cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Client Attitudes toward Integrating Religion and Spirituality in Mental Health Treatment: Scale Development and Client Responses

This article describes the development, validation, and responses to the first administration of the Religious/Spiritually Integrated Practice Assessment Scale-Client Attitudes (RSIPAS-CA). A total of 1,047 U.S. adults responded to an online survey administered by Qualtrics, which included the RSIPAS-CA for secondary analysis. Of those, 245 indicated they were either current or former mental health clients and thus were asked to complete a 10-item instrument assessing clients' attitudes toward integrating religion and spirituality (RS) in mental health treatment. A confirmatory factor analysis showed the current sample's data approached an adequate fit, and the instrument's reliability was considered very good (α = .89). Descriptive analyses indicated that clients have mixed views regarding who should initiate the discussion of RS, but a majority responded favorably toward integrating RS in practice. The article ends with a general comparison between client responses to the current survey and clinical social workers' responses to the practitioners' RSIPAS. It also discusses implications for research based on the scale development and implications for practice and education, based on client preferences.
Logan's Turbomachinery: Flowpath Design and Performance Fundamentals, Third Edition

1. Turbomachinery History, Classifications, and Applications 2. Basic Concepts and Relations of Aerothermodynamics 3. Dimensionless Quantities 4. Centrifugal Pumps and Fans 5. Centrifugal Compressors 6. Axial-Flow Pumps, Fans, and Compressors 7. Radial-Flow Gas Turbines 8. Axial-Flow Gas Turbines 9. Steam Turbines 10. Hydraulic Turbines 11. Wind Turbines 12. Gas-Turbine Exhaust Diffusers 13. Computational Fluid Dynamics and Its Role in Turbomachinery Flowpath Design Appendix A: Tables of Conversion Factors, Pump Efficiency, and Compressor Specific Speed Appendix B: Derivation of Equation for Slip Coefficient Appendix C: Formulation of Equation for Hydraulic Loss in Centrifugal Pumps with Backward-Curved Blades Appendix D: Viscous Effects on Pump Performance Appendix E: Comparison of Formulas for Compressor Slip Coefficient, s = Vu2'/Vu2 Appendix F: Molecular Weight of Selected Gases Appendix G: Pressure and Temperature Changes in Isentropic Free and Vortex Vortices Appendix H: Dimensionless Velocity Diagrams for Axial-Flow Compressors and Turbines Appendix I: Throughflow Design with Simple Radial Equilibrium Equation Appendix J: Review of Necessary Mathematics
Evaluating the Use of Phenobarbital for the Management of Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome in Psychiatric Inpatients.

ObjectivesTo describe the potential role of phenobarbital as appropriate therapy in the treatment and prevention of alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) among medically cleared psychiatric inpatients....
Identifying Characteristics of Frailty in Female Mice Using a Phenotype Assessment Tool

Preclinical studies are important in identifying the underlying mechanisms contributing to frailty. Frailty studies have mainly focused on male rodents with little directed at female rodents. Therefore, the purposes of this study were to identify the onset and prevalence of frailty across the life span in female mice, and to determine if frailty predicts mortality. Female C57BL/6 (n = 27) mice starting at 17 months of age were assessed across the life span using a frailty phenotype, which included body weight, walking speed, strength, endurance, and physical activity. The onset of frailty occurred at approximately 17 months (1/27 mice), with the prevalence of frailty increasing thereafter. At 17 months, 11.1% of the mice were pre-frail and by 26 months peaked at 36.9%. The percentage of frail mice progressively increased up to 66.7% at 32 months. Non-frail mice lived to 29 months whereas frail/pre-frail mice lived only to 26 months (p = .04). In closing, using a mouse frailty phenotype, we are able to identify that the prevalence of frailty in female mice increases across the life span and accurately predicts mortality. Together, this frailty phenotype has the potential to yield information about the underlying mechanisms contributing to frailty.
Guiding collaborative revision of science explanations

This paper illustrates how the combination of teacher and computer guidance can strengthen collaborative revision and identifies opportunities for teacher guidance in a computer-supported collaborative learning environment. We took advantage of natural language processing tools embedded in an online, collaborative environment to automatically score student responses using human-designed knowledge integration rubrics. We used the automated explanation scores to assign adaptive guidance to the students and to provide real-time information to the teacher on students’ learning. We study how one teacher customizes the automated guidance tools and incorporates it with her in-class monitoring system to guide 98 student pairs in meaningful revision of two science explanations embedded in an online plate tectonics unit. Our study draws on video and audio recordings of teacher-student interactions during instruction as well as on student responses to pretest, embedded and posttest assessments. The findings reveal five distinct strategies the teacher used to guide student pairs in collaborative revision. The teacher’s strategies draw on the automated guidance to personalize guidance of student ideas. The teacher’s guidance system supported all pairs to engage in two rounds of revision for the two explanations in the unit. Students made more substantial revisions on posttest than on pretest yet the percentage of students who engaged in revision overall remained small. Results can inform the design of teacher professional development for guiding student pairs in collaborative revision in a computer-supported environment.
Lead and cadmium adsorption by electrospun PVA/PAA nanofibers: Batch, spectroscopic, and modeling study

Abstract Water-stable PVA/PAA nanofibers were fabricated through electrospinning and evaluated for their performance in lead (Pb(II)) and cadmium (Cd(II)) removal from water in a batch experiment. The adsorption mechanism of Pb(II) was explored using the extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopic analysis. The PVA/PAA nanofibers showed a pH-dependent behavior for heavy metal removal, and its adsorption capacities for Pb(II) and Cd(II) could reach as high as 159 and 102 mg/g, respectively. The calcium ion (Ca(II)) had no effect on Pb(II) removal at pH 5.0 whereas it significantly reduced Cd(II) removal at pH 7.0. The adsorption of Pb(II) and Cd(II) was spontaneous and exothermic in nature with a decrease in randomness. The saturated PVA/PAA nanofibers could be regenerated using acidic solutions for reuse. The Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis indicated the formation of surface complexes between adsorbed Pb(II) and Cd(II) and carboxyl groups on PVA/PAA nanofibers. Moreover, EXAFS analysis suggested that a Pb(II) cation was chelated with three carboxyl groups on the nanofibers. This molecular-level adsorption structure was successfully implemented into a surface complexation model for the prediction of the macroscopic Pb(II) and Cd(II) adsorption behaviors. The results gained from this study provided complementary information on heavy metal removal by a new generation of adsorbents and improved the fundamental understanding for the removal process.
Engineering Choices for Open World Provenance

This work outlines engineering decisions required to support a provenance system in an open world where systems are not under any common control and use many different technologies. Real U.S. government applications have shown us the need for specialized identity techniques, flexible storage, scalability testing, protection of sensitive information, and customizable provenance queries. We analyze tradeoffs for approaches to each area, focusing more on maintaining graph connectivity and breadth of capture, rather than on fine-grained/detailed capture as in other works. We implement each technique in the PLUS system, test its real-time efficiency, and describe the results.
Proportional Myoelectric Control of a Virtual Inverted Pendulum Using Residual Antagonistic Muscles: Toward Voluntary Postural Control

This paper aims to investigate whether transtibial amputees are capable of coordinating the descending neural commands to antagonistic residual ankle muscles for performing dynamic tasks that require continuous, precise control. To achieve this goal, we developed a virtual inverted pendulum that was inherently unstable and mimicked human-like dynamics in a standing posture. Balancing this dynamic system requires continuous inputs, proportional to electromyography (EMG) magnitudes recorded from (residual) tibialis anterior (TA) and lateral gastrocnemius muscles (GAS), respectively. The six able-bodied and six transtibial amputees were recruited and asked to balance the inverted pendulum for ten 90-s trials. The results showed that the amputees were capable of controlling this unstable dynamic system with a proportional myoelectric control; however, they underperformed the able-bodied subjects, who maintained the pendulum closer to center ( ${p} = {0.041}$ ). Compared to the performance in the initial two trials, amputees improved the performance by significantly reducing the number of pendulum falls ( ${p} = {0.0329}$ ) and sway size ( ${p} ={0.048}$ ) in the final two trials. However, the amount of improvement varied across amputee subjects. Amputee subjects demonstrated different task adaptation strategies, including reduction of erroneous residual muscle contractions, development of an appropriate state-action (pendulum state-EMG activation) relationship for the task, and/or reduction of muscle control variability with the improved task performance efficiency (i.e., increased inactivity and sway minimization). The results suggest that after the training of transtibial amputees in coordinating antagonistic residual muscles in dynamic systems, it may be feasible to implement the proportional myoelectric control of the powered ankle prostheses in order to assist the postural control mechanisms, such as anticipatory and compensatory postural adjustments.
On a real analog of Bezout inequality and the number of connected components of sign conditions

Let R be a real closed field and Q1, . . . , Q` ∈ R[X1, . . . , Xk] such that for each i, 1 ≤ i ≤ `, deg(Qi) ≤ di. For 1 ≤ i ≤ `, denote by Qi = {Q1, . . . , Qi}, Vi the real variety defined by Qi, and ki an upper bound on the real dimension of Vi (by convention V0 = R k and k0 = k). Suppose also that 2 ≤ d1 ≤ d2 ≤ 1 k + 1 d3 ≤ 1 (k + 1)2 d4 ≤ · · · ≤ 1 (k + 1)`−3 d`−1 ≤ 1 (k + 1)`−2 d`, and that ` ≤ k. We prove that the number of semi-algebraically connected components of V` is bounded by O(k)  ∏ 1≤j<` d kj−1−kj j  d`−1 ` . This bound can be seen as a weak extension of the classical Bezout inequality (which holds only over algebraically closed fields and is false over real closed fields) to varieties defined over real closed fields. Additionally, if P ⊂ R[X1, . . . , Xk] is a finite family of polynomials with deg(P ) ≤ d for all P ∈ P, cardP = s, and d` ≤ 1 k+1d, we prove that the number of semi-algebraically connected components of the realizations of all realizable sign conditions of the family P restricted to V` is bounded by O(k)(sd)`  ∏ 1≤j≤` d kj−1−kj j  . These results have found applications in discrete geometry, for proving incidence bounds [11], as well as in effcient range-searching [20].
Update on risk stratification in the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology System for Reporting Pancreaticobiliary Cytology categories: 3-Year, prospective, single-institution experience.

Background Risk stratification is a critical element for the successful implementation of cytopathology reporting systems. To the authors' knowledge, there are limited prior studies regarding risk stratification for The Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology System for Reporting Pancreaticobiliary Cytology (PSCPC). In the current study, the authors reported on a single-institution experience on 3-year prospective PSCPC regarding risk of malignancy (ROM) and the overall risk of malignancy (OROM). Methods A computerized search was performed from August 2014 to December 2017 for all pancreatic fine-needle aspiration (FNA) samples. Pathology from surgical resections and biopsies and relevant radiologic and clinical follow-up data were collected. The ROM and the OROM were calculated. The OROM was based on the total number of FNA samples in each category. Results A total of 1017 pancreatic FNA cases were identified, with surgical and/or clinical follow-up data available for 548 cases. The cytopathologic diagnoses included 242 nondiagnostic (category I), 162 benign (category II), 142 atypical (category III), 20 neoplastic-benign (category IV: benign), 133 neoplastic-other (category IV: other), 28 suspicious (category V), and 290 malignant (category VI) cases. A total of 364 malignancies were documented in 11 cases, 4 cases, 36 cases, 0 cases, 36 cases, 21 cases, and 255 cases, respectively, from categories I, II, III, IV: benign, IV:other, V, and VI. The ROM was 25%, 17.4%, 41.8%, 0%, 34.3% (95.2%), 95.5%, and 99.6%, respectively, and the OROM was 4.5%, 2.5%, 25.3%, 0%, 27.1% (83.3%), 75%, and 87.9%, respectively, for categories I, II, III, IV: benign, IV: other (with high-grade dysplasia), V, and VI. Conclusions The true ROM for PSCPC is likely between the ROM and OROM for the benign and indeterminate categories. In the neoplastic-other category (category IV: other), identifying high-grade dysplasia is important for its association with malignancy and a higher ROM.
Forensic Patients in the Healthcare Setting

Healthcare providers are uniquely positioned to interview and assess patients who may be victims of sexual and other forms of interpersonal violence that contribute to untoward symptoms affecting their general health and well-being when they present for imaging in radiology. When healthcare professionals are able to recognize the underlying signs of abuse and maltreatment and offer subsequent referral to safety and community resources, patients are afforded improved, safer, and healthier outcomes.
A hybrid approach for modelling dynamic flows and systemic risks in supply chains

The uncertainty of supply chain operations is becoming more complex with the growth of globalised business collaborations. Temporal business environment fluctuations cause disruptions that require quantitative risk analysis tools to understand and mitigate supply chain risks. This paper presents the formulation and application of the dynamic flow Bayesian networks (DFBNs) and the optimised dynamic flow Bayesian networks (ODFBNs) for a three-stage supply chain. DFBNs are created by integrating dynamic Bayesian networks (DBNs) and system dynamics (SD) to demonstrate the feedback flows of a supply chain with systemic risks considered. ODFBNs that incorporate mathematical optimisation with the original DFBNs are also developed to generate an optimisation-enhanced risk-influenced dynamic flow analysis. DFBN and ODFBN provide supply chain practitioners with a more effective reference for their business strategy. Comparison between the ODFBN and the DFBN is illustrated with a discussion of preliminary modelling results.
One only needs an island/Alone in a vast sea: we refugees – the waves of refugees of 2015/16

The article will demonstrate by a close reading of Hannah Arendt’s article “We Refugees” published 1943 in New York City that Germany in particular has a responsibility towards refugees seeking to reach Europe by boat. By listening to thevoice of a female refugee, the article will formulate four categories clarifying Arendt’s request to welcome newcomers. Furthermore, this article highlights how Arendt’s testimony can be transformed to act accordingly for today’s so-called refugee crisis and it challenges the concepts of “volk”, nations, and the efficiency of human rights.
Federated Robustness Propagation: Sharing Adversarial Robustness in Federated Learning.

Federated learning (FL) emerges as a popular distributed learning schema that learns a model from a set of participating users without requiring raw data to be shared. One major challenge of FL comes from heterogeneity in users, which may have distributionally different (or non-iid) data and varying computation resources. Just like in centralized learning, FL users also desire model robustness against malicious attackers at test time. Whereas adversarial training (AT) provides a sound solution for centralized learning, extending its usage for FL users has imposed significant challenges, as many users may have very limited training data as well as tight computational budgets, to afford the data-hungry and costly AT. In this paper, we study a novel learning setting that propagates adversarial robustness from high-resource users that can afford AT, to those low-resource users that cannot afford it, during the FL process. We show that existing FL techniques cannot effectively propagate adversarial robustness among non-iid users, and propose a simple yet effective propagation approach that transfers robustness through carefully designed batch-normalization statistics. We demonstrate the rationality and effectiveness of our method through extensive experiments. Especially, the proposed method is shown to grant FL remarkable robustness even when only a small portion of users afford AT during learning. Codes will be published upon acceptance.
Original antigenic sin responses to Betacoronavirus spike proteins are observed in a mouse model, but are not apparent in children following SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Background The effects of pre-existing endemic human coronavirus (HCoV) immunity on SARS-CoV-2 serologic and clinical responses are incompletely understood. Objectives We sought to determine the effects of prior exposure to HCoV Betacoronavirus HKU1 spike protein on serologic responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein after intramuscular administration in mice. We also sought to understand the baseline seroprevalence of HKU1 spike antibodies in healthy children and to measure their correlation with SARS-CoV-2 binding and neutralizing antibodies in children hospitalized with acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) or multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C). Methods Groups of 5 mice were injected intramuscularly with two doses of alum-adjuvanted HKU1 spike followed by SARS-CoV-2 spike; or the reciprocal regimen of SARS-Cov-2 spike followed by HKU1 spike. Sera collected 21 days following each injection was analyzed for IgG antibodies to HKU1 spike, SARS-CoV-2 spike, and SARS-CoV-2 neutralization. Sera from children hospitalized with acute COVID-19, MIS-C or healthy controls (n = 14 per group) were analyzed for these same antibodies. Results Mice primed with SARS-CoV-2 spike and boosted with HKU1 spike developed high titers of SARS-CoV-2 binding and neutralizing antibodies; however, mice primed with HKU1 spike and boosted with SARS-CoV-2 spike were unable to mount neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. HKU1 spike antibodies were detected in all children with acute COVID-19, MIS-C, and healthy controls. Although children with MIS-C had significantly higher HKU1 spike titers than healthy children (GMT 37239 vs. 7551, P = 0.012), these titers correlated positively with both SARS-CoV-2 binding (r = 0.7577, P<0.001) and neutralizing (r = 0.6201, P = 0.001) antibodies. Conclusions Prior murine exposure to HKU1 spike protein completely impeded the development of neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, consistent with original antigenic sin. In contrast, the presence of HKU1 spike IgG antibodies in children with acute COVID-19 or MIS-C was not associated with diminished neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2.
PLX3397, a CSF1 receptor inhibitor, limits allotransplantation-induced vascular remodeling.

Aims Graft vascular disease (GVD), a clinically important and highly complex vascular occlusive disease, arises from the interplay of multiple cellular and molecular pathways. While occlusive intimal lesions are composed predominantly of smooth muscle-like cells (SMLCs), the origin of these cells and the stimuli leading to their accumulation in GVD are uncertain. Macrophages have recently been identified as both potential drivers of intimal hyperplasia and as precursors that undergo transdifferentiation to become SMLCs in non-transplant settings. Colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF1) is a well-known regulator of macrophage development and differentiation, and prior preclinical studies have shown that lack of CSF1 limits GVD. We sought to identify the origins of SMLCs and of cells expressing the CSF1 receptor (CSF1R) in GVD, and to test the hypothesis that pharmacologic inhibition of CSF1 signaling would curtail both macrophage and SMLC activities and decrease vascular occlusion. Methods and results We used genetically modified mice and a vascular transplant model with minor antigen mismatch to assess cell origins. We found that neointimal SMLCs derive from both donor and recipient, and that transdifferentiation of macrophages to SMLC phenotype is minimal in this model. Cells expressing CSF1R in grafts were identified as recipient-derived myeloid cells of Cx3cr1-lineage, and these cells rarely expressed smooth muscle marker proteins. Blockade of CSF1R activity using the tyrosine kinase inhibitor PLX3397 limited the expression of genes associated with innate immunity and decreased levels of circulating monocytes and intimal macrophages. Importantly, PLX3397 attenuated the development of GVD in arterial allografts. Conclusion These studies provide proof of concept for pharmacologic inhibition of the CSF1/CSF1R signaling pathway as a therapeutic strategy in GVD. Further preclinical testing of this pathway in GVD is warranted. Translational perspective Graft vascular disease is a major limitation to the long-term success of clinical solid organ transplantation. Currently, there are no effective treatment options to prevent the development of neointimal lesions that obstruct blood flow to the graft. In this study we found that PLX3397, a selective inhibitor of CSF1R signaling, reduced the accumulation of macrophages and ACTA2+ cells within neointimal lesions in a preclinical model of graft vascular disease. Our study highlights a promising role for the pharmacologic targeting of CSF1R signaling to further study the molecular mechanisms that regulate allotransplantation-induced vascular remodeling.
Correlations between Centrality Measures for Mobile Ad hoc Networks

The author conducts an extensive correlation coefficient analysis of four prominent centrality measures for mobile ad hoc networks. The centrality measures considered are the degree-based degree centrality and eigenvector centrality, and the shortest path-based betweenness centrality and closeness centrality. The author evaluates the correlation coefficient between any two of the above four centrality measures as a function of network connectivity and node mobility. He observes a consistent ranking with respect to the correlation coefficients among the pairs of centrality measures for all levels of network connectivity, node mobility and across the duration of the simulation session. The shortest path-based closeness centrality measure exhibits high correlation with the degree-based centrality measures, whereas the betweenness centrality exhibits relatively weak correlation with the degree-based centrality measures. For a given level of node mobility and network connectivity, the author does not observe the correlation coefficient values between any two centrality measures to significantly change with time.
Chapter 37 – The 700 series of low incidence antigens

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the 700 series of low incidence antigens in a tabulated form. Antigens in this series occur in less than 1% in most populations, have no known alleles and cannot be placed in a blood group system or collection.
Observations on the grinding of alumina with variations in belt speed, load, sample rotation, and grinding fluids

The volume of material removed in the grinding of alumina on a diamond-impregnated grinding belt was studied. Four grinding process parameters were tested: belt speed, normal load at the pin's contact surface, sample rotation during grinding, and grinding fluid. The results showed that at low loads the belts speed did not have a significant effect on material removal rates; however, the material removal rate decreased at higher loads combined with higher speeds. It decreased, in particular, when the sample was also rotated. Of the fluids used, the 50% ethylene glycol--50% water mixture produced the highest material removal rates while the lowest were produced by biodegradable soybean oil. The test conditions that produced high temperatures at the contact surface contributed to plowing as opposed to cutting and resulted in reduced material removal rates. The reasons for these variations were investigated by scanning electron microscopy of the surfaces, which revealed evidence of plastic deformation and temperature rise during grinding.
Chapter 3 Macromolecular Biosynthesis in Animal Cells Infected with Cytolytic Viruses

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the effects of cytolytic viruses on macromolecular biosynthesis of animal cells. One of the earliest manifestations of a productive infection of animal cells with many viruses is a rapid decline and cessation of synthesis of host macromolecules. The inhibition of host macromolecular synthesis probably results from the specific effect of one or more viral gene products on the synthesis of products of host genes. As a model system for the study of gene interactions in animal cells, virus infection has several advantages: (1) prior to infection, the cell lacks viral genes or their products and (2) the introduction of viral genes or their products into the cell is amenable to considerable experimentation. The inhibition of host macromolecular synthesis is a frequent sequella of infection. Not all viruses have been reported to affect host metabolism, but both abortive and productive infection nearly always cause some phenotypic modification of the cell. Thus, viruses that are unable to inhibit a particular host may induce the production of interferon.
Caffeine, Alcohol, and Psychological Stress and In Vitro Fetilization

There has been an astounding explosion in the number of clinics offering ART techniques- 426 program in the US and 600 in Europe. Despite enormous advances regarding the technical aspects of the IVF procedure, the parents’ contribution has virtually been ignored. What is reassuring for patients is that lifestyle habits are within the patient’s control, and when modified, could lead to healthy babies. The focus of this paper will be on the current state of knowledge about the effects of female and male caffeine and alcohol use, and psychological stress on the reproductive endpoints of IVF. There is currently only one study on the effects of caffeine on IVF. In this study, caffeine intake by women had a profound effect on: 1) Miscarriages, 2) Not achieving a live birth and 3) Infant gestational age. The findings of this study require further confirmation. Success rates may be further affected by alcohol consumption. Female alcohol use was associated with: 1) A decrease in number of oocytes aspirated, 2) Not achieving a pregnancy, and 3) Increased risk of miscarriage. Male alcohol use was associated with: 1) Spontaneous miscarriages, and 2) Not achieving a live birth, particularly if consuming beer. Stress also has an impact on IVF success rates. There are several statistically significant studies on baseline and procedural depression, anxiety, stress, and mood, as well as stress hormones that all negatively affected pregnancy rates after IVF. However, the literature on stress and ART was devoid of an instrument that captures the female and male experience of going through ART. Thus, an instrument was developed that rated concern levels about anesthesia, surgery, pain, recovery time, side-effects, finances, missing work, insufficient information and delivering a healthy baby. At baseline, women who were concerned about the medical aspects of the procedure had fewer oocytes retrieved and fertilized. For women concerned about missing work, they had over twice the risk of not achieving a pregnancy, while women extremely concerned about finances had a very high risk of no live birth. Understanding both the independent and combined effects of stress, alcohol, and caffeine on ART may ultimately lead to effective interventions that will decrease adverse outcomes and in turn, produce healthy babies that mature into healthy children and adults.
The evolution and implications of population and modular neural coding ideas.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the neural coding ideas that reveals interesting and surprising steps in each that illuminate and clarify the others. The major aspects of these models allow most to be placed roughly into two major categories: population coding and modular coding. These are orthogonal modes of thinking; each throws the other into high relief. Within each the role of the temporal course of neural activity can be important. Different researchers use the same terms in different ways, different terms are used for very similar or identical ideas, and terms are often simply not defined. A standardization of useful definitions provides a coherent account of the ideas. The development of ideas is constrained by the nature of the language.
High Velocity Gas in Molecular Clouds

A new source of high velocity molecular gas to the south of the HII region NGC 2068 (M78) near the Herbig-Haro objects HH 25–26 is reported. The redshifted and blueshifted CO wings seen in this region are spatially separated indicating that this is another region of bi-polar mass outflow from a young stellar object. We compare this region to the other known regions of bi-polar mass outflow and discuss the implications of these energetic outflows.
Modeling of combustion synthesis of MoSi2 and its composites

A general formulation in terms of temperature-enthalpy relationship has been proposed to simulate self-propagating combustion synthesis of MoSi2 and SiC-reinforced MoSi2. This new approach takes into consideration the effects of possible phase changes during the combustion process and also considers various microstructural parameters such as porosity of the powder compact, compositing phase content, etc. Various parametric studies have been made to demonstrate the feasibility of such a modeling approach by analyzing the effects of initial porosity in compacts made of Mo, Si, and SiC powders, volume fraction of SiC powder content, etc. The model predictions for the combustion pattern are in close agreement to those generally observed in similar combustion experiments. 17 refs.
The reality of equal opportunities

Part‐time work has been the major area of employment growth during the last decade and now forms almost one‐quarter of total employment in the UK. Within the literature it is argued that a key aspect of the growth of part‐time work is its role in enabling an organisation to meet the diverse needs of its workforce. But to what extent does the reality match the aspirations? Using questionnaires and in‐depth interviews, the expectations and experiences of part‐time staff in a large public sector organisation and their managers are explored. The findings reveal practical difficulties inherent in meeting the diverse needs of the workforce including hidden costs, conflict between the needs of full‐time and part‐time staff and inequality caused by the “level playing field” approach. The research also identified the importance of non‐standard hours to these employees, which may reduce pressure on employers to find solutions to the problems.
Unmasking the Predatory Loan in Sheep's Clothing: A Legislative Proposal

This article identifies the four basic features common to a "predatory home loan," explains how and why the federal legislative response was ineffective, and proposes and details a model federal mortgage counseling intervention law which would address each of these predatory home loan features. The article also summarizes other useful reform proposals and explains how mortgage counseling would be an important proactive protection to home loan borrowers that should be considered in addition to these other important reform ideas.
A State of Mind: Reply to Commentaries

In our reply we query Richard Chefetz's view that what happens in the privacy of one's family and emotional system precedes the intrusion of the State and cultural discourse. From our perspective, many seemingly private fragmented states of mind are actually reflective of the ideology of the State. Using Hartman's vignette, we demonstrate how competing ideological messages can colonize and splinter a mind to evoke incompatible subject-positions and dissociative states. Affect, traditionally understood as our link to an authentic self, is also understood as culturally ordered, and in particular shame. We conclude with a call to assign the full weight of analysis of interpellation to the psychoanalytic project.
Inhibition of Ribonucleic Acid Polymerase by 5-Hydroxyuridine 5'-Triphosphate

Abstract 5-Hydroxyuridine triphosphate was synthesized and its effectiveness as substrate for deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase was determined. The analogue was incorporated into RNA to a very low extent as compared to naturally occurring nucleoside triphosphates, and it replaced uridine triphosphate to a much greater extent than any of the other nucleoside triphosphates. The ability of the analogue to replace UTP in RNA synthesis was greatest at pH 7 and decreased markedly with increasing pH values. This behavior was related to the low pKa of 5-hydroxyuridine as compared to uridine. 5-Hydroxy-UTP strongly inhibited synthesis of RNA and acted as a competitive inhibitor of UTP in the polymerase reaction. This inhibitory effect was lowest at pH 7.0 and increased with increasing pH values to a maximum at pH 9.0. Thus, in contrast to the data on analogue incorporation, the inhibitory effect of the analogue is predominant when the pyrimidine exists in ionized form. The nucleoside analogue exerted its strong inhibitory effect only when it existed as the triphosphate. 5-Hydroxy-UDP and 5-hydroxy-UMP inhibited incorporation of UMP into RNA only slightly as compared to 5-hydroxy-UTP.
Field and Laboratory Densities of Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Ash/Wastewater Sludge Mixtures in a Codisposal Above-Ground Landfill

Summary Geotechnical properties of a 5:1 (volume:volume) municipal solid waste bottom ASHrdewatered wastewater sludge mixture were evaluated for the purposes of design consideration and management of an above-ground, side-slopped ASH/sludge landfill. Laboratory proctor density testing and field density evaluation of the compacted ASH/sludge mixture using a variety of construction equipment indicated that the mixture can be compacted to dry densities up to 1.2 5 t/m 3 at moisture content ranging from 3 0 to 60 percent. The water content appears to be the only variable controlling compaction of this well-graded material. Vibratory and kneading type compaction, lift thickness, number of passes, and age of the mixture did not significantly influence the compactibility of this generally wet-of-optimum mixture. However, compaction does increase disposal capacity 5 to 20% by simple use of a bulldozer to achieve maximum densities.
Effects of Passive Immunity on Growth and Survival in the Dairy Heifer

Effects of 24 to 48 h serum Ig concentration on growth and survival of 1000 Holstein heifer calves were evaluated. Average serum Ig for all calves was 25.71 (SD = 19.06) mg/ml with a range of .05 to 108.27. Serum Ig concentrations were below 12 mg/ml in 28% of the heifers. Both season and age of dam contributed significantly to the variation in 24 to 48 h concentrations of serum Ig. Concentration of serum Ig at 24 to 48 h was a significant source of variation affecting average daily gain through the first 180 d of life. Seasonal factors also were significant in influencing rate of gain from birth to 180 d. Age of dam was a significant source of variation in calf weight gains but only for the first 35 d. Mortality was 6.78% for heifers with less than 12 mg/ml serum Ig at 24 to 48 h as compared with 3.33% mortality for calves with greater than 12 mg/ml concentration.
Anomalous phenylalanine loading responses in relation to cleft lip and cleft palate.

Oral phenylalanine loads were given to 15 mothers of children with cleft lip and palate defects and 19 control women. Four of the 15 mothers exhibited unusual tolerance curves, i.e., the phenylalanine levels did not rise appreciably during four hours nor did the tyrosine levels increase normally. Two of the women studied also showed a deviation from normal in the appearance of tyrosine in the blood after a tyrosine load. Attempts to stress the mothers who exhibited a normal response to the single phenylalanine load by giving them a double load were not successful. The possible implications of these findings are discussed.
A novel two-grid formulation for fluid–particle systems using the discrete element method

Abstract Discrete element modeling (DEM) coupled with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) provides an excellent platform to analyze fluid–particle systems. In all previous work, the fluid and particle systems are solved on a single grid. Contradictory requirements posed by resolution of fine scale fluid features such as turbulence, friction and heat transfer coefficient at immersed surfaces, and the resolution of important geometrical features, versus the necessity to maintain smoothness in particle solid fraction distribution on the chosen grid, often make single grid calculations untenable. To overcome this challenge, we have developed a novel two-grid technique in which a coarser particle grid is mapped on to a fine fluid grid. The technique uses suitable mappings to transfer fluid field variables from fluid-to-particle grid, and interphase transfer terms and void fractions from particle-to-fluid grid. The method is applied to a jetting fluidized bed of 750 μm particles with a characteristic jet width of 1.6 mm. Results in the form of time-averaged void fractions and solid-velocity for two inlet jet velocities with single and multiple jets are compared to experiments. The results agree reasonably well with the experiments validating the two-grid approach for cases where single grid DEM–CFD would have been difficult to apply.
Temporal concordance of cocaine effects on mood states and neuroendocrine hormones

Abstract Cocaine stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) and cortisol in both clinical and preclinical studies, but the temporal sequence of cocaine-induced changes in other hormones and affective states is unclear. The purpose of this study was to analyze the pattern and temporal concordance of cocaine-induced changes in ACTH, cortisol, dihydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), epinephrine, heart rate and subjective reports of euphoria. Six healthy men who met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV (DSM-IV) criteria for cocaine abuse provided informed consent for participation. Cocaine (0.4 mg/kg) or saline placebo was infused intravenously over 1 min under double-blind conditions. Euphoria, ACTH, epinephrine and heart rate increased significantly within 8 to 12 min after i.v. cocaine administration in all subjects ( P P P P P P P P
Self-Concept and Native Language Background: A Study of Measurement Invariance and Cross-Group Comparisons in Third Grade.

This study examined the measurement and interpretation of self-concept among the growing population of children who are English Language Learners (ELLs). More specifically, a 3-group analysis was conducted comparing native English-speaking children, Spanish-speaking ELLs, and ELLs from Asian language backgrounds. Data were drawn from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 1998–99 (Pollack, Atkins-Burnett, Rock, & Weiss, 2005), in which an adapted version of the Self-Description Questionnaire–I (SDQ-I; Marsh, 1990b) was used to measure children's self-concept in 3rd grade. Participants were 11,020 native English-speaking children, 1,277 Spanish-speaking ELLs, and 546 ELLs from Asian language backgrounds. Multigroup confirmatory factor analyses showed that the SDQ-I measured self-concept similarly across children from all 3 language groups. Cross-group comparisons of latent means indicated significant differences in academic self-concept, with Spanish-speaking ELLs reporting higher academic self-concept in reading, mathematics, and all school subjects compared to native English-speaking children. Asian language ELLs reported higher academic self-concept than native English-speakers only in the subject of mathematics. Regarding social-emotional self-concept, Spanish-speaking ELLs reported significantly more internalizing and externalizing problems compared to native English-speaking children, whereas Asian language ELLs reported fewer externalizing problems. ELLs from Asian language backgrounds also rated themselves significantly lower on peer relationships. The authors discuss implications for researchers and educators and offer suggestions for future areas of study.
Sap flux-scaled transpiration and stomatal conductance response to soil and atmospheric drought in a semi-arid sagebrush ecosystem

summary Arid and semi-arid ecosystems represent a dynamic but poorly understood component of global carbon, water, and energy cycles. We studied a semi-arid mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata var. vaseyana; hereafter, ‘‘sagebrush’’) dominated ecosystem to quantify the (1) relative control of surface (0– 15 cm) versus deep (15–45 cm) soil moisture on leaf transpiration (EL) and stomatal conductance (gS); (2) response of EL and gS to light and soil and atmospheric drought; and (3) physiological mechanisms underlying these responses. The physiological mechanisms were tested using a simple plant hydraulic model for gS based on homeostatic regulation of minimum leaf water potential (WLmin) that was originally developed for trees. Our results showed that a combination of atmospheric and surface soil drought controlled EL, whereas gS was mainly driven by atmospheric drought. Sagebrush displayed greater reference conductance [gS@1 kPa vapor pressure deficit (D), gSR] and greater sensitivity (� m )o fgS to D than mesic
Microbial physiology-based model of ethanol metabolism in subsurface sediments.

Abstract A biogeochemical reaction model was developed based on microbial physiology to simulate ethanol metabolism and its influence on the chemistry of anoxic subsurface environments. The model accounts for potential microbial metabolisms that degrade ethanol, including those that oxidize ethanol directly or syntrophically by reducing different electron acceptors. Out of the potential metabolisms, those that are active in the environment can be inferred by fitting the model to experimental observations. This approach was applied to a batch sediment slurry experiment that examined ethanol metabolism in uranium-contaminated aquifer sediments from Area 2 at the U.S. Department of Energy Field Research Center in Oak Ridge, TN. According to the simulation results, complete ethanol oxidation by denitrification, incomplete ethanol oxidation by ferric iron reduction, ethanol fermentation to acetate and H2, hydrogenotrophic sulfate reduction, and acetoclastic methanogenesis: all contributed significantly to the degradation of ethanol in the aquifer sediments. The assemblage of the active metabolisms provides a frame work to explore how ethanol amendment impacts the chemistry of the environment, including the occurrence and levels of uranium. The results can also be applied to explore how diverse microbial metabolisms impact the progress and efficacy of bioremediation strategies.
Respiratory Protection from Isocyanate Exposure in the Autobody Repair and Refinishing Industry

This study, part of the Survey of Painters and Repairers of Auto bodies by Yale (SPRAY), evaluated the effectiveness of respiratory protection against exposure to aliphatic polyisocyanates. A total of 36 shops were assessed for respiratory protection program completeness; 142 workers were measured for respirator fit factor (FF) using PortaCount Plus respirator fit tester. Twenty-two painters from 21 shops were sampled using NIOSH method 5525 to determine the workplace protection factor (WPF) of negative pressure, air-purifying half-facepiece respirators equipped with organic vapor cartridges and paint prefilters during spray-painting and priming activities. Only 11 shops (30%) had written respiratory protection programs. Eighty percent of all fit tested workers passed the test on the first try with FF ≥ 100, and 92% passed the second test after respirator use training. Overall geometric mean (GM) FF was 1012 for all fit tested workers. Significant differences on pass rate (92% vs. 72%) and on FF (1990 vs....
Multiloculated pleural effusion detected by ultrasound only in a critically-ill patient.

Background: Multiloculated pleural effusion is a life-threatening condition that needs early recognition. Drainage by chest tube might be difficult which necessitates a surgical intervention. While x-ray typically does not show loculations, CT scan might not also identify the loculations. Ultrasound has a high sensitivity in detecting pleural diseases including multiloculated pleural effusion.
The Numerical Solution of the Asymptotic Equations of Trailing Edge Flow

According to Stewartson (1969, 1974) and to Messiter (1970), the flow near the trailing edge of a flat plate has a limit structure for Reynolds number $Re\rightarrow \infty $ consisting of three layers over a distance $O(Re^{-\frac{3}{8}})$ from the trailing edge: the inner layer of thickness $O(Re^{-\frac{5}{8}})$ in which the usual boundary layer equations apply; an intermediate layer of thickness $O(Re^{-\frac{1}{2}})$ in which simplified inviscid equations hold, and the outer layer of thickness $O(Re^{-\frac{3}{8}})$ in which the full inviscid equations hold. These asymptotic equations have been solved numerically by means of a Cauchy-integral algorithm for the outer layer and a modified Crank-Nicholson boundary layer program for the displacement-thickness interaction between the layers. Results of the computation compare well with experimental data of Janour and with numerical solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations by Dennis & Chang (1969) and Dennis & Dunwoody (1966).
Multiple regression on stable vectors

Abstract We give necessary and sufficient conditions for the linearity of multiple regression on a general stable vector, along with a sufficient condition for the finiteness of the conditional absolute moment when 0
New Formulation of Bolted Joint Stiffness

New formulation is proposed for a more accurate estimate of bolted joint stiffness. In this study, a novel approach is used to obtain an expression for an effective area to be used for determining the clamped parts stiffness. A more accurate estimate of the joint stiffness would naturally provide a more reliable prediction of the bolted assembly response to external loads. The effects of the grip length-to-diameter ratio, joint dimensions, and the contact radii ratio of the joint plates are investigated and analyzed. Experimental data and finite element (FEA) modeling are provided to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed formulation of joint stiffness.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Synthesis of amphotericin B. 2. fragment C-D of the aglycone

Abstract Fragment C-D, the C(21)-C(37) unit of the aglycone of amphotericin B, has been synthesized.
Catalytically active, recyclable polymeric titanocene disks: a batch-flow reactor

Abstract Dichlorotitanocene bound within porous polystyrene disks catalyzes the coupling of vinylmagnesium chloride and chlorosilanes to form 1,4-bis(silyl)-2-butenes. A simple batch-flow reactor permits catalyst reuse by repeated addition of fresh reagents and decantation of products.