cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regenerative strategies for craniofacial disorders.

Craniofacial disorders present markedly complicated problems in reconstruction because of the complex interactions of the multiple, simultaneously affected tissues. Regenerative medicine holds promise for new strategies to improve treatment of these disorders. This review addresses current areas of unmet need in craniofacial reconstruction and emphasizes how craniofacial tissues differ from their analogs elsewhere in the body. We present a problem-based approach to illustrate current treatment strategies for various craniofacial disorders, to highlight areas of need, and to suggest regenerative strategies for craniofacial bone, fat, muscle, nerve, and skin. For some tissues, current approaches offer excellent reconstructive solutions using autologous tissue or prosthetic materials. Thus, new “regenerative” approaches would need to offer major advantages in order to be adopted. In other tissues, the unmet need is great, and we suggest the greatest regenerative need is for muscle, skin, and nerve. The advent of composite facial tissue transplantation and the development of regenerative medicine are each likely to add important new paradigms to our treatment of craniofacial disorders.
Towards robust and effective shape prior modeling: sparse shape composition

Organ shape plays an important role in many clinical practices, including diagnosis, surgical planning and treatment evaluation. It is usually derived from medical images using low level appearance cues. However, due to diseases and imaging artifacts, low level appearance cues are often weak or misleading. In this situation, shape priors become critical to infer and refine the shape derived from image appearances. Effective modeling of shape priors is challenging because: (1) shape variations are complex and cannot always be modeled by parametric probability distributions; (2) a shape instance derived from image appearance cues (called an input shape) may have significant errors; and (3) local details of an input shape may be important for clinical purposes but difficult to preserve if they are not statistically significant in the training data. In this paper we propose a novel Sparse Shape Composition model (SSC) to address these three challenges in a unified framework. With our method, a sparse set of shapes is selected from the shape repository and composed together to infer and refine an input shape. This way, the prior information is implicitly incorporated on-the-fly. Our model leverages two sparsity observations of the input shape instance: (1) the input shape can be approximately represented by a sparse linear combination of shapes in the shape repository; (2) parts of the input shape may contain large errors but such errors are sparse. Our model is formulated as a sparse learning problem. Using L1 norm relaxation, it can be solved by an efficient expectation-maximization (EM) framework. Furthermore, this model is extended to effectively handle multi-resolution, local shape priors and hierarchical priors. We also propose a framework to generate high quality training data in 3D. Our framework includes geometry processing methods and shape registration algorithms. The proposed shape prior model is extensively validated on five different medical applications: 2D lung localization in chest X-ray images, 3D liver segmentation in low-dose Computed Tomography (CT) scans, 3D segmentation of multiple rodent brain structures in Magnetic Resonance (MR) microscope, real time tracking of left ventricles in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and high resolution CT reconstruction. Compared to state-of-the-art methods, our model exhibits better performance in all these studies.
A Meta-analysis of Stent Placement vs. Angioplasty for Dialysis Vascular Access Stenosis.

Dysfunction of arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) and arteriovenous grafts (AVG) contribute significantly to morbidity and hospitalization in the dialysis population. Despite advances in endovascular techniques, the incidence of vascular access stenosis remains problematic. Currently, the role of endovascular stent placement in the treatment of vascular access stenosis is poorly defined. This meta-analysis compares the primary patency rates of stenotic vascular access treated with stent placement vs. angioplasty. We searched Medline for English language publications from 1980 through December 2013, along with national conference proceedings and reference lists of all included publications. Inclusion criteria were a measure of primary patency, secondary patency, or access dysfunction. Studies were excluded if they were not in English or if they included pediatric patients. Ten studies with a total of 860 subjects met the inclusion criteria, including six experimental studies and four observational studies. There was significantly higher overall primary patency in those receiving stent placement than in those treated with angioplasty (pooled relative risk [RR] = 0.79; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.65-0.96). The estimate did not differ by study design. The effect of treatment differed significantly (p = 0.001) by the type of stents used, however. In studies including nitinol stents (six studies, 678 patients), 6-month patency was significantly better for stent placement than angioplasty (pooled RR = 0.67; 95% CI: 0.54-0.84), whereas there was no significant differences between stent placement and angioplasty in those studies using bare metal stents exclusively (four studies, 182 patients; pooled RR = 1.09; 95% CI: 0.91-1.32). There was significant heterogeneity between studies (I(2) = 70.6%; p < 0.0001). Our results suggest that stent placement may confer an advantage over balloon angioplasty in primary patency of dialysis access stenoses.
Influence of preadsorbed oxygen on the sign and magnitude of the chemisorption‐induced resistance change for H2 adsorption onto Fe films

Measurements have been made of the chemisorption‐induced resistance change for H2 adsorbed onto Fe film substrates predosed with fixed coverages of chemisorbed oxygen. The measurements were made at temperatures from 295 to 340 K and for estimated oxygen coverages of less than 0.1 monolayers. Two distinct resistance change components were observed in both the adsorption kinetics and the equilibrium isotherms: a positive component which is associated with the adsorption of H2 onto a clean Fe surface, and a negative component which was correlated with the presence of the chemisorbed oxygen. The resistance change isotherms can be fit with a model which assumes that each of the resistance change components result from dissociative chemisorbed hydrogen. Possible mechanisms for the chemisorbed‐oxygen‐induced negative resistance change are discussed.
Use of small‐angle neutron scattering to investigate the morphology of some polymeric materials

Etude de l'orientation macromoleculaire dans un polystyrene etire a chaud partiellement deuterie et de la morphologie des microdomaines dans un copolymere sequence a segregation de microphase carbonate de bisphenol A/dimethylsiloxane
Recasting leadership development.

To the extent that leadership is learned, it is learned through experience. This article begins with seven conclusions about the role of experience in leadership development, ponders the reasons that what is known is so rarely applied, suggests some ways to put experience at the center of leadership development efforts, and concludes with a series of recommendations for practice and for future research. It turns out that using experience effectively to develop leadership talent 1 is a lot more complicated and difficult than it appears to be. But Einstein’s advice was to ‘‘make things as simple as possible, but not simpler,’’ and he was no slouch when it came to taking on difficult phenomena. Experience—not genetics, not training programs, not business school—is the primary source of learning to lead, and although our understanding of this kind of experience is far from complete, it is absolutely the place to start. This article begins with seven
Selective and non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk of acute kidney injury.

Purpose Use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) is associated with risk of acute kidney injury (AKI). Risk of AKI may vary with selectivity of the NSAID, but this has not been studied in a large cohort where AKI was assessed directly from laboratory data. The objective was to compare AKI risk between selective and non-selective NSAIDs using a laboratory-based definition of AKI. Methods We conducted a retrospective nested case-control study in the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs health care system. From a cohort of 1 459 271 new NSAID users, we identified 22 824 cases of AKI (97% male; mean age: 63 years), and 336 734 matched controls between 2000 and 2006. AKI was defined as a creatinine increase of greater than 50%. Results We found higher risk of AKI in new users of any single NSAID (adjusted odds ratio = 1.82; 95%CI: 1.68, 1.98) compared to non-users without recent use. The risk of AKI varied among different NSAIDs with risk generally increasing with decrease in selectivity: rofecoxib (0.95; 0.64, 1.42), celecoxib (0.96; 0.63, 1.47), meloxicam (1.13; 0.63, 2.05), etodolac (1.31; 1.08, 1.59), diclofenac (1.11; 0.84, 1.48), piroxicam (1.53; 1.05, 2.23), salsalate (1.51; 1.22, 1.87), sulindac (1.61; 1.12, 2.30), ibuprofen (2.25, 2.04, 2.49), naproxen (1.72; 1.52, 1.95), high dose aspirin (3.64; 2.46, 5.37), indomethacin (1.94; 1.56, 2.42), keterolac (2.07; 1.78, 2.41). Those using multiple NSAIDs appeared to have higher risk (2.90; 2.62, 3.22). Conclusions This study provides evidence that risk of AKI may be lower with more selective agents than with naproxen or other non-selective NSAIDs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Ubiquitin-Specific Protease USP15 Promotes RIG-I–Mediated Antiviral Signaling by Deubiquitylating TRIM25

Ubiquitylation is an important mechanism for regulating innate immune responses to viral infections. Attachment of lysine 63 (Lys 63 )–linked ubiquitin chains to the RNA sensor retinoic acid–inducible gene-I (RIG-I) by the ubiquitin E3 ligase tripartite motif protein 25 (TRIM25) leads to the activation of RIG-I and stimulates production of the antiviral cytokines interferon-α (IFN-α) and IFN-β. Conversely, Lys 48 -linked ubiquitylation of TRIM25 by the linear ubiquitin assembly complex (LUBAC) stimulates the proteasomal degradation of TRIM25, thereby inhibiting the RIG-I signaling pathway. Here, we report that ubiquitin-specific protease 15 (USP15) deubiquitylates TRIM25, preventing the LUBAC-dependent degradation of TRIM25. Through protein purification and mass spectrometry analysis, we identified USP15 as an interaction partner of TRIM25 in human cells. Knockdown of endogenous USP15 by specific small interfering RNA markedly enhanced the ubiquitylation of TRIM25. In contrast, expression of wild-type USP15, but not its catalytically inactive mutant, reduced the Lys 48 -linked ubiquitylation of TRIM25, leading to its stabilization. Furthermore, ectopic expression of USP15 enhanced the TRIM25- and RIG-I–dependent production of type I IFN and suppressed RNA virus replication. In contrast, depletion of USP15 resulted in decreased IFN production and markedly enhanced viral replication. Together, these data identify USP15 as a critical regulator of the TRIM25- and RIG-I–mediated antiviral immune response, thereby highlighting the intricate regulation of innate immune signaling.
Central Sleep Apnea: Pathophysiology and Treatment

Central sleep apnea (CSA) is characterized by a lack of drive to breathe during sleep, resulting in repetitive periods of insufficient ventilation and compromised gas exchange. These nighttime breathing disturbances can lead to important comorbidity and increased risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. There are several manifestations of CSA, including high altitude-induced periodic breathing, idiopathic CSA, narcotic-induced central apnea, obesity hypoventilation syndrome, and Cheyne-Stokes breathing. While unstable ventilatory control during sleep is the hallmark of CSA, the pathophysiology and the prevalence of the various forms of CSA vary greatly. This brief review summarizes the underlying physiology and modulating components influencing ventilatory control in CSA, describes the etiology of each of the various forms of CSA, and examines the key factors that may exacerbate apnea severity. The clinical implications of improved CSA pathophysiology knowledge and the potential for novel therapeutic treatment approaches are also discussed.
Inflation and Welfare with Search and Price Dispersion

This paper studies the effect of inflation on welfare in a monetary economy with price dispersion and consumer search. When facing greater price dispersion with higher inflation, consumers search harder for lower prices, and increased search raises welfare by intensifying market competition. Producers post inefficiently high prices, and this creates a welfare loss. Both mechanisms are affected by the consumer's monetary balance. I develop a general equilibrium model with search frictions to incorporate the interrelationship of money, search, and endogenous price dispersion. Inflation aspects welfare through three channels: the real balance channel, the search channel, and the price posting channel. I calibrate the model to U.S. data and find that the welfare cost of 10% annual inflation is worth 3.23% of consumption; however, if either the real balance or the price posting channel is closed, the welfare cost significantly decreases to less than 0.15% of consumption. The price posting channel amplifies the welfare-diminishing effect of the real balance channel, and the aggregated negative effect exceeds the positive effect due to the search channel. The search cost only generates a negligible welfare loss.
Analysis of Shaft-Loaded Membrane Delamination Using Stationary Principles:

The following analysis investigates the delamination of an elastic membrane which on one side adheres to a smooth substrate while the other side is attached to a rigid cylindrical shaft. When the shaft is pulled perpendicularly from the substrate, this system is equivalent to the blister test of Malyshev and Salganik (International Journal of Fracture Mechanics, 1, 114 (1965)) and a solution is derived using the principle of minimum potential energy. Delamination can also be caused by rotating the shaft, which may be induced by a shear load and/or moment applied to the free end. For this more complicated system, an approximate solution is obtained from upper and lower bounds on strain energy that are derived from stationary principles with restricted deformation and stress fields, respectively. Beyond their applicability to blister tests, these results are relevant to the emerging study of biologically-inspired adhesives, as membranes constitute a critical attachment structure for a variety of wall-clingi...
Effects of Sea Spray on Tropical Cyclone Intensity

The intensity of tropical cyclones is sensitive to the rates at which enthalpy and momentum are transferred between sea and air in the high-wind core of the storm. Present models of the wind dependence of these transfer rates suggest that the effective drag coefficient is more than twice the effective enthalpy transfer coefficient at wind speeds above 25 m s21. Using this ratio in numerical models, however, makes it impossible to sustain storms of greater than marginal hurricane intensity. Some other physical process must, therefore, enhance enthalpy transfer at very high wind speeds. This paper suggests that re-entrant sea spray explains this enhanced transfer. When a spray droplet is ejected from the ocean, it remains airborne long enough to cool to a temperature below the local air temperature but not long enough to evaporate an appreciable fraction of its mass. The spray droplet thus gives up sensible heat and returns to the sea before it has time to extract back from the atmosphere the heat necessary to continue its evaporation. Microphysical modeling, combined with data from the Humidity Exchange over the Sea Experiment (HEXOS), makes it possible to derive an expression for the net enthalpy transfer of re-entrant spray. This spray enthalpy flux is roughly cubic in wind speed. When this relation is used in a numerical simulation of a hurricane, the spray more than compensates for the observed increase in the ratio of drag and enthalpy transfer coefficients with wind speed. The momentum flux associated with sea spray is an important energy sink that moderates the effects of this spray enthalpy flux. Including a parameterization for this momentum sink along with wave drag and spray enthalpy transfer in the hurricane simulation produces results that are similar to ones based on equal transfer coefficients.
iCAM framework for image appearance, differences, and quality

Traditional color appearance modeling has recently ma- tured to the point that available, internationally recommended mod- els such as CIECAM02 are capable of making a wide range of pre- dictions, to within the observer variability in color matching and color scaling of stimuli, in somewhat simplified viewing conditions. It is proposed that the next significant advances in the field of color ap- pearance modeling and image quality metrics will not come from evolutionary revisions of colorimetric color appearance models alone. Instead, a more revolutionary approach will be required to make appearance and difference predictions for more complex stimuli in a wider array of viewing conditions. Such an approach can be considered image appearance modeling, since it extends the concepts of color appearance modeling to stimuli and viewing envi- ronments that are spatially and temporally at the level of complexity of real natural and man-made scenes, and extends traditional image quality metrics into the color appearance domain. Thus, two previ- ously parallel and evolving research areas are combined in a new way as an attempt to instigate a significant advance. We review the concepts of image appearance modeling, present iCAM as one ex- ample of such a model, and provide a number of examples of the use of iCAM in image reproduction and image quality evaluation. © 2004 SPIE and IS&T. (DOI: 10.1117/1.1635368)
Benzyl alcohol and ethanol can enhance the pathogenic potential of clinical Staphylococcus epidermidis strains.

BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus epidermidis is the most frequent cause of health care-associated infections, particularly in neonates and patients with indwelling catheters. The pathogenesis of infections caused by this organism is associated with its ability to form biofilms. We hypothesized that alcohol used in skin disinfectants, as well as preservative in solutions administered through catheters, can enhance biofilm formation by S epidermidis. METHODS: We performed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis to investigate the prevalence of ica locus in a collection of 169 commensal and clinical S epidermidis strains. Using a microtiter plate assay, we examined the effect of ethanol and benzyl alcohol on biofilm production. Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR analysis evaluated quantitative changes in gene expression. RESULTS: We found that ica-positive but biofilm-negative or low-grade biofilm-positive S epidermidis strains displayed induction or increase in biofilm production after incubation in media supplemented with both ethanol and benzyl alcohol. The expression of the icaADBC operon was up-regulated in the presence of alcohol. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that biofilm production and, therefore, the pathogen potential of S epidermidis can be induced by alcohol. Considering the routine use of alcohol-based skin disinfectants and benzyl alcohol-containing solutions in hospitals, the alcohol-inducible biofilm phenotype of S epidermidis has potentially profound clinical ramifications.
Method validation for measurement of hair nicotine level in nonsmokers.

The development of strategies to address the growing worldwide burden of exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) would be facilitated by sensitive and accurate methods for assessing SHS exposure. Hair provides a readily available matrix for assessing biomarkers of typical SHS exposure. We developed and applied an optimized analytical method using an isotope dilution gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for hair nicotine measurement. The utility of this optimized method is illustrated by presenting data on SHS exposure of women and children from 31 countries. Using this isotope dilution method with spiked samples (3.3 ng/mg), we found that the greatest hair nicotine extraction efficiency was obtained with a 60 min shaking time. In the field study (n = 2400), a positive association was evident between hair nicotine concentrations from nonsmokers and higher numbers of cigarettes smoked per day in a household. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Current status of hot carrier effects in SOI MOSFET's

Hot carrier effects have been a serious reliability concern in MOSFETs ever since the recognition in the mid-seventies that they can significantly degrade the device characteristics during normal operation. Continuing reduction of device dimensions and increase in channel doping, to achieve higher chip density and speed, is making these reliability concerns only worse, because of the increasing electric fields. The problems have been (and continue to be) vigorously researched, and although some open questions remain, substantial progress has been made in: 1) establishing suitable device degradation monitors, 2) understanding the physical mechanisms involved and 3) developing technologies and designs to suppress these mechanisms. Due to the rapidly growing interest in SOI technologies for high speed and low power applications, efforts to study the hot carrier effects in SOI MOSFETs have been intensified recently. In this paper an attempt is made to review the state of the art of hot carrier induced degradation in SOI MOSFETs and address possible remaining concerns that require further study.
PERSPECTIVES ON THE HUD “510” REHABILITATION DEMONSTRATION*

The 510 Demonstration program in New York City is designed to reveal if the rehabilitation of vacant buildings under the Section 8 HUD program, coupled with the moderate rehabilitation and conversion to cooperatives of substantially occupied “sibling” buildings, can create a strong sense of occupant control and social cohesion. It does so without the necessity of displacing the residents in the buildings. Three City neighborhoods in varying stages of decline, comprising some 400 dwelling units, have been selected. Furthermore, a novel fiscal approach leverages City CDBG funds with a portion of the developers' tax shelter proceeds from “gut” rehabs together with a loan from a local bank to cover the cost of moderately rehabilitating the cooperative buildings. By combining “gut” with moderate rehabilitation, the total number of redeveloped units is increased fifty percent, from 400 to 600. The success of the Demonstration depends to a large measure on the capability of Special Purpose Organizations, comprised of developers and community organizations, to effectively coordinate the various fiscal, administrative and social components of the program.
Modelling Knowledge and Action in Distributed Systems

We present a formal model that captures the subtle interaction between knowledge and ac- tion in distributed systems. We view a distributed system as a set of runs, where a run is a function from time to global states and a global state is a tuple consisting of an environment state and a local state for each process in the system. This mod- el is a generalization of those used in many pre- vious papers. Actions in this model are associated with functions from global states to global states. A protocol is a function from local states to actions. We extend the standard notion of a protocol by defining knowledge-based protocols, ones in which a process' actions may depend explicitly on its knowledge. Knowledge-based protocols provide a natural way of describing how actions should take place in a distributed system. Finally, we show how the notion of one protocol implementing another can be captured in our model.
Ultimate strength parameters of ten clinically significant human wrist ligaments

Ten clinically significant human wrist ligaments were tested to determine strain, force, and stress values at ultimate strength. Five ligaments from each functional group were tested: intrinsic (scapholunate, lunotriquetral, scaphotrapezium, deltoid capitoscaphoid, and capitotriquetral), and extrinsic (radiolunate, ulnolunate, radioscapholunate, radial collateral, and radiocapitate). The intrinsic ligaments were generally shorter and thicker than the extrinsic. Ligaments and associated bones were elongated axially at 100 mm/min to sequential strain intervals until beyond ultimate strength. The scapholunate and lunotriquetral, arguably the most critical ligaments, were strongest and stretched most at ultimate strength. This study demonstrates that in general, the more clinically critical intrinsic ligaments support greater loads and strains at ultimate strength. >
Challenges and progress towards multi-scale hydrologic data assimilation

Subsurface moisture and temperature, and snow/ice stores exhibit persistence on seasonal to interannual time scales. This persistence has important implications for the extended prediction of climate and hydrologic extremes. However, errors in forcing, parameterization and physics, accumulate in modeled land surface stores, which leads to future errors in water and energy partitioning. This has motivated the development of land surface data assimilation methods, which constrain land surface simulation models by forcing them primarily by observations, and by using observations of land surface storages to realistically constrain model evolution using data assimilation techniques. This development: (1) improves understanding of the time and space variability of hydrological and energy budgets, (2) mitigates land surface parameterization and observation errors through continuous simulation-observation intercomparison, and (3) improves the initialization and dynamics of land surface states in numerical weather prediction models, for more realistic weather and climate predictions.
LoVis: local pattern visualization for model refinement

Linear models are commonly used to identify trends in data. While it is an easy task to build linear models using pre-selected variables, it is challenging to select the best variables from a large number of alternatives. Most metrics for selecting variables are global in nature, and thus not useful for identifying local patterns. In this work, we present an integrated framework with visual representations that allows the user to incrementally build and verify models in three model spaces that support local pattern discovery and summarization: model complementarity, model diversity, and model representivity. Visual representations are designed and implemented for each of the model spaces. Our visualizations enable the discovery of complementary variables, i.e., those that perform well in modeling different subsets of data points. They also support the isolation of local models based on a diversity measure. Furthermore, the system integrates a hierarchical representation to identify the outlier local trends and the local trends that share similar directions in the model space. A case study on financial risk analysis is discussed, followed by a user study.
The Pervasive Problem With Placebos in Psychology Why Active Control Groups Are Not Sufficient to Rule Out Placebo Effects

To draw causal conclusions about the efficacy of a psychological intervention, researchers must compare the treatment condition with a control group that accounts for improvements caused by factors other than the treatment. Using an active control helps to control for the possibility that improvement by the experimental group resulted from a placebo effect. Although active control groups are superior to "no-contact" controls, only when the active control group has the same expectation of improvement as the experimental group can we attribute differential improvements to the potency of the treatment. Despite the need to match expectations between treatment and control groups, almost no psychological interventions do so. This failure to control for expectations is not a minor omission—it is a fundamental design flaw that potentially undermines any causal inference. We illustrate these principles with a detailed example from the video-game-training literature showing how the use of an active control group does not eliminate expectation differences. The problem permeates other interventions as well, including those targeting mental health, cognition, and educational achievement. Fortunately, measuring expectations and adopting alternative experimental designs makes it possible to control for placebo effects, thereby increasing confidence in the causal efficacy of psychological interventions.
Consequences of Variability in Classifier Performance Estimates

The prevailing approach to evaluating classifiers in the machine learning community involves comparing the performance of several algorithms over a series of usually unrelated data sets. However, beyond this there are many dimensions along which methodologies vary wildly. We show that, depending on the stability and similarity of the algorithms being compared, these sometimes-arbitrary methodological choices can have a significant impact on the conclusions of any study, including the results of statistical tests. In particular, we show that performance metrics and data sets used, the type of cross-validation employed, and the number of iterations of cross-validation run have a significant, and often predictable, effect. Based on these results, we offer a series of recommendations for achieving consistent, reproducible results in classifier performance comparisons.
New Equations for Computing Vapor Pressure and Enhancement Factor

Abstract Equations are presented which relate saturation vapor pressure to temperature for moist air. The equations are designed to be easily implemented on a calculator or computer and can be used to convert in either direction. They are more accurate than the commonly used Goff-Gratch equations for the meteorologically interesting region of −80 to +50°C. Equations also are given for the enhancement factor.
Unimodality problems in Ehrhart theory

Ehrhart theory is the study of sequences recording the number of integer points in non-negative integral dilates of rational polytopes. For a given lattice polytope, this sequence is encoded in a finite vector called the Ehrhart h∗-vector. Ehrhart h∗-vectors have connections to many areas of mathematics, including commutative algebra and enumerative combinatorics. In this survey we discuss what is known about unimodality for Ehrhart h∗-vectors and highlight open questions and problems.
The Molecular Structure of the Liquid-Ordered Phase of Lipid Bilayers

Molecular dynamics simulations reveal substructures within the liquid-ordered phase of lipid bilayers. These substructures, identified in a 10 μs all-atom trajectory of liquid-ordered/liquid-disord...
A New Genus of the Moniliaceae

An unknown moniliaceous fungus isolated from soil is described and assigned to a new genus, Acrophialophora. The genus is distinguished from Paecilomyces in producing unbranched, colored, erect con...
Masking of the American Cockroach Sex Attractant.

Crude extracts prepared from sexually mature virgin female American cockroaches Periplaneta americana (L.), with 5 organic solvents failed to evoke a sexual response in males. Silicic acid chromatography of the inactive acetone extract gave 4 elution fractions, one of which was highly attractive to males; corresponding fractionation of the other extracts did not yield active material. Separate admixture of the active, fraction with proportionate amounts of each of the 3 or of any 2 inactive fractions failed to show a masking effect, but the activity was masked completely by admixture with the combined inactive fractions.
P1 or P\bar 1? Corrigendum

The structure of bis((phenyl-O,N,N-azoxy)oxy)methane, C_{13}H_{12}N_4O_4, originally reported as triclinic, space group P1 [Zyuzin et al. (1997). Isz. Akad. Nauk SSSR Ser. Khim. pp. 1486–1492; CSD refcode NIXQAM] was recently revised to monoclinic, space group C2 [Marsh (1999). Acta Cryst. B55, 931–936]. It is properly described as orthorhombic, space group Fdd2.
On the Establishment of China's Emergency Response System

This paper puts forward some priminary visions of establishing China's emergency response system based on the the deployment of rescuing forces home and abroad.The focus of the paper is on the strategic planning,the best uses of the current rescuing forces and the construction of special rescuing forces.
Effective analysis of The Global Fund Round 1 of Tuberculosis Control in Ili Prefecture in Xinjiang

Objective To introduce effective technologies and modem strategies for tuberculosis control by project implementation so as to promote progress of tuberculosis.Methods Final evaluation group was set up to collect data,give field guide and check according to unified implementation program.Results Case detection and registration,treatment management and cure rate greatly improved attributing to large funding support of the Global Fund Round 1 on health education,training for healthcare workers at grass level and patients of disadvantaged group.In period of the project implementation,1 869 cases with active pulmonary tuberculosis were registered,and 1 867 were treated,including 1 193 of smear positive,667 of smear-negative and 7 without smear examination.1 193 smear positive cases were treated freely,with cure rate of 93.86%of new patients and retreatment patients.Conclusions The implementation of the project settles a good foundation for sustainable development of tuberculosis control in the future.
Etiology of infertility in monkeys with endometriosis: luteinized unruptured follicles, luteal phase defects, pelvic adhesions, and spontaneous abortions.

To elucidate the etiology of infertility due to endometriosis, we autografted endometrial or adipose tissue to the pelvic peritoneum of 21 cynomolgus monkeys. These primates were divided into five groups: control animals with adipose tissue autografts ( n =5), animals with microscopic endometriosis ( n =5), animals with mild endometriosis ( n =5), animals with moderate endometriosis ( n =4), and animals with severe endometriosis ( n =2). During three subsequent menstrual cycles, each animal underwent (1) serial assay of peripheral serum gonadotropins and steroids; (2) mating timed according to daily serum 17 β -estradiol; and (3) laparotomy to document an ovulatory stigma. The chemical and term pregnancy rates were lower among monkeys with moderate or severe endometriosis, as compared with control animals. The impaired fertility in monkeys with endometriosis appeared to be mediated primarily by failure of follicular rupture and/or pelvic adhesions.
Performance of aphasic children on the ITPA.

The three visual subtests of the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities were administered to 22 children diagnosed as aphasic. Four brief case histories are presented. The results revealed tha...
Formal Courses and Conferences

Formal courses and conferences are the second most popular method of continuing medical education, after reading.2–4 Numerous studies have shown that physicians learn facts from such formal instruction.5.6 Courses that focus on physician performance in specific clinical situations, however, can not only transfer facts but can also alter that performance, even though such changes are difficult to measure.
Metabolism of l-bunolol.

The metabolism of l-bunolol, a new beta-blocking drug, was studied in man after single oral 3-mg doses of 3H-labeled compound. Absorption from the gut was rapid and virtually complete. Peak levels of bunolol and of dihydrobunolol, an active metabolite, were observed at 1 hr. Excretion of the administered radioactivity was mainly into the urine (78% in 4 days), with only 3% appearing in the feces. Bunolol, bunolol glucuronide, bunolol sulfate, dihydrobunolol, and dihydrobunolol glucuronide were identified and quantified in the plasma. These compounds represented 82% of the radioactivity in plasma at 30 min and 55% at 24 hr. Plasma half-lives (+/-S.D.) were estimated to be 6.1 +/- 0.3 hr for bunolol, 9.1 +/- 1.9 hr for bunolol glucuronide, 17.4 +/- 2.5 hr for bunolol sulfate, 7.1 +/- 0.5 hr for dihydrobunolol, and 7.7 +/- 0.8 hr for dihydrobunolol glucuronide.
Measuring Substrate-Independent Young’s Modulus of Thin Films

Substrate influence is a common problem when using instrumented indentation (also known as nano-indentation) to evaluate the elastic modulus of thin films. Many have proposed models in order to be able to extract the film modulus (E f ) from the measured substrate-affected modulus, assuming that the film thickness (t) and substrate modulus (E s ) are known. Existing analytic models work well if the film is more compliant than the substrate. However, no analytic model accurately predicts response when the modulus of the film is more than double the modulus of the substrate. In this work, a new analytic model is reviewed. Using finite-element analysis, this new model is shown to be able to accurately determine film modulus (E f ) over the domain 0.1 < E f /E s < 10. Finally, the new model is employed to determine the Young’s modulus of low-k and silicon carbide films on silicon.
Raven: A 28nm RISC-V vector processor with integrated switched-capacitor DC-DC converters and adaptive clocking

This article consists of a collection of slides from the authors' conference presentation. The topics discussed included: Motivation/Raven Project Goals; On-Chip Switched Capacitor DC-DC Converters; Raven3 Chip Architecture; Raven3 Implementation; Raven3 Evaluation; and RISC-V Chip Building at UC Berkeley.
Regulation of S-Adenosylmethionine and Methylthioadenosine Metabolism in Methylthioadenosine Phosphorylase Deficient Malignant Cells

The synthesis and metabolism of both polyamines and S-adenosyImethionine (Adomet) are important for cell growth regulation. However, our understanding of the regulation of polyamine and Adomet metabol ism in intact mammalian cells is incomplete. 5′-deoxy-5′-methylthioadenosine (abbreviated as MTA or MeSAdo) is the purine end product of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway. Polyamines are organic cations that all dividing cells produce in abundance. Their exact metabolic functions are not known. However, states of increased cellular proliferation, such as cancer, are uniformly associated with accelerated rates of polyamine synthesis (Pegg & McCann, 1982; Heby, et al., 1976.
High performance complementary logic based on GaAs/InGaAs/AlGaAs HIGFETs

Results for planar, self-aligned gate, complementary, pseudomorphic GaAs-InGaAs-AlGaAs HIGFET devices are presented. The gate leakage is found to be controllable by increasing the AlAs molar fraction in the barrier layer. A planar n-doped layer beneath the InGaAs channel is shown to shift the threshold voltages of the devices and to reduce considerably the output conductance of the p-channel FET. The operation of complementary inverters depends sensitively on the relative values of supply voltage and gate turn-on voltages. Large inverter noise margins are demonstrated, and the power and speed of complementary ring oscillators are discussed. >
Assessment of ataxia phenotype in a new mouse model of galactose-1 phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) deficiency

Despite adequate dietary management, patients with classic galactosemia continue to have increased risks of cognitive deficits, speech dyspraxia, primary ovarian insufficiency, and abnormal motor development. A recent evaluation of a new galactose-1 phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT)-deficient mouse model revealed reduced fertility and growth restriction. These phenotypes resemble those seen in human patients. In this study, we further assess the fidelity of this new mouse model by examining the animals for the manifestation of a common neurological sequela in human patients: cerebellar ataxia. The balance, grip strength, and motor coordination of GALT-deficient and wild-type mice were tested using a modified rotarod. The results were compared to composite phenotype scoring tests, typically used to evaluate neurological and motor impairment. The data demonstrated abnormalities with varying severity in the GALT-deficient mice. Mice of different ages were used to reveal the progressive nature of motor impairment. The varying severity and age-dependent impairments seen in the animal model agree with reports on human patients. Finally, measurements of the cerebellar granular and molecular layers suggested that mutant mice experience cerebellar hypoplasia, which could have resulted from the down-regulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
Longitudinal Investigation of Rehospitalization Patterns in Spinal Cord Injury and Traumatic Brain Injury Among Medicare Beneficiaries

Abstract Objectives To model 12-month rehospitalization risk among Medicare beneficiaries receiving inpatient rehabilitation for spinal cord injury (SCI) or traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to create 2 (SCI- and TBI-specific) interactive tools enabling users to generate monthly projected probabilities of rehospitalization on the basis of an individual patient's clinical profile at discharge from inpatient rehabilitation. Design Secondary data analysis. Setting Inpatient rehabilitation facilities. Participants Medicare beneficiaries receiving inpatient rehabilitation for SCI (n=2587) or TBI (n=10,864). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Monthly rehospitalization (yes/no) based on Medicare claims. Results Results are summarized through computer-generated interactive tools, which plot individual level trajectories of rehospitalization probabilities over time. Factors associated with the probability of rehospitalization over time are also provided, with different combinations of these factors generating different individual level trajectories. Four case studies are presented to demonstrate the variability in individual risk trajectories. Monthly rehospitalization probabilities for the individual high-risk TBI and SCI cases declined from 33% to 15% and from 41% to 18%, respectively, over time, whereas the probabilities for the individual low-risk cases were much lower and stable over time: 5% to 2% and 6% to 2%, respectively. Conclusions Rehospitalization is an undesirable and multifaceted health outcome. Classifying patients into meaningful risk strata at different stages of their recovery is a positive step forward in anticipating and managing their unique health care needs over time.
Spectra from high-dynamic range digital recordings of Oroville, California aftershocks and their source parameters

abstract Twenty-six small aftershocks of the Oroville, California earthquake were recorded on three orthogonal components of a digitally recording seismograph with a 15-bit analog to digital converter at a sample rate of 400 samples/sec/channel. The magnitude of the events ranged from less than 1 to about 2.6, and hypocentral distance varied from about 3 to 14 km; depths were 3 to 10 km. For 14 of these events, both P and S waveforms were recovered. Fourier displacement spectra were calculated for the body waves and analyzed with respect to the Brune (1970, 1971) source model. Most spectra have a constant long-period level and falloff above a corner frequency at a rate proportional to ω −γ . γ for these earthquakes is usually greater than 2 and frequently as high as 4 or 5 for spectra that have corner frequencies between 10 and 70 Hz. For 12 of the 14 events that recorded both P and S waves, the ratio of the P -corner to S -corner frequency is about 1.7, as predicted by Hanks and Wyss (1972). Stress drops vary from a few tenths of a bar to 27 bars and appear to increase with depth. One earthquake that fell significantly above the stress drop-depth curve (a large stress drop event) was followed by a M L = 3.4 earthquake in 2.5 to 3 days after a period of quiescence.
An Investigation of Ensemble Techniques for Detection of Spam Reviews

Whether purchasing a product or searching for a new doctor, consumers often turn to online reviews for recommendations. Determining whether reviews are truthful is imperative to the consumer, as to not get misled by false recommendations. Unfortunately, it is often difficult, or impossible, for humans to ascertain the validity of a review through reading the text, however, studies have shown machine learning methods perform well for detecting untruthful reviews. Previously, no studies have examined the effects of ensemble learners on the detection of untruthful reviews, despite these techniques being effective in related text classification domains. We seek to inform other researchers of the effects of ensemble techniques on the detection of spam reviews. To this aim, we evaluate four classifiers and three ensemble techniques using those four classifiers as base learners. We compare the results of Multinomial Naive Bayes, C4.5, Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machine, Random Forest with 100, 250, and 500 trees, and Boosting and Bagging using the base learners. We found that none of the ensemble techniques tested were able to significantly improve review spam detection over standard Multinomial Naive Bayes and thus, are not worth the computational expense they inflict.
Placement of Upper Extremity Arteriovenous Access in Patients with Central Venous Occlusions: A Novel Technique.

Background Central venous occlusion is a common occurrence in patients with end-stage renal disease. Placement of upper extremity arteriovenous access in patients with occlusion of the brachiocephalic veins is often not an option. Avoidance of lower extremity vascular access can decrease morbidity and infection. Methods The central venous lesions were crossed centrally via femoral access. The wire was retrieved in the neck extravascularly. A Hemodialysis Reliable Outflow catheter was then placed in the right atrium and completed with an arterial anastomosis. Results We describe a novel technique for placing upper extremity arteriovenous access in patients with occlusion of the brachiocephalic veins. This technique was utilized in 3 patients. The technical success was 100%. Conclusions The placement of upper extremity arteriovenous access in patients with central venous occlusions is technically feasible.
When Does Self-Interest Motivate Political Engagement? The Case of Climate Change

Past work finds that material self-interest often motivates increased issue engagement. In this paper we identify an important condition under which the opposite can occur. When people see an issue as threatening to harm material well-being, and they are already facing related resource constraints in their own lives, then they become more concerned about the issue yet less willing to spend scarce resources on issue activism. We demonstrate this point by showing that, among people facing recent health hardships, framing climate change in terms of how it will harm health (a key resource for political participation) is persuasive yet demobilizing. These results advance our theoretical understanding of political participation by showing how people's subjective perceptions of their resources are context dependent. They also show how the motivational influence of material self-interest can have divergent effects on public opinion versus political participation.