cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling the direct effects of salvage logging on long-term temporal fuel dynamics in dry-mixed conifer forests

Abstract Salvage logging has been proposed to reduce post-fire hazardous fuels and mitigate re-burn effects, but debate remains about its effectiveness when considering fuel loadings are dynamic, and re-burn occurrence is stochastic, in time. Therefore, evaluating salvage loggings capacity to reduce hazardous fuels requires estimating fuel loadings in unmanipulated and salvaged stands over long time periods. We sampled for snag dynamics, decomposition rates, and fuel loadings within unmanipulated high-severity portions of 7 fires, spanning a 24-year chronosequence, in dry-mixed conifer forests of Oregon’s eastern Cascades. We used these estimates to program an empirical model predicting temporal dynamics of fine and coarse woody fuels from sources directly targeted by salvage logging. We simulated 1000 unmanipulated and salvage logging scenarios, with variable snag dynamic rates, for three sample plots spanning a pre-fire biomass gradient. Total surface fine woody fuel loadings peaked 17–18 years post-fire (6.76–9.92 Mg ha −1 ) in unmanipulated stands; thereafter decay losses exceeded input rates and loadings decreased. Salvage logging immediately increased surface fine woody fuel loadings by 160–237% above maximum loadings observed in unmanipulated stands, and were higher during the initial 18–22 years post-fire. 1000-h fuel loadings peaked 24–31 years post-fire in unmanipulated stands, but decomposition reduced total loadings by 34.8–49.6% of initial snag necromass by peak years. Our simulations suggest only 59.2% (34.3 Mg ha −1 ), 47.8% (44.3 Mg ha −1 ) and 22.3% (37.6 Mg ha −1 ) of maximum 1000-h fuel loadings were available for combustion at this time. Available 1000-h fuel loadings in unmanipulated stands peaked 31, 34 and 82 years post-fire but were only 35.4% (40.7 Mg ha −1 ), 30.8% (49.9 Mg ha −1 ) and 27.3% (70.5 Mg ha −1 ) of initial snag necromass. Salvage logging increased 1000-h fuel loadings for the initial 7 years post-fire, but 80–84% of initial snag necromass was removed or decayed when their maximum loadings were observed 17–22 years post-fire. Understory woody vegetation reestablished quickly following high-severity fire, creating another significant fuel layer and a source of post-fire fine woody fuels. Surface fuels accumulate quickly following high-severity fire, but our modeling results suggest salvage logging has mixed effects on reducing hazardous fuel conditions since it increases fine woody fuel loadings and decreases coarse woody fuel loadings. Reducing hazardous fuel loadings and their contribution to re-burn hazard requires manipulation of residual and future fuel sources, but treatment benefits should be evaluated against any negative effects to early seral forest structure and function if resilient forest ecosystems are the management goal.
In vitro recognition of alloantigens: nature of responding and stimulating cells.

Abstract Mixed lymphocyte cultures were incubated in modified Eagle's Hanks' Amino Acid medium with 0.5% mouse serum. The ability of mouse cells to proliferate in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) and to generate cytotoxic cells was measured. Thymus cells and splenic T-cells were compared with respect to their ability to respond and stimulate in MLC. The results indicate that spleen cells respond to allogeneic spleen and thymus. Thymus responds to spleen but fails to respond to thymus. Addition of peritoneal exudate macrophages or adherent spleen cells does not facilitate MLC reactivity or generation of killer cells in allogeneic thymus-thymus cultures. In order to enrich for B- or T-cells, spleen cells were filtered through nylon wool columns. Effluent spleen cells respond well to the T cell mitogen Con A, but poorly to the B cell mitogen LPS. Column-adherent cells respond well to LPS and poorly to Con A. Addition of mitomycin-treated peritoneal cells enhances the Con A response of effluent spleen, but has no effect on the LPS response of column-adherent cells. Splenic T-cells, obtained by nylon wool column filtration or anti-B-cell serum treatment, respond well in MLC but are unable to stimulate. Splenic B-cells, obtained by column filtration or anti-theta serum treatment, respond poorly but are superior as stimulating cells. Column-filtrated effluent thymus also loses its ability to stimulate spleen. The results suggest that thymus can stimulate in the MLC because it contains B-cells and/or a subpopulation of stimulatory T-cells.
Automatic selection of radiological protocols using machine learning

Medical imaging modalities, such as computed tomography (CT), have a large number of parameters that must be correctly set to produce a diagnostic image. In current clinical practice this is done with input from a radiologist, relying on the patient history provided in textual form by the referring physician. Since the set of parameters is so extensive, radiologists choose from a limited number of protocols, each of which is suited to a group of diseases. We propose a machine learning approach automate to this process, relying on the free-form textual input provided by the referring physician. We exploit an ontology built by the National Library of Medicine to provide domain expertise, as well as an associated parser that maps free-form text into this ontology. We use a graph-based semi-supervised learning technique, where the nodes of the graph are concepts from the ontology and the labels are protocols. The semi-supervised learning approach is motivated by the easy availability of unlabeled training data, for example from patient histories where the protocol is unknown, or even patient histories who did not receive imaging. In our initial experiments we used the adsorption algorithm of [2], running on a database of 1,000 patients who were assigned a protocol by radiologists at New York Presbyterian Hospital. On a stratified sample from our dataset we predicted the protocol selected by a radiologist 60% of the time, compared with a baseline accuracy of 20% achieved by always predicting the most popular protocol. Our results suggest that modern machine learning and NLP techniques show considerable promise for solving this important clinical problem.
A procedure to refine joint kinematic assessments: Functional Alignment

Functional Alignment is a new method to determine the orientation of a joint's primary rotational axis and the associated movement. It employs three unique concepts. First, data analyses are based upon assessment of spatial positions and not upon movement in a time sequence. Second, analyses are conducted on derived joint rotation matrices instead of tracked markers. This permits reanalysis of published biomechanical results and, therefore, provides a basis for unifying perspectives among different research efforts. Finally, the independent perspectives of the move and base segments require the analysis to use two unique descriptors of the joint axis orientation. These two mathematically necessary descriptors are also shown to be obtainable without reference to the original marker data. The combination of these approaches provides opportunities for additional comparisons of kinematic joint features that have been heretofore underappreciated.
Bilateral Primary Extramedullary Orbital Plasmacytomas

Abstract An 81-year-old man presented with bilateral orbital tumors that were found to be extramedullary plasmacytomas. Immunoperoxidase staining of the tissue was positive for IgG-kappa; no lambda chains were seen. Results of serum immunoelectrophoresis were positive for monoclonal IgG-kappa. Test results of the urine were positive for Bence Jones protein; only kappa chains were seen on radial diffusion. Systemic evaluation failed to show tumor elsewhere. The patient was treated with radiation and low-dose melphalan/prednisone, with good response. Five years later, the results of immunoelectrophoresis are normal and there is no clinical evidence of tumor; however, a small amount of kappa light chains remains in the urine. This case supports the important therapeutic and prognostic differences among orbital involvement in (1) extramedullary plasmacytoma, (2) solitary myeloma of bone, and (3) multiple myeloma.
Mini-BAL: not a small matter

In the study by Lacroix and colleagues [1] in the previous issue of Critical Care, we appreciate the early use of the mini-bronchoalveolar lavage (mini-BAL) to diagnose health care-associated pneumonia (HCAP). However, some limitations of the study create difficulties in initiating this protocol in our institution. Hospitalized/intubated patients with HCAP were not studied. These patients represent a significant fraction of those undergoing blood culture/mini-BAL for diagnosis. In our population, emergency physicians dispense broad-spectrum antibiotics expediently as a quality measure; therefore, subsequent mini-BAL may yield few results. The article did not present final antibiotic selections, patient outcomes, or antibiotic de-escalation. We cannot estimate the final cost of the antibiotic course or compare it with the cost of mini-BAL/bronchoscopy. The antibiotics might not be more cost-effective than the procedure. Mini-BAL without bronchoscopy may be cost-effective but has low yield [2]; 31.5% patients had altered mental status, contraindicating bi-level positive airway pressure (BiPAP) during mini-BAL [3]. We do not know whether sedation (which may be risky) was used. Results of mini-BAL culture are compared with those of blood cultures. Blood cultures in community-acquired pneumonia/HCAP (CAP/HCAP) have limitations. Only high-risk patients benefit from blood culture in diagnosing CAP. Also, with prior antibiotics, blood culture sensitivity for CAP/HCAP diagnosis decreases [4]. We do not know whether HCAP organisms were distinguished from colonizing flora. We applaud the trial as conducted but feel that the inclusion of a comparison of cost, technical descriptions of the mini-BAL in regard to the need for bronchoscopy and sedation, inclusion of hospitalized/intubated patients, choice of antibiotics/de-escalation, and use of antibiotics prior to enrollment would more effectively support the authors' conclusions.
Late Cretaceous stratigraphy, deformation, and intrusion in the Madison Range of southwestern Montana

Dating of orogenic rock units in the central part of the Madison Range shows that Laramide deformation was virtually completed by the end of the Cretaceous. Early Campanian K-Ar dates of about 79 m.y. were obtained from welded tuffs in the basal part of the Livingston Formation, a volcanic and volcaniclastic assemblage that is conformable with underlying Cretaceous clastic rocks and with the overlying Sphinx Conglomerate. No datable materials were obtained from the Sphinx, but both it and the Livingston were deformed by the Hilgard fault system, a series of thrust faults and associated folds which extend along the western side of the southern two-thirds of the range. This north-trending fault system represents the culmination of Laramide shortening within the range. K-Ar and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating of hornblende from dacitic laccolithic rocks that intruded the Hilgard fault system in the central part of the range indicates an approximate date of 68–69 m.y. B.P. for emplacement of the igneous suite. The dacite postdates movement along faults of the Hilgard fault system, and postdates the synorogenic Sphinx Conglomerate.
A Case Study and Meta-Analysis of Type 2 Diabetes Research

In the last decade, a new wave of inspired research surrounding a transcription factor’s role in blood-sugar homeostasis has emerged. Transcription Factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2 or TCF4), a member of the Wnt signaling pathway, is intimately involved in suppressing glucagon synthesis. It also may affect β-cell function. Regiospecific trends concerning the selection of its molecular variants, their dependency on environmental and behavioral changes, and their relative associations with type 2 diabetes (T2D) have become well documented. This dynamic and nuanced understanding of one T2D risk factor should be desired in all other phases of study. An open and incorporative mindset such as this can revitalize the research field.
Iron Pentacarbonyl as a Precursor for Molecule-Based Magnets: Formation of Fe[TCNE]2 (Tc = 100 K) and Fe[TCNQ]2 (Tc = 35 K) Magnets

The reaction of tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) and 7,7,8,8-tetracyano-p-quinodimethane (TCNQ) with Fe(CO)5 leads to formation of magnetically ordered materials of Fe[TCNE]2 (Tc = 100 K) and Fe[TCNQ]2 (T...
Fluid to particle heat transfer coefficients in holding tube having noncircular cross section

.K for the CHT at a R .K for the CHT at a R .K for the CHT at a R .K for the CHT at a R .K for the CHT at a Reynolds number r eynolds number r eynolds number r eynolds number r eynolds number ranging fr anging fr anging fr anging fr anging from 6000 to 13000. om 6000 to 13000. om 6000 to 13000. om 6000 to 13000. om 6000 to 13000. The differ The differ The differ The differ The difference in h ence in h ence in h ence in h ence in h p lev lev lev levels els els els els between the 2 configurations increased with the flow rate and temperature. Although no relation was observed between the 2 configurations increased with the flow rate and temperature. Although no relation was observed between the 2 configurations increased with the flow rate and temperature. Although no relation was observed between the 2 configurations increased with the flow rate and temperature. Although no relation was observed between the 2 configurations increased with the flow rate and temperature. Although no relation was observed betw betw betw betw between h een h een h een h een h p p p p p values and liquid to par alues and liquid to par alues and liquid to par alues and liquid to par alues and liquid to particle r ticle r ticle r ticle r ticle relative velocity, a tr , a tr , a tr , a tr , a trend betw end betw end betw end betw end between pipe R een pipe R een pipe R een pipe R een pipe Reynolds number and h eynolds number and h eynolds number and h eynolds number and h eynolds number and h p v v v v values was observed. The presence of a large number of particles in the holding tube significantly influenced h was observed. The presence of a large number of particles in the holding tube significantly influenced h was observed. The presence of a large number of particles in the holding tube significantly influenced h was observed. The presence of a large number of particles in the holding tube significantly influenced h was observed. The presence of a large number of particles in the holding tube significantly influenced h p values. K K K K Keywor eywor eywor eywor eywords: heat tr ds: heat tr ds: heat tr ds: heat tr ds: heat transfer coefficients ansfer coefficients ansfer coefficients ansfer coefficients ansfer coefficients, holding tube , holding tube , holding tube , holding tube , holding tube, Reynolds number eynolds number eynolds number eynolds number eynolds number, particle
Lower Bounds to the Critical Rayleigh Number in Completely Confined Regions

A method is presented for estimating lower bounds to the minimum Rayleigh number that will induce a state of convective motion in a quasi-incompressible (Boussinesq) fluid where the temperature gradient is in the direction of the body force.
The D/H ratio of cellulose in a New ZealandPinus radiata; A reply to the criticism of A.T. Wilson and M.J. Grinsted

D/H ratios of C-H hydrogen in cellulose extracted from 19 successive increments of wood from three adjacent tree rings from a Pinus radiata grown in New Zealand in 1915–1918 follow qualitatively the isotopic pattern of the D/H ratio of the precipitation of the Kailaia area in New Zealand. This relationship between the D/H ratio of the cellulose and precipitation is the opposite to that claimed by Wilson and Grinsted [Nature 257 (1975) 287–288]. Consequently their biochemical thermometer based on the relationship between the D/H ratio in cellulose of the Pinus radiata and temperature has no basis. Their arguments based on the data of Epstein and Yapp [Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 30 (1976) 252–261] to support their biochemical thermometer is also shown to be invalid.
Observations on lifetimes and excitation processes for the upper states in atomic helium

Abstract Lifetime observations have been made on 49 energy levels of helium. Good overall agreement with theory is obtained, with significant exceptions, the most striking of which are the 31D and 33D states, where 50% discrepancies with theory and some of the older measurements are found. The new measurements are, however, in harmony with recent results using the Hanle effect. The existence of the upper-state transfer process is clearly delineated by the results for n > 6.
Cross-layer interference-aware routing for wireless multi-hop networks

In this paper we address the problem of interference-aware routing that tightly couples the design of the lower three layers of the ISO Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) protocol stack. This is primarily motivated by the observation that shortest path routing could potentially lead to degrading the single-hop throughput which constitutes an upper bound on the end-to-end multi-hop throughput. We introduce the concept of set-based routing in an attempt to incorporate interference into the routing decision as well as reduce the problem complexity. Towards this objective, we propose a novel algorithm that takes routing, scheduling and power control decisions for a set of interference-coupled transmitters. Furthermore, we discuss set coordination schemes for combating inter-set interference. Finally, we conduct a simulation study that shows considerable throughput improvement over a reference system that uses minimum hop routing and collision-free scheduling.
Prolog based retargetable code generation

Abstract Pattern matching has significant advantages in the specification and implementation of optimizing retargetable code generators. Prolog is used as a back-end language to reformulate pattern matching into a uniform framework for the specification and implementation of optimizing code generators. A comprehensive set of optimizations can thus be integrated into a retargetable code generation scheme to produce high quality code.
Effects of Student Teaching on the Classroom Management Beliefs and Skills of Music Student Teachers

This study provided a basis for answering two questions: (1) Does the music student teaching experience affect student teachers' classroom management beliefs and skills; and (2) As a result of student teaching, do the classroom management beliefs and skills of student teachers and their cooperating teachers become more congruent? Forty-seven music student teachers from two universities and 47 cooperating teachers comprised the sample population. Data were collected on the subjects' classroom management beliefs and skills before and after the 8-week student teaching experience. Multivariate analysis of variance results indicated that the student teaching experience did not affect the student teachers' classroom management beliefs and skills, and student teachers did not become more like their cooperating teachers wtih regard to classroom management beliefs and skills. The results raise questions regarding the effectiveness of cooperating teachers in assisting their trainees in the area of classroom management.
Mechanism of Arsine Adsorption on the Gallium-Rich GaAs(001)-(4 2) Surface

The kinetics and mechanism of arsine adsorption on the (4 × 2) surface of gallium arsenide (001) has been studied by scanning tunneling microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and ab initio quantum chemistry calculations. Arsine forms a dative bond to a gallium dimer. Then, this species either desorbs from the surface or decomposes to an AsH2 or AsH fragment with hydrogen transfer to an arsenic site. Finally, desorption of hydrogen leaves arsenic dimers on the surface. The energy barriers for arsine desorption and dissociation into AsH2 are estimated to be 9.3 and 16.5 kcal/mol, respectively. Gallium hydride is not produced upon dissociation of AsH3 because this process is not energetically favorable.
A Primer on Summarizing Molt Data for Flight Feathers

Abstract Once established with reliability, the rules of flight feather replacement become an important component of comparative life-history studies. Here I illustrate the form of tables that should be used to describe the pattern and intensity of flight feather molt. Using a subset of original data summarizing primary, secondary, and rectrix molt in Western Kingbirds (Tyrannus verticalis), I show how to assign scores indicating direction of replacement and points where waves of molt started or will stop. Combining these scores across birds yields a molt summary table, the starting point for determining the rules of feather replacement. This raw summary table is then iterated to show breaks between molt series and how summary scores around these breaks are reassigned to acknowledge series breaks. Molt summary tables also give sample sizes, because the rules of flight feather replacement cannot reliably be inferred unless birds in active molt are available for all the feathers being considered.
Genetics, diagnosis, and management of medullary thyroid carcinoma and pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma.

ABSTRACT Objective Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma (PHEO/PGL) are rare neuroendocrine tumors. Because of the increased metastatic rates in certain genetic backgrounds, early diagnosis and treatment are essential to improved patient outcomes. Our objective was to summarize recent findings related to the genetics, diagnosis, and management of MTC and PHEO/PGL. Methods A literature review was performed. Results MTC is primarily associated with mutations in the rearranged during transfection (RET) protooncogene. Determining the specific genetic mutation can guide patient management and screening. Early detection and appropriate surgical management of MTC is critical to prevent or limit metastatic spread, as treatment options for patients with metastatic disease are limited. PHEO/PGL also has a strong genetic component, with approximately 50% of cases linked to germline and somatic mutations in 15 genes. Although most PHEO/PGLs are benign, factors such as genetic background, size, tumor location, and high methoxytyramine levels are associated with higher rates of metastatic disease. The state-of-the-art diagnosis and localization of PHEO/PGLs is based on measurement of plasma metanephrines and methoxytyramine and functional imaging studies. For both PHEO/PGL and MTC, surgery is the only curative treatment. Treatment options for patients with metastatic disease are limited. Conclusion As genetic testing becomes more widely available, the diagnosis of MTC and PHEO/PGL will be made earlier due to routine screening of at-risk patients. In addition, continued advances in basic science, diagnostic methods, and imaging techniques will improve understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases and facilitate the introduction of novel treatment strategies for patients with metastatic disease. (Endocr Pract. 2014;20:176-187)
Quantitative infrared spectroscopy of co complexes of cytochrome c oxidase, hemoglobin and myoglobin: Evidence for one co per heme

Summary The carbonyl complex of fully reduced bovine heart cytochrome c oxidase in 0.01 M phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 exhibits an infrared absorption at 1963.5 cm−1 which is confirmed as due to the 12C16O stretch by shifts to 1919 and 1918 cm−1 with 12C18O and 13C16O respectively. A stoichiometry of one CO for each heme is demonstrated by the amount of HbCO formed upon exchange of CO from oxidase to Hb. This exchange can be followed by intensities of infrared or electronic spectra. The intensity of infrared absorption due to CO varies from 2.2x104 to 2.5x104 to 3.0x104cm−2 for oxidase, Mb and Hb respectively, and represents an important property of bound CO characteristic of the particular binding site.
Mute e in French

Salah satu berita yang akhir-akhir ini menjadi buah bibir atau sorotan beberapa media baik lokal maupun nasional adalah kasus Habib Rizieq yang digugat karena dianggap telah melecehkan bahkan menghina Pancasila.Kasus ini penulis angkat menjadi sorotan, selain karena aktual dan menjadi sorotan berbagai media.Penulis juga ingin mengetahui duduk perkara yang sebenarnyamengenai berita ini dan mengetahui bagaimana pendapat berbagai media mengenai masalah ini. Rumusan masalah penelitian ini adalah 1) bagaimanakah analisis wacana paradigma kritis Van Dijk mengenai berita penghinaan Habib Rizieq terhadap Pancasila dalam Seword.com dan Liputan6.com; 2) apakah perbedaan analisis wacana paradigma kritis Van Dijk dalam berita penghinaan Pancasila dalam Seword.com dan Liputan6.com?dan 3) Apakah terdapat ideologi tertentu dalam berita tentang penghinaan Pancasila oleh Habib Rizieq pada Seword.com dan Liputan6.com? Adapun alat analisis untuk mengurai masalah ini adalah analisis wacana dengan menggunakan paradigma kritis.Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu deskriptif kualitatif.Berdasarkan perbandingan terhadap dua teks maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa teks Seword.com cenderung memihak pada ideologi dan hegemoni kaum tertentu yang agak bertentangan dengan segala yang berbau Islam. Hal ini terlihat dari berbagai aspek telaah dalam analisis Van Dijk ini. Sedangkan Liputan6.com lebih cenderung netral, hanya memfasilitasi informasi yang akan disampaikan apa adanya tanpa misi untuk menjatuhkan ideologi tertentu/golongan tertentu. One of the recent news that became the highlight of some media, both local and national is the case of Habib Rizieq who are sued for being considered harassing and even insulting Pancasila. This case the author adopted into the spotlight, because in addition to the case being actual and became the spotlight of various media. The author also wish to know the real phenomenon about this news and find out how the views of various media on the issue. The formulation of this research problem is 1) how to analyze the Van Dijk critical paradigm discourse about the news of Habib Rizieq mockery toward Pancasila in Seword.com and Liputan6.com; 2) what is the difference of Van Dijk critical paradigm discourse analysis in the news of mockery of Pancasila in Seaword.com and Liputan6.com? and 3) Is there a certain ideology in the nows about mockery of Pancasila by Habib Rizieq in Seaword.com and Liputan6.com? The analytical tool to solve this problem is discourse analysis by using critical paradigm. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. Based on the comparison of two texts, it can be concluded that the text in Seaword.com tends to side with the ideology and hegemony of certain people who are somewhat at odds with everything Islamic. This is evident from various aspects of the analysis in the Van Dijk analysis. Whereas Liputan6.com more tends to be neutral, only facilitate the information to be delivered as it is without an intention to bring down certain ideology/groups.
Public housing redevelopment: Seven kinds of success

Abstract Three comprehensive redevelopment efforts were undertaken in Boston public housing projects during the 1980s, attempts that may well represent the clearest precedent for the current U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development initiatives under the Urban Revitalization Demonstration program. Despite receiving similar levels of funding and undergoing similar design and development processes, the results of these three redevelopment efforts vary widely: Two of them have become nationally recognized models for public housing revitalization, while the third proved disappointing to all involved. This article examines and evaluates the three efforts. It argues that redevelopment success should be measured by at least seven criteria: smooth implementation, recognized design quality, improved tenant organization capacity, enhanced maintenance and management performance, improved security, progress on socioeconomic development, and resident satisfaction. It concludes by emphasizing the potential of pa...
Predictors of university students’ willingness in the USA to use clergy as sources of skilled help

This exploratory study investigated U.S. university students’ perceptions (N = 186) and the predictor variables associated with their willingness to use clergy as a source of help. In the final regression analysis using the predicted variable of willingness to use clergy as a source of help (R = 0.816, R 2= 0.665, Adjusted R 2= 0.650), there were seven significant predictor variables: (a) trust of clergy, (b) empathic ability of clergy, (c) having previously sought help from clergy, (d) respondents’ dominant/minority cultural identification, (e) attendance at religious services at least once a year, (f) believing that spiritual counselling is as effective as psychotherapy, and (g) receiving religious/spiritual education as a child. An eighth variable was retained in the final regression model because of its proximity to significance (Friendships between clergy and people, p = 0.051). Accusations against clergy and the belief that clergy are held to a higher standard did not predict willingness to use cler...
Fourier-Transform Holograms with Partially Coherent Light: Holographic Measurement of Spatial Coherence

The results of previous work on the theory of holography with partially coherent light are applied to the measurement of spatial coherence by means of Fourier-transform holograms. It is shown that if a Fourier-transform hologram is made using a coherent reference beam, the amplitude at any point in the reconstructed image will be multiplied by the magnitude of the normalized degree of coherence between the reference beam and the light from the corresponding point on the object. Thus, the reconstructed image can be used to measure coherence. An example of such a measurement is discussed in detail. The usefulness of the partial-coherence approach in interpreting several known holographic phenomena is mentioned.
Phage-Induced Expression of CRISPR-Associated Proteins Is Revealed by Shotgun Proteomics in Streptococcus thermophilus

The CRISPR/Cas system, comprised of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats along with their associated (Cas) proteins, protects bacteria and archaea from viral predation and invading nucleic acids. While the mechanism of action for this acquired immunity is currently under investigation, the response of Cas protein expression to phage infection has yet to be elucidated. In this study, we employed shotgun proteomics to measure the global proteome expression in a model system for studying the CRISPR/Cas response in S. thermophilus DGCC7710 infected with phage 2972. Host and viral proteins were simultaneously measured following inoculation at two different multiplicities of infection and across various time points using two-dimensional liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Thirty-seven out of forty predicted viral proteins were detected, including all proteins of the structural virome and viral effector proteins. In total, 1,013 of 2,079 predicted S. thermophilus proteins were detected, facilitating the monitoring of host protein synthesis changes in response to virus infection. Importantly, Cas proteins from all four CRISPR loci in the S. thermophilus DGCC7710 genome were detected, including loci previously thought to be inactive. Many Cas proteins were found to be constitutively expressed, but several demonstrated increased abundance following infection, including the signature Cas9 proteins from the CRISPR1 and CRISPR3 loci, which are key players in the interference phase of the CRISPR/Cas response. Altogether, these results provide novel insights into the proteomic response of S. thermophilus, specifically CRISPR-associated proteins, upon phage 2972 infection.
Digital signature for Diffie-Hellman public keys without using a one-way function

The author proposes digital signature schemes without using a one-way function to sign Diffie-Hellman public keys. The advantage of this approach is, instead of relying overall security on either the security of the signature scheme or the security of the one-way function, the security of this proposed scheme is based on the discrete logarithm problem.
Managing Aldicarb Application with GPS/GIS Systems

Aldicarb is a soil-applied pesticide that is widely used to control certain insects, mites, and nematodes of citrus and other crops. However, due to its high toxicity and leaching potential into groundwater, many states regulate its application. In Florida, aldicarb applications require a 91.4-m buffer zone around all drinking water wells and 304.8 m around wells located in certain sandy soils. To positively control and monitor the discharge of aldicarb in field conditions, the feasibility of using several electronic control systems on the granular applicator was investigated. The project involved fabricating a prototype machine that featured both ground- and motor-driven mechanisms commonly used in commercial aldicarb applications. A ground-driven power train operated one-half of the metering wheel through an electric clutch and a pulse-width modulation (PWM) motor powered the other half. The machine was equipped with various controllers and electronic circuits. Three DGPS-based approaches were considered. The first level consisted of a DGPS antenna and a low-cost data logger. It could provide records including position information (latitude and longitude) and status of the PWM controller and electric clutch (ON/OFF of the discharge system) for monitoring purposes. The second system (mid-range cost) utilized a hand-held computer and variable-rate-application (VRA) software to input prescription maps and provide an operator real-time screen interface. With this system, it was possible to provide ON/OFF control of both discharge drives and generate as-applied maps. The third level (highest-cost) involved the use of a more sophisticated VRA controller comprising modular components and CAN bus system. It allowed detailed operator-machine interface and could input variable rate maps and output information on application rate, acreage, and total material usage. The paper elaborates on the above technology solutions and provides test results of their evaluation under simulated field conditions. Each system had certain merits and limitations but all were capable of providing useful temporal and spatial information for aldicarb application.
Hyperovals in Steiner systems

In this paper, we show that the basic necessary condition for the existence of a (k; 0, 2)-set in an S(2, 4, v) is also sufficient. It solves a problem posed by de Resmini [6] and we also prove some asymptotic results concerning the existence of hyperovals in Steiner systems with large block size. The results are generally applicable to designs with maximal arcs.
Mechanisms of glucocorticoid action in bone

Glucocorticoids induce rapid bone loss and increase the risk for osteoporotic fractures. The mechanisms include a phase of increased bone resorption, probably a result of the increased expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-k-B ligand and colony stimulating factor-1, followed-up by a decrease in bone formation. This effect is central to the actions of glucocorticoids in bone and it is secondary to the loss of bone forming cells, caused by an inhibition of cell differentiation and an increase in the apoptosis of mature osteoblasts and osteocytes. Glucocorticoids also inhibit the function of mature osteoblasts and suppress the synthesis of insulin-like growth factor-I, an agent that enhances bone formation. Glucocorticoids alter the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor axis in cartilage and, as a consequence, suppress linear growth.
WEE1 Kinase As a Target for Cancer Therapy

Exploiting the complex machinery that regulates cell cycle checkpointsandDNArepair forcancertherapyhasbeenthefocusofmanypast and ongoing investigations; however, successful translation into patient care and meaningful impact on clinical outcomes have proven elusive. Eukaryotic cells rely on complex cell cycle checkpoint and DNA repair systems to ensure genomic integrity. In cells that have DNA damage (eg, after radiation or chemotherapy), several cell cycle checkpoints arrest cell cycle progression to allow for DNA repair. Historically these DNA repair pathways have been divided into two major arms consisting of ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein/checkpoint kinase 1 (ATR/ CHK1) and ataxia telangiectasia–mutated (ATM)/CHK2, although significant overlap exists and there is a high degree of redundancy (Fig 1). If DNA damage is too extensive for faithful repair, pathways leading to cell death are instigated. Before cells undergo mitosis, they progress through a tightly controlled cascade of G1-S, intra-S, and G2-M checkpoints. WEE1 kinase has emerged as a key G2-M checkpoint regulator. 1 This tyrosine kinase negatively regulates entry into mitosis by catalyzing an
Direct visualization of CaMKII at postsynaptic densities by electron microscopy tomography

Ca(2+) /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is a major component of postsynaptic densities (PSDs) involved in synaptic regulation. It has been previously shown that upon activity CaMKII from the spine reversibly aggregates at the cytoplasmic surfaces of PSDs, where it encounters various targets for phosphorylation. Targets for CaMKII are also present within the PSD, but there has been no reliable method to pinpoint whether, or where, CaMKII is located inside the PSD. Here we show that CaMKII can be mapped molecule-by-molecule within isolated PSDs using negative stain electron microscopy tomography. CaMKII molecules found in the core of the PSD may represent a pool distinct from the CaMKII residing at the cytoplasmic surface.
Immunology of Relapse and Remission in Multiple Sclerosis

Eighty percent of individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) initially develop a clinical pattern with periodic relapses followed by remissions, called relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS). This period of fluctuating disease may last for a decade or more. Clinical relapses reflect acute inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS), composed of the brain and spinal cord. Often, different anatomic areas in the CNS are involved each time a relapse occurs, resulting in varied clinical manifestations in each instance. Relapses are nearly always followed by some degree of remission, though recovery to baseline status before the flare is often incomplete. There are nine approved drugs for treatment of RRMS. The most potent drug for inhibiting relapses, the humanized anti-α4 integrin antibody known as Natalizumab, blocks homing of mononuclear cells to the CNS. The mechanisms of action of the approved drugs for RRMS provide a strong foundation for understanding the pathobiology of the relapse. Despite substantial progress in controlling relapses with the current armamentarium of medications, there is much to learn and ever more effective and safe therapies to develop.
Abnormal daytime sleepiness in dementia with Lewy bodies compared to Alzheimer’s disease using the Multiple Sleep Latency Test

Excessive daytime sleepiness is a commonly reported problem in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). We examined the relationship between nighttime sleep continuity and the propensity to fall asleep during the day in clinically probable DLB compared to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) dementia. A full-night polysomnography was carried out in 61 participants with DLB and 26 with AD dementia. Among this group, 32 participants with DLB and 18 with AD dementia underwent a daytime Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT). Neuropathologic examinations of 20 participants with DLB were carried out. Although nighttime sleep efficiency did not differentiate diagnostic groups, the mean MSLT initial sleep latency was significantly shorter in participants with DLB than in those with AD dementia (mean 6.4 ± 5 minutes vs 11 ± 5 minutes, P <0.01). In the DLB group, 81% fell asleep within 10 minutes compared to 39% of the AD dementia group (P <0.01), and 56% in the DLB group fell asleep within 5 minutes compared to 17% in the AD dementia group (P <0.01). Daytime sleepiness in AD dementia was associated with greater dementia severity, but mean MSLT latency in DLB was not related to dementia severity, sleep efficiency the night before, or to visual hallucinations, fluctuations, parkinsonism or rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. These data suggest that abnormal daytime sleepiness is a unique feature of DLB that does not depend on nighttime sleep fragmentation or the presence of the four cardinal DLB features. Of the 20 DLB participants who underwent autopsy, those with transitional Lewy body disease (brainstem and limbic) did not differ from those with added cortical pathology (diffuse Lewy body disease) in dementia severity, DLB core features or sleep variables. Daytime sleepiness is more likely to occur in persons with DLB than in those with AD dementia. Daytime sleepiness in DLB may be attributed to disrupted brainstem and limbic sleep–wake physiology, and further work is needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms.
Design of discrete coefficient FIR filters by simulated evolution

The article presents a new algorithm, simulated evolutionary optimization, a multi-agent stochastic search method for optimizing the coefficients of a FIR digital filter in the powers-of-two space by minimizing a sum of two cost functions, namely the squared error between discrete filter frequency response and desired frequency response and the squared error between discrete and infinite precision coefficients. The proposed algorithm requires less computation time than existing techniques based on linear programming and simulated annealing and differs from the tree search based algorithms in optimizing the coefficients simultaneously. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated through a low-pass filter example.
An Information-Processing Approach To the Study of Job Design

Confusion in recent job design research may stem from a lack of attention being paid to perceptual and judgmental processes involved in employees' reactions to their jobs. In this paper I investigate the implications of an information-processing approach to job design and suggest a possible model for the study of these processes.
Substring matching for clone detection and change tracking

Legacy systems pose problems to maintainers that can be solved partially with effective tools. A prototype tool for determining collections of files sharing a large amount of text has been developed and applied to a 40 megabyte source tree containing two releases of the gcc compiler. Similarities in source code and documentation corresponding to software cloning, movement and inertia between releases, as well as the effects of preprocessing easily stand out in a way that immediately conveys nonobvious structural information to a maintainer taking responsibility for such a system. >
Frequency Modulated (FM) Considerations for Children With Minimal/Mild or Unilateral Hearing Loss

Children with minimal/mild bilateral hearing loss (MBHL) or unilateral hearing loss (UHL) are at risk for academic, speech/language, and social/emotional difficulties, and the provision of FM is a ...
Evaluation of the Norberg angle threshold: a comparison of Norberg angle and distraction index as measures of coxofemoral degenerative joint disease susceptibility in seven breeds of dogs.

Objective To evaluate the thresholds of 2 radiographic methods used to determine coxofemoral joint laxity in 7 breeds of dogs. Animals Three hundred and fifty clinically normal dogs. Study design Retrospective study. Methods Hip radiographs from 7 breeds of dogs were randomly selected from a database. None of the dogs had radiographic evidence of degenerative joint disease (DJD). Distraction index (DI) and Norberg angle (NA) were measured on these radiographs and compared with DI and NA thresholds for diagnosing DJD susceptibility derived from the literature and from evaluated Borzois. Dogs with a NA or =105 degrees and a DI of >0.32 were considered false-negatives. Results Mean age of all dogs was 22.9 months. Mean NA for all dogs was 99.37 degrees, and mean DI for all dogs was 0.44. Borzoi mean DI of was significantly less than the mean DI of the other 6 breeds. The highest (most hip laxity) Borzoi DI was 0.32, and the lowest (most hip laxity) Borzoi NA was 99 degrees. False-positive and false-negative diagnoses were identified in 6 of the 7 breeds. Conclusions Using the NA threshold of 105 degrees (literature established threshold of susceptibility to DJD) resulted in a high percentage of false-negative and false-positive diagnoses. Breeds like the Labrador Retriever and Rottweiler would have large numbers of hip dysplasia susceptible dogs remain in the breeding population based on this NA threshold. False-positive diagnoses were common in breeds like the Australian Shepherd, Borzoi, and German Shepherd effectively eliminating hip dysplasia nonsusceptible dogs from the breeding population. Clinical relevance The NA was not an accurate predictor of DJD susceptibility in these 7 breeds of dogs when using a NA threshold of 105 degrees.
Gene–Environment Interplay: Where We Are, Where We Are Going

The idea that both genetic and environmental influences contribute to behavioral outcomes is widely accepted. However, the practice of examining candidate Gene × Environment interaction (cGxE) is controversial. In this article, we summarize some of the key issues involved in cGxE research and provide recommendations for work in this area. Highlighted challenges include the selection of the gene, the development of the cGxE hypothesis, and the coding of the genotype. To address these challenges and gain confidence in cGxE findings, we recommend using empirical data to select and code genes/variants, using theory to develop cGxE hypotheses and a rigorous and transparent approach to hypothesis testing. Family researchers have much to offer to the study of Gene × Environment research in view of their process-oriented theories that are grounded in decades of nuanced measurement of the environment; implementing these best practices will help deliver on that promise.
The use of multiple models in evaluating complex engineering designs

The paper establishes a conceptual framework for viewing engineering design as a decomposition of the design problem into multiple models. Also described is a computational framework for iteratively refining designs through analysis and interpretation of candidate solutions. In doing so specific evaluation objectives and design descriptions are mapped to specific evaluation, analysis and interpretation models. Finally, the paper describes an implemented tool which uses the framework for evaluating a class of discrete event systems. >
Inheritance of Egusi Seed Type in Watermelon

An unusual seed mutant in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus) has seeds with a fleshy pericarp, commonly called egusi seeds. The origin of the phenotype is unknown, but it is widely cultivated in Nigeria for the high protein and carbohydrate content of the edible seeds. Egusi seeds have a thick, fleshy pericarp that appears during the second to third week of fruit development. We studied the inheritance of this phenotype in crosses of normal seeded Charleston Gray and Calhoun Gray with two plant introduction accessions, PI 490383w and PI 560006, having the egusi seed type. We found that the egusi seed type is controlled by a single recessive gene, and the symbol eg was assigned.