cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of phosphate pebble as a precipitant for acid mine drainage treatment

Laboratory testing was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of phosphate pebbles from Florida in the treatment of acid mine drainage under aerobic conditions. Using different flow rates, results show that phosphate pebbles effectively removed ferric iron up to 1,200 mg/l, aluminum up to 800 mg/l and sulfate up to 8,600 mg/l in three weeks. In addition, the pH increased to values as high as 3.2 in the effluent water from a pH of the influent water ranging from 2.1 to 2.2. Removal of ferric iron, aluminum, and sulfate as well as pH increases were inversely proportional to flow rates, ranging from 1.17 {times} 10{sup {minus}4} to 1.05 {times} 10{sup {minus}3} liters per minute per kg of phosphate pebble. Apparently this method can be applied to reduce acid mine drainage from old coal refuse piles, even those containing high concentration of ferric iron and aluminum ions.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Ethnoracial Minorities in the United States

Because ethnoracial minorities are a growing part of the U.S. population yet are underrepresented in the psychopathology literature, we reviewed the evidence for differences in prevalence and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in African Americans, Latino Americans, Asian and Pacific Islander Americans, and American Indians. With respect to prevalence, Latinos were most consistently found to have higher PTSD rates than their European American counterparts. Other groups also showed differences that were mostly explained by differences in trauma exposure. Many prevalence rates were varied by subgroup within the larger ethnoracial group, thereby limiting broad generalizations about group differences. Regarding service utilization, some studies of veterans found lower utilization among some minority groups, but community-based epidemiological studies following a traumatic event found no differences. Finally, in terms of treatment, the literature contained many recommendations for culturally sensitive interventions but little empirical evidence supporting or refuting such treatments. Taken together, the literature hints at many important sources of ethnoracial variation but raises more questions than it has answered. The article ends with recommendations to advance work in this important area.
OPERATIONAL CONSERVATION OF ILLUSION‐DISTORTED LENGTH

Summary. Two sticks of equal length were made to look unequal by the Muller-Lyer illusion. A child conserved length if he saw the illusion and despite it, maintained that the lengths of the sticks were the same. Subjects were directed to use one of the sticks that looked unequal in the Muller-Lyer illusion and then if they wanted to, the other stick, to fish a coin from a cage. A child failed to conserve the length of the sticks if he refused or used the second stick and said he did because it was longer or shorter than the first stick. A significant number of children (p<.001) who conserved length on the first task did not conserve it on the second.
Bounds on the Performance of P2P Networks Using Tit-for-Tat Strategies

Current P2P systems employ tit-for-tat strategies, where peers only upload when they are simultaneously downloading, to avoid free riding. We derive optimal tit-for-tat strategies and obtain theoretical bounds on the performance of any P2P network employing such strategies. These are fundamental limitations that stem from peers unwillingness to cooperate without getting something in return. We show that the number of cooperating peers in a tit-for-tat strategy can, at best, grow linearly in time, as opposed to exponentially for a fully cooperative strategy. However, tit-for-tat strategies are fairer than a fully cooperative strategy. Our results show that there exists a seed capacity threshold for tit-for-tat strategies. Increasing seed capacity beyond this threshold brings significantly reduced marginal gains.
DIATOM MINERALIZATION OF SILICIC ACID. V. ENERGETIC AND MACROMOLECULAR REQUIREMENTS FOR Si(OH)4 MINERALIZATION EVENTS DURING THE CELL CYCLE OF NAVICULA PELLICULOSA1

The reactions and processes which underlie the silicification mechanism (incorporation of soluble pool Si into insoluble material) in the diatom Navicula pelliculosa (Breb.) Hilse are quite sensitive to low temperature. Furthermore incorporation is completely blocked in 66Ge-Si(OH)4 preloaded cells treated with an inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation (2,4-dinitrophenol) or a sulfhydryl blocking agent (N -ethylmaleimide). De novo protein synthesis is not required for incorporation in cells preloaded 3 h, but cycloheximide added to cells preloaded 1 h inhibits incorporation after 2 h. These results are interpreted to indicate that purely chemical reactions, which are uncoupled from cellular metabolism, cannot completely account for Si(OH)4 polycondensation during silica frustule morphogenesis in the diatom. A temperature sensitive cellular process or reaction, postcytokinesis, is also postulated to be required before silicification can occur.
Automatic Railroad Track Inspection

A technical survey of the automated stationary and mobile track test train systems to date is presented. The use and availability of sensors is also reviewed. A method of in-situ excitation in conjunction with a radio interrogation coupled to existing railway communication systems is discussed. The automatic inspection system proposed here is limited to the track bed and the rails. The rails are tested for any fissures and flaws and not for the crossover error and misalignment, although these are invariably also caused by the settling of the track bed. The major feature of this system is the real-time segment interrogations system. Track spacial deployment to cover maximum optimum segment is, however, also discussed. The need for the railroad industry to expand its efforts in the area of the development of automatic track and track bed inspection is shown to be highly desirable as well as economical from an operational standpoint.
Hounsfield unit value and clot length in the acutely occluded vessel and time required to achieve thrombectomy, complications and outcome

Introduction Intra-arterial therapy for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) now has an established role. We investigated if Hounsfield Units (HU) quantification on non-contrast CT is associated with ease and efficacy of mechanical thrombectomy and outcomes. Methods We retrospectively studied a prospectively maintained database of cases of AIS given intra-arterial therapy between May 2008 and August 2012. Functional outcome was assessed by 90-day follow-up modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Patients were dichotomized based on time to recanalization. HU were calculated on head CT and thrombus location and length were determined on CT angiography. Simple linear regression was used to analyze the association between clot length, average HU and other clinical variables. Results 141 patients were included. There was no difference in clot length or average HU among patients with good recanalization achieved within 1 h and those in which the procedures extended beyond 1 h. There was no relationship between clot length or density and recanalization. The thrombus length and density were not significantly different between patients with procedural complications and those without. Neither the presence of post-procedure intracranial hemorrhage nor the 90-day mRS was associated with thrombus length or density. Conclusions We have not found any significant associations between either thrombus length or density and likelihood of recanalization, time to achieve recanalization, intraprocedural complications, postprocedural hemorrhage or functional outcome at 90 days. These results do not support a predictive value for thrombus quantification in the evaluation of AIS.
Clinical Features, Management, and Outcome of Patients with Severe Asthma Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit

The objective of this study was to retrospectively review the medical records of 38 consecutive admissions to the medical intensive care unit of a tertiary-care university hospital of patients with severe asthma, and to determine the clinical Characteristics of these patients, treatment regimens, and ultimate outcome. The 38 patients presented with severe asthma accompanied by hypoxemia, hypercapnia (mean pc02 of 54.3 ? 4.5 mm Hg), and decreased peak flow rates (1 25.5 ? 12.4 L/min). The patients spent a mean of 60.1 ? 9.7 hr in the medical intensive care unit. Seventeen of the 38 patients required intubation and mechanical ventilation. Overall, there were no deaths or significant complications. All 38 patients were discharged from the hospital. We conclude that severe, life- threatening asthma can be appropriately managed in the medical intensive care unit with a low incidence of complications and death. Prolonged mechanical ventilation is rarely required and most patients respond well to relatively simple management strategies.
The study of multicomponent gas-solid equilibrium at high pressures by gas chromatography: Part II. Generalization of the theory and application to the methane-propane-silica gel system

The mathematical relation for the retention volume for elution chromatography has been extended to include the case of a multicomponent elution gas mixture in which all the components are adsorbed appreciably on the adsorbent. The total adsorption, component adsorption, and the K values or the ratio of the gas-phase concentration to the adsorbed-phase concentration for each component are related to the retention volume for the components as measured by a technique which distinguishes the molecules in the elution gas from those in the perturbing sample. Radioactively traced hydrocarbons are used in the application to obtain the retention volumes appropriate for the theory. The relations derived were applied in studying the adsorption of methane-propane mixtures on silica gel up to a pressure of 1,000 lb./sq. in. abs. The internal consistency of the propane adsorption data with the propane infinite dilution data and the methane data with the pure methane adsorption data obtained by a gravimetric method is demonstrated.
Dynamic taint tracking for Java with phosphor (demo)

Dynamic taint tracking is an information flow analysis that can be applied to many areas of testing. Phosphor is the first portable, accurate and performant dynamic taint tracking system for Java. While previous systems for performing general-purpose taint tracking in the JVM required specialized research JVMs, Phosphor works with standard off-the-shelf JVMs (such as Oracle's HotSpot and OpenJDK's IcedTea). Phosphor also differs from previous portable JVM taint tracking systems that were not general purpose (e.g. tracked only tags on Strings and no other type), in that it tracks tags on all variables. We have also made several enhancements to Phosphor, to track taint tags through control flow (in addition to data flow), as well as to track an arbitrary number of relationships between taint tags (rather than be limited to only 32 tags). In this demonstration, we show how developers writing testing tools can benefit from Phosphor, and explain briefly how to interact with it.
Marketing Spillovers of Location-Based Mobile Services

This paper studies the increasingly prevalent check-in phenomenon on location-based service platforms. We examine the range of spatial correlation among check-ins of restaurants and bars on Foursquare, a location-based mobile service, and empirically test the promotion effect on venues’ check-ins. Our model, built on an inhomogeneous Poisson process, employs an instrumental variable approach to correct for the potential bias induced by a dummy endogenous promotion variable. The model can be used to study a broad array of problems based on spatio-temporal count data from social media. We find significant spatial correlations among neighboring venues’ check-ins. Our estimation results indicate strong spillover effects: venues’ promotions not only significantly increase their own check-ins but also benefit their neighboring venues. More interestingly, the spillover effects between restaurants and bars are asymmetric: Bars’ promotions benefit neighboring restaurants while restaurants’ promotions do not benefit neighboring bars. These results have implications for marketers who are using or considering using location-based service platforms like Foursquare, Facebook, and Yelp.
Physiological Indices of Stress Prior to and Following Total Knee Arthroplasty Predict the Occurrence of Severe Post-Operative Pain

Objective . The severe pain and disability associated with osteoarthritis often motivate individuals to undergo arthroplastic surgery. However, a significant number of surgical patients continue to experience pain following surgery. Prior research has implicated both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) in the sensitization of pain receptors and chronic pain conditions. This study uses a prospective, observational, cohort design to examine whether physiological stress responses before and after surgery could predict post-operative pain severity. Subjects . Participants included 110 patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. Methods . Physiological indices of stress included the measurement of catecholamine and cortisol levels in 15-hour urine samples collected prior to and 1 month following surgery, as well as in-hospital heart rate and blood pressure (before and after surgery), which were abstracted from medical records. Patients completed the pain subscale of the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) [Bellamy et al., J Orthop Rheumatol 1 , 95 (1988)] 2.5 weeks prior to surgery and at a 3-month follow-up. Results . Contrary to expectations, lower stress hormone levels at baseline were related to more severe post-operative pain. Data at later time points, however, supported our hypothesis: cardiovascular tone shortly before surgery and urinary levels of epinephrine 1 month following surgery were positively related to pain severity 3 months later. Conclusion . Results suggest that the occurrence of post-operative pain can be predicted on the basis of stress physiology prior to and following arthroplastic surgery.
Automated identification of abnormal adult EEGs

The interpretation of electroencephalograms (EEGs) is a process that is still dependent on the subjective analysis of the examiners. Though interrater agreement on critical events such as seizures is high, it is much lower on subtler events (e.g., when there are benign variants). The process used by an expert to interpret an EEG is quite subjective and hard to replicate by machine. The performance of machine learning technology is far from human performance. We have been developing an interpretation system, AutoEEG, with a goal of exceeding human performance on this task. In this work, we are focusing on one of the early decisions made in this process - whether an EEG is normal or abnormal. We explore two baseline classification algorithms: k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN) and Random Forest Ensemble Learning (RF). A subset of the TUH EEG Corpus was used to evaluate performance. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) was used to reduce the dimensionality of the data. kNN achieved a 41.8% detection error rate while RF achieved an error rate of 31.7%. These error rates are significantly lower than those obtained by random guessing based on priors (49.5%). The majority of the errors were related to misclassification of normal EEGs.
Targeting Women: The Portrayal of Females in Magazine Advertisements

Over the past three decades, numerous studies have examined the portrayal of women in advertisements. This issue is of vital interest to marketers who are developing Segmentation strategies with women as targets. The study described here provides an updated assessment of this portrayal. The study utilized a content analysis of magazine advertisements to determine if a sample of females were depicted less frequently and less positively than a sample of males. The major finding is that women were not portrayed less frequently and less positively, confirming recent research evidence of more favorable usage of female models in later years.
Toward a Model of Gypsy Moth Egg Phenology: Using Respiration Rates of Individual Eggs to Determine Temperature–Time Requirements of Prediapause Development

In this study, respiration rates of individual gypsy moth eggs were monitored using an infrared gas analyzer as a means of determining transition between ontogenetic states under different temperature conditions. Temperature had a significant effect on respiration rate regardless of the age or ontogenetic condition of the egg. Duration of the prediapause state was temperature-dependent, and the rate of development versus temperature relationship was described by a nonlinear function. Variability of the population in duration of the prediapause state was described by a cumulative Weibull function. Data from previous studies that suggested a diapause process with changing thermal responsiveness are reinterpreted within the context of a three-phase, sequential, phenological process.
The Logic of External Reform Resistance: Attitudes toward Economic and Political Liberalization in Senegal

Thanks in large part to survey efforts such as the Afrobarometer, scholars have developed and tested a variety of theoretical models explaining why citizens in sub-Saharan Africa hold supportive or, conversely, dissatisfied attitudes toward the economic and political reforms of the last several decades. Much of this research highlights citizens’ rational evaluation of the new regimes’ performance as the critical component. In this article, we advance an alternative argument, namely that citizens also care about the origins of these political and economic transformations. When citizens view these changes as externally imposed, they are less likely to develop supportive and satisfied attitudes toward the process of economic reform and democracy. Original interview data from Dakar, Senegal strongly supports our argument. The findings have important implications for a continent where economic and political institutions have long been shaped by outside actors.
Abstract IA-1: From chromosome engineering to chromatin remodeler: CHD5 is a tumor suppressor mapping to human 1p36

Deletions encompassing the 1p36 region of human chromosome 1 have been associated with a spectrum of malignancies, however the tumor suppressor had not been identified. In an effort to identify tumor suppressors within this interval, we used chromosome engineering to generate mouse models with loss‐ and gain of regions of the genome corresponding to human 1p36 . This strategy allowed us to identify a 4.3 megabase interval with potent tumor suppressive activity. Whereas loss of this region caused a marked increase in cellular proliferation that culminated in cancer in vivo , gain of the same interval triggered excessive tumor suppression as observed by augmented cellular senescence in cultured cells and apoptosis in vivo . Using genetic and molecular analyses, we identified the chromatin remodeling protein Chromodomain, h elicase, D NA‐binding domain protein 5 (Chd5) as the tumor suppressor within the interval, and revealed that Chd5 functions as a master regulator that facilitates p16/Rb‐ and p19/p53‐modulated pathways. Analyses of human gliomas revealed that CHD5 is frequently deleted, suggesting that CHD5 loss contributes to malignancy. Here I will present our current efforts aimed at elucidating the epigenetic role of CHD5 in tumor suppression. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(23 Suppl):IA-1.
The Coupled Multiscale Multiphysics Method (CM 3 ) for Rarefied Gas Flows

We present a coupled multiscale, multiphysics method (CM 3 ) for rarefied gas flows. This method uses molecular velocities obtained via Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) to calculate local stresses and heat fluxes that are then used to solve a set of continuumlevel conservation laws. Calculating the stresses and heat fluxes in this manner provides a more accurate representation of the molecular-level transport processes than the standard constitutive models that are used in the Navier-Stokes equations. We show that the CM 3 can be used for transition-regime gas flows for which the Navier-Stokes equations are known to break down by solving low-speed Rayleigh flows with progressively larger Knudsen numbers. We discuss several details associated with the development and implementation of this type of multiscale method and give a brief analysis of its computational efficiency. Potential algorithmic improvements and future research directions are outlined.
The Discourse of Nurse-Patient Interactions: Contrasting the communicative styles of U.S. and international nurses

The Discourse of Nurse-Patient Interactions: Contrasting the communicative styles of U.S. and international nurses is the first book to quantitatively examine a wide range of linguistic features in a corpus of interactions between nurses and standardized patients. The main goal of this book is to compare the discourse of U.S. (L1 English speaking) and international (L2 English speaking) nurses. The research design relies on a mixed method approach, including both quantitative and qualitative discourse analysis of lexico-grammatical, interactional, prosodic, fluency, and non-verbal features; assessments of interactional effectiveness; and qualitative interviews with nurses. The book offers a detailed description of the situational characteristics of the interactions and compares the discourse of nurses and patients in order to contextualize differences in the communicative styles of the two nurse groups. The results provide new insight into the way that sociocultural and linguistic aspects of nurse discourse contribute to the delivery of patient-centered care.
Anonymous Publish-Subscribe Systems

Publish-subscribe protocols offer a unique means of data distribution, that has many applications for distributed systems. These protocols enable message delivery based on subscription rather than specific addressing; meaning a message is addressed by a subject string rather than to a specific recipient. Recipients may then subscribe to subjects they are interested in receiving using a variety of parameters, and receive these messages immediately without having to poll for them. This format is a natural match for anonymous delivery systems: systems that enable users to send messages without revealing their identity. These systems are an area of great interest, ranging from messaging relays like Tor, to publication systems like FreeHaven. However, existing systems do not allow delivery based on topics, a mechanism which is a natural match for anonymous communication since it is not addressed based on identity. We concretely describe the properties of and propose a system that allows publish-subscribe based delivery, while protecting the identities of both the publishers and subscribers from each other, from outside parties, and from entities that handle the implementation of the system.
Double Inversion Recovery Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Identifying Focal Cortical Dysplasia

Abstract Background Focal cortical dysplasia is commonly recognized in pediatric epilepsy surgery. Despite characteristic radiographic features, focal cortical dysplasia can be subtle on magnetic resonance imaging. Double inversion recovery acquisition suppresses the white matter signal, which may enhance visualization of abnormal features at the gray–white matter interface. We assessed the ability of double inversion recovery to distinguish focal cortical dysplasia from periventricular nodular heterotopia and normal brain. Methods Patients with focal cortical dysplasia were identified from our patient database, as was a control group comprising patients with periventricular nodular heterotopia and healthy persons. A senior neuroradiologist reviewed all clinical images and classified them as patients with focal cortical dysplasia (n = 16) or control subjects (periventricular nodular heterotopia, n = 13; normal, n = 20). Four neuroradiologists reviewed the de-identified and randomized double inversion recovery and magnetization prepared rapid acquired gradient echoes (MPRAGE) sequences for each person and scored them as normal, focal cortical dysplasia, or periventricular nodular heterotopia. Results Among individual reviewers, double inversion recovery showed sensitivity from 50% to 88% and specificity from 67% to 91% in detecting focal cortical dysplasia. The sensitivity was notably higher in reviewers with more clinical experience with the technique. Consensus agreement among the three most experienced reviewers gave a sensitivity of 88% (95% confidence interval [CI], 72% to 97%) and specificity of 88% (95% CI, 62% to 98%) for double inversion recovery and sensitivity of 44% (95% CI, 20% to 70%) and specificity of 100% (95% CI, 89% to 100%) for MPRAGE. Conclusions Double inversion recovery is sensitive for detection of focal cortical dysplasia with experienced users, particularly when there is consensus agreement. The use of two clinically available magnetic resonance imaging acquisitions—double inversion recovery and another sequence with high specificity such as MPRAGE—would be complementary in the evaluation of lesional epilepsy.
Compliance With Recommended Food Safety Practices in Television Cooking Shows

Abstract Objective Examine compliance with recommended food safety practices in television cooking shows. Methods Using a tool based on the Massachusetts Food Establishment Inspection Report, raters examined 39 episodes from 10 television cooking shows. Results Chefs demonstrated conformance with good retail practices for proper use and storage of utensils in 78% of episodes; preventing contamination (62%), and fingernail care (82%). However, 50% to 88% of episodes were found to be out of compliance with other personal hygiene practices, proper use of gloves and barriers (85% to 100%), and maintaining proper time and temperature controls (93%). Over 90% failed to conform to recommendations regarding preventing contamination through wiping cloths and washing produce. In only 13% of episodes were food safety practices mentioned. Conclusions and Implications There appears to be little attention to food safety during most cooking shows. Celebrity and competing chefs have the opportunity to model and teach good food safety practices for millions of viewers.
Establishment dynamics, vacancies, and unemployment: A neoclassical approach

This article introduces and analyzes a Walrasian model of worker flows, job flows, vacancies, and unemployment. Calibrating the model to U.S. data, the article finds that all variables comove with output quite well but that they fluctuate too little. However, the failure is not as bad as in 'Shimer's puzzle.' Interestingly, the article also finds that introducing establishment dynamics into the model, while realistic, is irrelevant for understanding unemployment and vacancy fluctuations: The business cycles of the model with establishment dynamics are virtually the same as those of a version with a representative firm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
MR elastography of hepatocellular carcinoma: Correlation of tumor stiffness with histopathology features—Preliminary findings

Abstract Purpose To determine if tumor stiffness by MR Elastography (MRE) is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) pathologic features. Material and methods A retrospective review was undertaken of all patients with pathologically confirmed HCC who underwent MRE prior to loco-regional therapy, surgical resection or transplant between 1/1/2007 to 12/31/2015. An independent observer measured tumor stiffness (kilopascals, kPa) by drawing regions of interest (ROI) covering the HCC and in the case of HCCs with non-enhancing/necrotic components, only the solid portion was included in the ROI. HCC tumor grade (WHO criteria), vascular invasion and tumor encapsulation were assessed from retrievable pathology specimens by an expert hepatobiliary pathologist. Tumor stiffness was compared by tumor grade, size, presence of capsule and vascular invasion using Student's t-test (or Exact Mann-Whitney test). Results 21 patients were identified who had pathologically confirmed HCCs and tumor MRE data. 17 patients (81.0%) had underlying chronic liver disease. The mean ± SD tumor size (cm) was 5.3 ± 3.9 cm. The mean ± SD tumor stiffness was 5.9 ± 1.4 kPa. Tumors were graded as well differentiated (N = 2), moderately differentiated (N = 11) and poorly differentiated (N = 8). There was a trend toward increased tumor stiffness in well/moderately differentiated HCCs (6.5 ± 1.2 kPa; N = 13) compared to poorly differentiated HCCs (4.9 ± 1.2 kPa; N = 8) (p Conclusion Preliminary data suggest that tumor stiffness by MRE may be able to differentiate HCC tumor grade.
Mathematics teaching efficacy among traditional and non- traditional elementary pre-service teachers

This study examined the mathematics teaching efficacy of traditional and non-traditional elementary pre-service teachers enrolled in a three-course, three-semester mathematics sequence. Self-efficacy scales were administered at the beginning of the three-course sequence and at the end. The three-course mathematics sequence was taught from a constructivist approach and emphasized a socio-constructivist learning environment in which the pre-service teachers were challenged to construct their own meaning of mathematics. Results showed that for the non-traditional pre-service teachers, self-efficacy levels for teaching elementary school mathematics were significantly different at the end of their enrollment in the three-course mathematics sequence than at the beginning. This study also revealed that for the traditional pre-service teachers, self-efficacy levels with regards to affecting student success regardless of external factors remained the same or were not significantly different, suggesting the need for further research in this area.
A Component Analysis of Behavioral Skills Training for Effective Instruction Delivery

Behavioral skills training is a frequently utilized strategy for promoting skill proficiency, and is utilized with a wide range of individuals (e.g., children, parents, teachers). Although previous...
Strategies for Resilience

It is too easy to blame today’s water problems on climate change. While it is clear that climate impacts are having real consequences on water systems, it is less clear the problems described in earlier chapters would not have occurred without climate change. Global water systems are under increasing stress from the failure to adapt to changing diets, housing and gardening preferences, energy demands, technological change, economic development patterns, and climate change. Predict-and-plan management systems are no longer appropriate in an era of rapid change. This book offers a new way of conceptualizing water problems that embraces uncertainty, seeks to design a more sustainable future, searches for robust solutions, and builds social institutions to promote social learning. This chapter outlines strategies for uncertain water futures.
Developments in Quantum Probability and the Copenhagen Approach

In the Copenhagen approach to quantum mechanics as characterized by Heisenberg, probabilities relate to the statistics of measurement outcomes on ensembles of systems and to individual measurement events via the actualization of quantum potentiality. Here, brief summaries are given of a series of key results of different sorts that have been obtained since the final elements of the Copenhagen interpretation were offered and it was explicitly named so by Heisenberg—in particular, results from the investigation of the behavior of quantum probability since that time, the mid-1950s. This review shows that these developments have increased the value to physics of notions characterizing the approach which were previously either less precise or mainly symbolic in character, including complementarity, indeterminism, and unsharpness.
Socioeconomic Trends Affecting Household Formation

Some major changes in the life-style of Americans during the past generation have favored the demand for housing. The rising divorce rate has in many cases generated two separate households instead of one. The growing number of single women holding jobs has raised their capacity to pay for dwelling units of their own or to afford better units. Increasing numbers of married women who work outside the home have augmented family income and lifted the demand for higher-quality housing and for equipment that eases the burden of household management. The greater tendency of young single adults to move from the parents’ home to independent living quarters has given a boost to household formation. Broadened coverage of welfare programs and rising payments have supplemented low incomes and increased the ability of the poor to form households and enter the housing market. These changes, combined with the growing numbers of “never-married” persons of marriageable age and the surge of “twosomes” living together without the formality of marriage, have reduced the importance of the conjugal family among total households and, at the same time, increased housing demand.
Neurophysiologische Befunde beim extrapyramidalen Rigor

An 36 Patienten mit extrapyramidaler Rigiditat wurde vor und nach stereotaktischen Eingriffen das Reflexverhalten synergistischer und antagonistischer Muskeln elektromyographisch und mechanographisch untersucht. 1. Im ruhenden Muskel hangt das Auftreten und das Ausmas einer Aktivitat in erster Linie von der jeweils vorherrschenden Grundspannung ab. 2. Im Gegensatz zum Gesunden fuhrt eine Muskeldehnung (Zunahme bahnender Afferenzen aus den Muskelspindeln) zunachst zu einer deutlich sichtbaren, vermehrten Aktivitat der Motoneurone. In diesem Stadium ist das Gleichgewicht bahnender und hemmender proprioceptiver Afferenzen so empfindlich, das schon ein minimaler passiver Spannungszuwachs eine deutliche Hemmung erzeugt; geringe Entdehnung last die so unterdruckte Aktivitat wieder hervortreten („Entspannungsreaktion“, „release phenomenon“). 3. Im Gegensatz zur Spastik spielen Zeitfaktoren bei der Langen- und Spannungsanderung nur eine geringe Rolle. 4. Nach erfolgreicher stereotaktischer Pallidumausschaltung waren Grundaktivitat und Reflexerregbarkeit weitgehend normalisiert. 5. Auf Grund der erhobenen Befunde, der Korrelation mechanischer und elektrischer Vorgange, haben wir unter Berucksichtigung tierexperimenteller Befunde unsere Versuchsergebnisse bei der Rigiditat zu interpretieren versucht.
Learning features while learning to classify: a cognitive model for autonomous systems

We describe a computational cognitive model intended to be a generalizable classifier that can provide context-based feedback to semantic perception in robotic applications. Many classifiers (including cognitive models of categorization) perform well at the task of associating features with objects. Underlying their performance is an effective selection of the features used during classification. This feature selection (FS) process is usually performed outside the boundaries of the models that learn and perform classification tasks, often by human experts. In contrast, the cognitive model we describe simultaneously learns which features to use, as it learns the associations between features and classes. This integration of FS and class learning in one model makes it complementary to other machine-learning techniques that generate feature-based representations (e.g., deep learning methods). But their integration in a cognitive architecture also provides a means for creating a dynamic context that includes disparate sources of information (e.g., environmental observations, task knowledge, commands from humans). This richer context, in turn, provides a means for making semantic perception goal-directed. We demonstrate automated FS, integrated with an instance-based learning approach to classification, in an ACT-R model of categorization by labeling facial expressions of emotion (e.g., happy, sad), and then generalizing the model to the classification of indoor public spaces (e.g., cafes, classrooms).
A Low-Entropy Quantum Gas of Polar Molecules in a 3D Optical Lattice

The first successful creation of KRb ground-state molecules in 2008 reached close to quantum degeneracy, with a temperature of 1.3TF. However, despite an intense effort to further cool the molecular gas, the lowest temperature for the KRb gas reached in a harmonic trap is T∕TF = 1. No other groups have produced colder, denser gases to date. As discussed at the end of Chap. 5, the best filling fraction we had previously reached in the optical lattice is 5–10%. I will begin this chapter by discussing why it is important to increase the filling fraction, and what new and exciting experiments await a low-entropy molecular sample. Then, I will discuss many of our efforts to reduce the entropy, with the ultimate success coming from a quantum synthesis approach of atomic insulators in the lattice. This successful approach will then be the topic for the remainder of the chapter.
Phthalate and Organophosphate Plasticizers in Nail Polish: Evaluation of Labels and Ingredients

In the 2000s, nail polish manufacturers started promoting “3-Free” products, phasing out three widely publicized toxic chemicals: toluene, formaldehyde, and dibutyl phthalate (DnBP). However, DnBP was sometimes replaced by another endocrine-disrupting plasticizer, triphenyl phosphate (TPHP). Many new “n-Free” labels have since appeared, without any standardization on which n chemicals are excluded. This study aimed to compare measured plasticizer content against nail polish labels. First, we summarized definitions of labels. Then, we measured 12 phthalate and 10 organophosphate plasticizers in 40 nail polishes from 12 brands selected for popularity and label variety. We found labels ranging from 3- to 13-Free; 10-Free was the most inconsistently defined (six definitions). Our samples contained TPHP and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) at up to 7940 and 331 μg/g, respectively. The 5- to 13-Free samples had lower TPHP levels than unlabeled or 3-Free samples (median <0.002 vs 3730 μg/g, p < 0.001). The sam...
Understanding the effects of retailer- and manufacturer-provided sustainability labels on product evaluations and purchase-related outcomes

Abstract Little research has explicitly considered the influence of retailer-provided sustainability disclosure at points of purchase for brands within specific product categories. Thus, this paper examines the conditions wherein sustainability labels with scale ratings assist consumers in determining the sustainability performance of products. Study 1 findings demonstrate that, when concerned with social desirability, consumers' product evaluations are greater for products with high (vs. low) sustainability levels. When not concerned with social desirability, this pattern exists so long as the levels are consistent with category-based expectations. Extending these findings, Study 2 results show that evaluations and purchase-related outcomes are greater for products with high levels within (vs. outside) expectations for low-efficacy consumers not concerned with social desirability. Yet, these effects are mitigated for low-efficacy consumers concerned with social desirability. Further, Study 3 suggests that the effect is attenuated for low-efficacy consumers at low levels and for high-efficacy consumers irrespective of sustainability level.
Industrial Artificial Intelligence.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a cognitive science to enables human to explore many intelligent ways to model our sensing and reasoning processes. Industrial AI is a systematic discipline to enable engineers to systematically develop and deploy AI algorithms with repeating and consistent successes. In this paper, the key enablers for this transformative technology along with their significant advantages are discussed. In addition, this research explains Lighthouse Factories as an emerging status applying to the top manufacturers that have implemented Industrial AI in their manufacturing ecosystem and gained significant financial benefits. It is believed that this research will work as a guideline and roadmap for researchers and industries towards the real-world implementation of Industrial AI.
What Are the Pragmatics of Explanation

An enticing view about explanation consists of two theses. First, there is the Relevance Thesis, the thesis that the truth of explanation sentences depends on a contextually selected relevance relation. The idea is that whether an utterance is true depends on what factors the context counts as relevant. Second, there is the Contrastivity Thesis, the thesis that the truth of explanation sentences depends on a contextually determined contrastive focus. This metalinguistic view is enticing, and elements of it have been defended by van Fraassen (1980), Woodward (1984), Schaffer (2005a; 2013), and others. Nevertheless, the enticing view is flawed; both the Contrastivity Thesis and the Relevance Thesis are mistaken.
Draft Genome Sequence of the Novel Coastal Bacterium LSUCC0115 from the MWH-UniPo Clade, Order Burkholderiales, Class Betaproteobacteria

ABSTRACT Here, we present the draft genome of LSUCC0115, a novel coastal Gulf of Mexico bacterioplankton isolate within the order Burkholderiales. LSUCC0115 has the metabolic potential for aerobic heterotrophy, phototrophy, and lithoautotrophy, as well as genes for flagellar assembly and quorum sensing.
Influence of Rhizobium inoculation on dry bean yield and symbiotic nitrogen fixation potential

AbstractInoculation of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) might have potential to increase symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) and to reduce dependency on chemical fertilizers. Peat based inoculant can...
Barriers to linking high-risk jail detainees to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis

Individuals involved in the criminal justice (CJ) system continue to be at disproportionate risk for HIV infection, and often have a greater prevalence of substance use and sexual related risk behaviors relative to their non-CJ involved peers. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), a once daily antiretroviral medicine, is an evidence-based approach for reducing the risk of contracting HIV but limited data exist regarding the use of PrEP among CJ populations, especially in the U.S. South. This study was conducted at the Pulaski County Regional Detention Facility (PCRDF) in Little Rock, Arkansas (AR), the largest county jail in the state. We explored knowledge about PrEP and HIV, perceptions about PrEP feasibility in both the jail and community settings and barriers to PrEP program implementation, through in-depth qualitative interviews with 21 jail detainees. We purposively sampled individuals based on specific self-reported risk behavior, including sexual risk (both heterosexual and same-sex) and drug related risk (e.g. IDU), among all eligible individuals. We identified five primary themes from the interviews: 1) accessing healthcare during community reentry was a low priority; 2) perception of risk and interaction with people with HIV was low; 3) there are many barriers to disclosing HIV risk behaviors in jail settings; 4) knowledge of PrEP is low but willingness to use is high; and 5) multiple barriers exist to PrEP uptake post-release. Our findings are contextually unique and therefore have important implications for future implementation of PrEP access either within jail settings or linkage to PrEP post release.
Therapeutic Challenges in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: A Case-Based Discussion.

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by a reciprocal translocation between the long arms of chromosomes 9 and 22 that results in expression of the oncoprotein BCR-ABL1. An optimal response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) requires a BCR-ABL transcript level ≤ 10% at 3 months, ≤ 1% at 6 months, ≤ 0.1% at 1 year, and ≤ 0.01% onwards. Complex scenarios like P190 BCR-ABL CML, unusual BCR-ABL transcripts, primary refractory CML, and detection of TKI-resistance mutations during treatment frequently pose a therapeutic challenge. In this article we present some of these clinical scenarios using a case-based approach. J Med Cases. 2020;11(7):215-220 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jmc3510
Considering indirect benefits is critical when evaluating SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates

Significant progress has already been made in development and testing of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, and Phase III clinical trials have begun for 6 novel vaccine candidates to date. These Phase III trials seek to demonstrate direct benefits of a vaccine on vaccine recipients. However, vaccination is also known to bring about indirect benefits to a population through the reduction of virus circulation. The indirect effects of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination can play a key role in reducing case counts and COVID-19 deaths. To illustrate this point, we show through simulation that a vaccine with strong indirect effects has the potential to reduce SARS-CoV-2 circulation and COVID-19 deaths to a greater extent than an alternative vaccine with stronger direct effects but weaker indirect effects. Protection via indirect effects may be of particular importance in the context of this virus, because elderly individuals are at an elevated risk of death but are also less likely to be directly protected by vaccination due to immune senescence. We therefore encourage ongoing data collection and model development aimed at evaluating the indirect effects of forthcoming SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
Energy, Form, and the Novel

Beginning with a discussion about (and review of) the laws of thermodynamics, this chapter proffers energy as a concept, a form or structure, a way of thinking about the world, that we can put to use as we work to develop more ecological modes of thinking. Especially interested in how widespread interpretations of energy concepts—within basic physics education and popular culture—reflect and propagate patterns of thought that shape our problematic relations to the world we inhabit. In particular, the emphasis on conservation and dissipation of energy, as well as the presumption of closure, cross disciplinary boundaries. These are created and sustained in the larger cultural conversation that subsumes, shapes, and enables both the sciences and the humanities. This chapter explores briefly how such patterns can prevent even scientists from fully embracing the implications of scientific knowledge, among them the wastefulness of nature and the instability of the natural world. The chapter then works through the related concepts of “modern man,” the novelistic and political “individual,” and the thermodynamic/ecological “system,” to suggest how pervasive presumptions of closure undergird western thinking since the Enlightenment and foreclose more ecologically productive conceptions of the world and ourselves.
A Study of Motivation, Preferences, and Pain Points Regarding Participation in Career Related Mentorship

Seeking mentorship and advice is a key activity in a graduate student’s career development, specifically when transitioning from academia, and looking for job opportunities. While multiple sources of career related information are available to graduate students, there are multiple benefits in getting this information through a mentor. This paper presents a user research study to understand the motivations, preferences and pain points of various participants of career related mentor-mentee relationships. Semi-structured Interviews were conducted with 24 participants, comprising (i) graduate students, (ii) industry professionals, (iii) professional career advisors, and (iv) recruiters. Further data was collected from 76 participants through surveys. The data revealed insights and patterns pertaining to mentorship related scheduling, initiation, information needs, incentives and strategies. The analysis of this data resulted in a set of design recommendations for digital mentorship platforms to enhance the nature of these interactions, and in turn provide a better experience to both the mentor and the mentee.