cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Democracy, Volatility, and Economic Development

Growth stability is an important objective—because development requires sustained increases in income, because volatility is costly for the poor, and because volatility deters growth. We study the determinants of average growth and its volatility as a two-equation system, and find that higher levels of democracy and diversification lower volatility, whereas volatility itself reduces growth. Muslim countries instrument for democracy, and measures of diversification identify volatility. In contrast to the lack of consensus on the democracy—growth relationship, the democracy—stability link is robust. Rather than focus on growth, this paper forges an alternative link between democracy and development through the volatility channel.
The related compounds MThTe3 (M = Mn, Mg) and ACuThSe3 (A = K, Cs): syntheses and characterization.

Single crystals of MnThTe{sub 3} (1) and MgThTe{sub 3} (2) grow as small black plates from the stoichiometric reaction of the elements, the former at 1,000 C and the latter at 900 C with the aid of a Sn flux. Both compounds crystallize in the space group Cmcm of the orthorhombic system with four formula units in cells of dimensions a = 4.2783(6){angstrom}, b = 13.8618(11){angstrom}, and c = 9.9568(15){angstrom} for 1 and a = 4.2854(6){angstrom}, b = 14.042(2){angstrom}, and c = 9.9450(14){angstrom} for 2 at T - 153(2) K. KCuThSe{sub 3} (3) forms as red blocks from a stoichiometric mixture of K{sub 2}Se, Cu, Th, and Se at 800 C, and CsCuThSe{sub 3} (4) forms as yellow blocks from a stoichiometric mixture of Cs{sub 2}Se{sub 3}, Cu, Th, and Se at 850 C. Compounds 3 and 4 also crystallize in the space group Cmcm of the orthorhombic system with four formula units in cells of dimensions a + 4.1832(8){angstrom}, b = 14,335(3){angstrom}, and c = 10.859(2){angstrom} for 3 and 1 = 4.2105(7){angstrom}, b = 15.715(3){angstrom}, and c = 10.897(2){angstrom} for 4 at 153(2) K. Compounds 1 and 2 are isostructural with each other as well as with several uraniummore » analogues and comprise pseudolayered structures with slabs of corner-shared MTe{sub 6} octahedra alternating with slabs of cap- and edge-shared ThTe{sub 8} bicapped trigonal prisms. the slabs are bonded together through the sharing of edges and vertices of the various polyhedra to form three-dimensional structures. Compounds 3 and 4 are two-dimensional layered structures that are closely related to 1 and 2. In 3 and 4, ThSe{sub 6} octahedra form the same slabs as MTe{sub 6} in 1 and 2 and Cu atoms occupy the tetrahedralholes in the layers. Alkali metal cations occupy bicapped trigonal prismatic sites between the layers. Neither structure type has short Q-Q interactions, and therefore the oxidation states of all atoms are straightforwardly assigned on the assumption of Th{sup 4+}. Magnetic susceptibility measurements on compound 1 show a ferromagnetic translation at 70 K and a magnetic moment of 5.9(2) {mu}{sub {Beta}} per Mn ion, indicating low-spin Mn{sup 2+}.« less
Threshold phenomena in erosion driven by subsurface flow

[1] We study channelization and slope destabilization driven by subsurface (groundwater) flow in a laboratory experiment. The pressure of the water entering the sand pile from below as well as the slope of the sand pile are varied. We present quantitative understanding of the three modes of sediment mobilization in this experiment: surface erosion, fluidization, and slumping. The onset of erosion is controlled not only by shear stresses caused by surfical flows but also by hydrodynamic stresses deriving from subsurface flows. These additional forces require modification of the critical Shields criterion. Whereas surface flows alone can mobilize surface grains only when the water flux exceeds a threshold, subsurface flows cause this threshold to vanish at slopes steeper than a critical angle substantially smaller than the maximum angle of stability. Slopes above this critical angle are unstable to channelization by any amount of fluid reaching the surface.
Esters of Hydantoic Acids as Prodrugs of Hydantoins

Abstract: Hydantoins used as drugs possess low water solubility, which has led to erratic absorption patterns and dissolution patterns and possible precipitation in the blood after intravenous infusions of solutions of their sodium salts. The aim of this investigation was to elucidate the chemistry, physical properties, and pharmacological activity of some more water-soluble derivatives of hydantoins to determine the feasibility of their use as prodrugs. Various esters of the hydantoic acids of mephenytoin and 3-methyl- phenytoin were prepared and found to be quantitatively converted to the respective hydantoin under neutral to basic conditions. The β-N',N'-diethylaminoethyl esters, in particular, were soluble in water up to pH 8 (presumably in the protonated form) and were converted to the respective hydantoin at pH 7.4 and 37°, with half- lives of under 20 min. At 25° and pH 6.0, the esters were stable for a few hours. An animal study using mice to test for anticonvulsant activity of the esters after intraperitoneal injection gave encouraging results (ED 50 = 60 mg./kg., LD 50 = 600 mg./kg.). The results suggested that β-N',N'-diethylaminoethyl esters of hydantoic acids were candidates as water-soluble prodrugs of the respective hydantoin.
A model for plasticity kinetics and its role in simulating the dynamic behavior of Fe at high strain rates

Abstract The recent diagnostic capability of the Omega laser to study solid-solid phase transitions at pressures greater than 10 GPa and at strain rates exceeding 10 7 s −1 has also provided valuable information on the dynamic elastic-plastic behavior of materials. We have found, for example, that plasticity kinetics modifies the effective loading and thermodynamic paths of the material. In this paper we derive a kinetics equation for the time-dependent plastic response of the material to dynamic loading, and describe the model’s implementation in a radiation-hydrodynamics computer code. This model for plasticity kinetics incorporates the Gilman model for dislocation multiplication and saturation. We discuss the application of this model to the simulation of experimental velocity interferometry data for experiments on Omega in which Fe was shock compressed to pressures beyond the α-to-e phase transition pressure. The kinetics model is shown to fit the data reasonably well in this high strain rate regime and further allows quantification of the relative contributions of dislocation multiplication and drag. The sensitivity of the observed signatures to the kinetics model parameters is presented.
Genetic-Algorithm-based Asteroseismological Analysis of the DBV White Dwarf GD 358

White dwarf asteroseismology offers the opportunity to probe the structure and composition of stellar objects governed by relatively simple physical principles. The observational requirements of asteroseismology have been addressed by the development of the Whole Earth Telescope (WET), but the analytical procedures still need to be refined before this technique can yield the complete physical insight that the data can provide. Toward this end, we have utilized a genetic-algorithm-based optimization method to fit our models to the observed pulsation frequencies of the DBV white dwarf GD 358 obtained with the WET in 1990. This new approach has finally exploited the sensitivity of our models to the core composition and will soon yield some interesting constraints on nuclear reaction cross sections.
Chromosome Structure and Function. Future Prospects

Publisher Summary This chapter describes chromosome structure and function. The use of restriction enzymes and hybridization techniques has allowed the rapid mapping, on a relatively coarse scale, of these DNA segments, while two extremely fast methods are available for obtaining exact nucleotide sequences. Special arrangements, probably involving some central computing facility, will almost certainly have to be made to collect, and store these sequences, and to distribute them to all interested workers in the field. Sequences coding for one particular mRNA are apparently located in some 40 different places in the Drosophila genome. The genes for the five major histones have been found, in several species, to be in tandemly repeated arrays. There are large noncoding regions between the different coding sequences, not all of which are read off the same chain. The rate of recombination is so much higher for small viruses than for the host genome that repetitions in a viral genome may lead to an unacceptably high rate of deletion of the regions between them.
Quasar Evolution and the Baldwin Effect in the Large Bright Quasar Survey

From a large homogeneous sample of optical/UV emission line measurements for 993 quasars from the Large Bright Quasar Survey (LBQS), we study correlations between emission-line equivalent width and both rest-frame ultraviolet luminosity (i.e., the Baldwin effect) and redshift. Our semiautomated spectral fitting accounts for absorption lines, fits blended iron emission, and provides upper limits to weak emission lines. Use of a single large, well-defined sample and consistent emission-line measurements allows us to sensitively detect many correlations, most of which have been previously noted. A new finding is a significant Baldwin effect in UV iron emission. Further analysis reveals that the primary correlation of iron emission strength is probably with redshift, implying an evolutionary rather than a luminosity effect. We show that for most emission lines with a significant Baldwin effect, and for some without, evolution dominates over luminosity effects. This may reflect evolution in abundances, in cloud covering factors, or overall cloud conditions such as density and ionization. We find that in our sample, a putative correlation between Baldwin effect slope and the ionization potential is not significant. Uniform measurements of other large quasar samples will extend the luminosity and redshift range of such spectral studies and provide even stronger tests of spectral evolution.
A comparison of the information conveyed by equity carve-outs, spin-offs, and asset sell-offs

Abstract We examine valuation effects on firms in the same industry as entities that are the subject of carve-outs (initial public offerings of subsidiary equity), spin-offs, and asset sell-offs. Share price reactions for rivals are negative in response to equity carve-outs. In comparison, rival stock returns are positive for spin-offs and normal for asset sell-offs, restructuring actions that do not entail a public offering of equity. Our results suggest managers conduct equity carve-outs when outside investors are likely to price the new shares higher than managers' perceived value.
Flowfield Simulation About a 65-Degree Delta Wing During Constant Roll-Rate Motions

Numerical simulations of the flowfield over a 65-degree delta wing undergoing constant roll-rate maneuvers are presented. The unsteady, three-dimensional, full Navier-Stokes equations are solved using a BeamWarming implicit algorithm. Computations are performed for two distinct maneuvers. The first is a constant-rate coning motion, with resulting body-axis moments compared to rotary data from the AFRL vertical wind tunnel. The second is a constant roll-rate, barrel-roll type maneuver with zero pitch and yaw rates. In both maneuvers the angle of attack and sideslip angle are fixed at 30 degrees and zero degrees respectively. Vortex breakdown locations and aerodynamic reactions for these motions are compared to quantify angular rate effects and their impact on recent aerodynamic modeling efforts. Nomenclature
Skylab investigation of the upwelling off the northwest coast of Africa

The upwelling off the NW coast of Africa in the vicinity of Cape Blanc was studied in February - March 1974 from aircraft and in September 1973 from Skylab. The aircraft study was designed to determine the effectiveness of a differential radiometer in quantifying surface chlorophyll concentrations. Photographic images of the S190A Multispectral Camera and the S190B Earth Terrain Camera from Skylab were used to study distributional patterns of suspended material and to locate ocean color boundaries. The thermal channel of the S192 Multispectral Scanner was used to map sea-surface temperature distributions offshore of Cape Blanc. Correlating ocean color changes with temperature gradients is an effective method of qualitatively estimating biological productivity in the upwelling region off Africa.
Towards speech recognition without vocabulary-specific training

With the emergence of high-performance speaker-independent systems, a great barrier to man-machine interface has been overcome. This work describes our next step to improve the usability of speech recognizers—the use of vocabulary-independent (VI) models. If successful, VI models are trained once and for all. They will completely eliminate task-specific training, and will enable rapid configuration of speech recognizers for new vocabularies. Our initial results using generalized triphones as VI models show that with more training data and more detailed modeling, the error rate of VI models can be reduced substantially. For example, the error rates for VI models with 5,000, 10,000 and 15,000 training sentences are 23.9%, 15.2% and 13.3% respectively. Moreover, if task-specific training data were available, we can interpolate them with VI models. Our prelimenary results show that this interpolation can lead to an 18% error rate reduction over task-specific models.
Transaction Cost Economics, Antitrust Rules, and Remedies

This article discusses the application of transaction cost economics (TCE) to the specification of antitrust legal rules and antitrust remedies and explains why the application of TCE analysis may lead to very different legal rules and remedies from approaches that ignore TCE considerations. Antitrust legal rules must be sensitive to the attributes of the institutions we rely upon to enforce antitrust policies, the information and analytical capabilities these institutions possess, the uncertainties they must confront in the diagnosis and mitigation of anticompetitive behavior and market structures, and the associated costs of type I and type II errors implied by alternative legal rules and remedies. Modern imperfect competition theory that fails to take TCE principles into account is likely to lead to poor legal rules and remedies. These conclusions are supported by a discussion of the Kodak case and its progeny and of the proposed divestiture remedies approved by the District Court’s decision in the Microsoft case.
An Allenic Pauson–Khand Approach to 6,12-Guaianolides

Cyclocarbonylation of α-methylene butyrolactone-containing allene-ynes affords 6,12-guaianolide ring systems. Incorporation of the α-methylene butyrolactone early in a synthetic sequence is rare for reactivity reasons; however, this moiety proves to be beneficial to the allenic Pauson–Khand reaction. The three double bonds and the ketone in the resulting 5–7–5 ring system bear significant differences in their reactivity and are ideally positioned for synthetic application to 6,12-guaianolides and analogs.
Yatakemycin: total synthesis, DNA alkylation, and biological properties.

Covering: up to 2007 DNA-binding small molecules are an important source of anticancer therapeutics that display a diverse array of mechanisms of action. Synthetic studies on the new DNA-alkylating natural product yatakemycin, detailed in this Highlight, have served to reassign its structure, assign the absolute stereochemistry, and provide access to yatakemycin and a series of structural analogues for biological evaluation. Studies on the DNA alkylation properties of (+)- and ent-(−)-yatakemycin and related analogues have demonstrated the enhanced DNA alkylation properties of this class of agents and provided insight into their interaction with DNA.
Total Synthesis of (+)-Prelaureatin and (+)-Laurallene

The first total syntheses of (+)-prelaureatin and (+)-laurallene are described. An asymmetric glycolate aldol addition was followed by a ring-closing metathesis to close the eight-membered ring allowing construction of the oxocene core of (+)-prelaureatin and (+)-laurallene in seven synthetic steps from (R)-benzylglycidyl ether.
Synthesis of cyclopropanes via organoiron methodology: preparation of 2-(2′-carboxy-3′-ethylcyclopropyl)glycine

Abstract A route to 1,2,3-trisubstituted cyclopropanes has been developed. The relative stereochemistry at the three cyclopropane centers is established by nucleophilic attack on the pentadienyl ligand on the face opposite to iron and subsequent oxidatively induced reductive elimination with retention of configuration. This methodology was applied to the synthesis of 2-(2′-carboxy-3′-ethylcyclopropyl)glycines. The diastereomeric glycine dimethyl esters are separable as their diphenylmethylene imines.
Removing pions from two-nucleon effective field theory

Abstract Two-nucleon effective field theory (EFT) beyond momenta of order the pion mass is studied for both cutoff regularization and dimensional regularization with power divergence subtraction (PDS). Models with two mass scales illustrate how effects of long-distance pion physics must be removed from the coefficients that encode short-distance physics. The modified effective range expansion shows that treating pions perturbatively, as in the PDS power counting, limits the radius of convergence of the EFT. Predictions from both regularization schemes with one-pion contributions are compared to data. The breakdown of the effective field theory occurs for momenta of order 300 MeV, even using the modified effective range expansion. This behavior is shown to be consistent with that expected from two-pion contributions.
Magnetic properties of nickel filament polymer-matrix composites

The magnetic properties of polyethersulfone-matrix composites with 3-19 vol.% polycrystalline nickel filaments (0.4 (im diam) were investigated. These filaments were found to exhibit hysteresis energy loss 10800 J/m3 of nickel and coercive force 16.9 kA/m, compared to corresponding values of 4930 J/m3 and 4.7 kA/m for 2 μ.m diam polycrystalline nickel fibers, 1020 J/m3 and 0.5 kA/m for 20 μm diam polycrystalline nickel fibers, and 1280 J/m3 and 2.3 kA/m for solid polycrystalline nickel.
Brighter, more colorful colors and darker, deeper colors based on a theme of brilliance

A methodology for achieving brighter, more colorful colors and deeper, darker colors based on Evans' zero gray (G0) (described in The Perception of Color) and his concept of brilliance as a percept in color vision was demonstrated and tested psychometrically in media produced under current digital video and digital cinema standards—basically the sRGB set of primaries. Objects or surfaces in a scene represented in sRGB as having gray content in the Evans sense are rendered as original. Flesh tones are preserved. Those features not having gray content—a highly colorful arrangement of flowers, a clear blue sky, and the glossy red lipstick of a beautiful lady— are made brighter, more colorful and deeper, darker when rendered in a set of primaries that emulate, for example, the xvYCC-encoded standard and whose colors extend beyond those of sRGB—an expanded gamut, if you will. In all but the most-aggressive application, versions of scenes where this methodology was applied were con- sistently preferred over the sRGB version across 10 repre- sentative scenes and 17 observers. 2010 Wiley Periodicals,
Dynamic Shape and Appearance Modeling via Moving and Deforming Layers

We propose a model of the shape, motion and appearance of a scene, seen through a sequence of images, that captures occlusions, scene deformations, unconstrained viewpoint variations and changes in its radiance. This model is based on a collection of overlapping layers that can move and deform, each supporting an intensity function that can change over time. We discuss the generality and limitations of this model in relation to existing ones such as traditional optical flow or motion segmentation, layers, deformable templates and deformotion. We then illustrate how this model can be used for inference of shape, motion, deformation and appearance of the scene from a collection of images. The layering structure allows for automatic inpainting of partially occluded regions. We illustrate the model on synthetic and real sequences where existing schemes fail, and show how suitable choices of constants in the model yield existing schemes, from optical flow to motion segmentation and inpainting.
Aspects of classical and quantum Nambu mechanics

We present recent developments in the theory of Nambu mechanics, which include new examples of Nambu-Poisson manifolds with linear Nambu brackets and new representations of Nambu-Heisenberg commutation relations.
Synthesis of heterocyclic compounds from o-aminobenzenethiol and ammonium thiocarbamate

The reaction of o-aminobenzenethiol with carbonyl sulfide in the presence of triethylamine afforded an alternate route for the synthesis of 2-benzothiazolinone (1) in 97–98% yield. The reaction of ammonium thiocarbamate (2) with 2-chlorocyclohexanone furnished the novel 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2-benzothiazolinone (3). 3-Ethoxy-2H-1,4-benzothiazin-2-one (7) was prepared by the reaction of o-aminobenzenethiol with diethyl oxalate. Possible pathways and supporting nmr, ir and mass spectra are discussed.
Theory of static and dynamic antiferromagnetic vortices in LSCO superconductors

Abstract A key prediction of the SO (5) theory is the antiferromagnetic vortex state. Recent neutron scattering experiment on LSCO superconductors revealed enhanced antiferromagnetic order in the vortex state. Here we review theoretical progress since the original proposal and present a theory of static and dynamic antiferromanetic vortices in LSCO superconductors. It is shown that the antiferromagnetic region induced by the vortices can be greater than the coherence length, due to the light effective mass of the dynamic antiferromagnetic fluctuations at optimal doping, and close proximity to the antiferromagentic state in the underdoped regime. Systematic experiments are proposed to unambiguously determine that the field induced magnetic scattering originates from the vortices and not from the bulk.
Measurements of the solid-body rotation of anisotropic particles in 3D turbulence

We introduce a new method to measure Lagrangian vorticity and the rotational dynamics of anisotropic particles in a turbulent fluid flow. We use 3D printing technology to fabricate crosses (two perpendicular rods) and jacks (three mutually perpendicular rods). Time-resolved measurements of their orientation and solid-body rotation rate are obtained from four video images of their motion in a turbulent flow between oscillating grids with Rλ = 91. The advected particles have a largest dimension of 6 times the Kolmogorov length, making them a good approximation to anisotropic tracer particles. Crosses rotate like disks and jacks rotate like spheres, so these measurements, combined with previous measurements of tracer rods, allow experimental study of axisymmetric ellipsoids across the full range of aspect ratios. The measured mean square tumbling rate, pp ˙˙ ii 〈 〉, confirms previous direct numerical simulations that indicate that disks tumble much more rapidly than rods. Measurements of the alignment of a unit vector defining the orientation of crosses with the direction of their solid-body rotation rate vector provide the first direct observation of the alignment of anisotropic particles by the velocity gradients in a turbulent flow.
Instanton sums and five-dimensional gauge theories

Abstract We analyze the vector multiplet prepotential of d = 4, N = 2 type IIA compactifications. We find that the world-sheet instanton corrections have a natural interpretation as one-loop corrections in five dimensions, with the extra dimension compactified on a circle of radius gsls. We argue that the relation between space-time and world-sheet instantons is natural from this point of view. We also discuss the map between the type IIA world-sheet instantons and the space-time instantons in the heterotic dual.
On the Weil-Petersson Volume and the First Chern Class of the Moduli Space of Calabi-Yau Manifolds

In this paper, we proved that the Weil-Petersson volume of Calabi-Yau moduli is a rational number. We also proved that the integrations of the invariants of the Ricci curvature of the Weli-Petersson metric with respect to the Weil-Petersson volume form are all rational numbers.
Asymptotic Growth of Associated Primes of Certain Graph Ideals

We specify a class of graphs, H t , and characterize the irreducible decompositions of all powers of the cover ideals. This gives insight into the structure and stabilization of the corresponding associated primes; specifically, providing an answer to the question “For each integer t ≥ 0, does there exist a (hyper) graph H t such that stabilization of associated primes occurs at n ≥ (χ(H t ) −1) + t?” [4]. For each t, H t has chromatic number 3 and associated primes that stabilize at n = 2 + t.
Warped domain wall fermions

We consider Kaplan's domain wall fermions in the presence of an Anti-de Sitter (AdS) background in the extra dimension. Just as in the flat space case, in a completely vector-like gauge theory defined after discretizing this extra dimension, the spectrum contains a very light charged fermion whose chiral components are localized at the ends of the extra dimensional interval. The component on the IR boundary of the AdS space can be given a large mass by coupling it to a neutral fermion via the Higgs mechanism. In this theory, gauge invariance can be restored either by taking the limit of infinite proper length of the extra dimension or by reducing the AdS curvature radius towards zero. In the latter case, the Kaluza-Klein modes stay heavy and the resulting classical theory approaches a chiral gauge theory, as we verify numerically. Potential difficulties for this approach could arise from the coupling of the longitudinal mode of the light gauge boson, which has to be treated non-perturbatively.
Alternatives for Managing Drought: A Comparative Cost Analysis

Abstract The question addressed by this study is how a large urban water district can best respond to a drought. Using a computer model of a representative district, we find that a combination of conjunctive use and water marketing is well over an order of magnitude cheaper than the traditional alternative of constructing new storage capacity. The indicated cost saving can be explained by the intermittent nature of the transfer, corresponding to the intermittent demand. Comparing costs to benefits, the consumer-surplus loss otherwise entailed by raising prices to cut back on consumption in the event of a drought, we find that construction of new storage does not pass a benefit/cost test, but introduction of conjunctive use/water marketing does.
A Short and Convenient Synthesis of 5-Alkyl Substituted 8-Hydroxyquinolines

Abstract 5-Chloro-8-methoxyquinoline undergoes rapid and reversible lithium-halogen exchange reaction with alkyllithiums to yield 5-alkyl substituted derivatives indirectly, whereas the reaction with phenyllithium is slower and 5-alkyl substituted compounds are formed by the direct addition of alkyl halides.
Radioactive nuclear beams and the North American IsoSpin Laboratory (ISL) initiative

Abstract Radioactive nuclear beams (RNBs) offer exciting new research opportunities in fields as diverse as nuclear structure, nuclear reactions, astrophysics, atomic, materials, and applied science. Their realization in new accelerator complexes also offers important technical challenges. Some of the nuclear physics possibilities afforded by RNBs, with emphasis on low spin nuclear structure, are discussed, accompanied by an outline of the ISL initiative and its status.
Data warehousing and OLAP for decision support

On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP) and Data Warehousing are decision support technologies. Their goal is to enable enterprises to gain competitive advantage by exploiting the ever-growing amount of data that is collected and stored in corporate databases and files for better and faster decision making. Over the past few years, these technologies have experienced explosive growth, both in the number of products and services offered, and in the extent of coverage in the trade press. Vendors, including all database companies, are paying increasing attention to all aspects of decision support.
The Logic of Presidential Signing Statements

Signing statements constitute a salient executive power that has recently captured scholarly and political attention. Prior literature suggests that presidents use signing statements to gain additi...
Constituent power and Carl Schmitt’s theory of constitution in Kenya’s constitution-making process

The decade-long constitutional reform process in Kenya spans two phases. The first ended with a High Court decision that the constitution-making process was unconstitutional because it failed to provide an opportunity for the exercise of constituent power by the Kenyan people. In the second phase Parliament sought to shield substantive questions of constitutional design from the reach of the constituent power. Drawing on Carl Schmitt’s constitutional theory, this article argues that although paradoxical, such treatment of the constituent power is theoretically coherent. Reading Schmitt’s theory closely reveals that, despite himself, Schmitt accepts limitation of the constituent power where the nature of law and liberal constitutionalism demand it. The article does not apply Schmitt’s constitutional theory, so much as read it against itself to suggest that it bears close resemblance to Fuller’s and Dworkin’s jurisprudence. At the same time, the article seeks to understand the Kenyan constitutional reform process, and ultimately questions whether the limitations placed on the constituent power in Kenya are consistent with theoretically acceptable limitations.
Communication and cooperation

Abstract Communication plays a vital role in the organization and operation of biological, computational, economic, and social systems. Agents often base their behavior on the signals they receive from others and also recognize the importance of the signals they send. Here we develop a framework for analyzing the emergence of communication in an adaptive system. The framework enables the study of a system composed of agents who evolve the ability to strategically send and receive communication. While the modeling framework is quite general, we focus here on a specific application, namely the analysis of cooperation in a single-shot Prisoner’s Dilemma. We find that, contrary to initial expectations, communication allows the emergence of cooperation in such a system. Moreover, we find a systematic relationship between the processing and language complexity inherent in the communication system and the observed behavior. The approach developed here should open up a variety of phenomena to the systematic exploration of endogenous, strategic communication.
If you can hide behind it, can you hide inside it?

Let K and L be compact convex sets in Rn. Suppose that, for a given dimension 1 ≤ d ≤ n − 1, every d-dimensional orthogonal projection of L contains a translate of the corresponding projection of K. Does it follow that the original set L contains a translate of K? In other words, if K can be translated to “hide behind” L from any perspective, does it follow that K can “hide inside” L? A compact convex set L is defined to be d-decomposable if L is a direct Minkowski sum (affine Cartesian product) of two or more convex bodies each of dimension at most d. A compact convex set L is called d-reliable if, whenever each d-dimensional orthogonal projection of L contains a translate of the corresponding d-dimensional projection of K, it must follow that L contains a translate of K. It is shown that, for 1 ≤ d ≤ n− 1: (1) d-decomposability implies d-reliability. (2) A compact convex set L in Rn is d-reliable if and only if, for all m ≥ d+2, no m unit normals to regular boundary points of L form the outer unit normals of an (m− 1)-dimensional simplex. (3) Smooth convex bodies are not d-reliable. (4) A compact convex set L in Rn is 1-reliable if and only if L is 1-decomposable (i.e. a parallelotope). (5) A centrally symmetric compact convex set L in Rn is 2-reliable if and only if L is 2-decomposable. However, there are non-centered 2-reliable convex bodies that are not 2-decomposable. As a result of (5) above, the only reliable centrally symmetric covers in R3 from the perspective of 2-dimensional shadows are the affine convex cylinders (prisms). However, in dimensions greater than 3, it is shown that 3decomposability is only sufficient, and not necessary, for L to cover reliably with respect to 3-shadows, even when L is assumed to be centrally symmetric. Consider two compact convex subsetsK and L of n-dimensional Euclidean space. Suppose that, for a given dimension 1 ≤ d 0 is sufficiently small), but no longer fits inside D. The same construction works for any set K inscribed in D and having strictly less than unit diameter. Another Received by the editors June 4, 2009. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 52A20. c ©2011 Daniel A. Klain
Total synthesis and stereochemical revision of (+)-aeruginosin 298-A.

[structure:see text] Novel routes toward both enantiomers of the bicyclic proline surrogate 2-carboxy-6-hydroxyoctahydroindole, i.e., Choi, were developed on the basis of the oxidative cyclization of L-tyrosine. Synthesis of the proposed sequence of (+)-aeruginosin 298-A did not provide the natural product. Incorporation of a D-leucine residue, in contrast, led to the total synthesis of this thrombin inhibitor.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Substituted γ-Butyrolactones by the [3 + 2] Annulation of Allylic Silanes with Chlorosulfonyl Isocyanate: Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (+)-Blastmycinone

[structure: see text]. A stereoselective synthesis of gamma-butyrolactones by the [3 + 2] annulation of allylic silanes with N-chlorosulfonyl isocyanate (CSI) was developed. An enantioselective total synthesis of (+)-blastmycinone was accomplished using this annulation as the key step.
Phase boundaries in deterministic dense coding

We consider dense coding with partially entangled states on bipartite systems of dimension $d\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}d$, studying the conditions under which a given number of messages, $N$, can be deterministically transmitted. It is known that the largest Schmidt coefficient, ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{0}$, must obey the bound ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{0}\ensuremath{\le}d/N$, and considerable empirical evidence points to the conclusion that there exist states satisfying ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{0}=d/N$ for every $d$ and $N$ except the special cases $N=d+1$ and $N={d}^{2}\ensuremath{-}1$. We provide additional conditions under which this bound cannot be reached---that is, when it must be that ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{0}ld/N$---yielding insight into the shapes of boundaries separating entangled states that allow $N$ messages from those that allow only $N\ensuremath{-}1$. We also show that these conclusions hold no matter what operations are used for the encoding, and in so doing, identify circumstances under which unitary encoding is strictly better than nonunitary.
Structural Reliability Analysis of Laminated CMC Components

For laminated ceramic matrix composite (CMC) materials to realize their full potential in aerospace applications, design methods and protocols are a necessity. The time independent failure response of these materials is focussed on and a reliability analysis is presented associated with the initiation of matrix cracking. A public domain computer algorithm is highlighted that was coupled with the laminate analysis of a finite element code and which serves as a design aid to analyze structural components made from laminated CMC materials. Issues relevant to the effect of the size of the component are discussed, and a parameter estimation procedure is presented. The estimation procedure allows three parameters to be calculated from a failure population that has an underlying Weibull distribution.
Improved Synthesis of Irbesartan, an Antihypertensive Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient

An improved synthesis of the antihypertensive drug irbesartan, based on the Suzuki reaction, has been described.
Enethiol assisted [3,4] and [3,5] sigmatropic rearrangements during thionation of 2,3-diaroylbicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-5-enes with boron sulfide

Abstract Thionation reaction of 2,3-diaroylbicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-5-enes using in situ generated B 2 S 3 (bis-trialkyltin sulfide or bis-trimethylsilyl sulfide reacted with BCl 3 in toluene) gave [3,4] and [3,5] sigmatropic rearrangement products.
Large voltage-induced modification of spin-orbit torques in Pt/Co/GdOx

We report on large modifications of current-induced spin-orbit torques in a gated Pt/Co/Gd-oxide microstrip due to voltage-driven O2− migration. The Slonczewski-like and field-like torques are quantified using a low-frequency harmonic technique based on the polar magneto-optical Kerr effect. Voltage-induced oxidation of Co enhances the Slonczewski-like torque by as much as an order of magnitude and simultaneously reduces the anisotropy energy barrier by a factor of ∼5. Such magneto-ionic tuning of interfacial spin-orbit effects may significantly enhance the efficiency of magnetization switching and provide additional degrees of freedom in spintronic devices.
Enantioselective organocatalytic cyclopropanations. The identification of a new class of iminium catalyst based upon directed electrostatic activation

A new method for enantioselective organocatalytic cyclopropanation is described. This study outlines the identification of a new class of iminium catalyst based on the concept of directed electrostatic activation (DEA). This novel organocatalytic mechanism exploits dual activation of ylide and enal substrates through a proposed electrostatic activation and stereodirected protocol. Formation of trisubstituted cyclopropanes with high levels of enantio- and diastereoinduction is accomplished for a variety of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and sulfonium ylides. In addition, mechanistic studies have found that this cyclopropanation reaction exhibits enantioselectivity and reactivity profiles that are in accord with the proposed DEA step.
Vyaghranomics in space and time : estimating habitat threats for Bengal, Indochinese, Malayan and Sumatran tigers

As the wild tiger population in tropical Asia dropped from about 100,000 to 3,500 in the last century, the need to conserve tiger habitats poses a challenge for the Global Tiger Recovery Program. This paper develops and uses a high-resolution monthly forest clearing database for 74 tiger habitat areas in ten countries to investigate habitat threats for Bengal, Indochinese, Malayan and Sumatran tigers. The econometric model links forest habitat loss and forest clearing to profitability calculations that are affected by market expectations, environmental conditions and evolving patterns of settlement, among others. It uses new spatial panel estimation methods that allow for temporal and spatial autocorrelation. The econometric results emphasize the role of short-run market variables, including the exchange rate, real interest rate and prices of agricultural products in forest clearing, with considerable variation in the estimated timing for response and impact elasticities across countries. The results highlight a critical message for the conservation policy community: Changes in world agricultural-product markets and national financial policies have significant, measurable effects on tropical forest clearing, with variable time lags and degrees of responsiveness across countries. Measuring these effects and pinpointing areas at risk can provide valuable guidance for policymakers, conservation managers, and donor institutions.
Progress towards understanding and predicting convection heat transfer in the turbine gas path

A new era is drawing in the ability to predict convection heat transfer in the turbine gas path. We feel that the technical community now has the capability to mount a major assault on this problem, which has eluded significant progress for a long time. We hope to make a case for this bold statement by reviewing the state of the art in three major heat transfer, configuration-specific experiments, whose data have provided the big picture and guided both the fundamental modeling research and the code development. Following that, we review progress and directions in the development of computer codes to predict turbine gas path heat transfer. Finally, we cite examples and make observations on the more recent efforts to do all this work in a simultaneous, interactive, and more synergistic manner. We conclude with an assessment of progress, suggestions for how to use the current state of the art, and recommendations for the future.
Design Optimization of a Two-Phase Solar Water Heater Using R-123

This paper reports that design of a vapor transport solar water heater using R-1223 is optimized to maximize thermal performance and minimize life cycle cost. Optimal systems for one and two-story homes are identified in a parametric study of collector area, condenser heat transfer area, waster storage tank volume and circulating refrigerant volume for the Solar Rating and Certification Corporation rating procedure. Selection of collector and heat exchanger areas is critical to performance. With warm and cloudless ambient conditions, the most economic system is a large collector area, low efficiency system capable of meeting nearly 100 percent of the load. Under more realistic operating conditions, the best design will place more emphasis on efficiency. The condenser should have sufficient surface area to avoid significant increases in collector operating temperatures. Thermal performance is relatively insensitive to either refrigerant or water storage volume.
Bone is Not Alone: the Effects of Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction in Chronic Kidney Disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with a decline in muscle mass, strength, and function, collectively called “sarcopenia.” Sarcopenia is associated with hospitalizations and mortality in CKD and is therefore important to understand and characterize. While the focus of skeletal health in CKD has traditionally focused on bone and mineral aberrations, it is now recognized that sarcopenia must also play a role in poor musculoskeletal health in this population. In this paper, we present an overview of skeletal muscle changes in CKD, including defects in skeletal muscle catabolism and anabolism in uremic tissue. There are many gaps in knowledge in this field that should be the focus for future research to unravel pathogenesis and therapies for musculoskeletal health in CKD.
Detecting a light stop from top decays at the Tevatron

We study the possibility of discovering or excluding a light top squark (stop) based on top quark decays in the t-tbar events produced at the Fermilab Tevatron. In particular, we consider the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model with the sparticle spectrum m{sub {chi}}+{sub 1}+m{sub b}, M{sub W}+m{sub {chi}}0{sub 1}+m{sub b} > m{sub stop} > m{sub {chi}}0{sub 1}+m{sub c}, where {chi}{sup 0}{sub 1} is the lightest neutralino and {chi}{sup +}{sub 1} is the lightest chargino, so that t {yields} stop {chi}{sup 0}{sub 1} and stop {yields} c {chi}{sup 0}{sub 1}. All other sparticle masses are assumed to be heavier than m{sub t}. Such a spectrum seeks to explain the experimental values of {alpha}{sub s}(M{sub Z}{sup 2}), R{sub b} and A{sub LR} obtained from LEP/SLC data. We find that the prospect to observe a light stop via this channel at the Tevatron is very promising.
Mobility in Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes at Finite Carrier Density

Carbon nanotube field-effect transistors operate over a wide range of electron or hole density, controlled by the gate voltage. Here we calculate the mobility in semiconducting nanotubes as a function of carrier density and electric field, for different tube diameters and temperatures. The low-field mobility is a nonmonotonic function of carrier density and varies by as much as a factor of 4 at room temperature. At low density, with increasing field the drift velocity reaches a maximum and then exhibits negative differential mobility, due to the non-parabolicity of the band structure. At a critical density, rho(c) approximately 0.35-0.5 electrons/nm, the drift velocity saturates at around one-third of the Fermi velocity. Above rho(c), the velocity increases with field strength with no apparent saturation.
Ionic Liquid Propellants: Future Fuels for Space Propulsion

Use of green propellants is a trend for future space propulsion. Hypergolic ionic liquid propellants, which are environmentally-benign while exhibiting energetic performances comparable to hydrazine, have shown great potential to meet the requirements of developing nontoxic high-performance propellant formulations for space propulsion applications. This Concept article presents a review of recent advances in the field of ionic liquid propellants.
Stability of neutrinos in the singlet majoron model

Abstract We show that there is no one-loop enhancement of the rate for a light neutrino to decay into a lighter neutrino plus a majoron, contrary to a recent claim. Thus the light neutrinos must satisfy the cosmological bound of having masses less than 35 eV in the singlet majoron model, or else violate the constraint imposed by galaxy formation. In the latter case, ντ could have a mass between 40 keV and 1 MeV, while satisfying all other cosmological constraints.
Fabry-Perot Velocimetry Techniques: Is Doppler Shift Affected By Surface Normal Direction?

The Fabry-Perot laser velocimeter is used at LLNL for hydrodynamic, equation-of-state, surface-ejecta mass measurements and for other applications. Velocities of shocked surfaces can be measured to better than 1%, and multiple records can be superimposed on a single piece of film. Many phenomena are being investigated for possible sources of error. One concern was whether the direction of the surface normal could affect the measured Doppler shift, or whether the direction of the particle velocity was sufficient to determine the shift. A series of experiments with angles between the laser and particle velocity as small as 20° have shown that for the surface smoothnesses that we encounter, we see no effect caused by varying the direction of the surface normal.
Screening chiral fluorinated binaphthyl ketone catalysts for asymmetric epoxidation

Abstract A series of five chiral binaphthyl ketone catalysts 4–8 with variable distributions of fluorine atoms alpha to the carbonyl have been synthesized. These catalysts were screened in the asymmetric epoxidation of trans-β-methylstyrene. The best catalyst was α,α′-difluoroketone 6 which catalyzed the epoxidation to trans-β-methylstyrene oxide with 100% conversion and 86% e.e. at 10 mol% catalyst loading.
On normal subgroups of an amalgamated product of groups with applications to knot theory

In this paper, necessary and sufficient conditions for a normal subgroup of an amalgamated product of groups to be finitely generated are given.These conditions are applied together with Stallings’ fibering theorem to give a simple proof that an irreducible multilink in a homology 3-sphere fibers if and only if each of its multilink splice components fibers.
Synthesis and evaluation of geldanamycin–testosterone hybrids

Abstract Geldanamycin (GDM) binds to the Hsp90 chaperone protein resulting in the degradation of several important signaling proteins. A series of GDM–testosterone linked hybrids has been synthesized and evaluated for activity against prostate cancer cell lines. The hybrid with the greatest activity exhibits potent and selective cytotoxicity against prostate cancer cells containing the androgen receptor.
Some results for the primitive equations with physical boundary conditions

In this paper, we consider the (simplified) 3-dimensional primitive equations with physical boundary conditions. We show that the equations with constant forcing have a bounded absorbing ball in the H1-norm and that a solution to the unforced equations has its H1-norm decay to 0. From this, we argue that there exists an invariant measure (on H1) for the equations under random kick-forcing.