cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF HYDROGEN-BOND STRENGTH IN METHANOL CLUSTERS

Abstract Using 1 H NMR spectroscopy, the hydroxyl proton chemical shift δ of methanol solved in carbon tetrachloride at methanol mole fractions ranging from 0.01 to 0.20 was measured at 20°C and 40°C under pressures up to 2000 bar. On the basis of a simple monomer–tetramer equilibrium for methanol molecules, it was possible to separate the effects of hydrogen-bond strength and extent on the chemical shift δ. Analyzing the pressure and temperature dependence of the chemical shift of tetramer methanol clusters, a pressure-induced strengthening and a temperature-induced weakening of hydrogen bonds in clusters of methanol molecules is found.
High-performance liquid chromatographic quantitation of desmosine plus isodesmosine in elastin and whole tissue hydrolysates

Abstract Quantitation of desmosine and isodesmosine, the major crosslinks in elastin, has been of interest because of their uniqueness and use as markers of that protein. Accurate measurement of these crosslinks may allow determination of elastin degradation in vivo and elastin content in tissues, obviating lengthy extraction procedures. We have developed a method of quantitating desmosine plus isodesmosine in hydrolysates of tissue and insoluble elastin using high-performance liquid chromatographic separation and absorbance detection that is rapid (21–35 min) and sensitive (accurate linearity from 100 pmol to 5 nmol). This method has been used to quantitate desmosines in elastin from bovine nuchal ligament and lung and in whole aorta from hamster. The ability to completely separate [ 3 H]lysine from desmosine plus isodesmosine allows the method to be used to study incorporation of lysine into crosslinks in elastin.
Myxoma of the left atrium: report of three cases.

Abstract Three cases of myxomas of the left atrium are reported together with the post-mortem findings. Myxomas are probably more frequent than would appear from the literature. The diagnostic and differential diagnostic features of myxomas are discussed. It is stressed that the only way of making a diagnosis of myxomas is to keep in mind the possibility of their existence. Angiocardiography is the only objective means of making a diagnosis. The histological structure of our cases does not allow any conclusions as to whether these 3 myxomas are true neoplasms or organizing thrombi undergoing myxomatous degeneration.
An approach to the management of patients with residual Cushing's disease.

The evaluation and management of patients with residual Cushing’s disease is one of the more complex issues facing neurosurgeons and neuroendocrinologists in clinical practice. There is considerable controversy over several relevant issues such as the timing of the assessment of whether a patient is in remission, what biochemical parameters define remission, the most appropriate course of action to take after residual disease has been defined, etc. As a consequence of the controversies, treating physicians develop notions and fall into certain practice patterns based on evidence of varying levels, their anecdotal experiences, and information gleaned from scientific meetings. This practice pattern, we believe, constitutes the “art of medicine.” We conducted a PubMed literature search to identify manuscripts containing data relevant to Cushing’s disease, outcomes of various therapeutic modalities, and recurrences. Reference lists were used to identify additional relevant manuscripts. We focused our review on manuscripts that included reasonably large series of patients, those reflecting the experience of pituitary centers and physicians recognized as experts in the field, and those papers felt to represent seminal contributions to the literature. Furthermore, trends in the evaluation and management of relevant patients have been incorporated by the senior author who has seen and evaluated over 750 patients with documented Cushing’s syndrome over the past 18 years in clinical practice. An analysis of current evidence indicated that, despite advances in neurosurgical techniques and recent developments in adjuvant therapies, patients with residual Cushing’s disease present significant management challenges to treating physicians. In this era, however, it is indeed possible to gain control of the hypercortisolism in most patients. Despite the wide variability in research methodology designed to collect relevant data, a step-wise approach to the management of these patients can be achieved. A logical step-wise approach to the evaluation of postoperative patients with Cushing’s disease is essential. Patients with residual disease require the development of an individualized plan of management that takes into account numerous factors pertaining to status of disease, the experience of treating physicians, and available therapeutic modalities.
That Rare Feeling: Re-presenting Research Through Poetic Transcription:

This article explores an experimental form of writing that I'm terming poetic transcription. Inspired by Laurel Richardson (1992, 1994a, 1994b), I define poetic transcription as the creation of poemlike compositions from the words of interviewees. In this article, I present six poetic transcriptions of Dona Juana, an elderly Puerto Rican researcher and educator; describe my poetic transcription process; and examine issues that experimental writing—specifically, poetic transcription—raises for research re-presentation.
On the measurement of shapes

We are here concerned with the functionf which assigns to each pointP of an object the numberf(P) which is the shortest distance fromP to the border. This function appears in various guises in diverse biological studies. The functionf(P) is itself a measure of shape—or more precisely, an infinite set of measures, one for each point (and hence, in view of its geometric definition, usually in a form inconvenient for use). Thus in this paper we sought a reasonable representative of this infinite set of measures, namely themean of the numbersf(P) asP ranges over all points of the entity. Computability studies are developed for various classes of shapes. For example, (1) the mean for a lamina bounded by a polygon circumscribable about a circle of radiusr isr/3; (2) the mean for a domain bounded by a polyhedron circumscribable about a sphere of radiusr isr/4. The transition from pointwise to piecewisef(P), especially in the non-convex case, requires working with inequalities.
Effects of light-tissue interaction on quantum dot mediated fluorescence thermometry

Thermal therapy is emerging as an effective treatment option for benign localized tumors. However, lack of reliable intraoperative monitoring techniques of the thermal lesion impedes more widespread application of thermal therapy in clinical settings. In order to address this challenge, a thermometry technique using temperature dependent fluorescence of quantum dots was proposed and its feasibility was also demonstrated with an in vitro cell system. In the present study, light–tissue interaction relevant to applying this quantum dot (QD) thermometry to a tissue system was characterized both experimentally and computationally. In the experiments, QD fluorescence was quantified through tissue phantom while varying QD temperature and phantom thickness. The results showed that QD fluorescence became diffused due to light–tissue interaction, but the QD fluorescence was still correlated to the temperature at any given phantom thickness studied. In the computations, an inverse solution algorithm was developed to estimate the QD fluorescence underneath the tissue phantom from the fluorescence through the phantom. This algorithm is to inversely solve the diffusion approximation of the radiative transfer equation. The developed algorithm was verified using the experimental results. In addition, the effects of relevant optical and thermal parameters on the accuracy of the inverse solution were characterized. The results suggest that the developed algorithm is capable of estimating the QD fluorescence considering light–tissue interaction in the range of tissue phantom thickness studied. The results were further discussed for implications to the application of QD thermometry in vivo.
Micropatterned polyacrylamide gel for investigating the effect of compliant, fiber-like topology on cell behaviors

In vivo, cells encounter an architecturally rich microenvironment comprising of extracellular matrix proteins (ECM) and neighboring cells arranged with topographical and spatial features that influences their behavior. While traditional 2D cell culture techniques do not incorporate these structural aspects of the microenvironment, recent progress in micropatterning techniques has enabled precise control of those parameters. Confinement of cells to single dimensions is physiologically relevant for emulating 3D migration on fibers. Here we describe a microcontact printing approach for patterning an elastic polyacrylamide (PAAm) substrate to provide a suitable platform for probing cellular processes under physiologically relevant conditions. Collagen was successfully patterned along high aspect ratio stripes of varying widths on PAAm substrates. Normal mammary epithelial MCF-10A cells adhered and spread within the micropatterns.
A Novel Hap1–Tsc1 Interaction Regulates Neuronal mTORC1 Signaling and Morphogenesis in the Brain

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a leading genetic cause of autism. The TSC proteins Tsc1 and Tsc2 control the mTORC1 signaling pathway in diverse cells, but how the mTORC1 pathway is specifically regulated in neurons remains to be elucidated. Here, using an interaction proteomics approach in neural cells including neurons, we uncover the brain-enriched protein huntingtin-associated protein 1 (Hap1) as a novel functional partner of Tsc1. Knockdown of Hap1 promotes specification of supernumerary axons in primary hippocampal neurons and profoundly impairs the positioning of pyramidal neurons in the mouse hippocampus in vivo. The Hap1 knockdown-induced phenotypes in primary neurons and in vivo recapitulate the phenotypes induced by Tsc1 knockdown. We also find that Hap1 knockdown in hippocampal neurons induces the downregulation of Tsc1 and stimulates the activity of mTORC1, as reflected by phosphorylation of the ribosomal protein S6. Inhibition of mTORC1 activity suppresses the Hap1 knockdown-induced polarity phenotype in hippocampal neurons. Collectively, these findings define a novel link between Hap1 and Tsc1 that regulates neuronal mTORC1 signaling and neuronal morphogenesis, with implications for our understanding of developmental disorders of cognition.
Study of Superfluidity in Liquid He by Ion Motion

Ions produced in liquid helium by ionization with $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles have been exploited as microscopic probe particles to study the properties of the superfluid. A time-of-flight method was used to measure directly the drift velocity $u$ of the ions in the liquid for various values of the applied electric field $\mathcal{E}$ and at temperatures $T$ down to 0.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The field independent mobility ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{(0)}=\frac{u}{\mathcal{E}}$ obtained in the limit of sufficiently small fields increases very rapidly below the $\ensuremath{\lambda}$-point. Its temperature dependence over most of the temperature range below 2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is of the form ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{(0)}=\ensuremath{\alpha}\mathrm{exp}(\frac{{\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}}{\mathrm{kT}})$ and can be explained by the scattering of the ions from the collective excitations (rotons) present in the fluid. The nonlinear dependence of $u$ on $\mathcal{E}$ at higher field strengths was also investigated and suggests the possibility of ions creating excitations in the quantum fluid as an important inelastic scattering process at sufficiently large fields. Some additional experiments are suggested.
Histopathological study of the attrition of challenge cercariae ofSchistosoma mansoni in the skin of mice immunized by chronic infection and by use of highly X-irradiated cercariae

To find direct evidence for the sites of death of newly transformed schistosomula ofSchistosoma mansoni in the skin of challenged immunized hosts, a histopathological study of the skin of chronically infected mice and of highly X-irradiated cercaria-immunized mice was made at different post-challenge times. Attrition of infecting organisms in naive mice was used as a control. In general, three main kinds of schistosomular attrition were observed: (1) in the granulocytic exudates in the epidermis, (2) in the granulocytic aggregates in the subcutaneous tissue, and (3) in the granuloma-like foci in the subcutaneous tissue. Schistosomula killed by the epidermal granulocytic exudates and by the subcutaneous granuloma-like foci occurred in all three groups of mice, but the schistosomula killed by the subcutaneous granulocytic aggregates were found only in the highly X-irradiated cercaria-immunized animals. Schistosomula killed by the epidermal granulocytic exudates were encountered occasionally in the challenged naive mice but more frequently in both the challenged chronically infected mice and the challenged highly X-irradiated cercaria-immunized mice. The number of subcutaneous granuloma-like foci was greater in the challenged mice immunized with highly X-irradiated cercariae than in the challenged naive mice or the challenged chronically infected mice. Another differentiating character among the three groups of mice was that in the highly X-irradiated cercaria-immunized group, the subcutaneous granuloma-like foci appeared on day 3 after the challenge, but on day 5 in the naive and chronically infected groups. The results clearly indicate that skin is an important site for the attrition of the challenged cercariae in the highly X-irradiated cercaria-immunized mice, and that immunity in the chronically infected and X-irradiated cercaria-immunized mice occurs by different mechanisms.
Inelastic scattering of electrons by helium

Abstract Measurements of the angular distribution and total cross section for all inelastic processes in the scattering of intermediate and high energy electrons by helium atoms are analyzed using the first Born approximation.
Evaluation of a calibration marker scheme for open tubular column gas chromatography with on-column injection and electron-capture detection

Abstract A new method of calibration for open tubular column gas chromatography with electron-capture detection is proposed. A homologous series of n-alkyl bromides is added to each sample analyzed to provide simultaneously a retention index scale and a method of solute calibration. The detector response to equimolar amounts of n-alkyl bromides is constant, permitting a calibration curve to be generated for each sample by adding a series of n-alkyl bromides arranged in increasing stepwise molar concentrations. Each solute is then treatd as if it were an imaginary n-alkyl bromide of some concentration obtained from the experiment and converted to an actual concentration from the relationship between the solute and n-alkyl bromide calibration curves, stored in the computer memory. It is shown that for the complete chromatographic system, temperature-programmed retention indices can be reproduced with an average standard deviation of ca. 0.35 index units and that the relative error for the calibration melthod is similar to that obtained by daily solute calibration. The advantages of the new method are that it combines the operation of solute identification by retention index values and multiple solute calibration into a single method, capable of automation. Compared to standard calibration procedures, it is less time-consuming and subject to fewer operator errors.
Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea in a deaf infant

Spontaneous (congenital) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) otorrhea is a rare occurrence with less than 100 cases being reported in the literature. In infants and children, it may present as otitis media with effusion. A 4-month-old infant, who was diagnosed with severe to profound sensorineural hearing impairment and spontaneous CSF otorrhea, initially presented with otitis media with effusion. The patient presentation, diagnostic dilemmas and pathophysiology of this rare but interesting problem are discussed.
Stochastic optimization of flow-jamming attacks in multichannel wireless networks

An attacker can launch an efficient jamming attack to deny service to flows in wireless networks by using cross-layer knowledge of the target network. For example, flow-jamming defined in existing work incorporates network layer information into the conventional jamming attack to maximize its attack efficiency. In this paper, we redefine a discrete optimization model of flow-jamming in multichannel wireless networks and provide metrics to evaluate the attack efficiency. We then propose the use of stochastic optimization techniques for flow-jamming attacks by using three stochastic search algorithms: iterative improvement, simulated annealing, and genetic algorithm. By integrating the algorithms into a simulation based on the OPNET Modeler network simulator, we demonstrate the optimization process and provide performance comparisons of the algorithms. From our results, genetic algorithm provides the most efficient flow-jamming configuration.
Digital element approach for simulating impact and penetration of textiles

A micro-scale computational tool, based upon an explicit digital element method (DEM), has been developed for numerical simulation of ballistic impact and penetration of textile fabrics. In this approach, each yarn is digitized as an assembly of digital fibers. Each digital fiber is further digitized into a short digital rod element chain connected by frictionless pins (nodes). A search is conducted to find contacts between adjacent digital fibers. If a contact is detected, compressive and frictional forces between fibers will be determined, based upon contact stiffness and friction coefficient. Nodal forces are calculated for each time step. Nodal displacements are determined using an explicit procedure. Because the digital element approach operates on a sub-yarn micro-scale, one can determine textile penetration resistance based upon sub-yarn scale properties, such as inter-fiber compression, friction, and fiber strength. Research presented in this paper includes three parts. First, the explicit digital element algorithm used in dynamic simulation is explained. Second, the approach is used to generate 2-D woven fabric micro-geometries and to simulate ballistic penetration processes. Third, numerical results are compared to high resolution experimental impact and ballistic test data.
HIV prevention interventions for adolescents and young adults: what about the needs of gay and bisexual males?

While rates of HIV infection among gay/bisexual male adolescents have been increasing in the U.S., there has not been a commensurate increase in the development of HIV prevention interventions targeted specifically for this population. This editorial review examines primary HIV prevention interventions published in peer-reviewed journals between 1991 and 2010 in order to explore the differential focus on heterosexual versus gay/bisexual male adolescents/young adults. Of the 92 articles reviewed, only 5 (5.44 %) included interventions that addressed gay/bisexual sexual orientation or same-gender sexual activity. HIV prevention interventions developed for adolescents/young adults in the U.S. are not targeting those at highest risk of infection. Recommendations for addressing this gap are discussed.
The formation of iodine-induced stress corrosion cracks in zircaloys

Abstract The initiation of iodine-induced stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in zircaloy sheet and tubing at ~600 K was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis. Two distinct types of SCC nuclei were observed: small cracks occurred in all samples deformed in iodine vapor, and in occasional samples relatively large cracks were also formed that were always associated with local concentrations of impurities or alloying additives in the metal surface. No evidence was found that the small crack nuclei were capable of propagating, but it was shown that the conditions required for the formation of the large crack nuclei coincided with those required for iodine-induced failure of pressurized zircaloy tubing specimens. Models are proposed for the formation of both types of crack nuclei in the surface of stressed zircaloy exposed to iodine vapor at about 600 K.
Modifying the BFGS method

We propose a modified BFGS method and study the global and superlinear convergence properties of this method. We show that under certain circumstances this modified BFGS method has a better mechanism of correcting the eigenvalues. This modified method can also be regarded as an implementation technique of the standard BFGS method.
Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test and WPPSI Performance of Disadvantaged Preschool Children:

Summary.-Analysis of the performance of 48 disadvantaged preschool children on the Goodenough-Harris and the WPPSI showed that both tests yielded IQ estimates below rhe respective norm groups for both instruments. Goodenough-Harris IQs were in the dull-normal range, while WPPSI IQs were in the normal range. The Man and Woman scales were not equivalent measures and neither appeared to be an adequate predictor of WPPSI IQ levels. The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the performance of a group of disadvantaged preschool children on the Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test (Harris, 1963) and the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence ( Wechsler, 1963 ). METHOD Ss were 48 children (24 boys and 24 girls, 14 black and 10 white children in each sex group), ranging in chronological age from 58 to 72 mo. (M = 63.96; SD = 2.49 mo.), who had been in a Head Start program for about 6 mo. at the time the Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test was administered. The children were sheeted from neighboring Head Start centers in an effort to minimize differences in their residential environments. The Man and Woman scales were administered in group sessions by experienced examiners and were scored by experienced raters who had not administered the test. Standard proced~ues (Harris, 1963) were followed in both administration and scoring. Datta (1967), Dunn ( 1967a), Harris ( 1963), Levine and Gross (1968), and Yater, Barclay, and McGilligan (.1969) have reported satisfactory inter- and/or intra-rater reliability of the Goodenough-Harris scoring system when applied to children's drawings. Raw scores for the Man and Woman scales were converted to standard scores using the sex-age norm tables provided in the manual (Harris, 1963 ) . Administration of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI) followed that of the Goodenough-Harris by approximately 2 mo. The test was administered individually by two experienced female examiners according to instructions in the manual. The Sentences supplementary subtest and the Animal House retest were both omitted, as suggested by Wechsler ' (1963). 'This scudy was conducted during the 1968-1969 Full-year Headstart Child Development Program of the St. Louis Human Development Corporation supported by funds granted by OEO pursuant to the provisions of the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964.
Effect of Brine Concentration and Brining Time on Quality of Smoked Rainbow Trout Fillets

: Frozen rainbow trout fillets were brined in 8.7 or 17.4% sodium chloride solutions for various periods. Brine uptake, brined and cooked pH, cook yield, shear force, total and water-phase salt content, and brined and cooked proximate composition were determined. Fish mince was used for texture (hardness and cohesiveness) and protein solubility (total soluble and myofibrillar proteins) evaluations. Increasing the brine concentration increased fillet weight loss after brining, cook yield, water-phase salt content, shear force, brined fat, brined and cooked ash, brined pH, and brined and cooked moisture.
Eighty years of Sommerfeld's radiation condition

Abstract In 1912 Sommerfeld introduced his radiation condition to ensure the uniqueness of the solution of certain exterior boundary value problems in mathematical physics. In physical applications these problems generally describe wave propagation where an incident time-harmonic wave is scattered by an object, and the resulting diffracted or scattered waves need to be calculated. When formulated mathematically, these problems usually take the form of an exterior Dirichlet or Neumann problem for the Helmholtz partial differential equation. The Sommerfeld condition is applied at infinity and, when added to the statement of the boundary value problem, singles out only the solution which represents “outgoing” (rather than “incoming” or “standing”) waves in the physical applications. Since its introduction, the Sommerfeld radiation condition has become indispensable for these types of problems and has stimulated a considerable amount of mathematical research, especially in uniqueness theorems. The present note traces the motivation and reasoning that led Sommerfeld to the original formulation of his radiation condition and surveys the extensions and modifications this condition has undergone since then.
Gossamer: A Lightweight Approach to Using Multicore Machines

The key to performance improvements in the multi-core era is for software to utilize the available concurrency. This paper presents a lightweight programming framework called Gossamer that is easy to use, enables the solution of a broad range of parallel programming problems, and produces efficient code. Gossamer contains (1) a set of high-level annotations that one adds to a sequential program to specify concurrency and synchronization, (2) a source-to-source translator that produces an optimized program that uses our threading library, and (3) a run-time system that provides efficient threads and synchronization. Gossamer supports iterative and recursive parallelism, pipelined computations, domain decomposition, and MapReduce computations.
The requirement of trace amounts of environmental sodium for the growth and development of Hydra

Abstract Trace amounts of environmental sodium ions were found to be required for the normal growth and development of Hydra. These experiments were carried out in the presence of calcium, previously shown necessary for growth [22]. None of the other ions tested could replace sodium. Concentrations of sodium as low as 10−6 M sufficed for optimum growth and development. These findings are discussed in relation to the generally known cellular sodium requirements. The significance of controlling and investigating the milieu exterieur of fresh-water animals which lack internal extracellular fluids is emphasized.
A thalamo-cortical model of the executive attention system.

In a previous paper [Kilmer (1996) Neural Netw 9: 567–573] we developed a differential equation model of how a stable focus of attention could be maintained in a higher mammalian brain. The so-called TRC model consisted of interconnected modules, with each module comprised of a simple representations of parts of the reticular thalamic nucleus, specific thalamic nuclei, nonspecific thalamic nuclei, and cortex, together with the known excitatory and inhibitory interconnections between them. TRC was analyzed only for steady states under zero inputs. Here we analyze the behavior of TRC_2, a substantially modified and reinterpreted TRC, for steady attention and attention-switching behavior under nonzero inputs. We show that TRC_2 always converges to a unique mode of primary attention, and that it allows concurrently one or more other modes of weak attention, which experience suggests occurs often. A crucial postulate for TRC_2 is that a mode α does not actively compete against other modes unless primary attention is paid to mode α. This postulate should be testable experimentally.
Enhanced Fitness of Adult Spermatogonial Stem Cells Bearing a Paternal Age-Associated FGFR2 Mutation

Pathogenic de novo mutations increase with fathers’ age and could be amplified through competition between genetically distinct subpopulations of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). Here, we tested the fitness of SSCs bearing wild-type human FGFR2 or an Apert syndrome mutant, FGFR2 (S252W), to provide experimental evidence for SSC competition. The S252W allele conferred enhanced FGFR2-mediated signaling, particularly at very low concentrations of ligand, and also subtle changes in gene expression. Mutant SSCs exhibited improved competitiveness in vitro and increased stem cell activity in vivo upon transplantation. The fitness advantage in vitro only occurred in low concentrations of fibroblast growth factor (FGF), was independent of FGF-driven proliferation, and was accompanied by increased response to glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). Our studies provide experimental evidence of enhanced stem cell fitness in SSCs bearing a paternal age-associated mutation. Our model will be useful for interrogating other candidate mutations in the future to reveal mechanisms of disease risk.
Maintenance of muscle mass and load-induced growth in Muscle RING Finger 1 null mice with age.

Age-related loss of muscle mass occurs to varying degrees in all individuals and has a detrimental effect on morbidity and mortality. Muscle RING Finger 1 (MuRF1), a muscle-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase, is believed to mediate muscle atrophy through the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS). Deletion of MuRF1 (KO) in mice attenuates the loss of muscle mass following denervation, disuse, and glucocorticoid treatment; however, its role in age-related muscle loss is unknown. In this study, skeletal muscle from male wild-type (WT) and MuRF1 KO mice was studied up to the age of 24 months. Muscle mass and fiber cross-sectional area decreased significantly with age in WT, but not in KO mice. In aged WT muscle, significant decreases in proteasome activities, especially 20S and 26S β5 (20–40% decrease), were measured and were associated with significant increases in the maladaptive endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress marker, CHOP. Conversely, in aged MuRF1 KO mice, 20S or 26S β5 proteasome activity was maintained or decreased to a lesser extent than in WT mice, and no increase in CHOP expression was measured. Examination of the growth response of older (18 months) mice to functional overload revealed that old WT mice had significantly less growth relative to young mice (1.37- vs. 1.83-fold), whereas old MuRF1 KO mice had a normal growth response (1.74- vs. 1.90-fold). These data collectively suggest that with age, MuRF1 plays an important role in the control of skeletal muscle mass and growth capacity through the regulation of cellular stress.
Role of ABC transporters in secretion of cholesterol from liver into bile

By 1968, the basic principles underlying cholesterol solubility in bile had been established (1, 2). Free cholesterol (C) had been found to be almost entirely insoluble in water and very poorly soluble in bile salt solutions. Cholesterol was however very soluble in phosphotidylcholine (PC) lamellar liquid crystals (bilayers), and bile salts could solubilize the PC/C liquid crystal bilayers into mixed micelles, thus carrying the C into solution. In 1970, I speculated (3) that the molecular mechanism for biliary lipid secretion was “that bile salts penetrate the cannilicular membrane from the interior of the liver cell and dissect out specifically lecithin and cholesterol leaving the membrane protein and other structural lipids intact.” This hypothesis, based on the physical chemistry of the lipid systems, has now been proven to be almost entirely incorrect. It is now clear that all biliary lipids are secreted in a controlled way by ABC transporters, and that the physical chemistry of the lipid interactions probably occurs within the lumen of the canniliculus and biliary ducts.
The case of the disappearing disagreements: A reply to Yussen

Abstract S. R. Yussen (1984, Developmental Review , 4 , 139–144) and I have few disagreements. The major one seems to be in what the purpose of my article (R. J. Sternberg, 1984, Developmental Review , 4 , 113–138) should have been. I believe the article fulfills my own purpose, if not Yussen's.
Food availability and growth of the blue crab in seagrass and unvegetated nurseries of Chesapeake Bay

Abstract Variation in habitat quality and resource availability can affect the distribution and growth of animals. Thin-shelled clams dominate many benthic communities in Chesapeake Bay, both in numbers and in biomass, and they can comprise up to 50% of the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) diet. Our objective was to determine which habitats were optimal for juvenile crab growth and how growth related to food availability. We experimentally examined benthic infaunal food availability (primarily bivalves) and concurrent growth of juvenile blue crabs at 30–40 sites along 50 km of the York River during fall 2000 and spring 2001. Each year, 4–10 replicate sites along the York River were established in each of five habitats: (1) Seagrass, (2) Mud at the river mouth, (3) Sand at the river mouth, (4) Mud upriver, and (5) Sand upriver. Food availability inside and outside of 0.43-m2 crab growth cages was examined, along with crab growth after 3–6 months inside cages. In both years, after 3–6 months, the Baltic clam, Macoma balthica, was abundant inside and outside the cages, whereas the soft-shell clam, Mya arenaria, was only abundant inside cages. Densities of Macoma were greatest in upriver mud and sand, while those of Mya were greatest in upriver sand. Crab growth was significantly greater in spring-summer than fall-winter and was significantly higher in upriver mud and sand, where clam densities were highest, than at the river mouth. The upriver region was near the turbidity maximum, which may enhance pelagic and benthic productivity and thereby provide more food for clams and therefore for blue crabs. Crab growth in seagrass was intermediate between that upriver and at the mouth, suggesting that upriver, unvegetated, subtidal habitats adjacent to salt marshes serve as valuable nursery habitats rivaling seagrass beds.
A 2 weeks on and 1 week off schedule of sunitinib is associated with decreased toxicity in metastatic renal cell carcinoma

Treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) with sunitinib is often associated with toxicity necessitating dose reduction. Maintaining adequate dosing and drug levels are essential for optimising clinical efficacy. Standard sunitinib schedule is 4 weeks of treatment and 2 weeks of rest (schedule 4/2). Empirically, several mRCC patients at The Cleveland Clinic (CCF) have been changed from schedule 4/2 to 2 weeks of treatment/1 week off (schedule 2/1) after experiencing toxicity, in an attempt to maintain daily dosing. The medical records of 30 mRCC patients on sunitinib who were changed from schedule 4/2 to schedule 2/1 at CCF were retrospectively reviewed. Toxicity on each schedule was recorded during routine clinic visits and graded using Common Toxicity Criteria, version 4.0. 97% of patients on schedule 4/2 had grade 3 or 4 toxicity that led to changing to schedule 2/1. There were no grade 4 toxicities on schedule 2/1, and 27% of patients experienced grade 3 toxicity (p=0.0001). Two of the most common toxicities, fatigue and hand-foot syndrome (HFS), were significantly less frequent on schedule 2/1 than on schedule 4/2 (p=0.0003; p=0.0004, respectively). Median overall treatment duration on schedule 4/2 was 12.6 months (range 1.2 months-5.1 years) and median overall treatment duration on schedule 2/1 was 11.9 months (range 0.9+ to 73.3+ months). Treatment with sunitinib on schedule 2/1 is associated with significantly decreased toxicity in patients who experience grade 3 or greater toxicity on schedule 4/2, and can extend treatment duration considerably. Prospective clinical trials are required to define the optimal sunitinib schedule to balance efficacy and toxicity.
A survey os school psychologists' use of behavior modification procedures

Abstract A national survey of behavior modification procedures used by school psychologists is reported. Usable questionnaires were received from 148 (49%) of 300 randomly selected members of the 1982 National Association of School Psychologists directory. Each respondent was asked to indicate the type of exposure, use, and inclusion of data collection procedures for each of 18 commonly used behavioral techniques. Conditional probabilities between type of exposure and use found strong relationships between supervision and subsequent use. The implications for the field of school psychology and future directions for training programs are discussed.
Dimensionality of MF.

ABSTRACT This study sought, through a factor analysis of 450 masculine-feminine (MF) items from nine established sources such as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MNK), to determine whether in a college sample of 523 students there were a small number of factors common to both sexes, or if the MF scale consisted of so many weak factors that the practice of giving people scores on it should be abandoned. Only 39% of the items discriminated the sexes. Of the nine item factors in females and ten in males, four occurred in both sexes. These MF factors were neuroticism and religiousity (feminine), and power and scientific interests (masculine). The need for four homogeneous, orthogonal MF scales based on these dimensions is requisite for any rational exploration of MF in relation to sex-role identification, achievement, homosexuality, etc.
Chronic Sleep Disruption and the Reexperiencing Cluster of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Are Improved by Olanzapine: Brief Review of the Literature and a Case-Based Series.

Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders in young adults. Early diagnosis and treatment of PTSD are essential to avoid possible long-term neuropsychiatric changes in brain physiology and function. A cardinal symptom of PTSD is chronic sleep disruption, often with recurring nightmares. If untreated, PTSD symptoms often contribute to substance abuse and the development of other comorbid psychiatric disorders. Once PTSD is diagnosed, drug treatment should begin with antidepressant therapy. If antidepressants do not correct the sleep disruption, adjunctive treatment with the atypical antipsychotic olanzapine or other agents should be considered. Method: This case series reviews 7 cases of patients with PTSD (DSM-IV criteria) seen in primary care clinics who were successfully treated with olanzapine. In most cases, olanzapine therapy was adjunctive and followed failed treatment with antidepressant monotherapy for sleep disturbances. Results: All patients reported improved sleep with decreased or absent nightmares, as well as improvements in other PTSD symptom clusters. Conclusion: Further controlled studies are needed to better characterize and validate this therapeutic indication.
Cell-based gene therapy for the prevention and treatment of cardiac dysfunction.

A substantial need exists for new treatments to prevent and treat cardiac dysfunction. In the 1990s, there was great hope for gene therapy in this regard. Since that time, the focus has switched to cell therapy—in particular, therapy—with the aim of inducing myocardial regeneration. Individually, gene and cell therapies still have substantial promise. Ultimately, however, the convergence of both techniques might be necessary to achieve improvements in cardiac function and more successful clinical outcomes in patients with cardiac dysfunction. This approach has already been adopted for treatment of malignancies. Several gene products are currently being studied, including growth factors and chemokines that can modulate the survival and function of cardiac myocytes following an ischemic event and influence remodeling of the left ventricle. However, several issues remain, including the optimization and characterization of cell types, selection of vectors for gene transfer, and identification of appropriate strategies for delivery. Here, we review the potential and need for cell-based gene therapy for the prevention and treatment of cardiac dysfunction and attempt to discuss the unresolved issues.
Molecular characterization and immunolocalization of Dictyostelium discoideum protein phosphatase 2A.

Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) was previously purified from Dictyostelium and biochemically characterized. The purified PP2A holoenzyme was composed of a 37 kDa catalytic ‘C-subunit’, a 65 kDa ‘A-subunit’ and a 55 kDa ‘B-subunit’. We report here the characterization of the genes encoding the Dictyostelium PP2A subunits as well as the immunolocalization of the PP2A subunits in Dictyostelium. The cDNAs encoding the B- and C-subunits were isolated from a Dictyostelium library and the deduced amino acid sequences reveal strong conservation with the mammalian PP2A homologues. Southern blot analysis suggests that each of the PP2A subunit genes is present in a single copy. The PP2A subunits were localized mainly to the cytosol in Dictyostelium cells. However, immunofluorescence confocal microscopy demonstrates that the B-subunit of PP2A is highly enriched in centrosomes, suggesting a potential role for this PP2A regulatory subunit in the centrosomal function.
Vector analysing power and cross section for (d, p) reactions on 40Ca, 46Ti, 48Ti, 50Ti, 52Cr and 54Fe

Abstract Angular distributions of the vector analysing power and the absolute cross section were measured for (d, p) reactions on 40Ca, 46Ti, 48Ti, 50Ti, 52Cr and 54Fe at deuteron energies of 10 or 11 MeV. The observed j-dependence of the vector analysing power allowed unambiguous spin assignments for about 15 states in each residual nucleus. Distorted-wave Born approximation calculations employing deuteron and proton optical-model parameters obtained from analyses of elastic cross sections and polarizations qualitatively reproduce the measured angular distributions. The energies of the 2p 3 2 , 2p 1 2 , if 7 2 and If 5 2 neutron si in the residual nuclei were determined. The strength of the nuclear spin-orbit interaction calculated from the splitting of the p-states is in good agreement with the strength obtained from analyses of nucleon-nucleus elastic scattering.
Bilateral isolated phrenic neuropathy causing painless bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis

The authors report four patients with a syndrome of painless bilateral isolated phrenic neuropathy. Electrophysiologic testing demonstrated active denervation restricted to the diaphragm. Long-term recovery was poor. The authors conclude that bilateral isolated phrenic neuropathy is a cause of painless diaphragmatic paralysis distinguishable from immune brachial plexus neuropathy and other neuromuscular disorders with similar clinical presentation.
Inducing Tumor Immunity through the Selective Engagement of Activating Fcγ Receptors on Dendritic Cells

Induction of tumor-specific immunity requires that dendritic cells (DCs) efficiently capture and present tumor antigens to result in the expansion and activation of tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells. The transition from antigen capture to T cell stimulation requires a maturation signal; in its absence tolerance, rather than immunity may develop. While immune complexes (ICs) are able to enhance antigen capture, they can be poor at inducing DC maturation, naive T cell activation and protective immunity. We now demonstrate that interfering with the inhibitory signal delivered by FcγRIIB on DCs converts ICs to potent maturation agents and results in T cell activation. Applying this approach to immunization with DCs pulsed ex-vivo with ICs, we have generated antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in vivo and achieved efficient protective immunity in a murine melanoma model. These data imply that ICs may normally function to maintain tolerance through the binding to inhibitory FcγRs on DCs, but they can be converted to potent immunogenic stimuli by selective engagement of activating FcγRs. This mechanism suggests a novel approach to the development of tumor vaccines.
A general phenomenological model for work function

Abstract A general phenomenological model is presented for obtaining the zero Kelvin work function of any crystal facet of metals and semiconductors, both clean and covered with a monolayer of electropositive atoms. It utilizes the known physical structure of the crystal and the Fermi energy of the two-dimensional electron gas assumed to form on the surface. A key parameter is the number of electrons donated to the surface electron gas per surface lattice site or adsorbed atom, which is taken to be an integer. Initially this is found by trial and later justified by examining the state of the valence electrons of the relevant atoms. In the case of adsorbed monolayers of electropositive atoms a satisfactory justification could not always be found, particularly for cesium, but a trial value always predicted work functions close to the experimental values. The model can also predict the variation of work function with temperature for clean crystal facets. The model is applied to various crystal faces of tungsten, aluminium, silver, and select metal oxides, and most demonstrate good fits compared to available experimental values.
Superplastic Forming of SiAlON Ceramics

Superplastic SiAlON's of the nominal composition Y[sub m/3]Si[sub 12[minus](m+n)]Al[sub m+n]O[sub n]N[sub 16[minus]n] are reported in this study using a transient-phase-forming approach. They encompass the fields of single-phase [alpha][prime]-SiAlON, single-phase [beta][prime]-SiAlON, and their two-phase mixtures. Excellent formability is obtained at 1,550 C for the [beta][prime] and [alpha][prime] + [beta][prime] materials, and at 1,600 C for the [alpha][prime] material. Typically in the nonequilibrium state before deformation, these fine-grained materials undergo dramatic phase and microstructure evolutions during superplastic forming. In particular, the stress-biased [alpha]-Si[sub 3]N[sub 4] [yields] [beta][prime]-SiAlON reaction is found to result in elongated and aligned grains with fiber-strengthening effect and excellent formability.
Graphical processing unit–based machine vision system for simultaneous measurement of shrinkage and soil release in fabrics

We present a machine vision system for simultaneous and objective evaluation of two important functional attributes of a fabric, namely, soil release and shrinkage. Soil release corresponds to the efficacy of the fabric in releasing stains after laundering and shrinkage essentially quantifies the dimensional changes in the fabric postlaundering. Within the framework of the proposed machine vision scheme, the samples are prepared using a prescribed procedure and subsequently digitized using a commercially available off-the-shelf scanner. Shrinkage measurements in the lengthwise and widthwise directions are obtained by detecting and measuring the distance between two pairs of appropriately placed markers. In addition, these shrinkage markers help in producing estimates of the location of the center of the stain on the fabric image. Using this information, a customized adaptive statistical snake is initialized, which evolves based on region statistics to segment the stain. Once the stain is localized, appropriate measurements can be extracted from the stain and the background image that can help in objectively quantifying stain release. In addition, the statistical snakes algorithm has been parallelized on a graphical processing unit, which allows for rapid evolution of multiple snakes. This, in turn, translates to the fact that multiple stains can be detected and segmented in a computationally efficient fashion. Finally, the aforementioned scheme is validated on a sizeable set of fabric images and the promising nature of the results help in establishing the efficacy of the proposed approach.
Design of a home media center with network and streaming capabilities

We present the design of a home media center that has all the functionality of a DVD player and also provides networking and streaming capabilities. Clients can be PC or dedicated thin clients ("spigots") that can receive digital content over a home network, decode it and play it back on existing TV or stereo systems. A reference design for such a "spigot" is also presented.