cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Independency and operationism in Q-sorting

Misgivings about the independency of items in Q-sorting are shown to be due to misunderstandings about what is operational and what is not, and to the fallacy of thinking of items in a Q-sample in logical instead of in psychological-situational terms. Q-samples are composed of balanced block designs for systematic, logical reasons. But Q-sorting has no such logical involvement; it concerns, instead, the subject’s understanding or apperception of a situation. What is independent, and what not, is therefore a matter of fact, not of definition. And because operations are inductive, Q-sortings are analyzed by inductive factor analysis rather than by variance analysis, though for some purposes the latter is of course in order.
Probability and statistics

0 Introduction to Random Processes.- 0.1. Random Evolution Through Time.- 0.2. Basic Measure Theory.- 0.3. Convergence in Distribution.- 1 Time Series.- 1.1. Second Order Processes.- 1.2. Spatial Processes with Orthogonal Increments.- 1.3. Stationary Second Order Processes.- 1.4. Time Series Statistics.- 2 Martingales in Discrete Time.- 2.1. Some Examples.- 2.2. Martingales.- 2.3. Stopping.- 2.4. Convergence of a Submartingale.- 2.5. Likelihoods.- 2.6. Square Intergrable Martingales.- 2.7. Almost Sure Asymptotic Properties.- 2.8. Central Limit Theorems.- 3 Asymptotic Statistics.- 3.1. Models Dominated at Each Instant.- 3.2. Contrasts.- 3.3. Rate of Convergence of an Estimator.- 3.4. Asymptotic Properties of Tests.- 4 Markov Chains.- 4.1. Introduction and First Tools.- 4.2. Recurrent or Transient States.- 4.3. The Study of a Markov Chain Having a Recurrent State.- 4.4. Statistics of Markov Chains.- 5 Step by Step Decisions.- 5.1. Optimal Stopping.- 5.2. Control of Markov Chains.- 5.3. Sequential Statistics.- 5.4. Large Deviations and Likelihood Tests.- 6 Counting Processes.- 6.1. Renewal Processes and Random Walks.- 6.2. Counting Processes.- 6.3. Poisson Processes.- 6.4. Statistics of Counting Processes.- 7 Processes in Continuous Time.- 7.1. Stopping Times.- 7.2. Martingales in Continuous Time.- 7.3. Processes with Continuous Trajectories.- 7.4. Functional Central Limit Theorems.- 8 Stochastic Integrals.- 8.1. Stochastic Integral with Respect to a Square Integrable Martingale.- 8.2. Ito's Formula and Stochastic Calculus.- 8.3. Asymptotic Study of Point Processes.- 8.4. Brownian Motion.- 8.5. Regression and Diffusions.- Notations and Conventions.
Surveillance of Nicotine and pH in Cigarette and Cigar Filler.

Objective We examined differences between nicotine concentrations and pH in cigarette and cigar tobacco filler. Methods Nicotine and pH levels for 50 cigarette and 75 cigar brands were measured. Non-mentholated and mentholated cigarette products were included in the analysis along with several cigar types as identified by the manufacturer: large cigars, pipe tobacco cigars, cigarillos, mini cigarillos, and little cigars. Results There were significant differences found between pH and nicotine for cigarette and cigar tobacco products. Mean nicotine concentrations in cigarettes (19.2 mg/g) and large cigars (15.4 mg/g) were higher than the other cigars types, especially the pipe tobacco cigars (8.79 mg/g). The mean pH for cigarettes was pH 5.46. Large cigars had the highest mean pH value (pH 6.10) and pipe tobacco cigars had the lowest (pH 5.05). Conclusions Although cigarettes are the most common combustible tobacco product used worldwide, cigar use remains popular. Our research provides a means to investigate the possibility of distinguishing the 2 tobacco product types and offers information on nicotine and pH across a wide range of cigarette and cigar varieties that may be beneficial to help establish tobacco policies and regulations across product types.
Helium Ion Microscopy for Imaging and Quantifying Porosity at the Nanoscale.

Nanoporous materials are key components in a vast number of applications from energy to drug delivery and to agriculture. However, the number of ways to analytically quantify the salient features of these materials, for example: surface structure, pore shape, and size, remain limited. The most common approach is gas absorption, where volumetric gas absorption and desorption are measured. This technique has some fundamental drawbacks such as low sample throughput and a lack of direct surface visualization. In this work, we demonstrate Helium Ion Microscopy (HIM) as a tool for imaging and quantification of pores in industrially relevant SiO2 catalyst supports. We start with the fundamental principles of ion-sample interaction, and build on this knowledge to experimentally observe and quantify surface pores by using the HIM and image data analytics. We contrast our experimental results to gas absorption and demonstrate full statistical agreement between two techniques. The principles behind the theoretical, ...
A Case Study of Post-Workshop Use of Simple Active Learning in an Introductory Computing Sequence

Background: Active learning (AL) requires students to do more than just listen and take notes. AL is important because of its positive impact on learning, and should be used to some degree in STEM courses. Fortunately, AL can be incorporated into a course in numerous ways, from the simple to the complex. Simple approaches, such as think-pair-share (TPS), often require little or no preparation. Intended Outcomes: The instructor intended to enhance his teaching approach and associated learning outcomes using simple techniques after attending an AL workshop. This case study contributes to the literature on post-workshop adoption of AL, as recently called for. Application Design: The repeated use of simple AL (i.e., TPS, minute paper, and pair programming) was implemented in a digital logic and computer organization/assembly language course sequence. Both courses had previously been taught by the same instructor using lecture only. Exam results in the active semester were compared to previous results, using GPA as a control variable. Findings: Significantly higher exam scores were obtained during the active semester in both courses. The techniques were indirectly assessed by content analysis of student interviews with a research-supported coding scheme; the great majority of students perceived the techniques as helpful to learning, with most citing the ability to converse and work with their classmates to solve problems. The instructor’s main observation from his inaugural use of these techniques is that they led to overall gains, and required little or no preparation.
Development of fertility programs to achieve high 21-day pregnancy rates in high-producing dairy cows.

Abstract Our objective is to overview the research that lead to the development of fertility programs for high-producing lactating dairy cows using only GnRH and Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), such as Ovsynch with a focus on the role of progesterone in fertility. A key factor affecting fertility to timed-AI is the response to each hormonal treatment of the Ovsynch protocol. Although not required for fertility, cows ovulating to the first GnRH treatment of the Ovsynch protocol (G1) have greater P/AI than cows failing to ovulate. The association between progesterone concentrations at each treatment during the Ovsynch protocol and fertility is reviewed, and data from 7792 cows from 14 studies are presented. Overall, medium P4 (between 0.5 and 6 ng/mL) at G1, high P4 concentrations (>1.0 ng/mL) at the PGF2α, and low P4 concentrations (
Re-Discovering Brazilian Literary History: the Case for Translation

Brazilian literary histories are structured either to trace the emergence of an autonomous literature (a “national literature”), or to postulate a “master” cultural gesture (such as “anthropopaghy.”) This article proposes translation as an alternative to these frameworks. First, it offers a rereading of Caminha’s “Carta do Achamento” as a problem of translation, identifying in it three distinct “translation regimes.” Then, it traces the recurring presence of these regimes in major literary events in Brazilian literature in the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries. Ultimately, this model of literary history is aimed at enticing new explorations on diachronic affinities and synchnronic diversity.
Coping with Adversity

Always appear confident and encouraging. Do not cut resources so severely that recovery is not possible. Be an example if sacrifices are necessary.
Best Approximation by Analytic and Meromorphic Functions

Let φ be a function on 𝕋 of class BMO. As we have already discussed in Chapter 1, there exists a function f ∈ BMOA such that φ — f ∈L ∞ (𝕋) and $$\left\| {\varphi - f} \right\|{L^{\infty }} = \left\| {{H_{\varphi }}} \right\| $$ (0.1) Such a function f is called a best approximation to φ by analytic functions in L ∞ . We have already seen in §1.1 that in general a best approximation is not unique (see Theorem 5.1.5, which gives a necessary and sufficient condition for uniqueness in terms of the Hankel operator Hφ).
Diastolic bruit in chronic intestinal ischemia. Recognition by abdominal phonoangiography.

Application of abdominal phonoangiography in patients with suspected chronic intestinal ischemia may be diagnostic or highly suggestive of vascular compromise. The importance of a diastolic abdominal bruit is illustrated in two patients with intestinal ischemia.
Transition Programming for Youth with Persistent Delinquent Histories: A Descriptive Case Example

Detained youth experience noted struggles with reentry to school and the community and the first 6 months after release are critical for reentry to school or work for decreasing the rate of recidiv...
Live Cell Barcoding for Efficient Analysis of Small Samples by Mass Cytometry

In mass cytometry, sample loss is of considerable concern due to the relative inefficiency of cell event collection compared to similar techniques such as flow cytometry. Cell stimulation and the harsh conditions required in the later stages of certain sample preparations also contribute to cell loss. Low starting cell numbers are especially susceptible to these effects, potentially limiting the ability to use mass cytometry. Here is presented a live cell barcoding scheme and additional efficiency methods to improve recovery and achieve consistent staining for small samples.
Monitoring of sustainable development strategy practical implementation in Ukraine

The article deals with the issues related to the implementation of the sustainable development methodology in the field of state administration. The article states that the World scientific community has long questioned the expediency of development, in the centre of which there is only material production. This causes the need to change the whole paradigm of human development – from the ideology of accumulation of material wealth and competition for resources, to the ideology of reasonable sufficiency and mutual assistance. It is considered human achievements in the sustainable development management, which have already been sufficiently worked out in the specialized publications on public administration. It is substantiated that strategic goals require a systematic, step-by-step technology for the development and implementation of relevant programs/projects to achieve strategic goals, which are carried out in accordance with recognized regulations and techniques. Based on the general management theory of system development, a systematic approach to the implementation of the development strategy is considered and the main principles of strategy implementation at the tactical level are given. The research emphasizes that at the tactical level in project management, there are all the necessary tools to create a mechanism for implementing the developed strategy. It is precisely that the lack of application of all known project management tools causes dissatisfaction of the public with regard to the implementation of the strategies. Failure of the developed strategy implementation may be due to two main reasons: the first - the disadvantages of the strategies themselves, the second is the lack of tactical measures to implement the strategy. The shortcomings of strategic planning and the lack of effective mechanisms for managing sustainable development, which are the consequences of incomplete using of project management methodology in the system of public administration in Ukraine, are highlighted. It is proposed to monitor the practical implementation of the sustainable development strategy in Ukraine taking into account combining of strategic and tactical project management.
Two rare cases of paraganglioma in patients with Fontan physiology.

Pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma is an exceedingly rare tumour, thought to share an association with cyanotic CHD. This association is thought to be a result of chronic hypoxaemia (Antonio et al, Revista Espanola de Cardiologia (English Edition) 2017; 70: 673-675; Folger et al, Circulation 1964; 29: 750-757; Opotowsky et al, J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100: 1325-1334) We report two cases of paraganglioma over a 4-year period in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome who had undergone Fontan completion by ages 2 and 4. Based on a very small number of reported cases of CHD, the mechanism of tumourigenesis is unclear. It is imperative that cases associated with CHD continue to be reported so that we may learn more about the pathogenesis and epidemiology of this entity.
Incidence and patterns of immune related adverse events (irAEs) during chemoimmunotherapy (ChemoIO) in patients with advanced nonsquamous NSCLC.

e20705Background: Based on superior outcomes noted in KEYNOTE-189 with the addition of pembrolizumab to platinum doublet chemotherapy, a majority of pts with nonsquamous NSCLC are now treated with ...
Relative Humidity Sensors Based on Microfiber Knot Resonators-A Review

Recent research and development progress of relative humidity sensors using microfiber knot resonators (MKRs) are reviewed by considering the physical parameters of the MKR and coating materials sensitive to improve the relative humidity sensitivity. The fabrication method of the MKR based on silica or polymer is briefly described. The many advantages of the MKR such as strong evanescent field, a high Q-factor, compact size, and high sensitivity can provide a great diversity of sensing applications. The relative humidity sensitivity of the MKR is enhanced by concerning the physical parameters of the MKR, including the waist or knot diameter, sensitive materials, and Vernier effect. Many techniques for depositing the sensitive materials on the MKR surface are discussed. The adsorption effects of water vapor molecules on variations in the resonant wavelength and the transmission output of the MKR are described regarding the materials sensitive to relative humidity. The sensing performance of the MKR-based relative humidity sensors is discussed, including sensitivity, resolution, and response time.
Towards high-throughput genome engineering in lactic acid bacteria

Lactic acid bacteria play a vital role as starter cultures in the fermentation of a variety of foods, often altering the flavor and texture in addition to aiding in preservation. Their importance to the industry has made them targets for metabolic engineering to improve relevant phenotypes and several methods of genome engineering in these organisms have been established. While the efficiency of these techniques is variable, in recent years the ability to select for successful recombinants has markedly increased the throughput of genome engineering. This review summarizes recent advances in genome engineering in lactic acid bacteria and applications that will be enabled by high-throughput techniques.
Chapter 8 – Beams

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the role of a “beam” in a structure. Like all structural elements, beams are both stressed and subject to deformations when loaded. Both of these considerations must be accounted for in the design of beams. Beams are stressed when they bend because the action of bending causes an elongation on one side, resulting in tension, and a shortening on the other side, resulting in compression. The cause is excessive stress perpendicular to their longitudinal axes. The beams tend to sag (tension) causing “ponding of water at midspan.” Shear stress on rectangular sections and wide flange sections are studied. Wood beams are generally designed for bending stress and then checked for shear and deflection. Designs with glulam, dimension lumber are discussed in detail. The design of steel wide-flange beams using the “allowable strength design” method is quite similar to the procedures used to design timber beams. Cross-sections are selected based on their strength in bending and then checked for shear and deflection. To conclude, the reader gets a good idea about wooden and steel beams along with their inherent strengths and weaknesses.
The Relativity of Induction.

Lately there has been a lot of discussion about why deep learning algorithms perform better than we would theoretically suspect. To get insight into this question, it helps to improve our understanding of how learning works. We explore the core problem of generalization and show that long-accepted Occam's razor and parsimony principles are insufficient to ground learning. Instead, we derive and demonstrate a set of relativistic principles that yield clearer insight into the nature and dynamics of learning. We show that concepts of simplicity are fundamentally contingent, that all learning operates relative to an initial guess, and that generalization cannot be measured or strongly inferred, but that it can be expected given enough observation. Using these principles, we reconstruct our understanding in terms of distributed learning systems whose components inherit beliefs and update them. We then apply this perspective to elucidate the nature of some real world inductive processes including deep learning.
Neurodegenerative Implications of Neuronal Cytoplasmic Protein Dysfunction in Response to Environmental Contaminants

Neurodegenerative diseases account for a significant portion of public health concerns particularly in the aging population. The dysfunction of interfilament proteins has been identified as a key event in the initiation of neurodegeneration and subsequent progression to neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, several studies have found associations between the dysfunction of interfilament proteins and exposure to environmental contaminants. Therefore, in this review, the role of interfilament proteins in neuronal cells, their connection to neurotoxicity from environmental contaminants, and finally the resulting neurodegeneration are discussed.
The Hidden Price of Convenience: A Cyber-Inclusive Cost-Benefit Analysis of Smart Cities

The vision and technologies for Smart Cities (also called Connected Cities) promise to improve public services and quality of life by using different types of software, hardware, networking, and analysis to collect and analyze data. Many practical and economic benefits appear likely when officials explore Smart Cities and their enabling technologies. However, research shows that, to date, Smart Cities are not requiring cybersecurity during design, acquisition, testing, development, deployment, and operation. The result is that Smart Cities are actually incorporating additional risk to essential functions that cities perform for citizens. The authors demonstrate that, at this time, Smart Cities are not accurately accounting for risk in the assessments that they make prior to moving in the direction of Smart City status. In this paper, a reasonably foreseeable, hypothetical scenario for a medium-sized city is described and analyzed in order to show why more complete cost-benefit analysis is required for Smart Cities and officials pursuing Smart City capability.
Assessment of Competency-Based Behavioral Health Anticipatory Guidance Skills Among Pediatric Residents: the Role of Virtual Reality

Assessing pediatric residents’ behavioral health anticipatory guidance (BHAG) competencies in outpatient settings is challenging given limited opportunities to directly observe physicians’ skills and the lack of accepted psychometrically sound tools. Virtual reality (VR) provides a strategy to design scenarios based on specific clinical occurrences to observe physicians’ competencies, aiding in the development of direct observation assessment instruments. This study was conducted at a large, urban pediatric primary care center. A VR curriculum was created to train pediatric residents on evidence-based BHAG competencies and motivational interviewing (MI) skills. The curriculum included three VR simulations, of increasing complexity, focused on caregiver concerns about tantrums. Residents verbally counseled graphical caregiver representatives (avatars) whose verbal and non-verbal responses were driven by a facilitator in real-time. We used Kane’s model to establish validity evidence for a direct observation instrument that included an assessment of interrater reliability by pediatric psychologists. A total of 42 VR observations were performed in 14 unique final year pediatric residents in May 2020. Interrater reliability was strong (kappa = 0.94). Resident’s scores on the instrument improved with progression through the curriculum that included deliberate practice with feedback. A range of scores were observed in each scenario. VR may provide an innovative approach to collecting validity evidence on a direct observation assessment instrument when opportunities for clinical observations are limited or when a competency is complex. VR’s ability to standardize simulated encounters for learners provides advantages to instrument development.
Keynes Had Already Answered Ramsey’s 1922 and 1926 Critiques Concerning Objective, Logical Probability Relations on Pages 35–36 of the A Treatise on Probability

Ramsey’s 1922 and 1926 critiques about Keynes’s logical ,objective probability relations overlooked Keynes’s already specified response that Keynes had incorporated on pp. 35-36 of chapter III of the A Treatise on Probability FIVE YEARS before Ramsey made his critique .This fact calls into question (a) whether Ramsey ever actually read the book he claimed to be reviewing and (b) whether those adhering to Ramsey’s “critique “ ever read the A Treatise on Probability either. It is bizarre that these same unsupportable claims are being rehashed again in C. Misak’s autobiography on Ramsey in 2020.
Excretory, Secretory, and Tissue Residues after Label and Extra-label Administration of Flunixin Meglumine to Saline- or Lipopolysaccharide-Exposed Dairy Cows.

Twenty lactating dairy cattle were intravenously infused with either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (n = 10) or sterile saline (n = 10). Five cattle in each group received three doses of flunixin meglumine administered by either intravenous infusion or intramuscular injection at 24 h intervals. Milk, urine, and tissues were collected. Thirty-six hours after the last flunixin administration, milk from six cows contained 5-hydroxyflunixin (5OHF) levels greater than the milk tolerance of 2 ng/mL; by 48 h, milk from two cows, a saline and a LPS-treated animal, had violative milk concentrations of 5OHF. A single animal treated with LPS and intramuscular flunixin contained violative flunixin residues in liver. The ratio of urinary flunixin/5OHF was correlated (P < 0.01; R2 = 0.946) with liver flunixin residues in LPS-treated animals, but not (P = 0.96; R2 = 0.003) in cows treated with saline in lieu of LPS. Violative residues of flunixin in dairy cattle may be related to LPS inhibition of flunixin metabolism.
Isolation and Purification of a Nuclear 4.5 S Ribonucleic Acid of the Novikoff Hepatoma

Abstract From the recently identified group of low molecular weight nuclear RNA's, a 4.5 S RNA, referred to as 4.5 S RNAi, was isolated, purified, and partially characterized. The 4.5 S RNA was initially obtained from nuclear 4 to 7 S RNA of Novikoff hepatoma cells by electrophoresis on preparative polyacrylamide gels. Chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex resulted in the separation of three 4.5 S RNA components. Of these, the 4.5 S RNAi had a purity of approximately 90% as shown by terminal analysis, i.e. the 3'-terminal nucleoside of 4.5 S RNAi is uridine (87%) and its 5'-terminal nucleoside 3',5'-diphosphate is pGp (90%). The Tm of the 4.5 S RNAi is 65° and its nucleotide composition determined by absorbance is 24.8% AMP, 25.6% UMP, 24.6% GMP, and 25.0% CMP. This RNA has been shown to be localized in the extranucleolar portion of the nucleus. The whole 4.5 S nuclear RNA contains at least one more fraction, referred to as 4.5 S RNAiii, which has a blocked 3' terminal. Its nucleotide composition determined by absorbance is 26.6% AMP, 25.8% UMP, 28.5% GMP, and 19.1% CMP. Like the 4.5 S RNAi, this RNA is also localized in the extranucleolar portion of the nucleus.
Oil and Water Do Not Mix: Constitutional Law and American Popular Culture

One might assume that the American cinema and television would be comfortable homes for constitutional deliberation and discussion, but that is decidedly not the case. Only a handful of films and television series contemplate the Constitution, and as a consideration of First Monday in October (1981), The Pelican Brief (1993), and short-lived television series from 2002 illustrates, constitutional deliberation in those films and series is stunted. Some suggest this phenomenon derives from the real-life Supreme Court’s determination to preserve the secrecy of its workings and from the inherently “talky” and therefore boring nature of constitutional deliberation. In addition, the paucity of works with rich constitutional deliberation derives from the production processes of the culture industry. In particular, the culture industry’s use of stock characters, devotion to familiar conventions, and reliance on established genres virtually preclude meaningful constitutional deliberation and discussion in cinema and television.
Communication: usability engineering

Usability engineering can enrich communications design from concept to post-release with information derived from consultation with and observation of users. The author brings a human-factors perspective to two key questions: when and how to test ideas with typical end-users. This paper is based on a detailed human-factors development cycle and focuses specifically on documentation issues, especially in those phases where documentation issues have not historically been examined. The following development stages are examined: market analysis, feasibility study, requirements definition, product acceptance analysis, task analysis, and global design. >
Hyperosmolality Inhibits Bicarbonate Absorption in Rat Medullary Thick Ascending Limb via a Protein-tyrosine Kinase-dependent Pathway

Abstract In the rat medullary thick ascending limb (MTAL), hyperosmolality inhibits transepithelial HCO3− absorption (JHCO3−) by inhibiting apical membrane Na+/H+exchange. To examine signaling mechanisms involved in this regulatory response, MTALs were isolated and perfused in vitro with 25 mM HCO3− solutions (290 mosmol/kg H2O). Osmolality was increased in lumen and bath solutions by addition of 300 mM mannitol or 75 mM NaCl. Addition of mannitol reduced JHCO3− by 60% and addition of NaCl reduced JHCO3− by 50%. With the protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitor genistein (7 μM) or herbimycin A (1 μM) in the bath, addition of mannitol reduced JHCO3− only by 11% and addition of NaCl reduced JHCO3− only by 15%. Staurosporine (10−7 M) or forskolin (10−6 M) in the bath had no effect on inhibition of JHCO3− by hypertonic NaCl. Genistein had no effect on inhibition of JHCO3− by vasopressin (a cyclic AMP-dependent process) or stimulation of JHCO3− by prostaglandin E2(a protein kinase C-dependent process). Under isosmotic conditions, addition of genistein or herbimycin A to the bath increased JHCO3− by 30% through stimulation of apical membrane Na+/H+exchange. Addition of the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor molybdate (50 μM) to the bath reproduced the inhibition of JHCO3− observed with hyperosmolality. These data indicate that 1) the effect of hyperosmolality to inhibit MTAL HCO3− absorption through inhibition of apical membrane Na+/H+exchange is mediated via a PTK-dependent pathway that functions independent of regulation by cyclic AMP and protein kinase C, and 2) a constitutive PTK activity inhibits apical membrane Na+/H+exchange and HCO3− absorption under isosmotic conditions. Our results suggest that tyrosine phosphorylation is a critical step in inhibition of the apical Na+/H+exchanger isoform NHE-3 by hyperosmolality.
Biochemical components in suspended particles and colloids: carbohydrates in the Potomac and Patuxent Estuaries

Abstract Carbohydrates were measured in suspended particles (> 0.4 μm) and colloids over a 187 km segment of the Potomac Estuary and during a summer dinoflagellate bloom in the Patuxent Estuary (U.S.A.). The average carbohydrate composition of suspended particles was 43 ± 18% glucose, 13 ± 7% galactose, 11 + 4% rhamnose, 9 ± 4% fucose, 9 ± 4% xylose, 9 ± 4% mannose and 5 ± 1% arabinose. C N ratios in suspended particles and colloids averaged 9.3 ± 2, a value typical of single-cell organisms. Colloid-sized (2 nm to 0.4 μm) carbohydrate concentrations ranged from 125 to 255 μg l−1 in the Potomac Estuary and up to 576 μg l−1 during a dinoflagellate bloom in the Patuxent Estuary. Colloid carbohydrates contained 15 ± 5% glucose, 21 ± 3% galactose, 14 ± 3% rhamnose, 16 ± 4% fucose, 16 ± 2% xylose, 9 ± 2% mannose, 7 ± 2% arabinose, and 4 ± 1% ribose. The colloidal material isolated by ultrafiltration comprised up to 70% by weight of the dissolved organic matter (DOC).
Validation of the Pharma-Smart PS-2000 public use blood pressure monitor.

Objective To test the Pharma-Smart Model PS-2000 public use blood pressure monitor for compliance with the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation's Standard (AAMI) and to a modified British Hypertension Society (BHS) Protocol. Methods Subjects tested ranged in age from 18–74, with the average age of 40. Arm circumference ranged from 22–38 cm. Resting systolic blood pressure (BP) ranged from 91–252 mmHg, and resting diastolic pressure ranged from 57–160 mmHg. There were 44 males, and 41 females. For each subject the readings obtained by the PS-2000 were compared with auscultatory readings obtained by two clinicians, blinded to the results of each other and the device. The manual reference measurements were alternated with the readings obtained by the device. Results The average differences between the reference readings (average of the two clinicians) using the AAMI analysis and the automated readings were 0.07±7.0 mmHg (Mean±SD) for systolic BP, and −0.3±6.6 mmHg for diastolic BP. Conclusions The device met the accuracy requirements of the AAMI standard. In addition, when the data were analyzed to assess the compliance with the current British Hypertension Society Protocol (BHS), the device earned the highest rating of ‘A’ for both systolic and diastolic pressure. We believe that the Pharma-Smart PS-2000 will provide valid readings when placed in non-medical public use sites.
Rigidity of tube sheet structure

Abstract The shear displacement of a tube sheet relative to a parallel stationary sheet depends not only on the stiffness of the tubes connecting the two sheets, but also on the play of the tubes within the holes of the sheets. This dependence is non-linear and extremely sensitive.
We See the Light: Chemical-Genetic Protein Regulation

The challenge of studying complex protein networks in whole animals has driven the development of new methods for manipulating protein function with spatial and temporal precision. A novel combination of chemical and genetic protein regulation (Rodriguez and Wolfgang, in this issue of Chemistry & Biology) achieves levels of control that will revolutionize the study of protein function.
Dynamic characterization of thin-walled laminated channel beams with warping

Abstract The dynamic characteristics of a round cornered C-channel beam made of laminated composite material are studied. The sharp corners are rounded for manufacturing considerations. Thin-walled beam theory is used to formulate the coupled vibration of a rounded C-channel beam with fixed-free end conditions. It is shown that cross-sectional properties used for isotropic case are applicable for laminated composites and the material properties needed for the formulation can be obtained using the law of average. A comparative study is conducted to show the advantage of using composites. The effect of radius of corner and warping on the natural frequency is investigated. The functional of the equations of motion is formed using the variational method. The Ritz method has been used to formulate an eigenvalue problem and its frequency equation. The method proposed is systematic. The computerized procedure can be used as a fast design tool in the design of composite channel beam structures.
The organization of action representations in posterior parietal cortex

Glover suggests that representational systems for planning versus control are mapped exclusively to the inferior (IPL) versus superior (SPL) parietal lobules respectively. Yet, there is ample evidence that the IPL and SPL both contribute to action planning and control. Alternatively, I distinguish between the parietal-frontal systems involved in the representation of acquired manual skills versus nonskilled actions.
Changes in pedagogy: a qualitative result of teaching heterogeneous classes

Abstract This is a study of an urban school in the United States that decided to eliminate academic tracking in selected classes for students, aged 14–16 yr, in the sciences and social studies. Studies were taught in heterogeneous classes using cooperative learning methods. Our observations and analyses indicated changes in pedagogy and attitude among the teachers including the following: more student-centered, interactive classes, greater higher order questioning and critical thinking on the part of both teachers and students, and more enjoyment of the teaching and learning processes. We discuss our observations in the context of teacher development.
Light effects on in vitro adventitious root formation in axillary shoots of mature Prunus serotina

Light effects on in vitro adventitious root formation in axillary shoots of a 95-year-old black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) were examined using microcuttings derived from cultured vegetative buds. Three studies were performed: 1) complete darkness and 4 levels of continuous white light irradiance were tested at 70, 278, 555 and 833 μmol m−2 s−1; 2) white, red, yellow and blue light were tested to assess the importance of spectral quality; and 3) the effect of blue light at intensities of 7,15, 22 and 30 μmol m−2 s−1 was also studied, Measurements included rooting percentage, total number of roots per shoot, and shoot and root dry weight. There was a strong negative effect of white light intensity upon root formation. Blue light between 15 and 22 μmol m−2: s−1 significantly retarded root formation and completely inhibited it at 36 μmol m−2 s−1. Shoots treated with yellow light exhibited the highest rooting percentage, mean number of roots per shoot, and root dry weight.
Efficiency of asynchronous systems, read arcs, and the MUTEX-problem

Two solutions to the MUTEX-problem are compared w.r.t. their temporal efficiency. For this, a formerly developed efficiency testing for asynchronous systems is adapted to Petri nets with so-called read arcs. Furthermore, a compositional semantics for fair behaviour (in the sense of the progress assumption) is presented. On the one hand, this semantics is related to efficiency testing. On the other hand, it is used to specify formally what a solution to the MUTEX-problem is. It is shown that one of our solutions indeed satisfies this specification and that ordinary nets without read arcs cannot solve the MUTEX-problem.
Disulfide bonds are essential for the stability of the Sindbis virus envelope.

Abstract Sindbis virus is a membrane-containing virus which has two glycoproteins organized in an icosahedral lattice. Protein-protein associations have been identified which participate in the formation of thtxte icosahedron and these associations are stabilized by intramolecular disulfide bridges (Anthony, R. P., and Brown, D. T., 1990, J. Virol . 65, 1187–1194). The present study further examines the role of disulfides in the structure and function of Sindbis virus by following the effect of dithiothreitol on the protease sensitivity of envelope proteins as well as the electron microscopic appearance and infectivity of Sindbis virus. Treatment of isolated virus with 5 m M dithiothreitol for 6 hr causes a marked increase in trypsin sensitivity of both E1 and E2, profound morphological alterations in the viral envelope, increased susceptibility of the nucleocapsid to RNase, and 95% loss of infectivity. These effects are greatly enhanced and accelerated when treatment with DTT is preceded by a brief exposure of the virus to pH 5.3, suggesting that acid-induced conformational changes render structurally critical disulfides more accessible to reductive cleavage by DTT. When compared to other manipulations known to change the conformation of the viral envelope, such as heating to 51 or 60° or exposure to acid pH, only the exposure to DTT with or without prior acid treatment caused marked structural changes correlated with a loss of infectivity. These data provide electron microscopic and functional evidence that intact disulfide bonds are critical for the stability of the virus envelope and suggest that the cleavage of critical disulfide(s) may play a role in the process of virus infection.
TRANSMISSION OF SINDBIS VIRUS BY AEDES AEGYPTI TO A CHICK EMBRYO CELL CULTURE SYSTEM.

SummaryA chick embryo cell culture containing adenosine triphosphate and covered with an animal-derived membrane was developed. Female A. aegypti fed upon these cultures readily. After exposure of the cultures to mosquitoes infected with Sindbis virus, plaques appeared within 72 hours and virus was recovered from the plaques. This culture system may be useful in the study of arbovirus ecology.
System Dynamics Modeling of the Time Course of the Recognition-Primed Decision Model

Two types of decision-making processes have been identified in the literature: an analytical process and an intuitive process. One conceptual model of the latter is the recognition-primed decision (RPD) model (e.g., Klein, 2008). According to this model, decision making in naturalistic contexts entails a situational pattern-recognition process that, if subsequent expectancies are confirmed, leads the decision maker to render a decision to engage in a given course of action. In this paper, we describe a system dynamics model of Klein's RPD framework that focuses upon the dynamics of the decision-making process. The structure of our RPD model is based on a model of a set of laboratory phenomena called conjunction benefits and costs (e.g., L. R. Fournier, Patterson, Dyre, Wiediger, & Winters, 2007), which was extended to encompass the RPD framework. The results of our simulations suggest that decision priming (a bias toward rendering a given decision based on prior information) is a phenomenon that should occur in many naturalistic settings.
Improved localization of evoked hemodynamic response in diffuse optical functional imaging using a spatial subspace approach

We use a spatial subspace approach to identify and reduce the interference signals in diffuse optical functinal imaging and obtain a more localized response and improved maps of correlation coefficients.
Computed tomography and the dilated pancreatic duct: an ominous sign.

The main pancreatic duct has been visualized with both ultrasound and computed tomography. A normal pancreatic duct has not been reported using CT, and controversy persists over whether a normal duct can be routinely imaged with ultrasound. The dilated pancreatic duct has always been associated with disease — usually pancreatitis or a proximal obstructing pancreatic carcinoma. In the patient with no clinical history or laboratory data suggesting pancreatitis, a dilated pancreatic duct implies a proximal tumor.
Characteristics of rural and urban cadaveric organ transplant donors and recipients

: Context: Health disparities have been found when comparing rural and urban populations. Purpose: To compare characteristics of rural and urban cadaveric transplant donors and recipients. Methods: We used deidentified individual-level data on 55,929 cadaveric transplant donor-recipient exchanges between 2000 and 2003 and examined the relative rates of donating and receiving cadaveric transplants for rural compared to urban residents, as defined by ZIP Codes. Findings: When compared to their urban counterparts, rural organ donors were more likely to have died from head trauma, drowning, motor vehicle accidents, or suicide and less likely to have died from cerebrovascular events, cardiac events, or homicide (P < .001 for all). Rural transplant recipients had lower levels of educational attainment and were less likely to have had the transplant financed by private insurance (P < .001 for all). While we found no statistical difference in days wait to organ transplantation, rural residents were more likely to donate than to receive cadaveric organs (P < .001). Conclusions: The differences in organ donation that we found warrant further exploration.
Fish Assemblages in the Oligohaline Stretch of a Southwest Florida River during Periods of Extreme Freshwater Inflow Variation

Abstract Maintenance or restoration of the oligohaline stretch (i.e., salinity 0.5–5 psu) of coastal rivers is becoming an increasingly important goal of water managers striving to balance human consumption of water with the ecological integrity of estuaries. The objectives of this study were to compare fish assemblage structure and species abundance of the oligohaline stretch to those of the lower river mouth during periods of varying freshwater inflow (wet and dry periods) in one of southwest Florida's largest rivers, the Peace River. The abundance of several estuarine residents and estuarine transients captured in 21.3-m seines—Sand Seatrout Cynoscion arenarius, Tidewater Mojarra Eucinostomus harengulus, Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus, and Spot Leiostomus xanthurus—were similar between river sections, which is consistent with the premise that the oligohaline stretch is an extension of the juvenile habitat known to be important for fish in lower rivers. Estuarine residents known to have affinities for mar...
Identifying a distinctive competence: forecasting ability in the money fund industry

Testing the causal link between a firm-specific competence and its antecedents or consequences has become a key objective for strategy research over the past decade. On one hand, case studies can identify a competence, but with their small sample size, their retrospective research design, and their tendency toward sampling on the dependent variable, they can not reliably test the causal connection between a competence and its antecedents or its consequences. On the other hand, variance decomposition studies demonstrate the existence of firm-specific performance differentials but have not identified which particular competencies are responsible for them. The present paper avoids both of these problems by measuring a particular competence across a large sample of organizations over a long period of time, so that a test of statistical causality can be applied to the relationship of this competence to both its antecedents and its consequences. The particular competence studied is the ability of money market mutual funds to forecast changes in short-term interest rates—a competence known from prior research to be both valuable and rare. In particular, we test the effect of forecasting ability on the economic surplus generated by the fund and its growth. Conversely, we also test the effect of growth on the subsequent development of forecasting ability. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
3D visualization of color image histograms

Color quantization is a useful method for obtaining high-quality compressed images for storage and subsequent distribution via the World Wide Web. The first step of most color quantization techniques is to create a histogram of the colors in the truecolor image. The dramatic differences in time and space efficiency of various data structures used to represent truecolor image histograms are visually explored in 3D. Spatial subdivisions use buckets to store colors in a portion of the RGB cube. Linked lists are the typical data structure used for buckets; we propose using red-black trees and treaps. Our visualizations highlight the clustering property of spatial subdivision methods.
15.4: Improvement of Brightness and Resolution of CRT Projection Lens for High Definition TV

A new projection lens for high definition TV has been developed. The lens is designed to correct color aberration with diffractive optical element (DOE) and to realize the large numerical aperture (NA) lens. We have been able to improve the optical performance and brightness significantly without increasing the number of elements. The new projection lens has high brightness, high resolution and low manufacturing cost. This paper describes the design and fabrication of the hybrid projection lens with DOE for 56-inch high definition CRT projection TV.
Engineering of Porosity in Amorphous Materials. Plasma Oxidation of Hydrocarbon Templates in Polysilsesquioxanes

Arylene- and alkylene-bridged polysilsesquioxanes were prepared by sol-gel processing of bis(triethoxysilyl)-arylene monomers 1-4, and alkylene monomers 5-9. The arylene polysilsesquioxanes were porous materials with surface areas as high as 830 m2/g (BET). Treatment with an inductively coupled oxygen plasma resulted in the near quantitative removal of the arylene bridging groups and a coarsening of the pore structure. Solid state 29Si NMR was used to confirm the conversion of the sesquioxane silicons (T) to silica (Q). The alkylene-bridged polysilsesquioxanes were non-porous. Oxygen plasma treatment afforded silica gels with mesoporosity. The porosity in the silica gels appears to arise entirely from the oxidation of the alkylene spacers. This research was supported by the United States Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC04-94AL85000.
Acute myelomonocytic leukemia presenting as a primary cutaneous lymphoma of true histiocytes

Malignant histiocytic and monocytic infiltrates of the skin are seen in true histiocytic lymphomas, in malignant histiocytosis, and in monocytic leukemias. Occasionally such cutaneous lesions constitute the presenting manifestation of the underlying malignancy. We report here a patient whose first manifestation of acute myelomonocytic leukemia was a malignant histiocytic infiltrate in the skin. Cytochemical and electron microscopic data confirmed the histiocytic nature of the skin tumor, and cytochemical data documented the myelomonocytic nature of the subsequent leukemia. Purely histiocytic skin tumors do not often presage myelomonocytic leukemias, although they have developed into monocytic leukemias, and monocytic leukemias have been transformed into myelomonocytic leukemias.
Titanium retention in mice.

Intraperitoneal (i.p.) and intravenous (i.v.) injection of 44Ti in a chloride solution into mice produced no detectable translocation in body fluids. There was no obvious interorgan exchange up to 16 days after injection. The whole body biological retention half-lives had a mean of 642 days for both routes, another indication of 44Ti's insolubility in body fluids. Absorption from the gastrointestinal (g.i.) tract after administration by stomach tube was negligible. The threshold limit value (TLV) for titanium in air, based upon nuisance dust, is acceptable based upon the results of this study.