cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Managing difficulties with adherence to injectable medications due to blood, injection, and injury phobia and self-injection anxiety

Injection phobia has long been known to interfere with the successful delivery of medical and dental care. Increasingly, as new biological medications administered through regular injection are developed, the inability to self-inject due to anxiety is reducing initiation and adherence to treatment. The prevalence of injection phobia ranges from 7–22% of the general population, while the inability to self-inject may also be increasingly prevalent. Specific phobia — blood, injection, and injury (BII) — is a diagnosis that is characterized by phobic reactions to exposure to injections, injury, or blood, leading to avoidance of such situations, or tolerating these situations only under extreme emotional duress. While the literature on health outcomes related to injection phobia is somewhat limited, injection phobia has been shown to contribute to poor adherence to treatment regimens, or to discontinuance of treatment altogether in diabetes mellitus and multiple sclerosis. Hypotheses about possible psychological and genetic mechanisms have been developed, as well as high psychiatric comorbidities that may contribute to injection anxiety and phobia, or complicate medical treatment. A number of psychological factors, including poor self-efficacy about self-injecting, beliefs about the benefits and risks associated with injecting, and feelings of disgust may contribute to injection phobia. Increased occurrence of vasovagal responses during or following injection may also increase the risk of injection phobia. Because injection phobia can prevent or interfere with the delivery of needed medications, it is believed that injection phobia and self-injection anxiety can have health consequences, however, research in this area is lacking. Cognitive behavioral therapies, including both exposure and cognitive restructuring, have been shown to be an effective treatment.
Evidence for an opiomelanotropin acetyltransferase in the rat pituitary neurointermediate lobe.

Abstract Results of this study demonstrate two distinct forms of acetyltransferase activity which will acetylate α-MSH. These acetyltransferases are distinguished by pH optima, subcellular distribution and sensitivity to magnesium and several solubilizing detergents. A general acetyltransferase, as characterized in the rat pituitary anterior lobe and lens, has a pH optima of 7.4 and is inhibited by magnesium. Subcellular fractionation of anterior and neurointermediate lobes revealed that this acetyltransferase is primarily localized in the cytosol fraction of these tissues. An α-MSH acetyltransferase (MAT) and a β-endorphin acetyltransferase (EAT) have a pH opitma of 6.0–6.6, are inhibited by detergents, and are specifically localized in the secretory granules of the neurointermediate lobe. Comparative studies of MAT and EAT suggest a single enzyme responsible for the acetylation of opioid and melanotropin peptides, and we term this enzyme opiomelanotropin acetyltransferase (OMAT).
Global MHD Instabilities in a Three-dimensional Thin-Shell Model of Solar Tachocline

We generalize the linear analysis of the global instability of coexisting differential rotation and toroidal magnetic fields in the solar tachocline to include continuous radial stratification, thermodynamics, and finite tachocline thickness, as perturbed by three-dimensional disturbances of longitudinal wavenumbers m = 1, 2. For radiative tachocline stratification, the instability for both banded and broad toroidal field profiles is similar to the two-dimensional and shallow water cases studied previously, even though the unstable modes have substantial vertical structure. For overshoot tachocline stratification, instability for banded toroidal fields with peaks 20 kG is similar to the corresponding shallow water case, but for substantially higher (perhaps unrealistic) toroidal fields there is no low-subadiabaticity cutoff, and modes appear with much higher growth rate and increasingly negative phase velocities in longitude, analogous to those found earlier by Cally. All of these results are only modestly sensitive to the tachocline thickness chosen. For broad toroidal field profiles, the instability results are similar to the two-dimensional and shallow water cases for toroidal field peaks up to at least 80 kG, unless the shell has a thickness that is a substantial fraction of a pressure scale height. For thinner shells, only above about 94 kG do the high growth rate, low phase velocity modes appear, with structure similar to the "polar kink" instability Cally found. But even in this case, we find that the slower growing "clam-shell" instability eventually replaces the faster growing polar kink modes. We conclude that for conditions most likely to occur in the solar tachocline, such as peak toroidal fields limited by the dynamo to 20 kG or less, the two-dimensional and shallow water type unstable modes are likely to predominate even when the tachocline has finite thickness and the modes can have radial structure.
Purification and crystallization of thymidine kinase from herpes simplex virus type 1.

Thymidine kinase from herpes simplex virus type 1 (ATP: thymidine 5′-phosphotransferase; EC 2.7.1.21) has been purified from an overexpression system and crystallized against ammonium sulfate by using the hanging-drop technique. The tetragonal crystals are of space group P4122 or P4322, and have unit cell dimensions a = b = 84 A, c = 180 A.
Toward work-centered digital information services

Work-centered digital information services are a set of library-like services meant to address work group needs. Workplace users especially need to access legacy documents and external collections. They also frequently want to retrieve information (rather than documents per se), and they require that digital information systems be integrated into established work practices. Realizing work-centered digital information systems requires a broad technical agenda. Three types of analysis-document image, natural language, and computer vision, are necessary to facilitate information extraction. Users also need new user interface paradigms and authoring tools to better access multimedia information, as well as improved protocols for client-program interaction with repositories (collections). Moreover, entirely new types of documents must be developed to exploit these capabilities. The system developed by the authors follows a client-server architecture, in which the servers are repositories implemented as databases supporting user-defined functions and user-defined access methods. The repositories also serve as indexing servers. The authors are creating a prototype set of information services called the California Environmental Digital Information System, which includes a diverse collection of environmental data.
Photoelectron spectroscopy studies of Cr(001) near-surface and surface magnetism

Abstract Angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES) studies of Cr(001) near-surface and surface electronic structure are reviewed. The near-surface energy band dispersions were investigated along the [010] direction parallel to the crystal surface. The periodicity of these band dispersions indicates that the valence electrons experience and self-consistently establish antiferromagnetism in the near-surface layers of Cr(001). Two surface-sensitive photoelectron peaks are observed in normal- emission ARPES. The spectral characteristics of these surface-related states are consistent with calculations that predict a ferromagnetic Cr(001) surface phase. The temperature dependence of one of these features is interpreted as evidence for a Cr(001) surface magnetic phase transition.
The concept of quackery in early nineteenth century British medical periodicals.

Medical writers in almost every historical period have distinguished quacks from regular practitioners. However, looking back from the twentieth century the distinction often seems unclear. Our criteria for quackery: ineffective treatment, lack of professional qualifications, and fraud, seem not always to correspond to earlier usage. Several historians have commented on the difficulty of distinguishing earlier quacks from regulars in a non-trivial way. 1 Yet historical discussions of quackery are usually anecdotal and, therefore, more entertaining than enlightening; there have been few serious attempts to characterize earlier conceptions of quackery. 2 In this paper I will discuss the concept of quackery in early nineteenth century England and identify certain respects in which that conception differs from our own. In conclusion I will also suggest some reasons for the change in this concept. In 1810 one British medical organization estimated that in England the ratio of quacks to regulars was about nine to one, 3 and several writers observed that there were more quacks in England than anywhere else in the world. 4 Throughout the early decades of the century, British medical periodicals published hundreds of letters and editorials discussing quackery. These included general discussions, letters and editorials exposing and denouncing specific quacks, letters in which physicians defended themselves against charges of quackery, and even a few letters from self-acknowledged .quacks. These periodicals provided an open forum for discussion. 5 The resulting literature constitutes a useful body of material on which to base an analysis of the prevailing concept of quackery. 6
Simulation of Ground Motion Using the Stochastic Method

A simple and powerful method for simulating ground motions is to combine parametric or functional descriptions of the ground motion’s amplitude spectrum with a random phase spectrum modified such that the motion is distributed over a duration related to the earthquake magnitude and to the distance from the source. This method of simulating ground motions often goes by the name “the stochastic method.” It is particularly useful for simulating the higher-frequency ground motions of most interest to engineers (generally, f > 0.1 Hz), and it is widely used to predict ground motions for regions of the world in which recordings of motion from potentially damaging earthquakes are not available. This simple method has been successful in matching a variety of ground-motion measures for earthquakes with seismic moments spanning more than 12 orders of magnitude and in diverse tectonic environments. One of the essential characteristics of the method is that it distills what is known about the various factors affecting ground motions (source, path, and site) into simple functional forms. This provides a means by which the results of the rigorous studies reported in other papers in this volume can be incorporated into practical predictions of ground motion.
Use of trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid in a peptide analyzer.

Abstract A system is described for the modification of an amino acid analyzer to permit its easy, economical conversion to an alkaline hydrolysis peptide analyzer, and its reconversion back to an amino acid analyzer. The amino acids liberated by alkaline hydrolysis are allowed to react with trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) and the color development is recorded. Alternatively, the system can be assembled independent of an amino acid analyzer from available commercial parts. The analyses are sensitive, reproducible, and compatible with infrequent use.
Cutaneous and extracutaneous neutrophilic infiltrates (Sweet syndrome) in three patients with Fanconi anemia.

Three patients with coexistent Fanconi syndrome and Sweet syndrome (neutrophilic dermatosis) are presented. These sterile skin lesions responded to systemic corticosteroid therapy in all three cases, and recurred when treatment was discontinued. The association in children of Sweet syndrome with malignancy has previously been recognized; it has not been reported in the premalignant phase of Fanconi anemia. This report expands the differential diagnosis of the neutrophilic dermatoses. Children with Sweet syndrome and anemia should be examined for Fanconi anemia by diepoxybutane cytogenetic studies
Approximation of Irregular Geometric Data by Locally Calculated Univariate Cubic L^1 Spline Fits

$$L^1$$ splines have been under development for interpolation and approximation of irregular geometric data. We investigate the advantages in terms of shape preservation and computational efficiency of calculating univariate cubic $$L^1$$ spline fits using a steepest-descent algorithm to minimize a global data-fitting functional under a constraint implemented by a local analysis-based interpolating-spline algorithm on 5-node windows. Comparison of these locally calculated $$L^1$$ spline fits with globally calculated $$L^1$$ spline fits previously reported in the literature indicates that the locally calculated spline fits preserve shape on the average slightly better than the globally calculated spline fits and are computationally more efficient because the locally-calculated-spline-fit algorithm can be parallelized.
Gender as a moderator in the relationship between anxiety and carotid intima-media thickness: The PREVENCION study

Abstract Background Previous studies regarding the association of atherosclerotic risk and anxiety have yielded conflicting results. Carotid intima–media thickness (cIMT) is an early marker of subclinical atherosclerosis and an independent predictor of cardiovascular risk. We aimed to determine the relationship between anxiety and cIMT in Andean Hispanics and examine the moderating effects of gender in this relationship. Methods We studied 496 adults enrolled in a population-based study in Peru. cIMT was measured with high-resolution ultrasonography. Anxiety levels were assessed with the HADS anxiety score. Results Median anxiety scores were 6 (IQR = 4–8) in men and 8 (IQR = 5–11) in women. We found a significant moderating effect of gender on the association between the HADS anxiety score and cIMT. Among men, the HADS anxiety score was significantly associated with cIMT ( β = 0.15; P = 0.004) after adjusting for age, education, employment status, SBP, DBP, fasting glucose, diabetes mellitus, smoking and LDL cholesterol. Other significant predictors of cIMT in men were age ( β = 0.60; P β = 0.16; P = 0.023) and diabetes mellitus ( β = 0.12; P = 0.033). The model explained 54% of the population variability in cIMT. The HADS anxiety score was not associated with cIMT in women. Conclusions We found an important moderating effect of gender in the relationship between anxiety and subclinical atherosclerosis. Anxiety was independently associated with subclinical atherosclerosis among Andean Hispanic men, whereas no relationship was found among women. Further studies are required to assess the mechanistic determinants of this association and assess whether interventions to decrease anxiety levels retard the progression of early, subclinical atherosclerosis.
Rumen microbial polynucleotide synthesis and its possible role in ruminant nitrogen utilization.

Rumen Microbial Polynucleotide Synthesis and its Possible Role in Ruminant Nitrogen Utilization
Extraction of optical properties and prediction of light distribution in rat brain tissue

Predicting the distribution of light inside any turbid media, such as biological tissue, requires detailed information about the optical properties of the medium, including the absorption and scattering coefficients and the anisotropy factor. Particularly, in biophotonic applications where photons directly interact with the tissue, this information translates to system design optimization, precision in light delivery, and minimization of unintended consequences, such as phototoxicity or photobleaching. In recent years, optogenetics has opened up a new area in deep brain stimulation with light and the method is widely adapted by researchers for the study of the brain circuitries and the dynamics of neurological disorders. A key factor for a successful optogenetic stimulation is delivering an adequate amount of light to the targeted brain objects. The adequate amount of light needed to stimulate each brain object is identified by the tissue optical properties as well as the type of opsin expressed in the tissue, wavelength of the light, and the physical dimensions of the targeted area. Therefore, to implement a precise light delivery system for optogenetics, detailed information about the optical properties of the brain tissue and a mathematical model that incorporates all determining factors is needed to find a good estimation of light distribution in the brain. In general, three measurements are required to obtain the optical properties of any tissue, namely diffuse transmitted light, diffuse reflected light, and transmitted ballistic beam. In this report, these parameters were measured in vitro using intact rat brain slices of 500 μm thickness via a two-integrating spheres optical setup. Then, an inverse adding doubling method was used to extract the optical properties of the tissue from the collected data. These experiments were repeated to cover the whole brain tissue with high spatial resolution for the three different cuts (transverse, sagittal, and coronal) and three different wavelengths (405, 532, and 635 nm) in the visible range of the spectrum. A three-dimensional atlas of the rat brain optical properties was constructed based on the experimental measurements. This database was linked to a Monte Carlo toolbox to simulate light distribution in the tissue for different light source configurations.
Multi-Commodity Network Flows over Multipaths with Bounded Buffers

In this paper we address the issue of designing multi-path routing algorithms. Multi-path routing has the potential of improving the throughput but requires buffers at the destination. Our model assumes a network with capacitated edges and a delay function associated with the network links (edges). We consider the problem of establishing a specified throughput from multiple source to destination pairs in the network, given bounds on the buffer sizes available at the network intermediate nodes and a bound on the maximum delay that the paths are allowed to have. We formulate the problem using a linear programming model. We also present practical heuristics and present the experimental results on an existing network topology. The results are promising and demonstrate the effectiveness of simultaneous multipaths in the multi-commodity scenario.
Failure to isolate borrelia burgdorferi after antimicrobial therapy in culture-documented Lyme borreliosis associated with erythema migrans: Report of a prospective study

Abstract background: Borrelia burgdorferi , the etiologic agent of Lyme borreliosis, has occasionally been isolated from tissues or body fluids of patients after antimicrobial treatment. A prospective study of patients with Lyme borreliosis associated with erythema migrans (EM) was initiated in Westchester County, New York, to determine: (1) the clinical and laboratory parameters associated with culture positivity, and (2) the microbiologic response to treatment. methods: Skin biopsies were performed in patients with EM and cultured for B. burgdorferi in modified Barbour-Stoenner-Kelly medium at 33 °C. Subsequent biopsies for culture were performed adjacent to the original biopsy site for culture-positive patients after the completion of antimicrobial therapy. results: Initial biopsy cultures were performed for 44 patients; 6 were unevaluable due to culture contamination with other bacteria. Cultures were positive in 21 of 29 patients prior to treatment (72%), but in none of 9 patients during treatment (p B. burgdorferi was shorter duration of EM. When patients who had received prior antimicrobial therapy were excluded, the mean duration of the EM lesion for those with positive cultures was 5.0 ± 5.2 days compared with 14.6 ±9.9 days for those with negative cultures (p B. burgdorferi could not be reisolated from any of 18 evaluable subsequent biopsies of skin from 13 culture-positive patients 4 to 209 days after completion of a course of antimicrobial therapy. Five patients had negative subsequent biopsy cultures on two separate occasions 3 to 5 months apart. conclusions: After brief courses of antibiotics, B. burgdorferi appears to be rapidly eliminated from the skin at EM sites. The ability to recover A. burgdorferi from skin biopsy cultures of untreated patients with EM lesions wanes with increasing duration of EM, suggesting that this organism may also be spontaneously cleared from skin over time.
Fundamental Denitrification Kinetic Studies with Pseudomonas denitrificans

Fundamental kinetic studies on the reduction of nitrate, nitrite, and their mixtures were performed with a strain of Pseudomonas denitrificans (ATCC 13867). Methanol served as the carbon source and was supplied in excess (2:1 mole ratio relative to nitrate and/or nitrite). Nitrate and nitrite served as terminal electron acceptors as well as sources of nitrogen for biomass synthesis. The results were explained under the assumption that respiration is a growth-associated process. It was found that the sequence of complete reduction of nitrate to nitrogen gas is via nitrite and nitrous oxide.It was found that the specific growth rate of the biomass on either nitrate or nitrite follows Andrews inhibitory kinetics and nitrite is more inhibitory than nitrate. It was also found that the culture has severe maintenance requirements which can be described by Herbert's model, i.e., by self-oxidation of portions of the biomass. The specific maintenance rates at 30 degrees C and pH 7.1 were found to be equal to about 28% of the maximum specific growth rate on nitrate and 23% of the maximum specific growth rate on nitrite. Nitrate and nitrite were found to be involved in a cross-inhibitory noncompetitive kinetic interaction. The extent of this interaction is negligible when the presence of nitrite is low but is considerable when nitrite is present at levels above 15 mg/L.Studies on the effect of temperature have shown that the culture cannot grow at temperatures above 40 degrees C. The optimal temperature for nitrate or nitrite reduction was found to be about 38 degrees C. Using an Arrhenius expression to describe the effect of temperature on the specific growth rates, it was found that the activation energy for the use of nitrate by the culture is 8.6 kcal/mol and 7.21 kcal/mol for nitrite. Arrhenius-type expressions were also used in describing the effect of temperature on each of the parameters appearing in the specific growth rate expressions. Studies on the effect of pH at 30 degrees C have shown that the culture reduces nitrate optimally at a pH between 7.4 and 7.6, and nitrite at a pH between 7.2 and 7.3. (c) 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
High-fidelity system modeling of advanced nuclear energy systems approaching a zero-nuclear-waste limit

Abstract This paper will present a high-fidelity system analysis of advanced nuclear energy systems approaching a zero-nuclear-waste limit. The focus will be on achievable performance characteristics. The applied high-fidelity system modeling approach will be discussed with illustrations using obtained physics simulation results. The near-term deployable dedicated small 14 MeV-neutron waste incineration back-end clean-up facilities are envisioned as advanced incinerators that are used in combination with thermal reactors (Westinghouse AP1000 and Generation IV VHTR are considered in the present study) to minimize the remaining long-lived radioactive species. These 14 MeV transmuters are viewed as small facilities designed to reduce waste inventories prior to reprocessing stages minimizing spent fuel activity levels and repository requirements. It is envisioned that under sustainable nuclear energy scenario small clean-up facilities will eventually evolve into self-consistent complexes producing electricity and serving as energy sources for industrial applications. The paper discusses physics features of these advanced systems and challenges of their conclusive evaluations.
Comparing permeability of matrix cover types for the marsh rice rat (Oryzomys palustris)

Matrix land cover types differ in permeability to animals moving between habitat patches, and animals may actually move faster across less-suitable areas. Marsh rice rats are wetland specialists whose dispersal crosses upland matrix. Our objectives were to (1) compare matrix permeability for the marsh rice rat among upland cover types, (2) compare permeability within versus outside perceptual range of the wetland, and (3) explore intrinsic and extrinsic features influencing matrix use and permeability. We quantified permeability of grassland, crop field, and forest to the marsh rice rat during 2011–2012, by marking rats in wetlands and estimating the slope of capture rate versus distance (0–95 m) into the matrix. We also compared permeability within (0–15 m) and beyond the perceptual range of rice rats, and tested whether age, sex, time, water depth, rice rat abundance, and vegetation density influenced matrix use and permeability. Permeability was greater for soybean fields than grassland or forest but did not appear to differ within versus beyond rice rats’ perceptual range. Matrix capture rates were higher early in the study and in times and locations with thick ground vegetation and high rice rat abundance in the wetlands. Rice rats captured in the matrix were younger than those in wetland patches. Our findings expand known matrix use by marsh rice rats, and support permeability being high in matrix types dissimilar to suitable habitat. Studying individual movements will help identify mechanisms underlying enhanced permeability in crop fields.
Characterization of the phase transitions of ethyl substituted polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane

Abstract This study describes the synthesis and molecular mobility of both partially deuterated and fully protonated ethyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) crystals. The primary phase transitions were identified with differential scanning calorimetry at ∼257 and ∼253 K for partially deuterated and fully protonated ethyl POSS, respectively. A change in entropy between ∼47 and 28 ± 2 J mol−1 K−1 was observed for these transitions. At high temperature the unit cells are rhombohedral, while triclinic unit cells are observed at temperatures below the phase transition point. The crystallographic transition to the low temperature phase, 110 K, is marked by an abrupt increase in density (1.31 to 1.43 ± 0.05 g cm−3) and decrease in symmetry (R-3 to P-1). Additionally, the crystallographic transition results in abrupt changes in the spin lattice relaxation and linewidth as detected with solid-state proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. This NMR behavior suggests a transition in molecular mobility of both ethyl derivatives. Both POSS derivatives exhibit an increase in correlation time and activation energy. For deuterated ethyl POSS, the motions became increasingly anisotropic after the temperature is lowered past its transition point.
Relaxation pretraining, pulse wave velocity and thermal biofeedback in the treatment of essential hypertension.

Abstract Twelve white male subjects with a physician's diagnosis of essential hypertension participated in the study over a 3- to 4-month period (23–38 sessions). Subjects were assigned to one of four sequences of training in which the order of presentation of pulse wave velocity (PWV) or thermal feedback, and presence or absence of relaxation pretraining were varied. The overall effectiveness of the treatment program was demonstrated by average blood pressure decreases of 8.8 mm Hg/4.1 mm Hg from initial session measures to follow-up one month after completion of the program. Systolic pressures were significantly lower at follow-up but not diastolic. In addition, 3 subjects had ceased taking any blood pressure medication by follow-up, and maintained normal pressure. The effectiveness of relaxation pretraining was demonstrated by the fact that relaxation pretrained subjects attained significantly greater blood pressure decreases from baseline to the last 3 sessions of training, and by the fact that relaxation pretraining appeared critical in the acquisition of PWV feedback training.
Can general strain theory explain white-collar crime? A preliminary investigation of the relationship between strain and select white-collar offenses

Abstract Agnew's (1992) general strain theory (GST) had been tested across a wide range of populations and on numerous criminal and analogous behaviors. The ability of GST to predict white-collar offending, however, had yet to be explored. Using data from convicted white-collar offenders, this research examined the ability of GST to explain white-collar offenses. The results revealed that GST was useful for predicting a select group of white-collar offenses, but might not be generalizable to individuals committing corporate-type crimes. Additionally, the findings suggested that the types of strain and negative emotion at work for white-collar offenders might vary from those found in other criminal populations. Implications for white-collar crime studies are discussed and ideas for future research are presented.
Towards a social affordances perspective of media capabilities and interface design

This study examined the relationships between collaborative group work and communication technologies. First, a model of experience depicting the most perceptually relevant aspects of group work was produced using self-guided focus groups and survey responses. Eleven elements of the group work context, their interrelationships, and technologies supporting collaborative activity were described. The model suggested communication technologies are situated within contexts of use that affect and are affected by relevant aspects of that context. Participant task groups then resolved various problems using one of three technologies: face-to-face, voice conferencing, or chat. Activity unfolded longitudinally allowing for the emergence of situated actions, interaction, and technology effects. Individual and collective perceptions of how technology affected each element of the model, and how those elements impacted perceptions of technology, were analyzed via in-depth interviews.
Absolute judgments in speeded tasks: Quantification of the trade-off between speed and accuracy

The Ss engaged in making absolute judgments were gradually forced to increase the speed of their responses. Information transmission decreased linearly as criterion time was decreased from 1.0 sec to 0.4 sec.
Blood flow characteristics of ovarian tumors: Implications for ovarian cancer screening

Abstract OBJECTIVES: Our purpose was to investigate the blood flow characteristics of benign and malignant ovarian tumors. Questions posed by our research were as follows: (1) Can malignant ovarian tumors be predicted by color flow Doppler imaging? (2) What are the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of such prediction? (3) Which color flow Doppler parameter is superior in its accuracy of prediction? STUDY DESIGN: One hundred twenty-three consecutive patients seen for suspected pelvic masses were evaluated by transvaginal ultrasonography and color flow Doppler imaging. A morphologic assessment was initially performed, followed by color flow Doppler anlaysis. A comparison of findings between the benign and malignant tumors was made by analyzing different thresholds of the intratumoral pulsatility and resistance index values by means of receiver-operator characteristic curves. By calculation of the area index under each receiver-operator characteristic curve the efficiency of the pulsatility and resistance index values in predicting malignancy was determined. RESULTS: Fifty-six benign and 23 malignant tumors were pathologically confirmed. Patients with malignant tumors were not likely to be postmenopausal and were older than patients with benign tumors. Malignant tumors were more likely to be larger and to have either a complex or solid pattern. Absent color flow was more common in benign tumors, and increased color flow was found equally among benign and malignant tumors. There was no difference in systolic, diastolic, or mean velocities between benign and malignant tumors. The calculated pulsatility and resistance index values were lower in patients with malignant tumors compared with those with benign tumors. No significant difference exists in performance of either the pulsatility or resistance index of 1.0 and resistance index of 0.6. CONCLUSIONS: Transvaginal ultrasonography is accurate is distinguishing benign from malignant ovarian tumors. Color flow Doppler findings are not specific enough to be used independent of gray-scale ultrasonography.
New treatments for agitation.

Acute agitation is a frequent reason for emergency psychiatric intervention. It is important to intervene early to avoid escalation of agitation to aggression. Reducing risk by using effective treatments will result in fewer instances of seclusion and restraint, and fewer injuries to staff and patients. This paper will first review the epidemiology of aggressive behavior and mental disorders, followed by a discussion of assessment and diagnostic considerations. The pathophysiology of safety risk is discussed within the context of the model of the “triune brain.” Pharmacological treatment strategies for acute episodes of agitated behavior will be discussed in detail. This includes newer formulations of novel antipsychotics such as liquids and rapidly disintegrating tablets, as well as intramuscular preparations.
Global land-surface primary productivity based upon Nimbus-7 37 GHz data

Accumulation and renewal of organic matter as quantified through net primary productivity (NPP) is considered a very major function of the biosphere, and its estimation is crucial in understanding the carbon cycle. A physically-based model relating NPP to the difference of vertically and horizontally polarized brightness temperatures (Delta T) observed at 37 GHz frequency of the scanning multichannel microwave radiometer on board the Nimbus-7 satellite is used for fitting areally averaged values of NPP and Delta T for five biomes. The land-surface NPP within 80 deg N to 55 deg S is then calculated using the Delta T data and compared with other estimates.
Use of Clonidine as a Component of the Peribulbar Block in Patients Undergoing Cataract Surgery

Background and Objectives This study was designed to determine whether administration of clonidine as a component of a peribulbar block enhanced analgesia increased sedation, improved akinesia, or decreased intraocular pressure. Methods A randomized, double-blinded study was undertaken at a University-affiliated tertiary care hospital. Forty outpatients undergoing unilateral cataract surgery by a single surgeon (J.P.) under peribulbar blockade were evaluated. Patients received either 100 μg (1 mL) clonidine or 1 mL preservative-free normal saline mixed with the local anesthetic (7 mL 1% preservative-free lidocaine). A Honan adapter was applied for 10 minutes after block placement. The outcome measures included sedation scores, intraocular pressure (IOP) before and after peribulbar block, need for supplemental block, 24-hour analgesic requirement, and patient satisfaction. Results There were no differences between groups with respect to pain, sedation, or satisfaction scores. There was no difference with respect to onset of akinesia. This study revealed no significant difference in baseline IOP and postperibulbar IOP. Conclusions Clonidine did not alter, in any appreciable way, the perioperative course for patients undergoing cataract operations. We do not recommend clonidine as a component of a peribulbar block in patients undergoing cataract extraction operations.
The effects of p -chlorophenylalanine on morphine analgesia, tolerance and dependence development in two strains of rats

The effects of p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA; 100 mg/kg/day for 3 days) on morphine analgesia and the development of tolerance and physical dependence were investigated in Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Fisher (F) strains of albino rats. Using a modified flinch-jump method to detect changes in reactivity to electric footshock, F strain rats were more reactive to the footshock than SD rats, but showed less relative increase in threshold (analgesia) than SD rats following various doses of morphine. Pretreatment with p-CPA attenuated significantly morphine analgesia in SD, but not F rats. In animals implanted subcutaneously with morphine pellets, p-CPA appeared to delay the development of tolerance to morphine in both strains of rats. Hyperalgesia and loss of body weight resulted from administration of naloxone to pellet-implanted rats and p-CPA pretreatment lessened these withdrawal effects significantly in SD rats only. These results emphasize the importance of strain differences in the study of morphine analgesia and development of tolerance and dependence. Assuming differences in the function of the serotonergic inhibitory system in the two strains of rats, these data provide general support for the involvement of brain 5-HT mechanisms in modulating, if not mediating the effects of morphine.
Adventures in thermal duality. II. Towards a duality-covariant string thermodynamics

In a recent companion paper, we observed that the rules of ordinary thermodynamics generally fail to respect thermal duality, a symmetry of string theory under which the physics at temperature T is related to the physics at the inverse temperature 1/T. Even when the free energy and internal energy exhibit the thermal duality symmetry, the entropy and specific heat are defined in such a way that this symmetry is destroyed. In this paper, we propose a modification of the traditional definitions of these quantities, yielding a manifestly duality-covariant thermodynamics. At low temperatures, these modifications produce "corrections" to the standard definitions of entropy and specific heat which are suppressed by powers of the string scale. These corrections may nevertheless be important for the full development of a consistent string thermodynamics. We find, for example, that the string-corrected entropy can be smaller than the usual entropy at high temperatures, suggesting a possible connection with the holographic principle. We also discuss some outstanding theoretical issues prompted by our approach.
Addressing Politics in Matrix Teams

Analyses of data collected from 172 members of 23 matrix teams indicated that member perceptions of team-level politics were negatively related to executive and member ratings of effectiveness and to member expressions of satisfaction with and commitment to the matrix team. In addition, results of moderated multiple regression analyses indicated that member-team goal congruence moderated these relationships. Perceptions of politics were more strongly related to the outcome variables among individuals who did not share the priorities of their team members than among those whose goal priorities were consistent. These results suggest that leaders can help their team members cope with politics by making efforts to ensure that they share goal priorities of team members.
Use of Fat Replacers in Low Fat Mozzarella Cheese

Abstract Low fat Mozzarella cheeses with ® D100 and Dairy-Lo ® ) and two carbohydrate-based fat replacers (Stellar™ 100X and Novagel™ RCN-15). Moisture contents of the cheeses were 53.0, 54.3, 55.2, 55.3, and 57.3% for the control, Stellar™, Dairy-Lo ® , Simplesse ® , and Novagel™ cheeses, respectively. Apparent viscosity of the cheese at 80°C was not significantly affected by addition of fat replacers, but there was a significant effect on meltability. Cheeses made with Stellar™ and Simplesse ® had greater overall meltability than cheese made with Dairy-Lo ® or the control. The cheese made with Novagel™ contained the most moisture but, from d 1 to d 14, melted to the least extent. By d 21, all cheeses melted to the same extent. The location of the fat replacers in the cheese structure was examined using scanning electron microscopy. Distribution of the fat replacers within the cheese was influenced by the extent of microparticulation of the fat replacer, size of the fat replacer particles, and processing steps that caused an interaction between the fat replacer and the caseins in milk. Novagel™ was present as the largest particles (up to 80 μ m), and their incorporation into the cheese curd resulted in increased openness in the cheese, and large serum channels (up to 300 μ m) were formed. None of the other fat replacers increased the openness of the cheese structure. Cheese sample preparation for the electron microscopy caused the Novagel™ particles to shrink and to appear artifactually as solid particles rather than as fibrous particles as shown by freeze-drying. Stellar™ was observed as spheroid particles (0.5 to 1 μ m in diameter) embedded within the protein matrix of the cheese as well as being present in the serum channels. No discrete Dairy-Lo ® particles were observed in the protein matrix, indicating a low level of microparticulation (particles μ m) of the proteins in Dairy-Lo ® .
Mercury oxidation and adsorption characteristics of chemically promoted activated carbon sorbents

Abstract Previous entrained-flow tests conducted under elemental mercury (Hg0)-laden air found that significant amounts of oxidized mercury (Hg2+) are not adsorbed onto cupric chloride-impregnated carbon (CuCl2-AC) and brominated activated carbon (DARCO Hg-LH), but entrained to the gas phase. In this study, these sorbents were tested in a fixed-bed system and a filter-added entrained-flow system to further investigate Hg0 oxidation and adsorption characteristics of CuCl2-AC and DARCO Hg-LH. These test results suggested that CuCl2-AC has different sites available for Hg0 oxidation and Hg adsorption, and the resultant oxidized mercury generated from the reaction between Hg0 and CuCl2 is re-adsorbed at the site of CuCl2-AC available for adsorption. The resultant oxidized mercury was also found to be easily re-adsorbed onto CuCl2-AC and DARCO Hg-LH in the filter connected to the entrained-flow reactor.
Irreducibility testing of lacunary 0,1-polynomials

A reciprocal polynomial g(x) ∈ Z[x] is such that g(0) ≠ 0 and if g(α) = 0 then g(1/α) = 0. The non-reciprocal part of a monic polynomial f(x) ∈ Z[x] is f(x) divided by the product of its irreducible monic reciprocal factors (to their multiplicity). This paper presents an algorithm for testing the irreducibility of the non-reciprocal part of a 0,1-polynomial (a polynomial having each coefficient either 0 or 1). The algorithm runs in time O(2r r logr logn) where r is the number of non-zero terms of the input polynomial and n is its degree. Thus, the algorithm efficiently handles lacunary (or sparse) 0,1-polynomials.
Subcultural similarities and differences: an examination of US core values

States that the end of the last century brought dramatic changes in the composition of the workforce and heightened awareness of cultural diversity in the USA. Highlights the need to identify and understand similarities and differences as we move from the “melting pot” concept to ward off the notion of a multicultural society where subcultures exist and function using specific values. Compares attitudes of African Americans and Euro Americans with respect to ten cultural value statements. Discovers significant differences between the two groups.
Dinitrophenylation of rabbit skeletal sarcoplasmic reticulum ATPase protein

Abstract The ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase (EC 3.6.1.3)) protein of rabbit skeletal sarcoplasmic reticulum rapidly incorporated three mol of 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene per 105 g of protein with little change in the Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity. When 2 additional mol of the reagent were bound the Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity was inhibited. The dinitrophenyl group was located mainly in the ATPase protein and a small amount of the label was found in the proteo-lipid component of the ATPase preparation as judged by dissociation experiments in sodium dodecyl sulfate. Cysteine and tyrosine residues were dinitrophenylated in the modified ATPase protein. Thiolysis of the dinitrophenylated ATPase protein with 2-mercaptoethanol under various conditions did not restore the Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity. Solubilization of the ATPase protein with sodium deoxycholate increased the reactivity of the reagent and the Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity was inhibited to a greater extent. Dinitrophenylation of the ATPase protein was Ca2+-dependent; in the presence of high Ca2+ the incorporation increased by 50% and a large decrease in the Ca2+-ATPase activity was noted. The half-maximal changes for the incorporation of the reagent and the inhibition of the Ca2+-ATPase activity occurred at 3–4 μM Ca2+-concentration, consistent with the binding of Ca2+ to high affinity sites on the ATPase protein. These results indicate that the ATPase protein has a Ca2+-free and a Ca2+-bound conformation. The reagent, 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene reacts differentially and thus characterizes these two conformations.
The Two-Pathway Model for the Catch-Slip Transition in Biological Adhesion

Some recently studied biological noncovalent bonds have shown increased lifetime when stretched by mechanical force. In each case these counterintuitive “catch-bonds” have transitioned into ordinary “slip-bonds” that become increasingly shorter lived as the tensile force on the bond is further increased. We describe analytically how these results are supported by a physical model whereby the ligand escapes the receptor binding site via two alternative routes, a catch-pathway that is opposed by the applied force and a slip-pathway that is promoted by force. The model predicts under what conditions and at what critical force the catch-to-slip transition would be observed, as well as the degree to which the bond lifetime is enhanced at the critical force. The model is applied to four experimentally studied systems taken from the literature, involving the binding of P- and L-selectins to sialyl LewisX oligosaccharide-containing ligands. Good quantitative fit to the experimental data is obtained, both for experiments with a constant force and for experiments where the force increases linearly with time.
Further Validation of a Measure of Individual Modernity

Summary: Individual modernity may be defined as a cluster of beliefs and attitudes including progressivism, autonomy, secularism, and a sense of personal efficacy. An 8-item scale to assess this constellation was previously published. The present analysis reports new validational data. Factor analysis showed the scale to be significantly loaded (.74) on a modernity dimension, with minimal loadings (-.14 and -.16) on factors for alienationanemic and authoritarianism. For 60 assessees modernity correlated .35 with criterion u ratings by observers. Interviewers' Q sort and adjectival descriptions of 360 subjects stressed independence and breadth of interests for high-scorers versus conventionality and narrowness of interests for low-scorers. These descriptions also suggested that women ranking high on modernity will be less favorably perceived than men of comparable standing.
Safety & Certification Initiatives for Composite Airframe Structure

†The use of advanced composite materia ls in airframe structures has steadily increased since the 1970s. Currently, the applications have expanded to include empennage, fuselage, wing and dynamic components of small airplanes, transport aircraft and rotorcraft. Composite safety and certificat ion initiatives (CS&CI) were derived to address technical areas important to the development and certification of composite aircraft structures. This paper will summarize some background related to important contributions from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and recent work for composite airframe structures, including highlights of Dr. Jim Starnes’ contributions.
The Bear and the Canyon Toward an Understanding of Personal Leadership

Using Carper's fundamental patterns of knowing in nursing as a framework, the author reflects upon and intertwines experiences as a nurse leader and experiences in nature that called for resilience and courage.