cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of PCNA/cyclin immunohistochemistry with flow cytometric S-phase fraction in breast cancer.

Kinetic index determined by enumeration of neoplastic cells positive for proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in 70 breast carcinomas (avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase technique) was compared to synthesis-phase fraction (S-phase, or SPF) values obtained by flow cytometry (FCM) using a multiparametric, 2 color method (dual-label propidium iodide/cytokeratin-FITC). The percent PCNA positive tumor cells (12.5% mean, range 1–28%) was significantly greater in aneuploid tumors (14.2% mean, N=35) compared to diploid range tumors (10.7% mean, N=35) (p<0.05), and was correlated with SPF derived from ungated DNA histograms (12.5% mean ± 5.5%, r=0.45, p<0.001). Marginally stronger statistical correlations were observed between the PCNA index and SPF values calculated from cytokeratin-gated (15.8% mean, r=0.53, p<0.001) DNA histograms or from SPF values obtained following linear baseline debris subtraction (mean=8.1%, r=0.48, p<0.001). Significant associations were identified between PCNA index and prognostically important clinicopathologic parameters including nuclear grade (p=0.014), presence of necrosis (p=0.005), and angiolymphatic invasion (p=0.003). We conclude: 1) PCNA index is comparable to FCM SPF and correlates with factors of known prognostic importance in carcinoma of the breast; 2) baseline debris and contaminating events derived from non-epithelial cells both represent significant artifacts in proliferative fraction estimates derived from FCM DNA histograms; and 3) multiparametric analysis may represent one means of improving the specificity and clinical value of FCM SPF determinations.
Adrenal cortical tumor causing hirsutism without other evidence of virilization.

CASE HISTORY A well developed 28-year-old brunette female came to the Endocrine Clinic in 1947, complaining of an extreme degree of hirsutism of fourteen years' duration. The patient's ancestry was Indian, French and Spanish. Excessive hair on the face and abdomen was first noticed at the age of 12 years, and had increased since that time. On initial examination she was found to have profuse heterosexual hypertrichosis, the beard, axillary, pubic, and body hair being much more extensive than in the average male. In addition to the hirsutism, she also displayed a degree of muscular development which was considerably more than average. The patient's voice was feminine; her breasts were well developed; the clitoris was normal; and menstruation, which began at the age of 12 years, had always been regular. She had had one pregnancy with a spontaneous miscarriage at five months. She also stated that her libido was somewhat more than adequate. She was first seen in the Endocrine Clinic by Dr. L. E. Curtis, who o...
Annulation Reactions of Chiral Vinylsulfonium Salts with 2-Indolecarboxaldehyde

Abstract The preparation of the chiral uinylsulfonium salts 4, 5, and 6 is described. Their use in an annulation with 2-indolecarboxaldehyde and sodium azide proceeds to form the azido alcohol 2 with low asymmetic induction. These results represent an initial investigation of the asymmetric induction obtained from enantiomerically pure vinylsulfonium salts.
Diatom assemblages of the Cuyahoga river, N. E. Ohio (USA)

The Cuyahoga River is a heavily polluted tributary of Lake Erie located in N. E. Ohio (USA).
Polymatroids and mean-risk minimization in discrete optimization

We study discrete optimization problems with a submodular mean-risk minimization objective. For 0-1 problems a linear characterization of the convex lower envelope is given. For mixed 0-1 problems we derive an exponential class of conic quadratic valid inequalities. We report computational experiments on risk-averse capital budgeting problems with uncertain returns.
Do-not-resuscitate orders in the presurgical patient

Abstract Study Objective: To assess the policy and practice of anesthesiology departments in regard to their management of the presurgical do-not-resuscitate (DNR) patient. Design: Questionnaire distributed to the program directors of 156 accredited residency programs in anesthesiology in the contiguous United States. Setting: University hospital. Measurements and Main Results: One hundred twelve of the 156 accredited U.S. programs responded to the questionnaire. The majority (81%) of programs that have a DNR policy for the presurgical patient suspend the order prior to surgery. However, only 50% of the institutions responding have standing policies, and of those that do not, only 40% plan to initiate such a policy. Conclusions: The need for a written policy for the DNR patient undergoing surgery is exemplified by the low percentage of institutions that have existing policies.
On the Origin of Overstretching Transitions in Single- and Double-Stranded Nucleic Acids

We combined single-molecule force spectroscopy with nuclear magnetic resonance measurements and molecular mechanics simulations to examine overstretching transitions in single-stranded nucleic acids. In single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) there is a low-force transition that involves unwinding of the helical structure, along with base unstacking. We determined that the high-force transition that occurs in polydeoxyadenylic acid (ssDNA) is caused by the cooperative forced flipping of the dihedral angle formed between four atoms, O5'-C5'-C4'-C3' (γ torsion), in the nucleic acid backbone within the canonical B-type helix. The γ torsion also flips under force in A-type helices, where the helix is shorter and wider as compared to the B-type helix, but this transition is less cooperative than in the B-type and does not generate a high-force plateau in the force spectrums of A-type helices. We find that a similar high-force transition can be induced in polyadenylic acid (ssRNA) by urea, presumably due to disrupting the intramolecular hydrogen bonding in the backbone. We hypothesize that a pronounced high force transition observed for B-type helices of double stranded DNA (dsDNA) also involves a cooperative flip of the γ torsion. These observations suggest new fundamental relationships between the canonical structures of single- and double-stranded DNA and the mechanism of their molecular elasticity.
The Cytosolic Endopeptidase, Thimet Oligopeptidase, Destroys Antigenic Peptides and Limits the Extent of MHC Class I Antigen Presentation

Most antigenic peptides presented on MHC class I molecules are generated by proteasomes during protein breakdown. It is unknown whether these peptides are protected from destruction by cytosolic peptidases. In cytosolic extracts, most antigenic peptides are degraded by the metalloendopeptidase, thimet oligopeptidase (TOP). We therefore examined whether TOP destroys antigenic peptides in vivo. When TOP was overexpressed in cells, class I presentation of antigenic peptides was reduced. In contrast, TOP overexpression didn't reduce presentation of peptides generated in the endoplasmic reticulum or endosomes. Conversely, preventing TOP expression with siRNA enhanced presentation of antigenic peptides. TOP therefore plays an important role in vivo in degrading peptides released by proteasomes and is a significant factor limiting the extent of antigen presentation.
Zero-temperature properties of matter and the quantum theorem of corresponding states: The liquid-to-crystal phase transition for Fermi and Bose systems

The zero-temperature properties of matter with an interaction pair potential of the Lennard-Jones form are studied further within the context of the quantum theorem of corresponding states. In particular, the phase transition between the liquid and gaseous phases is studied for systems obeying either Bose-Einstein or Fermi-Dirac statistics. In contrast to well-known systems, the nature of this transition in these quantum systems depends on the statistics in a fundamental way. We find that it is illuminating to extend the usual thermodynamic variable space to include the corresponding-states quantum parameter $\ensuremath{\eta}=\frac{{\ensuremath{\hbar}}^{2}}{m\ensuremath{\epsilon}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{2}}$. It is shown that the phase transitions occur at zero temperature as $\ensuremath{\eta}$ is varied. For Bose systems it is found that a second-order liquid-to-gas transition occurs at a value of $\ensuremath{\eta}=0.456$. Thus, for Bose systems there is no coexistence region. In sharp contrast, for Fermi systems, there is a range of values of $\ensuremath{\eta}$ for which the liquid and gaseous phases can coexist. This coexistence region exists in the range $0.29\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\le}0.33$. The essential features of the behavior of both Bose and Fermi systems can be understood in terms of simple models. Detailed numerical results are presented for both cases.
The effect of microhabitat feeding site selection on aphid foraging and predation risk

Organisms attempt to optimize foraging by maximizing resource acquisition while minimizing predation risk. Aphids (group-living, phloem-feeding insects) routinely change feeding positions and interact with predators and parasites at the single-leaf scale. Here, we assess the life history and predation risk consequences of within-leaf feeding site choices in pea aphids in response to different natural enemies. First, three-chambered clip cages were used to isolate first instar aphids anterior and posterior to a centrally feeding adult on the underside of a single broad bean leaf. Development time to adulthood did not differ between feeding sites, nor did fecundity within the first 24 h of reproduction. Second, we recorded the frequency and latency of natural enemy attacks on aphids adhered to three leaf sites, matching those of the clip cage experiment, on the underside of a single leaf. Aphids feeding nearest the leaf petiole were at greatest risk of predation by a foliar foraging coccinellid predator, Hippodamia convergens, but not by a parasitoid wasp, Aphidius ervi. Thus, feeding nearer the leaf petiole provided no individual life history benefits and exposes the aphid to increased predation risk. We further discuss the notion that feeding at these sites may provide inclusive fitness benefits for colony mates via alarm signaling and subsequent decreased predation success.
Improving Lithium Batteries by Tethering Carbon-Coated LiFePO4 to Polypyrrole

The demand for rechargeable lithium batteries, which have ushered in the wireless revolution and have found a place in the hybrid electric vehicle, is rapidly expanding. Commercial use commonly requires high power, high energy density, and high rate capability. However, achieving a high capacity at a high charge/discharge rate has proven difficult. In this paper, we show a remarkable improvement in the rate capability and capacity of cathodes using carbon-coated LiFePO 4 by replacing the carbon plus Teflon additives with polypyrrole (PPy) bonded to the oxide particles by the carbon coat. An excellent charge/discharge performance at a rate as high as 10C, and even a 3 min (20C) charge, is demonstrated with a C-LiFePO 4 /PPy cathode containing 16 wt % PPy. Attaching a conductive polymer to an active oxide particle is a general strategy that also promises to enhance the rate capability of other cathode composites used in rechargeable lithium batteries.
Two-photon electronic spectra of nucleotides

Polarized two-photon fluorescence excitation spectra were obtained for the nucleotides TMP, CMP, GMP, and AMP in neutral aqueous room temperature solution (0.05M). The wavelength range was 400- 600 nm, corresponding to states reached with 200-300 nm single UV photons. INDO/S-CI predictions were carried out for the corresponding methyl bases, and were somewhat useful for the 260 nm bands with certain parameterizations. Theory failed to find the strong two-photon absorption seen below 450 nm, which may be of Rydberg origin.
Seabloom, R. with contributions by J. Hoganson and W. Jensen. 2011. Mammals of North Dakota. North Dakota Institute for Regional Studies, Fargo, North Dakota, 461 pp. ISBN 978-0-911042-74-0, price (paperback), $36.00

Seabloom, R. with contributions by J. Hoganson and W. Jensen. 2011. Mammals of North Dakota. North Dakota Institute for Regional Studies, Fargo, North Dakota, 461 pp. ISBN 978-0-911042-74-0, price (paperback), $36.00.
HANDS‐FREE, “POP‐UP,” ADHESIVE TAPE METHOD FOR MICROBIAL SAMPLING OF MEAT SURFACES

Microbial contamination of food is a concern to both food producers and consumers. For the food production industry surface sampling of foods is one of the simplest ways to monitor the microbial load. The objective of this experiment was to investigate the feasibility of using the less expensive and quicker “Pop-up” tape method instead of the conventional swab/rinse method for the microbial sampling of meat surfaces. An analyst can place the unit on the wrist and then use both hands to lay out all the necessary materials and take the sample with one hand. The “Pop-up” tape method was able to measure microbial loads up to 2.2 log CFU/cm2 on meat surfaces. The conventional swab/rinse method was able to measure up to 8.3 log CFU/cm2 on meat surfaces. The correlation coefficient (R) between the two methods was 0.91 (n=42). These data show that the “Pop-up” tape method is a viable alternative to other methods for estimating microbial surface contamination.
On the Bias in Estimates of Forecast Mean Squared Error

Abstract We examine the forecasting problem for a finite series of observations from either a nonseasonal or a seasonal autoregressive-moving average process. Four sources of bias in the usual estimator of forecast mean squared error are identified and analyzed for particular models using maximum likelihood and least squares parameter estimates. The usual estimator is found to be biased downwards, especially near the boundary of a stationary or invertible region, and the bias is severe for least squares estimators. An alternative estimator is proposed for the maximum likelihood case, which is shown generally to have reduced bias.
Replication-Defective Vector Based on a Chimpanzee Adenovirus

An adenovirus previously isolated from a mesenteric lymph node from a chimpanzee was fully sequenced and found to be similar in overall structure to human adenoviruses. The genome of this virus, called C68, is 36,521 bp in length and is most similar to subgroup E of human adenovirus, with 90% identity in most adenovirus type 4 open reading frames that have been sequenced. Substantial differences in the hexon hypervariable regions were noted between C68 and other known adenoviruses, including adenovirus type 4. Neutralizing antibodies to C68 were highly prevalent in sera from a population of chimpanzees, while sera from humans and rhesus monkeys failed to neutralize C68. Furthermore, infection with C68 was not neutralized from sera of mice immunized with human adenovirus serotypes 2, 4, 5, 7, and 12. A replication-defective version of C68 was created by replacing the E1a and E1b genes with a minigene cassette; this vector was efficiently transcomplemented by the E1 region of human adenovirus type 5. C68 vector transduced a number of human and murine cell lines. This nonhuman adenoviral vector is sufficiently similar to human serotypes to allow growth in 293 cells and transduction of cells expressing the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor. As it is dissimilar in regions such as the hexon hypervariable domains, C68 vector avoids significant cross-neutralization by sera directed against human serotypes.
Pie in the Sky vs. Meat and Potatoes: The Case of Sun Ship's Yard No. 4

In the spring of 1942, the Sun Shipbuilding and Drydock Company was gearing up for the most productive three years in its history. With the United States at war, the demand for transport ships would soon propel the Chester-based shipyard to a position of unmatched prominence in the industry ? a remarkable development for a concern that was originally conceived as a support subsidiary for its parent, the Sun Oil Company. Twenty-six years earlier, Joseph N. Pew, the younger of two brothers who oversaw the fortunes of Sun Oil, had suggested the creation of a shipyard to build tankers needed to carry the products of Sun's Marcus Hook (Pa.) refinery. He and his older brother J. Howard acquired the old Merchant's Shipyard, hired cousin John G. Pew as president, and began building tankers.1 By the end of 1943, Sun Ship boasted 35,000 employees, approximately half of whom were black. More than one third of the black employees worked in the company's No. 4 facility, a yard intended by the Pews to be staffed completely by black workers. Yard No. 4 presented blacks with another instance of a recurring dilemma : should they postpone the goal of full integration for the sake of economic improvement, or should they forgo the opportunity to improve their vocational expertise and economic condition for the ultimate goal of total equality in a fully integrated society ? Such a goal seemed, on the eve of the Second World War, nearly as remote as it had been at the close of the Civil War. Jim Crow ruled throughout the South. The North lacked Jim Crow laws, but
Determinants of the Left Atrial Pressure Pulse in Mitral Valve Disease

The difficulties of preoperative evaluation of patients with combinations of mitral stenosis and incompetence prompted analysis of the left atrial pressure pulse in a series of patients studied by left atrial puncture. Theoretic considerations indicate that similar pressure pulses may be produced by a variety of mitral valve lesions if the volume-pressure characteristics of the left atrium are appropriate. An explanation is offered for the differences found in the presence of mitral regurgitation.
SU‐FF‐I‐16: Volume‐Of‐Interest (VOI) Cone Beam CTwith Dual Resolution Image Acquisition

In this study, we investigate the feasibility of using VOI projection data acquired at high resolution in conjunction with full width projection data acquired at low resolution to reconstruct cone beam CTimages for the VOI. To simulate cone beam CT with dual resolution image acquisition, flat panel images of a mastectomy specimen, acquired in the non‐binning mode, were converted into low resolution full width projection data. High resolution VOI projection data were directly extracted from the original data. To prepare for reconstruction, the low resolution projection data were first interpolated, re‐sampled to fill in the truncated space outside the VOI. The dual resolution full width projection data, consisting of true high resolution data in the VOI and interpolated data outside the VOI, were then used to reconstruct the 3‐D image for the VOI. Reconstructed images obtained with dual resolution projection data were compared with those obtained with low resolution data and those obtained with high resolution data for the visibility of small calcifications. We have successfully demonstrated the use of dual resolution projection data for VOI cone beam CTimaging. While the low resolution full width projection data did not allow smaller calcifications to be seen in the reconstructed images, addition of high resolution projection data for the VOI only could make them visible. The use of interpolated low resolution projection data to pad the truncated space outside the VOI did not affect the spatial resolution of reconstructed images inside the VOI. With the dual resolution technique, it would be possible to selectively image a VOI at very high resolution without requiring excessively long acquisition and reconstruction or unnecessarily overexposing the patient outside the VOI. (This work was supported in part by a research grant CA104759 from the NCI and a research grant EB‐00117 from the NIBIB).
Morphometric analysis of pediatric and nonhyperplastic prostate glands: evidence that BPH is not a unique stromal process.

BACKGROUND Although quantitative morphometry of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) has been described, there is a paucity of information on the morphometry of the nonhyperplastic prostate. This study determines the histologic composition of prostates obtained from males, ages 2 days to 40 years, in order to provide insights into the morphometry of the “normal” gland. METHODS The histologic composition of 45 prostates was obtained from autopsies of males with age groups stratified to reflect the neonatal, childhood, peripubertal, adolescent, and young adult periods. Double immunoenzymatic staining and computer image analysis were used to determine the mean area densities of the smooth muscle (SM), connective tissue (CT), glandular epithelium (E), and lumen (L). RESULTS A progressive decrease in SM area density throughout childhood, prepuberty, and puberty was seen. The density of SM significantly increased following puberty and throughout adolescence and early adulthood. There was a concomitant increase in CT from the neonatal period throughout childhood, prepuberty, and puberty, and a decrease after puberty and throughout adolescence and early adulthood. Since the changes in SM and CT were inversely related, the percent contribution of the stromal compartment to the total gland remained constant. CONCLUSIONS The stromal to epithelial ratio remains constant from birth to age 40 in nonhyperplastic glands and is similar to the ratios in asymptomatic and symptomatic BPH tissues. Prostate 33:177–182, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Biliary and Pancreatic Stents: Complications and Management

Biliary and pancreatic stents are important advancements in therapeutic endoscopy. Plastic stents are used for variety of benign and malignant bile duct obstruction. Pancreatic plastic stents currently have a role in aiding difficult biliary cannulation of the bile duct and prevention of pancreatitis after pancreatic ductal intervention. Self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) are used for inoperable malignant biliary obstruction. Complications related to plastic stents are usually low, and in the event of stent occlusion and proximal stent migration, the stent is removed by either direct, indirect traction methods, or after stent cannulation. SEMS-related complication or malfunction is ideally managed with removal and replacement of a SEMS. It is easier to remove a covered SEMS. SEMS occlusion with sludge is managed with cleaning or, in the event of tumor ingrowth or overgrowth, placement of another SEMS. Incidence of acute cholecystitis is varied and is usually managed with aspiration of the gallbladder or cholecystostomy. The management of SEMS-related pancreatitis is conservative. Rare free perforations caused by distally migrated plastic stent are managed by surgery; however, contained peri Vaterian perforations in a stable patient are usually managed by conservative approach.
Sulfate anion free radical formation by the peroxidation of (Bi) sulfite and its reaction with hydroxyl radical scavengers

The one-electron oxidation of (bi)sulfite is catalyzed by peroxidases to yield the sulfur trioxide radical anion (SO3-), a predominantly sulfur-centered radical as shown by studies with 33S-labeled (bi)sulfite. This radical reacts with molecular oxygen to form a peroxyl radical. The subsequent reaction of this peroxyl radical with (bi)sulfite has been proposed to form the sulfate anion radical, which is nearly as strong an oxidant as the hydroxyl radical. We used the spin trapping electron spin resonance technique to provide for the first time direct evidence for sulfate anion radical formation during (bi)sulfite peroxidation. The sulfate anion radical is known to react with many compounds more commonly thought of as hydroxyl radical scavengers such as formate and ethanol. Free radicals derived from these scavengers are trapped in systems where (bi)sulfite peroxidation has been inhibited by these scavengers.
On identifiability in bilinear inverse problems

This paper considers identifiability and recoverability in bilinear inverse problems which is relevant to blind deconvolution and matrix factorization. It is shown that bilinear inverse problems can be posed as rank-1 matrix recovery problems subject to linear constraints. Sufficient conditions for identifiability are developed for the cases when rank-2 matrices are present in the null space of the linear operator. Signal recovery using the nuclear norm heuristic for rank-1 matrix recovery is considered and simple conditions for success are provided.
Cosmology without general relativity

Idealizations in cosmology with special theory of relativity - partitioned universe, microcosmic model, and similarity to Newtonian cosmology
NO 2 photometer based on solid-state light sources

A sensitive NO(2) analyzer, that uses a commercial LED emitting near 450 nm, has been developed. The prototype can measure NO(2) concentrations as low as 1 part in 10(9) as defined by the Environmental Protection Agency. The response time of the system is 1 min. In addition, a demonstration of the use of external-cavity frequency-doubled diode laser radiation to accomplish similar measurements is reported. However, because of low nonlinear optical conversion efficiencies, comparable detection limits were not possible. Nonetheless, frequency-doubled diode-laser wavelengths have the potential to reach farther into the UV than LED technology, allowing the detection and measurement of numerous other gaseous species of interest.
What is new in vitamin B12

[]IntroductionThe chemistry and physiology of vitamin B12 (cobalamin [cbl]), and the effects of its deficiency have been so well studied over the years, that it is often difficult to imagine that new information would be forthcoming. Although new information has been added each year, the past year h
Library Web site administration: A strategic planning model for the smaller academic library

Abstract Strategic planning provides a useful structure for creating and implementing library web sites. The planned integration of a library’s web site into its mission and objectives ensures that the library’s community of users will consider the web site one of the most important information tools the library offers.
Parallel restructuring and evaluation of expressions

Abstract In this paper we describe a boolean network of size O ( N 2 log N ) which accepts a fully parenthesized N -variable expression over a given semiring and produces its value in O (log N ) time. The network consists of two components: a preprocessor and a universal evaluator. The preprocessor computes the destinations of the expression terms and routes them to the correct input terminals of the universal evaluator.
Recombinant human transforming growth factor‐alpha stimulates in vitro colony formation of fresh human tumor specimens

Transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF alpha) is a low molecular weight peptide that has been implicated in an autocrine growth-stimulation of tumor cell lines in vitro. Although its mRNA has been detected in biopsies from human malignancies, the importance of an autocrine mechanism for the growth of human malignancies in vivo is unknown. The purpose of our study was to determine the effects of recombinant human TGF alpha (rhTGF alpha) on the in vitro growth of fresh human tumors using a capillary cloning system. Growth was detected in control capillaries in 17 of 47 specimens (36%) without rhTGF alpha. Further stimulation of 12 of these tumors with rhTGF alpha obtained a maximal effect at 0.1 to 1 microgram/ml. Stimulation by rhTGF alpha was concentration-dependent with some tumors showing a biphasic response. Eight of 22 specimens not showing colony formation in control capillaries were recruited to form colonies by rhTGF alpha (p less than 0.005). Responsiveness to rhTGF alpha varied among individual tumors. In control experiments, rhTGF alpha failed to stimulate colony formation in three low-passage fibroblast cell lines. Furthermore, three additional human tumor specimens with benign cytologic findings displayed no colony formation. We concluded that a subgroup of primary human tumors was sensitive to rhTGF alpha in vitro.
Methods of processing marrow samples may affect the frequency of detectable aneuploid cells.

Karyotypes were analyzed from 14 patients with various myeloproliferative disorders who had marrow samples processed directly and cultured in various ways. Eleven patients had acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) (seven patients) or a dysmyelopoietic syndrome (four patients). All of these patients were known to have an abnormal karyotype, and in each case, two samples of a bone marrow aspirate were available: one processed directly and another cultured for 24 hr. Five of the 11 patients had essentially the same proportion of abnormal cells in the direct and 24-hr samples; in five other patients, the percentage of aneuploid cells in the sample cultured for 24 hr was higher than that in the direct preparation. A higher percentage of aneuploid cells was observed in the direct preparation in only one case. In three other cases of ANLL, a marrow aspirate was cultured with methotrexate in addition to samples processed directly and after 24-hr culture; only two of these had an abnormal clone in any sample. The results of karyotype analysis differed in these two patients. The proportion of aneuploid cells was substantially higher in the methotrexate culture than in the 24-hr culture in one patient; in the other patinet, the 24-hr culture contained aneuploid cells, whereas the methotrexate culture showed none. Three of the 13 aneuploid patients would have been incorrectly classified as being karyotypically normal on the basis of the initial analysis of the direct preparation, since only a single abnormal cell was detected in each case. The karyotypic pattern in untreated patients with ANLL has prognostic significance; therefore, the method of processing marrow aspirates may substantially influence the degree of correlation between the karyotype and survival reported by different laboratories.
Output planning for material requirements under uncertainty

Abstract This paper considers a production planning and control system requiring that, for each work station, a time-phased series of input and output values be estimated. It is assumed that the projected input levels can vary significantly across time periods and that anticipated output levels can be determined by management, subject to limits specified by available manpower and subcontracting. The actual input and output levels for each period depart from the planned levels according to a probability distribution determined empirically. An approach is presented that allows management to evaluate a chosen set of output levels to determine the probability that sufficient amounts of work will be available at a work station each period.
On the Cryogenic RF Linearity of SiGe HBTs in a Fourth-Generation 90-nm SiGe BiCMOS Technology

Large-signal ( $P_{\rm 1\,dB}$ ) and small-signal (OIP3) radio frequency (RF) linearities of silicon-germanium (SiGe) heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) fabricated in a new fourth-generation 90-nm SiGe BiCMOS technology operating at cryogenic temperatures are investigated. The SiGe BiCMOS process technology has an $f_{T}$ / $f_{\rm max}$ of 300/350 GHz. SiGe HBTs with two different layout configurations, collector-base-emitter (CBE) and CBE-base-collector (CBEBC), were characterized over temperature. Both dc and ac figures-of-merit are presented to aid in understanding the linearity, and to provide an overall performance comparison between the two layout configurations. The extracted peak $f_{T}$ / $f_{\rm max}$ for CBE and CBEBC at 78 K are 387/350 and 420/410 GHz, respectively. The $P_{\rm 1\,dB}$ and OIP3 linearity metrics for both configurations are comparable. Source- and load-pull measurements were performed at each temperature at 8 and 18 GHz, with the devices biased at a $J_{C}$ of 18 mA/ $\mu \text{m}^{2}$ . Two-tone measurements over bias were also performed at 300 and 78 K with 50- $\Omega $ terminations for the source and load impedances. The 50 $\Omega $ results follow a similar response to the source- and load-pull measurements at 300 and 78 K, and demonstrate that the small-signal linearity of the SiGe HBTs is not adversely impacted by operation at cryogenic temperatures. The CBEBC configuration demonstrated the most consistent RF linearity performance at cryogenic temperature out of the two layout options.
Voltage-gated ion channels in schwann cells and glia

In the past decade, particularly its last half, it has become clear that the satellite cells of the nervous system (oligodendrocytes and astrocytes in the CNS, Schwann cells in the PNS) are liberally endowed with a vast array of voltage-gated ion channels. These original observations of the various channel types have been followed by the elucidation in considerable detail of the electrophysiological characteristics of the channels. Virtually all of the types of voltage-gated channel found in neurons have now also been found in the various populations of satellite cells. In spite of this, the intriguing questions concerning the physiological function of these channels remain to be fully elucidated.
The Use of CAI to Enhance Human Interaction in the Learning of Deductive Proof Construction.

It is unfortunate that most forms of CAI either decrease or replace student-teacher interaction and rarely promote student-student interaction in a deliberate fashion. The project described here, however, aims at improving human interaction in a deductive logic course via the use of a proof-checking computer program. This program supports analyses of student performance which guide in-class instruction on a real-time basis. It is a widely held belief that individualization promotes effectiveness in teaching and that CAI promotes individualization. Some questions are raised about these beliefs, and the conclusion drawn is that the prospects for a computer technology that enhances rather than diminishes human interaction should be more vigorously explored. Ultimately, the efforts reported here are intended to show that the use of computers in education need not constitute a form of separating teachers from their students, but rather can provide information concerning student needs and can supply opportunities for addressing those needs both within and outside the classroom.
Perfluorobutane sulfonic acid hydration and interactions with O2 adsorbed on Pt3

The side chain of NAFION, a proton conductive membrane used as electrolyte in low-temperature fuel cells, is modeled with perfluorobutane sulfonic acid. Density functional theory is used to characterize structures and energetics of hydration of the model system interacting with a proton solvated with up to 24 water molecules and analyze interactions of some of these hydrated complexes with O2 adsorbed on Pt3. It is found that at least three water molecules are needed to ionize the sulfonic acid, and higher degrees of hydration induce the formation of cages where the water molecules are held together via complex hydrogen-bond networks. The interaction between the complex formed by the ionized acid and the hydrated proton, in contact with a bridge-adsorbed O2−Pt3, promotes the protonation of the adsorbed O2. Upon protonation, the O2−Pt3 system evolves from hydrophobic to hydrophilic behavior, which may facilitate further interfacial contact.
Tunable lumped-element notch filter with constant bandwidth

A varactor-tuned first-order (two-resonator) lumped-element absorptive notch filter with tunable operating frequency and constant absolute bandwidth has been introduced, along with an approach to its design. To reduce signal voltage across individual varactors, it is suggested to add additional pairs of stacked varactors in parallel, rather than in series as advised in [8]. A cascade of three first-order sub-circuits is used to make a third-order filter with useful levels of frequency selectivity and stopband bandwidth and attenuation, with a wide tuning range, and with constant −30dB and −3dB bandwidths. Filters of this type are expected to find use in miniature low-power receivers that must function in dynamic operating environments that may have relatively large narrowband interference.
The contexts of adolescents' chronic life stressors

Proposed and tested a model of the determinants of adolescents' chronic life stressors, consisting of sociodemographic, personal, and contextual stress and coping factors, using baseline and 1-year follow-up data from 259 adolescents who varied in their psychological and physical health. Concurrent regression analyses at Time 1 and at Time 2, and longitudinal regressions that controlled for the levels of chronic stressors 1 year earlier, showed that sociodemographic, personal, and contextual factors each made a significant contribution to predicting adolescents' ongoing stressors with their mother, father, siblings friends and classmates and teachers at school. Personal factors of an emotional temperament and low perceived self-worth, and contextual factors of more negative life events and fewer social resources, were related to more chronic stressors. Suggestions for further development of the model are discussed.
SuperScan™: Customized wafer dose patterning

Deliberately non-uniform dose implants are used in the industry to improve device performance across the wafer by compensating for non-uniformities introduced by process steps other than implantation. Varian ion implanters have offered this SuperScan™ capability for close to ten years [1–3]. Recent developments in SuperScan on Varian mid-current implanters significantly expand the ability to deliver virtually any desired dose pattern to wafer. This is accomplished by the introduction of new algorithms allowing custom dose delivery for any scan line and is enabled by the development of an enhanced dose controller and two-dimensional beam profiler. SuperScan 3 is capable of producing centered and off-center patterns without the need for wafer rotation with a zone dose ratio as high as 7∶1 while maintaining excellent dose accuracy and uniformity within the different zones.
Automated extraction of precise protein expression patterns in lymphoma by text mining abstracts of immunohistochemical studies

Background: In general, surgical pathology reviews report protein expression by tumors in a semi-quantitative manner, that is, -, -/+, +/-, +. At the same time, the experimental pathology literature provides multiple examples of precise expression levels determined by immunohistochemical (IHC) tissue examination of populations of tumors. Natural language processing (NLP) techniques enable the automated extraction of such information through text mining. We propose establishing a database linking quantitative protein expression levels with specific tumor classifications through NLP. Materials and Methods: Our method takes advantage of typical forms of representing experimental findings in terms of percentages of protein expression manifest by the tumor population under study. Characteristically, percentages are represented straightforwardly with the % symbol or as the number of positive findings of the total population. Such text is readily recognized using regular expressions and templates permitting extraction of sentences containing these forms for further analysis using grammatical structures and rule-based algorithms. Results: Our pilot study is limited to the extraction of such information related to lymphomas. We achieved a satisfactory level of retrieval as reflected in scores of 69.91% precision and 57.25% recall with an F -score of 62.95%. In addition, we demonstrate the utility of a web-based curation tool for confirming and correcting our findings. Conclusions: The experimental pathology literature represents a rich source of pathobiological information, which has been relatively underutilized. There has been a combinatorial explosion of knowledge within the pathology domain as represented by increasing numbers of immunophenotypes and disease subclassifications. NLP techniques support practical text mining techniques for extracting this knowledge and organizing it in forms appropriate for pathology decision support systems.
Water Pollution: Organic Compounds in the Charles River, Boston

The major lipophilic organic compounds present in water collected during November and December 1971 from the Charles River Basin (Boston) are as follows: normal alkanes (C15 to C31), alkyl naphthalenes, alkyl anthracenes or phenanthrenes, pyrene, fluoranthene, dibutyl phthalate, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. The concentration of the naphthalenes (determined by liquid chromatography) correlates with the effective storm-water runoff content of the river. These data suggest a multiplicity of sources ranging from indigenous biological materials to automobile exhaust condensate.
A Locally Adaptive Regularization Based on Anisotropic Diffusion for Deformable Image Registration of Sliding Organs

We propose a deformable image registration algorithm that uses anisotropic smoothing for regularization to find correspondences between images of sliding organs. In particular, we apply the method for respiratory motion estimation in longitudinal thoracic and abdominal computed tomography scans. The algorithm uses locally adaptive diffusion tensors to determine the direction and magnitude with which to smooth the components of the displacement field that are normal and tangential to an expected sliding boundary. Validation was performed using synthetic, phantom, and 14 clinical datasets, including the publicly available DIR-Lab dataset. We show that motion discontinuities caused by sliding can be effectively recovered, unlike conventional regularizations that enforce globally smooth motion. In the clinical datasets, target registration error showed improved accuracy for lung landmarks compared to the diffusive regularization. We also present a generalization of our algorithm to other sliding geometries, including sliding tubes (e.g., needles sliding through tissue, or contrast agent flowing through a vessel). Potential clinical applications of this method include longitudinal change detection and radiotherapy for lung or abdominal tumours, especially those near the chest or abdominal wall.
Genetic techniques appropriate for the biotechnological exploitation of cyanobacteria

A large collection of genetic tools are available for those who wish to manipulate laboratory strains of cyanobacteria. These tools have not yet been applied to strains that might be used for more practical ends. Applications in which a natural ability of a cyanobacterial strain is exploited would require different genetic tools than those in which a cyanobacterial strain is called upon to produce a foreign product. DNA can be transferred into cyanobacteria by three methods: transformation, conjugation, and electroporation. With each, efficiency is greatly affected by restriction enzymes within the recipient cyanobacterium. Transferred DNA may be propagated in the recipient strain if carried on a replicating plasmid or if integrated into the host chromosome. Different means of integration offer different advantages. Methods are available to increase and control the expression of genes of interest. These genetic tools are discussed with reference to specific problems that might be faced in the exploitation of cyanobacteria.
Retention of Ascorbic Acid and Total Carotene in Solar Dried Vegetables

Four vegetables (African spinach, cow pea, sweet potato, and cassava leaves) were dried in the open sunshine and in enclosed convectional solar driers with and without shade provision. Total carotene and ascorbic acid content in the fresh leaves and in leaves dried under the three drying conditions were assayed. The study showed that maximum retention of the two vitamins is obtained by drying vegetables in enclosed solar drier with shade. Direct sun exposure of vegetables as often practiced in the tropics resulted in marginal retention of the two vitamins.
The Sub- and Super-Equivalence Method of Isotope Dilution Analysis

The basic concept, application-possibilities and examples of using of the sub- and super-equivalence method of isotope dilution analysis are described.
Atomic Force Microscopy Analysis of Nanocrystalline Patterns Fabricated Using Micromolding in Capillaries

A cost-effective, hands-on laboratory exercise is described for demonstrating nanoscale fabrication at non-research-based educational institutions. The laboratory exercise also contains a component involving qualitative and quantitative surface characterization of student-fabricated nanoscale structures at institutions with on-site access to an atomic force microscope or access via another facility. The applicability of this laboratory exercise was demonstrated in a nanotechnology instrumentation course.
Semiempirical formula for the magnetization versus magnetic field and temperature applicable to dilute paramagnetic alloys

Abstract A simple, semiempirical formula for the magnetization versus H and T is presented. This formula fits the magnetic properties of a wide variety of alloy systems.
Glucocorticoid inhibition of 235-1 rat pituitary tumor cell cycle progression

Control of the cell cycle is accomplished by sequentially activated cyclin-dependent kinases and the action of inhibitory proteins. We have shown that exposure of 235-1 rat pituitary tumor cells to dexamethasone (DEX) leads to a 50% reduction in growth rate. We examined the mechanism by which DEX affects 235-1 cell proliferation by determining the expression levels of proteins involved in cell-cycle progression. The expression of the G1 markers c-Myc and cyclin D3 were unaffected by DEX treatment. Levels of retinoblastoma family proteins p107 and p116 Rb were not altered. The levels of p130/Rb2 were increased by DEX within 36 h of initiating treatment. Additionally, a higher-mobility Rb2-related protein appeared within 24 h and was further increased in DEX-treated cells by 36 h. We also observed reduced levels of M-phase proteins, Cdc2 kinase, and cyclin B in DEX-treated cells. These changes occurred prior to the reduction in cell numbers and thus may represent causative factors. Our data suggest that DEX induces a late G1 block in 235-1 cell-cycle passage, accompanied by a reduction in the levels of the regulatory proteins required for passage through subsequent phases of the cell cycle.
Fratura de refratários

A fratura de refratarios e considerada sob o ponto de vista tradicional de resistencia mecânica alem da perspectiva da mecânica da fratura. Resistencia mecânica e tenacidade a fratura sao relacionadas por meio do tamanho dos agregados em refratarios, o que ilustra a importância dos aspectos microestruturais dos agregados refratarios na resistencia. O metodo de analise da integral-J e a tecnica experimental da separacao de cunha (wedge-spliting) sao revisados devido ao fato destes serem convenientes para explicar o carater nao-linear da curva forca-deslocamento para refratarios. Este ultimo aspecto e associado ao conceito de curva-R crescente, que e discutido sob o ponto de vista fenomenologico. Curvas-R crescentes estao diretamente relacionadas ao agregado refratario atraves dos mecanismos de tenacidade que sao ativos na zona de processo de trinca, tanto na frente como atras da trinca em propagacao. Os processos de tenacificacao de refratarios sao responsaveis pelas regioes nao-lineares das curvas ou diagramas de tensao-deformacao e forca-deslocamento e das curvas-R crescentes. O dano por choque termico, originalmente apresentado sob o ponto de vista convencional de resistencia mecânica e abrangido no conceito de curva-R crescente. Concluiu-se que a natureza dos agregados de refratarios, bem como seu tamanho e distribuicao, tem importância decisiva no fenomeno de fratura em refratarios. Isso e devido ao papel crucial que agregados assumem na regiao de propagacao da trinca. A distribuicao do agregado deve ser o foco do arranjo microestrutural para melhores caracteristicas de fratura, quando todos os outros fatores sao de igual importância ao refratario como um todo.