cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Orphanin FQ/Nociceptin Modulation of Mesolimbic Dopamine Transmission Determined by Microdialysis

Abstract: Orphanin FQ has been reported to suppress extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens after intracerebroventricular administration. This study sought to provide evidence for an intra-ventral tegmental site of action for this effect using a dual-probe microdialysis experimental design. Orphanin FQ was applied to the ventral tegmental area of anesthetized rats by reverse dialysis while extracellular dopamine was sampled with a second dialysis probe in the nucleus accumbens. Orphanin FQ at a probe concentration of 1 mM (but not at 0.1 mM) significantly reduced nucleus accumbens dialysate dopamine levels. The receptor-inactive analogue, des-Phe1 -orphanin FQ (1 mM), produced a small but significant increase in nucleus accumbens dialysate dopamine levels. Simultaneous measurement of ventral tegmental area dialysate amino acid content revealed significant increases in both GABA and glutamate during infusion of orphanin FQ (1 mM). To determine if increased GABA overflow mediates the action of orphanin FQ on mesolimbic neurons, orphanin FQ (10 nmol) was microinjected directly into the ventral tegmental area in the presence or absence of the GABAA receptor antagonist, bicuculline (1 nmol). Bicuculline transiently blocked the suppressive action of orphanin FQ on accumbens dialysate dopamine levels. These data indicate that orphanin FQ decreases dopamine transmission in the nucleus accumbens by inhibiting dopamine neuronal activity in the ventral tegmental area through a mechanism that may involve an increased overflow of GABA.
Editorial: Emerging Research Ideas in Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Medicine

The practice of musculoskeletal medicine continues to evolve rapidly. In this issue, we debut a new feature article section titled, “Emerging Research Ideas in Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Medicine.” These articles, spanning a wide array of topics—basic molecular biology, imaging modalities and research tools, healthcare delivery and clinical therapeutics, among others—unify around a common theme: hypotheses with a significant potential to change the practice of orthopaedic surgery and musculoskeletal medicine in the near future. Articles in this “Emerging Ideas” series defy easy categorization. They are neither reports of original scientific studies nor are they review articles. The format of these papers will be new to readers—it was new to us. These papers begin with the authors’ exposition of a novel hypothesis. The authors then define the scientific process to test that hypothesis and the roadmap for eventually implementing the ideas to give the reader a sense of how feasible the proposed program might be and the hurdles which might impede bringing the work to clinical practice. Finally, the authors aim to succinctly place their program in the context of prior work and future developments with a discussion on what establishing that hypothesis might mean to the community of orthopaedic surgeons and musculoskeletal researchers. This series can be thought of as “Proceedings of the Grant Writing Workshops”, as the articles were solicited from participants in grant writing workshops sponsored by the Orthopaedic Research and Education Foundation, the Orthopaedic Research Society, The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, and the Bone and Joint Decade. Because participation in these writing workshops is limited to researchers with defined research ideas, it is hoped that the papers offered here represent more than idle musings. However, some of the authors, as you will see, are contemplating completely innovative approaches with no guarantee of success. We trust that this series provides a service to readers, authors, and the community of orthopaedic and musculoskeletal researchers alike. Readers, we hope, will be edified and informed by these early reports. Authors, in turn, are offered the chance to “plant the flag” and rightly claim public credit for their ideas. Finally, we expect that these articles can foster a discussion among researchers in the field and perhaps even establish new collaborations. Feedback and suggestions on the endeavor are welcome.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of [κ3-B,S,S-B(mimR)3]Ir(CO)(PPh3)H (R = But, Ph) and [κ4-B(mimBut)3]M(PPh3)Cl (M = Rh, Ir): Analysis of the Bonding in Metal Borane Compounds

A series of iridium and rhodium complexes that feature M→B dative bonds, namely [κ3-B,S,S-B(mimR)3]Ir(CO)(PPh3)H (R = But, Ph) and [κ4-B(mimBut)3]M(PPh3)Cl (M = Rh, Ir), has been synthesized via (i) the reactions of Ir(PPh3)2(CO)Cl with [TmBut]Tl and [TmPh]Li and (ii) the reactions of (COD)M(PPh3)Cl with [TmBut]K. The complexes have been structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction, thereby demonstrating the presence of a M→B dative bond in each complex. The nature of the M→B interaction in these complexes has been addressed by computational methods which indicate that the metal centers possess a d6 configuration. The d6 configuration is in accord with the value predicted by using a method that employs the valence to determine dn, but is not in accord with the d8 configuration that is predicted using the oxidation number. Thus, even though B(mimR)3 may be regarded as a neutral closed-shell ligand, coordination to a dn transition metal via the boron results in the formation of a complex in which the met...
Engine block burns: Dupuytren’s fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-degree burns

We recently treated two patients with engine block-muffler contact burns and greatly underestimated the devastating injuries to bone, deep fascia, and muscle. As a result, each patient required multiple procedures to close their burn wounds. Ten-year data from the University of Washington Burn Unit confirmed our observation that these burns tend to be considerably deeper than suspected. Eighteen patients with contact burns from engine parts were identified from 1980 through 1990. Nine (50%) of these were initially recognized to be fourth-degree and five (28%) were third-degree thermal injuries, showing that these are deep burns. Eight patients required fascial excisions and four required debridement of devascularized bone. The mean burn size was only 6% total body surface area; however, the patients with fourth-degree burns had an average graft take of only 56% and required a mean hospital stay of 44 days. Patients with third-degree burns also had suboptimal graft take and some required prolonged hospitalization. Thirty-six percent of patients required flaps either as the initial procedure or as a second procedure following an autograft. The four patients with partial-thickness burns healed without surgery and their average length of hospital stay was 3 days. Of the entire group, only four healed without surgery and only five healed with a single operation. Our 10-year data indicate that engine block contact burns are usually small, but most are deceptively deep, involving tendon, muscle, or bone. If the burn appears full thickness, suspicion must be very high at the initial surgical procedure that there is deep tissue destruction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Off-axis polarizing properties of polarizing beamsplitter cubes

The field of view dependence of polarizing beam splitter cubes has been studied to characterize their behavior in imaging systems, such as optical computers, optical correlators, and other applications which involve non-collimated light. Significant polarization aberration is present in polarizing beam splitter cubes for two reasons, (1) the s and p orientations at the beamsplitting interface, which define the polarizing axes, vary with direction of propagation; and (2) the coating performance is a function of angle of incidence. Here we present measurements made on several polarizing beam splitter cubes from various vendors. The measurements show typical polarization behavior which is of concern when the cubes are used in imaging systems. A near infra-red imaging polarimeter is used to measure the cubes.
Adsorption of Sr(II) on clay minerals: Effects of salt concentration, loading, and pH☆

Abstract The adsorption of Sr(II) on a number of clay minerals has been investigated by means of a batch technique in solutions of sodium salts. Generally the results can be approximated by ideal ion exchange equations. Distribution coefficients at trace loading follow the linear relation log D = s log [Na(I)aq] + b where b is a constant and s had values of from about −1.5 to −2.0, which are fairly close to the ideal value of −2. Adsorption isotherms at constant pH and salt concentration are linear in the low loading region. Distribution coefficients for montmorillonite are almost independent of pH in the intermediate pH region 5–7 but for illite and kaolinite, increases in the distribution coefficient with pH are observed. Comparison of these results with literature values, insofar as it is possible, shows that distribution coefficients are usually within a factor of two or three for the same mineral with similar capacities under the same conditions even if techniques of preparation and measurement are different, but values may vary considerably more if the capacities of the different mineral samples are greatly different. Values of the distribution coefficient at very high salt concentration are very low, considerably less than unity at 4 M NaCl. Thus migration rates of Sr(II), relative to water flow, through geologic formations whose adsorption behavior is dominated by these clay minerals are likely to be high at high salt concentrations.
On the defect structure due to low energy ion bombardment of graphite

Abstract Graphite surfaces cleaved perpendicular to the c axis have been irradiated with low doses of Ar + ions at 50 eV kinetic energy and perpendicular incidence. Scanning tunneling micrographs (STM) of these irradiated surfaces exhibited dome-like features as well as point defects. These dome-like features retain undisturbed graphite periodicity. This finding is attributed to the stopping of ions between the first and second graphite sheets. The possibility of doping semiconductors at extremely shallow depths is raised.
Tunable Photoluminescence of Ag Nanocrystals in Multiple-Sensitive Hybrid Microgels

We report here fluorescent pH-sensitive hybrid materials based on the in situ immobilization of Ag and Ag/Au bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) in the interior of multiple sensitive copolymer microgels of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) with polyacrylamide fragments serving as stabilizing ligands. Temperatures corresponding to the swollen, partially swollen, and nearly collapsed states of the template microgels were respectively applied for loading and in situ chemical reduction of Ag+ ions to control the size and size distribution of the Ag NPs in the microgels. Au nanoclusters were stably grown on the surface of Ag NPs through a galvanic replacement reaction between Ag and AuCl4−. The pH-sensitive optical properties of hybrid microgels embedded with either Ag NPs or Ag/Au bimetallic NPs were systematically investigated. The gradual protonization of poly(acrylic acid) fragments shrank the microgels, resulting in an enhancement of photoluminescence (PL) intensity and a blue shift of ...
On the maintenance of the kinetic energy of mean zonal flow in the southern hemisphere

Wind data reported at the eight pressure levels (850, 700, 500, 400, 300, 200, 100 and 50 mb) for 121 Southern Hemisphere plus 22 Northern Hemisphere equatorial stations during the calendar year 1958 has enabled us to study the rate of generation of the kinetic energy of the mean zonal flow. The results indicate that the kinetic energy of the mean zonal motion is maintained against frictional dissipation to a large extent through a conversion of transient eddy kinetic energy through the action of the horizontal wind. The generation of zonal kinetic energy by mean meridional motion through the action of the coriolis force cannot be measured well enough, but is probably small as in the Northern Hemisphere. The standing eddy transformation integral appears to be unimportant—a result which is not true for the Northern Hemisphere. If the conversion of the kinetic energy of the transient eddies into the kinetic energy of the mean zonal flow were to cease, the atmosphere of the Southern Hemisphere would be in solid rotation in about 2 1/2 weeks. This assumes a continuation of a normal rate of dissipation during this period. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1965.tb00198.x
Reliability Studies on GE High Density Interconnect(HDI) Modules

Considerable mechanical and environmental reliability testing as defined by MIL-STD-883 has been performed on GE HDI modules in both hermetic and nonhermetic configurations. The tests involving temperature cycling, temperature bakes, thermal shock, power cycling by self-heating, vibration, centrifuge and drop shock showed no change in the overlay or in the performance of the underlaying chips on the substrate. As an additional reliability test, the effect of humidity cycling (45% - 95% relative humidity) on nonhermetic HDI substrates has been also investigated. Any noticeable failures and degradation of metallization were not observed by humidity cycling itself at room temperature. Both the 883 and humidity cycling test could lead to the conclusion that HDI is a robust MCM-D technology. In addition, extensive studies on the residual stress analysis of the thin film layers of metal and polymer during fabrication and thermal cycling have been performed using the Flexus laser beam bending instrument. The study results predicted that failure of overlay HDI such as delamination between layers is less likely because of lower in-plane stresses than in conventional spin-coated and cured polyimide.
The Spacing of Orographic Rainbands Triggered by Small-Scale Topography

Abstract A combination of idealized numerical simulations and analytical theory is used to investigate the spacing between convective orographic rainbands over the Coastal Range of western Oregon. The simulations, which are idealized from an observed banded precipitation event over the Coastal Range, indicate that the atmospheric response to conditionally unstable flow over the mountain ridge depends strongly on the subridge-scale topographic forcing on the windward side of the ridge. When this small-scale terrain contains only a single scale (λ) of terrain variability, the band spacing is identical to λ, but when a spectrum of terrain scales are simultaneously present, the band spacing ranges between 5 and 10 km, a value that is consistent with observations. Based on the simulations, an inviscid linear model is developed to provide a physical basis for understanding the scale selection of the rainbands. This analytical model, which captures the transition from lee waves upstream of the orographic cloud t...
Bridging the gap between human resource development and adult education: Part one, assumptions, definitions, and critiques

Human resource development (HRD) as a scholarly endeavor and as a practice is often criticized in the adult education (AE) literature and by AE scholars as manipulative and oppressive and, through training and other interventions, controlling workers for strictly economic ends (Baptiste, 2001; Cunningham, 2004; Schied, 2001; Welton, 1995). Similarly, although less vocal and antagonistic, HRD scholars have been critical of AE’s ‘academic’ and ‘theoretical’ elitism vs. the pragmatic and socially responsive practice of AE. To address the tension resulting from the lack of harmony between the disciplinary conceptual foundations that exists between HRD and AE, and assuming this tension results in a lack of understanding and possible beneficial cooperation, we propose that critical traditions (critical theory and criticality) may provide a bridge between the two disciplines. To fully define and provide support for this proposition, this paper is divided into and presented in two parts.
Should We Leave Behind the Subfield of International Relations

This article considers whether political science should abandon the subfields of American politics, comparative politics, and international relations (IR), for new subfields of conflict, political economy, institutions, and behavior. The focus here is whether the field should abandon IR. The article lays out the arguments in favor of abandoning IR, describing scholarly trends that cross conventional subfield lines and are pushing to dissolve IR. Next, it argues that the costs of abandoning IR exceed the benefits, as new subfield divisions would remove some artificial walls but create new ones. Abandoning IR might undermine objective theory testing, would disadvantage the study of international system and structure, and would undermine the ability of political science to inform foreign policy debates. The article concludes by recommending that the field keep IR and its current subfield boundaries but that the walls between subfields should be kept low and porous.
Valuing environmental resources under alternative management regimes

Abstract This paper shows that the economic values of resources depend in part on the management regime. The value of a resource supporting a commercial fishery will depend on whether the fishery is optimally managed or open access. The Ellis-Fisher (1987) data are used to calculate values under alternative assumptions about management. These calculations show that value is influenced not only by biological and economic factors, but also by institutions.
Probabilistic Models for Wind Turbine and Wind Farm Performance

A Markov model for the performance of wind turbines is developed that accounts for component reliability and the effect of wind speed and turbine capacity on component reliability. The model is calibrated to the observed performance of offshore turbines in the north of Europe, and uses wind records obtained from the coast of the state of Maine in the northeast United States in simulation. Simulation results indicate availability of 0.91, with mean residence time in the operating state that is nearly exponential and has a mean of 42 days. Using a power curve typical for a 2.5 MW turbine, the capacity factor is found to be beta distributed and highly non-Gaussian. Noticeable seasonal variation in turbine and farm performance metrics are observed and result from seasonal fluctuations in the characteristics of the wind record. The input parameters to the Markov model, as defined in this paper, are limited to those for which field data are available for calibration. Nevertheless, the framework of the model is readily adaptable to include, for example: site specific conditions; turbine details; wake induced loading effects; component redundancies; and dependencies. An on-off model is introduced as an approximation to the stochastic process describing the operating state of a wind turbine, and from this onoff process an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck (O–U) process is developed as a model for the availability of a wind farm. The O–U model agrees well with Monte Carlo (MC) simulation of the Markov model and is accepted as a valid approximation. Using the O–U model in design and management of large wind farms will be advantageous because it can provide statistics of wind farm performance without resort to intensive large scale MC simulation. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4004273]
Abnormal reproduction of the sand crab Emerita analoga in the vicinity of a nuclear generating station in Southern California

Female sand crabs (Emerita analoga) were sampled from 12 beaches along a 350 km stretch of Southern California coastline during the reproductive season in July, 1982. The percentage of mature females with egg masses and the condition of those egg masses were examined at each site. The proportion of mature females with egg masses varied only slightly between beaches. However, at sites within about 20 km of the San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station, a high percentage of females carried egg masses consisting of empty egg shells. A transplant experiment was conducted. Females with empty egg masses were taken from the 6.5 km N study site, where only 5% of the mature females carried normal egg masses, and transferred to running unfiltered seawater in Santa Barbara. After 2 wk, about a third of the transplanted females carried normal egg masses, while at the same time the proportion of mature females with normal egg masses remained at 5% on the beach of origin. Heated water discharged from the nuclear generating station is probably not the cause of the abnormal reproduction of sand crabs along the nearby coast. More likely causes are: (1) runoff of agricultural pesticides from a creek 3 km north of the nuclear generating plant; (2) release of metals from corroding cooling pipes, and/or (3) increased turbidity of the nearshore waters.
A Complementary Note to 'A Lag-1 Smoother Approach to System-Error Estimation': The Intrinsic Limitations of Residual Diagnostics

Recently, this author studied an approach to the estimation of system error based on combining observation residuals derived from a sequential filter and fixed lag-1 smoother. While extending the methodology to a variational formulation, experimenting with simple models and making sure consistency was found between the sequential and variational formulations, the limitations of the residual-based approach came clearly to the surface. This note uses the sequential assimilation application to simple nonlinear dynamics to highlight the issue. Only when some of the underlying error statistics are assumed known is it possible to estimate the unknown component. In general, when considerable uncertainties exist in the underlying statistics as a whole, attempts to obtain separate estimates of the various error covariances are bound to lead to misrepresentation of errors. The conclusions are particularly relevant to present-day attempts to estimate observation-error correlations from observation residual statistics. A brief illustration of the issue is also provided by comparing estimates of error correlations derived from a quasi-operational assimilation system and a corresponding Observing System Simulation Experiments framework.
Inapparent Hemodynamic Insufficiency Exacerbates Ischemic Damage in a Rat Microembolic Stroke Model

Background and Purpose —Patients with severe carotid artery stenosis may have more severe ischemic damage after embolic stroke than patients without this abnormality. Unilateral proximal carotid occlusion (UCO) alone typically does not induce infarction in normotensive rats. The aim of this study was to investigate whether UCO increases infarct size after microembolic, experimental stroke. Methods —Microembolic infarction was induced in 2 groups of Sprague-Dawley rats by injecting 2000 microspheres (50-μm diameter) intracranially from the external carotid artery. The common carotid artery (CCA) was either ligated just after the injection (CCA occlusion group, n=8) or left intact (CCA open group, n=8). In the control group (n=4), vehicle without microspheres was injected and the CCA was ligated. Twenty-four hours later, the brains were removed and infarct volumes measured. Perfusion-weighted imaging was used to evaluate the cerebral circulation before and after CCA occlusion with and without microsphere injection in a separate group of animals (n=16). Results —All animals in the microemboli groups survived and had only a slight hemiparesis 24 hours after occlusion. No neurological deficits were observed in the control group. Infarct volumes were 145±57 mm3 in the CCA occlusion group and 45±26 mm3 in the CCA open group ( P <0.01). There were no infarctions detected in the control group. Perfusion-weighted imaging showed that cerebral blood flow decreased after the CCA occlusion in both experiments with and without the microsphere injection. Conclusions —UCO alone does not induce ischemic damage, but it worsens ischemic lesion size after multiple microemboli. This is probably due to the slight cerebral perfusion insufficiency caused by UCO. These results suggest that patients with cerebral hemodynamic insufficiency, such as those with severe carotid stenosis, may have increased ischemic damage after microembolic events.
Porous materials from fly ash

Large quantity of fly ash is generated every year from the electric power plants. Due to the shortage of disposal sites and tighter regulations, new viable ways of utilizing fly ash are needed. The formation of a porous material comprising fly ash was investigated. It was found that a porous material can be made by mixing fly ash with phosphoric acid, followed by heat treatment. The porous material is light-weight (bulk density {approximately} 1 g/cm{sup 3}), machinable, and with reasonable strength. Due to the high percentage of close porosity, the porous material has a great potential for thermal insulation applications.
Combinatorial use of translational co-factors for cell type-specific regulation during neuronal morphogenesis in Drosophila

The translational regulators Nanos (Nos) and Pumilio (Pum) work together to regulate the morphogenesis of dendritic arborization (da) neurons of the Drosophila larval peripheral nervous system. In contrast, Nos and Pum function in opposition to one another in the neuromuscular junction to regulate the morphogenesis and the electrophysiological properties of synaptic boutons. Neither the cellular functions of Nos and Pum nor their regulatory targets in neuronal morphogenesis are known. Here we show that Nos and Pum are required to maintain the dendritic complexity of da neurons during larval growth by promoting the outgrowth of new dendritic branches and the stabilization of existing dendritic branches, in part by regulating the expression of cut and head involution defective. Through an RNA interference screen we uncover a role for the translational co-factor Brain Tumor (Brat) in dendrite morphogenesis of da neurons and demonstrate that Nos, Pum, and Brat interact genetically to regulate dendrite morphogenesis. In the neuromuscular junction, Brat function is most likely specific for Pum in the presynaptic regulation of bouton morphogenesis. Our results reveal how the combinatorial use of co-regulators like Nos, Pum and Brat can diversify their roles in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression for neuronal morphogenesis.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-converting Enzyme Controls Surface Expression of c-Kit and Survival of Embryonic Stem Cell-derived Mast Cells

Transmembrane metalloproteinases of the disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) family control cell signaling interactions via hydrolysis of protein extracellular domains. Prior work has shown that the receptor tyrosine kinase, c-Kit (CD117), is essential for mast cell survival and that serum levels of c-Kit increase in proliferative mast cell disorders, suggesting the existence of c-Kit shedding pathways in mast cells. In the present work, we report that tumor necrosis factor alpha-converting enzyme (TACE; ADAM-17) mediates shedding of c-Kit. Stimulation of transfected cells with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) induced metalloproteinase-mediated release of c-Kit ectodomain, which increased further upon TACE overexpression. By contrast, TACE-deficient fibroblasts did not demonstrate inducible release, thus identifying TACE as the metalloproteinase primarily responsible for PMA-induced c-Kit shedding. Surface expression of c-Kit by the human mast cell-1 line decreased upon phorbol-induced shedding, which involved metalloproteinase activity susceptible to inhibition by tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-3. To further explore the role of TACE in shedding of c-Kit from mast cells, we compared the behavior of mast cells derived from murine embryonic stem cells. In these studies, PMA decreased surface c-Kit levels on mast cells expressing wild-type (+/+) TACE but not on those expressing an inactive mutant (DeltaZn/DeltaZn), confirming the role of TACE in PMA-induced c-Kit shedding. Compared with TACE(+/+) cells, TACE(DeltaZn/DeltaZn) mast cells also demonstrated decreased constitutive shedding and increased basal surface expression of c-Kit, with diminished apoptosis in response to c-Kit ligand deprivation. These data suggest that TACE controls mast cell survival by regulating shedding and surface expression of c-Kit.
Polyfunctional Antigen-Binding Specificity in Hapten-Carrier Responses of the Newt, Triturus Viridescens

Carrier specific enhancement of an anti-hapten response has been reported for spleen cells of the newt, Triturus viridescens (1). The response was monitored by using immunocytoadherence (ICA). Pooled chicken or toad (Bufo marinus) erythrocytes (CRBC or TRBC) were conjugated with 2, 4, 6 trinitrophenyl (TNP) as previously described. TNP-TRBC were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) and after 8 days sensitized spleen cells from 4 adult newts were mechanically dissociated, pooled, washed, counted and incubated 12–16 hours at 4°C with either horse erythrocytes (HRBC) or TNP-HRBC. Spleen cells previously sensitized to test immunogens will bind them on their surface. After the incubation, the numbers of antigen binding cells (ABC) in each incubation mixture were counted in hemacytometer chambers. In the absence of carrier immunization or with immunization by injection of an erythrocyte species other than the one used as carrier, a consistently small proportion of the spleen cells bound either antigen. This low degree of binding, which exceeded that found when no prior immunization was effected, served as a measure of cross reactivity between the two erythrocyte species used. However, when the newt spleen cells had been sensitized with the carrier species of erythrocytes within 4 days prior to hapten presentation, a substantial enhancement in the number of cells binding TNP-HRBC over those binding HRBC was observed. The number of cells binding due to cross reactivity between the carrier and HRBC, which was itself enhanced by immunization, can be subtracted from the average number of TNP-HRBC ABC in order to arrive at the number of TNP specific ABC. That these were indeed TNP specific was shown by pre-incubating the sensitized spleen cells with TNP-human serum albumin (HSA) prior to performing the binding assay. Only TNP-HRBC ABC were blocked, those remaining reflecting the degree of cross reactivity with HRBC. Because similar results obtained with other animals (e.g. the rodent) were shown to reflect cell cooperation between carrier specific “helper” and antibody producing cell (APC) subpopulations (2, 3, 4), it was suggested the cell cooperation was also required for hapten responses in the newt. This assumption was strengthened by further studies (5) which showed that, as in the rodent (6), low immunogen doses (0.0025% RBC) enhance “helper” activity, even when they do not stimulate antibody synthesis. It was found that low and high immunogen dose-initiated antigen binding responses exhibit very different kinetics. Low dosages stimulate maximum ABC activity by 2 days, while high doses generated a much higher number of ABC, but this activity did not reach a maximum until 8 days post-primary challenge. While we cannot yet be certain, this difference is at least consistent with the hypothesis that two populations of spleen cells can be visualized by ICA and that they are involved in antihapten responses in the newt.
Habitat restoration programs of the Army Corps of Engineers: recovering our nation's marine resources

Relatively recent anthropomorphic impacts in the Puget Sound Basin have diminished marine habitat. The effects these impacts have on selected aquatic species including anadromous salmon species have been documented. With the listing of bull trout, chum and chinook salmon under the Endangered Species Act the focus has shifted to recovery of the once prevalent cold water fishery in the region. One important aspect of the recovery of the fishery will be habitat restoration. The Seattle District Corps of Engineers has a variety of restoration authorities that can be utilized in this arena (Water Resource Development Act sections 22, 206, 1135 and General Investigations). Details on how the restoration authorities operate within the Corps, establishment of objectives, how projects are planned, designed and opportunities for partnerships are provided. A few case histories of completed projects and projects that are currently in planning are included to demonstrate how the process works.
A Novel Framework for Predicting In Vivo Toxicities from In Vitro Data Using Optimal Methods for Dense and Sparse Matrix Reordering and Logistic Regression

In this work, we combine the strengths of mixed-integer linear optimization (MILP) and logistic regression for predicting the in vivo toxicity of chemicals using only their measured in vitro assay data. The proposed approach utilizes a biclustering method based on iterative optimal reordering (DiMaggio, P. A., McAllister, S. R., Floudas, C. A., Feng, X. J., Rabinowitz, J. D., and Rabitz, H. A. (2008). Biclustering via optimal re-ordering of data matrices in systems biology: rigorous methods and comparative studies. BMC Bioinformatics 9, 458–474.; DiMaggio, P. A., McAllister, S. R., Floudas, C. A., Feng, X. J., Rabinowitz, J. D., and Rabitz, H. A. (2010b). A network flow model for biclustering via optimal re-ordering of data matrices. J. Global. Optim. 47, 343–354.) to identify biclusters corresponding to subsets of chemicals that have similar responses over distinct subsets of the in vitro assays. The biclustering of the in vitro assays is shown to result in significant clustering based on assay target (e.g., cytochrome P450 [CYP] and nuclear receptors) and type (e.g., downregulated BioMAP and biochemical high-throughput screening protein kinase activity assays). An optimal method based on mixed-integer linear optimization for reordering sparse data matrices (DiMaggio, P. A., McAllister, S. R., Floudas, C. A., Feng, X. J., Li, G. Y., Rabinowitz, J. D., and Rabitz, H. A. (2010a). Enhancing molecular discovery using descriptor-free rearrangement clustering techniques for sparse data sets. AIChE J. 56, 405–418.; McAllister, S. R., DiMaggio, P. A., and Floudas, C. A. (2009). Mathematical modeling and efficient optimization methods for the distance-dependent rearrangement clustering problem. J. Global. Optim. 45, 111–129) is then applied to the in vivo data set (21.7% sparse) in order to cluster end points that have similar lowest effect level (LEL) values, where it is observed that the end points are effectively clustered according to (1) animal species (i.e., the chronic mouse and chronic rat end points were clearly separated) and (2) similar physiological attributes (i.e., liver- and reproductive-related end points were found to separately cluster together). As the liver and reproductive end points exhibited the largest degree of correlation, we further analyzed them using regularized logistic regression in a rank-and-drop framework to identify which subset of in vitro features could be utilized for in vivo toxicity prediction. It was observed that the in vivo end points that had similar LEL responses over the 309 chemicals (as determined by the sparse clustering results) also shared a significant subset of selected in vitro descriptors. Comparing the significant descriptors between the two different categories of end points revealed a specificity of the CYP assays for the liver end points and preferential selection of the estrogen/androgen nuclear receptors by the reproductive end points.
Combined preoperative topical atropine sulfate 1% and intracameral nonpreserved epinephrine hydrochloride 1:2500 for management of intraoperative floppy-iris syndrome

We describe a technique combining preoperative atropine sulfate 1% and intraoperative intracameral epinephrine in a 1:2500 dilution for the management of intraoperative floppy-iris syndrome (IFIS) induced by alpha(1A)-blocking agents such as tamsulosin. Patients on alpha(1A)-blocking agents used topical atropine sulfate 1% 3 times a day for 2 days before surgery. In addition to routine topical mydriatics before surgery, they received intracameral epinephrine diluted 1:2500 with BSS. In 19 of 20 eyes, there were no clinical manifestations of IFIS with this regimen. Stimulation of the iris dilator by a direct-acting sympathomimetic (epinephrine) combined with strong pupiloplegia (atropine) provides powerful synergism. Preoperative identification of patients on alpha(1)-blockers is important as complications can be reduced significantly by using appropriate strategies to deal with this condition. It is also important that patients suffering from benign prostatic hyperplasia do not stop using an alpha(1A)-blocker, especially when preoperative atropine is used, as acute urinary retention may ensue.
Critical Race Pedagogy: Teaching About Race and Racism through Legal Learning Strategies

Student resistance to learning about race and racism is pervasive and well-documented. Scholars have noted an array of direct and indirect resistance tactics. These range from withdrawal from class discussion or course withdrawal; questioning professorial authority in classrooms; and verbal and physical harassment and assault (Painter 2000; Tatum 2001; Tusmith and Reddy 2002; Lee and Johnson-Bailey 2004). In response, scholars have developed a variety of pedagogical approaches and techniques for confronting student resistance and/or providing the optimal context for teaching on race and other sensitive subjects. These responses to resistance to learning about race and racism include, but are not limited to: “frontloading” (i.e., providing a substantial amount of data establishing the reality of social inequality at the beginning of the course, and telling students ahead of time that they will be engaging in difficult subjects, and to expect discomfort) (Samuels, Fervber, and Herrera 2003); setting ground rules for discussion to ensure respect in the classroom (Allen, Floyd-Thomas, and Gillman 2001); assigning privilege inventories and/or other exercises, such as journaling, that encourage self-examination (Allen, Floyd-Thomas, and Gillman 2001; Sue 2003); and creating opportunities for self-generated knowledge (e.g., assigning interviews on racial topics) (Tatum 2001).Thanks to my two anonymous reviewers, Gena Chandler, and Emily Satterwhite for their helpful comments on the manuscript. Also, this work was presented as a faculty development workshop in 2004 sponsored by Virginia Tech's Center for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching and at a panel on teaching and learning at the 2006 Annual Meeting of the APSA.
The determination of pulp vitality by means of thermal and electrical stimuli

T he need for a simple and reliable method of diagnosing conditions of the dental pulp is a problem which confronts the profession. A diagnosis is made by means of the history, the clinical examination, t,he radiograph, and special diagnostic aids, such as the application of heat and cold and the electric pulp tester. Very often, however, the clinician is unsure of his diagnosis despite analysis of the differential findings. Although the application of heat and cold is a. dkgnostic aid, the calibration of specific temperatures which will stimulattl the pulp has not been investigated eomplctel;v. The purpose of this study was to USC a standard electric pulp tester ami a newly tlevcloped t.hcrmoelectric toot.h stimulator to determine whether thermal tcstiug can be of more specific c1iagnost.k value by calibrat.ing the high ant1 low temperatures nccd~d to stimulate, both the normal ;l.ncl the pa.t.hologict pulp and, at, the same tirnc’, to compare t.hese results with t.hose obtaiucd wit.h the electric pulp test.er. In 1867 Xagitot advocaatcd the LISP of an intluc*tion currctnt to localize patious teeth.‘” ., Marshall, in 1891, and \~~ooclwa~~l, in 1896, actually used electricity to demonstrate vitality anti nonvitality in teeth.‘-> Thus. the use of ctlectricity as air. aid in diagnositlg disca.stls of the pulp is older than the use of t,hc x-ray. AL’OUIIC~ the I 1~11 01 Ilit, c.t.~lt t11.y otht~l* iii\.(,st ipat :G:*s, : ZIS ITayt. l+~hm:~r>, Schroeclcr, aud Hofnt~r? eonductcd stutlic:s with (~1(~(4rieal stimulation of the cleatal pulp and rcttcherl wwlnsiow which still are valid today. They concludcd that ( I ) teeth with normal ctnan~c*l tint1 nornzal pulps ga.vc definite rcsult.s, more or less painful, according to the individual and regardless of t.he instrumc~tlt cinkployed ; (21 teeth with inflamc!tl pulps rca.rtrd to a much smaller amount of current than tcet.h with normal pulps ; and (3) devitalized
International Field Studies: Tools For Enhancing Cultural Literacy

As part of Loyola College’s Executive MBA Program, students participate in an international field study (IFS). This IFS provides participants with an experientially based learning opportunity to understand that there are leadership universals that every executive and manager needs to practice in order to be world-class at home and abroad; and to appreciate that valuing and leveraging cultural differences is key to success in a global environment. This paper presents our approach to enhancing the cultural competency and literacy of students enrolled in the program.
Pharmacological Treatment of Substance Abuse in Correctional Facilities: Prospects and Barriers to Expanding Access to Evidence-Based Therapy

The individual and societal costs of untreated substance abuse are enormous. These costs include overuse of hospital emergency departments, death due to overdose, high unemployment, illegal activity, and incarceration (Mark, Woody, Juday, & Kleber, 2001; Wall et al., 2000). Substance users, especially injection drug users, tend to be among society’s most disease-burdened individuals, with a high prevalence of infectious diseases—HIV, hepatitis B and C, and tuberculosis (Edlin, 2002; Hagan et al., 2002; Kapadia et al., 2002; Martin, Cayla, Bolea, & Castilla, 2000; Spaulding, Greene, Davidson, Schneidermann, & Rich, 1999)—and comorbid psychiatric conditions (Milby et al., 1996). Throughout the 1980s, in an effort to combat the increasing prevalence of substance misuse, many state and federal governments enacted stringent antidrug laws. Largely as a result of these measures, incarceration rates in the United States have dramatically increased and have imposed pressures on a system ill-prepared to address the medical and social consequences of substance abuse (Pollack, Khoshnood, & Altice, 1999). According to the Bureau of Justice, 82% of jail inmates and 83% of state prisoners have a history of substance abuse; 64% and 70%, respectively, used drugs “regularly” (at least once a week for at least a month) in the period immediately preceding incarceration (Dunkle et al., 2004; Hammett, Harmon, & Rhodes, 2002). While the high rates of drug-related arrests, recidivism, and the large numbers of substance abusers within the correctional system are alarming, they also represent Chapter 23
Public transparency Web sites for radiology practices: prevalence of price, clinical quality, and service quality information.

Abstract Purpose To assess information regarding radiology practices on public transparency Web sites. Methods Eight Web sites comparing radiology centers' price and quality were identified. Web site content was assessed. Results Six of eight Web sites reported examination prices. Other reported information included hours of operation (4/8), patient satisfaction (2/8), American College of Radiology (ACR) accreditation (3/8), on-site radiologists (2/8), as well as parking, accessibility, waiting area amenities, same/next-day reports, mammography follow-up rates, examination appropriateness, radiation dose, fellowship-trained radiologists, and advanced technologies (1/8 each). Conclusion Transparency Web sites had a preponderance of price (and to a lesser extent service quality) information, risking fostering price-based competition at the expense of clinical quality.
Statistical Mechanics of Early Growth of Fatigue Cracks

This paper presents a mechanistic theory of the statistics of crack initiation and early growth in a polycrystalline alloy subjected to uniform, fully reversed cyclic loads. The physical basis, mathematical form, and numerical solution of the theory are described, and experimental tests are proposed. For brevity and clarity, the simplified version presented here describes surface cracks propagating with one tip permanently blocked.
Balance principles for algorithm-architecture co-design

We consider the problem of "co-design," by which we mean the problem of how to design computational algorithms for particular hardware architectures and vice-versa. Our position is that balance principles should drive the co-design process. A balance principle is a theoretical constraint equation that explicitly relates algorithm parameters to hardware parameters according to some figure of merit, such as speed, power, or cost. This notion originates in the work of Kung (1986); Callahan, Cocke, and Kennedy (1988); and McCalpin (1995); however, we reinterpret these classical notions of balance in a modern context of parallel and I/O-efficient algorithm design as well as trends in emerging architectures. From such a principle, we argue that one can better understand algorithm and hardware trends, and furthermore gain insight into how to improve both algorithms and hardware. For example, we suggest that although matrix multiply is currently compute-bound, it will in fact become memory-bound in as few as ten years--even if last-level caches grow at their current rates. Our overall aim is to suggest how to co-design rigorously and quantitatively while still yielding intuition and insight.
Direct observation of intermediate states in model membrane fusion

We introduce a novel assay for membrane fusion of solid supported membranes on silica beads and on coverslips. Fusion of the lipid bilayers is induced by bringing an optically trapped bead in contact with the coverslip surface while observing the bead’s thermal motion with microsecond temporal and nanometer spatial resolution using a three-dimensional position detector. The probability of fusion is controlled by the membrane tension on the particle. We show that the progression of fusion can be monitored by changes in the three-dimensional position histograms of the bead and in its rate of diffusion. We were able to observe all fusion intermediates including transient fusion, formation of a stalk, hemifusion and the completion of a fusion pore. Fusion intermediates are characterized by axial but not lateral confinement of the motion of the bead and independently by the change of its rate of diffusion due to the additional drag from the stalk-like connection between the two membranes. The detailed information provided by this assay makes it ideally suited for studies of early events in pure lipid bilayer fusion or fusion assisted by fusogenic molecules.
Watching Photophysics in Action: Single-Molecule Solution-Phase studies of a Trapped Photosynthetic Antenna Protein

Simultaneous fluorescence intensity and lifetime fluctuations are observed in single molecules of Allophycocyanin in solution, allowing observation of different photophysical processes which suggest conformational heterogeneity. An electrokinetic trap that cancels Brownian motion enables solution-phase measurement.