cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Weather, Disorderly Conduct, and Assaults: From Social Contact to Social Avoidance

It is proposed that the seemingly contradictory predictions of routine activity theory and the negative affect escape (NAE) model of aggression can be reconciled by viewing inclement weather (parti...
The rv1184c Locus Encodes Chp2, an Acyltransferase in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Polyacyltrehalose Lipid Biosynthesis

ABSTRACT Trehalose glycolipids are found in many bacteria in the suborder Corynebacterineae, but methyl-branched acyltrehaloses are exclusive to virulent species such as the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In M. tuberculosis, the acyltransferase PapA3 catalyzes the formation of diacyltrehalose (DAT), but the enzymes responsible for downstream reactions leading to the final product, polyacyltrehalose (PAT), have not been identified. The PAT biosynthetic gene locus is similar to that of another trehalose glycolipid, sulfolipid 1. Recently, Chp1 was characterized as the terminal acyltransferase in sulfolipid 1 biosynthesis. Here we provide evidence that the homologue Chp2 (Rv1184c) is essential for the final steps of PAT biosynthesis. Disruption of chp2 led to the loss of PAT and a novel tetraacyltrehalose species, TetraAT, as well as the accumulation of DAT, implicating Chp2 as an acyltransferase downstream of PapA3. Disruption of the putative lipid transporter MmpL10 resulted in a similar phenotype. Chp2 activity thus appears to be regulated by MmpL10 in a relationship similar to that between Chp1 and MmpL8 in sulfolipid 1 biosynthesis. Chp2 is localized to the cell envelope fraction, consistent with its role in DAT modification and possible regulatory interactions with MmpL10. Labeling of purified Chp2 by an activity-based probe was dependent on the presence of the predicted catalytic residue Ser141 and was inhibited by the lipase inhibitor tetrahydrolipstatin (THL). THL treatment of M. tuberculosis resulted in selective inhibition of Chp2 over PapA3, confirming Chp2 as a member of the serine hydrolase superfamily. Efforts to produce in vitro reconstitution of acyltransferase activity using straight-chain analogues were unsuccessful, suggesting that Chp2 has specificity for native methyl-branched substrates.
Does Working with an Executive Coach Enhance the Value of Multisource Performance Feedback

The article reports on a study pertaining to the effectiveness of executive coaching. Researchers sought to determine whether or not executive coaching improved the effects of multisource feedback over time, particularly as it related to performance. They found that whether executives worked with coaches or not had no impact on how likely they were to share feedback with subordinates or peers. Performance ratings improved for executives who received coaching. The effect due to coaching was modest and limited to ratings received from supervisors and subordinates.
State estimation for snake robots

We present a comparison of methods to estimate the shape and orientation of a locomoting snake robot by fusing the robot's redundant internal proprioceptive sensors using and Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). All of the estimators used in this work represent the shape of the snake with gait parameters to reduce the complexity of the robot configuration space. The compared approaches for representing shape and pose of the snake robot differ primarily in the use of a body frame fixed to the pose of a single module versus one that is aligned with the virtual chassis. Additionally, we evaluate a state representation that explicitly tracks joint angles for improved estimates. For one particular gait, rolling, we present experimental data where motion capture data of the snake robot is used as ground truth to compare the accuracy of the state estimates from these techniques. We show that using the virtual chassis body frame, rather than a fixed body frame, results in improved accuracy of the snake robot's estimated pitch and roll. We also show that, in general, representing the robot's shape with gait parameters is sufficient to accurately estimated shape and pose, though it can be improved upon in specific cases by explicitly modeling joint angles.
Childhood Obesity: Are We All Speaking the Same Language?

Terminology and measures used in studies of weight and adiposity in children can be complex and confusing. Differences arise in metrics, terminology, reference values, and reference levels. Most studies depend on body mass index (BMI) calculated from weight and height, rather than on more direct measures of body fatness. Definitions of overweight and obesity are generally statistical rather than risk-based and use a variety of different reference data sets for BMI. As a result, different definitions often do not give the same results. A basic problem is the lack of strong evidence for any one particular definition. Rather than formulate the question as being one of how to define obesity, it might be useful to consider what BMI cut-points best predict future health risks and how efficiently to screen for such risks. The answers may be different for different populations. In addition, rather than depending solely on BMI to make screening decisions, it is likely to be useful to also consider other factors, including not only race-ethnicity, sex and age, but also factors such as family history. Despite their limitations, BMI-based definitions of overweight and obesity provide working practical definitions that are valuable for general public health surveillance and screening.
The Evolution of the Formal Educational System and its Relation to Economic Growth Policies in the First Turkish Republic

During the last decade or so, educational institutions of developing countries have attracted the attention of social scientists as the prime movers of structural changes in such societies. Some of those who are concerned with economic development and growth have argued that a major barrier to economic development is not so much the scarcity of natural resources and capital, but rather the lack of trained manpower resulting from insufficient or mismanaged investment in training the ‘necessary manpower’.
Competitive Exclusion of Sulfate Reduction by Fe(lll)-Reducing Bacteria: A Mechanism for Producing Discrete Zones of High-Iron Ground Water

The Middendorf aquifer of South Carolina exhibits a 40-kilometer-wide zone where dissolved ferrous iron concentrations commonly exceed 1 mg/I. Downgradient of this zone, dissolved iron concentrations decrease to less than 0.05 mg/1. Geochemical and microbiologie evidence indicates that this zonation reflects the competitive exclusion of sulfate-reducing activity by Fe(IH)-reducing bacteria in the high-iron zone and the emergence of sulfate reduction as the predominant process in the low-iron zone. Viable Fe(III)- and sulfate-reducing bacteria coexist throughout the aquifer. However, the observed linear relationship between dissolved iron and dissolved inorganic carbon as well as the lack of sulfate consumption indicates that sulfate-reducing bacteria are much less active than Fe(III)-reducing bacteria in the high-iron zone. Fe(III)-reducing bacteria appear to exclude sulfate-reducing activity by maintaining dissolved hydrogen (˜1.0 nM), formate (˜2.0 μM), and acetate (˜1.0 μM) concentrations at levels lower than thresholds required by sulfate-reducing bacteria. Downgradient of the high-iron zone, Fe(III)-reducing activity becomes limited by a lack of Fe(III) oxyhydroxides as Middendorf sediments become progressively more marine in origin. Hydrogen, formate, and acetate concentrations then increase to levels (˜3.0 nM, ˜10.9, and 2.5 μM, respectively) that allow sulfate-reducing bacteria to become active. Increased sulfide production strips ferrous iron from solution by precipitating ferrous sulfides, and dissolved iron concentrations decrease. The observed high-iron zonation is thus one manifestation of microbial competition for scarce substrates. The wide occurrence of similar water-chemistry patterns implies that microbial competition mechanisms are important to the ground-water geochemistry of many hydrologie systems.
A systems biology analysis of brain microvascular endothelial cell lipotoxicity.

Background Neurovascular inflammation is associated with a number of neurological diseases including vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease, which are increasingly important causes of morbidity and mortality around the world. Lipotoxicity is a metabolic disorder that results from accumulation of lipids, particularly fatty acids, in non-adipose tissue leading to cellular dysfunction, lipid droplet formation, and cell death.
Shiga toxins and apoptosis

The enteric pathogens Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) cause bloody diarrheal diseases that may progress to life-threatening extraintestinal complications. Although the S. dysenteriae and STEC differ in the expression of a number of virulence determinants, they share the capacity to produce one or more potent cytotoxins, called Shiga toxins (Stxs). Following the ingestion of the organisms, the expression of Stxs is critical for the development of vascular lesions in the colon, kidneys and central nervous system. It has been known for some time that following the intracellular routing of Stxs to the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear membrane, the toxins translocate into the cytoplasm and target ribosomes for damage. However, numerous recent studies have shown that Stxs trigger programmed cell death signaling cascades in intoxicated cells. The mechanisms of apoptosis induction by these toxins are newly emerging, and the data published to date suggest that the toxins may signal apoptosis in different cells types via different mechanisms. Here we review the Stxs and the known mechanistic aspects of Stx-induced apoptosis, and present a model of apoptosis induction.
The Performance Implications of Designing Multiple Channels to Fit with Strategy and Environment

Abstract Applying a configuration-theoretic approach to study multiple channels, the authors hypothesize that multiple-channel systems make their greatest contributions to firm performance when their structures are properly aligned with their firms' business-level strategies and with environmental conditions. A conceptual model incorporating these variables is supported in an empirical study of responses from executives at 291 electronic component manufacturers. The results confirm the existence of two theoretically ideal configurations. As hypothesized, channels in these ideal configurations make greater contributions to their firms' performance than do channels in alternative configurations. Moreover, a profile deviation analysis shows that a channel system's contribution to its firm's performance is greatest when that channel system's structural profile is closest to the profiles of top-contributing channel systems operating under similar strategic and environmental conditions. The authors present spec...
GLOBAL VERSUS LOCAL : 'AUDIENCE-AS-PUBLIC' IN SOUTH AFRICAN SITUATION COMEDY

Since the general election of 1994 the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC), previously a state broadcaster, has attempted to reconstitute itself. By launching new programming and scheduling the SABC has tried to take into account the requirements for public service broadcasting and the perceptions of what this entails for a new democracy. To contextualize the debates about public service broadcasting in South Africa a brief historic overview of broadcasting is provided. The language requirements for a multicultural society and their effects on programming are explained. Evolution of a local situation comedy genre through two local productions, Suburban Bliss and Going Up, is traced in the SABC’s attempt to achieve a balance of programmes for all members of South African society. The multicultural audience’s varied responses to these productions are discussed to demonstrate how audience reception analysis can serve as an indicator of the rearrangement of cultural power.
A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF PANGOLIN (MAMMALIA, PHOLIDOTA) FROM THE LATE EOCENE OF INNER MONGOLIA, CHINA

Abstract A partial postcranial skeleton from the late Eocene of the Shara Murun region of northern China is described as a new genus and species of fossil pangolin, Cryptomanis gobiensis. Cryptomanis displays numerous diagnostic pangolin characteristics, including enrolled lumbar zygapophyses and fissured ungual phalanges. Like the anatomically similar North American Eocene pangolin Patriomanis, it retains primitive mammalian features such as a convex astragalar head and a prominent femoral third trochanter that are lost in extant pangolins. The systematic position of Cryptomanis within Pholidota is not unambiguously resolved. It is tentatively placed in the family Patriomanidae, which we restrict to Cryptomanis and the closely similar Patriomanis. Cryptomanis differs from modern pangolins in its more robust proximal limb elements, its lack of a greatly enlarged third manual digit, its slender tail, and its more elongate, grasping pedal digits. These traits suggest an animal well adapted for digging but w...
Prophylaxis of cervical cancer and related cervical disease: a review of the cost-effectiveness of vaccination against oncogenic HPV types.

BACKGROUND: Vaccines have demonstrated cost-effectiveness in managed care through the prevention of disease. As new vaccines for previously untargeted conditions are developed, pharmacoeconomic modeling is becoming even more critical for the quantification of value in the health care industry. Two recently developed vaccines aimed at prevention of infection from human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 have proven to be highly efficacious. HPV 16 and 18 are the 2 most common oncogenic strains of HPV and are responsible for 70% of cervical cancer cases worldwide. Persistent infection with an oncogenic HPV type is a known cause of cervical cancer. Therefore, prevention of cervical cancer via HPV vaccination may have a significant financial impact. OBJECTIVE: To qualitatively review existing mathematical models of the costeffectiveness of prophylactic HPV vaccination, with an emphasis on the impact on managed care in the United States. METHODS: Mathematical models of the cost-effectiveness of HPV vaccination based on U.S. data were reviewed. A search of the PubMed database was conducted using the search terms “HPV,” “vaccine,” and “cost-effectiveness” for articles published before February 22, 2010. Studies employing mathematical models to estimate the cost-effectiveness of HPV vaccination in healthy subjects from the United States were included. Models based on data or populations from outside of the United States were excluded. Outcomes were measured with incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs), typically in units of quality-adjusted life expectancy (quality-adjusted life years [QALYs] gained). Most studies included in this review modeled vaccination of a cohort or population of females aged 12 years. Assessment of catch-up vaccination in females (through aged 24 to 26 years) was included in a couple of reports. One study examined vaccination in older females (aged 35, 40, and 45 years). Models typically compared a strategy of HPV vaccination with the current practice of cervical screening (sampling of cervical cells for disease detection) alone. RESULTS: 11 studies of cost-effectiveness modeling of HPV vaccination were included in this review. A direct quantitative comparison of model results is challenging due to the utilization of different model types as well as differences in variables selected within the same model type. Each model produced a range of cost-effectiveness ratios, dependent on variables included in sensitivity analyses and model assumptions. Sensitivity analyses revealed the lowest ICER to be $997 per QALY gained and the highest ICER to be $12,749,000 per QALY gained. This enormous range highlights the need to clarify what model assumptions are being made. The 2 studies that included modeling of catch-up vaccination scenarios in females older than age 12 years also produced a wide range of ICERs. One study, assuming 90% efficacy, 100% coverage, and lifelong immunity, modeled catch-up vaccination in all females aged 12 to 24 years and
A Field Test of the Cougar Home Safety Assessment for Older Persons (Version 1.0)

After reviewing the literature on environmental safety and existing home safety evaluation tools, the researchers developed the Cougar Home Safety Assessment Version 1.0 (Cougar 1.0). This assessment is a 56-item tool for identifying environmental safety hazards in the homes of older persons. The first purpose of this study was to develop and field test the Cougar 1.0 to determine its inter-rater reliability and validity. The second purpose was to identify specific environmental safety hazards in the residences of older persons during the field test. Three graduate occupational therapy students administered the Cougar 1.0 in the homes of 14 older persons within one county of northeastern Pennsylvania. The instrument was found to have a moderate level of inter-rater reliability, as Cohen’s Kappa for the ratings of the 3 raters was .506. Percent agreement between the three raters was 90 percent. The field test found that the most frequently unsafe aspects of the homes were: a lack of grab bars near toilets; no emergency numbers posted near phones; the presence of non-grip throw rugs; lack of fire extinguishers; and lack of step stools. Participating residents and occupational therapy home safety specialists provided positive feedback regarding the content validity of the Cougar 1.0. This research suggests that the use of this instrument by occupational therapists may prevent client injuries in the home.
Theoretical Estimation of Flood Routing Parameters

Many hydraulic engineering problems involve the computation of the propagation of flood waves in open channels. The complexity inherent in the calculations based on the solution of the full equations has led to the development of approximate methods, which have become especially popular among hydrologists. From the point of view of the application, much interest is focused on their calibration, i.e. on the determination of the model parameters. The scope of this note is to communicate the writer.s experience with this problem, especially with respect to the design of open channels.
Elastic Behavior of Box Beams

] \ / f ANY studies have been made of the elastic be^-*havior of the structure of airplane wings and a number of theories have been advanced as a result of these studies. In general, however, it may be said that too little attention has been directed in these studies to the properties of the shear webs and their relative importance in defining the elastic properties of the structure. It was with this end in view that the investigation described in this paper was undertaken. Tests were made at the University of Michigan of several aluminum alloy box beams having dissimilar front and rear shear webs, and the results have been compared with those obtained by theory. These tests were conducted with the cooperation of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics and are presented here by the permission of that Committee. At the present time designers using the elastic axis method for the stress analysis of their wing beams are unable to predict accurately the exact location of this factor. Full-scale tests are frequently necessary to establish its position. It was found that an accurate prediction of the elastic properties of a simple rectangular box beam can be made. Theoretical results are in error principally due to a limited knowledge of the shear deflection characteristics of the webs. The influence and importance of additional knowledge concerning the shear webs themselves is definitely shown.
Detergent optimized membrane protein reconstitution in liposomes for solid state NMR

For small helical membrane proteins, their structures are highly sensitive to their environment, and solid state NMR is a structural technique that can characterize these membrane proteins in native-like lipid bilayers and proteoliposomes. To date, a systematic method by which to evaluate the effect of the solubilizing detergent on proteoliposome preparations for solid state NMR of membrane proteins has not been presented in the literature. A set of experiments are presented aimed at determining the conditions most amenable to dialysis mediated reconstitution sample preparation. A membrane protein from M. tuberculosis is used to illustrate the method. The results show that a detergent that stabilizes the most protein is not always ideal and sometimes cannot be removed by dialysis. By focusing on the lipid and protein binding properties of the detergent, proteoliposome preparations can be readily produced, which provide double the signal-to-noise ratios for both the oriented sample and magic angle spinning solid state NMR. The method will allow more membrane protein drug targets to be structurally characterized in lipid bilayer environments.
What You Can—and Can’t—Do With Three-Wave Panel Data:

The recent change in the general social survey (GSS) to a rotating panel design is a landmark development for social scientists. Sociological methodologists have argued that fixed-effects (FE) mode...
Lifetime Reduction for Highly Inclined, Highly Eccentric Disposal Orbits By Changing Inclination

It has been recently discovered that highly inclined, highly eccentric disposal orbits can be caused to reenter the atmosphere by selection of initial inclination and apogee altitude. Results presented here show that there are regions in inclination-apogee altitude space that offer significant lifetime reduction. In particular, stable Molniya orbits can be caused to decay within 25 years by increasing inclination. Results show that the required ∆V to achieve this inclination change can be less than the ∆V required by a retrograde burn at apogee to lower perigee into the atmosphere. This disposal method is particularly attractive for upper stages.
THE EFFECT OF COROLLA COLOR AND OUTLINE ON INTERSPECIFIC POLLEN FLOW IN PHLOX.

Flowers of related species of entomophilous plants typically differ in pigmentation, form or scent. These differences form the basis for ethological or mechanical isolation by limiting or precluding interspecific pollen flow. The effectiveness of disparate floral contrivances in precluding interspecific pollination has been demonstrated in numerous genera (cf. Grant, 1963; van der Pijl and Dodson, 1967). On the other hand, there is a paucity of information on the effectiveness of floral differences in retarding interspecific pollination in genera where mechanical barriers are absent. Even where such knowledge is available, the role of specific signals in aiding pollinator recognition remains obscure. If pollinator perception of color, form and odor were understood, we could predict pollinator response to specific floral signals or to the signal complex. However, with the exception of bees, little is known of the ability of nectar-feeding insects to discriminate between variants of the signals in question. Pollinator perception is germane to the issue of ethological isolation for the level of pollinator fidelity to a given floral type depends in part upon the ability of the pollinator to discriminate between the signals eminating from a given type and others which also may be present. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of corolla color and outline on pollen flow from Phlox glaberrima L. to P. drummondii Hook. These species are pollinated almost exclusively by lepidopterans (Grant and Grant, 1965; personal observations) which are wellsuited for feeding within the salverform
Teaching-Research New York City Model (TR/NY City)

TR/NYCity Model is based on the careful composition of ideas centred around Action Research (Lewin, 1946) with the ideas centred around the concept of the Teaching Experiment of the Vygotskian school in Russia, where it “grew out of the need to study changes occurring in mental structures under the influence of instruction” (Hunting, 1983).
Continuity and Variation of French Foreign Policy since 1945

An overview of French foreign policy regarding the Middle East, the European Union, and the Warsaw Pact, and France’s relations with the United States and NATO from the end of World War II to the present, including the constitution of the Fifth Republic and foundational role of de Gaulle. Next, the policies developed by various administrations from the 1980s to the present are examined, with particular emphasis on perceptions and opinions of French political leaders. There are no major differences among the political parties in terms of foreign policy. Indeed, on the main elements of foreign policy instituted by de Gaulle there is strong agreement by all interviewees, from the left and the right of the political spectrum. All subsequent presidents, with slight adaptations have followed these key premises of French foreign policy.
The Ascent of Sap and the Translocation of Solutes

The higher plant is a dynamic entity. All kinds of organic molecules take part in many complex and integrated chemical reactions. Most of this activity is submicroscopic, but occasionally some functions can be noticed without the use of special observation techniques. The leaf movements that display timing in certain plants are an excellent example (see Chapter 15).
Development of “Off-Ramp” methodology for maintaining satellite ground system schedule

The development, integration, and test of satellite ground systems offers significant opportunities to trade cost, schedule, technical capabilities, quality, and risk. However, given that spacecraft missions often have fixed schedules to meet launch windows or maintain constellation health, schedule may become the driving imperative as a launch date approaches. This paper describes a framework for satellite ground system project offices to manage the trade-offs of technical risk and capabilities in order to maintain schedule. The approach established in this paper begins with a prioritization of technical requirements in order to determine launch and mission criticality. Once these priorities are established, candidates for “off-ramps” to eliminate, reduce, or defer technical capability, or to increase technical risk can be defined. Subsequently, as the development, integration, and test schedules progress, trades can be conducted to maintain schedule at the expense of lower-priority requirements, or by increasing the risk posture of the system. The results of these trades, along with the execution status of the off-ramps, can provide a project management team with additional metrics and insight into the health of the project and their ability to meet schedule milestones. The off-ramp framework helps ensure that ground capabilities remain decoupled from the overall system critical path and provides a format in which trades can be analyzed in a structured manner. Off-ramps used as a stand-alone tool or in conjunction with a project's ability to conduct post-launch updates can be a powerful management tool to maintain cost and schedule.
Low-flow low-gradient aortic stenosis: in search of optimal risk stratification.

Aortic stenosis (AS) remains a common and important clinical entity and, when severe, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Fortunately, definitive surgical therapies have been developed that have significantly altered the natural history of this disease. The clinical challenge is to accurately assess AS severity and identify patients who are most likely to benefit from aortic valve replacement. Both the American and European cardiac societies define severe AS as that associated with an aortic valve area (AVA) of 40 mm Hg, and a peak transvalvular flow velocity of >4.0 m/s.1,2 Moderate AS is defined as an AVA of 1.0 to 1.5 cm2, a mean gradient of 25 to 40 mm Hg, and a peak velocity of 3.0 to 4.0 m/s, whereas mild AS is associated with less significant abnormalities in these parameters. The classification of stenotic severity, however, is not always so straightforward, and patients are frequently encountered for whom the clinical data are conflicting, including those with AVA in the severe range but with low transvalvular gradient (<40 mm Hg) and low transvalvular flow (<35 mL/m2). These patients with low-flow low-gradient AS (LFLG AS) account for a significant proportion of patients who present for evaluation of severe aortic stenosis. Article see p 27 The majority of patients with LFLG AS have reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF <50%) and have either severe AS and resultant LV failure (“true AS”) or lesser degrees of AS and an unrelated cardiomyopathy (“pseudo-AS”). These 2 entities can often be distinguished through the use of an inotropic challenge3; however, a significant minority of patients with LFLG AS have low transvalvular flow (<35 mL/m 2 ) despite preserved LVEF and have been referred to as having “paradoxical …
CLARK, Edith, MY MOTHER WHO FATHERED ME; A Study of the Families in Three Selected Communities in Jamaica

CLARK, Edith, MY MOTHER WHO FATHERED ME; A Study of the Families in Three Selected Communities in Jamaica. Kingston, Jamaica: The Press University of West Indies, 1999, 274pp., $25.00 softcover. This text is a re-issuing by the Clarke family of a classic anthropological work which was originally published in 1957. It begins with a forward to the new edition by Rex Nettleford of the University of the West Indies, who provides us with some background information on Edith Clarke and an update on Jamaican society. Though well trained at the London School of Economics, Clarke was much more than just a disinterested researcher. Her study was funded by the Colonial Development and Welfare Act of 1940, and her goal was to improve the quality of family life for the poor in Jamaica. In the Preface, Clarke explains that she spent almost three years as a participant-observer in three Jamaican communities, referred to as Mocca, Orange Grove and Sugartown. Each had a some what different economic way of life and she investigated how those patterns affected family life and household composition. This is followed by a lengthy Introduction by an M.G. Smith which updates the reader on present West Indian family structure. Though it claims to be written for this re-issue, it appears to have been written in about 1970. This is unexplained and therefore confusing. The actual text, which is 146 pages long, follows. The first chapter titled The Background, provides a short description of the three communities studied by Clarke. Her focus is on the economic structure and its impact on family interaction. She uses the term "concubinage" to refer to cohabitation, and the "denuded family" for what is commonly referred to as single parent families today. Chapter two Land Tenure, explains bow the rules of inheritance affect family life. This chapter has a good summary section at the end, but is the only one to do so. The tradition is that most land is "family land" which is transmitted to all relatives, including females, as a group. Those actually possessing the land share their crops with city relatives in exchange for financial support. Pressure to replace this system with legally recognized individual inheritance and its relationship to conflicting patrilineal (by the name) and matrilineal (through the blood) descent systems is discussed. Marriage is the focus of chapter three. Clarke explains that for most Jamaican's marriage should be monogamous and lifelong, and that the couple should be financially stable enough for the man to purchase, rather than rent, a home. The wife should also not have to work. A long period of testing is also necessary to test compatibility, so cohabitation becomes the norm. Legal marriage will come later in life when the participants can afford it. …
Effects of laser-plasma instabilities on hydro evolution in an OMEGA-EP long-scale-length experiment

Laser-plasma instabilities and hydro evolution of the coronal plasma in an OMEGA EP long-scale-length experiment with planar targets were studied with particle-in-cell (PIC) and hydrodynamic simulations. Plasma and laser conditions were first obtained in a two-dimensional DRACO hydro simulation with only inverse-bremsstrahlung absorption. Using these conditions, an OSIRIS PIC simulation was performed to study laser absorption and hot-electron generation caused by laser-plasma instabilities (LPIs) near the quarter-critical region. The obtained PIC information was subsequently coupled to another DRACO simulation to examine how the LPIs affect the overall hydrodynamics. The results showed that the LPI-induced laser absorption increased the electron temperature but did not significantly change the density scale length in the corona.
Navigable Videos for Presenting Scientific Data on Affordable Head-Mounted Displays

Immersive, stereoscopic visualization enables scientists to better analyze structural and physical phenomena compared to traditional display mediums. Unfortunately, current head-mounted displays (HMDs) with the high rendering quality necessary for these complex datasets are prohibitively expensive, especially in educational settings where their high cost makes it impractical to buy several devices. To address this problem, we develop two tools: (1) An authoring tool allows domain scientists to generate a set of connected, 360° video paths for traversing between dimensional keyframes in the dataset. (2) A corresponding navigational interface is a video selection and playback tool that can be paired with a low-cost HMD to enable an interactive, non-linear, storytelling experience. We demonstrate the authoring tool's utility by conducting several case studies and assess the navigational interface with a usability study. Results show the potential of our approach in effectively expanding the accessibility of high-quality, immersive visualization to a wider audience using affordable HMDs.
A Comparison of Three Pedagogical Methods for Setting Cello Endpin Length

In this two-part study I compared the endpin lengths and resulting cello setups produced by the Scroll to Nose Method, the Hand Span Method, and the Drop Method, and asked if height or gender affec...
Case 15 Overdose in a Patient with Parkinson Disease

Medical carbamates such as rivastigmine are used to treat dementia associated with Alzheimer and Parkinson disease (PD). Rivastigmine is formulated as a transdermal patch to be removed and re-administered daily. This is a case of a 76-year-old man with a history of PD who presented with signs and symptoms of cholinergic excess after he applied, at once, the entire 40-day supply of rivastigmine patches in error. This case highlights the clinical manifestations associated with medical carbamate overdose and the significant risks associated with prescribing transdermal patches to an elderly patient with dementia.
Translating Expertise: The Librarian’s Role in Translational Research

This volume includes case studies from librarians and other professional staff who are affiliated with CTSA consortium institutions and provides a wealth of first-hand information about supporting team science through collection development, instruction, data management, and collaborative partnerships.
Ambulatory Visits for Otitis Media before and after the Introduction of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccination

Objective To examine the long-term trend of otitis media (OM)-associated ambulatory visits from 1997 to 2014 and to evaluate the impact of 7-valent and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV7 and PCV13) on OM ambulatory visits. Study design We examined OM-associated ambulatory visits in children, using the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. Results A total of 24 148 OM-related visits were identified from 363 240 ambulatory visits. OM visits accounted for 9.5% of all ambulatory visits in 1997-1999, 7.1% in 2002-2009, and 5.5% in 2012-2014. Between the pre-PCV7 and the post-PCV13 period, annual physician's office visits for OM declined from 826 to 387 visits per 1000 children among children younger than 2 years of age. Compared with the pre-PCV7 period, office visit rates for OM significantly declined by 51% (95% CI 42%-58%) among children younger than 2 years of age and by 37% (95% CI 23%-48%) among children 2-4 years of age during the post-PCV13 period. Among children younger than 2 years of age, emergency department visits for OM declined by 47% (95% CI 36%-55%) during the post-PCV13 period, and hospital outpatient visits declined by 30% (95% CI 8%-48%) during the PCV13-transition period. OM-related visits declined across sex, race/ethnicity, health insurance status, and geographic region. Conclusion Our nationwide study shows that ambulatory visits for OM have declined following the introduction of PCV7 and PCV13. Future research on the evolving microbiology of OM and continued monitoring of the epidemiology of pneumococcal disease are needed.
Distance Images and the Enclosure Field: Applications in Intermediate-Level Computer and Biological Vision

Early computer vision is dominated by image patches or features derived from them; high-level vision is dominated by shape representation and recognition. However there is almost no work between these two levels, which creates a problem when trying to recognize complex categories such as “airports” for which natural feature clusters are ineffective. In contrast, the neurobiology of vision indicates a very rich interaction between low- and high-level constructs, because there is a rich system of feedback connections. Based on this, we argue that an intermediate-level representation is necessary for computer vision and that it should incorporate certain high-level notions of distance and geometric arrangement into a form derivable from images. We propose an algorithm based on a reaction-diffusion equation that meets these criteria; we prove that it reveals (global) aspects of the distance map locally; and illustrate its performance on airport and other imagery, including visual illusions. Finally, we conjecture that these ideas also can inform the neurobiology of vision, by providing a novel basis for neural computation.
Cautery selection for oculofacial plastic surgery in patients with implantable electronic devices.

Purpose:To discover oculofacial plastic surgeon practice patterns for cautery selection in the setting of implantable electronic devices and present guidelines based on a review of current literatu...
Normal and Pathological Gender-Role Development in Children

The study of sex- and gender-role identity development subsumes a multitude of psychological differences between the sexes. Although based on sexual dimorphism, these differences are critically influenced by factors more profound than biological givens. These primarily include normal versus abnormal development, social stereotypes, and sex-role behavior. This chapter will discuss the influence of biological and social factors on psychosexual development in childhood. It will also investigate ways in which children come to develop particular perceptions, attitudes, affects, and behaviors consistent with their gender-role identity, focusing on the interaction of biological substrates and constitutional endowment with environment. This will be followed by brief reviews of the three major theories of gender-role development, psychoanalytic, social learning, and cognitive development. Issues concerning the development of sex-role stereotypes in early childhood will also be surveyed, with reference to both normal and pathological gender-role development in childhood and to the consequences when disturbances go untreated.
EFEITOS DE ONDAS ULTRASSÔNICAS E ÁCIDOS GRAXOS ESSENCIAIS NA CICATRIZAÇÃO DE MÚSCULO GASTROCNÊMIO DE RATOS WISTAR

Para avaliar a cicatrizacao de feridas do musculo gastrocnemio de ratos submetidos a lesao iatrogenica, utilizou-se a terapia com ultra-som terapeutico (UST) e fonoforese no modo pulsado com oleo cicatrizante composto por acidos graxos essenciais (AGE) . Foram utilizadas 64 ratas, separadas em quatro grupos experimentais com 16 animais por grupo. A cicatrizacao do musculo gastrocnemio foi avaliada por esteriometria, sendo considerada a proporcao volumetrica dos constituintes tissulares e celulares de amostras obtidos por biopsia as 24, 48, 96 e 144horas de pos-operatorio. Vinte e quatro horas apos a intervencao cirurgica iniciou-se a aplicacao de UST, fonoforese, e AGE nos grupos distintos sobre a ferida. Os resultados obtidos com a aplicacao de UST no modo pulsado e em funcao fonoforese as 144horas mostraram menor proporcao volumetrica de celulas polimorfonucleares (PMN) e o grupo que recebeu fonoforese apresentou maior proporcao de fibroblastos. Esses resultados sugerem que a modalidade fonoforese auxilia na cicatrizacao de feridas musculares.
Short Communication: Specimen Processing Impacts Tissue Tenofovir Pharmacokinetic Measurements

Abstract Antiretroviral drug concentrations at sites of HIV exposure are important drivers that influence the development of HIV pre-exposure chemoprophylaxis strategies and regimens. We assessed the effect of collection method—in the presence or absence of tissue culture medium—on tenofovir (TFV) and tenofovir diphosphate (TFV-DP) concentrations in colonic biopsies. We find significant baseline interbiopsy variation in TFV (38% CV) and TFV-DP (33% CV) concentrations. Incubation in medium leads to a fluid absorption-driven twofold increase in tissue weight with a concomitant 75% decrease in weight-adjusted tissue TFV concentrations 120 min post-incubation. In contrast, adjusted TFV-DP concentrations decrease by only 25% during the same period, with this difference not achieving statistical significance. Although colonic biopsies should be collected in the absence of medium for accurate TFV concentrations, the presence of medium does not significantly impact TFV-DP-dependent pharmacokinetic or pharmacodyna...
Epigenetics and Regulation of Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Retinopathy.

Purpose Oxidative stress plays a central role in the development of diabetic retinopathy, and in the pathogenesis of this blinding disease, activation of NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2)-mediated cytosolic reactive oxygen species (ROS) production precedes mitochondrial damage. The multicomponent cytosolic Nox2 has an obligatory component, Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1); in diabetes, Rac1 is functionally and transcriptionally active. Diabetes also facilitates many epigenetic modifications, and activates both DNA methylating (Dnmts) and hydroxymethylating (Tets) enzymes. Our aim was to investigate the role of epigenetics in Rac1 regulation in diabetes. Methods Using human retinal endothelial cells, exposed to high glucose, 5-methyl cytosine (5mC) and 5-hydroxy methyl cytosine (5hmC) levels, and binding of Dnmt and Tets were quantified at the Rac1 promoter. The effect of inhibition of Dnmts/Tets (pharmacological inhibitors or short interfering RNA [siRNA]) on glucose-induced activation of Rac1-ROS production was evaluated. Results were confirmed in retinal microvessels from streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice receiving intravitreally Dnmt1-siRNA. Results Despite high glucose-induced increased binding of Dnmt1, 5mC levels remained subnormal at Rac1 promoter. But, at the same site, 5hmC levels and transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-kB binding were increased. Inhibition of Dnmts/Tets prevented increase in 5hmC and NF-kB binding, and attenuated Rac1 activation. Similarly, in mouse retinal microvessels, Dnmt1-siRNA ameliorated diabetes-induced increase in Rac1 transcripts and activity, and decreased ROS levels. Conclusions Thus, despite Dnmts activation, concomitant increase in Tets rapidly hydroxymethylates 5mC, allowing NF-κB to bind and activate Rac1. These results imply a critical role of an active DNA methylation in cytosolic ROS regulation in the development of diabetic retinopathy.
Friendship and online filtering: The use of social media to construct offline social networks:

This article explores technologically integrated relationship practices among college students. Analyzing interviews of 52 participants at two very different US colleges, I explore how they constru...
Harm in Contemporary Society

Whether alone or in groups, the human condition creates mental and physical vulnerability. The social and behavioral sciences leave no doubt that human beings (and animals) in general are prone to harm others. Psychopaths feel entitled to take resources, regardless of ownership and without compensation. There is an expectation of reciprocity of benefits. There should be no unjustified trust; there should be a prudent judgment as to whether certain people or situations are dangerous or create a risk to one’s person, property, or rights. Psychological research has revealed that the power of certain psychological needs varies at different life stages. The first step towards social responsibility is a commitment to respect, honor, and safeguard—whether it involves people, animals, property, or rights.
Testing the feasibility of a guided imagery tobacco cessation intervention delivered by a telephone quitline: Study protocol for a randomized controlled feasibility trial

Abstract Background Guided imagery (GI) is an evidence-based method that uses the imagination to practice and achieve a desired outcome. Little research has focused on how GI can be delivered to smokers using remote or virtual methods, such as a telephone-based intervention. Telephone-based services for tobacco cessation (quitlines) have emerged as standard of care for tobacco cessation. However, quitlines reach only a small fraction of smokers, and men and racial/ethnic minorities are less likely to use quitlines than majority women. GI has the potential to attract under-served minority groups as well as smokers who are looking for an alternative approach to cessation. The present study is designed to test the feasibility and potential impact of a GI tobacco cessation intervention delivered by telephone. This study compares the GI intervention with a standard behavioral (SB) intervention. Methods Participants (N = 100) are randomized to either the GI (intervention) or SB (control) condition. Each condition features a 6-week intervention in which participants work with coaches to quit tobacco. Primary outcomes are feasibility related (recruitment, retention, adherence), and secondary outcomes include cessation at 6 months post-intervention (7-day and 30-day abstinence). Discussion A GI intervention delivered via quitline would allow for scalability and dissemination, potentially reaching a more representative group of smokers. Results from this study will determine the feasibility of delivering the GI intervention, and describe the reach of the intervention to under-represented tobacco users. If successful, our study results will guide the design and conduct of a future efficacy trial.