cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The distribution of Gossypium hirsutum chromatin in G. barbadense germ plasm : molecular analysis of introgressive plant breeding

Cotton is unusual among major crop plants in that two cross-fertile species are widely cultivated for a common economic product, fiber. Both historical evidence and classical genetic studies suggest that many improved forms of Gossypium barbadense ("Sea Island", "Egyptian", and "Pima" cottons) may include chromatin derived from G. hirsutum. Using 106 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) loci well distributed across the cotton genome, we revealed the amount and genomic distribution of G. hirsutum chromatin in 54 G. barbadense collections from around the world. The average G. barbadense collection was comprised of 8.9% alleles apparently derived from G. hirsutum. Pima cultivars (7.3 %) had fewer G. hirsutum alleles than Sea Island (9.0%) or Egyptian (9.6%) cultivars. G. hirsutum alleles were not randomly distributed, as 57.5% of the total introgression observed was accounted for by five specific chromosomal regions that span less than 10% of the genome. The average length of an introgressed chromosome segment was [Symbol: see text] 12.9 cM. Overlap of introgressed chromatin in different breeding programs hints that retention of these G. hirsutum chromosomal segments may impart a selective advantage to G. barbadense genotypes. Although cluster analysis generally grouped germ plasm from common classes and/or breeding programs together, no 2 genotypes were identical - thus differences in the length and repertoire of introgressed chromosome segments also permit DNA fingerprinting of G. barbadense cultivars.
Patterns of Comorbidity Associated With Subtypes of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Among 6− to 12-Year-Old Children

ABSTRACT Objective To study externalizing and internalizing comorbidity patterns in 6− to 12-year-old children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) combined subtype ( n = 27), ADHD inattentive subtype ( n = 26), and a normal control group ( n = 33). Method Children were assigned to groups on the basis of results of a parent structured interview, which reflected DSM-IV diagnostic criteria, and teacher ratings of ADHD symptoms. Comorbid problems were assessed via parent and child structured interviews and parent and teacher behavior ratings. Results Logistic regression analyses and multivariate analyses of covariance revealed that (1) children in the ADHD combined group were significantly more likely to have a diagnosis of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder and had significantly higher scores on parent and teacher ratings of externalizing problems than children in the ADHD inattentive and control groups, (2) children in the ADHD combined and ADHD inattentive groups had significantly higher scores on parent and teacher ratings of internalizing problems than children in the control group, and (3) children in the clinical groups did not differ with regard to internalizing disorders. Conclusions The results from this study indicate that a significant comorbidity exists between ADHD combined and oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder. Contrary to previous studies that were conducted using DSM-III diagnostic criteria for ADHD, no differences were found between ADHD combined and ADHD inattentive subtypes regarding internalizing disorders.
CHANGES IN GLUCOSE UPTAKE BY MALIGNANT GLIOMAS : PRELIMINARY STUDY OF PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE

Sequential positron emission tomographic scans with [18F]-2-fluorodeoxyglucose (PET-FDG) were performed on 14 patients with malignant gliomas. All patients had prior brain irradiation. Five patients received adjuvant eight-drugs-in-one-day chemotherapy (experimental subjects) and 9 did not (control subjects). Ratios between the maximal tumor regional cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (rCMRGlu) and the contralateral white matter rCMRGlu, the glucose uptake ratio, were determined. Percent changes in the ratio 1 day after chemotherapy in experimental subjects, and 30 days after the baseline scan in controls, were of prognostic significance. In both groups, patients with the largest percent changes in rCMRGlu had the shortest survival. In contrast, the baseline glucose uptake ratio did not predict length of survival.
Evaluation of mass-produced lead tungstate crystals

Abstract Because of broad interest in high-energy and nuclear physics community, mass production capacities of lead tungstate (PWO) crystals have been established. The optical and scintillation properties of PWO crystals, 20 each from two major vendors, were evaluated. The transmittance, emission and excitation spectrum, light output, decay kinetics and light response uniformity, as well as their degradation under γ-ray irradiations, were investigated. The radiation-induced color centers and the emission weighted radiation-induced absorption coefficients were measured. It was found that currently mass-produced PWO crystals are radiation hard enough for radiation environment where dose rates of up to a few hundreds rad/h is expected.
The Coherence of Subjective Gratings

Two differently oriented moving gratings when superimposed, are often seen to move coherently in a direction quite different from that of either grating's. By varying the characteristics of the component gratings researchers have been able to study specific aspects of the motion processing mechanisms in the primate visual system. Here we report the results of experiments performed with a class of subjective gratings. We find that observers perceive coherence and are able to accurately report pattern velocity with our stimuli. These results have implications for some key issues concerning strategies and mechanisms for motion estimation in the human visual system.
The efficacy of sand-immobilized organoclays as filtration bed materials for bacteria

Abstract Previous research has shown that montmorillonite clays exchanged with cationic surfactants including cetylpyridinium (CP), hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA), and cetyldimethylethylammonium (CDEA) were effective in reducing Salmonella enteritidis colony counts in bulk antibacterial assays. In order to increase the porosity (and hydraulic conductivity) of these materials for use in filtration beds, organoclays were tightly adhered and immobilized onto the surface of sand. Bulk antibacterial assays performed with 10 mg of the sand-immobilized organoclay (S/IOC) showed that the composite materials retained their antibacterial activity after processing. Reductions in plate colony counts ranged from 16.5% for sand-immobilized CP-exchanged sodium montmorillonite to 83.9% for immobilized CDEA-exchanged low pH montmorillonite. The sand/adhesive matrix and sand-immobilized activated charcoal failed to produce any significant decreases. Pilot studies with columns containing 1.0 g of S/IOC showed that maximal filtration efficiency was obtained at a filtration rate of 1.0 ml/min. Initial column studies with Salmonella suspensions at a concentration of 3.0×108 cfu/ml, produced reductions in colony plate counts varying from 28.5% for immobilized CP-exchanged calcium montmorillonite to 59.5% for immobilized CDEA-exchanged low pH montmorillonite. The sand/adhesive matrix and immobilized activated charcoal yielded much lower reductions (7.6% and 10.4%, respectively). Studies with Escherichia coli suspensions (3.0×107 cfu/ml) indicated reductions varying from 59.3% for immobilized CP-exchanged calcium montmorillonite to 99.9% for immobilized CDEA-exchanged low pH montmorillonite. These initial results suggest that S/IOC can be effective in reducing microbial numbers in wastewater following some modifications.
High Growth Rate of Young-of-the-year Smallmouth Bass in Lake Erie: a Result of the Round Goby Invasion?

The round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) first appeared in Lake Erie in 1993, quickly reaching extremely high densities (> 100/m2) in nearshore habitats frequented by juvenile smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu). As round gobies are both potential competitors and prey for smallmouth bass, we investigated changes in young-of-the-year (YOY) smallmouth bass diet and growth between preand post-round goby invasion in the Bass Islands, Lake Erie. During 1999–2001, YOY smallmouth bass fed more frequently on fish than in either 1919 or 1975. Fish comprised 21% of YOY smallmouth bass (21–100 mm total length) diets by weight in 1975 and 51% of the diet during 1999–2001, but increased to 90% for YOY > 100 mm during 1999–2001. Of fish consumed by first-year smallmouth bass during 1999–2001, 75% were round gobies. Abundant round gobies may facilitate the transition to piscivory for YOY smallmouth bass, resulting in higher YOY growth rates during 1999–2001 (1.2 mm/d) than in the 1940s, 1950s, or 1970s (0.58–0.85 mm/d). By consuming round gobies, juvenile smallmouth bass growth rate has increased, which has possible consequences for survival, reproduction, and age at maturity. Although the round goby invasion may have increased smallmouth bass growth rate, there are negative effects: round gobies are also predators, changing energy and contaminant transfer through the Lake Erie food web.
Contribution of inverse Compton scattering to the diffuse extragalactic gamma-ray background from annihilating dark matter

In addition to gamma rays, dark matter annihilation products can include energetic electrons which inverse Compton scatter with the cosmic microwave background to produce a diffuse extragalactic background of gamma rays and x rays. In models in which the dark matter particles annihilate primarily to electrons or muons, the measurements of EGRET and COMPTEL can provide significant constraints on the annihilation cross section. The Fermi gamma-ray space telescope will likely provide an even more stringent test of such scenarios.
Trauma Care for Children in the Field

Emergency medical care for children has evolved immensely over the past 30 years. During this period, much has been accomplished to improve the quality of care delivered to injured children in the United States. In this article, we will highlight specific examples of how trauma care of children has changed and improved in recent decades. Beginning with the importance of injury prevention, the article will also discuss the specific management of traumatic brain injury, blast injury, and field triage of mass casualty situations before concluding with highlights of other changes and advances that have occurred.
Social Stressors and Strengths as Predictors of Infant Birth Weight in Low-Income African American Women

BACKGROUND: Perinatal racial disparities remain an elusive problem in the United States. African American women experience the highest rate of low-birth-weight deliveries. Understanding the factors contributing to infant birth weight is crucial to unraveling existing perinatal racial disparities. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to broaden knowledge of predictors of infant birth weight in African American people by examining stress and resource factors not explored routinely in perinatal research along with other known correlates of birth weight. METHODS: A total of 119 pregnant African American women participated in this prospective study. Social stressors included discrimination and trauma exposure. Personal resources included spirituality and social support. Data on socioeconomic status, health behaviors, and medical conditions were collected. RESULTS: On average, the infants weighed 3,194 +/- 660 g at birth. Overall, 14% were born with birth weights less than 2,500 g. Tobacco use, number of prenatal visits, and discrimination due to age and physical disability were significant predictors of infant birth weight (R2 = .25; p >or= .001). Factors such as spirituality and social support were not associated with birth weight. Other variables traditionally associated with birth weight did not contribute to the model in this sample. CONCLUSION: These findings provide further evidence that tobacco use, number of prenatal visits, and discrimination adversely affects birth outcomes. By continuing to explore the social and personal experiences of African American women, important insights can be gained on factors that contribute to the pervasive racial disparities in perinatal health and contribute to interventions to improve the quality of healthcare for all women.
American Government: A Comparative Approach.

political system without fundamental points of comparison. This includes evaluations of other democratic systems, such as those in the United Kingdom or Israel, as well as contrasts with authoritarian and totalitarian forms of governance, such as the regimes in Nigeria and China. By making such comparisons, students are better able to understand both the strengths and weaknesses of the American system. Traditional courses in American
D-wave superconductivity in high-Tc copper oxides

Abstract We study the standard d x 2 − y 2 superconductor within the weak coupling model. We show that the tunneling conductance between two superconductors is consistent with recent observations in single crystals of Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8 . We predict also that the ultrasonic attenuation with the polarization vector in the a - b plane reveals the underlying symmetry of the superconducting order parameter.
Gauge-independent theory of light pressure in classical fields.

We present a quantum theory of light pressure in external classical fields, consistently incorporating both the electric and the magnetic components of the radiation. We start with the equation of motion of the gauge-independent Wigner function governing the individual charged constituents of the atom, separate the center of mass and internal degrees of freedom in the presence of the external field with the aid of an expansion that goes one order beyond the dipole approximation, and finally specialize to a near-resonantly driven two-state atom. The ensuing light-pressure theory turns out to be equivalent to the standard approach, even though in our treatment it is imperative to retain the magnetic field which does not appear explicitly in the conventional theory.
Oral vasodilator therapy for chronic heart failure: a plea for caution.

For patients with severe congestive heart failure who continue to experience dyspnea and fatigue at rest or on minimal exertion despite optimal therapy with digitalis and diuretic agents, the supplemental use of vasodilator agents has provided a new and promising approach to therapy. Such patients generally have a greatly decreased cardiac output and an elevated left ventricular filling pressure at rest, associated with a greatly increased systemic vascular resistance and heightened venous tone. By directly relaxing venous capacitance vessels, vasodilators can reduce ventricular filling pressures and ventricular volumes; by directly relaxing arterial resistance vessels, these agents can reduce impedance to left ventricular ejection and enhance stroke volume. The enhancement of cardiac output is of primary importance because the essential feature distinguishing heart failure that is responsive or resistant to diuretic drugs is not simply the elevation of ventricular filling pressure but the adequacy of peripheral perfusion. Accordingly, whereas the use of digitalis and diuretic agents can result in satisfactory clinical improvement in most patients with congestive heart failure, such a regimen may not be satisfactory by itself in patients with low cardiac output at rest. Sodium nitroprusside produces marked and rapid hemodynamic improvement in patients with severe heart fai1ure.l However, because it can be administered
Studies on an unidentified growth factor for chicks and hyperthyroid rats fed purified rations

Abstract Evidence has been presented showing that the chick and the hyperthyroid rat require at least one additional factor for optimum growth when fed a purified ration containing sucrose as the carbohydrate. This growth-promoting substance was found to be soluble in 70% and 95% ethanol, and stable to heat and alkali. It was not absorbed on Norit. It was furthermore found to be nondialyzable and was not precipitated by basic lead acetate. Treatment with phosphotungstic acid resulted in loss of considerable activity. It was found to be present in a wide range of natural products.
Factors Affecting Spontaneous Tumor Incidence Rates In Mice: A Literature Review

(1984). Factors Affecting Spontaneous Tumor Incidence Rates In Mice: A Literature Review. CRC Critical Reviews in Toxicology: Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 235-251.
CIRCUMFLEX: a scheduling optimizer for MapReduce workloads with shared scans

We consider MapReduce clusters designed to support multiple concurrent jobs, concentrating on environments in which the number of distinct datasets is modest relative to the number of jobs. Many datasets in such scenarios wind up being scanned by multiple concurrent Map phase jobs. As has been noticed previously, this scenario provides an opportunity for Map phase jobs to cooperate, sharing the scans of these datasets, and thus reducing the costs of such scans. Our paper has two main contributions. First, we present a novel and highly general method for sharing scans and thus amortizing their costs. This concept, which we call cyclic piggybacking, has a number of advantages over the more traditional batching scheme described in the literature. Second, we describe a significant but natural generalization of the recently introduced flex scheduler, for optimizing schedules within the context of this cyclic piggybacking paradigm. The overall approach, including both cyclic piggybacking and the flex generalization, is called circumflex. We demonstrate the excellent performance of circumflex via a variety of simulation experiments.
The impact of left ventricular systolic dysfunction on survival after renal transplantation.

Background. Gated single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) provides information on myocardial perfusion and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), which correlates with risk of cardiac events in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease (CAD). We hypothesize that decreased LVEF at time of renal transplant evaluation is an independent risk factor for cardiac death and nonfatal events after transplant. Methods and Results. A total of 653 recipients of renal allografts between 1998 and 2005 had stress SPECT imaging before transplantation. One hundred and nineteen (18%) patients had left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction (LVEF ≤45%). The patients with LV dysfunction differed from the patients with normal LVEF having a higher proportion of males, smokers, left ventricular hypertrophy, previous left heart catheterization, and higher exposure to dialysis. During a mean follow-up of 3.01±1.86 years postrenal transplant, 66 patients died and 67 additional patients experienced at least one nonfatal cardiac-related complication. Patients with LV systolic dysfunction were at considerably higher risk for cardiac complications (hazard ratio [HR] 1.8, P=0.01) and all-cause mortality (HR 2.0, P=0.01) after transplantation. By multivariate analysis, LV systolic dysfunction was associated with a 5-fold increase in the cardiac mortality risk, a 2-fold increase in all-cause mortality risk, and a 70% increase in posttransplant cardiac complications. Conclusions. Systolic dysfunction is associated with increased risk for overall and cardiac-related death and nonfatal events after renal transplantation, an association independent of ischemic disease.
Potentiation of Warfarin by Dong Quai

Dong quai is a Chinese herbal supplement touted for treatment of menstrual cramping, irregular menses, and menopausal symptoms. Phytochemical analyses found it to consist of natural coumarin derivatives, as well as constituents possessing antithrombotic, antiarrhythmic, phototoxic, and carcinogenic effects. A 46-year-old African-American woman with atrial fibrillation stabilized on warfarin experienced a greater than 2-fold elevation in prothrombin time and international normalized ratio after taking dong quai concurrently for 4 weeks. No identifiable cause was ascertained for the increase except dong quai. The patient's coagulation values returned to acceptable levels 1 month after discontinuing the herb. One animal study suggests a pharmacodynamic interaction between the product and warfarin, but the true mechanism remains unknown. Practitioners should be aware of the possibility of such an interaction and should inform patients of potential hazards of taking the two together.
Use of living donor liver transplantation varies with the availability of deceased donor liver transplantation

The demographics of patients in the United States who undergo living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) versus patients who undergo deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT) are interesting with respect to the demographics of the donor service areas (DSAs). We examined adult recipients of primary, non–status 1 liver-only transplants from 2003 to 2009. The likelihood of undergoing LDLT was compared to the likelihood of undergoing DDLT by multivariate logistic regression. We examined the adjusted odds ratio (OR) for undergoing LDLT versus DDLT for patients with the same diagnosis and blood type after we stratified the DSAs into quintiles by the median match Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) scores. LDLT was performed for 1497 of 32,927 liver transplants (4.5%). LDLT decreased in frequency by approximately 30% from 2003 to 2009. In comparison with DDLT recipients, LDLT recipients were younger and had higher albumin levels, lower body mass indices, and lower match MELD scores. Females had increased odds of LDLT in comparison with males (OR = 1.74, P < 0.001). Patients with MELD exception scores were less likely to undergo LDLT (OR = 0.22, P < 0.001). Patients with cholestatic liver disease (adjusted OR = 2.04, P < 0.001) or malignant neoplasms other than hepatocellular carcinoma (adjusted OR = 3.33, P < 0.001) were more likely than patients with hepatitis C virus to undergo LDLT. Other characteristics associated with decreased odds of LDLT were black race (adjusted OR = 0.41, P < 0.001) and government insurance (adjusted OR = 0.51, P < 0.001). LDLT was more frequent in DSAs with high median MELD scores; the adjusted OR for LDLT was 38 for the DSAs in the highest quintile (P < 0.001). In conclusion, there are significant differences associated with race, insurance, sex, MELD exceptions, and DSA MELD scores between patients who undergo LDLT and patients who undergo DDLT. These differences can be hypothesized to be driven in part by the relative availability of LDLT versus DDLT at both the patient level and the DSA level. Liver Transpl 18:160–165, 2012. © 2011 AASLD.
On the Physics of the Marine-Time-Domain Controlled Source Electromagnetic Method For Detecting Hydrocarbon Reservoirs

Summary This paper addresses the physics of the marine time-domain controlled source electromagnetic (TDCSEM) method. Like the marine frequency-domain controlled source electromagnetic (FDCSEM) method, the TDCSEM method is sensitive to resistive hydrocarbon reservoirs. Employing forward modeling techniques is helpful to better understand the physics of the TDCSEM method.
Digital Holographic Otoscope for Measurements of the Human Tympanic Membrane In-Vivo

We are developing an advanced computer-controlled digital optoelectronic holographic system (DOEHS) with the ability to measure both shape and acoustically induced deformations of the tympanic membrane of several species, including humans. The DOEHS is to be deployed for use in the clinic.
Disconjugate Eye Movement Patterns during Optokinetic Stimulation of the African Chameleon, Chameleo melleri

OPTOKINETIC nystagmus can be elicited in humans and in many animals by presenting a moving optic pattern, for example, of vertical stripes moving horizontally at constant velocity. The eyes follow (“pursue”) the pattern at an angular velocity that may approach or equal that of the moving stripes: this ocular pursuit movement (the “slow phase” of the optokinetic nystagmus) tends to stabilize the position of the image on the retina1–3. Each pursuit movement is terminated by a rapid, “saccadic” ocular return movement (the “fast phase”) that transports the image to a new retinal location1–3. Alternation of slow-phase movements in one direction with fast-phase movements in the opposite direction results in an oscillatory eye movement pattern called a nystagmus. Mammalian optokinetic nystagmus is normally conjugate4,5, that is, the two eyes move in unison, as if yoked; however, we do not think the extent to which the pattern of optokinetic nystagmus is conjugate in the infra-mammalian vertebrate has been clearly determined.
Camden After the Fall: Decline and Renewal in a Post‐Industrial City, Edited by Howard Gillette, Jr.

Howard Gillette, Jr., Camden After the Fall: Decline and Renewal in a Post-Industrial City (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005).Camden After The Fall by Howard Gillette Jr. tells ...
A study of weighting factors of the quadratic performance index

Abstract Weighting factors used in performance indices for optimal design determine to a large extent the optimal system which results. Analytical expressions relating the weighting factors for the ISE performance index are derived for several basic systems. Graphical relationships between weighting factors and some time response performance measures are presented. Negative weighting factors are produced in some cases by the derived expressions. The usefulness of negative weighting factors is illustrated by several sets of curves. A sample design problem is presented, the solution of which utilizes the design aids presented herein.
New imaging techniques in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disabling disorder histopathologically characterized by inflammation, demyelination and axonal loss. Conventional MRI has made most contributions to the diagnosis of MS. However, it is not sufficiently sensitive and specific to reveal the extent and severity of the damage in the disease. Other nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques including magnetic resonance spectroscopy, magnetization transfer imaging, diffusion weighted and diffusion tensor imaging, and functional MRI have provided additional information that improves the diagnosis and understanding of MS. Optical techniques including optical coherence tomography (OCT) and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy have shown promise in diagnosis and mechanistic study of myelin diseases. Objective: To review new imaging techniques and their potential in diagnosis of MS. Method : The principles of three imaging techniques (MRI, OCT and CARS) and their applications to MS studies are desc...
Boron Fertilization and Evaluation of Four Soil Extractants: Russet Burbank Potato

Yield‐response correlations with old and improved soil extraction methods for boron (B) are needed. Russet Burbank potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) was grown with two, four, and six B treatments applied in 2004, 2005, and 2006, respectively. Zero and 1.1, 2.2, or 3.4 kg B ha−1 soil and 0.22 or 0.28 kg B ha−1 foliar treatments were applied. Boron fertilization did not significantly increase tuber yield or quality despite initially low hot‐water‐extractable B (0.34–0.50 mg kg−1), although postseason B for unfertilized treatments increased (0.51–0.57 mg kg−1). Soil‐applied B generally reflected B application relative to the untreated control and the low foliar rates in all three years for the four soil extractions utilized [hot water, pressurized hot water, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)–sorbitol, and Mehlich III]. Boron content of potato petiole did reflect application of B in 2 years, but tuber and peel tissues did not consistently reflect application of B.
A brief history of the American radium industry and its ties to the scientific community of its early twentieth century

Abstract Federally funded remedial action projects are presently underway in New Jersey and Colorado at sites containing 226 Ra and other radionuclides from radium-uranium ore extraction plants that operated during the early twentieth century. They are but the latest chapter in the story of an American industry that emerged and perished in the span of three decades. Major extraction plants were established in or near Denver (CO), Pittsburgh (PA), and New York City (NY) to process radium from ore that came largely from the carnotite deposits of western Colorado and eastern Utah. The staffs of these plants included some of the finest chemists and physicists in the nation, and the highly-refined radium products found a variety of uses in medicine and industry. The discovery of high-grade pitchblende ores in the Belgian Congo and the subsequent opening of an extraction plant near Antwerp, Belgium, in 1992, however, created an economic climate that put an end to the American radium industry. The geologic, chemical, and engineering information gathered during this era formed the basis of the uranium industry of the later part of the century, while the tailings abd residues came to be viewed as environmental problems during the same period.
Neoclassical transport induced by ICRF in the collisional regime

Abstract From the gyrokinetic equations, a quasilinear equation can be derived with RF effects included in the quasilinear operator. From this, generalized moment equations can be deduced in the guiding center approximation. Of particular interest is the parallel momentum equation which drives the neoclassical transport. The parallel RF forces which can be due to nonresonant or resonant ponderomotive forces are quite different between electrons and ions so that an electrostatic electric field is established. This electric field can influence transport near the plasma edge. We estimate the neoclassical particle and energy fluxes in the Pfirsch-Schluter regime appropriate for the edge region. Since RF can generate asymmetric momentum and heat sources, it changes the transport in RF heated plasmas and also offers the possibility of externally controlling the density and confinement properties of a tokamak plasma. These effects are discussed in terms of antenna near fields and power requirements. Effects on limiter and divertor discharges will be discussed.
Abstract IA25: Inflammation as the trigger of somatic epigenome defects in prostate cancer

Abstract Prostate cancer has achieved epidemic proportions among men in the United States (US) and developed world; inflammation of the peripheral zone of the prostate, where the cancers arise, is just as ubiquitous (1). Accumulating insights from studies of prostatic carcinogenesis, using either human biospecimens or rodent models, indicate that stressors which cause prostate inflammation, including infections, estrogens, and the diet, also cause prostate cancer (1). Chronic inflammation in the prostate peripheral zone leads to the appearance of focal atrophy lesions of the prostate epithelium, replete with corpora amylacea, cellular and nuclear atypia, and a prostate stroma infiltrated by inflammatory cells (2). These proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA) lesions serve as the earliest precursors to prostate cancers, where epigenetic gene silencing, telomere shortening, and activation of c-Myc expression drive neoplastic transformation (3). Gene translocations/deletions that generate fusion transcripts between androgen-regulated genes (such as TMPRSS2) and genes encoding ETS family transcription factors (such as ERG1), typically arise later, during progression to invasive prostate cancer (4). The end consequence of these acquired defects in genes and in gene function is life-threatening prostate cancer, which when lethal exhibits widespread genome and epigenome corruption. Epigenetic silencing of GSTP1, encoding an oxidant and carcinogen detoxifying enzyme, is emblematic of the earliest steps in prostatic carcinogenesis, triggered in some way by prostate hypermethylation of the GSTP1 CpG island. This acquired epigenome alteration is present in nearly all prostate cancer cases, appearing at the very initiation of transformation, with some 5–10% of proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA) lesions and > 70% of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) lesions affected, and persisting throughout prostate cancer progression (3). In mouse models of prostate cancer, the mouse homologs of GSTP1, Gstp1 and Gstp2, serve as tumor suppressors, limiting progression of PIN to prostate cancer. Hopefully, such models can be used to ascertain how de novo GSTP1 methylation occurs during the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. Chronic or recurrent inflammatory processes leading to PIA appear to be the major driver of the prostate cancer epidemic in the developed world, raising the possibility that attenuation or prevention of inflammation, or of inflammatory damage to the prostate, might serve to prevent disease morbidity and mortality. Citation Format: William G. Nelson. Inflammation as the trigger of somatic epigenome defects in prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Prostate Cancer Research; 2012 Feb 6-9; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(4 Suppl):Abstract nr IA25.
EFFICACY OF EXPLOSIVE VS. HYGROSCOPIC SEED DISPERSAL BY AN ANNUAL GRASSLAND SPECIES

Seeds of Erodium moschatum (Geraniaceae) were moved on average 56 cm by primary, explosive dispersal and then traveled another 7 cm across the soil surface through activity of the hygroscopic awn, although not necessarily away from the source. In a 1 0-day field experiment, 68% of the diaspores buried themselves through activity of the awn. The percentage of seeds becoming buried per day was not correlated with rainfall. More seeds became buried on plantlittered ground, with litter cover from 8 to 61%, than on bare soil. As soil compaction increased, burial on littered surfaces declined. In laboratory experiments using straw to simulate sparse densities of plant litter, the percent of burial was enhanced, but sticks simulating plant stems did not facilitate burial. In a greenhouse experiment, more buried seeds germinated than unburied seeds. Buried seeds produced seedlings that developed more quickly, had higher survivorship and had greater shoot biomass than those from unburied seeds. Self-burial also ensured that the radicle was positioned downward, which probably contributed to the observed higher survivorship. Overall, in semiarid grasslands, plant-littered microhabitats are probably more favorable sites for the placement of seeds than bare areas (e.g., compacted gopher mounds). Littered sites promote self-burial and burial promotes seedling establishment, survival and growth.
The characteristic size of airglow cells

Abstract Evidence is presented for the existence of discrete 5577 airglow cells in the upper atmosphere. Independent analyses are based on 1. (a) the comparison of diurnal intensity variations in different parts of the sky and 2. (b) the measurement of intensity gradients on airglow isophote maps. The numerical estimation of cell size is complicated by the fact that a single cell is, in general, larger than the region observable at a given location. The typical airglow cell for the 12 nights of the study has a diameter of approximately 2500 km.
Biomimetic Transformations of a Guaianolide-L(10)-β-Epoxide and the Molecular Structures of Three Guaianolides

Abstract A reinvestigation of the boron trifluoride-mediated transformations of the guaianolide-1(10)-β-epoxide [1] provided the previously obtained cis-eudesmanolide [5] and the fluoroguaianolide [2] as well as two new lactones, the trans-guaianolide [4] and the cis-guaianolide [3]. The molecular structures of compounds 1, 3, and 4 were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The mechanisms of formation of the four lactones from epoxide 1 can be formulated via the carbocationic intermediates A and B.
Embryonic expression of Krüppel-like factor 6 in neural and non-neural tissues.

Abstract Mammalian Kruppel-like transcription factors include 12 zinc finger proteins (KLF1–12) that are involved in regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation during morphogenesis and development (Trends Biochem. Sci., 24 (1999) 236). Structural considerations have segregated KLF6 and KLF7 into a separate sub-group, whereas in situ hybridizations have revealed predominant expression of the mouse klf7 gene in the developing nervous system. We examined the embryonic pattern of mouse klf6 in order to assess whether close kinship between KLF6 and KLF7 reflects similar expression patterns of the genes. The results of the in situ hybridizations demonstrate that klf6 expression in the developing nervous system is more restricted than klf7. In contrast to klf7, we also identified several non-neural sites of strong klf6 expression; they include the developing hindgut, heart, lung, kidney, and autopod.
Comparison of different low density lipoprotein apheresis machines on brain natriuretic Peptide levels in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia.

B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a hormone released from cardiac ventricles during episodes of hemodynamic overload. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) apheresis, a procedure for patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) and coronary artery disease (CAD), lowers plasma cholesterol and immediately reduces blood viscosity and coronary vascular resistance while improving myocardial blood flow and microvascular perfusion. Previous studies have demonstrated the ability of LDL apheresis to reduce BNP chronically. We undertook this study to evaluate the difference in reduction of BNP levels following a single treatment with two dissimilar LDL apheresis devices. We conducted a prospective trial involving 27 patients (19 F; age = 59 ± 9 years) with FH who received at least 6 months of bi-weekly LDL apheresis therapy with either the Secura heparin extracorporeal LDL precipitation (HELP) system (N = 17 patients, B. Braun, Inc., Melsungen, Germany) or the Liposorber LA-15 dextran sulfate absorber (DSA) system (N = 10 patients, Kaneka, Inc., Osaka, Japan). We measured BNP levels immediately before and after one treatment of LDL apheresis. Following LDL apheresis, BNP levels were reduced by an average of 40 ± 17% (P < 0.001). Despite treating equal amounts of plasma, the HELP system reduced BNP (45 ± 18%) significantly more than the DSA system (31 ± 11%, P = 0.031). In conclusion, LDL apheresis therapy, possibly through its immediate improvement of vascular flow and/or removal of the peptide from plasma, results in a significant reduction of BNP levels. The increased reduction of BNP by HELP may result from its superior acute alterations of rheological markers.
Validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-Fast Screen in multiple sclerosis.

Introduction: The Beck Depression Inventory-Fast Screen (BDI-FS) is a brief self-report inventory designed to evaluate depression in patients with medical illness. A s depressive disorder is especi...
ENDOR spectroscopy shows that guanine N1 binds to [4Fe-4S] cluster II of the S-adenosylmethionine-dependent enzyme MoaA: mechanistic implications.

The S-adenosylmethionine-dependent enzyme MoaA, in concert with MoaC, catalyzes the first step of molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis, the conversion of guanosine 5′-triphosphate (5′-GTP) into precursor Z. A published X-ray crystal structure of MoaA with the substrate 5′-GTP revealed that the substrate might be bound to the unique iron of one of two 4Fe−4S clusters through either or both the amino and N1 nitrogen nuclei. Use of 35 GHz continuous-wave ENDOR spectroscopy of MoaA with unlabeled and 15N-labeled substrate and a reduced [4Fe−4S]+ cluster now demonstrates that only one nitrogen nucleus is bound to the cluster. Experiments with the substrate analogue inosine 5′-triphosphate further demonstrate that it is the N1 nitrogen that binds. Two of the more distant nitrogen nuclei have also been detected by 35 GHz pulsed ENDOR spectroscopy, allowing a rough approximation of their distances from the cluster to be calculated. Combining this information with the crystal structure, we propose that the guanine bas...
Bipolar Scales with Pictorial Anchors: Some Characteristics and a Method for their Use

Visual aesthetic preferences seem to be based upon a judgmental mechanism that processes non verbal cues. Yet the usual methods for measuring these cues are verbal. A nonverbal method for identifying and measuring the component cues present in slides of nonrepresentational paintings is described. The method was used to develop pic torially anchored scales that were easy for subjects to use and that elicited reliable cue ratings.
In Reply: Questions About Complications of H. influenzae Meningitis

Lindberg et al., outlining the results of an eight-year retrospective study of Hemophilus influenzae type b meningitis, report an increased prevalence of neurologic and audiologic sequelae among children treated with ampicillin and chloramphenicol compared to children treated with either drug alone. The authors state, however, that cases treated with the combination of antibiotics occurred only in the last three years of the study. These patients, therefore, presumably had shorter-term follow-up than patients in other groups.
A Micropeptide Encoded by a Putative Long Noncoding RNA Regulates Muscle Performance

Functional micropeptides can be concealed within RNAs that appear to be noncoding. We discovered a conserved micropeptide, which we named myoregulin (MLN), encoded by a skeletal muscle-specific RNA annotated as a putative long noncoding RNA. MLN shares structural and functional similarity with phospholamban (PLN) and sarcolipin (SLN), which inhibit SERCA, the membrane pump that controls muscle relaxation by regulating Ca(2+) uptake into the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). MLN interacts directly with SERCA and impedes Ca(2+) uptake into the SR. In contrast to PLN and SLN, which are expressed in cardiac and slow skeletal muscle in mice, MLN is robustly expressed in all skeletal muscle. Genetic deletion of MLN in mice enhances Ca(2+) handling in skeletal muscle and improves exercise performance. These findings identify MLN as an important regulator of skeletal muscle physiology and highlight the possibility that additional micropeptides are encoded in the many RNAs currently annotated as noncoding.
Effects of posttraumatic stress and acculturation on marital functioning in Bosnian refugee couples.

Forty Bosnian refugee couples living in the United States completed a translated version of the PTSD Symptom Scale—Self Report, the Behavioral Acculturation Scale, the Marital Satisfaction Inventory—Revised, and a demographic questionnaire. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology was the best predictor of marital functioning and was related negatively to acculturation. After controlling for PTSD, acculturation did not predict marital functioning. Wives' marital satisfaction was best predicted by husbands' PTSD, husbands' acculturation, and their own PTSD. Husbands' marital satisfaction was not predicted significantly by any of these variables. These findings suggest several implications for mental health professionals dealing with refugees and other traumatized populations.
Photonic RF Down-Converter Based on Optomechanical Oscillation

We demonstrate all-optical radio-frequency (RF) down-conversion in a silica microtoroid optomechanical (OM) oscillator. Preliminary results show that the OM oscillator can simultaneously serve as mixer and local oscillator in a photonic homodyne RF-receiver architecture.
Does pain catastrophizing moderate the relationship between spinal nociceptive processes and pain sensitivity

Abstract Existing evidence indicates that pain catastrophizing is associated with enhanced pain reports and lower pain threshold/tolerance levels, but is not significantly related to nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR) threshold in healthy and clinical pain samples. This suggests pain catastrophizing may modulate pain threshold at a supraspinal level without influencing descending modulation of spinal nociceptive inputs. To examine this issue further, the present study assessed NFR threshold, electrocutaneous pain threshold, and electrocutaneous pain tolerance, as well as subjective ratings of noxious stimuli in a sample of 105 healthy adults. Pain catastrophizing was assessed prior to testing using traditional instructions and after pain testing with instructions to report on cognitions during testing (situation-specific catastrophizing). As expected, NFR threshold was correlated with pain sensitivity measures, but uncorrelated with both measures of catastrophizing. Although situation-specific catastrophizing was correlated with some pain outcomes, neither catastrophizing measure (traditional or situation specific) moderated the relationship between NFR and pain sensitivity. These findings confirm and extend existing evidence that catastrophizing influences pain reports through supraspinal mechanisms (eg, memory, report bias, attention) without altering transmission of spinal nociceptive signals. Perspective Assessing catastrophic thoughts related to a specific painful event (situation-specific catastrophizing) provides important additional information regarding the negative cognitions that influence pain-related processes. However, neither situation-specific nor traditionally measured pain catastrophizing appear to enhance pain by engaging descending controls to influence spinal nociceptive processes.
Migration efficiency ratios and the optimal distribution of population.

The authors present a theoretical description of the migration process and criticize the conventional interpretation of the migration efficiency ratio, which is defined as the ratio of the net number of moves of individuals between areas to the gross number of moves that take place. "The conventional interpretation of the migration efficiency ratio is that the closer it lies to zero the less efficient the migration process....However, [the authors] feel that this is a somewhat misleading conception of the notion of efficiency in migration in that it emphasizes the physical efficiency of the migration process rather than focusing on the contribution of migration to a socially efficient allocation of population. Thus, to redirect attention, [they] have chosen to judge migration efficiency on the basis of its contribution to producing an equilibrium population distribution." The focus is on internal migration.
Mapping systematic and random process variations using Light emission from Off-State Leakage

In this paper, we present for the first time the use of an optical imaging technique that we have developed to map systematic and random variability effects across several phases of development of a new microprocessor chip fabricated with the latest IBM SOI 65 nm technology. The technique relies on the detection and subsequent analysis of the Light Emission from Off-State Leakage Current (LEOSLC) by means of static imaging cameras, mounted on a microscope or other optical collection optics. The variability maps created using this method are very simple to generate and have been successfully verified by comparing them to data obtained by on-chip electrical sensors such, as Process Sensitive Ring Oscillators (PSROs), power supply currents, and test results. The visual representation is very helpful in picking up systematic effect and to measure the correlation distance of the variations.