cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Decadal opportunities for space architects

A significant challenge for the new field of space architecture is the dearth of project opportunities. Yet every year more young professionals express interest to enter the field. This paper derives projections that bound the number, type, and range of global development opportunities that may be reasonably expected over the next few decades for human space flight (HSF) systems so those interested in the field can benchmark their goals. Four categories of HSF activity are described: human Exploration of solar system bodies; human Servicing of space-based assets; large-scale development of space Resources; and Breakout of self-sustaining human societies into the solar system. A progressive sequence of capabilities for each category starts with its earliest feasible missions and leads toward its full expression. The four sequences are compared in scale, distance from Earth, and readiness. Scenarios hybridize the most synergistic features from the four sequences for comparison to status quo, government-funded HSF program plans. Finally qualitative, decadal, order-of-magnitude estimates are derived for system development needs, and hence opportunities for space architects. Government investment towards human planetary exploration is the weakest generator of space architecture work. Conversely, the strongest generator is a combination of three market drivers: (1) commercial passenger travel in low Earth orbit; (2) in parallel, government extension of HSF capability to GEO; both followed by (3) scale-up demonstration of end-to-end solar power satellites in GEO. The rich end of this scale affords space architecture opportunities which are more diverse, complex, large-scale, and sociologically challenging than traditional exploration vehicle cabins and habitats.
The Effect of Temperature on the Benthic Stages of Cyanea (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa), and Their Seasonal Distribution in the Niantic River Estuary, Connecticut

Abstract There are three benthic stages in the life history ofCyanea: the polyp stage and two kinds of cysts; one kind is produced by the polyp (podocysts), and the other by the planula larvae (planulocysts); both types of cysts develop into additional polyps. Physical and biological factors affecting these benthic stages and their processes influence the success of the ecologically important medusa stage which is produced by asexual budding (strobilation) by the polyp. Experimentally, a transfer from low to high temperature was most favorable for podocyst formation by polyps, and the transfer from high to low temperature led to both the excystment of podocysts and the strobilation of polyps. In the benthos of the Niantic River, planulocysts and podocysts appear during the warmest time of the year having formed during a period of increasing temperature throughout spring. Both types of cyst excyst when temperature decreases beginning in late summer and continuing into early winter. During this period of declining temperature, polyps strobilate forming ephyrae, the young medusae. The relationship between seasonal temperature change and processes of the benthic stages in the field agrees with laboratory results; thus, change in temperature is at least minimally sufficient to account for the regular annual appearance of the medusa. Such a life history requires a longevous ephyral stage resistant to low temperatures and this seems to be the case. Indirect evidence is presented showing that the encysted stages may serve as a defense against predators and competitors for space which are active during the summer.
A Glucose Sensor in Candida albicans

The Hgt4 protein of Candida albicans (orf19.5962) is orthologous to the Snf3 and Rgt2 glucose sensors of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that govern sugar acquisition by regulating the expression of genes encoding hexose transporters. We found that HGT4 is required for glucose induction of the expression of HGT12, HXT10, and HGT7, which encode apparent hexose transporters in C. albicans. An hgt4Δ mutant is defective for growth on fermentable sugars, which is consistent with the idea that Hgt4 is a sensor of glucose and similar sugars. Hgt4 appears to be sensitive to glucose levels similar to those in human serum (∼5 mM). HGT4 expression is repressed by high levels of glucose, which is consistent with the idea that it encodes a high-affinity sugar sensor. Glucose sensing through Hgt4 affects the yeast-to-hyphal morphological switch of C. albicans cells: hgt4Δ mutants are hypofilamented, and a constitutively signaling form of Hgt4 confers hyperfilamentation of cells. The hgt4Δ mutant is less virulent than wild-type cells in a mouse model of disseminated candidiasis. These results suggest that Hgt4 is a high-affinity glucose sensor that contributes to the virulence of C. albicans.
Waldenström's macroglobulinemia-associated retinopathy.

Abstract Objective To report the clinical, electrophysiologic, and immunopathologic findings in a patient with progressive retinal degeneration associated with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. Design Case report with immunohistochemical studies. Methods A 46-year-old female with elevated serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels complained of photophobia and photopsias. Complete ophthalmic examinations including electrophysiologic testing and hematologic evaluations were performed over a 3-year period. Immunohistochemical studies to determine the presence of serum antiretinal antibodies were evaluated using confocal microscopy. Results Examination of the patient's fundus remained normal, although there was deterioration in her visual acuity, visual field, and electroretinogram over the follow-up period. Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia was diagnosed by bone marrow biopsy. Indirect immunohistochemistry revealed reactivity of the patient's serum against the photoreceptor-connecting cilium. Conclusion The paraneoplastic retinopathy associated with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia in this patient is presumed to result from antibodies of the IgM subtype reacting to proteins in the retinal photoreceptors.
AN EXPERIMENTAL DISTURBANCE ALTERS FISH SIZE STRUCTURE BUT NOT FOOD CHAIN LENGTH IN STREAMS

Streams experience frequent natural disturbance and are undergoing considerable anthropogenic disturbance due to dam construction and water diversion. Disturbance is known to impact community structure, but its effect on food chain length is still a matter of considerable debate. Theoretical models show that longer food chains are less resilient to disturbance, so food chain length is predicted to be shorter following a disturbance event. Here we experimentally test the effect of disturbance on food chain length in streams by diverting stream flow. We found that our experimental low-flow disturbance did not alter food chain length. We did see an effect on body-size structure in our food webs suggesting that food chain length may be an insensitive indicator of disturbance. We suggest that habitat heterogeneity and food web complexity buffer the effect of disturbance on food chain length. The theoretical predictions of disturbance on food chain length are only likely to be seen in homogeneous systems that closely approximate the linear food chains the models are based upon.
Complete imputation of missing repeated categorical data: one-sample applications

Longitudinal studies with repeated measures are often subject to non-response. Methods currently employed to alleviate the difficulties caused by missing data are typically unsatisfactory, especially when the cause of the missingness is related to the outcomes. We present an approach for incomplete categorical data in the repeated measures setting that allows missing data to depend on other observed outcomes for a study subject. The proposed methodology also allows a broader examination of study findings through interpretation of results in the framework of the set of all possible test statistics that might have been observed had no data been missing. The proposed approach consists of the following general steps. First, we generate all possible sets of missing values and form a set of possible complete data sets. We then weight each data set according to clearly defined assumptions and apply an appropriate statistical test procedure to each data set, combining the results to give an overall indication of significance. We make use of the EM algorithm and a Bayesian prior in this approach. While not restricted to the one-sample case, the proposed methodology is illustrated for one-sample data and compared to the common complete-case and available-case analysis methods. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isoform-Specific Degradation of PR-B by E6-AP Is Critical for Normal Mammary Gland Development

E6-associated protein (E6-AP), which was originally identified as an ubiquitin-protein ligase, also functions as a coactivator of estrogen (ER-α) and progesterone (PR) receptors. To investigate the in vivo role of E6-AP in mammary gland development, we generated transgenic mouse lines that either overexpress wild-type (WT) human E6-AP (E6-AP(WT)) or ubiquitin-protein ligase-defective E6-AP (E6-AP(C833S)) in the mammary gland. Here we show that overexpression of E6-AP(WT) results in impaired mammary gland development. In contrast, overexpression of E6-AP(C833S) or loss of E6-AP (E6-AP(KO)) increases lateral branching and alveolus-like protuberances in the mammary gland. We also show that the mammary phenotypes observed in the E6-AP transgenic and knockout mice are due, in large part, to the alteration of PR-B protein levels. We also observed alteration in ER-α protein level, which might contribute to the observed mammary phenotype by regulating PR expression. Furthermore, E6-AP regulates PR-B protein levels via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Additionally, we also show that E6-AP impairs progesterone-induced Wnt-4 expression by decreasing the steady state level of PR-B in both mice and in human breast cancer cells. In conclusion, we present the novel observation that E6-AP controls mammary gland development by regulating PR-B protein turnover via the ubiquitin proteasome pathway. For the first time, we show that the E3-ligase activity rather than the coactivation function of E6-AP plays an important role in the mammary gland development, and the ubiquitin-dependent PR-B degradation is not required for its transactivation functions. This mechanism appears to regulate normal mammogenesis, and dysregulation of this process may be an important contributor to mammary cancer development and progression.
Unmasking the Active Helicase Conformation of Nonstructural Protein 3 from Hepatitis C Virus

The nonstructural protein 3 (NS3) helicase/protease is an important component of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication complex. We hypothesized that a specific β-strand tethers the C terminus of the helicase domain to the protease domain, thereby maintaining HCV NS3 in a compact conformation that differs from the extended conformations observed for other Flaviviridae NS3 enzymes. To test this hypothesis, we removed the β-strand and explored the structural and functional attributes of the truncated NS3 protein (NS3ΔC7). Limited proteolysis, hydrodynamic, and kinetic measurements indicate that NS3ΔC7 adopts an extended conformation that contrasts with the compact form of the wild-type (WT) protein. The extended conformation of NS3ΔC7 allows the protein to quickly form functional complexes with RNA unwinding substrates. We also show that the unwinding activity of NS3ΔC7 is independent of the substrate 3'-overhang length, implying that a monomeric form of the protein promotes efficient unwinding. Our findings indicate that an open, extended conformation of NS3 is required for helicase activity and represents the biologically relevant conformation of the protein during viral replication.
Evaluation of Inpatient Admissions and Potential Antimicrobial and Analgesic Dosing Errors in Overweight Children

BACKGROUNDThe prevalence of overweight/obesity in US children has increased over the past several decades. Routine use of weight-based dosing of medications could potentially result in over- or underdosing in these children.OBJECTIVETo determine the percentage of admissions of children with a body mass index (BMI) greater than or equal to the 85th percentile for age and sex and the mean error rate per admission in the overweight versus control group.METHODSWe performed a retrospective, preliminary study of children aged 5–12 years who were admitted to a children's hospital over a period of 6 months. The overweight group included children with a BMI greater than or equal to the 85th percentile; the control group included children with a BMI less than the 85th percentile. Dose appropriateness was assessed, using 2 references. An overdose was defined as: (1) total mg/kg/day or mg/kg/dose greater than or equal to 110% of the maximum recommended pediatric dose, (2) total mg/day greater than the adult maximum r...
Particle Trajectories in an Indian Ocean Model and Sensitivity to Seasonal Forcing

Trajectory experiments in a thermocline layer of an Indian Ocean model are used to investigate the role of different meridional transport mechanisms and quantify spreading pathways and rates under different forcing. Particles are introduced along two boundaries: the south Indian Ocean at 308S and the Indonesian Throughflow. Particles are advected horizontally within the layer by archived model velocity fields (˜ 83 ˜8 resolution) for a period of 50 years. The velocity fields are the result of forcing the model by monthly mean climatology (case A). The distribution of particles within the Tropics suggests efficient water mass blending; model results show a mixture of three parts South Indian Central Water to one part Indonesian Throughflow. In agreement with chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) observations, transport of thermocline waters along the western boundary into the northern Indian Ocean occurs on timescales of less than two decades. Additional Lagrangian experiments carried out with the seasonality removed from the velocity fields directly (taking the mean in case B) and from the forcing (case C) allow the role of horizontal eddy transport to be evaluated. Significant northward transport of southern subtropical gyre waters along the western boundary does not occur unless there is eddy transport, even though the mean flow appears to dominate the cross-equatorial transport in the immediate vicinity of the equator. Particles reach northward of 108N on shorter timescales (,20 yr) in case A compared with case C (.20 yr). Both the mean and seasonal forcing components are important for the meridional flux of particles. The results suggest that to adequately simulate meridional transport of mass and water mass properties in the Indian Ocean, models should include the full annual cycle. In a new methodology, CFC-11 concentrations along trajectories are calculated using observed CFC-11 concentrations for boundary conditions. Additional CFC observations allow model‐data comparisons to be made in the interior of the domain. The method may be useful in other studies of transport rates and processes where both computing power and good quality high-resolution observations are available.
Empirical refinements of a molecular genetics learning progression: The molecular constructs

This article describes revisions to four of the eight constructs of the Duncan molecular genetics learning progression [Duncan, Rogat, & Yarden, (2009)]. As learning progressions remain hypothetical models until validated by multiple rounds of empirical studies, these revisions are an important step toward validating the progression. Our revisions are based on empirical data obtained from tenth grade students in three classroom contexts (n = 121); although our study was done with students at the upper bounds of the progression, students held naive ideas prior to instruction which allowed us to track their ideas through all the levels of each construct during the course of one academic year. We revised the four constructs that center around the molecular model of genetics using students’ pre/post assessments and interviews. We found that tenth grade students do hold ideas consistent with the hypothesized levels in the progression as well as several intermediate ideas not included. Our revisions include adding student ideas that are important conceptual stepping stones in each construct as well as other modifications such as splitting and combining levels, moving ideas to other constructs, changing the conceptual progression of a construct and splitting a construct. Along with the revisions, we identified challenges in each construct. Even after instruction, students had difficulties understanding that genes code for proteins, that proteins connect genes and traits, and how differential gene expression leads to different repertoires of proteins inside of specialized cells. Our findings indicate that classroom instruction should focus more on proteins: how they are created, what their functions are, and how cells express different proteins.
Solid-state phase equilibria in the ZnS-Ga2S3 system

The ZnS-Ga2S3 equilibrium phase diagram has been determined to 50 mol% over the temperature range 700° to 900°C. Samples of various compositions were prepared via solid-state diffusion starting from powders of the pure components. The identification of the phases was determined by X-ray diffraction methods. The principal feature of the phase equilibria is the eutectoid transformation at 818 ± 5°C of hexagonal wurtzite containing 16 ± 1 mol% Ga2S3 to cubic ZnS and tetragonal ZnGa2S4. ZnGa2S4 is the equilibrium compound at 50 mol% GazS3, but it exists over a considerable range of stoichiometry. The solubility of Ga2S3 in ZnS increases with increasing temperature to a maximum of 9 ± 1 mol% at the eutectoid temperature.
Broadcasting Method Based on Topology Control for Fault-Tolerant MANET

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) have the disadvantage of decreased network reliability due to the mobility of intermediate terminals, unstable wireless links, and battery exhaustion. The reliability of networks is characterized by their level of k-connectivity. The problem optimizing a network lifetime by minimizing power consumption at a given k-connectivity is called the transmission-power assignment problem (TPAP). There are several conventional approaches to solve this problem. However, a performance evaluation of mobile networks has not yet been conducted. This paper proposes a broadcasting method based on topology control for MANETs with the aim of achieving dual objectives of reducing power consumption and ensuring an acceptable reliability level. Simulation results show that the proposed method can ensure high network reliability and reduce power consumption.
Admixture mapping analysis in the context of GWAS with GAW18 data

Admixture mapping is a disease-mapping strategy to identify disease susceptibility variants in an admixed population that is a result of mating between 2 historically separated populations differing in allele frequencies and disease prevalence. With the increasing availability of high-density genotyping data generated in genome-wide association studies, it is of interest to investigate how to apply admixture mapping in the context of the genome-wide association studies and how to adjust for admixture in association tests. In this study, we first evaluated 3 different local ancestry inference methods, LAMP, LAMP-LD, and MULTIMIX. Then we applied admixture mapping analysis based on estimated local ancestry. Finally, we performed association tests with adjustment for local ancestry.
Stress Concentration Due to Fiber‐Matrix Fusion in Ceramic‐Matrix Composites

Stress concentration in ceramic-matrix composites due to fiber-matrix fusion is investigated using finite-element modeling (FEM) in conjunction with experiment. FEM results indicate substantial stress concentration can be expected when the fiber and matrix are locally fused. The focus of the investigation is sealing through the formation of a reaction product layer (e.g., SiO 2 in a SiC-SiC system). Direct sealing also is considered. Tensile experiments involving a novel SiC-SiC microcomposite system confirm FEM predictions and unambiguously indicate the observed reduction in load-bearing capacity is the result of a SiO 2 reaction product that locally fuses the fiber and matrix.
A low-ripple fast-response CMOS integrated switching buck converter with dual-mode pulse-train/PWM control

This paper presents a CMOS integrated switching buck converter with a dual-mode control scheme. A pulse-train (PT) control is employed for fast and smooth transient response, where four different pulse patterns are proposed to achieve optimal regulations at different transient operation scenarios. In addition, a high-frequency pulse-width modulation (PWM) control is adopted to ensure low output ripples in the steady state. The two controls are seamlessly incorporated in a single controller. The converter was designed and fabricated with a standard 0.35-mum digital CMOS N-well process, with the entire active die area of 1.31 mm2. Experimental results show that, in the steady state, the output voltage is well regulated at 1.5 V with plusmn12.5-mV voltage ripples in the PWM mode. The nominal input supply voltage is 3.3 V and the maximum load power is 517 mW. Measured maximum efficiency is 91%, while the converter keeps the efficiency above 70% from 20 mW to 517 mW. In transient measurements, with a 100% load step change from 50 to 100 mA, the output of the converter settles within 350 ns due to effectiveness of the PT control, with a maximum voltage variation of 140 mV. The converter functions well when the supply voltage frequently varies between 2.2 and 3.3 V, with a line regulation of 29.1 mV/V. The research provides an effective solution to high- performance integrated power converter designs.
Achieving Edge-Based Fairness in a Multi-Hop Environment

We propose efficient buffer-accounting algorithms that achieve edge-based max-min and proportional fairness in a multi-hop (MH), multi-bottleneck network environment by extending and generalizing an existing proactive queue-management scheme called GREEN. We call our scheme GREEN-MH. We envision deploying GREEN-MH at an institutional gateway in the context of a larger multi-hop and multi-bottleneck network environment. GREEN-MH uses a dynamic buffer-accounting algorithm on a per-flow basis such that certain edge-based fairness policies (e.g., max-min and proportional) are enforced among the competing TCP flows.
Acylpyrogallols as inhibitors of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins

A series of acylpyrogallols were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as small-molecule inhibitors of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins. The most potent compound 9 (TM-179) binds to Bcl-2 with an IC50 of 170 nM and to Mcl-1 with a Ki of 37 nM. Compound 9 potently inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in human breast and prostate cancer cell lines.
Altered Thought Processes and Sensory / Perceptual Alterations: A Critique

Concerns about the clinical usefulness of altered thought processes and sensory/perceptual alterations--and the resulting avoidance of these two diagnoses--led to a study to determine how expert nurses differentiate between the diagnoses and how the diagnoses are used in practice. The authors developed a questionnaire and mailed it to 128 members of NANDA who had identified themselves as experts in the diagnoses; sixty-six (52%) responded. Conclusions were that the defining characteristics for altered thought processes were cognitively oriented and those for sensory/perceptual alterations were perceptually oriented. The overlap of defining characteristics, such as change in problem-solving ability, makes differential diagnosis a difficult task.
Risk assessment of ritual use of oral dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and harmala alkaloids.

Aim To extend previous reviews by assessing the acute systemic toxicity and psychological hazards of a dimethyltryptamine and b-carboline brew (ayahuasca/hoasca) used in religious ceremonies. Method A systematic literature search, supplemented by interviews with ceremony participants. Results No laboratory animal models were located that tested the acute toxicity or the abuse potential of ayahuasca. Separate animal studies of the median lethal dose of dimethyltryptamine(DMT)andof severalharmalaalkaloidsindicatedthatalethaldoseof thesesubstancesinhumans is probably greater than 20 times the typical ceremonial dose. Adverse health effects may occur from casual use of ayahuasca, particularly when serotonergic substances are used in conjunction. DMT is capable of inducing aversive psychological reactions or transient psychotic episodes that resolve spontaneously in a few hours. There was no evidence that ayahuasca has substantial or persistent abuse potential. Long-term psychological benefits have been documented when ayahuasca is used in a well-established social context. Conclusion A decoction of DMT and harmala alkaloids used in religious ceremonies has a safety margin comparable to codeine, mescaline or methadone. The dependence potential of oral DMT and the risk of sustained psychological disturbance are minimal.
Impedance sensing device enables early detection of pressure ulcers in vivo

When pressure is applied to a localized area of the body for an extended time, the resulting loss of blood flow and subsequent reperfusion to the tissue causes cell death and a pressure ulcer develops. Preventing pressure ulcers is challenging because the combination of pressure and time that results in tissue damage varies widely between patients, and the underlying damage is often severe by the time a surface wound becomes visible. Currently, no method exists to detect early tissue damage and enable intervention. Here we demonstrate a flexible, electronic device that non-invasively maps pressure-induced tissue damage, even when such damage cannot be visually observed. Using impedance spectroscopy across flexible electrode arrays in vivo on a rat model, we find that impedance is robustly correlated with tissue health across multiple animals and wound types. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of an automated, non-invasive 'smart bandage' for early detection of pressure ulcers.
Mathematics for the masses

Can human computation bring together people from diverse backgrounds to solve age-old math problems?
Analysis of the Spectrum of Doubly Ionized Rubidium (Rb III)

The spectrum of Rb iii has been observed in a sliding-spark discharge with the NBS 10.7-m normal-incidence vacuum spectrograph, and in an electrodeless discharge in a magnetic field with the NBS 10.7-m Eagle spectrograph in air. The analysis has yielded most of the levels of the 4p44d, 4p45s, and 4p45p configurations. The 4p45p levels and the 4s24p44d+4s24p45s+4s4p6 group of levels have been theoretically interpreted, with configuration interaction included. The energy parameters determined from a least-squares fit to the observed level values are compared with Hartree–Fock calculations. The ionization energy is estimated to be 39.0±0.3 eV.
Incidence of Antisperm Antibody Levels and Granulomas in Men

Blood samples were collected from 77 men at the time of vasovasostomy and tested for the presence of antisperm antibodies. More men with granulomas had sperm-immobilizing antibodies than did those without granulomas.
Raising children bilingually

The purpose of this article is to describe the process of becoming bilingual by sharing my own experience being raised in a four-language environment and how it influenced the upbringing of my daughter in two, and subsequently three languages. The other purpose is to dispel the myth that children with language, developmental and/or intellectual impairments or those diagnosed as being on the autism spectrum cannot or should not be exposed to two languages because it is confusing, or because they simply cannot handle two languages due to their disability. As a bilingual speech and language pathologist (SLP) who has practiced in the United States for four decades, I have unfortunately witnessed that many teachers as well as other well-meaning professionals including psychologists, therapists and even physicians discourage these children’s parents from using their first language because it might be confusing or too difficult for the child to handle. A review of recent research on children with special needs who have a variety of language, learning and communication challenges contradicts this view. The information presented should be helpful not only to parents but also to various professionals including therapists and physicians who come into contact with children with special needs who are growing up in a bilingual environment.
Abstract A48: Effect of constitutive IGF2 overexpression on tumorigenicity of human ovarian carcinoma cells

Introduction: We previously described the association of high tumoral IGF2 expression with reduced disease-free survival in epithelial ovarian tumors. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of IGF2 overexpression on the tumorigenicity of human ovarian cancer cells. Methods: Expression constructs containing the full-length coding sequence of IGF2 or no insert (empty vector; EV) were made. HEY cells were stably transfected. Quantitative real-time PCR (of CDNA made from cell and xenograft RNA) and ELISA (of conditioned media) were performed to measure the IGF2 mRNA and protein expression levels, respectively. The relative IGF2 mRNA expression level was calculated by the 2 −δδCt method with internal normalization to the cyclophilin B mRNA level. Tumorigenicity was evaluated in athymic nude mice by subcutaneous injection of 1×10 6 cells, with or without matrigel, followed by serial monitoring of in vivo tumor growth by digital caliper measurements. The two-tailed t-test was used to evaluate the significance of comparisons. Results: The IGF2 mRNA level was 5604 ±617 fold-change higher in HEY-IGF2 cells relative to HEY-EV cells (P 3 versus 52 ±15 mm 3 for HEY-IGF2 and HEY-EV, respectively (P 3 versus 705 ±95 mm 3 for HEY-IGF2 and HEY-EV xenografts, respectively (P Conclusions: Stable overexpression of IGF2 in HEY ovarian cancer cells and xenografts was achieved, and resulted in an increase in IGF2 protein secretion. IGF2 overexpression enhanced in vivo tumorigenicity of HEY ovarian cells, accompanied by an increased xenograft growth rate. Further evaluation is underway to fully characterize the mechanisms by which IGF2 overexpression promotes tumor growth. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Second AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; 2011 Sep 14-18; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(18 Suppl):Abstract nr A48.
Visualization and Animation in Manufacturing and Materials

Scientific visualization is the application of modern techniques in computer graphics to make the results of science and engineering studies more effective. Visualization allows the researcher to take in a large quantity of data at a single glance, developing an understanding of the data and the relationship between factors that would be difficult to obtain with a more conventional presentation. The addition of animation provides even greater power, enabling one to better understand the changes that occur over time.
Identification and management of neonatal skull fractures

Suspected skull fractures in the neonate are uncommon and present a management dilemma. We hypothesized that skull fractures are more common than reported in the literature and that few infants require any intervention. We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 21 infants referred to our level IV Neonatal Intensive Care Unit for possible skull fracture over a 3-year period after birth trauma, suspicious findings on clinical exam, or accidental falls in the birth hospital. Skull films at the birth hospital were unreliable for fracture in 23% of cases. Seven of nine infants with accidental falls had fracture on computed tomography scan. Only three infants required neurosurgical intervention, all after severe birth trauma associated with instrumentation. Skull fractures are more common than previously reported in neonates after accidental falls, but few infants with skull fractures require neurosurgical intervention.
Rapid determination of blood lead in batch by GFAAS with standard addition method

Objective:To develop a rapid and convenient method for determination of blood lead in batch by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry(GFAAS) with standard addition method.Methods:With PdCl2 as matrix modifier,0.10 ml blood sample,was directly diluted to 10 times,and determined by GFAAS with standard addition method.Results:The linear range of the method was 0 μg/L～50.0 μg/L with the correlation coefficients of 0.9990.The lowest detection limit was 1.3 μg/L,and the recoveries were 96.0%～107%,with RSDs of 2.1%～7.6%.The method was successfully applied to determine the certified reference materials GBW09139h and GBW09140h,and the results were in good agreement with the certified values.Conclusion:The method is highly automated and suitable for batch determination of blood lead.
PAY ATTENTION TO AND STRENGTHEN THE PROSPECTING OF DIAMOND DEPOSIT IN YUNNAN

First,the areas of Cenozoic basic-ultrabasic volcanic breccia pipe in Haidong of Dali and Bazhai of Maguan are the focus in diamond deposit prospecting.Second,the Neogene and Quaternary volcanic rock group area of Tengchong and the alluvium,alluvial terrace distribution area of Ruili River in Tengchong-Ruili.Third,the areas of Cenozoic volcanic-subvolcanic rock eruption-intrusion and lamprophyre distribution.
Improved correction of quantitative nuclear DNA (ploidy) measurements in tissue sections.

Objective To evaluate, using a computer model, the advantages for ploidy measurements of selecting only center-containing sections of nuclei in ultrathin, very thick or relatively thick tissue sections. Study design The computed corpuscle sectioning program was run on a personal computer. Its synthetic data were corrected by a variety of correction algorithms. Results When only center-containing sections of nuclei were selected in ultrathin sections, spherical nuclei could be corrected perfectly, and mildly prolate ellipsoidal nuclei with a selection bias in favor of elliptical nuclear section profiles could be corrected with high fidelity. Ultrathin sections most faithfully represented the true height of the peak of highest ploidy and showed better peak discrimination than other choices of section thickness, but small sample size, wavy sections, markedly inhomogeneous intranuclear DNA distribution and oblate ellipsoidal nuclei represented significant limitations of this approach. As nuclear prolation increased, peak definition worsened, and the peak of highest ploidy was falsely shortened. Results were unaffected by errors in the estimation of section thickness when an internal diploid standard was used. The effect of variable internuclear DNA concentration in mildly or moderately prolate ellipsoidal nuclei was nil. The choice of correction algorithm was unimportant, except that the reference curve method was better able to analyze oblate ellipsoidal nuclei, wavy sections and nuclei with inhomogeneous intranuclear DNA, and provided superior insight into nuclear and section parameters. Thick and very thick sections did not require correction and, unlike ultrathin sections, were immune to markedly inhomogeneous intranuclear DNA distribution, to nonspherical nuclear shape and to focal variation in section thickness (waviness), but (in relatively thick more than in very thick sections) the height of the peak of highest ploidy was falsely shortened, often markedly, and peak definition was worse. Conclusion Choice of section thickness and selection of only center-containing nuclear sections for analysis with a bias in favor of elliptical nuclear section profiles in ultrathin sections are very important for optimal results; the choice of correction algorithm is less important.
A Shī’ite Caliphate In Egypt: The Fāṭimids

The Fāṭimid caliphate, the only major Shī‘ite one in Islam,1 established itself in Tunisia in 909 as a deliberate challenge to the religious headship of the Islamic world represented by the ‘Abbāsids of Baghdād. The founder was Sa‘īd ibn-Ḥusayn, probably a descendant of the second founder of the Ismā‘īlite sect,2 the Persian ‘Abdullāh ibn-Maymūn. The spectacular rise of ibn-Maymūn’s successor Sa‘id was the culmination of deep-laid, skilfully organized Ismā‘īlite propaganda paralleled only by the earlier movement which led to the break-up of the. Umayyad caliphate. No small measure of this success was due to the personal efforts of the chief dā‘i (propagandist), abu-‘Abdullāh al-Ḥusayn al-Ṣhā‘i, a native of San‘ā’ in al-Yaman, who toward the close of the ninth century proclaimed himself precursor of the Mandi and sowed seeds of sedition among the Berbers of North Africa, especially the Kitāmah (Kutāmah) tribe. His acquaintance with members of this tribe was made in the season of the pilgrimage at Makkah.3 Ifriqiyah was then under Aghlabid rule.
POPULATION DENSITY AND SEX RATIO DYNAMICS OF OVERWINTERING MAIZE WEEVILS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) INFESTING FIELD CORN

Natural infestations of the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) were monitored in selected corn fields located in each of five major climatic or edaphic environments of Georgia. The popu...
Alcohol Use, Hostile Sexism, and Religious Self-Regulation: Investigating Risk and Protective Factors of IPV Perpetration:

Research suggests that the relationship between alcohol use and intimate partner violence (IPV) is moderated by a range of other factors. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between alcohol use, hostile sexism, and religious self-regulation with perpetration. Using a national sample of 255 men, we found that hostile sexism was associated with physical violence toward a partner and alcohol use was positively associated with psychological abuse toward a partner. With regard to religious self-regulation, we found that introjected religious self-regulation was positively associated with hostile sexism and positively associated with perpetrating physical IPV. Identified religious self-regulation was negatively associated with physical violence perpetration. We also found significant interactions among our independent measures on physical IPV perpetration. These analyses suggest that increased alcohol consumption elevates the risk for physical violence perpetration among men who are high in introjected religious self-regulation and low in hostile sexism, while reducing the risk for perpetration in men who are high in identified religious self-regulation and low in hostile sexism. Implications and limitations of the findings are discussed.
Genetic regulation of dentate gyrus morphogenesis.

Abstract The dentate gyrus is one of the small number of forebrain areas that have continued adult neurogenesis. During development the dentate gyrus acquires the capacity for neurogenesis by generating a new neurogenic stem cell niche at the border between the hilus and dentate granule cell layer. This is in distinction to the other prominent zone of continued neurogenesis in the subventricular zone where neurons are born in a structure directly descended from the mid-gestation subventricular zone. The ability to generate this newly formed dentate neurogenic niche is controlled by the action of a number of genes during prenatal and early postnatal development that regulate the fate, survival, migration, expansion, and differentiation of the cellular components of the dentate neurogenic niche. In this review, we provide an updated framework discussing the molecular steps and genes involved in these early stages of dentate gyrus formation. We previously described a molecular framework for dentate gyrus morphogenesis that can be associated with specific gene defects (Li, G., Pleasure, S.J. (2005). Dev. Neurosci., 27, 93–99), and here we add additional recently described molecular players and discuss this framework.
High-Field Behavior of the Density of States of Superconductors with Magnetic Impurities

Meservey and Tedrow1 have performed tunneling experiments between thin superconducting Al and a normal metal in the presence of a magnetic field applied parallel to the surface of the film. At a finite value of magnetic field two peaks in the density of states are observed, one at Δ + µ B H and one at Δ − µ B H. In films thin compared with the penetration depth we may ignore the effect of the magnetic field on the orbits of the electrons. In this limit the Pauli paramagnetic term due to the interaction of the electron spins with the field is very important. The densities of states of the spin-up N ↑(ω) and spin-down N ↓(ω) electrons are obtained from the Green’s function propagators for spin-up and spin-down electrons, G⇈(p,ω n ) and G⇊(p,ω n ), $${{N}^{\alpha }}(\omega )\,=\,\frac{1}{\pi }\int{\frac{{{d}^{3}}p}{{{(2\pi )}^{3}}}}IM{{G}_{\alpha \alpha }}(p,-\,iz)\left| _{z=\,\omega +\,in} \right.$$ (1)
Tailoring cavitation nuclei for biomedical applications

Cavitation, or the creation and oscillation of bubbles, has a pivotal role in a variety of biomedical applications that involve ultrasound. For example, stable oscillating bubbles (stable cavitation) can reversibly permeabilize biological interfaces, including cell membranes and the blood-brain barrier. Bubbles that collapse inertially (inertial cavitation) radiate broadband emissions that can enhance ultrasound-mediated heating and thermal ablation. These cavitation-mediated bioeffects may provide medical benefit provided the location, type, and intensity of cavitation activity can be controlled. Microfluidic devices can be used to produce monodisperse microbubbles coated with viscoelastic shells that promote nonlinear oscillations. Liquid perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions can serve as long-circulating cavitation nuclei capable of extravasating into extravascular tissues. Using these technologies, cavitation nuclei can be tailored to provide a predictable acoustic response in a targeted location, thus providing a desired biological outcome.Cavitation, or the creation and oscillation of bubbles, has a pivotal role in a variety of biomedical applications that involve ultrasound. For example, stable oscillating bubbles (stable cavitation) can reversibly permeabilize biological interfaces, including cell membranes and the blood-brain barrier. Bubbles that collapse inertially (inertial cavitation) radiate broadband emissions that can enhance ultrasound-mediated heating and thermal ablation. These cavitation-mediated bioeffects may provide medical benefit provided the location, type, and intensity of cavitation activity can be controlled. Microfluidic devices can be used to produce monodisperse microbubbles coated with viscoelastic shells that promote nonlinear oscillations. Liquid perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions can serve as long-circulating cavitation nuclei capable of extravasating into extravascular tissues. Using these technologies, cavitation nuclei can be tailored to provide a predictable acoustic response in a targeted location, thus provid...
Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis

Neurons can sustain high rates of synaptic transmission without exhausting their supply of synaptic vesicles. This property relies on a highly efficient local endocytic recycling of synaptic vesicle membranes, which can be reused for hundreds, possibly thousands, of exo-endocytic cycles. Morphological, physiological, molecular, and genetic studies over the last four decades have provided insight into the membrane traffic reactions that govern this recycling and its regulation. These studies have shown that synaptic vesicle endocytosis capitalizes on fundamental and general endocytic mechanisms but also involves neuron-specific adaptations of such mechanisms. Thus, investigations of these processes have advanced not only the field of synaptic transmission but also, more generally, the field of endocytosis. This article summarizes current information on synaptic vesicle endocytosis with an emphasis on the underlying molecular mechanisms and with a special focus on clathrin-mediated endocytosis, the predominant pathway of synaptic vesicle protein internalization.
A Review of the Fourier Transform Near Infrared Spectrometer for the Determination of Non-Metals in Organic Compounds by Atomic Emission from an Atmospheric Pressure Argon Inductively Coupled Plasma

The application of Fourier transform spectroscopy to argon inductively coupled plasma (ICP) atomic emissions of nonmetals, e.g. carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and sulfur, is reported in the spectral region from 15,800 to 10,000 cm-1(633 – 1000 nm). This type of Fourier transform near infrared (FT-NIR) investigation is potentially a very useful technique for the simultaneous monitoring of ICP excited atomic carbon [C(I)] emissions around 10,995 cm-1and 10,632 cm-1(909.5 nm), atomic hydrogen [H(I)] emission at 15,239 cm-1(656.2 nm), and atomic sulfur (S(I)) emissions around 10,855 cm-1(921.2 nm) deriving from organic molecules atomized in the hot ICP. Within the spectral region and reaction conditions used here, the ratio of atomic carbon to atomic hydrogen emission intensity (and got that matter other nonmetallic elements) is measured simultaneously from an interferometric scan. This gives potentially a very important technique for the determination of the chemical formula stoichiometry yet independent of the total number of hydrocarbon molecules originally injected. The technique appears to be capable of stoichiometry evaluating the empirical chemical formula of unknown organic compounds atomized in the ICP.
Photosynthetic Enzyme Regulation by the Ferredoxin/Thioredoxin and the Ferralterin Mechanisms

One type of covalent enzyme modification that has been used in studies on the structure and mechanism of action of enzymes is a change in the oxidation state of a “nonprosthetic” part of the protein, such as a sulfhydryl group. Limited attention has been given to the idea that oxidation-reduction changes may be used to regulate the activation of enzymes in a manner analogous to other types of reversible covalent modification, such as phosphorylation-dephosphorylation and adenylation-deadenylation. We summarize in this report evidence that enzyme regulation due to a reversible oxidation-reduction change is a process fundamental to photosyn-thetic and perhaps to other types of living cells. In this article we will first describe work from our own laboratory that led to the finding of a redox-based regulatory mechanism in photosynthesis; we will then relate these findings to other mechanisms of light-dependent enzyme regulation in chloroplasts, including the recently found ferralterin mechanism.
Effect of vitamin D supplementation on cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes.

Summary Background & aims Whether vitamin D affects lipid profile and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk is controversial. We evaluated the effect of oral daily vitamin D supplementation on lipid profile and CVD risk in patients with well-controlled type 2 diabetes. Methods Secondary analysis in the vitamin D for established type 2 diabetes (DDM2) study, a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. 127 patients (mean age 60 years) with stable (HbA1c ≤ 7.5%) diabetes managed with lifestyle only or lifestyle plus metformin were randomized to receive 4000 IU/day of vitamin D3 (n = 66) or placebo (n = 61) for 48 weeks. Changes in lipid profile (total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides [TG] and TG/HDL ratio), C-reactive protein and CVD risk (calculated according the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association [ACC/AHA] guidelines) were assessed at week 24 and 48. Results The mean [±SEM] plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] level was higher in the vitamin D vs. the placebo group (20.5 ± 1.18 vs. −1.6 ± 1.2 ng/mL respectively; p Conclusion One year supplementation with vitamin D3 at 4000 IU/day did not affect lipid profile, C-reactive protein and CVD risk in patients with stable type 2 diabetes not selected for vitamin D deficiency, with the exception of improvement of TG among patients not on cholesterol medication. Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT01736865 .