cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Porous Pavement and Infiltration in Centre County, PA

A porous pavement/infiltration system at the Centre County/Penn State Visitor’s Center was inaugurated in October 2001. The system consists of porous pavement, a 462-m 3 storage/infiltration bed with coarse aggregate (40% porosity), geo-textile filter fabric, and an average 2 m of un-compacted soil. The hydrologic and chemical performance of the system were studied. Eleven storm events generated at least 10 cm standing water in the 1.6 m reservoir, allowing sampling. There has been no surface runoff from the site, and infiltration rates have remained relatively constant at 17 cm/hr, or slightly less if there was recent previous precipitation. Infiltration rates were also independent of head except for events where there had been antecedent rainfall. The aggressiveness of the water towards calcium carbonate was considerably reduced upon contact with limestone materials in the pavement and in the reservoir, decreasing the potential for sinkhole development. The concentrations of Zn, Cu, and Pb were low, and the total annual loading of metals onto the soil beneath the reservoir was much less than the annual loading of metals that is allowed during the application of soil-amendments to agricultural soils. Organic loadings were relatively low and there was evidence of an active community of organisms within the reservoir.
Gain without population inversion in a yoked superfluorescence scheme

We consider a medium composed of three-level (cascade scheme) atoms prepared with coherence between the upper and the ground states (a yoked superfluorescence system). We obtain an analytical solution for propagation of seed pulses which are resonant with the upper and lower transitions for arbitrary level populations and pulse shapes. We find that if the initial coherence is large enough and the intermediate level is populated the system can have gain without population inversion. Coherence can also yield gain suppression in the inverted medium. We obtain conditions for the gain in terms of level populations and coherence.
Control of a Supersonic Rectangular Jet Using Plasma Actuators

Localized arc filament plasma actuators (LAFPAs) are used at the Gas Dynamics and Turbulence Laboratory (GDTL) for the purpose of controlling the shear layer development and acoustic radiation from a rectangular jet. Previous studies at the GDTL have shown these actuators to be effective at producing significant mixing enhancement and acoustic mitigation in high Mach number, high Reynolds number heated and unheated axisymmetric jets. In this work preliminary results are presented in an ideally expanded, unheated Mach 1.5 rectangular jet with an aspect ratio of 2, equivalent exit diameter of 2.54 cm (1 inch) and Reynolds number of ~1.5x10 forced using eight LAFPAs. A total of five forcing modes are assessed, with forcing Strouhal numbers ranging from 0.1 to 4.0. Numerous similarities are found between the far-field acoustic response of the rectangular jet to forcing and the response of the axisymmetric jets reported previously. All forcing modes reported here were found to produce a reduction in the far-field at low polar angles, though the amplitude of this reduction and the forcing Strouhal number it occurred at varied between the forcing modes. Forcing at moderate to high Strouhal numbers produces a reduction in the downstream spectral peak, with minimal to significant increase in acoustic radiation towards the sideline polar angles, depending on the forcing azimuthal mode. The response of the rectangular jet is similar for both azimuthal angles (major and minor axes) explored, though all forcing modes were found to produce a greater reduction in acoustic radiation along the major axis of the jet.
Spatial Learning in Transparent Virtual Environments

Participants learned the spatial layout of a virtual building using one of two models: one with transparent walls and one with opaque walls. Learning was assessed through an object location task in...
Observation of Inhibiting Effects on Cancer Cells by Two Compound Chinese Herbal DrugsH

Objective: The inhibiting effects of two compound Chinese herbal drugs on cancer cell lines Hela and SK by flow cytometry are observed. Methods: MTT assay was used to determine the anti-proliferative effects of the two drugs on human cancer cell lines Hela and SK to primarily choose the best chroma and time of the effects of the drugs, then flow cytometry was performed to investigated the influences of the drugs on cell-cycle. Changes of clones formation for Hela and SK cells were also observed. Results: The two Chinese herbal drugs significantly inhibited the growth of the two human cancer cell lines, but no obvious signs of apoptosis were observed. Clones formation rate of the cancer cells decreased. Conclusion: The results suggest that the drugs inhibited the proliferative of the two human cancer cell lines in vitro. This would help to the treatment of cancer.
Effects of midazolam repeated administration on memory acquisition in mice

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of midazolam repeated administration on memory acquisition in mice.METHODS Step-through test and step-down test were used in this experiment.120 KM mice were divided randomly into 6 groups:group M1,group M2,group M3,group M4,group S and group NS.20 mice in every group were randomly allocated into step-through test or step-down test,respectively.Mice in group M1,group M2,group M3 and group M4 were administrated midazolam of 0.5,1,2,4 mg·kg-1 by intraperitoneal injection three times per day for 10 days,respectively.As a control,mice in group S were administrated scopolamine of 2 mg·kg-1,mice in group NS were administrated saline of 10 mL·kg-1 .Step-through test or step-down test was operated after 10-day-term administration finished.Memory acquisition of mice was tested 24 hours later after the training.The markers of memory acquisition based on the latencies and the numbers of errors.RESULTS Repeated administration of midazolam before the passive avoidance learning reduced the latencies and increased the numbers of errors after 24 hours.Midazolam administration resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in step-through latencies and increase in the numbers of errors.However the latencies and the numbers of errors were not statistically significant in group M3 and M4(P0.05).Same results were observed from both step-through and step-down test.CONCLUSION These results indicate that repeated midazolam administration impairs memory acquisition in mice by a dose-dependent manner.
TU‐FG‐209‐12: Treatment Site and View Recognition in X‐Ray Images with Hierarchical Multiclass Recognition Models

Purpose: To investigate an approach of automatically recognizing anatomical sites and imaging views (the orientation of the image acquisition) in 2D X-ray images. Methods: A hierarchical (binary tree) multiclass recognition model was developed to recognize the treatment sites and views in x-ray images. From top to bottom of the tree, the treatment sites are grouped hierarchically from more general to more specific. Each node in the hierarchical model was designed to assign images to one of two categories of anatomical sites. The binary image classification function of each node in the hierarchical model is implemented by using a PCA transformation and a support vector machine (SVM) model. The optimal PCA transformation matrices and SVM models are obtained by learning from a set of sample images. Alternatives of the hierarchical model were developed to support three scenarios of site recognition that may happen in radiotherapy clinics, including two or one X-ray images with or without view information. The performance of the approach was tested with images of 120 patients from six treatment sites – brain, head-neck, breast, lung, abdomen and pelvis – with 20 patients per site and two views (AP and RT) per patient. Results: Given two images in known orthogonal views (AP and RT), the hierarchical model achieved a 99% average F1 score to recognize the six sites. Site specific view recognition models have 100 percent accuracy. The computation time to process a new patient case (preprocessing, site and view recognition) is 0.02 seconds. Conclusion: The proposed hierarchical model of site and view recognition is effective and computationally efficient. It could be useful to automatically and independently confirm the treatment sites and views in daily setup x-ray 2D images. It could also be applied to guide subsequent image processing tasks, e.g. site and view dependent contrast enhancement and image registration. The senior author received research grants from ViewRay Inc. and Varian Medical System.
Public interactives, soft power, and China’s future at and beyond the 2010 Shanghai World Expo

This article uses the Shanghai World Expo as a case study to examine how soft power and processes of nation branding are articulated to public interactives, defined as a range of technological devi...
Accounting Community of Practice pedagogy: a course management invention for developing personal competencies in accounting education

This paper reports the findings of an exploratory qualitative study using the implementation of Wenger’s [(1998). Communities of practice: Learning, meaning, and identity. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge ...
Mean-Minimum Exact Confidence Intervals

This article introduces mean-minimum (MM) exact confidence intervals for a binomial probability. These intervals guarantee that both the mean and the minimum frequentist coverage never drop below s...
Chelate adsorption for trace voltammetric measurements of iron(III)

A very sensitive electrochemical stripping procedure for trace measurements of iron(III) is described. The chelate of iron with Solochrome Violet RS is adsorbed on the hanging mercury drop electrode, and the reduction current of the accumulated chelate is measured by voltammetry. The adsorption and redox behaviours are explored by cyclic voltammetry. The height of the chelate peak, which is about 0.28 V more negative than the peak of the free dye, is shown to be proportional to the iron concentration. Optimal experimental conditions include a preconcentration potential of −0.40 V, solution pH of 5.1 and a linear scan mode. The sharp chelate peak, associated with the effective interfacial accumulation, coupled with the flat baseline, facilitates measurements at the nanomolar and submicromolar concentration levels using short preconcentration times. The limit of detection after 1 min preconcentration is 0.04 μgl−1 (7 × 10−10 M), and the relative standard deviation at the 10−7 M level is 4.7%. The effects of possible interferences, due to coexisting metal ions or organic surfactants, are evaluated. The ability of measuring iron(III) in the presence of iron(II) is illustrated. Actual analyses of sea and tap waters are reported.
Characterizing infections in prosthetic breast reconstruction: A validity assessment of national health databases ☆

Summary Introduction Current guidelines in the United States require reporting only the 30-day postoperative outcomes to standardized databases, including the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP). Thus, many breast implant-related complications go unreported in standard databases. We sought to characterize late periprosthetic infections following implant-based breast reconstruction. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of all women who underwent expander/implant reconstruction from 2005 to 2014 at two institutions. All periprosthetic infections were identified and divided into early and late cohorts (≤30 days or >30 days). Infection was defined as any episode where antibiotics were initiated or a prosthetic device was explanted because of clinical evidence of the infection. Results In the 1820 patients (2980 breasts) identified, 421 periprosthetic infections occurred (14%). Of these, 173 (41%) were early and 248 (59%) were late (mean time to infection = 66.4 ± 101.9 days). Patients with late infections were more likely to be current smokers or have diabetes than patients with early infections (p Staphylococcus were more common in the early infection group (p Discussion Late periprosthetic infections following implant-based breast reconstruction are underestimated in national outcome databases and have unique risk factors and microbiology compared to early infections. A system-level change in reevaluating and redefining a timeline for tracking and treating implant infections is necessary, given the substantial morbidity associated with, and frequency of, late periprosthetic infections.
Vitamin E deficiency during embryogenesis in zebrafish causes lasting metabolic and cognitive impairments despite refeeding adequate diets

Vitamin E (α-tocopherol; VitE) is a lipophilic antioxidant required for normal embryonic development in vertebrates, but the long-term effects of embryonic VitE deficiency, and whether they are ameliorated by feeding VitE-adequate diets, remain unknown. We addressed these questions using a zebrafish (Danio rerio) model of developmental VitE deficiency followed by dietary remediation. Adult zebrafish maintained on VitE-deficient (E-) or sufficient (E+) diets were spawned to obtained E- and E+ embryos, respectively, which we evaluated up to 12 days post-fertilization (dpf). The E- group suffered significantly increased morbidity and mortality as well as altered DNA methylation status through 5 dpf when compared to E+ larvae, but upon feeding with a VitE-adequate diet from 5 to 12 dpf both the E- and E+ groups survived and grew normally; the DNA methylation profile also was similar between groups by 12 dpf. However, 12 dpf E- larvae still had behavioral defects. These observations coincided with sustained VitE deficiency in the E- vs. E+ larvae (p < 0.0001), despite adequate dietary supplementation. We also found in E- vs. E+ larvae continued docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) depletion (p < 0.0001) and significantly increased lipid peroxidation. Further, targeted metabolomics analyses revealed persistent dysregulation of the cellular antioxidant network, the CDP-choline pathway, and glucose metabolism. While anaerobic processes were increased, aerobic metabolism was decreased in the E- vs. E+ larvae, indicating mitochondrial damage. Taken together, these outcomes suggest embryonic VitE deficiency causes lasting behavioral impairments due to persistent lipid peroxidation and metabolic perturbations that are not resolved via later dietary VitE supplementation.
How Much Should a Corporation Communicate About Corporate Social Responsibility? Reputation and Amount of Information Effects on Stakeholders’ CSR-Induced Attributions

This study investigates how much corporations should communicate about their corporate social responsibility (CSR) to stakeholders. It is important to know how much a corporation should communicate about its CSR, because over-communicating CSR may cause stakeholders to question the motivations (CSR-induced intrinsic and extrinsic attributions) of the corporation’s CSR engagement. Through an experiment (N = 372), the effects of corporate reputation and the amount communicated about CSR on CSR-induced attributions are investigated. Findings show that neither the amount of CSR communication nor corporate reputation influences stakeholders’ CSR-induced attributions. The findings of this study suggest that corporations may choose to spend less time and money trying to communicate about their CSR engagement, because it does not influence stakeholders’ CSR-induced attributions.
Perceptions, Realities, and Euphemisms: Community Choices of In-House Service Provision or Alternative Service Delivery

Increased expectations for municipalities to provide services, a push for updating and maintaining the services already provided, and simultaneous dealing with strained budgets and less federal fun...
Salvador has an extended SARAH domain that mediates binding to Hippo kinase.

The Hippo pathway controls cell proliferation and differentiation through the precisely tuned activity of a core kinase cassette. The activity of Hippo kinase is modulated by interactions between its C-terminal coiled-coil, termed the SARAH domain, and the SARAH domains of either dRassF or Salvador. Here, we wanted to understand the molecular basis of SARAH domain–mediated interactions and their influence on Hippo kinase activity. We focused on Salvador, a positive effector of Hippo activity and the least well-characterized SARAH domain–containing protein. We determined the crystal structure of a complex between Salvador and Hippo SARAH domains from Drosophila. This structure provided insight into the organization of the Salvador SARAH domain including a folded N-terminal extension that expands the binding interface with Hippo SARAH domain. We also found that this extension improves the solubility of the Salvador SARAH domain, enhances binding to Hippo, and is unique to Salvador. We therefore suggest expanding the definition of the Salvador SARAH domain to include this extended region. The heterodimeric assembly observed in the crystal was confirmed by cross-linked MS and provided a structural basis for the mutually exclusive interactions of Hippo with either dRassF or Salvador. Of note, Salvador influenced the kinase activity of Mst2, the mammalian Hippo homolog. In co-transfected HEK293T cells, human Salvador increased the levels of Mst2 autophosphorylation and Mst2-mediated phosphorylation of select substrates, whereas Salvador SARAH domain inhibited Mst2 autophosphorylation in vitro. These results suggest Salvador enhances the effects of Hippo kinase activity at multiple points in the Hippo pathway.
Enhanced delivery of 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine to the brain parenchyma.

5′-Ester derivatives of 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine (IDU) with varying degrees of lipophilicity were examined to evaluate the effectiveness of lipophilic ester prodrugs for enhanced and sustained delivery of IDU to the brain parenchyma. Approximately 1.0% (1.0 ± 0.19; n = 4) of the total radioactivity was found in the brain at 30 min following intravenous administration of the lipophilic benzoyl-5′-ester of 125I-labeled IDU, whereas IDU per se yielded only 0.01% (0.01 ± 0.06; n = 4). Since the IDU 5′-esters generated significantly higher levels of IDU in the brain, an HPLC analysis of IDU in the presence of 5′-esters and the metabolite 5-iodouracil was developed to characterize IDU uptake in the brain. The drug was detected at levels of 6.6 and 9.5 µg/g of brain tissue at 3 hr following intravenous administration of valeryl and benzoyl IDU, respectively, at a dose level of 40 mg/kg IDU equivalent each. IDU, on the other hand, when injected at a similar dose level, produced concentration levels below 0.01 µg/g of brain tissue, which was too low to be detected accurately by the HPLC assay. These results suggest that the 5′-ester derivatives cross the blood-brain barrier effectively and generate significantly higher brain levels of the parent drug in the brain parenchyma. The regenerated hydrophilic drug because of its polarity is “locked in” the brain and is subsequently metabolized by pyrimidine phosphorylase to 5-iodouracil. A higher concentration of IDU was generated following administration of the benzoyl ester probably because the ester itself is slowly hydrolyzed by the brain cholinesterases, thereby competitively inhibiting the metabolism of IDU to 5-iodouracil by brain pyrimidine phosphorylase. 5′-Benzoyl IDU appears to be a promising bioreversible analogue which can provide enhanced and sustained delivery of IDU to the brain parenchyma.
Minimum-cost Subgraph Algorithms for Static and Dynamic Multicasts with Network Coding

Network coding, introduced by Ahlswede et al. in their pioneering work [1], has generated considerable research interest in recent years, and numerous subsequent papers, e.g., [2–6], have built upon this concept. One of the main advantages of network coding over traditional routed networks is in the area of multicast, where common information is transmitted from a source node to a set of terminal nodes. Ahlswede et al. showed in [1] that network coding can achieve the maximum multicast rate, which is not achievable by routing alone. When coding is used to perform multicast, the problem of establishing minimum cost multicast connection is equivalent to two effectively decoupled problems: one of determining the subgraph to code over and the other of determining the code to use over that subgraph. The latter problem has been studied extensively in [5, 7–9], and a variety of methods have been proposed, which include employing simple random linear coding at every node. Such random linear coding schemes are completely decentralized, requiring no coordination between nodes, and can operate under dynamic conditions [10]. These papers, however, all assume the availability of dedicated network resources. In this chapter, we focus on the former problem, which is to find the min-cost subgraph that allows the given multicast connection to be established (with appropriate coding) over coded packet networks. This problem has been studied in [11,12]. The analogous problem for routed network is the Steiner tree problem, which is known
Membrane Polar Lipids

Free fatty acids are at best a minor component of most membranes, as large quantities are known to disrupt membranes through a “detergent effect” (See Chapter 13 ), the fatty acids aggregate into mostly spherical structures known as micelles ( Fig. 5.1 ). Other structures, including ellipsoids, are also possible. A typical fatty acid micelle is an aggregate with the hydrophilic carboxylic acid heads in contact with the surrounding water and the hydrophobic tails sequestered away from water in the dry micelle center. Micelles can accommodate membrane phospholipids, thus destroying the membrane through the detergent effect. Critical micelle concentrations for fatty acids decrease with increasing chain length and increase with increasing double bonds.
SLE mortality remains disproportionately high, despite improvements over the last decade

Despite a marked improvement in 10-year survival for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients over the past five decades, mortality rates from SLE remain high compared to those in the general population. SLE was also among the leading causes of death in young women in the United States during 2000-2015. However, it is encouraging that SLE mortality rates and the ratios of SLE mortality rates to non-SLE mortality rates have decreased every year since the late 1990s. Despite this improvement, disparities in SLE mortality persist according to sex, race, age, and place of residence. Furthermore, demographic and geographic variables seem to modify the effect of each other in influencing SLE mortality, leading to interactions between sex/race/ethnicity-associated factors and geographic differences. In other words, individuals of the same sex/race/ethnicity had differences in SLE mortality depending on where they lived. These observations highlight SLE as an important public health issue. The recognition of SLE as a leading cause of death in the general population might spur targeted public health programs and research funding to address the high lupus mortality.
Haploid genome reactivation and recovery by cell hybridization. Induction of DNA synthesis in spermatid nuclei.

DNA replication in haploid spermatid nuclei has been induced by hybridization of mouse early spermatids to proliferating HeLa cells. Use of polyethylene glycol rather than inactivated Sendai virus as the cell fusion agent was found to be essential to the production of large numbers of heterokaryons containing spermatid nuclei. DNA replication was detected in the heterokaryons by autoradiography. Density of silver grains over spermatid nuclei closely approximated the grain density over labelled HeLa nuclei in the same heterokaryons. Mouse centromeric heterochromatin appeared to be labelled last during the spermatid DNA synthetic period. On the average, HeLa nuclei in heterokaryons began DNA synthesis before spermatid nuclei. Results indicated, however, that DNA synthesis by HeLa nuclei might not be a prerequisite for spermatid DNA synthesis. These experiments demonstrate induction of DNA synthesis in spermatid nuclei, the first major step toward reactivation and recovery of their haploid genome by cell hybridization.
Classification of Carbonaceous Nanomaterials based on Patterns of Inflammatory Markers in BAL Fluid and Pathological Outcomes in Lungs

Over the past two decades, the field of nanotechnology - aimed to design, characterize and produce materials on a nanometer scale - has been fast growing and has revolutionized many aspects of our lives. The incorporation of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) in various industries (e.g., electronics, manufacturing, construction), consumer products (e.g., cosmetics, food packaging) and biomedicine poses an increased risk of exposure in humans. Human exposure to carbonaceous nanomaterials (CNMs) can occur via treatment of various diseases, as well as through their presence in manufacturing, occupational, and environment setting. As technology advances to incorporate CNMs in industry, the potential exposures associated with these particles also increase. CNMs have been found to be associated with substantial pulmonary toxicity, including inflammation, fibrosis, and/or granuloma formation. This study attempts to categorize the toxicity profiles of various carbon allotropes, in particular, carbon black, different multi-walled carbon nanotubes, graphene-based materials and their derivatives. Statistical and machine learning based approaches were used to identify groups of CNMs with similar pulmonary toxicity responses from a panel of proteins measured in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid samples and with similar pathological outcomes in the lungs. Thus, grouped particles based on their pulmonary toxicity profiles, were used to select a small set of proteins that could potentially identify and discriminate between the biological responses associated within each group. Specifically, MDC/CCL22 and MIP-3/CCL19 were identified as common protein markers associated with both toxicologically distinct groups of CNMs. In addition, the persistent expression of other selected protein markers in BAL fluid from each group suggested their ability to predict toxicity in the lungs, i.e., fibrosis and microgranuloma formation. The advantages of such approaches can have positive implications for further research in toxicity profiling.
Achievement of tolerance induction to prevent acute graft-vs.-host disease

Acute graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD) limits the efficacy of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), a main therapy to treat various hematological disorders. Despite rapid progress in understanding GVHD pathogenesis, broad immunosuppressive agents are most often used to prevent and remain the first line of therapy to treat GVHD. Strategies enhancing immune tolerance in allo-HSCT would permit reductions in immunosuppressant use and their associated undesirable side effects. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms responsible for GVHD and advancement in strategies to achieve immune balance and tolerance thereby avoiding GVHD and its complications.
Early Career Teacher Struggles: An Administrator’s Influence on Retention:

Rebecca Ashe, a first-year mathematics teacher at North Hills High School, considered herself well-prepared after her university preparation. She is energetic and dedicated to her students, providi...
Solitary Metastasis from Renal Cell Carcinoma

AbstractApproximately a quarter to a third of the patients with renal cell carcinoma have evidence of distant metastasis when they are first seen. The incidence of apparently solitary metastasis is 1 to 3 per cent. Patients with apparently solitary metastasis have about a 35 per cent prospect of surviving 5 years after aggressive treatment, although the prospects of further metastasis are high.
The Early Experience With Vedolizumab in the United States.

Background Post-marketing studies of new inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) therapies are needed to establish clinical effectiveness and safety in clinical practice. We aimed to describe the U.S. experience with vedolizumab in a commercially insured population. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study in Quintiles-IMS Legacy PharMetrics Adjudicated Claims Database from May 2014 to June 2016. We included new vedolizumab users with Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) between 18 and 64 years with ≥12 months of continuous enrollment prior to initiating vedolizumab. Outcomes included treatment persistence >14 weeks, late steroid use, IBD-related surgery and infections associated with hospitalization. We built multivariable regression models to identify predictors of treatment persistence and late steroid use. Results We identified 269 CD and 187 UC vedolizumab initiators. Only 60% of CD patients and 56% of UC patients remained on vedolizumab after 14 weeks without IBD-related hospitalization, surgery, and corticosteroid use. There were no significant predictors of treatment persistence. Steroid use in the first 2 months of vedolizumab initiation was a significant predictor of late steroid use in CD (odds ratio: 23.34; 95% confidence interval: 5.10-153.89). In the 6 months after vedolizumab initiation, 1.9% of CD and 5.9% of UC patients had an IBD-related surgery. Serious infections were Conclusions These data reflect the early U.S. experience with vedolizumab. The population-level response to vedolizumab therapy is just >50%. Steroids at the time of vedolizumab initiation is the strongest predictor of late steroid use in CD. Rates of surgery and serious infections are low.
Why are Some Societies more Entrepreneurial than Others? Evidence from 192 Countries over 2001-2018

Why do societies vary in their rates of entrepreneurship and organizational founding? Drawing on the largest available longitudinal sample comprising 192 countries over 2001-2018, I examine the evidence in relation to several explanations, including variation in the density of established organizations, national investment in research and development (R&D), technology transfer to new companies, the quality of science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) education, venture capital (VC) availability, and governmental support and policies for entrepreneurship. Contrary to prevailing theories, there is limited empirical support for these explanations. Rather, the evidence shows that the strongest predictors of cross-national variation in entrepreneurial activity were normative, with social norms being the most strongly associated with entrepreneurialism and rates of organizational founding. This study further examines the relationship between norms and societal culture and finds that more gender-egalitarian societies and societies that value and reward performance and endorse status privileges had on average higher rates of organizational founding, net of differences in national income and economic growth. The paper discusses the implications of these findings in relation to research on the social determinants of entrepreneurship and organizational founding.
Open Educational Resources as a Tool for Educational Equity: Evidence From an Introductory Psychology Class

A college education is becoming increasingly expensive, and the burden of this cost is often felt disproportionately by marginalized students. One aspect of rising college costs are textbook prices, which have increased at a rate that far surpasses inflation. Open educational resources (OER; free, openly-licensed course materials) are often proposed as a solution to this problem. It is not clear, however, whether these materials are equivalent in quality to standard commercial textbooks. During one semester, half of the Introductory Psychology sections at a large, public university were assigned to use OER while the other half were assigned to use the incumbent commercial textbook. Participants were asked to self-report the behaviors they engage in as a result of high textbook costs. We also examined student performance in the courses and students’ perceptions and use of the two books. We found no significant differences between textbook groups on course performance or perceptions of the book, but marginalized students (first-generation students and/or ethnic minority students) reported engaging in negative behaviors (i.e., dropping a class) more often than their peers as a result of textbook costs. These findings suggest that textbook costs disproportionately affect our most vulnerable students and the use of OER may be one solution to this problem, particularly given the equivalent performance across textbook groups.
Convention on the Rights of the Child and School-Based Intervention Programming

This chapter addresses pathways to align the United Nations (Convention on the rights of the child. Available from http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/crc.htm or http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/ProfessionalInterest/crc.pdf, 1989) Convention on the Rights of the Child with intervention practices in the schools that include promotion of well-being, prevention, and correction. It outlines an organizational framework for intervention efforts derived from the Articles of the Convention in the areas of promotion, protection, and partnership. The programming and policy ideas supplied include an international perspective and are explained within a social justice framework. The chapter provides three programming ideas, positive youth development, restorative justice, and trauma-informed care, that can be delivered across tiered levels of intensity and are intended to enhance student personal and interpersonal well-being. Furthermore, these approaches feature service delivery models that improve access for all students and are designed to reduce discrimination. An overview of school psychologists’ role in developing and implementing comprehensive intervention efforts to promote and enhance student health and wellness is provided. A consideration of cultural validity, competence, and adaptability of promotion, prevention, and corrective programming yields recommendations for practice. The chapter concludes with proposed actions for preparing school psychologists to be change agents who advocate for the implementation of culturally responsive and socially just programming in order to protect the rights of every child and support them in reaching their full potential.
Prior HIV testing behaviour is associated with HIV testing results among men, trans women and trans men who have sex with men in the United States

Background Among those at high risk for HIV, it is important to examine the ways in which someone who has recently tested for HIV might differ from someone who has not. Methods In 2017–2018, a total of 5001 men, trans women and trans men who have sex with men from across the United States completed an online survey about their recent testing behaviour as well as self-collected oral samples for HIV testing. Results In total, 3.8% tested HIV-positive and—among those with positive results—35% were recent HIV infections (ie, self-reported an HIV-negative test result within the 12 months prior to enrollment). Those with HIV-positive results—regardless of how recent their HIV test was prior to enrollment—differed from those with negative results in ways that are known to be associated with HIV risk: racial and income disparities, housing instability, recent transactional sex and recent methamphetamine use. Among those with HIV-positive results at enrollment, only having a primary care physician distinguished those who recently tested negative prior to enrollment versus not. Among those with HIV-negative results, there were numerous differences between those who had recently tested for HIV prior to enrollment, versus not, such that those who had not recently tested were significantly more likely to report being at higher risk for HIV. Conclusion Strategies aimed at improving more frequent HIV testing among HIV-negative persons at high risk for HIV should address other needs including stable housing, transactional sex, access to a primary care provider and methamphetamine use.
Writing a Different Story of Music Learning

Recently, the United States has witnessed an uptick of racially and culturally motivated events that continue to challenge the role of our schools in creating a more socially just nation. In light ...
Changes in Sensorimotor Cortical Activation in Children Using Prostheses and Prosthetic Simulators

This study aimed to examine the neural responses of children using prostheses and prosthetic simulators to better elucidate the emulation abilities of the simulators. We utilized functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to evaluate the neural response in five children with a congenital upper limb reduction (ULR) using a body-powered prosthesis to complete a 60 s gross motor dexterity task. The ULR group was matched with five typically developing children (TD) using their non-preferred hand and a prosthetic simulator on the same hand. The ULR group had lower activation within the primary motor cortex (M1) and supplementary motor area (SMA) compared to the TD group, but nonsignificant differences in the primary somatosensory area (S1). Compared to using their non-preferred hand, the TD group exhibited significantly higher action in S1 when using the simulator, but nonsignificant differences in M1 and SMA. The non-significant differences in S1 activation between groups and the increased activation evoked by the simulator’s use may suggest rapid changes in feedback prioritization during tool use. We suggest that prosthetic simulators may elicit increased reliance on proprioceptive and tactile feedback during motor tasks. This knowledge may help to develop future prosthesis rehabilitative training or the improvement of tool-based skills.
Single, Repeat, and Poly Intimate Partner Violence Victimization among Women at a College Campus: Extending Research Through the Inclusion of Technology-Facilitated Violence and Examining Key Social Determinants for Intimate Partner Violence Prevention.

This study examines intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization (i.e., technology-facilitated and in-person psychological, physical, and sexual) and polyvictimization, along with the role of social support and other factors in influencing these experiences. Using a sample of college women in intimate relationships in the past year (n = 265), findings revealed that social support was important in predicting IPV victimizations, with less prosocial support contributing to more frequent victimization for specific IPV forms and polyvictimization. The same support features emerged as significant for repeat technology-facilitated and repeat psychological IPV (i.e., social network relationship support), and for repeat physical and repeat sexual IPV (i.e., family connectedness), suggesting certain forms share commonalities. In the polyvictimization model, both social support measures were significant. The implications for IPV research and violence prevention are discussed.
Women, the Novel, and the German Nation 1771–1871: Domestic Fiction in the Fatherland

1. Introduction: women, the novel, and the German nation 2. The emergence of German domestic fiction 3. German women respond to the French Revolution 4. Liberation's aftermath: the early restoration 5. Feminists in the Vormarz 6. Eugene Marlitt: the art of liberal compromise Notes Works cited Index.
Cyclic Loading of Steel Beams and Connections

During a seismic disturbance structural members and their joints are subjected to cyclic excitations. These cyclic excitations may be of such great magnitude that some regions of the members and connections are forced to behave inelastically. In this manner the input energy is absorbed and dissipated. In this paper some experimental work on the effect of cyclic loadings on the behavior of large structural steel cantilevers and their connections is described, and the results are evaluated. One of the important comparisons pursued in the study is between all-welded beam-to-column connections and connections with welded flanges and bolted webs. In addition, the paper proposes a simple bilinear moment-curvature relationship for beams under cyclic loading. This relationship should prove useful in dynamic analysis of structural steel frames subjected to earthquake loadings.
Pharmacokinetics of sildenafil after single oral doses in healthy male subjects: absolute bioavailability, food effects and dose proportionality

Aims To determine the absolute bioavailability, dose proportionality and the effects of food on the pharmacokinetics of single oral doses of sildenafil citrate.
Toward a new culture for biomedical informatics: report of the 2001 ACMI symposium.

For those of us who have dedicated our careers to medical informatics, it is easy to feel over-stimulated in the current times. Moore's Law has seemingly been generalized, beyond the hardware we use, to embrace every aspect of our professional lives. Opportunities to apply our science seem to double annually, in ways unforeseeable as recently as five years ago. A field that once was clearly focused on systems to support the care of hospitalized and clinic patients has extended its reach to health information resources for consumers, systems to enhance and protect public health, and systems that support research in genomics and proteomics. We have spawned subfields denoted by prefixes or qualifying phrases, such as “public health informatics,” to mark this trend. Moreover, a field that was solidly rooted in academic medical centers now finds professional representation in for-profit corporations both large and small, in government agencies, and in foundations and professional societies. The field has acquired a distinct entrepreneurial spirit, not at all unwelcome but somehow new and unfamiliar. As our relatively small field engages new problems in new settings, these novel activities are accompanied by an inevitable sense of dilution reflected in specific concerns about our collective future. If we expand our representation into new and diverse environments—as informatics engages Big Science, Big Government, and Big Industry—will there be a sufficient number of us in each of these environments to be influential? Will we retain our own culture or will we dissolve into the cultures of these expanding work settings? Will the information technology deployed in these settings build on the generalizable solutions we have developed and the experience we have accrued, or will these solutions be reinvented? Reflecting this concern, our name—“informatics”—has metamorphosed into something novel and unintended: in many circles “informatics” is coming to mean “anything …
Detected fluctuations in Sloan Digital Sky Survey luminous red galaxy magnitudes: bulk flow signature or systematic?

In this paper, we search for a signature of a large-scale bulk flow by looking for fluctuations in the magnitudes of distant luminous red galaxies (LRGs). We take a sample of LRGs from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey with redshifts of z > 0.08 over a contiguous area of the sky. Neighbouring LRG magnitudes are averaged together to find the fluctuation in magnitudes as a function of right ascension. The result is a fluctuation of a few per cent in flux across roughly 100°. The source of this fluctuation could be from a large dipole motion with respect to the LRG sample or a systematic in our treatment of the data set, or the data set itself. A dipole model is fitted to the observed fluctuation, and the three flow parameters, its direction (αb, δb) and magnitude (vb), are constrained . We find that the flow direction is consistent with the direction found by other authors, with αb∼ 180 and δb∼−50. The flow magnitude, however, was found to be anomalously large, with vb > 4000 km s−1. The LRG angular selection function cannot be sufficiently taken into account in our analysis with the available data, and may be the source of either the anomalous magnitude of the flow signal or possibly the entire fluctuation. However, the fluctuation indicates a flow direction very close to those found using other data sets and analyses. Further investigation with upcoming data is required to confirm this detection.
Mutation of ataxia–telangiectasia mutated is associated with dysfunctional glutathione homeostasis in cerebellar astroglia

Astroglial dysfunction plays an important role in neurodegenerative diseases otherwise attributed to neuronal loss of function. Here we focus on the role of astroglia in ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), a disease caused by mutations in the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene. A hallmark of A-T pathology is progressive loss of cerebellar neurons, but the mechanisms that impact neuronal survival are unclear. We now provide a possible mechanism by which A-T astroglia affect the survival of cerebellar neurons. As astroglial functions are difficult to study in an in vivo setting, particularly in the cerebellum where these cells are intertwined with the far more numerous neurons, we conducted in vitro coculture experiments that allow for the generation and pharmacological manipulation of purified cell populations. Our analyses revealed that cerebellar astroglia isolated from Atm mutant mice show decreased expression of the cystine/glutamate exchanger subunit xCT, glutathione (GSH) reductase, and glutathione-S-transferase. We also found decreased levels of intercellular and secreted GSH in A-T astroglia. Metabolic labeling of l-cystine, the major precursor for GSH, revealed that a key component of the defect in A-T astroglia is an impaired ability to import this rate-limiting precursor for the production of GSH. This impairment resulted in suboptimal extracellular GSH supply, which in turn impaired survival of cerebellar neurons. We show that by circumventing the xCT-dependent import of L-cystine through addition of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) as an alternative cysteine source, we were able to restore GSH levels in A-T mutant astroglia providing a possible future avenue for targeted therapeutic intervention.
EFFECTS OF RESPIRATION INHIBITORS ON ACCUMULATION OF RADIOACTIVE PHOSPHORUS BY ROOTS OF LOBLOLLY PINE.

No studies of this sort have been made on roots of woody species. A series of experiments was therefore performed to find whether or not respiration inhibitors reduce mineral accumulation in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) roots as they do in barley roots. An attempt was also made to learn whether or not mycorrhizal roots react in the same manner as nonmycorrhizal roots. Since mycorrhizae represent a complex structure, consisting of both root tissue and fungal hyphae, it seemed possible that they might differ physiologically from those roots which have no fungus associated with them. Experiments with respiration inhibitors Roots were obtained from potted loblolly pine seedlings growing out of doors and from seedlings growing in a clearing in the forest. The root tips and segments bearing mycorrhizae were freed of foreign matter by gently brushing with a camel's hair brush in a shallow tray of distilled water. A total of 48 segments, each at least 2 cm. in length and bearing a healthy, growing tip, were selected and separated into four groups for the comparison of the various inhibitors. Since it was impossible to find 48 root tips of the same diameter, the tips were first divided into 12 groups, each containing four roots of approximately the same dimensions. One root from each group was then used in each treatment so the various sizes of roots were uniformly distributed among the four treatments. Roots bearing mycorrhizal branches were cut into segments 1 cm. in length and selected 30