cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
130 EFFECTS OF RIGHT AND LEFT HEART LOADING ON LV FILLING

Consideration of changes in LV performance during respiration generally invokes changes in either preload or afterload. We evaluated the effects of acute changes in right and left heart loading on LV filling in 5 open chest dogs acutely instrumented with mitral and aortic flow probes (QM and QA). With respiration halted, we acutely obstructed the inferior vena cava, pulmonary artery, and the ascending and descending thoracic aorta. Both IVC and PA occlusion cause QM to fall within one beat with QA then falling. Thus the lung acts as a conduit between the right and left hearts, with less than 500 msec required for volume transfer. The rapid infusion of blood into the RA with the pericardium in place results in QM falling for 2 beats and then sharply increasing. Changes in QA follow QM. In each dog the diastolic changes (QM) precede systolic (QA) consistent with diastolic interdependence being more important than systolic interdependence. Acute cross clamping of the descending aorta causes an immediate fall in QA with QM following. In conclusion: 1) Right sided events have an immediate effect on LV filling and must be accounted for in explaining any changes in the LV during respiration. A rapid increase in systemic venous return may paradoxically initially decrease LV filling. 2) Changes in LV afterload immediately influence QA with QM following.
Certainty equivalence in stochastic linear time-lag systems

It is formally shown here that the optimal control for stochastic linear systems with quadratic criterion has the same form as the optimal control for the system obtained by replacing the random variables in the original system by their expected values conditioned on the measurements (certainty equivalence). It is also demonstrated that the separation theorem known for systems (with quadratic criterion) described by ordinary linear differential equations is valid if the system contains delayed state variables.
Coherent accounts of coping with a chronic illness: Convergences and divergences in family measurement using a narrative analysis

Researchers and clinicians have shown increasing interest in family narratives as an avenue for accessing the family meaning-making process. In this study, we examine the convergences and divergences between narrative assessment, family self-report, and verbal accounts of family climate. Sixty-two families with a child with pediatric asthma were interviewed about the impact that asthma had on family life. These interviews were coded for narrative coherence, relationship expectations, and engagement with the interviewer. Primary caregivers were also interviewed using the Five Minute Speech Sample (FMSS) and completed self-report assessments of family functioning (Family Assessment Device [FAD]; Impact on the Family Scale [IOF]). Contrary to prediction, narrative coherence was higher in those cases where Emotional Over-involvement (EOI) was present on the FMSS. Narrative coherence and engagement with the interviewer were positively related to self-report of family problem solving, communication, and affective responsiveness as measured on the FAD. Divergences and convergences between different types of family measurement are discussed in light of meaning-making processes associated with coping with a chronic illness.
Toward an optimum strategy for estimating density of grasshoppers (Orthoptera : Acrididae) from a Poisson distribution

Over a range of densities from 15 to 140 grasshoppers per m2, six persons counted grasshoppers in subsamples delineated by wire rings that encompassed 0.05, 0.10, or 0.25 m2 per ring. Results did not differ significantly between personnel. The smallest ring size was the most accurate. Each increase in area per ring yielded a decrease in accuracy; the proportion of error increased with ring size but was constant over the observed range of densities. The 0.10- and 0.25-m2 rings detected only 80 and 58%, respectively, of available grasshoppers. The larger rings obviously encompassed more area than an observer could simultaneously comprehend. A random spatial distribution was confirmed for grasshoppers on rangeland. Poisson confidence intervals therefore are appropriate. The precision of Poisson confidence intervals is essentially a function of the total number of insects detected in a sample. Precision can be improved rapidly by adding subsamples to assure detection of 40–50 total grasshoppers per sample; improvement after about 200 total grasshoppers per sample is imperceptible.
Professional Black Men and Women: Attainment of Terminal Academic Degrees:

Family background and personality characteristics of black professionals who held doctorates were examined for possible commonalities and sex differences. 30 black men and 34 black women from a var...
Research needs for physical modelling in ice engineering: Reflections from a university ice tank

Abstract Given the complexities surrounding many ice engineering problems, engineers and scientists will continue to draw heavily on physical modelling techniques to obtain the required insights and data for designing structures and vessels in ice-covered waters. However, so that physical modelling might be well-founded scientifically, and not be yet another “black art,” a programme of rigorous research must still be undertaken to identify: (1) appropriate similitude criteria and scale effects in ice-force modelling; and, (2) improved model-ice material(s) together with improved methods for testing model-ice properties. Presented here are reflections on research activities needed to establish appropriate modelling criteria and model-ice materials. The reflections are not intended to be a complete statement of all research needs. Rather, they somewhat wistfully mirror the author's concern for the slow development of modelling practice.
Role of invasive electrophysiologic testing in the management of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias

Electrophysiologic studies are indicated in patients with sustained paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation or aborted sudden death. These studies allow determination of mechanism and reproducibility of initiation as well as pacing termination of ventricular tachycardia, against which the effects of pharmacologic or nonpharmacologic therapies can be tested. Such studies are also indicated in certain patients with syncope in whom a strong suspicion exists for an arrhythmic cause. The content and conduct of electrophysiologic testing in these patients require attention to the physiology of the conduction system and systematic programmed stimulation of the right ventricle. The stimulation protocol should include, if necessary, twice-threshold stimulation at 2 sites at 3 or more cycle lengths, with up to 3 extrastimuli. Sufficient variability exists in electrophysiologic testing as in other clinical methods calling for careful attention to the reproducibility of tachycardia induction in a given patient, lest chance alone mimic beneficial or deleterious effects of antiarrhythmic regimens. Mapping-directed surgery for ventricular tachycardia remains the most effective therapy in patients with sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia with a mortality similar to other forms of medical therapy.
The reaction of inositol hexaphosphate with hemoglobin

Abstract The rate of oxygen dissociation from the fully liganded hemoglobin tetramer (Hb4(O2)4) is increased by the presence of inositol hexaphosphate from approximately 50/sec to 180/sec at 22°. It follows from this observation that inositol hexaphosphate is bound by oxygen-saturated human hemoglobin. This result is in marked contrast to absence of an effect of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate or pyridoxal phosphate on the rate of oxygen dissociation from Hb4(O2)4. Inositol hexaphosphate does not, however, modify the rate of CO dissociation from Hb4(CO)4 but it does decrease the rate of CO binding to Hb4(CO)3 by about seven-fold compared to the phosphate-free system.
Equation of state of two-dimensional Yang-Mills theory

We study the pressure, $P$, of $\mathrm{SU}(N)$ gauge theory on a two-dimensional torus as a function of area, $A=l/t$. We find a crossover scale that separates the system on a large circle from a system on a small circle at any finite temperature. The crossover scale approaches zero with increasing $N$ and the crossover becomes a first-order transition as $N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$ and $l\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ with the limiting value of $\frac{2Pl}{(N\ensuremath{-}1)t}$ depending on the fixed value of $Nl$.
Impact of prolonged fraction delivery times on tumor control: a note of caution for intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT).

Abstract Purpose Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) allows greater dose conformity to the tumor target. However, IMRT, especially static delivery, usually requires more time to deliver a dose fraction than conventional external beam radiotherapy (EBRT). The purpose of this work is to explore the potential impact of such prolonged fraction delivery times on treatment outcome. Methods and materials The generalized linear-quadratic (LQ) model, which accounts for sublethal damage repair and clonogen proliferation, was used to calculate the cell-killing efficiency of various simulated and clinical IMRT plans. LQ parameters derived from compiled clinical data for prostate cancer ( α = 0.15 Gy −1 , α / β = 3.1 Gy, and a 16-min repair half-time) were used to compute changes in the equivalent uniform dose (EUD) and tumor control probability (TCP) due to prolonged delivery time of IMRT as compared with conventional EBRT. EUD and TCP calculations were also evaluated for a wide range of radiosensitivity parameters. The effects of fraction delivery times ranging from 0 to 45 min on cell killing were studied. Results Our calculations indicate that fraction delivery times in the range of 15–45 min may significantly decrease cell killing. For a prescription dose of 81 Gy in 1.8 Gy fractions, the EUD for prostate cancer decreases from 78 Gy for a conventional EBRT to 69 Gy for an IMRT with a fraction delivery time of 30 min. The values of EUD are sensitive to the α / β ratio, the repair half-time, and the fraction delivery time. The instantaneous dose-rate, beam-on time, number of leaf shapes (segments), and leaf-sequencing patterns given the same overall fraction delivery time were found to have negligible effect on cell killing. Conclusions The total time to deliver a single fraction may have a significant impact on IMRT treatment outcome for tumors with a low α / β ratio and a short repair half-time, such as prostate cancer. These effects, if confirmed by clinical studies, should be considered in designing IMRT treatments.
Optical interferometric measurements of nighttime equatorial thermospheric winds at Arequipa, Peru

Nighttime measurements of equatorial thermospheric wind dynamics were obtained at Arequipa, Peru, with an automated field-widened Fabry-Perot interferometer between April 1983 and August 1983 and reduced data from 62 nights. Significant seasonal variations in both zonal and meridional components of the thermospheric neutral wind vector were observed. Near the equinox, between 2000 and 2300 LT, the zonal wind component is eastward with an amplitude between 100 and 150 m/s that gradually ebbs to zero by dawn. The meridional component is generally small throughout the night. In the winter months (May to August) and at the winter solstice, the zonal wind persists eastward throughout the night with speeds between 50 and 150 m/s. The meridional component is directed poleward (southward) toward the winter hemisphere with a speed of 50-75 m/s that decays to zero by midnight. Interferometric measurements of the 630.0-nm intensity at equinox showed a major reduction of the emission listing 1 or 2 hours in all directions but south shortly after evening twilight; this decrease was not observed during winter.
Multidisciplinary prediction of seizure relief from cortical resection surgery

Preoperative variables from a full range of medical specialties were used to predict degree of seizure relief from cortical resection surgery as treatment for epilepsy in 100 patients. General, seizure history, electroencephalographic (EEG), radiological, surgical, and psychological/neuropsychological data were considered. The patients were divided into one large predictive group (n = 75) and a smaller independent cross-validation sample (n = 25). Eight predictive variables emerged: (1) single EEG focus; (2) anterior-midtemporal lobe discharges; (3) discharges only from the side of surgery; (4) rate of occurrence of discharges in surgical area; (5) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Digit Symbol subtest; (6) Marching Test, preferred hand, time; (7) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Hysteria scale score; and (8) MMPI Paranoia scale score. By use of multivariate procedures, increased predictability of surgical outcome was obtained not only with the predictive group but with the independent cross-validation sample. The results demonstrate that predictions of seizure relief from epilepsy surgery can be made with 80% accuracy using multiple, rather than single, predictors.
The 3′-Terminal Structure Required for Replication of Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus RNA Contains an Embedded 3′ End

Abstract We determined the 3′-terminal primary and secondary structures required for replication of Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) RNA in oat protoplasts. Computer predictions, nuclease probing, phylogenetic comparisons, and replication assays of specific mutants and chimeras revealed that the 3′-terminal 109 nucleotides (nt) form a structure with three to four stem-loops followed by a coaxially stacked helix incorporating the last four nt [(A/U)CCC]. Sequences upstream of the 109-nt region also contributed to RNA accumulation. The base-pairing but not the sequences or bulges in the stems were essential for replication, but any changes to the 3′-terminal helix destroyed replication. The two 3′-proximal tetraloops tolerated all changes, but the two 3′-distal tetraloops gave most efficient replication if they fit the GNRA consensus. A mutant lacking the 3′-proximal stem-loop produced elevated levels of less-than-full-length minus strands, and no (+) strand. We propose that a “pocket” structure is the origin of (−)-strand synthesis, which is negatively regulated by the inaccessible conformation of the 3′ terminus, thus favoring a high (+)/(−) ratio. This 3′ structure and the polymerase homologies suggest that genus Luteovirus is more closely related to the Tombusviridae family than to other Luteoviridae genera.
Space partitioning and the effects of molecular proximity on electrostatic moments of the crystalline formamide molecule

Abstract Application of two different spatial partitioning techniques to determine the dipole moment of the formamide molecule in the crystal indicates approximate cancellation of the effects of molecular truncation introduced by space partitioning and intermolecular interactions, leading to a solid state dipole moment which is in reasonable agreement with the gas phase value.
Factors affecting decision support system benefits

Abstract Almost every DSS researcher has identified evaluation of DSS as an important research direction. Most previous studies of DSS benefits have failed to address the intangible benefits. This study investigated the relationship of selected predictor variables with the tangible and intangible benefits of DSS utilization in the financial services industry. A mail survey involving 121 DSS users from this industry was used to examine benefits of DSS and the factors determining them. Results indicated that benefits are affected by four groups of factors: Industry, organization, system, and user attributes.
Bounds on Energy, Magnetic Helicity, and Cross Helicity Dissipation Rates of Approximate Deconvolution Models of Turbulence for MHD Flows

We consider a family of high accuracy, approximate deconvolution models of turbulent magnetohydrodynamic flows. For body force driven turbulence, we prove directly from the model's equations of motion the following bounds on the model's time averaged energy dissipation rate ⟨ϵADM⟩, time averaged cross helicity dissipation rate ⟨γ×, ADM⟩ and magnetic helicity dissipation rate ⟨γmag,ADM⟩, where &#x1d4b0;, ℬ, L are the global velocity scale, global magnetic field scale and length scale, R is a dimensionless constant related to fluid and magnetic Reynolds numbers, given precisely in Section 2.2, S is the reciprocal of the product of fluid density times free-space permeability and δ is the LES filter radius.
Classroom innovation using case studies and computer display panel technology to stimulate discussion of engineering principles

It is noted that engineering students are often subjected to the standard classroom lecture approach in their engineering courses. In an effort to bring some reality into the classroom, an innovative combination of comprehensive case studies and display panel technology can be used to enhance learning in the classroom. The author reports on the results of such an experimental program currently in progress in the College of Engineering and Technology at Bradley University. It is concluded that the combination of case studies and computer display panel technology promotes sharing of alternate solutions to comprehensive problems in a more meaningful way than the standard lecture plus homework-problem approach. >
Spectrum Sensing Over MIMO Channels Using Generalized Likelihood Ratio Tests

Spectrum sensing is a key function of cognitive radios and is used to determine whether a primary user is present in the channel or not. Many approaches have been proposed when both primary user and secondary user employ a single antenna. Recently several techniques have also been proposed assuming that the the secondary user employs multiple antennas. In this paper, we formulate and solve the generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) for spectrum sensing when both primary user transmitter and the secondary user receiver are equipped with multiple antennas. We do not assume any prior information about the channel statistics or the primary user's signal structure. Two cases are considered when the secondary user is aware of the energy of the noise and when it is not. The final test statistics derived from GLRT are based on the eigenvalues of the sample covariance matrix. Through analysis we exhibit the role of the eigenvalues in characterizing the signal ${+}$ noise and noise subspaces in the received data. Simulation results are presented in terms of the receiver operating characteristics and detection probabilities for several cases of interest.
Metabolic rate and sexual activity in Drosophila simulans

Abstract The metabolic rates of 4-day-old Drosophila simulans females are affected by sexual activity. Virgin females have the lowest rates of metabolism, inseminated females that were separated from males had higher rates of metabolism, and females that were kept continuously in contact with males had the highest rates of metabolism. Differences between the metabolic rates of the latter two classes of females are unrelated to differences in their rates of egg laying.
Measuring research benefits in an imperfect market: second comment

This note generalizes a finding about the necessary and sufficient conditions for research to generate greater benefits in the presence of distortions and highlights a significant source of bias in conventional cost-benefit calculations
Institutional Mechanisms for Unionization in Sixteen OECD Countries: An Analysis of Social Survey Data

Synthese des explications structurelles et institutionnelles de la syndicalisation dans une analyse qui combine les donnees d'enquete sociale et l'information institutionnelle comparative de seize pays de l'OCDE. Les schemas fortement centralises de convention collective du travail et de l'assurance chomage geree par le syndicat sont associes a des modeles de syndicalisation fortement solidaires. Les institutions qui deplacent l'allocation de marche avec un controle politique assistent a une organisation des classes ouvrieres en syndicats
Schistosomatium douthitti: effects of thyroxine.

Thyroxine-treated flukes showed increased tetrazolium reductase and cytochrome oxidase activities in histochemical preparations. Single male, single female, and pairs of S. douthitti, as well as cercariae of this species, consumed more oxygen when treated with thyroxine than did controls. The same effect was observed in all other invertebrates examined (Haematoloechus sp., Dugesia sp., Tetrahymena pyriformis, and an unidentified strigeoid species of cercaria). Both male and female schistosomes from hyperthyroid hosts are significantly larger than flukes from normal mice (P < 0.025). This condition prevailed whether the hyperthyroid state was established prior to cercarial penetration or after schistosomular migration through the lungs. S. douthitti adults from surgically thyroidectomized rats were significantly smaller than flukes from sham-operated sibling controls (P < 0.01). An accelerated death rate was also observed in hyperthyroid mice infected with S. douthitti. Female schistosomes from unisexual infections were significantly smaller (P < 0.1) than those from bisexual infections, confirming Short's (1952) report.
General nonstandard finite-difference schemes for differential equations with three fixed-points

We construct general nonstandard finite-difference (NSFD) schemes that provide explicit methods for first-order differential equations with three fixed-points y^'(t)=+/-y([email protected])(y-1) where [email protected][email protected]@?1. For y>=0, these methods, regardless of the step-size chosen, are stable with respect to the monotonicity of solutions and are elementary stable. That is, they preserve the critical properties of the original differential equation such as the positivity of the solutions, the stability behavior of all fixed-points, and the monotonicity of solutions within each subinterval (0,@a), (@a,1), and (1,~).
Genetic and biochemical investigations of the role of MamP in redox control of iron biomineralization in Magnetospirillum magneticum

Magnetotactic bacteria have evolved complex subcellular machinery to construct linear chains of magnetite nanocrystals that allow the host cell to sense direction. Each mixed-valent iron nanoparticle is mineralized from soluble iron within a membrane-encapsulated vesicle termed the magnetosome, which serves as a specialized compartment that regulates the iron, redox, and pH environment of the growing mineral. To dissect the biological components that control this process, we have carried out a genetic and biochemical study of proteins proposed to function in iron mineralization. In this study, we show that the redox sites of c-type cytochromes of the Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1 magnetosome island, MamP and MamT, are essential to their physiological function and that ablation of one or both heme motifs leads to loss of function, suggesting that their ability to carry out redox chemistry in vivo is important. We also develop a method to heterologously express fully heme-loaded MamP from AMB-1 for in vitro biochemical studies, which show that its Fe(III)–Fe(II) redox couple is set at an unusual potential (−89 ± 11 mV) compared with other related cytochromes involved in iron reduction or oxidation. Despite its low reduction potential, it remains competent to oxidize Fe(II) to Fe(III) and mineralize iron to produce mixed-valent iron oxides. Finally, in vitro mineralization experiments suggest that Mms mineral-templating peptides from AMB-1 can modulate the iron redox chemistry of MamP.
Fewer pigmented neurons in the locus coeruleus of uncomplicated alcoholics.

Altered noradrenergic function is associated with alcoholism. Reduced brain norepinephrine (NE) concentrations and β-adrenergic receptor supersensitivity following chronic alcohol consumption suggest a reduced level of noradrenergic neurotransmission. To further elucidate the reason for changes in noradrenergic function, we determined the number of melanin-containing noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) postmortem from 11 controns and 7 alcoholics. Controls did not have a known history of psychiatric or neurologic disorders and were drug-free by toxicological screen. The diagnosis of alcohol-dependence was based on DSM-III-R criteria. Alcoholics differed from controls in having 23% fewer LC neurons (control: 43,472 ± 1,021; alcoholic: 33,398 ± 2184; P < 0.0005) and 46% lower density of neurons (control: 1,227 ± 89 cells per mm3; alcoholic: 663 ± 94 cells per mm3; P = 0.001). The reduction in neurons was bilateral and throughout the middle third of the LC. The two groups did not differ with respect to LC length (control: 16.1 ± 0.6mm; alcoholic: 15.3 ± 0.9mm; P = 0.47) or total LC volume (control: 37.3 ± 2.8mm3; alcoholic: 46.5 ± 4.2mm3; P = 0.09). Changes in noradrenergic neurotransmission in alcoholics may be due to fewer noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus and may contribute to memory loss and depression, common consequences of alcoholism.
A Technique For Measuring Slurry‐Flow Dynamics During Chemical ‐ Mechanical Polishing

Chemical-Mechanical Polishing (CMP) is one of the fastest growing market segments in the semiconductor equipment industry. One of the critical consumable in CMP is a specialized solution, or slurry, which contains both free abrasives and chemicals acting together to planarize a wafer. These chemically active slurries account for approximately one fifth of the total cost of polishing a wafer. Because of the cost and potential toxicity, there are both financial and environmental pressures to reduce the amount of slurry consumed during the CMP process. To accomplish this in a systematic manner we have developed a technique for quantifying slurry flow patterns during CMP which involves using fluorescent dyes to measure slurry mixing, temperature gradients and slurry aging during the polishing. An aqueous fluorescent solution with matching viscosity is used to model the slurry, a glass window models the wafer and a commercially available polisher provides the polishing pad/table rotating work surface. This talk will focus on the diagnostic technique used to measure the slurry behavior as well as some semi-quantitative results on both the amount and uniformity of slurry entrained beneath the wafer as a function of pad topography, injection location and pad rotation rates.
Philosophical and Political Issues in Research on Women’s Violence and Aggression

This essay organizes the philosophical and political issues raised by researching women’s aggression and violence by posing three questions. What does a research focus on women’s violence and aggression offer feminist scholars and activists? What are the potential hazards of such a focus? What are promising directions for research? To focus on women as aggressors and perpetrators as well as victims sheds light on compelling and difficult questions of gender and violence, especially violence and aggression between intimate partners. It also presents some political pitfalls for the most vigilant researchers, including oversimplification and misinterpretation of complex empirical findings. The author concludes with a call for researchers to follow the lead of the ideas and evidence collected in this special issue.
Sodium balance in the hatchling American crocodile, Crocodylus acutus

Abstract 1. 1. In fresh water the hatchling American crocodile, Crocodylus acutus , has a Na efflux rate of 2.5μM·100g −1 ·hr −1 , of which 69% is from the head, neck and forelimbs; 12% is from the body, hindlimbs and tail and 19% is from the cloaca. 2. 2. It appears that this species is able to extract Na from fresh water but the site and mode are unknown. 3. 3. C. acutus loses weight relatively rapidly in all brackish water salinities above 25% sea water. In 25% sea water the rate of Na efflux is 5.6 μM· 100g −1 ·hr −1 , of which 46% is from the head, neck and forelimbs; 20% from the body, hindlimbs and tail and 34% from the cloaca. 4. 4. An extrarenal salt secretory gland is apparently not functional in hatchling C. acutus in 25% sea water.
Youthful appeal of nanoscience

The topic of nanotubes and nanowires is very current and there is nothing quite like this book, which is succinct, easy to read, and covers an amazing amount of material.
Slavic and Eastern European-Related Graphic Collections in the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History

Works on paper depicting Russian and Eastern European subjects at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History include fine art and popular prints, photographs, posters, bookplates, sheet music, and other illustrations. This article discusses these works in the context of French influences on Russian art as well as documenting some aspects of the representation of US-Russian relations in illustrated popular media. It also describes an important group of prints and photographs in the Gustavus V. Fox Collection of Russian “souvenirs,” acquired as a diplomatic gift in 1866 and donated to the Smithsonian in 1909.
The Government and Governance of Ohio: Party Politics and the Dismantling of Public Administration

Besides serving as a bellwether in national politics, Ohio illuminates governance issues when public administration functions in highly partisan states. Our analysis of democratic governance emphasizes the role of integrative institutions, those driven by normative public administration. We argue that Ohio has diminished governance capacity because the state lacks a system of integrative political institutions. Thus, the two major parties control all aspects of state government, including its public administration. A case study of Cuyahoga County reform illustrates the adverse effect on citizens when partisan dominance of Ohio’s political institutions overpowers the state’s capacity for integrative governance.
Antidepressants (venlafaxine and citalopram) cause foot detachment from the substrate in freshwater snails at environmentally relevant concentrations

Human antidepressants have been shown to have a wide variety of effects on aquatic mollusks. The antidepressants venlafaxine (“Effexor”) and citalopram (“Celexa”) are human pharmaceuticals detected in effluent from wastewater treatment plants. We report on the acute effects of venlafaxine and citalopram on the attachment ability of two freshwater snails, Leptoxis carinata and Stagnicola (=Lymnaea) elodes. In laboratory experiments, venlafaxine induced significant foot detachment from the substrate in L. carinata at nominal concentrations as low as 313 pg L−1 (10−12 M) and in S. elodes at 31.3 ng L−1. Citalopram was equally potent in L. carinata, inducing significant foot detachment in 405 pg L−1 (10−12 M), but slightly less potent in S. elodes inducing significant foot detachment in 4.05 µg L−1. In all cases of foot detachment from the substrate, snails were not able to reattach while exposed to the drugs. The lowest observed effect concentrations (LOEC) for venlafaxine (313 pg L−1) and citalopram (405 pg...
Cervical cancer histology and tumor differentiation affect 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the variation in cervical cancer glucose metabolism for different tumor histologies and levels of differentiation, as measured by the uptake of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) by positron emission tomography (PET). METHODS: The study population consisted of 240 patients with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stages Ib1 through IVb cervical cancer, who underwent a pretreatment FDG-PET. Tumor histology included 221 squamous cell (SC), 4 adenosquamous (AS), and 15 adenocarcinoma (AC) tumors. There were 14 well, 145 moderately, and 81 poorly differentiated tumors. The stage distribution was as follows: 70 stage I tumors (9 AC, 2 AS, and 59 SC), 102 stage II tumors (3 AC, 1 AS, and 98 SC), 64 stage III tumors (3 AC, 1 AS, and 60 SC), and 4 stage IV tumors (4 SC). From the FDG-PET, maximal standardized uptake value (SUVmax) was determined. The variation in SUVmax was analyzed for differences based on tumor histology and differentiation. RESULTS: For all patients, the mean SUVmax was 11.62 (range, 2.50-50.39). The mean SUVmax by histology was as follows: SC, 11.91 (range, 2.50-50.39); AS, 8.85 (range, 6.53-11.26); and AC, 8.05 (range, 2.83-13.92). Squamous versus nonsquamous tumors demonstrated a significant difference in SUVmax (P = .0153). SUVmax and tumor volume were not found to be correlated (R2 = 0.013). The mean SUVmax was 8.58 for well-differentiated, 11.56 for moderately differentiated, and 12.23 for poorly differentiated tumors. The mean SUVmax was significantly different for well‒differentiated versus poorly differentiated cervical tumors (P = .0474). CONCLUSIONS: Cervical tumor FDG uptake varied by histology and differentiation. SC tumors demonstrated a significantly higher SUVmax compared with nonsquamous cell tumors, and poorly differentiated tumors also had a higher SUVmax. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
An analysis of the separation of submicron particles by capillary hydrodynamic fractionation (CHDF)

Particle dispersions pumped under laminar flow conditions through narrow bore capillaries separate by size, with larger particles eluting before smaller ones. This technique is called capillary hydrodynamic flow fractionation (CHDF). The separation is due to both the size exclusion of the particles from the slow moving streamlines and the colloidal and inertial forces acting on the particles. The purpose of this paper is to present a detailed, and we believe, complete analysis of the separation process. This analysis is based on a fundamental model for the convected Brownian motion of colloidal particles in a capillary tube. A parameter sensitivity study suggests that the separation factor (a parameter equal to the ratio of the mean displacement velocities of particle and eluant) is nearly independent of the ionic strength of the eluant and the chemical nature of the particle (i.e., Hamaker constant and surface potential) when the product of particle Reynolds number and Peclet number is greater than 80 (RepPe > 80). On the other hand, at RepPe < 3, the inertial forces are negligible and the colloidal forces along with the size exclusion effect become the determining factor in the separation process. The particle's chemical nature becomes important at high eluant ionic strengths and RepPe < 3. Plots of the separation factor, under different eluant and flow conditions, are provided and some implications of the theory of CHDF are noted. Results from previous experimental studies are briefly summarized along with more recent data; these have been used to develop a quantitative model of the flow-induced separation, which is described in detail in this paper.
Approach to pattern aspect ratio control

Many semiconductor chip designs require precise simultaneous control of both the width and length of asymmetric features. Line shortening due to optical, resist processing, and mask effects cause the process windows for width and length to diverge. Typically differential mask biasing has ben used to maximize the common process window for both axes. As we enter the gigabit era limitations in grid size and mask write times may become significant restrictions to meeting required device tolerances with that approach. Simulations of aerial image and resist processing using SPLAT and LEOPOLD indicate that for a given mask there is considerable latitude to adjust the length of features without a significant loss of process window. An experimental design matrix was used to verify the simulation results and develop a regression mode of pupil fill, numerical aperture, and resist diffusion effects. This model was then applied to optimize the processing conditions for several product masks. This technique is particularly useful early in the development cycle when mask to mask repeatability is poor and lead times are long. It may also be use to fine tune image sizes in manufacturing.
The Tower of LondonDX: A Standardized Approach to Assessing Executive Functioning in Children

In the current study, the Tower of London (Shallice, 1982) was modified to enhance its clinical utility as a measure of childhood executive functioning. The Tower of London-Drexel (TOL(DX)) was administered to normal control (NC; N = 56) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; N = 99) children (ages 7 to 12) to determine whether age-related changes in performance were evident, to gather normative data, and to evaluate the test-retest reliability and criterion-validity of the measure. The results revealed age-related changes in score performance, age-group normative data, an acceptable level of reliability and significant differences in performance of NC and ADHD subjects. Further, discriminant analysis classification rates determined that the TOL(DX) was sensitive and highly specific to ADHD. Implications and limitations of the study are discussed.
Representation of Events in the von Neumann Cellular Model

In this paper it is proved that regular events are representable in the cellular model proposed by John von Neumann, and a construction of a finite-state cellular automaton is presented. The procedure was motivated primarily by McNaughton's construction of an automaton using slow but well-timed elements.
Teleseismic Detection with Wide Band Vertical and Horizontal Accelerometers

THE observation of distant seismic events using a wide-band vertical accelerometer has recently been reported1. This is a preliminary report of the observation of teleseisms with both the vertical accelerometer and a new wide-band horizontal accelerometer at a surface site. Previous surface measurements of teleseisms with horizontal seismometers have been complicated by high levels of instrument and ground noise2. With present instrumentation and the aid of simple digital filtering, it is possible to obtain signal-to-noise ratios for a horizontal instrument at the surface comparable to those for the vertical instrument. In fact, if Love waves are produced, the signal-to-noise ratio for the surface horizontal accelerometer often exceeds that for the vertical.
Anxious Solitude and Clinical Disorder in Middle Childhood: Bridging Developmental and Clinical Approaches to Childhood Social Anxiety

It was hypothesized that children identified by their peers at school as anxious solitary would report more symptoms of social anxiety disorder on a self report questionnaire and, on the basis of child and parent clinical interviews, receive more diagnoses of social anxiety disorder and additional anxiety and mood disorders. Participants were 192 children drawn from a community sample of 688 children attending public elementary schools. Half of these children were selected because they were identified as anxious solitary by peers and the other half were demographically-matched controls. 192 children provided self reports of social anxiety disorder symptoms on a questionnaire, and 76 of these children and their parent participated in clinical interviews. Results indicate that children identified by their peers as anxious solitary in the fall of 4th grade, compared to control children, were significantly more likely to receive diagnoses of social anxiety disorder, specific phobia, and selective mutism based on parent clinical interviews. Additionally, there was a tendency for these children to be diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder and post traumatic stress disorder based on parent clinical interviews. Furthermore, children who had been identified as anxious solitary at any time in the 3rd or 4th grades were more likely than control children to report symptoms of social anxiety disorder that fell in the clinical range and to receive diagnoses of social anxiety disorder and dysthymia (both trends) and major depression (a significant effect) according to parental clinical interview.
“Kind Angel of the Soul and Heart”: Domesticity and Family Correspondence among the Pre‐Emancipation Russian Gentry

Foreign contemporaries, as well as many scholars, have often portrayed the Russian gentry of the Imperial period, and especially of the pre-Emancipation great "freeze" under Nicholas I, as cold, reserved, concerned with status and little else. Yet the correspondence of the gentry during this period could not provide a greater contrast to this stiff, almost hostile portrait. Letters overflow with emotion, with kisses, with adulation, writers send hearts to all corners of the Russian Empire and abroad. Hands are kissed, "angels" abound among the recipients. Letters are counted and cherished (thus surviving in the archives). What are we to make of this contrast? The high-flown language of emotion contains stylized elements, to be sure. Although scholars must be cautious in assessing emotional experience from a distance of over a century and half, it is clear that the expression of emotion was important to the Russian gentry of the second quarter of the nineteenth century, and this suggests that the writers valued the experience of emotion as well. Although the pre-Emancipation gentry sought status and movement up the rungs of state service, and were willing to use personal
The specificity of an antiserum against mosquito vitellogenin and its use in a radioimmunological precipitation assay for protein synthesis

Abstract An antiserum against purified vitellin of the mosquito Aedes aegypti is highly specific for vitellogenin, the precursor of vitellin, that is found only in females developing eggs. This antigen is also made by the fat body in vitro after a blood meal and in response to ecdysterone. A rapid radioimmunological precipitation assay for vitellogenin using filters is described that is sensitive, specific and reliable. This method avoids loss of small precipitates during the washing procedure, and with proper precautions is a valuable technique in experimental work with labelled antigens.
Mechanical dyssynchrony in children with systolic dysfunction secondary to cardiomyopathy: a Doppler tissue and vector velocity imaging study.

Objective Mechanical dyssynchrony is common in adults with heart failure and its presence predicts response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. However, mechanical dyssynchrony and its quantification by echocardiography have not been extensively studied in children with cardiomyopathy. We investigated mechanical dyssynchrony in children with systolic dysfunction secondary to cardiomyopathy using Doppler tissue imaging (DTI) and vector velocity imaging (VVI). Methods We used DTI and VVI to quantify mechanical dyssynchrony in 22 children with systolic dysfunction secondary to cardiomyopathy and in 25 healthy control subjects. We analyzed DTI results corrected for cardiac dimensions and evaluated correlation between electrical and mechanical dyssynchrony and between mechanical dyssynchrony and systolic function. Results DTI and VVI revealed significant mechanical dyssynchrony among children with cardiomyopathy. Intraventricular and interventricular delays as defined by DTI, and the SD of time to peak velocity, strain, and strain rate as defined by VVI were 2 to 3 times higher in patients with cardiomyopathy as compared with control subjects. There was no significant relationship between electrical and mechanical dyssynchrony. Conclusions Children with systolic dysfunction secondary to cardiomyopathy have mechanical dyssynchrony, unrelated to electrical dyssynchrony, which can be measured by recent echocardiographic techniques including DTI and VVI. Children with cardiomyopathy and mechanical dyssynchrony are potential candidates for cardiac resynchronization therapy.
Risk factors for pediatric arachnoid cyst rupture/hemorrhage: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND As the availability of imaging modalities has increased, the finding of arachnoid cysts has become common. Accurate patient counseling regarding physical activity or risk factors for cyst rupture or hemorrhage has been hampered by the lack of definitive association studies. OBJECTIVE This case-control study evaluated factors that are associated with arachnoid cyst rupture (intracystic hemorrhage, adjacent subdural hematoma, or adjacent subdural hygroma) in pediatric patients with previously asymptomatic arachnoid cysts. METHODS Patients with arachnoid cysts and intracystic hemorrhage, adjacent subdural hygroma, or adjacent subdural hematoma treated at a single institution from 2005 to 2010 were retrospectively identified. Two unruptured/nonhemorrhagic controls were matched to each case based on patient age, sex, anatomical cyst location, and side. Risk factors evaluated included arachnoid cyst size, recent history of head trauma, and altitude at residence. RESULTS The proportion of imaged arachnoid cysts that presented either originally or subsequently with a rupture or hemorrhage was 6.0%. Larger cyst size, as defined by maximal cyst diameter, was significantly associated with cyst rupture/hemorrhage (P < .001). When dichotomized with a 5-cm cutoff, 9/13 larger cysts ruptured and/or hemorrhaged, whereas only 5/29 smaller cysts ruptured/hemorrhaged (odds ratio = 16.5 (confidence interval [2.5, ∞]). A recent history of head trauma was also significantly associated with the outcome (P < .001; odds ratio = 25.1 (confidence interval [4.0, ∞]). Altitude was not associated with arachnoid cyst rupture or hemorrhage. CONCLUSION This case-control study suggests that larger arachnoid cyst size and recent head trauma are risk factors for symptomatic arachnoid cyst rupture/hemorrhage.
A developmental analysis of the influence of body weight on the sociometry of children

The influence of relative weight on sociometric nominations (liking and disliking) and sociometric ratings by first, third, and fifth graders was assessed. In terms of nominations, first grade overweight males, relative to other males and to overweight females, received fewer liking nominations. On the sociometric ratings, third grade overweight males were rated lower by other males. Ratings by females at each grade level, and by fifth grade males, were influenced by gender considerations and not by weight considerations. That is, boys rated boys higher than they rated girls, and girls rated girls higher than they rated boys, regardless of the child's weight status. Additional analyses demonstrated that these findings were not qualified by the weight of the child making the ratings. Thus, developmental evidence was found for less liking (but not disliking) of overweight peers among first and third grade males, while weight did not appear to influence the decisions of fifth graders. These results call into question the validity of a social stigma often assumed to be associated with overweight children.
A SINGLE-STAGE, LIQUID-PHASE DIMETHYL ETHER SYNTHESIS PROCESS FROM SYNGAS IV. THE WODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF THE LPDME PROCESS SYSTEM

Abstract In the LPDME process, methanol synthesis catalyst (composed of CuO, ZnO, and Al2O3) and the methanol dehydration catalyst (gamma-alumina) are slurried in the inert liquid phase. The catalysts constitute the solid phase. Syngas components (H2, CO, CO2, and CH4) and the products (CH3OH, H2O, and DME) constitute the vapor phase. At least three chemical reactions, viz., methanol synthesis, water-gas shift, and methanol dehydration also occur simultaneously in the liquid phase. The multicomponent phase equilibrium and the simultaneous chemical reaction equilibrium for this process system have been studied. The thermodynamic analysis has been presented in terms of the equilibrium conversions for H2and CO, syngas, and the concentration driving forces for H2 and CO. Methanol synthesis alone and co-production of methanol and DME are compared. The effects of water and CO2addition to the feed syngas on the equilibrium conversions are also investigated.