cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Are Long-Chain Alkanes Hydrophilic?

Although short n-alkane chains are classic examples of hydrophobic solutes, mounting evidence points to a hydrophilic crossover for the hydration free energies (DeltaG) of sufficiently long n-alkane chains. Experimental and simulation results for the hydration of n-alkanes from methane (C1) to docosane (C22) are combined with fundamental thermodynamic relations to elucidate intermolecular contributions to DeltaG. Theoretical bounds on the influence of solute conformation on DeltaG are inferred by considering the hydration of idealized linear (all-trans) and globular (spherical) model solutes. More detailed theoretical extrapolations of experimental and simulation results imply that the water-mediated free energy change associated with collapsing an all-trans C100 chain is on the order of -100 kJ/mol and thus that n-alkane chains of this length and longer may be hydrophilic (DeltaG < 0).
Staining Invertebrate Blood Following Maximow's Osmic Acid Fixation

Maximow's fixative is doubtless one of the best of those containing osmic acid, as it does not reduce the staining properties and enables the application of a variety of stains. It gives very good results with blood stains, and this is of considerable importance for invertebrate work, where fat-carrying lymphocytes are very common.
Pd(OAc)2 catalyzed synthesis of 2-aryl- and 2-heteroaryl-benzoxazoles and benzothiazoles in imidazolium ionic liquids (ILs) without additives and with recycling/reuse of the IL

A facile, high yielding, method for the synthesis of a library of 2-aryl- and 2-heteroaryl-benzoxazoles and benzothiazoles from readily available Schiff bases is reported employing catalytic amounts of Pd(OAc)2 in imidazolium ionic liquids (bmim)BF4 and (bmim)PF6 without ligands and/or additives. Simple product isolation and recycling/re-use of the IL are additional advantages of this method.
Absolute lymphocyte count predicts overall survival in follicular lymphomas.

The peripheral blood absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) recovery after autologous stem cell transplantation has been shown to be an independent prognostic factor for survival for different haematologic malignancies. The role of ALC at diagnosis for follicular (grades 1 and 2) lymphomas (FL) on survival is not well described. The primary objective of this study was to assess the role of ALC on overall survival (OS) in FL patients. Of 1104 FL patients, 228 patients were originally diagnosed, followed, and had all treatment at the Mayo Clinic from 1984 and 1999, were evaluated. The median follow-up was 89 months (range: 8.35-248). ALC as a continuous variable was identified as a predictor for OS [Hazard ratio (HR) = 0.74, P /= 1.0 x 10(9)/l (n = 164) predicted a longer OS versus ALC < 1.0 x 10(9)/l (n = 64; 175 vs. 73 months respectively, P < 0.0001). When compared with the Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (FLIPI), ALC was an independent prognostic factor for OS by multivariate analysis (HR = 0.677, P < 0.0001). These data suggest a critical role of FL patients' immune status at diagnosis on survival.
Self-Reported Depressive Symptoms in First-Grade Children: Developmentally Transient Phenomena?

Abstract The question of whether self-reported depressive symptoms in young children represent more than transient developmental phenomena was examined in an epidemiologically defined sample of 1,313 first graders. Children's reports of depressive symptoms were relatively stable over a 4-month interval. The level of stability was particularly impressive for children initially in the highest quartile of depression, all of whom remained in the highest quartile at retest, 4 months later. In addition, depressive symptoms were significantly related to the negotiation of a number of salient developmental tasks at entrance to first grade, including academic achievement, peer relations, and attention/concentration in the classroom. Moreover, the relationships between depressive symptoms and the various indices of social and academic functioning remained stable over the 4-month test-retest interval.
Both histone methylation and acetylation contribute to the aberrant upregulation of proteinase 3 (PR3) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) genes in patients with ANCA disease

from 32 subjects with GPA (n = 10 active nasal disease, n = 13 prior nasal disease, n = 9 never nasal disease) and 35 controls with and without inflammatory nasal disease (n = 12 healthy, n = 15 sarcoidosis, n = 8 allergic rhinitis). Extracted and processed RNA was hybridized to microarrays. Significant gene expression changes associated with GPA vs. controls were identified using linear mixed effects models. Functional enrichment of biologic pathways among gene sets was determined using GATHER [1] and GSEA [2]. The relationship of nasal gene expression profiles to previously published peripheral blood gene expression levels associated with GPA [3] was determined using GSEA. Results.– Expression levels of 1671 genes were associated with GPA (FDR 1.5). GSEA revealed complete overlap in the top 20 biologic pathways associated with active and prior nasal disease activity (FDRGSEA < 0.25). Peripheral blood gene expression levels associated with GPA were similarly altered in the nasal gene expression profiles of subjects with active and prior, but not never, nasal disease. Conclusion.– Transcription signatures from upper airway disease in GPA highlight immune system involvement and are similar between subjects with active and prior nasal disease. Nasal gene expression profiles in GPA may also reflect systemic disease activity. References [1] Chang JT, Nevins JR. ‘‘GATHER: a systems approach to interpreting genomic signatures’’. Bioinformatics 2006;22(23). [2] Subramanian T et al. PNAS 2005;102:15545-50, http://www.broad.mit.edu/gsea/. [3] Cheadle C, Berger AE, Andrade F, James R, Johnson K et al. Transcription of proteinase 3 and related myelopoiesis genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with active Wegener’s granulomatosis. Arthritis Rheum 2010;62:1744-54.
US–Indonesia trade at commodity level and the role of the exchange rate

Previous studies that assessed the impact of currency depreciation on inpayments and outpayments of Indonesia with her major trading partners did not find much significant results, especially in the trade with the United States. We wonder whether insignificant link between the real rupiah-dollar rate and Indonesia’s inpayments and outpayments with the United States is due to aggregation bias. To answer this question, we disaggregate the trade flows between the two countries by commodity and consider the sensitivity of inpayments of 108 US exporting industries and outpayments of 32 US importing industries from Indonesia. We find that most industries respond to exchange rate changes in the short run. In the long run, however, 32 inpayments schedule and 17 outpayments schedule are significantly affected. A 1% real depreciation of the dollar was found to improve US trade balance by 1.8%.
Regulation of RAB5C Is Important for the Growth Inhibitory Effects of MiR-509 in Human Precursor-B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

MicroRNAs (miRs) regulate essentially all cellular processes, but few miRs are known to inhibit growth of precursor-B acute lymphoblastic leukemias (B-ALLs). We identified miR-509 via a human genome-wide gain-of-function screen for miRs that inhibit growth of the NALM6 human B-ALL cell line. MiR-509-mediated inhibition of NALM6 growth was confirmed by 3 independent assays. Enforced miR-509 expression inhibited 2 of 2 additional B-ALL cell lines tested, but not 3 non-B-ALL leukemia cell lines. MiR-509-transduced NALM6 cells had reduced numbers of actively proliferating cells and increased numbers of cells undergoing apoptosis. Using miR target prediction algorithms and a filtering strategy, RAB5C was predicted as a potentially relevant target of miR-509. Enforced miR-509 expression in NALM6 cells reduced RAB5C mRNA and protein levels, and RAB5C was demonstrated to be a direct target of miR-509. Knockdown of RAB5C in NALM6 cells recapitulated the growth inhibitory effects of miR-509. Co-expression of the RAB5C open reading frame without its 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) blocked the growth-inhibitory effect mediated by miR-509. These findings establish RAB5C as a target of miR-509 and an important regulator of B-ALL cell growth with potential as a therapeutic target.
Facilitating collaborative biomedical research

A thorough study of biomedical research collaboration is necessary to systematically identify the social and technical infrastructure needed to support and improve the development of informatics tools to facilitate biomedical collaboration. This research attempts to do so through an in-depth qualitative study of collaborative biomedical research settings. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews, observations, and artifact examination. Four broad categories related to collaboration emerged from the preliminary analysis: a) factors contributing to the initiation of collaborative research efforts, b) factors contributing to the sustaining collaboration, c) factors facilitating collaboration, and d) barriers to collaboration.
Geometrical approach to the economical design of rotating electrical machines

The design of electrical machines has two main aspects: firstly to fulfil a set of performance conditions, and secondly to do this at an economical cost. The relatively complex structure of the rotating machine with its large number of seemingly independent variables, as compared with that of transformers, has apparently discouraged basic attempts at determining an economical design. The following investigation shows, however, that definite functional relations between the design parameters can be established, and that all possible designs fulfilling certain basic conditions can be represented by a system of functions, which can be graphically treated, with the result of showing not only the economical optima but also the penalties that have to be paid in material costs for deviation from these optimal designs, and that are necessary to fulfil any side conditions that may be imposed on the design. The influence of the assumption of loading constants is examined. The simplicity of the equations arrived at makes it possible to investigate the economical effect of choice of stator outside and bore diameter and their ratios, and the effect of more than one rating based on the same laminations.
Isoxazolines as Potent Antagonists of the Integrin αvβ3

Starting with lead compound 2, we sought to increase the selectivity for αvβ3-mediated cell adhesion by examining the effects of structural changes in both the guanidine mimetic and the substituent α to the carboxylate. To prepare some of the desired aminoimidazoles, a novel reductive amination utilizing a trityl-protected aminoimidazole was developed. It was found that guanidine mimetics with a wide range of pKa's were potent antagonists of αvβ3. In general, it appeared that an acylated 2-aminoimidazole guanidine mimetic imparted excellent selectivity for αvβ3-mediated adhesion versus αIIbβ3-mediated platelet aggregation, with selectivity of approximately 3 orders of magnitude observed for compounds 3g and 3h. It was also found in this series that the α-substituent was required for potent activity and that 2,6-disubstituted arylsulfonamides were optimal. In addition, the selective αvβ3 antagonist 3h was found to be a potent inhibitor of αvβ3-mediated cell migration.
Unions, employment risks, and market provision of employment risk differentials

The role of unions in providing compensating differentials for wage and hours risk is analyzed. Unions are shown to increase wages for workers in more risky jobs. A negative compensating differential for nonunion workers is taken as evidence of worker-specific, or supply-side risk. This component of risk is removed by controlling for union status, based on the belief that unionized firms will be more likely to filter out high-risk unproductive workers. Hours risk is compensated for in the labor market, while wage risk is not.
Interferon-gamma can remain on the cell surface during the induction of the antiviral state.

The antiviral activity of cell-associated, non-elutible recombinant human gamma interferon (rHuIFN-y) was neutralized by antibody. The neutralization of cell-associated rHuIFN-γwas maximal through 2 h (60-100%) and declined through 8 h (20-40%). Concomitantly, the antiviral activity of cell-associated [Met-Gln-Asp-Pro]-rHuIFN-γwas sensitive to trypsin digestion over the same time period. However, the cell-associated antiviral activity of [Cys-Tyr-Cys]-rHuIFN-γremained sensitive to trypsin through 8 h. Neutralization of cell-associated rHuIFN-γ by antibodies to the N-terminal end of HuIFN-y suggests that the N-terminal end(s) of cell-associated rHuIFN-γis directed outward from the receptor. Further, im-munoprecipitation of radio-labelled rHuIFN-γby antibody alone suggests that biologically active rHuIFN-γ is an oligomer. Taken together, these studies suggest that neutralization of cell-associated rHuIFN-γis probably due to divalent binding of antibody to or between rHuIFN-γin receptors on the cell surface....
Molten Salt Oxidation of Mixed Wastes: Separation of Radioactive Materials and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Materials

Abstract The Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is participating in a program to apply a molten salt oxidation (MSO) process to treatment of mixed (radioactive and RCRA) wastes. The salt residues from the MSO treatment will require further separations or other processing to prepare them for final disposal. A bench-scale MSO apparatus is being installed at ORNL and will be operated on real Oak Ridge wastes. The treatment concepts to be tested and demonstrated on the salt residues from real wastes are described.
Impaired coronary microvascular dilation correlates with enhanced vascular smooth muscle MLC phosphorylation in diabetes.

Objective: Impaired endothelium-independent vasodilation is a known consequence of types 1 and 2 diabetes, and the mechanism of impaired vasodilation is not well understood. The following study inv...
Antiprotonic atomic energy levels via the (p, p) reaction

Abstract Detection of hitherto unobservable low-lying levels of antiprotonic atoms, populated by ( p , p) reactions, may be experimentally feasible and would shed light upon the threshold p -nuclear interaction.
Photoionization-regulated Star Formation and the Structure of Molecular Clouds

A model for the rate of low-mass star formation in Galactic molecular clouds and for the influence of this star formation on the structure and evolution of the clouds is presented. The rate of energy injection by newly formed stars is estimated, and the effect of this energy injection on the size of the cloud is determined. It is shown that the observed rate of star formation appears adequate to support the observed clouds against gravitational collapse. The rate of photoionization-regulated star formation is estimated and it is shown to be in agreement with estimates of the observed rate of star formation if the observed molecular cloud parameters are used. The mean cloud extinction and the Galactic star formation rate per unit mass of molecular gas are predicted theoretically from the condition that photionization-regulated star formation be in equilibrium. A simple model for the evolution of isolated molecular clouds is developed.
Life history of Paracantha gentilis (Diptera: Tephritidae).

The life history of Paracantha gentilis Hering in southern California is described. This stenophagous tephritid reproduces in the capitula of native Cirsium thistles. Courtship and mating behavior are described from field and laboratory observations. Territorial and courtship behavior of males and the morphological characters involved in possible male pheromone emission are described and illustrated, as are the oviposition behavior and reproductive morphology of females. Egg clutch sizes ranged from one to 13 eggs, with a maximum of six clutches per capitulum. Larvae fed gregariously within stage-specific niches. Pupariation occurred in the capitula, from which adults emerged in mid-June through early July. After emergence, most adults probably disperse to higher elevations to feed until autumn, then return to lower elevations and reproduce the following year. Limited reproduction also occurs in late-formed capitula or in capitula of alternate Cirsium hosts.
Providing diabetes self-management support in rural primary care clinics with nurse partners.

This study examined the roles and effectiveness of nurse partner–provided diabetes self-management (DSM) support in five rural primary care clinics. There were two to nine providers and one nurse partner in each clinic; nurses were licensed practical nurses (LPNs) in all but one clinic. Interviews with providers and observations of patient interactions assessed nurse roles, clinic processes, and communication patterns. Using immersion-crystallization methods, three major themes explained nurse partner role variation: “gatekeeper” role of providers, compression of time and space within clinic work flow, and nurses’ educational background and experience. While nurses’ education and experience were important, clinics where providers facilitated nurse participation in DSM support through focused communication and commitment of time and space most effectively integrated DSM support into their practice. Some quantitative measures improved; notably glycated hemoglobin level and patients’ frequency of blood gluco...
Mobile Applications and 4G Wireless Networks: A Framework for Analysis.

Purpose – The use of mobile wireless data services continues to increase worldwide. New fourth‐generation (4G) wireless networks can deliver data rates exceeding 2 Mbps. The purpose of this paper is to develop a framework of 4G mobile applications that utilize such high data rates and run on small form‐factor devices.Design/methodology/approach – The author reviews existing literature of mobile applications development and proposes using network‐related characteristics to create a conceptual framework of these applications.Findings – Combining traffic symmetry and latency yields a 2×3 framework with six categories that characterize current and emerging 4G mobile applications, such as augmented reality, mobile social networking and m‐health.Research limitations/implications – With the advent of high‐speed 4G networks, completely new mobile applications can be developed to leverage such high data rates, and a framework of such development efforts is highly desirable.Originality/value – The framework is deve...
Videolaryngoscopy Versus Direct Laryngoscopy in Simulated Pediatric Intubation

Study objective We determine whether videolaryngoscopy results in a higher prevalence of first-attempt intubation success and improved glottic visualization than direct laryngoscopy when performed by pediatric emergency medicine providers in simulated patients. Methods This was a cross-sectional study at a single institution. Fellows and faculty in pediatric emergency medicine were invited to participate. Each subject performed intubations on 3 simulators (newborn, infant, adult), using a videolaryngoscope; each simulator was intubated by each subject with and without use of video. Primary outcome was first-attempt intubation success; secondary outcome was percentage of glottic opening score (POGO). Results Twenty-six participants performed 156 intubations; complete data were available for 148 intubations. First-attempt success in the neonate was 88%; in the infant, 79%; and in the adult, 60%. In the adult simulator, videolaryngoscopy use showed a first-attempt success in 81% of subjects compared with 39% with direct laryngoscopy (difference 43%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 18% to 67%). There was no difference in first-attempt success rates between videolaryngoscopy and direct laryngoscopy in the newborn or infant simulators. Videolaryngoscopy use led to increased POGO scores in all 3 simulators, with a difference of 25% (95% CI 2% to 48%) in newborn simulators, 23% (95% CI 2% to 48%) in infant simulators, and 42% (95% CI 18% to 66%) in adult simulators. Conclusion Videolaryngoscopy was associated with greater first-attempt success during intubation by pediatric emergency physicians on an adult simulator. POGO score was significantly improved in all 3 simulators with videolaryngoscopy.
Rigid-particle toughening of glassy polymers

The nature of the toughening of glassy polymers by rigid particles was investigated by using aligned assemblages of spherical glass particles. The particles were aligned by an electric field in a photopolymerizable monomer, which was polymerized while the field was still being applied. These materials were fractured with the aligned particle strings in three orientations with respect to the crack plane and propagation direction. The fracture toughness and fracture energy of these and of random arrangements of particles (formed without the electric field) were all higher than of the matrix alone. The increases were compared with predictions from processes on or in the immediate vicinity of the fracture plane and from those away from the fracture plane. The increases were inconsistent with those predicted by on-fracture plane processes as represented by crack pinning and bowing. But the increases did correlate with the size of the process zones, which could extend more than 100 μm away from the fracture plane. Detailed calculations showed that the increase in fracture energy arose almost completely from off-fracture plane processes of particle-matrix debonding and the accompanying local inelastic deformation of the matrix around the particles.
Application of the Caprini risk assessment model in evaluation of non-venous thromboembolism complications in plastic and reconstructive surgery patients.

Background: The Caprini Risk Assessment Model is used to categorize patient risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE) events; its predictive associations have been repeatedly corroborated. Calculating scores involves consideration of systemic factors that may predict other postoperative complications. Objective: This study investigates whether Caprini scores can be applied to non-VTE complications. Methods: The authors undertook a retrospective chart review of 1598 encounters for a series of complex reconstructive and body contouring operations at an academic medical institution. Input variables included Caprini score components, patient comorbidities, and prophylactic use of antithrombotic drugs. Output variables were postoperative complications. Tests for proportions were performed on percentile data. Nonpercentile data were treated with comparison of means ( t test). Odds ratios for complications were calculated for stratified risk groups and compared. Results: The overall complication rate was 28.03%. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) incidence was 1.50%. Differences in age, body mass index (BMI), operation time, hypertension, diabetes, renal disease, and cancer were statistically significant between patients who experienced complications and those who did not. For DVT versus DVT-free patients, differences in sex, BMI, operation time, smoking status, diabetes, hypertension, and prior DVT were significant. Caprini scores identified 628 encounters as low risk (0–4) and 970 as high risk (>5). Dehiscence, infection, necrosis, seroma, hematoma, and overall complication rate significantly increased the incidence for the high-risk group. Conclusions: Caprini scores can be used as valuable predictors for some non-VTE postoperative complications (dehiscence, infection, seroma, hematoma, and necrosis). In addition to VTE events, clinicians should pay special attention to clinical signs indicative of the complications listed above when dealing with high-risk, high–Caprini score patients. Level of Evidence: 4 ![Graphic][1] [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Electrospinning of PVA‐Calcium Phosphate Sol Precursors for the Production of Fibrous Hydroxyapatite

A precursor solution containing poly(vinyl alcohol) and a calcium phosphate sol is used to produce fibers of hydroxyapatite. The mixture is electrospun at a voltage of 20 kV and the resultant structure is calcined at 600°C for 6 h. Experiments were conducted for polymer molecular weight (MW) between 9500 and 155 000 g/mol and sol volume fractions (VS) between 0% and 83%. The results indicate that the electrospun fiber diameter can be correlated to the solution viscosity. The polymer molecular weight and sol volume fraction have a significant effect on the ceramic structure. Highly interconnected solid or porous hydroxyapatite fibers with diameters between 200 and 500 nm and crystal sizes between 30 and 50 nm can be produced by controlling MW and VS.
Threshold Voltage Biased E-Mode TN LCD—Optimum Optical Design for Grayscale Application

Abstract In a normally white (NW) twisted nematic (TN) liquid crystal displays (LCDs), there are two optical eigenmodes, an extraordinary-ray mode (e-mode) and an ordinary-ray mode (o-mode). With zero or a low-bias voltage as the brightest state of the display, both eigenmodes have insufficient display performance for the analog grayscale application. The former has a large color change as a function of viewing zone. The latter has quite a narrow horizontal viewing zone. By applying a threshold voltage as a bias to represent the brightest level of the e-mode NW, the optical performance in the vertical viewing zone was much improved. Further optimization of the d*delta-n for this mode of operation resulted in a small color change and a wide viewing zone by choosing d*delta-n = 0.47 micrometers. We conclude that the threshold-voltage biased e-mode NW of the first-minimum thin-film-transistor (TFT) driven TN can achieve a wide viewing angle for analog-grayscale applications.
Beginning on bacilli

Bacillus subtilis. The Molecular Biology of the Bacilli, Vol. 1. Edited by David A. Dubnau. Academic: 1982. $44, £29.20.
Discrete phase model representation of particulate matter (PM) for simulating PM separation by hydrodynamic unit operations.

Modeling the separation of dilute particulate matter (PM) has been a topic of interest since the introduction of unit operations for clarification of rainfall-runoff. One consistent yet controversial issue is the representation of PM and PM separation mechanisms for treatment. While Newton’s Law and surface overflow rate were utilized, many historical models represented PM as a lumped gravimetric index largely out of economy and lack of particle analysis methods. As a result such models did not provide information about particle fate in or through a unit operation. In this study, PM discrete phase modeling (DPM) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) are applied to model PM fate as a function of particle size and flow rate in two common types of hydrodynamic separator (HS) units. The study examines the discretization requirements (as a discretization number, DN) and errors for particle size distributions (PSDs) that range from the common heterodisperse to a monodisperse PSD. PSDs are categorized based on ...
Calmodulin-binding and Autoinhibitory Domains ofAcanthamoeba Myosin I Heavy Chain Kinase, a p21-activated Kinase (PAK)

The sequence homology betweenAcanthamoeba myosin I heavy chain kinase (MIHCK) and other p21-activated kinases (PAKs) is relatively low, including only the catalytic domain and a short PAK N-terminal motif (PAN), and even these regions are not highly homologous. In this paper, we report the expression in insect cells of full-length, fully regulatedAcanthamoeba MIHCK and further characterize the regulation of this PAK by Rac, calmodulin, and autoinhibition. We map the autoinhibitory region of MIHCK to its PAN region and show that the PAN region inhibits autophosphorylation and kinase activity of unphosphorylated full-length MIHCK and its expressed catalytic domain but has very little effect on either when they are phosphorylated. These properties are similar to those reported for mammalian PAK1. Unlike PAK1, MIHCK is activated by Rac only in the presence of phospholipid. However, peptides containing the PAN region of MIHCK bind Rac in the absence of lipid, and Rac binding reverses the inhibition of the MIHCK catalytic domain by PAN peptides. Our data suggest that a region N-terminal to PAN is required for optimal binding of Rac. Also unlike mammalian PAK, phospholipid stimulation ofAcanthamoeba MIHCK and Dictyostelium MIHCK) (which is also a PAK) is inhibited by Ca2+-calmodulin. In contrast toDictyostelium MIHCK, however, Ca2+-calmodulin also inhibits Rac-induced activity of Acanthamoeba MIHCK. The basic region N-terminal to PAN is essential for calmodulin binding.
A qualitative fluorescence-based assay for tyrosyl radical scavenging activity: Ovothiol A is an efficient scavenger

Abstract A method for determining relative tyrosyl radical scavenging activity of antioxidants which requires only a standard fluorometer and commercially available materials is presented. Ultraviolet irradiation of aqueous tyrosine solutions containing superoxide dismutase and catalase produces fluorescent dityrosine residues via dimerization of photogenerated tyrosyl radicals. Added antioxidants suppress the buildup of fluorescence by scavenging the tyrosyl radicals. A correlation exists between the ability of a substance to suppress dityrosine formation and the substance's one-electron oxidation potential. This method demonstrates that ovothiol A scavenges tyrosyl radicals much more efficiently than glutathione or cysteine, resembling instead the known biological radical scavengers uric acid and ascorbic acid and the α-tocopherol analog trolox.
EFFECTS OF PRENOMINAL ADJECTIVE ORDERING ON CHILDREN'S LATENCIES AND ERRORS IN AN IMMEDIATE SENTENCE RECALL TASK12

Thirty-four children ranging in age from 2,6 to 6,1 (median age 4,3) were presented with sentences for imitation which either violated or honored a prenominal adjective ordering rule which requires that size adjectives must precede color adjectives. Two response measures were evaluated in terms of these sentence types: latency to begin a sentence imitation and recall errors. For both the older and younger subjects, latencies following adjective order violations were significantly longer than following correct adjective order. This was argued to provide evidence for the existence of a perceptual strategy in noun phrase segmentation which occurs at the time the sentence is comprehended. The recall error measure indicated that a different strategy is reflected in the output phase of a sentence imitation task: this strategy was called a shift-to-grammatical-output. Older subjects were found to employ this latter strategy whereas the younger subjects did not employ it. These results were interpreted both in terms of Bever's developmental theory of prenominal adjective ordering acquisition and the empirical work of Martin and Molfese. Finally, these results were related to a more general developmental theory suggested by a pragmatic communication interpretation of adjective ordering due to the work of Danks, Glucksberg, and Schwenk.
Experimental and Correlational Studies of a Vickers-Zimmer Style Polyester Finisher

An 8-in. (0.203 m)-diameter Vickers-Zimmer disk style polyester finisher was tested using carboxymethylcellulose and corn syrup solutions. The processor consisted of a spoked-disk style agitator, with 20, 5-spoke disks, in a horizontal cylindrical vessel. To prevent the liquid batch from rotating with the disks, stationary breaker bars, between each of five adjacent disks, and 210° baffle plates, between every fifth disk, were installed. Fractional liquid holdup, agitator power, angles of batch rise and depression at the vessel walls, fractional liquid film coverage of the spoked disk cutouts, and mass-transfer coefficients were all determined experimentally. Dimensionless correlations were developed for (1) fractional liquid disk holdup, (2) agitator power requirements, (3) angles of rise and depression at the vessel wall, (4) factional film coverage of the spoked wheel cutouts, and (5) mass-transfer coefficient.
Reservations About Overcriminalization

In this paper, I describe what I regard as the most serious challenge to the theory of criminalization I defended in my 2008 book Overcriminalization . I explore whether the criminal law is special—sufficiently different from other bodies of law to raise justificatory concerns that warrant separate treatment from philosophers of law. Arguably, the criminal law is so broad and diverse that no meaningful normative generalizations can be applied to it as a whole. I respond to this concern here.
Towards an asymptotic analysis of Karmarkar's algorithm

Abstract The Karmarkar algorithm for linear programming (1984) has generated excitement and controversy. This controversy has been the theme of many popular panel discussions, reporting on experimental results both supporting and refuting claims of substantial speed-ups. How does one resolve these conflicting reports? The thrust of the work here has been on implementation and experimentation. We argue that further theoretical analysis of the algorithm can shed light on this controversy. In particular we ask: What is the ‘average’ behavior of the algorithm, and what are its dynamical properties? In this paper we do not address the issue of work per iteration, perhaps the most controversial aspect of the algorithm in practice. We do look, however, at the iterative process, and here we give a new proof of the number of iterative steps required by the algorithm in the worst case. Our proof is considerably simpler than Karmarkar's, and provides new information and insight. Specifically, our proof identifies an explicitly geometric quantity that measures the algorithm's progress at each step. Analyzing the changing size of this quantity gives information about the dynamics of the algorithm.
Spectroscopy of 16C

Abstract The 14C(t, p)16C reaction locates five new states in 16C, at excitation energies of 3120 ± 15, 3983 ± 10, 4136 ± 10 and 6109 ± 15 keV, in addition to the g.s. and 1.76 MeV states. The 3.02 and 3.98 MeV states appear to be the second 0+ and 2+ 2p-2h states, respectively. The 4.14 MeV state has Jπ = 4+ and the 6.11 MeV state has Jπ = 2+, 3−, or 4+.
Uniformly optimal control of linear time-invariant plants: Nonlinear time-varying controllers

Abstract It is shown that in the problems of uniformly (or H∞−) optimal control of linear time-invariant plants, arbitrary nonlinear, time-varying controllers offer no advantage over linear, time-invariant controllers.
The Slac-Linac-Collider (SLC) Project

The proposed SLAC Linear Collider Project (SLC) and its features are described in this paper. In times of ever increasing costs for energy the electron storage ring principle is about to reach its practical limit. A new class of colliding beam beam facilities, the "Linear Colliders", are getting more and more attractive and affordable at very high center-of-mass energies. The SLC is designed to be a pioneer of this new class of colliding beam facilities and at the same time will serve as a valuable tool to explore the high energy physics at the level of 100 GeV in the center-of-mass system.
PROTOTYPICAL VALUES FOR FUZZY SUBSETS

We introduce a general definition for prototypical operators, such as the mean of a set of elements. We investigate the properties of this operator. We extend the definition to find prototypical elements of fuzzy sets. We study this operators effect on Zadeh's definition of “very.”
Asymptotic solutions for singularly perturbed Boussinesq equations

Abstract We consider a family of singularly perturbed Boussinesq equations. We obtain a rational weak solution to the classical Boussinesq equation and demonstrate that this solution can be used to construct perturbation solutions for singularly perturbed high-order Boussinesq equations. These solutions take the form of an algebraic function which behaves similarly to a peakon, and which decays as time becomes large. We show that approximate solutions obtained via perturbation for the singularly perturbed models are asymptotic to the true solutions as the residual errors rapidly decay away from the origin.
Documentation of transient arrhythmias by constant cardiac monitoring

Abstract The value of continuous electrocardiographic monitoring in the documentation of transient arrhythmias has been demonstrated. The device utilized in this study screened each heart beat but recorded only those electrocardiographic events coincident with a paroxysmal change in rhythm. Ten case reports have been presented, illustrating the various circumstances in which such monitoring is useful.
Overview of theoretical studies of Rashba effect in polar perovskite surfaces

Abstract Theoretical studies with the help of first-principles electronic structure calculations and tight-binding based Hamiltonian models aimed to understand the Rashba effect in the 2D electron gas at the surfaces and interfaces of polar perovskite oxides are discussed. First-principles calculations on a slab of KTaO3 show that the spin-splitting is orbital dependent and is greatly suppressed by the lattice relaxation close to the surface. However, the electron gas is amenable to tuning by external potentials perpendicular to the surface and can be used to control Rashba splitting. Construction of a minimal model Hamiltonian to study d orbitals under uniform electric field is explained. The potential introduces new matrix elements between orbitals by breaking the symmetry and distorting the lattice. When coupled with spin–orbit interaction, this results in lifting the spin degeneracy.
Transverse bedforms on the Amazon shelf

Abstract Echo-sounder profiles and side-scan sonograms reveal the presence of asymmetric bedforms on the middle Amazon shelf in water depths of 30–35 m and symmetric bedforms on the outer Amazon shelf at depths of 75–85 m. The asymmetric bedforms have crests parallel to isobaths, wavelengths of 1–40 m, and heights consistently Symmetric bedforms on the outer shelf, characterized by crests perpendicular to isobaths, wavelengths of 100 and 1000 m, and wave heights of 1–5 m, are easily identifiable from distinctive sonogram tonal contrasts that result from changing bottom slope and variable textural character of the sediment mantle. Textural variability may be due to the superimposition of muds on a coarse carbonate substrate. The symmetry, characteristic of both sand waves and sand ridges, is indicative of formation by oscillatory tidal currents in which there is no preferred directionality of motion. Large, coherent outer-shelf features have been interpreted tentatively as ancient reef deposits. Composition of the outer-shelf deposits and character of bedforms present indicate that both are relict, products of a time when sea level was 25–45 m lower than it is today.
Does Animal Feeding Operation Pollution Hurt Public Health? A National Longitudinal Study of Health Externalities Identified by Geographic Shifts in Livestock Production

The Environmental Protection Agency is currently gathering data to regulate livestock facilities under the Clean Air Act, legislation that purports to protect public health. To set rational policy, estimates of health externalities associated with livestock farming are necessary. This study uses geographic shifts in the industry to measure the impact of pollution on infant health. The article finds that a doubling of production leads to a 7.4% increase in infant mortality. This finding is robust with respect to the inclusion of multiple fixed and time-varying controls. The mortality increases are driven by elevated levels of respiratory diseases, providing suggestive evidence of an air pollution mechanism. Copyright 2009, Oxford University Press.
Uniqueness results for some nonlinear initial and boundary value problems

In the first part of this article a uniqueness theorem is presented for nonlinear initial value problems of the type (*) $$dx/dt{\text{ = }}\phi (x){\text{ }} + {\text{ }}p(t),{\text{ }}t > 0;{\text{ }}x(0){\text{ = 0}};$$ where p is a real-valued continuous function which may change sign near the origin. The theorem is subsequently applied to establish a result related to the uniqueness of nonnegative nontrivial radial solutions of nonlinear boundary value problems of the type (**) $$\nabla \cdot {\text{(}}A{\text{(}}\left| {\nabla u} \right|{\text{) }}\nabla u{\text{ + }}f{\text{(}}u{\text{) = 0, }}x \in R^n {\text{; }}\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } {\text{ }}u{\text{(}}x{\text{) = 0;}}$$ where A is a positive continuous function such that the product pA(p) is monotone. The class of equations (**) includes the mean curvature equation.
Structure and Proton Reactivity of the Semiquinone Anion and Dianion of Biphenol in Water

Whether the redox intermediate state of 4,4‘-biphenol in water, C12H8O2-•, has a planar or staggered molecular geometry twisted about the inter-ring bond has been examined using time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy and electronic structure computation. Hydrogen-bonding effects on the p,p‘-biphenylsemiquinone radical anion (C12H8O2-•) structure were incorporated in the calculations by associating two water molecules with each oxygen site. The predicted structure, with inter-ring CC bond length of 1.455 A and dihedral angle of 17.7°, provides a good description of the spectroscopic observations. Hydrogen bonding slightly elongates the CO bonds, but its effect on the inter-ring twist is negligible. Nonequivalence of the two phenyl rings, which are noncoplanar, is indicated by the resonance Raman spectra of C12H8O2-• in liquid water as well as in ethanol matrix at low temperatures. The π-conjugation between the rings is small in the radical anion, but greater than in its reduced dianion (C12H8O22-) stat...
Long-term Appearance of Lacerations Repaired Using a Tissue Adhesive

Background Histoacryl Blue (HAB), a tissue adhesive, has been shown to decrease laceration repair time, cause less pain to the child, eliminate the need for suture removal, and result in a similar short-term cosmetic outcome compared with conventional suturing. Reports suggest that poor correlation can exist between the short-term and long-term cosmetic outcomes for lacerations repaired by conventional suturing. Therefore, this study compares the long-term cosmetic outcome of HAB to conventional suturing for laceration repair in children. Design Prospective, randomized clinical trial. Participants Children presenting an urban pediatric emergency department for laceration repair between October 1994 and February 1995 were eligible. Patients less than 1 or more than 18 years old, those with lacerations more than 5 cm in length, or in areas of high tension or mobility were excluded. Interventions After routine wound management, including subcutaneous closure when deemed necessary, patients were randomized to receive skin sutures or HAB for cutaneous closure. Photographs taken at the 2-month and 1-year follow-up visits were evaluated for cosmetic appearance by two plastic surgeons blinded to the method of repair. Results Sixty-one children were enrolled: HAB (N = 30), suture (N = 31). Thirty HAB and 25 sutured patients were assessed at 2 months, while 17 HAB and 15 sutured patients were reevaluated at 1 year. Patients that followed-up at 2 months and 1 year were comparable to those with no follow-up in: treatment group (HAB vs suture), demographics, wound characteristics, and initial parental satisfaction. The two plastic surgeons graded the cosmetic appearance of the wounds repaired by HAB to be comparable to those repaired by conventional suturing at both the 2-month and 1-year follow-up. Conclusions The use of HAB is an ideal alternative to conventional suturing for the cutaneous closure of low tension lacerations in children with a long-term cosmetic outcome comparable to conventional suturing.
GABA-gated chloride channel: Binding site for 4′-ethynyl-4-n-[2,3-3H2]propylbicycloorthobenzoate ([3H]EBOB) in vertebrate brain and insect head

Abstract 4′-Ethynyl-4-n-[2,3-3H2]propylbicycloorthobenzoate ([3H]EBOB) is an improved radioligand for the noncompetitive blocker site of the vertebrate and fly γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-gated chloride channel. It binds with high affinity (Kd 1–4 nM) to a single, saturable site in the GABA-gated chloride channel of human, dog, mouse, and chicken brain assayed at 37°C, of fish brain at 12°C, and of adult house fly and fruit fly heads at 22°C with specific binding of 51–93%. The Bmax's (pmol/mg protein) are 0.9 – 5.7 for the vertebrates and 0.2 – 0.4 for the insects. Association and dissociation rates fall in the ranges of 0.012 to 0.063 min−1 nM−1 for k+1 and 0.006 to 0.046 min−1 for k−1. The vertebrate preparations are much more sensitive than the insect preparations to GABA and two GABA mimetics (3-aminopropanesulfonic acid and muscimol). Considerable specificity is evident between vertebrates and insects in the inhibitory potencies of various insecticides with the following average selectivity ratios (IC50 vertebrates/IC50 flies): t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate and 4-t-butyl-1-ethynyl-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, 0.04 – 0.18; α-endosulfan, 12-ketoendrin, toxaphene, picrotoxinin, and 2eq-(4-bromophenyl)-5-t-butyl-1,3-dithiane-2,2-dioxide, 3–8; lindane, 130; and avermectin B1a and moxidectin, 615–>714. It therefore appears that receptor-site specificity may contribute to species selectivity.
Observational and Theoretical Study of Shear Instability in the Airflow near the Ground

Abstract Results are presented from a combined observational and theoretical study of apparent shear instability in the airflow near the ground in statically stable (inversion) conditions. Meteorological instruments, including an acoustic echo sounder for time-height visualization, a spaced array of microbarographs and a heavily instrumented tower 150 m tall, provided measurements that were analyzed to determine the phase velocity and amplitude of the wavelike fluctuations and the mean profiles of temperature and wind for the shear flow. A linear, inviscid, dynamic stability analysis performed numerically using spline functions fit through the observed profiles shows that the flow is unstable to perturbations with the observed properties, but with growth rates that are small. A wave critical level is shown to be present at 130 m, as the 8 m s−1 wind velocity there equals the phase velocity determined by cross-correlation analysis of the microbarograph records. Spectral analysis of the wind, temperature an...
Template synthesis of polymeric and metal microtubules

Abstract : We describe in this report an elegant new method for the synthesis of organic microtubules. This new method is based on the use of a microporous membrane as a template during tubule synthesis. This template method produces tubules with monodisperse lengths and diameters, and length, diameter, and wall thickness can be varied at will. This type of precise control over tubule geometry is not possible with the existing synthetic method. The tubules obtained are composed of chemically and mechanically robust heterocyclic polymers. We have recently described a template method for the synthesis of organic microtubules. This method entails the use of the pores in a microporous membrane as templates for tubule formation. The key to the tubule-formation process is the presence of molecular anchors on the pore walls. These anchors insure that the tubule-forming materials deposits as a thin skin which lines the pore wall. We describe in this paper an electrochemical template method for the synthesis of metal (Au) microtubules. We also present a general paradigm for the formation of molecular anchors on the pore walls of alumina template membranes. We believe that this paradigm should allow for the synthesis of microtubules composed of any desired material.