cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physical and functional interaction of Rnf2 with Af9 regulates basal and aldosterone-stimulated transcription of the α-ENaC gene in a renal collecting duct cell line.

The physical and functional interaction of Rnf2 (RING finger protein 2), a central component of the PRC (Polycomb repressive complex) 1 and Af9 (ALL1-fused gene from chromosome 9 protein), an aldosterone-sensitive transcription factor, in regulating basal and aldosterone-stimulated transcription of the α-ENaC (epithelial Na+ channel α-subunit) gene was explored in mIMCD3 CD (collecting duct) cells. Since Rnf2 lacks DNA-specific binding activity, other factors must mediate its site-specific chromatin recruitment. Rnf2 and Af9 co-localized in the nucleus and co-immunoprecipitated. A GST (glutathione transferase)–Af9 carboxy-terminal fusion protein directly interacted with in vitro translated Rnf2 in GST pull-down assays. Rnf2 knock down enhanced basal and aldosterone-stimulated α-ENaC mRNA levels and α-ENaC promoter activity. ChIP/QPCR (chromatin immunoprecipitation/quantitative PCR) assays demonstrated enrichment of Rnf2, H2AK119 (mono-ubiquitinated histone H2A lysine 119), and H3K27me3 (histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylated), a PRC2 chromatin mark, at multiple α-ENaC promoter subregions corresponding to regions of known Af9 enrichment, under basal conditions. Sequential ChIP confirmed Rnf2–Af9 co-occupancy of the α-ENaC promoter. Aldosterone provoked early and sustained depletion of Rnf2, ubiquitinated H2AK119, and trimethylated H3K27 associated with the subregions of the α-ENaC promoter. Thus, Af9 mediates site-selective physical and functional recruitment of Rnf2 to the α-ENaC promoter to constrain basal α-ENaC transcription in collecting duct cells, and aldosterone reverses this process.
Light scattering studies on single ascites carcinoma cells.

Abstract Light scattering usually limits the validity of optical microscopic measurements. To overcome this limit, an optical arrangement has been designed that utilizes just such light scattering phenomena as a means for obtaining information on biological material. Measurements on ascites carcinoma cells indicate that this method permits the study of light scattering arising from minute cell components such as cell nuclei in situ.
NEW APPROACHES AND AUDIENCES FOR BEHAVIOUR CHANGE TO REDUCE CHILD INJURY RISK

Background Effective child injury prevention involves taking an ecological approach, intervening at multiple levels of influence. Efforts to change the behaviour of individual children and/or caregivers can be strengthened by addressing environmental influences on injury risk. How to change the behaviour of those who shape these environments is a critical question. Purpose To inform research and practice, we provide three case examples of promoting safer environments for children through behaviour change in other audiences—health care providers, manufacturers, and legislators. Methods Literature review Results (1) The SAFE Home Project changed the delivery of paediatric anticipatory guidance and increased the use of home safety products. Important to success were high levels of institutional support, collaboration among key stakeholders, and the use of behaviour change theory in programme content. (2) Following scald burn educational efforts and the use of warning labels, manufacturers voluntarily agreed to preset new water heaters at 120°F. Motivating this change was concern about variations in requirements across states, a significant burden for companies. (3) Why state legislators vote for injury prevention policies was the subject of one behavioural science study. Constructs from the Theory of Planned Behaviour predicted voting behaviour. Significance As the injury field has matured and there are success stories, it is important to understand how these changes occur at all levels of an ecological framework. Behavioural science theory and methods represents a largely untapped potential for both understanding how change occurs and facilitating it in individuals whose decisions affect the safety of entire populations.
Neural Network Prediction of Biomass Digestibility Based on Structural Features

Plots of biomass digestibility are linear with the natural logarithm of enzyme loading; the slope and intercept characterize biomass reactivity. The feed-forward back-propagation neural networks were performed to predict biomass digestibility by simulating the 1-, 6-, and 72-h slopes and intercepts of glucan, xylan, and total sugar hydrolyses of 147 poplar wood model samples with a variety of lignin contents, acetyl contents, and crystallinity indices. Regression analysis of the neural network models indicates that they performed satisfactorily. Increasing the dimensionality of the neural network input matrix allowed investigation of the influence glucan and xylan enzymatic hydrolyses have on each other. Glucan hydrolysis affected the last stage of xylan digestion, and xylan hydrolysis had no influence on glucan digestibility. This study has demonstrated that neural networks have good potential for predicting biomass digestibility over a wide range of enzyme loadings, thus providing the potential to design cost-effective pretreatment and saccharification processes.
Molecular evolution among someDrosophila species groups as indicated by two-dimensional electrophoresis

The evolutionary and phylogenetic relationships of sevenDrosophila species groups (represented byD. melanogaster, D. mulleri, D. mercatorum, D. robusta, D. virilis, D. immigrans, D. funebris, andD. melanica) were investigated by the use of two-dimensional electrophoresis. The resulting phylogeny is congruent with the current views of evolution among these groups based on morphological characters and immunological distances. Previous studies indicated that the ability of one-dimensional electrophoresis to resolve relationships between distantly related taxa extended to about the Miocene [25 million years (Myr) ago], but the present study demonstrates that two-dimensional electrophoresis is a useful indicator of phylogeny even back to the Paleocene (65 Myr ago). In addition, two-dimensional electrophoresis is shown to be a useful technique for detecting slowly evolving structural proteins such as actins and tropomyosins.
In utero transplantation of fetal liver cells in the mucopolysaccharidosis type VII mouse results in low-level chimerism, but overexpression of β-glucuronidase can delay onset of clinical signs

Mice with the lysosomal storage disease mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) VII, caused by a deficiency of β-glucuronidase (GUSB), have signs of disease present at birth. Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) or retroviral vector–mediated gene transfer into hematopoietic stem cells can partially correct the disease in adult mice, and BMT performed at birth results in a better clinical outcome. Thus, treatment in utero may result in further improvement. However, this must be done without cyto-ablation, and the donor cells do not have a competitive repopulating advantage over host cells. Transplantation in utero of either syngeneic fetal liver hematopoietic stem cells marked with a retroviral vector, or allogeneic donor cells that constitutively express high levels of human GUSB from a transgene, resulted in only about 0.1% engraftment in the adult. Immuno-affinity enrichment of stem and progenitor cells of 5- to 10-fold resulted in significantly higher GUSB activities at 2 months of age, but by 6 months engraftment was about 0.1%. Attempts to further increase the number of stem and progenitor cells were deleterious to the recipients. Nevertheless, GUSB expressed during the first 2 months of life in MPS VII fetuses could delay the onset of overt signs of disease. This suggests that the expression of some normal enzyme activity beginning in fetal life may offer the possibility of slowing the progression of the disease until more definitive postnatal transplantation or gene transfer to stem cells could be accomplished.
Immunochemical localization of parathyroid hormone in cancer tissue from patients with ectopic hyperparathyroidism.

Abstract Immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (PTH) in nonparathyroid malignant tumors associated with hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia in the absence of demonstrable bone metastases was determined by radioimmunoassay and immunofluorescent techniques. Six of seven tumors contained material with immunological cross-reactivity to bovine PTH by radioimmunoassay and immunofluorescence. The intensity of the immunofluorescent stain varied considerably in the different tumors. From 15 to 90% of neoplastic cells were stained specifically with fluorescein-labeled anti-PTH. In contrast, normal parathyroid glands and parathyroid adenomas showed uniform distribution of immunofluorescence in all parenchymal cells. In one malignant tumor, PTH was localized also by immunoautoradiography. In every case PTH was detected only in the cytoplasm of parenchymal cells. One patient lacked detectable PTH in his tumor, yet showed regression of the hypercalcemia to normal values after removal of large masses of neoplastic tissue and recurrence of hypercalcemia when new growth occurred. Dilutional radioimmunoassay curves of nonparathyroid malignant tumors were in most cases different from those obtained with extracts of normal parathyroid glands and parathyroid adenomas. Although both nonparathyroid neoplasmas and parathyroid extracts demonstrated immunoheterogeneity by gel filtration, greater heterogeneity was found in nonparathyroid malignant tumors. In those tumors in which immunological cross-reactivity to PTH was detected, the capability of secreting PTH may be restricted to derepressed cell clones amidst other neoplastic cells, whereas the greater heterogeneity of ectopic PTH may reflect hormone cleavage by proteolytic enzymes in the tumor that is less specific than the Pro-PTH cleaving enzyme in the parathyroids.
Investigation of semicrystalline morphology in poly(ether ether ketone)/poly(ether imide) blends by dielectric relaxation spectroscopy

Abstract The semicrystalline morphology of a series of poly(ether ether ketone) [PEEK]/poly(ether imide) [PEI] blends has been investigated as a function of blend composition and crystallization condition by dielectric relaxation spectroscopy. Dielectric scans of the crystallized blends revealed two glass-rubber relaxations for all specimens corresponding to the coexistence of a mixed amorphous interlamellar phase, and a pure PEI phase residing in interfibrillar/interspherulitic regions; no (pure PEEK) crystal-amorphous interphase was observed. Variations in the composition of the mixed interlamellar phase with crystallization temperature were consistent with kinetic control of the evolving morphology: lower crystallization temperatures led to an increase in the amount of PEI trapped between crystal lamellae. Comparison of the relaxation characteristics of the interfibrillar/interspherulitic phase with those of pure PEI indicated a much broader spectrum of local relaxation environments for PEI in the blends, consistent with PEI segregation across a wide range of size scales.
Waking Up in Prison: Critical Discussions Between Typical College Students and Their Incarcerated Peers

This article describes a typical college course that was taught in a youth correctional facility. The course combined traditional college students and inmates from the prison. Over the course of 15 weeks both groups grew to understand one another and themselves. The article seeks to illustrate the realities related both to fear and success in such an undertaking. This collaborative model between colleges and correctional facilities has promise as a model for prison education.
FATTY ACID (FA) COMPOSITION OF INTRAVENOUS LIPID EMULSION AFFECTS HYPOXIC PULMONARY VASOCONSTRICTION IN PIGLETS. † 1147

Thromboxane production after giving Soy Bean Oil emulsions (SBO) has been reported to induce pulmonary hypertension. Objective: To examine effects of altering FA composition of the lipid emulsion used for TPN.Methods: 2 d old piglets were instrumented with a central venous catheter. TPN was started with the fat source being randomized to either SBO(18:2ω6 55%;18:3ω6 7%) or a fish oil (FO) emulsion containing long chain FA (20:5ω3 12%;22:6ω3 28%). A control group remained with the sow. 3 d later, a thermodilution catheter was floated into the pulmonary artery (PA). Piglets were ventilated, then made hypoxic for 20 min and then for 2 h. Systemic arterial pressure (SAP), PA pressure, and Cardiac Index (Q) were measured and PVR calculated. TableConclusion: SBO administered for 3 d to the newborn piglet leads to an exaggerated increase in PVR and fall in Q during prolonged hypoxia. FO emulsion has no such effect. We speculate this effect is due to“diet” induced alterations in thromboxane synthesis.
Decreased Vision Following Eye Trauma

A52-YEAR-OLD MAN PRESENTED TO THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT (ED) FOR evaluation after several days of increasingly blurred vision in the right eye. Nine days earlier, while he was operating an asphalt reclamation machine, the patient reported the sensation of an object striking his right eye, but he had no acute pain or change in vision. He was not wearing eye protection at the time. One day after the trauma occurred, the patient visited his primary care physician and was prescribed topical antibiotics. His past medical and ophthalmological histories were unremarkable. On examination in the emergency department, the best corrected visual acuities were 20/100 in the right eye and 20/20 in the left eye. Dilated, slit-lamp examination of the right eye revealed a selfsealing, full-thickness corneal wound and an area of iris irregularity (iris synechiae formation) (FIGURE 1A), minimal anterior chamber inflammation, and early cataract formation. On adduction of the eye, a large, glistening, variegated intraocular foreign body was seen encased entirely in the crystalline lens (Figure 1B). There were no additional findings in the vitreous or retina on dilated examination, including no signs of endophthalmitis. Examination results of the left eye were unremarkable. What Would You Do Next?
Using EAC-CPF at an Institutional Archives

Archivists should consider strategic goals and descriptive needs before implementing EAC-CPF. This case study explores 3 major lessons learned in using EAC-CPF to describe and document an academic institution and the creators of archival collections. This article discusses a spectrum of descriptive strategies that can support archives’ strategic needs, ranging from narrative texts to linked relationships using structured data. The article emphasizes the effect these decisions have when moving from a discrete project effort to a production-level process with finite resources. In articulating these lessons, the authors draw attention to the kinds of questions archivists should answer before implementing EAC-CPF.
Public relations, not propaganda, for US public diplomacy in a post‐9/11 world: Challenges and opportunities

While propaganda was central to U.S. public diplomacy in earlier times, and remains central today, the United States must now practice true public diplomacy, which should rely, not only on political theory and the theories of international relations, but also on theories and models of public relations that are based on two‐way symmetrical communication and community‐building. A propaganda model centers the United States at the hub of the global milieu in its relationships with other nations, i.e., a diplomatic worldview in which the ‘spokes’ of America's communication and relationships radiate outward to satellites of stakeholders; in contrast, the United States is not centered so self‐importantly in a community‐building model. Rather, this model recognizes that America is only one part of a global social system. America's public diplomacy must recognize that the United States' global constituents are ‘publics,’ not ‘markets,’ and that an effective public diplomacy model must be one that is not propaganda or market‐oriented advocacy, but one that is based on two‐way symmetrical communication and community‐building.
A Simultaneous Comparison of Acupuncture Needle and Insulated Needle Sphenoidal Electrodes for Detection of Anterior Temporal Spikes

Uninsulated acupuncture needles have been used as sphenoidal electrodes, but the issue of insulation has not been adequately addressed. In this report, acupuncture needles and insulated needle sphenoidal electrodes were simultaneously used to compare the rate of spike detection, spike amplitude and distribution of maximal spikes from eight spike foci in seven patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. When compared to the insulated needle electrode, the acupuncture needle electrode was equally effective in spike detection, but spike amplitudes tended to be smaller and maximal spikes were less frequently encountered. Thus, insulation has an influence on the spikes recorded by the acupuncture needle sphenoidal electrode. However, the overall effect appears to be not sufficiently different from the insulated needle electrode for the purpose of detecting anterior temporal spikes in outpatient EEG recordings for the diagnosis of temporal lobe epilepsy.
Simulating Marriage: Gender Roles and Emerging Intimacy in an Online Game

Virtual marriage is a complex social activity in virtual worlds, yet it has received relatively little research attention. What happens when an important relationship such as marriage is transformed into gameplay? In this paper we present an empirical study of how players perceive, experience, and interpret their in-game marriages, especially with regard to representations of gender and sexuality, in an online game (Audition) where a ludological simulation of marriage is centrally embedded in gameplay. Findings reveal that marriage-as-ludic-rule-system and marriage-as-significant-sociocultural-institution provide a double set of gameplay/social/psychosexual resources that players collaboratively learn and perform, and that this negotiation is a source of pleasure, frustration, and meaning in the game. These findings can contribute to understanding the specificity and heterogeneity of players' gender representation in virtual worlds and inform the design of mixed reality games that simulate important life events for learning.
Periosteal and endosteal control of bone remodeling under torsional loading

The shape changes that occur in the mid-diaphysis of a long bone due to adaptive remodeling induced by increasing or decreasing the axial and/or torsional loading of the bone are investigated using a simple model. In this model the mid-diaphysis of a long bone is represented as a hollow thick-walled right-circular cylinder, and different optimal strategies for bone remodeling are considered. It is shown that if such a thick-walled right-circular cylinder capable of surface remodeling is subjected to an axial compressive load and a twisting torque, then the remodeling patterns depend on whether the periosteal surface or the endosteal surface controls the limits of the remodeling process. It is shown that the effect of increasing the torque is always opposite to the effect of increasing the compressive load. Thus, similar remodeling patterns are obtained by increasing one type of loading and decreasing the other. Aside from the restriction of idealized cylindrical geometry, the only assumptions made are that the bone tissue is linearly elastic and that there exists a finite range of remodeling equilibrium stresses. Only those loading situations which maintain the bone in remodeling equilibrium are considered in this work. It follows that the results presented are independent of the specific type of rule governing the temporal evolution of the bone shape, since any such rule applies only in situations where there is active remodeling and, hence, no remodeling equilibrium.
Assignment of the gene for central core disease to chromosome 19

In a large kindred in which the gene for central core disease is segregating, we have demonstrated linkage between the disorder and a marker on chromosome 19q. Marker D19S9 (p1J2) was linked to central core disease with a lod score of 6.4 at θ = 0.03 (support interval 0.01–0.14) thus localizing the gene for this disorder in or very close to 19q12–q13.2.
Volatile compounds in cucumbers fermented in low-salt conditions

Volatile compounds present in cucumbers fermented in 2% salt were analyzed using purge and trap concentration followed by GC-MS. Thirty-seven volatile compounds were identified from over 100 peaks ...
Analyzing the Gender Gap in Math Achievement: Evidence from a Large-Scale US Sample.

The US portion of the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2003 student questionnaire comprising of 4,733 observations was used in a multiple regression framework to predict math achievement from demographic variables, such as gender, race, and socioeconomic status, and two student-specific measures of perception, math anxiety and math self-efficacy, while controlling for age, psychological disability, and language proficiency. The results confirmed the existence of persistent racial and socioeconomic gaps in math achievement, showed that both anxiety and self-efficacy contribute significantly towards explaining variation in math achievement, and provided evidence that the gender gap disappears once important predictors of math achievement, such as math-specific self-efficacy and anxiety, are controlled for.
Developing computational models: some aspects of conceptualization and implementation

This paper discusses two aspects of developing computational models: the multi-disciplinary nature of conceptualization and practical aspects for implementing computational models. This is part of our approach to devising a framework to develop methods, software tools and help educate scientists and students of computer science, mathematics, and the various science disciplines, in developing computational modeling. A computational model is a computer implementation of the solution to a (scientific) problem for which a mathematical representation has been formulated. Developing a computational model involves formulating the mathematical representation and implementing it by applying Computer Science concepts, principles and methods. Because most computational models today require high-performance computing (HPC), they are implemented in C and Fortran using appropriate numerical/scientific libraries.
Prognostic utility of 64-slice computed tomography in patients with suspected but no documented coronary artery disease.

Aims Although multislice computed tomography (MSCT) detects obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) with high diagnostic accuracy, there is a paucity of long-term prognostic data. We sought to assess the incremental prognostic value of 64-slice CT in patients with suspected but no documented CAD. Methods and results Coronary MSCT was performed on 227 individuals (61% men, mean age 54 ± 12 years, 63% with intermediate pre-test probability) without documented CAD, referred for coronary evaluation. Coronary artery disease by MSCT was categorized as follows: none or mild CAD (<50%, n = 172), ≥50% in one vessel ( n = 23), two vessels [or in the proximal left anterior descending (LAD), n = 12], and three vessels (or in two vessels including the proximal LAD or left main, n = 20). Baseline risk factors, length of follow-up, and major adverse cardiac events (MACE), including cardiac death, myocardial infarction (MI), and coronary revascularization were recorded. Over a mean follow-up of 2.3 ± 0.8 years, there were 18 MACE [including four hard events (one cardiac death and three MIs)]. Also, patients with one or more vessel obstructive CAD had increased hard events compared with those with less than one-vessel disease (log-rank statistic P -value 0.01). One or more vessel obstructive CAD was a significant predictor of MACE on univariable and multivariable Cox proportional survival analysis [hazard ratios 29.1 (6.7–126.6) and 9.82 (3.58–27.01), respectively, both P < 0.0001]. In 172 patients, with no or mild CAD, there was 99% freedom from MACE during follow-up. Conclusion Multislice computed tomography-classified extent of CAD provides incremental prognostic information in patients with suspected but no documented CAD.
Cellulose/starch/HALS composite fibers extruded from an ionic liquid

The composite fibers of cellulose, starch, and a commercial hindered amine light stabilizer have been produced in various concentrations of the components using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride as the spinning solvent in order to evaluate their physical properties. The composite fibers allowed desirable properties of both polymers to be retained, while producing fibers of reasonable physical properties. The halogenated hindered amine light stabilizer exhibited remarkably good resistance towards repeated ultraviolet light irradiation and halogenation cycles.
RECYCLING OF METABOLIZED IRON BY THE MARINE DINOFLAGELLATE AMPHIDINIUM CARTERAE1

Senescent, iron-limited cultures of Amphidinium carterae Hulburt were used to detect the presence of iron made available for phytoplankton growth by recycling of metabolized iron from disrupted cells. Both physical disruption of cells and physical disruption plus exposure to a low pH were tested. The test cultures remained viable over long periods of time, and were stimulated to full growth by the addition of Fe, but not by the addition of any other nutrients. Simple physical disruption of cells caused only a very slow release of available Fe, while disruption of cells plus exposure to a low pH resulted in a rapid release of available Fe. It is suggested that the digestive processes of herbivores are instrumental in the rapid regeneration of Fe as a nutrient available for phytoplankton growth.
Patient Tolerance of the Flexible CO2 Laser for Office-based Laryngeal Surgery

Summary Objective The OmniGuide flexible carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) laser can be readily used in the office but patient tolerance has not been established. The aim of this pilot study was to determine patient tolerance of the flexible CO 2 laser. As a reference point, the 585-nm pulsed-dye laser (PDL) was selected for comparison because it is the only office-based laser in which patient tolerance has specifically been studied. Methods Prospective pilot study involving office-based surgery candidates with benign laryngeal pathology. Via flexible laryngoscopy, half of each lesion was treated with the CO 2 laser and the remaining half with the PDL, alternating the order of the lasers (to account for potential thermal injury from the first laser) and blinding the patient to treatment. Patients rated their discomfort immediately after each laser treatment and then completed postoperative questionnaires for discomfort and voice quality. Results Ten patients with benign laryngeal disease were included. All patients tolerated the office-based laser surgeries without difficulty. The CO 2 laser was extremely well tolerated, with mean pain and burning scores of 2.0 and 2.3, respectively, on a scale of 1–10 (10 being intolerable pain). Postoperative pain questionnaires demonstrated minimal discomfort after the laser treatment. Those with resolution of laryngeal disease had significant voice improvement. Conclusion Flexible CO 2 laser laryngeal surgery is well tolerated in an office-based setting.
Inhibition of reovirus-stimulated murine natural killer cell cytotoxicity by cyclosporine.

Abstract Reovirus type 3 is a double-stranded RNA virus that is a potent inducer of murine natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity, most likely as a result of virus-induced interferon production. We determined that reovirus was an effective inducer of high levels of NK cytotoxicity. A single injection of cyclosporine (CS), administered concurrently with reovirus or delayed until three days after injecting CS, significantly inhibited NK cytotoxicity. CS significantly suppressed reovirus-induced NK cytotoxicity when added directly to the chromium-release assay. We determined that CS inhibited the ability of murine spleen cells to form conjugates with YAC-1 tumor target cells. Finally. CS was shown to directly inhibit reovirus replication in vitro . Our results demonstrate that CS is an effective inhibitor of reovirus-induced NK cytotoxicity and suggest that inhibition occurs through multiple mechanisms including direct effects on the NK cells and direct inhibition of virus replication.
Measuring transmitted global radiation with fixed and moving sensors

Abstract Estimates of transmitted global radiation beneath lodgepole pine and Douglas-fir canopies were made using eight fixed and one moving sensor. One sensor was moved along a 65 m track; eight additional sensors were spaced about the track in a fixed grid. Estimates of transmitted global radiation using the two systems were in close agreement if averaged over periods greater than six hours. Hourly estimates of transmitted radiation were significantly different, particularly during midday.
The effects of d-α-aminoadipic acid on long-term potentiation in the hippocampus of the rat in vitro

Many studies on long-term potentiation (LTP) in hippocampal region CA1 focus on receptor-mediated events that are often presumed to be linked to postsynaptic processes. Whereas it is now well-known that LTP consists of multiple components involving increases in postsynaptic responsiveness as well as enhanced presynaptic release of transmitter, little specific information has accrued on the nature of the presynaptic receptor-linked events. In the course of a series of experiments examining the actions of several antagonists of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors on LTP, we made certain observations that suggested the role of a novel type of amino acid receptor which possibly was located presynaptically and that seemed to contribute to the induction of LTP. LTP evoked in region CA1 following high frequency stimulation (HFS) of the Schaffer collateral-commissural pathway measured 20-30 min after HFS always was attenuated incompletely when induced during administration of DalphaAA at doses ranging from 50 mu M to as high as 1000 mu M, whereas 2-amino-5-phosphonopropionate (AP5), at a concentration of 30 mu M, always abolished the process completely. 6,7-Dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX) (10 mu M) administered alone also did not block LTP completely unless delivered in combination with DalphaAA. These non-AP5-like effects of DalphaAA could not be attributed to incomplete antagonism of postsynaptic NMDA receptors, since DalphaAA (200 mu M) completely and reversibly blocked the membrane depolarising effects of NMDA, as assessed through intracellular recording. Furthermore, the pharmacologically isolated NMDA-receptor-mediated component of the low-frequency, stimulus-evoked synaptic response was always abolished reversibly by DalphaAA (200 mu M). The most parsimonious explanation of these data is that a receptor which is only activated during HFS, is sensitive to the antagonising actions of AP5 and possibly also to DNQX but not to DalphaAA, and which could conceivably exist on terminals of the Schaffer collateral-commissural fibres, makes a significant contribution to LTP.
State policy responses to the AIDS epidemic.

By the end of 1987, the Centers for Disease Control reported about 50,000 cumulative cases of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) since 1981. The extent of the problem for states varies with the number and types of cases. States have responded to the AIDS epidemic with varied policy initiatives: states support treatment of those with AIDS, develop traditional public health measures, regulate insurance companies, and enforce antidiscrimination laws. The degree and content of each state's responses appear to be linked most significantly to the incidence of AIDS. Nevertheless, states with strong social conservative power and a competitive party system have lower per case expenditures for AIDS.
Carbon and chlorine isotope fractionation of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons by evaporation

Abstract Two pure solvents (trichloroethene and dichloromethane) were evaporated at room temperature (24±1°C). The carbon and chlorine isotopic compositions of the residual solvents were measured as a function of the fraction remaining. Isotopic fractionation factors (α) derived from these experimental results are 1.00031±0.00004 for C and 0.99818±0.00022 for Cl in trichloroethene, and 1.00065±0.00002 for C and 0.99952±0.00006 for Cl in dichloromethane. The negative correlation between δ13C and δ37Cl values caused by evaporation of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons can be used to distinguish evaporation from biodegradation in contaminated systems.
Acute Histoplasmosis: Description of an Outbreak in Northern Louisiana

An outbreak of acute histoplasmosis occurred in northern Louisiana in September 1977. All six men who cleared a field of bamboo cane known to be a blackbird roosting site were affected. All had clinical and roentgenographic findings of acute pulmonary histoplasmosis, and all recovered. Seroconversion or fourfold rise in antibody to Histoplasma capsulatum yeast—or mycelial-form antigens was demonstrated in five. Immunodiffusion testing showed that all six patients developed H capsulatum M bands, and two developed H bands specific for active infection. The H capsulatum was isolated from the soil in the cane field. This is the first report of an outbreak of histoplasmosis in Louisiana and the first known isolation of H capsulatum from Louisiana soil.
Carbon–Chlorine Bond Dissociation on the Pd(111) Surface

Abstract Dissociation of the C–Cl bonds in straight chain alkyl chlorides (CH 3 (CH 2 ) n Cl, n =0–5) adsorbed on the Pd(111) surface has been investigated using temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS). Short chain alkyl chlorides adsorbed on the Pd(111) surface at low temperatures desorb during heating because the intrinsic activation energy for C–Cl bond cleavage (Δ E C–Cl ) is greater than the desorption energy (Δ E des ). Systematically increasing the alkyl chain length increases Δ E des until it is greater than Δ E C–Cl . The value of Δ E C–Cl was estimated by determining Δ E des of the smallest alkyl chloride to dissociate during heating, i.e., the smallest alkyl chloride with Δ E C–Cl ≤Δ E des . The TPD and XPS studies showed that while adsorbed CH 3 (CH 2 ) 2 Cl desorbs from the Pd(111) surface during heating, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 3 Cl is the shortest alkyl chloride to dissociate. This implies that Δ E C–Cl >Δ E des for CH 3 (CH 2 ) 2 Cl and Δ E C–Cl E des for CH 3 (CH 2 ) 3 Cl. The estimated range for the value of Δ E C–Cl is 60–64 kJ/mol and is consistent with the value of Δ E C–Cl estimated from previous studies of the dechlorination of fluorinated 1,1-dichloroethanes on the Pd(111) surface.
Population coding of somatic sensations

The somatic sensory system includes a variety of sensory modalities, such as touch, pain, itch, and temperature sensitivity. The coding of these modalities appears to be best explained by the population-coding theory, which is composed of the following features. First, an individual somatic sensory afferent is connected with a specific neural circuit or network (for simplicity, a sensory-labeled line), whose isolated activation is sufficient to generate one specific sensation under normal conditions. Second, labeled lines are interconnected through local excitatory and inhibitory interneurons. As a result, activation of one labeled line could modulate, or provide gate control of, another labeled line. Third, most sensory fibers are polymodal, such that a given stimulus placed onto the skin often activates two or multiple sensory-labeled lines; crosstalk among them is needed to generate one dominant sensation. Fourth and under pathological conditions, a disruption of the antagonistic interaction among labeled lines could open normally masked neuronal pathways, and allow a given sensory stimulus to evoke a new sensation, such as pain evoked by innocuous mechanical or thermal stimuli and itch evoked by painful stimuli. As a result of this, some sensory fibers operate along distinct labeled lines under normal versus pathological conditions. Thus, a better understanding of the neural network underlying labeled line crosstalk may provide new strategies to treat chronic pain and itch.
Screening for the Presence of a Disease by Pooling Sera Samples

Abstract Screening of pooled urine samples was suggested during the Second World War as a method for reducing the cost of detecting syphilis in U.S. soldiers. Recently, pooling has been used in screening for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody to help curb the further spread of the virus. Pooling reduces the cost but also—and probably more importantly—offers a feasible way to lower the error rates associated with labeling samples when screening low-risk HIV populations. For example, given the limited precision of the presently available test kits, when the screened population has a prevalence of 4 per 1,000 (which is roughly the estimated U.S. prevalence), the probability that a sample labeled positive is antibody-free can be reduced from approximately 90% (if each sample is tested individually) to about 2%. Furthermore, screening pooled sera samples can also be used to reduce the probability that a sample labeled negative in fact has antibodies up to 40-fold in such a population—an important cons...
Stagnating Industrial Employment in Latin America

The industrialization of developing countries has fundamentally transformed work, employment, and labor for millions. Despite the industrialization of most of the developing world, we present evidence that Latin America has experienced stagnating industrial employment in the past few decades. Ben- efiting from recently available data on industrial employment as a percent- age of total employment from 1980 through 2006, we analyze fixed-effects models for 20 Latin American countries. Specifically, we examine three theoretical explanations: productivity/comparative advantage, institutional- ism, and dependency/world-systems. Our analyses demonstrate that the prevailing productivity/comparative advantage explanation has limited value. By contrast, we find supportive evidence for a combination of institutional and dependency/world-systems variables. In particular, the stagnating indus- trial employment share in Latin American countries has been driven by the negative effects of (in order of magnitude) the Mercosur trade agreement, mineral and ore exports (as a percentage of total exports), the duration of the current political regime, military spending (as a percentage of GDP), and inward foreign direct investment flows (as a percentage of GDP).
Anodic alumina supported dual-layer microporous silica membranes

We present a new processing scheme for the deposition of microporous, sol–gel derived silica membranes on inexpensive, commercially available anodic alumina (Anodisk TM ) supports. In a first step, a surfactant-templated mesoporous silica sublayer (pore size 2–6 nm) is deposited on the Anodisk support by dip-coating, in order to provide a smooth transition from the pore size of the support (20 or 100 nm) to that of the membrane (3–4 u
Porosity Effects on Machining Direction—Strength Anisotropy and Failure Mechanisms

The anisotropy in room-temperature flexural strength of ceramics as a result of machining test bar tensile surfaces parallel vs perpendicular to the bar axis was studied for various porous bodies. This shows that fine, relatively homogeneous porosity has no significant effect on such strength anisotropy, implying that such porosity has no significant effect on flaw sizes or shapes, which was also shown by fractography. However, as the size of pores or pore clusters (due to pore heterogeneity) increases, the strength anisotropy diminishes, becoming zero when the pores or pore clusters dominate failure. Logarithm of strength vs porosity (P) plots for the two machining directions followed nearly parallel lines for fine, homogeneous porosity, but have less separation and intersect at lower porosity as pore size or heterogeneity increases. Fracture toughnesses calculated from fractography data for Al[sub 2]O[sub 3] and B of varying porosity levels could be normalized to values at P [approximately] 0. Thus, extrapolation of strengths to P = 0 is clearly justified for bodies with fine, homogeneous porosity, but may be uncertain in bodies with coarser, or heterogeneous porosity.
Synthesizing for scan dependence in built-in self-testable designs

This paper introduces new design and synthesis techniques that reduce the area and performance overhead of built-in self-test (BIST) architectures such as circular BIST and parallel BIST. Our goal is to arrange the system bistables into scan paths such that some of the BIST and scan logic is shared with the functional logic. Logic sharing is possible when scan dependence is introduced in the design. Other BIST design techniques attempt to avoid scan dependence because it can reduce the fault coverage of embedded, multiple input signature registers (MISRs). We show that introducing certain types of scan dependence in embedded MISRs can result in reduced overhead and improved fault coverage. We present our results for benchmark circuits that have been synthesized to take advantage of scan dependence in a circular BIST architecture. >
EVIDENCE FOR CHANGES IN PROTEIN POLYSACCHARIDE ASSOCIATED WITH THE ONSET OF CALCIFICATION IN CARTILAGE

Past work has suggested that protein polysaccharide may play a role in the calcification of cartilage. Recent electron microscopic studies on noncalcified cartilage have indicated that protein polysaccharide in cartilage matrix is represented by granules associated with collagen fibers. The present work has been designed for comparison of the matrix of noncalcified cartilage to that of calcified cartilage, with particular reference to these granules. Small blocks of tibia from 16-day embryos were fixed in cacodylate-buffered glutaraldehyde and postfixed in either phosphate- or Veronal-buffered osmium tetroxide. Special care was taken to maintain the pH above 7.0 at all times. For electron microscopy the tissues were dehydrated, embedded in Epon 812, sectioned, and stained with uranyl acetate or lead citrate. A marked decrease in the size of granules in the matrix of calcified cartilage compared to noncalcified cartilage was noted. Associated with the decrease in the size of granules was a condensation of matrix components and the presence of an amorphous electron-opaque material that was not seen in noncalcified areas. These results are interpreted to represent either a drop in concentration or a change in state of protein polysaccharide with the onset of calcification in cartilage.
Micrometer-scale translation and monitoring of individual nanocars on glass.

Nanomachines designed to exhibit controlled mechanical motions on the molecular scale present new possibilities of building novel functional materials. Single moleculefluorescence imaging of dye-labeled nanocars on a glass surface at room temperature showed a coupled translational and rotational motion of these nanoscale machines with an activation energy of 425 kJ/mol. The 3 nm-long dye-labeled carborane-wheeled nanocars moved by as much as 2.5m with an average speed of 4.1 nm/s. Translation of the nanocars due a wheel-likerollingmechanismisproposedandthisisconsistentwiththeabsenceofmovementforathree-wheeled nanocar analogue and the stationary behavior of unbound dye molecules. Thesefindings are an importantfirst step toward the rational design and ultimate control of surface-operational molecular machines.
Shotgun Protein Sequencing Assembly of Peptide Tandem Mass Spectra from Mixtures of Modified Proteins

Despite significant advances in the identification of known proteins, the analysis of unknown proteins by MS/MS still remains a challenging open problem. Although Klaus Biemann recognized the potential of MS/MS for sequencing of unknown proteins in the 1980s, low throughput Edman degradation followed by cloning still remains the main method to sequence unknown proteins. The automated interpretation of MS/MS spectra has been limited by a focus on individual spectra and has not capitalized on the information contained in spectra of overlapping peptides. Indeed the powerful shotgun DNA sequencing strategies have not been extended to automated protein sequencing. We demonstrate, for the first time, the feasibility of automated shotgun protein sequencing of protein mixtures by utilizing MS/MS spectra of overlapping and possibly modified peptides generated via multiple proteases of different specificities. We validate this approach by generating highly accurate de novo reconstructions of multiple regions of various proteins in western diamondback rattlesnake venom. We further argue that shotgun protein sequencing has the potential to overcome the limitations of current protein sequencing approaches and thus catalyze the otherwise impractical applications of proteomics methodologies in studies of unknown proteins.
Experimental measurement of capacity vs. bit error rate for photorefractive holographic storage

At the maximum capacity of a volume holographic storage, the "next" hologram would push the bit error rate (BER) over specification. The two effects that tend to increase BER as additional holograms are superimposed are interpage cross talk and the finite dynamic range (a decrease in diffraction efficiency per hologram in the presence of a constant noise floor). In the 90" geometry, the latter effect is dominant. There are other noise sources, however, that tend to be either independent of the number of holograms or dependent on the total optical exposure of the crystal. Examples of the former might be nonuniformities in the stored data page; of the latter, noise gratings and the photovoltaic noise buildup empirically observed in LiNbO/sub 3/:Fe.
AN (ℵ2, ℵ2, ℵ0) - SATURATED IDEAL ON Ω1

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses an (ℵ 2 , ℵ 2 , ℵ 0 ), saturated ideal on ω 1 . If the existence of a huge cardinal is consistent, then it is consistent that there is a normal ω 1 -ideal l that is (ℵ 2 , ℵ 2 , ℵ 0 )-saturated.
Place Matters: LGB Families in Community Context

Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals and their families are often presumed to live in urban “gay Meccas” rather than nonmetropolitan and more rural parts of the USA. However, this urban stereotype is simply not true, particularly for LGB-parented families. LGB parents and their children live in a diversity of community settings, and these communities vary in their levels of support for LGB families. The purpose of this chapter is to document what is known about how the daily lives of LGB families are differentially impacted by where they live. Using minority stress theory, we examine the influences of geographical and demographic diversity as well as community climate, which includes legal, religious, political, workplace, and educational dimensions. Furthermore, we discuss how communities can change to be more LGB affirming.
A night float week in a surgical clerkship improves student team cohesion.

Abstract Background We hypothesize that night float rotations in the third-year surgical clerkship improve student learning and perceptions of team cohesion. Methods A 1-week night float (NF) system was implemented during the 2013 to 2014 academic year for students. Each student completed 1 week of NF with the Trauma/Emergency General Surgery service. The Perceived Cohesion Scale survey was prospectively administered and National Board of Medical Examiners academic performance retrospectively reviewed. Results We surveyed 70 medical students, 37 traditional call and 33 NF students, with 91% response rate. Perception of team cohesion increased significantly, without perceived loss of educational benefit. Examination scores increased significantly comparing pre- and postintervention groups, with this trend continuing in the following academic year. Conclusions A week-long student NF experience significantly improved perception of team cohesion and standardized examination results. A dedicated period of NF during the surgical clerkship may improve its overall educational value.
Determination of absolute quantum efficiency of X-ray nano phosphors by thin film photovoltaic cells.

The absolute optical power at 611 nm emitting from Eu doped Gd2O3 nano phosphors upon X-ray excitation from a microfocus X-ray source operated at 100 kV was measured with thin film photovoltaic cel...