cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of methods for the Fmoc solid-phase synthesis and cleavage of a peptide containing both tryptophan and arginine

A major side reaction which can occur during the synthesis of Trp-containing peptides is modification of the Trp indole by reactive carbonium ion species released during acidolytic cleavage. [Asn2,Trp4]Dynorphin A-(1-13), a sequence which is very susceptible to Trp modification, was chosen as a model peptide to compare the effectiveness of various methods proposed to minimize Trp modification during Fmoc solid-phase synthesis. The peptide was synthesized with the side chain of Trp unprotected and cleaved by Reagent K [82.5% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)/5% phenol/5% water/5% thioanisole/2.5% ethanedithiol (EDT)] [King, D.S. et al. (1990) Int. J. Peptide Protein Res. 36, 255-266], Reagent R [90% TFA/5% thioanisole/3% EDT/2% anisole] [Albericio, F. et al. (1990) J. Org. Chem. 55, 3730-3743], TFA containing 20% EDT and 4% water [Riniker, B. & Hartmann, A. (1990) in Peptides: Chemistry, Structure, and Biology (Rivier, J.E. & Marshall, G.R., eds.), pp. 950-952, Escom, Leiden], and TFA containing trialkylsilane, MeOH, and ethylmethyl sulfide [Chan, W.C. & Bycroft, B.W. (1992) in Peptides: Chemistry, Structure, and Biology, Op. cit., pp. 613-614]. Cleavage with Reagent K, Reagent R and TFA containing 20% EDT and 4% water yielded similar results; in addition to the desired peptide, the crude product contained 22-30% of a side product which appeared to result from Trp modification by a Pmc group. Cleavage with the trialkylsilane-containing mixture gave the lowest recovery of the desired peptide and the highest levels of Pmc-containing peptides.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Specific fine chromosomal defects in cancer: an overview.

Abstract More than 20 tumors have been found to have a specific chromosomal abnormality. In acute nonlymphocytic and acute lymphocytic leukemias, subgroups have also been identified with consistent chromosomal defects and different prognoses and responses to treatment. With the recent advent of high resolution chromosome technology, it appears possible that most malignant tumors will be found to have a chromosomal defect. This has recently been observed in acute nonlymphocytic leukemias. These findings and the availability of new solid tumor techniques make it possible to predict that study of chromosomes in cancer will become a useful if not essential tool in the subclassification and understanding of the etiology of neoplasias.
Is Biodegradability a Desirable Attribute for Discarded Solid Waste? Perspectives from a National Landfill Greenhouse Gas Inventory Model

There is increasing interest in the use of biodegradable materials because they are believed to be “greener”. In a landfill, these materials degrade anaerobically to form methane and carbon dioxide. The fraction of the methane that is collected can be utilized as an energy source and the fraction of the biogenic carbon that does not decompose is stored in the landfill. A landfill life-cycle model was developed to represent the behavior of MSW components and new materials disposed in a landfill representative of the U.S. average with respect to gas collection and utilization over a range of environmental conditions (i.e., arid, moderate wet, and bioreactor). The behavior of materials that biodegrade at relatively fast (food waste), medium (biodegradable polymer) and slow (newsprint and office paper) rates was studied. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyoctanoate) (PHBO) was selected as illustrative for an emerging biodegradable polymer. Global warming potentials (GWP) of 26, 720, −1000, 990, and 1300 kg CO...
Free and Appropriate Education for All Students Total Quality and the Transformation of American Public Education

American education is in a period of intensive reflection and reform. The process of change is following a traditional pattern: An alarm has sounded, remedies and solutions have been proposed, and efforts are underway to put ideas for change into practice. The alarm has also sounded for special education. There are widespread perceptions that past research and practices in determining eligibility for special education have wasted resources and limited the possibilities for responding to the learning needs of students with disabilities. Criticism has triggered calls for remedies and solutions followed by reform initiatives. While there are parallel initiatives to improve general and special education, a unified effort is essential for progress. Among the various education reform movements, there is one approach that offers an opportunity for fully involving general and special educators in the improvement of American public education. The principles of Dr. W.Edwards Deming and the concept of total quality ...
Use of the frostig DTVP with economically disadvantaged children

This research dealt with the reliability and validity of the DTVP when used with a sample of economically disadvantaged, predominantly Negro children from a large eastern city. Regarding reliability, test-retest and split-half procedures were employed; for validity the test was correlated with intelligence and achievement measures. The authors concluded that (a) the total test values alone evidence the necessary reliability to be used with confidence for diagnostic purposes, and (b) the validity of the measure has not been sufficiently demonstrated.
The Economic Geography of Talent

The distribution of talent, or human capital, is an important factor in economic geography. This article examines the economic geography of talent, exploring the factors that attract talent and its effects on high-technology industry and regional incomes. Talent is defined as individuals with high levels of human capital, measured as the percentage of the population with a bachelor's degree and above. This article advances the hypothesis that talent is attracted by diversity, or what are referred to as low barriers to entry for human capital. To get at this, it introduces a new measure of diversity, referred to as the diversity index, measured as the proportion of gay households in a region. It also introduces a new measure of cultural and nightlife amenities, the coolness index, as well as employing conventional measures of amenities, high-technology industry, and regional income. Statistical research supported by the findings of interviews and focus groups is used to probe these issues. The findings con...
Design and fabrication of integrated lens based on curved reflector with physical optics correction

Integration of lens on-chip is challenging but can be realized with curved reflector. FDTD simulation shows that the curved reflector throughput can be improved via physical optics correction. Actual devices are fabricated on SOI wafer.
Chronic ethanol ingestion decreases vasopressin mRNA in hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic nuclei of mouse brain

Abstract Endogenous arginine vasopressin was previously shown to modulate the rate of loss of functional (CNS) tolerance to ethanol, suggesting that chronic ethanol ingestion might after vasopressin synthesis and/or release. Since extrahypothalamic vasopressin is believed to be involved in the CNS effects of the peptide, we determined the effect of ethanol on vasopressin mRNA in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST), as well as in several hypothalamic nuclei. Chronic ethanol ingestion, that produced functional tolerance and physical dependence in mice, resulted in decreased vasopressin mRNA levels in all areas examined. In contrast, as expected, dehydration resulted in increases in vasopressin mRNA in the BST and in all hypothalamic nuclei except the suprachiasmatic nucleus. In the BST, both ethanol ingestion and dehydration affected cells in the central region of the nucleus, while cells in the caudal portion were only affected by ethanol treatment. The results indicate that chronic ethanol ingestion generally reduces the synthesis of vasopressin, and that increased vasopressin synthesis is not necessary in order for the peptide to affect ethanol tolerance.
The Entire Genomic Sequence and cDNA Expression of Mouse α-Galactosidase A☆

Abstract The full-length cDNA and genomic sequences encoding mouse α-galactosidase A (α-Gal A; EC 3.2.1.22), a lysosomal galactohydrolase, were isolated and characterized. The cDNA's open reading frame encoded 419 amino acids and had 82% nucleotide (nt) and 78% amino acid identity with the human sequence, although the carboxy terminus of the mouse α-Gal A polypeptide was 10 amino acids shorter. The functional integrity of the mouse cDNA was demonstrated by transient expression in COS-1 cells. Northern analysis revealed two mRNA species of about 1.6 and 3.4 kb due to alternative polyadenylation signals. The entire 14.4-kb mouse genomic sequence was determined; each of its seven exons was interrupted by intronic sequence at the identical positions as the exons in the human gene. The mouse 5′ flanking region (250 nt) had one Sp1 site, five CAAT boxes, and no TATA box and had 67% identity with the human promoter region. The gene contained 18 complete or partial Alu -repetitive elements (13 type 1 and 5 type 2 repeats), and three putative functional AATAAA consensus polyadenylation signals were identified 72, 1668, and 1682 nt after the TAA termination codon. Use of the 72-nt site and the 1688 and/or 1682 sites were consistent with the shorter and longer transcripts. The availability of the full-length cDNA and genomic sequence encoding mouse α-Gal A should facilitate structure/function studies of this lysosomal glycosidase and the construction of α-Gal A-deficient mice by targeted gene disruption.
Sampling frequencies and measurement error for linear and temporal gait parameters in primate locomotion

Quantitative analyses of animal motion are increasingly easy to conduct using simple video equipment and relatively inexpensive software packages. With careful use, such analytical tools have the potential to quantify differences in movement between individuals or species and to allow insights into the behavioral consequences of morphological differences between taxa. However, as with any other type of measurement, there are errors associated with kinematic measurements. Because normative kinematic data on human and nonhuman primate locomotion are used to model aspects of gait of fossil hominins, errors in the extant data influence the accuracy of fossil gait reconstructions. The principal goal of this paper is to illustrate the effect of camera speeds (frame rates) on kinematic measurement errors, and to demonstrate how these errors vary with subject size, movement velocity, and sample size. Kinematic data for human walking and running (240 Hz), as well as data for primate quadrupedal walking and running (180 Hz) were used as inputs for a simulation of the measurement errors associated with various linear and temporal kinematic variables. Measurement errors were shown to increase as camera speed, subject body size, and interval duration all decrease, and as movement velocity increases. These results have implications for the methods used to calculate subject velocity and suggest that using a moving marker to measure the linear displacements of the body is preferable to the use of a stationary marker. Finally, while slower camera speeds will always result in higher measurement errors than do faster camera speeds, this effect can be moderated to some extent by collecting sufficiently large samples of data.
Ode to diversity

In Praise of Difference: Genetics and Human Affairs. By Albert Jacquard. Columbia University Press: 1984. Pp.187. 20.
Chapter 40 Non-linear dynamical systems: Instability and chaos in economics

Publisher Summary This chapter aims to (1) set enough of the mathematics of dynamical systems from the perspective of chaos theory so that the endogenous emergence of chaotic dynamics and other highly complex dynamics are understood, (ii) measures of instability and complexity are explained, (iii) how one tests for the presence of chaos and other complex nonlinear dynamics in time series data is discussed; and (iv) how these concepts have been applied in economics is explained. The chapter focuses on discussing the fabric and unity of this subject from the point of view of economic theory and econometrics. Basic mathematics has been developed so that ideas and the notion of chaotic dynamics are defined precisely. In computer science, there is a great deal of interest in the properties of random number generators. Measures that are designed to detect chaos can also be used to test random number generators. It raises the issue of what criteria should be used in judging whether or not finite length sequences are random. In statistical hypothesis testing, certain measures that are used to detect chaotic dynamics have been used to test for stochastic stationarity and independence.
Positive-ion analysis of boropeptides by chemical ionization and liquid secondary ionization mass spectrometry

Techniques for the characterization of two boronic acid peptides as their cyclic boronate ester derivatives by positive-ion ammonia chemical ionization (CI) and positive-ion liquid secondary ionization (LSIMS) are described and results presented. These techniques avoid the complications introduced by the thermally induced processes that boronic acids may undergo when the mass spectrometric characterizations of free boronic acids are attempted. Derivatizations for CI analysis were accomplished via a simple benchtop method using several polyfunctional nucleophilic derivatizing agents (ethylene glycol, glycerol, et al.), while derivatizations for LSIMS analysis were accomplished via both benchtop and previously established in situ methods using the same derivatizing agents. Certain previously held misconceptions about the LSIMS mass spectrometry of boronic acids are examined.
Some consideration of excluded volume effects in dilute polymer solutions

A two-parameter model is proposed to analyze the viscosity of dilute polymer solutions; and critical comments are given on recent articles by Berry and by Norisuye et al. The data seem to follow our theoretical model better than other models. Light-scattering data are also analyzed. The data indicate that the distribution function of monomers decays as a simple exponential function for large r.
Reduced expression of TGF β1RII in agnogenic myeloid metaplasia is not due to mutation or methylation

Agnogenic myeloid metaplasia (AMM) is characterized by bone marrow fibrosis and enhanced proliferation of megakaryocytes and CD34+ cells. We have analyzed the factors that could lead to reduced expression of TGF β1RII in CD34+ cells of AMM patients. Our results demonstrate absence of mutations in the coding region and the promoter of this gene and absence of CpG methylation of its promoter in AMM patients. Further studies on transcriptional regulation of TGF β1RII involving its cis-regulatory elements, the interacting transcription factors and their association with HDAC will provide valuable information on the pathogenesis of AMM and are under current investigation.
Explosive vapor bubble growth in uniformly superheated liquids: R-113 and mercury

Abstract Based on experimental and analytical work conducted previously with R-113, the results of an analytical study of the vapor bubble dynamics for mercury associated with nucleation and growth are presented here. The simulations show that a growing mercury vapor bubble can be substantially unstable under sufficiently high superheat, as with a superheat level of 100 °C, and that surface tension tends to stabilize the process. At a superheat level of 30 °C, the growth is marginally stable due to the high surface tension, and quite stable in the very early stages of the growth. For most cases, the wavelength of growing perturbations appear to be relatively large compared to that for water, again due to the large surface tension of mercury. As a result of the high liquid-to-vapor density ratio, the growth rates of mercury vapor bubbles can be quite high, reaching a diameter of 1 m in 1 s, with an initial superheat of 100 °C and pressure of 0.1 atm. The effects of system pressure are also considered here.
Optical microscopy studies of polymer/liquid-crystal diffractive optics

Electrically switchable diffraction gratings having periods as small as 5 μm and incorporating nematic LC confined within channels formed in poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) films were prepared and characterized. Gratings were produced by first using conventional photolithographic procedures to prepare reusable surface-relief grating molds from a common photoresist (SU-8). An aqueous PVA solution was then drop coated onto the mold and dried, The PVA film was subsequently peeled from the mold and pressed (channel side down) onto an indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass slide. The channels were then filled with LC using capillary action. Finally, a second ITO-coated slide was pressed onto the backside of the PVA film, forming a polymer/LC grating cell. The diffraction efficiency of each grating was measured as a function of applied electric field strength using 488 nm light. Beam diffraction was greatest in the absence of the field and fell to zero for applied fields of less than 10 V/μm. These studies and atomic force microscopy results showed the LC channels to be ≈ 50-100 nm deep. Multiphoton excited fluorescence microscopy (MPEFM) was used to show the LC was oriented predominantly parallel to the long axis of the channels in the zero field state. Significant nonuniformity observed in the LC orientation was attributed to channel (PVA) wall roughness. Time-resolved MPEFM was used to monitor the LC reorientation process on submicron length scales. The local LC reorientation dynamics were also strongly perturbed by channel wall roughness.
The Supply Chain Puzzle Game: Highlighting Behavioral Issues in SCM

Managing the 21st-century supply chain (SC) requires unique skills. Participative learning can help teach them. For example, the Beer Distribution Game is used to show the cost created when information is not shared. Unfortunately, after playing the Beer Game, students often believe technology is the answer to SC coordination. They fail to see how behavioral issues complicate collaboration. A need exists for an interactive exercise to demonstrate the effects of human behavior on SC collaboration. We present the “SC Puzzle Game” as a tool to give students firsthand experience with the behavioral challenges that can hinder SC collaboration.
Pose error robust grasping from contact wrench space metrics

Grasp quality metrics which analyze the contact wrench space are commonly used to synthesize and analyze preplanned grasps. Preplanned grasping approaches rely on the robustness of stored solutions. Analyzing the robustness of such solutions for large databases of preplanned grasps is a limiting factor for the applicability of data driven approaches to grasping. In this work, we will focus on the stability of the widely used grasp wrench space epsilon quality metric over a large range of poses in simulation. We examine a large number of grasps from the Columbia Grasp Database for the Barrett hand. We find that in most cases the grasp with the most robust force closure with respect to pose error for a particular object is not the grasp with the highest epsilon quality. We demonstrate that grasps can be reranked by an estimate of the stability of their epsilon quality. We find that the grasps ranked best by this method are successful more often in physical experiments than grasps ranked best by the epsilon quality.
Testing Ideology Against Neorealism in Hitler's Drive to the East

The aggressively ideological character of the Nazi regime provides an interesting test case for the various theories of international relations that claim a state's behavior toward its neighbors is far more influenced by structural, system-level factors than by the specific character of the state in question. In this article I question the view of prominent realists such as Dale Copeland and John Mearsheimer that Nazi Germany did not behave irrationally in the international arena, using Hitler's decision to invade the Soviet Union in 1941 as a central piece of evidence. Making extensive use of the diplomatic record, I argue that structural or neorealism cannot adequately explain this crucial decision of the war, and that in fact Hitler's ideology must be taken into account as a determining factor.
Malignant Melanoma of the Choroid Associated with Oculodermal Melanocytosis

Abstract A 66-year-old white woman with oculodermal melanocytosis developed a malignant melanoma of the choroid in the right eye. The association of uveal melanoma with ocular and oculodermal melanocytosis is discussed. A differential diagnosis of ocular and oculodermal melanocytosis with emphasis on primary acquired melanosis is presented. Accurate diagnosis of ocular and oculodermal melanocytosis is important as these conditions have been reported to develop malignant melanoma of the skin, uveal tract, orbit, meninges, and brain.
Updated thermal model using simplified short-wave radiosity calculations

Abstract An extension to a forest canopy thermal radiance model is described that computes the short-wave energy flux absorbed within the canopy by solving simplified radiosity equations describing flux transfers between canopy ensemble classes partitioned by vegetation layer and leaf slope. Integrated short-wave reflectance and transmittance-factors obtained from measured leaf optical properties were found to be nearly equal for the canopy studied. Short-wave view factor matrices were approximated by combining the average leaf scattering coefficient with the long-wave view factor matrices already incorporated in the model. Both the updated and original models were evaluated for a dense spruce fir forest study site in Central Maine. Canopy short-wave absorption coefficients estimated from detailed Monte Carlo ray tracing calculations were 0.60, 0.04, and 0.03 for the top, middle, and lower canopy layers corresponding to leaf area indices of 4.0, 1.05, and 0.25. The simplified radiosity technique yielded analogous absorption values of 0.55, 0.03, and 0.01. The resulting root mean square error in modeled versus measured canopy temperatures for all layers was less than 1°C with either technique. Maximum error in predicted temperature using the simplified radiosity technique was approximately 2°C during peak solar heating.
Evaluation of a percutaneously controlled hydraulic occluder in a rat model of gradual venous occlusion.

Objective— To evaluate the efficacy of a percutaneously controlled hydraulic occluder (HO) in a rat model of gradual venous occlusion. Study Design— Experimental study. Animals— Ten male Sprague–Dawley rats. Methods— HOs and perivascular transit time ultrasound flow probes were applied to the caudal vena cava (CVC). Occluders in group I rats (n=6) were gradually attenuated over 8 weeks, whereas occluders in group II rats (n=4) were not attenuated. Vena caval blood flow measurements were performed weekly in all rats for 8 weeks. After euthanasia, the CVC was evaluated grossly and by histopathology. Results— Premature occlusion of the vena cava occurred during the 1st week in 3 rats (1 in group I, 2 in group II) because of kinking of the vena cava between the HO and the flow probe. For the remaining rats, mean blood flow in group I decreased significantly from 40.71 mL/min/kg at baseline to 4.68 mL/min/kg at 8 weeks (P=.0094, power=0.91). Group II rats maintained vena caval blood flow at all times during the study. Complete occlusion of the vena cava was confirmed at necropsy in all group I rats. Conclusions— Gradual occlusion of the CVC of rats was achieved with HOs over 8 weeks. This model is limited by the size of the experimental animals and comparatively large implants. Clinical Relevance— HOs may provide a method for gradual occlusion of congenital portosystemic shunts.
Damage-to-dose ratio after low energy silicon ion implantation into crystalline silicon

In this work, we develop a model describing the diffusion of vacancies and self-interstitials and their recombination during ion implantation. The model includes the effect of the moving surface due to regrowth and the defect generation rate as a function of depth based on Monte Carlo simulations. The results are compared to experimental measurements of the damage-to-dose ratio (DDR) after low energy, 40 eV, silicon ion implantation into silicon at 300 and 685 K. We have derived an analytic approximation which agrees with the results of the computational model, implemented on a CM-2 parallel computer. We find that the calculated effective diffusivity, the main adjustable parameter in the simulations, is much lower than predicted based on extrapolation from experiments at higher temperatures. We attribute this difference to the aggregation of self-interstitials. We also find that the effect of interstitial-vacancy recombination on DDR is negligible under the experimental conditions considered; however, the crystal surface motion has a significant impact on the results.
Gastric mucosal protection from enteral nutrients: Role of motility

Abstract Background: Cold restraint stress increases the force of gastric contractions and produces gastric mucosal injury in rats. The aim of our study was to determine whether enteral glucose or hyperglycemia alone would alter the stress-induced gastric motility pattern and ameliorate the associated gastric mucosal injury. Methods: Adult male rats underwent surgical placement of gastric catheters, jugular venous catheters, and gastric strain gauge transducers 5 days before cold restraint. Three groups of rats received different substances during the same cold restraint stress protocol. Group 1 received 0.9% NaCl, 2 mL/h infused both intravenously (IV) and intragastrically (IG); group 2 received 0.9% NaCl, 2 mL/h IG plus 25% glucose, 2 mL/h IV; and group 3 received 0.9% NaCl, 2 mL/h IV plus 25% glucose IG. Following baseline gastric motility measurements, all rats were restrained for 2 hours at 20°C followed by 2 hours at 4°C. Results: Restraint even at room temperature increased the force of gastric contractions; the cold environment gradually prolonged gastric contractions. Enteral glucose blunted the effects of stress on gastric motility, increased gastric residual volume, decreased gastric acidity, and prevented gastric mucosal injury. Parenteral glucose had little effect on any gastric parameters. Conclusions: Enteral glucose prevents the abnormal gastric motility pattern that is necessary to produce the gastric mucosal injury associated with cold restraint stress, but hyperglycemia alone has little effect on the pathophysiology of cold restraint.
Unsteady Aerodynamics and Interactions Between a High Pressure Turbine Vane and Rotor

A set of experimental data is presented investigating the unsteady aerodynamics associated with a high pressure turbine vane (HPV) and rotor blade (HPB). The data was acquired at the Turbine Research Facility (TRF) of the Air Force Research Laboratory. The TRF is a transient, blowdown facility generating several seconds of experimental data on full scale engine hardware at scaled turbine operating conditions simulating an actual engine environment. The pressure ratio and freestream Reynolds number were varied for this investigation. Surface unsteady pressure measurements on the HPV, total pressure traverse measurements downstream of the vane, and surface unsteady pressure measurements for the rotor blade were obtained. The unsteady content of the HPV surface was generated by the rotor potential field. The first harmonic decayed more rapidly than the second harmonic with a movement upstream causing the second harmonic to be most influential at the vane throat. The blade unsteadiness appears to be caused by a combination of shock, potential field, and vane wake interactions between the vane and rotor blade. The revolution averaged data resulted in higher unsteadiness than a passing ensemble average for both vane and rotor indicating a need to understand each passage for high cycle fatigue (HCF) effects.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Post-test Comparison of Thermalhyrologic Measurements and Numerical Predictions for theIn-Situ Single Heater Test, Yucca Mountain, Nevada

The Single Heater Test (SHT) is a sixteen-month-long heating and cooling experiment begun in August, 1996, located underground within the unsaturated zone near the potential geologic repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. During the 9 month heating phase of the test, roughly 15 m{sup 3} of rock were raised to temperatures exceeding 100 C. In this paper, temperatures measured in sealed boreholes surrounding the heater are compared to temperatures predicted by 3D thermal-hydrologic calculations performed with a finite difference code. Three separate model runs using different values of bulk rock permeability (4 microdarcy to 5.2 darcy) yielded significantly different predicted temperatures and temperature distributions. All the models differ from the data, suggesting that to accurately model the thermal-hydrologic behavior of the SHT, the Equivalent Continuum Model (ECM), the conceptual basis for dealing with the fractured porous medium in the numerical predictions, should be discarded in favor of more sophisticated approaches.
Service provider competition and pricing for dynamic spectrum allocation

We consider dynamic spectrum allocation in the downlink between multiple service providers and users, and develop a model that is applicable for many future scenarios. The service providers set prices for spectrum and transmit data to users, who purchase their spectrum. Each provider transmits at a specific power spectral density which is an indicator of the efficiency of the modulation and coding technology used for transmission. A user application is characterized by a utility function of its received rate which is a function of the allocated spectrum, its link gains to the providers and the providers' transmit power spectral densities. The providers satisfy the spectrum requests of the users by purchasing spectrum from a broker. The providers compete to secure the services of the users and to maximize their profits. Using concepts from microeconomics, we characterize the SP price competition game and show that in the optimal solution each provider has its own customer base. We also characterize the prices charged and profits made by the providers and show how they vary with provider efficiencies and spectrum costs charged by the broker.
In vitro chemotherapy sensitivity testing of primary human colorectal carcinomas

The cells obtained from 138 tumor samples taken from 135 patients with colorectal malignancies were cultured in vitro in a soft agar colony formation assay similar to that of Salmon and colleagues [1]. Significant colony formation occurred for 63 (51%) of evaluable tumor cultures, 53 of which were also tested against chemotherapeutic agents in vitro. The median number of drugs tested per tumor was 15. Using 70% inhibition of colony formation as the criterion for significant drug-induced cytotoxicity, only 3/53 (6%) of the tumors were noted to be sensitive to any drug. When colony counts generated by initially plated small tumor cell aggregates were taken into account, 8/40 (20%) of the tumors were noted to be sensitive in vitro to one or more agents. Because of the low rate of drug sensitivity found with this in vitro assay, its current role in the prospective assignment of chemotherapeutic treatment for patients with colorectal carcinoma is somewhat limited.
Advance regeneration and seed banking of woody plants in Ohio pine plantations: Implications for landscape change

Silviculturally-managed pine plantations within southern Ohio are chronically disturbed patches of introduced vegetation distinct from the surrounding matrix of hardwood forest. To determine the successional pathways by which such pine stands might blend back into the hardwood forest matrix under different types of silvicultural management, we determined the current status of hardwood regeneration under 24 pine stands. Stands of Pinus virginiana (Virginia pine) had the highest density of hardwood seedlings and saplings (20,560 stems ha-1) whereas P. strobus (white pine) stands averaged only 7090 hardwood stems ha-1; P. resinosa (red pine) stands were intermediate. The most abundant hardwood seedling and sapling species under pine canopies were Acer rubrum and Cornus florida. DCA ordination of the seedling + sapling assemblages clustered most of the P. resinosa and P. strobus stands in the center of the ordination along with a group of species which are common in second-growth forests of the area. P. virginiana stands, in contrast, were scattered throughout the ordination space. Most of the woody species common in second-growth forests of the region were also common in the pine understory. Multiple regression indicated that large plantations with deeper litter, higher soil pH and lower total hardwood density had the greatest abundance of mesic-site species in the understory. This relationship did not hold for P. resinosa stands, however, due to more frequent and intense silvicultural intervention. The seed bank was not an important source of woody seedlings to the understory assemblage under intact pine plantations. The vegetation of 1–4 yr old clear-cut sites was dominated by wind and bird dispersed species which were generally absent from the understory of intact plantations. We conclude these chronically disturbed planted patches will revert to matrix vegetation faster if the disturbance is allowed to end in a gradual manner through stand senescence than if it is abruptly ended by clear-cutting.
The imprint of coarse woody debris on soil chemistry in the western Oregon Cascades

Coarse woody debris (CWD) may create a spatially discrete soil imprint through the release of carbon rich, acidic dissolved organic matter (DOM). DOM has been implicated in many soil processes such as humus formation, nutrient immobilization, podzolization, and the dissolution of soil minerals. We investigated a potential CWD imprint on soil chemistry by sampling leachates and soil solutions under CWD at different stages of decay and under the forest floor as controls. Solutions were analyzed for total dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and polyphenol concentrations. DOC was further separated by chemical fractionation. We also sampled soil from underneath CWD and from control areas without CWD. Samples were analyzed for pH, base saturation, exchangeable acidity, and several aluminum and iron fractions. The pH of CWD leachates was lower (p � 0.001) and contained more polyphenols (p � 0.0001) and DOC than control leachates, although chemical DOC fractions from CWD and the forest floor were similar. Surface mineral soils under CWD were lower in pH (p � 0.005), had more exchangeable acidity (p � 0.002) and more exchangeable aluminum (p � 0.04) and iron (p � 0.06) than forest floor soils. At depths greater than 5 cm, there were no differences between forest floor soils and soils under CWD. Our results suggest that CWD in the middle stages of decay acidifies the surface soil as it decomposes by decreasing exchangeable bases and increasing exchangeable acidity and aluminum. Soils under the most highly decayed CWD, or deeper soils were not affected by CWD. Although we hypothesized that well-decayed CWD would show a spatially explicit imprint on soils, the effect of CWD on soil chemistry was small and limited to surface mineral soils.
Humoral and Cellular Response in Humans After Immunization with Influenza Vaccine

The peripheral blood lymphocyte response and hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers were measured in nine adults before and after immunization with a killed split influenza virus vaccine. Cord blood lymphocytes were tested with the influenza antigen to exclude a nonspecific mitogenic effect. All of the subjects demonstrated preexisting antibody titers and antigen recognition by lymphocytes prior to immunization. The in vitro lymphocyte response after vaccination parallels the humoral antibody response to influenza antigen.
Simulation-Free Estimation of Speed Degradation in NMOS Self-Testing Circuits for CAD Applications

A method is presented for estimating the maximum operating speed of NMOS self-testing circuits designed using the BILBO technique. The unique feature of this method is that the speed estimation is based only on parameters of the original design (without built-in test logic) and parameters describing the BILBO modules. Thus, a computer-aided optimization of a self-testing structure with respect to area/speed criteria can be performed without the necessity of laying out multiple self-testing versions of the original design and running timing simulation on each one.
Clinical Features of Pathologic Subtypes of Behavioral-Variant Frontotemporal Dementia

Objective To identify clinical features in behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia that may help predict tau-positive pathology. Methods Clinical and historical features of patients with pathologically confirmed tau-positive and tau-negative frontotemporal lobar degeneration from 1970 to 2006 were retrospectively reviewed in a blinded fashion. The initial clinical features of those patients who eventually met consensus criteria for frontotemporal dementia were examined using univariate and cluster analyses to explore characteristics that may be associated with tau pathology. Results Fifty-six patients (24 tau-positive cases) were included in the analysis. There was no difference in demographics between the tau-positive and tau-negative cases. Univariate analysis showed that poor planning and/or judgment was more commonly associated with tau-positive pathology ( P = .03). Cluster analysis using behavioral characteristics identified 2 groups of patients: cluster 1 contained mainly tau-positive cases (57%) and cluster 2 was mostly tau-negative cases (71%). Poor planning and/or judgment was a common presenting sign in the first group ( P P P = .005). Conclusions Poor planning and/or judgment was associated with behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia patients who had tau-positive pathology. The constellation of impaired personal conduct and a paucity of dysexecutive symptoms identified tau-negative patients.
Reworkable underfills for flip chip, BGA, and CSP applications

Underfill is a polymeric material used in the flip-chip devices that fills the gap between an IC chip and an organic board, and encapsulates the solder interconnects. This underfill material can dramatically enhance the reliability of the flip-chip devices as compared to the non-underfilled devices. Current underfills are mainly epoxy-based materials that are not reworkable after curing, which places an obstacle in Flip-Chip on Board (FCOB) technology developments. Reworkable underfill is not only the key material to address the non-reworkability of the FCOB packages, but it can also be used to enhance the board-level reliability of BGA, CSP devices without losing their good reworkability feature. The objectives of this study are to determine the process viability, material performance, and reliability of reworkable underfills for advanced area array packaging and assembly technologies. Several reworkable underfills along with standard non-reworkable underfills (baseline materials) are evaluated in the study. Rework processes for BGA, CSP and flip chip devices are developed. Reworkable underfills allow flip chip, BGA, and CSP packages to be reworked using developed rework processes, while standard underfills show no reworkability. Reliability assessment of these reworkable underfills is ongoing.
Effects of epinephrine on the pacemaker potassium current of cardiac Purkinje fibers

Epinephrine promotes spontaneous activity in cardiac Purkinje fibers through its action on the pacemaker potassium current (i(KK2)). The mechanism of the acceleratory effect was studied by means of a voltage clamp technique. The results showed that the hormone speeds the deactivation of i(KK2) during pacemaker activity by displacing the kinetic parameters of i(KK2) toward less negative potentials. This depolarizing voltage shift is the sole explanation of the acceleratory effect since epinephrine did not alter the rectifier properties of i(KK2), or the underlying inward leakage current, or the threshold for i(NNa). The dose dependence of the voltage shift in the i(KK2) activation curve was similar in 1.8 and 5.4 mM [Ca](o). The maximal voltage shift (usually approximately 20 mV) was produced by epinephrine concentrations of > 10(-6) M. The half-maximal effect was evoked by 60 nM epinephrine, nearly an order of magnitude lower than required for half-maximal effect on the secondary inward current (Carmeliet and Vereecke, 1969). The beta-blocker propranolol (10(-6) M) prevented the effect of epinephrine (10(-7)M) but by itself gave no voltage shift. Epinephrine shifted the activation rate coefficient alpha(8) to a greater extent than the deactivation rate coefficient beta(8), and often steepened the voltage dependence of the steady-state activation curve. These deviations from simple voltage shift behavior were discussed in terms of possible mechanisms of epinephrine's action on the i(KK2) channel.
Interleukin-1β Causes Acute Lung Injury via αvβ5 and αvβ6 Integrin–Dependent Mechanisms

Interleukin (IL)-1beta has previously been shown to be among the most biologically active cytokines in the lungs of patients with acute lung injury (ALI). Furthermore, there is experimental evidence that lung vascular permeability increases after short-term exposure to IL-1 protein, although the exact mechanism is unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the mechanisms of IL-1beta-mediated increase in lung vascular permeability and pulmonary edema following transient overexpression of this cytokine in the lungs by adenoviral gene transfer. Lung vascular permeability increased with intrapulmonary IL-1beta production with a maximal effect 7 days after instillation of the adenovirus. Furthermore, inhibition of the alphavbeta6 integrin and/or transforming growth factor-beta attenuated the IL-1beta-induced ALI. The results of in vitro studies indicated that IL-1beta caused the activation of transforming growth factor-beta via RhoA/alphavbeta6 integrin-dependent mechanisms and the inhibition of the alphavbeta6 integrin and/or transforming growth factor-beta signaling completely blocked the IL-1beta-mediated protein permeability across alveolar epithelial cell monolayers. In addition, IL-1beta increased protein permeability across lung endothelial cell monolayers via RhoA- and alphavbeta5 integrin-dependent mechanisms. The final series of in vivo experiments demonstrated that pretreatment with blocking antibodies to both the alphavbeta5 and alphavbeta6 integrins had an additive protective effect against IL-1beta-induced ALI. In summary, these results demonstrate a critical role for the alphavbeta5/beta6 integrins in mediating the IL-1beta-induced ALI and indicate that these integrins could be a potentially attractive therapeutic target in ALI.
Patterns of marital conflict predict children's internalizing and externalizing behaviors.

Results are reported of a longitudinal study on how marital interaction affects children. Observational assessments of marital interaction during conflict resolution obtained when children were 5 years old predicted teachers' ratings of internalizing and externalizing behaviors when the children were 8 years old. Two distinct and uncorrelated marital interaction patterns were related to specific forms of child outcomes. The Mutually Hostile pattern, which correlated with later marital dissolution, also predicted externalizing behavior patterns in children 3 years later. The Husband Angry and Withdrawn pattern predicted child internalizing behaviors. Marital satisfaction and child temperament did not relate to child outcomes, nor did they interact with marital patterns to produce deficits in child adjustment. The findings suggest that the specific behaviors couples use when resolving marital disputes may contribute differentially to the presence of externalizing and internalizing behavior patterns in children.
Exploring inpatriate manager issues: an exploratory empirical study

Abstract Multinational corporations (MNCs) require managements that are diverse and multicultural to effectively compete in the global marketplace. The need to integrate the headquarters operations of many United States based MNCs has become a significant strategic issue. Bringing qualified host and third country nations into the United States on a semi-permanent basis appears to be a feasible human resource management strategy for developing multicultural management teams. This article reports on an exploratory survey to demonstrate why inpatriate managers need specialized training programs to insure/accelerate the acculturation process.
The case for light-dependent magnetic orientation in animals

Light-dependent models of magnetoreception have been proposed which involve an interaction between the magnetic field and either magnetite particles located within a photoreceptor or excited states of photopigment molecules. Consistent with a photoreceptor-based magnetic compass mechanism, magnetic orientation responses in salamanders, flies and birds have been shown to be affected by the wavelength of light. In birds and flies, it is unclear whether the effects of light on magnetic orientation are due to a direct effect on a magnetoreception system or to a nonspecific (e.g. motivational) effect of light on orientation behavior. Evidence from shoreward-orienting salamanders, however, demonstrates that salamanders perceive a 90 degrees counterclockwise shift in the direction of the magnetic field under long-wavelength (>=500 nm) light. A simple physiological model based on the antagonistic interaction between two magnetically sensitive spectral mechanisms suggests one possible way in which the wavelength-dependent effects of light on the salamander9s magnetic compass response might arise. Assuming that the wavelength-dependent characteristics of the avian magnetic response can be attributed to an underlying magnetoreception system, we discuss several hypotheses attempting to resolve the differences observed in the wavelength-dependent effects of light on magnetic orientation in birds and salamanders. By considering the evidence in the context of photoreceptor- and non-photoreceptor-based mechanisms for magnetoreception, we hope to encourage future studies designed to distinguish between alternative hypotheses concerning the influence of light on magnetoreception.
Magnet arrays for use in a 3-D MEMS mirror array for optical switching

Magnet arrays for creating regions of high magnetic flux gradient are presented. These high-flux gradient regions are useful for actuation of two-axis micromirrors with quadrupole coils, which are an essential component of some optical switches. Three magnet arrays are presented: a checkerboard array made of individual magnets and two monolithic magnet arrays, an array with filled holes, and an array with raised nubs. Monolithic magnet arrays reduce costs and eliminate the runout introduced from fabrication tolerances of the checkerboard array. Elimination of runout allows the mirrors to be precisely centered over the high-gradient regions. Quadrupole mirror arrays were fabricated and showed performance of 7/spl deg//mA for a monolithic magnet with an array of steel-filled holes.
The Upper Paleolithic Revolution

▪ Abstract The transition from the Middle Paleolithic to the Upper Paleolithic is considered one of the major revolutions in the prehistory of humankind. Explanations of the observable archaeological phenomena in Eurasia, or the lack of such evidence in other regions, include biological arguments (the role of Cro-Magnons and the demise of the Neanderthals), as well as cultural-technological, and environmental arguments. The paper discusses issues of terminological ambiguities, chronological and geographical aspects of change, the emergence of what is viewed as the arch-types of modern forager societies, and the hotly debated and loaded issue of modern behavior. Finally, the various causes for the Upper Paleolithic revolution are enumerated, from the biological through the technocultural that relies on the analogy with the Neolithic revolution.