cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cohenite: its occurrence and a proposed origin

Abstract Cohenite is found almost exclusively in meteorites containing from 6 to 8 wt.% Ni. On the basis of phase diagrams and kinetic data it is proposed that cohenite cannot form in meteorites having more than 8 wt.% Ni and that any cohenite which formed in meteorites having Ni content lower than 6 wt.% decomposed during cooling. A series of isothermal sections for the system Fe Ni C has been constructed between 750 and 600°C from published information on the three constitutent binary systems. The diagrams indicate that the presence of a few tenths of a per cent carbon in a Ni Fe alloy may reduce the temperature at which kamacite separates from taenite by more than 50°C. Hence C in iron meteorites may be partly responsible for the postulated supercooled nucleation of kamacite in meteorites proposed by recent authors. Cohenite found in meteorites probably formed over the temperature range 650-610°C. For compositions approximating those of metallic meteorites, the greater the C or Ni content of the alloy, the lower the temperature of formation of cohenite. The presence of cohenite in meteorites indicates neither high nor low pressures of formation. However, the absence of cohenite in meteorites containing the assemblage metal + graphite requires low pressures during cooling. Such meteorites therefore cooled in parent bodies of asteroidal size, or near the surface of large bodies.
Integrin-dependent amplification of the G2 arrest induced by ionizing radiation.

The progressive loss of laminin 5 and the α6β4 integrin is a characteristic of the transition of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) to invasive human prostate cancer. Our objective was to determine if the loss of the interaction with laminin 5 would influence the ability of human epithelial cells to respond to DNA damage. Three cellular damage responses to ionizing radiation (IR) were analyzed including G2 progression, cdc2 phosphorylation, and cell survival. The adhesion of normal human prostate epithelial cells to laminin 5 amplified the G2 arrest induced by IR, and depends on a known cell binding domain of laminin 5. The alteration of G2 arrest was confirmed by an inhibition of phospho-cdc2 nuclear translocation. In contrast, a prostate epithelial cancer cell line blocked in G2 independent of adhesion to laminin 5. The survival of these cell lines in response to IR was unaffected by adhesion to laminin 5. These results suggest that cell adhesion to laminin 5 in normal cells will amplify the IR induced G2 cell cycle progression block without altering cell survival. The loss of laminin 5 and the α6β4 integrin in PIN lesions may contribute to the selection and progression of genetically unstable cell types via attenuation of a DNA damage induced G2 arrest.
The origin of neutral fats from the Golgi apparatus of the spermatid of the dog

By the use of a new technique it was possible to demonstrate the Golgi granules about the idiosome of spermatids and in the so-called Golgi bead of the mature spermatozoon. Other osmiophile granules in the cytoplasm, assumed to be Golgi granules, aggregate during metamorphosis into groups which formed neutral fat spheres, giving stains with both sudan III and scharlach R. Evidence is adduced supporting the view that the Golgi apparatus is a lipin and probably a phospholipin. The fat spheres produced are probably a result of fatty degeneration in the residual body of the spermatid. They may also serve as the source of lipin in Popa's ‘Lipo-gel’ phenomenon.
Political Participation of Professional Home Economists

This study examined the political participation of home economists and also summarized the interaction of factors influencing political participation. Data were from the 1979 American Home Economics Membership Survey. The sample consisted of 1,779 politi cally active respondents and 1,800 respondents who indicated no political activities. Only 11 percent of the total sample were politically active. Using loglinear hierarchical modeling, the three-way interactions of education, age, and income with political par ticipation were identified as important in accounting for the observed frequencies. Spe cifically, respondents who were less than 35 years of age with an advanced degree and individuals less than 35 years of age and earning more than $20,000 per year were the most likely to participate politically.
Activation-induced cell death of human melanoma specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes is mediated by apoptosis-inducing factor

Activation-induced cell death (AICD) of T cells can be an impediment towards achieving a robust and long-lived cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) response from active specific immunization or after adoptive cell transfer in cancer immunotherapy. The mechanism of AICD in primary CTL, however, remains poorly understood. It is widely believed that AICD is driven by signals from death receptors (DR) and that the cell death takes place in a caspase-dependent manner, although it has been shown that AICD of T cells can be induced by internal triggers and that death takes place in a caspase-independent manner. We show here that AICD in human melanoma epitope-specific primary CTL involves selective mitochondrio-nuclear translocation of the apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) without cytochrome c release, caspase-3 and caspase-8 activation, and results from large-scale DNA fragmentation. The c-jun-N terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor, SP600125, blocks the mitochondrio-nuclear translocation of AIF and prevents AICD in these CTL. These findings suggest that the AICD in human melanoma epitope specific primary CTL is mediated by mitochondrial AIF release and JNK is involved in regulation of this death process.
O processo da bibliomineração: repositório de dados e mineração de dados para tomada de decisão em bibliotecas

Apresenta uma metodologia operacional integrada, utilizando tecnicas de repositorios de dados (data warehousing) e mineracao de dados (data mining), e combinando ferramentas estatisticas com reconhecimento de padroes. Tendo em vista a utilizacao de recursos, o objetivo principal e chegar a um entendimento melhor do comportamento de comunidades de usuarios. O anonimato dos usuarios fica inteiramente assegurado na aplicacao do modelo, pelo qual sao processados os dados oriundos de arquivos transacionais da biblioteca. O proprio processo da bibliomineracao consiste basicamente em coletar, depurar e anonimizar os dados, visando, precipuamente, a descoberta de padroes subjacentes. Os resultados podem ser combinados com diferentes variaveis, antes de sua utilizacao na tomada de decisao pela Administracao da biblioteca.
Hardware profile-guided automatic page placement for ccNUMA systems

Cache coherent non-uniform memory architectures (ccNUMA) constitute an important class of high-performance computing plat-forms. Contemporary ccNUMA systems, such as the SGI Altix, have a large number of nodes, where each node consists of a small number of processors and a fixed amount of physical memory. All processors in the system access the same global virtual address space but the physical memory is distributed across nodes, and coherence is maintained using hardware mechanisms. Accesses to local physical memory (on the same node as the requesting processor) results in lower latencies than accesses to remote memory (on a different node). Since many scientific programs are memory-bound, an intelligent page-placement policy that allocates pages closer to the requesting processor can significantly reduce number of cycles required to access memory. We show that such a policy can lead to significant savings in wall-clock execution time.In this paper, we introduce a novel hardware-assisted page placement scheme based on automated profiling. The placement scheme allocates pages near processors that most frequently access that page. The scheme leverages performance monitoring capabilities of contemporary microprocessors to efficiently extract an approximate trace of memory accesses. This information is used to decide page affinity, i.e., the node to which the page is bound. Our method operates entirely in user space, is widely automated, and handles not only static but also dynamic memory allocation.We evaluate our framework with a set of multi-threaded benchmarks from the NAS and SPEC OpenMP suites. We investigate the use of two different hardware profile sources with respect to the cost (e.g., time to trace, number of records in profile) vs. the accuracy of the profile and the corresponding savings in wall-clock execution time. We show that long-latency loads provide a better indicator for page placement than TLB misses.Our experiments show that our method can efficiently improve page placement, leading to an average wall-clock execution time saving of more than 20% for our benchmarks, with a one-time profiling overhead of 2.7% over the overall original program wallclock time. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first evaluation on a real machine of a completely user mode interrupt-driven profile-guided page placement scheme that requires no special compiler, operating system or network interconnect support.
Detection of negative buoyancy in the phantom larva, Chaoborus americanus

Fourth instar larvae of Chaoborus americanus regain neutral buoyancy after receiving weights or under added hydrostatic pressure by increasing the size of gas-filled tracheal sacs. The rate and degree of the response are directly related to the velocity of vertically flowing current experienced by the larva. Weighted larvae showing the more rapid sinking rates also show the more rapid adjustment rates. The usual response disappears when weighted larvae are suspended but reappears when water is caused to flow upwards past the stationary larva. The degree of sac expansion under any increment in hydrostatic pressure may be reduced by decreasing larval sinking rates with polyethylene floats. These results support the hypothesis of previous workers that water currents initiate the process of buoyancy adjustment.
Composite Demand and Joint Supply in Relation to Public Utility Rates

Discrimination in rate making commonly based on three principles. — Rates should conform to long-period normal values, 43. — Composite demand or joint supply are involved, 44. — The case of composite demand explained; overhead should be apportioned equally to all classes of service, 46. — The case of joint supply explained; overhead should be apportioned according to demand, 53. — How this principle can be applied in practice, 60.
Working with blinders on: A critical race theory content analysis of research on technology and social studies education

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a critical race theory content analysis of research on technology and social studies education.Design/methodology/approach – This study, using a critical race theory (CRT) framework, investigates how social studies education scholars have critically addressed the intersection between technology and race/ethnicity through a content analysis of articles in the journals Theory and Research in Social Education (TRSE) and Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education (CITE) since 1990.Findings – This paper contends that the interaction between technology and race/ethnicity is rarely critically examined in these two prominent social studies education research journals.Originality/value – In light of this neglect, the paper discusses the need for an in‐depth analysis of the reification of low‐level pedagogical methods with racial/ethnic minority students, an unexplored area of research.
Novel electronic refreshers for cardiopulmonary resuscitation: A randomized controlled trial

Currently the American Red Cross requires that individuals renew their cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) certification annually; this often requires a 4- to 8-hour refresher course. Those trained in CPR often show a decrease in essential knowledge and skills within just a few months after training. New electronic means of communication have expanded the possibilities for delivering CPR refreshers to members of the general public who receive CPR training. The study’s purpose was to determine the efficacy of three novel CPR refreshers - online website, e-mail and text messaging – for improving three outcomes of CPR training - skill retention, confidence for using CPR and intention to use CPR. These three refreshers may be considered “novel” in that they are not typically used to refresh CPR knowledge and skills. The study conducted two randomized clinical trials of the novel CPR refreshers. A mailed brochure was a traditional, passive refresher format and served as the control condition. In Trial 1, the refreshers were delivered in a single episode at 6 months after initial CPR training. In Trial 2, the refreshers were delivered twice, at 6 and 9 months after initial CPR training, to test the effect of a repeated delivery. Outcomes for the three novel refreshers vs. the mailed brochure were determined at 12 months after initial CPR training. Assignment to any of three novel refreshers did not improve outcomes of CPR training one year later in comparison with receiving a mailed brochure. Comparing outcomes for subjects who actually reviewed some of the novel refreshers vs. those who did not indicated a significant positive effect for one outcome, confidence for performing CPR. The website refresher was associated with increased behavioral intent to perform CPR. Stated satisfaction with the refreshers was relatively high. The number of episodes of refreshers (one vs. two) did not have a significant effect on any outcomes. There was no consistent evidence for the superiority of novel refreshers as compared with a traditional mailed brochure, but the low degree of actual exposure to the materials does not allow a definitive conclusion. An online web-based approach seems to have the most promise for future research on electronic CPR refreshers.
Effects of naturally occurring mutations in CUB-1 domain on synthesis, stability, and activity of ADAMTS-13

Abstract Introduction Upon stimulation, endothelial cells release von Willebrand factor (VWF) in the unusually large (UL) and hyperactive forms that are rapidly cleaved by ADAMTS-13. Mutations in the ADAMTS13 gene result in ULVWF-mediated thrombosis found in patients with familial thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura (TTP). ADAMTS-13 fits in the consensus of the ADAMTS family metalloproteases, but also contains two unique C- terminal CUB domains. Studying mutations in CUB domains could provide insights into the functional role of these domains. Methods Three naturally occurring mutations (C1213Y, W1245del and K1256FS) in the CUB-1 domain found in patients with TTP were expressed in Hela cells. The secretion, stability and VWF-cleaving activity of the mutants under static and flow conditions were examined. Results The mutations impaired secretion of ADAMTS-13 to apical surface, but not to extracellular matrix of transfected Hela cells. C1213Y and K1256FS also accelerated, whereas W1245del delayed, extracellular degradation of the mutants. The mutations also resulted in a moderate decrease in cleaving plasma VWF under static conditions. However, the mutated ADAMTS-13 bound to VWF substrate similarly as the wild-type metalloprotease and remained active in cleaving (UL)VWF under flow conditions. Conclusions The CUB-1 domain is critical for ADAMTS-13 secretion and stability upon secretion. ADAMTS-13 deficiency found in TTP patients could be resulted from reduced ADAMTS-13 secretion and, in the case of C1213Y and K1256FS accelerated degradation. W1245del is highly resistant to degradation and active in cleaving VWF.
Seasonal changes in lipid composition during the reproductive cycle of the red-chinned lizard, Sceloporus undulatus erythrocheilus

Abstract 1. 1. Fatty-acid analyses of triacylglycerol from lizard fat bodies, ovarian eggs, oviductal eggs and liver through the reproductive cycle were performed by gas chromatography. 2. 2. Triacylglycerol comprised 88% of total lipids in fat bodies early in the reproductive season and declined to 66% following egg production. 3. 3. Predominant fatty acids in fat bodies, liver and ovarian eggs were myristic (14:0), palmitic (16:0), oleic (18:0) and linoleic ( 18:2n-6 ) acids. 4. 4. Oviductal eggs had little myristic but had an additional predominate type, linolenic ( 18:3n-3 ).
Amplitude of the surface electromyogram during fatiguing isometric contractions

Five voluntee subjects held isometric handgrip contractions at specific submaximal tensions until the required tension could no longer be maintained. At the start of those contractions, the amplitude of the surface electromyogram (EMG) was linearly related to the tension exerted; the amplitude of the EMG increased linearly throughout these substained contractions by a constant amount--about 30% of the maximum. During sustained contractions, brief, intermittent maximal efforts showed that strength declined linearly at all tensions. At 25% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), there was a linear fall in the EMG amplitude associated with the brief maximal efforts, but the fall in strength was more rapid than the fall in EMG amplitude. At 70% MVC, there was no fall in the EMG amplitude in response to the brief maximal efforts, while the muscle strength fell linearly.
A unified approach to the design of decentralized detection systems

A unified approach to the design of decentralized detection networks with arbitrary topologies is proposed and analyzed. In this approach, a decentralized detection system of arbitrary topology is represented by a communication matrix that specifies the interconnection structure of the detection network. This matrix is used to derive the general decision rule using the person-by-person-optimal (PBPO) solution methodology. It is shown that the PBPO decision rule is a likelihood ratio test for statistically independent observations. The threshold of the test is shown to be a function of the decision input vector of the detector under consideration. This unified approach is used to obtain the PBPO decision rules of decentralized detection systems with various topologies. Various results in the literature are verified. In addition, the PBPO decision rules for a decentralized detection system with peer communication are presented. Numerical examples are presented for illustration. >
Spliced Arm Vein Grafts Are a Durable Conduit for Lower Extremity Bypass

Background Many patients with peripheral vascular disease (PAD) requiring revascularization do not have adequate ipsilateral great saphenous vein (GSV) for constructing a bypass because of intrinsic vein disease or prior harvesting for limb or coronary bypass. Prosthetic conduits have poor long-term patency, especially for distal bypass. With advancing endovascular sophistication, tibial angioplasty may be a good revascularization option, but we hypothesize that using spliced arm vein for distal lower extremity bypass is still a well-tolerated and more durable solution. Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted of all PAD patients undergoing lower extremity bypass or tibial angioplasty for lifestyle-limiting claudication or critical limb ischemia at a single institution over a 7-year period. Statistical analysis was conducted by Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards model. Statistical significance was set at P = 0.05. Results From 2005 to 2012, there were 120 patients who underwent infrageniculate revascularization with conduit other than GSV. Over half of the patients (66 patients, 71.2% male, mean age 62 years) underwent bypass operations using arm vein conduit, and 88% of those bypasses were to tibial vessels. Patency was 100% at 1 year and 85% at 2 years. There was no impact on patency or amputation rate based on the source of vein or the number of splices. Forty-three patients underwent tibial angioplasty and patency was 70% at 1 year and 50% at 2 years. Conclusions When GSV is not available, spliced arm vein grafts provide durable lower extremity revascularization with favorable patency and limb preservation rates. Spliced arm vein grafts should be considered over prosthetic grafts and angioplasty alone in patients with distal occlusive disease.
Can commonly used profile planes be used to evaluate changes in lower lip position

Abstract Objectives: To determine the validity of five profile planes commonly used to describe the horizontal changes of the lower lip during orthodontic treatment. Materials and Methods: Pretreatment and posttreatment cephalograms of 79 patients (12.4 ± 2.8 years of age) were evaluated. Lower lip (labrale inferiorus) changes over time were measured relative to the Rickett's E-line, Steiner's S1-line, Burstone's B-line, Sushner's S2-line, and Holdaway's H-line. As an independent measure of actual horizontal lip changes, the labrale inferiorus was measured relative to a stable reference plane registered on the sella and oriented on the SN-7°. Results: The lower lip actually moved anteriorly 2.35 ± 3.35 mm during orthodontic treatment; the five profile planes indicated that the lower lip moved to a more retrusive, posterior position. The five profile planes also showed no statistically significant sex differences in terms of the treatment changes that occurred, while the actual lip changes showed that male...
Dark-matter fermion from left-right symmetry

In an unconventional realization of left-right symmetry, the particle corresponding to the left-handed neutrino nu_L (with SU(2)_L interactions) in the right-handed sector, call it n_R (with SU(2)_R interactions), is not its Dirac mass partner, but a different particle which may be a dark-matter candidate. In parallel to leptogenesis in the SU(2)_L sector, asymmetric production of n_R may occur in the SU(2)_R sector. This mechanism is especially suited for n_R mass of order 1 to 10 keV, i.e. warm dark matter, which is a possible new paradigm for explaining the structure of the Universe at all scales.
Does a Syrinx Matter for Return to Play in Contact Sports? A Case Report and Evidence-Based Review of Return-to-Play Criteria After Transient Quadriplegia.

Transient quadriplegia is a rare injury that can change the course of an athlete’s career if misdiagnosed or managed inappropriately. The clinician should be well versed in the return-to-play criteria for this type of injury. Unfortunately, when an unknown preexisting syrinx is present in the athlete, there is less guidance on their ability to return to play. This case report and review of the current literature illustrates a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I football player who suffered a transient quadriplegic event during a kickoff return that subsequently was found to have an incidental cervical syrinx on magnetic resonance imaging. The player was able to have a full neurologic recovery, but ultimately he was withheld from football.
EVOLUTION OF THE NORTH AMERICAN CORDILLERA

▪ Abstract The Cordilleran orogen of western North America is a segment of the Circum-Pacific orogenic belt where subduction of oceanic lithosphere has been underway along a great circle of the globe since breakup of the supercontinent Pangea began in Triassic time. Early stages of Cordilleran evolution involved Neoproterozoic rifting of the supercontinent Rodinia to trigger miogeoclinal sedimentation along a passive continental margin until Late Devonian time, and overthrusting of oceanic allochthons across the miogeoclinal belt from Late Devonian to Early Triassic time. Subsequent evolution of the Cordilleran arc-trench system was punctuated by tectonic accretion of intraoceanic island arcs that further expanded the Cordilleran continental margin during mid-Mesozoic time, and later produced a Cretaceous batholith belt along the Cordilleran trend. Cenozoic interaction with intra-Pacific seafloor spreading systems fostered transform faulting along the Cordilleran continental margin and promoted incipient ...
Rough endoplasmic reticulum abnormalities in a patient with spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with scoliosis, joint laxity, and finger deformities.

Iliac crest growth cartilage biopsy in spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia (SEMD) showed an endoplasmic reticulum storage disorder of epiphyseal and physeal chondrocytes. Biochemical analyses of iliac crest cartilage extracellular matrix showed no signs of deficits in any of the struc- tural collagens types II, IX, or XI. The physis was abnormal by light microscopy with chondrocyte columnation replaced by clone-like cell accu- mulations surrounded by widened acellular cartilage septae. The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) of most chondrocytes was dilated. In some cells the RER contained homogeneous material but in most there were abnormal electron-dense accumulations. In some the material was seen in small amounts adjacent to the edge of the RER. In others, increasingly large amounts were seen that were randomly oriented and diffusely marginated. In many cells, assembly had progressed to well-marginated collections of wavy rod-like structures with a circular orientation parallel to the outer edges of the RER. The electron-dense accumulations measured from 34 to 40nm in diameter. Mutations have prevented normal processing of collagen such that exit from the RER is abnormally slowed and abnormal self- assembly occurs within the dilated cisternae.
Problems in terrestrial magnetism and atmospheric electricity pertaining to the Aleutian Islands

Prior to 1915, magnetic observations in the Aleutian Islands were limited to 30 values at eight localities on land and 14 values at 10 localities at sea, the first observations having been made at Dutch Harbor in 1867. In 1915, the Carnegie made observations in the vicinity of the Aleutian Islands during her cruise up into the Bering Sea, calling at Dutch Harbor on the way north, and returning south near Attu, the westernmost island of the group. During the following year, on the same cruise, she passed near the group on her voyage across the north Pacific from Guam to San Francisco. In 1925 Lieut. G. C. Jones of the Coast and Geodetic Survey made observations at four islands of the group, establishing 12 stations, his results indicating very large local disturbances, especially on Atka Island. Three of these islands had been occupied in 1873, and the results of Lieut. Jones' observations give valuable information concerning the annual variation at the repeat stations.
Genotypic influences on reproductive aging of inbred female mice: effects of H-2 and non-H-2 alleles.

The H-2 (major histocompatibility) complex of mice influences a variety of physiologic parameters. This study describes the influences of H-2 polymorphisms and other genetic influences on age-related changes (5-20 mo) in estrous cycles and fecundity. We monitored estrous cycles of virgin or retired-breeder mice of congenic strains on the background of C57BL/lOSn (B10):B10.BR/Sg (B10.BR) and B10.RlII/Sn (B10.R III). Foranother comparison, we examined the C57BL/6J (B6) strain, which has the same H-2 haplotype as the BlO. Estrous cycles were categorized by length during 10 mo of observations. From 5 to 15 mo of age, BlO and B10.R III mice displayed a preponderance of 5-day cycles, B10.BR mice displayed a preponderance of 4-day cycles, and B6 mice had diminishing numbers of 4-day cycles. Age-related acyclicity differed with strain, particularly among retired breeders; B6 mice had an earlier onset and more rapid increase of acyclicity with age than the BlO congenic mice. Litters/female, maternal age at last litter, and total pups/female differed with strain; B10.BR and B10.RII1 were similar and both had greater values than BlO mice. In conclusion, reproductive senescence of female mice was influenced by genes at the H-2 locus and elsewhere.
Electronic structure of solid C48N12 aza-fullerene

Abstract I report electronic structures and the cohesive energy for face-centered-cubic (fcc) solid C48N12 using generalized-gradient density-functional theory. The full vibrational spectrum of the C48N12 cluster is calculated within the harmonic approximation at the B3LYP/6-31G* level of theory. The results show that fcc is energetically preferred and a more stable crystal form than body-centered-cubic (bcc). C48N12 clusters are found to condense by a weak (0.29 eV) van der Waals force. The band gap of fcc C48N12 is calculated to be 1.3 eV at the GGA-PW91 level, whereas the HOMO-LUMO gap is calculated to be 2.74 eV using B3LYP/6-31G*.
Dependence of Higher Frequency Components on Bone Tissue Alterations in the Rat-Tail Model

Through a recently conducted rat-tail vibration experiment, we have been able to determine that the tested frequencies of vibration have a significant effect on biochemical damage signified by nitro-tyrosine (NT) staining on trabecular bone, while structural damage quantified through a Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stain on cortical bone exhibited statistical significance only for the 250 Hz group compared to the control group. These results seem to indicate a relationship between the growing quantities of biochemical damage when increasing the excitation frequency, thus further experimentation for frequencies between 250 Hz and 400 Hz is recommended.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Best Probability Density Function for Random Sampled Data

The maximum entropy method is a theoretically sound approach to construct an analytical form for the probability density function (pdf) given a sample of random events. In practice, numerical methods employed to determine the appropriate Lagrange multipliers associated with a set of moments are generally unstable in the presence of noise due to limited sampling. A robust method is presented that always returns the best pdf, where tradeoff in smoothing a highly varying function due to noise can be controlled. An unconventional adaptive simulated annealing technique, called funnel diffusion, determines expansion coefficients for Chebyshev polynomials in the exponential function.
Ramifications of a sterile Mars

The seldom considered ramifications of a sterile Mars are explored. Very much is now known about the environment on Mars. Herein, the individual and collective environmental parameters are examined with particular consideration of those that might be inimical to life as we know it, or as might reasonably be assumed to be so to alien life. It is shown that no single measurement or combination of them precludes the ability of Mars to support even a wide number of terrestrial microbial species, let alone the likely greater tolerance and/or adaptability of possible alien life forms. Some yet unknown factor or combination of factors would have to be responsible for Mars' failure to generate life or to successfully harbor viable forms received from space. Since Mars is so Earth-like, the red planet's sterility could deliver a fatal blow to the growing concept of a cosmic Biologic Imperative, and would raise the daunting prospect that Earth is a unique or a very rare habitat.
Synthesis of prostaglandin H synthase-2 by human alveolar macrophages in response to lipopolysaccharide is inhibited by decreased cell oxidant tone.

We previously demonstrated that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increases expression of the prostaglandin H synthase-2 (PGHS-2) gene (Hempel, S.L., Monick, M.M., and Hunninghake, G.W. (1994) J. Clin. Invest. 93, 391-396). In this study, the expression of the PGHS-2 gene in response to changes in cell oxidant tone was studied. During LPS exposure, inhibition of synthesis of the free radical, NO., resulted in a small decrease in prostaglandin E2 synthesis that did not reach statistical significance. There was no effect on enzyme mass or mRNA. In contrast, incubation of alveolar macrophages in the presence of LPS plus the antioxidant pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, the spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide, or hypoxia, resulted in near complete inhibition of prostaglandin E2 synthesis, PGHS-2 enzyme synthesis, and gene transcription of PGHS-2 mRNA. There was no evidence of cytotoxicity. These results demonstrate that synthesis of PGHS-2 in response to LPS is inhibited by agents that decrease cell oxidant tone.
Effect of high levels of film compression on surfactant transport

A previously developed adsorption-limited model [Otis, 1994; Ingenito, 1999] that describes the transport of lung surfactant to and from an air-liquid interface has been extended to allow for diffusion in the bulk phase. We used this model to compare to experimental data from Schurch [1989]. We find that high levels of film compression lead transiently to large changes in adsorption rate, desorption rate and diffusion constant, consistent with what might expected if a selected purification of the interface was occurring leading to DPPC enrichment of the interface. The collapse of the surfactant film that occurs during compression leads to a significant elevation of surfactant concentration immediately underlying the interface, consistent with the formation of a subsurface deposit of surfactant.
Nutrient resorption in wetland macrophytes: comparison across several regions of different nutrient status

Summary • This study explored patterns of nutrient resorption in wetland macrophytes to test the prediction that plants from regions with a strong nutrient limitation will show higher resorption of the limiting nutrient. • Nitrogen and phosphorus resorption was assessed in macrophytes from marshes of different nutrient status in tropical and temperate regions, and expressed as resorption efficiency (NRE, PRE) and proficiency (NRP, PRP). Macrophytes were grouped into three categories: Typha, graminoids and broadleaved plants. • Nitrogen was less limiting than P, consequently N availability varied less than P availability, NRP and NRE were lower, and N resorption was mostly incomplete. NRP was determined more by growth form than by local conditions. The large range of soil P concentrations allowed an exploration of relationships between P availability and resorption along a wide gradient. P-limited macrophytes (N : P > 16) had significantly higher PRP and PRE. Resorption proficiency was found to be a more sensitive indicator of changes in nutrient availability than resorption efficiency. • The results confirmed that resorption in wetland macrophytes depends on nutrient availability, and is higher at nutrient-limited sites. A particularly strong relationship was found between resorption indicators and P limitation expressed either as live tissue N : P or soil P.
International models of health systems financing

This article examines the various kinds of health care financing models found in selected developed countries. A discussion of health care delivery models is followed by an overview of the national health delivery systems found in European, South America, Asian, and North American. A discussion on health reform focuses on the shift in financial resources from private to public sources in the economies of most nations.
Strategic Positioning of Inventory to Match Demand in a Capital Projects Supply Chain

Industrial buyers of capital facilities have experienced and continue to experience pressure to reduce facility design and construction lead time. This pressure arises both internally (due to successes in manufacturing lead time reductions) and externally (due to competitive forces including narrowing product delivery windows). This paper presents a case study detailing one owner's efforts to reduce the length and variability of delivery time for long-lead construction materials in order to improve overall project lead time. The owner adopted a long-term multiproject perspective, procuring material in advance of specific projects and holding it at a position in the supply chain selected to allow flexibility for customization. Reduction in lead time of 75% from order to delivery of the material resulted for individual projects within the owner's capital plan. As a result, the material was available at the construction site well in advance of its need for erection. To study if holding material at alternative locations in the supply chain could provide a better match between delivery quantities and the demand for erection, the supply chain was simulated. In this case study, demand information was imprecise, allowing only the quantity of material delivered to be considered rather than matching specific items to specific locations. Nonetheless, the results demonstrate the utility of simulation in the capital projects supply chain and the value of improving demand forecasts.
QUIC-SVD: Fast SVD Using Cosine Trees

The Singular Value Decomposition is a key operation in many machine learning methods. Its computational cost, however, makes it unscalable and impractical for applications involving large datasets or real-time responsiveness, which are becoming increasingly common. We present a new method, QUIC-SVD, for fast approximation of the whole-matrix SVD based on a new sampling mechanism called the cosine tree. Our empirical tests show speedups of several orders of magnitude over exact SVD. Such scalability should enable QUIC-SVD to accelerate and enable a wide array of SVD-based methods and applications.
Higher order teacher questioning of boys and girls in elementary mathematics classrooms

The interaction patterns of teachers and students in public and private urban schools was investigated specifically to explore higher order teacher questioning. On the basis of a review of the literature, the authors speculated that patterns of student response to higher order teacher questioning would differ by student gender. Higher order questioning encourages students to think critically, and, therefore, is powerful for learning. Lower order questioning, however, taps only the memorization of facts. The results from this study suggested no gender difference in students' responses to higher order questioning. The 16 teachers observed used predominately lower level questioning patterns in their classrooms.
Measurement of stresses in three orthogonal directions at the residual limb-prosthetic socket interface

Transducers were developed to measure stresses in three orthogonal directions applied on a below-knee amputee residual limb within a prosthetic socket during walking. Strain-gage measurement techniques were used for all three orthogonal directions. Instrumentation error for four transducers averaged less than 4.2% full-scale output (FSO) for the normal direction and less than 0.9% FSO for shear directions. Measurements from amputee subjects collected during walking trials are presented. >
Neutrino mixing: A4 variations

Abstract In the context of the non-Abelian discrete symmetry A 4 , the neutrino mass matrix has been studied extensively. A brief update is presented to focus on the conceptual shift from tribimaximal mixing ( θ 13 = 0 , θ 23 = π / 4 , tan 2 ⁡ θ 12 = 1 / 2 ) to cobimaximal mixing ( θ 13 ≠ 0 , θ 23 = π / 4 , δ CP = ± π / 2 ) which agrees well with present data. Three specific realistic examples are proposed, two with three and the third with just two parameters.
Reflections on caring narratives: enhancing patterns of knowing.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to provide graduate students with the opportunity to enrich their esthetic knowing and acquire the meaning of caring in their practice by reflecting on their caring narratives. Content analysis examining for context, process, and fulfillment was used to analyze 68 caring encounters written by five classes of graduate nursing students over five semesters of course work. This article focuses on the value of reflection in knowing and the fulfillment identified by the students through the reflective process. Student fulfillment included reflecting on the need to care for self, knowing that emotional attachment can be dangerous, recognizing caring as a moral responsibility, attending to caring teaches one about caring, and reflecting on caring encounters engages one in defining caring. It is concluded that graduate nursing students can enhance multiple ways of knowing and their understanding of caring through the process of reflecting on caring encounters.
Analysis of Outcomes Using Low-Dose and Early Administration of Recombinant Activated Factor VII in Cardiac Surgery

Background Although not currently approved for postoperative cardiac surgical bleeding, recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) has been used for this purpose. This study sought to analyze outcomes in patients who had cardiac surgical bleeding and received low-dose and early administration of rFVIIa versus outcomes in patients who had cardiac surgical bleeding and did not receive rFVIIa. Methods Fifty-one patients receiving rFVIIa were matched, using The Society of Thoracic Surgeons morbidity and mortality scores, with 51 patients who underwent cardiac surgical procedures and met criteria for surgical bleeding. Primary outcomes were ventilator hours and intensive care unit length of stay. Secondary outcomes included 30-day mortality, acute kidney injury, postoperative hospital length of stay, thromboembolic events, postoperative pneumonia, and sternal wound infections. Reoperations for bleeding were analyzed for each group to assess for achievement of hemostasis. Results The median total dose of rFVIIa was 12 mcg/kg. rFVIIa was given as the first and only treatment for bleeding in 7 of 51 (13%) patients, whereas 13 of 51 patients receiving rFVIIa (25%) also received up to 1 unit of any blood product. Patients who received rFVIIa had increased duration of mechanical ventilation ( p = 0.002) and increased length of stay in the intensive care unit ( p = 0.02). There were no differences in hospital length of stay, 30-day mortality, acute kidney injury, postoperative pneumonia, sternal wound infections, postoperative thromboembolic events, or rate of reoperations for bleeding. Conclusions Low-dose and early administration of rFVIIa (median total dose 12 mcg/kg) for cardiac surgical bleeding shows potential in achieving hemostasis without increased risk of thromboembolism or acute kidney injury.
Shell model predictions for Sn 124 double- β decay

Neutrinoless double-$\ensuremath{\beta}$ ($0\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\beta}$) decay is a promising beyond standard model process. Two-neutrino double-$\ensuremath{\beta}$ ($2\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\beta}$) decay is an associated process that is allowed by the standard model, and it was observed in about 10 isotopes, including decays to the excited states of the daughter. $^{124}\mathrm{Sn}$ was the first isotope whose double-$\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay modes were investigated experimentally, and despite few other recent efforts, no signal has been seen so far. Shell model calculations were able to make reliable predictions for $2\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay half-lives. Here we use shell model calculations to predict the $2\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay half-life of $^{124}\mathrm{Sn}$. Our results are quite different from the existing quasiparticle random-phase approximation results, and we envision that they will be useful for guiding future experiments. We also present shell model nuclear matrix elements for two potentially competing mechanisms to the $0\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay of $^{124}\mathrm{Sn}$.
A Coupled Dimensional Decomposition and Score Function Method for Probabilistic Sensitivity Analysis

This article presents a new class of computational methods, known as the dimensional decomposition methods, for calculating stochastic sensitivities of mechanical systems with respect to probability distribution parameters. The methods involve a hierarchical decomposition of a multivariate response function in terms of variables with increasing dimensions and score functions associated with the probability distribution of the random input. The decomposition facilitates univariate and bivariate approximations of stochastic sensitivity measures, lower-dimensional numerical integrations or Lagrange interpolations, and Monte Carlo simulation. Both the probabilistic response and its sensitivities can be estimated from a single stochastic analysis without requiring performance function gradients. Numerical results indicate that the decomposition methods developed provide accurate and computationally efficient estimates of sensitivities of component or system or reliability, including stochastic design of mechanical systems.
Response of bone sodium to acute changes in serum sodium: effect of age.

Summary and ConclusionsProfound hypo-and hypernatremia were produced in rats of varying age. Resulting changes in bone Na content were much more pronounced in the younger animals, and decreased progressively as the animals became older. Calculated Na “space” of bone averaged 91% of bone water content for the 3 age groups studied. Observed changes in bone Na content could be ascribed entirely to that portion within the “fluid phase” of bone. There was no evidence of a change in “crystal phase” Na. Observed changes in adult rats were so slight that rather large changes in serum Na would be necessary for their detection.
Abstract B56: Organelle targeted photodynamic therapy

The success of a cancer treatment is directly related to its ability to selectively kill cancer cells. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with a photosensitizer (PS) that targets mitochondria causes a prompt release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm and activation of caspases-9 and -3, among other caspases, that are responsible for initiating cell degradation. Photofrin is the FDA approved drug for PDT. Mitochondria have repeatedly been implicated as primary targets of porphyrin mediated PDT. However, a systematic study to direct the PDT drugs towards their cellular target, mitochondria of the cancer cell, is not yet fully explored. Phthalocyanins (Pc) are a class of compounds, which are known to successfully address the drawbacks exhibited by the porphyrin-based compounds. PDT, using the second-generation Pc, causes mitochondrial damage and induces apoptosis. However, the Pc molecules are hydrophobic and must be encapsulated within a liposomal formulation for successful delivery. Given that most effective PDT drug candidates act on the mitochondria of cancer cells and their hydrophobicity require suitable delivery vehicles for their intracellular accumulation, we hypothesize that the construction of engineered targeted drug delivery systems to direct PDT drugs to the mitochondria of the cancer cells would allow an effective phototherapeutic action. This would result in a higher local concentration of singlet oxygen in the mitochondria of cancer cells. In order to study this hypothesis, we have initiated the synthesis of a series of mitochondria targeting polymers to study nanoparticle (NP) assisted targeted delivery and anticancer properties of metallo phthalocyanins. The synthesis and biological activity of these constructs will be discussed. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Second AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; 2011 Sep 14-18; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(18 Suppl):Abstract nr B56.
The Information Needs of Homeless Library Patrons in New York City

Field study discovered some information needs of homeless people visiting public libraries in New York. During summer 2006, reference areas of New York public libraries were observed unobtrusively to track homeless patrons’ use of library resources and services. Findings include the use of resources and services by homeless patrons groups. Une etude de terrain revele certains besoins informationnels des itinerants visitant les bibliotheques publiques de New York. Pendant l’ete 2006, les services de references des bibliotheques publiques de New York ont ete observes de maniere non obstructive afin de connaitre les ressources et les services des bibliotheques utilises par les itinerants. Les resultats incluent l’utilisation des ressources et des services par les groupes d’usagers itinerants.