cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling the mechanics of fibrous-porous scaffolds for skeletal muscle regeneration

The scaffolds for skeletal muscle regeneration are designed to mimic the structure, stiffness, and strains applied to the muscle under physiologic conditions. The external strains are also used to stimulate myogenesis of the (stem) cells seeded on the scaffold. The time- and location-dependent mechanics inside the scaffold determine the microenvironment for the seeded cells. Here, fibrous-porous cylindrical scaffolds under the action of external cyclic strains are considered. The scaffold mechanics are described as two-phase (poroelastic) where the solid phase is associated with the fibers and the fluid phase is associated with the liquid-containing pores. In response to an applied cyclic strain, pressure oscillates and fluid moves radially toward and away from the axis of the scaffold. We compute the directions and magnitudes of the radial gradients of the poroelastic characteristics (solid-phase displacement, strain, and velocity; fluid-phase pressure and velocity; relative fluid-solid-phase velocity) determined by the boundary conditions and geometry of the scaffold. Several kinds of the external cyclic strain are analyzed and the resulting poroelastic functions are found. The poroelastic characteristics are obtained in closed form which is convenient for further consideration of myogenesis of the seeded cells and ultimately for the design of the scaffolds for skeletal muscle regeneration.
Kawasaki’s disease and onychomadesis in a 17-month-old girl with non–SARS-CoV2 coronavirus

Kawasaki disease is a vasculitis of medium-sized vessels and the most common cause of acquired heart defects in the United States. Although its etiology is unclear, an infectious trigger has been t...
Induction of Sepsis Via Fibrin Clot Implantation

Implantation of bacteria embedded in a fibrin clot allows for successful establishment of sepsis in preclinical models. This model allows the investigator to modulate the strain of bacteria as well as the bacterial load delivered. As it allows for a slow release of standardized bacteria, the use of a fibrin clot model may be considered in studying the initial and later phases of sepsis and the host response to infection. Here we describe methods for performing the fibrin clot model of sepsis.
Expression of inflammation-associated genes in circulating leukocytes and activity of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase in dairy cattle with acute puerperal metritis and bacteremia

Abstract Objective To investigate whether expression of genes associated with inflammation and activity of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) correlated with disease status and prevalence of bacteremia in post-partum dairy cattle with and without acute puerperal metritis (APM). Procedures Blood was collected from cattle with APM and control cattle matched by parity and days in milk. Leukocytes were isolated and expression of 6 genes was quantified. Activity of IDO was measured in serum with higher performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results The relative expression of IL-1β in cattle with APM was significantly lower than that in controls. IDO activity was not significantly different between bacteremic and non-bacteremic cattle Conclusions and clinical relevance The expression of IL-1β was lower in cattle with APM. The lower levels of IL-1β expression in PBMCs of cattle with APM suggest impaired inflammatory responses and may contribute to the development of the disease in this population of animals.
Chemical oncogenesis in culture.

Publisher Summary Although the field of chemical oncogenesis in culture depends upon the fundamentals and advances in cell biology, virology, biochemistry, and other related disciplines, it is clearly impossible to cover these other fields. Although most of the work has been done with cell cultures, but organ cultures are also considered in this chapter. Organ cultures consist of small 3-dimensional pieces of differentiated tissues that are usually maintained on top of the nutrient medium. Cell cultures consist of individual cells submerged in the medium that grow either on a glass or plastic substrate or in suspension. The more important systems, such as 3T3-like systems, other cell systems, and liver cell systems are described in the chapter, followed by some of the major generalizations that can be drawn from the various researches involving these systems. The many advantages of studying biological phenomena in cell cultures, rather than in intact animals, include the ability to control the environment, to do quantitative bookkeeping of the cells, to vary the exposure to chemicals, to synchronize the cells, and to be free of the immunological milieu of the host.
Relationship between the C5 Peptides Chemotactic for Leukocytes and Tumor Cells

A reciprocal relationship has been demonstrated between the generation of the leukotactic and the tumor cell chemotactic peptides from C5. Trypsin-produced C5 leukotactic peptides can be converted into tumor cell chemotactic factors by treatment with tumor cell extracts or by incubation with the α-globulin chemotactic factor inactivator (CFI) isolated from human serum. A similar CFI isolated from rat serum can, like the α-globulin CFI from human serum, generate the tumor cell chemotactic factor from the whole human serum. These results suggest that the tumor cell chemotactic factor derives from the same portion of the C5 molecule as the leukotactic peptide. Furthermore, it appears that the critical change may be cleavage of the amino-terminal portion of the leukotactic peptide. In addition, it has been shown that most normal tissues contain an enzyme-like material that is able to generate in normal human serum a factor chemotactic for tumor cells. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Diabetic nephropathy in patients with Type II diabetes

Diabetic nephropathy is the single most common cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the United States. Patients with diabetes account for 35% of all those enrolled in the Medicare ESRD Program and, at current rates of increase, patients with diabetes will soon account for 50% of all ESRD patients [1]. Most of these patients have Type II diabetes and are elderly [2]. In 1992 the cost of caring for these patients’ renal disease alone exceeded 2 billion dollars per year in the United States [1]. Similarly, European registry data reveal a dramatic increase in the incidence of ESRD due to diabetic nephropathy [2]. In European renal replacement programs, the relative increase in acceptance rates has been considerably greater for patients classed as having Type II diabetes than for those with Type I diabetes. This dramatic increase in Type II diabetes and diabetic nephropathy in both Europe and the United States reflects the epidemic of Type II diabetes worldwide [4]. Also it may reflect the increased survival of patients with Type II diabetes and protein- uria. In Germany the survival rate, five years after the onset of proteinuria, for a patient with Type II diabetes was 35% in the period 1966 to 1975, but rose to 75% from 1976 to 1985 [5].
Memory is More than just Remembering: Strategic Control of Encoding, Accessing Memory, and Making Decisions

Publisher Summary The goal of this chapter is to provide a beginning sketch of the view that the successes and failures of memory are a reflection of skill in interacting with memory effectively, rather than an expression of inherent qualities or liabilities of memory itself. The first goal is to expand the purview of memory research by considering the cognitive contexts in which memory behavior is situated. The second and concurrent goal of the chapter is about the nature of memory itself. This goal represents an explicit attempt to reduce the proliferation of memory systems and memory processes. Finally, this chapter reviews examples of how particular capacities of memory can be conceptualized as interactions between a quite simple memory system and a set of higher level control processes that are diverse and varied.
Regulation of cytochrome P-450-dependent catechol estrogen formation in rat liver microsomes: Evidence for involvement of estrogen receptors☆

Abstract Experiments were conducted to evaluate whether estrogen 2-hydroxylase activity in liver microsomes, the main pathway for oxidative metabolism of estrogens in the rat, is regulated by administration of synthetic estrogens. Ovariectomized rats were treated with ethinylestradiol (EE), 100 μg s.c. for 3 days. Liver microsomes from EE-treated animals showed a 2-fold increase over control in estrogen 2-hydroxylase activity measured over a substrate concentration range of 0.5 to 50 μM. Double-reciprocal plots of enzyme activity as a function of substrate concentration were linear; apparent V max values were 2-fold greater in microsomes from EE-treated animals while apparent K m values for control and EE preparations were not different. Administration of the triphenylethylene antiestrogen tamoxifen (TAM), 100 μg s.c. for 3 days, did not affect microsomal catechol estrogen formation activity, and apparent K m and V max values were comparable with controls. When EE and TAM were co-administered, no increase in microsomal estrogen 2-hydroxylase was observed, and apparent K m and V max values were not different from either control of TAM-treated preparations. Thus, acute administration of EE was associated with a specific increase in the apparent V max of estrogen 2-OHase activity, and this effect was not observed when TAM was co-administered with the estrogen.
The Chicago school reforms : Are they working?

The Chicago school reforms have received significant national attention due to their sweeping, radical nature. Growing out of state legislation in 1988 and 1995, the reforms encompass a powerful bottom-up/top-down strategy that provides multiple avenues for initiating building-level changes in teaching and learning. We offer a provisional answer concerning the effects of these reforms by comparing the 1993–1998 performance of Chicago's grammar schools with all other grade-equivalent schools in the State of Illinois. We find city schools making major gains over the last three years. Regression residuals show that Chicago's schools now significantly outperform Cook County suburban schools and schools in the rest of the state after controlling for rates of poverty and student mobility. While schools placed on probation have predominantly African American and low-income student bodies, rates of improvement among schools as a whole appear to be equitably distributed across the city neighborhoods. We close with several policy recommendations, one of which focuses on the potential for major goal displacement as a result of the reform board's criterion for determining the probationary status of schools.
Seed dispersal by scatter-hoarding rodents in arid environments

Summary 1. The seeds of many plants are dispersed by animals, but the nature of these plant–animal mutualisms is often moulded by the abiotic environment. Here, we show that desert peach (Prunus andersonii), with dry fruits and large seeds, relies on scatter-hoarding rodents for dispersal and that this form of seed dispersal maintains the effectiveness of dispersal while reducing water expenditure. 2. The fruit pulp of desert peach dries and dehisces at maturity in early summer. No vertebrate frugivores consumed the fruits, but rodents quickly harvested the nuts. Nearly 75% of the nut crop was removed from plant canopies by scansorial rodents like white-tailed antelope squirrels (Ammospermophilus leucurus), which scatter-hoarded nuts in 1–2 seed caches 10–30 mm deep. Deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) also made many shallow one-nut caches. 3. Heteromyid rodents (Great Basin pocket mouse, Perognathus parvus; Panamint kangaroo rat, Dipodomys panamintinus) primarily larder-hoarded nuts (c. 60%) in burrows too deep for seedling emergence, but also scatter-hoarded nuts in a few, large caches 10–40 mm deep. 4. Antelope squirrels were the most effective dispersers and deer mice and Panamint kangaroo rats were less effective. Abiotically dispersed nuts had virtually no recruitment (<1% emergence), but nuts buried in soil to simulate rodent caches had 32% emergence and 5.6% survived after 1 year. Scatter-hoarding rodents are responsible for virtually all recruitment in desert peach. 5. Synthesis. Desert peach arose from a fleshy-fruited ancestor that was probably dispersed by endozoochorous frugivores. About 35 species of dry-fruited Prunus occur in arid environments across North America and Eurasia. The most parsimonious explanation for the evolution of dry-fruited Prunus is the loss of frugivory in a diplochorous ancestor (i.e. combined frugivore and scatter-hoarding dispersal) to maintain the effectiveness of seed dispersal while reducing the demand for water in arid environments.
Vinylmagnesium Bromide–Methylcopper

(CH2CHMgBr) [1826-67-1] C2H3BrMg (MW 131.26) InChI = 1S/C2H3.BrH.Mg/c1-2;;/h1H,2H2;1H;/q;;+1/p-1 InChIKey = XHHHAXOHMKAOSL-UHFFFAOYSA-M (MeCu) [1184-53-8] CH3Cu (MW 78.59) InChI = 1S/CH3.Cu/h1H3; InChIKey = HRNSPWKFRJGQEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N (vinyl group transfer reagent in 1,4-addition reactions with α,β-unsaturated ketones; can reductively remove a γ-alkoxy group from α,β-unsaturated ketones) Solubility: sol ether, THF. Preparative Methods: generated1, 2 in situ from preformed Methylcopper3 and a commercial 1.0 M solution of Vinylmagnesium Bromide in THF. A mixture of purified1, 4 copper(I) iodide (n mmol) and THF (4n mL) is treated with a solution of methyllithium (n mmol) in ether at −78 °C. The suspension is warmed to 23 °C, stirred for 15 min, and then cooled to −78 °C and treated with the solution of vinylmagnesium bromide (1n–3n mmol). Handling, Storage, and Precautions: must be generated in the absence of moisture and oxygen. It cannot be stored. Use in a fume hood.
Corporeal Dimensions of Gender Violence: Ladina’s Self and Body in Eastern Guatemala

Based on 30 in-depth interviews with Ladina women and field work conducted in a rural town in eastern Guatemala, I examine the physical expressions that violence can take on the women's bodies, such as common physical ailments that result from emotional distress as well as sicknesses that are caused directly by the conditions in which they live. A central theme in the discussion is the embodiment of violence as it is expressed in the control of the women's body in the social milieu, such as the control of their socializing and visiting. I use a sociologically- and anthropologically-informed lens to situate corporeal questions within structures of social inequalities and human suffering and, thus, this examination contributes to debates about the relationship between body and society, macro and micro processes in the social world, as well as explorations between the women's lives and their rights. As such, this examination permits to unveil embedded structures of violence that assault the women's dignity and provoke suffering, as well as those instances in which gender solidarity is created. This examination allows us to explore implications for gender-based social justice.
Conditional probability judgments: Effects of imagining vs experiencing the conditioning event

Abstract Applications of Bayesian conditionalization often involve two temporal aspects: a probability judgment is based on knowledge at a point in time and is revised over time in light of added information. Let t , t ′, and t ″ designate three chronological points in time. E designates a target event which occurs or not at t ″, and C designates a conditioning event which occurs or not at t ′. Suppose that an individual judges P ( E ⧹ C ) at t . If C occurs, Bayesian conditionalization requires that a judgment of P ( E ) at t ′ is equal to the earlier judgment of P ( E ⧹ C ). However, inconsistencies may result because a judgment of P ( E ⧹ C ) at t is based on imagining C , while a judgment of P ( E ) at t ′ is based on experiencing C . This study examines two sources of such inconsistencies. First, C normally is an abstraction of what might happen between t and t ′. What actually happens may differ, such that an individual observes extraconditional information which affects a judgment of P ( E ) at t ′. Second, experiencing C may change an individual's affective state, leading to greater optimism or pessimism about the occurrence of E . We report an experiment which documents both effects.
A Novel Transcription Initiation Factor (TIF), TIF-IE, Is Required for Homogeneous Acanthamoeba castellanii TIF-IB (SL1) to Form a Committed Complex

The fundamental transcription initiation factor (TIF) for ribosomal RNA expression by eukaryotic RNA polymerase I, TIF-IB, has been purified to near homogeneity from Acanthamoeba castellanii using standard techniques. The purified factor consists of the TATA-binding protein and four TATA-binding protein-associated factors with relative molecular weights of 145,000, 99,000, 96,000, and 91,000. This yields a calculated native molecular weight of 460, 000, which compares well with its mass determined by scanning transmission electron microscopy (493,000) and its sedimentation rate, which is close to RNA polymerase I (515,000). Both impure and nearly homogeneous TIF-IB exhibit an apparent equilibrium dissociation constant of 56 +/- 3 pM. However, although impure TIF-IB can form a promoter-DNA complex resistant to challenge by other promoter-containing DNAs, near homogeneous TIF-IB cannot do so. An additional transcription factor, dubbed TIF-IE, restores the ability of near homogeneous TIF-IB to sequester DNA into a committed complex.
Intersections of two cofinite subfields

Let F be a field finite-dimensional over subfields A and B. It is known from Galois theory that the degree \( [F : A \cap B] \) can be infinite. If F is purely inseparable over B and finitely generated over the prime field, this cannot happen; but it can happen when F is not finitely generated.
NUTRIENT ELEMENTS USED BY LEAVES AND GROWTH OF APPLE TREES

Considerable study has been given to the influence of fertilizers on the chemical composition of various parts of the tree and of the fruit, but the problem as to when the tree requires its greatest food supply has received comparatively little attention. Previous work by the writers indicates that the blossoms, leaves, and early growth remove much of the plant foods stored in the tree during its dormant period and that during the early growth the tree makes its greatest demand on the nutrient elements in the soil. The purpose of the present study was to determine to what extent the new leaves and early spring growth utilize the plant foods stored in the dormant tree, and the amount taken from the soil. The samples of apple tissue used in this investigation were obtained from the Mclntosh-Morello Orchard in the Bitter Root Valley, Montana. Murneek (4) maintains the necessity of an abundance of nutrients at certain critical periods for apple trees, such as during full bloom and preceding the June drop. Roberts (5) suggests that the failure to set is due to nutritional causes rather than to a lack of pollination or fertilization. Gourley (1) states that twig growth practically ceases by July 1, and shows by charts that the greatest rate of growth is during the early growing period. Howlett (2) gives in tabulated form the amount of nitrogen removed by flowers up to full bloom, and in his discussion of the relation of water supply to first drop states: "However, the question is still undecided as to whether the fall of bloom from spurs under ordinary circumstances is not due more to a deficiency of nitrogen than to a deficiency of water." Loew (3), after analyzing the bark of cherry trees for several seasons before and after full bloom, found that after the blooming period the bark had lost 37.16 per cent, of protein, 30.35 per cent, of fat, and 40.59 per cent, of starch. No attempt is made to cite all the literature relating to the importance of an abundance of plant nutrients when the tree is in blossom and leafing out. Suffice it to say that the value of an abundance of plant foods in the tree and in the soil has been recognized by several investigators. Unpublished data by the writers show that fertilizers, especially nitrogenous fertilizers, do have a decided influence on the chemical composition 1 Contribution from Montana State College, Agricultural Experiment Station, Paper no. 28, Journal Series.
Transbronchial lung biopsy. Histopathologic and morphometric assessment of diagnostic utility.

The diagnostic utility of transbronchial lung biopsy (TBB) is partly a function of its size. However, objective parameters that reflect biopsy specimen size have not yet been well-defined. We studied clinical records and histopathologic lung tissue slides of 116 patients who underwent diagnostic TBB, aiming to define the possible significance of association between seven parameters and three categories of pathologic diagnoses. Three of the seven parameters were clinical: age, sex, and chest roentgenographic infiltrates (localized vs diffuse). The remaining four parameters were histopathologic and morphometric: total number of tissue fragments, total number of alveoli (per biopsy specimen), total tissue area (alveolated plus nonalveolated), and lung total area (alveolated tissue alone). The three categories of pathologic diagnoses were as follows: infection, tumor, and nonspecific diagnoses. The nonspecific diagnoses included diagnoses of fibrosis and/or chronic inflammation. The alveoli were microscopically counted by one of us (S.D.G.). The number of biopsy fragments, the total tissue area, and the total lung area were measured in square millimeters by a computer-assisted digitizing system using specific (Bio-Quant) software (R and M Biometrics Inc). The significance of the associations between the seven parameters and the three diagnostic categories were assessed by the χ 2 test for association. Overall, the following four possible associations were found to be statistically significant: (1) age—a lower percentage of patients with infection was found among patients with increasing age (p
Atypical Odontalgia: a Localized Form of Atypical Facial Pain

SYNOPSIS Eight patients with atypical odontalgia, a condition which causes long-lasting throbbing pain localized to clinically and radiologically normal teeth and unrelieved by extensive dental treatment, are described. Atypical odontalgia is often accompanied by depression, appears to be related to both atypical facial neuralgia and migraine, and responds in most cases to antidepressant drug therapy and in others to treatment with vasoconstrictors. The importance of recognizing the condition in avoiding unnecessary dental treatment is stressed.
DOGMA: distributed object group metacomputing architecture

The performance of Java just-in-time compilers currently approaches native C++, making Java a serious contender for supercomputing application development. This paper presents DOGMA – a new Java based system which enables parallel computing on heterogeneous computers. DOGMA supports parallel programming in both a traditional message-passing form and a novel object-oriented approach. DOGMA provides support for dedicated clusters as well as idle workstations through the use of a web-based browse-in feature or the DOGMA screen saver. This research provides a unified environment for developing high-performance supercomputing applications on heterogeneous systems. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plato's lawcode in context: rule by written law in Athens and Magnesia

Perhaps more than any other dialogue, Plato's Laws demands a reading that is at once historical and philosophical. This text's conception of the ‘rule of law’ is best understood in its contemporary socio-political context; its philosophical discussion of this topic, in fact, can be firmly located in the political ideologies and institutions of fourth-century Greece. In this paper, I want to focus on the written lawcode created in the Laws in the context of the Athenian conception and practice of rule by written law. How are the Athenian laws authorized, disseminated, and implemented, and how does Plato's lawcode reflect and/or depart from this model? What is the status of the ‘text’ of each lawcode? How—and how well—do the citizens know the law? When and by whom can the lawcode be altered? Recent work on literacy and on rule by written law in fourth-century Athens invites a serious reconsideration of Plato's lawcode and the polity it is designed for. Certainly Plato's Laws is grounded in a serious meditation on Athenian legislative practices. But Plato adds a novel ingredient to his legislation—the ‘Egyptian’ practice of ‘doing things by the book’ exemplified by (among other things) the institution of laws which compel doctors to treat patients in strict accordance with venerable and, indeed, sacred medical texts. As I will argue, the ‘Egyptian’ medical and textual practices offer a model for the rule of law quite different from that found in Athens.
Cardiovascular action of insulin-like growth factor-1 is not mediated by calcitonin gene-related peptide neurons.

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a potent vasodilator located in the peripheral nerves including the perivascular nerves. Previous studies in our laboratory determined that the vasodilatory action of insulin is mediated in part by CGRP-containing neurons. Since insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin share molecular and receptor structural similarity as well as functional similarity, we investigated the role of the CGRP-containing neurons in IGF-1-mediated vasodilation. Wistar rats were made CGRP deficient by treatment with capsaicin (50 mg/kg) 1–3 d after birth. Vehicle-treated controls and CGRP-deficient rats were maintained for 12 to 13 wk. At this time rats were fasted overnight, anesthetized with urethane and chloralose, and prepared for cardiovascular recordings. The basal mean arterial pressure (MAP) was higher in CGRP-deficient rats when compared with controls. The infusion of IGF-1 resulted in an equivalent decrease in MAP in both the CGRP-deficient and control rats. IGF-1 infusion did not change the heart rate in control rats but decreased it in CGRP-deficient rats. IGF-1 also increased flow as determined by conductance in the iliac, renal, and superior mesenteric vascular beds in both vehicle controls and CGRP-deficient rats. We concluded that unlike insulin the IGF-1-mediated vasodilatory response is not mediated by the CGRP-dependent perivascular neurons.
Flexible micro-supercapacitors from photoresist-derived carbon electrodes on flexible substrates

This paper reports a simple and scalable technique for the fabrication of flexible micro-supercapacitors. The supercapacitor electrodes are synthesized via the pyrolysis of patterned photoresist on a SiO2/Si substrate. The electrodes can then be moved to flexible substrates through a simple transfer process. The fabricated devices show excellent energy density of 0.3 mJ/cm2, maximum power density of 5 mW/cm2, and good performance under electrochemical cycling. The electrochemical performance is maintained after 300 mechanical bending cycles.
Child and Family Policies in the United States at the Opening of the Twenty‐first Century

A repeated theme, characterizing US social policies toward children and their families, is that the US has no explicit family policy, nor does it have a coherent package of social policies that are targeted on children and their families. Nonetheless, there is general agreement that the US does have policies that have consequences for children and their families, and that many of these might constitute ‘implicit’ family policies. However, these policies tend to be limited in scale, coverage, and generosity and are usually categorical and narrowly focused. They lack the comprehensiveness and universality of policies in other advanced industrialized countries. Furthermore, the US has consistently invested a significantly smaller share of GDP in children and their families than almost all the other such countries. One consequence is that the situation of children in the US seems to be much worse than that of children in other advanced industrialized countries. In more recent years, however, there have been some efforts at improving child and family policies and the story now is a mixed one—but there remain major deficits in our policies and programs. Fortunately, children’s issues are emerging on the national policy agenda. In this article, we describe current US child and family policies, touch on earlier history for context, and discuss the issues facing the US as we enter the twenty-first century. Ultimately, we need to confront the question of what can be done now to advance the children’s cause on the national agenda.
Stress-dependent impairment of passive-avoidance memory by propranolol or naloxone

Previous work has shown that the effect of opioid-receptor blockade on memory modulation is critically dependent upon the intensity of stress. The current study determined the effect of adrenergic-receptor blockade on memory modulation under varied levels of stress and then compared the effect of adrenergic-receptor blockade under intense stress to that of a) opioid-receptor blockade and b) concurrent opioid- and adrenergic-receptor blockade. In the first experiment, the β-adrenergic-receptor blocker propranolol impaired retention in the passive-avoidance procedure when administered immediately after exposure to intense stress (passive-avoidance training followed by swim stress) but not mild stress (passive-avoidance training alone). In the second experiment, while separate administration of either propranolol or the opioid-receptor blocker naloxone immediately after exposure to intense stress impaired retention, the combined administration of propranolol and naloxone failed to do so. These findings demonstrate that the effect of β-adrenergic-receptor blockade or opioid-receptor blockade on memory modulation in the passive-avoidance procedure is dependent upon the intensity of stress, and suggest that concurrent inactivation of endogenous adrenergic- and opioid-based memory modulation systems under stressful conditions is protective of memory.
Absence of kinetic negative co-operativity in the allosteric model of Monod, Wyman and Changeux

An equation is derived for the Hill coefficient nH based on the relationship between reaction velocity and substrate concentration of an oligomeric enzyme that operates according to the concerted allosteric model of Monod et al. (1965) . This equation differs from that derived by Goldbeter (1974) in that it is based on parameters that are customarily employed in the construction of Hill plots. Unlike the equation of Goldbeter (1974) , it predicts the absence of significant negative co-operativity under situations normally encountered with enzymes. Consequently, the occurrence of kinetic negative co-operativity, like negative co-operativity of binding, can be taken as evidence against a concerted allosteric mechanism.
Value Added and Corporate Control in the U.S.

This paper examines the ability of value added to assess the differences between target firms and their industries and to explain target firms' abnormal returns during the takeover period. In a sample of 234 completed takeovers over the period 1977 to 1989, takeover targets have lower value added to total assets ratios than other firms in their industries in the year preceding the year in which the takeover is completed. Target firm abnormal returns observed during the takeover period are positively related to the difference between target Firm and average industry value added to total assets. This suggests that while acquired firms are on average underperformers, acquiring firms value the access to, and possibly the ability to redistribute, the resources of target firms.
Value And Limitations Of Current Laser Immunology Instrumentation

Laser instrumentation for the study of immunologic disease and the immune response, as well as for therapy in immunologic associated diseases is still a very new field. The laser nephelometer is the most standard of the instruments now used, because of its ability to exactly measure and quantitate various materials. Fluorescent techniques to help identify various materials including various subsets of lymphocyte population in concert with monoclonal antibodies is a field for further study and development. The therapeutic use of laser, in immunologic and rheumatic diseases, will depend upon in vitro, and in vivo animal and human design studies.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Factors in software quality for knowledge-based systems

Abstract The paper considers the need for quality knowledge-based software systems. The paper defines quality in terms of a manufacturing process and then relates the creation of software to manufacturing. It then considers the aspects that go towards the creation of a quality knowledge-based system: the specification, the development methodology, and the validation and verification processes that check that a product meets its specification. The paper does this by considering a set of benchmarks against which the level of quality can be measured and then how each of the aspects contributes to heighten each of the factors that contribute to the level of quality. The paper proposes that the specification, methodology, and validation criteria can all heighten the level of correctness and that if they are used collectively then the correctness of a system and hence the quality level can be raised significantly.
On the relation between structural and functional descriptions of biological systems.

The paper explores the properties of several kinds of system description which have been employed as a framework within which to formulate and solve basic biological problems; their scope, their limitations and the relationships between them.
Understanding Long‐Term Baseflow Water Quality Trends Using a Synoptic Survey of the Ground Water–Surface Water Interface, Central Wisconsin

The relationship between stream water quality and landscape activities is difficult to evaluate where the principal source of stream flow is ground water seepage because the average travel time from ground water recharge areas to stream discharge positions can be on the order of decades. We tested the idea that past and future baseflow water quality can be predicted based on a synoptic survey of ground water recharge age-dates (based on chlorofluorocarbon [CFC] measurements) and water quality measurements obtained at the ground water-surface water interface. In this study we (i) characterize the discharge-weighted age distribution and water quality of ground water seepage into the Little Plover River (LPR); (ii) use this information to backcast and forecast baseflow NO(3)(-) concentrations; and (iii) evaluate NO(3)(-) backcasts against historical baseflow data (1960 to 2000). The discharge-weighted apparent CFC age of ground water seepage into the LPR was 23.7 (+/-7) yr. Baseflow backcasts matched the four decade rise of baseflow NO(3)(-) from 2 to 8 mg L(-1). Baseflow forecasts included three scenarios. Scenario A projects the historical rise of NO(3)(-) in the LPR basin's ground water recharge through 2050. Scenario B projects a leveling off of NO(3)(-) in ground water recharge in the year 2000. Scenario C projects a leveling off in the year 1985. Under Scenario A, LPR baseflow NO(3)(-) will increase steadily from 8 to 19 mg L(-1) between 2000 and 2050. Under scenarios B and C baseflow NO(3)(-) will plateau at 13 mg L(-1) in 2030 and at 10 mg L(-1) in 2010, respectively. The approach developed in this study can be used to (i) reconstruct historical baseflow water quality patterns in the absence of long-term monitoring data and (ii) project the effects of potential management decision on future water quality.
Purification and properties of cytochromes c of Azotobacter vinelandii

Abstract 1. 1. An improved method for extraction and purification of Azotobacter vinelandii cytochromes c by chromatography with DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex and by isoelectric focusing is described. Yields of purified cytochromes c 4 and c 5 were approximately double those obtained with previous methods. Cytochromes c 4 and c 5 were homogeneous as evidenced by their purity index values and electrophoretic patterns on acrylamide gel. Both were slowly autoxidizable; cytochrome c 4 did not combine with CO, whereas cytochrome c 5 showed 10% combination. 2. 2. A third cytochrome c from A. vinelandii , designated as minor cytochrome c 4 , was separated on DEAE-cellulose columns. Though spectrally identical, its molecular weight is half that of cytochrome c 4 . 3. 3. Cytochrome c 4 is a monomer with 2 hemes per molecule and a molecular weight of 24000 ± 2000. Cytochrome c 5 was isolated as a dimer of 24400 ± 1000 molecular weight, but under denaturing conditions it is split into monomers half this size, each containing 1 heme group. 4. 4. Cytochrome c 4 has 4 histidines per molecule; cytochrome c 5 has 1 histidine per monomer. Tryptophan is absent from cytochrome c 4 . 5. 5. Neither the relative cytochrome c content of cells grown on ammonia nor functional tests supported a direct role for A. vinelandii cytochromes c in nitrogen fixation. Large differences in rates of oxidation among the bacterial cytochromes c were noted with oxidase from A. vinelandii and from beef heart. Cytochrome c oxidation by A. vinelandii was always highly sensitive to KCN; this supports the concept that all bacterial cytochromes c are on one branch of a split terminal oxidase chain.
Detection of gate-oxide defects with timing tests at reduced power supply

In this paper, we focus on the detection of small gate-oxide defects, which can escape production tests but lead to early-life-failures (ELF) during normal operation. Very-Low-Voltage (VLV) and MinVDD testing have been proposed in the past to screen such “weak” ICs. However, small defects that are not severe enough to trigger logic failures can still escape such tests given the fact that power supply voltage cannot be arbitrarily lowered in a given technology. We suggest a novel approach for increasing the sensitivity of detection of these small gate-oxide defects by applying timing tests in a reduced power supply environment. While not severe enough to cause logic failures, small oxide defects can still introduce observable anomalies in the timing of affected paths, which is amplified at reduced power supply voltages. Experimental simulation results using NanGate 45nm technology are provided to substantiate our conclusions.
Controlling the Bimolecular Reaction and Photodissociation of HNCO through Selective Excitation of Perturbed Vibrational States

Selective reaction or photodissociation of isocyanic acid (HNCO) molecules in well-characterized vibrational eigenstates is a means of controlling their chemistry. The key to the measurements is the characterization of their vibrational states by absorption spectroscopy and the determination of their reaction efficiency by action spectroscopy. Absorption spectroscopy and theoretical calculations on states in the region of three quanta of the N-H stretching excitation (3ν1) of HNCO identify couplings between the bright N-H stretching state and states that have one or more quanta of N-C-O bending excitation. Bimolecular reaction action spectroscopy, which monitors the yield of NCO from the reaction of Cl atoms with HNCO, and photodissociation action spectroscopy, which monitors the production of 1NH following S1 r S0 excitation in HNCO, measure the relative reaction and photodissociation cross sections for the mixed Vibrational eigenstates having rotational quantum numbers K ) 3 and J ) 6 and 7. The measurements and analysis show that the perturbing zero-order state is substantially less reactive than the bright state but has a photodissociation cross section that is much larger than that of the bright state. Bending excitation of N-C-O strongly influences both the reaction and photodissociation, hindering bimolecular reaction but promoting photodissociation.
Cornman's definition of observation terms

In Materialism and Sensations,' James Cornman attempts to draw a distinction between observation terms and theoretical terms. Historically this distinction was used primarily to define verification of scientific theories; but Cornman's interest is primarily ontological. His objective is to show how we can reconcile what is described in mentalistic terms with materialism.2 He wants to draw the distinction independently of the success or failure of a program unifying the sciences by reducing all other sciences to physics. Cornman defines materialism as:
FDR and the news media

Power was at the heart of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's relationship with the media: the power of the nation's chief executive to control his public messages versus the power of the free press to act as an independent watchdog over the president and the government. This compelling study of Roosevelt points to his consummate news management as a key to his political artistry and leadership legacy. Winfield explores FDR's handling of the media as a study in the conflict between confidentiality and openness in a democratic society. During the Depression FDR's leadership mode was flexible and open, seeking new answers for problems that had not responded to conventional solutions. Correspondingly, his dealings with the media were frank and freewheeling. But, during the war years, when invasion was a legitimate fear and information could be used as a weapon, FDR was forced to be more secretive and less candid. Winfield includes anecdotes and assessments culled from FDR's personal communications with journalists and from diaries and accounts of those who worked closely with FDR. She also gleans insights from the 1933-1945 press conferences and radio transcripts, journalists' responses, news articles, memoirs, letters to the White House, and the era's newspapers.
Removal of transurethral catheter during urodynamics may unmask stress urinary incontinence.

Purpose: The measurement of Valsalva leak point pressure may have an important role in the treatment algorithm of women with stress urinary incontinence. However, some patients with stress urinary incontinence may not have leakage during standard urodynamic studies and, thus, the Valsalva leak point pressure cannot be determined. We hypothesized that the transurethral catheter may inhibit leakage during urodynamics.Materials and Methods: We evaluated 21 consecutive women presenting with complaints of stress urinary incontinence who failed to have leakage on urodynamic studies. Bedside cystometry was performed, followed by urodynamics using a 6Fr transurethral catheter. When stress urinary incontinence was not noted, the catheter was removed and the Valsalva leak point pressure was measured using the intraabdominal pressure catheter.Results: No woman had leakage on urodynamic studies with the catheter in place, although 11 of 21 had leakage after the catheter was removed and 15 had leakage on bedside cysto...
A multi-stage approach for non-cooperative iris recognition

In this paper, we proposed a robust multi-stage feature extraction and matching approach for non-cooperative iris recognition. To speed up the process, we used the SURF concept that treats the image as discrete and digital matrices. Unlike SURF method, we applied Gabor wavelets for feature extraction. More importantly, we designed a multi-scale feature point extraction method and a multi-stage matching scheme to improve the recognition accuracy and speed. The experimental results show that the proposed method can not only improve the process speed but also achieve better recognition accuracy.
Cutaneous Application of Ethinyl Estradiol in Alcohol

Results and Summary1. The estrogenic hormone, ethinyl estradiol, in an alcoholic solution was absorbed through the skin of albino rats very effectively by cutaneous application without massage and in this vehicle appeared to give a complete substitution for the natural estrogenic internal secretion from the ovary. This would seem to indicate a very simple and reliable means of cutaneous application. Effective absorption of this estrogen through the skin was evidenced by the pronounced influence similar to that generally known of other estrogens on the pituitaries, ovaries, uteri, vagina, testes, seminal vesicles and ventral prostates as determined by gross weights (Table I) and histological studies. 2. The potency of an alcoholic solution of ethinyl estradiol applied to the skin was further substantiated by the fact that estrus was induced in both spayed and intact females in 24 hours and that the daily dosage of 0.1 γ was sufficient to substitute for the loss of the ovaries in castrates as evidenced by u...
A dynamic model for studying the relationship between dose and exposure in carcinogenesis

Abstract A dynamic model is presented to describe the metabolism of hydrocarbon carcinogens and the induction of the metabolizing enzymes for a mouse skin system. The model is used to calculate the exposure to the primary carcinogen for various dosage schedules. It is shown that the change in exposure caused by the change in dosage schedule can explain observed variations of tumor production with fractionation of dose and preinduction or inhibition of the metabolizing enzymes. The use of this analysis in elucidating fundamental mechanisms of carcinogenesis and in predicting responses to varying schedules of exposure to carcinogens and cocarcinogens (e.g., environmental conditions) is discussed.
An extension of special relativity to accelerating frames and some of its philosophical implications

A rigorous extension of the full Lorentz group is found which is parameterized by interframe velocities v(t) and which reduces to Special Relativity for acceleration-free cases and to Galilean relativity for low velocity cases. Full group properties are exhibited. Four-momentum is defined and particle masses are shown to be invariants. Four-force is introduced and pseudoforces are shown to enter the equations of particle dynamics. Maxwell's equations are shown to take on pseudocurrent terms in accelerating frames. A four-vector Green function solution to the modified Maxwell equations is presented. Finally, a discussion is offered concerning philosophical questions such as the operational definition of time.
A split Hopkinson bar technique for low-impedance materials

An experimental technique that modifies the conventional split Hopkinson pressure bar has been developed for measuring the compressive stress-strain responses of materials with low mechanical impedance and low compressive strengths such as elastomers at high strain rates. A high-strength aluminum alloy was used for the bar materials instead of steel, and the transmission bar was hollow. The lower Young's modulus of the aluminum alloy and the smaller cross-sectional area of the hollow bar increased the amplitude of the transmitted strain signal by an order of magnitude as compared to a conventional steel bar. In addition, a pulse shaper lengthened the rise time of the incident pulse to ensure stress equilibrium and homogeneous deformation in the low-impedance specimen. Experimental results show that the high strain rate, compressive stress-strain behavior of an elastomeric material can be determined accurately and reliably using this technique.