cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Overconfidence on Asset Holdings among Older Adults

Research in psychology shows that people miscalibrate their ability and often incorrectly perceive themselves as above (overconfident) or below average. Previous measures that proxy for overconfidence focus on perceptions about knowledge pertaining to economic conditions and financial markets since the researchers usually study economic and financial decisions. Our objective is to contribute to this literature by considering a more general proxy of overconfidence. We do so by operationalizing measures of subjective and objective cognitive ability in the Health and Retirement Study to estimate a proxy for overconfidence. This proxy is the residual variation of subjective cognition unexplained by an objective cognitive score and covariates. We find that higher overconfidence leads to a lower chance of an individual having financial assets in nearly all accounts, such as cash-equivalent, stocks, CDs, and savings in various retirement accounts including defined benefits, defined contribution, and individual retirement accounts. Moreover, conditional on ownership, higher confidence leads to a decrease in financial holdings in cash-equivalent assets and thus in total financial assets. Conditional on ownership, more overconfidence leads to an increase in the share of wealth held in less actively managed accounts, such as cash-equivalent, CDs, DB, and other financial assets.
Live-Animal Epigenome Editing: Convergence of Novel Techniques

Epigenome editing refers to the generation of precise chromatin alterations and their effects on gene expression and cell biology. Until recently, much of the efforts in epigenome editing were limited to tissue culture models of disease. However, the convergence of techniques from different fields including mammalian genetics, virology, and CRISPR engineering is advancing epigenome editing into a new era. Researchers are increasingly embracing the use of multicellular model organisms to test the role of specific chromatin alterations in development and disease. The challenge of successful live-animal epigenomic editing will depend on a well-informed foundation of the current methodologies for cell-specific delivery and editing accuracy. Here we review the opportunities for basic research and therapeutic applications.
Student Attendance: A Persistent Challenge and Leading Indicator for Baltimore’s Community School Strategy

AbstractThis mixed methods study examines the relationship between full-service community schools (FSCSs) and student attendance in Baltimore City Public Schools. We hypothesize the FSCS strategy p...
BER Performance of Space–Time Parallel ICI Cancellation of OFDM in MIMO Power Line Communications

Most of the studies on power line communication (PLC) are focused on single-input–single output (SISO)-PLC. There have been recent empirical and/or theoretical research with the focus on multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO)-PLC. This article analyzes the effects of correlation between different paths in MIMO-PLC on the performance of bit error rate (BER) and the channel capacity in the PLC system. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is an effective method to mitigate the effect of the frequency selective multipath fading channel in the PLC system. However, OFDM is susceptible to the imperfect orthogonality among its subcarriers caused by the frequency offset at the receiver. Intercarrier interference cancellation technique such as parallel cancellation (PC) scheme is implemented in MIMO-PLC scenario to study the effect of correlation based on the latest research in MIMO-PLC. 2 × 1 and 2 × 2 space–time (ST)-OFDM and 2 × 2 STPC-OFDM channel models are investigated for the performance of the BER and channel capacity in additive impulsive Gaussian noise via computer simulations. It shows that the BER and channel capacity of both 2 × 1 and 2 × 2 STPC-OFDM outperforms 2 × 1 and 2 × 2 ST-OFDM, respectively, regardless of the correlation between different paths in MIMO-PLC.
Determination of immunophenotypic aberrancies provides better assessment of peripheral blood involvement by mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome than quantification of CD26- or CD7- CD4+ T-cells.

BACKGROUND Blood involvement by mycosis fungoides (MF)/Sezary syndrome (SS) influences prognosis and therapeutic decisions. MF/SS blood stage is currently determined by absolute CD4 + CD26- or CD4 + CD7-cell counts, which quantification method may overestimate MF/SS by including CD26- or CD7- normal CD4+ T-cells, or underestimate disease burden when MF/SS cells show incomplete loss of CD26 and/or CD7. Recently, through the standardization effort led by the International Clinical Cytometry Society (ICCS), recommendation was made to quantify MF/SS by enumerating immunophenotypically aberrant CD4+ T-cells, rather than CD26- or CD7- in isolation. METHODS We compared these two quantitation methods in 309 MF/SS patients who had blood samples analyzed by flow cytometry immunophenotyping (FCI) over a 1-year period. RESULTS Using the European Organization of Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC)/International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas (ISCL) criteria, 221 (71.5%) patients had a blood stage corresponding to B0, 57 (18.4%) to B1, and 31 (10%) to B2. By FCI analysis, a total of 62 patients (20.0%) were found positive for MF/SS. Among EORTC B0 patients, 11/221 (5%) were positive by FCI (false negatives), and among EORTC Stage B1 patients, 35/57 (61%) were negative by FCI (false positives). Regarding patients positive for MF/SS cells by FCI, there was an overall excellent correlation (r = .999, p < .001) between the EORTC/ISCL method and FCI method; however, four (6.5%) patients would have an altered B stage between B0 and B1. CONCLUSION The MF/SS cell quantification method using immunophenotypic aberrancies, as recommended by the ICCS, allows to distinguish MF/SS cells from background benign T-cells and enables for more accurate staging, especially among patients currently being considered to have B0 and B1 stage diseases.
Rectal Prolapse Repair with Abdominal Fixation Under Sedation and Local or Epidural Anesthesia: Prospective Pilot Study in 10 Elderly Subjects.

Background: Rectal prolapse (RP) is primarily a disease of the elderly, where treatment may be associated with significant postoperative morbidity including that related to anesthesia. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and feasibility of a novel abdominal approach to RP repair under sedation and local anesthesia and to assess short- and long-term clinical outcomes in elderly patients (>70 years). Design Settings: This is a prospective pilot study with 10 patients using a novel RP repair. The anesthesia type was local or epidural with sedation. Follow-up was done at 30 days, 12, and 24 months. Patients: Patients were men and women >70 years of age with RP. Main Outcome Measures: (1) Feasibility: successful completion of RP repair using the novel abdominal approach with laparoscopic assistance. (2) Safety: safety was measured by the incidence of the intraoperative complications (bowel perforation, organ injury, and bleeding requiring blood transfusion). (3) Sedation and local anesthesia feasibility: surgery was safely completed without patient intubation. Results: Ten female patients >70 years of age underwent RP repair using the novel abdominal approach. General anesthesia was not required in any of the 10 patients. Two patients recurred within 6 months. One of the patients with recurrence of RP subsequently underwent laparoscopic rectopexy, and the other was minimal and required no further treatment. One mortality occurred at 3 months unrelated to the procedure. No other anesthetic or surgical intraoperative and postoperative complications were observed. Limitations: This is a single-institution pilot study. Conclusions: Abdominal RP repair under sedation and regional anesthesia appears feasible and safe in elderly patients and may, in the future, provide an effective alternative to current treatment options for RP, avoiding general anesthesia. ClinicalTrial.gov registration number: NCT01980043.
Sensitivity of internal wave energy distribution over seabed corrugations to adjacent seabed features

Here we show that the distribution of energy of internal gravity waves over a patch of seabed corrugations strongly depends on the distance of the patch to adjacent seafloor features located downstream of the patch. Specifically, we consider the steady state energy distribution due to an incident internal wave arriving at a patch of seabed ripples neighbouring (i) another patch of ripples (i.e. a second patch) and (ii) a vertical wall. Seabed undulations with dominant wavenumber twice as large as overpassing internal waves reflect back part of the energy of the incident internal waves (Bragg reflection) and allow the rest of the energy to transmit downstream. In the presence of a neighbouring topography on the downstream side, the transmitted energy from the patch may reflect back; partially if the downstream topography is another set of seabed ripples or fully if it is a vertical wall. The reflected wave from the downstream topography is again reflected back by the patch of ripples through the same mechanism. This consecutive reflection goes on indefinitely, leading to a complex interaction pattern including constructive and destructive interference of multiply reflected waves as well as an interplay between higher mode internal waves resonated over the topography. We show here that when steady state is reached both the qualitative and quantitative behaviour of the energy distribution over the patch is a strong function of the distance between the patch and the downstream topography: it can increase or decrease exponentially fast along the patch or stay (nearly) unchanged. As a result, for instance, the local energy density in the water column can become an order of magnitude larger in certain areas merely based on where the downstream topography is. This may result in the formation of steep waves in specific areas of the ocean, leading to breaking and enhanced mixing. At a particular distance, the wall or the second patch may also result in a complete disappearance of the trace of the seabed undulations on the upstream and the downstream wave field.
Redemption for the Museum of the Bible? Artifacts, provenance, the display of Dead Sea Scrolls, and bias in the contact zone

How is it possible in this moment of museum decolonization, critical examination of museum ethics and practice, calls for repatriations and reparations, and restorative justice, that a brand new mu...
Embracing School Counselors’ Situatedness: Data-Based Decision Making as Fulfillment of a Complex Identity:

Since at least the 1930s, school counselors have used data to inform school counseling programming. However, the evolving complexity of school counselors’ identity calls for an updated understandin...
Open Source Pitfalls at the Biotechnology-High Technology Crossover

Software is eating the biotechnology world. However, managers in the traditional biotechnology sector may not be familiar with open source and related compliance issues that are bound to come up as they develop high technology solutions to the problems of biotechnology. For example, many programmers will utilize open source software to build their software products. Open source software is typically cost-free software code that comes with strings attached. Programmers like to incorporate open source software into their code because there is no point in reinventing the wheel for simple or common software functionalities. However, use of open source software has specific compliance requirements in order to not be in violation of open source licenses. As software projects become larger and more valuable, proper records and documentation become more important to keep and more difficult to comply with.
Slicing (and Transferring) Development

This symposium essay applies insights from Professor Lee Fennell’s Slices and Lumps: Division and Aggregation in Law and Life to two distinct issues in zoning and land use regulation. The first is the use of transferable development rights (TDRs). TDRs provide an ideal vehicle for considering the interaction of slices and lumps, the advantages (and disadvantages) of both slicing and aggregating entitlements, and the relationship between what might be termed naturally occurring lumps and the artificial lumps created by law. The conceptual framework developed in Slices and Lumps also sheds light on recent high-profile zoning reforms and the potential for further reform. Slicing, transferring, and aggregating development rights and recalibrating the scale or unit at which we apply density restrictions can enable new development and increase housing supply. They offer mechanisms for preserving a desirable variety of old and new structures and uses in urban neighborhoods by reducing development pressures on individual lots. At the same time, allowing the addition of new dwelling units to existing single-family lots minimally reconfigures existing lumps in a manner that may not upset the expectations of neighbors grown accustomed to the lumps next door and that may, in the aggregate, also make a significant contribution to the supply of housing. Slices and Lumps provides a rich and rewarding framework for thinking about the costs and benefits of these and other reconfigurations of our existing land uses and their regulatory regimes.
An approach to modelling complex ICT4D investment problems: towards a solution-oriented framework and data analytics methodology

Economies of the world invest in ICT with the uniform purpose of obtaining socio-economic benefits. Determination of the most appropriate path of success linking ICT to socio-economic benefits is a...
Stability and Symmetry Breaking in Metal Nanowires

A linear stability analysis of metal nanowires is performed in the free-electron model using quantum chaos techniques. It is found that the classical instability of a long wire under surface tension can be completely suppressed by electronic shell effects, leading to stable cylindrical configurations whose electrical conductance is a magic number 1, 3, 5, 6,... times the quantum of conductance.
Control strategies for a stochastic planner

We present new algorithms for local planning over Markov decision processes. The base-level algorithm possesses several interesting features for control of computation, based on selecting computations according to their expected benefit to decision quality. The algorithms are shown to expand the agent's knowledge where the world warrants it, with appropriate responsiveness to time pressure and randomness. We then develop an introspective algorithm, using an internal representation of what computational work has already been done. This strategy extends the agent's knowledge base where warranted by the agent's world model and the agent's knowledge of the work already put into various parts of this model. It also enables the agent to act so as to take advantage of the computational savings inherent in staying in known parts of the state space. The control flexibility provided by this strategy, by incorporating natural problem-solving methods, directs computational effort towards where it's needed better than previous approaches, providing greater hopes for scalability to large domains.
Regional analysis of inorganic nitrogen yield and retention in high-elevation ecosystems of the Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains

Yields and retention of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN: NO3 − + NH4 +) and nitrate concentrations in surface runoff are summarized for 28 high elevation watersheds in the Sierra Nevada of California and Rocky Mountains of Wyoming and Colorado. Catchments ranged in elevation from 2475 to 3603 m and from 15 to 1908 ha in area. Soil cover varied from 5% to nearly 97% of total catchment area. Runoff from these snow-dominated catchments ranged from 315 to 1265 mm per year. In the Sierra Nevada, annual volume-weighted mean (AVWM) nitrate concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 13 μM (overall average 5.4 μM), and peak concentrations measured during snowmelt ranged from 1.0 to 38 M. Nitrate levels in the Rocky Mountain watersheds were about twice those in the Sierra Nevada; average AVWM NO3 − was 9.4 AM and snowmelt peaks ranged from 15 to 50 AM. Mean DIN loading to Rocky Mountain watersheds, 3.6 kg ha−1 yr−1, was double the average measured for Sierra Nevada watersheds, 1.8 kg ha−1 yr−1. DIN yield in the Sierra Nevada, 0.69 kg ha−1 yr−1, was about 60% that measured in the Rocky Mountains, 1.1 kg ha−1 yr−1. Net inorganic N retention in Sierra Nevada catchments was 1.2 kg ha−1 yr−1 and represented about 55% of annual DIN loading. DIN retention in the Rocky Mountain catchments was greater in absolute terms, 2.5 kg ha−1 yr−1, and as a percentage of DIN loading, 72%.
Heme-spin label studies of hemoglobin. I. Preparation and properties of heme-spin-labeled ferrihemoglobin.

In order to investigate the protein conformation in the vicinity of the heme and the spin states of the heme-iron in dissolved hemoglobins, a nitroxide spin label was covalently attached to one of the propionic acid groups of the porphyrin ring. The optical spectra of the heme-spin labeled ferrihemoglobins were identical to those of native hemoglobins indicating that the spin labeling did not affect significantly the electronic structure of the prosthetic group. The EPR spectra of the nitroxide moiety in the fluoride, cyanide, and azide derivatives of the heme-spin-labeled hemoglobin and of the corresponding acid methemoglobin in solution were not identical, suggesting that the protein conformation in the vicinity of the label is different in each of these hemoglobin derivatives. The resonance amplitude of the nitroxide in heme-spinlabeled hemoglobin was sensitively influenced by the high spin heme-iron located in the center of the porphyrin ring due to the magnetic dipolar interactions between them. The degree of the dipolar interaction depended on the magnetic moment and electron-spin relaxation time of the heme-iron, as well as the distance between the nitroxide and heme-iron. From the strength of this interaction, the distance between the heme-iron and the nitroxide radical was estimated as 11.8 A. Since the spin label attached to heme is sensitive to changes in the magnetic moment of the iron, the heme-spinlabeled ferrihemoglobin can also be used for studying the thermal equilibrium between high and low spin electronic states of the heme-iron. By comparing the nitroxide resonance amplitudes of the hydroxide form with those of the high spin acid met form and the low spin cyanide form of hemoglobin, the ratio of high to low spin components of the hydroxide was calculated as 53:47 at 0°. This ratio was increased at higher temperatures due to the shift of the equilibrium composition in favor of the high spin form. Optical and EPR spectra of free spin-labeled protohemin were also investigated. EPR spectra of protohemin were sensitive to dimer formation of hematin in aqueous alkaline solution. Two empirical indices are presented for convenient numerical expression of the mobility of a nitroxide label from its EPR line shape.
Celebrating the prophet: religious nationalism and the politics of Milad-un-Nabi festivals in India

The traditional honoring of the birth of the Prophet Mohammed (Milad-un-Nabi) has shifted in numerous Indian cities from private prayer and ritual meals in the home to grand public festivals that bear resemblances to Hindu religious processions. In 2010 in the southern Indian city of Hyderabad, large-scale Milad-un-Nabi festivals became implicated in Hindu–Muslim nationalist riots that erupted weeks later at the commencement of a Hindu festival for Hanuman Jayanthi. This paper explores the political production of Muslim ethno-nationalism and the intra-community debates over the legitimacy and piety of Milad-un-Nabi celebrations. It argues that Milad-un-Nabi as a public performance is a (re)invented tradition that is part of the struggle for material, political and symbolic goods of the nation-state. It is shaped by local party politics and history of anti-Muslim discrimination. However, as the festivals highlight community divisions and religious ambiguities, they ultimately reveal the fragility of ethnic groups.
Treatment of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Systematic Review for a National Institutes of Health Pathways to Prevention Workshop

A debilitating multisystem condition, ME/CFS is characterized by chronic and disabling fatigue and several other symptoms. This systematic review, part of a larger report for the NIH 2014 Pathways ...
Construction of type II blow-up solutions for the energy-critical wave equation in dimension 5

Abstract We consider the semilinear wave equation with focusing energy-critical nonlinearity in space dimension N = 5 ∂ t t u = Δ u + | u | 4 / 3 u , with radial data. It is known [7] that a solution ( u , ∂ t u ) which blows up at t = 0 in a neighborhood (in the energy norm) of the family of solitons W λ , decomposes in the energy space as ( u ( t ) , ∂ t u ( t ) ) = ( W λ ( t ) + u 0 ⁎ , u 1 ⁎ ) + o ( 1 ) , where lim t → 0 ⁡ λ ( t ) / t = 0 and ( u 0 ⁎ , u 1 ⁎ ) ∈ H ˙ 1 × L 2 . We construct a blow-up solution of this type such that the asymptotic profile ( u 0 ⁎ , u 1 ⁎ ) is any pair of sufficiently regular functions with u 0 ⁎ ( 0 ) > 0 . For these solutions the concentration rate is λ ( t ) ∼ t 4 . We also provide examples of solutions with concentration rate λ ( t ) ∼ t ν + 1 for ν > 8 , related to the behavior of the asymptotic profile near the origin.
Lessons Learned From a Randomized Controlled Trial of a Family-Based Intervention to Promote School Functioning for School-Age Children With Sickle Cell Disease

Objective Tested a family-based group problem-solving intervention, "Families Taking Control," (FTC) to improve school functioning and health-related quality of life (HRQL) for children with sickle cell disease. Method Children and caregivers completed questionnaires assessing HRQL and school functioning and children completed performance-based measures of IQ and achievement at baseline and 6 months later. Families were randomized to the intervention (FTC, n = 42) or delayed intervention control (DIC, n = 41) group. FTC involved a full-day workshop followed by 3 booster calls. Results There were no differences between FTC completers (n = 24) and noncompleters (n = 18). FTC group (n = 24) and DIC group (n = 38) did not differ significantly on primary outcomes at follow-up: number of formal academic and disease-related accommodations, individualized education plan/504 service plan, school absences, school HRQL, or academic skills. Conclusions Although families found FTC to be acceptable, there were no intervention effects. Challenges of the trial and implications for future research are discussed.
MODELING THE CONTEXT AND CONTINGENCY OF GENTRIFICATION

ABSTRACT:Recent criticisms of the coherence of theories of gentrification, the potential for its continued expansion in the 1990s, and methods for assessing its extent and significance have cast do...
The simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of primary and tertiary amines in aqueous solution with copper-(ethylene dinitrilo)tetraacetic acid

Abstract The preferential coordination of primary amines to the copper-EDTA complex and the resulting fall in absorbance at 720 mμ is used as a basis for the accurate determination of both primary and tertiary amines in mixed aqueous solutions.The total amine content is first determined by spectrophotoimetric titration of the mixed amine solution with the dibasic copper-EDTA complex (or vice versa). Then the mixed solution of amines is diluted to a definite total amine concentration, and its absorbance at 720 mμ is again measured after the addition of a definite amount of the tetrasodium salt of EDTA complexed with copper, (CuY)2-. This absorbance is located on a suitable varying concentration ratio curve, and the concentrations of both primary and tertiary amines in the solution being analyzed can be read directly from the curve.
Temperature profiles and thermal losses in 150 W high-intensity discharge lamps

A series of 150 W quartz metal-halide test lamps containing four different chemistries has been studied with optical emission spectroscopy and x-ray absorption imaging. The four chemistries are pure Hg, Hg–HgI2, Hg–NaI and Hg–NaI–DyI3. Core temperatures and comprehensive distributions of Hg vapour densities were measured and combined to obtain comprehensive gas temperature distributions. The concentrations of additives in these specially designed test lamps were found to be much smaller than is typical for a commercial metal-halide lamp. As a consequence, the core temperatures in all lamps are largely characteristic of a pure Hg discharge. The gas temperature distributions have been used to determine power losses resulting from thermal conduction through the Hg vapour. The fraction of total input power dissipated thermally was found to be 0.49 ± 0.01 in pure Hg, similar to published measurements for such lamps. In the Hg–NaI and Hg–NaI–DyI3 lamps, thermal losses are 0.41 ± 0.01 and 0.42 ± 0.01, respectively. The Hg–HgI2 lamp has thermal losses of 0.29 ± 0.03.
Periostin facilitates eosinophil tissue infiltration in allergic lung and esophageal responses

Periostin is an extracellular matrix protein that has been primarily studied in the context of the heart, where it has been shown to promote cardiac repair and remodeling. In this study, we focused on the role of periostin in an allergic eosinophilic inflammatory disease (eosinophilic esophagitis (EE)) known to involve extensive tissue remodeling. Periostin was indeed markedly overexpressed (35-fold) in the esophagus of EE patients, particularly in the papillae, compared with control individuals. Periostin expression was downstream from transforming growth factor-beta and interleukin-13, as these cytokines were elevated in EE esophageal samples and markedly induced periostin production by primary esophageal fibroblasts (107- and 295-fold, respectively, at 10 ng ml(-1)). A functional role for periostin in eliciting esophageal eosinophilia was demonstrated, as periostin-null mice had a specific defect in allergen-induced eosinophil recruitment to the lungs and esophagus (66 and 72% decrease, respectively). Mechanistic analyses revealed that periostin increased (5.8-fold) eosinophil adhesion to fibronectin. As such, these findings extend the involvement of periostin to esophagitis and uncover a novel role for periostin in directly regulating leukocyte (eosinophil) accumulation in T helper type 2-associated mucosal inflammation in both mice and humans.
What Are We So Afraid of? How Early Attention Shapes Our Most Common Fears

ABSTRACT— Fear is one of our most salient emotions, andone that is shared among humans and nonhumans alike.Traditional and modern views of how we acquire fear sug-gest that it is learned through conditioning or observation.However, an interesting aspect of human fears is that theyare not all created equal—some fears are more likely to beexperienced than others. In this article, I discuss somerecent developmental research that sheds new light on whywe are more likely to experience certain fears over others,and how attention and learning might work together toproduce some of our most commonfears andanxieties. KEYWORDS— threat; detection; attention; fear WHATAREWESOAFRAIDOF? Fear is one of our most important emotions. Common amongmammals, it functions as a signal of impending threat. Ashumans, our fears and anxieties show a similar developmentaltrajectory from infancy through adulthood. Between 9 and12 months, most infants start to show the ﬁrst signs of beingafraid and cling to their loved ones when approached by a stran-ger (Schaffer, 1974). Once they reach preschool age, childrenare most often afraid of ghosts and goblins, and later begin tofear animals like snakes and spiders. Finally, in early adoles-cence, social fears and anxieties emerge, such as fear of rejec-tion or crowds (Broeren, Lester, Muris, & Field, 2011). The factthat we all experience a similar developmental trajectory in whatmakes us afraid suggests that fears are nonrandomly distributed,with some categories appearing signiﬁcantly more often thanothers. In fact, our most common fears —fear of heights,enclosed spaces, blood or injury, and animals like snakes andspiders—generally involve stimuli that are threatening. Thesefears appear early in development and remain common even inadults (Broeren et al., 2011).For decades, researchers have asked how we acquire suchfears, and why some are more common than others. Indeed, thereare multiple pathways by which we can become afraid, all ofwhich involve general learning mechanisms (e.g., Mineka Z Rachman, 1977). However, general learningmechanisms might not provid e the whole story. Recently,developmental researchers have demonstrated that visual atten-tion might play an important role in learning fear by directing ourattention selectively to threatening stimuli in the environment(LoBue, Rakison, & DeLoache, 20 10). Attention might also biasus to associate fear with some stimuli more readily than others,making it more likely that such fears will be learned (DeLoache& LoBue, 2009). Finally, negative experience might also recipro-cally drive attention, leading us to attend selectively to stimulithat already cause us some anxiety (LoBue, 2010a; LoBue &Pe´rez-Edgar, 2012). In this article, I review recent developmentalwork that sheds new light on the process of fear development,focusing on the relative roles of attention and learning on thedevelopment of some of ourmostcommonfears and anxieties.
Reactions and reaction rates in the regional aquifer beneath the Pajarito Plateau, north-central New Mexico, USA

Reactions and reaction rates within aquifers are fundamental components of critical hydrological processes. However, reactions simulated in laboratory experiments typically demonstrate rates that are much faster than those observed in the field. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct more reaction rate analyses in natural settings. This study of geochemical reactions in the regional aquifer in the Pajarito Plateau near Los Alamos, New Mexico combines modeling with petro- graphic assessment to further knowledge and under- standing of complex natural hydrologic systems. Groundwater geochemistry shows marked evolution along assumed flow paths. The flow path chosen for this study was evaluated using inverse mass balance mod- eling to calculate the mass transfer. X-ray diffraction and field emission gun scanning electron microscopy were used to identify possible reactants and products. Considering the mineralogy of the aquifer and satura- tion indices for the regional water refined initial inter- pretations. Calculations yielded dissolution rates for plagioclase on the order of 10 -15 mol s -1 m -2 and for K-feldspar on the order of 10 -17 mol s -1 m -2 , orders of magnitude slower than laboratory rates. While these rates agree with other aquifer studies, they must be considered in the light of the uncertainty associated with geometric surface area estimates, 14 C ages, and
Twice‐a‐day irradiation technique for squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck

A twice-a-day treatment schedule has been used to manage 57 patients with moderately advanced and advanced squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck between March 1978 and July 1981. Fifty patients received radiation therapy alone to the primary site with neck dissection added in 13; seven received preoperative irradiation followed by resection of the primary lesion and clinically positive lymph nodes. A dose of 120 rad was delivered twice daily to the primary site and upper neck nodes with a 4- to 6-hour interval. The dose from external beam was usually 7440 to 7680 rad for irradiation alone to the primary site. An interstitial implant boost of 1000 to 1500 rad was added in four patients. When at least 7440 was used, 2 of 3 and 11 of 13 T3 lesions were locally controlled with a 2- to 5-year follow-up. T4 lesions were initially treated with 7440 rad, but only one of ten lesions was controlled; the dose was then increased to 7680 to 8100 rad, with or without an implant, and three of eight T4 lesions were controlled. The acute effects were tolerable, and similar to those seen with once-a-day treatments. There has been one possible severe complication of irradiation and two severe complications of salvage operations. The late normal tissue effects of radiation are probably reduced, but the number of patients observed for 4 and 5 years is limited. Determinate survival free of disease at 2 years for the entire group is 47%. The 2-year determinate disease-free survival for Stage III was 86% (6/7), for Stage IVA, 63% (12/19), and for Stage IVB, 22% (5/23).
Reviews of Books, Software, and Videos:

The book review section of a journal is often the first section perused by readers. This section provides a valuable service to readers who, because of ever-present time pressure, wish to learn about new publications and seek guidance on book selection. As the new editor of the book review section, I would like to express my thoughts on the role of this section in knowledge development and transmission. I also would like to provide some guidelines for contributors.
Work group III: identifying effective strategies and interventions for improving adolescent health at the individual level.

Focusing on the individual, rather than family or community, Work Group III viewed the overarching goal of effective strategies as enabling adolescents to advocate for themselves and, through the promotion of positive youth development, supporting them in reaching their full potential. To achieve this goal, we recommend new directions in research, practice and services, dissemination of knowledge about Adolescent Health and development, and policy. Our recommendations are based on a consensus regarding extant gaps in these areas, the latest research, and the changing emphases needed to increase our effectiveness in promoting Adolescent Health and wellness [1–3]. The rationale for each recommendation summarizes our thinking and discussion of these issues. Underlying Assumptions
Lidocaine 2% Gel Versus Plain Lubricating Gel for Pain Reduction During Flexible Cystoscopy: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Trials

Purpose: The current literature shows mixed results for the effectiveness of topical intraurethral lidocaine gel as local anesthesia during flexible cystoscopy. We performed a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials of the efficacy of 2% lidocaine vs plain gel for decreasing the pain that male patients incur during flexible cystoscopy.Materials and Methods: A search of the literature from 1950 to September 2006 yielded 46 applicable articles. Search terms included cystoscopy and pain. Study selection included randomized controlled trials, flexible cystoscopy, males, control groups receiving plain gel and treatment groups receiving 2% lidocaine before cystoscopy. Data extraction was done by 2 of us (ARP and JSJ) who independently reviewed each study and were blinded to identifying features. The primary outcome measured was pain incurred by the patient throughout the entire cystoscopy procedure, as measured using a visual analog score.Results: Data from 9 eligible trials on a total of 817 patients in...
Re-evaluation of estrogen-induced cortical and thalamic paroxysmal EEG activity in the cat.

Abstract Conjugated estrogens (Premarin), piperazine-esterone-sulfate (Ogen) and esterone-3-sulfate were applied bilaterally or unilaterally to sensory-motor cortex in locally anesthetized, paralyzed cats. All these agents (1–2% concentration) initiated paroxysmal activity characterized by 2–3 c/sec spike and wave discharge that was generalized bilaterally over cortex and in the nuclei ventralis anterior, medialis dorsalis and centrum medianum of thalamus. In contrast, unilateral micro-injection (2%, 0.01 cc) of conjugated estrogens into thalamic nuclei resulted in 7–20 c/sec poly-spike activity recorded bilaterally over cortex and in the contralateral thalamus. Spike and wave discharges were not observed following thalamic injection of estrogens. Ipsilateral electrolytic lesions of either ventralis anterior or centrum medianum failed to decrease spike and wave discharge originating from a cortical focus. In chronically-isolated slabs of suprasylvian cortex, topically applied conjugated estrogens induced 1–3 c/sec spike and wave activity restricted to the isolated tissue in the absence of spread of activity to surrounding intact cortex. In contrast to the estrogenic steroids, progesterone, testosterone and diethylstillbesterol failed to initiate paroxysmal activity after bilateral topical application in concentrations of 10% although the application of either testosterone or progesterone was associated with spindle formation in some animals. These findings demonstrate a capacity of cerebral cortex to generate spike and wave discharge in the absence of subcortical influences, a generalization of spike and wave discharge from a unilateral cortical focus and an epileptogenic specificity of estrogens. The experimental spike and wave complex produced by topically-applied estrogens is discussed in reference to the epileptiform EEG of clinical petit mal or petit mal variant.
Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow in orthostatic hypotension.

Background and Purpose—We sought to evaluate cerebral autoregulation in patients with orthostatic hypotension (OH). Methods—We studied 21 patients (aged 52 to 78 years) with neurogenic OH during 80...
Fatty acid-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress in vivo: differential response to the infusion of Soybean and Lard Oil in rats.

Abstract Background In cell systems, saturated fatty acids, compared to unsaturated fatty acids, induce a greater degree of ER stress and inflammatory signaling in a number of cell types, including hepatocytes and adipocytes. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of infusions of lard oil (enriched in saturated fatty acids) and soybean oil (enriched in unsaturated fatty acids) on liver and adipose tissue ER stress and inflammatory signaling in vivo. Methods Lipid emulsions containing glycerol, phosphatidylcholine, antibiotics (Control, n = 7) and either soybean oil (Soybean, n = 7) or lard oil (Lard, n = 7) were infused intravenously into rats over a 4 h period. Results Plasma free fatty acid levels were 0.5 ± 0.1 mmol/L (mean ± SD) in Control and were increased to 1.0 ± 0.3 mmol/L and 1.1 ± 0.3 mmol/L in Soybean and Lard, respectively. Glucose and insulin levels were not different among groups. Markers of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and activation of inflammatory pathway signaling were increased in liver and adipose tissue from Soybean and Lard compared to Control, but were increased to a greater extent in Lard compared to Soybean. Conclusions These data suggest that elevated plasma free fatty acids can induce hepatic and adipose tissue ER stress and inflammation in vivo. In addition, saturated fatty acids appear to be more cytotoxic than unsaturated fatty acids in vivo.
A parametric analysis of reduced order models of viscous flows in turbomachinery

The unsteady flow created by a cascade of oscillating airfoils is investigated. A frequency-domain model is constructed and the proper orthogonal decomposition technique is applied to construct several reduced order models of subsonic and transonic flows. A cascade of NACA-5506 airfoils is numerically investigated to show that reduced order models with only 35 degrees of freedom accurately predict the unsteady response of the full model with approximately 6000 degrees of freedom in the subsonic regime, for a broad range of Mach numbers. In the transonic regime, 55 degrees of freedom were shown to be required to accurately predict the response of the full model. The increased number of degrees of freedom is shown to be due to the presence of the shock and not the increase in the Mach number per se.
The enzymatic conversion of cis-[14C]phytofluene, trans-[14C]phytofluene, and trans-ζ-[14C]carotene to more unsaturated acyclic, monocyclic, and dicyclic carotenes by a cell-free preparation of red tomato fruits☆☆☆

Abstract This paper reports the conversion of cis -[ 14 C]phytofluene to trans -[ 14 C|phytofluene and the conversion of the latter compound to trans -ζ-[ 14 C]carotene by a soluble enzyme system obtained from the plastids of red tomato fruits. Each of these radioactive compounds was also converted to labeled neurosporene, lycopenc, α-carotene, and β-carotene by the same enzyme system. The incorporation of each substrate into more unsaturated carotenes was carried out under nitrogen at pH 7.5–8.2 (borate buffer), at 25 °C in the dark. Proof of the formation of the above carotenes from each of the three radioactive substrates was demonstrated by cochromatography with authentic nonradioactive carotenes on an alumina chromatographic column. A close correspondence between radioactivity and light absorbance for each carotene was observed. Confirmation of these conversions was achieved by cochromatography with authentic samples on thinlayer plates. Final proof for the formation of the acyclic and cyclic carotenes from the above radioactive substrates was obtained by gas-liquid chromatography of the hydrogenated products. Coincidence between mass and radioactivity was observed. Maximum conversion of cis - and trans -phytofluenes to more unsaturated carotenes by the red tomato fruit enzyme system appears to be dependent upon the presence of NADP + , FAD, and Tween 80. The formation of the carotenes is also increased in the presence of Mg 2+ or Mn 2+ ions.
A note on `implementable decimal arithmetic algorithms'

Abstract The author provides a simple explanation of the algorithms described in M. Ahmad's paper “Implementable Decimal Arithmetic Algorithms for Micro/Minicomputers” [1], which proposed a way to perform arithmetic on complete decimal numbers via binary fullword arithmetic. A second method to achieve the same purpose is also described. Finally it is shown that both methods are directly applicable to multi-word decimal arithmetic.
Evaluation of chemicals as inhibitors of trout cytochrome P450s.

Abstract This study examined the ability of several inhibitors of mammalian cytochrome P450s to affect hepatic P450-mediated monooxygenase activities in microsomes from β-naphthoflavone (BNF)-treated rainbow trout. Three monooxygenase activities, namely, lauric acid (ω-1)-hydroxylase (LA-OH), 7,12-dimethylbenz[ a ]anthracene hydroxylase (DMBA-OH), and progesterone 6β-hydroxylase (PROG-OH) activities were used as functional markers for trout hepatic CYP2K1, CYP1A1, and CYP3A27, respectively. The chemicals that were examined for their inhibitory effects were reversible, quasi-irreversible, or irreversible inhibitors of mammalian P450. At 100 μM concentration, the reversible inhibitors (ketoconazole, miconazole, and clotrimazole) were most potent in inhibiting LA-OH activity. These imidazole compounds, as well as ellipticine, parathion, and α-naphthoflavone, were the strongest inhibitors of DMBA-OH and PROG-OH activities. In addition, isosafrole, piperonyl butoxide, gestodene, 17α-ethynylestradiol, 1-aminobenzotriazole, and 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid strongly inhibited PROG-OH activity. The global inhibitors, metyrapone, chloramphenicol, and allylisopropylacetamide, had very little or no inhibitory effect on trout LA-OH and DMBA-OH activities. Triacetyloleandomycin, a CYP3A inhibitor, did not affect PROG-OH activity catalyzed by trout CYP3A27. Diethyldithiocarbamate was an activator of LA-OH activity. None of the above enzyme activities was selectively inhibited by any of the chemicals when used at a concentration of 100 μM. There was no difference in the inhibition of LA-OH activities by representative P450 inhibitors between liver microsomes from untreated trout and BNF-treated trout. The results of this study suggest that inhibition data from mammalian studies could not be directly extrapolated to trout and likely other fish species and that care must be observed when mammalian P450 inhibitors are used to determine the participation of P450s in the metabolism and toxicity of xenobiotics in nonmammalian species.
Functional MRI of inhibitory processing in abstinent adolescent marijuana users

Background Marijuana intoxication appears to impair response inhibition, but it is unclear if impaired inhibition and associated brain abnormalities persist after prolonged abstinence among adolescent users. We hypothesized that brain activation during a go/no-go task would show persistent abnormalities in adolescent marijuana users after 28 days of abstinence.
The Hodge decomposition and the vortex hamiltonian

Abstract By applying the Hodge decomposition theorem to the local number and current densities of the Bose liquid, we have been able to derive the interaction Hamiltonian for the two-dimensional vortex gas. Our approach relies upon looking at the fields residing in the kernel of the Laplace operator.
19(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid is a potent stimulator of renal Na+-K+-ATPase.

Summary ω- and ω-1 hydroxylations are the major pathways by which arachidonic acid is metabolized in cortical and outer medullary microsomes of rat and rabbit kidneys. It is a cytochrome P450-dependent oxidation leading to the formation of 20-hydroxy- and 19-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acids. In this study, we compared the effects of the synthetically prepared ω- and ω-1 metabolites of arachidonic acid on the activity of the renal Na + -K + -ATPase partially purified from rat renal cortical microsomes. 19(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid caused a dose related stimulation of Na + -K + -ATPase activity with an EC 50 of 3×10 −7 M. In contrast, neither 19(R)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid nor arachidonic acid at 10 −6 M had any effect on Na + -K + -ATPase activity. In the same preparation, ouabain at 10 −3 M and 12(R)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid at 10 −6 M inhibited the enzyme activity by 75% and 60%, respectively. We conclude that 19(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid is a specific stimulator of renal Na + -K + -ATPase. Therefore, the formation of 19(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid by renal cortical cytochrome P450 ω-1-hydroxylase may contribute to the regulation of renal function by regulating Na + -K + -ATPase which is essential for transtubular transport processes.
Sisters in Science: Teachers’ reflective dialogue on confronting the gender gap

Sisters in Science, like many other programs aimed at fostering girls’ interest and achievement in science, is designed to encourage more girls and woment to prepare for the careers in math, science, and technology that will dominate the 21st century. One of the foci of Sisters in Science was on the role of teachers as decisiomnakers in promoting science literacy for all students. The overall goal was to familiarize teachers with reform initiatives in science education and to chart their progress as change agents of gender equity in the classroom. Twenty-one teachers from seven different schools located in Philadelphia’s inner city participated in the program during the 1997–1998 academic year. This paper reports on teachers’ reflections and dialogue concerning their conception changes of teaching and mathematics as they confront the issue of equitable practice.