cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Risk-Utility Analysis and the Learned Hand Formula: A Hand That Helps or a Hand That Hides?

Judicial inconsistencies in balancing costs against benefits in legal determinations, sometimes referred to as the Learned Hand Formula, indicate that the implications are not fully understood. The incorporation of more formal economic cost-benefit analysis by some courts has only served to increase the confusion and wariness about fostering such guidelines for social behavior.This article's purpose is threefold. One is to demonstrate how the use of cost-benefit analysis necessarily imparts the moral and/or political values of the user into his or her decisions. While the cost-benefit technique is itself value-neutral, its application, as will be shown, requires that some moral choice be made for the cost-benefit implementation. Though the very existence of an underlying value-choice is often obscured by scholars' and judges' presentations of “objective” cost-benefit conclusions (whether deliberately or naively so), the value choices are in fact there and should be elucidated and discussed.The second goal of this article, therefore, is to shed sufficient light on the dimensions of using cost-benefit reasoning so that the reader, whether or not in support of a particular application, can venture knowledgeably into a debate of the value choices attending any cost-benefit argument that might arise.The third purpose of this article is to demonstrate that cost-benefit reasoning as an adjudicatory process is one that grows naturally out of legal jurisprudence and is not merely an intrusion by another social discipline. Because of the furor created by a particular brand of cost-benefit reasoning (primarily by the adherents of the Chicago School), cost-benefit analysis is often viewed as a callous derivative of economic theory insensitive to our notions of fairness and equity, rather than the tool it can be for facilitating existing constitutional values and mores.Parts II and III cover a more detailed history of negligence standards showing the evolution from the avoidable accident approach to one of weighing and balancing, thereby demonstrating that cost-benefit reasoning is, in fact, organic legal doctrine and not the foreign construct of another discipline. However, these sections can easily by skipped without loss of continuity, if the reader should so desire.
Classification of Hyperspectral Colon Cancer Images Using Convolutional Neural Networks

This paper introduces a classification system for hyperspectral images of colon cancer tissue samples. Focusing on the region of the spectrum between 360 nm and 550 nm, this system utilizes the entire spectral data to reliably differentiate between cancerous and non-cancerous cells. Using a dataset with thirteen patients, convolutional neural networks are designed to compare the classification performance of the hyperspectral images to panchromatic grayscale images of the samples and grayscale images of the individual band samples. Overall, the hyperspectral data is shown to be advantageous in classifying the cancerous and non-cancerous images, ultimately classifying the test sample images with 74.1% accuracy with an F1 score of 0.747, and classifying 85.7% of the cancerous images correctly.
Clinical considerations for the use of FLT3 inhibitors in acute myeloid leukemia

Internal tandem duplications and tyrosine kinase mutations in the fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) receptor can occur in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and portend a poor prognosis. Midostaurin, a multikinase inhibitor that targets FLT3, demonstrated a survival benefit in FLT3-mutated AML in combination with front-line chemotherapy. Despite this advancement, the use of FLT3 inhibitors in clinical practice is complicated by significant drug-drug interactions and uncertainty about optimal timing, duration, and sequencing of therapy. As monotherapy, the utility of FLT3 inhibitors was initially limited by incomplete and transient clinical responses and the development of acquired resistance. This led to the development of more potent and selective FLT3 inhibitors designed to overcome common resistance mechanisms. One of these second generation FLT3 inhibitors, gilteritinib, is now FDA-approved for the treatment of relapsed or refractory AML. Now that multiple FLT3 inhibitors are commercially available, it is important to further delineate the role of these agents in the AML population. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the role of FLT3 inhibitors in AML and apply the current literature to clinical practice.
Racism and Identity Crisis of a Muslim Immigrant in Ahmed’s Mhanga Nafsi Yangu

In the twenty-first century, a populist immigration narrative portrays immigrants as deleterious to the economy and security of the homogenous nation-states. This chapter examines how conflict between the culture of immigrants and the dominant culture and racism impedes successful assimilation of the immigrants in the developed world as illustrated in Said Ahmed’s novel Mhanga Nafsi Yangu (I sacrificed my soul). Afida, the protagonist Muslim immigrant from an underdeveloped world referred to as Motoni (Hell), settles in a developed world referred to as Peponi (Paradise). Afida’s internal identity crisis and her eventual demise after a marriage of ‘sacrifice’ (sacrifice because she dropped out of school and abandoned her religion and culture) signifies a shift from the optimistic dreams of immigrants in the free world to hopelessness.
Counterterrorism and Preventive Repression: China's Changing Strategy in Xinjiang

In 2017–18, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) changed its domestic security strategy in Xinjiang, escalating the use of mass detention, ideological re-education, and pressure on Uyghur diaspora net...
Abstract 15935: Socioeconomic Disparities in Urgent versus Elective Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair: Insights From the National Inpatient Sample

Objective: Cardiac interventions performed urgently are known to be associated with poor outcomes compared to electively performed procedures. Transcatheter edge-to-edge mitral valve repair (TMVr) ...
Antepartum vaginal bleeding: characteristics associated with delivery within seven days

Objective: To identify maternal and/or fetal characteristics associated with delivery within seven days for patients who present with vaginal bleeding in the antepartum period.Methods: This is a re...
A Collective Strange Situation: COVID-19 and Children’s Developmental Lines

Emerging findings have demonstrated the adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the well-being of children and families through abrupt and ongoing changes in routine due to social distancing me...
A near Infrared Speckle Imaging Study of T Tauri Stars

The results of a speckle imaging survey of T Tauri stars suggest that most, if not all, young low mass stars have companions. Repeated observations of these young binary stars have revealed orbital motion in the closest pairs (≤ 0.″3), proving that these systems are indeed gravitationally bound and providing the basis for mass estimates in the upcoming years. These mass estimates are necessary to distinguish between the various binary star formation mechanisms that have been proposed to date.
Buenos aires beyond (Homo) sexualized urban entrepreneurialism: The geographies of queered tango

This paper discusses (homo)sexualization as entrepreneurial strategy in Buenos Aires. City-marketing capitalizes on Buenos Aires' reputed passion and tolerance. Yet homonormative framings collide with politicized cultures of sexual dissidence. Cultural entrepreneurialism promotes profit-making sexual diversity, but social actors also construct their queerness outside, even in opposition to, market-driven urbanism. This paper argues that queered tango practices differ from those of mainstream LGBT circuits and coalesce with those who contest the genre's touristification, designed to trigger selective redevelopment. The paper first examines the explanatory purchase of cultural entrepreneurialism and homonormativity outside Euro-America. Empirical sections then show that the redefinition/re-territorialization of gayness aggravates socio-spatial fragmentation, while governmental appropriations of tango legitimize exclusionary world-class-city politics. Nevertheless, the paper's first-person ethnography of queer tango uncovers territories of radical difference and trans-local solidarity networks. The paper ends by suggesting the need for further research into the conflictive intersections between urban globalization and globalizing queerness.
Abstract 4408: Her2 C terminal PDZ binding domain interacting with DLG1 is required for radioresistance through induction of EMT and loss of epithelial polarity

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA The tyrosine kinase receptor HER2 (ErbB2/neu) is predominantly localized to the basolateral membrane of the epithelium and has been implicated in mammary tumorigenesis as well as in resistance to chemotherapy and radiation. Here we demonstrate that HER2 interacts with discs large 1 (DLG1) that is one of PDZ domain proteins expressed at the basolateral membrane of human breast epithelial cells and plays an important role in the establishment and maintenance of epithelial polarity in Drosophila. However, either loss of the last 6 C-terminal amino acids (HER2-Δ1250-1255) or a valine-to-alanine C-terminal substitution (HER2-V1255A) in HER2, abrogates the interaction with DLG1. In contrast, either PDZ domain 1 or 3 within Dlg1 is required for interaction with HER2. Moreover, HER2-Δ1250-1255- or HER2-V1255A-expressing MCF10A human breast epithelial cells show the reduction of mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (EMT) proteins including vimentin and Snail. In addition, HER2-wt cells promotes EMT as shown by down-regulation of E-cadherin and upregulation of vimentin and Snail. Taken together, these results indicate that C-terminal PDZ binding domain in HER2 modulates biological functions of HER2. These results reveal new insight into the structure and function of HER2, which may guide the design and development of new anti-cancer targets to treat HER2-positive breast cancer. Citation Format: Dong Lin, Xiaodi Zhang, Angela Eldridge, Ming Fan, Cheikh Menaa, Jianjian Li. Her2 C terminal PDZ binding domain interacting with DLG1 is required for radioresistance through induction of EMT and loss of epithelial polarity. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4408. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4408
Inhibition of dopamine beta oxidase by adrenalone.

WE have reported that several structural analogues of dopamine are inhibitors of dopamine β oxidase. Dopamine β oxidase catalyses the conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine and the enzyme activity was determined by fluorimetric estimation of norepinephrine formed, by the method of von Euler et al.1. However, when adrenalone was tested as a possible inhibitor of dopamine β oxidase, the fluorimetric assay of norepinephrine was unsatisfactory. This was due to the fluorescence quenching of norepinephrine by adrenalone. The fluorescence quenching by other keto compounds has been reported2, and such quenching may represent a serious obstacle to the fluorimetric determination of catecholamines in the presence of ketones such as adrenalone.
A low-voltage CMOS op amp with rail-to-rail constant-g/sub m/ input stage and high-gain output stage

A 2 V low-voltage CMOS op amp with a new rail-to-rail constant-g/sub m/ input stage and a high-gain, high-swing output stage is presented. The input stage consists of two complementary differential pairs whose tail currents are controlled by the common-mode input signal in such a way that the total transconductance (g/sub m/) of the input transistors remains as flat as possible across the input common-mode range. The output stage employs composite transistors based on regulated-cascode circuits (RGC) with large feedback gains. DC measurements were performed on an experimental op amp fabricated in a standard 2 /spl mu/m, p-well CMOS process. The low-frequency gain is larger than 80 dB. The g/sub m/ variation is about 15% from rail-to-rail. Output signal can swing within 200 mV of each supply rail and input range exceeds both rails. The power dissipation is about 540 /spl mu/W. Simulated unity-gain frequency is 5 MHz with 15 pF load capacitance.
A Concise Introduction to Software Engineering

Software engineering is an integral part of studies in computer science and consequently foundational knowledge is critical to all students in the field. This text focuses on the essential elements, providing readers with the basic skills and introductory knowledge required to execute a software project successfully. Following the winning formula and easy-to read style of the authors previous An Integrated Approach to Software Engineering, this reader-friendly text is written specifically for undergraduates as an introduction to this broad-ranging discipline. With a strong emphasis on practice, this textbook takes a step-by-step approach whereby the key tasks involved in a project are discussed through the course of the book, illustrating the different activities involved in software development. Features and topics: Discusses core concepts and techniques in an introductory easy-to-follow approach Offers a solid foundation to this wide-ranging topic Focuses only on the essential elements required to complete a software project effectively Takes the reader through the project life cycle - applying concepts to practice Teaches the skills needed to execute a small commercial project Provides the necessary conceptual background for further study in software engineering Concentrates on the two key tasks: Engineering and project management Each chapter covers one of the key tasks involved in a project Includes helpful learning tools such as chapter introductions, chapter goals and self-assessment exercises Teaching support (such as chapter slides, templates and a case study) and supplemental resources are available via http://www.cse.iitd.ac.in/~jalote/ConciseIntroToSE Presents practical methods and notations for performing given tasks within each chapter Designed for undergraduates and bolstered with numerous examples, this text imparts to the reader the fundamental knowledge, skills, practices and techniques within software engineering. It will also be helpful for professionals who know programming but want to be introduced to the formal systematic approach of software engineering.
Causal reasoning about quantities

Causality plays an important role in human thinking. Yet we are far from having a complete account of causal reasoning. This paper presents an analysis of causal reasoning about changes in quantities. We abstract from AI theories of qualitative physics three dimensions along which causal reasoning about quantities may be decomposed. We then use this framework to make some psychological predictions.
2,2′-Dithiobis(5-nitropyridine) (DTNP) as an Effective and Gentle Deprotectant for Common Cysteine Protecting Groups

Of all the commercially available amino acid derivatives for solid phase peptide synthesis, none has a greater abundance of side-chain protection diversity than cysteine. The high reactivity of the cysteine thiol necessitates its attenuation during peptide construction. Moreover, the propensity of cysteine residues within a peptide or protein sequence to form disulfide connectivity allows the opportunity for the peptide chemist to install these disulfides iteratively as a post-synthetic manipulation through the judicious placement of orthogonal pairs of cysteine S-protection within the peptide's architecture. It is important to continuously discover new vectors of deprotection for these different blocking protocols in order to achieve the highest degree of orthogonality between the removal of one species in the presence of another. We report here a complete investigation of the scope and limitations of the deprotective potential of 2,2'-dithiobis(5-nitropyridine) (DTNP) on a selection of commercially available Cys S-protecting groups. The gentle conditions of DTNP in a TFA solvent system show a remarkable ability to deprotect some cysteine blocking functionality traditionally removable only by more harsh or forcing conditions. Beyond illustrating the deprotective ability of this reagent cocktail within a cysteine-containing peptide sequence, the utility of this method was further demonstrated through iterative disulfide formation in oxytocin and apamin test peptides. It is shown that this methodology has high potential as a stand-alone cysteine deprotection technique or in further manipulation of disulfide architecture within a more complex cysteine-containing peptide template.
MR of slow CSF flow in the spine.

PURPOSE To evaluate a slow-flow MR sequence in normal CSF flow and in CSF flow disturbance in cases of spinal stenosis. METHOD The method was tested for flow sensitivity and applied to 67 sites of spinal canal compromise. RESULTS Phantom studies show that flow can be depicted at a velocity of 0.5-1 mm/sec. On clinical images, stagnant CSF is black, flowing CSF is bright. Typically, in high-grade (90%-100%) stenosis, CSF above and below the site of spinal canal compromise (SCC) is black. With intermediate stenosis (50%-89%), CSF above the SCC remains white but becomes black distal to the SCC. Low-grade stenosis shows only localized flow disturbances. CONCLUSION This easy-to-use sequence can solidify the MR diagnosis of high-grade stenosis when a distinct flow pattern is recognized. Flow patterns for intermediate and low-grade stenosis are less reliable.
Electron Microscopic Studies of the Microcirculation in Psoriasis

The microcirculation in the lesions of pustular psoriasis of von Zumbusch and psoriasis vulgaris were studied by light and electron microscopy. A consistent finding in the dermal papillae and upper third of the dermis was the presence of thin walled vessels. They had endothelial cell junctional gaps a poorly developed basal lamina, an absence of pericytes, and they contained red blood cells. The uninvolved skin of these patients showed identical findings, but less often. Less frequently, endothelial cell gaps were also seen in the post-capillary venules in the dermal papillse of psoriatic lesions. None of the control specimens showed these vascular findings in these locations. The presence of endothelial cell gaps implicates a role of the chemical mediators of inflammation in psoriasis. The thin walled vessels could either represent the arterial capillary segment of the microcirculation which is abnormally permeable because of the gaps or else lymphatic capillaries which are clearing the interstitial space of blood cells and serum. The abnormally permeable vessels in this instance could be the post-capillary venules. The nature of the thin walled vessels is currently under study.
Sequence analysis of a compound coding‐region microsatellite in Candida albicans resolves homoplasies and provides a high‐resolution tool for genotyping

Sequence diversity at a coding-region microsatellite locus of two diploid Candida species was surveyed. Twenty-one alleles from fourteen strains of Candida albicans and three alleles from two strains of the closely related Candida dubliniensis were sequenced. Results show independent length variation in two contiguous hexanucleotide repeats, one non-contiguous hexanucleotide repeat, and two non-contiguous trinucleotide repeats within a 120 bp coding region. A neighboring, non-repetitive 120 bp region showed no variation. The information density of sequence polymorphisms in this region provides a powerful tool for genotyping microorganisms in epidemiological studies, yielding detailed resolution of closely related strains, and clearly distinguishing the two species studied here. The individual length-variable repeat regions are very short (2–8 repeats), demonstrating that even very short microsatellites can show high levels of length variability when surrounded by similarly repetitive DNA. Extensive homoplasy was discovered among the C. albicans alleles, with the majority of overall length categories consisting of alleles with more than one sequence. Our results show that microsatellite length alone should not be used to assume either sequence identity or identity by descent. Microsatellite length mutations appear to have generated the high degree of both inter- and intraspecific polymorphism seen at the ERK1 locus, and form an island of variability in an otherwise well-conserved gene.
Beta2-adrenergic receptor antagonists protect against ventricular fibrillation: in vivo and in vitro evidence for enhanced sensitivity to beta2-adrenergic stimulation in animals susceptible to sudden death

Background The ventricular myocardium contains functional β2-adrenergic receptors that when activated increase intracellular Ca2+ transients. Because elevated Ca2+ has been implicated in the induction of ventricular fibrillation (VF), it is possible that the activation of these receptors may also provoke malignant arrhythmias. Methods and Results To test this hypothesis, a 2-minute occlusion of the left circumflex coronary artery was made during the last minute of exercise in 28 dogs with healed anterior myocardial infarctions: 17 had VF (susceptible) and 11 did not (resistant). On a subsequent day, this test was repeated after administration of the β2-adrenergic receptor antagonist ICI 118,551 (0.2 mg/kg). This drug did not alter the hemodynamic response to the coronary occlusion, yet it prevented VF in 10 of 11 animals tested (P<.001). However, heart rate was reduced in 6 animals. Therefore, the ICI 118,551 exercise-plus-ischemia test was repeated with heart rate held constant by ventricular pacing (n=3...
The ecological determinants of space use by a burrowing wolf spider in a xeric shrubland ecosystem

Abstract The patterns of dispersion and habitat associations of a burrowing wolf spider were examined in a xeric shrubland ecosystem in central Florida, U.S.A. Geostatistical analyses of habitat features and burrow sites revealed that at the level of the scrub landscape burrow dispersion was correlated with patches of barren sand. This association was found to be the result of active choice in enclosure experiments. There was less prey available at burrow sites than at random sites within the scrub; thus, this microhabitat association is not explained by improved foraging in barren patches. Discriminant analysis of 18 features of burrow sites and non-burrow sites documented that there was no predictor of burrow placement other than barren sand. Burrows were aggregated within the open sand microhabitat. However, these aggregations were not explained by substratum moisture, prey, or the differential burrow-site tenure of aggregated vs . solitary spiders.
A Comparative Analysis of Commercial Software for Signal‐Averaged Electrocardiography

Background: Lack of standardization of software algorithms to identify the end of QRS for time-domain analysis of the signal-averaged electrocardiogram may limit the comparison of results obtained with different machines. Methods: To study this problem, 50 normal volunteers underwent signal-averaged electrocardiogram with ART 1200 EPX and Corazonix Predictor units in random sequence, collecting an equal number of beats. Data were analyzed with five different commercial softwares by ART and Corazonix. Results: Comparison of QRS duration, duration of low amplitude signals, and root mean square voltage of last 40 ms of QRS at two high-pass filter settings (25 and 40 Hz) showed significant differences among softwares. Conclusions: Standardization of software for time-domain analysis of the signal averaged electrocardiogram is warranted; until then, normal values for signal averaged electrocardiogram parameters will have to be appropriately selected for each study, according to the software utilized.
“Resistant” Channels Reluctantly Reveal Their Roles

Abstract Presynaptic calcium influx is mediated by a variety of different calcium channel subtypes with distinct pharmacological and biophysical properties. In this issue of Neuron , Dietrich et al. show that although Ca V 2.3 calcium channels do not contribute to fast transmitter release at hippocampal mossy fiber synapses, they play a specialized role in induction of multiple presynaptic forms of synaptic plasticity.
An improved technique for computing permeability from NMR measurements in mudstones

[1] We develop a technique for extending nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) permeability estimation to clay-rich sediments. Our technique builds on the Schlumberger-Doll Research (SDR) equation by using porosity, grain size, specific surface, and magnetic susceptibility data to yield more accurate permeability estimation in mudstones with large pore surface areas and complex mineralogies. Based on measurements of natural sediments as well as resedimented laboratory mixtures of silica, bentonite, and kaolinite powders, we find that our method predicts permeability values that match measured values over four orders of magnitude and among lithologies that vary widely in grain size, mineralogy, and surface area. Our results show that the relationship between NMR data and permeability is a function of mineralogy and grain geometry, and that permeability predictions in clay-rich sediments can be improved with insights regarding the nature of the pore system made by the Kozeny theory. This technique extends the utility of NMR measurements beyond typical reservoir-quality rocks to a wide range of lithologies.
NOAA's VENTS program targets oceanic hydrothermal effects

The VENTS Program was established in 1984 to focus interdisciplinary research of the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration on the oceanic effects of hydrothermal activity along seafloor spreading centers. Since then, the accelerating rate of discoveries in this area of research has resulted in increased recognition of the importance of seafloor hydrothermal venting as a fundamental process for transfer of mass and heat from the Earth's interior to its surface—a process that is active intermittently, but not uncommonly, along the entire 60,000 km-long global spreading-center system. As the nation's civilian ocean agency, NOAA undertakes research to understand processes that affect the ocean environment. The VENTS program's highest priority is studies that address large-scale hydrothermal chemical and thermal effects on the ocean, or the potential for such effects, that manifest themselves over relatively short time periods—from years to centuries.
Extinction and quiescence in marine animal genera

If last appearances of marine animal genera are taken as reasonable proxies for true extinctions, then there is appreciable global extinction in every stage of the Phanerozoic. If, instead, backsmearing of extinctions by incomplete sampling is explicitly taken into consideration, a different view of extinction emerges, in which the pattern of extinction is much more volatile and in which quiescent time spans—with little or no global extinction for several million years—are punctuated by major extinction events that are even more extreme than is generally thought. Independent support for this alternative view comes from analysis of genus occurrence data in the Paleobiology Database, which agrees with previous estimates of sampling probability and implies that offsets between extinction and last appearance of one or more stages are quite probable.
Mercury levels of Nelson’s and saltmarsh sparrows at wintering grounds in Virginia, USA

Nelson’s and saltmarsh sparrows (Ammodramus nelsoni and A. caudacutus) have recently been recognized as separate species, and because of their limited distributions and the susceptibility of their wetland habitats to climate change, these two new species are of conservation concern. Both species are known to bioaccumulate mercury at breeding sites in New England, USA where their ranges overlap, with the saltmarsh sparrow reported to have twice the concentration of blood total mercury. In this study we sampled both species on their shared wintering grounds, and documented that mercury exposure is lower than that reported for the breeding range, with saltmarsh sparrow blood mercury 2.6 times higher than in Nelson’s sparrow. Feather mercury, which is incorporated on the breeding grounds, confirmed that saltmarsh sparrows had incorporated 2.3 times more mercury than Nelson’s sparrows during the previous breeding season. A comparison of stable isotopes of nitrogen and carbon suggests that the higher exposure of saltmarsh sparrows may be not due to feeding at a higher trophic level, as previously hypothesized, but rather could be related to a difference in the carbon source at the base of each species’ food chain. This study, along with recently published data from both species on additional breeding and wintering grounds, provides a more complete picture of relative mercury exposure. Saltmarsh sparrows are exposed to mercury levels that warrant concern, with the highest exposure being during the breeding season. Areas set aside for the long-term conservation of this species should be carefully assessed for mercury bioaccumulation.
Genome-wide transcriptomic alterations induced by ethanol treatment in human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs)

Human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) isolated from adult dental pulp are multipotent mesenchymal stem cells that can be directed to differentiate into osteogenic/odontogenic cells and also trans-differentiate into neuronal cells. The utility of DPSC has been explored in odontogenic differentiation for tooth regeneration. Alcohol abuse appears to lead to periodontal disease, tooth decay and mouth sores that are potentially precancerous. Persons who abuse alcohol are at high risk of having seriously deteriorated teeth, gums and compromised oral health in general. It is currently unknown if alcohol exposure has any impact on adult stem cell maintenance, stem cell fate determination and plasticity, and stem cell niche environment. Here we provide detailed experimental methods, analysis and information associated with our data deposited into Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) under GSE57255. Our data provide transcriptomic changes that are occurring by EtOH treatment of DPSCs at 24-hour and 48-hour time point.
Transformative Transportation: The Early Twentieth-Century Railroad on the Southwest Florida Frontier

The Venice Train Depot is a case study for an archaeology of transportation, an examination of new places and more rapid travels over the modern period. The goal of this approach is to capture the dynamics of landscapes, agency, and movement. There have been productive discussions of transportation networks and national integration; methodological discussions have noted the need to account of the movement of things in the analysis of the material record. The case study exposes the dynamics of change for the Florida frontier in the twentieth century focused on the construction of a railroad line and station in Venice, Florida.
Depot fatty acid composition in immature green turtles (Chelonia mydas) residing at two near-shore foraging areas in the Hawaiian Islands

The lipid content and fatty acid composition of depot fat were determined for 58 immature green turtles (Chelonia mydas) residing at two near-shore foraging areas, Ahu-O-Laka, located in Kaneohe Bay on Oahu, and Kiholo Bay located on the island of Hawaii. Benthic flora at Kiholo was limited to a single algal species but included algae and seagrass at Ahu-O-Laka. Turtle straight carapace length ranged from 38.6 to 59.2 cm, suggesting that the sample set included new recruits to up to 12-year residents. Fatty acid data were analyzed using principal components analysis (PCA). PC1 accounted for over 50% of the variance. Turtles were generally delineated along PC1 by the length of time on benthic foraging grounds, with high (>0.75) negative loadings for the fatty acids 22:6n-3, 7M7H, t16:1n-10, 15:0, and 17:0 associated with relatively new recruits (suggesting a pelagic dietary source for these fatty acids) and high positive loadings for 12:0 and 14:0 associated with long-term residents. PC2 separated turtles primarily by capture location, with high positive loadings for 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 [the primary seagrass polyunsaturated fatty acids] associated with the Ahu-O-Laka turtles. Fatty acid profiles of turtles from both locations differed substantially from those of their benthic diets, suggesting considerable modification of dietary fatty acids and de novo biosynthesis.
Optical Design of an Eyetracked Head-mounted Display Using Freeform Waveguide

A head-mounted display system with eyetracking capability (ET-HMD) offers great benefits to both research and many emerging display applications. We present the design of a high performance and compact ET-HMD based on freefrom optical technology.
Toward a thermal model for the Skaergaard liquidus

After a review of history, it is shown that in a comprehensive 1-atm study by McBirney and Naslund (1990), the Skaergaard liquidus temperature is linear from LZa to UZa on stratigraphic height when corrected to pressure. The augite saturation point at LZa/b has the same liquid composition in terms of plagioclase An content as the corresponding point in the Kiglapait intrusion, studied at 5 kbar by Morse et al. (2004). This temperature, 1203 °C at 5 kbar, is transformed to the Skaergaard pressure at LZa/b to a value of 1173 °C. From this fixed point, all other liquidus temperatures at Skaergaard are scaled to mean plagioclase core compositions from a detailed study by Toplis et al. (2007). All such points from LZb to UZa lie, within experimental error, on the regression from McBirney and Naslund, and the further points in UZb and UZc also agree. Plagioclase-based temperatures at the base of LZa exceed the earlier estimates by ~24 °C and imply a possible temperature of 1210 °C in the Hidden Zone. These results provide a good interim model for the Skaergaard liquidus pending further experimental study at the liquidus.
Evaluation of the Tensor Polynomial and Hoffman strength theories for composite materials

The Hoffman theory and the Tensor Polynomial (Tsai-Wu) theory with the stress interaction term set equal to zero have been found to be preferred alternatives to the general Tensor Polynomial theory for predicting strength of filamentary composite laminae. These theories were used to predict failure of off-axis boron/epoxy and E-glass/epoxy test specimens and gave excellent agreement with available experimental results. A numerical experiment was also performed to estimate the errors for ten different composite systems under six different loadings. The maximum error in predicted failure loads among all cases was below 10 percent. These results suggest that the Hoffman failure theory and the Tensor Polynomial theory with the stress interaction term equal to zero can predict failure of practical filamentary composite materials under general biaxial loading with sufficient accuracy for engineering applications.
FLOW REACTOR STUDIES AND KINETIC MODELING OF THE H2/O2/NOX AND CO/H2O/O2/NOX REACTIONS

Flow reactor experiments were performed over wide ranges of pressure (0.5–14.0 atm) and temperature (750–1100 K) to study H2/O2 and CO/H2O/O2 kinetics in the presence of trace quantities of NO and NO2. The promoting and inhibiting effects of NO reported previously at near atmospheric pressures extend throughout the range of pressures explored in the present study. At conditions where the recombination reaction H + O2 (+M) = HO2 (+M) is favored over the competing branching reaction, low concentrations of NO promote H2 and CO oxidation by converting HO2 to OH. In high concentrations, NO can also inhibit oxidative processes by catalyzing the recombination of radicals. The experimental data show that the overall effects of NO addition on fuel consumption and conversion of NO to NO2 depend strongly on pressure and stoichiometry. The addition of NO2 was also found to promote H2 and CO oxidation but only at conditions where the reacting mixture first promoted the conversion of NO2 to NO. Experimentally measured profiles of H2, CO, CO2, NO, NO2, O2, H2O, and temperature were used to constrain the development of a detailed kinetic mechanism consistent with the previously studied H2/O2, CO/H2O/O2, H2/NO2, and CO/H2O/N2O systems. Model predictions generated using the reaction mechanism presented here are in good agreement with the experimental data over the entire range of conditions explored. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 31: 705–724, 1999
Differential effects of estrogen and medroxyprogesterone on basal and stress-induced growth hormone release, IGF-1 levels, and cellular immunity in postmenopausal women

We evaluated the influence of continual estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) as presently practiced by postmenopausal women with conjugated estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) on the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 (GH/IGF-1) axis and cellular immunity. Thirty-nine postmenopausal women were evaluated (12 on no replacement, 14 on estrogen only, and 13 on estrogen and MPA). In the women receiving only conjugated estrogens, increased GH levels and decreased IGF-1 levels were found, which replicated previous research and probably reflected estrogen inhibition of hepatic IGF-1 production with a secondary increase in GH release because of reduced feedback inhibition. In women taking both MPA and estrogen, GH was increased and the previously observed estrogen induced decrease in IGF-1 levels was inhibited.
The p17 Cleaved Form of Caspase-3 Is Present Within Viable Macrophages In Vitro and in Atherosclerotic Plaque

Objective— In vitro studies of macrophage death in response to oxidized LDL (oxLDL) were undertaken as a model for the formation of the necrotic core of atherosclerotic plaque. Methods and Results— Thioglycollate-elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages avidly incorporated both oxLDL and acetylated LDL (acLDL) to become foam cells. oxLDL-treated macrophages, but not acLDL-treated macrophages, showed nearly 100% death, with characteristics consistent with apoptosis, including cell surface phosphatidylserine exposure, intracellular caspase-3 activity, cleavage of caspase-3 substrates, and DNA fragmentation, as shown by TUNEL assay. The activated form of caspase-3 (p17 cleaved form) was present in attached, viable macrophages before exposure to oxLDL. This p17 form was also found in apparently viable as well as in TUNEL-positive cells within atherosclerotic lesions of chow-fed apolipoprotein E–deficient (ApoE −/− ) mice. The amount of p17 caspase-3 was reduced by in vitro blockade of FasL with an FasL-blocking antibody and was absent in macrophages from lpr/lpr mice, which lack functional Fas. Moreover, lpr/lpr macrophages resisted oxLDL cytotoxicity. Conclusions— The naturally occurring Fas-FasL induction of caspase-3 cleavage after macrophage attachment may represent an important physiologic mechanism that primes for cytotoxicity by oxLDL and possibly, other death-inducing molecules.
Phase transitions in one matrix models

We discuss in detail the phase diagram of a matrix model with a sixth degree potential which describe the k = 2 and k = 3 multicritical models (pure gravity and Yang-Lee). We find that the usual (single-well) phase describing the k = 2 universality class has a finite (in the double scaling limit) tunnelling amplitude into other (multiple-well) phases, signalling instabilities of the pure gravity model. The Yang-Lee point can however be approached from within the single-well phase and is free from the problem of instabilities.
Teaching computer science: a problem solving approach that works

The typical programming course is not an appropriate first course for many students. Results indicate that our skill-based approach to computer science is a better preparation for the traditional first programming experience than even prior programming. (This work was partially supported by the National Science Foundation under grant DUE-9254186.
The Reported Dietary Fat Compostion of 9-12 Year Old Children in Southern Louisiana is Comparable to National Averages

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To describe the dietary composition of a group of racially balanced male and female school children in Southern Louisiana and compare intakes with national survey data. The diet composition of 123 students in East Baton Rouge parish was examined as part of a study designed to determine the relationship between energy expenditure and body size in a population balanced by race and sex. Fourth and fifth grade students kept daily diet records during an 8-day period while energy expenditure was determined using doubly labeled water. A separate session on a Saturday or holiday prior to the doubly labeled water experiment was held to train the subject to keep the diet record. The help of the parent or guardian was enlisted to ensure the completeness of the record and several types of measuring aids were provided to assist the subject. Lunch-time intakes during school days were recorded by nutrition research associates, who also reviewed the previous day's intake record. While we observed underreporting in total energy intake compared with energy expenditure, we noted that reported intakes were similar to those reported in NHANES III. The Caucasian children reported fat consumption at 34% of energy intake. African-American females and males reported fat consumption at 35% and 36% of energy intakes, respectively. Caucasian males reported the greatest total fat intake at 80.1g (P
Cosmological Perturbations From Inhomogeneous Reheating, Freeze-Out, and Mass Domination

We generalize a recently proposed mechanism for the origin of primordial metric perturbations in inflationary models. Quantum fluctuations of light scalar fields during inflation gives rise to superhorizon fluctuations of masses and reaction rates of various particles. Reheating, freeze-out, and matter-domination processes become inhomogeneous and generate superhorizon metric perturbations. We also calculate the degree of non-Gaussianity ${f}_{\mathrm{nl}}$ for this new model of cosmological perturbations. The precise value of ${f}_{\mathrm{nl}}$ depends on the specific models, but $|{f}_{\mathrm{nl}}|\ensuremath{\sim}\mathrm{few}$ is a natural lower bound for our mechanisms. This is much larger than the currently assumed theoretical value ${f}_{\mathrm{nl}}\ensuremath{\sim}\mathrm{tilt}\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.05,$ and is thought to be observable. In a particularly attractive model of inhomogeneous mass domination, the non-Gaussianity of perturbations generated by our mechanism is simply ${f}_{\mathrm{nl}}=5,$ irrespective of the detailed structure of the underlying field theory.
Simplified method for liquid scintillation counting of 55Fe using secondary hydroxamic acids as chelating agents.

Abstract In order to obtain maximal counting rates with 55Fe by liquid scintillation procedures, it is necessary that the isotope be dissolved in the scintillator. Previously, this has been accomplished by complexing the 55Fe with di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid which requires extraction of 55Fe in aqueous solutions into di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid. In the present paper, a simplified method is described by which maximal counting rates can be achieved with aqueous 55Fe (III) added directly to a liquid scintillation fluid. The method requires only that 55Fe (III) first be chelated by one of the water-soluble secondary hydroxamic acids, Desferal, schizokinen, or aerobactin. Chelation is accomplished by addition of the iron-free hydroxamate to aqueous 55Fe (III) solutions.
Effects of an environmentally-friendly, inexpensive composite iron–sodium catalyst on coal gasification

Abstract The objective of this research is to study the effect of the composite catalyst, FeCO3–Na2CO3, on gasification of a low-sulfur sub-bituminous Wyodak coal from the Powder River Basin (PRB) of Wyoming. The catalytic effects of the composite catalysts were evaluated by comparing their effluent gas compositions and carbon conversion kinetics to those achieved in the presence of either FeCO3 or Na2CO3 catalyst alone or without the presence of any catalyst. All of the evaluation work was conducted in a fixed bed gasifier at atmospheric pressure. Compared to raw coal with no catalyst, the composite catalyst is efficient in increasing the carbon conversion rate constant by as much as two times within the 700–800 °C range due to its ability to reduce the activation energy of gasification by about 30–40%. Compared to pure sodium and iron catalysts, the composite catalyst can increase the yields of desired products H2 and CO at 800 °C by 15% and 40%, respectively. The composite catalyst can not only synergize the advantages, but also overcome the challenges of pure iron or pure sodium based catalytic coal gasification processes.
Studies on gluconeogenesis and stimulation of glycogen and protein synthesis in isolated hepatocytes in alloxan diabetic, normal fed and fasted animals.

Hepatocytes were isolated by collagenasein vitro perfusion technique. Net glucose production in isolated hepatocytes obtained from fed, fasted and alloxan diabetic rats was studied. Net glucose production from alanine, pyruvate and fructose was increased by 2–5 fold in isolated hepatocytes obtained from fasted and alloxan diabetic rats. Similar increases in the incorporation of14C-bicarbonate into glucose was also observed. Net glucose production in isolated hepatocytes was also compared to otherin vitro preparations. Net glucose production was much higher (2–5 fold) in isolated hepatocytes than that reported previously for liver slices or perfused liver. Studies on glycogen and protein synthesis show a 2 fold stimulation in the incorporation of U-14C-glucose into glycogen and U-14C-leucine into protein by the addition of 100 µU of insulin to isolated hepatocytes.
Nonreflecting boundary conditions for jet flow computations

In this study, we examine the effect of boundary conditions, both inflow and outflow, on the predicted flow fluctuations in a supersonic jet entering into a subsonic outer flow. Various boundary conditions are used to compute the flowfield of a laminar axisymmetric jet excited at the inflow by a disturbance given by the corresponding eigenfunction of the linearized stability equations. Our goal is to determine the suitability of these conditions for computations of time-dependent flows. We solve the full time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations by a high-order numerical scheme. For very small excitations, the computed growth of the modes closely corresponds to that predicted by the linear theory. We then vary the excitation level and examine the effect of the boundary conditions in the nonlinear flow regime. Nomenclature a - Riemann variable c = speed of sound d, r = distance from origin E = internal energy F = flux in x or z direction G = flux in y or r direction L = differential operator M = Mach number m,n = momentums p = pressure Q = solution vector R, K = characteristic variables R>0, = spherical coordinate directions r, 0, z = polar coordinate directions S = source term St =