cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Atmospheric blocking as a traffic jam in the jet stream

Atmospheric blocking due to anomalous, persistent meandering of the jet stream often causes weather extremes in the mid-latitudes. Despite the ubiquity of blocking, the onset mechanism is not well understood. Here we demonstrate a close analogy between blocking and traffic congestion on a highway by using meteorological data and show that blocking and traffic congestion can be described by a common mathematical theory. The theory predicts that the jet stream has a capacity for the flux of wave activity (a measure of meandering), just as the highway has traffic capacity, and when the capacity is exceeded, blocking manifests as congestion. Stationary waves modulate the jet stream’s capacity for transient waves and localize block formation. Climate change likely affects blocking frequency by modifying the jet stream’s proximity to capacity.
Radiation-Sensitive Mutants and Repair in Yeast

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an excellent organism for studying the genetics of DNA repair processes, since it has a versatile and well-characterized genetic system, and its unicellular nature is convenient for studies in radiation biology. Biochemical studies of DNA repair and related processes have proved more difficult, owing partly to difficulties with DNA-specific labeling. However, substantial progress is now being made in these areas also. Aspects of DNA repair and mutagenesis in yeast have recently been reviewed by several workers, e.g., Haynes and Kunz (1981), Lawrence (1982), and Lemontt (1980). In this chapter I shall briefly outline early studies in the radiation biology of S. cerevisiae. I shall then describe the major classes of radiation-sensitive mutants that have been isolated and discuss their contribution to understanding the genetics of repair in yeast. Finally, I shall describe some recent work indicating that genes that control repair of ionizing-radiation damage are also required for normal meiosis, as well as meiotic and mitotic recombination in yeast, and discuss the role of x-ray-sensitive mutants in current research in these areas.
On-line and real-time corrosion monitoring techniques of metals and alloys in nuclear power plants and laboratories

Abstract: Corrosion monitoring plays an important role in corrosion control and mitigation. This chapter discusses the techniques that are capable of on-line and real-time measurements of corrosion under industrial plant or laboratory conditions. It presents the state-of-the art, science and technology for monitoring both general corrosion and localized corrosion. It provides discussions on the advantages and limitations of the different methods. This chapter also includes a section on the measurement of electrochemical potential (ECP), which is one of the most important parameters related to corrosion in high temperature and high pressure water systems, such as in nuclear power plants.
Sex, Desire, and Violence

This chapter examines diverse performances of gendered family roles in works that counter bourgeois social imaginaries by conceptualizing the family as an institution of abuse and exploitation. The first section analyzes representations of women who take unconventional actions attempting to free themselves from violent male family members in Armando Discepolo’s Entre el hierro, Jose Gonzalez Castillo’s La serenata, and Florencio Sanchez’s Marta Gruni. The next section addresses how F. Defilippis Novoa’s Los desventurados, Alberto Novion’s Los primeros frios, Armando and Enrique Santos Discepolo’s El organito, and Jose Gonzalez Castillo’s and Alejandro E. Berruti’s El camino del infierno reveal that material hardships and capitalist fantasies generated fractured and monstrous masculinities. The last section returns to Discepolo’s El relojero to suggest that when new alternatives for men and women are explored, their problematic endings underscore the absence of easy solutions for such precarious subjects of Argentina’s peripheral modernity.
Rewilding futures: Japan’s nuclear exclusion zone and post 3.11 eco-cinema

The exclusion zone in Fukushima has become an object of intense interest for scientists and politicians where the rebound of wildlife is taken to be compelling evidence of nature’s resilience in th...
Inference of meteoroid characteristics using a genetic algorithm

Abstract A methodology is introduced to optimize and extend the inference of pre-entry size, density, strength, and mass of asteroids based on observed light curves. In this development study, a genetic algorithm (GA) approach is coupled with the fragment-cloud model (FCM) to efficiently evaluate entry and breakup for numerous potential asteroid property combinations and determine which case best matches the observed data. FCM produces energy deposition curves based on assumed pre-entry conditions, and the GA finds values for these inputs that minimize an objective function characterizing the difference between the FCM curve and a target curve. We present an overview of the GA approach, and then demonstrate its capability to infer pre-entry properties for three well-characterized events: Chelyabinsk, Lost City, and Benesov. In all cases, our initial mass and size estimates were within the range of published values.
Vanishing wealth, vanishing votes? Latino homeownership and the 2016 election in Florida

In this article, I explore how race, class, and migration influence Latino household wealth, and uncover important implications for the close 2016 US presidential election outcome in Florida. I fol...
Mechanochemistry in Translation.

As the influence of translation rates on protein folding and function has come to light, the mechanisms by which translation speed is modulated have become an important issue. One mechanism entails...
Coplanar Transient Photocurrents and the Density of States in a-Si:H

One of the most enduring concepts in amorphous semiconductors is that of a mobility gap (Mott, 1966). One-electron excitations of the semiconductor having energies in this gap are localized, and hence contribute substantially less to transport than extended excitations lying beyond well-defined mobility edges. The discovery by Spear and LeComber (1975) that the electronic properties of plasma-deposited amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) were sensitive to dopants, and the fabrication only one year later of an a-Si:H solar cell (Carlson and Wronski, 1976) precipitated an enormous worldwide research effort on this material whose themes are largely suggested by the concepts of mobility edges and gaps. In this paper I shall discuss the interrelationships of two of these themes in a-Si:H: the transport of photocarriers, and the energy distribution g(E) of states within the mobility gap.
Delegation and Time

Most concerns about delegation are put in terms of the handover of legislative power to federal agencies and the magnitude of the legislative policy decisions made by such agencies. Likewise, most reform proposals, such as the Congressional Review Act and the proposed REINS Act, address these gap-filling, democratic-deficit concerns. The same is true of the judicially created non-delegation canons, such as the major questions doctrine and other clear-statement rules. This Article addresses a different, under-explored dimension of the delegation problem: the temporal complications of congressional delegation. In other words, broad congressional delegations of authority at one time period become a source of authority for agencies to take action at a later time that was wholly unanticipated by the enacting Congress or could no longer receive legislative support. This problem has taken on added significance in the current era of congressional inaction. To address this distinct, temporal problem of delegation, we suggest that Congress revive the practice of regular reauthorization of statutes that govern federal regulatory action. In some circumstances, this will require Congress to consider adding reauthorization incentives, such as sun-setting provisions. In other regulatory contexts, Congress may well decide the costs of mandatory reauthorization outweigh the benefits. Nevertheless, we argue that Congress should more regularly use this longstanding legislative tool to mitigate the democratic deficits that accompany broad delegations of lawmaking authority to federal agencies and spur more regular legislative engagement with federal regulatory policy. A return to reauthorization would also strengthen the partnership between Congress and the administrative state as well as mitigate some of the major concerns that have been raised in recent years regarding Chevron deference.
Medical student imaging case files in the cloud.

BACKGROUND Millennial digital learners value meaningful work, immediate feedback, collaborative communication and technology implementation. A student-produced digital imaging teaching case file-centric flipped curriculum offers these benefits. Our questions included: (i) is a cloud-based website platform supporting the online publication of student-selected and student-submitted teaching cases feasible; and (ii) what were the impressions of students of this educational intervention? METHODS An open-source medical student-centric radiology website was created with limited-access cloud upload capability, with site analytics continuously recorded. Medical students submitted de-identified radiology cases on a topic of their choosing, for peer review and publication. By making the host site publicly accessible, we empowered students to list their publication(s) on resumes. Following six blocks of the 2018/19 academic year after implementation, an electronic survey was sent to the eligible medical student cohort who had were enrolled in a radiology elective in order to assess the effectiveness of the intervention (n = 107). RESULTS The survey response rate was 52% (n = 56), of which 98% participated (n = 55) and 75% completed a teaching file (n = 42). The students assessed their ability to systematically review imaging, communicate pertinent clinical information, appropriately order imaging, correctly use the ACR Appropriateness Criteria® , consider procedure costs, consider procedure risks, consider procedure benefits, evaluate effectiveness and identify who to direct questions to regarding correct study. Students reported answers on a seven-point Likert scale. Data scores ranged from 5.28 (agree) to 6.71 (strongly agree) across all categories. CONCLUSIONS Our successful student-developed teaching file takes advantage of digital radiology and the educational tools favoured by millennials. This activity meets core competencies in self-directed and lifelong learning.
How sensitive are adults to the role of morphology in spelling

In English, the letters in a word’s spelling are sometimes associated with its part of speech or morphological structure. For example, final /ɨk/ and /ɨs/ are almost always spelled as ‹ic› and ‹ous›, respectively, when they are adjectival suffixes (e.g., basic, callous). In words that are not adjectives, these endings are likely to be spelled in other ways (e.g., gimmick, callus). These associations are rarely taught explicitly, but have adults internalized them using their implicit statistical learning skills? We studied this issue by having adults write sentences in which nonwords with final /ɨk/ and /ɨs/ served as either adjectives or nouns. Participants used spellings with final ‹ic› and ‹ous› more often when the nonwords appeared in adjective contexts than in noun contexts. This effect was stronger in participants who performed better on a standardized test of spelling ability than in participants who scored less well. However, the difference between the two contexts was substantially smaller than expected based on the statistics of the English writing system. The results point to the limits of statistical learning for certain potentially helpful morphological patterns. People may need explicit instruction in order to benefit fully from the regularities that English spelling offers.
Real-Time Event-Based Dynamic Multi-Facility Vehicle Rerouting

This paper presents a system architecture for real-time information transmission between the dispatcher and service vehicles allowing the logistic system the possibility of reacting to dynamic events such as new service requests and dropouts in the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm. This paper focuses on a variant of the vehicle routing problem (VRP) called the capacitated multi-depot vehicle routing problem and takes into consideration the dynamic nature of the system. To obtain real-time solutions to the routing problem, a new two-stage algorithm is detailed that makes use of various heuristics and local search metaheuristics to generate high-quality solutions to facilitate real-time decision-making. The proposed methodology creates an initial route plan for the predetermined requests and then modifies the original route as new events (customer requests) are available over time. The performance of proposed rerouting algorithms demonstrated in a simulated framework with two depots and four vehicles.
The peri-menopause in a woman's life: a systemic inflammatory phase that enables later neurodegenerative disease.

The peri-menopause or menopausal transition—the time period that surrounds the final years of a woman’s reproductive life—is associated with profound reproductive and hormonal changes in a woman’s body and exponentially increases a woman’s risk of cerebral ischemia and Alzheimer’s disease. Although our understanding of the exact timeline or definition of peri-menopause is limited, it is clear that there are two stages to the peri-menopause. These are the early menopausal transition, where menstrual cycles are mostly regular, with relatively few interruptions, and the late transition, where amenorrhea becomes more prolonged and lasts for at least 60 days, up to the final menstrual period. Emerging evidence is showing that peri-menopause is pro-inflammatory and disrupts estrogen-regulated neurological systems. Estrogen is a master regulator that functions through a network of estrogen receptors subtypes alpha (ER-α) and beta (ER-β). Estrogen receptor-beta has been shown to regulate a key component of the innate immune response known as the inflammasome, and it also is involved in regulation of neuronal mitochondrial function. This review will present an overview of the menopausal transition as an inflammatory event, with associated systemic and central nervous system inflammation, plus regulation of the innate immune response by ER-β-mediated mechanisms.
Detoxification of aflatoxins in foods by ultraviolet irradiation, hydrogen peroxide, and their combination - A review

Abstract Aflatoxins (AFs) contamination is prevalent in foods around the world. Many studies have been performed to recover foods contaminated with unacceptable levels of AFs. This review evaluated AFs detoxification technologies of ultraviolet (UV), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and their combination. Microscopic evidence has demonstrated that AFs are mainly distributed on or near the surface of contaminated foods, and thus a treatment applied near the surface would be sufficient for detoxification. UV is an ideal treatment due to its ability to detoxify AFs, affordable cost, and less quality impact. UV can degrade aflatoxin B1 into more than 200 times less toxic compound, aflatoxin B2a, justifying the use of this method in practice. However, the “shadow effect” and poor penetrability are concerns when applying UV on solid materials. H2O2 can oxidize AFs into less toxic compounds with negligible quality change and no residual issue after treatment. H2O2 is usually combined with heat, radiation, or alkali to promote the oxidation process. Combining UV and H2O2 (Advanced Oxidation Processes, AOPs) can photolyze H2O2 into free radicals, which can oxidize most organic compounds and has been used for pollutants decontamination in water treatment. Previous works demonstrated that AOPs could successfully detoxify AFs in contaminated food.
National Recommendations against Prostate Specific Antigen Screening versus Statewide Medicaid Expansion Initiatives: A Battle of the Titans.

Purpose:Medicaid expansion under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act occurred almost concurrently with 2012 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendations against prostate specific ...
Understanding science bloggers’ view and approach to strategic communication

Science communicators who explicitly seek to achieve specific outcomes and goals efficiently and effectively are engaged in strategic science communication. The current study used qualitative inter...
Impact of COVID-19 on the exercise habits of Pennsylvania residents and their families.

This study investigated how COVID-19 impacted the physical activity and sports participation of Pennsylvania residents and their children. Data were collected through an online survey of 525 Pennsylvania residents with a child between the ages of 3 and 17. Data were collected in October 2020. Nearly a third of respondents reported a decrease in their physical activity. Hispanics were more likely than non-Hispanics to report a decrease in their physical activity. Older children were more likely to have a decrease in physical activity. Children in homes with more children present were less likely to see such a decline. Men were more likely than women to see COVID-19 as a barrier to physical activity for themselves and their child. The results of this study underscore the profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our health as a nation. Exercise, in all forms, plays a key role in overall health, weight, and disease resistance. It remains unclear how declines in physical activity might persist over time, and among whom.
Pepperdine University – The Politicization of the Academy

George Pepperdine was not involved in politics, as he was focused on business and God. His vision to educate a group of young individuals through holistically evaluating their soul and mind. Yet, he did not want the university to be attached to the Church of Christ congregation, thus the college was structured to be affiliated and not a part of the church. Over the years, the various presidents shaped the university. The university has always been aware of the larger community, but President Banowsky shaped the landscape of Pepperdine University being involved in the local and national political structure. At the time Banowsky led Pepperdine to become a Republican leaning university, Pepperdine was a two-campus institution. While the Malibu campus remained Republican, the LA Campus rejected Banowsky and the Republican Party and aligned itself with the Democratic Party. Through qualitative research methodology in reviewing the school newspapers, the archival papers, and interviews, this paper will review the years of Pepperdine being shaped by the Republican and the Democratic Party that left a lasting mark on Pepperdine’s ultimate conservative reputation. It is the outward, visible political affiliation of the college president that left a long-term effect of politicizing the academy.
Morphological Study of Indium Chloride Post Deposition Treated CuInSe 2 Thin Films

CuInSe 2 semiconductor thin films were fabricated using a single-stage thermal co-evaporation process. The as-deposited samples were prepared at 400 °C with both Cu-poor and Cu-rich composition before being recrystallized. The process of recrystallization involved a post-deposition treatment by InCl 3 for two different durations (30 min or 60 min) and two different temperature (450 °C or 500 °C). The post deposition treatment resulted in increased grain size. The Cu-rich thin films showed the more effective recrystallization as compared to the Cu-poor films. Similarly, higher temperature and longer time seemed to be more successful at enhancing grain size.
Segmenting hippocampus from 7.0 Tesla MR images by combining multiple atlases and auto-context models

In investigation of neurological diseases, accurate measurement of hippocampus is very important for differentiating inter-subject difference and subtle longitudinal change. Although many automatic segmentation methods have been developed, their performance can be limited by the poor image contrast of hippocampus in the MR images, acquired from either 1.5T or 3.0T scanner. Recently, the emergence of 7.0T scanner sheds new light on the study of hippocampus by providing much higher contrast and resolution. But the automatic segmentation algorithm for 7.0T images still lags behind the development of high-resolution imaging techniques. In this paper, we present a learning-based algorithm for segmenting hippocampi from 7.0T images, by using multi-atlases technique and auto-context models. Specifically, for each atlas (along with other aligned atlases), Auto-Context Model (ACM) is performed to iteratively construct a sequence of classifiers by integrating both image appearance and context features in the local patch. Since there exist plenty of texture information in 7.0T images, more advanced texture features are also extracted and incorporated into the ACM during the training stage. With the use of multiple atlases, multiple sequences of ACM-based classifiers will be trained, respectively in each atlas' space. Thus, in the application stage, a new image will be segmented by first applying the sequence of the learned classifiers of each atlas to it, and then fusing multiple segmentation results from multiple atlases (or multiple sequences of classifiers) by a label-fusion technique. Experimental results on the six 7.0T images with voxel size of 0.35 × 0.35 × 0.35mm3 show much better results obtained by our method than by the method using only the conventional auto-context model.
Fiber-optic sensor applications to non-invasive cardiovascular diagnosis

Fiber-optic sensors were designed and applied to assess arterial blood pressure pulse transmission characteristics and elastic properties in normal and hypertensive subjects. Apparent phase velocity (c/sub app/) from carotid to radial arteries were obtained and showed higher magnitudes at low frequencies and sustained oscillations at high frequencies in hypertensives due to greater impedance mismatch. These sensors are of light weight, good frequency response and sensitivity suitable for routine cardiovascular diagnosis.
The Cocke—Kasami—Younger Algorithm

Given a CFL A and a string x ∊ ∑*, how do we tell whether x is in A? If A is a deterministic CFL and we are given a deterministic PDA for it, we can easily write a program to simulate the PDA. In fact, this is a good way to do it in practice and is done frequently in compilers; we saw an example of this in Lecture 26.
Electronic structure of YN: the X1Σ+ ground state and the a3Σ+ and A1Σ+ excited states

Abstract YN molecules have been produced in a pulsed free jet apparatus by laser vaporizing yttrium metal in the presence of He doped with NH3. Laser induced dispersed fluorescence spectra have been studied. Previously unobserved low-energy excited state, a 3 Σ + , has been discovered. RKR potential curves of the X 1 Σ + ground state as well as of the A 1 Σ + and a 3 Σ + excited states have been determined. Harmonic wavenumbers have been measured to be equal to: 633.2(10), 1007.4(25), and 805.12(63) cm −1 for the X 1 Σ + , A 1 Σ + , and a 3 Σ + states, respectively.
Asymmetrical loosely coupled transformer for wireless laptop charger with higher misalignment tolerance

The proposed inductive power transfer (IPT) system for laptop charging consists of three parts: a high frequency power supply from a full-bridge inverter with frequency modulation, a LLC resonant tank that incorporates a loosely coupled transformer (LCT) and a resonant capacitor series connected with the primary winding, and a rectification output circuits that uses a full-bridge diode rectifier. Due to the relatively large air gap, the magnetic coupling coefficient of the IPT system is significantly lower than that with tightly coupled transformer. As a result, the efficiency of the IPT system is always a major concern for applications with possible misalignment variation condition. To ensure high power transfer efficiency, the IPT system should have high tolerance for different misalignment conditions. In this paper, the effect of coupling coefficient deviation to compensation network efficiency is analyzed, and asymmetrical LCT which has significant higher misalignment tolerance is proposed. By using finite element analysis (FEA) simulation method, the performance of different transmitter and receiver coil dimensions are compared. In order to validate the performance of the proposed design, a 100-W hardware prototype with two sets of LCT is built and the corresponding experiments are carried out. As compared to the symmetrical LCT architecture, the proposed asymmetrical LCT prototype improves the coupling coefficient reduction from 70% to 12.5% when the misalignment ranges from 0 to 40 mm. Therefore, the efficiency deviation for the asymmetrical LCT is maintained nearly constant over the entire tested misalignment variation ranges.
Voxelization of full waveform LiDAR data for fusion with Hyperspectral Imagery

Current research into the fusion of Hyperspectral Imagery (HI) and full waveform LiDAR (Light detection and ranging) has relied on first processing the full waveform LiDAR (FWL) data to a set of discrete returns before combining. However, more information about target properties can potentially be recovered if the raw waveform is preserved in the fusion with HI. This paper proposes a voxelization method to fuse raw FWL data with HI by dividing the waveform data into voxels, and then synthesizing all waveforms which intersect a voxel into one 3D superposition waveform. The efficacy of this method is evaluated by comparing the synthesized waveform with an actual nadir LiDAR waveform from the voxel of interest. Results show that this method of voxelizing and fusion of FWL data can preserve raw waveform characteristics while effectively representing the FWL data on a 3D raster basis that can be directly co-registered with the HI.
Effect of interaction on the magnetization of single-domain particles

A model is proposed to permit the calculation of the remanence in a magnetic tape that is subject to various magnetizing processes. A combination of a regenerative local field and the Preisach diagram is proposed to account for particle interaction. It is shown that, although the Preisach diagram is not stable, its shape does not have to change as it moves, due to changes in the bulk magnetization I. In fact, the Preisach density function J(H+, H-) could be replaced by J(H+ + αI, H- -αI). The regenerative action is necessary to reduce the calculated spread of the distribution, which is many times the observed value. The best agreement between calculation and experiments is obtained by assuming that the fundamental magnetic particle is spherical, which is consistent with the "chain of spheres" model for interaction-free magnetization.
Defensive functioning of homeless youth in relation to experiences of child maltreatment and cumulative victimization.

Abstract Objective: To determine the relationship between use of defense mechanisms and experiences of child maltreatment and cumulative victimization among homeless youth. Method: Twenty-five homeless youth were individually interviewed regarding their victimization experiences and coping strategies. Use of defense mechanisms was assessed using the Defense Mechanism Rating Scale. Results: Relationships were demonstrated between use of defenses and specific as well as cumulative victimization experiences. All levels of defenses became more pervasive in response to victimization, but this was not a predictor of overall immature defensive functioning. Conclusions: Clinical and program interventions to engage homeless youth need to incorporate an understanding of the relationship between defenses and victimization in order to be effective in maximizing upon the strengths of this population.
Kinematic analysis of transmission electron diffraction data from Si(111)-7 × 7

Abstract The novel application of transmission electron diffraction (TED) to study surface and interface structures is discussed. A detailed kinematic analysis of TED data for the Si (111)-7 × 7 surface is presented. This analysis confirms that the kinematic approximation can be used to analyze electron diffraction intensities from surfaces provided no bulk-diffracted beams are strongly excited. The method of data collection and analysis is described in detail, and possible sources of errors are also discussed.
A Unit for Molar Absorptivity (Extinction Coefficient) with Theoretical Significance

Using the nomenclature and symbols recommended by the Committee on Nomenclature in Applied Spectroscopy, absorptivity is defined by the equation (1) a = A/bc where A is the absorbance (optical density) for monochromatic radiation, b is the thickness, and c the concentration. Molar absorptivity is arbitrarily defined for thickness measured in centimeters and concentration in moles/liter. Since A is a pure number, molar absorptivity has the units liters/mole cm. There is at present no single name for this combination of units.
Comparison of two minimally invasive techniques for treating chronic rhinosinusitis in the pediatric population

Abstract Objective To compare two minimally invasive techniques for the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis in young children. Background Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common diagnosis in young children. Maxillary sinus aspiration & irrigation with adenoidectomy (MSI) followed by an extended course of oral antibiotics has been shown to be an alternative to functional endoscopic sinus surgery. However, since MSI is not performed under direct visualization, it has inherent risk. This study analyzes the techniques of MSI and endoscopically guided middle meatus cultures & antral biopsy with adenoidectomy (EGC) in the (1) diagnosis of bacterial infection by culture, (2) time to resolution using double antibiotic therapy, and (3) associated morbidity of the two procedures. Methods The medical records at Wayne State University, Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery were reviewed from 2004 to 2010. All children who presented with CRS who underwent MSI or EGC were included in this retrospective case series. Results Patients presented with a history of cough, nasal discharge, and congestion. The mean age was 3.7 years. Symptom duration prior to treatment was 7.4 months in the 64 patients who underwent MSI and 9.1 months in the 46 patients who underwent EGC. MSI identified bacteria in 80% of patients compared to 73% in EGC patients (p = 0.45). The MSI group underwent antibiotic treatment for 8.7 weeks and achieved symptom resolution in 8.7 weeks compared to 6.9 weeks and 4.9 weeks respectively in the EGC group (p = 0.08 and 0.01). However, if patients presented with snoring or cough, time to resolution of symptoms was significantly lower in patients undergoing EGC versus MSI (p = 0.02 and p = 0.01, respectively). One patient who underwent MSI experienced epistaxis requiring nasal packing, and two patients had pseudoproptosis following irrigation that resolved spontaneously shortly thereafter. No complications were reported in the EGC group. Conclusion EGC is an effective treatment for young children with CRS. EGC and MSI are equally effective in obtaining diagnostic cultures. EGC decreases time to symptom resolution, and it lowers the risk of complication when compared to MSI.
Psychopathy Moderates the Relationship Between Time in Treatment and Levels of Empathy in Incarcerated Male Sexual Offenders

This study examined whether psychopathy moderated the relationship between time in treatment and forms of empathy in a sample of incarcerated male sexual offenders (N = 58). Empathy was assessed as a general personality trait as well as in attitudes toward specific victim groups (children, women).The three empathy measures were submitted to principal components analysis with oblique rotation, revealing a 3-component solution: general empathy, hostility toward women, and empathy for children. Hierarchical linear regression analyses demonstrated that level of psychopathy significantly moderated the effects of time in treatment on levels of general and victim-specific empathy, such that offenders with higher levels of psychopathy did not exhibit greater empathy with longer reported time in treatment. In contrast, offenders with lower levels of psychopathy exhibited greater empathy with longer time in treatment. Implications for treatment planning for sexual offenders are discussed.
NMR chemical shift reagents. Application to structural determination of lipid derivatives

Chemical shift reagents (csr) markedly expand the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of lipid derivatives thus providing considerably more structural information than it has hitherto been possible to obtain. Preferred csr are rare earth complexes of europium (III) and praseodymium (III) with certain anionic ligands. The use of csr with methyl oleate is described here.
Annotate once, appear anywhere: collective foraging for snippets of interest using paragraph fingerprinting

A common practice in work groups is to share links to interesting web pages. Moreover, passages in these web pages are often cut-and-pasted, and used in various other contexts. In this paper we report how we explore the idea of paragraph fingerprinting to achieve the goal of annotate once, appear anywhere"in a social annotation system called SparTag.us. This work was motivated by the prominence of redundant contents with different URLs on the Web and shared documents that are read and re-read within enterprises. Our technique attaches users' annotations to the contents of paragraphs, enabling annotations to move along with the paragraphs within dynamic live pages and travel across page boundary to other pages as long as the paragraph contents remain intact. We also describe how we use paragraph fingerprinting to facilitate the social sharing of information nuggets among our users.
An Interactive, Interdisciplinary, On-Line Graphics System for Presenting and Manipulating Directed Graphs.

An interactive graphics system has been implemented for tutorial purposes and for research in man-machine communication of structural digraphs. An IMLAC intelligent terminal with lightpen input is used in conjunction with a NOVA minicomputer. Successful applications in linguistics and engineering problem solving will be discussed, the latter one in detail.
Cutin deficiency in the tomato fruit cuticle consistently affects resistance to microbial infection and biomechanical properties, but not transpirational water loss

Plant cuticles are broadly composed of two major components: polymeric cutin and a mixture of waxes, which infiltrate the cutin matrix and also accumulate on the surface, forming an epicuticular layer. Although cuticles are thought to play a number of important physiological roles, with the most important being to restrict water loss from aerial plant organs, the relative contributions of cutin and waxes to cuticle function are still not well understood. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruits provide an attractive experimental system to address this question as, unlike other model plants such as Arabidopsis, they have a relatively thick astomatous cuticle, providing a poreless uniform material that is easy to isolate and handle. We identified three tomato mutants, cutin deficient 1 (cd1), cd2 and cd3, the fruit cuticles of which have a dramatic (95-98%) reduction in cutin content and substantially altered, but distinctly different, architectures. This cutin deficiency resulted in an increase in cuticle surface stiffness, and in the proportions of both hydrophilic and multiply bonded polymeric constituents. Furthermore, our data suggested that there is no correlation between the amount of cutin and the permeability of the cuticle to water, but that cutin plays an important role in protecting tissues from microbial infection. The three cd mutations were mapped to different loci, and the cloning of CD2 revealed it to encode a homeodomain protein, which we propose acts as a key regulator of cutin biosynthesis in tomato fruit.
Electronic structure of polybicyclo[1.1.1]pentasilane, polybicyclo[2.2.2]octasilane, polyoctasilacubane and related compounds

Abstract Electronic structures in the optimized geometries of polybicyclo[1.1.1]pentasilane, polybicyclo[2.2.2]octasilane, polyoctasilacubane and related compounds are studied theoretically on the basis of the one-dimensional tight-binding self-consistent-field crystal orbital (SCF-CO) method. These silicon-based polymers have rigid-rod-like structures with silicon cages in the main chain skeleton. Results show that the present polysilanes have smaller bandgap values which are similar to those of the ladder polysilanes. It is assumed that the larger delocalization of skeleton σ-electrons is caused by the silicon cages in these polymers.
Wind Turbine Data Analytics for Drive-Train Failure Early Detection and Diagnostics

In recent years, rapid growth in wind energy as a substantial source of electricity generation has created greater demands on wind turbine system reliability and availability. To reduce service costs and maximize return on investment, wind farm operators have begun to take a more proactive approach to turbine problems by relying on intelligent condition monitoring and automated failure detection systems. The challenge is how to effectively convert large amounts of data into actionable decisions to detect and isolate failures at an early stage. This paper describes a unique data analysis and modeling technique for online turbine health monitoring and automatic root cause assessment. It provides a means to capture failure signatures for specific root causes based on historical events as well as engineering knowledge. Both continuous and discrete turbine condition monitoring data are processed to provide a failure probability assessment. First, statistical trend analysis, feature extraction and classification methods are developed to analyze a continuous sensor data set. Secondly, a pattern recognition method is applied to calculate failure indicators from various discrete control system events, or fault messages. Then failure likelihoods derived from both the continuous and the discrete models are combined in a fusion model to increase predictive accuracy. A demonstration of the method on bearing failure modeling using SCADA data will be provided with promising results.© 2011 ASME
Beyond Satisfaction: The Role of Attachment in Marital Functioning

In this article, we investigate marital functioning from an attachment theory perspective. We review empirical evidence showing that, in nondistressed marriages, spouses, as attachment figures, provide each other with a subjective sense of felt security, regulate each other's affective and physiological states, and facilitate each other's functioning outside the relationship, especially with respect to exploratory behaviors. These provisions of the attachment bond occur independent of the level of satisfaction experienced in the marriage and may even occur when the marital relationship itself is not very satisfying. In addition, we discuss the role of attachment style in marital functioning. We conclude by suggesting future directions in which an attachment theory perspective may complement existing theory and research in marital relations.
Magnetohydrodynamic interaction of high-speed streams

Numerical solutions of a magnetohydrodynamic model are carried out to describe the nonlinear interaction of corotating high-speed streams near the solar equatorial plane. Two problems are studied. The first problem is to simulate the evolution of an idealized high-speed stream. Numerical solutions are obtained to represent the variations of flow velocity, magnetic field, plasma density, temperature, and conduction heat flux in the interaction region. They demonstrate that the dynamical interaction and heat conduction process are responsible for the thermal structure of a high-speed stream. The second problem deals with the formation of corotating shock waves near the leading edge of a broad stream resulting from the merging of characteristic curves. Corotating shocks do not necessarily occur in pairs; a reverse shock can be formed without a forward shock nearby.
Micro-assays for glutamic acid decarboxylase and observations on glutamic acid as substrate for the enzyme

Abstract Two ion-exchange micro-methods, sensitive to less than 4.5 pmoles of product formed per min, are described and evaluated for rapid and accurate measurement of the radioactively labeled GABA formed in assays of glutamic acid decarboxylase activity. Each of these provides, in comparison to extant assays: (a) a marked increase in sensitivity; (b) a marked decrease in the time required to process the samples; and (c) assurance the measured radioactivity is, in fact, in GABA. The first assay employs a small column of the anion-exchange resin AG-1 × 8-fluoride and provides quantitative recovery of GABA in the column effluent with blanks of 0.02% of the input counts of glutamate. The second method, which is used when glutamine is formed in the reactions, employs a column of cation-exchange resin to adsorb the GABA, which is subsequently eluted and counted directly. These methods avoid the problem of nonstoichiometry of 14CO2 and GABA production which is present in assays in which only the evolution of CO2 is measured, and they provide the opportunity to measure GABA formation in either the classical glutamate decarboxylase reaction or in the enzymatic conversion of an active contaminant which is sometimes present in the radioactive substrate. The data are consistent with the possibility that the active contaminant may be a better substrate than glutamate for the brain enzyme which forms GABA.
An analytical study of heat transfer in a finite tissue region with two blood vessels and general Dirichlet boundary conditions

Abstract Vessel–vessel and vessel–tissue heat transfer rates are defined and explicitly quantified, for the first time, for a uniformly heated, finite, circular tissue region with two arbitrarily imbedded circular vessels and general Dirichlet boundary conditions. These heat transfer rates are obtained using an exact analytical solution for the tissue temperature field that is derived herein. Based on these heat transfer rates two different types of Poisson conduction shape factors (PCSFs) are defined. One is related to the vessel–vessel heat transfer rate (VVPCSF) and the other is related to the vessel–tissue heat transfer rates (VTPCSF). Two, conventional, alternative formulations for the VTPCSFs are studied; one is based on the difference between the average vessel wall and tissue boundary temperatures, and the other on the difference between the average vessel wall and the average tissue matrix temperatures. The effects of the angularly varying, non-uniform boundary conditions, the source term and the diameters and locations of the two vessels on these heat transfer rates and PCSFs are studied for the typical case of vessels cooling a tissue; i.e., when the average vessel wall boundary temperatures are lower than the average tissue boundary temperature. Results show that first, the effects of vessel wall temperature fluctuations on both the vessel–vessel and the vessel–tissue heat transfer rates are significant. Second, unlike the vessel wall temperature fluctuations, fluctuations at the outer tissue boundary affect only the vessel–tissue heat transfer rates. They do not affect the vessel–vessel heat transfer rates. Third, when strong fluctuations are present on the vessel walls and outer tissue boundary the shape factors are dependent on the shape of the fluctuations, and are thus very problem specific. Further, the analytical solution procedure used to derive the solution for the temperature field and the methodology developed to quantify the heat transfer rates are general and can be extended for the case of ‘N’ arbitrarily located vessels.
Synthesis of ribosomal RNA during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis.

SPORULATION in Bacillus subtilis is associated with specific changes in RNA metabolism required for the expression of sporulation genes. Although net RNA synthesis stops abruptly at the end of logarithmic growth (T0), active turnover and differential transcription of the genome have been demonstrated1–3. Losick and Sonnenshein4 suggested that modifications of RNA polymerase may play a primary role in the regulation of gene expression during the sporulation process. The expression of ribosomal RNA genes during this period has been subject to conflicting reports1,5–7. The reported turn-off of these genes at the onset of sporulation5,6 has not been observed in similar experiments7. The latter, and the reported changes in template specificity of RNA polymerase4,8 were shown to be strongly dependent on the nature of the sporulation medium and to a lesser extent on the phenotype (sp+ or sp−) of the strain7,8. We have analysed the pattern of synthesis and turnover of stable RNA components in B. subtilis induced to sporulate in the highly defined resuspension medium, SM (ref. 9). We report that rRNA synthesis does continue during sporulation, although at a reduced rate, resulting in the gradual replacement of vegetative rRNA components by similar newly synthesised sporulation species.
Quantitative evaluation for reliability of hybrid electric vehicle powertrain

The reliability prediction of hybrid vehicles is of paramount importance for planning, design, control and operation management of vehicles, since it can provide an objective criterion for comparative evaluation of various structures and topologies and can be used as an effective tool to improve the design and control of vehicles. This paper presents a load-dependent simulation model based on MATLAB for quantitatively assessing the reliability of hybrid electric vehicles. The model takes into consideration the variation of driving scenarios, dormant mode, electrical stresses, thermal stress and thermal cycling. Therefore the more reliable and accurate reliability prediction can be obtained. The model is demonstrated in detail and the result of reliability assessment based on a series hybrid electric vehicle is presented and analyzed.
Effects of molecular contamination on triple junction solar cells

Space borne high efficiency triple junction solar cells are calculated to be about twice as sensitive to degradation from deposition of films of molecular species (similar to those typically outgassed by spacecraft materials) than are lower efficiency silicon cells. This is a consequence of the facts that 1) sub-cells of multijunction cells are connected in series, so that one of them limits the current through the stack, 2) the current in each sub-cell is lower in multijunction cells than in single junction cells, and 3) the absorptance of the molecular films increases rapidly as wavelength is decreased, effectively concentrating its effect in one sub-cell.
Situational moderators of gender differences in reward allocations

This experiment investigated the impact of four variables, hypothesized to convey cues as to sex-role appropriate behavior, on gender differences in reward allocations between self and a co-worker. These variables were: expectations for future interactions with the co-worker, sex of co-worker, type of reward, and type of allocation decision. Males and females were asked to indicate how they would allocate money or course points between themselves and a same or opposite sex co-worker with inferior performance. Females allocated either type of reward more equitably than males when making independent allocations. When making joint (zero-sum) allocations, however, both sexes allocated rewards more equitably with a same-sex co-worker than with an opposite-sex co-worker when future interaction with the co-worker was expected. Grades were seen as more important than money by both sexes, and both men and women allocated course points more equitably than money. Type of reward did not, however, differentially affect men's and women's allocation patterns. Overall, independent allocations were more equitable than joint allocations. Results are discussed as suggesting that gender differences in reward allocations are not a result of inherent personality differences between the sexes but rather reflect the influence of situational factors that can arouse sex-role specific self-presentational concerns.