cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What comes first: the structure or the egg? Ross Granville Harrison on the origin of embryonic polarity.

Ross Granville Harrison’s paper ‘‘ On relations of symmetry in transplanted limbs,’’ published in JEZ in 1921 investigated the mechanism governing the development of embryonic axes through systematic transplantation experiments on the forelimb of the salamander, Amblystoma punctatum. The questions these experiments addressed remain as fundamental, and largely unanswered, today as they were over 80 years ago: how does an embryo establish its three axes, and how is this positional information conveyed to developing organs? The experiments themselves exemplified the transition from embryology as a purely descriptive field, to modern experimental embryology. Harrison’s interest in embryology began while he was working towards his Ph.D., when he visited Germany and studied the development of fins in teleost fishes with Nussbaum. At that time in Germany, Wihelm Roux established a new journal ‘‘Archiv fur Entwicklungsmechanik,’’ designed for the study of mechanisms of development, as opposed to mere description of developmental processes. It is highly likely that this shift in approach to problems in developmental biology had a significant impact on Harrison also. Harrison was clearly an outstanding observer, and the care which he applied to the descriptive aspects of embryology becomes apparent in the JEZ paper. The experiments are systematic, and the documentation of the experimental results is detailed and totally objective. The beautiful line drawings along with the detailed experimental histories convey the actual experimental results more accurately than many multicolor photoshop images in the current scientific literature. The data is presented exactly as Harrison saw it, not as he predicted it to be. For example, in figure 37, the transplanted limb is incidentally covered by the gills, and Harrison does not alter the drawing to ‘‘move’’ the gills and make his observation more obvious. It would be possible for a reader to do an independent analysis of Harrison’s experiments just based on the raw data in the manuscript, and for that reader to form independent conclusions not influenced by those Harrison himself presented later in the paper. The conclusions that Harrison did draw from his experiments far outlasted the experiments themselves, however. The experiments were sparked by a discrepancy in observations between two notable embryologists of that time, Streeter and Spemann, regarding the equipotentiality of the ear placode. Although the discrepancy turned
THE HYPERGEOMETRIC COUPON COLLECTION PROBLEM AND ITS DUAL

Suppose an urn contains M balls, of different types, which are removed from the urn in a uniform random manner. In the hypergeometric coupon collection problem, we are interested in the set of balls that have been removed at the moment when at least one ball of each type has been removed. In its dual, we are interested in the set of removed balls at the first moment that this set contains all of the balls of at least one type.
Share-Ratio Estimation of the Nested Multinomial Logit Model:

Recently the nested multinomial logit (NMNL) model has been proposed to remedy the “independence of irrelevant alternatives” (HA) property of the classical multinomial logit (MNL) model. The author...
Developmental Responses of Pieris rapae and Spodoptera eridania to Environmentally Induced Variation in Brassica nigra

The developmental responses of Spodoptera eridania (Cramer) Pieris rapae (L.). fed on Brassica nigra (Koch) plants grown with four nutrient solutions were studied. When assayed, the plants from the different nutrient treatments (basic nutrient solution, low nitrogen, low sulfur, and 10% of basic nutrient solution) had dissimilar chemical profiles with respect to allylisothiocyanate concentration, protein concentration, and water content. S. eridania grew fastest on the low-sulfur plants and did not complete development on plants grown with the low-nitrogen or low-basic-nutrient solutions. P. rapae developed most rapidly on the low-sulfur and low-nitrogen plants. The reasons for these developmental responses are discussed.
A Dynamic Programming Approach To The Maximization Of Output From Production Processes Of Varying Efficiencies

Consider a firm which seeks to maximize the output of a given product over a specified planning period. The firm must decide which of the alternative means of production to employ, how intensively ...
Parasitization of the Mediterranean and Oriental Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the Kula Area of Maui, Hawaii

Parasitoids of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), and the oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel, were monitored on ripe loquat and wind-fallen peach fruits in the Kula area of Maui, Hawaii, from 1979 through 1985. The percentage of parasitization ranged from 31 to 52% annually. Biosteres arisanus (Sonan), an egg and larva parasitoid, accounted for 74% of the total parasitization, but on several occasions, the larva parasitoids, Biosteres longicaudatus Ashmead and Biosteres tryoni (Cameron), each exceeded 30% parasitism. In most cases, the parasitoid male/female sex ratio was 1:1. The results suggest that opiine parasitoids are important factors in regulating fruit fly populations in Kula, Maui.
Activity of Avermectin B1 Against the Striped Cucumber Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Avermectin B1 was tested in the laboratory and greenhouse against the striped cucumber beetle (STCB), Acalymma vittatum (F.). When adult STCB were fed on treated leaf disks in no-choice tests, concentrations of 0.025% were extremely toxic and feeding was inhibited at even lower concentrations. Experiments in which adult STCB were caged with treated and untreated cantaloupe plants confirmed both the toxic and feeding inhibition activity of avermectin. Mortality was directly proportional to concentration and plants were completely protected at 0.025% concentrations. Toxicity to adult STCB occurred both when they walked on dried residues and when avermectin was applied topically. Experiments against larvae were not conclusive but suggested that larvae may be susceptible at low concentrations. Application of sublethal concentrations to adult females reduced fecundity and egg viability but treatment of males did not affect fecundity of their female mates.
Review: Planet Earth

Planet Earth (http://www.bbcamerica.com/shows/planet-earth; BBC, 2006; 11 episodes, ~50 minutes each) What better way to take advantage of your Netflix subscription than by using it to supplement lesson plans. Netflix and other streaming services offer access to a myriad of documentaries worth exploring in the classroom. While local and federal copyright laws still apply, many make room for educational use. Here, I present just one of these documentaries and resources that accompany the video. The highly acclaimed BBC series, Planet Earth , hosted by Sir David Attenborough, offers a great starting …
Research and treatment strategies in first-episode psychoses. The Pittsburgh experience.

Background Studies of first-episode patients allow investigation of the biological basis of psychotic disorders without the potential confounds of prior treatment and illness chronicity. Prospective studies of this population can clarify the impact of illness course and treatment on neurobiology. Method We summarise preliminary findings from our ongoing magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy studies of first-episode schizophrenia patients being conducted prospectively from index evaluations through a period of two years; during this period, patients were treated with either a conventional antipsychotic such as haloperidol, or the atypical risperidone. Results Baseline neurobiological evaluations in first-episode schizophrenia patients have revealed evidence for structural and functional brain abnormalities consistent with a neurodevelopmental model of this illness. Our preliminary data support the value of risperidone as an antipsychotic drug of first choice among patients with early schizophrenic illness. Conclusions Focused studies of first-episode patients have the potential to unravel pathophysiology of schizophrenic illness. Such knowledge is critical for more effective early detection, intervention and even prevention of this enigmatic disorder.
Interaction of single-walled carbon nanotubes and saxitoxin: Ab initio simulations and biological responses in hippocampal cell line HT-22.

Saxitoxins (STXs) are potent neurotoxins that also induce cytotoxicity through the generation of reactive oxygen species. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are nanomaterials that can promote a Trojan horse effect, facilitating the entry of toxic molecules to cells when adsorbed to nanomaterials. The interaction of pristine single-walled (SW)CNTs and carboxylated (SWCNT-COOH) nanotubes with STX was evaluated by ab initio simulation and bioassays using the cell line HT-22. Cells (5 × 104 cells/mL) were exposed to SWCNT and SWCNT-COOH (5 μg mL−1), STX (200 μg L−1), SWCNT+STX, and SWCNT-COOH+STX for 30 min or 24 h. Results of ab initio simulation showed that the interaction between SWCNT and SWCNT-COOH with STX occurs in a physisorption. The interaction of SWCNT+STX induced a decrease in cell viability. Cell proliferation was not affected in any treatment after 30 min or 24 h of exposure (p > 0.05). Treatment with SWCNT-COOH induced high reactive oxygen species levels, an effect attenuated in SWCNT-COOH+STX treatment. In terms of cellular oxygen consumption, both CNTs when coexposed with STX antagonize the toxin effect. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the results obtained in vitro corroborate the semiempirical evidence found using density functional theory ab initio simulation. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1728–1737. © 2016 SETAC
Abstract 1292: Camalexin, an indole phytoalexin from Arabidopsis thaliana, displays activity against ovarian cancer stem cells

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal of all gynecological cancers. Current treatment of advanced ovarian cancers, which includes debulking surgery and chemotherapy, is initially effective in majority of patients; however, 70-90% of them eventually develop disease recurrence with limited treatment options. This recurrence can be attributed to therapy-resistant cancer stem cells (CSC), which represent a subset of all malignant cells that form the bulk of ovarian cancers. CSC may remain as a minimal residual disease after the bulk of ovarian tumor mass has been removed by surgery and/or chemotherapy; therefore, there is considerable current interest in the development of new therapies that can effectively target this insidious subpopulation of tumor cells. Here we report on the anticancer activity of camalexin, a major indole phytoalexin of Arabidopsis thaliana, against ovarian cancer stem cells. We demonstrate that camalexin inhibits proliferation and induces cell death in ovarian cancer stem cells that exhibit various molecular mechanisms of anticancer drug resistance. Furthermore, we present the mode of action of this prospective anticancer agent identified by combined approach that included in silico predictions, comprehensive analysis of whole-genome gene expression data and target-specific assays. Lastly, we demonstrate the relevance of the identified mode of action in context of ovarian cancer cell signaling. Citation Format: Roman Mezencev, John F. McDonald. Camalexin, an indole phytoalexin from Arabidopsis thaliana, displays activity against ovarian cancer stem cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 1292.
The effects of trust fund surpluses on the rest of the federal budget

Abstract We constructed two theoretical models both of which predict that the federal fund surplus decreases, by an amount less than dollar-for-dollar, in response to an increase in the trust fund surplus. While this prediction is consistent with the empirical estimates based on the cross-sectional country-level data, it is at odds with the estimates based on the U.S. time series data. The paper then extends the existing time series analyses by considering a length-of-lag dimension in differencing the variables. By choosing alternative lengths of lag in differencing or not differencing at all, we not only are able to reproduce the range of existing time series estimates, but also generate estimates that are in line with the theoretical prediction and are consistent with those obtained from the cross-sectional country-level data. Our preferred model specification yields that only about one-third of the surplus generated in trust funds gets saved by the government.
Teacher work environments are toddler learning environments: teacher professional well-being, classroom emotional support, and toddlers’ emotional expressions and behaviours

ABSTRACTThe current study examines the professional well-being of teachers, the classroom emotional support, and the emotional experiences of toddlers in their care. Professional well-being of teachers is conceptualized to include teacher feelings about their work, autonomy in decision-making, actual wages, and perceptions of fairness of wages within the programme as well as within the early childhood profession at large. The study empirically supports relationships among teacher professional well-being, classroom emotional support, and the emotional expressions and behaviours of toddlers. Early childhood policy implications regarding teacher professional well-being and toddler classroom emotional environments are discussed.
Clostridium difficile environmental contamination within a clinical laundry facility in the USA.

Clostridium difficile is both a hospital and community acquired pathogen. The current study determined if C. difficile could be cultured from clinical laundry facility surfaces. A total of 240 surface samples were collected from dirty areas (n = 120), which handle soiled clinical linens, and from clean areas (n = 120), which process and fold the clean linens, within the University of Washington Consolidated Laundry facility in 2015. Sampling was done four times over the course of one year. The dirty area was significantly more contaminated than the clean area (21% vs 2%, p <0.001). C. difficile isolates were genetically characterized using multilocus sequence typing and PCR for the detection of genes encoding toxin A and toxin B. The MLST types 1, 2, 3, 15, 26, 34, 35, 39, 42, 43, 44, 53, 63 and 284 were identified and have previously been found in both clinical and community settings. Toxin positive isolates were identified in both the dirty (n = 16/25) and clean areas (n = 2/2). Seasonal variation was observed with 40% of the 27 isolates cultured in April 2015. The study suggests that soiled clinical linens may be a source of C. difficile surface contamination.
Destabilization of Human Serum Albumin by Ionic Liquids Studied Using Enhanced Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

Ionic liquid (IL) containing solvents can change the structure, dynamics, function, and stability of proteins. In order to investigate the mechanisms by which ILs induce structural changes in a large multidomain protein, we study the interactions of human serum albumin (HSA) with two different ILs, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate and choline dihydrogen phosphate. Root mean square deviation and fluctuation calculations indicate that high concentrations of ILs in mixtures with water lead to protein structures that remain close to their crystallographic structures on time scales of hundreds of nanoseconds. To overcome potential time scale limitations due to the high viscosity of the solvent, we employed enhanced sampling techniques to estimate the free energy of an experimentally determined important transition within the protein structure. Metadynamics simulations show that the free energy landscape of the unfolding of loop 1 of domain I is different in the presence of ILs than it is in water,...
Codeon: On-Demand Software Development Assistance

Software developers rely on support from a variety of resources---including other developers---but the coordination cost of finding another developer with relevant experience, explaining the context of the problem, composing a specific help request, and providing access to relevant code is prohibitively high for all but the largest of tasks. Existing technologies for synchronous communication (e.g. voice chat) have high scheduling costs, and asynchronous communication tools (e.g. forums) require developers to carefully describe their code context to yield useful responses. This paper introduces Codeon, a system that enables more effective task hand-off between end-user developers and remote helpers by allowing asynchronous responses to on-demand requests. With Codeon, developers can request help by speaking their requests aloud within the context of their IDE. Codeon automatically captures the relevant code context and allows remote helpers to respond with high-level descriptions, code annotations, code snippets, and natural language explanations. Developers can then immediately view and integrate these responses into their code. In this paper, we describe Codeon, the studies that guided its design, and our evaluation that its effectiveness as a support tool. In our evaluation, developers using Codeon completed nearly twice as many tasks as those who used state-of-the-art synchronous video and code sharing tools, by reducing the coordination costs of seeking assistance from other developers.
Kitchens and Rivers: Metaphors for America

This article explains metaphors of American identity that emphasize the dynamic and fluid nature of American personal and cultural identities. It emphasizes how individuals and groups change and interact and grow and change in the context of American cultural dynamics. It critiques static metaphors such as mosaics that turn identities into unchanging and controlled dimensions.
Yeah yeah yeah: The sixties screamscape of Beatlemania

The screams of Beatlemania are well known and, when listening to or watching the Beatles live, impossible to ignore. Still, screams are too often dismissed as pure noise. In this article, I explore the “screamscape” of Beatlemania in context and consider the importance of the behaviors, attachments, and meanings associated with Beatle fandom among women in the 1960s. The screaming of fandom was a site of release, joy, and rebellion, especially when individual fandom was enacted in public—at concerts, on street corners, outside hotel rooms, and waiting at airports—and Beatlemania became a broad cultural current. Individually and collectively, these screams made up an important part of the soundscape of the 1960s, giving voice to young people, music fans, and women, and representing an early iteration of cultural rebellion and challenges to the confines of gender in a decade that would come to be defined by both. In listening to these screams and voices, I seek to locate the importance of popular music in young women's lives during Beatlemania and the significance of their fandom in American culture more broadly, placing both as integral to the history of the 1960s.
SG2-Type R2R3-MYB Transcription Factor MYB15 Controls Defense-Induced Lignification and Basal Immunity in Arabidopsis

Lignification of cell wall appositions is a conserved basal defense mechanism in the plant innate immune response. However, the genetic pathway controlling defense-induced lignification remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate the Arabidopsis thaliana SG2-type R2R3-MYB transcription factor MYB15 as a regulator of defense-induced lignification and basal immunity. Loss of MYB15 reduces the content but not the composition of defense-induced lignin, whereas constitutive expression of MYB15 increases lignin content independently of immune activation. Comparative transcriptional and metabolomics analyses implicate MYB15 as necessary for the defense-induced synthesis of guaiacyl lignin and the basal synthesis of the coumarin metabolite scopoletin. MYB15 directly binds to the secondary wall MYB-responsive element consensus sequence, which encompasses the AC elements, to drive lignification. The myb15 and lignin biosynthetic mutants show increased susceptibility to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, consistent with defense-induced lignin having a major role in basal immunity. A scopoletin biosynthetic mutant also shows increased susceptibility independently of immune activation, consistent with a role in preformed defense. Our results support a role for phenylalanine-derived small molecules in preformed and inducible Arabidopsis defense, a role previously dominated by tryptophan-derived small molecules. Understanding the regulatory network linking lignin biosynthesis to plant growth and defense will help lignin engineering efforts to improve the production of biofuels and aromatic industrial products as well as increase disease resistance in energy and agricultural crops.
Influence of brand relationship on customer attitude toward integrated resort brands: a cognitive, affective, and conative perspective

ABSTRACTDespite the significance of understanding customer behavior in the integrated resort setting, only limited research has been conducted on this topic. Thus, this study aims to identify and a...
Race–Crime Congruency Effects Revisited: Do We Take Defendants' Sexual Orientation Into Account?:

Decades ago, social psychologists documented a juror decision-making bias called the race–crime congruency effect: a tendency to condemn Black men more than White men for stereotypically Black crimes but to do the reverse for stereotypically White crimes. We conducted two high-powered experiments (N = 2,520) to see whether this pattern replicates and to examine whether it is attenuated when the defendant is gay. When participants reported on what the average American juror would do (Experiment 1), we observed greater harshness toward Black defendants accused of stereotypically Black crimes but not the previously documented reversal for stereotypically White crimes. Defendant sexual orientation did not moderate this pattern. When participants reported their own judgments about the same criminal cases (Experiment 2), they expressed greater harshness toward White (vs. Black) defendants and toward heterosexual (vs. gay) defendants. These effects were not moderated by crime type. Implications for the race–crim...
Optical dynamic range compression (Conference Presentation)

Abstract: Optical Dynamic range compression (ODRC) is a new nonlinear signal processing concept that reshapes the dynamic range and signal-to-noise ratio. ODRC improves the detection sensitivity by boosting weak signals over the noise floor, while keeping the full-scale the same. Without requiring an optical receiver that has post-amplification or higher resolution, the detectable range is extended. For signals whose amplitude distribution is centered at a low value, ODRC effectively reduces the quantization error by assigning more quantization levels to weak signals, reducing the total number of bits to digitize. In amplifiers cascade, a low-noise ODRC serving as the pre-amplifier would relax the noise figure and linear range requirements of the second amplifier.
Deletion of PimE mannosyltransferase results in increased copper sensitivity in Mycobacterium smegmatis

The unique cell envelope structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is fundamental to its pathogenesis. Phosphatidylinositol (PI)-anchored glycolipids, such as phosphatidylinositol mannosides (PIMs), lipomannan and lipoarabinomannan, are essential components of the cell envelope widely conserved among mycobacteria, but their roles in the cell envelope integrity are not fully understood. We previously identified PimE in Mycobacterium smegmatis, a nonpathogenic model organism, as a mannosyltransferase that catalyzes the fifth mannose transfer for the biosynthesis of hexamannosyl PIMs. Our analyses, reported here, further demonstrate that the growth of the pimE deletion mutant (ΔpimE) is defective in the presence of copper. We first found that the small colony phenotype of ΔpimE on a solid Middlebrook 7H10 agar surface was alleviated when grown on M63 agar. Comparative analysis of the two media led us to identify copper in Middlebrook 7H10 as the cause of growth retardation seen in ΔpimE. We further demonstrated that ΔpimE is sensitized to several antibiotics, but the increased sensitivities were independent of the presence of copper. We conclude that the deletion of the pimE gene does not cause growth defects under optimal growth conditions, but makes the cell envelope vulnerable to toxic compounds such as copper and antibiotics.
Using unsupervised classification techniques and the hypsometric index to identify anthropogenic landscapes throughout American Samoa

Aerial LiDAR data offers a valuable tool in locating ancient anthropogenic landscapes around the world. This technology is particularly ideal in places where thick vegetation obscures the ground surface, reducing the utility of satellite imagery. On the islands of American Samoa, many interior anthropogenic landscapes remain unsurveyed, largely because the terrain makes it difficult and there is only general knowledge of where the anthropogenic modification may have existed. Aerial LiDAR flown in 2012 is proving to be a valuable tool in locating these prehistoric anthropogenic areas, yet improvements can be made on the methodology. This paper provides an unsupervised classification method to identify anthropogenic landscapes based on slope and hypsometric index: a topographic measure of roughness. Areas of American Samoa with known anthropogenic modifications were used to develop the classification techniques, which were then extended to areas where anthropogenic landscapes are undocumented and unexplored. The findings presented here suggest that interior anthropogenic patterns may be strongly dependent on island topography.
Structural role of ZrO 2 and its impact on properties of boroaluminosilicate nuclear waste glasses

Addition of zirconia (ZrO2) to nuclear waste glasses, even in small amount, significantly affects physical properties such as chemical durability, density, viscosity, and glass transition temperature. Hence ZrO2 plays an important role in the development of nuclear waste glass compositions. It was found recently that addition of zirconia decreases the initial dissolution rate but increases long-term dissolution by changing the protective properties such as porosity of alteration layers. In this study, the International Simple Glass (ISG) with different amounts of ZrO2/SiO2 substitution was simulated using classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and recently developed composition-dependent potential sets. Local structural descriptors such as bond distances, bond angle distributions, and coordination numbers were systematically studied and compared with experimental values. Zr K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectra were also calculated and compared with experiment to resolve the local coordination environment around Zr. Medium-range structural information (e.g., Qn distribution, network connectivity, and ring-size distribution) showed that ZrO2/SiO2 substitution increases the overall network connectivity and the amount of smaller sized rings, which will decrease the initial dissolution rate by strengthening the glass network and limiting water diffusivity. Finally, diffusion and dynamic properties of the ions were studied and discussed to develop a better understanding of the chemical durability of these glasses. Molecular dynamics simulations have been used to study how ZrO2/SiO2 substitution affects the structure and properties of International Simplified Glass (ISG). ISG is a model material used to understand the dissolution and corrosion mechanisms of borosilicate glasses, which are used to store radioactive waste. Adding ZrO2 to such nuclear waste glasses is known to significantly affect their properties, such as density, viscosity and importantly chemical durability, however understanding its effects on structure has been hindered by experimental difficulties. Now, Jincheng Du from the University of North Texas and co-workers have used molecular dynamics simulations to interrogate how the substitution of SiO2 with ZrO2 alters ISG structure. They found that it increases glass-network connectivity and the number of small ring structures, which will decrease initial dissolution rate by strengthening the glass network and reducing water diffusivity.
Edge Caching for Directory Based Web Applications

In this paper, a dynamic content caching framework is proposed for deploying directory based applications at the edge of the network, closer to the client. The framework consists of a Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) directory cache and the offloaded application running at a proxy. The LDAP directory cache is an enhanced LDAP proxy server which stores results and semantic information for search requests (queries) and answers incoming queries which are semantically contained in them. A simplified query containment approach based on the concept of LDAP templates is proposed. Caching algorithms have been proposed which take advantage of referential locality in the access pattern. A generic framework is used to offload the application at the edge and to support prefetching of LDAP queries based on application logic. A real enterprise directory application and real workloads are used to evaluate performance of the caching algorithms. The LDAP directory cache architecture, along with the proposed algorithms can be used to improve performance and scalability of directory based services
Exocrine and Endocrine Relations in Chronic Pancreatitis

During embryogenesis the pancreas arises as ventral and dorsal buds from the distal foregut in the fourth week of fetal life. The cells which bud off from the foregut differentiate to form the endocrine and exocrine pancreas. After birth, in the pancreas of humans and other mammals, the endocrine islets are scattered among the exocrine acini. Morphological studies reveal both cell-to-cell contact between these two types of tissue and direct connections between the capillaries of the islets and the acini (Henderson and Daniel 1978; Bonner-Weir and Orci 1982). These morphological arrangements reflect a regulatory role of islet hormones in the function of the exocrine pancreas and vice versa. Among the pancreatic hormones, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide inhibit pancreatic exocrine secretion. Insulin, on the other hand, potentiates the stimulatory effect of cholecystokinin (CCK) on exocrine pancreatic secretion. In addition, exocrine pancreatic secretion also influences pancreatic hormone release through the enteropancreatic axis.
Conscious or Nonconscious Feigning of Deficits

The issue of conscious (voluntary) or nonconscious (involuntary) exaggeration or feigning of cognitive deficits on neuropsychological testing has not received much formal attention in the literature, despite its importance for clinical practice. The credibility of neuropsychology within the legal arena hinges on the ability to accurately detect the presence of actual brain dysfunction. In addition, appropriate treatment is contingent on accurate discrimination of actual brain compromise versus functional disorder.
Archaeotourism, Archaeological Site Preservation, and Local Communities

As the popularity of heritage tourism and archaeotourism grows, archaeologists and site managers have to consider the behavior and needs of tourists and tour operators when making decisions about how a site should be preserved and presented. As tourism and archaeology draw closer together, several issues need to be considered. These include assessing how tourism will impact the archaeological site and affect research decisions, determining who controls the development of the site for tourism and who will benefit from the results, and, of critical importance, the issue of how local communities will be engaged with the process. The Archaeological Institute of America (AIA) has been involved with this issue on several fronts. In 2009, the AIA in collaboration with the Adventure Travel Trade Association (ATTA) created a set of guidelines both for people interested in organizing tours to archaeological sites and for those interested in visiting sites. The ATTA, a membership organization for companies in the travel trade industry, makes the guidelines available to its more than 1000 members, and the AIA requires all participants in AIA tours to receive a copy of the guidelines. In addition to creating the guidelines, the AIA through its Site Preservation Program works with organizations and projects around the world that are considering opening archaeological sites to tourism, training local community members as site stewards and tour guides, and providing education and outreach to both local communities and visitors. In this chapter, the authors discuss the issues and ideas that have emerged from these efforts and present a series of models and practices that are being employed at archaeological sites around the world.
Total and out-of-pocket costs of different primary management strategies in ovarian cancer.

6602Background: Communicating healthcare costs to pts is an important component of delivering high-quality value-based care, yet cost data are lacking. This is especially relevant for epithelial ov...
Opioid Prescribing Habits of General Versus Pediatric Surgeons After Uncomplicated Laparoscopic Appendectomy.

Abstract Background Adolescents who use prescription opioids have an increased risk for future drug abuse and overdose, making them a high-risk population. Appendectomy is one of the most common surgical procedures in this age group, often requires opioid analgesia, and is performed by both pediatric and general surgeons. Prescription patterns comparing these two provider groups have not yet been evaluated; we hypothesize that general surgery providers prescribe more opioids for adolescent and young adult patients than do pediatric surgery providers. Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted across a single health system consisting of four hospitals. All uncomplicated laparoscopic appendectomies performed between January 1, 2016 and August 14, 2017 on patients aged 7-20 were included for analysis. Any case coded for multiple procedures, identified as converted to open, or had a length of stay >48 h were excluded. The primary outcome measure was amount of opioid prescribed postoperatively. To standardize different formulations and types of analgesia prescribed, prescriptions were converted into oral morphine equivalents (OMEs). For reference, one 5 mg pill of oxycodone equals 7.5 OME. Linear regression was performed controlling for patient weight, gender, race, insurance status, provider type (pediatric versus general surgery), and provider level (resident, advanced practice provider, and attending). Results A total of 336 pediatric laparoscopic appendectomies were analyzed, 148 by general surgeons and 188 by pediatric surgeons. Pediatric surgeons prescribed less opioid than general surgeons overall (59 OME versus 90 OME, P Conclusions After an uncomplicated laparoscopic appendectomy, general surgeons prescribe significantly more opioid to adolescent patients than do pediatric surgeons, even when controlling for age and weight. One substantial and modifiable contributor of the opioid epidemic is the amount of opioid prescribed. The variability of prescribing habits to adolescents and young adults demonstrates a clear need for increased education and guidelines on this topic, especially for surgeons who do not frequently treat the younger and more vulnerable population.
The Higher Education Funding Revolution: An Exploration of Statewide Community College “Free Tuition” Programs

ABSTRACTThis article examines the current literature and state legislation of statewide free tuition promise programs. The purpose of this paper was to analyze state free community college programs...
Precision medicine and the cursed dimensions.

Our intuition regarding “average” is rooted in one-dimensional thinking, such as the distribution of height across a population. This intuition breaks down in higher dimensions when multiple measurements are combined: fewer individuals are close to average for many measurements simultaneously than for any single measurement alone. This phenomenon is known as the curse of dimensionality. In medicine, diagnostic sophistication generally increases through the addition of more predictive factors. Disease classes themselves become more dissimilar as a result, increasing the difficulty of incorporating (i.e., averaging) multiple patients into a single class for guiding treatment of new patients. Failure to consider the curse of dimensionality will ultimately lead to inherent limits on the degree to which precision medicine can extend the advances of evidence-based medicine for selecting suitable treatments. One strategy to compensate for the curse of dimensionality involves incorporating predictive observation models into the patient workup.
Recent Advancements in Gene and Stem Cell-Based Treatment Modalities: Potential Implications in Noise-Induced Hearing Loss

Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) poses a significant burden on not only the economics of health care but also the quality of life of an individual, as we approach an unprecedented age of longevity. In this article, we will delineate the current landscape of management of NIHL. We discuss the most recent results from in vitro and in vivo studies that determine the effectiveness of established pharmacotherapy such as corticosteroid and potential emerging therapies like N-acetyl cysteine and neurotrophins (NTs), as well as highlight ongoing clinical trials for these therapeutic agents. We present an overview of how the recent advancements in the field of gene-based and stem cell-based therapies can help in developing effective therapeutic strategies for NIHL. Gene-based therapies have shown exciting results demonstrating cochlear cellular regeneration using Atoh1, NRF2 as well as NT gene therapy employing viral vectors. In addition, we will discuss the recent advancements in genome-editing technologies, such as CRISPR/Cas9, and its potential role in NIHL therapy. We will further discuss the current state of stem cell therapy as it pertains to treating neurodegenerative conditions including NIHL. Embryonic stem cells, adult-derived stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells all represent an enticing reservoir of replacing damaged cells as a result of NIHL. Finally, we will discuss the barriers that need to be overcome to translate these promising treatment modalities to the clinical practice in pursuit of improving quality of life of patients having NIHL. Anat Rec, 303:516-526, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.
The Penalties For Self-Reporting Sexual Harassment:

Although sexual harassment in the workplace is illegal, it often goes unreported. This study employs causal evidence to evaluate one deterrent to reporting: bias against women known to be sexual ha...
Management of Bacterial Infectious Complications in Cancer Patients

Serious bacterial infections occur frequently in patients with cancer, both as a result of their underlying disease and its treatment. Several factors increase the risk of bacterial infections, the foremost of which is neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count [ANC] ≤500 cells/mm3). Neutropenia, however, seldom occurs alone, but is often superimposed on other risk factors, such as impaired humoral or cellular immunity, the presence of foreign medical devices, surgery, radiation, and poor nutrition. Other factors that influence the frequency and spectrum of bacterial infection include the use of antimicrobial prophylaxis, the intensity and nature of chemotherapy, and local institutional epidemiology. This chapter will focus on the management of bacterial infections in cancer patients, including infection prevention, treatment, infection control, and antimicrobial stewardship.
HF Radar Measurements of Wave Spectral Development

Measurements are reported of ocean spectral wave growth rates parametric in wave frequency and azimuth using measurements of first-order Bragg lines of HF radar Doppler spectra. Preliminary analysis indicates that: (1) growth rates versus angle show the same narrow shape that the directional spectra did, between cosine 16th to 32nd about the wave direction; (2) magnitudes were slightly larger than those by Stewart and Teague (1980) and were in the range predicted by the wave-wave interaction contribution as reported in the JONSWAP results (Hasselmann et al, 1973); (3) the wave growth rate did not approach zero as the ratio of wind speed to phase velocity, U/c, approached 1, as did the atmospheric contribution measured by Snyder et al. (1981), implying a wave-wave interaction contribution; (4) a pronounced overshoot in time was observed for values of U/c greater than 1, with weak overshoot for this ratio less than 1. For wave frequencies in the region of UJc nearly equal to 1, the exponential growth period had finished and a steady- state level was reached before the data collection had begun.
Endpoint estimates for one-dimensional oscillatory integral operators

Abstract The one-dimensional oscillatory integral operator associated to a real analytic phase S is given by T λ f ( x ) = ∫ − ∞ ∞ e i λ S ( x , y ) χ ( x , y ) f ( y ) d y . In their fundamental work, Phong and Stein established sharp L 2 estimates for T λ . The goal of this paper is to extend their results to all endpoints. In particular, we obtain a complete characterization for the mapping properties for T λ on L p ( R ) . More precisely, we show that ‖ T λ f ‖ p ≲ | λ | − α ‖ f ‖ p holds for some α > 0 if and only if ( 1 α p , 1 α p ′ ) lies in the reduced Newton polygon of S .
Academic Harms of Missing High School and the Accuracy of Current Policy Thresholds: Analysis of Preregistered Administrative Data From a California School District:

Currently, the state of California has dedicated much focus to reducing absenteeism in schools through the In School + On Track initiative, which revitalizes efforts made to keep accurate and infor...
Economic status cues from clothes affect perceived competence from faces.

Impressions of competence from faces predict important real-world outcomes, including electoral success and chief executive officer selection. Presumed competence is associated with social status. Here we show that subtle economic status cues in clothes affect perceived competence from faces. In nine studies, people rated the competence of faces presented in frontal headshots. Faces were shown with different upper-body clothing rated by independent judges as looking ‘richer’ or ‘poorer’, although not notably perceived as such when explicitly described. The same face when seen with ‘richer’ clothes was judged significantly more competent than with ‘poorer’ clothes. The effect persisted even when perceivers were exposed to the stimuli briefly (129 ms), warned that clothing cues are non-informative and instructed to ignore the clothes (in one study, with considerable incentives). These findings demonstrate the uncontrollable effect of economic status cues on person perception. They add yet another hurdle to the challenges faced by low-status individuals. Subtle economic status cues from clothes affect perceived competence from faces even when perceivers are warned that such cues are non-informative or are instructed and incentivized to ignore them. This bias puts low-income individuals at a disadvantage.
Practical Considerations for Resonant Near Field Wireless Power Transfer over Common Ground

Wireless power transfer (WPT) schemes need to be both efficient and practical. When the receiver is hovering close to the charging region the alignment requirements for high efficiency should not be so stringent that a practical system cannot be built. Experimental results for the basic scheme show that when two identical helical antennas are placed on opposite sides of a ground plane strong coupling is possible in the near field when the axes of the antennas are aligned. Starting with these experimental findings this paper explores, through simulation and analysis, a range of important variations of the basic scheme that allow efficient and practical power transfer.
RHEOLOGY OF DILUTE POLYMER SOLUTIONS IN POROUS MEDIA

Dilute solutions of high molecular weight linear polymers are shown to exhibit Newtonian behavior in capillary tube flow but to be highly non-Newtonian in that they offer a very high resistance to flow through different types of porous media. Measurements with solutions in different viscosity solvents showed that the minimum flow rate at which the observations departed significantly from Newtonian behavior was inversely proportional to the product of the solvent viscosity and the intrinsic viscosity. These results are in agreement with recent microrheological considerations that predict that the minimum elongation rate required to produce appreciable uncoiling of flexible macromolecules is also inversely proportional to the solvent viscosity and intrinsic viscosity.
On $k$-Ordered Bipartite Graphs

In 1997, Ng and Schultz introduced the idea of cycle orderability. For a positive integer k, a graph G is k-ordered if for every ordered sequence of k vertices, there is a cycle that encounters the vertices of the sequence in the given order. If the cycle is also a hamiltonian cycle, then G is said to be k-ordered hamiltonian. We give minimum degree conditions and sum of degree conditions for nonadjacent vertices that imply a balanced bipartite graph to be k-ordered hamiltonian. For example, let G be a balanced bipartite graph on 2n vertices, n suciently large. We show that for any positive integer k, if the minimum degree of G is at least (2n+k 1)/4, then G is k-ordered hamiltonian.
Comprehensive Treatment of Depression: As Simple as the A-B-C’S

The treatment of depression can become complicated because of the mix of symptoms and the range of interventions that are available. Furthermore, treatment works best when adapted to the unique needs of each client. A simple A-B-C’S framework can help therapists address several key domains that are relevant to the treatment of most depressed clients. Acceptance refers to the process whereby a therapist helps clients to understand and accept their emotional reactions, learning how to express negative emotions in a more constructive manner. Behavioral activation involves the use of structured activities to help clients make specific changes in their daily routine. Cognitive restructuring confronts the negative attitudes and pessimistic expectations that often underlie depressed moods. Social involvement refers to the process whereby the client examines social interactions and interpersonal reactions. Together, the A-B-C’S framework can help to ensure that therapists address several core domains that are relevant to most depressed clients.
Securing the Airway in Maxillofacial Trauma Patients: A Systematic Review of Techniques.

Study Design:The present study is a systematic review of the literature.Objective:The goal of this study is to review our experience and the current literature on airway management techniques in ma...