cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemical and Enzyme-Assisted Syntheses of Norbuprenorphine-3-β-D-Glucuronide

Norbuprenorphine-3-β-d-glucuronide (nBPN-3-β-d-G, 1) is a major phase II metabolite of buprenorphine, a pharmaceutical used for the treatment of opioid addiction. The pharmacological activity of compound 1 is not clear because investigations have been limited by the lack of chemically pure, well characterized 1 in sufficient quantities for in vitro and in vivo experiments. This work describes two concise, new methods of synthesis of 1, a chemical and an enzyme-assisted synthesis. The chemical synthesis used a strategy based on a combination of Koenig-Knorr coupling and amino-silyl protection. The enzyme-assisted synthesis used dog liver to convert the substrate norbuprenorphine (nBPN, 2) to 1. Both methods provided 1, characterized by (1)H NMR and tandem mass spectrometry, with purity >96%. The fractional yield of the enzyme-assisted synthesis was greater than that of the chemical synthesis (67% vs 5.3%), but due to larger reaction volumes, the chemical synthesis afforded greater amounts of total 1.
Alterations in interhemispheric functional and anatomical connectivity are associated with tobacco smoking in humans

Abnormal interhemispheric functional connectivity correlates with several neurologic and psychiatric conditions, including depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, and stroke. Abnormal interhemispheric functional connectivity also correlates with abuse of cannabis and cocaine. In the current report, we evaluated whether tobacco abuse (i.e., cigarette smoking) is associated with altered interhemispheric connectivity. To that end, we examined resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in short term tobacco deprived and smoking as usual tobacco smokers, and in non-smoker controls. Additionally, we compared diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in the same subjects to study differences in white matter. The data reveal a significant increase in interhemispheric functional connectivity in sated tobacco smokers when compared to controls. This difference was larger in frontal regions, and was positively correlated with the average number of cigarettes smoked per day. In addition, we found a negative correlation between the number of DTI streamlines in the genual corpus callosum and the number of cigarettes smoked per day. Taken together, our results implicate changes in interhemispheric functional and anatomical connectivity in current cigarette smokers.
Routine method for calcium carbonate equivalent of soils

Abstract An acetic acid method for determination of soil CaCO3 equivalent has been adapted for the rapid, routine analysis of large numbers of samples. The method proved to be very sensitive, as assessed by making standard additions of CaCO3 to soils. The acetic acid method gave results which averaged 1.13 times higher than the Chittick technique in a test involving 90 calcareous surface soils from Texas. A step‐by‐step summary of the acetic acid method is included.
Quantum Algorithms: Philosophical Lessons

I discuss the philosophical implications that the rising new science of quantum computing may have on the philosophy of computer science. While quantum algorithms leave the notion of Turing-Computability intact, they may re-describe the abstract space of computational complexity theory hence militate against the autonomous character of some of the concepts and categories of computer science.
A National, Longitudinal Study of the Effects of Concentrated Hog Production on Ambient Air Pollution

The Environmental Protection Agency is considering regulation of large-scale hog producers under the federal Clean Air Act, but little is understood about livestock's effects on ambient air quality at the national level. I use the geographic changes in swine industry concentration between 1980 and 2002 to identify ambient air pollution attributable to this industry, controlling for numerous other factors. Doubling the number of hogs per square mile yields a 6.6% increase in sulfur-based ambient air pollution. Externality costs are estimated to be greater than possible regulatory requirements, suggesting societal gains from regulation. Copyright 2010, Oxford University Press.
Patterns of condom use and sexual behavior among never-married women.

The US Centers for Disease Controls Division of STD/HIV Prevention analyzed 1988 data on 1887 sexually active never-married women living throughout the US to learn their condom use patterns and associated characteristics of these patterns. More than 75% of these women had had more than 2 lifetime sexual partners but only 41.2% (777) of all women reported having used condoms within at least 1 month during the previous 4 years and just 31.6% (245) of these women used them consistently (i.e. 13% of all women). 44.5% of women who used condoms at some time during the previous 4 years had stopped using them. 26.2% of women who did not use condoms at the beginning of the 4-year reference period began to use them consistently at another point of the period. The data did not allow the researchers to determine whether the women used the condoms correctly or whether they used them consistently during the course of each month however. Black and Hispanic women with lower levels of education and higher numbers of lifetime sexual partners were most likely not to use condoms. Yet these women were those at the highest risk of acquiring sexually transmitted disease (STDs) or HIV infection. The most consistent users were women at low risk of acquiring these disease: older White women with few lifetime sexual partners who used condoms to prevent STDs and considered themselves at low risk of acquiring AIDS. Women who used condoms to prevents STDs were more likely to use condoms in the previous 4 years use them consistently and initiate consistent condom use; they were also less likely to cease using condoms. These findings stress the need for STD/HIV prevention efforts (raising awareness and effective ways to reduce the risk) to target young minority women with many lifetime sexual partners women who have not used condoms to prevent STDs and women who consider themselves to be at risk for HIV infection.
Boron-doped vapor-deposited diamond temperature microsensors

Abstract Boron-doped chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond thermistors show temperature and response-time ranges of 80–1270 K and 0.29–25 μs, respectively. A reduction of the thermistor dimensions below 10 μm results in lithographic problems related to surface roughness of the diamond films. Using diamond nucleation densities in the range 108–1011 cm−2, the surface roughness is studied employing a second-generation multisensor diamond test chip with a minimum feature size of 5 μm. The chip is expected to help commercialize CVD diamond thermistors in the near term.
Interview Skills for Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.

The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the efficacy of the interview skills curriculum (ISC), a manualized 12-week group-delivered intervention for young adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This intervention aims to increase social–pragmatic skills essential to a successful job interview. Twenty-eight adults (18–36 years) were randomly assigned to one of two groups: ISC or waitlist control. Results revealed that the experimental group showed larger gains in social–pragmatic skills observed during a mock job interview than the control group. Treatment effects on distal outcomes, including social adaptive behaviors and depressive symptoms were not significant, although the respective effect sizes were medium/large. Results indicate that a brief, low-intensity treatment can improve the job-interview performance of young adults with ASD.
An analysis of strategies used to disseminate the PLATO system

Two aspects of efforts to disseminate an innovative computer-assisted instructional system called PLATO between 1972 and 1976 are addressed. The first pertains to the dissemination problems encountered and resolved by the system developers. The second covers dissemination modus operandi chosen by the developers to bring PLATO to the attention of large numbers of people. An ex post facto analysis of data obtained suggested PLATO developers made dissemination decisions that reflected viable dissemination theory and practice of the time, committed substantial resources to the dissemination process, and selected what appeared to be a cost-effective marketing strategy. Perhaps the most important consequence of these actions is that PLATO flourished throughout the 1970s and continues to flourish.
The contemporary theory of metaphor

This comparative study of Chinese and English metaphor contributes to the search for metaphoric universals by placing the contemporary theory of metaphor in a broad cross-linguistic and cross-cultural perspective. The author explores to what degree abstract reasoning is metaphorical and which conceptual metaphors are culture specific, wide spread or universal in a cognitive and cultural context. The empirical studies presented reinforce the view that metaphor is the main mechanism through which abstract concepts are comprehended and abstract reasoning is performed. They also support, from the perspective of Chinese, the candidacy of some conceptual metaphors for metaphorical universals. These include, for instance, the ANGER IS HEAT metaphor, the HAPPY IS UP metaphor (emotions), the TIME AS SPACE metaphor, and the Event Structure Metaphor. It seems that these conceptual metaphors are grounded in some basic human experiences that may be universal to all human beings.
Effect of Reaction Temperature in the Selective Synthesis of Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes (SWNT) on a Bimetallic CoCr-MCM-41 Catalyst

Abstract Synthesis of single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT) on a CoCr-MCM-41 bimetallic catalyst by CO disproportionation has been carried out at five different temperatures between 500 and 900 °C. A series of methods have been employed for a comprehensive assessment effect of temperature on the size-controllability of the catalyst particles and the morphology of the resultant SWNT. By extended fine structure X-ray absorption, thermogravimetric analysis, resonance Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence excitation (PLE) mapping and transmission electron microscopy we found an optimal synthesis temperature window between 600 and 800 °C. In this window, modifying the reaction temperature leads to significant changes in the SWNT yield, diameter and chirality distribution. Decrease in reaction temperature favored the selective synthesis of very small diameter carbon nanotubes (as low as 0.6 nm). Chirality dependence of SWNT on temperature has been measured by PLE. A progressive suppression of larger diameter SWNT identities in the measured SWNT population was noted when reaction temperature decreased. In the measured PL maps, two near armchair structures (6,5) and (7,3) were dominant at 600 and 700 °C.
Two phase micromixing and analysis using electrohydrodynamic instabilities

Organic–aqueous liquid (phenol) extraction is one of many standard techniques to efficiently purify DNA directly from cells. Effective mixing of the two fluid phases increases the surface area over which biological component partitioning may occur. In this work, two phase mixing has been demonstrated in a three inlet microfluidic device geometry. Mixing between the two phases has been achieved by producing an electrohydrodynamic instability at the liquid–liquid interface between the two phases. The initial instability is modeled by considering the small signal linearized analysis for interfacial stresses from both fluid and electrical stress tensors for both inviscid and viscous models. These models predict the onset of instability and the stability criteria over a range of unstable wavenumbers of the mixing process. These models may be applied to relevant microscale geometries, where the unstable wavenumbers and fastest growth wavenumber are determined. At an applied electric field of ∼8.0×105 V/m an instability is experimentally observed by labeling the organic phase with a fluorescent dye and visualizing interfacial perturbations by microscopy. Increasing the electric field increases the instability growth rate and results in an increase of the level of mixing. These results show an increase in conductive fluid entrainment into the nonconducting fluid core measured as a percentage of area of entrainment into the fluorescently labeled organic phase. The entrainment area is seen to increase from 1.9 to 28.6% as the applied field is increased from 8.0×105 to 9.0×105 V/m. The mixing images are converted into a power spectrum using a fast Hartley transform and the band of unstable wavenumbers of the mixing process are determined. From these results, the theoretical field strengths required to produce these unstable wavenumbers are calculated using the theoretical model, determining the maximum field strength required to excite the largest measured unstable wavenumber. At lower field strengths tested, the theoretically predicted maximum electric field and fastest growth wavenumber compare favorably with the initially applied field and measured fastest growth wavenumber whereas at higher field strengths the theoretical field is much larger than the initially applied field. This is attributed to the larger level of mixing and the ability of the instability to grow beyond the linear range and the field increases as the mixing process occurs due to entrainment of highly conductive fluid decreasing the effective dielectric spacing so that the linearized models underpredict the instability growth rates and interfacial perturbations.
Generational Precarity, Education, and the Crisis of Capitalism: Conventional, Neo-Keynesian, and Marxian Perspectives

In the wake of the global financial crisis, societies across the world are attempting to manage potentially destabilizing levels of youth unemployment and underemployment. New terms have entered the popular lexicon such as ‘generation jobless’, ‘the new underclass’, and ‘the precariat’ in order to describe a generation of young people struggling to acquire secure livelihoods in the most dismal labor market since the Great Depression. This article draws on analytical resources from critical sociology of education and heterodox political economy in order to critique orthodox economic diagnoses of generational precarity as a human capital problem. It argues that while neo-Keynesian accounts provide an important corrective to certain aspects of conventional (neoclassical/neoliberal) viewpoints, they ultimately fall short of the explanatory power of Marxian analysis, particularly concerning the primacy of class relations and the contradictory role of employment within an increasingly crisis-ridden global capitalism.
Theoretical applications of smoking cessation interventions to individuals with medical conditions: women's initiative for nonsmoking (WINS)—Part III

This paper reviews the Theory of Self-Efficacy, Transtheoretical Model of Readiness for Change, and Theory of Addictions to provide a basis for smoking cessation, and explores how these theories have been used to guide clinical research and clinical interventions. Selected randomized controlled trials of the past ten years are reviewed for demonstrated efficacy, integration of theory into the design of the interventions, and how theories guide analysis. Results show that surprisingly little effort has been put forth to examine and develop these theories within the context of clinical interventions, despite the claims of importance. For example, the relationship between stages of readiness of change and smoking cessation outcome has not been examined. Despite the complexity of smoking behaviors (quitting, relapsing, maintaining, occasional smoking and so on), the concept of self-efficacy was mostly measured on single occasions over the course of most studies reviewed; multiple measurements of concepts were not utilized in the randomized controlled trials. Taking into account the gaps between theory and application, theory driven nursing strategies are offered.
Hepatobiliary excretion of dipyrrinone sulfonates in Mrp2-deficient (TR(-)) rats.

Abstract The biliary excretion of the sodium salts of 8-(2-ethanesulfonic acid)-3-ethyl-2,7,9-trimethyl-1,10-dihydro-11 H -dipyrrin-1-one (xanthosulfonic acid) and a fluorescent analogue (8-desethyl- N , N′ -carbonyl-kryptopyrromethenone-8-sulfonic acid) was compared in Mrp2-deficient (TR − ) and normal rats. Both organic anions were excreted rapidly in bile in Mrp2-deficient rats, but the biliary excretion of the fluorescent sulfonate was impaired relative to normal controls. The rat clearly has efficient Mrp2-independent mechanisms for biliary efflux of these anions that are not used by bilirubin or its mono- and diglucuronides.
A Comparison of Heuristic Procedures for Minimum within-Cluster Sums of Squares Partitioning.

Perhaps the most common criterion for partitioning a data set is the minimization of the within-cluster sums of squared deviation from cluster centroids. Although optimal solution procedures for within-cluster sums of squares (WCSS) partitioning are computationally feasible for small data sets, heuristic procedures are required for most practical applications in the behavioral sciences. We compared the performances of nine prominent heuristic procedures for WCSS partitioning across 324 simulated data sets representative of a broad spectrum of test conditions. Performance comparisons focused on both percentage deviation from the “best-found” WCSS values, as well as recovery of true cluster structure. A real-coded genetic algorithm and variable neighborhood search heuristic were the most effective methods; however, a straightforward two-stage heuristic algorithm, HK-means, also yielded exceptional performance. A follow-up experiment using 13 empirical data sets from the clustering literature generally supported the results of the experiment using simulated data. Our findings have important implications for behavioral science researchers, whose theoretical conclusions could be adversely affected by poor algorithmic performances.
A comparison of methods for measuring urinary ammonium.

For many years, the most generally used method for the determination of urinary ammonium has been the microdiffusion technique as described by Conway and O'Malley [1]. Although this titrimetric method is in the strictest sense nonspecific, it has proved highly useful for the quantitation of urinary ammonium, because ammonium is the only significant urinary component which is volatile at alkaline pH. Major disadvantages of the microdiffusion technique are the slow speed at which determinations are performed and the subjective manner of color evaluation. Several alternative methods for the measurement of urinary ammonium have been described. They include the following: the Berthelot (phenate-hypochlorite) reaction [2], the formalin-titration method [3, 4], an ammonia-specific electrode, and enzymatic techniques [5]. In this report, four of these methods have been evaluated for the determination of urinary ammonium. The enzymatic approach is .best suited for the determination of blood ammonia, and has been previously evaluated in detail [5].
The stable and metastable phase relations in the HfBe alloy system

Abstract Ultra-rapid liquid-quenching (> 105 °C s−1), in splat-foil and continuous ribbon form, has been found to produce fully glassy structures in the HfBe system. The glass formation range is 30–60 at.% Be which brackets the eutectic composition of ~ 42 at.% Be. Extended solubility of Be in the b.c.c. terminal solid solution was also observed. A metastable ordered phase was found at 50 at.%; m-HfBe is an orthorhombic Bf, CrB-structure type, that is crystallographically related to the stable HfBe2 phase. Calculations of the critical cooling rate for glass formation were carried out and computed values of T c are in reasonable agreement with experimental estimations. The composition dependences of certain physical properties of the glasses were also determined.
A general solution for the steady-state kinetics of immobilized enzyme systems

A power series solution is presented which describes the steady-state concentration profiles for substrate and product molecules in immobilized enzyme systems. Diffusional effects and product inhibition are incorporated into this model. The kinetic consequences of diffusion limitation and product inhibition for immobilized enzymes are discussed and are compared to kinetic behavior characteristic of other types of effects, such as substrate inhibition and substrate activation.
Textbook–Atlas of Intestinal Infection in AIDS

Gastrointestinal tract infections are prominent in patients with AIDS. Infections may be caused by a variety of bacterial, fungal, viral, protozoal, and helminthic pathogens, and affect persons in both developing and industrialized countries. The problems are especially acute in resource-limited countries where little or no access to highly active antiretroviral therapy exists; the impact of illnesses associated with HIV is most pronounced in these countries. Daniele Dionisio, an authority in parasitology, has assembled a new treatise, Textbook–Atlas of Intestinal Infections in AIDS, that directly addresses this topic. In 489 pages, the work includes much background, including a fascinating chapter by Esther Diane on the history of the discovery of intestinal parasites. The work and illustrations of parasitic life cycles by Dionisio and colleagues are illuminating for all students of infectious diseases. Much of the book addresses particular agents and the diseases they cause. A particular strength is the numerous illustrations. Although varying in quality, they represent an enormous compendium of information about these common problems. The figures on microscopic and ultra-structural pathology are particularly strong. This volume should be considered as a background text for the pathologist, gastroenterologist, or infectious disease specialist who concentrates on HIV infections. The illustrations and references provide readers access to materials not easily obtained. The sections on clinical management of particular conditions are relatively sparse, and healthcare workers with patients with active problems should consult with a more comprehensive text. In total, this textbook-atlas is a useful addition in the battle against HIV infections and its complications. The editor and multinational group of authors are to be congratulated on their scholarly work.
Optimal AUV path planning for extended missions in complex, fast-flowing estuarine environments

This paper addresses the problems of automatically planning autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) paths which best exploit complex current data, from computational estuarine model forecasts, while also avoiding obstacles. In particular we examine the possibilities for a novel type of AUV mission deployment in fast flowing tidal river regions which experience bi-directional current flow. These environments are interesting in that, by choosing an appropriate path in space and time, an AUV may both bypass adverse currents which are too fast to be overcome by the vehicle's motors and also exploit favorable currents to achieve far greater speeds than the motors could otherwise provide, while substantially saving energy. The AUV can "ride" currents both up and down the river, enabling extended monitoring of otherwise energy-exhausting, fast flow environments. The paper discusses suitable path parameterizations, cost functions and optimization techniques which enable optimal AUV paths to be efficiently generated. These paths take maximum advantage of the river currents in order to minimize energy expenditure, journey time and other cost parameters. The resulting path planner can automatically suggest useful alternative mission start and end times and locations to those specified by the user. Examples are presented for navigation in a simple simulation of the fast flowing Hudson River waters around Manhattan.
Application of microfixation techniques in reconstructive maxillofacial surgery

The use of a new miniaturized bone fixation system (microfixation) in adult maxillofacial surgery is described. Although this fixation system was not specifically developed for the mature facial skeleton, its application to a variety of maxillofacial needs is presented.
Dipyrrolyl precursors to bisalkoxide molybdenum olefin metathesis catalysts.

Addition of 2 equiv of lithium pyrrolide to Mo(NR)(CHCMe2R‘)(OTf)2(DME) (OTf = OSO2CF3; R = 2,6-i-Pr2C6H3, 1-adamantyl, or 2,6-Br2-4-MeC6H2; R‘ = Me or Ph) produces Mo(NR)(CHCMe2R‘)(NC4H4)2 complexes in good yield. All compounds can be recrystallized readily from toluene or mixtures of pentane and ether and are sensitive to air and moisture. An X-ray structure of a 2,6-diisopropylphenylimido species shows it to be an unsymmetric dimer, {Mo(NAr)(syn-CHCMe2Ph)(η5-NC4H4)(η1-NC4H4)}{Mo(NAr)(syn-CHCMe2Ph)(η1-NC4H4)2}, in which the nitrogen in the η5-pyrrolyl bound to one Mo behaves as a donor to the other Mo. All complexes are fluxional on the NMR time scale at room temperature, with one symmetric species being observed on the NMR time scale at 50 °C in toluene-d8. The dimers react with PMe3 (at Mo) or B(C6F5)3 (at a η5-NC4H4 nitrogen) to give monomeric products in high yield. They also react rapidly with 2 equiv of monoalcohols (e.g., Me3COH or (CF3)2MeCOH) or 1 equiv of a biphenol or binaphthol to give 2 equ...
Natural Human Immunity to Trypanosomes

Complement-dependent destruction of invading micro-organisms is a crucial first-line defense against infection, yet both African and American trypanosomes are able to resist attack by complement. African trypanosomes resist non-specific complement attack by virtue of a thick glycoprotein surface coat, and the host range of certain African trypanosomes is believed to be defined by their susceptibility to a subclass of human high density lipoprotein (HDL) and/or a high molecular weight protein complex present in human serum. In the first part of this review, Stephen Tomlinson and Jayne Raper look at the properties and mechanisms of action of these trypanolytic factors on African trypanosomes, and discuss briefly the possible mechanisms whereby these human pathogens resist lysis by human serum. The mechanisms that enable the American trypanosome Trypanosoma cruzi to resist complement attack are reviewed in the second part of this article.
Metal particle adsorption and diffusion in a model polymer/metal composite system

We have developed a model polymer/metal composite system based on the adsorption of colloidal gold particles from a dilute aqueous suspension to the surface of poly(2-vinylpyridine) (PVP). Particle coverages and tracer diffusion coefficients for the particles within a PVP matrix phase were measured by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. The adsorption process is quantitatively described by a diffusion-limited mechanism where gold particles irreversibly adsorb to the surface of the polymer film. Model dispersions produced in this way are excellent model systems for studying the fundamental properties of metal particle dispersions, since the particle size and the areal density of particles on the surface are well-controlled. Diffusion coefficients for the gold particles within PVP were also measured. The diffusion of the gold particles was found to be coupled to the bulk viscosity of the polymer, even though the size of the gold particles was only slightly larger than the mesh size of the entanglement network for PVP. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
New type of ripened low-fat cheese.

Abstract A laboratory procedure for making a new semisoft low-fat cheese containing 5-7% milk fat, 56-59% moisture is described. A manufacturing time schedule and representative analyses of the cheese are given. The procedure lists optional steps and is intended to be a basic one, which may be altered in several respects as needed when converting it to a larger scale.
Consultant assistant: a tool for collaborative requirements gathering and business process documentation

In this paper we present Consultant Assistant (CA), a tool to assist business consultants in collaborative requirements gathering and business process documentation. CA is a web tool that uses a model-based approach to capture the requirements. CA allows users to select relevant components of industry-specific process hierarchies, reuse documents from past engagements, collaboratively author requirements, and publish these requirements in a document based format. These documents can further be published to an asset repository for future reuse.
Ordering in Tl2CaBa2Cu2O8 and Tl2Ba2CuO6 studied by pair distribution function and rietveld analysis

Abstract Rietveld analysis indicates that the only long-range structural variation in Tl 2 CaBa 2 Cu 2 O 8 with temperature is a shift of O(2) away from Cu and toward Ba with increasing T. Atomic pair distribution function analysis on two samples of Tl 2 Ba 2 CuO 6 , one superconducting, the other not, shows substantial differences in their short range structure, but similar medium range structures, while Rietveld analysis shows very similar lattice constants and long-range structures.
The Economic Burden of Genetic Tests for the Infertile Male: A Pilot Algorithm to Improve Test Predictive Value

Purpose: We developed a model to optimize genetic testing in infertile men with nonobstructive azoospermia and severe oligospermia. We also assessed the optimal cutoff value of the predicted probability of advising genetic testing and evaluated the direct cost saving of using the model.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of infertile men who underwent Y microdeletion and karyotype testing at our fertility center from 2006 to 2012. Semen parameters, testicular volume, testosterone, luteinizing hormone, follicular stimulating hormone and varicocele were assessed as potential predictors of genetic disorders. We fitted logistic regression to all predictors and selected a nomogram based on the concordance index and calibration. We calculated the cost saving of using the model.Results: Of 325 patients 278 fulfilled study inclusion criteria, including 27 with an abnormal karyotype, 11 with a Y microdeletion and 1 with each condition. We developed a nomogram using sperm concentration an...
Why is the Moon Grey

It is shown that the color of the planetary surfaces can be a useful indicator of the geochemical history of the planets and their atmospheres. The magnetic field can promote the oxidation of an atmosphere by keeping the solar wind deflected. The amount of water naturally exuded from the planetary interior is an important parameter in determining whether the surface becomes oxidized or remains in the reduced condition in which presumably all planetary surfaces began.
Prevalence of tooth loss and dental service use in older Mexican Americans.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the prevalence of tooth loss, to examine risk factors for having fewer teeth or no teeth, and to describe the use of dental services in an older Mexican-American population. DESIGN: Data from the baseline phase of the Hispanic Established Population for the Epidemiological Study of the Elderly survey conducted from 1993 to 1994, a cross-sectional survey of older Mexican Americans. SETTING: Five southwestern states: Texas, California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado. PARTICIPANTS: 3,050 noninstitutionalized Mexican Americans age 65 to 99. RESULTS: Twenty-seven percent of the sample was completely edentulous and 22% reported visiting or speaking with a dental care professional in the preceding year. Logistic regression analyses showed that being older or being female was significantly associated with tooth loss, adjusting for education, income, smoking status, and diabetes mellitus. Current smokers (odds ratio (OR) = 1.69; 95% CI = 1.31–2.20) and diabetics (OR = 1.53; 95% CI = 1.27–1.84) were more at risk for tooth loss, as were persons of lower socioeconomic status. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of tooth loss and use of dental services in this population of older Mexican Americans is lower than what has been previously found among older people in the general population.
Social pixels: genesis and evaluation

Huge amounts of social multimedia is being created daily by a combination of globally distributed disparate sensors, including human-sensors (e.g. tweets) and video cameras. Taken together, this represents information about multiple aspects of the evolving world. Understanding the various events, patterns and situations emerging in such data has applications in multiple domains. We develop abstractions and tools to decipher various spatio-temporal phenomena which manifest themselves across such social media data. We describe an approach for aggregating social interest of users about any particular theme from any particular location into 'social pixels'. Aggregating such pixels spatio-temporally allows creation of social versions of images and videos, which then become amenable to various media processing techniques (like segmentation, convolution) to derive semantic situation information. We define a declarative set of operators upon such data to allow for users to formulate queries to visualize, characterize, and analyze such data. Results of applying these operations over an evolving corpus of millions of Twitter and Flickr posts, to answer situation-based queries in multiple application domains are promising.
A theory of strain-gradient plasticity for isotropic, plastically irrotational materials. Part II: Finite deformations

Abstract This paper generalizes to finite deformations our companion paper [Gurtin, M.E., Anand, L., 2004. A theory of strain-gradient plasticity for isotropic, plastically irrotational materials. Part I: Small deformations. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, submitted]. Specifically, we develop a gradient theory for finite-deformation isotropic viscoplasticity in the absence of plastic spin. The theory is based on the Kroner–Lee decomposition F = F e F p of the deformation gradient into elastic and plastic parts; a system of microstresses consistent with a microforce balance; a mechanical version of the second law that includes, via microstresses, work performed during viscoplastic flow; a constitutive theory that allows: • the microstresses to depend on ∇ D p , the gradient of the plastic stretching, • the free energy ψ to depend on the Burgers tensor G = F p Curl F p . The microforce balance when augmented by constitutive relations for the microstresses results in a nonlocal flow rule in the form of a tensorial second-order partial differential equation for F p . The microstresses are strictly dissipative when ψ is independent of the Burgers tensor, but when ψ depends on G the microstresses are partially energetic, and this, in turn, leads to backstresses and (hence) Bauschinger-effects in the flow rule. The typical macroscopic boundary conditions are supplemented by nonstandard microscopic boundary conditions associated with viscoplastic flow, and, as an aid to numerical solution, a weak (virtual power) formulation of the nonlocal flow rule is derived. Finally, the dependences of the microstresses on ∇ D p are shown, analytically, to result in strengthening and possibly weakening of the body induced by viscoplastic flow.
A rapid, sensitive assay for glycine-directed amidating enzymes.

Current assays for glycine-directed, peptide-amidating enzymes have several shortcomings. In this report, we describe a rapid, sensitive microassay for amidating activity which overcomes these disadvantages. Tissue homogenates are incubated in the presence of d-Tyr-Val-Gly-OH and the product, d-Tyr-Val-NH2, is measured by radioimmunoassay using an antiserum with an affinity for the product, d-Tyr-Val-NH2 (Kaff 2 × 108 L/M), 4 orders of magnitude higher than for the substrate, d-Tyr-Val-Gly-OH (Kaff 4 × 104 L/M), and 3 orders of magnitude higher than for the deamidated product d-Tyr-Val-OH (Kaff 8 × 105 L/M). Addition of N-ethylmaleimide (0.5 mM) to the enzyme incubates prevents the degradation of d-Tyr-Val-NH2 and permits the measurement of enzymatic activity in crude homogenates. This assay is sensitive enough to permit the measurement of amidating activity in crude rat brain homogenates containing as little as 4–8 μg protein.
Intelligence shocks, media coverage, and congressional accountability, 1947–2012

Recent research indicates that most lawmakers rarely engage in intensive intelligence oversight unless a major scandal or failure – a shock – forces them to pay more attention to the dark side of a government. Still, the question remains: what degree of shock is necessary to stir members of the Congress into taking a closer look at the clandestine activities of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the other fifteen organizations that comprise the US Intelligence Community? This report examines ten major intelligence shocks since the creation of the CIA in 1947 and explores the extent of media coverage associated with each. The findings suggest that the level of media coverage often corresponds with the degree of energetic intelligence oversight exercised by government officials: low oversight if a low level of media coverage, moderate if moderate, and high if high.
Experimental and analytical investigation of a capillary pumped loop

An experimental investigation was conducted on a relatively new and unique type of capillary pumped loop (CPL) at various power inputs and adverse tilts in order to verify the operational parameters and measure the performance limits. A concurrently developed computer model was compared with the experimental data to determine the accuracy of the model and verify the predicted trends. The model shows good agreement with the experimental data and indicates that the overall transport capacity of this design is significantly greater than what would normally be expected in conventional heat pipes. The steady-state temperature variations are presented as a function of input power and adverse tilt, along with the transient response characteristics of the CPL. Also, a comparison is made between data obtained by the authors and that supplied by the manufacturer.
Kinetic Studies of Isoprene Reactions Initiated by Chlorine Atom

The degradation reactions of isoprene initiated by chlorine atom were investigated using a fast-flow reactor coupled to chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS) detection. The kinetic studies were performed in the pressure range of 5 to 10 Torr and at 298 ± 2 K. The rate constant for the reaction between Cl and isoprene was measured to be (4.0 ± 0.3) × 10-10 cm3 molecule-1 s-1. Using the CIMS method, we were able to directly detect the products of the Cl−isoprene reaction, HCl and Cl−isoprene adduct. A branching ratio of (17.4 ± 4.0)% was determined for the HCl formation. We have also measured the rate constant for the reaction of the Cl−isoprene adduct with molecular oxygen to form the β-chloroalkenylperoxy radicals, with a value of (1.0 ± 0.3) × 10-14 cm3 molecule-1 s-1. Atmospheric implications of the present experimental results are discussed.
Focus Group Data Pertinent to the Prevention of Obesity in African Americans

The increased prevalence of obesity among African-American women makes it likely that they bear a disproportionate burden of comorbidities attributable to obesity, such as diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipemia. These observations suggest that intensive efforts to prevent obesity should be directed at this group. This presentation provides a summary of the findings of focus groups that convened prior to the Sisters Together, Move More, Eat Better campaign in Boston. This pilot campaign was designed to increase awareness of the importance of healthy eating and physical activity among young adult African-American women. In addition, data collected by the Division of Nutrition and Physical Activity of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provide additional information about attitudes toward diet and physical activity among African American youth. Such data are essential to understand the attitudinal changes necessary to prevent obesity in these vulnerable populations.
Simultaneous removal of NOx and SO2 from combustion flue gas by pulsed electron beams

Abstract This paper presents the results of plasma chemistry calculations to study the effect of dose rate, pulse length and pulse repetition rate on pulsed electron beam processing of NOx and SO2 in combustion flue gases. The main objective is to determine if the proposed combinations of dose rate, pulse length and pulse repetition rate would have any deleterious effect on the utilization of radicals for pollutant removal. For a dose rate of 2 × 106 kGy per second and a pulse length of 30 nanoseconds, the average dose per pulse is sufficiently low to prevent any deleterious effect on process efficiency because of radical-radical recombination reactions. During each post-pulse period, the radicals are utilized in the oxidation of NOx and SO2 in a timescale of around 200 microseconds; thus, with pulse frequencies of around 5 kilohertz or less, the radical concentrations remain sufficiently low to prevent any significant competition between radical -pollutant and radical - radical reactions. The main conclu...
Social outcomes of children with AD/HD: Contributing factors and implications for practice

The purposes of this article are to provide a review of the literature in the area of social characteristics of children with AD/HD, and to outline interventions for working with specific social problems. Research has consistently documented that children with AD/HD are more rejected and less accepted by their peers. Possible reasons for this peer rejection will be presented in this article and include inappropriate social behavior, social knowledge deficits and biases, and negative interactions with peers and teachers. Because children with AD/HD are at risk for negative social outcomes, multiple intervention options are necessary. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Variable-effective-field cross polarization. An approach to broadband Hartmann-Hahn matching in MAS NMR

Abstract A method for broadening the Hartmann-Hahn matching condition for cross polarization under magic angle spinning is presented. Variable-effective-field cross polarization (VEFCP) employs different effective raido-frequency (rf) fields on the 1 H channel during mixing, while the 13 C rf field remains constant. VEFCP is shown to result in both a broader matching condition, and a more rapid polarization transfer than ordinary cross polarization at the Hartmann-Hahn match. Experimental results on both adamantane and polycarbonate are discussed.
Defining Metapoesis in the ʿAbbāsid Age

[Abstract This article explores the definition of the term meta-poetic and its application to the poetry of the ʿAbbāsid age, focusing on short compositions and excerpts in which poets explicitly voice their critical opinions on poetry. The cultural milieu of the period and the debates and issues that surrounded ʿAbbāsid poetry necessarily influenced poets and their creative processes. ʿAbbāsid poets wrote for an ideal reader/critic not only qualified to appreciate their innovations but also capable of placing their contributions in the continuum of the tradition they were writing against, bringing the relationship with the literary past to the forefront of the poet’s concerns., AbstractThis article explores the definition of the term meta-poetic and its application to the poetry of the Abbāsid age, focusing on short compositions and excerpts in which poets explicitly voice their critical opinions on poetry. The cultural milieu of the period and the debates and issues that surrounded Abbāsid poetry necessarily influenced poets and their creative processes. Abbāsid poets wrote for an ideal reader/critic not only qualified to appreciate their innovations but also capable of placing their contributions in the continuum of the tradition they were writing against, bringing the relationship with the literary past to the forefront of the poet’s concerns.]
Community nutrition intervention strategies for cancer risk reduction

As the accumulated evidence continues to indicate a need for Americans to modify current eating patterns and other lifestyle factors to reduce the risk of chronic diseases, the demand for community nutrition interventions will accelerate. All interventions require certain basic elements, such as measurable objectives and robust evaluation designs. However, there are other overarching strategies whose application will contribute to the research knowledge base for community interventions. This article focuses on three such strategies: use of the national health objectives, use of community channels, and development of interventions based on theories of health behavior. The application of these strategies to the National 5 A Day for Better Health Program is illustrated.
Concurrency exploitation in data-driven distributed systems

Studies the effect of the degree of task firing strictness (data availability) on the performance of a data-driven multiprocessing system. A prototype distributed system model, where inherent concurrency is exploited at the procedural level, is discussed. A set of behavioral programs has been simulated, and the speed-up versus the degree of task firing strictness (for different network delays) has been plotted. Simulation shows that, as the degree of strictness is relaxed, more concurrency is exploited in a computation, whence a better utilization of the distributed system resources is achieved. >
Informatics for combinatorial materials science

Combinatorial experiments aim to create large amounts of data and information, and managing that data is a challenge. This article will focus on how to scientifically interpret the data generated from combinatorial experiments and high-throughput screening.
Convergence Speed of a Dynamical System for Sparse Recovery

This paper studies the convergence rate of a continuous-time dynamical system for l1-minimization, known as the Locally Competitive Algorithm (LCA). Solving l1-minimization problems efficiently and rapidly is of great interest to the signal processing community, as these programs have been shown to recover sparse solutions to underdetermined systems of linear equations and come with strong performance guarantees. The LCA under study differs from the typical l1-solver in that it operates in continuous time: instead of being specified by discrete iterations, it evolves according to a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The LCA is constructed from simple components, giving it the potential to be implemented as a large-scale analog circuit. The goal of this paper is to give guarantees on the convergence time of the LCA system. To do so, we analyze how the LCA evolves as it is recovering a sparse signal from underdetermined measurements. We show that under appropriate conditions on the measurement matrix and the problem parameters, the path the LCA follows can be described as a sequence of linear differential equations, each with a small number of active variables. This allows us to relate the convergence time of the system to the restricted isometry constant of the matrix. Interesting parallels to sparse-recovery digital solvers emerge from this study. Our analysis covers both the noisy and noiseless settings and is supported by simulation results.