cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Divided Regions: Race, Political Segregation, and the Polarization of Metropolitan America

Since the 1980s, the American federal government has devolved a wide array of crucial policy decisions to the state and local levels. With a decrease in federal aid and an increase in the number of tools available to lower tiers of government, scholars of American urban politics have suggested that cooperation among metropolitan municipalities could help address critical local political and policy challenges. Metropolitan political polarization, however, is a serious obstacle to these partnerships, and an issue that remains poorly understood. This project thus seeks to accomplish two key goals. First, I describe and explain variations in metropolitan political polarization, proposing three potential drivers of metropolitan differences: racial composition (including both black and Hispanic demographic variables), income inequality, and institutional configurations. Second, I explore the political and policy consequences of these metropolitan variations, examining the impact of polarization on municipal political composition and mass transportation policy-making. I discover that at the metropolitan level, racial demographics - particularly whether the region has a high concentration of blacks - almost exclusively explain variations in political polarization, with more black metropolises experiencing greater polarization. These divisions, in turn, have a potent effect on local government policy: more polarized regions exhibit more politically extreme municipalities and more fragmented transit policy outcomes. These findings have a disturbing implication: those regions with concentrated pockets of black poverty - places most in need of metropolitan cooperation in the contemporary, heavily localized political climate - are the least able to forge partnerships around shared local policy goals.
A Detector for Bottom Physics at the SSC

A detector concept optimized to study B-physics at the SSC will be described. An overview of the detector design, including Monte Carlo simulations, and designs for individual detector sub-systems will be presented. The status and future plans of detector RD a straw tube tracking system with fast TDC; VLSI readout electronics and data acquisition system. Areas where there is close collaboration with industry will be emphasized.
Spontaneous Spinal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Presentation and Outcome

Abstract Background Spontaneous spinal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SSAH) is a rare but serious condition that can lead to a variety of medical complications. Methods Using the Mayo Clinic Rochester database, consecutive patients admitted to the Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota hospital with spontaneous SSAH (not iatrogenic or traumatic) between January 2000 and December 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic and clinical data and functional outcomes as categorized by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score at the time of discharge and at postadmission follow-up were assessed. Results Eight patients (median age 70 years, range 51-87) were identified. Seven patients presented with acute back pain or headache. Seven patients had poorly controlled chronic hypertension. Two patients had vasculitis and 1 had an arteriovenous malformation. Complications included cord compression (n = 4), hyponatremia (n = 5), sulcal subarachnoid hemorrhage (n = 2), chronic arachnoiditis (n = 1), vasospasm (n = 1), ischemic infarct (n = 1), and late cord ischemia (n = 1). All patients were managed medically including blood pressure control and repeat imaging. One patient had an aneurysm, which was embolized, and 2 received steroids for vasculitis. One patient died during hospitalization and 1 died within a week of discharge. Five patients had improved and 1 had unchanged mRS score at posthospitalization follow-up. Conclusions SSAH should be considered in patients with sudden onset of severe back pain and headache, especially if as associated with lower extremity weakness or urinary retention. Our findings suggest that older patients with poorly controlled hypertension are at particular risk for spontaneous SSAH. In our study vascular anomalies were found in 25% of patients, vasculitis in 25%, hyponatremia in 63%, and cord compression in 50%. Cord compression may be managed conservatively. Mortality was 25% in the 3 months following the initial event, primarily due to other medical comorbidities.
A hierarchical integration pyramid to increase translation of biomaterials based on recent successes in multiscale synthetic biomaterials research

Abstract The success of science and engineering in increasing life span and quality of life has generated difficult challenges to sustaining health span. Aging populations and poor health patterns have increased the need for replacement organs, tissues, and limbs that must do more, longer. To meet this need, advanced synthetic biomaterials that mimic or encourage native tissue regrowth are needed. We highlight recent advances in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine for bone, skin, and cardio scaffolds, grafts, and replacements. Recognizing the complexity of multiscale development and testing, we use these as case studies to propose a hierarchical integration pyramid to assist the rapid translation of these developments from benchtop to bedside.
Delayed Cardiotoxicity From a Massive Nortriptyline Overdose Requiring Prolonged Treatment.

PurposeA case of a nortriptyline overdose complicated by delayed ventricular arrhythmias necessitating prolonged sodium bicarbonate infusion is presented, along with a review of tricyclic antidepre...
Predicting octane number from microscale flame dynamics

Abstract The standard method for measuring the octane number of fuels requires large sample volumes ( ∼ 1L) and access to a Cooperative Fuel Research (CFR) engine. This method reliably quantifies the knock resistance of fuels in spark ignition engines, however the large sample volume requirement prevents testing of new experimental fuels (often produced in quantities of just ∼ 1 mL), and the large equipment size impedes mobile, decentralized testing of remote fuel supplies. When direct measurements of octane number are impractical, other methods are needed. Micro flow reactors have shown promise in measuring ignition characteristics that are sensitive to octane number, and they are compact and operate on small volumes ( ∼ 1 mL). This study uses simulations to demonstrate that measurements of the unsteady flame dynamics in a micro flow reactor can provide valuable data for accurate octane number predictions. Simulations of the flow reactor are used to obtain ignition characteristics for over 200 ethanol-toluene primary reference fuels (ETPRF) and 21 biofuel blends. A feed forward neural network is trained using the micro flow reactor ignition characteristics, fuel properties, and known research octane number (RON) and motor octane number (MON) for the ETPRF fuels. The neural network is able to predict the RON and MON of the biofuel blends to within 2 octane number on average. Prediction results are compared to other methods available in the literature. Additional neural network models are trained that show improved prediction accuracy as additional fuel training data becomes available.
Research libraries and the dissemination of information in genetic engineering and biotechnology

Outils de reference imprimes et services de recherche documentaire en ligne en genie genetique et biotechnologie. Comparaison des divers services de references et bases de donnees du domaine. (BIOSIS, CAS, CLAIMS, COMP, CONF, EXMED, IRL, MEDLINE, SCI. TELEGEN). Initiatives des bibliotheques du Massachusetts Institute of Technology en matiere de diffusion de l'information
Macrowear and the mechanical behavior of enamel

Abstract Analysis of dental macrowear and microwear can provide valuable insights into diet and life-history of fossil and extant animals. However, studies have assumed implicitly that the mechanical behavior of wear surfaces are equal. The properties of enamel that influence mechanical behavior are known to vary throughout the cusp, suggesting that not all wear surfaces will have equivalent mechanical behavior and that different degrees of wear affect wear resistance. Previous studies have implicated the orientation of enamel prisms and crystallites with respect to the occlusal surface as a primary factor affecting wear resistance. Here, we investigate how mechanical behavior changes with macrowear using microscratch testing on a baboon molar and place our results within the context of changes in the microstructural features of enamel. Our results suggest that a moderate degree of wear confers the greatest wear resistance and identify microstructural features of enamel that are functionally important, warranting further investigation.
Suction-controlled multistage triaxial testing on clayey silty soil

Abstract Multistage triaxial testing offers a potentially reliable and time-saving alternative method of determining the shear strength of soils under suction-controlled conditions, while addressing the issues related to soil variability and lack of replicates. However, evidence of its suitability for testing geomaterials in unsaturated conditions is rather limited. In this work, a series of suction-controlled multistage triaxial tests were performed on compacted specimens of clayey silty soil, wherein each test was performed on the same soil specimen at a constant suction under drained condition, but at varying net confining pressures. The point of termination of the shearing stage was defined through a selection process involving either the stiffness or the volume change in monotonically sheared specimen, based on whichever prevents premature failure of the specimen. This was the first attempt where all the stages of a multistage triaxial test were compared against that from single-stage triaxial tests for validation of the approach. Moreover, the influence of errors introduced by multistage triaxial testing on the shear strength predictions of unsaturated soil was considered by constructing a three-dimensional failure envelope on p-s-τ space using a well-known relation and comparing them against those obtained from single-stage triaxial tests. It was also noted that for determining the shear strength parameters of soil, the multistage testing, reduced the testing times to half of that required by single-stage triaxial testing, which would translate into significant reduction of cost of testing, thereby making unsaturated soil testing much more appealing to the practitioners.
Women’s underrepresentation in the U.S. congress

Women's elective office-holding stands at an all-time high in the United States. Yet women are far from parity. This underrepresentation is surprising given that more women than men vote. Gender–as...
Dust devil winds: Assessing dry convective vortex intensity limits at planetary surfaces

Abstract An estimate of the maximum winds associated with dry convective vortices is determined simply as Vmax = ΔT(2Cp/Ta)0.5, where ΔT is equal to half of the maximum surface-atmosphere temperature contrast, Cp is the specific heat capacity, and Ta the background temperature of the atmosphere. The ΔT estimate, and the resultant winds, have strong support from a wide range of observations on Earth and Mars. The model results in maximum predicted vortex winds of 29, 53, 2.7 and 2.0 m/s for Earth, Mars, Titan and Venus respectively, the ΔT values for the latter two bodies being determined from surface energy balance models. The maximum vortex winds in well-documented observations on Earth and Mars appear to be ~25 m/s and ~ 30 m/s respectively, consistent with the model limits.
Precision and trueness of implant placement with and without static surgical guides: An in vitro study.

Abstract Statement of problem Malpositioning of implants is one of the main factors leading to hard- and soft-tissue deficiencies. Whether static computer-guided implant placement increases accuracy and prevents malpositioning is unclear. Purpose The purpose of this in vitro study was to determine accuracy defined by trueness and precision (according to International Organization for Standardization 5725) of computer-assisted implant surgery (fully guided and partially guided) in comparison with freehand single implant placement. Material and methods Implants (n=20) were placed fully guided (sleeve-bone distance of 2, 4, or 6 mm), partially guided (guide used for pilot drill), or free hand in identical replicas produced from a cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan of a partially edentulous patient. The achieved implant position was digitized by using a laboratory scanner and compared with the planned position. Trueness (planned versus actual position) and precision (difference among implants) were determined. The 3D-offset at the crest of the implant (root mean square between virtual preoperative planning and postoperative standard tessellation language file) was defined as the primary outcome parameter. The means, standard deviation, and 95% confidence intervals were analyzed statistically with 1-way ANOVA and the Scheffe procedure. Results Fully guided implant surgery achieved significantly lower 3D deviations between the planned and actual implant position with 0.22 ±0.07 mm (2-mm sleeve-bone distance) than partially guided 0.69 ±0.15 mm and freehand placement 0.80 ±0.35 mm at the crest (P Conclusions The static computer-assisted implant surgery showed high trueness and precision. The closer the sleeve to the bone, the more accurate and precise the method. Freehand implant placement was less accurate and precise than computer-assisted implant surgery (partially or fully).
Testing the Effects of Hookah Tobacco Social Media Risk Communication Messages Among Young Adults.

BackgroundHookah tobacco is commonly used among young adults, and use is driven in part by widespread misperceptions about risks. Social media use, particularly Instagram, is prominent in this popu...
Synthesis of (–)-Kopsifoline A and (+)-Kopsifoline E

We report the first total synthesis of (–)-kopsifoline A and (+)-kopsifoline E. Our synthetic strategy features a biogenetically inspired regioselective C17-functionalization of a versatile intermediate containing the pentacyclic core of aspidosperma alkaloids. While this advance intermediate provides (–)-kopsifoline D via C3–C21 bond formation, regioselective C17-boronation of its indoline substructure prior to introduction of the F-ring enables access to (–)-kopsifoline A and (+)-kopsifoline E. The vinylogous urethane substructure of the key intermediate was critical in C17-boronation over a competing C7-boronation in related indole derived substrates. After oxidation of the C17–B bond to introduce the C17-ether, the C3–C21 bond of the targets is secured under the Mitsunobu reaction conditions with the vinylogous urethane as the nucleophilic component.
The Higman Theorem for Primitive-Recursive Groups - A Preliminary Report

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a preliminary report of the Higman theorem for primitive recursive groups. The chapter presents a proof of theorem that assumes A⊂N to be a recursively enumerable set. An A-p.r. group can be embedded as an A-p.r. decidable subgroup of a finitely presented A-p.r. group. The embedding and its inverse are A-p.r. computable.
WE-EF-210-03: Ultrasound-Mediated Stimulation of Nanoparticles for Therapeutic Applications

Recent advances in ultrasound-related technologies have had a significant impact on enhancing image quality as well as offering new approaches for quantitative ultrasonic imaging and therapeutic applications. The presentations associated with this session will provide an overview of advances in ultrasound image formation, the development of using nanoparticles for therapeutic ultrasound applications, as well as approaches for assessing the intrinsic viscoelastic properties of tissue and methods for monitoring tissue response to therapy. Learning Objectives: 1. Develop a general understanding of new technologies associated with enhanced ultrasound image formation and volume imaging. 2. Develop an understanding of new ultrasound-based technologies for quantitative assessment of intrinsic tissue properties. 3. Develop an understanding of novel approaches for ultrasound-mediated non-invasive therapeutic applications. Dr. Rao is an employee of Siemens Ultrasound
Hormone-evoked calcium release from intracellular stores is a quantal process

Abstract Ca2+ mobilization by hormones, ionomycin, and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins-1,4,5-P3) were studied to determine whether Ca2+ release is a continuous or a quantal process. Hormone-mediated Ca2+ release occurs only during the first 2-4 s of stimulation. Stimulation of acini with a maximal hormone concentration following stimulation with a submaximal concentration resulted in free cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) increase and 45Ca efflux. The peak [Ca2+]i increase induced by a maximal concentration of agonist was nearly constant when cells were prestimulated with a submaximal dose for 1-15 min. Submaximal hormone concentrations release only a fraction of intracellular 45Ca2+, after which intracellular Ca2+ content remains constant. The partially released stores remain depleted until cell stimulation is terminated, at which time the stores reload with Ca2+. For comparison, increasing concentrations of ionomycin resulted in increasing rates of Ca2+ release. Each ionomycin concentration released all the Ca2+ from intracellular stores. We therefore conclude that hormone-evoked Ca2+ release is a quantal rather than a continuous process. In permeabilized cells, increasing concentrations of Ins-1,4,5-P3 resulted in an increased fraction of Ca2+ release. No submaximal Ins-1,4,5-P3 concentration was capable of releasing all the Ins-1,4,5-P3-mobilizable Ca2+. Therefore, it appears that the quantal properties of hormone-evoked Ca2+ release reflect the quantal properties of Ins-1,4,5-P3-mediated Ca2+ release from intracellular stores.
Topping from the Viewfinder: The Visual Language of Virtual BDSM Photographs in Second Life

The paper explores the mutually constituted relations between avatars, space, and artifacts depicted in virtual photographs from Second Life’s BDSM (bondage, discipline, and sadomasochism) communities. Photographs were sampled from thousands of user profiles of Second Life users who explicitly associate themselves with one or more BDSM communities or groups. Using visual analysis and social semiotics, I describe the visual language of these images, and with them, the grammar and symbolism of power and submission, of individual and institution, and of photographer and viewer. The visual language of these photos sheds light on the nature of these communities, including the social and computer-mediated interactions of their participants, and helps explain why virtual BDSM is such a compelling form of play and source of aesthetic innovation for thousands of Second Life residents.
Organizing and delivering real projects for real clients courses

An RPRCC is a course in which students work in teams to develop real software for real clients, that is, software that solves a problem for or provides a service to the client, e.g., a member of the university's faculty or staff, a not-for-profit organization, a local government agency or a local business. In this tutorial we will discuss reasons for teaching RPRCCs and methods for tailoring an RPRCC to the individual instructor's educational objectives and to the available infrastructure resources.
Social Work with Gay and Lesbian Adolescents

Gay and lesbian adolescents are a socially oppressed group discriminated against by a heterosexist and homophobic society. Because of the negative stigma society places on lesbian and gay adolescents, they face numerous difficulties that require social support and intervention. Issues pertinent to social work with lesbian and gay adolescents are examined in the context of three main social institutions: the family, the social culture, and the educational setting. Suggestions are made for improving intervention with this population, including increasing personal awareness of one's own homophobia and heterosexist bias in working with client groups; educating oneself and client groups about homosexuality; establishing positive social support programs to serve lesbian and gay adolescents; advocating for sanctions to end gay and lesbian harassment in the educational system; supporting the hiring of openly gay and lesbian teachers to serve as positive role models; and advocating for the inclusion of sexual orientation information in school sex education curricula.
Los Alamos Multiple Crossbar Network Crossbar Interfaces

Los Alamos National Laboratory is investigating a network to replace the current Integrated Computing Network (ICN). This new network is composed of crossbar switching nodes called CP*s and host computers connected together with HIPPI links. The links and switches are controlled by Crossbar Interfaces, which do the network routing and security. The project was driven by a need to provide graphics data at movie rates across a network from a supercomputer to a scientific workstation, and also vastly increases the rate at which supercomputers communicate with each other. The components of the network are described.
Associations of Preschool Type and Teacher–Child Relational Quality With Young Children's Social-Emotional Competence

Research Findings: This study examined associations of preschool type (i.e., urban and suburban Head Start and university-affiliated center) and teacher–child variables with positive and negative child outcomes among 145 preschoolers (74 boys). Differences emerged across preschools, with urban Head Start children scoring lowest on the emotional competence measures and university-affiliated preschoolers experiencing less peer victimization than urban and suburban Head Start preschoolers. Differences across preschool types were also found for the teacher–child variables, such that teacher–child closeness was lower and teacher–child conflict and dependence were highest in the urban Head Start preschool. Regression analyses revealed significant and meaningful interactions between preschool type and teacher–child relational quality in the prediction of children's social-emotional outcomes. Teacher–child conflict was negatively associated with emotion regulation and teacher–child dependence was associated with ...
Trans-fatty acids intake and risk of myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUNDConcern that trans-fatty acids formed in the partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils may increase the risk of coronary disease has existed for several decades, but direct evidence on this relation in humans is limited.METHODS AND RESULTSWith a case-control design, we studied the association between intake of trans-fatty acids and a first acute myocardial infarction among 239 patients admitted to one of six hospitals in the Boston area and 282 population control subjects. Intake of trans-fatty acids was estimated using a previously validated food frequency questionnaire. After adjustment for age, sex, and energy intake, intake of trans-fatty acids was directly related to risk of myocardial infarction (relative risk for highest compared with lowest quintile, 2.44; 95% confidence interval, 1.42, 4.19; for trend P < .0001). This relation remained highly significant after adjustment for established coronary risk factors, multivitamin use, and intake of saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, linoleic aci...
Information Dynamics of Photorefractive Two-Beam Coupling

An operator approach to two-beam coupling in photorefractive media for which each beam is composed of information that varies in both space and time reduces the problem to a single differential equation: $d\ensuremath{\rho}/dz\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}[[{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{0},\ensuremath{\rho}],\ensuremath{\rho}]/4$. $[A,B]\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}AB\ensuremath{-}BA$ is the commutator of two operators, $\ensuremath{\rho}$ is a density operator that embodies the state of the optical field, and ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{0}$ is a coupling operator. A solution exists in closed form for specific cases and is amenable to numerical integration in general. The evolution of $\ensuremath{\rho}$ is unitary and approaches a block diagonal in a representation that diagonalizes ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{0}$.
Strong dimerization of wild-type ErbB2/Neu transmembrane domain and the oncogenic Val664Glu mutant in mammalian plasma membranes☆

Here, we study the homodimerization of the transmembrane domain of Neu, as well as an oncogenic mutant (V664E), in vesicles derived from the plasma membrane of mammalian cells. For the characterization, we use a Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based method termed Quantitative Imaging-FRET (QI-FRET), which yields the donor and acceptor concentrations in addition to the FRET efficiencies in individual plasma membrane-derived vesicles. Our results demonstrate that both the wild-type and the mutant are 100% dimeric, suggesting that the Neu TM helix dimerizes more efficiently than other RTK TM domains in mammalian membranes. Furthermore, the data suggest that the V664E mutation causes a very small, but statistically significant change in dimer structure. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Interfacially Active Peptides and Proteins. Guest Editors: William C. Wimley and Kalina Hristova.
“Soft docking”: Matching of molecular surface cubes

Molecular recognition is achieved through the complementarity of molecular surface structures and energetics with, most commonly, associated minor conformational changes. This complementarity can take many forms: charge-charge interaction, hydrogen bonding, van der Waals' interaction, and the size and shape of surfaces. We describe a method that exploits these features to predict the sites of interactions between two cognate molecules given their three-dimensional structures. We have developed a "cube representation" of molecular surface and volume which enables us not only to design a simple algorithm for a six-dimensional search but also to allow implicitly the effects of the conformational changes caused by complex formation. The present molecular docking procedure may be divided into two stages. The first is the selection of a population of complexes by geometric "soft docking", in which surface structures of two interacting molecules are matched with each other, allowing minor conformational changes implicitly, on the basis of complementarity in size and shape, close packing, and the absence of steric hindrance. The second is a screening process to identify a subpopulation with many favorable energetic interactions between the buried surface areas. Once the size of the subpopulation is small, one may further screen to find the correct complex based on other criteria or constraints obtained from biochemical, genetic, and theoretical studies, including visual inspection. We have tested the present method in two ways. First is a control test in which we docked the components of a molecular complex of known crystal structure available in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). Two molecular complexes were used: (1) a ternary complex of dihydrofolate reductase, NADPH and methotrexate (3DFR in PDB) and (2) a binary complex of trypsin and trypsin inhibitor (2PTC in PDB). The components of each complex were taken apart at an arbitrary relative orientation and then docked together again. The results show that the geometric docking alone is sufficient to determine the correct docking solutions in these ideal cases, and that the cube representation of the molecules does not degrade the docking process in the search for the correct solution. The second is the more realistic experiment in which we docked the crystal structures of uncomplexed molecules and then compared the structures of docked complexes with the crystal structures of the corresponding complexes. This is to test the capability of our method in accommodating the effects of the conformational changes in the binding sites of the molecules in docking.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Between-and within-subjects partial reinforcement effects as a function of response alternatives

The between- and within-subjects partial reinforcement effect (PRE) was studied in 24 hooded rats with either one or two levers present in the test chamber. The between-groups analysis resulted in a conventional PRE for both one-and two-lever groups, but the effect of one vs. two levers was not significant. The within-subjects analysis yielded a significant reversed PRE (higher responding to the CRF stimulus). An analysis of errors in the two-lever groups yielded the following: (1) During acquisition, CRF produced fewer errors than PRF both between and within subjects, (2) within-subjects training yielded better discrimination than between-groups training, (3) during extinction, there was a large increase in errors in the between- and within-subjects CRF condition, and (4) the percent errors during extinction were greater with CRF than PRF in the within-subjects comparison, but not in the between-groups comparison.
Hemocoel distribution of concanavalin A among the tissues of Manduca sexta following bacterial injection

Abstract It was found that the glucose/mannose lectin 14 CH 3 -concanavalin A (Con A), when injected into the hemocoel of Manduca sexta larvae together with bacteria, was associated with the nodules which form. Distribution of Con A within immune structures involved its association with specific hemocytes as well as the area between them. The non-lectin control 14 CH 3 ,-bovine serum albumin did not concentrate in immune structures, so it is tentatively assumed that the interaction of Con A is of a specific nature, presumably as a result of its lectin activity.
Review and model-based analysis of factors influencing soil carbon sequestration under hybrid poplar

Abstract The potential for soil carbon (C) sequestration under short-rotation woody crops, like hybrid poplar ( Populus spp.), is a significant uncertainty in our understanding of how managed tree plantations might be used to partially offset increasing atmospheric CO 2 concentrations. Through development of a multi-compartment model, we reviewed information from studies on hybrid poplar and analyzed the potential impact of changes in plant traits and nitrogen (N) fertilization on soil C storage. For a hypothetical setting in the southeastern U.S.A., and starting from soils that are relatively depleted in organic matter (2.5 kg C m −2 ), the model predicted an increase in mineral soil C stocks (1.7 kg C m −2 ) over four 7-year rotations of hybrid poplar. However, at the end of the fourth rotation, both cumulative soil C gains and annual rates of soil C accrual (23–93 g C m −2 yr −1 ) varied widely depending on fertilization rate, biomass yield, and rates of dead root decomposition (three factors that were examined in a factorial model-based experiment). Our analysis indicated that processes linked to genetically modifiable poplar traits (aboveground biomass production, belowground C allocation, root decomposition) are potential controls on soil C sequestration. Key measures of model performance were sensitive to how aboveground biomass production responded to N fertilization. Site specific properties that were independent of plant traits were also important to predicted soil C accumulation and point to possible genotype x site interactions that may explain contradictory data from both empirical and theoretical studies of C sequestration under hybrid poplar plantations.
Evidence for new sulfate particle formation in the remote troposphere involving biogenic trace gas species

Findings from earlier field studies (Weber et al., 1995; Weber et al., 1997) showed that rates of new particle formation in the remote troposphere can be significantly higher than those predicted by classical heteromolecular sulfuric acid water (H$04-H20) nucleation theory (Jaecker-Voirol and Mirabel, 1989). We have speculated that higher rates may be due to the participation of ammonia (NH3) through a ternary mechanism involving H#04-NH3Hz0 (Weber et al., 1996). Airborne measurements made in the vicinity of Macquarie Island during the first Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE 1) support the hypothesis that participation of additional species can result in particle formation rates that significantly exceed rates for H$S04-Hz0 nucleation (Weber et al., 1998a).
Why small hermit crabs have large shells

Frequent shell exchanges among hermit crabs imply the enigmatic circumstance that large crabs frequently obtain large shells from smaller crabs. This seeming anomaly is explored as a key to the shell resource system. It is hypothesized to reflect how, where, and how often shells become available to the crabs. Shells become available infrequently, as snails die, and are available to the crabs for only a brief time before they become inaccessible. The standing crop of empty shells is almost always low and is irrelevant to rates of shell turnover in the crab population. Crabs are most likely to encounter shells of the wrong size, and the chance of encountering a shell of the desired size decreases as a crab grows. Snails and crabs are usually found on different portions of the shore; thus, crabs must make “foraging trips” for shells. Under this regime of shell supply, a crab will get a suitable shell the fastest when it accepts any fresh shell that is larger than its initial shell. It can then trade with other crabs to improve its shell fit. This behavior will make small crabs into a regular source of large shells for large crabs, and a shell exchange ritual will be strongly favored because both participants will benefit. Shells are an unusual resource because they are the object of both competitive and mutualistic interactions. This ambiguous quality is revealed in the intraspecific and interspecific responses of crabs to each other and to shells.
Incarnation and Process Philosophy

The purpose of this article is to develop a Christian doctrine of the Incarnation in the light of a process philosophy of the type expounded by A. N. Whitehead and E. S. Brightman. Rather than offer at this time a detailed defence either of the idea of incarnation or of process philosophy, I wish to show that the two can be coherently related in such a way that each receives a greater degree of completion and clarity. Of course risks are unavoidable in any attempt to make Athens and Jerusalem respond to one another. But the risks and losses would be even greater if the way of isolation and of mutually ignoring one another were accepted.
Behavioral Assessment and Treatment of Anxiety in Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities and Autism

Individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) and autism spectrum disorders may be at increased risk for anxiety disorders. Unfortunately, research on the assessment and treatment of anxiety disorders in individuals with ID has lagged behind that related to typically developing individuals. This paper reviews the existing literature and also draws from the research on anxiety in typically developing persons as a basis for discussing the behavioral assessment and treatment techniques applicable to individuals with ID and autism who also have anxiety. Challenges in identifying anxiety in this population are discussed and methods of behavioral assessment discussed include rating scales, behavioral interviews, direct observation of behavior, and physiological measures are reviewed. Treatment procedures discussed include graduated exposure and reinforcement.
Cytotoxic studies in human newborns: Lessened allogeneic cell-induced (augmented) cytotoxicity but strong lymphokine-activated cytotoxicity of cord mononuclear cells

Abstract Nonspecific cytotoxic responses such as natural killer activity can be increased in vitro by incubating effector cells with soluble factors or allogeneic cells. We sought to determine if newborn cells, known to be deficient in most cytotoxic responses, including resting NK activity, could develop enhanced cytotoxic responses following incubation with allogeneic cells (augmented cytotoxicity) or with lymphokines (lymphokine-activated cytotoxicity). Cord whole mononuclear cells (WMC) incubated with irradiated Raji cells for 5 days develop lower levels of cytotoxicity toward K562 targets at both a 20:1 effector:target (E:T) ratio (39 ± 2.7% vs 49 ± 3.6%) and a 10:1 E:T ratio (29 ± 2.6% vs 40 ± 3.6%) than do adult cells. Lessened specific cytotoxicity of cord cells developed toward the sensitizing Raji cells was also observed at both E:T ratios. Attempts to enhance the induced cytotoxicity by incubation with interferon or isoprinosine were unsuccessful. In contrast, lymphokine (i.e., interleukin 2)-activated killer (LAK) cytotoxicity is not deficient in cord WMC. Indeed, the level of LAK cytotoxicity is equivalent to that observed with similarly treated adult cells despite a lower baseline level of cytotoxicity toward the target cells. In the presence of purified IL-2 for 5 days, cord WMC cytotoxicity against K562 cells increased from 12 ± 2.6 to 71 ± 4.2% and against Raji cells increased from 9.6 ± 2.5 to 48 ± 6.7%. Similarly treated adult cells increased their killing against K562 from 23 ± 4.2 to 61 ± 4.5% and against Raji from 12 ± 3.0 to 36 ± 5.3%. This substantial lymphokine-activated cytotoxicity of newborn cells suggests the possibility of therapeutic intervention with purified lymphokines in neonatal infections or neoplasms.
Definitions of key terms used in the NNIS System

For valid comparisons with the published NNIS nosocomial infection rates, hospitals must define data elements in the same way. Definitions for infections, risk factors, and populations monitored are specified in the NNIS System, but thus far only infection definitions and the list of NNIS operative procedure categories have been published. This article defines other key terms used in the NNIS System.
Evaluation of Teratogenic Potential of Codeine Sulfate in CF-1 Mice

The most prominent defect of codeine sulfate, 100 mg/kg sc, was delayed ossification of the supraoccipital bone, paws, xiphoid, and sternebrae as well as other sternebral defects such as checkerboard sternebrae and polysternebrae. Although these anomalies were similar to the minor defects seen in the fetuses of morphine sulfate-treated mice, the major anomalies such as exencephaly, cryptorchid testes, and rib and vertebral fusions produced by morphine were not present in the fetuses of mice challenged with codeine. Thus, codeine sulfate appears to be less teratogenic than morphine sulfate. A review of the incidences of the various defects in mice treated on a single day with codeine showed that there was a range of days on which the mouse fetus was susceptible to codeine's teratogenic effects, with the most critical days of gestation being Days 8-10. Furthermore, a comparison of the defects that occurred in those treated on both Days 8 and 9 with the defects that occurred in those treated on a single day of gestation reveals an additive or cumulative teratogenic response to codeine.
Applications of Fat Grafting in Facial Aesthetic Skeletal Surgery

Background: Aesthetic skeletal surgery of the face is a powerful tool to alter the facial skeleton; the facial form is enhanced through the use of alloplastic implants and osteotomies of the facial bones. However, the ultimate aesthetic appearance is dictated by how the soft tissue envelope drapes over the altered skeletal foundation. Intraoperative and postoperative fat grafting enhances the final aesthetic result in patients who undergo skeletal aesthetic procedures. Objectives: The authors describe cases in which selective fat grafting has been successful in optimizing facial soft tissue symmetry in patients undergoing skeletal aesthetic surgery of the face. Methods: A retrospective chart review of all patients who underwent aesthetic skeletal surgery of the face between November 1, 2003, and October 31, 2011, in the Department of Surgery at Georgetown University Hospital was performed, and any patient who required fat grafting either at the time of aesthetic facial skeletal surgery or in the postoperative period was identified (n = 21). Common indications for fat grafting and the surgical plans are reviewed and presented in this article. Results: Twenty-one patients were identified who required 37 fat grafting procedures either at the time of aesthetic skeletal surgery of the face or in the postoperative period. The procedures most frequently requiring fat grafting were genioplasty, facial shape modifications, and facial symmetry improvement. Fat grafting most commonly corrected irregularities or asymmetries and improved the soft tissue contour overlying repositioned bone or alloplastic implants. Most patients were female (72%) with a mean age of 42 years (range, 4–58 years). There were 4 complications in total: 3 surgical site infections (managed conservatively in 1 patient and with incision and drainage in the remaining 2) and 1 hematoma requiring drainage and closure on the day of surgery. Conclusions: Knowledge of which procedures are likely to require fat grafting and the techniques for doing so can improve the plastic surgeon's ability to provide optimal aesthetic results following facial skeletal alterations.
Neural correlates of verbal and nonverbal semantic integration in children with autism spectrum disorders

Background: Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder characterized by deficits in social-emotional, social-communicative, and language skills. Behavioral and neuroimaging studies have found that children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) evidence abnormalities in semantic processing, with particular difficulties in verbal comprehension. However, it is not known whether these semantic deficits are confined to the verbal domain or represent a more general problem with semantic processing. The focus of the current study was to investigate verbal and meaningful nonverbal semantic processing in high-functioning children with autism (mean age = 5.8 years) using event-related potentials (ERPs). Method: ERPs were recorded while children attended to semantically matching and mismatching picture–word and picture–environmental sound pairs. Results: ERPs of typically developing children exhibited evidence of semantic incongruency detection in both the word and environmental sound conditions, as indexed by elicitation of an N400 effect. In contrast, children with ASD showed an N400 effect in the environmental sound condition but not in the word condition. Conclusions: These results provide evidence for a deficiency in the automatic activation of semantic representations in children with ASD, and suggest that this deficit is somewhat more selective to, or more severe in, the verbal than the nonverbal domain.
Diallyl trisulfide‐induced apoptosis in human cancer cells is linked to checkpoint kinase 1‐mediated mitotic arrest

Growth suppressive effect of diallyl trisulfide (DATS), a promising cancer chemopreventive constituent of garlic, against cultured human cancer cells correlates with checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1)-mediated mitotic arrest, but the fate of the cells arrested in mitosis remains elusive. Using LNCaP and HCT-116 human cancer cells as a model, we now demonstrate that the Chk1-mediated mitotic arrest resulting from DATS exposure leads to apoptosis. The DATS exposure resulted in G2 phase and mitotic arrest in both LNCaP and HCT-116 cell lines. The G2 arrest was accompanied by down-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1), cell division cycle (Cdc) 25B, and Cdc25C leading to Tyr15 phosphorylation of Cdk1 (inactivation). The DATS-mediated mitotic arrest correlated with inactivation of anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome as evidenced by accumulation of its substrates cyclinB1 and securin. The DATS treatment increased activating phosphorylation of Chk1 (Ser317) and transient transfection with Chk1-targeted siRNA conferred significant protection against DATS-induced mitotic arrest in both cell lines. The Chk1 protein knockdown also afforded partial yet statistically significant protection against apoptotic DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 activation resulting from DATS exposure in both LNCaP and HCT-116 cells. Even though DATS treatment resulted in stabilization and Ser15 phosphorylation of p53, the knockdown of p53 protein failed to rescue DATS-induced mitotic arrest. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that Chk1-dependence of DATS-induced mitotic arrest in human cancer cells is not influenced by the p53 status and cells arrested in mitosis upon DATS exposure are driven to apoptotic DNA fragmentation.
Individualized Plan of Care for the Geriatric Patient With Acetabular Fracture

Elderly adults currently represent the most rapidly growing segment of the patient population. As the number of geriatric patients increases, the incidence of acetabular fractures in this population can be expected to increase as well. Optimal management of these injuries is controversial. Patient factors, such as preinjury functional level, medical comorbidities, and poor bone quality, can confound the treatment plan, as can injury characteristics, such as fracture pattern and articular damage. Although open reduction and internal fixation has been advocated as the gold standard for any displaced acetabular fracture, in the elderly patient alternatives, including percutaneous fixation and total hip arthroplasty, either acute or delayed, should be considered. Exact indications for each of these options are often unclear. Although it is helpful to follow a logical algorithm in determining the best management for the geriatric acetabular fracture, the importance of individualizing treatment cannot be overemphasized.
Molecular Weight and N-Terminal Amino Acids of the Proteins of the Phosvitin Fraction of Avian Egg Yolk

Abstract Molecular weight and N-terminal amino acid analyses of the proteins of egg yolk phosvitin were made using SDS acrylamide disc gel and phenylisothiocyanate techniques, respectively. A total of 18 protein fractions were found with molecular weights ranging from 1.24 × 104 to 1.19 × 105. No proteins were found with molecular weight between 2.18 to 7.18 × 104. Five different N-terminal amino acids were detected throughout 10 sections consisting of 13 bands from preparatory acrylamide gels, namely, alanine, arginine, asparagine, glutamine and threonine.
Characteristics of emergency department transfers for hand surgery consultation

Background The purpose of this study was to establish the characteristics of patients who are transferred from referring emergency departments (EDs) to two receiving institutions for hand-related emergencies. Our primary hypothesis was that many transferred patients would not require emergent specialty intervention. Our secondary hypotheses were that treatment would differ by day of presentation and type of insurance coverage.
Afadin controls p120-catenin – ZO-1 interactions leading to endothelial barrier enhancement by oxidized phospholipids

Afadin is a novel regulator of epithelial cell junctions assembly. However, its role in the formation of endothelial cell junctions and the regulation of vascular permeability remains obscure. We previously described protective effects of oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (OxPAPC) in the in vitro and in vivo models of lung endothelial barrier dysfunction and acute lung injury, which were mediated by Rac GTPase. This study examined a role of afadin in the OxPAPC-induced enhancement of interactions between adherens junctions and tight junctions as a novel mechanism of endothelial cell (EC) barrier preservation. OxPAPC induced Rap1-dependent afadin accumulation at the cell periphery and Rap1-dependent afadin interaction with adherens junction and tight junction proteins p120-catenin and ZO-1, respectively. Afadin knockdown using siRNA or ectopic expression of afadin mutant lacking Rap1 GTPase binding domain suppressed OxPAPC-induced EC barrier enhancement and abolished barrier protective effects of OxPAPC against thrombin-induced EC permeability. Afadin knockdown also abolished protective effects of OxPAPC against ventilator-induced lung injury in vivo. These results demonstrate for the first time a critical role of afadin in the regulation of vascular barrier function in vitro and in vivo via coordination of adherens junction-tight junction interactions.