cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Grayling Fingers region of Michigan: soils, sedimentology, stratigraphy and geomorphic development

Abstract This paper provides data on the landforms, soils, and sediments within a unique northern Michigan landscape known as the Grayling Fingers, and evaluates these data to develop various scenarios for the geomorphic development of this region. Composed of several large, flat-topped ridges that trend N–S, the physiography of the “Fingers” resembles a hand. Previously interpreted as “remnant moraines”, the Grayling Fingers are actually a Pleistocene constructional landscape that was later deeply incised by glacial meltwater. The sediments that comprise the Fingers form a generally planar assemblage, with thick (>100 m), sandy glacial outwash forming the lowest unit. Above the outwash are several meters of till that is remarkably similar in texture to the outwash below; thus, the region is best described as an incised ground moraine. Finally, a thin silty “cap” is preserved on the flattest, most stable uplands. This sediment package and the physiography of the Fingers are suggestive of geomorphic processes not previously envisioned for Michigan. Although precise dates are lacking, we nonetheless present possible sequences of geomorphic/sedimentologic processes for the Fingers. This area was probably a topographic high prior to the advance of marine isotope stage 2 (Woodfordian) ice. Much of the glacial outwash in the Fingers is probably associated with a stagnant, early Woodfordian ice margin, implying that this interlobate area remained ice-free and ice-marginal for long periods during stage 2. Woodfordian ice eventually covered the region and deposited 5–10 m of sandy basal till over the proglacial outwash plain. Small stream valleys on the outwash surface were palimpsested onto the till surface as the ice retreated, as kettle chains and as dry, upland valleys. The larger of these valleys were so deeply incised by meltwater that they formed the large, through-flowing Finger valleys. The silt cap that occupies stable uplands was probably imported into the region, while still glaciated. The Fingers region, a col on the ice surface, could have acted as a collection basin for silts brought in as loess or in superglacial meltwater. This sediment was let down as the ice melted and preserved only on certain geomorphically stable and fluvially isolated locations. This study demonstrates that the impact of Woodfordian ice in this region was mostly erosional, and suggests that Mississippi Valley loess may have indirectly impacted this region.
Analysis of a Thin Activated Carbon Loaded Adsorption Medium

Abstract Thin adsorption media are being investigated for use in a variety of applications including protective clothing for military use and hazardous waste cleanup, as well as in indoor air quality within a variety of filtration media. The objective of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of adsorption of a chlorinated organic gas on activated carbon impregnated meltblown laminates. The adsorption data were collected on a bench scale test stand on an existing battle dress overgarment and an experimental activated carbon impregnated liner material for use in protective clothing. Activated carbon loadings were nominally 40, 80, and 120 g/m2. This paper reviews the results of the study and compares the experimental results to existing adsorption theory. For the organic compound, trichloroethylene, which was studied, a favorable isotherm was found. Although the materials were thin, the media provided a finite breakthrough, defined as a 1% penetration, followed by a gradual breakthrough curve similar to t...
Numerical Simulation of the Arctic Ocean Circulation

Abstract The circulation of the Arctic Ocean and Greenland Sea is simulated using the 1969 numerical model of Bryan and Cox. The coastline and bottom topography of the region are resolved by a 110 km horizontal grid spacing and by 14 vertical levels. The transfers of mass, heat and momentum at the ocean surface and at open lateral boundaries are specified from observations. In particular, the pattern of wind stress is obtained using a map of mean annual atmospheric pressure; and a scalar multiplier is applied to account for the nonlinear dependence of stress on wind speed. Three experiments with different values of this scalar multiplier are run to simulate the effect of high, medium and low wind stress. The first experiment is carried out for the combined Arctic Ocean and Greenland Sea, while the other two experiments are run for the Arctic Ocean only. Many of the observed features of the Arctic circulation are reproduced by the simulations. The Greenland Sea exhibits cyclonic flow at all levels and deep...
Capital flows, current account deficits, and financial crises in emerging market economies

Some emerging market economies are said to face today conditions similar to those faced by Mexico in 1994 at the time of its serious financial crisis. This paper identifies a number of macroeconomic and financial indicators, constructs a profile of the Mexican economy at the time of the crisis, and then compares these with the conditions in other major emerging market economies in Latin America and Asia today in order to determine the extent to which they resemble those of Mexico at the time of the 1994 crisis. The conclusion is reached that macroeconomic and financial indicators cannot by themselves predict Mexican-style financial crises. In today's world of highly integrated capital markets, any anticipation of financial unsustainability can lead to a massive capital outflow from the nation and trigger a crisis, with the catalyst usually being a worsening political problem. The usefulness of the indicators discussed is in providing a profile of the financial condition of the nation, evaluating the poten...
Fiber optics: a communications revolution

Optical fiber and photonics technology have dramatically impacted the way in which the world handles information. The ability to effectively manage and transport ever-increasing amounts of information, over broadband networks, will directly affect the economic vitality of nations and corporations. This paper profiles the development of commercially viable optical fiber and discusses some of the aspects of becoming a world-class competitor in optical telecommunications.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Cocaine-mediated enhancement of virus replication in macrophages: Implications for human immunodeficiency virus–associated dementia

Injection drug use has been recognized as a major risk factor for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) from the outset of the epidemic. Cocaine, one of the most widely abused drugs in the United States, can both impair the functions of macrophages and CD4+ lymphocytes and also activate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 expression in these cells. Because the brain is the target organ for both cocaine and HIV, the objective of the present study was to explore the effects of cocaine on virus replication in macrophages, the target cells for the virus in the central nervous system (CNS). Cocaine markedly enhanced virus production in simian human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-infected monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and in U1 cells, a chronically infected promonocytic cell line as monitored by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunocytochemistry. Cocaine treatment also resulted in the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and transcriptional activation of the HIV-LTR (long terminal repeat) gag-GFP (green fluorescent protein). Analyses of chemokines in cocaine-treated macrophages by real-time reverse transcriptase—polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Luminex assays suggested increased expression of interleukin (IL)-10, a cytokine that is known to promote HIV replication in MDMs. In addition to enhancing IL-10 expression, cocaine also caused an up-regulation of the macrophage activation marker, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR, in MDMs. The synergistic effect of cocaine on virus replication and its enhancement of host activation markers suggest that cocaine functions at multiple pathways to accelerate HIV-associated dementia (HAD).
Reduced Levels of Serotonin 2A Receptors Underlie Resistance of Egr3-Deficient Mice to Locomotor Suppression by Clozapine

The immediate-early gene early growth response 3 (Egr3) is associated with schizophrenia and expressed at reduced levels in postmortem patients' brains. We have previously reported that Egr3-deficient (Egr3−/−) mice display reduced sensitivity to the sedating effects of clozapine compared with wild-type (WT) littermates, paralleling the heightened tolerance of schizophrenia patients to antipsychotic side effects. In this study, we have used a pharmacological dissection approach to identify a neurotransmitter receptor defect in Egr3−/− mice that may mediate their resistance to the locomotor suppressive effects of clozapine. We report that this response is specific to second-generation antipsychotic agents (SGAs), as first-generation medications suppress the locomotor activity of Egr3−/− and WT mice to a similar degree. Further, in contrast to the leading theory that sedation by clozapine results from anti-histaminergic effects, we show that H1 histamine receptors are not responsible for this effect in C57BL/6 mice. Instead, selective serotonin 2A receptor (5HT2AR) antagonists ketanserin and MDL-11939 replicate the effect of SGAs, repressing the activity in WT mice at a dosage that fails to suppress the activity of Egr3−/− mice. Radioligand binding revealed nearly 70% reduction in 5HT2AR expression in the prefrontal cortex of Egr3−/− mice compared with controls. Egr3−/− mice also exhibit a decreased head-twitch response to 5HT2AR agonist 1-(2,5-dimethoxy 4-iodophenyl)-2-amino propane (DOI). These findings provide a mechanism to explain the reduced sensitivity of Egr3−/− mice to the locomotor suppressive effects of SGAs, and suggest that 5HT2ARs may also contribute to the sedating properties of these medications in humans. Moreover, as the deficit in cortical 5HT2AR in Egr3−/− mice aligns with numerous studies reporting decreased 5HT2AR levels in the brains of schizophrenia patients, and the gene encoding the 5HT2AR is itself a leading schizophrenia candidate gene, these findings suggest a potential mechanism by which putative dysfunction in EGR3 in humans may influence risk for schizophrenia.
Roles of Gastrin and Somatostatin in the Regulation of Gastric Acid Secretion in the Fetal Rabbit

In adult gastric epithelium, gastrin and somatostatin regulate parietal cell acid secretion; however, their expression and function in the fetus are largely unknown. We defined the developmental expression of gastrin and somatostatin in the fetal rabbit stomach and determined their effects on fetal acid secretion. To define peptide expression, fetuses from 12 time-mated New Zealand white rabbit does were analyzed at successive ages during the third trimester (term is 31 days). Peptides were extracted from fetal gastric tissue by boiling in water and then in acetic acid. Amidated gastrin and somatostatin levels were measured by radioimmunoassay using antisera 1296 for gastrin and 8402 for somatostatin. To determine the effects of gastrin and somatostatin, pentagastrin (64 microg/kg/hr) or octreotide (35 microg/kg/hr) were infused intravenously in conscious pregnant rabbits at 28 days of gestation for 3 hr. Fetuses (n = 45) were harvested and gastric acid was titrated with 0.02 N NaOH. Gastrin and somatostatin tissue content were 12 +/- 3 and 51 +/- 6 pmol/g at gestational day 20, respectively, and increased to 146 +/- 10 and 162 +/- 5 pmole/g by day 30 (P < 0.05). Between days 24 and 26, when gastric acid was first detectable, the molar ratio of somatostatin to gastrin decreased from 5.0 +/- 1.0 to 1.1 +/- 0.1 (P < 0.05). Fetal gastric acid content (micromole) was 28.5 +/- 1.7 in controls, 27.5 +/- 1.9 with pentagastrin treatment, and 15.8 +/- 1.4 micromole with octreotide (P < 0.05). In summary, 1) In fetal gastric tissue, gastrin increased 12-fold and somatostatin increased 3-fold between days 20 and 30 of gestation. 2) The decreased ratio of somatostatin to gastrin between days 24 and 26 of gestation coincides with the onset of fetal gastric acid secretion in the fetal rabbit. 3) Maternal administration of octreotide inhibited fetal gastric acid content; however, pentagastrin had no effect. We conclude that, in the fetal rabbit stomach, the relative expression of gastrin and somatostatin may regulate the onset of parietal cell acid secretion.
Inhibitory effect of the contralateral kidney on the renal pressor reflex evoked by ipsilateral renal artery stenosis.

We previously identified a sympathoexcitatory pressor reflex that is evoked by acute (90 min) unilateral renal artery stenosis (RST). The reflex is strongly expressed in conscious rats when the renin-angiotensin system and baroreflexes are diminished by captopril and sinoaortic denervation, and is eliminated by denervation of the stenosed kidney. In the present study, dorsal rhizotomy inhibited the reflex, establishing the role of afferent renal nerves (ARN). During sustained (10 h) RST, the reflex reversed within 4 hours after onset of RST, but persisted after removal of the contralateral kidney. Hematocrit measurements did not support pressure diuresis as a mechanism for inhibition by the contralateral kidney. Other studies suggest that ARN signals and/or release of antihypertensive renomedullary lipid from the contralateral kidney are not involved in inhibition of the reflex. These data suggest that the contralateral kidney can oppose, at least acutely by an as yet undefined mechanism, an ARN-dependent...
Immunochemical evidence against the involvement of cysteine conjugate β-lyase in compound A nephrotoxicity in rats

BackgroundCompound A, a degradation product of sevoflurane, causes renal corticomedullary necrosis in rats. Although the toxicity of this compound was originally hypothesized to result from the biotransformation of its cysteine conjugates into toxic thionoacyl halide metabolites by renal cysteine co
Self-verification motives at the collective level of self-definition

Three studies examined self-verification motives in relation to collective aspects of the self. Several moderators of collective self-verification were also examined—namely, the certainty with which collective self-views are held, the nature of one’s ties to a source of self-verification, the salience of the collective self, and the importance of group identification. Evidence for collective self-verification emerged across all studies, particularly when collective self-views were held with high certainty (Studies 1 and 2), perceivers were somehow tied to the source of self-verification (Study 1), the collective self was salient (Study 2), and group identification was important (Study 3). To the authors’ knowledge, these studies are the first to examine self-verification at the collective level of self-definition. The parallel and distinct ways in which self-verification processes may operate at different levels of self-definition are discussed.
Response of a large all-liquid scintillation spectrometer and of a 24-layer iron-plastic spectrometer to charged pions and protons in the low-GeV energy range

Abstract To aid in the design of a particular class of ionization spectrometers, calculations have been carried out to determine the response of a large all-liquid scintillation spectrometer to incident protons and charged pions in the low-GeV energy range. Included for comparative purposes is the calculated response of a 24-layer iron-plastic sandwhich spectrometer of comparable g/cm 2 thickness. The calculated data include spatially dependent energy deposition, spatially integrated contributions to the total energy deposition, leakage and binding energies, scintillation pulse-height distributions including and excluding saturation effects, and correlations between different variables. Also included for several cases is the calculated Cherenkov response.
When computers read: Literary analysis and digital technology

Editor's Summary The study of literature is changing in dramatic ways, stimulated by new opportunities that digital technology presents. Data visualization upends the dynamic for literary analysis, focusing not on questions stemming from a critic's personal viewpoint but on revealing and displaying connections between elements of the literary experience. The dominant association between critic and text is downplayed, replaced with associations within the text and between it and its context. The basis of interpretation shifts from reading to seeing, from qualitative analysis to quantitative. The reader's role is transformed, as well, from following the critic's path of thinking to actively exploring a network of multisensory and interdisciplinary information. The distinction between the authoritative presenter/critic and the learner/explorer is blurred. By inviting literary scholars to ask different questions for computational analysis, digital technology and visualization inspire innovative investigations and enable new insights.
Proposed ion-atom collision facility at Kansas State University

Abstract We are planning the construction of an ion-atom collision facility in the James R. Macdonald Laboratory at Kansas State University to be used for investigations of collisions and spectroscopy involving highly charged ions over a wide velocity range. This facility will be comprised of two major parts: (1) a superconducting linear accelerator following our EN tandem Van de Graaff will roughly triple the energies of our present heavy-ion beams for atomic masses up to approximately 100, and can also be used in a decelerating mode to produce highly charged beams at energies lower than those needed for the primary stripping; (2) a cryogenic electron-beam ion source will provide low energy beams of highly charged ions. Physics opportunities offered by these facilities include the study of slow collisions involving inner-shell electron transfer and excitation on a time scale slow compared to inner-shell relaxation time, the spectroscopy of selectively populated multiply-excited and -charged ions, the investigation of collisions at velocities where the quasi-free target electrons participate actively in creating deep vacancies in the projectiles, and merged electron-ion beam experiments. The facility will be available to the atomic-collisions community on a user basis. General features of the proposed facility and physics opportunities, as well as recent results on the use of such a LINAC as a decelerator, will be discussed.
Pb isotope evidence in the South Atlantic for migrating ridge-hotspot interactions

Variations of Pb isotopes in basalts erupted along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge suggest that heterogeneities in the upper mantle beneath the South Atlantic are highly structured and dominated by distinct east-west channels connecting the off-ridge plumes with the westward-migrating ridge. These preferential flows are superimposed on a broad radical dispersion of the St Helena and Tristan plumes into the asthenosphere before the ridge overrode these plumes.
Note on “the analytic model of a hyponormal operator with rank one self commutator”

The analytic model of a general hyponormal operator with rank one self-commutator is obtained. A Cauchy integral representation for the adjoint is given, certain kernels are discussed, and conditions are given under which the hyponormal operator is similar to a subnormal Toeplitz operator.
Reproductive success for social Hymenoptera.

Abstract An organism's “reproductive success” is a quantity designed to measure the extent to which genes descended from that organism will be represented in distant future generations. A mathematical justification is given for the formulation of reproductive success used in a recent study of the evolution of sex ratio in eusocial Hymenopteran communities. Reproductive success is also defined and evaluated in the context of a more general model for Hymenopteran populations. The expressions for reproductive success of males and females involve the community sex ratio and the proportion of males in the community which are offspring of the queen (rather than of workers).
Survival in pulmonary hypertension associated with the scleroderma spectrum of diseases: impact of interstitial lung disease.

Objective Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is an important cause of mortality in systemic sclerosis (SSc), where it can be isolated (pulmonary arterial hypertension [PAH]) or associated with interstitial lung disease (ILD). This study was undertaken to characterize determinants of survival among SSc patients with either type of PH who received PAH-specific therapy. Methods Consecutive SSc patients with PAH or ILD-associated PH confirmed by right heart catheterization were included in the study. Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare survival between SSc patients with PAH and those with ILD-associated PH and to identify predictors of survival. Results Fifty-nine patients (39 with PAH and 20 with ILD-associated PH) were identified. The majority (15 of 20 with ILD-associated PH and 27 of 39 with PAH) received an endothelin receptor antagonist as initial therapy. Median followup time was 4.4 years (range 2.7–7.4 years). Survival was significantly worse in SSc patients with ILD-associated PH than in those with PAH (1-, 2-, and 3-year survival rates 82%, 46%, and 39% versus 87%, 79%, and 64%, respectively; P < 0.01 by log rank test). In a multivariable analysis, ILD-associated PH was associated with a 5-fold increase in risk of death compared with PAH. Pulmonary vascular resistance index was also an independent predictor of mortality in the overall cohort (hazard ratio 1.05, P < 0.01) and was a significant univariable risk factor in each group separately. Type of initial PAH therapy and the use of warfarin were not related to survival. Conclusion Survival in SSc complicated by PH remains poor despite currently available treatment options. While therapy may be associated with improved survival in PAH compared with historical controls, the prognosis for patients with ILD-associated PH is particularly grim. Early diagnosis and treatment may improve outcomes since worsening hemodynamic factors were associated with reduced survival.
Problems with Market Insurance in Agriculture

Crop and revenue insurance programs have become an increasingly significant component of U.S. agricultural policy in the last several years. A myriad of insurance programs are currently available to producers and many more are under development. These programs have been shaped by a series of legislative actions intended to increase participation by increasing program benefits and expanding the coverage of programs. The 2000 Agricultural Risk Protection Act (ARPA) is the latest development in the ever-expanding crop insurance program. The Act provides $8.2 billion for expanding participation through increased premium subsidies and for development of new insurance programs. Although it is tempting to consider the U.S. federal crop insurance program within the context of private insurance markets, it is important to recognize that the program is an important vehicle for transferring economic benefits from the treasury to the farm sector. Over the 1981-99 period, for each dollar paid in by a farmer, an average of $1.88 was received back in indemnity payments.' Few private insurance programs operate under such conditions, at least for very long. Any comparison to private insurance markets, as is our task in this article, must at the outset recognize that the U.S. crop insurance program is first and foremost a government program intended to convey economic benefits to a particular segment of the economy--the U.S. farm sector.
Psychological influences on pain perception and non-pharmacologic approaches to the treatment of pain

Pain is a complex process, in part because it is mediated by so many different variables. However, because pain is the primary reason for seeking medical treatment and often a barrier to compliance, therapists treating painful disorders or injuries need to be familiar with those factors that influence pain perception and treatment approaches. How individuals perceive pain, and hence how clinicians treat it, depends upon a wide variety of psychosocial factors, including mood, age, gender, expectations, social support, and perceptions of control. Even the manner with which therapists interact with patients can minimize the pain experience and ultimately impact compliance and recovery rates. This paper overviews the multifaceted nature of pain by outlining how psychologic variables impact pain experiences. In addition, this article reviews a number of nonpharmacologic techniques and approaches (i.e., distraction, imagery, relaxation, biofeedback) that are available for assisting patients in dealing with pain.
Ultrastructure of tight junctions in prostaglandin-exposed rat stomach.

The effect of intragastric misoprostol, a synthetic prostaglandin E1 methyl ester analog, on the morphology of rat stomach was studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats received misoprostol at dose levels ranging from 50 to 1000 μg/kg body weight and were sacrificed after 30 min. At all dose levels, normal organelle ultrastructure was maintained in epithelial cells on the surface, within gastric pits, and lining the gastric glands. Quantitative freeze-fracture electron microscopy was used to examine the influence of misoprostol on epithelial-cell tight junctions, major structural components of the mucosal barrier. The numbers of intramembrane fibrils and the depths of the tight-junction complexes did not differ significantly between controls and animals exposed to 1000 μg/kg misoprostol (P<0.05). Therefore, alterations in gastric epithelial tight-junction ultrastructure do not appear to account for the cytoprotective effect of misoprostol.
The stimulation of pregnenolone synthesis in the large particles from the adrenals of rats administered adrenocorticotropin in vivo.

Abstract Pregnenolone synthesis at pH 5.4 and pH 6.2 in the large subcellular particles from adrenals from rats treated with ACTH in vivo is significantly greater than in the large particles from animals which did not receive ACTH. Identical results were obtained when hypophysectomized rats were used in place of normal rats. When adrenal large particles from ACTH-treated rats were incubated in the presence of ATP, and inhibition of pregnenolone synthesis was seen.
Consumption of fipronil‐treated rice seed does not affect captive blackbirds

Fipronil is an insecticide developed for use on rice seed and other crops. In a series of cage and pen trials, we evaluated the responses to dyed, fipronil-treated rice seed of three bird species likely to encounter it in the field. Individually caged red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus), brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater), and boat-tailed grackles (Quiscalus major) displayed no evidence of adverse reaction to treated seed. Chemical analyses of hulls from treated seeds eaten by captive birds revealed that 10-20% of the fipronil originally present was removed during feeding. In group enclosures, male red-winged blackbirds ate as much fipronil-treated rice as they did dyed, untreated seed. In four-day tests within a 0.2-ha flight pen, 10-bird blackbird flocks removed 11.4% of fipronil-treated seed from a test plot compared to 12.5% of dyed, untreated seed removed from the alternate plot. When the alternate plot contained undyed rice, however, seed removal from the treated plot averaged 2.4% compared to 28.9% from the alternative plot, suggesting that the groups of test birds avoided treated seed based on its appearance. We conclude that 325 and 500 mg kg -1 fipronil applications alone do not affect avian feeding activity.
Sesquiterpene lactones and other constituents from Rudbeckia mollis

Abstract Four new pseudoguaianolide-type sesquiterpene lactones, 11α,13-dihydrorudmollin, 11α,13-dihydrorudmollin diacetate, 15- O -acetyl-11αH,13-dihydrorudmollin and 4- O -acetyl-11αH,13-dihydrorudmollin, were isolated from Rudbeckia mollis . In addition, the known compounds rudmollin, rudmollin diacetate, 15- O -acetylrudmollin, 4- O -acetylrudmollin, 15-acetylconfertin, thiarubrine B , thiophene B , iso -alantolactone, iso -alloalantolactone, β-selinene, trans,trans -farnesol, squalene and eupatolin were obtained. Structures and stereochemistry of the new lactones were determined by spectroscopic methods and chemical transformations.
Technology, trainees, metacognitive activity and e‐learning effectiveness

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to integrate previous research findings on the factors which affect e‐learning effectiveness. To do this, a model is developed which proposes that the effects of individual learner characteristics and technology characteristics on e‐learning outcomes are partially mediated by the metacognitive learning processes in which the learner engages.Design/methodology/approach – A survey of 914 individuals in an online introductory information systems course examines the relations between general computer self‐efficacy (GCSE), locus of control, age, peer interaction, technology reliability, social presence, media synchronicity, and metacognitive activity and the e‐learning outcomes of course, performance, course utility, and course satisfaction.Findings – The results indicate that GCSE, age, social presence, reliability, media synchronicity, and metacognitive activity are related to course satisfaction and utility judgments. In addition, age, metacognitive activity, and relia...
Q2 evolution of 3He spin structure functions moments

Sum rules offer the opportunity to test our understanding of the structure of a system on general grounds. In this paper we investigate the 3He nucleus using the Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn and Burkhardt-Cottingham sum rules. We have previously used the polarized 3He target measurements to extract the neutron spin structure, our goal here is to investigate rather the 3He nucleus. We have determined for the first time the Q2 evolution of $\Gamma_1(Q^2)=\int_0^{1} g_1(x,Q^2) dx$ and $\Gamma_2(Q^2)=\int_0^1 g_2(x,Q^2) dx$ for 3He in the range 0.1 GeV2 ≤ Q2 ≤ 0.9 GeV2 with good precision. Γ1(Q2) displays a smooth variation from high to low Q2. However, we do not see yet its expected turnover toward the real photon limit value. On the other hand the Burkhardt-Cottingham sum rule holds at all measured Q2s within uncertainties due mainly to cancellations between the elastic, quasielastic and the Δ(1232) resonance contributions.
The Relationship Between Confidence and Accuracy in Clinical Assessment of Psychiatric Patients' Potential for Violence

The authors studied the relationship between confidence and accuracy in clinical assessments of psychiatric patients' short-term risk of violence. At the time of entry to the hospital, physicians (N = 78) estimated the probability that each of 317 patients would physically attack other people during the first week of psychiatric hospitalization. The clinicians also indicated the degree of confidence they had in their estimates of violence potential. Nurses rated the occurrence of inpatient physical assaults with the Overt Aggression Scale. The results showed that when clinicians had a high degree of confidence, their evaluations of risk of violence were strongly associated with whether or not patients became violent. At moderate levels of confidence, clinicians' risk estimates had a lower, but still substantial relationship with the later occurrence of violence. However, when clinicians had low confidence, their assessments of potential for violence had little relationship to whether or not the patients became violent. The findings suggest that the level of confidence that clinicians have in their evaluations is an important moderator of the predictive validity of their assessments of patients' potential for violence.
Twenty Recommendations for an Administrative Mentoring Program.

When college/university programs in educational administration focus more on theory than on practicality, it becomes critical for beginning administrators to have a support system such as mentoring...
Differential Utilization of a Conserved Motif for the Proteolytic Maturation of Vaccinia Virus Proteins

Several of the vaccinia virus core proteins are synthesized as large precursor proteins which are subsequently processed to smaller products during the course of viral maturation. Amino acid alignment of these proteins reveals a conserved Ala-Gly-X motif (AG*X) at their confirmed cleavage sites. To better understand the regulation of cleavage site selection, the sequence of the entire vaccinia virus genome was searched for the occurrence of this AG*X motif in predicted open reading frames. Of the 82 sites found, 19 resembled cleavage sites which have previously been shown to be actively processed, namely AG*A of P25K and P4b, and AG*S and AG*T of P4a. To test the universality of the AG*X motif utilization, immunological methods in concert with N-terminal microsequencing procedures have been used to determine which of the subset of predicted proteins containing AG*A sites are utilized in vivo. Of the seven AG*A-containing substrates, four were cleaved and three were not. Considering all the known AG*X processing events, it appears that only those proteins expressed at late times during infection and associated with the assembling virion are candidate substrates for proteolytic cleavage. Such proteins include P4a, P4b, P25K, and the newly identified P21K and P17K (derived from genes A17L and A12L, respectively). Although proteins such as DNA polymerase, P37K, and a host range protein contain a consensus cleavage site, they are excluded from processing. This proteolytic exclusion presumably occurs because these proteins do not meet both of the above criteria, which suggests that temporal expression or compartmentalization (substrate presentation) in the assembling virion may play a regulatory role in proteolysis.
Abstract 2989: Depletion of the Topoisomerase I binding proteins BTBD1 and BTBD2 alters the DNA damage response in tumor cells treated with camptothecin

The Topoisomerase I (Top1) binding proteins BTBD1 and BTBD2 belong to a family of structurally related proteins of diverse function. BTBD1 and BTBD2 are highly homologous (>80% identity) and are comprised of an N-terminal BTB/POZ domain, typically involved in protein-protein interactions, followed by a related BACK (BTB and C-terminal Kelch) domain. The carboxy-terminal half of these proteins have been shown to be the Top1 binding portion (Xu et al., 2002) and contain a PHR domain found in certain E3 ubiquitin ligases. Understanding the role of BTBD1 and 2 proteins, with an emphasis on the effects of their depletion by RNAi and concomitant treatment of cells with the Top1 specific camptothecin (CPT) family of chemotherapeutic agents, is the focus of this present study. Treatment of cells with CPT and related analogues results in Top1 mediated DNA damage that was assayed by detection of the phosphorylation of DNA damage response elements (DDRE), including ATM, ATR, Chk1 and H2A.X, by Western blot. We have observed a >5-fold activation of the basal levels of DDRE in cells in which BTBD1 and BTBD2 have been depleted by RNAi. Furthermore, the response to CPT in these cells is temporally accelerated compared to cells treated with a non-specific control siRNA and CPT. In addition, immunofluorescent studies have revealed that there is a clearing of Top1 from the nucleoli of BTBD1 and 2-depleted cells even in the absence of CPT treatment. Recently characterized members of the BTB family of proteins have been shown to be involved in the repair of DNA damage (Munoz et al., 2009). It appears that BTBD1 and 2 proteins are involved in the response to DNA damage induced by Top1 specific drugs and as such open a new area of study with potential for development of novel combination therapies. Xu L, et al., BMC Genomics. 2002. 3(1). Munoz IM, et al., Mol Cell. 2009. 35:116-27. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2989.
Retrieval of aerosol optical depth in vicinity of broken clouds from reflectance ratios: a novel approach

A novel method for the retrieval of aerosol optical depth (AOD) under partly cloudy conditions has been suggested. The method exploits reflectance ratios, which are not sensitive to the three-dimensional (3D) effects of clouds. As a result, the new method provides an effective way to avoid the 3D cloud effects, which otherwise would have a large (up to 140%) contaminating impact on the aerosol retrievals. The 1D version of the radiative transfer model has been used to develop look-up tables (LUTs) of reflectance ratios as functions of two parameters describing the spectral dependence of AOD (a power law). The new method implements an innovative 2D inversion for simultaneous retrieval of these two parameters and, thus, the spectral behavior of AOD. The performance of the new method has been illustrated with a model-output inverse problem. We demonstrated that the new retrieval has the potential for (i) detection of clear pixels outside of cloud shadows, (ii) increased "harvest" of such pixels, and (iii) accurate (~15%) estimation of AOD for the majority of them.
Mediator-assisted electrochemical desulfurization of coal

A bituminous coal from Illinois (Colchester No. 2) in acid slurry was electrolyzed anodically at 1.2-1.3 V versus SCE (saturated calomel electrode) and 65-75/sup 0/C. Hydrogen gas was observed to evolve at the cathode with almost 100 percent Faradaic current efficiencies, while simultaneous desulfurization of coal was noted in the anode compartment. In order to enhance sulfur removal, the cations of Ce (IV) and Fe (III) were added to coal slurries. Up to 80 percent reduction in sulfur content of the coal was observed.
Solving Partial-Information Stochastic Parity Games

We study one-sided partial-information 2-player concurrent stochastic games with parity objectives. In such a game, one of the players has only partial visibility of the state of the game, while the other player has complete knowledge. In general, such games are known to be undecidable, even for the case of a single player (POMDP). These undecidability results depend crucially on player strategies that exploit an infinite amount of memory. However, in many applications of games, one is usually more interested in finding a finite-memory strategy. We consider the problem of whether the player with partial information has a finite-memory winning strategy when the player with complete information is allowed to use an arbitrary amount of memory. We show that this problem is decidable.
The ontogeny and maintenance of adult symmetry properties in the ctenophore, Mnemiopsis mccradyi

Ctenophores are biradially symmetrical animals. The body is composed of four identical quadrants which are organized along an oral-aboral axis. Most species have eight comb rows, two tentacles, and an apical organ (located on the aboral surface). During embryogenesis there is a fixed pattern of cleavage, a precocious specification of blastomere developmental potential, and an inability to regulate for portions of the embryo that have been removed. When blastomeres are separated at the two-cell stage each blastomere develops into a "half-animal" with four comb rows, one tentacle, and half an apical organ. In contrast, adult ctenophores regenerate readily. When an adult ctenophore is cut in half to produce "half-animals," in most cases each half regenerates the missing half. In some cases, however, bisected animals remain as "half-animals" which repair the wound site but do not replace all of the missing structures. When animals are cut in half along the tentacular or esophageal axis at different stages of embryogenesis a transition period is detected when the capacity for adult regeneration begins. This transition occurs at the time when the formation of the apical organ is complete and comb row function becomes coordinated. Embryos bisected prior to this time remain as "half-animals" even after growing to large reproductive sizes, while animals bisected after the transition period usually regenerate the missing structures within 2-3 days. When adult "half-animals" (produced by bisection either before or after the transition period) are cut into "quarter-pieces," the pieces regenerate to form either "half-animals" or whole animals. Thus, "half-animals" produced prior to the transition period--although they failed to undergo embryonic regulation--have not irreversibly lost the capacity to form whole animals if challenged to regenerate during adult stages. When aboral blastomeres destined to form the apical organ, tentacles, and comb rows are removed from early cleavage stages (prior to the transition period), the embryo does not form these structures at the appropriate time. However, the resulting deficient adults spontaneously form these structures from remaining blastomere lineages soon after hatching. These experiments suggest that as long as some quadrant-specific cells of the oral pole are present at the time of the transition period, the structures of that quadrant will be spontaneously replaced during the adult period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Valving system for a waste‐heat still

A pressure-differential system is described for controlling the flow of water between chambers of a waste-heat still used to generate potable water from brackish water or sea water.
Spalling resistance of cemented carbide with physically and chemically vapor-deposited coatings

Abstract As a previous study had indicated that cemented carbide inserts coated with TiN by physical vapor deposition (PVD) methods have lower spalling resistance than those coated by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), in the present work the mode of loss caused by the milling of modular cast iron was studied. It is foud that CVD coatings may begin to fail cohesively but failure always causes damage well into the substrate. In contrast, PVD coatings always begin to fail cohesively and the areas expand and reach down to the substrate; adhesive loss causes less substrate damage. Scratch tests performed at loads well above the critical load appear to show the same characteristics of crack propagation as found during the coating loss in the milling studies.
Can chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) happiness be estimated by human raters

Abstract The authors investigated measurement of chimpanzee “happiness” based on the human trait of subjective well-being (SWB). Zoo workers at 13 zoos used a 7-point scale to rate 128 chimpanzees on four items related to their SWB. The items included assessment of pleasure derived from social interactions, balance of positive and negative moods, success in goal attainment, and the desirability of being a particular chimpanzee. The four items formed a single factor that had excellent interrater reliability and was temporally stable. Examination of the relationship between chimpanzee SWB and six chimpanzee personality factors, five of which resembled the human Big Five factors, showed that chimpanzee SWB varied positively with Dominance, Extraversion, and Dependability factors. SWB was negatively correlated with frequency of submissive behaviors. Age and sex were not significantly related to SWB.
Search for a gene predisposing to manic-depression on chromosome 21

Six kindreds containing multiple cases of manic-depressive illness (MDI) were genotyped with seven highly polymorphic microsatellite loci used in the construction of an index map for chromosome 21. The kindreds were also genotyped with a microsatellite polymorphism for PFKL, a chromosome 21 locus that has shown suggestive linkage to MDI in one pedigree. Evidence of linkage was not found assuming either autosomal dominant or recessive inheritance. The nonparametric affected sib pair test did not yield significant evidence of linkage. 11 refs., 1 fig., 3 tabs.
A computation saving jackknife approach to receptor model uncertainty statements for serially correlated data

The use of receptor modeling is now a widely accepted approach to model air pollution data. The resulting estimates of pollution source profiles have error and frequently the uncertainties are obtained under an assumption of independence. In addition traditional Bootstrap approaches are very computationally intensive. We present an intuitive Jackknife alternative that is much less computationally intensive and in simulation examples and actual data seems to demonstrate that it provides wider confidence intervals and larger standard errors for receptor model profile estimates than does the Bootstrap done under the assumption of independence.
Reducing the Burden of Mental Illness in Military Veterans: Commentary on Kazdin and Blase (2011)

Clinical psychology as a profession owes much to the recognition of the psychosocial needs of servicemen and women returning from World War II and the Korean conflict. The current conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan represent another opportunity for substantial advancements in assessment and treatment practices. Stimulated by the prescient article by Kazdin and Blase (2011), we briefly describe innovations in evidence-based practices currently being implemented in the Veterans Health Administration to best serve the more than 2 million returning servicemen and women. The largest healthcare system in the nation, the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs began a wide range of innovations early this century to include dissemination of evidence-based mental health treatments, the use of anonymous Internet-based interventions to reach large numbers of military personnel who may not otherwise present for mental health service, the use of videoconferencing to deliver assessment and treatment to individuals residing in remote locations, and the use of laypersons (e.g., peers) for treatment delivery. In addition to describing the strengths of these efforts to reduce mental health burden, we also discuss persisting barriers and limitations of these innovative efforts within this system of healthcare.