cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Importance of Free Bilirubin Acid Salt in Bilirubin Uptake by Erythrocytes and Mitochondria

ABSTRACT: The binding of bilirubin to tissue was studied using adult human erythrocytes and rat liver mitochondria. Tissues were incubated with varying bilirubin-albumin molar ratios, varying albumin concentrations of a given bilirubin-albumin molar ratio, and varying pH. Bilirubin binding by tissue was reversible and stoichiometric with the concentration of the free (nonalbumin bound) bilirubin acid salt (bilirubin monovalent anion). Minimal binding of the bilirubin dianion, the predominant state of bilirubin in plasma, was also suggested. The observations support the “free bilirubin theory” where tissue and albumin compete for binding the body's bilirubin pool. Binding to tissue, however, is not determined by the free bilirubin concentration, but by the concentration of the pH dependent subfraction, the free bilirubin acid salt. Tissue binding and toxicity of bilirubin may result from the surfactant properties of the monovalent anion.
An mRNA homologous to interleukin-1 receptor type I is expressed in cultured rat sympathetic ganglia

Abstract Interleukin-1 (IL-1) induces substance P (SP) gene expression in cultured rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG) explants. In order to study the molecular mechanism of this action of IL-1, the presence of an interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) activity and the identity of an mRNA homologous to known IL-1R sequence was determined in SCG. The SP increase is blocked by recombinant IL-1 receptor antagonist protein, so IL-1 must be interacting with a specific receptor. We have cloned cDNA homologous to IL-1R Type I from rat SCG using a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The resulting cDNA sequence is strongly homologous with mouse and human IL-1R cDNA of the T cell and fibroblast type (type I; encoding an 80-kDa protein). mRNA specific for IL-1R can be readily detected in intact SCG by quantitative RT-PCR and S1 hybridization. However, the level of IL-1R mRNA increases 3–6-fold by 2 days in culture. This increase is independent of the presence of dexamethasone, IL-1β or IL-1 receptor antagonist protein ligands. The increase of IL-1R following explantation, a model of nerve injury, may provide a mechanism linking inflammatory signalling to neuronal phenotypic changes.
Does a commodity economy enrich the few while ruining the masses? Differentiation among petty commodity producers in guatemala

In this paper I discuss the way in which rural artisans in one municipio of Guatemala organize production and how this organization impedes the differentiation of the artisanal population into owners and workers. I show that categories of owners and workers exist in the municipio, but that these categories do not reproduce themselves as classes; instead, they reproduce each other through the life cycle. In order to explain this phenomenon, I look at internal relations of production, the external environment of large‐scale capital, and the role of migration and the stale in the creation of a permanent Guatemalan proletariat and in the creation of an undifferentiated artisanal economy.
On the need for Embodied and Dis-Embodied Cognition.

This essay proposes and defends a pluralistic theory of conceptual embodiment. Our concepts are represented in at least two ways: (i) through sensorimotor simulations of our interactions with objects and events and (ii) through sensorimotor simulations of natural language processing. Linguistic representations are ‘dis-embodied’ in the sense that they are dynamic and multimodal but, in contrast to other forms of embodied cognition, do not inherit semantic content from this embodiment. The capacity to store information in the associations and inferential relationships among linguistic representations extends our cognitive reach and provides an explanation of our ability to abstract and generalize. This theory is supported by a number of empirical considerations, including the large body of evidence from cognitive neuroscience and neuropsychology supporting a multiple semantic code explanation of imageability effects.
A collagenolytic type enzyme from the posterior body wall tissues of the estivating earthworm, Allolobophora caliginosa (savigny)

Abstract 1. 1. An enzyme with a collagenolytie activity has been shown to be present in the tail-end region of the estivating earthworm Allolobophora caliginosa . 2. 2. This enzyme is not present in non-estivating animals. In estivating animals, however, the greatest activity is localized at the posterior ends of the body while the anterior ends show no activity. 3. 3. Specific trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors have no effect on the activity of this enzyme, neither do EDTA or 2mM cysteine. Cysteine at concentrations of 10 mM slightly inhibited the enzyme. 4. 4. The enzyme may play an important role in the degradation-regeneration of body wall tissue during transition between estivation and active life.
Side-looking sonar backscatter response at dual frequencies

Dual-frequency side-looking sonars have the potential to be used as remote sensing tools to characterize subaqueous terrains. In one case study of the carbonate-ooze-coated Blake Plateau off-shore of Georgia, U.S.A., the difference in acoustic attenuation for 50 and 20 mm wavelengths (30 and 72 kHz frequency) permits the discrimination of sub-bottom scatterers from seabed surface textural features to reveal patchy regions where a buried hard ground had been pock-marked by karst-like depressions. In a second study of the Upper Hudson River in New York, U.S.A., related to environmental contaminates, the backscatter response at 15 and 3 mm acoustic wavelengths (100 and 500 kHz frequency) serves as a useful proxy for sediment grain size with coarser detritus distinguished from finer sediments. Sand and gravel regions inferred from the backscatter were confirmed by ground truth sampling.
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to the envelope proteins of endogenous ecotropic and mink cytopathic focus-forming murine leukemia viruses in H-2b mice.

Abstract To study the possible role of immune selection in the in vivo generation of pathogenic recombinant murine leukemia viruses (MuLV), we have constructed recombinant vaccinia viruses (rVV) expressing the envelope genes of three MuLV: AKR623, MCF247, and MCF13. rVV expressing either AKR623 or MCF247 env could prime H-2 b mice for anti-AKR/Gross virus CTL responses, and stimulate the in vitro generation of CTL from the spleens of mice immunized with an AKR/Gross virus-positive lymphoma. MC57 (H-2 b ) cells infected with either 623EnvVac or 247EnvVac could serve as targets for AKR/Gross virus-specific CTL. Cells infected with the rVV expressing MCF13 env , however, were lysed much less efficiently by these CTL. 13EnvVac was also ineffective in priming or stimulating retrovirus-specific CTL. Finally, experiments with synthetic peptides and minigenes suggested that the reduced immunogenicity of the MCF13 envelope protein likely resulted from a single amino acid substitution within an immunodominant epitope of the p15E (TM) protein. The region of MCF13 env that encodes this epitope is derived from an endogenous xenotropic virus, while the allelic sequences in MCF247 are of ecotropic virus origin. These results suggest the potential for recombination within the MuLV envelope gene to allow escape from host cellular immune responses.
Preparation and platelet aggregating activity of 125I-labeled ristocetin

Abstract The antibiotic ristocetin is a glycoproteoid isolated from the culture media of Nocardia lurida N.R.R.L. 2430 whose structural features have yet to be resolved (1–3). The antibiotic has been studied both for its antibiotic properties (4–6) and, more recently, for its inducement of platelet aggregation in humans, both in vivo and in vitro (7–9). This latter phenomena resulted in the discontinued use of ristocetin in antibiotic therapy (10), but has provided a useful tool for studying the bleeding disorder, von Willebrand's disease. The disease is genetic in origin and is characterized by the lack of a functional plasma protein believed to be required for the adhesion of platelets to vascular epithelia during primary thrombotic events (11). This plasma protein, termed von Willebrand's factor, is also necessary to support ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation of human platelets (12). Thus, ristocetin has found increasing use not only in facilitating the diagnosis of von Willebrand's disease but also in characterizing the plasma protein (13). We have been studying the mechanism of ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation in an attempt to establish the relationship between the antibiotic-induced platelet aggregation and the platelet adhesion of primary thrombosis. To facilitate these studies, we investigated the use of ristocetin which was labeled with 125 I. We have developed a mild technique for iodinating ristocetin such that it retains its platelet aggregating activity and exhibits physical and chemical properties similar to those of unlabeled ristocetin.
Multivariate sensing and wireless data communication for process monitoring in RF-shielded environment

Abstract Online process metrology is critical to ensuring manufacturing quality and productivity. This paper presents the design and modelling of a multivariate sensor that enables the simultaneous measurement of multiple parameters from within an RF shielded environment, e.g. an injection mold. A coded wave modulation scheme is developed for wirelessly transmitting the parameters through the mold. The design of the modulator is optimized through a coupled field analysis for noise reduction. The effectiveness of the sensing method is demonstrated in the online measurement of melt pressure, temperature, viscosity, and velocity. This sensing method is applicable to various process monitoring scenarios.
Diffusion Tensor Analysis of Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Clinically Isolated Syndromes

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: DTI has shown focal and diffuse white matter abnormalities in adults and children with MS. Here we explore whether DTI abnormalities are present at the time of a first attack or CIS in children and whether early DTI features can predict the development of MS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We assessed region-of-interest and tract-based mean ADC and mean FA values for 3 major white matter pathways and NAWM in 20 children with MS, 27 children with forms of CIS, and controls. Tracts were selected by using standard region-of-interest placements on color FA maps. Identical ROIs were placed in the NAWM on b = 0 T2-weighted images to ensure that both ROIs and resulting tracts passed through NAWM. Conventional MR imaging characteristics were assessed by visual inspection. Statistical analysis compared FA and ADC values between groups by a t test. Logistic regression assessed the predictive value of DTI measures and published conventional MR imaging measures for conversion from CIS to MS. RESULTS: In pediatric patients with MS, all white matter pathways and analysis confined to the NAWM demonstrated higher mean ADC values and lower mean FA than in controls. In contrast, there were no significant differences in mean ADC and mean FA of white matter pathways in all CIS cohorts compared with controls. In the CIS cohort, none of the DTI measures in white matter pathways or in NAWM were significantly associated with conversion to RRMS in univariate or multivariate models (P > .05 in all models). CONCLUSIONS: There are significant anisotropic abnormalities in the NAWM of major tracts in children with MS. In contrast, there were no significant changes in pediatric patients with CIS compared with controls at baseline. DTI measures did not predict conversion to MS. The period between CIS and conversion to pediatric MS may represent a window of opportunity for the prevention of diffuse damage in the CNS and potentially progressive disability.
(Sick) Love and the Older Woman in Marcel Prévost's L’Automne d’une femme

Marcel Prevost, a prolific novelist, journalist, and academician, is best known for works such as Les Demi-Vierges (1894), which demonstrates how Parisian society and education corrupt young women, and Les Vierges fortes (1900), which, according to Louise Lyle, “develop[s] the concept of the secular, self-perpetuating community of female educators only to explode it as an empty ideal” (60). In his 1893 novel, L’Automne d’une femme, Prevost focuses not on virgins but on the older woman, telling the story of forty-year-old Julie, who has languished for over twenty years in an arranged marriage to Antoine Surgere. Despite having the natural ability to ease the suffering of others, Julie shows no interest in nursing her husband when he falls ill, though she eagerly cares for the daughter of one of his colleagues, Claire Esquier, and the son of another associate, Maurice Artoy, who is all too eager to reciprocate when Julie's feelings for him become something more than maternal. Unbeknownst to Julie, however, ...
Application of Novel PCR-Based Methods for Detection, Quantitation, and Phylogenetic Characterization of Sutterella Species in Intestinal Biopsy Samples from Children with Autism and Gastrointestinal Disturbances

ABSTRACT Gastrointestinal disturbances are commonly reported in children with autism and may be associated with compositional changes in intestinal bacteria. In a previous report, we surveyed intestinal microbiota in ileal and cecal biopsy samples from children with autism and gastrointestinal dysfunction (AUT-GI) and children with only gastrointestinal dysfunction (Control-GI). Our results demonstrated the presence of members of the family Alcaligenaceae in some AUT-GI children, while no Control-GI children had Alcaligenaceae sequences. Here we demonstrate that increased levels of Alcaligenaceae in intestinal biopsy samples from AUT-GI children result from the presence of high levels of members of the genus Sutterella . We also report the first Sutterella -specific PCR assays for detecting, quantitating, and genotyping Sutterella species in biological and environmental samples. Sutterella 16S rRNA gene sequences were found in 12 of 23 AUT-GI children but in none of 9 Control-GI children. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a predominance of either Sutterella wadsworthensis or Sutterella stercoricanis in 11 of the individual Sutterella -positive AUT-GI patients; in one AUT-GI patient, Sutterella sequences were obtained that could not be given a species-level classification based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences of known Sutterella isolates. Western immunoblots revealed plasma IgG or IgM antibody reactivity to Sutterella wadsworthensis antigens in 11 AUT-GI patients, 8 of whom were also PCR positive, indicating the presence of an immune response to Sutterella in some children. IMPORTANCE Autism spectrum disorders affect ~1% of the population. Many children with autism have gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances that can complicate clinical management and contribute to behavioral problems. Understanding the molecular and microbial underpinnings of these GI issues is of paramount importance for elucidating pathogenesis, rendering diagnosis, and administering informed treatment. Here we describe an association between high levels of intestinal, mucoepithelial-associated Sutterella species and GI disturbances in children with autism. These findings elevate this little-recognized bacterium to the forefront by demonstrating that Sutterella is a major component of the microbiota in over half of children with autism and gastrointestinal dysfunction (AUT-GI) and is absent in children with only gastrointestinal dysfunction (Control-GI) evaluated in this study. Furthermore, these findings bring into question the role Sutterella plays in the human microbiota in health and disease. With the Sutterella -specific molecular assays described here, some of these questions can begin to be addressed.
Pyrolysis of kerogens in the absence and presence of montmorillonite—II. Aromatic hydrocarbons generated at 200 and 300°C

Abstract Kerogen from organic-enriched sediment (Type II Cretaceous black shale and Type III Rocky Mountain coal) has been used to conduct anhydrous pyrolysis experiments (2–100 h at 200 and 300°C, in the presence and absence of montmorillonite. Naphthalenes, phenanthrenes, and their alkyl derivatives, as well as aromatic steroidal hydrocarbons were determined. Tri-methyl phenanthrene and di-methyl phenanthrene are the most common phenanthrenes in the pyrolysates of both black shale kerogen and Rocky Mountain coal kerogen. There is no significant relationship between the phenanthrenes and triaromatic steroidal hydrocarbons. The data suggest that triaromatic hydrocarbons are thermally generated during pyrolysis from the intermediate formed polar components, asphaltene and kerogen by partial break-up of the polymer network. Montmorillonite did not enhance aromatization in either kerogen, but had a catalytic effect on cracking and breakdown of the aromatic steranes, forming either phenanthrene or small molecular-wieght hdyrocarbons. Monoaromatic steranes were only present in the 200°C pyrolysate, and nearly disappeared in the high (300°C) temperature pyrolysates. Nevertheless, the decrease of monoaromatic steroidal hydrocarbons does not always correlate well with the increase of triaromatic steranes. It appears that during long pyrolysis times, degradation of steranes is more important than the aromatization process. These steroidal aromatic hydrocarbons are degraded to form smaller saturated or aromatic compounds. In addition, because of the apparent destructive effect of high temperatures and montmorillonite clays during pyrolysis, the most valid application of the mono- and tri-aromatic sterane parameters is for relatively low maturity source rocks with carbonate mineral matrix or other matrices of low catalytic activity.
The origins and nature of American nationalism

This article critically analyzes the origins and nature of American nationalism. The first part examines the historiographical debate on the question in what period the formation of an American national identity occurred, i.e. before or after the American Revolution. The second part is concerned with the nature of American nationalism, casting doubt on the claim that American nationalism is exceptional, i.e. inherently different and morally superior to other nationalisms. It refutes the exceptionalist claim by applying recent findings in European nationalism research to the American case and by reinterpreting American nationalism not as an introspective phenomenon but as a demarcation process.
Effects of a Portfolio Company’s Alliance Formation on the Market Returns of Its CVC Firm

Prior studies have shown that an incumbent company, as a strategic investor, can benefit by investing in young entrepreneurial startups. We extend this research stream by arguing that the scope of ...
Thiamine, magnesium and plasma lactate abnormalities in alcoholic patients.

SummaryAn evaluation. of thiamine activity, magnesium levels, and plasma lactate levels in chronic alcoholics demonstrated the expected common occurrence of deficiencies in each, but failed to show a correlation of these parameters in the individual alcoholic patients.
Infections from extended epidural catheterization in ambulatory patients.

Abstract Background and Objectives . Patients with severe and noncancer pain were treated with prolonged epidural infusions of analgesics in their homes, and the incidence of infection was determined. Methods . In 504 adult patients, 3,164 polyamide lumbar epidural catheters were infused with analgesics of low-dose bupivacaine and fentanyl intermittenly from 2 to 80 days at their home. When patients developed fever, headache, back pain, and leukocytosis, the presence of infection was confirmed by either computed tomographic scan, epidurogram, or sonogram. Results . Nine infections (0.27%) occurred. Of these, two were epidural abscesses, two were fascitis, and five were cellulitis. Staphylococcus epidermidis was cultured in every case. All of them were treated with 1.5 g intravenous cefuroxime sodium every 8 hours. None of the patients required surgical intervention. In a subgroup of patients treated with the first 1,462 infused catheters, seven infections developed (0.4%), whereas in the subsequent 1,702 cases that received prophylactic penicillin or erythromycin, in 6-day cycles, there were only two infections (0.11%). Conclusions . Temporary epidural infusions of analgesics up to 80 days are feasible in ambulatory patients with a low rate of infections. Preliminary observations appear to indicate that prophylactic antibiotics given intermittenly further reduce the feasibility of infections. However, these observations may not apply to longer-lasting epidural infusions.
Production of Silicon Nanocrystals by Thermal Annealing of Silicon-Oxygen and Silicon-Oxygen-Carbon Alloys: Model Systems for Chemical and Structural Relaxation at Si-SiO 2 and Sic-SiO 2 Interfaces

This paper discusses the formation of silicon nanocrystals, nc-Si, by thermal annealing of hydrogenated amorphous thin films of SiOx, x<2 and (Si, C)Ox, x<2. Comparisons are made with SiCx films, providing additional insights into pathways for generation of nc-Si. These alloys are used as model systems for understanding chemical and structural relaxations occurring at Si-SiO2 and SiC-SiO2 interfaces during post-oxidation thermal annealing. This then provides important information for optimized processing of Si-SiO2 and SiC-SiO2 interfaces for device applications.
POTENTIAL NITROGEN CONSTRAINTS ON SOIL CARBON SEQUESTRATION UNDER LOW AND ELEVATED ATMOSPHERIC CO2

The interaction between nitrogen cycling and carbon sequestration is critical in predicting the consequences of anthropogenic increases in atmospheric CO2 (hereafter, Ca). The progressive N limitation (PNL) theory predicts that carbon sequestration in plants and soils with rising Ca may be constrained by the availability of nitrogen in many eco- systems. Here we report on the interaction between C and N dynamics during a four-year field experiment in which an intact C 3/C4 grassland was exposed to a gradient in Ca from 200 to 560 mmol/mol. There were strong species effects on decomposition dynamics, with C loss positively correlated and N mineralization negatively correlated with C a for litter of the C3 forb Solanum dimidiatum, whereas decomposition of litter from the C4 grass Both- riochloa ischaemumwas unresponsive to Ca. Both soil microbial biomass and soil respiration rates exhibited a nonlinear response to Ca, reaching a maximum at ;440 mmol/mol Ca .W e found a general movement of N out of soil organic matter and into aboveground plant biomass with increased Ca. Within soils we found evidence of C loss from recalcitrant soil C fractions with narrow C:N ratios to more labile soil fractions with broader C:N ratios, potentially due to decreases in N availability. The observed reallocation of N from soil to plants over the last three years of the experiment supports the PNL theory that reductions in N availability with rising C a could initially be overcome by a transfer of N from low C:N ratio fractions to those with higher C:N ratios. Although the transfer of N allowed plant production to increase with increasing C a, there was no net soil C sequestration at elevated Ca, presumably because relatively stable C is being decomposed to meet microbial and plant N requirements. Ultimately, if the C gained by increased plant production is rapidly lost through decomposition, the shift in N from older soil organic matter to rapidly decomposing plant tissue may limit net C sequestration with increased plant production.
Human experimentation: no accurate, quantitative data?

This Viewpoint addresses two issues in comparing data from humans and animals in studies of cardiovascular physiology: 1 ) accuracy of methods and 2 ) limits in extrapolating data from one species to another. You are invited to submit a brief commentary on this Viewpoint, which will be reviewed by
Prostaglandin E2 deficiency causes a phenotype of aspirin sensitivity that depends on platelets and cysteinyl leukotrienes

Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) is characterized by asthma, tissue eosinophilia, overproduction of cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs), and respiratory reactions to nonselective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors. Ex vivo studies suggest that functional abnormalities of the COX-2/microsomal prostaglandin (PG)E2 synthase-1 system may underlie AERD. We demonstrate that microsomal PGE2 synthase-1 null mice develop a remarkably AERD-like phenotype in a model of eosinophilic pulmonary inflammation. Lysine aspirin (Lys-ASA)–challenged PGE2 synthase-1 null mice exhibit sustained increases in airway resistance, along with lung mast cell (MC) activation and cysLT overproduction. A stable PGE2 analog and a selective E prostanoid (EP)2 receptor agonist blocked the responses to Lys-ASA by ∼90%; EP3 and EP4 agonists were also active. The increases in airway resistance and MC products were blocked by antagonists of the type 1 cysLT receptor or 5-lipoxygenase, implying that bronchoconstriction and MC activation were both cysLT dependent. Lys-ASA–induced cysLT generation and MC activation depended on platelet-adherent granulocytes and T-prostanoid (TP) receptors. Thus, lesions that impair the inducible generation of PGE2 remove control of platelet/granulocyte interactions and TP-receptor–dependent cysLT production, permitting MC activation in response to COX-1 inhibition. The findings suggest applications of antiplatelet drugs or TP receptor antagonists for the treatment of AERD.
In situ infrared speciation of adsorbed carbonate on aluminum and iron oxides

Surface adsorption mechanisms of dissolved inorganic carbon species on soil minerals are not well understood. Traditional infrared (IR) study of adsorbed species of inorganic carbon using air-dried samples may not reveal true species in the solid/water interface in suspension. The ptu'pose of this study was to obtain information on interracial carbonate speciation between solid and aqueous phases. The interaction of bicarbonate and carbonate ions with X-ray amorphous (am) A1 and Fe oxides, gibbsite (~/- AI(OH)3 ) and goethite (a-FeOOH) was examined by electrophoresis and in situ attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. The presence of carbonate lowered the electropho- retic mobility and decreased the point of zero charge (PZC) of all minerals, implying specific adsorption. Inner-sphere complexation of bicarbonate and carbonate was supported by a lowering in the anion sym- metry due to the interaction with A1 and Fe oxide surfaces. Only complexed monodentate carbonate was identified in am-Al(OH)3/aqueous solution at pH 4.1-7.8 when the solid was reacted with either NanCO 3 or Na2CO 3 solutions. Am-AI(OH)3 was transformed to a crystalline sodium aluminum hydroxy carbonate, dawsonite (NaAl(CO3)(OH)2), and bayerite (ct-AI(OH)3) after reacting with 1.0 M Na2CO3 for 24 h. Gibbsite adsorbed much less carbonate than am-AI(OH)3 such that adsorbed carbonate on gibbsite gave weak IR absorption. It is probable that monodentate carbonate is also the complexed species on gibbsite. Evidence suggesting the presence of both surface complexed bicarbonate and carbonate species in the interfacial region of am-Fe(OH)3 in suspension and the dependence of their relative distribution on so- lution pH is shown. Only monodentate carbonate was found in the interracial region of goethite in 1.0 M NaHCO3. A ligand exchange reaction was proposed to describe the interaction of bicarbonate and carbonate with the surface functional groups of A1 and Fe oxides.
NCTR/NCI symposium on the use of inbred and outbred animals in toxicological testing: objectives of the conference.

The purpose of this conference of toxicologists, geneticists, and statisticians is to increase understanding of the role of animal genetics in toxicology by discussion of one aspect of this relationship, namely the genetic structures of the laboratory animal populations used in toxicological assays. It is hoped that discussion and comparison of various attributes of inbred, F 1 hybrid, and outbred laboratory animal populations will result In recommendations concerning the most appropriate genetic population structures to be used to supply test animals for toxicological studies having different objectives and end points.
Individual differences among cocaine users.

The present study examined whether individual differences in personality could differentiate two types of cocaine users. We hypothesized that self-medicators (SM) use cocaine as a way to alleviate their dysphoric moods, whereas sensation seekers (SS), in contrast, use cocaine primarily to engender positive mood states. Eighteen male cocaine users were classified based on two dimensions of the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire. SM were defined by having high harm avoidance (>17) and low novelty-seeking scores ( 18) and low harm-avoidance scores (<17). It was predicted that SM would report higher depression and anxiety than would SS, and would also exhibit a brain activity pattern similar to that found in clinical depression. The results showed that SM reported higher anxiety than SS, F(1, 8) = 27.5, p < .001, but did not differ in depression. SM exhibited decreased blood flow within the left frontal lobes, F(1, 10) = 6.78, p < .05, similar to what has been observed in major depressive disorder. These findings suggest the importance of attending to individual differences in the motivation for cocaine use so that treatment can be targeted more effectively.
Experimenter Affective Expression and Gaze Following in 7-Month-Olds.

The study of gaze following in infants younger than 12 months of age has emphasized the effects of gesture, type of target, and its position or placement. This experiment extends this literature by examining the effects of adults' affective expression on 7-month-olds' gaze following. The effects of 3 affective expressions—happy, sad, and neutral—on 7-month-olds' frequency of gaze following were examined. The results indicated that infants more frequently followed the gaze of an adult posing a neutral expression than that of an adult posing either a happy or a sad expression. The infants also looked proportionately longer toward the indicated target when the adult's expression was neutral. The results are interpreted in terms of infants' flexibility of attention.
The effects of pH and aluminum on the growth of the acidophilic diatom Asterionella ralfsii var. americana

The effects of pH and Al on the acidophilic diatom Asterionella ra[fsii var. americana K6m. were examined in axenic batch cultures. Experiments were performed under conditions of both high (pH 5) and low (pH 6) Al solubility over a range of concentrations from 0 to 30 firno liter-’ total Al. Growth rates were analyzed with respect to analytically determined Al concentrations and to predicted changes in dissolved metal ion speciation in response to Al additions. Growth rates of A. rufiii were significantly reduced above 15 pmol liter-’ total Al at both pH 5 and 6. Al additions increased estimated free ion activities of Al 3+, Fe3+, and Cu*+ through indirect chelator interactions at pH 5 and 6; therefore, all three were significantly correlated with growth rate reductions, Independent manipulations of total Fe and Cu, however, suggested that Al was not indirectly increasing either Fe’+ or Cu2+ free ion activities to toxic levels. Relationships of growth rates to both inorganic monomeric Al (A13 and to estimates of pA1 were strongly pHdependent with toxicity being greater per unit of dissolved Al concentration at pH 6 than at pH 5. These results are consistent qualitatively with predictions that H.’ ions can ameliorate dissolved metal toxicity by competitively excluding AP+ ions from binding to cell-surface ligands. The impact of Al on natural phytoplankton populations therefore is likely to depend on a combination of pHdependent Al solubility, the protonation of cell-surface ligands, and chelator-mediated metal speciation.
Battered Women and Their Children: A Public Policy Response

Domestic violence has long been acknowledged as an issue in intimate relationships but treated as a private, rather than a public, problem. As fewer federal funds are made available and more fiscal responsibility is shifted to state governments, the states' policies will become more and more critical. This article assesses New York State's domestic violence policy and presents a framework of a three-tier continuum of services: shelter and short-term assistance, transitional services, and treatment for drug and alcohol abuse and mental health problems.
C-type inactivation of voltage-gated K+ channels: Pore constriction or dilation?

K+ channels have many timing and control functions throughout the body, especially in the nervous system and heart. These vital functions are made possible by several types of “gates” that govern ion flow through the channels ([Yellen, 1998][1]). KV channels (K+ selective, voltage activated),
Identification and functional characterization of a novel human protein highly related to the yeast dynamin-like GTPase Vps1p

Dynamin proteins containing a GTPase domain, a pleckstrin homology motif and a proline-rich tail participate in receptor-mediated endocytosis in organisms ranging from insects to vertebrates. In addition, dynamin-related GTPases, such as the yeast Golgi protein Vps1p, which lack both the pleckstrin homology motif and the proline-rich region, participate in vesicular transport within the secretory pathway in lower eukaryotes. However, no data is available on the existence of Vps1p-like proteins in mammalian cells. In this study, we report the identification and characterization of a novel gene encoding a human dynamin-related protein, DRP1, displaying high similarity to the Golgi dynamin-like protein Vps1p from yeast and to a Caenorhabditis elegans protein deposited in the databank. These proteins are highly conserved in their N-terminal tripartite GTPase domain but lack the pleckstrin homology motif and proline-rich region. Northern blot analysis reveals that the DRP1 mRNA is detected at high levels in human muscle, heart, kidney and brain. Immunolocalization studies in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells using an epitope-tagged form of DRP1 and confocal microscopy show that this protein is concentrated in a perinuclear region that labels with the endoplasmic reticulum marker DiOC6(3) and the Golgi marker C5-DMB-Cer. In addition, the localization of DRP1 is highly similar to the localization of the endoplasmic reticulum and cis-Golgi GTPase Rab1A, but not to the staining for the trans-Golgi GTPase Rab6. Furthermore, overexpression of a cDNA encoding a GTP binding site mutant of DRP1 (DRP1(K38E)) in CHO cells decreases the amount of a secreted luciferase reporter protein, whereas the overexpression of wild-type DRP1 increases the secretion of this marker. Together, these results constitute the first structural and functional characterization of a mammalian protein similar to the yeast dynamin-related GTPase Vps1p and indicate that the participation of these proteins in secretion has been conserved throughout evolution.
The Internal Structure of Helical Pores Self‐Assembled from Dendritic Dipeptides is Stereochemically Programmed and Allosterically Regulated

The internal structure of helical pores self-assembled from dendritic dipeptides is stereochemically programmed and allosterically regulated
Subjective figures: some unusual concomitant brightness effects.

Black-on-white displays are presented which are capable of producing subjective figures that are not enhanced in brightness.
Admissibility of exact conditional tests of stochastic order

Consider the problem of testing for independence against stochastic order in a 2 × J contingency table, with two treatments and J ordered categories. By conditioning on the margins, the null hypothesis becomes simple. Careful selection of the conditional alternative hypothesis then allows the problem to be formulated as one of a class of problems for which the minimal complete class of admissible tests is known. The exact versions of many common tests, such as t-tests and the Smirnov test, are shown to be inadmissible, and thus the non-randomized versions are overly conservative. The proportional hazards and proportional odds tests are shown to be admissible for a given data set and size. A new result allows a proof of the admissibility of convex hull and adaptive tests for all data sets and sizes.
STR Profiles: Multiplex PCR, Tri-Alleles, Amelogenin, and Partial Profiles

Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) enables examination of many loci simultaneously, and this multi-locus genotyping information can increase interpretation capabilities beyond what is available from a single locus. Short tandem repeat (STR) profiles can be illustrated with simple triangles, line drawings, or more sophisticated tools for illustrating electropherograms. This chapter addresses single-source samples. An understanding of expected behavior of single-source DNA samples is important prior to attempting DNA mixtures containing multiple contributors.
A Parametric Computational Study of the Impact of Non-circular Configurations on Bioprosthetic Heart Valve Leaflet Deformations and Stresses: Possible Implications for Transcatheter Heart Valves

Although generally manufactured as circular devices with symmetric leaflets, transcatheter heart valves can become non-circular post-implantation, the impact of which on the long-term durability of the device is unclear. We investigated the effects of five non-circular (EllipMajor, EllipMinor, D-Shape, TriVertex, TriSides) annular configurations on valve leaflet stresses and valve leaflet deformations through finite element analysis. The highest in-plane principal stresses and strains were observed under an elliptical configuration with an aspect ratio of 1.25 where one of the commissures was on the minor axis of the ellipse. In this elliptical configuration (EllipMinor), the maximum principal stress increased 218% and the maximum principal strain increased 80% as compared with those in the circular configuration, and occurred along the free edge of the leaflet whose commissures were not on the minor axis (i.e., the "stretched" leaflet). The D-Shape configuration was similar to this elliptical configuration, with the degree to which the leaflets were stretched or sagging being less than the EllipMinor configuration. The TriVertex and TriSides configurations had similar leaflet deformation patterns in all three leaflets and similar to the Circular configuration. In the D-Shape, TriVertex, and TriSides configurations, the maximum principal stress was located near the commissures similar to the Circular configuration. In the EllipMinor and EllipMajor configurations, the maximum principal stress occurred near the center of the free edge of the "stretched" leaflets. These results further affirm recommendations by the International Standards Organization (ISO) that pre-clinical testing should consider non-circular configurations for transcatheter valve durability testing.
TREM2 Function in Alzheimer's Disease and Neurodegeneration.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia in the elderly, is a complex neurodegenerative disease marked by the appearance of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau tangles. Alzheimer’s disease has a strong genetic component, and recent advances in genome technology have unearthed novel variants in several genes, which could provide insight into the pathogenic mechanisms that contribute to AD. Particularly interesting are variants in the microglial-expressed receptor TREM2 which are associated with a 2–4-fold increased risk of developing AD. Since the discovery of a link between TREM2 and AD, multiple studies have emerged testing whether partial or complete loss of TREM2 function contributed to Aβ deposition or Aβ-associated microgliosis. Although some confounding conflicting data have emerged from these studies regarding the role of TREM2 in regulating Aβ deposition within the hippocampus, the most consistent and striking observation is a strong decrease in microgliosis surro...
Chapters on Machinery and Labor II. The Introduction of Automatic Bottle Machines

Periods in the introduction of automatic bottle machines, 541. — A. The Introduction of the Owens Machine: I. The rate of introduction, 542. — The potential and actual displacement, 543. — II. Causes of delay in the supersession of the older processes, 545. — III. The machine policy of the Glass Bottle Blowers, 548. — IV. Effect of the machine on conditions of labor, 559. — B. The Introduction of Flow and Feed Devices: The rate of introduction, 564. — The policy of the union, 565. — Effect on conditions of labor, 568. — Conclusion.
N-Nitrosodimethylamine Occurrence, Formation and Cycling in Clouds and Fogs

The occurrence, source, and sink processes of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) have been explored by means of combined laboratory, field, and model studies. Observations have shown the occurrence of NDMA in fogs and clouds at substantial concentrations (7.5-397 ng L(-1)). Laboratory studies were conducted to investigate the formation of NDMA from nitrous acid and dimethylamine in the homogeneous aqueous phase. While NDMA was produced in the aqueous phase, the low yields (<1%) observed could not explain observational concentrations. Therefore gaseous formation of NDMA with partitioning to droplets likely dominates aqueous NDMA formation. Box-model calculations confirmed the predominant contributions from gas phase formation followed by partitioning into the cloud droplets. Measurements and model calculations showed that while NDMA is eventually photolyzed, it might persist in the atmosphere for hours after sunrise and before sunset since the photolysis in the aqueous phase might be much less efficient than in the gas phase.
Virginia Spencer Carr's The Lonely Hunter: Thirty-Eight Years Later

Virginia Spencer Carr's The Lonely Hunter (1975) holds as the standard biography of Carson McCullers. Prior to 1975, there was only one biography of McCullers, Oliver Evans's The Ballad of Carson M...
Effects of variable effort expenditure on subsequent preference for the reinforcer

Four groups of male albino rats received the same number of reinforcements of 0.1 cc maltose solution in a Skinner box. Three of these groups received their reinforcement contingent upon pressing a bar weighted at 20 gm, 50 gm, and 80 gm respectively. The fourth group received reinforcements noncontingent upon the bar press. A control group received noncontingent reinforcements of 0.1 cc distilled water. Following training, all five groups were given a cafeteria-style preference test in which the same maltose solution, used as a reinforcer, was available along with an alternative solution of sucrose. The consumption measures indicated a linear decline in Ss’ preference for the reinforcer, as a function of increased effort expenditure.
Permeabilization activated reduction in fluorescence: A novel method to measure kinetics of protein interactions with intracellular structures

Understanding kinetic information is fundamental in understanding biological function. Advanced imaging technologies have fostered the development of kinetic analyses in cells. We have developed Permeabilization Activated Reduction in Fluorescence (PARF) analysis for determination of apparent t1/2 and immobile fraction, describing the dissociation of a protein of interest from intracellular structures. To create conditions where dissociation events are observable, cells expressing a fluorescently-tagged protein are permeabilized with digitonin, diluting the unbound protein into the extracellular media. As the media volume is much larger than the cytosolic volume, the concentration of the unbound pool decreases drastically, shifting the system out of equilibrium, favoring dissociation events. Loss of bound protein is observed as loss of fluorescence from intracellular structures and can be fit to an exponential decay. We compared PARF dissociation kinetics with previously published equilibrium kinetics as determined by FRAP. PARF dissociation rates agreed with the equilibrium-based FRAP analysis predictions of the magnitude of those rates. When used to investigate binding kinetics of a panel of cytoskeletal proteins, PARF analysis revealed that filament stabilization resulted in slower fluorescence loss. Additionally, commonly used "general" F-actin labels display differences in kinetic properties, suggesting that not all fluorescently-tagged actin labels interact with the actin network in the same way. We also observed differential dissociation kinetics for GFP-VASP depending on which cellular structure was being labeled. These results demonstrate that PARF analysis of non-equilibrium systems reveals kinetic information without the infrastructure investment required for other quantitative approaches such as FRAP, photoactivation, or in vitro reconstitution assays. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stress and Strain

Introduction This book is concerned with the mechanical behavior of materials. The term mechanical behavior refers to the response of materials to forces. Under load, a material may either deform or break. The factors that govern a material's resistance to deforming are quite different than those governing its resistance to fracture. The word strength may refer either to the stress required to deform a material or to the stress required to cause fracture; therefore, care must be used with the term strength . When a material deforms under small stresses, the deformation may be elastic . In this case, when the stress is removed, the material will revert to its original shape. Most of the elastic deformation will recover immediately. There may be, however, some time-dependent shape recovery. This time-dependent elastic behavior is called anelasticity or viscoelasticity . Larger stresses may cause plastic deformation. After a material undergoes plastic deformation, it will not revert to its original shape when the stress is removed. Usually, high resistance to deformation is desirable so that a part will maintain its shape in service when stressed. However, it is desirable to have materials deform easily when forming them by rolling, extrusion, and so on. Plastic deformation usually occurs as soon as the stress is applied. At high temperatures, however, time-dependent plastic deformation called creep may occur. Fracture is the breaking of a material into two or more pieces. If fracture occurs before much plastic deformation occurs, we say the material is brittle . In contrast, if there has been extensive plastic deformation preceding fracture, the material is considered ductile .
Viral Diseases of the Skin

Viral infections cause a variety of cutaneous and mucosal manifestations that are either the result of primary viral replication within the epidermis or a secondary effect of viral replication elsewhere in the body. Three groups of viruses represent most primary epidermal viral replications: human papillomaviruses (HPV), herpesviruses, and poxviruses. Multiple virus families, including retroviruses, paramyxoviruses, togaviruses, parvoviruses, and picornaviruses, produce skin lesions secondarily. Other viruses, such as orthomyxoviruses and reoviruses, rarely induce skin lesions. Recognition of characteristic mucocutaneous manifestations of a variety of viral diseases is crucial. It either directly helps determine the etiologic agent or assists the clinician in deciding which additional diagnostic tests to order. Proper management of the patient can be initiated from the results of such tests.