cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cosmetic Dermatology: No Apologies, a Few Regrets

While I agree with the need for discussion on the ethical aspects of cosmetic dermatologic surgery, I would not argue that the main reason to hold such a discussion is to dispel the notion that this branch of our specialty is somehow tainted, frivolous, and immoral. Rather, I would hope to make the argument that the specialty has a primary responsibility to the public and organized medicine to oversee the diagnosis and treatment of conditions pertaining to the skin, including those aspects that may relate to the appearance as well as the health of the skin. The human history of obsession with appearance did not begin with the carbon dioxide laser. The public will continue to avail itself of any and all technologies that may enhance appearance. Naturally, they will turn to us as the masters of diagnosis, treatment, and the science of the skin. What then is our role in the quest for improved appearance? Specifically, Ringel asks, “What is the ethical justification for getting involved in the treatment of aging skin?” Not to what end, asks Ringel, but by what right? Ringel argues that cosmetic dermatology uses false logic and even more questionable ethical grounds to justify and promote the treatment of aging skin. She opines that (1) aging is not an illness, (2) aging is not a mental illness, and (3) cosmetic surgery is based on a contractual (not a professional) model aimed only at promoting patient satisfaction irrespective of patient health. Underlying Ringel’s arguments as a whole is the premise that cosmetic surgery somehow condones and promotes ageism. I would like to respond to each objection in turn. AGING IS NOT AN ILLNESS, BUT PHOTOAGING IS A PATHOLOGICAL CONDITION
Whatever Happened to the Cephalic Index? The Reality of Race and the Burden of Proof

This article examines the work of anthropologist Franz Boas who, in the early twentieth century, argued against the existence of the stability of the cephalic index, a measure of head shape, and its relation to the mental and moral capacities of human races. The article claims that Boas successfully shifted the burden of proof to his opponents and set the stage for the scientific rejection of belief in innate racial differences in intelligence. The article urges rhetorical scholars to attend to the notions of burden of proof and presumption in scientific controversies over neurological differences.
Blocking of endogenous nitric oxide increases white blood cell accumulation in rat lung.

Abstract Background/Purpose Nitric oxide (NO) is a known selective dilator of the pulmonary vascular tree. There also is evidence that it plays a role in diminishing neutrophil adherence to vascular endothelial cells. An understanding of these effects of NO on the pulmonary microcirculation is essential to our understanding of its mechanisms of action as well as its potential as a therapeutic agent to reduce neutrophil sequestration and subsequent lung injury and inflammation from a variety of conditions. This study examines the direct effects of inhibition of endogenous NO synthesis with the l-arginine analog, Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) on neutrophil accumulation within the lung. Methods Lung samples from 2 groups of rats (n = 14 for each study group) were studied. One group was given an intravenous infusion of l-NAME, and the other received normal saline (NS), at 2 mg/kg/min for 1 hour. The accumulation of neutrophils within the lungs was assessed quantitatively by myeloperoxidase (MPO) assay as well as by microscopic examination by a pathologist blinded to the 2 groups. Results The l-NAME group showed increased MPO activity in the lung compared with the NS group (mean MPO/mean bicinchoninic acid [BCA]: 43.46 ± 3.10 U/μg v 23.58 ± 2.48 U/μg; mean MPO/g wet lung [gwl]: 57.60 ± 5.98 U/gwl v 27.10 ± 3.84 U/gwl, mean ± SEM; P Conclusions These data indicate that the inhibition of endogenous NO has a direct effect of increasing neutrophil sequestration in the pulmonary vasculature and alveoli. This suggests that endogenous NO plays a critical role in the control of neutrophil-endothelial cell interactions in the lung.
Theoretical and practical approach to the selection of asphaltene dispersing agents

Abstract To evaluate the interaction forces between asphaltenes and amphiphilic compounds influencing the colloid stability of crude oils during the production, transport and processing, the cohesion energy parameters according to Hansen are used. Calculating the cohesion energy parameters of different homologous series, it was found that a stabilising effect can be expected if the dispersion interactions of amphiphilic compounds correspond with that of asphaltenes and the hydrogen bonds are in the region of 10 [MJ m−3]0.5. Flocculation point determination and thermogravimetric analysis were used to verify this experimentally.
EXPERIMENTS WITH A STRATOSPHERIC GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL III. LARGE-SCALE DIFFUSION OF OZONE INCLUDING PHOTOCHEMISTRY

Abstract As a continuation of the previous experiments in this series, the 18-vertical-level general circulation model was used to investigate the large-scale diffusion of a further two tracers in the stratosphere. In the present experiment both tracers were initiated as photochemical ozone distributions, one distribution being based on photochemistry in an oxygen-only atmosphere, the other on photochemistry in an oxygen-hydrogen atmosphere. Photochemistry was included in the subsequent diffusion so that a joint photochemical-dynamical study resulted. The diffusion process was followed for 185 model days when the experiment was terminated, even though the tracer distributions had not attained a steady state. Despite this, substantial qualitative agreement was obtained with observation, particularly as regards the accumulation of ozone in the lower stratosphere at extratropical latitudes. The results also suggest that photochemistry for an oxygen-hydrogen atmosphere may be the more applicable to the actual...
Long time evolution of quantum averages near stationary points

Abstract We construct explicit expressions for quantum averages in coherent states for a Hamiltonian of degree 4 with a hyperbolic stagnation point. These expressions are valid for all times and “collapse” (i.e., become infinite) along a discrete sequence of times. We compute quantum corrections compared to classical expressions. These corrections become significant over a time period of order C log 1 ℏ .
Dielectric strength of insulating liquids in a continuously circulating system

THE electrical properties of liquid dielectrics have been studied by theoretical and experimental physicists for a long time. Of the various properties one of the most important, and probably the least understood, is the mechanism of electrical breakdown. To become acquainted with the voluminous literature in this field one must read not only monographs1–4 but also more recent important summaries and experimental contributions.5–13 One of the important concepts in the past has been that breakdown is initiated by ionization in gas bubbles thrown out of solution or suspension in the liquid. As a new experimental approach to this problem we set up a closed system in which the liquid could be continuously circulated through the dielectric strength cell with filters, dryers, and a degasifier in series in the system so that solid particles, moisture, and dissolved gas could be removed.
Salt marsh productivity with natural and altered tidal circulation.

The effects of altered tidal circulation on southern California salt marshes are investigated by comparing a well-flushed wetland and two modified wetlands which have reduced tidal flow. The Tijuana Estuary had continuous exchange of seawater but relatively low net aerial primary productivity (0.4–1.0 kg m-2yr-1) of vascular plants. Low productivity (0.6 kg m-2yr-1) was also found in the Flood Control Channel of the San Diego River, where tidal exchange was restricted to flow through a riprap dike. High productivity (1.2–2.9 kg m-2yr-1) in Los Penasquitos Lagoon was attributed to the influences of freshwater impounded behind a sand bar which blocked the mouth of the lagoon during much of the study period. It is hypothesized that elimination of tidal flow during the growing season increased primary productivity of vascular plants because freshwater runoff decreased soil salinity and because nutrients were retained within the marsh. However, we predict that sand bar obstruction can decrease productivity if below-average rainfall leads to hypersalinity of closed lagoons. Comprehensive evaluation of the effects of altered tidal circulation requires longterm study and examination of the total ecosystem.
Human action and the Humean universe

Dans le cadre du debat metaphysique sur l'externalisme, l'internalisme, la causalite et les lois scientifiques, l'A. se propose de refuter les arguments developpes par MacIntyre et Winch contre l'univers humeen caracterise par la connexion externe de ses proprietes ontologiques. Examinant les notions de croyance, desir, action humaine, propriete simple et propriete complexe, d'une part, et la difference entre les dispositions, les explications dispositionnelles et les explications legales, d'autre part, l'A. montre que les actions humaines et leur explication par la croyance ou la raison sont compatibles avec l'univers humeen, ce qui autorise les sciences humaines a chercher des explications du comportement humain du cote de la biologie
The role of escape-motivated behavior in aversive conditioning in rats and gerbils

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate whether rat-gerbil differences in performance in aversive conditioning tasks are due primarily to species differences in exploratory tendencies or whether such performance differences might be attributable to species-specific escape tendencies. In Experiment 1 both species were given the opportunity to leave an area previously learned to be “safe” (platform in a step-down passive avoidance situation), and in Experiment 2 they had the opportunity to leave an area associated with aversive stimulation but lacking a safe region. In both of these situations, while gerbils left faster than rats, the performance of shocked gerbils relative to unshocked controls indicated that their exit behavior was not primarily escape-motivated, as appeared to be the case with rats. The results were interpreted as supporting the view that speciesdifferences in behavior in aversive conditioning tasks are attributable to a stronger exploratory tendency in gerbils as compared to rats.
Automated solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of ranitidine from urine, plasma and peritoneal dialysate

Abstract Ranitidine is an H 2 -receptor antagonist primarily used to treat peptic ulcer. The present automated solid-phase extraction technique involves sorbent conditioning of a cyano (CN) cartridge with 0.5 ml of methanol and 1.0 ml of extraction buffer (0.005 M phosphate, pH 9). Plasma samples were applied by passing 1.0 ml of plasma through the cartridge and subsequently washing with 2 ml of the extraction buffer. Appropriate larger volumes of dialysate were used to concentrate ranitidine onto the cartridge so that the amount eluted was increased to within detectable limits. Urine samples were deluted with distilled water to decrease the ranitidine concentration to within the range of the standard curve. The high-performance liquid chromatographic method (mobile phase 88–89% of 0.02 M phosphate buffer pH 3 and 11–12% of methanol; Spherisorb phenyl cartridge column, 10 cm X 0.46 cm I.D., 5 μm particle diameter, flow-rate 1.1 ml/min; detection at 228 nm) is sensitive to 2 ng/ml in 1 ml of sample. The internal standard of choice was determined to be n -propionylprocainamide as compared to cimetidine and lidocaine. The method was cost-efficient, rapid and simple due to the automated sample processing. The coefficient of variation on replicate assays was less than 10% over all concentrations studied. Recoveries were between 97 and 110%, and the method was linear over the range 1.90–687.20 with a mean correlation coefficient of 0.999.
A model study of gas diffusion in alveolar sacs.

Abstract Models of alveolar sacs with individual alveoli attached have been studied for their diffusion properties Radial as well as axial diffusion are considered. The axisymmetric diffusion equation is solved numerically by finite element method. Paramciric studies are made to determine the effects of the individual alveoli on the equilibrium time. For the models used, the results differ by about 70%. The diffusion equilibrium time for an interface 0.48 cm away from the terminal alveolar wall is between 2.4 and 3.1 sec, for the models used, which are likely to be lower estimates than the real case. Based on these numbers and arguments, it is felt that the stratification of alveolar air during quiet breathing is a definite possibility.
Charge Screening and Space Dimension

We consider two static “charges” interacting through the exchange of massless boson “photon” and study the screening which arises when the medium, into which the system is placed, gives a non-vanishing effective mass to the boson. We investigate how the functional form of screening depends on the space dimensions of the problem using a generalized Debye-Huckel formalism and calculate, in particular, the screened form of the linearly rising potential in a three dimensional space.
From Jazz to Swing: African-American Jazz Musicians and Their Music, 1890-1935

In the 1920s, many black regional jazz bands were recorded and became products of the entertainment industry, which was altering the face of America from the handmade, homemade, homemade society of the ninteenth century to the mass-produced, mass-consumed technological culture of the twentieth century. Making use of the files of African American newspapers, such as the "Chicago Defender," as well as published and archival oral history interviews, Hennessey explores the contradictions that musicians often faced as African Americans, as trained professional musicians, and as the products of differing regional experiences. From Jazz to Swing follows jazz from its beginnings in the regional black musics of the turn of the century in New Orleans, Chicago, New York, and the territories that make up the rest of the country.
Two-dimensional density of states in the extreme quantum limit.

We have measured the density of states of a two-dimensional electron gas from the weak-field limit to the extreme quantum limit and obtained quantitative information about the density of states at filling factors of frac13; and frac23;. Our magnetocapacitance measurements were made at magnetic field strengths up to 29 T at temperatures between 0.4 and 4.2 K using modulation-doped $\mathrm{GaAs}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Al}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{As}$ heterostructures on conducting substrates.
POSSIBLE STABILIZATION OF THE AGE AT MENARCHE IN NORTHWESTERN UNITED STATES

Reports have,periodically appeared suggesting cessation of the downward trend in the age at menarche (1, 5). Fluhmann (4, p. 54) postulated a "relatively early prototype" which is delayed as a result of adverse circumstances. Brown (2) suggested two explanations for the observed decline in mean age: a general trend affecting all females, and a reduction in the proportion of those experiencing an unduly late menarche. If the age is reaching a lower limit and if there are fewer adverse circumstances czusing a delay in menarche, we may expect a relatively stable and healthy population to show a slight change in mean age and a reduced variance.
Phosphoprotein phosphatase inhibitor-2 is phosphorylated at both serine and threonine residues in mouse diaphragm

Abstract Phosphoprotein phosphatase inhibitor-2 (i-2) was rapidly isolated from mouse diaphragm extracts by the use of specific antibodies. The i-2 so obtained was associated with ATP-Mg and F a /GSK-3 dependent phosphatase activity, supporting the idea that i-2 is in fact a component of this form of phosphatase. Inhibitor-2 isolated from diaphragms incubated with [ 32 P]phosphate contained both phosphoserine (~ 90%) and phosphothreonine (~ 10%). Therefore, i-2 is multiply phosphorylated in mouse diaphragm and the potential exists for control of the ATP-Mg-dependent phosphatase via multiple phosphorylation sites in vivo.
Equilibrium unfolding of Escherichia coli ribonuclease H: Characterization of a partially folded state

We have examined the equilibrium unfolding of Escherichia coli ribonuclease HI (RNase H), a member of a family of enzymes that cleaves RNA from RNA:DNA hybrids. A completely synthetic gene was constructed that expresses a variant of the wild-type sequence with all 3 cysteines replaced with alanine. The resulting recombinant protein is active and folds reversibly. Denaturation studies monitored by circular dichroism and tryptophan fluorescence yield coincident curves that suggest the equilibrium unfolding reaction is a 2-state process. Acid denaturation, however, reveals a cooperative transition at approximately pH 1.8 to a partially folded state. This acid state can be further denatured in a reversible manner by the addition of heat or urea as monitored by either CD or tryptophan fluorescence. Analytical ultracentrifugation studies indicate that the acid state of RNase H is both compact and monomeric. Although compact, the acid state does not resemble the native protein: the acid state displays a near-UV CD spectrum similar to the unfolded state and binds to and enhances the fluorescence of the dye 1-anilinonaphthalene, 8-sulfonate much more than either the native or unfolded states. Therefore, the acid state of E. coli RNase H has the characteristics of a molten globule: it retains a high degree of secondary structure, remains compact, yet does not appear to contain a tightly packed core.
Utilization of Defatted Rice Bran by Broiler Chickens

Two experiments were conducted to determine the influence of dietary concentration of defatted rice bran (DRB) and phytase and fiber-degrading enzyme (FDE) supplementation of DRB-containing diets on performance, characteristics of selected parts of the gastrointestinal tract, and tibia ash of broiler chickens. In Experiment 1, four concentrations of DRB (0, 7.5, 15, and 22.5%) were tested in diets formulated to be isonitrogenous (22% CP) and isocaloric (3,000 kcal MEn/kg). Body weight and feed to gain ratio of broilers from 4 to 35 d of age were not affected by DRB concentration. A decrease in percentage tibia ash (P < 0.08) as dietary DRB increased was indicated. In Experiment 2, diets containing 22.5% DRB were supplemented with phytase (0 and 665 units/kg of diet) and FDE (equivalent to 0 and 1,000 units of xylanase/kg) in a complete factorial arrangement. A corn-soybean meal diet (CS) was included as a fifth treatment. No significant differences among dietary treatments were observed for weight gain and feed efficiency of broilers from 4 to 35 d of age. The MEn values of the DRB diets were greater (P < 0.01) than those of the CS diet, although phytase supplementation of the DRB diet, with or without FDE, reduced (P < 0.01) MEn. Phytase supplementation did not affect percentage tibia ash of chicks fed the DRB diet. The results show that up to 22.5% dietary DRB can be used successfully for broiler chickens when diets are supplemented with available P and fat.
Enzymatic synthesis of polymethylated flavonols in Chrysosplenium americanum. II. Substrate interaction and product inhibition studies of flavonol 3-, 6-, and 4'-O-methyltransferases.

Abstract The steady-state kinetic behavior of three position-specific O-methyltransferases (3-, 4′-, and 6-OMTs) was compared with reference to substrate inhibition patterns in Chrysosplenium americanum. The 6-OMT was severely inhibited by the flavonoid substrate at concentrations close to Km, whereas the other two enzymes were less affected by their respective flavonoid substrates. Substrate interaction kinetics for the 6-OMT gave converging lines consistent with a sequential binding mechanism, whereas the data generated for the 3- and 4′-OMTs could be fitted to the equation for a ping-pong mechanism or to that of a sequential binding mechanism where Kia was much smaller Ka. More information on the mechanism of reaction was obtained from product inhibition studies. The three enzymes exhibited competitive inhibition patterns between S-adenosyl- l -methionine (SAM) and S-adenosyl- l -homocysteine (SAH), whereas other patterns were either noncompetitive or uncompetitive. The steadystate kinetic properties of the 3-, 4′-, and 6-OMTs were consistent with a sequential ordered reaction mechanism, in which SAM and SAH were leading reaction partners and included an abortive EQB complex. Product inhibition constants were sufficiently low to suggest that these may be important in regulating the pathway of polymethylated flavonoid synthesis. It was suggested that due to their greater sensitivity to inhibition by SAH, the OMTs involved in earlier steps of the methylation sequence may regulate the rate of synthesis of final products in Chrysosplenium.
Using active learning strategies in teaching criminology: A personal account

Seminars and workshops on active learning techniques are being held at many universities. This essay compares traditional classroom interaction with the new active learning approach and offers a personal account of one instructor's attempts to introduce the active learning method within a criminology curriculum. Small group interaction, weekly written assignments, and student's editing of papers are discussed. Overall the instructor found that students responded positively to the new approaches and that their examination and paper grades improved.
A sensitive procedure for the study of β-carotene-d8 metabolism in humans using high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry

This report describes the development of a robust method of high sensitivity for studying the metabolism of beta-carotene-d8 in humans using a combination of liquid chromatography/particle beam-mass spectrometry (LC/PB-MS). The utility of the LC/PB-MS method was demonstrated in a pilot study. The carotenoids were extracted from plasma into hexane and separated by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a C-18 column. The HPLC effluent was nebulized using helium and the solvent was removed under vacuum within the dual-stage particle beam interface. The de-solvated carotenoids were ionized in the negative-ion mode (electron capture) using methane chemical ionization and detected using selected ion monitoring. The limit of detection of the method was on the order of 0.3 ng (approximately 0.6 pmol) for beta-carotene. beta-Carotene-d8 was quantified in the plasma over a concentration range of two orders of magnitude using beta-carotene-(13)C(40) as an internal standard. The overall coefficient of variance (CV) for determining the concentration of the analytes from 30 microliter of plasma was 3.9% for beta-carotene and 2.4% for beta-carotene-d8. Using the LC/PB-MS method, the concentration of beta-carotene-d8 was determined in the plasma of a subject who had consumed a single 5-mg dose over a 30-day period. The sensitive semi-automated procedure is capable of high sample throughput and makes large comprehensive studies feasible.
Thermal stability of deep level defects induced by high energy proton irradiation in n-type GaN

The impact of annealing of proton irradiation-induced defects in n-type GaN devices has been systematically investigated using deep level transient and optical spectroscopies. Moderate temperature annealing (>200–250 °C) causes significant reduction in the concentration of nearly all irradiation-induced traps. While the decreased concentration of previously identified N and Ga vacancy related levels at EC − 0.13 eV, 0.16 eV, and 2.50 eV generally followed a first-order reaction model with activation energies matching theoretical values for NI and VGa diffusion, irradiation-induced traps at EC − 0.72 eV, 1.25 eV, and 3.28 eV all decrease in concentration in a gradual manner, suggesting a more complex reduction mechanism. Slight increases in concentration are observed for the N-vacancy related levels at EC − 0.20 eV and 0.25 eV, which may be due to the reconfiguration of other N-vacancy related defects. Finally, the observed reduction in concentrations of the states at EC − 1.25 and EC − 3.28 eV as a function of annealing temperature closely tracks the detailed recovery behavior of the background carrier concentration as a function of annealing temperature. As a result, it is suggested that these two levels are likely to be responsible for the underlying carrier compensation effect that causes the observation of carrier removal in proton-irradiated n-GaN.
Heart Failure Patients in Skilled Nursing Facilities Evidence Needed

The observational study by Allen and colleagues1 in this issue of Circulation: Heart Failure reports disturbing results about adverse outcomes for vulnerable patients with heart failure (HF) who are discharged from hospitals to skilled nursing facilities (SNFs). Data collected as part of the Get With the Guidelines-HF program were linked with claims files from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services to compare characteristics and rates of 30-day and 1-year all-cause mortality and rehospitalization among hospitalized patients with HF discharged to home and SNFs. Nearly one fourth (24.1%), or 3727 of the 15459 patients with HF in the sample, were discharged to SNFs. Longer length of hospital stay, older age, history of depression or stroke, and female sex were characteristics most associated with discharge to an SNF. Compared with patients discharged to home, patients discharged to SNFs had significantly higher mortality rates. At 1 year postdischarge, patients discharged to SNFs had an alarming 53.5% mortality rate compared with 29.1% for patients discharged to home ( P <0.0001). Moreover, after adjusting for characteristics associated with negative outcomes, patients discharged to SNFs had an estimated 76% increased risk of death. The investigators recommend that longitudinal studies be conducted to characterize the patients discharged to SNFs, to understand the processes of care received, and to determine whether a different set of performance measures are needed for patients discharged to SNFs rather than to home. Article see p 293 Studies are urgently needed to understand and to reverse these alarming results. Immediate and sustained action by the community of HF researchers and healthcare providers is warranted. The current level of research being conducted in postacute care settings needs to be “scaled up” to increase survival and quality of life for some of the most vulnerable patients entrusted to our care. In addition to longitudinal …
Risk-Based Approach to Analyzing Operating Events

Existing programs for the analysis of operating events at the Department of Energy (DOE) facilities do not determine risk measures for the events. An approach for the risk based analysis of operating events has been developed, and applied to two events [1]. The approach utilizes the data now being collected in existing data programs and determines risk measures for the events which are not currently determined. Such risk measures allow risk appropriate responses to be made to events, and provide a means for comparing the safety significance of dissimilar events at different facilities.
Intercomparisons of HIRDLS, COSMIC and SABER for the detection of stratospheric gravity waves

Abstract. Colocated temperature profiles from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC), High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS) and the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) mission are compared over the years 2006–2007 to assess their relative performances for the detection of stratospheric gravity waves. Two methods are used, one based on a simple comparison of the standard deviations and correlation coefficients of high-pass filtered profiles from each instrument, and the other based on Stockwell transform analyses of the profiles for vertical wavelength and temperature perturbation scales. It is concluded, when allowing for their different vertical resolution capabilites, that the three instruments reproduce each other's results for magnitude and vertical scale of perturbations to within their resolution limits in approximately 50 % of cases, but with a positive frequency and temperature bias in the case of COSMIC. This is possibly indicative of a slightly higher vertical resolution being available to the constellation than estimated.
Use of satellite imagery for water quality studies in New York Harbor

The utility of satellite imagery for water quality studies in New York Harbor is investigated. Ground data from a routine sampling program (New York Harbor Water Quality Survey) are compared to imagery from the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensors. New York Harbor is a challenging environment for remote sensing because of the complex hydrography and strong tidal influence. Using a time-averaged spatial analysis it is shown that turbidity as determined from Secchi depth correlates with Landsat TM red reflectance in regions affected by the Hudson River sediments (N = 21, R 2 = 0.85). Based on this correlation the estuarine turbidity maximum of the Hudson River is mapped. Landsat TM red reflectance is also used to identify and map plumes of increased turbidity caused by rainfall runoff and/or spring tide resuspension in Newark Bay. Chlorophyll a concentration correlates with the ratio of Landsat TM green to red reflectance in the eutrophic East River and Long Island Sound (N = 16, R 2 = 0.78). Terra MODIS estimates of chlorophyll a show no correlation
Efficient PEEC-based inductance extraction using circuit-aware techniques

Practical approaches for on-chip inductance extraction to obtain a sparse, stable and accurate inverse inductance matrix K are proposed. The novelty of our work is in using circuit characteristics to define the concept of resistance-dominant and inductance-dominant lines. This notion is used to progressively refine a set of clusters that are inductively tightly-coupled. For reasonable designs, the more exact algorithm yields a sparsification of 97% for delay and oscillation magnitude errors of 10% and 15%, respectively, while the more approximate algorithm achieves up to 99% sparsification. An offshoot of this work is K-PRIMA, an extension of PRIMA to handle K matrices with guaranteed passivity.
Imitative Behavior as a Function of Success‐Failure and Racial‐Socioeconomic Factors1

This study examined whether success-failure experiences, race, and social class are related to the likelihood that young children will engage in imitative behavior. Black subjects imitated significantly more than white subjects on a pre-experimental measure of imitation. Analysis of a difference score between pre- and post-experimental measures of imitation indicated that prior success was associated with less imitation than failure or a neutral condition. In addition, a white model was imitated significantly more than a black model in both the failure and the success conditions, with little difference between models in the neutral condition. No significant difference was found between the nondeprived and deprived groups. The results were discussed in terms of an outer-directedness hypothesis.
A Systematic Approach to Uncover Security Flaws in GUI Logic

To achieve end-to-end security, traditional machine-to-machine security measures are insufficient if the integrity of the human-computer interface is compromised. GUI logic flaws are a category of software vulnerabilities that result from logic bugs in GUI design/implementation. Visual spoofing attacks that exploit these flaws can lure even security- conscious users to perform unintended actions. The focus of this paper is to formulate the problem of GUI logic flaws and to develop a methodology for uncovering them in software implementations. Specifically, based on an in-depth study of key subsets of Internet Explorer (IE) browser source code, we have developed a formal model for the browser GUI logic and have applied formal reasoning to uncover new spoofing scenarios, including nine for status bar spoofing and four for address bar spoofing. The IE development team has confirmed all these scenarios and has fixed most of them in their latest build. Through this work, we demonstrate that a crucial subset of visual spoofing vulnerabilities originate from GUI logic flaws, which have a well-defined mathematical meaning allowing a systematic analysis.
Use of fault tree analysis for evaluation of system-reliability improvements in design phase

Traditional failure mode and effects analysis is applied as a bottom-up analytical technique to identify component failure modes and their causes and effects on the system performance, estimate their likelihood, severity and criticality or priority for mitigation. Failure modes and their causes, other than those associated with hardware, primarily electronic, remained poorly addressed or not addressed at all. Likelihood of occurrence was determined on the basis of component failure rates or by applying engineering judgement in their estimation. Resultant prioritization is consequently difficult so that only the apparent safety-related or highly critical issues were addressed. When thoroughly done, traditional FMEA or FMECA were too involved to be used as a effective tool for reliability improvement of the product design. Fault tree analysis applied to the product as a top down in view of its functionality, failure definition, architecture and stress and operational profiles provides a methodical way of following products functional flow down to the low level assemblies, components, failure modes and respective causes and their combination. Flexibility of modeling of various functional conditions and interaction such as enabling events, events with specific priority of occurrence, etc., using FTA, provides for accurate representation of their functionality interdependence. In addition to being capable of accounting for mixed reliability attributes (failure rates mixed with failure probabilities), fault trees are easy to construct and change for quick tradeoffs as roll up of unreliability values is automatic for instant evaluation of the final quantitative reliability results. Failure mode analysis using fault tree technique that is described in this paper allows for real, in-depth engineering evaluation of each individual cause of a failure mode regarding software and hardware components, their functions, stresses, operability and interactions.
Postwar Soldier Settlement

Scope of the paper, 1. — Historical background, 2. — Experience after World War I: United States, 4; Canada, 6; Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom, 8. — Resettlement and rehabilitation in the United States: unemployment, 9; rural distress, 10; the Farm Security Administration projects, 11. — Other FSA opportunities: rehabilitation loans, 16; tenant purchase loans, 16. — The new legislation: Canada, 17; New Zealand, 20; United States, 20. — Limited value of certain provisions of the "G. I. Bill": present owners, 22; prospective tenants, 24; prospective buyers, 24. — The legislative background: United States, 27; Canada, 28. — Need for soldier settlement, 29. — Loan values, 31. — Tenant purchase as an alternative, 33. — Concluding remarks, 34.
Packed-microbe supercritical fluid chromatography with flame ionization detection of abused vegetable oils

Abstract Packed-column supercritical fluid chromatography with flame ionization detection (SFC—FID) has been applied to the analysis of abused vegetable oils. Previous studies have shown that packed-column SFC—FID of polar solutes is difficult due to the unshielded surface silanols on SFC stationary phasees. The use of a polymeric resin-based stationary phase or high-temperature water saturation with a bonded-silica column eliminates the problem. With the use of the polymeric resin-packed column, silanophilic interactions are non-existent. High-temperature water saturation of the carbonn dioxide mobile phase provides water as a modifier at levels of 2 to 3 mole%, level previously unattained in packed-column SFC. At this concentration, water notably minimizes fatty acid interactions with the bonded-silica column, yet allows the use of FID. These two chromatographic approaches are illustrated on lipid-containing samples such as oil from storage-abused soybeans and a commercial frying fat. Chromatograms obtained by packed-column SFC—FID are compared with separations attained using capillary-column SFC. Packed-microbore SFC—FID results show a linear correlation with free fatty acid content determined by a standard titration method.
Law and Economics and the Independence of the Judiciary

It is a personal honor and a great pleasure to write an article for this commemorative volume paying tribute to my good friend and colleague, Hans-Bernd Schafer. The first time I met Bernd was back in 1995, in Bern, at the first EALE conference I attended while still a PhD student writing my dissertation on the economics of law enforcement under the supervision of Hugh Gravelle. Since then we have met at many different conferences and seminars where we have appreciated each other’s work through the years.
Kahn process networks applied to distributed heterogeneous HW/SW cosimulation

Heterogeneous, distributed hardware/software cosimulation techniques using the backplane method encounter complex interface protocols for simulator communication and synchronization, limiting their adoption or abstraction. We simplify the dynamics of backplane cosimulation to the properties of a Kahn Process Network (KPN), such that tokens of the KPN are interpolated events. This simplifies the backplane API and reduces the coordination problem to a parameterization of token update rates. The performance of this method is reported on a timed ISS model for Freescale HC12 microcontrollers (TExaS) coordinated with a Spice (Ngspice) circuit simulation.
Sudden Death by Pulmonary Thromboembolism due to a Large Uterine Leiomyoma with a Parasitic Vein to the Mesentery

The pathophysiology of venous thrombosis is classically attributed to alterations in one or more components of Virchow's triad: hypercoagulability, stasis, and damage to the vascular endothelium. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) may lead to pulmonary thromboembolism (PE), and the latter is culpable for many deaths annually in the United States; however, DVT as a complication of uterine leiomyoma has rarely been reported. We report a case of a 57-year-old woman whose death was due to a large pedunculated subserosal leiomyoma externally compressing the pelvic veins resulting in stasis and venous thrombosis leading to fatal PE. The association of large pelvic masses with venous thrombosis has clinical implications, since prophylactic surgery could be life-saving.
A tiered approach to comparative genomics

Comparative genomics has emerged as a valuable tool for locating genes, transcription factor motifs and other putative control regions. There are, however, issues that keep comparative genomics from being a straightforward process. These caveats fall into three categories: database, computational and biological. In this review paper, these caveats will be discussed and illustrated using related case studies. The National Center for Biotechnology Information and University of California Santa Cruz genome databases were used, and VISTA, LAGAN and zPicture were used as comparison tools. Based on these caveats, a tiered approach to carrying out comparative genomic studies is presented.
Efficient approximation of the time domain response of lossy coupled transmission line trees

A new technique for rapidly estimating the transient response of lossy transmission line interconnect structures is introduced. The new approach, Reciprocal Expansion (REX), is similar to Asymptotic Waveform Evaluation (AWE) in that it approximates the interconnect by a low-order system. However, unlike AWE, REX expands the reciprocal of the transfer function as a Taylor series. REX has been extended to handle distributed elements directly, compute crosstalk between coupled trees, and account for frequency-dependent effects. Experimental results demonstrate that for critical underdamped interconnects, REX provides better accuracy than AWE. >
A Method for Reducing Dead Time for Single-Phase Reclosing in EHV Transmission

Most faults on transmission lines are single line to ground (SLG). For such faults single-phase reclosing would result in an improvement in transient stability over the alternative of three-phase reclosing. The improvement is offset by the capacitive coupling from the other two energized conductors because it tends to sustain current in the original fault arc path, thereby lengthening the time required for arc deionization. An increase in dead time is therefore required which decreases the net improvement. This paper presents a novel method of nullifying the capacitive coupling effect. The method requires the addition of a capacitor, connected across the terminals of each breaker pole, proportional to the particular line being switched.
Human Smoking Patterns and Smoke Deliveries

This study, based on a sample (N = 517) of adult medical patients at a southeastern medical center who were current users of cigarettes, reports the interrelationships among the puff characteristics of cigarette smoking behavior and smoke deliveries of tar and nicotine. Average puff duration, average puff volume, and the number of puffs were found to be significantly positively correlated with daily tar and nicotine intake. Intervals between puffs and total time smoking were not correlated with nicotine and tar intake. It was concluded that “how” a person smokes affects “how much” this person is exposed to tar and nicotine.
Abstract WP389: Lack of Relationship Between Joint Commission Stroke Performance Measures and Functional Outcome in Ischemic Stroke

Background Performance measures are used to encourage quality improvement, but there is little data that show performance measures improve post-stroke functional outcome. We sought to determine if adherence to Joint Commission (JC) performance measures is associated with a better functional outcome after ischemic stroke. Methods Ischemic stroke patients were identified from the Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi (BASIC) project between Nov. 2008 and June 2011. Data were abstracted from the medical records for the following performance measures (using 2008 JC criteria): DVT prophylaxis at 48 hours, discharged on antithrombotic therapy, anticoagulation for patients with atrial fibrillation, thrombolytic therapy administered, antithrombotic by hospital day 2, discharged on cholesterol reducing medication, and assessed for rehabilitation. Adherence to quality measures was defined by a either a binary defect free score indicating receipt of all of the measures a patient was eligible for or an opportunity score indicating the proportion of eligible measures received. Functional outcome was ascertained by patient or proxy interview as a total ADL/IADL score at 90 days post-stroke, with higher scores indicating poorer function (range 22-88). Tobit regression was used to estimate the effects of adherence to quality measures on functional outcome with adjustment for age, gender, pre-stroke functional and cognitive status, ethnicity, stroke severity, medical comorbidities, education, and clustering of patients within hospital. Results At total of 379 ischemic stroke patients were included. The median age was 68 and 52% of patients were women. 33.8% of patients had defect free care and the median opportunity score was 0.8 (IQR: 0.67-1). In the final multivariable models, defect free care (B -1.04, SE 2.24, p=0.66) and the opportunity score (B 1.80, SE 5.38, p=0.74) were not associated with functional outcome. Conclusions In this population, meeting JC performance measures was not associated with improvement in post-stroke functional outcome. While process based measures are important and improve adherence to guideline recommended care, these measures may not lead to improved functional outcome, a measure that patients and families value.
Free Market Criminal Justice: How Democracy and Laissez Faire Undermine the Rule of Law

This is a page proof of chapter one of Free Market Criminal Justice (Oxford Univ. Press 2016), which makes the case that faith in democratic politics and free markets has undermined the rule of law in U.S. criminal process. America’s unique political development, characterized by skepticism of government power, has restrained the state’s role not only in the economic realm but also in key parts of its criminal justice systems. From charging decisions through trials or guilty pleas and appeals, legal safeguards against bias, wrongful convictions, and excessive punishment rely more on politics and laissez-faire economic ideas than on enforceable rules and duties. Prosecutorial discretion is checked not by legal standards but by popular elections, and plea bargaining law is wholly built on a faith in unregulated markets — in contrast to the systems in other common law countries that also have neoliberal economies, adversarial process, and high guilty plea rates. This book argues that democratic and market ideas have led to more partisan prosecutors, narrower duties of evidence disclosure, and to a right to defense counsel that carefully accommodates preexisting wealth inequalities. Most important, democratic and market values have diminished the responsibility of judges — and of the state itself — for the accuracy and integrity of court judgments. Paradoxically, skepticism of government has expanded state power, reduced checks on executive officials, marginalized juries, and contributed to record incarceration rates. In contrast to recent arguments for re-invigorating democracy in criminal process, Free Market Criminal Justice argues that, to strengthen the rule of law, US criminal justice needs less democracy, fewer market mechanisms, and more law. Chapter one includes brief summaries of subsequent chapters.
Identification of mRNA isoform switching in breast cancer.

Alternative splicing provides a major mechanism to generate protein diversity. Increasing evidence suggests a link of dysregulation of splicing associated with cancer. While previous genomic-based studies demonstrated the expression of a handful of tumor-specific isoforms, genome-wide alterations in the balance between isoforms and cancer subtypes is understudied. We systematically analyzed the isoform-level expression patterns and isoform switching events of 819 breast tumor and normal samples assayed by mRNA-seq from TCGA project. On average, 2.2 isoforms per gene were detected and 67.5 % of detected genes (i.e. expressed) showed 1–2 isoforms only. While the majority of isoforms for a given gene were positively correlated with each other and the overall gene level, 470 pairs of isoforms displayed an inverse correlation suggesting a switching event. Most of the isoform switching events were associated with molecular subtypes, including a Basal-like-associated switching in CTNND1. 88 genes showed switching independent of subtypes, among which the isoform pattern of PRICKLE1 was associated with a large genomic signature of biological significance. Our results reveal that the majority of genes do not undergo complex mRNA splicing within breast cancers, and that there is a general concordance in isoform and gene expression levels in breast tumors. We identified hundreds of isoform switching events across breast tumors, most of which were associated with differences in tumor subtypes. As exemplified by the detailed analysis of CTNND1 and PRICKLE1, these isoform switching events potentially provide new insights into the post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of tumor subtypes and cancer biology.