cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Why do Libertarians Love Proportionate Taxation? The Case of David Gauthier's 'Morals by Agreement'

This article examines one standard libertarian defense of proportionate taxation: that it is the obvious means to achieve a fair division of the social surplus generated by social cooperation. Focusing on the version of the argument developed in David Gauthier's Morals by Agreement, the article concludes that rather than leading to proportionate taxation, Gauthier's complicated formula for dividing social surplus (a variant of the Nash bargaining solution) at first cut leads to a tax scheme even more regressive than a head tax. Gauthier appears to conclude otherwise because he gets the implications of declining marginal utility of income for Nash-type bargaining solutions exactly backwards. Rather than implying that the poor will hold out for a greater relative share of the gain, the declining marginal utility of income implies that the poor will concede a greater relative share. The foregoing argument presumes that the only task of the social planner is to justly apportion the tax costs of running the state, against a background distribution of assets itself presumed to be just. When one takes into account the need, implicit in Gauthier's system, to use the tax system to correct the maldistribution of surplus value inherent in market prices, it becomes clear that Gauthier's scheme could imply almost any tax rate structure, from a steeply regressive one to (more plausibly) a steeply progressive one. In light of the difficulty of deriving proportionate taxation from Gauthier's premises, the article concludes that Gauthier's attraction to proportionality seems to be driven less by his premises than by the conclusion itself. Gauthier is hardly alone in this respect. Proportionate taxation seems to exert a strong, almost universal, pull on the libertarian imagination that resists logical explanation.
Efficient crossover designs for comparing test treatments with a control treatment when p=3

Efficient crossover designs for comparing t test treatments to one control treatment with three periods is considered. Through this investigation and the characterization obtained for the A-optimal/efficient designs in the nearly entire class, the efficiency of a given design is evaluated and guidance for constructing highly efficient designs is provided.
The role of verification in software reusability

This thesis introduces mechanisms for mathematically specifying, efficiently implementing, and formally verifying hierarchically built, generic software components appropriate for reuse in a multiplicity of settings. The development is based on the belief that software components will be reused only when they exhibit certain critical characteristics: easy comprehensibility, appropriate functionality, adequate flexibility, and certified correctness. Current programming languages, such as Ada, do not include adequate mechanisms to achieve these goals, so the thesis develops an appropriate language for reusable software. This language provides syntactic slots for the formal specifications which are necessary to support the comprehensibility, maintainability and correctness goals. It also allows for multiple realizations of the same conceptual object when different performance characteristics are needed in various parts of a program, thereby supporting the efficiency goal. These new features mean that existing program verification technology must be upgraded, and so this thesis presents rules to accommodate correctness proofs for programs, particularly multilayered hierarchical ones, written in this newly prescribed style. As proof of concept for this approach, this work introduces a useful new data structure, the Nested List, which can be used in structured editors, formula manipulation systems, etc. The realization for this data structure uses stacks of stacks, and poses an interesting verification challenge. Moreover, establishing the formal correspondence between the conceptualization and realization of this data structure requires the use of adjunct variables, and this leads to the observation that, for soundness, even as a partial correctness system, all manipulations of adjunct variables must be proven to terminate. Accordingly, this thesis presents, in addition to the module proof rules, total correctness rules for while loops and recursive procedures, and also establishes their soundness and relative completeness. This makes it possible to apply the proof system in either a partial or a total correctness mode. This work is intended to constitute part of a system called REFORMS; Reusable, Efficient, FORmally specified and verified, Modular System.
Group discussion improves lie detection

Groups of individuals can sometimes make more accurate judgments than the average individual could make alone. We tested whether this group advantage extends to lie detection, an exceptionally challenging judgment with accuracy rates rarely exceeding chance. In four experiments, we find that groups are consistently more accurate than individuals in distinguishing truths from lies, an effect that comes primarily from an increased ability to correctly identify when a person is lying. These experiments demonstrate that the group advantage in lie detection comes through the process of group discussion, and is not a product of aggregating individual opinions (a “wisdom-of-crowds” effect) or of altering response biases (such as reducing the “truth bias”). Interventions to improve lie detection typically focus on improving individual judgment, a costly and generally ineffective endeavor. Our findings suggest a cheap and simple synergistic approach of enabling group discussion before rendering a judgment.
Differences in male and female cognitive abilities: Sexual selection or division of labor?

In Darwinian terminology, “sexual selection” refers to purely reproductive competition and is conceptually distinct from natural selection as it affects reproduction generally. As natural selection may favor the evolution of sexual dimorphism by virtue of the division of labor between males and females, this possibility needs to be taken very seriously.
Characterization of a flowering cherry strain of Cherry necrotic rusty mottle virus

The host range and complete nucleotide sequences of two Cherry necrotic rusty mottle virus (CNRMV) isolates (FC4 and FC5) infecting flowering cherry accessions imported from Japan are described. Of the plants tested, cherry, peach, apricot and almond became infected, but only sweet cherry cv. ‘Canindex’, Nanking cherry and apricot cv. ‘Tilton’ showed a mild foliar mottle. The genomic sequences of CNRMV-FC4 and CNRMV-FC5 are 8,430 and 8,429 nt in length, excluding the 3′ poly (A) tail. They contain seven open reading frames encoding for a putative virus replicase, “triple gene block” proteins, a coat protein and two proteins with unknown functions. The two CNRMV-FC isolates share 96% identity in the genomic sequences, and their genome organizations are virtually identical to that of a German CNRMV isolate (CNRMV-GER). However, they differ from CNRMV-GER by 14% in the overall nucleotide sequence and 2% (ORF2) to 30% (ORF5a) in the derived amino acid sequences of individual gene products.
How to tell quark jets from gluon jets.

A method to distinguish between light-quark jets and gluon jets in a calorimeter detector is presented. The method could be used to refine the experimental test of QCD based on the single-jet cross section, by comparing the quark and gluon contributions separately. It could also be used to enhance the signal/background ratio in searching for the top quark in {ital W}{sup {plus minus}}+jets channels. Optimistically, it might even make it possible to observe the hadronic decays {ital W}{sup {plus minus}}{r arrow}{ital jj} and {ital Z}{sup 0}{r arrow}{ital jj}, which would allow the {ital W} and {ital Z} masses to be used as benchmarks for calibrating the calorimeter, and perhaps even provide a useful measurement of {ital M}{sub {ital W}}/{ital M}{sub {ital Z}}. The method has been developed using Monte Carlo simulations of jet events. Ways to compare it with experiment are discussed. The comparison would provide an important test for QCD shower simulation models.
Localization of mRNA for the oncotrophoblastic protein oncomodulin during implantation and early placentation in the rat.

Abstract The mRNA for the oncodevelopmental calcium-binding protein oncomodulin (MW 11700) has been detected in tissues of the rat conceptus by in situ hybridization using biotinylated RNA probes. Oncomodulin mRNA was detected in the basal zone and labyrinth of rat placenta, following a similar distribution to that shown for oncomodulin by immunohistochemistry. Oncomodulin mRNA was also detected in rat ectoplacental cone at ten days and in amnion and PYS, but not VYS from 11 i days onward. Previously oncomodulin was not detected embryonically from day 14 to birth, but in the present study of oncomodulin mRNA and protein, both were detected in implantation stages from blastula through egg cylinder. Staining was also present on decidual tissue. The suggestion is made that the oncomodulin gene is initially active in all cell types, but later its activity is confined to extraembryonic tissues.
Regional anesthesia and analgesia in critically ill patients: a systematic review.

Abstract Regional anesthesia has become invaluable for the treatment of pain during and after a wide range of surgical procedures. However, its benefits in the nonsurgical setting have been less well studied. Regional anesthesia is an appealing modality for critically ill patients, providing focused and sustained pain control with beneficial systemic effect profiles. Indications for regional anesthesia in this patient group are not limited to surgical and postsurgical analgesia but expand to the management of trauma-related issues, medical conditions, and painful procedures at the bedside. Patients in the critical care unit present special challenges to the regional anesthesiologist, including coagulopathies, infections, immunocompromised states, sedation- and ventilation-associated problems, and factors potentially increasing the risk for systemic toxicity. This review is intended to evaluate the role of regional anesthesia in critically ill patients, to discuss potential benefits, and to provide a summary of the published evidence on the subject.
The effects of four commonly used drugs on platelet function

A number of commonly used drugs have been reported to interfere with platelet function. Because of our clinical impression that some of these drugs do not influence the incidence or the severity of hemorrhage in hemophilic or thrombocytopenic patients, we studied the effects of a number of them on platelet aggregation and the Ivy bleeding time. Four of five subjects who received aspirin had prolonged bleeding times and all five had abnormal platelet aggregation one and 24 hours after drug ingestion. Bleeding times and platelet aggregation remained normal in subjects receiving diphenhydramine (Benadryl), triprolidine-pseudoephedrine (Actifed), or glyceryl guaiacolate.
Synthesis and fluorescent characteristics of imidazole–indocyanine green conjugates

Abstract We have successfully synthesized imidazole-dye conjugates by linking imidazole and nitroimidazoleacetic acids to an indocyanine green (ICG) carboxylic acid derivative, using an ethanolamine linker. These dye-conjugates show absorbance peaks at 754–756 nm and fluorescence peaks at 780 nm. The dye-conjugates show a blue shift of 25 nm and 30 nm in the absorption and fluorescence spectra respectively when compared to that of standard cardiogreen. There is no change in absorption and fluorescence spectral profiles between the ICG derivative and imidazole conjugates. The extinction coefficients of new ICG derivative and imidazole conjugates are 1.8 times higher than that of standard ICG. The relative quantum yields of the new compounds are 4.5–5.5 times higher than that of the Sigma–Aldrich’s ICG. The dyes are tested for hypoxia in-vitro with 4T1 luc cell lines and it is found that the cells treated with 2-nitroimidazole ICG show a contrast of fluorescence signal of 2.5–3.0 for the cells under hypoxic to that of cells under normoxic. However pure ICG shows no significant difference between hypoxic and normoxic cells.
Sensory interaction: evoked potential observations in man.

Polysensory averaged evoked potentials were evaluated as a function of the interval between a flash and a click which followed it at intervals ranging from 20—120 msec. This was done in two experimental series in each of which the subject's task was to respond manually to the flash. One of these required a choice reaction, namely, withholding of motor response when click was occasionally presented alone.
Minimizing the Aggregation of Neutral Insulin Solutions

Various solution additives affect the solubility and macroaggregation of insulin in buffered aqueous solutions at physiological pH. The solubility of insulin may be improved with the addition of small amounts of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), lysine, Tris buffer, or bicarbonate buffer. In addition, the propensity of dissolved insulin to reaggregate and precipitate may be inhibited by such additives. Buffered physiological (pH 7.4) saline solutions containing 0.001-0.003 M lysine in the presence of 0.005 M EDTA or 0.01 M lysine in the absence of EDTA improve insulin solubility and are effective in minimizing aggregation. Solutions thus prepared may be suitable for application in intravenous insulin infusion devices and may be useful commercial insulin preparations.
White matter injury in the preterm infant: an important determination of abnormal neurodevelopment outcome

Periventricular white matter injury, specifically cystic periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) and ipsilateral hemorrhage into white matter associated with periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage (PV-IVH), contribute significantly to neonatal mortality and long-term neurodevelopmental deficits in the premature infant. The first lesion PVL occurs in approximately 3-4% of infants of birth weight (BW) < 1500 grams. It manifests either as a focal or diffuse lesion within white matter. Although the pathogenesis of PVL is complex and likely multifactorial, principle contributors include vascular factors which markedly increase the risk for ischemia during periods of systemic hypotension and the intrinsic vulnerability of the oligodendrocyte to neurotoxic factors such as free radicals or cytokines. Clinical associations with PVL include a history of chorioamnionitis, prolonged rupture of membranes, asphyxia, sepsis, hypocarbia, etc. The vast majority of infants exhibit long-term neurodevelopmental deficits that affect motor, cognitive and visual function. The second lesion, the ipsilateral hemorrhage into white matter lesion associated with PV-IVH, occurs in approximately 10-15% of infants of BW < 1000 grams. The white matter injury appears to be a venous infarction with hemorrhage occurring as a secondary phenomenon. Prevention of this lesion has to include prevention of the associated PV-IVH. In this regard, the antenatal administration of glucocorticoids has been associated with a significant reduction in the sonographic incidence of severe IVH and the associated white matter involvement. The postnatal administration of indomethacin to high risk infants appears to hold the most promise at the current time in preventing this lesion. The neurodevelopmental outcome with extensive white matter injury is universally poor, affecting long-term motor and cognitive deficits; the long-term outcome is more favorable with lesser involvement. A clearer understanding of pathogenesis of both conditions is essential so as to provide targeted preventative strategies.
Two-Year Outcomes for Medicaid Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: a Case-Control Study

Millions of patients will be added to Medicaid programs throughout the country due to expansion driven by the Affordable Care Act. Since 90 % of state Medicaid programs cover bariatric surgery, the outcomes of Medicaid patients will be important to study. We performed a retrospective analysis to compare outcomes between Medicaid and non-Medicaid bariatric surgery patients over a two-year period. All patients who underwent a laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass at The Ohio State University Medical Center from January 2008–April 2011 were identified. Of these 609 patients, 30 Medicaid patients were identified and compared to 90 randomly selected non-Medicaid patients (1:3 case-control). Preoperative data and postoperative outcome data (weight loss, comorbidity resolution, complications, and mortality) were obtained from electronic medical records. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed to compare categorical and continuous variables. Medicaid patients had a significantly higher average BMI (58.4 vs. 49.5; p < 0.001) and higher rates of comorbidities. Over a 90-day postoperative period, Medicaid patients experienced a higher wound complication rate (20.0 vs. 5.6 %; p = 0.03) and visited the ER more frequently (33.3 vs. 10.0 %; p = 0.007) but had similar rates of medical complications compared to non-Medicaid patients. The Medicaid cohort lost 52.1 % of its excess body weight vs. 64.6 % for the non-Medicaid cohort (p = 0.02) over a two-year period. There were no significant differences in comorbidity resolution, anastomotic complications, or mortality after 2 years of follow-up. Despite being a higher risk cohort, Medicaid patients undergoing laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass had similar long-term outcomes compared to non-Medicaid patients.
Information space receding horizon control

In this paper, we present a receding horizon solution to the problem of optimal sensor scheduling problem. The optimal sensor scheduling problem can be posed as a Partially Observed Markov Decision Process (POMDP) whose solution is given by an Information Space (I-space) Dynamic Programming (DP) problem. We present a simulation based stochastic optimization technique that, combined with a receding horizon approach, obviates the need to solve the computationally intractable I-space DP problem. The technique is tested on a simple sensor scheduling problem where a sensor has to choose among the measurements of N dynamical systems such that the information regarding the aggregate system is maximized over an infinite horizon.
Lyapunov Vector Fields for Autonomous UAV Flight Control 1

General techniques for construct ing vector fields for UAV guidance are provided that incorporate Lyapunov stability properties to produce simple, globally stable vector fields in 3D. Use of these fields in circular loiter patterns is illustrated, along with simple switching algorithms fo r circular loiter vector fields to enable following of arbitrary way point paths or loops. Another variation is also developed, where a simple circular loiter is warped into other shapes, preserving global stability guarantees and accurate path tracking. An example of this technique is provided that produces a “racetrack” loiter pattern, and three different variations in the warping technique are compared. Finally, tracking of the vector field is considered, using Lyapunov techniques to show global stabili ty of heading and path position for several types of tracking control laws that are compatible with low cost UAV avionics.
The relative-reinforcing value of food under differing levels of food deprivation and restriction.

Food deprivation and restriction both increase food consumption. Food deprivation also increases the reinforcing value of food, but it is unknown if food restriction alone or combined with deprivation increases the reinforcing value of food. Forty, normal-weight, college-aged, unrestrained females were randomized to one of four conditions that crossed food deprivation (Dep) and restriction (Res): Dep/Res, Dep/No Res, No Dep/Res, No Dep/No Res. All participants arrived at least 13 h food-deprived, and non-deprived participants consumed at least 365 cal from a drink during the session. Restriction was manipulated by placing snack food in front of participants, without access for 15 min during the session, or having no snack food placed in front of participants. Following the experimental manipulations, participants completed a computer choice task to determine the reinforcing value of food. Repeated measures analysis of variance found a significant main effect of deprivation (p<0.05) and trials (p<0.001) for food points earned. Deprived participants found food to be more reinforcing, and the reinforcing value of food decreased over time. This suggests that while short-term food deprivation increases the relative-reinforcing value of food, short-term food restriction has no effect on the relative-reinforcing value of food in unrestrained eaters.
Fixed Poles in the Complex Angular-Momentum Plane

It is shown that fixed poles in the $l$ plane are forbidden for strong interactions unless there exist moving branch points with very specific properties. A fixed pole with protective cuts is considered as a possible model for diffraction scattering.
Copper Thick Film—A Maturing Technology

Knowledge of critical materials and process parameters necessary to fabricate quality copper thick film multilayer and hybrid circuits is being amassed and distributed throughout the industry via technical reports and presentations. Generally the information being provided in a single report deals with specific segments of the industry or only one or two specific nitrogen fireable materials. In order for hybrid manufacturers to commit themselves to the technology they need to know that sufficient flexibility exists to permit design of complex circuits and accommodate circuit design changes without imposing changes in basic process guidelines and controls. The OEM's concern, which is valid, has been that the investment required for capital equipment and establishing new processes must be fully supported by and provide reasonable return from the technology being initiated. This paper introduces new information on wire bonding in copper thick film circuits and some improvements in nitrogen fireable resistor characteristics and processing. Materials are available to produce a broad range of circuits without varying basic process parameters, and adding wirebonding as an interconnect capability further expands the circuit complexity and density achievable with copper thick films.
“Enlightenment, Advertising, Education, Etc.”: Herbert Bayer the Museum of Modern Art's Road to Victory

“In the beginning was virgin land and America was promises.”2 So began the text panel located in the opening panorama of the photo exhibition Road to Victory: A Procession of Photographs of the Nation at War that the Museum of Modern Art organized in 1942 and circulated between 1943 and 1945. Years before Edward Steichen became curator of photography at MoMA and organized the global blockbuster exhibition The Family of Man, he combed government, press, and corporate archives to select the photographs for Road to Victory, his first curatorial project at the museum. Encircling the opening text were large photographic panels of picturesque landscapes, stern Native Americans, and a few buffalo. The largest panel—of pristine mountain valleys—was sixteen by twelve feet, making the viewer about the same height as the three portraits of Native Americans. Exhibition designer Herbert Bayer, recent Austrian emigre and former Bauhaus master, removed the walls from the second floor of the museum, using the large-scale...
The new age of ethical marketing for the 21st century

The premise of this paper is that the strong trends toward ever increasing centralization in the agricultural producing sector of the United States in the 1980s will exacerbate in the middle-to-late 1990s. This, in turn, will lead to both radical changes in the consumer movement by the year 2000, and also to a completely redefined mission for the corporate marketing function as well. Specifically, the deliberate federal policies of the 1980s which led to a “shake-out” of the small family farm units in favor of large agri-business concerns in order to reduce federal subsidies will lead, in the 1990s, to the most noted of deleterious consequences of monopolization, namely ever increasing prices and lowered quality. The authors believe that by the late 1990s the American public will perceive this state of affairs as being intolerable and it will lead them to organize “Big Consumerism”, a cohesive, much strengthened version of the consumer movement of the 1980s. This movement will, among other major activities, establish consumer cooperatives as a way to control costs through the elimination of unnecessary middlemen. In addition, this new consumerism will demand a change in the ethical standards of business behavior which, in turn, will result in a reformation in the role of the “New Marketer”. This “New Marketer” function will be envisioned and practiced by incumbents as informational and educational, adhering to the highest standards of truthfulness concerning the products they are attempting to market. In this regard, the role of governmental agencies will be greatly strengthened and expanded to insure that the marketing profession lives up to these highest ethical standards and practices.
Glial fibrillary acidic protein as a biomarker for periventricular white matter injury

Objective Periventricular white matter injury (PWMI), a precursor of cerebral palsy, traditionally is not diagnosed until 6 weeks of life by head ultrasound scanning. We sought to determine whether early neonatal glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels could identify PWMI in low birthweight ( Study Design Each case with PWMI on head ultrasound scanning at 6 weeks of life from April 2009 to April 2011 was matched by gestational age and mode of delivery to 2 subsequent neonates with a normal head ultrasound scan. GFAP was measured in cord blood at birth, at neonatal intensive care unit admission, and on days 1-4 of life. Results During this 2-year period, 21 cases with PWMI with gestational age 27.4 ± 3.3 weeks were compared with 42 control infants. The incidence of cesarean delivery was 61.9% in both groups. GFAP was not significantly different in cord blood or at neonatal intensive care unit admission but was significantly elevated on day 1 (median, 5-95%; 0, 0-0.98 ng/mL cases; 0, 0-0.06 ng/mL control infants; P = .03), day 2 (0, 0-1.21 ng/mL; 0, 0-0.05 ng/mL, respectively; P = .02), day 3 (0.05, 0-0.33 ng/mL; 0, 0-0.04 ng/mL, respectively; P = .004), and day 4 (0.02, 0-1.03 ng/mL; 0, 0-0.05 ng/mL, respectively; P Conclusion The ability to predict PWMI with a blood test for GFAP shortly after birth opens the possibility for rapid identification of infants for early intervention and provides a benchmark for the qualification of new therapies to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes.
Creep Rate Enhancement Theory for Irradiated Substitutional Solid Solution Alloys

A new theory of creep rate enhancement under energetic particle irradiation is developed in this paper. The theory is applicable only to substitutional solid solution alloys in which a diffusion controlled dislocation drag mechanism (a microcreep mechanism) determines the creep rate. If the dislocation lines are the dominant sinks for point defects, the predicted enhanced creep rate is proportional to the first power of the applied stress. If voids are the dominant point defect sinks then the predicted enhanced creep rate is proportional to the third power of the stress. In both cases the predicted enhanced creep rate is only very weakly dependent upon the temperature.
Stark's question and a refinement of Brumer's conjecture extrapolated to the function field case

We show that the extrapolation to the case of global fields of characteristic p of a question posed by Stark in 1980, regarding abelian L-functions of order of vanishing 2 at s = 0, has a negative answer. We provide links between various versions of Stark's question and a natural refinement of Brumer's conjecture, in the general context of global fields of arbitrary characteristic. As a consequence, we show that the refinement of Brumer's conjecture is, in general, false for characteristic p global fields.
Potential annealing treatments for tailoring the starting microstructure of low-enriched U-Mo dispersion fuels to optimize performance during irradiation

Abstract Low-enriched uranium–molybdenum (U–Mo) alloy particles dispersed in aluminum alloy (e.g., dispersion fuels) are being developed for application in research and test reactors. To achieve the best performance of these fuels during irradiation, optimization of the starting microstructure may be required by utilizing a heat treatment that results in the formation of uniform, Si-rich interaction layers between the U–Mo particles and Al–Si matrix. These layers behave in a stable manner under certain irradiation conditions. To identify the optimum heat treatment for producing these kinds of layers in a dispersion fuel plate, a systematic annealing study has been performed using actual dispersion fuel samples, which were fabricated at relatively low temperatures to limit the growth of any interaction layers in the samples prior to controlled heat treatment. These samples had different Al matrices with varying Si contents and were annealed between 450 and 525 °C for up to 4 h. The samples were then characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to examine the thickness, composition, and uniformity of the interaction layers. Image analysis was performed to quantify various attributes of the dispersion fuel microstructures that related to the development of the interaction layers. The most uniform layers were observed to form in fuel samples that had an Al matrix with at least 4 wt.% Si and a heat treatment temperature of at least 475 °C.
Passage of barbital into cerebrospinal fluid.

SummaryExperiments in dogs have shown that barbital passes slowly into the brain and even more slowly into cerebrospinal fluid. It is possible that the blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier and blood brain barrier are similar for this drug.
The Teaching of College Physical Geography

(1952). The Teaching of College Physical Geography. Journal of Geography: Vol. 51, No. 7, pp. 292-296.
Differential operant behavior based on time of day

Animals were given water reinforcement for leverpressing on daily Sessions alternating between DRL and FR schedules of reinforcement. One group received the DRL and FR schedules of reinforcement at different times during the day (morning or afternoon), while another group received their DRL and FR schedules of reinforcement at the same time each day (again morning or afternoon). The results indicated that for certain behavioral indices, animals receiving DRL/FR schedules at different times during the day appeared to display more appropriate response patterns than animals receiving their DRL and FR schedules at the same time each day.
Critical Success Factors and Enablers for Optimum and Maximum Industrial Modularization

AbstractModularization is a well-established technique that can improve the construction industry by exporting a portion of site-based work to fabrication shops. However, its application in the ind...
Small molecular weight organic thin-film photodetectors and solar cells

In this review, we discuss the physics underlying the operation of single and multiple heterojunction, vacuum-deposited organic solar cells based on small molecular weight thin films. For single heterojunction cells, we find that the need for direct contact between the deposited electrode and the active organics leads to quenching of excitons. An improved device architecture, the double heterojunction, is shown to confine excitons within the active layers, allowing substantially higher internal efficiencies to be achieved. A full optical and electrical analysis of the double heterostructure architecture leads to optimal cell design as a function of the optical properties and exciton diffusion lengths of the photoactive materials. Combining the double heterostructure with novel light trapping schemes, devices with external efficiencies approaching their internal efficiency are obtained. When applied to an organic photovoltaic cell with a power conversion efficiency of 1.0%±0.1% under 1 sun AM1.5 illuminati...
Evaluation of tuned aperture computed tomography (TACT) in the localization of simulated periodontal defects.

OBJECTIVES To compare the diagnostic efficacy of tuned aperture computed tomography (TACT) with the application of the 'buccal object rule' (BOR) in the localization of simulated periodontal defects. METHODS Thirty interproximal sites were selected in fifteen cadaver segments of maxillae and mandible. Artificial periodontal defects were created using round burs and 40% formic acid in the buccal, lingual or mid-buccolingual areas. Eight basis projections were obtained and TACT slices were reconstructed for each region of interest. Two of the basis images were used in application of BOR for localization of the defect. Eight observers scored the location of defects using TACT slices and the paired radiographs separately. Data were analysed using the kappa statistic and ANOVA. RESULTS A mean weighted kappa of 0.14 for localization was obtained with both BOR and TACT. Using ANOVA, there was no significant difference between modality and observer. There was however, a significant difference (P=0.019) between di...
Activation is Hallucinogenic and Antagonism is Therapeutic: Role of 5-HT2A Receptors in Atypical Antipsychotic Drug Actions

This review summarizes recent studies with 5-hydroxytryptamine2A (5-HT2A) receptors, which represent the major site of action of hallucinogens and a likely site for atypical antipsychotic drug actions. We present evidence demonstrating that atypical antipsychotic drugs, as a group, have a preferentially high affinity for 5-HT2A receptors, compared with their affinities for other neurotransmitter receptors. The 5-HT2A receptor blockade seen with atypical antipsychotic drugs is probably an essential factor in explaining many of the unique features of atypical antipsychotic drugs. Atypical antipsychotic drugs have high affinities for several other 5-HT receptors (5-HT2C, 5-HT6, and 5-HT7), and the potential role of these novel 5-HT receptors in atypical antipsychotic drug action is also summarized.
Coarse-grained and fine-grained turbidite systems as end member models: applicability and dangers

Abstract Submarine fan/turbidite systems can have any net-to-gross percentage. Prior to developing a model that best represents the deposits under investigation, the earth scientist should have an adequate understanding of the major external parameters that influence the transport and deposition of sediment. Tectonics influence the sediment source area and its overall distance to the shoreline, shelf width and basin morphology. The sand/clay ratio and size range dictate how far sediment can be transported. Climate influences erosion, transport and diagenesis. Relative sea-level fluctuations impact the transport from coast to basin. Using those parameters and two end-members—coarse-grained and fine-grained—an applicable model can be developed that best characterizes the fan under consideration.
Candid portrait selection from video

In this paper, we train a computer to select still frames from video that work well as candid portraits. Because of the subjective nature of this task, we conduct a human subjects study to collect ratings of video frames across multiple videos. Then, we compute a number of features and train a model to predict the average rating of a video frame. We evaluate our model with cross-validation, and show that it is better able to select quality still frames than previous techniques, such as simply omitting frames that contain blinking or motion blur, or selecting only smiles. We also evaluate our technique qualitatively on videos that were not part of our validation set, and were taken outdoors and under different lighting conditions.
Through the looking glass — why no wonderland? Computer applications in architecture in the USA

Abstract one objective of the paper is to survey computer-aided design activities in the USA as they apply to architectural design. Normally, such reviews limit their focus to software, and possibly hardware, developments. However, the economic and institutional environments of a country largely determine the rate and direction of research and its application, and this is especially true of computer-aided design. Thus, a second objective of the paper is to place the current efforts in the USA within this wider context. A survey is attempted, not only of the innovative research and applications of computers in architectural design, but also the context in which these developments have been taken place. Also surveyed are the changes in the environment for computer-aided architectural design that have been proposed or are taking place.
The national cancer data base. Report on melanoma

Background. Previous Commission on Cancer studies have examined time trends in stage of disease and treatment patterns for melanoma. Reported herein are the most current National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) data for melanoma. Methods. Two calls for data have yielded 20,165 melanoma cases for 1985, 1988, and 1990 from hospital cancer registries across the country. Results. There was a marked increase in Stage 0 (in situ) tumors between 1985 and 1990. NCDB data confirm a trend for more conservative surgical excision of skin melanoma. Use of multimodality therapy was infrequent. Conclusions. Survival data confirmed an excellent correlation between stage of disease and outcome. Early skin melanoma is highly curable
Amassin, an olfactomedin protein, mediates the massive intercellular adhesion of sea urchin coelomocytes

Sea urchins have a fluid-filled body cavity, the coelom, containing four types of immunocytes called coelomocytes. Within minutes after coelomic fluid is removed from the body cavity, a massive cell–cell adhesion of coelomocytes occurs. This event is referred to as clotting. Clotting is thought to be a defense mechanism against loss of coelomic fluid if the body wall is punctured, and it may also function in the cellular encapsulation of foreign material and microbes. Here we show that this intercoelomocyte adhesion is mediated by amassin, a coelomic plasma protein with a relative molecular mass (Mr) of 75 kD. Amassin forms large disulfide-bonded aggregates that adhere coelomocytes to each other. One half of the amassin protein comprises an olfactomedin (OLF) domain. Structural predictions show that amassin and other OLF domain-containing vertebrate proteins share a common architecture. This suggests that other proteins of the OLF family may function in intercellular adhesion. These findings are the first to demonstrate a function for a protein of the OLF family.
The sharp Lipschitz constants for feasible and optimal solutions of a perturbed linear program

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to derive the sharp Lipschitz constants for the feasible solutions and optimal solutions of a linear program with respect to right- hand-side perturbations. The Lipschitz constants are given in terms of pseudoinverses of submatrices of the matrices involved and are proven to be sharp.
Sequential injection absorption spectrophotometry using a liquid-core waveguide: Determination of p-arsanilic acid in natural waters

We describe the development, optimization, and application of a novel method for the quantification of p-arsanilic acid (p-ASA), an organoarsenical that is widely used as an animal feed additive, at μg L−1 levels in surface water samples. The method is based on sequential injection–long pathlength absorbance spectrophotometry (SI–LPAS). This method incorporates the selective reactivity of p-ASA with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (DMAB, “Ehrlich's Reagent”) in the presence of other common environmental organoarsenicals, such as dimethylarsenic acid (DMAA), monomethylarsonic acid (MMAA), and 3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid (3-NHPAA, Roxarsone). Optimal reaction conditions were studied, namely the pH dependence of the reaction (pH = 1.4), volumes of reagent and sample, reagent concentration, reaction time, reaction temperature, and flow rates. A calibration model that was linear over four orders of magnitude was prepared, where y (A450, peak height) = 0.139 × (mg L−1) + 0.0275 (R2 = 0.9984). The limit of detection was 21.2 μg L−1 (3 Ω), and the analysis time was <8 min/sample. A study of the response of the method to other organoarsenicals demonstrated that the method is selective for p-ASA (t-test, t = 0.622, tc = 3.707 at the 99% confidence limit). For an authentic surface water sample from a swine farm that was fortified with p-ASA to 0.500 mg L−1, a recovery of 100.5% and an average precision (n = 4) of 13.7% relative standard deviation were observed.
Growth of Escherichia coli in Model Distribution System Biofilms Exposed to Hypochlorous Acid or Monochloramine

Bacteria indigenous to water distribution systems were used to grow multispecies biofilms within continuous-flow slide chambers. Six flow chambers were also inoculated with an Escherichia coli isolate obtained from potable water. The effect of disinfectants on bacterial populations was determined after exposure of established biofilms to 1 ppm of hypochlorous acid (ClOH) for 67 min or 4 ppm of monochloramine (NH2Cl) for 155 min. To test the ability of bacterial populations to initiate biofilm formation in the presence of disinfectants, we assessed the biofilms after 2 weeks of exposure to residual concentrations of 0.2 ppm of ClOH or 4 ppm of NH2Cl. Lastly, to determine the effect of recommended residual concentrations on newly established biofilms, we treated systems with 0.2 ppm of ClOH after 5 days of growth in the absence of disinfectant. Whole-cell in situ hybridizations using fluorescently tagged, 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes performed on cryosectioned biofilms permitted the direct observation of metabolically active bacterial populations, including certain phylogenetic groups and species. The results of these studies confirmed the resistance of established bacterial biofilms to treatment with recommended levels of disinfectants. Specifically, Legionella pneumophila, E. coli, and β and δ proteobacteria were identified within biofilms both before and after treatment. Furthermore, although it was undetected using routine monitoring techniques, the observation of rRNA-containing E. coli within biofilms demonstrated not only survival but also metabolic activity of this organism within the model distribution systems. The persistence of diverse bacterial species within disinfectant-treated biofilms suggests that current testing practices underestimate the risk to immunocompromised individuals of contracting waterborne disease.
SU-GG-T-170: Evaluation of Tradeoffs between Delivery Efficiency and Clinical Plan Quality Arising from Optimizer and MLC Sequencer Compromises

Purpose: Delivery efficiency is an important consideration for IMRTtreatment plans. IMRT planning and MLCsequencing schemes can be modified to generate more efficient treatment delivery, but the effect those modifications have on plan quality is often difficult to determine. In this work, we evaluate tradeoffs between delivery efficiency and clinical plan quality which arise from MLC sequencer‐related compromises. Method and Materials:Treatment plans for a series of prostate and head and neck patients were studied. Optimization was performed for the original plans using an unlimited number of intensity levels. Baseline delivery times were determined with the clinical MLC sequencer, which uses >100 segments, assuring delivered intensities are within 1% of the optimized intensity pattern. To evaluate compromises which MLC sequencers or optimizers make as they limit the number of intensity levels (or segments), each patient's plan was further optimized with successively fewer intensity levels (50, 20, 10, 5). Delivery time was calculated for all plans, and direct evaluation of the tradeoffs between delivery time and plan degradation was performed. Plan degradation was evaluated by a physician using predetermined acceptability tolerances for relevant clinical plan metrics associated with the plan optimization strategy. Results: The range of clinical plan degradation present in the plans depends dramatically on the clinical plan criteria and site: prostate plans were much more easily accomplished with fewer intensity levels (and faster delivery) than more complex head and neck cases. The methodology could be tuned to allow physician and planner to make delivery‐time‐driven compromises with direct quantitative knowledge of the effect on relevant clinical metrics. Conclusion: A quantitative assessment of the tradeoffs in plan quality and delivery time can help make possible the most efficient treatment delivery while maintaining the desired plan metrics with the physician's desired tolerances. This work supported in part by NCI grant P01‐CA59827.
Cell line authentication and genetic relatedness of lines of the shiitake mushroom, Lentinus edodes

Forty-five isolates of the shiitake mushroom, Lentinus edodes, were partitioned into 24 genotypic classes based on isozyme variability at 11 marker loci. A conservative calculation indicates that over 200000 genotypic classes of L. edodes could now be recognized and authenticated based on this genetic variability. Coefficients of genetic relatedness between genotypic classes were determined. Comparisons of relatedness included mean, highest, and lowest coefficients of genetic similarity. A dendrogram was constructed from similarity coefficients to provide further insights into the relationships of the shiitake lines examined in this study. Applications of this genetic information for commercial breeding of this fungus are discussed
Structure, function, and mechanism of action of calmodulin

The structure, function, and mechanism of action of plant calmodulins have been the subject of intense study for plant scientists during the past several years. While precedents in animal biochemistry and physiology have suggested logical starting points for studies of how calmodulin is involved in higher plant and algal cell function, recent biochemical studies have demonstrated unique structural characteristics for this highly conserved protein. Enzym‐ological analyses have demonstrated novel functional properties and provided limited insight into the molecular mechanisms of calmodulin action. This review will summarize much of the early work, but will concern itself mainly with the methods and approaches that are used to study plant and animal calmodulins as well as models for how calmodulin may be involved in plant cell function.
Capillary zone electrophoresis–mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization of peptides and proteins

Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) coupled with an on-line mass spectrometric (MS) detection system by an atmospheric pressure electrospray ionization (ESI) interface has been used successfully for Separations of peptide and protein mixtures. For CZE-MS, ESI produces multiply charged molecular ions and thus allows mas spectrometers with a limited mass-to-charge range to analyze proteins having molecular weights greater than 100,000. Various pH buffer systems have been investigated, including buffer systems in which pH > pI (isoelectric point of analytes) and pH « pI are designed to reduce protein adsorption onto silica capillary surfaces and thus improve separation efficiencies. More than 125,000 theoretical plates have been obtained from a CZE-MS separation of less than 1 pmol per component of leucine enkephalin and horse heart myoglobin. CZE-MS of other large peptides and proteins are demonstrated.