cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Bayesian, spatially-varying calibration model for the TEX86 proxy

Abstract TEX86 is an important proxy for constraining ocean temperatures in the Earth’s past. Current calibrations, however, feature structured residuals indicative of a spatially-varying relationship between TEX86 and sea-surface temperatures (SSTs). Here we develop and apply a Bayesian regression approach to the TEX86–SST calibration that explicitly allows for model parameters to smoothly vary as a function of space, and considers uncertainties in the modern SSTs as well as in the TEX86–SST relationship. The spatially-varying model leads to larger uncertainties at locations that are data-poor, while Bayesian inference naturally propagates calibration uncertainty into the uncertainty in the predictions. Applications to both Quaternary and Eocene TEX86 data demonstrate that our approach produces reasonable results, and improves upon previous methods by allowing for probabilistic assessments of past temperatures. The scientific understanding of TEX86 remains imperfect, and the model presented here allows for predictions that implicitly account for the effects of environmental factors other than SSTs that lead to a spatially non-stationary TEX86–SST relationship.
Technology migration technique for designs with strong RET-driven layout restrictions

Restrictive design rules (RDRs) have been introduced as a simplified layout optimization method to better enable resolution enhancement techniques in ultra-deep submicron designs (16). In this paper, we study the technology migration problem for designs with strong RET-driven layout restrictions, i.e., RDR constraints, which require devices (gates) to be placed on a coarse pitch and in a single orientation. In particular, we study the legalization problem with on-pitch constraints for devices with an objective of minimum layout perturbation. The problem can be formulated as an integer linear programming (ILP) problem with a set of stringent integer constraints, and it can be approximated as a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problem. Instead of using an MILP solver to solve it, we propose a two-stage method --- first the target on-pitch positions for gates are computed and second the original problem is relaxed to a linear programming problem. Library cell layouts designed in a technology with conventional ground rules have been migrated successfully to a technology with RDRs using our approach.
Synthesis and Cytotoxicity of Substituted Ethyl 2-Phenacyl-3-phenylpyrrole-4-carboxylates

The substituted ethyl-2-phenacyl-3-phenylpyrrole-4-carboxylates were synthesized by a condensation of a beta-chloroenal and an alpha-aminoketone under neutral conditions. They proved to be potent cytotoxic agents against the growth of murine L1210 and P388 leukemias and human HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia, HuT-78 lymphoma, and HeLa-S(3) uterine carcinoma. Selective compounds were active against the growth of Tmolt(3) and Tmolt(4) leukemias and THP-1 acute monocytic leukemia, liver Hepe-2, ovary 1-A9, ileum HCT-8 adenocarcinoma, and osteosarcoma HSO. A mode of action study in HL-60 cells demonstrated that DNA and protein syntheses were inhibited after 60 min at 100 microM. DNA and RNA polymerases, PRPP-amido transferase, dihydrofolate reductase, thymidylate synthase, and TMP kinase activities were interfered with by the agent with reduction of d[NTP] pools. Nonspecific interaction with the bases of DNA and cross-linking of the DNA may play a role in the mode of action of these carboxylates.
Ligand-independent oncogenic signaling by the epidermal growth factor receptor: v-ErbB as a paradigm

Relay of information from the extracellular environment into the cell often results from a peptide growth factor binding to its cognate cell surface receptor; this event is an integral mechanism by which many cellular functions occur, including cell growth, motility, and survival. In recent years, however, this requirement for ligand binding has been shown to be surpassed by several distinct mechanisms, including cell surface receptor cross-talk (e.g., between epidermal growth factor receptor [EGFR] and G-coupled receptors), receptor-extracellular matrix interactions (e.g., EGFR: integrin complexes), and finally by structural mutations within the receptor itself. While all of these pathways result in so-called ligand-independent signaling by the EGF receptor, to date, only structural mutations in the receptor have been shown to result in qualitative changes in downstream targets of the receptor, which specifically result in oncogenic signaling, transformation, and tumorigenicity. In this review, we describe aspects of the known signaling properties of the retroviral oncogene v-ErbB as a model of ligand-independent oncogenic signaling, and compare these properties to results emerging from ongoing studies on structurally related EGF receptor mutants originally identified in human tumors. A better understanding of the signaling pathways used by these uniquely oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase mutants may ultimately reveal new targets for the development of novel therapeutics selective for the inhibition of tumor cell growth.
The complex nature of alkaline phosphatase.

Abstract Alkaline phosphatase of the intestine consists of three fractions present in variable proportions in different preparations. Two fractions are rapidly inactivated while acting on the substrate in the absence of Mg; the third is stable for several days. The three fractions have different and specific rates of activation by Mg. The effect of alanine consists in transforming part of the stable fraction into one of the unstable ones.
Proposed UV-FEL user facility at BNL☆

Abstract The NSLS at Brookhaven National Laboratory is proposing the construction of a UV-FEL operating in the wavelength range from visible to 750 A. Nanocoulomb electron pulses will be generated at a laser photocathode rf gun at a repetition rate of 10 kHz. The 6 ps pulses will be accelerated to 250 MeV in a superconducting linac. The FEL output will serve four stations with independent wavelength tuning, using two wigglers and two rotating mirror beam switches. Seed radiation for the FEL amplifiers will be provided by conventional tunable lasers, and the final frequency multiplication from the visible or near UV to the VUV will be carried out in the FEL itself. Each FEL will be comprised of an initial wiggler resonant to the seed wavelength, a dispersion section, and a second wiggler resonant to the output wavelength. The facility will provide pump-probe capability, FEL on FEL, and FEL on synchrotron light from an insertion device on the NSLS X-ray ring.
Household Evacuation Decision Making in Response to Hurricane Ike

AbstractThis study focused on household evacuation decisions and departure timing for Hurricane Ike. The data were consistent with an abbreviated form of the Protective-Action Decision Model in which female gender, official warning messages, hurricane experience, coastal location, and environmental and social cues were hypothesized to produce perceived storm characteristics, which in turn, would produce expected personal impacts. Finally, the latter, together with perceived evacuation impediments, would determine evacuation decisions and departure timing. However, there were fewer significant predictors of perceived storm characteristics and more significant predictors of expected personal impacts and evacuation decisions than hypothesized. Also contrary to hypothesis, female gender, perceived storm characteristics, official warnings, and hurricane experience predicted departure times. However, as expected, evacuation rates declined with distance from the coast; unlike Hurricane Rita 3 years earlier, ther...
Harmonic structure as a determinant of melodic organization

Musicians and nonmusicians indicated whether a two-note probe following a tonally structured melody occurred in the melody. The critical probes were taken from one of three locations in the melody: the two notes (1) ending the first phrase, (2) straddling the phrase boundary, and (3) beginning the second phrase. As predicted, the probe that straddled the phrase boundary was more difficult to recognize than either of the within-phrase probes. These findings suggest that knowledge of harmonic structure influences perceptual organization of melodies in ways analogous to the influence of clause relations on the perceptual organization of sentences. They also provide evidence that training plays an important role in refining listeners’ sensitivity to harmonic variables.
Perceptual Analysis Of Sampled Color Monitor Displays

The development of a product line of alphanumeric color displays involves the consideration of both economic and perceptual factors. In this paper we focus on the perceptual analysis of color monitors as an aid to the design process. Many image display systems can be evaluated through Just-Noticeable-Difference (JND) analysis. The virtue of this analysis is that it converts the objective parameters that describe the display into units that quantify their visual impact. An example application of this analysis is the determination of the number of phosphor triads needed for a color alphanumeric CRT display. If too few phosphor triads are used in the display, then the visibility of the characters is poor, whereas if too many are used, then the cost of the CRT becomes prohibitively high. By choosing the number of phosphor triads that just meets the visual system's requirements for visibility of the information, the display will meet its performance objective without incurring unnecessary cost.
256 x 256 HgCdTe focal plane array for the Hubble Space Telescope

We have developed a low dark current, low noise 256 x 256 focal plane array (FPA) for a second generation instrument for the Hubble Space Telescope. The instrument is called NICMOS (Near Infrared Camera Multi-Object Spectrometer) and will have seven 256 x 256 FPAs for different scientific purposes. It is being developed by the University of Arizona and its subcontractors. This retrofit will be installed into the 1-1ST in about five years using the Space Shuttle. The final FPA flight units will be fabricated by our Electro-Optics division. This device is presently the world's largest and most sensitive FPA in waveband of 1.0 -2.5 jim. It is already being successfully used by ground based astronomers.
Spectroscopic and Electronic Structure Study of the Enzyme-Substrate Complex of Intradiol Dioxygenases: Substrate Activation by a High Spin Ferric Non-Heme Iron Site

Various mechanisms have been proposed for the initial O2 attack in intradiol dioxygenases based on different electronic descriptions of the enzyme−substrate (ES) complex. We have examined the geometric and electronic structure of the high-spin ferric ES complex of protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase (3,4-PCD) with UV/visible absorption, circular dichroism (CD), magnetic CD (MCD), and variable-temperature variable-field (VTVH) MCD spectroscopies. The experimental data were coupled with DFT and INDO/S-CI calculations, and an experimentally calibrated bonding description was obtained. The broad absorption spectrum for the ES complex in the 6000−31000 cm-1 region was resolved into at least five individual transitions, assigned as ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) from the protocatechuate (PCA) substrate and Tyr408. From our DFT calculations, all five LMCT transitions originate from the PCA and Tyr πop orbitals to the ferric dπ orbitals. The strong π covalent donor interactions dominate the bonding in the ES ...
Vascular reactivity in medical students followed for 10 yr.

Abstract The initial and control blood pressure, and pulse, as well as the cold pressor response was determined in a group of 173 medical students and repeated after 9–10 yr in 73 of these. A low normal range for the control blood pressure was found, and there was little change over the 9 yr period. No relationship could be shown between heredity and hyperreactivity, nor was there a relationship between a positive cold pressor response and the other manifestations of hyperreactivity. The various criteria for hyperreactivity were not consistent over a 3 yr period. Finally, those with elevated pressor initially did not tend to rise over the period of follow-up.
Compositional instabilities in aluminum-implanted nickel☆

Abstract Nickel substrates were implanted with 180 keV aluminum ions (Al + ) to fluences near 10 18 ions cm −2 . The resulting aluminum concentration profiles and microstructures were examined after implantation and following annealing at temperatures below 800 °C. The phases detected after annealing were consistent with both the NiAl equilibrium phase diagram and the aluminum concentrations in the implanted layers. The concentration profiles changed only slightly during annealing below 650 °C for fluences less than 1.4 × 10 18 Al + cm −2 . At fluences above this, however, the aluminum concentration profiles after annealing at 650 °C extended to depths approaching 8000 A, at least 4000 A deeper than the as-implanted profiles. The aluminum concentration near the surface decreased during annealing, consistent with conservation of total aluminum content and extension of the profiles. The kinetics of the decrease in near-surface aluminum content were followed in situ by measuring the IR emissivities of the specimens, which correlated with their near-surface aluminum concentrations. The aluminum concentrations were constant with annealing time for specimens implanted to less than 1.4 × 10 18 Al + cm −2 . For higher fluences the emissivities and aluminum contents changed by a factor of 3 over annealing time periods that increased with decreasing temperatures. The diffusion coefficients derived from the aluminum concentration dependence on time ranged from 1.1 × 10 −13 to 21 × 10 −13 cm 2 s −1 for specified annealing temperatures between 500 and 800 °C. The activation energy for this diffusion, 62 kJ mol −1 , is close to that ascribed to grain boundary diffusion in Ni 3 Al, 50 kJ mol −1 . The nickel behind the implanted layers recrystallized during annealing, providing the necessary grain boundary diffusion paths.
The effects of oxide traps on the MOS capacitance

The trapping of electrons and holes at a semiconductor surface by traps located in the oxide adjacent to the semiconductor has been considered. It is shown that the effective capture cross section of an oxide trap viewed by a carrier at the semiconductor surface is reduced by a factor which increases exponentially with the distance the trap is located from the interface. A pseudo-Fermi function in this position variable is developed which gives the probability that a trap will be filled (or emptied) in a measurement time, T m . The trapping kinetics developed in the first part of the paper are applied to yield the full frequency and bias dependence of an MOS capacitor for an arbitrary spatial and energy trap distribution. Specific examples are given and the problem of voltage hysteresis is dealt with quantitatively. The conclusion is that very little information about the energy distribution and capture cross sections of the oxide traps is obtained from the analysis of MOS-capacitance curves.
The Proarrhythmic Potential of Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators

Abstract The implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) is remarkably effective in preventing sudden cardiac death in high-risk patients, but it also has the capacity to provoke or worsen cardiac arrhythmias. Tachyarrhythmias or bradyarrhythmias may result from the delivery of antitachycardia or antibradycardia therapies by tiered-therapy defibrillators. This proarrhythmia, although rarely fatal, increases the morbidity associated with defibrillator therapy. Proarrhythmia is related as much to suboptimal programming as to technical limitations of the device. The proarrhythmic potential of ICD therapy can be minimized by tailoring the “electrical prescription” according to characteristics of the clinical arrhythmia and individual ICD idiosyncrasies.
Strong cation-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography as a versatile tool for the characterization and purification of peptides

Abstract Synthetic peptides play a major role in all areas of biomedical research. The ease with which virtually any sequence of both natural and unnatural amino acids can be synthesized is a primary reason for their popularity. Often, the final product not only contains the target peptide sequence but contaminating species that differ in subtle ways such as minor deletions, incomplete deprotected side chains, fragmentation at unexpected residues, and residue adducts as a consequence of improper resin cleavage. The investigator must then purify the desired target molecule from the crude mixture in order to conduct meaningful experiments. A widely practiced and highly successful method of analysis and purification utilizes reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). An alternative Chromatographic procedure uses strong-cation exchange (SCX)-HPLC. Here the primary mode of separation is the interaction of the peptides' positive charges with the negatively charged functional moiety of the Chromatographic support. At a mobile phase of pH 3, peptides are expected to possess a net positive charge as a result of protonation of carboxyl groups and C-terminus, leaving arginine, lysine, histidine and the N-terminus to contribute to the net positive charge. Thus, as a first approximation separation will be a monotonic function of differences in net positive charge. Considerable success has been realized with a sulfoethyl aspartamide SCX-HPLC support for the analysis and purification of well over 500 distinct synthetic and proteolytically derived peptide fragments. This short practical review will present examples of these separations with emphasis on synthetic peptides. For completeness, a section on SCX-HPLC of proteolytically derived peptides will also be presented.
Structural analysis of xyloglucans in the primary cell walls of plants in the subclass Asteridae

The structures of xyloglucans from several plants in the subclass Asteridae were examined to determine how their structures vary in different taxonomic orders. Xyloglucans, solubilized from plant cell walls by a sequential (enzymatic and chemical) extraction procedure, were isolated, and their structures were characterized by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. All campanulids examined, including Lactuca sativa (lettuce, order Asterales), Tenacetum ptarmiciflorum (dusty miller, order Asterales), and Daucus carota (carrot, order Apiales), produce typical xyloglucans that have an XXXG-type branching pattern and contain alpha-d-Xylp-, beta-D-Galp-(1-->2)-alpha-D-Xylp-, and alpha-L-Fucp-(1-->2)-beta-D-Galp-(1-->2)-alpha-D-Xylp- side chains. However, the lamiids produce atypical xyloglucans. For example, previous analyses showed that Capsicum annum (pepper) and Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato), two species in the order Solanales, and Olea europaea (olive, order Lamiales) produce xyloglucans that contain arabinosyl and galactosyl residues, but lack fucosyl residues. The XXGG-type xyloglucans produced by Solanaceous species are less branched than the XXXG-type xyloglucan produced by Olea europaea. This study shows that Ipomoea pupurea (morning glory, order Solanales), Ocimum basilicum (basil, order Lamiales), and Plantago major (plantain, order Lamiales) all produce xyloglucans that lack fucosyl residues and have an unusual XXGGG-type branching pattern in which the basic repeating core contains five glucose subunits in the backbone. Furthermore, Neruim oleander (order Gentianales) produces an XXXG-type xyloglucan that contains arabinosyl, galactosyl, and fucosyl residues. The appearance of this intermediate xyloglucan structure in oleander has implications regarding the evolutionary development of xyloglucan structure and its role in primary plant cell walls.
Apollo 15 yellow-brown volcanic glass: Chemistry and petrogenetic relations to green volcanic glass and olivine-normative mare basalts

Electron microprobe and INAA were used to analyze forty spherules of Apollo 15 yellow-brown glass for major and trace elements. The glass is one of twenty-five high-Mg primary magmas emplaced on the lunar surface in pyroclastic eruptions. The abundances show that the magma was produced by partial melting of differentiated cumulates in the lunar mantle. Models to explain the possible source-regions of several Apollo 15 and Apollo 12 low-Ti mare magmas are presented.
Single round access privacy on outsourced storage

We present SR-ORAM1, the first single-round-trip polylogarithmic time Oblivious RAM that requires only logarithmic client storage. Taking only a single round trip to perform a query, SR-ORAM has an online communication / computation cost of O(log n log log n), and an offline, overall amortized per-query communication cost of O(log2n log log n), requiring under 2 round trips. The client folds an entire interactive sequence of Oblivious RAM requests into a single query object that the server can unlock incrementally, to satisfy a query without learning its result. This results in an Oblivious RAM secure against an actively malicious adversary, with unprecedented speeds in accessing large data sets over high-latency links. We show this to be the most efficient storage-free-client Oblivious RAM to date for today's Internet-scale network latencies.
Legislative Intent and Legislative History in Michigan

Determining legislative intent is one of the key roles that the judicial system plays in Michigan, and legislative history can be a useful tool for evaluating the intent of the legislature when enacting a law. However, legislative history resources can be difficult to gather, and some resources may not be persuasive in Michigan courts. This article provides a brief description of the Michigan legislative process, the court's view of using legislative history to determine legislative intent, and a list of Michigan legislative history resources.
Impact of Anatomic Site on Growth, Efflux-Pump Expression, Cell Structure, and Stress Responsiveness of Bacteroides fragilis

This study investigated whether B. fragilis from various human sites acquired stable traits enabling it to express certain efflux pumps (EPs), adopt a particular cell structure, and tolerate certain stressors. Isolates from blood, abscess, and stool (n = 11 each) were investigated. Bacteria from various sites portrayed different ultrastructres and EP expression. Blood isolates were tolerant to nutrient limitation and stool isolates to NaCl and bile salt stress. Stressors significantly increased EP expression. These data demonstrate that (1) B. fragilis acquires stable traits from various in vivo microenvironments; (2) that EPs are involved in stress responsiveness; and (3) that EP expression is tightly controlled and site dependent.
Staphylococcus pneumonia: A clinical, pathologic, and bacteriologic study

Summary Thirty-seven cases of staphylococcus pneumonia are classified and the clinical features described. The pathology and bacteriology are described in different types of cases, and the pathogenesis is discussed. A summary of the differences from, and similarities to, pneumococcus pneumonia is given.
Rhomboid Proteases: Familiar Features in Unfamiliar Phases

In this issue of Molecular Cell, Strisovsky et al. (2009) identify a sequence motif underlying cleavage site specificity for the rhomboid proteases. This sheds light on potential mechanisms by which intramembrane-cleaving proteases cleave their substrates.
Clinical Utility of the Rorschach Inkblot Method: Reframing the Debate

Recent published exchanges have focused on the clinical utility and diagnostic efficiency of the Rorschach Inkblot Method (RIM), but key issues remain unresolved. In this article, 5 principles for evaluating RIM research are offered to help reframe the ongoing debate in this area. These are (a) recognize what the test can and cannot do; (b) choose appropriate outcome criteria to assess RIM effectiveness; (c) use multimethod, multicriterion matrices to place results in an appropriate context; (d) consider limitations in the outcome criteria themselves; and (e) use experimental--not just correlational--data to contrast the results obtained with projective and self-report tests. Coupled with Weiner's (2000a) guidelines for RIM interpretation, the principles outlined here can improve RIM research and practice, and help resolve some longstanding controversies in this area.
G-protein-coupled-receptor kinases mediate TNFα-induced NF-κB signalling via direct interaction with and phosphorylation of IκBα

TNFα (tumour necrosis factor α) is a multifunctional cytokine involved in the pathophysiology of many chronic inflammatory diseases. TNFα activation of the NF- K B (nuclear factor κB) signalling pathway particularly in macrophages has been implicated in many diseases. We demonstrate in the present study that GRK2 and GRK5 (G-protein-coupled-receptor kinases 2 and 5) regulate TNFα-induced NF- K B signalling in Raw 264.7 macrophages. RNAi (RNA interference) knockdown of GRK2 or GRK5 in macrophages significantly inhibited TNFα-induced IκBα (inhibitory κBα) phosphorylation and degradation, NF- K B activation and expression of the NF- K B-regulated gene MIP1β (macrophage inflammatory protein 1β). Consistent with these results, overexpression of GRK2 or GRK5 enhanced TNFα-induced NF- K B activity. In addition, we show that GRK2 and GRK5 interacted with IκBα via the N-terminal domain of IκBα and that IκBα is a substrate for GRK2 and GRK5 in vitro. Furthermore, we also found that GRK5, but not GRK2, phosphorylated IκBα at the same amino acid residues (Ser 32 /Ser 36 ) as that of IKKβ (IκB kinase β). Interestingly, associated with these results, knockdown of IKKβ in Raw 264.7 macrophages did not affect TNFα-induced IκBα phosphorylation. Taken together, these results demonstrate that both GRK2 and GRK5 are important and novel mediators of a non-traditional I K Ba/NF- K B signalling pathway.
6Li(n, t)4He differential cross sections between 0.1 and 1.8 MeV

Abstract Absolute triton and α-particle yields from the 6Li(n, t)4He reaction have been measured at 8 lab angles between 0° and 90° for neutron energies between 0.1 and 1.8 MeV. Incident neutrons with a continuous energy distribution were used and reaction yields were measured as a function of detected particle energy and the sum of particle plus neutron flight times. Yield data have been converted to (n, t) c.m. differential cross sections at 16 angles between 0° and 180°. Each of the 25 angular distributions obtained has been fitted to a series of Legendre polynomials. The coefficients of the P0 terms are in excellent agreement with recent total cross section measurements. The behavior of the other coefficients, particularly the coefficients of the P1 terms in the vicinity of the resonance at En = 247 keV, will require modifications in previous R-matrix parameterizations of the reaction.
Salt taste in patients with essential hypertension and with hypertension due to primary hyperaldosteronism

Abstract Detection and recognition thresholds for NaCl were measured in 50 patients with essential hypertension and in 10 patients with hypertension due to primary hyperaldosteronism. Although median detection and recognition thresholds for NaCl were within normal limits, 4 of the 50 patients with essential hypertension (8 per cent) and 1 of the 10 patients with primary hyperaldosteronism exhibited elevations in either detection or recognition thresholds for NaCl. Each of the patients with elevated NaCl taste thresholds also exhibited elevations in detection or recognition thresholds for at least one other taste quality, always including bitter. These data, which differ from those of previous studies in which decreased salt taste acuity had been observed in patients with hypertension, indicate that an abnormality of NaCl taste acuity, per se , is not a constituent factor of hypertension in man.
Controlled-Release Carvedilol: A Concluding Perspective

d d t c h I e p p b s a s b a p d a f t The studies summarized in this supplement to The merican Journal of Cardiology demonstrate that a new ontrolled-release (CR) formulation of carvedilol has een developed that is bioequivalent to the currently arketed immediate-release (IR) formulation of the drug. uch development is noteworthy because carvedilol has een shown in numerous placebo-controlled trials to have mportant clinical benefits across a wide range of cardioascular disorders,1–5 and these effects may not be eadily replicated with other -blocker drugs.5–7 What does bioequivalence mean? From a technical viewoint, it means that key pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters, ncluding peak and trough concentrations and area under the oncentration curve, were nearly identical for the IR and CR ormulations, with confidence intervals that were within the enerally accepted limits of bioequivalence. From a practial viewpoint, it means that patients taking either formulaion could be switched to the other formulation without any eaningful change in exposure to the drug. The available tudies demonstrated bioequivalence across the spectrum of atients with approved indications for carvedilol, including hose with the following: hypertension; left ventricular dysunction (LVD) after an acute myocardial infarction (MI); nd mild, moderate, or severe heart failure. Why is the development of this formulation important? he development of a CR formulation that is bioequivalent o an IR formulation represents an uncommon achievement n medicinal chemistry. Most long-acting versions of shortcting drugs produce peak and trough concentrations that iffer meaningfully from the IR formulation. Such PK diferences raise the possibility that the efficacy and safety of he new CR formulation may not reproduce the efficacy and afety of the already marketed IR agent. This uncertainty is nderscored by the fact that the precise PK characteristics hat determine the efficacy and safety of a particular theraeutic agent are generally unknown. In some instances, the enefits of a drug may depend on the achievement of speific peak concentrations, whereas for some drugs, high eak levels may contribute little to efficacy but may inrease the risk of intolerance. In other circumstances, the rug benefit may rely heavily on the maintenance of minium trough levels; however, for many agents, low plasma
Optimization of stationary nonimaging reflectors for tubular evacuated receivers aligned north-south

Abstract Several manufacturers are developing solar collectors with tubular evacuated receivers aligned north-south. Adding low-concentration, wide-acceptance-angle reflectors to such tubes allows greater tube spacings, reducing the number of tubes per area of collector. It also improves collector efficiency, particularly for conditions of high ΔT I , such as high temperatures or low light levels. This detailed study optimizes the reflector design for maximum daily energy collection and includes the effects of reflection losses, reflector-receiver alignment errors, variation of selective surface absorptance with angle of incidence on the receiver, and losses through the gap between the receiver and the reflector. Three general conclusions have been reached: The use of optimized nonimaging reflectors with tubular evacuated receivers will increase the energy collection efficiency—particularly for high-temperature and harsh environment conditions. Wide-acceptance-angle reflectors are forgiving to receiver-reflector alignment errors. It is neither necessary nor desirable to design reflectors for undersize receivers in order to compensate for misalignments that result from manufacturing tolerances. The daily energy collection of collectors using these reflectors having acceptance half-angles in a range. near 60° is not a sensitive function of the acceptance angle. Manufacturers' final reflector design decisions will probably be based on technical considerations related to fabrication and assembly techniques and possibly on market-related considerations such as collector appearance.
A model for the anoxic zone of the Cariaco Trench

Abstract The bottom topography and the vertical profiles of salinity and potential temperature in the Cariaco Trence suggest a vertical diffusion-advection model for its anoxic zone. In the upper 700 m of the zone there is evidence foradvection, and disica and sulfide appear to be consevvative because their concentrations have linear regressions against potential temperature. Dissolved silica appears to be conservative in the lower 400 m of the zone as well, and thus the sediments are its only source within the Trench. The flux of silica from the sediments can be used to estimate the parameters of water movements in the anoxic zone, including the residence time of the water in the upper 700 m: 800 years.
Responses of growth hormone aggregates to different intermittent exercise intensities

The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of high-intensity intermittent exercise on the presence of circulating growth hormone (GH) aggregates measured using two different assay techniques. Six male subjects with endurance training background participated in this study under both exercise and no-exercise control conditions. After resting blood sampling, subjects completed an intermittent treadmill exercise protocol at four speeds predicted to elicit a specific VO(2):60% VO(2max) for 10 min, 75% for 10 min, 90% for 5 min, and 100% for 2 min. After each exercise intensity was completed treadmill speed was reduced to a walk (3.5-4 min) for blood sampling. Sampling continued every 15 min for 1 h into recovery. All samples were then measured for GH concentrations using Nichols immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) and Diagnostic Systems Laboratory's immunofunctional assay (IFA). A second set of samples was chemically reduced using reduced glutathione (GSH; 10 mM for 18 h at room temperature) to break disulfide bonds between possible oligomeric GH complexes, and subsequently assayed using the same GH assays. With the IRMA, GH was significantly elevated ( P<0.05) after the 75% workload and remained elevated through 30 min post-exercise. After adding GSH to the sample, the IRMA indicated significant increases in GH as early as the 60% exercise intensity and remained elevated through 45 min into recovery. At 75%, the GSH assay run was significantly higher than the non-GSH assay run. With the IFA, GH was significantly elevated at 60% in the non-GSH condition, whereas the GSH assay run indicated significant elevations at 75%. Both GSH and non-GSH conditions remained elevated through 30 min into recovery. These data indicate that the addition of GSH to serum samples prior to assay via an IRMA may break existing disulfide bonds between aggregated GH molecules, thus altering the apparent assay signal to reveal greater total GH in the sample.
Photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy study of 1,2-dicyano-methanofullerene C60(CN)2 thin film for photovoltaic applications

Abstract 1, 2-dicyano-methanofullerene (C60(CN)2) is a soluble fullerene derivative that has been reported to have stronger electron affinity than parent C60. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments were carried out on C60(CN)2 thin films spin coated on heavily doped n-type Si substrate. UPS spectra enabled the determination of the vacuum shift at the fullerene derivative/Si interface and the onset of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO). From the UV–vis absorption spectra of C60(CN)2 thin films spin coated on quartz substrates, the optical band gap (Eg) and the onset of absorption were determined. These measurements allowed the determination of the lowest occupied molecular orbital (LUMO) position. The morphology of the deposited film was probed by AFM and reveals non-uniformity of the thin film. Open circuit voltage (Voc) measurements on P3HT/C60(CN)2 based organic solar cell device are compared to the commonly used P3HT/PCBM device.
Group B Streptococcus: The Pregnant Woman and Her Neonate

Within the past 10 years, group B streptococcal disease has emerged as a major causative agent in neonatal morbidity and mortality. A brief history of this pathogen and its epidemiologic factors regarding maternal colonization and carriage is presented. Group B streptococcal disease in the neonate and concurrent treatment and prevention modalities also are presented. A case study is included. Suggestions for nursing assessment, intervention, and future considerations are offered.
Public policy and anthropometric outcomes in Côte d'Ivoire

Using data from Cote d'Ivoire, this paper examines the impact of public policies on three anthropometric outcomes: height for age and weight for height of children as well as body mass index of adults. During the eighties, low growth rates in Cote d'Ivoire were accompanied by an economic adjustment program which included substantial cuts in public spending together with increases in the relative price of foods. If reductions in social spending resulted in lower availability and quality of health care services, then results suggest that child health (particularly height for age) will have been adversely affected. The provision of basic services (such as immunizations) and ensuring facilities are equipped with simple materials (such as having basic drugs in stock) will yield high social returns in terms of improved child health. Food prices have tended to rise in Cote d'Ivoire during the eighties and the authors find that higher food prices have had a significantly detrimental impact on the health of Ivorian children (as measured by weight for height) and adults (as indicated by lower body mass indices). In contrast, the effects of income on health are significant but quite small, except in the case of adult women.
Controls on interior West Antarctic Ice Sheet Elevations: inferences from geologic constraints and ice sheet modeling

Abstract Knowledge of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) response to past sea level and climate forcing is necessary to predict its response to warmer temperatures in the future. The timing and extent of past interior WAIS elevation changes provides insight to WAIS behavior and constraints for ice sheet models. Constraints prior to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) however, are rare. Surface exposure ages of glacial erratics near the WAIS divide at Mt. Waesche in Marie Byrd Land, and at the Ohio Range in the Transantarctic Mountains, range from ∼10 ka to >500 ka without a dependence on elevation. The probability distribution functions (PDF) of the exposure ages at both locations, are remarkably similar. During the last glaciation, maximum interior ice elevations as recorded by moraines and erratics were reached between 10 ka and 12 ka. However, most exposure ages are older than the LGM and cluster around ∼40 ka and ∼80 ka. The peak in the exposure age distributions at ∼40 ka includes ages of alpine moraine boulders at Mercer Ridge in the Ohio Range. Comparison of the PDF of exposures ages from the Ohio Range and Mt. Waesche with the temperature record from the Fuji Dome ice core indicates that the youngest peak in the exposure age distributions corresponds to the abrupt warming during the Last Glacial termination. A prominent peak in the Ohio Range PDF corresponds to the penultimate termination (stage 5e). During the intervening glacial period, there is not a consistent relationship between the peaks in the PDF at each location and temperature. A combined ice sheet/ice shelf model with forcing scaled to marine δ 18 O predicts that interior WAIS elevations near the ice divide have varied ∼300 m over the Last Glacial cycle. Peaks in the PDF correspond to model highstands over the last 200 ka. In the simulated elevation history, maximum ice elevations at Ohio Range (+100 m) and Mt. Waesche (+60 m) occur at ∼10 ka, in agreement with observations from these sites. During collapse of the marine portion of the WAIS, ice elevations at Ohio Range and Mt. Waesche are drawn down at least 200 m below the present ice elevation. The good correspondence between the model results and observations at both the Ohio Range and Mt. Waesche supports the conclusion that interior WAIS highstands do not occur during glacial maximums. Rather, the highstands are controlled primarily by increased accumulation during temperature maximums that occur early in the interglacials. Interior down-draw events follow highstands, resulting from the arrival of a wave of thinning triggered by retreat of the WAIS grounding line coupled with decreasing accumulation rates.
Multifluid flow calculations at all mach numbers

Abstract A new fluid dynamics computing technique is described for the solution of time-varying multifluid flows in several space dimensions. An implicit treatment of mass transport, equation of state, and work terms allows for the simultaneous presence of all flow-speed regimes, from far subsonic (incompressible) to far supersonic. Marker particles are used only to follow material interface motions, and are not required through the rest of the computing region. A multiphase process for each calculation cycle combines both Lagrangian and Eulerian viewpoints, and also allows for the convenience of a separate diffusion and dissipation phase, which may be artificial or real, and explicit or implicit. The technique is referred to as the GILA method.
A Four-Week Inhalation Toxicity Study with Nylon RFPs in Rats: Preliminary Findings Six Months after Exposure

Four groups of 48 male rats each were exposed, nose-only, 6 h/day, 5 days/week, for a total of 4 weeks (i.e. 20 exposures) to aerosols of Nylon respirable-sized, fiber-shaped particulates (RFPs) at concentrations of 0, 4, 15 and 57 f/cm3 (ratio of RFPs:particles = 1:10–20). The samples containing Nylon RFPs were prepared using flock rotary cutters followed by vigorous opening procedures. Following 4 week exposures, the lungs of sham and Nylon-exposed rats were evaluated at 1 day, 1 week, as well as 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after exposure. At each of the post-exposure time points, the lungs of rats were either lavaged (for 3 months after exposure) or infusion fixed for cell proliferation, histopathology and fiber clearance/retention studies. This report contains data obtained during a 6 month post-exposure period. Preliminary results show that the retained mean lung burdens at 1 day after exposure were 1.75 × 107 (high level), 3.4 × 106 (mid level) and 4.8 × 105 (low level) RFPs/lung. Mean lengths and diameters of the Nylon aerosol were 9.8 and 1.6 μm, respectively. There were no significant increases in lung weights or indications of pulmonary inflammation in Nylon-exposed animals versus controls— based on cell differentials, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid analyses and chemotaxis activity. More than 90% of the alveolar macrophages recovered by BAL (high level) contained Nylon RFPs or particles within their cytoplasm. Interim histopathological analyses have thus far revealed no adverse lower pulmonary or upper respiratory effects.
Serotonin unmasks functional NK-2 receptors in vagal sensory neurones of the guinea-pig

1. The regulation of substance P (SP) responsiveness in acutely isolated nodose neurones from adult guinea-pigs was investigated using standard intracellular recording techniques. 2. In control neurones, SP produced no measurable electrophysiological effects. However, following incubation with serotonin (5-HT, 10 microM), 64% of neurones were depolarized by 10 +/- 0.6 mV (n = 84 of 132 neurones) by SP (100 nM). 5-HT-induced SP responses were inhibited by SR48968 (100 nM, n = 6), a neurokinin 2 (NK-2) receptor antagonist, but were unaffected by CP99,994 and SR142801, NK-1 and NK-3 receptor antagonists (n = 3 each), respectively. 3. 5-HT-induced unmasking of SP responses was maximal within 5 min. Increasing the 5-HT incubation time up to 120 min did not increase the mean response amplitude or the percentage of SP responsive neurones (P = 0.611 and 0.867, respectively). 4. 5-HT-induced unmasking of SP responses was dose dependent (EC50 = 14 nM). A 5-HT3 receptor agonist CPBG (1 microM), mimicked the unmasking effects of 5-HT (n = 10 of 19 neurones), while 5-CT (10 microM), a non-selective 5-HT agonist devoid of action at 5-HT3 receptors, did not (n = 18). ICS205-930 (1 microM), a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, completely blocked the 5-HT-induced unmasking of SP responses (n = 10 of 10 neurones). 5. In 68% of the neurones tested, bath-applied 5-HT (10 microM) evoked a 178 +/- 29.5 nM increase in [Ca2+]i (n = 16), which was blocked by nominally zero [Ca2+]o (n = 4) or by ICS205-930 (1 microM, n = 4). Nodose neurones incubated with 5-HT in the presence of nominally zero [Ca2+]o did not respond to SP (n = 12 of 13 neurones) in Locke solution containing normal [Ca2+]o, indicating that the 5-HT-mediated elevation of [Ca2+]i is required for unmasking of SP responses. Calmidazolium (100 nM), a calmodulin inhibitor, inhibited the unmasking effects of 5-HT (n = 5 of 5 neurones). 6. Incubating neurones with the nitric oxide (NO) donors papaNONOate (1 mM, 15-30 min) or SNAP (50 microM, 30-60 min) unmasked depolarizing SP responses in 71% and 45% of the neurones studied, respectively. L-NMMA (30 microM), a NO synthase inhibitor, blocked 5-HT-induced unmasking of SP responses (n = 10 of 10 neurones). 7. In sum, these results suggest that stimulation of 5-HT3 receptors activates an intracellular signalling cascade that couples calcium-calmodulin and NO activation to NK-2 receptor unmasking in sensory neurones.
Discriminative learning can succeed where generative learning fails

Generative algorithms for learning classifiers use training data to separately estimate a probability model for each class. New items are then classified by comparing their probabilities under these models. In contrast, discriminative learning algorithms try to find classifiers that perform well on all the training data. We show that there is a learning problem that can be solved by a discriminative learning algorithm, but not by any generative learning algorithm (given minimal cryptographic assumptions). This statement is formalized using a framework inspired by previous work of Goldberg [3].
iRedistrict: Geovisual analytics for redistricting optimization

Redistricting is a complex and challenging spatial optimization problem. It is to group a set of spatial objects (such as counties) into a given number of geographically contiguous districts while satisfying multiple criteria and constraints such as equal population, compact shape, and more. The various criteria are often difficult to optimize and the number of potential solutions is very large. Moreover, many criteria are vaguely defined and may not be measured exactly. Therefore, human judgment and domain knowledge are indispensable and critical in the optimization process. In this paper, we present an interactive and computing-assisted approach to redistricting optimization. Our approach leverages the power of user's domain knowledge, judgment, and interactive exploration to (1) flexibly define various criteria/constraints, (2) visually and interactively examine alternative plans and achieve a balance among different criteria, and (3) efficiently and iteratively construct a collection of high-quality plans that are difficult to obtain with existing methods. A computational optimization algorithm is integrated to assist optimization under user-provided criteria and constraints. With the visual analytics approach, a user can quickly derive high-quality redistricting plans that satisfy both individual preferences and mandatory requirements. We demonstrate the capability of the approach and system with two case studies, Iowa congressional redistricting and South Carolina congressional redistricting.
Geoghronology of Pluvial Lake Cochise, Southern Arizona. II. Pollen Analysis of A 42‐Meter Core

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