cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Associative Growth Studies in Three-Strain Mixtures of Lactic Streptococci

A recently developed differential agar medium was used to study associative growth patterns in 17 different heterologous, three-strain mixtures of Streptococcus lactis, S. cremoris, and S. diacetilactis grown in milk. Mixtures were made by combining equal volumes of 18-hr milk cultures of the three species. Relative populations of component species were followed through three successive transfers in milk after the initial mixed propagation. Direct evidence for strain dominance and compatibility was obtained. A procedure also was developed to estimate the extent of suppression of S. lactis and S. diacetilactis in a mixture containing a dominant S. cremoris strain. The technique described could be successfully applied in quality-control work in the dairy-starter manufacturing industry.
Bottlenecks, Modules and Dynamic Architectural Capabilities

How do firms create and capture value in large technical systems? In this paper, I argue that the points of both value creation and value capture are the system’s bottlenecks. Bottlenecks arise first as important technical problems to be solved. Once the problem is solved, the solution in combination with organizational boundaries and property rights can be used to capture a stream of rents. The tools a firm can use to manage bottlenecks are, first, an understanding of the technical architecture of the system; and, second, an understanding of the industry architecture in which the technical system is embedded. Although these tools involve disparate bodies of knowledge, they must be used in tandem to achieve maximum effect. Dynamic architectural capabilities provide managers with the ability to see a complex technical system in an abstract way and change the system’s structure to manage bottlenecks and modules in conjunction with the firm’s organizational boundaries and property rights.
Root Caries Risk Indicators: A Systematic Review of Risk Models

Objective To identify risk indicators that are associated with root caries incidence in published predictive risk models.
Commentary on the Special Section Theory-Based Approaches to Stress and Coping

The six articles that comprise the special section on stress and coping each illuminate a different facet of the stress process. The issues addressed in these studies of dyadic coping, collective trauma, gender issues, and protective coping provide new information and, as is inevitable, raise new questions. Several studies also demonstrate some of the challenges inherent in the study of a dynamic, multilevel, recursive system that is anchored in the appraisal process of an individual in a given social context. This commentary reviews the issues and challenges raised in these studies, and suggests next steps for research in this field.
Gastrointestinal mucormycosis in immunocompromised hosts

Invasive mucormycosis is a rare fungal infection in immunocompromised hosts, but it carries a high mortality rate. Primary gastrointestinal disease is the least frequent form of presentation. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical in the management; however, symptoms are typically non-specific in gastrointestinal disease, leading to delayed therapy. To describe the clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and outcomes of gastrointestinal mucormycosis in immunocompromised hosts, we reviewed all cases of primary gastrointestinal mucormycosis in immunocompromised hosts reported in English literature as well as in our Institution from January 1st 1991 to December 31st 2013 for a total of 31 patients. About 52% of patients underwent solid organ transplant (SOT), while the rest had an underlying haematologic malignancy. Abdominal pain was the most common presenting symptom, followed by gastrointestinal bleeding and fever. Gastric disease was more common in SOT, whereas those with haematologic malignancy presented with intestinal disease (P = 0.002). Although gastrointestinal mucormycosis remains an uncommon condition in immunocompromised hosts, it carries significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in cases with intestinal involvement. A high index of suspicion is of utmost importance to institute early and appropriate therapy and improve outcomes.
Rationality of certain field of invariant functions

Let be the field of invariant functions induced by the conjugacy action of the general linear group on in m+1 tuples of square matrices such that the first one is singular. It is shown here that is rational.
Turnover of proteins in myelin and myelin-like material of mouse brain

Abstract Mice 14 or 60 days of age were injected intraperitoneally with [3H]leucine and were decapitated 10, 20, 40, and 80 days later. A crude fraction of brain myelin was isolated on a discontinuous sucrose gradient. Myelin was separated from the associated myelin-like material by osmotic shock and the two fractions were purified by differential centrifugation and isolated on a continuous CsCl gradient. Proteins of each subcellular fraction were separated by discontinuous gel electrophoresis in buffers containing sodium dodecyl sulfate and the specific activity of individual proteins determined. Myelin contained (in order of increasing molecular weight) two basic proteins, a protein doublet, proteolipid protein and a group of high molecular weight proteins. When animals were labeled at 14 days of age the radioactivity incorporated into the basic and proteolipid proteins of myelin was very stable metabolically (half-life much greater than 100 days), while the high molecular weight myelin proteins turned over with a half-life of about 70 days. The proteins of myelin labeled at 60 days of age turned over more rapidly, the half-life of basic and proteolipid proteins being about 95 days and that of the high molecular weight proteins about 40 days. The myelin-like material consisted primarily of high molecular weight proteins, although small amounts of basic and proteolipid protein also appeared to be intrinsic components. All the proteins of myelin-like materials turned over with a half-life of about 20 days, regardless of whether label was incorporated at 14 or 60 days of age. Thus, whereas the myelin basic and proteolipid proteins of both young and mature animals turn over very slowly as compared to the high molecular weight protein, all proteins in the myelin-like material turn over at the same, much faster rate in both young and mature animals.
Specific detection and semiquantitation of microorganisms in tissue by nucleic acid hybridization. II. Investigation of synovia from pigs with chronic erysipelothrix arthritis

Synovial tissues from animals with chronic Erysipelothrix arthritis were examined by a technique based on RNA-DNA hybridization in an attempt to detect the inducing organism, Erysipelothrix insidiosa (EI). Twelve synovial specimens from 5 animals whose joints lacked culturable EI also lacked EI detectable by this technique. Because the technique is capable of detecting approximately one organism per 50 mammalian cells, it is concluded that no more than this number were present in the involved tissue. Implications of these results for proposed pathogenetic mechanisms in this disorder and in human rheumatoid arthritis are discussed.
Early molecular changes in bladder hypertrophy due to bladder outlet obstruction.

Abstract Objectives. To determine the temporal relationship between the increase in bladder mass and the expression of growth-associated gene products during bladder hypertrophy due to partial bladder outlet obstruction. Methods. Adult female rats, subjected to partial bladder outlet obstruction, were killed at defined points, and their bladder weight and total protein were determined and compared with sham-operated and nonoperated controls. Hyperplasia was determined by the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, transcription factors, and cyclins in obstructed rat bladders. Bladder protein was fractionated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and expression of the indicated proteins was determined by Western analysis and immunohistochemistry. Results. The mean bladder weight in sham-operated rats remained at 127 ± 17 mg, and the weight in the obstructed animals increased to 239 ± 56 mg at 12 hours, increasing to 486 ± 168 mg by 168 hours. The total bladder protein increased 1.8-fold after 12 hours and continued to increase for the duration of obstruction. The expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen in the obstructed group did not begin until 24 hours of obstruction. The expression of the transcription factors, upstream binding factor, and c-Jun followed a similar pattern. Cyclin E and C expression increased most significantly after 48 hours. Conclusions. Bladder growth after 12 hours of partial outlet obstruction represents cellular hypertrophy based on the increases in bladder weight and total protein accumulation. Cellular hyperplasia occurs after 24 hours of obstruction as represented by increases in transcription factors and cell cycle-specific proteins.
Challenge or Connect? Dialogue in Online Learning Environments.

THERE IS INCREASING INTEREST in creating frameworks for online discussions to improve learning outcomes in higher education environments. Many of these frameworks rely on and promote argumentation-based “challenge” models as the primary mode of discourse. This study tested one existing framework, created by Gunawardena, Lowe, and Anderson (1997), with four small groups in an online higher education environment. Asynchronous discussion transcripts of the four groups as they completed goal-oriented tasks were analyzed for both what the groups talked about and how they created new knowledge together. Using computer-mediated discourse analysis techniques, the Gunawardena et al. (1997) categories were operationalized into functional moves to capture the knowledge construction process. Findings show that rather than a challenge model of argumentation discourse, participants engaged in a relationship-oriented discourse of connection. Educators should be aware of both models of discourse, challenge and connect, because emphasizing only argumentation before trust has been developed among members of the group could result in unproductive conflict.
Gender differences in perceptions of the healthiness of foods

Abstract Our perceptions of the healthiness of foods are thought to influence what we decide to eat. Reportedly, women (as compared to men) eat more nutritious foods and are more likely to consider health issues when deciding what to eat However, until now, few studies have investigated possible gender differences in perceptions of the healthiness of foods. In the present study, men and women answered questions pertaining to nutritional habits, then rated a variety of foods according to their healthfulness. Results indicated that women, compared to men, tended to emphasize fat content over nutrient levels when deciding what foods are healthy. If perceptions of food health influence consumption, it is likely that females, as compared to males, would be more likely to suffer from malnutrition.
siRNA-Like Double-Stranded RNAs Are Specifically Protected Against Degradation in Human Cell Extract

RNA interference (RNAi) is a set of intracellular pathways in eukaryotes that controls both exogenous and endogenous gene expression. The power of RNAi to knock down (silence) any gene of interest by the introduction of synthetic small-interfering (si)RNAs has afforded powerful insight into biological function through reverse genetic approaches and has borne a new field of gene therapeutics. A number of questions are outstanding concerning the potency of siRNAs, necessitating an understanding of how short double-stranded RNAs are processed by the cell. Recent work suggests unmodified siRNAs are protected in the intracellular environment, although the mechanism of protection still remains unclear. We have developed a set of doubly-fluorophore labeled RNAs (more precisely, RNA/DNA chimeras) to probe in real-time the stability of siRNAs and related molecules by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). We find that these RNA probes are substrates for relevant cellular degradative processes, including the RNase H1 mediated degradation of an DNA/RNA hybrid and Dicer-mediated cleavage of a 24-nucleotide (per strand) double-stranded RNA. In addition, we find that 21- and 24-nucleotide double-stranded RNAs are relatively protected in human cytosolic cell extract, but less so in blood serum, whereas an 18-nucleotide double-stranded RNA is less protected in both fluids. These results suggest that RNAi effector RNAs are specifically protected in the cellular environment and may provide an explanation for recent results showing that unmodified siRNAs in cells persist intact for extended periods of time.
Treatment of Localized Gingival Recessions: Part IV. Results After Three Years

Twenty-six localized recessions treated with either a lateral sliding flap or a coronally repositioned flap procedure more than 3 years ago were reevaluated. Biometric measurements on the recipient and the donor of control teeth included: a) cementoenamel junction, gingival margin; b) sulcus depth; c) gingival margin, mucogingival line. These recordings were statistically compared to those taken 180 days after the surgical procedures were performed. Pairwise t tests were used to determine whether there were any changes between the 180 days and the 3 years postoperative control with either procedure. A two sample t test was run to see whether the changes obtained with the two procedures differed from each other. No significant changes were found. The values for gingival recession, sulcus depth and width of keratinized gingiva remained stable for both techniques throughout the observation period.
Ascending from empirical foundations

According to justification-skeptics like David Hume and Karl Popper, we are not epistemically justified in believing any propositions about mind-independent physical objects. Such skepticism rests on the assumption that the evidence we have for our physical-object beliefs does not make those beliefs more probable than their denials.1 Another statement of this basic assumption is that none of our physical-object beliefs is more likely to be true than its denial. In what follows, I shall challenge this assumption, and thereby challenge the skepticism resting on it. More specifically, I shall base my challenge on the foundationalist view that nonfoundational physical-object beliefs are justified on the basis of immediately justified, foundational beliefs that either are analytically true or are solely about phenomenal perceptual content, such as what one seems to see. Foundational beliefs of the latter sort are
Coupled magnon-phonon excitations in Sr 2 CuCl 2 O 2 at high pressure

High-pressure optical experiments have been performed on midinfrared excitations unique to the layered cuprates, yet whose physical origin has been unresolved. Measurements of high-pressure midinfrared spectra of ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{CuCl}}_{2}{\mathrm{o}}_{2}$ unambiguously identify the $\ensuremath{\sim}2800\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ absorption as an unusual quasibound two-magnon + phonon excitation. We further show that the broad peak centered near $\ensuremath{\sim}4000 {\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ is a four-magnon + phonon excitation, with spectral weight $\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{2}$ times larger than predicted by theory. These excitations reveal unusual latent interactions coupling charge, spin, and lattice degrees of freedom in the ${\mathrm{CuO}}_{2}$ planes.
Identification as overweight by medical professionals: relation to eating disorder diagnosis and risk.

Purpose Discussions about weight between medical professionals and young adults may increase risk of eating disorders (EDs). Clarifying the relation between screening for overweight and ED risk is needed.
A1 and A2 adenosine receptors regulate adenylate cyclase in cultured human lung fibroblasts.

Abstract Adenosine stimulates and inhibits adenylate cyclase activity and cAMP levels in WI-38 and VA13 fibroblasts. The inhibitory effects appear to be mediated by both A 1 receptors and the P-site. Results supporting these conclusions are as follows: (1) Adenosine by itself increased cAMP accumulation in these cells. (2) PGE 1 -stimulated cAMP accumulation was inhibited by adenosine in a concentration-dependent fashion. (3) IAP treatment blocked adenosine inhibition of cAMP accumulation and adenylate cyclase activity and enhanced adenosine stimulation of cAMP accumulation in VA13 cells. (4) Theophylline and MIX attenuated adenosine inhibition of cAMP accumulation. (5) Adenosine analogs with substitutions in the purine ring inhibited PGE 1 -stimulated cAMP accumulation and adenylate cyclase activity. (6) PGE 1 -stimulated cAMP accumulation was inhibited by the P-site agonist 2′5′-dideoxyadenosine, but this inhibition was not attenuated by MIX or IAP treatment. These data support the idea that adenosine may inhibit cAMP accumulation in VA13 or WI-38 cells by acting at an A 1 receptor of the P-site. The decrease in cAMP accumulation mediated by the A 1 receptor appeared to be due at least in part to an N i -mediated inhibition of adenylate cyclase.
Marital Adjustment Trend in Asian Indian Families

Marital adjustment depends on how well couples understand and cooperate with each other despite their differing personalities. The current study examines the marital adjustment trend of 480 Indian spouses from eight stages of the family life cycle. Results from the data collected through the Marital Adjustment Inventory (Developed) demonstrated a curvilinear trend concluding that the marital adjustment of couples decreased with their transition to parenthood, for launching couples, and for empty nest couples, while it steadily increased for couples during other stages of the family life cycle. All 13 areas of the Marital Adjustment Inventory yielded significant F values across the different stages. The results suggest the need for counselors, marriage and family therapists to assist couples on how to successfully adjust through various stages of the family life cycle.
Recent Studies on Regulation of Gastric Motility in Turkeys

Recent studies have been aimed at determining how gastroduodenal contractions are initiated and at regulation of the stomach during the intestinal phase of gastric regulation. Intrinsic, myogenic, electrical slow waves, the principal regulators of motility in the mammalian gut, have not been found in the avian gut. Instead, contractions appear to be initiated by a neurogenic pacemaker located between the gastric isthmus and the pylorus. Pacemaker impulses travel over the myenteric plexus to the glandular stomach and the duodenum, and to the muscles of the muscular stomach to initiate contractions. Extrinsic innervation does not appear to be involved in this initiation. The role of two hormones, avian pancreatic polypeptide (aPP) and cholecystokinin (CCK), in regulation of gastric motility has been examined. Both hormones are released postprandially by the presence of ingesta in the upper small intestine and both depress gastroduodenal motility when administered to fowl. Thus, aPP and CCK slow gastric emptying to allow more time for intestinal digestion.
Relating microscopic and macroscopic parameters for a 3-dimensional random walk

We consider a particle undergoing a discrete random walk with killing. We relate the microscopic transition and killing probabilities to these same parameters at a macroscopic level. We find the appropriate scaling laws.
Methods for the quantification of assemblage zones based on multivariate analysis of weighted and unweighted data

Abstract A general strategy for the quantification of assemblage zones is outlined. The data represent presences and absences of different species for numerous samples in n stratigraphic sections, and can be applied in raw form or converted to range through form. Next, the attributes of an index fossil, vertical range, geographic persistence, and degree of facies independence are quantified for each species. With this information, relative biostratigraphic values (RBV's) can be calculated for the taxa. The RBV's measure the amount of biostratigraphic information conveyed by the presence of a particular species. Numerous RBV's are available and the appropriate one can be selected which incorporates the required properties. Depending on the distribution of the RBV's, some or all of the taxa with low RBV's may be omitted from later stages of the analysis. The presences can be weighted by the RBV's of the species. Absences remain absences regardless of the RBV of the taxon concerned. The advantage of this technique is that each species contributes an amount of information that is proportional to its RBV. With either weighted or unweighted data, the next step is the computation of a similarity matrix between all pairs of samples. Inasmuch as a species can be absent from a sample for various reasons, absences cannot be evaluated completely for biostratigraphic data. Consequently only similarity coefficients based on mutual presences or positive matches are recommended. Various similarity coefficients, such as Jaccard, Dice, or Simpson can be employed although we prefer middle-of-the-road types such as the Dice coefficient. The last step in the analysis is to extract the main themes from the similarity matrix with methods such as cluster analysis, principal components, factor analysis, principal coordinates, multidimensional scaling, or lateral tracing. For our case studies, the best results have been obtained by cluster analysis, multidimensional scaling, and lateral tracing. A two-fold approach is adopted. First, the entire data set is treated in order to gain an overall picture and the desired correlations or zones are extracted from the clusters or ordinations. Second, the analysis focuses on pairs of adjacent sections to prepare a line of sections or a fence diagram yowing more detailed correlations. The data matrix can be transposed and an R-Mode analysis can be performed on the species with the same techniques.
Parent-child interaction therapy: The rewards and challenges of a group format

Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) is an evidence-based treatment for young children with severe behavior problems. Typically, it is individually administered to families by a therapist and a cotherapist. However, converting PCIT to a group format can be a cost-effective way to reach a larger number of families in need of treatment. In addition, PCIT offers techniques to facilitate parents' skill development and generalization of skills that are not commonly used in group parent training programs. This article has multiple goals: (a) to review the structure of a group PCIT program, (b) to discuss the empirical rationale for use of the program, and (c) to provide a case example that illustrates the rewards and challenges of group PCIT.
Cloud Forms of the Jet Stream

A combination of four cloud types including specific forms of cirrus, cirrocumulus and altocumulus have been successfully correlated with the reported location of the major axis of the jet stream. Recognition of these cloud patterns from the ground may prove to be a simple method for locating the high velocity component of the jet. Field observations of these spectacular clouds have been made at various parts of the United States. More than 500 feet of time-lapse motion pictures have been obtained of such clouds and show remarkable high velocity, shear, turbulence and waves which typify portions of this high velocity stream of air. These cloud structures display the coherency and the high rate of motion which would be expected of the jet stream. Preliminary studies have indicated that the proximity of the major axis of the jet stream sometimes modifies air motions at low altitude and may be responsible for excessive winds on mountain summits and anomalies of forest fire behavior. Detailed studies by time-lapse photography should establish more of the physical properties of this important component of the atmosphere. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1953.tb01032.x
Catching Attacker(s) for Collaborative Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Systems: An Abnormality Detection Approach

Collaborative spectrum sensing, which collects local observations or decisions from multiple secondary users to make a decision by a fusion center, is an effective approach to alleviate the unreliability of single-user spectrum sensing. However, it is subject to the attack of malicious secondary user(s), which may send false reports. Therefore, it is necessary to detect potential attacker(s) and make attack-proof decisions for spectrum sensing. Most existing attacker detection schemes are based on the knowledge of the attacker's strategy and thus apply the Baeysian detection of attackers. However, in practical cognitive radio systems, the data fusion center typically does not know the attacker's strategy. To alleviate the problem of the unknown strategy of attacker(s), an abnormality detection approach, based on the abnormality detection in data mining, is proposed. The performance of the attacker detection in the single-attacker scenario is analyzed explicitly. For the case that the attacker does not know the reports of honest secondary users (called independent attack), it is numerically shown that attacker can always be detected as the number of spectrum sensing rounds tends to infinity. For the case that the attacker knows all the reports of other secondary users, based on which the attacker sends its report (called dependent attack), an approach for the attacker to perfectly avoid being detected is found, provided that the attacker has perfect information about the miss detection and false alarm probabilities. This motivates cognitive radio systems to protect the reports of secondary users. The performance of attacker detection in the general case of multiple attackers is demonstrated using numerical simulations.
Molecular Differences between Hydrocarbon and Fluorocarbon Surfactants at the CO2/Water Interface

Fundamental molecular understanding of surfactants at the CO2/water interface is lacking, especially in the context of the poor performance of hydrocarbon-based surfactants relative to fluorocarbons. We present computer simulations of a dichain fluorinated phosphate surfactant known to promote microemulsion formation and its hydrocarbon analogue which does not. Analysis of the computer simulation results shows that CO2 solvates both tails well. In fact, at equal area per surfactant, CO2 penetrates the hydrocarbon tails somewhat more than the fluorocarbon tails. Water is also found to penetrate the hydrocarbon surfactants to a greater extent than the fluorocarbon ones. This difference in penetration causes an unanticipated orientation of the headgroup in the fluorocarbons that promotes hydration and is absent in the hydrocarbon surfactant case. These results, combined with the structural analysis, lead us to infer that the poor performance of hydrocarbon surfactants is caused by their inability to effectiv...
Vibrational and correlation effects on properties of water

Large basis set, ab initio potential energy and property surfaces of water have been used with quantum Monte Carlo vibrational analysis in the evaluation of the molecule's rotational constants, zero-point energy, and dipole moment. While there are clearly differences in vibrational state parameters due to including correlation effects, the vibrational averaging effect on rotational constants is very nearly additive with the correlation effect. This has implications for evaluation and estimation of properties of molecules in specific vibrational states.
Method for Steerable Clustered Round Parachutes

The U.S. Army is currently pursuing a low-cost parachute system for precision airdrop of cargo. Low-cost clusters of round parachutes are being considered as a potential candidate for such a system. A method is presented that provides a glide and steering capability for a cluster of round parachutes for precision airdrop. The method involves partially connecting two round parachutes that have openings and pulldown skirts on their canopies. Glide and steering are achieved by maneuvering the pulldown skirt. This method was developed and tested first using a cluster of two one-quarter-scale G12 cargo parachutes. System glide and turn were demonstrated on a cluster of two full-scale G12 parachutes. Currently, the method is being applied to a cluster of two G11 parachutes for precision airdrop of a 4,540 kg load
Elderly poverty alleviation through living with family.

We estimate here the extent of United States elderly poverty alleviation through living with family. These estimates are motivated by public-policy concern about the well-being of the elderly, and by the relevance of the process for fertility under the old-age-security hypothesis. An inter-temporal poverty-measurement model is estimated with 1984 Survey of Income and Program Participation income and wealth data. Without extended-family co-residence, and assuming no bequests, poverty rates would increase 42% over observed rates. Female elderly account for almost all the alleviated poverty. As a population, their impoverishment with age is effectively prevented by co-residence. Proportionately more black than white elderly are beneficiaries of poverty alleviation through living with family, but white elderly are more likely to be beneficiaries if at risk.
High spatial resolution increases the specificity of block-design BOLD fMRI studies of overt vowel production.

Abstract Functional MRI (fMRI) studies of tasks involving orofacial motion, such as speech, are prone to problems related to motion-induced magnetic field variations. Orofacial motion perturbs the static magnetic field, leading to signal changes that correlate with the task and corrupt activation maps with false positives or signal loss. These motion-induced signal changes represent a contraindication for the implementation of fMRI to study the neurophysiology of orofacial motion. An fMRI experiment of a structured, non-semantic vowel production task was performed using four different voxel volumes and three different slice orientations in an attempt to find a set of acquisition parameters leading to activation maps with maximum specificity. Results indicate that the use of small voxel volumes (2 × 2 × 3 mm 3 ) yielded a significantly higher percentage of true positive activation compared to the use of larger voxel volumes. Slice orientation did not have as great an impact as spatial resolution, although coronal slices appeared superior at high spatial resolutions. Furthermore, it was found that combining the strategy of high spatial resolution with an optimum task duration and post-processing methods for separating true and false positives greatly improved the specificity of single-subject, block-design fMRI studies of structured, overt vowel production.
Simple response metrics for minimized and conventional sonic booms

Abstract Simple metrics are developed by which the perceived loudness and C-weighted sound exposure level of minimized sonic booms can be calculated directly from their waveform parameters. The minimized booms are the “overpressure minimized” and “front shock minimized” waveforms proposed by Seebass and George. Conventional “N wave” booms were also studied. The simple metrics show excellent agreement with more complex loudness level calculations (e.g., by Johnson and Robinson) on the one hand, and with the full C-weighted sound exposure level calculation on the other. The simple metrics were derived to assist in preliminary design studies of boom-minimized supersonic transport aircraft.
Shakespeare and the authority of performance

1. Authority and performance 2. Shakespeare's auteurs: directing authority 3. Shakespeare's body: acting and the designs of authority 4. Shakespeare's page, Shakespeare's stage: performance criticism.
Inbreeding avoidance in rhesus macaques: Whose choice?

Whether nonhuman primates avoid copulating with close kin living in their social group is controversial. If sexual aversion to relatives occurs, it should be stronger in females than in males because of females' greater investment in each offspring and hence greater costs resulting from less viable offspring. Data presented here show that adult male rhesus macaques breeding in their natal groups at Cay0 Santiago experienced high copulatory success, but copulated less with females of their own matrilineages than with females of other matrilineages. Adult females were never observed to copulate with males of their own matrilineage during their fertile periods. Although natal males sometimes courted their relatives, examination of two measures of female mate choice showed that females chose unrelated natal males over male kin. Female aversion to male kin was specific to the sexual context; during the birth season, females did not discriminate against their male relatives in distributing grooming. Evolved inbreeding avoidance mech- anisms probably produce different outcomes at Cay0 Santiago than in wild rhesus macaque populations. Gender differences in sexual aversion to rela- tives may be partly responsible for differences between studies in reported frequency of copulations by related pairs. o 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Uses of daytime television soap operas by college students

Interviews were conducted with a random sample of 1023 students at 11 U.S. universities. Four primary motives for watching daytime television soap operas were ascertained via factor analysis. These were: Orientation, Avoidance, Diversion, and Social Utility. Correlation and regression were used to consider the links among these motives and several viewing and life pattern variables. Involvement was a significant predictor of all viewing motives, especially orientation use of soap operas. Life satisfaction and soap opera affinity contributed to nonescapist, diversionary use of the programs. Implications of the findings were discussed with particular attention to ritualistic and instrumental use, audience activity, and life context.
Recent Developments in Obesity Research: Linkages between Obesity, Disability, and Physical Functioning

In the last several decades, the literature on obesity has increased exponentially. In spite of growing interest in trends in obesity worldwide, we remain largely in the dark regarding the true nature of the causes and consequences of obesity. High weight is clearly a risk factor for a variety of negative health outcomes; indeed, obesity is one of the clearest negative health trends to emerge in the last half of the twentieth century. What continues to elude us is the mechanism by which obesity impacts health and functioning, a critical distinction which must precede the development of effective interventions.
Ligand expression using antigenization of antibody: Principle and methods

Here we describe a new method for the expression of oligopeptides of immunological and biological interest, antigenization of antibody. This approach consists of grafting by protein engineering techniques discrete oligopeptide sequences of proteins in the hypervariable loops of a host antibody molecule. The main advantage of this approach is the possibility of expressing oligopeptides within the physicochemical constraints of the fold of an immunoglobulin molecule. Detailed here are the methods that we have developed for the engineering, expression, and testing of antigenized antibodies and an example of how this new methodology may help to create biologically active ligands. In the future antigenized antibodies may become valuable tools for a better and faster understanding of ligand:receptor interactions, a step that may speed up the rational design of new drugs.
An acetylene-oxygen flame using various diluents for the study of broadening and shift of spectral lines

Abstract A burner to support an acetylene-oxygen flame with various gases (N2, He, Ar, CO2) as diluents was constructed for the study of broadening and shift of spectral lines with these gases as perturbers. The design provides complete shielding of a central flame zone into which the carrier elements of the spectral lines are introduced. The purpose of the shielding of the colored flame zone is protection against infiltration of atmospheric air and uniformity of temperature and vapor density of the carrier element across this zone. A test on possible infiltration of air is made by investigating the occurence of CN bands in the emission spectrum of the “clean” flame from the reaction zone and from regions above this zone. Temperature and density distributions are examined by photoelectric line reversal and absolute line intensity measurements. The question whether equilibrium conditions can be expected in the flame zones used in these experiments is briefly discussed.
Relative Influence of Prior Life Stages and Habitat Variables on Dragonfly (Odonata: Gomphidae) Densities among Lake Sites

Many aquatic species have discrete life stages, making it important to understand relative influences of the different habitats occupied within those populations. Although population demographics in one stage can carry over to spatially separated life stages, most studies of habitat associations have been restricted to a single life stage. Among Gomphidae dragonflies (Odonata: Anisoptera), recruitment via adult oviposition establishes initial population sizes of the aquatic larvae. However, spatial variability in larval survivorship could obscure the relationship between adult and larval densities. This study uses surveys conducted during 2005 and 2006 of Gomphidae larval, emergence, and adult stages from 22 lake sites in northern Wisconsin, USA, to investigate (1) whether the Gomphidae density of each life stage correlated spatially with that of the preceding life stage and (2) what habitat factors help explain variation in densities at each life stage. Results indicated that adult densities from the previous season helped predict densities of early-instar larvae. This finding suggests that oviposition site selection controlled the local larval distribution more than larval survivorship or movement. Late-instar larval densities helped predict densities of emerging Gomphidae later the same season, suggesting that variation in survivorship of final-instar larvae among sites is small relative to the variation in larval recruitment. This study demonstrates that locations with higher densities of odonates in the water also have higher densities of odonates on land. In addition to the densities of Gomphidae in previous life stages, water clarity helped predict larval densities, and riparian wetland vegetation helped predict emergent dragonfly densities.
Thermal Energy Storage for Air Conditioning as an Enabler of Residential Demand Response

Residential Demand Response (DR) has been associated with many benefits. In the residential sector, air conditioning (AC) currently has the largest peak demand reduction potential, but it is limited by the comfort bounds set by the user. This paper studies the limitations of AC load shifting and the attractiveness of using thermal energy storage (TES) to increase residential demand response potential. A general building thermodynamic model is developed and is used to evaluate AC load shifting potential with different AC control principles and electricity rate structures. The viability of optimal AC operation and TES is demonstrated with estimates of achievable over-the-lifetime electricity cost savings.
On acoustical resonance in tube arrays part I: Experiments

A staggered and an in-line array of closely packed rigid tubes have been tested, in a wind tunnel of varying height, to investigate the conditions under which acoustical resonances do or do not materialize. Among the aspects which have been investigated are: the Strouhal numbers at which flow periodicities occur; the relation between these Strouhal numbers and those at which acoustical resonances occur; the effect of the Reynolds number on the occurrence of acoustical resonances; and the effect of the array depth on the effective speed of sound. A flow visualization study of an in-line array in water flow has also been carried out to reveal the nature of the flow instability which dominates at off-resonance conditions (i.e. away from resonance effects). The findings of the flow visualization have facilitated a better understanding of the complex behaviour of the in-line array tested in air.
Über die Darstellung von OF2 durch Elektrolyse wasserhaltiger HF

Bei der Eletrolyse wasserhaltiger HF mit Ni-Anoden wird OF2 neben O2 und O3 gewonnen. Die OF2-Bildung erfolgt im Bereich 0% < C < 20% ab 4 V Zersetzungsspannung und nimmt mit steigender Wasserkonzentration und Spannung ab. Das Maximum der OF2-Bildung liegt im Bereich von 5–9 V bei 2% Wassergehalt des Eletrolyten und einem OF2-Gehalt von∼45 Vol.-% im Anodengas. Unterhalb 2% Wasser erfolgt die Bildung von elementarem fluor als Nebenprodukt. Die OF2-Bildung ist abhangig von der Ausbildung einer schwarzen Bedeckungsschicht auf der Ni-Anode, die wahrend einer Induktionsperiode formiert wird. Als ein Bestandteil dieser Schicht konnte K2NiF6 nachgewiesen werden. On the Formation of OF2 by Electrolysis of Water-containing HF By electrolysis of water containing HF with nickel anodes OF2 is produced in the presence of O2 and O3. OF2 is formed in the range of 0% < C < 20% beginning at a voltage of 4 V. The OF2 yield decreases with increasing water concentration and voltage. The maximum of the OF2 formation appears at 2% H2O in the range between 5 and 9 V with a concentration of ∼ 45% by volume of OF2 in the anodic gas. Below 2% water the formation of elementary fluorine as byproduct takes place. The formation of OF2 depends on the formation of a black layer on the surface of the nickel anode, which is formed during an induction period. K2NiF6 was investigated to be one compound of this layer.
When the Army Post is the Campus: Understanding the Social and Academic Integration of Soldiers Attending College

In this study, the Tinto model of student integration is applied qualitatively to soldiers attending college. The authors found that soldiers commit to the military primarily and to college secondarily; therefore, military policies and relationships related to college offered a better understanding of college commitments than did college policies and relationships. For understanding the college integration of non-traditional students, like soldiers, this study highlights the importance of viewing higher education as part of a larger social system, rather than as a stand-along institution.
Age at acquisition of Helicobacter pylori infection: a follow-up study from infancy to adulthood.

Summary Background Helicobacter pylori infection is common worldwide, but the time of acquisition is unclear. We investigated this issue in a cohort of children selected retrospectively from a population followed up for 21 years. Methods We monitored 224 children (99 black, 125 white; 110 male, 114 female) from 1975-76 (ages 1-3 years) to 1995-96. H pylori status was assessed by presence of serum IgG antibodies. Findings 18 (8.0%) children at age 1-3 years had H pylori antibodies (13% black vs 4% white children, p=0.008). By age 18-23 years, the prevalence of the infection was 24.5% (43% black vs 8% white participants, p Interpretation Most newly acquired H pylori infections happened before age 10 years. Treatment and preventive strategies should be aimed at children in this age-group.
Diffused junctions in multicrystalline silicon solar cells studied by complementary scanning probe microscopy and scanning electron microscopy techniques

The junction location in textured n+-p multicrystalline Si solar cell devices is quantitatively located. A comprehensive comparison is presented between secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and three microscopy techniques: scanning capacitance microscopy (SCM), scanning Kelvin probe microscopy (SKPM), and secondary electron contrast (SE) in the scanning electron microscope. The comparison includes capabilities of junction allocation, applicability of the measurement to give a two-dimensional analysis of a textured device, apparent imaging of the depletion region, depletion edge and depletion width determination, sample structure requirements for the specific methods, ease of sample preparation, and data acquisition time for high-quality measurements. We find that SE not only allows the most straightforward sample preparation and provides the quickest measurement, but also seems to show the depletion edge and width with a high degree of accuracy. This is verified by a comparison to PC1D simulations of the band bending in the bulk of the device. These data also contribute to our understanding of the origin of SE doping contrast. SKPM provides reliable junction identification but poor capability in determining the depletion width. All three techniques are able to show how well the diffused n+ emitter region tracks the surface topography, with SCM and SE yielding the clearest images.
Effect of surface deactivation on molecular chemisorption: Co on αFe(100) surfaces☆

Abstract Clean and partially deactivated αFe(100) surfaces show variable chemical reactivity towards carbon monoxide and unsaturated hydrocarbon molecules depending on preparation. Bonding of chemisorbed CO to clean Fe occurs according to the Blyholder model. UV-photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) indicates a severe stretching of the C-O bond at low temperatures (98°K – 223°K) and complete dissociation at higher temperatures (≈ 300°K). Electron bonding interactions can be quenched to varying degrees by prechemisorption of C, O, P, or S. UPS spectra for CO chemisorption on Fe (100) + S indicate an unstretched molecule and provide a clear resolution of the 1π and 5σ levels due to reduced forward- and back-bonding interactions. These observations are directly related to the mechanism of sulfur poisoning in Fischer-Tropsch catalysis of higher hydrocarbons. The general utility of deactivation techniques for interpretation of surface-molecule interactions is discussed.
Impact of wall constraint on velocity distribution in proximal flow convergence zone Implications for color Doppler quantification of mitral regurgitation

Abstract Objectives. This study sought to evaluate the effect of proximal flow constraint induced by the left ventricular wall on the accuracy of calculated flow rates and to assess a possible correction factor to adjust the proximal convergence angle. We further defined under which hydrodynamic and geometric conditions it is necessary to apply the corrected convergence angle. Background. The proximal flow convergence method has been proposed as a new approach to quantify valvular regurgitation. However, significant overestimation of the calculated regurgitant flow rate has been reported, particularly in patients with mitral valve prolapse and severe mitral regurgitation. Methods. We used an in vitro flow model and induced various degrees of proximal flow constraint. The accuracy of the proposed convergence angle formula, α = π + 2 tan−1d/r (d = wall distance; r = isovelocity radius) was tested in vitro and in a three-dimensional numerical simulation. Results. With a constraining wall near the orifice, overestimation of regurgitant flow rates was noted and was most significant with the constraining wall positioned closest to the orifice (calculated flow rate [Qc]/true flow rate [Qc] = 1.85 ± 0.55 [mean ± SD]). These findings were similar to the results of the numerical simulation. Applying the correction factor nearly completely eliminated the overestimation of the calculated flow rates (cQc), with cQc/Qo= 1.13 ± 0.25. Conclusions. In the presence of a constraining wall, significant overestimation of calculated flow rates is observed when hemispheric symmetry of the flow field is assumed. In this situation, it is necessary to apply the corrected convergence angle formula to improve the accuracy of the proximal flow convergence method.