cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Review of “The Botany and Chemistry of Hallucinogens”

A book about hallucinogenic plants written by two such authors as these can be expected to be a truly authoritative work and this is. Dr. Schultes, who is a professor of biology at Harvard University, has spent most of his career in ethnobotanical studies and has acquired a uniquely outstanding knowledge of the use of various botanical species for “magic,” witchcraft, and religious ritual by primitive tribes in South America. This experience has been acquired through a more than twelve-year residence among these tribes.
Finding new rules for incomplete theories: explicit biases for induction with contextual information

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews two disparate machine learning approaches that have seen rigorous review: (1) explanation-based learning (EBL) and (2) similarity-based learning (SBL). EBL is a deductive approach in which a definition of a concept is learned usually after observing only a single example of that concept. When EBL cannot derive a complete explanation, the partial explanation forms a context in which learning takes place. EBL assumes that a system is given an explicit theory of the domain that is complete, correct, and tractable. SBL is an empirical technique that involves the comparison of a large number of input examples. SBL suffers because of its lack of an explicit domain theory. Information extracted from partial explanations and from complete explanations, can be exploited by SBL to do better induction of the missing domain knowledge. The extracted information constitutes a strong bias for SBL. EBL and SBL have been applied to problems in a variety of domains. Both methods are rife with well-defined problems.
What congressmen knew and when they knew it: Further evidence on the origins of U.S. broadcasting regulation

This paper presents richer contemporaneous evidence of Congress's role in the passage of the Radio Act of 1927, the act which established the basic statutory framework that still governs federal regulation of broadcasting in the United States. Recent analysis finding the court's decision in Tribune Co. v. Oak Leaves Broadcasting Station to have been the cause of Congress's action on the radio bill is shown to rest on an inaccurate chronology of congressional decisionmaking. More closely examining the actions of legislators upon whose votes passage of the radio act depended, this paper contributes new evidence of strategic orchestration surrounding the perceived “chaos of the airwaves” that stimulated broadcasting regulation. Original congressional documents show that, in a political context characterized by costly information, intra-congressional manipulation of information costs was an important factor in the adoption of the Radio Act of 1927. Personal ties between executive branch officials are shown to have spawned a key legal opinion that prompted passage of the radio bill.
Using electromagnetic field calculations to understand the complexity of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at high magnetic field strength

Electromagnetic field calculations have often been utilized, even for fundamental problems, in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). For such calculations to be truly useful, however, they must fulfill two criteria. First, they must be accurate descriptions of the problem. For MRI this can be difficult due to complex electrical behavior of RF coils and the presence of the human subject. Second, the results must be expressed in a form that has some meaning in the MR experiment. Drawing from several sets of calculation and experiments that we have performed, we describe the methods that we use to perform calculations and relate results to the MR experiment. We show that even very complicated signal intensity patterns seen in experimental images at 300 MHz in a head-sized phantom can be explained with Maxwell's equations and current MR theory when the theory of reciprocity is applied correctly. The methods and results presented demonstrate, unequivocally, that flip angle and coil sensitivity are related to circularly-polarized components of the B1 field with opposite polarization. We have also demonstrated the importance of considering the experimental methods used in defining the RF excitation pulse in order to relate results to experiment accurately.
On Schwarzschild-Like Solutions in Curvature-Quadratic Gravity

Partial results are obtained for Schwarzschild- like solutions in a gravity theory with action density (-g)^(1/2)[Rik^2+bR^2]. A seven parameter family of implicit solutions is found. A number of explicit solutions are also exhibited.
Percutaneous CT-guided needle biopsies of musculoskeletal tumors: a 5-year analysis of non-diagnostic biopsies

To study non-diagnostic CT-guided musculoskeletal biopsies and take steps to minimize them. Specifically we asked: (1) What malignant diagnoses have a higher non-diagnostic rate? (2) What factors of a non-diagnostic biopsy may warrant more aggressive pursuit? (3) Do intra-procedural frozen pathology (FP) or point-of-care (POC) cytology reduce the non-diagnostic biopsy rate? This study was IRB-approved and HIPAA-compliant. We retrospectively reviewed 963 consecutive CT-guided musculoskeletal biopsies. We categorized pathology results as malignant, benign, or non-diagnostic and recorded use of FP or POC cytology. Initial biopsy indication, final diagnosis, method of obtaining the final diagnosis of non-diagnostic biopsies, age of the patient, and years of biopsy attending experience were recorded. Groups were compared using Pearson’s χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test. In all, 140 of 963 (15 %) biopsies were non-diagnostic. Lymphoma resulted in more non-diagnostic biopsies (P < 0.0001). While 67% of non-diagnostic biopsies yielded benign diagnoses, 33% yielded malignant diagnoses. Patients whose percutaneous biopsy was indicated due to the clinical context without malignancy history almost always generated benign results (96 %). Whereas 56% of biopsies whose indication was an imaging finding of a treatable lesion were malignant, 20% of biopsies whose indication was a history of malignancy were malignant. There was no statistically significant difference in the nondiagnostic biopsy rates of pediatric versus adult patients (P = 0.8) and of biopsy attendings with fewer versus more years of experience (P = 0.5). The non-diagnostic rates of biopsies with FP (8 %), POC cytology (25 %), or neither (24 %) were significantly different (P < 0.0001). Lymphoma is the malignant diagnosis most likely to result in a non-diagnostic biopsy. If the clinical and radiologic suspicion for malignancy is high, repeat biopsy is warranted. If the clinical context suggests a benign lesion, a non-diagnostic biopsy may be considered reassuring. Frozen pathology may decrease the non-diagnostic biopsy rate.
Interrogating Madrid's “Slum of Shame”: Urban Expansion, Race, and Place‐Based Activisms in the Cañada Real Galiana

Following the spontaneous occupation of Madrid's Puerta del Sol in 2011, many academic accounts have found these mobilizations new and noteworthy for their technological savvy and networked capabilities. In this article, I argue that such depictions fail to capture both the influence of Spanish urbanism's material conditions on certain disadvantaged populations, and the broad diversity of these contemporary activisms. Looking to struggles over the proposed demolition of a squatter settlement in Madrid, I demonstrate how Madrid's planning has propagated racial imaginaries to legitimate dispossession and subvert anti-poverty policies. Second, I examine how resistance and contestation emerge out of specific urban experiences of inequality, and transcend traditional modes of activist organizing through the formation of broad coalitions between various civil society actors. In doing so, I argue that Madrid's mobilizations have paradoxically opened new avenues for the inclusion minority voices, against popular understandings that read rising xenophobia during crisis. Resumen Un gran numero de estudios academicos han analizado las movilizaciones recientes en Madrid, entre ellas la de la Puerta del Sol en 2011, considerandolas novedosas y de gran importancia debido a sus capacidades tecnologicas y naturaleza reticular. En este articulo propongo que dichos analisis no logran captar el impacto de las condiciones materiales del urbanismo espanol en las poblaciones perjudicadas ni la diversidad dentro del activismo contemporaneo. El articulo analiza las movilizaciones en contra del derribo de un asentamiento chabolista en Madrid y muestra la manera en que la planificacion madrilena ha propagado imaginarios raciales con el fin de legitimar procesos de desposesion y subvertir politicas anti-pobreza. El analisis hace enfasis en como los movimientos contestatarios y de resistencia surgen de experiencias particulares de desigualdad urbana y como estos trascienden mecanismos tradicionales de activismo a la vez que forman coaliciones amplias con diversos actores de la sociedad civil. De esta forma, propongo que–de manera paradojica y en contra de la idea comun de que la xenofobia aumenta durante epocas de crisis–las movilizaciones de hoy en dia han creado nuevas vias para la inclusion de voces minoritarias.
Comparison of function approximation, heuristic, and derivative-based methods for automatic calibration of computationally expensive groundwater bioremediation models

[1] The performance of function approximation (FA) methods is compared to heuristic and derivative-based nonlinear optimization methods for automatic calibration of biokinetic parameters of a groundwater bioremediation model of chlorinated ethenes on a hypothetical and a real field case. For the hypothetical case, on the basis of 10 trials on two different objective functions, the FA methods had the lowest mean and smaller deviation of the objective function among all algorithms for a combined Nash-Sutcliffe objective and among all but the derivative-based algorithm for a total squared error objective. The best algorithms in the hypothetical case were applied to calibrate eight parameters to data obtained from a site in California. In three trials the FA methods outperformed heuristic and derivative-based methods for both objective functions. This study indicates that function approximation methods could be a more efficient alternative to heuristic and derivative-based methods for automatic calibration of computationally expensive bioremediation models.
Psychophysical evaluation of the effect of JPEG, full-frame discrete cosine transform (DCT) and wavelet image compression on signal detection in medical image noise

Image quality associated with image compression has been either arbitrarily evaluated through visual inspection, loosely defined in terms of some subjective criteria such as image sharpness or blockiness, or measured by arbitrary measures such as the mean square error between the uncompressed and compressed image. The present paper psychophysically evaluated the effect of three different compression algorithms (JPEG, full-frame, and wavelet) on human visual detection of computer-simulated low-contrast lesions embedded in real medical image noise from patient coronary angiogram. Performance identifying the signal present location as measure by d' index of detectability decreased for all three algorithms by approximately 30% and 62% for the 16:1 and 30:1 compression rations respectively. We evaluated the ability of two previously proposed measures of image quality, mean square error (MSE) and normalized nearest neighbor difference (NNND), to determine the best compression algorithm. The MSE predicted significantly higher image quality for the JPEG algorithm in the 16:1 compression ratio and for both JPEG and full-frame for the 30:1 compression ratio. The NNND predicted significantly high image quality for the full-frame algorithm for both compassion rations. These findings suggest that these two measures of image quality may lead to erroneous conclusions in evaluations and/or optimizations if image compression algorithms.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The impact of device width on the variability of post-irradiation leakage currents in 90 and 65 nm CMOS technologies

Abstract The impact of device width on the variability of radiation-induced leakage currents in 90 nm and 65 nm CMOS technologies is investigated. The off-state leakage current variability increases with decreasing channel width for both technologies, and with increasing total ionizing dose for three different process variants from the 90 nm technology. More variability is observed for narrow width devices compared to wider devices before and after irradiation. Device-to-device variability is compared for two technologies (65 and 90 nm) and three process variants (low, standard, and high threshold voltage). These results illustrate the importance of process-induced variability on the radiation response of MOS devices and integrated circuits.
Sedimentation patterns and accumulation rates in the Tasman Basin

Abstract Sediment accumulation rates determined by nondestructive gamma spectrometry on 22 piston cores taken in the Tasman Basin vary from 0·2 to 2·7 g cm −2 (1000 yr) −1 . Near the South Tasman Rise, winnowing keeps the sedimentation rate of foraminiferal ooze low on the rise crests [0·15 to 0·90 g cm −2 (1000 yr) −1 ] while rates on the flanks and base of the rise are faster [1·4 to 2·0 g cm −2 (1000 yr) −1 ]. The rateson the Tasman abyssal plainand central basin are controlled by proximity to a sediment source area and local scour. The effect of submarine canyons off the Bass Strait is evident in the high rate of clly accumulation near the terminus of the canyons. Rates in the central basin are low [0·2 to 1·0 g cm −2 (1000 yr) −1 ] because of bottom currents. The 230 Th balance is studied by relating the accumulation rate of 230 Th ( = F a ) to its rate of production from 230 U in the water column ( = F p ). Sediment settling through the water column scavenges 230 Th to produce an ideal ratio of F a toF p of1·0. Winnowing and bottom transport can alter the F a /F p ratio. Cores from rise crest and the central basin have F a /F p ratios F a /F p > 1·0. The region as a whole is in balance with respect to 230 Th accumulation.
Synthesis of Sugar Moiety Substituted Nucleosides I: 9-[3-O, (n-Hexyl)-α,β-D-xylofuranosyl]adenine and 9-[3-O-(n-Hexyl)-5-deoxy-α,β-D-xylofuranosyl]adenine

Isopropylidene-D-xylose was coverted via the 5-trityl compound to a 3-O-(n-hexyl) derivative. Following detritylation, benzoylation, and acetolysis, condensation with chloromercuri-6-benzamidopurine in the presence of titanium tetrachloride gave a crude nucleoside mixture. After deacylation, the mixture of anomeric nucleosides was resolved on ion-exchange resin (Bio-Rad AGi) to give 9-[3-O-(n-hexyl)-α-D-xylofuranosyl]adenine and 9-[3-O-(n-hexyl)-β-D-xylofuranosyl]adenine. Similarly, isopropylidene-5-deoxy-D-xylose was converted to a 3-O-(n-hexyl) derivative. Acetolysis and condensation with chloromercuri-6-benzamidopurine followed by deacylation and resolution on ion-exchange resin led to isolation of 9-[3-O-(n-hexyl)-5-deoxy-α-D-xylofuranosyl]adenine and 9-[3-O-(n-hexyl)-5-deoxy-β-D-xylofuranosyl]adenine.
Improving the efficacy of automated sign language practice tools

CopyCat is an America Sign Language (ASL) game, which uses gesture recognition technology to help young Deaf children practice ASL skills. Our database of signing samples was collected from user studies of Deaf children playing a Wizard of Oz version of the game at the Atlanta Area School for the Deaf. We have created an automatic sign language recognition system for the game. We believe that we can improve the accuracy of this system by characterizing and modeling disfluencies found in the children's signing.
On the historical development of the valence bond method and the non-orthogonality problem

Abstract A brief review is given of the development of the valence bond method over the last 60 years and the importance of the non-orthogonality problem.
Using the pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea to teach cardiopulmonary integration

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disorder of upper airway obstruction during sleep. The effects of intermittent upper airway obstruction include alveolar hypoventilation, altered arterial ...
Pattern of nucleotide substitution and the extent of purifying selection in retroviruses

The patterns of point mutation and nucleotide substitution are inferred from nucleotide differences in three coding and two noncoding regions of retroviral genomes. Evidence is presented in favor of the view that the majority of mutations accumulate at the reverse transcription stage. Purifying selection is apparently very weak at the amino acid level, and almost nonexistent between synonymous codons. The pattern of purifying selection obeys the rules previously established in vertebrates [Gojobori T, Li W-H, Graur D (1982) J Mol Evol 18:360–369]; i.e., the magnitude of purifying selection at the amino acid level is negatively correlated with Grantham's [Grantham R (1974) Science 185: 862–864] chemical distances between the amino acids interchanged. We refute Modiano et al.'s [Modiano G, Battistuzzi G, Motulsky AG (1981) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78:1110–1114] hypothesis, according to which the pattern of mutation is preadapted to buffer against deleterious mutations. On the contrary, the pattern of mutation reduces the level of conservativeness from that imposed on the amino acid substitution pattern by the structure of the genetic code. The extraordinarily high rate of nucleotide substitution in retroviruses in comparison with that in other organisms is apparently caused by an extremely high rate of mutation coupled with a lack of stringent purifying selection at both the codon and the amino acid levels.
Chromatin: Bind at Your Own RSC

Summary Recent work has identified a novel RSC–nucleosome complex that both strongly phases flanking nucleosomes and presents regulatory sites for ready access. These results challenge several widely held views.
First cadathlon programming contest held at 2002 ICCAD

IN THE SPIRIT OF the long-running ACM programming contest, the Special Interest Group on Design Automation (SIGDA) organized an EDA programming contest, the CADathlon. SIGDA held the CADathlon on 10 November 2002, at the Double Tree Hotel in San Jose, Calif., as part of the Sunday program for the International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD). Students, working in teams of two, competed to solve six problems from different CAD areas. The CADathlon challenged students in their CAD knowledge, and in their problemsolving, programming, and teamworking skills. The contest provided a platform for academia and industry to focus attention on the best and brightest of next-generation CAD professionals. The CADathlon is an innovative initiative that assists in attracting top students to the EDA field. The students and selection process The CADathlon competition was open to all graduate students specializing in CAD who were currently enrolled full-time at a PhD-granting institution in any country. Each student team submitted an online application. Students provided information about their academic and course backgrounds, and described their three most challenging EDA programming experiences. Thirty teams applied for the CADathlon, including six non-US teams from Taiwan and Brazil. Organizers ranked students based on their EDA programming experiences, giving preference to more senior students. SIGDA invited 20 teams to participate in the contest, of which 13 received full awards to cover their travel and lodging. Awards went to the most qualified students. Of the 20 teams invited, 15 accepted invitations. SIGDA also gave all participants free ICCAD registration to encourage them to attend the conference and network with the EDA community. Biographies of all participants are available on the CADathlon Web site: http://www. sigda.org/programs/cadathlon.
The Upward Mobile, Indifferent, and Ambivalent Typology of Managers

The actual career and job orientation attributes of a sample of 150 American businessmen show a high degree of approximation to the typology of upward mobile, indifferent, and ambivalent patterns o...
The Implicit Assumptions of Television Research: An Analysis of the 1982 NIMH Report on Television and Behavior

The authors analyze some of the assumptions underlying most current research on television. They emphasize the dependence on (1) an individual rather than an institutional level of analysis; (2) a model of research utilization that pays little explicit attention to where sources of leverage lie for changes in programming; (3) extremely simple models of the selection processes associated with different levels of television viewing; and (4) uncritical appraisals of the consequences of effects that many would call small or modest. These issues are illustrated by a general discussion of the NIMH report on Television and Behavior and specific discussion of "mainstreaming" and the effects of television violence. In 1972, POQ's editors invited Leo Bogart to prepare an extended review article of the Surgeon-General's Study of Television and Social Behavior (POQ 36:491-521). When the 10-year follow-up study was released by NIMH in 1982, the editors asked Thomas D. Cook, a distinguished psychologist noted for his research on television, to perform the same function.
Effect of BaSO4 on the fatigue crack propagation rate of PMMA bone cement

To determine the effect of BaSO4 on the fatigue crack growth rate, da/dN = (ΔK)n, of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) bone cement, radiopaque bone cement, radiolucent bone cement, and commercial PMMA (Plexiglas®) were tested using a methodology based on ASTM E647. The crack growth rate of radiopaque bone cement was one order of magnitude less than that of radiolucent. Fractographic analysis showed that the regions of rapid catastrophic fracture were smooth for all materials tested. The radiopaque fatigue surface was rough and characterized by ragged-edged stacked plateaus, a morphology consistent with the model of crack propagation through the interbead matrix. Voids were visible in the interbead matrix on the order of the size of BaSO4 particles. The fatigue surface of radiolucent bone cement was relatively smooth, a morphology consistent with crack propagation through both the PMMA beads and interbead matrix. Fatigue striations were visible, and their spacing correlated well with crack propagation rates. The striations indicated an increased crack growth rate through the PMMA beads. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Rapid Relief of Anxiety in Cancer Patients With Both Alprazolam and Placebo

This study evaluated 36 cancer patients who were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial conducted over a 4-week period to evaluate the efficacy of alprazolam in the treatment of anxiety associated with cancer. Hamilton Anxiety Scale scores declined significantly between baseline and the end of the first week of the study in both treatment groups. There was no significant difference in response between the patients receiving alprazolam and placebo. Similar results were obtained from other instruments. These results suggest that nondrug factors or spontaneous improvement may play a more important role than pharmacotherapy in the treatment of anxiety associated with cancer.
An Approach for Examining Alternatives Attributable to Locational Uncertainty

The in situ effects of planning and policy often go unnoticed, but their impacts are broad ranging, influencing the social, cultural, economic, and environmental fabric of a community every day. Challenges to planning and policy processes include an enormous range of uncertainties, obfuscating our understanding of an issue and making positive change more difficult to achieve. In this paper we review uncertainty in the context of planning and policy with the intent of illustrating how approaches based on certainty are actually less than definitive. Empirical results derived for three case studies are used to characterize the potential impacts of locational uncertainty on the planning and policy-development process. Two things are evident from the presented results. First, it is possible to conceive of planning models that explicitly account for inherent uncertainties. Second, uncertainty impacts both aggregate findings as well as spatial configuration, but uncertainty can be mitigated, allowing planners, decision makers, government officials, and the public the flexibility to work within a probabilistic continuum that characterizes what is known and unknown. This paper is noteworthy because it illustrates the impacts of locational uncertainty propagating through planning and policy analysis, and provides quantifiable evidence of its significance.
Complex variable boundary integral method for linear viscoelasticity: Part I—basic formulations

Abstract The basic formulations (direct and indirect) of the complex variable boundary integral method for linear viscoelasticity are presented. Complex variable temporal integral equations for the formulations are obtained for viscoelastic solids whose behavior in shear is governed by a Boltzmann model while the bulk behavior is purely elastic. The functions involved in the integral equations are the time-dependent complex boundary tractions and displacements for the direct approach and the unknown time-dependent complex density functions for the indirect approaches. The temporal integral equations give the displacements and stresses at a point inside a viscoelastic region in terms of time convolution and space integrals over the boundary of this region. The equations are valid for the boundaries of arbitrary shapes provided that these boundaries are sufficiently smooth. Complex variable temporal boundary equations are obtained by taking the inner point to the boundary. Numerical treatment of spatial and time convolution integrals involved in the boundary equations is discussed.
Aminopeptidase Profiling Using a Time-Resolved, 96-Well Plate Filter Fluorimeter

A novel fluorimeter has been developed that combines the selectivity of time-resolved detection and the sample throughput of a 96-well plate reader. With improved background rejection via temporal resolution, a reduction in the limit of detection by a factor of 600 was attained over that of a commercially available 96-well plate fluorimeter. The excellent limit of detection was utilized to differentiate two closely related species of Pseudomonas , P. fluorescens and P. aureofaciens , at a bacterial concentration of 500,000 cells per well with only 15 min of incubation. High sample throughput was demonstrated by incubation of six bacteria samples and data collection in an amino acid 12-nutrient profile within 30 min.
Is Haploid Gene Expression Possible for Sperm Antigens

The development of spermatozoon (sperm) from a spermatid involves a complex process of differentiation during which a variety of new gene products appear. It has been generally assumed that no genetic transcription occurs after meiosis and, if this were so, that all the new sperm proteins would have to to be transcribed from stored messenger RNA. However, the biochemical evidence suggests that there is no abrupt change in the rate of RNA synthesis during meiosis and that qualitative changes in RNA synthesis, to the extent that they are known, favor the likelihood of continuing messenger RNA synthesis. Experimental analyses of distorted transmission ratios of t-alleles and unbalanced chromosomal states in makes also suggest that genes are expressed in haploid nuclei after meiosis. It is probable that spermatozoa are functionally equivalent in most respects because of intercellular bridges that create a continuous cytoplasm between developing spermatozoa, facilitating an exchange of most postmeiotic gene products. Plasma membrane proteins which are potential antigens might not be shared across the intercellular bridges but the evidence to date for haploid expression of sperm antigens is poor.
Chronology of appearance of barley stripe mosaic virus protein in infected wheat cells

By following sequential cell-to-cell infection from the meristematic point back toward older cells, the chronological appearance of viral protein in barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV)-infected wheat root and shoot tips was examined by immunoelectronmicroscopy. In infected root tips, progression of infection was followed in a series of the first 20 infected cells and divided into four cytological stages. In stage I, peripheral vesicles in proplastids acted as infection initiation markers. No BSM virions were seen, but viral protein could be first detected on vesiculated proplastid membranes by gold—IgG complexes at late stage I. Sequentially, BSM virions appeared mostly at right angles to the proplastid membrane at stage II and to the endoplasmic reticulum at stage III. In stage IV, but not before or after, viral protein appeared in abundance in nuclei while few or no virions were present. Viral protein occurred only in the euchromatin region and within fibrillar centers in nucleoli, never in the heterochromatin region. By gold—nuclease staining, euchromatin was the main location of nuclear DNA. No excess viral protein could be detected in cell extracts of systemically infected tissue. The chronological appearance of viral protein in infected shoot tips followed four infection stages in root tips. The presence of peripheral vesicles in proplastids could be used as infection initiation markers in root tips but not in shoot tips of infected plants; vesiculation was a normal occurrence in young proplastids of healthy and infected shoot tissue, did not occur in mature chloroplasts of healthy shoots, and was rarely seen in fully developed chloroplasts in infected shoot tissue.
A SYSTEMATIC STRATEGY FOR OPTIMIZING MANUFACTURING OPERATIONS

A manufacturing optimization strategy is developed and demonstrated, which combines an asset utilization model and a process optimization framework with multivariate statistical analysis in a systematic manner to focus and drive process improvement activities. Although this manufacturing strategy is broadly applicable, the approach is discussed with respect to a polymer sheet manufacturing operation. The asset utilization (AU) model demonstrates that efficient equipment utilization can be monitored quantitatively and improvement opportunities identified so that the greatest benefit to the operation can be obtained. The process optimization framework, comprised of three parallel activities and a designed experiment, establishes the process-product relationship. The overall strategy of predictive model development provided from the parallel activities comprising the optimization framework is to synthesize a model based on existing data, both qualitative and quantitative, using canonical discriminant analysis, to identify main effect variables affecting the principal efficiency constraints identified using AU, operator knowledge and order-of-magni-tude calculations are then employed to refine this model using designed experiments, where appropriate, to facilitate the development of a quantitative, proactive optimization strategy for eliminating the constraints. Most importantly, this overall strategy plays a significant role in demonstrating, and facilitating employee acceptance, that the manufacturing operation has evolved from an experienced-based process to one based on quantifiable science.
The utilization of local food environments by urban seniors.

Objective The objective of this study was to describe food shopping patterns for urban seniors and measure the influence of neighborhood and individual level factors on intake of fresh fruits and vegetables.
The Distribution and Accumulation of Aluminum in Rainbow Trout Following a Whole-Lake Alum Treatment

ABSTRACT Subsequent to the 1977 lake restoration through whole-lake applications of alum (aluminum sulphate), Medical Lake, Washington, has supported an experimentally stocked rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson) population. Because these fish and their prey are dependent upon habitat potentially higher in available aluminum than neighboring habitats, this study was undertaken to assess the possibility of aluminum bioaccumulation. Trout tissues, plankton and water were analyzed for total aluminum concentrations. Statistical comparisons of experimental and control tissues revealed few overall significant differences (P = 0.05) in the level of aluminum between alum-exposed and non-exposed fish, but significant differences existed between tissues within a given treatment and age class.
On The Sobolev Space Theory of Parabolic and Elliptic Equations in C1 Domains

Existence and uniqueness results are given for second-order parabolic and elliptic equations with variable coefficients in C1 domains in Sobolev spaces with weights allowing the derivatives of solutions to blow up near the boundary. The "number" of derivatives can be negative and fractional. The coefficients of parabolic equations are only assumed to be measurable in time.
CORR Insights ®: Does fracture affect the healing time or frequency of recurrence in a simple bone cyst of the proximal femur?

S imple cysts of the femur in children are an important clinical problem. Imagine a 10-year-old child begins to limp. A radiograph, perhaps from an urgent care center, shows a large lytic area in the proximal femur. There is a possibility that the bone has fractured. The pathology shows a simple, nonmalignant cyst wall. Traditional treatment for this type of cyst is to pack the cavity with a bone graft. These cysts, whether observed, nailed, grafted or fractured, usually resolve slowly as the child reaches maturity. In this retrospective study, Chin and colleagues reviewed their long-term experience with flexible nails for large cysts with and without fractures. The 25 children with fractures and the 29 without fractures were treated with flexible nails. Both groups had similar experiences, including healing in approximately the same amount of time.
Phase Diagram of Bilayer Composite Fermion States

Department of Physics, 104 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802(February 1, 2008)We construct a class of composite fermion states for bilayer electron systems in a strong transversemagnetic ﬁeld, and determine quantitatively the phase diagram as a function of the layer separation,layer thickness, and electron density. We ﬁnd, in general, that there are several transitions, andthat the incompressible phases are separated by compressible ones. The paired states of compositefermions, described by Pfaﬃan wave functions, are also considered.71.10.Pm,73.43.-fI. INTRODUCTION
Training load monitoring algorithms on highly sub-metered home electricity consumption data

Abstract The growing interest in energy-efficient buildings is driving changes in investment, design, and occupant behavior. To better focus cost and resource conservation efforts, electricity consumption feedback can be used to provide motivation, guidance, and verification. Disaggregating by end-use helps both consumers and producers to identify targets for conservation. While hardware-based sub-metering is costly and labor-intensive, non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) is capable of gathering detailed energy-use data with minimal equipment cost and installation time. However, variations in measurements between metering devices complicate the process of compiling the necessary appliance profiles. Future work involves the development of NILM algorithms using sensor fusion and detailed appliance-level data gathered from a highly-sensed house currently being constructed near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Double-minimum potential-energy curves resulting from adiabatic effects: The 4s 3 Sigma g+ state of the hydrogen molecule.

Born-Oppenheimer potential-energy curve and adiabatic corrections for the 4s $^{3}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{\mathit{g}}^{+}$ state of the hydrogen molecule have been computed using an explicitly correlated wave function in elliptic coordinates. It is shown that, in contrast to the Born-Oppenheimer results, the adiabatic potential-energy curve for this state is characterized by a double-minimum function. The energies of the vibrational levels and rotational constants have also been computed. Large and irregular differences have been found between thoeretical and experimental results.
A moller–plesset study of the energies of AHn molecules (A = Li to F)

The atomization energies of the species AHn, where A is a first-row atom Li to F, are examined by Moller–Plesset theory. Direct application of fourth-order theory, together with the 6–311G basis is shown to be inadequate. Improvements introduced into the theory are (i) isogyric comparisons with the bond energy of the hydrogen molecule, (ii) extrapolation of the Moller–Plesset series to infinite order, and (iii) extension of the basis set by including diffuse sp-, extra d- and f-type Gaussian functions. Assuming additivity of these basis set extension effects, agreement with experiment to better than c2 kcal/mol is achieved for the total atomization energies of CH4, NH3, OH2, and FH. The experimental data for the remaining systems are reviewed in the light of application of this new theory.
RPB2 sequences reveal a close phylogenetic relationship between tetraploid Hordelymus and diploid Hordeum species in Triticeae (Poaceae)

The origin of Hordelymus genome has been debated for years, and no consensus conclusion was reached. In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the RPB2 (RNA polymerase subunit II) gene from Hordelymus europaeus (L.) Harz, and its potential diploid ancestor species those were suggested in previous studies. The focus of this study was to examine the phylogenetic relationship of Hordelymus genomes with its potential donor Hordeum, Psathyrostachys, and Taeniatherum species. Two distinguishable copies of sequences were obtained from H. europaeus. The obvious difference between the two copies of sequences is a 24 bp indel (insertion/deletion). Phylogenetic analysis showed a strong affinity between Hordeum genome and Hordelymus with 85% bootstrap support. These results suggested that one genome in tetraploid H. europaeus closely related to the genome in Hordeum species. Another genome in H. europaeus is sister to the genomes in Triticeae species examined here, which corresponds well with the recently published EF-G data. No obvious relationship was found between Hordelymus and either Ta genome donor, Taeniatherum caput-medusae or Ns genome donor, Psathyrostachys juncea. Our data does not support the presence of Ta and Ns genome in H. europaeus, and further confirms that H. europaeus is allopolyploid.
Recent developments in allene chemistry

Etude plus particuliere des reactions d'addition en mettant l'accent sur les intermediaires possibles et les facteurs gouvernant les chimioselectivite, stereospecificite et reactivite relative
Combustion-like pyrolysis of organic polymers: Species and kinetic details by T-jump/FTIR spectroscopy

Controlled flash pyrolysis is described of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB), cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), and polyethyleneglycol (PEG). Real-time detection of the vaporized products (FTIR spectroscopy) and thermal events of the sample (control voltage trace of the Pt filament) was achieved. The pressure was 1–2 atm Ar. Chemometric analysis of these combustion-like data is described. The overall decomposition process of CAB and PEG is endothermic, while that of HTPB is exothermic. The mole fractions of the major products were established along with the kinetics of product evolution. For CAB, elimination products from the pendant groups dominate, with ketenes being the most unusual products. For HTPB, butadiene, 4-vinylcyclohexene, and trans-butadiene oligomers dominate. For PEG, the monoand diether oligomers dominate. The Arrhenius parameters for pyrolysis in the lower temperature range for HTPB [
Rubella immunoglobulin G antibody titers in children with seizures

Abstract The third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was utilized to assess serum rubella immunoglobulin G antibody titers in a representative sample of American children. Antibody titers were significantly lower in children with a history of seizures and in children treated for seizures compared to unaffected children, after adjustment for age, ethnicity, residence, and region ( P =0.022 and 0.029, respectively). Children with the lowest antibody titers were non-Hispanic whites who had a history of seizures. The percentage of US adolescents and young adults with a history of seizures that may have insufficient immunity to rubella is estimated to be 14–50%.
Prophylactic use of penicillin V in teeth with necrotic pulps and asymptomatic periapical radiolucencies

As a result of (1) clinical experience with flare-ups occurring in teeth with necrotic pulps and asymptomatic periapical radiolucencies and (2) on apparent reduction to the incidence of such flare-ups by the administration of penicillin V at the first sign of swelling, this study on the prophylactic administration of penicillin V in similar cases was undertaken. The subjects were 100 consecutive clinic patients whose teeth had necrotic pulps and asymptomatic periapical radiolucencies. At the initial visit, all teeth were instrumented completely to the radiographic apex, with 0.5% to 2.54% sodium hypochlorite as the irrigant. Sterile, dry cotton pellets and ZOE restorations were used. Alternate patients were given 250 mg of penicillin V and an identical-appearing placebo with instructions to take two tablets every 6 hours for the first 24 hours, followed by one tablet every 6 hours until all tablets were taken. Pain and swelling were graded by the patients on five-point scales, and flare-ups were scored when either pain and/or swelling necessitated an unscheduled emergency visit. Fifteen patients developed flare-ups, with significantly more flare-ups in the placebo group (p less than 0.05). The findings indicate that, in selected cases, prophylactic penicillin can be used to prevent flare-ups.
Variational Thomas-Fermi theory of a nonuniform Bose condensate at zero temperature

We derive a description of the spatially inhomogeneous Bose-Einstein condensate, treating the system locally as a homogeneous Bose gas. This approach, similar to the Thomas-Fermi model for the inhomogeneous many-particle fermion system, is well suited to describe the atomic Bose-Einstein condensates that have recently been obtained experimentally through atomic trapping and cooling. In this paper, we confine our attention to the zero-temperature case, although the treatment can be generalized to finite temperatures, as we shall discuss elsewhere. Several features of this approach, which we shall call the Thomas-Fermi-Bogoliubov description, are very attractive. (i) It is simpler than the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov technique. We can obtain analytical results in the case of weakly interacting bosons for quantities such as the chemical potential, the local depletion, pairing, pressure, and density of states. (ii) The method provides an estimate for the error due to the inhomogeneity of the Bose-condensed system. This error is a local quantity so that the validity of the description for a given trap and a given number of trapped atoms can be tested as a function of position. We see, for example, that at the edge of the condensate the Thomas-Fermi-Bogoliubov theory always breaks down. (iii) The Thomas-Fermi-Bogoliubov description can be generalized to treat the statistical mechanics of the Bose gas at finite temperatures.
Immuno-genetic studies of species relationships in columbidae

The comparisons of the species-specific and homologous characters in the erythrocytes of four species of pigeons and doves, as presented in this paper, have as their foundation previously reported cellular characters peculiar toColumba guinea (not inC. livia) which have been isolated as a result of back-crosses tolivia. Comparable results, entirely confirming these, have been obtained in the comparison of the Pearlneck and Ringdove species, especially in the separation of specific Pearlneck characters in back-crosses of the species hybrids to Ring dove.
A game of D. Gale in which one of the players has limited memory

U . . . U X, and B,, = {z,,, . . . ,z~} and let A = i A, and B = i B,. n=O n-0 The game is a win for Player II if A = B, otherwise Player I wins. Obviously if Player II remembers at stage n what the previous plays x,, zo, Xl, q, * . , X”-l, X, were, then he has an easy winning strategy: at the n-th step he first chooses the smallest i < n such that P, fl Xi f 0 and then plays the smallest element (under some fixed linear order of X) from this set. But what if Player II has a bad memory and he remembers at stage n only the position (P,, B,) or even only his own pile P, = A, \ B,,-,? We will examine these problems and some other related to them. Those questions have been posed by David Gale in [l].
ATR‐FTIR as a thickness measurement technique for hydrated polymer‐on‐polymer coatings

Hydrated polymer coatings on polymer substrates are common for many biomedical applications, such as tissue engineering constructs, contact lenses, and catheters. The thickness of the coatings can affect the mechanical behavior of the systems and the cellular response, but measuring the coating thickness can be quite challenging using conventional methods. We propose a new method, that is, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) to determine the relative thickness, combined with atomic force microscopy to calibrate the ATR-FTIR measurements. This technique was successfully employed to determine the hydrated thickness of a series of crosslinked tetraglyme coatings on ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene substrates intended to reduce wear of acetabular cups in total hip replacements. The hydrated coatings ranged from 30 to 200 nm thick and were accurately measured despite the relatively high root-mean-square (RMS) roughness of the substrates, 20-35 nm (peak-to-peak roughness 55-100 nm). The calibrated ATR-FTIR technique is a promising new method for measuring the thickness of many other polymer-on-polymer and hydrated coatings.
Mesoscale Variations of Water Vapor Inferred from the Millimeter-Wave Imaging Radiometer during TOGA COARE

Abstract Autocorrelation analysis was applied to data acquired by NASA’s Millimeter-wave Imaging Radiometer during the 1992–93 Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment to quantify the spatial variability of tropical mid- and upper-tropospheric water vapor. Scenes including thin cirrus (as confirmed by lidar measurements) are associated with greater spatial variability of relative humidity (RH) than clear-sky scenes. Typical clear-sky RH spatial variabilities range between 2% and 3%, whereas values for some cirrus scenes are well above 5%. For both cirrus and clear-sky scenes, most of the RH spatial variability is on spatial scales of less than 10 km. Both the amplitude and spatial scale of observed brightness temperature variabilities are in fair quantitative agreement with a model based on the effects of adiabatic vertical displacements generated by boundary layer–forced gravity waves.
FLT-PET Imaging of Radiation Responses in Murine Tumors

Background 3′-[F-18]Fluoro-3′-deoxythymidine (FLT) traces thymidine phosphorylation catalyzed by thymidine kinase during cell proliferation. Knowing the rate of cell proliferation during cancer treatment, such as radiation therapy, would be valuable in assessing whether tumor recurrence is likely and might indicate the need for additional treatments. However, the relationship between FLT kinetics and the effects of radiation is not well-understood. Nor has the method for optimal quantification of FLT uptake within the irradiated tumor microenvironment been extensively examined.
Learning the phonological forms of new words: effects of orthographic and auditory input.

We investigated the relationship between the phonological and orthographic representations of new words for adult learners. Three groups of native English speakers learned a set of auditorily-prese...