cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Boundary-Layer Transition at Supersonic Speeds: Roughness Effects with Heat Transfer

The paper reports the results of experiments conducted in the 20in. supersonic wind tunnel at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory of the California Institute of Technology on the effect of heat transfer (cooling) on the size of single spherical roughness elements required to produce a minimum transition Reynolds number on a 43-in. 10° cone. The results are an extension of previous work on an adiabatic cone and show a linear effect of wall temperature reduction on size of roughness. The dependence of roughness size on trip position, Mach number, and surface temperature is expressed in a simple relation.
Inverse limit reflection and the structure of L(Vλ+1)

We extend the results of Laver on using inverse limits to reflect large cardinals of the form, there exists an elementary embedding Lα(Vλ+1) → Lα(Vλ+1). Using these inverse limit reflection embeddings directly and by broadening the collection of U(j)-representable sets, we prove structural results of L(Vλ+1) under the assumption that there exists an elementary embedding j : L(Vλ+1) → L(Vλ+1). As a consequence we show the impossibility of a generalized inverse limit X-reflection result for X ⊆ Vλ+1, thus focusing the study of L(ℝ) generalizations on L(Vλ+1).
Long-term functional results in patients with anterolateral rotatory instability treated by iliotibial band transfer

The purpose of this paper is to define the use of the extraarticular, lateral reconstruction in the spectrum of patients with cruciate deficiency. A review was con ducted of 112 consecutive patients with a Maclntosh type iliotibial band transfer done between 1972 and 1986. Fifty-six of the patients had a partial or complete meniscectomy, and 24% had failed a previous extraar ticular procedure. Eighty-one percent were men, with a mean age of 23. Twenty-five percent of the patients had radiographic degenerative changes at the knee at the outset. Ninety-eight percent had an anterior drawer of 1 + or greater; 97% had a pivot shift greater than trace. All patients had symptomatic knee instability. Seventy-seven of the 112 patients (69%) were available for followup (range, 24 months to 15.5 years; median, 7.6). Twenty-three patients (21 %) returned for exami nation, KT-1000 and Cybex testing, and radiographs. An additional 54 patients (48%) were seen by their local physicians or returned a detailed questionnair...
A slow EPSP in mammalian inferior mesenteric ganglion persists after in vivo capsaicin

Abstract The non-cholinergic slow excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) in the guinea pig inferior mesenteric ganglion (IMG) is believed to be mediated by substance P (SP). Yet, in ganglia of guinea pigs treated with capsaicin (50, 100, or 350 mg/kg, s.c.), a compound that depletes SP from sensory neurons, slow EPSPs were only 50% smaller in amplitude than those in vehicle-treated controls; this was true at all dosages. When ganglia from capsaicin-treated animals were desensitized to SP, slow EPSP amplitude was decreased by 50% from predesensitization values. These data indicate that capsaicin does not eliminate the slow EPSP in the IIMG and suggest that both SP and another transmitter are involved in co-mediating this response.
The effects of short-term exposures to ultraviolet radiation in the Hawaiian Coral Montipora verrucosa

Abstract Exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR, 290–400 nm) is an important abiotic factor that tropical marine organisms have been exposed to over evolutionary time. Additionally, UVR is known to cause coral bleaching independently and is an important synergistic factor in bleaching caused by thermal stress. Corals can avoid some of the damage associated with exposure to UVR by producing UVR-absorbing compounds such as mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs). To examine the role of MAAs in the UVR photobiology of corals we conducted experiments on the Hawaiian coral Montipora verrucosa . M. verrucosa colonies were collected from 1, 5 and 10 m and exposed to three different UVR treatments for 3 days under constant visible irradiances equivalent to a depth of 0.15 m depth in Kane'ohe Bay. In addition to quantifying the MAA concentration of these corals several types of UVR-induced damage were measured to assess whether MAAs were providing protection. Quantum yields of photosystem II (PSII) fluorescence and excitation pressure on PSII were measured for each coral, and the formation of direct UVR damage to DNA was measured as cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and (6-4) pyrimidine–pyrimidone photoproducts for the holobiont. All corals exhibited midday depressions in quantum yields, developed DNA photoproducts, and increased their MAA concentrations significantly as a result of UVR exposures. CPD accumulation in M. verrucosa was highest in corals from 1 m, which had the lowest MAA concentrations at the end of the experiment. Corals originally from 10 m showed the highest MAA concentration and lowest DNA damage in response to exposure to UVR. While corals from all collection depths displayed some sensitivity to increased irradiances of UVR, their respective levels of tolerance were clearly dependant on their previous light history.
Families of shift-register sequences with impulsive correlation properties

A study of the linear feedback shift registers corresponding to a subset of nonprimitive irreducible polynomials over GF(2) has uncovered a class of sequences with interesting structures and cyclic correlation properties. These families of sequences are made up of interleaved identical sequences which are from primitive irreducible polynomials. Furthermore, they have correlation functions which are two or three valued, being constant at zero or a small value throughout most of their length with the exception of a small number of impulses. Each interval between such impulses on the correlograms uniquely corresponds to (and thus uniquely identifies) the member sequence or sequences producing it. It is shown that these families of sequences have direct application as error-correcting codes.
Neural network classification algorithm based on feature space optimization in application of pulmonary nodules detection

This paper firstly preprocesses CT images using a dot enhance filter which can enhance some round-like nodule tissues and at the same time, restrain interference from tissues of other shapes(for example, linear vessels). Then, the paper adopts a feature space optimization design theory to select seven effective features from twelve original candidate features and regards the combinations of the seven features as input feature vectors of a classifier. Finally, the paper uses a BP neural network classifier to achieve pulmonary nodules classification. The experiment shows that the method presented here can effectively reduce false positive of nodule detection, obtaining a better classification result.
Basic mechanisms for adverse cardiovascular events associated with air pollution

Air pollution is a significant cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although the epidemiologic association between air pollution exposures and exacerbation of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is well established, the mechanisms by which these exposures promote CVD are incompletely understood. This review provides an overview of the components of air pollution, an overview of the cardiovascular effects of air pollution exposure, and a review of the basic mechanisms that are activated by exposure to promote CVD.
SMIRP-A Systems Approach to Laboratory Automation

SMIRP (Standard Modular Integrated Research Protocols), a web-based laboratory management system, will be described. SMIRP uses a protocol-experiment-parameter data representation system for all components of laboratory operations, including knowledge acquisition, laboratory data generation and analysis, and document production. Data tractability is inherent to the use of the system, permitting rapid browser-based navigation through linked information. The implementation of SMIRP in an academic research environment is discussed.
The prognostic impact of BCL2 protein expression in acute myelogenous leukemia varies with cytogenetics

BCL2 protein exerts an antiapoptotic effect on cells and decreases chemosensitivity. To determine whether BCL2 expression is prognostic of patient outcome in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), we measured its level in 198 newly diagnosed, untreated AML patients by Western blotting using whole-cell lysates from low-density peripheral blood cells. BCL2 expression was not associated with the percentage of blasts (R2 = 0.10), French-American-British classification type, or cytogenetic abnormality. Smoothed martingale residual plots indicated that high BCL2 protein level was an adverse prognostic factor for patients with either favorable or intermediate prognosis cytogenetics [FIPC; inv(16), t(8:21), t(15:17), or diploid or insufficient metaphases] but was a favorable prognostic factor for patients with unfavorable prognosis cytogenetics (UC; -5, -7, +8, 11q23, Ph1, or miscellaneous changes). Patients with FIPC and high BCL2 (highest quartile) had a significantly shorter median survival (78 weeks versus not reached; P = 0.009) than did those with lower (lower three quartiles) levels of BCL2. Among those with UC, as BCL2 level decreased from the fourth quartile to the third or the combined first and second quartiles, the median survival decreased (from 94 to 45 or 17 weeks, respectively; P = 0.003). Lower expression of BCL2 in UC was associated with shorter remission duration (P = 0.05). In multivariate analyses performed using either overall or event-free survival as the end point, for either all patients or within either cytogenetic subgroup, BCL2 level was an independent prognostic factor. Similar analysis revealed that BCL2 level was an independent predictor of remission duration for UC patients as well. These data suggest that BCL2 is involved differently in different types (favorable versus unfavorable) of AML and that therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating BCL2 function may be more likely to work in patients with favorable cytogenetic abnormalities.
Are priorities useful in an 802.5 token ring

The IEEE standard 802.5 token ring protocol defines eight packet priorities. The intent is that high-priority packets should be delivered prior to low-priority packets. A series of simulations shows that this expected behavior occurs when there are very few network stations, very short data packets (but still long relative to ring latency), very short token hold times, and very high network loads. In the general case, priorities did not markedly influence packet delivery time. Use of the priority system generally resulted in more overhead and longer average packet delays than when all packets were carried as a single priority. The features of the protocol operation that are the cause of this increased delay and lack of priority discrimination are described mathematically. >
FPGA-based Router Virtualization: A Power Perspective

Both Internet and semiconductor technology have advanced dramatically over the past decade. These advancements have made great impact on the conventional Internet infrastructure where networking equipment is dedicated on a per network basis. Router virtualization allows a single hardware router to serve packets from multiple networks while ensuring the same throughput and Quality of Service (QoS) guaranteed originally. In this paper, we study the effect of router virtualization, from a power consumption perspective, on the widely used Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) platform. An analytical model is proposed to estimate Layer-3 power consumption under different virtual router configurations. The analytical model is verified using post place-and-route results obtained using state-of-the-art FPGA and the models stand accurate with only a ±3% maximum error. Low power FPGA families are explored in this work to highlight the benefits of using such platforms in networking environments. Our experimental results show that by virtualizing, power savings proportional to the number of virtual networks can be achieved compared with non-virtualized routers.
Issues in adaptive mesh refinement

In this paper, we present an approach for a patch-based adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) for multi-physics simulations. The approach consists of clustering, symmetry preserving, mesh continuity, flux correction, communications, management of patches, and dynamical load balance. Among the special features of this patch-based AMR are symmetry preserving, efficiency of refinement, special implementation of flux correction, and patch management in parallel computing environments. Here, higher efficiency of refinement means less unnecessarily refined cells for a given set of cells to be refined. To demonstrate the capability of the AMR framework, hydrodynamics simulations with many levels of refinement are shown in both two- and three-dimensions.
Moderators and Predictors of Response to Eating Disorder Risk Factor Reduction Programs in Collegiate Female Athletes.

Abstract Objective The primary aim of this paper was to investigate moderators and predictors of response to two programs designed to reduce eating disorder risk factors in collegiate female athletes. This study served as an ancillary study to a parent trial that investigated the feasibility of an athlete modified cognitive dissonance-based program (AM-DBP) and an athlete modified healthy weight intervention program (AM-HWI). Design 157 female collegiate athletes were randomized to either the AM-DBP or the AM-HWI program. Participants completed surveys at baseline, post-intervention, 6 weeks, and 1 year. Methods After classifying sports as either lean or non-lean, we investigated if sport type acted as a moderator of program response to AM-DBP and AM-HWI using ANOVAs. Next, we examined whether baseline thin-ideal internalization, weight concern, shape concern, bulimic pathology, dietary restraint, and negative affect acted as predictors of changes in bulimic pathology using linear regression models. Results Athletes in non-lean sports who received AM-DBP showed more improvement in negative affect versus non-lean sport athletes in AM-HWI. Higher baseline scores of bulimic pathology predicted greater response in bulimic pathology to both programs at 6-weeks. In contrast, athletes with higher dietary restraint and negative affect baseline scores showed decreased response to both interventions at 6-weeks. Finally, athletes with higher baseline shape concern showed a decreased response to the AM-HWI intervention at the post intervention time point. Conclusion Results from the present study indicate that lean/non-lean sport may not play a strong role in determining response to efficacious programs. Further, factors such as pre-existing bulimic pathology, dietary restraint, negative affect, and shape concern may affect general response to intervention versus specific responses to specific interventions.
Pregnant Premise Arguments

Enthymatic arguments are, roughly, arguments with at least one suppressed or unstated premise or conclusion. The classic example: Socrates is a man, therefore Socrates is mortal. The unstated premise: All men are mortal. Enthymemes are manifestations of our joint pragmatic objectives of efficient communication and argumentative clarity. We leave out information that our listening audience can supply for themselves—sometimes for timeliness, and sometimes, as Aristotle noted (Rhetoric I.2, 1357a7‐18), for rhetoric. And so: Enthymemes can be considered a special instance of Grice's Quantity Maxim: Be as informative as necessary for the purposes of agreement, but avoid being more informative than is necessary. (Jackson and Jacobs 1980: 263)
An investigation of the current distribution in the triaxial cable and its operational impacts on a power system

An investigation of the current distribution in a three-phase triaxial superconducting cable is underway to study phase imbalances under steady-state operation and to assist in the construction of a transient model to study operational impacts of the cable in a power grid. The triaxial cable consists of three superconducting concentric phases inside a copper shield, with each phase composed of multiple layers of BSCCO tape wound helically in opposite directions. Current distribution among the phases of the cable is determined by using an electric circuit (EC) model containing the self and mutual inductances resulting from both axial and tangential fields. An ac loss term is also included in the model. Building on the EC model, a lumped cable model is used to investigate the effects of the triaxial cable on a power grid when faults are applied to the system. Cable lengths practical for future applications (/spl sim/10 km) are considered.
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Associated with Esophageal Atresia: Incidence, Outcomes, and Determinants of Mortality

Background Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) and esophageal atresia (EA) are fairly common congenital anomalies, but the occurrence of both is exceedingly rare, with only anecdotal cases reported in the English literature. The primary objective of the current study is to assess the incidence and outcomes of CDH/EA using the Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Study Group registry. Study Design The Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Study Group registry was queried from January 2000 through August 2011. Patients with CDH/EA were identified. The primary end point was survival and the secondary end point was seeking to identify variables that might explain variances in outcomes. Results During the study period, 4,888 patients were reported to the Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Study Group registry. Twenty-three (0.5%) had an associated EA, with an overall survival significantly lower than the registry mean (26.1% vs 70.3%; p Conclusions In patients with both CDH and EA, survival is significantly lower than other patients with CDH, but not uniformly lethal, therefore, intent to treat is a viable approach. Although the association of CDH with EA has a substantial impact on survival, it is the presence of low birth weight, cardiac and chromosomal abnormalities, surfactant use, and larger defects—and not the mere presence of EA—that influences the outcomes of this unique cohort.
Evaluation of a Rapid Urine Antigen Assay for the Detection of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Children

Objective. Streptococcus pneumoniae re- mains the most common cause of occult bacteremia, bac- terial pneumonia, and meningitis in young febrile chil- dren. We sought to determine the utility of a pneumococcal urine antigen assay among young febrile children at varying risk of invasive pneumococcal dis- ease. Methods. We prospectively enrolled 5 groups of chil- dren, 3 months to 5 years of age, who presented to an urban pediatric emergency department or hospital-based clinic between January 1, 2000, and April 1, 2001. The groups enrolled included 1) children with pneumococcal bacteremia, 2) febrile children with pneumonia, 3) febrile nonbacteremic children with leukocytosis, 4) febrile non- bacteremic children with normal white blood cell (WBC) counts, and 5) afebrile children with no evidence of cur- rent or recent bacterial infection. Results. Of 346 children enrolled, positive assay re- sults were found in 23 (95%) of 24 with pneumococcal bacteremia (95% confidence interval (CI): 77%-100%), 47 (76%) of 62 with lobar pneumonia (95% CI: 63%- 85%), 28 (15%) of 181 nonbacteremic children with fever (95% CI: 11%-22%) with no difference among patients with ele- vated WBC counts (18%; 95% CI: 11%-27%) compared with those with normal WBC counts (11%; 95% CI: 5%- 21%), and 6 of 79 patients without fever (8%; 95% CI: 3%-16%). Conclusions. This S pneumoniae antigen detection as- say demonstrated high sensitivity for proven (bactere- mic) and suspected (focal pneumonia) invasive pneumo- coccal infections. The rate of false-positive test results among febrile children without identified pneumococcal infection is approximately 15%. Although not ideal, this combination of sensitivity and specificity compares fa- vorably with other available tests, such as the WBC or absolute neutrophil count used to screen children for clin- ically unsuspected pneumococcal infections. Pediatrics 2003;112:1279 -1282; Streptococcus pneumoniae, pneumonia, fever, detection, urine.
Semidefinite methods for approximate inference on graphs with cycles

We present a new method for calculating approximate marginals for probability distributions defined by graphs with cycles, based on a Gaussian entropy bound combined with a semidefinite outer bound on the marginal polytope. This combination leads to a log-determinant maximization problem that can be solved by efficient interior point methods [8]. As with the Bethe approximation and its generalizations [12], the optimizing arguments of this problem can be taken as approximations to the exact marginals. In contrast to Bethe/Kikuchi approaches, our variational problem is strictly convex and so has a unique global optimum. An additional desirable feature is that the value of the optimal solution is guaranteed to provide an upper bound on the log partition function. In experimental trials, the performance of the log-determinant relaxation is comparable to or better than the sum-product algorithm, and by a substantial margin for certain problem classes. Finally, the zero-temperature limit of our log-determinant relaxation recovers a class of well-known semidefinite relaxations for integer programming [e.g., 3].
A component model for hard real-time systems: CCM with ARINC-653

The size and complexity of software in safety-critical systems is increasing at a rapid pace. One technology that can be used to mitigate this complexity is component-based software development. However, in spite of the apparent benefits of a component-based approach to development, little work has been done in applying these concepts to hard real-time systems. This paper improves the state of the art by making three contributions: (1) we present a component model for hard real-time systems and define the semantics of different types of component interactions; (2) we present an implementation of a middleware that supports this component model. This middleware combines an open-source CORBA Component Model (CCM) implementation (MICO) with ARINC-653: a state-of-the-art real-time operating systems (RTOS) standard, (3) finally; we describe a modeling environment that enables design, analysis, and deployment of component assemblies. We conclude with a discussion of the lessons learned during this exercise. Our experiences point toward extending both the CCM as well as revising the ARINC-653. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What Would Veblen Wear

Veblen's Theory of the Leisure Class is largely based on his explication of emulation whereby individuals of lower status imitate people of higher status. The proliferation of identity categories and the democratization of consumer credit complicate the application of emulation to contemporary consumer behavior. Veblen is ill-equipped to describe consumption related to social categories such as race, ethnicity, gender, and sexual identity. The phenomenon of dressing down within dominant American culture reveals the limits of Veblen's ideas when applied to less privileged social categories. An exclusive focus on individual choices ignores the interaction of structure and agency that characterizes the practice of consumption in contemporary society.
Squamous cell carcinoma: from precursor lesions to high-risk variants

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is second only to basal cell carcinoma in its incidence within our population. It is among the most common types of neoplasm afflicting the human race. Most cases are related to exposure to sunlight. This initial portion of the chapter will focus upon the biologic progression that results in the ultimate development of fully formed squamous cell carcinoma. The latter portion will focus upon the histologic features of squamous cell carcinoma, which may be potential prognostic indicators. While pathologists currently provide clinicians with information about many histologic features that may affect the outcome for patients with melanoma, there is little impetus for similar behavior on the part of pathologists when diagnosing squamous cell carcinomas. This is largely due to the relatively low metastasis rate for these tumors compared with melanomas; however, it may be possible for pathologists to separate out those squamous cell carcinomas with a higher chance for recurrence and metastasis. This chapter will examine many of these histologic features and propose a rationale for including this information in pathology reports.
Parallel implementation of the Hough transform for the extraction of rectangular objects

In image processing applications, the storage capacity required for images can exceed feasible storage capabilities. A technique to alleviate this problem by removal of unnecessary background information through image processing is discussed. Specifically, a parallel implementation of a first-order, derivative-based edge detection algorithm and the Hough transform applied to rectangular objects is given. A variation of the classical Hough transform to detect lines is employed to locate rectangular objects of known size in an image. A parallel virtual machine is used to exploit the inherent parallelism found in these algorithms over a cluster of 7 workstations. Through the use of these techniques, the rectangular object is detected and stored as a separate image, and storage capacity can be reduced by approximately 30%, not including standard data compression. Parallelizing the algorithms provides a significant speedup advantage over the normal sequential operation of the programs.
Use of a variable insulin infusion to assess insulin action in obesity: defects in both the kinetics and amplitude of response.

To determine whether the severity of insulin resistance in obesity, as assessed by the traditional hyperinsulinemic glucose clamp, reflects the severity of resistance present during changing insulin concentrations, such as occur after meal ingestion, 9 moderately obeseand 12 lean subjects were studied on 2 occasions: once during a primed continuous insulin infusion and once during a variable 8-step insulin infusion. Identical amounts of insulin were given on each occasion, and euglycemia was maintained by a glucose infusion. Stimulation of isotopically determined glucose utilization above the basal value was lower in the obese than in the lean subjects during the variable [2.4 ± 0.5 (±SEM) vs. 5.4 ± 0.7 g/m2; P = 0.004] and the constant (2.9 ± 0.7 vs. 4.2 ± 0.9 g/m2; P = 0.32) insulin infusions; however, the differences were only significant with the variable insulin infusion. The variable insulin infusion also was associated with lower rates of activation of glucose utilization (slope, 0–90 min,0.27 ± 0....
Predictors of urinary morbidity in Cs-131 prostate brachytherapy implants.

Purpose: Cesium-131 is a newer radioisotope being used in prostate brachytherapy (PB). This study was conducted to determine the predictors of urinary morbidity with Cs-131 PB. Methods and Materials: A cohort of 159 patients underwent PB with Cs-131 at our institution and were followed by using Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC) surveys to determine urinary morbidity over time. EPIC scores were obtained preoperatively and postoperatively at 2 and 4 weeks, and 3 and 6 months. Different factors were evaluated to determine their individual effect on urinary morbidity, including patient characteristics, disease characteristics, treatment, and dosimetry. Multivariate analysis of covariance was carried out to identify baseline determinants affecting urinary morbidity. Factors contributing to the need for postoperative catheterization were also studied and reported. Results: At 2 weeks, patient age, dose to 90% of the organ (D90), bladder neck maximum dose (D{sub max}), and external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) predicted for worse function. At 4 weeks, age and EBRT continued to predict for worse function. At the 3-month mark, better preoperative urinary function, preoperative alpha blockers, bladder neck D{sub max}, and EBRT predicted for worse urinary morbidity. At 6 months, better preoperative urinary function, preoperative alpha blockers, bladder neck D{sub max},more » and EBRT were predictive of increased urinary problems. High bladder neck D{sub max} and poor preoperative urinary function predicted for the need for catheterization. Conclusions: The use of EBRT plus Cs-131 PB predicts for worse urinary toxicity at all time points studied. Patients should be cautioned about this. Age was a consistent predictor of worsened morbidity immediately following Cs-131 PB, while bladder D{sub max} was the only consistent dosimetric predictor. Paradoxically, patients with better preoperative urinary function had worse urinary morbidity at 3 and 6 months, consistent with recently published literature.« less
Impact of the 1964 rubella epidemic on a clinic population.

The impact of the rubella epidemic of 1964-1965 on an obstetric population of low socioeconomic level has been described. Thirty-one infants born to mothers with a history of rubella or with clinical findings suggestive of congenital rubella were encountered during the epidemic period. Twelve of the infants died. At 18 months only 2 of the surviving infants were free of congenital defect and neurosensory or neurological handicap. Initial recognition of congenital rubella infection was based on symptomatology shown by the infant (purpura, hepatosplenomegaly, pneumonitis, hepatitis, and cardiac and ocular lesions) more often than on maternal history early in the course of the outbreak. Affected infant showed a high incidence of intrauterine growth retardation and a high incidence of fetal distress at delivery . Forty per cent of infants had a low Apgar score at one minute. In this population, awareness of the adverse effects of maternal rubella on the developing fetus is low. Only 2 of the 31 mothers gave a history of physician- or clinic-diagnosed rubella during early pregnancy. Before preventive measures can be undertaken and before all infants of rubella mothers ca n be followed prospectively as a high-risk group, the level of medical knowledge must be increased in this population.
Paternal occupation and childhood cancer.

Childhood cancer remains an important pediatric disease, not only in terms of disease burden, but also because the epidemiologic and molecular study of childhood cancers has provided a unique insight into the etiology of adult cancer. The two-hit mutational model developed in the 1970s by Knudson based on the descriptive epidemiology and genetics of childhood tumors such as retinoblastoma, Wilms tumor, and neuroblastoma provided an important model for mechanisms of adult cancers (Knudson et al., 1972; Knudson et al., 1975). The environmental (broadly defined) etiology of childhood cancer is uncertain, but paternal occupation has remained as one of the most suggestive associations for a number of years. In this review we will consider the current evidence for paternal occupational exposures and the risk of childhood cancer. We will focus on the promising leads from the most extensively studied childhood cancers, leukemia and brain tumors (central nervous system tumors), and provide directions for future research.
Dependency-based empty category detection via phrase structure trees

We describe a novel approach to detecting empty categories (EC) as represented in dependency trees as well as a new metric for measuring EC detection accuracy. The new metric takes into account not only the position and type of an EC, but also the head it is a dependent of in a dependency tree. We also introduce a variety of new features that are more suited for this approach. Tested on a subset of the Chinese Treebank, our system improved significantly over the best previously reported results even when evaluated with this more stringent metric.
Complications of Kidney Transplantation

A 65-year-old recipient of a deceased donor kidney transplant presents for a routine evaluation. End-stage renal disease (ESRD) was due to adult autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. She received her transplant 4 months previously. Induction was accomplished by antithymocyte globulin and has been maintained on tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisone. Her baseline creatinine had been between 1.1 and 1.4 mg/dL. She reports noticing some ankle swelling, weight gain, and increased home blood pressure readings. On exam she has 1+ pitting ankle edema; lungs are clear; heart regular with no murmur. Routine chemistry reveals a creatinine of 1.8 mg/dL.
Psychoanalytic Ideals, New Technologies, and the Expropriations of the Corporate Self: Commentary on Paper by Stephen Hartman

Seligman admires Stephen Hartman's ability to enter and empathize with the emerging psychosocial ambience of the new social media while maintaining his focus as a psychoanalytic clinician and theorist. He then delineates how the new modes of constructing what constitutes “reality” and the aesthetics of subjectivity may mark a departure from ideals of authenticity and privacy, which are at the center of the psychoanalytic project. Finally, he worries that these shifts are linked to an overall concentration of corporate power and ownership of media and other ideological apparatuses supporting an alienated, fetishized culture of consumption and market-minded vacuity.
Asymmetry of habitual 24-hour intraocular pressure rhythm in glaucoma patients.

© 2014 The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc. Purpose: To examine the strength of association between 24-hour rhythms of habitual IOP in the paired eyes of healthy individuals and glaucoma patients. Methods: Laboratory records of 24-hour habitual IOP from 38 younger healthy individuals, 53 older healthy individuals, and 41 untreated older primary open-angle glaucoma patients were examined. Intraocular pressure was measured every 2 hours sitting during the day and supine at night using a pneumatonometer. Rhythms of 24-hour IOP in the right eye and in the left eye were estimated separately using cosinor rhythmometry. Estimated 24-hour IOP peak timing (acrophase) and estimated 24-hour IOP variation (amplitude) were compared between the paired eyes for each subject group. Strength of association was determined by the absolute time interval between paired 24-hour IOP peak timings and by the coefficient of determination (r2) between paired 24-hour IOP variations. Results: Mean absolute time intervals between the paired IOP peak timings were 1 hour and 33 minutes in the younger healthy group and 1 hour and 37 minutes in the older healthy group. In the older glaucoma group, the mean absolute time interval was 2 hours and 30 minutes. Coefficient of determination for the paired 24-hour IOP variations in the older glaucoma group was 0.343, significantly lower than the coefficients of determination in the younger healthy group (0.571) and the older healthy group (0.646). Conclusions: The strength of association between the paired 24-hour rhythms of habitual IOP is significantly weaker in glaucoma patients than in healthy individuals.
Cerium Oxide Promoted Iron-based Oxygen Carrier for Chemical Looping Combustion

Oxygen carrier (OC) development is an important topic in chemical looping combustion (CLC). Bimetal oxide OCs usually impart better performance than monometal oxide OCs; one example of which is the introduction of CeO2 as a partially reducible material capable of generating oxygen vacancies that lead to faster oxygen transfer inside OC particle. In this study, CeO2 was used as an additive to a Fe2O3-based OC and its effect on physical properties, such as morphology, surface area and crushing strength, was analyzed in detail. The reactivity of OCs during reduction and oxidation was studied using thermogravimetric analysis mass spectrometry and a bench scale CLC setup. The results showed that the reduction reaction at the OC surface was independent of whether CeO2 was present or not, but after the surface oxygen had been consumed during the oxidation of fuel, the OC with CeO2 additive provided faster oxygen transfer rates from the bulk to the surface to produce better average reaction rates. The OCs after r...
A Three-stage Estimator for Studies with Repeated and Possibly Missing Binary Outcomes

SUMMARY This paper describes methods for analysing repeated measures data when the outcome is binary at each occasion. The models relate the expected value of the binary response at each occasion to covariates via the logistic link function. The method of estimation is a three-stage, generalized least squares method and is similar to the methods described by Ware and Jennrich and Schluchter for repeated continuous outcomes. The estimates are asymptotically equivalent to the estimates obtained from Liang and Zeger's 'generalized estimating equations' but have the advantage that they exist in some situations (i.e. small sample sizes, unbalanced data) when the Liang and Zeger estimates do not and can be computed using a newly available statistical package (BMDP 5V) designed for analysing unbalanced repeated continuous responses. Residual diagnostics are also briefly discussed.
Cholesterol Point-of-Care Testing for Community Pharmacies: A Review of the Current Literature:

Objective:To summarize the literature on cholesterol point-of-care tests (POCTs). This article would serve as a resource to assist community pharmacists in developing cholesterol point-of-care (POC) pharmacy services.Data Sources:A literature search was performed in MEDLINE Ovid, PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane database using the following medical subject headings (MeSH) terms: point-of-care test, cholesterol, blood chemical analysis, rapid testing, collaborative practice, community pharmacy, and ambulatory care. Additional resources including device manufacturer web sites were summarized to supplement the current literature.Study Selection and Data Extraction:All human research articles, review articles, meta-analyses, and abstracts published in English through September 1, 2014, were considered.Data Synthesis:A total of 36 articles were applicable for review. Information was divided into the following categories to be summarized: devices, pharmacists’ impact, and operational cost for the pharmacy.Conclusio...
Smart Girls, Black Girls, Mean Girls, and Bullies: At the Intersection of Identities and the Mediating Role of Young Girls' Social Network in Mathematical Communities of Practice:

By taking an intersectional and emic view to studying a group of African American girls in a third-grade class, we attempt to capture the complexity of mathematics learning for these girls. Traditi...
Beyond Literacy: A Response to An Economic Interpretation of the Pashtunwalli

After mapping out an insightful political economy of the Pashtunwalli, Tom Ginsburg asks if the West can meaningfully engage the Pashtun through this non-state-based legal code. He encourages such engagement as a tool to both reduce violence within and across Pashtun tribes and to improve the treatment of women within the Pashtun society. In so doing, Ginsburg poses a very important question about the West’s strategy for approaching Pashtun governance. I want to focus on the difficulties and unintended consequences of Ginsburg’s complementary suggestion that the West promote literacy and education in this area. He contends that literacy and, in particular, its role in creating written jirga opinions, may serve as a mechanism to facilitate clearer substantive legal norms within the Pashtunwalli and thus reduce the potential for future disputes. He also tentatively suggests that literacy programs might improve Pashtun women’s quality of life in a variety of ways. First, it might reduce the occurrence of disagreements in which women may be bartered as a conflict-resolution mechanism. Second, literacy may hasten general economic prosperity, which often brings accompanying benefits for women and can provide them the means to improve their position within the community. Finally, literacy may allow the introduction of new, more female-friendly ideas into the general culture and, more specifically, into the Pashtunwalli itself. This response, however, introduces some significant limitations that Ginsburg’s literacy proposal faces in achieving its dual aims of reducing violence and improving the treatment of women. In brief, as to be discussed in more detail in Part I, without a simultaneous source of and motivation for norm change, literacy may not ameliorate the root causes of disputes. More worrisomely, attempts to promote literacy may ratchet up violence. One possibility is that the Pashtun will use written precedents to harmonize the punishments within the legal system and in so doing embrace the harshest penalties for norm violations. In addition, such efforts may draw the ire of the Pashtun, the Taliban, al-Qaeda, and the Pakistani government if they perceive such Western-led literacy programs as threats to their control. Relatedly, literacy programs can also stoke violence when they engender rising expectations for their beneficiaries without any concomitant economic improvements to satisfy them. Lastly, literacy alone seems unlikely to enhance the status or treatment of women because nothing about literacy inherently undermines the structure of the honor culture that promotes women’s subjugation and places them at great risk of violence. That being said, as I will explain in Part II, history suggests that the coupling of literacy with a bottom-up push for norm change may transcend these limitations and make progress toward the goals of reducing violence and changing conditions for Pashtun women.
Guidelines for Obesity Management

This article addresses current best practices in obesity management, primarily through the discussion of 5 guidelines documents: those sponsored by the US National Institutes of Health and the AHA/ACC/TOS, ENDO, ASBP, AACE, and the United Kingdom's NICE. Common to all of these reports is the emphasis on addressing weight management as a pathway to prevention and optimal management of obesity-associated comorbidities (ie, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases). No one of these documents fits all needs; all have a place. Further, no one of these documents is final. As knowledge advances, all will require updating.
Yield and its components in diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid wheats in diverse environments

Etude conduite dans quatre environnements du sud californien. Quatorze genotypes sont etudies: sauvages, cultivars primitifs et modernes. Les observations portent sur le nombre d'epis, le nombre de grains par epi, le poids des grains, le rendement en biomasse, l'indice de recolte
Establishing an Evaluation Technical Assistance Contract to Support Studies in Meeting the US Department of Health and Human Services Evidence Standards

An introduction is presented in which the authors discuss the special issue of the journal which examines evidence review standards and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' Office of Adolescent Health's investment in rigorous evaluations of teen pregnancy prevention programs.
Genre Beside Itself: David Mitchell’s The Bone Clocks, Pulp Intrusions, and the Cosmic Historians’ War

ABSTRACTPerhaps nowhere in David Mitchell’s oeuvre does the collision of genre hierarchies take so radical a turn as in his novel The Bone Clocks (2014), where pulp fictional imagery, themes, and style invade such moments of high seriousness as Iraq war journalism and global environmental collapse. This essay argues that Mitchell’s book channels the painfully ecstatic throes of a narrative literally “beside itself” with theorizing, shaping, and embodying: both of new generic form and of a self-reflexive discourse on theory. The cosmic war between “atemporal,” memory-redacting “Anchorites,” and “Horologists” that ruptures the storylines of Mitchell’s novel becomes a way of reexamining the place of meta- and master narratives in the age of their postmodern exile. It also allegorizes a war between theorists, between contesting ways of thinking history, memory, and the archive, yielding important implications for Mitchell’s trans-textual “Uber-Book” and for the novel as a temporal form.
Genotypic differences in intruder-evoked immediate early gene activation in male, but not female, vasopressin 1b receptor knockout mice.

Abstract Background The neuropeptide arginine vasopressin (Avp) modulates social behaviors via its two centrally expressed receptors, the Avp 1a receptor and the Avp 1b receptor (Avpr1b). Recent work suggests that, at least in mice, Avp signaling through Avpr1b within the CA2 region of the hippocampus is critical for normal aggressive behaviors and social recognition memory. However, this brain area is just one part of a larger neural circuit that is likely to be impacted in Avpr1b knockout (−/−) mice. To identify other brain areas that are affected by altered Avpr1b signaling, genotypic differences in immediate early gene activation, i.e. c-FOS and early growth response factor 1 (EGR-1), were quantified using immunocytochemistry following a single exposure to an intruder. Results In females, no genotypic differences in intruder-evoked c-FOS or EGR-1 immunoreactivity were observed in any of the brain areas measured. In males, while there were no intruder-evoked genotypic differences in c-FOS immunoreactivity, genotypic differences were observed in EGR-1 immunoreactivity within the ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the anterior hypothalamus; with Avpr1b −/− males having less EGR-1 immunoreactivity in these regions than controls. Conclusions These data are the first to identify specific brain areas that may be a part of a neural circuit that includes Avpr1b-expressing cells in the CA2 region of the hippocampus. It is thought that this circuit, when working properly, plays a role in how an animal evaluates its social context.
Shedding new light on old art

Pump–probe microscopy has recently been used to measure the 3D distribution of a pigment in Puccio Capanna's 14th-century masterpiece The Crucifixion. As Martin Fischer explains, this laser-based technique can give art conservators and historians information that is impossible to get by other means.
Experimental Measurement of Inter-Die Thermal Resistance in a Two Die 3D IC

Thermal modeling and temperature prediction in 3D ICs are important for improving performance and reliability. A number of numerical and analytical models have been developed for thermal analysis of 3D ICs. However, there is a relative lack of experimental work to determine key physical parameters in 3D IC thermal design. One such important key parameter is the inter-die thermal resistance between adjacent die bonded together. This paper describes a novel experimental method to measure the value of inter-die thermal resistance between two die in a 3D IC. The effect of heating one die on the temperature of the other die in a two-die stack is measured over a short time period using high speed data acquisition to negate the effect of boundary conditions. Numerical simulation is performed and based on a comparison between experimental data and the numerical model, the inter-die thermal resistance between two die is determined. There is good agreement between experimental measurement and theoretically estimated value of the inter-die thermal resistance. Results from this paper are expected to assist in thermal design and management of 3D ICs.Copyright © 2016 by ASME