cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geometric numerical integration for complex dynamics of tethered spacecraft

This paper presents an analytical model and a geometric numerical integrator for a tethered spacecraft model that is composed of two rigid bodies connected by an elastic tether. This model includes important dynamic characteristics of tethered spacecraft in orbit, namely the nonlinear coupling between tether deformations, rotational dynamics of rigid bodies, a reeling mechanism, and orbital dynamics. A geometric numerical integrator, referred to as a Lie group variational integrator, is developed to numerically preserve the Hamiltonian structure of the presented model and its Lie group configuration manifold. The structure-preserving properties are particularly useful for studying complex dynamics of a tethered spacecraft. These properties are illustrated by numerical simulations.
Cyclophilin inhibitors as antiviral agents.

Abstract Cyclophilins (Cyps) are ubiquitous proteins that effect the cis–trans isomerization of Pro amide bonds, and are thus crucial to protein folding. CypA is the most prevalent of the ∼19 human Cyps, and plays a crucial role in viral infectivity, most notably for HIV-1 and HCV. Cyclophilins have been shown to play key roles in effective replication of a number of viruses from different families. A drug template for CypA inhibition is cyclosporine A (CsA), a cyclic undecapeptide that simultaneously binds to both CypA and the Ca 2+ -dependent phosphatase calcineurin (CN), and can attenuate immune responses. Synthetic modifications of the CsA scaffold allows for selective binding to CypA and CN separately, thus providing access to novel, non-immunosuppressive antiviral agents.
Upper bound on hot dark matter density from SO(10) Yukawa unification

We study low-energy consequences of supersymmetric SO(10) models with Yukawa unification h(t) = h(N) and h(b) = h(tau). We find that it is difficult to reproduce the observed m(b)/m(tau) ratio when the third-generation right-handed neutrino is at an intermediate scale, especially for small tan beta. We obtain a conservative lower bound on the mass of the right-handed neutrino M(N) > 6 x 10(13) GeV for tan beta < 10. This bound translates into an upper bound on the tau-neutrino mass, and therefore on its contribution to the hot dark matter density of the present universe, OMEGA(nu)h2 < 0.004. Our analysis is based on the full two-loop renormalization group equations with one-loop threshold effects. However, we also point out that physics above the GUT-scale could modify the Yukawa unification condition h(b) = h(tau) for tan beta less-than-or-similar-to 10. This might affect the prediction of m(b)/m(tau) and the constraint on M(N).
Optical emission characteristics of polycrystalline diamond during surface flashover in vacuum

This work presents experimental results of optical emission from polycrystalline, as well as single crystal diamonds, during the surface flashover events in a vacuum environment. Optical emission spectra were recorded and the source of this luminosity was investigated. Analysis showed that the surface flashover events were associated with relatively high intensity optical emissions. The light emission started much earlier than the voltage collapse, increased very rapidly with the breakdown, and eventually ended after few seconds; much later than the voltage across the surface was recovered. The polycrystalline diamond sample used in the experiments was produced by a microwave plasma CVD (chemical vapor deposition), and the sample surface was polished to optical quality before the experiments. The electrode material was copper, and a dc voltage was applied between the electrodes. Surface flashover voltage characteristics and breakdown voltage waveforms of both samples were determined.
Role of the Knudsen layer in determining surface reaction rates based on sticking coefficients

A theory on weakly rarefied low-Mach-number flows with surface reactions based on small sticking coefficients was formulated for a binary gas mixture with an irreversible surface reaction, and then extended to a multicomponent mixture with multi-step surface reactions for the situation when all chemically active species are small in concentration compared to a major inert species. Particular interest was placed on the interaction between the Knudsen layer and the surface reactions. Results show that the Knudsen layer modifies not only the incident flux of the molecules striking the surface but also the temperature-sensitive sticking coefficients, and consequently the surface reaction rates. The surface reactions in turn modify the flow structure in the Knudsen layer through the non-zero net flux at the surface. The rate expressions for the surface reactions based on sticking coefficients were derived, and the slip boundary conditions for the temperature and the species concentration suitable for application were established. The widely used Motz-Wise correction formula for the surface reaction rate was revised and the underlying assumptions leading to its derivation were shown to be inappropriate.
County-Level Determinants of Local Public Services in Appalachia: A Multivariate Spatial Autoregressive Model Approach

We develop a multivariate spatial autoregressive model of local public expenditure determination based on the maximization of a strictly quasi-concave community utility function. The existence of spatial interdependence is tested for both the spatial error and spatial lag model. The full model is estimated by efficient GMM following Kelejian and Prucha (J Real Estate Finan Econ 17(1):99–121, 1998). The results indicate significant spillover effects among local governments with respect to spending on public services. The OLS estimates of the conventional (non-spatial) model and the corresponding maximum likelihood estimates of the spatial lag and the spatial error models are presented for comparison purposes. The GMM estimates are found to be more efficient.
31P solid state NMR studies of metal selenophosphates containing [P2Se6]4-, [P4Se10]4-, [PSe4]3-, [P2Se7]4-, and [P2Se9]4- ligands

31P solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of 12 metal-containing selenophosphates have been examined to distinguish between the [P2Se6]4-, [PSe4]3-, [P4Se10]4-, [P2Se7]4-, and [P2Se9]4- anions. There is a general correlation between the chemical shifts (CSs) of anions and the presence of a P−P bond. The [P2Se6]4- and [P4Se10]4- anions both contain a P−P bond and resonate between 25 and 95 ppm whereas the [PSe4]3-, [P2Se7]4-, and [P2Se9]4- anions do not contain a P−P bond and resonate between −115 and −30 ppm. The chemical shift anisotropies (CSAs) of compounds containing [PSe4]3- anions are less than 80 ppm, which is significantly smaller than the CSAs of any of the other anions (range: 135−275 ppm). The smaller CSAs of the [PSe4]3- anion are likely due to the unique local tetrahedral symmetry of this anion. Spin−lattice relaxation times (T1) have been determined for the solid compounds and vary between 20 and 3000 s. Unlike the CS, T1 does not appear to correlate with P−P bonding. 31P NMR...
Online Learning Systems: Highlights of the TechCast Project

The growth of Internet capabilities allows the creation of “online knowledge–gathering/research systems” or “online learning systems” using collective intelligence and Delphi methods. The TechCast Project is used as an example, illustrating how pooling the knowledge of 100 experts worldwide creates a “virtual think tank for tracking the technology revolution.” Online Research/Learning Systems offer powerful new capabilities for gathering knowledge in complex organizational systems, and they are expected to become widely used to anticipate threats and opportunities, forecast technological breakthroughs and their impact, estimate market demand and planning, evaluate alternative strategies, and almost all executive functions.
The Impact of the Northeastern Dairy Compact on New England Consumers: A Report from the Milk Policy Wars

This paper presents a comparative analysis of three different economic studies that played major roles in the policy debate over the Compact. It draws an important distinction between before and after analysis and counterfactual impact analysis and highlights constraining assumptions in models. Over time, the Compact increased raw milk price 2–3 cents per gallon, but if the Compact had not been in place during the first three years of its operation, raw milk prices would have been approximately 10 cents lower. Over time, retail prices went up by much more than 2–3 cents because other costs increased and channel firms increased tacit collusion and net profits. Studies give different counterfactual estimates for retail prices without the Compact. They range from a drop of 5.7 cents per gallon to 20.7 cents per gallon and are very sensitive to modeling approach. Comparative analysis, as done in this article, should contribute to policy formulation rather than appearing ex post. [EconLit citations: L66 L11 L13]. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 21: 455–471, 2005.
The Economic Impact of AIDS Treatment; Labor Supply in Western Kenya

This brief summarizes the results of a gender impact evaluation study, entitled The economic impact of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) treatment : labor supply in Western Kenya, conducted between 2003 and present in Kenya. The study observed the economic impacts of antiretroviral (ARV) treatment in Western Kenya on the individual level. Within six months, there is a 20 percent increase in the likelihood of participating in the labor force and a 35 percent increase in hours worked during the past week. For women, there is a large and significant increase of 20.8 percentage points in the labor force participation rate, but no significant increase in weekly hours worked. Since men have high levels of baseline participation to begin with, most of their response to improved health takes the form of additional hours worked. For women, baseline participation is low, so labor supply is the natural margin for change. For other household members, soon after initiation of ARV treatment for adult patients, there is a negative but insignificant change in the labor force participation rates of adults in the patients' households. For women in these households, the decline in labor supply is greater but not significant. The paper finds that the labor supply of younger boys in patients' households declines after the initiation of ARV therapy. In multiple patient households, both younger and older boys, as well as other adults in the household, work less after patients receive treatment. Funding for the study derived from the Economic and Social Research Council, Pfizer, The World Bank, Yale University's Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, the National Institute of Mental Health, the Social Science Research Council, and the Calderone Program at Columbia University.
Self-condensation of activated malonic acid half esters: a model for the decarboxylative Claisen condensation in polyketide biosynthesis

The reaction of a malonic acid half oxyester with a N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester-forming reagent resulted in self-condensation to provide the corresponding 1,3-acetonedicarboxylic acid diester. This new method does not require a divalent metal chelator or a coordinating solvent for successful condensation.
An Examination of Morocco's Trade Options with the EU

As a moderate North African Arab state, Morocco has ratified preferential free trade agreements with both the EU and the USA. However, the potential importance of improved agro-food market access with the EU has been largely ignored in Morocco-EU Association Agreement (MEAA). Indeed, in comparison with the depth of the agro-food reforms in the Morroco-US agreement, the MEAA is largely incomplete. Accordingly, as a first objective we employ a modified computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to assess the potential for further long run trade and growth in Morocco through agro-food tariff abolition. Moreover, we investigate whether there is an economic incentive for such an EU countermovement to restore competitive parity with the US. As a further aim, we examine the trade inhibiting implications of non-tariff barrier (NTB) trade costs (e.g., red tape, licensing laws etc.), which have hitherto largely escaped reform. Thus, we estimate NTB trade cost tariff equivalents (TEs) employing a theoretically consistent gravity specification. TEs are implemented into our CGE model to measure the trade and growth impacts from NTB removal in agro-food and across all Moroccan-EU trade. Whilst agro-food liberalisation yields disappointing results for Morocco, the potential for development led policies through elimination of NTBs is highly appealing.
Dynamic Stall Experiments on Oscillating Airfoils

Dynamic stall and unsteady boundary layer separation have been studied in incompressible flow at moderately large Reynolds numbers. By varying the leading-edge geometry of an NACA 0012 airfoil, three different types of stall were produced. For most of the configurations studied, including the basic NACA 0012 profile, dynamic stall was found not to originate with the bursting of a leading-edge laminar separation bubble, as is commonly believed. Instead, the vortex shedding phenomenon, which is the predominant feature of dynamic stall, appears to be fed its vorticity by the breakdown of the turbulent boundary layer.
DDO 43: A Prototypical Dwarf Irregular Galaxy?

We present sensitive and high-resolution 21 cm observations of the dwarf irregular (Im) galaxy DDO 43, in conjunction with optical broadband and narrowband images in U, B, V, and Hα. The observations are used to examine the relationship of its H I morphology and kinematics to past and present star formation. Optically, it is a small (R25 = 990 pc), faint (MB of -14.0) dwarf Im with a slightly boxy shape. In H I, DDO 43 has an extended (R/RH = 2.8) gas envelope. There is a high-density ridge associated with the optical body of the galaxy containing several higher density knots and lower density holes. The largest hole is ~850 × 530 pc. No expansion is detected, so it must be relatively old. The largest and potentially oldest (7–70 Myr) of the six identified star clusters is located at the western edge of the hole. Four of the other clusters are located near high-density peaks. There are several H II regions, most (but not all) of which are associated with peaks in the H I surface density. The overall star formation rate is average for its type. In many ways, DDO 43 is a very typical dwarf Im galaxy. Its H I morphology is consistent with a history of episodes of localized star formation that create holes and shells in the interstellar medium, some of which can overlap. These features are located within the area of solid-body rotation in the galaxy; the lack of shear in these small systems allows such structures to persist for long periods of time.
An alternative framework to Lagrangian relaxation approach for job shop scheduling

Abstract A new Lagrangian relaxation (LR) approach is developed for job shop scheduling problems. In the approach, operation precedence constraints rather than machine capacity constraints are relaxed. The relaxed problem is decomposed into single or parallel machine scheduling subproblems. These subproblems, which are NP-complete in general, are approximately solved by using fast heuristic algorithms. The dual problem is solved by using a recently developed “surrogate subgradient method” that allows approximate optimization of the subproblems. Since the algorithms for subproblems do not depend on the time horizon of the scheduling problems and are very fast, our new LR approach is efficient, particularly for large problems with long time horizons. For these problems, the machine decomposition-based LR approach requires much less memory and computation time as compared to a part decomposition-based approach as demonstrated by numerical testing.
The zoo hypothesis

Extraterrestrial intelligent life may be almost ubiquitous. The apparent failure of such life to interact with us may be understood in terms of the hypothesis that they have set us aside as part of a wilderness area or zoo.
Systematics of Dwarf Novae

From about 30 Dwarf Novae with the best determined distances the following relationships are found. (i) a tight correlation between absolute magnitude at maximum light, Mv(max), and orbital period, P. (ii) a correlation between Mv(min) and P showing wide scatter. (iii) a correlation between Mv(mean), the mean absolute magnitude averaged over normal outbursts, and P, again with wide scatter. The scatter is shown to correlate strongly with outburst timescale Tn. (iv) a strong correlation between range, Mv(min) - Mv(max), and Tn (the Kukarkin-Parenago relationship). (v) a strong correlation between range Mv(mean) - Mv(max), and both Tn and P.
Efficient Decentralized Economic Dispatch for Microgrids with Wind Power Integration

Decentralized energy management is of paramount importance in smart micro grids with renewables for various reasons including environmental friendliness, reduced communication overhead, and resilience to failures. In this context, the present work deals with distributed economic dispatch and demand response initiatives for grid-connected micro grids with high-penetration of wind power. To cope with the challenge of the wind's intrinsically stochastic availability, a novel energy planning approach involving the actual wind energy as well as the energy traded with the main grid, is introduced. A stochastic optimization problem is formulated to minimize the micro grid net cost, which includes conventional generation cost as well as the expected transaction cost incurred by wind uncertainty. To bypass the prohibitively high-dimensional integration involved, an efficient sample average approximation method is utilized to obtain a solver with guaranteed convergence. Leveraging the special infrastructure of the micro grid, a decentralized algorithm is further developed via the alternating direction method of multipliers. Case studies are tested to corroborate the merits of the novel approaches.
Altruism among relatives and non-relatives

Abstract Hamilton's [Hamilton, W.D., 1964. The genetical evolution of social behavior, I, II. J. Theor. Biol. 7, 1–52] kin-selection theory predicts that altruism will be greater with greater genetic overlap (degree of kinship) between giver and receiver. Kin may be identified in terms of social distance—the closer you feel to someone else, (a) the greater your genetic overlap with them should be, and (b) the more altruistic you should be toward them. The present experiment determined the amount of their own (hypothetical) monetary reward undergraduates were willing to forgo in order to give $75 to other people at various social distances. We found that (a) genetic relationship and (b) altruism varied inversely with social distance; the closer you feel to someone else, the closer their relation to you is likely to be, and the more altruistic you are likely to be toward them. However, even at the same social distance, participants were willing to forgo significantly more money for the benefit of relatives than for the benefit of non-relatives. These results are consistent with kin-selection theory and imply that altruism is determined by factors in addition to social distance.
Recent Developments in the Addition of Phosphinylidene-Containing Compounds to Unactivated Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: Phosphorus-Carbon Bond Formation by Hydrophosphinylation and Related Processes

The reactions of phosphinylidene-containing compounds with unactivated unsaturated hydrocarbons are reviewed. The review is organized by phosphorus-containing functional group types. Free-radical and metal-catalyzed additions of R1R2P(O)H to alkenes, alkynes, and related compounds deliver functionalized organophosphorus compounds RP(O)R1R2, including H-phosphinates, phosphinates, tertiary phosphane oxides, and phosphonates. The review covers the literature up to February 2008.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Design, Implementation, and Characterization of a Cooperative Communications System

Cooperative communications is a class of techniques that seek to improve reliability and throughput in wireless systems by pooling the resources of distributed nodes. Although cooperation can occur at different network layers and time scales, physical-layer cooperation at symbol time scales offers the largest benefit in combating losses due to fading. However, symbol-level cooperation poses significant implementation challenges, particularly in synchronizing the behavior and carrier frequency of distributed nodes. We present the implementation and characterization of a complete real-time cooperative physical-layer transceiver built on the Rice University Wireless Open-Access Research Platform (WARP). In our implementation, autonomous nodes employ physical-layer cooperation without a central synchronization source and can select between non-cooperative and cooperative communications per packet. Cooperative transmissions use a distributed Alamouti space-time block code (STBC) and employ either amplify-and-forward (AF) or decode-and-forward (DF) relaying. We also present experimental results of our transceiver's real-time performance under various topologies and propagation conditions. Our results clearly demonstrate significant performance gains (more than 40× improvement in packet error rate in some topologies) provided by physical-layer cooperation, even when subject to the constraints of a real-time implementation. Finally, we present methodologies for isolating and understanding the sources of performance bottlenecks in our design. As with all our work on WARP, our transceiver design and experimental framework are available through the open-source WARP repository for use by other wireless researchers.
Visual attention and eye gaze during multiparty conversations with distractions

Our objective is to develop a computational model to predict visual attention behavior for an embodied conversational agent. During interpersonal interaction, gaze provides signal feedback and directs conversation flow. Simultaneously, in a dynamic environment, gaze also directs attention to peripheral movements. An embodied conversational agent should therefore employ social gaze not only for interpersonal interaction but also to possess human attention attributes so that its eyes and facial expression portray and convey appropriate distraction and engagement behaviors.
The effect of unfunded accumulated and projected pension obligations on governmental borrowing costs

. Available evidence suggests that state and local government pension plans may be substantially underfunded. The capitalization of these unfunded obligations in borrowing costs is an important public policy issue, since noncapitalization may lead to the misallocation of credit and stimulate the provision of an inefficiently high level of current services. Prior research has relied largely on pension ratios as surrogates for unfunded liabilities and also appears to have made no attempt to distinguish between projected benefits and accumulated benefits. The Governmental Accounting Standards Board requires the disclosure of projected benefits and asserts that accumulated benefits severely understate the obligations of a governmental unit. The empirical evidence reported in this study suggests that, for state governments, unfunded projected liabilities provide no incremental information to the bond market over and above that already provided by unfunded accumulated liabilities. Resume. Les donnees existantes laissent supposer que la capitalisation des regimes publics de pensions a l'echelle de l'Etat et a l'echelle locale pourrait etre largement insuffisante. Le financement des obligations non capitalisees a meme les couts d'emprunt est une question de politique importante, puisque la non-capitalisation risque d'entrainer une mauvaise repartition des credits et la fourniture d'un niveau de services actuel trop eleve. Dans les travaux de recherche precedents, l'on s'est appuye en grande partie sur les ratios de retraite comme substituts dans le cas des dettes non capitalisees et l'on semble egalement n'avoir d'aucune facon tente d'etablir une distinction entre les prestations projetees et les prestations constituees. Le Governmental Accounting Standards Board exige la presentation des prestations prevues et affirme que le chiffre des prestations constituees sous-evalue de beaucoup les obligations gouvernementales. Les resultats concrets de la presente etude donnent a penser que pour les Etats, la communication des dettes prevues non capitalisees ne fournit au marche obligataire aucune information supplementaire a la communication des dettes constituees non capitalisees.
Evolution Of Long Pulses In A Tapered Wiggler Free-Electron Laser

The evolution of a long pulse (pulse length much greater than the slippage distance) in a tapered wiggler free-electron laser is studied by numerical solution of the 1-D theoretical model for a realistic set of magnet, electron beam, and optical resonator parameter values. Single-pass gain curves are calculated for low and high light intensity. We find that an initial, low-amplitude, incoherent pulse grows into a coherent pulse whose growth rate agrees with the calculated small signal gain. The transient evolution of coherent pulses is calculated for several different cavity length detunings, and a quasi steady-state desynchronism curve is given. The frequency changing behavior of the optical pulse is shown to occur through sideband generation associated with synchrotron oscillations. Pulse evolution with an ideal intracavity high-pass optical filter is calculated.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Fluctuations from Thermalization at RHIC

The centrality dependence of dynamic fluctuations of the transverse momentum and the net charge can signal the approach to local thermal equilibrium in nuclear collisions. I explore this signal by comparing transport-theory calculations to STAR and PHENIX data at a range of energies. In particular, I find that this model can describe PHENIX data on the dependence of fluctuations on the pt range in which they are measured.
Complementary Stereochemical Outcomes in Proline-Based Self-Regenerations of Stereocenters

Stereoselective alkylations of proline-based amino amides are described, where high levels of either a cis or trans configuration can be attained simply by the choice of the aminal group. Isobutryaldehyde-derived aminals provide the cis configuration, while 1-naphthaldehyde-derived aminals engender the complementary trans configuration.
Building a better racetrack

We find IIb compactifications on Calabi-Yau orientifolds in which all Kahler moduli are stabilized, along lines suggested by Kachru, Kallosh, Linde and Trivedi.
A nonparametric random effects estimator

Abstract This paper proposes feasible nonparametric random effects estimators. Specifically, we propose feasible versions of the two estimators in Lin and Carroll (2000) [Lin, X. and R. J. Carroll, 2000, Nonparametric function estimation for clustered data when the predictor is measured without/with error, Journal of the American Statistical Association 95, 520–534] and a modified version of the estimator in Ullah and Roy (1998) [Ullah, A. and N. Roy, 1998, Nonparametric and semiparametric econometrics of panel data, in: A. Ullah and D. E. A. Giles, eds., Handbook of Apllied Economics Statistics, Vol. 1 (Marcel Dekker, New York) 579-604.]. Further, the consistency properties of these estimators are established.
Low bandgap semiconducting polymers for polymeric photovoltaics

In order to develop high performance polymer solar cells (PSCs), full exploitation of the sun-irradiation from ultraviolet (UV) to near infrared (NIR) is one of the key factors to ensure high photocurrents and thus high efficiency. In this review, five of the effective design rules for approaching LBG semiconducting polymers with high molar absorptivity, suitable energy levels, high charge carrier mobility and high solubility in organic solvents are overviewed. These design stratagems include fused heterocycles for facilitating π-electron flowing along the polymer backbone, groups/atoms bridging adjacent rings for maintaining a high planarity, introduction of electron-withdrawing units for lowering the bandgap (Eg), donor–acceptor (D–A) copolymerization for narrowing Eg and 2-dimensional conjugation for broadened absorption and enhanced hole mobility. It has been demonstrated that LBG semiconducting polymers based on electron-donor units combined with strong electron-withdrawing units possess excellent electronic and optic properties, emerging as excellent candidates for efficient PSCs. While for ultrasensitive photodetectors (PDs), which have intensive applications in both scientific and industrial sectors, sensing from the UV to the NIR region is of critical importance. For polymer PDs, Eg as low as 0.8 eV has been obtained through a rational design stratagem, covering a broad wavelength range from the UV to the NIR region (1450 nm). However, the response time of the polymer PDs are severely limited by the hole mobility of LBG semiconducting polymers, which is significantly lower than those of the inorganic materials. Thus, further advancing the hole mobility of LBG semiconducting polymers is of equal importance as broadening the spectral response for approaching uncooled ultrasensitive broadband polymer PDs in the future study.
Experiments on the 3D disordered Bose-Hubbard model

An optical speckle field is used to add fine-grained disorder to a 3D optical lattice. We have begun to constrain the disordered Bose-Hubbard phase diagram by studying Bose-Einstein condensates in a disordered lattice.
Discordant Couples : HIV Infection Among Couples in Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ghana, Kenya, and Tanzania

Most analyses of the determinants of HIV infection are performed at the individual level. The recent Demographic and Health Surveys which include results from HIV tests allow studying HIV infection at the level of the cohabiting couple. The paper exploits this feature of the data for Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ghana, Kenya, and Tanzania. The analysis yields two surprising findings about the dynamics of the HIV/AIDS epidemic which have important implications for policy. First, at least two-thirds of the infected couples are discordant couples, that is, couples where only one of the two partners is infected. This implies that there is scope for prevention efforts among couples. Second, between 30 and 40 percent of the infected couples are couples where the female partner only is infected. This is at odds with levels of self-reported marital infidelity by females and with the common perception that unfaithful males are the main link between high risk groups and the general population. This study investigates and confirms the robustness of these findings. For example, even among couples where the woman has been in only one union for 10 years or more, the fraction of couples where only the female partner is infected remains high. These results suggest that extramarital sexual activity among cohabiting women, whatever its causes, is a substantial source of vulnerability to HIV that should be, as much as male infidelity, targeted by prevention efforts. Moreover, this paper uncovers several inconsistencies between the sexual behaviors reported by male and female partners, suggesting that as much as possible, prevention policies should rely on evidence including objectively measured HIV status.
Low-power TCAMs for very large forwarding tables

Ternary content-addressable memories (TCAMs) may be used to obtain a simple and very fast implementation of a router's forwarding engine. The applicability of TCAMs is, however, limited by their size and high power requirement. Zane et al. proposed a method and associated algorithms to reduce the power needed to search a forwarding table using a TCAM. We improve on both the algorithms proposed by them. Additionally, we show how to couple TCAMs and high-bandwidth SRAMs so as to overcome both the power and size limitations of a pure TCAM forwarding engine. By using one of our novel TCAM-SRAM coupling schemes (M-12 Wb), we are able to reduce TCAM memory by a factor of about 5 on IPv4 data sets and by a factor of about 2.5 on IPv6 data sets; TCAM power requirement is reduced by a factor of about 10 on IPv4 data sets and by a factor of about 6 on IPv6 data sets. These comparisons are with respect to the improved TCAM algorithms we have developed for the strategies of Zane et al. The stated improvements come at the cost of increasing SRAM requirement by a factor 2.5 for IPv4 data and a factor of 5 for IPv6 data. This cost is unimportant given that SRAMs are relatively quite cheap and have much less power requirement. For another of our novel TCAM-SRAM coupling schemes (1-12Wc), the TCAM memory and power reduced by factors of about 4 and 12 for IPv4 data sets, respectively, and by factors of about 2 and 10 for IPv6 data sets. The SRAM required, however, increased by factors of 3 and 7, respectively. These improvements come with no loss in the time (as measured by the number of TCAM searches and SRAM accesses) to do a lookup.
Long-term fear of recurrence in young breast cancer survivors and partners.

Background Fear of a breast cancer recurrence is the most prevalent and disruptive source of distress for long-term survivors and their partners. However, few studies have focused on predictors of fear of recurrence. The aim of this study is to test the efficacy of the Social Cognitive Processing Theory (SCPT) in predicting fear of recurrence in long-term breast cancer survivors diagnosed at age 45 years or younger and their partners. Methods In a large cross-sectional study, breast cancer survivors (n = 222) 3–8 years from diagnosis and their partners completed a survey assessing demographic characteristics, fear of recurrence, social constraints, and cognitive processing (intrusive thoughts and cognitive avoidance). Mediation analyses were conducted for survivors and partners separately to determine if cognitive processing would mediate the relationship between social constraints and fear of recurrence. Results Cognitive processing mediated the relationship between social constraints and fear of recurrence both for survivors [F(3,213) = 47.541, R2 = 0.401, p < 0.001] and partners [F(3,215) = 27.917, R2 = 0.280, p < 0.001). Demographic variables were not significant predictors of fear of recurrence. Conclusions As predicted, cognitive processing mediated the relationship between social constraints and fear of recurrence. Results expand the utility of the SCPT in long-term survivors and their partners by supporting its use in intervention design. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evolution in Finitely Repeated Coordination Games

Abstract I apply a version of Kandori et al. (1993, Econometrica , 61 , 29–56) and Young's (1993, Econometrica , 61 , 57–84) evolutionary dynamic to finitely repeated coordination games. The dynamic is modified by allowing mutations to affect only off path beliefs. I find that repetition within a match leads agents to sacrifice current payoffs in order to increase payoffs in later stages. As a consequence, evolution leads to (almost) efficiency. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Number: C79.
Tape casting of lanthanum chromite

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are currently being developed for a variety of applications such as stationary on-site power plants and cogeneration. The effects of process additives, ball milling, and solids loading were evaluated for tape casting suspensions of glycine-nitrate-synthesized La{sub 0.7}Ca{sub 0.31}CrO{sub 3} powder. An optimized formulation was obtained based on rheological characterization, electrokinetic sonic amplitude measurements, qualitative examination of green tapes, and the sintered microstructure. The tape casting formulation incorporated 66:34 methyl ethyl ketone/ethyl alcohol solvent, an aliphatic phosphate ester dispersant, and 80 wt% (35 vol%) solids. The best binder/plasticizer system was 12 wt% (15 vol%) poly(isobutyl methacrylate) and 5 wt% (6.3 vol%) benzyl butyl phthalate plasticizer (binder:plasticizer = 2.3). Cast tapes were sintered at 1300 C for 2 h, producing a bulk density of 96.2% theoretical, with linear shrinkage of 22% and an approximate grain size of 1.3 {micro}m.
Electron Transfer and Dynamic Infrared‐Band Coalescence: It Looks Like Dynamic NMR Spectroscopy, but a Billion Times Faster

Broadening and coalescence of infrared bands can occur due to chemical exchange processes occurring on very fast, femtosecond-to-picosecond timescales. One such fast process of recent investigation is intramolecular electron transfer in transition-metal complexes with strong communication between electron-donor and -acceptor sites. The observation of partial coalescence of metal-carbonyl stretching bands in hexanuclear ruthenium mixed-valence complexes due to electron-transfer rates on the order of 10 1 1 -10 1 2 s - 1 is chronicled here. Several important advances have been made with the aid of dynamic infrared-band coalescence in these complexes, including the observation of dynamic solvent relaxation effects on electron-transfer rates, the determination of the equilibrium constant between charge-transfer isomers, and a reconsideration of the theory of electron transfer and delocalization in bridged, near-delocalized electron-transfer systems.
Optimal phylogenetic reconstruction

One of the major tasks of evolutionary biology is the reconstruction of phylogenetic trees from molecular data. The evolutionary model is given by a Markov chain on the true evolutionary tree. Given samples from this Markov chain at the leaves of the tree, the goal is to reconstruct the evolutionary tree.It is well known that in order to reconstruct a tree on n leaves, sequences of length Ω(log n) are needed. It was conjectured by M. Steel that for the CFN evolutionary model, if the mutation probability on all edges of the tree is less than p* = (√2-1)/23/2, then the tree can be recovered from sequences of length O(log n). This was proven by the second author in the special case where the tree is "balanced". The second author also proved that if all edges have mutation probability larger than p* then the length needed is nΩ(1). This "phase-transition" in the number of samples needed is closely related to the phase transition for the reconstruction problem (or extremality of free measure) studied extensively in statistical physics, probability and computer science.Here we complete the proof of Steel's conjecture and give a reconstruction algorithm using optimal (up to a multiplicative constant) sequence length. Our results further extend to obtain an optimal reconstruction algorithm for the Jukes-Cantor model with short edges. All reconstruction algorithms run in polynomial time.
PUBLIC REPORTING OF PROVIDER PERFORMANCE: Can Its Impact Be Made Greater?

Public reporting of provider performance is becoming increasingly commonplace. In this chapter, we first review studies of prior public reports (or report cards) that show real but small impact on provider attempts to improve quality, on consumers' impressions of providers, and even on consumer selection of providers. Among other factors, two potential explanations for the low level of impact are that, in most early reports, the large majority of providers have been labeled "average" and consumers may have had difficulty understanding the statistical assessments. In response, some current report card producers are using or considering a variety of methods to increase the number of distinctions among providers and the ease of comprehension of the labels used. Therefore, we also consider the advantages and disadvantages of several novel approaches to analyzing and reporting provider performance.
Jobs, Jobs, Jobs: A "New" Perspective on Protectionism

This paper analyzes the determinants of protectionism in a small open economy with search frictions. In this environment, jobs generate rents whose access depends on the level of trade protection. By raising the domestic price of a good, a government may attract more firms in a particular industry. This raises the probability that workers will find jobs in this sector, and in turn, will benefit from the associated rents. Though simple, this channel may help explainavarietyofstylizedfactsonthestructureoftradeprotectionandindividualtrade-policy preferences. (JEL: F130, F160)
Energy-aware load balancing in content delivery networks

Internet-scale distributed systems such as content delivery networks (CDNs) operate hundreds of thousands of servers deployed in thousands of data center locations around the globe. Since the energy costs of operating such a large IT infrastructure are a significant fraction of the total operating costs, we argue for redesigning CDNs to incorporate energy optimizations as a first-order principle. We propose techniques to turn off CDN servers during periods of low load while seeking to balance three key design goals: maximize energy reduction, minimize the impact on client-perceived service availability (SLAs), and limit the frequency of on-off server transitions to reduce wear-and-tear and its impact on hardware reliability. We propose an optimal offline algorithm and an online algorithm to extract energy savings both at the level of local load balancing within a data center and global load balancing across data centers. We evaluate our algorithms using real production workload traces from a large commercial CDN. Our results show that it is possible to reduce the energy consumption of a CDN by 51% while ensuring a high level of availability that meets customer SLA requirements and incurring an average of one on-off transition per server per day. Further, we show that keeping even 10% of the servers as hot spares helps absorb load spikes due to global flash crowds and minimize any impact on availability SLAs. Finally, we show that redistributing load across highly proximal data centers can enhance service availability significantly, but has only a modest impact on energy savings.
Studying γ*N→∆→πN with Cross Sections and Polarization Observables

Preliminary results are presented of the reaction γ*N→Δ→πN that was studied at the Jefferson Laboratory for transferred four momentum of 1.0 (GeV/c)2. Angular distributions of the cross sections and polarizations were measured over much of the available phase space. Out of the eighteen response functions involved in this reaction, fourteen separate responses and two additional response combinations were extracted. All resonant and background multipole amplitudes were decomposed for s- and p-waves as well as several of the d-wave multipole amplitudes. The responses and multipoles were compared to model calculations. Significant differences were observed between the experimental values and those of the models for several of the responses and multipoles. The ratios of the electric and longitudinal quadrupole amplitudes to the magnetic dipole amplitude were extracted. These values are different from previously reported values.
High-contrast imaging with an arbitrary aperture: active correction of aperture discontinuities

We present a new method to achieve high-contrast images using segmented and/or on-axis telescopes. Our approach relies on using two sequential Deformable Mirrors to compensate for the large amplitude excursions in the telescope aperture due to secondary support structures and/or segment gaps. In this configuration the parameter landscape of Deformable Mirror Surfaces that yield high contrast Point Spread Functions is not linear, and non-linear methods are needed to find the true minimum in the optimization topology. We solve the highly non-linear Monge-Ampere equation that is the fundamental equation describing the physics of phase induced amplitude modulation. We determine the optimum configuration for our two sequential Deformable Mirror system and show that high-throughput and high contrast solutions can be achieved using realistic surface deformations that are accessible using existing technologies. We name this process Active Compensation of Aperture Discontinuities (ACAD). We show that for geometries similar to JWST, ACAD can attain at least 10-7 in contrast and an order of magnitude higher for future Extremely Large Telescopes, even when the pupil features a missing segment" . We show that the converging non-linear mappings resulting from our Deformable Mirror shapes actually damp near-field diffraction artifacts in the vicinity of the discontinuities. Thus ACAD actually lowers the chromatic ringing due to diffraction by segment gaps and strut's while not amplifying the diffraction at the aperture edges beyond the Fresnel regime and illustrate the broadband properties of ACAD in the case of the pupil configuration corresponding to the Astrophysics Focused Telescope Assets. Since details about these telescopes are not yet available to the broader astronomical community, our test case is based on a geometry mimicking the actual one, to the best of our knowledge.
Impaired inhibitory G‐protein function contributes to increased calcium currents in rats with diabetic neuropathy

There is a growing body of evidence that sensory neuropathy in diabetes is associated with abnormal calcium signaling in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Enhanced influx of calcium via multiple high-threshold calcium currents is present in sensory neurons of several models of diabetes mellitus, including the spontaneously diabetic BioBred/Worchester (BB/W) rat and the chemical streptozotocin (STZ)-induced rat. We believe that abnormal calcium signaling in diabetes has pathologic significance as elevation of calcium influx and cytosolic calcium release has been implicated in other neurodegenerative conditions characterized by neuronal dysfunction and death. Using electrophysiologic and pharmacologic techniques, the present study provides evidence that significant impairment of G-protein-coupled modulation of calcium channel function may underlie the enhanced calcium entry in diabetes. N- and P-type voltage-activated, high-threshold calcium channels in DRGs are coupled to mu opiate receptors via inhibitory G(o)-type G proteins. The responsiveness of this receptor coupled model was tested in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons from spontaneously-diabetic BB/W rats, and streptozotocin-induced (STZ) diabetic rats. Intracellular dialysis with GTPgammaS decreased calcium current amplitude in diabetic BB/W DRG neurons compared with those of age-matched, nondiabetic controls, suggesting that inhibitory G-protein activity was diminished in diabetes, resulting in larger calcium currents. Facilitation of calcium current density (I(DCa)) by large-amplitude depolarizing prepulses (proposed to transiently inactivate G proteins), was significantly less effective in neurons from BB/W and STZ-induced diabetic DRGs. Facilitation was enhanced by intracellular dialysis with GTPgammaS, decreased by pertussis toxin, and abolished by GDPbetaS within 5 min. Direct measurement of GTPase activity using opiate-mediated GTPgamma[(35)S] binding, confirmed that G-protein activity was significantly diminished in STZ-induced diabetic neurons compared with age-matched nondiabetic controls. Diabetes did not alter the level of expression of mu opiate receptors and G-protein alpha subunits. These studies indicate that impaired regulation of calcium channels by G proteins is an important mechanism contributing to enhanced calcium influx in diabetes.