cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trump Knows Best: Donald Trump’s Rejection of Expertise and the 2020 Presidential Election

Education level—often referred to as the “diploma divide”—has been implicated as one of the key cleavages in the 2016 presidential election. This piece explores this division over time, along with the most common explanations of the education cleavage in 2016, class and racial resentment. Voters’ views on the value of expertise are added as a possible explanation of the 2016 electoral divide by education level.
Teaching disciplinary literacy through historical inquiry: Training teachers in disciplinary literacy and historical inquiry instructional practices

Abstract This study reports on the findings of a qualitative research case study designed to evaluate the effectiveness of a professional development program on teaching disciplinary literacy through historical inquiry. Thirteen secondary social studies and English teachers participated throughout one academic school year. Participants were evaluated for their implementation of historical inquiries using primary sources and engaging students in disciplinary literacy practices using observations of classroom instruction and self-reporting surveys. The results indicated a positive relationship between teacher participation in the professional development and improvement in inquiry-based instructional approaches, incorporation of disciplinary literacy practices, and increases in their use of primary sources in the classroom. Social validation indicated that teachers found the program beneficial. This study contributes to the body of knowledge focused on disciplinary literacy and historical inquiry.
Pneumomediastinum From Vacuum Disc and Vertebral Trauma.

We present a case of pneumomediastinum associated with an endplate fracture adjacent to a vacuum disc. Pneumomediastinum from trauma can be due to damage to the lungs, airway, or esophagus. In this case, we present a unique complication of the vacuum disc phenomenon in which vertebral injury at the site of a vacuum disc releases gas bubbles into the mediastinum. We believe that compressive forces from the trauma produced a disruption of the annulus fibrosis and forced gas previously sequestered in the intervertebral disc space to escape into the mediastinum.
FREEDOM AND WEAKNESS OF WILL

Can absolute freedom of will be defended by arguing that apparent cases of diminished freedom when we act out of passion are cases of weakness of will? Rogers Albritton thought so. What is intriguing about Albritton's view is that he thought when we act from desire we are making choices, yet our desires are not functioning as reasons for those choices. So our desires must be influencing our choices in some other unspecified way that does not diminish our freedom. I challenge the coherence of this position. My strategy is to examine the views of leading theorists of the will - Descartes, Aquinas and Reid - to argue that the only clear way in which passions can influence our choices so that we can accurately be described as weak-willed and yet nevertheless free is that our passions influence our choices by providing reasons for them.
The American Origins of Liberal and Illiberal Regimes of International Economic Governance in the Marshall Court

This article provides an examination of the United States’ jurisprudence from a time when the U.S. was not a world military power. Instead, the U.S. sought neutrality on the world stage because of its military might could not match its European trading partners. However, military might did not exclusively impact decisions involving Europe, but Native American tribes as well. This article argues that the Marshall Court ensured that U.S. jurisprudence would protect U.S. economic interests through reciprocal economic regimes. The policy opposed the regime of the more powerful military states. At the same time, however, while the Marshall Court was solidifying strong rules of reciprocity and equal exchange, it was simultaneously proceeding to produce jurisprudence of conquest and of non-reciprocal relations with the Indian populations of the United States. The essay discusses the US military weaknesses and its economic dependency on Europe in the late eighteenth century to early nineteenth century. It then discusses the judicial creativity of the Marshall Court in regards to establishing rules of equal exchange between neutrals and belligerents during war. Last it explores how the Marshall court, at the same time, created rules of unequal exchange with the Indian nations.
Estrogen target cells. Establishment of a cell line derived from the rat pituitary tumor MtT/F4.

The establishment and characterization of a rat pituitary cell line derived from the mammosomatotrophic tumor MtT/F4 is described. The feminizing factor or feminotropin that modifies the sex steroid metabolism pattern in male and female rat liver is secreted by cells of this tumor. The estrogen target condition of the tumor and of 2 clones of the cell line designated FPG are defined. Initail sources were 2 adult Fisher rats bearing tumors of the transplantable MtT/F4 tumor cells. These tumor cells secrete high levels of 3 pituitary hormones growth hormone prolactin and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) into the bloodstream. Tumor transplantations were made into inbred Fisher rats. An equal number of cells were injected into intact and castrated males and females. Several concentrations of cells were injected into immunocompetent adults and into newborn Fisher rats. Chromosome studies were made. Subcellular fractions were prepared. Techniques employed are given. Attempts to establish a cell line in vitro were unsuccessful. A cell line derived from the transplantable rat pituitary tumor MtT/F4 was established in vivo in rats. Data show that the MtT/F4 tumor and clones ClFPG and C5FPG have specific high affinity saturable estrogen receptors. Competition indicated no affinity for progesterone or testosterone. "Empty" resident nuclear receptors in both cell lines were also shown. The number of binding sites per cell in the 2 clones did not vary. They had about 7000-10000 sites/cell. Results should contribute to an understanding of the mechanism of action of estrogens.
Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies: Computer Models of the Fundamental Mechanisms of Thought

From the Publisher: Since 1977, Douglas R. Hofstadter and his graduate students at Indiana University and the University of Michigan have been developing computer models of discovery, creation, and analogical thought. What has emerged is a sophisticated and unorthodox vision of the mind in which perception, at an abstract level, is the key: perception of situations, of patterns, of patterns among patterns, even perception of one's perceptions. Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies conveys this bold vision to a broad public as well as to cognitive scientists. Two ideas pervade the research. One is that the key question to answer is "What is a concept?" This means understanding how concepts overlap and trigger one another, how their fluid boundaries come about, how they give rise to generalizations and analogies, and so on. The second idea is that mental activity is fundamentally parallel, with many tiny agents independently carrying out small "subcognitive" acts and collectively building up coherent mental structures. Such agents lie far above the neural level, yet far below the conscious level; the hypothetical level of the brain at which they reside thus constitutes a largely uncharted substrate for thought. With these intuitions as guides, Hofstadter and the members of the Fluid Analogies Research Group have developed computer models that operate in small but extraordinarily challenging domains: playful anagram and number puzzles, analogy puzzles involving letter strings or tabletop objects, and fanciful alphabetic styles. These subtle ideas are spelled out with verve, charm, and clarity by Hofstadter and his co-workers in a series of chapters alternating with prefaces; the latter tie the projects together and give insight into their evolution. Readers of earlier works by Hofstadter will find this book a natural extension of his style and his ideas about creativity and analogy; in addition, psychologists, philosophers, and artificial-intelligence researchers will find in this el
Differentiation of mouth versus gut as site of origin of odoriferous breath gases after garlic ingestion

Utilizing the sulfur-containing gases of garlic as probes, we investigated the gut versus mouth origin of odoriferous breath gases. Five individuals ingested 6 g of garlic, and sulfur gases in mouth, alveolar air, and urine samples were measured. The mouth normally contained low concentrations of hydrogen sulfide, methanethiol, and dimethyl sulfide. Immediately after garlic ingestion, transient high concentrations of methanethiol and allyl mercaptan and lesser concentrations of allyl methyl sulfide (AMS), allyl methyl disulfide, and allyl disulfide were observed. With the exception of AMS, all gases were present in far greater concentrations in mouth than alveolar air, indicating an oral origin. Only AMS was of gut origin as evidenced by similar partial pressures in mouth, alveolar air, and urine. After 3 h, AMS was the predominant breath sulfur gas. The unique derivation of AMS from the gut is attributable to the lack of gut and liver metabolism of this gas versus the rapid metabolism of the other gases. Breath odor after garlic ingestion initially originates from the mouth and subsequently from the gut.
Fabrication of Microporous Thin Films from Polyelectrolyte Multilayers

A simple process has been developed to create large area, highly uniform microporous thin films. Multilayers of weak polyelectrolytes were assembled onto silicon substrates by the sequential adsorption of poly(acrylic acid) and poly(allylamine) from aqueous solution. These multilayers were then immersed briefly into acidic solution (pH ≈ 2.4) to effect a substantial and irreversible transformation of the film morphology. The resulting microporous structures are 2−3 times the thickness of the original films, possess a correspondingly reduced relative density of 1/2 to 1/3, and are stable against further rearrangement under ambient conditions. In addition, the microporous films may undergo a secondary reorganization in neutral water, leading to a morphology with more discrete throughpores. A mechanism is proposed for these transformations based on interchain ionic bond breakage and reformation in this highly protonating environment, leading to an insoluble precipitate on the substrate which undergoes spinod...
An application of the pivotal-condensation method to modeling the air-sea boundary-layer structure

The pivotal-condensation method is applied to construct a finite-difference model to solve the interacting air-sea boundary-layer problem including surface-wave, baroclinic and stratification effects. The numerical simulations show that air-sea baroclinicity strongly increases turbulent exchange coefficients and shear stresses. The values of the drag coefficient and the angle between the geostrophic wind and surface stress are strongly affected by surface-wave and baroclinic effects. The model results are compared, where possible, with observed data.
Measurement of the photon statistics of a fiber parametric amplfier

We report on the measurement of the noise statistics of spontaneous parametric fluorescence in a fiber optical parametric amplifier with single-mode, single-photon resolution. The results agree with quantum theoretical predictions.
Pediatric chronic maxillary atelectasis

Abstract Purpose : Chronic maxillary atelectasis (CMA) is an acquired condition characterized by decreased maxillary sinus volume with inward bowing of one or more antral walls, which may result in ipsilateral hypoglobus or enophthalmos. Its etiology is unclear. There are few reported cases in the pediatric literature. We present a case of CMA in a child with normal pre-disease CT scans, illustrating that this is an acquired condition occurring in the pediatric population. Theoretic mechanisms of pathogenesis are also discussed. Methods : A retrospective medical record review was conducted, as well a literature review to examine similar cases and proposed pathophysiologic mechanisms of the disease. Results : An 11-year-old female was referred to our Otolaryngology clinic for evaluation of frontal headaches. She had a history of right anterior table frontal sinus fracture and right ethmoid fracture after hitting her head on a school desk at age seven. She required frontal sinus obliteration after her initial trauma due to persistent fevers and headaches. Initial maxillofacial CT revealed normal appearing maxillary sinuses. Four years later a repeat CT showed an opacified, hypoplastic left maxillary sinus with inward bowing of medial and lateral walls, as well as a depressed left orbital floor. She was treated with endoscopic left maxillary antrostomy, and later underwent removal of hardware related to her frontal sinus obliteration. Her symptoms resolved after these interventions. Conclusion : Chronic maxillary atelectasis was first described nearly 50 years ago, and sparse literature exists on its impact in the pediatric population. Evidence exists which supports the theory of negative antral pressure leading to the observed anatomic defects. Primary management of the disease is surgical, and involves maxillary antrostomy with uncinectomy. Debate exists as to whether CMA and SSS are distinct entities or different descriptions of disease processes on a single spectrum.
The flexural behavior of fibrous plaster sheets

Abstract Tests on fibrous plaster sheet, reinforced with sisal and glass fibres in the bulk density range 56 to 72.5 lb/ft 3 (W/P = 0.9 to 0.6), show that sisal fibre decreases the strength of the gypsum composite by approximately 30 to 50% and glass fibre by approximately 0 to 30%. The effect on compressive strength shown by the two fibres can be largely explained on the basis of differing volumes and stiffness. Variation of the fibre content in the plaster sheet increases the tensile strength with increasing fibre content much as would be expected. A theory based on a non-linear stress-strain curve is proposed and the predictions of this theory are found to be in reasonable agreement with the test results. However, it is concluded that variations in the ultimate flexural strength, where sisal is used as the reinforcing fibre, are of such magnitude that it is impossible to predict flexural strengths with any degree of accuracy. Until the source of this variability can be found it is not possible to make any design improvements to the strength of the fibrous plaster sheet. The outlook is more hopeful for the use of glass fibre as a reinforcing material but further work is required to confirm this.
Chronic Eczematous Eruptions in the Aging: Further Support for an Association With Exposure to Calcium Channel Blockers

Importance Dermatologists frequently encounter patients of advanced age presenting with chronic eczematous eruptions of uncertain etiology. When a drug-induced cutaneous eruption is suspected, identifying the responsible drug(s) is a complex clinical challenge. Objective To determine whether certain drug classes, and in particular calcium channel blockers, are associated with chronic eczematous eruptions in the aging (CEEA) in the United States. Design Retrospective case-control study. Setting Ambulatory patients from the Department of Dermatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City. Patients The cases consisted of 94 patients 50 years and older presenting with otherwise unexplainable symmetrical eczematous eruptions of at least 2 months’ duration between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2011. Inclusion criteria also included histopathologic changes of spongiotic and/or interface dermatitis and clinical suspicion for a drug-induced cutaneous eruption. The controls consisted of 132 age-, sex-, and race-matched patients presenting with benign dermatologic conditions. A subgroup analysis on cases whose skin biopsy specimens showed a pattern of inflammation that is conventionally thought to be associated with eczematous drug eruptions (ie, eczematous and interface dermatitis) was also performed. Main Outcomes and Measures Specific drug classes associated with otherwise unexplainable CEEA. Results A statistically significant difference in drug class use between cases and controls for calcium channel blockers and thiazides was noted. For calcium channel blockers and thiazides, the matched odds ratios were 4.21 (95% CI, 1.77-9.97; P = .001) and 2.07 (95% CI, 1.08-3.96; P = .03) respectively. The histopathological pattern subgroup analysis failed to show any statistically significant associations. Conclusions The findings of this study further support an association of calcium channel blockers, as well as thiazides, with CEEA in the United States.
U.S. Brewing Industry Profitability: A Simultaneous Determination of Structure, Conduct, and Performance

The U.S. brewing industry plays an important role in the U.S. economy. Although the number of firms has increased in the industry, the industry overall has remained very concentrated, with a three-firm concentration ratio of 81% in 2000 (Stack 2000). Increasing concentration in the U.S brewing industry raises public policy concerns due to the potential impact of concentration on market performance and efficiency, for example, the recent decision by the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) to block the proposed merger between AB–InBev and Mexico’s Groupo Modelo. Employing an improved version of the structure-conduct-performance (SCP) approach, we examine the relationship between concentration and profitability in the U.S. brewing industry. Our results support the hypothesis that market concentration impacts market performance. We, however, did not address the issue of collusive conduct or market power explicitly.
Writing is hearing and saying: Gertrude stein on language and in performance

Gertrude Stein's commentary about her composition process makes her unique style of writing, characterized by complex repetitions and associations, more accessible to readers and adds to our knowledge of the workings of language and conversation. Drawing on her early scientific training with William James, Stein developed a method of written description from her observations of what people revealed about themselves in the repetitions of everyday speech. Built on conversation, Stein's writing is innately oral and is most clearly apprehended in performance. This essay first explores Stein's methods of composition, particularly her use of description, repetition and association, and then analyzes her literary portrait, “Miss Furr and Miss Skeene,” for its inherent performance of conversation. Performance of the portrait as dialogue realizes the two characters' processes of individuation and difference and charts the dialogue physically as well as linguistically, heightening the spatializalion of language tha...
Dynamic and Thermal Elastic Problems for STM Flatpack Hardware

A common problem with SMT flatpack components relates to the package resonant frequencies being within the dynamic range of the random vibration Power Spectral Density (PSD). The body of the package provides both the mass and the rotational inertia while the leads, as a group, provide the linear and torsional springs to create several mass-spring resonances with the associated natural frequencies. Please note that the quad SMTs have higher resonances because the leads at the “ends” provide sufficient stiffness to drive the rotational and linear modes above our PSD limiting frequency usually at 2 kHz. As packages become large and heavier with smaller leads due to finer pitch, it is possible the quad flatpacks could present a similar problem in the future. However heat dissipation design from these larger packages may change structural considerations for the better.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Characterization of the virA virulence gene of the nopaline plasmid, pTiC58, of Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

Summary We have determined the complete nucleotide sequence of a 4.8 kilobase fragment encompassing the virA locus of the nopaline-type plasmid, pTiC58, of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. virA is composed of a single open reading frame of 2499 nucleotides, capable of encoding a protein of 91.3 kiloDaltons. A trpE::virA gene fusion was used to confirm the reading frame of virA. High nucleotide and amino acid sequence homologies were observed between pTiC58 virA and the virA sequences of three octopine-type plasmids. Strong homologies in amino acid sequence were observed between pTiC58 VirA and seven bacterial proteins which control various regulons. Two hydrophobic domains within VirA are also consistent with a model in which VirA acts as a membrane-bound sensor of plant signal molecules.
Libyan Legislation in Defense of Arabo-Islamic Sexual Mores

aware of the impact of the ideas and policies of Libya's leader, Colonel Qaddhafy, which since the 1969 Revolution have so often set him at odds with the leadership of other Arab states and have tended to isolate Libya from its neighbors. His fervent, public-and widely publicized-espousal of Islamic fundamentalism has been one of the prominent features of his regime, and its ramifications in the legal sphere have also attracted notice, as these have entailed the enactment of legislation based on the traditional religious law of Islam, the sharf'a. Although many conservative Muslim groups advocate a revival of the sharf'a, Libya is the first country to have launched a major effort to reinstate sharf'a rules after the previous adoption of Western, codified laws. The reinstatement of these shari'a rules proves upon investigation to involve not only religious impulses but also a conscious policy of cultural nationalism. In Colonel Qaddhafy's view, Islamic law as found in the Quran is the expression of true Arab culture and traditions, and its revival is a means of rehabilitating Arab civilization after the psychologically crippling experience of Western colonization which infected Arab society with doubts about the worth of its own heritage. It is also a means of purging Arab society of corrupting Western influences.1
Relativistic-multiple-scattering theory for space-filling potentials

We derive a relativistic full-potential multiple-scattering theory (MST) as a direct analog of a recently developed version of nonrelativistic full-potential MST. The secular equation is derived from the Lippmann-Schwinger equation by expanding the wave function in terms of cell basis functions which are locally exact solutions of the Dirac equation. The Green function can be expressed in terms of the basis functions and the secular matrix in a form analogous to the nonrelativistic case. The relationship between this theory and currently widely used relativistic muffin-tin MST is also discussed.
Scaffolding language learning in an academic ESL classroom

This study investigated how ESL learners in an academic oral skills class sought, responded to, and directed scaffolding across various classroom interactions, and how power relations affected scaffolding. The scaffolding episodes in three different types of classroom discourse were identified, analysed recursively, and interpreted within the broader class context using other data sources. The findings demonstrated that student and teacher questions scaffolded language learning and use, and positively affected students� participation during teacher-led whole class interactions. However, scaffolding did not occur or mostly failed in small group work and student-led discussions as power struggles among students were dominant and students were less responsive with their peers. Implications and suggestions for effective scaffolding in ESL classrooms are discussed.
suREJ3, a Polycystin-1 Protein, Is Cleaved at the GPS Domain and Localizes to the Acrosomal Region of Sea Urchin Sperm

The sea urchin sperm acrosome reaction (AR) is a prerequisite for sperm-egg fusion. This report identifies sea urchin sperm receptor for egg jelly-3 (suREJ3) as a new member of the polycystin-1 family (the protein mutated in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease). suREJ3 is a multidomain, 2,681-amino acid, heavily glycosylated orphan receptor with 11 putative transmembrane segments (TMS) that localize to the plasma membrane covering the sperm acrosomal vesicle. Like the latrophilins and other members of the secretin family of G-protein-coupled receptors, suREJ3 is cleaved at the consensus GPS (G-protein-coupled receptor proteolytic site) domain. Antibodies to the extracellular 1,455-residue NH2-terminal portion identify a band at 250 kDa that shifts in electrophoretic mobility to 180 kDa upon glycosidase digestion. Antibodies to the 1,226-residue COOH-terminal portion identify a band at 150 kDa that shifts to 140 kDa after glycosidase treatment. Antibodies to both portions of suREJ3 localize exclusively to the plasma membrane over the acrosomal vesicle. Immunoprecipitation shows that both portions of suREJ3 are associated in detergent extracts. This is the first report showing that a polycystin family member is cleaved at the GPS domain. Localization of suREJ3 to the acrosomal region provides the first suggestion for the role of a polycystin-1 protein (components of nonselective cation channels) in a specific cellular process.
Crystal Conformation of the Cyclic Decapeptide Phakellistatin 8: Comparison with Antamanide

The solid-state conformation of the cyclic decapeptide phakellistatin 8, cyclo[Pro1-Pro2-Ile3-Phe4-Val5-Leu6-Pro7-Pro8-Tyr9-Ile10] has been determined by X-ray methods. [Crystal data: orthorhombic; P21212; a = 20.294(2), b = 24.141(6), c = 13.903(3) A. Least-squares refinement of 10061 reflections (I >2σ(I)) led to residuals R1 = 0.0651 (Sheldrick wR2 = 0.1749).] The cyclic decapeptide includes (1) a 5→1 transannular α-turn type H-bond, encompassing the Pro1, Pro2, and Ile3 residues and involving the Phe4 amide hydrogen and the Ile10 carbonyl, (2) an intramolecular 3→1 type VIa γ-turn type of H-bond, encompassing the Phe4 residue and involving the Val5 amide hydrogen and the Ile3 carbonyl, and (3) an intramolecular 4→1 type VIa β-turn H-bond, encompassing the Pro7 and Pro8 residues and involving the Tyr9 amide hydrogen and the Leu6 carbonyl. All backbone dihedral angles fall within normal, low-energy regions except for two amino acid residues, Phe4 (Φ, Ψ = 71°, −41°) and Tyr9 (Φ, Ψ = 75°, 31°), the side ...
Photosensitized charge separation and hydrogen production in reversed micelle entrapped platinized colloidal cadmium sulphide

Irradiation of platinized colloidal cadmium sulphide, generated in situ in Aerosol-OT reversed micelle entrapped water pools in iso-octane sensitized water photoreduction by thiophenol, dissolved in the organic phase.
Russet Legend: a full season long Russet for processing and fresh market use.

Russet Legend, a moderately late maturing variety especially suitable for frozen French fry processing but also acceptable for tablestock use (boiling, and baking), was jointly released by the Agricultural Experiment Stations of Oregon, Colorado, Idaho, and Washington, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture in 1998. Russet Legend was evaluated in irrigated trials in Oregon from 1988 to 1997, and in western regional trials from 1990 to 1992. Total yields were similar to those of Russet Burbank, but Russet Legend produced higher marketable yields. In three years of regional trials at up to 13 locations in seven western states, Russet Legend averaged 47.3 Mg/ha marketable yield compared with 36.5 Mg/ha for Russet Burbank and 33.6 Mg/ha for Russet Norkotah. Russet Legend has consistently achieved lighter fry color and higher specific gravity than Russet Burbank. Russet Legend is less susceptible toVerticillium wilt than Russet Burbank or Russet Norkotah. It is susceptible to PLRV and net necrosis, and expresses PVY foliar symptoms clearly. Russet Legend is less susceptible to tuber infection and decay caused byPhytophthora infestans than Ranger Russet and Russet Norkotah. Russet Legend is less susceptible to hollow heart, brown center, growth cracks, and sugar ends than Russet Burbank
Time Perspective and Longitudinal Tests of a Cognitive Model of Satisfaction

Summary It was hypothesized that a cognitive model of satisfaction would make more accurate predictions when individuals had greater time and opportunity to integrate the relevant cognitions into their belief systems. In Experiment 1, 52 men and women college students listed outcomes they might obtain during their lifetimes, as well as outcomes which might occur in a week, in a month, and in a year. Within each time perspective, the valence and subjective probability of occurrence of each outcome was measured. Overall satisfaction with each set of outcomes was also measured. As hypothesized, the model's satisfaction predictions for yearly and life outcomes was significantly better than its predictions for weekly and monthly outcomes. A second experiment was conducted in which the list of outcomes remained constant for each S while the opportunity for cognitive integration varied. Forty students listed possible course outcomes, scaled the valence and subjective probability of obtaining each outcome, and th...
Serum phosphate and anxiety in major depression

Serum inorganic phosphate was measured in 33 hospitalized patients with unipolar depression. As predicted, serum phosphate showed significant negative correlations with Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory scales sensitive to anxiety (Psychasthenia: -0.33) and somatic concern (Hypochondriasis: -0.51). This is consistent with previous observations of relative hypophosphatemia in patients with panic disorder. Clinical consequences of relative hypophosphatemia and the possible roles of hyperventilation or elevated peripheral catecholamines as mediators of this effect are discussed.
Complicated Women: Examining Methodologies for Understanding the Uses of Technology.

Abstract In this article, I call for more complicated understandings of the relationship between women and technology, arguing that two interpretive frameworks interfere with our current representations of women and technology: a reliance on what Paul V. Anderson (1998) has called “person-based research” (p. 63) and an either/or framework for thinking about technology. Recent scholarship is firmly grounded in an awareness that technologies are always ideological, that technologies can be used to both oppressive and empowering ends, and that disempowered groups are more likely to be oppressed than empowered by technologies. Although composition has developed a complicated understanding of the ideologies of technology, we have not focused our attention in a systematic way on the perhaps unique relationship of women and technology. I draw on feminist technology theorists’ constructions of technology as always ideological but never predetermined in its meanings for users as a way of beginning this project.
Cycles and trends of mortality in 18 large American cities, 1871–1900

Abstract In this paper I examine the mortality history of 18 of the largest cities in the United States during the period 1871–1900. The mortality data come from a long-overlooked compilation of annually registered deaths. These data reveal that most of the cities shared a common temporal pattern of short-term mortality variation, a pattern remarkably similar to the business cycle. To explain this surprising correspondence, I propose a simple model that relates short-term fluctuations in the urban death rate to the fluctuations in general business activity via a procyclical demographic variable, immigration. In addition, longer-term trends in the urban death rates are measured and analyzed, and a novel conclusion about the most common shape of the trends is reached. Overall, the paper provides a detailed description and analysis of the mortality transition as it occurred in the largest American cities during the late 19th century.
Comparative functions of preschool learning style and IQ in predicting future academic performance.

Abstract Early assessment programs frequently rely on intelligence tests for making predictions regarding children's future school performance. Unfortunately, IQ scores provide little information to those who must develop educational interventions tailored to the unique ways in which children respond to learning situations. Alternatively, measures of children's learning style focus on distinct patterns of learning-related behavior manifested in classroom settings. Each dimension of learning style is composed of observable skills that are potentially teachable or alterable through available instructional procedures. In order to examine the relative contributions of learning style dimensions, IQ, and their interactions to the prediction of subsequent performance, 100 kindergarten children were evaluated by teachers using the Study of Children's Learning Styles scale and were administered the Kuhlmann-Anderson Intelligence Test. Fifteen months later the children's first-grade achievement was determined through standardized tests and teacher-assigned grades in reading, language, and mathematics. Relationships between the predictor and criterion variables were studied through patterns of bivariate correlations, canonical variate loadings, and standardized regression weights. Although IQ was found the better predictor, learning styles accounted for appreciable and statistically significant proportions of the variability in later achievement. The learning style dimensions functioned differentially across areas of achievement to enhance overall prediction either by complementing or interacting with the predictions afforded by IQ. The results are examined in the light of earlier research on learning-related behavior.
Urinary incontinence in a patient with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and cord in the normal position with fatty filum terminale.

Introduction To our knowledge, muscular dystrophy and specifically, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, has not previously been associated with gross intrathecal abnormalities.
Language in Social Science Databases: English Versus Non-English Articles in JSTOR and Scopus

This article examines social science language trends in scholarly communication by looking at JSTOR and Scopus bibliographic data between 1996 and 2012. The results reveal that these two databases contain nearly 90 percent English-language publications. According to our analysis, Scopus continues to add more non-English peer-reviewed content while JSTOR totals are declining. To frame this discussion, the data are considered with reference to larger scholarly communication trends in the sciences, social sciences, and humanities. This study will be relevant for librarians who are interested in non-English scholarly publishing and collection development.
Cholinergic switching within neocortical inhibitory networks

Differential actions of acetylcholine on the excitability of two subtypes of interneurons in layer V of the rat visual cortex were examined. Acetylcholine excited low-threshold spike (LTS) cells through nicotinic receptors, whereas it elicited hyperpolarization in fast spiking (FS) cells through muscarinic receptors. Axons of LTS cells were mainly distributed vertically to upper layers, and those of FS cells were primarily confined to layer V. Thus, cortical cholinergic activation may reduce some forms of intralaminar inhibition, promote intracolumnar inhibition, and change the direction of information flow within cortical circuits.
An Outbreak of Brainerd Diarrhea among Travelers to the Galapagos Islands

In 1992, an outbreak of chronic diarrhea occurred among passengers on a cruise ship visiting the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. Passengers (548) were surveyed, and stool and biopsy specimens from a sample who reported chronic diarrhea were examined. On completed questionnaires, returned by 394 passengers (72%), 58 (15%) reported having chronic diarrhea associated with urgency (84%), weight loss (77%), fatigue (71%), and fecal incontinence (62%). Illness began 11 days (median) after boarding the ship and lasted 7 to >42 months. Macroscopic and histologic abnormalities of the colon were common, but extensive laboratory examination revealed no etiologic agent. No one responded to antimicrobial therapy. Patients were more likely than well passengers to have drunk the ship's unbottled water or ice before onset of illness and to have eaten raw sliced fruits and vegetables washed in unbottled water. Water handling and chlorination on the ship were deficient. Outbreaks of a similar illness, Brainerd diarrhea, have been reported in the United States. Although its etiology remains unknown, Brainerd diarrhea may also occur among travelers.
Does Child Labor Displace Schooling? Evidence on Behavioral Responses to an Enrollment Subsidy

Bangladesh's Food-for-Education program, offering a stipend considerably less than the mean child wage, was enough to ensure nearly full school attendance among participants. The enrollment subsidy also reduced the incidence of child labor, but that effect accounted for only a small proportion of the increase in school enrollment. Ravallion and Wodon try to determine whether children sent to work in rural Bangladesh are caught in a poverty trap, with the extra income to poor families from child labor coming at the expense of the children's longer-term prospects of escaping poverty through education. The poverty trap argument depends on children's work being substitutable for schooling. Casual observations and the descriptive statistics available from surveys seem to offer little support for the argument. To explore the question more deeply, Ravallion and Wodon use a targeted school stipend to identify how much child labor substitutes for schooling. They find that Bangladesh's Food-for-Education program is a strong incentive for school attendance. A stipend with a value considerably less than the mean child wage was enough to ensure nearly full school attendance among participants. The enrollment subsidy also reduced the incidence of child labor, an effect that accounted for only a small proportion of the increase in school enrollment. The reduction in the incidence of child labor among boys (girls) represents about one-quarter (one-eighth) of the increase in their school enrollment rate. Parents are clearly substituting other uses of their children's time to secure the current income gain from access to the program, with modest impact on earnings from their children's work. The authors' tests were limited. Work may well displace time for doing homework or attending after-school tutorials, for example. Ravallion and Quentin were unable to identify such effects from the data available. There may also be other welfare losses to children from work (such as exposure to an unsafe working environment) as well as welfare gains (such as skills learned from working that enhance returns to schooling). But their results do lead them to question the seemingly common view that child labor is a major factor perpetuating poverty in Bangladesh by keeping children from poor families out of school. This paper - a joint product of Poverty and Human Resources, Development Research Group, and Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Sector Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Region - is part of a larger effort in the Bank to study behavioral responses to social programs. The authors may be contacted at mravallion@worldbank.org or qwodon@worldbank.org.
(3) The CellOrganizer project: An open source system to learn image-derived models of subcellular organization over time and space

The CellOrganizer project (http://cellorganizer.org) provides open source tools for learning generative models of cell organization directly from images and for synthesizing cell images (or other representations) from one or more of those models. Model learning captures variation among cells in a collection of images. Images used for model learning and instances synthesized from models can be two- or three-dimensional static images or movies. Current components of CellOrganizer can learn models of cell shape, nuclear shape, chromatin texture, vesicular organe lie number, size, shape and position, and microtubule distribution. These models can be conditional upon each other: for example, for a given synthesized cell instance, organelle position will be dependent upon the cell and nuclear shape ofthat instance. The models can be parametric, in which a choice is made about an explicit form to represent a particular structure, or non-parametric, in which distributions are learned empirically. One of the main uses of the system is in support of cell simulations: models learned from separate experiments can be combined into one or more synthetic cell instances that are output in a form compatible with cell simulation engines such as MCell, Virtual Cell and Smoldyn. Another important application of the system is in comparison of target patterns and perturbagen effects in high content screening and analysis. This is currently done using numerical features, but these are difficult to compare across different microscope systems or cell types since features can be affected by changes in more than one aspect of cell organization. More robust comparisons can be made using generative model parameters, since these can distinguish effects on cell size or shape from effects on organelle pattern. Ultimately, it is anticipated that collaborative efforts by many groups will enable creation of image-derived generative models that permit accurate modeling of cell behaviors, and that can be used to drive experimentation to improve them through active learning.
A gray code for set partitions

We consider here the collection of all partitions of an n-set, for fixed n, and we ask: is it possible to arrange these partitions in a list (Gray Code) so that each partition is obtained from its immediate predecessor by changing the class of exactly one element? The answer is affirmative, and we give descriptions of two algorithms which implement the method, the first recursive, the second non-recursive. The question was raised by Nijenhuis and WiIf in [1]. The answer in recursive form was given first by Knuth [unpublished]. Our non-recursive algorithm has uniformly bounded average labor per partition as a function of n.
Endovascular Repair of Acute Ascending Aortic Disruption via the Right Axillary Artery

Endovascular repair of emergent syndromes involving the ascending aorta is uncommon. We describe an acute disruption of the ascending aorta during stenting of the pulmonary artery, resulting in an acute aortopulmonary artery defect and severe pulmonary edema. The disruption was treated successfully using an endovascular approach, with rapid resolution of the patient's pulmonary edema.
Glucose activation of liver glycogen synthase. Insulin-mediated restoration of glucose effect in diabetic rate is blocked by protein synthesis inhibitor

Abstract The loss of glucose regulation of glycogen synthase in perfused livers from diabetic rats was associated with a substantial reduction in synthase phosphatase activity. Treatment of diabetic rats with insulin alone resulted in total restoration of the glucose effect and synthase phosphatase activity, while simultaneous treatment with cycloheximide severely reduced the hormonal effect. Although treatment of normal rats with cycloheximide had no effect on glucose activation of synthase, it did result in severe depletion of liver glycogen increased liver glycogen phosphorylase activity, and elevation of liver adenosine 3′,5′-monosphosphate (cyclic AMP), but without elevation of liver protein kinase activity. Simultaneous treatment of alloxan-diabetic rats with insulin and cycloheximide resulted in reduction of total liver glycogen, increased phosphorylase activity, a reduction in the ability of insulin to lower hepatic cyclic AMP, and a further reduction of protein kinase activity. In summary, the effect of insulin treatment of diabetic rats to restore glucose regulation of hepatic glycogen synthase probably involves synthesis of new protein, and the data remain consistent with the hypothesis that the defect may be due to a diabetes-related deficiency in a specific synthase phosphatase and/or alteration of the synthase molecule itself.
Heat transfer in circular microchannels during volumetric heating with magnetic field

Convective heat transfer within circular microchannels in a rectangular solid substrate with heat generation due to imposed magnetic field was studied. A detailed parametric study was performed by varying Reynolds number, magnetic field strength, working fluid, and the diameter of the channel. It was found that the heat transfer coefficient decreases downstream along the channel. Nusselt number increased with Reynolds number. The tube diameter, properties of the working fluid, and magnetic field strength affected the temperature distribution and heat transfer rate at the solid-fluid interface.
Interface quality of different corneal lamellar-cut depths for femtosecond laser-assisted lamellar anterior keratoplasty

Purpose To evaluate the interface quality of different corneal lamellar–cut depths with the femtosecond laser and determine a feasible range of depth for femtosecond laser–assisted lamellar anterior keratoplasty. Setting Casey Eye Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA. Design Experimental study. Methods Full lamellar cuts were made on 20 deepithelialized human cadaver corneas using the femtosecond laser. The cut depth was 17% to 21% (100 μm), 31%, 35%, 38% to 40%, and 45% to 48% of the central stromal thickness. Scanning electron microscopy images of the cap and bed surfaces were subjectively graded for ridge and roughness using a scale of 1 to 5 (1 = best). The graft–host match was evaluated by photography and optical coherence tomography in a simulated procedure. Results The ridge score was correlated with the cut depth ( P = .0078, R = 0.58) and better correlated with the percentage cut depth ( P = .00024, R = 0.73). The shallowest cuts had the fewest ridges (score 1.25). The 31% cut depth produced significantly fewer ridges (score 2.15) than deeper cuts. The roughness score ranged from 2.19 to 3.08 for various depths. A simulated procedure using a 100 μm host cut and a 177 μm (31%) graft had a smooth interface and flush anterior junction using an inverted side-cut design. Conclusions The femtosecond laser produced more ridges in deeper lamellar cuts. A depth setting of 31% stromal thickness might produce adequate surface quality for femtosecond laser–assisted lamellar anterior keratoplasty. The inverted side-cut design produced good edge apposition even when the graft was thicker than the host lamellar–cut depth. Financial Disclosure Proprietary or commercial disclosures are listed after the references.
Restricted versions of the Tukey-Teichmüller theorem that are equivalent to the Boolean prime ideal theorem

We formulate a restricted version of the Tukey-Teichmuller Theorem that we denote by (rTT). We then prove that (rTT) and (BPI) are equivalent in ZF and that (rTT) applies rather naturally to several equivalent forms of (BPI): Alexander Subbase Theorem, Stone Representation Theorem, Model Existence and Compactness Theorems for propositional and first-order logic. We also give two variations of (rTT) that we denote by (rTT)+ and (rTT)++; each is equivalent to (rTT) in ZF. The variation (rTT)++ applies rather naturally to various Selection Lemmas due to Cowen, Engeler, and Rado.