cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CRITICAL CARE AND THE WORLD WIDE WEB

It has been said that we live in the information age and that the information super highway passes by each of our doors. These statements, of course, refer to the loosely structured collection of computer resources known as the Internet. The Internet has become the latest battleground for competitive supremacy for today's forward-thinking health care providers, pharmaceutical industries, and technology vendors. To date, no resource is better equipped to assist the critical care provider in many of their daily tasks. A visit to the local bookstore illustrates the fascination our world has with this new media. Statistics on the size of the Internet are difficult to determine with any accuracy, because the Internet is constantly changing, growing, and evolving. These changes literally happen many, if not thousands, of times per minute. New computers are hooked up; old ones are shut down; and thousands of people dial in to "surf the net." In 1995, only 33% of United States homes had personal computers capable of accessing the Internet. In 1996, it was estimated that the Internet linked 6.6 million computer hosts, interconnecting over 50,000 computer networks, and provided communication for over 30 million people in 160 different countries. 18 It is estimated that the Internet traffic doubles every 100 days with more than 100 million people worldwide now on-line. The Internet is so vast that practically every aspect of human interest is represented in some form or fashion. From recreation to applied science and technology, from critical care medicine case situations to digitized radiology images and pathology specimens, the Internet has become increasingly useful for critical care practitioners. 16 Simple programs to store bibliographies, research data, and collaborative databases between institutions make this technological wonder unique.
Evaluation of pyrethroids impregnated in cattle ear tags for control of face flies and horn flies.

An evaluation was made of pyrethroid compounds impregnated in ear tags for control of the face fly, Musca autumnalis De Geer, and the horn fly, Haematobia irritans(L. ), on pastured cattle. Ear tags tested included 5 and 10% permethrin (Atroban) ear tags, and 1.5% decamethrin (WRL 53Z) ear tags. All 3 tags provided at least a 95% reduction of horn flies but less than 50% reduction of face flies over the 13 week study.
Inhibition of Plastocyanin to P700+Electron Transfer in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by Hyperosmotic Stress

Oxygen electrode and fluorescence studies demonstrate that linear electron transport in the freshwater alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii can be completely abolished by abrupt hyperosmotic shock. We show that the most likely primary site of inhibition of electron transfer by hyperosmotic shock is a blockage of electron transfer between plastocyanin (PC) or cytochrome c(6) and P(700). The effects on this reaction were reversible upon dilution of the osmolytes and the stability of plastocyanin or photosystem (PS) I was unaffected. Electron micrographs of osmotically shocked cells showed a significant decrease in the thylakoid lumen volume. Comparison of estimated lumenal width with the x-ray structures of plastocyanin and PS I suggest that lumenal space contracts during HOS so as to hinder the movement of docking to PS I of plastocyanin or cytochrome c(6).
Isotope characteristics of submarine lavas from the Philippine Sea: implications for the origin of arc and basin magmas of the Philippine tectonic plate

Igneous rocks from the Philippine tectonic plate recovered on Deep Sea Drilling Project Legs 31, 58 and 59 have been analyzed for Sr, Nd and Pb isotope ratios. Samples include rocks from the West Philippine Basin, Daito Basin and Benham Rise (40–60 m.y.), the Palau-Kyushu Ridge (29–44 m.y.) and the Parece Vela and Shikoku basins (17–30 m.y.). Samples from the West Philippine, Parece Vela and Shikoku basins are MORB (mid-ocean ridge basalt)-like with 87Sr/86Sr= 0.7026−0.7032, 143Nd/144Nd= 0.51300−0.51315, and 206Pb/204Pb= 17.8−18.1. Samples from the Daito Basin and Benham Rise are OIB (oceanic island basalt)-like with 87Sr/86Sr= 0.7038−0.7040, 143Nd/144Nd= 0.51285−0.51291 and 206Pb/204Pb= 18.8−19.2. All of these rocks have elevated 207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb compared to the Northern Hemisphere Regression Line (NHRL) and have δ207Pb values of 0 to +6 and δ208Pb values of +32 to +65. Lavas from the Palau-Kyushu Ridge, a remnant island arc, have 87Sr/86Sr= 7032−0.7035, 143Nd/144Nd= 0.51308−0.51310 and 206Pb/204Pb= 18.4−18.5. Unlike the basin magmas erupted before and after them, these lavas plot along the NHRL and have Pb-isotope ratios similar to modern Pacific plate MORB's. This characteristic is shared by other Palau-Kyushu Arc volcanic rocks that have been sampled from submerged and subaerial portions of the Mariana fore-arc. At least four geochemically distinct magma sources are required for these Philippine plate magmas. The basin magmas tap Source 1, a MORB-mantle source that was contaminated by EMI (enriched mantle component 1 [31]) and Source 2, an OIB-like mantle source with some characteristics of EMII (enriched mantle component 2 [31]). The arc lavas are derived from Source 3, a MORB-source or residue mantle including Sr and Pb from the subducted oceanic crust, and Source 4, MORB-source or residue mantle including a component with characteristics of HIMU (mantle component with high U/Pb [31]). These same sources can account for many of the isotopic characteristics of recent Philippine plate arc and basin lavas. The enriched components in these sources which are associated with the DUPAL anomaly were probably introduced into the asthenosphere from the deep mantle when the Philippine plate was located in the Southern Hemisphere 60 m.y.b.p.
Statistical Similarity and Complete Coherence in the Space-frequency Domain

We show that complete spatial coherence in the space-frequency domain leads to a condition which reflects the notion of the recently developed concept of statistical similarity. We also illustrate the usefulness of this condition.
Abstract 5034: Healthy and cancerous serum RNA profiling by the novel RNA extraction reagent and highly sensitive DNA chip

Proteins, metabolites and DNA are already known as components of serum or plasma biomarkers, however RNA has not been a strong biomarker candidate because of its instability. Exosomes that are small vesicles secreted by various cells are recently reported to play important roles in intercellular communications by transferring proteins, DNA and also RNA to distant cells through circulatory system. Surprisingly, the exosomal RNA in serum preserves its integrity and thus holds a potential to be a new blood biomarkers. In this report, we show the exhaustive analysis of miRNA and mRNA in serum by DNA chip for the highly purified RNA extracted with a novel reagent. Serum contains various types of nucleic acids, mainly small RNA, mRNA, and also short DNA fragment. We suppose that the contamination of DNA to the extracted RNA often causes a discrepancy between the DNA chip analysis and qRT-PCR validation. The novel reagent was able to extract RNA from serum without contamination of short DNA fragment, resulting in better RNA quantification and decreasing DNA-related noise outputs. Using this novel RNA extraction reagent and the highly sensitive DNA chip “3D-Gene,” we analyzed healthy and cancerous serum miRNA profiles. Over 500 miRNAs are detected in healthy and cancerous sera reproducibly, and some miRNAs were detected specifically in cancerous sera, such as breast, gastric, cervix cancer. In addition, we detected over 19,000 mRNAs from amplified RNA which were similarly extracted from healthy serum and detected by the DNA chip. This indicates that not only serum miRNA but also serum mRNA have a potential capability to be a biomarker. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5034. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5034
X-ray beam profiles and oral radiography.

Abstract The 2.6 inch (diameter) circular beam profiles of pointed plastic and unshielded open-end cones demonstrate similar penumbrae of scatter radiation providing excessive tissue irradiation for intraoral projections. The beam profile of the “improved” shielded open-end cone still demonstrates a field three times greater than that necessary to produce a regular-sized intraoral film image and thereby also provides undesirable tissue irradiation. Rectangular field instruments provide efficient utilization (82 per cent) of the skin-entrance field and a decrease in the skin-exit field.
ICAPP: A process planning system for the CIM environment

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the integration of process planning with computer aided design. The link is established through IGES, which is used to transfer the geometric data from the CAD system to the process planning system. The process planning system can subsequently use this data in generating a detailed process plan as well as an NC part program for the manufacture of the part.
The collision singularity in a perturbed two- body problem

Collision of all bodies in a perturbed n-body problem is analyzed by an extension of the author's results for a perturbed two-body problem (1969). A procedure is set forth to prove that the absolute value of energy in a perturbed n-body system remains bounded until the moment of collision. It is shown that the characteristics of motion in both perturbed problems are basically the same.
Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Third Edition

This PDF file contains the editorial “Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Third Edition” for JBO Vol. 13 Issue 02
Coordination and derivatization of 3, 4, and 6-membered nitrogen heterocycles at a chiral tungsten(II) center

Abstract Reaction of [Tp′W(CO)2(PhC CPh)][OTf] (1b) (Tp′ = hydridotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borate) with excess aziridine or 2-methylaziridine followed by protonation with [ H(OEt 2 ) 2 ] [ BAr 4 ′ ] produces chiral tungsten(II) amine complexes [ Tp ′ W(CO) ( PhC CPh ) ( HR ) ] [ BAr 4 ′ ] (3, 4; R = Me, Ph). An azetidine amido complex, Tp′W(CO)(PhC CMe)( H2) (5) is synthesized by reaction of [Tp′W(CO)2(PhC CMe)][OTf] (1a) with excess azetidine. Oxidation of amido complex 5 with I2 in the presence of a weak base provides the corresponding 1-azetine complex, [ Tp ′ W(CO)(PhC CMe ) ( H 2 ) ] [ BAr 4 ′ ] (6). Addition of methylmagnesium bromide to complex 6 results in formation of predominantly one diastereomer (SWRC/RWSC) (96:4 dr) of the 2-methylazetidine complex, Tp′W(CO)(PhC CMe)( H2) (7). Reaction of complex 5 with [ H ( OEt 2 ) 2 ] [ BAr 4 ′ ] results in formation of a cationic azetidine complex, [ Tp ′ W(CO)(PhC CMe ) ( H 2 ) ] [ BAr 4 ′ ] (8). Reaction of 1b with excess piperidine followed by oxidation affords 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine complex 9b, [ Tp ′ W(CO)(PhC CPh ) ( H 2 ) ] [ BAr 4 ′ ] . Formation of an enamido complex, Tp′W(CO)(PhC CPh)( H2) (10), is observed upon addition of base to 9b. Subsequent addition of [D+] to the enamido β-carbon results in the formation of the deuterated product, 9b–d1, as determined by 2H NMR. Seven X-ray crystal structures have been determined, and these encompass complexes with 3, 4, and 6-membered heterocyclic ligands. Crystal structures are reported for two aziridine adducts (2, 4) two neutral amido complexes (5, 7), one cationic imine complex (6), and one cationic amine (8) complex derived from azetidine, and the imine complex formed from piperidine (9).
A critical evaluation of several alcohol screening instruments using the CIDI-SAM as a criterion measure.

Four alcohol screening instruments (the AUDIT, CAGE, MAST, and Svanum's scale) were administered to a sample of 306 undergraduate students at a Midwestern university and were compared with regard to several test characteristics, using the alcohol section of the CIDI-SAM (DSM-IV version) as the criterion measure. The performance of these instruments was evaluated using two subsets of subjects: (1) students who currently met diagnostic criteria for alcohol dependence (n = 35); and (2) students who met diagnostic criteria for alcohol dependence in the past and/or at present (i.e., lifetime diagnosis; n = 50). The AUDIT performed significantly better than the other three instruments in identifying students who were currently alcohol dependent, providing a moderate degree of clinical utility with this group. The four instruments did not differ significantly in their ability to identify students with a lifetime diagnosis; each measure provided only a modest degree of clinical utility with this group.
Sparse approximate inverse and multilevel block ILU preconditioning techniques for general sparse matrices

We investigate the use of sparse approximate inverse techniques in a multilevel block ILU preconditioner to design a robust and efficient parallelizable preconditioner for solving general sparse matrices. The resulting preconditioner retains robustness of the multilevel block ILU preconditioner (BILUM) and offers a convenient means to control the fill-in elements when large size blocks (subdomains) are used to form block independent set. Moreover, the new implementation of BILUM with a sparse approximate inverse strategy affords maximum parallelism for operations within each level as well as for the coarsest level solution. Thus it has two advantages over the standard BILUM preconditioner: the ability to control sparsity and increased parallelism. Numerical experiments are used to show the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed variant of BILUM.
A comparison of plots for monothetic clustering, with applications to microbial communities and educational test development

Monothetic clustering for multivariate binary data provides a method of identifying variables whose levels identify the different patterns of responses. The default graphical summary of the standard version of this method provides information on the variables used to split the observations into groups and the proportions of the responses in the groups but not the levels of the responses in each cluster. A modified graph is proposed to provide fuller interpretations of the clustering results. The methods are applied to two examples and contrasted with other approaches to clustering multivariate binary responses. One application involves the clustering different bacterial clones presence/absence throughout distinct strata (or sections) in ice cores from Pony Lake, Antarctica, where the interest is in the full patterns of responses in the different clusters. The second is from a test developed to measure elementary education mathematics coaches knowledge of different aspects of mathematics coaching. In this second application, the interest lies more with questions that define distinct groups of individuals than with the entire pattern of responses. Monothetic clustering for multivariate binary data provides a method of identifying variables whose levels identify the different patterns of responses. The default graphical summary of the standard version of this method provides information on the variables used to split the observations into groups and the proportions of the responses in the groups but not the levels of the responses in each cluster. A modified graph is proposed to provide fuller interpretations of the clustering results. The methods are applied to two examples and contrasted with other approaches to clustering multivariate binary responses. One application involves the clustering different bacterial clones presence/absence throughout distinct strata (or sections) in ice cores from Pony Lake, Antarctica, where the interest is in the full patterns of responses in the different clusters. The second is from a test developed to measure elementary education mathematics coaches knowledge of different aspects of mathematics coaching. In this second application, the interest lies more with questions that define distinct groups of individuals than with the entire pattern of responses.
Solution-time comparisons of digital computers and DDAs

Recent emphasis on reducing computing time for various scientific problems has given rise to a number of programming efificiency studies and searches for shortcut algorithms. In particular, numerical solutions of differential equations have produced several "better" integration methods. However, most of these algorithms tend to consume vast amounts of computer time. Some interesting results to show how differential equations can be solved on special digital incremental computers, with considerable savings in time at no comparable loss in accuracy, are presented.
Exploiting Direct Access Shared Memory for MPI On Multi-Core Processors

In 2008, the Catamount lightweight kernel was extended to support direct access shared memory between processes running on the same compute node. This extension, called SMARTMAP, allows each process read/write access to another processâ memory by extending the virtual address of each process. Simple virtual address bit manipulation can be used to access the same virtual address in a different processâ address space. In this paper we describe an implementation of the Message Passing Interface (MPI) that uses SMARTMAP for intra-node message passing. SMARTMAP has several advantages over POSIX shared memory techniques for implementing MPI. We present performance results comparing MPI using SMARTMAP to the existing MPI transport layer on a quad-core Cray XT platform.
Molecular imaging with optics: primer and case for near-infrared fluorescence techniques in personalized medicine

We compare and contrast the development of optical molecular imaging techniques with nuclear medicine with a didactic emphasis for initiating readers into the field of molecular imaging. The nuclear imaging techniques of gamma scintigraphy, single-photon emission computed tomography, and positron emission tomography are first briefly reviewed. The molecular optical imaging techniques of bioluminescence and fluorescence using gene reporter/probes and gene reporters are described prior to introducing the governing factors of autofluorescence and excitation light leakage. The use of dual-labeled, near-infrared excitable and radio-labeled agents are described with comparative measurements between planar fluorescence and nuclear molecular imaging. The concept of time-independent and -dependent measurements is described with emphasis on integrating time-dependent measurements made in the frequency domain for 3-D tomography. Finally, we comment on the challenges and progress for translating near-infrared (NIR) molecular imaging agents for personalized medicine.
Symmetry reductions for a class of discrete-event systems

Issues related to the control and verification of isomorphic modular discrete-event systems are investigated. A finite state automaton system model is considered for the system modules where sets of atomic propositions are defined on the states. A type of symmetry is defined for these modular systems and a restriction of the /spl mu/-calculus designed for these systems is introduced. A procedure is shown to reduce the cost in computation time and memory for testing if symmetric modular systems satisfy propositions in this /spl mu/-calculus. An example of a symmetric modular UAV platoon leader system is then shown and discussed.
Effect Size, Practical Importance, and Social Policy for Children

Real decisions for real children are influenced by the papers developmentalists write, regardless of whether we ever intended our papers to be used in the policy arena. Yet most social scientists seldom analyze data in ways that are most useful to policymakers. The primary purpose of this paper is to share three ideas concerning how to evaluate the practical importance of a finding or set of findings. First, for research to be most useful not only in the policy arena but also more generally, significance tests need to be accompanied by effect size estimates. The practical importance of an effect size depends on the scientific context (i.e., measurement, design, and method) as well as the empirical literature context. Second, researchers need to use all existing data when weighing in on a policy debate; here, meta-analyses are particularly useful. Finally, researchers need to be careful about embracing null or small findings, because effects may well be small due to measurement problems alone, particularly early in the history of a research domain.
What Was a Nomadic Tribe

Historians dislike nomads. This feeling is perhaps understandable, since our sedentary habits keep us from a full comprehension of people whose prosperity depended so much on continual movement and opportunistic raiding. The primary historical sources reinforce this dislike with their universally pejorative attitude: their authors were sedentary beings also who saw nomads as predators and described them from a safe distance. Why should we impeach these witnesses in the absence of an alternative body of sources containing the nomadic perspective? It is ironic that the very practices which led to the nomads' success have doomed them to ignominy in our modern eyes. Why should mounted archers have preserved archives? Paper, always heavy, would restrict mobility, range, and speed of horses. In short, travelling light gave military advantages to the nomads, but it also gave their history into the hands of their settled prey.
Instructional observation: Caveats, concerns, and ways to compensate

ABSTRACT Use of colleague instructional observation is on the rise. This paper looks at the advantages and problems present when colleagues enter each other's classrooms for the purpose of evaluating instruction. Ten caveats are identified. The discussion of each focuses on practical ways to compensate for and overcome the potential problems so that the benefits of this unique form of instructional evaluation can be achieved.
Comparison of the effect of elevated CO2 on an invasive species (Centaurea solstitialis) in monoculture and community settings

The ongoing increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]) is likely to change the species composition of plant communities. To investigate whether growth of a highly invasive plant species, Centaurea solstitialis (yellow starthistle), was affected by elevated [CO2], and whether the success of this species would increase under CO2 enrichment, I grew the species in serpentine soil microcosms, both as a monoculture and as a component of a grassland community. Centaurea grown in monoculture responded strongly to [CO2] enrichment of 350 μmol mol−1, increasing aboveground biomass production by 70%, inflorescence production by 74%, and midday photosynthesis by an average of 132%. When grown in competition with common serpentine grassland species, Centaurea responded to CO2 enrichment with similar but nonsignificant increases (+69% aboveground biomass, +71% inflorescence production), while total aboveground biomass of the polyculture increased by 28%. Centaurea's positive CO2 response in monoculture and parallel (but non-significant) response in polyculture provoke questions about possible consequences of increasing CO2 for more typical California grasslands, where the invader already causes major problems.
Optimal apportionment of reliability and redundancy in series systems under multiple objectives

A multiobjective reliability apportionment problem for a series system with time-dependent reliability is presented. The resulting mathematical programming formulation determines the optimal level of component reliability and the number of redundant components at each stage. The problem is a multiobjective, nonlinear, mixed-integer mathematical programming problem, subject to several design constraints. Sequential unconstrained minimization techniques in conjunction with heuristic algorithms are used to find an optimum solution. A generalization of the problem in view of inherent vagueness in the objective and the constraint functions results in an ill-structured reliability apportionment problem. This multiobjective fuzzy optimization problem is solved using nonlinear programming. The computational procedure is illustrated through a numerical example. The fuzzy optimization techniques can be useful during initial stages of the conceptual design of engineering systems where the design goals and design constraints have not been clearly identified or stated, and for decision making problems in ill-structured situations. >
PCB-integrated metallic thermal micro-actuators

The development of thermal micro-actuators on printed circuit boards is described. The fabricated metal actuators are shown to have similar displacement characteristics when compared with silicon-based devices described in the literature. The actuators are benchmarked with respect to power consumption, stroke, and response time. It is further demonstrated that simple analytical estimates for the response time are in good agreement with the experimental measurements and finite element analysis. The thermal cooling transient times are captured using a two-step constant-current excitation method. The fabrication process and potential application areas of the developed device are also provided.
Microfractures in Cryopreserved Heart Valves: Valve Submersion in Liquid Nitrogen Revisited

Cryopreservation of human tissues is finding increased usage as a means of increasing the availability and quality of clinically usable biomaterials. Tissues being cryopreserved include heart valves, vein segments, articular cartilage, tendons, ligaments, bone, and cellular tissues such as the pancreas. Cryopreservation of organs has met with more limited success than cryopreservation of “acellular” tissues, i.e. tissues with minimal cell populations. Tissues such as a heart valve consist primarily of a collagen/proteoglycan matrix in which small numbers of fibroblast type cells are sparsely distributed. In it’s native state, the heart valve also contains a surface coating of metabolically active endothelial cells whose primary function is to provide a smooth surface to the blood streaming across its’ face and to prevent blood clotting.
Interannual Variation in Clutch and Egg Size of the Banded Darter, Etheostoma zonale

Abstract We found significant variation among years in the reproductive life-history traits of a single population of the Banded Darter, Etheostoma zonale from the Duck River drainage of Tennessee. Standard length-adjusted average clutch size varied by a factor of 1.38 among years and adjusted ripe egg mass by a factor of 1.21. Interannual variation in E. zonale's clutch size appears to be less extensive than is geographic variation reported previously, and egg size is generally less variable than is clutch size, both geographically and temporally, as has been predicted from life-history theory.
Super-resolution in diffusion-weighted imaging

Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) enables non-invasive investigation and characterization of the white-matter but suffers from a relatively poor resolution. In this work we propose a super-resolution reconstruction (SRR) technique based on the acquisition of multiple anisotropic orthogonal DWI scans. We address the problem of patient motions by aligning the volumes both in space and in q-space. The SRR is formulated as a maximum a posteriori (MAP) problem. It relies on a volume acquisition model which describes the generation of the acquired scans from the unknown high-resolution image. It enables the introduction of image priors that exploit spatial homogeneity and enables regularized solutions. We detail our resulting SRR optimization procedure and report various experiments including numerical simulations, synthetic SRR scenario and real world SRR scenario. Super-resolution reconstruction in DWI may enable DWI to be performed with unprecedented resolution.
Communication using multiple wireless interfaces

With the emergence of different wireless technologies, a mobile terminal equipped with multiple interfaces can achieve a much higher bandwidth by aggregating the bandwidth offered by the individual networks. In this paper, we present a system based on Mobile IP that achieves the above objective. We discuss in detail the architectural requirements and algorithms that are needed to support the system.
ARCHR — Apparatus for Remote Control of Humanoid Robots

The Apparatus for Remote Control of Humanoid Robots (ARCHR) is an intuitive teleoperation system for high degree of freedom robots with haptic feedback. The purpose of this system is to allow minimally trained individuals to control a complex robot to complete a dexterous task. For example if it is a biohazard handling task then we want a biohazard handling expert operating the robot. However it should not be required that the biohazard handling expert also be a trained robot handler. The robot should be controlled intuitively and give good situational awareness. This is especially important in situations requiring first responders. The ARCHR system uses scaled kinematics of the target robot to incorporate the humans inherent intuitive understanding of joint motion. This setup also allows for hardware self collision detection. A scaled stereoscopic video feed in conjunction with a binocular virtual reality system immures the user into the body of the robot. This immersion is scale independent. Finally haptic feedback is used to extend the immersion to the tactile space. Three ARCHR controllers were created for three distinct humanoid robots, the DRC-Hubo, Baxter, and MiniBot. Each of these robots range from full-size to infant-size. Public testing was done using 30 untrained users on each platform. The results showed that the system does achieve the goal of creating an intuitive and immersive teleoperation system for high degree of freedom robots.
Effects of hyperkalemia and glycoside on thallium exchange in rabbit ventricle

The exchange characteristics of thallium-201 (201Tl) were studied using the isolated arterially perfused rabbit interventricular septum to gain insight into the mechanisms that govern its uptake and subsequent washout from myocardial tissue. The results were compared to potassium-42 (42K) exchange. Unlike 42K, the uptake and tissue washout exchange rates for 201Tl were not equal. The 201Tl washout exchange rate was slower than that for the uptake. Hyperkalemia increased the efflux of both 42K and 201Tl, but the increase in 201Tl efflux was not due to an increase in permeability, as was true for 42K, but to a hyperkalemia, induced increase in compartment size of exchangeable 201Tl. Acetylstrophanthidin (ACS) resulted in an increase in 201 Tl efflux similar to the increase in 42K efflux seen with ACS. However, ACS did not inhibit 201Tl influx, in contrast to the known inhibition of 42K influx. This indicated that influx of tracer amounts of 201Tl was not dependent on the sodium-potassium pump. A model of Tl exchange in rabbit ventricles is proposed.
Structural and functional recoupling of atrial and ventricular myocardium: new conduits for electrical flow.

Conventional wisdom suggests: this should not be possible. You should not be able to successfully restore sequential activation of cardiac chambers in an adult animal with complete atrioventricular conduction block simply by gluing one end of a dish-grown tissue strand containing neonatal rodent
Efficient Wireless Communication in Grid Networks

The authors give lower and upper bounds for capacity in grid networks when using one channel and one radio per node. We also analyze the capacity for multiple channels and make connections to channel assignment algorithms that we introduced previously, which are robust to the presence of primary users. The bounds obtained depend on the range of communication, the distance between nodes and the size of the grid network. Using our communication pattern, node communication can be scheduled to ensure end-to-end communication between any two nodes in a grid network while maximizing capacity.
Extended Second Price Auctions With Elastic Supply for PEV Charging in the Smart Grid

In this paper, we explore the question of efficient allocation of energy, while buying the same from generation companies, to plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) by aggregator (electricity utility or load serving entities) through auction mechanisms. Recognizing the practical limitations of the Vickrey–Clarke–Groves mechanism, which would be natural to apply in this context, we investigate two practical mechanisms that can be viewed as extensions of second price auction mechanisms and have limited message (bid) complexity. In the first mechanism, the elastic-supply multi-level second price, each PEV agent submits a number of price bids, one for each of a given set of energy levels (energy quantities). In the second mechanism, the elastic-supply progressive second price, the PEV agents submit a 2-D bid indicating the price as well as the desired energy quantity. Taking into account differences across PEV-owners in terms of their willingness-to-pay values and charging time constraints, we analyze the social optimality and incentive compatibility properties of the two auction mechanisms. We also complement our theoretical findings with numerical simulations.
Suppression of Emerging, Early-Season Boll weevils Using Integrated Control

In 1968 and 1969, field experiments were conducted at Florence, South Carolina, against populations of emerging overwintered Anthonomus grandis Boheman. In 1968, complete suppression was not achieved with an integrated control program consisting of foliar sprays of toxaphene + DDT + methyl parathion, plus in-furrow and sidedress applications of aldicarb, but the population of overwintered boll weevils was reduced 57% below that resulting from foliar treatment alone. In 1969, one integrated program consisting of foliar sprays of toxaphene + DDT + methyl parathion plus the in-furrow and sidedress applications of aldicarb, and another consisting of the same treatments plus boll weevil pheromone traps, suppressed the population of emerging over wintered boll weevils.
College physical activity courses: why do students enroll, and what are their health behaviors?

(2003). College Physical Activity Courses: Why Do Students Enroll, and What are Their Health Behaviors? Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 74, No. 3, pp. 313-318.
Acute White Matter Tract Damage after Frontal Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.

Abstract Our understanding of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is still in its infancy and to gain a greater understanding, relevant animal models should replicate many of the features seen in human mTBI. These include changes to diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) parameters, absence of anatomical lesions on conventional neuroimaging, and neurobehavioral deficits. The Maryland closed head TBI model causes anterior-posterior plus sagittal rotational acceleration of the brain, frequently observed with motor vehicle and sports-related TBI injuries. The injury reflects a concussive injury model without skull fracture. The goal of our study was to characterize the acute (72 h) pathophysiological changes occurring following a single mTBI using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), behavioral assays, and histology. We assessed changes in fractional anisotropy (FA), mean (MD), longitudinal (LD), and radial (RD) diffusivities relative to pre-injury baseline measures. Significant differences were observed in both the lon...
Synthetic Process for Polyacrylate Waterproof Materials and Their Characterization

Corrosion resistant of polyacrylate waterproof materials in the solution of chloride,sulfate and alkali was studied in static immersion,and relation between swelling ratio and anti-erosion of polymers formed by different initiators of spray distance and mass ratio was investigated.Result showed that the synthetic waterproof membrane had best corrosion resistance with the smallest swelling ratio,in the spray distance of 50cm and initiator concentration of 10%.
Gettin’ a little crafty: Teachers Pay Teachers©, Pinterest© and neo-liberalism in new materialist feminist research

ABSTRACTIn this paper, I share data from a year-long study investigating the manifestations of neo-liberalism in the working lives of five women elementary school teachers in the United States. I discuss how gendered discourses of neo-liberalism construct what is understood as possible in the material-discursive production of the women’s subjectivities concerning a surprising market created by teachers for teachers that is largely promoted through the social media site, Pinterest©: Teachers Pay Teachers©. Utilising new materialist feminist theory [Braidotti, R. 2000. “Teratologies.” In Deleuze and Feminist Theory, edited by I. Buchanan, and C. Colebrook, 156–172. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press; Dolphijn, R., and I. van der Tuin. 2012. New Materialism: Interviews & Cartographies. Ann Arbor, MI: Open Humanities Press], I analyse how the teachers intra-act [Barad, K. 2007. Meeting the Universe Half Way: Quantum Physics and the Entanglement of Matter and Meaning. Durham, NC: Duke University Press] with...
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION

SUMMARY HIV infection and AIDS will continue to grow as a major medical and social problem. The incidence of heterosexual transmission is rising, and it will become increasingly difficult for physicians and counselors to assess an individual's risk of infection. In coming years, physicians can expect to see patients who are infected, but whose risk may not be apparent, and who may not present with conditions immediately suggestive of their infection. The majority of these patients may not even suspect they are infected. Many of the tests currently available for diagnosing HIV infection are very good. They are both highly sensitive and highly specific and their predictive values are good when their limits are understood. But, as HIV infection expands to an ever larger number of women and children and as the ability to sharply define risk groups fades, demand for a broader range of tests that can reliably confirm infection and are easy to perform can only increase. We have attempted to describe some of the common serologic tests currently used to diagnose HIV infection and some of the limitations of these tests. We also have pointed out that criteria used by laboratories for interpreting tests such as the Western blot may not always be uniform, and physicians should know the criteria used by their reference laboratory and the quality control measures taken. We also have attempted to describe some of the tests available to detect the virus, its genes, or its gene products. PCR and other rapidly evolving gene amplification techniques hold great promise as highly sensitive and specific tests for the diagnosis/confirmation of HIV infection. As with the serologic tests, it is important for those who may use these tests to understand their value as well as their limitations.
Estimating Ten-Year Trends in Septic Shock Incidence and Mortality in United States Academic Medical Centers Using Clinical Data.

Background Reports that septic shock incidence is rising and mortality rates declining may be confounded by improving recognition of sepsis and changing coding practices. We compared trends in septic shock incidence and mortality in academic hospitals using clinical vs claims data. Methods We identified all patients with concurrent blood cultures, antibiotics, and vasopressors for ≥ two consecutive days, and all patients with International Classification of Diseases , 9th edition (ICD-9) codes for septic shock, at 27 academic hospitals from 2005 to 2014. We compared annual incidence and mortality trends. We reviewed 967 records from three hospitals to estimate the accuracy of each method. Results Of 6.5 million adult hospitalizations, 99,312 (1.5%) were flagged by clinical criteria, 82,350 (1.3%) by ICD-9 codes, and 44,651 (0.7%) by both. Sensitivity for clinical criteria was higher than claims (74.8% vs 48.3%; P P = .23). Septic shock incidence, based on clinical criteria, rose from 12.8 to 18.6 cases per 1,000 hospitalizations (average, 4.9% increase/y; 95% CI, 4.0%-5.9%), while mortality declined from 54.9% to 50.7% (average, 0.6% decline/y; 95% CI, 0.4%-0.8%). In contrast, septic shock incidence, based on ICD-9 codes, increased from 6.7 to 19.3 per 1,000 hospitalizations (19.8% increase/y; 95% CI, 16.6%-20.9%), while mortality decreased from 48.3% to 39.3% (1.2% decline/y; 95% CI, 0.9%-1.6%). Conclusions A clinical surveillance definition based on concurrent vasopressors, blood cultures, and antibiotics accurately identifies septic shock hospitalizations and suggests that the incidence of patients receiving treatment for septic shock has risen and mortality rates have fallen, but less dramatically than estimated on the basis of ICD-9 codes.
Felix Dzerzhinsky, the Polrevkom and the Tactics of Political War

Some authors who have dealt with the Soviet–Polish War primarily from the military point of view have been struck by the Soviet regime’s inability or unwillingness to reinforce the Western front armies. As one Soviet general later wrote, by August the ′ranks of the red troops were greatly thinned, regiments approximated battalions and even companies in their size. John Erickson, commenting on the attempt by Glavkom to transfer
Scenario analysis for assessing the impact of hydraulic fracturing on stream low flows using the SWAT model.

Scientists and water users are concerned about the potential impact on water resources, particularly during low-flow periods, of freshwater withdrawals for hydraulic fracturing (fracking). Therefor...
Case Study 26. What Science Is: A Cultural and Legal Challenge

The Introduction presented a standard interpretation of what science is. How important is it for us to follow that definition? Can society arbitrarily change it if it so desires? In 2004 a group of school board members aligned themselves with people who were attempting to do just that—change the definition of science to make it more consistent with their religious beliefs. The legal protest from parents went to a federal court where Judge Jones evaluated and rejected the claim that Intelligent Design qualified as science.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, and Management

Abstract The etiology of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) remains unknown. Although great strides are being made toward clarifying the immune dysregulation seen in SLE, clinical disease expression is undoubtedly the end result of varied environmental and immunologic stimuli acting on a genetically predisposed individual. Abnormalities of the T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, Fcγ receptors, proinflammatory cytokines, the complement pathway, and apoptosis have all been found to play a role in the pathogenesis of SLE. As with any chronic medical condition, the treatment of SLE in children is a particular challenge. As children enter adolescence and early adulthood, the desire for a seemingly “normal” life with a sense of independence from parents and medical authority figures may dominate, and compliance may wane. This is particularly true for teenage patients for whom body image issues come to the forefront when faced with the effects of corticosteroid therapy. Treatment of SLE must be individually tailored to each patient's clinical manifestations. Corticosteroids remain the first line of treatment for SLE. However, depending upon the extent and severity of internal organ involvement, medication regimens can range from low-dose corticosteroids and antimalarials to inpatient treatment with pulse methylprednisolone and cytotoxic medications such as cyclophosphamide and rituximab.
NKG2A-Expressing Natural Killer Cells Dominate the Response to Autologous Lymphoblastoid Cells Infected with Epstein-Barr Virus.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human -herpesvirus that establishes latency and lifelong infection in host B cells while achieving a balance with the host immune response. When the immune system is perturbed through immunosuppression or immunodeficiency, however, these latently-infected B cells can give rise to aggressive B cell lymphomas. Natural killer (NK) cells are regarded as critical in the early immune response to viral infection, but their role in controlling expansion of infected B cells is not understood. Here we report that NK cells from healthy human donors display increased killing of autologous B lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) harboring latent EBV compared to primary B cells. Co-culture of NK cells with autologous EBV+ LCL identifies an NK cell population that produces IFN-gamma and mobilizes the cytotoxic granule protein CD107a. Multi-parameter flow cytometry and Boolean analysis reveals that these functional cells are enriched for expression of the NK cell receptor NKG2A. Further, NKG2A+ NK cells more efficiently lyse autologous LCL than do NKG2A- NK cells. More specifically, NKG2A+2B4+CD16-CD57-NKG2C-NKG2D+ cells constitute the predominant NK cell population that responds to latently-infected autologous EBV+ B cells. Thus, a subset of NK cells is enhanced for the ability to recognize and eliminate autologous, EBV-infected transformed cells, laying the groundwork for harnessing this subset for therapeutic use in EBV+ malignancies.
Toward the Atomic Structure of PrPSc

In this review, we detail our current knowledge of PrPSc structure on the basis of structural and computational studies. We discuss the progress toward an atomic resolution description of PrPSc and results from the broader field of amyloid studies that may further inform our knowledge of this structure. Moreover, we summarize work that investigates the role of PrPSc structure in its toxicity, transmissibility, and species specificity. We look forward to an atomic model of PrPSc, which is expected to bring diagnostics and/or therapeutics to the field of prion disease.
Long-term trends accentuate the import of creative and critical thinking skills developed by design thinking and ill-defined questions:

The economic, financial, and political trends such as stagnating standards of living, fiscal pressure, and an escalating mistrust of government were set in motion during the 1960s and 1970s. Due to the duration of the trends, the magnitude, but not the nature, of the challenges confronting the health care, nonprofit and public sectors has changed. Consequently, with the exception of adding topics relating to strategies for securing voluntary compliance and effectively interacting with constituents who are increasingly angry and opposed to government intervention, the Great Recession and subsequent Age of Austerity do not appreciably affect the Master in Public Administration (MPA) curriculum’s content. However, the intractable nature of the challenges accompanying the trends places a premium on cultivating the students’ critical thinking and creative skills. Meeting this challenge necessitates the adoption of learning strategies that shift to students a greater share of the responsibility for learning. On...