cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rapid and Accurate Multiple Testing Correction and Power Estimation for Millions of Correlated Markers

With the development of high-throughput sequencing and genotyping technologies, the number of markers collected in genetic association studies is growing rapidly, increasing the importance of methods for correcting for multiple hypothesis testing. The permutation test is widely considered the gold standard for accurate multiple testing correction, but it is often computationally impractical for these large datasets. Recently, several studies proposed efficient alternative approaches to the permutation test based on the multivariate normal distribution (MVN). However, they cannot accurately correct for multiple testing in genome-wide association studies for two reasons. First, these methods require partitioning of the genome into many disjoint blocks and ignore all correlations between markers from different blocks. Second, the true null distribution of the test statistic often fails to follow the asymptotic distribution at the tails of the distribution. We propose an accurate and efficient method for multiple testing correction in genome-wide association studies—SLIDE. Our method accounts for all correlation within a sliding window and corrects for the departure of the true null distribution of the statistic from the asymptotic distribution. In simulations using the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium data, the error rate of SLIDE's corrected p-values is more than 20 times smaller than the error rate of the previous MVN-based methods' corrected p-values, while SLIDE is orders of magnitude faster than the permutation test and other competing methods. We also extend the MVN framework to the problem of estimating the statistical power of an association study with correlated markers and propose an efficient and accurate power estimation method SLIP. SLIP and SLIDE are available at http://slide.cs.ucla.edu.
Triclinic Lysozyme at 0.65 A Resolution.

The crystal structure of triclinic hen egg-white lysozyme (HEWL) has been refined against diffraction data extending to 0.65 A resolution measured at 100 K using synchrotron radiation. Refinement with anisotropic displacement parameters and with the removal of stereochemical restraints for the well ordered parts of the structure converged with a conventional R factor of 8.39% and an R(free) of 9.52%. The use of full-matrix refinement provided an estimate of the variances in the derived parameters. In addition to the 129-residue protein, a total of 170 water molecules, nine nitrate ions, one acetate ion and three ethylene glycol molecules were located in the electron-density map. Eight sections of the main chain and many side chains were modeled with alternate conformations. The occupancies of the water sites were refined and this step is meaningful when assessed by use of the free R factor. A detailed description and comparison of the structure are made with reference to the previously reported triclinic HEWL structures refined at 0.925 A (at the low temperature of 120 K) and at 0.95 A resolution (at room temperature).
Streptococcal pharyngitis: a review of pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management

Pharyngitis is an illness frequently treated by emergency physicians and primary care practitioners. It is the subject of much controversy regarding optimal treatment in the acute care setting. This review discusses pertinent aspects of the pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment based on available literature. This review is also meant to serve as a bibliographic resource for some of the controversies of this complex topic.
The 'Three Crosses' of mission work: fifty years of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM) in Angola, 1880-1930

In 1930 the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM) commemorated fifty years of mission work in central Angola with a celebration that sought to unite thousands of Umbundu Christians into a community. Rituals such as the singing of hymns, daily church services, and bold performances of religious music by the 540-voice Jubilee Choir aimed at reinforcing Christian identity. A historical pageant dubbed the ‘Three Crosses’ was created in order to present a missionary perspective of Angolan history, one that juxtaposed Christian societal improvement with indigenous scenes of death, violence, and ignorance. This paper provides an account of the pageant and argues that its program also transmitted prominent subtexts associated with colonial discourse. Theories of social evolution and racism were widespread among early twentieth-century Americans, and ABCFM missionaries used this rhetoric to preach self-improvement through Christianization by disparaging indigenous Umbundu beliefs. Although providing Western education proved an effective tool for attracting converts and a lasting measure of the ABCFM’s influence in Angola, the legacy of the mission preserves these contradictions of colonial missionary work.
Activity as a mediator of sociocultural change and individual development: The case of school‐work transition in Nepal

This study explores how sociocultural change and individual development are mediated by activities in a process complicated by temporal transitions in environment and in the activity which leads, or is psychologically primary. Based on research among rural Nepali high school students becoming shopkeepers and among rural shopkeepers attending adult education, the author suggests a cultural‐historical alternative to transfer in understanding the continuity and discontinuity of personal knowledge across situations and over time.
A spectral erdős–stone–bollobás theorem

Let r ≥ 3 and (c/rr)r log n ≥ 1. If G is a graph of order n and its largest eigenvalue μ(G) satisfies $\[ \mu ( G ) geq ( 1-1/ ( r-1 ) +c ) n, \]$ then G contains a complete r-partite subgraph with r − 1 parts of size ⌊(c/rr)r log n⌋ and one part of size greater than n1−cr−1. This result implies the Erdős–Stone–Bollobas theorem, the essential quantitative form of the Erdős–Stone theorem. Another easy consequence is that if F1, F2,. . . are r-chromatic graphs satisfying v(Fn) = o(log n), then $\[ \lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}\frac{1}{n}\max\bigl\{ \mu ( G ): v ( G ) =n~~\text{and}~~F_{n}\nsubseteq G\bigr\} =1-\frac{1}{r-1}$
Fine resolution satellite-based winds for episodic events

Improvements are made to regularly gridded wind fields, based on seawinds scatterometer observations, with the goal of better representing episodic wind forcing for meteorological studies and for forcing ocean models.
Sensitivity of hepatitis C virus to cyclosporine A depends on nonstructural proteins NS5A and NS5B

HCV reoccurs after liver transplantation and increases mortality. Cyclosporine, but not tacrolimus, has potent antiviral effects against HCV replication in cell culture. To determine the conditions, if any, under which HCV is susceptible to cyclosporine in vivo, we selected for cyclosporine-resistant mutant HCV in vitro. The resulting mutations were mapped to x-ray crystallographic structures and sequence databases. Mutations selected by cyclosporine were clustered in the nonstructural (NS) proteins NS5A and NS5B. Different sets of mutations in NS5A, paired with the same 2 NS5B mutations, conferred different levels of cyclosporine resistance when engineered back into the HCV replicon. Mutations in NS5B are structurally consistent with a proposed model of regulation of RNA binding by cyclophilin B (CyPB). These mutations also highlight a natural polymorphism between different HCV genotypes that correlates with the variation in response to cyclosporine A (CsA) noted in some clinical trials. Replicons engineered to have mutations in only NS5A (P ≤ 0.0001) or only NS5B (P = 0.002) suggest that while both NS5A or NS5B variants alter cyclosporine susceptibility, NS5A has the largest effect. Conclusion: Preexisting sequence variation could alter the effect of cyclosporine on HCV in vivo. (HEPATOLOGY 2007.)
Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Abdomino-Pelvic Masses: Role of Multimodality Imaging

Recent advances in radiology have greatly increased the ability to make highly accurate diagnosis. Biopsy of many commonly seen lesions is no longer performed as the radiological findings are pathognomonic. This gives rise to the concept of 'virtual biopsy', a term coined on the lines of other imaging techniques such as virtual colonoscopy. Virtual biopsy is not a new imaging technique but a new concept which refers to the use of existing imaging modalities to evaluate the morphological features of tumors and arriving at a non-invasive diagnosis with a high degree of confidence obviating the need for true biopsy. Elements of virtual biopsy have already been incorporated into some evidence-based guidelines, and it is expected that with further technological advancements, an increasing number of tumors may be diagnosed and managed accordingly. A wider acceptance of virtual biopsy could further reduce the need for invasive biopsies and its attendant costs and risks. In this review article, we use index cases to further emphasize this concept.
Gestational diabetes: risks, management, and treatment options

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is commonly defined as glucose intolerance first recognized during pregnancy. Diagnostic criteria for GDM have changed over the decades, and several definitions are currently used; recent recommendations may increase the prevalence of GDM to as high as one of five pregnancies. Perinatal complications associated with GDM include hypertensive disorders, preterm delivery, shoulder dystocia, stillbirths, clinical neonatal hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and cesarean deliveries. Postpartum complications include obesity and impaired glucose tolerance in the offspring and diabetes and cardiovascular disease in the mothers. Management strategies increasingly emphasize optimal management of fetal growth and weight. Monitoring of glucose, fetal stress, and fetal weight through ultrasound combined with maternal weight management, medical nutritional therapy, physical activity, and pharmacotherapy can decrease comorbidities associated with GDM. Consensus is lacking on ideal glucose targets, degree of caloric restriction and content, algorithms for pharmacotherapy, and in particular, the use of oral medications and insulin analogs in lieu of human insulin. Postpartum glucose screening and initiation of healthy lifestyle behaviors, including exercise, adequate fruit and vegetable intake, breastfeeding, and contraception, are encouraged to decrease rates of future glucose intolerance in mothers and offspring.
Primitive neuroectodermal tumor: CT, MRI, and angiographic findings.

Abstract Primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) are uncommon CNS neoplasms found usually in the first decade of life. This article presents a proven case of this lesion in a 14-month-old boy located deep in the left frontal lobe. This lesion was studied by Cr, MRI, and cerebral angiography. The radiologic findings of this tumor were assessed and compared with those cases reported in the medical literature.
Personalized Treatment of Lung Cancer

Lung cancer is a heterogenous group of disorders, and a difficult disease to treat. The traditional approach of surgical resection for early-stage disease, potentially followed by chemotherapy, as well chemotherapy (with or without radiation) in later stages of disease is being supplemented with a personalized approach. The personalized approach has classically been used by the oncologist based on clinical/pathological parameters such as the performance status of the patient and histology of lung cancer. As molecular mechanisms have been explored in lung cancer more recently, the personalized approach also has incorporated molecular abnormalities. In particular, EGFR, K-ras, ALK, MET, CBL, and COX2, have come to the forefront as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Thus, we review the various molecular mechanisms in lung cancer and the role of novel therapeutics.
Activation of PPARγ coactivator-1 through transcription factor docking

Transcriptional coactivators have been viewed as constitutively active components, using transcription factors mainly to localize their functions. Here, it is shown that PPARgamma coactivator-1 (PGC-1) promotes transcription through the assembly of a complex that includes the histone acetyltransferases steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1) and CREB binding protein (CBP)/p300. PGC-1 has a low inherent transcriptional activity when it is not bound to a transcription factor. The docking of PGC-1 to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) stimulates an apparent conformational change in PGC-1 that permits binding of SRC-1 and CBP/p300, resulting in a large increase in transcriptional activity. Thus, transcription factor docking switches on the activity of a coactivator protein.
AAMI's benchmarking solution: analysis of cost of service ratio and other metrics.

AMI's Benchmarking Solution (ABS) is a new online tool designed specifically to help clinical engineering (CE) departments measure their practices, policies, and procedures against similar depart- ments at other facilities; monitor their progress through- out the year; and share best practices. The tool includes an online survey with more than 100 benchmarking and best practice questions, both qualitative and quantitative, and a set of graphical analysis tools to help CE depart- ments analyze benchmarking data results against other facilities of particular demographics. The survey tool—developed by a software company, NeuraMetrics, with the guidance of a team of clinical engineering experts hired by AAMI—is structured to en- courage both numeric and non-numeric responses, allow- ing those departments that do not have all the numeric information to participate and enter the data that they do have. This overcomes the problem of some prior clinical engineering benchmarking studies which required many numeric responses that were difficult for some potential participants to provide. Although a very new product, ABS already has a high participation rate. This study looks at the first set of ABS data focusing on and further analyzing some of the quantitative mea- surements available. One key statistical analysis technique used in this study is linear correlation. Linear correlation quantifies the strength of a linear relationship between two variables. When there is no correlation between the two variables, then there is no tendency for the values of one quantity to increase or decrease with the values of the second quantity. When there is 100% correlation, every increase or decrease in one variable has an equivalent in- crease or decrease in the other one. Linear correlation is typically represented by a number between 0.00 (no cor- relation) and ± 1.00 (100% correlation). Sample size in lin- ear correlation studies is relevant; one of the weaknesses of some prior studies 1 is their small sample size. ABS has overcome the small sample size issue with more than 100 institutions subscribing in less than one year of operation. At the time of this analysis (April 2010), 86 organiza- tions had entered data into the ABS database. The pro- cess for data analysis included the following:
RADIOBIOLOGY OF PIONS AT LAMPF

Recent radiobiology data for pion beams used in therapy are presented. The biological systems used were cultured cells suspended in gelatin and intestinal crypt assay. The importance of fast neutrons from pion stars in large treatment volumes is discussed. The data for compensating the depth dose distribution to produce uniform cell killing across the peak region are presented. The changes in biological effectiveness with peak width for pion beams (unlike heavy ions) are small because of fast neutron contribution from pion stars. The need for innovative radiobiology programs to guide high-LET radiotherapy is discussed.
MR imaging of children and young adults with classic findings of osteonecrosis on unenhanced MR images: do contrast-enhanced sequences help?

Background The added value of routine contrast-enhanced MR imaging in children with classic findings of osteonecrosis on unenhanced MR images has not been determined.
“Portuguese” Architecture and Luso-African Identity in Senegambia and Guinea, 1730–1890

Along the West African coast and in the immediate hinterland from the Gambia River to Sierra Leone in the eighteenth and the first half of the nineteenth century, a region of extensive long-distance trade, the buildings people lived in, as well as the physical layout of their communities, served as important elements in the articulation of their cultural identity. At the same time, architecture reflected contact between the various populations of the region. These groups included a small number of Portuguese and a somewhat larger population of several thousand Luso-Africans, whose commercial role as traders, declining by the late eighteenth century, was limited essentially to the navigable lower reaches of coastal rivers and waterways.These Luso-Africans, faced by Europeans who contested their efforts to define themselves as a group, were gradually marginalized and ultimately subsumed into the neighboring coastal populations, leaving only traces of their distinctive culture. Among the elements that comprised the Luso-African cultural legacy were houses built in “Portuguese” style: rectangular structures with whitewashed exteriors and a vestibule or a porch. From the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries, these houses helped to define the Luso-African community.The local African populations of West Atlantic-speakers (Floups, Bagnuns, Bijogos, and Papels) and, further down the coast, Susus, Temnes and Bulloms, were for the most part organized into small-scale, decentralized societies. Mande-speaking peoples inhabited the small states of the lower Gambia and the more important state of Kaabu in Guinea-Bissau; they, together with ‘juula’ merchants, comprised the western outriders of the Mande diaspora. Further east, in the newly-established Islamic state of Fuuta Jaloo (Futa Jalon), lived the Fulbe.
Contrasting Morphological Changes in PC12 Flat Cells Expressing Two Different Forms of Exogenous Oncogenic Ras

Oncogenic ras is known to transform certain cells, whereas it induces terminal differentiation of others, e.g., neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells. MPT1 is a PC12 flat cell variant that extends glial-like processes and exhibits some properties of noncancer cells in culture, e.g., absence of anchorage-independent growth. Expression of oncogenic ras by MPT1 cells failed to result in neuronal differentiation, but such cells exhibited two contrasting morphological changes under certain conditions. First, they retained their extended processes in the presence of dexamethasone, unlike MPT1 cells not expressing oncogenic ras. Second, confluent cultures of ras-expressing MPT1 cells contained foci of transformed-looking cells that were refractile and grew in multiple layers. Thus, ras seemed to induce both a kind of differentiation and transformation of MPT1 cells. MPT1 cells were transfected with a plasmid carrying an oncogenic Harvey ras gene under transcriptional control of the metallothionein promoter. Two subclones of the transfected cells exhibited different responses to the induction of ras and expressed two different forms of the ras gene product. One clone extended dexamethasone-resistant processes and the second clone exhibited a more transformed phenotype. The ras gene product expressed in these two clones differed in migration on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and in the extent of phosphorylation. These results suggest that ras protein phosphorylation may be important in determining whether a ras-mediated response is differentiation or transformation.
Earthquake predictions issued in Greece by seismic electric signals since February 6, 1990

Abstract The present paper describes the results of all official predictions that were issued on the basis of seismic electric signals recorded in Greece during the period Feb. 6, 1990–May 31, 1991. They amount to four cases of activities (multiple events). In two cases the predictions were also submitted for publication to Tectonophysics before the beginning of the corresponding seismic activities, while in a third case the prediction was announced during an International Conference held in Japan, also before the occurrence of the earthquake. After the submission of the manuscript, a number of earthquakes occurred during the period up to May 31, 1992. They are summarized along with their predictions in Appendix 1.
Melville's Pierre and nervous exhaustion; or "the vacant whirlingness of the bewilderingness".

This essay examines nervous exhaustion in Herman Melville's most problematic novel, Pierre, or the Ambiguities (1852). Nervous exhaustion, as it is figured by Melville, is an issue in which disease and literary understanding converge. Pierre can inform our understanding of nineteenth-century nervous disease (or more broadly still, diseases of culture) and its connection to literature and how it was that Melville came to articulate this nervous vision.
Magnetic X-Ray Circular Dichroism in Nickel-Gold Multilayers

Magnetic circular dichroism in x-ray absorption is used to investigate the in-plane, remnant magnetization of well-characterized Ni{sub 0.48}/Au{sub 0.52} multilayers. Large superlattice strains are found in this multilayer system for samples with a 2nm layer pair spacing. A larger dichroism is found in the Ni 2p absorption edge for a 1.8 nm than for a 4.4 nm layer pair sample. The larger dichroism is consistent with a larger magnitude of in-plane strain for the Ni layers and a larger total magnetic anisotropy energy as previously shown from magnetization curves.
Cohabitation patterns of the San Marcos salamander (Eurycea nana)

Social interactions of conspecifics are a function of complex relationships involving resource defense, anti- predatory tactics, and mate acquisition. Consequently, individuals often associate non-randomly with conspecifics in their habitats, with spatial distributions of adults ranging from territorial spacing to aggregations. Site tenacity and cohabitation patterns have been well studied in many species of terrestrial salamander; however, less is understood about these behaviors in aquatic species. We examined the cohabitation patterns of intrasexual and intersexual pairs of the federally threatened, paedomorphic San Marcos salamander (Eurycea nana) under artificial shelters in a laboratory setting over a 20-day period. We found that intrasexual female pairs and intersexual pairs were found cohabiting more often than intrasexual male pairs. We also assessed site tenacity by examining shelter affinity and found that both males and females inhabited one of the two shelters more often than expected from random habitation, regardless of whether they were in intersexual or intrasexual pairings. Our results indicate that although both sexes of Eurycea nana exhibit site affinity, the sex of individuals is an important determinant of cohabitation patterns.
The problem of Nardus and its productivity in relation to sheep grazing at Moor House, Westmorland.

Attention is drawn to the increase of the unpalatable and unproductive grass, Nardus stricia, on hill grazings. This increase is considered to be related to a decline in soil fertility, which is being hastened by present-day management. An experiment to measure the production of a typical Nardus-dominated sward at 1700 feet O.D. on the northern Pennies is described. The results sliow that there was no increase in dry matter during the growing season. There was however an increase in some mineral elements. A manurial treatment showed poor response, but when the sward was cut and the herbage removed in spring, subsequent manuring gave spectacular yields.
Scale-Up! Classroom design and use can facilitate learning

SCALE-UP is an acronym for Student-Centred Active Learning Environment with Upside-down Pedagogies. The term upside-down pedagogies refers to a flipped or inverted classroom approach that is characterised by flipping teaching and learning responsibilities; instead of students first hearing a lecture and then doing homework, students can watch a lecture or otherwise prepare for class at home and then practise what they have learned in class. This paper discusses active learning strategies and how legal education can utilise such approaches, explores how studio classroom design can facilitate such strategies, describes the configuration of a Scale-Up classroom, provides exercises that can be incorporated into such a learning space, and elaborates on the advantages and disadvantages of the use of the pedagogy in a redesigned learning space. It concludes that requiring students to complete some practical exercises in class, participate in discussions with peers, or work on assignments where the lecturer has s...
Acoustic impedance matching using dynamic homogenization of periodic composites

In this paper we present a method to design composites which are acoustically impedance matched with a homogeneous medium at a desired frequency. We use dynamic homogenization of layered elastic composites to calculate their effective acoustic impedance. It is shown that the microstructure of a layered composite can be designed so that its acoustic impedance matches the impedance of the homogeneous medium at the desired frequency. As a result, the reflection at the interface of such a composite with the homogeneous medium is minimized. Transfer matrix calculation and finite element modeling of wave propagation through a layered periodic composite sandwiched between two homogenous media are done. It is observed that at the design frequency where the composite has matched impedance with homogenous media the reflection at the interfaces is almost zero.
Urological disorders in children

Abstract Paediatric urologists manage congenital and acquired anomalies of the genitourinary tract in children. Many of the congenital conditions are now diagnosed in utero. This contribution reviews the post-natal investigation and management of the following conditions: antenatal hydronephrosis, obstructions at the pelviuretic and vesicoureterric junctions, vesicoureteric reflux, megaureters, multicystic dysplastic kidneys, posterior urethral valves and hypospadias.
Seedling recruitment patterns in a tropical dry forest in Ghana

. Studies of seedling demography and dynamics were carried out in a dry forest at Pinkwae, Ghana (rainfall 1100 mm). Seedlings of tree and liana species in permanent transects were tagged, identified, measured and recensused at bimonthly intervals. A total of 1931 seedlings in 53 species were followed over 14 censuses during a 2-yr period. Germination and mortality were seasonal in their distribution; mortality was highest in dry periods. Seedling density varied seasonally, with the highest densities in comparatively wet periods. Diversity of seedlings was low, corresponding to that of the adult assemblage. Survivorship of tagged seedlings was recorded during the study period. The cohort tagged at the first census, comprising 1033 individuals of mixed ages and species, lost 61.9% during a 24-month period. Many seedlings were found to be rather large at the initial post-germination stage, with strong root development. Vegetative reproduction by root suckers or epicormic shoots was quite common at the site, although the majority of regeneration was by seeds. The current seedling assemblage appears to be representative, in terms of composition and diversity, of the adult species assemblage at Pinkwae.
THE O VI EMISSION FROM THE SUN.

The ionization equilibrium of oxygen is calculated for various temperatures. A peculiarity in the dielectronic recombination leads to a considerable fraction of Ovi in the corona. Thus, the Ovi lines may be emitted from the corona rather than the transition region.
Beliefs about Arguing: A Comparison of Public Issue and Personal Issue Arguments

Arguments occurring in interpersonal relationships can be divided into two types: public issue arguments and personal issue arguments. This study utilizes five beliefs about arguing delineated by Rancer, Kosberg, and Baukus (1992) to examine the different beliefs individuals hold about each type of argument. Public issue arguments, which focus on issues outside of the interpersonal relationship, were reported to have higher enjoyment and a more positive effect on the self‐concept. Personal issue arguments, which relate more closely to the interpersonal relationship, were perceived as resulting in more pragmatic outcomes and higher ego‐involvement. These differences illustrate the need to examine both types of arguments to comprehensively understand arguing in interpersonal relationships.
Equivalence of measures induced by infinitely divisible processes

Abstract We find sufficient conditions for the equivalence of two measures on function space induced by infinitely divisible processes. The processes are not assumed to be stochastically continuous or to have independent increments. The theorem proved here is equivalent to known results in the special case of stochastically continuous processes with independent increments.
Structured RNA upstream of insect cap distal iron responsive elements enhances iron regulatory protein-mediated control of translation

Iron regulatory protein (IRP) blocks ribosomal assembly by binding to an iron responsive element (IRE) located proximal (<60 nts) to the mRNA cap, thereby repressing translation. Constructs with IREs located 60-100 nts from the cap permit ribosomal assembly but the ribosomes pause at IRE/IRP complexes resulting in partial repression of translation. However, insect ferritin mRNAs have cap-distal IREs located 90-156 nts from the cap. Because iron can be toxic, it seems unlikely that insects would be unable to fully regulate ferritin synthesis at the level of translation. Calpodes ferritin consists of two subunits, S and G. In vitro translation of Calpodes ferritin and IRP1 from fat body mRNA yields only G subunits suggesting that IRP1 more efficiently represses translation of the S subunit than the G. When repression is removed by the addition of IRE competitor RNA, the synthesis of both subunits is greatly increased. S and G ferritin mRNAs have identical IREs in similar far cap-distal positions. While both ferritin mRNAs are predicted to have stem-loops between the IRE and the RNA cap, in general insect S mRNAs have more cap-proximal RNA structure than G mRNAs. Therefore, we examined the effect of upstream secondary structure on ribosomal assembly onto S ferritin mRNA constructs using sucrose gradient analysis of translation initiation complexes. We found no evidence for ribosomal assembly on wild type Calpodes S ferritin mRNA in the presence of IRP1 while constructs lacking the wild type secondary structure showed ribosomal pausing. Constructs with wild type secondary structure preceded by an unstructured upstream leader assemble ribosomes in the presence or absence of IRP1. Sequence and RNA folding analyses of other insect ferritins with cap-distal IREs failed to identify any common sequences or IRE-like structures that might bind to IRP1 with lower affinity or to another RNA binding protein. We propose that stem-loops upstream from the IRE act like pleats that shorten the effective distance between the IRE and cap and allow full translational repression by IRP1. In this way some cap-distal IREs may function like cap-proximal ones.
Engineering a mevalonate pathway in Escherichia coli for production of terpenoids

Isoprenoids are the most numerous and structurally diverse family of natural products. Terpenoids, a class of isoprenoids often isolated from plants, are used as commercial flavor and fragrance compounds and antimalarial or anticancer drugs. Because plant tissue extractions typically yield low terpenoid concentrations, we sought an alternative method to produce high-value terpenoid compounds, such as the antimalarial drug artemisinin, in a microbial host. We engineered the expression of a synthetic amorpha-4,11-diene synthase gene and the mevalonate isoprenoid pathway from Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Escherichia coli. Concentrations of amorphadiene, the sesquiterpene olefin precursor to artemisinin, reached 24 μg caryophyllene equivalent/ml. Because isopentenyl and dimethylallyl pyrophosphates are the universal precursors to all isoprenoids, the strains developed in this study can serve as platform hosts for the production of any terpenoid compound for which a terpene synthase gene is available.
High sensitive circular Hall Effect sensor for magnetic bead labeled immunoassay

A novel circular shape CMOS Hall Effect sensor design is proposed in this paper. Compared with traditional rectangular shape Hall Effect sensor, the proposed design can improve the sensitivity significantly. By implementing this sensor design with readout circuit, amplifier and DSP circuit in a CMOS chip, the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) can be replaced by a lower cost, more portable and higher sensitive magnetic bead labeled immunoassay platform, which could eventually realize molecular diagnosis on chip.
Exploration of bit reoptimization schemes in transform-based speech coding

Transform-based speech coding is an attractive alternative to conventional (i.e. linear-predictive) speech coding schemes due to its simplicity and its flexibility with respect to particular frequency components. The classic transform-based speech coding algorithm gives a well-defined coding procedure which yields good results. However its optimal bit assignment procedure has a good degree of variability. In this work several bit reoptimization schemes are explored, and a reoptimization scheme is proposed that is proven by simulations to be beneficial.
Free-surface flows past a surface-piercing object of finite length

Steady two-dimensional flows past a parabolic obstacle lying on the free surface in water of finite depth are considered. The fluid is treated as inviscid and incompressible and the flow is assumed to be irrotational. Gravity is included in the free-surface condition. The problem is solved numerically by using boundary integral equation techniques. It is shown that there are solutions for which the flow is supercritical both upstream and downstream and others for which the flow is subcritical both upstream and downstream. These flows have continuous tangents at both ends of the obstacle at which separation occurs. For supercritical flows, there are up to three solutions corresponding to the same value of the Froude number when the obstacle is concave and up to two solutions when the obstacle is convex. For subcritical flows, there are solutions with waves behind the obstacle. As the Froude number decreases, these waves become steeper and the numerical calculations suggest that they, ultimately, reach limiting configurations with a sharp crest forming a 120° angle.
Electrospray mass spectroscopy of macromolecule degradation in the electrospray

As previously shown, by electrospraying dilute polystyrene (PS) solutions gas phase macroions can be produced. Degradation of the PS in the electrospray was tested by collecting the electrosprayed PS and measuring its number-average molecular weight osmotically. About 10% degradation was observed when using negative voltages, but the degradation was considerably reduced when the electrospray occurred in the presence of SF6 gas. No degradation was apparent in the case of positive sprays. A quantitative analysis of the results was made difficult by a small less of PS in the nitrogen gas stream and by diffusion of lighter ions to the vertical wall of the spray chamber. The latter effect did not occur at the highest spray voltage used, −24 kV.
Ecclesiastical Lawyers and the English Reformation

Too little is known about the history of the profession of ecclesiastical law. It is a good subject for research. The Prefect of the Vatican Library once described the medieval English ecclesiastical lawyers as a ‘much-maligned class’ that has commonly been held responsible for a great many of the ills that afflicted the English Church. He was restating a not uncommon judgment among historians who have been obliged by their subject to say something about ecclesiastical lawyers. But it is a statement about public perception rather than actual conditions among these lawyers. There needs to be somewhat more of the latter. We do know something about the top of the profession, the advocates and judges of Doctors' Commons. The rest of the landscape is almost wholly terra incognita. About the diocesan registrar, the backbone of the profession, there is only one article – a good article to be sure – but only one: that published in 1976 by Rosemary O'Day. There is much more to be done.
Children reject inequity out of spite

When confronted with inequality, human children and adults sacrifice personal gain to reduce the pay-offs of other individuals, exhibiting apparently spiteful motivations. By contrast, sacrifice of personal gain by non-human animals is often interpreted as frustration. Spite may thus be a uniquely human motivator. However, to date, no empirical study has demonstrated that psychological spite actually drives human behaviour, leaving the motivation for inequity aversion unclear. Here, we ask whether 4- to 9-year-old children and adults reject disadvantageous inequity (less for self, more for peer) out of spite or frustration. We show that children, but not adults, are more likely to reject disadvantageous allocations when doing so deprives their peer of a better reward (spite) than when their peer has already received the better reward (frustration). Spiteful motivations are thus present early in childhood and may be a species-specific component of humans' developing cooperative and competitive behaviour.
Spectral histogram representations for visual modeling

We present spectral histogram representations for visual modeling. Based on a generative process, the representation is derived by partitioning the frequency domain into small disjoint regions and assuming independence among the regions. This gives rise to a set of filters and a representation consisting of marginal distributions of those filter responses. A distinct advantage of our representation is that it can be effectively used for different classification and recognition tasks, which is demonstrated by experiments and comparisons in texture classification, face recognition, and appearance-based 3D object recognition. The marked improvement over existing methods justifies our principle that effective priori knowledge should be derived from physical generative processes.
Analytical Solution of a Model of Integrin-Cytoskeletal Interactions in Migrating Fibroblasts

We demonstrate that an exact analytical solution can be constructed for an intracellular directed transport model of integrin developed by Schmidt et al. (1994). The model attempts to mimick the experimental observation that integrin is transported intermittently, by a combination of two-dimensional diffusion and cytoskeleton-mediated convective transport, towards the cell edge. In particular, the model assumes stochastic coupling and uncoupling of integrin molecules (described by first-order rate coefficients k c and k u ) to a cytoskeletal element moving at a fixed velocity V 0 . Uncoupled integrins are assumed to undergo isotropic two-dimensional diffusion with a diffusion coefficient D 0 . We demonstrate for this model that, in the asymptotic limit of transport over large distances and long times, transport is described by parallel diffusion and convection processes with effective diffusivity D = D 0 K D /(1 + K D ) and effective velocity V = V 0 /(1 + K D ), where K D = k u /k c is an equilibrium constant for decoupling. At shorter times, the mean-squared displacement cannot be described by superposing diffusion and convection; rather complicated transport arises from dynamical correlations associated with the coupled reaction, diffusion, and convection processes
Formulation and processing of novel conductive solution inks in continuous inkjet printing of 3-D electric circuits

One of the greatest challenges for the inkjet printing electrical circuits is formulation and processing of conductive inks. In the present investigation, two different formulations of particle-free conductive solutions are introduced that are low in cost, easy to deposit, and possess good electrical properties. A novel aqueous solution consisting of silver nitrate and additives is initially described. This solution demonstrates excellent adherence to glass and polymers and has an electrical resistivity only 2.9 times that of bulk silver after curing. A metallo-organic decomposition (MOD) ink is subsequently introduced. This ink produces a close-packed silver crystal microstructure after low-temperature thermolysis and subsequent high-temperature annealing. The electrical conductance of the final consolidated trace produced with the MOD ink is very close to bulk silver. In addition, the traces produced with the MOD material exhibit excellent wear and fracture resistance. When utilized in a specialized continuous inkjet (CIJ) printing technology system, both particle-free solution inks are able to produce conductive traces in three dimensions. The importance of three-dimensional (3-D) printing of conductive traces is finally discussed in relation to the broad range of applications in the freeform fabrication industry.
Content validity and reliability of a food frequency questionnaire to measure eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid intakes in young adults: A pilot study

Background : The food environment is rapidly changing with regard to omega-3 fatty acids. Research is hindered by the lack of a tool specifically designed to measure intakes of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids in US populations. The purpose of this pilot study was to assess the content validity and reliability of a novel 14-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) designed to measure contemporary sources of eicosapentaenoic aid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Methods : During May of 2009, college students (n = 165) completed the FFQ and provided feedback. Forty-five completed the questionnaire a second time allowing for the evaluation of test-retest reliability. Results: None of the students reported consuming a food naturally rich in EPA and DHA that was not included in the FFQ. Overall instrument reliability (n = 54) was strong (ρ = 0.86, p < 0.001) and the reliability for each of the non-functional food items ranged from moderate to strong (ρ = 0.48 to 0.86, p < 0.001). Correlation coefficients for each of the functional food items were low and/or non-significant. Uncertainty regarding omega-3 functional foods was listed as a reason by eight of the twelve who felt one or more of the questions were difficult to answer. Conclusions : Overall instrument reliability was strong and content validity was good. Nonetheless, participant feedback, and the decreased test-retest coefficients for the omega-3 functional foods, suggests unfamiliarity may be problematic when measuring intakes from these food sources. Keywords : Functional foods, n-3 fatty acids, dietary assessment, seafood, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid
A kaleidoscope: The role of the social work practitioner and the strength of social work theories and practice in meeting the complex needs of people trafficked and the professionals that work with them

This qualitative research study explored responses to trafficking in persons. Fifty-five (n = 55) interviews were collected and data were analyzed using qualitative iterative processes. The social worker and the utilization of social work perspectives provided a strong and effective framework for service delivery and effective interdisciplinary collaboration. The ecological, strengths-based, and victim-center approaches were a benefit to survivors and professionals specifically around coordinated efforts, trust-building, and increased cultural competence. Findings also support that individuals who are trafficked have unique needs and social workers’ theoretical and practice modalities are well suited to respond to and coordinate these distinct circumstances.
Observed versus GCM-Generated Local Tropical Cyclone Frequency: Comparisons Using a Spatial Lattice

Of broad scientific and public interest is the reliability of global climate models (GCMs) to simulate future regional and local tropical cyclone (TC) occurrences. Atmospheric GCMs are now able to generate vortices resemblingactualTCs,butquestionsremainabouttheirfidelitytoobservedTCs.Heretheauthorsdemonstrate a spatial lattice approach for comparing actual with simulated TC occurrences regionally using observed TCs from the International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS) dataset and GCM-generated TCs from the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) High Resolution Atmospheric Model (HiRAM) and Florida State University (FSU) Center for Ocean‐Atmospheric Prediction Studies (COAPS) model over the common period 1982‐2008. Results show that the spatial distribution of TCs generated by the GFDL model compares well with observations globally, although there are areas of over- and underprediction, particularlyin parts ofthe PacificOcean. Difference maps using the spatial lattice highlightthese discrepancies. Additionally,comparisonsfocusingontheNorthAtlanticOceanbasinaremade.Resultsconfirmalargeareaof overprediction by the FSU COAPS model in the south-central portion of the basin. Relevant to projections of future U.S. hurricane activity is the fact that both models underpredict TC activity in the Gulf of Mexico.
Thermochemistry of Amines, Nitroso Compounds, Nitro Compounds and Related Species

1 Introduction 2 Correlations of Enthalpies of Formation of Alkyl Nitrogen-Containing Compounds 3 Aliphatic and Alicyclic Monoamines 4 Anilines and other Aromatic Amines 5 Polyamines 6 Nitroso Compounds 7 Aromatic Nitro Compounds 8 Nitro Compounds as Explosives Keywords: amines, nitroso, nitro compound thermochemistry; anilines and other aromatic amines; aliphatic and alicyclic monoamines; aniline and N-alkylated anilines; nitroso compounds; nitrosobenzene and its methylated derivatives; aromatic nitro compounds; enthalpy of formation of explosives - experimental determination
Evaluation of Kinetic Models for the Smectite to Illite Transformation

Abstraet--Three different models have been reported previously to describe the kinetics of the transformation of smectite to illite (Pytte 1982; Velde and Vasseur 1992; Huang et al. 1993). In order to evaluate the general utility of these models to calculate the timing and extent of this transformation, each model was applied to four different geologic settings (Denver Basin, Gulf Coast, the Salton Sea Geothermal System, and Paris Basin) in which the ages, geothermal gradients and potassium ion activities vary markedly. The model results are compared to the measured percentages of illite in illite/smectite (US) and the K/Ar ages of I/S (if available) to test the utility of a given model to a particular basin. Although individual models can be applied to study this transformation within a specific setting, none of these models was successful in simulating the transformation for all four basins. The Salton Sea was simulated best using the model by Huang et al. (1993), which incorporated an increased geothermal gradient during the last 20,000 years. These results indicate that a large fraction of illite formed due to this increased geothermal gradient, and underscores that temperature is a dominant kinetic factor in forming illite. The Denver Basin was simulated well by the models of Velde and Vasseur (1992) and Pytte (1982). The Gulf Coast was simulated very well by the model of Huang et al. (1993) using a term that terminates the transformation at 75% illite. For the Paris Basin, the results are mixed. The models can be refined by comparing the calculated and measured ages of illite such as the K/Ar ages of I/S to understand the thermal history of a particular basin. The calculated ages of illitization derived from these refined models can be used to indicate the time at which source rocks became thermally mature to form oil and gas.