cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wall Remodeling During Luminal Expansion of Mesenteric Arterial Collaterals in the Rat

Wall remodeling associated with rapid luminal enlargement of collateral mesenteric arteries in rats was investigated 1 and 4 weeks after creation of a collateral pathway by ligating three to four sequential arteries. Paired observations were made of inner diameters of collateral and normal arteries in the same animals. Arterial blood flow was measured at the final observation. Sections of arteries were processed for morphological measurements. After 4 weeks, inner arterial diameter was increased more at the beginning (63 +/- 6%) than the end (25 +/- 9%) of the collateral pathway. At 1 and 4 weeks, respectively, cross-sectional areas of collateral relative to normal arteries were increased by 46 +/- 5% and 59 +/- 13% (lumen), 55 +/- 8% and 65 +/- 14% (media), and 89 +/- 18% and 60 +/- 31% (intima). The wall expansion during luminal enlargement resulted in a normal medial thickness:luminal radius relationship. At 1 week postligation, wall shear rate remained elevated and endothelial but not smooth muscle hyperplasia had occurred (intimal nuclei: 40 +/- 1.7 collateral versus 24 +/- 3.0 normal; medial nuclei: 42 +/- 6.8 collateral versus 37 +/- 2.1 normal). At 4 weeks, wall shear rate in collaterals was similar to normal arteries, and smooth muscle hyperplasia had taken place (medial nuclei: 84 +/- 9.4 collateral versus 44 +/- 4.7 normal). The data demonstrate that wall expansion associated with rapid luminal enlargement of these collaterals involves hyperplasia of both endothelial and smooth muscle cells; however, smooth muscle proliferation does not occur until after wall shear rate is reduced. The specific cellular adaptations that occur during collateral development may depend on the level of wall shear and shear-dependent modulation of endothelial growth factors.
Technology Insertion in the U.S. Navy

With a new perspective on how to conduct business through acquisition reform, the Navy faces infrastructure challenges that are not necessarily in sync with acquisition principles. Historically, the U.S. Navy (Navy hereinafter) has always spearheaded the means of developing design for form, fit, and function of Navy machinery. This leadership role has its roots on the unique requirements that the U.S. Navy has to fulfill its mission. Unfortunately, this process does not always prove to be cost effective since its implementation normally carries heavy restrictions, unique applications, and little competition. This is commonplace for most technology insertion efforts into Navy Ships.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors in Individuals with a History of ASDs Who Have Achieved Optimal Outcomes

Studies of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) suggest that restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are particularly difficult to remediate. We examined present and past RRBs in 34 individuals who achieved optimal outcomes (OOs; lost their ASD diagnosis), 45 high-functioning individuals with ASD (HFA) and 34 typically developing (TD) peers. The OO group exhibited minimal residual RRBs at the time of the study. All OO participants were reported to have at least one RRB in early childhood and almost 90 % met the RRB cutoff for ASD in early childhood, but RRBs were not more present in the OO than the TD group at the time of the study. History of RRBs in the HFA and OO groups differed only in oversensitivity to noise and insistence on sameness. Reports of current behavior indicated that RRB’s had almost totally disappeared in the OO group. Thus, although RRB’s were present in the OO group in childhood, they resolved along with social and communication deficits.
Altered activity–rest patterns in mice with a human autosomal-dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy mutation in the β2 nicotinic receptor

High-affinity nicotinic receptors containing β2 subunits (β2^*) are widely expressed in the brain, modulating many neuronal processes and contributing to neuropathologies such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and epilepsy. Mutations in both the α4 and β2 subunits are associated with a rare partial epilepsy, autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (ADNFLE). In this study, we introduced one such human missense mutation into the mouse genome to generate a knock-in strain carrying a valine-to-leucine mutation β2V287L. β2^(V287L) mice were viable and born at an expected Mendelian ratio. Surprisingly, mice did not show an overt seizure phenotype; however, homozygous mice did show significant alterations in their activity–rest patterns. This was manifest as an increase in activity during the light cycle suggestive of disturbances in the normal sleep patterns of mice; a parallel phenotype to that found in human ADNFLE patients. Consistent with the role of nicotinic receptors in reward pathways, we found that β2^(V287L) mice did not develop a normal proclivity to voluntary wheel running, a model for natural reward. Anxiety-related behaviors were also affected by the V287L mutation. Mutant mice spent more time in the open arms on the elevated plus maze suggesting that they had reduced levels of anxiety. Together, these findings emphasize several important roles of β2^* nicotinic receptors in complex biological processes including the activity–rest cycle, natural reward and anxiety.
Purification and characterization of the major β‐1,4‐endoglucanase from Thermomonospora curvata

The major beta-1,4-endoglucanase (EG) of the thermophilic actinomycete, Thermomonospora curvata, contributed over 80% of the total EG activity recovered from cell-free culture fluid after growth on cellulose. The enzyme was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity by ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography and size exclusion HPLC. This monomeric enzyme had a specific activity of 750 IU mg(-1) when assayed with 2.5% (w/v) carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) at 70 degrees C, pH 6.0. Highest activity was observed on CMC with a degree of polymerization of 3200. The EG was stable for 48 h at 60 degrees C, pH 6.0 and had a half-life of 30 min at 80 degrees C; temperature and pH optima were 70-73 degrees C and 6.0-6.5, respectively. The mol. wt was 100,000 and the pI was 4.0. The Km and Vmax values were 7.33 mg/ml(-1) and 833 microns min(-1), respectively. EG activity was inhibited by Fe(2+), Hg(2+), Ag(+) and Pb(2+), and enhanced by dithiothreitol and Zn(2+). The first 12 amino acid residues at the N-terminus were: Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-Glu-Ile-Arg-Asn-Gly-Asp-Phe-Ser. Glutamic and aspartic acid constituted 24% of the total amino acid composition; no amino sugar was found.
Synthetic approach to potential precursors of sclerophytin A

Abstract A direct approach to simple bicyclic analogues of the antitumor natural diterpene, sclerophytin A, is described. The readily available bicyclic ketone 8 (prepared from furan and trichloroacetone) was enantioselectively methylated to give the optically active ketone 11 . Regioselective allylation using Negishi's method afforded the α,α-dialkyl ketone 12 , which was converted to the chloroacetate 15 by hydroboration–oxidation and protection. Regioselective Baeyer–Villiger oxidation afforded the lactone 7a which could be transformed into the silyl ether 7b . Tebbe olefination furnished a mixture of two enol ethers in which the desired product 17 was the minor isomer. Several attempts to use the major endocyclic enol ether 18 to give the tricyclic analogues of sclerophytin proved unsuccessful. Opening of the lactone of 18 and selective protection of the diol afforded the primary alcohol 24 which was oxidized to the keto aldehyde 25 . Unfortunately pinacol coupling of 25 did not give any cyclic product. The diene 27 was also prepared from 25 but all attempts at ring-closing metathesis of 27 met with the same fate. The failure of these various cyclization methods underscores the difficulty in forming medium-sized ring systems, especially those cis-fused at the 2- and 5-positions of a tetrahydrofuran ring.
Hostility and psychoric symptoms.

The view that schizophrenic symptoms are an attempt to keep in a latent form certain intensely hostile impulses, is examined in this study. It is supported by experiences gained in intensive, individual, analytically-oriented psychotherapy with six schizophrenic patients. The principles governing therapy and the relevant case history data are described. The patterns of response which recurred regularly during therapy and were considered significant are noted as follows: Particularly severe, hostile feelings appeared progressively as the symptoms seen in the early interviews receded with therapy. When the symptoms reappeared prominently during therapy, the overt hostility diminished. After hostility became overt and dissipated within the therapeutic situation, the symptoms were lessened considerably.
Mechanisms for the operation of three cloudwater collectors : comparison of mountain-top results

Three different cloudwater collectors co-mounted on a mountain-top platform which often stayed immersed in clouds, were studied to determine the physical mechanisms which control their operation. These physical mechanisms may affect the chemistry of the sampled water. The cloudwater collectors used were the Desert Research Institute linear-jet impactor (DRI), the Daube California Institute of Technology active-string collector (Caltech), and the non-rotating passive Atmospheric Science Research Center string collector (ASRC). The test showed that these instruments collected different amounts of cloudwater with the DRI yielding the least, and the ASRC the most under the same sampling environments. The DRI preferentially collects cloud droplets by bringing them toward a central nucleus upon which they accumulate and subsequently deposit into its sampling bottle; the mechanisms being analogous to diffusional-condensation growth of activated cloud condensation nuclei at cloud base. The amount of water collected depends on the rate at which droplets are brought into the DRI towards the nucleus and seems to be affected by the wind speed. The Caltech and the ASRC transfer cloudwater into their sampling bottles analogously to the collision-coalescence process in precipitation initiation. Simply, cloud droplets accumulate on the strings of these collectors and are transferred to the collection bottle as they before large enough to fall acquiring smaller droplets along their path. The amount of water collected does not depend on wind speed once the collected droplets begin falling into the collection bottle. However at moderate wind speeds, the ratio of the ASRC collected water amount and wind speed during a given time period is linearly related to the liquid water content of the sampled clouds. The liquid water content of the clouds can be estimated from the ASRC measurements at moderate wind speeds exceeding 2.0 m s−1.
On the locus of picture-word differences in paired-associate learning

Paired associates involving either picture or word stimuli were presented by the study-test method. In test trials Ss were tested for stimulus recognition as well as associative recall. Pictures and words were used as test-trial items in conjunction with both picture and word study-trial stimuli. Recognition and recall were superior when pictures rather than words were study-trial stimuli, but there was no difference between picture and word test lists. The study-trial difference disappeared when stimulus recognition was held constant, suggesting that the effect is based on differences in discrimination or encoding rather than intrapair association.
How do the phq‐2, the phq‐9 perform in aging services clients with cognitive impairment?

Objective To examine the performance of the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2) and the PHQ-9 in detecting current major depressive episode (MDE) in aging services care management clients who screen positive for cognitive impairment (CI). Methods Cross-sectional observational study of 236 care management clients ages ≥60 years recruited from an Upstate NY aging services agency. The test characteristics of the PHQ-2 and PHQ-9 to screen for depression were calculated using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) to identify MDE (gold standard). CI was identified with the Six-Item Screen (SIS). Results Participants had a mean age of 77 years, 68% female, 16% non-white, and 26% had less than a high school education. 16% of participants had CI identified by ≥2 errors on SIS. Of these, 41% had positive PHQ-2 (scores ≥3), 43% had positive PHQ-9 (scores ≥10), while 24% met criteria for MDE. In the sample with CI, the PHQ-2, using a cutoff of 3, had sensitivity = 0.78, specificity = 0.71, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) area under the curve (AUC) = 0.81, compared with 0.79, 0.82, and 0.88, respectively, for those without CI. In the sample with CI, the PHQ-9, using a cutoff of 10, had sensitivity = 0.89, specificity = 0.71, and AUC = 0.85, compared with 0.85, 0.89, and 0.91, respectively, for those without CI. Conclusions Cognitive status should be considered when using the PHQ as a depression screener due to poorer specificity in seniors with CI. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Back-illuminated 2048 x 2048 charge-coupled device performance

ABSTRACTThis paper will discuss recent performance of the back—illuminated 2048 x 2048 imaging array device. The TK2048E charge-coupled device (CCD) full frame imnager is a three phase polysilicongate buried channel device utilizing mini channel and multi-pinnedphase technology. Physical structure allows simultaneous readout ofeach 1024 x 1024 quadrant, or read out of the entire array through anyone of four identical output NOSFETs.Test results for noise, gain, dark current, charge transferefficiency, full well, dark and hot defects, quantum efficiency, andimaging will be reviewed.1. INTRODUCTIONTektronix has re-introduced' the TK2048E full frame 2048 x 2048 pixelarray imaging device in both front-illuminated and back-illuminatedversions. This device is designed for low noise, high charge transferefficiency, wide dynamic range of image signal sensitivity due to highfull well capacity, and excellent quantum efficiency from ultraviolet(UV) to infrared (IR) wavelengths. Possible applications for thisdevice include astronomy, machine vision, medical imaging, x—rayimaging, and scientific imaging.Important parameters for scientific imagers include noise, signalconversion gain, dark current, charge transfer efficiency (CTE) ,
Temperature dependence of the transparency current density in mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers

We analyze the temperature dependence of the transparency current density in mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers and assess its contribution to measured threshold current density for a laser with low voltage defect.
FLAVOR COMPOUNDS RELATED TO THE WARMED-OVER FLAVOR OF TURKEY

Taste panel results indicated that the warmed-over flavor of turkey meat was readily detectable and was equally detectable in both white and dark meat. Statistical analysis of gas chromatographic flavor profiles comparing fresh and reheated turkey meat selected three components of the profile as being correlated to the warmed-over flavor. The three components were found to increase due to reheating. Two of the three were identified as heptanal and n-nona-3,6-dienal. The remaining compound could not be identified. The two known compounds are typical end-products of lipid oxidation which further supports the hypothesis that warmed-over flavor is due to lipid oxidation.
God Gave Physics the Easy Problems: Adapting Social Science to an Unpredictable World

For conceptual and empirical reasons the quest for predictive theory rests on a mistaken analogy between physical and social phenomena. Evolutionary biology is a more productive analogy for social science. We explore the value of this analogy in its `hard' and `soft' versions, and examine the implications of both for theory and research in International Relations. We develop the case for forward `tracking' of International Relations on the basis of local and general knowledge as a constructive response to the problems we identify in backward-looking attempts to build deductive, nomothetic theory.
Biomechanics Cinematography Of Reptiles, Quadrupeds, And Bipeds

The history of Cinematography research can be described in levels of sophistication. The first level was the use of the single camera, primarily for qualitative research. The second level of sophistication was interpretive cinematography. The holistic method was the next level of sophistication, in which three-dimensional cinematography, two or more cameras, was used. Computerized cinematography was the next level. The last level of sophistication, used most extensively with humans, involved three-dimensional analysis and multiple cameras. One higher sophistication level that has been utilized with animals, rather than with humans, is that of cineradiography.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Communication Processes in Participatory Websites

Research on participatory websites has been minimally theoretical and lacks a comprehensive framework that identifies common elements and their functions across a variety of Web 2.0 platforms. This article suggests the definitions of 4 common message types in participatory websites—proprietor content, user-generated content, deliberate aggregate user representations, and incidental aggregate user representations—and offers research exemplars that illustrate how they may function in transforming online social interaction and influence. It introduces the 6 empirical studies in this Special Issue of the Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication in terms of the theories, functions, cues, and message types on which these articles focus. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The geochemical cycling of trace elements in a biogenic meromictic lake

The geochemical processes affecting the behavior and speciation of As, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn in Hall Lake, Washington, USA, are assessed by examining dissolved and acid soluble particulate profiles of the elements and utilizing results from thermodynamic calculations. The water column of this meromictic lake is highly stratified and contains distinctive oxic, suboxic, and anoxic layers. Changes in the redox state of the water column with depth affect the distribution of all the elements studied. Most noticeable are increases in dissolved Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations across the oxic-suboxic boundary, increases in dissolved As, Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, and V concentrations with depth in the anoxic layer, significant decreases in dissolved Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations in the anoxic region below the sulfide maximum, and large increases in acid soluble particulate concentrations of As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn in the anoxic zone below the sulfide maximum. Thermodynamic calculations for the anoxic region indicate that all redox sensitive elements exist in their reduced forms, the primary dissolved forms of Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn are metal sulfide solution complexes, and solid sulfide phases of Cu, Fe, Mo, and Pb are supersaturated. Calculations using a vertical diffusion and reaction model indicate that the oxidation rate constant for Mn(II) in Hall Lake is estimated to be 0.006 d−1 and is at the lower end of the range of microbial oxidation rates observed in other natural systems. The main geochemical processes influencing the distribution and speciation of trace elements in Hall Lake appear to be transformations of dissolved elements between their oxidation states (As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, V), cocycling of trace elements with Mn and Fe (As, Co, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, Zn), formation of soluble metal sulfide complexes (Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn), sorption (As, Co, Cr, Ni, V), and precipitation (Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Pb, Zn).
Pattern recognition control outperforms conventional myoelectric control in upper limb patients with targeted muscle reinnervation

Pattern recognition myoelectric control shows great promise as an alternative to conventional amplitude based control to control multiple degree of freedom prosthetic limbs. Many studies have reported pattern recognition classification error performances of less than 10% during offline tests; however, it remains unclear how this translates to real-time control performance. In this contribution, we compare the real-time control performances between pattern recognition and direct myoelectric control (a popular form of conventional amplitude control) for participants who had received targeted muscle reinnervation. The real-time performance was evaluated during three tasks; 1) a box and blocks task, 2) a clothespin relocation task, and 3) a block stacking task. Our results found that pattern recognition significantly outperformed direct control for all three performance tasks. Furthermore, it was found that pattern recognition was configured much quicker. The classification error of the pattern recognition systems used by the patients was found to be 16% ±(1.6%) suggesting that systems with this error rate may still provide excellent control. Finally, patients qualitatively preferred using pattern recognition control and reported the resulting control to be smoother and more consistent.
Complications associated with an implantable vascular access device.

Abstract Purpose Implantable vascular access devices (ports) are well accepted in the management of many pediatric conditions. Modifications have improved port function, patient satisfaction, and enhanced compatibility with imaging studies. We reviewed our experience with a port system and identified unique mechanical complications. Methods From 1998 to the present, 301 patients underwent 296 port insertions and 175 port removals. We assessed medical records, radiographs, and operative findings. The 6.6F MRI Low-Profile Implanted Port (Bard Access Systems, Salt Lake City, Utah) was used almost exclusively and was assembled by the operating surgeon. Outcome measures included port reservoir leakage, catheter dislodgment, and number of device days until complication. Ports were implanted for multiple medical problems including 74.2% in hematology/oncology patients. Results For 296 port insertions, 15 complications (5.1%) were identified in 13 patients (mean age, 8.4 years). Eleven leaks (3.7%) in 9 patients were found, with 9 leaks resulting from needle perforation of the port base and 2 leaks seen at the catheter connection site. Average port duration was 425 days (range, 12-1266 days) before leakage. Four patients had catheter dislodgment (1.4%), with 3 of 4 catheters embolizing to the heart or pulmonary artery. Patients were asymptomatic, and catheters were retrieved by interventional radiology. Dislodgment at the catheter-port connection site was seen in 3 of 4 cases, and average port duration was 1075 days (range, 269-2657 days) until catheter separation. Twelve of 13 patients had successful implantation of a new port system. Conclusions This study identifies that (1) mechanical port complications (5.1%) are not rare for this device; (2) regardless of port age, the thin plastic base may result in a risk of perforation not seen in other devices; (3) the extended period before embolization likely indicates device wear rather than faulty assembly; and (4) complications could be successfully managed including retrieval of embolized catheters.
Acromioclavicular lesions in children

This study reports on the followup of 25 children who were thought to have complete acromioclavicular joint dislocations. The patients were from 5 to 16 years old at the time of injury. Followup ranged between one and nine years. All were treated surgically. Various methods of stabilization were used, including transfixing the acromioclavicular joint with pins or a Bosworth screw and Mersilene (Ethicon, Somerville, NJ) taping of the clavicle to the coracoid. Good or excellent results, including return to full, asymptomatic activity and essentially normal clinical and roentgenographic appearance, were seen in over 90% of the cases. None of the children developed growth disturbances. Two of the 25 developed asymptomatic acromioclavicular joint arthritis, and both were cross-pinned. Children below the age of 13 years rarely sustain a complete acromioclavicular joint dislocation, but usually sustain a fracture of the distal clavicle with an intact acromioclavicular joint. Five (20%) of 25 patients below age 13 were erroneously diagnosed as having an acromioclavicular joint lesion. These children had only a fracture of the distal clavicle with rupture of the coracoclavicular ligament complex. Children of 13 years and older usually sustained complete dislocations of the acromioclavicular joint similar to adults. In children below age 13, conservative treatment should produce good or excellent results. Patients above age 13 all had adult-type acromioclavicular joint dislocations and were, accordingly, treated as adults.
Time Domain Reconstruction of Incoherently Undersampled Periodic Waveforms Using Bandwidth Interleaving

Incoherent undersampling provides a low cost solution for wideband periodic waveform acquisition without the requirement for synchronization with the source clock. The bandwidth of a traditional incoherent undersampling based test setup is limited by the the bandwidth of the track and hold amplifier. In this work, a test setup is proposed combining incoherent undersampling and bandwidth interleaving to break the bandwidth barrier of the track and hold amplifier. The high frequency components of the signal waveform beyond the track and hold bandwidth are down converted using mixers and undersampled. While bandwidth interleaved frequency domain signal reconstruction techniques have been proposed before, this is the first time that fast time domain reconstruction techniques are used for periodic waveform reconstruction of wideband signals in the absence of any synchronization between the test signal and the tester oscillator/sampling clock over multiple frequency bands by choosing the local oscillator frequency to be a multiple of the sampling frequency. The periodic test signal waveform is acquired over multiple channels each covering only part of the total bandwidth of the signal. Feasibility of the proposed technique is shown through simulation and hardware results.
A class of hyperbolic Volterra integrodifferential equations

On considere l'existence des solutions pour l'equation integrodifferentielle de Volterra u'(t)+A(t)u(t)=∫ 0 t g(t,s,u(s))ds+f 0 (t)+f 1 (t,u(t)), t≥0, u(0)=u 0
Physician reported perception in the treatment of high blood pressure does not correspond to practice.

Background High blood pressure is a significant health problem world-wide. Physician factors play a significant role in the suboptimal control of hypertension in the United States. We sought to better understand primary care physician's opinions regarding use of hypertension guidelines, patient and physician related barriers to treatment and physician treatment decision making in the management of hypertension as part of a first step in developing research tools and interventions designed to address these issues.
From Resistance to Activis m: The Emergence and Persistence of Activism among American Vietnam War Resisters in Canada

The concept of ‘emergent ties’ is often used to refer to the role of social networks in activating social movements. Yet pre-existing network ties were usually not a factor in initiating decisions of 50,000 draft-age American youth to migrate to Canada during the American Vietnam War. These youth often learned about the possibility of migrating to Canada through the news media and a widely distributed draft resistance manual. Once in Canada, they often became involved in networks that directed and sustained their movement activity. This suggests that the emergence and persistence of activism may often be distinct. This paper argues that a transformation process that leads to activism is often a life stage specific process, usually in late adolescence or early adulthood, whose explanation requires detailed attention to everyday behavioral activity; while the evolution and persistence of activism is often a life course persistent process that covers a longer period and involves the influence of more generic...
Conflict in the sphere of consensus? Critical reporting on the panama invasion and the Gulf War

The indexing hypothesis holds that when there is consensus in Washington, media coverage supports, and in effect promotes, government policy. This is surprising, as American journalists believe that they are not merely chroniclers of official words and deeds. The indexing hypothesis is correct that journalists are not likely to question a policy decision that wins bipartisan support in Washington. What they are likely to question is the ability of the government to execute a decision it has made, investigating the possibility that existing policy, on its own terms, might not work. This form of journalism finds conflicting possibilities in the government's effectiveness in achieving its own goals, but does not present the policy decision that set those goals in the first place as open to critical analysis and debate. This article explores this critical angle in coverage of three military interventions that won bipartisan support in Washington. Although I argue that this form of critical coverage makes only...
Individual and composite study endpoints: separating the wheat from the chaff

We provide an overview of the individual and combined clinical endpoints and patient-reported outcomes typically used in clinical trials and prospective epidemiological investigations. We discuss the strengths and limitations associated with the utilization of aggregated study endpoints and surrogate measures of important clinical endpoints and patient-centered outcomes. We hope that the points raised in this overview will lead to the collection of clinically rich, relevant, measurable, and cost-efficient study outcomes.
A theoretical approach to the problem of partial equilibration in heavy ion reactions

The cross sections and the angular distributions of fragments emitted in heavy ion reactions are calculated on the basis of a diffusion mechanism associated with the mass (charge) asymmetry of a short-lived intermediate complex. The calculated quantities are compared with experimental results.
COMPARISONS OF DISTANCE METHODS FOR COMBINING COVARIATES AND ABUNDANCES IN MICROBIOME STUDIES

This article compares different methods for combining abundance data, phylogenetic trees and clinical covariates in a nonparametric setting. In particular we study the output from the principal coordinates analysis on UNIFRAC and WEIGHTED UNIFRAC distances and the output from a double principal coordinate analyses DPCOA using distances computed on the phylogenetic tree. We also present power comparisons for some of the standard tests of phylogenetic signal between different types of samples. These methods are compared both on simulated and real data sets. Our study shows that DPCoA is less robust to outliers, and more robust to small noisy fluctuations around zero.
Fabrication of ridge waveguides: a new solgel route

Passive ridge waveguides can be deposited on silicon by a solvent-assisted lithographic process incorporating simple mask technology and photosensitive solgel-derived glasses. Thick films (∼4 μm) are dip coated in one step, and channel waveguides and power splitters are imprinted in them by UV light through appropriate masks. Unexposed regions of the glass are removed by soaking of the films in n-propanol. The remaining ridges are then treated at 200 °C and planarized with a solgel cladding layer. Circular mode profiles are observed from ridge guides covered with the cladding. The waveguides are characterized with scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, surface profilometry, ellipsometry, and fiber end coupling. Overall, the procedure is simple and reproducible and leads to waveguides with low loss, of the order of 0.13 dB/cm.
Grain Bank Survival and Longevity: Evidence from Orissa:

We examine the determinants of the likelihood and duration of grain bank survival using survey data from Orissa. The study is motivated by the fact that a large share of grain banks have ceased to function over time. It is also motivated by the fact that despite the high rate of failure, the Government of India and rural development non-governmental organisations are continuing to scale up their grain bank activities. We find that village characteristics appear to matter for both the likelihood and duration of grain bank survival, whereas grain bank member characteristics and grain bank institutional features largely do not appear to matter. The findings suggest the salience of programme placement for grain bank sustainability.JEL Classification: O16, O18, Q18
Effect of ferredoxin on bacterial photophosphorylation.

Abstract Recently we isolated and characterized two types of ferredoxin from photosynthetically grown Rhodospirillum rubrum cells. Since the ferredoxins were present in a bound form we undertook in this investigation to study the effect of ferredoxin on cyclic photophosphorylation by R. rubrum chromatophores that have been depleted of ferredoxin by treatment with Triton X-100. At concentrations less than 0.5%, Triton X-100 removed over 90% of the bound ferredoxin from the chromatophores—a depletion that was accompanied by a total loss of phosphorylating activity. The photophosphorylating activity of the depleted chromatophores was restored by the addition of ferredoxin, in the presence of a low concentration of phenazine methosulfate which without ferredoxin did not support photophosphorylation. The best reactivation of the depleted chromatophores was obtained by adding the native R. rubrum ferredoxins (Type I or II), Chromatium, or Clostridium pasteurianum ferredoxin. Ferredoxins from spinach or Azotobacter vinelandii had little effect. Photophosphorylation by reactivated chromatophores was severely inhibited by air even at high phenazine methosulfate concentrations that support high rates of photophosphorylation under air in untreated chromatophores.
Bor‐Stickstoff‐Verbindungen. XXXIX. Untersuchungen über die Bildung von Borazolen: Zur Kenntnis der Reaktionsprodukte der Umsetzung von Bortrichlorid mit Methylamin

Die Umsetzung von Bortrichlorid mit Methylamin kann in Abhangigkeit vom Molverhaltnis der Reaktionspartner zur Herstellung von Tris(methylamino)boran oder von B-Tris(methylamino)-N-trimethylborazol benutzt werden. Das Schwingungsspektrum des Tris(methylamino)borans wird diskutiert und die Reaktion der Verbindung mit Bortrichlorid wird beschrieben. Die Ausdeutung der experimentellen Befunde erlaubt einen Vorschlag fur eine mogliche Bildungsweise von Borazolen.
Experimental optimization of the signal-to-noise ratio response of the frequency demodulator with feedback in the presence of interchannel interference

In this work the results of on experimental study evaluating the degradation in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) performance due to the presence of an interfering signal for the frequency demodulator with feedback (FMFB) is presented.
Methionine synthase activities in mice following acute exposures to ethanol and nitrous oxide

Abstract Acute or chronic exposure to nitrous oxide or chronic exposure to ethanol decreases the activity of the vitamin B 12 -dependent enzyme methionine synthase. To assess the combined effect of acute exposure to nitrous oxide and ethanol, mice were given an intraperitoneal injection of ethanol (3 g kg ) and exposed to an inspired mixture of 66% nitrous oxide and 34% oxygen for 4 hr. Methionine synthase activities in liver, kidney, and brain were measured immediately after exposure to nitrous oxide and at various times over a 4-day recovery period. Methionine synthase activities in liver and kidney returned to control levels 2–4 days following inactivation. In brain, a significant 16% decrease in methionine synthase activity remained after a 4-day recovery period. The acute administration of ethanol did not alter the magnitude of the inactivation induced by nitrous oxide nor the time course of recovery of methionine synthase activity following inactivation. Moreover, in mice that were not exposed to nitrous oxide, methionine synthase activity was not altered by the acute administration of ethanol alone or in combination with 0.4% atm isoflurane. Thus, in this animal model, an acute dose of ethanol does not alter methionine synthase activity nor does it enhance the inactivation produced by nitrous oxide.
Reversal of the hydrogen bond to zinc ligand histidine-119 dramatically diminishes catalysis and enhances metal equilibration kinetics in carbonic anhydrase II

Direct metal ligands to transition metals in metalloproteins exert a profound effect on protein-metal affinity and function. Indirect ligands, i.e., second-shell residues that hydrogen bond to direct metal ligands, typically exert more subtle effects on the chemical properties of the protein-metal complex. However, E117 of human carbonic anhydrase II (CAII), which is part of the E117-119-Zn(2+) triad, is a notable exception: E117-substituted CAIIs exhibit dramatically increased kinetics of zinc complexation, and the E117Q variant exhibits enormously diminished catalytic activity and sulfonamide affinity. The three-dimensional structures of zinc-bound and zinc-free E117Q CAII reveal no discrete structural changes in the active site that are responsible for enhanced zinc equilibration kinetics and decreased activity. Additionally, the structure of the acetazolamide complex is essentially identical to that of the wild-type enzyme despite the 10(4)-fold loss of enzyme-inhibitor affinity. We conclude, therefore, that the functional differences between E117Q and wild-type CAIIs arise from electrostatic and not structural differences in the active site. We propose that the E117Q substitution reverses the polarity of the residue 117-H119 hydrogen bond, thereby stabilizing H119 as a histidinate anion in the E117Q CAII holoenzyme. The additional negative charge in the first coordination sphere of the metal ion increases the pK(a) of the zinc-water ligand, destabilizes the transition state for CO(2) hydration, and facilitates the exchange of a zinc-histidine ligand with an additional water molecule by decreasing the stability of the tetrahedral zinc complex. These novel properties engineered into E117Q CAII facilitate the exploitation of CAII as a rapid and sensitive Zn(2+) biosensor.
MORPHOLOGY OF THE MEGAGAMETOPHYTE AND THE EMBRYO SPOROPHYTE OF ISOETES LITHOPHILA

Isoetes has long been the subject of investigation and discussion, but Hofmeister (io), as a result of his investigations on Isoetes lacustris, gave us in I862 the first detailed account of the life history of the genus; and in most particulars his interpretations have stood as correct up to the present time. He called special attention to the similarities existing between Isoetes and the Lycopods, and pointed out some of the homologies existing between Isoetes and certain Spermatophytes, especially the Conifers. Later morphological studies on Isoetes have been made by Bruchmann (4), Belajeff (2), Kienitz-Gerloff (i i), Farmer (8), Campbell (5), Arnoldi (i), Goebel (9), Scott and Hill (T4), Smith (I5), Stokey (i6), West and Takeda (I7), and, in a limited way, by others. But accounts of detailed studies of the female gametophyte and the embryo sporophyte are pretty well limited to the work of Hofmeister (io), Kienitz-Gerloff (ii), Farmer (8), Campbell (5), and Arnoldi (i). Hlofmeister investigated I. lacustris, a species found in the British Isles and in North and Central Europe. This species, according to Pfeiffer (I3), has megaspores 500-700 microns in diameter. Kienitz-Gerloff also used I. lacustris in his study of the embryo. Campbell worked on I. echinosporca var. braunii (I. brauniii), whose megaspores measure from 420 to 580 microns in diameter. Farmer studied material of I. lacustris, but 'most of his account deals with the development of the organs of the mature sporophyte. Arnoldi made a study of the female gametophyte of I. mtalinvermiana. This form is limited in its distribution to Piedmont, in Italy, and has large megaspores ranging from 66o to 88o microns in diameter. Isoetes lithophila Pfeiffer, used in the present investigation, is apparently limited in its distribution to a sma'l area in Central Texas, and has very small megaspores ranging in size from 290 to 36o microns. The mature gametophyte of this species exhibits a striking abundance o-f rhizoids after the first leaf of the embryo has appeared, as well as a conspicuous protrusion of gametophytic tissue, which for a time encloses the first leaf of the embryo and later remains as a sheath about the base of the leaf until the gametophyte disintegrates. Observation of ftiese prominent features led to the present investigation, and as it progressed, several interesting morpho-
The Other Danger... Scholasticism in Academic Research

Most members of the National Association of Scholars worry about the politicization of the university. Academia gives undue preference to racial minorities in student admissions and faculty appointments. Teaching and research is often slanted toward minority grievances and Third World claims against the United States. At most leading universities and colleges, the faculty is so liberal that conservative viewpoints are scarcely admitted, even though in society politics and culture have trended rightward in the last thirty years. Leftism has become a defining feature of academe. All this violates the academy’s own values, which claim to stress open and honest dialogue regardless of politics. However, critics have largely overlooked another danger to the university— scholasticism. That term originally referred to medieval philosophy, but it has come to connote academic work that pursues refinement at the expense of substance. Some medieval scholastics debated how many angels could dance on the head of a pin. Likewise, today’s academics often address very narrow questions, and they are often preoccupied with method and the past literature of their fields. The university claims an ability to treat the large questions facing society, but today’s faculties typically work on much smaller issues confined to academic specialties. Scholasticism has no politics; it will not likely exacerbate political correctness. Yet it threatens the essence of the university as a philosophic enterprise. Acad. Quest. (2010) 23:404–419 DOI 10.1007/s12129-010-9192-9
Fundamental Laws of Rolling-Element Bearing Mechanics and Diagnostic Methods FAM-C and FDM-A

Rolling-element bearings have been used in the engineering practice since the very beginning of the XIX century. The scientific literature on the subject is therefore rich. As rotational speeds of bearing shafts were getting higher, new problems appeared. Quite a new challenge to be faced were turbine engines with very high rotational speeds that considerably augmented both the scope of problems and the demand for fast and reliable diagnostic methods. The FDM-A diagnostic method (FM frequency modulation, D direct current, C - the level of the methods advancement) has been based on measurements of frequency modulation of the component of pulsation whereas the FAM-C method (FM frequency modulation, C alternating current, C - the level of the methods advancement, i.e. applications in the form of an automatic tester are in use) has been based on measurements of the alternating-current frequency. Both the methods have been developed at ITWL (Air Force Institute of Technology), Warsaw, Poland. Accuracy of these methods essentially results from the natural synchronization of the sampling signal with the angular velocity of kinematic links under examination. The methods enable abrasive wear of a given subassembly to be determined and localised in the course of the power plants regular operation. Possible is determination of numerous parameters of the bearings themselves, the bearing nodes, and the rotating (compressor-turbine) assembly, just to mention the degree of the rolling friction for any of the bearings, the smoothness of motion of the bearing cage, sizes of radial clearances, the level of abrasive wear of contact surfaces of both the bearing cage and the rolling element. A diagnostic unit is fitted to any item, e.g. an electrical joint, supplied with DC or AC voltage. What has been presented in the paper is findings from the performance testing of the aircraft turbine engine: the role of the generator observer has been played by a DC generator and a three-phase tachogenerator.
The problem of precision and trend detection posed by small elephant populations in West Africa

The precision of elephant estimates from aerial sample surveys and dung counts is inversely proportional to abundance. West African elephant populations are already small, and the power of a monitoring programme to detect changes in abundance diminishes as the population shrinks in size. Thus it will be difficult to evaluate the effects on elephant numbers of new management policies in West Africa. The same will be true of monitoring schemes for antelope and primate populations that are hunted for bushmeat. Elephant estimates from dung counts are more precise than those from aerial sample surveys, and changes in elephant numbers are more likely to be detected in the subregion by dung counts than by aerial sample surveys. Resume La precision des estimations des elephants realisees a partir de surveillances aeriennes echantillons et du comptage des crottes est inversement proportionnelle a leur abondance. Les populations d'elephants d'Afrique de l'Ouest sont deja reduites et la capacite qu'a un programme de surveillance continue de detecter des changements de nombre diminue quand la population se reduit. Il sera donc difficile d'evaluer les effets des nouvelles politiques ouest-africaines en matiere de gestion sur le nombre d'elephants. Ce sera aussi le cas des programmes de surveillance des populations d'antilopes et de primates qui sont chassees pour leur viande. Les estimations du nombre d'elephants realisees a partir du comptage des crottes sont plus precises que celles qui sont faites a partir de comptages echantillons aeriens, et les changements du nombre d'elephants dans la sous-region seront plus probablement deceles par les comptages des excrements que par des controles aeriens.
Computer-aided optimal design of phase-shifting masks

Phase-shifting masks are expected to improve the resolution of photolithography without renovation of exposure systems. However, the problem of finding an effective method for designing phase-shifting masks for arbitrary IC patterns has been open for several years. We propose here a computational strategy to solve this problem. The computational complexity of the proposed technique is 0(N3), where N is the total number of pixels on the image plane. Simulation results show that with optimally designed phase-shifting masks, 0.45?/NA contact hole, 0.45?/NA single space, and 0.30?/NA periodic lines/spaces may be printed.
Relation of corneal arcus to cardiovascular disease (from the Framingham Heart Study data set).

Corneal arcus is a lipid-rich deposit at the corneoscleral limbus that shares some similarities with the lipid deposition of atherosclerosis. Epidemiologic studies examining the association between corneal arcus and coronary artery disease (CAD) have yielded mixed results. This study was conducted to determine if corneal arcus is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and CAD. A prospective analysis was performed using Cox proportional-hazards regression models in the Framingham Heart Study Original Cohort and Offspring Cohort database. This cohort included 23,376 patient-examinations, during 3,890 (17%) of which corneal arcus was identified. Corneal arcus was a predictor of CVD and CAD at 4 years (hazard ratios [HRs] 2.28 and 1.99, respectively) and 8 years (HRs 2.52 and 2.35, respectively) of follow-up (p 0.05 for all). In conclusion, corneal arcus predicted CVD and CAD in the community-based Framingham Heart Study cohort because of the strong association of corneal arcus with increasing age. To date, this is the largest and lengthiest population-based cohort study examining the direct association between corneal arcus and CVD and CAD.