cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ocular Drug Delivery Systems - A Review

AbstractNew ocular drug delivery systems are currently receiving increased attention, in part because of the expected emergence of new drugs with short biological half-lives whose usefulness may depend on a more continuous drug supply than eyedrops can provide, and also in part because of the potential of some delivery systems to reduce the side effects of the more potent drugs recently introduced or presently under investigation.Some ocular delivery systems extend the duration of drug action by enhancement of corneal absorption; these include soluble gels and emulsions, hydrophilic ocular inserts, ion-pair associations, prodrugs, and liposomes. Other delivery systems provide for a controlled release of drugs; they can be based on any of several different mechanisms and include both erodible and nonerodible matrices. The delivery systems are described in this review, along with their mechanisms, limitations, and the therapeutic rationale for their use.
Protocol of a randomized controlled trial of sun protection interventions for operating engineers

Skin cancer are increasing and some types of skin cancer are among the most lethal cancers yet are easily preventable. However, sun protection interventions are rarely implemented among outdoor workers. Our prior work shows that Michigan Operating Engineers (heavy equipment operators) spend an average of 4–5 hours in the sun, about one-third reported getting sun burned at least once a summer, and over half burned more than once a summer. About three-quarters of the sample never or only sometimes used sun block.
Exact finite difference schemes for the wave equation with spherical symmetry

We construct exact finite difference schemes for both the time-dependent and steady-state wave equations that model systems having spherical symmetry. The technique to do such a construction is based on the transformation of the particular differential equations of interest to other differential equations for which exact schemes are known.
Child sexual abuse prevention: evaluation and one-year follow-up

Because of the high incidence and negative psychological consequences of child sexual abuse, prevention programs have been developed and implemented nationwide. Few programs, however, have been comprehensively evaluated. In this multimodal study, a 3-session adaptation of the Feeling Yes, Feeling No curriculum was provided to 286 third and fourth graders from four schools whose responses were compared to 113 delayed-treatment control children from two schools. Program impact was assessed using a knowledge scale, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children, a videotape vignettes measure, a parent questionnaire, and disclosure data. Treatment children exhibited significantly greater knowledge and better ability to discriminate safe from unsafe situations on the video measure than control children at posttesting. These gains were maintained at 6-week follow-up testing. There were no differences in treatment and control children's self-reported anxiety or parents' reports of negative emotional/behavioral consequences, which were minimal. Over 5% of participating children reported ongoing or past sexual abuse. In the One-Year Follow-Up Study, children's knowledge gains and prevention skills scores on the video measure were maintained at one-year follow-up. A 1-session "booster shot" program further enhanced children's safety discrimination skills on the video measure. Language: en
Correction to “a rational design process: How and why to fake it”

A careful reader, Max Stern of Teradata Corporation, has brought to our attention two errors in the above paper.1 On page 253 in the second paragraph under point 4) the text reads, “A purely digital or purely hybrid computer is a special case of this general module.” It should read, “A purely digital or purely analog computer is a special case of this general model.”
Arranging the Physical Environment of Special Education Classrooms

Beginning and sometimes even experienced teachers are often overwhelmed when school starts, there are so many things to consider and so many things to do that finding a starting place can be difficult. Teachers wonder if they should first review students' Individualized Education Plans (lEPs), familiarize themselves with curriculum materials, or put up the year's first bulletin board. One of the first activities undertaken by many teachers pertains to the physical arrangement of their classrooms. Most rooms come complete with some desks, some bookcases, a file drawer or two, and other assorted furniture like study carrels and room dividers. Some teachers simply put the desks in rows and place the rest of the classroom furniture in some fashion to match the shape and size of the room. Others remember that placing desks in a semicircle may contribute to a less formal atmosphere and lead to greater interaction among students. Often, however, these decisions are made hastily without consideration of the critical factors related to the physical environment of the class.
Graphical programming of simulation models in an object-oriented environment

Graphical programming, which is used here to mean creation of simulation models graphically, has been used in conjunction with conventional simulation languages via block diagrams or activity netwo...
MASTER-EQUATION APPROACH TO SPONTANEOUS EMISSION. III. MANY-BODY ASPECTS OF EMISSION FROM TWO-LEVEL ATOMS AND THE EFFECT OF INHOMOGENEOUS BROADENING.

A general theory of spontaneous emission was developed in Papers I and II of this series. In the present paper, the mastre equation describing spontaneous emission from $N$ identical two-level atoms is investigated further. It is shown that the equation of motion for the $p(lN)$-atom density matrix is coupled to the ($p+1$)-atom density matrix. We first consider the initial excitation of the system to state $|{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{0},{\ensuremath{\phi}}_{0}〉$ (${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{0}l\ensuremath{\pi}$) and solve the hierarchy of equations so obtained in the "uncorrelated approximation." It is found that the presence of other atoms is equivalent to an external field which is determined from a self-consistent analysis. It is also found that in this approximation the state of the atom at time $t$ can be described by a single parameter $\ensuremath{\theta}(t)$ ($\ensuremath{\theta}l\ensuremath{\pi}$), with ${sin}^{2}\frac{1}{2}\ensuremath{\theta}$ giving the probability that the atom is to be found in the excited state. Next, some improvements over the uncorrelated approximation are given. This is done by decoupling the equation of motion for higher-order mean values. It is found that the fluctuation $〈({S}_{i}^{Z}\ensuremath{-}〈{S}_{i}^{Z}〉)({S}_{j}^{Z}\ensuremath{-}〈{S}_{j}^{Z}〉)〉$ for any pair of atoms is of the order of $\frac{1}{N}$. The case when ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{0}=\ensuremath{\pi}$ is considered separately and we obtain an expression for the radiation rate by making a "Hartree-Fock" type of approximation on the two-particle mean values. In this case, the behavior of the radiation rate is found to differ markedly from the "sech" behavior. It is then shown that the entire dynamics of two-level atoms emitting spontaneously can be described by a set of $2N$ coupled first-order equations which clearly exhibit the type of nonlinearity (which is the analog of the van der Pol type of nonlinearity) for this problem and provide a better understanding of spontaneous emission. Finally in Sec. V, the theory is extended to include the effects of inhomogeneous broadening, and the functional dependence of the radiation rate on the atomic-line-shape factor is obtained.
A high order method for solving the black-oil problem in porous media

Abstract A high order method is formulated for solving the compressible black-oil problem with capillary effects in one-dimensional domains. The sequential implicit formulation combined with the interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin method is employed. The contribution of this work is to show convergence and robustness of high order polynomial approximations (up to fourth order) for saturated and undersaturated reservoirs.
Large orbital conjunctival cyst after enucleation

A 33-year-old man, 28 years after enucleation for a perforating injury, had a four-year history of slowly progressive proptosis of his prosthesis. Examination revealed a spherical mass filling the space normally occupied by the globe. A cyst lined by conjunctival epithelium was encountered on surgical exploration.
The (d, n) reaction on 1p shell nuclei at Ed = 11.8 MeV

Abstract The absolute differential cross sections have been measured for (d, n) reactions on 10, 11 B and 12, 13 C at an incident deuteron energy of 11.8 MeV. The measured angular distributions were compared with distorted-wave Born approximation (DWBA) calculations using average 1p shell parameters. These calculations successfully reproduce the general shape of the angular distributions, but fail to predict the magnitude of the cross sections at back angles. Absolute spectroscopic factors have been extracted and compared with theoretical predictions and previous experimental measurements. A definite J -dependence in the structure of the angular distributions is observed but is not reproduced by the DWBA calculations. The deduced spectroscopic factors are also compared with the results from (τ, d) reactions to look for a possible T -dependence.
Cyclic and Square‐Wave Voltammetric Signatures of Nitro‐Containing Explosives

While cathodic voltammetric measurements based on the reduction of nitro-containing explosive compounds have been well documented, little attention has been given for exploiting their anodic response, associated with the oxidation of their reaction products, for qualitative and quantitative security and forensic information. We demonstrate here that cyclic square-wave volammetry, combining the cathodic and anodic signals, offers distinct electrochemical profiles for trace nitroaromatic, nitramine and nitrate ester explosives compared to analogous cyclic-voltammetric and cathodic square-wave-voltammetric measurements. Unique electrochemical signatures are also obtained for commonly used explosive mixtures. Such distinct explosive signatures at disposable strip electrodes should facilitate rapid decentralized security screening applications.
Non-Concentrated Solar Collector for Solarthermal Chemical Reactions

The purpose of this study is the proof that non-concentrating solar-thermal collectors can supply the thermal energy needed to power endothermic chemical reactions such as steam reforming of alcoholic (bio-) fuels. Traditional steam reformers require the combustion of up to 50% of the primary fuel to enable the endothermic reforming reaction. Our goal is to use a selective solar absorber coating on top of a collector-reactor surrounded by vacuum insulation. For methanol reforming, a reaction temperature of 220–250°C is required for effective methanol-to-hydrogen conversion. A multilayer absorber coating (TiNOX) is used, as well as a turbomolecular pump to reach ultra-high. The collector-reactor is made of copper tubes and plates and a Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst is integrated in a porous ceramic structure towards the end of the reactor tube. The device is tested under 1000 W/m2 solar irradiation (using an ABB class solar simulator, air mass 1.5).Numerical and experimental results show that convective and conductive heat losses are eliminated at vacuum pressures of <10−4 Torr. By reducing radiative losses through chemical polishing of the non-absorbing surfaces, the methanol-water mixture can be effectively heated to 240–250°C and converted to hydrogen-rich gas mixture. For liquid methanol-water inlet flow rates up to 1 ml/min per m2 of solar collector area can be converted to hydrogen with a methanol conversion rate above 90%.This study will present the design and fabrication of the solar collector-reactor, its testing and optimization, and its integration into an entire hydrogen-fed Polymer Electrolyte Membrane fuel cell system.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
A dynamic model for robotic fish with flexible pectoral fins

This paper presents the dynamic modeling, design and fabrication of a free-swimming robotic fish with flexible pectoral fins. To capture the flexibility of the fins, a multi-segment model with torsional springs and viscous dampers is introduced and the hydrodynamic force on each segment is calculated based on the blade element theory. Other forces such as added mass, quasi-static lift, and drag are also considered in modeling the dynamics of the robot. A robotic fish has been prototyped, which has a 3D-printed body and a pair of servo-actuated flexible pectoral fins. The proposed dynamic model is validated with experiments done on the robotic fish, where the model predictions of forward swimming speeds and steady turning periods and radii are found to match closely the experimental measurements when the pectoral fins are actuated at different frequencies.
Time–frequency beamforming for nondestructive evaluations of plate using ultrasonic Lamb wave

Abstract The objective of this study is to detect structural defect locations in a plate by exciting the plate with a specific ultrasonic Lamb wave and recording reflective wave signals using a piezoelectric transducer array. For the purpose of eliminating the effects of the direct excitation signals as well as the boundary-reflected wave signals, it is proposed to improve a conventional MUSIC beamforming procedure by processing the measured signals in the time–frequency domain. In addition, a normalized, damped, cylindrical 2-D steering vector is proposed to increase the spatial resolution of time–frequency MUSIC power results. A cross-shaped array is selected to further improve the spatial resolution and to avoid mirrored virtual image effects. Here, it is experimentally demonstrated that the proposed time–frequency MUSIC beamforming procedure can be used to identify structural defect locations on an aluminum plate by distinguishing the defect-induced waves from the excitation-generated and boundary-reflected waves.
Fingering in Stochastic Growth Models.

Motivated by the widespread use of hybrid-discrete cellular automata in modeling cancer, we study two simple growth models on the two-dimensional lattice that incorporate a nutrient, assumed to be oxygen. In the first model, the oxygen concentration u(x, t) is computed based on the geometry of the growing blob, while in the second one, u(x, t) satisfies a reaction–diffusion equation. A threshold θ value exists such that cells give birth at rate β(u(x, t) − θ)+ and die at rate δ(θ − u(x, t)+. In the first model, a phase transition was found between growth as a solid blob and “fingering” at a threshold θc = 0.5, while in the second case, fingering always occurs, i.e., θc = 0.
Retirement preparation programs and organizational communication

This research explored how organizations use retirement preparation programs to help employees anticipate their disengagement from the communication environment of work and develop realistic expectations of post‐retirement communication changes they may experience. In addition, the study attempted to assess the nature, functions, and goals of organizational communication between retired employees and their former organizations (and their members). In order to achieve the above objectives a survey was sent to representatives of Fortune 100 organizations to determine their organizations’ policies, procedures, and philosophies with respect to the above issues.
Anaesthetic induction in a child with end-stage cardiomyopathy

The purpose of this clinical report is to discuss the anaesthetic management of a patient with end-stage cardiomyopathy. An eight-year-old boy sustained electro-mechanical dissociation following a “standard anaesthetic induction” but was subsequently successfully anaesthetized using a combination of etomidate, midazolam, lidocaine, vecuronium and glycopyrrolate. Anaesthetic techniques and their relationship to the specific category of cardiomyopathy (dilated, hypertrophic or restrictive) are discussed. The potential detrimental effects of anaesthetic sympatholysis, myocardial depression and negative chronotropy on cardiac output are explained.
Acute lung injury: what have we learned from animal models?

ABSTRACT In 1950, Carl John Wiggers, philosopher and physiologist, wrote, “Reactions to definite types of stimulation may be observed or recorded, and concealed phenomena may be revealed by the use of apparatus that transforms them into forms that are recognizable by human senses. But complete understanding of physiological reactions often necessitates extensive operative procedures and sometimes the ultimate sacrifice of life. For this reason experimentation on animals is indispensable.” Acute lung injury is still a significant cause of death in the developed world, and modern pharmacology and intensive care have failed to alter the clinical course of this complex condition. In the past decade, there was an explosion in understanding of the pathophysiology of acute lung injury, and with this has come the development of a new generation of agents that may provide a tool with which to combat this disorder. Use of animal model systems led to this greater understanding and is currently at the heart of evaluating the new therapeutic agents. This review briefly addresses the contribution animal model systems have made to what appear to be a watershed in attempts to obviate the effects of this mortal condition.
WHO'S ON FIRST: CERCLA COST RECOVERY, CONTRIBUTION, AND PROTECTION

I told him it was law logic - an artificial system of reasoning, exclusively used in courts of justice, but good for nothing anywhere else.1
Unraveling the Mechanism of Cell Death Induced by Chemical and Protein Fibrils

Many neurodegenerative diseases are associated with the accumulation of protein fibrils in the brain. Numerous studies have revealed important features of these protein-misfolding diseases, both at the structural and biological levels. However, the cellular mechanisms by which protein fibrils (e.g. tau, amyloid-β, etc.) lead to neurotoxicity remain largely unknown.A high-throughput screen previously performed in our laboratory has identified a series of small-molecules that lead to a direct activation of the executioner procaspases in vitro and in various cancer cell lines. We subsequently found that these activators, including the most potent of them called 1541, self-assemble and form homogenous structured fibrils in solution in a very similar manner to protein fibrils that cause neurodegeneration. We speculate that 1541 may constitute a suitable chemical mimetic for extracellular protein fibrils and may provide insight into their mechanism of neurotoxicity.In order to understand how these fibril-forming small molecules, which we name here “chemi-fibrils”, are able to induce apoptosis in cell culture, we used shRNA libraries (25 shRNA/gene) to identify genes that would protect or sensitize cells against chemi-fibrils. By analyzing two replicates of a focused screen, as well as a genome-wide screen, we obtained a list of robust candidate genes likely involved in fibril toxicity. Interestingly, several candidate genes are involved in endocytosis and vesicle trafficking. We have confirmed some of these targets by creating single-knockdown stable cell lines and by pharmacological inhibition. Furthermore, we found that drugs that reduce the uptake of protein fibrils by cells, (e.g. cyclodextrin, acting by depleting cholesterol at the cell surface), also protect against cell death induced by chemi-fibrils. We hope that the molecular mechanisms identified through these studies will lead to a better understanding of apoptosis in neurodegenerative diseases.
Evaluation of solvents for carbon-13 n.m.r. analysis of solvent-refined coals. sym-Triazine a new carbon-13 n.m.r. solvent

Abstract Solvent-refined lignite (SRL) and bituminous coals (SRC) are only partially soluble in good standard carbon-13 n.m.r. solvents. A survey of other possible solvents for SRLs and SRCs showed that sym-triazine at 86 °C solvated SRL as well as pyridine, but did not absorb in the regions of interest (5–60 and 90–160 ppm relative to TMS). Model hydrocarbons, phenols and an alcohol in sym-triazine gave aromaticities (fa) accurate within the standard deviation (0.01 to 0.001) when proper FT carbon-13 techniques were used. An alkene and an aliphatic amine reacted with sym-triazine and gave inaccurate values of fa.
The psychology of the reformer and the stand‐patter

Recognizing our moral right to possess our own literary portrait, the Unpopular Review generously shares with us these excerpts from “The Psychology of Reform” which it published in a recent issue.
MEMS devices for detecting the presence of explosive material residues in mine fields

We report on the development of MEMS devices for detecting explosive particles associated with anti-personnel mines. Because of the affinity of explosive substances for surfaces and owing to the high partition coefficients of explosives in soils relative to water and air, we employ remote stimulation of the soil's surface with a high intensity, focused air ultrasonic beam whose energy can megasonically clean the target area of particles above a designed-for size. We have fabricated a MEMS electrostatic transducer to test the concept. Nanogram particle detection will occur by collecting particles on an array of temperature sensitive MEMS sensors and irradiating the particles with 3 - 5 micrometer wavelength infrared light. Explosive particles will selectively absorb the infrared energy at approximately 1600 cm-1, decompose, and give off heat which can be detected. Prototype explosive detectors have been fabricated which do not absorb energy in the peak absorption bands of the explosives, thus allowing for selective particle heating without heating the sensor device itself.
Surgery. Papillary Thyroid Cancer--How Aggressive Should Surgery Be?

A prospective randomized controlled trial in patients with papillary thyroid cancer without lymph node metastases demonstrated similar oncologic outcomes in patients who underwent total thyroidectomy with prophylactic central compartment lymph node dissection (pCCND) and in those who underwent total thyroidectomy without pCCND. However, pCCND was associated with an increased rate of complications.
Pointwise estimates in a class of fourth order nonlinear elliptic equations

The subharmonicity of a function, which is defined on solutions of a fourth order nonlinear elliptic differential equation, leads to estimates on the solution and the gradient and Laplacian of the solution at interior points in terms of values on the boundary.
Evidence for an Imidazolate-Bridged Fe(II)-Cu(II) Complex in Solution

Abstract Two new Cu(II) chelate complexes, Cu(imepH) 2+ and Cu(bidH 2 ) 2+ , have been prepared that contain a titratable pyrrole hydrogen of a coordinated imidazole moiety. The deprotonated species, Cu(imep) + and Cu(bidH) + , have been observed to form imidazolate-bridged complexes with Fe(TIM)(CH 3 CN) 2 2+ in 60% CH 3 CN:40% CH 3 OH (V:V). The presence of binuclear complexes at equilibrium with the monomer species in this solvent is confirmed by the appearance of a new CT band (∼620 nm) and altered electron spin resistance (ESR) spectra for the Cu(II) chelates. The binuclear species are O 2 sensitive; the bridged complexes I = [Fe(TIM)(CH 3 CN)(imep)Cu] 3+ and II = [Fe(TIM)(CH 3 CN) (bidH)Cu] 3+ are discussed in terms of the Palmer model for the heme a 3 -Cu(β) interaction in cytochrome oxidase.
Evaluation of a cuff tear arthropathy hemiprosthesis for the treatment of glenohumeral arthritis in the presence of a chronic rotator cuff tear

Hypothesis Shoulders with chronic cuff deficiency and associated arthritis treated by hemiarthroplasty with tuberosity coverage maintain the active elevation that they had before surgery. The purpose of this study was to assess the functional and radiographic outcomes. Materials and methods Thirty-one shoulders with rotator cuff deficiency and associated arthritis, but no prior surgery, which were treated by one surgeon with an uncemented hemiarthroplasty with tuberosity coverage, were evaluated with radiographs, the Simple Shoulder Test and a Constant score at a minimum of 2 years postoperatively. Results Twenty-four of 31 shoulders were evaluated at a mean of 30 months postoperatively. None were classified as Seebauer IIB shoulders. Mean active forward elevation improved from 112 ◦ (20 to 160) to 127 ◦ (45 to 170). The mean postoperative Simple Shoulder Test score was 9 and the mean postoperative Constant score was 65. Shoulders maintained the pre-operative active elevation. Discussion Shoulder hemiarthroplasty with tuberosity coverage may be a reasonable treatment option in those without prior surgery, coracoacromial arch integrity, and an active lifestyle and/or young age. Active elevation following hemiarthroplasty with tuberosity coverage for rotator cuff deficiency and associated arthritis without escape depends upon pre-operative active elevation.
Chemical Communication in Hawaiian Drosophila

We are interested in elucidating the extent to which lekking Hawaiian Drosophila species have diverged from their continental counterparts, which engage in sexual behavior at communal food sources, with regard to the chemical communication systems that the flies employ. Accordingly, we have analyzed flies from three closely related Hawaiian Drosophila species in the adiastola subgroup. These species are of interest because the males engage in a unique behavior: while courting, they raise their abdomens over their heads and emit anal droplets. Analysis of the flies' behavior, the hydrocarbons in males' anal droplets, and males' cuticular hydrocarbons suggest that females' responses to males may be mediated by cuticular pheromones and/or pheromones in males' extruded droplets that enable the females to distinguish conspecific from heterospeciflc males. Conversely, perception of cuticular hydrocarbons from conspecific females enables D. adiastola males to distinguish females from a closely related species from conspecific females. On the basis of these observations, we suggest that the adiastola subgroup species are unique among drosophilids in that they utilize an anal droplet-mediated pheromone communication system, some or all components of which are species specific. However, the lekking Hawaiian Drosophila species are similar to D. melanogaster and related continental species in that the Hawaiian flies employ a cuticular pheromone communication system, some components of which are sex and species-specific.
Using a morphological analyzer to teach theoretical morphology

This paper presents the results of our experience in using an instructional morphological parser (IMP) as a teaching tool in two graduate level courses, one in theoretical morphology and the other in computational morphology. IMP was written in Waterloo PROLOG by the second author and is based on the UDICT morphology system (Byrd 1983). The courses were taught by the first author at the Graduate School of the City University of New York. We present a brief overview of computational morphology and discuss in detail the implementation we used for IMP. We then give an outline of the two courses with some speculation on the computational and linguistic concepts that our students learned. In particular, we discuss the problems we encountered in teaching the notion of recursion.
Instrumentation and procedures for validation of synthetic infrared image generation models

This paper describes an experimental approach to validation of the radiometric integrity of an end-to-end thermal infrared SIG model. The approach attempts to break down the overall SIG model into a set of submodels with measurable input and output parameters. A scene is then instrumented and imaged in a time lapse fashion over an extended period. This scene is also synthetically produced so that the actual and synthetic scenes can be compared. The experimental approach includes acquisition of meteorological data, object data, atmospheric data, and image data. Error propagation models are used in conjunction with the experimental data to determine the source and relative importance of errors in the modeling process.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Inference about comparative precision in linear structural relationships

Abstract We study point and confidence region estimators of the precisions of instruments, and of the ratios of such precisions to the precision of a standard instrument, in situations where a nonreplicated linear structural model describes the measurements simultaneously obtained from several instruments. Some drawbacks of maximum likelihood estimators of the precision ratios are noted. A union-intersection test for the null hypothesis H0 that the standard instrument is at least as precise as the other instruments is proposed for situations where the relative precision of the standard instrument is known.
Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9: Impact on Jupiter and plume evolution

The impact of fragments of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter and the resulting vapor plume expansion are investigated by conducting three-dimensional numerical simulations using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method. An icy body, representing the cometary fragments, with a velocity of 60 km/sec and a diameter of 2 km can penetrate to 350 km below the 1-bar pressure level in the atmosphere. Most of the initial kinetic energy of the fragment is transferred to the atmosphere between 50 km and 300 km below the 1-bar pressure level. The shock-heated atmospheric gas in the wake is totally dissociated and partially ionized. Scaling our SPH results to other sizes indicates that fragments larger than ∼100 m in diameter can penetrate to below the visible cloud decks. The energy deposited in the atmosphere is explosively released in the upward expansion of the resulting plume. The plume preferentially expands upward rather than horizontally due to the density gradient of the ambient atmosphere. It rises ≥10^2 km in ∼10^2 sec. Eventually the total atmospheric mass ejected to above 1 bar is ≥40 times the initial mass of the impactor. The plume temperature at a radius ∼10^3 km is >10^3 K for 10^3 sec for a 2-km fragment. We predict that impact-induced plumes will be observable with the remote sensing instruments of the Galileo spacecraft. As the impact site rotates into the view of Earth some 20 min after the impact, the plume expansion will be observable using the Hubble Space Telescope and from visible and infrared instruments on groundbased telescopes. The rising plume reaches ∼3000 km altitude in ∼10 min and will be visible from Earth.
Differentiation of Simulated and Genuine Suicide Notes

Ss were asked to distinguish genuine from simulated suicide notes and the criteria they used in making these judgments were investigated. The 93 Ss were in 6 groups of varied levels of clinical training, ranging from undergraduates to practicing clinicians. Though there was no significant relationship between level of training and the ability to discriminate between the notes, 13 of the 93 Ss made the distinction with accuracy greater than that expected by chance (p < .05). None of these 13 Ss came from the undergraduate sample, even though it was a substantially larger group than any other in the study. The specific criteria used by the 13 successful clinicians were compared with the criteria used by the remaining Ss. Differences were noted particularly in criteria involving affective expression, interpersonal relations, and practical issues concerning the future of survivors. Comparison between accurately judged and inaccurately judged notes indicated that accuracy of judgment is more a function of the ...
Moral Reasons: Internal and External

The view defended is one sense externalist on the relation between moral reasons and motivation: A's having a moral reason to do X does not necessarily imply that A has a motivation that would support A's doing X via some appropriate deliberative route. However, it is in another sense externalist in holding that there are the kind of moral reasons there are only if the relevant motivational capacities are generally present in human beings, if not in all individuals. The process of socialization is an attempt to embed the recognition of what we have moral reason to do in the intentional content of one's feelings. E.g., learning that about others' suffering embeds their suffering as a reason to help in the intentional content of incipient compassionate feelings. This endows the reason with motivational efficacy while conferring further direction to the feelings in ways that shape us for social cooperation.
Association of a "Unipolar" Magnetic Region on the Sun with Changes of Primary Cosmic-Ray Intensity

A new instrument for observing weak magnetic fields on the photosphere of the sun has recently revealed the presence of an unusual area on the solar surface which may be called a "unipolar" magnetic (UM) region because the field is of one sign and no magnetic flux has been found returning to the sun. A region of this type was observed at central solar meridian on seven consecutive solar rotations in 1953. In the present paper it is shown that there is a striking association of this UM region with (1) times of maximum primary cosmic ray intensity as measured by neutron detectors and an ionization chamber, and with (2) the recurring geomagnetic storms---the geomagnetic disturbances being most pronounced \ensuremath{\sim}3-4 days after both the central meridian passage of the UM region and the time of maximum cosmic-ray intensity.
Growth of molluscum contagiosum virus in a human foreskin xenograft model

Abstract Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) is a common pathogen causing a troublesome skin condition in many immunocompetent individuals and a widespread, disfiguring affliction in many patients with AIDS. We have successfully infected human foreskin fragments with a patient-derived isolate of MCV. This was demonstrated by exposing the foreskin pieces to a patient lesion extract and implanting the tissue under the renal capsule of athymic mice. Light and electron microscopic examination of infected implants showed the presence of cytoplasmic inclusions containing typical poxvirus particles within 2–3 weeks of implantation. Replication of MCV was established by demonstrating that viable virus was required to produce the cytopathologic effects, and viral DNA replication was demonstrated by incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine into cytoplasmic inclusions. Four additional patient extracts (representing both described MCV types) were also used to successfully infect foreskin implants. A limited number of attempts to pass virus from one infected implant to another were not successful. This system is the most rapid and reproducible for growing MCV that has been reported to date.
Relationships between insulin sensitivity and measures of body fat in asymptomatic men and women.

Objective: To assess whether measures of body fat by DXA scanning can improve prediction of insulin sensitivity (SI) beyond what is possible with traditional measures, such as BMI, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). Research Methods and Procedures: Frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed in 256 asymptomatic non-Hispanic white subjects from Rochester, MN (age 19-60 years; 123 men and 133 women) to determine the SI index by Bergman's minimal model technique. Height, weight, and waist and hip circumferences were measured for calculation of BMI and WHR; DXA was used to determine fat in the head, upper body, abdomen, and lower body. Linear regression was used to assess their relationships with SI after sex stratification and adjustment for age. Results: After controlling for age, increases in traditional and DXA measures of fat were consistently associated with smaller declines in SI among women than among men. In men, after controlling for age, all of the predictive information of SI was provided by waist circumference (additional R2 = 0.39, p < 0.001); none of the DXA measures improved the ability to predict SI. In women, after adjustment for age, BMI, and WHR, the only DXA measure that improved the prediction of SI was percentage head fat (additional R2 = 0.03, p < 0.001). Discussion: Equivalent increases in most measures of body fat had lesser impact on SI in women than in men. In both sexes, the predictive information provided by DXA measures is approximately equal to, but not additive to, that provided by simpler, traditional measures.
Optical Properties of Nonspherical Particles of Size Comparable to the Wavelength of Light: Application to Comet Dust

Scattering Calculations of none-spherical particles have been carried out in order to explain observed optical properties of cometary dust. We focused on two optical properties of cometary dust sensitive to particle shape.
Development of the Structure and Properties of Polypropylene Copolymer and Homopolymer Filaments during a Spunbonding Process

In the research reported in this paper, polypropylene-based polyethylene (PP/PE) copolymer and polypropylene (PP) homopolymer filaments were processed by using the Reicofil spunbonding line at the Textiles and Nonwovens Development Center (TANDEC) of the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. The properties of the filament samples taken before thermal bonding were determined through a variety of experimental techniques, such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermomechanical analysis (TMA), scanning electron microscopy, density determination, X-ray diffraction, and determination of mechanical properties. The performance properties of the bonded nonwoven webs from these filaments were evaluated, and the structure and properties of the fibers were compared with those of the bonded webs. Studies showed that the cooling-air temperature and throughput have a strong influence on the structure and properties of both the filaments (before bonding) and nonwoven webs (after bonding). As the cooling-air tempe...
Treating Facial Soft Tissue Deficiency: Fat Grafting and Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Tissue Engineering

The authors outline the limitations of fat grafting. They then describe the currently available fat culturing technique and explain how options incorporating adipose-derived stem cell technologies and growth factors will provide new modalities in treating facial soft tissue deficiency.
Bond-valence methods for pKa prediction: critical reanalysis and a new approach

Bond-valence methods for the prediction of (hydr)oxide solution monomer and surface functional group acidity constants are examined in light of molecular structures calculated using ab initio methods. A new method is presented that is based on these calculated structures, and it is shown that previously published methods have neglected one or more of four essential features of a generalized model. First, if the apparent pKa values of solution monomers are to be used to predict intrinsic pKa values of surface functional groups, similar electrostatic corrections must be applied in both cases. In surface complexation models, electrostatic corrections are applied by representing a charged surface as a uniform plane of charge density, and an analogous correction can be made to solution monomers by treating them as charged spheres. Second, it must be remembered that real surfaces and real monomers are not homogeneous planes or spheres. Rather, charge density is distributed rather unevenly, and a further electrostatic correction (which is often quite large) must be made to account for the proximity of electron density to the point of proton attachment. Third, the unsaturated valence of oxygen atoms in oxyacids, hexaquo cations, and oxide surfaces is strongly correlated with acidity after electrostatic corrections are made. However, calculation of unsaturated valence for oxyacids and oxide surfaces must be based on realistic MeO bond lengths (taking into account bond relaxation), which can be obtained from ab initio structure optimizations. Finally, unsaturated valence must be divided between possible bonds (four for oxygen atoms) to reflect the fact that O-H bonds are localized to particular regions of the O atoms. Empirical models that take all these factors into account are presented for oxyacids and hexaquo cations. These models are applied to the gibbsite (100), (010), (001), and cristobalite (100) surfaces, and it is demonstrated that the model for oxyacids predicts reasonable intrinsic pKa values for oxide surfaces. However, the prediction of surface pKa values is complex, because the protonation state of one functional group affects the pKa values of neighboring groups. Therefore, calculations of larger periodic systems, progressively protonated and reoptimized, are needed.
Purification of large neuromedin N (NMN) from canine intestine and its identification as NMN-125.

Abstract A large molecular form of neuromedin N (NMN), a neurotensin (NT)-related peptide, was purified to homogeneity from canine ileal mucosa. The amino acid sequence of its N-terminal 20 residues was found to be SDSEEEMKALEADLLTNMHT, which is identical to residues 24–43 of the cDNA-predicted NT NMN precursor. Prior work had indicated that the NMN moiety was located at the C-terminus of large NMN. Having now defined both the N-terminus and C-terminus of large NMN, we note that this molecule must be comprised of 125 amino acids (including residues 24–148 of prepro NT NMN ) and we suggest that it be named NMN-125. This information also defines the signal peptide cleavage site as the cysteine23-serine24 bond within the precursor. The amino acid composition of the isolated peptide and its molar extinction coefficient for absorbance at 280 nm were similar to those for the 24–148 segment of prepro NT NMN . However, the empirically determined molecular weight (17 kDa) and the isoelectric point (pI = 5.4) were slightly higher than those predicted solely from the peptide's amino acid content (14.43 kDa and pI = 4.65, respectively). In total, these results indicate that the major NMN-related peptide found in canine ileum is 125 residues in length, extending from the putative signal peptide to the C-terminus of NMN, and that it might contain non-amino acid substituents.
Crystal Structure of the DNA Binding Domain of the Heat Shock Transcription Factor

The structure of the DNA binding domain, determined at 1.8 angstrom resolution, contains a three-helix bundle that is capped by a four-stranded antiparallel beta sheet. This structure is a variant of the helix-turn-helix motif, typified by catabolite activator protein. In the heat shock transcription factor, the first helix of the motif (alpha 2) has an alpha-helical bulge and a proline-induced kink. The angle between the two helices of the motif (alpha 2 and alpha 3) is about 20 degrees smaller than the average for canonical helix-turn-helix proteins. Nevertheless, the relative positions of the first and third helices of the bundle (alpha 1 and alpha 3) are conserved. It is proposed here that the first helix of the three-helix bundle be considered a component of the helix-turn-helix motif.
Robust analysis of two-way models with repeated measures on both factors

A robust analysis of two-way models with repeated measures on both factors is developed using a dispersion function. This robust analysis gives users a complete inference: Estimation, tests for the general linear hypotheses, and multiple comparison procedures. Asymptotic relative efficiencies of the rank tests with respect to the least-squares counterpart are discussed. Analyses of two real life examples from medical and pharmaceutical studies are presented.
Epoxy-based electroactive polymer gels

We describe a new type of electroactive polymer gel. In contrast to cross-linked polyacrylates, this system is based on triepoxides cross-linked with polyfunctional amines. The stoichiometry is selected to form a cross-linked gel with excess amino hydrogens. In acid solutions these become cationic and the ionic interactions cause the gel to swell. We describe the mechanical properties of the gels, their response to changes in pH and to electrical activation. The response time is in rough agreement with what would be expected for a diffusional process through a gel of this size (about 100 μm). Samples of smaller dimensions would be expected to respond more rapidly.
Revision of failing lower extremity bypass grafts

Abstract Background: Color-duplex ultrasound (CDU) surveillance of arterial bypass grafts has been validated, but the natural history of "failing" grafts remains poorly defined. Our purpose was to compare failing grafts having prophylactic revision with those that did not. Methods: Postoperative duplex surveillance was performed in an accredited vascular laboratory for all lower extremity bypass grafts performed at a single institution. Eighty-five infrainguinal grafts (57 vein, 21 polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and 7 composite grafts) in 83 patients were identified as failing by accepted criteria. Twenty-five grafts were revised early (early), 20 grafts revised more than 2 months after the initial CDU-abnormality (late), and 40 grafts were not prophylactically revised (no revision) at any time. Results: The three groups were not different ( P >0.10) with regard to gender, age, level of bypass, type of conduit, location of stenoses, or timing of abnormality after surgery. No revision patients more frequently had diffuse low peak systolic flow velocity (PSV) as the CDU abnormality ( P = 0.013). Cumulative primary patency was significantly better at 12 months ( P = 0.028) in the no revision group (78.9%) compared with early grafts (43.1%) or late grafts (63.8%), and this difference remained significant when low PSV grafts were excluded from analysis. However, assisted primary patency, secondary patency, and limb salvage rates did not differ between the three groups ( P >0.10). Conclusions: Our experience in this retrospective study contradicts other reports supporting the efficacy of prophylactic graft revision for grafts indentified as failing by currently accepted CDU criteria. Refinement of CDU criteria to more accurately predict graft thrombosis is needed.
Human daily rhythms measured for one year

Four human subjects recorded their wake-up and to-sleep times for one year each. The data were plotted to display individual circadian rhythms and the data were analyzed statistically. First, individuals had characteristic patterns in which visible changes in the patterns were observed mainly when time zones were changed because of travel. Second, the months with the latest wake-up and latest to-sleep times concentrated around the winter solstice; the months with the earliest wake-up and earliest to-sleep times concentrated around the fall equinox. Third, new moon versus full moon days were not different. Fourth, one-hour changes between standard and daylight savings time in the USA were reflected by near one-hour changes in two subjects, but not in a third. Fifth, weekend delays in wake-up time (0.8-1.6 hours), weekend delays in to-sleep time (0.1-0.5 hours), and shorter weekend awake time (0.8-1.3 hours) were observed. Sixth, throughout the year, wake-up times were close to the time of sunrise, but to-sleep times were several hours past sunset.
Trading Impressions: Evidence from Costa Rica

The case of indigenous artisans in Costa Rica trying to succeed in the global markets for handicrafts and international tourism demonstrates that the public narratives of the country's character circulated by their national government and other institutional actors impose severe constraints on artisans and other economic actors. Market opportunities and socioinstitutional constraints arise not only from the beliefs that people within a national territory have about themselves but also from the roles that outsiders recognize as appropriate to a people within a given territory. The Costa Rican case suggests that the promises and pitfalls of the NAFTA free trade agreement cannot be understood adequately by solely examining the structural conditions of each country. Instead, the uneven spread of benefits and liabilities will depend, in part, on how nation-states and their subnational communities are framed in the imaginations of the global marketplace.