cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Security in Smart Cities: A Brief Review of Digital Forensic Schemes for Biometric Data

Abstract A smart city is engineered to be a self-sustained ecosystem driven by Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices. Smooth functioning of smart cities is conditioned on seamless communication between users and devices. Smart devices equipped with biometric authentication can offer security as well as personalized experience to the end users. Currently, a number of smart devices employ face, fingerprint, and voice modalities for user verification. However, the biometric data acquired by these devices can be digitally manipulated or tampered with, that can compromise the security of the smart environment. Further, the preponderance of biometric data such as face and voice in social media applications, necessitates the validation of their integrity. In this work, we review state-of-the-art digital forensic schemes for audio-visual biometric data that can be leveraged by applications designed for smart cities.
Business Restrictions and COVID Fatalities

We collect a time-series database of business and related restrictions for every county in the United States from March through December 2020. We find strong and consistent evidence that employee mask policies, mask mandates for the general population, restaurant and bar closures, gym closures, and high-risk business closures reduce future fatality growth. Other business restrictions, such as second round closures of low- to medium- risk businesses and personal care/spa services, did not generate consistent evidence that they lowered fatality growth and may have been counterproductive.
Approach to the Pan-brachial Plexus Injury: Variation in Surgical Strategies among Surgeons

Treatment of pan-brachial plexus injuries has evolved significantly over the past 2 decades, with refinement and introduction of new surgical techniques, particularly free functional muscle transfer. The extent to which contemporary brachial plexus surgeons utilize various techniques as part of their treatment algorithm for pan-plexus injuries and the rationale underlying these choices remain largely unknown. Methods A case scenario was posed to 12 brachial plexus surgeons during semi-structured qualitative interviews. The case involved a young patient presenting 6 weeks after a pan-plexus injury from a motorcycle accident. Surgeons were asked to formulate a treatment plan. Inductive thematic analysis was used to identify commonalities and variation in approach to treatment. Results For shoulder function, the majority of surgeons would graft from a viable C5 nerve root, if possible, though the chosen target varied. Two-thirds of the surgeons would address elbow flexion with nerve transfers, though half would combine this with a free functional muscle transfer to increase elbow flexion strength. Free functional muscle transfer was the technique of choice to restore finger flexion. Finger extension, intrinsic function, and sensation were not prioritized. Conclusions Our study sheds light on current trends in the approach to pan-plexus injuries in the U.S. and identifies areas of variability that would benefit from future study. The optimal shoulder target and the role for grafting to the MCN for elbow flexion merit further investigation. The role of FFMT plays an increasingly prominent role in treatment algorithms.
Religious Liberty and Religious Discrimination: Where Is the Supreme Court Headed?

The idea that the U.S. Supreme Court’s jurisprudence might take unique account of religious minorities has, by and large, come to pass. In recent years, the Court has repeatedly recast religion-clause cases as sounding in religious discrimination. This is far from surprising given the continued application of the Court’s 1990 decision, Employment Division v. Smith, which interpreted the Free Exercise Clause as only prohibiting laws that fail to be neutral and generally applicable with respect to religion. Put in the inverse, where laws abide by such non-discrimination standards—they satisfy the demands of neutrality and general applicability—then the Free Exercise Clause affords no protection. But in applying these twin standards of neutrality and general applicability in recent years, the Court has both bolstered and expanded the category of religious discrimination—a move that speaks to the concerns of religious minorities who often lack the political power to shield themselves from the inequalities that can persist in the political process. How will the prevailing politics in the early days of the Biden administration impact the Court’s free exercise doctrine? Is the Court willing to branch out beyond the confines of the religious discrimination paradigm and address head on culture-war dilemmas? The Court can broaden the umbrella of religious liberty protections significantly without expressly overruling Employment Division v. Smith or explicitly discarding the religious discrimination paradigm. Under such circumstances, one can see the political allure of continuing to adjudicate even the most challenging religious liberty cases without signaling a jurisprudential sea change. And with the specter of President’s Supreme Court Commission lurking, one can see why we are unlikely to see a constitutional revolution with respect to religious liberty under the Biden administration. The religious discrimination paradigm—and all its attendant flexibility—seem to do just fine.
The feasibility and safety of training patients in opioid treatment to serve as peer recovery support service interventionists.

The use of peer interventionists may be helpful in addressing problems associated with substance use disorders. However, implementation issues such as training, supervision, and the impact of delivering the intervention on the interventionists themselves require additional examination. This report describes the training methods and peer interventionist outcomes in a pilot study of a single-session Peer Recovery Support Services (PRSS) telephone intervention to facilitate enrollment in medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) treatment. Methods: This was a secondary analysis of a pilot study testing a PRSS intervention in adults using illicit opioids who reported a recent non-fatal opioid overdose (N = 80, with 40 PRSS participants). Candidates recruited from MOUD treatment programs were trained to deliver the PRSS intervention. Assessments of adverse events, global health, and peer satisfaction were used to evaluate the effects of serving as an interventionist. Fidelity and proportion of cases enrolling in MOUD were calculated for each interventionist. Results: Four consented candidates were trained to deliver the PRSS intervention to thirty-six study participants (90% PRSS arm). All interventionists successfully maintained fidelity to the PRSS intervention and reported no negative effects. Interventionists experienced differential success in encouraging treatment enrollment ranging from 16%-60% of their cases. Conclusions: This pilot study demonstrates promise in utilizing peer interventionists to deliver a brief PRSS intervention with limited training and no reported negative effects on the interventionists themselves. Factors contributing to the differential success of the interventionists are unclear. Future research on the variable efficacy of peer interventionists is warranted to identify, quantify, and evaluate specific interactional elements associated with peer efficacy. Additionally, further evaluation of training, supervision practices, and the effects of serving as a PRSS interventionist, is needed. Trial Registration: Clinical Trials.gov http://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Identifier: NCT02922959.
Redox behavior and surface morphology of polystyrene thermoplastic electrodes

Abstract Carbon composite electrodes consisting of graphite and a non-conductive binder are widely used due to their low cost and ease of fabrication but often suffer from slow electrode kinetics and high capacitance relative to traditional electrode materials such as gold and glassy carbon. Modifiers including metallic nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes are used to enhance electrode performance, but this complicates electrode preparation, increases cost, and limits reusability. Our group recently reported a new type of carbon composite electrodes called thermoplastic electrodes (TPEs) that use common thermoplastics mixed with graphite in a solvent processing system that give enhanced electrochemical performance. The polymers reported to date include polymethylmethacrylate, cyclic olefine copolymer, polycaprolactone (PCL), and blends of these materials. Polystyrene (PS) is an inexpensive and commonly used thermoplastic substrate, however, there are only several reports incorporating PS as a binder in carbon composite electrodes. Here, we report the first PS TPEs and show their unique electrochemical behavior relative to electrodes made with other binders. These unmodified composite materials surpass the performance of traditional electrode materials and show similar behavior to nanomaterial-modified electrodes. The capacitance and conductivity were measured for PS and PS-polycaprolactone (PCL) blends using PCL TPEs as a reference. Even small additions of PS to PCL electrodes substantially lowered capacitance and increased conductivity. The electrochemistry of PS and PS-PCL TPEs was investigated using cyclic voltammetry with various common and biologically relevant redox probes. The effect of differing molecular weight and the use of waste expanded polystyrene (EPS) were explored as well, and all PS binder TPEs were found to exhibit similar redox behavior. Optical profilometry (OP) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to examine morphological characteristics. OP showed lower surface roughness for PS electrodes than for PCL ones, explaining the lower capacitance. SEM data suggests the source of this enhanced redox behavior stems from the edge-plane rich PS TPE surfaces.
Pericyte control of pancreatic islet blood flow impacts glucose homeostasis

The pancreatic islet depends on blood supply to efficiently sense plasma glucose levels and deliver insulin and glucagon into the circulation. Long thought to be passive conduits of nutrients and hormones, islet capillaries were recently found to be densely covered with contractile pericytes, suggesting local control of blood flow. Here we determined the contribution of islet pericytes to the regulation of islet blood flow, plasma insulin and glucagon levels, and glycemia. Selective optogenetic activation of pericytes in intraocular islet grafts contracted capillaries and diminished blood flow. In awake mice, acute clamping of islet blood flow by optogenetic or pharmacological activation of pericytes disrupted hormonal responses, glycemia, and glucose tolerance. Our findings indicate that pericytes mediate vascular responses in the islet that are required for adequate hormone secretion and glucose homeostasis. Vascular deficiencies commonly seen in the islets of people with type 2 diabetes may impair regulation of islet blood flow and thus precipitate islet dysfunction.
Dietary spinach reshapes the gut microbiome in an Apc-mutant genetic background: mechanistic insights from integrated multi-omics.

Complex interrelationships govern the dynamic interactions between gut microbes, the host, and exogenous drivers of disease outcome. A multi-omics approach to cancer prevention by spinach (SPI) was pursued for the first time in the polyposis in rat colon (Pirc) model. SPI fed for 26 weeks (10% w/w, freeze-dried in the diet) exhibited significant antitumor efficacy and, in the Apc-mutant genetic background, β-catenin remained highly overexpressed in adenomatous polyps. However, in both wild type and Apc-mutant rats, increased gut microbiome diversity after SPI consumption coincided with reversal of taxonomic composition. Metagenomic prediction implicated linoleate and butanoate metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and pathways in cancer, which was supported by transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. Thus, tumor suppression by SPI involved marked reshaping of the gut microbiome along with changes in host RNA-miRNA networks. When colon polyps were compared with matched normal-looking tissues via metabolomics, anticancer outcomes were linked to SPI-derived linoleate bioactives with known anti-inflammatory/ proapoptotic mechanisms, as well as N-aceto-2-hydroxybutanoate, consistent with altered butanoate metabolism stemming from increased α-diversity of the gut microbiome. In colon tumors from SPI-fed rats, L-glutamate and N-acetylneuraminate also were reduced, implicating altered mitochondrial energetics and cell surface glycans involved in oncogenic signaling networks and immune evasion. In conclusion, a multi-omics approach to cancer prevention by SPI provided mechanistic support for linoleate and butanoate metabolism, as well as tumor-associated changes in L-glutamate and N-acetylneuraminate. Additional factors, such as the fiber content, also warrant further investigation with a view to delaying colectomy and drug intervention in at-risk patients.
GnRH receptor-activating autoantibodies in polycystic ovary syndrome: identification of functional epitopes and development of epitope mimetic inhibitors.

Purpose We have recently demonstrated that gonadotrophin-releasing hormone receptor-activating autoantibodies (GnRHR-AAb) are associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The aim of this study was to map the antigenic epitopes of GnRHR-AAb from PCOS patients, and develop retro-inverso peptide inhibitors that specifically target GnRHR-AAb. Methods Serum samples from ten GnRHR-AAb-positive PCOS patients and ten GnRHR-AAb-negative healthy controls were tested. Epitope mapping for GnRHR-AAb was performed using a set of 11 overlapping octapeptides spanning the second extracellular loop of GnRHR. Antibody-blocking effect of the designed retro-inverso peptide inhibitors was evaluated in a cell-based bioassay. Results Two peptide sequences, FSQCVTHC and HCSFSQWW, were found to react with all PCOS sera, but not with control sera. Two retro-inverso peptides that mimic the identified epitopes, d-CHTVCQSF and d-WWQSFSCH, significantly inhibited PCOS serum IgG-induced GnRHR activation. One of these two peptide inhibitors, d-CHTVCQSF, largely suppressed autoantibody-induced GnRHR activation, suggesting that the epitope sequence FSQCVTHC may be a major functional target of GnRHR-AAb. Conclusion We have identified a dominant functional epitope for GnRHR-AAb associated with PCOS, and demonstrated effective blocking of GnRHR-AAb activity with epitope-mimicking retro-inverso peptide inhibitors. These proteolytically stable decoy peptides may have important therapeutic implications in subjects who harbor these autoantibodies.
Zora Neale Hurston's Racial Politics in JONAH’S GOURD VINE

In his piercing review of Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937), Richard Wright accused Hurston of stereotyping black culture, re-creating in her novels “the minstrel technique t...
THE HIGH TEMPERATURE CHEMICAL REACTIVITY OF LI2O

The ultimate purpose of this study was to investigate the use of a Li-Ca mixture for direct reduction of actinide oxides to actinide metals at temperatures below 1500 C. For such a process to be successful, the products of the reduction reaction, actinide metals, Li{sub 2}O, and CaO, must all be liquid at the reaction temperature so the resulting actinide metal can coalesce and be recovered as a monolith. Since the established melting temperature of Li{sub 2}O is in the range 1427-1700 C and the melting temperature of CaO is 2654 C, the Li{sub 2}O-CaO (lithium oxidecalcium oxide) pseudo-binary system was investigated in an attempt to identify the presence of low-melting eutectic compositions. The results of our investigation indicate that there is no evidence of ternary Li-Ca-O phases or solutions melting below 1200 C. In the 1200-1500 C range utilizing MgO crucibles, there is some evidence for the formation of a ternary phase; however, it was not possible to determine the phase composition. The results of experiments performed with ZrO{sub 2} crucibles in the same temperature range did not show the formation of the possible ternary phase seen in the earlier experiment involving MgO crucibles, so it was not possible to confirm the possibility that a ternary Li-Ca-O or Li-Mg-O phase was formed. It appears that the Li{sub 2}O-CaO materials reacted, to some extent, with all of the container materials, alumina (Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}), magnesia (MgO), zirconia (ZrO{sub 2}), and 95% Pt-5% Au; however, to clarify the situation additional experiments are required. In addition to the primary purpose of this study, the results of this investigation led to the conclusions that: (1) The melting temperature of Li{sub 2}O may be as low as 1250 C, which is considerably lower than the previously published values in the range 1427-1700 C; (2) Lithium oxide (Li{sub 2}O) vaporizes congruently; (3) Lithium carbonate and Li2O react with 95% Pt-5% Au, and also reacts with pure Pt; and (4) It is likely that some or all of the past high temperature phase behavior and vaporization experiments involving Li{sub 2}O(s) at temperatures above 1250 C have actually involved Li{sub 2}O(l). If these past measurements were actually measurements performed on Li{sub 2}O(l) instead of the solid, the thermochemical data for phases and species in the Li-O system will require reevaluation.
Anticoagulation for Venous Thromboembolism: Selecting the Optimal Parenteral and Oral Anticoagulant Regimen

Prompt therapeutic-level anticoagulation is the cornerstone of treatment for venous thromboembolism (VTE). Options for anticoagulation in VTE include unfractionated heparin, low-molecular-weight heparin, fondaparinux, argatroban, bivalirudin, warfarin, and the non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (NOACs) rivaroxaban, dabigatran, apixaban, and edoxaban. The NOACs represent a major advance in anticoagulation for VTE with superior safety and equivalent efficacy compared with warfarin.
Likelihood updating for Gauss-Gauss detection

This paper investigates the effects of incrementally adding new data to the classical Gauss-Gauss detector for testing between the known covariance matrices in competing multivariate models. We show that updating the likelihood ratio and J-divergence as a result of general data augmentation inherently involves linearly estimating the new data from the old. Using the change in divergence and the eigenstructure of a whitened error covariance matrix, a reduced-rank version of the update is built. A simulation example of a single narrow-band source in the sensing environment of multiple uniform linear arrays (ULA's) is given showing the practicality of adding data in multi-static sonar applications.
Patterns of fat excretion in feces of premature infants fed various preparations of milk.

Four groups of infants were fed diets containing various types and amounts of fat. The per cent of fat absorbed was not significantly different, irrespective of amount of fat or protein in the diet, in three groups in which the source was animal fat. In a fourth group, in which corn oil was substituted for animal fat, there was a significantly greater degree of fat absorption. The usually observable improvement in the ability of prematurely born infants to absorb fat with increasing age and weight did not appear to play a role in the differences observed in this study. There was a relatively constant output of saturated fatty acid with each of the diets, the per cent of the stool being made up of these acids varying more with the type of diet than with the per cent fat being absorbed. The last finding suggests that the source of fat in the stool of the premature infant is virtually all exogenous in origin and that the wide variations in fat output in the stools normally encountered cannot be accounted for on the basis of endogenous losses.
Pseudocyesis: a model for cultural, psychological, and biological interplay

Pseudocyesis provides a unique opportunity to observe the mind-body interplay. In this paper, recent information including biological, psychological, and cultural factors in this supposedly rare disorder are summarized and discussed. Implications of these interrelationships give rise to possible influences of the psychological state on other obstetrical and gynecological problems.
Learning and parsing video events with goal and intent prediction

In this paper, we present a framework for parsing video events with stochastic Temporal And-Or Graph (T-AOG) and unsupervised learning of the T-AOG from video. This T-AOG represents a stochastic event grammar. The alphabet of the T-AOG consists of a set of grounded spatial relations including the poses of agents and their interactions with objects in the scene. The terminal nodes of the T-AOG are atomic actions which are specified by a number of grounded relations over image frames. An And-node represents a sequence of actions. An Or-node represents a number of alternative ways of such concatenations. The And-Or nodes in the T-AOG can generate a set of valid temporal configurations of atomic actions, which can be equivalently represented as the language of a stochastic context-free grammar (SCFG). For each And-node we model the temporal relations of its children nodes to distinguish events with similar structures but different temporal patterns and interpolate missing portions of events. This makes the T-AOG grammar context-sensitive. We propose an unsupervised learning algorithm to learn the atomic actions, the temporal relations and the And-Or nodes under the information projection principle in a coherent probabilistic framework. We also propose an event parsing algorithm based on the T-AOG which can understand events, infer the goal of agents, and predict their plausible intended actions. In comparison with existing methods, our paper makes the following contributions. (i) We represent events by a T-AOG with hierarchical compositions of events and the temporal relations between the sub-events. (ii) We learn the grammar, including atomic actions and temporal relations, automatically from the video data without manual supervision. (iii) Our algorithm infers the goal of agents and predicts their intents by a top-down process, handles events insertion and multi-agent events, keeps all possible interpretations of the video to preserve the ambiguities, and achieves the globally optimal parsing solution in a Bayesian framework. (iv) The algorithm uses event context to improve the detection of atomic actions, segment and recognize objects in the scene. Extensive experiments, including indoor and out door scenes, single and multiple agents events, are conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Identification of the pulsar PSR1509–58 with the 'guest star' of AD 185

On 7 December 185, astronomers at the imperial observatory of Lo-Yang, in central China, reported a 'guest star' in the southern sky. Their records of its appearance, gradual fading and disappearance constitute the oldest compelling historical account of a supernova. It is widely believed that the remnant of this explosion is MSH14–63, but the identification is problematic, in particular because the position of MSH14–63with respect to the Sun and the horizon would have made it invisible for some of the time when the guest star was said to be visible. I argue here that the Chinese astronomers actually witnessed the birth of the pulsar PSR1509–58 in the supernova remnant MSH15–52. This is then only the second pulsar, after that in the Crab nebula (PSR0531 + 21), to have a known age. Timing measurements of the age of PSR1509–58 are consistent with its birth ~1,800 years ago, and future measurements of the distance to MSH15–52 and its rate of expansion should conclusively establish or disprove this identification.
Hamiltonian particle hydrodynamics

Abstract Particle-based hydrodynamics models offer distinct advantages over Eulerian and Lagrangian hydrocodes in particular shock physics applications. Particle models are designed to avoid the mesh distortion and state variable diffusion problems which can hinder the effective use of Lagrangian and Eulerian codes, respectively. However, existing particle-in-cell and smooth particle hydrodynamics methods employ particles which are actually moving interpolation points. The latter distinction has been emphasized in the more recent development of element-free Galerkin theory. As a result, general formulations of all of the aforementioned methods are based on the partial differential equation forms of the continuum balance laws which underlie conventional Eulerian and Lagrangian schemes. An alternative modeling methodology, based on the application of Hamilton's equations to a system of deforming physical particles, provides a fully Lagrangian, energy-based approach to shock physics simulations. Neither interpolations of field variables nor continuum balance laws are used to establish the state equations for the particle system. Mechanical and thermal interaction of the particles is accounted for by nonholonomic constraints which determine both particle entropy evolution and particle collision loads. Application of the method is illustrated by simulation of a wall shock problem.
ADULT READING HABITS

ABSTRACT Four aspects of adult reading habits are reviewed and identified: the nature and extent of adult reading habits as a field of inquiry from 1900‐1975; key findings on adult reading habits are related to amount and motivation in purposes for reading; correlation between adult reading habits, education, employment, and socioeconomic status; problem and direction theory and research should take toward further under standing adult reading habits, attitudes and motivation.
Chlorocyclohexane insecticides and male medfly attractants: Similar stereospecificity for neuroactivity and interactions with a housefly [35S]t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate binding site

[35S]t-Butylbicyclophosphorothionate ([35S]TBPS) undergoes saturable specific binding to a membrane preparation from housefly thoraces and abdomens with apparent Kd and Bmax values at equilibrium of 0.17 μM and 2.2 pmol/mg protein at 20°C. Lindane is more potent than three other isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane as a toxicant for houseflies and in displacing [35S]TBPS from this housefly membrane preparation. This correlation of similar stereospecificity for neuroactivity and interaction with the TBPS receptor extends to the Mediterranean fruit fly male attractant trimedlure and its components and analogs. The relative attractancy of t-butyl cis-4-chloro-trans-2-methylcyclohexanecarboxylate and of three less active isomers of this trans-chlorocyclohexanecarboxylate parallel their potency in the [35S]TBPS binding assay. With both trimedlure and the related cyclohexene attractant siglure the trans-isomers are more potent than the cis-isomers as attractants and in displacing [35S]TBPS. Scatchard analyses indicate that lindane binds at the same site as [35S]TBPS. The hexachlorocyclohexane isomers and trimedlure components are much more potent inhibitors with membrane preparations from houseflies than from rat brain. The housefly TBPS receptor possibly serves as a model for the primary target sites, thereby suggesting that both the insecticide and the attractant may interact with some component of the putative GABAergic nervous or neuromuscular system.
Effects of Thyroidectomy and of Thiouracil on Adrenal Weight and Ascorbic Acid

SummaryThe administration of thiouracil to the male rat results in a pronounced atrophy of the adrenal glands and an initial increase in ascorbic acid concentration in the adrenals followed by a return to normal values. Surgical thyroidectomy produces a less pronounced adrenal atrophy but a greater adrenal inhibition as revealed by a final decrease in adrenal ascorbic acid concentration. The effects of both types of induced hypothyroidism on the adrenals may be prevented by the administration of thyroxin. It is concluded that adrenal ascorbic acid concentrations are reliable indices of adrenocortical activity only if interpreted in terms of change in adrenal size.
The Safety of Ranitidine in Elderly Versus Non-Elderly Patients

The authors conducted a retrospective review of 21 United States trials of ranitidine in acid peptic diseases and compared the adverse events in elderly (> or = 65 years) and nonelderly (< 65 years) patients. Ranitidine dosages ranged from 150 mg/day to 300 mg twice daily for treatment periods of 4 to 52 weeks. Of the 4041 patients included in this review, 402 elderly and 2188 nonelderly patients received ranitidine and 245 elderly and 1206 nonelderly patients received placebo; 29%, 29%, 32%, and 26% of these patients, respectively, reported some type of adverse event. When only drug-related adverse events (as judged by the investigators under blinded conditions) were evaluated, these percentages dropped to 2%, 2%, and 1% and 2%, respectively. Gastrointestinal adverse events (e.g., nausea and diarrhea) and central nervous system adverse events (e.g., headache and dizziness) were the most common (0.7% and 0.8%, respectively), with comparable incidence rates in the elderly and nonelderly patients. The authors conclude that ranitidine is as safe in elderly patients as it is in nonelderly patients. No difference in the incidence of adverse events was found between older and younger patients who received ranitidine or placebo.
Synergy and congestion in the tourist destination life cycle

Abstract Discussion of agglomeration and clustering in the tourist area life cycle (TALC) literature has not led to a corresponding change of the principal equation used to formalize the model. This paper proposes a modification that accounts for the synergies between the accommodation, entertainment, and other components of a tourist destination. The modified model is contrasted with the original TALC and estimated for a cross-section of Caribbean and other island destinations. Estimations based on visitor expenditures and experts' evaluations of destination authenticity are compared. The results illustrate how parameters representing synergy and congestion vary across tourism styles and time. The implications for destination growth are illustrated by comparing the solution to the proposed model with the TALC. The model exposes a core dilemma that while destinations should realize positive synergies to achieve self-sustaining growth, with this threshold achieved, the resulting pace of investment may drive destinations to overshoot, and uneven growth.
An Overview of Flight Test Results for a Formation Flight Autopilot

The first flight test phase of the NASA Dryden Flight Research Center Autonomous Formation Flight project has successfully demonstrated precision autonomous station-keeping of an F/A-18 research airplane with a second F/A-18 airplane. Blended inertial navigation system (INS) and global positioning system (GPS) measurements have been communicated across an air-to-air telemetry link and used to compute relative-position estimates. A precision research formation autopilot onboard the trailing airplane controls lateral and vertical spacing while the leading airplane operates under production autopilot control. Four research autopilot gain sets have been designed and flight-tested, and each exceeds the project design requirement of steady-state tracking accuracy within 1 standard deviation of 10 ft. Performance also has been demonstrated using single- and multiple-axis inputs such as step commands and frequency sweeps. This report briefly describes the experimental formation flight systems employed and discusses the navigation, guidance, and control algorithms that have been flight-tested. An overview of the flight test results of the formation autopilot during steady-state tracking and maneuvering flight is presented.
Electron Spin Resonance of Zn ( C l O 4 ) 2 ·6 H 2 O: Mn 2 + in a Parallel and Perpendicular Configuration

ESR measurements of Zn${(\mathrm{C}\mathrm{l}{\mathrm{O}}_{4})}_{2}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}6${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O:${\mathrm{Mn}}^{++}$ are presented for experimental arrangements in which the static magnetic field is parallel as well as perpendicular to the microwave magnetic field. A comparison of the spectra for these two configurations yields a simple, direct determination of the relative signs of the parameters $D$ and $A$, and $D$ and $B$. Relative transition probabilities for the parallel-field case are calculated and found to have a particularly simple form. The values in gauss of the parameters in the spin Hamiltonian are $D=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}127\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$, $a=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}9.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$, $A=\ensuremath{\mp}95.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3$, $B=\ensuremath{\mp}96.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3$, and $E=0$; $g$ is found equal to 1.999\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.001.
Adenosine A1 receptors regulate the response of the mouse circadian clock to light

The purine nucleoside, adenosine, has been implicated in the regulation of circadian phase in the hamster. In the current report, we present pharmacological evidence supporting the involvement of adenosine A1 receptors in the regulation of the response of the circadian clock to light in mice. Systemic injection of the selective adenosine A1 receptor agonist, N6-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA; 0.3 mg/kg) resulted in a 49% reduction (P<0.05) in the magnitude of light-induced phase delays. The inhibitory effect of CHA on light-induced phase delays was dose dependent over a range of 0.1 to 5 mg/kg with an apparent EC50 of 0.3 mg/kg. Prior administration of the selective adenosine A1 receptor antagonist dipropylcyclopentylxanthine (DPCPX; 1 mg/kg) completely blocked the effect of CHA on photic phase delays. Finally, CHA significantly attenuated light-induced phospho-extracellular signal-related kinases (ERK) immunoreactivity in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), consistent with a mode of action involving events that occur early in the signaling cascade through which photic information is conveyed to the circadian clock. These data indicate that the role of adenosine in the regulation of circadian phase is similar in mice and hamsters.
Sources of Water to Wells for Transient Cyclic Systems

Many state agencies are currently (1995) developing wellhead protection programs. The thrust of some of these programs is to protect water supplies by determining the areas contributing recharge to water-supply wells and by specifying regulations to minimize the opportunity for contamination of the recharge water by activities at the land surface. The area contributing recharge to a discharging well is the surface area at the water table through which the water flowing to the well entered the ground-water system. In the analyses of ground-water flow systems, steady-state average conditions are commonly used to simplify the problem and make a solution tractable. However, recharge is usually cyclic in nature, with seasonal cycles and longer term climatic cycles. The effect of these cyclic stresses on the area contributing recharge to wells is quantitatively analyzed for a hypothetical alluvial valley aquifer system that is representative of a large class of ground-water systems that are extensively developed for water supply. The analysis shows that, in many cases, these cyclic changes in the recharge rates do not significantly affect the location and size of the areas contributing recharge to wells. The ratio of the mean travel time to the length of the cyclic stress period appears to be an indicator of whether the transient effects of the cyclic stress must be explicitly represented in the analysis of contributing areas to wells. For the cases examined, if the ratio of the mean travel time to the period of the cyclic stress was much greater than one, then the transient area contributing recharge to wells was similar to the area calculated using an average steady-state condition. However, cyclic stresses on systems with ratios less than one do have an effect on the location and size of the areas contributing recharge to wells.
Review: Cellular Metabolism: Contribution to Postoperative Adhesion Development

Postoperative adhesions are a significant source of morbidity, including contributions to pelvic pain, bowel obstruction, and infertility. While the mechanisms of postoperative adhesion development are complex and incompletely understood, hypoxia appears to trigger a cascade of intracellular responses involving hypoxia-inducible factors, lactate, reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, and insulin-like growth factors that results in manifestation of the adhesion phenotype. Thus, substantial evidence exists to implicate the direct role of cellular metabolism in wound repair and adhesion development.
Women's disclosure of sexual abuse

Abstract In this qualitative study of women who have experienced nonconsensual sexual activity, participants were asked to write accounts of their experiences focusing on what motivated them to confide in someone, to whom they confided, what the outcome was, and how it effected them. Participants had to be female and 18 years of age or older, and they had to have been sexually abused at some point in their lives. A total of 10 women participated. Nine of the women wrote about an abusive experience that happened to them as a child, and one wrote about an experience that occurred in adulthood. The participants wrote that they were able to disclose their past sexually abusive experience because they felt safe with the person to whom they confided, they felt they needed help, and the opportunity presented itself. They were more likely to disclose to non-family members than family members, and the majority of the people they disclosed to had a positive reaction. Consequently, most of the women in this study we...
Stat recruitment by tyrosine-phosphorylated cytokine receptors: an ordered reversible affinity-driven process

Herein, we demonstrate that purified Stat1 binds to its tyrosine-phosphorylated docking site on the IFN gamma receptor alpha chain in a direct, specific, and reversible manner. Using surface plasmon resonance, we determine the affinity (KD = 137 nM) and specificity of the interaction and define the minimum affinity needed for receptor-mediated Stat1 activation. In addition, we quantitate the relative ability of purified Stat1 to interact with tyrosine-phosphorylated binding sites on other Stat proteins. Finally, we describe experiments that imply that the unidirectional release of activated Stat1 from the IFN gamma receptor reflects the preference of free tyrosine-phosphorylated Stat1 monomers to form high avidity reciprocal homodimers rather than reassociating with the receptor binding site. Our results demonstrate that IFN gamma-induced Stat1 activation is an ordered and affinity-driven process and we propose that this process may serve as a paradigm for Stat activation by other cytokine receptors.
Lymphocyte dynamics: change in density profiles and response to phytohemagglutinin of human lymphocytes during prolonged thoracic duct drainage.

Abstract Lymph and peripheral blood lymphocytes of a patient during prolonged thoracic duct drainage were separated on a discontinuous density gradient and cultured with phytohemagglutinin. In both blood and lymph, the lymphocytes showed a marked decrease in number, a shift from high density fractions to low density fractions, and a diminished response to phytohemmagglutinin. These findings suggest that the high density lymphocytes are the normally recirculating lymphocytes and that the low density lymphocytes have proliferated in response to lymphocyte depletion.
The Spatial Logic of Parks

Urban parks are usually studied as discrete, green public open spaces. Less studied is how parks are geographically distributed from a ‘spatial logic’ point of view, i.e. how they ought to be geographically distributed across the urban landscape. This paper evaluates the degree to which normative principles about park distribution are in evidence from the standpoint of three spatial goals: proximity, diversity and social need. Using Phoenix and Chicago as case studies, it offers an empirical example of how park distribution can be shown to conform (or not) to one or more distributive patterns. Descriptive measures show that Phoenix parks do not conform to any of these three distributional principles, while Chicago parks do somewhat better. In both cities, land uses surrounding parks heavily favour residential uses. In Phoenix, single-family homes are prioritized, making spatial distribution based on proximity, diversity or social need difficult. A strategy for acquiring a better spatial logic, within exis...
Haloperidol Concentrations in Patients With Alzheimer's Dementia

To investigate the relationship between clinical response and haloperidol blood concentrations in Alzheimer's dementia (AD) patients with behavior problems, 29 AD inpatients were assigned to a fixed oral dosage of haloperidol (0.5 mg, 1.0 mg, or 2.0 mg) every 12 hours for 3 weeks. BEHAVE-AD ratings and concentrations of plasma and RBC haloperidol and reduced haloperidol were obtained on Days 8, 15, and 22. Although no significant linear or curvilinear relationships were apparent between percent of change on BEHAVE-AD and plasma or RBC haloperidol concentrations, a good response (change ≥ 30%) was observed in 55% of the patients who entered the study.
Ab initio study of BF3+(HF)1–7 clusters

Abstract Liquid HF is a weak acid but the addition of BF 3 greatly increases the acidity of the solution. In order to gain insight into this phenomenon we have used density functional theory to investigate the clusters BF 3 +(HF) 1–7 . We find that BF 3 +(HF) 1–3 are weakly bound Van der Waals complexes, as indicated by long intermolecular B–F distances. However, the B–F distance is appreciably shortened in BF 3 +(HF) 4 and BF 3 +(HF) 5 , which adopt ring structures stabilized by the cooperative multiple hydrogen bonding between hydrogen and fluorine. Further shortening of the B–F distance occurs in these large clusters when two additional HF molecules are bound to BF 3 by hydrogen bonds. The superacidity of solutions of BF 3 in liquid HF is discussed in the light of our calculations.
A Simple Method for the Determination of Glycogen in Liver

THE methods used for the determination of liver glycogen can be divided into two general groups : the glycogen can be determined in its original state1,2, or after its hydrolysis to form simple sugars3,4.
Essential Roles of Drosophila RhoA in the Regulation of Neuroblast Proliferation and Dendritic but Not Axonal Morphogenesis

The pleiotropic functions of small GTPase Rho present a challenge to its genetic analysis in multicellular organisms. We report here the use of the MARCM (mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker) system to analyze the function of RhoA in the developing Drosophila brain. Clones of cells homozygous for null RhoA mutations were specifically labeled in the mushroom body (MB) neurons of mosaic brains. We found that RhoA is required for neuroblast (Nb) proliferation but not for neuronal survival. Surprisingly, RhoA is not required for MB neurons to establish normal axon projections. However, neurons lacking RhoA overextend their dendrites, and expression of activated RhoA causes a reduction of dendritic complexity. Thus, RhoA is an important regulator of dendritic morphogenesis, while distinct mechanisms are used for axonal morphogenesis.
A Convenient Surface Plate Method for Bacteriological Examination of Poultry

The surface plate method was compared with the more conventional pour plate method for the enumeration of mesophiles, psychrotrophs, lactobacilli, coliforms, and streptococci on poultry. Surface plates were prepared by drying freshly poured plates at 37°C for 3 days. These plates were stored at 5°C until 4 hr before use when they were re-dried at 37°C. Pour plates were made using standard methods. The two methods were highly correlated but there was a significant difference between the surface plate and pour plate methods for coliforms and psychrotrophic counts. Higher counts were obtained with the surface plate technique for these organisms.
The effects of two types of erotic literature on physiological and verbal measures of female sexual arousal

Abstract Twelve female graduate student volunteers were presented with two sets of sex‐related stories. One set was classified as erotically realistic and the other as hard‐core pornography. Sexual arousal was measured physiologically by means of a vaginal photoplethysmograph and subjectively by self‐report scales. Both sets of stories produced sexual arousal. The hard‐core stories produced significantly greater arousal on the vaginal pressure pulse measure and the subjective report measure. No difference was found on the vaginal blood volume measure.
Existence and stability of large scale nonlinear oscillations in suspension bridges

A nonlinear model of a suspension bridge is considered in which large-scale, stable oscillatory motions can be produced by constant loading and a small-scale, external oscillatory force. Loud's implicit-function theoretic method for determining existence and stability of periodic solutions or nonlinear differential equations is extended to a case of a non-differentiable nonlinearity.
Neurohumoral control of the pituitary in the fowl.

IN THE domestic fowl approximately 23 to 28 hours elapse between ovulation and the laying of the finished egg. During the intervening period the ovum acquires albumen in the magnum and shell membranes in the isthmal portion of the oviduct. This is accomplished in 4.5–5.0 hours and the remaining time is spent in the shell gland where the calcifierous shell is deposited. Warren-and Scott (1935) showed that ovulation does not usually occur while there is an egg in any portion of the oviduct. These facts and the finding that, in hens laying daily, ovulation takes place within 30–60 minutes after oviposition, led to the assumption that an intricate timing mechanism may be involved to synchronize reproductive events in chickens. An observation in this laboratory that injury to the oviduct led to a profound upset in the laying cycle of hens caused more intensive analysis of the relationship between events in the oviduct and the endocrine function of the pituitary.
A spectrophotometric investigation of iron(III) chlorine in pyridine

Abstract The incorporation of the solvent pyridine into the Coordination Model for non-aqueous solvents is most illuminating with regards to the importance of non-specific solvation. This is a strongly coordinating solvent with poor solvating properties. The species formed when FeCl 3 is dissolved in pyridine have been investigated in both dilute and concentrated solutions over a mole ratio range of 0 to 10 moles of chloride per mole of iron(III). It has been shown that the three species formed which can be detected by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and molar conductance techniques are FeCl 4 − , (FeCl 3 .nC 5 H 5 N) and a metastable species of low Cl − /Fe III ratio.