cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chronic sensitivity of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to cadmium, copper, lead, or zinc in laboratory water‐only exposures

Chronic toxicity of cadmium, copper, lead, or zinc to white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was evaluated in water-only exposures started with newly hatched larvae or approximately 1-mo-old juveniles. The 20% effect concentration (EC20) for cadmium from the sturgeon tests was higher than the EC20 from the trout tests, whereas the EC20 for copper, lead, or zinc for the sturgeon were lower than those EC20s for the trout. When the EC20s from the present study were included in compiled toxicity databases for all freshwater species, species mean chronic value for white sturgeon was in a relatively low percentile of the species sensitivity distribution for copper (9th percentile) and in the middle percentile for cadmium (55th percentile), zinc (40th percentile), or lead (50th percentile). However, the species mean chronic value for rainbow trout was in a high percentile for copper, lead, and zinc (∼68th–82nd percentile), but in a low percentile for cadmium (23rd percentile). The trout EC20s for each of the 4 metals and the sturgeon EC20s for cadmium or lead were above US Environmental Protection Agency chronic ambient water quality criteria (AWQC) or Washington State chronic water quality standards (WQS), whereas the sturgeon EC20s for copper or zinc were approximately equal to or below the chronic AWQC and WQS. In addition, acute 50% effect concentrations (EC50s) for copper obtained in the first 4 d of the chronic sturgeon test were below the final acute value used to derive acute AWQC and below acute WQS for copper. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:2246–2258. Published 2014 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Necessity of capillary modes in a minimal model of nanoscale hydrophobic solvation

Modern theories of the hydrophobic effect highlight its dependence on length scale, emphasizing the importance of interfaces in the vicinity of sizable hydrophobes. We recently showed that a faithful treatment of such nanoscale interfaces requires careful attention to the statistics of capillary waves, with significant quantitative implications for the calculation of solvation thermodynamics. Here, we show that a coarse-grained lattice model like that of Chandler [Chandler D (2005) Nature 437(7059):640–647], when informed by this understanding, can capture a broad range of hydrophobic behaviors with striking accuracy. Specifically, we calculate probability distributions for microscopic density fluctuations that agree very well with results of atomistic simulations, even many SDs from the mean and even for probe volumes in highly heterogeneous environments. This accuracy is achieved without adjustment of free parameters, because the model is fully specified by well-known properties of liquid water. As examples of its utility, we compute the free-energy profile for a solute crossing the air–water interface, as well as the thermodynamic cost of evacuating the space between extended nanoscale surfaces. These calculations suggest that a highly reduced model for aqueous solvation can enable efficient multiscale modeling of spatial organization driven by hydrophobic and interfacial forces.
Integrating multiresolution image acquisition and coarse-to-fine surface reconstruction from stereo

The authors are concerned with the problems of reconstructing surfaces from stereo images for large scenes having large depth ranges. They present an approach to acquiring coarse structural information about the scene in the vicinity of the next fixation point during the current fixation and utilizing this information for surface reconstruction in the vicinity of the next fixation point. The approach involves the processing of peripheral low-resolution parts of the current images away from the image center, in additive to accurate surface estimation from the central high-resolution parts containing the fixated object. The processing of the low-resolution parts yields coarse surface estimates to be refined after the cameras have refixated and the parts of the scene around the new fixation point (currently at low resolution) are imaged more sharply. The coarse estimates are obtained from both stereo and focus. The choice as to which estimate is actually used depends on which is determined to be more accurate in the given situation. Experimental results demonstrate that the approach may be well suited for active data acquisition and surface reconstruction by an autonomous stereo system. >
The effects of psychological security and insecurity on political attitudes and leadership preferences

Recent research from different perspectives suggests that uncertainty, mortality salience (MS), and other fundamental threats that cause feelings of insecurity motivate people to adhere to specific kinds of anxiety-reducing political attitudes and values. In the current studies, we examined a complementary prediction that providing people with an alternative source of security would reduce their need to defend against insecurity, resulting in lower endorsement of the anxiety-reducing political attitudes. Results supported this prediction, showing that security primes buffered or reversed the effects of insecurity and threats on political attitudes and leadership preferences. Participants primed with attachment security showed reduced liking of a strong, charismatic political candidate (Study 1), and lower support for the Iraq war, even in the face of mortality reminders (Study 2). We discuss these findings in the context of research on motivated social cognition, political psychology, and the effects of security and insecurity on attitudes and behaviors. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effect of Threshold Macular Lesions and Subthreshold Macular Exposures on Visual Acuity in the Rhesus Monkey

The purpose of this research program was to evaluate retinal threshold burns and subthreshold exposures of the mammalian macula in terms of visual acuity. Rhesus monkeys {Macaca mulatto) were trained by a reward system to respond to the automated presentation of Landolt rings. After appropriate training, these animals were exposed to threshold and subthreshold levels of retinal energy density ranging from 3.2 to 10.7 J/cm2, exposure time approximately 135 ms. spectral quality approximately that of color temperature 6000° K with wavelengths above 900 nm removed,, and image sizes on the retina of about 1 mm in diameter, covering a major portion of the monkey macular area. Results, in terms of visual acuity decrement (monocular), indicated that energy densities on the retina below 5 J/cm2 were not statistically significant, whereas energy densities greater than 5 J/cm2 produced losses in visual acuity (monocular) which were significant. These results indicate that, at levels of energy density on the retina w...
Platelet model for halothane-induced effects on nucleotide metabolism applied to malignant hyperthermia.

A relatively non-invasive screening technique using venous blood analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed to assess the effects of halothane on platelet nucleotide metabolism. Platelets were selected for study because of their contractile characteristics and many metabolic similarities to voluntary muscle. Platelets of 22 patients who previously had a documented clinical episode of malignant hyperthermia demonstrated a significant change in their nucleotide profile due to halothane exposure compared to normal subjects and 10 patients with musculoskeletal and metabolic disorders. These results showed 100% correlation with the skeletal muscle contracture test for malignant hyperthermia (PHB). The platelet-halothane bioassay is highly reproducible and specific for detecting malignant hyperthermia with a significant degree of expression at the time of the venipuncture. The assay deserves further study as an aid to the diagnosis of the degree of malignant hyperthermia susceptibility.
HEMODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF DIPYRIDAMOLE AND INHALED NITRIC OXIDE IN PATIENTS WITH SEVERE PULMONARY HYPERTENSION. † 228

Inhaled nitric oxide (NO) causes pulmonary vasodilation by stimulating cGMP production in pulmonary vascular smooth muscle. One factor which might limit NO responsiveness is rapid cGMP degradation by cGMP phosphodiesterases (PDE5). To examine the clinical effects of PDE5 inhibition, we studied Dipyridamole(D), a potent PDE5 inhibitor, in 10 patients with severe pulmonary hypertension. Hemodynamic measurements including mean pulmonary, aortic, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures (PAP, AoP, PCWP; mmHg), cardiac index (CI; liters/min/M2), and pulmonary and systemic vascular resistances (PVRI and SVRI; indexed units) were recorded on 100% oxygen (BL1 and BL2) and NO 20ppm, before and after D (0.6 mg/kg). Twelve studies were performed in 10 patients; 1 patient was excluded due to a marked fall in AoP after receiving D. NO caused a significant fall in PAP and PVRI without affecting systemic hemodynamics. D decreased PVRI to a similar degree as NO through its effect on CI; however systemic resistance fell proportionately. 4/9 (44%) patients had a≥ 20% augmentation of NO-induced pulmonary vasodilation with D. *p<0.05 vs respective BL. We conclude that D decreases PVRI to a similar degree as NO, but this response is primarily through increasing CI and is not selective for the pulmonary circulation. Although when analyzed as a group, D did not augment NO-induced pulmonary vasodilation, selected patients demonstrated potentiation of NO responsiveness with D. We speculate that lower doses of D might result in more selective pulmonary vasodilation in some patients with pulmonary hypertension. Table
The signature with local coefficients of locally symmetric spaces

We obtain explicit formulae for the (L2-) signature with local coefficients of certain locally symmetric spaces and then apply them to derive non-vanishing criteria for the middle dimensional cohomology. Introduction. Let G be a linear connected semisimple Lie group, Γ a discrete subgroup of G and F a finite dimensional complex irreducible G-module. It is well-known (see e.g. (4: VII, §2)) that the Eilenberg- MacLane cohomology space H'(Γ; F) is isomorphic to the relative Lie algebra cohomology space H\Q, K; C°°(Γ\G) (g) F), where g is the Lie algebra of G and K a maximal compact subgroup of G. If now Γ is co-compact, as we assume for the time being, one also knows that L\Γ\G) decomposes as a Hubert direct sum of irreducible subspaces with finite multiplicities,
Comment---Testing the Homogeneity of Segments for Estimating Disaggregate Choice Models

Comment to Gensch, D. H. 1984. Targeting the switchable industrial customer. Marketing Sci.3 Winter 41--54.
A numerical simulation of transient ignition and ignition limit of a composite solid by a localised radiant source

An unsteady three-dimensional numerical model has been formulated, coded, and solved to study ignition and flame development over a composite solid fuel sample upon heating by a localised radiant beam in a buoyant atmosphere. The model consists of an unsteady gas phase and an unsteady solid phase. The gas phase formulation consists of full Navier-Stokes equations for the conservation of mass, momentum, energy, and species. A one-step, second-order overall Arrhenius reaction is adopted. Gas radiation is included by solving the radiation transfer equation. For the solid phase formulation, the energy (heat conduction) equation is employed to solve the transient solid temperature. A first-order in-depth solid pyrolysis relation between the solid fuel density and the local solid temperature is assumed. Numerical simulations provide time-and-space resolved details of the ignition transient and flame development and the existence of two types of ignition modes: one with reaction kernel initiated on the surface a...
Complex cis-acting regulatory genes demonstrated in Drosophila hybrids

Drosophila heteroneura and D differens are closely related, interfertile species of the Hawaiian picture-winged group. They display marked qualitative and quantitative differences in the pattern of expression of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and an aldehyde oxidase (AO-1). These presumptive regulatory differences are revealed by comparisons of the relative levels of these enzymes in various tissues in larvae and adults. In hybrids produced between parents carrying different electrophoretic alleles at the structural loci for these two enzymes, each allele is expressed according to the developmental program characteristic of the parent from which it was derived. This result indicates control of the differences in pattern of expression by one or more cis-acting sites associated with each structural locus. The distribution of activity among all the three forms of these dimeric enzymes produced in hybrids indicates that the pattern differences reflect differential accumulation of enzyme molecules, not altered catalytic properties. As expected, the regulatory differences segregate with the electrophoretic markers in backcrosses.
Membrane phosphoinositides and protein–membrane interactions

Proteins with polybasic clusters bind to negatively charged phosphoinositides at the cell membrane. In this review, I have briefly discussed the types of phosphoinositides naturally found on membrane surfaces and how they recruit protein complexes for carrying out the process of signal transduction. A large number of researchers from around the world are now focusing their attention on protein–membrane binding, as these interactions have started to offer us a much better insight into the process of cell signaling. The main areas discussed in this brief review article include the phosphoinositide binding specificities of proteins and the role of their lipid binding in signaling processes downstream of membrane recruitment.
Modeling the impacts of anthropogenic heating on the urban climate of Philadelphia: a comparison of implementations in two PBL schemes

Abstract Waste heat released from human activities (anthropogenic heating) can be a significant contributor to the urban energy balance, and can thus play an important role in affecting the urban thermal environment, ambient air quality, and other attributes of the urban climate system. To quantify the impacts of anthropogenic heating we have incorporated it as a source term in the near-surface energy balance within the MM5 mesoscale atmospheric model. This energy balance is calculated as part of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) module within the MM5. Because of the multiple PBL scheme options available within the MM5 and other atmospheric modeling systems we have enabled anthropogenic heating within two commonly used PBL modules—Blackadar (BL) and Gayno–Seaman (GS). Results from a case study series of simulations for Philadelphia suggest that anthropogenic heating plays an important role in the formation of the urban heat island, particularly during the night and winter. Control simulations (without anthropogenic heating) consistently underestimated urban air temperatures and the observed urban heat island effect. Simulations for winter suggest that anthropogenic heating contributes 2–3 °C to the nighttime heat island. In addition, anthropogenic heating is also found to have impacts on the nocturnal PBL stability and PBL structure during the morning transition. The choice of PBL scheme affects the magnitude of these modeled impacts. In winter, for example, the addition of anthropogenic heating in the BL scheme resulted in a 3 °C temperature increase at night compared with about a 2 °C temperature increase in the corresponding GS simulation.
Estimating species number under an inconvenient abundance model

Estimating the number of species in a biological community based on a multinomial sample of individual organisms is a classical problem in statistical ecology. A central issue in parametric estimation is the specification of a model of the relative abundances of species given their number. A common approach to this problem is to assume that relative abundances follow a symmetric Dirichlet distribution. This is mathematically convenient but is unconnected to work by ecologists on abundance distributions in real communities. In this article we describe ML estimation based on the sequential broken stick model that has been proposed for abundances. This model is defined mechanistically, requiring that the likelihood be approximated numerically. For this to be feasible, the likelihood must be based on a small number of summary statistics. We present simulation results that show that the observed number of species and the observed number of species represented by a single individual is a reasonable set of summary statistics on which to base estimation. We apply the method to two published data sets, one involving insect species on Mount Kenya and the other involving spider species in an Appalachian forest.
Packet vaccine: black-box exploit detection and signature generation

In biology,a vaccine is a weakened strain of a virus or bacterium that is intentionally injected into the body for the purpose of stimulating antibody production.Inspired by this idea, we propose a packet vaccine mechanism that randomizes address-like strings in packet payloads to carry out fast exploit detection, vulnerability diagnosis and signature generation. An exploit with a randomized jump address behaves like a vaccine: it will likely cause an exception in a vulnerable program's process when attempting to hijack the control flow,and thereby expose itself. Taking that exploit as a template, our signature generator creates a set of new vaccines to probe the program, in an attempt to uncover the necessary conditions for the exploit to happen. A signature is built upon these conditions to shield the underlying vulnerability from further attacks. In this way, packet vaccine detects and fllters exploits in a black-box fashion,i.e., avoiding the expense of tracking the program's execution flow. We present the design of the packet vaccine mechanism and an example of its application. We also describe our proof-of-concept implementation and the evaluation of our technique using real exploits.
Cholesterol screening in childhood: does it predict adult hypercholesterolemia? The Beaver County experience.

To establish the value of screening children for hypercholesterolemia in terms of identifying future adults with hypercholesterolemia, we studied 611 individuals 9 years after they were initially screened at age 12 years. They represent 61% of a stratified sample of the original cohort, which was drawn from all seventh graders in a countywide school district. Overall, the correlation between baseline and follow-up cholesterol concentration was r=0.52 (P
Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia Developing Late after Gastric Bypass

Post-gastric bypass hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia causing confusion and loss of consciousness was recently described, and appears to be an important late complication of gastric bypass surgery.We report 3 additional patients with this disorder, and describe their responses to high and low carbohydrate test meals. The patients were 1 woman and 2 men ranging in age from 50 to 65 years who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) for morbid obesity. 15 to 37 months after surgery, they started to have episodes of postprandial confusion and loss of consciousness. When given high carbohydrate mixed meals, all 3 demonstrated peak plasma glucose >200 mg/dl (11.1 mmol/l) and peak serum insulin >300 μU/l (1800 pmol/l). Although serum insulin declined rapidly, all 3 developed hypoglycemia with plasma glucose <42 mg/dl (2.3 mmol/l). Following low carbohydrate test meals, there was little change in plasma glucose or serum insulin and no hypoglycemia. Our data suggest that low carbohydrate diets may be effective in treating post-gastric bypass hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia.We hypothesize that rapid digestion and absorption of carbohydrate is an important feature of this disorder and may be treated with measures other than pancreatectomy.
Effect of upper airway pressure pulses on breathing pattern.

Importance of the time of application of upper airway pressure pulses on breathing pattern was investigated in 19 anesthetized, spontaneously breathing rabbits. The upper airway was functionally isolated into a closed system. A servo-respirator, triggered by the inspiratory activity of the diaphragm, was used to apply pressure pulses to the isolated upper airway. Negative pressure pulses of -5, -10, and -15 cm H2O when applied in early inspiration (within the first half) produced a reversible inhibition of inspiration in most trails (86.2%). This resulted in a prolongation of inspiratory duration (TI) and a decrease in mean inspiratory drive (P.Dia/TI) whereas peak diaphragm (P.Dia) activity and expiratory duration (TE) remained largely unaffected. In the remaining 13.8% of trials, an irreversible inhibition with short TI and reduced P.Dia activity was observed. In contrast, with late application of negative pressure pulses the only significant change was a shortening of TI. When positive pressure pulses were applied during expiration, no significant change in TE occurred with either early or late application. A significant prolongation of subsequent TI was seen irrespective of the time of positive pressure application. These results indicate that time of application during the respiratory cycle is an important variable in determining the response to upper airway pressure pulses.
The spectral opacity of triatomic carbon measured in a graphite tube furnace over the 280 to 600 nm wavelength range

The opacity of linear triatomic carbon (C3) was measured in a graphite tube furnace from 280 to 600 nm to supplement the earlier measurement of Brewer and Engelke. Data are presented for a maximum centerline temperature range of 2720–3060 K.
Cairo and climate change: a win–win opportunity

Abstract The landmark Program of Action agreed to at the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo calls for a wide range of population-related policies motivated primarily by the improvement of individual well being. Currently, a funding shortfall threatens continued progress toward the Cairo goals. This shortfall risks missing an opportunity not only to improve the lives of individuals around the world, but also to reduce the environmental consequences of population growth. Recent estimates of environmental externalities to childbearing associated with global climate change indicate that climate-related returns to investments in such policies could be of the same order of magnitude as the investments themselves. Thus, continued support of the Cairo program is clearly a “win–win” strategy.
Temporomandibular joint reconstruction.

Presently, there are two options for the replacement of the temporomandibular joint for end-stage pathology associated with OSA – autogenous bone grafting or alloplastic joint replacement. This chapter presents the evidence-based advantages and disadvantages for each option to assist both the surgeons and their patients as they make the choice. Based on the evidence cited, alloplastic TMJ replacement appears to provide the most predictable functional and aesthetic outcomes for replacement of the TMJ in patients with end-stage disease and pathology such as those associated with OSA.
Claudin-2, a component of the tight junction, forms a paracellular water channel.

Whether or not significant amounts of water pass the tight junction (TJ) of leaky epithelia is still unresolved, because it is difficult to separate transcellular water flux from TJ-controlled paracellular water flux. Using an approach without differentiating technically between the transcellular and paracellular route, we measured transepithelial water flux with and without selective molecular perturbation of the TJ to unequivocally attribute changes to the paracellular pathway. To this end, MDCK C7 cells were stably transfected with either claudin-2 or claudin-10b, two paracellular cation-channel-forming TJ proteins that are not endogenously expressed in this cell line. Claudin-2 is typical of leaky, water-transporting epithelia, such as the kidney proximal tubule, whereas claudin-10b is present in numerous epithelia, including water-impermeable segments of the loop of Henle. Neither transfection altered the expression of endogenous claudins or aquaporins. Water flux was induced by an osmotic gradient, a Na + gradient or both. Under all conditions, water flux in claudin-2-transfected cells was elevated compared with vector controls, indicating claudin-2-mediated paracellular water permeability. Na + -driven water transport in the absence of an osmotic gradient indicates a single-file mechanism. By contrast, claudin-10b transfection did not alter water flux. We conclude that claudin-2, but not claudin-10b, forms a paracellular water channel and thus mediates paracellular water transport in leaky epithelia.
Mineral Properties and Dietary Value of Raw and Processed Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica L.)

Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) has a long history of usage and is currently receiving attention as a source of fiber and alternative medicine. In many cultures, nettle is also eaten as a leafy vegetable. In this study, we focused on nettle yield (edible portion) and processing effects on nutritive and dietary properties. Actively growing shoots were harvested from field plots and leaves separated from stems. Leaf portions (200 g) were washed and processed by blanching (1 min at 96-98°C) or cooking (7 min at 98-99°C) with or without salt (5 g·L(-1)). Samples were cooled immediately after cooking and kept in frozen storage before analysis. Proximate composition, mineral, amino acid, and vitamin contents were determined, and nutritive value was estimated based on 100 g serving portions in a 2000 calorie diet. Results show that processed nettle can supply 90%-100% of vitamin A (including vitamin A as β-carotene) and is a good source of dietary calcium, iron, and protein. We recommend fresh or processed nettle as a high-protein, low-calorie source of essential nutrients, minerals, and vitamins particularly in vegetarian, diabetic, or other specialized diets.
Detection of squeezed states by cross correlation

A new method for detecting a squeezed state by coincidence counting or cross correlation of the signals from two photodetectors is proposed. The two light beams falling on the two detectors are obtained from the two outputs of a homodyne beam splitter, whose inputs are the squeezed light and the local oscillator beam. With fast detectors the squeezing gives rise to excess photon coincidence counts. When a spectral analysis of the photoelectric currents is made, squeezing shows up as a positive cross correlation between the two signals, whereas unsqueezed light always produces negative correlations. Although the technique does not always cause the effects of local oscillator fluctuations to cancel out, as does the method of Yuen and Chan [Opt. Lett. B8R, 177 (1983)], they cancel in special cases, and the method has the advantage of being largely unaffected by detector after-pulsing. A simple combination of autocorrelation and cross-correlation measurements yields the degree of squeezing.
Reaction to Bowel Injury in the Fetal Rabbit

The fetal inflammatory response was observed following intestinal perforation made in utero at 20, 22, 24, and 28 days gestation (DG), and in newborn (31DG) and in adult New Zealand rabbits. In contrast to the newborn and adult, fetal peritonitis was characterized by a less focal reaction, a significantly retarded and less intense acute inflammatory response, and the absence of necrosis of the bowel wall. The response at 28DG showed an initial hyperplasia of the serosal mesothelial cells, a inflammatory response after 48 hrs., and granulation tissue by the 4th. day. At 24DG, fibrin and inflammatory cells were still meager by the 5th day and organization of the exudate was incomplete by 7 days. Animals operated on at 20 and 22DG showed only serosal reactions, limited fibrin, and a few inflammatory cells when examined at term. These observations suggest that gastric, hepatic and pancreatic secretions play an unimportant role in the injury responsible for peritonitis in the fetus. They also confirm the progressive role of the inflammatory response with increasing gestational age.
EFFECT OF TESTOSTERONE PROPIONATE, ESTRADIOL BENZOATE AND DESOXYCORTICOSTERONE ACETATE ON THE KIDNEYS OF ADULT RATS11

DURING THE COURSE of our experiments on the effect of testosterone on the vascular system, it was noted that testosterone propionate caused an increase in the siz,e of the kidneys of normal rats (1). Korenchevsky, Dennison and Kohn-Speyer (2, 3, 4) had reported a decrease in the weight of the kidneys of male rats following castration and an increase in kidney weights following injections of androgenic urine extracts. More recently, Selye (5) had reported kidney enlargement in normal female mice after the injection of large doses of testosterone propionate. While our experiments were in progress, Selye (6) reported increases in the kidney weight of normal male and female rats injected with testosterone propionate, estradiol, desoxycorticosterone acetate and progesterone, and Korenchevsky and Ross (7) described hypertrophy of the kidneys of normal and ovariectomized female and of castrated male rats following the administration of testosterone esters and androsterone; they did not consider the enlargement i...
Effects of isoproterenol infusion on myocardial structure and composition.

Abstract Six ambulatory dogs had continuous infusion of isoproterenol, 1.5 μg per kilogram per hour for six days. The animals were put to death and the hearts excised and subdivided into five segments corresponding to the chambers and the interventricular septum. The myocardium was studied by light and electron microscopy and analyzed for one enzyme of the hexosemonophosphate shunt, seven enzymes of the glycolytic pathway, three enzymes of the Krebs cycle, total lipid, phospholipid, unesterified fatty acids, glycogen, total carbohydrate, catecholamines, sodium, and potassium. Twelve normal dogs served as controls. Myocardial structure and ultrastructure were unaltered except for depletion of glycogen granules. Compositional alterations were limited to glycogen depletion (control, 3.5, and treated, 0.2 mg. per gram) and increased activity of phosphoenolpyruvate kinase (control, 54.0, and treated, 73.9 μmoles per minute per gram of protein). Prolonged infusion of a small dose of isoproterenol is not associated with the myocardial necrosis and profound compositional alterations occurring after large doses of this amine.
Hydrogen peroxide and organic peroxides in the marine environment

Aqueous fluorescence and chemiluminescence methods have been used to measure hydrogen peroxide in natural waters and in the atmosphere. Ambient hydrogen peroxide and soluble organic peroxide data is presented from the EMEX, MLOPEX and SAGA-3 experimental programs, experiments conducted in the remote marine environment. Methods to measure organic peroxide using conventional collection strategies and direct analysis by chemiluminescence or fluorescence method is approximately two orders of magnitude more sensitive than the fluorescence method. Species specific measurements of organic peroxides are also in development using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and fluorescence or chemiluminescence detection.
Ecological engineering of floodplains

Abstract We have proposed restoring and creating over 2 million hectares of wetlands in the 3 million km2 Mississippi-Ohio-Missouri River Basin in the USA to serve as sinks for farmland nutrients that are otherwise causing a 15 000 – 20 000 km2 hypoxic (extremely low oxygen) condition in the downstream Gulf of Mexico. We have conducted two main multi-year experiments on full-scale wetlands at the Olentangy River Wetland Research Park in Ohio, USA, to investigate proper ecological design for these wetlands. One of those experiments - a river pulsing study - is presented here. Three wetlands were subjected to flood pulses from the adjacent river compared to one year when there was only steady-flow of river water into the wetlands. Generally river pulsing appears to have increased macrophyte productivity and diversity and avian fauna abundance and diversity, while retaining similar or even more nutrients than steady-flow conditions. Pulsing conditions also decreased aquatic productivity, organic sedimentation, methane and nitrous oxide emissions (both greenhouse gases) and increased denitrification, one of the most important processes in wetlands for retaining nitrogen from agricultural fields. Eight conclusions on river pulsing and floodplain engineering are presented.
Idiopathic Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Tachycardia: A Clinical Approach

Right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) tachycardia is the most common form of idiopathic ventricular tachycardia (VT). Phenotypically, RVOT tachycardia segregates into two predominant forms, one characterized by repetitive monomorphic nonsustained VT and the other by paroxysmal exercise induced sustained VT. There is an increasing body of evidence to support the concept that both forms of tachycardia reflect disparate clinical manifestations of an identical cellular mechanism (i.e., cAMP-mediated triggered activity), which is identified clinically by the tachycardia's sensitivity to adenosine. The clinical characteristics, natural history, and approaches to therapy of RVOT tachycardia are delineated herein.
Implications of multilocus inheritance for gene-disease association studies.

The impact of multilocus inheritance on the power of candidate gene association studies and the parameters derived therefrom is considered. Both case-control and family-based control designs are included. When the background heritability H (i.e., residual correlation) among sibs for the disease in question is high, the power of multiplex affected sibships versus singletons is diminished compared with the situation when background heritability is low. Thus, multiplex families for association studies are most advantageous for low heritability disorders. Estimates of genotype relative risk (GRR) are also distorted in multiplex sibships compared with singletons based on background heritability. In a case-control study, GRR is inflated in multiplex families, with the degree of inflation decreasing with background heritability. By contrast, in a TDT (parental control) study, GRR is deflated in multiplex families, with the degree of deflation increasing with background heritability (and no deflation when H is 0). Considering identical twins, the difference in genotype frequencies between concordant versus discordant MZ twin pairs for the candidate gene is large when the heritability is low, but modest when the heritability is high.
Antibody reactivation of kepone inhibited brain ATPase activities.

Abstract 1. 1. Kelevan (a derivative of Kepone) was covalently bound to BSA (BSA-Kel) through a succinimide derivative, and rabbits were immunized by injection of the hapten-protein conjugate in an emulsion of Freund's complete adjuvant. 2. 2. Immunoglobulin fractions (Ig) were prepared from control and immune rabbit serum and Ig from BSA-Kel antiserum produced a complete reversal of Kepone inhibition of dog brain ATPase activities under given experimental conditions. 3. 3. These results indicate that in studies with the chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides (Kepone and DCPD) care must be taken during tissue preparation to minimize possible reversal of ATPase inhibition.
Surface states on cleaved (111) silicon surfaces

Abstract Conductivity changes resulting when single crystal silicon is cleaved in ultrahigh vacuum have been measured parallel to the cleavage plane over various temperature ranges for gold doped and high resistivity boron doped silicon. The resulting change of conductivity is related to the position of the surface states in the forbidden band and to the quantity of charge, in the surface states, which has been trapped from the bulk. Analysis of the data shows a high density of surface states on the atomically clean cleaved surface, centered 0.28 ± 0.08 eV above the valence band edge. The density of surface states depends on the model chosen, but is at least 10 12 cm −2 eV −1 . These results are in good agreement with theoretical expectations and other types of experimental results. Oxygen adsorption is observed to introduce different surface states, also of high density but centered 0.6 ± 0.15 eV above the valence band edge at the surface. Low temperature measurements on gold doped silicon crystals show that probably no conduction takes place through the surface states themselves, either on clean or oxidized surfaces. These results are used to discuss possible models of the surface state distributions.
Tryptic fingerprint analysis of adenovirus types 2, 5 and 12 DNA-Binding proteins.

Abstract Each of types 2, 5 and 12 human adenovirus (Ad) induces the synthesis of single-strand-specific DNA-binding proteins at early times after infection of human or monkey cells. The molecular weights of these proteins are: Ad2, 72,000; Ad5, 72,000; and Ad12, 58,000. In addition, each of these viruses produces a collection of two or three lower molecular weight (41,000–47,000), single-strand-specific DNA-binding proteins that appear in variable amounts after infection. Tryptic fingerprints of the peptides derived from [ 35 S]methionine-labeled 72,000-MW (Ad2 and 5), 58,000-MW (Ad12) and 41,000–47,000-MW (Ad2, 5 and 12) DNA-binding proteins have been obtained. The results of this analysis permit the following conclusions: (i) The 72,000-MW (Ad2 and 5) and 58,000-MW (Ad12) proteins synthesized in adenovirus-infected cells are distinct from a 72,000-MW cellular DNA-binding protein found in uninfected or mock-infected cells. (ii) The [ 35 S]methionine-labeled peptides derived from the 41,000–47,000-MW proteins (Ad2, 5 and 12) are similar if not identical to the [ 35 S]methionine-labeled tryptic peptides derived from the larger (Ad2 and 5, 72,000-MW; Ad12, 58,000-MW) DNA-binding proteins. (iii) The [ 35 S]methionine-labeled peptides derived from the adenovirus types 2 and 5, 72,000-MW proteins are quite similar but distinct from the adenovirus type 12, 58,000-MW protein. (iv) The peptide fingerprints of the adenovirus type 2, 72,000-MW protein synthesized in either human or monkey cells are very similar or identical.
Plasmonic Modification of Temporal Coherence

Through simulations and a simple model, it is demonstrated that the temporal coherence of a wavefield can be modified by surface plasmons. The effect is analogous to correlation-induced spectral changes.
Alpha1-adrenoceptor regulation of delayed afterdepolarizations and triggered activity in subendocardial Purkinje fibers surviving 1 day of myocardial infarction

Abstract Alpha1-adrenoceptor agonists were shown to induce delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs) and triggered activity in the presence of elevated extracellular Ca2+. We investigated the effects of alpha1-adrenoceptor stimulation on DADs and triggered activity in canine Purkinje fibers that survived 1-day of myocardial infarction. Endocardial preparations were studied using standard microelectrode techniques. In quiescent preparations showing no DADs and in presence of propranolol (2 × 10−7 m ), phenylephrine (10−6 m ), an alpha1-adrenoceptor agonist induced DADs (n = 6) and differentially induced triggered activity in ischemic but not in normal Purkinje fibers (n = 4). In 8 preparations that showed subthreshold DADs, phenylephrine increased the DAD amplitude from 4.0 ± 2.5 mV to 8.0 ± 3.3 mV (P m prazosin, an alpha1-adrenoceptor blocker. Our results suggest that alpha1-adrenoceptor stimulation regulates DADs and triggered activity seen in subendocardial Purkinje fibers surviving 1 day of myocardial infarction and may contribute to the spontaneous ventricular tachycardia seen in vivo at this stage.
Influence of substitution on the structure and electrochemistry of layered Manganese Oxides

Layered substituted lithium manganese oxides were prepared by ion-exchange of compounds with the nominal composition Na0.7MnO2 or Na0.7Mn0.89M0.11O2, (where M = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Li, or Al) and were characterized structurally and electrochemically. The sodium-containing materials have P2 stacking or are P2/P3 intergrowths, whereas the lithiated analogues have O2 or stacking faulted O2/O3 structures. Compounds with O3 components exhibit higher capacity (or faster intercalation kinetics) than the pure O2 materials. Neither O2 nor, surprisingly, O2/O3 structures converted to spinel upon repeated charging in lithium cells to high voltages, for sixty or more cycles. The results presented herein suggest that it might be possible to design an electrode with an acceptable compromise between the phase stability of the O2 structure and the higher capacity (or better rate capability) of O3 compounds by manipulating the relative amounts and distributions of these two phases in intergrowth structures.
Light beams with minimum phase space product

We derive a reciprocity inequality involving the product of the effective size of a statistically stationary, planar, secondary source of any state of coherence and of the angular spread of the far-zone intensity generated by the source. We show that of all possible such sources, the fully spatially coherent lowest-order Hermite-Gaussian laser mode has the smallest possible reciprocity product.
Inequalities and bounds for kernel length-biased density estimation

In this note non-parametric estimates of the length-biased probability density function and related reliability measures are presented. Non-parametric estimates are also presented under random censoring. Inequalities and bounds for the error of kernel estimators used for the estimation of length-biased probability densities are obtained. Non-asymptotic bounds and stochastic convergence results are established. Inference for length-biased energy functions is developed and implemented.
Main trends in complex mechanization and automation of refractory production

The range of problems examined shows that even at the present time the level of machinery makes it possible to carry out complex mechanization and maximum automation of the mass production shops for alumosilicate and magnesium refractories, although it requires a great deal of design work, manufacturing and assimilation of new instruments and machines. When designing new factories and reconstructing existing ones, chamotte firing plants with rotatory kilns, grinding, mixing and furnace units can be fully automated and controlled from dispatch points. The automation of presses can be carried out so that they produce mass articles of simpler design. On the basis of the latest achievements of technics, it is essential to work out as early as possible comtempory machines for refractory production, wear-resistant materials for their parts, centralized manufacture of standardized replacements for machines and mechanisms at specialized plants.
The Non-Random Pattern of Insertion of IS2 into the hemB Gene of Escherichia coli

The hemB gene of Escherichia coli has been identified as a hot spot for the insertion of the transposable element IS2. The insertional specificity of IS2 is still unclear. This study reports on the attempt to sequence a statistically significant number of insertions in hemB, in order to determine whether there might be a basis for future studies to determine a molecular basis of IS2 insertional specificity. The results indicate that IS2 inserts in a non-random manner into a 240 bp segment at the 5′ end of the gene (region I). Twenty-one of 24 insertions occurred in region I. Three insertions have been identified in the two middle 250 bp segments of the 975 bp gene, and none in the 3′ terminal segment. A seventeen bp sequence showing 88.2% identity with a segment of IS2, 221 bp from the 3′ terminus has been identified in region I. Four instances of repeated insertion between the same pair of nucleotides have been observed at four different sites.
Effect of sputtering process parameters on film properties of molybdenum back contact

Abstract Molybdenum back contact in CuIn1−xGaxSe2−ySy (CIGSeS) solar cells is usually deposited using DC magnetron sputtering. Properties of thin films are dependent on process parameters. Films deposited at high power and low pressure, tend to be more conductive. However, such films exhibit poor adhesional strength since the films are under compressive stress. Films deposited at low power and high pressure tend to be under tensile stress and exhibit higher roughness and resistivity, while the films adhere very well to the sodalime glass substrate. Therefore, it has been a practice to deposit multi-layered Mo back contact to achieve properties of good adhesion and higher conductivity. Deposition of multi-layered back contact results in either increase in deposition time if a single target is used or increase in foot print if multiple targets are used resulting in an increase in the total cost of production. Experiments were carried out to understand the effects of working pressure, sputtering power and working distance on molybdenum film properties with the final aim to develop a process recipe for deposition of a single molybdenum film with acceptable properties of both good adhesion and higher conductivity. Experiments were carried out by varying the working pressure and keeping the sputtering power constant and then varying the sputtering power keeping the working pressure constant. Adhesive tape test was performed on each film to determine the adhesional strength of the films. Moreover, the sheet resistance and the average roughness for each film were measured using a four probe measurement setup and the Dektak Profilometer, respectively. All experiments were also carried out on narrow and long glass strips in order to estimate the residual stress in the film using the bend test method.
Morphology and etching processes on macroscopic metal catalysts

Abstract Changes in the morphology of catalysts during their preparation and use are probably important to the stability of most catalyst systems, but, in spite of extensive investigations of these phenomena, the rates of these changes and the structures formed are typically characterized only qualitatively and no consensus exists as to the mechanisms of morphology changes. In this paper experiments on the morphology of macroscopic unsupported metal catalysts in unreactive gases (thermal etching) and in reactive gases (catalytic etching) are reviewed, and a number of mechanisms which may be responsible for etching are summarized. In both thermal and catalytic etching a variety of structures such as faceting to form specific crystal planes, grooving of grain boundaries, pit and hillock formation, undercutting, and crystallite growth are observed. All studies indicate strong dependences of morphological features and etching rates on temperature, pressure, gas composition, impurities, flow velocities, and time. Most studies have been for exothermic reactions on Group VIII transition metals, but even for similar reactions and similar metals, correlations are frequently elusive. Morphology changes have frequently been interpreted through equilibrium considerations, the driving force assumed to be the reduction in surface free energy which accompanies faceting. The mechanisms of mass transport in many systems are probably capillarity—induced surface and volume diffusion and evaporation-condensation processes. These considerations may be adequate to explain simple morphological features especially in thermal etching under certain simplified conditions. Additional complexities arise in catalytic etching, where the superposition of chemical reactions onto a process driven by capillarity can significantly alter mass transport. Moreover, the undercutting and crystallite growths, which occur when catalyst material is being continuously lost (e.g. in the form of volatile compounds), produces nonequilibrium processes requiring a detailed specification of the boundary layer at the catalyst surface.