cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cosmic Messengers: The Limits of Astronomy in an Unruly Universe

Martin Harwit, author of the influential book Cosmic Discovery, asks key questions about the scope of observational astronomy. Humans have long sought to understand the world we inhabit. Recent realization of how our unruly Universe distorts information before it ever reaches us reveals distinct limits on how well we will ultimately understand the Cosmos. Even the best instruments we might conceive will inevitably be thwarted by ever more complex distortions and will never untangle the data completely. Observational astronomy, and the cost of pursuing it, will then have reached an inherent end. Only some totally different lines of approach, as yet unknown and potentially far more costly, might then need to emerge if we wish to learn more. This accessible book is written for all astronomers, astrophysicists, and those curious about how well we will ever understand the Universe and the potential costs of pushing those limits.
Mobilising Memory: the Great War and the Language of Politics in Colonial Algeria, 1918–1939: by Dónal Hassett, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2019, xiv + 242 pp., £60 (hardcover), ISBN 978-0-19-883168-6

The Great War was a transformative event. The violence of the conflict, the social turmoil of its aftermath, and the principles that world leaders articulated in its wake reshaped politics in Europ...
Don't Stop Beleafing: A Unique Case of Fungal Infective Endocarditis.

Abstract We present the case of a 60-year-old man who was successfully treated for obstructive fungal infective endocarditis of the ascending aorta caused by Geotrichum capitatum. This extremely ra...
Switching and Mating

The chapter focuses on the switching and mating processes of Candida species. Hull and Johnson found orthologs of three Saccharomyces cerevisiae mating-type genes in the Candida albicans mating type-like (MTL) locus. Although the scheme for mating and the regulation of the response to the mating pheromones proved in subsequent studies to be in general similar to that of S. cerevisiae and hence that of the hemiascomycetes in general, the biggest surprise was the fundamental and unique role that white-opaque switching played in the mating process of C. albicans. The response of an opaque cell to pheromone produced by the opposite mating type was shown to be highly similar to that of S. cerevisiae, including the components of the major regulatory pathway that transduces the pheromone signal. The spontaneous transition between the white and opaque phenotypes by a selected group of strains had been shown to affect a number of phenotypic and virulence traits before the discovery by Miller and Johnson that it was an essential step in the mating process. The sensitivity of the opaque phenotype to high temperature caused a conundrum regarding the relationship of host and mating. The host signals that have been identified stimulate the rate of white-to-opaque switching, but switching occurs spontaneously and in both directions. Gradients of pheromone would be extremely prone to mechanical disruption and dissipation by diffusion if in a purely liquid environment. A biofilm would provide a protective environment against disruption, and a porous matrix would reduce diffusion.
Irradiation Parameters in Cosmic Chemistry

The radiation chemistry of various dense astrophysical environments has been subject to many laboratory investigations which dealt with the radiation of simple gas or ice mixtures with UV radiation or high energy particle irradiation. Certainly the experimental irradiation time is always by many orders of magnitude shorter than the time scales of the simulated astrophysical system. To obtain comparable total absorbed doses of energy, high dose rates, respectively current densities of radiation, have been applied in the simulations. This paper deals with problems in the application of experimental data on the chemistry of the astrophysical environments arising by the difference in dose rate.
Viral Status of Germfree Rodents; Present and Future

The materials used in experimentation must be clearly defined as to their purity. Experimental animals are standardized by specifying species, strain, sex, age, diet, housing and microflora; for these factors are important for obtaining clear results and for correct interpretations of the results obtained. Considerable efforts have been directed toward producing and controlling animals as pure materials for experimentation. Germfree (GF) rodents that are caesarean-derived into a sterile isolator, fed a sterilized diet and maintained aseptically, are desirable subjects for some types of experimentation because they have proven to be free from bacteria, protozoa, fungi and mycoplasma (1, 2, 3, 4). In the field of virology, possibly other fields (such as oncology, serology, and pathology) it is important to obtain “Virus-defined” or “virus-free” animals as reliable experimental tools.
Microsystems in health care: Part 7. The microsystem as a platform for merging strategic planning and operations.

Article-at-a-Glance Background The microsystem, as agent for change, plays a critical and essential role in developing and deploying the macrosystem's strategic plan. Strategic planning and microsystem thinking To effectively deploy a strategic plan, the organization must align the plan's goals and objectives across all levels and to all functional units. The concepts of microsystem thinking were the foundation for the journey on which Overlook Hospital/Atlantic Health System (Summit, NJ) embarked in 1996. Six stages can be identified in the development of the relationship between macrosystems and microsystems. Five critical themes-—trust making, mitigation of constraints and barriers among departments and units, creation of a common vocabulary, raising of microsystem awareness, and facilitation of reciprocal relationships—are associated with these stages. Notes from a microsystem journey The emergency department (ED) experienced Stage 1—The Emergence of a Self-Aware Microsystem—as it created cultural and behavioral change, which included the actualization of staff-generated ideas and an ongoing theme of trust making. In Stage 3—Unlike Microsystems (Different Units) Learn to Collaborate—the ED's microsystems approach spread to other units in the hospital. Collaboratives addressed x-ray turnaround times, admission cycle times, and safety initiatives. Summary and conclusions The microsystem—the small, functional, front-line units—is where the strategic plans become operationalized.
Posner’s Pragmatism and the Turn Toward Fidelity

It is no secret that formalist methodologies like originalism are not nearly as scientific as they pretend to be. Banking on this fact, pragmatism offers a prescriptive alternative: instead of expending intellectual energy attempting “fidelity” to antecedent “authority” (precedent, Framers’ intent, etc.) judges should embrace their inevitable roles as de facto policy makers, and focus on producing the best social results they can through the cases they decide. This article discusses the current state of legal pragmatism, with a focus on the archetypal species espoused by Judge Richard Posner, and asks whether it has proven itself capable of contributing anything useful to modern adjudication. Through a dissection of the essentials of Posner's pragmatism, the article demonstrates that pragmatism serves only as a method of justifying outcomes that comport with the personal temperament and intuitions of those applying it. The article then explores how the increasing obviousness of pragmatism's failings has renewed interest in a concept central to formalist approaches: "fidelity" to exalted principles of political theory. Thus, the article concludes that a primary legacy of pragmatism will be its contribution to the advent of "soft formalism," characterized by an insistence that indeterminacy and subjectivity in law does not excuse the abandonment of fidelity as a central hallmark of legitimate adjudication.
Managing support services in a rapidly decentralizing computing environment

During the past five years, computing at the University of Washington has undergone radical changes, rapidly moving from a highly centralized, distributed computing model to a dispersed, networked model. As part of this transition, the decision was made to build up UNIX as a major operating system for academic and research computing. These changes have strained the computing support services on campus. The author summarizes how the University as a whole and University Computing services in particular have attempted to better support this new, decentralized environment. He focuses on management steps taken to deal with the rapid rate of change. In many cases, these management steps have consisted of changes in the processes by which information is collected and distributed within the University community. >
An Architecture for Integrating Images and Text in a Database Environment

Modern textual database management systems are designed to promote the controlled sharing of information. Different users have their own view of the centrally managed data and act as if the system were designed specifically for them. Recently, there has been much interest in various sorts of non-textual database management systems, especially those which handle image data and support retrieval of information by content.
Growth potential bioassay of water masses using diatom cultures: Phosphorescent Bay (Puerto Rico) and Caribbean waters

1. The growth potential of November surface waters collected at 3 stations in Phosphorescent Bay, Puerto Rico, for the diatomsBacteriastrum hyalinum, Cyclotella nana (13–1),Skeletonema costatum, andThalassiosira rotula was determined after enrichment in various ways. 2. Enrichment experiments were also conducted at 14 stations in the Caribbean Sea usingThalassiosira rotula as the bioassay diatom, and at 4 stations usingBacteriastrum hyalinum. 3. Marked differences in response occurred, based on growth for 5 days at 20° C and 700 ft-c of continuous, artificial illumination. All surface waters were toxic toBacteriastrum hyalinum; Thalassiosira rotula grew well only in the innermost waters of Phosphorescent Bay, and at 3 of the 14 Caribbean stations.Skeletonema costatum grew only at 2 of the 3 Phosporescent Bay stations (the converse of theThalassiosira rotula response), andCyclotella nana (13–1) at all stations. 4. Growth was either stimulated, inhibited or unaffected by certain nutrients; a combination of natural nutrient limitation and inhibition influenced growth. 5. Transect gradients occurred in the relative influence of various nutrients on growth, such as the omission of silicate from the complete enrichment which led to a progressive, offshore improvement in growth ofSkeletonema costatum, whereas phosphate omission limited growth ofBacteriastrum hyalinum. 6. The occurrence of marked short scale differences in water quality (“chemical patchiness”) is suggested by the station to station variations in effect of a given nutrient or nutrient combination on the growth of a given species and growth differences between species. These effects were not predictable from the hydrographic observations. Individual species responses to a specific nutrient enrichment were likewise unpredictable from a given species' known bioassay response. 7. The relevance of the demonstrated occurrence of “chemical patchiness” to the examination of the general problems of succession and distribution of species is briefly discussed.
Expression Profiling Using Microfluidic Living Cell Arrays

The cellular microenvironment is remarkably complex. In the small space near each cell, growth factors are liberated from extracellular matrix, cytokines are secreted by neighboring cells, and hormones arrive from distant endocrine organs through the circulation. These soluble cues are detected by surface or cytoplasmic receptors and integrated using complex signal transduction cascades to modulate the activity of transcription factors (TFs), the primary regulators of gene expression. Transcription factors serve as points of convergence between the vast number of extracellular signaling molecules and the equally vast number of target genes. For perspective, the human genome contains approximately 1500 identified transcription factors regulating more than 20,000 target genes [1]. Adding further complexity to the picture, transcription factors often cooperate, compete, and regulate each other, forming transcriptional regulatory networks with rich possibilities to control cell behavior. Under normal conditions, network regulators are activated in a defined temporal sequence and function as a transcriptional regulatory program to coordinate physiological adaptations to changes in the external cellular microenvironment. When transcriptional programs are dysregulated, they can lead to inappropriate pathological responses that result in clinical disease. One example of such a transcriptional regulatory network is that which regulates insulin secretion by hepatocyte nuclear factors (HNFs; [2]). The expression of 3 HNFs—HNF-1alpha, HNF-4alpha, and HNF-3alpha—are positively regulated by HNF-3beta. However, HNF-3alpha also acts as a negative regulator of HNF-1alpha and HNF-4alpha, which has been attributed to competition for the
Florida Straits density structure and transport over the last 8000 years

[1] The density structure across the Florida Straits is reconstructed for the last 8000 years from oxygen isotope measurements on foraminifera in sediment cores. The oxygen isotope measurements suggest that the density contrast across the Florida Current increased over this time period. The magnitude of this change corresponds to an increase in the geostrophic transport referenced to 800 m water depth of 4 sverdrups (Sv) over the last 8000 years. The spatial and seasonal distribution of incoming solar radiation due to changes in the Earth's orbit has caused systematic changes in the atmospheric circulation, including a southward migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone over the last 8000 years. These changes in atmospheric circulation and the associated wind-driven currents of the upper ocean could readily account for a 4 Sv increase in the strength of the Florida Current. We see no evidence in our data for dramatic changes in the strength of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation over this time period.
Controls for the shoulder mechanism of an upper-body exoskeleton for promoting scapulohumeral rhythm

We present a control strategy for the shoulder mechanism of an upper-body exoskeleton, called HARMONY, to assist in achieving coordinated motion at the shoulder complex. HARMONY is equipped with a novel mechanism that supports the natural mobility of the human shoulder, including the scapulohumeral rhythm, which is the coordinated motion between the upper arm (humerus) and shoulder blade (scapula). The key idea of the control strategy is to introduce a coupling torque based on impedance corresponding to a reference trajectory of the rhythmic motion after compensating for gravity force from the robot. This control scheme allows for the variability in the rhythmic motion, while gently providing a force to facilitate the scapulohumeral rhythm when the shoulder is out of the normal coordinated motion. Experimental results show that the coupling torque safely induces the rhythmic motion of the shoulder girdle in the presence of abnormal coordinated motion.
The design of Web-based instruction: using online games to self-test Web-based instruction

Based on an earlier study we found that the principles of cognitive load learning theory could be successfully applied to the design of educational Web sites. Our finds were based on user testing the Web site's interface, content, graphics, and self-test. Of the four components user tested, the self-test was the weakest component. This finding led to further investigation of mastery of the instruction. This presentation reports on the structuring of the content as well as the actual content, navigational map, and the storyboards incorporating games to test the mastery of the Web site's content. These games were designed to incorporate holistic learning and increase the interactivity between the learner and the instructional content.
Prediction of interlaminar stresses in laminated plates using globalorthogonal interpolation polynomials

A postprocessor for displacement-based finite element solutions of laminated plates under transverse loads is developed to obtain the resulting interlaminar stresses. The postprocessor can be used for the finite element solution that has been obtained using either the classical lamination plate theory or the first-order shear deformation theory. The equilibrium equations of elasticity are integrated directly to obtain interlaminar stresses. These equations include the influence of the products of in-plane stresses and out-of-plane rotations and thus can be used to obtain interlaminar stresses for geometrically nonlinear problems. To obtain accurately the derivatives of in-plane stresses, the finite element nodal displacement data are first interpolated using polynomials with global support (i.e., the interpolating polynomials are defined over the whole domain). Two types of polynomials, Chebyshev and a class of orthogonal polynomials that can be generated for a given location of known data points, are used. A least-squares technique is used to find the undetermined coefficients in the global approximation. For evaluation purposes, the results for interlaminar stresses for a set of examples obtained from the present code are compared with those obtained from exact three-dimensional theory of elasticity. A good agreement is shown. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, the present paper is the first to present the results for interlaminar normal stress in a two-layered antisymmetric angle-ply square plate without using the three-dimensional elasticity solution. It is observed that the shape of through-the-t hickness distribution of interlaminar normal stress depends on the side-to-thickness ratio and that the maximum interlaminar normal stress increases rapidly as the side-to-thickness ratio increases.
The Execution Game

We consider a trader who aims to liquidate a large position in the presence of an arbitrageur who hopes to profit from the trader's activity. The arbitrageur is uncertain about the trader's position and learns from observed price fluctuations. This is a dynamic game with asymmetric information. We present an algorithm for computing perfect Bayesian equilibrium behavior and conduct numerical experiments. Our results demonstrate that the trader's strategy differs significantly from one that would be optimal in the absence of the arbitrageur. In particular, the trader must balance the conflicting desires of minimizing price impact and minimizing information that is signaled through trading. Accounting for information signaling and the presence of strategic adversaries can greatly reduce execution costs.
Reclaiming Desire: Love Is Not Enough

How may desire be disrupted in a person's life and how may it be reclaimed in treatment? To what degree are the dynamics of therapeutic action predicated on the relational aspects of treatment versus time-honored understandings of the reconfiguration of dynamic forces within the psyche? These questions are considered in the context of a discussion of a detailed clinical case. The paper suggests that although much may be gained in the love and the “new outcome” experienced in treatment, an essential function of interpretation is to enable desire to be reclaimed from entrapment in relational demands and obligations from the past and within the treatment relationship. In this manner, analytic treatment mirrors a developmental a trajectory that begins in complex relational exchanges, but from which emerges—in the best of circumstances—an individual whose possession of his or her own mind and desire has derived from, and yet is independent of, the specific relational foundations in which desire was shaped. An ...
Assumptions, Methods, and Research Problems of Ecological Psychology

The basic assumption of ecological psychology is that the person is not the basic unit of human behavior, instead, the most basic unit is the Behavior Setting. This is a very radical statement and contrary to almost all of psychology which sees the person as the most fundamental unit of study and the source of all behavior.
Cleaning vacuum systems by flushing

Abstract The problem of cleaning the traps in a vacuum system without opening it to air is discussed. A few tests are described in which a non-reactive gas was flushed through a vacuum system from the vacuum-chamber end to the pumps while baking part of the system. The tentative conclusion is that this method is superior to conditioning under vacuum.
A METABOLIC BASIS FOR SEVERE INTRACTABLE ASTHMA

We have previously reported that severe asthmatics after receiving catecholamines have decreased urinary cyclic AMP as compared to normals. To better define this abnormality, which suggests B-adrenergic blockade, 15 severe asthmatic children were studied prospectively. Whereas, normals had a mean 3.2±0.4 Nm/min/1.73M2 increment in 2 hour urinary cyclic AMP, asthmatics had a mean 1.6±0.3 Nm/min/1.73M2 increment after 6 μg/Kg of epinephrine. After 12 μg/Kg epinephrine the asthmatics had a mean 2.2±0.4 Nm/min/1.73M2 increment in 2 hour urinary cyclic AMP: individually, 7 asthmatics had no increased urinary cyclic AMP excretion with double the epinephrine; whereas, 8 patients had 1.0 to 5.2 Nm/min/1.73M2 increment after 12 μg/Kg epinephrine. Clinical evaluation the past 18 months demonstrated that 6 of 7 asthmatics who had no increase in urinary cyclic AMP to 12 μg/Kg epinephrine persisted with severe intractable asthma. However, 5 of 8 asthmatics who demonstrated with the dose response test an increase in urinary cyclic AMP had clinical improvement: their asthma is intermittent and less severe. These data support the hypothesis that severe asthmatic patients have a defect in formation of cyclic AMP after B-adrenergic stimulation. Also, lack of a dose response to epinephrine has delineated a unique group of asthmatics.
Reduction of NOx and Particulate Emissions in the Diesel Combustion Process

Reduction des emissions d'oxydes d'azote et de particules dues a la combustion des moteurs diesel
Elevated levels of inflammation, d-dimer, and homocysteine are associated with adverse calf muscle characteristics and reduced calf strength in peripheral arterial disease.

Objectives This study determined whether increased levels of inflammatory blood markers, D-dimer, and homocysteine were associated with smaller calf skeletal muscle area, increased calf muscle percent fat, reduced calf muscle density, and poorer calf strength in persons with lower extremity peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Background Elevated levels of inflammatory markers and D-dimer are associated with greater functional impairment and functional decline in persons with PAD. Mechanisms of these associations are unknown. Methods Participants were 423 persons with PAD. Calf muscle area, percent fat, and density were measured with computed tomography. Physical activity levels were measured objectively over 7 days with the Caltrac (Muscle Dynamics Fitness Network, Inc., Rocklin, California) vertical accelerometer. Isometric plantarflexion strength was measured. Analyses were adjusted for age, gender, race, comorbidities, the ankle-brachial index, and other potential confounders. Results Higher levels of D-dimer (p = 0.014), C-reactive protein (CRP) (p = 0.002), interleukin (IL)-6 (p Conclusions These data show, for the first time, that higher levels of inflammation, D-dimer, and homocysteine are associated with more adverse calf muscle characteristics in persons with PAD. These associations may contribute to previously established associations between elevated biomarkers and functional impairment and functional decline in PAD.
Design Optimization of Heater Grid Plates

Compact electrical heating and heat dissipating units are designed for several industrial applications where durability and stability of the unit under dynamic conditions have high priority. This paper initially investigates numerically the thermal characteristics of a custom build compact heater plate which can provide a geometrically optimized electrical resistance in application to heating or eliminating unwanted currents. The electrical resistance varies with the geometry and the locations of the cutouts (holes) in the plate. This analysis will significantly contribute to overall optimization of heating units that utilize these plates. The flow and thermal regimes between two adjacent ribbed plates with cutout holes were evaluated numerically by a finite difference code. This results in estimated local heat transfer coefficients which are used in the next phase of study. The second phase relates the heat transport to the temperature distribution on the plate by using a 3D finite element model. In the F.E. model, heat is generated due to non-uniform current through properly divided plate segments. Using this model the electrical resistance was evaluated as a function of hole geometry. Finally the geometry and location of ribs and holes were determined using a simple optimization technique in order to render the uniformity of surface temperature as desired for prevention of warping or excessive stresses.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Leishmania donovani: antibody response to chicken ovalbumin by infected golden hamsters.

Abstract The individual antibody response to ovalbumin (OA) was studied in groups of hamsters infected with Leishmania donovani. Each group consisted of two infected and two uninfected hamsters. All the animals were immunized to OA at intervals, prior to or following the introduced infection. One week after the initial immunization, each hamster received a second injection making a total of 10 mg OA. This procedure was begun with Group 1, 12 days before infection and was continued in new groups of four hamsters every 3 days until there were 19 groups under study. Each hamster, 24 days after the initial sensitization to OA, was anesthetized, weighed, exsanguinated, and necropsied. Antibody titers to OA measured by tanned cell hemagglutination (HA) from the infected vs. the uninfected hamsters were similar until a moderately severe infection developed (900 “Total Spleen Lds”). Above this level of parasitization the anti-OA titers of the infected animals were lower despite increased concentrations of gamma globulin in their serum as shown by electrophoretic studies. The titers of the uninfected animals remained in the same range throughout the experiment. The possible explanations for the depression of the immune response are discussed.
Effects of Prior Earthquake Damage on Response of Simple Stiffness-Degrading Structures:

Abstract A systematic study involving over 20,000 single‐degree‐of‐freedom (SDOF) analyses was made to assess the effects of prior earthquake damage on the peak displacement response of simple oscillators. Principal variables were oscillator strength, period of vibration, degree of prior damage, and load‐deformation relation. Base input was provided by 18 recorded ground motions, representing different frequency content, duration, and the presence or absence of near‐field forward directivity effects. Prior damage was modeled as a reduction in initial stiffness under the assumption that residual displacements are negligible. The study is restricted to cases in which prior demands are less than those that would result if the structure were initially undamaged. For these conditions, prior damage usually has a minor effect on peak displacement response. This was observed for SDOF oscillators having the Takeda load‐deformation relation with positive post‐yield stiffness and for a modified Takeda relation incor...
Role of the male claw sensilla in perception of female mounting sex pheromone in Dermacentor variabilis, Dermacentor andersoni and Amblyomma americanum

The foreleg claw sensilla of male D. variabilis, D. andersoni and A. americanum ticks indlude the receptors that perceive the female contact mounting sex pheromone (MSP). In all three tick species, the foreleg claw sensilla comprise six anteriorly-directed setae arranged in three symmetrical pairs, two each on the opposite sides of the apotele of the claw and one on the ventral side. Morphological study and behavioral bioassays of these setae revealed that only the dorsal and middle (=lateral) pairs of claw sensilla are mechanogustatory. While the ventral pair are strictly mechanoreceptors. The dorsal and middle sensory setae exhibit a single pore-like structure located at or near their tip, a feature characteristic of mechanogustatory sensilla. These setae are similar to those found on the palps that are believed to function as pheromone receptors. In all three tick species, male mounting and postmounting behaviors were suppressed only when the dorsal and middle pairs of claw sensilla were ablated or covered with gelatin; normal behavior was restored when the gelatin was removed. Doscresponse bioassays were conducted with D. variabilis males to authenticate the results of the gelatin tests. The results of these bioassays demonstrated that the gelatin coat was impervious to the pheromone. The characteristics of the ixodid tick mating system that distinguish it from mating processes in other arthropods are discussed.
Prenatal diagnosis of nonmosaic trisomy 9 and related ultrasound findings at 11.7 weeks

Trisomy 9 is a relatively rare chromosomal abnormality. There have been no reports of first trimester ultrasound findings associated with mosaic or nonmosaic trisomy 9 in the literature. A case of nonmosaic trisomy 9 diagnosed prenatally with ultrasound findings at 11.7 weeks gestation is presented along with associated abnormal ultrasound findings.
Moment collapse in the Ce(Rh1−xOsx)3B2 system

Abstract The compound CeRh 3 B 2 orders magnetically with a low saturation moment of about 0.4 micro B per formula unit but a very high Curie temperature of 115 K. On replacing Rh with Os, it is observed that in the Ce(Rh 1−x Os x ) 3 B 2 (0 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.167) series, both the magnetic moment and the Curie temperature decrease rapidly with increasing x. The compound CeRh 2.5 Os 0.5 B 2 ( x = 0.167) does not appear to be ordered magnetically down to 5 K. This behavior is thought to arise from the changes in the hybridization of Ce 4f levels with sp type conduction electrons and/or with Rh and Os derived d bands.
Very high energy gamma-ray binary stars.

One of the major astronomical discoveries of the last two decades was the detection of luminous x-ray binary star systems in which gravitational energy from accretion is released by the emission of x-ray photons, which have energies in the range of 0.1 to 10 kiloelectron volts. Recent observations have shown that some of these binary sources also emit photons in the energy range of 1012 electron volts and above. Such sources contain a rotating neutron star that is accreting matter from a companion. Techniques to detect such radiation are ground-based, simple, and inexpensive. Four binary sources (Hercules X-1, 4U0115+63, Vela X-1, and Cygnus X-3) have been observed by at least two independent groups. Although the discovery of such very high energy "gamma-ray binaries" was not theoretically anticipated, models have now been proposed that attempt to explain the behavior of one or more of the sources. The implications of these observations is that a significant portion of the more energetic cosmic rays observed on Earth may arise from the action of similar sources within the galaxy during the past few million years.
A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of topiramate for pathological gambling

Objectives. Pathological gambling (PG) is an impulse control disorder characterized by recurrent gambling thoughts and behaviours that impair social functioning. Earlier studies suggested that topi...
From “loose coupling” to “tight management”? Making sense of the changing landscape in management and organization theory

This article briefly considers the changes in organizational thinking about schools and colleges as formal organizations over the past 40 years. While there are signs for a “paradigm” shift away from earlier conceptions of “loosely coupled” organizations and even of a growing indifference of organization scholars to the particular problems of managing and organizing education, there are also indications that our ability to organize schools and universities effectively and efficiently is becoming rapidly more important in an increasingly knowledge‐dependent society.
Femoral loads during passive, active, and active–resistive stance after spinal cord injury: a mathematical model

Objective. The purpose of this study was to estimate the loading environment for the distal femur during a novel standing exercise paradigm for people with spinal cord injury. Design. A mathematical model based on experimentally derived parameters. Background. Musculoskeletal deterioration is common after spinal cord injury, often resulting in osteoporotic bone and increased risk of lower extremity fracture. Potential mechanical treatments have yet to be shown to be efficacious; however, no previous attempts have been made to quantify the lower extremity loading during passive, active, and active–resistive stance. Methods. A static, 2-D model was developed to estimate the external forces; the activated quadriceps forces; and the overall bone compression and shear forces in the distal femur during passive (total support of frame), active (quadriceps activated minimally), and active–resistive (quadriceps activated against a resistance) stance. Results. Passive, active, and active–resistive stance resulted in maximal distal femur compression estimates of ∼45%, ∼75%, and ∼240% of body weight, respectively. Quadriceps force estimates peaked at 190% of body weight with active–resistive stance. The distal femur shear force estimates never exceeded 24% of body weight with any form of stance. Conclusions. These results support our hypothesis that active–resistive stance induces the highest lower extremity loads of the three stance paradigms, while keeping shear to a minimum. Relevance This model allows clinicians to better understand the lower extremity forces resulting from passive, active, and active–resistive stance in individuals with spinal cord injury.
Inhibition of acute myeloid leukemia cell growth by mono-specific and bi-specific anti-CD33 × anti-CD64 antibodies

Bi-specific anti-CD33 x anti-CD64 antibodies (BsAb) mediated more potent and longer-lasting inhibition of proliferation of human leukemia cell lines and primary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) samples compared to mono-specific anti-CD33 mAb. There were no differences between these two antibodies in cellular internalization over time. The inhibitory effect of BsAb was mimicked by a mouse IgG2a subclass mono-specific anti-CD33 mAb. These findings indicate that enhanced inhibition of proliferation was caused by simultaneous ligation of both CD33 and CD64 molecules. We conclude that inhibition of leukemia cell growth initiated by BsAb during prolonged exposure may have therapeutic value for the treatment of AML.
Test-retest reliability of pain-related brain activity in healthy controls undergoing experimental thermal pain.

Abstract Although functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been proposed as a method to elucidate pain-related biomarkers, little information exists related to psychometric properties of fMRI findings. This knowledge is essential for potential translation of this technology to clinical settings. The purpose of this study was to assess the test-retest reliability of pain-related brain activity and how it compares to the reliability of self-report. Twenty-two healthy controls (mean age = 22.6 years, standard deviation = 2.9) underwent 3 runs of an fMRI paradigm that used thermal stimuli to elicit experimental pain. Functional MRI summary statistics related to brain activity during thermal stimulation periods were extracted from bilateral anterior cingulate cortices and anterior insula. Intraclass correlations (ICCs) were conducted on these summary statistics and generally showed “good” test-retest reliability in all regions of interest (ICC range = .32–.88; mean = .71); however, these results did not surpass ICC values from pain ratings, which fell within the “excellent” range (ICC range = .93–.96; mean = .94). Findings suggest that fMRI is a valuable tool for measuring pain mechanisms but did not show an adequate level of test-retest reliability for fMRI to potentially act as a surrogate for individuals' self-report of pain. Perspective This study is one of the first reports to demonstrate the test-retest reliability of fMRI findings related to pain processing and provides a comparison to the reliability of subjective reports of pain. This information is essential for determining whether fMRI technology should be potentially translated for clinical use.
Effectiveness of Parallel Flow Microchannel Heat Exchangers With External Heat Transfer and Internal Heat Generation

In this paper the thermal performance of balanced parallel flow microchannel heat exchangers subjected to external heat transfer and internal heat generation have been numerically analyzed. The governing equations were numerically solved to obtain the axial temperatures of the fluids. The effectiveness of each fluid was determined using the inlet and outlet temperatures obtained from the numerical analysis. Moreover, the heat transferred between the individual fluids and the ambient as well as that between the fluids were numerically determined. The effectiveness depended on NTU, ambient temperature, thermal resistance between the ambient and the fluids, and the internal heat generation. When NTU is zero, the effectiveness depends only on the internally generated heat. At a particular ambient temperature and NTU the effectiveness of the hot and cold fluids degraded and improved, respectively, with increase in the internally generated heat. On the other hand with increase in ambient temperature the effectiveness of the hot and cold fluids decreased and increased, respectively, for a specific amount of heat generation. The model developed in this paper has been validated using existing models which consider the individual effect of external heat transfer and internal heat generation on the performance of parallel flow microchannel heat exchangers.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Diffusion Rate of Li in Si at Low Temperatures

The method of ion drift in the electric field of an $n\ensuremath{-}p$ junction has been used to measure the diffusion constant of Li in Si between 25\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and 125\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, taking particular care to avoid chemical and electrical interactions which might affect the results. When these data are combined with previous high-temperature data, there is obtained $D=(2.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}\mathrm{exp}[\ensuremath{-}\frac{(0.655\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01)e}{\mathrm{kT}}]$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/sec, the data extending over eight decades in $D$. The results are compared with those from ion-pair relaxation experiments, and it is shown that the latter are consistant with the ion-drift results.
Live virus survives excimer laser ablation.

Abstract Objectives To determine whether live virus can withstand excimer laser ablation and pose a possible health hazard to medical personnel. Design Experimental study. Methods Fibroblasts infected with oral polio vaccine virus were ablated with an excimer laser. The plume was collected using a smoke evacuator and bubbled through viral culture media. Main outcome measures The inlet tube from the smoke evacuator was swabbed and cultured for virus. Liquid from the bubble trap was also cultured. Results Live virus was shown in the material trapped from the laser plume. Conclusions Oral polio vaccine virus can survive excimer laser ablation. Whether other more clinically relevant viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus, can withstand ablation and remain infectious remains to be determined.
Identification and characterization of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors in cultured neuroblastoma and retinoblastoma clonal cell lines.

Abstract The recent availability of high specific activity radiolabeled dopaminergic antagonists with specificity for dopamine receptor subtypes has allowed us to screen a wide variety of cultured mammalian cell lines for the presence of D 1 and D 2 dopamine receptors. Specific receptor binding of the D 1 selective antagonists [ 3 H]SCH 23390 and [ 125 I]SCH 23982 was detected in membranes prepared from NS20Y cells, a clonal cell line derived from the C1300 murine neuroblastoma. Saturation analysis of [ 3 H]SCH 23390 binding revealed the presence of saturable, high affinity binding sites with a dissociation constant (K d ) of 575 pM and a receptor density of 138 fmol/mg protein (≈9000receptors/cell). Inhibition of [ 3 H]SCH 23390 binding by a series of dopaminergic agonists and antagonists exhibited appropriate stereoselectivity and pharmacological specificity, verifying the D 1 nature of this site. Dopamine inhibition of [ 3 H]SCH 23390 binding revealed the presence of high and low affinity agonist binding sites which were converted to a homogeneous low affinity state by the addition of GppNHp. In membranes prepared from the WERI 27 human retinoblastoma cell line, specific receptor binding of the D 2 antagonists [ 3 H]methylspiperone and [ 125 I]NAPS was observed. Saturation analysis of [ 3 H]methylspiperone binding revealed the presence of a single class of high affinity, saturable binding sites with aK d of 140 pM and aB max of 223 fmol/mg protein (≈2500receptor sites/cell). Inhibition of [ 3 H]methylspiperone binding by dopaminergic antagonists exhibited a rank order of potency consistent with the identification of a D 2 dopamine receptor subtype. In addition, dopamine inhibition of [ 3 H]methylspiperone binding exhibited both high and low affinity agonist binding sites which were converted to low affinity by the addition of GppNHp. These results represent the first direct demonstration of D 1 and D 2 dopamine receptors in cultured mammalian clonal cell lines. These cells should provide powerful model system for investigating the molecular mechanisms involved in dopamine receptor/effector coupling and regulation.
Neurobiology of Pediatric Anxiety Disorders

While the fear-based anxiety disorders (i.e., generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia and separation anxiety disorder) are among the most common psychiatric conditions in children and adolescents, only recently has an integrated understanding of the neurobiology of these disorders developed. In this regard, both structural and functional neuroimaging studies have demonstrated neuroanatomic and functional abnormalities within the amygdala and prefrontal cortex in youth with fear-based anxiety disorders, and have also suggested altered functional connectivity among components of the anterior limbic network (ALN), as well as alterations in neurochemistry within the anterior cingulate cortex. Additionally, several prefrontal structures and regions (e.g., medial prefrontal cortex) appear to be dysregulated in youth who are at risk of developing anxiety disorders (e.g., youth with inhibited temperament, behavioral inhibition, etc.). Finally, emerging data raise the possibility that functional activity within these amygdala-prefrontal networks may be affected by successful psychopharmacologic and psychotherapeutic treatment and may predict outcome.
Investment practices of transit service providers in land development

In the United States, many transit companies depend on government subsidies to cover their operating costs. Subsidies that are currently given are not a sustainable solution, as transit agency deficits are likely to grow in the future due to increasing operating costs. One practice that has been successful in a few U.S. and international cases is encouraging transit agencies to invest in land development. The investments transit companies make can benefit them not only by increasing ridership when the development is designed to be transit-supportive, but also provide extra revenue from the lease or sale of the developed land. This study, by means of a survey, identifies barriers to transit agency investment in land development and trends and opinions among different stakeholders that might affect a transit agency's decision to invest in land development.
On information and market dynamics: The case of the U.S. beef market

Abstract The paper investigates the nature of dynamic prices and expectations in a competitive market. The approach is applied to the U.S. beef market, which exhibits cyclical patterns and significant biological lags in the production process. Beef price equations are estimated under different expectation regimes. The empirical results indicate the presence of heterogeneous price expectations, with a significant number of market participants neglecting information about the existence of a beef cycle.
Atomic structure of dislocation kinks in silicon

We investigate the physics of the core reconstruction and associated structural excitations (reconstruction defects and kinks) of dislocations in silicon, using a linear-scaling density-matrix technique. The two predominant dislocations (the $90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ and $30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ partials) are examined, focusing for the $90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ case on the single-period core reconstruction. In both cases, we observe strongly reconstructed bonds at the dislocation cores, as suggested in previous studies. As a consequence, relatively low formation energies and high migration barriers are generally associated with reconstructed (dangling-bond-free) kinks. Complexes formed of a kink plus a reconstruction defect are found to be strongly bound in the $30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ partial, while the opposite is true in the case of $90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ partial, where such complexes are found to be only marginally stable at zero temperature with very low dissociation barriers. For the $30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ partial, our calculated formation energies and migration barriers of kinks are seen to compare favorably with experiment. Our results for the kink energies on the $90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ partial are consistent with a recently proposed alternative double-period structure for the core of this dislocation.
Knowledge, attitudes, and barriers to carrier screening for the Ashkenazi Jewish panel: a Florida experience : Education and Barriers assessment for Jewish Genetic Diseases.

The knowledge, attitudes, and barriers to Jewish genetic diseases (JGDs) and screening and their relative importance in reproductive decision-making were assessed in a population-based sample of Ashkenazi Jewish young adults in Florida. These adults attended educational screening fairs hosted by The Victor Center for the Prevention of Jewish Genetic Diseases at the University of Miami. Parametric and nonparametric tests were used as appropriate to analyze data from a single group pretest/posttest design. Four hundred twelve individuals (mean age = 24.9; 54.7 % female, 45.3 % male) completed the questionnaires. Participants' level of knowledge increased from pre- to post-intervention (81.4 vs. 91.0 %; p < 0.0001). Concern about the possibility of being a carrier of a JGD was significantly higher after an educational session (5-point Likert scale mean difference = 0.45; p < 0.0001), as was their level of concern regarding having an affected child (mean difference = 0.20; p < 0.0001). The number of participants who agreed or strongly agreed that the test results would not have any influence on their reproductive behavior was lower after the session (17.2 vs. 20.8 %; p < 0.0001). This study demonstrates that an educational carrier screening program increased knowledge and elucidated awareness of the attitudes and barriers toward JGDs and carrier screening.