cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Precise inhibitory microcircuit assembly of developmentally related neocortical interneurons in clusters.

GABA-ergic interneurons provide diverse inhibitions that are essential for the operation of neuronal circuits in the neocortex. However, the mechanisms that control the functional organization of neocortical interneurons remain largely unknown. Here we show that developmental origins influence fine-scale synapse formation and microcircuit assembly of neocortical interneurons. Spatially clustered neocortical interneurons originating from low-titre retrovirus-infected radial glial progenitors in the embryonic medial ganglionic eminence and preoptic area preferentially develop electrical, but not chemical, synapses with each other. This lineage-related electrical coupling forms predominantly between the same interneuron subtype over an extended postnatal period and across a range of distances, and promotes action potential generation and synchronous firing. Interestingly, this selective electrical coupling relates to a coordinated inhibitory chemical synapse formation between sparsely labelled interneurons in clusters and the same nearby excitatory neurons. These results suggest a link between the lineage relationship of neocortical interneurons and their precise functional organization. Developmental neuroscientists have long asked if clonally-related neurons retain functional relationships after maturation. The authors show that sparsely labelled neocortical interneurons in clusters with high possibility of clonal relation preferentially form electrical, but not chemical, synapses.
The Sandwich Generation

This article reviews the literature on the sandwich generation and includes related theories and research. Psychological perspectives on the developmental issues associated with middle adulthood in general, and the sandwich generation in particular, are examined. Clinical vignettes highlight the magnitude of elder care in the United States and the impact on caregivers.
Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass: Recent Advances in Fast Pyrolysis Technology

Abstract Fast pyrolysis is a viable technology to convert renewable feedstocks to an energy density liquid product (~ 17 MJ/kg). Numerous research and development efforts over more than two decades have led to development of various pyrolysis systems to produce both raw and upgraded bio-oil. In that time, improvements in reactor design accompanied by process development have facilitated increases in bio-oil yield and quality with particular success in recent years. A commercial-scale catalytic pyrolysis facility to produce hydrocarbons at a scale of 500-ton/day production capacity is currently in the test stage. The commercialization of other pyrolysis systems to produce transportation fuels has been announced. This chapter discusses these and other recent advances in fast pyrolysis technology.
Representing generalization/specialization in XML schema

XML is an effective universal data-interchange format, and XML Schema has become the preeminent mechanism for describing valid XML document structures. Generalization/specialization and its constraints are fundamental concepts in system modeling and design, but are difficult to express and enforce with XML Schema. This mismatch leads to unnecessary complexity and uncertainty in XML-based models. In this paper we describe how to translate various aspects of generalization/specialization from a conceptual model into XML Schema. We also explore what needs to be added to XML Schema to handle the other aspects of this fundamental modeling construct. If XML Schema were to include our proposed constructs, it would be fully capable of faithfully representing generalization/specialization, thus reducing the complexity of the XML models that rely on generalization/specialization.
Novel Magnetic Oxide Thin Films

This chapter describes magnetic oxide thin films that are potentially applicable to the next generation spintronic devices. Aluminum oxide and magnesium oxide have already been used as the tunnel barriers in the magnetic tunnel junction which is the key component of Magnetic Random Access Memory, but recently magnetic oxides and their heterostructures have become an active research area for Spintronics. The focus is mainly on three categories of magnetic oxide thin films: half-metallic oxides, diluted magnetic oxides, and multiferroic oxides which would either enhance the performance or provide new functionalities to spintronic devices.
Epidemiology: How to Appraise the Ablation Literature Critically

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness of ablation for hepatic tumors. ablation for hepatic tumors. METHODS: The medical records of patients with either primary or secondary hepatic tumors who underwent ablative procedures from February 1991 to May 2001 at a single institution were retrospectively reviewed. reviewed. One hundred nine patients with tumors ranging in size from 0. tumors ranging in size from 0.5 to 12cm in diameter were treated. in diameter were treated. The diagnoses were colorectal cancer (n = 69), hepatoma (n = 15), ovarian cancer (n = 8), cholangiocarcinoma (n = 4), carcinoid (n = 7), one each of leiomyosarcoma, testicular cancer, and endometrial cancer, and other tumors (n = 3). and other tumors (n = 3). Ablation was used to treat 90 tumors: 47 percutaneously, 23 laparoscopically, and 20 intraoperatively. and 20 intraoperatively. Additional tumors were identified by intraoperative ultrasound in 37% of the patients taken to surgery despite extensive preoperative imaging. despite extensive preoperative imaging. In 45%, radiofrequency ablation (RFA) was combined with resection or cryoablation or both. with resection or cryoablation or both. Alcohol ablation was performed on those patients who were found to have residual tumor after the initial ablative procedure. initial ablative procedure. Ten patients underwent a second procedure and three had a third for progressive or recurrent disease. for progressive or recurrent disease. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy was used in 19 cases, intrahepatic treatment in 10, and postoperative chemotherapy was given to 33 patients. chemotherapy was given to 33 patients. Followup ranged between 12 and 28 months.ranged between 12 and 28 months. RESULTS: If we exclude the six cases in which it was clearly impossible to destroy the liver tumors and the one death due to postprocedure myocardial infarction, median progression-free survival was 13 months. survival was 13 months. Tumor response was seen in 87% of cases. seen in 87% of cases. Median time to death or last follow-up was 18 months: 16 months for nonsurvivors, and 20 months for survivors. nonsurvivors, and 20 months for survivors. Complications occurred in 27% of patients and included one skin burn, one postoperative hemorrhage from hepatic parenchyma cracking, and two hepatic abscesses. Only 4. 7% locally recurred, although 37% have died of their cancer, and another 28% developed metastatic disease at other sites. at other sites. CONCLUSION: Ablation may be effective in allowing patients to undergo liver surgery and achieve better survival. surgery and achieve better survival.
Public support for Latin American presidents: The cyclical model in comparative perspective:

What characterizes the dynamics of presidential popularity? Research based on the United States of America finds popularity exhibits an almost law-like cyclicality over a president’s term: high pos...
Negotiating trans-ethno space: An inductive investigation of kimchi's ability to bound Korean-American transnational identity

Abstract It has been suggested that the linkages among the sensory, memorial and social aspects of culinary symbolism for transnationals are pronounced by particular food preparations. By using direct evidence, the present investigation tests this postulate by seeking to understand the connectivity of kimchi to Korean-American identity and if so, how this functions above and below the surface. Five focus groups were conducted comprised of 35 Korean-American adults. The research was designed around a grounded theory approach with an open-ended grand tour question: How does kimchi affect your sense of identity? Seven themes were uncovered: Recreating Memories – Collectivity, Connectivity and Family; Affirmation of Family Structure; Kimchi Is Love; Territorial Space; Acquired Taste; Cheating Memories - Shame and Sadness; and Female Kitchen Agency and Power Relations. Kimchi has held on through space and time to provide a shared sense of connectivity to the Korean-American informants, perhaps more intensely and more democratically than in Korea, their ethic homeland. Reported kimchi taste acquisition followed a trajectory from aversion to familiarity to longing. The re-negotiation of kimchi's ethno-space in America has led to feelings of shame, guilt and sadness to some. Concessions have been made. Manufactured kimchi provided a common generic bridge to the trans-Korean-American community. However, the move away from home-prepared kimchi has taken a toll on family's historic and structural connectivity, emotions, the deliverance of cultural capital and has affected the distribution of household agency.
Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Concrete

Fibers are used to improve the properties of concrete. This article investigates the mechanical properties of chopped carbon-fiber–reinforced concrete (CFRC). The properties examined include workability, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength. The fibers were added at the volume fractions of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 %. Adding carbon fiber to the concrete decreased the workability of concrete. The compressive strength of CFRC increases when more carbon fiber is added to the mixture, up to a certain percentage, after which increasing fiber content becomes unbeneficial. This optimum fiber content is found to be 1 %, with a strength effectiveness of 13.65 %. The splitting tensile strength of CFRC improved linearly when more fiber was added to the mixture, and the strength effectiveness ranged from 18.37 to 132.6 %. The flexural strength of CFRC improved linearly with increased fiber content, and the strength effectiveness ranged from 3.26 to 13.82 %. Relationships for compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength of CFRC are introduced and explained.
Electrodynamics of the organic superconductorsinebreak κ-(BEDT-TTF ) 2 Cu(NCS ) 2 and κ-(BEDT-TTF ) 2 Cu[N(CN ) 2 ]Br

We have performed measurements of the surface impedance in the normal and superconducting states of the title compounds in the millimeter wave-frequency range (1--3 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$), and have evaluated the complex conductivity for different crystallographic orientations. Above the transition temperature, the materials behave like metals with a scattering rate of approximately 20 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. In the superconducting state the electrodynamics is in good agreement with calculations based on a BCS ground state: while the penetration depth and the coherence length are anisotropic, the superconducting energy gap shows no indications of line nodes.
The Landscape of Minimum Label Cut (Hedge Connectivity) Problem.

Minimum Label Cut (or Hedge Connectivity) problem is defined as follows: given an undirected graph $G=(V, E)$ with $n$ vertices and $m$ edges, in which, each edge is labeled (with one or multiple labels) from a label set $L=\{\ell_1,\ell_2, ..., \ell_{|L|}\}$, the edges may be weighted with weight set $W =\{w_1, w_2, ..., w_m\}$, the label cut problem(hedge connectivity) problem asks for the minimum number of edge sets(each edge set (or hedge) is the edges with the same label) whose removal disconnects the source-sink pair of vertices or the whole graph with minimum total weights(minimum cardinality for unweighted version). This problem is more general than edge connectivity and hypergraph edge connectivity problem and has a lot of applications in MPLS, IP networks, synchronous optical networks, image segmentation, and other areas. However, due to limited communications between different communities, this problem was studied in different names, with some important existing literature citations missing, or sometimes the results are misleading with some errors. In this paper, we make a further investigation of this problem, give uniform definitions, fix existing errors, provide new insights and show some new results. Specifically, we show the relationship between non-overlapping version(each edge only has one label) and overlapping version(each edge has multiple labels), by fixing the error in the existing literature; hardness and approximation performance between weighted version and unweighted version and some useful properties for further research.
Social Interaction Skill Intervention for Autistic Adults with Intellectual Disability and Limited Language: A Pilot of the SKILL Program

There is a dearth of research that focuses on social intervention efforts for adults on the autism spectrum with intellectual disability and limited conversational language. Using a multiple baseline experimental design, this pilot investigation of the Socialization Knowledge for Individuals with Limited Language (SKILL) program evaluated a novel peer-facilitated group program specifically designed to target social interaction skills for this population. Findings from five pilot participants yielded evidence of social improvements across specific verbal skills (on-topic conversational contributions and responses) and nonverbal behaviors (eye-contact, active listening), as evidenced by coded social conversation probes and parent-report measures. These findings demonstrate the promise of a socialization intervention for a population that has historically been neglected in the social intervention research literature.
Losing control: Until Dawn as interactive movie

This essay contextualizes the horror video game Until Dawn (Supermassive Games, 2015) within the broader history of the ‘interactive movie,’ a genre of storytelling video games with prerecorded vid...
Temporal and Physical Liminalities of Trauma in Murakami’s After the Quake and DeLillo’s Point Omega

Murakami’s (2002) short story collection after the quake and DeLillo’s (2011) novel Point Omega examine the aftermath of horrific events as lived by characters who do not experience them firsthand. Using the lack of a definitive post-trauma moment to destabilize and expand traditional trauma narratives, both narratives begin to lay the foundation for twenty-first-century loss and recovery narratives. Murakami and DeLillo illustrate that twenty-first-century trauma narratives cannot effectively rely on previous cultural conventions of grief and trauma, which require a defined moment so they can readily employ definitive resolutions. The lack of closure discussed in this chapter is not, then, an expression of a postmodern aesthetic, but of an effort to faithfully represent life in a historical moment in which existence is post-traumatic.
More Contra Moore on Absences as Causes

Michael Moore’s 2009 book Causation and Responsibility is a landmark work on causation and the law. In it he defends a thesis that seems highly intuitive, namely that there is no such thing as causation by omission. Jonathan Schaffer has offered a compelling rebuttal, the punchline of which is that on Moore’s view beheading is not murder. Yet Moore remains unpersuaded, and many still hold to the position that he defends on omission cases. I propose here to take up Schaffer’s argument and develop it further, arguing in favor of the view that absences can be causes, both metaphysically and in morality and the law.
Developing an information theory of quantitative genetics

Developing an information theory of quantitative genetics David J. Galas, James Kunert-Graf and Nikita A. Sakhanenko Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle Washington, 98122 USA Quantitative genetics has evolved dramatically in the century since its foundation, and the modern proliferation of genetic data both in quantity and in type now enables new kinds of analysis beyond the scope of its theoretical foundations. We have begun laying the foundations of an alternative formulation of quantitative genetics based on information theory since it can provide sensitive and unbiased measures of statistical dependencies among variables, as well as a natural mathematical language for an alternative description of quantitative genetics. After all, genetics is fundamentally the science of information transfer between generations. Earlier work has applied information theory to descriptions of evolution and some aspects of population genetics. In our previous work we examined the information content of discrete functions, which are useful in describing genetic relations and applied this formalism to the analysis of genetic data. We describe a set of relationships that both unifies the information measures for these discrete functions and uses them to express key genetic relationships in genotype and phenotype data. We present information-based measures of the genetic quantities of penetrance, heritability and degrees of statistical epistasis. We analyze two- and three-variable dependencies for independently segregating variants, which captures a range of phenomena including genetic interactions, and two phenotype pleiotropy. Note however that this formalism applies naturally to multi-variable interactions and higher-order complex dependencies as well, and can be extended to account for population structure, genetic linkage and non-randomly segregating markers. We discuss our progress towards laying the groundwork for a full formulation of quantitative genetics based in information theory.
The Medium Is the Message

The Medium matters; Details matter. Two important, somewhat overlooked Supreme Court decisions, reconfigured the law on the most important technology in the United States. One decision of the Court was unanimous, and together these decisions determine the future of American power. The two Supreme Court decisions created a simultaneous legal equation with a clear independent variable, a dependent variable, and a constant term now to be solved in the regulation of energy in America. The independent variable is the new technological ‘medium’ of fast-evolving renewable electric generation options, to mitigate global climate warming and to preserve the Planet. The U.S. regulatory structure is the dependent variable amid this technology changes. The ‘constant’ is the unprecedented constitutional ‘bright line’ etched in American law. This article develops all the constants and variables in this energy equation. Within the unique American separation of constitutional jurisdiction, the Supreme Court’s two Hughes and EPSA holdings re-etched the law’s ‘bright line’ of power. This article analyzes the new electric power equation through time, and charts the future impact of these two critical Supreme Court decisions on the future of American power and environment.
Chemoresistance phenotype in human ovarian carcinoma cells induced by chronic erythropoietin treatment in vitro

1216 Recombinant human erythropoietin (Epo) is widely used to treat anemia associated with cancer and with the myelosuppressive effects of chemotherapy, particularly platinum-based regimens. The anti-apoptotic and proliferative affects of Epo, in both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells, are well established. Additionally, various studies –including our own–have demonstrated that the growth of some tumor cells may be stimulated directly by Epo. In the current investigation, we found that chronically Epo-treated (> 2 months) A2780 human ovarian adenocarcinoma cells exhibited significantly greater survival following in vitro paclitaxel treatment than did non-Epo-treated A2780 cells, and the quantity of apoptotic products (mono- and oligonucleosomes) was lower in Epo-treated than in non-Epo-treated cells after paclitaxel. Flow cytometry analysis detected reduced numbers of Epo-treated cells in G2 phase and increased numbers of cells in S phase of the cell cycle in comparison to control cells following paclitaxel treatment. Paradoxically, western blotting demonstrated down-regulation of Bcl-2 in chronically Epo-treated cells. Comparative Affymetrix GeneChip expression analysis (MAS 5.0 algorithm) showed increased expression of several genes in Epo-treated A2780 cells potentially involved in the chemoresistance phenotype in comparison to non-Epo-treated cells. Several other genes were underexpressed in Epo-treated cells. The differential expression of selected genes was confirmed by real-time PCR, thus validating the expression analysis. These results may have important implications for ovarian cancer patients undergoing paclitaxel treatment and receiving Epo.
Servant Leadership and Employee Advocacy: The Mediating Role of Psychological Empowerment and Perceived Relationship Investment

The current study examines how servant leadership relates with employee advocacy behaviors through the mediating role of psychological empowerment and perceived relationship investment (PRI). Through a quantitative survey with 357 employees who work for a variety of organizations in Chile, the study’s results indicated that servant leadership plays a critical role in fostering psychological empowerment and PRI, which in turn encourage employee advocacy behaviors. Relevant theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Shamanism and Spirit Possession in Chinese Modernity: Some Preliminary Reflections on a Gendered Religiosity of the Body

Recent fieldwork in rural and small-town Wenzhou reveals that shamans, ritual healers, and spirit mediums have reemerged in the post-Mao era, slowing a long decline that may have started with the ascendancy of Neo-Confucianism in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and that was exacerbated by Maoist-era suppressions. Unlike the shamanistic cultures of contemporary Taiwan, Fujian, and Chinese ethnic enclaves in Southeast Asia, and what we know of China in late imperial times, most spirit mediums in Wenzhou today are women who do not engage in the bloody and violent public ritual performances found in those areas where male shamans predominate. This article reflects upon four possible explanations for the modern animosity toward shamanism and spirit possession by Chinese officialdom and mainstream Chinese society today. It suggests that the fourth possible explanation, one focusing on the bodily performances and gender of shamans, has not been adequately explored in the study of Chinese shamanism. This fourth explanation deserves attention in any future studies of spirit possession in contemporary China, as it does not treat China as an isolated case of shamanism in the world, but places Chinese shamanism in the larger global context of a shared reconfiguration of the human body in global modernity.巫術與中國現代性：有関性别與身體宗教性的初步探討摘要近期在溫州農村和小鎮的實地考察显示出巫術、巫醫和靈媒在後毛澤東時代再次出現，減緩了其經歷明清時期新儒學佔據統治地位，和毛澤東時代壓制形成的長期下降趨勢。與同時期台灣、福建和其他華裔生活的東南亞地區，以及我們所熟知的中華帝國晚期的巫術文化不同，如今在溫州大部分的靈媒都是女性，並且，她們沒有像男巫師一樣在她們主導的剬開宗教儀式裡進行血腥和暴力的禮儀行為。本篇論文探討了四個可能的原因，解釋當今中國官方和主流社會對巫術和靈媒的反感和憎惡。文章中提出的第四個原因，關於巫師儀式表演和巫師的性別問題，至今未在有關中國巫術的研究中被深入挖掘。因此，這個問題需要在今後研究現代中國的靈魂控制等相關課題時得到更多的重視，不應把中國巫術作為一個孤立的個案，而應該把中國巫術研究放在更大的全球環境中，共同探討其在全球現代化中身體構造的重新組合。
Discrimination Law's Dirty Secret: The Equal Opportunity Sexual Harasser Loophole

Title VII prohibits workplace harassment based on sex. An equal opportunity harasser, someone who sexually harasses men and women equally, falls outside the scope of Title VII’s sex discrimination provision. A true equal opportunity harasser fails to discriminate based on sex and does not trigger the statute. The troubling truth is that more harassment can yield less liability because Title VII is focused on sex-based discrimination and not broader workplace-harassment.Commentators deny the equal opportunity harasser loophole exists, or declare it a dead or dying concept. Others claim it can be avoided by redefining well-established legal concepts. This is wishful thinking. Federal courts of appeals overwhelmingly accept and apply the equal opportunity harasser concept as a bar to liability. The relevant legal terms are too firmly established in Title VII jurisprudence to be redefined to eliminate the loophole. While the circuit courts show differing levels of discomfort with the language and results of the equal opportunity harasser concept, only the Ninth Circuit denies its existence. This loophole is a fundamental problem with Title VII, and only statutory amendment or new legislation can remedy it.
Advanced Standing Revisited: A National Survey of Advanced Standing Policies and Programs.

This article reports on a 1994 national survey of deans of CSWE-accredited MSW programs on policies and procedures related to advanced standing. Responses from 91 (77% of total) accredited MSW programs indicate that an overwhelming number have policies and procedures related to advanced standing, but that these vary tremendously across programs. Findings also indicate that the majority of respondents are in favor of developing national guidelines for advanced standing.
Commercial electronics in DoD applications: the minimum requirements

Best Commercial Practice, "COTS", ruggedized plastic packaging, HAST, encapsulation, etc. To those of us that are deep into the latest trend to cost reduce the microelectronics devices as used by the DoD and civilian/military space programs, these terms as well as the reliability limits they infer are fairly well understood, or are they? This paper presents an overview of the reliability data and its sources which have allowed the DoD device supplier to venture into the world of non-hermetic device technologies. The discussion presented at times unfortunately appears to conjure up the old question about the origins of the chicken or the egg. We live in a dynamic society and yet we require our program officers and contract administrators to lock down, in definitive terms, all of the requirements for performance and reliability necessary for each and every project we engage upon. Meanwhile we demand change so that the systems become smaller, lighter, faster and still be reliable. This indeed becomes a very difficult set of marching orders. Yet these changes will occur and the customer will still get the quality and reliability he seeks. >
Ultrastructural Studies of the Molecular Assembly in Biomembranes: Diversity and Similarity

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses an accurate way to characterize the general structure of biological membranes based on the recent structural studies of membrane components. It considers the structural similarity and diversity of biological membranes as revealed by electron microscopic and by electron, X-ray, and neutron-diffraction studies. Some fundamental questions concerning the fidelity of the fluid-mosaic model and the several aspects of the fluid-mosaic model are discussed. According to the fluid-mosaic model, the lipid in the membrane is a homogeneous body. Being a homogeneous medium, the only influence the bilayer has on membrane activity is through its bulk physical properties. However, lipid effects on membrane activity cannot always be explained by bulk physical properties; therefore, many suggestions have been made that heterogeneous structures exist in the membrane lipids. Some areas in ultrastructural research that may lead to a better understanding of molecular organization in biomembranes are described.
Training scientists to be journalists

Clear and accessible writing is not good enough for the public. Above all, it has to have sparkle
Transform image coding with a new family of models

A set of adaptive transform coding schemes is developed that is based on a family of composite block source models for imagery. An iterative maximum-likelihood algorithm is developed for resolving model parameters from training set data. Both unconstrained (adaptive transform, adaptive quantization) and constrained (fixed transform, adaptive quantization) coders are obtained from the image model parameters. The resulting coders give excellent performance in coding test imagery at a variety of bit rates, and they consistently outperform the adaptive transform coders of W.H. Chen and C.H. Smith (1977). For example, a 2-dB improvement over the Chen and Smith scheme is obtained with a constrained coder with 128 classes operating at 0.5 bits/pixel. Computational limitations inhibit the design of unconstrained order with more than approximately 15 classes. >
Effect of NO, vasodilator prostaglandins, and adenosine on skeletal muscle angiogenic growth factor gene expression.

Exercise training results in several muscle adaptations, one of which is angiogenesis. Acutely, exercise leads to release of nitric oxide, prostacyclin (PGI2), and adenosine (A) in the skeletal mus...
A methodology for validating manufacturing test vector suites for custom designed scan-based circuits

In Motorola's High Performance Design Center, two verification flows are often used to verify correctness of custom designed blocks. The first is an equivalence checking flow, and the second is a manufacturing test pattern generation/simulation flow. The two flows are often disconnected resulting into silicon failures on manufacturing test vector suites. Our aim is to analyze the disconnect and to arrive at a technique that bridges the gap between the two verification flows by validating the correctness of manufacturing test patterns. This reduces time to market by cutting down on precious silicon debug time by eliminating redundant defect fixes. Our experimental results were obtained from a set of custom designed circuits of a Motorola MPC74XX microprocessor.
The Effect of Humidity on Low-Load Frictional Properties of a Bonded Solid Film Lubricant

Low-load slow-speed sliding friction tests were conducted on a MoS2/graphite (90/10) bonded solid film lubricant in controlled-humidity environments. The average steady-state coefficient of friction increased from 0.23 to 0.28 as relative humidity (RH) was raised from 10 percent to 50 percent, and it increased to 0.6 when RH reached 90 percent. At RH ≥80 percent, friction response was strongly influenced by chemically reactive metals used for slider and lubricant substrate. Thus, friction with carbon steel sliders was significantly lower than with stainless steel sliders, although corrosion of the former caused rapid destruction of the lubricant film. Also, continued sliding by stainless steel on lubricant applied to phosphor-bronze eventually resulted in a significant friction decrease and simultaneous formation of a dark red-brown film in the wear track. The proposed explanation for these effects is based on oxidation of MoS2 at the sliding interface and reaction of the oxidation products with slider an...
On the Nature and Treatment of Scrupulosity

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) focused on religious themes, also known as scrupulosity, is a relatively common but poorly understood form of this disorder. It also presents unique challenges to the therapist who must negotiate the procedures of exposure and response prevention while respecting the patient’s religious beliefs and practices. Garcia (2008) describes the successful treatment of Bridget, a 21-year-old woman with scrupulosity, using cognitive-behavioral therapy. Following resolution of her OCD symptoms, a second treatment phase targeted several more interpersonal problems using an integrated cognitive-behavioral and psychodynamic approach. This commentary reviews the nature of religion in OCD, the utility of functional analysis and case formulation, issues in the delivery of cognitive and behavioral techniques in OCD, working with religious compulsions, and the integration of cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) and psychodynamic approaches in the second phase of Bridget’s treatment.
Analytical Wave Functions for Excited States of Al

The self-consistent-field (SCF) expansion method was applied to the calculation of the analytical wave functions for several higher excited states of atomic aluminum. The Hartree–Fock total energies are represented to about five significant figures. The cusp condition was precisely satisfied for all the orbitals. The nodal condition was well satisfied for the outermost orbitals of each symmetry. The results supplement previous data, inter alia, for the calculation of transition probabilities.
Disparity between construction safety standards: A global analysis

Construction workers are often exposed to the inherent risks associated with working conditions on construction sites. Safety standards of various countries prescribe a variety of mechanical safeguards and procedures to ensure that work is performed safely, but it is evident from the available statistical data on construction safety standards that there is no globally-standardized system of regulations nor is there a common definition for the computation of injury/fatality rates. The components that form these statistics vary from country to country in many aspects, including the legal framework for reporting accidents, the economic sectors covered, and the definitions of injuries/fatalities. Thus, the statistics from different countries are not directly comparable and cannot be interpreted with a single approach. The aim of this paper is to compare and contrast the methods for defining and reporting construction safety performance as adopted by selected countries throughout the globe and then to propose suggestions for a well-structured system of construction safety standards that would be workable with limited variations while addressing geographical limitations or economic distinctions.
Flow near the intersection of a wall and multiple dividing streamlines

with origin at the intersection, conflicting conclusions are reported. The purposes of this Note are: 1) to clarify the results of these works, in particular the misconceptions presented in Refs. 1 and 3; and 2) to place these results within the context of solutions involving multiple dividing streamline intersections. Limiting considerations here to Real (X) >1, the solution for the function/x (0) is given by The conditions for the existence of nontrivial solutions are
THE INDUCTION OF BROODING BEHAVIOR IN THE JEWEL FISH1

Many cichlid fishes, including the Jewel Fish, Hemichromis bimaculatus, brood their eggs and young. The eggs are guarded and fanned; the young are protected against the approach of other fish. For several days after hatching, the young which stray from the school are seized by either parent and spit out among the remainder of the school. Both parents ‘call’ their young by abrupt fin movements which are made at no other time (1). Unlike rats and mice (2), the Jewel Fish, which has raised one brood, readily distinguishes between its own young and those of other species, for it will collect and guard its own young but devour foreign species introduced at the same time (1). Prolactin has been claimed to induce the brooding behavior of fowl (3) and maternal behavior in rats (4). The results obtained with the latter are by no means clear cut, and Leblond (2) has shown in mice that the “retrieving, licking and cuddling of the young, which may be considered the main features of maternal behavior, may be initiated...
Increased resistance to tobacco mosaic virus in gamma irradiated tobacco leaves

Abstract Gamma irradiation of tobacco leaves prior to inoculation with tobacco mosaic virus was found to decrease the size and number of local lesions. This phenomenon of virus inhibition by host irradiation was observed on both detached leaves and intact plants: similar results were obtained using two tobacco lines of diverse genetic background and three strains of tobacco mosaic virus. The inhibition of lesions was associated with reduced yield of virus and was not attributable to ozone or temperature increase in the irradiator during treatment. The thesis is developed that tobacco leaf irradiation is effective in reducing the number and size of lesions through inhibition of TMV multiplication.
Lessons from Teaching Millennials

This case study describes recent experiences with two classes of "Generation Me" psychology majors. The teacher compares the self-descriptions and behaviors of current college students with those of students from three earlier decades. Through self-critical reflections, he evaluates his instructional decisions with the two classes. He concludes that meaningful learning is best served by maintaining academic standards—even when there is some lessening of student and teacher comfort levels.
Power of Stupefying Spiders possessed by Wasps.—Mimicry in Birds

MR. CECIL'S remarks on the spider-hunting wasp (NATURE, vol. xvii. p. 381) have interested me greatly, these wasps being very common here. Two species are continually hovering about the wall-plates and eaves of my house in search of their prey, which they hunt out with most praiseworthy perseverance. Both are thin-bodied, but one is half as long again and has a larger body, as also broader black rings than the other. A few remarks may be of interest to your readers.
Effect of WC particle size on Co distribution in liquid-phase-sintered functionally graded WC–Co composite

Abstract Functionally graded WC–Co materials can be manufactured by controlling liquid phase migration or liquid redistribution during liquid phase sintering. The driving force of liquid phase migration is liquid migration pressure Pm which depends on the solid particle size d and the liquid phase volume fraction u. In this study, the effect of d on Pm has been studied experimentally for WC–Co system. The results show that Pm is proportional to 1/d0.4 which is different from previous postulation that Pm is proportional to 1/d. The reason for this difference is that the previous postulation was based on the assumption that all the solid particles in a composite are mono-sized and isometric-shaped, while in real WC–Co composites WC particles usually have non-isometric shape and there is a wide particle size distribution. The dependence of Pm on both d and u has been quantitatively established, enabling the prediction of final Co composition gradient in liquid-phase-sintered WC–Co composites.
The IBEX Background Monitor

The IBEX Background Monitor (IBaM) provides a small and lightweight method for independently measuring IBEX’s high-energy proton background by integrating the flux of >∼14 keV protons over a ∼7° conical FOV. The IBaM is part of the IBEX-Hi sensor and has a co-aligned look direction. This paper describes the principle of the IBaM and details its design and responses. In particular, we show the response of major components to both ions and ultraviolet (UV) light background. We also provide the geometric factor and calculate expected count rates.
Microstructural evaluation of tungsten carbide-cobalt coatings

Tungsten carbide-12 wt.% cobalt coatings were deposited using optimized high-energy plasma (HEP) and high-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) thermal spray techniques. The coatings were evaluated using transmission electron microscopy, differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, and subjected to wear tests to relate the coating structure to wear performance. Coatings were evaluated in the assprayed condition, as well as after heat treatments in inert atmosphere. The results indicate that a substantial amount of amorphous matrix material is created during the thermal spray process. Carbon and tungsten, liberated through the dissociation of the WC, combine with cobalt present in the starting powder to form amorphous material on solidification. Differential thermal analysis revealed an exothermic reaction for both the HVOF and HEP coatings at approximately 853 and 860 °C, respectively, which did not occur for the powder. Post-coating heat treatment in an inert atmosphere resulted in the recrystallization of the amorphous material into Co6W6C and Co2W4C, which was dependent on the time and temperature of the heat treatment. Wear testing showed improvement in the wear performance for coatings that were subjected to the heat treatment. This was related to the recrystallization of the amorphous matrix into eta phase carbides.
Assessing the collection efficiency of Ross Sea sediment traps using 230Th and 231Pa

Abstract Annual fluxes of particulate 230Th and 231Pa collected by sediment traps deployed at two locations in the Ross Sea are compared to expected fluxes, derived by combining the seasonal depletion of 230Th and 231Pa in surface waters with the steady-state production of each nuclide by radioactive decay of its respective dissolved uranium parent. Conservative (minimum) estimates of the expected 230Th flux are greater than the flux collected by sediment traps deployed at ∼200 m by factors of 3 and 6 at the two sites. The actual discrepancy may be much larger. The discrepancies between expected and measured fluxes of 231Pa are slightly smaller, but comparable in magnitude to those for 230Th. The discrepancies between expected and measured fluxes for these natural radionuclides are similar in magnitude to those determined previously, using the same sediment traps, for particulate organic carbon, which suggests that the sediment traps undercollected the actual flux of sinking particles.
Atypical Antipsychotics for Older Adults: Are They Safe and Effective As We Once Thought?

The initial enthusiasm for atypical antipsychotics as being safe and effective for treating older adults with psychotic disorders has diminished. Despite multiple short-term double-blind trials, these drugs have not been approved by the FDA for the most common form of psychosis in this population – i.e., psychosis associated with dementia. On the contrary, these drugs have received FDA warnings for adverse cerebrovascular events and mortality in these patients. Our pragmatic clinical trial failed to show evidence of either safety or effectiveness of the four most commonly prescribed atypical antipsychotics in middle-aged and older patients with different psychotic disorders – schizophrenia as well as psychosis associated with mood disorders, dementia or PTSD. A reconsideration of the common use of these medications, especially off-label use, in older patients is warranted. Unfortunately, there are no evidence-based alternatives to these agents in the target population. Wider employment of psychosocial interventions, cautious and limited use of medications, shared decision making, and greater research on developing better treatments are the order of the day.
Age of acquisition and visual field asymmetry in word recognition

Evidence that the normal adult hemispheres play differential roles in recognizing abstract and concrete words is accumulating. Thus, the left hemisphere has little difficulty identifying both abstract and concrete words, whereas the right hemisphere is equal to the left in recognizing concrete words, but inferior in recognizing abstract words (Day, 1977, 1979; Ellis & Shepherd, 1974; Elman, Takahashi, & Tohsaku, 1981; Hines, 1976; McFarland, McFarland, Bain, & Ashton, 1978; Sugishita, 1978). While several researchers have pursued an explanation of this dissociation based on imagerymediated word recognition in the right hemisphere (e.g., Day, 1979; Seamon & Gazzaniga, 1973), Ellis and Young (1977; Young & Ellis, 1980) suggested a novel hypothesis, that a differential age of acquisition might account for the results. They proposed that early-learned words tend to be concrete relative to late-learned words and that, therefore, a modification of a developmental hypothesis proposed by Gazzaniga(1974) could account for their differentiallateralization. In its modified form, this hypothesis is as follows: (1) With myelination of the corpus callosum incomplete until the age of 2 years or after, the young child essentially functions as a "split brain," (2) prior to this age, the two hemispheres of the brain have little intercommunication, with one consequence being that words learned before the age of 2 years are learned by both hemispheres, and (3) after the age of 2 years, the left hemisphere exerts a kind of dominance for language, actively inhibiting the right hemisphere so that later learned words are acquired largely by the left hemisphere. Consequently, according to Ellis and Young (1977), the adult shows visual field asymmetry in recognizing the later learned abstract words, but no asymmetry for earlier learned concrete words. The developmental hypothesis may be criticized on at least two grounds, that it relies too heavily on the ill-
Reversible tetracaine block of rat periaqueductal gray (PAG) decreases baseline tail-flick latency and prevents analgesic effects of met-enkephalin injections in nucleus paragigantocellularis (PGC).

Abstract One μg of tetracaine in the rat periaqueductal gray (PAG) produced a decline in baseline tail-flick latencies (hyperalgesia) from about 5 to 3.5 s over the course of 9 min, after which the latencies increased to about 4.5 s. One μg of Met-enkephalin in PGC caused an expected increase in latencies (analgesia) from about 4.25 to 6.2 s in 9 min, with recovery to 4.7 s after 15 min post-injection. Giving the preceding 2 nanoinjections simultaneously led to an essentially total block of the PGC analgesia. A control injection in PAG simultaneous with a Met-enkephalin injection in PGC did not block the latter's analgesic effect. Single control (artificial cerebrospinal fluid) injections in PAG or PGC were without effect. The hyperalgesic effect of PAG tetracain supports the involvement of PAG in normally occuring, tonic descending pain inhibition. The block of PGC met-enkephalin analgesia by distant injection of tetracaine in PAG supports the necessity of PAG integrity for PGC analgesic function.
A methodology to assign regional employment to municipalities

The New Jersey (U.S.A.) Office of State Planning has developed a regional-scale planning support system which allows regional growth forecasts to be assigned to municipalities. The municipal assignment program uses both mathematical modeling and GIS-derived information about available municipal land. The regional planning model also estimates several types of impacts, so that model users can iteratively discover a preferred regional growth pattern. This paper describes the portion of the overall model which assigns regional at-place employment forecasts to municipalities. Also described are the modifications needed to incorporate the employment assignment equation into the overall assignment model.
Cluster chemistry on surfaces: Characterization and catalytic studies of phosphine-stabilized platinum-gold clusters on silica and alumina supports

Cationic, phosphine-ligated Pt-Au cluster compounds, [Pt(AuPPh{sub 3}){sub 8}](NO{sub 3}){sub 2} (1) and [(PPh{sub 3})Pt(AuPPh{sub 3}){sub 6}](NO{sub 3}){sub 2} (2), have been immobilized on silica and alumina supports. Characterization of the supported clusters by {sup 31}P MAS NMR, IR, and UV-visible spectroscopy and study by chemisorption and temperature-programmed desorption of CO show that the clusters are immobilized intact without measurable fragmentation or irreversible transformation. This is confirmed by quantitative desorption of the clusters. The reactivity of the supported clusters with CO and H{sub 2} was found to be similar to the known reactivities in solution and molecular solid phases. The cluster [(PPh{sub 3})-Pt(H)(AuPPh{sub 3}){sub 7}](NO{sub 3}){sub 2} (3) was also immobilized on silica and found to be intact by MAS{sup 31}P NMR and desorption experiments. The turnover rate (TOR) for H{sub 2}-D{sub 2} equilibration was determined for these supported clusters at room temperature. The clusters 1 and 2 were good catalysts on silica and alumina supports after treatment at 135{degrees}C under vacuum (TOR = 10-20 s{sup -1}), but showed significant activation by treatment at 110{degrees}C under H{sub 2} (TOR = 85-220 s{sup -1}). Cluster 3/SiO{sub 2} gave a similar rate (TOR = 170 s{sup -1}) with no thermal activation. All samplesmore » subjected to the thermolysis conditions given above were found to be intact by {sup 31}P MAS NMR and could be quantitatively desorbed. The high activities of the supported Pt-Au clusters are believed to result from support-promoted, partial PPh{sub 3} dissociation. Desorption experiments shows that this dissociation is reversible.« less