cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social dominance difference, given limited access to common food, between hens selected and unselected for increased egg production

Synopsis White Leghorn hens, belonging to a population (P) selected on an index for high egg number combined with slightly increased egg size, were compared for social dominance with a control line (R) derived from P in 1958 and reproduced independently over ten generations of random selection. The P line matured 12 d earlier, laid 18 more eggs in the part year to 1st January, had an increased egg production from 1st January to 1st October in the second year, laid heavier (2 g) eggs and had slightly longer shanks than the R line. Body size of the two lines, however, was similar. Observations on the social dominance of hens were made in pens containing four hungry P‐ and four hungry R‐hens when they were 70 or more weeks of age. Observations focused on the hens’ ability to take and maintain a place at a food trough allowing only limited access. Larger scores, corresponding to high ranks, were given to the hens which were able to spend the most time eating. Clear‐cut differences of social rank in favour of ...
Grass evolution, the Kranz syndrome, 13C/12C ratios, and continental drift.

THE Kranz syndrome is a group of related anatomical, cytological and physiological characters reported one way or another in about 10 families of angiospermous plants. The syndrome centres around the CO2 fixation aspect of photosynthesis, including synthesis of C4-dicarboxylic acids as the initial products of CO2 assimilation, utilization of most of the available CO2 producing a high 13C/12C ratio, having maximum efficiency at high temperatures, and all related to a sheath around the bundles in the leaf. All present evidence indicates that detection of any one of the aspects of the syndrome denotes the whole syndrome1. The syndrome is uncommon among plants including angiosperms and is therefore considered to be the evolved or derived condition. Although in Atriplex2 it seems to have evolved recently within the genus, in the Gramineae the evolution of the Kranz syndrome seems to have occurred only two or three times early in grass evolution. This assumption, which is fundamental in this discussion, is based on the uniformity of tribes and subfamilies as Kranz or non-Kranz, and the proven predictability of the syndrome from single aspects of it (in this work from the 13C/12C ratio), from various other characters, or from classification3. The only exception reported, of Kranz and non-Kranz species within one grass genus, is within Panicum4 where the subgenus Dichanthelium is non-Kranz whereas the more typical species of the subgenus Eupanicum are characterized by the Kranz syndrome (Table 1). Recently we found, by determination of 13C/12C ratios of over 180 species, in 110 genera, of forty tribes of grasses, evidence of both types also among species of Eupanicum as well as among genera of the tribe Paniceae and among tribes of the subfamily Panicoideae (Table 1). It is this diversity of panicoid tribes (many of which are small and endemic), of the tribe Paniceae, and the genus Panicum that provides clues to the likely evolution of the grass family, superimposed, of course, on a great deal of other morphological, anatomical, cytological, and physiological evidence3,5. Furthermore, now that geology has accepted Wegenerian drifting continents and the break-up of an ancient single world-continent (Pangaea) by rifting under the concept of plate tectonics, evolution of the Gramineae can be discussed in terms of that concept; that is, Upper Jurassic–Middle Cretaceous separation of East Gondwana and the Middle to Late Cretaceous separation of South America from Africa, with the tropical belt approximately in its present relationship to the continents since Early Jurassic time6.
MAPer: A Multi-scale Adaptive Personalized Model for Temporal Human Behavior Prediction

The primary objective of this research is to develop a simple and interpretable predictive framework to perform temporal modeling of individual user's behavior traits based on each person's past observed traits/behavior. Individual-level human behavior patterns are possibly influenced by various temporal features (e.g., lag, cycle) and vary across temporal scales (e.g., hour of the day, day of the week). Most of the existing forecasting models do not capture such multi-scale adaptive regularity of human behavior or lack interpretability due to relying on hidden variables. Hence, we build a multi-scale adaptive personalized (MAPer) model that quantifies the effect of both lag and behavior cycle for predicting future behavior. MAper includes a novel basis vector to adaptively learn behavior patterns and capture the variation of lag and cycle across multi-scale temporal contexts. We also extend MAPer to capture the interaction among multiple behaviors to improve the prediction performance. We demonstrate the effectiveness of MAPer on four real datasets representing different behavior domains, including, habitual behavior collected from Twitter, need based behavior collected from search logs, and activities of daily living collected from a single resident and a multi-resident home. Experimental results indicate that MAPer significantly improves upon the state-of-the-art and baseline methods and at the same time is able to explain the temporal dynamics of individual-level human behavior.
Engineering nanospaces: ordered mesoporous silicas as model substrates for building complex hybrid materials

This contribution summarizes investigations of organic-inorganic hybrid materials wherein the inorganic phase is ordered mesoporous silica such as MCM-41 and SBA-15. The review, which covers work performed in the last three years, emphasizes studies of: (1) covalently attached functional groups, (2) new approaches to functionalization, (3) approaches for achieving high densities of uniform functional groups, (4) periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMOs) with hierarchical ordering, (5) new functional chemistries, and (6) the application of new materials to enantioselective catalysis and emerging areas. The review concludes with the authors outlining some outstanding problems in the field.
A Contingency Approach to Planning: Planning with Goals and Planning Without Goals

This paper challenges conventional descriptions of planning as necessarily tied to setting specific goals. The author describes a more intuitive planning process which proceeds by identifying arena...
Extensions of a tabu search adaptation to the quadratic assignment problem

Abstract The adaptation of tabu search to the Quadratic Assignment Problem (QAP) is refined by incorporating knowledge about permutations yielding good objective function values into the solution process. This knowledge serves two purposes. First, it is used to guide the nonimproving moves toward targeted “good” permutations. Second, it allows the possibility to restrict search in the solution space by fixing those parts of permutations that are common in good quality solutions. Fixing and freeing parts of permutations provides an interplay between intensification and diversification of search. Restricting the search neighborhood becomes essential in solution attempts for QAPs of larger dimensions due to the increase in computational time. Computational results for QAPs of dimension 100 are very promising. An implementation of the approach to dynamic tabu list sizes that creates “moving gaps” in the tabu list is also described. Combining these ingredients, the method obtains very good results for all Skorin-Kapov's problems of dimensions 42–90.
Kelvin probe studies of cesium telluride photocathode for AWA photoinjector

Abstract Cesium telluride is an important photocathode as an electron source for particle accelerators. It has a relatively high quantum efficiency ( > 1%), is sufficiently robust in a photoinjector, and has a long lifetime. This photocathode is grown in-house for a new Argonne Wakefield Accelerator (AWA) beamline to produce high charge per bunch ( ≈ 50 nC ) in a long bunch train. Here, we present a study of the work function of cesium telluride photocathode using the Kelvin probe technique. The study includes an investigation of the correlation between the quantum efficiency and the work function, the effect of photocathode aging, the effect of UV exposure on the work function, and the evolution of the work function during and after photocathode rejuvenation via heating.
On the reconciliation of reduced cohesion and enhanced plasticity mechanisms for hydrogen embrittlement

The pernicious influence of hydrogen on the crack growth resistance of metals is well established. It is generally believed that the enrichment of hydrogen in the region of hydrostatic tension at the tip of a loaded crack results in embrittlement. As proposed by Westlake, the precipitation and subsequent cracking of brittle hydrides in the region of increased hydrogen content has been shown to be responsible for subcritical cracking in hydride forming metals. The mechanism for reduced resistance to crack propagation in non-hydride forming metals, principally iron and nickel, is much less clear. Hydrogen-assisted cracking in these materials usually occurs transgranularly in the absence of grain boundary segregation. Beachem made careful examinations of fracture surfaces from hydrogen embrittled steels and deduced that the macroscopic embrittlement was actually due to severely localized plasticity. Nakasato and Bernstein demonstrated that hydrogen charging of purified iron induced cleavage on (110) slip planes rather than the preferred cleavage plane, (100). Embrittlement of the iron by the addition of > 0.7% by weight of silicon was required to switch hydrogen induced cracking to the cube planes. Normally, one would not consider a loss of cohesion and an increase in crack tip plasticity to be compatible processes. Therefore,more » a debate has been taking place as to which of these mechanisms is actually responsible for observed macroscopic losses in ductility. The purpose of this note is to offer a model whereby it would be possible to explain this apparent anomaly by demonstrating that, for the special case of hydrogen-assisted slip band cracking, the two processes are complementary.« less
Life events assessment: Current practices, emerging trends.

Abstract The study of stressful life events and disorder has become a prolific area of research in the past two decades, While a large literature suggests the importance and viability of this approach for studying basic stress and disease relationships, many important assessment issues require reevaluation. In particular, current assessment procedures are characterized by a wide range of varied practices. Given the lack of standardized procedures, combined with the inadequate psychometric properties of the life events instruments themselves, assessment issues may be most important for advancing knowledge of event-illness associations. Alternative approaches to assessing events, particularly taking into consideration the complex associations between events themselves, are outlined in the present paper as examples of assessment strategies that may more accurately reflect the importance of life events. Finally, the implications of such considerations for both theoretical and clinical issues are addressed.
Neural network approach for mobile bay water quality mapping with spaceborne measurements

Remote sensing techniques are well suited to quantify the spatial variability of coastal water quality. The correlation between remotely sensed data in the visible to near-infrared (VNIR) bands and in situ water measurements are well studied. Due to the high spatial variation and fine waterbody structure along shorelines, it may be beneficial to use remotely sensed images with higher spatial resolution, such as the Landsat data with 30m resolution. In this research, we investigate the traditional approaches, such as regression analysis, in the mapping of water quality (e.g., total suspended sediments (TSS), turbidity, and chlorophyll A). In particular, we also develop an approach based on neural network to generate additional bands, which can further improve the mapping accuracy.
Attentional asymmetry in schizophrenia: The role of illness subtype and symptomatology

Abstract Carter Cameron S., Lynn C. Robertson, Marc R. Chaderjian, Linda O'ShoraCelaya and Thomas E. Nordahl : Attentional Asymmetry in Scizophrenia: The Role of Illness Subtype and Symptomatology. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. & Biol. Psychiat. 1994, 18 : 3 661–683. 1. Patients with undifferentiated and paranoid schizophrenia, and normal controls were compared using 2 versions of the covert orienting of attention procedure which evaluate exogenous (automatic) and endogenous (controlled) cuing mechanisms. 2. For both tasks, attentional performance varied with illness subtype, but in different ways. 3. On measures of automatic orienting undifferentiated patients showed evidence consistent with a mild right visual field deficit, while paranoid showed a reduction of inhibition-of-return, a mechanism which biases against returning to previously attended locations. 4. On measures of controlled orienting only the undifferentiated group showed the asymmetry of costs which has been the emphasis of most previous studies. The pattern of cost asymmetry was similar to that previously associated with prominent negative symptoms. Additionally, the magnitude of cost asymmetry correlated positively with negative symptoms in the overall patient group. 5. These findings show that systematically considering cue type and symptomatology are critical in interpreting varying patterns of performance by different groups of patients with schizophrenia on the covert orienting procedure. The implications of these findings for understanding the psychopathology of attention in schizophrenia and its neurobiological substrates are discussed.
RESPONSES OF A NEW HIBERNATOR (CITELLUS VARIEGATUS) TO CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENTS.

THE phenomena of hibernation and aestivation have both been recorded in the genus Citellus, and although it is not known whether the two phenomena are physiologically the same1, nevertheless hibernation seems to be an adaptation to an unfavourable cold seasonal environment, and aestivation an adaptation to an arid hot environment with seasonal drought. It is of interest, therefore, to find that the rock ground squirrel, Citellus variegatus, the habitat of which is the arid south-west from Utah to southern Mexico2, is capable of hibernating but does not appear to sestivate. Hibernation as used here refers to a mammal with a homothermic temperature of approximately 37° C, but which is able to lower this temperature to the environment and raise it again against the gradient.
Burgers hierarchy: Multiple kink solutions and multiple singular kink solutions

Abstract The Burgers’ hierarchy is investigated. Hirota's bilinear method is employed for a reliable treatment of this hierarchy. Multiple kink solutions and multiple singular kink solutions are formally derived for Burgers’ hierarchy.
A wing pod-based millimeter wavelength airborne cloud radar

Abstract. This paper describes a novel, airborne pod-based millimeter (mm) wavelength radar. Its frequency of operation is 94 GHz (3 mm wavelength). The radar has been designed to fly on the NCAR Gulfstream V HIAPER aircraft; however, it could be deployed on other similarly equipped aircraft. The pod-based configuration occupies minimum cabin space and maximizes scan coverage. The radar system is capable of collecting observations in a staring mode between zenith and nadir or in a scanning mode. Standard pulse-pair estimates of moments and raw time series of backscattered signals are recorded. The radar system design and characteristics as well as techniques for calibrating reflectivity and correcting Doppler velocity for aircraft attitude and motion are described. The radar can alternatively be deployed in a ground-based configuration, housed in the 20 ft shipping container it shares with the High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL). The radar was tested both on the ground and in flight. Preliminary measurements of Doppler and polarization measurements were collected and examples are presented.
Hippocampal grafts of acetylcholine-producing cells are sufficient to improve behavioural performance following a unilateral fimbria–fornix lesion

Abstract Lesions of the septohippocampal pathway produce cognitive deficits that are partially attenuated by grafts of cholinergic-rich tissue into denervated target regions or by systemic administration of cholinomimetic drugs. In the present study, fibroblasts engineered to produce acetylcholine were used to test the hypothesis that restoration of hippocampal acetylcholine in rats with septohippocampal lesions is sufficient to improve cognitive processing post-damage. Rats received unilateral grafts of acetylcholine-producing or control fibroblasts into the hippocampus immediately prior to an aspirative lesion of the ipsilateral fimbria–fornix. Some rats with fimbria–fornix lesions were implanted with acetylcholine-producing or control fibroblasts into the neocortex, another major target of the basal forebrain cholinergic system, to determine if the site of acetylcholine delivery to the damaged brain is critical for functional recovery. Rats were tested in a hidden platform water maze task, a cued water maze task and activity chambers between one and three weeks post-grafting. Compared to unoperated controls, rats with fimbria–fornix lesions only were significantly impaired in hidden platform water maze performance. Hippocampal grafts of acetylcholine-producing cells reduced lesion-induced deficits in the water maze, whereas hippocampal control grafts and cortical grafts of either cell type were without effect. Locomotor activity and cued water maze performance were unaffected by the lesion or the implants. Taken together, these data indicate that water maze deficits produced by fimbria–fornix lesions, which disrupt a number of hippocampal neurotransmitter systems, can be attenuated by target specific replacement of acetylcholine in the hippocampus and that this recovery occurs in the absence of circuitry repair.
Weiss/Sartre: Cold War Stellungnahme and the Poetic–Political Either/Or in Peter Weiss's Final Swedish Novel

This essay studies the emergence of the concept of Stellungnahme in the prose of Peter Weiss. The last long-form text Weiss wrote in Swedish, the unpublished 1956 novel Die Situation, represents a serious consideration of the literary theory of Jean-Paul Sartre, whose arguments about the different efficacies of prose and poetry inform much of Weiss's early thinking about the relationship between aesthetics and politics and about his own place in the world of letters and ideas. Connecting Weiss's early encounters with Sartre's critical models to his frequent return to the originary scene of Stellungnahme in his German-language autobiographical writing, this essay recovers Sartrean existentialism's early importance for Peter Weiss's thought, finally reflecting on the persistence of an existentialist vocabulary of situation in Weiss's later, better-known work.
Safety and efficacy of peripheral blood progenitor cell mobilization and collection in patients with advanced coronary heart disease

Information on the safety of mobilization and collection of peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPC) in patients with advanced coronary heart disease (CHD) is limited. We report herein our early experience with patients participating in a Phase I trial of injection of autologous CD 34(+) cells into threatened, ischemic myocardium for neovascularization and symptom relief in patients with chronic refractory myocardial ischemia. All patients had advanced inoperable CHD despite the best medical therapy. Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF, 5 microg/kg/day) was administered subcutaneously for 5 days for mobilization of CD34(+) cells into the peripheral blood. PBPCs were collected in the outpatient apheresis suite on day 5. Nine patients from our institution were evaluable. Adverse effects of mobilization included: increase in frequency and/or intensity of angina in 8 patients (88.8%); bone pain in 7 patients (77.7%); headaches in 4 patients (44.4%); 2 patients (22%) were hospitalized. Collection phase toxicities included: tingling in 5 patients (55.5%) and angina in 3 patients (33%). All procedures were completed without new myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, or death. The median peripheral blood CD34(+) cell count on day 5 of G-CSF was 21 cells/microl (range 10-40 cells/microl). A median of 1.65 x 10(6) CD34(+) cells/kg (range: 0.13-3.0 x 10(6)/kg) were harvested. We conclude that mobilization and collection of PBPC in patients with advanced CHD can be safely performed as an outpatient procedure. Apheresis professionals should be aware of the intensity and frequency of angina in this patient population.
Acute flank pain: An unusual presentation of a spinal AVM

The authors report the case of a 6-year-old boy with a spinal cord arteriovenous malformation (AVM) who presented with acute flank pain and a delayed onset of paraplegia. An early diagnosis of a spinal cord AVM was made difficult by the absence of neurological findings on initial evaluation. Included is a description of his clinical course, and the presentation of spinal AVMs to the emergency physician is discussed.
Atomic-resolution spectroscopic imaging: past, present and future

This review examines the development of atomically resolved electron energy loss spectroscopy from the first demonstration of plane-by-plane compositional profiling, through column-by-column spectroscopy to full two-dimensional and potentially three-dimensional spectroscopic imaging. Examples will be presented to highlight the increasing analytical sensitivity and image contrast obtained through each generation of aberration correction, moving towards the ultimate goal of mapping electronic structure inside materials with atomic resolution.
The Zinc Finger Repressor, ZBP-89, Binds to the Silencer Element of the Human Vimentin Gene and Complexes with the Transcriptional Activator, Sp1

Vimentin is a component of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton belonging to the family of intermediate filament proteins. It exhibits a complex pattern of tissue- and development-specific expression. It is also a marker of the metastatic potential of many tumor cells. Previously, the human vimentin promoter was shown to contain several regions for the binding of positive and negative acting regulatory factors. Until now, the silencer element, which shuts down vimentin synthesis in selected tissues during development, was not precisely localized; nor was its binding protein known. In vivo DMS footprinting by ligation-mediated PCR delineated the position of guanine residues important to vimentin expression. Transient transfection assays in HeLa cells of various vimentin 5′-end promoter sequences and mutants thereof precisely defined two regulatory elements, a negative element and an adjoining positive acting element. Band shift assays, UV cross-linking, and Southwestern blot analysis confirm that the silencer element specifically binds a protein. Several lines of evidence show that ZBP-89, a zinc finger, Kruppel-like repressor protein is vimentin's silencer element binding factor. Co-immunoprecipitation and DNA affinity chromatography prove that Sp1 heterodimerizes with ZBP-89 when bound to the silencer element to yield a DNA-protein complex whose mobility is indistinguishable from that displayed by HeLa nuclear extract in band shift assays.
“All air–plasma” terahertz spectroscopy

We demonstrate terahertz wave generation and detection capabilities up to 6 THz without the need for solid state materials, biased electrodes, or forward propagating signal collection. An “all air–plasma” terahertz system is used to encode explosive material resonant signatures into the 357 nm nitrogen fluorescence line of a bichromatic field-induced laser plasma filament. These results show the practicability to extend these measurements to remote locations where terahertz pulse information is no longer limited by water vapor absorption, phonon resonance, or signal collection directionality.
Cloud Computing for Education: A Case of Using Google Docs in MBA Group Projects

In this research, we classified the various applications of Cloud Computing technologies in educational institutions. In addition, we identified the theoretical frameworks through which actual implementations can be evaluated. A case study was used to show the applicability of the theoretical frameworks. Upon completion of this research, a list of Critical Success Factors will be derived from both quantitative and qualitative data. The findings will provide support to planning and implementation of Cloud Computing technologies in educational institutions.
Impact of drought on desert shrubs : Effects of seasonality and degree of resource island development

Large areas of semiarid grasslands in the southwestern United States have been virtually replaced by shrubs during the past century. Understanding the causes and consequences of such vegetation dynamics requires that we elucidate the interplay between external forces of change (e.g., climate, human impacts) and the internal forces within these ecosystems that foster resilience and/or stability. Several conceptual models of arid ecosystems address this interplay by including the potential role of autogenic shrub effects on ecosystem processes, which lead to the formation of “resource islands” and tend to promote shrub persistence. Specifically, during the process of shrub establishment and maturation, the cycling of nutrients is progressively confined to the zones of litter accumulation beneath shrubs, while bare intershrub spaces become increasingly nutrient poor. As shrub resource islands develop, there is increased interception and stemflow by shrub canopies, confining infiltration of nutrient-enriched ...
From garments to gardens: negotiating material relationships online and 'by hand'

From home improvement to scrapbooking, leisure activities performed "by hand" increasingly involve digital tools. In turn, software and devices to support handwork are proliferating. We use data from an observational field study of gardening and knitting to examine relationships to information technology. Handwork experiences of patience, effort, sensation, and cleverness can shift with the introduction of new tools. Our participants' attachment to these experiences made them sensitive to the potential consequences of introducing new tools. Digital tools were sometimes rejected and other times woven into handwork activities. In response, we propose three metaphors for handwork practice - extending, interjecting, and segmenting - as a resource for moving beyond the binary opposition of digital and physical practices.
Functions of the limbic system in the brain

Functions of the limbic system are analyzed based on previously published ideas that all hierarchical levels of the nervous system are built according to the same functional principles: each level is a learning system that contains a model of object behavior and receives two types of afferent signals: initiating and informational. It is shown how each limbic hierarchical level adds new controlling abilities to the system by using the available surrounding visceral and somatic automatisms. Each of these levels has its own control specificity and semantics of afferent and efferent signals. The control system, its controlled object, the corresponding initiating and informational inputs, etc., are described for each hierarchical level.
Closer look at structure of fully hydrated fluid phase DPPC bilayers.

X-ray data are presented for the benchmark dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine lipid bilayer in the most biologically relevant state in which the bilayers are fully hydrated and in the fluid (liquid-crystalline) phase. Form factors F(qz) are obtained from a combination of two sample preparations, oriented stacks of bilayers for qz extending to 0.85 A−1 and unilamellar vesicles for smaller qz. Modeling obtains the electron density profile and values for the area per molecule, for the locations of the component groups, and for the different types of thicknesses of the bilayer, such as the hydrocarbon thickness and the steric thickness.
Pancreatic carcinoma versus chronic pancreatitis: dynamic MR imaging.

PURPOSE: To determine if dynamic gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging can distinguish chronic pancreatitis from pancreatic carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of MR and pathology examination findings was performed for 24 patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and seven with chronic pancreatitis who underwent dynamic gadolinium-enhanced breath-hold spoiled gradient-echo imaging. Arterial, portal, and delayed phase images were obtained after injection of gadopentatate dimeglumine. The MR images of 14 patients without clinical evidence of pancreatic disease were also reviewed as controls. Signal intensity (SI) was measured on the precontrast (pre) and gadolinium-enhanced (post) images of the area of the pancreas sampled at biopsy and of the nontumorous pancreas. Percentage enhancement was defined as SIpre/SIpost × 100. RESULTS: Normal pancreas showed rapid enhancement that peaked in the arterial or portal phase. For both diseases, T1-weighted images showed hypointe...
Electoral Participation, Ideology, and Party Politics in Post-Communist Europe

The relationship between voter participation and party fortunes has received much attention in the voting behavior literature. Specifically, a number of studies on the advanced industrial democracies postulate that left-of-center parties benefit from higher turnout. This article extends that argument to a quite different context: the economically and politically volatile post-communist world. Using aggregate data from 15 post-communist countries between 1990 and 1999, we test the turnout-party vote linkage. We find that, indeed, increased turnout benefits left parties, particularly the successor communist parties, while adversely affecting conservative and nationalist parties.
Defining a Literature

As scholars and their audiences pursue standards of evidence, standards for literature reviews have also become salient. Many authors advocate “systematic” reviews and articulate standards for these. This article compares the bodies of literature derived from systematic and other types of review, which the author labels conceptual, and examines problems associated with different approaches to defining a body of literature. These problems include (a) defining the boundaries of the literature, (b) distinguishing studies from citations, (c) distinguishing literature from lore, (d) deciding which reporting venues to include, and (e) weeding out anomalous studies. The article demonstrates that although systematic reviews may remove some biases through their inclusion rules, they may introduce other biases through their exclusion decisions and may thwart conceptual advances in a field.
More than pretty pictures? How illustrations affect parent-child story reading and children's story recall

Previous research showed that story illustrations fail to enhance young preschoolers’ memories when they accompany a pre-recorded story (e.g., Greenhoot & Semb, 2008). In this study we tested whether young children might benefit from illustrations in a more interactive story-reading context. For instance, illustrations might influence parent-child reading interactions, and thus children’s story comprehension and recall. Twenty-six 3.5- to 4.5-year-olds and their primary caregivers were randomly assigned to an Illustrated or Non-Illustrated story-reading condition, and parents were instructed to “read or tell the story” as they normally would read with their child. Children recalled the story after a distracter and again after one week. Analyses of the story-reading interactions showed that the illustrations prompted more interactive story reading and more parent and child behaviors known to predict improved literacy outcomes. Furthermore,in the first memory interview, children in the Illustrated condition recalled more story events than those in the Non-Illustrated condition. Story reading measures predicted recall, but did not completely account for picture effects. These results suggest that illustrations enhance young preschoolers’ story recall in an interactive story reading context, perhaps because the joint attention established in this context supports children’s processing of the illustrations.
Broadband Array of Electromagnetic Induction Sensors for Detecting Buried Landmines

A broadband electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensor is developed to help discriminate between buried landmines and metal clutter. The detector uses a single dipole transmit coil and an array of three quadrapole receive coils. The sensor operates in the frequency domain and collects data at 21 logarithmically spaced frequencies from 300 Hz to 90 kHz. Experimental results are presented for several targets.
Sequential Coding Algorithms: A Survey and Cost Analysis

The cost of a number of sequential coding search algorithms is analyzed in a systematic manner. These algorithms search code trees, and find use in data compression, error correction, and maximum likelihood sequence estimation. The cost function is made up of the size of and number of accesses to storage. It is found that algorithms that utilize sorting are much more expensive to use than those that do not; metric-first searching regimes are less efficient than breadth-first or depth-first regimes. Cost functions are evaluated using experimental data obtained from data compression and error correction studies.
Wide input wide output (WIWO) DC-DC converter

This paper proposes a new wide input wide output (WIWO) DC-DC converter, which is an integration of buck and boost converters via coupled inductors. Coherent working from stepping down to stepping up can be achieved by proper control scheme. Due to the coupled inductors, wide-step-up and wide-step-down DC-DC conversions are realized. A lossless clamp circuit is applied to store the leakage current so that the turn-off voltage spike of the active switch can be clamped. Experimental results for 12 V - 48 V to 28 V DC-DC conversions verify the theoretical analysis.
Consultation with the specialist. Growth hormone.

Multiple hormones participate in the endocrine regulation of growth, including thyroid hormone, androgens, and estrogens. Growth hormone (GH), the major hormone involved in postnatal skeletal growth, is a protein having an approximate molecular weight of 21 000 d and produced by the anterior pituitary. Interestingly, GH appears to play little part in fetal growth. An infant who has congenital GH deficiency typically has a normal birth length and weight. Congenital hypoplasia of the anterior pituitary is suggested more commonly by the presence of neonatal hypoglycemia or microphallus in the male. An abnormal growth pattern in children who have congenital GH deficiency becomes apparent, however, by 3 to 6 months of age. Although congenital GH deficiency results from hypoplasia of the hypothalamus or anterior pituitary, acquired GH deficiency may be the first clinical manifestation of a variety of clinically significant disorders. Central nervous system tumors, most classically craniopharyngiomas and histiocytosis X, may cause GH (and other pituitary) deficiency. Other etiologies include cranial trauma, infiltrative disorders, and cranial irradiation. Sometimes, congenital disorders causing partial GH deficiency may not become apparent until late childhood and will present as if they are "acquired" disorders. Familial forms of GH deficiency and septo-optic dysplasia (absence of the septum pelucidum, hypoplasia of the optic chiasm, and pituitary insufficiency) are congenital disorders that may become evident clinically beyond the neonatal period.
An Epizootic of Combined Clostridium perfringens, Eimeria Spp. and Capillaria Spp. Enteritis and Histomonas Spp. Hepatitis with Escherichia coli Septicemia in Bobwhite Quails (Colinus virginianus)

Four young Bobwhite quails (Colinus virginianus) were submitted to the Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory of The University of Georgia for necropsy. The quails were from a flock which had a history of anorexia, weakness, diarrhea, dehydration, weight loss and acute death. The total number of mortalities within two weeks was 80 out of approximately 900 birds. Multi focal sub-serosal intestinal ulcerations with subsequent perforation and peritonitis and Multi focal necrotizing hepatitis were noted on gross examination. Microscopic examination of the small and large intestine revealed severe necroulcerative and heterophilic enterocolitis and typhlitis with bacterial colonization and intralesional Capillaria spp. Fecal examination revealed moderate amounts of Capillaria spp. and few Eimeria spp. Clostridium perfringens was isolated from the intestine. In addition, there was Multi focal necrogranulomatous hepatitis with intralesional protozoal trophozoites consistent with Histomonas spp. morphology. Escherichia coli was isolated from specimens of liver, spleen and intestine.
Consumer Understanding, Preferences, and Responses to Different Versions of Drug Safety Messages in the United States: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Introduction As part of its mission, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) communicates with the public regularly about the benefits and risks of prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. Effectively communicating risk, however, is a significant public health challenge.
Dehydration-Induced Loss of Corrosion Protection Properties in Chromate Conversion Coatings on Aluminum Alloy 2024-T3

It is well known that chromate conversion coatings (CCCs) exhibit a prompt loss in corrosion resistance when exposed to moderately elevated temperatures (60-100°C). They also suffer a gradual loss in corrosion resistance due to ambient temperature exposure. To better understand the origins of losses in corrosion resistance, CCCs were formed on 99.99% Al, 1100 Al [Al-1.0(Fe, Si, Cu)], and 2024-T3 (Al-4.4Cu-1.5Mg-0.6Mn), exposed to elevated and ambient temperature exposures for various lengths of time, and characterized using several different methods. The Cr(VI):total Cr ratio in CCCs was estimated by analysis of data derived from X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Corrosion resistance was measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The evolution of shrinkage cracking was examined by environmental scanning electron microscopy. Cr(VI) leaching experiments were also carried out to characterize the effect of thermal exposure on Cr(VI) release. Thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction were conducted to characterize the temperature-dependent changes in CCCs. Results show that CCCs degrade in several distinct steps over the temperature range of 20 to 500°C. Our findings support the longstanding notion that dehydration is the root cause for losses in corrosion resistance due to aging at ambient and low temperatures (<150°C). Extended X-ray fine structure measurements indicate a shortening in Cr(III)-Cr(III) nearest neighbor distances upon dehydration. This is interpreted as a consolidation in the Cr(OH) 3 backbone of the CCC which leads to shrinkage cracking and immobilization of Cr(VI). This finding is important because it links older observations of the effects of aging and heating on CCCs to newer interpretations of CCC formation based on inorganic polymerization. Overall, these results reveal CCCs to be highly dynamic coatings with corrosion resistance properties that vary considerably in both the short term and long term.
Single-shot two-dimensional spectrometer

A two-dimensional optical spectrometer is demonstrated using simple optical components. This spectrometer is based on ultrafast two-dimensional (2D) frequency-dispersed pump-probe spectroscopy and can be used for single-shot correlation spectroscopy. To demonstrate functionality of this device, we measure the 2D correlation spectrum of atomic rubidium.
Diet Quality Is Associated with Better Cognitive Test Performance among Aging Men and Women

Most studies of association between diet and cognition among the elderly focus on the role of single nutrients or foods and ignore the complexity of dietary patterns and total diet quality. We prospectively examined associations between an index of diet quality and cognitive function and decline among elderly men and women of the Cache County Study on Memory and Aging in Utah. In 1995, 3634 resident men and women ≥65 y of age completed a baseline survey that included a 142-item FFQ. Cognition was assessed using an adapted version of the Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MS) at baseline and 3 subsequent interviews spanning ∼11 y. A recommended food score (RFS) and non-RFS were computed by summing the number of recommended foods (n = 57) and nonrecommended foods (n = 23) regularly consumed. Multivariable-mixed models were used to estimate associations between the RFS and non-RFS and average 3MS score over time. Those in the highest quartile of RFS scored 1.80 points higher on the baseline 3MS test than did those in the lowest quartile of RFS (P < 0.001). This effect was strengthened over 11 y of follow-up. Those with the highest RFS declined by 3.41 points over 11 y compared with the 5.2-point decline experienced by those with the lowest RFS (P = 0.0013). The non-RFS was not associated with cognitive scores. Consuming a diverse diet that includes a variety of recommended foods may help to attenuate age-related cognitive decline among the elderly.
Analysis of a Brake Cylinder Failure

A gray cast iron inlet boss was observed to have fractured following an accident in which a three-wheeled parking enforcement vehicle reportedly lost its braking ability and crashed on a hill in San Francisco, CA. Metallurgical and fractographic examination as well as exemplar testing conclusively determined that the inlet boss broke before the accident, and that the fracture occurred by overtorquing of the inlet hydraulic line during the vehicle servicing that occurred just prior to the incident.
A genetic algorithm based approach for scheduling decomposable data grid applications

Data grid technology promises geographically distributed scientists to access and share physically distributed resources such as compute resource, networks, storage, and most importantly data collections for large-scale data intensive problems. Because of the massive size and distributed nature of these datasets, scheduling data grid applications must consider communication and computation simultaneously to achieve high performance. In many data grid applications, data can be decomposed into multiple independent sub datasets and distributed for parallel execution and analysis. We exploit this property and propose a novel genetic algorithm based approach that automatically decomposes data onto communication and computation resources. The proposed GA-based scheduler takes advantage of the parallelism of decomposable data grid applications to achieve the desired performance level. We evaluate the proposed approach comparing with other algorithms. Simulation results show that the proposed GA-based approach can be a competitive choice for scheduling large data grid applications in terms of both scheduling overhead and the relative solution quality as compared to other algorithms.
Title VIII and Mount Laurel: Is Affordable Housing Fair Housing?

tion to a much broader range of fair housing issues. I report here on one of these secondary effects of Title VIII, the Mount Laurel movement in New Jersey. The Mount Laurel decisions2 seek to retard economic segregation by holding that state constitutional general welfare limitations require a municipality's land-use regulations to provide for the municipality's fair share of the regional need for lowand moderateincome housing. As implemented in the widely discussed Mount Laurel II decision, the doctrine requires municipalities to take affirmative measures to encourage the availability of lowand moderateincome housing, although the court has thus far stopped short of requiring that municipalities actually produce the housing themselves.
Methods: Blood Platelet Counts of the Golden Hamster, Cricetus auratus

Healthy, adult male and female golden hamsters, 3 months of age, showed blood platelet count means of 688,000 ± 141,000 per cu. mm. and 742,000 ± 120,000 per cu. mm., respectively, when direct counts were made with siliconized pipets and with Rees and Ecker fluid as a diluent.
Claiming Voice on the Future of Higher Education

AbstractHigher education reform is a prominent topic among state and federal governments. However, the discussions regarding higher education are narrowly focused and not always inclusive of the voices of postsecondary leaders. Higher education officials must find approaches to ensure their voices are appropriately represented in these crucial conversations.
An evaluation of late luteal phase endometrium in women requesting reversal of tubal ligation.

It has been suggested that tubal ligation may cause luteal phase defects. To assess this possibility the authors performed a retrospective analysis of the incidence of luteal phase defects in 72 women who had undergone tubal sterilization. In preparation for tubal reanastomosis late luteal phase endometrial biopsy was performed. The biopsy was dated in a blind manner and designated either normal or out of phase. This group of patients was compared with a group of 32 women seen for artificial insemination with donor sperm. Luteal phase defect was defined as 2 biopsies out of phase by 2 or more days. There were no cases of luteal phase defect in either of the 2 groups; luteal phase defects were found in 4% of all infertility patients seen during the time of this study. These data do not support the contention that sterilization by tubal ligation leads to an increased incidence of luteal phase defect. (authors)
Feedback Control for Transportation of Magnetic Fluids With Minimal Dispersion: A First Step Toward Targeted Magnetic Drug Delivery

In targeted magnetic drug delivery, drugs attached to magnetic nanoparticles are delivered to targeted regions of the body (e.g., tumors) at high concentrations by the application of external magnetic fields. Beyond many technical difficulties posed by the complexities of the human body, the performance of this scheme is limited in concept by the inherent tendency of the magnetic fields to disperse any constellation of magnetic particles moving under their applied forces. This tendency causes a gradual loss of concentration when a spot of ferrofluid (suspension of magnetic nanoparticles in water) moves inside a magnetic field. To minimize this undesirable effect to an acceptable level, a feedback control policy for the dynamic control of electromagnets is presented to drive a ferrofluid spot from the edge of a domain to a central target with minimal dispersion. Representing the spot of ferrofluid by its center of mass and the covariance matrix of its distribution, these control goals are formulated as an optimal control problem that constrains the motion of the former, while minimizing the trace of the latter (as a measure of dispersion). To simplify the solution of this problem, the ferrofluid dynamics, which is precisely governed by a partial differential equation, is approximated by a finite-dimensional set of state-space equations, and a suboptimal control is developed for this simpler model by further approximation of the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation. Simulation results are presented for the closed-loop system, which demonstrate that the proposed control is able to move the ferrofluid spot to a central target with reasonably small dispersion.
Application of enzymatic hydrolysis in the processing of fish waste

Enzymatic hydrolysis is a method with mild conditions,high efficiency and safety. It has been widely used in the processing of fish wastes and the extraction of active ingredients. The article is making a comprehensive introduction of the application of enzymatic hydrolysis in the further processing of fish wastes (include fish skin,fish head,fish bones,fish scales and fish visceral) and discussing the development direction of enzymatic hydrolysis in the processing of fish waste. It offered the scientific basis for the industrialization of comprehensive utilization of the fish wastes.