cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Model-based analysis of environmental controls over ecosystem primary production in an alpine tundra dry meadow

We investigated several key limiting factors that control alpine tundra productivity by developing an ecosystem biogeochemistry model. The model simulates the coupled cycling of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) and their interactions with gross primary production (GPP). It was parameterized with field observations from an alpine dry meadow ecosystem using a global optimization strategy to estimate the unknown parameters. The model, along with the estimated parameters, was first validated against independent data and then used to examine the environmental controls over plant productivity. Our results show that air temperature is the strongest limiting factor to GPP in the early growing season, N availability becomes important during the middle portion of the growing season, and soil moisture is the strongest limiting factors by late in the growing season. Overall, the controls over GPP during the growing season, from strongest to weakest, are soil moisture content, air temperature, N availability, and P availability. This simulation provides testable predictions of the shifting nature of physical and nutrient limitations on plant growth. The model also indicates that changing environmental conditions in the alpine will likely lead to changes in productivity. For example, warming eliminates the control of P availability on GPP and makes N availability surpass air temperature to become the second strongest limiting factor. In contrast, an increase in atmospheric nutrient deposition eliminates the control of N availability and enhances the importance of P availability. These analyses provide a quantitative and conceptual framework that can be used to test predictions and refine ecological analyses at this long-term ecological research site.
Dynamics and equilibria of thin viscous coating films on a rotating sphere

We examine the dynamics of a thin viscous liquid film on the outer surface of a solid sphere rotating around its vertical axis in the presence of gravity. An asymptotic model describing the evolution of the film thickness is derived in the rotating frame based on the lubrication approximation. The model includes the centrifugal and gravity forces and the stabilizing effect of surface tension. Depending on the values of the parameters, the problem admits different types of steady states: one with a uniformly positive film thickness, or those with one or two dry zones on the sphere. We prove that all steady states are energy minimizers and hence global attractors for axisymmetric states.
Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Obstructive Sleep Apnea: CPAP Reservoir Bacterial Colonization Is Not Associated with Sinus Culture Positivity

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are both highly prevalent chronic diseases in the United States. Association between culture positivity of CPAP machines and sinus samples has not been studied in patients with both disease states. Our objective was to compare the microbes present in the sinus cavities and CPAP reservoirs of patients with both CRS and OSA. Patients from an academic tertiary care Rhinology practice were identified with both CRS and OSA and enrolled prospectively. Inclusion criteria included age over 18 years; diagnosis of OSA by sleep study; regular CPAP use; and an active diagnosis of CRS. Exclusion criteria included treatment with antibiotics or cleaning of the CPAP reservoir in the month prior. Cultures were taken from participants’ sinus cavities and CPAP reservoirs and resulting microbial growth was compared. The most common organisms on CPAP culture were Enterobacter cloacae and Acinetobacter baumanii, whereas the most common on sinus culture were Staphyloccoccus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microbial growth from the sinus cavities and the CPAP reservoirs were not concordant in any of our patients. There is no association between bacterial colonization of the CPAP reservoir and the sinus cavities of those with CRS and OSA based on microbiologic cultures.
Stress Generation and Relaxation during Film Heteroepitaxy on a Compliant Substrate with a Viscoelastic Glass Interlayer

Lattice mismatch strain between films and substrates causes stresses in each and degrades the film quality. Compliant substrates can decrease the stresses and dislocation density in the film. A particular type of compliant substrate, which consists of a thin template, a handle wafer and a glass interlayer, is discussed here. Three-dimensional axisymmetric finite element models were developed to simulate the film-substrate structure and analyze stress generation and relaxation. The materials of film and template were considered as elastic but the glass interlayer was viscoelastic at the film growth temperature. Factors affecting stress generation and relaxation are reported.
Sight, Sound, And Epistemology: the Experiential Sources of Ethical Concepts

Est-il possible, d'un point de vue epistemologique, de sortir de la dichotomie postmoderne objectivisme/relativisme ? L'A. tente une approche du probleme en vue d'un depassement en passant par la litterature avec la dichotomie litteraire/oral. L'A. s'interesse aux consequences de cette experience pour la philosophie et la theologie. En derniere analyse, ce qu'il cherche, ce sont des sources d'experience en vue de l'elaboration de concepts ethiques. La culture moderne des images n'est pas exclue de cette recherche
Dosimetric differences in flattened and flattening filter-free beam treatment plans

This study investigated the dosimetric differences in treatment plans from flattened and flattening filter-free (FFF) beams from the TrueBeam System. A total of 104 treatment plans with static (sliding window) intensity-modulated radiotherapy beams and volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) beams were generated for 15 patients involving three cancer sites. In general, the FFF beam provides similar target coverage as the flattened beam with improved dose sparing to organ-at-risk (OAR). Among all three cancer sites, the head and neck showed more important differences between the flattened beam and FFF beam. The maximum reduction of the FFF beam in the mean dose reached up to 2.82 Gy for larynx in head and neck case. Compared to the 6 MV flattened beam, the 10 MV FFF beam provided improved dose sparing to certain OARs, especially for VMAT cases. Thus, 10 MV FFF beam could be used to improve the treatment plan.
Calcific Aortic Valve Disease: Part 2-Morphomechanical Abnormalities, Gene Reexpression, and Gender Effects on Ventricular Hypertrophy and Its Reversibility

In part 1, we considered cytomolecular mechanisms underlying calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD), hemodynamics, and adaptive feedbacks controlling pathological left ventricular hypertrophy provoked by ensuing aortic valvular stenosis (AVS). In part 2, we survey diverse signal transduction pathways that precede cellular/molecular mechanisms controlling hypertrophic gene expression by activation of specific transcription factors that induce sarcomere replication in-parallel. Such signaling pathways represent potential targets for therapeutic intervention and prevention of decompensation/failure. Hypertrophy provoking signals, in the form of dynamic stresses and ligand/effector molecules that bind to specific receptors to initiate the hypertrophy, are transcribed across the sarcolemma by several second messengers. They comprise intricate feedback mechanisms involving gene network cascades, specific signaling molecules encompassing G protein-coupled receptors and mechanotransducers, and myocardial stresses. Future multidisciplinary studies will characterize the adaptive/maladaptive nature of the AVS-induced hypertrophy, its gender- and individual patient-dependent peculiarities, and its response to surgical/medical interventions. They will herald more effective, precision medicine treatments.
Genetic and epigenetic regulation of intestinal fibrosis

Crohn’s disease affects those individuals with polygenic risk factors. The identified risk loci indicate that the genetic architecture of Crohn’s disease involves both innate and adaptive immunity and the response to the intestinal environment including the microbiome. Genetic risk alone, however, predicts only 25% of disease, indicating that other factors, including the intestinal environment, can shape the epigenome and also confer heritable risk to patients. Patients with Crohn’s disease can have purely inflammatory disease, penetrating disease or fibrostenosis. Analysis of the genetic risk combined with epigenetic marks of Crohn’s disease and other disease associated with organ fibrosis reveals common events are affecting the genes and pathways key to development of fibrosis. This review will focus on what is known about the mechanisms by which genetic and epigenetic risk factors determine development of fibrosis in Crohn’s disease and contrast that with other fibrotic conditions.
Succession, climate and neighbourhood dynamics influence tree growth over time: an 87‐year record of change in a Pinus resinosa‐dominated forest, Minnesota, USA

Resource availability and its influence on tree-to-tree interactions are expected to change over the course of forest stand development, but the rarity of long-term datasets has limited examinations of neighborhood crowding over extended time periods. How do a history of neighborhood interactions and population-level dynamics, including demographic transition, impact long-term tree growth? Methods. Using a spatially explicit dataset of repeated diameter measurements recorded over an 87-year period, we modeled the influence of tree-to-tree interactions on growth as it varied over time. We also applied maximum likelihood estimation and simulated annealing to examine how inter- and intra- specific competition and the relative importance of neighbor size and distance varied over time and with different climatic conditions. Results. Crowding had a consistent, negative influence on growth, but crowding intensity and importance were dynamic over time and differed between trees that survived the entire study period compared to those that ultimately died. The scaling of neighbor diameter, neighbor distance, and neighbor species (inter- vs. intra-specific competition) also varied as demographic transition occurred and longer-lived species assumed greater dominance. Conclusions. Given observed relationships with moisture stress (based on precipitation: potential evapotranspiration) and maximum temperature, crowding intensity and importance may increase if temperatures rise in the future and water becomes more limiting. Long-term datasets, such as the record examined in this study, have immense value for testing assumptions about stand dynamics, particularly as forests respond to projected shifts in climate and disturbance regimes.
The maritime administration's ships of opportunity program

The Maritime Administration's Ships of Opportunity Program attempts to support the ocean science and technology research requirements of the maritime industry and of Federal agencies where such agencies are in need of more ships and technicians to fulfill their ocean science data collection missions. Two initial programs are discussed in this paper: (1) the MarAd/National Marine Fisheries Service Expendable Bathythermograph Program; and (2) the MarAd/Sea Use Council Program to develop North Pacific Wave Spectra, Rational Ship Structural Design Criteria and Utilization of the Cobb Seamount.
Frequent expression of MAGE tumor antigens in bronchial epithelium of chronic smokers without lung cancer

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 14-18, 2007; Los Angeles, CA 1692 Background : Melanoma antigens ( MAGE ) type 1are considered tumor-specific antigens and potential targets for cancer management. We have earlier shown that MAGE -A1, -A3, and -B2 genes frequently express in patients of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). Importantly, these genes also expressed in the adjacent normal lungs of these patients raising the possibility that activation of MAGE occurs in carcinogen-exposed bronchial epithelial cells. The purpose of current study was to test the hypothesis that MAGE activation is an important event in lung carcinogenesis and occurs early enough in the bronchial epithelium to be used as a potential biomarker for lung cancer prevention studies. Methods: We tested MAGE -A1, -A3, and -B2 genes expression profiles in bronchial brush samples from chronic smokers, enrolled on a lung chemoprevention clinical trial, by reverse transcription- PCR (RT-PCR). Bronchial brush samples were obtained from six different sites per individual. We analyzed the expression profiles with clinicopathologic parameters using both patients (expression index of six bronchial brush sites of each patient) and the bronchial brush sites as separate analytic units. Results: The median age of the 66 subjects was 54 yr (range 32-73 yr), including 17 former smokers (who stopped smoking for more than 12 months) and 49 current smokers, and had a median of 38 pack-years smoking history. Among the 66 chronic smokers, 37 (56%), 50 (76%), and 25 (38%) had detectable MAGE -A1, -A3, and -B2 expression, respectively in at least one of the bronchial brushing sites. Of the total 391 bronchial brush specimens tested, MAGE -A1, -A3, and -B2 expression was detected in 61 (16%), 103 (26%), and 43 (11%) respectively. More importantly, as compared to former smokers, significantly higher proportion of current smokers had positive expression of MAGE A1 (35% Vs 63%, P = 0.045). On further analysis with GEE model on MAGE expression, using the site (nested in participant) as a unit, we found that significantly higher proportion of sites in current smokers ( P = 0.04) had positive expression of MAGE - A1 adjusted for age and MAGE B2 ( P = 0.02) adjusted for pack-years. Conclusions: MAGE -A1, -A3, and -B2 genes are frequently expressed in bronchial epithelium of chronic smokers without the evidence of lung cancer, suggesting that smoking activates MAGE genes. Smoking cessation might reduce the incidence of expression of these genes. These findings, together with the fact that such genes are not expressed in normal lungs and have an important role in lung cancer growth regulation, suggest that these molecules may serve as biomarkers in early detection and/or surrogate endpoints for lung chemoprevention trials.
Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibition may reduce diastolic function in women with ischemia but no obstructive coronary artery disease

Ischemia, in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease, is prevalent in women, and associated with increased risk for major cardiovascular events. Coronary microvascular dysfunction is prevalent in these patients, and associated with impaired diastolic function. Despite our general understanding, however, optimal treatment of this cohort remains elusive. To address this knowledge gap, we performed an open-label treatment trial to assess whether phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibition improves coronary microvascular perfusion and diastolic function in women with signs and symptoms of ischemia but no evidence of obstructive coronary artery disease. Left ventricular morphology and function, along with myocardial perfusion reserve index, were assessed by contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. A total of five women enrolled of which four completed the trial, while one was withdrawn by the investigators after developing dyspnea 1 week after treatment. Her symptoms resolved after cessation of the study medication. In contrast to our hypothesis, phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibition reduced the rate of circumferential strain in diastole in all four women who completed the trial (that is, diastolic dysfunction). This impairment could not be explained by changes in heart rate, contractility, blood pressure, or preload, and was not associated with a change in myocardial perfusion reserve index. Frequency of angina also tended to increase with treatment, with the greatest increase occurring in the patient with the greatest impairment in diastolic strain. Taken together, these data question the efficacy of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibition to treat women with ischemic heart disease, and highlight the need for further investigation.
Abstract 4339: Single cell RNA sequencing dissects cellular growth factor dependencies and oncogenic driver effects in an organoid model of gastric cancer

Gastric cancer is a lethal malignancy with few therapeutic options. Gastric tumors rely on complex intercellular signaling “crosstalk” that enables tumor development, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. To recapitulate the intercellular communications among various cell populations that exist in vivo, we are using a three-dimensional culture system to grow and manipulate mouse gastric tissue in vitro, otherwise referred to as organoids. Importantly, this organoid model contains epithelium with its endogenous mesenchymal niche and does not require exogenous Wnt stimulation. To systematically analyze the distinct cellular lineages and their interactions, we applied a massively-scaled single cell RNA-Seq platform to sequence thousands of individual cells from organoid cultures. With PCA and t-SNE analysis of the high-dimensional data generated from single cell RNA-seq, we characterized two major cell types, i.e. epithelial and mesenchymal cells. Leverage the information from single cell transcriptome profiles, we identified specific niche factors of the Wnt signaling pathways that are activated in different stomach cell lineages. These results suggest that the mesenchymal cell populations provide a potential source of the R-spondin, a Wnt agonist, that sustains the growth of epithelium. Furthermore, we compared cell populations from Cdh1-/-/Trp53-/- and Trp53-/-organoids, and characterized changes on the transcriptome profiles due to the loss of Cdh1, an early oncogenic event in diffuse gastric cancer development. Overall, using organoid model and high-throughput single cell RNA-Seq provides a novel approach to study early tumor transformation and critical cancer-stroma interactions. Citation Format: Jiamin Chen, Noemi Andor, Susan M. Grimes, Billy Lau, Hanlee P. Ji. Single cell RNA sequencing dissects cellular growth factor dependencies and oncogenic driver effects in an organoid model of gastric cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4339. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-4339
Birth of a Solar System.

Radioisotope dating of meteorites suggests that planets formed in the Solar System over shorter timescales than had been thought. There are consequences for how the Moon formed, but is this the final word?
A burn mass casualty event due to boiler room explosion on a cruise ship: Preparedness and outcomes

The purpose of this study was to review our experience with a mass casualty incident resulting from a boiler room steam explosion aboard a cruise ship. Experience with major, moderate, and minor burns, steam inhalation, mass casualty response systems, and psychological sequelae will be discussed. Fifteen cruise ship employees were brought to the burn center after a boiler room explosion on a cruise ship. Eleven were triaged to the trauma resuscitation area and four to the surgical emergency room. Seven patients were intubated for respiratory distress or airway protection. Six patients had >80 per cent burns with steam inhalation, and all of these died. One of the 6 patients had 99 per cent burns with steam inhalation and died after withdrawal of support within the first several hours. All patients with major burns required escharotomy on arrival to trauma resuscitation. One patient died in the operating room, despite decompression by laparotomy for abdominal compartment syndrome and pericardiotomy via thoracotomy for cardiac tamponade. Four patients required crystalloid, 20,000 mls/m2-27,000 ml/m2 body surface area (BSA) in the first 48 hours to maintain blood pressure and urine output. Three of these four patients subsequently developed abdominal compartment syndrome and died in the first few days. The fourth patient of this group died after 26 days due to sepsis. Five patients had 13-20 per cent bums and four patients had less than 10 per cent burns. Two of the patients with 20 per cent burns developed edema of the vocal cords with mild hoarseness. They improved and recovered without intubation. The facility was prepared for the mass casualty event; having just completed a mass casualty drill several days earlier. Twenty-six beds were made available in 50 minutes for anticipated casualties. Fifteen physicians reported immediately to the trauma resuscitation area to assist in initial stabilization. The event occurred at shift change; thus, adequate support personnel were instantaneously to hand. Our mass casualty preparation proved useful in managing this event. Most of the patients who survived showed signs of post-traumatic stress syndrome, which was diagnosed and treated by the burn center psychology team. Despite our efforts at treating large burns (>80%) with steam inhalation, mortality was 100 per cent. Fluid requirements far exceeded those predicted by the Parkland (Baxter) formula. Abdominal compartment syndrome proved to be a significant complication of this fluid resuscitation. A coordinated effort by the facility and preparation for mass casualty events are needed to respond to such events.
Religion, Psychology, and Science: Steps toward a Wider Psychology of Religion:

The psychology of religion historically has defined itself with great difficulty, and general psychologists have been reluctant to investigate religious phenomena. General or introductory psychology textbooks, which play a “gate-keeping” role for the discipline of psychology, typically disregard any systematic study of the psychology of religion, as is shown in a small, informal sample of these textbooks. The problem of definition not only plagues the psychology of religion because religion is so elusive a phenomenon; it also exists in mainstream psychology, where a clear definition of the field has been controversial since the formal beginnings of the discipline in the late nineteenth century. It is suggested that the problems of definition in both religion and psychology can be traced to the endemic definition of science. In psychology, science is often narrowly defined and aligned exclusively with experimental methodology. Introductory textbooks are strong in their implications of this narrow view of s...
Proceedings of the 3rd ACM workshop on Cognitive radio networks

It is our great pleasure to welcome you to the third edition of the ACM Workshop on Cognitive Radio Networks (CoRoNet 2011). Spurred by recent advances in software defined radios and cognitive radios, cognitive wireless networking has emerged as a promising approach to address several challenges affecting the networks of today, including spectrum efficiency, interference management, coexistence and interoperability. This year's workshop continues its tradition of serving as a forum for presenting early research results and experience reports on the hot topics in cognitive radio networks. CoRoNet 2011 helps provide researchers and practitioners a unique opportunity to share their perspectives with others interested in the various aspects of this exciting area. The program includes two paper presentation sessions, one session from the open call and one session of invited papers and talks. We also have an exciting Keynote talk, a demonstration session showcasing early cognitive radio products, and a panel on "Separating Hype from Reality in Cognitive Radio Networks". We hope that these proceedings will serve as a valuable reference for both researchers and practitioners.
Phytochemicals, microRNAs, and Cancer: Implications for Cancer Prevention and Therapy

Phytochemicals are bioactive plant compounds that have drawn significant attention as preventive and therapeutic agents against cancer. With emerging evidence, it is now becoming clear that phytochemicals confer anticancer activities by regulating the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs), which are functionally involved in cancer pathobiology. miRNAs represent a novel class of gene regulators, whose altered expression by phytochemicals leads to modulation of pathologically relevant target genes, and thus affects tumor cell growth and malignant properties. miRNAs also associate with and localize to mitochondria, suggesting that mitochondrial resident miRNAs may play a role in regulation of cell death in response to phytochemicals. In this chapter we provide a brief overview of various phytochemicals and cancer-associated miRNAs and discuss some of the available literature on miRNA regulation by phytochemicals as a mechanism(s) for their anticancer activities. We further discuss the role of miRNAs in cancer pathogenesis and their targeting by plant-derived natural compounds.
The Struggling Trainee: Principles of Effective Remediation

Struggling trainees exist in all residency programs across all fields. Remediation, the act of improving deficiencies in struggling trainees, is necessary to promote the graduation of competent physicians. Deficiencies may be primarily cognitive or behavioral, and occasionally physical limitations do arise during residency. Remediation is challenging for all parties involved, and there is a paucity of literature to help guide the most effective process. In this review, we outline key principles of effective remediation of a struggling trainee in the modern era of medical education. A systematic approach that begins early, is consistent, and remains sensitive to a trainee's need for self-reflection in a nonjudgmental culture is essential for successfully remediating a trainee.
Scholarly work and the shaping of digital access: Research Articles

In the cycle of scholarly communication, scholars play the role of both consumer and contributor of intellectual works within the stores of recorded knowledge. In the digital environment scholars are seeking and using information in new ways and generating new types of scholarly products, many of which are specialized resources for access to research information. These practices have important implications for the collection and organization of digital access resources. Drawing on a series of qualitative studies investigating the information work of scientists and humanities scholars, specific information seeking activities influenced by the Internet and two general modes of information access evident in research practice are identified in this article. These conceptual modes of access are examined in relation to the digital access resources currently being developed by researchers in the humanities and neuroscience. Scholars' modes of access and their “working” and “implicit” assemblages of information represent what researchers actually do when gathering and working with research materials and therefore provide a useful framework for the collection and organization of access resources in research libraries. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The role of food gateways at increasing access to alternative retail food outlets

Alternative retail food outlets (ARFOs), places where customers purchase foods outside of traditional supermarkets, grocery stores, or food service establishments, may play a role in improving food access in communities that are food deserts. This study was conducted to understand the way ARFOs function to support food systems and access to fruits and vegetables in low-resource communities. This qualitative study conducted 16 interviews with managers, volunteers, and customers in two produce market ARFOs in a primarily minority urban community. Findings demonstrate that produce market volunteers and customers may act as "food gateways," or an intermediate step in accessing food resources, in their communities by providing transportation to ARFOs, distributing food to isolated community members, and providing advocacy support to ARFOs. Interventions to increase food equity and access via ARFOs should examine how people serving as "food gateways" can assist in improving food access as intermediaries.
STEM at Stead: Bouncy Balls

STEM at Stead consists of three experiment kits aimed at assisting patients in the Stead Family Children’s Hospital with science, engineering, and math education. These experiment kits and discussion materials were created to help fill the gap of information patients were experiencing during their stay at the hospital and consequently their absence from school. The three experiments include building a catapult, creating a bouncy ball, and discovering effective handwashing techniques. The pictures listed with this post show examples from the experiments. The experiments are split into three different levels: beginner, practiced, and advanced scientists. These materials can be found in the interactive power point attached to this document. The experiments were first trialed in the Child/ Adolescent Psychiatry Unit before being introduced to the rest of the units in the children’s hospital. The kits and discussion materials are now available for all pediatric patients (and siblings of patients) inside UIHC. The kits were developed so the teachers within UIHC could run them independently and the hope is for the kits to stay in the units for the years to come.
Frontline Science: P2Y11 receptors support T cell activation by directing mitochondrial trafficking to the immune synapse

T cells form an immune synapse (IS) with antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to detect antigens that match their TCR. Mitochondria, pannexin-1 (panx1) channels, and P2X4 receptors congregate at the IS where mitochondria produce the ATP that panx1 channels release in order to stimulate P2X4 receptors. P2X4 receptor stimulation causes cellular Ca2+ influx that up-regulates mitochondrial metabolism and localized ATP production at the IS. Here we show that P2Y11 receptors are essential players that sustain these T cell activation mechanisms. We found that P2Y11 receptors retract from the IS toward the back of cells where their stimulation by extracellular ATP induces cAMP/PKA signaling that redirects mitochondrial trafficking to the IS. P2Y11 receptors thus reinforce IS signaling by promoting the aggregation of mitochondria with panx1 ATP release channels and P2X4 receptors at the IS. This dual purinergic signaling mechanism involving P2X4 and P2Y11 receptors focuses mitochondrial metabolism to the IS where localized ATP production sustains synaptic activity in order to allow successful completion of T cell activation responses. Our findings have practical implications because rodents lack P2Y11 receptors, raising concerns as to the validity of rodent models to study treatment of infections and inflammatory conditions.
Transactive Memory Systems: A Dynamic, Compilational Perspective

Transactive memory systems (TMSs) are associated with positive team outcomes due to their ability to allow members to expeditiously draw on expert knowledge while reducing the cognitive burden acro...
Breast Is (Viewed as) Best: Demonstrating Formula Feeding Stigma:

Experimental research has not examined possible formula feeding stigma. We explored whether mothers encounter stigma resulting from infant feeding method and if formula feeding stigma is impacted b...
Developing and Validating Methods to Assemble Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Births in the Electronic Health Record.

Objective Electronic health records (EHRs) represent powerful tools to study rare diseases. We developed and validated EHR algorithms to identify SLE births across centers. Methods We developed algorithms in a training set using an EHR with over 3 million subjects and validated algorithms at two other centers. Subjects at all 3 centers were selected using ≥ 1 SLE ICD-9 or SLE ICD-10-CM codes and ≥ 1 ICD-9 or ICD-10-CM delivery code. A subject was a case if diagnosed with SLE by a rheumatologist and had a birth documented. We tested algorithms using SLE ICD-9 or ICD-10-CM codes, antimalarial use, a positive antinuclear antibody ≥ 1:160, and ever checked dsDNA or complements using both rule-based and machine learning methods. Positive predictive values (PPVs) and sensitivities were calculated. We assessed the impact of case definition, coding provider, and subject race on algorithm performance. Results Algorithms performed similarly across all three centers. Increasing the number of SLE codes, adding clinical data, and having a rheumatologist use the SLE code all increased the likelihood of identifying true SLE patients. All the algorithms had higher PPVs in African American vs. Caucasian SLE births. Using machine learning methods, total number of SLE codes and a SLE code from a rheumatologist were the most important variables in the model for SLE case status. Conclusion We developed and validated algorithms that use multiple types of data to identify SLE births in the EHR. Algorithms performed better in African American mothers than Caucasian mothers.
Classical Statistical Mechanics and Sample Problem

The material presented in this lecture is adapted from Chapter 7 in McQuarrie. First, we will motivate the use of classical statistical mechanics, including discussing generalized momenta and positions, the Hamiltonian, Hamilton’s equations of motion, and phase space. Second, we will introduce the classical molecular partition function. Third, we will discuss the classical partition function of an atom in an ideal gas. Fourth, we will discuss the classical partition function of a rigid rotor. Fifth, we will discuss the classical partition function of a system consistent of N independent and indistinguishable molecules. Sixth, we will discuss the molecular partition function of a system consisting of N interacting and indistinguishable molecules. Seventh, we will solve Sample Problem 45.1, including deriving an expression for the configurational integral. Eight, we will show how to incorporate both classical and quantum mechanical degrees of freedom into the partition function. Finally, we will discuss the equipartition of energy in the context of statistical mechanics, as reflected in the celebrated Equipartition Theorem discussed in Part I.
Microwave-Enabled Size Control of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Reduced Graphene Oxide

Nanoparticle-functionalized 2D material networks are promising for a wide range of applications, but in situ formation of nanoparticles is commonly challenged by rapid growth. Here, we demonstrate controlled synthesis of small and dispersed iron oxide nanoparticles on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) networks through rapid localized heating with microwaves with low-cost iron nitrate as the precursor. The strong coupling of the microwave radiation with the rGO network rapidly heats the network locally to decompose the iron nitrate and generate iron oxide nanoparticles, while cessation of microwaves leads to rapid cooling to minimize crystal growth. Small changes in the microwave reaction time (<1 min) led to very large changes in the iron oxide morphology. The solid-state microwave syntheses produced narrower nanoparticle size distribution than conventional heating. These results illustrate the potential of solid-state microwave syntheses to control the nanoparticle size on 2D materials through rapid localized heating under the microwave process conditions, which should be extendable to a variety of transition metal oxide-rGO systems.
Can the Media Objectively Report a Global Pandemic? Examining How CNN and CCTV Covered COVID-19 in Their Quest to Guide Public Sentiments

This study set out to examine how CNN and CCTV news covered the COVID-2019 pandemic from December 2019 to February 2020. The aim was to investigate the role that global mainstream media play in guiding public sentiments during the impacting everyone across race, color, social status, and geographical boundaries. Comparative analyses suggest that both CNN and CCTV news were only partial in their coverage when reporting about themselves. When talking about each other, the two countries seemed to employ a problem-centered approach where stories focused on blame and economic ramifications. As CNN was being blamed for focusing on the social cost of the pandemic, CCTV news was equally blamed for the lack of transparency. Further findings suggest that both media failed to mediate the public concerns at a global level. In other words, both CNN and CCTV news failed to adopt a stabilizing role towards the panicking audience in the sense that they did not implement strategies of reassurance to the public in their reporting.
Home Area Recognition via Olfactory Cues in the Tropical Poison Frog Dendrobates auratus

The ability of the poison frog Dendrobates auratus to recognize and associate, via olfactory cues, its home area, a conspecific’s home area, and the sex of the conspecific was examined in laboratory studies. The results showed that test individuals do not display recognition or preference for their home area, or for other conspecific home areas, but did show preference for the home area of conspecifics of the opposite sex. Comparison of these results to results from another closely related species, and other species capable of gender recognition is presented.
Magnetic characterization of the sawtooth-lattice olivines Zn L 2 S 4 (L=Er,Tm,Yb)

We report the magnetic properties of the $\mathrm{Zn}{L}_{2}{\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ $(L=\mathrm{Er},\mathrm{Tm},\mathrm{Yb})$ olivines, in which the magnetic lanthanide ions are in a potentially frustrated geometry consisting of sawtooth chains of corner-sharing triangles. Fits to the high-temperature magnetic susceptibility yielded Curie-Weiss temperatures of ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{W}\ensuremath{\approx}\ensuremath{-}4$, $\ensuremath{-}13$, and $\ensuremath{-}75\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ for the Er, Tm, and Yb compounds, respectively. None of the compounds displayed magnetic long-range order above $T=1.8\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. The lack of ordering at temperatures near ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{W}$ may be attributed to either the low dimensionality of the structure or the frustrating effect of the triangular geometry.
Flight simulator evaluation of pilot performance with the runway awareness and advisory system (RAAS)

This paper provides an overview of a human factors evaluation to objectively assess pilot performance and the operational safety benefits of the runway awareness and advisory system (RAAS). This evaluation was the last one of a series that formed a critical element of the iterative design process adopted to develop the RAAS. The purpose of the RAAS is to enhance flight crew position awareness during aircraft surface operations and on final approach. Factors such as effect of RAAS on pilot spatial (position) awareness, decision-making, workload, overall pilot acceptability and ease of learning the RAAS functionality were evaluated. A non-RAAS group served as the reference group A Boeing 737-400 flight simulator was used in a between-subjects experiment design. Crews were subjected to a range of operational scenarios that included both normal and, non-normal conditions associated with runway incursions. Evaluation data show that RAAS improved pilot position awareness during surface operations and on approach to landing. RAAS resulted in earlier pilot recognition of potential position awareness related conflicts. Furthermore, RAAS improved pilot decision-making and did not increase workload. There were no RAAS-induced crew errors observed in any of the scenarios. Subjects were able to satisfactorily complete all flight deck tasks, execute crew procedures and crew co-ordination associated with all scenarios with the aid of RAAS. Ratings for overall pilot acceptability and learnability of RAAS were very favorable. Overall, these data indicate a favorable impact of RAAS on crew performance and operational safety.
Factors in myocardial rupture. An analysis of two hundred and four cases at Los Angeles County Hospital between 1924 and 1959.

Abstract The total analysis of 204 cases of myocardial rupture which occurred in the Los Angeles County Hospital was reported. Myocardial rupture rarely occurs under the age of 50 years. Although the incidence of myocardial infarction invariably is reported to be higher among men than women our material indicates that cardiac rupture is somewhat more likely to develop in women [110 women (53.9 per cent), ninety-four men (46.1 per cent)]. Myocardial rupture is relatively rare in Negro patients. In our material reasonably good correlation was obtained between electrocardiographic indication of acute myocardial infarction and necropsy incidence of myocardial necrosis. As was anticipated, myocardial rupture occurred at or immediately adjacent to the site of necrosis. Ordinarily, myocardial ruptures occur in the left ventricle. In our series the most frequent site of rupture was in the anterior wall, especially at the junction of the anterior wall and the septum. Average survival time for twenty-one patients admitted to the hospital within 6 hours of the clinical onset of myocardial infarction was 9 days, whereas average survival time for twentyone patients hospitalized 7 hours or longer after the myocardial infarction was only 2.6 days. The longer survival time for patients hospitalized within the first 6 hours may be due to greater restriction of their activity in the immediate postinfarction period. Death usually is immediate in ventricular rupture, whereas in the interventricular septal rupture most of the patients survive a few days. In the final 8 years and 3 months of our survey, the incidence of rupture following myocardial infarction has undergone a sharp decrease at the Los Angeles County Hospital. This decrease is presumably due to better management of the acute episode of myocardial infarction and more particularly to the use of vasopressor drugs and anticoagulants. Anticoagulants did not increase the incidence of the rupture but cardiac tamponade is relatively frequent in patients with myocardial rupture maintained on anticoagulants. The physician must be alert for signs of tamponade (i.e., pulsating neck veins, increase in cardiac dullness) because tamponade can be managed surgically. Except for the reduced incidence of myocardial rupture in the period of survey, the findings are in agreement with earlier reports from the same hospital.
Walsh Series in Polar Coordinates

Walsh functions Ψ0, Ψ1, … have many applications to information theory (see [3]), especially to problems of pattern recognition and image enhancement. The Walsh system shares many properties with other orthonormal systems but is distinguished by the fact that each Ψj is locally constant, takes on only the values ±1, and the intervals of constancy shrink uniformly to points as j → ∞.
Does no‐till farming induce water repellency to soils?

Soil water repellency (SWR) is an intrinsic and dynamic soil property that can influence soil hydrology and crop production. Although several land use systems have been shown to induce water repellency in soil, the specific effects of no-till cropping on SWR are poorly understood. This article reviews the impacts of no-till on SWR and identifies research needs. No-till cropping generally induces 1.5 to 40 times more SWR than conventional tillage, depending on soil type. This may result from near-surface accumulation of hydrophobic organic C compounds derived from crop residues, microbial activity and reduced soil disturbance. While large SWR may have adverse impacts on soil hydrology and crop production, the level of SWR under no-till relative to conventional tillage may contribute to aggregate stabilization and intra-aggregate C sequestration. More research is needed to discern the extent and relevance of no-till induced SWR. This includes: (1) further assessment of SWR under different tillage systems across a wide range of soil textures and climates, (2) comparison of the various methods for measuring SWR over a range of water contents, (3) inclusion of SWR in routine soil analysis and its use as a parameter to evaluate management impacts, (4) assessment of the temporal and spatial changes in SWR under field conditions, (5) further assessment of the impacts of the small differences in SWR between no-till and conventionally tilled soils on crop production, soil hydrology and soil C sequestration, and (6) development of models to predict SWR for different tillage systems and soils.
The Role of the Pediatrician as Ombudsman in the Health Care of the Young Handicapped Child.

Using the care of children with craniofacial malformations as an illustrative example, it is the purpose of this paper to suggest that the pediatrician is the logical person to serve as ombudsman for the handicapped child. The organization of treatment, and indeed, of daily life, for such a child and his family has such numerous and such complex ramifications that it demands the direction of the one individual with knowledge and interest in the overall problems of the child as a person and his family. The child9s medical care, and ultimately the child himself, becomes fragmented and lost among the various specialties evaluating and treating him unless the pediatrician is diagnosing, organizing, selecting, interpreting, integrating, and implementing the total care. By accepting this responsibility, the pediatrician rightfully assumes a primary position rather than the secondary or even forgotten one he has sometimes unfortunately occupied.
Limits for the feasibility of ignition experiments

Summary form only given. Ignition has been recognized as the most important objective of fusion research, stressing that "the initial model (experiment) need not resemble the one that is later commercialized". In fact, there are difficult conditions to be met such as the macroscopic stability of the plasma column, rate of thermal energy transport, degree of plasma purity, thermal loading on the first wall, ability to survive major disruptions. For reasons of confinement, the plasma current must be the maximum compatible with reasonable low values of the safety factor, (e.g., q/sub a//spl sime/), for monotonic shear profiles, or he relatively low (e.g., q/sub a//spl sime/6) for a reversed shear configuration. When q/sub a/ low, the MHD stability against m/sup 0/=1 and coupled m/sup 0/=2 modes requires that /spl beta/-poloidal be sufficiently low, such as /spl beta//sub p/ 10) energy replacement times can be pursued by high field compact experiments igniting at peak densities and n/sub eo//spl ap/10/sup 21/ m/sup 3/ relatively low temperature (T/sub o//spl ap/12 keV). Considering the collisional current equilibration time /spl tau//sub |//spl prop/a/sup 2/T/sup 3/2/ as another important reference time of (a is the plasma minor radius), it is clear that relatively small dimensions and low ignition temperatures are compatible with relatively short current pulses. In the range of high field machines that have been studied, from Ignitor (R/sub o//spl ap/1.32 m) to Candor (R/sub o//spl ap/2.5 m), the set of parameters chosen for construction is based on assessing cost versus benefits.