cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early Peribiliary Hyperenhancement on MRI in Patients with Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: Significance and Association with the Mayo Risk Score

The aims of this study are to assess any relationship between peribiliary hyperenhancement on MRI in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and their Mayo risk score and to assess which timing of peribiliary hyperenhancement correlates best with the Mayo risk score. In this HIPAA-compliant, IRB-approved retrospective study, 101 patients who underwent MRI for known or suspected PSC were identified. Of those, 62 patients (mean age 48 years; 40 males) were diagnosed with PSC by a hepatologist based on findings on MRI, ERCP, and/or liver biopsy, and comprise the final cohort. Data were recorded on whether peribiliary hyperenhancement was present, the post-contrast phase and the extent of involvement. The components to calculate the Mayo risk score were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using the student T test, Fisher’s exact test, and the Kaplan–Meier estimate. Of 62 patients, 41 (66.1%) patients had a low-Mayo risk score ( 0), and 7 (11.3%) had a high-risk score (>2). On MRI, 29 (46.8%) patients demonstrated arterial peribiliary hyperenhancement. Both the presence and extent of peribiliary hyperenhancement showed significant associations with Mayo risk score (p < 0.01). Using the combined end point of liver transplantation or death, there was a statistically significant difference in survival times between those with and those without arterial peribiliary hyperenhancement (p < 0.05). The presence of arterial peribiliary hyperenhancement in patients with PSC on MRI is associated with higher Mayo risk scores and may suggest a poorer prognosis.
Optical properties of V-groove silicon nitride trench waveguides.

We numerically investigate the mode properties of the V-groove silicon nitride trench waveguides based on the experimental results. The trench waveguides are suitable for nonlinear applications. By manipulating the waveguide thicknesses, the waveguides can achieve zero dispersion or a maximized nonlinear parameter of 0.219 W−1·m−1 at 1550 nm. Broadband four-wave mixing with a gain of 5.545 m−1 is presented as an example. The waveguides can also be applied in sensing applications with an optimized evanescent intensity ratio. By etching away the top flat slabs, wider trapezoidal trench waveguides can be utilized for plasmonic sensing thanks to their TE fundamental modes.
Idiopathic Musculoskeletal Pain and Stress Factors

The role of psychosocial factors was evaluated in 23 children with idiopathic musculoskeletal pain (IMP) and 52 with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA), compared on admission and at 9 year follow-up, in a study at The National Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
Curbing Catastrophe: Natural Hazards and Risk Reduction in the Modern World

What does Japan's 2011 nuclear accident have in common with the 2005 flooding of New Orleans from Hurricane Katrina? This thought-provoking book presents a compelling account of recent and historical disasters, both natural and human-caused, drawing out common themes and providing a holistic understanding of hazards, disasters and mitigation, for anyone interested in this important and topical subject. Based on his on-the-ground experience with several major recent disasters, Timothy H. Dixon explores the science, politics and economics behind a variety of disasters and environmental issues, arguing that many of the worst effects are avoidable. He describes examples of planning and safety failures, provides forecasts of future disasters and proposes solutions for hazard mitigation. The book shows how billions of dollars and countless lives could be saved by adopting longer-term thinking for infrastructure planning and building, and argues that better communication is vital in reducing global risks and preventing future catastrophes.
Association between surgical patient satisfaction and nonmodifiable factors

Abstract Background Patient satisfaction surveys are an important tool in measuring physician performance. We hypothesized that nonmodifiable factors would be associated with surgical outpatient satisfaction scores. Methods Press Ganey Consumer Assessment of Health Providers and Systems outpatient satisfaction scores from completed surveys (18,373) at an academic department of surgery were reviewed. Data were collected on patient factors, provider specialty, practice setting, and first visit status. Patients were divided into groups based on satisfaction scores—completely satisfied (score = 100) or less satisfied (score ≤99). Generalized estimating equation logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors predictive of patient satisfaction. Results Patients less likely to be completely satisfied were younger (odds ratio [OR] 0.54; confidence interval [CI] 0.43-0.69, P versus >80 y) and were more likely to be seeing their surgeon for the first time (OR 0.84; CI 0.78-0.89, P versus return patients). Compared with patients seen at hospital subspecialty clinics, patients were more likely to be satisfied if seen at a cancer center clinic (OR 1.22; CI 1.13-1.32, P P P P = 0.006) clinics compared with General Surgery Clinics. Conclusions Using satisfaction scores to evaluate providers should take into account nonmodifiable factors of the underlying patient population, the specialty of the provider, and the practice setting of the visit.
A Synthetic Approach to the Phorboxazoles – Synthesis of the C20-C32 Central Core

Abstract An enantiospecific synthesis of the C20–C32 central core of the phorboxazole scaffold, including the non-macrocyclic oxazole is detailed in 17 steps (longest linear sequence) from methacrolein in 7.8% overall yield. All of the stereocenters are communicated from a single Evans aldol reaction, and the final compound is suitably functionalized for further elaboration to the natural products.
Investigating the Impact of Supervisee Attachment System Activation on the Supervisory Relationship

Using a quasi-experimental design, the authors explored how supervisee attachment to supervisor predicted the supervisory relationship after recalling critical feedback from a supervisor. To examin...
Developing a Practical Framework for ERP Project Implementation: A Proposed Research Design

The implementation of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems is famous for mismanagement, unfulfilled expectations, and even outright failure. While some organizations undertaking this effort manage to report on-time schedules, intact budgets, and systems capable of providing measurable value to the organization, this is the exception rather than the rule. The objective of this research project is to focus on organizational reliability. This paper will delineate a proposed research design that will enable one to quantify the impact of organizational factors on ERP projects. Those factors will be classified in five broad categories: risk factors, expectations, resources, organizational competence, and consequences. The benefit of this research will be threefold: 1) to assess organizational readiness for undertaking an ERP project, 2) to identify areas of weakness within an organization, and 3) to predict with confidence the outcome of the ERP project in terms of common project metrics (budget, schedule, system capability, etc.). In practice, this would enable ERP project managers to possess a comprehensive understanding of project vulnerability and allow them to strengthen areas of weakness prior to project implementation.
Recomendaciones a la productividad en Manizales a través de mejores condiciones de empleo

Este documento analiza la productividad del sistema industrial de la ciudad de Manizales, Colombia, desde una perspectiva del mercado de trabajo, como contingencia al fenomeno de heterogeneidad estructural que presenta su aparato productivo, determinado por la perdida del dinamismo de la industria cafetera, definiendo la relacion urbanizacion-industrializacion bajo caracteristicas de trayectoria dependiente. Esto ocasiona que la ciudad este limitada para desarrollar iniciativas clusters que permitan la generacion de empleos de alta calidad. En este sentido, se compararon cuatro politicas publicas, elegidas en funcion del potencial impulso a la productividad de la ciudad, para finalmente sugerir dos apuestas industriales alrededor de la biotecnologia y las TIC, desde las cuales Manizales podria renovarse y convertirse en una ciudad nodal.
Texas Statewide Hepatitis C Counseling and Testing, 2000-2005

In 1999, the Texas legislature funded a statewide hepatitis C education and prevention program. Hepatitis training was incorporated into training for all human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), sexually transmitted disease (STD), and substance abuse counselors. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) counseling and HCV-antibody (anti-HCV) testing services were integrated into 20 HIV/STD service provider programs. Hepatitis C counseling and testing became available in 2000. Through 2005, 38,717 tests were administered, with 8,964 (23.2%) anti-HCV positive. Injection drug use was reported by 7,105 people (79.3%) who tested positive. In Texas, a state-initiated and almost entirely state-funded program supported statewide HCV counseling and anti-HCV testing among high-risk adults.
Implicit Theories of Weight Management: A Social Cognitive Approach to Motivation

IMPLICIT THEORIES OF WEIGHT MANAGEMENT: A SOCIAL COGNITIVE APPROACH TO MOTIVATION By Jeni L. Burnette, M.S. A dissertation proposal submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Conlrnonwealth University Virginia Commonwealth University, 2006 Director: Jeff Green, Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology Just as scientists develop general conceptual explanations of the phenomena they investigate, individuals also develop intuitive theories about such human characteristics as intelligence, personality, and athletic ability. These theories, unlike scientist's theories, are not explicitly articulated or documented, and so they are termed implicit theories. Implicit theories, in achievement motivation, distinguish between the belief that human attributes are fixed (entity theory) or malleable (incremental theory) and have been shown to have far-reaching consequences for motivation, goal-orientations, and regulatory strategies in an array of domains. This dissertation extended implicit theories research to the domain of body-weight management. Drawing from an elaborate theoretical framework on implicit theories and health behavior research, the present work predicted that (a) individuals differ systematically in their beliefs about the malleability of body weight and (b) these implicit beliefs are related to coping and self-regulation strategies following dieting setbacks. To test these hypotheses, I first developed the Implicit Theories of Weight Management Scale and examined its psychometric properties. Results revealed internal reliability and convergent and discriminant validity. Implicit theories of weight management were moderately related to health and dieting locus of control but were distinct from personality dimensions such as the Big Five and trait optimism. Psychometric properties of the scale are presented and discussed. Next, I tested the hypothesis that implicit theories of weight management would be related to adaptive regulatory strategies (e.g., increased motivation) and to maladaptive coping (e.g., avoidance) following dieting setbacks and that this relation would be mediated by feelings of helplessness and optimism, and by attributions. Results largely supported these conjectures, revealing that even after controlling for constructs related to successful dieting (e.g., dieting self-confidence, trait self-control), believing more strongly that weight is changeable was related to lower reported use of avoidance when coping with setbacks and more effort. Additionally, feelings of helplessness and optimism mediated the implicit theories-self-regulatory relations. Results are discussed in terms of how implicit theories create the structure in which meaning is assigned to events and are therefore important for achievement and motivation. Implications and avenues for future research are presented.
Spondylosis, Cervical and Lumbar

Spondylosis refers to degenerative changes of the spine, typically hallmarked by hypertrophy of ligaments, degeneration of the intervertebral disks, and formation of osteophytes. These changes may lead to impingement on neural structures, causing pain or dysfunction, including loss of strength, coordination, sensation, and visceral functions.
CHAPTER 17 – FLOUR

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses wheat flour and nonwheat flours. Wheat is of importance as a food crop worldwide, whereas nonwheat sources of flour are of increasing interest as food crops. The properties of flour are influenced by the raw material, wheat, and by the milling process and the treatments applied after milling. A useful technique for the study of flour involves the fractionation of flours that differ as to baking quality into their separate components, gluten, starch, tailings, and water solubles. The fractions are recombined for baking tests. Nonwheat flours have the potential of being economically beneficial to both developing and industrial countries and of making large nutritional contributions, particularly in developing countries. Many nonwheat flours have amino acid distributions that make their proteins complementary to wheat proteins and, in some cases, to each other. Apart from the process of flour production and the nutritive value, especially protein quantity and quality, functional performance of nonwheat flours has been the major emphasis of research. Most nonwheat flours do not have any gluten-forming ability, though rye flour and triticale flour do have limited ability to form gluten.
An introduction to JHR’s new Methods Focus series

Since the 1990s, questions of methodology and how they relate to the work of academic publishing have taken center stage in debates over research integrity and scholarly impact on policy. How can w...
Cotton and Race Across the Atlantic: Britain, Africa, and America, 1900–1920

At the end of the nineteenth century, the United States produced more than 60 percent of the world’s cotton. Across the Atlantic Ocean, Britain produced the majority of the world’s cotton goods. Ho...
Characteristics and outcomes of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) with chromosome (chr)3q abnormalities.

7069Background: Balanced and unbalanced chr 3q21;q26.2 abnormalities result in aberrant expression of the oncogene ecotropic viral integration site 1 implicated in leukemogenesis, and correlate wit...
Writing the Radio War: Literature, Politics and the BBC, 1939-1945

Writing the Radio War merges the fields of sound studies, radio studies, and Second World War literary studies through considerations of both major and marginalized figures of wartime broadcasting.
The Takings Doctrine and the Principle of Legality

The prohibitions of the criminal law promise an arena within which we may pursue our lives pretty much free of the fear of being preyed upon by our less scrupulous neighbors; but that arena of freedom can be threatened by the intrusions that the state makes use of to enforce those very prohibitions. The limits that keep the state from overstepping its bounds, traditionally thought to be called for by the notions of moral responsibility and desert, are instead called for by the promise itself of personal freedom made by the criminal law. But beyond the limits on the state's use of force, and in the absence of responsibility and desert, fairness calls for some amount of compensation for those detainees whose liberty is sacrificed to safeguard the community.
Changing emission of divalent samarium doped into barium octoborate as a function of firing time

AbstractBarium octoborate has been synthesized by air firing of co-precipitated borates with additional boric acid. During the firing process, samarium ions doped into the matrix are reduced to the divalent state. Two different divalent samarium emission spectra have been observed from the material as a function of the firing history, even though the structure, as identified by powder X-ray diffraction remained consistent. A minor barium pentaborate impurity, in conjunction with significant thermal variability in the strength of the divalent samarium emission generated by the different sites in the two borate materials, appears to give rise to this phenomenon.
How Science Fiction Worldbuilding Supports Students' Scientific Explanation

Creating science fiction can engage both imagination and scientific reasoning. We offer examples of middle school students building science fiction explanations to justify their decisions during a week-long role-playing game (RPG) design workshop. Findings show how worldbuilding---that is, defining the game's setting, history, and characters---supported students in formulating relevant science questions, integrating various science ideas into complex mechanistic explanations, and articulating and critiquing ideas. They also show the challenges students faced in balancing fiction and science to create credible game worlds; and how differences in participation affected collaborators' ultimate abilities to explain. We conclude that RPG design has many affordances as a science learning environment, but also particular caveats for formal educators to bear in mind.
The importance of surgical margins in dedifferentiated liposarcoma survival.

e22528Background: Among the types of soft tissue sarcomas (STS), liposarcoma is the most common malignant STS. Considering therapeutic options, surgical resection is the most utilized therapeutic o...
The effects of manipulating levels of replication initiation factors on origin firing efficiency in yeast

Chromosome replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is initiated from ~300 origins that are regulated by DNA sequence and by the limited abundance of six trans-acting initiation proteins (Sld2, Sld3, Dpb11, Dbf4, Sld7 and Cdc45). We set out to determine how the levels of individual factors contribute to time of origin activation and/or origin efficiency using induced depletion of single factors and overexpression of sets of multiple factors. Depletion of Sld2 or Sld3 slows growth and S phase progression, decreases origin efficiency across the genome and impairs viability as a result of incomplete replication of the rDNA. We find that the most efficient early origins are relatively unaffected by depletion of either Sld2 or Sld3. However, Sld3 levels, and to a lesser extent Sld2 levels, are critical for firing of the less efficient early origins. Overexpression of Sld3 simultaneously with Sld2, Dpb11 and Dbf4 preserves the relative efficiency of origins. Only when Cdc45 and Sld7 are also overexpressed is origin efficiency equalized between early- and late-firing origins. Our data support a model in which Sld3 together with Cdc45 (and/or Sld7) is responsible for the differential efficiencies of origins across the yeast genome.
SHIP1 and PTEN Co-Inactivation and Akt Pathway Targeting in ALL.

Abstract Abstract 2386 Poster Board II-363 Despite success in the treatment of Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), relapse and death continue to occur and in survivors, secondary malignancies due to the impact of aggressive chemotherapy negatively impact the quality and duration of life. Akt plays a central role in signal transduction and is negatively regulated by PTEN and, in cells of hematopoietic lineage, SHIP1; it is positively regulated by PIK3CA. Despite multiple levels of regulation, Akt is aberrantly activated in many cancers including ALL. To understand the mechanism behind Akt activation in ALL, PIK3CA, PTEN and SHIP1 genes were assessed in leukemia cell lines and primary samples. No sample harbored PIK3CA mutation. PTEN was expressed in just one-third of the cell lines analyzed, but in two-thirds of the primary ALL of both T- and B-lineage, though all were in the phosphorylated (inactivated) form. SHIP1 was expressed in all leukemia cell lines, except for Jurkat and K562 cell lines. In general, expression of SHIP1 protein was much higher in cell lines of the B-lineage than of the T-lineage. The Jurkat T-ALL cell line, long observed to lack SHIP1 protein, harbored biallelic inactivation by null mutation and a frame-shift deletion; no SHIP1 mutations were identified in the K562 cell line. In contrast to leukemia cell lines, no full length SHIP1 was detected in primary T-ALL, and only ∼20% of the primary B-precursor ALL expressed full length SHIP despite the expression of full length transcript. Both ALL lineages expressed truncated isoforms of SHIP, which cloning and sequence analysis revealed was due to premature termination resulting from the frame-shift and other translationally-inactivating alternative splicing. The co-inactivation of SHIP and PTEN may create therapeutic opportunities. The PI3KCA inhibitor LY294002 has been shown to sensitize glioblastoma and colon carcinoma to doxorubicin. To determine if these agents acted synergistically in T-ALL, cell lines Molt16 (SHIP1+/PTEN-), Jurkat (SHIP1-/PTEN-) and normal MNCs (SHIP1+/PTEN+) were subjected to various combinations of the PIK3CA inhibitor LY294002 and doxorubicin and cell proliferation and viability assessed. Normal cells were generally insensitive to both agents except at high concentrations. LY294002 and doxorubicin inhibited viability in Molt16 with IC50s of 10 uM and 0.1 ug/ml, respectively, with no evidence of synergy. Jurkat cells exhibited a similar IC50 to LY294002, but were more sensitive to doxorubicin (IC50s of 10 uM and 0.025 ug/ml, respectively), with the two agents demonstrating some synergy when added simultaneously at low concentrations. In summary, we present evidence of Akt pathway deregulation in T-ALL due to SHIP1/PTEN inactivation and suggest that agents targeting this pathway may provide new directions into the therapeutic treatment of T-ALL. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Sub-2 Å Resolution Structure Determination Using Single-Particle Cryo-EM at 200 keV

Abstract Although the advent of direct electron detectors (DEDs) and software developments have enabled the routine use of single-particle cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) for structure determination of well-behaved specimens to high-resolution, there nonetheless remains a discrepancy between the resolutions attained for biological specimens and the information limits of modern transmission electron microscopes (TEMs). Instruments operating at 300 kV equipped with DEDs are the current paradigm for high-resolution single-particle cryo-EM, while 200 kV TEMs remain comparatively underutilized for purposes beyond sample screening. Here, we expand upon our prior work and demonstrate that one such 200 kV microscope, the Talos Arctica, equipped with a K2 DED is capable of determining structures of macromolecules to as high as ∼1.7 A resolution. At this resolution, ordered water molecules are readily assigned and holes in aromatic residues can be clearly distinguished in the reconstructions. This work emphasizes the utility of 200 keV for high-resolution single-particle cryo-EM and applications such as structure-based drug design.
Toxic Theology as a Contributing Factor in Complicated Mourning.

As an educator and spiritual caregiver to the bereaved, I offer supportive companionship and spiritual healing tools for the grief journey. In this capacity, I have encountered certain theological ...
Are hard hats a risk factor for WRMSD in the cervical-thoracic region?

Objectives To investigate the effect of wearing hard hats on the lower cervical and upper thoracic region using surface electromyography (sEMG) and possible link to work-related musculoskeletal disorder (WRMSD). Methods Twenty study subjects wore sEMG sensors placed on the upper trapezius muscle on their dominant side to assess muscle activity while wearing different hard hats. Study subjects were asked to don six different hard hats and assume varied neck postures. A repeated-measures design was used to analyze the results for difference and similarities in muscle activity. Results There was a small, significant effect of wearing a hard hat on muscle loading in the upper trapezius (p = 0.038). Post-hoc analyses revealed the only statistically significant difference was between wearing no hard hat at all and wearing head protection (without accessories) in the flexed posture (p = 0.006). Conclusion The results demonstrated that there was little difference in lower cervical and upper thoracic muscle activity while donning hard hat and assuming various neck postures. Wearing a sample of commonly used hard hats in this study does not appear to substantially increase muscle activity that would cause fatigue in the lower cervical and upper thoracic region among young, healthy volunteer subjects.
Neurological Symptoms in Patients with Zinc deficiency: A Case Series with Documented Blood Levels (5323)

Objective: To describe the range of neurological symptoms in patients with documented zinc deficiency. A case series of 63 patients with documented blood levels of zinc and other micronutrient deficiencies is presented. Background: Vitamin and micronutrient deficiencies have been frequently described as a cause of neurological symptoms. Accurate diagnosis is important as these conditions are preventable and often treatable. Zinc is an essential trace element that plays vital roles in the nervous system, participating in neuronal metabolism at the molecular and cellular levels. Zinc plays a role in over 300 enzymatic reactions and biochemical processes supporting life including cellular respiration, maintaining cell membrane integrity, free radical scavenging and DNA production. Zinc deficiency has been previously reported as a potential cause of neuropsychological symptoms and peripheral neuropathy, but literature on this topic is sparse. We present a case series of zinc deficiency with documented zinc blood levels. Design/Methods: 63 patients presenting with diverse neurological symptoms including; headache, paresthesias and peripheral neuropathy underwent zinc and other micronutrient measurements and were found to be deficient in zinc and several other micronutrients. The deficiencies were corrected and patients were clinically followed along with blood levels of the micronutrients. Results: All patients experienced improvement on their symptomatology after replacement to high normal values as measured by blood levels, with most recovering fully. There were no documented adverse effects due to micronutrient replacement. Conclusions: Zinc and micronutrient deficiencies could be related to some common neurological symptoms, its presentation might be more frequent than estimated in industrialized countries. The feature recognition of its presentation as well other potential micronutrient deficiencies is key to effectively manage these patients. A complete nutritional assessment might be helpful in customizing therapies in neurology. Further evaluation of zinc and other micronutrient deficiencies may be helpful in establishing effective, inexpensive and easily tolerated therapeutic plans. Disclosure: Dr. Achari has nothing to disclose. Dr. Escamilla-Ocanas has nothing to disclose. Dr. Amjadi has nothing to disclose.
Quantum Transport in Si:P δ-Layer Wires

We employ a fully charge self-consistent quantum transport formalism, together with a heuristic elastic scattering model, to study the local density of state (LDOS) and the conductive properties of Si:P δ-layer wires at the cryogenic temperature of 4 K. The simulations allow us to explain the origin of shallow conducting sub-bands, recently observed in high resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy experiments. Our LDOS analysis shows the free electrons are spatially separated in layers with different average kinetic energies, which, along with elastic scattering, must be accounted for to reproduce the sheet resistance values obtained over a wide range of the δ-layer donor densities.
Implications of Tumor-Immune Coevolution on Cancer Evasion and Optimized Immunotherapy.

Cancer represents a diverse collection of diseases characterized by heterogeneous cell populations that dynamically evolve in their environment. As painfully evident in cases of treatment failure and recurrence, this general feature makes identifying long-term successful therapies difficult. It is now well-established that the adaptive immune system recognizes and eliminates cancer cells, and various immunotherapeutic strategies have emerged to augment this effect. These therapies, while promising, often fail as a result of immune-specific cancer evasion. Increasingly available empirical evidence details both cancer and immune system populations pre- and post-treatment, providing rich opportunity for mathematical models of the tumor–immune interaction and subsequent co-evolution. Integrated mathematical and experimental efforts bear immediate relevance for optimized therapies and will undoubtedly accelerate our understanding of this emergent field.
Subjective sleep score is associated with central and peripheral blood pressure values in children aged 7-12 years.

Shortened and poor-quality sleep have emerged as non-traditional risk factors for the development of hypertension in adults, and it is likely these relations extend to paediatric populations when evaluating sleep subjectively. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate subjective sleep metrics and their associations with central and peripheral blood pressure (BP) values in children. We hypothesized that poor-quality sleep and short sleep duration would be associated with elevated pressures in healthy children. Subjective sleep habits and sleep duration were evaluated using the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) in 29 children aged 7-12 years (13 male/16 female). A total sleep score was generated by summing subscale scores: a higher score indicates poorer sleep habits. Peripheral BP was measured, and central pressures were estimated using pulse wave analysis. Pearson's r correlations were used to assess relations between total sleep score, sleep duration, and sleep score subscales with BP values. Sleep score was positively associated with central and peripheral systolic pressure (r = 0.43, p = 0.02 and r = 0.41, p = 0.03, respectively), diastolic pressure (r = 0.42, p = 0.02 and r = 0.36, p = 0.05, respectively) and mean arterial pressure (r = 0.40, p = 0.03 and r = 0.36, p = 0.03, respectively). Sleep duration was negatively associated with central and peripheral diastolic pressure (r = -0.40, p = 0.03 and r = -0.41, p = 0.03, respectively). Regarding the CSHQ subscales, daytime sleepiness and parasomnias were consistently positively associated with BP values. These findings support sleep as a primordial prevention target for hypertension and the maintenance of cardiovascular health during childhood. Consideration of a variety of sleep habits using tools such as the CSHQ may provide important insights into early-life cardiovascular risk.
Quantification of Skeletal Muscle Fiber Orientation in 3D Ultrasound B-Modes

Skeletal muscle exhibits transverse isotropy with a symmetry axis in the muscle fiber direction. Characterization of muscle mechanical properties with ultrasound shear wave elasticity imaging requires an accurate measurement of the 3D muscle fiber orientation (MFO): rotation and tilt. Existing approaches apply to 2D B-mode images, extract only fiber tilt, and detect individual fibers. Here, we present a Fourier-domain approach for calculating 3D MFO from 3D B-mode volumes acquired using two imaging setups: 1) a cylindrical volume acquired by rotating a linear transducer, and 2) a rectangular volume acquired by a rectilinear matrix array transducer. We imaged the vastus lateralis muscle of a healthy volunteer and also manually measured the orientation of individual fibers observed in these two B-mode volumes to assess heterogeneity. For rotation and tilt respectively, the standard deviations were 6.4° and 1.5° for the rotational B-mode (n=7) and 2.7° and 1.5° for the matrix B-mode (n=43). We validated our proposed algorithm on in silico and in vivo data: errors in rotation and tilt from the mean orientation were within 1° for both imaging setups and less than the in vivo MFO heterogeneity. Lastly, we performed a Bland- Altman analysis of rotation angles estimated from B-mode and from shear wave elastography data (n=35): bias was less than than 1°, and 95% limits of agreement was ±10°. Our Fourier-domain approach precisely computes the average 3D MFO from 3D ultrasound B-mode volumes of muscle, and these orientation estimates will be used in ongoing muscle characterization studies.
Liveness Enforcing Supervision for Sequential Resource Allocation Systems

Liveness-enforcing supervision of sequential resource allocation systems is currently a well-defined problem, underlying the operation of many contemporary technological systems, spanning a wide spectrum of applications. This technical note provides a brief overview of the currently available results, delineating, both, our major analytical understandings/characterizations concerning the problem concepts/structure and its complexity, and also, our ability to synthesize effective and computationally tractable solutions to it. The last part of the document identifies open/unaddressed research issues, the resolution of which will extent the power of the current theory and will allow the integration of the developed results in the broader control frameworks managing the behavior of these environments.
Results from the NRL Floating Probe on SPEAR III : High time resolution measurements of payload potential

We present results from the NRL Floating Probe (FP) which made high time resolution measurements of spacecraft charging and discharging on the Space Power Experiments Aboard Rockets (SPEAR III) payload. SPEAR III was specifically designed to study the physics of spacecraft charging phenomena. We know that spacecraft in the ionosphere can charge to high levels (up to a few kilovolts). Charging occurs naturally in the auroral region due to high-energy streaming electrons or during the operation of active experiments (ion/electron beams or electromagnetic tethers). Charging and discharging events are often impulsive in nature and a method fast enough to track these potential changes will be extremely important. The FP consists of a metallic sphere containing a high-impedance amplifier and a capacitive divider network for scaling large voltages to the range that solid state circuits can handle. The probe can be used for either positive or negative polarity measurements. The 'worst case' time-response is associated with negative charging since the probe must collect ions to stay in contact with the local plasma. Modeling of the FP indicates that it has a time response faster than 1 ms for the entire range of negative charging normally associated with spacecraft (0 to -2 kV). We will discuss the FP design, construction, and theory of operation. SPEAR III also carried an ElectroStatic particle Analyzer (ESA) for monitoring the incoming ion distribution and a comparison of these two measurements is presented.
Uptake of homologous single-stranded fragments by superhelical DNA. IV. Branch migration.

Abstract The uptake of a homologous single-stranded fragment by superhelical DNA produces a complex that contains a stable displacement loop. When the circular DNA was relaxed by the random action of pancreatic DNAase, complexes dissociated by a process which requires that the single-stranded arm of the D-loop be intact. We attribute the dissociation to branch migration, the exchange of like strands at a branch point. The kinetics of dissociation were biphasic. A fraction of the nicked complexes dissociated in a few seconds, the rest dissociated much more slowly. The fraction of molecules that dissociated slowly was directly related to the length of the third strand, and inversely related to temperature. Salt also inhibited dissociation. Under physiological conditions, 37 °C and 0.15 m -NaCl, more than half of complexes containing a third strand of 1000-nucleotide residues survived for at least one minute. These observations provide a guide to handling certain natural or synthetic branched derivatives of DNA. Analyzing our data by the method of Thompson et al. (1976), we have estimated that the time for the exchange of one nucleotide for another at a single-stranded branch is 12 microseconds; but the calculated value depends strongly upon the assumption that single-strand branch migration occurs by a random walk.
Disease Mapping, Hierarchical Models For

Hierarchical models for disease mapping. Hierarchical models provide a convenient framework to combine information across multiple observational units. Such models are particularly convenient for small area estimation of disease rates to improve statistical precision of estimates associated with small local sample sizes. We review the basic framework of model-based approaches for combining information across small administrative units through the use of random effects. Varying definitions of the random effects distribution allows one to combine information from all locations, neighboring locations, or a combination of both. Keywords: spatial statistics; small area estimation; conditional autoregression
Microbial oxidation of gaseous hydrocarbons: production of methyl ketones from their corresponding secondary alcohols by methane- and methanol-grown microbes.

Cultures of methane- or methanol-utilizing microbes, including obligate (both types I and II) and facultative methylotrophic bacteria, obligate methanol utilizers, and methanol-grown yeasts were isolated from lake water of Warinanco Park, Linden, N.J., and lake and soil samples of Bayway Refinery, Linden, N.J. Resting-cell suspensions of these, and of other known C1-utilizing microbes, oxidized secondary alcohols to their corresponding methyl ketones. The product methyl ketones accumulated extracellularly. Succinate-grown cells of facultative methylotrophs did not oxidize secondary alcohols. Among the secondary alcohols, 2-butanol was oxidized at the highest rate. The optimal conditions for in vivo methyl ketone formation were compared among five different types of C1-utilizing microbes. Some enzymatic degradation of 2-butanone was observed. The product, 2-butanone, did not inhibit the oxidation of 2-butanol. The rate of the 2-butanone production was linear for the first 4 h of incubation for all five cultures tested. A yeast culture had the highest production rate. The optimum temperature for the production of 2-butanone was 35°C for all the bacteria tested. The yeast culture had a higher temperature optimum (40°C), and there was a reasonably high 2-butanone production rate even at 45°C. Metal-chelating agents inhibit the production of 2-butanone, suggesting the involvement of metal(s) in the oxidation of secondary alcohols. Secondary alcohol dehydrogenase activity was found in the cell-free soluble extract of sonically disrupted cells. The cell-free system requires a cofactor, specifically nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, for its activity. This is the first report of a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent, secondary alcohol-specific enzyme.
Automatic object-level change interpretation for multispectral remote sensing imagery

In this work, we propose an algorithm for the automatic, qualitative explanation of object-level changes in multispectral remote sensing imagery. This multi-stage approach is based on the construction of change models that directly reflect the nuisance effects of the data acquisition process, unimportant causes of observed object variation, such as illumination variation or spectral composition variation, and important changes such as object shape or location variation. Analysis of the different change models' fit to the data provides a basis for a multi-cause change description of recorded time-variations that objects in the imagery undergo.
Bankruptcy's Uncontested Axioms

Debates about the law of corporate reorganizations often seem to be debates about facts.' From this it might seem that good empirical research can resolve the large differences that exist between competing camps of bankruptcy scholarship. First-rate empirical work has, of course, been done.2 It has also changed the way some have thought about bankruptcy law.3 Nevertheless, it would be a mistake to think that empirical studies will
Lipomatosis of the Central Nervous System

Lipomas of the central nervous system are not uncommon, approximately 80 cases having been reported. The most usual site is the dorsal surface of the corpus callosum, although they have frequently been found in the region of the tuber cinereum, the mammillary bodies, and the midbrain. Lipomas of the spinal cord unassociated with spina bifida are much less common, only 12 cases having been recorded. Involvement of both the brain and spinal cord is extremely unusual. In 1935 Krainer (1) summarized the literature on lipomas of the brain and spinal cord and added two cases of his own. Since then publications by Misch (2), Sperling and Alpers (3), and Scherer (4) have appeared. Misch reported two cases occurring in the region of the foramen magnum. The first was an extradural lipoma 2.5 × 4 × 1 cm. in a fourteen-year-old girl. It originated in the lower end of the spheno-occipital region and extended across the width of the clivus, compressing the medulla in its upper part. The second patient, a woman of thirty-four, had an intradural tumor, 2.5 × 1.7 × 2.2 cm., lobulated, firm and yellow, with branching vessels on its surface. It filled the greater part of the right side of the foramen magnum and reached from the upper margin of the jugular foramen to a little below the atlanto-occipital articulation.
Evaluating the Long‐term Health Consequences of United States Combat Deployments: Toxicology and the Law

With each war, the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) has been called on by veterans and their families, the US public, government leaders and the media to quickly provide information on the health consequences of combat deployment. VA must rapidly address difficult-to-answer health questions each time troops are deployed. Are veterans experiencing more health problems than expected? Have deployment-related environmental hazards led to health problems among returning veterans? Are troops experiencing greater rates of cancers or mortality? How has deployment affected the veteran's family and reproductive health? Long-term epidemiological studies provide the most accurate information about morbidity and mortality, but since they take years to complete, VA has had to resort to faster approaches to address veterans' health needs, including: voluntary clinical examination registries, specialized combat-related clinical care programmes, and most recently, electronic ‘combat veteran rosters’ based on VA's comprehensive computerized health records. Another limitation of long-term studies is that they generally fail to link specific deployment-related environmental hazards to unique health outcomes because of the lack of useful environmental exposure data and troop location information during chaotic wartime deployments. Developing equitable healthcare and assistance policies for combat veterans related to environmental hazards therefore cannot be totally reliant on good science, and frequently cannot be based on research studies of the exposed veterans themselves. Consequently, VA has often developed governmental healthcare and disability-assistance policies based on thorough reviews of all relevant scientific literature related to groups with well-characterized exposures, whether military or civilian, by an independent scientific group such as the US National Academies of Sciences Institute of Medicine (IOM). Keywords: toxicology; veterans; combat; war; dioxin; vaccines; pesticides; depleted uranium; military
A Revolution in Logic

Logic might at first sight seem an unlikely arena for revolutions, even for revolutions in Jefferson’s sense rather than Lenin’s. Kant maintained that Aristotelian logic had not changed in two thousand years and could never change.1 Even though Kant’s view of Aristotle’s logic has been thoroughly discredited (even by Aristotle’s own standards) both systematically and historically,2 most contemporary philosophers and linguists are adopting the same Kantian attitude to Frege’s logic, or strictly speaking rather to that part of Frege’s logic that has come to be known variously as first-order logic, quantification theory, or lower predicate calculus. When a critic once suggested to a prominent philosopher of language that one of the cornerstones of ordinary first-order logic, Frege’s treatment of verbs for being like is, does not capture the true Sprachlogik, he looked at the speaker with an expression of horror — mock horror, we hope — and said, “Nothing is sacred in philosophy any longer!”
Interaction of O and Cu on W(110): II. The presegregation regime

Abstract Adsorption of oxygen on Cu1/W(110) and Cu2/W(110), as well as adsorption of Cu on Ox/W(110) (0 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.85) was studied. It is concluded that at 90 K. O adsorption occurs on top of Cu1/W(110) or Cu2/W(110), with O diffusing to the W surface without desorption on heating to 300 K, at which point incipient segregation occurs. Cu can also be adsorbed on top of O0.6/W(110). On heating Cu multilayer formation starts in this case at ~ 200 K. For O adsorption on Cu1/W(110) the O dipole moment is nearly the same as on clean W(110), while it is much larger on Cu2/W(110). A monolayer of Cu on Ox/W(110) shows metallic behavior, and in particular screens the W-O dipole potential almost completely up to x = 0.6, so that φ is nearly that of Cu1/W(110). Similar screening was also noted for a Cu monolayer on CO/W(110). The sticking coefficient s of O2 on Cu1]/W(110) is unity over a wide coverage range at all temperatures investigated, while it is only 0.5 on Cu2/W(110) and 0.55 on W(110). This behavior is tentatively attributed to soft transverse vibrational modes on Cu1/W(110) arising from W/Cu size mismatch which permits efficient energy exchange between incoming O2 molecules and the surface. As noted in paper I there is also adsorption of O2 on Cu1/O0.6/W(110). The sticking coefficient for this process is 0.58 at 90 K up to maximum θo = 0.2. UPS measurements for Cun/W(110) where 0.5⩽ n ⩽ 8 are presented, and show a gradual transition to Cu bulk DOS. UPS measurements for O/Cu1/W(110), O/Cu2/W(110) and Cu1/O0.6/W(110) are also presented and discussed. In particular it is noted that the spectrum for Cu1/O0.6/W(110) seems to resemble that of Cu[in2/W(110), i.e. appears more Cu-like than that of O/Cu1/W(110) or Cu1/W(110).
DATA MINING IN MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT

Data Mining (DM) has become a powerful tool in a wide range of areas, from e-commerce, to finance, to bioinformatics, and increasingly, in materials science [1, 2]. Miners think about problems with a somewhat different focus than traditional scientists, and DM techniques offer the possibility of making quantitative predictions in many areas where traditional approaches have had limited success. Scientists generally try to make predictions through constitutive relations, derived mathematically from basic laws of physics, such as the diffusion equation or the ideal gas law. However, in many areas, including materials development, the problems are so complex that constitutive relations either cannot be derived, or are too approximate or intractable for practical quantitative use. The philosophy of a DM approach is to assume that useful constitutive relations exist, and to attempt to derive them primarily from data, rather than from basic laws of physics.