cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two Achiral Isomers of Chloronitropyridine Crystallize as Polar Materials with Different Molecular Packing Motifs Based on Similar Intermolecular Interactions

The molecular structures of two of the ten possible isomers of chloronitropyridine have been studied by spectroscopic techniques and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The structures of 2-chloro-4-nitropyridine (1) [monoclinic, Pc, a = 3.7711(14) A, b = 8.919(3) A, c = 9.324(3) A, β = 99.506(5)°] and 5-chloro-2-nitropyridine (2) [triclinic, P1, a = 3.7559(13) A, b = 6.071(2) A, c = 6.939(2) A, α = 85.703(5)°, β = 89.619(5)°, γ = 75.189(5)°] reveal that the isomers crystallize in non-centrosymmetric space groups with different molecular packing motifs based on similar intermolecular interactions. Each compound packs into molecular sheets via short chlorine–oxygen contacts and C–H⋯X (X = O, N) interactions of the nitro oxygen atoms and the pyridine nitrogen atom. The sheets further pack with an offset face-to-face π-stacking geometrical arrangement of the aromatic rings to form the three-dimensional structures. Achiral 2-chloro-4-nitropyridine (1) crystallizes as a polar material in the non-centrosymmetric and non-enantiomorphous space group Pc while the isomeric achiral compound 5-chloro-2-nitropyridine (2) forms a polar material that approximates inversion symmetry in the non-centrosymmetric enantiomorphous space group P1. The molecular structures of achiral 2-chloro-4-nitropyridine and 5-chloro-2-nitropyridine have been studied by X-ray diffraction revealing that they crystallize as polar materials. The structures have different packing motifs based on similar intermolecular interactions consisting of π-stacked molecular sheets formed by chlorine–oxygen contacts and C–H⋯X (X = O, N) interactions.
A MOLECULAR COMPLEX, DETECTED BY MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES ON THE SURFACE OF NORMAL T CELLS AND LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA CELLS, REGULATES IL-2 PRODUCTION AND CELL PROLIFERATION

ABSTRACT: Three monoclonal antibodies, OKT3, Pan T 2 and Leu 4 , recognize a molecular complex on the surface of normal T cells and induce IL-2 production and T cell proliferation. Antisera raised against baboon endogenous virus, M7, and RD114 are also mitogenic for normal human T cells. PHA stimulation induces the production of large quantities of IL-2 from non-T non-B lymphoblastic leukemias, but Pan T 2 is unable to do so. However, the capacity of the monoclonal antibody to induce IL-2 production from ALL cells can be restored by adding irradiated Daudi cells as co-stimulator. These results indicate that a molecular complex is responsible for regulation of IL-2 production and normal T cell proliferation and suggest that this complex could be a target of leukemogenesis.
Molecular Biology and Genomics of the Desiccation Tolerant Moss Tortula Ruralis

The molecular, cellular and biochemical responses of plants to water-deficit stress are the central, and long-term, interest of our respective research programs. We utilize the desiccation-tolerant moss Tortula ruralis (Hedw.) Gaerten., Meyer Scherb. as an experimental model for studying post-transcriptional gene control, molecular & biochemical responses to abiotic stress, cellular repair mechanisms in plants and as a source of novel tolerance-associated genes. In this chapter we will introduce the molecular and biochemical mechanisms of desiccation-tolerance in mosses, describe the molecular and genomics tools that have been developed for T. ruralis (such as EST databases, cDNA libraries, and microarrays), and discuss the expression analysis of several cDNA clones (i.e. the rehydrins Tr288 & Tr213, the aldehyde dehydrogenases Aldh7B6 & Aldh21A1, and the early light-inducible proteins Elipa & Elipb) that are associated with desiccation-stress.
Low temperature chemical vapor deposition of superconducting molybdenum carbonitride thin films

Thin films of molybdenum carbonitride, MoCxNy, are deposited by low temperature chemical vapor deposition from Mo(CO)6 and NH3 in the temperature range 150–300 °C. At a substrate temperature of 200 °C and Mo(CO)6 pressure of 0.01 mTorr, the composition varies from MoC0.48N0.20 to MoC0.36N0.33 (i.e., greater nitrogen and less carbon content) upon increasing the ammonia pressure from 0.3 to 3.3 mTorr. At a constant Mo(CO)6 pressure of 0.01 mTorr and an NH3 pressure of 2 mTorr, the composition varies from MoC0.50N0.30 to MoC0.12N0.40 with increasing substrate temperature from 150 to 300 °C. Selected films grown at substrate temperatures of 150, 200, and 250 °C are superconducting with critical temperatures of 4.7, 4.5, and 5.2 K, respectively. Grazing incidence x-ray diffraction data indicate that the films are crystalline and isomorphous with the cubic phases of Mo2N and Mo2C. With a forward-directed flux of precursors toward the surface, film growth is highly conformal in microtrenches of aspect ratio 6, with step coverages of ∼0.85 and 0.80 at growth temperatures of 150 and 200 °C, respectively.
Adrenal androgens rescue prostatic dihydrotestosterone production and growth of prostate cancer cells after castration

Adrenal androgens dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA-sulfate (DHEAS) are potential substrates for intracrine production of testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), or directly to DHT, by prostate cancer (PCa) cells. Production of DHT from DHEAS and DHEA, and the role of steroid sulfatase (STS), were evaluated ex vivo using fresh human prostate tissue and in vitro using human PCa cell lines. STS was expressed in benign prostate tissue and PCa tissue. DHEAS at a physiological concentration was converted to DHT in prostate tissue and PCa cell lines, which was STS-dependent. DHEAS activation of androgen receptor (AR) and stimulation of PCa cell growth were STS-dependent. DHEA at a physiological concentration was not converted to DHT ex vivo and in vitro, but stimulated in vivo tumor growth of the human PCa cell line, VCaP, in castrated mice. The findings suggest that targeting metabolism of DHEAS and DHEA may enhance androgen deprivation therapy.
Molecular markers in uterine serous cancer: Correlation between endometrial biopsy and hysterectomy specimens.

Abstract Objectives To measure the correlation of molecular biomarkers between biopsy and final pathology specimens in uterine serous cancer (USC) and to establish the overall prevalence of specific biomarkers among subjects with USC. Methods Twenty eight patients with a diagnosis of USC and sufficient biopsy and hysterectomy specimens were identified. IHC was used to measure the biomarker status of EGFR, phospho-AKT, ER, PR, Her2/neu, and PTEN in FFPE tissue. The presence or absence of individual biomarkers was then compared between a given subject's diagnostic biopsy specimen and final hysterectomy specimen. Results In the cohort identified, average age was 72 and average BMI was 29. 75% of patients had full lymphadenectomy performed. The average time from biopsy to surgery was 33 days (range 9–91 days). The distribution of disease was 61% stage I (n = 17), 14% stage II (n = 4), 22% stage III (n = 6) and 4% stage IV (n = 1). Biopsy and hysterectomy specimens agreed 67% of the time for phospho-AKT, 80% for ER, 73% for PR, 83% for EGFR, 100% for Her2/neu and 95% for PTEN loss. Conclusions The measurement of specific biomarkers correlated well between subjects' biopsy and hysterectomy specimens in women with USC as measured by a pathologist using routine clinical techniques. Preoperative diagnostic biopsy may be a useful tool for guiding neoadjuvant targeted therapy in USC.
The Impact of Resource Scarcity on Price-Quality Judgments

Consumers routinely encounter situations in which they perceive that resources are scarce. However, little is known about how this perception influences consumers’ use of price in their purchase decisions. The present research seeks to fill this gap by examining the link between scarcity and the tendency to use price to judge product quality, and the mechanisms underlying that link. Six studies (and five more reported in the web appendix) using multiple product categories and a variety of operationalizations of both scarcity and price-quality judgments show that scarcity decreases consumers’ tendency to use price to judge product quality. This occurs because scarcity induces a desire to compensate for the shortage and seek abundance, and thereby reduces an individual’s general categorization tendency (because categorizing brings about a feeling of reduction); this, in turn, hinders consumers from viewing products as belonging to different price-tier groups, and thus lowers their tendency to use price as a basis for judging product quality. Boundary conditions for the proposed effect are also identified. The current research makes fundamental contributions to the literatures on scarcity, price-quality judgments, and categorization.
Is Spinal Anesthesia Safer than General Anesthesia for Patients Undergoing Revision THA? Analysis of the ACS-NSQIP Database.

BACKGROUND The incidence of revision THA continues to increase and there is a need to identify risk factors contributing to postoperative complications. Anesthesia type has been shown to be associated with complication rates in patients who undergo primary THA, but it is not clear whether the same is true among patients undergoing revision THA. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES (1) After controlling for confounding variables, in the setting of a large-database analysis, is spinal anesthesia associated with a lower risk of death, readmission, reoperation, postoperative transfusion, thromboembolic events, surgical site infection (SSI), and re-intubation among patients undergoing revision THA? METHODS The American College of Surgeons-National Surgical Quality Improvement (ACS-NSQIP) database was queried for patients undergoing aseptic, revision THA with either spinal or general anesthesia. Coarsened exact matching was used to match patients based on several baseline characteristics, including age, sex, body mass index, surgery type (Current Procedural Terminology code), and the modified Frailty Index score. Coarsened exact matching is a statistical method of exact matching that matches on chosen characteristics, in which continuous variables may be temporarily coarsened (such as, into discrete categorical variables) to facilitate matching. This method is an alternate to and requires less estimation than traditional propensity score matching. Then, using a model controlling for baseline patient characteristics and operative time, we performed multivariate logistic and linear regression analyses of matched cohorts to examine differences in mortality, readmission, reoperation, thromboembolic events, transfusion, SSI, and re-intubation. RESULTS After statistical matching and controlling for baseline demographic variables, surgery type (one- or two-component revision), surgical time and modified Frailty Index we found that patients receiving general anesthesia had higher odds of mortality (OR 3.72 [95% CI 1.31 to 10.50]; p = 0.013), readmission (OR 1.49 [95% CI 1.24 to 1.80]; p < 0.001), reoperation (OR 1.40 [95% CI 1.13 to 1.73]; p = 0.002), thromboembolic events (OR 2.57 [95% CI 1.37 to 4.84]; p = 0.003), SSI (OR 1.32 [95% CI 1.01 to 1.72]; p = 0.046), postoperative transfusion (OR 1.57 [95%CI 1.39 to 1.78]; p < 0.001) and unplanned intubation or failure to wean off intubation (OR 5.95 [95% CI 1.43 to 24.72]; p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS In patients undergoing revision THA, spinal anesthesia is associated with a decreased risk of several complications. The current investigation suggests that, when practical (such as when long surgical times or changes to the surgical plan are not anticipated), spinal anesthesia should be considered for use during revision THA. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, therapeutic study.
Active Game‐Based Learning of Dynamics Modeling and Simulation in Biomedical Systems Engineering

With widening application of systems modeling and simulation in healthcare industry, relevant courses have been created in many undergraduate biomedical engineering curricula to address the need in...
Adequacy of Vaccine Documentation Against Encapsulated Bacteria in a Population of Children with Sickle Cell Disease

Abstract 4853 Immunization status is often used as an indicator of improved quality of health care and access in pediatric populations. The increased life expectancy in the general pediatric population has largely been attributed to the prevention of infectious disease through immunizations, and this fact is even truer for individuals with sickle cell disease. Adherence to recommended vaccination schedules against encapsulated bacteria in patients with sickle-cell anemia has not been well studied in any population. In order to determine documented compliance rates based on the current recommendations of the Department of Health and Human Services Center for Disease Control Immunization Schedules, a retrospective chart review was performed on 117 patients diagnosed with sickle cell anemia (HbSS) followed at the Penn State Hershey Children9s Hospital Regional Pediatric Sickle Cell Center, through the year 2009. Since the vaccinations were given by each patient9s primary provider(s), we attempted to obtain documentation of immunizations given by these providers, particularly against encapsulated bacteria. For 35 of the 117 patients, we were unable to obtain any forwarded documentation of any vaccinations. The vaccination schedules of the remaining 82 patients were audited for coverage against encapsulated bacteria. Only 16 of the 82 patients (19.5%) with forwarded documents demonstrated complete documented compliance, defined as having complete coverage against H. influenzae, N. meningitides, and S. pneumococcus. Of the remaining forwarded charts, 63 patients (76.8%) demonstrated some form of partial documented compliance, but four patients (4.9%) did not have documentation of vaccinations against any encapsulated bacteria despite documentation of receiving other vaccinations. Full documented compliance as indicated by forwarded records was most noted in children between the ages of 0–11.9 years (14/16 of patients with complete compliance). The proportion of adolescents without any forwarded documentation was larger than the younger age group; however, this difference did not reach statistical significance (p=0.36). Of the 82 patients whose primary care physicians forwarded documents, significantly more (14 of 34) adolescents (≥12 years of age) than children aged 0–11.9 years (8 of 48) were missing documentation of more than half of their vaccines (p=.014). These results indicate deficient documentation of vaccination coverage against encapsulated organisms, particularly in the adolescent population. To determine the clinical implications of these results, further studies detailing the demographics, socioeconomic status and correlations of such characteristics to morbidity and mortality should be completed. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Cardiac Surgery: Beyond Conventional Sternotomy With Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Minimally invasive cardiac surgery options, which originated with off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting and aortic valve procedures, continue to evolve in order to address complex conditions, including those requiring mitral and tricuspid valve repair. Although these procedures are primarily indicated for high-risk patient populations, favorable patient outcomes have resulted in recommendations being expanded to include intermediate-risk groups. This article increases nursing-related knowledge of minimally invasive cardiac procedures, providing an overview of current minimally invasive cardiac surgeries and their associated risks and benefits.
A Super-Resolution Algorithm for Extended Target Localization

We aim to localize extended targets (i.e. non-point targets) using stepped-frequency (SF) radar measurements from multiple transceivers. In particular, we consider a general signal model with directionally varying target reflectivity that can account for many types of extended target geometries. We localize targets under this signal model using a novel convex relaxation of a tensor atomic norm minimization problem that leverages discrete prolate spheroidal sequences (DPSS's). We test this algorithm on simulated data and show that our proposed method outperforms alternatives for our considered signal model.
Successful Conservative Management of Acute Appendicitis in a Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Patient

Appendectomy is the gold standard of treatment for acute appendicitis;however, recent evidence suggests conservative management with intravenous antibiotics may provide similar outcomes and can be used as an alternative in selected patients Performing appendectomy in acute appendicitis patients with 2019 novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) is challenging, as it involves considerable operative risks for the patients and risks for health care professionals (HCPs) exposed to COVID-19 Medical management eliminates the morbidity and mortality associated with surgery but involves significant risks of treatment failures that, in turn, may lead to perforation, peritonitis, and death We are reporting a case of a middle-aged man with multiple co-morbidities, who was diagnosed with COVID-19 and acute appendicitis Our patient received intravenous antibiotics for seven days with a significant improvement in symptoms Our case report illustrates the implementation of successful conservative treatment for acute appendicitis in COVID-19 patients
Safety Study of Closely Spaced Parallel Operations Utilizing Paired Approach

The paired approach (PA) concept is one that leverages the real-time navigation and communication capabilities of the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) NextGen Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) equipage initiative to increase airport capacity by performing simultaneous dependent approaches to parallel runways with centerlines spaced at least 700 feet (ft), but less than 2,500 ft apart. Two primary hazards associated with a PA are collision risk and wake encounter risk. This paper analyzes collision risk in the event of a course deviation by the lead aircraft to determine the closest in-trail distances deemed acceptable for the operation. These distances are referred to as collision safety limits (CSL). Experimental methods employed utilized fast-time simulations to assess collision risk. Additionally, new methods for the development and analysis of the fast-time simulations were applied. Results indicate major factors contributing to the CSL include the difference in speed between the lead and trailing aircraft, runway centerline spacing (RCLS), and the type of runway approach alignment (i.e., straight-in or offset). Reduction in CSL in-trail distances is achieved for PA operations with smaller RCLS, straight-in approaches, or where the lead aircraft is flying faster than the trailing aircraft (referred to as aircraft pair speed expansion).
Chronic Kidney Disease: Evaluation and Treatment Guidelines from the VA/DoD.

The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and Department of Defense have updated recommendations for evaluation and treatment of chronic kidney disease.
Trap Assisted Tunneling and Its Effect on Subthreshold Swing of Tunnel FETs

We provide a detailed study of the oxide–semiconductor interface trap assisted tunneling (TAT) mechanism in tunnel FETs to show how it contributes a major leakage current path before the band-to-band tunneling (BTBT) is initiated. With a modified Shockley–Read–Hall formalism, we show that at room temperature, the phonon assisted TAT current always dominates and obscures the steep turn ON of the BTBT current for common densities of traps. Our results are applicable to top gate, double gate, and gate-all-around structures, where the traps are positioned between the source-channel tunneling regions. Since the TAT has strong dependence on electric field, any effort to increase the BTBT current by enhancing local electric field also increases the leakage current. Unless the BTBT current can be increased separately, calculations show that the trap density $D_{\mathrm {it}}$ has to be decreased by 40–100 times compared with the state of the art in order for the steep turn ON (for III–V materials) to be clearly observable at room temperature. We find that the combination of the intrinsic sharpness of the band edges (Urbach tail) and the surface trap density determines the subthreshold swing.
Dependence of the Density of States on the Probability Distribution. Part II: Schrödinger Operators on $$\pmb {\mathbb {R}}^d$$Rd and Non-compactly Supported Probability Measures

We extend our results in Hislop and Marx (Int Math Res Not, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1093/imrn/rny156) on the quantitative continuity properties, with respect to the single-site probability measure, of the density of states measure and the integrated density of states for random Schrodinger operators. For lattice models on $$\mathbb {Z}^d$$, with $$d \geqslant 1$$, we treat the case of non-compactly supported probability measures with finite first moments. For random Schrodinger operators on $$\mathbb {R}^d$$, with $$d \geqslant 1$$, we prove results analogous to those in Hislop and Marx (2018) for compactly supported probability measures. The method of proof makes use of the Combes–Thomas estimate and the Helffer–Sjostrand formula.
Heartbeat: an increase in preventable cardiovascular deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic due to avoidance of medical care.

Patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) have an increased mortality risk with COVID-19 infection yet several studies have shown fewer hospital-based CVD diagnoses and procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this issue of Heart , Wu and colleagues1 show that despite a decrease in the number of patients presenting with an acute CVD event there was an 8% excess of CVD deaths in England between March and June 2020 (during the COVID-19 pandemic), compared with the previous 6 years (figure 1). About ½ of these deaths occurred outside the hospital with the most frequent causes of CVD death being stroke (35.6%), acute coronary syndrome (24.5%), heart failure (23.4%) pulmonary embolism (9.3%) and cardiac arrest (4.6%). Most of these deaths were not related to a known COVID-19 infection, suggesting they were most likely due to delays in seeking medical care or undiagnosed COVID-19 infection. Figure 1 Time series of acute cardiovascular (CV) deaths, by place of death. The number of daily CV deaths is presented using a 7-day simple moving average (indicating the mean number of daily CV deaths for that day and the preceding 6 days) from 1 February 2020 up to and including 30 June 2020, adjusted for seasonality. The number of non-COVID-19 excess CV deaths each day from 1 February 2020 were subtracted from the expected daily death estimated …
Economic Geographic Relations in the Post-Soviet Republics

A senior American economic geographer examines a broad array of geographical factors affecting economic relations among the Soviet successor states (particularly Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan) and relations among their constituent regions. Special attention is devoted to legacies of unequal resource endowment and infrastructure development from the Soviet period (e.g., monopolization and spatial concentration of production capacity, “trunklining” of distribution nets) and other factors perpetuating dependency relationships in post-Soviet economic space. 3 tables, 66 references.
Molecular Approaches to the Diagnosis of Meningitis and Encephalitis

This chapter reviews various diagnostic tests available for central nervous system (CNS) infections and provides a detailed discussion of specific molecular approaches to the most common organisms causing meningitis and encephalitis in the United States. A vast array of organisms have been associated with encephalitis, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. Just as meningitis and encephalitis localize to distinct compartments of the CNS, the pathogens causing these two syndromes differ, and the respective microbiologies of meningitis and encephalitis are discussed separately. While the chapter focuses on the use of molecular assays for diagnosis of CNS infection, traditional microbiological diagnostic approaches continue to play an important role in pathogen identification and are complementary to nucleic acid amplification techniques. A DNA probe array has been developed for the simultaneous identification of herpesviruses, enteroviruses, and flaviviruses after several PCR amplifications. Nucleic acid amplification techniques have markedly improved the identification of CNS infections caused by viral and fastidious bacterial pathogens. Molecular techniques such as PCR allow rapid diagnosis, with consequent improvement of outcomes and cost savings. Results of molecular diagnostic testing for CNS infections must be interpreted in the context of the individual patient presentation and clinical illness, and close cooperation between the laboratory and the clinician is required for optimal use of these technologies.
Rearrangement of Rag-1 recombinase gene in DNA-repair deficient/immunodeficient 'wasted' mice

Mice recessive for the autosomal gene wasted'' (wst) display a disease pattern which includes increased sensitivity to the killing effects of ionizing radiation, immunodeficiency, and neurologic dysfunction. The recent cloning and characterization of recombinase genes (Rag-l/Rag-2) expressed in lymphoid and possibly central nervous system tissues prompted us to examine expression of these genes in DNA repair-deficient/immunodeficient wasted mice. Our results revealed that in thymus tissue, a small Rag-I transcript (1.0 kb) was detected in wst/wst mice that was not evident in thymus from control mice. In wst/[sm bullet] mice, a two-fold increase in Rag-1 mRNA was evident in thymus tissue. Rag-2 mRNA could only be detected in thymus tissue from wst/[sm bullet] and not from wst/wst or parental control BCF, mice. Southern blots revealed a rearrangement or deletion within the Rag-1 gene of affected wasted mice that was not evident in known strain-specific parental or littermate controls. These results support the idea that the Rag-1 gene may map at or near the locus for the wasted mutation. In addition, they suggest the importance of recombinase function in normal immune and central nervous system development as well as the potential contribution of this gene family to the normal repair of radiation-inducedmore » DNA damage.« less
A Review of “Climbing Mount Laurel: The Struggle for Affordable Housing and Social Mobility in an American Suburb”

Climbing Mount Laurel is a mixed methods study of the before and after effects of a 140-unit, 100% affordable housing project in affluent and predominately white Mount Laurel Township in southern N...
A PSYCHOANALYTIC PERSPECTIVE ON ETHICS, SELF-DECEPTION AND THE CORRUPT PHYSICIAN

In this paper the authors use a psychoanalytic perspective to understand observations about the modes of self-deception that operate in physicians who have been dishonest or have engaged in other transgressions of ethics guidelines. They emphasize that it is inaccurate to categorize physicians as simply honest or dishonest, ethical or unethical. Physicians who have been ethical practitioners may rationalize sexual relations with patients, stealing from professional treasuries, lying, or other transgressions while convincing themselves that they have acted in an honourable manner. The authors share their experience of evaluating these phenomena in over 300 physicians who were referred to a specialized treatment centre by licensing boards, hospitals, physician health organizations or ethics committees. They note the high prevalence of defensive compartmentalization, temporal splitting and projective disavowal as means of tolerating behaviours they would generally regard as unethical. They also examine the implications of these modes of self-deception for psychotherapy.
Random-effects model of dependence between efficacy and toxicity in dose-ranging trials

A random-effects model of the relationship of drug dosage to potentially correlated binary variables for efficacy andtoxicity is developed, in which values of logistic dose-response parameters are allowed to vary among individuals. Parameter estimation is difficult, but Monte Carlo simulations can be used to determine the consequences of incorrectly applying a fixed-effects model of independence of efficacy and toxicity to data actually generated by the random-effects mechanism. Of particular interest is the spread of individuals' therapeutic windows' of doses about the overall population window that would be deduced from application of the model of independence. The scatter and dimensions of the windows are strongly influenced by the variances of the median effective (μ1) and median toxic (μ2) doses and by their separation (μ2 − μ1)- The correlation between μ1 and μ2 has surprisingly little effect on the pattern of individuals' windows, but it does result in an imbalance in the values of μ1 in subjects w...
Replication of bacteriophage SH-133 in the facultative autotroph Hydrogenomonas facilis. I. Bacteriophage synthesis under heterotrophic, autotrophic, and mixotrophic growth conditions.

Abstract The ability of bacteriophage SH-133 to replicate in heterotrophically (H-) and autotrophically (A-) grown Hydrogenomonas facilis was examined. Both the synthesis of infectious phage particles and the efficiency of plating (EOP) were reduced by 90% in A-grown cells. Adsorption of phage and lethal effects on H. facilis were identical in both systems. One-step growth experiments showed that cell lysis preceded the appearance of infectious particles in A-grown cells. Burst size studies with mixotrophically grown cells did not indicate the presence of an inhibitor of phage synthesis indigenous to autotrophic metabolism. DNA synthesis was identical in H- and A-grown infected cells; however, protein synthesis was significantly reduced in A-grown infected cells when compared with protein synthesis in H-grown infected cells. The data suggest that the reduction in EOP and phage synthesis in A-grown cells is caused by a defect in viral protein synthesis which results in the limited production of an essential viral protein at the time of cell lysis.
Cancer Survivorship in Rural and Urban Adults: A Descriptive and Mixed Methods Study

Purpose Rural-dwelling cancer survivors (CSs) are at risk for decrements in health and well-being due to decreased access to health care and support resources. This study compares the impact of cancer in rural- and urban-dwelling adult CSs living in 2 regions of the Pacific Northwest. Methods A convenience sample of posttreatment adult CSs (N = 132) completed the Impact of Cancer version 2 (IOCv2) and the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale-short form. High and low scorers on the IOCv2 participated in an in-depth interview (n = 19). Findings The sample was predominantly middle-aged (mean age 58) and female (84%). Mean time since treatment completion was 6.7 years. Cancer diagnoses represented included breast (56%), gynecologic (9%), lymphoma (8%), head and neck (6%), and colorectal (5%). Comparisons across geographic regions show statistically significant differences in body concerns, worry, negative impact, and employment concerns. Rural-urban differences from interview data include access to health care, care coordination, connecting/community, thinking about death and dying, public/private journey, and advocacy. Conclusion The insights into the differences and similarities between rural and urban CSs challenge the prevalent assumptions about rural-dwelling CSs and their risk for negative outcomes. A common theme across the study findings was community. Access to health care may not be the driver of the survivorship experience. Findings can influence health care providers and survivorship program development, building on the strengths of both rural and urban living and the engagement of the survivorship community.
Does Internalized Heterosexism Moderate the Link Between Heterosexist Events and Lesbians' Psychological Distress?

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between heterosexist events and various indices of psychological distress in lesbians. In addition, it examined the potential moderating role of internalized heterosexism in the link between heterosexist events and psychological distress. Furthermore, psychometric support for the Heterosexist Harassment, Rejection, and Discrimination Scale (HHRDS) developed for this study is provided. Consistent with feminist theory and previous research, results indicated that recent perceived heterosexist harassment, rejection, and discrimination correlated positively with several indices of psychological distress. Contrary to research on gay men, internalized heterosexism did not moderate the relationship between external heterosexism and lesbians' psychological distress.
Alteration of the metabolism of the carcinogen N-2-fluorenylacetamide by acetanilide

Abstract In order to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the reduction of the toxicity and carcinogenicity of N -2-fluorenylacetamide by the simultaneous administration of acetanilide, the fate of the carcinogen under these conditions was investigated. In vitro experiments showed that nitrosobenzene, but not chloramphenicol, inhibited the binding of 2-nitrosofluorene to serum albumin. Acute experiments in male rats in which 250 and 500 μmoles of acetanilide were injected 2 hours prior to 10.4 μmoles of 14 C-labeled N -2-fluorenylacetamide yielded no significant difference in the urinary and tissue metabolites of the carcinogen. However, 4 groups of rats pretreated for 6 weeks with 0.02% N -2-fluorenylacetamide, or with 0.02% carcinogen plus 0.8% acetanilide, or with 0.8% acetanilide, or controls, then injected with a dose of tagged carcinogen, yielded appreciable differences in these parameters. Radio-activity in liver and plasma, and isotope bound to liver proteins as well as in the subcellular fractions of liver, showed the lowest binding in rats pretreated with unlabeled carcinogen. Rats fed acetanilide alone or acetanilide plus carcinogen had similar somewhat depressed binding, 65–70% of that of untreated controls. Radioactivity was also firmly bound to deoxyribonucleic acid in the same relative pattern in the 4 groups. As compared to controls, animals pretreated with N -2-fluorenylacet-amide excreted more radioactivity from the dose of labeled agent. The glucosiduronic fraction was higher, and in particular the active carcinogenic intermediate N -hydroxy- N -2-fluorenylacetamide, as glucuronide, amounted to 4.3% of dose compared to 0.21% in controls. Prefeeding of acetanilide, or acetanilide plus carcinogen gave a pattern of urinary carcinogen metabolites similar to that in controls. In particular the important N -hydroxy derivative increased only slightly in the 6-week feeding period. Thus, the reduction in toxicity and carcinogenicity of N -2-fluorenyl-acetamide by the simultaneous administration of acetanilide can be traced to the lower levels of active N -hydroxy metabolite and possibly also to decreased amounts of active carcinogen bound to cellular and molecular receptors.
Conducting a nationwide nutrition assessment of micronutrient status and intake in Mongolian adult population

Background: The field of global surgery has resulted in fostered many collaborations between highand low-/middleincome researchers. Publication co-authorship is one proxy to determine if these relationships are equitable. In this study, we examined the literature to identify potential research authorship inequality. Structure/Method/Design: Web of Science search was used searched to search identify studies conducted in lowand middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2008 to 2013. OnlySearch terms included names of LMICs, was limited to primary research articles and that focused on general surgery (and its subspecialties), obstetrics and gynecology, orthopedics, urology, otorhinolaryngology, ophthalmology, and neurosurgery were included. Search terms included the names of all LMICs. An author was considered local if their affiliations were in the country where the research was conducted. Results (Scientific Abstract)/Collaborative Partners (Programmatic Abstract): 5366 articles were analyzed with a mean percentage of local authors per article of 75%. This proportion varied by region; Central Asia had the highest percentage local authorship (93%) and Sub-Saharan Africa had the lowest (60%) (P < 0.001). Articles from low-income countries had lower proportion of local authorship (43%) compared with upper-middle-income countries (83%, P < 0.001) based on World Bank income zones. However, individual countries’ gross domestic product per capita was not significantly correlated with authorship percentages. Of the articles analyzed, 4120 (77%) had a local first author. Articles with local first authors had a much higher percentage of overall local authorship (94%) compared with articles where the first author was not local (13%). Journal impact factor did not correlate with the proportion of local authors per article in this study. Summary/Conclusion: As global surgery research expands, it is important to promote equal partnerships between local investigators and high-income country collaborators. These findings suggest that surgical researchers in LMICs have been recognized in publication authorship in collaborative studies. Further research is needed to evaluate if this translates into increased or equal research capacity.
Properties of the activator-dependent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase from bovine heart

In the absence of activator, the activator-dependent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.-) from bovine heart hydrolyzed 3.2-fold more cyclic GMP than cyclic AMP when assayed with 10(-6) M substrate in the presence of 5 mM Mg2+ and 10 muM Ca2+. The addition of saturating amounts of phosphodiesterase activator increased the hydrolysis of cyclic GMP 8-fold and cyclic AMP 6-fold. The pH maxima of the enzyme was rather broad from 6.0 to 7.0 for the hydrolysis of both cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP in the absnece or presence of phosphodiesterase activator. Substrate specificity of the enzyme in the absence or presence of phosphodiesterase activator varied depending on the divalent metal used to support activity in the absence of activator. The enzyme preferentially hydrolyzed cyclic GMP in the presence of Mg2+ while little substrate specificity was observed in the presence of Mn2+, Zn2+, Co2+ or Ni2+. The magnitude of the increase in enzyme activity due to activator and Ca2+ varied depending on the divalent metal used to support enzyme activity without activator. The addition of activator increased the V of cyclic AMP hydrolysis 1.7-fold while causing no significant change in the Km for cyclic AMP. Two apparent Km values for cyclic GMP (1 and 15 muM) were noted in the absence of activator and upon the addition of activator a single apparent Km (3 muM) was observed with a V approx. 2-fold above that in the absence of activator. Cyclic AMP competitively inhibitied the hydrolysis of cyclic GMP with a ki of 50 muM while cyclic GMP non-competitively inhibited the hydrolysis of cyclic AMP with a Ki of 1.8 muM. The results suggest there may be two or more binding sites for cyclic GMP on the enzyme and possibly only one binding site for cyclic AMP.
Event-related potential data acquisition on the Apple II+/IIe

Event-related potential (ERP) research is a valuable technique for understanding neural mechanisms underlying cognition. With few exceptions, this research has used minicomputer-based data-acquisition systems, thus limiting ERP research to labs with large computers. The hardware and software presented here allow the Apple II+ or Apple IIe microcomputers to present stimuli and collect data from as many as three electrode sites. A fourth electrode site may be used to monitor eyeblinks and allows the exclusion of those trials in which an eyeblink occurs. After the data are collected and averaged, they are stored by subject, task, and electrode on disk where they subsequently may be displayed, analyzed, or downloaded to a mainframe computer.
Identification of oxidative degradates of the thrombin inhibitor, 3-(2-phenethylamino)-6-methyl-1-(2-amino-6-methyl-5-methylenecarboxamidomethylpyridinyl)pyrazinone, using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to identify reaction products from a solution of 3-(2-phenethylamino)-6-methyl-1-(2-amino-6-methyl-5-methyleneca rboxamidomethylpyridinyl)pyrazinone (L-375,378) and hydrogen peroxide, a system that generates high levels of the oxidative degradates which form in the tablets and intravenous (i.v.) solutions of L-375,378. Two major hydrogen peroxide reaction products of L-375,378 (m/z 407) with m/z values of 369 and 370 were separated and identified. Both compounds were products of ring opening with elimination of three carbon atoms from the center pyrazinone ring. The structural assignments for these two products were alpha-amidinoamide and alpha-diamide compounds, respectively. In addition, five products (m/z 423) with a molecular weight 16 Da greater than that for L-375,378 were separated. Further liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry experiments indicated that three of these M + 16 products were phenolic derivatives of L-375,378. Among them, the para-hydroxy compound has been verified using an authentic standard. The other two phenolic compounds were believed to be the meta- and ortho-hydroxy derivatives of L-375,378. The fourth M + 16 product was derived from hydroxylation of the methyl group on the center pyrazinone ring. The fifth M + 16 product was derived from oxidation on the aminopyridine moiety, most likely N-oxide of the pyridine ring. Other minor hydrogen peroxide reaction products were not studied in detail because they did not appear in tablets or i.v. formulations.
Inflammation and Immunity in Diseases of the Arterial Tree: Players and Layers

The hypothesis that immunity and inflammation participate in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases has now gained widespread recognition and stimulated work around the globe. Broadening knowledge has extended the recognition of the role of immune and inflammatory mechanisms to all of the layers of the artery, to all levels of the arterial tree, and implicated virtually all arms, cellular players, and effector molecules and pathways involved in these crucial host defenses, that turn against us in disease. We provide here a guide to a compendium series of articles that aimed to look forward and broaden the traditional focus of immunopathogenesis of arterial disease, with the goal of integrating the players and the layers involved. Although the field has advanced remarkably, much remains to be done, and this commentary also aims to highlight some of the gaps that future research should strive to close on the participation of inflammation and immunity in arterial diseases.
Conformational Flexibility in DNA Structure and Its Implications in Understanding the Organization of DNA in Chromatin

X-ray crystallographic studies of drug-nucleic acid crystalline complexes have suggested that DNA first bends or 'kinks' before accepting an intercalative drug or dye. This flexibility in DNA structure is made possible by altering the normal C2' endo deoxyribose sugar puckering in B DNA to a mixed sugar puckering pattern of the type C3' endo (3'-5') C2' endo and partially unstacking base pairs. A kinking scheme such as this would require minimal stereochemical rearrangement and would also involve small energies. This has prompted us to ask more generally if a conformational change such as this could be used by proteins in their interactions with DNA. Here we describe an interesting superhelical DNA structure formed by kinking DNA every ten base pairs. This structure may be used in the organization of DNA within the nucleosome structure in chromatin.
A dynamic approach to mapping coordinates between microplates and microarrays

The retrieval of useful data from spotted microarray slides requires keeping track of which microplate wells and DNA sample corresponds to each spot on each array slide. Existing approaches are closely coupled with the type of arrayer in use and are computer operating-system-specifc. To support the microarray researcher community at large who use different arrayers and computer platforms, increased flexibility, generality, and portability of these approaches are required. In this paper, we describe a general algorithm that correlates the well positions of DNA samples in each microplate to the positions of the spots on each array slide. Based on this algorithm, we have implemented a flexible and platform-independent program named MicroArray Convolutor (MAC) that provides a Web solution allowing the user to: (a) import a text file that identifies the DNA samples and their well locations, (b) select a transformation method that converts data in 96-well plate format into 384-well plate format, and (c) specify the output format of the array lists dependant on the configuration of the array platform as well as the downstream analysis software chosen for the array. MAC and its source code can be accessed via the following Web address: http://ymd.med.yale.edu/ kei-cgi/kc_mac_dev8.pl.
Synthesis and release of sucrose by the aleurone layer of barley: Regulation by gibberellic acid

Aleurone layers of barley contain large amounts of a soluble oligosaccharide which was identified as sucrose (30–40 μg/mg fresh weight). Treatment of the layers with gibberellic acid (GA3) causes the release of sucrose from the cells. This release requires the participation of metabolic processes, including protein synthesis. When embryoless half-seeds are incubated sucrose accumulates in the aleurone layers, but when seeds are germinated the sucrose content of the aleurone layers declines. Labeling experiments with radioactive glucose and fructose show that aleurone layers continuously synthesize sucrose and that the release, but not the synthesis of sucrose is enhanced by GA3.
The mass spectra of Phenyl-substituted 1,1-Dimethyl-silacyclopentanes and -silacyclopentadienes and of 1,1,4,4Tetramethyl2,3,5,6−Tetraphenyl-1,4-Disilacyclohexadiene☆

Abstract The mass spectra of 1,1-dimethyl-2,5-diphenyl-1-silacyclopentadiene, 1,1-dimethyl-2,5-diphenyl-1-silacyclopentane, 1,1-dimethyl-2,3,4,5-tetraphenyl-1-silacyclopentadiene and 1,1,4,4-tetramethyl-2,3,5,6-tetraphenyl-1,4-disila-2,5-cyclohexadiene were recorded using a 90° magnetic-sector type instrument. From the observed meta-stable peaks, most of the fragmentations giving rise to the more abundant ions have been assigned. For these compounds, up to 30% of the total intensity is carried by ions formed by some type of rearrangement. Specifically, four types of rearrangements are indicated and they involve the migration of: (1) hydrogen atoms from a phenyl group bonded to either an α- or β-carbon atom to the silicon atom of a siliconium ion; (2) a phenyl group from an α-carbon atom to a silicon atom;(3) a methyl group from one silicon atom to a second silicon atom in the 4-position; and (4) hydrogen atoms from silicon methyl groups to silicon with the simultaneous loss of CH 2 or C 2 H 4 .