cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identifying gaps in the research literature on illicit markets on-line

As access to technology and the Internet expanded dramatically over the last three decades, so too have opportunities for criminality. Researchers have begun to consider how the Internet enables the formation of illicit markets operating via various communications media in order to sell personal information, hacking tools, and other resources. Many of these studies provide basic information on the operations of on-line illicit markets. There is, however, a need for further research in order to improve the state of the literature and identify key questions to expand our knowledge of the practices of market actors and the social dynamics that facilitate their activities. This article introduces these concepts and outlines the state of the literature generally.
Factors Influencing the Survival of Sympatric Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) Nests

Accurate and precise surveys of primate abundance provide the basis for understanding species ecology and essential information for conservation assessments. Owing to the elusive nature of wild apes and the vast region of dense forest they inhabit, population estimates of central chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) and western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) have largely relied on surveys of their nests. Specific information about the nesting behavior of apes permits the estimation of the number of nests built (nest creation rate). Similarly, information on nest characteristics and environmental factors can be used to estimate the time it takes nests to decay (nest decay rate). Nest creation and decay rates are then used to convert nest density estimates to absolute ape densities. Population estimates that use site-specific estimates of nest creation and decay rates are more accurate and precise. However, it is common practice to generalize these conversion factors across sites because of the additional cost of studies required to gather the information to estimate them. Over a 9-mo study period, we detected and monitored the time to decay of gorilla nests (N = 514) and chimpanzee nests (N = 521) in northern Republic of Congo. We investigated the influence of nest characteristics and environmental factors on nest survivorship and estimated the mean time to nest decay (or equivalently survival) using MARK. Key factors influencing nest decay rate included ape species, forest type, nest height, mean rainfall, nest structure, nest type, and primary aspects of nest construction. Our findings highlight the synergistic effect of behavior and environment on great ape nest degradation, as well as providing practical insights for improving measures to monitor remaining populations of these endangered species.
Conclusion: The Postdiaspora Condition

The Conclusion discusses the postdiaspora condition in its homeland, host land, and multisite contexts and explains why it is perceived differently when viewed from the perspectives of the homeland, host land, immigrant, or cosmonation, representing different scales of analysis. It interprets diaspora as a carrier of inequality because of the subaltern status it projects in its relation to the host land. In contrast, the chapter presents postdiaspora as emancipatory because of the equality dividend it projects. It then discusses the need to denaturalize diaspora subalternity, stressing that it is not intrinsic to the natural order of things. It further compares and contrasts diaspora and postdiaspora. Finally, it addresses the communal dimension of postdiaspora, the enactment of postdiaspora identity performances, the rise of postdiaspora consciousness, and the deployment of the postdiaspora condition.
The Hand Rule Against the State's Expropriation

The state liability is analyzed in tort law. The state is held liable in emergency against the foreign corporation that has put the substantial investments. The pre-assumption is that the injurer is the state, and the victim is the foreign corporation in the international investments. The rational choice for both is that injurer and victim are both self-interested and does not care about the international orders or international customary law. There is no feasible insurance in the ex-ante the accident. All injurers are solvent and pay damages in full. Litigation costs are zero, so everyone choose to go to the court instead of the bilateral bargaining.
Chronic Disease in the Twentieth Century: A History, G. Weisz. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore (2014). 308 p.

Parmi les chercheurs de langue anglaise, peu ont contribue autant que George Weisz au developpement d’une sociologie historique et comparative de la medecine occidentale. Son dernier ouvrage, Chronic Disease in the Twentieth Century, propose une relecture de ce qu’il est de coutume d’appeler la « transition epidemiologique », le moment cle qui vit l’emergence du malade chronique, sujet a risque quoique souvent asymptomatique, indefiniment encadre, surveille et traite, comme figure centrale da...
Medical Expenditures Associated With Hypertension in the U.S., 2000-2013.

Introduction Trends of prevalence, treatment, and control of hypertension have been documented in the U.S., but changes in medical expenditures associated with hypertension over time have not been evaluated. This study analyzed these expenditures during 2000–2013 among U.S. adults. Methods Data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey were analyzed in 2016. The study population was non-institutionalized men and non-pregnant women aged ≥18 years. Hypertension was defined as ever been diagnosed with hypertension or currently taking antihypertensive medications. Medical expenditures included all payments to medical care providers. Expenditures associated with hypertension were estimated by two-part regression models and adjusted into 2015 U.S. dollars. Controlling variables included sociodemographic characteristics, marital status, insurance, region, smoking status, weight status, health status, and comorbidities. Trends were analyzed using joinpoint method. Results Total per-person annual expenditures associated with hypertension in 2000–2001 ($1,399) were not significantly different from those in 2012–2013 ($1,494) (average annual percent change [AAPC]= –0.6%, p=0.794), but annual national spending increased significantly from $58.7 billion to $109.1 billion (AAPC=8.3%, p=0.015), mainly because of the increase in the number of people treated for hypertension. Per-person outpatient payments were 22.7% higher in 2012–2013 than in 2000–2001 ($416 vs $322, p Conclusions During 2000–2013, annual national medical expenditures associated with hypertension increased significantly. Preventing hypertension could alleviate hypertension-associated economic burden.
Higher Contrast Requirement for Letter Recognition and Macular RGC+ Layer Thinning in Glaucoma Patients and Older Adults

Purpose Growing evidence suggests the involvement of the macula even in early stages of glaucoma. However, little is known about the impact of glaucomatous macular damage on central pattern vision. Here we examine the contrast requirement for letter recognition and its relationship with retinal thickness in the macular region. Methods A total of 40 participants were recruited: 13 patients with glaucoma (mean age = 65.6 ± 6.6 years), 14 age-similar normally sighted adults (59.1 ± 9.1 years), and 13 young normally sighted adults (21.0 ± 2.0 years). For each participant, letter-recognition contrast thresholds were obtained using a letter recognition task in which participants identified English letters presented at varying retinal locations across the central 12° visual field, including the fovea. The macular retinal ganglion cell plus inner plexiform (RGC+) layer thickness was also evaluated using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Results Compared to age-similar normal controls, glaucoma patients exhibited a significant increase in letter-recognition contrast thresholds (by 236%, P < 0.001) and a significant decrease in RGC+ layer thickness (by 17%, P < 0.001) even after controlling for age, pupil diameter, and visual acuity. Compared to normal young adults, older adults showed a significant increase in letter-recognition contrast thresholds and a significant decrease in RGC+ layer thickness. Across all subjects, the thickness of macular RGC+ layer was significantly correlated with letter-recognition contrast thresholds, even after correcting for pupil diameter and visual acuity (r = -0.65, P < 0.001). Conclusions Our results show that both glaucoma and normal aging likely bring about a thinning of the macular RGC+ layer; the macular RGC+ layer thickness appears to be associated with the contrast requirements for letter recognition in central vision.
Assessment of Heart Failure: Invasive and Non-invasive Methods

The symptoms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) result from a combination of high filling pressures (“backward” heart failure) and low cardiac output (“forward” heart failure). The mainstay of noninvasive testing in symptomatic patients with HCM is transthoracic echocardiography. The detection of concomitant coronary artery disease (CAD) as a cause of symptoms may be difficult by clinical assessment and exercise testing; cardiac computerized tomographic angiography (CTA) has emerged as perhaps the most useful noninvasive test for the assessment of potentially ischemic symptoms due to CAD. Cardiac catheterization is useful for documenting right-sided pressures and cardiac output; determining whether a left ventricular outflow tract (or midcavity) gradient is present at rest or with provocation; separating aortic valvular from subvalvular and supravalvular gradients; determining whether CAD is present; and excluding other pathologic causes of left ventricular thickening. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing provides quantification of functional capacity and distinguishes between cardiac and pulmonary contributions to symptoms.
The Greek civil war. Strategy, counterinsurgency and the monarchy

The Greek Civil War has been an issue that returns in Greek bibliography every so often. Stathis Kalyvas of Yale University and Nikos Marantzidis rocked the boat about a year ago with a book on the...
Effect of alumina incorporation on the sulfur tolerance of the dual-catalyst aftertreatment system for reduction of nitrogen oxides under lean conditions

Abstract Presence of sulfur or sulfur additives in natural gas lead to the formation of sulfur dioxide in the exhaust stream of natural gas-fired lean-burn engines. The sulfur tolerance and hydrothermal stability of the dual-catalyst aftertreatment system comprising a reduction catalyst (palladium supported on sulfated zirconia- Pd/SZ) and an oxidation catalyst (cobalt oxide supported on ceria- CoOx/CeO2) for NOx reduction under lean-burn conditions has been tested under simulated engine exhaust conditions. Alumina-incorporated Pd/SZ (Pd/SZ(Alumina)) reduction catalyst as part of the dual catalyst bed demonstrated superior sulfur tolerance in the presence of 5 ppm SO2 in the feed. The ratio of the reduction to oxidation catalyst was also seen to affect the hydrothermal stability under wet conditions with SO2 in the reaction medium. The effect of hydrocarbon and water concentration in the reaction mixture on the sulfur tolerance of the dual-catalyst bed was studied. Increasing the reaction temperature from 450 °C to 500 °C demonstrated very stable NOx conversion and improved CH4 conversions when the dual-catalyst bed was kept on-stream for 40 h−1. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy on samples poisoned with SO2 ex-situ revealed the deposition of surface sulfates on the Pd/SZ catalyst samples and a combination of sulfates and sulfites on the CoOx/CeO2 on treatment with SO2. The presence of alumina in the Pd/SZ sample protects the support from SO2 poisoning as the oxidation state of the zirconia support remained largely unchanged on poisoning while in the CoOx/CeO2 sample, sulfur poisoning likely affects the cerium redox cycle (Ce3+-Ce4+). 27Al magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) revealed redistribution of the octahedral and tetrahedral Al-O coordination on SO2 poisoning. Due to association with deposited sulfates on the catalyst, shielding effect on the Al nuclei resulted in an increased octahedral Al-O coordination in the poisoned sample.
Multipactor susceptibility on a dielectric with two carrier frequencies

This work investigates multipactor discharge on a single dielectric surface with two carrier frequencies of an rf electric field. We use Monte Carlo simulations and analytical calculations to obtain susceptibility diagrams in terms of the rf electric field and normal electric field due to the residual charge on the dielectric. It is found that in contrast to the single frequency case, in general, the presence of a second carrier frequency of the rf electric field increases the threshold of the magnitude of the rf electric field to initiate multipactor. The effects of the relative strength and phase, and the frequency separation of the two carrier frequencies are examined. The conditions to minimize mulitpactor are derived.
In vivo characterization of 3D skull and brain motion during dynamic head vibration using magnetic resonance elastography.

Purpose To introduce newly developed MR elastography (MRE)-based dual-saturation imaging and dual-sensitivity motion encoding schemes to directly measure in vivo skull-brain motion, and to study the skull-brain coupling in volunteers with these approaches. Methods Six volunteers were scanned with a high-performance compact 3T-MRI scanner. The skull-brain MRE images were obtained with a dual-saturation imaging where the skull and brain motion were acquired with fat- and water-suppression scans, respectively. A dual-sensitivity motion encoding scheme was applied to estimate the heavily wrapped phase in skull by the simultaneous acquisition of both low- and high-sensitivity phase during a single MRE exam. The low-sensitivity phase was used to guide unwrapping of the high-sensitivity phase. The amplitude and temporal phase delay of the rigid-body motion between the skull and brain was measured, and the skull-brain interface was visualized by slip interface imaging (SII). Results Both skull and brain motion can be successfully acquired and unwrapped. The skull-brain motion analysis demonstrated the motion transmission from the skull to the brain is attenuated in amplitude and delayed. However, this attenuation (%) and delay (rad) were considerably greater with rotation (59 ± 7%, 0.68 ± 0.14 rad) than with translation (92 ± 5%, 0.04 ± 0.02 rad). With SII the skull-brain slip interface was not completely evident, and the slip pattern was spatially heterogeneous. Conclusion This study provides a framework for acquiring in vivo voxel-based skull and brain displacement using MRE that can be used to characterize the skull-brain coupling system for understanding of mechanical brain protection mechanisms, which has potential to facilitate risk management for future injury.
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) platforms for testing the mechanical properties of collagen fibrils

To determine how the hierarchical structures of tissues such as skin, tendon and bone confer mechanical properties to those tissues a better understanding is required of the properties of the individual components and their interactions. The architecture of bone, for example, contains six distinct features shown in Figure 1 (Rho et al. (1998)). The building blocks are collagen molecules and mineral crystals. The figure illustrates how the feature at a particular scale is assembled from those at the lower scales. The ultimate goal of computational and theoretical multiscale models is the accurate description of the properties and mechanical behavior of such complex structures. The development of robust models will undoubtedly rely on experimental data that (1) will provide some of the required input parameters; (2) could be used to assess the validity of the model’s predictions; and (3) will offer insights on how they could be improved. The mechanical testing of biological tissues at relatively large scales enjoys a long and rich history.
Pulmonary thrombosis in a 10-year-old child with minimal change disease and nephrotic syndrome. A clinical, radiologic, and pathologic correlation with literature review

The nephrotic syndrome has long been recognized as a hypercoagulable state. Arterial thrombosis is a rare complication of the syndrome. Diuretics and steroids, standard treatment for exacerbations, have been implicated as contributing to the development of arterial thrombosis. The authors present the pathologic, clinical, and radiologic findings of a patient with nephrotic syndrome and minimal change disease. The patient died of pulmonary thrombosis while on high-dose steroid therapy for an acute exacerbation of proteinuria following a recent hospital admission for chest pain and dyspnea.
Superplastic Behavior of Mechanically Alloyed Aluminum IN90211

ABSTRACT The tensile behavior of IN90211 was characterized at strain rates between 0.0001/sec and 340/sec at temperatures between 425 and 475 °. A maximum elongation of 500% was obtained at 475 ° at a strain rate of 2.5/sec. Analysis of the experimental data in the high strain rate regime (superplastic) revealed the existence of a temperature dependant threshold stress. The results differ from the kind of behavior expected from established superplasticity and creep theories.
Insights to Sensor Technology and it’s Applications

A sensor is a device which is able to convert any objective quantity to be measured into a signal which is interpreted, displayed, stored or used to control some other data. The signal formed by the sensor is equal to the quantity to be measured. Sensors are used to calculate a particular characteristic of any object or device.[1] This paper provides the overview about What is sensors, different fields where sensors are used, how sensors are used in day to day life, its advantages and disadvantages and types of sensors. Paper also gives idea about how sensors plays an important role in cyber security.
An analysis of warehouse and distribution strategies

We consider a case where seven retailers, all belonging to the same organization, order independently from the manufacturer. The organization wants to evaluate the advantage of creating a centralized warehouse facility. However, the investment costs for such a warehouse are considerable and the organization is thus cautious that any cost savings must outweigh the investment cost. The multi-echelon inventory control literature does not indicate when a centralized warehouse is clearly the best option. However, there is evidence that a centralized warehouse may be advantageous for low demand items which are expensive, as opposed to inexpensive fast moving items. Also the costs of the additional warehouse (i.e., capital investment and operating costs) play an important role. Hence, whether or not a warehouse can reduce overall cost depends heavily on the additional cost of the centralized warehouse. In order to keep the investment cost low we consider an alternative to the centralized warehouse, called virtual centralized warehousing. In the latter system no additional investment costs are necessary (i.e., the existing retailers have excess capacity at their current facilities) and the benefits of central warehousing are achieved.
Preface to the Focus Section on Machine Learning in Seismology

Machine learning (ML) is a collection of algorithms and statistical models that enable computers to extract relevant patterns and information from large data sets. Unlike physical modeling approaches, in which scientists develop theories based on physical laws to compare with real‐world observations, ML approaches learn directly from data without explicitly reasoning about the underlying physical mechanisms.
Exposure to Community Homicide During Pregnancy and Adverse Birth Outcomes: A Within-Community Matched Design

Background:Community violence is an understudied aspect of social context that may affect risk of preterm birth and small-for-gestational age (SGA).Methods:We matched California mothers with live singleton births who were exposed to a homicide in their Census tract of residence in 2007–2011 to unexp
A Little Learning Theory

The key thing to know about a classifier is how well it will work on future test data. There are two cases to look at: how error on held-out training data predicts test error, and how training error predicts test error. Error on held-out training data is a very good predictor of test error. It’s worth knowing why this should be true, and Sect. 3.1 deals with that. Our training procedures assume that a classifier that achieves good training error is going to behave well on test—we need some reason to be confident that this is the case. It is possible to bound test error from training error. The bounds are all far too loose to have any practical significance, but their presence is reassuring.
Exception That Proves the Rule: Investigation of Privileged Stereochemistry in Designing Dopamine D3R Bitopic Agonists.

In this study, starting from our selective D3R agonist FOB02-04A (5), we investigated the chemical space around the linker portion of the molecule via insertion of a hydroxyl substituent and ring-e...
The Vanguards of Radicalism in the UK

Radical Islamic preachers in Britain are historically attributed to four key figures: Abu Hamza al Masri, Abdullah el-Faisal, Abu Qatada, and Omar Bakri Mohammed. While they were clearly instrumental in radicalizing Britain’s youth from the late 1980s onward, in many ways, they had a readymade audience. This chapter discusses the history of Muslim immigration to Britain and three key events that gave traction to political Islam in the UK. There is an in-depth discussion of Omar Bakri Mohammed, on his upbringing, how he came to arrive in Britain, and his rise to power as Hizb ut Tahrir’s leader in Britain. The chapter also discusses the relationships the four preachers had with each other as told from firsthand interviews with two of the men, thus correcting what is frequently written about those relationships.
Association of suicidal thoughts to deployment: Preliminary findings when considering time since return and combat exposure

Since 2002, the U.S. military has seen a dramatic rise in suicides. Risk was thought to be associated with having been deployed, although little or no association has been found. This association m...
Activation of FAM111A Protease Induces Defects in Nuclear Function that Likely Underlie its Roles in Disease and Viral Restriction

Mutations in the nuclear trypsin-like serine protease FAM111A cause Kenny-Caffey syndrome (KCS2) with hypoparathyroidism and skeletal dysplasia, or perinatally lethal osteocraniostenosis (OCS). In addition, FAM111A was identified as a restriction factor for certain host range mutants of the SV40 polyomavirus and VACV orthopoxvirus. However, because FAM111A function is poorly characterized, its roles in restricting viral replication and the etiology of KCS2 and OCS remain undefined. We find that the FAM111A KCS2 and OCS patient mutants are hyperactive, inducing apoptosis-like phenotypes in a protease-dependent manner. Similarly, in response to the attempted replication of SV40 host range mutants in restrictive cells, FAM111A activity induces the loss of nuclear barrier function and structure. Interestingly, pan-caspase inhibitors do not block FAM111A-dependent phenotypes such as nuclear leakiness, shrinkage and pore redistribution, implying it acts independently or upstream of caspases. In this regard, we identified nucleoporins and the associated GANP transcription factor as FAM111A interactors and candidate targets. Together our data provide key insight into how FAM111A activation can restrict viral replication, and how its deregulated activity could cause KCS2 and OCS.
Martensitic transition in molecular crystals for dynamic functional materials

Molecular martensitic materials are an emerging class of smart materials with enormous tunability in physicochemical properties, attributed to the tailored molecular and crystal structures through molecular design. This class of materials exhibits ultrafast and reversible structural transitions in response to thermal and mechanical stimuli, which underlies fascinating properties such as thermoelasticity, superelasticity, ferroelasticity, and shape memory effect. These dynamic properties are not widely explored in molecular crystals and therefore molecular martensitic materials represent a new frontier in the field of solid-state chemistry. In martensitic transitions, the materials not only exhibit substantial shape changes but also remember the functions in the associated polymorphic phases. This suggests promising applicability towards light-weight actuators, lifts, dampers, sensors, shape-/function-memory and ultraflexible optoelectronic devices. In this article, we review characteristics, detailed transition mechanisms, and potential applications of molecular martensitic materials. In particular, we aim to describe transition characteristics by collecting cases with similar transition principles in order to glean insights into further advancement of molecular martensitic materials. Overall, we believe that molecular martensitic materials are emerging as the next generation smart materials that have shown promise in advancing a wide range of domains of applications.
Warm and oxidizing slabs limit ingassing efficiency of nitrogen to the mantle

Abstract Nitrogen is a major and essential component of Earth's atmosphere, yet relative to other volatile elements, there are relatively few experimental constraints on the pathways by which nitrogen cycles between Earth's interior and exterior. We report mineral-melt and mineral-fluid partitioning experiments to constrain the behavior of nitrogen during slab dehydration and sediment melting processes. Experiments reacted rhyolitic melts with silicate and oxide minerals, in the presence of excess aqueous fluid, over temperatures between 725-925 °C and pressures between 0.2 and 2.3 GPa. Oxygen fugacity ranged between iron metal saturation (∼NNO-5) to that in excess of primitive arc basalts (∼NNO+2). Our experiments demonstrate that hydrous fluid is the preferred phase for nitrogen over minerals (biotite, K-feldspar, and amphibole) and rhyolitic melts across all conditions explored. Relatively large effects of pressure (Δlog( D m e l t − f l u i d N )/Δ(GPa/K) = 761 ± 68 (1σ), Δlog( D b i o t i t e − f l u i d N )/Δ(GPa/K) = 462 ± 169) and moderate effects of oxygen fugacity ( Δ l o g ( D m e l t − f l u i d N ) / Δ NNO = -0.20 ± 0.04, Δlog ( D b i o t i t e − f l u i d N ) / Δ NNO = -0.10 ± 0.04) modulate partitioning of nitrogen. We further document negligible partitioning effects related to mineral composition or Cl content of hydrous fluid. Of the minerals investigated, biotite has the largest affinity for N and should control the retention of N in slabs where present. Application of partitioning data to slab dehydration PT paths highlights the potential for highly incompatible behavior ( D b i o t i t e − f l u i d N D b i o t i t e − f l u i d N > 0.1). We find that slab melting is less effective at extracting N from slabs than fluid loss, at least under oxidized conditions (NNO+1). Ultimately, the conditions under which slabs lose fluid strongly affect the distribution of nitrogen between Earth's interior and exterior.
From Waste Collection Vehicles to Landfills: Indication of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance (PFAS) Transformation

Municipal solid waste contain diverse and significant amounts of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and these compounds may transform throughout the “landfilling” process from transport th...
Naturally enhanced neutralizing breadth against SARS-CoV-2 one year after infection.

More than one year after its inception, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains difficult to control despite the availability of several working vaccines. Progress in controlling the pandemic is slowed by the emergence of variants that appear to be more transmissible and more resistant to antibodies1,2. Here we report on a cohort of 63 individuals who have recovered from COVID-19 assessed at 1.3, 6.2 and 12 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection, 41% of whom also received mRNA vaccines3,4. In the absence of vaccination, antibody reactivity to the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2, neutralizing activity and the number of RBD-specific memory B cells remain relatively stable between 6 and 12 months after infection. Vaccination increases all components of the humoral response and, as expected, results in serum neutralizing activities against variants of concern similar to or greater than the neutralizing activity against the original Wuhan Hu-1 strain achieved by vaccination of naive individuals2,5–8. The mechanism underlying these broad-based responses involves ongoing antibody somatic mutation, memory B cell clonal turnover and development of monoclonal antibodies that are exceptionally resistant to SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutations, including those found in the variants of concern4,9. In addition, B cell clones expressing broad and potent antibodies are selectively retained in the repertoire over time and expand markedly after vaccination. The data suggest that immunity in convalescent individuals will be very long lasting and that convalescent individuals who receive available mRNA vaccines will produce antibodies and memory B cells that should be protective against circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants. Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 continue to evolve 6 to 12 months after infection in patients who have recovered from COVID-19, increasing in potency and breadth with time.
Outcomes of adult patients supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) following cardiopulmonary arrest. The Mayo Clinic experience.

Introduction To describe our experience in use of extracorporeal life support (ECLS) as a rescue strategy in patients following cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for patients (n = 101) who received ECLS after cardiorespiratory arrest between May 2001 and December 2014. The primary outcome was survival to hospital discharge. Results In this cohort median (IQR) age was 56 (37-67) years, 53 (53%) were male, and 90 (89%) were Caucasian. Ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillations were the initial cardiac rhythm in 49 (48.5%) and asystole/pulseless electrical activity in 37 (36.8%). Median (IQR) time to initiation of extracorporeal support from arrest time was 72 (43-170) min. The median (IQR) duration of support was 100 (47-157) hours. Renal failure (66%) and bleeding (66%) were the two most commonly observed complications during ECLS support. The survival to hospital discharge was seen in 47 (47%) patients, and good neurologic outcome (mRs 0-3) was seen in 29%. Acidosis, lactate and continuous renal replacement therapy were independent predictors of mortality. The median (IQR) intensive care unit stay was 14 (4-28) days and hospital stay was 17 (4-35) days. Conclusion Our institutional experience with ECLS as a rescue measure following cardiac arrest is associated with improvement in mortality, and favorable neurologic status at hospital discharge.
Three-dimensional network model for strong topological insulator transitions

We construct a three-dimensional (3D), time-reversal symmetric generalization of the Chalker-Coddington network model for the integer quantum Hall transition. In addition to a weak topological insulator phase already accommodated by the network model framework in the preexisting literature, our network model hosts strong topological insulator phases. We unambiguously demonstrate that strong topological insulator phases emerge as intermediate phases between a trivial insulator phase and a weak topological phase. Additionally, we found a duality that relates a trivial insulator phase and a weak topological phase in our network model. Remarkably, strong topological phases are mapped to themselves under this duality. We show that upon adding sufficiently strong disorder, the strong topological insulator phases undergo phase transitions into a metallic phase. We numerically determine the critical exponent of the insulator-metal transition. Our network model explicitly shows how a semiclassical percolation picture of topological phase transitions in two dimensions can be generalized to 3D and opens up a venue for studying 3D topological phase transitions.
Protein-Calorie Malnutrition, The Central Nervous System, and Behavior

Malnutrition is a major health problem throughout the world. Although we usually associate malnutrition with conditions of poverty in underdeveloped countries, recent reports have clearly demonstrated that modern nations, including the United States, are not immune to this problem. Malnutrition may have an impact on as many as a half-million children in this country. Low birth weight, growth failure, weakened resistance to infection, increased vulnerability to environmental toxins such as lead, and other consequences of nutritional deficiency are not infrequent among low-income pediatric populations in this country (Physicians’ Task Force on Hunger in America 1985; Brown 1987).
Toughening of epoxies through thermoplastic crack bridging

The fracture toughness and toughening mechanism of two epoxy matrices containing varying concentrations of pre-formed polyamide-12 particles was investigated. The pre-formed thermoplastic modifier was used to keep the physical and morphological characteristics of the second phase constant while varying the matrix intrinsic toughness to simplify the interpretation of toughening results. We observed that these particles toughened the epoxies through a crack bridging mechanism involving large plastic deformation of the second phase.This mechanism was found to be effective independent of the potential of the matrix for plastic deformation since the increasing fracture toughness was accomplished without significant amounts of plastic deformation in the epoxy matrix. A quantitative model was adapted to account for the increase in toughness due to the crack bridging mechanism. From this model, it was possible to determine the factors which are most important when attempting to toughen a material through thermoplastic crack bridging. A better understanding of the specific factors which influence the efficiency of the crack bridging mechanism enables the fracture properties of brittle materials to be further improved with thermoplastic addition. This was shown to be very important when attempting to enhance the toughness of materials which are believed to be “un-toughenable” by conventional rubber modification, or materials whose other mechanical properties suffer from the addition of elastomeric materials.
NEMATODES IN TOPOGRAPHICAL MICROHABITATS WITHIN A WET PASTURE

A nearly level, wet bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) pasture in south Florida contained many slight depressions and small ridges, separated by < 30 cm of elevation. Paired soil samples were collected from these microhabitats to determine differences in nematode communities in ridges and depressions. Soil moisture was consistently greater (P ≤ 0.01) in the depressions on all sampling dates, but moisture was highly correlated (P ≤ 0.01) with soil organic matter across all microhabitats. The ridges contained more total nematodes, more taxa per sample, and greater numbers of nematodes in most trophic groups and guilds. Similar results were obtained with basal guilds of bacterivores and fungivores and with structured guilds of omnivores and predators. Most nematode genera collected were more abundant in ridges than in depressions. Genera within the Cephalobidae were the most consistently affected, and some plant parasites (e.g. Hemicriconemoides) were less affected. The combined higher levels of soil moisture and organic matter were not beneficial to nematodes in this unusual wet pasture site that was poorly drained. Un pastizal casi plano de zacate de bahia (Paspalum notatum Flugge) en el sur de Florida contiene varias ligeras depresiones y pequenas crestas separadas por menos de 30 cm de elevacion. Muestras pareadas de suelo fueron colectadas en estos microhabitats para determinar diferencias en las comunidades de nematodos tanto en depresiones como en crestas. La humedad del suelo fue consistentemente mayor (P ≤ 0.01) en las depresiones en todas las fechas del muestreo, pero la humedad estaba altamente correlacionada (P ≤ 0.01) con materia organica en el suelo a lo largo de todos los microhabitats. Las crestas contenian un total mas alto de nematodos, mas taxa por muestra asi como un mayor numero de nematodos en casi todos los grupos troficos y agrupaciones o grupos funcionales. Se obtuvieron resultados similares en las agrupaciones de bacterivoros y fungivoros asi como omnivoros y depredadores. La mayoria de los generos de nematodos fueron mas abundantes en las crestas que en las depresiones. Generos dentro de Cephalobidae fueron los mas consistentemente afectados, y algunos fitoparasitos (por ej. Hemicriconemoides) fueron menos afectados. La combinacion de altos niveles de humedad en el suelo y materia organica no fueron beneficos para los nematodos en este inusual y humedo pastizal que a la vez tienen pobre drenaje.
Noise containment in a high wiring density multichip module

A methodology for containing coupled noise in a high wiring density multichip module (MCM) in which hundreds of nets interact with each other is outlined. TEM mode multi-conductor transmission line analysis and a time-based statistical technique are the basis for a sophisticated design analysis and which predicts the aggregate noise for each net. Nets exceeding a predetermined voltage limit, set by the receiver noise margin, are reworked iteratively until technology constraints are satisfied. >
Effects of cysteine protease inhibitors on rabbit cathepsin D maturation

To examine the effects of cysteine protease inhibitors on cathepsin D intracellular transport, proteolytic processing, and secretion, primary cultures of rabbit cardiac fibroblasts were grown to confluence and exposed (24 h) to media containing leupeptin (0-10 mM), E 64 (0-10 mM), or chloroquine (0-50 microM). Cathepsin D maturation was then evaluated in pulse-chase biosynthetic labeling experiments. None of the three agents affected the charge modification of procathepsin D (Mr 53,000) within the Golgi apparatus. However, all three agents interfered with the subsequent proteolytic processing of procathepsin D isoforms to active cathepsin D (Mr 48,000). Both leupeptin and E 64 caused the intracellular accumulation of large amounts of a Mr 51,000 processing intermediate (not detectable in control fibroblasts). Trace amounts of this intermediate were also detected in chloroquine-treated cells. Combined activity assay and radioimmunoassay of cell lysates indicated that this partially processed form of cathepsin D possessed proteolytic activity. Whereas low medium concentrations of leupeptin (10-100 microM) but not E 64 appeared to stimulate procathepsin D secretion, neither agent appeared to have a major effect on the rate of proenzyme secretion at doses required to inhibit proteolytic maturation (1-10 mM). Furthermore, pretreatment of cells with 10 mM leupeptin appeared only to delay, but not prevent, the intracellular transport of cathepsin D to lysosomes. In contrast, chloroquine increased procathepsin D secretion in a dose-dependent manner, diverting the majority of newly synthesized procathepsin D from the intracellular protease(s) responsible for proteolytic processing. These results suggest that cysteine proteases participate in the proteolytic maturation of procathepsin D during the transport of newly synthesized enzyme to lysosomes, but cysteine protease-mediated proteolytic processing is not required for cathepsin D activation or lysosomal translocation.
A Clinical Translation of the Article Titled “Evidence for the Implementation of the Early Start Denver Model for Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder”

The purpose of this article is to offer a clinical translation of a literature review titled "Evidence for the Implementation of the Early Start Denver Model for Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder" by Ryberg (2015). The literature review was conducted to determine the strength of the research evidence regarding the effectiveness of the Early Start Denver Model in improving cognitive, language, and behavioral functioning of children with autism spectrum disorder. In an effort to narrow the gap between evidence and practice, this clinical translation will discuss the components of the literature review in terms of its rationale for and objectives, methods, results, and implications for evidence-based nursing practice.
A clinical investigation of beta-morpholino-ethyl benzhydryl ether hydrochloride (linadryl) as an antihistamine agent

Abstract 1.1. The effects of beta-morpholino-ethyl benzhydryl ether hydrochloride (linadryl) have been observed in 107 persons without recognizable disturbances of the autonomic nervous system, and in 143 individuals with allergic diseases. 2.2. When administered orally in doses ranging from 300 to 1,200 mg. daily, a variable effect, irregularly related to dosage, was exerted upon the secretion of gastric acid. The histamine responses of the skin decreased after one week of treatment with 600 mg. daily in about one-third of the patients, while a routinely depressant effect was observed by a similar period of administration in daily doses of 800 mg. 3.3. A certain sense of well-being with more restful sleep was experienced in a group of 25 "high strung" individuals. 4.4. Twelve and one-half per cent of the patients with allergic disease obtained complete relief of symptoms while using linadryl in doses up to 750 mg. daily, while an additional 48.0 per cent were partially relieved. 5.5. In 17.2 per cent of the patients, some discomforting reactions occurred, of which drowsiness was by far the most common. 6.6. It is concluded that linadryl has an action similar in nature to that of benadryl, but is probably less than one-half as effective weight for weight. On the basis of percentage, it would probably cause an equally high number of unpleasant symptoms were its administration pushed to a point of comparable effectiveness in every case.
Edlucation in Molecular Electronics

A 24-month graduate molecular electronics curriculum is proposed in this paper. It offers 117-120 quarter credit hours of courses in the following sequences: Qtr Credit Hrs Mathematics 20 Physics 16 EE, including Molecular Electronics 49 Service Courses 11 Electives 9-12 Independent Study leading to Master's Thesis 12
Sleep maintenance insomnia: strengths and weaknesses of current pharmacologic therapies.

Background. Although insomnia is highly prevalent, sleep disturbances often go unrecognized and untreated. When insomnia is recognized, considerable emphasis has been placed on improving sleep onset; however, there is growing evidence that improving sleep maintenance is an equally important treatment goal.Methods. A MEDLINE literature search was performed using the search parameters “insomnia,” “zolpidem,” “zaleplon,” “flurazepam,” “estazolam,” “quazepam,” “triazolam,” and “temazepam,” as these agents are FDA-approved for the treatment of insomnia. Per reviewer comments, the search criteria was later expanded to include lorazepam. A literature search using the terms “trazodone” and “insomnia” was also performed, as this is the second-most commonly prescribed agent for treating insomnia. Sleep efficacy endpoints from randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials in adult populations and key review articles published between 1975 and 2004 were included in this review. As only one randomized placebo-control...
Comparing sociodemographic and hospital influences on breastfeeding initiation.

: Background: Healthy breastfeeding practice in the United States depends decisively on high rates of initiation at the delivery hospital. We sought to estimate the component of hospital variation in rates of exclusive breastfeeding at discharge that was dependent on demographic composition. Isolating that component can help to illuminate the potential independent contribution of hospital policies, practices, and staff behaviors. Methods: Electronic birth certificate data in New Jersey from 1996 to 2001 (n = 545,837) were used to measure variations in hospital-level rates of breastfeeding initiation. The method of infant feeding within 24 hours before hospital discharge was reported as exclusive breastfeeding, formula feeding, combination feedings, other methods, and unknown. Rates of exclusive breastfeeding by hospital were standardized to remove sociodemographic differences in hospitals’ service populations that influence initiation rates. Results: Sociodemographic variables predicted about 60 percent of the variation in hospital-specific rates of exclusive breastfeeding at discharge. Hospitals that were designated intensive or regional perinatal centers, delivered higher volumes of infants, and served more breastfeeding-prone populations were only slightly more likely to have higher adjusted rates compared with other hospitals; considerable unexplained variation remained. Conclusions: Standardized exclusive breastfeeding rates pointed to the contribution of population demographics to breastfeeding initiation, and other contributions, including hospital practices, are also important. To protect, promote, and support breastfeeding, a more detailed evidence base on hospital policies and practices should be developed, and hospitals should review their policies and practices in light of documented best breastfeeding practice. (BIRTH 32:2 June 2005)
Evaluation of kinetic parameters of thermal decomposition of native collagen by thermogravimetric analysis

The kinetic parameters associated with the thermal decomposition of native collagen have been obtained by thermogravimetric techniques. In order to achieve this a thermogravimetric analysis was carried out in the temperature range of 25°C to about 1000°C. In this temperature range, it had been found that the differential primary weight loss curve had yielded three distinct peaks for the tendon collagen. The thermal decomposition corresponding to each peak was analyzed to retrieve its kinetic parameters. The peak temperature associated with the first peak decreased as the water content in a sample increased, while that of the second peak was independent of its hydration condition. It is believed that the first and the second peaks are, respectively, results of: (1) dissociation of water from collagen, and (2) of breaking of the collagen molecule itself. The third peak has not been easily identified so far. The activation energy and the order of water decomposition are obtained by various known methods. The results obtained by these different approaches agree reasonably well. The kinetic parameters of second and third peak are also obtained and reported here.
IMPOSING A LAGRANGIAN PARTICLE FRAMEWORK ON AN EULERIAN HYDRODYNAMICS INFRASTRUCTURE IN FLASH

In many astrophysical simulations, both Eulerian and Lagrangian quantities are of interest. For example, in a galaxy cluster merger simulation, the intracluster gas can have Eulerian discretization, while dark matter can be modeled using particles. FLASH, a component-based scientific simulation code, superimposes a Lagrangian framework atop an adaptive mesh refinement Eulerian framework to enable such simulations. The discretization of the field variables is Eulerian, while the Lagrangian entities occur in many different forms including tracer particles, massive particles, charged particles in particle-in-cell mode, and Lagrangian markers to model fluid-structure interactions. These widely varying roles for Lagrangian entities are possible because of the highly modular, flexible, and extensible architecture of the Lagrangian framework. In this paper, we describe the Lagrangian framework in FLASH in the context of two very different applications, Type Ia supernovae and galaxy cluster mergers, which use the Lagrangian entities in fundamentally different ways.