cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Individual differences in trait motivational reactivity influence children and adolescents' responses to pictures of taboo products.

This study examined how children and adolescents respond to pictures of products whose use, for them, is socially or legally restricted (e.g., beer, liquor, cigarettes). It was theorized and found that these pictures, referred to as taboo, elicit an automatic motivational activation whose direction and intensity are influenced by age and individual differences in defensive system activation. Results show that 11–12-year-old children demonstrate primarily aversive responses to taboo products, 13–15-year-old children have less aversive responses, and 16–17-year-old children have mixed appetitive and aversive motivational responses. Further, those with high defensive system activation show larger aversive and smaller appetitive responses across the age groups. These results suggest that placing pictures of these products in prevention messages may work for the prevention goal of reduced experimentation and risk in younger children but against the prevention goal for the older children who may be more likely ...
Development policies and tropical deforestation in the southern Yucatán peninsula: centralized and decentralized approaches

It is well established that for multiple biophysical contexts there are legacies of past government policies in present land conditions. Despite this recognition, however, investigation of ongoing tropical deforestation dynamics often de-emphasizes the past. The case of the southern Yucatan peninsula demonstrates the need for historical analysis in identifying key drivers of deforestation. The most important land-use changes in the region over the past 100 years are connected to shifts in national development policies. These shifts represent tensions between centralized and decentralized approaches to land management—as represented by the policies of Presidents Diaz (1876–1910) and Cardenas (1934–40)—that persisted throughout the 20th century. The legacies of these reoccurring development strategies include depleted hardwood reserves, large areas of permanently cleared forest, a complicated system of land allocation, and long-standing tensions between economic, social welfare, and environmental conservation goals. These findings suggest that while centralized and decentralized approaches to development both focus on natural resource exploitation, the rates of deforestation tend to be faster, the patterns of forest clearing more pronounced, and land-use decision making less democratic under systems of centralized control. These conclusions hold implications for land-use decision making today. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
War on drugs: gender and race inequities in crime control strategies

The war on drugs, which has punctuated two decades of sentencing strategies, has had profound effects on the demographic features of American prisons. A significant increase in the rate of incarceration of African American men is a startling effect of the war on drugs. Gender distributions, which may be less obvious and represent minute absolute representations by comparison to race‐based shifts, are also a troublesome byproduct of the war on drugs. Overall trends in incarceration indicate that rates continue to rise, while offenders imprisoned for drug crime have increased disproportionately to all other crime. This is especially true for African American men and women of all races. This paper reviews trends in current incarceration patterns.
Consumer Financial Literacy and the Impact of Online Banking on the Financial Behavior of Lower‐Income Bank Customers

This article analyzes a demonstration program mounted by a major bank to understand whether access to information and communications technologies, combined with financial literacy training and training on how to use the Internet, can help low- and moderate-income individuals in inner-city neighborhoods be more effective financial actors. While quantitative analysis turns up few significant program effects, qualitative work implies that implementation issues likely compromised the effectiveness of the program. There was evidence of a potential link between information and communications technologies and financial literacy. Overall, urban low- and moderate-income individuals are interested in becoming technologically and financially literate and an intensive intervention may enable these goals.
Strategic risk communication: Adding value to society

The purpose of this paper is to provide a concise summary of the evolvement and the current state of risk communication research and draw insights from a decade of risk communication studies [Heath, R. L., & Abel, D. D. (1996). Proactive response to citizen risk concerns: Increasing citizens’ knowledge of emergency response practices. Journal of Public Relations Research, 8(3), 151–171; Heath, R. L., & Palenchar, M. (2000). Community relations and risk communication: A longitudinal study of the impact of emergency response messages. Journal of Public Relations Research, 12(2), 131–162; Palenchar, M. J., & Heath, R. L. (2002). Another part of the risk communication model: Analysis of communication processes and message content. Journal of Public Relations Research, 14(2), 127–158; Palenchar, M. J., & Heath, R. L. (2003a). Protracted strategic risk communication: A longitudinal analysis of community's zones of meaning. Paper presented at the conference of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Kansas City, MO; Palenchar, M. J., & Heath, R. L. (2003b). Strategic risk communication: A longitudinal analysis of a community's emergency response awareness and practices. Paper presented at the conference of the National Communication Association, Miami, FL; Palenchar, M. J., & Heath, R. L. (2006). Strategic risk communication campaigns: Some insights from the culmination of a decade of research. Paper presented at the conference of the International Communication Association, Dresden, Germany; Palenchar, M. J., Heath, R. L., & Dunn, E. (2005). Terrorism and industrial chemical production: A new era of risk communication. Communication Research Reports, 22(1), 59–67]. A meta-analysis of the authors’ research based on qualitative and quantitative research methodologies, including professionally conducted telephone interviews, focus groups, in-depth interviews and ethnography, suggests that strategic risk communication based on the concept that ideas and meaning count, transparency, building trust through community outreach and collaborative decision making, acknowledging uncertainty, and narrative enactment are fundamental communication guidelines for good organizations communicating well; keys for risk communication if it is to add value to society.
Computerized Detection of Lung Nodules in Thin-Section CT Images by use of Selective Enhancement Filters and an Automated Rule-Based Classifier

We have been developing a computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) scheme for lung nodule detection in order to assist radiologists in the detection of lung cancer in thin-section computed tomography (CT) images. Our database consisted of 117 thin-section CT scans with 153 nodules, obtained from a lung cancer screening program at a Japanese university (85 scans, 91 nodules) and from clinical work at an American university (32 scans, 62 nodules). The database included nodules of different sizes (4-28 mm, mean 10.2 mm), shapes, and patterns (solid and ground-glass opacity (GGO)). Our CAD scheme consisted of modules for lung segmentation, selective nodule enhancement, initial nodule detection, feature extraction, and classification. The selective nodule enhancement filter was a key technique for significant enhancement of nodules and suppression of normal anatomic structures such as blood vessels, which are the main sources of false positives. Use of an automated rule-based classifier for reduction of false positives was another key technique; it resulted in a minimized overtraining effect and an improved classification performance. We employed a case-based four-fold cross-validation testing method for evaluation of the performance levels of our computerized detection scheme. Our CAD scheme achieved an overall sensitivity of 86% (small: 76%, medium-sized: 94%, large: 95%; solid: 86%, mixed GGO: 89%, pure GGO: 81%) with 6.6 false positives per scan; an overall sensitivity of 81% (small: 69%, medium-sized: 91%, large: 91%; solid: 79%, mixed GGO: 88%, pure GGO: 81%) with 3.3 false positives per scan; and an overall sensitivity of 75% (small: 60%, medium-sized: 88%, large: 87%; solid: 70%, mixed GGO: 87%, pure GGO: 81%) with 1.6 false positives per scan. The experimental results indicate that our CAD scheme with its two key techniques can achieve a relatively high performance for nodules presenting large variations in size, shape, and pattern.
Mean motion, principal functions, and the zeros of dirichlet series

We show that there is a natural relationship between the Jensen function of certain analytic almost periodic functions h and the principal function of an associated Toeplitz operator Wh in type Π∞ von-Neumann algebra. We show that the principal function is a generalized winding number of a part of the essential spectrum of Wh with Hausdorff dimension one, and we use facts from geometric measure theory to analyze the stability of the mean motion. This is another example of our extension of the index onto a "thick" essential spectrum.
Applications of Paper Chromatography to Systematics: Recombination of Parental Biochemical Components in a Baptisia Hybrid Population

SEVERAL years ago, Gibbs,1 summarizing contributions of biochemistry to plant taxonomy, recognized the importance of the then relatively new techniques of paper chromatography and forecast their wide application, to systematics. Although a number of workers have applied chromatographic techniques to taxonomic problems in both botany and zoology2, the use of these techniques is not nearly commensurate with their potential value, perhaps because the cooperation of taxonomists and persons trained in biochemical analysis has been slow to develop. The present communication constitutes a brief description of work currently under way which is to be reported in greater detail elsewhere;3 the chomatographic analysis of individuals from a natural hybrid swarm of Baptisia laevicaulis × B. viridis (family Leguminosae), and correlation of these data with a similar analysis of the parental species collected in pure populations. Three other species of Baptisia were also examined chromatographically. Since this genus contains about 30 species of wide occurrence in the eastern United States, and hybridization among these species is common, it is highly probable that the scope of the present investigation will be extended. In this study we were particularly concerned with the recombination of biochemical components peculiar to each parental species among the hybrid and back-crossed individuals.
Rust in the wheatbelt: the social impacts of industrial decline in a rural Kansas community

While most sociologists now recognize the importance of urban industrial problems, there is less awareness of the causes and social significance of nonmetropolitan manufacturing decline. By means of structured and informal interviews, nonparticipant observations, and analysis of public documents, a case study was conducted to evaluate the economic and social “community impacts” of industrial restructuring in a nonurban community. Eight negative consequences of manufacturing decline were identified. The study generated information inconsistent with two prevailing explanations for recent rural industrial troubles in the United States: the underskilled production labor theory, and the deficient physical infrastructure thesis. Case evidence suggested that capital flight, economic and political network powerlessness, and managerial competency deficits may be significant causes of rural manufacturing decline. Given the significance of manufacturing for rural areas, more cogent, multidisciplinary explanations for nonurban industrial shifts need to be developed.
Movements and home ranges of white-tailed deer in response to roadside fences†

Although roadside fences have been proven effective at reducing deer–vehicle collisions (DVCs), information on how these fences alter deer behavior is lacking. We evaluated the effects of a traditional and a novel fencing design, constructed alongside a roadway, on movements and home ranges of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). From January to April 2009, we fitted 14 adult female deer with Global Positioning System collars, programmed to collect ≥24 locations/day. In June 2009 we constructed a 3.2-km fence that included a 1.6-km section of 2.4-m vertical-wire fence and a 1.6-km section of a prototype outrigger fence (i.e., 0.6 m, shade-cloth [50% opaque plastic sheeting] on a 45° outrigger angled toward the deer attached to the top of a 1.2 m, vertical-wire fence). We retrieved collars between January and March 2010. We compared home ranges, fence crossings, and fence circumventions among deer that encountered the outrigger and 2.4-m fences as well as for deer that encountered neither fence (i.e., controls), before and after fence construction. Actual crossings of the fence area were reduced, postconstruction, by 98% and 90% for the 2.4 m and outrigger treatment groups, respectively, suggesting that the fences were sufficiently effective to simulate how deer respond to roadside barriers. Deer with pretreatment home ranges that approached or encompassed the fence endings maintained a high degree of site fidelity by circumventing the endings. This study highlights the importance of incorporating information on deer behavior and resource usage into DVC-reduction strategies. If these factors are not accounted for, DVC frequency will likely stay the same, or increase, near fence endings. Thus, roadside fences should likely end at natural barriers to deer movements (i.e., heavy development) or incorporate some means of safe crossing into their endings. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Low-Chromium Alloys for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Interconnects

Ferritic stainless steel alloys have a combination of good oxidation resistance and appropriate coefficient of thermal expansion that makes them attractive for use as the interconnect in solid oxide fuel cells. However, chromia can be oxidized to vapor species, which can lead to poisoning of the cathode, so ceramic coatings are applied to reduce chromium volatilization. With the use of coatings, alloys with lower chromium contents could potentially be used. In this work, the oxidation behaviors of a series of ferritic steel alloys, Mn1.5Co1.5O4-coated and uncoated, with chromium contents from 13-18% and other alloying additions typical of those of AISI 441 (i.e. small amounts of niobium and titanium) were evaluated.
Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase polymorphism in spinach: genetic and biochemical characterization

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) has a major chloroplastic isozyme of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) and a minor cytosolic one. Among a diverse collection of spinach accessions, three electrophoretic banding patterns of chloroplastic BADH were found: two were single banded and one was triple banded. Genetic analysis of these patterns indicated that chloroplastic BADH is encoded by a single, nuclear gene with two alleles, designated slow (S) and fast (F), and that products of these alleles can hybridize to form either homodimers or a heterodimer. The S allele was by far the most common among the accessions examined. Native and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the SS and FF homodimers differ in charge but not molecular weight.
Effects of caudate nuclei or frontal cortical ablations in kittens: motor activity and visual discrimination performance in neonatal and juvenile kittens.

Abstract Motor activity and visual discrimination performance were assessed in kittens that had received either bilateral ablations of the caudate nuclei (acaudate) or frontal cortices (afrontal) during the first month of life. Kittens (tested between 36 and 60 days of age) with large bilateral caudate ablations were hyperactive compared to their intact littermates and a group of sham-operated kittens that underwent the same surgical procedures as the acaudates except for the caudate ablation. The afrontals were slightly more active than intact kittens but not as active as acaudates. Visual discrimination performance was assessed when the kittens were about 3 months old. Minimal group differences in performance occurred during acquisition of the discrimination. During reversal of the original discrimination the kittens with large caudate lesions continued responding to the previously reinforced cue significantly longer than animals in any other group. Those with frontal lesions did not perseverate in this manner but displayed highly variable performance on most aspects of the tasks. These results are consistent with the idea that a major consequence of caudate damage is a loss of flexibility in adopting new responses when the previously reinforced behavior is no longer appropriate. The results also indicate that some of the behavioral effects of neonatal and adult caudate and cortical lesions are qualitatively similar.
Three‐dimensional parallel unstructured grid generation

An algorithm for the parallel generation of 3-D unstructured grids is presented. The technique is an extension of the algorithm presented in Reference 21 for the 2-D case. The method uses a background grid as the means to separate spatially different regions, enabling the concurrent, parallel generation of elements in different domains and interdomain regions. The parallel 3-D grid generator was implemented and tested on the INTEL hypercube and Touchstone Delta parallel computers. The results obtained demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm developed. The methodology is applicable to the parallel implementation of a wide range of problems that are, in principle, scalar by nature, and do not lend themselves to SIMD parallelization.
Experiments in Local Force Feedback for High-Inertia, High-Friction Telerobotic Systems

Many telerobotic systems include a slave robot with much larger inertial and frictional properties than the master robot and/or a non-backdrivable slave acting as an admittance device. Passive controllers, which are known for their stability and robustness, display the large dynamic forces to the user and/or become insensitive to contact forces. In effect, the user feels the large inertia and friction of the slave robot but does not feel the force of the environment. Force sensors can isolate the environment forces. In this paper, we experiment with local force feedback for an admittance type slave robot. We use the local controller to convert the slave to an apparent impedance device, restoring its sensitivity to environment forces. This will allow the application of stable passive teleoperation controllers. The control structure is validated on a single axis of a large, non-backdrivable, industrial Adept robot operating as a slave in contact and in free space.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
New techniques for large wire spark chambers with magnetostrictive readout

Abstract We describe methods by which large wire spark chambers can be constructed and read out with uniform efficiency and accuracy over their entire length. The high uniform efficiency for registering multiple tracks is obtained by the use of auxiliary conducting planes which serve to charge the chamber capacity with a low impedance transmission-line characteristic. The magnetostrictive readout is improved by the use of torsional pulses in the sense wire which provide a greater degree of linearity than the longitudinal pulses used previously.
Effects of estrogens on lipoprotein metabolism and cardiovascular disease in women

Estrogen use is associated with protection from cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women. This benefit appears to be magnified among women with pre-existing heart disease. The possible bias of intrinsically better health in women using estrogen has not been ruled out in observational studies. Therefore, two double-blind randomized clinical trials are underway in postmenopausal women. One in women with coronary disease is known as HERS (Heart Estrogen-progestin Replacement Study) and another in predominantly healthy women is the WHI (Women's Health Initiative). Several mechanisms of estrogen mediated protection from cardiovascular disease have been identified including increased HDL, lower LDL, lower VLDL-cholesterol/triglyceride ratio, increased clearance of intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) and LDL via an upregulated LDL receptor, diminished penetration and degradation of LDL in the arterial wall, an inhibition of LDL oxidation by various estrogens and a reversal of inappropriate acetylcholine (EDRF)-mediated vasoconstriction in arteriosclerotic vessels. The predominating mechanism is not known, but estrogen replacement therapy is both likely to be beneficial to female health, pending randomized trials, as well as a tool to understand mechanisms of prevention of coronary artery disease.
Screening Dipstick Urinalysis: A Time to Change

Objective This study attempted to determine the minimal cost of screening dipstick urinalyses in a hypothetical cohort of 2000 asymptomatic pediatric patients in a primary care setting. Methodology The minimal cost utilizing a private practitioner in an urban or suburban group pediatric setting was calculated. Costs were determined by using current charges for supplies ordered to perform tests in the office, charges for tests performed by a commercial laboratory, and the cost of an initial evaluation by a pediatric nephrologist. Data from published studies were also utilized. Results Nine percent (179/2000) of patients were calculated to have an initial abnormal urinalysis. Upon retesting only 1.5% (29/2000) of patients were calculated to have a persistent abnormality. The calculated rate of a false positive/transient abnormality for all patients in the hypothetical cohort of 2000 asymptomatic pediatric patients was 84% (150/179). The calculated minimal cost for the outpatient evaluation of 2000 asymptomatic pediatric patients by dipstick urinalyses ranged between $5022 to $6475. The range depends on whether 50% versus 100% of patients with a repeat abnormal dipstick urinalysis were referred to a pediatric nephrologist for further evaluation. The calculated cost was $1290 to initially screen all 2000 patients with a dipstick urinalysis or 65 cents per patient. The calculated cost to evaluate the 29 patients with any persistent abnormality on repeat dipstick urinalysis was $3732 to $5185 or $129 to $179 per patient. This is the calculated cost for a single screening of 2000 asymptomatic pediatric patients. The calculated cost for four multiple screening urinalyses as currently recommended is $20 088 to $25 900. Additionally, these are only minimal initial calculated costs. Costs of any renal imagining or function studies ordered by the pediatric nephrologist or the pediatrician pursuing a further evaluation on his/her own were not included. Conclusion Multiple screening dipstick urinalyses in asymptomatic pediatric patients are costly and should be discontinued. In their place, we propose that a single screening dipstick urinalysis be obtained at school entry age, between 5 and 6 years old, in all asymptomatic children. The sample should be a first morning void.
Anatomical problems with identification and interruption of posterior septal kent bundles

To gain insight into the cause of the complex anatomical problems associated with posterior septal Kent bundles, 20 cadaver hearts were carefully examined and the operative results in 22 patients analyzed. The following important anatomical relationships were noted. The posterior right atrium overlies the left ventricle and muscular septum. The coronary sinus wall contains myocardium continuous with both atria. The posterior superior process of the left ventricle connects the mitral annulus to the muscular septum. The epicardium of the crux can be 2.5 to 3.5 cm from the right fibrous trigone. A Kent bundle can originate in either atrium, the atrial septum, or the coronary sinus and connect with the left ventricle or muscular septum. At operation, antegrade and retrograde activation sequences were used for identification. Antegrade maps could not be recorded in 4 patients. Two operations were used, right atrial and left atrial. The initial right atrial operation was successful in 12 patients--all 7 with earliest antegrade activation over the midpart of the muscular septum or its right side and 3 with activation on its left side. Among the 6 patients with more than one operative approach, 5 had Kent bundle division. One of the patients probably had a left free wall pathway. Two pathways thought to be free wall turned out to be septal. The Kent bundles were divided in 18 patients and missed in 4, 2 of the latter having His interruption. There were no deaths. The conclusions are that the right atrial operation is reliable when the pathways are clearly posterior septal. Surgical problems occur because Kent bundles in the posterior left free wall sometimes cannot be separated from Kent bundles in the posterior septal area. Both right atrial and left atrial operations are needed if there is doubt about the location of a pathway.
144 ENERGY EXPENDITURE OF PRETERM INFANTS AS DETERMINED BY SIMULTANEOUS DIRECT AND INDIRECT CALORIMETRY

144 ENERGY EXPENDITURE OF PRETERM INFANTS AS DETERMINED BY SIMULTANEOUS DIRECT AND INDIRECT CALORIMETRY
Residual solvent and its diffusion in acrylic fibers

A survey showed that some commercial acrylic fiber products contain small quantities of residual solvent (dimethylacetamide). No diffusion of solvent from these products could be detected on laundering, dry cleaning, or exposure to synthetic perspiration. Acrylic carpets containing residual solvent were enclosed in sealed boxes to simulate a closed room. Air in the boxes was monitored for solvent content over a 14-day period at 24°C (75°F) and 38°C (100°F) at both low and high humidity conditions. In all cases the solvent content of the air was below the detection limit of the best analytical procedure available (below 0.1 ppm). Diffusion rates of sol vent from 15-denier carpel fiber into nitrogen were measured over the temperature range of 25–100°C. There was no detectable diffusion below 60°C measured over a 24-h period. Mass diffusivities ranged from 2.5 × 10−19 cm2/s at 60°C to 6.4 × 10−14 cm2/s at 100°C. Under the conditions of expected use, the rate of diffusion of residual solvent from acrylic fibers is very low. Based on the low concentrations of residual solvent and its very low diffusion rate, there is an extremely low probability of any exposure to solvent from the residual solvent present in commercial acrylic fiber products.
On Hubbell's rectangular source integral

Abstract The integral H(a,b)= ∫ 0 b ∫ 0 a d x d y/(1+x 2 +y 2 ) arises naturally in the study of radiation from a rectangular source and has been studied by many authors. This paper introduces a new series expansion which is rapidly convergent for large a and b.
Regulation of the growth hormone and luteinizing hormone response to endotoxin in sheep

Infectious disease processes cause physiological adaptations in animals to reorder nutrient partitioning and other functions to support host survival. Endocrine, immune and nervous systems largely mediate this process. Using endotoxin injection as a model for catabolic disease processes (such as bacterial septicemia), we have focused our attention on regulation of growth hormone (GH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in sheep. Endotoxin produces an increase in plasma GH and a decrease in plasma LH concentrations. This pattern can be reproduced, in part, by administration of various cytokines. Antagonists to both interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) given intravenously (IV) prevented the endotoxin-stimulated increase in GH. Since endotoxin will directly stimulate GH and LH release from cultured pituitary cells, the data suggest a pituitary site of action of the endotoxin to regulate GH. Studies with portal vein cannulated sheep indicated that gonadotropin releasing hormone was inhibited by endotoxin, suggesting a central site of action of endotoxin to regulate LH. However, other studies suggest that endotoxin may also regulate LH secretion at the pituitary. Thus, IL-1 and TNF regulate GH release from the pituitary gland while endotoxin induces a central inhibition of LH release.
Charge-Field Formulation of Quantum Electrodynamics (QEMED)

By expressing classical electron theory in terms of “charge-field” functional structures, it is shown that a finite formulation of the classical electrodynamics of point charges emerges in a simple and elegant fashion. The classical charge-field form of microscopic electron theory plays the role of a covering theory for “renormalized classical electron theory,” with the distinct advantage that this is accomplished by adynamic subtraction mechanism, built into the theory. We then generalize this formalism into a hole-theoretic, second-quantized Dirac formulation, in order to construct a “charge-field” quantum electrodynamic theory, and discuss its basic properties. We find, in addition to the possibility that the finiteness of the classical theory may be propagated into the quantum field theory, that interacting photon states are generated as a secondary manifestation of electron-positron quantization, and do not require the usual “free” canonical quantization scheme. We discuss the possibility that this approach may lead to a better formulation of quantum electrodynamics in the Heisenberg picture and suggest a crucial experimental test to distinguish this new charge-field quantum electrodynamics “QEMED” from the standard QED formulation. Specifically QEMED predicts that the “Einstein principle of separability” should be found to be valid for correlated photon polarization measurements, in which the polarizers are changed more rapidly than a characteristic photon travel time. Such an experiment (Aspect, 1976) can distinguish between QEMED and QED in a complete and clear-cut fashion.
Compound oxides present in vanadium-molybdenum oxide maleic catalysts☆

Abstract The composition and physical properties of two new compound oxides of vanadium and molybdenum have been determined. These have been shown to be major components of typical vanadium-molybdenum oxide catalysts such as are used commercially for oxidation of benzene to maleic anhydride. However, the pure crystalline compounds are not as active as commercial catalysts.
Cooperative adsorption effects in gas—liquid—solid chromatography

Abstract The specific retention volumes of acetone, methanol, and benzene were determined at 60 and 90°C for 14 different liquid loads of squalane, coated on silanized Chromosorb P and on deuterated, silanized Chromosorb P. The specific retention volume of benzene was not influenced by the sample size, liquid load, or type of support. Conversely, the retention volume of acetone displayed two distinct maxima at intermediate liquid loads. In addition, significant isotope exchange was observed between methanol and the deuterated, silanized support at relatively high liquid loads (5–12%). The retention volume maxima were interpreted with a model involving cooperative adsorption on the solid support along with an “autophobic” liquid distribution model. Enhanced retention of acetone occurred at low loads because of cooperative adsorption effects caused by lateral interactions between the stationary liquid phase and acetone molecules, adsorbed on the uncoated support surface. At higher liquid loads, the retention of acetone decreased due to increased coverage of the surface by squalane. Both of these phenomena have been observed in many other adsorption systems with non-porous adsorbents.
Business Lessons for Higher Education Marketing

Today, recent business marketing approaches that depend upon market analysis and planning have stimulated the growth of marketing firms that offer sophisticated quantitative market analyses in order to identify an organizationâ€™s potential and current customers and their needs. This analysis contrasts educational service provider to enrollment outcomes at two nonprofit higher education institutions. The authorsâ€™ data indicates securing educational marketing services may be a costly approach in order to attract and keep customers or students.
A more accurate expression for the noise figure of transistors

A more accurate schematic for the calculation of the minimum noise figure of transistors is presented. It involves two functions G1(f) and G2(f) of frequency that can be tabulated. An earlier expression for the minimum noise figure, that involves only a single parameter x is shown to be reasonably accurate, provided that the proper expression for x is used.
Die Polarographie in der Lebensmittelchemie. V. Bestimmung des Bleis in der für die Konservierung von Lebensmitteln verwendeten Ameisensäure mit der konventionellen und der „anodic‐stripping”︁‐Polarographie. Mit 3 Abbildungen

Es wird ein polarographisches Verfahren beschrieben, mit dessen Hilfe Blei in der fur die Konservierung von Lebensmitteln verwendeten hochprozentigen Ameisensaure schnell und genau bestimmt werden kann. Fur Bleigehalte < 0,0001% wird die „anodic-stripping”-Polarographie angewandt. Die Bestimmung erfolgt direkt in der auf etwa 50% verdunnten Ameisensaure.
Virtual keyboard for head mounted display-based wearable devices

Wearable devices eliminate the need of physically taking out a mobile device before operating on it and are emerging as the next wave of mobile systems. Head-mounted display (HMD) is a key building block of wearable devices, and offers users immediate access to relevant information in a glance. However, most existing user input mechanisms accompanying HMDs are designed for interactive information exploration rather than for extended text entry. This paper describes the design, implementation and evaluation of a text input system for HMDs called Air Typing, which requires only a standard camera and is shown to be comparable in effectiveness to single-hand text input on tablet computers in a lab setting. Air Typing features a novel two-level virtual keyword layout, which substantially improves the typing speed by cutting down unnecessary hand movements during typing and greatly simplifies the associated image processing task by doing away with fine-grained matching between fingertips and keys. The current Air Typing prototype incorporates an OpenCV-based virtual key press detection algorithm that runs on the featured two-level virtual keyboard. In our tests, an experienced user's typing speeds of one-hand text input and of two-hand text input under Air Typing are 13 and 15 words per minute (WPM), respectively.
Evaluation of a liquid potassium bicarbonate/amino acid co‐product as a source of potassium, nitrogen, and sulfur

Abstract Potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3), methionine, alanine, and other organic sulfur (S) compounds are present in a liquid co‐product (DPF for Degussa's Potassium Fertilizer) resulting from the manufacture of methionine as a poultry feed supplement. DPF contains approximately 20, 97, and up to 30 g/kg of nitrogen (N), potassium (K), and S, respectively. Field, greenhouse, and incubation studies were conducted to evaluate crop response to N and K in DPF as compared to ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and potassium chloride (KCl), to determine mineralization of N and S in DPF and to determine any potentially phytotoxic effects of high rates of DPF in sandy soils of the Gulf Coastal Plain. In both field and greenhouse studies using four different crops, plant dry matter, grain yield, and N and K uptake with DPF were equivalent to comparable rates of N and K as NH4NO3 and KCl. Nitrogen and S in DPF, methionine, and ground cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) leaves were mineralized by soil microorganisms at similar rates...
The refined structure of human rhinovirus 16 at 2.15 A resolution: implications for the viral life cycle.

Abstract Background: Rhinoviruses belong to the picornavirus family and are small, icosahedral, non-enveloped viruses containing one positive RNA strand. Human rhinovirus 16 (HRV16) belongs to the major receptor group of rhinoviruses, for which the cellular receptor is intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). In many rhinoviruses, one of the viral coat proteins (VP1) contains a hydrophobic pocket which is occupied by a fatty acid-like molecule, or so-called ‘pocket factor'. Antiviral agents have been shown to bind to the hydrophobic pocket in VP1, replacing the pocket factor. The presence of the antiviral compound blocks uncoating of the virus and in some cases inhibits receptor attachment. A refined, high-resolution structure would be expected to provide further information on the nature of the pocket factor and other features previously not clearly identified. Results: The structure of native HRV16 has been refined to a resolution of 2.15 A. The hydrophobic pocket in VP1 is observed in two alternative conformations. In one of these, the pocket is filled by a pocket factor and the protein structure is similar to virus–antiviral compound complexes. In the other conformation, the hydrophobic pocket is collapsed and empty. RNA bases stack against both a tryptophan and a phenylalanine residue on the internal surface of the viral capsid. Site-directed mutagenesis of the tryptophan, which is conserved across the picornaviruses, to nonconservative residues results in non-viable virus. Five symmetry-related N termini of coat protein VP4 form a ten-stranded, antiparallel β barrel around the base of the icosahedral fivefold axis. The N termini of VP1 are amphipathic α helices, which stack on the outside of this β barrel. The N termini of VP1 and VP4 have not been observed previously in rhinovirus structures. Conclusions: The observation of a partially occupied hydrophobic pocket in HRV16 forms a missing link between HRV14, which is always observed with no pocket factor in the native form, and rhinovirus 1A and other picornaviruses (e.g. poliovirus, coxsackievirus) which contain pocket factors. The pocket factor molecules probably regulate viral entry, uncoating and assembly. Picornavirus assembly is known to proceed via pentamers, therefore, the interaction of RNA with the conserved tryptophan residues across twofold axes between pentamers may play a role in picornavirus assembly. The positioning of a cation on the icosahedral fivefold axes and the structure of the N termini of VP4 and VP1 around these axes suggest a mechanism for the uncoating of rhinoviruses.
Gender bias in human anatomy textbook illustrations

The hypothesis that female and male bodies are equally represented in human anatomy text illustrations was tested to determine whether medical students are shown both females and males as possessin...
Duration of diastole and its phases as a function of heart rate during supine bicycle exercise

The duration of diastole can be defined in terms of mechanical events. Mechanical diastolic duration (MDD) is comprised by the phases of early rapid filling (E wave), diastasis, and late atrial fil...
A longitudinal study of multicultural curriculum in medical education

Objectives: To evaluate impact a multicultural interclerkship had on students’ perception of knowledge, interview skills, and empathy towards serving culturally diverse populations and role student demographics played in learning. Methods: Data extracted from students’ self-reported course evaluations and pre/post questionnaires during multiculturalism interclerkship across 11 academic years. Inquired students’ opinion about four areas: effectiveness, small group leaders, usefulness, and overall experience. Subscale and item ratings were compared using trend tests including multivariate analyses. Results: During studied years, 883 students completed course evaluation with high overall mean rating of 3.08 (SD=0.45) and subscale mean scores ranging from 3.03 to 3.30. Trends in three of four subscales demonstrated clear uptrend (p<0.0001). Positive correlations between ratings of leaders and “usefulness” were observed (p<0.0001). Pre/post matched dataset (n=967) indicated majority of items (19/23) had statistically significant higher post interclerkship ratings compared to pre scores with nine of 19 having statistically significant magnitudes of change. Questionnaire had high overall reliability (Cronbach alpha=0.8), and item-to-group correlations ranged from 0.40 to 0.68 (p <0.0001). Conclusions: By increasing students’ exposure and interaction with diverse patients, their knowledge, attitude, and skills were increased and expanded in positive manner. These findings might inform those who are interested in enhancing this important competence. This is especially true given increasing scrutiny this global topic is receiving
The role and effectiveness of computer-assisted learning in physical therapy education: A systematic review

Physical therapy educators seek teaching methodologies to efficiently educate students. The purpose of this article was to perform a systematic review of the literature pertaining to the use and effectiveness of computer-assisted learning (CAL) in physical therapy education. Criteria were established for article selection. Articles related to use included those reporting at least a 30% survey response return and a sample of at least 50. Articles regarding effectiveness included only randomized control studies related to use in physical therapy and physical therapy assistant education. Six articles related to the use and 17 articles related to the effectiveness were identified. Early published investigations were focused in the area of anatomy. The survey studies related to use indicated that educators highly valued CAL, but they reported initial use to be low due to cost. Expanding software development has resulted in higher contemporary use. CAL can effectively convey content material compared to traditi...
Interactions of L-Thyroxine or L-Triiodothyronine and Thyrotropin- Releasing Factor on the Release and Synthesis of Thyrotropin from the Anterior Pituitary Gland of Mice

An increase in the release and synthesis of thyrotropin (TSH) from the anterior pituitary gland followed the administration of purified porcine thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRF) to mice. The release of TSH was determined by measuring the 131I release from the thyroid gland. The synthesis of TSH was determined by measuring the change in TSH content of the anterior pituitary gland. Both Lthyroxine (T4) and L-triiodothyronine (T3) inhibitedinhibited the release of TSH produced by TRF. This is a dose-related rather than an all or none response. Complete inhibition of the TRF-TSH release response occurred with 0.3 μg T3 and partial inhibition with .03 μg. Under the same conditions, 2.7 μg T4 produced complete inhibition and 0.9 μg partial inhibition. Increasing the dose of TRF overcame the inhibition caused by T4. {Endocrinology 81: 741, 1967)
Indirect Effects of Biological Control on Plant Diversity Vary across Sites in Montana Grasslands

Biological control with specialist, nonindigenous, herbivorous insects is an important option for controlling invasive exotic plants in wildlands and nature reserves. It is assumed that biological control agents will reduce the dominance of the target weed, thereby increasing the native diversity of the associated plant community. However, this hypothesis has rarely been tested. We introduced Aphthona nigriscutis into grassland sites infested with the invasive exotic species Euphorbia esula L. on a nature reserve in Montana (U.S.A.). Two sites with better soil had been treated previously with herbicide, whereas two other sites had not. We measured the density and biomass of Euphorbia vegetative and flowering stems and number of native and exotic shrubs, grass-like plants, and forbs in 48 microplots in Aphthona release and control macroplots at each site. After 5 years, Aphthona release was associated with a 33-39% decline in Euphorbia aboveground biomass compared with controls at all sites. Other effects of the biocontrol depended on the site. Biocontrol slowed the recovery of species diversity at the sites previously treated with herbicide but slowed the loss of diversity at sites without a history of herbicide. Biocontrol introduction was not associated with a disproportionate increase in nontarget exotic species. Release of Aphthona caused a decline in the biomass of flowering stems relative to controls at good- soil, previous-herbicide sites but was associated with a relative increase in flower stem mass at poor-soil, no- herbicide sites. Our results suggest that biocontrol reductions in weed dominance will not always be associated with increased species diversity. More emphasis should be placed on conserving desirable communities and less on simple weed control. Monitoring of community-level effects should accompany biocontrol introductions on nature reserves.
Glucosinolates in Brassica vegetables. Analysis of twenty‐seven cauliflower cultivars (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis subvar. cauliflora DC)

The glucosinolate content of 27 cultivars of commercially grown cauliflower have been determined. The levels of total glucosinolates (<120 mg 100 g−1 fresh wt) were comparable with those previously reported for cabbage, but much lower than those found in Brussels sprouts. The major individual glucosinolates were identified as those possessing prop-2-enyl-, 3-methylsulphinylpropyl-, 3-indolylmethyl- and 1-methoxy-3-indolylmethyl- side chains. Smaller amounts of but-3-enyl-, 2-hydroxybut-3-enyl-, 3-methylthiopropyl-, 4-methylthiobutyl-, 2-phenylethyl-, pent-4-enyl-, 2-hydroxypent-4-enyl- and 5-methylthiopentyl-glucosinolates were also measured in some cultivars, the last three compounds not previously having been reported in cauliflower. Environmental effects, determined for the cultivars Wallaby, Coolabah, Barrier Reef and Snowy River were much less than previously found in Brussels sprouts.
CIostridium botulinurn Spore Gerrnination, Outgrowth, and Toxin Production Below pH 4.6; Interactions Between pH, Total Acidity, and Buffering Capacity

The effect of soy protein concentration on Clostridium botulinurn spore germination, outgrowth, and toxin production in the presence of varying levels of inorganic (HCI) and organic (citric) acids was investigated. Media were blended using deoxygenated soy concentrate (1–7% protein), acidified with deaerated acids to effect post-autoclaving pH values of 4.1, 4.3 and 4.5, and inoculated with C. botulinum Type A spores. All manipulations were conducted under conditions of strict anaerobiosis (0–2 ppm atmospheric oxygen, media Eh7 values of < — 345 mV). Germination, proliferation, active motility, and elaboration of neurotoxin occurred as low as pH 4.07. Titratable acidity, which accounted for the soy protein buffering capacity, appeared to define toxicity endpoints as pH alone could not.