cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anomalous nutrient distribution in the equatorial Pacific in April 1988 : evidence for rapid biological uptake

Abstract Nutrients in the central equatorial Pacific are normally enriched at the Equator, with concentrations gradually falling to the north and south. This pattern reflects input by equatorial upwelling, with slow removal as waters flow poleward. In April 1988, we observed minima in SiO2 and NO3− + NO2− concentrations near the Equator. [SiO2] in particular dropped to minima at 2.5°N and 1–2.5°S, rose to maxima at 3°N and 3–6°S, then fell off in the normal pattern. Such minima are unusual features not clearly evident in data from other equatorial Pacific transects. A period of anomalous hydrographic conditions preceded the time of our chemical observations. Between February 1988 and April 1988, the anomalously warm conditions which characterized the equatorial Pacific during the 1986–1987 El Nino/Southern Oscillation event ended, and the thermocline shoaled sharply. We speculate that the anomalous nutrient distributions we observed in April are related to the regional hydrography of the preceding months. Physical forcing may have triggered rapid biological SiO2 and NO3− removal, producing the anomalous nutrient distribution we observed.
Organizational Behavior: Whom Do We Talk to and Who Talks to Us?

Citation analysis of research published in 10 U.S. organizational sciences journals during the past decade provides insights into communications within and among disciplines contributing to the study of organizations. Results suggest that during the 1980s a modest increase in cross-disciplinary communication occurred among authors contributing to these journals. The same conclusions are reached when the time horizon of the study is lengthened to encompass the previous 3 decades. More interdisciplinary communication is needed to improve the quality of organizational studies.
Physical and psychosocial functioning in multiple sclerosis: descriptions, correlations, and a tentative typology.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease of great variety and ambiguity. Its outcome is both multidimensional and uncertain. As part of an ongoing effort to describe and differentiate the various courses that MS can follow, 81 out-patients diagnosed with MS completed the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) and the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP) administered as a structured interview. Descriptive statistics for the SIP and the CPI are provided and examined as a function of age and sex. Correlations between health status and personality scales are reported. Increasing physical dysfunction is associated with lowered performance on a broad array of psychosocial dimensions but only among women. A cluster analysis of CPI factor scores is described and a very tentative typology of persons with MS is offered for further investigation.
Analysis of Coherent Raman Beats from a Four-Level Electron–Nuclear-Spin-Coupled System

Abstract A linear analysis of the density-matrix equations for a four-level electron–nuclear-spin-coupled system predicts the onset of a coherent Raman beat signal. The signal appears during the application of a long, single, weak, continuous-wave EPR probe pulse which replaces the third pulse in the stimulated-echo experiment, and is identical to the three-pulse stimulated-echo envelope modulation calculated by Mims [ Phys. Rev. B 5, 2409 (1972)]. The first two pulses prepare coherent superposition among coupled nuclear-spin states. During the EPR probe pulse, nuclear coherence is transfered to electron-spin coherence which exhibits beats as a measure of the splittings among the nuclear levels.
Impact of symptomatic interval on prognosis of patients with stage III testicular cancer

Abstract In patients with testicular cancer, the interval from the onset of symptoms to histologic diagnosis has been correlated with extent of disease. To determine whether or not the symptomatic interval was related to response to chemotherapy and extent of disease in patients presenting with metastatic disease, the charts of 253 patients treated with chemotherapy were reviewed. In the 123 patients presenting with metastatic disease, for whom the symptomatic interval was known, complete response was significantly associated with the symptomatic interval (P = 0.039). A trend wasrend teas noted between the symptomatic interval and the extent of retroperitoneal metastases (P = 0.065). The survival of patients with testicular cancer in all stages may be improved by heightening public awareness through educational programs.
A comparative study on the structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae under nonthermal technologies: high hydrostatic pressure, pulsed electric fields and thermo-sonication.

Abstract Nonthermal technologies are becoming more popular in food processing; however, little detailed research has been conducted on the study of the lethal effect of these technologies on certain microorganisms. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a yeast related to spoilage of fruit products such as juices; novel technologies have been explored to inactivate this yeast. Three nonthermal technologies, high hydrostatic pressure (HHP), pulsed electric fields (PEF) and thermo-sonication (TS), were used to evaluate and to compare the structural damage of yeast cells after processing. Processing conditions were chosen based on previous experiments to ensure the death of cells; HHP was conducted at 600 MPa for 7 min (room temperature, 21 °C); for PEF, 30.76 kV/cm at 40 °C and 21 pulses (2 μs each), and finally for TS the conditions were 120 μm, 60 °C and 30 min in continuous and pulsed modes; all treatments were applied in apple juice. Cells were prepared for electron microscopy using an innovative and short microwave assisted dehydration technique. Scanning electron microscopy showed the degree of damage to the cells after processing and illustrated the important and particular characteristics of each technology. Cells treated with high hydrostatic pressure showed a total disruption of the cell membrane, perforation, and release of the cell wall; scars were also observed on the surface of the pressurized cells. PEF treated cells showed less superficial damage, with the main changes being the deformation of the cells, apparent fusion of cells, the formation of pores, and the breakdown of the cell wall in some cells. Finally, the thermo-sonicated cells showed a similar degree of cellular damage to their structure regardless of whether the TS was applied continuously or pulsed. The main characteristics of cellular death for this technology were the erosion and disruption of the cellular membrane, formation of orifices on the surface, lysis of cells causing the release of intracellular contents, roughness of the cell membrane, and displacement of cell debris to the surface of other cells. This study confirms some theories about cell inactivation and presents new and detailed results about nonthermal technologies, but also shows that after using the above mentioned conditions, recovery of cells, specifically those that are pressurized and thermo-sonicated, it is not possible to do it following the high extent of damage observed in the entire population. Furthermore, a faster methodology that was used in sample preparation for electron microscopy provided high quality resolution images, allowing closer study of the detail of structural lethal effects on treated cells.
Simple micelle—mixed micelle coexistence equilibria for the taurocholate—, taurochenodeoxycholate—, and tauroursodeoxycholate—lecithin systems

Abstract A mapping of the simple micelle—mixed micelle coexistence behavior at 37°C and 0.1 M NaCl involving over 150 runs has been completed for the taurocholate—, taurochenodeoxycholate—, and tauroursodeoxycholate—lecithin systems. The equilibrium dialysis method was employed and equilibration times of the order of 100 to 150 h were required. For the taurocholate—lecithin and the taurochenodeoxycholate—lecithin systems, there was a significant transfer of lecithin across the membranes during the runs and a suitable correction procedure was adopted and validated. Negligible lecithin was transported across the same dialysis membranes in the tauroursodeoxycholate—lecithin experiments. From the simple micelle and the mixed micelle concentrations K , the bile salt-to—lecithin molar ratio for the mixed micelle was calculated. The K values were nearly constant and slowly decreasing for all three bile salt—lecithin systems with increasing lecithin concentration when lecithin levels were greater than 15 m M and when the NMBS (the nonmixed micelle bile salt) levels were greater than around 20 m M . At low NMBS levels, i.e., as the critical micelle concentration for the bile salt was approached, the K values decreased rapidly to low values. These studies have established a general methodology for investigating various factors which influence the coexistence behavior of bile salt—lecithin systems and, more specifically, provide a data base for the systematic examination of the dissolution kinetics behavior of cholesterol in bile salt—lecithin solutions.
Sages of the ages

Since starting this tech-writing thing (vernacular gratis my teenage daughters), I have read, been sent (thanks!), and heard a gaggle of insightful, inspirational, and funny quotations on writing, editing and review, and related topics. If you find one or two particularly suitable, hang it or them on your wall. “Without publication, science is dead.” — Gerard Piel, scholar “Grasp the subject, the words will follow.” — Marcus Porcius Cato, the Elder, ancient Roman scholar “For there are plenty of mistakes made by writers out of ignorance, and which any man finds it difficult to avoid. But if we knowingly write what is false … what difference is there between us and hack writers?” — Polybius, ancient Roman scholar “A bad beginning makes a bad ending.” — Euripides, ancient Greek playwright “If you would not be forgotten, as soon as you are dead and rotten, either write things of worth, or do things worth the writing.” — Benjamin Franklin, statesman, author, inventor, etc. “You write with ease to show your breeding, but easy writing's curst hard reading.” — Richard Brinsley Sheridan, playwright “To find out the true state of facts, to report them with fidelity, to apply to them strict and fixed principles … to inform as far as possible … appear to me to be the first duties of those who write.” — Henry Reeve, author and editor for the Times of London “A moment's thinking is an hour in words.” — Thomas Hood, poet and humorist “There are no dull subjects. There are only dull writers.” — H. L. Mencken, author “Your manuscript is both good and original, but the part that …
Enhanced Coulomb and exchange interaction crystal fields in the modified Zener model of magnons in metallic ferromagnets

The Bartel1 treatment of magnons in metallic ferromagnets within the modified Zener model of itinerant-localized (s-electron or hole) exchange is generalized to include ten-fold d-electron (hole) spin-orbital degeneracy. As such one can ab. initio include enhanced intra-cell Coulomb repulsive crystal fields and exchange attractive crystal fields. This treatment includes itinerant-itinerant (d-electron or hole) Coulomb and exchange interactions as well as itinerant-localized (d-electron or hole) interaction; Hund’s rule coupling is included automatically. Also ab. initio the ferromagnet specificity is included via the d-bandfilling and d-bandwidth inherent in the degnerate theory; the possibility of finite temperatures is also included. Acoustic and optic ferromagnon branches are recalculated and corrected and the position of the Stoner particlehole continuum boundary is recalculated at zero and finite temperatures.
Is NF-κB a culprit in type 2 diabetes?

It has been generally viewed that salicylates ameliorate type 2 diabetes through interfering with the NF-kappaB signaling. Earlier studies indicated that IKKbeta was the key for the development of insulin resistance. However, it was unknown whether IKKbeta itself, or its downstream target, NF-kappaB, plays major roles in insulin resistance. New data suggest that NF-kappaB and NF-kappaB-regulated cytokines are crucial for the diabetogenesis.
Dirt road segmentation using color and texture features in color imagery

This paper proposes a method for segmenting an unstructured dirt road in color space images using color and texture analysis. A support vector machine (SVM) classifier was trained on samples of on and off road patches from a similar road. Image patches were classified at sparse intervals at a fixed distance from the vehicle. Each patch is described by the Histogram of oriented gradients (HOG), the Local Binary Patters (LBP), a histogram of the color channel, and a histogram of a non linear color transform. The classified patches were transformed to the next frame of the sequence using the scale invariant feature transform (SIFT) to reduce reclassification of image patches. Morphological opening and closing were used to transform the points into a mask, and reduce errors. Experimental results indicated that the algorithm can accurately segment road images given a set of training data from similar road utilizing only color imagery.
Development of the rabbit visual cortex: a quantitative Golgi analysis.

Lamina IV stellate cells and lamina V pyramidal cells were studied in Golgi material of visual cortex of rabbits ranging in age from 10 days to adult. Spine density counts revealed that primary branches have lower spine density than secondary or tertiary branches in both stellate and basilar pyramidal dendrites. Most areas sampled showed an increase in spine density from age 10 days to a peak at 25–30 days. In some areas this was followed by a plateau, but in most dendritic areas sampled there was a significant decrease from peak levels to adult levels. Measurements of dendritic length revealed that basilar dendrites undergo changes in length which parallel the changes in spine density counts: a peak in the length of basilar dendrites was followed by a decline to adult levels. However, the dendritic length of stellate cells showed much less change with age after 10 days. We propose that the time period during which spine density and pyramidal cell dendritic organization peaks above adult levels may coincide with, and provide a morphological correlate of, the critical period.
Solder Joint Reliability of Surface Mount Connectors

The solder joint reliability of five different surface mount connectors has been studied by eleven different experimental methods. A set of test methods and specifications for determining the reliability of the solder joints of surface mount connectors has been recommended.
Non-linear classification of heart rate parameters as a biomarker for epileptogenesis.

Summary Purpose To characterize a biomarker for epileptogenesis based on cardiac interbeat interval characteristics. Methods Electrocardiograph (ECG) and electroencephalogram (EEG) signals were recorded from freely moving rats ( n =23) before status epilepticus (SE) induced by i.p. pilocarpine (PILO) injection as baseline, and on days 1, 3 and 7 after SE. We assessed several features from cardiac interbeat intervals, including linear, non-linear and frequency parameters of interbeat intervals, and power spectra of interpolated intervals during epileptogenesis. After thresholding, the altered values were applied to a non-linear classifier. The non-linear classifier divided animals into two groups; with and without epilepsy, based on all collected data. Results We found that none of the single altered parameters in cardiac activity emerged as a sole biomarker for epileptogenesis. However, the non-linear classifier distinguished animals that later developed from those and did not develop epilepsy. The non-linear classification was performed on preliminary findings from 23 animals; six did not develop epilepsy and the rest did. The average positive predictive value (precision rate) was 78%. This was calculated based on the average sensitivity and specificity, which were 80.6% and 35.2% respectively, for the 100 classification passes. We also showed that these numbers would have increased as the number of subjects increased. Conclusion Changes to the brain caused by status epilepticus that lead to epileptogenesis have systemic effects, and alter cardiac activity. A non-linear classifier performed on several extracted features of cardiac interbeat intervals may be useful as a biomarker to identify animals with low and high probability of developing epilepsy after status epilepticus.
Horizontal coherence and Pasquill's beta

Previous work has suggested that horizontal coherence between longitudinal wind components increases with decreasing stability. Further analysis now suggests that this relation is valid only for separations of 50 m or larger. For separations of a few meters, the dependence of coherence on stability has the opposite sign. A hypothesis is suggested which accounts for the rather complex relationship between coherence, stability, roughness, and separation.
Toward a reliable prediction of seasonal forecast uncertainty: Addressing model and initial condition uncertainty with ensemble data assimilation and Sequential Bayesian Combination

Summary Uncertainties are an unfortunate yet inevitable part of any forecasting system. Within the context of seasonal hydrologic predictions, these uncertainties can be attributed to three causes: imperfect characterization of initial conditions, an incomplete knowledge of future climate and errors within computational models. This study proposes a method to account for all threes sources of uncertainty, providing a framework to reduce uncertainty and accurately convey persistent predictive uncertainty. In currently available forecast products, only a partial accounting of uncertainty is performed, with the focus primarily on meteorological forcing. For example, the Ensemble Streamflow Prediction (ESP) technique uses meteorological climatology to estimate total uncertainty, thus ignoring initial condition and modeling uncertainty. In order to manage all three sources of uncertainty, this study combines ESP with ensemble data assimilation, to quantify initial condition uncertainty, and Sequential Bayesian Combination, to quantify model errors. This gives a more complete description of seasonal hydrologic forecasting uncertainty. Results from this experiment suggest that the proposed method increases the reliability of probabilistic forecasts, particularly with respect to the tails of the predictive distribution.
Isoenzymes of turions of Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle from the U.S.A.

Abstract Several isoenzymes have been compared in leaves and in subterranean turions for the monoecious and dioecious biotypes of Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle currently found in the U.S.A. After native electrophores on polyacrylamide gels, the patterns of phosphoglucomutase, aspartate amino transferase, (NAD)-malate dehydrogenase, (NADP)-malic enzyme, alcohol dehydrogenase, and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase were essentially identical in the two tissue types and could be used to identify the biotype. New isoforms of these enzymes did not appear during germination of the turions. In addition, the major protein bands of the turions could be used to distinguish the two biotypes. Extracts of the dioecious turion had a major protein band after native electrophoresis which had an Rf of 0.51, on a 7.5% polyacrylamide gel. Extracts of the monoecious biotype had two major bands at Rf 0.51 and 0.46. Extracts of turions appeared to be as useful as those from leaves for distinguishing the two biotypes.
The Effects of Abscisic Acid on Growth and Nucleic Acid Synthesis in Excised Embryonic Bean Axes

Abscisic acid (ABA) is an effective inhibitor of cell elongation in excised embryonic bean axes whether added prior to or after the initiation of cell elongation. Zeatin partially reverses this growth inhibition. ABA inhibits (32)P incorporation into ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA, and DNA but not into the tenaciously bound fraction of elongating axes in a manner resembling 5-fluorouracil, a compound which does not inhibit axis growth. The methylated albumin on kie-selguhr elution profiles of nucleic acids obtained from axes treated with either ABA, 5-fluorouracil, or a combination of the two are similar, and zeatin treatment has little apparent effect on these results. Our results suggest that the inhibition of growth in the axes by ABA is not due to its inhibition of DNA synthesis.ABA (1.9 x 10(-5)m) inhibits growth by 30 and 70% within 1 and 2 hours, respectively, after its addition to elongating axes. Its kinetics of inhibition are similar to those obtained with cycloheximide, and both compounds are more effective than 8-azaadenine. Based on these results, it is suggested that one possible effect of ABA may be at the level of translation.
Song recognition in zebra finches: Are there sensitive periods for song memorization?

Abstract Male zebra finches learn to sing songs that they hear between 25 and 65 days of age, the sensitive period for song learning. In this experiment, male and female zebra finches were exposed to zebra finch songs either before ( n = 9) or during ( n = 4) the sensitive period. Following song exposure, recognition memory for the songs was assessed with an operant discrimination between familiar and novel songs. Zebra finches that were exposed to songs between 22 and 30 days of age discriminated between familiar and novel songs; zebra finches exposed to songs from 9 to 17 days of age did not. Failure to memorize songs heard prior to the sensitive period may contribute to the exclusion of those songs from the repertoire of songbirds.
The role of personalization in service encounters

Abstract Personalization—the social content of interaction between service or retail employees and their customers—is advanced as an important mediator of customer satisfaction and patronage behavior. The influence of this service-enhancing factor is investigated within the nexus of SERVQUAL, a comprehensive measure of service quality. Survey data from 233 adult consumers show that “personalization” significantly influences customer experience and evaluation of service. As hypothesized, for a business that performs service on a physical possession, this influence is subsumed in other components of SERVQUAL. In contrast, for a business delivering service in interactive encounters with customers, “personalization” emerges as the most important determinant of perceived service quality, and of customer satisfaction and other patronage indicators.
A roadmap for using NSF cyberinfrastructure with InCommon

The "Roadmap for Using NSF Cyberinfrastructure with InCommon" provides an in-depth discussion of benefits, challenges and practices for using the InCommon identity federation with National Science Foundation (NSF) cyberinfrastructure. In this abstract, we provide a summary of the Roadmap, the complete version of which can be found online [1].
Social resources and cognitive decline in a population of older African Americans and whites

Objective: To examine the relation of social resources and cognitive decline in older adults. Methods: Data are from the Chicago Health and Aging Project, an epidemiologic study of risk factors for Alzheimer disease (AD) and other common conditions in a geographically defined population of older persons. The sample consisted of 6,102 non-Hispanic African Americans (61.2%) and whites, aged ≥ 65, who underwent up to three interviews during an average of 5.3 years of follow-up. Each interview included administration of four cognitive function tests from which a composite measure of cognition was formed. Social networks were based on the number of children, relatives, and friends seen at least once a month. Social engagement was measured with four items related to social and productive activity. Results: Higher number of social networks and level of social engagement were positively correlated with initial level of cognitive function (networks estimate = 0.003, engagement estimate = 0.060, both p Conclusions: Greater social resources, as defined by social networks and social engagement, are associated with reduced cognitive decline in old age.
Cellular Signaling and Production of Galactose-Deficient IgA1 in IgA Nephropathy, an Autoimmune Disease

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy (IgAN), the leading cause of primary glomerulonephritis, is characterized by IgA1-containing immunodeposits in the glomeruli. IgAN is a chronic disease, with up to 40% of patients progressing to end-stage renal disease, with no disease-specific treatment. Multiple studies of the origin of the glomerular immunodeposits have linked elevated circulating levels of aberrantly glycosylated IgA1 (galactose-deficient in some O-glycans; Gd-IgA1) with formation of nephritogenic Gd-IgA1-containing immune complexes. Gd-IgA1 is recognized as an autoantigen in susceptible individuals by anti-glycan autoantibodies, resulting in immune complexes that may ultimately deposit in the kidney and induce glomerular injury. Genetic studies have revealed that an elevated level of Gd-IgA1 in the circulation of IgAN patients is a hereditable trait. Moreover, recent genome-wide association studies have identified several immunity-related loci that associated with IgAN. Production of Gd-IgA1 by IgA1-secreting cells of IgAN patients has been attributed to abnormal expression and activity of several key glycosyltransferases. Substantial evidence is emerging that abnormal signaling in IgA1-producing cells is related to the production of Gd-IgA1. As Gd-IgA1 is the key autoantigen in IgAN, understanding the genetic, biochemical, and environmental aspects of the abnormal signaling in IgA1-producing cells will provide insight into possible targets for future disease-specific therapy.
Grain growth in liquid-phase-sintered W-Mo-Ni-Fe alloys

Abstract Previous observations have shown smaller grain sizes and higher strengths in W-Ni-Fe heavy alloys containing molybdenum. This study focuses on the microstructure and grain growth kinetics for the W-Mo-Ni-Fe system processed at 1500 °C. The initial rate of grain growth follows an approximate square root time dependence in contrast to the cube root dependence typical for W-Ni-Fe alloys. Microprobe measurements show that chemical gradients are present in the solid grains, with high molybdenum content cores. The retarded grain growth from molybdenum additions is the result of a decreased tungsten solubility in the liquid during the early stages of sintering.
Detailed mechanisms of the inactivation of factor VIIIa by activated protein C in the presence of its cofactors, protein S and factor V.

Factor VIIIa is inactivated by a combination of two mechanisms. Activation of factor VIII by thrombin results in a heterotrimeric factor VIIIa that spontaneously inactivates due to dissociation of the A2 subunit. Additionally, factor VIIIa is cleaved by the anticoagulant serine protease, activated protein C, at two cleavage sites, Arg336 in the A1 subunit and Arg562 in the A2 subunit. We previously characterized an engineered variant of factor VIII which contains a disulfide bond between the A2 and the A3 subunits that prevents the spontaneous dissociation of the A2 subunit following thrombin activation. Thus, in the absence of activated protein C, this variant has stable activity following activation by thrombin. To isolate the effects of the individual activated protein C cleavage sites on factor VIIIa, we engineered mutations of the activated protein C cleavage sites into the disulfide bond-cross-linked factor VIII variant. Arg336 cleavage is 6-fold faster than Arg562 cleavage, and the Arg336 cleavage does not fully inactivate factor VIIIa when A2 subunit dissociation is blocked. Protein S enhances both cleavage rates but enhances Arg562 cleavage more than Arg336 cleavage. Factor V also enhances both cleavage rates when protein S is present. Factor V enhances Arg562 cleavage more than Arg336 cleavage as well. As a result, in the presence of both activated protein C cofactors, Arg336 cleavage is only twice as fast as Arg562 cleavage. Therefore, both cleavages contribute significantly to factor VIIIa inactivation.
Knowledge Representation and Ontology Mapping Methods for Product Data in Engineering Applications

This paper presents a semantic approach that uses ontologies to share knowledge related to product data in CAD/CAE applications and for integrating the design evaluation information that these applications individually provide. Our overall approach is the ontology-based adaptive design evaluation, also coined as OADE. This paper reports a piece of our ongoing work in the area of knowledge representation and ontology mapping methods. Here we design ontologies for representing product design and analysis, instantiate a source ontology with the product data, create formal ontology mapping methods, and then apply these methods to transfer the product data from the source ontology to the target one. A prototype implementation has been created using technologies such as OWL (representation language), JENA (ontology API), and PROTEGE (ontology editor) to demonstrate the approach for integrating product design and assembly simulation analysis applications. This work is significant because heuristic methods based on geometry attributes, composition, and inheritance for determining mapped concepts in engineering ontologies is still very new, and not much work has been done in this area. This work will lead to the ability to create, share, and exchange knowledge for solving design evaluation challenges involving multiple applications and viewpoints.
Editorial: The Mammary Stroma in Normal Development and Function

The mammary gland can no longer be simply viewed as an organ composed of epithelial cells within a passive stromal microenvironment. Many lines of evidence have evolved to reinforce the notion that mammary epithelial cell growth, differentiation, lactation and progression to cancer involves bidirectional interactions between the epithelial population and its surrounding stroma. Within this stroma are numerous systems that are all capable of modulating epithelial function. In this context, the mammary stroma is not simply a depot of adipose tissue in which mammary epithelial cells undertake a unique growth and differentiation process, although adipocytes can impart numerous modulatory signals to epithelial cells, and vice versa. Rather, the stromal environment constitutes and supports a critical vasculature that supplies nutrients and endocrine cues, a lymphatic system that not only removes metabolites but also provides an intimate interface with the immune system, and an extracellular matrix scaffold in which epithelial cells grow, differentiate and regress. Ultimately all of these components play a critical role in directing the epithelial phenotype during normal mammary gland growth and function. An increasing appreciation for these different systems demands a view of mammary epithelial cells in a much different light, and further necessitates the development of model systems that incorporate and integrate increasing complexity.
Public-key cryptosystems from the worst-case shortest vector problem: extended abstract

We construct public-key cryptosystems that are secure assuming theworst-case hardness of approximating the minimum distance on n-dimensional lattices to within small Poly(n) factors. Prior cryptosystems with worst-case connections were based either on the shortest vector problem for a special class of lattices (Ajtai and Dwork, STOC 1997; Regev, J. ACM 2004), or on the conjectured hardness of lattice problems for quantum algorithms (Regev, STOC 2005). Our main technical innovation is a reduction from variants of the shortest vector problem to corresponding versions of the "learning with errors" (LWE) problem; previously, only a quantum reduction of this kind was known. As an additional contribution, we construct a natural chosen ciphertext-secure cryptosystem having a much simpler description and tighter underlying worst-case approximation factor than prior schemes.
Life in the fast lane. An evaluation of an accelerated RN-MSN program.

The Pew Health Commission on professional education has recommended innovative educational programs to promote career mobility among nurses. To assure continued quality of nursing education in the face of innovation, the Philip Y Hahn School of Nursing conducted a comprehensive evaluation of its accelerated RN-MSN program. Designed to enhance career advancement in the profession, the program was evaluated after itsfourth year of operation using the Discrepancy Evaluation Model (DEM). Based on comparison with both relative and absolute standards, the program shortened the time required to obtain BSN and MSN degrees and appeared to reverse declining enrollments in the baccalaureate nursing program Accelerated students were as successful as other masters nursing students in specific courses and in the program in general. Adverse program effects included declining enrollments in some undergraduate courses and the increased complexity of advising.
The subcellular localization of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH): is GDH a marker for mitochondria in brain?

Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH, EC 1.4.1.2) has long been used as a marker for mitochondria in brain and other tissues, despite reports indicating that GDH is also present in nuclei of liver and dorsal root ganglia. To examine whether GDH can be used as a marker to differentiate between mitochondria and nuclei in the brain, we have measured GDH by enzymatic activity and on immunoblots in rat brain mitochondria and nuclei which were highly enriched by density-gradient centrifugation methods. The activity of GDH was enriched in the nuclear fraction as well as in the mitochondrial faction, while the activities of other “mitochondrial” enzymes (fumarase, NAD-isocitrate dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex) were enriched only in the mitochondrial fraction. Immunoblots using polyclonal antibodies against bovine liver GDH confirmed the presence of GDH in the rat brain nuclear and mitochondrial fractions. The GDH in these two subcellular fractions had a very similar molecular weight of 56,000 daltons. The mitochondrial and nuclear GDH differed, however, in their susceptibility to solubilization by detergents and salts. The mitochondrial GDH could be solubilized by extraction with low concentrations of detergents (0.1% Triton X-100 and 0.1% Lubrol PX), while the nuclear GDH could be solubizeded only by elevated concentrations of detergents (0.3% each) plus KCl (>150mM). Our results indicate that GDH is present in both nuclei and mitochondria in rat brain. The notion that GDH may serve as a marker for mitochondria needs to be re-evaluated.
The Role of the 34-kDa Subunit of Human Replication Protein A in Simian Virus 40 DNA Replication in Vitro

Abstract Human replication protein A (RPA) is a three subunit protein complex involved in DNA replication, repair, and recombination. We investigated the role of the 34-kDa subunit (p34) of RPA in DNA replication by generating a series of p34 mutants. While deletion of the N-terminal domain of p34 prevented its phosphorylation by both cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) and DNA-dependent kinase, a double point mutant that lacks the major phosphorylation sites for Cdk could be phosphorylated by DNA-dependent kinase. In simian virus 40 (SV40) DNA replication, RPA containing either of these mutants functioned as efficiently as wild-type RPA. However, mutant RPA containing C-terminally deleted p34 was only marginally active. This indicates that the C-terminal region, but not the phosphorylation domain of p34, is necessary for RPA function in DNA replication. Furthermore, RPA containing the C-terminally deleted p34 mutant could stimulate DNA polymerase α, and bind to single-stranded DNAs but was limited in its ability to unwind DNA or interact with SV40 large T antigen (T Ag). These results suggest that RPA p34 interacts with SV40 T Ag during the initiation of SV40 DNA replication and may be necessary for DNA unwinding.
L-5-Hydroxytryptophan-induced drinking in rats: possible mechanisms for induction.

Abstract Administration of L-5-hydroxytryptophan (25 mg/kg body weight, SC) to female rats resulted in copious drinking. The dipsogenic response to administration of L-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) was blocked by propranolol (6 mg/kg body weight, IP), a β-adrenergic antagonist, and captopril (35 mg/kg body weight, IP), an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor. In addition, clonidine (12.5 and 25 μg/kg body weight, IP), a central α-adrenergic agonist known to inhibit renin release, attenuated drinking during 1, 2 and 3 hours after 5-HTP was administered. These results suggest that 5-HTP-induced drinking is mediated by way of the renin-angiotensin system. Haloperidol (150 μg/kg body weight, IP), a dopaminergic antagonist, also attenuated the dipsogenic response to administration of 5-HTP. In addition, incremental reductions in 5-HTP-induced drinking with increasing doses of spiperone (37.5 to 150 μg/kg body weight, IP), a more potent dopaminergic antagonist, were demonstrated. Thus, the dipsogenic response to administration of 5-HTP to rats is dependent on both the renin-angiotensin system and an intact dopaminergic pathway.
The family council: A segment of adolescent treatment

The family council is a highly structured session that encourages effective communication between adolescents and parents. The therapist plays the most important role at the outset of the therapy—imposing rules, modeling appropriate behaviors, andreinforcing participant behavior—and gradually becomes less active as the participants learn to monitor their own communications. Desensitization is routinely done in vivo within the group, but also in individual sessions where necessary. The newly learned family council behaviors are gradually transferred into the home setting.
The Limit of Wave Propagation on the Free Surface of a Viscous Fluid

The flow is assumed to be two dimensional. Small amplitude waves on the surface of a viscous fluid are considered, hence the Navier-Stokes equations are linearized to get the Stokes equations.
Greg Johns: geometric sculpture

The works of the Australian sculptor Greg Johns can be described as either figurative or geometric. We concentrate on his geometric works that consist of curves in space.
Some remarks on the mathematical theory of nutrition of fishes

V. S. Ivlev [Experimental Ecology of Nutrition of Fishes, 1955, Moscow (in Russia)] has shown that the food uptake by fishes during a fixed interval of time is an exponential function of the concentration of food. Ivlev's equation is derived here, and it is shown that it can hold only for non-stationary conditions, such as prevailed in Ivlev's experiments. For a stationary state, the rate of food uptake should tend asymptotically to a limiting value as the concentration increases, but the variation is not exponential. Different other aspects of the problem are investigated, and definite new experimental procedures suggested. The implications of Ivlev's findings on the effect of non-uniformity of food distribution upon the rate of food consumption are studied from a mathematical point of view. The conclusion is reached that whereas a fish does not, in the process of eating, move directly to an individual food particle which it perceives, it does move more or less directly to large aggregates of particles, if the latter are distributed nonuniformly.
Stochastic population forecasts for the United States: beyond high, medium, and low.

Abstract Conventional population projections use “high,” “medium,” and “low” scenarios to indicate uncertainty, but probability interpretations are rarely given, and in any event the resulting ranges for vital rates, births, deaths, age groups sizes, age ratios, and population size cannot possibly be probabilistically consistent with one another. This article presents and implements a new method for making stochastic population forecasts that provide consistent probability intervals. We blend mathematical demography and statistical time series methods to estimate stochastic models of fertility and mortality based on U.S. data back to 1900 and then use the theory of random-matrix products to forecast various demographic measures and their associated probability intervals to the year 2065. Our expected total population sizes agree quite closely with the Census medium projections, and our 95 percent probability intervals are close to the Census high and low scenarios. But Census intervals in 2065 for ages 65...
HEMATOZOAN PARASITES OF RIO GRANDE WILD TURKEYS FROM SOUTHERN TEXAS

One hundred twenty-three of 300 blood samples (41%) taken from Rio Grande wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo intermedia) from three locations in southern Texas (Welder Wildlife Refuge, Chaparrosa Ranch, and Campo Alegre Ranch) and subinoculated into domestic broad-breasted white turkey poults were positive for a Plasmodium (Novyella) sp. Analysis of blood films from 350 turkeys revealed Haemoproteus meleagridis in 76% of the birds. A significantly greater mean parasite intensity was observed in birds from Welder Wildlife Refuge. Birds from the Campo Alegre Ranch exhibited a significantly higher prevalence of H. meleagridis than birds from Chaparrosa. The Plasmodium sp. was infective for canaries (Serinus canaria), bobwhites (Colinus virginianus), and ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), but would not produce infection in white leghorn chickens (Gallus gallus) or Coturnix quail (Coturnix coturnix). Attempts to infect Culex tarsalis and C. pipiens pipiens were unsuccessful. Asexual erythrocytic synch...
Designing a Programmable Wire-Speed Regular-Expression Matching Accelerator

A growing number of applications rely on fast pattern matching to scan data in real-time for security and analytics purposes. The RegX accelerator in the IBM Power Edge of Network (PowerEN) processor supports these applications using a combination of fast programmable state machines and simple processing units to scan data streams against thousands of regular-expression patterns at state-of-the-art Ethernet link speeds. RegX employs a special rule cache and includes several new micro-architectural features that enable various instruction dispatch and execution options for the processing units. The architecture applies RISC philosophy to special-purpose computing: hardware provides fast, simple primitives, typically performed in a single cycle, which are exploited by an intelligent compiler and system software for high performance. This approach provides the flexibility required to achieve good performance across a wide range of workloads. As implemented in the PowerEN processor, the accelerator achieves a theoretical peak scan rate of 73.6 Gbit/s, and a measured scan rate of about 15 to 40 Gbit/s for typical intrusion detection workloads.
Autoradiographic Comparison of [3H]-Clonidine Binding to Non-Adrenergic Sites and α2-Adrenergic Receptors in Human Brain☆

Autoradiographic Comparison of [ 3 H]-Clonidine Binding to Non-Adrenergic Sites and α 2 -Adrenergic Receptors in Human Brain
Mechanical Strength of Durable Press Finished Cotton Fabrics Part I: Effects of Acid Degradation and Crosslinking of Cellulose by Polycarboxylic Acids

Severe tensile strength loss is the major disadvantage of durable press finished cotton fabrics. Such strength losses have been attributed to two main factors: acid-catalyzed depolymerization and crosslinking of cellulose molecules. In this research, we inves tigate the effects of acid degradation and cellulose crosslinking on the tensile strength of cotton fabric crosslinked by polycarboxylic acids. Multifunctional carboxylic acids such as butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) are used as nonformaldehyde crosslinking agents for cotton fabrics. The strength loss caused by acid degradation is an irreversible process, and the magnitude of the loss is determined by the curing temperature and time, the dissociation constants of the acid, and the concentration and pH of the acid solution applied to the fabric. Crosslinking of cellulose molecules by a polycarboxylic acid causes a reversible fabric strength loss, which increases as the degree of crosslink ing increases. The magnitude of tensile strength loss caused ...
Politics and Parasites: The Contribution of Corruption to Human Misery

We address the consequences of corruption within a state on the extent to which populations have shortened life expectancy due to political corruption. Using three variables to estimate corruption, the results support the expectation that corruption increases average disability shortened life years (DALY). The results persist when estimating the model including measures of deaths from civil war and the number of bordering states experiencing civil war, both previously shown to have an effect on DALY, although these two variables are not statistically significant in our models. While the estimated effects of the corruption variables continue to capture much of the variation in DALY for a global group of nations, they completely fail to explain any variation in Sub-Saharan African states, probably because of the devastating effects of AIDS and malaria in that region. Finally, we discuss why this failure occurs and discuss the implications of our results.
Note: Bending compliances of generalized symmetric notch flexure hinges

The bending compliances of generalized notch flexure hinges with transverse or transverse-and-axial symmetry are studied in two particular reference frames. For an end-point reference frame, the cross compliance and the rotary compliance are proportional. When the reference frame is placed at the flexure's midpoint, the cross compliance is zero. The translatory and rotary compliances of only half the flexure hinge are sufficient to calculate the overall compliances of a transverse-symmetry flexure configuration. Similarly, the overall bending compliances of a flexure hinge with transverse-and-axial symmetry require prior calculation of the translatory and rotary compliances of a quarter flexure solely.
Bypasses in intracellular glucose metabolism in iron‐limited Pseudomonas putida

Decreased biomass growth in iron (Fe)-limited Pseudomonas is generally attributed to downregulated expression of Fe-requiring proteins accompanied by an increase in siderophore biosynthesis. Here, we applied a stable isotope-assisted metabolomics approach to explore the underlying carbon metabolism in glucose-grown Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Compared to Fe-replete cells, Fe-limited cells exhibited a sixfold reduction in growth rate but the glucose uptake rate was only halved, implying an imbalance between glucose uptake and biomass growth. This imbalance could not be explained by carbon loss via siderophore production, which accounted for only 10% of the carbon-equivalent glucose uptake. In lieu of the classic glycolytic pathway, the Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway in Pseudomonas is the principal route for glucose catabolism following glucose oxidation to gluconate. Remarkably, gluconate secretion represented 44% of the glucose uptake in Fe-limited cells but only 2% in Fe-replete cells. Metabolic (13) C flux analysis and intracellular metabolite levels under Fe limitation indicated a decrease in carbon fluxes through the ED pathway and through Fe-containing metabolic enzymes. The secreted siderophore was found to promote dissolution of Fe-bearing minerals to a greater extent than the high extracellular gluconate. In sum, bypasses in the Fe-limited glucose metabolism were achieved to promote Fe availability via siderophore secretion and to reroute excess carbon influx via enhanced gluconate secretion.