cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isolation of the genomic clone of the rhesus monkey beta‐amyloid precursor protein

A change in the regulation of the beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta APP) gene may be a factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We have screened a rhesus monkey genomic library and pulled out a approximately 17 kb genomic DNA region which contains the 5'-flanking region (promoter), first exon and intron of the beta APP gene of the Rhesus monkey (rh beta APP). We have partially characterized the genomic clone by selective restriction enzyme digestion followed by Southern blotting against the beta APP gene-specific DNA probes. The identity and authenticity of the different bands of the clone were also confirmed by Southern blot analysis of the rhesus monkey genomic DNA. Functional identification of the genomic fragment was determined by a promoter assay using the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) enzyme as a reported gene. Our results showed that a 1.2 kb fragment from the 5'-flanking region of the rh beta APP gene possessed strong promoter activity. The isolation of this genomic clone will enable characterization of the structure and function of the promoter of the rh beta APP gene. Our initial results indicate a high degree of homology between the structure of the rhesus monkey and human beta APP promoter.
A modeling study of the impact of winter–spring arctic outflow on the NOx and O3 budgets of the North Atlantic troposphere

[1] In this study, we determine the impact of winter–spring arctic outflow events on the budgets of tropospheric NOx and ozone over the North Atlantic Ocean. An updated version of the NCAR Master-Mechanism, a detailed, explicit photochemical model, is applied to trajectories representative of arctic outflow for the months of January through May. During the simulations, peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) mixing ratios drop by up to 270 pptv, increasing NOx levels up to 120 pptv. However, the released NOx is quickly destroyed by efficient NOx loss reactions leading to formation of HNO3 and, to a lesser extent, nitroaromatic compounds. As a result of elevated NOx, O3 levels are increased. The resulting net impact on the flux of O3 to the North Atlantic is estimated to be less than 712 Gg O3/month. While this source is similar in magnitude to estimates of ozone produced from aircraft emissions, both are small in comparison to the export of ozone from North America. Therefore, we conclude that while elevated levels of pollutants in arctic outflow increase the levels of NOx and O3 in the North Atlantic region, on a seasonal basis the impact on the budgets of NOx and O3 in this region is small.
Leptin deficiency prevents the activation of the murine α2(I) collagen promoter by acetaldehyde

Abstract Leptin enhances hepatic fibrosis induced experimentally by various agents. The influence of leptin deficiency on murine α 2 (I) collagen promoter activation by acetaldehyde and by TGFβ1 was investigated. Acetaldehyde failed to activate the promoter in ob/ob stellate cells as compared to its activating effect in wild-type cells. By contrast, TGFβ1 increased the activity of the promoter in the ob/ob and wild-type cells. Total cell TGFβ1 and secretion of total and free TGFβ1 were lower in cultured stellate cells from ob/ob mice than wild-type mice. Acetaldehyde increased free cell TGFβ1 and secretion of total and free TGFβ1 in wild-type, but not in ob/ob cells. The lack of activation of the α 2 (I) collagen promoter by acetaldehyde in association with a lack of increase in TGFβ1 in response to acetaldehyde in ob/ob stellate cells provides further evidence for a mediating role of TGFβ1 in the actions of acetaldehyde on collagen transcription.
Changes in Vocal Intensity as a Function of Interspeaker Influence

The purpose of the present study was to analyze vocal intensity in a prior study as an interpersonal cue in verbal communication. Reanalysis indicates that intensity is both a stable and modifiable characteristic of interpersonal communication and suggests that variations in levels of vocal intensity of conversational partners may convey information about their relationship to each other.
Ornamental, crop, or invasive? The history of the Empress tree (Paulownia) in the USA

The Paulownia tree first arrived in the USA in the early nineteenth century and quickly transitioned from an exotic oddity to a beloved ornamental by some and a reviled invasive species by others. Many gardeners and horticulturalists praised the tree for its rapid growth and beautiful lavender blossoms. Critics thought the non-native tree a threat to native flora and sought its eradication. One species, Paulowniatomentosa, is invasive and has been especially vilified by organizations ranging from the National Park Service and National Forests Service to the US Department of Agriculture. Another species, Paulowniaelongata, started to gain attention as a viable domestic tree crop in the 1980s. Demand derived primarily from Asian countries, especially Japan where the tree had been traditionally used for dowry chests, furniture, and musical instruments. Due to over harvesting, Japan had suffered a severe shortage to the extent that Paulownia made up a large chunk of the country's wood imports. P. elongata and...
Performance of Broiler Progeny of Breeder Flocks Vaccinated with Inactivated Oil Emulsion Malabsorption Syndrome Virus Vaccine

Abstract Broiler breeder pullets were vaccinated at 20 to 24 weeks of age with an inactivated, oil emulsion vaccine containing the CO8 strain of avian reovirus. The vaccination induced a high and uniform antibody response that peaked 4 to 5 months postvaccination and persisted up to 11 months postvaccination. Broiler production parameters in progeny of vaccinated breeders were compared weekly with parameters of the total broiler production. There was a consistent improvement in body weight at processing time and a reduction in total production cost in progeny of vaccinated parents. There was also a reduction of percent of parts condemned during the first part of the trial. There were no consistent differences in feed conversion or condemnation of whole carcasses. Progeny of vaccinated parents had reduced livability. This effect was interpreted to be due to the smaller egg size of young breeder flocks.
Teaching Invention, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship in Engineering*

A special capstone course for senior electrical and mechanical engineering students has been developed at the University of Nevada, Reno. The class also includes MBA students from the College of Business Administration. All phases of new product development including innovation, patent law, product liability, business, sales, marketing and venture capital are covered. This paper presents a brief description of the course and the assessment results. The assessment results indicate that the learning objectives are being met and that students strongly feel that invention and entrepreneurship should be part of the engineering curriculum.
Etiology of diarrhea in older children, adolescents and adults: a systematic review.

Background Diarrhea is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in all regions of the world and among all ages, yet little is known about the fraction of diarrhea episodes and deaths due to each pathogen. Methodology/Principal Findings We conducted a systematic literature review to identify all papers reporting the proportion of diarrhea episodes with positive laboratory tests for at least one pathogen in inpatient, outpatient and community settings that met our inclusion and exclusion criteria. We identified a total of 25,701 papers with possible etiology data and after final screening included 22 papers that met all inclusion and exclusion criteria. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and V. cholerae O1/O139 were the leading causes of hospitalizations. In outpatient settings, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., and E. histolytica were the most frequently isolated pathogens. Conclusions/Significance This is the first systematic review which has considered the relative importance of multiple diarrhea pathogens. The few studies identified suggest that there is a great need for additional prospective studies around the world in these age groups to better understand the burden of disease and the variation by region.
Intrinsic control of mammalian retinogenesis

The generation of appropriate and diverse neuronal and glial types and subtypes during development constitutes the critical first step toward assembling functional neural circuits. During mammalian retinogenesis, all seven neuronal and glial cell types present in the adult retina are specified from multipotent progenitors by the combined action of various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Tremendous progress has been made over the past two decades in uncovering the complex molecular mechanisms that control retinal cell diversification. Molecular genetic studies coupled with bioinformatic approaches have identified numerous transcription factors and cofactors as major intrinsic regulators leading to the establishment of progenitor multipotency and eventual differentiation of various retinal cell types and subtypes. More recently, non-coding RNAs have emerged as another class of intrinsic factors involved in generating retinal cell diversity. These intrinsic regulatory factors are found to act in different developmental processes to establish progenitor multipotency, define progenitor competence, determine cell fates, and/or specify cell types and subtypes.
Numerically induced chaos in the nonlinear Schrödinger equation.

The cubic nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation and some of its discretizations, one of which is integ- rable, are studied. Apart from the integrable version the discretizations produce chaotic solutions for intermediate levels of mesh (mode) refinement. Chaos disappears when the discretization is fine enough and convergence to a quasiperiodic solution is obtained. Details are given for finite difference calculations, although similar results are also obtained by Fourier spectral methods. Results regarding a forced nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation are briefly described.
Effects of Carrier Offset on the Classification of Binary Frequency Shift Keying Based on the Product of Two Consecutive Signal Values

In this paper we propose a feature to distinguish frequency shift keying modulation from amplitude shift keying and phase shift keying modulations in the presence of carrier offset. The feature is based on the product of two consecutive signal values and on time averaging of the imaginary part of the product. First, the conditional probability density functions of the feature given the present modulation are determined. In order to overcome the complexity of calculating the probability density functions, the central limit theorem for strictly stationary m-dependent sequences is used to obtain Gaussian approximations. The classification threshold is based on the minimization of the total probability of misclassification. Finally the paper studies effects of carrier offset on the performance in the case of known and unknown carrier offset.
Imaging of the distal airways

Imaging techniques of the lung continue to advance, with improving ability to image the more distal airways. Two imaging techniques are reviewed: computed tomography and magnetic resonance with hyperpolarized helium-3.
Implications for global warming of intercycle solar irradiance variations

FOLLOWING earlier studies1–6, attention has recently been directed again to the possibility that long-term solar irradiance variations, rather than increased greenhouse gas concentrations, have been the dominant cause of the observed rise in global-mean surface temperature from the mid-nineteenth century to the present. Friis-Christensen and Lassen7 report a high correlation (0.95; ref. 8) between the variable period of the '11-year' sunspot cycle and the mean Northern Hemisphere land surface temperature from 1865 to 1985. The Marshall Institute report9 concludes that '…the sun has been the controlling influence on climate in the last 100 years, with the greenhouse effect playing a smaller role." Here we explore the implication that such putative solar irradiance variations would have for global warming. Our results provide strong circumstantial evidence that there have been intercycle variations in solar irradiance which have contributed to the observed temperature changes since 1856. However, we find that since the nineteenth century, greenhouse gases, not solar irradiance variations, have been the dominant contributor to the observed temperature changes.
Estrogen modulates developmentally regulated gene expression in the fetal baboon liver.

Although estrogen plays a central integrative role in regulating key aspects of placental and fetal endocrine development in the primate, our understanding of the regulation of maturation of the fetal liver is incomplete. In adults, estrogen modulates several aspects of hepatic function. Therefore, the current study determined whether fetal hepatic gene expression development was modulated by estrogen. mRNA differential display was used to identify genes whose expression was altered in fetal livers obtained on d 165 of gestation (term=d 184) from baboons that were untreated or treated on d 60–164 with the aromatase inhibitor CGS 20267 (2 mg/d; sc), which suppressed estrogen levels in the fetus by > 95% (p<0.01). As confirmed by Northern blot, the mRNA levels (ratio to 18s RNA) of metallothionein I (MT-I), porphobilinogen deaminase (PBG-D), and cytochrome P450 2C8 (CYP 2C8) in the livers of estrogen-deprived fetuses were 5-, 12-, and 3-fold higher (p<0.05) than respective values of untreated fetuses. Moreover, mRNA levels of MT-I and PBG-D, expressed as a ratio to 18s RNA, were 3-fold and 26-fold higher (p<0.05) on d 60–100 of gestation than on d 165 and in the adult. In contrast, CYP 2C8 mRNA increased 10-fold between d 100 and 165 and was not further altered in adult liver. Immunohistochemistry confirmed expression of MT-I in hepatocytes. Erythropoietic cells, normally present in the fetal baboon liver on d 100 but not on d 165, were also detected on d 165 in animals treated with the aromatase inhibitor. Thus, upregulation of PBG-D mRNA in estrogen-deprived baboons may reflect prolongation of the erythropoietic role of the fetal liver. In summary, these results indicate that the normal developmental change in MT-I, PBG-D, and CYP 2C8 mRNA expression in baboon fetal liver with advancing gestation are dependent on increased secretion of estrogen into the fetus. We suggest, therefore, that estrogen regulates normal development of the primate fetal liver.
Self-referent speech and psychopathology : The balance of positive and negative thinking

Psychometrically defined analogue populations and inpatient psychiatric samples were used to examine (a) the hypothesis that positive and negative self-statements and the balance between positive and negative self-talk are differentially associated with psychopathology, and (b) the merits of a revised ATQ. Two studies involved completion of an extended self-statement inventory that included the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ) and some positive and neutral items. Subjects indicated the frequency of particular cognitions and rated each for degree of positive or negative valence. Study 1 used psychometrically defined groups—dysphoric, overly optimistic, and normal. Positive items that discriminated groups were tested in a cross-validation sample. Study 2 incorporated a Depressed inpatient group and an Other Psychiatric Disorder inpatient comparison group. Regression analysis showed that the addition of 10 positive items to the 30-item ATQ significantly increased the amount of variance accounted for, using diagnostic group as the criterion. Dysphoric/depressed groups endorsed significantly more negative self-talk and evidenced a significantly less-frequent occurrence of positive self-talk than normals or overly optimistic subjects (Study 1) or than the inpatient psychiatric group with other diagnoses (Study 2). Valence did not account for additional variance. The obtained proportions of positive and negative self-referent speech supported the notion that a psychologically healthy internal dialogue is a 1.6:1.0 (.62 to .38) ratio of positive and negative thinking. Discussion includes consideration of the role of negative and positive self-statements in depression, the notion of optimally balanced self-talk, and the recommendation to use the ATQ-R for future research.
ERRORS IN DISTEMPER VIRUS TITRATIONS PERFORMED IN EMBRYONATED EGGS.

Distemper virus titrations of 2-, 4-, 5-, and 10-fold steps, each using 5, 8, 10, and 15 C.A.M.'s per dilution, showed differences in the standard error of the median effective dose and mean regression coefficients. For reasonable results, a titration using 2-fold dilutions and eight C.A.M.'s per dilution, repeated three times, was selected as a design for laboratory use. Probit analysis of the titration showed a MED of 4.7±0.076 log10 virus dilution. A 95% confidence interval of the median effective dose was 0.30 log10 virus dilution with 81% of the endpoints occurring 0.10 log10 virus dilution on either side of the median effective dose. The regression coefficient was −1.6±0.29 probits per log10 virus dilution when a 1.5 log10 virus dilution range was used, with the median effective dose occurring midway in the virus dilution range. The regression was valid (t=5.6, t[5%, 3df]=3.2) and the data fitted the line (χ2=∼0.0, χ2[5%, 3 dff]=7.8).
Construct- and criterion-related validity of four commonly used goal orientation instruments.

Abstract We examined the latent structure of four commonly used goal orientation instruments as well as the nomological network surrounding goal orientation, including possible antecedents and outcomes. Based on a sample of college undergraduates (n=384), confirmatory factor analysis supported the construct validity of the instruments by showing that responses to these different instruments reflected the same three latent factors—learning, performance-approach, and performance-avoid orientations. Structural equation modeling showed that the three goal orientation factors were differentially related to extraversion, neuroticism, openness to experience, adaptive learning strategies, enjoyment with schoolwork, grades, and response distortion. Finally, although stemming from the same latent structure, regression analyses suggested that certain scales yielded stronger criterion-related validities than others with respect to enjoyment and grades.
Relationship between zinc intake, physical activity, and blood levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in a healthy elderly population

We investigated the relationship between level of exercise, ingestion of zinc supplements, and serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels in 270 healthy men and women over age 60. After controlling for sex, alcohol intake, and body mass, there was a significant positive correlation between level of exercise and serum HDL cholesterol in the 180 subjects not taking supplemental zinc (r = 0.26, P = .005) but not for those subjects taking supplemental zinc (r = -0.18, P = .14). Multiple regression analysis showed a significant interaction of zinc intake and activity level on HDL cholesterol (P = .04). In 22 subjects who were ingesting greater than 15 mg of supplemental, elemental zinc daily, cessation of zinc supplements for 8 weeks was associated with a significant increase in HDL cholesterol levels (2.0 mg/dL; P = .04). The change in HDL after stopping zinc was positively correlated with the level of exercise of the subjects (r = .41, P = .05). Thus supplemental zinc ingestion appears to block the exercise-induced increase in serum HDL cholesterol in a healthy population.
Combustion synthesis of carbon nanotubes and related nanostructures

Abstract Recently flames have emerged as a viable alternative method for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes and related nanostructures. The flame volume provides a carbon-rich chemically reactive environment capable of generating nanostructures during short residence times in a continuous single-step process. Various flame configurations, fuel types, and catalytic materials have been employed in an attempt to achieve controlled growth of multi-walled and single-walled carbon nanotubes as well as other carbon nanostructures such as nanofibers, carbon micro-trees, and whiskers. Premixed and non-premixed flames in co-flow and counterflow geometries were examined using low atmospheric and elevated pressures, various hydrocarbon fuels, oxygen enrichment, and dilution with inert gases were employed as well. Catalytic materials in the form of solid untreated supports, solid supports with pre-fabricated catalytic sites, and also in the form of aerosol have demonstrated high activity and selectivity in the growth of various nanostructures. The ability to synthesize and control carbon nanotube orientation, length, diameter, uniformity, purity, and internal morphology is essential for the fabrication of nanomechanical and electrical devices. An understanding of the growth mechanism and development of control methods such as the electric field, particle loading, and nanotemplates is critically important to address these issues. Today, flames are envisioned as the alternative technique for the synthesis of SWNTs in tons/year production scale leading to the development of related technologies such as purification and separation methods.
Changes in cytoplasmic DNA-binding phosphoproteins during the cell cycle of Physarum polycephalum

Abstract The cytoplasmic DNA-binding proteins of Physarum polycephalum were examined during two successive cell cycles for alterations in the phosphorylated species. Plasmodia were grown continuously in [ 3 H]leucine and [ 32 P]orthophosphate in order to label proteins with 3 H and phosphoproteins additionally with 32 P. Cytosol proteins were passed through columns of double-and single-stranded DNA cellulose. Proteins with affinity for DNA-cellulose were eluted with increasing NaCl concentrations and were examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel autoradiography. A general decrease in phosphorus content of approx. 30% was found in both DNA-binding and non-binding proteins during the G2 phase of the cell cycle. When compared among the cytoplasmic DNA-binding proteins this decreased phosphorus content was attributable to the attenuation or disappearance of several phosphorylated DNA-binding proteins. In addition, several differences in the polypeptide profiles of phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated DNA-binding proteins were found at the same point in two successive cell cycles. In general, there was a decreased phosphate content among the DNA-binding proteins during the second successive cell cycle. It is suggested that this decrease is related to a depletion of nutrients, and that the coordinated alterations in the phosphate content of most cytoplasmic DNA-binding proteins is indicative of their functional relatedness.
Control of defect concentrations in single crystals : Insights from micro-IR on natural quartz crystals

The physical properties of single crystals are highly dependent on trace impurities contained within them. For synthesis of single crystals with prescribed properties, precise and accurate control of impurity content can be extremely desirable. We review and expand on studies of crystal from the natural environment that document systematic order-of-magnitude variations in defect abundances. Using high-resolution FTIR, we demonstrate that the dominant control on the uptake of defects in growing quartz crystals is the growth rate of the advancing crystal face. We show that the uptake of different kinds of defects have the same functional dependence both on crystal growth rate and on the crystallographic orientation of the growth face. In unaltered quartz crystals, concentrations of LiOH, HOH species and Al-bearing species are proportional to one another despite fast and slow growth on both 'r' and 'z' rhombohedral growth faces. In addition, our measurements can distinguish the effects of processes, such as internal diffusion and fluid exchange, which have re-set the abundances of defect specs after crystal growth; AlOH, HOH, and LiOH show increasing propensities for secondary mobility and are dependent on the crystallographic orientation of the original growth face which incorporated them.
Dissociation dynamics of FC(O)O and ClC(O)O radicals

Abstract Reaction pathways for the decomposition of haloformyloxyl radicals, FC(O)O and ClC(O)O, have been studied using ab initio methods. Equilibrium geometries and transition structures were fully optimized at the UHF/3-21G, UHF/6-31G*, and UMP2/6-31G* levels. Heats of reaction and barrier heights have been computed using Moller-Plesset perturbation theory with and without annihilation of spin contaminants. The most favorable reaction path to dissociation is the extrusion of halogen atoms to yield CO2. The implications of calculated RRKM dissociation rate constants are also discussed.
The Military Socialization of University Students

The effects of military training in a university setting on the attitudes of prospective U.S. Army officers are examined with a questionnaire administered to all Army Reserve Officers Training Corps cadets at the University of Oregon and to a comparison sample of male university undergraduates. Although the Army cadets do not differ greatly from the university undergraduates on background variables, there are significant differences in personality traits and attitudes related to the “military mind.” Cadets score higher than the campus average on scales measuring: personality authoritarianism, misanthropy, punitiveness, intolerance, aggressive nationalism, political-economic conservatism, belief in imperialism, and preference for vocational training as opposed to liberal education. They score lower on scales of peace responsibility and political alienation. The Army ROTC selectively recruits students with more militaristic attitudes, and there is some evidence that the Corps serves to insulate the cadets from the liberalizing effects of the university.
Characteristics of microscopic strain localization in irradiated 316 stainless steels and pure vanadium

Characteristics of localized dislocation glide were investigated for 316 and 316LN stainless steels and pure vanadium after ion or neutron irradiation near room temperature and deformation by a uniaxial tensile load or by a multiaxial bending load. In the irradiated 316 stainless steels, both the uniaxial tensile loading and the multiaxial bend loading produced straight localized bands in the form of channels and twins. In vanadium specimens, on the other hand, curved channels were observed after tensile deformation, and these became a common feature after multiaxial bend deformation. No twin was observed in vanadium. A river pattern of channels was observed in the bent samples after irradiation to a high dose of 0.69 dpa. A highly curved channel can be formed by successive cross slip of screw dislocations. Also, the channel width was not constant along the channels; channel widening occurred when weak defect clusters were removed by the gliding screw dislocations changing their paths by cross slip. It is believed that the dissociation of dislocations into partials and high angles between easy glide planes suppresses the formation of curved channels, while a multiaxial stress state, or a higher stress constraint, increases the tendency for channel bending and widening.
Effects of prestimulation on the electromyographic response associated with the acoustic startle reaction in rats.

Abstract Rats (n = 5) received high intensity acoustic stimuli, presented alone (control trials) or 60 msec after a low intensity random noise burst or a light flash (prepulse trials). Stabilimetric measures of the startle reflex as well as the amplitudes and latencies of EMG activity to the stimuli were recorded. Both sorts of prestimulation depressed the amplitude of subsequent effector activity to the startle stimulus as well as the stabilimetric measure, indicating that demonstrations of stabilimetric depression caused by prepulses do result from direct effector inhibition. The auditory prepulse but not the visual prepulse increased the latency of the subsequent startle reaction. The inhibitory effects were not determined by effector activity initiated by the prepulse, supporting, thereby, central rather than peripheral mechanisms of reflex inhibition.
TH‐E‐110‐10: Doses in Volume‐Of‐Interest Cone‐Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT)‐ a Monte Carlo Simulation Study

Purpose: Volume‐of‐interest (VOI) cone‐beam CT(CBCT) is a technique to image a pre‐selected VOI with enhanced image quality while maintaining an acceptable average breast dose. This technique requires a high exposure VOI scan with a low exposure full‐field scan. In this study, Monte Carlo(MC) simulation was used to estimate the doses of the full‐field scan, VOI scan and various combinations of the two for breast imaging. Methods: For MC simulation, BEAMnrc and DOSXYZnrc were used to simulate CBCT breast imaging and estimate the average doses. For validation, air kermas at the VOI and iso‐center were measured and simulated for comparison. For simulation study, a 13‐cm‐diam, 9‐cm‐high Lucite cylinder was scanned by an x‐ray source located at 88 cm away. The VOI was defined to be a 2.5‐ cm‐diam, 2.5‐cm‐high cylindrical volume located at various radial positions in the middle plane of the phantom. Two scanning techniques were simulated: (1) the breast centered scan, (2) the VOI centered scan. The former requires a moving collimator to be used during the VOI scan while the latter requires only a stationary collimator to be used. 400 million incident photons were used to simulate 300 projections over 360 degrees to achieve 3D dose maps. Results: It was found that the average VOI doses decreased by 37% in the VOI scans as compared to those in the full‐field scans. The additional dose incurred by a VOI scan (VOI centered) was 6% of the dose from a full‐field scan for the same x‐ray techniques used. Conclusions: Our results indicated that it is feasible to employ a high exposure VOI scan in conjunction with a low exposure full‐field scan to enhance the image quality within the VOI while maintaining the overall average dose to be equal to or even lower than that of a regular full‐field scan. This work was supported in part by grants CA104759, CA124585 and CA13852 from NIH‐NCI, a grant EB00117 from NIH‐NIBIB, and a subcontract from NIST‐ATP.
The internal model and the leading joint hypothesis: implications for control of multi-joint movements

This article presents a theoretical generalization of recent experimental findings accumulated in support of two concepts of inter-segmental dynamics regulation during multi-joint movements. The concepts are the internal model of inter-segmental dynamics and the leading joint hypothesis (LJH). The internal model of limb dynamics is a well-established interpretation of feed-forward control. Recent experiments have generated new information about the organization of the internal model and its role in regulation of inter-segmental dynamics. The LJH, which proposes a simplified principle of the regulation of inter-segmental dynamics, is at the beginning stage of development. This paper outlines major results obtained in these two research directions and demonstrates that the two groups of findings complement and augment each other, suggesting a simple and robust hierarchical strategy of multi-joint movement control that exploits specific mechanical properties of human limbs.
The feedback process with parents in child and adolescent psychological assessment

Feedback to parents of the results of child psychological assessment is an unusually problematic aspect of the evaluation process. This paper integrates and expands on the heretofore sparse clinical literature. It explores dynamics stimulating resistance on the part of the clinician to engaging in feedback. Specific guidelines are provided for the conduct of feedback interviews in clinical and school settings that are designed to maximize the probability of successful intervention in the service of children and adolescents with primarily mild to moderate special needs.
Unattended ground sensors standards working group

The Department of Defense (DoD) has established an Unattended Ground Sensor (UGS) Standards Working Group to address the interoperability of UGS, promote competition, provide enhanced capabilities, and support UGS missions.
Women Runners' Views of Running:

A survey of 156 women runners varying greatly in age, experience, and ability was conducted to find out why these women were participating in what was once stereotyped as a masculine activity and what they perceived the psychological and behavioral effects of running to be. Statistical analyses indicated that almost all subjects had positive views of running, received support for running from others, and would encourage other women to run. They reported that running made them feel significantly stronger, happier, more relaxed, better about themselves, more attractive, more feminine, less masculine, and more energetic and also that stopping running made them feel guilty, fatter, depressed, tense, and less energetic. Other common changes with running were small weight losses, decreased quantity and improved quality of food eaten, reduced smoking and drinking, and lighter menstrual periods with less severe cramps. It appears that women runners view running as a positive experience which enhances their femini...
Competing hydrogen-bond donors: phenols vs. cyanooximes

Based on a systematic structural study of co-crystals of a ditopic probe molecule, (Z)-N,4-dihydroxybenzimidoyl cyanide, decorated with an –OH group and a cyanooxime moiety, it has been shown that in a competitive molecular recognition event, the former is the better hydrogen-bond donor. This structural behaviour is reflected by calculated electrostatic potential surfaces of the competing donors, which highlights that electrostatic charge can offer a reliable tool for predicting primary hydrogen-bond preferences.
Racial disparities in insurance reimbursement for physician professional services in the ED

Abstract Objective We sought to determine whether racial disparities exist in emergency physician professional services reimbursement from insurance. We hypothesized that insured adult African American emergency department (ED) visits are reimbursed at a lower level than White visits. Methods We conducted a retrospective, observational cohort study of insured adult White and African American ED visits (January 1, 2012, to June 30, 2013) to a tertiary center. We downloaded for each included visit age, sex, race, residential zip code, insurance type, admission status, Current Procedural Terminology ( CPT ) Evaluation and Management (E/M) code charge reimbursement, and median household income for residential zip code. We chose as our primary outcome measure visit mean total insurance reimbursement/work relative value unit (wRVU). We report racial variation for this outcome measure with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and present the β coefficient related to African American race within a multivariable regression model. Results A total of 50 297 visits met inclusion criteria (35 574 Whites and 14 723 African Americans). Overall, mean total insurance reimbursement/wRVU for White visits was $39.99 (95% CI, 39.80-40.18), for African American visits, $34.15 (95% CI, 33.88-34.42); P CPT E/M code level, African American visit reimbursement was lower than for White visits, ranging from $2.18/wRVU (95% CI, 0.87-3.49) (99282) to $7.55/wRVU (95 CI, 6.52-8.58) (99285). At the primary insurance level, African American visits showed lower reimbursement than White visits, ranging from $1.70/wRVU (95% CI, 0.75-2.65) in commercial insurance to $7.70/wRVU (95% CI, 5.42-9.98) in other insurance. Within the multivariable regression model, the β coefficient for African American race was −$1.51/wRVU (95% CI, −1.85 to −1.18); P Conclusion In this single-center study, professional services reimbursement was lower for African American ED visits compared with those of Whites.
Addressing Classism, Ableism, and Heterosexism in Counselor Education

As the counseling profession charts its future course, issues related to classism, ableism, and heterosexism remain fully incorporated within the multicultural/social justice curriculum. The authors define each of these forms of oppression, explicate their intersections with race, and summarize the resulting implications for counseling education and training.
Synthesis of polynucleotide analogs by grafting optically active nucleic acid base derivatives onto polyethylenimine

Polynucleotide analogs with a polyethylenimine backbone and optically active thymine- and adenine-containing pendants and their model compounds were synthesized. The pendants were prepared by the addition reaction of the nucleic acid base to ethyl crotonate. The ammonium salt of 3-(adenin-9-yl)butyric acid was employed to replace its free acid for the formation of diastereomeric salt with brucine. Fractional crystallization of the diastereomeric salt generates the partially resolved enantiomers. The solubility difference between the racemic mixture and its enantiomer was utilized to obtain the pure enantiomers. The active esters of the pendants were prepared. Grafting reactions were carried out by the reaction of active esters with PEI at room temperature. Completely grafted polymers were obtained.
The role of methyl-linoleic acid epoxide and diol metabolites in the amplified toxicity of linoleic acid and polychlorinated biphenyls to vascular endothelial cells.

Selected dietary lipids may increase the atherogenic effects of environmental chemicals, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), by cross-amplifying mechanisms leading to dysfunction of the vascular endothelium. We have shown previously that the omega-6 parent fatty acid, linoleic acid, or 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB 77), an aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor agonist, independently can cause disruption of endothelial barrier function. Furthermore, cellular enrichment with linoleic acid can amplify PCB-induced endothelial cell dysfunction. We hypothesize that the amplified toxicity of linoleic acid and PCBs to endothelial cells could be mediated in part by cytotoxic epoxide metabolites of linoleic acid called leukotoxins (LTX) or their diol derivatives (LTXD). Exposure to LTXD resulted in a dose-dependent increase in albumin transfer across endothelial cell monolayers, whereas this disruption of endothelial barrier function was observed only at a high concentration of LTX. Pretreatment with the cytosolic epoxide hydrolase inhibitor 1-cyclohexyl-3-dodecyl urea partially protected against the observed LTX-induced endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial cell activation mediated by LTX and/or LTXD also enhanced nuclear translocation of the transcription factor NF-kappa B and gene expression of the inflammatory cytokine IL-6. Inhibiting cytosolic epoxide hydrolase decreased the LTX-mediated induction of both NF-kappa B and the IL-6 gene, whereas the antioxidant vitamin E did not block LTX-induced endothelial cell activation. Most importantly, inhibition of cytosolic epoxide hydrolase blocked both linoleic acid-induced cytotoxicity, as well as the additive toxicity of linoleic acid plus PCB 77 to endothelial cells. Interestingly, cellular uptake and accumulation of linoleic acid was markedly enhanced in the presence of PCB 77. These data suggest that cytotoxic epoxide metabolites of linoleic acid play a critical role in linoleic acid-induced endothelial cell dysfunction. Furthermore, the severe toxicity of PCBs in the presence of linoleic acid may be due in part to the generation of epoxide and diol metabolites. These findings have implications in understanding interactive mechanisms of how dietary fats can modulate dysfunction of the vascular endothelium mediated by certain environmental contaminants.
Designing Behavioral Technologies with Community Self-Help Organizations

Attempts to bring about improvements in communities, or to enhance the functioning and well-being of their individual members, are laden with assumptions about the causes of problems and the mechanisms of change. Similarly, several assumptions are implicit in a strategy to contribute to social change efforts through the development of behavioral technologies for community self-help organizations. It is assumed that the problems of living experienced by many individuals in society may be a function of such fundamental social problems as poverty and power-lessness (Ryan, 1971a). If the causes lie outside the person in the broader social system, to treat problems of adjustment and coping individual by individual is to “blame the victim” for problems in society (Ryan, 1971b). Thus efforts to prevent problems of living in individuals might focus on improving the capacities of society’s various community support groups to promote individual functioning and human fulfillment (Kessler & Albee, 1975).
Re-animation and rehabilitation of the paralyzed face in head and neck cancer patients.

Facial nerve paralysis can occasionally result from the treatment of head and neck cancer. The treatment of paralysis is patient specific, and requires an assessment of the remaining nerve segments, musculature, functional deficits, anticipated recovery, and patient factors. When feasible, reinnervation of the remaining musculature can provide the most natural outcome. However, the complex and topographic nature of facial innervation often prevents complete and meaningful movement. In these instances, a wide variety of procedures can be used to combat the functional and cosmetic sequella of facial paralysis. Clin. Anat. 25:99–107, 2012. V C 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of shield insertion on reducing crosstalk noise between coupled interconnects

Placing shields around a victim signal line is a common way to enhance signal integrity while minimizing delay uncertainty. For two coupled interconnects with a shield between the lines, the coupling noise can produce a peak noise of 15% of V/sub dd/ in a 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS technology. A pseudo-2/spl pi/ RC model is used to develop an analytic estimate of the peak noise for shielded interconnects. The peak noise model is accurate within an average error of 4.4% as compared to SPICE. The effects of the shield width, length, separation between the shield and the signal, and the number of connections tieing the shield to ground on the overall crosstalk noise are described in this paper. Based on the peak noise model, a minimum number of ground connections for a target shield line with noise constraints is obtained. Inserting a shield line between two coupled interconnects is shown to be more effective in reducing crosstalk noise than increasing the physical separation.
Highways for mRNA Transport

Two new studies reveal the role of microtubule polarity in the asymmetric localization of mRNAs. In this issue of Cell, Zimyanin et al. (2008) show that the asymmetric localization of oskar mRNA in fruit fly oocytes results from a slight bias in the direction of its transport. Meanwhile, Messitt et al. (2008) reporting in Developmental Cell find a subpopulation of microtubules that is critical for the asymmetric distribution of Vg1 mRNA in frog oocytes.
Effects of ozone and well-mixed gases on annual-mean stratospheric temperature trends

[1] The effects of changes in ozone and well-mixed greenhouse gases upon the annual-mean stratospheric temperatures are investigated using a general circulation model and compared with the observed (1979–2000) trends. In the global-mean lower stratosphere (50–100 hPa), ozone changes exert the most important influence upon the cooling trend. In the upper stratosphere, where both ozone and greenhouse gas changes influence the temperature trends, the amount of cooling is sensitive to the background ozone climatology. Taking into account the uncertainties in the observed temperature trend estimates and the dynamical variability of the model, the simulated results are in reasonable quantitative agreement with the vertical profile of the observed global-and-annual-mean stratospheric cooling, and with the observed lower stratospheric zonal-and-annual-mean cooling. This affirms the major role of these species in the temperature trend of the stratosphere over the past two decades.
Crystal structure of decaprenylphosphoryl‐β‐ D‐ribose 2'‐epimerase from Mycobacterium smegmatis

Decaprenylphosphoryl-β-D-ribose 2'-epimerase (DprE1) is an essential enzyme in the biosynthesis of cell wall components and a target for development of anti-tuberculosis drugs. We determined the crystal structure of a truncated form of DprE1 from Mycobacterium smegmatis in two crystal forms to up to 2.35 A resolution. The structure extends from residue 75 to the C-terminus and shares homology with FAD-dependent oxidoreductases of the vanillyl-alcohol oxidase family including the DprE1 homologue from M. tuberculosis. The M. smegmatis DprE1 structure reported here provides further insights into the active site geometry of this tuberculosis drug target. Proteins 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Maximizing Infection Prevention in the Next Decade: Defining the Unacceptable

An important role of public health agencies is to define the unacceptable. This concept has particular relevance for healthcare-associated infections. Evidence indicates that, with focused efforts, these once-formidable infections can be greatly reduced in number, leading to a new normal for healthcare-associated infections as rare, unacceptable events.
Spectral measures, generalized resolvents, and functions of positive type

Abstract : The theme of this report is the interplay of classes of operator-valued functions (E sub t, R sub lambda, V sub s), acting in a Hilbert space. In the prototype these functions are associated with a self-adjoint T : E sub t is the spectral function of T, R sub lambda is its resolvent, and V sub s is the unitary group e to the minus is T. In another circumstance, as studied by M. A. Naimark and A. V. Strauss, E sub t is the generalized spectral function of a symmetric operator, and R sub lambda is its generalized resolvent. In still another case one identifies V sub s as a semigroup of contraction operators - here important theorems carry the names of E. Hille, K. Yosida, and B. Sz.-Nagy. It is our thesis that by systematically developing, on a suitable level of generality, the interrelations among operator-valued functions (E sub t, R sub lambda, V sub s), one finds a unified approach to various specializations, obtains new, brief, and transparent proofs of the known facts concerning them, and uncovers new relations previously unnoticed. (Author)
Isolation of juvenile hormone esterase and its partial cDNA clone from the beetle, Tenebrio molitor.

Juvenile hormone esterase (JHE) plays an essential role in insect development. It is partially responsible for the clearance of juvenile hormone (JH) which regulates various aspects of insect development and reproduction. Because of its role in regulating JH titer, this enzyme has been targeted for development of biologically-based insecticides. JHE was partially purified from the beetle, Tenebrio molitor, using a transition state analog as the affinity ligand. Two forms of JHE were characterized by activity analysis, isoelectric focusing, two-dimensional SDS‐PAGE and N-terminal sequence analysis. The esterase is associated with two proteins of sizes 71 and 150 kDa, both of which are active on JH III. A partial cDNA clone for the enzyme was isolated based on the sequence of N-terminal and internal peptides. Its sequence indicates that JHE from T. molitor and Heliothis virescens may have a common origin. © 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Current and future genetic screening for male infertility

Although much of male infertility is currently unexplained, it is likely that underlying defects in critical genes or entire gene pathways are responsible. Because powerful technologies exist to bypass severe male-factor infertility, improving the diagnosis of genetic infertility is important for the infertile couple, not only to explain the problem but also to inform them of conditions potentially transmissible to offspring.