cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ein dem Malachit ähnliches basisches Eisenkarbonat als Korrosionsprodukt von Stahl

Es wird ein bisher nicht bekanntes basisches Eisenkarbonat beschrieben, welches als Korrosions-oder Ablagerungsprodukt auf dem Ventilkegel aus unlegiertem Stahl eines Heiswasserwechselventils (Temperatur ∽ 180°C) zusammen mit FeCO3 und Fe3O4 aufgefunden wurde. Nach der Analyse handelt es sich um Fe1,82+Fe0,23+(OH)2,2CO3 oder um eine Verbindung der Formel Fe2(OH)2CO3 mit et-was amorphem Eisenoxydhydrat (FeOOH·nH2O). Die Elementarzelle der Verbindung, Fe2(OH)2CO3 “ist orthorhombisch: a = 9,390 A; b = 24,53 A; c = 3,21 2A; Z = 8, Aspekt P* ab. Die gemessene Dichte: 3,59 g. cm−3. Es wurde ein Infrarot-Spektrum aufgenommen und die Banden zwischen 800 und 5000 cm−1 versuchsweise zugeordnet. Bei der Thermoanalyse in Sauerstoff findet eine stufenweise exotherme Zersetzung und Oxidation statt, wobei topotaktisch als Zwischenprodukt bei 197°C ein metastabiles Eisenoxycarbonat, Fe2O2CO3”auftritt. Dessen Elementarzelle ist orthorhombisch: a = 9,23 A;b = 12,18 A; c = 5,94 A.Es wurde ein IR-Spektrum aufgenommen und die ∽ 360°C beginnt Zersetzung zu Hamabit. In Argon tritt oberhalb 300°C endotherme Zersetzung von Fe2(OH)2CO3 unter Bildung von Magnetit auf. Zwischen, Fe2(OH)2CO3und Malachit Cu2(OH)2CO3besteht strukturelle Verwandtschaft ebenso zu Siderit (FeCO3), wobei zumindest in letzterem Falle epitaxiale Beziehungen anzunehmen sind. A basic ferrous carbonate similar to malachite as a corrosionproduct of steel A formerly unknown basic ferrous carbonate is described, which was found on the cone of a hot water valve (temperature 180°C) together with siderite and magnetite. According to analysis the formula is Fe1,82+Fe0,22+(OH)2,2CO3 or “Fe2(OH)2CO3” with some amorphous ferric oxidehydrate. The unit cell of said compound is orthorhombic: a = 9,390A; b = 24,53 A; c = 3,212 A; Z = 8 aspect p* ab. The measured density: 3,59 g · cm−3. An infrared spectrum was taken and the frequencies of absorption coordinated tentatively with vibrations between 800–500 cm−1. Thermal analysis in oxygen leads to a stepwise exothermic decomposition and oxidation in course of which above 197°C an intermediate metastable compound (ferric oxidecarbonate “Fe2O2CO3”) is topotactically formed. The unit cell of this compound is orthorhombic: a = 9.23 A; b = 12,18 A; c = 5,94 A. Also in this case an infrared spectrum was taken and bonds coordinated. Above 360°C further decomposition leads the formation of hematite. Decomposition in argon starts at 300°C. The reaction is endothermic and the product magnetite. A structural relationship exists between “Fe2(OH)2CO3” and malachite and also to siderite. In this latter case we assume epitaxial relations.
Consent to specimen storage and continuing studies by race and ethnicity: a large dataset analysis using the 2011-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Purpose. To determine if significant differences exist in consent rates for biospecimen storage and continuing studies between non-Hispanic Whites and minority ethnic groups in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Methods. Using logistic regression, we analyzed 2011-2012 NHANES data to determine whether race/ethnicity, age, gender, and education level influence consent to specimen storage or future testing. Results. Compared to non-Hispanic Whites, some minorities were less willing to donate a specimen for storage and continuing studies, including other Hispanics (non-Mexican) (OR 0.236, 95% CI: 0.079, 0.706), non-Hispanic Asians (OR 0.212, 95% CI: 0.074, 0.602), and other/multiracial ethnic groups (OR 0.189, 95% CI: 0.037, 0.957). Within race and ethnic groups, those aged 20–39 years (OR 2.215, 95% CI: 1.006–4.879) and 40–59 years (OR 9.375, 95% CI: 2.163–40.637) are more willing than those over 60 years to provide consent. Conclusion. Lower consent rates by other Hispanics, non-Hispanic Asians, and other/multiracial individuals in this study represent the first published comparison of consent rates among these groups to our knowledge. To best meet the health care needs of this segment of the population and to aid in designing future genetic studies, reassessment of ethnic minority groups concerning these issues is important.
Enhancement of spin coherence in microdisk lasers

We examine the modification of electron spin dynamics by stimulated emission in optically-pumped GaAs microdisk lasers and observe an enhancement of the spin coherence when the optical excitation resonates with a high-Q lasing mode.
Instrumentation and Controls for the Stanford Linear Accelerator

We discuss the philosophy of an accelerator instrumentation system, and techniques which have been worked out for handling the various remote sensory and control functions required for proper operation of the accelerator. Lack of time prohibits more than incidental reference to philosophy of operation of the machine.
Increased urinary porphyrin excretion in sickle cell crises.

SummaryPorphyrin excretion in urine was studied in 18 patients with sickle cell disease, including multiple observations in 6 patients during 7 typical painful and febrile crises. With few exceptions there was moderate to marked elevation of copro-, total, and uroporphyrins at time of pain and fever.Aminolevulinic acid, porphobilinogen, and aminoacetone during crises were within range of normal variation or only slightly increased. Following subsidence of pain and fever, total porphyrin values returned toward normal. Similarities between clinical features of painful sickle cell crisis and acute porphyria are pointed out.
Decoupling datacenter studies from access to large-scale applications: A modeling approach for storage workloads

The cost and power impact of suboptimal storage configurations is significant in datacenters (DCs) as inefficiencies are aggregated over several thousand servers and represent considerable losses in capital and operating costs. Designing performance, power and cost-optimized systems requires a deep understanding of target workloads, and mechanisms to effectively model different storage design choices. Traditional benchmarking is invalid in cloud data-stores, representative storage profiles are hard to obtain, while replaying the entire application in all storage configurations is impractical both from a cost and time perspective. Despite these issues, current workload generators are not able to accurately reproduce key aspects of real application patterns. Some of these features include spatial and temporal locality, as well as tuning the intensity of the workload to emulate different storage system configurations. To address these limitations, we propose a modeling and characterization framework for large-scale storage applications. As part of this framework we use a state diagram-based storage model, extend it to a hierarchical representation and implement a tool that consistently recreates I/O loads of DC applications. We present the principal features of the framework that allow accurate modeling and generation of storage workloads and the validation process performed against ten original DC applications traces. Furthermore, using our framework, we perform an in-depth, per-thread characterization of these applications and provide insights on their behavior. Finally, we explore two practical applications of this methodology: SSD caching and defragmentation benefits on enterprise storage. In both cases we observe significant speedup for most of the examined applications. Since knowledge of the workload's spatial and temporal locality is necessary to model these use cases, our framework was instrumental in quantifying their performance benefits. The proposed methodology provides a detailed understanding on the storage activity of large-scale applications and enables a wide spectrum of storage studies without the requirement for access to real applications and full application deployment.
Current patterns and future directions in the treatment of insomnia

Background. Despite the high prevalence and the high burden associated with chronic insomnia, it remains largely unrecognized and often inadequately treated by physicians.Methods. A review was undertaken of the literature on barriers to both acute and chronic treatment of insomnia, as well as recent trials of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic agents for insomnia.Results. Obstacles to appropriate treatment of the condition include outdated insomnia management guidelines, which have contributed to US Food and Drug Administration restrictions on longer-term prescription of hypnotic agents; lack of research demonstrating the benefit of treating insomnia; and fears of tolerance and withdrawal effects of long-term use of hypnotic agents, as well as an absence of longer-term, randomized, controlled, double-blind trials of existing agents used to treat insomnia.Conclusions. There is evidence that improved sleep may improve outcome in some medical and psychiatric illnesses. Both behavioral and pharmacologic thera...
Lipogenesis in the liver and adipose tissue of the cardiomyopathic hamster

Abstract The activities of fatty acid synthetase, citrate cleavage enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme were measured in the liver and adipose tissue of cardiomyopathic and normal hamsters at age 33, 68 and 108 days. There was no difference in the activity of hepatic fatty acid synthetase between the diseased animals and the controls at any stage in their development. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was not different until age 108 days where it was significantly elevated in the BIO 82.62 strain. Citrate cleavage enzyme in the liver was depressed at all stages in the diseased animals as was malic enzyme. In adipose tissue, all enzyme activities were significantly depressed in the cardiomyopathic animals at the three stages. These data suggest that lipogenesis was depressed in the cardiomyopathic hamster.
Cys303 in the Histidine Kinase PhoR Is Crucial for the Phosphotransfer Reaction in the PhoPR Two-Component System in Bacillus subtilis

The PhoPR two-component system activates or represses Pho regulon genes to overcome a phosphate deficiency. The Pho signal transduction network is comprised of three two-component systems, PhoPR, ResDE, and Spo0A. Activated PhoP is required for expression of ResDE from the resA promoter, while ResD is essential for 80% of Pho induction, establishing a positive feedback loop between these two-component systems to amplify the signal received by the Pho system. The role of ResD in the Pho response is via production of terminal oxidases. Reduced quinones inhibit PhoR autophosphorylation in vitro, and it was proposed that the expression of terminal oxidases leads to oxidation of the quinone pool, thereby relieving the inhibition. We show here that the reducing environment generated by dithiothreitol (DTT) in vivo inhibited Pho induction in a PhoR-dependent manner, which is in agreement with our previous in vitro data. A strain containing a PhoR variant, PhoR(C303A), exhibited reduced Pho induction and remained sensitive to inhibition by DTT, suggesting that the mechanisms for Pho reduction via PhoR(C303A) and DTT are different. PhoR and PhoR(C303A) were similar with regard to cellular concentration, limited proteolysis patterns, rate of autophosphorylation, stability of PhoR approximately P, and inhibition of autophosphorylation by DTT. Phosphotransfer between PhoR approximately P or PhoR(C303A) approximately P and PhoP occurred rapidly; most label from PhoR approximately P was transferred to PhoP, but only 10% of the label from PhoR(C303A) approximately P was associated with PhoP, while 90% was released as inorganic phosphate. No difference in PhoP approximately P or PhoR autophosphatase activity was observed between PhoR and PhoR(C303A) that would explain the release of inorganic phosphate. Our data are consistent with a role for PhoR(C303) in PhoR activity via stabilization of the phosphoryl-protein intermediate(s) during phosphotransfer from PhoR approximately P to PhoP, which is stabilization that is required for efficient production of PhoP approximately P.
Overcoming Student Disengagement and Anxiety in Theory, Methods, and Statistics Courses by Building a Community of Learners:

Participants in the 2007 American Sociological Association teaching workshop, "Innovative Teaching Practices for Difficult Subjects," shared concerns about teaching statistics, research methods, and theory. Strategies for addressing these concerns center on building a community of learners by creating three processes throughout the course: 1) an ongoing active role for students; 2) mechanisms to establish a common language of discourse; and 3) a means of monitoring students' feelings. Examples are provided which introduce readers to ideas which can help in the creation and maintenance of a successful community of learners when teaching these difficult subjects. These processes can build student engagement and help to reduce student anxieties. More detailed information about specific exercises, examples, and bibliographic resources which were distributed at the workshop, can be found on the Teaching Sociology website.
The Way to Wealth and the Way to Leisure: The Impact of College Education on Graduates’ Earnings and Hours of Work

This study extends the analysis of the economic return of college education up to 10 years after college education and further examines the impact of college education on graduates’ hours of work. The results suggest that variation in hours of work explains a portion of earnings differentials among college graduates. Graduates from high-quality private institutions tend to work longer hours than their peers from other types of institutions. Female graduates spend fewer hours working than their male counterparts. As far as family background is concerned, graduates from high-income families tend to work longer hours and first-generation college graduates tend to work fewer hours. Finally, business majors seem to work longer hours while health and public affair majors less hours.
A novel optoelectronic device complimentary to photodetector

We experimentally demonstrate the first complimentary device to photodetector - output current decreases upon shining light. The device enables receiver-less optical interconnect scheme in conjunction with a conventional photo transistor.
Robot Science Autonomy in the Atacama Desert and Beyond

Science-guided autonomy augments rovers with reasoning to make observations and take actions related to the objectives of scientific exploration. When rovers can directly interpret instrument measurements then scientific goals can inform and adapt ongoing navigation decisions. These autonomous explorers will make better scientific observations and collect massive, accurate datasets. In current astrobiology studies in the Atacama Desert we are applying algorithms for science autonomy to choose effective observations and measurements. Rovers are able to decide when and where to take follow-up actions that deepen scientific understanding. These techniques apply to planetary rovers, which we can illustrate with algorithms now used by Mars rovers and by discussing future missions.
Selection of model parameters for off-line parameter estimation

Mechanistic dynamic models often contain unknown parameters whose values are difficult to determine even with highly specialized laboratory experiments. A practical approach is to estimate such parameters from available process data. Typically only a subset of the parameters can be estimated due to restrictions imposed by the model structure, lack of measurements, and limited data. We present a simple parameter selection method which accounts for the first two factors independent of the data available for parameter estimation. The magnitude of each parameter effect on the measured variables is quantified by applying principal-component analysis to the steady-state parameter-output sensitivity matrix. The uniqueness of each parameter effect is determined by computing the minimum distance between the sensitivity vector of the particular parameter and the vector spaces spanned by sensitivity vectors of the parameters already selected for estimation. A recursive algorithm that provides a tradeoff between the magnitude and linear independence of parameter effects yields a ranking of the parameters according to their inherent ease of estimation. The parameter-selection procedure is applied to the problem of kinetic parameter estimation for an industrial model of a polymerization reactor. For this specific example, the proposed method yields superior estimation results than those obtained with a parameter-selection technique based on the Fisher information matrix (FIM).
The Response of Workers to Wages in Tournaments: Evidence From Foot Races

The authors examine labor supply using 1,426 responses of individual runners to prizes in open invitational foot races. The data are used to decompose the overall market response of higher prizes into two components based on the basic tournament model. First, an entry effect exists in which higher wages attract more highly skilled runners to participate. Second, the spread between prizes incites runners individually to work harder. This second effect is detected across the entire sample and for individuals measured against their own average performance. The authors also examine the supply elasticities between the sexes. As a group, women respond more to higher wages than men in both the entry and individual effort dimensions. Also, the more concentrated the prize money in a race, the higher the revealed effort level by the runners. The authors find that the tournament nature of competition has important incentive effects.
Long-term evaluation of conservative treatment for myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome

The long-term status of a large series of patients with myofascial pain-dysfunction who were treated during the past ten years with a variety of conservative modalities is evaluated. An evaluation of the long-term status of 135 patients with the myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome who were treated during the past ten years with a variety of conservative modalities is presented. The survey indicates that the specific physical form of therapy does not seem to be the essential factor in determining long-term success or failure in treatment of these patients. On this basis, it is concluded that psychological factors within the patient and in the dentist-patient relationship determine treatment outcome. Therefore, conservative physical therapy combined with supportive communication techniques seems to be the appropriate way to manage patients who respond positively to so many different treatments.
Technical and economical analysis of the conversion of a full-scale scrubber to a biotrickling filter for odor control

The present paper evaluates the technical and economical feasibility of converting wet chemical scrubbers to biotrickling filters for H2S control at the Orange County Sanitation District (OCSD), California. Results of 8 months of continuous operation of a biotrickling filter treating 16,000 m3 h-1 of foul air are analyzed. The reactor was operated at a gas contact time of 1.6 to 2.2 seconds reaching H2S elimination capacities up to 105-110 g H2S m-3 h-1, consistently maintaining outlet concentrations well below the regulatory limits (24 h average of 1 ppmv) and demonstrating to be very robust against temporary changes. Also, a cost-benefit analysis of the conversion was performed. Savings from chemicals, energy and water usage compared to a chemical scrubber operated in parallel to the biotrickling filter throughout the project indicated that the payback time of the conversion was about 1.3 years. Cost savings ranged between US$ 40,000 per year, per scrubber. While the above number may be specific to OCSD conditions, the cost analysis suggests that there is a significant benefit of converting chemical scrubbers to biotrickling filters over a wide range of operating conditions.
Production of Shiga-like toxins by Escherichia coli O157:H7: effects of other bacteria and analogs of quorum sensing molecules.

Accompanied with the growth of Escherichia coli O157 : H7, there was a production of Shiga-like toxins by this pathogenic bacterium. Time-course studies indicated that the accumulation of toxins in the medium occurred mainly at the stationary phase of cell growth. The growth of E. coli O157 : H7 in culture media was not significantly affected by the presence of other bacteria, e.g., E. coli K-12, E. coli B6, Salmonella and Pseudomonas, even at high ratios. However, the production of Shiga-like toxins by E. coli O157 : H7 could be reduced by certain other bacteria, e.g., E. coli K-12, Pseudomonas aeruginosa but not Pseudomonas putida. These lowering effects by other background bacteria on the toxin production were also observed in experiments using regular and irradiated ground beef. The presence of analogs of quorum-sensing molecules such as homoserine lactone (HSL) and indole, in general decreased the production of toxins by E. coli O157 : H7. This decrease could be partially reversed by the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics. The complex nature of the control of Shiga toxin production is discussed. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The toxic effects of pathogenic bacterium E. coli O157 : H7 are related to the production of Shiga-like toxins by the pathogen. Current studies on the influence of environmental factors such as cell density, presence of other bacteria, chemicals and food components indicated a complex influence on the production of Shiga-like toxins by E. coli O157 : H7. The observation that the presence of certain other bacteria could lower the ability of E. coli O157 : H7 to produce the toxins was of particular interest. The analyses of the results suggested several practical possibilities to lower the production of the toxins, and thus, the health risk of the pathogen to the general public.
How do People Know

To fully understand processes of knowing and knowledge acquisition, it is necessary to examine people's understanding of their own knowing. Individual and developmental differences in what it means to know something, and hence in the criteria for justifying knowledge claims, have potentially wide-ranging implications. In providing support for a claim, young children have difficulty differentiating explanation of why a claim makes sense and evidence that the claim is true. Epistemic understanding progresses developmentally, but substantial variation remains among adults, with few adults achieving understanding of the complementary strengths and weaknesses of evidence and explanation in argument. Epistemic understanding shapes intellectual values and hence the disposition (as opposed to competence) to exercise intellectual skills. Only its most advanced levels support a disposition to engage in the intellectual effort that reasoned argument entails. The sample case of juror reasoning illustrates how epistem...
Association between periodontal disease, edentulism, and stroke/transient ischemic attack

Original Article Elter JR, Offenbacher S, Toole JF, Beck JD. Relationship of periodontal disease and edentulism to stroke/TIA. J Dent Res 2003;82(12):998-1001. Level of Evidence 3b Purpose To determine whether there is an association between periodontitis or edentulous and a combined outcome of stroke and/or transient ischemic attack (TIA) Source of Funding Government: NIDCR grant R01DE11551 and contracts from NHLBI Type of Study/Design Cross-sectional study
Variations in the Exciton Spectra of CdTe and ZnTe Thin Films with Pressure and Temperature

Exciton peak positions in thin films (≈ 700 A) of CdTe and ZnTe are measured as a function of temperature between 90 and 300 K and hydrostatic pressures to 3500 atm at 90 K. The value of (∂E/∂T)P in the CdTe films for the E1 and E1 + Δ1 peaks is –2.3 ×10−4 eV/K and –1.7 ×X 10−4eV/K, respectively. For the ZnTe films these values are determined to be –2.5 ×10−4 eV/K and –1.4 ×10−4 eV/K, respectively. In CdTe films the values of (∂E/∂T)T are 7.4 ×10−6 eV/atm and 8.9 ×10−6 eV/atm, respectively, and for ZnTe films both are 8.3 ×10−6 eV/atm. A comparison of these results with previous results, and comments on the nature of the band structures of these materials are made. Die Lagen der Exzitonenmaxima dunner CdTe- und ZnTe-Schichten (≈ 700 A) werden in Ab-hangigkeit von der Temperatur zwischen 90 und 300 K und als Funktion des hydrostatischen Druckes bis 3500 atm bei 90 K gemessen. Die Werte fur (∂E/∂T)P der CdTe-Schicht-Exzitonen-maxima E1 und E1 + Δ1 betragen –2,3 ×10−1 eV/K bzw. –1,7 ×10−4 eV/K. Fur ZnTe-Schichten betragen diese Werte –2,5 ×10−4 eV/K bzw. -1,4 ×l0−4 eV/K. Fur CdTe-Schichten sind die Werte fur (∂E/∂T)T 7,4 ×l0−6 eV/atm bzw. 8,9 ×l0−6 eV/atm, und fur ZnTe-Schichten beide 8,3 ×10−6 eV/atm. Es wird ein Vergleich dieser Ergebnisse mit vorhergehenden Resultaten durchgefuhrt und die Bandstruktur dieser Materialien diskutiert.
Ambulatory Exercise Rehabilitation: Introduction and Overview

Interest in electrical stimulation for ambulation of spinal cord injury (SCI) individuals began with the report of “electrical splinting” of a paraplegic patient by Brindley et al. (1978) more than a decade ago. Since then, however, a number of problems associated with developing a practical electrical stimulation system for SCI have been encountered (Stallard et al., 1989). The most practical approach to date appears to combine electrical stimulation of paralyzed muscles with lower extremity orthotic bracing, as first proposed by investigators from two universities (Petrofsky et al., 1985, 1986). However, only recently has this approach been reduced to physician-prescribable, commercially available components.
FOREST HEALTH IMPACTS OF BARK BEETLES, DWARF MISTLETOE, AND BLISTER RUST IN A LAKE TAHOE BASIN MIXED CONIFER STAND

Abstract Interactions between forest health variables and mensurational characteristics in an uneven-aged eastern Sierra Nevada mixed conifer stand were examined. The stand was located in the Lake Tahoe Basin on a site featuring a coarsely textured granitic soil and numerous rock outcrops. Its composition was dominated by California white fir (Abies concolor var. lowiana [Gord.] Lemm.), with Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi Grev. & Balf.) and sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana Dougl.) less prominent and incense-cedar (Libocedrus decurrens Torr.) and mountain alder (Alnus tenuifolia Nutt.) the most minor constituents. The majority of saplings and seedlings were white fir. The stand exhibited no evidence that its development had been influenced by fire and, overall, it consisted of numerous small trees accruing little radial growth. Nearly one-quarter of all standing stems pole size or larger were dead, with mortality concentrated in white fir. Forest-floor fuel accumulations were excessive, and coarse debris was es...
Endurance exercise training does not alter lipolytic or adipose tissue blood flow sensitivity to epinephrine

We evaluated the relationship between lipolysis and adipose tissue blood flow (ATBF) in response to epinephrine and the effect of endurance exercise training on these responses. Five healthy untrai...
Building Global Awareness in Early Childhood Teacher Preparation Programs.

Many early learning settings are more culturally diverse than ever before. Due to widespread migration, early learning classrooms now include students from a rich variety of racial, ethnic, and cultural groups. One classroom may contain students from a dozen countries and even more cultural experiences. To produce conscientious and creative global citizens, early years teachers must be prepared to effectively educate and care for students from a variety of backgrounds. To do so, the teachers themselves must be informed about global issues, such as human rights, social justice, environmental protection, and war and conflict. Teachers must be aware of stereotyping and bias, which can perpetuate inequalities and deny a child the equal opportunities to which he or she is entitled. By identifying and addressing children's diverse cultural, racial, and ethnic perspectives, we can create spaces where every child has room to grow, learn, and develop to their full potential.
A Review of Rothman, Kelly-Woessner, and Woessner, the Still Divided Academy

This piece is a fairly extensive review of The Still Divided Academy: How Competing Visions of Power, Politics, and Diversity Complicate the Mission of Higher Education, by Stanley Rothman, April Kelly-Woessner, and Matthew Woessner.
Construction and immunogenicity of codon optimized DNA vaccines expressing consensus gp120 of HIV-1 subtypes in China

Objective:To construct and test the immunogenicity of codon-optimized DNA vaccines expressing gp120 from key representative HIV-1 subtypes AE,BC and B′(ThB) in China.Methods:Based on HIV-1 epidemiological information and sequence analysis of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein(Env) of subtypes AE,BC and ThB in China,we designed the consensus gp120 sequence for each subtype AE,BC or ThB.These consensus gp120 genes were codon-optimized using codons preferred for high level expression in mammalian systems and chemically synthesized.The codon optimized gp120 genes were subcloned into the DNA vaccine vector pSW3891.The expression of gp120 by the constructed DNA vaccine plasmids in 293T cells was confirmed by Western blot.New Zealand rabbits were immunized with gp120 DNA vaccines using electroporation method,and gp120-specific antibodies in rabbit sera were evaluated by ELISA.Results:In the codon optimized gp120 gene,the frequency of the mammalian cell preferred codons was higher than that of the wild type gp120 gene.Three codon optimized gp120 DNA vaccines of consensus subtypes AE,BC or ThB were constructed and the expression of gp120 antigens was confirmed in transiently transfected 293T cells.The rabbits immunized with these gp120 DNA vaccines elicited HIV-1 Env-specific antibody responses.Conclusion:Three codon optimized DNA vaccines expressing consensus gp120 of HIV-1 sybtypes AE,BC and ThB were successfully constructed with proven expression and immunogenicity in eliciting HIV-1 Env-specific humoral responses.
Epstein-Barr virus protein LMP2A regulates reactivation from latency by negatively regulating tyrosine kinases involved in sIg-mediated signal transduction

Like other herpesviruses, Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) persists in its host through an ability to establish latent infection with episodic reactivations. In latent infection EBV expresses an integral membrane protein LMP2A that regulates reactivation from latency. LMP2A is constitutively tyrosine phosphorylated and is associated with lyn and syk tyrosine kinases. The activity of lyn is substantially reduced. In EBV-infected cells in which LMP2A is expressed, crosslinking of sIg fails to trigger the protein tyrosine kinase signal cascade, tyrosine phosphorylation of cell proteins does not change, second messengers are not generated, and lytic EBV infection is not induced. In contrast, crosslinking of sIg on cells infected with EBV recombinants with null mutations in LMP2A results in transient tyrosine phosphorylation of lyn, syk, phospholipase C gamma 2 and phosphatidylinositol-3' kinase, transiently increased intracellular free calcium, and reactivation of lytic EBV infection. These studies describe a novel molecular regulator of herpesvirus latency and focus attention on the importance of transmembrane signal transduction in herpes virus reactivation from latency. They support the working hypothesis that the identification of ligand-receptor interactions that can result in the induction of reactivation will provide an important inroad toward the delineation of the molecular mechanism, which govern herpesvirus reactivation from latency.
Public Goods and Preference Revelation

This chapter continues the exploration of hidden characteristic problems, with attention confined to the problem of preference revelation in the presence of a good that can be consumed jointly and simultaneously by the whole community—a fireworks display, for instance. Agent A 's action generates a positive spillover if some other agent B benefits as a result of that action. For example, if A removes weeds from A 's own property, then neighbor B 's grass will have fewer weeds because one source of seed has been eliminated. In this case, most of the benefit of A 's effort is reaped by A , so we say that the spillover is incomplete. However, if C produces a fireworks display then everyone else in town will have just as good a view of it as C . The spillover is complete in that case. When the agent creating the spillover benefit is not compensated for the positive effect on the welfare of others, we refer to it as an externality . Important examples include the containment of a virulent disease by a health organization, the retardation of global warming or ozone depletion by international treaty, and publication of information concerning public safety. Our aim is to provide the individual decision maker with incentive to consider the benefit that others derive from his or her actions. The decision maker can be a single individual or household, or a region within a country, or even a country itself.
The structure of working memory in young children and its relation to intelligence

This study investigated the structure of working memory in young school-age children by testing the fit of three competing theoretical models using a wide variety of tasks. The best fitting models were then used to assess the relationship between working memory and nonverbal measures of fluid reasoning (Gf) and visual processing (Gv) intelligence. One hundred sixty-eight English-speaking 7–9 year olds with typical development, from three states, participated. Results showed that Cowan’s three-factor embedded processes model fit the data slightly better than Baddeley and Hitch’s (1974) three-factor model (specified according to Baddeley, 1986) and decisively better than Baddeley’s (2000) four-factor model that included an episodic buffer. The focus of attention factor in Cowan’s model was a significant predictor of Gf and Gv. The results suggest that the focus of attention, rather than storage, drives the relationship between working memory, Gf, and Gv in young school-age children. Our results do not rule out the Baddeley and Hitch model, but they place constraints on both it and Cowan’s model. A common attentional component is needed for feature binding, running digit span, and visual short-term memory tasks; phonological storage is separate, as is a component of central executive processing involved in task manipulation. The results contribute to a zeitgeist in which working memory models are coming together on common ground (cf. Cowan, Saults, & Blume, 2014; Hu, Allen, Baddeley, & Hitch, 2016).
Are humans disturbing conditions in ecology

In this paper I argue, first, that ecologists have routinely treated humans—or more specifically, anthropogenic causal factors—as disturbing conditions. I define disturbing conditions as exogenous variables, variables “outside” a model, that when present in a target system, inhibit the applicability or accuracy of the model. This treatment is surprising given that (1) humans play a dominant role in many ecosystems and (2) definitions of ecology contain no fundamental distinction between human and natural. Second, I argue that the treatment of humans as disturbing conditions is an idealization: since it is, and has long been, known that humans are pervasive, this treatment amounts to an intentionally introduced theoretical distortion. Finally, characterizing this treatment as idealization forces us to confront the question of its justification, and so, drawing on three different kinds of idealization, I evaluate how this treatment may be justified.
C++ expression template performance issues in scientific computing

Ever-increasing size and complexity of software applications and libraries in parallel scientific computing is making implementation in the programming languages traditional for this field-FORTRAN 77 and C-impractical. The major impediment to the progression to a higher-level language such as C++ is attaining FORTRAN 77 or C performance, which is considered absolutely necessary by many practitioners. The use of template metaprogramming in C++, in the form of so-called expression templates to generate custom C++ code, holds great promise for getting C performance from C++ in the context of operations on array-like objects. Several sophisticated expression template implementations of parallel array-class libraries exist, and in certain circumstances their promise of performance is realized. Unfortunately this is not uniformly the case; the paper explores the major reasons for this. A more complete version of this paper may be obtained from http://www.c3.Ianl.gov/-kei/ipps98.html.
A Case Study of Individually Delivered Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Severe Health Anxiety

Abstract Health anxiety involves persistent worry about one's physical health, despite medical reassurance. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is currently the most widely used, evidence-based treatment for health anxiety. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) is an evidence-based cognitive-behavioral treatment approach that may be useful for health anxiety due to its focus on nonjudgmental awareness and acceptance of physical and emotional events. MBCT has largely been evaluated in a group format; however, the majority of outpatient CBT providers rely also on individual treatments. No research to date has examined the utility of MBCT delivered as an individual therapy for patients with health anxiety. The purpose of the current case study is to describe the delivery, acceptability, and effects of an individually delivered mindfulness-based cognitive-behavioral intervention on health anxiety symptoms for a young woman with severe health anxiety referred to outpatient behavioral medicine by her primary care provider. The treatment was a 16-session, patient-centered intervention largely delivered using MBCT techniques, supplemented by traditional cognitive-behavioral techniques. The patient completed a validated self-report measure of health anxiety symptoms (SHAI) at the beginning of each session. The treatment was found to be acceptable, as evidenced by high treatment attendance and patient feedback. The patient reported significant cognitive, affective, and behavioral improvements, including a 67% reduction in medial visits. Health anxiety scores on the SHAI showed a 52% decrease from the first to last session, reliable change index score of 12.11, and fell below the clinical cutoff at the final session, demonstrating clinical significance. These results suggest that it is feasible to adapt MBCT for the individual treatment of health anxiety, and that controlled trials of individual MBCT are warranted.
Malignant Triton Tumor (Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor With Rhabdomyoblastic Differentiation) Occurring in a Vascularized Free Flap Reconstruction Graft

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) is a rare form of sarcoma arising from Schwann cells or pluripotent cells of the neural crest. Malignant triton tumor (MTT) is a subtype of MPNST with a component of malignant rhabdomyoblasts in addition to malignant Schwann cells. MPNST and MTT are both aggressive malignancies that most commonly arise from large deep neurofibromas in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1). However, sporadic non-NF-1 cases of MTT have also been reported in the literature. We present a case of a 50-year-old African American male with no stigmata of NF-1 who developed a large mass in a free flap on the right calf. The free flap had been placed by plastic surgery 15 years previously following open right tibial and fibular fractures associated with a large soft tissue defect. Biopsy of the enlarging mass, followed by wide surgical excision, confirmed the pathology to be MTT. Although the development of a high-grade soft tissue sarcoma has been previously reported as a late complication of radiation therapy following free flap reconstructions, we believe this is the first reported case of sarcomatous transformation arising in a vascularized, free muscle transfer.
Sex and regional differences in rabbit right ventricular L-type calcium current levels and mathematical modelling of arrhythmia vulnerability

In adult rabbit left ventricular cardiac myocytes, sex and apex-base differences in cardiac L-type calcium current (ICa-L) levels were found to affect susceptibility to arrhythmogenic early afterdepolarizations (EADs). We have now investigated the role of ICa-L in EAD formation in right ventricular myocytes using the patch clamp technique to ascertain apex-base distribution and properties of the L-type calcium current in adult males and females. ICa-L density measured at 0mV was 84.6% higher in female (7.2±0.83 pA/pF, n=8) than male base myocytes (3.9±0.38, n=12, p<0.001). Regionally, the female right ventricle demonstrated 56.5% higher ICa-L density at the base (7.2±0.83 pA/pF, n=8) than apex (4.56±0.45 pA/pF, n=9, p<0.02). No gender differences in ICa-L density were seen in male-female apex myocytes. Additionally, we found no gender or regional differences in the voltage dependence of ICa-L activation and inactivation. Utilizing this data, we performed numerical simulations with a modified version of the Luo Rudy mathematical model of cardiac action potentials (APs). Under 50% suppression of the rapidly inactivating delayed rectifier potassium current to model Long QT Syndrome Type 2 (LQTS2), female base myocyte simulations exhibited longer APs and increased EAD vulnerability as compared to male base myocytes. The biophysical data and mathematical simulations together support the hypothesis that higher levels of ICa-L contribute to EAD genesis. Clinical studies show that recovery from beta-adrenergic stimulation is associated with increased likelihood of arrhythmia. Other studies have found that beta-adrenergic stimulation results in enhancement of ICa-L and slowly inactivating delayed rectifier potassium current (IKs). We hypothesize that IKs may recover from beta-adrenergic stimulation more rapidly than ICa-L, which could increase arrhythmia propensity. We are testing this hypothesis in model simulations of male and female base and apical myocytes.
Frat Daddies and Sorostitutes: How TotalFratMove.com and Greek Identity Influence Greek Students’ Rape Myth Acceptance

College students in social Greek organizations are at greater risk of sexual assault than other college students. The present study examined how readership of the online news site TotalFratMove.com (TFM), through a survey questionnaire, which often includes coverage of stereotypical fraternity culture, may impact rape myth acceptance. Results revealed that the more frequently Greeks read TFM, the more likely they were to be accepting of rape myths when also taking into account the strength of their Greek social identity. Challenging stereotypes of the “frat daddy” and “sorostitite” may indirectly challenge behaviors and attitudes associated with rape myth acceptance otherwise perpetuated by Greek culture. Public Health Significance Statement: This study suggests that the more frequently Greek-affiliated college students read the popular website TFM, the more likely they were to have rape myth supportive attitudes when they also felt like being Greek was an integral part of their identity.
Targeting Comorbid Anxiety and Depression Using the Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders in Adolescents

This article presents the use of an emotion-focused, transdiagnostic therapy approach designed for adolescents with a range of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, depressive, and related disorders, refe...
Exploring the Protest Language of Songs: We Shall Overcome and 99 Luftballons/99 Red Balloons

In this chapter, the protest songs We Shall Overcome and 99 Luftballons/ 99 Red Balloons are examined within the deep stories of their respective contexts, the segregated Southern United States and the Cold War, particularly in West Germany. Each song is then analyzed as a performative within the framework of the renovated felicity conditions, introduced in Chapter 2 based on Austin’s Speech Act Theory, for the speech act of protest. Each analysis focuses on the presuppositional conditions regarding convention, circumstance, words, persons, effects, and positionings, followed by the aspirational conditions with a focus on thoughts, intention, risk, commitment, and subsequent actions. These analyses include discussions of identity in terms of convocativity as well as how these speech acts attain pragmatic legitimacy through the fulfillment of the felicity conditions.
Teaching Case: A Database Design Case: Teton Whitewater Kayak

The Teton Whitewater Kayak case is designed to provide students with a challenging hands-on exercise in relational database design. It is extensive enough to provide a stimulating exercise, but not so large as to be overwhelming. This case can be utilized for a group project in a database management or database design course. The case is sufficiently detailed to challenge students as they apply the design concepts explained in class to a problem that closely simulates a real-world problem. An associated project can be broken into deliverables, or individual components that cover a single task, to make the project more manageable. Some of the suggested deliverables associated with this project include the design of entityrelationship diagrams, normalization of the database schema, table creation, SQL query design, form and report design, and stored procedure and trigger design. The problem was designed to be extensible. For example, while it does into include credit card processing or selling equipment on consignment, those features can be easily added to make the case more complex. The case can even be extended for use in an analysis and design class, as the services provided by the company are presented as a set of processes that can be easily represented in a data flow diagram.
Language-based games (extended abstract)

We introduce language-based games, a generalization of psychological games [Geanakoplos et al., 1989] that can also capture reference-dependent preferences [Koszegi and Rabin, 2006], which extend the domain of the utility function to situations, maximal consistent sets in some language. The role of the underlying language in this framework is thus particularly critical. Of special interest are languages that can express only coarse beliefs [Mullainathan, 2002]. Despite the expressive power of the approach, we show that it can describe games in a simple, natural way. Nash equilibrium and rationalizability are generalized to this setting; Nash equilibrium is shown not to exist in general, while the existence of rationalizable strategies is proved under mild conditions.
A Derivation of the Quantum Phase

The quantum phase has profound effects on quantum mechanics but its physical origin is currently unexplained. This paper derives its general form from two physical axioms: 1) in the limit in which space goes to zero, spacetime reduces to a constant quantity of areatime, and 2) the proper time dimensions of areatime and of spacetime are orthogonal but can be compared to each other according to what will here be called an angular dual bilateral symmetry. The mathematical derivation and the explanation of the physical origin of the quantum phase from these two axioms is straightforward and implies that the quantum phase is intimately related to the quantization of spacetime.
A New Time-Based Iterative Solver for Linear Standing-Wave Problems

We explore time-based solvers for linear standing-wave problems, especially the oscillatory Helmholtz equation. Here, we show how to accelerate the convergence properties of timestepping. We introduce a new time-based solver that we call phase-adjusted time-averaging (PATA), which we couple to timestepping to form the PATA-TS solver. Numerical experiments indicate that the PATA-TS solver is faster than the PATA solver and timestepping by a factor of 1.2 and 1.5 or more, respectively. We also explain why the PATA-TS solver is robust, efficient, and easy to program for a variety of practical applications.