cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CORR Insights ® : Long-term Outcome of Displaced, Transverse, Noncomminuted Olecranon Fractures

This CORR Insights® is a commentary on the article “Long-term Outcome of Displaced, Transverse, Noncomminuted Olecranon Fractures” by Flinterman and colleagues available at DOI 10.1007/s11999-014-3481-5.
Photosynthesis of Carbon Dioxide from Carbon Surfaces Coated with Oxygen: Implications for Interstellar Molecular Clouds and the Outer Solar System

We investigate via infrared spectroscopy the synthesis of CO2 by ultraviolet irradiation (6.41 eV) of amorphous carbon covered with solid O2 at 21 K. Oxidation occurs at the O2-carbon interface promoted by photon excitation or dissociation of O2 molecules. The CO2 production is linear with photon fluence with a yield of 3.3 ± 0.3 × 10–5 CO2 photon–1; the yield does not decrease at high fluences (at least up to 2 × 1019 photons cm–2) since CO2 is not photodissociated at this photon energy. Replacing oxygen with water ice did not produce CO2 since H2O does not dissociate at this photon energy. The CO2 synthesis process discussed in this Letter does not require H2O or CO and may be important in cold astrophysical environments where O2 could be locally segregated on carbonaceous grains, such as in molecular clouds and icy objects in the outer solar system.
Engaging Students in Self-care Activities During an Advanced Community Pharmacy Practice Experience

Objective. To provide experiential rotation students with educational activities to enhance learning and patient communication skills with respect to nonprescription drug therapy. Design. A longitu...
Effects of landscape change on clutches of Phyllomedusa tarsius, a neotropical treefrog

Phyllomedusa tarsius is an arboreal frog species that suspends its eggs on leaves above water in order to achieve the high relative humidity necessary for embryo development. I compared the hatching success of P. tarsius in ponds located in pasture, Vismia spp. regrowth, Cecropia spp. regrowth, forest fragments and continuous forest at a site in central Amazonia. Reproductive success of P. tarsius is measured as percentage of clutches producing at least one tadpole and number of tadpoles produced per clutch. Reproductive success was higher in Cecropia regrowth, forest fragments and continuous forest, compared to pasture and Vismia regrowth. Desiccation and flooding were the main causes of clutch loss in pasture and Vismia regrowth, while predation was more frequent in forest and Cecropia regrowth. The levels of successful of P. tarsius clutches observed across all habitat types suggests that a landscape mosaic including pasture, secondary growth and forest fragments may allow for recolonization and genetic exchange to occur in isolated forest patches.
Expectancy of line segment orientation

The question was asked whether briefly flashed line segments are easier to detect when presented at an expected, rather than an unexpected, orientation. Detection rates were measured in a two-interval forced choice (2IFC) paradigm that did not require the subject to identify the orientation of the line segment, only to detect its presence. The 2IFC paradigm was used to rule out bias or criterion effects. Subjects were led to expect lines in a particular or primary orientation by being presented lines with that orientation as cues before every trial, and by being tested with only that orientation during practice. Lines of the orthogonal, probe orientation replaced the primary on 25% of experimental trials. When the stimulus location was known in advance, lines of the primary orientation were detected more accurately than were probe lines, but when stimulus location was not known, detection rates were equal. Detection rates were also equal when subjects were informed of the probe at the end of the practice period, so that both orientations were expected; hence the subjects' expectations, not the probability of stimulus occurrence, are necessary for the effect to occur. Thus expecting a line of a particular orientation at a particular location facilitates its detection.
Cross-resistance between azinphos-methyl and acetamiprid in populations of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), from Washington State.

BACKGROUND: Codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), has been intensely managed with the organophosphate insecticide azinphos-methyl for 50 years, and populations have developed resistance. New management programs have been developed and implemented that rely more heavily on other classes of insecticides. A prerequisite for developing effective resistance management strategies for these compounds is to establish their current levels of effectiveness. Adult and neonate larval assays were conducted to assess the response of field-collected codling moth populations from apple in Washington State. RESULTS: Male codling moth populations exhibited a range of responses to a discriminating concentration of azinphos-methyl in a survey of 20 populations. Populations from certified organic orchards were more susceptible than those from conventional orchards. Mean fecundity was inversely related to azinphos-methyl tolerance. Male responses to azinphos-methyl and acetamiprid varied significantly among populations and were correlated. The residual effectiveness of field applications of both insecticides varied significantly against neonate larvae. Neonate bioassays with insecticide-dipped fruit found significant differences among populations with azinphos-methyl, acetamiprid, methoxyfenozide and spinosad, but not with esfenvalerate. CONCLUSION: These results support a concern that alternation of insecticides with different modes of action may not be a sufficient strategy to avoid the evolution of broad-spectrum insecticide resistance by codling moth. Published 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of Incubation at Low Temperatures on Heat Resistance of Swiss Cheese Starter Cultures

Summary 1Growth of Lactobacillus bulgaricus in reconstituted skim milk at a temperature near the minimum for growth increased the ability of the cells to initiate growth and fermentation at an early hour after heat treatment. This increased heat resistance was retained upon storage of the cultures in the refrigerator for several days. 2When heat resistance was measured by survival rather than by activity after heating, cells grown at a temperature near the optimum were found to be the most resistant. 3Growth of L. bulgaricus at a low temperature in association with Candida krusei greatly decreased the ability of the cells to grow after heat-shock, but increased the ability of the culture as a whole to produce acid. 4Growth of Streptococcus thermophilus in skim milk at a temperature near the minimum decreased the heat resistance of the cells, when that character was measured either by activity or by survival after heat-shock. 5The rate of growth, of S. thermophilus at a temperature near the optimum, after incubation at either a low or an optimal temperature, was in-creased by heat-shock.
The Geospatial Web and local geographical education

Recent innovations in the Geospatial Web represent a paradigm shift in Web mapping by enabling educators to explore geography in the classroom by dynamically using a rapidly growing suite of impressive online geospatial tools. Coupled with access to spatial data repositories and User-Generated Content, the Geospatial Web provides a powerful environment for incorporating geographical analysis into mainstream education. While traditional expert-driven Geographic Information Systems are endowed with powerful tools and techniques to analyze and solve spatial problems, the Geospatial Web allows all levels of users to perform spatial analysis and generate customized maps more easily than ever before. The Geospatial Web promises to revolutionize the ways in which students explore concepts of space and place at geographical scales from the local to the global.
Retro-Technophobia: A New View of Older Technologies.

Although much attention has been given to the process of teaching older patrons about new technologies, the following study shows that younger patrons often require instruction in older technologies to feel comfortable using information in those formats. A survey was conducted among 80 undergraduate and graduate students aged 18-30, at the University of South Florida in the spring of 2005 to determine how they made use of varied information formats in their research. An information seeker' reticence to consult older information formats is termed as retro-technophobia and further suggestions for dealing with this phenomenon through well rounded bibliographic instruction are discussed in the following article.
Design and Optimization of High-Speed Low-Drive Voltage GaAs/AlGaAs Substrate-Removed Electro-Optic Modulators

Finite element simulations were made to optimize the design of high-speed substrate-removed GaAs/AlGaAs electro-optic modulators. The results indicate velocity matched 30 ? modulators with 2.2 V-cm drive voltage and bandwidth larger than 40 GHz.
Production and quantification of methyl ketones in wild tomato accessions.

Production of methyl ketones as naturally occurring insecticides from wild tomato accessions is explored in this study. Density of two glandular trichomes (type IV and type VI) on the leaves of six wild tomato accessions of Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum (Mull); three accessions of L. hirsutum f. typicum (Humb & Bonpl.); two accessions of L. pennellii Corr. (D'Arcy); and density of type VI glandular trichomes of the commercial tomato Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Fabulous are reported. Densities of type IV and VI glandular trichomes varied among the accessions tested. Type IV trichomes occurred at much higher densities than type VI. Over all accessions and counting trichome densities on both abaxial and adaxial leaflet surfaces, type IV densities averaged 96,378 trichomes.g−1 leaflets while type VI densities averaged 67,350 trichomes.g−1 leaflets. Concentrations of four methyl ketones (2-tridecanone, 2-dodecanone, 2-undecanone, 2-pentadecanone) were determined per unit leaf surface area (mm2) and per g ...
Equilibrium and kinetic studies of copper adsorption by activated carbon

Copper adsorption by granular activated carbon is reported in this paper. The experimental section includes titrations of activated carbon, as well as equilibrium and kinetic studies of copper adsorption. The potentiometric titration results show that the point of zero charge is 9.5, and that the surface charge increases with decreasing pH. The adsorption of copper strongly depends on solution pH and increases from 10 to 95% at pH ranging from 2.3 to 8. A dramatic increase in pH and emission of small gas bubbles are observed during the experiments, which may result from adsorption of hydrogen ion and/or reduction-oxidation reactions. The two-pK triple-layer model is employed to describe copper adsorption. KINEQL, an adsorption kinetics algorithm, is used to represent the experimental data, and it is found that the model can describe reasonably well the experimental measurements of surface charge, adsorption equilibrium, and adsorption kinetics. Calculations show that formation of the surface-metal complexes SO−Cu2+ and SO−CuOH+ (a hydrolysis product of SO−Cu 2+) in the outer layer around the surface of carbon results in removal of copper ion. It is also found that mass transfer controls the adsorption rate, and that adsorption occurs in the micropore region where both external mass transfer and diffusion are important.
SU‐DD‐A1‐06: Correlation Between Number of Beams and Monitor Units, in the Context of VMAT and RapidArc, in IMRT

Purpose: Reduction in treatment time and monitor units (MU) are desired for an optimum intensity modulated radiotherapy(IMRT) plan. We investigated the relationship between increasing field numbers and the total number of monitor units and segments in IMRT plans of prostate cancertumors, and its impact on arc techniques such as intensity modulated arc therapy (IMAT) and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT). Method and Materials: Ten prostate cancer patients treated to the same clinical protocol of 79.2 Gy were investigated. Individual plans that consisted of 5, 7, 9, 18 and 36 equally spaced, 15 MV beams were created for each patient. The effect of beam numbers on each plan was analyzed for 1) PTV Uniformity Index, 2) Segments, 3) Monitor Units (MU) and 4) DVH of all organs.Results: MU changes were most significant when number of fields increased from 5 to 9. Number of segments showed similar trends, where maximum increase in segment numbers occurred when field numbers increased from 5 to 9. The UI results showed both increasing and decreasing trends when field numbers increased between different patients, but were not significant. DVH comparison of organs at risk showed maximum changes in volume dose when the number of fields increased from 5 to 7. Conclusion: Increasing the field numbers from 9 to 36 fields did not result in dramatic changes in MU, segments, uniformity or DVH. Our study showed that for traditional IMRT step and shoot arrangements, to achieve similar homogeneous coverage of deep seated tumors, significant increases in the number of fields did not result in similar increases in monitor units or segments. Provided the continuous beam‐on and segment changes do not affect the overall treatmentdelivery speed, techniques based on modulated arc therapy should deliverdose distributions similar to IMRT techniques in considerably less time.
Men's time allocation to subsistence work among the Ache of Eastern Paraguay

Quantitative data on men's time allocation among the Ache of Paraguay are presented. The data indicate that Ache men work almost 7 hours daily in direct food acquisition, which is the major daily activity. The amount of time Ache men work is compared with the amount reported for other modern hunter-gatherers and tribal horticulturalists. The characterization of hunter-gatherers as the “original affluent society” does not agree with currently available data. The results show high variance across societies, both hunting and horticultural, and suggest that time spent in subsistence work is not simply a function of food “needs.” We propose that the value of time spent in potential alternative activities must be considered in order to predict time spent in subsistence tasks.
Heat and mass transfer in a paper sheet during drying

Paper and fiber board are dried by threading a continuous wet web around each of a series of 50 to 70 dryer drums. The cylinders are internally heated by condensing steam. Part of a conventional multicylinder dryer section is shown. The dryer felt is a highly porous material whose main purpose is to hold the paper sheet in close contact with the dryer shell to increase the heat transfer between the paper and dryer shell to increase the heat transfer between the paper and dryer and to help prevent shrinkage and deformation of the paper sheet. The sheet moisture content entering the drying section is 150 to 200% (dry basis) and the final moisture content varies from 2 to 9%. Many attempts have been made to analyze the paper drying process both theoretically and experimentally. Most theoretical models contain critical assumptions that considerably simplify the heat and mass transport phenomena within the sheet during drying. Kirk and Iida provide a review of existing paper drying simulation models. Most of the existing models assume variables such as temperature, moisture content, or thermal conductivity remain uniform through the sheet thickness, and that water fluxes are negligible. Furthermore, a majority of the modelsmore » have been developed for corporate use and the details of the models have remained proprietary. A better understanding of the transport phenomena in the paper sheet is needed to model the heat and mass flow through the paper accurately. A flexible model for the entire drying system could aid in the design and maintenance of dryer systems, overall system efficiency, and improved product quality.« less
Comparison of selective agents for use with the selectable marker gene bar in maize transformation

The effectiveness of four phosphinothricin (PPT)-based selective agents were evaluated for use in maize transformation: glufosinate, bialaphos, Basta® and Herbiace®. Glufosinate and its commercial formulation, Basta®, were less effective in controlling growth of non-transgenic corn callus than the tripeptide, bialaphos, or its commercial formulation, Herbiace®. Addition of 25 mM l-proline had no significant effect on selection when using bialaphos. However, when l-proline was included with the selective agent glufosinate, selection was inhibited and callus growth was enhanced. At four weeks, callus growth on 0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 mg l-1 glufosinate in the presence of proline was 76, 43, and 21% of control growth, respectively, and in the absence of proline was only 32, 9, and 6% of control growth. Optimized selection protocols for Basta® and bialaphos yielded comparable numbers of transformants. Using these protocols, fertile transgenic plants were regenerated from transformed callus cultures.
Solar radiation intensity influences extensive green roof plant communities

Abstract Two studies were conducted on a third-story rooftop to quantify the effect of solar radiation (full sun versus full shade) on several US native and non-native species for potential use on extensive green roofs. In the first study, plugs of six native and three non-native species were planted in May 2005 on substrates of two different depths (8.0 and 12.0 cm) both in sun and shade. Absolute cover (AC) was recorded using a point-frame transect during the growing season beginning in June 2005 and every 2 weeks thereafter for a period of 4 years. By week 174 (23 September 2008), most species exhibited different AC within a depth between sun and shade. However, when all species were combined, overall AC did not differ between sun and shade within a depth. This indicated that while species make-up was changing among solar radiation levels, that overall coverage was not significantly different between sun and shade. For all substrate depths and solar levels, the most abundant species were Sedum acre , Allium cernuum , Sedum album ‘Coral Carpet’, and Talinum calycinum . Less abundant species included Talinum parviflorum , Carex flacca , Sedum stenopetalum , and Sedum divergens , which all exhibited 0 or near 0 AC regardless of depth or solar radiation levels. With the exception of T. calycinum , native species were less abundant than non-native species. In the second study, six common extensive green roof species of Sedum established from seed in May 2005 on a 10.0 cm (3.9 in) substrate depth were compared in both sun and shade over four growing seasons. AC was evaluated as in the previous study. Solar radiation did not affect AC, but overall species composition differed between sun and shade levels. The most abundant species in full sun were S. acre (0.57 AC) and S. album ‘Coral Carpet’ (0.51 AC). Sedum kamtschaticum (0.57 AC) and Sedum spurium ‘Coccineum’ (0.35 AC) performed the best in the shade. For both solar levels, the least abundant species at week 174 were Sedum pulchellum (0.0 AC) and S. album ‘Coral Carpet’ (0.1 AC).
Acid mucopolysaccharides of invertebrate cartilage.

PREVIOUS biochemical studies of acid mucopolysaccharides of cartilage were largely limited to mammalian tissues1. The principal polysaccharides found were chondroitin sulphate A and chondroitin sulphate C, with keratosulphate a minor component. The wide distribution of these acid mucopolysaccharides among all vertebrate classes, as shown by a preliminary survey2, suggests that their presence may be a systematic characteristic of vertebrate cartilage. Thus far only cartilages of elasmobranchs and lampreys have been found to contain sulphated chondroitin sulphate C type polysaccharides; sulphated keratosulphate is present in elasmobranchs only. These polysaccharides are similar to chondroitin sulphate C and keratosulphate, respectively, except for an excess of ester sulphate, above one mole per mole hexosamine.
Disturbances in visual perception following cerebral lesions.

(1949). Disturbances in Visual Perception Following Cerebral Lesions. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 223-233.
Direct Nuclear Delivery of DNA by Photothermal Nanoblade

We demonstrate direct nuclear delivery of DNA into live mammalian cells using the photothermal nanoblade. Pulsed laser-triggered cavitation bubbles on a titanium-coated micropipette tip punctured both cellular plasma and nuclear membranes, which was followed by pressure-controlled delivery of DNA into the nucleus. High-level and efficient plasmid expression in different cell types with maintained cell viability was achieved.
Laparoscopic surgery for trauma: the realm of therapeutic management.

Abstract Background The use of laparoscopy in trauma is, in general, limited for diagnostic purposes. We aim to evaluate the therapeutic role of laparoscopic surgery in trauma patients. Methods We analyzed the National Trauma Data Bank (2007 to 2010) for all patients undergoing diagnostic laparoscopy. Patients undergoing a therapeutic laparoscopic surgical procedure were identified and tabulated. Mortality and hospital length of stay for patients with isolated abdominal injuries were compared between the open and laparoscopic groups. Results Of a total of 2,539,818 trauma visits in the National Trauma Data Bank, 4,755 patients underwent a diagnostic laparoscopy at 467 trauma centers. Of these, 916 (19.3%) patients underwent a therapeutic laparoscopic intervention. Common laparoscopic operations included diaphragm repair, bowel repair or resection, and splenectomy. Patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery had a significantly shorter length of stay than the open group (5 vs 6 days; P Conclusion Therapeutic laparoscopic surgery for trauma is feasible and may provide better outcomes.
Adolescent posttraumatic stress disorder: An examination of factor structure reliability in two national samples

A four-factor structure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been proposed for DSM-V based on empirical evidence that it is superior to the three-factor DSM-IV structure. However, most studies reveal multiple structures fit the data well in adolescent samples, and high factor correlations have been reported. Within two national samples of adolescents, we tested eight PTSD factor structures, which have never been compared in a single study. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) of PTSD symptoms were conducted in two national samples of adolescents: the National Survey of Adolescents (NSA; N = 4023) and the NSA-Replication (NSA-R; N = 3614). CFA revealed that all models provided very good fit to both samples (RMSEAs = .021-.039), though the one-factor model can be rejected, and correlations between factors were high (rs = .80-1.0). Potential interpretations of these findings include: (1) the indicators (i.e., symptoms) need refinement; or (2) relevant symptoms have yet to be identified.
Fragmentation behaviour in particulate materials processing

AbstractFragmentation simulations are created to provide a basis for understanding how certain particle size distributions emerge in particulate materials processing, such as in atomisation, crushing, or milling. These simulations start with a piece of material that is fractured in a random manner. Subsequent events are governed by simple rules, such as only the largest piece is fractured next, or all pieces are fractured at the same rate, or fracture continues until all of the pieces fall through a screen. Each of these simulations is associated with a sequence practiced in powder formation. Size distribution data and size reduction kinetics are extracted from the simulations. The findings show how uniform distributions and lognormal distributions emerge from random fragmentation events. Empirical laws previously encountered in the field, such as the Rosin–Rammler cumulative particle mass distribution and the Charles equation for particle size reduction, are confirmed by the results.
Eye movement control during scene viewing: Immediate degradation and enhancement effects of spatial frequency filtering

What controls how long the eyes remain fixated during scene perception? We investigated whether fixation durations are under the immediate control of the quality of the current scene image. Subjects freely viewed photographs of scenes in preparation for a later memory test while their eye movements were recorded. Using the saccade-contingent display change method, scenes were degraded (Experiment 1) or enhanced (Experiment 2) via blurring (low-pass filtering) during predefined saccades. Results showed that fixation durations immediately after a display change were influenced by the degree of blur, with a monotonic relationship between degree of blur and fixation duration. The results also demonstrated that fixation durations can be both increased and decreased by changes in the degree of blur. The results suggest that fixation durations in scene viewing are influenced by the ease of processing of the image currently in view. The results are consistent with models of saccade generation in scenes in which m...
Application of revenue management practices to the theme park industry.

Abstract Revenue management (RM) has been an essential strategy to maximize revenue for many capacity-limited service industries. Considering the common industry characteristics of traditional RM industries, the nature of the theme park industry suggests potential for enhancing revenue by exercising a variety of RM techniques. This study suggests practices for theme park operators for successful RM application. In addition, this study examines how customers perceive RM practice in the theme park industry compared to a traditional RM industry, hotel industry. The findings indicate that customers seem to perceive RM practice in the theme park industry as relatively fair practices as similarly perceived for the hotel industry. The findings are encouraging for the theme park industry because a relatively similar level of its customers’ perceived fairness of the RM practice compared to the hotel industry suggests that adoption and implementation of the RM practice has great potential to become successful as it has been in traditional RM industries, such as hotels.
hMouse: Head Tracking Driven Virtual Computer Mouse

A novel head tracking driven camera mouse system, called "hMouse", is developed for manipulating hand-free perceptual user interfaces. The system consists of a robust real-time head tracker, a head pose/motion estimator, and a virtual mouse control module. For the hMouse tracker, we propose a 2D detection/tracking complementary switching strategy with an interactive loop. Based on the reliable tracking results, hMouse calculates the user's head roll, tilt, yaw, scaling, horizontal, and vertical motion for further mouse control. Cursor position is navigated and fine tuned by calculating the relative position of tracking window in image space and the user's head tilt or yaw rotation. After mouse cursor is navigated to the desired location, head roll rotation triggers virtual mouse button clicks. Experimental results demonstrate that hMouse succeeds under the circumstances of user jumping, extreme movement, large degree rotation, turning around, hand/object occlusion, part face out of camera shooting region, and multiuser occlusion. It provides alternative solutions for convenient device control, which encourages the application of interactive computer games, machine guidance, robot control, and machine access for disabilities and elders
Permeability changes induced by peroxidation in liposomes prepared from human erythrocyte lipids

The diffusion of [2-14C]glucose out of liposomes prepared from extracted human erythrocyte lipids was examined. Increased glucose efflux was observed when the lipids were treated with hydrogen peroxide and CuCl2 before liposome formation, and this phenomenon required both peroxide and metal. Peroxidation of these lipids also resulted in the destruction of polyunsaturated fatty acids and the generation of conjugated dienes, but neither of these processes appeared to be the sole cause of increased glucose efflux. Thin-layer chromatography and the effects of aqueous washes suggested that surface-active lysophosphatides or other lipid degradation products were responsible for the increased permeability of the treated liposomes. It is suggested that the behavior of this liposome model system may be relevant to the high permeability and fragility of vitamin E-deficient erythrocytes.
PeakSeeker: a program for interpreting genotypes of mononucleotide repeats

Mononucleotide repeat microsatellites are abundant, highly polymorphic DNA sequences, having the potential to serve as valuable genetic markers. Use of mononucleotide microsatellites has been limited by their tendency to produce "stutter", confounding signals from insertions and deletions within the mononucleotide tract that occur during PCR, which complicates interpretation of genotypes by masking the true position of alleles. Consequently, microsatellites with larger repeating subunits (dinucleotide and trinucleotide motifs) are used, which produce less stutter but are less genetically heterogeneous and less informative. A method to interpret the genotypes of mononucleotide repeats would permit the widespread use of those highly informative microsatellites in genetic research.
Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Induce Plasma Cell Differentiation through Type I Interferon and Interleukin 6

Abstract Dendritic cells (DCs) initiate and control immune responses. Plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) represent a unique DC subset able to promptly release large amounts of type I interferon (IFN-αβ) upon viral encounter. Here we report that depletion of pDCs from human blood mononuclear cells abrogates the secretion of specific and polyclonal IgGs in response to influenza virus. Furthermore, purified pDCs triggered with virus induce CD40-activated B cells to differentiate into plasma cells. Two pDC cytokines act sequentially, with IFN-αβ generating non-Ig-secreting plasma blasts and IL-6 inducing their differentiation into Ig-secreting plasma cells. These plasma cells display the high levels of CD38 found on tissue plasma cells. Thus, pDCs are critical for the generation of plasma cells and antibody responses.
A CHANGE IN RABBIT FIBROMA VIRUS SUGGESTING MUTATION : II. BEHAVIOR OF THE VARIANT VIRUS IN COTTONTAIL RABBITS.

A change in the type of lesion produced by the fibroma virus has been observed. At about its 18th serial transfer in domestic rabbits the virus lost its ability to induce fibromas when administered subcutaneously. Instead, lesions developing in either the subcutaneous tissue or in the testicle were predominantly inflammatory in character and partly composed of lymphocytes and large mononuclear cells in place of fibroblast-like cells. Andrewes, working with the same virus in England, has observed a somewhat similar change. Passage of my changed virus through cottontail rabbits results in a transient recovery of the capacity to produce fibromata, while similar passage of Andrewes' inflammatory virus is without effect.
Global Orientation of Bound MMP-3 and N-TIMP-1 in Solution via Residual Dipolar Couplings

Crystal structures of catalytic domains of MMP-3 and MT1-MMP bound to TIMP-1 or TIMP-2, respectively, differ in the orientation of the TIMP in the MMP active site. The orientation in solution of N-TIMP-1 in the MMP-3 active site has been investigated using residual dipolar couplings (RDCs). Fitting of the RDCs to the X-ray structures of the complexes suggests general agreement with the orientation of crystalline MMP-3(DeltaC) and TIMP-1 and a large disparity from the orientation of crystalline MT1-MMP(DeltaC) and TIMP-2. Rigid body docking of MMP-3 and N-TIMP-1 X-ray coordinates using RDCs and intermolecular NOEs provided a time-averaged orientation in solution differing from the crystal structure by a 5 degrees rotation toward the MT1-MMP(DeltaC)/TIMP-2 orientation. The slight discrepancy in orientations in solution and crystal lies within the experimental uncertainties. Intermolecular NOEs used in the docking corroborated the accuracy of mapping the interface by a paramagnetic NMR footprinting assay, a potential alternative source of contacts for docking. Some uncertainty in the N-TIMP-1 orientation in the MMP-3 active site, coupled with microsecond to millisecond fluctuations of the MMP-binding ridge of N-TIMP-1 in the complex and flexibility in MMP-3(DeltaC) S(1)' to S(3)' subsites, leaves open the possibility that N-TIMP-1 might dynamically pivot a few degrees or more in the arc toward the MT1-MMP(DeltaC)/TIMP-2 orientation. Differing TIMP orientations in MMP active sites are more likely to result from structural differences in TIMP AB hairpin loops than from crystal packing artifacts.
On the Semantic Foundations of Standard UML 2.0

This paper provides an overview of the foundations of the run-time semantics underlying the Unified Modeling Language as defined in revision 2.0 of the official OMG standard. One of the problems with the format used for that standard is that the information relating to semantics is scattered throughout the text making it difficult to obtain a global understanding of how the various fragments fit together. This has led many to incorrectly conclude that UML has little or no semantic content. One of the objectives of this paper is to provide a clear and concise description of the structure and essential content of UML run-time semantics. This can serve as a convenient starting point for researchers who want to work on the problem of UML semantics and, in particular, those who are interested in producing formal models of those semantics.
Hydrocarbon oxidations with chromyl trifluoroacetate

Abstract Chromyl trifluoroacetate oxidizes hydrocarbons. Including polyolefin polymers, to give predominately alcohols and ketones. The reaction is extremely rapid. A solution of n-hexane, for example, is oxidized upon mixing at −50°.
Talbot effect reinterpreted

Pattern generation in Talbot planes has generally been interpreted in terms of image formation, the repetitive slits are said to make repetitive images of themselves. In this context, Fourier optics developments have correctly predicted the positions of some but not all of the Talbot planes. Now, wave-optics methods are used to obtain general expressions for the positions of all known Talbot planes and the lateral positions of the diffraction fringes within them. These equations predict the key features of the Talbot effect, and they better relate multiple-slit diffraction in the Fresnel and Fraunhofer domains.
Theory and Practice in the National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign:

This article will review the role of behavioral theory in the National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign and then will identify lessons learned as the Campaign evolved to adjust to new insights and th...
Spin‐free quantum chemistry. XVI. Spin correlation

We discuss the calculation of quasielastic critical neutron scattering for systems defined by a spin-free Hamiltonian. The system dependent property which determines the critical scattering is the thermal average of a spin-free operator called the general unpaired electron correlation operator. For localized models, we obtain the scattering as the Fourier transform of an unpaired site correlation function. The algebraic relationship between this correlation function and the usual spin correlation function is discussed as are its relationships to thermodynamic properties. Correlations in the infinite interaction range model, linear spin wave model, and infinite chain Heisenberg model are given. In the last case, an estimate of the low temperature correlation length is made.
Health Impact Assessments Are Needed In Decision Making About Environmental And Land-Use Policy

The importance to public health of environmental decisions—including those about land use, transportation, power generation, agriculture, and environmental regulation—is increasingly well documented. Yet many decision makers in fields not traditionally focused on health continue to pay little if any attention to the important health effects of their work. This article examines the emerging practice of health impact assessment and offers real-world examples of its effective implementation, including studying the impact of nearby highways—a major source of air pollution—on proposed new housing for seniors. The article argues that officials at the federal, state, and local levels should consult health experts and consider using health impact assessments when their decisions on such issues as urban planning, land use, and environmental regulation have the potential to directly affect the conditions in which people live and work.
Growth Hormone Therapy in Adults

■ Abstract Growth hormone (GH) is classically linked with linear growth in childhood but continues to have important metabolic actions throughout life. GH deficiency in adulthood causes a distinct syndrome with significant morbidities. These include increased total and visceral fat, decreased muscle mass and aerobic capacity, affective disturbances, abnormal lipids, and increased vascular mortality, all of which are ameliorated with GH replacement. The possibility of adult GH deficiency (AGHD) should always be considered in individuals with a history of childhood GH deficiency or significant hypothalamic-pituitary damage, and the diagnosis should then be confirmed by biochemical testing. Adult GH dosing is much lower than that in pediatric practice, as appropriate for physiologic reconstitution. Hormonal side effects are minimized by stepwise dose titration. Lingering concerns remain regarding the possibility of increased cancer risk with long-term treatment, but this hazard has not been unequivocally demonstrated. Compared with AGHD, there is much less information about GH replacement in other diseases or in normal aging, or about the use of supraphysiologic GH doses to treat catabolic states. In critical illness, high-dose GH therapy has proven clearly harmful, and the balance of risks and benefits of GH administration in most adult contexts other than AGHD has not been defined.
Due diligence in the characterization of matrix effects in a total IL-13 Singulex™ method.

After obtaining her PhD in Cellular and Molecular biology from the University of Nevada, Reno, Stephanie has spent the last 15 years in the field of bioanalysis. She has held positions in academia, biotech, contract research and large pharma where she has managed ligand binding assay (discovery to Phase IIb clinical) and flow cytometry (preclinical) laboratories as well as taken the lead on implementing new/emergent technologies. Currently Stephanie leads Pfizer’s Regulated Bioanalysis Ligand Binding Assay group, focusing on early clinical biomarker support. Interleukin (IL)-13, a Th2 cytokine, drives a range of physiological responses associated with the induction of allergic airway diseases and inflammatory bowel diseases. Analysis of IL-13 as a biomarker has provided insight into its role in disease mechanisms and progression. Serum IL-13 concentrations are often too low to be measured by standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques, necessitating the implementation of a highly sensitive assay...
GPAS: A general-purpose automatic survey system based on vehicular ad hoc networks

Vehicular ad hoc networks, an emerging network platform based on vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communications, promise valuable applications to enhance driving safety, comfort, and efficiency. In this article we propose GPAS, a general-purpose automatic survey system based on VANETs. The key design motivation of GPAS is to explore the characteristics of data relevance in VANETs: location, time, and user interest. As a new mode to disseminate a survey and collect the required data/responses, GPAS can support a wide range of commercial and trafficrelated surveys in a secure, flexible, and cost-effective way. As a preliminary effort, the framework of GPAS is presented in this article together with indepth discussions on relevant research challenges and corresponding preliminary solutions.
Decoherence of quantum-enhanced timing accuracy

Quantum enhancement of optical pulse timing accuracy is investigated in the Heisenberg picture. Effects of optical loss, group-velocity dispersion, and Kerr nonlinearity on the position and momentum of an optical pulse are studied via Heisenberg equations of motion. Using the developed formalism, the impact of decoherence by optical loss on the use of adiabatic soliton control for beating the timing standard quantum limit [M. Tsang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 023902 (2006)] is analyzed theoretically and numerically. The analysis shows that an appreciable enhancement can be achieved using current technology, despite an increase in timing jitter mainly due to the Gordon-Haus effect. The decoherence effect of optical loss on the transmission of quantum-enhanced timing information is also studied, in order to identify situations in which the enhancement is able to survive.
Characteristics of laser oscillation in corrugated, leaky optical waveguides

Laser oscillation has been observed on the guided modes of leaky, optical film waveguides by using a light amplifying dye dissolved in the film to provide the gain and backward diffraction from a spatially periodic modulation of the film's thickness (corrugation) to provide the feedback. One of the phenomena observed is laser oscillation on hybrid guided modes where the feedback is provided by backward intermode diffraction rather than intramode diffraction. Under certain conditions, polarized oscillation on a single waveguide mode is also observed. The technique used to analyze these phenomena will be discussed and comparisons will be made between theory and experiment. Calculated thresholds for laser oscillation in corrugated Al x Ga 1-x As structures will also be presented.
The Role of Power and Authenticity in Relationship Styles Emphasizing Autonomy, Connectedness, or Mutuality among Adult Couples

This study examined relationship styles of self-focused autonomy (SFA), other-focused connection (OFC), and mutuality in adult couples, examining the links among relationship style, power, authenticity, and psychological health. Participants included 251 couples in long-term heterosexual relationships, with each partner completing a separate survey questionnaire (N = 502). Most participants reported having a mutual style, and in half of the couples both partners were mutual. No sex differences in style were found. Results showed that styles were related to power in the relationship: SFA was linked to dominance, OFC to subordinance, and mutuality to equality, although power also depended on partners' styles. OFC participants most often described their style as false-self behavior. Inauthenticity was linked to a lack of power and to poorer psychological outcomes. Mutual participants had the best outcomes, especially those with mutual partners.
The Evolution of Catalytic Efficiency and Substrate Promiscuity in Human Theta Class 1-1 Glutathione Transferase

Theta class glutathione transferases (GST) from various species exhibit markedly different catalytic activities in conjugating the tripeptide glutathione (GSH) to a variety of electrophilic substrates. For example, the human theta 1-1 enzyme (hGSTT1-1) is 440-fold less efficient than the rat theta 2-2 enzyme (rGSTT2-2) with the fluorogenic substrate 7-amino-4-chloromethyl coumarin (CMAC). Large libraries of hGSTT1-1 constructed by error-prone PCR, DNA shuffling, or saturation mutagenesis were screened for improved catalytic activity towards CMAC in a quantitative fashion using flow cytometry. An iterative directed evolution approach employing random mutagenesis in conjunction with homologous recombination gave rise to enzymes exhibiting up to a 20,000-fold increase in k(cat)/K(M) compared to hGSTT1-1. All highly active clones encoded one or more mutations at residues 32, 176, or 234. Combinatorial saturation mutagenesis was used to evaluate the full complement of natural amino acids at these positions, and resulted in the isolation of enzymes with catalytic rates comparable to those exhibited by the fastest mutants obtained via directed evolution. The substrate selectivities of enzymes resulting from random mutagenesis, DNA shuffling, and combinatorial saturation mutagenesis were evaluated using a series of distinct electrophiles. The results revealed that promiscuous substrate activities arose in a stochastic manner, as they did not correlate with catalytic efficiency towards the CMAC selection substrate. In contrast, chimeric enzymes previously constructed by homology-independent recombination of hGSTT-1 and rGSTT2-2 exhibited very different substrate promiscuity profiles, and showed a more defined relationship between evolved and promiscuous activities.
Biologically inspired robotic microswimmers

Most of the conventional drugs have narrow therapeutic window and require localization to a specific site in the body. However, the current drug delivery systems lack in terms of target specificity and result in uptake of drugs by other cells or tissues which can lead to toxic manifestations. Biomimetics hold great promise to facilitate the cellular uptake of the drugs and as well as for drug targeting applications. The main goal of this project is to develop and test a biomimetic, micro-scale drug delivery system with active propulsion. The device is based on the propulsion systems of the naturally occurring bacteria such as Escherichia Coli or Salmonella typhimurium and utilizes flagellar filaments of genetically modified S. typhimurium. The device is comprised of the polystyrene (PS) bead coupled with many flagella conjugated magnetic beads. The PS bead replaces a drug delivery system such as drug filled vesicle or polymeric encapsulations. Besides the role of coupler for PS bead, the flagella act as fluidic actuators for device propulsion. An externally generated 3-D magnetic field using a set of electromagnetic coils in an approximately Helm Holtz configuration is utilized to induce rotation in the flagella conjugated magnetic bead. The rotating flagella create propulsion and the directed motion of the microswimmer is achieved through polymorphic transformations of the flagella filaments, as found in natural, polarly flagellated bacteria. The homogenous rotating magnetic field is generated by alternating current (AC) power supplies connected to coils, which will be controlled by LABVIEW. A high speed camera and a specific rotating magnetic field (created by adjusting the supplied voltage and frequency) will help provide real-time control of the microswimmer. The analysis of flagella hydrodynamics is performed to obtain the theoretical microswimmer velocity as a function of the rotational frequency and the number of flagella required for a single microswimmer. Electro-magnetic physics and COMSOL Multi-physics are used to model the magnetic control system and provide uniform magnetic field at the middle point of the coils. Understanding the flagella hydrodynamics and limitations, this project deliverable will be an accurately functionalized, controllable microswimmer prototype for biomimetic drug delivery.
Bis(perchlorato-κO)tetra­kis[1-(2-pyridyl)-4-(4-pyridylmethyl-κN)piperazine]cadmium(II)

In the title compound, [Cd(ClO4)2(C15H18N4)4], the CdII ion is coordinated in a slightly distorted octa­hedral environment by two trans monodentate perchlorate ligands and four 1-(2-pyrid­yl)-4-(4-pyridylmeth­yl)piperazine (pmpp) ligands. In the crystal structure, mol­ecules are organized into layers parallel to the ab plane by C—H⋯O inter­actions. Similar inter­actions promote the stacking of these layers into the three-dimensional crystal structure.