cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monitoring head dynamics for driver assistance systems: A multi-perspective approach

A visually demanding driving environment, where elements surrounding a driver are constantly and rapidly changing, requires a driver to make spatially large head turns. Many existing state of the art vision based head pose algorithms, however, still have difficulties in continuously monitoring the head dynamics of a driver. This occurs because, from the perspective of a single camera, spatially large head turns induce self-occlusions of facial features, which are key elements in determining head pose. In this paper, we introduce a shape feature based multi-perspective framework for continuously monitoring the driver's head dynamics. The proposed approach utilizes a distributed camera setup to observe the driver over a wide range of head movements. Using head dynamics and a confidence measure based on symmetry of facial features, a particular perspective is chosen to provide the final head pose estimate. Our analysis on real world driving data shows promising results.
Probing molecular identity of native single potassium channels by overexpression of dominant negative subunits

Overexpression of dominant negative subunits previously has been shown to affect the whole cell delayed-rectifier potassium current (Ikv) in Xenopus spinal neurons. Here, we show that effects of overexpression of wild-type and dominant negative Kv1 channels are evident at the single channel level. The goal of these studies was to match molecular species of Kv subunits to specific, functionally identified single voltage-dependent potassium channels. In a heterologous system (the Xenopus oocyte), co-expression of wild-type and dominant negative mutant Kv1.1 subunits results in loss of active channels rather than channels of altered conductance. However, in situ overexpression studies are difficult to interpret due to the diversity in the control population of channels. Therefore, identification of endogenous channel populations containing Kv1 subunits is limited. Future work will reduce the endogenous diversity of potassium channels by study of single channels in identified subtypes of neurons.
Microwave Measurements and Calculations on Cyclopentadienylrhodium Dicarbonyl, a V10 Hindered Rotor

The microwave rotational spectrum of (η5-C5H5)Rh(CO)2 was measured in the 5−15 GHz range using a Flygare−Balle type spectrometer system. Attempts to fit the spectrum using a rigid-rotor model resulted in large deviations between measured and calculated frequencies and an unreasonably large A rotational constant. A better fit, including more transitions, was obtained using a V10-barrier hindered rotor Hamiltonian, and a much more reasonable A rotational constant was obtained. The barrier height obtained is V10 = 347(13) GHz (0.14 kJ mol-1). The rotational constants are A = 1613(10) MHz, B = 1046.7(7) MHz, and C = 759.7(10) MHz. Quantum-mechanical calculations using the DFT options in Gaussian 94 provided structural parameters in good agreement with measurements and a barrier height V10 = 272 GHz (0.11 kJ mol-1). The calculated structure showed C2-symmetry distortions of the cyclopentadienyl moiety, in agreement with previous X-ray data for Cp*Rh(CO)2. The calculated rotational constants and V10 barrier hei...
Dual diagnosis: substance-related and psychiatric disorders

Although significant strides have been made in the treatment of dually diagnosed patients, integrated treatment still is not offered. Until behavioral health providers can broaden their perspectives and stop focusing on which came first, the mental illness or substance abuse/dependence, they will continue to evade the approach that would serve this challenging patient population most effectively and efficiently. Integration needs to occur not only within the philosophical framework, but also within the clinical interventions used. Treatment modalities that have proved or could prove most effective have been presented. The challenge now is to apply the modalities in an individualized plan of care, meeting the patient at his or her own personal level.
Surface Degradation of Dental Ceramics as a Function of Environmental pH

We tested the hypotheses that glass-ceramic veneers and overglazes degrade by ion exchange in an acidic environment, and that they degrade by breakdown of the silica network in a basic environment. Disk specimens of glass-ceramic veneer and glaze were fabricated and immersed in pH 2, 7, or 10 buffer solutions, for 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, and 30 days. Each specimen was placed in a shaker bath containing de-ionized distilled water at 80°C. Concentrations of Al(3+), Ca(2+), Zn(2+), Li(2+), and Si(4+) were analyzed by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP/AES). Statistical analyses were performed by factorial ANOVA. Significant differences occurred among leached ion concentrations as a function of material type, solution pH, and exposure time. A substantial release of Si occurred at pH 10 over time, leading to a breakdown of the glass phase. At pH 2, dissolution was controlled by an ionic exchange mechanism. We conclude that ceramic veneers and glazes may be susceptible to considerable degradation in low- and high-pH buffer solutions.
Reproducibility of multifocal visual evoked potential and traditional visual evoked potential in normal and multiple sclerosis eyes

Purpose To establish reproducibility of multifocal visual evoked potential (mfVEP) and traditional pattern-reversal VEP (tVEP) in normals and relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS).
The Impact that Hurricane Ivan (September 16, 2004) Made across Dauphin Island, Alabama

Abstract The western eye-wall of Hurricane Ivan (an upper Category 3 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson scale) passed approximately 21 km east of Dauphin Island as it made an early morning landfall on September 16, 2004. The island experienced Category 1 hurricane (Saffir–Simpson scale) force winds and large storm waves. Ivan affected Dauphin Island in a variety of ways because of the island's morphology and proximity to nearby submerged and emergent features. The eastern end of the barrier island experienced diminished storm wave energy as a result of an emergent offshore sand island (Pelican-Sand Island), which is a portion of the shallow submerged Mobile Bay ebb-tidal delta. These offshore features absorbed most of the energy from Ivan's storm waves. The western end of the island, a thin and low-lying portion of the barrier island platform, received the full impact of the hurricane. Beach-derived sand was transported northward across this portion of the island by the action of storm waves that washed over...
Cohesive zone modeling of dynamic failure in homogeneous and functionally graded materials

This work investigates dynamic failure processes in homogeneous and functionally graded materials (FGMs). The failure criterion is incorporated in the cohesive zone model (CZM) using both a finite cohesive strength and work to fracture in the material description. A novel CZM for FGMs is explored and incorporated into a finite element framework. The material gradation is approximated at the element level using a graded element formulation. Examples are provided to verify the numerical approach, and to investigate the influence of material gradation on crack initiation and propagation in Mode-I as well as in mixed-mode fracture problems. The examples include spontaneous rapid crack growth in homogeneous and FGM strips, dynamic crack propagation in actual monolithic and epoxy/glass FGM beams (three-point bending) under impact loading, and mixed-mode crack propagation in pre-cracked steel and graded plates.
The effect of methotrexate on experimental salivary gland neoplasia in rats

Abstract Sixty young adult male Sprague-Dawley rats approximately 90 days old and weighing 250 g were studied for the effect of systemically administered methotrexate upon chemically induced neoplasms of submandibular gland. The animals were divided into four equal experimental groups. Group I and group II animals had pellets of 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene (DMBA) implanted in the right submandibular gland. Group II animals received subcutaneous injections of 1.0 mg sodium methotrexate twice weekly in addition to the carcinogen implants. Groups III and IV animals served as methotrexate and uninjected controls. Methotrexate was found to accelerate the process of chemical carcinogenesis of the rat submandibular gland. The epidermoid carcinomas in the DMBA-plus-methotrexate animals developed within the walls of epidermoid cysts, as in the DMBA animals, but were well established at 10 weeks, while the carcinomas were beginning to develop in the DMBA animals. At 12 weeks the carcinomas in the DMBA-plus-methotrexate animals were considerably larger than in the DMBA group and there was greater invasiveness into the glandular tissue. Systemically administered methotrexate augmented the carcinogenic activity of DMBA implanted in rat salivary gland tissue.
Chronic apocynin treatment attenuates beta amyloid plaque size and microglial number in hAPP(751)(SL) mice.

Background: NADPH oxidase is implicated in neurotoxic microglial activation and the progressive nature of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Here, we test the ability of two NADPH oxidase inhibitors, apocynin and dextromethorphan (DM), to reduce learning deficits and neuropathology in transgenic mice overexpressing human amyloid precursor protein with the Swedish and London mutations (hAPP(751)SL). Methods: Four month old hAPP(751)SL mice were treated daily with saline, 15 mg/kg DM, 7.5 mg/kg DM, or 10 mg/kg apocynin by gavage for four months. Results: Only hAPP(751)SL mice treated with apocynin showed reduced plaque size and a reduction in the number of cortical microglia, when compared to the saline treated group. Analysis of whole brain homogenates from all treatments tested (saline, DM, and apocynin) demonstrated low levels of TNFa, protein nitration, lipid peroxidation, and NADPH oxidase activation, indicating a low level of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in hAPP(751)SL mice at 8 months of age that was not significantly affected by any drug treatment. Despite in vitro analyses demonstrating that apocynin and DM ameliorate Ab-induced extracellular superoxide production and neurotoxicity, both DM and apocynin failed to significantly affect learning and memory tasks or synaptic density in hAPP(751)SL mice. To discern how apocynin was affecting plaque levels (plaque load) and microglial number in vivo, in vitro analysis of microglia was performed, revealing no apocynin effects on beta-amyloid (Ab) phagocytosis, microglial proliferation, or microglial survival. Conclusions: Together, this study suggests that while hAPP(751)SL mice show increases in microglial number and plaque load, they fail to exhibit elevated markers of neuroinflammation consistent with AD at 8 months of age, which may be a limitation of this animal model. Despite absence of clear neuroinflammation, apocynin was still able to reduce both plaque size and microglial number, suggesting that apocynin may have additional therapeutic effects independent of antiinflammatory characteristics.
2H NMR and X-ray diffraction studies of methyl rotation in crystals of ortho-methyldibenzocycloalkanones.

Abstract We have used 2H NMR lineshape analyses and single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) to investigate the effects of molecular structure and crystalline environment on the rotational dynamics of methyl groups in four aromatic cycloalkanones. These include two methyl-substituted anthrones, one anthraquinone and one dibenzosuberone, which are known to undergo excited state H-atom tunneling from the ortho-methyl group to the carbonyl oxygen. With experiments conducted between 100 and 300 K, samples 1,4-dimethylanthrone (DMAT) and 1,4-dimethylanthraquinone (DMAQ) were shown to enter the intermediate exchange regime ( k rot ∼ 1 0 7 s - 1 ) at ca. 120 K while samples of 1,4,10,10-tetramethylanthrone (TMAT) and 1,4-dimethyldibenzosuberone (DMDBS) remained in the fast exchange regime even at ca. 100 K. Single crystal XRD analyses suggest that high intramolecular hindrance is avoided by molecular distortions, and that intermolecular contacts play an important role.
Mycorrhizal fungi in relation to control of tobacco stunt disease with soil fumigants

Abstract Fumigation of soil with 67% methyl bromide-33% chloropicrin (MBC) was more effective than fumigation with 98% methyl bromide-2% chloropicrin (MB) in increasing growth and accelerating maturity of tobacco in three fields in Central Kentucky infested with the tobacco stunt pathogen. However, both fumigants had similar effects on yields. Two fields had more species of endogonaceous fungi and higher populations of endogonaceous spores than the third, in which the disease was more severe. In all three fields, Glomus macrocarpum was prevalent, reproduced on tobacco, and was controlled by fumigation. For plants growing in nonfumigated soil, height at harvest time was correlated negatively with populations of spores of G. macrocarpum , and less strongly with G. microcarpum and Acaulospora scrobiculata . No such correlations occurred with plants growing in fumigated soil. Roots of plants growing in both fumigated and nonfumigated soil were colonized by mycorrhizal fungi throughout the growing season, but by harvest time, roots of plants growing in nonfumigated soil were colonized 10-fold more than those of plants growing in fumigated soil. However, stunting was not correlated with colonization. These experiments generally support inoculation experiments indicating that G. macrocarpum causes tobacco stunt disease.
Genetic aspects of multidrug resistance.

Mammalian cells exposed to a single cytotoxic natural product drug, such as vincristine or dactinomycin, can develop resistance to the selective agent and cross-resistance to a broad spectrum of structurally and functionally distinct antibiotics and alkaloids. This phenomenon, termed multidrug resistance (MDR), has been widely studied experimentally. The most consistent feature of cells with high-level MDR is amplification and overexpression of genes encoding an integral plasma membrane protein known as P-glycoprotein. The MDR genes belong to a small family (two members in humans and three members in mouse and Chinese hamster)
Catalog-library approach for the rapid and sensitive structural elucidation of oligosaccharides.

We obtained the nearly complete structural elucidation of oligosaccharide components, including sequence, linkage, and even stereochemistry in the picomolar levels. The “catalog-library” approach is used for elucidating the structures of minor components in a mixture of oligosaccharides. Oligosaccharides released from a family of glycoproteins are often composed of a small finite set of monosaccharides. In this regard, the numerous oligosaccharide species are analogous to the products found in syntheses involving combinatorial libraries. The great structural diversity in the library is the result of the nearly infinite combinations in which even a small number of monosaccharides can be arranged. Fortunately, structural similarities exist between different oligosaccharides, as specific substructural motifs are preserved among different compounds. We propose that a catalog of substructural motifs can be identified and characterized by collision-induced dissociation mass spectrometry. The catalog is construc...
Characteristic faults and spectral information for logic BIST

We present a new method of built-in-self-test (BIST) for sequential circuits and system-on-a-chip (SOC) using characteristic faults and circuit-specific spectral information in the form of one or more Hadamard coefficients. The Hadamard coefficients are extracted from the test sequences for a small set of characteristic faults of the circuit. By extracting a few characteristic faults from the circuit, we show that detection of these characteristic faults is sufficient in detecting a vast majority of the remaining faults in the circuit. The small number of characteristic faults allows us to reduce the coefficients necessary for BIST. State relaxation is performed on the compacted test sequences to reduce the spectral noise further. Since we are targeting only a very small number of characteristic faults, the execution times for computing the spectra are greatly reduced. Our experimental results show that our new method can achieve high BIST coverage with both lower computational efforts and storage, with very few characteristic faults.
House authorizes billion for SSC

On October 15, 1987, the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Science, Space, and Technology voted favorably on H.R. 3228, a bill authorizing $1.079 billion over the next 3 fiscal years (FY) for the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) proposed by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). The bill authorizes $10 million to be spent in FY 1988 on siting and construction. Site proposals from 26 states are currently under review by DOE and the National Academy of Sciences. Before the committee approved the authorization, Don Ritter (R-Pa.) introduced numerous amendments to the bill. The intent of the measures was to delay complete funding for the project until careful and objective site selection and partial funding of the SSC from other countries could be assured. All of the amendments were voted down.
Optical diffusion property of chicken tissue

Chicken tissue acts as a turbid medium in optical wavelength. Optical characterization data of fresh chicken dark and white meat were studied using the theory of light diffusion. The gaussian-like transmission profile was used to determine the transport mean free path and absorption. The refractive index, a fundamental parameter, was extracted via transmission correlation function analysis without using index-matching fluid. The variation in refractive index also produced various small shifts in the oscillatory feature of the intensity spatial correlation function at distance shorter than the transport mean free path. The optical system was calibrated with porous silicate slabs containing different water contents and also with a solid alumina slab. The result suggested that the selective scattering/absorption of myoglobin and mitochondria in the dark tissues is consistent with the transmission data. The refractive index was similar for dark and white tissues at the He-Ne wavelength and suggested that the index could serve as a marker for quality control. Application to chicken lunchmeat samples revealed that higher protein and lower carbohydrate would shift the correlation toward smaller distance. The pure fat refractive index was different from that of the meat tissue. Application of refractive index as a fat marker is also discussed
Preliminary evaluation of in vitro prescreen assays for developmental toxicants based on cultured murine preimplantation embryos and a cell line developed from a bovine preimplantation embryo.

Abstract The purpose of this research was to evaluate in vitro assays and compare their efficiency in accurate prediction of the potential of chemicals to cause abnormal embryonic/foetal development. In vitro assays were based on cultured murine preimplantation embryos and a continuous cell line derived from a bovine preimplantation embryo. Preimplantation embryos collected from superovulated mice were cultured for 72 hr in the presence of 10-fold dilutions of coded compounds. In vitro embryonic development was considered normal if the embryos hatched from the zona pellucida (with normal-appearing inner cell mass and trophoblast cells) and attached to the culture plate at the end of the culture period. The embryonic cells were seeded in 96-well plates, cultured for 24 hr in control media, exposed to 10- and twofold dilutions of test compounds for 72 hr, and finally were stained and counted. The inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) and lethal concentration (LC 50 ) were the concentrations (m m ) that decreased embryonic development or cell viability by 50%, and were calculated for three model compounds and 10–12 coded compounds (known developmental toxicants and non-toxicants). The concordance between in vivo animal developmental toxicity data and the murine and bovine assays was 83 and 87%, respectively. These accuracies are similar to those of other available assays, and the bovine assay has the added advantage of being simple to perform and economical (about US$100 per assay).
Heterobimetallic pyrazolato complexes: The syntheses and crystal structures of cis-(PPh3)2ClPtII(3,5-Ph2pz), cis-(PPh3)2BrPtII(μ-3,5-Ph2pz)CuICl, cis-(PPh3)2ClPtII(μ-3,5-Ph2pz)AgICl and cis-(PPh3)2BrPtII(μ-3,5-Ph2-4-Br-pz)AuIBr (pz=pyrazolato anion)

Abstract The mononuclear complex cis-(PPh3)2ClPt(3,5-Ph2pz), is formed from the reaction of cis-(PPh3)2PtCl2 and Na[3,5- Ph2pz]. This metalloligand can form adducts with all three Group 11 MI halides. Three such heterobimetallic complexes, Pt/Cu, Pt/Ag and Pt/Au, as well as the Pt starting material, have been characterized by single crystal X-ray analysis. A rational synthesis for all complexes is given by cis-(PPh3)2ClPt(3,5-Ph2pz)·Et2O (1): C55H51ClN2OP2Pt, monoclinic, P21/n (No. 14), a=11.120(2), b=24.438(6), c=18.125(3) A, β=99.50(1)°, V= 4858(2) A3, Z=4, R= 0.061. For cis-(PPh3)2BrPt(μ-3,5-Ph2pz)CuCl·Et2O (2): C55H51BrClCuN2P2Pt, orthorhombic, Pc21n (No. 33), a=10.721(3), b=15.757(4), c=30.263(8) A, V=5112(2) A3, Z=4, R=0.051. For cis-(PPh3)2- ClPt(μ-3,5-Ph2pz)AgCl·Et2O (3): C55H51AgCl2N2OP2Pt, monoclinic, P21/c (No. 14), a=21.948(4), b=11.946(3), c=36.733(5) A, β=96.76(1)°, V=9564(1) A3, Z=8, R=0.063. For cis-(PPh3)2BrPt(μ-3,5-Ph2-4-Br-pz)- AuBr·2thf (4): C59H57AuBr3N2O2P2Pt, triclinic, P 1 (No. 2), a=10.456(2),b =12.301(3), c=24.058(5) A, α= 77.66(2)°, β=89.18(2)°, γ=67.42(2)°, V=2783(1) A3, Z=2, R=0.060. The structures of the heterobimetallic units are bridged by single 3,5-diphenylpyrazolato ligands. The Pt···MI distances average 3.37 A.
Evaluations and Considerations for Self-Assembled Monolayer Field-Effect Transistors

We elucidate the key chemical and physical requirements necessary for the future successful design and fabrication of molecular field-effect devices. We show that the molecular assembly, device fabrication, and electrical measurements of reported self-assembled monolayer field-effect transistors (SAMFETs) cannot be reproduced. Carrier tunneling and device electrostatics place minimum molecular lengths of L > 2.5−3 nm and minimum gate dielectric thickness tdielectric ≲ L/1.5 for such devices. In conflict with reported SAMFET device characteristics, for the values of L and tdielectric in these structures, it is fundamentally impossible to either turn the devices off or to obtain a significant field-effect. Synthesis, assembly, and characterization of functionalized molecular systems and fabrication and characterization of appropriately scaled device structures may enable the successful preparation of a molecular field-effect transistor.
Nasal Reconstruction: A Simplified Approach Based on 419 Operated Cases.

The purpose of this review is to examine a single surgeon’s 10-year experience with nose defects and offer a simplified approach for nasal reconstruction to close most nasal defects following Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS). A retrospective chart review was performed on patients undergoing repair of MMS defects of the nose over a 10-year period. Data collected included patients’ age and sex, anatomic location of the defect, type of reconstruction, and number of operations required. A total of 419 patients were included in this study. The most common location for nasal reconstruction was the nasal dorsum and sidewalls (66.35 %). Complications mainly related to reconstruction of defects of the tip ± ala (n = 31), followed by the ala (n = 15) and the dorsum and sidewalls (n = 13). Bulkiness of the flap used (n = 32) and hypertrophic scar (n = 13) were the most common complications. The bilobed flap was the most commonly used flap (n = 145), followed by nasolabial flap (n = 69), FTSGs (n = 63), forehead flap (n = 62), and dorsal glabellar flap (n = 44). In this article, a simplified approach for nasal defects reconstruction is presented, which is based on commonly performed local flaps and skin grafting. This algorithm can be useful for the novice plastic surgeons in planning a reconstructive strategy that will be efficient, easy to perform, and produces an acceptable esthetic and functional outcome. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors http://www.springer.com/00266 .
Intimate Violence Against Women: Trajectories for Pastoral Care in a New Millennium

This article reviews progress made in the theory and practice of pastoral care and counseling with regard to the issue of intimate violence against women since the 1970’s. It includes a comprehensive survey of sociological, psychological, and pastoral literature, and a summary of research on teaching about domestic violence in mainline Protestant seminaries. Social and theological themes, including gender, power, and social and political context, and the challenges of justice-making are traced historically. The article concludes with new recommendations for churches, pastoral caregivers, counselors, and theologians.
The LES-ODT Model for Turbulent Premixed Flames

The LES-ODT model is implemented for the study of twin turbulent premixed flames in decaying homogeneous isotropic turbulence. The approach is based on a coupling of large eddy simulation (LES) for mass and momentum with a fixed 3D lattice of 1D fine -grained solutions based on the one-dimensional turbulence (ODT) model. The ODT solutions for momentum and reactive scalars are designed to capture subgrid scale physics that is not captured in LES. The implementation, while limited to a simple model of turbulence in a box, illustrates the LES-ODT model capability to capture the coarse-grained (LES-based) topology and structure of the statistically planar premixed flames. The LES -ODT formulation is also capable of capturing important fine -scale processes, such as flame -flame interactions, which play an important rol e in flame shortening in turbulent premixed flames.
Jamaican tourism and the politics of enjoyment

Critical approaches to tourism, united by a refusal to conceptualize tourism as mere enjoyment, illustrate how Third World tourism typically involves labor exploitation, unequal gender relations, cultural destruction, and environmental degradation. Researchers presuppose, however, that enjoyment is an innocent and self-evident psychological phenomenon underpinned by and opposed to worthier objects of inquiry such as exploitation, domination, and discrimination by virtue of their politically serious, conceptually profound, and empirically complex properties. These critical approaches, however, are not critical insofar as they tacitly assume that the phenomenon of enjoyment is just enjoyment: easily enjoyed and unrelated to the problems of tourism. The main thesis of this paper is that a thorough theoretical conceptualization of enjoyment is necessary for any analysis of tourism to be sufficiently rigorous. The psychoanalytic concepts of Jacques Lacan and the work of Slavoj Žižek offer an unparalleled theoretical vocabulary with which to investigate the subjective, material, embodied, discursive, and enacted dimensions of enjoyment in tourism. The paper elaborates what I call a politics of enjoyment using key psychoanalytic ideas that include jouissance, the pleasure principle, the Other, and fantasy to critically explicate the contradictions, antagonisms, and impasses that (de)structure Jamaica's “One Love” and “No Problem” tourism product located on a Caribbean island renowned for beach bliss and civil unrest.
Boundary integral equation methods for steady-state optimal control problems

Abstract The necessary conditions for optimality of a steady-state optimal control problem are first derived by using calculus of variations. Two model control problems from continuum mechanics are then investigated by discretizing the optimality conditions in space via the boundary integral equation methods and by minimizing the performance index via the conjugate gradient methods of optimization.
Beyond innovation: the Small Business Innovation Research program as entrepreneurship policy

Entrepreneurship or new firm formation plays an increasingly important role in knowledge-based economic development. Public policy to encourage new firm formation has not focused on high quality, high potential firms, and the search for entrepreneurship policy with high economic impact is still needed. This research evaluates the efficacy of the US Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program from the perspective of promoting high technology entrepreneurship. In particular, we examine whether the local presence of SBIR awards is associated with increased new firm formation rates in the high technology sector. Although the primary objective of SBIR is to facilitate technological commercialization in small businesses, our policy analysis based on spatial multivariate methods suggests that this program may also serve as an effective entrepreneurship policy.
FtsZ in Bacterial Cytokinesis: Cytoskeleton and Force Generator All in One

FtsZ, a bacterial homolog of tubulin, is well established as forming the cytoskeletal framework for the cytokinetic ring. Recent work has shown that purified FtsZ, in the absence of any other division proteins, can assemble Z rings when incorporated inside tubular liposomes. Moreover, these artificial Z rings can generate a constriction force, demonstrating that FtsZ is its own force generator. Here we review light microscope observations of how Z rings assemble in bacteria. Assembly begins with long-pitch helices that condense into the Z ring. Once formed, the Z ring can transition to short-pitch helices that are suggestive of its structure. FtsZ assembles in vitro into short protofilaments that are ∼30 subunits long. We present models for how these protofilaments might be further assembled into the Z ring. We discuss recent experiments on assembly dynamics of FtsZ in vitro, with particular attention to how two regulatory proteins, SulA and MinC, inhibit assembly. Recent efforts to develop antibacterial drugs that target FtsZ are reviewed. Finally, we discuss evidence of how FtsZ generates a constriction force: by protofilament bending into a curved conformation.
Simulation for close air support

Close Air Support (CAS) is the use of air power in close proximity to friendly forces against enemy combatants. CAS requires precise and detailed communication between the personnel on the ground and the air vehicles. To be useful, a network simulation should be a superposition on the planning simulations for these activities. In a CAS mission, all of the above activities are critical. A hypothetical CAS mission is modeled as an "as is" solution with stove-piped communications and a "to be" network enabled solution. A co-simulation laboratory using OPNET with SITL (SYSTEM in the Loop, cosim, JFORCES (Joint Force Operational Readiness Combat Effectiveness Simulator), and JSAF (Joint Semi-Automated Forces) simulation system is described.
Acute Bacterial Sinusitis

A 43-year-old man has a two-week history of nasal congestion, postnasal drip, and fatigue. He has used an over-the-counter nasal decongestant and acetaminophen, without relief. During the past few days, facial pain and pressure have developed and have not responded to decongestants. In addition, his nasal discharge has turned from clear to yellow. How should he be treated?
Position Taking and Cosponsorship in the U.S. House

Bill cosponsorship has become an important part of the legislative and electoral process in the modern House of Representatives. Using interviews with congressional members and staff, I explain the role of cosponsorship as a signal to agenda setters and a form of position taking for constituents. Regression analysis confirms that cosponsoring varies with a member's electoral circumstances, institutional position, and state size, but generally members have adapted slowly to the introduction of cosponsorship to the rules and practice of the House.
DFT Calculations for Intermediate and Active States of the Diiron Center with a Tryptophan or Tyrosine Radical in Escherichia coli Ribonucleotide Reductase

Class Ia ribonucleotide reductase subunit R2 contains a diiron active site. In this paper, active-site models for the intermediate X-Trp48(•+) and X-Tyr122(•), the active Fe(III)Fe(III)-Tyr122(•), and the met Fe(III)Fe(III) states of Escherichia coli R2 are studied, using broken-symmetry density functional theory incorporated with the conductor-like screening solvation model. Different structural isomers and different protonation states have been explored. Calculated geometric, energetic, Mossbauer, hyperfine, and redox properties are compared with available experimental data. Feasible detailed structures of these intermediate and active states are proposed. Asp84 and Trp48 are most likely the main contributing residues to the result that the transient Fe(IV)Fe(IV) state is not observed in wild-type class Ia E. coli R2. Asp84 is proposed to serve as a proton-transfer conduit between the diiron cluster and Tyr122 in both the tyrosine radical activation pathway and the first steps of the catalytic proton-coupled electron-transfer pathway. Proton-coupled and simple redox potential calculations show that the kinetic control of proton transfer to Tyr122(•) plays a critical role in preventing reduction from the active Fe(III)Fe(III)-Tyr122(•) state to the met state, which is potentially the reason why Tyr122(•) in the active state can be stable over a very long period.
Index-of-refraction change in optically pumped solid-state laser materials.

Degenerate four-wave mixing measurements were made on several Nd3+-doped laser materials by resonantly pumping the Nd3+ ions. The dominant contribution to the signal under these conditions is associated with the difference in polarizabilities of the Nd3+ ions in the metastable state versus the ground state. Absolute measurements of the signal strengths imply a laser-induced polarizability change of the order of 0.01–0.05 A3. The results indicate that, for the case of a single-shot laser amplifier system, the beam distortion induced by this population-induced change in the refractive index is comparable with the distortion arising from thermal effects.
Risking the qualitative study of risk

The topic of risk has received extensive coverage in recent years. Hundreds of articles and numerous books have dealt with risk in occupations, safety, medicine, public health, and environmental pollution. However, in qualitative studies the subjective assessment of risk in everyday life have been badly neglected. Some of the reasons for this neglect, and its consequences for risk research, have been outlined in this paper.
Inoculation against malware infection using kernel-level software sensors

We present a technique for dynamic malware detection that relies on a set of sensors that monitor the interaction of applications with the underlying operating system. By monitoring the requests that each process makes to kernel-level operating system functions, we build a statistical model that describes both clean and infected systems in terms of the distribution of data collected from each sensor. The model parameters are learned from labeled training data gathered from machines infected with canonical samples of malware. We present a technique for detecting malware using the Neyman-Pearson test from classical detection theory. This technique classifies a system as either clean or infected at runtime as measurements are collected from the sensors. We provide experimental results that illustrate the effectiveness of this technique for a selection of malware samples. Additionally, we provide a performance analysis of our sensing and detection techniques in terms of the overhead they introduce to the system. Finally, we show this method to be effective in detecting previously unknown malware when trained to detect similar malware under similar load conditions.
Dephasing in a quantum pump

We study how dephasing affects the distribution of the dc current pumped through a chaotic quantum dot. We introduce dephasing by the addition of a voltage probe to the quantum dot, treating both the case of controlled dephasing (when the voltage probe is coupled to the dot via a ballistic point contact with a conductance that is increased stepwise) and intrinsic dephasing (for which the voltage probe serves as a phenomel-ogical model). While dephasing eventually suppresses the dc current through the dot, we also find that, for a quantum dot with single-mode point contacts, a small amount of dephasing actually decreases the likelihood of a zero pumped current.
Evaluation of electrode binder pitch by mass spectrometry

Abstract Mass spectrometric data for the ratio of unsubstituted to alkyl-substituted aromatics in electrode binder pitches of coke-oven origin correlate with the pitch quality index and an overall ranking of the pitches based on numerous tests. The importance of several structural parameters (based on mass spectrometric data) in determining the suitability of binder pitch was investigated. This method of judging electrode binder pitches could provide a rapid screening for quality, eliminating many of the physical tests and chemical analyses now used.
Reactions of chlorosilanes with formaldehyde—II reaction of silicon tetrachloride with formaldehyde over alumina

Abstract Passage of a mixture of silicon tetrachloride and formaldehyde over activated alumina at 400°C gave principally hydrogen chloride, methyl chloride, and chlorosiloxanes or silica, plus small amounts of methylene chloride. Chlorosilanes, which had been reported to be the product of the reaction of silicon tetrachloride with decomposing formaldehyde over activated alumina, were not obtained. Chloromethoxytrichlorosilane, ClCH2OSiCl3, may well have been an intermediate product in the present reaction because passage of its vapour over alumina at 200°C gave the same products (hydrogen chloride, methyl chloride, methylene chloride, silicon tetrachloride, and a nonvolatile material with an empirical composition (Cl2SiO) in the same proportions.
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Treatment, and Survivorship

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality not only in the United States but also around the world. In North America, lung cancer has become more predominant among former than current smokers. Yet in some countries, such as China, which has experienced a dramatic increase in the cigarette smoking rate during the past 2 decades, a peak in lung cancer incidence is still expected. Approximately two-thirds of adult Chinese men are smokers, representing one-third of all smokers worldwide. Non-small cell lung cancer accounts for 85% of all lung cancer cases in the United States. After the initial diagnosis, accurate staging of non-small cell lung cancer using computed tomography or positron emission tomography is crucial for determining appropriate therapy. When feasible, surgical resection remains the single most consistent and successful option for cure. However, close to 70% of patients with lung cancer present with locally advanced or metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis. Chemotherapy is beneficial for patients with metastatic disease, and the administration of concurrent chemotherapy and radiation is indicated for stage III lung cancer. The introduction of angiogenesis, epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors, and other new anticancer agents is changing the present and future of this disease and will certainly increase the number of lung cancer survivors. We identified studies for this review by searching the MEDLINE and PubMed databases for English-language articles published from January 1, 1980, through January 31, 2008. Key terms used for this search included non-small cell lung cancer, adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, bronchioalveolar cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, lung cancer epidemiology, genetics, survivorship, surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, bevacizumab, erlotinib, and epidermal growth factor receptor.
Zonal Schrödinger operators on the n-sphere : inverse spectral problem and rigidity

We study the Direct and Inverse Spectral Problems for a class of Schrodinger operatorsH=−Δ+V onSn withzonal (axisymmetric) potentials. Spectrum ofH is known to consist of clusters of eigenvalues {λkm=k(k+n-1)+μkm:m≦k}. The main result of the work is to derive asymptotic expansion of spectral shifts {μkm} in powers ofk−1, and to link coefficients of the expansion to certain transforms ofV. As a corollary we solve the Inverse Problem, get explicit formulae for the Weinsteinband-invariants of cluster distribution measures, and establishlocal spectral rigidity for zonal potential. The latter provides a partial answer to a long standing Spectral Rigidity Hypothesis of V. Guillemin.
Dynamic estimation of the relationship between trade openness and output growth in Asia

Abstract This paper studies the relationship between trade openness and output growth for a sample of twenty-three Asian countries using both a static OLS and a dynamic ECM estimation models. At the country specific level, the findings of this study provide robust empirical evidence indicating that higher revealed trade openness is not the main engine explaining the Asian economic-growth miracle. In particular, the authors find that physical capital accumulation is at the core of the observed long-run output per worker growth. At the regional level, the authors observe a marked difference between the pre and post 1997–1998 financial crisis, whereas, in the post period, trade openness has a positive and significant effect on output growth. In general, the results from the dynamic estimations prove that the conventional OLS static estimates underestimate the effect of investment on output growth. In addition, the dynamic model allows for a separation of gains from trade between short term and long term. The paper results also provide evidence in support of the idea that, countries with a growing degree of trade openness may experience faster per-capita output growth through gains in productivity associated to capital accumulation, rather than the assumed technological spillover effects from the trading sector. Again, at the regional level in the post financial crisis period both short term and long term gains from trade are relevant to growth. Why more trade does not necessarily imply faster growth at all levels of revealed trade openness growth, remains a conundrum.
Numerical Study of Staged Fuel Injection for Supersonic Combustion

A parametric study of staged (multiple) perpendicular fuel injector configurations has been conducted using a computer code that solves the two-dimensional elliptic Navier-Stokes equations. The program computes the turbulent mixing and reaction of hydrogen fuel and air and allows the study of separated regions of the flow immediately preceding and following the injectors. The validity of the code is demonstrated in a cold flow helium injection study with a single injector. Results are presented that describe the flowfield near opposing staged injectors over a range of parameters. Parameters that are varied include injector size, fuel split, and distance between injectors. Comparisons of the configurations are made to assess their mixing and potential flameholding qualities.
Watermark algorithm based on chaotic encryption and contourlet domain

For the limitation of the wavelet transform in two-dimensional image, a block energy analysis contourlet domain digital watermarking algorithm is proposed. This algorithm is mainly from contourlet factor analysis of the energy preceding It firstly decompose the original image by contourlet, and choose the low-frequency sub-band decomposed image as a watermark embedding sub-band, and then makes the low-frequency sub-band for non-overlapping sub-blocks, at the same time calculates each sub-block coefficients respectively. In selecting a large block of energy to embed the encrypted watermark scrambling, and then through the inversing transform of contourlet, the watermarked image is received. These results prove that: the digital watermark embedding algorithm has a good visual effect, and it also has a good robustness of common image processing and geometric attacks.
Interrogating unsupported lipid bilayers with scanning confocal single-molecule fluorescence microscopy

We describe the use of scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy to probe the structure and temporal dynamics of unsupported planar lipid bilayer membranes. At high fluorescent label concentration, the shape and stability of the membranes are evaluated with submicron spatial resolution. At low label concentration, we observe individual molecules moving into and out of the confocal laser beam in real time. Lipid diffusion coefficients are measured via fluctuation correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and indicate nominal values of (0.1 +/- 0.2) X 10-7 cm2/sec homogeneously distributed over the central portion of the bilayer. We also compare the real-time single-molecule fluorescence signatures to simulated photon emission patterns generated by a 2D random-walk model. Interestingly, analysis of the interval between fluorescence events suggests the presence of a diffusion bias that can be explained by a weak optical trapping mechanism. The trap causes labeled lipids to return to the confocal detection region more frequently than pure Einsteinian diffusion predicts.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
ANEUPLOIDY IN CLAYTONIA VIRGINICA

ROTHWELL, NORMAN V. (Long Island U., Brooklyn, N. Y.) Aneuploidy in Claytonia virginica. Amer. Jour. Bot. 46(5): 353-360. Illus. 1959.-Within the taxon, Claytonia virginica L., an extensive aneuploid series has been found including the following chromosome numbers: 2n = 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 48, and 72. Studies revealed that a population could be composed of individuals differing in chromosome number. Pollen fertility appears to be high in natural populations and in plants showing meiotic irregularities. Different karyotypes were found within the taxon; plants having the same chromosome number may have different karyotypes. Hybrids have been obtained as the result of crossing plants differing both in number and karyotype. From all the evidence, C. virginica appears to be able to tolerate transitions from one cytological type to another. The hypothesis is proposed that most of the various numbers have been derived from a haploid complement of 8 chromosomes possessing median centromeres. The following factors are suggested to account for the origin of the different numbers: nondisjunction, univalent lagging, misdivision of univalents, polyploidy, and