cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Insurer-Policyholder Conflicts of Interests and Retained Defense Counsel's Professional Duties

The relationship between the parties to the liability insurance contract (policyholder and insurer) and the lawyer retained to represent their common interests (defense counsel) is commonly known as the triangular or tripartite relationship. The reference to three-sidedness evidences that all the members of the relationship share a point of contact, but at no point do they all share the same contact. The policyholder and the insurer relationship is defined by the insurance contract; defense counsel's relationship is defined by the retainer agreement and the rules of professional conduct. Because these contact points have separate, and larger objectives than merely defining the triangular relationship, defense counsel may find that he is pulled in different directions by the expectation(s) and obligation(s) each contact point creates. Courts have responded to this problem by instructing defense counsel to prefer the interests of the policyholder whenever the interests of the parties to the insurance policy diverge. While defense counsel represents common interests, and in many jurisdictions common clients, the normal rule of non-preferential treatment is not followed; in this area, courts treat some clients (policyholders) as more equal than other clients (insurers). This approach is not only Orwellian, it is wrong. The difficult arises from the fact that courts take a narrow, myopic view of the triangular relationship and the rights established by the insurance policy. Focusing primarily on defense counsel's potential conflicts of interest within the triangular relationship, courts have attempted to resolve the problem by the simple edict prefer or withdraw. That supposed solution, however, ignores the larger context in which the triangular relationship operates. This paper argues, quite against the current doctrinal approach, that defense counsel's duties within the triangular relationship should be viewed in complement with the instrument that underlies the relationship - the insurance policy. The insurance policy creates a relationship between the policyholder and the insurer that is designed to advance a common objective - defeat the claim asserted against the policyholder for which the insurer, to policy limits, is economically primarily liable. The insurance policy operates to allocate decision making authority between the policyholder and the insurer. Whenever possible, that allocation should be respected by the courts in defining defense counsel's professional duties under the triangular relationship.
Effect of scanning beam size on the lateral resolution of mouse retinal imaging with SLO

Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) employs the eye's optics as a microscope objective for retinal imaging in vivo. The mouse retina has become an increasingly important object for investigation of ocular disease and physiology with optogenetic probes. SLO imaging of the mouse eye, in principle, can achieve submicron lateral resolution thanks to a numerical aperture (NA) of ∼0.5, about 2.5 times larger than that of the human eye. In the absence of adaptive optics, however, natural ocular aberrations limit the available optical resolution. The use of a contact lens, in principle, can correct many aberrations, permitting the use of a wider scanning beam and, thus, achieving greater resolution then would otherwise be possible. In this Letter, using an SLO equipped with a rigid contact lens, we report the effect of scanning beam size on the lateral resolution of mouse retinal imaging. Theory predicts that the maximum beam size full width at half-maximum (FWHM) that can be used without any deteriorating effects of aberrations is ∼0.6 mm. However, increasing the beam size up to the diameter of the dilated pupil is predicted to improve lateral resolution, though not to the diffraction limit. To test these predictions, the dendrites of a retinal ganglion cell expressing YFP were imaged, and transverse scans were analyzed to quantify the SLO system resolution. The results confirmed that lateral resolution increases with the beam size as predicted. With a 1.3 mm scanning beam and no high-order aberration correction, the lateral resolution is ∼1.15 μm, superior to that achievable by most human AO-SLO systems. Advantages of this approach include stabilization of the mouse eye and simplified optical design.
How Robust Are Multirater Interrater Reliability Indices to Changes in Frequency Distribution

ABSTRACTInterrater reliability studies are used in a diverse set of fields. Often, these investigations involve three or more raters, and thus, require the use of indices such as Fleiss’s kappa, Conger’s kappa, or Krippendorff’s alpha. Through two motivating examples—one theoretical and one from practice—this article exposes limitations of these indices when the units to be rated are not well-distributed across the rating categories. Then, using a Monte Carlo simulation and information visualizations, we argue for the use of two alternative indices, the Brennan–Prediger coefficient and Gwet’s AC2, because the agreement levels reported by these indices are more robust to variation in the distribution of units that raters encounter. The article concludes by exploring the complex, interwoven relationship between the number of levels in a rating instrument, the agreement level present among raters, and the distribution of units that are to be scored. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.
When Is an Ordinary Differential Equation Separable

(1985). When Is an Ordinary Differential Equation Separable? The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 92, No. 6, pp. 422-423.
Relationship of pituitary and adrenal cortex to ovarian hyperemia reaction in the rat.

SummaryAdrenalectomy and hypophysectomy were found to abolish the ovarian hyperemia response to human chorionic gonadotrophin. Corticotrupin and cortisone acetate restored this effect in hypophysectomized rats, and cortisone acetate, as well as other steroids, in the adrenalectomized rats.Adrenalectomy but not hpphysectumy prevented this response to an anterior pituitary prepration. Cortisone acetate reinstituted the effect in the adrenalectomized anterior pituitary injected animals.
Globalization and the productive welfare state: case study of South Korea

What are the effects of globalization on productive welfare states? In contrast to protective welfare states, such as India's, are they advancing towards the neoliberal bottom? Who gets hurt from changes in welfare policies as markets expand in productive welfare states? Using details from the case of South Korea, this chapter seeks to answer these questions by illustrating how the interplay of international markets and domestic institutions shapes social policies in a productive welfare state. Just as in protective welfare states (e.g. India), globalization pressures are real and have prompted cutbacks in several of South Korea's welfare programs. At the same time, the South Korean government has also explored ways to make the productive welfare state more “protective.” The introduction of universal pensions and health insurance constitutes two examples. This is very distinct from India, a protective welfare state, where the (relatively) major path-breaking reforms have been in the “productive” welfare category (e.g. education). Despite succumbing to some race to the bottom pressures, however, the main features of South Korea's productive welfare state remain intact: promoting citizens' market reliance through extensive state intervention and a concentration of public resources on commodification, particularly education. As a result, the situation of better-off groups in society is similar for both regime types: long-standing domestic institutions essentially guarantee that the more privileged sectors will have access to protections from the risks and uncertainties associated with the globalizing environment.
Drop impact reliability testing of isothermally aged doped low creep lead-free solder paste alloys

Board level drop impact testing is one of the most important modes of evaluating the reliability of assemblies. This study examines the drop impact performance of no aged and isothermally aged flip chip packages on laminate assemblies for various doped lead-free solder paste alloys. A potential solution to replace the industrial standard solder paste Sn96.5 Ag3.0 Cu0.5 (SAC305) was carried out. The test vehicle consisted of 16 ball grid array packages (BGA) which were 15mm chip array ball grid array's (CABGA208) with perimeter solder balls on 0.8mm pitch. In this experimental study, SnAgCu solder bumps and SAC305 solder paste were selected to be the baseline, Solder pastes with 12 different dopant levels were investigated in comparison with the baseline to determine their reliability. Two sets of printed circuit boards (PCB) were manufactured, the first being no aged and the second set of boards were isothermally aged at 125C for 6 months and then tested. The boards were further categorized into 3 different reflow temperatures and 2 different stencil thicknesses, 4 mil and 6 mil respectively. JEDEC BS111 test standard was followed to conduct the drop testing where the half sine impact pulse duration of 0.5ms with peak acceleration at 1500G's was maintained. The boards were subjected to accelerated life testing where the test end state was 300 drops, and the data was collected at an interval of every 20 drops. The results of non-aged and aged samples were categorized and compared using data analytics and Weibull analysis. Failure analysis was carried out to determine best solder paste, solder ball, reflow temperature profile and stencil size for the future work.
Subjective Wellbeing, Psychology of

Although people have been intrigued by happiness for centuries, subjective well-being became a thriving topic of scientific inquiry only relatively recently, with the creation of valid and reliable well-being measures. Growing evidence suggests that happiness is associated with success in multiple domains, such as relationships, work, and health. However, objective life circumstances do not impact well-being as much as people believe, in part because of hedonic adaptation – one of the biggest obstacles in the pursuit of happiness. Fortunately, researchers have found that positive activities, like expressing gratitude or doing acts of kindness, can have a significant impact on well-being.
Cytomorphological Features Useful to Prevent Errors in the Diagnosis of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma by Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology.

Objectives: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is now widely used as a primary tool to diagnose pancreatic neoplasms. However, criteria that can reduce the risk of overdiagnosing pancreatic adenocarcinoma by FNA have not been adequately defined in the literature. This study aims to identify characteristic cytomorphological features that are helpful in distinguishing pancreatic adenocarcinoma from its mimics. Study Design: Five false-positive FNA cases (group A) diagnosed as adenocarcinoma (4 cases) and suspicious for adenocarcinoma (1 case) by FNA, were identified by searching our laboratory information system. Cytomorphological features of group A cases were compared to 12 true-positive, histologically confirmed FNA cases (group B). Results: Subsequent histological follow-ups of 5 misdiagnosed FNA cases showed 2 cases of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm with focal high-grade dysplasia, 1 case attributed to tumor contamination from a gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma, and 2 cases of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN1/reactive change and PanIN2, respectively). Cytomorphological features present in both groups A and B included nuclear enlargement/overlapping, mild to moderate anisonucleosis, granular chromatin and prominent nucleoli. However, 1 or more of these 4 characteristic morphological features such as 3-dimensional cluster with cell disorientation, isolated malignant cells, irregular nuclear contour/nuclear grooves/notches (>5% atypical cell population), and marked nuclear size variation 1:4 or higher was mainly present in adenocarcinoma. Conclusions: A combination of at least 2 of these 4 characteristic cytomorphological features needs to be present before rendering an unequivocal diagnosis of adenocarcinoma. Using these strict cytological criteria would have eliminated these false-positive diagnoses.
External fixator immobilization after extensor mechanism reconstruction in total knee arthroplasty

Extensor mechanism disruption after total knee arthroplasty is a complicated problem that typically requires surgical reconstruction. After extensor mechanism failure, reconstruction is typically indicated to restore active knee extension and provide a stable limb for ambulation. Immobilization of the knee in extension is vital in the initial postoperative period after extensor mechanism reconstruction. We describe a series of 4 patients who underwent extensor mechanism reconstruction followed by external fixator application to maintain the knee extended in the initial postoperative period. Our results have been favorable. However, close follow-up is important to monitor for the development of pin site infections.
Variations in pediatric HIV status disclosure between the orphanage and the community in Ethiopia

ABSTRACTPast studies on pediatric HIV disclosure have not investigated the variations across childcare settings. This study explored pediatric HIV disclosure for children living in the community with their birthparents or relatives and those living in orphanages in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, to highlight the variations in reasons, processes and outcomes of disclosure across childcare settings. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with children and their caregivers attending an HIV clinic in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Among children living in orphanages, the proportion with disclosure was significantly higher (p < 0.001) and age at disclosure was younger (p = 0.09). Although the proportions of children with unplanned disclosure were similar in orphanages and the community, there were notable differences between children’s experiences. Children living in the community often found out their status alone through exposure to antiretroviral therapy advertisements in the media, unbeknownst to their caregivers and h...
Health Care Utilization Following Vagus Nerve Stimulation Therapy in Pediatric Epilepsy Patients From a Pediatric Accountable Care Organization.

Background:Vagus nerve stimulation has been a therapy for epilepsy approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for patients 4 and older and shown efficacy and safety in younger pediatric ...
In vivo imaging of DR5 targeted therapy for breast cancer metastasis to bone

2403 Background. Bone metastases are present in nearly 85% of patients with late stage breast cancer and this disease manifestation results in significant morbidity. Novel therapeutic antibodies targeting death receptor 5 (DR5) expressed on tumors cells are in development to specifically target and kill malignant cell types. UAB has developed a DR5-targeted antibody called mTRA8, with proven efficacy to decrease primary tumor burden in animal models of breast cancer, but mTRA8 has not been evaluated in metastatic bone models. The current study tested mTRA-8 in combination with the anti-resorptive drug Zoledronic Acid (ZOL) as a therapy for breast cancer lesions in bone. Methods. Female athymic nude mice (4 weeks of age) were implanted in the tibia with 100,000 Luciferase Positive MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells (Xenogen). Based on bioluminescence imaging, mice were randomized into 4 treatment groups (n=8/group): Saline, mTRA-8, mTRA-8 + ZOL, and ZOL. Bioluminescence images were acquired weekly to determine tumor burden non-invasively. Serum levels of TRAB-5b, a marker of increased osteolysis, as well as histomorphometric analyses are currently being performed on samples taken from these animals as independent measures of tumor burden. Results. Bioluminescence imaging detected differences in tumor growth according to treatment. All therapy groups provided a significant attenuation of tumor growth in comparison to saline treated controls. There was an approximate 10-fold or greater difference between saline treated controls and the mTRA-8 and Zoledronic Acid only groups; the mTRA-8 in combination with Zoledronic Acid group was significantly better than other treatments at week 5 after therapy start (p
Structure and Inhibitor Specificity of L,D-Transpeptidase (LdtMt2) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Antibiotic Resistance: Calcium Binding Promotes Dimer Formation

The final step of peptidoglycan (PG) synthesis in all bacteria is the formation of cross-linkage between PG-stems. The cross-linking between amino acids in different PG chains gives the peptidoglycan cell wall a 3-dimensional structure and adds strength and rigidity to it. There are two distinct types of cross-linkages in bacterial cell walls. D,D-transpeptidase (D,D-TPs) generate the classical 4➔3 cross-linkages and the L,D-transpeptidase (L,D-TPs) generate the 3➔3 non-classical peptide cross-linkages. The present study is aimed at understanding the nature of drug resistance associated with L,D-TP and gaining insights for designing novel antibiotics against multi-drug resistant bacteria. Penicillin and cephalosporin classes of β-lactams cannot inhibit L,D-TP function; however, carbapenems inactivate its function. We analyzed the structure of L,D-TP of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the apo form and in complex with meropenem and imipenem. The periplasmic region of L,D-TP folds into three domains. The catalytic residues are situated in the C-terminal domain. The acylation reaction occurs between carbapenem antibiotics and the catalytic Cys-354 forming a covalent complex. This adduct formation mimics the acylation of L,D-TP with the donor PG-stem. A novel aspect of this study is that in the crystal structures of the apo and the carbapenem complexes, the N-terminal domain has a muropeptide unit non-covalently bound to it. Another interesting observation is that the calcium complex crystallized as a dimer through head and tail interactions between the monomers.
The influence of organizational task environment and firm size on top-executive compensation contracts

This paper offers a fresh perspective on executive compensation by offering a new paradigm for choosing executive compensation structure based on environmental factors and firm size. This new perspective uses agency theory as a theoretical foundation. The availability of information, primarily information related to the agent, has typically been of utmost concern in the compensation selection process. However, a predominant focus on cognitive or behavioral information of the agent neglects the relative importance and impact of environmental forces in this process. This study evaluates the composition of the compensation contract using fluctuating environmental dimensions as the primary determinant. Specifically, we examine environmental munificence, dynamism, and complexity and the influence of varying levels of each of these variables and their interaction on the optimal choice of compensation contract utilized for both large firms and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). This externally focused vi...
HGT-ID: an efficient and sensitive workflow to detect human-viral insertion sites using next-generation sequencing data

Transfer of genetic material from microbes or viruses into the host genome is known as horizontal gene transfer (HGT). The integration of viruses into the human genome is associated with multiple cancers, and these can now be detected using next-generation sequencing methods such as whole genome sequencing and RNA-sequencing. We designed a novel computational workflow, HGT-ID, to identify the integration of viruses into the human genome using the sequencing data. The HGT-ID workflow primarily follows a four-step procedure: i) pre-processing of unaligned reads, ii) virus detection using subtraction approach, iii) identification of virus integration site using discordant and soft-clipped reads and iv) HGT candidates prioritization through a scoring function. Annotation and visualization of the events, as well as primer design for experimental validation, are also provided in the final report. We evaluated the tool performance with the well-understood cervical cancer samples. The HGT-ID workflow accurately detected known human papillomavirus (HPV) integration sites with high sensitivity and specificity compared to previous HGT methods. We applied HGT-ID to The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) whole-genome sequencing data (WGS) from liver tumor-normal pairs. Multiple hepatitis B virus (HBV) integration sites were identified in TCGA liver samples and confirmed by HGT-ID using the RNA-Seq data from the matched liver pairs. This shows the applicability of the method in both the data types and cross-validation of the HGT events in liver samples. We also processed 220 breast tumor WGS data through the workflow; however, there were no HGT events detected in those samples. HGT-ID is a novel computational workflow to detect the integration of viruses in the human genome using the sequencing data. It is fast and accurate with functions such as prioritization, annotation, visualization and primer design for future validation of HGTs. The HGT-ID workflow is released under the MIT License and available at http://kalarikrlab.org/Software/HGT-ID.html .
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Brentuximab Vedotin With Chemotherapy in Newly Diagnosed Stage III and IV Hodgkin Lymphoma

PurposeIn a recent randomized, open-label trial (ECHELON-1), brentuximab vedotin (BV) combined with doxorubicin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine (AVD+BV) decreased the risk of progression in adults diagnosed with stage III or IV Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) compared with standard bleomycin-containing chemotherapy (doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine [ABVD]). However, the cost effectiveness of incorporating BV (US$6,970 per 50-mg vial) into the first-line setting is unknown.Patients and MethodsWe constructed a Markov decision-analytic model to measure the costs and clinical outcomes for AVD+BV compared with ABVD as first-line therapy in a cohort of patients with stage III or IV HL. Transition probabilities were estimated from ECHELON-1 by fitting parametric survival distributions. Lifetime direct health care costs, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were calculated for AVD+BV compared with ABVD from a US payer perspective. Our model was also used t...
Human Papillomavirus Carcinogenesis Mediated by APOBEC Mutagenesis

Persistent infection with oncogenic human papillomaviruses (HPVs) is necessary for the development of cervical cancer, although the accumulation of somatic mutations in the host genome is also required for the generation of invasive cervical cancer. Recent studies have demonstrated concomitant genetic changes in the HPV genome; however, their relevance to cervical carcinogenesis is poorly understood. Here we review our recent study investigating the within-host genetic diversity of HPV and its relationship with cervical cancer progression through deep sequencing analyses of viral whole-genome sequences in clinical specimens. Intriguingly, HPV genomes within individual clinical samples show an astonishingly high level of nucleotide variation across all histological grades of cervical lesions. Among the various substitution patterns, C-to-T and C-to-A substitutions are the predominant changes observed in the HPV genomes. Analysis of the trinucleotide context for substituted bases reveals that TpCpN (N is any nucleotide), which is a preferred target sequence for the cellular apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like (APOBEC) proteins, is the major target for C-to-T substitutions in the HPV genomes. These mutational signature analyses strongly imply that within-host HPV variations are mostly generated through APOBEC-mediated mutagenesis. Because the HPV oncogenes E6 and E7 harbor APOBEC-related mutations, we propose a potential role for APOBEC-mediated mutagenesis in cervical carcinogenesis.
Microclimate Influences Mangrove Freeze Damage: Implications for Range Expansion in Response to Changing Macroclimate

In response to warming winter air temperatures, freeze-sensitive mangrove forests are expected to expand at the expense of freeze-tolerant salt marshes. To better anticipate and prepare for mangrove range expansion, there is a need to advance understanding of the modulating role of microclimate. Here, we synthesized hypotheses regarding the effects of microclimatic variation on temperature gradients and mangrove freeze damage. Temperature data from the literature and from temperature loggers were used to quantify ecologically relevant temperature gradients. Then, literature-derived mangrove freeze damage data were used to quantify the ecological effects of these temperature gradients. Six microclimatic factors are described that produce air temperature gradients that modulate mangrove responses to winter temperature extremes: (1) distance from the ocean; (2) distance from wind buffers; (3) mangrove canopy cover; (4) height above the soil surface; (5) local slope concavity; and (6) tidal inundation. Variation in these factors produces local temperature differences that range from 2 to 14 °C, with concomitant effects on horizontal and vertical patterns of biological damage from freezing. Collectively, our results elucidate the influence of microclimate on spatial patterns of biological damage and mortality due to winter temperature extremes. As mangrove ranges expand in response to climate change, we anticipate that microclimatic variation will produce adverse environments where mangrove expansion is prohibited as well as expansion hot spots where mangroves are protected. Subsequent expansion into newly available habitat will occur from protection zones, and microclimatic gradients may even produce positive feedback cycles that ultimately accelerate the rate of range expansion in response to warming.
In the Land of Twelve Thousand Rice Fields

Sweating in the blistering tropical heat, I slowed my three- speed rental bike and swung off the paved river road down a rough dirt lane. An hour outside of Jinghong, capital of Xishuangbanna Dai Nationality Autonomous Prefecture in southern Yunnan, I was following the Lancangjiang (Mekong River) as it flowed down the length of the province and out into the belly of Southeast Asia.
Automatic acoustic gunshot sensor technology's impact on trauma care.

Introduction As cities nation-wide combat gun violence, with less than 20% of shots fired reported to police, use of acoustic gunshot sensor (AGS) technology is increasingly common. However, there are no studies to date investigating whether these technologies affect outcomes for victims of gunshot wounds (GSW). We hypothesized that the AGS technology would be associated with decreased prehospital transport time. Methods All GSW patients from 2014 to 2016 were collected from our institutional registry and cross-referenced with local police department data regarding times and locations of AGS alerts. Each GSW incident was categorized as related or unrelated to an AGS alert. Admission data, trauma outcomes, and prehospital time were then compared. Results We analyzed 731 patients. Of these, 192 were AGS-related (26%) and 539 were not (74%). AGS-related patients were more likely to be female (p Conclusion Our study suggests reduced transport times, decreased prehospital and emergency medical service on-scene times with AGS technology. Additionally, despite higher ISS and use of more hospital resources, mortality was similar to non-AGS counterparts. The potential of AGS technology to further decrease prehospital times in the urban setting may provide an opportunity to improve outcomes in trauma patients with penetrating injuries.
Therapeutic Role of Gamma Knife Stereotactic Radiosurgery in Neuro-Oncology

The Gamma Knife Center of St. Louis has established itself as a key facility offering stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for a variety of neuro-oncologic disorders. Since the Gamma Knife unit was first brought to Washington University in 1997, we have treated 5,696 patients. In this review, we discuss the effective role of Gamma Knife SRS in the treatment strategies for patients with neuro-oncologic disorders including brain metastases, meningiomas, pituitary adenomas, and acoustic neuromas. While there is active ongoing research evaluating the most effective treatment for patients with these disorders, it is clear that best management practices may be tailored for individual patients utilizing SRS either alone or in conjunction alternative treatment strategies including open neurosurgical procedures, laser thermos-ablative surgery, and even new medical oncological treatment strategies.
Amplifying Diverse Voices: Strategies for Promoting Inclusion in the Law School Classroom

American law schools lack diversity and adequate representation of minorities and underrepresented groups, both in their student body and faculty. This lack of representation often creates disconnects in the learning environment which may negatively impact minority students’ sense of belonging and willingness to engage in class. When classroom discussions lack these critical voices and perspectives, the result is a slanted and incomplete understanding of the law and its societal context. This article shares three strategies law professors can implement in their classrooms to actively promote inclusion, and amplify the experiences and voices of their students, especially women, students of color, and introverts.
The Effect of Stirrup Iron Style on Normal Forces and Rider Position.

The stirrup iron has the potential to modify the forces experienced by a horse and rider during ridden exercise. A range of stirrup designs are available, but no previous studies have investigated if these modifications influence riders' position and interaction with the horse. Novel flexible (F) or flexible and rotatable (FR) irons versus traditional (T) stirrups may positively impact the welfare and performance of the horse and rider. Four riders rode using the three stirrup types (T, F, and FR). Hip, knee, and ankle angles and toe position from film, and the normal force exerted bilaterally on force sensors on the stirrups tread were evaluated at the highest (HP) and lowest point (LP) of the posting trot (n = 4) and canter (n = 2). Statistics included Shapiro-Wilk's test, Friedman's test, and Wilcoxon signed rank test (significant at P < .05). No significant difference was seen between joint angles, toe position, or forces between the types of stirrups. At the HP, mean hip, knee, and ankle angles were 169.4° ± 10°, 150.7° ± 9.7°, and 94.5° ± 9.6°, and 139.1° ± 9.6°, 123.9° ± 10.9°, and 92.7° ± 9.5° at the LP. Riders had an 8.74° ± 6.66° difference of right versus left joints. Right toes rotated more laterally (P = .02) regardless of stirrup type. The mean trot and canter forces applied (N)/body weight (N) were 0.72 ± 0.15 (HP), 0.19 ± 0.15 (LP), and 0.18 ± 0.05 (canter). Riders shortened the stirrup leathers with F or FR. Stirrup style minimally impacted rider position or the forces experienced; however, forces differed by gait. Future studies regarding how a rider's experience and painful joints may contribute to asymmetries are warranted.
Domestic workers’ commutes in Bogotá: Transportation, gender and social exclusion

Abstract Transportation, gender and social exclusion have increasingly come together in scholarly pursuits and policy agendas in Latin America and the Caribbean. The recognition of the gender dimension of sustainable mobility has opened a space to consider the role of women, especially of those facing poverty and exclusion, in this global agenda. However, research on the link between precarious occupations, social exclusion, and gender, and the role that mobility plays both in enhancing and limiting development opportunities for highly vulnerable workers in the Global South is still limited. Based on Bogota’s 2015 Mobility Survey, data from an application that matches domestic workers with employers (HogarU) and interviews conducted with domestic workers, this paper investigates the case of Bogota, Colombia, to describe domestic workers’ daily commutes. More specifically, it focuses on the long duration of their trips, their patterns, their inevitable connection to public transportation, and the financial implications for their restricted family budget. Considering a legal provision that establishes a time-window for switching between public transportation vehicles, the paper also examines its effects on domestic workers’ commutes. By doing so, the paper aims to address the situation not only of the massive group of female domestic workers traversing the city every day, but also of other similarly situated social groups that could find in transportation a path towards greater social inclusion.
The relative effect of CXWORXTM versus TabataTM group exercise programs on body mass index, body composition, predicted VO2max and body image in adult exercisers

In this present work we took an initiation to compares the effects of two common approaches to group exercise: CXWORXTM and TabataTM , which employ differing exercise strategies, on common fitness measures and psychological perceptions. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of TabataTM versus CXWORXTM on body mass index (BMI), body composition, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ) measured self-perceptions in adult exercisers. The mixed gender sample consisted of a sub-set of 10 adult cross fit exercisers and 10 students from a regional comprehensive university class randomized to each exercise program. Analysis of Variance was used to examine program effects. While no significant main effect of the training period on body composition or BMI was found; mean VO2max was significantly increased as a large main effect across the study groups (F=1.054, P<0.05, η2 =0.533) without significant interaction. In addition, there was a significant large interactive effect of the training program and time to increase MBSRQ scores for appearance evaluation (F=1.648, P<0.05, η2 = 0.367), appearance orientation (F=1.447, P<0.05, η2 = 0.377), fitness evaluation (F=1.637, P<0.05, η2 = 0.557), and body areas satisfaction (F=2.744, P<0.05, η2 = 0.533), in the CXWORXTM group in comparison with the TabataTM group. In conclusion, participants who completed a CXWORXTM exercise program increase VO2max similarly to participants who complete a TabataTM exercise program, while also reporting significant improvements in body image scores which the TabataTM participants did not. Neither program had a significant effect on body composition or BMI.
Religious Violent Extremism: Lessons from Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart

Religion plays an important role in the political and socio-economic activities of Nigeria. There is the long-time divide between the Muslim-dominated North and the Christian-dominated South, in addition to the on-going clash between the government and the Boko Haram Islamist insurgents in the North Eastern States. Acts of terror instigated by the two conflicting belief systems (Igbo religion and Christianity) are a noteworthy focus in Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart. Achebe shows that radical preachers with an uncompromising overtone that insists on a complete eradication of the “other” are the main architects of violent extremism. In Achebe’s Things Fall Apart, a systematic failure by the new catechist, Reverend John Smith, in Umuofia to tolerate and respect the religion of the Umuofia people licenses extremist acts by the new converts. For example, Enoch’s act of unmasking the highly respected egwugwu was a deliberate attempt to instigate a religious war. On the other hand, Okonkwo disowns his son, Nwoye, because of his inability to reason with him on the elements he finds unreasonable in the Igbo religion and those he finds attractive in Christianity. Further, Okonkwo orchestrates terror acts against the Christian church and its members in Umuofia. A clash between the government protecting the interests of the “encroaching” Christian religion and the “oppressed” Igbo society are finally inevitable.
Communication as Compassion.

As a 21 year-old patient, Declan does maintain legal decision-making authority and is empowered to consent to his own care in an autonomous way. Declan still lives with his mother and has historica...
An increase in the slope of the concentration-discharge relation for total organic carbon in major rivers in New England, 1973 to 2019

Abstract The mobilization and transport of organic carbon (OC) in rivers and delivery to the near-coastal ocean are important processes in the carbon cycle that are affected by both climate and anthropogenic activities. Riverine OC transport can affect carbon sequestration, contaminant transport, ocean acidification, the formation of toxic disinfection by-products, ocean temperature and phytoplankton productivity. There have been many studies reporting temporal trends in OC concentrations in comparatively small streams with minimal anthropogenic influences but there have been fewer studies on larger rivers and fewer still that have investigated changes in OC concentration-discharge (C-Q) relations. This study examined changes in C-Q relations for total organic carbon (TOC) from 1973 to 2019 in 8 rivers in New England, USA. TOC concentrations declined in all rivers, and in most rivers, and in most seasons, the slope of the C-Q relation increased between 1973 to 1995 and 1996 to 2019. The increase in C-Q slope between periods may be related to changes in the magnitude of TOC sources. The most likely sources to have changed are wastewater inputs, urban runoff, production through photosynthesis in aquatic systems, and runoff from agricultural and forestry practices. Changes in wetland abundance and changes in sulfate concentrations can be ruled out as drivers of the observed changes in C-Q.
Review of analytical studies on seismic fluid-structure interaction of base-supported cylindrical tanks

Abstract Analytical solutions for seismic fluid-structure interaction (FSI) of tanks are used by analysts and engineers for a number of purposes, including preliminary sizing, risk assessment, and verification of numerical models. Analytical solutions for seismic FSI of tanks were first developed in the 1930s and have been extended and/or modified in the following nine decades to accommodate different seismic inputs and boundary conditions. This paper reviews published analytical solutions for rigid and flexible, base-supported, cylindrical tanks subjected to unidirectional horizontal motion of a small amplitude. The studies parsed the fluid-structure (FSI) response into an impulsive and a convective component, and addressed frequencies of lateral motions of the tank (i.e., impulsive frequencies), hydrodynamic pressures, frequencies of waves (i.e., convective frequencies), wave heights, and reactions at the base. The solutions were categorized into exact and approximate solutions based on the methodologies used. Herein, FSI responses are calculated and compared for a range of tank dimensions using the analytical solutions from the different studies. The responses presented here are normalized to be unitless, and can be used for tanks with different dimensions and mechanical properties, and subjected to different input motions. A sample steel water tank is analyzed using the normalized solutions for two earthquake ground motions with different frequency contents. Ignoring tank flexibility may significantly underestimate seismic responses of the tank and its contained fluid. The approximate solutions, which have been widely used for decades, may not be sufficiently accurate in the modern era. Calculation errors in the reviewed studies are identified and corrected, and differences are quantified for the sample tank.
Nuclear Medicine Lymphoscintigraphy

1117 Objectives: Correlate the results of nuclear medicine lymphoscintigraphy in evaluating sentinel lymph nodes for patients with skin malignancies to the operative and pathological results. Methods: The medical records of consecutive 150 patients who underwent NM lymph node mapping for skin cancers by planar imaging at our department between 8/19/2019 and 4/14/2020, were reviewed in QA project, 54 patient had additional SPECT-CT done as part of their study. Different types of skin malignancies were involved including melanoma, Merkle cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, a case of hidradenocarcinoma of the left thigh and a case of porocarcinoma of the right medial calf. Only one patient had 2 lesions that were injected at the same session. NM mapping showed no sentinel lymph nodes in 5 out of 150 patients on planar images. Four of those lesions were in the head and neck area and underwent additional SPECT-CT, that confirmed a negative study. The fifth lesion was a porocarcinoma of the right medial calf, no SPECT CT was done for that lesion.The radiotracer used in the non-visualized lesions was T99m Tilmanocept and T99m sulfur colloid in 40% and 60% of the cases respectively, showing no statistically significant difference regarding the radiotracer used. There was only one patient with left post elbow Merkle cell carcinoma, a left epitrochlear focus was seen on planner imaging, but not found in surgery. Results: A total of 304 nodes were surgically excised and sent to pathology.There were 36 pathologically positive nodes for metastatic disease, 2 of them nodes showed extracapsular extension. A single specimen showed metastasis within the lymph vessel close to the node with no involvement of the node itself, 4 nodes were reported as uncertain for biological significance, the remainder of the excised nodes were pathologically negative for metastatic disease. Conclusions: NM imaging was negative in 3.3% and false positive in 0.67% of cases. No significant relationship between the lesion location and the tracer used to the results of NM LN mapping interpretation.
Facing the Forecaster’s Dilemma: Reflexivity in Ocean System Forecasting

Unlike atmospheric weather forecasting, ocean forecasting is often reflexive; for many applications, the forecast and its dissemination can change the outcome, and is in this way, a part of the system. Reflexivity has implications for several ocean forecasting applications, such as fisheries management, endangered species management, toxic and invasive species management, and community science. The field of ocean system forecasting is experiencing rapid growth, and there is an opportunity to add the reflexivity dynamic to the conventional approach taken from weather forecasting. Social science has grappled with reflexivity for decades and can offer a valuable perspective. Ocean forecasting is often iterative, thus it can also offer opportunities to advance the general understanding of reflexive prediction. In this paper, we present a basic theoretical skeleton for considering iterative reflexivity in an ocean forecasting context. It is possible to explore the reflexive dynamics because the prediction is iterative. The central problem amounts to a tension between providing a reliably accurate forecast and affecting a desired outcome via the forecast. These two objectives are not always compatible. We map a review of the literature onto relevant ecological scales that contextualize the role of reflexivity across a range of applications, from biogeochemical (e.g., hypoxia and harmful algal blooms) to endangered species management. Formulating reflexivity mathematically provides one explicit mechanism for integrating natural and social sciences. In the context of the Anthropocene ocean, reflexivity helps us understand whether forecasts are meant to mitigate and control environmental changes, or to adapt and respond within a changing system. By thinking about reflexivity as part of the foundation of ocean system forecasting, we hope to avoid some of the unintended consequences that can derail forecasting programs.
Early/Middle Holocene Environments in the Middle Atlantic Region

The Late Archaic culture period has been characterized as a time of rapid and widespread changes in settlement-subsistence patterns, social organization, and technologies in the Middle Atlantic region (Catlin et al. 1983; Custer 1978, 1984a, b, 1986a,b; Gardner 1978, 1980; Mouer 1986; Mouer et al. 1981; Witthoft 1953; but see Cavallo and Joyce 1985). Recent explanatory models using a cultural-ecological theoretical perspective have focused on environmental change as the major cause of these shifts (Catlin et al. 1983; Custer 1978, 1984a,b, 1986a,b; Custer and Stewart 1983; Custer and Watson 1986). One of the major environmental factors viewed as being significant in generating Late Archaic cultural change is the mid-postglacial xerothermic. This climatic interval has been characterized as a period of extreme climatic oscillations, including maximum Holocene warm/dry conditions (Carbone 1976:77; Catlin et al. 1983:125; Custer 1978:2, 1984a:90, 1984b:33; 1986a,b; Custer and Stewart 1983:4; Custer and Wallace 1982:147; Custer and Watson 1986). It has been proposed that those climatic conditions caused changes in the abundance and distribution of resources exploited by human groups, resulting in an adaptive response by those populations that involved an increasing focus on estuarine and riverine sources and the emergence of long-range exchange networks (Catlin et al. 1983; Custer 1978, 1984a,b, 1986a,b; Custer and Stewart 1983).
Imaging therapeutic PARP inhibition in vivo through bioorthogonally developed companion imaging agents.

A number of small-molecule poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are currently undergoing advanced clinical trials. Determining the distribution and target inhibitory activity of these drugs in individual subjects, however, has proven problematic. Here, we used a PARP agent for positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) imaging (18F-BO), which we developed based on the Olaparib scaffold using rapid bioorthogonal conjugation chemistries. We show that the bioorthogonal 18F modification of the parent molecule is simple, highly efficient, and well tolerated, resulting in a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 17.9 ± 1.1 nM. Intravital imaging showed ubiquitous distribution of the drug and uptake into cancer cells, with ultimate localization within the nucleus, all of which were inhibitable. Whole-body PET-CT imaging showed tumoral uptake of the drug, which decreased significantly, after a daily dose of Olaparib. Standard 18F-fludeoxyglucose imaging, however, failed to detect such therapy-induced changes. This research represents a step toward developing a more generic approach for the rapid codevelopment of companion imaging agents based on small-molecule therapeutic inhibitors.
The Demand for Constitutional Law

A growing concern in transition economies is the gap between the law on the books and the law in practice. The existence of such a gap has long been recognized even in countries with a long legal tradition and where, by and large, the formal law seems to be observed. In transition economies as well as in many emerging markets and developing countries, this gap appears to be especially pronounced. This paper argues that an explanation for this phenomenon can be found in the process of law development in these countries. They have extensively imported law from other countries in an attempt to stage a “catch-up” in legal development. This was facilitated by foreign legal advisors preaching the existence and transferability of best practice in other parts of the world. The missing link in this equation has been the demand for law. This paper seeks to explain the meaning of the demand for law in the context of evolving Russian constitutional law drawing extensively from research on legal transplants and the lack of demand for law in other areas of the law.