni-Pt-Ru system, particularly in the Al-Ru binary and Pt-Al-Ru ternary subsystems, were calculated by first principle methods. The enthalpies of formation for stoichiometric bcc-B2 phases have been calculated using both the GGA and LDA approximations, while the enthalpies of formation for B2 phases with large amounts of constitutional defects (both vacancies and anti-site atoms) were calculated using the Special Quasirandom Structures (SQS) approach. The enthalpies of mixing for the disordered bcc-A2 phases have also been calculated with SQS by mimicking the random bcc alloy with the local pair and multisite correlation functions. The calculated B2 lattice parameters for the different defect structures were compared with experimental results. These results are used as input values for the CALPHAD modified sublattice model to describe the A2/B2 phases with one Gibbs energy function.
Better Growth in All-Female Diploid and Triploid Rainbow Trout

Abstract We compared growth of all-female triploid (AFT; 87% triploid), all-female diploid (AFD), and mixed-sex diploid (MSD) rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in a 265-d growth trial. Triploidy was induced by heat-shocking eggs to prevent second polar body exclusion. Three AFT families, three corresponding full-sibling AFD families, and three MSD families that were half-siblings of the AFD and AFT families were used. Mean initial weights (SD) were 94 g (14), 84 g (12), and 112 g (14) for the MSDs, AFDs, and AFTs, respectively, and final weights (SD) were 521 g (22), 568 g (68), and 749 g (30). Growth was linear. Growth was highest for the AFTs (2.38g/d), lowest for the MSDs (1.58 g/d), and intermediate for the AFDs (1.78 g/d). No significant differences (P > 0.05) were found among treatments for survival, food conversion ratio, condition factor, liversomatic index, viceral fat, and dress-out. By day 180, however, the majority of the MSD males were sexually mature, whereas the MSD females and the AFDs wer...
Reassessing the status of Black English (Review article)

Butters's (I989) book, The Death of Black English, does an excellent job of summarizing most of the important research on Black English (BE) over the past 15 or 20 years and subjects the results of that research to an analysis and evaluation that is considerably more thorough than what is typically found in variation studies. It is not that variation studies often lack in thoroughness, simply that Butters is more thorough than what we are used to. Indeed, his discussions and arguments are often so fine-grained and lengthy that they are difficult to present in a book review. For that reason, I concentrate on only a subset of the variables he discusses and then present some conclusions regarding the broader context of BE studies. Butters's focus is on the recent divergence/convergence controversy, but he also presents (particularly in Chapter 5) important discussions of a number of issues associated with variation research, for example, the difficulty of determining the full range of a speaker's linguistic competence, the criteria for deciding who is a speaker of Black English Vernacular (BEV), and the relative importance of structural or grammatical differences among dialects (such as those involving verbal systems) as opposed to nonstructural ones (e.g., prosody). Regarding the "data which have been presented to date as support for the divergence hypothesis" (Butters I989:5), Butters's conclusion is that they are "in general not interpretable in any simple way, pro or con" (I989:5), that BE is actually best seen as both diverging and converging, depending on the particular features on which one focuses. Moreover, "If anything, the evidence seems to point to a mild sort of stable convergence in which linguistic changes arise in both the White and Black communities" (I989: i8o). He goes on to express the view that both Black and White communities borrow from each other, but that convergence is overall toward the culture of the majority, as they control the major power-wielding institutions of society (I989: i8o). In Butters's view, linguistic assimilation has been the major pattern in American history; this history indicates that the "death" of BE is at least as likely as an increasing divergence, whether we would like for BE to "die" or not (I989:4,5).
Quantitative Microbial Ecology through Stable Isotope Probing

Bacteria grow and transform elements at different rates, and as yet, quantifying this variation in the environment is difficult. Determining isotope enrichment with fine taxonomic resolution after exposure to isotope tracers could help, but there are few suitable techniques. We propose a modification to stable isotope probing (SIP) that enables the isotopic composition of DNA from individual bacterial taxa after exposure to isotope tracers to be determined. In our modification, after isopycnic centrifugation, DNA is collected in multiple density fractions, and each fraction is sequenced separately. Taxon-specific density curves are produced for labeled and nonlabeled treatments, from which the shift in density for each individual taxon in response to isotope labeling is calculated. Expressing each taxon's density shift relative to that taxon's density measured without isotope enrichment accounts for the influence of nucleic acid composition on density and isolates the influence of isotope tracer assimilation. The shift in density translates quantitatively to isotopic enrichment. Because this revision to SIP allows quantitative measurements of isotope enrichment, we propose to call it quantitative stable isotope probing (qSIP). We demonstrated qSIP using soil incubations, in which soil bacteria exhibited strong taxonomic variations in (18)O and (13)C composition after exposure to [(18)O]water or [(13)C]glucose. The addition of glucose increased the assimilation of (18)O into DNA from [(18)O]water. However, the increase in (18)O assimilation was greater than expected based on utilization of glucose-derived carbon alone, because the addition of glucose indirectly stimulated bacteria to utilize other substrates for growth. This example illustrates the benefit of a quantitative approach to stable isotope probing.
An ARMA model for a class of distributed systems

This paper presents an infinite dimensional ARMA model for infinite dimensional time-invariant linear systems in which the state transition operator is trace class. The ARMA model appears to be the natural extension of the finite dimensional ARMA model, and it is computed as the limit of a sequence of finite dimensional ARMA models. In a flexible structure example, numerical results are given for the ARMA models of both the open-loop plant and an optimal compensator.
State Environmental Regulation and Economic Development: Are They Compatible?

An underlyingussumption of the partial preemption apprmh is the belief that minimum federal standmds contribute to the prospective decentralization of environmental protection programs by removing or reducing industry incentives to shop aroundfor states with a more lenient regulatory stance. This assumption was examined through a survey of chief executive oficers of pollution-generating firms. Tlze data suggest that corporate officials see regulatory climate m an important component of overhead ctxits. The author concludes that the desire to retain industries within state boundaries does inhibit the promulgation of strict environmental regulat ions by public officials.
The Role of Epigenetics in the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease

The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesis suggests that the prenatal and early postnatal environments shape the future ­probability of physical and mental wellbeing and risk of disease. A wealth of epidemiologic data supports the associations between maternal malnutrition, intrauterine growth retardation, and birthweight, and the risk of chronic disease including ­cardiovascular disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, neuropsychiatric disorders, and cancer. While the mechanisms underlying these observations remain unresolved, the DOHaD model assumes a developmental plasticity that allows adaptive regulation of the embryonic, fetal, and/or early postnatal metabolism in response to nutritional and environmental perturbations. Establishment of the epigenome coincides with vulnerable phases in development and provides one potential mechanism for long-lasting responses to transient environmental stimuli. Future studies in epigenetic epidemiology will seek to understand the role of various epigenetic mechanisms in DOHaD.
VOLATILE COMPOUNDS AND SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF FRYING FATS

Oxidation-derived volatiles in French fries were evaluated relative to sensory characteristics of the fries and of the frying oils (low linolenic acid soybean oil, LLA; creamy partially hydrogenated soybean oil, CPH; liquid low linolenic acid hydrogenated soybean oil, LLH; and liquid partially hydrogenated soybean oil, LPH) in which they were fried. Hexanal concentration in French fries increased as oil use time increased for all fats; LLA and CPH produced higher hexanal concentrations in French fries after 10 and 15 days of oil use than did LPH and LLH. Hexanal concentration was negatively correlated with overall odor quality of French fries and positively correlated with grassy, rancid, painty, and chemical odor. Buttery, sweet, and French fry odor decreased and grassy, rancid, painty, and acrolein odor increased as oil use time increased.
Multistep soft chemistry method for valence reduction in transition metal oxides with triangular (CdI2-type) layers

Transition metal (M) oxides with MO2 triangular layers demonstrate a variety of physical properties depending on the metal oxidation states. In the known compounds, metal oxidation states are limited to either 3+ or mixed-valent 3+/4+. A multistep soft chemistry synthetic route for novel phases with M2+/3+O2 triangular layers is reported.
Kinetic studies with echo-planar imaging

With acquisition times in the millisecond range, echo-planar imaging is an ideal tool for scanning the actual motion or eliminating its detrimental effects. The technique appears to be sensitive to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow and may be beneficial in the study of abnormal CSF circulation or obstruction of the pathways. The disadvantages of this technique include relatively long preparation time, offsetting the advantage of the intended total examination time reduction. The images are predominantly T2-weighted and the spatial resolution is rather low. At present, the Instascan is considered to be an experimental tool. The installation requires major hardware modifications and the modality has yet to be proven to cost effective.
State legislators’ sources and use of information: bridging the gap between research and policy

Research can inform policymakers of public health issues and shape policy decisions, hopefully benefiting public health; thus, improving dissemination of research to policymakers is important for developing effective public health policies that improve health and health equity. However, the utilization of research among policymakers is often not fully realized. This study builds upon current knowledge about what types of information legislators seek when working on health issues and where they go for information. Further, it explores what kinds of information legislators find most helpful and if there are ways researchers could better provide this evidence. Key-informant interviews were conducted with 25 U.S. state legislators holding health committee leadership positions between July and November, 2010. Regarding types of information sought, most legislators discussed their desire for data and statistics when working on health-related issues. When asked about their most trusted sources of information, participants mentioned government sources as well as advocacy, lobby and industry groups. A few mentioned universities and healthcare professionals. Results from this study offer public health researchers and practitioners' insights into the types of information that may be most helpful to policymakers. Insights gathered may improve the dissemination of research and bridge the gap between knowledge users and knowledge producers.
Heat Aged Tensile Strength Retention of Poly (p-phenylene terephthalamide) Sewing Thread

The strength retention after exposure to elevated temperature in air of continuous filament and staple spun PPTA sewing thread and the precursor yarns was determined. For both types, the process of converting the greige yarn to thread reduced the amount of strength retained after thermal exposure. The continuous filament products retained more strength than the staple products. The data was fitted to a kinetic rate model in which two strength loss processes occurred. The first process occurred within about the first 5 minutes of thermal exposure and is hypothesized to be hydrolytic degradation. The estimated secondary degradation process activation energy suggests this to be thermo-oxidative degradation. Optical microscopy of filaments indicates a higher level of kink banding and other damage in continuous filament versus staple products and in finished thread versus the precursor yarns. The kink bands and damage are believed to be caused by the staple manufacturing process and the downstream processing of precursor yarn to finished sewing thread. The kink bands and damage are hypothesized to be responsible for the differences in strength retention.
Risk-Based Vulnerability Disclosure: Towards Optimal Policy

Computing has become increasingly ubiquitous and embedded (as demonstrated by industrial control systems, in-vehicle systems, in-home care systems, and within the energy and transportation infrastructures). As a result, the issue of responsible vulnerability disclosure has returned to the fore. These new computing contexts require revisiting the nature of vulnerabilities and redefining responsible disclosure. The first goal of this work is to critique current disclosure practices. Based upon these critiques, grounded in the history of vulnerabilities, and informed by a series of expert interviews, we propose a model of risk-based responsible disclosure.Research on vulnerability disclosure policy was an early focus in economics of security, particularly until 2006. That earlier research, however, reasonably assumed models of computers that were applicable to desktops, laptops, and servers. That is, there is a centralized source of patches, patching is possible in a very short time frame, patching is low cost, and the issue of physical harm need not be addressed. Current disagreements arise in part from the increasing diversity of both vulnerabilities and their potential impact. There are some clear lines. For example, it is not acceptable to disclose a vulnerability by implementing it and causing harm to victims. There are also well-known reasons for disclosure, specifically for creating incentives for vendors to patch and diffusing information to potential victims for their use in risk mitigation.The trade-offs between transparency and confidentiality are increasingly complex. Responsible disclosure must be equitable: informing the marketplace, incentivizing software manufacturers to patch flaws, protecting vulnerable populations, and simultaneously minimizing the opportunities for malicious actors. To understand and resolve these challenges, we begin with the current state of vulnerability research. Stepping back provides a high-level historical perspective from the first identifiable vulnerability in a mass-produced device (beyond the canonical physical bugs in the first highly custom computers) to the Superfish malware in 2015. We describe extant models of disclosure, identifying the strengths and weaknesses of each of these. After that, we summarize factors previously used as vulnerability (and thus disclosure) metrics. These historical analyses and technical critiques are augmented by a series of interviews with technology and policy experts.For the vast majority of vulnerabilities, the questions of public disclosure are not “if” but rather when and at what level of detail. We conclude that there is now no single optimal disclosure regime. Given this, we advocate for a model of disclosure grounded in risk-based analysis. Such an analysis should be complete and deterministic for a given context. We propose the factors necessary for such a systematic analysis. We then use well-known cases to test the framework and provide illustrative but practical examples.
A Tale of Two Case Methods

This essay argues that law schools should adopt the business school case method. Business school cases are generally real life problems. They ask the students to read the files and then perform actual management tasks. The students also generally work in teams and are graded on their actual work throughout the semester. The students thus spend their time learning how to actually manage, instead of only learning dry management theory. There are several advantages to the business school case method. The business school case method is much more focused on the actual process of being a business manager. By comparison, the law school case method focuses on the work of judges, not lawyers. The team aspect of business schools is also preferable to traditional law school classes. Some lawyers practice solo, but a majority work in groups, and working on a team is a necessary (and largely untaught) legal skill. Business schools also give students more regular feedback on their work, because each project/case is graded along the way. Business school grading is also much more rational than law school grading (and better approximates the experiences of MBA students when they graduate). This is because MBA students are graded on the strength of their actual work, not a single exam at the end of the semester. In sum, trading case methods with MBA programs might vastly improve the first year, and legal education as a whole.
Television as a Political Issue in Britain

SINCE its return to power in 1951 the Conservative party of Great Britain, in its programme to restrict the influence of government in the economy and ensure greater scope and freedom for private enterprise, has projected television for the first time into the arena of partisan politics. And with the emergence of television as a political issue public attention has been focused on the relative merits of public service versus commercial television. The Government's announcement in May, 1952, that "in the expanding field of television provision should be made to permit some element of competition" touched off a controversy of unusual intensity and breadth of interest. Two years later the debate culminated in action by Parliament permitting the introduction of commercial competition. From the beginning, opposition to commercial television was vehement and articulate because of the strong conviction that television (to a far greater extent, indeed, than sound broadcasting) is a force, potentially at least, capable of revolutionizing the lives of men and reshaping the course of civilization. Thus, Herbert Morrison, deputy leader of the parliamentary Labour party, declared in December, 1953, just prior to Parliament's approval of the Government's proposal, that the debate on television policy was the most important since the war.1 Statements concerning the gravity of the change came from diverse groups-the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, the universities, the Labour party, a substantial segment of British industry, and even the Conservative Government itself.
Biochemical, mechanistic, and spectroscopic characterization of metallo-β-lactamase VIM-2.

This study examines metal binding to metallo-β-lactamase VIM-2, demonstrating the first successful preparation of a Co(II)-substituted VIM-2 analogue. Spectroscopic studies of the half- and fully metal loaded enzymes show that both Zn(II) and Co(II) bind cooperatively, where the major species present, regardless of stoichiometry, are apo- and di-Zn (or di-Co) enzymes. We determined the di-Zn VIM-2 structure to a resolution of 1.55 A, and this structure supports results from spectroscopic studies. Kinetics, both steady-state and pre-steady-state, show that VIM-2 utilizes a mechanism that proceeds through a very short-lived anionic intermediate when chromacef is used as the substrate. Comparison with other B1 enzymes shows that those that bind Zn(II) cooperatively are better poised to protonate the intermediate on its formation, compared to those that bind Zn(II) non-cooperatively, which uniformly build up substantial amounts of the intermediate.
Metal-metal interactions in C3-symmetric diiron imido complexes linked by phosphinoamide ligands.

The tris(phosphinoamide)-bridged FeIIFeII diiron complex Fe(μ-iPrNPPh2)3Fe(η2-iPrNPPh2) (1) can be reduced in the absence or presence of PMe3 to generate the mixed-valence FeIIFeI complexes Fe(μ-iPrNPPh2)3Fe(PPh2NHiPr) (2) or Fe(μ-iPrNPPh2)3Fe(PMe3) (3), respectively. Following a typical oxidative group transfer procedure, treatment of 2 or 3 with organic azides generates the mixed-valent FeIIFeIII imido complexes Fe(iPrNPPh2)3Fe≡NR (R = tBu (4), Ad (5), 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl (6)). These complexes represent the first examples of first-row bimetallic complexes featuring both metal–ligand multiple bonds and metal–metal bonds. The reduced complexes 2 and 3 and imido complexes 4–6 have been characterized via X-ray crystallography, Mossbauer spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and SQUID magnetometry, and a theoretical description of the bonding within these diiron complexes has been obtained using computational methods. The effect of the metal–metal interaction on the electronic structure and bonding in diiron i...
Effect of Annealing on Microstructure and Properties of Al-Ti Multilayered Films

Al-Ti multilayered films were deposited by magnetron sputtering of Al and Ti targets on to Si (100) or NaCl substrates. The bi-layer thickness was 16 nm with Ti constituting 12% of the total thickness. The films were subsequently annealed in vacuum at 400°C for periods between 2 and 24 h. In the course of the annealing, interdiffusion and chemical reaction between Al and Ti layers led to the precipitation of Al 3 Ti particles. Plan view and cross-section TEM examination of as-deposited and annealed films were performed to study the microstructural evolution, and to estimate the Al grain and AI 3 Ti particle size distributions. Cross-section TEM and X-ray diffraction showed a well-defined layered structure in the as-deposited films. The microstructure was found to be metastable in the first 6 h of annealing, with Al-Ti multilayers being gradually replaced by an AI-AI 3 Ti composite structure. The Al 3 Ti particles were uniformly distributed throughout the film. X-ray and electron diffraction analyses showed that Al 3 Ti possessed the ordered DO 22 structure. The hardness of the Al-Ti films in as-deposited and annealed conditions was determined using a nanoindenter and the data have been correlated with the microstructural changes with annealing.
Investigating the Surface Area to Volume Ratio (S/V) in Bergmann's Rule

Students are almost universally interested in animals, and especially endotherms, including mammals and birds. According to Bergmann's rule, endotherms that live in colder climates at higher latitudes are larger than those living in warmer climates. As with most biological principles, hands-on investigation will provide a better understanding of why size is important in endotherm thermal regulation. One easily observable aspect of this principle is that larger organisms have a lower ratio of body surface area to total body volume. This affects how efficiently they can retain or radiate heat, which can be easily tested in the laboratory using commonly available materials. In this activity, simple models of endotherms of different sizes are used to assess the effects of body size on heat loss.
Breeding of Indica CMS Line Jingyou A in Rice

Jingyou A,developed from the cross of Shiyou A /( Shiyou B / Bai B∥Fuyi B) F3,is a new indica CMS line in rice. It is characteristic of good agronomic traits,stable and complete male sterility,favorable outcrossing habits,high combining ability and easiness in multiplication and hybrid seed production. It was technically identified by Guangxi Crop Variety Appraisal Committee in October,2014. Its hybrid Jingyou 838 showed both high yield and good quality in various trials and was registered and released to commercialization by Guangxi Crop Variety Appraisal Committee in June,2015.
Cell Cycle Control of Genetic Stability

Boveri’s deduction that genetic instability is involved in the initiation of tumorigenesis remains one of the most insightful in tumor biology (Boveri, T., 1914). It is remarkable that it came as an extrapolation of his observations on the developmental consequences of multipolar mitoses created by polyspermic fertilization. He noted that the resulting blastomeres exhibited the atypical growth and morphologic features that he had observed in tumor cells. This led him to conclude that the genetic content of each chromosome could not be equivalent and that “a special arrangement for inhibiting [cell division] has been done away with as a consequence of missegregation of chromosomes in cells lacking a bipolar spindle” (as cited in Manchester, K.L., 1995). He recognized that normal growth patterns could never be reestablished once the normal chromosome complement was altered. Thus, Boveri anticipated both the importance of genetic instability in the initiation and progression of cancer and the existence of negative regulators of cell growth, whose loss would result from inappropriate chromosome segregation.
Recent Development of Platinum-Based Nanocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysis

Recent development of electrochemical technologies for renewable energy conversion and storage has enlightened the importance of tailoring the structures of catalytic materials at the nanoscale. In particular, the design and synthesis of nanocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have attracted great attention and been extensively studied. Remarkable progress has been made in improving the catalytic activity and stability of ORR catalysts by controlling and tuning the particle size, shape, composition and surface structures, as well as building up sophisticated composite nanostructures in core/shell and nanoporous configurations. Here a brief review is provided for the recent development of Pt-based nanocatalysts for the ORR. Instead of providing a complete list of the great amount of work reported in this topic, our focus is placed on fundamental understanding of the structure-property relationships of platinum-based nanomaterials, in particular alloy nanoparticles, in the electrochemical environment. The discussion is guided by correlations between well-defined extended surfaces and practical high-surface-area catalysts. Conclusions are made on challenges that remain and potential implications on other catalytic systems.
The Decline of the Death Penalty and the Discovery of Innocence: A Chronology of Innocence

A mericans discovered innocence in a wave of attention that started in the mid-1980s and reached a peak in the late 1990s. In this chapter, we review developments that led to this outcome. We know from the previous chapter that, although there are somewhat higher numbers of exonerations now than there were in the 1970s and 1980s, the increase was not radical. Attention to the concept of innocence, on the other hand, has spiked dramatically. Why attention to a concept would spike even while the underlying facts have changed only slowly is an interesting puzzle. To answer the puzzle, we look in some detail at threshold effects and social cascades. Here, we investigate how the innocence frame came to dominate public debate. We begin by offering a meticulous chronology as presented in five separate lists. We first review developments among the most important organizations and institutions involved in the movement, especially the so-called innocence projects at many law and journalism schools; then we look at key events in Illinois, where many of the innocence arguments first gained attention; trace noteworthy events elsewhere in the country; consider federal government actions; and finally look at important Supreme Court rulings. We examine these developments in relatively stark detail to understand when the innocence frame took root, how it developed, and how it came to flood the death penalty debate. Was there a prime mover of sorts, perhaps a powerful lobbying group or a network of journalists pursuing a political agenda?
Enhanced availability of mercury bound to dissolved organic matter for methylation in marine sediments.

Abstract The forms of inorganic mercury (HgII) taken up and methylated by bacteria in sediments still remain largely unknown. From pure cultures studies, it has been suggested that dissolved organic matter (DOM) may facilitate the uptake either by acting as a shuttle molecule, transporting the HgII atom to divalent metal transporters, or by binding HgII and then being transported into the cell as a carbon source. Enhanced availability of Hg complexed to DOM has however not yet been demonstrated in natural systems. Here, we show that HgII complexed with DOM of marine origin was up to 2.7 times more available for methylation in sediments than HgII added as a dissolved inorganic complex (HgII(aq)). We argue that the DOM used to complex HgII directly facilitated the bacterial uptake of HgII whereas the inorganic dissolved HgII complex adsorbed to the sediment matrix before forming bioavailable dissolved HgII complexes. We further demonstrate that differences in net methylation in sediments with high and low organic carbon content may be explained by differences in the availability of carbon to stimulate the activity of Hg methylating bacteria rather than, as previously proposed, be due to differences in HgII binding capacities between sediments.
Study on power generation of PV station under shadow effect of ultra high voltage tower

In this paper, a photovoltaic station which local in Yancheng, Jiangsu province with installed capacity 19MW as an example to analysis the output of PV station which effect by the shadow of (ultra high voltage) UHV tower. Firstly, the model of UHV tower is established, the shadow range of UHV tower on winter solstice day is calculation according to local latitude and longitude information combined with the method of sun position calculation. Secondly, according to the location of UHV tower placed in PV station and the number of UHV tower, the range of UHV tower shadow which effect the PV station is analyzed. Based on these analysis, the change of annual power generation of PV station which before and after the effect of UHV tower shadow is simulated. The results shows that, this PV station which installed capacity is 19MW will be loss 139593kWh power generation per year by the effected of UHV tower shadow. The simulation results can provide some suggestions for the PV station and UHV optimization design.
Limited Representation of Individuals with Disabilities in Early Childhood Classes: Alarming or Status Quo?.

ABSTRACTUNICEF’s new Millennium Development Goals and Beyond (2015. http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/) focus on the needs of the largest marginalised minority, individuals with disabilities, challenging us to examine issues related to exclusion and develop strategies for making an authentic sense of belonging and high-quality early childhood education a reality for over 93 million children with disabilities (United Nations Children’s Fund. 2006. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. http://www.un.org/disabilities/default.asp?id=150). A first step in addressing stigma and the exclusion of individuals with disabilities is to examine materials in environments, given that positive representation in books and media contributes to a sense of belonging, increased self-esteem, and greater understanding of and attitudes towards others. Historically, the portrayal of individuals with disabilities in the literature and media has been absent or negative while the number of children with disabilities...
Weighted multiview learning for predicting drug-disease associations

The paradigm of drug discovery has moved from finding new drugs that exhibit therapeutic properties for a disease to reusing existing approved drugs for a newer disease. The association between a drug and a disease involves a complex network of targets and pathways. In order to provide new insights, there has been a constant need for sophisticated tools that have the potential to discover new associations from the underlying drugs-disease interactions. In addition to computational tools, there has been an explosion of data available in terms of drugs, disease and their activity profiles. On one hand, researchers have been using existing machine learning tools that have shown great promise in predicting associations but on the other hand there has been a void in exploiting advance machine learning frameworks to handle this kind of data integration. In this paper, we propose a learning framework called weighted multi-view learning that is a variant of the Multi-view learning framework in which the views are assumed to contribute equally to the prediction whereas our method learns a weight for each view since we hypothesize that certain views might have better prediction capability than others.
Abstract 259: Two Readily Obtainable Measures of Patient-reported Adherence and Their Association With Anticoagulation Control

Introduction: Despite the emergence of new effective anticoagulation therapies, the prevention of thromboembolic events remains challenging in cases of poor medication adherence. Unfortunately, cli...
Resistome SNP Calling via Read Colored de Bruijn Graphs

The microbiome and resistome, which refers to all the antimicrobial resistant (AMR) genes in pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria, are frequently studied using shotgun metagenomics data. Unfortunately, there are few methods capable of identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in metagenomics data, and to the best of our knowledge, there are no methods that identify SNPs in AMR genes. Nonetheless, the identification of SNPs in AMR genes is an important problem since it allows these genes, which confer resistance to antibiotics, to be “fingerprinted” and tracked across multiple samples or time periods. In this paper, we present LueVari, which allows SNPs to be identified in AMR genes from metagenomes data. LueVari is based on the read colored de Bruijn graph, an extension of the traditional de Bruijn graph that we present and formally define in this paper. We show that read coloring allows regions longer than the k-mer length and shorter than the read length to be identified unambiguously. In addition to this theoretical concept, we present a succinct data structure that allows for large datasets to be analyzed in a reasonable amount of time and space. Our experiments demonstrate LueVari was the only SNP caller that reliably reported sequences that spanned on average 47.5% of the AMR gene. Competing methods (GATK and SAMtools) only reported specific loci and require a reference to do so. This feature, along with the high accuracy of LueVari, allows distinct AMR genes to be detected reliably in a de novo fashion.
Identification of the S100 fused-type protein hornerin as a regulator of tumor vascularity

Sustained angiogenesis is essential for the development of solid tumors and metastatic disease. Disruption of signaling pathways that govern tumor vascularity provide a potential avenue to thwart cancer progression. Through phage display-based functional proteomics, immunohistochemical analysis of human pancreatic ductal carcinoma (PDAC) specimens, and in vitro validation, we reveal that hornerin, an S100 fused-type protein, is highly expressed on pancreatic tumor endothelium in a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-independent manner. Murine-specific hornerin knockdown in PDAC xenografts results in tumor vessels with decreased radii and tortuosity. Hornerin knockdown tumors have significantly reduced leakiness, increased oxygenation, and greater apoptosis. Additionally, these tumors show a significant reduction in growth, a response that is further heightened when therapeutic inhibition of VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) is utilized in combination with hornerin knockdown. These results indicate that hornerin is highly expressed in pancreatic tumor endothelium and alters tumor vessel parameters through a VEGF-independent mechanism.Angiogenesis is essential for solid tumor progression. Here, the authors interrogate the proteome of pancreatic cancer endothelium via phage display and identify hornerin as a critical protein whose expression is essential to maintain the pancreatic cancer vasculature through a VEGF-independent mechanism.
Substance Use in Healthcare Workers: Importance of Stress Perception, Smoking Temptation, Social Support, and Humor.

Background: Research indicates healthcare workers' personal substance use may affect quality of care. Investigating factors that correlate with coping through substance use may provide insight into...
Baselines, Trajectories, and Scenarios: Exploring Agricultural Production in the Northeast U.S.

Agricultural production on farms and ranches in the U.S. contributes to the food supply and the food system on local, regional, national, and global scales. Increasing production at the regional scale—the focus of this research—depends on accurately estimating current production and understanding the mechanisms and resource requirements of production shifts. The Produc­tion Team of the EFSNE Project undertook seven studies that focused on current and poten­tial production in the U.S. Northeast region, which includes nearly one-quarter of the popula­tion but only about 3% of national cropland. Here we summarize the results from these studies that: (1) estimate the regional self-reliance of primary crop, livestock products, and livestock feeds; (2) develop and implement a method to delineate urban, peri-urban, and rural zones around cities and analyze the distribution of food chain businesses across these zones; (3) assess crop yield trajectories to refine potential production increases associated with agricultural expansion into different land categories; and (4) model climate change and dietary impacts on yields and land use. The regional self-reliance of food crops varies widely, and the predominant agricultural use of land is for the production of animal feeds. The peri-urban zones contain significant agricultural production and concentrations of supply chain businesses. The potential to expand regional output via yield increases varies by crop and by land category and is strongly influenced by climate change. The diverse disciplines represented on the Production Team, along with significant leader­ship from graduate students and post-doctoral researchers, contributed to the broad array of studies completed.
Where is the financial safety net for managed care physicians

OBJECTIVE Empiric research on mechanisms by which managed care physicians attempt to mitigate financial risk is lacking. We assumed the perspective of a managed care plan in investigating the relationship between risk sharing and the match between a physician's capitation payments and costs of care. DESIGN The study design was a family of payment simulations using 2 years of managed care claims data. METHODS Claims from a cohort of 82,525 managed care patients were used, with year 1 data determining a capitation rate for year 2 primary care services. The net provider payment in year 2 was examined under scenarios that might modify financial outcomes, including stop-loss insurance, age- and gender-adjustment of capitation, and risk pooling within independent practice associations. RESULTS The size of a provider's patient panel was positively correlated with net per capita payment (r = 0.22; P < 0.0001 without risk modification strategies). The variance of the ratio of net to total revenue was utilized as a proxy for the degree of risk assumed in caring for a panel of capitated enrollees. Risk modification strategies reduced this variance measure, with risk pooling producing the largest effect, especially for providers of panels of fewer than 135 patients. In contrast, age- and gender-adjustment of capitation payments had little effect on reimbursement outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Short of increasing the pool of capitated patients, risk modification strategies appear limited in their ability to produce more equitable reimbursement to providers with small patient panels. With many providers assuming substantial risk in pursuing managed care contracts, these dynamics may favor organizational forms of medical practice that facilitate large patient panels within a single plan.
Energy balance and gastrointestinal cancer: risk, interventions, outcomes and mechanisms

Obesity increases the risk of multiple gastrointestinal cancers and worsens disease outcomes. Conversely, strong inverse associations have emerged between physical activity and colon cancer and possibly other gastrointestinal malignancies. The effect of weight loss interventions - such as modifications of diet and/or physical activity or bariatric surgery - remains unclear in patients who are obese and have gastrointestinal cancer, although large clinical trials are underway. Human intervention studies have already shed light on potential mechanisms underlying the energy balance-cancer relationship, with preclinical models supporting emerging pathway effects. Central to interventions that reduce obesity or increase physical activity are pluripotent cancer-preventive effects (including reduced systemic and adipose tissue inflammation and angiogenesis, altered adipokine levels and improved insulin resistance) that directly interface with the hallmarks of cancer. Other mechanisms, such as DNA repair, oxidative stress and telomere length, immune function, effects on cancer stem cells and the microbiome, could also contribute to energy balance effects on gastrointestinal cancers. Although some mechanisms are well understood (for instance, systemic effects on inflammation and insulin signalling), other areas remain unclear. The current state of knowledge supports the need to better integrate mechanistic approaches with preclinical and human studies to develop effective, personalized diet and exercise interventions to reduce the burden of obesity on gastrointestinal cancer.
Hormone therapy use and breast tissue DNA methylation: analysis of epigenome wide data from the normal breast study.

Hormone therapy (HT) is associated with increased risk of breast cancer, strongly dependent on type, duration, and recency of use. HT use could affect cancer risk by changing breast tissue transcri...
A semi-automated approach for analyzing collages to inform the design of a family health information management system for Hispanic dementia caregivers.

Abstract Culturally- and linguistically-tailored health communication is needed for vulnerable populations to manage their health and the health of their families. This presents a significant design challenge. The use of collages is an increasingly popular technique with the flexibility to capture the needs and experiences of individuals with various cultural and language preferences. Collage analysis has typically remained qualitative in nature. We introduce a novel, objective, semi-automated approach that enhances collage analysis to elucidate pattern differences that may not be detectable by natural perception. We present a case scenario of collage analysis based on the expressed experience and self-management needs of Hispanic dementia caregivers (n = 24). We demonstrate how our innovative approach may reveal cultural differences between language groups that could have otherwise been missed using traditional techniques.