cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Criminal Liability for Omissions: A Brief Summary and Critique of the Law in the United States

Criminal liability for an omission is imposed in two distinct situations. First, such liability is often imposed explicitly in offense definitions that punish a failure to perform certain conduct. For example, it is an offense to fail to file a tax return. Second, it is also common for a general provision, apart from an offense definition, to create omission liability for an offense defined in commission terms. Parents, for example, are generally given the legal duty to care for their children. A parent may be held liable for criminal homicide, then, where death results from a failure to perform this duty, even though the homicide offense is defined in terms of commission. Section I gives examples of the first basis for omission liability; section II discusses the second.
Do Firms Diversify Because Managers Shirk? A Reinterpretation of the Principal-Agent Model of Diversification

In the principal-agent model of firm structure proposed by Aron (1988), diversification is optimal because it reduces managerial risk exposure. Diversification has this effect because it improves the monitoring function of output-contingent compensation which exists to alleviate the managerial moral hazard problem facing the firm's owners. But what if managers never shirk or can be easily observed by firm owners so the moral hazard problem vanishes? Does the optimality of diversification vanish as well? This paper develops a self-selection variant of Aron's model to show that the answer to this question is no. A by-product of this exercise is that it suggests how one might craft a test of whether the principal-agent model of diversification is driven by the problem of managerial moral hazard or managerial self-selection.
Analgesic efficacy and side effects of subarachnoid sufentanil-bupivacaine administered to women in advanced labor.

Background and Objectives Previous studies of labor analgesia using subarachnoid sufentanil (alone or with adjuvants) have focused on women in the early first stage of labor. This study prospectively evaluated analgesia and side effects of subarachnoid sufentanil (10 μg) plus bupivacaine (2.5 mg) in parturients with cervical dilation of 7 cm or more. Methods In an open-label, nonrandomized trial, 32 parturients in the late first stage of labor, who had requested regional anesthesia, consented to subarachnoid injection of sufentanil (10 μg) and bupivacaine (2.5 mg). Patients rated their pain by a verbal pain score (0-10 scale) prior to regional anesthesia, 5 minutes after subarachnoid injection, and every 20 minutes thereafter until delivery or request for additional analgesia. Blood pressure, pruritus, Bromage motor block score (0-3), mode of delivery, and need for supplemental analgesics were recorded. Results Lumbar puncture was successful in 30 women. Pain scores (mean ± SD) were 8.7 ± 1.0 prespinal and 0.7 ± 1.5 5 minutes postinjection, and remained less than 5 for 130 minutes after the spinal injection. Of these 30 patients, 24 had unassisted vaginal delivery, 4 had instrumental vaginal delivery (3 vacuum, 1 low forceps), and 2 had cesarean delivery. Of the 28 patients who delivered vaginally, 19 did not require supplemental analgesics and had a delivery pain score of 5 or lower. Blood pressure decreased after spinal analgesia (P Conclusion In parturients with cervical dilation of 7 cm or more, subarachnoid sufentanil-bupivacaine produces rapid analgesia with an effective duration of approximately 130 minutes.
Inheritance in automated planning

The use of abstraction in planning is explored in order to simplify the reasoning task of an automated agent. An extension of inheritance (ISA) hierarchies from object classes to arbitrary object relations and to the actions of an agent serves to partition a planning system into distinct levels. The problem of maintaining the truth values of assertions at different levels of representation is addressed by stating the precise relationship between the different levels. This gives rise to the following correspondence between solutions: for each abstract solution, there exist isomorphic specializations at each lower level. Thus, the presence of abstract solutions strongly constrains the size of the original search space.
The Occupation-Centered Intervention Assessment (OCIA): A Means To Develop Students’ Professional Reasoning

Date Presented 04/06/19 The OCIA provides a tool to promote students’ reflection on clinical experiences, giving educators a method to address the dissonance in clinical experiences and academic education. Using the OCIA as a tool to modify interventions to increase occupation-centered practice, further embracing the profession’s philosophy, may be one strategy to facilitate professional socialization. Primary Author and Speaker: Vanessa Jewell Additional Authors and Speakers: LouAnn Griswold
Perineuronal net expression in the brain of a hibernating mammal

During hibernation, mammals like the 13-lined ground squirrel cycle between physiological extremes. Most of the hibernation season is spent in bouts of torpor, where body temperature, heart rate, and cerebral blood flow are all very low. However, the ground squirrels periodically enter into interbout arousals (IBAs), where physiological parameters return to non-hibernating levels. During torpor, neurons in many brain regions shrink and become electrically quiescent, but reconnect and regain activity during IBA. Previous work showed evidence of extracellular matrix (ECM) changes occurring in the hypothalamus during hibernation that could be associated with this plasticity. Here, we examined expression of a specialized ECM structure, the perineuronal net (PNN), in the forebrain of ground squirrels in torpor, IBA, and summer (non-hibernating). PNNs are known to restrict plasticity, and could be important for retaining essential connections in the brain during hibernation. We found PNNs in three regions of the hypothalamus: ventrolateral hypothalamus, paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and anterior hypothalamic area. We also found PNNs throughout the cerebral cortex, amygdala, and lateral septum. The total area covered by PNNs within the PVN was significantly higher during IBA compared to non-hibernating and torpor (P < 0.01). Additionally, the amount of PNN coverage area per Nissl-stained neuron in the PVN was significantly higher in hibernation compared to non-hibernating (P < 0.05). No other significant differences were found across seasons. The PVN is involved in food intake and homeostasis, and PNNs found here could be essential for retaining vital life functions during hibernation.
The Congenital Heart Disease Brain: Prenatal Considerations for Perioperative Neurocritical Care

Altered brain development has been highlighted as an important contributor to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with congenital heart disease. Abnormalities begin prenatally and include micro- and macrostructural disturbances that lead to an altered trajectory of brain growth throughout gestation. Recent progress in fetal imaging has improved understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms and risk factors for impaired fetal brain development. The impact of the prenatal environment on postnatal neurological care has also gained increased focus. This review summarizes current data on the timing and pattern of altered prenatal brain development in congenital heart disease, the potential mechanisms of these abnormalities, and the association with perioperative neurological complications.
Chapter 5 – Sleep Compression

Publisher Summary Sleep compression is ideal for those who exhibit sleep continuity disturbance but not substantial daytime deficits. Poor sleep accompanied by little daytime impairment suggests that enough sleep has been obtained to satisfy biologic need. Decreasing wake time in bed not increasing sleep becomes the primary therapeutic goal. There are no serious contraindications for sleep compression. Temporary, increased daytime sleepiness that sometimes occurs with the introduction of the similar procedure of sleep restriction has not been observed with sleep compression. Sleep compression begins by estimating total sleep time (TST) and time in bed (TIB). This is usually done by collecting a 2-week baseline sleep diary; longer or shorter baseline duration and other data sources, such as actigraphy, could be used instead. However, collecting data for much less than a week may mean that one will not get a representative sample of sleep. It has been found that sleep diaries have better utility for setting a sleep compression schedule, since they reflect patients' perceptions of their own sleep, and as a result patients are more likely to accept recommended changes than when baseline data are derived from an actigraphic device.
Food Acquisition Practices, Body Mass Index, and Dietary Outcomes by Level of Rurality.

Purpose Rural residents are more likely to be obese than urban residents. Research on how people navigate their local food environments through food acquisition behaviors, such as food shopping and restaurant use, in different types of communities may help to create a deeper understanding of the multilevel determinants of obesity. Methods Data are from a national sample of US adults ages 18-75. Respondents were recruited from an online survey panel in 2015 and asked about food shopping, restaurant use, diet and weight (N = 3,883). Comparisons were made by level of rurality as assessed by Rural-Urban Continuum Codes (RUCC) and self-reported rurality of the area around their home. Findings Food acquisition behaviors varied minimally by RUCC-defined level of rurality, with the exceptions of type and distance to primary food store. Rural residents drove further and were more likely to shop at small grocery stores and supercenters than were residents of semiurban or urban counties. In contrast, all of the food acquisition behaviors varied by self-reported rurality of residential areas. Respondents living in rural areas shopped for groceries less frequently, drove further, more commonly shopped at small grocery stores and supercenters, and used restaurants less frequently. In multivariable analyses, rural, small town, and suburban areas were each significantly associated with BMI and fruit and vegetable intake, but not percent energy from fat. Conclusion Findings show that self-reported rurality of residential area is associated with food acquisition behaviors and may partly explain rural-urban differences in obesity and diet quality.
Single cell profiling of capillary blood enables out of clinic human immunity studies.

An individual’s immune system is driven by both genetic and environmental factors that vary over time. To better understand the temporal and inter-individual variability of gene expression within distinct immune cell types, we developed a platform that leverages multiplexed single-cell sequencing and out-of-clinic capillary blood extraction to enable simplified, cost-effective profiling of the human immune system across people and time at single-cell resolution. Using the platform, we detect widespread differences in cell type-specific gene expression between subjects that are stable over multiple days.
A Cable Knot and BPS-Series

A series invariant of a complement of a knot was introduced recently. The invariant for several prime knots up to ten crossings have been explicitly computed. We present the first example of a satellite knot, namely, a cable of the figure eight knot, which has more than ten crossings. This cable knot result provides nontrivial evidence for the conjectures for the series invariant and demonstrates the robustness of integrality of the quantum invariant under the cabling operation. Furthermore, we find interesting effects of the cabling on the series invariant.
Transactional memory today

The term “Transactional Memory” was coined back in 1993, but even today, there is a vigorous debate about what it means and what it should do. This debate sometimes generates more heat than light: terms are not always well-defined and criteria for making judgments are not always clear. This article will try to impose some order on the conversation. TM itself can encompass hardware, software, speculative lock elision, and other mechanisms. The benefits sought encompass simpler implementations of highly-concurrent data structures, better software engineering for concurrent platforms and enhanced performance.
A single EF‐hand isolated from STIM1 forms dimer in the absence and presence of Ca2+

Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) is responsible for activating the Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channel by first sensing the changes in Ca2+ concentration in the endoplasmic reticulum ([Ca2+]ER) via its luminal canonical EF-hand motif and subsequently oligomerizing to interact with the CRAC channel pore-forming subunit Orai1. In this work, we applied a grafting approach to obtain the intrinsic metal-binding affinity of the isolated EF-hand of STIM1, and further investigated its oligomeric state using pulsed-field gradient NMR and size-exclusion chromatography. The canonical EF-hand bound Ca2+ with a dissociation constant at a level comparable with [Ca2+]ER (512 ± 15 μm). The binding of Ca2+ resulted in a more compact conformation of the engineered protein. Our results also showed that D to A mutations at Ca2+-coordinating loop positions 1 and 3 of the EF-hand from STIM1 led to a 15-fold decrease in the metal-binding affinity, which explains why this mutant was insensitive to changes in Ca2+ concentration in the endoplasmic reticulum ([Ca2+]ER) and resulted in constitutive punctae formation and Ca2+ influx. In addition, the grafted single EF-hand motif formed a dimer regardless of the presence of Ca2+, which conforms to the EF-hand paring paradigm. These data indicate that the STIM1 canonical EF-hand motif tends to dimerize for functionality in solution and is responsible for sensing changes in [Ca2+]ER.
Extinction of diffusion flames with nonunity Lewis numbers

Quasisteady extinction of diffusion flames with nonunity Lewis numbers is analyzed for counterflow diffusion flames in the diffusion-flame regime of activation-energy asymptotics. Particular attention is placed on an excess or deficiency of the total energy in the reaction region, associated with leakage of the reactants. If the Lewis number is less than unity, there is diminished diffusive loss of thermal energy that leads to an increase of the total energy in the reaction zone as reactants penetrate. The resulting excess total energy strengthens the chemical reaction, so that the flame becomes more robust and resistant to extinction. On the other hand, flames with Lewis numbers greater than unity are found to extinguish more easily. An extinction criterion is provided that is valid for nonunity Lewis numbers.
SQL/LPP: A Time Series Extension of SQL Based on Limited Patience Patterns

In this paper, we introduce SQL/LPP, a time series extension of SQL. SQL/LPP is based on Limited Patience Patterns, a temporal pattern model that is expressive, practical, intuitive, and supports a declarative algebraic syntax permitting query optimization. We illustrate basic features of SQL/LPP, showing the definition and use of popular time series patterns.
Labs first: a computer scientist's guide to teaching management information systems

Management Information Systems is a common course requirement for business programs, but it is often taught as a service course within a Computer Science department. When taught as an entirely lecture-based course, Management Information Systems can seem unrelated to fundamental Computer Science topics. When computer application proficiency is the focus, Management Information Systems can be an unpopular course to teach. However, some departments may be missing out on an excellent opportunity to attract students to the field of Computer Science. By focusing on innovative labs that combine business applications with Computer Science-based solutions, it is possible to teach practical computer application skills, traditional material in Management Information Systems, and both fundamental and emerging Computer Science topics.
A Note on Anomalous Adiabatic Cooling Rates in Clouds

Abstract During the brief period of extremely rapid condensation accompanying the activation phase of cloud-droplet growth, latent-heat release produces adiabatic cooling rates well below the conventional saturated adiabatic value. Using results of drop-growth calculations made by Mordy, the main features of this anomalous thermodynamic process are examined quantitatively. For a convective updraft of the not excessive speed of 1 m sec−1, it is found that an isothermal expansion process prevails throughout a depth of approximately 10 m just above cloud-base. It seems almost certain that the even more extreme case of expansion in which the parcel temperature actually rises slightly during ascent will be found to occur when computer studies are extended to models with updraft speeds closer to the maximum observed cumulus-base up-draft speeds.
Purkinje-cell plasticity and cerebellar motor learning are graded by complex-spike duration

Behavioural learning is mediated by cellular plasticity, such as changes in the strength of synapses at specific sites in neural circuits. The theory of cerebellar motor learning relies on movement errors signalled by climbing-fibre inputs to cause long-term depression of synapses from parallel fibres to Purkinje cells. However, a recent review has called into question the widely held view that the climbing-fibre input is an 'all-or-none' event. In anaesthetized animals, there is wide variation in the duration of the complex spike (CS) caused in Purkinje cells by a climbing-fibre input. Furthermore, the amount of plasticity in Purkinje cells is graded according to the duration of electrically controlled bursts in climbing fibres. The duration of bursts depends on the 'state' of the inferior olive and therefore may be correlated across climbing fibres. Here we provide a potential functional context for these mechanisms during motor learning in behaving monkeys. The magnitudes of both plasticity and motor learning depend on the duration of the CS responses. Furthermore, the duration of CS responses seems to be a meaningful signal that is correlated across the Purkinje-cell population during motor learning. We suggest that during learning, longer bursts in climbing fibres lead to longer-duration CS responses in Purkinje cells, more calcium entry into Purkinje cells, larger synaptic depression, and stronger learning. The same graded impact of instructive signals for plasticity and learning might occur throughout the nervous system.
The Josephine Ophiolite—Remains of a Late Jurassic marginal basin in northwestern California

The Josephine Ophiolite is a fully developed ophiolite exposed in the western Jurassic belt of the Klamath Mountains. The ophiolite is overlain by a thick flysch sequence derived from both an active volcanic arc and the continental margin. Many lines of evidence favor genesis of the ophiolite in an immature marginal basin by back-arc spreading rather than at a mid-ocean spreading center.
Enzymatic Tailoring of Enterobactin Alters Membrane Partitioning and Iron Acquisition

Enterobactin (Ent), a prototypic bacterial siderophore, is modified by both the C-glucosyltransferase IroB and the macrolactone hydrolase IroE in pathogenic bacteria that contain the iroA cluster. To investigate the possible effects of glucosylation and macrolactone hydrolysis on the physical properties of Ent, the membrane affinities and iron acquisition rates of Ent and Ent-derived siderophores were measured. The data obtained indicate that Ent has a high membrane affinity (K(x) = 1.5 x 10(4)) similar to that of ferric acinetoferrin, an amphiphile containing two eight-carbon hydrophobic chains. Glucosylation and macrolactone hydrolysis decrease the membrane affinity of Ent by 5-25-fold. Furthermore, in the presence of phospholipid vesicles, the iron acquisition rate is significantly increased by glucosylation and macrolactone hydrolysis, due to the resultant decrease in membrane sequestration of the siderophore. These results suggest that IroB and IroE enhance the ability of Ent-producing pathogens to acquire iron in membrane-rich microenvironments.
An Integrated Surface Radiation Measurement System

Abstract An integrated surface radiation measurement system has been developed to measure the surface radiation exchange flux. The system employs upward- and downward-looking Eppley pyrgeometers and pyranometers to separately measure four components: downwelling and upwelling, as well as short- and longwave atmospheric radiation. Additional thermisters, installed by Eppley Laboratories, give a more accurate measurement of dome temperature, and the analog battery-powered thermopile temperature compensation circuit is replaced with a voltage-standard circuit. This circuit also serves to produce accurate thermisters excitation. All the parameters of the pyrgeometers, including the output of the thermopile, the temperature of the upper surface of thermopile, and the dome and the case temperatures, are monitored directly. This allows corrections to be made for the thermal emission of the thermopile and a realistic Stefan–Boltzmann calculation to correct for the solar heating of the pyrgeometer dome. The signal...
The power density spectrum of television random noise.

The two-dimensional power density spectrum of television random noise is derived in terms of the one-dimensional spectrum of the noise considered as a time function. As an application, an attempt is made to look at the problem of the subjective effect of television noise from a two-dimensional point of view.
A Modest Test of Cross-Cultural Differences in Sexual Modesty, Embarrassment and Self-Disclosure

Borrowing Hall's (1976) analytic distinction between Low and High Context Cultures, seven hypotheses distinguishing German nudists (low context) from French nudists (high context) are deduced. Data collected at public nudism beaches in France and Germany supports these differences; namely, that Germans have more overt time-space segmentation of activities, less differentiation of sexuality and sensuality, less body display, more male-dominated cross-sex body contact, more segregation of parts of the body, more staring behavior and more concern with accentuation of the body. These differences lead to conclusions that formulations by Weinberg (1964) of embarrassment and modesty are specific to high context cultures like the United States and West Germany and are inappropriate in low context cultures like France. Future trends in nudism are discussed along with the implications for modesty, embarrassment and self-disclosure.
Using Social Network Analysis to Understand Sense of Community in an Online Learning Environment

This study uses social network analysis (SNA) in an innovative way to describe interaction and explain how interaction influences sense of community of students in online learning environments. The findings reveal differences on sense of community between two similarly structured online courses, and show unique interaction patterns for students in the two courses. These results should prove to be interesting to researchers of online learning both on a theoretical and methodological basis.
Correlation between susceptibility to demyelination and interferon-γ induction of major histocompatibility complex class II antigens on murine cerebrovascular endothelial cells

Abstract The induction of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class II expression was studied on cerebrovascular endothelial cells (CVE) obtained from strains of mice that are resistant (BALB/c) and susceptible (SJL and CBA) to Theiler's virus-induced demyelination (TVID). Following 24 h treatment with interferon (IFN)-γ, MHC Class II was induced on CVE derived from susceptible but not resistant strains of mice. However, IFN-γ induced the expression of MHC Class II on late passages of BALB/c CVE. These results demonstrate a correlation between susceptibility to demyelination and the ability of IFN-γ to induce the expression of MHC Class II on CVE. In susceptible strains of mice, the presence of activated, IFN-γ-secreting T cells, in the vicinity of CVE would increase the antigen-presenting capabilities of CVE and result in increased T cell traffic into the central nervous system.
Web Services for Geographic Information Systems

A surge in Web services and applications for geographic information systems (GISs) has made large spatial-data archives available over the Internet. Significant accomplishments in GIS Web services have led to several exemplifying map and image services that adhere to Web services standards and provide geospatial data and digital maps to enterprise developers.
Snow goose migration phenology is related to extratropical storm climate

The phenologies of autumn and spring migrations by greater snow geese (Anser caerulescens atlantica) are shown to be statistically independent. Spring and fall migration phenologies are demonstrated to be significantly related to synoptic scale atmospheric circulation systems (extratropical storms) rather than a factor such as temperature. Interannual variation in the timing of migratory movements by snow geese reflect interannual variation in the climatology of extratropical storms. Early fall migration is significantly related to an increased frequency of cyclonic disturbances off the United States east and gulf coasts. Years in which autumn migration is delayed occur when the Atlantic coast storm track is displaced northward. Late spring migrations are related to extratropical storms being more frequent over the Great Plains, along the gulf coast, and over the northern Gulf of Mexico. Increased cyclone activity through the Ohio River valley and over the Great Lakes tends to advance the onset of spring migrations.
Targeted gene deletion of the 5-HT3A receptor subunit produces an anxiolytic phenotype in mice

Anxiety disorders are the most common psychiatric disorders. Typical medications used to treat patients are benzodiazepines or antidepressants that target serotonin (5-HT) activity. The ionotropic 5-HT3 receptor has emerged as a potential therapeutic target because selective antagonist compounds reduce anxiety in rodents, primates, and humans. 5-HT binds to the extracellular N-terminus of the 5-HT3A receptor subunit, but receptor activation is also enhanced by distinct allosteric sites. It is not known if specific molecular subunits of the 5-HT3 receptor modulate anxiety. To address this issue, we characterized anxiety-like behavior of mice with a targeted deletion of the 5-HT3A receptor subunit gene in the light/dark box, elevated plus maze, and novelty interaction animal models of anxiety. 5-HT3A null mice exhibited an anxiolytic behavioral phenotype that was highly correlated across behavioral measures. This evidence indicates that the 5-HT3A molecular subunit influences anxiety-like behavior. Pharmacotherapy that targets specifically the 5-HT3A receptor subunit may provide a novel treatment for anxiety disorders.
Recognizing records from the extracted cells of microfilm tables

Microfilm documents contain a wealth of information, but extracting and organizing this information by hand is slow, error-prone, and tedious. As an initial step toward automating access to this information, we describe in this paper an algorithmic process to automatically identify record patterns found in microfilm tables for pre-specified application domains. Our table-processing algorithm accepts an XML input file describing the individual cells of a table taken from a microfilm document, and finds for each record in the document the cells that together comprise the record. Two key features drive the algorithm: (1) geometric layout and (2) label matching with respect to a given domain-specific application ontology. The algorithm achieved an accuracy of 92% on our test corpus of genealogical microfilm tables.
Dehydration of carboxylic acids on the MgO(100) surface

The interaction of formic and acetic acids with the MgO(100) surface has been studied under UHV conditions using XPS and TPD. Both acids dissociated heterolytically on the MgO surface, forming surface formate and acetate species respectively. The carboxylates decomposed at 520 K into dehydration products H2O + CO from HCOO, and H2O+CH2CO from CH3COOH.
W.E.B. Du Bois and "The Negro Church"

This article surveys W.E.B. Du Bois's political thought on the appropriate role of African American religion and religious institutions in the struggle for African American empowerment. More broadly, the discussion illuminates a vigorous debate in the early decades of the twentieth century among a wide variety of African American intellectuals and activists on this very question. The article concludes with a call for renewed research on the place of the church in political struggles, as this remains an area about which much is assumed but little is actually written.
The Roles of Personality and Self-Defeating Behaviors in Self-Management Failure

Purpose - Develops a framework for understanding how an individual's personality can predispose him/her to engage in self-defeating behaviour that will result in self-management failure. Design/methodology/approach - Identifies six behaviours that are likely to damage the ability of individuals to reach their goals and targets - procrastination, inaccurate self-assessment, self-handicapping, inability to delay gratification, emotional self-absorption and escalation of commitment. Discusses the nature of these self-defeating behaviours and examines how personality can affect the propensity to engage in them. Identifies personality traits that could have particular impact - conscientiousness, neuroticism, locus of control, generalized self-efficacy and self-esteem - and sets out a series of hypotheses on how these personality traits will influence whether a person will engage in self-defeating behaviour. Lastly sets out a series of propositions on how self-defeating behaviour can affect the ability to self-manage by affecting standard setting, monitoring of effort and environment, and the ability to operate in the environment. Findings - Argues that understanding of the role of personality and self-defeating behaviour in self-management failure could offer a way of intervening in poor job performance. Research limitations/implications - Sets out the model and the propositions on which it is based. Practical implications - Discusses the practical implications of the model for managing job performance. Originality/value - Underlines the need to understand the factors that affect the individual's ability to self-manage.
Measurement of phagocytosis utilizing 51Cr-labeled tannic acid treated erythrocytes

Macrophages recognize and ingest tannic acid treated erythrocytes (TAE) by a mechanism which does not involve the well characterized receptors for immunoglobulin and complement. Since the TAE are susceptible to osmotic lysis, a clear distinction can be made between erythrocytes which are ingested from those attached to the phagocytes' surface. We present a quantitative assay for macrophage phagocytosis using 51Cr-labeled TAE. Uptake of TAE was linearly related to the incubation time during the first 40 min, and increased with the TAE concentration in a log fashion. Furthermore, both attachment and ingestion were positively related to the concentration of tannic acid used to pretreat the erythrocytes. As an example of the application of the method, we compared the ingestion of TAE with that of opsonized erythrocytes (EA) by resident and elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages. While the uptake of EA by thioglycollate-induced macrophages was increased by a factor of approximately 7 over the resident population, the uptake of TAE was only stimulated 2.3-fold. The method will be useful in comparative physiological and pharmacological studies of immunological and non-immunological phagocytosis by macrophages.
Hydrophobic chromatography of galactosyltransferase

Abstract O-Glycosidic analogs of N-acetylglucosamine are good substrates for galactosyltransferase, and as the O-substituted group becomes more hydrophobic, the apparent Km decreases as much as 2000-fold. l -leucine, leucine-amide, norleucine, valine, ϵ-amino-n-caproic acid and tyrosine-agaroses all retain galactosyltransferase in the presence of 1.25 m ammonium sulfate. The enzyme is eluted quantitatively with a five- to tenfold purification by a decreasing linear gradient of ammonium sulfate. Galactosyltransferase was not specifically bound on any of a series of ω-aminoalkylagaroses tested. A simple and highly efficient procedure for the isolation of galactosyltransferase from bovine skim milk was developed and consisted of a 40–60% ammonium sulfate precipitation of the enzyme from skim milk followed by chromatography on (1) norleucine-Sepharose, (2) UDP-hexanolamine-Sepharose, and (3) α-lactalbumin-Sepharose.
Listen to the voice: An interview with Carol Gilligan

(1999). Listen to the voice: An interview with Carol Gilligan. Women: A Cultural Review: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 173-184.
Fitting computers into control systems

Report of a panel discussion on the present and potential applications of computers in feedback control systems. The extent of the influence of computers on control concepts and some of the obstacles to more extensive use of computers in control systems are discussed.
The cytotoxic reactivity and sialic acid content of human lymphoid cells.

Human lymphocytes treated with neuraminidase show cytotoxicity reactions with a larger number of alloantisera against human leukocyte antigens than do untreated lymphocytes. In general, untreated thymus cells from the lymphocyte donor give reactions comparable to those of the neuraminidase treated lymphocytes with both alloantisera and sera which fail to react with untreated lymphocytes. However, certain sera show clear distinctions between lymphocytes and thymocytes, some reacting only with thymus cells and others only with lymphocytes. The cytotoxic reactivity of lymphocytes and thymocytes correlates with the amount of sialic acid released from the cells by neuraminidase treatment in that thymocytes release less acid than cells from spleen, adenoids, tonsils, or peripheral blood.
Global Kinetics for Platinum Diesel Oxidation Catalysts

Global oxidation kinetics for propylene (C3H6), CO, H2, and NO were determined over a platinum (Pt) catalyst with simulated diesel exhaust between 200 and 415 °C over wide concentration ranges. An integral reactor with high space velocity capability (up to 2 million h-1) was used to generate low and moderate conversion data for the rate-generation process. First-order concentration dependency for all the reactants involved in the C3H6, CO, and H2 oxidation reactions captured the experimental behavior very well. For the NO−NO2 reaction, the rate was found to be first order with respect to NO and 0.5 order with respect to O2. An overall inhibition term including only the effects of CO and NO for all the reactions was found to be adequate over the range of conditions examined in this study. A simplified 1D reactor code was used to interpret the data and predict exit concentrations. An objective function was defined for the optimization process, which is sensitive to model predictions at all conversion levels...
Chain Initiation Efficiency in Cobalt- and Nickel-Mediated Polypeptide Synthesis

In the presence of certain ligands and solvents, nickel- and cobalt-mediated living polymerizations of α-amino acid-N-carboxyanhydrides (NCAs) produce polymers with molecular weights several times greater than predicted by initial molar ratios of monomer to initiator. Such molecular weight inflation could result either from competitive formation of catalytic intermediates of reduced activity or from incomplete formation of a single catalytically active species. Evidence is presented here supporting the latter possibility. Specifically, evidence is given that the concentration of the key amido−amidate metallacyclic active species is reduced in situ by (1) complexation of metal(0) preinitiator by CO liberated upon addition of an NCA monomer to another molecule of preinitiator, (2) incomplete ring contraction of a six-membered amido−alkylmetallacyclic intermediate due to inefficient proton migration, and (3) dimerization of the amido−amidate active species to give catalytically inactive complexes.
Kinetics of granulocytic and erythroid progenitor cells are affected differently by short-term, low-level benzene exposure

In previous work, we determined that granulocytic (CFU-GM) and erythroid (CFU-E) progenitor cell populations exhibited disparate responses to short-term benzene exposures. We now report on work investigating possible mechanisms for these observed disparate responses. Mice were exposed to either air or 10 ppm benzene for 6 h/d X 5 d. Immediately after the last exposure, mice were injected, i. v., with either saline or hydroxyurea (HU). The dose of HU was sufficient to kill hematopoietic cells in or near S-phase of the cell cycle and sufficient to synchronize the surviving populations of hematopoietic cells. Three days after benzene exposure, CFU-E numbers had declined to 50% of control values while CFU-GM numbers were equal to control values at this time. The benzene exposures were sufficient to double the percentage of CFU-E in S-phase but produced no such increase among CFU-GM. During 3 days of recovery from benzene exposure and HU treatment, the CFU-E population expanded 30-fold while the CFU-GM population expanded less than 3-fold. Following benzene exposure and HU treatment, both progenitor cells produced elevated numbers of their respective progeny. When CFU-E from benzene-exposed mice were cultured with varying concentrations of erythropoietin (EPO), the response at maximal EPO concentration was 66% of the response by control CFU-E. This strongly suggests that the CFU-E populations from benzene-exposed mice had been depleted of cells in or near S-phase. The results indicate that CFU-GM respond to low-level benzene exposure by increasing their rate of differentiation but not their rate of proliferation, while CFU-E respond by increasing both their rates of differentiation and proliferation. We speculate that it is the increase in CFU-E proliferation that renders these cells more susceptible to benzene than their granulocytic counterparts, especially those CFU-E at or near the S-phase of the cell cycle.
Alcohol Use Patterns Among Postpartum Women

While much attention has been paid to women’s drinking during pregnancy, few studies address a woman’s drinking once she has given birth, which presents potential dangers to herself and her child. This time of transition can be extremely stressful, potentially leading to problem drinking. On the other hand, this new role and change in lifestyle may be protective against alcohol use and abuse. We used the California Women’s Health Survey (CWHS), a randomized sample of adult women in California, to compare new mothers’ drinking behaviors to other women. In order to obtain a large enough sample to observe trends in subpopulations, we combined CWHS data from years 1997–2008 (n = 28,537 women aged 18–48). We used logistic regression to determine the individual-level characteristics that best predicted the outcomes postpartum and to compare new mothers (those with a child in the household <1 year and pregnant in the last 5 years) to other women for any alcohol use, heavy episodic drinking and number of days of alcohol use. New mothers were significantly less likely to engage in all behavior outcomes after adjustment for race/ethnicity, income, employment, education, age, and marital status, though new mothers who are not married and those in higher income brackets were identified as groups at higher risk of drinking. Although new motherhood could prove to be a risk factor for some women, we found that being a new mother is protective against all measures of drinking.
Consideration of user priorities when developing neural prosthetics

For too long there has been separation of basic science, biomedical engineering, clinical science and the people these disciplines are serving. A key ingredient to understanding the real-life consequences of many neurologic disorders that produce physical disabilities, such as spinal cord injury, is to obtain valuable information from the individuals that are actually living with the disorders everyday. This information can be obtained in an objective and usable format, which can then be used to direct biomedical research in a manner that is meaningful to the intended beneficiaries. In particular, the field of neural prosthetics for spinal cord injury can make great strides if user input is obtained throughout the stages of development. Presented here is the perspective of a scientist who also has 20 years of experience living with a cervical spinal cord injury.
Etymology in a Course on the History of the German Language

This article suggests a method for reinforcing some of the topics covered in an upper-division or graduate course on the history of the German language. Among these are the second or High German consonant shift and the influence of culture on the development of the language. In three-week-long projects toward the end of the semester, students investigate modern German words according to conceptual groups (“Musikinstrumente,” “Saugetiere,” etc.) from the perspective of etymology. For their groups of words, students perform a number of concrete tasks. The project introduced in this article is practical, for it enhances decision-making and organizational skills of the learner, expands vocabulary, and makes purposeful use of etymological sources as it achieves its primary goal of deepening the practical understanding of these issues.
Musculoskeletal rehabilitation and sports medicine. 4. Miscellaneous sports medicine topics.

Abstract This self-directed learning module highlights new advances in this topic area. It is part of the chapter on musculoskeletal rehabilitation and sports medicine in the Self-Directed Physiatric Education Program for practitioners and trainees in physical medicine and rehabilitation. This article discusses physiatric duties as a team physician, preparticipation physical examinations, ergogenic aids, heat-related illness, pediatric sports injuries, female sports injuries, and sports medicine topics pertinent to geriatric and physically or mentally challenged athletes. New advances covered in this section include use of creatine, guidelines for the preparticipation examination, sudden cardiac athletic death, pediatric and female anterior cruciate ligament injuries, the female athlete triad, spine screening in Down syndrome athletes, and "boosting" in athletes with spinal cord injury.
Growth factor expression in a murine model of cryoglobulinemia.

Growth factor expression in a murine model of cryoglobulinemia. Background Increased expression of growth factors including platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) are thought to play pivotal roles during mesangial expansion and glomerulosclerosis. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) transgenic mice develop mixed cryoglobulinemia and a membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN). Here we describe the renal expression of isoforms of PDGF and TGF-β in relation to changes in extracellular matrix (ECM) components and markers of cell proliferation and activation in this model. Methods A total of 123 mice, including 61 TSLP transgenic mice and 62 wild-type controls, were sacrificed at defined intervals. PDGF-A chain, -B chain, PDGF α- and β-receptor (β-R) and TGF-β1 mRNA were analyzed by in situ hybridization. Expression of α smooth muscle actin (αSMA), collagen type I, collagen type IV, laminin, and a marker of proliferating cells (PCNA) were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Slides also were studied by combined immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization with an antibody that recognizes monocytes/macrophage and with riboprobes that detect PDGF B-chain, PDGF β-R or TGF-β1 mRNA. Results Increased numbers of proliferating glomerular cells appeared early in the disease course, associated with de novo expression of αSMA. Expression of PDGF B-chain and β-R mRNA was increased in the mesangium and in parietal epithelial cells of TSLP transgenic mice and correlated with the number of PCNA positive cells. Increased TGF-β1 mRNA expression paralleled the deposition of type IV collagen. A significant proportion of Mac-2 positive macrophages expressed TGF-β1 mRNA, while only a small percentage of glomerular macrophages expressed PDGF B-chain mRNA. No PDGF β-R mRNA expression by macrophages was detected. Conclusion TSLP transgenic mice develop a membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in which glomerular cell proliferation and matrix deposition are associated with an increased expression of PDGF B-chain, PDGF β-R and TGF-β1. These findings extend the paradigms covering these growth factors established in the rat Thy 1 model of mesangiolysis and repairs to a murine model of progressive glomerulonephritis closely resembling human MPGN.
The effect of size on prices

Abstract We present here an analysis of the effects that the firm's size, in the sense of the quantity of its assets, has on the price charged per asset. We show that the larger the firm is, the higher the price it charges. Our argument is not based on the traditional monopoly power associated with size but rather on the ability to bear risk.
Stability analysis for linear systems with time delays

Time delays in the mathematical description of a physical system occur whenever the system is affected not only by conditions at the present time, but also by conditions which have occurred in the past. The tau-decomposition method, as refined by Lee and Hsu, is a method for studying the effects of time delay on the stability of retarded dynamical systems. In this paper, the method is extended to examine the stability and relative stability of: (1) retarded systems with many time delays; and (2) a class of neutral systems with one delay. Applications are included which illustrate the power of the technique.
Long-Term Trends in Motor Vehicle Emissions in U.S. Urban Areas

A fuel-based approach is used to estimate long-term trends (1990–2010) in carbon monoxide (CO) emissions from motor vehicles. Non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) are estimated using ambient NMHC/CO ratios after controlling for nonvehicular sources. Despite increases in fuel use of ∼10–40%, CO running exhaust emissions from on-road vehicles decreased by ∼80–90% in Los Angeles, Houston, and New York City, between 1990 and 2010. The ratio of NMHC/CO was found to be 0.24 ± 0.04 mol C/mol CO over time in Los Angeles, indicating that both pollutants decreased at a similar rate and were improved by similar emission controls, whereas on-road data from other cities suggest rates of reduction in NMHC versus CO emissions may differ somewhat. Emission ratios of CO/NOx (nitrogen oxides = NO + NO2) and NMHC/NOx decreased by a factor of ∼4 between 1990 and 2007 due to changes in the relative emission rates of passenger cars versus diesel trucks, and slight uptick thereafter, consistent across all urban areas considered here...