cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A path analysis of Latino parental, teenager and cultural variables in teenagers' sexual attitudes, norms, self-efficacy, and sexual intentions

OBJETIVO: poner a prueba un modelo teorico basado en " Parent-Based Expansion " y con base en la teoria del comportamiento planificado para examinar la relacion entre los padres seleccionados, adolescente y variables culturales, como tambien en las intenciones de los adolescentes latinos a participar en el comportamiento sexual.METODO: un diseno correlacional transversal basado en un analisis de datos secundarios de 130 padres latinos y sus diadas adolescentes.RESULTADOS: regresion y procedimientos de analisis camino se utilizaron para probar siete hipotesis y los resultados demostraron un apoyo parcial para el modelo. El familismo y el conocimiento sobre el sexo de padres se asociaron significativamente con las actitudes de los padres hacia la comunicacion sexual con sus hijos adolescentes. La aculturacion de los padres latinos fue negativamente asociada con la autoeficacia los padres hacia la comunicacion sexual con los adolescentes y alteran asociados a normas subjetivas de los padres hacia la comunicacion sexual con los adolescentes. Conocimiento del adolescente sobre el sexo fue significativamente asociado con niveles mas altos de las actitudes y normas subjetivas acerca de la comunicacion sexual con padres adolescentes. Solo el predictor de actitudes de los adolescentes teniendo sexo en los proximos 3 meses se asocio significativamente con la intencion de adolescentes tiene relaciones sexuales durante los proximos 3 meses.CONCLUSION: los resultados de este estudio proporcionan informacion importante para orientar la investigacion futura que puede informar al desarrollo de intervenciones para prevenir comportamiento sexual de riesgo entre los adolescentes latinos.
Can exercise improve language and cognition in Parkinson's disease? A case report

Parkinson's disease is commonly accompanied by cognitive issues that limit participation in activities of daily living. Unfortunately, most current treatment paradigms and pharmacotherapeutics fail to address the cognitive impairment demonstrated in this population. Mounting evidence in healthy older adults suggests that aerobic exercise may improve cognitive function. This article describes a patient with Parkinson's disease prescribed 8 weeks of aerobic exercise. Despite very high performance at baseline, the participant improved on several cognitive measures post exercise. The results of this investigation mimic the research in healthy older adults. We therefore suggest that future large scale randomized trials are warranted to evaluate the efficacy of aerobic exercise for ameliorating declines in cognitive performance in persons with PD.
Linear recursive operator's response using the discrete Fourier transform

A classic problem in signal processing is that of analysing empirical data in order to extract information contained within that data. The primary goal of this article is to employ the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) techniques for approximating, to a prescribed accuracy, the response of a shift-invariant recursive linear operator to a finite-length excitation. In this development, the required properties of the Fourier transform (FT) are first reviewed with particular attention directed toward the stable implementation of shift-invariant recursive linear operators. This is found to entail the decomposition of such operators into their causal and anticausal component operators. Subsequently, relevant issues related to the approximation of the FT by the DFT are examined. This includes the important properties of the non-uniqueness of mapping between a sequence and a given set of DFT coefficients. In the unit-impulse response approximation, DFT is shown to provide a useful means for approximating the unit-impulse response of a linear recursive operator. This includes making a partial fraction expansion of the operator's frequency-response. The error incurred in using the DFT for effecting the unit-impulse response approximation is then treated. This error analysis involves the introduction of one-sided exponential sequences and their truncated mappings that arise in a natural fashion when employing the DFT. These concepts form the central theme of the article.
Life cycle of Helicosporidium parasiticum in the navel orangeworm, Paramyelois transitella.

Abstract Germination of Helicosporidium parasiticum spores in the gut of the naval orangeworm, Paramyelois transitella, was characterized by a rapid expulsion of filaments and sporoplasms. Two stages of multiplication were observed: The first consisted of elongate cells that developed directly from sporoplasms and divided to form 4–8 daughter cells enclosed in a thin-walled elongate pellicle, which subsequently ruptured to release the enclosed cells, and the second consisted of spherical cells that divided to form 4–8 daughter cells enclosed in an oval pellicle. This second cycle of multiplication was repeated several times and ended in the formation of sporonts. Sporonts then developed a spore wall before they formed a filament and sporoplasms. The pathogen apparently does not belong to the Protozoa; however, its possible relationship to the primitive ascomycetes still remains to be clarified.
ANXIETY AND COLOR-FORM INCONGRUITY IN PERCEPTION OF UNSTRUCTURED STIMULI

The present experiment' investigated the general question of whether the perception of unstructured stimuli is related to (1) the anxiety level of the perceiver or ( 2 ) the appropriateness of the color to the form of the stimulus. From 400 students who were administered the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, 18 high anxious and 18 low anxious Ss were selected. Nine unstructured stimuli were chosen, eight from parts of the Rorschach blots and one constructed by E. Each of these stimuli was reproduced in an achromatic form and two colored forms, one appropriately colored, the other, inappropriately, as determined by h e most usual concept suggested by the form. Each S was presented by means of a tachistoscope with 9 of the 27 possible combinations of form and color in a counterbalanced design. S looked into the tachistoscope eyepiece and E turned a switch which exposed the stimulus and started a timer. The stimulus was presented until S responded. S was instructed to state what the stimulus reminded him of, and whether he liked the stimulus, disliked it, or felt neutral toward it. In addition to the content and "emotional response," reaction time was recorded. In analyzing the results the degree of difficulty of each blot, derined by mean reaction time, was considered in addition to the above described variables. Analysis of the emotional response data showed that high anxious Ss gave significantly (X' = 4.10; df = 1 ; p < .05) more emotional responses than low anxious Ss. Analysis of variance of the reaction time data showed a significantly (F = 3.43; df = 2/68; p < .05) greater mean reaction time to the inappropriately colored stimuli as compared with that for the appropriately colored and achromatic stimuli. When square root transformations of the skewed reaction time data were analyzed, however, this difference no longer obtained. The content of the responses, interestingly enough, was not influenced by appropriateness or inappropriateness of the color even when difficulty level was taken into consideration. In general, then, the results showed that emotional attitude toward the stimuli was related to S's anxiety level but, like previous findings (cf. Baughman, 1958) , there was little evidence to support the view char perception of unsrrucrured stimuli is influenced by the color or incongruity between the color and form of the stimulus.
Time course of the blood-arterial wall barrier disruption following experimental subarachnoid haemorrhage.

The time course of the blood-arterial wall barrier disruption following experimental subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) was studied in 24 rabbits. Animals with SAH received two successive blood injections through the cisterna magna. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was given intravenously 30 minutes before sacrifice to assess the integrity of the barrier. In the basilar arteries taken from animals that were sacrificed 4 days after the first SAH, HRP-reaction products were diffusely observed in the subendothelial space. Three weeks following the first SAH, permeation of HRP was still observed in half of the animals. However, in animals sacrificed 7 weeks after the first SAH, no permeation of HRP into the subendothelial space was noted. Opening of the interendothelial space seemed to be the major mechanism for HRP permeation into the subendothelial space rather than transendothelial vesicular transport. Disruption of the bloodarterial wall barrier in the major cerebral arteries following SAH may play a role in the pathogenesis of vasospasm.
Rhizoactivity: toward a postmodern theory of lifelong learning

Although the loss of certainty in the age of postmodernism is questioning knowledge production in general, the emerging discourse of lifelong learning demands a different theory of adult learning in particular. This article aims to offer a conceptual tool for describing learning in adulthood in terms of postmodern and lifelong learning conditions. It approaches the problem from the images of learning and learner that adult education scholarship has produced and identifies that adult learning theory attempts to signify foundational certainty by using binary-trapped adjectives. The author argues that insofar as we continue with the adjective-plus-learning theory, we cannot escape binary thought. The author proposes a new concept, rhizoactivity, to navigate multiplicity of learning in a postmodern world. Anticipated benefits of employing rhizoactivity in understanding learning are discussed in terms of postmodern and lifelong learning conditions.
Pharmacokinetic considerations for new targeted therapies.

Targeted therapies are increasingly being incorporated into standard treatment regimens for cancer. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors represent one class of targeted agents, with eight drugs receiving approval for the treatment of cancer in recent years. Although they hold the promise of being more effective and less toxic to normal cells than conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy, tyrosine kinase inhibitors are associated with different adverse effects, sometimes severe, as well as wide pharmacokinetic variability. Thus, a “therapeutic window” may exist for these agents. Clinical Pharmacology of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors The majority of tyrosine kinase inhibitors approved for the treatment of cancer have selective activity in certain populations such as imatinib, dasatinib, and nilotinib in patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph + ) chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) with the BcrAbl oncogene, 1, 2 sunitinib in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors and activating mutations in the tyrosine kinase c-Kit, 3, 4 and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors gefitinib and erlotinib in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring EGFR mutations. 5 However not all patients in these selected populations respond and emerging drug resistance becomes a clinical problem. Although life-threatening myelosuppression is less frequent with many of the approved kinase inhibitors, they are associated with other adverse effects such as fatigue, nausea, diarrhea, rash and hand-foot syndrome, mucositis, as well as newly recognized ones such as cardiotoxicity and hypothyroidism. 6-10 Since these drugs are administered daily and for some diseases are given for years until disease progression, toxicities can greatly affect patient quality of life and may lead to treatment cessation and relapse. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors registered for the treatment of cancer are administered orally and generally exhibit similar pharmacokinetic characteristics to each other. They are highly bound in human plasma (>90%), they undergo extensive metabolism by cytochrome P-450 3A (CYP3A), and are substrates for and/or inhibitors of transporters in the intestinal epithelial cells and hepatocytes. Variation in drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters contribute to systemic pharmacokinetic variability, but they are also localized in cancer cells and can contribute to intracellular pharmacokinetic variability and drug action. Figure 1 illustrates the concept of how variable expression of solute carriers (involved in drug uptake), ABC transporters (involved in drug efflux), and drug-metabolizing enzymes can affect systemic and intratumoral exposure to orally administered drugs. Similar to most drugs that undergo extensive metabolism, tyrosine kinase inhibitors exhibit wide pharmacokinetic variability. For example, steady-state trough concentrations of gefitinib varied 20-fold in 14 adult cancer
Longicornins A to D, four cis-1(10),cis-4-germacradienolides from Melampodium longicorne

Abstract The isolation and structure determination of four new cis -1(10), cis -4-germacradienolides, longicornins A–D, from Melampodium longicorne is described. The structure determinations involved NMR and mass spectral methods and chemical transformations. The molecular structure of longicornin A was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystallographic data suggest revision at the chiral center C-9 of melcanthins A–G and also at C-2 in melcanthins B and C.
Stochastic processes in particle-number fluctuations in an electron-photon shower

The paper is concerned with the existence and asymptotic character of the nonlinear boundary value problemdG/dt=F(t,G,F, ¦α−β¦) (1) ¦α−β¦dF/dt=g(t,G,F, ¦α−β¦)G(o,¦α−β¦)=k1,G(∞,¦α−β¦)=k2 (2) as ¦α−β¦→ o+ The discussion is related to the problem of particle-number fluctuations in the theory of cosmic radiation andG andF denote respectively the probability generating functions for the electron distribution in an electron-initiated and a photon-initiated shower.
The Social Cost of Cheap Pseudonyms

We consider the problems of societal norms for cooperation and reputation when it is possible to obtain cheap pseudonyms, something that is becoming quite common in a wide variety of interactions on the Internet. This introduces opportunities to misbehave without paying reputational consequences. A large degree of cooperation can still emerge, through a convention in which newcomers “pay their dues” by accepting poor treatment from players who have established positive reputations. One might hope for an open society where newcomers are treated well, but there is an inherent social cost in making the spread of reputations optional. We prove that no equilibrium can sustain significantly more cooperation than the dues-paying equilibrium in a repeated random matching game with a large number of players in which players have finite lives and the ability to change their identities, and there is a small but nonvanishing probability of mistakes. Although one could remove the inefficiency of mistreating newcomers by disallowing anonymity, this is not practical or desirable in a wide variety of transactions. We discuss the use of entry fees, which permits newcomers to be trusted but excludes some players withlow payoffs, th us introducing a different inefficiency. We also discuss the use of free but unreplaceable pseudonyms, and describe a mechanism that implements them using standard encryption techniques, which could be practically implemented in electronic transactions.
Nucleotide sequence of a herpes simplex virus type 1 gene that causes cell fusion

Abstract The nucleotide sequence (2041 nucleotides) of a genomic region of herpes simplex virus type 1 (KOS strain) associated with virus-induced cell fusion has been determined. The sequence is bounded by a NruI site at 0.732 and a BamHI site at 0.745 prototypic map units. An open reading frame in the left-to-right orientation specifies a protein of 338 amino acids. The protein is positively charged. Since secondary structure analysis predicts four extensive hydrophobic domains the protein is probably a membrane associated or a transmembrane protein. Transcription of the putative fusion gene is dependent on viral DNA synthesis, characteristic of the late (γ) viral gene class. Two syncytia-inducing mutations, syn20 and MP, have been previously mapped to a 504-base pair PstI fragment within these genomic coordinates (V. C. Bond and S. Person (1984) , Virology 132, 368–376). The nucleotide sequence of the PstI fragment was determined for the two mutants. Both were shown to have an amino acid substitution at residue 40 of the fusion protein. A second change at residue 101 for MP is probably unrelated to the fusion phenotype.
A contribution to the histological and topographical anatomy of the aponeurosis of the levator palpebrae superioris and of the tarsal muscle in the normal lid and in blepharoptosis.

Eight normal upper lids were examinated histologically with special regard to the aponeurosis of the levator and of the tarsal muscle (Muller's). The aponeurosis originates from the levator muscle within the orbit (behind the septum orbitale) and inserts at the upper anterior surface of the tarsal plate. The tarsal muscle originates from the levator muscle and inserts at the upper tarsal border. It is a smooth muscle containing many small blood vessels. Fifty-six specimens of tissue resected in operations for blepharoptosis were examined histologically. They consist of parts of the tarsal muscle and of the aponeurosis of the levator and of fat tissue without pathological changes.
Social impacts in social media

Social media display the combined opinion of users as collective opinion.We reveal the extent to which the crowd adopts collective opinion on social media.Collective opinion affected crowd's truthfulness rating of health information.Collective opinion affected crowd's decision to share health information.Social impacts took place for information perceived as true, debatable, and false. Twitter, Facebook, and other social media display the combined opinion of users as collective opinion. The purpose of the work reported here was to examine how collective opinion might influence the perceived truthfulness and the sharing likelihood of health-related statements on social media. Experiment 1 revealed that, when evaluating the truthfulness of a statement, participants adopted the collective truthfulness rating associated with the statement. Similarly, Experiment 2 showed that the likelihood that participants would share a statement followed the collective sharing likelihood associated with the statement. These social impacts were extensive, taking place for statements perceived as true, debatable, and false. These results contribute new insights into how people perceive and share information on social media as well as how collective opinion might affect the quality of information on social media.
The role of creaky voice in Cantonese tonal perceptiona)

There are few studies on the role of phonation cues in the perception of lexical tones in tonal languages where pitch is the primary dimension of contrast. This study shows that listeners are sensitive to creaky phonation in native tonal perception in Cantonese, a language in which the low falling tone, Tone 4, has anecdotally been reported to be sometimes creaky. First, in a multi-speaker corpus of lab speech, it is documented that creak occurs systematically more often on Tone 4 than other tones. Second, for stimuli drawn from this corpus, listeners identified Tone 4 with 20% higher accuracy when it was realized with creak than when it was not. Third, in a two-alternative forced choice task of identifying stimuli as Tone 4 or Tone 6 (the low level tone) isolating creak from any concomitant pitch cues, listeners had a higher proportion of Tone 4 responses for creaky stimuli. Finally, listeners had more Tone 4 responses for creaky stimuli with longer durations of nonmodal phonation. These results underscore that differences in voice quality contribute to human perception of tone alongside f0. Automatic tonal recognition and clinical applications for tone would benefit from attention to voice quality beyond f0 and pitch.
Maternal serum granulocyte colony-stimulating factor levels and spontaneous preterm birth.

Abstract Objective: Preterm birth (PTB) remains a cause of substantial morbidity with an elusive etiology. Previous studies suggested an association of PTB with elevated serum levels of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) at 28 weeks gestation. G-CSF, a hematopoietic cytokine, mediates the increase in leukocytes in pregnancy and may play a role in placentation. We evaluated the association between maternal serum G-CSF in the first and second trimesters and PTB. Methods: Serum samples collected for the Collaborative Perinatal Project (CPP) from women with normal pregnancy (n = 394) and PTB (n = 31), defined as delivery before 37 weeks gestation, were used to assess G-CSF levels. Linear regression was used to evaluate the relation of G-CSF with gestational age (GA) at birth. Logistic regression, conditional on GA at sample provision, was used to model the association between G-CSF and PTB. Results: G-CSF was significantly associated with gestational age at birth (p = 0.02). In conditional logistic...
Pigment-Derived Inhibitors for Aluminum Alloy 2024-T3

Abstract Inhibitor characteristics of 27 compounds considered as possible replacements for chromate pigments in aerospace paint were investigated. These compounds were tested and screened in soluti...
Second Coordinate Readout in Drift Chambers by Timing of the Electromagnetic Wave Propagating along the Anode Wire

The feasibility of using an anode wire and surrounding electrodes in drift chambers as a transmission line for second coordinate readout has been studied. The method is based on propagation of the electromagnetic wave along the anode wire. The position of the avalanche along the anode wire is determined by measurement, in an optimized electronic readout system, of the time difference between the arrivals of the signal to the ends of the wire. The resolution obtained on long wires (~ 2 meters) is about 2 cm FWHM for minimum ionizing particles at a gas gain of ? 105.
The effects of amount of contact, contact expectation, and contact experience with police on attitudes toward police

This study examined the relationship of amount of contact, contact expectation, and contact experience with attitudes toward police. A telephone survey conducted in Midland and Odessa, Texas, was given to 581 individuals. Participants were asked questions regarding their attitudes toward police. Participants who had contact with police in the last two years (n=258) were also asked about the amount and type of contact they had with police. Results indicated that overall (1) the amount of contact did not predict attitudes: (2) positive experiences correlated with more positive attitudes, and negative experiences correlated with more negative attitudes; and (3) contact expectation, when factoring in the effect of contact experience, did not predict attitudes. Recommendations are made regarding when and what types of contact are likely to improve attitudes toward police.
Stability properties of a model of parallel nerve fibers

Iiodgkin and Huxley 1141 were the first to introduce a mathematical model for the conduction process in nerve axons which gave reasonable agreement to an extensive variety of experimental evidence. This model consists of three first-order ordinary differential equations coupled to a reac tion-diffusion equation. Evans and Shenk [6] proved the existence and uniqueness of solution lo a system of equations of generalized Hodgkin-Huxley type (see also 123, 11). There have also been a number of papers concerned with the existence of traveling wave solutions to systems related to the Hodgkin-Huxley model; see for example [ 13, 4 ]. Because of the analytic complexity of the Hodgkin-Huxley model, most work on the model, particularly qualitative behavior of the solutions, has been numerical. To gain some insight into the mathematical processes involved in the nerve condution phenomenon, FitzHugh [7] and Nagumo et al. [ 15 ] introduced a simpler prototype system of the form
Intervention Integrity: New Paradigms and Applications

This special series seeks to summarize the status of integrity monitoring in school-based intervention research and practice. The four articles included in this issue highlight several innovative research projects to design, implement, and evaluate integrity across diverse settings, and outline future research directions and practical implications for school-based professionals. Although the concept of understanding the degree to which an intervention has been implemented as planned has long been recognized as critical within the prevention and intervention literature (Basch, Sliepcevich, Gold, Duncan & Kolbe, 1985), research and conceptual models related to treatment integrity have surprisingly lagged behind. For instance, a series of recent reviews of the literature suggests that treatment integrity is only recorded in a small minority of studies, ranging from 3.5% to 28% of studies reviewed (e.g., Gresham, MacMillan, Beebe-Frankenberger, & Bocian, 2000; McIntyre, Gresham, DiGennaro, & Reed, 2007; Perepletchikova, Treat, & Kazdin, 2007). Intervention integrity is an important construct to understand and evaluate in the school-based mental health literature given its possible positive association with intervention success (e.g., Gresham, 1989; Peterson, Homer, & Wonderlich, 1982). Thus, effective programs implemented with a high degree of fidelity are expected to produce the most consistent and positive effects. Further, systematically monitoring the integrity with which treatments are implemented provides insight into interventions that do not produce positive effects. Specifically, intervention integrity data can determine if a program was ineffective because it was not a strong program (e.g., poorly conceptualized/designed) or because it was implemented poorly (e.g., the main components of the program were not implemented as intended). Monitoring how programs are carried out can also provide information on components that are critical to intervention success (Perepletchikova, & Kazdin, 2005) and the feasibility of implementing the intervention (Peterson & McConnell, 1993). Finally, given the recent reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act in 2004, increasingly school staff are being called upon to utilize a response to intervention (RTI) framework in identifying children with learning disabilities (Klotz, & Canter, 2006). Within the RTI movement, there is a clear mandate that the school provide continuous monitoring of evidence-based interventions to determine treatment adherence and success for individual students. For all of these reasons, it is critical to develop comprehensive, practical, and community-responsive treatment integrity procedures within the school-based mental health literature base.
Effects of anti-inflammatory drugs on cartilage recovery from catabolin-induced degradation

Effects of aspirin (200 μg/ml), hydrocortisone (10 μg/ml), sodium aurothiomalate (100 μg/ml), and indomethacin (10 μg/ml) on recovery of cartilage from interleukin 1 or catabolin-induced degradation were examined in this initialin vitro study. The experimental protocol involved a “degradative phase” of eight days during which cartilage plugs were incubated in the presence or absence of spent human rheumatoid synovial culture media. A “recovery” period of six days followed during which the effects of the aforementioned drugs on treated cartilage were analyzed. Incorporation of [35S]sulfate and [3H]proline precursors, and total contents of hydroxyproline and glycosaminoglycan in cartilage were determined two, four, and six days after insult. Aspirin treatment caused a rise in total proteoglycan content over degraded controls (p<0.002), however, this increase was not associated with increased [35S]sulfate incorporation into glycosaminoglycans. Hydrocortisone resulted in a delayed rise in proteoglycan content concommitant with increased [35S]sulfate uptake, whereas sodium aurothiomalate treatment was without effect on proteoglycans. Indomethacin treatment was associated with an increased release of newly synthesized macromolecules by cartilage into the media (p<0.01). These results suggest that common anti-inflammatory drugs may exhibit distinctly different effects on thein vitro synthesis and retention of proteoglycans by cartilage explants previously exposed to a degradative phase. Further work is necessary to assess the influence of drug concentration in this experimental system.
Error analysis of limiting-case solutions to the steady-state-biofilm model

Abstract Simple analytical solutions for the limiting cases of deep, fully penetrated, first-order and zero-order biofilms are evaluated for accuracy by comparison with the full solution of the steady-statebiofilm model. The fundamental dimensionless parameter S min ∗ is critical to the evaluation. Deep solutions are accurate when S S ∗ /S min ∗ in large enough, but fully penetrated solutions rarely are accurate. First-order and zero-order solutions are accurate when S S ∗ is less than about 3 × 10−3 and greater than about 102, respectively, Most of the expected range of S min ∗ values is accurately represented only by the full solution, unless S S ∗ /S min ∗ is significantly greater than 1.0. This analysis emphasizes that the limiting-case solutions have restrictive ranges of applicability for steady-state biofilms.
Lagrangian solution of supersonic real gas flows

The present extention of a Lagrangian approach of the Riemann solution procedure, which was originally proposed for perfect gases, to real gases, is nontrivial and requires the development of an exact real-gas Riemann solver for the Lagrangian form of the conservation laws. Calculations including complex wave interactions of various types were conducted to test the accuracy and robustness of the approach. Attention is given to the case of 2D oblique waves' capture, where a slip line is clearly in evidence; the real gas effect is demonstrated in the case of a generic engine nozzle.
Medical and Surgical Management of Hyperparathyroidism

Hypercalcemia is frequently encountered in healthy outpatients. Reliable measurements of the mediators of hypercalcemia have improved diagnostic certainty about the etiology in most patients. Hyperparathyroidism is overwhelmingly the most common cause. Medical evaluation of the patient with hyperparathyroidism requires an understanding of the complications of the disorder and the associated syndromes. At present decreased bone mineral density and nephrolithiasis are the major sequelae of hyperparathyroidism. Most cases of primary hyperparathyroidism are sporadic; however, hereditary forms can occur in patients with the multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes. Surgery is the only curative therapy. Results are excellent when an experienced endocrine surgeon performs parathyroid surgery.
Infection of Human Vascular Endothelial Cells by Rickettsia rickettsii

Rocky Mountain spotted fever is caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, an obligate intracellular bacterial parasite. The organism primarily attacks endothelial cells and occasionally attacks smooth-muscle cells of small blood vessels. An effective means of examining host-parasite interaction in Rocky Mountain spotted fever would be to use an in vitro model system with a host-cell type that is similar in structure and function to the putative target cell in human infections. Because human umbilical-vein endothelial cells in culture retain many, if not all, of their characteristic properties in vivo and because they also share many properties of capillary endothelium, the use of this endothelial cell system is appropriate in the study of the interaction between R rickettsii and the cell that is principally parasitized in humans. Uptake by umbilical-vein endothelial-cell cultures of R rickettsii is dose dependent. The organism replicates in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of infected cells and exhibits early cell-to-cell spread without detectable host-cell injury.
Effects of oleic acid on pulmonary capillary leak and thromboxanes

The role of arachidonic acid metabolites in oleic acid-induced lung injury in anesthetized dogs was investigated. Oleic acid was administered as a bolus injection into the pulmonary artery in the following dose sequence: 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 ml/kg at 30, 60, and 120 min, respectively, after either indomethacin (10 mg/kg iv) or vehicle. A control group (n = 3) received normal saline instead of oleic acid. Measurements of hemodynamic parameters, mean systemic (MAP), pulmonary capillary wedge, and pulmonary artery pressures (PAP), cardiac output, arterial blood gases, extravascular lung waters (EVLW) by thermaldye double indicator dilution techniques and plasma immunoreactive thromboxane B2 (iT×B2), by radioimmunoassay were obtained at zero time (baseline) and 20 min following each oleic acid injection. A new noninvasive technique was employed to measure pulmonary capillary protein leak by the scintigraphic analysis of intravenously administered technetium-99m radiolabeled human serum albumin (99mTc-HSA) in the cardiac and lung regions. Oleic acid injection caused a significant dose related fall in MAP (P < 0.0002), arterial pO2 (P < 0.0001), and cardiac output (P < 0.001), and increases in EVLW (P < 0.003) and plasma iT×B2 (P < 0.02) in the vehicle pretreated animals, while mean PAP remained unchanged. In contrast, in the indomethacin pretreated dogs, MAP, EVLW, cardiac output, and plasma iT×B2 levels did not change from baseline values and there was an increase in mean PAP. Pulmonary vascular resistance was significantly elevated (P < 0.05) in both groups. Compared to the control group, significant pulmonary capillary protein leaks occurred at the 0.10 (P < 0.05) and 0.20 (P < 0.01) ml/kg oleic acid doses in the vehicle pretreated dogs. Indomethacin failed to prevent the pulmonary capillary protein leak. There was a significant (P < 0.02) correlation (r = 0.72) observed between plasma iT×B2 levels and maximal percentage protein leaks for the combined indomethacin and vehicle pretreated dogs. It was concluded that thromboxanes may serve as markers of oleic acid-induced lung injury but do not appear to mediate the resultant changes in pulmonary microvascular permeability.
In vitro modulation of the expression of 15-hydroxy-prostaglandin dehydrogenase by trophoblast differentiation.

Abstract Objective: Our goal was to determine the expression and activity of 15-hydroxy-prostaglandin dehydrogenase, a prostaglandin-metabolizing enzyme, in differentiating trophoblasts in vitro. Study Design: Cytotrophoblasts from placentas of term healthy women were cultured in either Ham's-Waymouth medium, which hinders the process of cytotrophoblast differentiation, or medium 199, which facilitates differentiation into syncytiotrophoblasts. 15-Hydroxy-prostaglandin dehydrogenase expression was determined with Western immunoblotting, and activity was measured by a specific enzyme immunoassay of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin F 2 α , an inactive product of 15-hydroxy-prostaglandin dehydrogenase activity. Results: The expression and activity of 15-hydroxy-prostaglandin dehydrogenase were enhanced during trophoblast differentiation and were higher in cells grown in medium 199 than in those grown in Ham's-Waymouth medium. 8-Bromo-cyclic adenosine monophosphate, which stimulates prostaglandin H synthase-2 expression, diminished the expression and activity of 15-hydroxy-prostaglandin dehydrogenase in concentration- and time-dependent manners. Conclusions: 15-Hydroxy-prostaglandin dehydrogenase expression and activity are regulated during trophoblast differentiation and by cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Coordinated expression of l5-hydroxy-prostaglandin dehydrogenase and prostaglandin H synthase-2 contributes to the regulation of prostaglandin release from trophoblasts. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:690-5.)
Tobacco smoke carcinogens and breast cancer

Cigarette smoking is an established cause of a variety of cancer types, but its role in breast cancer etiology is not clear. In this report, the potential role of cigarette smoke carcinogens as causes of human breast cancer is evaluated. Of over 60 known carcinogens in tobacco smoke, several are known to induce mammary tumors in laboratory animals: benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DB[a,l]P), 2-toluidine, 4-aminobiphenyl, 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ), 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, nitromethane, ethylene oxide, and benzene. Studies in humans demonstrate that tobacco constituents can reach breast tissue. The uptake and metabolic activation of mammary carcinogens such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 4-aminobiphenyl are frequently higher in smokers than in nonsmokers. Although it is likely that specific mammary carcinogens in tobacco smoke can reach breast tissue, evidence is lacking at the present time. Some PAHs present in cigarette smoke can be metabolized to sterically hindered diol epoxides, which are potent mammary carcinogens. Thus, compounds such as benzo[c]phenanthrene (B[c]P), not classically considered to be a strong carcinogen in rodents, could nevertheless be metabolized in humans to diol epoxides carcinogenic to the breast. Collectively, the link between smoking and breast cancer is plausible but has been difficult to establish, probably because of the low carcinogen dose.
The role of airfoil geometry in minimizing the effect of insect contamination of laminar flow sections

A method has been developed to predict the contamination of an airfoil by insects and the resultant performance penalty. Insect aerodynamics have been modeled and the impingement of insects on an airfoil are solved by calculating their trajectories. Upon impact, insect rupture and the resulting height of the debris is determined based on experimental data. A boundary layer analysis is performed to determine which insects cause boundary layer transition and the resultant drag penalty. A contaminated airfoil figure of merit is presented to be used to compare airfoil susceptibility. Results show that the insect contamination effects depend on accretion conditions, airfoil angle of attack and Reynolds number. The importance of the stagnation region to designing airfoils for minimum drag penalties is discussed.
The measurement of grain boundary thickness using X–ray diffraction techniques

Abstract The three-dimensional reciprocal lattice of a large-angle [001] twist boundary in a gold bicrystal was examined using X–ray diffraction techniques. The intensity profiles of the relrods due to the thin grain boundary region were measured and the grain boundary thickness was determined from the inverse of the width of the peaks. The boundary thickness was estimated from several intensity profiles to be ∼ 8 a, which agrees well with the O–lattice period in the plane of the boundary. The detailed shape of the intensity profile for a particular relrod depends in a complicated fashion on the atomic displacements associated with the boundary region. As an indication of the complications that can arise it is noted that one peak gave a thickness of approximately one–half that measured from the other peaks. At present the variation in peak width for different relrods is not understood.
Dissociated occurrence of single-gene mutation and oncogenic transformation in C3H 10T1/2 cells exposed to ultraviolet light and caffeine.

We examined the relationship of cytotoxicity, mutagenesis, and malignant transformation by measuring in parallel clonogenic survival, mutation to ouabain resistance, and malignant transformation in cultured C3H mouse 10T 1/2 cells. Exposure of caffeine alone for 48 hours was cytotoxic and induced transformation in a dose-dependent manner. However, this same treatment did not induce any detectable ouabain-resistant mutants. When caffeine was present for 48 hours immediately following UV irradiation, alkaline sucrose gradient sedimentation of DNA showed that postreplication repair was inhibited. This inhibition of repair was correlated with reduced survival and inhibition of mutation induction, but the transformation frequencies were either unaltered or potentiated, depending on the UV dose and caffeine concentration. Thus, these experiments demonstrate that gene mutation and malignant transformation in 10T 1/2 cells can be dissociated. We suggest that the mechanism of transformation of 10T 1/2 cells is nonmutagenic in nature.
Mathematical relationship between automaticity of the sinus node and the AV junction.

Abstract Stable sinus and AV junctional rates (each in the same animal) were obtained in 50 open-chest dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital. After cannulation of both the sinus node and the AV node arteries, the control sinus rate was 135 ± beats per minute (mean ± 1 SD), the range being 84 to 192. Following selective eserinization of the sinus node (10 or 100 μg per milliliter, 2 ml.), which progressively slows the sinus node until a stable AV junctional rhythm emerges, the mean AV junctional rate was 88 ± 19 beats per minute, ranging between 48 and 126. The plot of AV junctional rates (AVJR) versus corresponding sinus rates (SR) from each dog demonstrates a 2:3 ratio between these two variables. On mathematical analysis of these data there is a consistent correlation (r = 0.942; p
1703 PLASMA MONOAMINE METABOLITES FOLLOWING DEBRISOQUIN IN ADD

We report an important new strategy in the investigation of the biology of ADD, the debrisoquin loading test. Debrisoquin, a unique monoamine oxidase inhibitor reduces the peripheral contribution to plasma catecholamine metabolites (HVA and MHPG, the principal metabolites of dopamine and norepinephrine, respectively), effectively minimizing the “noise” in the system, allowing central monoaminergic mechanisms to be more accurately examined. We studied the relationship between behaviors representing the cardinal symptoms of ADD and plasma monoamine metabolites in 5 boys with ADD (ages 7-14 years) before and after debrisoquin. Behavior was assessed by the Yale Children's Inventory (YCI) and a variety of cognitive and attentional tasks. Significant correlations were observed between plasma HVA and measures of impulsivity (YCI Impulsivity scale and Matching Familiar Figures Test), and plasma MHPG and measures of activity (YCI Activity scale) and attention (YCI Attention scale, Paired Associate Learning Test. Our findings suggest that dopaminergic systems influence those mechanisms responsible for impulsivity while noradrenergic systems relate to attention regulation and activity modulation.
Magmatic unrest beneath Mammoth Mountain, California

Abstract Mammoth Mountain, which stands on the southwest rim of Long Valley caldera in eastern California, last erupted ∼57,000 years BP. Episodic volcanic unrest detected beneath the mountain since late 1979, however, emphasizes that the underlying volcanic system is still active and capable of producing future volcanic eruptions. The unrest symptoms include swarms of small (M ≤ 3) earthquakes, spasmodic bursts (rapid-fire sequences of brittle-failure earthquakes with overlapping coda), long-period (LP) and very-long-period (VLP) volcanic earthquakes, ground deformation, diffuse emission of magmatic CO2, and fumarole gases with elevated 3He/4He ratios. Spatial-temporal relations defined by the multi-parameter monitoring data together with earthquake source mechanisms suggest that this Mammoth Mountain unrest is driven by the episodic release of a volume of CO2-rich hydrous magmatic fluid derived from the upper reaches of a plexus of basaltic dikes and sills at mid-crustal depths (10–20 km). As the mobilized fluid ascends through the brittle–plastic transition zone and into overlying brittle crust, it triggers earthquake swarm activity and, in the case of the prolonged, 11-month-long earthquake swarm of 1989, crustal deformation and the onset of diffuse CO2 emissions. Future volcanic activity from this system would most likely involve steam explosions or small-volume, basaltic, strombolian or Hawaiaan style eruptions. The impact of such an event would depend critically on vent location and season.
mSmile is Necessary for Bronchial Smooth Muscle and Alveolar Myofibroblast Development

Disrupted lung alveolar myofibroblast and bronchial smooth muscle (BSM) cell development may lead to pulmonary disorders such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The molecular mechanisms that regulate BSM and alveolar myofibroblast development are not fully understood. Here we show that mSmile (murine Smile), a novel transmembrane protein with tetratricopeptide repeats, functions in lung alveolar myofibroblast and BSM cell development. mSmile mutant mice exhibit early neonatal lethality with few mice surviving up to 3 weeks. Mutant lungs display both airway branching morphogenesis defect during fetal lung development and alveolarization defect after birth. These defects are associated with reduced numbers of BSM cells in the peribronchial subepithelial region and clefts and myofibroblasts in alveolar septae. Expression of fibroblast growth factor-10 and its down stream target Bmp-4, which are important for BSM formation, is decreased. In vitro, mSmile mutant embryonic fibroblasts show reduced receptor activation and induction of myofibroblast formation in response to Transforming growth factor-β (Tgf-β), indicating that mSmile may mediate myofibroblast development through modulation of Tgf-β signaling. These studies identify mSmile as a novel gene specifying both the BSM and lung alveolar myofibroblast lineages, contributing to our understanding of the biological control of the development of these cells, and may provide insights into the aberrant smooth muscle and alveolar myofibroblast development that occur in pathological conditions. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Profiting from destruction: The Iraq reconstruction, auditing and the management of fraud

Abstract While several US corporations have benefited tremendously from the Iraq reconstruction, the Iraqis and US taxpayers have not done as well. This paper argues that the Bush Administration's neoliberal agenda in Iraq created a corrupt, lawless environment in which corporations could reap huge profits through what would normally be called malfeasance. It further demonstrates how the audit reports produced by the Office of the Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction helped to manage the impact of this massive fraud by giving the perception that the laissez-faire policies of the Bush administration were innocent mistakes, making the failures appear to be independent of one another, reconstructing corporate malfeasance as waste while criminalizing low level employees, and blaming the government agencies, the war and the Iraqis for the fraud.
Frontal lobe shortening in second-trimester fetuses with trisomy 21: usefulness as a US marker.

PURPOSE: To determine whether the frontal lobe is disproportionately smaller than normal in second-trimester fetuses with Down syndrome by using prenatal ultrasonographic (US) measurements of the frontothalamic distance (FTD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The FTD, measured from the inner table of the frontal bone to the posterior margin of the thalamus, was measured in 43 fetuses (mean gestational age, 17.2 weeks +/- 1.3 [standard deviation]; range, 15.0-20.4 weeks) with chromosomally proved trisomy 21 and in 160 chromosomally normal fetuses (mean gestational age, 17.1 weeks +/- 1.5; range, 14.5-22.5 weeks). Other cranial biometric ratios also were calculated. RESULTS: The FTD was best predicted from the estimated gestational age (EGA) in the euploid population with the quadratic equation FTD = -0.0120 x EGA2 + 0.6917 x EGA - 5.2349 (R2 = .731) or from the biparietal diameter (BPD) with the linear equation FTD = 0.6837 x BPD + 0.5525 (R2 = .731). If an observed-to-expected ratio of 0.84 is used as a cutoff sign...