cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Composing Processes and Writing Instruction at the Middle/Junior High School Level.

(1986). Composing processes and writing instruction at the middle/junior high school level. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 25, Building Literacy, pp. 109-116.
Separation of surfactant modified smectite from bentonite by delamination

Smectite modified with cetyl trimethylammonium ions was separated from a mixture of organobentonite and unreacted pristine clay mineral through delamination in nitrobenzene. On delamination and restacking the layer structure remained intact though the basal spacing of the organomontmorillonite decreased slightly due to changes in the organization of the alkyl chains of the surfactant within the interlayer space of the clay mineral.
The bactériologic examination of the stomach contents in pernicious anemia

The bacteriologic findings in the stomach contents of pernicious anemia and of chronic gastritis are described. These findings are different from those of carcinoma of the stomach and of simple achylia gastrica in that in cases of pernicious anemia the average number of bacteria is much larger, and large numbers of organisms of the colon group are present.
Modulation of Atrial Repolarization by Site of Pacing in the Isolated Rabbit Heart

Background Single-site or multisite atrial pacing may reduce the incidence of atrial fibrillation in humans. The therapeutic mechanisms may include synchronization of atrial repolarization (repolarization “memory”) and/or decreased dispersion of atrial repolarization. These responses have not been well documented in intact atria. Methods and Results Monophasic action potential recordings were made from six atrial epicardial sites in 39 isolated perfused rabbit heart preparations during 3 hours of continuous right atrial, left atrial, or biatrial pacing. Action potential recordings obtained at times 0, 45, 90, 135, and 180 minutes were computer analyzed for activation time (AT) and 90% action potential duration (APD) at each site. No consistent relationship could be demonstrated between APD and AT at any time during atrial pacing (all P>.05). On average, left atrial APDs were longer than right atrial APDs by up to 6.3 ms at all times, regardless of the site of pacing (P≤.05). At all times, dispersion of at...
Using personal narratives to encourage organ donation.

The present organ procurement system in the United States has failed to alleviate the chronic shortage of organs. Neither policies that require request for organ donation, nor increased educational...
The photosynthetic electron transport chain of Chlamydomonas reinhardi. VII. Photosynthetic phosphorylation by a mutant strain of Chlamydomonas reinhardi deficient in active P700.

Electron transport activity and absorbance changes associated with P700 were investigated in a mutant strain of Chlamydomonas reinhardi with impaired photosynthesis. This mutant strain, ac-8oa , cannot reduce NADP with electrons from either water or dye and ascorbate, but it has considerable Hill activity. The mutant strain shows none of the absorbance changes characteristic of P700. Although unable to carry out cyclic photosynthetic phosphorylation, ac-8oa is able to synthesize ATP when ferricyanide is provided as an electron acceptor. These observations lead to the conclusion that a site for the coupling of photosynthetic phosphorylation with electron transport must exist between the 2 photochemical systems.
Identifying Factors that Influence State-specific Hunger Rates in the U.S.: A Simple Analytic Method for Understanding a Persistent Problem

An existing measure of food insecurity with hunger in the United States may serve as an effective indicator of quality of life. State level differences in that measure can reveal important differences in quality of life across places. In this study, we advocate and demonstrate two simple methods by which analysts can explore state-specific contributions to state-specific hunger rates. Using existing survey data and the U.S. Department of Agriculture measure of household food insecurity with hunger, we illustrate how comparing group-specific hunger rates within states and how the demographic method of standardization can both be used to assess how a state’s population and local characteristics influence hunger rates and other quality of life indicators associated with hunger.
Don’t Bank On It!

This Forum article is a continuation of a regular series of columns on engineering ethics. The column has been generated, in part, by an interactive discussion on the Internet. The focus of the Ethics Case program is to present real situations taken from professional practice in order to stimulate greater attention to ethical issues, and to allow Internet Web site visitors the opportunity to avoid similar pitfalls in their own careers. In addition to providing an opportunity for individuals to read and respond to the case histories, it may also provide a convenient focus for informal brown bag discussions in firms and agencies. Those interested in this program are encouraged to visit the Web site at the following Internet address: http://www.engr.washington.edu/epp/Pepl/Ethics (Use of the capitalized letters as shown is important.) Results and discussion will also appear in the Forum section of the Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice. A more detailed description of this pr...
Development of upper tract carcinoma after cystectomy for bladder carcinoma.

Abstract Two hundred twenty patients who underwent a radical cystectomy and en blocpelvic lymph node dissection with urinary diversion were reviewed to define the incidence of upper tract carcinoma developing after cystectomy. Each patient was followed for at least five years or until death. In 5 of 220 (2.4 %) upper tract lesions developed, with a disease free interval from cystectomy of twenty-two to fifty-four months. All patients died within two to twenty-seven months of diagnosis. Common pathologic features included the presence of high-grade multifocal lesions or carcinoma in situ (CIS) in the cystectomy specimen, tumor invasion of the intramural ureter, and positive findings on urethrectomy specimens. Although the incidence of this disease process is low, heightened surveillance of the upper urinary tracts would seem appropriate in patients displaying these pathologic features.
A new connected components algorithm for virtual memory computers

Abstract A new algorithm for calculating the connected components of a binary image is presented, and a proof of correctness is given. For a large image, this algorithm required 1 hour of CPU time while the standard technique used over 36 hours. The storage requirements for this new algorithm are appropriate for small minicomputers as well as for larger machines.
The vanishing norm of Faddeev-Popov ghost fields

Abstract It is shown that the charge conjugation properties of relativistic, local gauge theory require that the Faddeev-Popov ghost fields have vanishing norm.
Neonatal polychlorinated biphenyl treatment increases adult testis size and sperm production in the rat.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants which decrease serum thyroxine (T4) concentrations. We have previously demonstrated that neonatal hypothyroidism in the rat increases Sertoli cell numbers, adult testis weight, and daily sperm production (DSP). The aim of this study was to determine if neonatal PCB treatment increases adult testis weight and DSP. Treated rats received either Aroclor 1242 or 1254 (0.4–3.2 mg/day), from birth to Day 25 by daily injection; some treated litters also received T4replacement. Controls received vehicle alone. Tritiated thymidine autoradiography was used to assess Sertoli cell proliferation in 15-day control and Aroclor-treated rats. Serum T4was measured at 25, 45, and 135 days of age, and serum testosterone, testis weight, DSP, and testicular histology were examined at 135 days. Both Aroclor 1242 and 1254 suppressed serum T4concentrations; Aroclor 1254 was more potent and long lasting. Testis weight was increased 22 and 13% in rats that received the 1.6 and 3.2 mg/day Aroclor 1242 doses, respectively, while the 0.4 mg/day dose did not produce significant increases. Aroclor 1254 produced significant increases in testis weight of 13 and 23% at the 0.4 and 1.6 mg/day doses, respectively. The 1.6 mg/day Aroclor 1242 and the 0.4 and 1.6 mg/day Aroclor 1254 doses increased DSP by 27, 11, and 42%, respectively; other treatments did not produce significant increases. At 15 days of age, Sertoli cell proliferation was greater in treated rats than in controls. T4replacement decreased or eliminated the increased testis weight and DSP seen in Aroclor-treated rats. The highest dose of Aroclor 1242 and both doses of Aroclor 1254 decreased adult body weight, while other treatments did not. These results indicate that neonatal PCB treatment increases adult testis weight and DSP in rats. PCBs produce this effect primarily by inducing hypothyroidism, which leads to increased Sertoli cell proliferation, testis weight, and DSP. Thus PCBs, despite inhibitory effects on adult reproductive organs, can paradoxically stimulate increases in adult testis weight and DSP when administered neonatally. These data emphasize the pleiotropic nature of PCB effects and the susceptibility of the developing reproductive system to environmental factors.
Relationship Between Fiber Properties and Fabric Wrinkle Recovery1

This research was undertaken to obtain a better understanding of the role of fiber properties in determining fabric wrinkle recovery. For a variety of fibers a one-to-one correspondence was found b...
Iloprost and echistatin protect platelets during simulated extracorporeal circulation

Temporary, reversible inhibition of platelets during cardiopulmonary bypass is an attractive strategy to protect platelets and normalize postoperative bleeding times. Iloprost, an analogue of prostacyclin, and the disintegrins reversibly inhibit platelets by different mechanisms. We tested the hypothesis that reduced doses of iloprost and either echistatin, a natural disintegrin, or R043-5054, a peptidomimetic, in combination provide better platelet protection than any drug alone during simulated extracorporeal circulation. Thirty-five recirculation studies using fresh, heparinized human blood in an extracorporeal perfusion circuit that contained a 0.45-m2 spiral coil membrane oxygenator were performed. Iloprost, but neither echistatin nor R043-5054, increased platelet cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Combinations of iloprost and either fibrinogen receptor antagonist at reduced doses submaximally increased platelet cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Platelet adhesion and release of beta-thromboglobulin antigen was completely inhibited by combinations of the two classes of drugs, but only partially inhibited by each drug alone. Combinations of drugs also completely inhibited platelet aggregation to adenosine diphosphate; these platelets retained full sensitivity to adenosine diphosphate after 90 minutes of recirculation when drugs were removed by gel filtration. We conclude that combinations of iloprost and a fibrinogen receptor antagonist at doses that are unlikely to produce clinical side effects completely inhibit platelet activation and preserve platelet function during in vitro extracorporeal circulation.
Virial coefficients of protein solutions.

Abstract An osmometer capable of measuring protein osmotic pressures up to 100 cms. of mercury pressure has been described. The principle of the osmometer is to set a given pressure and to permit the protein concentration to equilibrate with the pressure. The higher virial osmotic coefficients of egg albumin in various electrolytes and in 1 m urea as well as a function of NaCl concentration are reported. The virial coefficients of bovine serum albumin and of bovine methemoglobin in 1 m NaCl are also given. It appears that the primary cause for the departure of the osmotic pressure from ideality is due to the covolumes of the proteins.
Grammatical Interference and the Acquisition of Ergative Case in Bilingual Children Learning Basque and Spanish.

In this paper I claim that there is evidence of grammatical interference in the development of ergative case in bilingual children acquiring Basque and Spanish. While both monolingual and bilingual children have difficulty acquiring the ergative case in Basque (Barrena, 1995; Ezeizabarrena, 1996), my results indicate that bilingual children omit the ergative case marker to a greater extent than monolingual children. I argue that this difference is the result of interference from Spanish, which takes the form of reinforcing a non-target-like option in Basque (Muller and Hulk, 2001).
Water Base and Aerosol Concentrate Application of Permethrin for House Fly Control in New York Dairy Housing

Permethrin water base and aerosol concentrate sprays were evaluated for control of Musca domestica L. in stanchion-type dairy barns. Treatment efficacy was rated by the 24-h mortality of adult flies and posttreatment suppression of populations below a nuisance threshold. Both methods provided high 24-h mortality and acceptable population suppression for 3.5 to 5 weeks or longer; aerosol-concentrate application with an electric mist fogger was at least as effective as conventional water base spray treatment.
PERCUTANEOUS RENAL TUMOR CRYOABLATION WITH MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING GUIDANCE

Purpose: Cryoablation of small renal tumors has been performed mainly via the laparoscopic or open approach. This study was done to assess the feasibility and safety of performing percutaneous renal tumor cryoablation using interventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for monitoring.Materials and Methods: Patients with radiography documented small renal tumors 4 cm. or less in diameter were offered percutaneous renal tumor cryoablation performed in an interventional MRI unit. Patients received general anesthesia or intravenous sedation and were placed into the interventional MRI unit. Under MRI guidance a 2 or 3 mm. cryoprobe was advanced into the renal mass and the mass was subjected to 3 freeze-thaw cycles at −80 to 70C. Patients were hospitalized overnight for observation. Followup imaging with MRI or computerized tomography and physical examinations were done at 1 week, and 1, 3, 6 and 12 months.Results: Ten men and 10 women 49 to 76 years old (mean age 58) with a total of 22 tumors have been treat...
THE IN VIVO EFFECTS OF PARATHYROID EXTRACT ON THE OXIDATION OF CITRATE AND ISOCITRATE BY KIDNEY MITOCHONDRIA.

Abstract Three injections of 200 units of parathyroid extract (PTE) in young rats consistently resulted in hypercalcemia. The oxidation and phosphorylation of citrate and isocitrate by kidney mitochondria from these animals were markedly inhibited. Succinate oxidation was, at best, only slightly affected. The inhibition of citrate oxidation was not observed in liver mitochondria. The possible mechanism of inhibition by PTE was discussed. The authors suggested an effect of parathormone on the isocitric dehydrogenase-pyridine nucleotide system.
Northwest Semitic incantations in an Egyptian medical papyrus of the fourteenth century B. C. E.

THE London Medical Papyrus, published seventy years ago by W. Wreszinski,' contains a number of short Northwest Semitic magical texts transcribed into hieratic syllabic script ("group writing").2 The only attempts I know of to decipher any of these texts have been by Egyptologists;3 Semitists seem to have ignored them entirely.4 This neglect is quite undeserved, since the papyrus in question is early by Northwest Semitic standards (fourteenth century B.C.E.)5 and since the Egyptian syllabic script is, in many ways, more informative than the native scripts of the Northwest Semitic languages. So far as I know, these incantations have the distinction of being the earliest Semitic texts written in an Egyptian script.6 The "Amorite" material in the Execration Texts, etc.,7 is much earlier, but it consists solely of names. The Northwest Semitic texts in the
No Supermassive Black Hole in M33

We observed the nucleus of M33, the third-brightest galaxy in the Local Group, with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph at a resolution at least a factor of 10 higher than previously obtained. Rather than the steep rise expected within the radius of gravitational influence of a supermassive black hole, the random stellar velocities showed a decrease within a parsec of the center of the galaxy. The implied upper limit on the mass of the central black hole is only 3000 solar masses, about three orders of magnitude lower than the dynamically inferred mass of any other supermassive black hole. Detecting black holes of only a few thousand solar masses is observationally challenging, but it is critical to establish how supermassive black holes relate to their host galaxies, and which mechanisms influence the formation and evolution of both.
The self-perceptions of children with asthma and asthma/enuresis

Abstract Three groups of children with asthma were studied to determine the differential effects of the disease upon their perception of the self and other psychosocial structures. The groups included a group of children with mild asthma, a group of children with severe asthma, and a group of children with mild or severe asthma and enuresis. Results suggest that children with asthma/enuresis appear to be a higher risk for lower levels of self-esteem, quality of life in the past year, self-complexity, and parental preference vis-a-vis their siblings. Children with severe asthma appear to perceive themselves as significantly closer/dependent upon their mothers and have lower scores on the present quality of life indicator. Children with mild asthma appeared to be the healthiest of the three groups on the variables studied.
Optical Properties of Metals: Many-Electron Effects

The work reported here, which deals with the influence of electron-electron interactions on the optical properties of metals, is motivated by existing discrepancies between the observed interband absorption and that calculated within the random-phase approximation (RPA). These interactions are treated systematically using a self-consistent conserving-approximation scheme. Both vertex and quasiparticle renormalization effects transcending the RPA are considered on an equal footing. Repeated first-order scattering of a quasielectron and a quasihole via the dynamically screened Coulomb interaction is the principal process investigated. The contributions are of two kinds: one associated with a statically screened Coulomb interaction and the other with exchange of virtual plasmons. The latter contribution, although larger than the former, is substantially cancelled, to within about 10% in Al, by quasiparticle dressing effects due to virtual plasmons. Those second-order effects in the dynamically screened interactions, whose inclusion guarantees a conserving approximation, are also negligible. Recent experimental data for Al are reviewed and new theoretical calculations within the RPA presented which appreciably reduce the existing discrepancies. These provide support for the present conclusion that electron-electron interactions do not significantly affect the optical absorption. Previous calculations for Na are discussed and the situation there may well be similar.
Corallivorous snail removal: evaluation of impact on Acropora palmata

With the continuing decline of Acropora palmata throughout the Caribbean region, impacts of the gastropod corallivore, Coralliophila abbreviata, are becoming more noticeable. A snail removal experiment was performed in remnant A. palmata populations in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary to quantify the area of coral tissue consumed by ambient snail aggregations and to assess the possible effectiveness of snail removal in conserving live coral tissue. Corals where ambient snail aggregations were removed maintained significantly more live tissue area during the 2-month experiment than those where feeding snail aggregations were left in place. The corals with feeding snails left in place lost more than 3 cm2 tissue day−1 on average. Thus, removal of C. abbreviata may be an effective measure for conserving depressed A. palmata populations, though secondary effects of such a manipulation remain to be carefully evaluated.
Absorption cross-sections off HFC-23 at atmospheric conditions

Abstract Spectral absorption cross-sections, kν (cm−1 atm−1), were measured in the 8.64 μm band system of HFC-23 using a high-resolution Fourier transform spectrometer. Temperature and total (N2-broadening) pressure were selected to represent atmospheric layers according to various atmospheric models. The measured absolute intensity (or integrated cross-section) was obtained to be 0.693±0.029×10−16 cm molecule−1.
Attitudes toward bulimic behaviors in two generations: The role of knowledge, body mass, gender, and bulimic symptomatology

The perceived commonality and acceptability of symptoms of bulimia, as well as associated variables including gender, generation, knowledge of bulimia, body mass index, and bulimic symptomatology, were assessed. These views were explored in a sample of college students (N = 155 male; N = 173 female) and their parents (N = 194 mothers; N = 163 fathers). Females perceived bulimic symptoms to be more common than males, and students perceived them to be more common than their parents. Students perceived bulimic symptoms to be more acceptable than their parents. Females had higher levels of bulimic symptomatology, particularly daughters. Stepwise simultaneous regression analyses revealed that one's own level of bulimic symptomatology was the primary predictor of one's attitudes toward the commonality and acceptability of bulimic symptoms. Bulimic symptomatology was primarily predicted from perceptions of the acceptability of bulimic symptoms and body mass index. Results suggest that college-age students may be at greater risk for the development of bulimia nervosa because of their greater tolerance of these symptoms; alternatively, people endorsing higher levels of bulimic symptomatology may adjust their attitudes, perceiving bulimic symptoms to be more tolerable, in order to alleviate the dissonance between their attitudes and behaviors.
Developmental analysis of a temperature-sensitive melanotic tumor mutant inDrosophila melanogaster

A sex-linked, temperature-sensitive melanotic tumor mutation inDrosophila melanogaster, tu (1) Szts, was mapped at 34.3±and localized to bands 10A10-11 of the polytene chromosomes. At 26°Ctu-Szts larvae develop melanotic tumors whereas 18°C is non-permissive for tumor formation. Tumorigenesis at 26°C involves the encapsulation of abnormal caudal fat body regions by precociously differentiated hemocytes. Low temperature blocks the development of the abnormal adipose cells and the overlying aberrant tissue surfaces but does not inhibit precocious differentiation of the hemocytes to the lamellocytic form. This phenotypic difference at the two temperatures indicates that lamellocyte encapsulation to form melanotic tumors is directed against abnormal tissue surfaces. On the basis of these observations and an earlier study (Rizki and Rizki 1979) we propose that hereditary melanotic tumors inD. melanogaster are a calss of autoimmune disorders in which affected tissue surfaces arouse the body's cellmediated defense response.
A traveler's guide to Mars by William K. Hartmann

Book Review: A Traveler's Guide to Mars, William K. Hartmann. Workman Publishing, New York, USA (2003).
Chloroplast structure in normal and pigment‐deficient soybeans grown in continuous red or far‐red light

Clark L1, a normal green soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] and Clark y9y9, a backross-developed isoline exhibiting pigment deficiency, were grown under continuous red (11 W m−2 and far-red (9 W m−2) light. Chloroplast thylakoids from the unifoliolate leaf (9–10 days old) were isolated and analyzed for pigments, pigment-protein, membrane polypeptides, electron transport and ultrastructural differences. Chloroplasts of soybean plants grown under far-red light have decreased chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b ratio, increased light-harvesting complexes, and grana structure with few stroma-type thylakoids. Photosystem II/photosystem I ratios (PSII/PSI) are higher in far-red due to decreased synthesis of PSI reaction center and/or less antenna associated with PSI.
Immunologic and Biologic Properties of Thyrotropin Antiserums1

The antigenicity of several bovine thyrotropin preparations (Armour, Pierce, Morris) was demonstrated in rabbits and guinea pigs. Antibody titers determined by the tanned red cell hemagglutination assay (TRC-H) averaged 1:650,000 in guinea pigs and 1:80,000 in rabbits. Column electrophoresis and chromatography of rabbit antiserum showed that the precipitating antibodies migrated with the gamma globulins. Studies on the immunologic specificity of thyrotropin antiserum by the TRC-H and tanned red cell hemagglutination-inhibition (TRC-I) assays, gel diffusion techniques and precipitation and complement fixation reactions suggest some cross-reactivity with other pituitary hormones but indicate that the major antibody constituent is directed against thyrotropin. Inhibition of the biologic action of thyrotropin was shown in assays of thyrotropin in rats (Querido assay) and in mice (McKenzie assay). Application of the hemagglutination- inhibition assay to quantitation in buffer or isotonic saline solutions permi...
α-Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone in Critically Injured Trauma Patients

BACKGROUND Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) is a neuropeptide which modulates inflammation. Prior studies have documented decreased alpha-MSH concentrations in patients with acute traumatic brain injury and subarachnoid hemorrhage. We hypothesized that alpha-MSH levels would be decreased in critically injured patients and that this would correlate with poor outcome. METHODS We performed a retrospective review of prospectively collected data more than 12 months ending December 2005. alpha-MSH concentrations were measured in major torso trauma patients (excluding severe head injuries) who underwent standardized shock resuscitation. alpha-MSH concentrations were measured every 4 hours for the first 24 hours of intensive care unit admission and daily thereafter for hospital days 2 to 5. Controls were similarly aged, healthy volunteers. Outcomes measured included lengths of stay, infectious morbidity, and the incidence of multiple organ failure (MOF) and mortality. RESULTS Fifty-one trauma patients were studied with a median age of 33 (22-54) years. Seventy-five percent were male and 82% sustained blunt trauma. The median Injury Severity Score was 25 (16-34). Eighteen percent of the patients developed MOF, 18% died, and 24% developed MOF and died. The mean initial (first value on the first day) alpha-MSH concentration was significantly lower than in controls (15.9 pg/mL +/- 7.6 pg/mL vs. 26.1 pg/mL +/- 7.4 pg/mL, p = 0.0008) and did not change significantly during the 5-day study period. On univariate and adjusted multivariate analyses, initial alpha-MSH concentrations did not predict either MOF or mortality. CONCLUSIONS The current study is the first to document significantly decreased alpha-MSH concentrations in critically injured trauma patients as compared with controls. Furthermore, alpha-MSH concentrations remained so throughout the study period.
Thinking, speaking, and writing for freshmen

Our entering freshmen have little experience with the underlying concepts of computer science and information technology, and they are not familiar with the process of absorbing new information through listening and reading and cooperating with other well-trained individuals to increase their knowledge and skills in a subject. Simply making group assignments requiring research papers and presentations does not enable students to appreciate this process which is a characteristic of all fields of scientific inquiry today. Most of our upper division courses have team projects, but student culture resists effective teamwork. We have established a course for freshman entitled "Thinking, Speaking, and Writing in Computer Science" in which we try to lay the groundwork for group work in later classes by fostering a sense of interdependence among team members, accountability of individual students to the team in the form of preparation and completion of project tasks, frequent meetings to promote team goals, the development of social skills required for collaboration, and the value of group discussion of strategies in problem solving. Although the course has been in existence only two years, our department has observed that students are finding that following this approach to learning leads to improved academic performance, and that students are becoming more adept in learning skills as they realize the benefits that accrue from our approach to intelligent interaction with their peers and instructors.
Towards nitric oxide based diagnostics: call to action

The discovery in the 1980s of the mammalian biosynthesis of nitric oxide (NO) and its roles in the immune, cardiovascular and nervous systems [1] established a startling new paradigm in the history of cellular signaling mechanisms. NO is one of the most important signaling molecules in the body and is involved in virtually every organ system, where it is responsible for modulating an astonishing variety of effects [1]. One can then imagine the host of diseases or conditions that might be caused or affected by the body's dysregulation of NO production and signaling.
Storage hierarchies: Gaps, cliffs, and trends

Trends in storage from 1952 to 1972 are presented. They include an increasing diversity of storage types, an increase in on-line storage capacity that exceeds the three-orders-of-magnitude increase in computer power, and an increased management of the storage complex by the system. The impact on past and present system design of the access gap between main memory and electro-mechanical storage is discussed. The growing importance of the gap between on-line and off-line storage is also noted. These two gaps represent significant opportunities for innovation in hardware and systems.
Acclimation to hypoxia increases survival time of zebrafish, Danio rerio, during lethal hypoxia.

Survivorship of zebrafish, Danio rerio, was measured during lethal hypoxic stress after pretreatment in water at either ambient oxygen or at a lowered, but nonlethal, level of oxygen. Acclimation to nonlethal hypoxia (pO(2) congruent with 15 Torr; ca. 10% air-saturation) for 48 hr significantly extended survival time during more severe hypoxia (pO(2) congruent with 8 Torr; ca. 5% air-saturation) compared to survival of individuals with no prior hypoxic exposure. The magnitude of the acclimation effect depended upon the sex of the fish: hypoxia pretreatment increased the survival times of males by a factor of approximately 9 and that of females by a factor of 3 relative to controls. In addition, survival time of control and hypoxia acclimated fish depended upon when in the year experiments were conducted. Survival times were 2-3 times longer when measured in the late fall or winter compared to survival times measured during the spring or summer. These results demonstrate a direct survival benefit of short-term acclimation to hypoxia in this genetically tractable fish. The fact that the acclimation effect depended upon the sex of the fish and the season during which experiments were conducted demonstrates that other genetic and/or environmental factors affect hypoxia tolerance in this species. J. Exp. Zool. 289:266-272, 2001.
Seasonal Androgen and Estrogen Patterns in the Goldfish, Carassius auratus

Abstract Monthly plasma androgen levels of male and female adult goldfish (Carassius auratus), determined by competitive protein binding assay, followed patterns corresponding to seasonal environmental fluctuations. Highest androgen levels (ca 33 ng/ml) occurred during the spawning season, and lowest concentrations (ca 9 ng/ml) were found in winter. Monthly plasma estrogen patterns, determined by radioimmunoassay, remained stable for the year at approximately 1.5 ng/ml in the male. Estrogen levels in the female paralleled those of the androgens with mean concentrations of approximately 10.0 ng/ml in summer and 0.9 ng/ml in winter.
Brca1 in immunoglobulin gene conversion and somatic hypermutation

Defects in Brca1 confer susceptibility to breast cancer and genomic instability indicative of aberrant repair of DNA breaks. Brca1 was previously implicated in the homologous recombination pathway via effects on the assembly of recombinase Rad51. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) deaminates C to U in B lymphocyte immunoglobulin (Ig) DNA to initiate programmed DNA breaks. Subsequent Uracil-glycosylase mediated U removal, and perhaps further processing, leads to four known classes of mutation: Ig class switch recombination that results in a region-specific genomic deletion, Ig somatic hypermutation that introduces point mutations in Ig V-regions, Ig gene conversion in vertebrates that possess Ig pseudo-V genes, and translocations common to B cell lymphomas. We tested the involvement of Brca1 in AID-dependent Ig diversification in chicken DT40 cells. The DT40 cell line diversifies Ig Vλ mainly by gene conversion, and less so by point mutation. Brca1-deficiency caused a shift in Vλ diversification, significantly reducing the proportion of gene conversions relative to point mutations. Thus, Brca1 regulates AID-dependent DNA lesion repair. Interestingly, while Brca1 is required to recruit ubiquitinated FancD2 to DNA damage, the phenotype of Brca1-deficient DT40 differs from the one of FancD2-deficient DT40, in which both gene conversion and non-templated mutations are impaired.
Opponent recognition and social status differentiate rapid neuroendocrine responses to social challenge

Individual social status discriminates rapid neuroendocrine responses to non-social stress in male Anolis carolinensis, but whether such status-influenced reactions are retained in response to subsequent social stress is unknown. Dominant and subordinate males modify their behavioral responses to social challenge according to familiarity of the opponent, suggesting that accompanying neuroendocrine responses may differ according to opponent recognition despite social rank. We examined endocrine and neurochemical correlates of prior social status and opponent recognition during the opening stages of social challenge. Male pairs interacted and established dominant/subordinate status, followed by 3 days separation. Subsequently, subjects were paired with either the same opponent or an unfamiliar male according to rank (dominant with subordinate). After 90 s of social exposure, subjects were caught and brains and plasma collected for measurement of circulating corticosterone and limbic monoamines. Controls included pairs experiencing just one 90 s encounter plus a group of non-interacting subjects. Opponent recognition differentiated status-influenced responses, such that dominant lizards paired with familiar subordinate opponents had increased hippocampal dopamine and epinephrine, but showed increased plasma corticosterone and ventral tegmental area (VTA) norepinephrine when challenged with an unfamiliar opponent. Subordinate lizards encountering familiar opponents also had increased corticosterone, along with decreased hippocampal dopamine and increased VTA epinephrine, but showed no changes in response to an unfamiliar opponent. Such plasticity in status-influenced rapid neuroendocrine responses according to opponent recognition may be necessary for facilitating production of behavioral responses adaptive for particular social contexts, such as encountering a novel versus familiar opponent.
Diminished intrafollicular estradiol levels in in vitro fertilization cycles from women with reduced ovarian response to recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone.

Objective To correlate serum and intrafollicular E 2 levels in women receiving GnRH agonist and recombinant human (h)FSH for IVF. Design Prospective study. Setting Academic IVF center. Patient(s) Twenty-three nonhirsute ovulatory women. Intervention(s) In vitro fertilization cycles were classified as high- or low-normal response, according to whether the amount of recombinant hFSH administered was below or above, respectively, the mean recombinant hFSH given to all women combined. Serum bioactive LH and immunoreactive FSH were measured during pituitary desensitization preceding recombinant hFSH and repeated at oocyte retrieval. The first mature follicle aspirated from either ovary had a mean diameter >15 mm. Main Outcome Measure(s) Serum and follicular fluid (FF) insulin, bioactive LH, immunoreactive FSH, and steroid levels. Result(s) Basal serum gonadotropin levels were comparable between female groups. Serum immunoreactive FSH levels, but not bioactive LH levels, at oocyte retrieval were greater in cycles of low-normal vs. high-normal response, whereas maximum serum E 2 levels and total oocyte counts were similar between both groups. Despite elevated FF immunoreactive FSH levels, FF E 2 was decreased in low-normal response cycles. Intrafollicular T and P also were decreased and increased, respectively, in cycles of low-normal response, although FF bioactive LH levels were comparable in both groups. Conclusion(s) Intrafollicular E 2 is decreased in cycles of reduced ovarian responsiveness to GnRH agonist and recombinant hFSH and is not predicted by maximal serum E 2 or number of oocytes retrieved.
Role of Endothelial Dysfunction in Coronary Artery Disease

The vascular endothelium plays an essential role in regulating blood flow and other functions of the coronary arteries. Under normal conditions, the endothelium releases a number of factors that regulate arterial vasomotion. One of these factors, endothelial-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), is a vasorelaxant that is identical to, or closely related to, nitric oxide (NO). Endothelial function may be compromised in coronary artery disease (CAD) or in the presence of risk factors for CAD. In this setting, EDRF-NO activity is inhibited, which may lead to vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation, vasospasm, and thrombosis. The relation between endothelial function, arterial vasomotion, and myocardial ischemia is discussed, with particular emphasis on the role of EDRF-NO, and the therapeutic interventions that may be useful in treating the clinical consequences of endothelial dysfunction.
A SVM/HMM system for speaker recognition

A framework for combining support vector machines with hidden Markov models (HMM) is given. A HMM is used with a Viterbi alignment to generate a set of subsequences of feature vectors. Each subsequence is then scored using a support vector machine sequence kernel. Experiments are performed for both text-independent and text-prompted speaker recognition tasks. Results show that the method can dramatically reduce error rates over a support vector machine (SVM) only system.
Home or Homelike? Turkish Queers Manage Space in Berlin

In the past 10 years, queer Turkiyelis in Germany have become more visible in the urban queer scene by delineating institutional and extrainstitutional spaces. How do they manage and negotiate these spaces with each other and in the context of interacting with people from different—that is, non-Turkish—backgrounds? And do the ways in which these spaces are managed have the capacity to work against prejudices both in the German queer community and among the wider Turkiyeli population? Queer Turkiyelis employ strategies of space management that resist fixed ideas of identities and bounded cultures that multiculturalist discourses and the media might otherwise enforce. In place of fixed identity politics based on ethnicity and national belonging, there are, instead, spatial management strategies at work that create homelike spaces.
Thyroid Hormone Represses Protein Kinase C Isoform Expression and Activity in Rat Cardiac Myocytes

We have previously demonstrated that at least four isoforms of protein kinase C (PKC; alpha, delta, epsilon, and zeta) are expressed in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes and that development is associated with a decline in their expression. The mechanism(s) regulating PKC isoform expression in ventricular myocytes is completely unknown. The developmental decline in PKC expression occurs, in large part, during the first 2 weeks of postnatal life, while thyroid hormone levels are known to be progressively increasing. Accordingly, this study examined the influence of thyroid hormone on PKC isoform expression to determine whether thyroid hormone can be implicated as a potential physiological regulator of PKC gene expression during normal cardiac development. Hypothyroidism was induced in adult rats by surgical thyroidectomy; thyroid status was manipulated in cultured neonatal ventricular myocytes by growth in serum-free medium with varying triiodothyronine (T3) levels. In each case, hypothyroidism was verified by a 10- to 50-fold increase in steady state mRNA for beta-myosin heavy chain. In hypothyroid adult ventricular myocardium, there was a selective 60% increase in the expression of PKC epsilon protein that corresponded to an increase in maximally stimulated PKC enzyme activity with PKC epsilon substrate peptide (epsilon pep) but not with histone as substrate. Northern blot analysis revealed a 70% increase in PKC epsilon mRNA, indicating that the regulatory effects of thyroid hormone are mediated, at least in part, at the message level. In neonatal ventricular myocytes, there was a T3-dependent reduction in immunoreactivity for both PKC alpha and PKC epsilon that was associated with significant reductions in both histone- and epsilon pep-kinase activities. The concentration of T3 that half-maximally repressed PKC alpha and PKC epsilon expression was approximately 0.5 nmol/L. Thyroid hormone had no effect on PKC delta and PKC zeta expression in neonatal or adult ventricular myocytes. PKC isoform expression in cardiac fibroblasts was not influenced by variations in the thyroid hormone concentration during culture. These results provide evidence that thyroid hormone specifically represses PKC alpha and PKC epsilon in the neonatal heart and PKC epsilon in the adult heart. Thyroid hormone-induced changes in PKC may play an important permissive role in the modulation of autonomic responsiveness in ventricular cardiomyocytes.
Reversible statistical max/min operation: concept and applications to timing

The increasing significance of variability in modern sub-micron manufacturing process has led to the development and use of statistical techniques for chip timing analysis and optimization. Statistical timing involves fundamental operations like statistical-add, sub, max and min to propagate timing information (modeled as random variables with known probability distributions) through a timing graph model of a chip design. Although incremental timing during optimization updates timing information of only certain parts of the timing-graph, lack of established reversible statistical max or min techniques forces more-than-required computations. This paper describes the concept of reversible statistical max and min for correlated Gaussian random variables, and suggests potential applications to statistical timing. A formal proof is presented to establish the uniqueness of reversible statistical max. Experimental results show run-time savings when using the presented technique in the context of chipslack computation during incremental timing optimization.
CAN STATE COURTS PRODUCE SOCIAL REFORM? SCHOOL FINANCE EQUALIZATION IN KENTUCKY, TEXAS, AND NEW JERSEY

One model of judicial capacity holds that litigation can produce significant social change when courts promulgate a clear remedy, monitor closely the legislative response, and enforce aggressively their rulings. But this framework cannot adequately account for the outcomes of a series of prominent state supreme court rulings in the area of school finance equalization. An examination of the relationship among courts, political institutions, public opinion, and education reform in Kentucky, Texas, and New Jersey provides support for an alternate model of judicial capacity. Litigation can produce social reform, but only when there is existing support for reform goals in the public and in the legislative or executive branches, and then only when the judicial decision provides flexibility for the political actors who support these goals.
On the Performance of Analytical Channel Models in Capturing Channel Correlation Structure

This paper investigates the capabilities of analytical MIMO channel models in correctly capturing the underlying correlation structure of geometrically-based channel structures. The limitations and performance differences of two correlation-based analytical models, the Kronecker model and a structured eigenbasis model are examined. Additional insight into the limitations of using either model in accurately predicting system performance is provided through an examination of common channel metrics and the impact of modeling mismatch on those metrics.
A Comparative Study of Phytoestrogen Action in Mitigating Apoptosis Induced by Oxidative Stress

The phytoestrogens kaempferol, genistein and genistin were characterized using in vitro assays utilizing iodoacetic acid (IAA)-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. RGC-5 cells were treated with different concentrations of IAA, and phytoestrogens were administered along with IAA. IAA is cytotoxic to RGC-5 cells and induces the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitro. Genistein rescued RGC-5 cells in the presence of IAA, however, it also increased caspase activation and did not inhibit the generation of ROS. Genistein increased phosphorylation of ribosomal s6 kinase (p90RSK), reduced phosphorylation of the ribosomal S6 protein, and had no effect on phosphorylation of protein kinase B (AKT). Kaempferol and genistin rescued RGC-5 cells from IAA-induced cell death, as well as reduced caspase activation and ROS generation. Kaempferol increased phosphorylation of AKT and MAP kinase (p44/42). Genistin reduced phosphorylation of p42 and p90RSK. Although these phytoestrogens are flavonoids and similar in structure, they exhibit different effects on cell signaling.
Dissociative Experiences in Hypothetically Psychosis-Prone College Students

The relationship between dissociative experiences and psychosis proneness was investigated in a sample of 523 college undergraduates. Participants were administered the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES), the Perceptual Aberration Scale, the Magical Ideation Scale, the Social Anhedonia Scale, and the Physical Anhedonia Scale. As hypothesized, the Perceptual Aberration and Magical Ideation Scales were positively correlated with the DES. The Social Anhedonia Scale had a modest correlation with the DES, but this relationship was largely mediated by the Perceptual Aberration and Magical Ideation Scales. The Physical Anhedonia Scale was uncorrelated with the DES. Exploratory factor analysis of the psychosis-proneness scales and the DES subscales resulted in a three-factor solution: dissociative experiences, positive schizotypy, and negative schizotypy. The DES depersonalization subscale loaded on both the dissociation and positive schizotypy factors.
A Great-Grandson Breaks New Ground in Critical IR Thought

The author underscores the importance of the book under review and raises a few questions about its method and certain of its findings.