cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development and Preliminary Evaluation of a Spray Deposition Sensing System for Improving Pesticide Application

An electronic, resistance-based sensor array and data acquisition system was developed to measure spray deposition from hydraulic nozzles. The sensor surface consisted of several parallel tin plated copper traces of varying widths with varying gap widths. The system contained an embedded microprocessor to monitor output voltage corresponding to spray deposition every second. In addition, a wireless module was used to transmit the voltage values to a remote laptop. Tests were conducted in two stages to evaluate the performance of the sensor array in an attempt to quantify the spray deposition. Initial tests utilized manual droplet placement on the sensor surface to determine the effects of temperature and droplet size on voltage output. Secondary testing utilized a spray chamber to pass nozzles at different speeds above the sensor surface to determine if output varied based on different application rates or spray droplet classification. Results from this preliminary analysis indicated that manual droplets of 5 and 10 μL resulted in significantly different values from the sensors while temperature did not consistently affect output. Spray chamber test results indicated that different application rates and droplet sizes could be determined using the sensor array.
Boron Transport Through Surface Channel pMOS Using W-poly Metal Gate Electrode Poly Si Doping Condition and Nitric Oxide Treatment Effects

This work considers boron transport through surface channel p-metal oxide semiconductors (pMOSs) using tungsten-poly metal gate electrode as a function of poly doping conditions and nitric oxide treatment by analyzing quasi-static capacitance-voltage curves and time-dependent dielectric breakdown characteristics obtained after applying the full thermal budget, especially including selective oxidation to prohibit tungsten oxidation. From the result obtained when nitrogen was implanted into undoped amorphous Si (α-Si), it can be recognized that out-diffusion of boron into tungsten and its nitride is negligible. Mixed implantations into undoped α-Si aggravates the gate depletion, whereas it has little relationship with boron penetration into the pMOS charnel. The abundance of dose in undoped α-Si facilitates the boron penetration, leading to gate oxide degradation and variation of the flatband voltage within the wafer as well as to the improvement of the gate depletion. From the comparison of the capacitance-voltage curve and the flatband voltage uniformity among experimental splits, it is found that the nitric oxide treatment retards the boron penetration into the pMOS channel effectively without significant degradation of the gate depletion.
Training the Transactional Business Lawyer: Using the Business Associations Course as a Platform to Teach Practical Skills

Drawing on her own practice background as a business lawyer and her law school teaching experience, the author argues for the importance of introducing transactional lawyering skills into the law school course on business associations. She notes that business law practice is transactional in nature, but that the traditional method of teaching business associations centers on case law analysis. This litigation-focused approach misleads students about the nature of business law practice, which requires lawyers to act as problem solvers and planners and to engage in preventative lawyering. To bolster her argument, the author draws on some of the recent literature on legal education reform that calls for introducing students to an enhanced range of skills needed for law practice while they are still in law school. She suggests ways in which practical skills relevant to a transactional business law practice can be incorporated into the doctrinal course in business associations or to a transactional skills course tethered to the business associations course. The author also includes a bibliography of selected literature on teaching business law and transactional law and selected studies on reform of legal education.
Mental health outcomes among vulnerable residents after Hurricane Sandy: Implications for disaster research and planning

Objective: To evaluate mental health outcomes among New Jersey shore residents with health impairments and disabilities after Hurricane Sandy. Design and setting: Six months following Hurricane Sandy, a cross-sectional survey of 200 adults residing in beach communities directly exposed to the storm located in Monmouth County, NJ, was conducted. Main outcome measures: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, mental health service use, and medication use. Results: The average age of residents surveyed was 59 years (SD = 13.7) and 52.5 percent (95% CI = 45.5-59.4) reported recent hospitalizations, physical limitations, fair to poor health status, multiple chronic health conditions, or physical disabilities. A total of 14.5 percent (95% CI = 10.2-20.1) of residents screened positive for PTSD and 6.0 percent (95% CI = 3.1-10.2) met criteria for depression 6 months after Sandy. In addition, 20.5 percent (95% CI = 15.4-26.7) sought some type of professional counseling after Sandy and 30.5 percent (95% CI = 24.5-37.3) experienced PTSD symptoms, depression, sought professional mental health support, or used psychotropic medications. In multivariate analyses, the best predictors of mental health and service use were having sleep problems, suicidal thoughts, moderate or severe pain, and having high exposure hurricane-related events. Analyses also suggested that noncollege graduates were more likely to receive mental health services (OR = 3.10, p = 0.009), while women were less likely to have depression (OR = 0.12, p = 0.038). Conclusion: Having physical impairments and health conditions were not directly related to adverse mental health outcomes following Sandy, but having sleep problems, pain, or suicidal thoughts were. Further research is needed to assess the health status of community residents with serious health impairments over time following disasters.
Evaluation of the medicinal botanical Rhodiola rosea for estrogenicity

2877 Tibolone is a tissue-specific compound used for treatment of climacteric complaints and prevention of osteoporosis. It is converted by steroid metabolizing enzymes in the liver and intestine into three active metabolites: delta-4-isomer (exerting progestagenic and androgenic effects) and two hydroxy-metabolites: 3α-OH-tibolone and 3β-OH-tibolone (exerting estrogenic effects). Depending on which metabolites are formed, tibolone acquires the capacity to exert estrogenic, progestogenic and/or androgenic effects. The aim of the current study is to characterize the transcription profile that reflects the cellular response to the progestagenic and estrogenic actions of tibolone separately in vitro in cell lines, and combined in vitro in cell lines and in vivo in patients. For the in vitro experiments, the specific progestagenic properties of tibolone were investigated in the progesterone responsive Ishikawa PRAB-36 cell line and the specific estrogenic properties of tibolone were investigated in the estrogen responsive ECC1 cell line. Gene expression profiling was performed for both cell lines treated with tibolone for 6, 24 and 48h. For the in vivo study, healthy post-menopausal uterine prolapsed women requiring a hysterectomy are currently being recruited and distributed into different treatment groups. Tissues are being collected of all treatment groups for genomic (microarrays) and biochemical analyses (hormone levels). Both cell lines are derived from well-differentiated human endometrial tumors and, cultured in the absence of hormones, display 99.5% similarity in mRNA expression profile. Gene expression profiling of these cell lines, treated by tibolone, revealed 570 regulated genes. Functional classification and genetic network analyses showed that the progestogenic (via PRAB-36 cells) and estrogenic (via ECC1 cells) effects of tibolone act on the same biological/cellular processes and genetic networks, but do so via their own distinct set of regulated genes. The balance between the growth-inhibiting properties of the progestagenic metabolites of tibolone and the growth-inducing properties of the estrogenic metabolites of tibolone have been investigated in an endometrial cancer cell line expressing both PRA/B and ERα/β. In these cells growth induction is now effectively inhibited by tibolones progestagenic properties. In conclusion, using the cell lines it was observed that the balance between the progestagenic properties and the estrogenic properties of tibolone may take effect through a different set of genes acting in the same genetic network.
A Cluster-based Dispatch Strategy for Electric Vehicles Considering User Satisfaction

A cluster-based dispatch strategy for electric vehicles is proposed,with which electric vehicles cluster by arrival time,charging time,departure time and maximum delayed charging time.The dispatch strategy is formulated for each cluster,which is capable of reducing the intraday fluctuation of distribution network active power and absorbing superfluous photovoltaic power during noon period.With user satisfaction taken into consideration,the cluster-based dispatch model can make a rational charging and discharging strategy for each individual electric vehicle based on the statistical model.Considering the uncertain factors in the distribution network,the interval number is adopted to describe the uncertainty of the charging power of electric vehicles,while interval optimization is used for power flow calculation in the distribution network.In the end,the validity of the proposed strategy and the necessity of interval optimization are verified by examples.
Determining and Validating Thermal Strain in Asphalt Concrete

Abstract Thermal strain causes transverse cracks in Asphalt Concrete (AC) pavements. In this study, thermal strain is determined by developing a three-dimensional Finite Element Method (FEM) model and validates the model with measured data using the field installed Horizontal Asphalt Strain Gauge (HASG) in Interstate 40 (I-40) located near the city of Albuquerque in the state of New Mexico. Materials’ properties of the pavement section were determined by laboratory testing on field collected cores from the pavement section after the construction. Viscoelastic material properties of AC were determined from the creep test on the field cored samples. Coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and contraction (CTC) of AC were also determined in the laboratory and in the field. Results show that the FEM model can predict thermal strain with maximum variation of 6.0% compared to measured thermal strain in the field, which is very promising.
New Pathogens and Rapid Diagnostic Methods -Clinical Microbiology in the 21st Century-

This presentation is actually a predictive opinion piece from the author's experience. No one really knows what new pathogens are awaiting us around the year of 2000 corner but, in 1985, the author was asked by the NCCLS (USA) to predict the emerging pathogens for the 1990's in the U.S. and hit on 80% of them. Thus, using the experience of this decade, we can predict what will happen in the U.S. in the first decade of the new century with 80-90% accuracy of those we predict. In the next millennium we will see a marked increase in the infection rate of the atypical (non-TB) mycobacteria, the environmental fungi, and even greater problems with the "water organisms". All of this will be described in detail with the preliminary data that indicates these trends for the years "2000 and beyond". In the area of what will be new in rapid testing, whether manual or automated, the future is even more cloudy. Manufacturers will not discuss with consumers what their long-range plans are for new products. Even long-time associations with Becton-Dickinson, Gen-Probe, Vitek, etc., has yielded little if any indication of their company's plans for the years "2000 and beyond". One can, however, conceive and get into their minds to some degree based on their previous track records. We think these companies are working very hard on current tests or instruments to upgrade and improve their products yielding tests with greater sensitivity and specificity, while decreasing the technicians "hands-on time". We anticipate the increased utilization of chromogenic detectors rather than nucleotides due to the inherent problem of disposal of radioactive compounds regardless of how few actual "micro-curies" involved. The use of ligand assay technology to supplement or replace currently employed PCR technology is totally predictable and will occur. One must remember that industry faces the same problems as we do with the "new pathogens" of the future. They will need to develop detection and identification systems for organisms that at this time don't even have names because we haven't encountered them yet. Additionally there are all those organisms out there that environmental microbiologists may be familiar with, but not clinical microbiologists. Industry will respond to need, they always have, they always will, but it is hard to respond to the unknown organism at this time. That problem relates to the philosophical nature and brevity of this abstract, that is "the unknown". If we knew for sure what the future was, it would be the past.
Survey of admission criteria in A.S.-degree R.T. programs

Program admission criteria and an admission model are essential to any educational program in radiologic technology. This article describes the results of a survey performed to identify common admission criteria and determine if specific admission models are used by university-based radiologic technology programs offering associate degrees. A national survey was conducted with 31 participants, representing 74% of the total population. Survey results showed that specific admission models are not universally used and admission decision validity has not been determined by most university-based radiologic technology programs.
Management of Chemical Ocular Injuries in Pediatric Patients

Chemical injury to the ocular surface constitutes a hyperacute medical emergency and requires immediate evaluation and treatment. Chemical injury is one of the most common causes of eye injury in the USA in children. Alkali liquids are particularly hazardous, as they can cause saponification resulting in further tissue penetration. Expeditious assessment and treatment is essential to prevent the extensive damage that can quickly result. The management of the sequelae of chemical injury may be challenging as well, ranging from the treatment of corneal thinning or opacification to the management of the damaged ocular surface and limbal stem cell deficiency. Children may also suffer both anisometropia from induced astigmatism and/or deprivational amblyopia from corneal opacification in the injured eye. Patients are at risk for permanent vision loss without close ophthalmologic follow-up. This chapter will address the acute treatment of ocular chemical injuries as well as the management of the sequelae.
Learning Hidden Features for Contextual Bandits

Contextual bandit algorithms provide principled online learning solutions to find optimal trade-offs between exploration and exploitation with companion side-information. Most contextual bandit algorithms simply assume the learner would have access to the entire set of features, which govern the generation of payoffs from a user to an item. However, in practice it is challenging to exhaust all relevant features ahead of time, and oftentimes due to privacy or sampling constraints many factors are unobservable to the algorithm. Failing to model such hidden factors leads a system to make constantly suboptimal predictions. In this paper, we propose to learn the hidden features for contextual bandit algorithms. Hidden features are explicitly introduced in our reward generation assumption, in addition to the observable contextual features. A scalable bandit algorithm is achieved via coordinate descent, in which closed form solutions exist at each iteration for both hidden features and bandit parameters. Most importantly, we rigorously prove that the developed contextual bandit algorithm achieves a sublinear upper regret bound with high probability, and a linear regret is inevitable if one fails to model such hidden features. Extensive experimentation on both simulations and large-scale real-world datasets verified the advantages of the proposed algorithm compared with several state-of-the-art contextual bandit algorithms and existing ad-hoc combinations between bandit algorithms and matrix factorization methods.
Finite Element Simulation and Additive Manufacturing of Stiffness-Matched NiTi Fixation Hardware for Mandibular Reconstruction Surgery

Process parameters and post-processing heat treatment techniques have been developed to produce both shape memory and superelastic NiTi using Additive Manufacturing. By introducing engineered porosity, the stiffness of NiTi can be tuned to the level closely matching cortical bone. Using additively manufactured porous superelastic NiTi, we have proposed the use of patient-specific, stiffness-matched fixation hardware, for mandible skeletal reconstructive surgery. Currently, Ti-6Al-4V is the most commonly used material for skeletal fixation devices. Although this material offers more than sufficient strength for immobilization during the bone healing process, the high stiffness of Ti-6Al-4V implants can cause stress shielding. In this paper, we present a study of mandibular reconstruction that uses a dry cadaver mandible to validate our geometric and biomechanical design and fabrication (i.e., 3D printing) of NiTi skeletal fixation hardware. Based on the reference-dried mandible, we have developed a Finite Element model to evaluate the performance of the proposed fixation. Our results show a closer-to-normal stress distribution and an enhanced contact pressure at the bone graft interface than would be in the case with Ti-6Al-4V off-the-shelf fixation hardware. The porous fixation plates used in this study were fabricated by selective laser melting.
When to stop, how to reverse, and when to restart antithrombotic drugs periendoscopically in nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding

Abstract Upper gastrointestinal (GI) (UGI) bleeding in patients taking antithrombotics including antiplatelet agents, vitamin K antagonists, and direct oral anticoagulants is challenging because of varying clinical presentations that include the severity of hemorrhage, the type and magnitude of anticoagulation, the patient׳s underlying thromboembolic risk, and the specific bleeding lesion with attendant ability to achieve successful endoscopic hemostasis. Interruption of antithrombotics for bleeding management exposes the patient to the underlying risk of thromboembolic events from the underlying cardiovascular state, whereas continuation or restarting antithrombotics subjects the patient to ongoing or recurrent bleeding. The balance between excessive bleeding vs thrombosis is the principle for deciding optimal management of these patients. This article focuses on the management of antithrombotic-associated nonvariceal UGI bleeding describing the approach to managing these patients from the gastroenterologist׳s perspective. The focus will include risk assessment for patients taking antithrombotics, determination of residual antithrombotic effect to guide selection and timing of reversal agents, and strategies for restarting antithrombotics once hemostasis has been achieved.
Procedural Skills of the Entrustable Professional Activities: Are Graduating US Medical Students Prepared to Perform Procedures in Residency?

Purpose Competency-based medical education has been successfully instituted in graduate medical education through the development of Milestones. Consequently, the Association of American Medical Colleges implemented the core entrustable professional activities initiative to complement this framework in undergraduate medical education. We sought to determine its efficacy by examining the experiences and confidence of recent medical school graduates with general procedural skills (entrustable professional activities 12). Method We administered an electronic survey to the MedStar Georgetown University Hospital intern class assessing their experiences with learning and evaluation as well as their confidence with procedural skills training during medical school. Simple linear regression was used to compare respondent confidence and the presence of formal evaluation in medical school. Results We received 28 complete responses, resulting in a 33% response rate, whereas most respondents indicated that basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation, bag/mask ventilation, and universal precautions were important to and evaluated by their medical school, this emphasis was not present for venipuncture, intravenous catheter placement, and arterial puncture. Mean summed scores of confidence for each skill indicated a statistically significant effect between confidence and evaluation of universal precaution skills. Conclusions More advanced procedural skills are not considered as important for graduating medical students and are less likely to be taught and formally evaluated before graduation. Formal evaluation of some procedural skills is associated with increased confidence of the learner.
Number of knee and ankle injuries is associated with poor physical but not mental health.

ABSTRACTThe knee and ankle are among the most commonly injured joints in the body. Long-term strength and neuromuscular control deficits are common following these injuries, yielding lifelong disability and poor quality of life. However, it is unknown how the number of injuries sustained influences quality of life.Objectives: Determine the association between the number of ankle or knee injuries sustained and physical and mental quality of life.Methods: A total of 806 ankle-injured (age:45.2 ± 15.3 yrs; body mass index [BMI]:28.6 ± 7.4 kg/m2), 658 knee-injured (age:49.3 ± 16.1 yrs; BMI:28.4 ± 7.4 kg/m2), and 996 uninjured (age:43.4 ± 16.1 yrs; BMI:26.9 ± 6.5 kg/m2) adults completed the SF-8 survey to determine the physical (PCS) and mental (MCS) contributions to quality of life. Respondents were categorized by injury history (ankle, knee, none) and number of injuries (0, 1, 2, or 3 or more [3+]) to the same joint. Backward linear regression models were used to determine the association between quality of ...
A Multicenter Retrospective Analysis Stressing the Importance of Long-Term Follow-Up after Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for β-Thalassemia.

Abstract Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is curative in patients with β-thalassemia major. However, most reports on HCT outcomes lack long-term follow-up data with the exception of single-center reports. An international multicenter retrospective data collection and analysis was conducted in 176 β-thalassemia patients who were 1 year or beyond after first HCT to evaluate follow-up methods and outcomes at 7 centers. Median age at HCT was 5.5 years (range, .6 to 18.5), and median follow-up was 7 years (range, 1 to 20). HCT was predominantly from HLA-matched related donors (91%) with bone marrow as stem cell source (91%) and myeloablative conditioning regimens (88%). Late mortality or persistent chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) was rare ( 95%, 22% had 50% to 95%, 7% had 20% to 50% and 25 (21%) had
Branching Ratios in Vacuum Ultraviolet Photodissociation of CO and N2: Implications for Oxygen and Nitrogen Isotopic Compositions of the Solar Nebula

Author(s): Shi, X; Yin, QZ; Gao, H; Chang, YC; Jackson, WM; Wiens, RC; Ng, CY | Abstract: NASA's Genesis mission reveals that the rare isotope 15N is approximately seven times more enriched than the rare isotopes 17O and 18O in the terrestrial planets relative to the Sun. Here, we explain this peculiar observation under the framework of self-shielding and the difference in chemical reactivity between the excited O(1 D) [N(2 D)] and the ground O(3 P) [N(4 S)] states produced by VUV photodissociation of CO [N2]. After weighting the absorption cross-sections for individual photodissociation bands, and taking into account the mutual shielding by H2, the CO/N2 ratio, and the partition of O and N among gas:ice:dust phases in the solar nebula, we show that the trapping of N(2 D) via hydrogenation is favored over that of O(1 D). This provides a possible explanation of the Genesis results and supports the self-shielding model as the primary mechanism for generating isotopic anomalies of O and N in the early solar nebula.
Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes Associated With High-Dose Intravenous Thiamine Administration in Patients With Encephalopathy.

Background Wernicke encephalopathy is a common neuropsychiatric syndrome due to thiamine deficiency. There is no consensus regarding thiamine dosing when Wernicke encephalopathy is suspected. A longstanding dosing strategy for Wernicke encephalopathy is 100 mg daily, yet updated clinical guidelines suggest using high-dose intravenous (HDIV) thiamine. Objective To describe thiamine prescribing practices at a large, public academic hospital and investigate clinical characteristics and outcomes associated with HDIV thiamine in patients with encephalopathy who received IV thiamine. Methods Electronic medical records of hospitalized patients who received thiamine between 4/4/2014 and 11/1/2015 were reviewed. Chi-square tests, Wilcoxon Rank Sum tests, and logistic regression were used to compare clinical variables in patients with encephalopathy who received HDIV thiamine (≥ 200 mg twice daily) vs lower doses of IV thiamine. Results Among the total of 5236 thiamine orders, 29% (n = 1531) were IV; 10% (n = 150) of IV orders met HDIV criteria. In patients with encephalopathy who received IV thiamine (n = 432), HDIV thiamine was administered to 20% (n = 86) and only 2.1% (n = 9) received dosing consistent with Royal College of Physicians guidelines. In bivariable analyses, HDIV thiamine was associated with surgical services (p = 0.001), psychiatric consultation (p Conclusions In a large, public academic hospital, guideline-concordant thiamine supplementation is rare and HDIV thiamine is infrequently prescribed to patients with encephalopathy. Further studies are needed to confirm the possible benefits of HDIV thiamine for patients with suspected thiamine-deficient encephalopathy.
A connection between the expansion of filtrations and Girsanov's theorem

We give sufficient conditions under which a continuous local martingale remains a continuous local martingale under a simultaneous initial expansion of the filtration of σ-fields and change to an equivalent probability law. In particular this gives a method for a Brownian motion to remain a Brownian motion under such a double transformation. The classical example of K. Ito is treated in detail.
Computing Inverse Laplace Transforms Using Convergence Acceleration

In this paper we describe a method of calculating inverse Laplace Transforms using the Bromwich inversion formula. The integral in this formula is approximated by a trapezoidal sum, which gives rise to an infinite power series. Since the absoLute vaLues of its terms generally decrease slowly, a convergence acceleration scheme based on the Chebyshev acceleration method is used. Then the Transformed series converges like a geometric series whose quotient may be estimated in advance. The approximation of the integral by a trapezoidal rule also causes a discretization error, the magnitude of which depends on the step-size h. However, this error decreases rapidly when h tends to O. In practice, this error is controlled by first carrying out the calculations for a certain step-size h, then repeating them for h/2, h/4, and so forth. In this way no calculated functional vaLues will be discarded, avoiding the waste of the corresponding computational effort. In Section 3 we shall describe how to estimate the accuracy of the results obtained.
Deterioration of Hair by Airborne Microorganisms: Implications for Museum Biological Collections

When exposed to relative humidities of 80–90%, human and animal hair was rapidly attacked by airborne microorganisms. Damage included exfoliation of cuticular scales, distortion of the cortex and medulla, dramatic colour changes in some samples, and eventually, complete disintegration of portions of the hair shaft Degreasing with diethyl ether briefly delayed the onset of attack, but had no other discernible effect on the process of biodeterioration. The hair was severely damaged long before the presence of microorganisms could be detected with the unaided eye. These findings suggest that museum collections of mammals, especially those from tropical environments, should be stored at relative humidities below 50% to prevent regeneration of mould spores
Thermomechanics of Sliding Contact

When relatively hard surfaces that make asperity contact slide against one another at speeds on the order of a m/s or more very high local temperatures can be generated. If the sliding conditions are of sufficient severity and duration, thermal distortions at local or component levels can occur. Overall thermal deformations are primarily determined by thermal gradients. We have found that during the early parts of a sliding interval, all heat input is confined to small volumes at individual asperities which form “hot mounds” surrounded by much larger cool regions where there is little or no temperature change. Thermal distortions are essentially non-existent and overall component level interactions, including thermal softening, are not much different from isothermal. Eventually, more of the surface and near surface regions are heated and the possibility of component level thermal deformation increases.
Supervision of Cross‐Connections by the New Jersey State Department of Health

In approaching the subject of cross-connections in public water supplies, it is with a belief that water works officials, and others associated in the water works field, are more or less familiar with the potentialities involved, that is, the advantages gained through flexibility of operation but more frequently the risks and hazards to public health produced. The matter of cross-connections is by no means a new issue. It attained national recognition in water works practice and public health supervision of public potable water supplies many years ago. It has remained, nevertheless, a live issue, growing in importance, with various national, sectional and state organizations and associations of persons engaged in water works and public health activities intensely interested in the sanitary protection of public potable water supplies. Departments of health of the various state governments, equipped with legal authority, have not been idle in the performance of duty in regard to this important phase of public health protection. For purposes of clarity, it is important to define cross-connections or physical connections as they are referred to in this paper. The New Jersey State Department of Health has established that
Acetaldehydbildung im Verlauf der Gärung in Abhängigkeit vom pH-Wert und von einzelnen Vitaminen

Die einzelnen Weine aus den verschiedenen Weinbaugebieten der Welt unterscheiden sich erheblich durch ihren Gehalt an schwefliger Saure und Acetaldehyd. Die Grunde fur die Bildung der unterschiedlichen Mengen an Acetaldehyd im Verlauf der Garung und der durch ihn bedingte SO2 Bedarf der Weine sind bis jetzt aber nur teilweise bekannt. Kellertechnische Masnahmen fuhren in den meisten Fallen zu einer Erhohung des SO2-Be-darfs und damit zu einer gesteigerten Acetaldehydbildung; die Eigenschaften der Moste wie pH-Wert, Polyphenolgehalt und Zuckerkonzentration beeinflussen die Garung im Hinblick auf die Bildung von Acetaldehyd nur in geringem Umfang, so das diese drei Faktoren nicht die Ursache fur die unterschiedliche Bildung von Acetaldehyd in den Weinen aus den verschiedenen Anbaugebieten der Welt sind; es mussen daher andere Inhaltsstoffe der Trauben oder Moste die Garung in der Weise beeinflussen, das auserordentlich verschiedene Mengen an Acetaldehyd entstehen und damit die Weine einen unterschiedlichen Bedarf an schwefliger Saure haben.
The Real Numbers

Let A, B, C, D, and S be sets. If the relation (D, C, G) is a mapping and D = A x B, then the relation is a binary operation from A and B into C. We shall have use here only for the special case where A = B = C. Thus, for our purposes, a binary operation on set S is simply a mapping from S x S into S. If binary operation ҉ maps (a, b) to c, then we write “a ҉ b = C.”
Adhesins in Candida albicans

The adherent properties of Candida albicans blastoconidia and germ tubes have long been appreciated, but little is known about the mechanisms responsible for adherence. Recently, three genes, ALA1, ALS1 and HWP1, encoding proteins with adherent properties and motifs consistent with linkage to the β-1,6-glucan of C. albicans cell walls have provided insight into the topology of protein adhesins. Hwp1, a developmentally regulated adhesin of germ tubes and hyphae, attaches to buccal epithelial cells by an unconventional, transglutaminase-mediated mechanism of adhesion.
Contrasting mechanical behavior in precipitation hardenable AlXCoCrFeNi high entropy alloy microstructures: Single phase FCC vs. dual phase FCC-BCC

Abstract AlxCoCrFeNi is a prominent high entropy alloy system with varying crystal structure from FCC to BCC depending on aluminum content. The mechanical behavior of Al0.7CoCrFeNi with dual phase FCC+BCC microstructure has been compared with that of single phase FCC Al0.3CoCrFeNi. Both quasi-static and dynamic strain rate regimes were investigated. Hypo-eutectic Al0.7CoCrFeNi showed much higher strength due to fine lamellar microstructure with a large number of FCC-BCC interphase boundaries. But this also leads to lower strain rate sensitivity due to the long-range nature of these interfaces, overcoming them is indifferent with temperature elevation to assist slip, thus making them athermal barriers. Both these precipitation hardenable alloys were aged to induce precipitation of ordered L12 in the FCC phase. This coherent nano-scale L12 precipitate caused a significant increase in the yield strength of both single-phase and dual phase structures while reducing the strain rate sensitivity (SRS) only slightly. L12 precipitation in FCC matrix greatly enhanced twinning during dynamic deformation. Large-scale deformation twins were observed in coarse Al0.3CoCrFeNi FCC and FCC + L12 microstructures. The scale of deformation twins was much smaller in the dual phase Al0.7CoCrFeNi whose refined lamellae width retarded twinning. The lamellar structures, nevertheless, had higher work hardening due to their higher dislocation density storage capability.
Metabolic studies of synaptamide in an immortalized dopaminergic cell line.

Abstract Introduction Synaptamide, the N-acylethanolamine of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), is structurally similar to the endocannabinoid N-arachidonoylethanolamine, anandamide. It is an endogenous ligand at the orphan G-protein coupled receptor 110 (GPR110; ADGRF1), and induces neuritogenesis and synaptogenesis in hippocampal and cortical neurons, as well as neuronal differentiation in neural stem cells. Purpose Our goal was to characterize the metabolic fate (synthesis and metabolism) of synaptamide in a dopaminergic cell line using immortalized fetal mesencephalic cells (N27 cells). Both undifferentiated and differentiating N27 cells were used in this study in an effort to understand synaptamide synthesis and metabolism in developing and adult cells. Methods Radiotracer uptake and hydrolysis assays were conducted in N27 cells incubated with [1-14C]DHA or with one of two radioisotopomers of synaptamide: [α,β-14C2]synaptamide and [1-14C-DHA]synaptamide. Results Neither differentiated nor undifferentiated N27 cells synthesized synaptamide from radioactive DHA, but both rapidly incorporated radioactivity from exogenous synaptamide into membrane phospholipids, regardless of which isotopomer was used. Pharmacological inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) reduced formation of labeled phospholipids in undifferentiated but not differentiated cells. Conclusions In undifferentiated cells, synaptamide uptake and metabolism is driven by its enzymatic hydrolysis (fatty acid amide hydrolase; FAAH), but in differentiating cells, the process seems to be FAAH independent. We conclude that differentiated and undifferentiated N27 cells utilize synaptamide via different mechanisms. This observation could be extrapolated to how different mechanisms may be in place for synaptamide uptake and metabolism in developing and adult dopaminergic cells.
IrO2-incorporated La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 as a bifunctional oxygen electrocatalyst with enhanced activities

Developing low-cost and highly efficient oxygen electrocatalysts for both the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has become one important issue recently due to the sluggish kinetics of these two reactions, which require high overpotentials and thus high energy input. Perovskite oxides have emerged as a new class of highly efficient non-precious metal catalysts for oxygen electrocatalysis in alkaline media. In this work, an IrO2-incorporated La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 composite has been developed as a novel bifunctional oxygen electrocatalyst using a polymer-assisted approach with a subsequent wet impregnation–calcination method. Due to the synergistic effect between the high ORR activity of La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 and the good OER activity of IrO2 as well as the improved electrochemically active surface area, the electrocatalytic activities of the composite for both the OER and ORR have been improved, compared with those of the pristine La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 (ΔE = 1.043 V), resulting in its enhanced bifunctionality (ΔE = 0.652 V) as an oxygen catalyst in alkaline solution, which is also superior to the reported state-of-the-art electrocatalysts. The stability test shows that after 1000 cycles of cyclic voltammetry (CV), there is only 15 mV positive shift for achieving a current density of 10 mA cm−2 in the OER and 17 mV negative shift to reach a current density of −1 mA cm−2 in the ORR, which indicates the good stability of the electrocatalyst (5 wt% IrO2 incorporated La0.8Sr0.2MnO3) in alkaline solution. Our study not only reports a new composite material as a bifunctional oxygen electrocatalyst, but also opens a new avenue to develop novel perovskite oxide-based electrocatalysts with enhanced bifunctional electrocatalytic activities.
Feasibility and safety of robotic resection of complicated diverticular disease.

This study aimed to assess intra- and postoperative outcomes of robotic resection of left-sided complicated diverticular disease. Retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained institutional database on consecutive patients undergoing elective robotic resection for diverticular disease (2014–2018). All procedures were performed within an enhanced recovery pathway (ERP). Demographic, surgical and ERP-related items were compared between patients with simple and complicated diverticular disease according to intra-operative presentation. Postoperative complications and length of stay were compared between the two groups. Out of 150 patients, 78 (52%) presented with complicated and the remaining 72 (48%) with uncomplicated disease. Both groups were comparable regarding demographic baseline characteristics and overall ERP compliance. Surgery for complicated disease was longer (288 ± 96 vs. 258 ± 72 min, p = 0.04) and more contaminated (≥ class 3: 57.7 vs. 23.6%, p < 0.001) with a trend to higher conversion rates (10.3 vs. 2.8%, p = 0.1). While postoperative overall complications tended to occur more often after resections for complicated disease (28.2 vs. 15.3%, p = 0.075), major, surgical and medical complications did not differ between the two groups, and median length of stay was 3 days in both settings (p = 0.19). Robotic resection of diverticular disease was feasible and safe regardless of disease presentation by the time of surgery.
Histories of Conquest, Diversity, and Social Cohesion in Former Colonial Europe:

Research has overlooked the influence of countries’ colonizing histories on how present-day diversity shapes forms of social cohesion. Ethnic boundary theories suggest that legacies of colonizing e...
Course assessment framework that maps professional standard and ABET accreditation criteria into course requirements

This paper provides clear steps on how to perform course assessment. First, a method on how to set up course objectives is mapped with professional standards and accreditation criteria. Several course assessment techniques are then introduced so that the reader will be able to conduct course assessment with ease. The concept of closing the loop is also introduced. The paper concludes with a summary of the assessment framework's beneficial aspects.
Diet-induced leukocyte telomere shortening in a baboon model for early stage atherosclerosis.

Reported associations between leukocyte telomere length (LTL) attrition, diet and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are inconsistent. This study explores effects of prolonged exposure to a high cholesterol high fat (HCHF) diet on LTL in a baboon model of atherosclerosis. We measured LTL by qPCR in pedigreed baboons fed a chow (n = 105) or HCHF (n = 106) diet for 2 years, tested for effects of diet on LTL, and association between CVD risk factors and atherosclerotic lesions with LTL. Though not different at baseline, after 2 years median LTL is shorter in HCHF fed baboons (P < 0.0001). Diet predicts sex- and age-adjusted LTL and LTL attrition (P = 0.0009 and 0.0156, respectively). Serum concentrations of CVD biomarkers are associated with LTL at the 2-year endpoint and LTL accounts approximately 6% of the variance in aortic lesions (P = 0.04). Although heritable at baseline (h2 = 0.27, P = 0.027) and after 2 years (h2 = 0.46, P = 0.0038), baseline LTL does not predict lesion extent after 2 years. Atherogenic diet influences LTL, and LTL is a potential biomarker for early atherosclerosis. Prolonged exposure to an atherogenic diet decreases LTL and increases LTL attrition, and shortened LTL is associated with early-stage atherosclerosis in pedigreed baboons.
Seed choice differs by sex in sooty mangabeys ( Cercocebus atys )

The sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys) practices year-round durophagy. A large part of the C. atys diet consists of the oily nut of Sacoglottis gabonensis, which is accessed by post-canine crushing of the hard, protective seed coat. During a typical foraging bout, some seeds are discarded after initial crushing attempts using isometric biting, but the reason mangabeys reject some seeds and break into others is unclear. Although C. atys is sexually dimorphic, little is known about whether differences between males and females affect the selectivity of mechanically protected foods. We studied C. atys feeding on S. gabonensis in the Tai National Park, Cote d’Ivoire, in July and August 2016. Nuts discarded after an initial crushing attempt were collected and their hardness measured using a Shore D durometer. Measurements were taken in the region of the nut where monkeys attempted to crush it. Hardness values of nuts rejected by adult male (n = 79) and adult female (n = 104) C. atys were compared to those of a control assemblage of nuts collected randomly on the forest floor (n = 69). Nuts rejected by either sex do not differ statistically from the random sample; however, they do differ from each other, with females rejecting harder nuts. This suggests that males are more effective at broaching harder seed husks, and discard seeds based on other factors.
In God's Presence: Chaplains, Missionaries, and Religious Space during the American Civil War

Review of: In God’s Presence: Chaplains, Missionaries, and Religious Space during the American Civil War, by Benjamin L. Mille.
Courtesy stigma from the perspectives of elementary school educators in South Korea

Abstract Stigmatization is a culturally widespread educational and social justice issue. This qualitative study examines Korean educators’ perspectives of courtesy stigmatization based on their own firsthand experiences of courtesy stigmatization, as well as their observations of the social, emotional and behavioral reactions of close associates of children with disabilities. We conducted semi-structured, individual interviews with 43 Korean educators. Analytic induction was used to interpret participants’ perspectives on issues and effects of courtesy stigma at school settings. Educators’ discussions revealed a number of general characteristics of Korean culture that create vulnerabilities for courtesy stigmatization experienced by associates with children with disabilities including presumed poor parenting for misbehaviors of children with disabilities, social hierarchy in interpersonal relationships, and strong societal values on academic success. Educators also described how the sociocultural context creates unique experiences of stigmatization to special education teachers, family members, and peers of children with disabilities. Educators further discussed how courtesy stigmatization impedes the psychological and social functioning of children with disabilities. The perspectives of educators in Korea can be used to develop stigma sensitive policies and practice to better support children with disabilities.
Trends in Race/Ethnicity Among Applicants and Matriculants to US Surgical Specialties, 2010-2018.

Importance Surgical programs across the US continue to promote and invest in initiatives aimed at improving racial/ethnic diversity, but whether this translates to changes in the percentage of applicants or matriculants from racial/ethnic minority groups remains unclear. Objective To examine trends in the percentage of applicants and matriculants to US surgical specialties who identified as part of a racial/ethnic group underrepresented in medicine from the 2010-2011 to 2018-2019 academic years. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study examined trends in self-reported racial/ethnic identity among applicants and matriculants to US residency programs to evaluate demographic changes among surgical programs from 2010 to 2018. Data were obtained from the Association of American Medical Colleges. Results The study population consisted of a total of 737 034 applicants and 265 365 matriculants to US residency programs, including 134 158 applicants and 41 347 matriculants to surgical programs. A total of 21 369 applicants (15.9%) and 5704 matriculants (13.8%) to surgical specialties identified as underrepresented in medicine. There was no statistically significant difference in the percentage of applicants underrepresented in medicine based on race/ethnicity for all surgical specialties combined in 2010 vs 2018 (15.3% [95% CI, 14.7%-15.9%] vs 17.5% [95% CI, 16.9%-18.1%];P = .63). Thoracic surgery was the only surgical specialty in which there was a statistically significant change in the percentage of applicants (8.1% [95% CI, 4.9%-13.2%] vs 14.6% [95% CI, 10.2%-20.4%];P = .02) or matriculants (0% [95% CI, 0%-19.4%] vs 10.0% [95% CI, 4.0%-23.1%];P = .01) underrepresented in medicine based on race/ethnicity. Obstetrics and gynecology had the highest mean percentage of applicants (20.2%; 95% CI, 19.4%-20.8%) and matriculants (19.0%; 95% CI, 18.2%-19.8%) underrepresented in medicine among surgical specialties. Thoracic surgery had the lowest mean percentage of applicants (12.5%; 95% CI, 9.46%-15.4%) and otolaryngology the lowest mean percentage of matriculants (8.5%; 95% CI, 7.2%-9.9%) underrepresented in medicine. Conclusions and Relevance In this cross-sectional study, overall US surgical programs had no change in the percentage of applicants or matriculants who self-identified as underrepresented in medicine based on race/ethnicity, but the proportion remained higher than in nonsurgical specialties. Reevaluation of current strategies aimed at increasing racial/ethnic representation appear to be necessary to help close the existing gap in medicine and recruit a more racially/ethnically diverse surgical workforce.