cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the conspecific metamorphic cue for Hemigrapsus sanguineus (De Haan).

Abstract The Asian shore crab, Hemigrapsus sanguineus, is one of the most abundant invasive crabs along the east coast of the United States. Larval stages are generally planktonic, but the megalopa stage settles to the substratum near the time of metamorphosis. Reducing the time to metamorphosis may result in higher recruitment and survival. Previous work has shown that a water-soluble cue produced by adult H. sanguineus can induce metamorphosis of conspecific megalopae. Here we report the results of experiments in which megalopae were exposed to cues produced by different life stages of H. sanguineus. We also provide data from experiments that investigated the temporal stability, detection threshold, and chemical classification of the cue. Our results indicate that an active cue is produced by juveniles as well as adults. The cue is proteinaceous and begins to degrade within 2 days of production. The threshold for detection of the cue by megalopae lies between 0.1 and 0.01 µg of protein per ml.
Opportunity recognition of social entrepreneurs: an application of the creativity model

Social entrepreneurship has only recently been studied and a comprehensive model of how it works is unknown. This paper presents a case analysis of various international social entrepreneurs to understand how social entrepreneurship opportunity recognition can be mapped and differentiated from commercial entrepreneurship by applying the creativity model of opportunity recognition. The study reveals that social entrepreneurs follow the creative opportunity recognition process, although some stages may include different activities. This paper hopes to begin the discussion of how to bring developed theory into the new realm of social entrepreneurship. Research propositions are provided in order to highlight future research opportunities.
Militant Recruitment in Pakistan: Implications for Al Qaeda and Other Organizations

Despite Pakistan's extensive contribution to the global war on terrorism, many questions persist about the extent to which Al Qaeda and its associated outfits are currently operating within Pakistan. This article examines this issue by posing several empirical questions: (1) What are the general contours of militancy in Pakistan? (2) What motivates individuals to join specific Pakistan-based militant outfits? (3) By what means do groups recruit specific individuals? (4) What do these findings suggest for Al Qaeda operations in Pakistan? (5) What linkages exist between Pakistan-based organizations to Al Qaeda? These issues are addressed through regional fieldwork, extensive literature reviews, and consultation with numerous highly regarded analysts to South Asia. This article concludes that Al Qaeda likely does not have an explicit and dedicated recruiting infrastructure to recruit Pakistanis for its operations. Rather, Al Qaeda relies upon a web of informal relations with groups based in Pakistan to gain ...
Abstract 2276: Coordinate autophagy and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibition enhances cell death in melanoma

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is a critical survival pathway in numerous malignancies, including melanoma. Inhibitors of this pathway in cancer cells, in particular mTOR, are commonly cytostatic rather that cytotoxic, which may potentially limit efficacy of these agents. mTOR inhibition also induces the survival pathway of autophagy, a catabolic process whereby cells collect and recycle cellular components to sustain energy homeostasis. Thus we tested the hypothesis that autophagy induction by mTOR inhibitors directly limited their efficacy for the treatment of melanoma. Here we found that melanoma exhibits high basal levels of autophagy, as evidenced by a) detection of autophagosomes using LC3 fluorescence and autophagic flux in multiple melanoma cell lines and b) increased LC3 fluorescence in human primary and metastatic melanomas compared to benign nevi. Knockdown of Atg7, a key element of autophagy machinery, resulted in cell death, indicating that survival of melanoma cells is autophagy dependent. We also showed that the autophagy inhibitor hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) shows synergy when combined with the mTOR inhibitor CCI-779 (temsirolimus), inducing cell death via increased apoptosis in melanoma cell lines and in 3-D spheroid cell cultures. Since autophagy eliminates mitochondria that are a source of toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mediators of apoptosis, we tested the possibility that this contributed to melanoma survival. To test this potential mechanism, we examined the role of the transcription factor Nrf2, a master regulator of antioxidant defense. Treatment with CCI-779 inactivated Nrf2 by blocking its nuclear translocation and creating the requirement for autophagy to eliminate ROS-producing mitochondria. Combination treatment with CCI-779 and HCQ then prevented mitochondrial elimination by autophagy, resulting in increased ROS production compared to either agent alone and increased cell death. Conversely, knockdown of the Nrf2 binding protein and inhibitor Keap1 increased Nrf2 activity, resulting in increased cell culture survival and resistance to treatment with CCI-779 and HCQ. These data suggest that coordinate inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and autophagy pathways promotes ROS-mediated apoptosis and is a new therapeutic paradigm for the treatment of melanoma. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2276. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2276
The philosophy of engineering reliability

Reliability is a complex interplay of design, environment, test equipment, and maintenance skills amongst other influential factors. In this first part of a two-part article, practical field reliability—a result of subjective processes of predictability, assessability, education, and probability evaluation—is discussed in detail.
Mapping agenda-setting research in China: a meta-analysis study

Since the 1968 Chapel Hill study by McCombs and Shaw (1972), agenda-setting theory has become a main perspective of research on media effects, and it has been tested in many other countries outside the United States. The thematic meta-analysis of Chinese agenda-setting articles performed in this study identifies some important trends of agenda-setting research in mainland China, including an increase of interest in agenda-setting theory, a dominance of the original agenda-setting approach and focus, a diversity of topical domains, an atheoretical and non-empirical research tradition, and an increasing concern about the Internet. Challenges and future directions of Chinese agenda-setting research are also discussed in this study.
Cell loading and family scheduling for jobs with individual due dates to minimise maximum tardiness

This paper focuses on cell loading and family scheduling in a cellular manufacturing environment. The performance measure is minimising the maximum tardiness of jobs. What separates this study from others is the presence of individual due dates for every job in a family and also allowing family splitting among cells. Three methods are examined in order to solve this problem, namely mathematical modelling, genetic algorithms (GA) and heuristics. The results showed that GA is capable of finding the optimal solution with varying frequency of 60–100% and it is efficient as compared to the mathematical modelling especially for larger problems in terms of execution times. The heuristics, on the other hand, were easy to implement but they could not find the optimal solution. The results of experimentation also showed that family splitting was observed in all multi-cell optimal solutions and therefore it can be concluded that family splitting is a good strategy for the problem considered in this paper.
CLCN7 Polymorphisms and Bone Mineral Density in Healthy Premenopausal White Women and In White Men

Introduction Mutations in the chloride channel 7 gene (CLCN7) cause osteopetrosis, and polymorphisms of CLCN7 in the non-disease allele are associated with penetrance of the autosomal dominant osteopetrosis (ADO) phenotype. Studies have also shown an association between CLCN7 polymorphisms and bone mineral density (BMD) in women. However, there is no study to date that has examined whether CLCN7 polymorphisms underlie normal variation of peak BMD in healthy premenopausal white women and in white men.
Blue Toe Syndrome Associated with Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis: Ultimately Revealed Essential Mixed Cryoglobulinemia

The blue toe syndrome is a rare presentation in a number of medical disorders. We report a 35-year-old woman who initially presented with blue toe syndrome and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia with vasculitis and renal failure was documented by laboratory tests and renal biopsy. She was on maintenace hemodialysis as renal failure persisted after steroid and immunosuppresive agents therapy. Her gangrenous changes of bilateral toes were autoamputated symmetrically and uneventfully.
Analysis of Semen in a Constantly Changing Social Context of Medicine

Semen analysis is one of the most valuable diagnostic methods that play a critical role in andrology. The introduction of computer-assisted methods of human semen analysis [6], in vitro fertilization, and other auxiliary methodologies [4] has greatly enhanced the expectations of infertile couples in having a baby. However, routine semen analysis plays a significant role in an infertility clinic, particularly in developing countries. Standardization of routine semen analysis therefore becomes the key issue in laboratories involved in such analysis. Apart from that, semen analyses carried out in different populations bring out the changing pattern of semen quality due possibly to the influences of factors like lifestyle, race, population dynamics, and culture. It also helps to set standards of semen quality in the changing context of medicine.
Splanchnic ischaemia/reperfusion and multiple organ failure.

failure was blamed for over 50 % of later fatalities [127]. Basic scientific investigations supported the addition of crystalloid solutions to blood transfusions. More vigorous fluid resuscitation during the Vietnam War led to a 20- to 30-fold reduction in the incidence of renal failure compared with the Korean experience. However, a new problem came to the forefront in Vietnam: “shock lung”—the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [8]. Of note, in accounts of the Korean conflict, there was virtually no mention of pulmonary problems. Advances in respiratory care, and particularly in mechanical ventilation, allowed more patients to survive ARDS. Today, while our ability to sustain patients on mechanical ventilation has improved, the number of patients dying with ARDS remains high; this is because the actual cause of death has shifted to MOF. The identification of MOF as a distinct entity dates back to 1973, when Tilney, Bailey and Morgan [128] described the progressive failure of organ systems in patients following repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms. Baue [15] first suggested there was a sequential pattern to the MOF syndrome. In 1977, Eiseman, Beart and Norton [40] at our institution described its clinical presentation and coined the term “multiple organ failure”. Since that time, intensive research efforts have targeted the syndrome.
Value Trade-off

The dilemma of "value trade-off" (VTO) stems from the combined difficulties of "normative pluralism" (i.e., the ever-present possibility of conflicts among values within one moral system) and incommensurability (i.e., the lack of a common unit to measure relative gains and losses in the implementation of different values). The problem thus defined is common to a broad range of practices and disciplines, and the identification of its formal structure could serve as a heuristic device to encourage a sharing of insights and to stimulate better theoretical and empirical research. These possibilities are presented, and an initial typology of possible extrication moves is delineated and illustrated through the examination of four major works in recent normative theory.
On the Tide-Induced Property Flux: Can It Be Locally Countergradient?

The horizontal property flux induced by tides is examined by both analytical and numerical models. It is found that this flux is highly heterogeneous in the vertical and may be directed up the mean gradient near the bottom. This countergradient tidal flux is a consequence of differing boundary conditions satisfied by velocity and property fields, and hence a robust feature. The corresponding tidal diffusivity is substantial where tides are strong and hence potentially important in the mean property balance.
The salience of cancer and the “survivor” identity for people who have completed acute cancer treatment: a qualitative study

Globally, there are nearly 33 million persons who have survived 5 or more years after a diagnosis of cancer [1]. We explore the salience of cancer in such people’s self-concept as an important element for creating patient-centered care for those living with a cancer history. Our data are responses to a free-listing exercise and subsequent qualitative interviews with 53 individuals aged between 45 and 74 who were diagnosed with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma or breast or prostate cancer at least 3 years prior and had completed acute treatment. Participants lived in the Baltimore-Washington region of the USA. Cancer was not necessarily salient to participants’ current self-concept, and espousal of a “survivor” identity is complex. We construct a typology of seven contrasting meanings of “survivor” based upon participants’ narratives (factual, beaten, functional, temporary, adversity, passage of time, and lucky or blessed) and present interviewees’ rationales as to why they did or did not adopt a survivorship identity. We examine the complexity of “survivorship” as an identity and people’s affiliation with it, as well as how this relates to other salient and fluid elements of people’s sense of self within a life course perspective. Understanding how cancer factors into people’s self-concept throughout the life course is important for designing effective, patient-centered programs that acknowledge diverse experiences and expectations and possible changes with the passage of time.
USING ANALYTICS FOR ACTIVITY AWARENESS IN LEARNING SYSTEMS

The purpose of this design case is to tell the story of our work to design context-aware activity notification for learning management systems. The story of the design experience is not simple, in that it includes research and development, conceptual evolution, implementation and extinction, and multiple phases, including inspiration for future products. The main character in our story is the Context-aware Activity Notification System (CANS). CANS was created by researchers and students in a university laboratory and started (as do many designs) while doing something else; became a dissertation; drew FIPSE (Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education) funding; was implemented over a number of years in a localized setting; eventually could no longer be supported; and continues to provide inspiration for visions of new forms of online learning. The design process is described across three phases: 1) initial design as part of a dissertation, 2) extensions to CANS enabled by a grant, and 3) future visions for the impact of CANS.
DYNAMICS OF A DEFORMABLE POINTING SPACECRAFT BY KANE'S METHOD, AND TELESCOPE'S IMAGE-STABILITY EVALUATION

This paper has a twofold objective. First it shows a novel way of applying Kane's technique to formulate dynamics of a spacecraft with a hinged elastic continuum. This approach is then employed to develop motion equations of a generic four-body deformable spacecraft with a telescope and a solar array. The approach in this paper is different from the previous efforts in that (a) a clear separation between discrete and deformational variables is maintained, (b) the discretized equations are reduced to their simplest, minimum dimension form, and (c) the deformational field is discretized by using constrained modes. These differences bring in an otherwise unattainable lucidity in the analysis. The second part of the paper introduces and formulates a new concept called Clutter Leakage Metric, which evaluates image stability of a precision pointing telescope. When a telescope is amidst severe structural vibration of a neighboring articulated body, the telescope may yield cluttered image of a target. To minimize this clutter, electrooptic signals from successive frames are subtracted. Some clutter may still leak into the final image, which then can be measured by the proposed metrics. The metrics involve Fourier spectrum of pointing error, an aspect scantly addressed in the established definition of pointing stability.
On the Evaluation of Manipulator Workspace

This paper presents a theorem regarding manipulator workspace and, based on this theorem, a manipulator performance index is introduced. It is found that for a given manipulator structure the ratio of the volume of the workspace to the cube of its total link length is a constant. Algorithms for outlining the boundary profile of workspace and for quantitative evaluation of its volume are presented. A computer package, KAM, is developed, which implements the theories and algorithms developed in this investigation as well as in a companion paper [1]. Several specific examples are given to illustrate the application of the performance index and the capability of KAM.
Spatially selective surface platforms for binding fibrinogen prepared by particle lithography with organosilanes

We introduce an approach based on particle lithography to prepare spatially selective surface platforms of organosilanes that are suitable for nanoscale studies of protein binding. Particle lithography was applied for patterning fibrinogen, a plasma protein that has a major role in the clotting cascade for blood coagulation and wound healing. Surface nanopatterns of mercaptosilanes were designed as sites for the attachment of fibrinogen within a protein-resistant matrix of 2-[methoxy(polyethyleneoxy)propyl] trichlorosilane (PEG-silane). Preparing site-selective surfaces was problematic in our studies, because of the self-reactive properties of PEG-organosilanes. Certain organosilanes presenting hydroxyl head groups will cross react to form mixed surface multi-layers. We developed a clever strategy with particle lithography using masks of silica mesospheres to protect small, discrete regions of the surface from cross reactions. Images acquired with atomic force microscopy (AFM) disclose that fibrinogen attached primarily to the surface areas presenting thiol head groups, which were surrounded by PEG-silane. The activity for binding anti-fibrinogen was further evaluated using ex situ AFM studies, confirming that after immobilization the fibrinogen nanopatterns retained capacity for binding immunoglobulin G. Studies with AFM provide advantages of achieving nanoscale resolution for detecting surface changes during steps of biochemical surface reactions, without requiring chemical modification of proteins or fluorescent labels.
Oh! The places you'll go: suggestions for newly minted doctors of nursing practice.

“Congratulations! Today is your day. You're off to great places. You're off and away!” These words by Dr. Seuss (1990) framed the fresh trajectories of the many new practice scholars that schools of nursing across the United States are producing via doctorate of nursing practice (DNP) programs. By late 2008, there were over 80 schools of nursing offering DNP programs and another 50 programs expected to begin shortly (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 2008). Undoubtedly, this new breed of nursing practice scholar will make a difference in the profession of nursing, but how will anyone ever know about the great accomplishment of DNPs? The answer is both simple and complex: Our new doctorally prepared nursing colleagues will labor in anonymity unless they record and publish their findings. The term newly minted DNP, as used in this context, is intended to mean a DNP graduate in his or her first year after graduation from a doctoral program. The first year of doctoral program completion should be a joyous celebration whereby the accomplishment of having received the doctorate is recognized and cheered. Once the accolades and self-congratulations end, much work still lies ahead. The skills and expertise of DNP nurses are urgently needed in the health care workforce. “Nurses prepared at the DNP level will be in an ideal position to initiate efforts to improve the health of the nation at local clinical levels and within the health policy arena” (Fitzpatrick, 2007, p. 138).
The Modified Q-cycle Explains the Apparent Mismatch between the Kinetics of Reduction of Cytochromes c 1 and b H in the bc 1 Complex*

Crystallographic structures of the bc 1 complex from different sources have provided evidence that a movement of the Rieske iron-sulfur protein (ISP) extrinsic domain is essential for catalysis. This dynamic feature has opened up the question of what limits electron transfer, and several authors have suggested that movement of the ISP head, or gating of such movement, is rate-limiting. Measurements of the kinetics of cytochromes and of the electrochromic shift of carotenoids, following flash activation through the reaction center in chromatophore membranes from Rhodobacter sphaeroides, have allowed us to demonstrate that: (i) ubiquinol oxidation at the Qo-site of the bc 1 complex has the same rate in the absence or presence of antimycin bound at the Qi-site, and is the reaction limiting turnover. (ii) Activation energies for transient processes to which movement of the ISP must contribute are much lower than that of the rate-limiting step. (iii) Comparison of experimental data with a simple mathematical model demonstrates that the kinetics of reduction of cytochromes c 1 and b H are fully explained by the modified Q-cycle. (iv) All rates for processes associated with movement of the ISP are more rapid by at least an order of magnitude than the rate of ubiquinol oxidation. (v) Movement of the ISP head does not introduce a significant delay in reduction of the high potential chain by quinol, and it is not necessary to invoke such a delay to explain the kinetic disparity between the kinetics of reduction of cytochromes c 1 and b H.
Non‐linear earthquake‐response analysis of long‐span cable‐stayed bridges: Applications

The dynamic non-linear behaviour of three-dimensional long-span cable-stayed bridges under seismic loadings is studied. The cases of multiple-support as well as uniform seismic excitations of these long and flexible structures are considered. Different sources of non-linearity for such bridges are included in the analysis, as outlined in the companion paper. In this accompanying analysis a tangent stiffness iterative procedure is utilized to estimate the non-linear seismic response. Numerical examples are presented in which a comparison between a linear earthquake-response analysis (based on the utilization of the tangent stiffness matrix of the bridge at the dead-load deformed state which is obtained from the geometry of the bridge under gravity load conditions) and a non-linear earthquake response analysis using the step-by-integration procedure is made. In these examples two three-dimensional bridge models representing recent and future trends in cable-stayed bridge design are utilized. The study sheds some light on the salient features of the seismic analysis and design of these long contemporary bridges. In addition, parameters affecting the seismic response of these bridges are discussed: other factors considered are non-linearity, uniformity and spatial variation of ground motion inputs and structural configuration.
Tissue repair and stem cell renewal in carcinogenesis

Cancer is increasingly being viewed as a stem cell disease, both in its propagation by a minority of cells with stem-cell-like properties and in its possible derivation from normal tissue stem cells. But stem cell activity is tightly controlled, raising the question of how normal regulation might be subverted in carcinogenesis. The long-known association between cancer and chronic tissue injury, and the more recently appreciated roles of Hedgehog and Wnt signalling pathways in tissue regeneration, stem cell renewal and cancer growth together suggest that carcinogenesis proceeds by misappropriating homeostatic mechanisms that govern tissue repair and stem cell self-renewal.
Homologous expression of recombinant lignin peroxidase in Phanerochaete chrysosporium

The promoter region of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (gpd) was used to drive expression of mnp1, the gene encoding Mn peroxidase isozyme 1, in primary metabolic cultures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. A 1,100-bp fragment of the P. chrysosporium gpd promoter region was fused upstream of the mnp1 gene to construct plasmid pAGM1, which contained the Schizophyllum commune ade5 gene as a selectable marker. pAGM1 was used to transform a P. chrysosporium ade1 auxotroph to prototrophy. Ade+ transformants were screened for peroxidase activity on a solid medium containing high carbon and high nitrogen (2% glucose and 24 mM NH4 tartrate) and o-anisidine as the peroxidase substrate. Several transformants that expressed high peroxidase activities were purified and analyzed further in liquid cultures. Recombinant Mn peroxidase (rMnP) was expressed and secreted by transformant cultures on day 2 under primary metabolic growth conditions (high carbon and high nitrogen), whereas endogenous wild-type mnp genes were not expressed under these conditions. Expression of rMnP was not influenced by the level of Mn in the culture medium, as previously observed for the wild-type Mn peroxidase (wtMnP). The amount of active rMnP expressed and secreted in this system was comparable to the amount of enzyme expressed by the wild-type strain under ligninolytic conditions. rMnP was purified to homogeneity by using DEAE-Sepharose chromatography, Blue Agarose chromatography, and Mono Q column chromatography. The M(r) and absorption spectrum of rMnP were essentially identical to the M(r) and absorption spectrum of wtMnP, indicating that heme insertion, folding, and secretion were normal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Finite element modeling of partially embedded pipelines in clay seabed using Coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian method

Vertical seabed penetration and lateral movement of deep-water offshore pipelines are simulated using the Coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian (CEL) approach in Abaqus finite element (FE) software. Abaqus CEL has been used in some previous studies to simulate large-deformation behavior of offshore pipelines; however, the effects of strain rate and strain-softening on undrained shear strength (su) have not been considered. In this study, the effects of these factors are critically examined. The available built-in models in Abaqus CEL cannot account for these factors directly, especially the strain rate; therefore, the development of user subroutines is required. In the present study, a simple but realistic soil constitutive model (published by Zhou and Randolph in 2007) that considers the effects of strain rate and strain-softening on su is implemented in Abaqus CEL. The effects of FE mesh size and shear band formation on penetration resistance are discussed based on a comprehensive FE simulation. Lateral analyses ...
Beakers: Deconstruction and After

Taking grave and non-grave pottery together, five summary regional groups of beaker pottery are proposed for Britain and Ireland: Group A, Ireland; Group B, north Britain and eventually widespread; Group C, north and to some extent south Britain; Group D, south Britain; and Group E, East Anglia and south-east England. It is anticipated that further discoveries and research will enable these groups to be refined regionally.These groups are set in a quarter-millennium calendrical chronology, which suggests that they may all have appeared around or near the mid-3rd millennium BC, and that many of their aspects were long enduring, some surviving to the 2nd quarter of the 2nd millennium BC.Decorative features especially are related to bell-beaker pottery in western Europe, to Single Grave pottery across the North Sea, and to native Late Neolithic pottery. In presenting the chronology of these relationships, it is argued that a widely held view that bell-beaker pottery evolved in north-west Europe requires modification.
Hardware-efficient nonlinear equalizer and its performance

We have previously shown that nonlinear equalizers have performance advantages over conventional linear equalizers in magnetic recording channels. One drawback of the original architecture for the proposed nonlinear equalizers is that it requires more multiplications per symbol interval than linear FIR digital filters. This limits its implementability in digital circuits. A digital nonlinear filter architecture without multipliers is presented. We restrict the connection weights of the nonlinear filters to be powers of two or sums of two powers of two. The equalizers obtained by the second approach is shown to have performance indicators quite close to the original filter with continuous valued connection weights. Experimental and simulation results are presented. Asynchronously sampled data from a spin-stand is used for the experimental part.
The Development and Application of a Simple Digital Surface–Climate Simulator

Abstract A digital equilibrium temperature model for the simulation of the diurnal surface thermal and energy transfer regimes is presented together with a discussion of the modifications, necessary to achieve realistic simulations and numerical stability. In addition, application examples and the details of the convergence tests at point and areal scales are presented.
A Numerical Study of Atmospheric and Soil Boundary Layers

Abstract A numerical model of the atmosphere-soil boundary layer was developed which simulates heat and moisture exchange between the atmosphere and the soil. The atmospheric and soil equations are solved using the physical conditions at the atmosphere-soil interface, i.e., energy and water mass conservation and the local thermodynamic equilibrium of temperature and humidity. Quasi-stationary layers were assumed in both the atmosphere and the soil near the interface. The depth of these layers was determined by the scale analysis of various transport processes in the atmosphere and in the soil. Two calculations, which were based on different assumptions for the eddy diffusivity in the Ekman layer, were compared. The temperature calculated by use of an eddy diffusivity interpolated by Hermite polynomials is in good agreement with observations. Both examples studied predicted the wind velocity weaker than the observed, especially during the night. The numerical model thus developed was applied to the study o...
Effects of fungicide residues on the survival, fecundity, and predation of the mites Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and Galendromus occidentalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae).

Representative fungicides from three or four families used for management of powdery mildew and other diseases in tree fruits were evaluated for their effects on a common spider mite and predator mite species, respectively. A modified Munger cell technique was effective in measuring the response of phytophagous and predaceous mites to fungicide residues on detached leaves in the laboratory. Demethylation-inhibiting (DMI) (imidazole [triflumazole] and triazole [myclobutanil]) and strobilurin (trifloxystrobin) fungicides were not toxic to female Tetranychus urticae Koch and Galendromus occidentalis (Nesbitt), and no sublethal effects were found on fecundity and predation rate after 3–5-d exposure to residues. Benomyl, a benzimidazole fungicide, increased adult mortality and reduced fecundity for both mite species; however, it did not alter the predation rate of G. occidentalis females on T. urticae eggs and larvae. Female G. occidentalis that survived the lethal effects of benomyl and the comparison acaricide pyridaben were unimpaired in predation. Our results for benomyl substantiate those of earlier studies and provide evidence for nontoxic effects of DMI and strobilurin fungicides on mites. We propose that DMI and strobilurin fungicides are a good fit for integrated mite management programs due to conservation of phytoseiid predatory mites.
MUC5B and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a fatal disease that is a result of complex interactions between genetics and the environment, has limited treatment options. We have identified the MUC5B promoter polymorphism and other common genetic variants that in aggregate explain roughly one-third of disease risk. The MUC5B promoter polymorphism is the strongest and the most replicated genetic risk factor for IPF, appears to be protective and predictive in this disease, and is likely involved in disease pathogenesis through an increase in MUC5B expression in terminal bronchi and honeycombed cysts. Expression of MUC5B is also highly correlated with expression of cilium genes in IPF lung. Our work suggests that mucociliary dysfunction in the distal airway may play a role in the development of progressive fibroproliferative lung disease. In addition, our work has important implications for secondary prevention, early detection, and future early and personalized treatment based on genetic profiles.
Benzolamide, acetazolamide, and signal transduction in avian intrapulmonary chemoreceptors.

Intrapulmonary chemoreceptors (IPC) are CO2-sensitive sensory neurons that innervate the lungs of birds, help control the rate and depth of breathing, and require carbonic anhydrase (CA) for normal...
Netrin-1 Regulates Fibrocyte Accumulation in the Decellularized Fibrotic Sclerodermatous Lung Microenvironment and in Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis.

Objective Fibrocytes are collagen-producing leukocytes that accumulate in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma)-related interstitial lung disease (ILD) via unknown mechanisms that have been associated with altered expression of neuroimmune proteins. The extracellular matrix (ECM) influences cellular phenotypes. However, a relationship between the lung ECM and fibrocytes in SSc has not been explored. The aim of this study was to use a novel translational platform based on decellularized human lungs to determine whether the lung ECM of patients with scleroderma controls the development of fibrocytes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Methods We performed biomechanical evaluation of decellularized scaffolds prepared from lung explants from healthy control subjects and patients with scleroderma, using tensile testing and biochemical and proteomic analysis. Cells obtained from healthy controls and patients with SSc-related ILD were cultured on these scaffolds, and CD45+pro-ColIα1+ cells meeting the criteria for fibrocytes were quantified. The contribution of the neuromolecule netrin-1 to fibrosis was assessed using neutralizing antibodies in this system and by administering bleomycin via inhalation to netrin-1(+/-) mice. Results Compared with control lung scaffolds, lung scaffolds from patients with SSc-related ILD showed aberrant anatomy, enhanced stiffness, and abnormal ECM composition. Culture of control cells in lung scaffolds from patients with SSc-related ILD increased production of pro-ColIα1+ cells, which was stimulated by enhanced stiffness and abnormal ECM composition. Cells from patients with SSc-related ILD demonstrated increased pro-ColIα1 responsiveness to lung scaffolds from scleroderma patients but not enhanced stiffness. Enhanced detection of netrin-1-expressing CD14(low) cells in patients with SSc-related ILD was observed, and antibody-mediated netrin-1 neutralization attenuated detection of CD45+pro-ColIα1+ cells in all settings. Netrin-1(+/-) mice were protected against bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis and fibrocyte accumulation. Conclusion Factors present in the lung matrices of patients with scleroderma regulate fibrocyte accumulation via a netrin-1-dependent pathway. Netrin-1 regulates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Netrin-1 might be a novel therapeutic target in SSc-related ILD.
Simultaneous Output-Only Identification of Physical Parameters and Unknown Inputs for Linear Mechanical Systems

This paper has studied the identification problem of linear mechanical systems where inputs are unknown and only displacement data are accessible for measurement. Eigensystem Realization Algorithm (ERA) has been used along with physical constraints considerations in time domain to simultaneously identify two separate models for the physical system and the unknown inputs. Inputs are assumed to be an arbitrary combination of harmonic signals with frequencies higher than natural frequencies of the physical system by which a linear mechanical system is meant in this paper. Adding physical constraints and utilizing canonical real Jordan form of the identified system leads to a unique analytical solution. To validate the theory part, a set of simulations has been run that demonstrates the physical parameters and input model can be estimated accurately.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Effects of pharmacy resident led education on resident physician prescribing habits associated with stress ulcer prophylaxis in non-intensive care unit patients.

Objective Overutilization of stress ulcer prophylaxis in both critically and noncritically ill patients poses significant health risks and increases healthcare costs. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of education for appropriate stress ulcer prophylaxis prescribing by Family Medicine Resident Physicians. Methods The study evaluated the SUP prescribing and continuation or discontinuation of acid suppressive therapy upon discharge. Patients admitted to the Family Medicine Residency team at Washington Regional Medical Center were retrospectively assessed from September through November 2011. In January 2012, an educational seminar describing appropriate stress ulcer prophylaxis indications, the associated risks and costs of acid suppressive therapy, and initial findings was provided. After the educational intervention, patients admitted to the Family Medicine Residency team were retrospectively followed from February through April 2012 to assess the impact of the educational intervention. Results Post education analysis demonstrated a decrease in inappropriate stress ulcer prophylaxis prescribing from 55.5% to 30.5% ( p < 0.0001). There was no statistically significant difference between the pre-intervention (5.5%) and post-intervention (8.3%) groups in regards to patients discharged on AST inappropriately ( p = 0.627). Conclusion Pharmacist led educational sessions improved appropriateness of stress ulcer prophylaxis prescribing by Family Practice Resident Physicians, leading to patient risk avoidance and cost savings..
Iron and transferrin distribution and turnover in iron-overloaded rabbits.

SummaryIron overload was produced in 3 rabbits by intramuscular injection of 1,300 mg iron as iron-dextran, while 3 control rabbits received no treatment. Four years later, plasma iron and transferrin turnover and distribution in the main abdominal organs were studied using plasma-bound radioiron and 131I-labeled rabbit transferrin. The iron-labeled rabbits when compared with the controls had increased non-heme iron concentrations in liver, spleen, kidney, stomach and intestine; most of the excess iron was in the livers which showed only slight increases of connective tissue around the portal tracts where most of the stainable iron was deposited. Iron-loading was associated with decreased plasma transferrin concentration and total body transferrin and decreased absolute turnover of transferrin. The distribution of transferrin between extravascular and intra-vascular spaces was the same in both groups of rabbits. Hence the decreased plasma transferrin level in the iron-loaded animals was probably due to lo...
Epidemic source tracing on social contact networks

It is important to identify the epidemic sources during epidemic outbreaks to optimize the control strategies. However, the identification process is difficult due to the dynamics and complexity of epidemic networks. In this paper, we propose an identification algorithm to more accurately localize the epidemic source based on social contact networks (SCNs) only with a limited number of observers. We give an approximate solution for the SCNs. The proposed algorithm is validated on both real and artificial SCNs. The obtained results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves better performance than existing methods.
FLAX: Systematic Discovery of Client-side Validation Vulnerabilities in Rich Web Applications.

The complexity of the client-side components of web applications has exploded with the increase in popularity of web 2.0 applications. Today, traditional desktop applications, such as document viewers, presentation tools and chat applications are commonly available as online JavaScript applications. Previous research on web vulnerabilities has primarily concentrated on flaws in the server-side components of web applications. This paper highlights a new class of vulnerabilities, which we term client-side validation (or CSV) vulnerabilities. CSV vulnerabilities arise from unsafe usage of untrusted data in the client-side code of the web application that is typically written in JavaScript. In this paper, we demonstrate that they can result in a broad spectrum of attacks. Our work provides empirical evidence that CSV vulnerabilities are not merely conceptual but are prevalent in today’s web applications. We propose dynamic analysis techniques to systematically discover vulnerabilities of this class. The techniques are light-weight, efficient, and have no false positives. We implement our techniques in a prototype tool called FLAX, which scales to real-world applications and has discovered 11 vulnerabilities in the wild so far.
Interaction of several coumarin compounds with human and canine plasma albumin.

The interactions of several structural analogues of the anticoagulant drug sodium warfarin with human and canine plasma albumins was studied by equilibrium dialysis. The compounds studied were two precursor compounds, coumarin and 4-hydroxycoumarin; the anticoagulant drugs acenocoumarin, bishydroxycoumarin, ethyl biscoumacetate, and phenprocoumon; two metabolic products, 5-hydroxywarfarin and the warfarin alcohols; and the optical enantiomers (-)-S-warfarin and (+)-R-warfarin. The major source of the binding energy for the coumarin compounds was the coumarin nucleus itself. The precursor coumarins, which have almost no anticoagulant activity, showed a single binding site for albumin, while all the coumarin anticoagulant drugs studied showed two binding sites, suggesting that the side chains on the coumarin molecule provided anticoagulant activity not through an increase in binding energy but rather by the formation of a second binding site. There was little difference in the binding energy of the optical enantiomorphs of warfarin. The surprisingly high binding energy of the metabolite 5-hydroxywarfarin probably resulted from the formations of a hydrogen-bonded ring. The binding of warfarin by human plasma albumin was 6 times greater than that by canine plasma albumins. This finding may explain why in man, with greater binding, phenylbutazone potentiates warfarin, but in dogs. with less binding, the enzyme-inducing effects of phenylbutazone predominate. The hydrophobic nature of the substituents on the 4-hydroxycoumarin molecule correlated directly with the binding strength of the compounds to plasma albumin and to the intracellular receptor site for anticoagulant activity.
Romantik, ed. Kurt Böttcher: Berlin: Volk und Wissen Verlag, 1967. Pp. 668

(1970). Romantik, ed. Kurt Bottcher. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 75-76.
The Pyomo Command

This chapter describes Pyomo’s command-line interface, which includes a variety of subcommands that support common workflows and provide information about Pyomo and its installation.
RTI and Other Approaches to SLD Identification under the IDEA: A Legal Update.

This article provides a concise and objective synthesis of the federal legislation, regulations, and agency policy interpretations; state laws; and case law, including hearing officer and complaint...
A 0.6V 75nW All-CMOS Temperature Sensor With 1.67m°C/mV Supply Sensitivity

This paper presents the design of a fully-integrated ultra-low-power temperature sensor applicable for use in wearable, environmental monitoring, and Internet-of-Things applications. Temperature is transduced in the proposed design by charging a pair of capacitors with proportional to or complementary to (proportional to absolute temperature or complementary to absolute temperature) current sources, and converting temperature-varying charging times to digital via a time-to-digital converter clocked by an on-chip temperature- and supply-stabilized 30-kHz relaxation oscillator. A low-voltage pseudo-differential dual-loop current reference generator is employed alongside inverter-based comparators to impart supply- and temperature-stable performance at low power. Fabricated in $0.18\mu \text{m}$ CMOS, the design operates at 0.6 V and consumes 75 nW at room temperature. Across a temperature range of 0 °C–100 °C, the sensor achieves a best-case (worst-case) temperature accuracy of +0.47 °C/−0.22 °C (+0.62 °C/−1.33 °C) and a resolution of 0.093 °C (0.1 °C). Across a supply range of 0.55–−0.85 V, the sensor achieves an inaccuracy of +0.19 °C/−0.28 °C.
Trends in Regionalization of Hospital Care for Common Pediatric Conditions.

OBJECTIVES: We have previously observed that hospital care for children is concentrating significantly in Massachusetts. We now extend those observations to include 4 US states and give closer attention to the management patterns of specific clinical conditions. METHODS: We used inpatient and emergency department administrative data sets from California, Florida, Massachusetts, and New York to measure transfer frequency and identify the site of care completion for >252 million hospital encounters from 2006 through 2013. We compared the concentration of pediatric care to adult care by using the Hospital Capability Index for all acute-care hospitals and quantified the regionalization of clinical conditions by using the Regionalization Index. RESULTS: The availability of hospital care was significantly more limited for children than adults in all 4 states (median Hospital Capability Index: 0.19 vs 0.74 in CA, 0.08 vs 0.79 in FL, 0.18 vs 0.69 in MA, and 0.16 vs 0.75 in NY). Between 2006 and 2011, care was concentrated for both adults and children but much more so for children. Although pediatric admissions decreased by 9.3% (from 545 330 to 494 645), interhospital transfers increased by 24.6% (from 64 285 to 80 101). The largest change in transfer rate was among children with common conditions, such as abdominal pain and asthma. CONCLUSIONS: Definitive pediatric hospital care is less available than adult care and is increasingly dependent on referral centers. This should be accounted for in public health plans, disaster preparedness, and determinations of network adequacy.