cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scaling emotions and identification: Insights from a scholarship student

Abstract In alignment with more recent work that has conceived of emotion as action instead of a static entity, I argue that an understanding of emotion as embodied action can be enriched through the use of timescales . By applying the construct of timescales to examine the language learning experience of a scholarship student, I illustrate how her desire and anxiety not only evolved over time but were also influenced by intersecting timescales that ultimately influenced her learning outcomes. Additionally, I maintain that issues concerning student voice and silence need to be addressed to fully understand the impact of emotions on language learning. The paper closes with suggestions on how to improve pedagogy in ways that would also harness the emotional work that goes on in classrooms.
Femtosecond laser micromachining of dielectric materials for biomedical applications

Techniques for microfluidic channel fabrication in soda-lime glass and fused quartz using femtosecond laser ablation and ablation in conjunction with polymer coating for surface roughness improvement were tested. Systematic experiments were done to characterize how process variables (laser fluence, scanning speed and focus spot overlap, and material properties) affect the machining feature size and quality. Laser fluence and focus spot overlap showed the strongest influence on channel depth and roughness. At high fluence, the surface roughness was measured to be between 395 nm and 731 nm RMS. At low fluence, roughness decreased to 100 nm–350 nm RMS and showed a greater dependence on overlap. The surface roughness of laser ablation was also dependent on the material properties. For the same laser ablation parameters, soda-lime glass surfaces were smoother than fused quartz. For some applications, especially those using quartz, smoother channels are desired. A hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) polymer coating was applied and the roughness of the coated channels was improved to 10–50 nm RMS.
Educational and Psychological Interventions to Improve Outcomes for Recipients of Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators and Their Families A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

Significant mortality benefits have been documented in recipients of implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs); however, the psychosocial distress created by the underlying arrhythmia and its potential treatments in patients and family members may be underappreciated by clinical care teams. The disentanglement of cardiac disease and device-related concerns is difficult. The majority of ICD patients and families successfully adjust to the ICD, but optimal care pathways may require additional psychosocial attention to all ICD patients and particularly those experiencing psychosocial distress. This state-of-the-science report was developed on the basis of an analysis and critique of existing science to (1) describe the psychological and quality-of-life outcomes after receipt of an ICD and describe related factors, such as patient characteristics; (2) describe the concerns and educational/informational needs of ICD patients and their family members; (3) outline the evidence that supports interventions for improving educational and psychological outcomes for ICD patients; (4) provide recommendations for clinical approaches for improving patient outcomes; and (5) identify priorities for future research in this area. The ultimate goal of this statement is to improve the precision of identification and care of psychosocial distress in ICD patients to maximize the derived benefit of the ICD.
Novel Silicon Ring Compounds from Disilenes

Abstract Reactions of disilenes, R 2 Si=SiR 2 , leading to new inorganic ring systems are described. These include reactions with 1.) chalcogens and dinitrogen oxide, to give three-membered rings; 2.) dioxygen; 3.) nitrobenzene and nitrosobenzene; 4.) organic azides and azo compounds; 5.) white phosphorus, to give bicyclobutane products; and 6.) bis(phosphine)platinum, to give disilene-platinum complexes. The structures of several of these new ring compounds are described and questions of chemical bonding are considered.
Association of Lymphoid Leukosis Virus and Performance in a Randombred Layer Population

The association of subclinical infections with lymphoid leukosis virus and performance was investigated in a randombred White Leghorn type population. The proportion of birds shedding group specific (gs) antigen into their egg albumen was high (23.8%). Birds with gs antigen in their albumen matured later, produced fewer and smaller eggs, and grew less rapidly tha their nonshedding counterparts.
Rotational coronary atherectomy of ostial stenoses

Abstract Treatment of coronary ostial stenoses with conventional balloon angioplasty may be associated with reduced procedural success rates and more frequent in-hospital complications compared with balloon angioplasty of nonostial stenoses. 1 Factors contributing to this limited success relate to both technical difficulties in maintaining adequate guiding catheter positioning (particularly in the right coronary artery), 2 and lesion rigidity and elasticity typically found in this location. 3 Rotational atherectomy, which partially c yuablates the fibrocalcific plaque using a high-speed burr, has been successfully used in various lesion subsets in which standard balloon methods have yielded reduced success. 4,5 However, the procedural success rate after rotational coronary atherectomy in ostial lesions was not previously reported. Thus, to evaluate the clinical and angiographic outcome after rotational coronary atherectomy in patients with ostial lesions, we reviewed our experience with this procedure over a 26-month period.
The United States and the “Culture of Narcissism”: An Examination of Perceptions of National Character

It has been suggested that the United States has an increasingly narcissistic culture. In the present research, perceptions of national character (PNCs) are used to examine cultural levels of narcissism. In Study 1, archival data show that American PNCs assessed with the five factor model (FFM) closely fit with the profile of narcissistic personality disorder (NPD); archived FFM reports of acquaintances, however, did not fit well. Likewise, in a cross-national comparison, U.S. PNCs of NPD were the highest among examined cultures and U.S. acquaintance reports of NPD were in the top 10. In Study 2, the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) was modified to assess PNCs. PNCs reflected high levels of narcissism, whereas self-reports and acquaintance reports reflected more moderate levels. In Study 3, PNCs were examined using the NPI and four personality disorder (PD) scales, including NPD. The difference between self-reports and PNCs was highest for narcissism and NPD compared to other PDs.
Calorimetric study of the nucleation of LaxCo4Sb12 prepared from modulated elemental reactants

Abstract A series of new compounds La x Co 4 Sb 12 with the skutterudite crystal structure, where 0 x
Actinomyces meyeri: from "lumpy jaw" to empyema.

While the most common presentation of actinomycosis is cervicofacial disease, or “lumpy jaw syndrome,” Actinomyces meyeri has a predilection for pulmonary disease as well as dissemination to distant organs. We describe a 61-year-old Caucasian male with a relapsing-remitting mandibular sinus tract who would go on to develop weight loss, dyspnea, and a cough productive of malodorous sputum. Imaging revealed a right lower lobe pneumonia and a large left sided empyema. He underwent thoracotomy and decortication on the left side, and 1 L of foul-smelling purulent fluid was drained. Culture grew Actinomyces meyeri. He completed an extended antibiotic course and had his teeth extracted with good clinical outcome.
Impact of Dairy Farming on Well Water Nitrate Level and Soil Content of Phosphorus and Potassium

The Cornell Teaching and Research Dairy Farm was used to study the historical influence of dairy farming on water quality and soil chemical properties. The farm has milked approximately 360 cows for the past 20 yr and is situated on 526 ha of cropland (390 ha utilized for dairy production) near Harford, New York. Mass nutrient balances (N, P, K) were constructed with historical data from 1979 and 1994 for the 390 ha used for dairy production. The amount of imported N increased more than 40% from 1979 to 1994, although there were year-to-year variations, depending on crop yields. Although nutrient balance (imported minus exported nutrients) as a percentage of imported nutrients on the farm remained relatively unchanged during this period, balance of N increased from 43.1 metric tonnes in 1979 to 66.0 metric tonnes in 1994. However, P and K remained about the same because of the reduced use of fertilizers in the 1990s. During the 15-yr period, total milk production increased more than 40% (2502 to 3604 metric tonnes from 1979 to 1994). Analysis of well water suggested that increasing amount of N balance on the farm resulted in increased well NO3-N concentration. The mean of five wells located in the corn fields increased from 3.3 to 7.0 mg/kg in NO3-N concentration, 70% of the EPA upper limit. Soil P increased from 6.0 to 24.0 (kg/ha) during the same period. Soil K did not change. Mass nutrient balances are important in determining the amount of nutrients remaining on farm. This study suggests N, P, and K balance can be used as an indicator of potential for increased NO3-N concentrations in wells and soil P and K levels, respectively.
Making neo-liberal governance: The disempowering work of empowerment

This article casts light on the ideological apparatus of neo-liberal governance. It tries to analyze how neo-liberalism operates as an authorizing narrative that links ideas such as empowerment, social capital and community participation to rationalize the nature, means, and ends of its governing. Formulation of the community-based waste collection strategies by the municipal government in Cape Town, South Africa, during the period 1997–2001 is the article's empirical focus. The case study shows how the post-apartheid state engaged the discourses of black and gender empowerment to justify waste collection schemes that rely on unpaid or underpaid labor of township residents. The article's conclusion stresses the paradox of neo-liberal governance: it uses the processes of symbolic inclusion, yet also relies on the processes of material exclusion.
CNS Effects and Abuse Liability of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids

Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) have become more widely used and abused not only by elite athletes, but by nonathletes as well. It appears that these drugs are being used for cosmetic purposes as well as for promoting aggressive behavior. However, AASs may also be used in combination with other drugs such as ethyl alcohol and cocaine--a practice that may contribute to the observed increase in aggressive behavior. As there are no reliable animal models of AAS self-administration, it has been difficult to characterize the abuse liability and physical dependence potential of this class of drugs. A better understanding of neuroactive steroids, improved methods for assessing AAS abuse, and a revised interpretation of drug-seeking behavior is needed to develop improved treatment strategies for this emerging health-related problem.
Displacement-Encoded MRI With Steady-State Acquisition for Deformations and Strains in Applied Load Systems

Noninvasive and nondestructive methods like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) used to visualize tissue mechanical behavior are key to understanding its material properties and function. Displacement-encoded MRI [1] has allowed for biomechanics research in the myocardium and other self-actuated tissues. However, additional imaging constraints must be considered when external loading must be applied to reproduce physiologically relevant loads and deformations in a tissue of interest. Previous studies have used displacement encoding with stimulated echoes (DENSE) with a fast spin echo (FSE) acquisition [2]. Despite a measured sub-pixel displacement resolution (65 μm [3]), DENSE-FSE is limited by long imaging times and signal-to-noise (SNR). Balanced steady state free precession acquisitions like true fast imaging with steady state precession (TrueFISP), however, provide high SNR and can be modified for DENSE acquisition [4]. Here, we evaluate DENSE with TrueFISP readout for noninvasive and rapid acquisition of deformation data in biomechanical systems that require exogenous applied loading.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Perspective: In search of biomarkers

New methods to follow changes in the brain or blood associated with Alzheimer's disease are critical for developing and testing drugs, says Neil S. Buckholtz.
The Ideal V. the Real in Media Localism: Regulatory Implications

Most research on the effects of media localism regulation starts and stops by linking the site of broadcast transmissions with content as evaluated at the level of program genre. But broadcasting is not created by transmission towers, the political and expressive nature of programs cannot be discerned by genre, and the effects of content cannot be understood by looking at content alone. To determine whether regulation is effective, policy analysts must look at what empirical research tells us about the ways in which local content is produced, the nature of that content, and the uses of local broadcasting by communities. A synthesis of this research reveals a significant gap between the conceptual ideal of community life as embedded in regulatory assumptions and the actual nature of communities, their decision-making processes, and the effects of local television broadcasting on community life and politics.
Quantitative computed tomography analysis, airflow obstruction, and lung cancer in the pittsburgh lung screening study.

Background To study the relationship between emphysema, airflow obstruction, and lung cancer in a high-risk population, we performed quantitative analysis of screening computed tomography (CT) scans. Methods Subjects completed questionnaires, spirometry, and low-dose helical chest CT. Analyses compared cases and controls according to automated quantitative analysis of lung parenchyma and airways measures. Results Our case-control study of 117 matched pairs of lung cancer cases and controls did not reveal any airway or lung parenchymal findings on quantitative analysis of screening CT scans that were associated with increased lung cancer risk. Airway measures including wall area %, lumen perimeter, lumen area and average wall Hounsfield unit, and parenchymal measures including lung fraction less than −910 Hounsfield units were not statistically different between cases and controls. Conclusions The relationship between visual assessment of emphysema and increased lung cancer risk could not be verified by quantitative analysis of low-dose screening CT scans in a high-risk tobacco exposed population.
Improving the cooperation of co-catalysts by locating them on different units of a copolymer

Abstract Linear bifunctional copolymers were prepared by the free radical copolymerization in solution of a phosphine ligand (3- and 4-vinylbenzyl-biphenylphosphine (VBBP) or 3,4-bis(diphenylphosphine)-1-butene (BDPB) with an excess amount of a quaternary onium salt (vinylbenzyl tributyl ammonium chloride (VBAC)). The copolymer bicatalysts P(VBBP-Pd-VBAC) or P(BDPB-Pd-VBAC) were prepared by attaching palladium complexes to the pendant phosphine ligands. The Heck coupling reactions of iodobenzene with acrylate esters in DMF were employed to investigate the cooperation of the catalysts located on the copolymer by comparing their catalytic activities to those obtained with systems in which the two catalytic groups are not assembled together. It was found that the former exhibit higher catalytic activities than the latter, and that the P(VBBP-Pd-VBAC) system provides a higher product yield than P(BDPB-Pd-VBAC). The results also suggest that the polymer blocks of quaternary ammonium groups in the copolymers constitute receptors for the reactants. The amounts of phosphine, onium salt and palladium in the copolymer catalysts were determined by elemental analysis; 31P NMR experiments were carried out to investigate the distribution of phosphine in the copolymer chain.
Post-credit crisis: what new concepts are needed? Which old notions or practices should be abandoned?

The recent financial meltdown in the US mortgage markets and the ongoing budgetary crises in Europe suggest that we are at an economic and ethical crossroads. What has caused the problems? Do we need to rethink in some fundamental way our ethical notions and some of our practices? These questions clearly are not separable, for, as I shall argue, some of our ideas about corporate responsibilities, technological innovations, and nation states’ ability to regulate corporations have been a cause of the recent problems. Key ethical notions need to be rethought.
Identity characteristics of groups with high and low spiritual self-identity

This study contributes to the construct validation of a 4-factor model of self-identity consisting of spiritual, personal/social, family, and identification factors (Pedersen, 1994). Identity characteristics used in other research (Sampson, 1978) were related to the centrality of spiritual self-identity, the factor to which they were particularly relevant. One hundred and three participants rated the identity characteristics on a 5-point scale according to their importance to their self-identity. Mean ratings of those characteristics were compared for groups scoring high and low on spiritual self-identity. It was found that, although the profiles of the rated importance of the identity characteristics were similar for both groups, there were some salient differences. Generally, the identity characteristics that received the highest ratings of importance to identity by both groups were rated to be significantly even more important for the high spiritual self-identity group.
Epistemology and ontology as dialectical modes in the writings of Kenneth Burke

This essay maintains that a major shift has occurred in how Kenneth Burke explains symbol‐using. While previously viewing rhetoric as predominantly epistemic, since 1968 Burke has examined human communication as both ontological and epistemic. It is further posited that Burke's conception of symbol‐using is now dialectical, with both ontological and epistemic perspectives simultaneously cast as governing the symbol‐using process. Implications of this epistemic‐ontological view of symbol‐using are outlined for the functions of rhetoric, understanding of Burke's theory of communication, the long‐term effectiveness of Burke's concepts and methods, the literal functions of symbol‐using, the study of mediated communication, reconceiving the definition of a symbol, and for ideological and postmodern criticism.
Feeding Frequency and Appetite in Lean and Obese Prepubertal Children

To determine the effect of feeding frequency on appetite in normal weight (NW) and obese (OB) prepubertal children, we carried out a prospective, randomized interventional study of 18 NW and 17 OB children ages 6–10. Children received three or five feedings in random order on separate days. Total calories, carbohydrate, protein, and fat composition on each day were equal. Two hours following the last feeding, children were offered ice cream ad lib. The major outcome variable was kilocalories ice cream consumed. A visual analog scale to assess fullness was also administered before consumption of ice cream. We observed that OB children consumed 73.0 ± 37.4 kcal more after five feedings than after three feedings whereas the NW children consumed 47.1 ± 27.8 kcal less. There was significant interaction between meal pattern and weight group indicating that this change in ice cream consumption differed significantly between groups (P = 0.014 by two-factor analysis). Ice cream intake/kg was less in OB compared to NW subjects (P = 0.012). Fullness ratings before ice cream did not differ by meal pattern or weight group. However, pre-ice cream fullness predicted ice cream intake in NW but not OB children. In summary, OB and NW children differed in appetite response to meal frequency. Our data suggest that: (i) satiety in OB children is related more to proximity of calories (larger supper) than to antecedent distribution of calories and; (ii) NW children may be more prone to restrict intake based on subjective fullness.
Pharmacokinetics and serum bactericidal titers of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin following multiple oral doses in healthy volunteers.

Fourteen adult males participated in a randomized three-way crossover study to compare the pharmacokinetics and serum bactericidal titers (SBTs) of 500 mg of ciprofloxacin (regimen A), 750 mg of ciprofloxacin (regimen B), and 400 mg of ofloxacin (regimen C) administered every 12 h for seven doses. Mean steady-state peak concentrations in serum for regimens A, B, and C were 3.0, 4.4, and 6.5 micrograms/ml, respectively (P or = 128, 1: > or = 128, 1:64; E. cloacae, 1: > or = 128, 1: > or = 128, 1:64; P. aeruginosa, 1:8, 1:8, 1:2. These differences in SBTs within each genus were statistically significant. The majority of predicted SBTs were within one dilution of measured SBTs. Areas under the serum bactericidal time curves for E. coli, E. cloacae, and P. aeruginosa were significantly higher for ciprofloxacin; areas under the serum bactericidal time curves for S. pneumoniae and S. aureus were significantly greater for ofloxacin. Ofloxacin achieved higher concentrations in serum than ciprofloxacin, but differences in in vitro activity were a more important determinant of SBTs.
Oscillations in the capacitance of a nanopore containing an electrolyte due to pore width and nonzero size ions.

Abstract Jiang, Jin, and Wu (Nano Lett., 11 (2011), pp. 5373–5377) have reported the results of a density functional theory (DFT) study of the capacitance of a nanopore containing an electrolyte consisting of charged hard spheres of equal diameter and charge. They find that the capacitance of the nanopore and electrolyte oscillates. The ‘period’ of the oscillations is of the order of the ionic diameter. Intuitively, the capacitance should tend to zero when the pore diameter is too small to accommodate the electrolyte ions and, thus, would contains no charge. A superficial glance at their table of contents figure might lead one to think that this does not occur in their calculation. However, they do not report results for exceedingly small pore diameters. In order to gain insight into their results, the Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) theory, which does not account for the diameter, is examined briefly. Unsurprisingly, the PB capacitance decreases monotonically to zero as the pore diameter decreases. The effect of a nonzero ion diameter is included in a semi-empirical manner by appealing to the results of the mean spherical approximation (MSA). The resulting capacitance oscillates and is qualitatively similar to the DFT results; it is zero at small pore diameter.
Expression and action of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase Iα in inflammatory hyperalgesia in rat spinal cord

Abstract Several lines of evidence have shown a role for the nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate signaling pathway in the development of spinal hyperalgesia. However, the roles of effectors for cyclic guanosine monophosphate are not fully understood in the processing of pain in the spinal cord. The present study showed that cyclic guanosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase Iα but not Iβ was localized in the neuronal bodies and processes, and was distributed primarily in the superficial laminae of the spinal cord. Intrathecal administration of a selective inhibitor of cyclic guanosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase Iα, Rp-8-[(4-chlorophenyl)thio]-cGMPS triethylamine, produced a significant antinociception demonstrated by the decrease in the number of flinches and shakes in the formalin test. This was accompanied by a marked reduction in formalin-induced c-fos expression in the spinal dorsal horn. Moreover, cyclic guanosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase Iα protein expression was dramatically increased in the lumbar spinal cord 96 h after injection of formalin into a hindpaw, which occurred mainly in the superficial laminae on the ipsilateral side of a formalin-injected hindpaw. This up-regulation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase Iα expression was completely blocked not only by a neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, 7-nitroindazole, and a soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor, 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one, but also by an N -methyl- d -aspartate receptor antagonist, dizocilpine maleate (MK-801). The present results indicate that noxious stimulation not only initially activates but also later up-regulates cyclic guanosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase Iα expression in the superficial laminae via an N -methyl- d -aspartate–nitric oxide–cyclic guanosine monophosphate signaling pathway, suggesting that cyclic guanosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase Iα may play an important role in the central mechanism of formalin-induced inflammatory hyperalgesia in the spinal cord.
Synthesis of colorimetric sensors for isomeric dicarboxylate anions: selective discrimination between maleate and fumarate.

Four new colorimetric receptors (1–4) were synthesized and characterized. Upon addition of maleate to receptor 1 in DMSO, the appearance of the solution of receptor 1 showed a color change from dark-blue to dark-red, which can be detected by the naked eye at parts per million. Similar experiments were repeated using receptors 2–4; the solution showed a distinct color change from blue to violet for receptor 2 and from blue-green to purple for both receptors 3 and 4, when they are formed as complexes with maleate. The striking color changes are thought to be due to the deprotonation of the thiourea moiety of the 4-nitronaphthyl chromophore. Whereas, in the addition of fumarate to receptors 1–4, the color of the solution changed from dark-blue to bright yellow for receptor 1 and did not induce any color change for receptors 2–4. Thus, for a distinct color change, receptors 1–4 can act as optical chemosensors for recognition of maleate versus fumarate. Especially, only receptor 1 has a unique color change for the recognition of fumarate, accordingly it can be used for detection of the fumarate anion. In this research it was also found that the performance of the receptor is highly dependent on the substituent group on the phenyl ring; a stronger electron-withdrawing group resulted in a receptor with a higher binding constant with the maleate anion.
Towards a First-Principles Thermodynamics of Solids Plenary Lecture

Total energy density-functional methods have made it possible to calculate, from first principles, such important properties as cohesive energies, lattice constants and elastic moduli for elemental crystals and perfectly ordered compounds. Real solids are imperfect, however, so that lattice vibrations and compositional disorder lead to entropy contributions, vibrational and configurational. When these effects are included in an appropriate manner, properties of real crystals can be computed ab initio as a function of temperature and concentration. Consequently, it is possible to obtain, virtually from the knowledge of atomic numbers alone, such basic thermodynamic properties as free energies, entropies, heats of formation, and lattice parameters for stable and metastable phases, leading, for example, to the successful computation of certain classes of phase diagrams. Recent progress in field will be reviewed.
On the Validity of the Second Fundamental Theorem for Small Reactors

The second fundamental theorem of reactor theory gives a general expression for the nonescape probability. To check the validity of this expression for small sizes, first-flight nonescape probabilities are calculated for neutrons which have originated from either a persisting or a uniform stationary distribution in slabs of halfwidths ranging from 0.1 to 10 mean free paths. Exact values computed directly from the integral formulation are compared with the approximate values obtained by expanding the distributions in eigen solutions of the wave equation and applying the general theorems assuming that the linear extrapolation of the final flux vanishes on the extrapolation surface. It is found that the nonescape probabilities given by the fundamental theorem remain quite accurate even when the size of the reactor is decreased to the order of the mean free path. For a slab which is only two mean free paths wides the fractional difference from the exact value is 1.5 per cent for the persisting distribution and 2.5 per cent for the uniform distribution. (auth)
Teaching Early Childhood Teacher Candidates How to Assess Children's Inquiry Skills in Science Learning

This article presents pragmatic information on teaching early childhood teacher candidates how to assess children's inquiry process skills. The authors list three important steps in choosing inquiry skills. They generated behavioral indicators for each inquiry skill, and designed an assessment rubric using number grading or a satisfactory/unsatisfactory rubric system. During the last two decades, educators including the leading organization of science educators, the National Research Council (NRC, 1996), have placed more emphasis on the importance of how children learn (process-based/doing science) in science education rather than what scientific concepts they can memorize (knowledge-based). According to the National Science Education Standards (NSES), the major goals of science education are to help children understand the modes of scientific inquiry and to foster their inquiry-based skills. Therefore, it has become necessary for teacher educators to teach future teachers how to implement inquiry-based science lessons as well as how to assess children's inquiry skills in science learning. Here, we present a pragmatic model that has been applied at the University of Texas at Arlington to teach early childhood teacher candidates how to design assessment rubrics to evaluate children's inquiry skills. Many have listed both basic (observing, classifying, communicating, measuring, predicting, and inferring) and integrated (identifying and controlling variables, formulating and testing hypotheses, interpreting data, defining operationally, experimenting, and constructing models) inquiry process skills in science learning. These are the scientific actions people apply when they do science (Martin et al, 2005). More importantly, it is essential to be able to assess these inquiry process skills in science learning.
Collaborative Culture and Perceived Issues with University-to-Industry Knowledge Transfer

The generation, application, and exploitation of knowledge are becoming critical to how companies, countries, and economies develop and sustain competitive advantage. Some firms are better able to utilize externally generated technologies and scientific knowledge, such as knowledge transferred from universities. This paper examines the following questions: 1) does a collaborative culture better enable a firm to be connected both internally and externally? 2) What potential issues and barriers exist for technology transfer as perceived by managers in the firm? We attempt to identify key sources of literature relative to firm characteristics, expand the concept of connectedness to include the importance of a collaborative culture to better enable a firm to be connected both internally and externally, and identify potential issues and barriers for technology transfer as perceived by the firm. We present findings from a survey and interviews with R&D managers from the pharmaceutical division within a large corporation (confidential name) broadly based in healthcare and the life sciences
Calculations of sulfur dioxide concentrations over metropolitan St. Louis.

Abstract Eigenvectors, or empirical orthogonal functions, were previously used by the author to derive relationships between meteorological parameters and city-wide distributions of SO2 concentrations throughout metropolitan St. Louis, Missouri. These statistically derived relations were used here with independent meteorological data to calculate SO2 concentrations at the St. Louis sites. Comparisons between the results of several sets of such calculations and observed SO2 values are presented.
Molecular Neurobiology of Addiction

Addiction can be viewed as a form of drug-induced neural plasticity. One of the best established molecular mechanisms of addiction is the upregulation of the cAMP second messenger pathway, which occurs in many neuronal cell types in response to chronic administration of opiates or other drugs of abuse. This upregulation and the resulting activation of the transcription factor CREB appear to mediate aspects of tolerance and dependence. In contrast, induction of another transcription factor, termed delta FosB, exerts the opposite effect and may contribute to sensitized responses to drug exposure. Knowledge of these mechanisms could lead to more effective treatments for addictive disorders.
Microparticle raman spectroscopy of multicomponent aerosols

Abstract Inelastic light scattering measurements (Raman and fluorescence spectroscopies) offer the possibility of chemically characterizing micrometer-size particles. Quantitative interpretation of such spectra is complicated by morphological or structural resonances associated with elastic and inelastic scattering. This paper explores the feasibility of using Raman spectroscopy to determine the composition of multicomponent microdroplets by examining the effects of such resonances and microdroplet size on the Raman signal. Raman scattering from electrodynamically suspended droplets of 1-octadecene and 1-bromohexadecane was found to be enhanced by morphology-dependent resonances. By applying Mie theory to the elastic scattering many of the increased Raman intensities were found to coincide with the incident beam resonances, but other peaks can be attributed to “output” resonances. It was also demonstrated that intensity fluctuations associated with resonances can be minimized by increasing the signal integration time, which permits changes in composition to be determined. In this way, the distillative evaporation of binary component droplets of 1,8-dibromooctane and hexadecane was followed by recording the Raman spectrum of the CBr bond. The effects of the system parameters on the interpretation of Raman spectra are elucidated.
Extending equilibria to periodic orbits for walkers using continuation methods

We present a strategy for generating period-one, open-loop walking gaits for multi-degree-of-freedom, planar biped walkers. Our approach uses equilibria of the dynamics as templates, which we connect to a family of period-one walking motions using numerical continuation methods. We define a gait as a fixed point of the walker's hybrid dynamics which resides in a state-time-control space consisting of the robot's post-impact state, switching time (the time at which the swing leg impacts the ground), and a finite set of design or control parameters. We demonstrate our approach on several physically- symmetric biped walkers. In particular, we prove that our approach reduces the search space for an initial gait in the state-time-control space to a one-dimensional search in switching time. We show that we can generates periodic motion without resorting to splines or reference trajectories. Finally, we compare our method to generating gaits with virtual holonomic constraints.
Drag Queens' Use of Language and the Performance of Blurred Gendered and Racial Identities

Building on Barrett (1998), this study provides a sociolinguistic analysis of the language used by Suzanne, a European-American drag queen, during her on-stage performance in the southeastern United States. Suzanne uses wigs and costumes to portray a female character on stage, but never hides the fact that she is biologically male. She is also a member of a predominantly African-American cast. Through her creative use of linguistic features such as stylemixing (i.e., the use of linguistic features shared across multiple language varieties) and expletives, Suzanne is able to perform an identity that frequently blurs gender and racial lines.
Identification of women with heart disease: a missed opportunity.

Cardiovascular disease kills more women each year than any other condition, yet women's cardiovascular risks continue to be underestimated. Women tend to be diagnosed later in the course of their disease and receive less-intense therapy than men. In this Viewpoint, Sharonne Hayes discusses the causes of disparities in prevention, diagnosis, treatment and outcome between men and women with cardiovascular disease and emphasizes that educating the medical community, and women themselves, is crucial to reducing the sex bias and optimizing care.
Geographical Distribution and Seasonality of Month-to-Month Correlation of Monthly Mean 700 mb Heights

Abstract A description is given of the geographical and seasonal distribution of month-to-month correlation of anomalies in monthly mean 700 mb height. The data base is 33 years (1949–81), covering the area poleward of 20°N. In general, correlations are high (0.3 or more) in low latitudes and low (0.0–0.2) in midlatitudes. The correlation is positive nearly everywhere in all seasons and there is little evidence that antipersistence occurs at any other season or place than in spring over the United States and the Atlantic Ocean. Although low, the month-to-month correlation in midlatitudes shows clear seasonality with maxima hardy after the solstices and minims in spring and fall.
Comparison of Theoretical and Experimental Force/ Motion Trajectories for Dextrous Manipulation With Sliding:

In this article we compare theoretical and experimental tra jectories obtained for sliding an object with the fingers of a dextrous hand. The experiments were conducted using a two- fingered planar manipulator with soft fingers. Forceltorque sensors monitored the contact forces at the fingertips, and a vision system tracked the motion of the object. The predicted trajectories were obtained using a quasistatic sliding analysis and assuming Coulomb friction at the contacts. Close agree ment between the predicted and experimental results indicates that quasistatic sliding analyses can be used for motion plan ning with soft sliding fingertips, provided that the average values of the contact forces and coefficient of friction are accu rately known.
Reduced-rank approximations to the far-field transform in the gridded fast multipole method

The fast multipole method (FMM) has been shown to have a reduced computational dependence on the size of finest-level groups of elements when the elements are positioned on a regular grid and FFT convolution is used to represent neighboring interactions. However, transformations between plane-wave expansions used for FMM interactions and pressure distributions used for neighboring interactions remain significant contributors to the cost of FMM computations when finest-level groups are large. The transformation operators, which are forward and inverse Fourier transforms with the wave space confined to the unit sphere, are smooth and well approximated using reduced-rank decompositions that further reduce the computational dependence of the FMM on finest-level group size. The adaptive cross approximation (ACA) is selected to represent the forward and adjoint far-field transformation operators required by the FMM. However, the actual error of the ACA is found to be greater than that predicted using traditional estimates, and the ACA generally performs worse than the approximation resulting from a truncated singular-value decomposition (SVD). To overcome these issues while avoiding the cost of a full-scale SVD, the ACA is employed with more stringent accuracy demands and recompressed using a reduced, truncated SVD. The results show a greatly reduced approximation error that performs comparably to the full-scale truncated SVD without degrading the asymptotic computational efficiency associated with ACA matrix assembly.
GFR, body mass index, and low high-density lipoprotein concentration in adults with and without CKD.

Background Low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level is common in patients with chronic kidney disease, but associations between severity of chronic kidney disease, obesity, and HDL level have not been well defined. Study Design Cross-sectional study. Setting & Participants Within a large integrated health care delivery system, we identified all adult individuals without diabetes who had measured kidney function (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR]), body mass index (BMI), and HDL level, but no substantial proteinuria, confounding medications, or prior renal replacement therapy. Predictors The primary predictors for our analyses were eGFR and BMI. Outcomes Low HDL cholesterol level was the outcome. We performed multivariable logistic regression to investigate whether the relationship between BMI and low HDL level (men, Results Of 380,207 individuals who met cohort entry criteria, there were 26,089 (7%) with chronic kidney disease by eGFR level. Compared with eGFR of 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or greater, lower eGFR category (in mL/min/1.73 m2) was associated with an increased adjusted odds of low HDL level independent of BMI and other confounders. However, there was a significant interaction between eGFR and BMI (P Limitations Information for undiagnosed diabetes and proteinuria was unavailable. Conclusions Decreased eGFR is independently associated with greater odds of having a low HDL level. Across a spectrum of eGFR, greater BMI was associated with lower HDL level, but the magnitude of this association was diminished at lower eGFR, suggesting that other factors may also contribute to low HDL levels in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease.
ION-SOLVENT AND ION-ION INTERACTIONS: ALKALI METAL TETRAALKYLALUMINATES IN NONAQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

Abstract The use of the alkali metal tetraalkylaluminates offer a unique approach to the study of ion-solvent and ion-ion interactions in non-aqueous media. Because of their solubility in nonpolar solvents such as hexane and benzene, they permit the observation of specific ion-solvent interactions without interference from the solvent. Their general application to the study of solvation numbers, ion-pair types, and ionic aggregation are discussed.
XPS study of the oxidation behavior of the Cu3Sn intermetallic compound at low temperatures

The oxidation of Cu-Sn intermetallic compounds is of significant technological interest in relation to the wetting behavior of Sn-base solders to Cu and Cu alloys. However, there are very few studies on this subject in the literature. In this present study, oxide films formed on the intermetallic compound Cu 3 Sn in pure O 2 at temperatures <350°C have been analyzed using XPS. Single-phase samples of different Cu-Sn intermetallic compounds, made by hot isostatic pressing of rapidly solidified powders, were provided by NIST. The sample surfaces were mechanically cleaned, and oxidized in situ in the XPS chamber. Results obtained so far indicate that the oxidation behavior of e-Cu 3 Sn, in terms of both microchemistry and growth kinetics, is strongly temperature dependent. A tin oxide film was observed at 150-200°C, while a mixed copper and tin oxide film was noted at 350°C. Results for oxidation of e-Cu 3 Sn are interpreted in terms of available phase equilibria and growth kinetics data.
Chlorine bleaches - A significant long term source of mercury pollution

Products of industrial electrolysis of brine - NaOCl-based bleaches and NaOH - yielded 17 to 1290 ppb of Hg upon flameless atomic absorption analysis. Compared with current U.S. rejection value of 5 ppb for potable waters, the above levels seem sufficiently high to be a matter of environmental concern.
Synopsis of the ACS CPT Fall 2009 Faculty Status Survey

This report from the ACS Committee on Professional Training (CPT) discusses the results of a Fall 2009 survey of chemistry departments covering the types of instructional staff, the courses taught by instructors in each category, and the percentage of women and underrepresented minorities. CPT sent the survey to 1012 programs and received a 42% response rate. Overall, 68.5% of chemistry faculty members are tenure-track, with nontenure-track faculty playing a large role in both the classroom and laboratory instruction. For the introductory and organic courses, students are much more likely to encounter tenure-track faculty in courses that are suitable for chemistry majors. Across institution and faculty type, the racial−ethnic makeup of chemistry faculty is predominately white (Caucasian). The distribution of faculty among other racial−ethnic groups remained consistent throughout the different categories of faculty and all types of institutions with Asian Americans comprising the largest group and Native Americans the smallest. While women account for 22% of the tenure-track faculty, their numbers are much greater in the nontenure-track ranks, accounting for nearly 50% of the LT−FT faculty. Nontenure-track faculty receive fewer benefits than tenure-track faculty, with LT−PT faculty receiving the fewest benefits.
Enterprise document system cloud deployment

The software used by enterprise businesses for creating variable-data customer documents must be highly reliable, and vendors are increasingly distributing such software via the cloud as an online service. This means that vendors now assume responsibility for the IT resources hosting and supporting the software as well as the customer documents and data. Vendors also assume responsibility for pushing updates to all customers simultaneously. To support the test and release of new versions, software vendors must deploy and configure the software at an unprecedented rate. To reduce the time spent deploying and configuring software in the cloud, and to minimize the chance for human error, we present StackLauncher. By making it possible to automatically configure and launch software "stacks" with push-button simplicity, StackLauncher is a valuable addition to the software development lifecycle for cloud deployment of enterprise document software.
Design Reproduction with Motor Performance Held Constant

Summary A design reproduction task was constructed which practically eliminated the influence of motor processes. Significant differences in performance were obtained among Ss arranged along a pathological continuum. Results suggested that disorganized perception, with or without concomitant motor breakdown, is sufficient to explain faulty performance on perceptual-motor tasks.
A Hydrogenated form of Vitamin K: Its Relative Bioavailability and Presence in the Food Supply

Abstract Evidence that vitamin K may have a role in bone and cartilage metabolism has stimulated analysis of vitamin K in foods. These food composition data are being applied to dietary assessment and bioavailability studies. Representative samples from the U.S. food supply have been analysed for phylloquinone (vitamin K1). Among those foods containing hydrogenated vegetable oils, phylloquinone is hydrogenated to 2′,3′-dihydrophylloquinone (dK), which reduces the overall phylloquinone content of the oil. The presence of dK has been confirmed in the U.S. and U.K. food supplies. To compare the bioavailability of dK with phylloquinone, we conducted a metabolic study using a crossover design. Following a 15-d depletion of dietary phylloquinone, subjects (n=15) were fed 200 μg/d of either phylloquinone or dK. When compared to phylloquinone, dK had less biological activity in hepatic vitamin K-dependent proteins (P=0.006) and no biological activity in extra-hepatic vitamin K-dependent proteins (P>0.001). Even though dK has a lower relative bioavailability than phylloquinone, its presence in the food supply should be accounted for in food composition databases.
Simultaneous measurement of electric and magnetic fields using a Sagnac interferometer

We use an optical fiber Sagnac interferometer to simultaneously measure magnetic and electric fields. Phase shifts, induced by the Faraday effect and voltage-controlled birefringence, are separately retrieved by in-phase and quadrature demodulation of the interferometer output.