cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Book Review: Head and Neck Reconstruction

Charles Butler, MD, Editor Head and Neck Reconstruction, Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Ltd., 2008 ISBN-10: 0702029262 ISBN-13: 978-0702029264 Head and Neck Reconstruction , edited by Dr. Charles Butler, fills a void in the library of texts discussing the practical applications of flap reconstruction in the head and neck. The book contains 307 pages of text, beautifully documented with excellent anatomic photography and graphic illustrations. In addition, an accompanying DVD provides insight into techniques used for nasal, facial, cleft lip, palate, and aero-digestive tract reconstruction. The scope of this topic is immense, yet Dr. Butler has been able to compile an excellent … Corresponding Author: Dr. Geoffrey Keyes, 9201 Sunset Boulevard, Suite 611, Los Angeles, CA 90069-3701 E-mail: geoffkeyes{at}gmail.com
Rapid isolation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from enrichment cultures of foods using an immunomagnetic separation method

A method employing immunomagnetic beads was developed for the isolation of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Magnetic beads precoated with sheep anti-rabbit IgG were coated with rabbit antiserum against E. coli O157. The level of bacteria, amount of beads, amount of antibody coating the beads and incubation time were varied to determine their effects on recovery of the organism. The sensitivity of the test for recovery of E. coli O157:H7 was 1 × 101 cfu ml−1. The organism was selectively recovered from 24 h enrichment cultures of meat products in which the initial inoculum level was 1 bacterium g−1. Sorbitol negative colonies were selected from Sorbitol Mac-Conkey agar and were positively identified as E. coli using a direct fluorescent antibody procedure. The results indicate that immunomagnetic separation is a convenient and rapid method for the isolation of E. coli O157:H7 from foods.
Benjamin West's Documentation of Colonial History: William Venn's Treaty with the Indians

A careful study of Colonial history reveals that William Penn's Treaty with the Indians by Benjamin West is an intricately composed survey of Pennsylvania political events. Commissioned in 1771 by Thomas Penn, son of the founder, the painting is designed to defend the proprietary rights of the Penn family which had been challenged during the 17605. The protagonists in Penn's Treaty are Quakers, Indians and merchants, three groups that had been at the center of friction and dissent in the colony. By using such diverse sources as political satire, Roman sculpture, descriptive writings of William Penn, and Indian peace medals, West composed a modern epic.
Epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway is frequently altered in ampullary carcinoma at protein and genetic levels

Our objective was to explore alteration of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway in ampullary carcinoma. Immunohistochemical studies were employed to evaluate expression of amphiregulin as well as expression and activation of EGFR. A lab-developed assay was used to identify mutations in the EGFR pathway genes, including KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, PTEN, and AKT1. A total of 52 ampullary carcinomas were identified, including 25 intestinal-type and 24 pancreatobiliary-type tumors, with the intestinal type being associated with a younger age at diagnosis (P=0.03) and a better prognosis (P<0.01). Expression of amphiregulin correlated with better differentiation (P<0.01), but no difference was observed between two major histologic types. Expression and activation of EGFR was more commonly seen in the pancreatobiliary type (P<0.01). Mutations were detected in 50% of the pancreatobiliary type and 60% of the intestinal type. KRAS was the most common gene mutated in the pancreatobiliary type (42%) as well as the intestinal type (52%). Other mutations detected included PIK3CA, SMAD4 and BRAF. KRAS mutations at codons 12 and 13 did not adversely affect overall survival. In conclusion, EGFR expression and activation were different between intestinal- and pancreatobiliary-type ampullary carcinoma. KRAS mutation was common in both histologic types; however, the incidence appeared to be lower in the pancreatobiliary type compared with its pancreatic counterpart, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Mutational analysis of the EGFR pathway genes may provide important insights into personalized treatment for patients with ampullary carcinoma.
Mappings and symmetries of partitions

Abstract The technique of combinatorial mapping is used to obtain various partition identities, some old and some new. A new symmetry of ordinary partitions is found. The mappings provide a direct combinatorial understanding of the relations between ordinary partitions and the vector partitions defined by Garvan.
Optimal PMU placement with binary PSO

A growing number of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) are being installed throughout the power grid. Among other objectives, PMUs can be used in state estimation. Due to the high purchase price of a PMU and its high installation cost, a minimum number of PMUs is desired to make a given power network fully observable. This paper proposes a Particle Swarm Optimization based method to find the optimal PMU locations in a given grid topology. This method was tested successfully with the IEEE 14-bus, 30-bus, and 68-bus systems as well as with a large portion of the Brazilian power system.
Connections between plasma sheet transport, Region 2 currents, and entropy changes associated with convection, steady magnetospheric convection periods, and substorms

[1] Here we describe how energy-dependent magnetic drift in the presence of a pressure gradient in the direction of the drift leads to a divergence of perpendicular particle flux, and that this violates conservation of flux tube particle content. We address how, within the plasma sheet, this divergence of particle flux should be expected to lead simultaneously to the divergence of perpendicular current that drives the Region 2 (R2) current system and to significant violation of entropy conservation. The modeling results of Wang et al. (2004b) show that the above violation of entropy conservation due to magnetic drift, when taken together with magnetic field stretching, offers a resolution to the pressure crises question. On the basis of our argument that the same energy-dependent magnetic drift effect leads to the perpendicular divergence that drives the R2 field-aligned current system and the violation of entropy conservation, we suggest that the existence of the R2 current system can by itself be viewed as a signature of violation of entropy conservation. Finally, we propose that observational evidence suggests that an enhanced rate of entropy reduction and R2 currents resulting from particle divergence within the vicinity of the Harang reversal may be a critical aspect of the substorm expansion phase.
U.S., U.S.S.R. Marine Expedition

An historic expedition involving U.S. and U.S.S.R. scientists may open a new era of cooperation in marine research. A University of California, San Diego/Scripps Institution of Oceanography ship carrying a team that includes two Soviet scientists is on an expedition that will take the R/V Thomas Washington into the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the U.S.S.R. For the first time in a decade a U.S. research vessel has been given permission to operate in the Soviet Union's EEZ, according to Department of State representative Tom Cocke, who worked with Scripps on this project. The ship will also operate in the U.S. EEZ and international waters.
Pregnant women's attitudes toward influenza vaccination while breastfeeding.

Objective The goal of this study was to assess the concerns pregnant women have about influenza vaccination while breastfeeding and to determine if having these concerns represents a barrier to vaccination uptake.
Transport properties of porous membranes based on electrospun nanofibers

Abstract Electrospinning is a process by which high voltages are used to produce an interconnected membrane-like web of small fibers (10–500 nm in diameter). This novel fiber spinning technique provides the capacity to lace together a variety of types of polymers, fibers, and particles to produce ultrathin layers. Of particular interest are electrospun membranes composed of elastomeric fibers, which are under development for several protective clothing applications. The various factors influencing electrospun nonwoven fibrous membrane structure and transport properties are discussed. Performance measurements on experimental electrospun fiber mats compare favorably with transport properties of textiles and membranes currently used in protective clothing systems. Electrospun layers present minimal impedance to moisture vapor diffusion required for evaporative cooling. There may be special considerations in the application of elastomeric membranes for protective clothing. Effects of membrane distortion upon transport behavior of the structure might be significant. Preliminary measurements have found that changes in elastomeric membrane structure under different states of biaxial strain were reflected in measurements of air flow through the membrane. Changes in membrane structure are also evident in environmental scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the pore/fiber rearrangement as the membrane is stretched. Experimental measurements and theoretical calculations show electrospun fiber mats to be extremely efficient at trapping airborne particles. The high filtration efficiency is a direct result of the submicron-size fibers generated by the electrospinning process. Electrospun nanofiber coatings were applied directly to an open cell polyurethane foam. The air flow resistance and aerosol filtration properties correlate with the electrospun coating add-on weight. Particle penetration through the foam layer, which is normally very high, was eliminated by extremely thin layers of electrospun nanofibers sprayed on to the surface of the foam. Electrospun fiber coatings produce an exceptionally lightweight multifunctional membrane for protective clothing applications, which exhibits high breathability, elasticity, and filtration efficiency.
Muscarinic receptors mediate attenuation of extracellular acetylcholine levels in rat cerebral cortex after cholinesterase inhibition

Abstract Muscarinic autoregulation of extracellular acetylcholine levels was investigated by microdialysis in the cerebral cortex of freely moving rats under basal conditions as well as following systemic administration of a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor. Atropine (2.2 mg/kg s.c. or 0.2 μM via the dialysis probe) did not affect basal extracellular acetylcholine levels in the cerebral cortex. However, it did potentiate the elevation of extracellular acetylcholine levels produced by a dose of systemic heptylphysostigmine which inhibited 25% of cortical and 40% of plasma cholinesterase activity. These observations suggest that the extracellular concentration of acetylcholine following moderate acetylcholinesterase inhibition is regulated through muscarinic receptors.
A comprehensive analysis of the dynamics of a helicopter rotor blade

A comprehensive and versatile analysis of the response of a helicopter rotor blade is presented in this paper. First, the full nonlinear partial differential equations that govern the motion of the blade, taking into account the geometrical nonlinearities that arise due to deformation, are presented. The equilibrium solution exhibited by the system is then determined using a relatively simple model for the aerodynamic forces, common in the rotorcraft dynamics literature. The equilibrium solution is determined by numerical integration of a nonlinear two-point boundary value problem. The blade's equilibrium is then perturbed and the stability of infinitesimally small perturbations is analyzed in detail. The analysis presented here yields essentially exact results for the equilibrium solution and for the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions associated with the infinitesimally small perturbations about the equilibrium.
The structure of carbon in chemically vapor deposited SiC monofilaments

Electron diffraction and high resolution TEM have been used to study the microstructures of C-rich regions in CVD SCS-6 SiC fibers. The reciprocal lattice of such structures, and their diffraction patterns, have been ascertained on the basis of geometrical considerations. While the C microstructures in the substrate filament and the outer coating layers of the fabric are consistent with different distributions of Oberlin's (1989) 'basic structural units', the microstructure of the inner substrate coating is consistent with turbostratic C.
Comparison of responses by striatonigral substance P and neurokinin A systems to methamphetamine treatment

Multiple administrations of high doses of methamphetamine (METH) previously have been shown to significantly elevate the concentrations of substance P-like immunoreactivity in CNS regions associated with the basal ganglia. Recently, another tachykinin, neurokinin A (NKA), has been found to be closely associated with substance P (SP). While both neuropeptides exert comparable effects when locally injected, there are significant differences in their potencies apparently based on the relative concentrations of their unique receptors. Due to the controversy which has arisen as to their respective roles within the basal ganglia, we have evaluated and compared the responses of the striatal and nigral SP and NKA systems to METH treatment. We observed that multiple high doses of this stimulant increased the nigral and striatal concentrations of both neuropeptides in an identical fashion. Our observation that METH treatment did not alter the relative concentrations of SP and NKA suggests that responses of both transmitter systems, associated with the basal ganglia, parallel each other and are sensitive to the same regulatory mechanisms.
San Miguel Sea Lion Virus Isolation, Preliminary Characterization and Relationship to Vesicular Exanthema of Swine Virus

BETWEEN 1932 and 1954 there were repeated outbreaks of vesicular exanthema of swine (VES) in Californian swine herds, but since 1956 no cases have occurred in the United States and this has been attributed to a federal law which prohibited the feeding of raw garbage to swine1. The continuing importance of vesicular diseases of swine, however, is suggested by reports from Italy2, Hong Kong3, Austria, Poland and Britain (personal communication from A. H. Dariri, Plum Island Animal Disease Laboratory, 1973) of a vesicular syndrome in swine that could not be ascribed to foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV).
Inhibition of strong-coupling superconductivity by magnetic impurities: A quantum Monte Carlo study

The first exact calculation of ${(\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}{T}_{c}}{\ensuremath{\partial}c})}_{c=0}$, the initial depression of the superconducting ${T}_{c}$, due to a small concentration, $c$, of magnetic impurities is presented. ${(\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}{T}_{c}}{\ensuremath{\partial}c})}_{c=0}$ has been calculated from the pair-breaking regime ($\frac{{T}_{K}}{{T}_{{c}^{0}}}\ensuremath{\ll}1$) where the impurities are magnetic, to the pair-weakening regime ($\frac{{T}_{K}}{{T}_{{c}^{0}}}\ensuremath{\gg}1$). I find that ${(\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}{T}_{c}}{\ensuremath{\partial}c})}_{c=0}$ can be expressed as the product of two universal functions $f({\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{0})$ and $g(\frac{{T}_{K}}{{T}_{{c}^{0}}})$, and that, in contrast to previous results, the maximum $|{(\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}{T}_{c}}{\ensuremath{\partial}c})}_{c=0}|$ occurs when ${T}_{{c}^{0}}={T}_{K}$, thus resolving a long-standing experimental puzzle.
Obstetricians' and gynecologists' beliefs and preferred modes of treatment for women diagnosed with premenstrual symptoms.

Abstract This study found substantial differences among obstetricians and gynecologists in their beliefs about the etiology of and preferred modes of treatment for premenstrual symptoms.
Entanglement and inversion symmetry in topological insulators

Topological band insulators are usually characterized by symmetry-protected surface modes or quantized linear-response functions (like Hall conductance). Here we present a way to characterize them based on certain bulk properties of just the ground-state wave function, specifically, the properties of its entanglement spectrum. We prove that whenever protected surface states exist, a corresponding protected ``mode'' exists in the entanglement spectrum as well. Besides this, the entanglement spectrum sometimes succeeds better at indicating topological phases than surface states. We discuss specifically the example of insulators with inversion symmetry which is found to act as an antiunitary symmetry on the entanglement spectrum. A Kramers degeneracy can then arise even when time-reversal symmetry is absent. This degeneracy persists for interacting systems. The entanglement spectrum is therefore a promising tool to characterize topological band insulators and superconductors beyond the free-particle approximation.
Using regional wind‐inducing circulation patterns to estimate future rainfall

[1] The complex connections that drive Earth's changing climate are most easily understood on a broad scale, where rising temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and shifting greenhouse gas concentrations can be examined through changes in the statistical average. Zooming in on the predictions of general circulation models (GCMs) to understand the consequences at local scales, however, is far more difficult, as regional anomalies drive the local climate away from the global norm. Modeling future precipitation at the watershed scale is a pressing challenge, hindered by the fact that regional interpretations tend to incorporate the biases of the larger GCMs on which they base their data. To improve understanding of regional precipitation in a changing climate,Bardossy and Pegram developed a technique to translate GCM predictions into local forecasts while also correcting for some of the inherent bias.
Involvement of protein kinase A in ethanol-induced locomotor activity and sensitization

Rationale Mutant mice lacking the RIIβ subunit of protein kinase A (regulatory subunit II beta−/−) show increased ethanol preference. Recent evidence suggests a relationship between heightened ethanol preference and susceptibility to ethanol-induced locomotor sensitization. It is currently unknown if protein kinase A signaling modulates the stimulant effects and/or behavioral sensitization caused by ethanol administration. To address this question, we examined the effects of repeated ethanol administration on locomotor activity RIIβ−/− and littermate wild-type (RIIβ+/+) mice on multiple genetic backgrounds.
Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase (nNOS) blockade within the ventrolateral medulla differentially modulates cardiovascular responses and nNOS expression during static skeletal muscle contraction

Abstract Nitric oxide (NO) is synthesized from L-arginine through the activity of the enzyme, NO synthase (NOS). Previous studies have demonstrated the role of the 3 isoforms of NOS, namely endothelial NOS (eNOS), neuronal NOS (nNOS), and inducible NOS (iNOS) in cardiovascular regulation. Local blockade of nNOS in RVLM vs. CVLM differentially alters local glutamate and GABA release, and thereby results in opposite cardiovascular responses to static muscle contraction (Brain Res. 2003, 977, 80–89). In this study, we examined whether nNOS antagonism within the RVLM and CVLM affected cardiovascular responses during the exercise pressor reflex and simultaneously modulated medullary nNOS protein expression using anesthetized rats. Bilateral microdialysis of a selective nNOS antagonist, 1-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)-imidazole (TRIM, 1.0 μM) for 120 min into the RVLM, potentiated cardiovascular responses during a static muscle contraction. Western blot analysis of nNOS expression within the RVLM showed significant attenuation of the protein when compared to the data obtained from control animals microdialyzed with vehicle. In contrast, bilateral application of TRIM into the CVLM attenuated cardiovascular responses during muscle contractions and increased nNOS protein expression within the CVLM. These results demonstrated that nNOS protein expression within the brainstem was pharmacologically altered by nNOS blockade within the RVLM or CVLM, which in turn might have contributed to the augmentation or attenuation of cardiovascular responses, respectively, during static exercise.
Simple toys do not alter the behavior of aged rhesus monkeys

Simple toys and sticks have frequently been suggested as inexpensive forms of environmental enrichment for nonhuman primates. Most descriptions of these items do not provide quantitative data on their use, or the effects that their presence have on general behavior. We tested wooden sticks and four different dog toys with aged and young adult rhesus monkeys to determine whether or not they led to decreases in abnormal behaviors, or increases in activity. We monitored object-use, abnormal behaviors, and general activity in a series of three experiments. Use of all objects tested declined sharply by the second day after they were placed in the cage. High levels of use were seen each time new objects were introduced, suggesting that a regular schedule of object rotation would lead to increased interest from the monkeys. No changes in abnormal behaviors or general activity were attributed to the presence of the objects. We conclude that sticks and simple toys have limited effectiveness as environmental enrichment options for aged rhesus monkeys. Where possible, socialization and/or actively responsive enrichment devices may be more effective in enhancing the lives of captive primates. In the case of animals in zoos, responsive environments and increased social opportunities also contribute to the educational, aesthetic, and health diagnostic missions of the institutions.
Hospitality and Tourism Student Recruitment: Strategies Based on the Decisionmaking Process

(1998). Hospitality and Tourism Student Recruitment: Strategies Based on the Decisionmaking Process. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 18-22.
A direct and inverse problem for a Hill's equation with double eigenvalues

Abstract Let Δ ( λ ) be the discriminant of a Hill's equation with a π-periodic potential q ( x ). Necessary and sufficient conditions on q ( x ) are established in order that 2 − Δ ( λ ) has double zeros at all eigenvalues except for the lowest one.
Acceptance and commitment therapy for depression

Recent research provides further empirical support for acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) in alleviating depression and that it does so through processes specific to the model of psychological flexibility on which it is based. These latest investigations have examined ACT's effectiveness in both ameliorating and preventing depression as well as its impact when implemented through alternative delivery systems (e.g. via self-help, bibliotherapy, and telehealth) and when combined with other interventions. ACT appears to be comparable to cognitive therapy in outcomes, but to have greater empirical support for the processes through which it initiates therapeutic improvement. Preliminary findings supportive of ACT in preventing depression when delivered through nontraditional means require validation by comparisons to appropriate control conditions. Component analyses are recommended to substantiate suggestive evidence that ACT may contribute appreciably to the impact of existing treatments for depression and related disorders.
Nitrogen Utilization and Toxin Production by Two Diatoms of the Pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima Complex: P. cuspidata and P. fryxelliana

The toxigenic diatom Pseudo-nitzschia cuspidata, isolated from the U.S. Pacific Northwest, was examined in unialgal batch cultures to evaluate domoic acid (DA) toxicity and growth as a function of light, N substrate, and growth phase. Experiments conducted at saturating (120 μmol photons · m(-2) · s(-1) ) and subsaturating (40 μmol photons · m(-2) · s(-1) ) photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), demonstrate that P. cuspidata grows significantly faster at the higher PPFD on all three N substrates tested [nitrate (NO3 (-) ), ammonium (NH4 (+) ), and urea], but neither cellular toxicity nor exponential growth rates were strongly associated with one N source over the other at high PPFD. However, at the lower PPFD, the exponential growth rates were approximately halved, and the cells were significantly more toxic regardless of N substrate. Urea supported significantly faster growth rates, and cellular toxicity varied as a function of N substrate with NO3 (-) -supported cells being significantly more toxic than both NH4 (+) - and urea-supported cells at the low PPFD. Kinetic uptake parameters were determined for another member of the P. pseudodelicatissima complex, P. fryxelliana. After growth of these cells on NO3 (-) they exhibited maximum specific uptake rates (Vmax ) of 22.7, 29.9, 8.98 × 10(-3) · h(-1) , half-saturation constants (Ks ) of 1.34, 2.14, 0.28 μg-at N · L(-1) , and affinity values (α) of 17.0, 14.7, 32.5 × 10(-3) · h(-1) /(μg-at N · L(-1) ) for NO3 (-) , NH4 (+) and urea, respectively. These labo-ratory results demonstrate the capability of P. cuspidata to grow and produce DA on both oxidized and reduced N substrates during both exponential and stationary growth phases, and the uptake kinetic results for the pseudo-cryptic species, P. fryxelliana suggest that reduced N sources from coastal runoff could be important for maintenance of these small pennate diatoms in U.S. west coast blooms, especially during times of low ambient N concentrations.
Pontine cholinergic mechanisms and their impact on respiratory regulation

Activation of pontomedullary cholinergic neurons may directly and indirectly cause depression of respiratory motoneuronal activity, activation of respiratory premotor neurons and acceleration of the respiratory rate during REM sleep, as well as activation of breathing during active wakefulness. These effects may be mediated by distinct subpopulations of cholinergic neurons. The relative inactivity of cholinergic neurons during slow-wave sleep also may contribute to the depressant effects of this state on breathing. Cholinergic muscarinic and nicotinic receptors are expressed in central respiratory neurons and motoneurons, thus allowing cholinergic neurons to act on the respiratory system directly. Additional effects of cholinergic activation are mediated indirectly by noradrenergic, serotonergic and other neurons of the reticular formation. Excitatory and suppressant respiratory effects with features of natural states of REM sleep or active wakefulness can be elicited in urethane-anesthetized rats by pontine microinjections of the cholinergic agonist, carbachol. Carbachol models help elucidate the neural basis of respiratory disorders associated with central cholinergic activation.
MU016- deposition methods of BiFeO3 thin films

Bismuth iron oxide (BiFeO3 or BFO) is a particularly interesting multiferroic perovskite with ferroelectric and antiferromagnetic transition temperatures significantly above room temperature. In this work, BiFeO3 films are synthesized by a chemical solution deposition (CSD) sol-gel process on platinized silicon substrates and by physical vapor deposition (PVD) through RF-sputtering on iridium-sapphire substrates. The crystallization behavior and phase assemblage of these films was examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Analysis of CSD-prepared films revealed that a 0.25 M solution with 5% excess bismuth annealed at 550 °C in air produced polycrystalline films with the lowest occurrence of non-perovskite Bismuth iron oxide phases. For films made by PVD, the absence of oxygen during sputtering was found to enhance phase purity, and using a target with 7% excess bismuth allowed phase-pure films to be prepared at 600 °C. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) were used to investigate the microstructure of the BiFeO3 films. Porosity was found to be a significant problem in CSD-prepared films that were dried on a hotplate at 300 °C before annealing. Lowering the temperature of this drying step or omitting it was found to decrease root-mean-square (rms) surface roughness. The microstructure of the sputtered films was found to be dense, uniform, and crack-free a surface roughness of to 16 nm for BiFeO3 sputtered at 600 °C.
Supramolecular Chemistry with Uranyl Tetrahalide ([UO2X4]2-) Anions

Abstract Five compounds containing the uranyl tetrabromide anion ([UO2Br4]2−) have been synthesized through room temperature reactions of uranium (VI) oxyacetate with several pyridinium cations in highly acidic solutions containing Br− anions. The resulting compounds have been characterized via single-crystal X-ray diffraction and fluorescence spectroscopy. Three of these compounds exhibit both a bifurcated hydrogen bond NH ⋯ B r 2 U and an extended “ribbon motif” of alternating organic and inorganic species.
THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION AND QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF SEVERAL FREE AMINO-ACIDS OF AVIAN LIVER.

THIN-LAYER chromatographic procedures are used widely and accepted as efficient and rapid means of separating numerous organic compounds on a micro scale. The following procedure is presented to illustrate the thin layer chromatographic separation and rapid quantitative determination of several free amino-acids of avian liver tissue.
The New Rule Paradigm Shift: Transforming At-Risk Programs by Matching Business Archetypes Strategies in the Global Market.

The challenge was given to transform aviation-related programs to keep them from being eliminated. These programs were to be discontinued due to enrollment declines, costs, legislative mandates, lack of administrative support, and drastic state budget reductions. The New Rule was a paradigm shift of focus to the global market for program sustainability, rather than relying on dwindling academic funding sources. By matching business archetype strategies in a global market, these programs were strengthened and have become models for others.
First principles determinations of magnetostriction in transition metals (invited)

The mechanism of magnetostriction in transition metal bulk (fcc Co) and thin films [Co/Pd(001) and Co/Cu(001)] is investigated using the ab initio full potential linearized augmented plane wave method. With the aid of the state tracking and torque approaches the magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy, the essential ingredient of the magnetostriction, is found to be a linear function of the interlayer distances. The calculated magnetostrictive coefficients and magnetoelastic coupling constants for bulk fcc Co agree very well with experiment. The calculated λ001 at the Co/Pd(001) interface is much larger in magnitude (+2.3×10−4) and differs in sign compared to that for Co/Cu(001)(−5.7×10−5). In these thin films, the hybridization between the Co‐ dxz,yz and the underlying substrate d states is found to play the key role.
SUGGESTIONS FOR SOLUTION OF DIFFICULT GLAZE‐FIT PROBLEMS

The methods and principles are discussed by means of which suitable glazes for special purposes may be prepared. Examples are given of glazes for low-expansion bodies and also of durable low-temperature glazes.
URE, an Initiator (Inr)-like Site, Suppresses the Promoter of the Rat Dynorphin Gene

We previously identified a DNA binding element termed the upstream regulatory element (URE) that contains the consensus initiator sequence (Inr) in the upstream promoter of the rat prodynorphin gene. The URE displays specific binding to the upstream regulatory element binding protein (UREB1), a novel transcription regulator. Here, we report that the URE functions as a suppressor element. A series of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporters (pCAT) were constructed by subcloning either wild-type or mutated URE sequences into a pCAT reporter plasmid 5' of bases -135 to +58 of the prodynorphin gene. The basal -135 to +58 dynorphin promoter (pCAT 0.2) has robust transcriptional activity in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells but not in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. This robust transcriptional activity was completely inhibited in the presence of wildtype URE, whereas the mutations of the URE had no effect. Gel mobility shift assays showed that the complex formed by the URE and nuclear protein extracts can be competed by addition of wild-type URE oligonucleotide but not by specific mutations of the URE, defining particular bases required for protein interaction with the URE. The identical URE sequence is also found upstream in the promoter of human macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta (hMIP 1 beta). The suppressive activity of the rat dynorphin URE can be replaced by the hMIP 1 beta URE. These data suggest that the URE may serve as a suppressor element in the regulation of dynorphin and hMIP 1 beta gene transcription.
Simultaneous detection of resolved glutamate, glutamine, and γ-aminobutyric acid at 4 T

A new approach is introduced to simultaneously detect resolved glutamate (Glu), glutamine (Gln), and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) using a standard STEAM localization pulse sequence with the optimized sequence timing parameters. This approach exploits the dependence of the STEAM spectra of the strongly coupled spin systems of Glu, Gln, and GABA on the echo time TE and the mixing time TM at 4 T to find an optimized sequence parameter set, i.e., {TE, TM}, where the outer-wings of the Glu C4 multiplet resonances around 2.35 ppm, the Gln C4 multiplet resonances around 2.45 ppm, and the GABA C2 multiplet resonance around 2.28 ppm are significantly suppressed and the three resonances become virtual singlets simultaneously and thus resolved. Spectral simulation and optimization were conducted to find the optimized sequence parameters, and phantom and in vivo experiments (on normal human brains, one patient with traumatic brain injury, and one patient with brain tumor) were carried out for verification. The results have demonstrated that the Gln, Glu, and GABA signals at 2.2-2.5 ppm can be well resolved using a standard STEAM sequence with the optimized sequence timing parameters around {82 ms,48 ms} at 4 T, while the other main metabolites, such as N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), choline (tCho), and creatine (tCr), are still preserved in the same spectrum. The technique can be easily implemented and should prove to be a useful tool for the basic and clinical studies associated with metabolism of Glu, Gln, and/or GABA.
Radiation from silver films bombarded by low-energy electrons☆

Abstract Emission spectra from Ag films irradiated by low energy electrons (20–1500 eV) have been measured, and the results compared with theory. For relatively smooth films, two peaks in the spectra are resolved. One at 3.73 eV, the volume plasmon energy, is attributed to transition radiation and/or bremsstrahlung. The second, at about 3.60 eV, is very sensitive to surface roughness in both position and magnitude and is produced by roughness-coupled radiation from surface plasmons. For rough films, the roughness-coupled radiation dominates the emission. In addition to spectral shapes, the polarization of the radiation and its intensity as a function of electron energy were measured. The experimental results are compared with new calculations of roughness-coupled emission which account for most of our observations. They indicate that high wavevector roughness components play the dominant role in the emission process.
Reduced-Order Modeling of a Heaving Airfoil

A reduced-order model of a flapping airfoil is developed using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD). The proper basis functions, developed from snapshots of full Navier-Stokes simulations, are used for a Galerkin projection of the governing equations. The resulting coupled, nonlinear ordinary di.erential equations have a low dimension because the first few basis members capture most of the energy of the flow. The reduced-order model is used to simulate heaving motions that are both similar to and different from the motion(s) used to generate the basis functions, and the errors in the model are quantified. Several methods are used to generate mode sets that can be used over a range of heaving parameters, including snapshots from one, two, and multiple Navier-Stokes simulations. As snapshots from additional simulations are added to the decomposition, the mode sets become richer and can simulate a wider range of parameter space, at some computational cost. Whereas the POD method is fully applicable in three dimensions, the simulation technique based on a body-fixed and body-fitted grid suffers large overhead when extended to three dimensions. To reduce the overhead, an embedding technique is discussed which embeds the solid wing into a fixed Cartesian grid. The wing, which can now have multiple pieces and also be flexible, is represented by a distribution of body forces. This distribution is determined to give exactly the flow around a flapping wing.
On the excimer model of N,N-dialkyl-p-cyanoanilines fluorescence in polar solvents☆

Abstract Using the excimer model, an expression is derived to explain solvent and concentration dependence of the “anomalcus” long-wavelength fluorescence intensity of N,N-dialkyl-p-cyanoanilines in polar media. Other models are discussed.
Branched chain amino acids as activators of branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase

Abstract During purification of branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas putida , large losses in enzyme activity occurred. Much of the activity was restored by the addition of a heat-treated, soluble fraction. The factor had a molecular weight less than 1000 and, of several potential effectors tested, the branched chain amino acids were the only compounds which stimulated enzyme activity, with valine being the most effective. The concentration of valine in the heat-treated fraction was found to be sufficient to account for all of the stimulation produced by this fraction. Valine had no effect on either pyruvate or 2-ketoglutarate dehydrogenases.
An Irrational Party of Rational Members The Collision of Legislators’ Reelection Quest With Party Success in the Japan Socialist Party

This study presents a new explanation to a puzzle regarding the reluctance of the Japan Socialist Party (JSP) to moderate its hard-liner Marxist platform. The author does so by focusing on the pref...
Technical Communique: Robust stability and performance with fixed-order controllers

This paper deals with the problem of synthesizing or designing a feedback controller of fixed dynamic order for a linear time-invariant plant for a fixed plant, as well as for an uncertain family of plants containing parameter uncertainty, so that stability, robust stability and robust performance are attained. The desired closed-loop specifications considered here are given in terms of a target performance vector representing a desired closed-loop design. In general, these point targets are unattainable with a fixed-order controller. By enlarging the target from a fixed-point set to an interval set the solvability conditions are relaxed and a solution is enabled. Results from the parametric robust control literature can be used to design the interval target family so that the poles and zeros of the closed-loop system are guaranteed to remain in a prescribed region of the complex plane, and closed-loop performance, measured for instance in the H"~ norm are attained, even when plant uncertainty is present. It is shown that it is possible to devise a computationally simple linear programming approach that attempts to meet the desired closed-loop specifications. The approach developed here gives the entire set of controllers attaining the specifications as a convex set and also can be recast to give the lowest-order controller attaining specifications.
The advanced photon source pulsed deflecting cavity RF system

The Advanced Photon Source Deflecting Cavity System for producing short X-ray pulses uses two multi-cell, S-band cavities to apply a deflecting voltage to the stored electron beam ahead of an undulator that supports a beamline utilizing picosecond X-rays. Two additional multi-cell cavities are then used to cancel out the perturbation and restore the electron beam to its nominal orbit. The pulsed rf system driving the deflecting cavities is described. Design tradeoffs are discussed with emphasis on topology considerations and digital control loops making use of sampling technology in a manner consistent with the present state of the art.
Absolute radiometric calibration of Landsat 7 ETM+ using the reflectance-based method

Abstract A key to the continuation of quantitative data from the Landsat series of sensors is the radiometric understanding of the sensor. Vicarious calibration methods are one approach that has been used successfully for the absolute radiometric calibration of Thematic Mapper (TM). One of these vicarious methods is the reflectance-based approach that is applied here to the radiometric calibration of the Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) sensor on the Landsat 7 platform. This method is described for application to ETM+. Results from ground-based measurements of atmospheric conditions and surface reflectance made at Railroad Valley Playa, Nevada, Roach Lake Playa, Nevada, and White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico are presented including descriptions of the test sites. The gains derived from four dates using these sites spanning the period from June 1999 to October 1999 agree to within 5% of each other and to better than 7% with the prelaunch, laboratory-derived gains. This is within the combined 5% uncertainty of the prelaunch values and the estimated 3–5% uncertainty of the reflectance-based method. The gains determined from the reflectance-based method are all lower than the prelaunch values for bands 1–5 and the values for band 7 exceed the prelaunch gains. These biases could be caused by errors in the treatment of atmospheric aerosols at shorter wavelengths and uncertainties in the assumed solar irradiances used to convert the relative radiances to absolute values at longer wavelengths.
Movement as an Index of Vitality:Comparing Wild Type and the age-1 Mutant of Caenorhabditis elegans

We have asked whether the mutant form of the age-1 gene, which lengthens the life span of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans up to 70%, also affects the ability to move during this extended period of life. Both age-1 mutants and wild-type controls display a linear loss of movement as the nematodes age. age-1 mutant strains moved faster early in life when compared with non-Age strains and continued low rates of movement at older ages than did non-Age strains. Movement rates were not, in general, a good predictor of movement rates at any later age or of life span. Cumulative lifetime movements of individuals were highly correlated with, and thus a good predictor of, individual life span. These findings are similar to earlier studies of movement in long-lived recombinant-inbred strains of C. elegans and imply that the physiological process altered by the age-1 mutation results in increased health during later life as monitored by increased ability to move.
Genomic strategies for personalized cancer therapy

Numerous recent studies have demonstrated the use of genomic data, particularly gene expression signatures, as clinical prognostic factors in cancer and other complex diseases. These studies highlight the opportunity for strategies to achieve truly personalized cancer treatment. In particular, the ability to develop gene expression signatures will likely allow us to guide the use of currently available cancer drugs, develop new targeted therapeutics, and provide an opportunity to better match the most effective drug or drugs with the molecular characteristics of the individual patient.
Towards closed-loop decoding of dexterous hand movements using a virtual integration environment

It has been shown that Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) involving closed-loop control of an external device, while receiving visual feedback, allows subjects to adaptively correct errors and improve the accuracy of control. Although closed-loop cortical control of gross arm movements has been demonstrated, closed-loop decoding of more dexterous movements such as individual fingers has not been shown. Neural recordings were obtained from rhesus monkeys in three different experiments involving individuated flexion/extension of each finger, wrist rotation, and dexterous grasps. Separate decoding filters were implemented in Matlab's Simulink environment to independently decode this suite of dexterous movements in real-time. Average real-time decoding accuracies of >80% was achieved for all dexterous tasks with as few as 15 neurons for individual finger flexion/extension, 41 neurons for wrist rotation, and 79 neurons for grasps. In lieu of the availability of advanced multi-fingered prosthetic hands, real-time visual feedback of the decoded output was provided through actuation of a virtual prosthetic hand in a Virtual Integration Environment. This work lays the foundation for future closed-loop experiments with monkeys in the loop and dexterous control of an actual prosthetic limb.
Introduction to C

This chapter marks a transition. To this point we have used Maple to implement our models. For the remainder of the book we will use the programming language C instead. We will deviate in this chapter from our approach of organizing each chapter around a problem. Instead, we will set the stage for the rest of the book by comparing Maple and C, and we will begin our study of C by examining two simple C programs that solve problems with which you are already familiar.
Fundamental limits of silicon technology

Measures of the performance of digital electronics have increased steadily for four decades. The essential ingredient of progress has been miniaturization. The road to advances beyond a decade into the future has always been obscure and has stimulated much speculation as to where miniaturization must end. Thus far, new ideas have regularly met the challenges posed by new problems and have allowed the trends to continue. The persistence of silicon as the basis of information technology is the one constant. The problems and solutions arising from changing physics caused by miniaturization are examined in the perspective of the environment in which millions of closely packed devices must function and the external world that information processing technology serves. The complex structure of devices offers considerable room for ingenuity and novel approaches. The large number of devices collected on a single chip of silicon must communicate with one another via a complex array of wires. Miniaturization of the wires poses a different set of questions. The simple structure of a wire offers less scope for invention than is possible with devices and it is more difficult to see solutions to problems. Nevertheless, as has happened in the past, it is difficult to find obviously insuperable barriers to progress in fundamental physics.