cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies of Pt-mordenite catalysts

Abstract Pt-mordenite catalysts were characterized by in situ EXAFS spectroscopy and H 2 temperature-programmed desorption. The results are consistent with the presence of small intracrystalline Pt clusters. Moreover, the EXAFS data evidence PtAl (or Si) bonding following reduction at 450°C in H 2 .
Core concepts and key ideas for understanding public sector organizational networks: Using research to inform scholarship and practice

This article provides an overview of the key research findings and core concepts on the topic of organizational networks. The primary focus is on goal-directed “whole” service delivery networks, which are prevalent in the public and nonprofit sectors. The findings and ideas presented are especially salient for helping public managers build, maintain, operate, and govern multiorganizational networks in ways that will enhance their effectiveness. Because research and theory on networks extend well beyond the boundaries of public management and administration, the authors draw on thinking from a number of fields, providing a broad understanding of public networks and network functioning. The article is intended to provide usable information on networks for both practitioners and students, as well as to suggest directions for future research for the many public management scholars who now study organizational networks.
Monitoring persistent items in the union of distributed streams

A persistent item in a stream is one that occurs regularly in the stream without necessarily contributing significantly to the volume of the stream. Persistent items are often associated with anomalies in network streams, such as botnet traffic and click fraud. While it is important to track persistent items in an online manner, it is challenging to zero-in on such items in a massive distributed stream. We present the first communication-efficient distributed algorithms for tracking persistent items in a data stream whose elements are partitioned across many different sites. We consider both infinite window and sliding window settings, and present algorithms that can track persistent items approximately with a probabilistic guarantee on the approximation error. Our algorithms have a provably low communication cost, and a low rate of false positives and false negatives, with a high probability. We present detailed results from an experimental evaluation that show the communication cost is small, and that the false positive and false negative rates are typically much lower than theoretical guarantees. We consider identification of persistent items from a distributed stream.Persistent items have been found to be associated with network anomalies.We present a communication-efficient distributed algorithm for tracking.Proofs or correctness and communication complexity.Experimental results reinforcing the theory.
Pet-Related Peritonitis and its Prevention in Peritoneal Dialysis: A Case Study:

Infectious peritonitis is a major complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD), accounting for considerable mortality and morbidity of PD patients. Although the usual organisms associated with peritonitis are Staphylococci aureus, Staphylococci epidermidis, Pseudomonas species and other gram-negatives, peritonitis due to zoonotic organisms in the context of close contact with companion animals has been reported in literatures (1-12). On a literature review, 124 cases of peritonitis caused by 12 different zoonotic agents have been reported in PD patients. Thirty of them were following documented contacts with an animal with overall mortality of 13.5% (1). In 27% of the cases, the Tenckhoff catheter had to be removed (1). Pets are very popular in our society with 63% of households in the United States (2,3) and 45% in Europe (1) with at least one pet, dogs and cats being more popular (2). Evidence-based literature suggests that animals/pets are a life-time companion and can help a person better cope with stressful life events, provide psychological help for the isolated or elderly, decrease depression, improve activities of daily life and increase social interaction. Pets are considered part of the family in many households and have very close contacts with their owners. However, close contact with pets is one of the major risk factors for peritonitis caused by zoonotic organisms (4). In our dialysis unit, we also encountered a patient who had close contact with cats with 3 episodes of peritonitis due to Pasteurella multocida over a 6-month period. This prompted us to evaluate the prevalence of pets and pets-related peritonitis in our peritoneal dialysis patients, and to assess the impact of a training session on pet-related peritonitis.
Status Inconsistency and the Hope Technique, II: A Linear Hypothesis About Status Enhancement, Status Detraction, and Satisfaction with Membership

"Status Enhancement" refers to the situation in which an individual occupies a relatively more prestigious position as a member of a given association than slhe does as an occupant of one or more statuses outside the association (e.g., occupation, education, income). "Status Detraction" refers to an individual's occupying a relatively less prestigious position in the association than in status(es) outside the association. It was hypothesized that persons manifesting status enhancement would report greater satisfaction with membership in an association than persons manifesting status detraction. The hypothesis is tested and supported with occupational and military status data gathered by questionnaire from 2,550 Drilling Navy Reservists. The data are analyzed with the diamond model for assessing vertical and non-vertical status effects designed by Hope. The usefulness of the Hope Technique is demonstrated, especially for linear status inconsistency hypotheses. Respondents' educational and income sta
Synchronizing multiphasic circadian rhythms of rhodopsin promoter expression in rod photoreceptor cells.

SUMMARY Endogenous circadian clocks regulate day–night rhythms of animal behavior and physiology. In zebrafish, the circadian clocks are located in the pineal gland and the retina. In the retina, each photoreceptor is considered a circadian oscillator. A critical question is whether the individual circadian oscillators are synchronized. If so, the mechanism that underlies the synchronization needs to be elucidated. We generated a transgenic zebrafish line that expresses short half-life GFP under the transcriptional control of the rhodopsin promoter. Time-lapse imaging of rhodopsin promoter-driven GFP expression revealed that during 24 h in constant darkness, rhodopsin promoter expression in rod photoreceptor cells fluctuated rhythmically. However, the pattern of fluctuation differed between individual cells. In some cells, peak expression was seen in the subjective early morning, whereas in other cells, peak expression was seen in the afternoon or at night. Light transiently decreased rhodopsin expression, thereby synchronizing the multiphasic circadian oscillation. The application of dopamine or dopamine D 2 receptor agonist also synchronized the circadian rhythms of rhodopsin promoter expression. When the D 2 receptors were pharmacologically blocked, light exposure produced no effect. This suggests that the synchronization of the circadian rhythms of rhodopsin promoter expression by light is mediated by dopamine D 2 receptors. The mechanism that underlies the synchronization probably involves dopamine-mediated Ca 2+ signaling pathways. Light, as well as dopamine, lowered Ca 2+ influx into the rod cells, thereby resetting rhodopsin promoter expression to the initial phase.
On E-Pólya frequency functions

Abstract Let E be a subset of R . We say that f : R → R is an E-Polya frequency function if the kernel f ( u − x ) is totally positive on E × R and f is integrable on R . In this paper, we show that under some conditions on E, an E-Polya frequency function is a Polya frequency function. This strengthens Schoenberg's result on Polya frequency functions.
Hybrid security analysis of web JavaScript code via dynamic partial evaluation

This paper addresses the problem of detecting JavaScript security vulnerabilities in the client side of Web applications. Such vulnerabilities are becoming a source of growing concern due to the rapid migration of server-side business logic to the client side, combined with new JavaScript-backed Web technologies, such as AJAX and HTML5. Detection of client-side vulnerabilities is challenging given the dynamic and event-driven nature of JavaScript. We present a hybrid form of JavaScript analysis, which augments static analysis with (semi-)concrete information by applying partial evaluation to JavaScript functions according to dynamic data recorded by the Web crawler. The dynamic component rewrites the program per the enclosing HTML environment, and the static component then explores all possible behaviors of the partially evaluated program (while treating user-controlled aspects of the environment conservatively). We have implemented this hybrid architecture as the JSA analysis tool, which is integrated into the IBM AppScan Standard Edition product. We formalize the static analysis and prove useful properties over it. We also tested the system across a set of 170,000 Web pages, comparing it with purely static and dynamic alternatives. The results provide conclusive evidence in favor of our hybrid approach. Only 10% of the reports by JSA are false alarms compared to 63% of the alarms flagged by its purely static counterpart, while not a single true warning is lost. This represents a reduction of 94% in false alarms. Compared with a commercial testing algorithm, JSA detects vulnerabilities in >4x more Web sites with only 4 false alarms.
Oral Terbutaline Sulfate—Amelioration of Exercise‐Induced Bronchospasm

Bronchospasm can be induced in asthmatics when exercised according to a multistage branching treadmill protocol that allows them to achieve 80 per cent of their age-predicted maximal heart rate. This present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of oral terbutaline sulfate in ameliorating exercise-induced bronchospasm. Ten asthmatics were exercised, and FEV1.0 and MMEFR were assessed while standing, using a Jones Pulmonar II waterless spirometer at 5, 15, and 30 minutes after exercise. Three hours before exercise, the subjects received no medication, oral placebo, or 5 mg terbutaline sulfate orally. At all time intervals after exercise, the pulmonary function of the group pretreated with oral terbutaline was superior when compared to the no-medication group (P less than 0.01) and to the placebo-treated group (P less than 0.05). Oral terbutaline appeared to normalize the exercise tolerance of the asthmatics and restore physiologic pulmonary airway conductance by the parameters of FEV1.0 and MMEFR.
Suppression of activity of the adrenal cortex by dexamethasone in Cushing's syndrome.

Suppression of the 17-hydroxycorticoids in the urine to 2.5 mg/24 hr during the second day of the ingestion of dexamethasone, 0.5 mg every 6 hr, was thought to be strong evidence against the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. Nonetheless, adrenalectomy was advised because of the clinical features and other suggestive data. The diagnosis was confirmed by the finding of enlarged adrenal glands and the subsequent course.
Interrelationship between selenium and specific trace elements.

ConclusionThe pattern in the distribution and excretion of selenium in the presence of other trace elements varied from one trace element to the other and with the mode of injection. The precise mechanism by which Te6+, As5+, Cd2+, or Zn2+ alter the metabolism of Se4 is not known. Whether the resulting effect between two trace elements is due to competition for an active site on a biologically active compound, or competition for an active transport carrier across a cell membrane, or masking by complexing remains a matter of pure speculation. It has been shown that certain trace elements have a significant effect on the normal metabolism and excretion of selenium. Evidence suggests that there is a reaction between selenium and zinc and cadmium, while selenium appears to prevent arsenic and tellurium from reaching target tissues.
STASIS AND CHANGE

I never have fully understood the wisdom in the adage, “If it ain't broke, don't fix it.” After all, if everyone took the adage literally, then how would new approaches, new directions, and new knowledge ever be developed? At best, obedience to adages, homilies, and biblical directives may serve the function of encouraging thoughtful consideration before instituting changes; at worst, blind resistance to change simply because things appear to be working adequately stifles creativity and advancement. Certainly change for its own sake is not a compelling goal, but neither is complacency even in the face of success. Science advances not only because researchers try to fix that which is “broke,” but also because scientific alternatives arise, risks are taken, and change is implemented. With the lofty goals of furthering our science, broadening our impact and influence, creating new insights into our understanding of individual behavior, and expanding our audience, I am excited and privileged to announce three major changes—advances, I hope—in the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior.
Agricultural Economics: Challenges to the Profession

Anniversaries, whether related to age, marital status, or the life of an organization, are highly arbitrary. Anniversaries merely serve to accentuate the obvious and to create benchmarks in the continuum of life. The fact that the American Agricultural Economics Association is approaching its seventy-fifth year might not merit more than passing comment except that agricultural economics may be moving into the most important, and possibly the most turbulent, period in the history of the profession.' The work done by agricultural economists and the decisions made within the profession in the next few years promise to be extraordinarily influential, not only in terms of the future of agricultural economics but in terms of the welfare of the entire human family.
Oral reconstruction for edentulous patients after partial mandibulectomies

The prosthodontic reconstruction of the patient who has had a partial mandibulectomy is a formidable challenge. A realistic view of the positive and negative factors must be maintained so that unrealistic promises are not made by the prosthodontist and no unfulfilled hopes are left for the patient. Because of the instability of the mandibular denture, the patient's relaxed central position is used as the jaw relationship for setting posterior teeth with flat occlusal surfaces to allow for lateral freedom of mandibular movements.
Defining the precapillary sphincter

Abstract Past and present use and abuse of the term precapillary sphincter is reviewed. The advantages of a uniform and functional definition are described, and a definition that is consistent with current information is proposed.
The placebo phenomenon and medical ethics: Rethinking the relationship between informed consent and risk–benefit assessment

It has been presumed within bioethics that the benefits and risks of treatments can be assessed independently of information disclosure to patients as part of the informed consent process. Research on placebo and nocebo effects indicates that this is not true for symptomatic treatments. The benefits and risks that patients experience from symptomatic treatments can be shaped powerfully by information about these treatments provided by clinicians. In this paper we discuss the implications of placebo and nocebo research for risk–benefit assessment and informed consent.
THE BROWNIAN RATCHET REVISITED: DIFFUSION FORMALISM, POLYMER-BARRIER ATTRACTIONS, AND MULTIPLE FILAMENTOUS BUNDLE GROWTH

Actin polymerization driven stochastic movement of the bacteria Listeria monocytogenes is often measured using single-particle tracking (SPT) methodology and analyzed in terms of statistics. Experimental results suggested a dynamic association between the growing actin filaments and the propelled bacteria. Based on an alternative mathematical formalism for a Brownian ratchet (BR), we introduce such an attractive interaction into the one-dimensional BR model and show that its effect is equivalent to an external resistant force on the bacterium. Such a force significantly reduces the Brownian motion of a driven bacterium, and accentuates the stepping due to polymerization. We then consider the growth, with and without a barrier, of a filamentous bundle consisting of N identical filaments. It is shown that the bundle grows with a similar rate as a single filament in the absence of a load, but can oppose N times the external force under the stalling condition. A set of relationships describing the velocity of the bacterium movement (Vz) and its apparent diffusivity (Dz) as functions of the resistant force (F) and the number of filaments in a bundle (N) are obtained. The theoretical study suggests methods for data analysis in future experiments with applied external resistant force.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF GIANT NEURONS IN THE ANTENNIFORM LEG OF THE AMBLYPYGID PHRYNUS MARGINEMACULATUS

Amblypygids have modified front legs that are not used for locomotion, but rather to probe the environment in the manner of antennae. These elongate, motile sense organs are referred to as antenniform legs. We have found remarkable replication in structure and function of giant neurons in the antenniform leg of the amblypygid Phrynus marginemaculatus C. L. Koch 1841 when compared with other amblypygids. These neurons have such large diameter axons (several m) that their action potentials can be recorded outside the cuticle. Their cell bodies are found in the periphery, in the distal-most segments of the antenniform leg, centimeters away from the central nervous system. Primary afferents from sense organs on the antenniform leg synapse onto some of the giant fibers in these distal segments of the leg. Standard histological techniques and a novel whole mount preparation were used to identify the location of giant cell bodies within the antenniform leg. We found several new cell bodies in segments 10-20, three of which were predicted by previous electrophysiological studies of another amblypygid, Hetero- phrynus elaphus Pocock 1903. Electrophysiology was used to show that the structure and function of four of the giant neurons, GN1, 2, 6, and 7, is very similar in P. marginemaculatus and H. elaphus. Hetero- phrynus elaphus inhabits humid tropical forests in South America while P. marginemaculatus individuals were collected from a pine rock hammock in the Florida Keys, USA. The similarity of findings in species with such distinct habitats suggests that the giant neurons are required for basic neuromechanical operation of these extended limbs, and are not subject to intense selection via ecological factors.
Rectifier Terminology and Circuit Analysis

ANYONE reading several articles on the subject of rectifiers must be impressed by the confusion caused by a lack of exact terminology. This paper presents definitions of a few terms representing the most important concepts arising in the rectifier field. The definitions are presented with the hope that they will be found sufficiently useful to be widely adopted. Constructive criticism of the terms and definitions is invited.
Roles of Vitamins E and C on Neurodegenerative Diseases and Cognitive Performance

Demographic changes, together with improvements in nutrition, general health, and life expectancy, will greatly change the social and economic structures of most industrialized and developing countries in the next 50 years. Extended life expectancy has increased the number of chronic illnesses and disabilities, including cognitive impairments. Inflammatory processes and vascular dysfunctions appear to play important roles in the pathogenesis of age-associated pathologies including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. A large body of evidence shows that both vitamins E and C are important for the central nervous system and that a decrease in their concentrations causes structural and functional damage to the cells. Several studies reveal a link between diets rich in fruits and vegetables containing generous amounts of vitamins E and C and lower incidence of certain chronic diseases.
The Histone Database: an integrated resource for histones and histone fold-containing proteins.

Eukaryotic chromatin is composed of DNA and protein components—core histones—that act to compactly pack the DNA into nucleosomes, the fundamental building blocks of chromatin. These nucleosomes are connected to adjacent nucleosomes by linker histones. Nucleosomes are highly dynamic and, through various core histone post-translational modifications and incorporation of diverse histone variants, can serve as epigenetic marks to control processes such as gene expression and recombination. The Histone Sequence Database is a curated collection of sequences and structures of histones and non-histone proteins containing histone folds, assembled from major public databases. Here, we report a substantial increase in the number of sequences and taxonomic coverage for histone and histone fold-containing proteins available in the database. Additionally, the database now contains an expanded dataset that includes archaeal histone sequences. The database also provides comprehensive multiple sequence alignments for each of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4), the linker histones (H1/H5) and the archaeal histones. The database also includes current information on solved histone fold-containing structures. The Histone Sequence Database is an inclusive resource for the analysis of chromatin structure and function focused on histones and histone fold-containing proteins. Database URL: The Histone Sequence Database is freely available and can be accessed at http://research.nhgri.nih.gov/histones/.
Cited3 activates Mef2c to control muscle cell differentiation and survival.

Summary Vertebrate muscle development occurs through sequential differentiation of cells residing in somitic mesoderm – a process that is largely governed by transcriptional regulators. Our recent spatiotemporal microarray study in zebrafish has identified functionally uncharacterized transcriptional regulators that are expressed at the initial stages of myogenesis. cited3 is one such novel gene encoding a transcriptional coactivator, which is expressed in the precursors of oxidative slow-twitch myofibers. Our experiments placed cited3 into a gene regulatory network, where it acts downstream of Hedgehog signaling and myoD/myf5 but upstream of mef2c . Knockdown of expression of cited3 by antisense morpholino oligonucleotides impaired muscle cell differentiation and growth, caused muscle cell death and eventually led to total immotility. Transplantation experiments demonstrated that Cited3 cell-autonomously activates the expression of mef2c in slow myofibers, while it non-cell-autonomously regulates expression of structural genes in fast myofibers. Restoring expression of cited3 or mef2c rescued all the cited3 loss-of-function phenotypes. Protein truncation experiments revealed the functional necessity of C-terminally conserved domain of Cited3, which is known to mediate interactions of Cited-family proteins with histone acetylases. Our findings demonstrate that Cited3 is a critical transcriptional coactivator functioning during muscle differentiation and its absence leads to defects in terminal differentiation and survival of muscle cells.
Characterizing and controlling intrinsic biases of Lambda exonuclease in nascent strand sequencing reveals phasing between nucleosomes and G-quadruplex motifs around a subset of human replication origins

Nascent strand sequencing (NS-seq) is used to discover DNA replication origins genome-wide, allowing identification of features for their specification. NS-seq depends on the ability of lambda exonuclease (λ-exo) to efficiently digest parental DNA while leaving RNA-primer protected nascent strands intact. We used genomics and biochemical approaches to determine if λ-exo digests all parental DNA sequences equally. We report that λ-exo does not efficiently digest G-quadruplex (G4) structures in a plasmid. Moreover, λ-exo digestion of nonreplicating genomic DNA (LexoG0) enriches GC-rich DNA and G4 motifs genome-wide. We used LexoG0 data to control for nascent strand–independent λ-exo biases in NS-seq and validated this approach at the rDNA locus. The λ-exo–controlled NS-seq peaks are not GC-rich, and only 35.5% overlap with 6.8% of all G4s, suggesting that G4s are not general determinants for origin specification but may play a role for a subset. Interestingly, we observed a periodic spacing of G4 motifs and nucleosomes around the peak summits, suggesting that G4s may position nucleosomes at this subset of origins. Finally, we demonstrate that use of Na+ instead of K+ in the λ-exo digestion buffer reduced the effect of G4s on λ-exo digestion and discuss ways to increase both the sensitivity and specificity of NS-seq.
Endoscopic third ventriculostomy on a microneurosurgery simulator

Endoscopic third ventriculostomy is a procedure used to treat hydrocephalus by making a perforation in the floor of the third ventricle of the brain under endoscopic guidance. We report on our initial experience in developing an endoscopic third ventriculostomy simulator for neurosurgery residents, including the definition of the simulation content and integration on NeuroTouch, a simulator for microneurosurgery training. The simulator includes exercises in which the trainee is asked to choose the location of the burr hole and the orientation of the trajectory to the foramen of Monro, or is required to find the third ventricle with a neuro-endoscope and perforate its floor. The simulator provides feedback on trainee performance either graphically or using quantitative metrics. The simulator allows easily switching from endoscopic third ventriculostomy mode to microscopic craniotomy mode using a retractable stereoscope based on a single screen and mirrors, detachable plastic heads, and quick-connect tool handles to give more realistic haptic feedback.
The intercalation and hydrothermal chemistry of solid electrodes

Abstract Intercalation chemistry plays a key role in the electrochemical reduction and oxidation by lithium of many solid electrodes, including transition metal compounds and graphite. For 25 years, from TiS 2 and graphite to Li x CoO 2 and LiMn 2 O 4 , the electrode reactions of such intercalation compounds have been extensively studied. Much emphasis has been placed on two simple classes of structures, layer and spinel, both of which are formed by Li x TiS 2 and Li x MnO 2 . More recently, much effort has been directed at synthesizing new structures that might show enhanced electrochemical activity. Soft chemistry approaches have been harnessed for this purpose. Mild hydrothermal reactions are one such approach. Several new vanadium oxides have been formed, as well as layered forms of manganese oxide. A number of these new compounds reversibly react with lithium and therefore may be used as the cathode in lithium batteries.
Occurrence of Acanthocephalans in Largemouth Bass and Smallmouth Bass (Centrarchidae) From Gull Lake, Michigan

A total of 65 largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, and 27 smallmouth bass, M. dolomieu, collected in April–September 2000 and April–July 2001 from Gull Lake, Michigan, were examined for acanthocephalans. Leptorhynchoides thecatus and Neoechinorhynchus cylindratus infected all the bass examined. Leptorhynchoides thecatus had the highest mean intensity (258.2 ± 185.4 in 2000 and 145.0 ± 61.0 in 2001) of the species infecting smallmouth bass. Although N. cylindratus had higher mean intensities (42.1 ± 37.9 in 2000 and 68.9 ± 70.5 in 2001) than did L. thecatus in largemouth bass, the values were not significantly different between bass species. The prevalence, mean intensity, and mean abundance of Pomphorhynchus bulbocolli in the bass species were below the values for the other acanthocephalan species. Leptorhynchoides thecatus and N. cylindratus are the most abundant intestinal helminths in bass from Gull Lake.
Optically induced ordering in microparticle suspensions

From fundamental concepts of electromagnetic theory a mathematical development on the forces between radiating bodies is presented. A method is developed that evaluates the stationary volume energy density as a function of particle separation. A rudimentary description of particle scattering yields data that correspond to the sinusoidally varying force that has been shown to act on particles under intense illumination as a function of their proximity.
The biological meaning of species

The two medieval species concepts, the essentialist and the nominalist, have been replaced by the biological species concept, denned in terms of the relation (i.e. ‘reproductively isolated’) between populations. The species represents an important level in the hierarchy of biological entities from the molecule to the community. Six major areas are discussed, on which much of the research on species is now focused.
Left ventricular performance in septic shock: Reversible segmental and global abnormalities

Abstract Left ventricular dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of septic shock, but little is known about its natural history, cause, and prognostic significance. Left ventricular performance was assessed by serial radionuclide and hemodynamic studies in 35 patients with culture-proven septic shock. The mean age (±S.D.) of the group was 64 ± 18 years; 16 of the subjects were women, and 15 had antecedent heart disease. On the first study, the left ventricular stroke work index was depressed in 33 (94%) patients, and nineteen (54%) had a left ventricular ejection fraction less than 0.48. Twenty-two (63%) of the patients had segmental and four had generalized wall motion abnormalities. Conventional hemodynamic parameters were of no value in predicting the patients who had a depressed left ventricular ejection fraction or segmental abnormalities. Patients with underlying heart disease had a much higher frequency (87%) of segmental dysfunction than those without underlying heart disease (45%; p = 0.016), but no differences were noted in the left ventricular ejection fraction or left ventricular stroke work index of these two groups. Segmental abnormalities and low ejection fractions were seen more often in patients with a large left ventricular end-diastolic volume index. Only five subjects had a systemic vascular resistance index > 2580 dynes · sec · cm −5 per m 2 , and the correlation between systemic vascular resistance index and left ventricular ejection fraction was poor. No difference was found in the mean coronary perfusion pressure of those with segmental abnormalities and those with normal wall motion. Thus, a depressed left ventricular ejection fraction and segmental dysfunction could not be attributed to volume depletion, to an increased systemic vascular resistance index, or to a reduction in coronary perfusion pressure. Repeat studies in 22 surviving patients showed new depression of the left ventricular ejection fraction in one patient, normalization of left ventricular ejection fraction in five, and reversal of segmental dysfunction in three. No differences were noted in the left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular stroke work index, or frequency of segmental dysfunction between survivors and nonsurvivors. Reversible left ventricular dysfunction is common in septic shock and is most often segmental in nature.
Homer1 Alternative Splicing Is Regulated by Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone and Modulates Gonadotropin Gene Expression

Hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) plays a critical role in reproductive physiology by regulating follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) gene expression in the pituitary. Analysis of gonadotrope deep-sequencing data identified a global regulation of pre-mRNA splicing by GnRH. Homer1, a gene encoding a postsynaptic density scaffolding protein, was selected for further study. Homer1 expresses a short splice form, Homer1a, and more-abundant long transcripts Homer1b/c. GnRH induced a modest increase in Homer1b/c expression and a dramatic increase in the Homer1a splice form. G protein knockdown studies suggested that the Homer1 induction, but not the regulated splicing, was Gαq/11 dependent. Phosphorylation of the splicing regulator SRp20 was found to be induced by GnRH. SRp20 depletion attenuated the GnRH-induced increase in the Homer1a-to-Homer1b/c ratio and modulated the effects of GnRH on FSHβ and LHβ expression. Homer1 gene knockdown resulted in increased GnRH-induced FSHβ and LHβ transcript levels. Furthermore, splice-form-specific reduction of Homer1b/c increased both FSHβ and LHβ mRNA induction, whereas reduction of Homer1a had the opposite effect on FSHβ induction. These results indicate that the regulation of Homer1 splicing by GnRH contributes to gonadotropin gene control.
Spinal phospholipase A2 in inflammatory hyperalgesia: role of Group IVA cPLA2

Current work has shown the importance of spinal cyclooxygenase (COX) products in facilitatory processes leading to tissue injury induced hyperalgesia. This cascade must originate with free arachidonic acid (AA) released by the activity of spinal phospholipase A2s (PLA2). In the present work, we studied the role of PLA2s in spinal sensitization. We first demonstrate the presence of constitutive mRNA in the spinal cord for PLA2 Groups IB, IIA, IIC, IVA, V and VI by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequencing. Using quantitative-PCR, we found that Group IVA cPLA2 and Group VI iPLA2 are the predominant PLA2 messages in the spinal cord. Western blotting and activity assays specific for Group IVA cPLA2 and Group VI iPLA2 verified the presence of these enzymes. PLA2 activity in spinal cord homogenates was suppressed by methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate (MAFP) and arachidonyl trifluoromethylketone (AACOCF3), mixed inhibitors of Group IVA cPLA2 and Group VI iPLA2 as well as by bromoenol lactone (BEL), a Group VI iPLA2 inhibitor. The spinal expression of PLA2 mRNA or protein was not altered in the face of peripheral inflammation. Secondly, we showed that intrathecal (i.t.) administration of MAFP and AACOCF3, but not BEL, dose-dependently prevented thermal hyperalgesia induced by intraplantar carrageenan as well as formalin-induced flinching. Finally, i.t. injection of AACOCF3, at antihyperalgesic doses, decreased the release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) into spinal dialysate evoked by i.t. NMDA, while i.t. injection of BEL had no effect. Taken together, this work points to a role for constitutive Group IVA cPLA2 in spinal nociceptive processing.
Focused and deep brain magnetic stimulation using new coil design in mice

Deep brain transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) offers promising treatment for neurological disorders that originate from deeper regions of the brain, such as Parkinson's disease. Coils designed for the human head need significant redesigning to stimulate selective regions of the mouse brain for advanced TMS therapy analysis. We report a focused and deep brain TMS coil for mice that is based on a two coil configuration similar to the “Halo coil”. A heterogeneous MRI derived head model of mouse was used to obtain an electric field of about 150 V/m in selective deeper regions of the brain. Focality of stimulation was quantified using the ratio of half value volume to half value of depth of electric field. A prototype of the final coil design was fabricated and characterized to compare simulated and physical magnetic field profiles.
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles: Charging load profile extraction based on transportation data

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) technology is one of the most promising solutions for reducing petroleum consumption. A PHEV can be recharged through a plug connected to the electric power grid. Therefore, PHEVs increase the load of the electric power grid. Consequently, there are concerns about their negative impact on power generation, transmission, and distribution installations. PHEV charging load profile (PCLP) is an approach to examine the aggregated impact of PHEVs on the power grid; however developing a PCLP requires some basic data which is not easily available. This paper focuses on the information required for generating a PCLP and proposes answers to three key questions i) when does each vehicle begin to be charged, ii) how much energy is required to charge it, and iii) what level of charge is available. The data obtained from transportation surveys, as sources for the information on vehicles and trips characteristics, are used in this work to extract applicable information which leads to the development of a PCLP.
Beyond Foraging: Evolutionary Theory, Institutional Variation, and Economic Performance

Institutions affect economic outcomes, but variation in them cannot be directly linked to environmental factors such as geography, climate, or technological availabilities. Game theoretic approaches, based as they typically are on foraging only assumptions, don't provide an adequate foundation for understanding the intervening role of politics and ideology. Nor does the view that culture and institutions are entirely socially constructed. Understanding what institutions are and how they influence behavior requires an approach that is in part biological, focusing on cognitive and behavioral adaptations for social interaction favored in the past by group selection. These adaptations, along with their effects on canalizing social learning, help to explain uniformities in political and social order, and are the bedrock upon which we build cultural and institutional variability.
Nonhemagglutinating Nondissociable 7S Subunits of Chicken IgM Antibody

SummaryPurified chicken IgM anti-sheep erythrocyte antibody was mildly reduced so that the subunits did not dissociate in propionic acid. Presumably the inter-chain disulfide bonds were intact. Compared with unreduced IgM antibody on a weight basis, these subunits had little or no hemagglutinating activity.
Input shaping for limiting loads and vibration in systems with on-off actuators

Methods are proposed for adapting the concepts of input shaping to systems with actuators that can only be set to "on" or "off. The standard impulse shapers are approximated in the constant amplitude framework and new sequences for vibration reduction are presented. Methods for robustly minimizing loads while simultaneously minimizing vibration are described and their effectiveness demonstrated through high-fidelity simulation of the space shuttle remote manipulator system. Emphasis is placed on heuristic methods of sequence construction as opposed to optimization techniques.
Hazard and Risk Mapping of Mined Lands Using Satellite Imagery and Collateral Data

In view of the likelihood of future conflicts in land use between mining and urban interests, programs should be initiated early to establish reclamation priorities that will enable more hazardous areas to be considered first. This paper demonstrates the use of satellite imagery and collateral data in establishing relative hazard and risk rankings for mines in Arizona. Hazard and risk are considered as spatially distributed functions of mine hazard, rainfall and population. Mine hazard is calculated using Landsat-derived maps of tailings ponds. These digital data are registered and the hazard and risk calculated for each mine to depict areas in which increased population will increase risk. Results indicate that expected future population growth in the Tucson, Arizona area makes the mines in this area the primary target for future reclamation and stabilization, and an important area for land-use planning to begin at this time.
Selective Vibrational Population Transfer using Combined Stimulated Raman Adiabatic Passage and Counter-Diabatic Fields

We report studies of state-to-state vibrational energy transfer in an isolated polyatomic molecule driven by combined stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) and counter-diabatic fields (CDFs). The goal of these studies is development of a method for improving the efficiency of level-to-level population transfer under conditions that degrade the efficiency of conventional STIRAP-generated population transfer. The vehicles for our studies are selective population of one of a pair of near-degenerate states in nonrotating SCCl2 and enhancing the yield of nonrotating HNC in the HCN → HNC isomerization reaction. The efficiency of the population transfer within a subset of states embedded in a manifold of states is examined for the cases in which the transition dipole moments between the initial and target states are much smaller than and comparable to the transition dipole moments between background states and for the case in which the subset states have large transition dipole moments with the background ...
Hypertrophy of the Hemolymph Nodes in Texas-Fever Immunes

At the Seventeenth International Congress of Medicine, in London, August, 1913, I made a preliminary report before the Section of General Pathology and Pathological Anatomy on "The Reaction of the Hemolymph Nodes to Chronic Protozoal Infection."1 This report was concerned with a brief description of the changes occurring in the hemolymph nodes of man in chronic malaria, and in those of cattle in 2-year-old Texas-fever immunes. The present paper is intended to be a complete report on the latter condition, since, so far as I am concerned, this investigation has been carried as far as the resources of my laboratory will permit. In 1908, for the first time, my attention was called to the occurrence of a remarkable hypertrophy of the hemolymph nodes in Texas steers, by an old student, Dr. Clarence A. Good, of St. Joseph, Mo., who had observed it in the slaughter-houses of that city. A special study of the condition was immediately begun, but the supply of material from that source was soon closed, and it became impossible to complete the investigation at that time. Nevertheless, it has been carried on at intervals since, whenever opportunity has offered. The carcasses of steers have been examined for a similar occurrence of hemolymph node hypertrophy, both in local material and in that sent to the laboratory for this purpose by veterinarians living in various parts of the country. The total collected material represents chiefly the central, western and southwestern portions of the country. The descriptions of the pathology and conclusions given below are based on the examination of this material.
Numerical Investigation of Swirling Pipe Flows

Swirling flow is a common phenomenon in engineering applications. It has been shown that swirling flow increases heat and mass transfer, and reduces power requirements in certain engineering applications. A numerical study of the swirling flow inside a straight pipe was carried out in the present work with the aid of the commercial CFD code Fluent. Two-dimensional simulations were performed, and two turbulence models were used, namely, the RNG k-e model and the Reynolds stress model. Results at various swirling numbers were obtained and compared with available experimental data to determine if the numerical method is valid when modeling swirling flows. It has been shown that the RNG k-e model is in better agreement with experimental velocity profiles for low swirl, while the Reynolds stress model becomes more appropriate as the swirl is increased. However, both turbulence models predict an unrealistic decay of the turbulence quantities for the flows considered here, indicating the inadequacy of such models in simulating developing pipe flows with swirl.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Creating Life: “America’s Most Potent Editorial Force”

The beginnings of a new media offer insight into how new forms thrive. Life is called the “biggest mass market hit in the history of publishing.” This study examines the social, technical, and cult...
The Significance of Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential in Diagnosis of Cerebral Palsy Children

Objective To discuss the effect of brainstem auditory evoked potential(BAEP) in cerebral palsy children. Methods The results of BAEP of 97 cases cerebral palsy children were analyzed,and understand the change of BAEP in early cerebral palsy chil- dren. Results BAEP was normal in 19 cases(19.6%),abnormal 78 cases(80.4%). Conclusion BAEP has some clinical significance in realy diagnosis, estimating prognosis and directing treatment of cerebral palsy children.
Buchnera aphidicola(Aphid Endosymbiont) Contains Genes Encoding Enzymes of Histidine Biosynthesis

Buchnera aphidicola is an endosymbiont of aphids. One of its functions appears to be the synthesis of essential amino acids for the aphid host. A 12.8-kilobase B. aphidicola DNA fragment has been cloned and sequenced. It contains genes encoding all of the enzymes required for the biosynthesis of the essential amino acid histidine. The order of the genes, hisGDCBHAFI, is the same as that found in Escherichia coli and is consistent with their constituting a single transcription unit. The DNA fragment also contained genes involved in aromatic amino acid biosynthesis (aroC), the oxidative pentose pathway ( gnd), and 28-deoxyribonucleotide metabolism (dcd), as well as a tRNA synthase (metG). Buchnera aphidicola is a prokaryotic, non-culturable symbiont found in specialized cells (bacteriocytes) within the body cavity of the aphid, Schizaphis graminum. Aphids, like other insects, require ten preformed amino acids, and there is evidence that one of the functions of the endosymbiont is the synthesis of these amino acids for the aphid host (for reviews see (3, 9, 10)). Nucleotide (nt) sequence analysis of the endosymbiont genome can reveal its metabolic potential. A partial sequence of the B. aphidicola genome has indicated that it has genes for a variety of core functions including DNA synthesis, transcription, translation, energy-yielding metabolism, cell wall synthesis, and cell division (4, 5). Unlike the parasites Mycoplasma genitalium(11) and Borrelia burg- dorferi (12), which lack genes for enzymes involved in amino acid biosynthesis, B. aphidicola has genes coding for enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of the essential amino acids tryptophan, isoleucine, valine, leucine, and lysine (4, 5, 8, 14). These findings are consistent with the potential of B. aphidicola to overproduce these amino acids for the aphid host. In the case of tryptophan and leucine biosyntheses, the endosymbiont has genetic modi- fications resulting in amplification of genes coding for a limiting regulated enzyme (4, 5) or an increase in the number of copies of genes coding for enzymes of a
Phosphorylation of pp62 and pp54 src-like proteins in a rat intestinal cell line in response to gastrin

Intracellular mechanisms that mediate mitogenic effects of gastrin remain largely unknown. The present studies were designed to examine if protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) mediate growth effects of gastrin on a rat intestinal epithelial cell line (IEC-6 cells). Gastrin ( 10 nM gastrin, the second peak of response was not measured in intact cells. Thus the growth and phosphorylation response of intact cells to gastrin was similar. Both high [dissociation constant (Kd) = 1 nM]- and low (Kd = approximately 0.1 microM)-affinity gastrin binding sites are present on IEC-6 cells. The results of the present study suggest that occupancy of both high- and low-affinity gastrin-binding sites can potentially activate membrane-associated PTKs. However, in intact cells, occupancy of low-affinity sites apparently attenuates kinase activity resulting in reduced protein phosphorylation. Eight protein bands [with relative molecular weight (M(r)) of 32-145 kDa] were tyrosine phosphorylated in intact cells in response to 0.1-1.0 nM gastrin, including two pp60 src-like proteins (with M(r) of 54 and 62 kDa). Thus the growth response pattern of a target cell to gastrin may depend on the stimulation of kinases and other factors (phosphatases?) that phosphorylate and/or dephosphorylate several proteins including c-src-like proteins in a dose-dependent manner.