cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Critical RF damage conditions for the plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy growth of GaInNAs with dilute N2/Ar gas mix

Abstract In this work, we investigate the operating conditions for RF plasma sources that employ nitrogen–argon gas mixtures for the molecular beam epitaxy growth of dilute nitride, narrow-bandgap semiconductors. The effects of RF power and gas flow rate variations are discussed, wherein a ‘critical’ RF power level is identified at 300 W. Growths performed at RF powers below this critical setting resulted in noticeably better quality material, which was determined from a comparison of pre- and post-anneal room temperature photoluminescence measurements. In addition to the RF power, the gas flow rate directly influences the growth chamber pressure, which in turn also affects the material quality. A modified pumping configuration was used to decouple the chamber pressure from the gas flow rate. In all growths, lower chamber pressures resulted in better material quality, irregardless of the power setting used. These results suggest that operating the nitrogen RF plasma source at its lowest possible power setting and lowest gas flow rate, while still maintaining a stable plasma, will result in the best quality of dilute nitride materials.
MR Imaging of Mediastinal Masses

The high soft tissue contrast of MR imaging enables superior tissue characterization of mediastinal masses, adding diagnostic specificity and often changing and benefiting clinical management. MR imaging can better discern cystic from solid content and can detect microscopic fat, hemorrhage, and fibrous content within lesions. In many cases, mediastinal MR imaging may prevent unnecessary diagnostic intervention. In other cases, MR imaging may indicate the optimal site for biopsy or the correct compartment for resection. Awareness of the efficacy of MR imaging with regard to mediastinal mass characterization and judicious MR imaging utilization should further improve patient care.
Restless legs syndrome due to interferon‐α

A patient developed restless legs symptoms paralleling the course of interferon-α (IFNα) therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Symptoms began during a course of IFNα, resolved with its suspension, and recurred on rechallenge. Restless legs syndrome may thus be an adverse effect of IFNα treatment. © 2004 Movement Disorder Society
Uranium complexes of multidentate N-donor ligands

This review focuses on uranium cation coordination complexes with multidentate nitrogen-containing ligands appearing in the literature from 2000 to mid-2005, with reports prior to 2000 included where pertinent. In addition to the uranyl cation (UO22+), special attention will be paid to tri and tetravalent uranium species, for which recent reports have provided new insights into actinide chemistry. The ligands discussed can be separated into five main categories: pyrrole, pyridine, amido, Schiff-base salicylidene-derived and other miscellaneous type ligands. Manipulation of the steric bulk and rigidity of these ligands is essential for exploring the reactivity and bonding behavior of uranium cations. Additionally, applications of such complexes, including small molecule activation, catalysis, actinide sensors and incorporation into liquid crystals will be discussed.
Bubbles and Superbubbles: Observations and Theory

Massive stars inject energy into the surrounding medium and form shell structures. Bubbles are blown by fast stellar winds from individual massive stars, while superbubbles are blown by fast stellar winds and supernova explosions from groups of massive stars. Bubbles and superbubbles share a similar overall structure: a swept-up dense shell with an interior filled by low-density hot gas. Physical properties of a bubble/superbubble can be affected by magnetic field, thermal conduction, turbulent mixing, inhomogeneous ambient medium, etc. I will review recent progresses on observations and compare them to theoretical expectations for (1) swept-up dense shells, (2) hot interiors, and (3) interface between a dense shell and its interior hot gas.
Empirical models for estimating the destruction of toxic organic compounds utilizing electron beam irradiation at full scale

Abstract The Electron Beam Research Facility (EBRF) located in Miami, Florida houses a 1.5 MeV, 50 mA electron accelerator. Extensive large scale (450 1/min) research on the use of electron beams for the treatment of water and wastewater has been conducted at this facility over the last several years. Recent efforts have focused on developing predictive equations for evaluating the effectiveness of electron beam irradiation for treatment of industrial wastes and contaminated groundwaters. This paper develops descriptive empirical models for estimating the removal of selected organic compounds (benzene, toluene, phenol, PCE, TCE and chloroform) by electron beam irradiation as a function of initial contaminant concentration, pH and the presence or absence of suspended materials. Models to estimate the electron dose required to meet specific treatment objectives are also presented. These dose estimates can be used to evaluate the cost of treatment for treatment systems which utilize electron beam accelerators of various voltages, power, and cost.
Growth and photoluminescence properties of vertically aligned SnO2 nanowires

Abstract Vertically aligned SnO 2 nanowires (NWs) were grown for the first time by a vapor–liquid–solid method on c -sapphire with gold as a catalyst under Ar gas flow. Electron backscatter diffraction analysis indicated the NWs are single crystalline having the rutile structure, grow vertically along the [1 0 0] direction, and exhibit a consistent epitaxial relationship where lattice mismatch is estimated to be 0.3% along the SnO 2 [0 1 0] direction. The growth of these NWs is sensitive to many parameters, including growth duration, substrate type, source vapor concentration, and the thickness of the catalyst layer. Photoluminescence measurements at room temperature showed that the vertically aligned NWs exhibit an intense transition at 3.64 eV, a near band-edge transition which is rarely observed in SnO 2 .
Prioritizing posterior arm delivery during severe shoulder dystocia

Abstract Background Delivery of the posterior arm, or the Barnum maneuver, is at times used late in shoulder dystocia management algorithms, and is not often a first- or second-line management protocol. Case A multiparous, diabetic patient, who was morbidly obese and had a residual obstetric brachial plexus injury, experienced a precipitous second stage of labor and severe shoulder dystocia. Attempts at the McRoberts maneuver with traction failed to deliver the fetus. In lieu of alternative maneuvers or continued attempts at traction, the posterior arm was delivered and the fetal trunk followed easily. Conclusion A geometric analysis reveals that using posterior arm delivery reduces the obstruction by more than a factor of two, relative to the McRoberts maneuver. We recommend earlier use of this maneuver during shoulder dystocia management.
Physiological prediction of muscle forces--I. Theoretical formulation.

Abstract A physiological model for predicting muscle forces is described. Rigid-body mechanics and musculoskeletal physiology are used to describe the dynamics of the segment model and muscle model. Unknown muscle and joint contact forces outnumber the equilibrium equations resulting in an indeterminate problem. Mathematical optimization is utilized to resolve the indeterminacy. The modeling procedure relies entirely on established physiological principles. Data describing the muscle anatomy and body structures are included. A model defining the force-length-velocity-activation relationship of a muscle is adopted. The force a muscle produces is assumed to be proportional to its maximum stress, physiological cross-sectional area, activation, and its functional configurations including the muscle architecture, muscle length, contracting velocity, and passive tension. These factors are incorporated into inequality equations which limit the force for each muscle. Minimal muscular activation is forwarded as the optimization criterion for muscle force determination.
Source monitoring and suggestibility to misinformation: adult age-related differences

We compared young and older adults' source monitoring performance on an explicit source identification test using the misinformation paradigm. Several age-related differences in source memory were demonstrated: (a) older adults were more likely than were young adults to say that they saw information that was actually only suggested to them; (b) older adults were more confident in their false memories than were young adults; (c) older adults were less confident in their accurate memory for the source of information than were young adults. Together, the data suggest that older adults either lacked or failed to use helpful diagnostic source information (e.g. perceptual details or temporal information), and that their confidence in their false memories reflected an over-weighting of semantic information. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A chemical study of apatites prepared by hydrolysis of amorphous calcium phosphates in carbonate-containing aqueous solutions.

The Ca/P molar ratio, % CO 3 2− , and % HPO 4 2− was determined for a number of apatites prepared by the hydrolysis of amorphous calcium phosphate in the presence of solution carbonate. The Ca/P molar ratio for each apatite was significantly higher than for the corresponding amorphous precursor. The change in carbonate content was slight but the HPO 4 2− level in these apatites, as determined by the standard pyrolytic technique, was greatly reduced, sometimes to a near zero value. Infrared analysis, on the other hand, clearly showed an appreciable level of HPO 4 2− . Evidence obtained indicated that the carbonate interferes with the pyrolytic assay for HPO 4 2− by either blocking condensation to P2O 7 4− or by breaking down already formed P2O 7 4− . It is suggested that the pyrolytic method be used with great caution in assaying for HPO 4 2− in calcified tissue.
β-Glucuronidase Deficiency in a Dog: a Model of Human Mucopolysaccharidosis VII

Summary: This report describes a third mucopolysaccharidosis in animals: canine mucopolysaccharidosis VII. The affected dog was the offspring of a father-daughter mating. Weakness in the rear legs was evident at 8 weeks of age and became progressively worse. He had a large head, a shortened maxilla, and corneal granularities. Most joints were extremely lax, easily subluxated, with joint capsules that were swollen and fluctuant. The dog was alert and had apparently normal pain perception. At 13 months of age, there was radiographic evidence of extensive skeletal disease including bilateral femoral head luxation, abnormalities in the shape and density of the carpal and tarsal bones, radiolucent lesions of the epiphyseal regions of most long bones, and cervical vertebral dysplasia and platyspondylia. The electrophoretic pattern of precipitated glycosaminoglycans indicated a predominance of chondroitin sulfate. The animal died suddenly from gastric dilatation. There was generalized hepatomegaly, thickening of the atrioventricular heart valves, and generalized polyarthropathy. Vacuolated cytoplasm was observed in hepatocytes, keratocytes, fibroblasts, chondrocytes and cells of the synovial membrane, retinal pigment epithelium, and cardiac valves. Neurons had cytoplasmic vacuoles. Electron microscopy demonstrated membrane-bound cytoplasmic inclusions in polymorphonuclear leukocytes, hepatocytes, synovium, heart valves and spleen. The activities of 12 lysosomal hydrolases were determined in liver from the affected and control dogs: β-glucuronidase (EC 3.2.1.31), β-hexosaminidases A and B (EC 3.2.1.30), α-hexosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.-), α-L-iduronidase (EC 3.2.1.76), α-galactosidase A (EC 3.2.1.22), β-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23), arylsulfatases A and B (EC 3.1.6.1), acid α-mannosidase (EC 3.2.1.24), acid β-mannosidase (EC 3.2.1.25), and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase (EC 3.1.6.-). The activity of β-glucuronidase was reduced to less than 2% of the normal mean value of normal controls.
Effect of Initial Base Metal Temper on Mechanical Properties in AA7050 Friction Stir Welds

AbstractThe effect of initial base metal temper on mechanical properties in AA7050 friction stir welds was investigated. AA7050 plates, 6·4 mm thick, with three different heat treatment conditions (T7451, T62 and W), were friction stir welded using nearly identical welding parameters, followed by post-weld aging approximating a T7451 heat treatment. The microstructure, transverse hardness profiles and transverse tensile properties were characterised for these three welds. Experimental results show that preweld heat treatment conditions of AA7050 base metal have significant effect on the mechanical properties of the friction stir welds. Friction stir welding of AA7050 in the W condition, followed by post-weld aging, can change the fracture location from HAZ to weld nugget and increase tensile and yield strengths and elongation in transverse tension, relative to welding in T62 or T7451 conditions.
;Turn-On; Protein Fluorescence: In Situ Formation of Cyanine Dyes

Protein reengineering of cellular retinoic acid binding protein II (CRABPII) has yielded a genetically addressable system, capable of binding a profluorophoric chromophore that results in fluorescent protein/chromophore complexes. These complexes exhibit far-red emission, with high quantum efficiencies and brightness and also exhibit excellent pH stability spanning the range of 2–11. In the course of this study, it became evident that single mutations of L121E and R59W were most effective in improving the fluorescent characteristics of CRABPII mutants as well as the kinetics of complex formation. The readily crystallizable nature of these proteins was invaluable to provide clues for the observed spectroscopic behavior that results from single mutation of key residues.
Literature-based Resurrection of Neglected Medical Discoveries

It is possible to find in the medical literature many articles that have been neglected or ignored, in some cases for many years, but which are worth bringing to light because they report unusual findings that may be of current scientific interest. Resurrecting previously published but neglected hypotheses that have merit might be overlooked because it would seem to lack the novelty of "discovery" -- but the potential value of so doing is hardly arguable. Finding neglected hypotheses may be not only of great practical value, but also affords the opportunity to study the structure of such hypotheses in the hope of illuminating the more general problem of hypothesis generation.
The Economic Effects of Catch Share Management: The Rhode Island Fluke Sector Pilot Program

Abstract In 2009, Rhode Island implemented a pilot catch share program around summer flounder, or fluke, a state-managed species that is jointly harvested with the Northeast Multispecies groundfish complex. A sector was given a fluke allocation to land when they wished, while the rest of the fleet was managed through sub-seasonal total harvest caps and daily trip limits. Sector members avoided fluke landings during seasonal fluke derbies, instead shifting landings to post-derby closures in the general fishery, when the price was higher. However, they also affected prices of species they targeted instead. We combine predictions of counterfactual 2009 daily landings by sector vessels with a panel model of trip-level ex-vessel prices for 25 products targeted by the groundfish fleet to project what revenues would have been in the absence of the sector program. We find the pilot program increased fleetwide revenues by over $800,000, including benefits of over $250,000 to non-sector vessels. JEL Classification ...
Expectancy Effects and Negotiation

Expectations are a natural and necessary element in all negotiation. As one of the most important approaches to the settlement of conflict, negotiation necessarily entails the exchange of ambiguous information—about both one's adversary and the problem at hand. It is precisely because of this ambiguity that expectations, both intrapersonal and interpersonal, come to play an important role. While such expectations can be helpful in bringing about conflict settlement through negotiation, they can also contribute to the escalation of conflict and can move conflict in destructive directions. This article outlines both the beneficial and harmful effects of expectations in negotiation and speculates about some possible approaches to overcoming the negative effects of expectations.
Learned helplessness and the schedule-shift hypotheses

Abstract The critique of learned helplessness research and theory and the alternative schedule-shift discrimination hypothesis offered by McReynolds ( Journal of Research and Personality , 1980, 14 , 139–157) are considered. Each point made by McReynolds is discussed and a variety of recent experimental evidence is reviewed. It is concluded that McReynolds' critique is without substance and that the schedule-shift discrimination explanation of the learned helplessness effect is contradicted by existing data.
Part 4: Semen anxiety in South Asian cultures: Cultural and transcultural significance

(1983). Part 4: Semen anxiety in South Asian cultures: Cultural and transcultural significance. Medical Anthropology: Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 51-67.
Approaches to Mixed Methods Dissemination and Implementation Research: Methods, Strengths, Caveats, and Opportunities

Limited translation of research into practice has prompted study of diffusion and implementation, and development of effective methods of encouraging adoption, dissemination and implementation. Mixed methods techniques offer approaches for assessing and addressing processes affecting implementation of evidence-based interventions. We describe common mixed methods approaches used in dissemination and implementation research, discuss strengths and limitations of mixed methods approaches to data collection, and suggest promising methods not yet widely used in implementation research. We review qualitative, quantitative, and hybrid approaches to mixed methods dissemination and implementation studies, and describe methods for integrating multiple methods to increase depth of understanding while improving reliability and validity of findings.
Snow densification during rain

Observations and measurements indicate rain often has a major impact on snow slope stability. Measurements to investigate the effects of wetting of low density, alpine snow were made at Snoqualmie Pass, WA, USA. Results indicate that on first wetting, the densification rate can increase by three orders of magnitude. This initial burst of densification occurs independently of the gravitational load and is probably a result of rapid structural changes and grain rearrangement that occurs when liquid water is first introduced. The rate decreases rapidly with time, although it remains about two orders of magnitude higher than that for dry snow of the same density. The rate of densification decreases as density increases. We assume snow behaves as a linear viscous fluid and that the metamorphic and gravitational components of compaction are additive. A simple model of compaction is derived empirically using the measurements. The model fits the measurements very well, although more experiments are needed to determine the dependence of the model parameters on liquid water content.
Protection of the axonal cytoskeleton in anoxic optic nerve by decreased extracellular calcium

Abstract Since CNS white matter tracts contain axons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes but not synapses, it is likely that anoxic injury of white matter is mediated by cellular mechanisms that do not involve synapses. In order to test the hypothesis, that anoxic injury of white matter is mediated by an influx of Ca 2+ into the intracellular compartment of axons, we compared the ultrastructure of axons in rat optic nerve exposed to 60 min of anoxia in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) containing normal (2 mM) Ca 2+ , and in aCSF containing zero-Ca 2+ together with 5 mM EGTA. Optic nerves fixed at the end of 60 min of anoxia in 2 mM Ca 2+ exhibit extensive ultrastructural alterations including disruption of microtubules and neurofilaments within the axonal cytoskeleton, development of membranous profiles and empty spaces between the axon and the ensheathing myelin, and swelling of mitochondria with loss of cristae. Bathing the nerves in zero-Ca 2+ aCSF during anoxia protected the axons from cytoskeletal changes; after 60 min of anoxia, optic nerve axons retained normal-appearing microtubules and neurofilaments. Membranous profiles were rare, and empty spaces between axons and myelin did not develop in anoxic optic nerves bathed in zero-Ca 2+ aCSF. Disorganization of cristae in axonal mitochondria was observed in anoxic optic nerves even when Ca 2+ was omitted from the medium. Because Ca 2+ -mediated injury is known to disrupt the axonal cytoskeleton, these results support the hypothesis that anoxia triggers an abnormal influx of Ca 2+ into myelinated axons in CNS white matter.
Involvement of prostaglandins in LH-induced superovulation in the cyclic hamster

Osmotic minipumps containing 400 micrograms ovine LH were inserted subcutaneously (sc) on day 1 (estrus) at 09:00-10:00h of the cycle in the hamster. This treatment induced increased ovarian blood flow by day 3 and superovulation of 30.0 +/- 1.4 ova at the next estrus compared to controls (16.5 +/- 0.8 ova). The continuous infusion of LH throughout the cycle increased prostaglandin F (PGF) and decreased prostaglandin E (PGE) in the growing follicles destined to ovulate and suppressed a day 3 increase in PGF concentrations in the nonluteal ovarian remnant devoid of the larger follicles. Indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, given sc (2 or 4 mg regimens) at 12:00-14:00h on days 1 and 2, at 09:00h and 17:00h on day 3 and at 09:00h on day 4 of the cycle to LH-infused and saline treated animals suppressed ovarian prostaglandin levels, prevented the superovulation and prevented the increased ovarian blood flow. Exogenous PGF2 alpha or PGE2 restored the superovulatory effect of LH infusion in the presence of indomethacin. The results suggest that the superovulation in response to continuous LH infusion may be mediated in part by prostaglandins via altered ovarian blood flow.
Scratches as a component in the pathogenesis of avian cellulitis in broiler chickens exposed to cellulitis origin Escherichia coli isolates collected from different regions of the US.

Cellulitis was induced in broiler chickens in two experiments. Birds were placed on used pine-shaving litter at day of hatch and raised to 28 days of age, at which time one-half the birds in each pen were scratched and the litter was treated with either one of seven cellulitis origin Escherichia coli (collected from various locations in the US) or sterile saline. Although minor differences could be detected in the association of specific regional isolates with differing rates of cellulitis, all isolates were capable of inducing cellulitis in a preponderance of the scratched birds. These same isolates were not capable of producing cellulitis in birds that were not scratched by design, confirming the importance of scratches in the pathogenesis of cellulitis. Those birds in the unscratched groups placed on litter inoculated with either a cellulitis E. coli isolate (EC-AR1) or sterile saline that did develop cellulitis lesions showed the remnants of healed scratches which had occurred naturally during the cou...
CD28-stimulated ERK2 phosphorylation is required for polarization of the microtubule organizing center and granules in YTS NK cells

Activation of natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity requires adhesion and formation of a conjugate with a susceptible target cell, followed by actin polymerization, and polarization of the microtubule organizing center (MTOC) and cytolytic granules to the NK cell immune synapse. Here, by using the YTS NK cell line as a model, CD28 is shown to be an activating receptor. It signals cytotoxicity in a process dependent on phosphoinositide-3 kinase activation, leading to sustained extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2) phosphorylation. ERK and phospho-ERK localize to microtubule filaments. Neither conjugation with targets nor actin polymerization is affected by blocking ERK2 activation. However, both polarization of the MTOC and cytolytic granules to the synaptic region and NK cell cytotoxicity are strongly reduced by blocking ERK2 activation. A role for the CD28/CD80 interaction in cytotoxicity of human peripheral NK cells also was established. By contrast, lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) ligation transduces only a transient ERK2 activation and fails to induce killing in YTS cells. Thus, in YTS cells, a CD28 signal is used to polarize the MTOC and cytolytic granules to the NK cell immune synapse by stimulating sustained ERK2 activation.
Religion and Spirituality in the Meaning–Making and Coping Experiences of African American Women: A Qualitative Analysis

This qualitative study examines the ways in which African American women use religion/spirituality to cope and to construct meaning in times of adversity. Content analysis of the narratives of a sample of African American women respondents (n= 23) revealed a set of eight nonoverlapping themes that explicate religiosity/spirituality’s role in meaning–making and coping. Findings suggest that religion/spirituality help women to (1) interrogate and accept reality, (2) gain the insight and courage needed to engage in spiritual surrender, (3) confront and transcend limitations, (4) identify and grapple with existential questions and life lessons, (5) recognize purpose and destiny, (6) define character and act within subjectively meaningful moral principles, (7) achieve growth, and (8) trust in the viability of transcendent sources of knowledge and communication. Narrative examples are used to elucidate each theme. Findings point to the importance of relationships and intimacy in the meaning–making enterprise. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Sarcopenia: Preoperative assessment of muscle mass to predict surgical complications and prognosis in patients with endometrial cancer

Background Sarcopenia or loss of skeletal muscle mass is an objective measure of frailty associated with functional impairment and disability. This study aimed to examine the impact of sarcopenia on surgical complications and survival outcomes in patients with endometrial cancer.
Investigation and Measurement of Electrical Transport of Metal Particle Polymer Composites for the Development of MEMS-Based Corrosion Sensor

Recently, our research group has proposed a MEMS-based solid state corrosion sensor based on the carbon black and metal particle polymer composite materials. The chemical and dimensional properties of the particles and polymer matrix will provide the tailorability in sensor sensitivity, selectivity, time response, and operating life-span. This paper will analyze the electrical resistivity of the sensor relative to the percentage of different type of particles in PDMS matrix in order to understand the effect of corrosion mechanism on metal particle polymer composites. This paper will also present the electrical quantification techniques for the micro corrosion sensors, the understanding of which is need for the transduction from corrosion to electronic output. Electronic transduction is the natural form of output due to the redox reactions of the electrochemical corrosion of particles and the electric current generated is directly proportional to the rate of the reaction.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Modes of participation over the adult life span

Sidney Verba and Norman Nie, in their 1972 workParticipation in America, advance the notion that political participation is not unidimensional, but is comprised of different modes. In recent years, the availability of panel and cross-sectional time series data has led to greater interest in the temporal dimension of political participation. Using data from nine American National Election Studies, we confirm the Verba and Nie findings with respect to voting and campaign participation and expand upon them. We examine the factor structure of indicators used in composite indices of voting and campaign participation and find that the structure of participation is stable across age groups, cohorts, and periods, confirming that composite indices of voting and campaign participation are not confounded by age, cohort, or period effects.
A study of pressure broadening in the Λ-doubling microwave spectrum of a hund's coupling case (b) molecule

Abstract The collisional transfer matrix for the Λ-doubling microwave transitions of a Hund's coupling case (b) molecule with spin of 1 2 is constructed. Collision cross sections, absorption line shapes, and spectral line widths are calculated for OH in the 2 Π electronic state.
A descriptive analysis of temporal and spatial patterns of variability in Puget Sound oceanographic properties

Abstract Temporal and spatial patterns of variability in Puget Sound's oceanographic properties are determined using continuous vertical profile data from two long-term monitoring programs; monthly observations at 16 stations from 1993 to 2002, and biannual observations at 40 stations from 1998 to 2003. Climatological monthly means of temperature, salinity, and density reveal strong seasonal patterns. Water temperatures are generally warmest (coolest) in September (February), with stations in shallow finger inlets away from mixing zones displaying the largest temperature ranges. Salinities and densities are strongly influenced by freshwater inflows from major rivers during winter and spring from precipitation and snowmelt, respectively, and variations are greatest in the surface waters and at stations closest to river mouths. Vertical density gradients are primarily determined by salinity variations in the surface layer, with stations closest to river mouths most frequently displaying the largest buoyancy frequencies at depths of approximately 4–6 m. Strong tidal stirring and reflux over sills at the entrance to Puget Sound generally removes vertical stratification. Mean summer and winter values of oceanographic properties reveal patterns of spatial connectivity in Puget Sound's three main basins; Whidbey Basin, Hood Canal, and Main Basin. Surface waters that are warmed in the summer are vertically mixed over the sill at Admiralty Inlet and advected at depth into Whidbey Basin and Hood Canal. Cooler and fresher surface waters cap these warmer waters during winter, producing temperature inversions.
Making the Class Struggle a Struggle Over Facts: Carl D. Thompson and the Socialist Party of America's Information Department and Research Bureau, 1913–1915

This essay examines how the Socialist Party of America used information to build and sustain a mass movement. It focuses in particular on the Information Department and Research Bureau, a novel approach to information management in the Progressive Era. Led by Carl D. Thompson, the Information Department provided a model for democratizing information, and, in so doing, made the class struggle as much a struggle over facts as the rights to the full products of one's labor.
Comparison of Porcine Alveolar Macrophages and CL 2621 for the Detection of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) Virus and Anti-PRRS Antibody

The American and European strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus were initially isolated in an established cell line (CL 2621) and porcine alveolar macrophages (PAM), respectively. Subsequent isolation of American strains of this virus in PAM has also been reported. To determine their relative sensitivity for virus isolation, both PAM and CL 2621 cells were inoculated with 98 tissue specimens and 73 serum samples from animals suspected of having PRRS. Four of the 98 tissue samples yielded virus in both cell types, whereas 7 samples were positive only in PAM and 4 samples only in CL 2621. Of the 73 serum samples tested, 18 were positive in PAM of which only 2 were positive in CL 2621. Additionally, 82 isolates obtained initially in CL 2621 were inoculated in PAM cells, and 18 strains isolated originally in PAM were inoculated in CL 2621. Of the 82 CL 2621 isolates, 25 could not be propagated on PAM. Of the 57 that replicated in PAM, as detected by a positive test on indirect fluorescent antibody test, only 28 produced cytopathic effects and 29 did not. Of the 18 PAM isolates, 5 did not grow on CL 2621. Although PAM were relatively more sensitive for virus isolation, their failure to support the growth of certain strains of PRRS virus indicates the existence of variants among PRRS virus strains, and both PAM and CL 2621 should be used for virus isolation from clinical samples. In addition, the sensitivity of these 2 cell types was compared for the detection of fluorescent antibodies to PRRS virus using 179 serum samples from PRRS-infected animals. The results were comparable in both cell systems.
Opportunities for TBCs in the ZrO2–YO1.5–TaO2.5 system

Abstract An examination of the ZrO 2 –YO 1.5 –TaO 2.5 system reveals several promising attributes for use in thermal barrier coating applications. The rather unique presence of a stable, non-transformable tetragonal region in this ternary oxide system allows for phase stability to high temperatures (1500 °C). Selected compositions with high levels of yttria and tantala have also shown superior resistance to vanadate corrosion than the commercially utilized 7YSZ. In addition, Y + Ta stabilized zirconia compositions within the non-transformable tetragonal phase field exhibit toughness values comparable or somewhat higher than those of 7YSZ, which bodes well for their durability as TBCs. These promising attributes are discussed in this paper in the context of recent experimental work.
Nutritional issues in palliative care.

Objectives : To present current information on nutritional problems and management during the palliative care period. Data Sources : Research and review articles from three computerized data-bases, the table of contents of an on-line nursing journal, and pursuit of pertinent references in articles reviewed. Conclusions : Controversies continue on the most appropriate management of intake in the palliative care period from both physical and ethical perspectives. Implications for Nursing Practice : Until the literature is conclusive on the amount and type of suffering incurred by patients who are ceasing intake, nurses will need to stay current with the research literature and approach each case individually in determining appropriate care.
Combined Left- and Right-Handed Tunable Transmission Lines With Tunable Passband and 0 $^{\circ}$ Phase Shift

We combine a right-handed (RH) and a left-handed (LH) nonlinear transmission line (NLTL) to realize a new frequency and phase-tunable bandpass filter (BPF). An RH NLTL is a voltage-controlled low-pass filter and an LH NLTL is a voltage-controlled high-pass filter, so combining both allows for simultaneous and independent control over the low and high cutoff frequencies of the passband. Also, by using the positive phase propagation of a RH NLTL and the negative phase propagation of an LH NLTL, control over the phase propagation in the passband can be achieved. In the fabricated circuit, the controllable low cutoff frequency is from 480 to 721 MHz and the high cutoff frequency is from 625 to 1005 MHz. Also, we note that whatever the passband is, the phase propagation close to the center frequency is 0deg
Public policy implications of tax-exempt leasing in the United States

We suggest that a type of charade has developed in the tax-exempt leasing arena, one in which lessor/investors are confident of the enforceability of leases with governmental units, while simultaneously governmental officials and citizens are convinced that tax-exempt leases can be cancelled, and therefore do not constitute 'debt' under state laws. We examine this charade using an aspect of institutional theory, one which suggests that ambiguous laws may be interpreted as malleable political resources that can be used to serve interests that go against public policy.
Theoretical and numerical study of MLEM and OSEM reconstruction algorithms for motion correction in emission tomography

Patient body-motion and respiratory-motion impacts the image quality of cardiac SPECT and PET perfusion images. Several algorithms exist in the literature to correct for motion within the iterative maximum-likelihood reconstruction framework. In this work, three algorithms are derived starting with Poisson statistics to correct for patient motion. The first one is a motion compensated MLEM algorithm (MC-MLEM). The next two algorithms called MGEM-1 and MGEM-2 (short for Motion Gated OSEM, 1 and 2) use the motion states as subsets, in two different ways. Experiments were performed with NCAT phantoms (with exactly known motion) as the source and attenuation distributions. Experiments were also performed on an anthropomorphic phantom and a patient study. The SIMIND Monte Carlo simulation software was used to create SPECT projection images of the NCAT phantoms. The projection images were then modified to have Poisson noise levels equivalent to that of clinical acquisition. We investigated application of these algorithms to correction of (1) a large body-motion of 2 cm in Superior-Inferior (SI) and Anterior-Posterior (AP) directions each and (2) respiratory motion of 2 cm in SI and 0.6 cm in AP. We determined the bias with respect to the NCAT phantom activity for noiseless reconstructions as well as the bias-variance for noisy reconstructions. The MGEM-1 advanced along the bias-variance curve faster than the MC-MLEM with iterations. The MGEM-1 also lowered the noiseless bias (with respect to NCAT truth) faster with iterations, compared to the MC-MLEM algorithms, as expected with subset algorithms. For the body motion correction with two motion states, after the 9th iteration the bias was close to that of MC-MLEM at iteration 17, reducing the number of iterations by a factor of 1.89. For the respiratory motion correction with 9 motion states, based on the noiseless bias, the iteration reduction factor was approximately 7. For the MGEM-2, however, bias-plot or the bias-variance-plot saturated with iteration because of successive interpolation error. SPECT data was acquired simulating respiratory motion of 2 cm amplitude with an anthropomorphic phantom. A patient study acquired with body motion in a second rest was also acquired. The motion correction was applied to these acquisitions with the anthropomorphic phantom and the patient study, showing marked improvements of image quality with the estimated motion correction.
Overexpression of estrogen receptor α increases hepatic cholesterogenesis, leading to biliary hypersecretion in mice

We explored whether there is an "estrogen-ERalpha-SREBP-2" (for estrogen-estrogen receptor subtype alpha-sterol-regulatory element binding protein-2) pathway for regulating hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis in ovariectomized AKR mice treated with 17beta-estradial (E2) at 6 microg/day or E2 plus the antiestrogenic agent ICI 182,780 at 125 microg/day and on chow or fed a high-cholesterol (1%) diet for 14 days. To monitor changes in cholesterol biosynthesis and newly synthesized cholesterol secreted into bile, incorporation into digitonin-precipitable sterols in mice treated with 25 mCi of [3H]water was measured in extracts of liver and extrahepatic organs 1 h later and in hepatic biles 6 h later. ERalpha upregulated SREBP-2, with resulting activation of SREBP-2-responsive genes in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. The E2-treated mice continued to synthesize cholesterol in spite of its excess availability from high dietary cholesterol, which reflects a loss in controlling the negative feedback regulation of cholesterol synthesis. These alterations augmented biliary cholesterol secretion and enhanced the lithogenicity of bile. However, these lithogenic effects of E2 were fully blocked by ICI 182,780. We conclude that during estrogen treatment, more newly synthesized cholesterol determined by the estrogen-ERalpha-SREBP-2 pathway is secreted into bile, leading to biliary cholesterol hypersecretion. These studies provide insights into therapeutic approaches to cholesterol gallstones in high-risk subjects, especially those exposed to high levels of estrogen.
Stimulated Raman Scattering in Multi-Mode Fibers and its Application to Beam Cleanup and Combining

Laser beam cleanup properties of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in a multi-mode fiber have been characterized. It is shown that a fiber, which supports propagation of a highly aberrated pump beam, can generate a Gaussian-like Stokes beam consisting of one or more orders of Stokes components. The beam cleanup properties are found to be similar to those of stimulated Brillouin scattering, which are briefly reviewed herein. The dramatic enhancement in beam quality achievable through SRS clearly demonstrates the potential utility of fiber-based Raman beam cleanup/combining devices for laser brightness scaling.
Fast Valving with Reheat and Straight Condensing Steam Turbines

Fast valving of steam turbine-generators is a method of rapidly reducing the mechanical power output to assist in preventing instability (loss of synchronism) of the steam turbine-generator with the rest of the power system. Although rarely used, fast valving can be a very effective stability aid [l]. Many operating turbines made by the authors' company have fast valving capabilities. This paper describes the current fast valving capabilities of these turbines, both reheat types and straight condensing types, and illustrates some of the benefits for system stability that can be obtained with these capabilities. Planning considerations for fast valving are also discussed, including some advanced fast valving concepts.
Priming the Vote: Campaign Effects in a U.S. Senate Election

A growing body of evidence suggests that campaigns affect voters by priming the criteria on which voters base their decisions. Yet virtually all of this work uses simulated campaign rhetoric and/or relies on indirect measures of vote choice. This paper combines a content analysis of media campaign coverage with an Election Day exit poll to explore the impact of a real-world campaign—the 2000 campaign for the U.S. Senate in Minnesota—on voters’ decisions. In this case, the campaign did in fact prime exposed and attentive voters to base their decisions on the issues and images emphasized in the campaign. Such campaign effects were reinforced by interpersonal discussions. The results constitute the first demonstration of priming effects in a U.S. election with voters at the polls.
X-linked Juvenile Retinoschisis (XLRS): A Review of Genotype-Phenotype Relationships

X-linked juvenile retinoschisis (XLRS) is one of the most common genetic causes of juvenile progressive retinal-vitreal degeneration in males. To date, more than 196 different mutations of the RS1 gene have been associated with XLRS. The mutation spectrum is large and the phenotype variable. This review will focus on the clinical features of XLRS and examine the relationship between phenotype and genotype.
Consecutive Successes: A Recursive Approach

Summary This article illustrates the importance of one's initial thoughts in problem solving through an entertaining example.
Enzymic and autoxidation of lipids in low fat foods: model of linoleic acid in emulsified triolein and vegetable oils

Abstract To evaluate problems in novel foods with reduced fat content the linoleic acid model systems used in our previous study were applied to high oleic sunflower oil, triolein and stripped corn oil, in the presence or absence of added α-tocopherol. Initial rates of oxygen uptake by enzymic oxidation depended on the emulsion concentrations and not on their fatty acid compositions. Using static headspace gas chromatography a significant difference in the release of hexanal was detected between emulsions rich in either linoleate or oleate. The higher the linoleate content of the emulsion, the higher the conjugated diene absorbance and the amounts of hexanal produced. In the presence of α-tocopherol the diene absorbance was increased and the hexanal yields decreased, indicating that α-tocopherol retarded the decomposition of hydroperoxides. On the other hand, the antioxidant effects of α-tocopherol were gradually lost during autoxidation tests at 60°C. Therefore, large differences were observed in the amounts and compositions of volatile compounds between emulsions rich in either oleate or linoleate. Lipid concentration, type of lipids and presence of antioxidants are important factors in the oxidative formation of volatile compounds in our models. These factors are expected to impact on the flavour of low fat foods.
Cooling Effectiveness of High-Volume Low-Speed Fans Versus Conventional Fans in a Free-Stall Dairy Barn in Hot, Humid Conditions1

Abstract High-volume low-speed (HVLS) fans use less energy and are quieter than conventional high-speed fans; however, data on the cooling effectiveness of these fans in a dairy free-stall barn in a hot, humid climate is limited. A 4-row free-stall dairy barn located in Tifton, Georgia was fitted with 2 redundant mechanical cooling systems. The first system utilized 0.9-m diameter high-speed cooling fans installed over the feeding area and over the free stalls 6 m apart (conventional system). Each fan was equipped with 4 high-pressure mister nozzles. The second system utilized 7.3-m diameter HVLS fans installed over the center drive-through aisle at 18-m spacing (HVLS system). Evaporative cooling was provided with the same nozzles used in the conventional system. Misters were automatically turned on for both systems when relative humidity was below 85% and temperature was above 24°C. Two groups of 64 cows each were cooled randomly by one system or the other during 2 tests conducted in 2004 and 2005. Four cows within each group were fitted with vaginal temperature probes to monitor the deep body temperature every 5 min on 4 consecutive d. Temperature and relative humidity inside the barn were also recorded every 5 min. Air speeds in the barn were measured with each system operating separately. Observed air speeds were lower for the HVLS system (0 to 8.1 km/h) than for the conventional system (0 to 13 km/h), although air speed was more evenly distributed with the HVLS system. Body temperature was 0.2°C higher (P