cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coarse-scale horizontal patchiness and vertical migration of zooplankton in Gulf Stream warm-core ring 82-H

Abstract A 1-m 2 MOCNESS with 20 nets was used to make a series of tows in Gulf Stream meander/ring 82-H (September/October 1982) including two 0–100 m undulating “towyos”. One towyo, made at dusk in the core of 82-H (of Sargasso Sea/Gulf Stream origin) permitted study of the effect of diel migration on the spatial variability of copepod and euphausiid species abundance, and species composition in a region of low physical variability. The other towyo taken across a front on the outer edge of 82-H (a mixture of Gulf Stream, Shelf and Slope Water), allowed comparison of spatial variability of the same biological properties in a region of strong physical variability. A sharp transition in euphausiid species composition occurred in the ring core after sunset as dielly migrating euphausiids moved into the surface waters. A similar, but less extreme change took place in copepod species composition because a smaller proportion of these migrated. All copepod migrants also entered surface waters after sunset with species living deeper in the water column during the day arriving in the surface waters later than those living shallower. Enright 's (1977, Limnology and Oceanography , 22 , 856–872) hypothesis for the metabolic advantages available through diel vertical migration does not account for the observed behavior of the migrating copepods and euphausiids at this time and place. Estimated swimming speeds (typically 50–200 m h −1 ) of migrating copepods and euphausiids were similar in spite of large differences in body size between the two groups. Variations in species composition were substantially larger at the edge of the ring where species proportions changed radically in concert with changes in water-mass properties. There were also large differences in species composition between the samples from the ring core and the front which equaled those which occurred across the front. Hydrographic differences were stronger than diel changes due to migration for copepods but not for euphausiids. Streamers of surface water which originated within the frontal region and spiraled into the ring core could provide colonizers of many species not present at the time of ring formation.
High signal-to-noise ratio birefringence-compensated optical delay line based on a noise-reduction scheme

A multichannel fiber-optic delay-line architecture based on optical polarization switching is proposed that uses non-polarization-maintaining optical fibers. Critical birefringence-compensation and noise-reduction techniques are introduced and demonstrated for these delay lines, which show a high optical polarization extinction ratio (>39 dB) and a high electrical signal-to-noise ratio (>92 dB).
Determination of thiobarbituric acid reactive products formed from deoxyribose in biological samples

Determination of thiobarbituric acid reactive products (TBAR) formed from deoxyribose by hydroxyl radicals is used to determine scavenging activity of various chemicals. A method for determination of TBAR was modified to allow determination of TBAR in presence of biological materials by addition of 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to prevent chromogen adsorption by biological matrices. This method was tested using brain extracts from nine 7 - 28 year old rhesus monkeys. The inhibitory effect of the homogenates was expressed as mg of protein which inhibited TBAR formation to the same extent as 0.208 mmoles of sodium salicylate. The homogenates inhibited the formatin of TBAR in linear, concentration dependent fashion. The day-to-day reproducibility of the method was found to be 9.2% relative S.D. and the salicylate equivalent values ranged from 0.09±0.02 to 0.61±0.25 mg of protein among the six brain areas investigated. The age and sex were not related to the inhibitory activities of brain extracts.
The effect of a phase transition on single molecule tracks of Annexin V in cushioned DMPC assemblies

Using single molecule imaging, this study describes the phase behaviour and mobility of individual transmembrane (TM) proteins and compares those results with the bulk phase behaviour of the biomimetic membrane in which they have been incorporated. To accomplish this a TM protein, Annexin V, was incorporated into a cushioned planar supported 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC)/L-α-lysophosphatidyl-serine (Brain-PS) biomimetic assembly and its mobility between 30 and 16 °C was measured. Fluorescence microscopy and Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) were used to verify the structural integrity and the phase behaviour (median melting temperature, TC = 22 °C) of the lipid assembly. The spatial confinement of individual Annexin V molecules was measured in three distinct phase regions: (1) a homogeneous liquid crystalline phase region (Lα) in which Annexin V was unconfined (≥25 °C), (2) a two-phase region (Lα + gel-phase-Pβ′) in which Annexin V displayed intermediate confinement (24–20 °C), and (3) a gel-phase region (Pβ′) with included nanoscopic domains that are enriched with PS and surround a single Annexin V TM protein (19–16 °C); the mobility of Annexin V in these domains is highly confined. At early time lags, Annexin V moves with apparent Brownian-like behaviour at all temperatures but the diffusion coefficients have very different magnitudes and temperature dependence. A possible mechanism for nanoscopic domain formation will be discussed.
Mineral acquisition by arbuscular mycorrhizal plants

Abstract Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) benefit plants by allowing them to grow and produce in relatively harsh mineral stress environments. This has been attributed extensively to ability of AMF to expand the volume of soil for which mineral nutrients are made available to plants compared to what roots themselves would contact. This article reviews the effects of AMF on enhancing/reducing acquisition of phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), boron (B), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), and some trace elements in plants. The nutrients enhanced most in host plants grown in many soils (e.g., high and low soil pH) are P, N, Zn, and Cu, but K, Ca, and Mg are enhanced when plants are grown in acidic soils. Many AMF have also the ability to ameliorate Al and Mn toxicities for plants are grown in acidic soil.
Superconducting tin core fiber

In this study, we demonstrated superconductivity in a fiber with a tin core and fused silica cladding. The fibers were fabricated via a modified melt-draw technique and maintained core diameters ranging from 50–300 microns and overall diameters of 125–800 microns. Superconductivity of this fiber design was validated via the traditional four-probe test method in a bath of liquid helium at temperatures on the order of 3.8 K. The synthesis route and fiber design are perquisites to ongoing research dedicated all-fiber optoelectronics and the relationships between superconductivity and the material structures, as well as corresponding fabrication techniques.
Center of pressure velocity autocorrelation as a new measure of postural control during quiet stance

Falls are a significant cause of mortality and serious injury in older adults and particularly in people with neurological disorders. The ability to maintain balance and postural control is commonly evaluated using center of pressure (COP) data collected with a force platform. Recent methods such as the Stabilogram Diffusion Analysis (SDA) have examined the stochastic characteristics of the COP but require numerous, long duration trials for reliable measures. To further our understanding of the underlying dynamical processes in postural control, we propose a new conceptual framework for studying human postural control using the COP velocity autocorrelation function (COP-VAF), and compare its results to SDA. Five healthy young participants were studied under quiet standing conditions with either eyes open or closed. COP trajectories were analyzed using both traditional posturographic measures, SDA, and the COP-VAF. It is shown that the COP-VAF leads to repeatable, physiologically meaningful measures that can distinguish postural control differences with and without vision in healthy individuals. More specifically, visual feedback was found to significantly decrease the peak COP velocity autocorrelation value and magnitude of the first minimum, while increasing the diffusion coefficient. This result is interpreted as an indication that visual input serves to rapidly eliminate any oscillatory motion in quiet stance and utilizes a smaller potential field to maintain balance. In contrast to SDA, COP-VAF measures provide a more concise and reliable measure of postural control (intraclass coefficient correlation (ICC) = 0.23-0.87 vs. 0.05-0.91 in COP-VAF vs. SDA measures, respectively). This work suggests that we can further extend our understanding of the underlying mechanisms behind postural control in quiet stance using the COP-VAF and may apply this analysis in quantifying future neurorehabilitative interventions aimed at improving balance.
Time-frequency analysis of the effects of solar activities on tropospheric thermodynamics

Whether the Sun has significantly influenced the climate during the last century has been under extensive debates for almost two decades. Since the solar irradiance varies very little in a solar cycle, it is puzzling that some geophysical parameters show proportionally large variations which appear to be responding to the solar cycles. For example, variation in low-altitude clouds is shown correlated with solar cycle, and the onset of Forbush decrease is shown correlated with the reduction of the vorticity area index. A possible sun-climate connection is that galactic cosmic rays modulated by solar activities influence cloud formation. In this paper, we apply wavelet transform to satellite and surface data to examine this hypothesis. Data analyzed include the time series for solar irradiance, sunspots, UV index, temperature, cloud coverage, and neutron counter measurements. The interactions among the elements in the Earth system under the external and internal forcings give out very complex signals. The periodicity of the forcings or signals could range widely. Since wavelet transforms can analyze multi-scale phenomena that are both localized in frequency and time, it is very useful techniques for detecting, understanding and monitoring climate changes.
Protective and Pathogenic Responses to Chikungunya Virus Infection.

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arbovirus responsible for causing epidemic outbreaks of human disease characterized by painful and often debilitating arthralgia. Recently CHIKV has moved into the Caribbean and the Americas resulting in massive outbreaks in naive human populations. Given the importance of CHIKV as an emerging disease, a significant amount of effort has gone into interpreting the virus-host interactions that contribute to protection or virus-induced pathology following CHIKV infection, with the long term goal of using this information to develop new therapies or safe and effective anti-CHIKV vaccines. This work has made it clear that numerous distinct host responses are involved in the response to CHIKV infection, where some aspects of the host innate and adaptive immune response protect from or limit virus-induced disease, while other pathways actually exacerbate the virus-induced disease process. This review will discuss mechanisms that have been identified as playing a role in the host response to CHIKV infection and illustrate the importance of carefully evaluating these responses to determine whether they play a protective or pathologic role during CHIKV infection.
Echocardiography in Cardiovascular Public Health: The Feigenbaum Lecture 2008

The magnitude of age-related public health problems, such as atrial fibrillation (AF) and heart failure (HF) is enormous and escalating, despite conventional strategies of clinical risk factor assessment and management. New paradigms for risk stratification need to be considered. Of all technologies, echocardiography is the only imaging modality that has a wide margin of patient safety and is mature enough for preventive applications. Along with its unique characteristics of portability, ready availability at the population level, and relatively low cost, echocardiography is well-positioned for integration into preventive strategies. The ability to detect subclinical abnormalities early in the natural history of a disease may potentially allow treatment within the window of opportunity, interrupting the cascade of events that lead to adverse outcomes. The 2008 Feigenbaum Lecture describes the body of literature confirming the important contribution of echocardiography in prognostication and its role in risk stratification, and documents the evolution of echocardiography from being solely a tool for confirming diagnosis to one that will also guide prevention of public health problems.
Scientific Research: Process and Product. Acceptance Address for the 2000 American Chemical Society Award for Research at an Undergraduate Institution, Sponsored by Research Corporation

Scientific research has a twofold nature. First, the process that I’ve developed for mentoring undergraduates (over more than four decades, hundreds of students of whom 73 were coauthors on 155 of my more than 1650 papers to date) in carrying out the work—from the initial literature search to the process of honoring requests for reprints of the published article—is discussed. Second, the product—student presentations at scientific meetings, studies of the separation of inorganic isomers and other coordination compounds, inorganic syntheses, laboratory experiments including replication of “classic” experiments, historical studies, lecture demonstrations, reviews of books and instructional media, and other investigations—is reviewed with citation of outstanding student coauthors and their later accomplishments. Highlights of my education, mentors, and professional career are also briefly presented.
An unstable body: The cinema of Antonietta De Lillo

ABSTRACTThis article examines the work of contemporary Neapolitan film-maker Antonietta De Lillo. After an overview of the director's career and her technical and stylistic approaches to film-making, I will closely analyse two of her short works: the documentary I promessi sposi/The Betrothed (1993) and the fictional Maruzzella—one of the five episodes in the collective I vesuviani/The Vesuvians (1997). I argue that bodies and gender in De Lillo's cinema ‘depart’ from the self, the (gendered) gaze of the camera and the look of the spectator. My analysis aims to highlight the technical, stylistic and narrative components of the two films as well as to provide an interpretative reading of De Lillo's works. Feminist theories will constitute the main guidelines for my interpretation. I have chosen to examine these two shorts because they not only show a superb use of the cinematic apparatus, but also present themes of transsexual and transgender identities not commonly represented in Italian cinema. Although ...
Opinion paper. Unexpected stress failures during earthquakes

At present it is the consensus that structures should be desitned to undergo ductile deformations if subjected to very strong ground shaking, so structures designed without consideration of large deformations can be expected to experience undesirable damage. However, in most strong earthquakes some unexpected ground motion or unexpected structural failure occurs which deserves closer examination. In both the Northridge and the Kobe earthquakes there were unexpected ground motions as well as unexpected structural damage. The reason such failures are unexpected is that their possibility was not identified during the design process.
Proof of Saffari's near-orthogonality conjecture for ultraflat sequences of unimodular polynomials

Abstract Let P n (z)=∑ k=0 n a k,n z k ∈ C [z] be a sequence of unimodular polynomials (| a k , n |=1 for all k , n ) which is ultraflat in the sense of Kahane, i.e., lim n→∞ max |z|=1 |(n+1) −1/2 |P n (z)|−1|=0. We prove the following conjecture of Saffari (1991): ∑ k =0 n a k , n a n − k , n =o( n ) as n →∞, that is, the polynomial P n ( z ) and its “conjugate reciprocal” P n ∗ (z)=∑ k=0 n a n−k,n z k become “nearly orthogonal” as n →∞. To this end we use results from [3] where (as well as in [5]) we studied the structure of ultraflat polynomials and proved several conjectures of Saffari.
Duration and pattern of toothbrushing in children using a gel or paste dentifrice.

Gel dentifrice manufacturers claim that their product causes children to brush longer and more thoroughly. This study examines that claim.
Software metrics and software maintenance

The term “software crisis” refers to the huge amount of resources needed for the development and maintenance of software. A major problem with research in these areas is the lack of solid data. In particular, there is little data that can be used to predict the types of problems that are likely to occur during the software's maintenance. This paper describes the results of an analysis of a software system that underwent several revisions. Maintenance of the system was performed by distinct programming teams. At each revision of the software system, the analysis was performed by doing measurements of module complexity based on three quantities: Halstead's Software Science Effort, McCabe's cyclomatic complexity, and coupling analyses. The relationships of Software Science Effort to unchangeability of modules, of cyclomatic complexity to path coverage, and coupling analysis to measurement of modularity and coherence during the maintenance are given.
Validation of the Children’s Beliefs and Intentions to Play with Peers with Disabilities in Middle School Physical Education Scale

This study assessed structural validity and internal consistency of the Children’s Beliefs and Intentions to Play with Peers with Disabilities in Middle School Physical Education (CBIPPD-MPE); a scale measuring beliefs and intentions of middle school children without disabilities to play with a hypothetical peer with a physical disability in general physical education, and determined relationships among the CBIPPD-MPE subscales. A background questionnaire and the CBIPPD-MPE were administered to a convenience sample of 808 middle school students. As a part of cross-validation, the sample was stratified by gender and grade and randomly split into a calibration sample (n = 404) and a validation sample (n = 404). The results of two confirmatory factor analyses showed a good fit of the model to the data. Internal consistency of the four subscales ranged between .71 and .91. Belief scores were strongly associated with intentions and the belief subscales were inter-correlated (p < .01).
Hepatic Nitric Oxide Formation: Spin Trapping Detection in Biliary Efflux

Abstract A new spin trapping method has been developed to continuously monitor nitric oxide (NO) formation in rat liver in vivo. The method is based on the reaction of NO with iron chelates of N -methylglucamine dithiocarbamate (MGD–Fe), resulting in the formation of room-temperature stable EPR-active nitrosyl complexes of MGD–Fe. Rats were injected with various doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce NO synthase activity and were later anesthetized with isoflurane. After cannulation of the bile duct, MGD-Fe was administered by iv injection, and samples of bile were collected for EPR analyses. The EPR spectra of bile from LPS-pretreated rats contained characteristic three-line signals of NO trapped by the MGD–Fe complex, while bile from control rats that were not treated with LPS did not contain similar EPR signals. The detection limit of this method was estimated to be 5 μ M . Only weak signals from NO could be detected in plasma or urine under these conditions, suggesting that the biliary NO adducts did not originate in extrahepatic tissues. The reliability of this method was verified by administering an inhibitor for NO synthase induction, α-phenyl- N - t -butylnitrone (PBN), or the NO synthase inhibitor N -nitro- L -arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) to LPS-treated rats. NO detected in bile was significantly decreased by both PBN and L-NAME, which is consistent with results obtained from studies using previously established methods for NO formation.
OBSERVATIONS ON A TRANSIENT PHASE OF FOCAL SWELLING IN DEGENERATING UNMYELINATED NERVE FIBERS

This study describes the nature and time-course of a swelling phase during the degeneration of unmyelinated nerve fibers, as observed in highly organized cultures of rodent sensory ganglia. Observations were made on nerve fascicles after they were cut and during nutritional deprivation. About 12 hr after nerve transection, large, clear vacuoles appear throughout fascicles distal to the cut. These vacuoles are most numerous at 24 hr and then gradually subside; after 48 hr, only small granules mark the severed fascicles. Electron microscopy shows that the vacuoles are, in fact, massive focal dilations of unmyelinated axons. Similar focal dilations in unmyelinated axons are observed if cultures are not refed for 5–7 days; under these conditions glucose concentrations fall below 20 mg/100 ml and degenerative changes begin to appear in neuronal somas. If the gas-tight assembly is opened and the culture refed, there is rapid disappearance of axonal dilations (usually within 1 hr) and recovery of many of the damaged neurons. Cooling (4°C) prevents this reversal, suggesting that an active process is involved. It is postulated that the swellings result from the failure of active axolemmal ion-pumping mechanisms prior to loss of selective permeability in the axon membrane. The reasons for the focal nature of the swellings is unknown. A literature review indicates that a phase of focal swelling has frequently been observed during the degeneration of unmyelinated nerve fibers in vivo.
Diazoacetonitrile: a low temperature study of the vibrational spectrum

Abstract Infrared spectra of matrix isolated diazoacetonitrile (DAN) and several of its isotopic modifications have been obtained; Raman spectra of the pure and matrix isolated species in its natural abundance have also been observed. A normal coordinate analysis (NCA) has been performed on the basis of Cs symmetry. Fifteen force constants were used to fit 36 experimentally observed frequencies. The results correlate well with the structure determined by microwave spectroscopy and indicate the importance of a particular valence bond resonance structure in the description of the electronic structure of DAN.
On the Symmetric and Rees Algebra of an Ideal Generated by a d-sequence

Let R be a commutative ring and I an ideal of R. In this paper, we consider the question of when the symmetric algebra of I is a domain, and hence isomorphic to the Rees algebra of I. (see Section 2 for definitions.) Several authors have studied this question (for example, [I, 4, 9, lo], or [14]). In the cases in which the symmetric algebra is a domain, other questions have been asked: Is it Cohen-Macaulay [l] ? Is it factorial [15] ? Is it integrally closed [1, 121 ? In this paper we prove the symmetric algebra of I is a domain whenever R is a domain and I is generated by a d-sequence (see [6] or [7]). A sequence of elements xi ,..., x, in R is said to be a d-sequence if (i) xi 4 (x1 ,..., xiwl , xi+r ,..., x,) for i between 1 and n and (ii) if {il ,..., ii} is a subset (possibly (6) of u,..., TZ} and K, rn~ { l,..., n}\(il ,..., ii} then((xil ,..., xi,) : xlcx,) = ((xi, ,..., xi,) : xlc). Many examples were given in [7] of d-sequences. We list some examples here.
Realities of E-voting Security

There has been substantial debate about e-voting security in the past 10 years. As a result, e-voting has evolved away from lever machines and punched cards, through touchscreen voting machines, to a voter-verifiable paper audit trail phase, and voter-marked paper ballots paired with optical scan tabulators. Still, the debate over e-voting security continues. The guest editors introduce the articles in this special issue, which cover technology aimed at both improving election integrity and providing confidence through postelection audits. These articles advance the e-voting security debate and will contribute to long-term election integrity.
Psychomotor reminiscence as a function of gonadal steroid hormone variation

Psychomotor reminiscence was studied in relation to endogenous variations in estrogenic hormone levels. Forty-three young adult females monitored their menstrual cycles for two replications, then reported for testing on Day 2, 8, or 14 of their cycles. Results showed significantly higher reminiscence and postrest performance on Day 14 (high estrogen) than on the other days (low estrogen). The well-known response activation properties of the estrogens may fulfill one of Hull’s (1943) conditions for the generation of reactive inhibition (Ir), of which reminiscence is regarded as a measure. Since female levels of estrogen are substantially higher than male levels, even at the nadirs of their estrogen cycles, one arrives at a plausible account of the often-demonstrated female dominance in psychomotor reminiscence proclivities.
Can genetic testing guide treatment in breast cancer

In the last 15 years, our understanding of genes that predispose to breast cancer has increased enormously. Germline alleles have been identified that have a modest effect on the risk of breast cancer, but there remain only a handful of genes in which mutation substantially elevates the risk of breast cancer. These include BRCA1, BRCA2, TP53 and PTEN. Whilst breast cancer occurring in patients in Li-Fraumeni and Cowden's syndrome families is of great importance, the more frequent scenario is that of women, or indeed of men, presenting with breast cancer with an underlying germline mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2. Should these individuals be treated differently because they have had a breast cancer or are at risk of the disease because of a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation? In this review, we consider whether BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation influences the choice of breast screening and breast cancer prevention strategies. Furthermore, for women with an established breast cancer whether their mutation directly influences (1) baseline prognosis, (2) the results of local surgical and radiation therapy, (3) the benefits from adjuvant systemic therapy and finally (4) whether selection or avoidance of particular systemic agents is guided by the presence of a BRCA1 or BRCA2 germline mutation?
Single Molecule Study of Promoter Search By E Coli RNAP

During transcription initiation, RNA polymerase (RNAP) must find specific promoters in the genome in response to different physiological conditions. It has been suggested that 1-D sliding along DNA may accelerate this process so that it can be faster than 3-D diffusion limit. However contradicting ensemble and single molecule experiments have reported drastically different 1-D diffusion coefficients (10−1μm2s−1 vs. 10−2 and 10−5 μm2s−1). Here we used our high throughput single molecule technology to simultaneously observe hundreds of double tethered lambda DNA molecules in an effort to determine how Qdot-labeled E. coli RNAP searches for promoters. Using this system we have observed specific binding to known promoters, formation of heparin resistant open complexes, and transcription from know promoter regions. Analysis of the time courses of promoter search showed two populations: The first population binds DNA nonspecifically and dissociates with an average life time 3.5 sec; The second population binds DNA specifically to the promoter regions and never comes off within our observation time. We have not observed evidence of extensive 1D diffusion with either population, and we estimate upper boundaries for the diffusion coefficients and sliding lengths of 10−4μm2s−1 and 170bp, respectively; these values are much smaller than reported by ensemble experiments. Our data suggest that 3-D diffusion is the main pathway for E. coli RNAP to search for promoters and 1-D sliding does not play a significant role in this process. The biological context of this result is discussed.
An Enhanced Microstructure-Level Finite Element Machining Model for Carbon Nanotube-Polymer Composites

During the machining of carbon nanotube (CNT)–polymer composites, the interface plays a critical role in the load transfer between polymer and CNT. Therefore, the interface for these composites has to be explicitly considered in the microstructure–level finite element (FE) machining model, so as to better understand their machinability and the interfacial failure mechanisms. In this study, a microstructure–level FE machining model for CNT–polymer composites has been developed by considering the interface as the third phase, in addition to the polymer and the CNT phases. For the interface, two interfacial properties, viz., interfacial strength and fracture energy have been included. To account for variable temperature and strain rate over the deformation zone during machining, temperature– and strain rate–dependent mechanical properties for the interface and the polymer material have also been included in the model. It is found that the FE machining model predicts cutting force within 6% of the experimental values at different machining conditions and CNT loadings. The cutting force data reveals that the model can accurately capture the CNT pull-out/protrusion, and the subsequent surface damage. Simulated surface damage characteristics are supported by the surface topographies and roughness values obtained from the machining experiments. The study suggests that the model can be utilized to design the new generation of CNT-polymer composites with specific interfacial properties that minimize the surface/subsurface damage and improve the surface finish.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
On Solving Block Toeplitz Systems Using a Block Schur Algorithm

This paper presents a block Schur algorithm to obtain a factorization of a symmetric block Toeplitz matrix. We develop a version based on block hyperbolic Householder reflectors by adapting the representation schemes for block Householder reflectors to the hyperbolic case. If a singular principal submatrix is encountered during the factorization, the matrix is perturbed and an approximate factorization is obtained. This is then combined with iterative refinement to obtain the final solution.
Enhancement of Wall Loosening and Elongation by Acid Solutions

The ability of low pH and CO(2) to induce rapid cell elongation and wall loosening in the Avena coleoptile has been examined with the use of a continuous growth-recording technique and an Instron extensometer, respectively. In particular, the properties of the response to hydrogen ions have been examined in detail and have been compared with the responses initiated by CO(2) and auxin. The optimal pH for growth is about 3.0, and both the maximal growth rate and wall extensibility are similar to that produced by optimal auxin. The timing (initiated in less than 1 minute) and duration (up to 2 hours) of the response to hydrogen ions, as well as certain other aspects of the growth and wall-loosening responses, are described. It is shown that the pH response can be clearly separated from the CO(2) response. Possible mechanisms for the initiation of the growth response to low pH are briefly discussed.
TNF-α Drives Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in Squamous Oral Carcinogenesis†

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS It is well known that invasion is a seminal event in the progression of oral and other head and neck carcinoma sites. We have previously demonstrated tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and its dependent cytokines are upregulated in saliva during oral carcinogenesis. TNF-dependent events stimulate nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB and many NF-kappaB-dependent genes are associated with cancer progression. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present study, we examined NF-kappaB stimulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 in a precancerous keratinocyte cell line that models leukoplakia (Rhek cells). We stimulated Rhek cells with both TNF-alpha and phorbol myristate acetate, known stimulants of NF-kappaB. We then assayed MMP-9 transcription and secretion by luciferase reporter genes, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and fluorometric enzyme-linked immunosorbent serologic assay. RESULTS We discovered that the MMP-9 promoter was significantly stimulated by phorbol myristate acetate and TNF-alpha on luciferase reporter gene assays. Further, we uncovered that functional MMP-9 promoter activation was accompanied by significant increases in MMP-9 gene expression, as judged by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Functional activation of the MMP-9 protein was stimulated by TNF-alpha and PMA on a fluorescent enzyme-linked immunosorbent serologic assay. Finally, we searched our salivary proteomic database for increases in MMP-9 and discovered it was the third most significant protein in salivas of oral cavity cancer patients over normal controls. CONCLUSIONS We conclude the milieu cytokine, TNF-alpha, has the capacity to provide stimulation of events related to early invasion of oral cavity cancer, as judged by its ability to stimulate MMP-9.
Tumor hypoxia fluorescence imaging using 2-nitroimidazole bis-carboxylic acid indocyanine dye conjugate

We present tumor hypoxia mapping by diffuse optical fluorescence tomography. A novel 2-nitroimidazole bis-carboxylic acid indocyanine dye conjugate has been developed for tumor-targeted hypoxia fluorescence imaging. The hypoxia probe has been evaluated in-vitro using 4T1 tumor cell lines and in-vivo tumor targeting in mice. In-vivo tumor targeting in six mice demonstrated that a measured half-life of 2-nitroimidazole-indocyanine dye wash out in the tumor was significantly longer (112±32.37 minutes) than that of bis-carboxylic acid indocyanine dye (69.75±14.01 minutes). The bis-carboxylic acid indocyanine dye was completely washed out from the tumor site within 3-5 hours post-injection, but 2-nitroimidazole-ICG remained for up to 21 hours in the tumor site. Near infrared fluorescence images of mice tumors showed a 2.6-fold contrast of dye uptake with hypoxic conjugate injection (7.46±1.68 μM) compared to that with indocyanine dye injection (2.9±0.60 μM). The in-vitro cell studies were performed to assess fluorescence labeling comparing hypoxia to normoxia conditions. A fluorescence emission ratio of 2.5-fold was found between the cells treated with the 2-nitroimidazole-indocyanine dye and incubated under hypoxia compared to the cells in normoxia condition. Hypoxia specificity was also confirmed when compared to cells treated with unconjugated indocyanine dye alone. Fluorescence images acquired using a Li-COR scanner from harvested tumor samples support the in vivo monitoring and imaging results.
An Algorithm for Reconstructing Protein and RNA Sequences

An algorithm for deriving the primary sequence of a protein or RNA is presented. The data is in the form of short sequences of letters which must be fitted together to form the unknown complete sequence. A computer program for carrying out the steps is described, with an example. It is shown that the algorithm cannot make an error and empirical results are given which illustrate the successful use of the algorithm in reconstructing complete sequences known to be solvable.
Integrating MS/OR Modeling into an ERP Course

ERP is a subject with widespread applicability in industry, and one that presents challenges for companies to successfully implement. In this paper, I describe a graduate course in Enterprise Resource Planning ERP systems that integrates a whole series of MS/OR based case studies into the course, where all the cases are from the same company. The cases range from detailed and operational issues such as the bill of material explosion to more strategic issues such as hierarchical production planning and distribution network design. The data rich environment that ERP systems create is very fertile ground for the development and implementation of decision support systems via MS/OR modeling. This is an opportunity our profession should not overlook. This integrated set of case studies is facilitated via the use of one multi-function modeling package that makes it easy for students to use for the semester long course. The course is highly rated in the teaching evaluations that students complete, and the anecdotal feedback is that it is good preparation for the business world.
The Marcellus Shale: Resources and Reservations

The Marcellus Shale is an organic-rich, sedimentary rock formation in the Appalachian Basin of the northeastern United States that contains significant quantities of natural gas. Published estimates of the amount of gas that may be recoverable from the Marcellus Shale have been higher than 1.42 trillion cubic meters, or 50 trillion cubic feet [Engelder and Lash, 2008]. The recovery of commercial quantities of gas from a low-permeability rock like the Marcellus became economically possible with the application of directional drilling technology, which allows horizontal boreholes to penetrate kilometers of rock, combined with staged hydraulic fracturing to create permeable flow paths into the shale. Each hydraulic fracturing treatment may use more than 11 million liters of water (3 million gallons), which must then be recovered from the ground to allow gas flow [Harper, 2008].
Fluid–structure interaction for an elastic structure interacting with free surface in a rolling tank

Abstract A fully coupled approach to large deformation fluid–structure interaction (FSI) using a nonlinear finite element (FEM) solver and a URANS/DES overset solver is presented. Since the relationship between strains and displacement cannot be treated as linear at large deformation problems, a nonlinear FEM treating geometric nonlinearity is applied instead of a linear modal analysis for a structure solver. For large deformation the reinitialization of the overset hole-cutting, which is carried out by default only at the beginning of the computation, is performed automatically at each time step. The approach uses the gluing method to transfer the forces and displacements on non-matching grids for fluid and structure domains. A linear FEM solver is applied to deform the outer boundary of the boundary layer grids which wrap around the deformable geometries. The deformation of interior points in the boundary layer grid is obtained using linear interpolation. Three cases of rolling tanks partially filled with fluid with an elastic bar clamped to bottom or top are simulated and compared with experiments and other numerical simulation results. The simulation results of the presented method show good agreement with the experiments for bar deformation and free surface elevation.
A simple convolution procedure for calculating currents induced in the human body for exposure to electromagnetic pulses

The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) and frequency dependent finite difference time-domain (FD)/sup 2/TD methods have been previously used to calculate internal electric (E) fields and induced currents for exposure of the anatomically based model of the human body to electromagnetic pulses (EMPs) and continuous wave (CW) sinusoids. The limitation of these methods is that a complete, computer resource intensive, simulation must be done for each different waveform of interest. The authors describe a simple and efficient technique based on convolution theory which provides the response of the body to any incident waveform (EMP or CW) from a single simulation with an incident impulse waveform. This allows the impulse response to be stored, and the response of the body to any desired waveform to be efficiently computed on a small computer or PC. >
Carcinoma of the extrahepatic biliary system--results of primary and adjuvant radiotherapy

Abstract From 1975–1983, 20 patients with primary carcinomas of the gallbladder (GB) or extrahepatic bile ducts (EHBD) were irradiated with curative intent at the Washington University Medical Center and affiliated hospitals. Of the 17 patients with EHBD cancer, one received adjuvant irradiation after gross resection with positive microscopic margins. All others received primary irradiation for unresectable tumors, or for gross residual tumor after incomplete resection. The 8 patients receiving Ir 192 implant in addition to external radiation showed improved ( p = 0.06) survival compared to the 9 receiving external only: median 15 months (range 15–34+ months versus 7 months (range 2.5–21 months). Failures were predominantly local-regional, with only one patient showing metastatic spread without known local-regional tumor. Adjuvant radiation therapy was given after cholecystectomy to 3 patients with GB cancers showing tumor extension beyond the serosa or to regional lymphatics. Of these, two survived at 22+ and 27+ months; the third died of local recurrence at 512 months. Although numbers are small, these results appear to support the use of adjuvant radiotherapy in patients with microscopic residual GB cancer. Aggressive local and regional radiotherapy can add to the quality and length of survival in both patient groups, that is, those with resectable lesions with high likelihood of microscopic residual, and also those with unresectable or gross residual disease after surgery.
Factoring Absolutely Convergent Series

It is a well known fact that if p > l and 1 / p + l / q = l , every sequence (x.) in 11 (absolutely convergent series) can be factored in the form (x,,)=(u,,v,,) where (u.) is ha 1 p (p-absolutely convergent series) and (v.) is in t q. A related fact is the familiar exercise in advanced calculus that every sequence (x.) in 11 can be factored in the form (x.)= (u.v.) where (u.) is in Co (sequences convergent to 0) and (v.) is again in 11. Our purpose in this paper is to prove a natural generalization of this fact in the setting of K6the sequence spaces [6]. Our main result states essentially that 11 factors through every balanced Banach sequence space and its K6the dual. The proof is not easy and constitutes a nice exercise in non-linear functional analysis. Some consequences of this result concerning the structure of Banach spaces will appear in [9]. To prove the main result (the theorem in Section 2) we first establish a corresponding statement in the finite dimensional case and proceed to the infinite dimensional case via a compactness argument. Throughout this paper we assume our vector spaces to be over the field of real numbers. The complex case of the main theorem, however, follows immediately from the real case.
A Microscale Method To Demonstrate the Belousov–Zhabotinskii Reaction

A simple method to demonstrate the Belousov–Zhabotinskii reaction using a small volume of solution and a UV–vis spectrophotometer.
Alcohol consumption, coronary calcium, and coronary heart disease events

This study was performed to determine if alcohol intake was associated with reduced coronary risk in a high-risk asymptomatic population, and whether this effect was independent of coronary risk factors and coronary calcium. In 1,196 asymptomatic subjects with coronary risk factors, we assessed alcohol consumption history, performed risk factor measurements, and quantified coronary calcium with electron beam computed tomography. These subjects were then followed for a mean of 41 months, and coronary events (myocardial infarction or coronary death) were noted. Significant inverse predictors of coronary events included alcohol use and serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level. Direct predictors of events were history of systemic hypertension, smoking, diabetes mellitus, serum cholesterol, and coronary calcium score. Subjects with coronary calcium were 3.1 times more likely to suffer a coronary event than those without calcium (95% confidence interval [CI] limits 1.3 to 7.2). Subjects who drank alcohol had a relative risk of 0.3 (95% CI limits 0.2 to 0.6) for developing coronary events. After controlling for age, gender, and other risk factors with logistic regression, these differences in relative risk persisted (relative risk 0.58; 95% CI limits 0.41 to 0.82). Alcohol consumption is a significant inverse predictor of coronary events, comparable in magnitude to standard risk factors and to radiographically measured coronary calcium. This effect is independent of coronary risk factors and coronary calcium.
IODINE AND THE THYROID III. THE SPECIFIC ACTION OF IODINE IN ACCELERATING AMPHIBIAN METAMORPHOSIS.

1. Amphibian metamorphosis depends upon the amount of iodine secured by the larvae; the greater the quantity the more rapid the differentiation. 2. Bromine is physiologically inert when fed even in large quantities to frog larvae, hence it cannot be substituted for iodine. Bromine feeding has no effect on the thyroid. 3. Iodine is the active constituent of the thyroid gland, in the Anura at any rate, and functions within the body by stimulating intracellular oxidations; it is apparently specific in its action. 4. The basal metabolism of patients suffering from athyreosis, whose metabolism is 40 per cent below normal, is very likely held at this figure and prevented from sinking lower to the death point by the introduction of iodine into the body through food and water. 5. The thyroid gland is an organ the function of which is the extraction from the circulation, storage, and supplying to the organism, under the pressure of its needs, the small quantities of iodine taken into the body. The chief function of this gland then is the utilization of iodine in small quantities.
New York/LA: A visual comparison of public life in two cities

This paper uses pairs of photographs taken in public settings to develop macro‐level generalizations about social life in two U.S. cities: New York and Los Angeles. Drawing from the work of Erving Goffman, my analysis of these photographs is based on the assumption that social life consists of a series of setting‐based contests for social status which, in their totality, combine to form what Randall Collins has called “The Microfoundations of Macrosociology.” The paper concludes by addressing some of the similarities and differences between the O.S.’s two largest cities and closes on a reflexive note: these depictions of two environments may tell as much about my own orientation while residing in them as they reveal about the cities themselves.
Near-Death Experiences in Patients Undergoing Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

The purposes of this two-phase descriptive study were to document the frequency of near-death experiences (NDEs) in a nonprobability convenience sample of patients undergoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), to describe the types of NDE experienced most commonly during CPR, and to describe patients' views of helpful nursing responses to reports of NDEs. In Phase I a nurse read to subjects Greyson's (1983a) NDE scale. In Phase II, we used an open-ended interview designed to elicit patients' perception of helpful nursing responses to NDE reports. Results have implications for broadening the groups of persons offering patients an opportunity to discuss NDEs after CPR.
Complementary and alternative medicine use by US adults with gastrointestinal conditions: Results from the 2012 National Health Interview Survey.

Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use by US Adults With Gastrointestinal Conditions: Results from the 2012 National Health Interview Survey
Metastatic characteristics of four fanft induced murine bladder tumors

In this study, a model system was designed to investigate the metastatic potential of intramuscularly implanted bladder tumor cells in mice. Of the 4 FANFT-induced murine bladder tumors investigated, MBT-2 and -8 metastasized to the lung.
The asymptotic form of partition functions of linear chain molecules: An application of renewal theory☆

Abstract The statistical theory of linear chain molecules often has rational functions of a few analytic functions as the form of the generating function for the partition function Z(n) of the linear chain molecule, n units long. For applications, it is necessary to know the limiting form of Z(n) as n → ∞. Renewal theory from probability theory is applied to determine this limiting form in important cases.