cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Precursor B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a heterogeneous group of disorders caused by clonal expansion of immature lymphoid cells. The overall age-adjusted incidence is approximately 1.6 per 100,000 persons, with higher rates among children and adolescents than in adults. Diagnosis is based on bone marrow (BM) morphology, immunophenotyping by flow cytometry and/or immunohistochemistry, and identification of chromosomal/genetic abnormalities by cytogenetic or molecular genetic analysis. Precursor-B ALL, characterized by a malignant proliferation of immature B-lineage lymphoid cells, comprises the majority of all leukemias in both adults and children. Treatment of ALL involves multiple agents given in a complex regimen, typically lasting 2–3 years and involving numerous chemotherapeutic agents with different mechanisms of action. – Patients who achieve clinical remission (<5% blasts in the BM) after an initial month-long induction phase receive intensified consolidation to eliminate residual leukemic blasts, and maintenance therapy to suppress re-emergence of therapy-resistant clones.
Functional Characteristics of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Unit in Klinefelter’s Syndrome (Pituitary Hormone Release in Response to Exogenous Estradiol)

Although patients with Klinefelter’s syndrome present signs and symptoms of primary testicular failure, several other abnormalities have been reported in this syndrome. It has been shown that patients presented a decreased thyrotropin (TSH) response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), while prolactin (PRL) response to the same agent was somewhat increased (Smals et al. 1977; Burman et al. 1975). In Klinefelter patients suppression of the elevated serum gonadotropin values to normal levels or below required more frequent and prolonged administration of testosterone than in normal subjects (Fukutani et al. 1974; Capell et al. 1973; Stewart-Bentley et al. 1974). These data indicated that in Klinefelter patients the hypothalamic-pituitary feedback mechanisms are less sensitive to testosterone than in normal men. It is now well established that in humans testosterone and estrogen have differential effects on the feedback control of pituitary hormone secretion. In normal men, estrogen has been shown to increase serum growth hormone (HGH) and PRL levels (Wiedemann et al. 1976; Frantz and Rabkin 1965; Carlson et al. 1973). Although both testosterone and estrogen can exert a negative feedback control on gonadotropin release, each steroid produces a different effect on the pattern of luteinizing hormone (LH) release from the pituitary. An acute infusion of estradiol (E2) reduces the mean LH level by decreasing the amplitude of each LH discharge.
The role of ovine conceptus secretory proteins in the establishment of pregnancy

Sheep (Ovis aries) that are not pregnant have recurring estrous cycles of about 17 days’ duration during the breeding season, i.e., August through December to January. The first day of behavioral estrus is designated Day 0 with ovulation occurring about 30h after onset of estrus and the ovulatory surge of Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The estrous cycle is characterized by growth (Days 4–12) and then regression (luteolysis) of the corpus luteum (CL). Luteolysis begins on about Day 15 after onset of estrus. Prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF), produced by the uterine endometrium, is the uterine luteolytic hormone in sheep (1). Beginning on Days 14 to 15 and continuing until the onset of the next period of estrus, PGF is released in a pulsatile manner. About 5 episodes of PGF release per 24h are required for luteolysis (2,3).
A systematic review on the use of cryotherapy versus other treatments for basal cell carcinoma

Author(s): Tchanque-Fossuo, Catherine N; Eisen, Daniel B | Abstract: Background: Cryotherapy is a commonly discussed method for treatment of basal cell carcinoma skin cancer. Some uncertainty remains about its efficacy relative to other modalities.Objective: To determine the efficacy and adverse events profile of cryotherapy for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma compared to other therapeutic options or non-intervention.Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, OVID, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, CINHAL, and CANCERLIT databases for the following terms: "cryotherapy", AND "basal cell carcinoma", OR "cryosurgery" OR "cryoablation" up to April 2018. Two independent reviewers screened the results and extracted the data. Study endpoints included basal cell carcinoma recurrence, cosmetic outcome, and healing time. Study quality was assessed using the Jadad scale.Results: Six clinical studies met our inclusion criteria. The efficacy and safety of cryotherapy alone or with curettage in the treatment of primary superficial and nodular basal cell carcinoma was comparable to photodynamic therapy and surgery, respectively. Cryotherapy was inferior to radiation in terms of recurrence rate. Most patients had better cosmetic outcomes with photodynamic therapy and surgery compared to cryotherapy alone, and cryotherapy with curettage.Conclusion: Current available data suggests equivalent efficacy of cryotherapy alone compared to photodynamic therapy or surgery, but inferior to radiotherapy. More studies are necessary to draw definitive conclusions.
The Effects of English Learner Classification on High School Graduation and College Attendance

Descriptive evidence shows that English learners (ELs) have lower high school graduation and 4-year-college attendance rates than monolingual and fluent English users. Applying the regression disco...
From Diversity to Inclusion to Equity: A Theory of Generative Interactions

This paper develops a practice-based Theory of Generative Interactions across diversity that builds on empirical findings and conceptual frameworks from multiple fields of study. This transdisciplinary review (Montuori in World Futures 69:200–230, 2013) draws on the disciplines of sociology, social psychology, organization studies, and communications. The Theory of Generative Interactions suggests that in order to facilitate inclusion, multiple types of exclusionary dynamics (self-segregation, communication apprehension, and stereotyping and stigmatizing) must be overcome through adaptive cognitive processing and skill development, and engagement in positive interactions must occur in order to facilitate inclusion that is created and sustained by contextually relevant sets of organizational practices. The organizational practices provide the following conditions for generative interactions: pursuing an important, shared organizational purpose, mixing diverse members frequently over protracted periods of time, enabling differing groups to have equal standing and insider status in contributing to success, and providing collaborative interdependence, interpersonal comfort, and self-efficacy. These interactions are generative in that they help to challenge the guiding assumptions of the organizational culture, reconsider taken-for-granted aspects, and raise fundamental questions about organizations (Gergen in Person Soc Psychol 36:1344–1360, 1978). We assert that such interactions, properly structured, can help organizations more fully address all stakeholders in creating value ethically, and ultimately creating equity for individuals and groups in the organization.
A framework to characterize the performance of early warning index alarm systems for patient monitoring

In [Scully, C.G., and Daluwatte, C., Evaluating performance of early warning indices to predict physiological instabilities. J Biomed Inform. 75 (2017) 14-21], a framework was presented to characterize the performance of warning indices to provide information on the 1) probability a critical health event will occur when a warning is given (analogous to positive predictive value) and 2) proportion of warned events to all events (analogous to sensitivity). This framework also provides information about the timeliness of the warnings with respect to event occurrence and the warning burden of the system. •In the current work, we provide information on how this framework can be used when cases without events are present in a dataset to examine the proportion of warned non-events to all non-events (analogous to false positive rate).•Information on steps to apply the method, software, data and results for the case study are also provided to enable implementation of the framework.•Application and extension of the framework is demonstrated and discussed by adding non-event records to our previous case study comparing two warning strategies to predict physiologic instabilities.
Clinical Handbook of Psychotropic Drugs, 23rd ed

Boston, MA: Hogrefe Publishing. ISBN 978-0-88937-474-4 Edited by Procyshyn, R. M., Bexchlibnyk-Butler, K. Z., and Jeffries, J. J. (2019). The Clinical Handbook of Psychotropic Drugs (2019) is a com...
The obstacle problem for a fractional Monge–Ampère equation

We study the obstacle problem for a nonlocal, degenerate elliptic Monge–Ampere equation. We show existence and regularity of a unique classical solution to the problem and regularity of the free bo...
operating room: Speakers at ACS course review factors in sepsis after THR, methods of control

(1973). operating room: Speakers at ACS course review factors in sepsis after THR, methods of control. Hospital Topics: Vol. 51, No. 4, pp. 51-57.
CURES AND INCREASING PARTICIPATION IN STEM

With increasingly voluble calls from academic and government stakeholders to improve educational and professional outcomes for undergraduates, STEM faculty are continuously inventing new ways to solve old problems such as student attrition and declining graduate rates. Specifically, there have been many appeals to increase the number of undergraduate research experiences for students. Course-based undergraduate research experiences (CURES) have been suggested as a vehicle to move the needle in terms of producing sustainable improvements in higher education. CURES provide opportunities for STEM undergraduates enrolled in a particular course to engage in faculty-mentored, hypothesis-driven research activities. In apprenticeship-style research experiences only a few students receive training in the art of conducting and communicating research findings, while a well-structured CURES affords the opportunity for a large number of students to participate in real-world research training. Each course-based research endeavor consists of five components: research activities, discovery, relevance, collaboration, and iteration. The five components of CURES distinguish it from other active learning approaches and represent a major improvement from recipe-structured laboratories that dominate many academic environments. Experimental findings from empirical investigations indicate that CURES produce an upsurge in retention, student engagement, student satisfaction, and comprehension of science process skills.
Comparative proteomic analysis of SLC13A5 knockdown reveals elevated ketogenesis and enhanced cellular toxic response to chemotherapeutic agents in HepG2 cells.

Abstract Solute carrier family 13 member 5 (SLC13A5) is an uptake transporter mainly expressed in the liver and transports citrate from blood circulation into hepatocytes. Accumulating evidence suggests that SLC13A5 is involved in hepatic lipogenesis, cell proliferation, epilepsy, and bone development in mammals. However, the molecular mechanisms behind SLC13A5-mediated physiological/pathophysiological changes are largely unknown. In this regard, we conducted a differential proteome analysis in HepG2 and SLC13A5-knockdown (KD) HepG2 cells. A total of 3826 proteins were quantified and 330 proteins showed significant alterations (fold change ≥1.5; p
The Development of Music Expertise: Applications of the Theories of Deliberate Practice and Deliberate Play:

Musicians and athletes share many common traits. Both groups learn a combination of physical and mental skills to attain expert status. In this literature review, I provide a short history of resea...
Determination of Human Wharton’s Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Mediated Sciatic Nerve Recovery Associated with Upregulation of Regulatory T Cells

Peripheral nerve injuries differ from central nervous system (CNS) injuries, which usually affect end-target organs, thus potentially causing denervation and loss of function. The acceleration of peripheral nerve regeneration is crucial for functional nerve recovery. Our previous study demonstrated that human Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hWJ-MSC) promote sciatic nerve recovery and regeneration via the direct upregulation and release of neurotrophic factors. However, the immunomodulatory role of hWJ-MSC in sciatic nerve recovery remains unclear. The effects of hWJ-MSC on innate immunity, represented by macrophages, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells, as well as on adaptive immunity, represented by CD4+ T, CD8+ T, B, and regulatory T cells (Tregs), were examined using flow cytometry. Interestingly, a significantly increased level of Tregs was detected in blood, lymph nodes (LNs), and nerve-infiltrating cells on POD7, 15, 21, and 35. Anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-4 and IL-10, were significantly upregulated in the LNs and nerves of hWJ-MSC-treated mice. Treg depletion neutralized the improved effects of hWJ-MSC on sciatic nerve recovery. In contrast, Treg administration promoted the functional recovery of five-toe spread and gait stance. hWJ-MSC also expressed high levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokines TGF- \(\beta\) and IL-35. This study indicated that hWJ-MSC induce Treg development to modulate the balance between pro- and anti-inflammation at the injured sciatic nerve by secreting higher levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines.
The Reflection on Architectural Discourse of 1920’s: Musical Urbanism between Radicalism and Tradition

Various compositions evolved in the aftermath of World War I that addressed the phenomenon of the modern city by translating the clamorous sounds of urban surroundings and expressing them artistically in the medium of music. Since the rendering of poetic and esoteric moods unrelated to practical life was largely considered outdated, musical preoccupation with modern architecture mostly concerned social aspects, such as people’s circumstances, their emotional rootedness to bygone conditions, and the search for orientation in an environment characterized by technology. There are clear parallels with contemporary architectural debates in which tension between modernism and traditionalism also played a key role. This article compares different country-specific concepts of a musical urbanism, which finds expression in compositional reflections on certain aspects of modern urban architecture and urban life.
Physical Activity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness: Vital Signs for Cardiovascular Risk Assessment.

Current risk prediction tools do not include physical activity (PA) or cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), despite their robust association with adverse cardiovascular disease (CVD) events and their potential as targets for preventive interventions. PA and CRF are each associated with cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality, independent of traditional risk factors. Improvement in CRF is associated with reduced risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and heart failure (HF). Risk prediction tools have been developed for ASCVD, and more recently for HF, to refine CVD risk assessment and inform CVD prevention strategies. Attempts have been made to incorporate PA and CRF into available CVD risk prediction models. Inclusion of PA and CRF into established CVD risk assessment models improves CVD risk prediction incremental to established CVD risk prediction tools, suggesting PA and CRF are markers of CVD risk and targets for CVD prevention.
The Use and Limits of Self-Valuation Systems

Recent years have seen the growth of an extensive gametheoretical literature that has sought to harness a wide range of self-assessment mechanisms, especially in connection with real estate.1 The motivation for this literature is both simple and powerful: people ordinarily have an incentive to conceal their true valuations of their various properties in a number of public functions, most notably real estate taxation on the one hand and land condemnations on the other.2 This literature hopes to create a set of socially constructed incentives to induce property owners to make an honest estimation of their own reservation prices when governments wish to take or tax these properties. In some cases, the models are limited exclusively to interactions between the government and the property owner. In still other situations, typically with real estate taxation, these models allow any private person to acquire private property by bidding in at the self-assessment amount that property owners set for the property. One minimum feature of viable self-assessment models is that they must bite both ways. It is not sufficient, for example, for the model to punish private owners who undervalue their
A Darwinian Account of Self and Free Will

A Darwinian account can reinterpret Llinas’ and Dennett’s neurobiological claims against the existence of the self, as well as several experiments by Nielson, Walter, Libet and Wegner that conclude that free will, like the self, is an illusion. And it can then serve to examine critically several important brain-imaging studies of self knowledge. For Llinas there is no centralizing “organ” in the brain, no tangible self. The self is a form of perception, ultimately an invention of the brain. For Dennett the self is an abstract center of narrative gravity. Both Llinas and Dennett assume that the self, if it exists, should be a Cartesian, conscious self. Nevertheless, since most of the brain’s cognitive functions are unconscious, the self should also be mostly unconscious. To survive, any organism needs to demarcate self from other. In more complex organisms, meeting that need requires the coordination of external information with information about the internal states of the organism. Such coordination, to be useful, must take into account the previous experience of the organism, as well as its genetic inheritance in the form, say, of basic emotions that will guide it to survive, reproduce, etc., as Damasio argues. Experience must be interpreted on the basis of what the organism takes itself to be, a mostly subconscious task assigned mainly to the brain. The brain has evolved, then, to function as a self. The issue of free will is not about having a little “prime mover” in residence but, as Watson argues, about whether our selves determine our actions. And since free will would be merely the means by which the mostly unconscious self determines its own actions, our free will should be rooted in unconscious processes as well. Now, if consciousness of the self is a sort of internal perception, then we should expect certain perceptual illusions (which can be explained by a Darwinian strategy of adaptation). This Darwinian approach also challenges the account of the self in terms of declarative memories, particularly episodic memories, prevalent in psychology and experimental neuroscience.
Numerical Solution of an Endogenous Growth Model with Threshold Learning

This paper describes an application of numerical methods to solve a continuous time non-linear optimal growth model with technology adoption. In the model, a non-convex production function arises from a threshold level of knowledge required to operate new technology. The study explains and illustrates how to compute the complete transition path of the growth model by applying in concert three broad numerical techniques in particular specialized ways, in order to maintain certain regularity conditions and restrictions of the model. The three broad techniques are: (i) Gauss-Laguerre quadrature for computing discounted utility over an infinite horizon; (ii) Fourth-Order Runge-Kutta method for solving differential equations; and (iii) the Penalty Functions method for solving the constrained optimization problem. The particular specializations involve linear interpolation for solving the optimal adoption time in the model and quasi-Newton iterations for maximizing the penalty-weighted objective function, the latter aided by grid search for determining initial values and Richardson extrapolation for approximating the gradient vector.
High Resolution Coherent Raman Spectroscopy of Gases

Although it has been known for well over a decade that the stimulated Raman gain and inverse Raman absorption processes are potentially powerful tools for Raman spectroscopy in the gas phase [1,2], the unavailability of precisely controlled, tuneable, narrow line-width laser sources has severely hindered the effective development of these two forms of stimulated Raman spectroscopy (SRS). Recently, low-power cw laser sources have been employed along with synchronous detection to obtain stimulated Raman gain spectra of the ν1 fundamental in CH4 under near Doppler-limited conditions [3]. Although these results have served to illustrate the inherently high sensitivity of the process and demonstrated its ability to yield complex Raman spectra with very high resolution, they also reflect the limitations imposed upon the technique by the use of low-power laser sources.
Effect of water potential on growth and iron oxidation by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans.

The effect of water potential on the growth of two strains of Thiobacillus ferroxidans was determined by adding defined amounts of sodium chloride or glycerol to the culture medium. The two strains differed slightly, and the most tolerant strain had a minimum water potential for growth of -15 to -32 bars when sodium chloride was used and -6 bars when glycerol was used. In another approach, the limiting water potential was determined by equilibrating small amounts of culture medium with atmospheres of relative humidities equivalent to specific water potentials, and the ability of the organism to grow and oxidize ferrous iron was determined. Under these conditions, which are analogous to those which might control water potential in a coal refuse pile or copper leaching dump, the lower limit at which iron oxidation occurred was -23 bars. The water potential of some coal refuse materials in which T. ferrooxidans was present were determined, and it was found that the water potentials at which the organism was active in these habitats were similar to those at which it was able to grow in culture. However, marked variation in water potential of coal refuse materials was found, presumably due to differences in clays and organic materials, and some coal refuse materials would probably never have water potentials at which the organism could grow. Some literature on the water potentials in copper leach dumps is reviewed, and it is concluded that control of water potential is essential to maximize the success of leaching operations. Because adequate drainage is necessary in a leach dump to ensure sufficient aeration, in many cases water availability in leach dumps may restrict the development of the bacterium necessary for the process.
Growth Controls and Land Values in an Open City

In the face of rapid regional population growth, many localities in the US have turned to growth controls in an attempt to divert unwanted extra residents to other communities. The evidence to date conclusively establishes that growth controls raise housing prices in communities where they are imposed. Since population pressure may be an important factor in actuality, the analysis concludes by sketching a closed-city model of growth controls. In standard fashion, the city is assumed to be radially symmetric, with all employment located at the Central Business District. The foregoing analysis suggests that in an empirical context where the open-city model is accurate, measurement of the change in total land value is a proper way of gauging the efficiency of a growth-control law. Identification of gainers and losers among landlords is easy in the closed-city model since these groups correspond exactly to the owners of developed and undeveloped land.
Detecting the moment of learning

Intelligent tutors have become increasingly accurate at detecting whether a student knows a skill at a given time. However, these models do not tell us exactly at which point the skill was learned. In this paper, we present a machine-learned model that can assess the probability that a student learned a skill at a specific problem step (instead of at the next or previous problem step). Implications for knowledge tracing and potential uses in “discovery with models” educational data mining analyses are discussed, including analysis of which skills are learned gradually, and which are learned in “eureka” moments.
Two-photon E 1 M 1 decay of 2 3 P 0 states in heavy heliumlike ions

Two-photon $E1M1$ transition rates are evaluated for heliumlike ions with nuclear charges in the range $Z=50--94.$ The two-photon rates modify previously published lifetimes/transition rates of ${2}^{3}{P}_{0}$ states. For isotopes with nuclear spin $I\ensuremath{\ne}0,$ where hyperfine quenching dominates the ${2}^{3}{P}_{0}$ decay, two-photon contributions are significant; for example, in heliumlike ${}^{187}$Os the two-photon correction is 3% of the total rate. For isotopes with $I=0,$ where the ${2}^{3}{P}_{0}$ decay is unquenched, the $E1M1$ corrections are even more important reaching 60% for $Z=94.$ Therefore, to aid in the interpretation of experiments on hyperfine quenching in heliumlike ions and to provide a more complete database for unquenched transitions, a knowledge of $E1M1$ rates is important.
Futility in Chronic Anorexia Nervosa: A Concept Whose Time Has Not Yet Come

Comparatively little scholarly attention has been given to the question of futility in chronic psychiatric disorders, with the exception of a small body of work on so-called end-stage anorexia nervosa (AN). A review of this literature provides the background for a critical examination of whether the concept of futility has any clinically meaningful, ethically justifiable, and legally defensible application to AN. In this article, the arguments for and against futility judgments in AN are analyzed with special emphasis on determinations of capacity in this serious mental illness. Parallels between the futility disputes in medical and psychiatric disorders, where applicable, will be drawn to further illuminate whether or not the concept that continued psychiatric treatment for AN is ever truly futile.
What Is a Psychological Misconception? Moving Toward an Empirical Answer

Studies of psychological misconceptions have often used tests with methodological shortcomings, unknown psychometric properties, and ad hoc methods for identifying misconceptions, creating problems for estimating frequencies of specific misconceptions. To address these problems, we developed a new test, the Test of Psychological Knowledge and Misconceptions, administering it to a sample of 162 graduate and undergraduate psychology students and to a second sample of 173 undergraduate psychology majors. Results revealed high consistency in item response frequencies across samples, allowing identification of specific misconceptions. We found that certainty ratings of the correctness of more frequently endorsed misconceptions were significantly higher than misconceptions endorsed less frequently while some other items endorsed much less frequently also showed higher certainty. Our findings bear implications for dispelling erroneous but confidently held claims in psychology courses.
Pauli Approximation to the Dirac Equation

In the last chapter, we examined the extreme nonrelativistic limit of the Dirac equation and saw that the first two components of Ψ lead to Schrodinger theory, Ψ A → Ψschroedinger, the two components of Ψ A being related to the two spin components of the electron, whereas the third and fourth components, in the form of Ψ B , were smaller by a factor of order p/mc. We now want to carry this one step further following an approach first carried through by Pauli.
Immediate Effects of the Initial FDA Notification on the Use of Surgical Mesh for Pelvic Organ Prolapse Surgery in Medicare Beneficiaries

Aims Prompted by increased reports of complications with the use of mesh for pelvic organ prolapse (POP) surgery, the FDA issued an initial public health notification (PHN) in 2008. We proposed to determine if the numbers of POP cases augmented with surgical mesh performed in U.S. Medicare beneficiaries changed relative to this PHN. Methods Using administrative healthcare claims for beneficiaries enrolled in the U.S. Medicare program from 2008 to 2009, we identified women who underwent POP surgery with and without surgical mesh by procedural and diagnosis coding. In addition to comparing cases with and without mesh, we also calculated rates (number of cases per 100,000 female beneficiaries) and compared these relative to the timing of the PHN. Results We identified 104,185 POP procedures, of which 27,839 (26.7%) included mesh material and 76,346 (73.3%) did not. Between the last three quarters of 2008 and the first three of 2009, the rates of mesh cases increased (40.3–42.1, P < 0.001) and those without mesh decreased (115.5–111.4, P < 0.001). Inpatient procedures decreased and outpatient procedures increased for both those with and without mesh augmentation. For inpatient procedures, the relative use of biologic graft and synthetic mesh material did not vary over the study period. Conclusions A substantial number of Medicare beneficiaries underwent mesh POP procedures in 2008–2009. However, despite the PHN cautioning about potential mesh complications, the numbers of mesh cases continued to rise in the immediate period after the PHN. Neurourol. Urodynam. 32: 330–335, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A new test of the equivalence principle: a null phase-delay experiment

The Einstein Equivalence Principle (EEP) provides the fundamental basis for any metric theory of gravity, such as general relativity. It implies that the only observable effects of gravitation are those mediated by the spacetime metric. Therefore, at the origin of a local freely falling frame there should be no observable effects of gravity. Null redshift tests provide an interesting way to test this prediction. In this test, the frequencies of two oscillators of a different type are compared at the same location in a gravitational field as the field is varied. Any variation in the frequency would signal a violation of the EEP. Here we shall propose a new test of the EEP called a null phase-delay experiment, in which the phase-delay of a signal propagated over a coil of optical fiber is monitored as the gravitational field at the coil is varied. An interesting test of the EEP in the solar gravitational field can be performed in the laboratory under carefully controlled conditions. With presently available technology, such an experiment could provide a 0.01% test.
Multi-sample evolution of robust black-box search algorithms

Black-Box Search Algorithms (BBSAs) tailored to a specific problem class may be expected to significantly outperform more general purpose problem solvers, including canonical evolutionary algorithms. Recent work has introduced a novel approach to evolving tailored BBSAs through a genetic programming hyper-heuristic. However, that first generation of hyper-heuristics suffered from overspecialization. This poster paper presents a second generation hyper-heuristic employing a multi-sample training approach to alleviate the overspecialization problem. A variety of experiments demonstrated the significant increase in the robustness of the generated algorithms due to the multi-sample approach, clearly showing its ability to outperform established BBSAs. The trade-off between a priori computational time and the generated algorithm robustness is investigated, demonstrating the performance gain possible given additional run-time.
Simulation and Measurement of Chatter in Diamond Turning

This paper considers chatter in diamond turning of aluminum. A nonlinear chip area model is developed for use with the classic single degree of freedom cutting model. The chip area model is formulated as a function of the change in depth of cut between consecutive passes. This function is shown to be highly dependent on the quadratic term when turning the diameter of cylindrical workpieces with round-nosed diamond tools. The cutting model is further extended to include an impact disturbance to the cutting process. The recent research in ultra-precision machining is incorporated to properly account for the rise in specific cutting energy at extremely light depths of cut. Simulations of the resulting tool displacement show close agreement with experimental measurements.
Creation of a diaphragm patch to facilitate placement of the AbioCor implantable replacement heart

One of the concerns when placing a total artificial heart is whether the device will fit in the thoracic cavity without impinging on vital structures. We report the creation of a patch in a recipient of the AbioCor Implantable Replacement Heart that allowed for an appropriate fit of the device without adversely affecting pulmonary and hemodynamic functions.
Mutation of a Unique Aspartate Residue Abolishes the Catalytic Activity but Not Substrate Binding of the Mouse N-Methylpurine-DNA Glycosylase (MPG)

N-Methylpurine-DNA glycosylase (MPG) initiates base excision repair in DNA by removing a variety of alkylated purine adducts. Although Asp was identified as the active site residue in various DNA glycosylases based on the crystal structure, Glu-125 in human MPG (Glu-145 in mouse MPG) was recently proposed to be the catalytic residue. Mutational analysis for all Asp residues in a truncated, fully active MPG protein showed that only Asp-152 (Asp-132 in the human protein), which is located near the active site, is essential for catalytic activity. However, the substrate binding was not affected in the inactive Glu-152, Asn-152, and Ala-152 mutants. Furthermore, mutation of Asp-152 did not significantly affect the intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence of the enzyme and the far UV CD spectra, although a small change in the near UV CD spectra of the mutants suggests localized conformational change in the aromatic residues. We propose that in addition to Glu-145 in mouse MPG, which functions as the activator of a water molecule for nucleophilic attack, Asp-152 plays an essential role either by donating a proton to the substrate base and, thus, facilitating its release or by stabilizing the steric configuration of the active site pocket.
Genetic Analysis of Four Lines of Metaseiulus occidentalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) Transformed by Maternal Microinjection

Four lines of Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) were transformed by maternal microinjection. We evaluated the stability of these lines, whether the plasmid DNA was integrated into the nuclear genome, and conducted tests of mode of inheritance to determine whether the transgene was transmitted by males. The putatively transformed lines were identified by standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the G1 generation. After ≈30 generations, the lines were examined by Southern blot hybridization, and the plasmid probe was hybridized to uncut high-molecular-weight DNA from all 4 lines, indicating that the transgene was associated with high-molecular-weight DNA. In restriction-digested Southern blots, 1 of the 4 lines (18) displayed a hybridization pattern consistent with integration of 2 plasmids into the chromosomal DNA. All 4 colonies remained positive by PCR after 150 generations. All 4 colonies examined by RNA-PCR for messenger RNA (mRNA) expression after 100 generations displayed PCR products consistent with transcription of the introduced genetic sequences. In tests of mode of inheritance, plasmid sequences were transmitted by line 18 males, which is consistent with the hypothesis that the plasmid DNA is integrated into the nuclear genome in this line.
Genetic mapping of the lurcher locus on mouse chromosome 6 using an intersubspecific backcross.

Abstract The lurcher ( Lc ) mutant mouse strain exhibits postnatal degeneration of cerebellar Purkinje cells. We have typed progeny from an intersubspecific, phenotypic backcross at seven loci to develop a genetic linkage map which spans approximately 35 cM surrounding and including the Lc locus on mouse chromosome 6. [ (Mus musculus castaneus × B6CBA -A w-J A-Lc ) F 1 × B6CBA -A w-J A ] N 2 progeny were scored visually for the lurcher phenotype and molecularly, through restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, for six cloned markers. Two candidate genes, Npy and Pcp-1 , which map to mouse chromosome 6 and which are expressed in the cerebellum, are demonstrated to be distinct from Lc . Three genes are shown to be closely linked to the Lc locus, and the map order cen- Cpa-Npy-Cbl-1-Lc-Igk, Fabpl-Pcp-1 is determined. The molecular genetic linkage map presented here represents progress toward isolating a clone of the Lc gene.
A novel, symbiotic bacterium isolated from marine shipworm secretes proteolytic activity

Proteolytic activity was identified in cultures of the marine shipworm bacterium by monitoring of the release of acid-soluble azopeptides from azocasein. Activity was predominantly extracellular (>80%), and its production was coincident with logarithmic cell growth. The protease(s) appeared to be constitutive, since it was present even when the bacterium was grown under nitrogen-fixing conditions. However, activity was stimulated up to 8.6-fold by the addition of complex nitrogen (casein, amino acids) to the growth medium. Maximum activity was observed at 40°C and between pH 6.5 and 9.0. Relatively low concentrations (0.1 mM) of phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) abolished activity, indicative of a serine protease(s).
The Usefulness of the Hotchkiss-McManus Stain for the Diagnosis of the Deep Mycoses

The isolation of pathogenic fungi is more difficult than most physicians appreciate and the average hospital bacteriology laboratory approaches the problem in a half-hearted and uninstructed manner. Too often the diagnosis is a “coup de grace” administered by the pathologist at the clinical pathological conference. As a matter of fact, a considerable number of deep mycoses must go unrecognized each year despite the provision of adequate material to the pathologist for at least a tentative diagnosis. There are a number of reasons for this state of affairs; the two which are outstanding implicate both the clinician and the pathologist.
The effects of food deprivation and satiation on oral pentobarbital self-administration in rhesus monkeys☆

The effects of food deprivation and satiation on oral pentobarbital self-administration were studied in four rhesus monkeys. Pentobarbital (1.0 mg/ml) or water was available during alternate daily 3-hr session; between sessions, water was freely available. Lip contacts on a drinking spout activated a solenoid operated liquid delivery system. Liquid deliveries (0.56 ml) occurred after a fixed number of lip contact responses were emitted; that is, liquids were delivered according to fixed-ratio (FR) schedules. Under food deprivation conditions, pentobarbital-maintained behavior exceeded water-maintained behavior. Thus, pentobarbital functioned as a reinforcer. Abrupt unlimited access to food resulted in decreased pentobarbital intake. Pentobarbital-maintained behavior increased to previous levels when food intake was again restricted. In a second experiment, the effects of pentobarbital availability on water-maintained behavior were studied. Access to pentobarbital during alternate sessions produced elevated levels of water drinking during intervening sessions. Water drinking decreased to low levels when pentobarbital access was terminated and water was present for consecutive sessions. When pentobarbital was again available during alternate sessions, high levels of water drinking recurred. In the third experiment, water and pentobarbital (1.0 mg/ml) were concurrently available via separate drinking spouts. All three monkeys drank much more pentobarbital solution than water.
The Molecular Genetics of Inflammatory, Autoimmune, and Infectious Diseases of the Sinonasal Tract: A Review

Context.— The sinonasal tract is frequently affected by a variety of nonneoplastic inflammatory disease processes that are often multifactorial in their etiology but commonly have a molecular genetic component. Objective.— To review the molecular genetics of a variety of nonneoplastic inflammatory diseases of the sinonasal tract. Data Sources.— Inflammatory lesions of the sinonasal tract can be divided into 3 main categories: (1) chronic rhinosinusitis, (2) infectious diseases, and (3) autoimmune diseases/vasculitides. The molecular diagnosis and pathways of a variety of these inflammatory lesions are currently being elucidated and will shed light on disease pathogenesis and treatment. Conclusions.— The sinonasal tract is frequently affected by inflammatory lesions that arise through complex interactions of environmental, infectious, and genetic factors. Because these lesions are all inflammatory in nature, the molecular pathology surrounding them is most commonly due to upregulation and down-regulation o...
An Equation of State for the Thermodynamic Properties of R143a (1,1,1-Trifluoroethane)

Thermodynamic properties of 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (R143a) are expresed in terms of a 32-term modified Benedict-Webb-Rubin (MBWR) equation of state. Coefficients are reported for the MBWR equation and for ancillary equations used to lit the ideal-gas heat capacity, and the coexisting densities and pressure along the saturation boundary. The MBWR coefficients were determined from a multiproperty fit that used the following types of experimental data:PVT: isochoric, isobaric, and saturated-liquid heat capacities: second virial coefficients: speed of sound and properties at coexistence. The equation of state was optimized to the experimental data from 162 to 346 K and pressures to 35 MPa with the exception of the critical region. Upon extrapolation to 500 K and 60 MPa, the equation gives thermodynamically reasonable results. Comparisons between calculated and experimental values are presented.
Dynamic Effects on the Powder Line Shapes of Half-Integer Quadrupolar Nuclei: A Solid-State NMR Study of XO4-Groups

Multinuclear solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance studies (185/187Re, 55Mn, 75As, and 1H NMR) were undertaken on a series of polycrystalline inorganic salts incorporating diamagnetic XO4- groups, X being a half-integer quadrupolar nucleus. Exploiting data acquisition protocols that were recently developed for observing undistorted half-integer quadrupole central transitions, some of the largest quadrupole coupling constants reported to date by high field NMR were characterized (e2qQ/h ≈ 300 MHz). On repeating such measurements as a function of temperature, certain samples displayed reversible changes that could not be rationalized in terms of the usual temperature dependencies of the nuclear quadrupolar couplings. Instead, dynamic exchange processes between chemically or magnetically inequivalent sites had to be invoked. To quantitatively analyze these processes, the semiclassical Bloch−McConnell formalism for chemical exchange was extended to account for second-order quadrupole effects. Insight into th...
The autonomous chaotic relaxation oscillator: an electrical analogue to the dripping faucet

Abstract Both experimental and theoretical techniques have been employed to study the dynamics of an electrical relaxation oscillator that stimulates internal resonances. This autonomous chaotic relaxation oscillator (ACRO) circuit reproduces the type of aperiodic behavior that may be found in many physical systems such as dripping faucets, magnetospheric substorms, bowed musical instruments, or frictional brakes. The ACRO circuit displays a wide range of intermittency as the average pulse period and the internal damping rates are varied. Small changes in circuit parameters can produce sudden, hysteretic transitions from stable to quasiperiodic or aperiodic outputs. Using pulse period spectra, first return maps, Poincare sections, projections of trajectories, Lyapunov exponents, and power spectra, the full range of ACRO behavior is characterized.
GELL'E TEST WITH B'EK'ESY AUDIOMETRY. III. FINDINGS WITH SALPINGITIS.

After describing the technique of performing the Gelle test with Bekesy audiometry, and following the definition of the range of normal values, this paper is devoted to the findings in cases of salpingitis. It could be confirmed that negative intratympanic pressure is counteracted by negative meatal pressure. At that moment, the hearing loss resulting from tubal obstruction is temporarily corrected.It appears that negative pressure application during the Gelle test closes the air-bone gap of salpingitis momentarily. For this reason, the normal threshold shift, observed with negative meatal pressure, is inverted to an improved hearing level. Three patterns of Gelle test results are discussed, which seem to reflect the degree of tubal obstruction.
Web 2.0, grids and cyberinfrastructure / e-infrastructure

This paper discuss the role of Web 2.0 in building the distributed electronic infrastructure for science, business, consumer and government applications. We compare functionality of Web 2.0 technologies with those of Grids for API's, messaging, composition (workflow) and portals. We discuss Gadgets, AJAX, JSON and Mashups as core Web 2.0 technologies. We also review the functionality of Web 2.0 services such as Google Maps, Start pages, Community bookmarking and social networking sites and compare with those from Grid and P2P. We look at security, management and other capabilities where the robustness of Grids could be critical.
Efficient, low-cost gamma-ray spectrometry for 161Dy (26 keV) Mössbauer studies

Abstract Krypton gas-filled proportional counters are shown to provide a superior alternative to other gas-proportional or NaI-scintillation counters and to be competitive with expensive solid-state detectors for 161 Dy (26 keV) Mossbauer studies.
Uptake and metabolism of nucleosides by embryos of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

Abstract Uptake and metabolism of thymidine and adenosine have been studied in embryos of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus . Uptake of these nucleosides is found to be mutually competitive, with the K m for uptake of thymidine similar to its K i for inhibition of adenosine uptake and vice versa. The metabolic studies show that adenosine is rapidly and completely phosphorylated upon entry, even at high exogenous concentrations which saturate the uptake mechanism. In contrast, at concentrations which saturate nucleoside uptake, thymidine becomes appreciably catabolized (up to 60%) to thymine and β-amino-isobutyric acid in addition to its phosphorylation to thymine nucleotides. Negligible amounts of endogenous thymidine appear to remain unmetabolized following uptake in these embryos. The data provide strong in vivo evidence for separate metabolic pathways for thymidine and adenosine which have not previously been described in this organism. The observation of mutual competition during uptake, together with different routes of metabolism for these nucleosides, would suggest that the rate-limiting step in the uptake process is transport rather than metabolism. The specificity of this transport system for its nucleoside substrate has been examined in some detail in the present report. All naturally occurring nucleosides but only a limited number of nucleoside analogs are recognized by this membrane carrier. Neither purine nor pyrimidine bases are substrates for this transport system. Previous work by this laboratory has demonstrated the strict Na + -dependence of this carrier, its high affinity for nucleoside substrate, and its activation at fertilization. These observations and the substrate specificity studies of the present work together describe a unique transport system for nucleosides in sea urchin embryos which is quite different from those previously described in mammalian cells.
Conformal field theories with first-order lagrangians

Abstract Conformal field theories with first-order lagrangians, the so-called bc-systems, are solved completely for both Fermi and Bose statistics. We show that the conformal properties of the fields determine the correlation functions of the theories uniquely. We also prove the validity of Wick's rule for multi-correlation functions.