cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The location and shape of the magnetopause

Abstract In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review on the development of magnetopause location research over the past four decades, starting from John R. Spreiter's early fundamental work on the shape of the magnetopause as a function of dipole tilt angle. Several 2-D empirical magnetopause location models were developed later using in situ magnetopause crossings mainly from low-latitude satellites under an assumption of axisymmetry of the magnetopause shape to the Sun-Earth line. As more magnetopause crossings at higher latitudes and in the distant tail were obtained from space missions, interest in the 3-D shape of the magnetopause, including the high-latitude magnetopause and magnetotail cross section, is growing. Increasing computer power has made 3-D numerical modeling and artificial neutral network technique more efficient to derive the global magnetopause shape and its dependence on solar wind conditions. Presently, the magnetopause location has been modeled as functions of the solar wind dynamic pressure and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) B z . Some evidence has shown that magnetopause erosion saturates when the southward IMF is extremely strong.
Metalloantimalarials: Targeting of P. falciparum Strains with Novel Iron(III) and Gallium(III) Complexes of an Amine Phenol Ligand

Emergence of chloroquine (CQ)-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains necessitates discovery of potent and inexpensive antimalarial drugs. The high cost of new drugs negatively impacts their access and distribution in the regions of the world with scarce economic resources. While exploring structure−activity relationships, using gallium(III) as a surrogate marker for iron(III), we found cationic, and moderately hydrophobic, compounds, [{1,12-bis(2-hydroxy-3-ethyl-benzyl)-1,5,8,12-tetraazadodecane}metal(III)]+ (metal = Fe(III) and Ga(III); [Fe-3-Eadd]+, 3; [Ga-3-Eadd]+, 4), that possessed antimalarial activity. Crystal structure analyses revealed octahedral geometry for these complexes. The RP-HPLC analysis, after incubation in PBS or HEPES buffer (pH 7.4) at 37 °C for 3 days, detected only parental compounds thereby providing evidence for stability under physiological conditions. Both 3 and 4 demonstrated promising half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of ∼80 and 86 nM in the CQ-sensitive HB...
InAs quantum dot growth using bismuth as a surfactant for optoelectronic applications

We report the use of a bismuth surfactant to increase self-assembled InAs quantum dot emission intensity, decrease the linewidth, and extend the emission wavelength with increasing InAs deposition, without the concomitant loss of dot density.
Cloning and Nucleotide Sequence of a Full-length cDNA Encoding Ascaris suum Malic Enzyme

Abstract The nucleotide sequence of a full-length cDNA encoding NAD + -malic enzyme from the parasitic nematode Ascaris suum was determined. The entire sequence of 2269 bases comprises a 5′-leader, a single open reading frame of 1851 bases, and the complete 3′-noncoding region of 340 bases. The first 12 amino acids of the translated sequence are hydrophobic, typical of mitochondrial translocation signals, and do not appear in the purified mature protein. The mature protein contains 605 amino acids and has a molecular mass of 68,478 Da. The amino acid sequences of tryptic peptides from the purified protein and also the N-terminal sequence show excellent correspondence with the translated nucleotide sequence. Comparison of the amino acid sequence of the ascarid protein with the human and rat liver NAD + -malic enzymes reveals highly conserved regions interrupted with long stretches of lesser homologous sequences. Structural motifs such as the putative nucleotide binding domains and also the malate binding site are clearly identified by alignment of the three protein sequences.
Separation of corotating nucleon fluxes from solar flare fluxes by radial gradients and nuclear composition.

Heliocentric radial gradients in the radial range 0.46--2.2 AU for protons and helium in the energy range approx.0.5--1.8 MeV per nucleon were determined for corotating enhanced nucleon fluxes associated with long-lived high-speed solar wind streams and, separately, for directly injected solar flare nuclei. From these gradients and the observed magnetic rigidity independence of the abundance ratio H/He (approx.19 +- 5) with heliocentric radius and longitude, it is concluded that flare-accelerated nuclei are not the source of the recurring enhanced nucleon fluxes. Inward propagation by diffusion of nucleons assumed to be accelerated beyond 1 AU (a model which has also been invoked by Marshall and Stone to explain anisotropic flow of nuclei at 1 AU) can account for the observed gradients and composition.
Wet ethanol in HCCI engines with exhaust heat recovery to improve the energy balance of ethanol fuels

Abstract This study explores the use of wet ethanol as a fuel for HCCI engines while using exhaust heat recovery to provide the high input energy required for igniting wet ethanol. Experiments were conducted on a 4-cylinder Volkswagen engine modified for HCCI operation and retrofitted with an exhaust gas heat exchanger connected to one cylinder. Tested fuel blends ranged from 100% ethanol to 80% ethanol by volume, with the balance being water. These blends are directly formed in the process of ethanol production from biomass. Comprehensive data was collected for operating conditions ranging from intake pressures of 1.4–2.0 bar and equivalence ratios from 0.25 to 0.55. The heat exchanger was used to preheat the intake air allowing HCCI combustion without electrical air heating. The results suggest that the best operating conditions for the HCCI engine and heat exchanger system in terms of high power output, low ringing, and low nitrogen oxide emissions occur with high intake pressures, high equivalence ratios, and highly delayed combustion timings. Removing the final 20% of water from ethanol is a major energy sink. The results of this study show that HCCI engines can use ethanol fuels with up to 20% water while maintaining favorable operating conditions. This can remove the need for the most energy-intensive portion of the water removal process.
Cation Effect on the Electrochemical Formation of Very High Aspect Ratio TiO2 Nanotube Arrays in Formamide−Water Mixtures

Highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays are of considerable interest for their use as gas sensors, materials for water photoelectrolysis, and as photoanodes in dye sensitized solar cells. For example, under UV illumination highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays ≈35 μm in length achieve a light-to-chemical energy photoconversion efficiency of 16.25% [M. Paulose et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 110, 16179−16184]. It is now well-established that the properties of the nanotube arrays are dependent upon their specific architecture, including nanotube array length, wall thickness, pore diameter, and tube-to-tube spacing. In this work we investigate the effect of five different cationic species on the formation of TiO2 nanotube arrays by potentiostatic anodization of titanium in formamide−water mixtures containing fluoride ions. We find the cation choice to be a key parameter influencing both the nanotube growth rate and resulting nanotube length. The length and aspect ratio of the nanotubes increases with increasing cat...
William James and Symbolic Interactionism

Central themes of the symbolic interactionist perspective are identified, and the relationships among such pioneers of this tradition as James, Cooley, Mead, and Dewey are briefly described. It is suggested that James's framework for self theory fits quite well with recent work by both proponents and critics of symbolic interactionism, although his view of the linkage of self to society provides only a small beginning for later work in this area.
Resonance mode hopping and the stage I annealing of metals

Abstract The diffusion of heavy particles and their associated resonance modes through solids is discussed and attention is focussed on the specific example of the self-interstitial in f.c.c. metals. We show why classical diffusion ideas retain a considerable validity despite the fact that typical temperatures for recovery of radiation damage may be about 0.1 to 0.2 of the Debye temperature of the host lattice.
A New Power-Efficient Scheme to Deliver Time-Sensitive Data in Sensor Networks

We present a power-efficient scheme to deliver time sensitive data packets in sensor networks. Data generated by sensors are frequently time sensitive in applications such as hazard monitoring systems, traffic controlling systems and battlefield commanding systems. Such data are associated with end-to-end deadlines, within which they must reach the base station. We make two contributions in this work. First, we propose a novel load-balanced routing scheme that distributes data packets evenly among the nodes relaying data towards the base station, avoiding bottlenecks and increasing the likelihood that packets will meet their deadlines. Second, we propose a method of grouping smaller packets into larger ones by delaying data transmissions at the relaying nodes whenever slack times are positive. Our packet grouping scheme significantly reduces packet transmissions, reduces congestion, and saves power in the sensor network. We verify the effectiveness of our approach through extensive simulations using the ns-2 simulation package.
Selective feeding and foreign plastid retention in an Antarctic dinoflagellate.

The peridinin-containing plastid found in most photosynthetic dinoflagellates is thought to have been replaced in a few lineages by plastids of chlorophyte, diatom, or haptophyte origin. Other distinct lineages of phagotrophic dinoflagellates retain functional plastids obtained from algal prey for different durations and with varying source species specificity. 18S rRNA gene sequence analyses have placed a novel gymnodinoid dinoflagellate isolated from the Ross Sea (RSD) in the Kareniaceae, a family of dinoflagellates with permanent plastids of haptophyte origin. In contrast to other species in this family, the RSD contains kleptoplastids sequestered from its prey, Phaeocystis antarctica. Culture experiments were employed to determine whether the RSD fed selectively on P. antarctica when offered in combination with another polar haptophyte or cryptophyte species, and whether the RSD, isolated from its prey and starved, would take up plastids from P. antarctica or from other polar haptophyte or cryptophyte species. Evidence was obtained for selective feeding on P. antarctica, plastid uptake from P. antarctica, and increased RSD growth in the presence of P. antarctica. The presence of a peduncle-like structure in the RSD suggests that kleptoplasts are obtained by myzocytosis. RSD cells incubated without P. antarctica were capable of survival for at least 29.5 months. This remarkable longevity of the RSD's kleptoplasts and its species specificity for prey and plastid source is consistent with its prolonged co-evolution with P. antarctica. It may also reflect the presence of a plastid protein import mechanism and genes transferred to the dinokaryon from a lost permanent haptophyte plastid.
Effect of erythropoietin on glucose utilization by bone marrow cells

Abstract In vitro studies show that bone marrow cells of rats possess an active hexose monophosphate shunt (HMP), with the greater portion of glucose oxidized via this pathway. Erythropoietin stimulates this process both in vivo and in vitro . The enhancement of the HMP of bone marrow by erythropoieten may represent a primary effect of the hormone, providing precursors necessary for the augmented synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins in the differentiating cells.
Use of a continuous glucose monitor in the management of inoperable metastatic insulinoma: a case report.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the successful use of a continuous glucose monitor in the management of a patient with inoperable metastatic insulinoma. Methods We present a case of inoperable recurrent metastatic insulinoma in which medical therapy failed to relieve symptoms of dangerous hypoglycemia. We describe how the use of a continuous glucose monitor has assisted in avoiding hypoglycemia and improving her quality of life. Results A 70-year-old woman with a history of recurrent surgically treated insulinoma presented with recurrent hypoglycemia secondary to multiple metastases in the liver. Diazoxide therapy decreased the frequency of symptoms, but she continued to have hypoglycemic episodes resulting in frequent visits to the emergency department. Since starting to use a continuous glucose monitor, she has been able to avoid hypoglycemia with associated neuroglycopenic symptoms. While the accuracy of the device was poor when compared with conventional fingerstick monitors, the sensor tended to read higher than the meter in the hypoglycemic range. Although this led to more frequent false-positive hypoglycemic alarms, true episodes of severe hypoglycemia were rare. Conclusions Malignant insulinomas are rare tumors. Many affected patients have disease that is unresectable, and medical therapy is limited in its ability to prevent hypoglycemic episodes. We have demonstrated that a continuous glucose monitor can be a useful adjunct to therapy to reduce hypoglycemic episodes by alerting the patient to low glucose concentrations before the development of neuroglycopenic symptoms. (Endocr Pract. 2008;14:880-883)
Automating Data Manipulation for Genetic Analysis Using a Data Base Management System

Inefficient coding and manipulation of pedigree data have often hindered the progress of genetic studies. In this paper we present the methodology for interfacing a data base management system (DBMS) called MEGADATS with a linkage analysis program called LIPED. Two families that segregate a dominant trait and one test marker were used in a simulated exercise to demonstrate how a DBMS can be used to automate tedious clerical steps and improve the efficiency of a genetic analysis. The merits of this approach to data management are discussed. We conclude that a standardized format for genetic analysis programs would greatly facilitate data analysis.
Visual Rhetoric and the Promotion of Scientific Ideas: The Strange Case of the Prion

In the field that investigates infectious brain diseases such as mad cow disease, the verbal and visual packaging of scientific visuals associated with identifying the agent, prion, its processes, and structure served the community ritual of establishing belief in a highly unorthodox phenomenon. Visual promotion fed into cultural expectations of single agents and simple processes, even though the actual agency and disease process have proven highly complex and perhaps unknowable.
Two-Dimensional Monte Carlo Simulation and Beyond: A Comparison of Several Probabilistic Risk Assessment Methods Applied to a Superfund Site

Four different probabilistic risk assessment methods were compared using the data from the Sangamo Weston/Lake Hartwell Superfund site. These were one-dimensional Monte Carlo, two-dimensional Monte Carlo considering uncertainty in the concentration term, two-dimensional Monte Carlo considering uncertainty in ingestion rate, and microexposure event analysis. Estimated high-end risks ranged from 2.0×10−4 to 3.3×10−3. Microexposure event analysis produced a lower risk estimate than any of the other methods due to incorporation of time-dependent changes in the concentration term.
Determinants of success of color-flow duplex-guided compression repair of femoral pseudoaneurysms

Background. Ultrasonography-guided compression repair is reported to be effective therapy for femoral pseudoaneurysms that develop after catheterization procedures. This study summarizes our experience with color-flow duplex-guided repair of these lesions. Methods. A retrospective chart review of all patients who underwent this procedure was undertaken, with statistical analysis to identify factors associated with success. Results. Compression repair of 69 pseudoaneurysms was attempted. Pseudoaneurysms developed after therapeutic catheterization in 48 patients and after diagnostic procedures in 21. Sites of arterial functure were the common femoral artery in 59 patients and the superficial femoral or profunda femoris arteries in 10. Diameters of the pseudoaneurysms ranged from 3 to 60 mm (mean, 28 mm). Compression was attempted at a mean of 5 days (range, 1 to 21 days) after catheterization. Compression produced complete thrombosis of the pseudoaneurysm at the initial attempt in 43 (62%) of 69 patients. With repeated attempts the ultimate success was 47 (68%) of 69. Success was achieved in 44 (75%) of 59 common femoral pseudoaneurysms but in only 3 (30%) of 10 superficial femoral or profunda femoris lesions (p=0.009). Anticoagulation, sheath size, pseudoaneurysm chamber size, and time between catheterization and compression were not significantly different between lesions that were successfully compressed and those that were not. No ischemic or embolic complications were observed. Conclusions. Color-flow duplex-guided compression repair can be safely attempted as the initial therapy for all uncomplicated pseudoaneurysms arising from the common femoral artery after catheterization, with the expectation of success in most.
Transmural migration of gastrostomy tube retention discs.

Accidental dislodgment is one of the most frequent causes of avoidable cost and consternation related to gastrostomy tubes. The Sacks–Vine gastrostomy tube, inserted in an antegrade fashion by a percutaneous technique, is extremely stable due to the construction of its disc retention device. However, transmural migration of the retention disc is a known severe delayed complication associated with this tube. To review the presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of transmural migration of gastrostomy retention discs, to propose a mechanism for the progressive development of this complication, and to recommend a method for preventing its occurrence. From January 1991 to October 1999, pediatric interventional radiologists at two children’s hospitals performed 300 antegrade gastrostomy and gastrojejunostomy primary insertion procedures. A “push–pull” variation of the antegrade approach used for 44 of these insertions is excluded from further analysis. Of the remaining 256 procedures, 5 boys and 3 girls with a mean age of 5.1 years (range 0.8–19 years) were identified from review of the prospectively gathered procedural database with significant complications related to the disc retention component of their gastrostomy tubes. A retrospective analysis was conducted of their medical records, diagnostic imaging, and interventional and surgical findings. Transmural migration was diagnosed on average 36 months after insertion (16–48 months). The diagnosis was made incidentally during endoscopy (n=1) or fluoroscopy (n=5) in six asymptomatic patients, and during barium enema to explore feculent vomiting and halitosis in two symptomatic patients. Migration of the retention disc fell along a continuum from intramural (n=4) to transmural and intracolonic (n=4), with gastric mucosal erosion, extensive granulation and inflammation in all eight patients. Although there was no evidence of free air in any patient, a gastrocolic fistula was demonstrated in four patients and a gastrocolocutaneous fistula in two of four patients with complete transmural migration. Surgical resection of the disc, gastrostomy, and fistula repair if needed was successfully performed in all patients. Gastrostomy tubes with an internal retention disc are at risk for progressive disc migration into and through the gastric wall, resulting in irretrievable fixation and potential fistula formation. This severe delayed complication results from prolonged traction on the retention disc. Transmural migration may be avoided through improved tube care education, daily disc mobilization, and earlier disc retrieval.
Generating multivariate data from nonnormal distributions: Mihal and Barrett revisited

An algorithm described by Graybill (1969) factors a population correlation matrix, R, into an upper and lower triangular matrix, T and T′, such that R=T′T. The matrix T is used to generate multivariate data sets from a multinormal distribution. When this algorithm is used to generate data for nonnormal distributions, however, the sample correlations are systematically biased downward. We describe an iterative technique that removes this bias by adjusting the initial correlation matrix. R, factored by the Graybill algorithm. The method is illustrated by simulating a multivariate study by Mihal and Barrett (1976). Large-N simulations indicate that the iterative technique works: multivariate data sets generated with this approach successfully model both the univariate distributions of the individual variables and their multivariate structure (as assessed by intercorrelation and regression analyses).
Austerity as ideology: A reply to my critics

In this reply to Peck, Jabko, Thompson and Streek I seek to highlight the importance of the idea of austerity as driving policy rather than the more material factors that they stress. In particular, I question whether political opportunism, bond market demands for austerity or the greater crisis of growth of the Western economies are really driving events.
Examples and Counterexamples for Huygens Principle in Premixed Combustion

A model involving a scalar reaction-diffusion equation with piecewise linear reaction rates and linear incompressible flow fields is developed to study the validity of Huygens principle at large scales in premixed combustion. This model includes both dependence on the reaction term and the velocity field. For plane fronts aligned with the direction of expansive strain and KPP regime, theory predicts strong violation of Huygens principle chemistry, and this is shown to persist in dramatic fashion throughout the ZFK regime, even at high activation energies. If the front is aligned with a direction of compressive strain, Huygens principle yields an excellent approximation with ZFK chemistry. For a more general rotating strain flow with ZFK chemistry, the Huygens principle significantly underpredicts the large scale flame propagation velocity in consistent fashion with the example involving expansive strain. For backward reactions or at the boundary of the ZFK regime, Huygens principle is always excellent for...
Excessive fluid intake as a cause of chronic diarrhea in young children.

An increased incidence of chronic nonspecific diarrhea has been coincident with popularization oforally administered fluid-electrolyte therapy for management of diarrhea, and led up to postulate than an increase in fluid intake might be related to this increased incidence. Of 105 referred patients, 85 were found to have no clinical or laboratory evidence of malabsorption. Forty of these patients had characteristic features of CNSD: diarrhea for at least three weeks, normal growth, and no evidence of enteric pathogens. An outpatient study evaluated fecal output, dietary energy-protein intake, and nonprotein fluid intake. Patients were separated into two groups whose fluid intakes were highly different: group A, 196±32 ml/kg/day, and group B, 91±15 ml/kg/day (P
Reaction of fumonisin with glucose prevents promotion of hepatocarcinogenesis in female F344/N rats while maintaining normal hepatic sphinganine/sphingosine ratios.

The reaction of the primary amine of fumonisin B1 (FB1) with glucose was hypothesized to detoxify this mycotoxin. Eighty 10-day-old female F344/N rats were injected intraperitoneally with diethylnitrosamine (DEN; 15 mg/kg of body weight). At 4 weeks of age, the weaned rats were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups with 20 rats each. At 9 weeks of age, four rats from each treatment group were killed. At 12 weeks, another five rats from each group were killed. At 20 weeks of age, the remaining rats were killed. In comparison with the rats fed basal diet or FB1-glucose (containing 25 ppm of FB1), rats fed 8 ppm (residual amount of free FB1 in the FB1-glucose mixture) or 25 ppm of FB1 had greater alanine aminotransferase activity at 9 and 20 weeks of age (P < 0.001), greater endogenous hepatic prostaglandin E2 production at 20 weeks of age (P < 0.05), and significantly lower plasma cholesterol at 20 weeks of age (P < 0.01). Placental glutathione S-transferase (PGST)-positive and γ-glutamyltransfe...
Impact of bivalirudin on outcomes after percutaneous coronary revascularization with drug-eluting stents.

Background The direct thrombin inhibitor bivalirudin has been found to be noninferior to heparin plus planned glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa blockade in the prevention of acute ischemic end points and 1-year mortality after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with bare metal stents. We investigated whether long-term outcomes after bivalirudin use remained comparable to heparin plus GP IIb/IIIa blockade in current clinical practice of drug-eluting stent use. Methods Using the 2004-2005 Cornell Angioplasty Registry, we studied 2504 consecutive patients undergoing urgent or elective PCI with periprocedural use of bivalirudin or heparin plus GP IIb/IIIa platelet inhibitors. Patients presenting with an acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (MI) ≤24 hours, thrombolytic therapy ≤7 days, hemodynamic instability/shock, or renal insufficiency were excluded. Results Of the study cohort, 1340 patients (54%) received bivalirudin and 1164 patients (46%) received heparin plus GP IIb/IIIa blockade. The incidence of inhospital mortality (0.3% vs 0.2%, P = .692), MI (6.6% vs 8.1%, P = .191), and combined end point of death, stroke, emergent coronary artery bypass graft/PCI, and MI (6.9% vs 8.3%, P = .199) was similar in the bivalirudin and heparin plus GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor groups. There was a lower incidence of major (0.7% vs 1.9%, P = .012) and minor bleeding (9.6% vs 15.6%, P P = .001). After a propensity score adjusted multivariate Cox analysis, bivalirudin use was associated with a nonsignificant trend toward increased long-term mortality (hazard ratio 1.45, 95% CI 0.98-2.16, P = .065). Conclusions Compared with heparin plus GP IIb/IIIa inhibition, routine use of bivalirudin as the procedural anticoagulant in contemporary PCI with drug-eluting stents was associated with lower rates of inhospital complications and similar long-term all-cause mortality.
Combating Global Trafficking in Persons: the Role of the United States Post-September 2001

Trafficking in persons (TIP) is one of the fastest growing areas of global criminal activity and one that is of monumental concern to the US government and the international community. It is estimated that 800,000–900,000 persons, mostly women and children are bought, sold or forced across international borders every year. An estimated 45,000–50,000 persons are trafficked to the US every year. In fact, current estimate by the International Labor Organization (2005) put the minimum of persons in forced labor at a given time as a result of trafficking at 2.45 million. This lucrative criminal activity generates between $10 and $12 billion annually, making it the third largest illicit business after drugs and arms trade. The paper argues that the 21st century TIP represents a global demand for cheap and vulnerable labor which is facilitated by the process of globalization and the existence of underground and informal economies mostly in industrialized countries. TIP constitute serious problems which affects every country. Post- September 2001, the US has been proactive in fighting to eliminate TIP and persuading other countries to join in the campaign to end this trade. This paper therefore examines the efforts by the US government to combat TIP.
Moist dynamics and orographic precipitation in northern and central California during the new Year's flood of 1997

Abstract The dynamics of moist orographic flows during the January 1997 floods in northern and central California are investigated using numerical simulations computed with the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU–NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5). Early in the event (31 December 1996–1 January 1997), the low-level winds offshore of California’s central coast were blocked by the topography of the Santa Lucia Range, and the low-level winds in the Central Valley were blocked by the topography of the central Sierra Nevada Range. In contrast, moisture-laden winds along the northern Coast Ranges and the northern Sierra Nevada flowed over topographic barriers. As the core of humid air migrated to the south over 24 h, the low-level barrier jets weakened as the atmospheric stability decreased, bringing heavy rainfall to the central and southern Sierra Nevada at the end of the event. The heavy precipitation during this event was largely controlled by the interactio...
Inhibition of the vanilloid receptor subtype-1 attenuates tnbs-colitis

Primary sensory neurons are important in regard to the initiation and propagation of intestinal inflammation. The vanilloid receptor subtype-1 (VR-1) is a cation channel located on the sensory nerves that, when stimulated, release proinflammatory peptides. Previous reports have indicated that inhibition of VR-1 with capsazepine (CPZ), a VR-1 antagonist, attenuates dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) colitis in rats. DSS-induced colitis resembles ulcerative colitis with regard to its pathologic features. In this study, we examined the effect of CPZ on trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis, an experimental model of intestinal inflammation that most closely resembles the histologic and microscopic features of Crohn's disease. Colitis was induced by administering a single enema of 100 mg/kg TNBS in 50% ethanol via catheter to lightly anesthetized rats. Subsets of rats were treated with either 1 micromol/kg/ml of CPZ or CPZ-vehicle via enema for 6 days. Seven days after TNBS administration, rats were sacrificed and inflammation was assessed using a validated macroscopic damage score (MDS) and by measuring myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. In addition, histologic examination was performed. TNBS administration resulted in reproducible chronic erosive lesions extending into the muscularis propria and extensive recruitment of neutrophils in the distal colon. MDS and MPO scores were considerably elevated in the TNBS colons when compared with the TNBS vehicle animals. TNBS rats treated with CPZ enemas exhibited a substantial reduction in MDS and MPO scores and demonstrated dramatically improved pathologic findings. Topical CPZ resulted in considerable attenuation of TNBS-induced colitis. These results support the role of VR-1 and sensory neurons with regard to intestinal inflammation.
Memory capacity, selective control, and value-directed remembering in children with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Objective: The ability to select what is important to remember, to attend to this information, and to recall high-value items leads to the efficient use of memory. The present study examined how children with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) performed on an incentive-based selectivity task in which to-be-remembered items were worth different point values. Method: Participants were 6‐9 year old children with ADHD (n 57) and without ADHD (n 59). Using a selectivity task, participants studied words paired with point values and were asked to maximize their score, which was the overall value of the items they recalled. This task allows for measures of memory capacity and the ability to selectively remember high-value items. Results: Although there were no significant between-groups differences in the number of words recalled (memory capacity), children with ADHD were less selective than children in the control group in terms of the value of the items they recalled (control of memory). All children recalled more high-value items than low-value items and showed some learning with task experience, but children with ADHD Combined type did not efficiently maximize memory performance (as measured by a selectivity index) relative to children with ADHD Inattentive type and healthy controls, who did not differ significantly from one another. Conclusions: Children with ADHD Combined type exhibit impairments in the strategic and efficient encoding and recall of high-value items. The findings have implications for theories of memory dysfunction in childhood ADHD and the key role of metacognition, cognitive control, and value-directed remembering when considering the strategic use of memory.
Microcosms for Site-Specific Evaluation of Enhanced Biological Reductive Dehalogenation

Microcosm studies are currently one of the best tools available for the assessment of a site-specific biodehalogenation potential. Physiological and quantitative studies conducted in laboratory microcosms can be combined with molecular tools to determine which dechlorinating bacteria and supporting community members are present, and can also help to develop rate information for the design of field implementation. Until existing technologies for rapid, inexpensive detection of specific microbial populations and the active expression of important genes are improved, laboratory microcosm studies continue to be a vital tool for assessing bioremediation potential in the field and providing a design basis for implementation. Small-scale field tests or in situ microcosms are currently the only alternative to laboratory microcosm studies. Ultimately, for full-scale site remediation, reliable, flexible models are needed which can aid in design and management of these complex systems. The determination of relevant, site-specific parameters for input into the models is another important potential use for laboratory microcosm studies.
Influence of maternal asthma and asthma severity on newborn morphometry.

Objective. To determine if maternal asthma or asthma severity affects newborn morphometry. Study Design. A secondary analysis was performed on data collected in a multicenter prospective observational cohort study of asthma in pregnancy. Patients enrolled included women with asthma stratified by severity of disease and controls. Asthma severity was defined according to the classification proposed by the National Asthma Education Program (NAEP) Report of the Working Group on Asthma and Pregnancy, modified to include medication requirements. Newborn morphometry measurements included birth weight (BW) and multiples of the median birth weight (BW-MOM), head circumference (HC), length (L), HC:BW ratio, and ponderal index (PI). Results. Of 2480 patients there were 828 nonasthmatic controls, 828 with mild, 775 with moderate, and 49 with severe disease. Comparing all groups, there were statistically significant differences in maternal age (p < .001), race (p = .005), parity (p = .006), prepregnancy weight (p = .0...
An Approach toward the Development of a Functional Encoding Model of Short Term Memory during Reading.

In a model of the functioning of short term memory, the encoding of information for subsequent storage in long term memory is simulated. In the encoding process, semantically equivalent paragraphs are detected for recombination into a macro information unit. This recombination process can be used to relieve the limited storage capacity constraint of short term memory and subsequently increase processing efficiency. The results of the simulation give a favorable indication of the success for the use of cluster analysis as a tool to simulate the encoding function in the detection of semantically similar paragraphs.
A real system evaluation of hardware atomicity for software speculation

In this paper we evaluate the atomic region compiler abstraction by incorporating it into a commercial system. We find that atomic regions are simple and intuitive to integrate into an x86 binary-translation system. Furthermore, doing so trivially enables additional optimization opportunities beyond that achievable by a high-performance dynamic optimizer, which already implements superblocks. We show that atomic regions can suffer from severe performance penalties if misspeculations are left uncontrolled, but that a simple software control mechanism is sufficient to reign in all detrimental side-effects. We evaluate using full reference runs of the SPEC CPU2000 integer benchmarks and find that atomic regions enable up to a 9% (3% on average) improvement beyond the performance of a tuned product. These performance improvements are achieved without any negative side effects. Performance side effects such as code bloat are absent with atomic regions; in fact, static code size is reduced. The hardware necessary is synergistic with other needs and was already available on the commercial product used in our evaluation. Finally, the software complexity is minimal as a single developer was able to incorporate atomic regions into a sophisticated 300,000 line code base in three months, despite never having seen the translator source code beforehand.
MULTUM IN PARVO

Author's summary.— The importance of focalization, repetition, and mind-set, in learning a language, and the manner in which language exercises employ these principles.
DNA amplification in experimental pneumocystosis: characterization of serum Pneumocystis carinii DNA and potential P. carinii carrier states

DNA amplification has identified P. carinii DNA in diverse biologic specimens, including the serum of patients with P. carinii pneumonia. To further examine the relationship between P. carinii DNA in serum and P. carinii infection, the corticosteroid-treated rat model of pneumocystosis was studied. By 4 weeks of immunosuppression, P. carinii DNA was detected in rat lungs and by 6 weeks, in their serum. P. carinii DNA persisted in lung tissue as long as 5 months after the withdrawal of steroids. Serum DNA disappeared 2 weeks after steroids were withdrawn. Nonimmunocompromised, sentinel rats housed near immunocompromised, P. carinii-infected rats also were studied. Within 6 weeks, P. carinii DNA became detectable in lung and by 8 weeks, in serum. P. carinii DNA disappeared rapidly from lungs and sera after sentinel rats were isolated away from corticosteroid-treated rats. These findings support the contagious transmission of P. carinii and suggest facile development of P. carinii carrier states.
Beyond the wheelchair: development of motorized transport for people with severe mobility impairments in developing countries

In developing countries lack of over-the-road transportation, reduces a vast number of disabled people to a life of begging, dependency, and social isolation. Although there have been some excellent efforts to provide low-cost wheelchairs and handpowered tricycles, little has been done to further provide transport for disabled people. To address this problem directly we have devised a low-cost motorized wheelchair transporter (the Skeeter) using a combination of bicycle parts, a custom built frame, and an inexpensive small engine for propulsion. This device has the potential to provide a major enhancement in the quality of life for disabled people around the world.
Singular Vector Calculations with an Analysis Error Variance Metric

Abstract Singular vectors of the navy's global forecast model are calculated using an initial norm consistent with an estimate of analysis error variance provided by the Naval Research Laboratory's (NRL) Atmospheric Variational Data Assimilation System (NAVDAS). The variance estimate is based on a decomposition of the block diagonal preconditioner for the conjugate-gradient descent algorithm used in NAVDAS. Because the inverse square root of the operator that defines the variance norm is readily computed, the leading singular vectors are obtained using a standard Lanczos algorithm, as with diagonal norms such as total energy. The resulting singular vectors are consistent with the expected distribution of analysis errors. Compared with singular vectors based on a total energy norm, the variance singular vectors at initial time have less amplitude over well-observed areas, as well as greater amplitude in the middle and upper troposphere. The variance singular vectors are in some ways similar to the full cov...
A vector autoregression weather model for electricity supply and demand modeling

Weather forecasting is crucial to both the demand and supply sides of electricity systems. Temperature has a great effect on the demand side. Moreover, solar and wind are very promising renewable energy sources and are, thus, important on the supply side. In this paper, a large vector autoregression (VAR) model is built to forecast three important weather variables for 61 cities around the United States. The three variables at all locations are modeled as response variables. Lag terms are used to capture the relationship between observations in adjacent periods and daily and annual seasonality are modeled to consider the correlation between the same periods in adjacent days and years. We estimate the VAR model with 16 years of hourly historical data and use two additional years of data for out-of-sample validation. Forecasts of up to six-hours-ahead are generated with good forecasting performance based on mean absolute error, root mean square error, relative root mean square error, and skill scores. Our VAR model gives forecasts with skill scores that are more than double the skill scores of other forecasting models in the literature. Our model also provides forecasts that outperform persistence forecasts by between $$6\%$$ and $$80\%$$ in terms of mean absolute error. Our results show that the proposed time series approach is appropriate for very short-term forecasting of hourly solar radiation, temperature, and wind speed.
Secretory and systemic cell-mediated and humoral immune response in humans and guinea pigs to the inactivated influenza virus vaccine.

In the past few years, there has been a great deal of interest in what has been called the secretory immunologic system (1–6). A stimulus has been the basic immunologic finding that the predominant immunoglobulin in external secretions is secretory IgA, i.e., dimerized IgA containing secretory component (6–8). However, in 1927, Besredka (9) had already described his work and the work of others on the production of immunity against pathogens of the gastrointestinal tract by direct stimulation through the feeding of antigens. Sporadic investigations of the secretory immunologic system ensued, but it was not until the mid 1960’s that immunolo-gists became greatly interested.
Free radical mechanisms of DNA base damage.

In many respects, DNA is a simple system where the reactions of free radicals are concerned. The reactive components in DNA are the four bases (thymine, T; cytosine, C; adenine, A; and guanine, G) and the sugar moiety (deoxyribose, dR). The sixth component — phosphate — is relatively unreactive towards free radicals.
The Foreign Direct Investment International Moot Competition

In this Introduction to the Suffolk Transnational Law Review symposium issue on foreign direct investment and investor-State arbitration, I briefly provide background on the state of investor-State arbitration with reference to the articles in this issue and describe the present Foreign Direct Investment International Moot (“FDI Moot”) competition, which provides a valuable means for students to learn international investment law and useful advocacy skills. The FDI Moot brings together law students from around the world who act as advocates in a hypothetical dispute between an investor and a “host” country. The competition is designed to explore international investment law and aims to capture the unique dynamics of investor-State arbitration. The FDI Moot was established in response to the increasing pace of foreign investments in the global economy, and the surge in related investment disputes.
The influence of ovulatory dysfunction and timing of insemination on the success of artificial insemination donor (aid) with fresh or cryopreserved semen

The influence of ovulatory dysfunction and timing of insemination on the success of AID with either fresh or cryopreserved semen was investigated. A total of 238 patients were inseminated, resulting in 170 pregnancies during 1201 insemination cycles, an average of 5.0 cycles per pregnancy. Pregnancy rates were similar in those patients receiving either fresh or cryopreserved semen, but the number of cycles required for pregnancy to occur was doubled in the latter group. Ovulatory dysfunction further delayed the number of cycles before conception. The poorest results occurred in those patients with ovulatory dysfunction receiving cryopreserved semen. The timing of insemination was more important in patients receiving cryopreserved semen than those receiving fresh semen. With cryopreserved semen, pregnancy was not likely to occur unless the insemination was performed on the day of ovulation. These data suggest that frozen semen is less efficacious than fresh semen, a difference that is compounded by the presence of ovulatory dysfunction in the recipient. It is possible that an increase in the frequency of insemination from every other day to daily may improve the results of AID with cryopreserved semen.
Organic cation transporter 3 contributes to norepinephrine uptake into perivascular adipose tissue.

Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) reduces vasoconstriction to norepinephrine (NE); thus, we tested the hypothesis that PVAT has a NE uptake mechanism. Functional NE uptake assays, fluorescence ima...
Sources and Uses of Methane in Space

This paper describes possible sources and uses of methane in future human space missions. Space life support systems that recycle crew-produced carbon dioxide, as done on the International Space Station, produce methane and water by the Sabatier process. Methane can be made from the carbon dioxide in the Marian atmosphere. It can also be produced from spacecraft waste. Methane can be used in solid oxide fuel cells or in liquid methane rockets instead of hydrogen. It can also be used as a supply gas for chemical production.
Recasting the Climate Debate: Feedbacks That Set the Timescale for Irreversible Change Dissected With New Laser and Optical Technology

Casting these feedbacks in the context of irreversible climate change will be addressed in the presentation, as will new experimental strategies employing developments in laser and optical systems for investigating the mechanisms that determine the time scales for irreversible change.
Role of noncovalent interactions in vanadium tellurite chain connectivities.

Structural differences in [V2Te2O10]n2n– chain metrics are directly ascribed to variations in noncovalent interactions in a series of organically templated vanadium tellurites, including [C6H17N3][V2Te2O10]·H2O, [C5H16N2][V2Te2O10], and [C4H14N2][V2Te2O10]. The noncovalent interaction (NCI) method was used to locate, quantify, and visualize intermolecular interactions in [C4H14N2][V2Te2O10] and [C5H16N2][V2Te2O10]. Variations in the van der Waals attractions between [1,4-diaminobutaneH2]2+ and [1,5-diaminopentaneH2]2+ result in divergent packing motifs for these cations, which causes a reorganization of N–H···O hydrogen bonding and variances in the [V2Te2O10]n2n– chain metrics. The application of the NCI method to this type of solid-state structure provides a direct method to elucidate the structural effects of weak noncovalent interactions.
Two Letters From America: Carlos Bulosan and The Act of Writing

Metaphors of writing, the body, and the spirit are conditioned by specific social and historical circumstances as well as by philosophical and aesthetic traditions. Although two letters of Carlos Bulosan have some of that "immortal," romantic quality that Dickinson described, the act of writing for Bulosan was generated by a "genealogical anxiety," intensified by expatriation.2 These newly discovered documents, two letters from America to Bulosan's nephews in the Philippines, reveal a writing process deeply engaged with struggles of the body and spirit. Because Bulosan's nephews, like their fathers, were tillers of the soil, because they were engaged in a method of cultivation other than reading, they could not find time to read his most important work, America is in the Heart. Realizing the power and importance of his letters, however, Bulosan's nephews preserved them, in spite of unfavorable conditions.