cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PROMISES, PROMISES: CHILD ABUSE PREVENTION IN THE 1980s

The article reviews the history of the evolution of the definition of child abuse as a social problem, then analyzes the related legislative efforts to respond to the problem, giving special emphasis to child abuse prevention. Program outcomes of relevant primary prevention programs are discussed, as well as studies attempting to predict risk of child abuse. Specific conclusions related to the viability of primary prevention of violence to children are presented.
Auditory imagination, mythic consciousness, and the oral interpreter

(1970). Auditory imagination, mythic consciousness, and the oral interpreter. Western Speech: Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 203-211.
Optimal Returns Policy under Demand Uncertainty

Abstract Multiple categories of retail products suffer limited shelf life, demand uncertainty, and, in some cases, long lead times. To provide retailers with an incentive to increase the stocking quantity of such products, manufacturers may offer an option to return unsold items at wholesale or less than wholesale prices. This article extends the additive price-dependent demand model in three ways. First, partial returns are optimal for the manufacturer but do not induce higher stocking quantities compared with when the manufacturer offers no returns. Second, in terms of the effect of investment in demand-enhancing activities, when retailers invest, they set higher resale prices, but an optimal partial returns policy still does not induce higher stocking quantity, whereas when manufacturers invest, the optimal returns policy induces higher stocking quantity. Third, when the manufacturer and retailer have different expectations of demand uncertainty, the retailer's estimate influences the expected profits for both, whereas the manufacturer's estimate has a major impact on its profits only.
The bottleneck mechanism of a freeway diverge

Abstract This paper describes the behavior of multi-lane freeway traffic, upstream of an oversaturated off-ramp. It is based on empirical evidence from freeway I-880 (northbound) near Oakland, CA. The main findings are: FIFO blockage. Even on wide freeways, an off-ramp queue can grow across all lanes and entrap through vehicles in a first-in-first-out (FIFO) system with similar speeds on all lanes and a well-defined kinematic wave (KW). This can hamper freeway flow much more than an on-ramp bottleneck. (In our case the FIFO regime arose a little over 2 km upstream of the exit and reduced discharge flow approximately to an average of 1500 veh/h per lane across all lanes.) Variable capacity. Under FIFO, the freeway discharge flow can change significantly without a change in the off-ramp flow when the percent of exiting vehicles changes. (In our case, it increased to 5750 veh/h after 30 min at 4520 veh/h when the exit percentage declined from 29% to 24%.) Non-FIFO congested regimes. Multi-pipe traffic states, where queued lanes move at different speeds, can persist for a long time. Presumably, this happens because different drivers prefer different lanes depending on their destination. (In our case, multi-pipe queued regimes were detected immediately upstream and immediately downstream of the FIFO queue.) Semi-congested traffic regimes, where some lanes are queued and others are not, also exist. (They were detected downstream of the FIFO queue.) Regularity of the flow-density scatter-plots. If one excludes the periods of time corresponding to multi-pipe flow and regime transitions, flow-density points across all lanes are quite close to a “fundamental diagram” with two branches. During multi-pipe periods, flow-density scatter points cluster along an inner line, parallel to the congested branch, because drivers give themselves longer spacings when driving under these conditions.
Consistency Results for the ROC Curves of Fused Classifiers

The U.S. Air Force is researching the fusion of multiple sensors and classifiers. Given a finite collection of classifiers to be fused one seeks a new classifier with improved performance. An established performance quantifier is the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. This curve allows one to view the probability of detection versus probability of false alarm in one graph. In reality only finite data is available so only an approximate ROC curve can be constructed. Previous research shows that one does not have to perform an experiment for this new fused classifier to determine its ROC curve. If the ROC curve for each individual classifier has been determined, then formulas for the ROC curve of the fused classifier exist for certain fusion rules. This will be an enormous saving in time and money since the performance of many fused classifiers will be determined without having to perform tests on each one. But, again, these will be approximate ROC curves, since they are based on finite data. We show that if the individual approximate ROC curves are consistent then the approximate ROC curve for the fused classifier is also consistent under certain circumstances. We give the details for these circumstances, as well as some examples related to sensor fusion.
An echocardiographic and anatomic description of the donor-recipient atrial anastomosis after orthotopic cardiac transplantation.

Abstract Cardiac transplantation has become the standard of care for many patients afflicted with end-stage congestive heart failure. Approximately 2,200 cardiac transplants were performed worldwide in 1987. 1 Infection, cardiovascular disease (graft atherosclerosis or failure) and acute rejection account for the vast majority of deaths and morbidity in cardiac transplant recipients. At our institution, we observed acute cerebrovascular events in 2 of the first 12 patients transplanted. A detailed 2-dimensional echocardiographic examination was performed to exclude an underlying cardiac etiology. This report describes a unique echocardiographic finding that is observed in orthotopic cardiac transplant recipients. We report the results of a prospective analysis that defines the frequency of this echocardiographic finding and propose an anatomic explanation for this observation. The clinical significance of this newly described finding is discussed.
Podocytes and Glomerular Function with Aging

Kidney function declines with age in association with the development of age-associated glomerulosclerosis. The well-established structural and functional changes with age are reviewed briefly. The modification of aging pathology by calorie restriction is discussed. The role of the podocyte as a critical cell in the aging process is considered, using animal models and human biopsy material. Newer data on changes in gene expression and possible changes in biology in the glomerulus are discussed. There is speculation on the implications of this change in biology for human disease and progression.
Hypofractionation Results in Reduced Tumor Cell Kill Compared to Conventional Fractionation for Tumors With Regions of Hypoxia

Purpose Tumor hypoxia has been observed in many human cancers and is associated with treatment failure in radiation therapy. The purpose of this study is to quantify the effect of different radiation fractionation schemes on tumor cell killing, assuming a realistic distribution of tumor oxygenation. Methods and Materials A probability density function for the partial pressure of oxygen in a tumor cell population is quantified as a function of radial distance from the capillary wall. Corresponding hypoxia reduction factors for cell killing are determined. The surviving fraction of a tumor consisting of maximally resistant cells, cells at intermediate levels of hypoxia, and normoxic cells is calculated as a function of dose per fraction for an equivalent tumor biological effective dose under normoxic conditions. Results Increasing hypoxia as a function of distance from blood vessels results in a decrease in tumor cell killing for a typical radiotherapy fractionation scheme by a factor of 10 5 over a distance of 130 μ m. For head-and-neck cancer and prostate cancer, the fraction of tumor clonogens killed over a full treatment course decreases by up to a factor of ∼10 3 as the dose per fraction is increased from 2 to 24 Gy and from 2 to 18 Gy, respectively. Conclusions Hypofractionation of a radiotherapy regimen can result in a significant decrease in tumor cell killing compared to standard fractionation as a result of tumor hypoxia. There is a potential for large errors when calculating alternate fractionations using formalisms that do not account for tumor hypoxia.
Infectious disease: Connecting innate immunity to biocidal polymers

Infectious disease is a critically important global healthcare issue. In the U.S. alone there are 2 million new cases of hospital-acquired infections annually leading to 90,000 deaths and 5 billion dollars of added healthcare costs. Couple these numbers with the appearance of new antibiotic resistant bacterial strains and the increasing occurrences of community-type outbreaks, and clearly this is an important problem. Our review attempts to bridge the research areas of natural host defense peptides (HDPs), a component of the innate immune system, and biocidal cationic polymers. Recently discovered peptidomimetics and other synthetic mimics of HDPs, that can be short oligomers as well as polymeric macromolecules, provide a unique link between these two areas. An emerging class of these mimics are the facially amphiphilic polymers that aim to emulate the physicochemical properties of HDPs but take advantage of the synthetic ease of polymers. These mimics have been designed with antimicrobial activity and, importantly, selectivity that rivals natural HDPs. In addition to providing some perspective on HDPs, selective mimics, and biocidal polymers, focus is given to the arsenal of biophysical techniques available to study their mode of action and interactions with phospholipid membranes. The issue of lipid type is highlighted and the important role of negative curvature lipids is illustrated. Finally, materials applications (for instance, in the development of permanently antibacterial surfaces) are discussed as this is an important part of controlling the spread of infectious disease.
Trade liberalization, wages, and specialization in China☆

Abstract This paper studies the evolution of regional specialization in China in response to trade liberalization. Using a panel of Chinese export data at the detailed commodity level over the period of 1988–2006, we show that China’s regional specialization follows a U-shaped pattern: both the interior and coastal regions diversify from 1988 to 1994 but specialize during the later reform period of 1994–2006. A theory of tariff reductions is proposed by constructing the Dornbusch–Fischer–Samuelson (1977) continuum of goods Ricardian model in a setup of two countries and three regions. The U-shaped pattern of specialization can be obtained from foreign tariff reductions followed by Chinese tariff reductions. This finding is supported by simulations, US–China trade policy review, and the pattern of China’s coast–inland wage ratio.
Delivery-corrected imaging of fluorescently-labeled glucose reveals distinct metabolic phenotypes in murine breast cancer

When monitoring response to cancer therapy, it is important to differentiate changes in glucose tracer uptake caused by altered delivery versus a true metabolic shift. Here, we propose an optical imaging method to quantify glucose uptake and correct for in vivo delivery effects. Glucose uptake was measured using a fluorescent D-glucose derivative 2-(N-(7-Nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)Amino)-2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-NBDG) in mice implanted with dorsal skin flap window chambers. Additionally, vascular oxygenation (SO2) was calculated using only endogenous hemoglobin contrast. Results showed that the delivery factor proposed for correction, “RD”, reported on red blood cell velocity and injected 2-NBDG dose. Delivery-corrected 2-NBDG uptake (2-NBDG60/RD) inversely correlated with blood glucose in normal tissue, indicating sensitivity to glucose demand. We further applied our method in metastatic 4T1 and nonmetastatic 4T07 murine mammary adenocarcinomas. The ratio 2-NBDG60/RD was increased in 4T1 tumors relative to 4T07 tumors yet average SO2 was comparable, suggesting a shift toward a “Warburgian” (aerobic glycolysis) metabolism in the metastatic 4T1 line. In heterogeneous regions of both 4T1 and 4T07, 2-NBDG60/RD increased slightly but significantly as vascular oxygenation decreased, indicative of the Pasteur effect in both tumors. These data demonstrate the utility of delivery-corrected 2-NBDG and vascular oxygenation imaging for differentiating metabolic phenotypes in vivo.
Fluorescence microscopy to follow the targeting of liposomes and micelles to cells and their intracellular fate

Fluorescence microscopy may provide important information regarding interactions between nanoparticulate drugs carriers, such as liposomes and micelles, with target cells as well as their intracellular fate. Current paper describes various applications of fluorescence microscopy to investigate specific targeting of antibody-modified drug carriers to cancer cells. The enhanced antibody-mediated targeting of drug-loaded immunomicelles confirmed by fluorescence microscopy resulted in enhanced cancer cell killing compared to free drug or drug-loaded nontargeted micelles. Fluorescence microscopy was also used to prove the endosomal escape of properly assembled polymeric micelles (based on polyethylene glycol-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate, PEG-PE) containing various additives destabilizing the endosomal membrane. When loaded with the anticancer drug (paclitaxel or vitamin K3), such micelles demonstrate increased cytotoxicity. Fluorescence microscopy was also applied to investigate the capture of cell-penetrating TAT peptide-modified liposomes by various cells and stability and intracellular trafficking of captured TAT-liposomes inside cells. It was also used to confirm the successful transfection of cells with TAT-liposomes bearing the plasmid encoding for the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP).
The Power to be Affected

Lauren Berlant and Baruch Spinoza both maintain that our ethical and political projects must be formulated and conducted on the terrain of the affects. Key to both projects is to recongize our power to be affected as not a weakness but a strength and to realize, without regret, that we are nonsovereign subjects. Only by working through the affects can we proceed on a path to liberation and joy.
Reactions of hexane isomers on H-mordenite at moderate temperatures in liquid and gas phases: the effect of cyclic hydrocarbons

Abstract H-mordenite, a more active acid catalyst than HZSM-5, showed features of a carbocationic/cationoidic isomerization in the reaction of liquid 3-methylpentane, but not of liquid hexane. The carbocationic isomerization features were not seen in the gas phase, for either reactant. Thus, there are mechanistic differences between the reactions of alkanes in the liquid phase and in the vapor phase on the zeolite. The liquid-phase reaction of hexane in the presence of methylcyclopentane, cyclopentane, and deuteromethylcyclopentane showed the absence of hydride transfer catalysis. The label redistribution between deuterated and nondeuterated reactants showed that the products were formed from olefinic reaction intermediates, although none were found in the products desorbed. Each olefin exchanged repeatedly hydrogen with the catalyst before being hydrogenated and desorbed. The possibility that alkenyl cations retained on the catalyst play a role, as in trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, is discussed. As the space requirement of hydride transfer is smaller than that of β -cracking, the results speak against protonated alkanes (“carbonium” ions) in the catalysis on zeolites. The type of activation observed in superacid catalysts, where the standard carbocationic mechanism operates, does not occur in zeolites. The chemisorbed alkenes may be formed by one-electron oxidation or by dehydrogenation on tetracoordinated aluminum atoms, either in the lattice or in cages (extralattice aluminum).
Bacterial contamination in irreversible hydrocolloid impression material and gingival retraction cord.

Abstract This study tested two dental materials in factory-sealed containers for the presence of bacteria that may be a source of infection. Twenty samples of two dental materials found to have contamination in a pilot study were taken from unopened containers using a sterile technique. The samples were inoculated onto chocolate agar plates and into thioglycolate broths with appropriate controls. Plates were examined, colonies were enumerated, Gram stained, and identified. The resulting contamination frequencies were compared for statistical significance using Fisher's exact test. Organisms were isolated from 10% of the negative inoculation control agar plates, while none of the control broths showed contamination. The alginate (irreversible hydrocolloid) showed contamination in 50% of the plates and in 65% of the broths ( p p p > 0.05).
Light availability and growth of wildcelery (Vallisneria americana) in upper Mississippi River backwaters

Large beds of Vallisneria americana declined in the backwaters of the Upper Mississippi River after a drought that occurred between 1987 and 1989. One hypothesis for this decline is that low light availability may have decreased net photosynthesis to the extent that overwintering tubers were not formed. Following the decline, light availability remained low. To determine what light levels would be necessary for the re-establishment of Vallisneria in the Upper Mississippi River, the long-term growth of plants in a backwater lake and in an experimental pond was measured while the surface and subsurface light were monitored continuously. Plants grown from tubers transplanted to 0·5, 1·0 and l·5m depth in the lake grew and produced tubers only at 0·5m depth (9% of surface light). At 1·0 m, light availability was less than 1% of the surface light. Plants grown from tubers in experimental ponds with four shade treatments (2, 5, 9 and 25% of surface light) for the same growing period produced replacement-weight tubers in 9% light. For a longer growing season, plants also produced replacement-weight tubers in treatments with at least 5% of surface light. An average light-extinction coefficient of 4·64 m−1 was calculated for the backwater lake based on continuous data collected during 94 days during the growing season from eight widely separated sites. Using equations based on the average extinction coefficient for the lake and average leaf lengths of plants grown in experimental ponds, we predict that in years with comparable turbidity, plants grown from locally collected tubers will grow and produce replacement tubers only at depths of 0·8 m or less.
A Note on the Foreign Exchange Market Efficiency Hypothesis

This paper examines the weak and strong forms of the foreign exchange market efficiency hypothesis (MEH) (as defined in the paper) using the recently available Harris-Inder null of cointegration procedure, which is powerful enough to distinguish between cointegration and near cointegration, and thus provide more robust results than conventional cointegration tests. Our results indicate that both forms of the MEH are rejected for all the major currencies of the European Economic Community (EEC). (JEL F310).
Test for the effects of diagnostic levels of ultrasound on the immune response of mice.

Abstract An attempt has been made to replicate an experiment which reported suppression of the immune response of mice after exposure of the spleen to a pulsed diagnostic ultrasound unit with a temporal average acoustic power of 8 mW. Our tests of both hemagglutinin and hemolysin responses of mice exposed at 8 and 80 mW temporal average powers were not significantly different from controls.
Wrench-based analysis of cable-driven robots

This paper introduces the available net wrench set, which is the set of all wrenches that a cable robot can apply to its surroundings without violating tension limits in the cables. This set is used as a framework for understanding and computing wrench-feasibility of a pose of the robot, allowing wrench-feasibility to be tested in the task space. The geometric properties of the available net wrench set are then exploited to permit simple geometric calculation of the boundaries of the wrench-feasible workspace. This workspace generation is extended to two other workspaces as well. Other design tools, including payload specification and failure analysis, are also presented.
Consensus among Economics Teachers from Transition Economies.

The authors analyze the economic opinions of teachers and economists from the former Soviet Union who participated in economic education programs sponsored by the U.S. Department of Education under the auspices of the National Council on Economic Education from 1995–2001. They sought to determine the level of consensus on economic topics among the participants, and then analyzed their concordance with U.S. economists. They conclude that there is a significant level of consensus among the participants from the former Soviet Union, but this consensus is often at odds with the views of American economists.
Liquidity and price discovery in Latin America: evidence from American depositary receipts

This study provides a comprehensive examination of price discovery for American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) originating in Latin America. Using data on 87 ADR issues from Latin America, the empirical approach allows for an endogenous role of exchange rate fluctuations in the price discovery process. The results indicate that while exchange rates are not primarily determined by stock market prices, there is significant flow of information from the stock market to currency markets particularly in Brazil and Mexico. In addition, the results reveal a mix of price discovery locations across Latin America. The conventional finding that the home market matters most for price discovery holds only for Chile. For ADRs from Brazil, the home and U.S. markets contribute equally to price discovery while the U.S. market dominates in price discovery for ADRs from Argentina and Mexico. Results from a cross-sectional analysis indicate that higher levels of illiquidity at home are consistent with higher contributions to price discovery from the U.S. market.
The relationship between high and low trait psychological stress and serum indicators of stress.

Psychological stress as measured by the parameters of trait anxiety, hostility, and depression was compared in 2 different age groups (age 18–30 and 30–55) with serum indicators of stress. There was no significant difference between high and low psychological stress subjects in either age group with any of the serum indicators.
Sequential prolonged oral topotecan and prolonged oral etoposide as second-line therapy in ovarian or peritoneal carcinoma: A phase I Gynecologic Oncology Group study

Abstract Objective. Preclinical models suggest synergy when topoisomerase I and II inhibitors are given sequentially, but not simultaneously. A phase I study was conducted in previously treated ovarian or peritoneal carcinoma to determine the tolerability (maximum number of days) of sequential oral topotecan and oral etoposide. Methods. Topotecan (0.8 mg/m 2 ) was administered daily (days 1–5) followed by etoposide (50 mg/m 2 ) administered daily for up to 5 days (days 8–12). Patients on dose levels 3 and 4 repeated topotecan for up to 5 days starting on day 15 after the initial topotecan and etoposide sequence. Cycles were repeated every 28 days. Dose-limiting toxicities (DLT) were defined as: neutrophils Results. Nineteen patients were entered into this trial, and a total of 54 cycles (range 1–10) of therapy were administered. Dose-limiting toxicities, principally neutropenia, occurred when therapy was administered for 3 of 4 weeks. Conclusion. Oral topotecan and oral etoposide administered at these doses daily for 5 days sequentially for a maximum of three (out of every four) weeks of therapy are tolerable. In some cases, it may be necessary to hold therapy the third week. Based on the activity seen in this patient population, it is planned to take this regimen into a phase II setting.
A Rocket Telescope Spectrometer with High Precision Pointing Control

Rocket telescope spectrometer precision pointing achieved by servocontrolling secondary mirror, discussing use for planetary atmospheres far UV spectrum studies
Non-Abelian Debye screening length beyond leading order

In quantum electrodynamics, static electric fields are screened at nonzero temperatures by charges in the plasma. The inverse screening length, or Debye mass, may be analyzed in perturbation theory and is of order eT at relativistic temperatures. An analogous situation occurs when non-Abelian gauge theories are studied perturbatively, but the perturbative analysis breaks down when corrections of order ${\mathit{e}}^{2}$T are considered. At this order, the Debye mass depends on the nonperturbative physics of confinement, and a perturbative ``definition'' of the Debye mass as the pole of a gluon propagator does not even make sense. In this work, we show how the Debye mass can be defined nonperturbatively in a manifestly gauge-invariant manner (in vectorlike gauge theories with zero chemical potential). In addition, we show how the O(${\mathit{e}}^{2}$T) correction could be determined by a fairly simple, three-dimensional, numerical lattice calculation of the perimeter-law behavior of large, adjoint-charge Wilson loops. \textcopyright{} 1995 The American Physical Society.
Optimization of available C compilers for the MC68HC11

This paper presents the results of analysis and the manual application of optimizations available in optimizing compilers to two C cross compilers available for the M68HC11 processor. These optimizations are specifically targeted to make the code more memory efficient. Also included in the analysis is a comparison of code generated for modules that have been written in C language with corresponding assembly language modules. Size improvements for specific optimizations are presented, and suggestions are made on how to improve the compilers in the study to generate code that is more memory efficient.
Does 24-Hour Urine Supersaturation Predict Stone Composition?

Background: The aim of the study was to evaluate the correlation between 24-hour urine supersaturation (SS) levels and the crystalline stone composition. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the results of stone analysis of 386 patients who had completed 24-hour urine stone risk profiles within 2 months of stone analysis. Patients were characterized as calcium oxalate (CAOX), calcium phosphate (CAPH) or uric acid (UA) stone formers based on the predominant component (> 60%) of their stone. Patients with < 50% of one stone composition were characterized as a mixed stone former. Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the 24-hour urine SS for predicting the corresponding stone component were calculated. Results: The distribution of stone compositions was 235 (61%) CAOX, 98 (25%) CAPH, 35 (9%) UA and 18 (5%) mixed stone group. At predominant stone mineral concentration ? 60%, the accuracy of 24-hour urine SS for predicting the predominant stone composition was 52.5% for CAOX, 70% for CAPH and 67% for UA group. Even when the predominant stone mineral concentration was ? 90%, the accuracy of SS did not improve: COAX (49%, P = 0.6641), CAPH (77%, P = 0.361) and UA (67%, P = 0.9593). Conclusions: Twenty-four-hour urine SS has a poor accuracy to predict the predominant stone composition. Accuracy is highest for patients with CAPH stones. World J Nephrol Urol. 2015;4(1):169-172 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/wjnu206w
Collagen hydration: pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance studies of structural transitions.

Abstract The technique of pulsed NMR (spin-echo) spectroscopy was used to measure the longitudinal ( T 1 ) and transverse ( T 2 ) relaxation times, and the spin-diffusion coefficient ( D ), of water protons in solutions and gels of native and denatured collagen in vitro. Both T 1 and T 2 were decreased compared to water, and these parameters decreased progressively with increasing collagen concentration; in contrast, D was only slightly reduced. Upon heat-denaturation of collagen gels and solutions, both T 1 and T 2 increased irreversibly, while D remained essentially constant. The increase in relaxation times upon denaturation may reflect an actual loss of “bound” water. Additionally, these results may reflect a sharp decrease in the extent of long-range order experienced by the water molecules. The irreversibility of denaturation as observed by NMR, when contrasted with its reversibility as observed by optical rotation, suggests that an interpretation solely in terms of hydration changes would be incomplete.
An electron spectroscopy study of ammonia adsorption on clean and oxidized aluminum

Photoelectron spectra for ammonia adsorbed in submonolayer and multilayer amounts on clean and oxidized aluminum have been measured and interpreted. Uptake at 128 K is dominated by weak molecular adsorption and saturates at submonolayer amounts whereas at 106 K multilayers can be formed. A tiny amount of dissociative adsorption is noted. Dissociation is promoted by exposure to Ar+ ion bombardment. At 128 K the initial sticking coefficient is 0.13 ± 0.08. On oxidized Al, as compared to clean, the saturation amount of adsorbed NH3 is larger and it is more tightly held. In both cases the work function change is consistent with a model in which the ammonia adsorbs with the nitrogen atom toward the surface. On clean Al, there is good evidence that NH3 tends to be physisorbed with the major bonding arising between the dipole of NH3, and the image dipole induced in the metal. This is supported by the resemblence of the separation of the valence orbitals to the separation in the gas phase, as well as their shift to higher binding energy with increasing coverage. On oxidized Al the bonding is similar but the bond strength is greater. There is no evidence for significant NH+3 formation on either clean or oxidized Al. The Lewis acidity of the substrate increases with the extent of surface xidation. The bonding of NH3 to oxidized Al is very similar to the intermolecular bonding in an ammonia molecular crystal.
The ketone cinnamoyl-(1-13C-Phe)-CGly-Pro-Pro is a tetrahedral transition state analog inhibitor of C. histolyticum collagenase

The ketone cinnamoyl-(1-13C-Phe)-CGly-Pro-Pro [(4-13C-5-cinnamido-4-oxo-6-phenylhexanoyl)-Pro-Pro 2] competitively inhibits a mixture of collagenases from Clostridium histolyticum with a Ki of 40 ± 6 nM. 13C-nmr spectroscopy of the ketone in the presence of this collagenase shows a bound 13C resonance at 102.6 ppm and the resonance of the free ketone at 212 ppm. Ketone alone shows no trace (<0.5 %) of a resonance in the region around 100 ppm. The bound resonance is displaceable by another competitive inhibitor. This ketone is thus a transition state analog which is rehybridized from trigonal planar to tetrahedral upon binding to collagenase.
Student Free Expression Rights and the Columbine Shootings

Abstract Court decisions concerning freedom of expression in the nation's public schools have shifted to a more restrictive model since the Columbine High School shootings in April 1999. Instead of following the Supreme Court's Tinker v. Des Moines standard, which states that student First Amendment rights guarantee freedom of expression unless that expression would cause a material and substantial disruption in classroom activities, the nation's courts have been more likely to limit student expression if it socially unacceptable, criticizes administrators, or deviates from the mainstream. Until the courts adopt the more expansive protections of student expression detailed in Tinker, the questions remains: Where does student expression inside and outside the classroom fall in the realm of governmental content restrictions? The picture post—Columbine is far from clear.
A photoelastic and FEM analysis of interfacial crack propagation

The linear elastic solution for the bimaterial interface crack is applied to determine the direction of crack propagation during surface-layer removal by scraping. The direction of the load which must be applied to the free end of the surface layer for continued interfacial crack propagation is determined using photoelasticity and finite elements, and results are found to be in good agreement.
ELAEOPHOROSIS IN BARBARY SHEEP AND MULE DEER FROM THE TEXAS PANHANDLE

Adult Elaeophora schneideri were recovered from the common carotid artery and its branches in 14 of 14 mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus, and 3 of 9 Barbary sheep or aoudads, Ammotragus lervia, from Palo Duro Canyon in the Texas Panhandle. Gross cutaneous lesions attributable to elaeophorosis in the Barbary sheep varied from small circumscribed scars up to 10 cm in diameter usually on the poll or orbital region to extensive proliferative irregular encrustations on the frontal, temporal and orbital regions, sometimes extending to the ears and muzzle. Individual lesions varied from slate-gray scarred areas to brown proliferative edematous and hyperemic encrustations, sometimes with depigmented pustules a few millimeters in diameter. Microscopic lesions ranged from granulation tissue to severe pyogranulomatous reactions with neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells as the primary infiltration. Foreign body giant cells and/or microfilariae were not observed. Microscopic changes in the carotid arter...
NEBULIZER DELIVERY OF OLIGOSACCHARIDE SOLUTION AEROSOLS

ABSTRACT Oligosaccharides may be employed to inhibit lung infections. Since these molecules are water soluble they may be administered directly to the lungs as aerosol droplets delivered by nebulizer. Two oligosaccharides, 3'-sialyflactose and lacto-N-neotetraose, were prepared as 1% w/v solutions and delivered using each of two nebulizers, the Acorn II or Aerotech II. The output characteristics of these nebulizers were characterized in terms of total mass output (208–253 ug/mL), mass median aerodynamic diameter (0.6–1.1 urn), fine particle fraction (83–95%) and ACGIH respirable fraction (72–86%). The nebulizer output was also evaluated following administration via a ventilator unit employed to administer aerosols to animals. The ventilator was employed in preliminary experiments to deliver aerosols to rabbits in preparation for subsequent experiments in which oligosaccharide administration to an animal model of infection may be studied.
Impact of subtraction and reconstruction strategies on dual-energy contrast enhanced breast tomosynthesis with interleaved acquisition

Contrast enhanced digital breast tomosynthesis can yield superior visualization of tumors relative to conventional tomosynthesis and can provide the contrast uptake kinetics available in breast MR while maintaining a higher image spatial resolution. Conventional dual-energy (DE) acquisition protocols for contrast enhancement at a given time point often involve two separate continuous motion sweeps of the X-ray tube (one per energy) followed by weighted subtraction of the HE (high energy)and LE (low energy) projection data. This subtracted data is then reconstructed. Relative to two-sweep acquisition, interleaved acquisition suffers from a lesser degree of patient motion artifacts and entails less time spent under uncomfortable breast compression. These advantages for DE interleaved acquisition are reduced by subtraction artifacts due to the fact that each HE, LE acquisition pair is offset in angle for the usual case of continuous tube motion. These subtraction artifacts propagate into the reconstruction and are present even in the absence of patient motion. To reduce these artifacts, we advocate a strategy in which the HE and LE projection data are separately reconstructed then undergo weighted subtraction in the reconstruction domain. We compare the SDNR of masses in a phantom for the subtract-then-reconstruct vs. reconstruct-then-subtract strategies and evaluate each strategy for two algorithms, FBP and SART. We also compare the interleave SDNR results with those obtained with the conventional dual-energy double-sweep method. For interleave scans and for either algorithm the reconstruct-thensubtract strategy yields higher SDNR than the subtract-then-reconstruct strategy. For any of the three acquisition modes, SART reconstruction yields better SDNR than FBP reconstruction. Finally the interleave reconstruct-then-subtract method using SART yields higher SDNR than any of the double-sweep conventional acquisitions.
A comparative study of feeding and growth in two coexisting species of carnivorous gastropods

The effects of variable food supply on growth rate and feeding behaviour in two coexisting intertidal gastropods were examined through field and laboratory experiments involving mark and recapture procedures, growth experiments under controlled food supply and video observations of feeding. All cohorts of both Japeuthria species grew most in summer, with the highest growth rate being achieved by the youngest cohort of both sexes. In contrast, almost all cohorts (except the youngest one) showed zero to negative growth in winter. The growth rates of Japeuthria species clearly varied depending on feeding frequencies and the initial size of individuals. Females of both species had a significantly higher growth rate than males, though the difference became less marked with decreasing food supply. The total time spent on feeding and the length of the first feeding bout generally increased as the duration of the interval between meals was increased across treatments. From both the field growth experiment and the observations of feeding behaviour it is clear that J. ferrea had a higher frequency of feeding than J. cingulata in the field; 1- to 3-d intervals of feeding frequency in the former and 3- to 6-d intervals in the latter. Most notably, the two species showed a reversal in growth rates with changing conditions of food supply. When food was relatively abundant J. ferrea achieved better growth than J. cingulata, but J. cingulata grew better than J. ferrea under low food supply. In view of the fact that J. ferrea seems to be competitively superior to J. cingulata under normal levels, the present observation that J. cingulata can perform better than J. ferrea when food availability is low gives an important advantage to the latter in terms of its coexistence with the former.
Skeletal muscle morphology and exercise response in congenital generalized lipodystrophy

OBJECTIVE: Congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by almost complete absence of adipose tissue, muscular appearance, and severe insulin resistance since birth. We investigated whether insulin resistance in CGL patients is associated with abnormal muscle morphology and whether increased muscularity imparts increased muscle strength and exercise capacity RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We obtained quadriceps muscle biopsies to study muscle fiber types and capillary density in three African-American women (aged 17-20 years) with CGL. We also assessed quadriceps muscle strength, muscle metabolism, and maximal O2 consumption in the patients. RESULTS: Quadriceps muscle biopsies revealed a markedly higher percentage of type II (fast-twitch glycolytic) muscle fibers in patients with CGL versus sedentary young women (75-78 vs. 47-57%, respectively). The capillary-to-fiber ratio (2.7-3.0), however, was normal. Cross-sectional areas of type I (slow-twitch oxidative) (1,262-2,685 microm2) and type II (2,304-3,594 microm2) fibers were far below the normal values (3,811-4,310 and 3,115-4,193 microm2, respectively), suggesting muscle hyperplasia but not hypertrophy The quadriceps muscle strength, as measured by Cybex, was below average; the maximal O2 consumption (23-32 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)) was also below average. 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the forearm muscles revealed normal pH and metabolic responses to static and dynamic exercises. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that insulin resistance in patients with CGL is associated with an increased proportion of type II muscle fibers but not reduced capillary density. Increased muscularity in CGL is due to muscle hyperplasia and is not associated with increased muscle strength.
The Use of Peer Modeling to Increase Self-Efficacy in Research Methods Courses

One of the biggest challenges students face in any undergraduate methods course is a lack of confidence in their mathematical abilities, leading to a struggle for both retention of information and for continued involvement in research-based courses. In my article, I present a new approach to improving self-efficacy in undergraduate methods students and show that self-reported measures of learning improved as well as the completion of senior theses and directed research opportunities increased in the subsequent semester over previous years. Specifically, instead of teaching the course through academic articles and lessons from a textbook, I used a paper from the same course written by a former student as an exemplar of how to write a research paper. The peer-modeling approach improved student evaluations of the course immediately following the semester, increased the number of students involved in independent research subsequent to the course, and showed a high self-reported level of retention and use of r...
Escape from the matrix: lessons from a case-study in access-control requirements

The freedom to share information online has made the ability to restrict that sharing critical. Access-control policies are thus a central and growing part of contemporary Web-based system security. Many policy languages—both industrial and academic—are essentially defined in terms of role-action-resource triples. As authors of non-trivial policies [2], however, we have often preferred to describe rules in other forms as well: for instance, as information flows between end-points without having to specify the intermediate operations by which the information may be transmitted. We thus set out to understand the different ways in which users express their policy expectations. To this end, we conducted interviews to gather requirements for a Web-based application to manage faculty job applications for a computer science department. In such systems, applicants submit their materials (vita, statements, etc.) via a Web interface. The software emails a lettersubmission url to each reference letter writer. Department faculty, and perhaps graduate students, can view and comment on the applications online. Administrative staff handle various requests from members of the department. Technical (computing support) staff maintain the infrastructure. Even in this setup, there can be significant disagreement about some access decisions (as our interviews confirmed): Should applicants be allowed to check which of their reference letters have arrived (and when)? Should students in the department know who has applied? Should administrative staff be able to read the reference letters? Twelve faculty gave recorded interviews about their “security” requirements, each lasting 20–30 minutes. As all participants had extensive experience with the problem domain, we did not describe it to them. Even though we asked about security, the vast majority of participants focused of their own accord on access-control. Once participants had run through the cases that had occurred to them, we asked follow-up questions about roles and resources not yet covered. We let participants speak free-form rather than structuring the discussion.
Efficient cyano-containing electron-transporting polymers for light-emitting diodes

Two copolymers composed of 9,9-di-n-hexylfluorene and 2,5-dicyanobenzene (PF−CNP (3:1) and PF−CNP (1:1)) were synthesized via the Suzuki coupling reaction. By attaching two electron-withdrawing cyano groups onto the phenylene ring, the electron affinity and conduction of polyfluorenes are greatly enhanced. The device based on PF−CNP (3:1) has a low turn-on voltage (3.4 V), bright blue emission (5430 cd/m2 at a bias voltage of 7.4 V), and a maximum external quantum efficiency of 0.50% due to both optimized electron affinity and conduction.
Antioxidant Properties of Natural Plant Extracts Containing Polyphenolic Compounds in Cooked Ground Beef

ABSTACT: Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) values, hexanal content, and sensory analysis were used to evaluate the effectiveness of selected natural antioxidants to reduce warmet-over flavor (WOF) development in cooked ground beef. The control without added antioxidant showed the highest TBARS value, hexanal content, and WOF scores, Grape seed extract (ActiVin) and pine bark extract (Pycnogenol) singificantly improved the exildative stability of cooked beef. Compared to the control, ActiVin, Pycnogenel®, and elesresle sosemary reduced the heranal content by 97%, 94% and 73%, after 3d of refrigerated storage, respectively. WOF scores showed a similar pattern as TRARS values and hexanal contenix. TBAHS salues, WOF scores, and hexanal contents were all well correlated.
Synthesis of Nanorods with Ni Cores and Porous Silica Coatings

Nanorods with a Ni core and a silica coating have been prepared using a one-step synthesis and char- acterized using a variety of methods. Nitrogen adsorption isotherms have been used to characterize the pore size and the internal surface area of the silica shells grown on the Ni nanorods. Spectroscopic characterization of CO adsorbed on the Ni nanoparticle cores has been used to verify that the pore structure of the silica shells allows CO to access the Ni core; this property is critical to the use of core-shell structures as industrial catalysts. To demonstrate their resistance to physical and chemical degradation, the properties of the silica-coated Ni nanoparticles have been measured both before and after treatment at high temper- ature (623 - 1073 K) and exposure to a reducing atmo- sphere (hydrogen gas). Annealing at high temperatures reduces, but does not eliminate, the porosity of the silica shells.
Institutional Factors and the Texas Water Plan

Among the many problems associated with the implementation of the Texas Water Plan are the institutional arrangements necessary for interstate diversions, for management of transfer systems, for allocation and sale of water, and for developing repayment capabilities among water users.
Non-decay results for linear transport equations

Abstract The Landau damping problem for linear transport equations f t + α ( v ) f x + α ( v ) g ( v ) E = 0 x , v ∈ R 1 , is studied in this work. Our results show that the behavior of α ( v ) plays an important role in the time decaying of the solutions.
Atomic Absorption Cross Section of Sodium Vapor Between 2400 and 1000 Å

The continuous atomic absorption cross section of sodium vapor has been measured using photoelectric techniques from the $3s^{2}S\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{np}^{2}P^{0}$ series limit at 2412.6 \AA{}, down to 1000 \AA{}. The bandwidth of the monochromator was 1 \AA{}, and values of the cross section were obtained at about 2-\AA{} intervals. The best value for the atomic absorption cross section at the series limit was 0.130\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.018 Mb. A zero minimum was observed at 1950 \AA{}, in agreement with theoretical predictions but conflicting with previous experimental results. The reasons for this conflict are discussed, and a description is given of the experimental procedures adopted.