cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of memory codes and cumulative rehearsal in observational learning

Abstract The present study examined the influence of memory codes varying in meaningfulness and retrievability and cumulative rehearsal on retention of observationally learned responses over increasing temporal intervals. Symbolic codes combining meaningfulness with retrievability produced superior memory performances, but responses were poorly retained in symbolic representations containing only one of these properties. Individual response analysis further confirmed that the more meaningful the codes incorporating retrieval guides the better are modeled responses learned and retained. Cumulative rehearsal had differential effects on memory performances depending upon the serial input position of the responses and the form into which the modeled behavior was encoded. Code rehearsals facilitated retention of early and intermediate responses which were repeated more than later ones, but this was true mainly for codes vulnerable to loss. The overall findings provide further corroborative evidence that memory performances are governed more by information coding than by associative strengthening processes.
Dibromochloropropane inhibits spermatogonial development in rats

Exposure to the nematocide dibromochloropropane (DBCP) has caused prolonged oligo- and azoospermia in men. There are questions regarding the cellular targets resulting in this effect. In this study we characterized an animal model, in which four daily injections of DBCP produced prolonged oligospermia in LBNF1 rats without any indication of recovery. Between 6 and 20 weeks after DBCP treatment, 70% of seminiferous tubules showed an epithelium with Sertoli cells but no differentiating germ cells. About 20% of tubules contained differentiating germ cells and 10% showed occlusion or major morphologic alterations to Sertoli cells. Since gonadotropin levels and intratesticular testosterone (ITT) concentrations were elevated in the DBCP-treated rats, the failure of spermatogonial development could not have been a result of lack of these hormones. The tubules without differentiating germ cells contained actively proliferating and dividing type A spermatogonia, which underwent apoptosis instead of differentiation. Thus, the target for the damaging effect appears not to be the killing of stem spermatogonia, but the loss of their ability to undergo differentiation. The presence of type A spermatogonia in the atrophic tubules indicates the potential for intervention to restore spermatogenesis.
Some graph theoretic results associated with Ramsey's theorem*

We consider the numbers associated with Ramsey's theorem as it pertains to partitions of the pairs of elements of a set into two classes. Our purpose is to give a unified development of enumerative techniques which give sharp upper bounds on these numbers and to give constructive methods for partitions to determine lower bounds on these numbers. Explicit computations include the values of R(3, 6) and R(3, 7) among others. Our computational techniques yield the upper bound R(x, y)≤cyx−1log log y/logy for x≥3.
Gangliosides inhibit phospholipid-sensitive Ca2+-dependent kinase phosphorylation of rat myelin basic proteins

Gangliosides inhibit the phosphorylation of both small and large rat myelin basic proteins (SMBP, LMBP) by an endogenous phospholipid-sensitive Ca2+-dependent protein kinase (C-kinase). Using a rat brain myelin preparation in an in vitro phosphorylation assay system, we determined the inhibition constants (IC50's) of the gangliosides GM1, GD1a, GD1b, and GT1b to be approximately 160 microM, 65 microM, 65 microM, and 40 microM, respectively. Asialoganglioside GA1, ceramide, and N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA, sialic acid) failed to produce similar inhibition, suggesting that both the lipid and the sialic acid moieties are necessary, but neither alone is sufficient to produce inhibition. The results indicate that gangliosides may regulate protein kinase C activities in the nervous system.
The role of antigen in the immune response: analysis by limiting dilution methods.

The effect of antigen was examined in vitro under conditions where precursors (B cells) were limiting compared to accessory cells, e.g., carrier specific, thymus-derived cells (T cells), and adherent cells (A cells). Selective initiation of precursors was found at very low concentrations of antigen, further antigen was found to have an effect on clone size or “burst” size over a wide-range of antigen concentrations. Inhibition of the in vitro primary anti-hapten immune response by polyvalent, non-immunogenic, TNP-HSA seemed to occur by selective prevention of the initiation of precursors to plaque forming cells.
Test Cases for Modeling and Validation of Structures with Piezoelectric Actuators

A set of benchmark test articles were developed to validate techniques for modeling structures containing piezoelectric actuators using commercially available finite element analysis packages. The paper presents the development, modeling, and testing of two structures: an aluminum plate with surface mounted patch actuators and a composite box beam with surface mounted actuators. Three approaches for modeling structures containing piezoelectric actuators using the commercially available packages: MSC/NASTRAN and ANSYS are presented. The approaches, applications, and limitations are discussed. Data for both test articles are compared in terms of frequency response functions from deflection and strain data to input voltage to the actuator. Frequency response function results using the three different analysis approaches provided comparable test/analysis results. It is shown that global versus local behavior of the analytical model and test article must be considered when comparing different approaches. Also, improper bonding of actuators greatly reduces the electrical to mechanical effectiveness of the actuators producing anti-resonance errors.
The British Orientation of Austrian Foreign Policy, 1749–1754

This essay seeks to defend the contention that in the years between 1749 and 1754 Austria actively and successfully sought to retain its ties of friendship with Great Britain. The operative words in the preceding sentence are “actively” and “successfully.” They are used to emphasize certain positive aspects of Vienna's policy in these years and to dispel the notion that the Anglo-Austrian entente persisted after 1748 merely because a nascent diplomatic revolution had not yet matured. It is well known that Britain sought Austria's friendship at this time; it is likewise well known that in Vienna Count Kaunitz urged an Austrian rapprochement with France. But it is less widely realized that Austria acted with some skill and considerable patience, uncomplainingly enduring a variety of apparent insults, to maintain and then fortify its traditional bonds of cooperation with the island kingdom. What Max Braubach has demonstrated for the Franco-Prussian alliance in 1753 may also be said of the Anglo-Austrian entente in 1754: at no time since the conclusion of the peace had the two powers acted so closely and unitedly.
Sputtering and migration during Ta implantation of Fe

This work evaluates the importance of sputtering and diffusion to the measured concentration profiles of Ta implanted into Fe. The samples consisted of thin Fe films deposited on sapphire or glass substrates and implanted with ISO keV Ta ions to fluences of (1−18) × 1016ionscm2. Rutherford backscattering analysis provided measurements of the retained dose, the sputtering rate of Fe and Ta, and the evolution of the Ta depth distribution, all as a function of ion dose. These measurements indicated that preferential removal by sputtering combined with atomic migration led to a 50% increase in the saturation retained dose of Ta, when compared to the value predicted by simple theory without these two effects.
Strategies for scalable symbolic execution-driven test generation for programs

With the advent of advanced program analysis and constraint solving techniques, several test generation tools use variants of symbolic execution. Symbolic techniques have been shown to be very effective in path-based test generation; however, they fail to scale to large programs due to the exponential number of paths to be explored. In this paper, we focus on tackling this path explosion problem and propose search strategies to achieve quick branch coverage under symbolic execution, while exploring only a fraction of paths in the program. We present a reachability-guided strategy that makes use of the reachability graph of the program to explore unvisited portions of the program and a conflict-driven backtracking strategy that utilizes conflict analysis to perform nonchronological backtracking. We present experimental evidence that these strategies can significantly reduce the search space and improve the speed of test generation for programs.
Developing an environmental manure test for the phosphorus index

Abstract Widespread implementation of the phosphorus (P) index has focused attention on environmental manure tests that can be used to estimate the relative availability of P in manure to runoff water. This article describes the development and use of a water extractable P (WEP) test to assess the capacity of land‐applied manure to enrich P in runoff water. WEP of surface‐applied manure has been shown to be strongly correlated to dissolved P concentrations in runoff from agricultural soils. WEP tests that have a defined water‐to‐manure‐solids ratio and involve extraction times of 30 to 120 min provide the best prediction of dissolved P in runoff across a wide range of manures. Consistent measurement of manure WEP can be achieved with manure sample storage times of up to 22 days (4°C), acidified extract holding times of 18 days, and solid separation by either centrifugation or paper filtration. Reproducibility of WEP tests is comparable to that of other common manure tests (e.g., total P), as verified by w...
1S,3R-ACPD-sensitive (metabotropic) [3H]glutamate receptor binding in membranes.

Abstract Metabotropic glutamate receptors are selectively activated by 1S,3R-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (1S,3R-ACPD). [3H binding sites in rat brain membranes were characterized in the presence of (RS)-α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA), kainate, and N- methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) to block binding to ionotropic glutamate receptors. 1S,3R-ACPD displaced a single populati [3H]glutamate binding sites and was mimicked by other metabotropic glutamate agonists with a potency order of l -glutamate >1S,3R- ACPD > ibotenate > 1R,3S- ACPD . Quisqualate interacted at two populations of binding sites. 1S,3R-ACPD-sensitive [3H]glutamate binding was saturable (Bmax=2.50±0.27 pmol/mg protein), reversible, and had high-affinity (KD=187±60 nM). 1S,3R-ACPD-sensitive [3H]glutamate binding likely represents labeling of metabotropic glutamate receptors in rat brain membranes.
Bicriterion stochastic scheduling on one or more machines

Abstract This paper is concerned with two types of bicriterion stochastic scheduling problems, the first involving a single machine, and the second involving the m-machine flow shop. In both problems, types, a set of n jobs is to be processed on one or more machines, and the objective is to find a job sequence which minimizes the sum of the expected total weighted tardiness and the expected total weighted flowtime. The job processing times are independent random variables and the jobs have a common, random due date. For both problem types, an optimal job sequence is obtained by processing the jobs in increasing stochastic order of their processing times.
Factors Associated With Readiness to Change Drug Use Among Needle-Exchange Users

To determine if frequent needle-exchange program (NEP) use is associated with lower readiness to change drug use, NEP clients in Providence, RI were interviewed regarding their drug use, HIV risk, health, and past use of drug treatment services in 1997-1998. Readiness to change drug use was assessed using a nine-step decision ladder. Based on this assessment, 14.3% of the sample were classified as precontemplators (24/168), 29.2% were in the contemplation stage (49/168), and 56.5% were in the determination or ready to change stage (95/168). We found that mean number of NEP visits was 25.5 among precontemplators, 28.7 among contemplators, and 22.5 among those in the determination stage. In multivariate analysis, an inverse relationship between having ever been in alcohol treatment and higher readiness to change drug use was the only significant association. In this exploratory study, we found that more frequent NEP participation did not impact readiness to change drug use among intravenous drug users. Given the high proportion of NEP clients ready to change drug use, improving linkages between NEPs and substance abuse treatment appears warranted.
Modeling of vapor chamber as heat spreading devices

As the heat density on the chip increases and heat dissipation is more localized, there are growing interests in developing alternative heat spreading devices. Vapor chambers have been used as heat spreading devices in heat sink bases. Before considering for integration into package heat spreaders or lids, the compatibility of the vapor chamber with the assembly processes would have to be assessed. However, before embarking down that path, this paper attempts to quantify the thermal benefit, if any, of vapor chamber heat spreaders compared to commonly used solid metal heat spreaders. A thermal model has been developed consisting of a heated chip integrated with a substrate, thermal interface material, vapor chamber lid and heat sink. The vapor chamber is represented by multiple block layers with effective thermal conductivities. It is revealed that the model can predict the temperature profile fairly well as compared with the results of a detailed numerical model. A sensitivity study shows that the thermal performance is sensitive to the effective thermal conductivity of the wick structure and insensitive to the effective thermal conductivity of the vapor space. A parametric study indicates that the vapor chamber heat spreader out-performs a copper block of the same dimension when the footprint size is larger than a certain value. It is concluded that vapor chamber is most effective in spreading heat over large areas. Consequently, it is suitable for applications where more surface area is desired due to reasons such as low heat transfer coefficients
Automated home-cage behavioural phenotyping of mice

Neurobehavioural analysis of mouse phenotypes requires the monitoring of mouse behaviour over long periods of time. In this study, we describe a trainable computer vision system enabling the automated analysis of complex mouse behaviours. We provide software and an extensive manually annotated video database used for training and testing the system. Our system performs on par with human scoring, as measured from ground-truth manual annotations of thousands of clips of freely behaving mice. As a validation of the system, we characterized the home-cage behaviours of two standard inbred and two non-standard mouse strains. From these data, we were able to predict in a blind test the strain identity of individual animals with high accuracy. Our video-based software will complement existing sensor-based automated approaches and enable an adaptable, comprehensive, high-throughput, fine-grained, automated analysis of mouse behaviour.
Pulsed RF Life of an L-Band Power Transistor

An accelerated pulsed RF life study of the NSC-2010 L-band power transistor was started to determine suitability for an intended application. The application requires 12.5 W of output power at 1.4 GHz with a collector supply voltage of 28 V. During the study, the RF was pulsed with the pulse width being 1.5 ms, and the duty cycle 50%. Results available indicate that the median life and 0.01 percentile life of the transistor are both greater than the desired life of 1.2 X 106 hours at a junction temperature of 140°C and the electrical conditions indicated above. In addition, the predominant failure mode appears to be emitter-base shorting of the transistor due to the formation of a conductive path between the metalization and the silicon through the dielectric layer.
Reinforcement Learning Applied to Linear Quadratic Regulation

Recent research on reinforcement learning has focused on algorithms based on the principles of Dynamic Programming (DP). One of the most promising areas of application for these algorithms is the control of dynamical systems, and some impressive results have been achieved. However, there are significant gaps between practice and theory. In particular, there are no convergence proofs for problems with continuous state and action spaces, or for systems involving non-linear function approximators (such as multilayer perceptrons). This paper presents research applying DP-based reinforcement learning theory to Linear Quadratic Regulation (LQR), an important class of control problems involving continuous state and action spaces and requiring a simple type of non-linear function approximator. We describe an algorithm based on Q-learning that is proven to converge to the optimal controller for a large class of LQR problems. We also describe a slightly different algorithm that is only locally convergent to the optimal Q-function, demonstrating one of the possible pitfalls of using a non-linear function approximator with DP-based learning.
Genetics of Eating Behavior: Established and Emerging Concepts

Understanding why we eat and the motivational factors driving food choices is important for addressing the epidemics of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Eating behavior is a complex interplay of physiological, psychological, social, and genetic factors that influence meal timing, quantity of food intake, and food preference. Reviewed here is the current and emerging knowledge of the genetic influences on eating behavior and how these relate to obesity; particular emphasis is placed on the genetics of taste, meal size, and selection, and the emerging use of functional magnetic resonance imaging to study neural reactions in response to food stimuli in normal, overweight, and obese individuals.
Extrapolation Errors in IPOs

We examine the effect of pre-IPO growth rates on the valuation and long-run performance of new issues. IPOs with rapid pre-IPO revenue growth obtain significantly higher offer value and secondary market valuation but have relatively poor long-term stock returns. There is no evidence that performance differentials are due to risk premia. Indeed the high-growth firms are riskier according to traditional measures. Finally, we show that analysts’ forecasts are upwardly biased for all firms, and the magnitude of these biases is greatest for firms with rapid pre-IPO growth. Overall these results are consistent with the behavioral model suggested by Lakonishok, Shleifer and Vishny (1994) and La Porta (1996).
Probabilistic Differential Dynamic Programming

We present a data-driven, probabilistic trajectory optimization framework for systems with unknown dynamics, called Probabilistic Differential Dynamic Programming (PDDP). PDDP takes into account uncertainty explicitly for dynamics models using Gaussian processes (GPs). Based on the second-order local approximation of the value function, PDDP performs Dynamic Programming around a nominal trajectory in Gaussian belief spaces. Different from typical gradient-based policy search methods, PDDP does not require a policy parameterization and learns a locally optimal, time-varying control policy. We demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed algorithm using two nontrivial tasks. Compared with the classical DDP and a state-of-the-art GP-based policy search method, PDDP offers a superior combination of data-efficiency, learning speed, and applicability.
Exploring the assumed invariance of implied emission factors for forest biomass in greenhouse gas inventories

Abstract Reviews of each nation's annual greenhouse gas inventory submissions including forestland are part of the ongoing reporting process of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Goals of these reviews include improving quality and consistency within and among reports. One method of facilitating comparisons is the use of a standard index such as an implied emission factor (IEF), which for forest biomass indicates net rate of carbon emission or sequestration per area. Guidance on the use of IEFs in reviews is limited, but there is an expectation that values should be relatively constant both over time and across spatial scales. To address this hypothesis, we examine IEFs over time, derived from U.S. forests at plot-, state-, and national-levels. Results show that at increasingly aggregated levels, relative heterogeneity decreases but can still be substantial. A net increase in U.S. whole-forest IEFs over time is consistent with results from temperate forests of nations in the European Community. IEFs are better viewed as a distribution of values rather than one constant value principally because of sensitivities to productivity, disturbance, and land use change, which can all vary considerably across a nation's forest land.
Marijuana use motives and social anxiety among marijuana-using young adults.

Given the high rates of co-occurring marijuana use and social anxiety, the present investigation examined the relations among marijuana use motives, marijuana use and problems, and social anxiety in 159 (54.7% female) young adults (M age = 18.74, SD = 1.20). As expected, after covarying for a number of variables related to both marijuana use and social anxiety (e.g. gender, alcohol use problems, anxiety sensitivity), social anxiety predicted greater numbers of marijuana use problems. Interestingly, social anxiety was not related to marijuana use frequency. Also consistent with prediction, social anxiety was a significant predictor of coping and conformity motives for marijuana use above and beyond relevant variables. Finally, coping motives for marijuana use mediated the relation between social anxiety and marijuana use problems. These data provide novel evidence for the unique effects of coping-motivated marijuana use in the link between marijuana-related impairment and social anxiety.
Mass spectra of nucleoside derivatives

The mass spectra of derivatives of uridine, adenosine, cytidine and guanosine are recorded. Derivatization techniques include permethylation, acetylation, trifluoroacetylation, trimethylsilylation and the synthesis of 2′,3′-O-isopropylidenes and 2′,3′-O-phenylboronic esters. Sequential derivatization by a selective combination of some of these procedures results in nucleosides which are blocked with a characteristic group at the cis 1,2 diol position, and, which contain other substituent groups that enhance the volatility of the compound. The specific substitution at the cis-glycol region has been shown to be particularly useful in asymmetrically derivatizing dinucleoside phosphates since certain fragment ions from their mass spectra indicate the sequence of the two nucleoside components. Sequence isomers such as adenylyl-(3′-5′)-uridine and uridylyl-(3′-5′)-adenosine can be unambiguously distinguished.
Parallel information processing channels created in the retina

In the retina, several parallel channels originate that extract different attributes from the visual scene. This review describes how these channels arise and what their functions are. Following the introduction four sections deal with these channels. The first discusses the "ON" and "OFF" channels that have arisen for the purpose of rapidly processing images in the visual scene that become visible by virtue of either light increment or light decrement; the ON channel processes images that become visible by virtue of light increment and the OFF channel processes images that become visible by virtue of light decrement. The second section examines the midget and parasol channels. The midget channel processes fine detail, wavelength information, and stereoscopic depth cues; the parasol channel plays a central role in processing motion and flicker as well as motion parallax cues for depth perception. Both these channels have ON and OFF subdivisions. The third section describes the accessory optic system that receives input from the retinal ganglion cells of Dogiel; these cells play a central role, in concert with the vestibular system, in stabilizing images on the retina to prevent the blurring of images that would otherwise occur when an organism is in motion. The last section provides a brief overview of several additional channels that originate in the retina.
Robot control in a message passing environment: theoretical questions and preliminary experiments

The performance of real-time distributed control systems is shown to depend critically on both communication and computation costs. A taxonomy for distributed system performance measurement is introduced. A roughly accurate method of performance prediction for simple systems is presented. Experimental results demonstrate the effects of communication protocols on real-world system performance. >
Are Teachers of the Gifted Specialists? A Landmark Decision on Employment Practices in Special Education for the Gifted

The relative newness of many gifted education programs and the lack of certification regulations sometimes means that teachers of the gifted must face employment insecurities that result from their lack of seniority in new instructional situations. Threatened with the termination of her teaching contract during a period of declining enrollment, a five-year gifted specialist became embroiled in a grievance procedure to determine her fitness for employment in preference to a tenured senior classroom teacher who did not have special training.Adjudication hearings involved both teachers, the Board of Education, and the American Arbitration Association. At issue were many factors that could have far reaching impact for teachers of the gifted and the field at large.
Hyperkinesis : Myth, Mystery, and Matter

Efforts to determine the cause of, diagnose, and prescribe treatment for behaviors associated with what is called hyperkinesis have been fraught with inconsistencies and confusion. Although the validity of the term has been questioned and the research plagued by problems of definition and design, the term continues to have appeal among educators, psychologists, and pediatricians. Because discussions and opinions are diverse, most reviews of research have focused on specific aspects of the term. This review attempts to identify collectively for the reader the myth, mystery, and substance of the salient issues. In addition to a general discussion and categorization of the research findings, a set of criteria is established to assist with identification and clinical judgment. Although the findings are unclear, there appears to be enough evidence to justify using the term. In view of the recent shift to the term attention-deficit disorder, outlined by the Diagnostic and Statistics Manual (DSM-III), and the re...
Building a web-based tool to support clinical decisions in the control of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections

Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) are the agents of two common, sexually transmitted diseases afflicting women in the United States (http://www.cdc.gov). We designed a novel web-based application that offers simple recommendations to help optimize medical outcomes with CT and GC prevention and control programs. This application takes population groups, prevalence rates, parameters for available screening assays and treatment regimens (costs, sensitivity, and specificity), as well as budget limits as inputs. Its output suggests optimal screening and treatment strategies for selected at-risk groups, commensurate with the clinic's budget allocation. Development of this tool illustrates how a clinical informatics application based on rigorous mathematics might have a significant impact on real-world clinical issues.
Early Mobilization: Changing the Mindset

BACKGROUND Staff in the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) had several concerns about mobilizing patients receiving mechanical ventilation. OBJECTIVE To assess and improve the mindset of SICU staff toward early mobilization of patients receiving mechanical ventilation before, 6 months after, and 1 year after implementation of early mobilization. METHODS The Plan-Do-Study-Act model was used to guide the planning, implementation, evaluation, and interventions to change the mindset and practice of SICU staff in mobilizing patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Interventions to overcome barriers to early mobilization included interdisciplinary collaboration, multimodal education, and operational changes. The mindset of the SICU staff toward early mobilization of patients receiving mechanical ventilation was assessed by using a survey questionnaire distributed 2 weeks before, 6 months after, and 1 year after implementation of early mobilization. RESULTS The median score on 6 of 7 survey questions changed significantly from before, to 6 months after, to 1 year after implementation, indicating a change in the mindset of SICU staff toward early mobilization of patients receiving mechanical ventilation. The SICU staff agreed that most patients receiving mechanical ventilation are able to get out of bed safely with coordination among personnel and that early mobilization of intubated patients decreases length of stay and decreases occurrence of ventilator-associated pneumonia, deep vein thrombosis, and skin breakdown. CONCLUSIONS SICU interdisciplinary team collaboration, multimodal education, and operational support contribute to removing staff bias against mobilizing patients receiving mechanical ventilation. (Critical Care Nurse. 2015;35[4]:e1-e7)
Mediators of Treatment Effects in a Randomized Clinical Trial of Multisystemic Therapy-Health Care in Adolescents With Poorly Controlled Asthma: Disease Knowledge and Device Use Skills

OBJECTIVE Determine whether Multisystemic Therapy-Health Care (MST-HC) improved asthma knowledge and controller device use skills among African-American youth with poorly controlled asthma and whether any improvements mediated changes in illness management. METHODS A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 170 adolescents with moderate to severe asthma. Families were randomized to MST-HC or attention control. Data were collected at baseline and 6 and 12 months after intervention completion. RESULTS In linear mixed models, adolescents in the MST-HC group had increases in asthma knowledge; asthma knowledge was unchanged for attention control. Controller device use skills increased for adolescents in the MST-HC group, while skills declined for attention control. Both knowledge and skills mediated the relationship between intervention condition and changes in illness management. CONCLUSIONS Tailored, home-based interventions that include knowledge and skills building components are one means by which illness management in African-American youth with poorly controlled asthma can be improved.
Self-Recognition and Other-Recognition in Point-Light Displays

Adult humans’ recognition of self and others in diverse media (e.g., mirrors, videos) provides evidence for their skills at kinesthetic-visual and visual-visual matching, respectively. In this study, we examine self- and other-recognition in point-light displays (PLDs). Participants (7 men, 4 women) were filmed while walking in the dark with lighted joints to create two PLDs each, one showing a frontal view and one showing a half-profile view. Ten of the participants then observed 22 PLDs, two of themselves and two each of 10 familiar persons, and named whom they perceived in each PLD. Participants achieved greater than chance levels of accuracy in identifying themselves (55% of the time) and others (29.5%). Comparisons using three measures showed that participants were better at detecting themselves than others; however, variability in self- and other-detection within and across studies suggests caution prior to generalizing. Participants were equally successful in detecting walkers in frontal and half-profile PLDs, on average detecting about 3 walkers out of 11 in each perspective. Thus, participants showed some skill in using kinesthetic-visual and visual-visual matching in recognizing self and other, respectively, from the limited information present in PLDs.
Understanding and Profiting from Intellectual Property: New Beginnings

This last chapter provides an action framework for understanding and profiting from IP for practitioners and analysts. First, it reviews the fundamental understanding of IP, including basic knowledge about IP and the function of IPS. Second, several countries’ IP environments are assessed to help practitioners and analysts establish a critical understanding about which countries could be selected as an international base where IP can be commercialized profitably. Third, the chapter focuses on managerial matters so practitioners and analysts can equip themselves with knowledge about IP assets. Finally, the section on strategizing IP actions allows practitioners and analysts to assess which internationalizing strategies are most appropriate for profiting from IP, and in particular, which licensing strategy represents the best option, and what strategies to adopt to best deal with piracy issues.
Effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on low density lipoprotein receptor expression in rat adipose tissue.

Low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors are found in most cells, including adipose cells. LDL receptors are primarily regulated by cellular cholesterol content. Insu- lin and insulin deficiency have been reported to have varying effects on LDL receptors in various tissues. The present study was undertaken to assess the in vivo effects of streptozotocin- induced diabetes on LDL receptor expression and choles- terol content in adipose tissue and liver. Diabetes was in- duced by a single dose of streptozotocin. After 3 days, some animals were treated with insulin, and all animals were killed 10 days after induction of diabetes. Compared to control rats, 10 days of diabetes caused a decrease in adipose cell size and cellular unesterified cholesterol and cholesteryl esters, and insulin treatment returned these towards normal. No changes were observed in hepatic lipid content with diabetes or insu- lin treatment. Diabetes was associated with an -50% reduc- tion in immunoreactive LDL receptors in adipose cells (P < 0.01) that was returned to normal with insulin treatment. The levels of LDL receptor mRNA decreased -80% (P < 0.001) in adipose cells isolated from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and returned to normal with insulin treatment. Hepatic LDL receptors and mRNA levels were unaffected by diabetes or insulin treatment. UIn conclusion, diabetes decreased LDL receptor expression in adipose cells while total cellular cholesterol content also declined.Swami, S., C. Sztalryd, and F. B. Kraemer. Effects of streptozotocin-induced diabe- tes on low density lipoprotein receptor expression in rat adipose tissue. J. Lipid Res. 1996. 37: 229-236.
Lick rates and topographies as taxonomic criteria in southwestern rodents

Lick rates and stereotyped patterns of licking were compared in eight species of rodents: Neotoma micropus, Neotoma albigula, Neotoma mexicana, Dipodymus ordii, Onychomys leucogaster, Eutamias quadrivittatus, Sigmodon hispidus, and Rattus norvegicus. Although previous research with laboratory rodents suggested that lick rates might be species specific, there were overlaps of mean lick rates per sec within and between genera. Ritualized patterns of licking to noncontingent stimuli were apparently more sensitive to species differences in behavior.
Addendum to ``Possibility of 0-g-factor paramagnetic molecules for measurement of the electron's electric dipole moment''

Recent experimentation has revealed a discrepancy between the calculated and actual hyperfine structure of the ${}^{207}$Pb${}^{19}$F molecule. This discrepancy has been attributed to a misrepresentation of the parity for the ground-state PbF molecule. In a previously published work [Shafer-Ray, Phys. Rev. A 73, 034102 (2006)], we derived a formula for the electric-field-dependent $g$ factor of the ground-state PbF molecule with the misassigned parity. In this Addendum, we reformulate that work and derive the $g$ factor based on the corrected ground state. We discuss the impact of the corrected $g$ factor of the PbF molecule and conclude that the PbF molecule has a $g$ factor which can be small enough to perform an experiment sensitive to the electron's electric dipole moment.
Evidence of Electrical Interactions between Photo-Induced Charge Carriers and Moving Dislocations in Red Mercuric Iodide

Variations in both the hole and the electron photocurrents in single crystals of mercuric iodide (Hgl2) are measured during plastic deformation by shearing over (001) planes. The results demonstrate the presence of electrical interactions between moving “easy glide” dislocations and photo-induced charge carriers in HgI2. It is found that both hole and electron photocurrents are decreased during dislocation motion and that the extent of this effect (and the subsequent recovery after deformation ceases) depends on the applied bias.
Parallel Adaptive Detached Eddy Simulations of the EUROLIFT DLR-F11 high lift configuration

Simulations of high lift configurations like multi-element wings have been an active area of research in aerodynamics. Following our participation in the 2 AIAA CFD High Lift Prediction Workshop (HiLiftPW-2), the EUROLIFT DLR-F11 multi-element wing geometry is considered in this work, as it is representative of a wide-body commercial aircraft that features a continuous full span slat and flap in landing setting. The complexity and size of this geometric model present serious challenges for meshing and high-fidelity modeling of these systems. Moreover, full scale DES simulations of such geometries require very fine mesh resolution in key locations of the computational domain (e.g. boundary layers, wake of the flap, tips, etc) and massively parallel resources to solve the Navier-Stokes equations in a timely manner. To achieve these fine resolutions in an efficient manner, an adaptive approach is highly desirable. In this paper, the computational approach used for these DES simulations is a mature finite-element flow solver (PHASTA) employed with anisotropic adaptive meshing and partitioning procedures. The Reynolds number is set to Re = 1.35M and an angle of attack of 7 is considered. The initial mesh design for a 7 angle of attack with DES is discussed, along with the associated adapted mesh. Preliminary results are also provided to identify what is resolved on the initial and adapted meshes and what, in future work, will be required to bring further agreement with the experiments. RANS simulations on the same meshes are also discussed since they serve as an initial condition for the DES.
Spatial Engineering of Osteochondral Tissue Constructs Through Microfluidically Directed Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

Abstract The development of tissue engineered osteochondral units has been slowed by a number of technical hurdles associated with recapitulating their heterogeneous nature ex vivo. Subsequently, numerous approaches with respect to cell sourcing, scaffolding composition, and culture media formulation have been pursued, which have led to high variability in outcomes and ultimately the lack of a consensus bioprocessing strategy. As such, the objective of this study was to standardize the design process by focusing on differentially supporting formation of cartilaginous and bony matrix by a single cell source in a spatially controlled manner within a single material system. A cell-polymer solution of bovine mesenchymal stem cells and agarose was cast against micromolds of a serpentine network and stacked to produce tissue constructs containing two independent microfluidic networks. Constructs were fluidically connected to two controlled flow loops and supplied with independently tuned differentiation paramet...
Fundamentals and research status of cryogenic solid propulsion technology

A new category of chemical rocket propulsion-cryogenic solid propulsion technology is presented. The fundamentals, structural configurations,features, technical challenges concerned,recent advances in the research activities in the world and potential merits in application to space launch vehicles are discussed.
Secant-Like Methods and Fractional Calculus

We present local and semilocal convergence results for secant-like methods in order to approximate a locally unique solution of a nonlinear equation in a Banach space setting. In the last part of the study we present some choices of the operators involved in fractional calculus where the operators satisfy the convergence conditions. It follows [5].
Cümülön: matrix-based data analytics in the cloud with spot instances

We describe Cumulon, a system aimed at helping users develop and deploy matrix-based data analysis programs in a public cloud. A key feature of Cumulon is its end-to-end support for the so-called spot instances---machines whose market price fluctuates over time but is usually much lower than the regular fixed price. A user sets a bid price when acquiring spot instances, and loses them as soon as the market price exceeds the bid price. While spot instances can potentially save cost, they are difficult to use effectively, and run the risk of not finishing work while costing more. Cumulon provides a highly elastic computation and storage engine on top of spot instances, and offers automatic cost-based optimization of execution, deployment, and bidding strategies. Cumulon further quantifies how the uncertainty in the market price translates into the cost uncertainty of its recommendations, and allows users to specify their risk tolerance as an optimization constraint.
Luminal calcium regulates potassium transport by the renal distal tubule.

We examined the effect of changes in lumen calcium concentration on net potassium transport by distal tubules in anesthetized rats. Tubules were perfused with a control solution that resembled inte...
Predictors of resolution in navigated patients with abnormal cancer screening tests.

Harold P Freeman introduced patient navigation (PN) in 1990 as a potential strategy for reducing health disparities in African Americans at a Harlem, New York, hospital.1 PN has been described as a “barrier-focused intervention” that is provided to patients for a defined episode of cancer-related care; has a definite endpoint when the services provided are complete; targets defined health services that are required to complete an episode of cancer-related care; focuses on the identification of individual patient-level barriers to accessing cancer care; and aims to reduce delays in accessing the continuum of cancer care services.2 Delays in cancer care have been associated with personal factors (eg, race, socioeconomic status, psychosocial constructs, and so on), interpersonal factors (eg, dissatisfaction with health care providers), and system factors (eg, appointment logistics).3–6 In recent decades, there has been a large number of cancer-related PN programs started in the United States. Many of the early programs tested the impact of PN on cancer screening behaviors or follow-up after the detection of a screening abnormality.2,7 Several of those studies reported a positive effect of PN. More recently, the Patient Navigation Research Program (PNRP) was created and funded by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the American Cancer Society (ACS) to further examine the effectiveness of PN programs.8 This cooperative effort involved PN studies that targeted vulnerable populations at 10 health care institutions across the United States. Most PNRP studies have shown that PN reduces the time from abnormal findings to diagnostic resolution in patients with breast, cervical, colorectal, and prostate abnormalities.9–14 Diagnostic resolution occurred when a patient’s clinical abnormality or abnormal screening test was determined to be a benign condition or a cancer diagnosis. Despite a growing body of evidence that PN programs are effective in improving cancer-related care outcomes, little is known about what variables predict timely outcomes in navigated patients. Such information is critical for improving current PN programs and designing future programs. We examined data from the Ohio Patient Navigator Research Program (OPNRP) to identify predictors of diagnostic resolution in navigated patients.
The Indian/Pakistani Nuclear Tests: Brinkmanship without a Cause

In 1998, Jaswant Singh, then Senior Adviser on Defense and Foreign Affairs in India, defended the nuclear tests his nation had conducted that May by stating that India existed in a “rough neighborhood.”1 Certainly, his claim was justified, given that India bordered on two traditional enemies, China and Pakistan. However, his defensive justification begins to fragment when one examines the circumstances more closely. While the Sino and Muslim civilizations represented by these antagonists had often clashed with the Hindu civilization, the strategic usefulness of exploding a nuclear device in response is questionable. China was unlikely to be intimidated by the Indian tests when the Chinese nuclear arsenal was far superior in number and sophistication. Pakistan responded soon after the Indian test by exploding its own nuclear device, effectively negating any strategic advantage India might have gained with its own potential threat.
Profuse evolutionary diversification and speciation on volcanic islands: transposon instability and amplification bursts explain the genetic paradox

Background Species-rich adaptive radiations arising from rare plant and animal colonizers are common on remote volcanic archipelagoes. However, they present a paradox. The severe genetic bottleneck of founder events and effects of inbreeding depression, coupled with the inherently stressful volcanic environment, would seem to predict reduced evolutionary potential and increased risk of extinction, rather than rapid adaptive divergence and speciation. Significantly, eukaryotic genomes harbor many families of transposable elements (TEs) that are mobilized by genome shock; these elements may be the primary drivers of genetic reorganization and speciation on volcanic islands.
Complexities and Performance Limitations in Growing Time-Delay Noisy Linear Consensus Networks

Abstract: This work investigates topology design for optimal performance in time-delay noisy networks. Performance of the network is measured by the square of the system’s H 2 -norm. The focus of this paper is on adding new interconnections to enhance performance of the time-delay first-order connected consensus network. We discuss complexity of topology optimization for delayed networks and develop two practical methods to tackle the combinatorial eigenvalue problem without exhaustive search or eigen-decomposition. Furthermore, we compare these methods and discuss their degrees of optimality.