cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Code reuse in an optimizing compiler

This paper describes how the cmcc compiler reuses code---both internally (reuse between different modules) and externally (reuse between versions for different target machines). The key to reuse are the application frameworks developed for global data-flow analysis, code generation, instruction scheduling, and register allocation.The code produced by cmcc is as good as the code produced by the native compilers for the MIPS and SPARC, although significantly less resources have been spent on cmcc (overall, about 6 man years by 2.5 persons). cmcc is implemented in C++, which allowed for a compact expression of the frameworks as class hierarchies. The results support the claim that suitable frameworks facilitate reuse and thereby significantly improve developer effectiveness.
κ-Opioid receptor modulation of accumbal dopamine concentration during operant ethanol self-administration

Our study examined ethanol self-administration and accumbal dopamine concentration during κ-opioid receptor (KOPr) blockade. Long-Evans rats were trained to respond for 20 min of access to 10% ethanol (with sucrose) over 7 days. Rats were injected s.c. with the long-acting KOPr antagonist, nor-binaltorphimine (NOR-BNI; 0 or 20 mg/kg) 15–20 h prior to testing. Microdialysis revealed a transient elevation in dopamine concentration within 5 min of ethanol access in controls. NOR-BNI-treated rats did not exhibit this response, but showed a latent increase in dopamine concentration at the end of the access period. The rise in dopamine levels correlated positively with dialysate ethanol concentration but not in controls. NOR-BNI did not alter dopamine levels in rats self-administering 10% sucrose. The transient dopamine response during ethanol acquisition in controls is consistent with previous results that were attributed to ethanol stimulus cues. The altered dopamine response to NOR-BNI during ethanol drinking suggests that KOPr blockade temporarily uncovered a pharmacological stimulation of dopamine release by ethanol. Despite these neurochemical changes, NOR-BNI did not alter operant responding or ethanol intake, suggesting that the KOPr is not involved in ethanol-reinforced behavior under the limited conditions we studied.
A Simple Set of Plasmids for the Production of Transgenic Plants

A new set of plasmids for plant transgenic studies was developed. Its strong point is that independent gene cassettes are connected within one binary vector by the restriction endonuclease-based technique only. Using the set, two overexpressing cassettes and three RNA interference (RNAi) cassettes were successfully introduced into rice. Our plasmid set is useful for producing commercial transgenic plants, especially in the case of rice.
Psychological empowerment and organizational commitment: the moderating effect of organizational learning culture

This paper examines the influence of psychological empowerment on organizational commitment and the moderating effect of organizational learning culture on the relationship. The results suggest that psychological empowerment, organizational learning culture, and demographic variables had a significant impact on organizational commitment for employees in the public sector of Korea. Employees showed higher organizational commitment when they perceived high psychological empowerment and a high organizational learning culture. In addition, the moderating effect of organizational learning culture on the relationship between psychological empowerment and organizational commitment was found to be significant. Among the demographic variables, only educational level turned out to be significant. Finally, implications, limitations and research recommendations are discussed.
Race-ing Rape: Representations of Sexual Violence in American Combat Films

Although portrayals of the rape of Asian women in American combat films are associated with the Vietnam War movie, such scenarios first became an established trope of the combat genre in films made during and about World War II. While pre-Vietnam War films used rape as a narrative device to justify US foreign and military policy, Vietnam combat films later used it as metaphor for US imperialism. Notwithstanding this difference, the combat film’s representation of sexual violence both pre- and post-Vietnam has always thrived on its confirmation of an American hegemony predicated on the subjugation of peoples (and, in particular, women) of colour.
Up-Regulation of Dicer, a Component of the MicroRNA Machinery, in Prostate Adenocarcinoma

MicroRNAs are small noncoding 18- to 24-nt RNAs that are predicted to regulate expression of as many as 30% of protein-encoding genes. In prostate adenocarcinoma, 39 microRNAs are up-regulated, and six microRNAs are down-regulated. Production and function of microRNA requires coordinated processing by proteins of the microRNA machinery. Dicer, an RNase III endonuclease, is an essential component of the microRNA machinery. From a gene array analysis of 16 normal prostate tissue samples, 64 organ-confined, and four metastatic prostate adenocarcinomas, we identified an up-regulation of major components of the microRNA machinery, including Dicer, in metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemical studies on a tissue microarray consisting of 232 prostate specimens confirmed up-regulation of Dicer in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and in 81% of prostate adenocarcinoma. The increased Dicer level in prostate adenocarcinoma correlated with clinical stage, lymph node status, and Gleason score. Western blot analysis of benign and neoplastic prostate cell lines further confirmed Dicer up-regulation in prostate adenocarcinoma. Dicer up-regulation may explain an almost global increase of microRNA expression in prostate adenocarcinoma. The presence of up-regulated microRNA machinery may predict the susceptibility of prostate adenocarcinoma to RNA interference-based therapy.
Abstract 4265: Bithionol as an inhibitor of tumor angiogenesis

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Tumor progression depends on angiogenesis. The clinical successes in recent years have demonstrated that antiangiogenic agents can be developed as effective treatment for cancer patients. However, the resistance to the current FDA approved antiangiogenic therapies is emerging, which presents challenges in cancer research and urgent needs for novel angiogenesis inhibitors with different mechanisms of drug actions to overcome the resistance. In our previous studies, we have identified a small molecule bithionol as a potential antiangiogenic agent through a chemical diversity library screening with a cell-based angiogenesis assay. Bithionol is a FDA approved and current clinically used anthelmintics, which has been found to directly inhibit activity of autotaxin, a secreted enzyme that catalyzes lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) production. LPA, as a lipid signaling molecule, is a potent angiogenic and cancer cell motility stimulating factor. Therefore, autotaxin plays important role in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis and has been recently identified as an attractive angiogenesis and cancer target. Our recent studies have shown that autotaxin is expressed at high levels in human endothelial and number of human cancer cell lines. Bithionol has demonstrated inhibitory activities against human endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and tube-formation as the three key cellular steps in angiogenesis process. The effect of bithionol on inhibition of tumor angiogenesis was also evaluated with an ex vivo xenograft chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane (xenograft-CAM) model system. Bithionol is able to inhibit tumor-induced new blood vessel formation in a dose dependent manner and has demonstrated an additive inhibitory activity when it is applied in combination with Sutent, a current clinically used antiangiogenic drug. The results of this research suggest that bithionol provide a unique promising opportunity in developing new combinational treatment to increase the anticancer efficacy and minimize the resistance in cancer patients. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4265. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4265
Studies on avian lymphoma virus in tissue culture.

Abstract Plaque assay methods have been developed in various chick embryo cells for the tissue culture-adapted line of avian lymphoma virus. Chick liver parenchymal cells were the most sensitive cells tested, and fibroblasts from whole chick embryos were about one hundred times more resistant. No genetic difference was found in particles able to infect the two types of cell. The capacity of both cells to produce virus was resistant to X-irradiation with 5000 r. Spleen cells were very insensitive to lymphoma virus but degenerated in high virus concentrations, with a probable multiplicity of more than one liver plaque-forming unit per cell. With increasing age or on subculture, spleen cells became more sensitive. Changes due to the virus in all cells were degenerative, and no moderate infection was detected.
Techniques for Improving Durability of Post-Tensioned Concrete Bridges

This paper summarizes a 16-year comprehensive research program carried out at The University of Texas at Austin to identify durability concerns with post-tensioning systems in bridges and to develop durability design guidelines. Major experimental programs examined high performance grouts, segmental joint macrocells, long-term large beam corrosion and long-term column corrosion. After performing comprehensive internal examinations, overall findings indicate unfavorable durability effects due to the use of mixed reinforcement, thin concrete cover, galvanized steel ducts, grout voids and galvanized duct splices. The width of cracks was shown to have a direct adverse effect on specimen performance, and local areas of severe corrosion were found on epoxy-coated and galvanized strands. Favorable behavior was observed, however, for specimens constructed with high-performance concrete, high post-tensioning levels, plastic ducts, and sound, epoxy-filled joints.
Assembly of Tobacco Mosaic Virus into Fibrous and Macroscopic Bundled Arrays Mediated by Surface Aniline Polymerization

One-dimensional (1D) polyaniline/tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) composite nanofibers and macroscopic bundles of such fibers were generated via a self-assembly process of TMV assisted by in-situ polymerization of polyaniline on the surface of TMV. At near-neutral reaction pH, branched polyaniline formed on the surface of TMV preventing lateral association. Therefore, long 1D nanofibers were observed with high aspect ratios and excellent processibility. At a lower pH, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed that initially long nanofibers were formed which resulted in bundled structures upon long-time reaction, presumably mediated by the hydrophobic interaction because of the polyaniline on the surface of TMV. In-situ time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering study of TMV at different reaction conditions supported this mechanism. This novel strategy to assemble TMV into 1D and 3D supramolecular composites could be utilized in the fabrication of advanced materials for potential applications including electronics, optics, sensing, and biomedical engineering.
Low molecular weight RNA of the chromatin fraction from Novikoff hepatoma and rat liver nuclei.

Abstract The low molecular weight RNA (4–7-S RNA) of the chromatin fraction (2 M NaCl extract) was obtained from nuclear preparations of rat liver and Novikoff hepatoma after two extractions with a Tris-saline buffer. Much of the 4-S and some 5-S RNA was extracted from liver nuclei with the Tris-saline buffer, but most of the 7-S RNA was not extracted. The Tris-saline buffer was somewhat less effective in extracting 4-S and 5-S RNA from Novikoff hepatoma nuclear preparations and, as in liver, the 7-S RNA was not extracted with this buffer. The 4–7-S RNA of the chromatin fraction of the Novikoff hepatoma was separated into four fractions by chromatography on Sephadex G-100; only the fourth fraction had amino acid acceptor activity. From the chromatin 4–7-S RNA of the liver, only three fractions were obtained. Although the RNA from the Sephadex fractions was separated into at least 1 major band and several minor bands by polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis, the 7-S RNA was separated into 3 major bands and several minor bands. This RNA had a high uridylic acid content, i.e. 28–29 % of the total nucleotides and the A+U/G+C ratio was approx. 1.0. On the basis of recovery of RNA, it was concluded that in normal liver the U-rich RNA composes approx. 50 % of the nuclear 4–7-S RNA and about 90 % of this U-rich 7-S RNA is in the chromatin fraction.
Education Committee Activities at the 2014 Antennas and Propagation Symposium [Education Column]

The Education Committee sponsored an exciting mix of student-focused events and programs at the Society's annual Symposium in Memphis, Tennessee, USA, July 6?11, 2014. The Student Design Contest finalist demonstrations were held in the exhibit hall. Enthusiastic student competitors showcased their work on innovative antennas for RFID applications. The first prize went to a team from the Instituto de Telecomunicaeies in Portugal, and second place was a tie between teams from the Indian Institute of Technology Kan pur in India, and Aalto University in Finland.
Perinatal mumps infection

Pair 1. The mother developed clinical mumps and delivered a boy while still febrile and symptomaticsix days later. The child had definite swelling in the parotid area bilaterally and was placed in an isolation unit. His subsequent course was uncomplicated. A mumps skin test Was positive at 42 days of age. The child had norma ! physical and mental development through age 12 years. Pair 2. The mother developed c!inical mumps and delivered a boy four days later while febrile with parotifis. The' child's physical examination was noi-mal, and he was isolated from his mother throughout his uneventful three-day hospitalization. At 7 days of age he developed fever and cough, fed poorly, and was rehospitalized. Laboratory findings included a total white blood cell count of 20.000 mm :~ with an atypical lymphocytosis of 11% which persisted for one week. Chest roentgenogram demonstrated bilateral perihilar infiltrates. He became hypoxic and required nasal continuous positive airway pressure on day 3 and endotracheal intubation with ventilator assistance from day 6 to day 15 O f hospitalization. Treatment included 3,0 ml of immune serum globulin administered on day 5 of hospitalization. During the first year after hospitalization the child had several episodes of "asthma" associated with upper respiratory tract infections. However. he has been symptom free since then and has continued to have normal growth and development. Pair 3. A male child was born to a mother whose symptomatic mumps had begun seven days previously. The infant had no evidence of mumps but was isolated during hospitalization. He had no symptoms of disease during the month after delivery but was subsequently lost to follow-up,
Shadow Edge Lithography for Wafer-Scale Nanofabrication

We propose shadow edge lithography (SEL) as a wafer-scale nanofabrication method. The shadow effect of “line-ofsight” in high-vacuum evaporation is analyzed theoretically to predict the geometric distributions of the fabricated nanoscale gaps. In the experiment, nanoscale gap patterns are created by the shadow of Al edges which are prepatterned using e-beam evaporation and the conventional ultraviolet lithography. Feasibility of the SEL is demonstrated by the fabrication of nanogaps having the width ranging from 15 to 100 nm on 4-inch Si wafers. Furthermore, by using the height differences in the prepatterned Al edges to compensate the geometric distributions of the shadow effect, it is demonstrated that the uniformity tolerance in the nanogap width can be ±1 nm or ±5% across the 4-inch Si wafers at a resolution down to 20 nm. The experimental results agree well with the theoretical prediction considering the virtual source during the e-beam evaporation. Upon the nanogap fabrication, arrays of nanochannels are obtained by reactive ion etching (RIE) using the evaporated Al layers as the etching mask. Our results show that that the evaporated Al layers can be used as the RIE mask to transfer the nanoscale patterns with a high yield and throughput. Thus, the SEL provides a robust method for wafer-scale fabrication especially for sub 50-nm structures.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Mixing it up: antibiotic cycling in the SICU.

* Corresponding author. Department of Pedia NY 11040, USA. Tel.: þ1 718 470 3636; fax: þ E-mail address: jprince@nshs.edu (J.M. Pr 0022-4804/$ e see front matter a 2013 Elsev doi:10.1016/j.jss.2012.04.026 As antimicrobial resistancedand gram-negative resistance in particulardhas grown as a major health care concern, more attention is being paid to the application of “antibiotic heterogeneity” in the critical care setting. There seems to be no consensus, however, regarding whether antibiotic cycling/ rotation or mixing represents the optimal approach to decreasing resistance patterns. It is therefore with particular attention that we read the article by Sarraf-Yazdi et al. on the long-term effect of an antibiotic rotation schedule in a surgical intensive care unit (SICU) [1], as this study contributes promising data and a new approach to the debate. Several authors have concluded that antibiotic cycling/ rotation in the critical care settingmay be of no benefit at all in terms of reducing gram-negative antimicrobial resistance [2e4], while others claim it may even lead to increased gramnegative resistance [5,6]. Why, then, does this study claim such effective long-term results with rotation where others could not? It may be in the fact that they might not be truly rotating antibiotics to begin with. They might instead be applying the “controlled mixing” model suggested by others [7,8] that the current authors themselves alluded to.
Pure quadrupole resonance of N2 in β quinol clathrates

Abstract Pure quadrupole resonance of 14N2 molecules trapped in s quinol clathrates has been observed at temperatures below 25°K. The resonance occurs at about 3.6 Mc/s and there is an extensive fine structure of at least seven lines. The relative intensity, but not the frequency of these lines, was found to vary for samples under different conditions of annealing and concentration of trapped molecules. Studies of the Zeeman splitting of the resonance lines were made, and it was found that at these low temperatures the axes of the trapped molecules oscillate around the trigonal crystalline axis of the s quinol. The frequency of these oscillations was found to be 1.55 × lO12sec−1 from preliminary measurements of the temperature-dependence of the pure quadrupole resonance. Measurement of the resonance under a hydrostatic pressure of 1790 Ib./in.2 showed only a very small frequency increase.
Discrepant SAT Critical Reading and Writing Scores: Implications for College Performance

Despite the similarities that researchers note between the cognitive processes and knowledge involved in reading and writing, there are students who are much stronger readers than writers and those who are much stronger writers than readers. The addition of the writing section to the SAT provides an opportunity to examine whether certain groups of students are more likely to exhibit stronger performance in reading versus writing and the academic consequences of this discrepant performance. Results of this study, based on hierarchical linear models of student performance, showed that even after controlling for relevant student characteristics and prior academic performance, an SAT critical reading–writing discrepancy had a small effect on 1st-year grade point average as well as English course grades in college. Specifically, students who had relatively higher writing scores as compared to their critical reading scores earned higher grades in their 1st year of college as well as in their 1st-year English co...
Medical Professionalism: Crossing a Generational Divide

A comprehensive discussion of professionalism in medicine must include its impact on successive generations of physicians. Fifty years ago, doctors acting professionally emphasized medicine as a calling and an ability to act as the authority for patients in crisis at home and in hospitals. Therapeutic options were limited relative to the modern era, and the laying on of hands was practiced as science and art. Today, doctors balance increasing demands on time and efficiency with the sense of primacy of patient care. Technological innovation and patients' increasing access to medical knowledge through varying media of inconsistent quality challenge physicians in novel ways. Fifty years in the future, doctors will have access to vast amounts of information through a multitude of noninvasive diagnostics. Progressively more personalized medicine should inspire doctors to become even more adept at communicating effectively with patients. Professionalism in medicine throughout these generations embodies similar fundamental behaviors, such as demonstrating compassion, respect, and humility; adhering to high ethical and moral standards; subordinating personal interest to that of others; and reflecting on actions and decisions. Despite the dynamic nature of the profession itself, the omnipresent need for such traits will define medical professionalism for decades to come.
Magnesium and Exercise

Magnesium is an essential element that regulates membrane stability and neuromuscular, cardiovascular, immune, and hormonal functions and is a critical cofactor in many metabolic reactions. The Dietary Reference Intake for magnesium for adults is 310 to 420 mg/day. However, the intake of magnesium in humans is often suboptimal. Magnesium deficiency may lead to changes in gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and neuromuscular function. Physical exercise may deplete magnesium, which, together with a marginal dietary magnesium intake, may impair energy metabolism efficiency and the capacity for physical work. Magnesium assessment has been a challenge because of the absence of an accurate and convenient assessment method. Recently, magnesium has been touted as an agent for increasing athletic performance. This article reviews the various studies that have been conducted to investigate the relationship of magnesium and exercise.
Volatile Sulfur Compounds Formed in Disrupted Tissues of Different Cabbage Cultivars

Thirty-eight cultivars of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var capitata) were analyzed for production of volatile sulfur compounds after samples were homogenized and held at 30 °C from 10 to 100 min. Allyl iso-thiocyanate was detected in most cultivars, and it was formed rapidly compared to methanethiol-related compounds. Patterns of methane-thiol production varied among cultivars. Hydrogen sulfide formed rapidly compared to methanethiol-related compounds, but it was completely depleted after 40 min. Dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide concentrations initally low (< 0.78 ppm), increased linearly through 100 min (to 3.3 ppm). Wide variations in abilities to produce volatile sulfur compounds were observed for the different cultivars.
Coronal loops: Isothermal OR multithermal?

Abstract Are coronal loops isothermal? A controversy over this question has arisen recently because different investigators using different techniques have obtained very different answers. Analysis of data using narrowband filter ratios to obtain temperature maps has produced several key publications that suggest that coronal loops may be isothermal. We have constructed a multi-thermal distribution for several pixels along a relatively isolated coronal loop on the southwest limb of the solar disk using spectral line data from the Coronal Diagnostics Spectrometer (CDS), on SOHO taken on 1998 April 20. These distributions are clearly inconsistent with isothermal plasma along either the line of sight or the length of the loop, and suggested rather that the temperature increases from the footpoints to the loop top. We convolved these Differential Emission Measure curves with two of the Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT) response functions. This gives us the intensity (in Data Numbers/sec) of what the instrument would “see” in these filters if it were observing the same loop. We then took a ratio of these values, and used the regular Yohkoh software to calculate a temperature at each pixel. The instrument “sees” a loop that is marginally consistent with an almost uniform temperature, but a linear or quadratic model is a much better fit to the data. These results are different from those of a similar analysis with narrow-passband instruments that produced data consistent with a uniform temperature loop, even though the actual temperature input was multi-thermal both along the line of sight and along the length of the loop. We suspect that these apparent uniform-temperature loops may be an unfortunate byproduct of the simplistic filter-ratio method that is used for temperature analysis. Our results are consistent with earlier analysis of Yohkoh data , where there were strong indications that the SXT temperatures were a kind of Differential Emission Measure-weighted temperature. There is a problem, however, when we compare these temperatures with those calculated with the actual SXT data, which are much higher than even the hottest plasma observed by CDS.
Desensitization to follicle-stimulating hormone in cumulus cells is coincident with hormone induction of oocyte maturation in the rat follicle.

Abstract The objective of the present studies was to assess whether hormone induction of oocyte maturation in isolated intact follicles may be linked to desensitization of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the oocyte-cumulus complex (OCC). Incubation of follicles with chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), FSH or epidermal growth factor (EGF) produced a marked inhibition of FSH-dependent cyclic AMP accumulation in OCC with a time-course coincident with the onset of germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD). These effects were evident within 3 h for both hCG and FSH, but with EGF a reduced response to FSH was seen within 1 h of treatment followed by an increase in GVBD. In contrast, no inhibition of cyclic AMP accumulation was seen in response to cholera toxin, forskolin or LH in OCC derived from follicles incubated with hCG for 3 h. The time-course for induction of oocyte maturation by incubation of the intact follicle with hCG was also coincident with production of prostaglandin (PG) F2α, an indirect marker of cyclooxygenase induction. No effect on metabolic coupling between the oocyte and cumulus cells was seen until 9 h after hCG treatment. Retinoic acid caused a marked decrease in metabolic coupling between the oocyte and cumulus cells but inhibited oocyte maturation both in denuded oocytes and OCC. Since FSH desensitization in OCC, the resumption of meiosis, and production of arachidonic acid-derived products were coincident, it is suggested that abrogation of FSH action in cumulus cells by the ovulatory surge of gonadotropins may initiate oocyte maturation.
Self-taught learning via exponential family sparse coding for cost-effective patient thought record categorization

Automatic patient thought record categorization (TR) is important in cognitive behavior therapy, which is an useful augmentation of standard clinic treatment for major depressive disorder. Because both collecting and labeling TR data are expensive, it is usually cost prohibitive to require a large amount of TR data, as well as their corresponding category labels, to train a classification model with high classification accuracy. Because in practice we only have very limited amount of labeled and unlabeled training TR data, traditional semi-supervised learning methods and transfer learning methods, which are the most commonly used strategies to deal with the lack of training data in statistical learning, cannot work well in the task of automatic TR categorization. To address this challenge, we propose to tackle the TR categorization problem from a new perspective via self-taught learning, an emerging technique in machine learning. Self-taught learning is a special type of transfer learning. Instead of requiring labeled data from an auxiliary domain that are relevant to the classification task of interest as in traditional transfer learning methods, it learns the inherent structures of the auxiliary data and does not require their labels. As a result, a classifier achieves decent classification accuracy using the limited amount of labeled TR texts, with the assistance from the large amount of text data obtained from some inexpensive, or even no-cost, resources. That is, a cost-effective TR categorization system can be built that may be particularly useful for diagnosis of patients and training of new therapists. By further taking into account the discrete nature input text data, instead of using the traditional Gaussian sparse coding in self-taught learning, we use exponential family sparse coding to better simulate the distribution of the input data. We apply the proposed method to the task of classifying patient homework texts. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed automatic TR classification framework.
Inference of dust opacities for the 1977 Martian great dust storms from Viking Lander 1 pressure data

Abstract A δ-Eddington radiative transfer algorithm is used to compute the thermal tidal heating of a dusty Martian atmosphere for a given set of dust optical depth, effective single scattering albedo, and phase function asymmetry parameter. The resulting thermal tidal forcing is used in a classical atmospheric tidal model to compute the amplitudes of the surface pressure oscillations at the Viking Lander 1 site for the two 1977 Martian great dust storms. Parametric studies show that the dust opacities and optical parameters derived from the Viking Lander imaging data are roughly representative of the global dust haze needed to reproduce the tidal surface pressure amplitudes also observed at Lander 1, except that the model-inferred asymmetry parameter is smaller during the onset of a great storm. The observed preferential enhancement during dust-storm onset of the semidiurnal tide at Viking Lander 1 relative to its diurnal counterpart is shown to be due primarily to the elevation of the tidal heating source in a very dusty atmosphere, although resonant enhancement of the main semidiurnal tidal mode makes an important secondary contribution.
Generation of 0π pulses from a zero-area pulse in coherent pulse propagation

The generation of 0π pulses in coherent pulse propagation is studied for a simple initial pulse profile consisting of two separated square pulses with one inverted to give a total pulse area of zero. When the two pulses are close together, it is found that the threshold for lossless propagation occurs at an absolute area of 21/2π. But as the pulses become farther separated, one finds two thresholds. The first one occurs for an absolute area of about π and the second one at about 2π. Although one can have lossless propagation occurring for the absolute area between π and 2π, it is accomplished only by generating very low amplitude 0π pulses. It is only after the second threshold, 2π, is achieved that one can expect to find moderate to large amplitude 0π pulses, and these may be accompanied by several low amplitude 0π pulses.
Mechanism of Action of Phenolic Disinfectants VIII. Association of Phenolic Disinfectants with Proteins

Association of phenol- 14 C (P-C-14), p - tert -amylphenol- 14 C (PTAP-C-14), and 2, 4-dichlorophenol- 14 C (DCP-C-14) with human serum and bacterial ( Micrococcus lysodeikticus ) proteins was investigated by means of density gradient ultracentrifugation and Sephadex gel filtration. Definite association between the phenols, PTAP-C-14 and DCP-C-14, and human serum proteins could be demonstrated by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation and with Sephadex gel filtration. The major protein in human serum involved in this association appeared to be albumin. Sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation provided data indicating association of bacterial proteins with the three phenolic compounds, but most clear-cut in the case of PTAP-C-14. Protein binding could explain interference of serum with germicidal effects of phenolic disinfectants and enzyme inhibition and structural damage may account for bactericidal action.
Mindfulness meditation and substance use in an incarcerated population

Despite the availability of various substance abuse treatments, alcohol and drug misuse and related negative consequences remain prevalent. Vipassana meditation (VM), a Buddhist mindfulness-based practice, provides an alternative for individuals who do not wish to attend or have not succeeded with traditional addiction treatments. In this study, the authors evaluated the effectiveness of a VM course on substance use and psychosocial outcomes in an incarcerated population. Results indicate that after release from jail, participants in the VM course, as compared with those in a treatment-as-usual control condition, showed significant reductions in alcohol, marijuana, and crack cocaine use. VM participants showed decreases in alcohol-related problems and psychiatric symptoms as well as increases in positive psychosocial outcomes. The utility of mindfulness-based treatments for substance use is discussed.
Calvarial fracture patterns on CT imaging predict risk of a delayed epidural hematoma following decompressive craniectomy for traumatic brain injury.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The development of a delayed epidural hematoma as a result of decompressive craniectomy represents an urgent and potentially lethal complication in traumatic brain injury. The goal of this study was to determine the incidence of delayed epidural hematoma and whether patterns of skull fractures on the preoperative CT scan could predict risk of a delayed epidural hematoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated medical records and imaging studies for patients with acute traumatic brain injury who underwent a decompressive craniectomy during a 9-year period. We compared patterns of skull fractures contralateral to the side of the craniectomy with the occurrence of a postoperative delayed epidural hematoma. RESULTS: In a series of 203 patients undergoing decompressive craniectomy for acute traumatic brain injury, the incidence of a delayed epidural hematoma complication was 6% (12 of 203). All 12 patients who developed a delayed epidural hematoma had a contralateral calvarial fracture on preoperative CT at the site where the delayed epidural hematoma subsequently formed. A contralateral calvarial fracture has perfect sensitivity (100%) for subsequent development of delayed epidural hematoma in our study population. Moreover, a contralateral calvarial fracture involving 2 or more bone plates had an especially high diagnostic odds ratio of 41 for delayed epidural hematoma. CONCLUSIONS: Recognition of skull fracture patterns associated with delayed epidural hematoma following decompressive craniectomy may reduce morbidity and mortality by prompting early postoperative intervention in high-risk situations.
How has the study of the human placenta aided our understanding of partially methylated genes

While the human genome sequence is relatively uniform between the cells of an individual, the DNA methylation of the genome (methylome) has unique features in different cells, tissues and stages of development. Recent genome-wide sequencing of the methylome has revealed large partially methylated domains (PMDs) in the human placenta. Unlike CpG islands and Polycomb-regulated regions, which can also have low levels of methylation, placental PMDs cover approximately 37% of the human genome and are associated with inaccessible chromatin and the repression of tissue-specific genes. Here, we summarize the interesting biological questions that have arisen as a result of finding PMDs in the human placenta, including how PMDs form, what they do, how they evolved and how they might be relevant to human disease.
Animal Husbandry: Aquaculture Versus Agriculture

The term "husbandry" is defined as the scientific control and management of a branch of farming; it has been used to describe those principles and practices used in cultivating animals from both the land and the sea. The primary goal of husbandry is to enhance productivity. The efficiency of managed food productivity is dependent upon genetic control of the species, nutrient utilization, environmental characteristics, the farming system employed, and the end use to be made of the product. During the past 100 years, major research achievements in agriculture have resulted in improved husbandry and agricultural production has more than doubled. Cultivation of organisms in aquatic systems; i.e., aquaculture, has not enjoyed a comparable level of scientific attention and as a result has fallen short of realizing its potential. Today aquatic organisms account for only 4% of the world production of food including allowances for the contribution of aquatic products to land production.
Unsteady flow about a sphere at low to moderate Reynolds number. Part 1. Oscillatory motion

A direct numerical simulation, based on spectral methods, has been used to compute the time-dependent, axisymmetric viscous flow past a rigid sphere. An investigation has been made for oscillatory flow about a zero mean for different Reynolds numbers and frequencies. The simulation has been verified for steady flow conditions, and for unsteady flow there is excellent agreement with Stokes flow theory at very low Reynolds numbers. At moderate Reynolds numbers, around 20, there is good general agreement with available experimental data for oscillatory motion. Under steady flow conditions no separation occurs at Reynolds number below 20; however in an oscillatory flow a separation bubble forms on the decelerating portion of each cycle at Reynolds numbers well below this. As the flow accelerates again the bubble detaches and decays, while the formation of a new bubble is inhibited till the flow again decelerates. Steady streaming, observed for high frequencies, is also observed at low frequencies due to the flow separation. The contribution of the pressure to the resultant force on the sphere includes a component that is well described by the usual added-mass term even when there is separation. In a companion paper the flow characteristics for constant acceleration or deceleration are reported.
Unavoidable Crossings in a Thinnest Plane Covering with Congruent Convex Disks

Two convex disks K and L in the plane are said to cross each other if the removal of their intersection causes each disk to fall into disjoint components. Almost all major theorems concerning the covering density of a convex disk were proved only for crossing-free coverings. This includes the classical theorem of L. Fejes Toth (Acta Sci. Math. Szeged 12/A:62–67, 1950) that uses the maximum area hexagon inscribed in the disk to give a significant lower bound for the covering density of the disk. From the early seventies, all attempts of generalizing this theorem were based on the common belief that crossings in a plane covering by congruent convex disks, being counterproductive for producing low density, are always avoidable. Partial success was achieved not long ago, first for “fat” ellipses (A. Heppes in Discrete Comput. Geom. 29:477–481, 2003) and then for “fat” convex disks (G. Fejes Toth in Discrete Comput. Geom. 34(1):129–141, 2005), where “fat” means of shape sufficiently close to a circle. A recently constructed example will be presented here, showing that, in general, all such attempts must fail. Three perpendiculars drawn from the center of a regular hexagon to its three nonadjacent sides partition the hexagon into three congruent pentagons. Obviously, the plane can be tiled by such pentagons. But a slight modification produces a (non-tiling) pentagon with an unexpected covering property: every thinnest covering of the plane by congruent copies of the modified pentagon must contain crossing pairs. The example has no bearing on the validity of Fejes Toth’s bound in general, but it shows that any prospective proof must take into consideration the existence of unavoidable crossings.
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF MIXTURES OF 1M AND 2M1 DIOCTAHEDRAL MICAS BY X-RAY DIFFRACTION

Investigation of a naturally occurring mixture of dioctahedral micas prompted an examination of X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques for obtaining quantitative estimates of 1M and 2M1 mica proportions. A method for determining quantitative estimates has been developed that includes the effect of preferred orientation of mica particles as described by the March function. A diagram is presented from which the percentage of 2M1 and the March parameter (r) can be obtained from two peak-area ratios: 2.80 A/5.0 A and 2.80 A/2.58 A, which are measured on observed XRD patterns of mica mixtures. The ability of this peak-area ratio diagram to predict reasonably accurate proportions of 1M and 2M1 micas was tested by comparing calculated and observed XRD patterns over a range of 20 values from 16° to 40° for size-fractionated mixtures. Lack of accurate crystal-structure data for dioctahedral 1M mica proved an impediment to obtaining improved quantitative estimates of mica proportions.
Psychosocial Treatment of Depression in Older Adults with Dementia

Depression and dementia commonly coexist and are associated with higher rates of behavioral and functional problems. Caregivers of these individuals report higher levels of physical and mental distress, as well. Effective treatment, therefore, has the potential to help both the older adult and their caregiver. This article provides an overview of the current literature on treatment of depression in demented older adults, with particular emphasis on providing guidelines for evidence-based clinical care. Eleven randomized controlled clinical trials were identified following an extensive review of the literature. These studies are reviewed with particular attention to the methodological issues of most relevance to clinicians attempting to use the findings from these studies to guide their practice. Issues of particular relevance when working with this population are also addressed, including (a) for assessment—differential and coexistent diagnosis of depression in dementia, use of collateral informants, self-report and interviewer-obtained information; and b) for treatment—the need for caregiver involvement, individualizing of goals, and planning for future deterioration of cognitive function.
Writing to learn: Back to another basic

The Writing Across the Curriculum movement has been encouraging instructors in a wide range of disciplines to consider writing as a tool for learning. This chapter discusses why writing can be such a powerful tool, but also why the movement is having problems in implementation.
Oxidative Stress During Platelet‐Activating Factor‐Induced Microvascular Dysfunction

Objective: To assess the potential contribution of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to the leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion and increased microvascular permeability (to fluorescein isothiocyanate [FITC]-albumin) observed in rat mesenteric venules exposed to platelet-activating factor (PAF).Methods: The production of oxidants derived from H2O2 in mesenteric tissue was monitored using the H2O2-sensitive fluorochrome, dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR). PAF elicited a rapid increase in both the rate of albumin extravasation and oxidation of DHR, which was followed by an increased adherence and emigration of leukocytes in postcapillary venules.Results: The PAF-induced oxidation of DHR, leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions, and albumin leakage were attenuated by treatment with either catalase or dimethylthiourea. Treatment with monoclonal antibody directed against either CD11b/CD18 on leukocytes or ICAM-1 on endothelial cells attenuated the PAF-induced oxidative stress, albumin leakage, and leukocyte-endothelial cell ad...
A-MAC: adaptive medium access control for next generation wireless terminals

Next generation (NG) wireless networks are envisioned to provide high bandwidth to mobile users via bandwidth aggregation over heterogeneous wireless architectures. NG wireless networks, however, impose challenges due to their architectural heterogeneity in terms of different access schemes, resource allocation techniques as well as diverse quality of service requirements. These heterogeneities must be captured and handled dynamically as mobile terminals roam between different wireless architectures. However, to address these challenges, the existing proposals require either a significant modification in the network structure and in base stations or a completely new architecture, which lead to integration problems in terms of implementation costs, scalability and backward compatibility. Thus, the integration of the existing medium access schemes, e.g., CSMA, TDMA and CDMA, dictates an adaptive and seamless medium access control (MAC) layer that can achieve high network utilization and meet diverse quality of service (QoS) requirements. In this paper, an adaptive medium access control (A-MAC) layer is proposed to address the heterogeneities posed by the NG wireless networks. A-MAC introduces a two-layered MAC framework that accomplishes the adaptivity to both architectural heterogeneities and diverse QoS requirements. A novel virtual cube concept is introduced as a unified metric to model heterogeneous access schemes and capture their behavior. Based on the virtual cube concept, A-MAC provides architecture-independent decision and QoS based scheduling algorithms for efficient multi-network access. A-MAC performs seamless medium access to multiple networks without requiring any additional modifications in the existing network structures. It is shown via extensive simulations that A-MAC provides adaptivity to the heterogeneities in NG wireless networks and achieves high performance.
A Survey of the X-Ray Sky with HEAO A-1

The primary mission of the A-1 instrument aboard the first N.A.S.A. High Energy Astronomical Observatory (HEAO) is to enlarge the catalogue of X-ray sources to about 1000. Seven modules of X-ray proportional counters, having an average effective aperture of about 1700 cm$^{2}$ apiece, cover an energy range from 0.25 keV to about 25 keV. Full sky coverage is obtained by spinning the spacecraft at 2 rev h$^{-1}$ about the direction to the Sun. The detectors view the sky at right angles to the spin axis, so that 48 great circle sweeps normal to the ecliptic plane are completed each day. As the Earth carries the spacecraft around the Sun, the scan plane rotates 1 degrees in ecliptic latitude each day. The basic scan is obtained with four modules having $1^{\circ}\times 4^{\circ}$ collimation, giving 10000 resolution elements on the full sky. Assuming one source detection for every ten resolution elements, the survey should detect about 1000 sources.
The rarity of felty's syndrome in blacks

Evidence is presented that Felty's syndrome (FS) is rare among black patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). All of 12 patients with FS seen at Parkland Memorial Hospital, Dallas, Texas betwen 1964 and 1978 were white. During this period 52% of patients admitted to the Parkland medical service were black and 31% of patients dischargd with a diagnosis of RA were black. The number of expected black cases of FS on the basis of the racial distribution of hospitalized patients with RA was 3.7 (P is less than 0.02 when the zero incidence in blacks was compared with the expected incidence). All 7 cases of FS observed at Charity Hospital, New Orleans, Louisiana between 1968 and 1978 were also white. During this period, 65% of patients discharged with a diagnosis of RA were black, and the number of expected black cases of FS was 4.5 (P is less than 0.001). These findings suggest a genetic basis for the development of leukopenia and splenomegaly in RA patients.