cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cartography and the war effort: Avigation versus navigation

There never was a time in the history of civilization when the arts of cartography and the use of good maps were more important than they are today. The history of cartography is the history of exploration, and, therefore, together with the knowledge of geology, archeology, and ancient and modern history is the only proper chronology of human geography and of the evolution of civilization.
A United Nations Global Health Panel for Global Health Governance

The World Health Organization now relies upon voluntary contributions tied to specific projects, underwriting 75% of operations. A resulting cacophony of non-governmental, foundation, and private sector actors have emerged overlapping and fractionating WHO programs. In this expanding world of "global health organizations," WHO's role must be redefined. We propose coordination of global health initiatives through a United Nations Global Health Panel with active participation of WHO. Given recent events, the UN is poised to take a greater leadership role in global health.
Diffraction by impedance structures and higher order boundary conditions: A review

The first diffraction coefficients for impedance half planes and wedges (see Fig. 1) were presented by Senior [1,2] and Maliuzhinets [3,4]. Uniform versions of these were later developed by Volakis [5] and Tiberio et.al. [6] making them useful for computational toolsets. For the latter, an important development was the introduction of simplified analytical expressions for the associated split function [7] and Maliuzhinets integrals [8], allowing for quick evaluation of the diffraction coefficients.
Analysis of the genotoxicity of municipal sewage sludge extracts with sister chromatid exchange in cultured human lymphocytes

The genotoxicity of extracts of anaerobically digested sewage sludge to human cells was assessed by measuring the induction of sister chromatid exchanges in human peripheral lymphocytes with and without mammalian hepatic microsomal activation. A 2 hr exposure time with a total culture time of 76 hr was necessary to circumvent problems with cell cycle delays induced by the agents present in the extracts. With this modified procedure, the three extracts tested demonstrated a statistically significant increase in the number of sister chromatid exchanges/chromosome observed suggesting the presence of a genotoxic component in the sewage sludge.
Emerging approaches to managing alcohol dependence

Purpose. To review pharmacotherapies and psychosocial interventions for the treatment of alcohol dependence, including recent developments that may minimize nonadherence. Summary. Alcohol dependence is a widespread, chronic disorder with enormous health consequences. Psychological and behavioral therapies have been the mainstay of treatment and are demonstrated to be effective, but they do not lead to reduced drinking or abstinence in all patients. Advances in neurobiology have led to the identification of drug targets and the development of novel drugs to treat alcohol dependence, and many patients will benefit from the addition of pharmacotherapy to their treatment regimen. Pharmacologic treatment options for use in conjunction with psychotherapy include the aversion-based therapy disulfiram, the opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone, and acamprosate, which is thought to act by normalizing the glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid neurotransmitter systems. The effectiveness of pharmacotherapies depends on adherence, which is often poor in alcohol-dependent patients. Recently, a monthly, extended-release formulation of naltrexone has been approved for alcohol dependence, which promises to minimize nonadherence, a problematic factor in the management of alcohol dependence. Conclusion. Pharmacotherapy added to psychosocial therapy can improve treatment effectiveness. Advances in drug delivery mechanisms, such as injectable and extended-release formulations, may improve medication adherence rates in patients with alcohol dependence, thereby enhancing patient outcomes.
Secondary osteoporosis: underlying disease and the risk for glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis.

Abstract Background: Chronic diseases of many organ systems require long-term (≥1 year) treatment with glucocorticoids. Owing to the catabolic activity of glucocorticoid therapy, osteoporosis is a potential complication. Objectives: This review discusses glucocorticoid-induced bone loss and the factors, including underlying disease, that increase the risk for osteoporosis. Therapeutic options for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIO) also are reviewed. Methods: A review of the English-language literature was conducted using the MEDLINE database and proceedings from scientific meetings. Search terms including glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, bone loss, and fracture were used to refine the search, and preference was given to studies published after 1990. Results: Long-term glucocorticoid treatment causes bone loss that is most precipitous in the first 6 months. Patients treated with glucocorticoids have additional risk factors for bone loss and osteoporosis that are associated with their primary disease. Chronic diseases can cause changes in bone metabolism, leading to bone loss in addition to that induced by glucocorticoids alone. Bone loss can be minimized through proper nutrition, weight-bearing exercise, calcium and vitamin D supplementation, and, where indicated, bisphosphonate treatment. The American College of Rheumatology Ad Hoc Committee on Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis guidelines recommend bisphosphonates for minimizing bone loss and fracture risk in patients at risk for GIO. Risedronate is indicated for the prevention and treatment of GIO, and alendronate is indicated for its treatment. Both risedronate and alendronate increase bone mineral density in patients at risk for GIO. Risedronate significantly reduces the incidence of vertebral fractures after 1 year of treatment ( P Conclusions: Men and women initiating long-term glucocorticoid treatment and those with GIO should be concomitantly treated with effective osteoporosis therapy to reduce fracture risk and counseled on preventive lifestyle changes.
Distinct regional anatomic and functional correlates of neurodegenerative apraxia of speech and aphasia: an MRI and FDG-PET study

Progressive apraxia of speech (AOS) can result from neurodegenerative disease and can occur in isolation or in the presence of agrammatic aphasia. We aimed to determine the neuroanatomical and metabolic correlates of progressive AOS and aphasia. Thirty-six prospectively recruited subjects with progressive AOS or agrammatic aphasia, or both, underwent the Western Aphasia Battery (WAB) and Token Test to assess aphasia, an AOS rating scale (ASRS), 3T MRI and 18-F fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET. Correlations between clinical measures and imaging were assessed. The only region that correlated to ASRS was left superior premotor volume. In contrast, WAB and Token Test correlated with hypometabolism and volume of a network of left hemisphere regions, including pars triangularis, pars opercularis, pars orbitalis, middle frontal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, precentral gyrus and inferior parietal lobe. Progressive agrammatic aphasia and AOS have non-overlapping regional correlations, suggesting that these are dissociable clinical features that have different neuroanatomical underpinnings.
Focus on acute leukemias.

Progress toward cure of acute leukemia is likely to occur with new therapies directed at specific molecular targets, such as BCR/ABL, FLT3, RAS, and the NCor/HDAC complex. This goal may be facilitated by modern genomic approaches to acute leukemia, including use of DNA microarray and proteomic strategies for identification of novel targets and prognostic indicators. In addition, to the extent that molecularly targeted therapies are effective, resistance mechanisms will develop that must be addressed and circumvented. Successful solutions to these challenges will require continued cooperation between laboratory scientists and clinical investigators and improved accrual to clinical trials evaluating the benefits of new targeted treatments.
Sensorimotor deficits and increased brain nicotinic acetylcholine receptors following exposure to chlorpyrifos and/or nicotine in rats.

Despite well-known adverse effects associated with cigarette smoking, approximately 20% of the US population continues to smoke and many more are exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. Many of the same individuals are also exposed to environmental neurotoxic chemicals such as the organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos. In the present study, the effects of exposure to low doses of nicotine and chlorpyrifos alone and in combination, were studied on the central cholinergic system and sensorimotor performance in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (250–300 g) were treated with nicotine (1 mg/kg s.c., in normal saline), chlorpyrifos (0.1 mg/kg dermally, in 0.1 ml 70% ethanol), or a combination of both, daily for 30 days. Control rats were treated with saline and dermally with ethanol. Sensorimotor behavior was evaluated 24 h following the last dose using a battery of tests. There was a significant deficit in incline plane performance, beam-walk score and beam-walk time following exposure to each chemical, alone or in combination. The deficit in incline plane performance was greater when the two chemicals were given in combination than with either compound alone. Biochemical analysis showed a decrease in cerebellar and an increase in midbrain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity following combined exposure. Exposure to nicotine alone resulted in a significant increase in AChE activity in brainstem and midbrain, whereas there was no significant change after exposure to chlorpyrifos, alone. A significant increase in ligand binding to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) was observed in brainstem and cortex following exposure to nicotine or chlorpyrifos. This was further augmented with combined exposure, which caused a modest but significant increase in m2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (m2-mAChR) ligand binding in the cortex. These data suggest that exposure to either nicotine or chlorpyrifos or a combination of the two may impair neurobehavioral performance and affect the central nervous system cholinergic pathways.
Abstract 3293: Activity and safety of an antiangiogenic peptide in spontaneous head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in cats

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Anginex is a rationally designed, synthetic peptide that inhibits proliferation of human and mouse endothelial cells and demonstrates anti-tumor activity in murine tumor models. The anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic activity of Anginex is attributable, at least in part, to its interaction with galectin-1, a carbohydrate binding protein. As an intermediate step in the clinical translation of Anginex and related anti-vascular agents, we are investigating the effects of Anginex in spontaneous feline head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Feline HNSCC shares morphology, clinical behavior, and biologic features such as intratumoral hypoxia and expression of EGFR, COX-2, and mutant p53 with its human counterpart. Our objectives were to investigate the activity of Anginex in feline cells and provide evidence of its safety in a phase I trial in cats with HNSCC. To establish Anginex activity in vitro, we evaluated the effect of 24 hour exposure to Anginex doses ranging from 2.5 – 25 uM on proliferation of both feline aortic endothelial cells (FAECs) and feline HNSCC cells (SCCF1) using flow cytometry and labeling with propidium iodide and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). With increasing Anginex dose, we observed accumulation of FAECs in G1 and decreased uptake of BrdU. We observed no effect in SCCF1 cells. To investigate safety, cats were treated with Anginex in cohorts of at least three animals at doses of 1, 3, and 9 mg/kg daily for 5 days. Clinical, laboratory and histologic features were evaluated before and after treatment. There were no serious adverse events during treatment. Continuous variables including body weight and laboratory variables were compared before and after treatment using a Wilcoxon signed rank test. No statistically significant changes occurred in these parameters. These data indicate that Aniginex is active against feline endothelial cells specifically and appears to be safe in cats. We are currently investigating the effects of Anginex on tumor physiology and in combination with radiation therapy for feline HNSCC. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3293. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3293
Foreword---Revisiting the Workshop on Quantitative Marketing and Structural Econometrics

This foreword and the subsequent four invited articles were commissioned by Eric T. Bradlow while Editor-in-Chief of Marketing Science. The foreword was written in four parts; each part covers a different aspect of the Workshop on Quantitative Marketing and Structural Econometrics. The workshop was cosponsored by Columbia Business School, Duke University, the University of California at Los Angeles, and the INFORMS Society for Marketing Science and was held at the Fuqua School of Business at Duke University in August 2010. The introductory section, written by Bradlow, covers why he commissioned these articles in the first place. In his section, Jean-Pierre Dube discusses “going from good to great” in the structural econometrics area as applied to marketing problems. A section jointly written by Brett R. Gordon and Raphael Thomadsen (both co-organizers of the workshop) discusses the workshop itself and some important thoughts for those people doing “structural econometrics in the trenches.” Finally, co-workshop organizer Richard Staelin's section provides some perspective on both the workshop and structural econometrics as they relate to analytical models and empirical work for quantitative marketing researchers.
On indefinite subjects of pivot verbs in Malay

Indefinite subjects of so-called pivot verbs in Malay can appear on either side of the verb. This paper discusses the following two tendencies concerning their behaviour: (i) the longer the subject is, the more likely it is to occur after the verb; (ii) in adverbial clauses the preferred word order is VS rather than SV. Both of these points are supported by quantitative evidence from a corpus of front-page articles of the daily newspaper Utusan Malaysia. The paper also proposes an explanation for these tendencies by using the functional notion of ‘topic’ and the mechanism of competition. Specifically, tendencies (i) and (ii) above are claimed to result from the competition between the topicality and heaviness of the subject NP, and from the Constraint on ‘Topic-over-Topic’ Configuration (COTC) respectively. The proposed model with competition and COTC is applicable to other phenomena in Malay (apparent violations of the Definiteness Restriction) and other languages (restricted occurrence of the topic marker in some subordinate clauses in Japanese) as well.
Combinatorial Properties of Arnoux Rauzy Subshifts and Applications to Schrödinger Operators

We consider Arnoux–Rauzy subshifts X and study various combinatorial questions: When is X linearly recurrent? What is the maximal power occurring in X? What is the number of palindromes of a given length occurring in X? We present applications of our combinatorial results to the spectral theory of discrete one-dimensional Schrodinger operators with potentials given by Arnoux–Rauzy sequences.
Coordinate measurements and operators

Relativistic quantum-field theory provides the machinery for calculating wave functions or probability amplitudes depending upon space-time coordinates. The currently accepted theory, however, fails to provide position operators and a means of measuring particle coordinates that are consistent with Dirac's properties of physical observables. This is because it calls for a space position probability distribution at a specified time. This paper shows, however, that space-time event coordinate operators, together with a corresponding measurement procedure, can be found that are consistent with Dirac's requirements. This is done through a reinterpretation of the amplitudes computed by field theory and does not involve any change in that mathematical formalism. The measurement of the space-time coordinates of an event is accomplished by detecting the absorption of a photon by a particle from each of two light pulses designed to overlap at a given point at a given time. If a final emitted photon has an energy whose sum with the final particle energy approximately equals the sum of the mean energies of the pulses, then the absorption of the two pulse photons must certainly have taken place within a distance the order of a Compton wavelength of the small space-time region of overlapping pulses. This is clear from the fact that the high energy required to confine the pulses to very small volumes must throw a particle absorbing them far off the mass shell. Thus the absorption of the two photons throws the particle into a narrowly confined spatial wave function that must decay extremely rapidly—to within a Compton wavelength, a delta function in space-time. This delta function is the eigenfunction of space-time coordinate operators Xμ and is the scalar product of vectors in a Hilbert space spanned by spin–space-time kets large enough to contain the operators of the Poincare group. These event operators transform properly under the action of Poincare operators but do not commute with the mass. If the Compton wavelength is not negligible compared to the accuracy desired in the coordinate measurements, individual coordinate measurements are no longer possible. Nevertheless, a large number of repeated coordinate measurements can be carried out to produce a coordinate probability distribution. This distribution can be unfolded to find a true coordinate probability distribution if the charge form factor is known from basic theory. An analysis of laboratory particle detection techniques shows that they actually determine space coordinates and energy rather than spatial coordinates at a given time. When this fact is included, the Klein–Nishina formula can be derived using the electromagnetic four-vector potential as the photon probability amplitude wave. To clarify the meaning of the observables, a mass-momentum measurement is described.
Periodic climate change on Mars: Review of evidence and effects on distribution of volatiles

Abstract The polar regions of Mars preserve, in both their layering and their topography, a record of recent climate changes. Because of the coincidence of the growth of the northern seasonal cap with global dust storms, dust may be currently accumulating on the northern cap, but conditions at the poles will alternate with the precessional cycle. Deposition is also modulated by changes in eccentricity and obliquity, which interact complexly, affecting initiation of global dust storms, the stability of volatiles at the surface, and global wind regimes. Formation of spiral valleys and low undulations on the surface of the layered deposits may result from prefential sublimation of volatiles on sunward-facing slopes and condensation on the adjacent flats, with the rates also modulated by astronomically caused insolation variations. Lack of impact craters on the surface and lack of interruption of the layers by impact scars suggest that the polar deposits are no more than a few million years old. Older deposits may have been periodically removed, as indicated by etch-pitted terrain at the south pole and by superposition relations around the periphery of the present layered deposits. Evidence of ancient periodic climate changes that occurred before formation of the present layered terrain is fragmentary but includes pedestal craters, parallel moraine-like ridges, and etched ground at high latitudes. Perturbation of the orbital motions also results in adsorption and desorption of volatiles in the regolith, which leads to variations in atmospheric pressure and partial dehydration of the equatorial near-surface materials.
Implementation details of a deeply integrated GPS/INS software receiver

The goal of this paper is to describe the implementation details of an embedded GPS/INS software receiver. Several different methods of improving performance in difficult environments have been studied for the past few decades, but vector tracking and deep integration (or ultra-tight coupling) has been especially popular in the past few years. Vector tracking algorithms boast the ability to maintain signal lock in weak signal-to-noise ratio environments such as urban canyons or heavy foliage. Another touted benefit is the ability to instantly reacquire GPS signal lock after an outage. The addition of an inertial sensor to aid the vector tracking algorithms is known as deep integration or ultra-tight coupling. The addition of this inertial sensor further boosts immunity to jamming and receiver dynamics. Implementing vector tracking and deep integration on a real-time platform does not come without its drawbacks. Besides the typical real-time deadlines, a full traditional (non-vector) GPS receiver must be implemented to initialize the vector tracking algorithm. The addition of an IMU also requires the algorithm to track attitude and inertial bias states, which increases the size and complexity of the algorithm. In this paper, the design of an FPGA hardware platform to perform both traditional and vector tracking/deep integration is described in detail along with some preliminary computational results.
Synthetic studies of spiroketal enol ethers: an unexpected oxidation by Martin’s sulfurane

Abstract In an attempt to synthesize a spiroketal enol ether natural product, we found that treatment of alcohol 5 with Martin’s sulfurane did not give the anticipated olefin, but instead afforded ketone 15 through an unprecedented oxidation.
2011 Asia Pacific Few-Body Conference Summary Remarks

These remarks represent the author’s personal perspective regarding ideas presented at this fifth Asia Pacific Conference on Few-Body Problems in Physics. They are not intended as a comprehensive summary of what we witnessed during this week of stimulating presentations and intense discussions. However, these remarks do characterize some of the physics we heard and some of the key questions raised. The ideas presented will hopefully outlive the rapporteurs who brought their work and that of others to our attention here in the International Hall of the Sungkyunkwan University in Seoul, Republic of Korea. Finally, we bid adieu to our friend, colleague, and mentor, John A. Tjon.
Team performance in learning organizations: mediating effect of employee engagement

Purpose – This aim of the current research is to provide empirical evidence for the relationships among several organizational factors affecting team performance improvement, including the learning organization and employee engagement. In addition, the mediating effect of employee engagement was assessed to explain team performance improvement within the supportive learning organization. The target sample consisted of major Korean for-profit firms, and a total of 309 cases were used for data analyses. Structural equation modeling was used along with basic descriptive and multivariate research assumption tests. Results support that cultural aspects of the learning organization in Korean for-profit firms positively and directly affect the employee engagement, whereas cultural aspects of the learning organization positively affect team performance positively and indirectly only through employee engagement, and employee engagement plays a full mediating role in explaining the relationship between the learning...
Yield surface of a simulated metallic glass

Abstract We perform molecular simulations of multiaxial deformation in a model metallic glass using a zero-Kelvin energy minimization technique. We find that there is a pronounced asymmetry between the magnitudes of the yield stresses in tension and compression, with the uniaxial compressive strength approximately 24% higher. By exploring a variety of biaxial stress states, we probe the plane-stress yield surface and find that it is not well-described by traditional yield criteria that depend only on the maximum shear stress. In contrast, the Mohr–Coulomb criterion, which includes an additional normal stress term, is found to describe the data quite well. Finally, the simulation results are shown to compare favorably with the available experimental data.
Synthesis of (±)-2,3-methanoproline: A novel inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis

Abstract The title compound, 2-aza-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-1-carboxylic acid (2) was prepared by treatment of N-benzyloxycarbonyl-2, 3-dehydroproline tert-butyl ester with diazomethane followed by photolysis of the resulting pyrazoline and deprotection. Its N-acetyl-N′-methyl amide, a peptide mimic, was synthesized and the structure of was confirmed by X-ray diffraction studies. NMR spectroscopy was also used to examine the effect of the cyclopropane ring on its conformation. This 2, 3-methanoamino acid (2) was found to be a weak inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis in cucumber cotyledon strips and germinating squash seeds. The data show that 2 probably inhibits the conversion of 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid to ethylene in these tissues.
Pulsed laser interferometry (PLI) in the analytical ultracentrifuge: II. Clocked trigger circuit

Abstract A circuit is presented for a digital time delay generator that has been designed to trigger a pulsed argon laser installed for interferometry in the analytical ultracentrifuge. This circuit utilizes a quartz crystal clock to provide a uniform precision of 0.5 μsec in the timing of trigger pulses to the laser. The maximum trigger frequency has been limited to 60 Hz, which cannot be exceeded by the laser. A preset counter can be set for the desired number of laser pulses and alternate trigger pulses can be synchronized to illuminate the contents of any two rotor holes. Several sources of jitter in the timing of the laser are discussed.
Connective tissue diseases: Translating the effects of BAFF in SLE.

Studies of mouse models of lupus provided the rationale for targeting BAFF in the treatment of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, and could also help explain why individuals might differ in their response to this therapeutic approach.
Asymmetric GT of social networks

Web citation indexes are computed according to a data vector X i collected from the frequency of user accesses, citations weighted by other sites' popularities, and modified by the financial sponsorship in a proprietary manner. The indexing determining the information to be retrieved by the public should be made responsible transparently in at least two ways. One shall balance the inbound linkages pointed at the specific i-th site called the popularity (P i ≡ ∑ N j=1 W i,j ) with the outbound linkages (R i ≡ ∑ N k=1 W k,i ) called the risk factor before the release of new information as environmental impact analysis. The relationship between these two factors cannot be assumed equivalent (undirected) as in the case of many mainstream Graph Theory (GT) models. The measure over the edge is the asymmetric weight: W i,j = g(X i )h i,j (X i |Y j ,t)f(Y j ). ≠ W j,i where g(X i ),f(Y j ) are either a-priori or a-posterior probabilities and the mutual coupling h i,j (g(X i ) - f(Y j )|t) >/ δ ij - W i,j ] with new averaged centrality ≡ (P i +R i )/2 = 1/2∑ N j=1( W i,j + W j,i ). Applications have two categories:(A) Symmetric GT: (i) i-phone video stream organization. One can apply a symmetric diffusion W ij = exp-|X i -X j | 2 /2σ W ji where → d ≡ ∑ N j=1 W i,j and [K i,j ] → [L ij ] ≡ [d i δ ij - W ij ] which becomes symmetric GT Laplacian mapping images X i (t)∈R M+N to low dimensional optical flow. (ii) Database Management: If one can decompose the social group to two closely networkted social groups to partition the storage into two separate ones. (B) Asymmetric GT: (iii) Non-orthogonal projection: [K i,j ][K i,j ] ≅ μ[K i,j ] + W (-) i,j 2 ), where W (∓) i,k ≡ 1/2(W i,k ∓ W k,i ) give rise to a pseudo-projection operator generating unequal membership ground state. The next eigenvector can be used to assess the information impact factor in trading the popularity against the risk before the release. (iv)WebSite Trustworthiness: tracking the change of the degree of asymmetry: τ k (t) ≡ might signal a warning with learning.
Inhibition of secondary immune responses in vivo by immunoregulatory alpha globulin (IRA).

SummaryThese studies demonstrate that IRA will suppress both primary and secondary immune responses as measured by a hemolytic plaque assay. Suppression of the secondary response occurs whether IRA is administered prior to the immunizing injection of antigen or prior to the challenge injection of antigen. The fact that IRA administered at the time of initial antigen exposure was able to inhibit the response to a second, or challenge, dose of that antigen; and that the secondary response was significantly less than a normal primary response suggests that IRA administered at the time of initial antigen exposure confers partial tolerance to that antigen.
Cardiovascular sequelae of endotoxin shock in diabetic dogs.

Diabetic patients exhibit a higher incidence of post-surgical sepsis, as well as a higher rate of mortality from sepsis, than their non-diabetic counterparts. This may be a result of cardiovascular deterioration associated with diabetes mellitus. This study was designed to characterize the cardiovascular sequelae associated with endotoxin shock in a canine model of diabetes. Diabetes was induced with alloxan (50 mg/kg) and streptozotocin (30 mg/kg) in dogs weighing 19–25 kg. Thirty days later, anaesthetized dogs were instrumented to obtain blood pressures, blood samples, left ventricular chamber diameter, circumflex arterial blood flow, and aortic blood flow. Metabolic parameters were calculated according to the Fick principle, and myocardial inotropic state assessed with the end-systolic pressure-diameter relationship. After stable baseline measurements, Escherichia coli endotoxin (1 mg/kg) was infused over 1 h, and measurements were obtained every 30 min. After endotoxin administration diabetic dogs became more hypotensive than the non-diabetic dogs. Cardiac performance parameters were also depressed to a greater degree. These changes could be attributed to depressions in vascular resistance and myocardial inotropic state in diabetic dogs. Cardiac dysfunction occurred in association with a relative decrease in the supply to demand ratio for oxygen in the diabetic dogs, suggesting functional ischaemia. Data indicating a decrease in pre-load and vascular resistance in the diabetic group suggest a greater degree of vascular collapse, vascular pooling, or extravasation of fluid than occurred in the non-diabetic group. These data support the hypothesis that the cardiovascular system of diabetic subjects cannot tolerate a septic insult as well as their non-diabetic counterparts.
Experimental investigation of flush-mounted electrostatic probes

The behavior of flush-mounted electrostatic probes has been investigated in a pressuredriven, arc-heated shock tube over a wide range of shock tube freestream conditions and probe bias voltage. Measurements were made with large one-dimensional, flush electrostatic probes at initial shock tube pressures of 0.1 and 1.0 torr. Freestream electron densities ranged from 10 to almost 10 elec/cm. The flush electrostatic probes were biased at —3, — 15 and —90 v. The experimental results support predictions for which theories are available over the range of conditions corresponding to the case of sheath dimension small compared to the velocity boundary-layer thickness and frozen chemistry in the boundary layer. However, even at electron densities an order of magnitude below that for which the thinsheath assumption is valid, the deviation of the experimental data from theoretical predictions does not exceed the data scatter. The saturated ion current density collected by the probe was found to vary with the bias voltage raised to the one-half power.
Trajectories and singular points in steady-state models of two-phase flows

The purpose of this paper is to adapt the methodology of dynamical systems to the study of a wide class of mathematical models currently used to solve problems of steady 1-D two-phase flows. A detailed study of the geometrical features of the ensemble of solutions is then used for two purposes. First, it makes it possible to understand the physical characteristics of such flows without the need to produce complete solutions. Secondly, the methodology gives valuable indications as to how to supplement computer codes which become inadequate in the neighborhood of singular points. This leads to avoidable numerical difficulties and incorrect interpretations. This methodology is particularly useful in the study of the phenomena of cooking. The important contribution of this general analysis is to show that, regardless of the number of equations in the model, the generic solutions involve only three types of singular points: saddle points, spirals or nodes. By way of example, the method is applied to the mathematically simplest case, the homogeneous flow model with adiabatic boundary conditions. The channel consists of a convergent portion with transition to a divergent portion through a smooth throat. The divergent portion possesses an inflection point after which the rate of area divergence decreases. The fluid is a mixture of water and steam in thermodynamic equilibrium. The expected saddle point, located just downstream from the throat, is followed by an unexpected spiral. The phase space consisting of pressure P, enthalpy h and spatial coordinate z divides itself into four distinct areas. In area A of figure 13 all solutions are single-valued, possess a pressure minimum and correspond to physically acceptable subcritical flows. In area B the solutions of the differential equations (all possessing a turning point) are irrelevant for the physical problem at hand. Through the saddle point there passes a trajectory which is unique in the subcritical portion and continues with two branches, one subcritical ending at pressure P′, the other supercritical, ending at pressure P″. Area C between those branches contains states which are not described by the postulated model. It is conjectured that flows against a back-pressure, P″ < Pa < P′, evidently observed in nature, must presumably be described by an extension to the model involving enhanced entropy production. The remaining area D contains supercritical state points and is of no present interest.
Abundance, lack, and identity

Discussions of the nature of identity have produced at least two theoretical debates, described here as an ontological debate and a formative one. The first debate occurs between theorists who propose an ontology of ‘abundance’ (e.g. William Connolly) and theorists of an ontology of ‘lack’ (e.g. Ernesto Laclau). The second debate occurs between those who hold that identity is rooted in voluntaristic choice (e.g. Laclau) and those who assert that identity emerges through a gradual process of aspect change (e.g. Aletta Norval). My aim in this essay is to gain some concrete purchase on these abstract debates through a study of the autobiographical discourses of two contemporary ideological apostates in the US—David Brock and David Horowitz. Exploring the life stories of subjects such as these may provide a valuable resource for understanding processes of identification and ideological change.
An integrality theorem for subnormal operators

In a recent paper we conjectured that the principal function of a cyclic subnormal operator T is a.e. equal to the negative of a characteristic function. We showed that this was true in a variety of cases - including the general arc length Swiss Cheese. Now we prove stronger results. The conjecture is a consequence of: The principal function of a subnormal operator with trace class self-commutator assumes a.e. nonpositive integer values. It is an interesting fact that this integrality is a basic geometric property of subnormal operators and is not associated with any smoothness or "thinness" of the essential spectrum of T. This result is actually a simple corollary of a much more basic fact: The mosaic of a subnormal operator with trace class self-commutator is projection valued a.e. We have long known that the mosaic is a complete unitary invariant for T. Thus, this theorem establishes a map z ↦ Range B(z) which associates a subspace of Hilbert space with almost every point of the plane; and this generalized bundle completely characterizes the subnormal operator T. If T is cyclic then its mosaic B(·) is a.e. either the zero operator or a rank one projection.
Stress Driven Patterning of Epitaxial Films

We study possible morphologies of epitaxial films atop attractive substrates appearing as a result of competition of misfit stresses, van der Waals forces and surface energy. Corresponding formula for the critical thickness of the dislocation-free Stranski-Krastanov pattern is established for the isotropic deformable films and substrates. If the film thickness exceeds the critical magnitude the layer-by-layer pattern switches to islanding. At the first stage the islands have a shape of striae (i.e. long parallel trenches with periodic spacing). We discuss also i)the circumstances in which surface morphology of the film corresponds to a two-dimensional superlattice of islands rather than a one dimensional lattice of striae and ii)the influence of a buffer inter-layer.
Measurements of premixed-flame turbulence generation and modification in a Taylor-Couette burner

Abstract Turbulent, premixed lean methane–air flames were studied experimentally in a Taylor–Couette burner, extending the previous work of non-reacting turbulent-flow measurements. A laser-Doppler velocimetry system is employed to measure velocity fluctuations in the circumferential direction at the center of the annulus where mean velocities are nearly zero. Turbulence parameters such as the intensities, approximated integral and micro-time and length scales and one-dimensional frequency spectra are obtained for the flow-field ahead and behind the flame front. The frequency spectra exhibit a −5/3 slope reaffirming isotropic characteristics. It is found that there is an increase in intensity, turbulence Reynolds number and energy across a broad range of frequencies behind the flame along with a shift toward larger scales. However, there appears to be a decrease in amplification of the intensities and turbulence Reynolds number with increasing pre-ignition turbulence in the burner (generated by counter-rotation of the cylinder walls). Results suggest that the presence of flame-generated turbulence in the TC burner is sensitive to both pre-ignition turbulence and equivalence ratio.
Recent research on problems in the use of urea as a nitrogen fertilizer

Recent research on the NH3 volatilization, NO 2 - accumulation, and phytotoxicity problems encountered in the use of urea fertilizer is reviewed. This research has shown that the adverse effects of urea fertilizers on seed germination and seedling growth in soil are due to NH3 produced through hydrolysis of urea by soil urease and can be eliminated by addition of a urease inhibitor to these fertilizers. It also has shown that the leaf burn commonly observed after foliar fertilization of soybean with urea results from accumulation of toxic amounts of urea in soybean leaves rather than formation of toxic amounts of NH3 through hydrolysis of urea by leaf urease. It further showed that this leaf burn is accordingly increased rather than decreased by addition of a urease inhibitor to the urea fertilizer applied. N-(n-butyl)thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) is the most effective compound currently available for retarding hydrolysis of urea fertilizer in soil, decreasing NH3 volatilization and NO 2 - accumulation in soils treated with urea, and eliminating the adverse effects of urea fertilizer on seed germination and seedling growth in soil. NBPT is a poor inhibitor of plant or microbial urease, but it decomposes quite rapidly in soil with formation of its oxon analog N-(n-butyl) phosphoric triamide, which is a potent inhibitor of urease activity. It is not as effective as phenylphosphorodiamidate (PPD) for retarding urea hydrolysis and ammonia volatilization in soils under waterlogged conditions, presumably because these conditions retard formation of its oxon analog. PPD is a potent inhibitor of urease activity but it decomposes quite rapidly in soils with formation of phenol, which is a relatively weak inhibitor of urease activity. Recent studies of the effects of pesticides on transformations of urea N in soil indicate that fungicides have greater potential than herbicides or insecticides for retarding hydrolysis of urea and nitrification of urea N in soil.
Radio Frequency Quadrupole Accelerating Structure Research at los Alamos

The results of studies of radio frequency quadrupole accelerating structures are presented. Measurements indicate that this is a promising structure for transporting and accelerating ion beams in the energy region of 50 KeV to 2 MeV.
Binding of Fe(OH)3 to Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus and Lactobacillus acidophilus: Apparent Role of Hydrogen Peroxide and Free Radicals

Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus and Lactobacillus acidophilus, both used extensively as probiotics and to produce fermented milk products, were investigated for their ability to bind Fe(OH)3 as a function of time in the presence and absence of approximately 200 μM H2O2 and in the presence and absence of glucose. There was a very rapid initial phase, followed by a second slow phase, and, when fermentable sugar was absent, a third rapid phase. Thermodynamic parameters were determined for the initial rapid binding phase using Scatchard plots. The binding process was entropy driven against an enthalpy barrier, indicating that hydrophobic-type bonding was involved. Results were similar for both species of lactobacilli, and in the presence or absence of glucose and/or H2O2. In the later phases, binding of Fe(OH)3 was decreased if carried out without H2O2 in the medium. Free radicals, apparently produced from H2O2 and iron, were able to alter cell surfaces to allow for greater binding of Fe(OH)3. The a...
Gender differences in relationships among stress, coping, and health risk behaviors in impoverished, minority populations

Abstract In this study, we examined gender differences among impoverished minority females (n = 205; 87% African-American, 13% Latina) and males (n = 203; 89% African-American, 11% Latino) in associations among latent variables representing stress, self-esteem, avoidant and active coping strategies, and health outcomes of depression, escapist drug use, and sexual risk behaviors. Among both men and women, drug use and depression were positively related to each other. A large and significant relationship between stress and sexual risk behaviors among women was not evidenced for men. In multiple group latent means comparison models, the women reported significantly more stress, depression, and avoidant coping styles than the men. In predictive path models, an avoidant coping style predicted escapist drug use among men whereas greater stress predicted escapist drug use among women. Greater stress, and lower self-esteem predicted depression in both groups. Greater stress and less active coping predicted more sexual risk behaviors for women. No predictor construct in this model significantly predicted more sexual risk behavior among the men. Gender-specific leverage points for AIDS-risk reduction interventions are discussed.
Postmarketing Drug Safety Surveillance Using Publicly Available Health-Consumer-Contributed Content in Social Media

Postmarketing drug safety surveillance is important because many potential adverse drug reactions cannot be identified in the premarketing review process. It is reported that about 5p of hospital admissions are attributed to adverse drug reactions and many deaths are eventually caused, which is a serious concern in public health. Currently, drug safety detection relies heavily on voluntarily reporting system, electronic health records, or relevant databases. There is often a time delay before the reports are filed and only a small portion of adverse drug reactions experienced by health consumers are reported. Given the popularity of social media, many health social media sites are now available for health consumers to discuss any health-related issues, including adverse drug reactions they encounter. There is a large volume of health-consumer-contributed content available, but little effort has been made to harness this information for postmarketing drug safety surveillance to supplement the traditional approach. In this work, we propose the association rule mining approach to identify the association between a drug and an adverse drug reaction. We use the alerts posted by Food and Drug Administration as the gold standard to evaluate the effectiveness of our approach. The result shows that the performance of harnessing health-related social media content to detect adverse drug reaction is good and promising.
Retinotopic organization of striate and extrastriate visual cortex in the mouse.

Detailed retinotopic maps of primary visual cortex (area 17) and the extrastriate visual regions surrounding it (areas 18a and 18b) have been constructed for the C57BL/6J mouse using standard electrophysiological mapping techniques. Primary visual cortex (area 17), as defined cytoarchitectonically, contains one complete representation of the contralateral visual field, termed V1, in which azimuth and elevation lines are approximately orthogonal. The upper visual field is represented caudally and the nasal field laterally. Binocular cells are encountered in the cortical representation of the nasal 30–40° of the visual field, and there is an expanded representation of the nasal field. Extrastriate visual cortex of the mouse, like that of other mammals, contains multiple representations of the visual field. The cytoarchitectonic region of cortex lateral and rostral to area 17, termed area 18a, contains at least two such representations. The more medial of these, which by convention we have called V2, is a narrow strip surrounding V1 on its lateral and rostral aspects; the vertical meridian lies along a portion of its common border with V1. The visual field representation in V2 is not a mirror image of that in V1; the representation of the horizontal meridian forms the lateral border of V2, and the visual field representation is split so that adjacent points on either side of the horizontal meridan are represented in nonadjacent parts of V2. The other visual field representation within area 18a, which we have termed V3, is a small but apparently complete representation that lies lateral to V2. The visual field representations medial to area 17 correspond to cytoarchitectonic area 18b. Area 18b contains two representations of the temporal visual field that we have labeled Vm-r and Vm-c, and contains little or no representation of the most nasal aspect of the field.