cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Environmental heterogeneity mediates a cross‐ecosystem trophic cascade

1. The flow of energy and nutrients across ecosystem boundaries can have significant community-wide effects, but the role of productivity of the recipient habitat in mediating these effects remains unclear. This is especially true when organisms moving across ecosystem boundaries serve simultaneously as predators and prey. 2. In this study, the effects of odonates, primarily Enallagma civile (Hagen), on a salt marsh system were examined. Cages were used to exclude odonate predators, but not other arthropods, from experimental plots of the sea oxeye daisy, Borrichia frutescens (L.) in high and low productivity areas. The effects were assessed on the in situ arthropod community and the host plant. 3. There were strong direct effects of predation on the herbivores Pissonotus quadripustulatus Van Duzee and Asphondylia borrichiae Rossi and Strong, with higher densities where damselflies were excluded. Damselflies also served as prey for web-building spiders. This resulted in lower spider densities inside cages, and a positive indirect effect on grasshopper densities. 4. Direct and indirect effects of odonates were greater in the high productivity area, resulting in a trophic cascade, with greater damage and reduced flowering and density of the host plant inside cages. 5. The results of this study support the subsidy hypothesis and show that theoretical models of trophic dynamics, which were developed to explain exchanges within ecosystems, may have predictive and explanatory value for exchanges across ecosystems as well.
Social Preservationists and the Quest for Authentic Community

In contemporary urban and rural America there is a social process separate and distinct from gentrification: social preservation. Social preservation is the culturally motivated choice of certain p...
Positive Solutions of Second Order Systems of Boundary Value Problems

Abstract The existence of nonnegative solutions of boundary value problems of the form x″(t) + λa(t) ƒ(x(t), y(t)) = 0 y ″( t ) + λb ( t ) g ( x ( t ), y ( t )) = 0 x (0) = x (1) = y (0) = y (1) = 0 is investigated where ƒ and g are functions from R p × R q into R p and R q , respectively, and a , b are functions defined on [0, 1] with values in the spaces of diagonal matrices of order p and q , respectively. All functions are assumed to be continuous and nonnegativity as well as monotonicity and growth conditions are imposed on ƒ and g ; the existence results hold for a bounded interval of values of λ if ƒ and g are assumed to grow fast and have only nonzero values while if ƒ(0, 0) = 0, g (0, 0) = 0 it is shown that under reasonable conditions there exists a nontrivial nonnegative solution for every λ > 0.
Beryllium phytotoxicity in soybeans

A greenhouse study was conducted to assess the effects of soil-applied beryllium (Be) on the growth and Be content of soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], grown on acid southeastern soils under limed and unlimed conditions. This study was conducted using a factorial design, with two soil types varying in clay content (Blanton sand, a loamy, siliceous, thermic Grossarenic Paleudult; and Orangeburg loamy sand, a loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Paleudult), two soil treatments (limed and unlimed) and five Be concentrations (0, 25, 50, 100, and 150 mg Be kg−1 t soil). Addition of Be to unlimed Blanton soil had the most toxic effects of all treatment combinations; at the 150 mg Be kg−1 treatment plant biomass was reduced as much as 90% and plant Be concentration was as high as 226 mg Be kg−1. Beryllium concentrations were greater in plants grown in a soil low in clay (Blanton soil). Liming of soils treated with Be resulted in lowered tissue Be concentrations in plants grown on either soil type.
Simplified Relationships for Particle-Size Distribution and Permeation Groutability Limits for Soils

The particle-size distribution of soil with mean particle size and fines content are used not only in soil classifications but also in a number of other soil property relationships. In this study, two simple relationships (hyperbolic [tan h(x)] and S-curve) were investigated to represent the particle size distribution of soils. The parameters of the hyperbolic model were correlated to various soil parameters such as the mean particle size, particle size range, and fines content. There was no direct correlation between Fredlund (four-parameter model) and S-curve model parameters and the soil parameters. The predictions of the two (hyperbolic) and three (S-curve) parameter models were compared to the four-parameter model (unimodal) using limited soil data from the literature and the agreements were good. The hyperbolic model was used to map the Unified Soil Classification System. A recent study had quantified the relationship between the grouting pressure and the fines content in nonplastic soils. Also in the current practice, upper and lower particle-size distribution limits are used in determining the groutability of soils. In this study, the relationship between grouting pressure and fines contents of the soil was generalized using the hyperbolic particle-size distribution model and verified with a groutability study using an acrylamide grout. Based on limited data in the literature, the groutability of soils was defined using a new set of parameters, grouting pressure, fines content, and mean particle size diameter of the soil.
Mobile-Electron Ising Ferromagnet

The general mobile-electron Ising ferromagnet (introduced by Fisher) is described, and its properties discussed: Electrons migrate over a lattice of spin-\textonehalf{} ions; when there are $k$ electrons on the bond ($i, j$), their energy is ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{k}$ and they induce an Ising spin coupling between the spins $i$ and $j$. The mean number of electrons per bond $n$ is determined by the condition of electroneutrality. The model can be solved exactly in terms of the free energy of the underlying lattice and exhibits renormalized critical exponents: in the three-dimensional model, these are $\ensuremath{\beta}=0.33\ensuremath{-}0.36$, $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\simeq}1.43$, and ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}\ensuremath{\simeq}\ensuremath{-}0.14$. The behavior of the simplest ferromagnetic model with $k=0, 1, or 2$ and $n=2$ depends, for a fixed mode of electron-ion coupling, only on $n$ and $\ensuremath{\epsilon}=2{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{1}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{0}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}$. The variation of the critical point with $n$, $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$, and the coupling energies is studied, and the behavior of the energy, magnetization, specific heat, and susceptibility is investigated. For certain parametric ranges, it is found that the spontaneous magnetization initially increases with $T$. The model exhibits a critical concentration for ordering ($n={r}_{c}$), and also a lower critical temperature below which ${M}_{0}(T)$ again vanishes. A brief survey of related models exhibiting one or the other of these properties is presented.
Interval to delivery in high-risk patients: do tocolytic agents really work?

Abstract Some question whether tocolytic drugs reduce uterine activity and prolong gestation. The interval from discontinuance of tocolytics until spontaneous labor and delivery in patients (n = 69) with documented preterm labor (PTL) versus subjects receiving prophylactic tocolytic therapy (n = 41) was studied. Women with documented PTL delivered sooner after cessation of tocolytics (6.1 ± 6.9 days) than control (C) patients (14.7 ± 10.8 days, P
The spatial temporal response of the Limulus eye neural set.

Abstract The Limulus lateral eye provides an example of a neural set showing lateral inhibition. Experimental evidence suggests the use of a linear, time-invariant, spatio-temporal, differential-integral equation as an approximation describing the set. A general solution is obtained by the Fourier and Laplace transform methods. The temporal pattern of the neural response depends both on the subset interactions and the intrinsic dynamics of component subsets. Since subset interaction strengths depend on the spatial frequencies (pattern) of the input light intensity, the output time response from the whole set depends on the input spatial frequencies. A possible temporal code for spatial patterns is discussed.
Modeling of microstructure evolution of athermal transformation of lath martensite

Martensitic microstructures in steels provide the strength and toughness required for the dynamic loads experienced by construction and mining machines. Such microstructures are produced with appropriate heat treatments. A physics based model has been developed to represent the microstructure evolution during the martensitic transformation. This modeling has been used to understand the role of as-quenched microstructure on subsequent processing. This paper describes modeling the martensitic transformation in steels under different cooling rates. The model described in this paper has been validated with a medium carbon, low alloy steel.
Brain morphometric correlates of metabolic variables in HIV: the CHARTER study

Obesity and other metabolic variables are associated with abnormal brain structural volumes and cognitive dysfunction in HIV-uninfected populations. Since individuals with HIV infection on combined antiretroviral therapy (CART) often have systemic metabolic abnormalities and changes in brain morphology and function, we examined associations among brain volumes and metabolic factors in the multisite CNS HIV AntiRetroviral Therapy Effects Research (CHARTER) cohort, cross-sectional study of 222 HIV-infected individuals. Metabolic variables included body mass index (BMI), total blood cholesterol (C), low- and high-density lipoprotein C (LDL-C and HDL-C), blood pressure, random blood glucose, and diabetes. MRI measured volumes of cerebral white matter, abnormal white matter, cortical and subcortical gray matter, and ventricular and sulcal CSF. Multiple linear regression models allowed us to examine metabolic variables separately and in combination to predict each regional volume. Greater BMI was associated with smaller cortical gray and larger white matter volumes. Higher total cholesterol (C) levels were associated with smaller cortex volumes; higher LDL-C was associated with larger cerebral white matter volumes, while higher HDL-C levels were associated with larger sulci. Higher blood glucose levels and diabetes were associated with more abnormal white matter. Multiple atherogenic metabolic factors contribute to regional brain volumes in HIV-infected, CART-treated patients, reflecting associations similar to those found in HIV-uninfected individuals. These risk factors may accelerate cerebral atherosclerosis and consequent brain alterations and cognitive dysfunction.
Equine glaucoma: state of the art.

Summary Understanding and awareness of equine glaucoma has significantly improved in recent years. The availability of portable tonometers and veterinarian/owner awareness has increased the frequency of glaucoma as a clinical diagnosis. A variety of medications for the medical management of equine glaucoma have been evaluated and the addition of lasers has improved the surgical treatment of equine glaucoma. Despite this, equine glaucoma is an insidious and painful disease that probably remains under diagnosed and often results in blindness in the affected eye.
Graphs for use with the Lilliefors Test for Normal and Exponential Distributions

Abstract Graphs are presented on which the empirical distribution function can be plotted to test the assumption of normality by the Lilliefors test. A second set of graphs is presented for using the Lilliefors test on exponential distributions. The graphs allow for tests at the 10 percent, 5 percent, and 1 percent levels of significance. Use of these graphs makes it easy for students in a first course in statistics to test normal and exponential distributions without having to unravel the mystery associated with putting together a chi-squared goodness-of-fit test.
The use of toxicologic data in mechanistic risk assessment: 1,3-butadiene as a case study.

The National Research Council (NRC) recently published a report, Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment, that critiqued the current approaches to characterizing human cancer risks from exposure to chemicals. One issue raised in the report relates to the use of default options for quantitation of cancer risks. Default options are general guidelines that can be used for risk assessment when specific information about a chemical is absent. Research on 1,3-butadiene represents an interesting case study in which existing knowledge on this chemical indicates that two default options may no longer be tenable: (1) humans are as sensitive as the most sensitive animal species, and (2) the rate of metabolism is a function of body surface area rather than inherent species differences in metabolic capacity. Butadiene, a major commodity chemical used in the production of synthetic rubber, is listed as one of 189 hazardous air pollutants under the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. Butadiene is a carcinogen in rats and mice, with mice being substantially more sensitive than rats. The extent to which butadiene poses a cancer risk to humans exposed to this chemical is uncertain. Butadiene requires metabolic activation to DNA-reactive epoxides to exert its mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. Research is directed toward obtaining a better understanding of the cancer risks of butadiene in humans by evaluating species-dependent differences in the formation of the toxic butadiene epoxide metabolites, epoxybutene and diepoxybutane. The data include in-vitro studies on butadiene metabolism using tissues from humans, rats, and mice as well as experimental data and physiological model predictions for butadiene in blood and butadiene epoxides in blood, lung, and liver after exposure of rats and mice to inhaled butadiene. The findings suggest that humans are more like rats and less like mice regarding the formation of butadiene epoxides. The research approach employed can be a useful strategy for developing mechanistic and toxicokinetic data to supplant default options used in carcinogen risk assessments for butadiene.
Does exposure to HLA alloantigens trigger immunoregulatory mechanisms operative in both pregnancy and AIDS

Abstract The complex biological processes responsible for regulating the immune system are presently the subject of considerable interest and study. New insight into this process comes from a variety of observations and it is the purpose of this communication to develop the hypothesis that two seemingly quite disparate observations point to a common biological mechanism bearing on immunoregulation. The observations concern the unique immunologic relationship between mother and fetus and the immunoregulatory abnormalities encountered in HIV-induced acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Exposure to foreign (allo) major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens can potentially occur during pregnancy, the transfusion of blood or blood products, or anal insemination. The hypothesis, in its simplest form, states that such MHC alloantigenic exposure triggers a sequence of immunoregulatory mechanisms resulting in immunosuppression and that this response has evolved in placental mammals as a means of protecting the fetus from maternal immune rejection and promoting optimal fetal development.
Interdisciplinary database collaborations (abstract only)

Databases play a major role across many disciplines for the storage and retrieval of information. Many database educators are establishing collaborations with colleagues representing a diverse spectrum of interests, for both research and pedagogical purposes. Further, the range of cooperating disciplines is expanding, as evidenced by the emergence of new fields such as computational journalism, as well as by the proliferation of discipline-specific dialects of XML. The goal of this Birds-of-a-Feather session is to bring database educators together to share their experiences on interdisciplinary collaborations in an open dialogue that is fostered by this format.
Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of wild perennial relatives of soybean

Total DNA from callus tissue of 28 accessions representing seven wild perennial Glycine species was compared using recombinant genomic probes derived from G. max, the soybean. Using two probes, we show that this molecular approach both confirms and extends the model for the taxonomic relationships between the species derived from morphological and cytogenetic data, and that it provides clear evidence that RFLP analysis of genomic sequences has the potential for revealing the derivation of the member species of the wild perennial Glycine taxon. Although, in this preliminary report, the sample size for each species is small, it is clear that the greatest between-accession variation occurs in G. tabacina (B2B2) and G. clandestine (A1A1), suggesting that these may be the taxa from which further speciation occurred in the subgenus.
The Hydroclimatology of Kuwait: Explaining the Variability of Rainfall at Seasonal and Interannual Time Scales

This paper presents an analysis of the spatial, seasonal, and interannual variabilities of Kuwaiti rainfall. Based on an analysis of rain gauge, as well as satellite, datasets, it is estimated that about 110–190 mm of rainfall occurs annually in Kuwait, depending on the dataset sampled. The corresponding estimates for the standard deviations of the annual rainfall are about 40–70 mm. Discrepancies between values arise from the different techniques used in constructing each dataset. Moreover, the spatial distribution of annual rainfall features a gradual increase from the southwest to the northeast. A distinct rainy season occurs from November to April, with double peaks in January and March. In addition, the seasonal variability of rainfall is associated with shifts in patterns of midlatitude storm tracks, which propagate southward toward the Middle East during the winter and spring season. These trends are characterized using estimates of the spatial correlations of rainfall in Kuwait with the surrounding region. At the interannual time scale, significant correlation is found between the tropical El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and annual rainfall anomalies. Similar weak correlations are found between midlatitude rainfall in Europe and rainfall in Kuwait. The weak connections observed with both tropical and midlatitude atmospheric systems are consistent with the fact that Kuwait is located in the transitional zone between the tropics and midlatitudes.
The Role of Patch Angioplasty in Prevention of Early Recurrent Carotid Stenosis

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of primary closure versus patch angioplasty on the incidence of early recurrent stenosis after carotid endarterectomy in the hands of a single surgeon, and to analyze the risk factors associated with early recurrent stenosis after carotid endarterectomy. A retrospective review was performed of 178 consecutive patients who underwent 200 carotid endarterectomies—100 done consecutively with primary closure and 100 done consecutively with patch angioplasty. Of these patients, 126 qualified for analysis by having had at least 18 months of follow-up by serial duplex scanning. Of this group, the first 65 patients underwent 75 routine primary closures, while the last 61 underwent 67 routine patch angioplasties. All patients underwent a completion angiogram at the end of the case. Recurrent stenosis was defined as luminal diameter narrowing >60% on duplex scan. A multifactorial analysis was performed to analyze the effect of age, sex, tobacco use, diabetes, hypertension, peripheral vascular disease, coronary artery disease, and contralateral stenosis on recurrent stenosis. The results of this study showed that in a single surgeon's experience with carotid endarterectomy, varying only the method of closure between primary closure versus patch angioplasty, there is no statistically significant difference in the rate of early restenosis. No difference was noted in the perioperative morbidity and mortality between groups.
Contribution and solvency risk in a defined benefit pension scheme

Abstract This paper presents a stochastic investment model for a defined benefit pension scheme, in the presence of IID real rates of return. The spread method of adjustment to the normal cost is used to deal with surpluses or deficiencies. Two types of risk are identified, the “contribution rate risk” and the “solvency risk” which are concerned with the stability of the contributions and the security of the pension fund, respectively. A performance criterion is introduced to deal with the simultaneous minimisation of these two risks, using the fraction of the unfunded liability paid off (k) or the spread period (M) as the control variable. A full numerical investigation of the optimal values of k and M is provided. The results lead to practical conclusions about the optimal funding strategy and, hence, about the optimal choice of the contribution rate subject to the constraints needed for the convergence of the performance criterion.
Niche graphs and mixed pair graphs of tournaments

In our efforts to study the niche graph of a tournament T, we have found it easier to study the complement, which we call the “mixed pair” graph of T and denote MP(T). We show that an undirected graph G is MP(T), for some tournament T, if and only if G is one of the following: a cycle of odd order, a path of even order, a forest of odd order consisting of two paths, a forest of even order consisting of three paths, or a forest of four or more paths. (In this description, we consider an isolated vertex to be a path.) © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Graph Theory 31: 319–332, 1999
Semantic interference from objects both in and out of a scene context.

Prior studies have found that, despite the intentions of the participants, objects automatically activate their semantic representations; however, this research examined only objects presented in isolation without a background context. The present set of experiments examined the automaticity issue for objects presented in isolation as well as in scenes. In Experiments 1 and 2, words were categorized more slowly when they were embedded inside incongruent objects (e.g., the word chair in a picture of a duck) than inside neutral nonobjects, suggesting that the meanings of the objects were activated despite participants' intentions. A new interference task was introduced in Experiment 3. When the same objects and words from the first 2 experiments were inserted into scenes in which those objects were probable or improbable, interference occurred from probable pictured objects but not from improbable pictured objects. Implications for theories of automaticity and models of object identification are discussed.
Flame zone and sub-surface reaction model for deflagrating RDX

A study of 1,3,5 Trinitro Hexahydro 1,3,5 Triazine, RDX, burning as a monopropellant was undertaken to obtain a better understanding of the important chemical steps that control heat feedback to the condensed phase, to determine the contributions of the liquid layer, and to provide a means of evaluating theories for modifying the burning rate of nitramines. The following chemical mechanism is proposed: first, partial decomposition of the RDX molecule in the liquid phase; second, following vaporization, gas phase decomposition of RDX; third, oxidation of formaldehyde by NO2. The flame structure and liquid layer reactions of deflagrating RDX were expressed in terms of the energy, continuity, and species equations corresponding to RDX decomposing in liquid and gaseous phases and the NO2/CH2O reactions adjacent to the surface. In addition to the temperature profile and burning rate, the numerical solution provides the details of the interactions at the liquid/gas interface and the concentration profiles for the nine most prominent species. Using published kinetic data, the calculated results reveal that even though the liquid layer becomes thinner with increasing pressure, the increase in surface temperature causes its heat feedback contribution to increase. The pressure sensitivity of burning rate between 0.7 and 0.8 is interpreted in terms of the relative contributions of gas phase and liquid layer RDX decomposition and the oxidation of CH2O. In particular, as pressure increases, the contribution from liquid layer reactions and the second order, NO2/CH2O reaction become more prominent.
940 RELATIVE ALKALOSIS IN MILDLY DISTRESSED TERM NEONATES

The buffering reserve of mildly distressed term neonates was studied in 15 tachypneic babies with a clinically suspected aspiration syndrome, 8 of whom received HCO3 therapy (Rx+) and 7 of whom did not (Rx−). Both groups had mean 1-min Apgar scores <5 and remained more tachypneic than controls (CON, N=17) during Days 1-4 of life. There were no differences in wt loss, birth wt, gestational age or O2 requirement among the 3 groups and there was no difference in respiratory rate between Rx+ and Rx−.
Percutaneous biliary reconstruction: A report of two cases utilizing "blunt" recanalization and "rendezvous" techniques

We present two cases where percutaneous transhepatic intervention provided initial and definitive therapy following early and late diagnosis of bile duct transection by blunt abdominal trauma.
Experimental investigation of air conditioning system using evaporative cooling condenser

Abstract This paper presents an experimental investigation of the Coefficient of Performance (COP)’s augmentation of an air conditioning system utilizing an evaporative cooling condenser. The experimental facility consisted of four major components, which are, the compressor, the evaporator, the thermal expansion valve, and the condenser. An evaporative cooling unit was located upstream from the condenser. Thermal parameters, such as relative humidity, dry bulb temperature, and wet bulb temperature were measured to evaluate the effect of in-direct evaporative cooling on the system's COP. The results indicated an inverse relation between the condenser inlet dry bulb temperature and the COP. The changes in specific enthalpy of the air across the evaporative cooled condenser were due to latent heat transfer and sensible heat exchanges, whereas the specific enthalpy changes for the conventional condenser were primarily caused by sensible heat exchanges. By using the evaporative cooling condenser to pre-cool the air, the saturation temperature drop through the condenser increased from 2.4 °C to 6.6 °C. It also resulted in an increase of the mass flow rate of refrigerant that went into the evaporator. This mass increase of liquid entering the evaporator consequently resulted in the increase of COP from 6.1% to 18%. A power reduction up to 14.3% on the compressor was also achieved. The result reveals the relation between water consumption and compressor energy saving regarding to their costs. Although greater power reductions were fulfilled at higher dry bulb temperatures, in this circumstance, the cost-optimal applicable temperature is around 33.1 °C.
Structural equation model tests of patterns of family interaction, peer alcohol use, and intrapersonal predictors of adolescent alcohol use and misuse.

A survey of 1,340 students in grades six through twelve was conducted to test, in the context of structural equation models, the predictive validity of a theoretical model of antecedents of adolesc...
Controlled Liquid Dynamics on Three-Dimensional Nanostructured Surfaces

Nanoengineered surfaces have received significant interest for the manipulation of liquids in microfluidic systems. In this work, we present three-dimensional nanostructures that can control liquid film thickness and the directionality of the liquid spreading. We fabricated silicon nanopillars ranging from 200 nm to 800 nm in diameter and heights of approximately 5 μm. In the presence of notches on the pillars, the liquid separates into multiple layers of liquid films. The thicknesses of the liquid layers subsequently increase as the film propagates, which is determined by the specific position and geometry of the notches. In the presence of asymmetric nanopillars, where the pillars have deflection angles ranging from 0–50 degrees, directional spreading of water droplets can be achieved. The liquid spreads only in the direction of the pillar deflection and becomes pinned on the opposite interface. We performed detailed measurements and developed models to predict the behavior based on pillar geometries. The insights gained from this work offer promise for enhanced control of liquids in microfluidic systems.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
LIX. The absorption spectra of certain uranous and uranyl compounds

(1910). LIX. The absorption spectra of certain uranous and uranyl compounds. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 19, No. 112, pp. 566-572.
Blood-group distribution in india with special reference to bengal

1. Blood-group work for India is reviewed. Until 1934 nearly all samples were from mixed ethnological groups.
Hyaluronidase levels of rat testes as related to age, hypophysectomy and cryptorchidism.

Since the discovery of the enzyme hyaluronidase in mammalian testes, one of the problems in which we have been interested has been to determine by what means the enzyme level in the testes might be altered. Previous to identification of hyaluronidase with the “spreading factor,” Sprunt, et al. (1939) showed that the latter was present in the testes of immature rabbits and cryptorchid rats in amounts less than in normal adults. In a preliminary note (Leonard and Permian, 1946) it was reported that hyaluronidase, determined by the turbidimetric method, was lower in immature, cryptorchid, and hypophysectomized rats. The details of these experiments are reported here. methods Determinations of hyaluronidase were made according to the previously described turbidimetric method (Leonard, Perlman and Kurzrok, 1946). The units of enzyme are expressed as turbidity reducing units (TRU). The same batch of hyaluronic acid was used throughout these experiments.
Reasoning and the structure of knowledge in Biochemistry

This study examines three aspects of reasoning in biological science: (1) how biochemists solve a problem involving a disorder of metabolism, (2) how they explain the solution and (3) how these experts differ from students. A methodology for explicitly describing biochemical knowledge is developed and applied to transcripts of reasoning to infer reasoning strategy from the way subjects use that knowledge. Two strategies are described: the normal-function strategy, which is based upon normal causal mechanisms, and the known-pathology strategy, which relies upon knowledge of pathology as well as normal causal mechanisms. The results suggest that in problem solving, experts use a greater variety of strategies than novices, and in the explanation, experts use a more general form of the normal-function strategy than novices. Three implications for science education are discussed: the organization of knowledge, problem-solving strategy, and explaining a solution to a problem.
DBS Television Systems Under Development in the United States of America

Three types of direct-to-home broadcast satellite (DBS), or "DBS-like," services are currently being developed or used in the United States. The earliest service to be used depends upon low-power 5-10 W 6/4 GHz2satellite transponders, which operate in the fixed-satellite service (FSS) to provide predominantly unscrambled TV programs to cable head ends and other local terrestrial distribution systems. Some 600000 viewers are using individual 3 m "dishes" to eavesdrop on scores of "free" channels. The second DBS service to begin operation uses dedicated medium-power 14/11 GHz FSS transponders, which provide subscription service to some 10000 home terminals equipped with antennas in the 1-2 m diameter range. Finally, the high-power DBS service, which is under active development using the 17/12 GHz broadcasting-satellite service (BSS) band, can provide high-quality television pictures from dedicated 200 W satellite transponders to inexpensive home terminal antennas as small as 60 cm. Which service-low-, medium-, or high-power-is best? The home terminal equipment cost decreases as the transponder power increases, for the same picture quality and area of coverage. However, more varied and less costly programming is available now in the 6/4 GHz band than in the higher-frequency bands. From the viewer's perspective, continued competition between these services, and with other home video delivery services such as CATV and prerecorded cassettes, should provide the best choice of programming at the least cost. From the more challenging perspective of the DBS system operator, the best means to this desirable end will depend on the number of viewers, on the programming quality, cost, and availability to the operator, on the cost of the space segment, and on the obstrusiveness and cost of the home terminal.
Solution to the Charney problem of viscous symmetric circulation

Abstract The classical problem of viscosity-driven, axially symmetric meridional circulation, partly solved only for the midlatitudes by Charney, is solved here analytically in the whole globe and for any value of viscosity coefficient ν. The solution satisfies Hide's theorem for any Ekman number when Ro 80E2, the linear solution ceases to be asymptotically valid. The nonlinear, nearly inviscid regime of Held and Hou presumably is a subset of the second regime (for E → 0+ and Ro fixed).
Wanted: New type politician

We (the Athrrians) are the only people to regard the man wha takes no interest in politics, not as careless, but as useless. Pericles.
1725 CARDIORESPIRATORY EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN THE DURATION OF POSITIVE PRESSURE IN THE NEWBORN INFANT ON MECHANICAL VENTILATORS

In order to evaluate the cardiorespiratory effects of changes in the duration of the positive-pressure (DPP) on the neonates requiring mechanical ventilation, 6 infants (2 with meconium aspiration and 4 with bronchopulmonary dysplasia) were studied. Their (mean ± S.E.) B.wt.= 1985 ± 352 gms. and GA =33 ± 1.8 wks. Arterial blood pressure (ABP), central venous pressure (CVP), blood gases and M-mode echocardiograms were obtained prior to and 10 minutes after changing DPP by 200 milliseconds while maintaining the same mean airway pressure. This was achieved by adjusting the respirator rate and the peak inspiratory pressure. There were no significant changes in ABP, CVP, PaO2, pH, LA/AA, LVIDd and LPEP/LVET, whereas, the RPEP/RVET increased in every instance after an increase in DPP (0.31 ± 0.04 versus 0.37 ± 0.05. P <0.01). This implicates an increase in pulmonary arterial pressure as a direct result of longer DPP. The results of this study indicate a relatively shorter DPP and faster ventilator rate is the more appropriate setting in order to avoid worsening of an existing pulmonary hypertension in term infants with meconium aspiration and premature infants after the acute stage of HMD.
Bolstered error estimation

Abstract We propose a general method for error estimation that displays low variance and generally low bias as well. This method is based on “bolstering” the original empirical distribution of the data. It has a direct geometric interpretation and can be easily applied to any classification rule and any number of classes. This method can be used to improve the performance of any error-counting estimation method, such as resubstitution and all cross-validation estimators, particularly in small-sample settings. We point out some similarities shared by our method with a previously proposed technique, known as smoothed error estimation. In some important cases, such as a linear classification rule with a Gaussian bolstering kernel, the integrals in the bolstered error estimate can be computed exactly. In the general case, the bolstered error estimate may be computed by Monte-Carlo sampling; however, our experiments show that a very small number of Monte-Carlo samples is needed. This results in a fast error estimator, which is in contrast to other resampling techniques, such as the bootstrap. We provide an extensive simulation study comparing the proposed method with resubstitution, cross-validation, and bootstrap error estimation, for three popular classification rules (linear discriminant analysis, k -nearest-neighbor, and decision trees), using several sample sizes, from small to moderate. The results indicate the proposed method vastly improves on resubstitution and cross-validation, especially for small samples, in terms of bias and variance. In that respect, it is competitive with, and in many occasions superior to, bootstrap error estimation, while being tens to hundreds of times faster. We provide a companion web site, which contains: (1) the complete set of tables and plots regarding the simulation study, and (2) C source code used to implement the bolstered error estimators proposed in this paper, as part of a larger library for classification and error estimation, with full documentation and examples. The companion web site can be accessed at the URL http://ee.tamu.edu/~edward/bolster .
Raman lidar measurements of cloud liquid water and droplet size

A new technique for measuring cloud liquid water, mean droplet radius and droplet number density has been presented elsewhere and is reviewed here. A new extension of the theory is then presented which allows multiple scattering to be quantified. The technique is based on simultaneously measuring Raman and Mie scattering from cloud liquid droplets using a Raman lidar. The intensity of Raman scattering is known to be proportional to the amount of liquid present in cloud droplets. This fact is used as a constraint on calculated Mie intensity to calculate droplet radius and number density. The technique is tested using Raman lidar data. The general relationship of retrieved average radius and number density is consistent with traditional cloud physics models.
A region of mesial prefrontal cortex tracks monetarily rewarding outcomes: characterization with rapid event-related fMRI

The function of the mesial prefrontal cortex (MPFC: including Brodman areas 10/12/32) remains an enigma. Current theories suggest a role in representing internal information, including emotional introspection, autonomic control, and a "default state" of semantic processing. Recent evidence also suggests that parts of this region may also play a role in processing reward outcomes. In this study, we investigated the possibility that a region of the MPFC would be preferentially recruited by monetary reward outcomes using a parametric monetary incentive delay (MID) task. Twelve healthy volunteers participated in functional magnetic resonance scans while playing the MID task. Group analyses indicated that while the ventral striatum was recruited by anticipation of monetary reward, a region of the MPFC instead responded to rewarding monetary outcomes. Specifically, volume-of-interest analyses indicated that when volunteers received $5.00 after anticipating a $5.00 win, MPFC activity increased, whereas when volunteers did not receive $5.00 after anticipating a $5.00 win, MPFC activity decreased, relative to outcomes with no incentive value. These findings suggest that in the context of processing monetary rewards, a region of the MPFC preferentially tracks rewarding outcomes.
Gastric emptying and myoelectric activity following Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy.

The purpose of this study was to compare gastric emptying and Roux myoelectric activity in a canine model. Four dogs underwent truncal vagotomy, antrectomy, and 40 cm Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy, with placement of serosal electrodes. Following recovery, gastric emptying was determined scintigraphically with a radiolabeled solid meal, and fasting and fed small-bowel myoelectric activity was obtained. Gastric emptying was markedly slowed compared to control unoperated animals (202 ± 91 versus 46 ± 12 min; P < 0.05). Slow wave frequency declined in the Roux limb compared to the duodenum (14.2 ± 0.4 versus 18.0 ± .06 counts per minute; P < 0.01). No gradient in slow wave frequency was observed in the Roux limb, although one animal was noted to have reversed propagation of slow waves in the proximal Roux limb. Migrating myoelectric complexes (MMCs) were coordinated between the Roux limb and jejunum distal to the enteroenterostomy, but not with the duodenum. Periodicity of the MMCs was different in the Roux limb and duodenum (98.6 ± 6.3 versus 138 ± 17.5 min; P < 0.05). None of the animals converted to the fed myoelectric pattern with a 272 kcal meal (MMC periodicity in the Roux limb = 99 ± 10 min postprandially, P = N.S.). These quantitative and qualitative alterations in myoelectric activity may contribute to the observed delay in gastric emptying following Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy.
Chronic unexplained orchialgia: a concept analysis.

Aims To conduct an analysis of the concept of chronic unexplained orchialgia. Background Chronic unexplained orchialgia is a concept unique to men's health; however, clarity is lacking regarding the precise meaning of the key attributes of this important concept. Design Walker and Avant's framework was used to guide this concept analysis. Data sources Literature sources included bibliographic databases. Review methods Literature published in English from January 1970 to December 31, 2012 was reviewed. Thematic analysis identified critical attributes, antecedents and consequences of the concept. Results Based on the analysis, a contemporary definition for chronic unexplained orchialgia is proposed, rooted in the concept of chronic pain. This definition is based on the concept analysis and the defining attributes that were identified in the literature. Chronic unexplained orchialgia is a subjective negative experience of adult men, perceived as intermittent or continuous pain of variable intensity, present at least three months, localizing to the testis(es) in the absence of objective organic findings and that interferes with quality of life. Conclusion This analysis provides a precise definition for chronic unexplained orchialgia and distinguishes it from other similar terms. This concept analysis provides conceptual clarity that can guide understanding and development of a conceptual framework, middle range theory, or situation-specific theory. Further exploration of this concept is recommended to uncover the influence of social, sexual and cultural factors.
Childhood exposure to parental nudity, parent‐child co‐sleeping, and “primal scenes”: A review of clinical opinion and empirical evidence

In this article I compare clinical opinion with empirical evidence of psychological harm associated with childhood exposure to parental nudity, parent‐child co‐sleeping, and scenes of parental sexuality (“primal scenes”). Exceedingly scant empirical data could be located. Only in the case of parent‐child co‐sleeping is there any suggestion in the empirical literature of associated harm, and this harm—sleep disturbance—may be an antecedent rather than a consequence of co‐sleeping. A unique in‐progress 18‐year longitudinal study of adjustment is also described.
Applicability of small-scale integral test data to the 4500 MWt ESBWR loss-of-coolant accidents ☆

Abstract This paper discusses the scaling methodology used by GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy (GEH) to show that the data obtained from the small-scale integral test facilities, namely, GIST and GIRAFFE-SIT, are relevant to the postulated loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) of the 4500 MWt ESBWR. The conservation of mass and energy equations for the steam-water mixture in the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) are transformed to the equations for the rates of pressure change and water mass or inventory change. These equations are non-dimensionalized based on the most dominant physical processes of the individual stages of a LOCA, namely, the late blowdown stage, the GDCS (gravity driven cooling system) transition stage and the full GDCS stage. The magnitudes of the non-dimensional Pi-groups, obtained from these equations, for the 4500 MWt ESBWR are compared with those obtained for the small-scale integral tests mentioned earlier. In addition, simplified analyses were conducted for the first two stages by integrating the non-dimensional RPV depressurization rate and the water inventory change rate equations. The results of the 4500 MWt ESBWR are very similar to the test data obtained from the GIST and the GIRAFFE-SIT test facilities. Therefore, based on both the Pi-group magnitudes and the simplified analyses, it is concluded that the small-scale integral test data mentioned above are applicable to the 4500 MWt ESBWR LOCA applications.
MicroRNA in Central Nervous System Trauma and Degenerative Disorders

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a novel class of small noncoding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level by binding to the 3′-untranslated region of target mRNAs leading to their translational inhibition or sometimes degradation. MiRNAs are predicted to control the activity of at least 20–30% of human protein-coding genes. Recent studies have demonstrated that miRNAs are highly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) including the brain and spinal cord. Although we are currently in the initial stages of understanding how this novel class of gene regulators is involved in neurological biological functions, a growing body of exciting evidence suggests that miRNAs are important regulators of diverse biological processes such as cell differentiation, growth, proliferation, and apoptosis. Moreover, miRNAs are key modulators of both CNS development and plasticity. Some miRNAs have been implicated in several neurological disorders such as traumatic CNS injuries and neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, several studies suggested the possibility of miRNA involvement in neurodegeneration. Identifying the roles of miRNAs and their target genes and signaling pathways in neurological disorders will be critical for future research. miRNAs may represent a new layer of regulators for neurobiology and a novel class of therapeutic targets for neurological diseases.
Equilibrium Quantity and Timing of Mexican Vegetable Exports

Mexico has recently expanded its exports of tomatoes, peppers, and cucumbers to the United States. In order to evaluate possibilities for further expansion, a linear programming production model for specific regions in Mexico was constructed and tested. Various equilibrium situations were analyzed to appraise possible future trends. Special features of the model were the inclusion of risk, demand functions for all crops, and allowance for both competitive and monopolistic supply structures. It was concluded that rising wage rates and tighter supply controls would halt Mexico's expansion of export winter vegetables.
Synthesis of Monodisperse Al-Substituted Hematite Particles from Highly Condensed Metal Hydroxide Gels

Abstract Monodispersed aluminum-substituted hematite particles were synthesized from concentrated mixed solutions of FeCl 3 and AlCl 3 using the gel/sol process. With increasing aluminum content (Al/(Fe+Al)) in the starting solutions, hematite particles became more and more elongated. The product particles exhibited ellipsoidal, rod- and peanut-like shapes, depending on Al concentration. Higher Al content (>20 mol%) in the system greatly suppressed the formation of hematite. Atomic emission spectrometry analysis and lattice parameter measurement confirmed the substitution of Al in hematite particles.
ISOTHERMAL SECTIONS IN THE CR-GA-N SYSTEM IN THE 650-1000 C TEMPERATURE RANGE

Isothermal sections at 670, 740, and 800 °C in the Cr–Ga–N ternary system were investigated. Details of the Cr–Ga and Cr–N binary phase diagrams were confirmed, and the equilibrium diagrams were constructed. At all temperatures, Cr3GaN was in equilibrium with all the condensed phases, except GaN. In the 670–800 °C temperature range, Cr2GaN appears to be kinetically stable in contact with GaN. This led to the construction of behavior diagrams that are valid only as long as GaN is present in the initial mixture. Above ∼910 °C, Cr2GaN decomposes to form Cr3GaN, CrN, and Ga(1). At 1000 °C, Cr3GaN is in equilibrium with all the condensed phases, and CrN is in equilibrium with Ga.