cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geometry and Semantics: An Examination of Putnam’s Philosophy of Geometry

There are many ways to shed light on how and why our conception of geometry changed during the last two centuries. One fruitful strategy is to relate those changes to contemporary developments in other fields, from physics to epistemology. Within this general framework, there is one project that I find both enlightening and not sufficiently pursued: that of examining the link between philosophies of geometry and the semantics they presuppose. This standpoint is particularly appropriate for an evaluation of Putnam’s views since few philosophers of science have been more keenly aware of the central character of semantic issues in philosophy, or more productive in bold, insightful ideas in that field.
Biomarker Development for C9ORF72 Antisense Therapy Using iPS Neurons (S43.006)

Objective: To develop pharmacodynamic biomarkers of antisense treatment for C9ORF72 ALS. Background: A hexanucleotide repeat expansion in C9ORF72 is the most common known cause of ALS and FTD. Patient-derived iPS neurons have provided a platform to study C9ORF72 pathophysiology and develop therapies, including antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs). Pharmacodynamic markers of ASO activity are needed to translate this therapy to patients. Methods: Using ELISA and Western blot from iPS neuron lysates and culture media, we evaluated two sets of candidate biomarkers: glycine-proline (GP), a repeat-associated non-ATG (RAN) peptide detectable in CSF (Su et al., Neuron, 2014), and a group of secreted proteins with altered expression in a recent microarray analysis (Donnelly et al., Neuron, 2013). Results: We detected markedly elevated levels of the GP polypeptide in C9ORF72 iPS neuron lysates and culture media. After two weeks of ASO treatment, both intracellular and extracellular GP levels decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Using Western blot, we have also confirmed decreased expression of a subset of secreted proteins in brain and iPS neurons, in parallel with previously identified RNA changes. Conclusions: Intracellular and extracellular GP levels provide a dynamic readout of ASO treatment. Several weeks may be needed to see changes in CSF levels in patients. A subset of previously-identified secreted proteins may also provide an additional set of biomarkers. Studies are underway to determine whether these secreted proteins also provide a readout of ASO efficacy. Both sets of biomarkers warrant further evaluation for use in therapy development. Disclosure: Dr. Hayes has nothing to disclose. Dr. Donnelly has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gendron has nothing to disclose. Dr. Petrucelli has nothing to disclose. Dr. Rothstein has received personal compensation for activities with Psyadon Pharmaceuticals, Cytokinetics, and Vertex.
Effect of 3D Polarization profiles on polarization measurements and colliding beam experiments

The development of polarization profiles are the primary reason for the loss of average polarization. Polarization profiles have been parametrized with a Gaussian distribution. We derive the effect of 3-dimensional polarization profiles on the measured polarization in polarimeters, as well as the observed polarization and the figure of merit in single and double spin experiments. Examples from RHIC are provided. The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) is the only collider of spin polarized protons. During beam acceleration and storage profiles of the polarization P develop, which affect the polarization measured in a polarimeter, and the polarization and figure of merit (FOM) in colliding beam experiments. We calculate these for profiles in all dimensions, and give examples for RHIC. Like in RHIC we call the two colliding beams Blue and Yellow. We use the overbar to designate intensity-weighted averages in polarimeters (e.g. {bar P}), and angle brackets to designate luminosity-weighted averages in colliding beam experiments (e.g. ).
Religious Nationalism in an Age of Globalization: The Case of Paraguay's "Mennonite State"

Abstract: This article uses the example of Mennonite nation-building in Paraguay during the 1920s and 1930s to argue that state formation is not inherently modernist. Tracing nineteenth and early twentieth-century discourses of Mennonite colonies in Imperial Russia, Canada, and elsewhere as a "state within a state," the essay advocates a reevaluation of theories of modern statehood advanced by thinkers like James C. Scott and Ernest Gellner. As conservative, pacifist Mennonites traveled from North America to the Paraguayan Chaco to escape the pressures of assimilation in democratic society, their migration paved the way for coreligionists fleeing persecution in the Soviet Union to join in the formation of a rural, autonomous "Mennonite state" that was organized internationally, characterized by deep religious observance, and conceived in opposition to high modernist projects.
The effect of a supervised community-based exercise program on balance, balance confidence, and gait in individuals with lower limb amputation.

Background:Many individuals with lower limb loss report concern with walking ability after completing structured traditional rehabilitation.Objectives:The purpose of this study was to explore the i...
Wanted: A Comparative History of the Modern Mediterranean

There is something seriously flawed about models of social change that posit the dominant role of in-built civilizational motors. While “the rise of the West” makes great ideology, it is poor history. Like Jared Diamond, I believe that we need to situate the fate of nations in a long-term ecohistorical context. Unlike Diamond, I believe that the ways (and the sequences) in which things happened mattered deeply to what came next. The Mediterranean is a particularly useful case in this light. No longer a center of progress after the sixteenth century, the decline of the Mediterranean is usually ascribed to its inherent cultural deficiencies. While the specific cultural infirmity varies with the historian (amoral familism, patron/clientalism, and religion are some of the favorites) its civilizationalist presuppositions are clear. In this respect the search for “what went wrong” typifies national histories across the region and prefigures the fate of the Third World.
Normal and Cancerous Tissues Release extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) into the Circulation

Cell-free circulating linear DNA is being explored for noninvasive diagnosis and management of tumors and fetuses, the so-called liquid biopsy. Previously, we observed the presence of small extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA), called microDNA, in the nuclei of mammalian tissues and cell lines. Now, we demonstrate that cell-free microDNA derived from uniquely mapping regions of the genome is detectable in plasma and serum from both mice and humans and that they are significantly longer (30%-60% >250 bases) than cell-free circulating linear DNA (∼150 bases). Tumor-derived human microDNA is detected in the mouse circulation in a mouse xenograft model of human ovarian cancer. Comparing the microDNA from paired tumor and normal lung tissue specimens reveals that the tumors contain longer microDNA. Consistent with human cancers releasing microDNA into the circulation, serum and plasma samples (12 lung and 11 ovarian cancer) collected prior to surgery are enriched for longer cell-free microDNA compared with samples from the same patient obtained several weeks after surgical resection of the tumor. Thus, circular DNA in the circulation is a previously unexplored pool of nucleic acids that could complement miRNAs and linear DNA for diagnosis and for intercellular communication.Implications: eccDNA derived from chromosomal genomic sequence, first discovered in the nuclei of cells, are detected in the circulation, are longer than linear cell-free DNA, and are released from normal tissue and tumors into the circulation. Mol Cancer Res; 15(9); 1197-205. ©2017 AACR.
Network intrusion detection for cyber security on neuromorphic computing system

In the paper, we demonstrate a neuromorphic cognitive computing approach for Network Intrusion Detection System (IDS) for cyber security using Deep Learning (DL). The algorithmic power of DL has been merged with fast and extremely power efficient neuromorphic processors for cyber security. In this implementation, the data has been numerical encoded to train with un-supervised deep learning techniques called Auto Encoder (AE) in the training phase. The generated weights of AE are used as initial weights for the supervised training phase using neural networks. The final weights are converted to discrete values using Discrete Vector Factorization (DVF) for generating crossbar weight, synaptic weights, and thresholds for neurons. Finally, the generated crossbar weights, synaptic weights, threshold, and leak values are mapped to crossbars and neurons. In the testing phase, the encoded test samples are converted to spiking form by using hybrid encoding technique. The model has been deployed and tested on the IBM Neurosynaptic Core Simulator (NSCS) and on actual IBM TrueNorth neurosynaptic chip. The experimental results show around 90.12% accuracy for network intrusion detection for cyber security on the physical neuromorphic chip. Furthermore, we have investigated the proposed system not only for detection of malicious packets but also for classifying specific types of attacks and achieved 81.31% recognition accuracy. The neuromorphic implementation provides incredible detection and classification accuracy for network intrusion detection with extremely low power.
The Affordances and Constraints of Diagrams on Students' Reasoning about State Machines

While the concept of state is foundational to computing, students possess a myriad of misconceptions about it and the role it plays within computing systems. Research on students' misconceptions reveals that their ability to use conceptually appropriate information varies based on the task they are performing and the representational tools they are provided. Critically, the tacit information in these representations influences this process, hindering or helping students. In this paper, we present a qualitative research study, in which we interviewed 24 students as they transformed finite state machines into synchronous, sequential logic circuits. We found that students generally had profound skill with procedures. However, their ability to reason about the four components of state, next-state, inputs, and outputs, were constrained by the representations that they were given or created themselves. Conversely, the order in which students produced their drawings provided complementary insights into students conceptual understanding. These findings revealed that students possess conceptions of computers as input-output systems rather than state-based systems. We suggest potential interventions and future research based on these findings.
Multiple solution structures of the disordered peptide indolicidin from IMS-MS analysis

The solution-favored conformations of the 13-residue disordered peptide, indolicidin (Ile1-Leu2-Pro3-Trp4-Lys5-Trp6-Pro7-Trp8-Trp9-Pro10-Trp11-Arg12-Arg13), are evaluated using electrospray ionization (ESI) coupled to ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry (IMS-MS). The ESI-IMS-MS distributions for the dominant [M+4H]4+ ions indicate that three populations of structures coexist in a range of aqueous to non-aqueous solutions (water:dioxane, water:trifluoroethanol, and water:hexafluoroisopropanol). Conformer types and their relative abundances change in response to different solution environments suggesting that the gas phase conformers reflect on the solution populations present in different solvent environments. Collisional activation of isolated gas phase conformations with IMS-IMS-MS experiments provides additional insight about the relative stabilities of different structural types in the absence of solvent. Simulated annealing studies suggest that proline configuration may be important for the presence of multiple conformations.
The effect of lagoons on Adriatic Sea tidal dynamics

Abstract In this study the effects that lagoons exert on the barotropic tidal dynamics of a regional sea, the Adriatic Sea, were numerically explored. This semi-enclosed basin is one of the places with the highest tidal range in the Mediterranean Sea and is characterised by the presence of several lagoons in its northern part. The tidal dynamics of a system comprising the whole Adriatic Sea and the lagoons of Venice, Marano-Grado and Po Delta were investigated using an unstructured hydrodynamic model. Numerical experiments with and without lagoons reveal that even if the considered shallow water bodies represent only the 0.5 and 0.002% of the Adriatic Sea surface and volume, respectively, they significantly affect the entire Northern Adriatic Sea tidal dynamics by enhancing tidal range (by 5%) and currents (by 10%). The inclusion of lagoons in the computation improved the model performance by 25% in reproducing tidal constituents in the Adriatic Sea. The back-effect of the lagoons on the open-sea tide is due to the waves radiating from the co-oscillating lagoons into the adjacent sea. This is the first time these processes are shown to be relevant for the Adriatic Sea, thus enhancing the understanding of the tidal dynamics in this regional sea. These findings may also apply to other coastal seas with connections to lagoons, bays and estuaries.
On a parallel, 3-dimensional, finite element solver for viscous, resistive, stationary magnetohydrodynamics equations: Velocity–current formulation

Abstract We describe a parallel implementation for the numerical approximation of solutions to the three-dimensional viscous, resistive magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) equations using a velocity–current formulation. In comparison to other formulations, the velocity–current formulation presented in this paper is an integro-differential system of equations that incorporates nonideal boundaries and nonlinearities due to induction. The solution to the equations is approximated using a Picard iteration, discretized with the finite element method, and solved iteratively with the Krylov subspace method GMRES. Effective preconditioning strategies are required to numerically solve the resulting equations with Krylov solvers [12] . For GMRES convergence, the system matrix resulting from the discretization of the velocity–current formulation is preconditioned using a simple, block-diagonal Schur-complement preconditioner based on [14] . The MHD solver is implemented using freely available, well-documented, open-source, libraries deal.II, p4est, Trilinos, and PETSc, capable of scaling to tens of thousands of processors on state-of-the-art HPC architectures.
Demagnetization of Nd 2 Fe 14 B, Pr 2 Fe 14 B, and Sm 2 Co 17 Permanent Magnets in Spallation Irradiation Fields

Prompted by the need for radiation-resistant permanent magnets for insertion devices (IDs) of high-brilliance next-generation synchrotrons such as the National Synchrotron Light Source II, the demagnetization of Nd2Fe14B and Pr2Fe14B was studied after exposure to a mixed irradiating field. Degradation and damage of the permanent magnetic material by components of electromagnetic showers induced in magnets by intense high-energy electron beams will alter the magnetic field structure of the IDs. Plate-like Nd2Fe14B magnets were irradiated to 1.8 Grad dose and were evaluated against Pr2Fe14B magnets irradiated to a lower dose of 20 Mrad. In addition, annular Sm2Co17 and Nd2Fe14B magnets integrated within a ferrofluidic feedthrough (FFFT) rotary seal were also irradiated to dose levels of 2 Grad for Sm2Co17 and 20 Mrad for Nd2Fe14B. Post-irradiation measurements of the magnetic intensity revealed that severe demagnetization exceeding 85% occurs in Nd2Fe14B magnets after only 50 Mrad dose and over 87% for Pr2Fe14B after 10 Mrad dose. The annular-shaped Sm2Co17 magnets of the FFFTs were almost insensitive to irradiation up to a dose of 2 Grad. Annular-shaped Nd2Fe14B magnets also showed resistance to demagnetization, a direct consequence of the annular shape which is characterized by the removal of the stronger demagnetizing field present at the center of a disk-like magnet. The sensitivity of boron-based permanent magnets to neutron energy (thermal versus fast) was also assessed via specifically designed experiments and discussed.
CLINICAL DECISION MAKING AND TREATMENT IN A RUNNER WITH HIP PAIN AND NEUROMUSCULAR CONTROL DYSFUNCTION: A CASE REPORT.

Background and purpose The incidence of running related injuries remains high despite numerous efforts to understand the mechanical contributors to the etiology of these injuries. In light of continued running injury, theories of neuromuscular control, or movement patterns, have been suggested as possible contributors to running related injuries. However, the clinical decision making determining when altered neuromuscular control strategies may be affecting a runner's symptoms has not been described. Therefore, the purpose of this case report is to describe the clinical reasoning within the ICF framework for a runner with hip pain and neuromuscular control dysfunction. Case description A 47-year-old, experienced, female runner presented with posterior hip pain and radiating posterior thigh pain limiting her ability to participate in running and threatened her goal to run in an upcoming marathon. Several features of her examination indicated soft tissue muscular irritation of the posterior hip complex related to impaired balance and control of the lower quarter during functional movement and running activities consistent with a neuromuscular control dysfunction. Her initial Focus on Therapeutic Outcomes (FOTO) score was 69 with predicted change score of +7. Outcomes The subject was able to achieve her goals including a return to participation in her weekly running routine and competing in a marathon race. Objective examination features of range of motion, strength, and control of movement were all improved. Her reported function was greatly improved with a final FOTO score 98. Discussion The diagnosis and treatment of running related injuries remains a clinical challenge. This case report describes the examination and clinical reasoning in diagnosing neuromuscular control dysfunction and proposes a treatment progression to address this functional limitation. The decision making scheme is also structured to follow the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health. Level of evidence 4.
Reconsidering land value taxation: The golden key?

Abstract This paper considers how land value taxation (LVT) may resolve the dilemma of declining central cities and sprawling urban areas. Literature review, discussions with professionals, and personal observations are used to address this objective. The paper begins with an overview of LVT that focuses on why some planners have labeled LVT the ‘golden key’. Next it presents the theoretical arguments pro and con regarding these anticipated effects, followed by a summary of the empirical evidence on LVT that has been published to date. The evidence indicates that LVT may not be the golden key, but it does appear to offer an effective tool for encouraging development in some central city areas.
Ionic Energy Levels of 3d Impurities in Normal Metals

Finding an appropriate zeroth order theoretical framework for the 3d electrons of dilute transitional impurities in metals has proven to be difficult. Usually the 3d electrons hybridize strongly with conduction electrons, so the standard crystal field approximation is not obviously appropriate. Quite commonly, 3d states are treated as “virtual bound states” or scattering resonances in the conduction hand, but this one-electron framework has proven inadequate to describe a number of important experimental results. There is now a good deal of evidence that even in the presence of quite strong 3d-conduction electron (k・d) interaction, ionic quantum numbers in many instances are still good, and orbital and crystal field energy level splittings are of the same magnitude as those commonly found in non-metallic solids.1,2
Intraoperative Radiotherapy for Breast Cancer Treatment in a Rural Community

Access to health care poses particular challenges for patients living in rural communities. Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) offers a treatment alternative to traditional whole-breast radiation therapy (WBRT) for select patients. This study aimed to analyze the use of IORT for patients undergoing breast-conserving surgery at an academic institution located in a rural state. A retrospective review analyzed all patients at a single institution with a diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or invasive breast cancer from April 2012 to January 2017 who were undergoing breast-conserving surgery with either IORT or WBRT. Student’s t test or Fisher’s exact test was used to make statistical comparisons. Patients undergoing IORT (n = 117) were significantly older than patients treated with WBRT (n = 191) (65.6 vs 58.6 years; p < 0.001) and had smaller tumors on both preoperative imaging (1.04 vs 1.66 cm; p < 0.05) and final pathology (0.99 vs 1.48 cm; p < 0.05). Patients receiving IORT lived farther from the treating facility than patients treated with WBRT (67.2 vs 30.8 miles; p < 0.05). To account for biases created in the IORT selection criteria, subgroup analysis was performed for women receiving WBRT who fulfilled IORT selection criteria, and distance traveled remained significant (67.2 vs 31.4 miles; p < 0.05). Neither recurrence nor survival differed between the IORT and WBRT groups. Medicare reimbursement for IORT was approximately 50% more than for WBRT. For women from rural communities, IORT appears to be an attractive option because these women tend to be older and to live farther from the treatment facility.
Neuromuscular control of ankle and hip during performance of the star excursion balance test in subjects with and without chronic ankle instability.

Background/Purpose Ankle sprains are common and potentially disabling musculoskeletal injuries that often lead to chronic ankle instability (CAI). CAI has been linked to impairments in postural and neuromuscular control; however, inconsistent findings have been reported. Individuals who experience a lateral ankle sprain, but do not develop instability, termed copers, may adapt different neuromuscular control strategies after injury. This study aimed to compare postural control and electromyographic (EMG) activity of hip and ankle muscles during the performance of the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) in subjects with and without CAI. Method 48 participants were classified into three groups (16 control, 16 copers, 16 CAI) based on ankle sprain history and Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool score. Outcome measures included normalized reach distance, center of pressure (COP), and integrated EMG activation of gluteus medius (Gmed), gluteus maximus (Gmax), tibialis anterior (TA), and peroneus longus (PL) during each reach direction of SEBT. Results Compared to copers and controls, CAI group demonstrated significantly diminished postural control (reach distance and COP measures, p< 0.05) and less EMG activity of TA during the anterior direction (CAI: 33.1% ± 10.1% versus copers: 44.8% ± 12.7% versus controls: 51.7% ± 8.4%, p<0.01) and Gmax in the posterolateral direction (CAI: 25.6% ± 9.4% versus copers: 37.5% ± 13.8% versus controls: 40.2% ± 17.2%, p = 0.011). Conclusion Alteration in proximal and distal muscle activity appears to negatively affect postural control and quality of movement, which may lead to prolonged functional impairments. Hence, implementing hip and ankle muscle exercises in the rehabilitation of ankle instability might benefit these patients.
Carbon Nitride Dots: A Selective Bioimaging Nanomaterial

In contrast to the recent immense attention in carbon nitride quantum dots (CNQDs) as a heteroatom-doped carbon quantum dot (CQD), their biomedical applications have not been thoroughly investigated. Targeted cancer therapy is a prominently researched area in the biomedical field. Here, the ability of CNQDs as a selective bioimaging nanomaterial was investigated to assist targeted cancer therapy. CNQDs were first synthesized using four different precursor sets involving urea derivatives, and the characteristics were compared to select the best candidate material for bioapplications. Characterization techniques such as UV–vis, luminescence, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy were used. These CNQDs were analyzed in in vitro studies of bioimaging and labeling using pediatric glioma cells (SJGBM2) for possible selective biolabeling and nanodistribution inside the cell membrane. The in vitro cellular studies were conducted under long-...
Evaluating Formal Models of Science

This paper presents an account of how to evaluate formal models of science: models and simulations in social epistemology designed to draw normative conclusions about the social structure of scientific research. I argue that such models should be evaluated according to their representational and predictive accuracy. Using these criteria and comparisons with familiar models from science, I argue that most formal models of science are incapable of supporting normative conclusions.
Management of Behavioral Problems in Late Life—Therapeutic Approaches and Related Issues: Introduction to a Special Issue

In this introduction, I provide a brief overview of the five papers contained within this special issue of the Journal of Clinical Geropsychology. The purpose of this issue is to provide new information and insight into various therapeutic approaches and issues related to the assessment and treatment of behavioral problems in older adults. These papers cover both basic and applied issues pertaining to the broad topic of behavioral management in late adulthood, offering new insights and directions for future research.
Stimulation of prostate cells by the senescence phenotype of epithelial and stromal cells: Implication for benign prostate hyperplasia

Hyperproliferation of prostate transition-zone epithelial and stromal cells leads to benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), a prevalent pathology in elderly men. Senescent cells in BPH tissue induce a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) which, by generating inflamed microenvironment and reactive stroma, promotes leukocyte infiltration, cellular hyperproliferation and nodular prostate growth. We examined human prostate epithelial (BPH-1, PNT-1α) and stromal (HPS-19I) cells for SASP induction by ionizing radiation and assessed SASP's impacts on cell proliferation and on signal transducers that promote cellular growth, proliferation and survival. Radiation-induced DNA damage led to cellular senescence, evident from elevated expression of senescence-associated β-galactosidase and the cell-cycle inhibitor p16/INK4a. Clinical BPH tissue showed p16 accumulation. SASP induced mRNA expression for inflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α); chemokines (GM-CSF, CXCL12); metalloproteases (MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-10); growth factor binding IGFBP-3. Media from irradiated epithelial or stromal cells enhanced BPH-1 proliferation. ERK1/2 and AKT, which enhance cell growth/survival and STAT5, which facilitates cell cycle progression and leukocyte recruitment to epithelial microenvironment, were activated by SASP components. The radiation-induced cellular senescence model can be a platform for identification of individual SASP components and pathways that drive BPH etiology/progression in vivo and targeting them may form the basis for novel BPH therapy.
Randomness and Nonlinear Evolution Equations

In this paper we survey some results on existence, and when possible also uniqueness, of solutions to certain evolution equations obtained by injecting randomness either on the set of initial data or as a perturbative term.
1571-P: Dietary Quality, Weight Loss, and Diabetes Incidence in the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP)

We evaluated whether dietary quality is a predictor of reduced diabetes risk and/or weight loss, independent of caloric intake in the diverse DPP cohort, a randomized clinical trial of adults at risk for diabetes. This secondary analysis included the 2920 participants (90.3% of randomized) with complete baseline and 1-year data (967 intensive lifestyle (ILS), 979 metformin, 974 placebo). Dietary intake was assessed using a 117-item food frequency questionnaire. Dietary quality was quantified using the Alternative Healthy Eating Index 2010 (AHEI), which ranges from 0 to 110 with higher scores corresponding to healthier diets. Participants were 50.8 ±10.6 years, 67.5% female, 44.7% minority race/ethnicity and baseline AHEI was 44.2 ±10.4. ILS participants had greater improvement (p Disclosure B. Allaire: None. A.H. Tjaden: None. J.W. Apolzan: None. D. Dabelea: None. L.M. Delahanty: Advisory Panel; Self; Jana Care Inc., Omada Health, Inc., Weight Watchers International, Inc. S. Edelstein: None. M.A. Hoskin: None. L.M. Jaacks: None. K.A. Temple: None. E.M. Venditti: None. J. Wylie-Rosett: None. DPP Research Group: None. Funding National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
Water is not a dynamic polydisperse branched polymer.

In PNAS, Naserifar and Goddard (1) report that their RexPoN water model under ambient conditions comprises a “dynamic polydisperse branched polymer,” which they speculate explains the existence of the liquid–liquid critical point (LLCP) in the supercooled region. The observable they rely on to support this is the oxygen–oxygen radial distribution function, gOO, from a dated neutron scattering experiment (1). Although it is well known that neutron scattering is almost exclusively sensitive to hydrogen correlations, and gOO is more reliably obtained from X-ray scattering (2), they make the unsupported statement that “the most reliable gOO curve is neutron where there is no inference from electrons” (1). However, two X-ray gOO curves in figure 1B of … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: thg{at}berkeley.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Therapeutic effect of inhibiting nonsense mediated decay in human cancers with TP53 premature termination codons

2211 Purpose: Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is one of several post-transcriptional mechanisms that are used by eukaryotic cells to detect and degrade mRNAs with nonsense mutations (a.k.a. premature termination codons, or PTCs), and thus control the quality of mRNA function. Aminoglycoside antibiotics and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to RENT1, a component of the NMD surveillance complex, have been shown to inhibit NMD with resultant changes in gene expression. Our present study was designed to determine the feasibility of NMD inhibition as a novel chemotherapeutic modality for human cancers with TP53 PTCs. Methods: Twelve cancer cell lines derived from a variety of organ sites were used for which the genetic status of the TP53 tumor suppressor gene was known. For in vitro studies, each cell line was incubated with 20-200 ug/ml emetine or PBS for 4∼18 hours, and viability determined by MTT assay. Alternatively, incubations were followed immediately by harvesting of mRNA and protein for determinations of TP53 mRNA by real-time quantitative PCR and protein expression by Western Blot using clone Ab-6 at 1:200 (specific Anti-p53, for Human/Mouse, EMD Biosciences, Inc, San Diego, USA). Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to RENT1 or mock oligonucleotides were used in place of emetine to confirm the specificity of observed effects. For in vivo studies, cell lines with wild type or nonsense mutant TP53 genes were xenografted into nude mice and allowed to grow in the presence or absence of gentamicin or RENT1 siRNA for 5 days, during which the tumors were monitored for overall growth and harvested for measurement of TP53 mRNA and protein levels. These experiments are currently ongoing and will be reported in detail when complete. Results: Viability of all cancer cells reduced significantly after 18-hour incubation with emetine, varying from 80% to 5%. Incubation of cell lines with known TP53 PTCs with emetine in vitro resulted in as much as an 8∼28-fold increase in TP53 mRNA levels, whereas no effect was observed in cell lines with wild type or missense mutant TP53 genes. The specificity of this effect was confirmed in three different cell lines with known TP53 PTCs by transfection with RENT1 siRNA for 96 hours, after which RENT1 protein expression were blocked >95% and TP53 mRNA levels raised from 7.5 to 23.5-fold as compared to controls. Conclusion: Robust increases in TP53 expression in cancer cells with known TP53 PTCs can be induced by NMD inhibition. The potential benefits of NMD as a therapeutic option for pancreatic cancer are profound, as up to 20% of all human cancers contain at least one PTC in one or more tumor suppressor genes.
A Parameterized and Minimal Resource Soft Processor for Programmable Logic

Incorporating a soft processor in a programmable logic system, e.g. a field programmable gate array (FPGA), often requires using a substantial percentage of the logic cells (LC), notably on low-power devices. In this work we present a 32-bit RISC-V soft processor design that uses a serial arithmetic logic unit (ALU). The design can be configured to use less than 5% of the LC resources in a 5K LC low-power FPGA device. Small occupancy soft processors enable complex control and ancillary support to the principal processing and transport paths.
You Must Remember Meeting Clara: Remembering Clara Derber Bloomfield (1942–2020)

![][1] A very good friend recently said to me, “I judge a person's importance and their impact by whether or not I can remember meeting them for the first time.” By that statement alone most people would agree that Clara Derber Bloomfield, a beloved daughter, sister, spouse,
Rethinking bilingual enhancement effects in associative learning of foreign language vocabulary: The role of proficiency in the mediating language

Abstract The present study investigated claims that learning vocabulary in an unfamiliar language is more efficient in bilinguals than in monolinguals and the possible effects of language proficiency and dominance. In Experiment 1, monolingual (n = 48) and bilingual participants (n = 96) learned Japanese words paired with English translations and completed cued-recall and associative-recognition tests. Accuracy did not differ across monolingual and bilingual or language dominance groups. Nevertheless, in bilinguals, higher English proficiency was associated with higher accuracy. In Experiment 2, Japanese-English bilinguals (n = 40) learned Spanish-Japanese word pairs, and higher Japanese proficiency was associated with higher accuracy. Associative strategies were reported at a higher rate in bilingual than in monolingual participants but were not associated with more accurate performance. Careful comparisons of the present and previous results support the conclusion that higher proficiency in the language through which bilinguals learn foreign vocabulary enhances associative memory, but bilingualism itself does not.
Synthesis: Deriving a Core Set of Recommendations for Planning, Building, and Operating a Lifestyle Medicine Center

The purpose of Creating a Lifestyle Medicine Center: From Concept to Clinical Practice is to provide a resource for readers to implement knowledge in lifestyle medicine in the form of action within a Lifestyle Medicine Center. The purpose of this chapter is to summarize and analyze the findings in this book and then synthesize a set of core, actionable recommendations. Key mechanistic drivers of chronic disease and the corresponding roles of lifestyle medicine are presented. Thirty chapters in this book are examined, with primary findings and implications identified. These implications are then interpreted as phrases and then organized and analyzed according to three questions (represented as research, knowledge, and practice gaps) and three answers (represented as action stages in the creation of a Lifestyle Medicine Center: planning, building, and operating). Nine clusters of phrases in this 3 × 3 gap-action matrix are then used to formulate nine specific recommendations. These recommendations serve as starting points to inform leadership during the implementation process. Important aspects of these recommendations pertain to familiarity with implementation science, development of novel business plans and reimbursement strategies, awareness of ethno-cultural and socioeconomic sensitivities, and a focus on lifestyle modifiable behaviors and strategies. It is anticipated that as more Lifestyle Medicine Centers become successful and sustainable, healthcare can transform into a universally accessible and affordable vehicle to improve well-being for all.
Do Data Breaches Damage Reputation? Evidence from 43 Companies Between 2002 and 2018

While data breaches have become more common, there is little evidence that companies experiencing them experience a persistent decline in financial performance or security prices. Using new firm-level data between 2002 and 2018, this paper finds that firms experience a 13-22% increase in intangible capital following an average data breach. However, the largest and most salient breaches are associated with a 14-18% decline in intangible capital following a data breach. These effects are concentrated among firms in consumer-facing industries: smaller (larger) data breaches are associated with more positive (negative) effects on intangible capital. These results suggest that current regulatory guidance does not provide an incentive for firms to invest in cyber-security capabilities.
Early postoperative complications after Latarjet procedure: a single-institution experience over 10 years.

Background The Latarjet procedure is an effective procedure for the treatment of anterior glenohumeral joint instability; however, the complications are concerning. The purpose of this study was to review a single institution's experience with the Latarjet procedure for recurrent anterior glenohumeral instability specifically focusing on early complications. Methods This was a retrospective review of all Latarjet procedures performed at a single institution from August 2008 to July 2018. The 90-day complication rate and associated risk factors for all complications and graft failure were recorded. Postoperative radiographs were reviewed for coracoid graft position and screw divergence. Results During the study period, 190 Latarjet procedures were performed with 90-day follow-up. The average age was 28.7 ± 11.3 years, male patients comprised 84.2% of the population, and 62.6% of patients had undergone a prior stabilization procedure. We observed 15 complications, for a 90-day complication rate of 9.0%; of the patients, 8 (4.2%) underwent reoperations. Graft or hardware failure occurred in 9 patients (4.7%) with loosened or broken screws, and 6 required reoperations (revision Latarjet procedure in 4, distal tibia allograft in 1, and iliac crest autograft in 1). Fixation with only 1 screw (P Conclusion The Latarjet procedure is a procedure that can reliably restore shoulder stability; however, graft- and nerve-related complications are relatively common. Two-thirds of the graft failures required reoperations, and half of the nerve injuries in this study led to residual symptoms. Fixation with only 1 screw and an increased screw divergence angle were significant predictors of graft failure. Suprascapular nerve injury at the spinoglenoid notch was associated with an increased screw divergence angle and longer superior screw.
Warming temperatures lead to reduced summer carbon sequestration in the U.S. Corn Belt

The response of highly productive croplands at northern mid-latitudes to climate change is a primary source of uncertainty in the global carbon cycle, and a concern for future food production. We present a decadal time series (2007 to 2019) of hourly CO2 concentration measured at a very tall tower in the United States Corn Belt. Analyses of this record, with other long-term data in the region, reveal that warming has had a positive impact on net CO2 uptake during the early crop growth stage, but has reduced net CO2 uptake in both croplands and natural ecosystems during the peak growing season. Future increase in summer temperature is projected to reduce annual CO2 sequestration in the Corn Belt by 10–20%. These findings highlight the dynamic control of warming on cropland CO2 exchange and crop yields and challenge the paradigm that warming will continue to favor CO2 sequestration in northern mid-latitude ecosystems. Warming can reduce annual CO2 sequestration in cropland by inducing a negative impact on net CO2 uptake during the peak growing season, suggest twelve years of hourly CO2 measurements from a tall tower in the United States Corn Belt.
Herpes Simplex Virus

Human infections with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) are common throughout the world. HSV infection can cause a variety of illnesses depending on the anatomic site infected, whether it is a primary or recurrent infection, and the immune status of the person infected. Persons at risk for serious or prolonged active HSV infection are those with eczema, severe burns, or immunosuppressive conditions, such as organ transplant patients or HIV-infected persons. Primary infection occurs in individuals who have not previously been infected with either HSV-1 or HSV-2. Primary infections may be subclinical or mild enough to be unrecognized in a majority of cases, whereas clinically apparent infections comprise a wide array of presentations, ranging from mild pharyngitis or cutaneous infections to severe generalized disease and, on rare occasions, death (1). HSV-1 has a greater propensity to cause oral infections and is typically acquired during childhood. The most frequent manifestation of primary HSV-1 infection in children is gingivostomatitis. Primary HSV-1 infection in adolescents and adults usually manifests as pharyngitis or tonsillitis. Conjunctivitis, keratitis, vesicular eruptions of the skin, herpes whitlow, and encephalitis occur much less frequently. While the most common manifestation of sexually acquired HSV-2 is genital disease, both HSV-2 and HSV-1 can cause genital infection. HSV is the most common cause of genital ulcer disease in developed countries. In recent years, HSV-1 has been more frequently implicated as the etiologic agent (1). Complications of HSV-2 infection include aseptic meningitis and other neurological complications, extragenital lesions, and disseminated infection. Neonatal herpes is caused by mother-to-child transmission of HSV-1 or HSV-2 in utero, during the birth process, or during the neonatal period. Infants infected during delivery or postpartum present in one of three ways: (i) disease localized to the skin, eyes, or mouth; (ii) central nervous system disease with or without skin, eye, or mouth disease; or (iii) disseminated infection. HSV-1 seroprevalence in the United States declined about 7% from 1999 to 2004 and from 2005 to 2010, with roughly 60% of persons being HSV-1 seropositive among 40- to 49-year-olds (2). HSV-2 seroprevalence in the United States increased by more than 50% between the mid-1970s and the mid-1990s but then began to decline; in 2005 to 2010, the estimated seroprevalence was 25% in 40- to 49-year-olds (2).
Foreign Body Granuloma Induced by Submucosal Lifting Agent Mimicking Adenoma or Colorectal Carcinoma

Foreign bodies used during surgeries and endoscopy procedures may elicit inflammatory reactions and granuloma formation. The resultant lesion may mimic polyps or tumors, which require cautious interpretation. Here we reported that 69-year-old patient with history of treated rectal cancer underwent surveillance colonoscopy where a tubular adenoma was found in the cecum. A follow-up endoscopy found a flat polyp at the ileocecal valve. Right hemicolectomy was performed. On examining the specimen, two lesions were identified in the wall of the ileocecal valve area. Microscopically, there were foreign body giant cell granulomas filled with eosinophilic amorphous material which is consistent with an inflammatory reaction caused by submucosal lifting material injection used during colonoscopy for polypectomy. The granulomas mimicked recurrence of colorectal carcinoma. Therefore, surgeons and pathologists should be aware of the inflammatory reaction elicited by the new lifting agents that may resemble polyps or tumors. [N A J Med Sci. 2021;1(1):001-003. DOI: 10.7156/najms.2021.1401001]
Antacids, Gastrointestinal Prokinetics, and Proton Pump Inhibitors

Gastric acid acts as a major defense mechanism of the body by sterilizing the contents entering the digestive tract, prevents colonization of bacteria, and helps in digestion. Too much or too little acidic gastric acid is pathologic and can lead to many disorders including peptic ulcer disease, acid reflux, aspiration, pneumonias, and even cancer. Gastric acid secretion is a complex process, and the pharmacological agents which help decrease the pH and volume of gastric acid are antacids, H2 receptor antagonists, and proton pump inhibitors. Gastrointestinal prokinetics are class of drugs that improve small bowel motility and gastric emptying. We will review the pharmacology of antacids, prokinetics, and PPIs in this chapter.
Making goal pursuit effective : Expectancy-dependent goal setting and planned goal striving

Setting Goals 129 Effective Goal Setting: The Strategy of Mental Contrasting 129 Empirical Evidence 130 Mechanisms of Mental Contrasting 132 Summary 135 Implementing Set Goals 135 The Distinction Between Goal Intentions and Implementation Intentions 135 Implementation Intentions and Solving Problems of Goal Striving 136 Summary 139 An Intervention to Facilitate Effective Goal Pursuit: Combining Mental Contrasting and Implementation Intentions (MCII) 139 Effects on Health Behavior in Middle-Aged Professional Women 140 Increasing Self-Discipline and Self-Esteem in College Students 140 Summary 141 Conclusion 142 References 142
Formulation of the Total Western Diet (TWD) for Pigs and Phenotypic Differences After a 12-week Feeding Trial

Previously we developed the TWD for mice, a basal diet that emulates average American intakes. To extend the model, the TWD for pigs was formulated using the principle of nutrient density (mass of ...
Deterrence Theory: Crime

Abstract Deterrence theory can be traced to the early utilitarian philosophers, Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham, who believed that people are motivated to obtain pleasure and avoid pain. Crime, then, can be deterred by increasing the certainty (likelihood), celerity (swiftness), and severity (amount) of legal punishment for committing it. That idea continues to form the basis for contemporary deterrence theory, and that theory is subsumable under the more general social learning and rational choice theories. Contemporary deterrence theorists have recognized several important complexities, including distinctions between specific and general deterrence, absolute and restrictive deterrence, and actual and perceived punishments. Moreover, they have recognized that the deterrent effects of legal punishment may be contingent on a host of other factors, including the threat of extralegal punishment.
The phage lambda orf gene encodes a trans-acting factor that suppresses Escherichia coli recO, recR, and recF mutations for recombination of lambda but not of E. coli

Bacteriophage lambda can recombine in recBC sbcB sbcC mutant cells by using its own gene orf, the Escherichia coli recO, recR, and recF genes, or both. Expression of an orf-containing plasmid complements the recombination defects of orf mutant phage. However, this clone does not complement a recO mutation for conjugational recombination or recO, recR, or recF mutations for repair of UV-induced DNA damage. A plasmid clone of orf produces a protein with an apparent molecular mass of 15 kDa.