cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Inductance on the Pressure Produced From Exploding Aluminum Metallized Capacitor Grade Polypropylene Films

Experiments from the electrical explosion of capacitor grade aluminum metalized polypropylene film were designed and executed to investigate the relationship between inductance in the discharge circuit path and the pressures produced by the explosion of the film. Previous work has shown that the specific action integral of an exploding aluminum metallized film is not constant, but is affected by the overall inductance of the discharge circuit and geometry, length, and width of the exploding film. A piezoelectric pressure transducer has been utilized to report these pressures for several different inductance values. An inverse relationship between the inductance and the resultant pressures was established. The effect of the inductance caused later burst times, which translated into lower overall pressures. A second pressure peak was noted and theorized to potentially be caused by the dynamic effects of the current density during the arc discharge plasma that forms during the current restrike period. The relationship between the current and the magnetic field were validated by the results which showed the decreased current density at higher inductances, which caused lower second peak pressures.
Within-Subject Associations of Maternal Physical Activity Parenting Practices on Children's Objectively Measured Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity

OBJECTIVE Longitudinal within-subject (WS) associations of mothers' momentary assessed physical activity (PA) parenting practices were examined with children's objectively measured PA during the same 2-hr time frame. METHOD Mother-child dyads (n = 189) completed five ecological momentary assessment (EMA) measurement bursts over 3 years. During each 7-day burst, mothers EMA-reported their past 2 hr PA parenting practices (i.e., encouraging their child to be physically active, taking their child someplace to be physically active), and children (Mage=9.6 years, SD = 0.9) wore an accelerometer to measure moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA). Two-part multilevel models were used, with zero portions representing not meeting MVPA and positive portions representing any MVPA, controlling for demographic covariates. Cross-level interaction terms of child sex and age with parenting were created to test moderation effects. RESULTS When mothers reported taking their child to be physically active, children were more likely to get some MVPA (b = -0.56, p < .001). When mothers reported taking their child to be physically active more, children had higher levels of MVPA (b = 0.24, p < .001). When mothers reported encouraging their child to be physically active, children were less likely to get any MVPA (b = 0.27, p < .05). However, when mothers reported encouraging their child to be physically active more, children had higher levels of MVPA (b = 0.29, p < .001). These effects were not moderated by child sex or age. CONCLUSIONS WS variations of mothers' support for PA across the day were associated with changes in children's MVPA. Future research should consider promoting mothers' provision of support for increasing children's PA.
Nonlinear mechanics of accretion

We formulate a geometric nonlinear theory of the mechanics of accretion. In this theory, the material manifold of an accreting body is represented by a time-dependent Riemannian manifold with a time-independent metric that at each point depends on the state of deformation at that point at its time of attachment to the body, and on the way the new material is added to the body. We study the incompatibilities induced by accretion through the analysis of the material metric and its curvature in relation to the foliated structure of the accreted body. Balance laws are discussed and the initial boundary value problem of accretion is formulated. The particular cases where the growth surface is either fixed or traction-free are studied and some analytical results are provided. We numerically solve several accretion problems and calculate the residual stresses in nonlinear elastic bodies induced from accretion.
Outcomes in Older Kidney Transplant Recipients After Prior Nonkidney Transplants.

BACKGROUND Recipients of nonkidney solid organ transplants (nkSOT) are living longer, and 11%-18% will develop end stage renal disease (ESRD). While our general inclination is to treat nkSOT recipients who develop ESRD with a kidney transplant (KT), an increasing number are developing ESRD at an older age where KT may not be the most appropriate treatment. It is possible that the risk of older age and prior nkSOT might synergize to make KT too risky, but this has never been explored. METHODS To examine death-censored graft loss and mortality for KT recipients with and without prior nkSOT, we used Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients data to identify 42 089 older (age ≥65) KT recipients between 1995 and 2016. Additionally, to better understand treatment options for these patients and survival benefit of KT, we identified 5023 older (age ≥65) with prior nkSOT recipients listed for subsequent KT, of whom 863 received transplants. RESULTS Compared with 41 159 older KT recipients without prior nkSOT, death-censored graft loss was similar (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 1.13, 95% CI: 0.93-1.37, P = 0.2), but mortality (aHR: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.28-1.54, P < 0.001) was greater for older KT recipients with prior nkSOT. Nonetheless, in a survival benefit model (survival with versus without the transplant), among older prior nkSOT recipients, KT decreased the risk of mortality by more than half (aHR: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.42-0.54, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Older prior nkSOT recipients who subsequently develop ESRD derive survival benefit from KT, but graft longevity is limited by overall survival in this population. These findings can help guide patient counseling for this challenging population.
Chemistry of Ethylidene Moieties on Platinum Surfaces: 1,1-Diiodoethane on Pt(111)

Reflection−absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) were used to study the thermal chemistry of 1,1-diiodoethane adsorbed on clean and deuterium-covered ...
Caste and division of labor in Erebomyrma a genus of dimorphic ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae)

Erebomyrma, a Neotropical genus of pheidologetine ants with caste dimorphism convergent to that ofPheidole, also resemblesPheidole in its pattern of division of labor. The major workers ofE. nevermanni, the species examined during this study, assist in subduing larger prey, defend the nest, and serve as semi-repletes in liquid food storage. Their repertory is limited and specialized when minor workers are present but expands to include foraging and brood care when the minor workers are removed. The expansion is accompanied by a 10X or more increase in general activity rate. Other details of the natural history and social behavior ofE. nevermanni are given. The most distinctive properties include the occurence of defensive retinues around the queen which intensify when the colony is exposed, the use of trunk trails during foraging, predation on arthropod eggs, and the absence of adult transport during colony emigration.
Duration of Exposure Among Close Contacts of Patients With Infectious Tuberculosis and Risk of Latent Tuberculosis Infection.

BACKGROUND Predictors of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) among close contacts of persons with infectious tuberculosis (TB) are incompletely understood, particularly the number of exposure hours. METHODS We prospectively enrolled adult patients with culture-confirmed pulmonary TB and their close contacts at 9 health departments in the United States and Canada. Patients with TB were interviewed and close contacts were interviewed and screened for TB and LTBI during contact investigations. RESULTS LTBI was diagnosed in 1390 (46%) of 3040 contacts, including 624 (31%) of 2027 US/Canadian-born and 766 (76%) of 1013 non-US/Canadian-born contacts. In multivariable analysis, age ≥5 years, male sex, non-US/Canadian birth, smear-positive index patient, and shared bedroom with an index patient (P 1 index patient (P < .05), were associated with LTBI diagnosis. LTBI prevalence increased with increasing exposure duration, with an incremental prevalence increase of 8.2% per 250 exposure hours (P < .0001). For contacts with <250 exposure hours, no difference in prevalence was observed per 50 exposure hours (P = .63). CONCLUSIONS Hours of exposure to a patient with infectious TB is an important LTBI predictor, with a possible risk threshold of 250 hours. More exposures, closer exposure proximity, and more extensive index patient disease were additional LTBI predictors.
Population-based analysis of cost and peri-operative outcomes between open and robotic primary retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for germ cell tumors.

To compare perioperative outcomes and perform the first cost analysis between open retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (O-RPLND) and Robotic-RPLND (R-RPLND) using a national all-payer inpatient care database. Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) was queried between 2013–2016 for primary RPLND and germ cell tumor. We compared cost, length of stay (LOS), and complications between O-RPLND and R-RPLND. Linear regression plots identified point of cost equivalence between R-RPLND and O-RPLND. A multivariable linear regression model was generated to analyze predictors of cost. 44 cases of R-RPLND and 319 cases of O-RPLND were identified. R-RPLND was associated with lower rate of complications (0% vs. 16.6%, p < 0.01) and shorter LOS [Median (IQR): 1.5 (1–3) days vs. 4 (3–6) days, p < 0.01]. Rates of ileus, genitourinary complications, and transfusions were lower with R-RPLND, but did not reach significance. On multivariable analysis, robotic approach independently contributed $4457, while each day of hospitalization contributed to an additional $2,431 to the overall model of cost. Linear regression plots determined point of cost equivalence between an R-RPLND staying a mean of 2 days was 4–5 days for O-RPLND, supporting the multivariable analysis. Total hospitalization cost was equivalent between R-RPLND and O-RPLND [Median (IQR): $15,681($12,735–$21,596) vs $16,718($11,799–$24,403), p = 0.48]—suggesting that the cost equivalency of R-RPLND is, at least in part, attributable to shorter LOS. While O-RPLND remains the gold standard and this study is limited by selection bias of a robotic approach to RPLND, our findings suggest primary R-RPLND may represent a cost-equivalent option with decreased hospital LOS in select cases.
An 88-milligram insect-scale autonomous crawling robot driven by a catalytic artificial muscle

The creation of autonomous subgram microrobots capable of complex behaviors remains a grand challenge in robotics largely due to the lack of microactuators with high work densities and capable of using power sources with specific energies comparable to that of animal fat (38 megajoules per kilogram). Presently, the vast majority of microrobots are driven by electrically powered actuators; consequently, because of the low specific energies of batteries at small scales (below 1.8 megajoules per kilogram), almost all the subgram mobile robots capable of sustained operation remain tethered to external power sources through cables or electromagnetic fields. Here, we present RoBeetle, an 88-milligram insect-sized autonomous crawling robot powered by the catalytic combustion of methanol, a fuel with high specific energy (20 megajoules per kilogram). The design and physical realization of RoBeetle is the result of combining the notion of controllable NiTi-Pt-based catalytic artificial micromuscle with that of integrated millimeter-scale mechanical control mechanism (MCM). Through tethered experiments on several robotic prototypes and system characterization of the thermomechanical properties of their driving artificial muscles, we obtained the design parameters for the MCM that enabled RoBeetle to achieve autonomous crawling. To evaluate the functionality and performance of the robot, we conducted a series of locomotion tests: crawling under two different atmospheric conditions and on surfaces with different levels of roughness, climbing of inclines with different slopes, transportation of payloads, and outdoor locomotion.
Type I interferons and related pathways in cell senescence

This review article addresses the largely unanticipated convergence of two landmark discoveries. The first is the discovery of interferons, critical signaling molecules for all aspects of both innate and adaptive immunity, discovered originally by Isaacs and Lindenmann at the National Institute for Medical Research, London, in 1957 (Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 1957, 147, 258). The second, formerly unrelated discovery, by Leonard Hayflick and Paul Moorhead (Wistar Institute, Philadelphia) is that cultured cells undergo an irreversible but viable growth arrest, termed senescence, after a finite and predictable number of cell divisions (Experimental Cell Research, 1961, 25, 585). This phenomenon was suspected to relate to organismal aging, which was confirmed subsequently (Nature, 2011, 479, 232). Cell senescence has broad-ranging implications for normal homeostasis, including immunity, and for diverse disease states, including cancer progression and response to therapy (Nature Medicine, 2015, 21, 1424; Cell, 2019, 179, 813; Cell, 2017, 169, 1000; Trends in Cell Biology, 2018, 28, 436; Journal of Cell Biology, 2018, 217, 65). Here, we critically address the bidirectional interplay between interferons (focusing on type I) and cell senescence, with important implications for health and healthspan.
Diethyl Succinate Modulates Microglial Polarization and Activation by Reducing Mitochondrial Fission and Cellular ROS

Succinate is a metabolite in tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) which plays a central role in mitochondrial activity. Excess succinate is known to be transported out of cytosol where it activates succinate receptor (SUCNR1) to enhance inflammation in various contexts. However, the intracellular role of succinate beyond an intermediate metabolite and prior being released extracellularly, is not well characterized. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulates the elevation of intracellular succinate levels. To reveal the function of intracellular succinate associated with LPS stimulated inflammatory response in microglial cells, we assessed the levels of ROS, cytokines production and mitochondrial fission in primary microglia pretreated with cell-permeable diethyl succinate mimicking increased intracellular succinate. Our results suggest that elevated intracellular succinate exerts a protective role in primary microglia by preventing their conversion into the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype induced by LPS. This protective effect is SUCNR1 independent and mediated by reducing mitochondrial fission and cellular ROS production.
Nuevos Territorios De Paz. Aportes Y Recomendaciones Para La Territorialización De Los Acuerdos Y La Implementación De La Reforma Rural Integral (New Territories of Peace. Contributions and Recommendations for the Territorialization of the Peace Agreements and the Implementation of the Integral Rural Reform)

Spanish Abstract: El programa Nuevos Territorios de Paz, implementado durante los ultimos seis anos por la Union Europea y el Gobierno nacional, ha impulsado iniciativas de construccion de paz en cuatro regiones del pais fuertemente afectadas por el conflicto armado. Bajo un enfoque territorial y de intervencion multinivel, ha promovido nuevos modelos de dialogo y articulacion con el objetivo de generar condiciones para la gobernanza democratica, la reduccion de conflictividades sobre el acceso y uso de la tierra, y la promocion de modelos productivos sostenibles bajo criterios de preservacion medioambiental e inclusion socioeconomica. Ante la implementacion de los acuerdos de paz es necesario visibilizar y capitalizar los aprendizajes acumulados durante el programa, los cuales representan insumos valiosos para la territorializacion de las politicas publicas y la implementacion de la reforma rural integral. El presente articulo no trata de visibilizar los resultados del programa o las conclusiones de su evaluacion, sino que intenta transmitir, desde una mirada critica y basada en el ejercicio practico, los aprendizajes mas relevantes para la estructuracion de nuevas intervenciones, estrategias y programas en el marco del posconflicto. English Abstract: The New Territories of Peace program, implemented over the last six years by the European Union and the National Government of Colombia, has promoted peacebuilding initiatives in four regions of the country heavily affected by the armed conflict. Under a territorial and multi-level intervention approach, the program encouraged new models of dialogue and articulation with the aim of generating conditions for democratic governance, reducing conflicts over access and use of land while promoting sustainable productive models based on criteria of environmental preservation and socioeconomic inclusion. In the framework of farc Peace Agreements, we deem necessary to make visible and capitalize on the accumulated learning process of this program. It stands as a valuable input for the territorialisation of public policy and the implementation of the Comprehensive Rural Reform. This article does not seek to present the programs’ results or its evaluation. It rather attempts to convey, from a critical perspective and based on the practical exercise, those appearing as the most relevant lessons for the structuring of new interventions, strategies and programs in postconflict.
How Optimization Is Used in Practice: Case Studies in Integer Programming

This chapter contains several case studies with an industrial background which involve mixed integer programming techniques. We discuss real-world problems of increasing size and complexity. The first group of case studies considers a contract allocation problem, metal ingot production, and a project planning problem. This follows a more extensive scheduling problem in the carton industry.
VAPIng into ARDS: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Cardiopulmonary Failure.

Abstract “Modern” vaping involving battery-operated electronic devices began approximately one dozen years and has quickly evolved into a multibillion dollar industry providing products to an estimated 50 million users worldwide. Originally developed as an alternative to traditional cigarette smoking, vaping now appeals to a diverse demographic including substantial involvement of young people who often have never used cigarettes. The rapid rise of vaping fueled by multiple factors has understandably outpaced understanding of biological effects, made even more challenging due to wide ranging individual user habits and preferences. Consequently while vaping-related research gathers momentum, vaping-associated pathological injury (VAPI) has been established by clinical case reports with severe cases manifesting as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with examples of right ventricular cardiac failure. Therefore, basic scientific studies are desperately needed to understand the impact of vaping upon the lungs as well as cardiopulmonary structure and function. Experimental models that capture fundamental characteristics of vaping-induced ARDS are essential to study pathogenesis and formulate recommendations to mitigate harmful effects attributable to ingredients or equipment. So too, treatment strategies to promote recovery from vaping-associated damage require development and testing at the preclinical level. This review summarizes the back story of vaping leading to present day conundrums with particular emphasis upon VAPI-associated ARDS and prioritization of research goals.
Measurement of Social Engagement of Nursing Home Residents During an Exercise Program

Purpose The purpose of this article was to describe the validity and reliability of the Fun and Social Engagement Evaluation (FUSE) developed to evaluate and measure social engagement displayed by ...
Design principles for intrinsically circular polymers with tunable properties

Summary This perspective discusses a set of design principles for next-generation kinetically trapped, intrinsically circular polymers (iCPs) that are inherently, selectively, and expediently depolymerizable to their monomer state once their kinetic barriers of deconstruction are overcome, thereby enabling not only the ideal shortest chemical circularity but also tunable performance properties. After describing four elements of the design principles—thermodynamics and kinetics, strategies to overcome trade-offs and unify conflicting properties, predictive modeling, and supply-chain life-cycle assessment and techno-economic analysis, which are illustrated with state-of-the-art examples—it concludes with presenting key challenges and opportunities for sustainable development of iCPs.
Failed Sanctions: Why the U.S. Embargo against Cuba Could Never Work

"An excellent study indicating how transnational players, particularly corporations, nation-states (including Cuba), and individual tourists (particularly Cuban-Americans) were able purposefully or inadvertently to undermine the U.S. embargo on Cuba so that from its earliest stage in 1960 it was doomed to failure."--Peter Schwab, SUNY-PurchaseFor almost five decades, the United States has maintained a comprehensive economic embargo on Cuba. U.S.-based travel to the island is severely restricted, and most financial and commercial transactions with Cuba are illegal for U.S. citizens. In the 1990s the United States tightened the embargo further, seeking to promote change in Cuba by depriving the Castro government of hard currency revenues. And yet the stalemate remains.How effective has the embargo been in achieving its main goal? Paolo Spadoni dispassionately answers, "Not very." By extending his analysis to non-state actors (including multinational corporations, migrants, international travelers, indirect investors, and food exporters), Spadoni demonstrates that the United States has not only been unable to stifle the flow of foreign investment into Cuba but has actually contributed to the recovery of the Cuban economy, particularly from the deep recession it entered following the demise of the Soviet Union."Failed Sanctions"""is a must-read book for those who closely follow Cuban-U.S. relations and for anyone interested in the efficacy of economic sanctions as a foreign policy tool.
Non-Pharmacologic Methods of Obstetric Analgesia

Currently, several methods which do not entail administration of drugs are being used to relieve childbirth pain. These include natural childbirth proposed and practiced by the late Dick-Read; the method of psychoprophylaxis originated by the Russians and widely used by French and other European obstetricians; hypnosis, which is used in a few centers; and acupuncture practiced by the Chinese. This chapter will briefly describe their advantages, disadvantages and limitations and summarize the techniques used. The first three methods are considered together under the term, psychologic analgesia because, despite the claim to the contrary by their proponents, each of the methods has the same psychologic and neurophysiologic bases as the other two. Acupuncture will be discussed in the last part of the chapter.
Day‐to‐day variability and solar preconditioning of thermospheric temperature over Millstone Hill

We use a continuous 30 day incoherent scatter radar experiment at Millstone Hill in October 2002 to examine day-to-day thermospheric variability in exospheric temperature Tex. Solar flux and magnetic activity influences as the main driving factors for day-to-day variability are investigated quantitatively. Solar ultraviolet flux levels are based on the TIMED/SEE space weather product, allowing for analysis of ultraviolet flux-Tex correlation. Tex is most sensitive to solar EUV flux with approximately a 2 day delay at wavelengths of 27–34 nm (including 30.4 nm). In particularly, a 20–60 h time delay occurs in Tex response to EUV flux at 27–34 nm band, with shorter delays in the morning and longer delays in the afternoon and at night. The 1 ∼ 2 day delayed Tex response to solar ultraviolet flux and associated thermospheric solar preconditioning (“memory”) are most significant in the daily mean for the 27–34 nm band, in the diurnal and semidiurnal amplitudes for the soft X-ray flux at 0.1–7 nm, and in the diurnal amplitude for longer wavelengths. An empirical model driven only by EUV flux at 27–34 nm from 2 days in advance reproduces 90% of the observed variability in the Tex daily mean. With a 2 day time delay, solar X-ray flux at 0.1–7 nm is correlated positively with Tex diurnal amplitude and negatively with Tex semidiurnal amplitude. Finally, magnetic activity control, as represented by the Dst index, is weaker during the day and stronger at night and is important for the semidiurnal amplitude but not important for the daily mean.
Ontology and Geographic Objects: An Empirical Study of Cognitive Categorization

Cognitive categories in the geographic realm manifest certain special features as contrasted with categories for objects at surveyable scales. We argue that these features reflect specific ontological characteristics of geographic objects. This paper presents hypotheses as to the nature of the features mentioned, reviews previous empirical work on geographic categories, and presents the results of pilot experiments that used English-speaking subjects to test our hypotheses. Our experiments show geographic categories to be similar to their nongeographic counterparts in the ways in which they generate instances of different relative frequencies at different levels. Other tests, however, provide preliminary evidence for the existence of important differences in subjects' categorizations of geographic and non-geographic objects, and suggest further experimental work especially with regard to the role in cognitive categorization of different types of object-boundaries at different scales.
recA-independent and recA-dependent intramolecular plasmid recombination. Differential homology requirement and distance effect.

Abstract We show that recombination between directly repeated sequences in plasmids occurs via both recA -independent and recA -dependent mechanisms in Escherichia coli . They are differentially affected by two factors, the distance separating the homologies and the size of the homology. Recombination between tandem duplications up to 300 base-pairs shows virtually no recA dependence. Increasing the size of the duplications beyond 300 base-pairs gradually increases the recA dependence. Furthermore, insertion of a sizable DNA sequence in between the duplications, substantially increases the recA dependence. We conclude that increasing the distance separating the homologous regions preferentially inhibits the recA -independent recombination. On the other hand, shortening of the homology preferentially inhibits recA -dependent recombination. Consequently. recombination between short tandem duplications is totally recA -independent.
Partial purification and properties of a glucosyltransferase that synthesizes Glc1Man9(GlcNAc)2-pyrophosphoryldolichol.

The glucosyltransferase that transfers the first glucose residue from dolichyl-P-glucose to Man9-(GlcNAc)2-PP-dolichol has been solubilized from porcine aorta and purified 720-fold. The purification strategy involved ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by ion-exchange, gel filtration, and hydroxylapatite column chromatographies. Analysis of the products produced by enzyme fractions at different stages of purification indicate that three different glucosyltransferases are involved in the conversion of Man9(GlcNAc)2-PP-dolichol to Glc3Man9(GlcNAc)2PP-dolichol. the first glucosyltransferase appears to be specific for dolichyl-P-glucose as the donor substrate. Man9(GlcNAc)2-PP-dolichol, Man7(GlcNAc)2-PP-dolichol, and Man5(GlcNAc)2-PP-dolichol (with two different oligosaccharide structures) were tested for their ability to accept glucose from dolichyl-P-glucose. Studies on the comparative rates of transfer of glucose to these different acceptor substrates demonstrated that Man9(GlcNAc)2-PP-dolichol accepts glucose at a higher initial rate and to a greater extent than does Man7(GlcNAc)2-PP-dolichol and the biosynthetic Man5(GlcNAc)2-PP-dolichol. The other Man5(GlcNAc)2-PP-dolichol (i.e. Man alpha 1,6[Man alpha 1,3]-Man alpha 1,6[Man alpha 1,3]Man beta 1,4GlcNAc beta 1, GlcNAc) was not an acceptor, indicating that the Man alpha 1,2-Man alpha 1,2Man alpha 1,3Man arm is necessary. Man9(Glc-NAc)2 and Man9(GlcNAc)2-protein were not acceptors, indicating that both the lipid and the oligosaccharide portion of Man9(GlcNAc)2-PP-dolichol are required for enzyme activity. The partially purified enzyme has a pH optimum of 6.5 and exhibits a requirement for divalent metal ions.
Can appearance patterns improve pedestrian detection

This paper studies the usefulness of appearance patterns for the challenging task of pedestrian detection. Despite appearance specific models being common in rigid object detection, the technique is still little understood for pedestrians. Three main approaches for reasoning over orientation, occlusion, and visual cues in obtaining the appearance patterns are compared. This work demonstrates that large gains in detection performance (up to 17 AP points on the challenging KITTI dataset) can be made using a state-of-the-art pedestrian detector.
Lead users and technology transfer to less-developed countries:: analysis, with an application to Haiti

Abstract This paper discusses the role that cross-cultural factors play in the process of technology transfer. The specific focus is an investigation of implementation mechanisms that facilitate technology transfer in an environment in which cultural factors exert a significant influence. The frameworks of Niehoff and Anderson and of Wicklein are discussed in describing such issues as cultural distance (as described by Hofstede), negotiation and people-to-people relationships, the learning ability of a society, abstractive versus associative cultures, and appropriate technology choices. It is argued that these traditional frameworks are not sufficient to overcome the inherent problems of cultural distance and “sticky” information regarding the associated costs of transferring information to a specified site in a form that will be usable by a given information seeker. The Lead User methodology developed by von Hippel is discussed as a new approach for facilitating technology transfer to less-developed countries. The discussion of the Lead User methodology is linked to analysis of a particular technology transfer project undertaken by a team of faculty researchers from Fairfield University in the rural community of Fondwa located in Haiti. The team's implementation of a solar cooker project is discussed in detail, particularly as it reflects an attempt to utilize the Lead User framework.
Establishment of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)-independent iPS cells with potentiated Oct4

Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is widely used to establish and maintain naive pluripotent stem cells, including mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Although the combination of chemical inhibitors called 2i can establish mouse iPSCs without LIF from primed pluripotent stem cells, it has been difficult, if not impossible, to establish mouse iPSCs from differentiated somatic cells without LIF. We previously showed that the fusion gene of the transactivation domain of MyoD and the full-length Oct4 (M3O) increases the efficiency of making iPSCs when transduced into fibroblasts along with Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (M3O-SKM). Here, we report that M3O-SKM allows for establishment of iPSCs without exogenous LIF from mouse embryonic fibroblasts. The established iPSCs remained undifferentiated and maintained pluripotency over 90 days without LIF as long as M3O was expressed. The iPSCs upregulated miR-205-5p, which was potentially involved in the LIF-independence by suppressing the two signaling pathways inhibited by 2i. The result indicates that potentiated Oct4 can substitute for the LIF signaling pathway, providing a novel model to link Oct4 and LIF, two of the most significant players in naive pluripotency.
Constitutions Inside Out: Outsider Interventions in Domestic Constitutional Contests

Increased interactions among peoples and states combined with the growth of written constitutions are creating new opportunities for “extra-territorial” forms of constitutional interpretation, that is, the interpretation of domestic constitutions by “outsiders.” This article considers the potential benefits, and dangers, of outsider interpretation. It also identifies factors relevant to the appropriateness or legitimacy of such practices, drawing from analogous rules and doctrines developed in the context of U.S. federalism and international law.
The relation of basal body temperature to fertility and sterility in women

Abstract 1. 1. In 35 cases herein reported conception occurred from the tenth to the twentieth days of the menstrual cycle regardless of cycle length. 2. 2. Basal body temperature is a guide to the period of fertility as identified in these studies to occur not more than three days before or one day after the midperiod of the menstrual cycle, with a high incidence at the time of the last low temperature before the lutein phase begins. 3. 3. Breast tenderness of unusual severity occurs before the missed menstrual period, and the morning sickness of pregnancy begins at the time of the next ovulation period after conception starts. 4. 4. The viability of both sperm and ovum is short, probably not exceeding twenty-four hours. 5. 5. Intercourse does not cause follicle rupture. 6. 6. Ovulation and menstruation may occur after conception begins. 7. 7. Studies of basal body temperature may be used as a guide or forecast of unusual ovulations or to supplement other data in studying sterility. There is advantage in this type of study where menstrual physiology is obscure.
Code inverse filtering for complete sidelobe removal in binary phase coded pulse compression systems

Pulse compression is used in radar systems to improve range resolution while maintaining a high duty cycle. In addition to practical implementation constraints, the key issues for the selection of a pulse-compression waveform are mismatch loss, peak / integrated range sidelobes, and Doppler tolerance. While much progress has been made in the design of nonlinear frequency modulated (FM) chirp waveforms satisfying these requirements, the corresponding performance for binary phase-coded waveforms is often inadequate. In order to improve the range sidelobes achieved with phase-coded waveforms, specially designed mismatched pulse compression filters can be used. Several such approaches have been described in the literature since 1959. This paper review these techniques and highlight a particular approach using infinite impulse response (IIR) filters, which has received little attention in the past. Using this technique the performance for a number of binary phase codes of different length have been determined and their Doppler tolerance is investigated.
Self-powered p-NiO/n-ZnO heterojunction ultraviolet photodetectors fabricated on plastic substrates

A self-powered ultraviolet (UV) photodetector (PD) based on p-NiO and n-ZnO was fabricated using low-temperature sputtering technique on indium doped tin oxide (ITO) coated plastic polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates. The p-n heterojunction showed very fast temporal photoresponse with excellent quantum efficiency of over 63% under UV illumination at an applied reverse bias of 1.2 V. The engineered ultrathin Ti/Au top metal contacts and UV transparent PET/ITO substrates allowed the PDs to be illuminated through either frontside or backside. Morphology, structural, chemical, and optical properties of sputtered NiO and ZnO films were also investigated.
Analysis of voltage controlled induction motors using quasi-rotating reference frame

Abstract Speed control of induction machines using back-to-back thyristors in each phase of the machine is a simple scheme. Yet, even the steady state analysis of this system becomes complex since voltage adjustment is obtained by sequentially open-circuiting the stator phases. In this paper, a new analytical approach for predicting the steady state performance of this system is presented. By using a dq model and properly choosing the dq frame, the steady state solution can be obtained with minimal complexity. In particular, by utilizing a special “quasi-synchronously” rotating reference frame, only three modes of the system need be defined rather than seven, and the steady state solution is simply a combination of these modes. Simulation results are included to show the validity of this scheme. It is shown that the method can be extended to model transient behavior with the proper precautions.
Managerial cost mitigation tactics in offshore IT projects

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to enhance our understanding of managerial decision‐making process regarding offshore sourcing of information technology (IT) projects. The study explored the relationship between transaction cost economics and maturity levels of a firm's offshore sourcing activities. Transactions costs theory and firms' offshore sourcing maturity levels provided the framework for studying the decision process.Design/methodology/approach – The present study is a qualitative empirical investigation of the underlying decision process to offshore IT projects. The study is based on interviews of executives in fifteen large to medium size companies.Findings – The data suggest that transaction cost mitigation approaches used by a firm vary based on the size of the company as well as the maturity level of the firm's offshore sourcing activities.Research limitations/implications – The present study is based on interviews of IT executives in fifteen firms. Case studies and confirmatory studie...
An Inquiry into the Sources of Poetic Vision: Part III: From Vulnerability to Vision

Having accounted for the way in which the circumstances and rules peculiar to the process of creation transform the mind of the artist, the connection between an artist's psychic vulnerability and his or her vision is now examined. The transformation of the artist's personality that allows extraordinary vision, including unusual access to the unconscious, also allows the artist a special approach to his own and his audience's psychic vulnerabilities. Here the artist's uninspired character, although transformed during creation, plays a more important role. The danger an artist's vulnerability poses to the art, the artist, and the culture is also considered. Finally, the role played by the poetic idea in the history of ideas is also examined.
Limits of gas secretion by the salting-out effect in the fish swimbladder rete

The high dissolved gas tensions required for the secretion of gases into deep-sea fish swimbladders are thought to be produced in the rete mirabile by a countercurrent multiplication mechanism, the capacity of which is theoretically limited by the physical characteristics of the rete and by the magnitudes of minute gas solubility changes in the blood plasma. These gas solubility changes are presumably induced through the salting-out effect following the addition of lactic acid to rete venous blood as it circulates through the gas gland. In order to estimate the maximum swimbladder gas pressures attainable by this mechanism, the effects of lactic acid on N2 and Ar solubilities in water were determined at 5 and 25°C with a new volumetric method. The results show that the salting-out effect with lactic acid is much smaller than with NaCl, and that the agreement between predicted and observed swimbladder gas pressures is more critically dependent on the physical properties of the rete vasculature than indicated by previous theoretical treatments. When augmented by the release of hemoglobin-bound O2, the salting-out effect with lactic acid appears large enough to account for the production of even the highest swimbladder O2 pressures, provided the rete characteristics lie within certain reasonable limits. However, successful theoretical explanation of observed swimbladder N2 pressures in some deep-sea species will require rigorous attention to such theoretically neglected factors as dissolved gas backdiffusion along the rete and the unequal size and number of the rete arterial and venous capillaries.
Prevalence of Incidental Prostate Cancer in the General Population: A Study of Healthy Organ Donors

Purpose: The incidence of prostate cancer has surged dramatically in recent years due to improved cancer screening and detection mechanisms. There has also been significant interest specifically pertaining to the increased incidence of prostate cancer in younger males, which might be due to increased screening. We analyzed our data set of incidental prostate cancer, derived from a project accruing prostate tissues for research from normal organ donors, who are a predominantly white population.Materials and Methods: Information about any prior prostate cancer screening in this cohort was not available. In addition, this population had no history of intervention related to benign or malignant prostate disease. The case cohort consisted of 340 prostates harvested for research from organ donors who died suddenly from August 1994 to April 2007. Stroke, motor vehicle accident, homicidal and suicidal gunshot wound to the head, cardiorespiratory arrest and trauma accounted for more than 90% of the causes of death...
Logic fault simulation on a vector hypercube multiprocessor

Fault simulation is the process of simulating the response of a logic circuit to input patterns in the presence of all possible single faults and is an essential part of test generation for VLSI circuits. Parallelization of the deductive and parallel simulation methods, on a hypercube multiprocessor and vectorization of the parallel simulation method are described. Experimental results are presented.
The influence of anisotropic diffusion on the high-temperature creep of a polycrystalline aggregate

Abstract The influence of anisotropic diffusion coefficients on diffusion-controlled high-temperature creep is examined. Anisotropic diffusion affects anisotropy of diffusion-controlled deformation of a single crystal. The shape change of a single crystal by diffusional mass flux is controlled directly by the anisotropy in diffusion coefficients. The rate of shape change of a single crystal by diffusion-controlled dislocation glide is controlled by the anisotropy of diffusion coefficients on the plane normal to the dislocation line. Consequently, if a polycrystalline aggregate is deformed uniformly by diffusion creep, then the rate of deformation is controlled by that of diffusion (of the slowest diffusion species) along the slowest direction. In contrast, when a polycrystalline aggregate is deformed by climb-controlled dislocation creep, the rate of deformation is controlled by the diffusion (of the slowest diffusion species) along the direction where the diffusion coefficient has the intermediate value. The results are applied to olivine and post-perovskite. For olivine, the observed large plastic anisotropy and small anisotropy in diffusion suggests that high-temperature power-law creep is controlled not only by diffusion but also by some other factors such as jog density. For post-perovskite, the results of numerical calculations on the mobility of vacancies would suggest that the viscosity of post-perovskite aggregates is higher than or comparable to that of the perovskite aggregates if the defect concentrations were the same among these minerals. However, currently nothing is known about the defect concentrations in post-perovskite and other coexisting phases, and therefore it is impossible to compare the creep strength among coexisting phases from these results.
Pseudosimple Commutative Semigroups.

As a simple corollary to the main result of [4] we describe the structure of commutative semigroups which are isomorphic to their nontrivial homomorphic images.
Update on antiphospholipid antibodies

The association of antibodies with an apparent specificity for anionic phospholipids with thrombosis, fetal loss, thrombocytopenia, and certain other clinical manifestations is now well-recognized as the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Recent advances in our understanding of the antibodies and antigens involved include discovery of the crystal structure of beta2-glycoprotein I, (beta2GPI), genetic studies of beta2GPI polymorphisms, and the development of anti-beta2GPI and antiprothrombin immunoassays as clinical laboratory tests. The identification of antigen-specific T cells in APS patients has stimulated interest in the role of the cellular immune response in the syndrome. Clinical research in APS will also benefit from the development of preliminary classification criteria.
Hepatitis C and steatosis.

Hepatitis C infection and non-alcohol-related hepatic steatosis are the most common liver dieases worldwide, and both conditions often co-exist in the same patient. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 3 directly induces development of steatosis, whereas in patients with non-genotype 3 chronic hepatitis C infection, insulin resistance plays a key role in the pathophysiology of steatosis. Insulin resistance and its clinical components including obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, increased blood pressure, and low HDL-cholesterol levels are often seen in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. Both increased adipocity and presence of steatosis may increase the risk of fibrosis progression, and both have been associated with a decreased rate of response to antiviral treatment. Hence, liver steatosis in the setting of HCV infection is a distinct condition with specific clinical and prognostic implications. Accumulating evidence suggests that weight management may lead not only to a decrease in steatosis but also improvement in fibrosis severity. However, further studies are necessary to determine whether weight reduction improves response to antiviral therapy.
Micromirror array theory for imaging sensors

We present a means for forming images using micromirror arrays. Using an array of 2D tilt mirrors it is possible to create an image whose resolution is much higher than the number of mirrors. We present several types of simulations, including images produced by graphical ray tracing for linear MEMS array of containing 1 and 2 mirrors, and general NxN configurations.
Science to practice: can multi-detector row spiral CT be used to assess left ventricular function?

Multi-detector row CT has great potential to provide not only anatomic but also functional cardiac information if the challenges of improved temporal resolution, ease of image analysis, and radiation dose reduction can be met. In this issue of Radiology, Mahnken et al (6) demonstrate with an animal model some indication of what the future holds in cardiac imaging with multi-detector row CT.
Hemimegalencephaly in a Patient With a Neurocutaneous Syndrome

A 5-year-old girl with a history of hypomelanosis of Ito and intractable epilepsy was evaluated for possible resective surgery. Magnetic resonance imaging showed an enlarged right hemisphere, whereas electrographic seizures were arising from the right hemisphere or had a generalized onset. The patient was believed to be a good candidate for hemispherectomy, but the family was hesitant and started a modified Atkins diet. Her seizure control has improved, but she continues to have weekly seizures. Hypomelanosis of Ito is a well-known cause of hemimegalencephaly and is often associated with intractable epilepsy and hemiparesis. Hemispherectomy can often be an effective treatment in intractable cases.