cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cellular sites of expression of the neurokinin-1 receptor in the rat gastrointestinal tract.

In the digestive system, substance P is an excitatory transmitter to muscle, a putative excitatory neuro-neuronal transmitter, a vasodilator, and a mediator in inflammatory processes. Many of the biological effects of substance P are mediated by a high-affinity interaction with the tachykinin receptor neurokinin-1. The aim of the present study was to identify the sites of expression of this receptor in the rat stomach and intestine by immunchistochernistry with a polyclonal antiserum raised to the intracellular C-terminal portion of the rat neurokinin-1 receptor. Neurokinin-1- receptor immunoreactivity is present in a large population of enteric neurons. The relative density of these neurons along the gut is colon > ileum ≫ stomach. In the intestine, stained neurons have a smooth cell body with processes that can be followed within and between plexuses, and make close approaches to other neuronal cells, but do not appear to project outside the plexuses, suggesting that they are interneurons. In the stomach, neurokinin-1 receptor-immunoreactive neurons are infrequent and have a poorly defined and irregular shapet Neurokinin-1 receptor immunoreactivity is also localized to numerous non-neuronal cells in the inner portion of the circular muscle layer of the small intestine, which have the appearance of small dark smooth muscle cells or interstitial cells of Cajal. These cells are postulated to form a “stretch-sensitive” system with the deep muscular plexus and thus constitute an important site of regulation of muscle activity. Double labeling immunofluorescence was used to simultaneously localize neurokinin-1 receptor and substance P/tachykinin immunoreactivities. These experiments demonstrate that in the enteric plexuses, substance P/tachykinin-immunoreactive varicose fibers encircle the cell bodies of most neurokinin-1 receptor-containing neurons, and in the inner portion of the circular muscle layer of the small intestine they lie close to neurokinin-1 receptor-immunoreactive non-neuronal cells. In addition, some enteric-neurons express both neurokinin-1 receptor and substance P/tachykinin immunoreactivities. The present study provides strong evidence that the neurokinin-1 receptor is the tachykinin receptor mediating the actions of substance P on enteric neurons and smooth muscle. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The association between diabetes and postpartum depression

This study aims to estimate if diabetic women were more likely to experience postpartum depression symptoms than women without diabetes. This was a prospective cohort of women who received prenatal care at a hospital-affiliated prenatal clinic serving low-income women in Chicago, Illinois. For the primary analysis, women were divided by diabetes status (i.e., no diabetes or either gestational diabetes or pre-pregnancy diabetes). Postpartum depression was defined as a positive screen on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Rates of postpartum depression were compared, stratified by diabetic status. A multivariable logistic regression was performed to control for potential confounders. A planned secondary analysis compared women with pre-pregnancy diabetes to those without pre-pre-pregnancy diabetes. Three hundred and five women consented to participate of whom 100 (30.5 %) had gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and 33 (10.8 %) had pre-pregnancy diabetes. Compared to women without any diabetes, women with diabetes (either GDM or pre-pregnancy diabetes) had similar rates of antenatal [(OR) 0.69, 95 % CI) 0.44-1.08] and postpartum depression (OR 0.74, 95 % CI 0.33-1.66). However, postpartum depression was more common among women with pre-pregnancy diabetes (34.8 %) compared to non-diabetic women (16.7 %) (OR 2.67, 95 % CI 1.05-6.78). This association persisted even after adjusting for potential confounders (aOR 2.67, 95 % CI 1.05-9.79). Gestational diabetes was not associated with increased rates of depression. However, women with pre-pregnancy diabetes are more likely to experience postpartum depression compared to women without pre-pregnancy diabetes, even after adjusting for related comorbidities.
The microbiological determination of proline, cystine, and isoleucine

The basal medium proposed by Dunn, et al., for the microbiological determination of amino acids using Leuconostoc mesenteroides P‐60 has been modified so as to increase the acid production. The arginine content of the medium has been increased fivefold, the alanine content reduced by one‐half; norleucine, norvaline, as well as hydroxyproline, have been omitted. The proposed medium has applied to the determination of proline, cystine, and isoleucine in various hydrolyzed proteins. Recovery experiments gave results falling within the limits of error for the microbiological assays in general.
Hookup security for synchronous machines

The author further delineates and improves the evidence that nondeducibility on strategies is a respectable candidate for a definition of security against information compromise, at least for the class of systems that can be modeled as synchronized state machines. First, the author confirms the thesis of J.T. Wittbold and D.M. Johnson (1990) that nondeducibility on strategies is stronger than the notion of nondeducibility on inputs, defined by D. Sutherland (1986), which is generally viewed as a minimum requirement for security. Second, it is shown that nondeducibility on strategies is preserved when two machines that are secure by this definition are hooked up arbitrarily, even when loops are created by the interconnection. In order to make these more general hookups possible, it is necessary to generalize the definition of a synchronized state machine. >
Multiple Regulators Control Capsular Polysaccharide Production in Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a biofouling marine bacterium and human pathogen, undergoes phase variation displaying translucent (TR) and opaque (OP) colony morphologies. Prior studies demonstrated that OP colonies produce more capsular polysaccharide (CPS) than TR colonies and that opacity is controlled by the Vibrio harveyi LuxR-type transcriptional activator OpaR. CPS has also been shown to be regulated by the scrABC signaling pathway, which involves a GGDEF-EAL motif-containing sensory protein. The present study identifies cps genes and examines their regulation. Transposon insertions in the cps locus, which contains 11 genes, abolished opacity. Such mutants failed to produce CPS and were defective in pellicle formation in microtiter wells and in a biofilm attachment assay. Reporter fusions to cpsA, the first gene in the locus, showed approximately 10-fold-enhanced transcription in the OP (opaR+) strain compared to a TR (deltaopaR) strain. Two additional transcriptional regulators were discovered. One potential activator, CpsR, participates in the scrABC GGDEF-EAL-signaling pathway; CpsR was required for the increased cps expression observed in scrA deltaopaR strains. CpsR, which contains a conserved module found in members of the AAA+ superfamily of ATP-interacting proteins, is homologous to Vibrio cholerae VpsR; however, unlike VpsR, CpsR was not essential for cps expression. CpsS, the second newly identified regulator, contains a CsgD-type DNA-binding domain and appears to act as a repressor. Mutants with cpsS defects have greatly elevated cps transcription; their high level of cpsA expression was CpsR dependent in TR strains and primarily OpaR dependent in OP strains. Thus, a network of positive and negative regulators modulates CPS production in V. parahaemolyticus.
Widespread use of complementary and alternative medicine among non-Hodgkin lymphoma survivors.

There are few studies examining complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use and beliefs among nonHodgkin lymphoma (NHL) survivors. Seven hundred and nineteen patients with NHL from the University of Iowa/Mayo Clinic Molecular Epidemiology Resource who completed the 3-year post-diagnosis questionnaire were included in this study. Altogether 636 (89%) reported ever using CAM, with 78% utilizing vitamins, 54% alternative therapies and 45% herbals. Female gender was associated with increased overall CAM use ( p 0.0001) as well as use of vitamins ( p 0.0001), herbals ( p 0.006) and alternative therapy ( p 0.0002) for cancer. Older age ( 60) was associated with increased vitamin use ( p 0.005) and decreased herbal use ( p 0.008). Among users, 143 (20%) believed CAM assists healing, 123 (17%) believed CAM relieves symptoms, 122 (17%) believed CAM gives a feeling of control, 110 (15%) believed CAM assists other treatments, 108 (15%) believed CAM boosts immunity, 26 (4%) believed CAM cures cancer and 36 (5%) believed CAM prevents the spread of cancer.
REIT Auditor Fees and Financial Market Transparency

∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗∗ This article examines the relationship between overinvestment in audit services, abnormal nonaudit fees paid to the auditor and market-based measures of firm transparency. Because real estate investment trusts (REITs) must distribute 90% of their earnings as dividends, many are repeat participants in the seasoned equity market. Thus, REITs have unusually strong incentives to strive for security market transparency. We find that the capital markets reward REITs that overinvest in audit services with better liquidity as measured by bid-ask spreads. However, firms with abnormally high nonaudit expenditures appear to be penalized with wider spreads, consistent with the notion that such fees may compromise auditor independence.
Using the chinese remainder theorem in constructing confounded designs for mixed factorial experiments

A procedure for constructing confounded designs for mixed factorial experiments derived from the Chinese Remainder Theorem is presented. The present procedure as well as others, all through use of modular arithmetic, are compared.
An analysis of risk for defaultable bond portfolios

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to estimate value at risk (VaR) using quantile regression and provide a risk analysis for defaultable bond portfolios.Design/methodology/approach – The method proposed is based on quantile regression pioneered by Koenker and Bassett. The quantile regression approach allows for a general treatment on the error distribution and is robust to distributions with heavy tails.Findings – This article provides a risk analysis for defaultable bond portfolios using quantile regression method. In the proposed model we use information variables such as short‐term interest rates and term spreads as covariates to improve the estimation accuracy. The study also finds that confidence intervals constructed around the estimated VaRs can be very wide under volatile market conditions, making the estimated VaRs less reliable when their accurate measurement is most needed.Originality/value – Provides a risk analysis for defaultable bond using quantile regression approach.
Creating a More Responsible Public Dialogue About the Social, Ethical, and Legal Aspects of Genomics

Most would agree that we need a better informed and more rational public dialogue about genomics research, including cloning for therapeutic stem cell research, genetic testing, and somatic genetic therapy. The current moratorium on genetic therapy in human beings, and the recent legislation banning therapeutic use of cloning stem cells, invites a new dialogue between scientists and society in order to examine social goods, risks, and benefits of the current genomics research program. However, public dialogue is hampered by confusion and little awareness of the ways social and scientific concerns interact in the public debate. The science of genomics creates public disclosive spaces in the media and society in general that influence people’s ways of understanding themselves and scientific agendas. Science itself is embedded in our social worlds and imbued with meanings and goals that are social. Society and the media create symbolic and mythic structures around scientif ic constructs, so that it becomes hard to think about the constructs strictly in “scientific” terms or strictly in terms of ethical and social concerns. For example, people request genetic tests, believing that the tests for APOE and PSI will reveal their possible risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease, though these tests are not truly predictive and currently such testing is limited to those who already have symptoms of dementia. 1
Non-Fermi-Liquid Behavior of SrRuO 3 : Evidence from Infrared Conductivity

The reflectivity of the itinerant ferromagnet $\mathrm{SrRuO}{}_{3}$ has been measured between 50 and 25 000 $\mathrm{cm}{}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at temperatures ranging from 40 to 300 K, and used to obtain conductivity, scattering rate, and effective mass as a function of frequency and temperature. We find that at low temperatures the conductivity falls unusually slowly as a function of frequency (proportional to $1/{\ensuremath{\omega}}^{1/2}$), and at high temperatures it even appears to increase as a function of frequency in the far-infrared limit. The data suggest that the charge dynamics of $\mathrm{SrRuO}{}_{3}$ are substantially different from those of Fermi-liquid metals.
Effect of 1-Amantanamine Hydrochloride (Amantadine HCl) and Methyl-1-Adamatanethylamine Hydrochloride (Rimantadine HCl) on Transmission of Influenza Virus Infection in Mice:

SummaryComparisons were made of the relative effectiveness of amantadine HCl and its analogue rimantadine HCl in protecting mice against influenza A2/Jap. 305 virus infection. Identical doses of the 2 compounds were injected intraperitoneally prior to exposure to an artificial aerosol of virus or to influenza virus infection transmitted by other mice. Amantadine HC1 had virtually no effect in these studies in suppressing pulmonary virus titers, preventing lung lesions, or in decreasing the likelihood of acquisition of infection transmitted by other mice. In contrast, intraperitoneal injection of rimantadine resulted in lower pulmonary virus titers, less severe lung lesions, and decreased antibody response following challenge with 100 MID/50 of A2/Jap. 305 virus, and rimantadine treated mice were less capable of transmitting infection to contact animals than amantadine treated or control infector mice. Furthermore, rimantadine treatment increased the quantity of aerosolized virus needed to initiate infecti...
Song Sparrow Males Use Female-Typical Vocalizations in Fall

In many species of north temperate-zone passerines, females do not sing, but rather use female-specific calls for acoustic communication. In a resident population in Washington state, banded adult male Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia) outside the breeding season used a vocalization (chitter call) previously believed to be used only by females. This phenomenon has not been observed previously because most field studies of temperate passerines are confined to the breeding season. In this population, juvenile males attempt to establish territories in fall when they do not yet sing fully crystallized songs. Use of female-typical vocalizations by adult males outside the breeding season may allow adults of both sexes to communicate about territories to juvenile males who cannot yet sing the full adult songs males typically use to communicate territorial boundaries.
Aberration analyses needed for FDA evaluation of safety and effectiveness of wavefront-guided refractive surgical devices.

PURPOSE: Manufacturers of refractive surgical lasers are seeking Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for refractive surgery based on wavefront measurements rather than manifest refractions. This article draws attention to the need for better understanding of the relationship between aberrations and visual function and better testing methods for evaluating safety and effectiveness of wavefront-guided refractive surgery. METHODS: Before U.S. market approval for a new medical device, the FDA must determine whether the manufacturer has provided reasonable assurance that the device is safe and effective for its intended use, based on valid scientific evidence. The issues discussed here are based on FDA reviewers' experiences in evaluating Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) and Premarket Approval (PMA) applications for wavefront-guided refractive lasers. RESULTS: Even an optimal wavefront correction can provide only a marginally greater visual function benefit than a conventional spherocylindrical correction in a normal eye. Actual benefits are even smaller or nonexistent because variability from uncontrollable sources (eg, healing, aging, accommodation, pupil size, or ocular biomechanical effects) are typically larger than the errors treated. The effects of higher order aberrations and aberration changes on visual function are complex and poorly understood. CONCLUSIONS: The FDA's need for better tools to assess safety and effectiveness of wavefront-guided refractive surgery has stimulated major research efforts within the vision, ophthalmic, and optometric research communities. More research is needed to better understand the relationship between aberrations and visual function, and to be able to predict the visual effects of specific aberration changes in individual eyes. This research would have been more appropriately done before rather than after clinical trials for wavefront-guided refractive lasers.
Multiphysics modeling of solid-oxide iron–air redox battery: analysis and optimization of operation and performance parameters

The present study reports a systematic computational analysis of the performance of solid oxide metal-air redox battery operated at 800 and 550 °C using a recently developed high-fidelity multiphysics model. Two sets of parameters are particularly investigated: (1) operational parameters including current density and depth of discharge; (2) performance parameters including the chemical reaction kinetic rate constant of the redox cycle unit and exchange current density of the regenerative solid oxide fuel cell. These two groups of parameters are particularly analyzed with the goal to achieve high specific energy and round trip efficiency for SOIARB operated at different operating temperatures.
Musculoskeletal Disorders and Ergonomics

The occurrence of musculoskeletal disorders and its ergonomic factors are summarized. Through some ergonomic control measures,such as improving work condition,arranging labor organization reasonably,carrying out health education and training,the occurrence of musculoskeletal disorders could be prevented and controled.
Review: LC Foto: Le Corbusier Secret Photographer by Tim Benton

Tim Benton LC Foto: Le Corbusier Secret Photographer Zurich: Lars Muller Publishers, 2013, 416 pp., 103 color and 628 b/w illus. $65 (cloth), ISBN 9783037783443 Tim Benton is an extraordinary historian of Le Corbusier. Thirty years ago, he published Villas of Le Corbusier, 1920–1930 ; in 1987, the prized catalogue to the London centennial exhibition Le Corbusier: Architect of the Century ; and, in 2007, Rhetoric of Modernism: Le Corbusier as a Lecturer. In LC Foto: Le Corbusier Secret Photographer , Benton combines his knowledge of the architect with a remarkable understanding of architectural photography to reveal Le Corbusier’s personal activity as a photographer during the only two periods of the architect’s life when he took pictures: 1907–17 and 1936–38. Benton divides his book into two distinct parts, presenting the photographs and films chronologically in thirteen albums. The first part comprises four albums and examines photographs made by the young Charles-Edouard Jeanneret—before he adopted the pseudonym “Le Corbusier”—at a time when, as Benton notes, “he was uncertain in his vocation between art and architecture” (43). Made with different cameras mostly on extensive tours of Europe in 1907 and 1911, these photographs are housed in the city library of Jeanneret’s hometown, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland, and were the subject of Giuliano Gresleri’s 1985 Le Corbusier, viaggio in Oriente: Gli inediti di Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, fotografo e scrittore , which reproduced 600 of them. Benton describes the young Jeanneret’s three cameras, elaborating on the properties of each instrument and explaining in detail the physics of the camera and the manner in which it sees. By aligning the cameras Jeanneret owned with the photographs he made, Benton determines which images were made when, as well as how the images were affected by the limitations of the photography equipment employed. Using this knowledge, he gently corrects Gresleri’s earlier findings. The second and …
Chapter 11 – Other Metal Shaping Processes

This chapter introduces us to some of the other important metal shaping processes. There are three types of metal shaping processes: casting, forming, and machining. This chapter also discusses extrusion and forging. Extrusion is a process of converting a cast or wrought billet into a long prismatic part of uniform cross–section by pushing the billet through a die. Forging is a process of plastically deforming metal into desired shapes by compressing the work piece between two dies. Open die and closed die are types of forging. There are different types of forging machines that can be used as hammers and presses. Hammers are either gravity type or power assisted. Forging presses can be either mechanically driven or hydraulically driven. In addition, the chapter discusses aluminum extrusion, its process, and the qualitative reasoning on Design For Manufacturing (DFM) for aluminum extrusion. The chapter also provides designers a qualitative understanding of those processes to help support their design decisions and their communications with manufacturing engineers.
Effect of Different Doses of NK Chemical Fertilizers and Compost on Growth and Yield Attributes of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of NK chemical fertilizers in combination with compost on the growth and yield attributes of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). The pot experiment was done in a complete randomized block design possessing eight treatments with four replicates. Fruit weight, pulp weight, seed weight, total soluble solid, leaf area and dry weights of plat parts were taken and fruit yield was calculated. All the collected data were subjected to statistical analysis. The results revealed that there were significant differences in fruit and seed weights, total soluble solid, pulp weight, 100 seed weight, pulp consistency, leaf area and crop residue. In these parameters, higher mean values were recorded in chemical fertilizers (7.5 g N + 6 g K2O + 15 g P2O5 per m2) with compost (2 kg per m2) than those in the chemical fertilizers applied alone (9.0 g N + 8 g K2O + 15 g P2O5 per m2as standard control). Total soluble solid and fruit yield were 5.73 obrix and 3.21 kg/m2 respectively in the chemical fertilizers with compost (7.5 g N + 6 g K2O + 15 g P2O5 +2 kg compost per m2) treated plants and these were statically on par with the standard control which gave 4.36 obrix total soluble solid and 3.05 kg/m2 fruit yield. The result could be concluded that application of chemical fertilizers (7.5 g N + 6 g K2O + 15 g P2O5 per m2) with compost (2 kg per m2) could increase the total soluble solid and fruit yield as well as reduce the usage of chemical fertilizers in tomato cultivation over the standard control in sandy regosol.
Joint Fuzzy Probability Distributions

This Chapter generalizes Chapters 4 and 8 to multivariable fuzzy probability distributions. Since the discrete case and the continuous case are similar, just interchange summation and integrals symbols, we only present the continuous case in Section 10.2. Applications are in the next Chapter. The continuous case is based on [1]. For simplicity we will consider only the joint fuzzy probability distributions for two fuzzy random variables.
Silver Alerts: A Notification System for Communities with Missing Adults

As the U.S. population ages, the prevalence of dementia will grow and communities will face the problem of older adults wandering or becoming lost. Silver Alert systems are programs designed to locate missing older adults with dementia or other mental disabilities. Such programs have been initiated in all but five states. Data collection for these programs is often minimal or incomplete. Social workers should be involved in prevention, follow up and education with caregivers, community members and law enforcement officers. When reviewing Silver Alert policy, special attention must be given to ethical concerns and protection of older adults' civil rights.
Single-Cell Transcriptome Analysis of Neural Stem Cells

Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult central nervous system play essential roles in both normal homeostasis and repair of damaged tissue after injury. The study of adult NSCs is hampered by the heterogeneous NSC population. In this review, we describe recent progresses in using single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) technique for the investigation of NSCs. The first part of this review focuses on the scRNA-seq techniques and bioinformatic analysis. The second part emphasizes the applications of scRNA-seq analysis in NSC research. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future directions of scRNA-seq technique for both basic research and regenerative medicine.
Optofluidic reactors for reverse combustion photocatalytic production of hydrocarbons (Conference Presentation)

In combustion, hydrocarbon fuels are burned with oxygen to release energy, carbon dioxide and water vapor. Here, we introduce a photocatalytic reactor for reversing this process, when carbon dioxide and water are combined and using optical and thermal energy from the sun hydrocarbons are produced and oxygen is released. This allows for the sustainable production of hydrocarbon products from non-fossil sources, allowing for the development of “green” hydrocarbon products. Our reactors take the form of modular cells of 10 x 10 x 10 cm scale where light is delivered to nanostructured catalysts through the evanescent field around dielectric slab waveguides. The light distribution is optimized through the use of engineered scattering sites to enhance field uniformity. This is combined with integrated fluidic architecture to deliver a stream rich in water and carbon dioxide (such as exhaust from a natural gas burning plant) to the nanostructured catalyst particles in a narrow channel. Exhaust streams rich in oxygen and hydrocarbon products are collected at the outlet of the reactor cell. The cell is heated using solar thermal energy and temperatures of up to 200°C are achieved, enhancing reaction efficiency. Hydrocarbon products produced include methanol as well as other potentially useful molecules for fuel production or precursors to the manufacture of plastics. These reactors can be coupled to solar collectors to take advantage of the sun as a free source of heat and light, and the modular nature of the cells enables scaling to larger deployments.
Lexical-rule predicativism about names

Predicativists hold that proper names have predicate-type semantic values. They face an obvious challenge: in many languages (English among them) names normally occur as, what appear to be, grammatical arguments (call these bare occurrences). The standard version of predicativism answers this challenge by positing an unpronounced determiner in bare occurrences. I argue that this is a mistake. Predicativists should draw a distinction between two kinds of semantic type—underived semantic type and derived semantic type. The predicativist thesis concerns the underived semantic type of proper names and underdetermines a view about the semantic type of bare occurrences. I’ll argue that predicativists should hold that bare names are derived individual-denoting expressions. I end by considering what this result means for the relationship between predicativism and other metalinguistic theories of names.
Solid Variant of Aneurysmal Bone Cyst of the Temporal Bone

Objectives:Aneurysmal bone cysts (ABC) are benign, rapidly growing osteolytic lesions. Solid variant of ABC (SVABC) is a rare subtype of ABC that has not been reported in the temporal bone.Methods:...
Mining Mobile Sequential Patterns in Wireless Cellular Networks

In this paper, we have taken concepts of data partitioning methods and modified the well known algorithm SPADE (Sequential PAttern Discovery using Equivalence classes), which we have implemented over a mining model, called mining mobile sequential patterns, and called MobileSPADE. From this, we have devised two innovative forms, called Fixed-MobileSPADE algorithm and Dynamic-MobileSPADE algorithm, which will mine for mobile sequential patterns from either fixed-length or dynamic-length transactions. In mining for mobile sequential patterns in a mobile commerce environment, we used tower ID data extracted from a dataset that was constructed and managed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Media Lab: Reality Mining Project, which logged objective data from 100 mobile device users for a period of nine months, to represent mobile user’s movements. Prediction analyses results were used to measure the performance of Fixed-MobileSPADE and Dynamic-MobileSPADE algorithms on the mining mobile sequential patterns model. Results show that as the quantity of items that are taken into consideration for mining mobile sequential patterns increases, the prediction accuracy correspondingly increases.
Recent Applications of Exo-Electron Emission

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the recent applications of photostimulated electron emission (PEEE) to illustrate the unique capabilities of this new approach for the study of metal deformation. Two types of instrumentation have been developed for PEEE: (1) a photoelectron microscope, which images the exo-electrons directly to provide microscopic information on the fracture of the surface oxide, and (2) a laser scanning system wherein the measurements of the intensity of PEEE provide quantitative information on the distribution and extent of the surface deformation of the metal. The chapter discusses the recent applications of these techniques through the observations of the modes of fracture of anodic oxide films on aluminum, measurements of localized fatigue damage in hardened steels, and observations of the plastic zone that controls fatigue crack propagation. The intensity of PEEE can also be related to the surface deformation of the metal. However, the specific relationship is a function of both the fracture strain and the mode of fracture of the surface oxide involved.
Application of problem-based learning to clinical dental education.

Problem-based learning provides a mechanism for learning in a manner that most closely simulates the future practice environment. PBL was initiated in medical education in the 1960s, and two-thirds of U.S. medical schools use PBL in their programs. The University of Southern California School of Dentistry has moved to the PBL model to give its dental students the knowledge base required to meet accreditation standards and to prepare them to be beginning general practitioners. This article explains how USC uses PBL in its dental curriculum.
Religious Orientations of H. G. Wells: a Case Study in Scientific Humanism

The literary career of H. G. Wells began in the reign of Victoria and extended beyond World War II. For some three decades down into the 1930's his ideas on the human situation and the probable future of mankind were as much a part of the popular mind as those of anyone else writing in English. In the last decade of his life, however, there was a sharp decline of interest in Wells which brought him to almost total eclipse by his death in 1946. He had reflected important facets of the mind of an age, and that age had passed. Even at the height of his fame, as we can see clearly now, he was not in the first rank of literary figures and was much less sensitive to what was happening in the West than Eliot or Conrad or even Aldous Huxley.
Is Variation in Biological and Residential Ties to Children Linked to Mothers’ Parental Stress and Perceptions of Coparenting?:

Mothers with children from prior relationships or with stepchildren may perceive greater challenges in parenting than their counterparts in less complex families. We use the Families and Relationsh...
Study on crop residue coverage in the state of Iowa and its importance in regional water supply

Abstract Transfer of nutrients and other toxic chemicals from agricultural fields to ground and surface water sources have become a major concern for regional planners in the State of Iowa. It depends on the strength of soil, residue coverage, terrain condition, and annual rainfall. South Fork portion of the Iowa River is fed by Tipton Creek, Honey Creek, Beaver Creek etc. watersheds and this area are located close to cities like Iowa Falls, Marshalltown, and Eldora. Land cover in this area is dominated by corn and soybean production. Presence of higher residue coverage means no-tillage farming practice in agricultural fields and it reduces the force with which raindrops fall on the soil. Correlation between residue coverage and Normalized Difference Tillage Index (NDTI) has been used as the method to identify the presence of tillage practice in agricultural fields. Residue coverage was less than 30% in 352 agricultural fields located adjacent to the South Fork portion of the Iowa River and the positive correlation between NDTI and residue coverage represents the effectiveness of data calculation procedure. A solution of these problems will require both policy and design based initiatives over a long period of time and implementation of existing natural resource management laws.
Fabrication of stoichiometric U3Si2 fuel pellets.

Abstract Uranium silicide, U3Si2, is an accident tolerant fuel type which is gaining momentum as a replacement fuel for uranium dioxide (UO2). Idaho National Laboratories has been fabricating phase pure U3Si2 fuel pellets for use in various irradiation and material characterization experiments. Stoichiometric U3Si2 fuel pellets were fabricated using a powder metallurgy and arc melting technique. The use of the stoichiometric ratio to alloy uranium and silicon, and sintering in a vacuum environment allowed for the fabrication of high density (>94% theoretical density), phase pure pellets, greater than 94% U3Si2. Silicon volatilization was not observed in the as-sintered microstructure, which has been verified through XRD and SEM, thus eliminating the need to alloy a substoichiometric U/Si ratio. • Stoichiometric ratio of U to Si used to form U3Si2 phase. • Decrease in secondary phases present confirm absence of silicon volatilization. • Analysis via XRD and SEM confirm the phase purity of the U3Si2 fuel pellets.
The Costs of Free Land: The Oklahoma Land Rushes

There is an extensive literature in economic history on the disposition of public lands of the United States. Absent from this literature is any consideration of the Oklahoma Territory and the two unusual methods used to dispose of its lands. One method was a land rush where entrants literally raced to claim surveyed lots; the other was a lottery where random chance determined who won. This article develops a model of resource allocation applicable to land rushes and lotteries and examines evidence drawn from the Oklahoma land competitions. The model suggests that rent dissipation occurred. The available evidence corroborates this: some, if not all, of the benefits participants gained from the allocation of “free lands” were dissipated, although there are distinguishable differences in the real costs imposed by the two methods.
Effectively Integrating Direct Instruction and Discrete Trial Training Across Routines, Activities, and Environments:

With young children, there is often an instructional focus on naturalistic interactions between the child and environment. In special education, there are times when direct instruction (di) and dis...
Shortest paths in Dragonfly systems

Dragonfly is a topology for high-performance computer systems designed to exploit technology trends and meet challenging system constraints, particularly on power. In a Dragonfly system, compute nodes are attached to switches, the switches are organized into groups, and the network is organized as a two-level clique, with an edge between every switch in a group and an edge between every pair of groups. This means that every pair of switches is separated by at most three hops, one within a source group, one from the source group to the destination group, and one within the destination group. Routing using paths of this form is typically called "minimal routing". In this paper, we show that the resulting paths are not always the shortest possible. We then propose a new class of paths that can be used without additional networking hardware and count its members that are shorter than or of equal length to these "minimal paths".
Abstract WP121: Incorporating CT-Perfusion Imaging in Acute Stroke Therapy Workflow Does Not Delay Door to Needle Time for Intravenous t-PA

Introduction: Brain perfusion imaging has become an integral part of acute stroke therapy, especially for the extended time window. A streamlined workflow is essential to reduce delays in acute str...
Outcomes with segmentectomy versus lobectomy in patients with clinical T1cN0M0 non-small cell lung cancer.

Abstract Objective We hypothesize that segmentectomy is associated with similar recurrence-free and overall survival when compared with lobectomy in the setting of patients with clinical T1cN0M0 non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC; >2-3 cm), as defined by the American Joint Committee on Cancer 8th edition staging system. Methods We performed a single-institution retrospective study identifying patients undergoing segmentectomy (90) versus lobectomy (279) for T1c NSCLC from January 1, 2003, to December 31, 2016. Univariate, multivariable, and propensity score–weighted analyses were performed to analyze the following endpoints: freedom from recurrence, overall survival, and time to recurrence. Results Patients undergoing segmentectomy were older than patients undergoing lobectomy (71.5 vs 68.8, respectively, P = .02). There were no differences in incidence of major complications (12.4% vs 11.7%, P = .85), hospital length of stay (6.2 vs 7 days, P = .19), and mortality at 30 (1.1% vs 1.7%, P = 1) and 90 days (2.2% vs 2.3%, P = 1). In addition, there were no statistical differences in locoregional (12.2% vs 8.6%, P = .408), distant (11.1% vs 13.9%, P = .716), or overall recurrence (23.3% vs 22.5%, P = 1), as well as 5-year freedom from recurrence (68.6% vs 75.8%, P = .5) or 5-year survival (57.8% vs 61.0%, P = .9). Propensity score–matched analysis found no differences in overall survival (hazard ratio [HR], 1.034; P = .764), recurrence-free survival (HR, 1.168; P = .1391), or time to recurrence (HR, 1.053; P = .7462). Conclusions In the setting of clinical T1cN0M0 NSCLC, anatomic segmentectomy was not associated with significant differences in recurrence-free or overall survival at 5 years. Further prospective randomized trials are needed to corroborate the expansion of the role of anatomic segmentectomy to all American Joint Committee on Cancer 8th Edition Stage 1A NSCLC.
Not Your Average Seizure: A Case of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis and Review of Literature.

Encephalitis is an inflammatory process of the brain that is most commonly related to infectious etiology; nonetheless, autoimmune encephalitis has been an increasingly identified entity that can cause it as well and should be considered. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis is a recently identified process but remains less recognized than autoimmune encephalitis. We report a case of an 18-year old female who initially presented with seizures and later developed behavioral symptoms of agitation, crying, screaming, and emotional lability. Ultimately, she was found to have NMDA receptor encephalitis related to ovarian paraneoplastic teratoma. The patient was treated with anti-epileptics and intravenous immunoglobulin and underwent oophorectomy that lead to her recovery. This case highlights the importance of early recognition of NMDA receptor encephalitis to facilitate appropriate investigations and management.
Time to change blanket prophylactic treatment

I share the concerns outlined in the news article ‘Contaminated rivers are “deeply troubling”’, and Josh Loeb’s editorial in the same issue ( VR , 28 November–12 December 2020, vol 187, pp 423, 425). These presented recent research from the University of Sussex which showed high levels of common topical ectoparasiticides (including fipronil and imidocloprid) in UK rivers between 2016 and 2018. The fact that a number of these toxic chemicals have been banned from use in agriculture (with no recorded use since 2016) but are still present …
Impact of prescription drug monitoring program mandate on postoperative opioid prescriptions in children.

Prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) have been established to combat the opioid epidemic, but there is no data on their efficacy in children. We hypothesized that a statewide PDMP mandate would be associated with fewer opioid prescriptions in pediatric surgical patients. Patients < 18 undergoing inguinal hernia repair, orchiopexy, orchiectomy, appendectomy, or cholecystectomy at a tertiary children’s hospital were included. The primary outcome, discharge opioid prescription, was compared for 10 months pre-PDMP (n = 158) to 10 months post-PDMP (n = 228). Interrupted time series analysis was performed to determine the effect of the PDMP on opioid prescribing. Over the 20-month study period, there was an overall decrease in the rate of opioid prescriptions per month (− 3.6% change, p < 0.001). On interrupted time series analysis, PDMP implementation was not associated with a significant decrease in the monthly rate of opioid prescriptions (1.27% change post-PDMP, p = 0.4). However, PDMP implementation was associated with a reduction in opioid prescriptions of greater than 5 days’ supply (− 2.7% per month, p = 0.03). Opioid prescriptions declined in pediatric surgical patients over the study time period. State-wide PDMP implementation was associated with a reduction in postoperative opioid prescriptions of more than 5 days’ duration.
Isolation and characterization of extracellular vesicles produced by cell lines

Cells produce two broad classes of extracellular vesicles (EVs), exosomes and microvesicles (MVs). Exosomes are 30-150 nm vesicles derived from multivesicular bodies, while MVs are 200-1,000 nm vesicles that pinch off from plasma membranes. Reliable isolation of EVs is crucial to understand their biochemical and functional properties. Here, we describe a protocol to isolate and characterize EVs from conditioned medium from mammalian cell lines. This protocol has been optimized for adherent cells but can also be adapted for suspension cells. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Latifkar et al. (2019).
Upregulation of Vitamin C Transporter Functional Expression in 5xFAD Mouse Intestine

The process of obtaining ascorbic acid (AA) via intestinal absorption and blood circulation is carrier-mediated utilizing the AA transporters SVCT1 and SVCT2, which are expressed in the intestine and brain (SVCT2 in abundance). AA concentration is decreased in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but information regarding the status of intestinal AA uptake in the AD is still lacking. We aimed here to understand how AA homeostasis is modulated in a transgenic mouse model (5xFAD) of AD. AA levels in serum from 5xFAD mice were markedly lower than controls. Expression of oxidative stress response genes (glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1)) were significantly increased in AD mice jejunum, and this increase was mitigated by AA supplementation. Uptake of AA in the jejunum was upregulated. This increased AA transport was caused by a marked increase in SVCT1 and SVCT2 protein, mRNA, and heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) expression. A significant increase in the expression of HNF1α and specific protein 1 (Sp1), which drive SLC23A1 and SLC23A2 promoter activity, respectively, was observed. Expression of hSVCT interacting proteins GRHPR and CLSTN3 were also increased. SVCT2 protein and mRNA expression in the hippocampus of 5xFAD mice was not altered. Together, these investigations reveal adaptive up-regulation of intestinal AA uptake in the 5xFAD mouse model.
You Have Options: Implementing and evaluating a contraceptive choice social marketing campaign:

Background:Up to two-thirds of pregnancies among young, unmarried women in the United States are unintended, despite increased access to highly effective contraceptive options.Aim:This study implem...
A Formal Study of Distributed Meeting Scheduling

Automating routine organizational tasks, such as meeting scheduling, requires a careful balance between the individual (respecting his or her privacy and personal preferences) and the organization (making efficient use of time and other resources). We argue that meeting scheduling is an inherently distributed process, and that negotiating over meetings can be viewed as a distributed search process. Keeping the process tractable requires introducing heuristics to guide distributed schedulers’ decisions about what information to exchange and whether or not to propose the same tentative time for several meetings. While we have intuitions about how such heuristics could affect scheduling performance and efficiency, verifying these intuitions requires a more formal model of the meeting schedule problem and the scheduling process. We present our preliminary work toward this goal, as well as experimental results that validate some of the predictions of our formal model. We also investigate scheduling in overconstrained situations, namely, scheduling of high priority meetings at short notice, which requires cancellation and rescheduling of previously scheduled meetings. Our model provides a springboard into deeper investigations of important issues in distributed artificial intelligence as well, and we outline our ongoing work in this direction.
Active integrated antennas for new RF architectures

Active integrated antennas (AIA) provide a new paradigm for designing modern microwave and millimeter-wave wireless systems. Benefits of this technique include compactness, reduced losses and weight, low profile and multiple functionality. We describe here three novel AIA architectures that have recently been developed, including a tuned-harmonic class F transmitter front-end, power combining with a dual-feed AIA push-pull power amplifier and a novel 2D retrodirective array.
Adsorption of gases on coals and heattreated coals at elevated temperature and pressure: 1. Adsorption from hydrogen and methane as single gases

Abstract Adsorption isotherms of CH 4 and H 2 are reported for the temperature range 22–300 °C and pressure range 0–6.9 MPa. The adsorbents were Pittsburgh bituminous coal, Pittsburgh coke, Montana lignite, Montana lignite char and PCB activated carbon. Carbonization of coals increased the equilibrium adsorption several-fold. However, the increase was not entirely associated with the increase in surface area, because changes in energetics of adsorption were involved. Montana lignite char, on a bulk volume basis, adsorbed approximately the same amount of CH 4 as did activated carbon. Pretreatment of the coal surface e.g. by oxidation or reduction, had no or negligible effects on CH 4 adsorption. Surface areas for coals calculated on the basis of CH 4 adsorption, using the Langmuir equation under supercritical conditions, were similar to those from CO 2 adsorption. Data on the isosteric heats of adsorption of CH 4 indicated that the coal surface became more heterogeneous on carbonization.