cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Voltage controlled Néel vector rotation in zero magnetic field.

Multi-functional thin films of boron (B) doped Cr2O3 exhibit voltage-controlled and nonvolatile Neel vector reorientation in the absence of an applied magnetic field, H. Toggling of antiferromagnetic states is demonstrated in prototype device structures at CMOS compatible temperatures between 300 and 400 K. The boundary magnetization associated with the Neel vector orientation serves as state variable which is read via magnetoresistive detection in a Pt Hall bar adjacent to the B:Cr2O3 film. Switching of the Hall voltage between zero and non-zero values implies Neel vector rotation by 90 degrees. Combined magnetometry, spin resolved inverse photoemission, electric transport and scanning probe microscopy measurements reveal B-dependent TN and resistivity enhancement, spin-canting, anisotropy reduction, dynamic polarization hysteresis and gate voltage dependent orientation of boundary magnetization. The combined effect enables H = 0, voltage controlled, nonvolatile Neel vector rotation at high-temperature. Theoretical modeling estimates switching speeds of about 100 ps making B:Cr2O3 a promising multifunctional single-phase material for energy efficient nonvolatile CMOS compatible memory applications. Voltage control of magnetization is critical for the development of antiferromagnetic spintronics. Here, using magnetic force microscopy and Hall measurements, Mahmood et al. demonstrate controlled rotation of the Neel vector in a heterostructure composed of Pt and antiferromagnetic B:Cr2O3.
Immediate Improvements in Patellofemoral Pain Are Associated With Sagittal Plane Movement Training to Improve Use of Gluteus Maximus Muscle During Single Limb Landing

Objective The authors sought to examine the immediate effects of movement training aimed at improving use of gluteus maximus (GMAX) in the sagittal plane on hip internal rotation and self-reported patellofemoral pain (PFP) during single-limb landing. Methods Seventeen females with PFP participated. Lower extremity kinematics and kinetics, GMAX activation, and self-reported PFP were obtained before and after a single-session movement training program aimed at increasing the use of GMAX. Dependent variables of interest included self-reported PFP, average GMAX activation, average hip extensor moment, and peak hip internal rotation. Post-training changes were evaluated using paired t tests and Wilcoxon signed rank tests. Results Following movement training, self-reported PFP decreased significantly (mean [standard deviation]) (3.9 [1.1] vs 0.8 [1.3] on a 0-10 scale). Additionally, significant increases were observed for the average hip extensor moment (0.6 [0.3] vs 1.8 [0.4] Nm/kg) and average GMAX activation (41.0% [18.3] vs 51.6% [25.7] maximum voluntary isometric contraction), whereas peak hip internal rotation decreased significantly (8.5 degrees [5.8] vs 6.0 degrees [5.3]). Conclusion Movement training aimed at improving the use of GMAX in the sagittal plane resulted in clinically relevant changes in self-reported pain, GMAX activation, and hip kinetics and kinematics. Improving the use of GMAX during movement merits consideration when designing rehabilitation programs for females with PFP. Impact The current study highlights the clinical utility of movement training for persons with PFP and provides a biomechanical rationale for its use as a potential intervention in this population.
Association between gestational PFAS exposure and Children's adiposity in a diverse population.

Abstract Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widely distributed suspected obesogens that cross the placenta. However, few data are available to assess potential fetal effects of PFAS exposure on children's adiposity in diverse populations. To address the data gap, we estimated associations between gestational PFAS concentrations and childhood adiposity in a diverse mother-child cohort. We considered 6 PFAS in first trimester blood plasma, measured using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, collected from non-smoking women with low-risk singleton pregnancies (n = 803). Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), fat mass, fat-free mass, and % body fat were ascertained in 4–8 year old children as measures of adiposity. We estimated associations of individual gestational PFAS with children's adiposity and overweight/obesity, adjusted for confounders. There were more non-Hispanic Black (31.7 %) and Hispanic (42.6 %) children with overweight/obesity, than non-Hispanic white (18.2 %) and Asian/Pacific Islander (16.4 %) children (p
How to establish the outer limits of reperfusion therapy

Reperfusion therapy with intravenous alteplase and endovascular therapy are effective treatments for selected patients with acute ischemic stroke. Guidelines for treatment are based upon randomized...
Current approaches to medullary thyroid carcinoma, sporadic and familial

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare malignancy of the thyroid C cells. It occurs in hereditary (25% of cases) and sporadic forms, and aggressiveness is related to the clinical presentation (hereditary vs. sporadic) and the type of RET mutation present. In hereditary cases, early diagnosis makes preventative surgery possible. In established cases, thorough surgical extirpation of the primary tumor and nodal metastases has been the mainstay of treatment. Radioactive iodine, external beam radiation therapy (EBRT), and conventional chemotherapy have not been effective. Newer systemic treatments, with agents that target abnormal RET proteins, hold promise and are being tested in clinical trials for patients with metastatic disease.
Genetics and Genomics of Malignant Rhabdoid Tumours

Malignant rhabdoid tumours (MRTs) represent an aggressive paediatric cancer with limited treatment options. Although MRTs mainly arise in the kidney and brain of patients under the age of 8 years, they may appear in other major organs as well as in soft tissues. Remarkably, these tumours possess few mutations other than the ones that inactivate the SNF5/INI1 gene, the smallest member of the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodelling complex. In addition, these cancers lack other hallmarks of adult malignancies including genomic instability, aberrant karyotypes and abnormal regulation of cellular stress-response pathways. Their major defect appears to arise from epigenetic instability, presumably through changes in nucleosome positioning due to defective chromatin-remodelling activity. Recent reports have shown that SNF5 loss affects key signalling pathways such as cell cycle regulation, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage repair and gene transcription. Thus, MRTs offer a unique model for studying the role of epigenetics in driving tumourigenesis and for the development of novel treatment approaches. Key Concepts: Malignant rhabdoid tumours are rare and aggressive paediatric cancers. MRT was the first tumour in which mutations in the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodelling complex were identified. Inactivation of the SNF5/INI1 tumour suppressor gene drives MRT development. MRTs often show no changes in copy number or karyotype. The key mechanisms by which SNF5/INI1 loss induces MRT development remain unclear. MRTs offer a unique model for epigenetic-driven tumourigenesis. Keywords: malignant rhabdoid tumour; SWI/SNF complex; SNF5; INI1; chromatin remodeling; epigenetics
Directions for Research on Spoken Dialog Systems, Broadly Defined

To increase impact and accelerate progress, the spoken dialog systems research community should work on four shareable things that will also engage and support sister fields of science and engineering.
Applications of data hiding in digital images

Summary form only given, as follows. The author introduces data hiding in digital imagery as a new and powerful technology with applications including robust digital watermarking of images for copyright protection, image fingerprinting and authentication, tamper detection in digital imagery, covert (invisible) communication using images, access control, copy control in DVDs, embedding subtitles and audio tracks in video signals, etc. Data hiding is a highly multidisciplinary field that combines image and signal processing with cryptography, communication theory, coding theory, signal compression, and the theory of visual perception.
Risk factors for colorectal cancer in Crohn's colitis: a case-control study.

Background: Few data exist regarding exposures associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) in patients with Crohn's colitis. The aim of this study was to identify exposures that alter the risk of CRC in patients with Crohn's colitis. Methods: The Research Patient Database Registry at Massachusetts General Hospital was searched to identify cases and controls. Cases had a confirmed diagnosis of Crohn's disease involving at least one third of the colon and a confirmed diagnosis of colorectal adenocarcinoma. Matched controls were randomly chosen from the same source population. Paired univariate analysis was performed to develop an odds ratio (OR) for each exposure. Results: Twenty-seven patients were found to have Crohn's colitis and CRC. Colonoscopy performed for screening or surveillance was associated with an OR of 0.21 (95% CI 0.04-0.77; P = 0.02). Nonsignificant trends for a protective effect included prior appendectomy (OR 0.30; 95% CI 0.05-1.17; P = 0.10) and regular 5-aminosalicylate use (OR 0.30; 95% CI 0.05-1.17; P = 0.10). Smoking history was associated with a 4-fold-increased risk for CRC, but this was not statistically significant (OR 4.00; 95% CI 0.80-38.67; P = 0.11). Conclusions: We found that having a colonoscopy for an indication of surveillance or screening is associated with decreased risk of CRC in the setting of Crohn's colitis. These data underscore the importance of CRC surveillance for Crohn's colitis in addition to ulcerative colitis and should prompt further study in this area.
Joint Selling of Complementary Components Under Brand and Retail Competition

Suppliers of complementary goods often package their items together when selling to downstream retailers. One motivation behind this behavior is to reduce double marginalization through coordinated pricing so that system efficiency is improved and individual members can also benefit. The objective of this paper is to understand how competition in supply chains would impact such joint selling partnerships among complementary suppliers. We first model competition at the supply level, which is generated from the existence of multiple partially substitutable brands (or suppliers) for a particular component. We then extend the analysis to a model that also involves retail competition caused by decentralization among retailers who assemble suppliers’ components into final products and sell to customers. The analysis of a model with two complementary components, one of which has multiple brands, indicates that the supply-level competition discourages joint selling of complementary goods. That is, when competing brands become more alike (or substitutable), complementary suppliers act more independently in pricing and selling their items. However, retail competition leads to an opposite effect: Competition among retailers would actually encourage complementary suppliers to package their goods together and act jointly.
The Paradox of State Retrenchment in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Micro-Level Experience of Public Social Service Provision

Summary Over the past 30 years in Africa, neoliberal economic reform has meant a major retrenchment of the state provision of health and education with paradoxical local effects. Based on an analysis of 2005 Afrobarometer data, the study finds that the rural poor are more likely to use public schools and clinics than the urban, better-off. The data suggest that a two-tiered social service system now exists across many African countries where the rural poor may have little choice but to use public social services while the urban, better-off choose to pay for private alternatives. The author argues that concerns about ensuring absolute levels of access have obscured attention to the micro-experience and quality of social service delivery.
Transvenous ventricular pacing in the treatment of paroxysmal atrial tachyarrhythmias alternating with sinus bradycardia and standstill

Abstract A case of paroxysmal atrial tachyarrhythmias alternating with sinus bradycardia and standstill is described. The arrhythmia was unresponsive to standard drug therapy but was successfully controlled by transvenous ventricular pacing.
A Cognitive-Developmental Model for Marital and Family Therapy Supervision

A shift has been occuring in the supervision literature from problem-oriented and school-specific approaches, to developmental perspectives. While valuable work has been accomplished, we need to move toward linking developmental theory more directly to the supervisory process and toward conceptualizations of learning that transcend universal, stage-specifc notions of development. The cognitive-developmental model proposed here represents a holistic, coconstructive approach that clarifies developmental processes as these occur in the immediacy of supervision. It is based on the assumption that supervisee growth is an idiosyncratic journey toward cognitive complexity. This paper will define the model and present specific methods to access and assess supervisee cognitive styles and to tailor supervisee environment to enhance and extend these styles.
An application of the microcomputer in market-based accounting research

Abstract This paper presents and explains two microcomputer programs which can be used in teaching market-based accounting research. The first program performs simple OLS regression and the second computes the Abnormal Performance Index. The use of these programs for illustrating market-based accounting research can simplify the presentation of complex material in doctoral and graduate accounting research seminars. In addition, if utilized for case studies and problem solving, they provide the student with hands on experience with empirical accounting research and can enhance the student's interest in and understanding of this important area of the accounting and finance literature.
Molecular characterization of the largest subunit of Plasmodium falciparum RNA polymerase I

Plasmodium species possess developmentally regulated ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. This report describes the expression and gene structure of the largest subunit of P. falciparum RNA polymerase I (RNAPI), which is responsible for the synthesis of rRNA. The RNAPI largest subunit gene was present as a single copy gene on chromosome 9. Three exons encode the 2910-amino acid RNAPI polypeptide (340 140 Da). A comparison of Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae nuclear RNAP largest subunits identified conserved amino acid positions and class-specific amino acid positions. Novel amino acid insertions were found between RNAPI conserved regions A and B (region A'), D and DE1 (region D'), DE2 and E (region DE2'), and F and G (region F'). Leucine zipper domains were found within regions D', DE2, and DE2'. A novel serine-rich repeat domain, a domain with homology to the C-terminal domain of eukaryotic upstream binding factor (UBF), and 4 highly conserved casein kinase II (CKII) Ser/Thr phosphorylation motifs were found within a 127-amino acid sub-region of enlarged region F'. The novel RNAPI serine-rich repeat contained a conserved motif, Ser-X3-Ser, which was also identified in the serine-rich repeat domains of the P. falciparum RNAPII and RNAPIII largest subunits, as well as within a highly homologous serine-rich repeat from trophozoite antigen R45. The results of this molecular analysis indicate that phosphorylation and dephosphorylation mechanisms regulate the activity of P. falciparum RNAPI.
Some effects of distance and structure on conjunction errors

Conjunction errors may occur when location information is lost or degraded, so that stimulus attributes that are physically separate in a display appear to be conjoined. Structural influences on conjunction error rates have been studied extensively, but distance effects obtained over different experiments have been inconsistent. These effects may be an important source of information concerning the nature of conjunction errors. In this experiment, the proximity of stimulus items was varied within two structurally different stimulus sets. Both sets produced high conjunction error rates for adjacent items, whereas rates differed for the two sets over greater distances.
Modeling Stock Analysts' Decision Making: An Intelligent Decision Support System

It is well known that security analysis is a time-consuming and error-prone process. However, it can be improved or enhanced considerably by automated reasoning. Efforts to reduce the inaccuracy and incorrectness of analyses and to enhance the confidence levels of stock selection have led to the development of an intelligent decision support system called Trade Expert, which assists, not replaces, portfolio managers. Trade Expert assumes the role of a hypothetical securities analyst capable of analyzing stocks, calling market turns, and making recommendations. It has a knowledge base of stock trading expertise, and a case base of past episodes and consequences of decisions. By combining knowledge-based problem solving with case-based reasoning and fuzzy inference, Trade Expert demonstrates forms of intelligent behavior not yet observed in traditional decision support systems and expert systems. The novelty of this research lies in its application to analogical reasoning, fuzzy reasoning, and knowledge-based decision making.
The time until the final zero crossing of random sums with application to nonparametric bandit theory

Motivated by problems in machine learning and more fundamentally, by non-Bayesian, nonparametric problems in the sequential design of experiments, this work contributes to the task of attaining probability bounds for the number of times suboptimal bandits are chosen in a nonterminating sequence of experiments. To our knowledge, previously only the growth of the expectation of the number of incorrect choices has been examined. The derivation is founded, in part, on new contributions to the theory of zero crossings for sums of biased independent, identically distributed (i.i.d.) random variables.
Neuroglobin mitigates mitochondrial impairments induced by acute inhalation of combustion smoke in the mouse brain.

AbstractContext: Acute inhalation of combustion smoke adversely affects brain homeostasis and energy metabolism. We previously showed that overexpressed neuroglobin (Ngb), neuron specific globin protein, attenuates the formation of smoke inhalation-induced oxidative DNA damage, in vivo, in the mouse brain, while others reported protection by Ngb in diverse models of brain injury, mainly involving oxidative stress and hypoxic/ischemic insults.Objective: To determine to what extent elevated Ngb ameliorates post smoke-inhalation brain bioenergetics and homeostasis in Ngb overexpressing transgenic mouse.Methods: Smoke inhalation induced changes in bioenergetics were measured in the wild type and Ngb transgene mouse brain. Modulations of mitochondrial respiration were analyzed using the Seahorse XF24 flux analyzer and changes in cytoplasmic energy metabolism were assessed by measuring enzymatic activities and lactate in the course of post smoke recovery.Results: Cortical mitochondria from Ngb transgene, better...
Studies of Variations in Weight and Volume of Internal Organs of Microtus agrestis (L.) and their Possible Relation to Fluctuations in Population Density1

This paper discusses the possibility of measuring the cumulative effect upon voles of measurable and immeasurable, endogenous and exogenous stress factors. Variations in certain internal organs (adrenals, thymus, spleen, brown adipose tissue) were studied in 2 populations of Microtus agrestis (L.) in Sweden. Both these populations ended in a crash, but after a different period of time. Variations in the internal organs observed during certain investigation periods up to the crash are discussed. Weight of adrenals appeared to be dependent on population density. Spleen hypertrophy did not seem to appear untU stress reached a certain level and after that was more or less persistent. Thus, the spleen might well be a good indicator of the cumulative effect of exogenous and endogenous stress. The amount of axillary brown adipose tissue could, to a certain extent, be a measure of mean ambient temperature, and, perhaps, could also give information on incipient stress situations. The investigation indicated that there are reasons to assume correlation exists between spleen hypertrophy in voles and their damage to plants.
Getting to the point: attempting to improve juror comprehension of capital penalty phase instructions.

This research examined the effects of several versions of capital penalty phase instructions on juror comprehension. Study One documented the impact of California’s recently implemented “plain language” instruction. It showed that although the new instruction has clear advantages over the previous version, significant comprehension problems remain. Study Two evaluated several modified instructions designed to enhance comprehension. Participants heard either a standard patterned instruction or one of two alternatives—a psycholinguistically improved instruction, or a “pinpoint” instruction using case-related facts to illustrate key terms—in a simulated death penalty sentencing phase. Persons who heard modified instructions demonstrated higher levels of comprehension on virtually every measure as compared to those in the standard instruction condition.
Self-competence and the prediction of bulimic symptoms in older women

Previous research in undergraduate women has demonstrated that an individual's level of self-competence was a stronger predictor of bulimic symptom change than their level of self-liking (Bardone, Perez, Abramson, & Joiner, 2003). The authors examined whether self-competence would similarly predict bulimic symptom change in a sample of older women. In April 2000, a large group of adults attending mood disorder conferences completed questionnaires about eating disorder symptoms and self-esteem. Approximately 2.5 years later, 150 women, 45 years of age and older, were contacted for a follow-up study. Eighty-eight women completed follow-up eating disorder and self-esteem measures. Consistent with prior research, self-competence emerged as a stronger predictor of bulimic symptom change than self-liking, such that lower self-competence was associated with an increase in bulimic symptoms. The results indicate that self-competence may serve as a useful prognostic indicator and therapeutic target for older women seeking treatment for eating disorders.
Raising young reduces body condition and fat stores in black-legged kittiwakes.

We conducted a manipulative experiment to investigate how raising chicks affects the body condition (body mass scaled by body size) and body composition (percent fat vs. lean mass) of black-legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla). For 4 consecutive years (1991–1994) we removed eggs from randomly selected nests and then compared adults raising chicks with adults that had their eggs removed. At the end of the chick-rearing period, adults raising chicks were significantly lighter for their size than adults that had their eggs removed. Adults raising chicks also had a significantly lower percent body fat (by 28%) than adults from manipulated nests. The difference in percent body fat between the two groups was apparent at all levels of condition, suggesting that adults that are raising chicks apportion their reserves differently than adults that are working only to meet their own metabolic needs. End-of-season body condition of adults from manipulated and unmanipulated nests varied significantly among 5 years of study, and appeared to reflect differences in local foraging conditions. In all years, females were in worse condition than males at the end of the breeding season. This sex-specific condition difference did not, however, appear to indicate a greater short-term reproductive cost among females. Females were lighter for their size than males in both the manipulated and unmanipulated groups. Our results suggest that adult kittiwakes compromise their body condition and body composition during chick rearing to increase the likelihood of successfully fledging young, even though such adjustments may decrease their own post-reproductive survival probabilities. Prior to estimating the body composition of the experimental birds, we evaluated the usefulness of several noninvasive techniques for predicting fat mass in kittiwakes. We used cross-validation techniques to compare multiple regression models that included total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC), total body water (TBW), and morphometric measurements as independent variables. The most parsimonious model for predicting fat mass was based on TOBEC and mass measurements. TBW and morphometrics were of little utility in predicting fat mass in kittiwakes. Previous studies that have evaluated the usefulness of TOBEC as a predictor of fat mass have shown mixed results. We suggest that the size of the experimental subject relative to the size of the TOBEC measurement chamber may affect the accuracy of this technique.
Reply to "comment on 'coupled dynamics of atoms and radiation-pressure-driven interferometers' and 'superstrong coupling regime of cavity quantum electrodynamics'"

In two recent articles [D. Meiser and P. Meystre, Phys. Rev. A 73, 033417 (2006); 74, 065801 (2006)], Meiser and Meystre describe the coupled dynamics of a dense gas of atoms and an optical cavity pumped by a laser field. They make two important simplifying assumptions: (i) The gas of atoms forms a regular lattice and can be replaced by a fictitious mirror and (ii) the atoms strive to minimize the dipole potential. We show that the two assumptions are inconsistent: The configuration of atoms minimizing the dipole potential is not a perfect lattice. Assumption (ii) is erroneous, as in the strong coupling regime the dipole force does not arise from the dipole potential. The real steady state, where the dipole forces vanish, is indeed a regular lattice. Furthermore, the bistability predicted by Meiser and Meystre does not occur in this system.
Comparative Effects of Halogenated Inhaled Anesthetics on Voltage-gated Na+Channel Function

Background—Inhibition of voltage-gated Na + channels (Nav) is implicated in the synaptic actions of volatile anesthetics. We studied the effects of the major halogenated inhaled anesthetics (halothane, isoflurane, sevoflurane, enflurane and desflurane) on Nav1.4, a well characterized pharmacological model for Nav effects. Methods—Na + currents (INa) from rat Nav1.4 α-subunits heterologously expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells were analyzed by whole cell voltage-clamp electrophysiological recording. Results—Halogenated inhaled anesthetics reversibly inhibited Nav1.4 in a concentration- and voltage-dependent manner at clinical concentrations. At equi-anesthetic concentrations, peak INa was inhibited with a rank order of desflurane > halothane ≈ enflurane > isoflurane ≈ sevoflurane from a physiological holding potential (−80 mV). This suggests that the contribution of Na + channel block to anesthesia might vary in an agent-specific manner. From a hyperpolarized holding potential that minimizes inactivation (−120 mV), peak INa was inhibited with a rank order of potency for tonic inhibition of peak INa of halothane > isoflurane ≈ sevoflurane > enflurane > desflurane. Desflurane produced the largest negative shift in voltage-dependence of fast inactivation consistent with its more prominent voltage-dependent effects. A comparison between isoflurane and halothane showed that halothane produced greater facilitation of current decay, slowing of recovery from fast inactivation, and use-dependent block than isoflurane. Conclusions—Five halogenated inhaled anesthetics all inhibit a voltage-gated Na + channel by voltage- and use-dependent mechanisms. Agent-specific differences in efficacy for Na + channel inhibition due to differential state-dependent mechanisms creates pharmacologic diversity that could underlie subtle differences in anesthetic and nonanesthetic actions.
Cholangiocyte N-Ras Protein Mediates Lipopolysaccharide-induced Interleukin 6 Secretion and Proliferation

Cholangiocytes, the epithelial cells lining the bile ducts in the liver, are periodically exposed to potentially injurious microbes and/or microbial products. As a result, cholangiocytes actively participate in microbe-associated, hepatic proinflammatory responses. We previously showed that infection of cultured human cholangiocytes with the protozoan parasite, Cryptosporidium parvum, or treatment with Gram-negative bacteria-derived LPS, activates NFκB in a myeloid differentiation 88 (MyD88)-dependent manner. Here, we describe a novel signaling pathway initiated by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) involving the small GTPase, Ras, that mediates cholangiocyte proinflammatory cytokine production and induction of cholangiocyte proliferation. Using cultured human cholangiocytes and a Ras activation assay, we found that agonists of plasma membrane TLRs (TLR 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6) rapidly (
Posttrial hippocampal, amygdaloid, and lateral hypothalamic electrical stimulation: effects on short- and long-term memory of an appetitive experience.

Water-deprived rats were given 150 licks of a 10% sucrose solution, followed 4 sec later by 30 sec of low-intensity electrical brain stimulation applied through bipolar electrodes implanted bilaterally in the dorsal hippocampus, amygdala, or lateral hypothalamus. Retention of the licking experience was then tested either 90 sec or 24 hr after the 150-lick experience by measuring the number of licks taken on an empty drinking tube. Rats that received hippocampal stimulation licked the empty tube less than controls did during the 24-hr, but not during the 90-sec, retention test. These data suggest that the hippocampus may be critically involved in processes (e.g., consolidation) mediating long-term, but not short-term, memory. Compared with controls, rats that received amygdala stimulation did not exhibit any changes in licking at either retention test. Rats that received lateral hypothalamic stimulation showed more licking compared with controls during the 90-sec, but not the 24-hr, retention test. Subsequent tests suggested that facilitation of short-term memory may have been influenced by stimulation-induced motivational changes.
Coherence of river and ocean conditions along the US West Coast during storms

Abstract The majority of water and sediment discharge from the small, mountainous watersheds of the US West Coast occurs during and immediately following winter storms. The physical conditions (waves, currents, and winds) within and acting upon the proximal coastal ocean during these winter storms strongly influence dispersal patterns. We examined this river–ocean temporal coherence for four coastal river–shelf systems of the US West Coast (Umpqua, Eel, Salinas, and Santa Clara) to evaluate whether specific ocean conditions occur during floods that may influence coastal dispersal of sediment. Eleven years of corresponding river discharge, wind, and wave data were obtained for each river–shelf system from USGS and NOAA historical records, and each record was evaluated for seasonal and event-based patterns. Because near-bed shear stresses due to waves influence sediment resuspension and transport, we used spectral wave data to compute and evaluate wave-generated bottom-orbital velocities. The highest values of wave energy and discharge for all four systems were consistently observed between October 15 and March 15, and there were strong latitudinal patterns observed in these data with lower discharge and wave energies in the southernmost systems. During floods we observed patterns of river–ocean coherence that differed from the overall seasonal patterns. For example, downwelling winds generally prevailed during floods in the northern two systems (Umpqua and Eel), whereas winds in the southern systems (Salinas and Santa Clara) were generally downwelling before peak discharge and upwelling after peak discharge. Winds not associated with floods were generally upwelling on all four river–shelf systems. Although there are seasonal variations in river–ocean coherence, waves generally led floods in the three northern systems, while they lagged floods in the Santa Clara. Combined, these observations suggest that there are consistent river–ocean coherence patterns along the US West Coast during winter storms and that these patterns vary substantially with latitude. These results should assist with future evaluations of flood plume formation and sediment fate along this coast.
Evolution of manganese–nickel–silicon-dominated phases in highly irradiated reactor pressure vessel steels

Abstract Formation of a high density of Mn–Ni–Si nanoscale precipitates in irradiated Cu-free and Cu-bearing reactor pressure vessel steels could lead to severe unexpected embrittlement. Models long ago predicted that these precipitates, which are not treated in current embrittlement prediction models, would emerge only at high fluence. However, the mechanisms and variables that control Mn–Ni–Si precipitate formation, and their detailed characteristics, have not been well understood. High flux irradiations of six steels with systematic variations in Cu and Ni contents were carried out at ∼295 °C to high and very high neutron fluences of ∼1.3 × 1020 and ∼1.1 × 1021 n cm−2. Atom probe tomography shows that significant mole fractions of Mn–Ni–Si-dominated precipitates form in the Cu-bearing steels at ∼1.3 × 1020 n cm−2, while they are only beginning to develop in Cu-free steels. However, large mole fractions of these precipitates, far in excess of those found in previous studies, are observed at 1.1 × 1021 n cm−2 at all Cu contents. At the highest fluence, the precipitate mole fractions primarily depend on the alloy Ni, rather than Cu, content. The Mn–Ni–Si precipitates lead to very large increases in measured hardness, corresponding to yield strength elevations of up to almost 700 MPa.
Remodelling Ca2+ Responsiveness of Cav2.3 by Cavb Subunits: Role of an N-Terminal Polyacidic Motif

Ca2+-dependent inactivation of Cav2 channels is highly sensitive to intracellular Ca2+ buffers. Therefore, it seems likely that the cytoplasmic Ca2+ buffering scenario will have a large impact on the activity of Cav2.3 channels, which mediate Ca2+ influx associated with medium to slow neurotransmitter release. Using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique, here we show that the kinetics of the fast and slow components of macroscopic inactivation, τf and τs, of Cav2.3 are significantly slower when the cell is dyalized with 0.5 mM EGTA than when is dyalized with a solution containing no intracellular chelators. Rat Cavβ3 and a Cavβ subunit from the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni (CaβSm) eliminate the sensitivity of τf, but not of τs, to 0.5 mM EGTA. Interestingly, CavβSmalso eliminates the sensitivity of τf to 5 mM BAPTA, whereas Cavβ3 does not. Differently from mammalian Cavβ's, CavβSm contains a long N-terminal poly-acidic motif (NPAM). Does this motif interfere with responsiveness of τf to BAPTA? Coexpression with a CavβSm subunit without NPAM increased the sensitivity of τf to 5 mM BAPTA and enhanced the sensitivity of τs to EGTA and BAPTA. Coexpression with a chimaeric Cavβ3 subunit that contains an NPAM suppressed the sensitivity of both τf and τs to intracellular buffering. Thus, we conclude that presence of NPAM in Cavβ subunits reduces or suppresses the sensitivity of Cav2.3 inactivation to intracellular chelators. Perhaps NPAMs compete for Ca2+ with cellular buffers in the microdomains associated with Cav channels. We propose that the NPAM is a built-in buffer within the architecture of the CavβSm subunit with a function in modulating inactivation of schistosome Cav channels. Recombinant mammalian Cavβ subunits containing NPAMs could potentially offer a novel therapeutic strategy for diseases associated with enhanced Ca2+ entry.
Metolachlor influence on growth and terpenoid synthesis

Abstract Height and fresh weight of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. var GA 522 DR) grown in sand were reduced by metolachlor (2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl) acetamide) (0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, or 1 ppmw) applied preemergence. Significantly different responses were obtained from plants grown at two light intensities (270 and 27 μein/m2/sec). When grown in nutrient solution containing 0, 0.0156, 0.0625, 0.25, 1, 16, or 64 ppmw metolachlor, shoot and root lengths were inhibited by metolachlor; fresh and dry weights of shoot, root, and total plant decreased as metolachlor concentration increased. Carotene content (micrograms per gram fresh weight) in sorghum leaves was decreased by metolachlor. Specific activity of carotene synthesized from [2-14C] mevalonic acid by carrot (Daucus carota L.) disks was reduced 50% by 10−5 and 10−4 M metolachlor. Thus, terpenoid biosynthesis is influenced by metolachlor. Gibberellins are terminal products of plant terpenoid biosynthesis, and GA3 reverses metolachlor inhibition of growth at specific ratios of GA3 and metolachlor but not at other concentrations. Thus, one effect of metolachlor on plants may be an inhibition of GA synthesis that results in shoot and root growth reductions as metolachlor concentration increases. Other growth responses of plants to metolachlor are unexplained.
The effects of surface-active materials on the oscillations of a liquid jet

Abstract The oscillatory motion and stability of a liquid jet are examined in the context of a theory which accounts for local variations of interfacial tension induced by expansion and contraction of an interface containing adsorbed molecules. The presence of a soluble surfactant alters the oscillation frequency as well as growth and decay rates via damping in a boundary layer. It is found that the frequency alteration is a substantial effect when considered in the context of measurements made with oscillating jets, i.e. the dynamic surface tension. When viscous effects are large the presence of surfactant may introduce oscillatory character in place of the aperiodic temporal behavior of pure liquids.
A comparison of the effects of localized brain administration of catecholamine and protein synthesis inhibitors on memory processing.

Protein synthesis inhibitors disrupt biosynthetic processes thought to control the formation of long-term memory. While the agents used (i.e. puromycin, acetoxycycloheximide, cycloheximide and anisomycin) do not selectively inhibit the synthesis of any particular class of protein, it has generally been hypothesized or assumed that the critical proteins(s) is structural and necessary for modification and/or growth of synapses. Recent reports indicated that all of the protein synthesis inhibitors causing amnesia inhibited tyrosine hydroxylase activity. Tyrosine hydroxylase is needed for the conversion of tyrosine to dopamine (DA) and norpinephrine (NE); altering the level of this enzyme could affect catecholamine (CA) turnover. Since drugs known to inhibit CA synthesis cause amnesia, it is of considerable interest whether amnesia induced by protein synthesis inhibitors depends basically on inhibition of CA synthesis.
Lesser-included offenses

The positions taken by prosecutors and defense lawyers on proposed jury instructions on lesser-included offenses provide evidence that juries do not follow the law strictly. This paper develops a simple model of expected utility to predict how jurors make their decisions. The model explains a stylized fact that is inconsistent with the idea that juries always follow the law, namely why prosecutors often object to giving the jury the option of a lesser-included offense. We use the model to evaluate the law concerning jury instructions on primary and lesser-included offenses.
Metabolism of Endogenous Proinsulin and Insulin in Man

ABSTRACT The disappearance of endogenous serum proinsulin and insulin was measured in 3 patients following removal of beta-cell adenomas of the pancreas. The mean half-disappearance time for proinsulin (17.2 min) was much longer than for insulin (4.8 min). This difference in the metabolic rate of the 2 hormones together with previously described differences in their hepatic extraction, are sufficient to explain the higher proinsulin :insulin ratio in serum compared to the pancreas.
Quantum-optical coherence tomography with dispersion cancellation

We propose a technique, called quantum-optical coherence tomography (QOCT), for carrying out tomographic measurements with dispersion-cancelled resolution. The technique can also be used to extract the frequency-dependent refractive index of the medium. QOCT makes use of a two-photon interferometer in which a swept delay permits a coincidence interferogram to be traced. The technique bears a resemblance to classical optical coherence tomography (OCT). However, it makes use of a nonclassical entangled twin-photon light source that permits measurements to be made at depths greater than those accessible via OCT, which suffers from the deleterious effects of sample dispersion. Aside from the dispersion cancellation, QOCT offers higher sensitivity than OCT as well as an enhancement of resolution by a factor of two for the same source bandwidth. QOCT and OCT are compared using an idealized sample.
The Spanish Directory and the Constitution

It is one of the surprising things in contemporary political science that at a time when what is known as “the pragmatic revolt in politics” is an outstanding phenomenon, and when lavish attention is being bestowed upon the histrionic adventures of Italy into the fields of political realism, the experiments of the Spanish Directory tend to be passed over without serious investigation. Spain has been treated as though her experiment were only a futile or less meaningful, slavish imitation of the work of Il Duce , as though the Iberian peninsula were witnessing only in parvo the monumental experiments of Fascism. This easy dismissal of the work of the Directory in Spain may be comforting in its simplicity, but it is a distinct over-simplification and an attempt to argue from analogy where the basic and essential elements of a similar situation are lacking. Merely the fact of dictatorship, merely the supposed association of an armed partisan force with the dictator in power, merely the fact of the abrogation of public liberties in each instance have been taken to constitute the essential elements of comparison and identification. The less dramatic character of the events in Spain has tended to obscure the far-reaching differences between the regimes centering in Rome and Madrid.
ORATORICAL SIDE SHOWS

Author's Summary— The value of speechmaking in a modern language course with suggested method and topics.
Scapholunate interosseous ligament of the wrist: MR appearances in asymptomatic volunteers and arthrographically normal wrists.

PURPOSE: To determine if the carpal scapholunate ligament (SLL) can be consistently visualized with commercial magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques and to establish the normal range of MR appearances of the SLL as a basis for comparison with SLL tears. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MR imaging helped identify and characterize the appearance of the SLL in 80 wrists with presumably normal SLLs (54 wrists in 27 asymptomatic volunteers and 26 patients with normal arthrograms). A dual-echo, gradient-echo technique was used. RESULTS: The SLL was visible in all 80 wrists and was seen on an average of almost four sections. It was delta-shaped in 72 wrists and linear in eight; there was absent signal intensity in 63% or intermediate signal intensity traversing all or part of the SLL in 37%. Distribution and extent of hyaline cartilage signal intensity at the insertion sites into the scaphoid and lunate bones were variable but related to the location within the SLL. CONCLUSION: The SLL can be consistently identified,...
Noninvasive experimental determination of charge and voltage distributions on an active surface [active antennas]

Optical sampling has been employed to obtain the charge and voltage distributions on both a self oscillating active antenna and a power combining oscillating array of such active antennas. Various oscillating arrays have been fabricated on GaAs substrates, and the microwave characteristics of these active structures were tested before the optical sampling measurements were performed. The results of optical sampling measurements have revealed some interesting characteristics of both the individual antenna and array operation. It was noted that the charge and voltage distributions of a single isolated oscillating antenna were quite similar to those measured on an oscillating antenna in an array. Along with this, no edge effects were observed in the finite arrays. The charge and voltage distributions repeated smoothly in periods less that a wavelength with the excess phase necessary to achieve 180 degrees per cell being taken up by a large phase jump across each transistor, despite the fact that each transistor has dimension much smaller than the free space wavelength of the oscillation. Some analytical modeling results are presented to try to put the results into perspective.
Papillary carcinoma of the breast: an overview

Papillary carcinoma of the breast represents ~0.5% of all newly diagnosed cases of breast cancer. The prevalence of both invasive and in situ papillary carcinoma seems to be greater in older postmenopausal women and, in relative terms, in males. Histologic features of the tumor include cellular proliferations surrounding fibrovascular cores, with or without invasion. In this review, characteristics of both in situ and invasive disease are outlined. Immunohistochemical analyses of papillary carcinoma suggest the utility of markers such as smooth muscle myosin heavy chain, calponin, p63, and high molecular weight keratins, which can characterize the myoepithelial cell layer. With respect to radiographic evaluation of papillary carcinoma, ultrasonography is the most extensively studied imaging modality, though magnetic resonance mammography has potential utility. Available data suggest improved outcome for papillary carcinoma as compared to invasive ductal carcinoma. Treatment-related information for patients with papillary carcinoma is limited, and patterns noted in available series suggest a variable approach to this disease. The scarcity of information underscores the need for further treatment- and outcome-related studies in papillary carcinoma of the breast.
A simplified procedure for eluting mRNA from agarose gels.

Abstract A method for eluting mRNA from agarose gels is described. Chick ovalbumin mRNA and globin mRNA were electrophoresed on 2% agarose-6.0 m urea cylindrical gels at pH 5.5. The position of the RNA after electrophoresis was determined in stained gels, and corresponding sections of unstained gels were cut out. These slices were pulverized and layered on top of an oligo(dT)-cellulose column to which diffusing RNA was bound. The recovery of polyadenylated RNA varied between 30 and 50%; however, the biological activity of the eluted RNA was retained as measured by in vitro translation in the wheat germ system.