cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EPIC: Efficient Asynchronous BFT with Adaptive Security

Asynchronous BFT protocols such as HoneyBadgerBFT and BEAT are inherently robust against timing, performance, and denial-of-service attacks. The protocols, however, achieve static security, where the adversary needs to choose the set of corrupted replicas before the execution of the protocol. The situation is in contrast to that of most of existing BFT protocols (e.g., PBFT) which achieve adaptive security, where the adversary can choose to corrupt replicas at any moment during the execution of the protocol. We present EPIC, a novel and efficient asynchronous BFT protocol with adaptive security. Via a five-continent deployment on Amazon EC2, we show that EPIC is slightly slower for small and medium-sized networks than the most efficient asynchronous BFT protocols with static security. We also find as the number of replicas is smaller than 46, EPIC's throughput is stable, achieving peak throughput of 8,000--12,500 tx/sec using t2.medium VMs. When the network size grows larger, EPIC is not as efficient as those with static security, with throughput of 4,000--6,300 tx/sec.
Pancreas and Duodenum Injuries: Techniques

Isolated injuries to the pancreas and duodenum from either blunt or penetrating trauma are infrequent, and early mortality is usually due to associated vascular injuries in the upper abdomen. Delays in diagnosis after blunt trauma are less common in the modern era due to the availability of multidetector CT. Pancreatic injuries without involvement of the main duct are managed nonoperatively, while ductal injuries are treated with resection of the body and tail or head and a rare Roux-en-Y reconstruction in most circumstances. The most common complication after resection continues to be a pancreatic fistula. Duodenal perforations are treated with transverse or oblique closure, Roux-en-Y duodenojejunostomy, or resection. Pyloric exclusion with gastrojejunostomy is still used for selected combined pancreatoduodenal or complex duodenal injuries.
Quantifying the risk-adjusted hospital costs of postoperative complications after lower extremity bypass in patients with claudication.

Abstract Objective Increasing evidence has shown that the risks associated with surgical revascularization for intermittent claudication outweigh the benefits. The aim of our study was to quantify the cost of care associated with perioperative complications after elective lower extremity bypass (LEB) in patients presenting with intermittent claudication. Methods All patients undergoing first-time LEB for claudication in the Healthcare Database (2009-2015) were included. The primary outcome was in-hospital postoperative complications, including major adverse limb events (MALE), major adverse cardiac events (MACE), acute kidney injury, and wound complications. The overall crude hospital costs are reported, and a generalized linear model with log link and inverse Gaussian distribution was used to calculate the predicted hospital costs for specific complications. Results Overall, 7154 patients had undergone elective LEB for claudication during the study period. The median age was 66 years (interquartile range, 59-73 years), 67.5% were male, and 75.3% were white. Two thirds of patients (61.2%) had Medicare insurance, followed by private insurance (26.9%), Medicaid (7.7%), and other insurance (4.2%). In-hospital complications occurred in 8.5% of patients, including acute kidney injury in 3.0%, MALE in 2.8%, wound complications in 2.3%, and MACE in 1.0%. The overall median crude hospital cost was $11,783 (interquartile range, $8911-$15,767) per patient. The incremental increase in cost associated with a postoperative complication was significant, ranging from $6183 (95% confidence interval, $4604-$7762) for MALE to $10,485 (95% confidence interval, $6529-$14,441) for MACE after risk adjustment. Conclusions Postoperative complications after elective LEB for claudication are not uncommon and increase the in-hospital costs by 46% to 78% depending on the complication. Surgical revascularization for claudication should be used sparingly in carefully selected patients.
COVID-19 myocarditis and long-term heart failure sequelae.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The clinical syndrome of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a global pandemic leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Cardiac dysfunction is commonly seen in these patients, often presenting as clinical heart failure. Accordingly, we aim to provide a comprehensive review on COVID-19 myocarditis and its long-term heart failure sequelae. RECENT FINDINGS: Several suspected cases of COVID-19 myocarditis have been reported. It is often not clear if the acute myocardial dysfunction is caused by myocarditis or secondary to generalized inflammatory state of cytokine release or microvascular thrombotic angiopathy. Ischemia may also need to be ruled out. Regardless, myocardial dysfunction in these patients is associated with poor overall prognosis. Laboratory testing, echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and even endomyocardial biopsy may be needed for timely diagnosis. Several treatment strategies have been described, including both supportive and targeted therapies. SUMMARY: COVID-19 can cause a spectrum of ventricular dysfunction ranging from mild disease to fulminant myocarditis with hemodynamic instability. Future research is needed to understand the true prevalence of COVID-19 myocarditis, as well as to better define various diagnostic protocols and treatment strategies.
Persistence of a Discrete-Time Predator-Prey Model with Stage-Structure in the Predator

We propose and investigate a discrete-time predator-prey model with a structured predator population. We describe the predator population using two stages, juveniles and adults, and assume that only the adult stage consumes the prey species. For this model, we discuss conditions for the existence and global stability of the extinction and predator-free equilibria as well as conditions for the existence and uniqueness of an interior equilibrium. We show that when the predator-free equilibrium destabilizes, the interior equilibrium is stable in a neighborhood of the bifurcation. We also find the conditions for the persistence of both prey and predator populations. Finally, we use numerical simulations to demonstrate various dynamical scenarios. We find that introducing stage-structure into the predator population allows for complicated dynamics that are not possible when the predator is unstructured.
Is a picture worth a thousand views? Measuring the effects of travel photos on user engagement using deep learning algorithms

Travel photos inform and inspire consumers by conveying a first-hand destination experience. Despite the proliferation of consumer-generated travel photos in online travel review sites, deconstructing the effects of photos on consumer engagement remains a challenge to the tourism industry. We provide a framework to process and interpret various photographic elements on user engagement using deep learning algorithms. We posit that a photo can invoke consumers’ subjective interpretations of photos representing authentic, creative, or emotional dimensions of the destination experience. A structured crowdsourced categorization process was deployed to measure the interpretive dimensions of the photos. The objects in photographs are identified using a novel deep learning algorithm for controls. We use narrative framing concepts to theorize their influence on user engagement in an online travel review site setting. Relevant three sets of hypotheses are tested using a large dataset of photo-based travel reviews sampled between 2012 and 2014. A negative zero-inflated binomial regression is used to estimate the effect of subjective interpretation of photos on user engagement, accounting for overdispersed excess zeros associated with count outcomes. Results support the hypotheses. The additional analyses explore other plausible influential attributes to user engagements to complement our main findings. We discuss the theoretical contributions to the online-image-persuasion stream of research and practical implications for online tourist review sites.
The {101¯2} non-cozone twin-twin interactions in Mg: A stability and mobility study using 3-D atomistic simulations

Abstract Due to easy activation of tensile twinning in Mg, multiple { 10 1 ¯ 2 } twin variants can interact with each other and form twin-twin boundaries over the course of plastic deformation. Previous studies using 2-D settings provide only a partial understanding of these interactions, especially the non-cozone ones. Here, atomistic simulations are used to study the 3-D structural characteristic and evolution of the non-cozone { 10 1 ¯ 2 } twin-twin junctions. The study reveals the existence of new twin-twin boundaries (TTBs) such as TTBBP and TTBK2, formed after the interaction between the basal prismatic and conjugate twin interfaces with the coherent twin boundary. For both non-cozone twin-twin interactions, the { 1 ¯ 2 1 ¯ 2 } TTB and its associated twin-twin junctions are found to play a major role in the { 10 1 ¯ 2 } twin's stability and mobility. Specifically, they promote the growth of the 3-D twin in both the normal and forward directions during the interaction and hinder the detwinning process upon unloading.
A Case Study in Tax Innovation: Tax Receivable Agreements

This paper investigates an innovation that has enabled founders to retain substantial benefits when their company goes public in an IPO. The new and skillful device, a "tax receivable agreement" or TRA, permits pre-IPO owners to extract large sums of money over the course of several years after selling the company to the public. TRAs have been widely applauded and vehemently criticized, but two things are clear -- they are the innovation of tax lawyers and involve billions of dollars. This paper explores how TRAs emerged, and the types of deals in which we can expect to see them emerge in future IPOs.
An unusual presentation of acute deep vein thrombosis after the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine-a case report

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a worldwide pandemic of the multisystem disease coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Since the development of COVID-19 vaccines, there has been extensive monitoring for potential serious side effects. We report an unusual presentation of acute deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the right upper extremity of a 27-year-old Caucasian female, 3 days after receipt of her second dose of the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine. Her relevant thrombophilia workup was negative on initial presentation. She was treated with rivaroxaban for 3 months and her symptoms of right upper extremity swelling, and pain improved. Considering our case did not have any evidence of thrombocytopenia, we discuss the possible pathophysiology of acute DVT following Moderna COVID-19 vaccine in contrast to adenoviral vector COVID-19 vaccines (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and Ad26.COV2.S), including mRNA COVID-19 vaccine binding to pattern recognition receptors (PRR) in the endosomes and cytosol leading to a pro inflammatory cascade and coagulopathy. We highlight the importance of initial workup for acute DVT post COVID-19 vaccination, that should include complete blood count (CBC) with platelet count, international normalized ratio (INR), prothrombin time (PTT), D-dimer levels, fibrinogen levels, platelet factor 4 (PF4)/heparin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) followed by a confirmatory PF4 platelet activation assay such as serotonin release assay, P-selectin expression assay, or heparin induced platelet aggregation (HIPA) assay, and imaging for thrombosis.
Ultraviolet avoidance by embryonic buoyancy control in three species of marine fish.

Abstract Pelagic fish embryos are thought to float in or near surface waters for the majority of their development and are presumed to have little to no control over their mobility, rendering these embryos at high risk for damages associated with surface stressors such as ultraviolet radiation (UVR). We recently challenged these long-standing paradigms by characterizing a potential mechanism of stressor avoidance in early-life stage mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus) in which embryos sense external cues, such as UVR, and modify their buoyancy to reduce further exposure. It is unknown whether embryos of other marine fish with pelagic spawning strategies have similar capabilities. To fill this knowledge gap, we investigated buoyancy change in response to UVR in three additional species of marine fish that utilize a pelagic spawning strategy: yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus), and cobia (Rachycentron canadum). Embryos of all three species displayed increased specific gravity and loss of buoyancy after exposures to environmentally relevant doses of UVR, a response that may be ubiquitous to fish with pelagic embryos. To gain further insight into this response, we investigated recovery of buoyancy, oxygen consumption, energy depletion, and photolyase induction in response to UVR exposures in at least one of the three species listed above.
Analysis on the operation reliability of active intervention type arc extinguishing device

Abstract With the increase of urban power grid scale, the requirement of power supply reliability has been improved, and the active intervention type arc extinguishing device (AIT-AED) has been paid more and more attention to. As one of the effective means of grounding fault arc extinguishing, the AIT-AED has a high demand on the operation reliability, but the operation experience of AIT-AED is insufficient. Hence, the pilot application of this device was carried out and its operation situations were investigated in this paper. It is found that the setting value, control logic, accessories quality and artificial operation are the main influencing factors of operation reliability and the corresponding improved measures were proposed, which could provide references for the operation and maintenance of AIT-AED.
Lists in Grammars

Publisher Summary Among many linguists, the word “list” has acquired a negative tone. So it may be interesting to examine the ways in which lists of some sort or other are in fact used in grammars of three different vintages. The reason for this interest is that the lists play a very large and important role in generative grammars. And the presence of these lists in generative grammars is one of the facts that elicit violent reactions from linguists, who are concerned only with other kinds of grammar. Nineteenth century grammars use two devices to avoid lists: (1) reference to a standard dictionary, available to all readers, for morphological classes; (2) partial lists combined with the semantic definitions for syntactic classes, except where a syntactic class coincides with a morphological class in which case the dictionary again serves. Recent twentieth-century grammars use a deceitful form of the first device, referring the reader to a non-existent dictionary with class-marks attached but avoid the second device.
Ideals attaining a given Hilbert function

We improve the result of Charalambous and Evans [C-E] to show that the Betti number sequence in their example of incomparable minimals among the resolutions for a fixed Hilbert function is indeed minimal. Their example was dependent upon the graded betti numbers. We give an example of a finite length Hilbert function and two cyclic finite length modules attaining the Hilbert function for which the betti number sequences are incomparable, i.e., independent of the grading.
Marketing Analysis Toolkit: Customer Lifetime Value Analysis (CW)

Customers are increasingly being viewed as assets that bring value to the firm. Customer lifetime value is a metric which allows managers to understand the overall value of their customer base and relate it to three customer strategies firms employ: asset acquisition - attracting new customers to the firm, asset maximization - maximizing the value the firm extracts from each customer, and asset retention - retaining existing customers for the long term. The note gives students a foundation for analyzing marketing cases, as well as providing an analytical structure and process for completing a marketing plan. The note is accompanied by a free Excel worksheet which contains sample problems, prebuilt Excel models to calculate customer lifetime value, and charts and graphs which help visualize the results.
Freedom of Information Laws: Causes and Consequences

The last 20 years have seen a rapid increase in access to information by citizens, as the number of states worldwide with freedom of information laws has jumped from just a handful to more than 80. This is a welcome development for democracy as freedom of information has a number of salubrious effects, including better governance, increased accountability and greater participation by citizens. For most of modern history, generalized secrecy -- the arcana imperii -- was considered an essential element of statecraft. Freedom of information laws were considered a luxury at best (and perhaps a dangerous one) that could only be indulged by the most prosperous, developed states. What accounts for the shift in thinking over the last generation? In this paper, we seek to explain why states adopt freedom of information laws. Advocates of these laws have identified several variables that are claimed to increase a state’s likelihood of adopting a freedom of information law. Independent variables tested here include, level of democratization, GDP per capita, recent experience with a transition from a communist regime and the presence or potential for internal conflict. The analysis covers the period from 1975 to 2000.
Sensitivity analysis of event sequence diagrams for aircraft accident scenarios

The Integrated Safety Assessment Model (ISAM) is being developed to provide a baseline risk assessment for the National Airspace System and to evaluate safety implications of proposed changes. The causal risk model in ISAM is a hybrid model of event sequence diagrams (ESDs) and fault trees and represents accident and incident scenarios. ISAM contains several thousand parameters. This paper evaluates the significance of these parameters within the model with respect to several importance metrics in order to identify the most important parameters. The analyses are conducted for pivoting events and underlying fault tree events of individual ESD as well as across all ESDs based on both the accident frequency and the fatality frequency.
Right Atrial Tunnel to the Left Atrial Appendage: A Danger During Balloon Septostomy

Right atrial tunnel to the left atrial appendage is a very rare anomaly not previously described. Per se, it has no physiological significance but is a source of potential disaster during balloon atrial septostomy. The precise anatomy is demonstrated and ways are proposed to avoid tearing the atrial wall during therapeutic cardiac catheterization.
Comparison of Undergraduates with Older Adults on Love Styles and Life Satisfaction

In a previous study, sex differences were noted in the correlation of 215 undergraduates' ratings on Lee's love styles and their ratings on their satisfaction with life, work, and personal relationships. For example, game-playing love was positively related to life satisfaction for the 42 undergraduate men but was negatively related to life satisfaction for the 98 undergraduate women. In the current study, 215 adults over the age of 29 years were surveyed to examine whether the previous differences between the sexes held up in an older sample. Values for the older sample of 215 were similar to those for the 98 undergraduate women but not for the 42 undergraduate men. For example, game-playing love was negatively related to life satisfaction for both the 130 older women and the 85 older men.
Nonlinear Degree-Day Models for Postdiapause Development of the Sunflower Stem Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

The sunflower stem weevil, Cylindrocopturus adspersus (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), has caused yield losses across much of the western Great Plains, Little is known about the field biology of this pest. Simple prediction models, such as degree-day models, are an integral tool for development of C. adspersus management strategies. Using data collected in Colorado, Kansas, and Nebraska, we sought for predictable variation between C. adspersus pupation, adult eclosion, and emergence and accumulated degree-days Celsius (DD) by using a temperature threshold of 5°C. Accurate phenological models can be used to time scouting efforts and pesticide applications. The relationship between phenological data and accumulated DD fit nonlinear, Gaussian distributions better than uniform distributions. Phenological models were developed to describe these distributions for pupation, adult presence within the stalk and adult emergence, The pupation model predicts 50% pupation at 197 DD and 90% at 307 DD. Model results predict that 50% of adult eclosion within the stalks will have transpired at 396 DD and 90% at 529 DD. A model-averaged result from two data sets predicts 5% adult emergence from stalks at 262 DD, 50% emergence at 540 DD, 75% emergence at 657 DD, and 90% at 777 DD. Scouting for adults thus can be initiated at 262 DD. Current chemical controls target adults to prevent oviposition. Thus, applications therefore should not be made before this point.
Topological methods in surface dynamics

Abstract This paper surveys applications of low-dimensional topology to the study of the dynamics of iterated homeomorphisms on surfaces. A unifying theme in the paper is the analysis and application of isotopy stable dynamics, i.e. dynamics that are present in the appropriate sense in every homeomorphism in an isotopy class. The first step in developing this theme is to assign coordinates to periodic orbits. These coordinates record the isotopy, homotopy, or homology class of the corresponding orbit in the suspension flow. The isotopy stable coordinates are then characterized, and it is shown that there is a map in each isotopy class that has just these periodic orbits and no others. Such maps are called dynamically minimal representatives, and they turn out to have strong global isotopy stability properties as maps. The main tool used in these results is the Thurston-Nielsen theory of isotopy classes of homeomorphisms of surfaces. This theory is outlined and then applications of isotopy stability results are given. These results are applied to the class rel a periodic orbit to reach conclusions about the complexity of the dynamics of a given homeomorphism. Another application is via dynamical partial orders, in which a periodic orbit with a given coordinate is said to dominate another when it always implies the existence of the other. Applications to rotation sets are also surveyed.
Gray zone lymphomas.

1. Gray zone between Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), in particular primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (MLBCL). 2. Gray Zone between CHL and ALK negative anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) and/or peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL). 3. Gray zone between CHL or nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) and T-cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma (TRLBCL)
A novel multivariate fuzzy time series based forecasting algorithm incorporating the effect of clustering on prediction

Forecasting has often played predominant roles in daily life as necessary measures can be taken to bypass the undesired and detrimental future prompted by this fact, the issue of forecasting becomes one of the most important topics of research for the modern scientists and as a result several innovative forecasting techniques have been developed. Amongst various well-known forecasting techniques, fuzzy time series-based methods are successfully used, though they are suffering from some serious drawbacks, viz., fixed sized intervals, using some fixed membership values (0, 0.5, and 1) and moreover, the defuzzification process only deals with the factor that is to be predicted. Additionally, most of the existing and widely used fuzzy time series-based forecasting algorithms employ their own clustering techniques that may be data-dependent and in turn the predictive accuracy decrease. Prompted by the fact, the present author developed a novel multivariate fuzzy forecasting algorithm that is able to remove all the drawbacks as also can predict the future occurrences with better predictive accuracy. Moreover, the comparisons with the thirteen other existing frequently used forecasting algorithms (viz., conventional, fuzzy time series-based algorithms and ANN) were performed to demonstrate its better efficiency and predictive accuracy. Towards the end, the applicability and predictive accuracy of the developed algorithm has been demonstrated using three different data sets collected from three different domains, such as: oil agglomeration process (coal washing technique), frequently occurred web error prediction and the financial forecasting. The real dataset related to oil agglomeration was collected from CIMFER, Dhanbad, India, that regarding the frequently occurred web error codes of www.ismdhanbad.ac.in, the official website of ISM Dhanbad, was collected from the Indian School of Mines (ISM) Dhanbad, India server and the finance data set was collected from the Ministry of Statistical and Program Implementation (Govt. of India).
Modeling, analyzing, and synthesizing expressive piano performance with graphical models

Trained musicians intuitively produce expressive variations that add to their audience's enjoyment. However, there is little quantitative information about the kinds of strategies used in different musical contexts. Since the literal synthesis of notes from a score is bland and unappealing, there is an opportunity for learning systems that can automatically produce compelling expressive variations. The ESP (Expressive Synthetic Performance) system generates expressive renditions using hierarchical hidden Markov models trained on the stylistic variations employed by human performers. Furthermore, the generative models learned by the ESP system provide insight into a number of musicological issues related to expressive performance.
The Synaptic Protein Syntaxin1 Is Required for Cellularization of Drosophila Embryos

Syntaxins are membrane proteins involved in vesicle trafficking and are required for the release of neurotransmitter at nerve terminals. The presence of syntaxins on target membranes has been hypothesized to confer specificity to targeting and fusion via interactions with complementary vesicle-associated proteins, the synaptobrevins or VAMPS. We have mutagenized syntaxin1 in Drosophila and have found that it links the mechanism of synaptic transmission to a distinct cell biological process: the cellularization of early embryos. This specialized form of cell division separates the 6,000 nuclei of the syncytial blastoderm into separate cells through the invagination of the surface membrane of the embryo. During this process, syntaxin1 protein is present on the newly forming lateral cell surfaces and invaginating cleavage furrows. This protein is derived both from maternal deposition of mRNA and protein and from early zygotic transcription. To analyze syntaxin1's role in early development, female germ line mosaics mutant for syntaxin1 expression were generated by mitotic recombination to reduce the maternal contribution. Visualizing the actin cytoskeleton and glycosylated surface proteins reveals that embryos with insufficient syntaxin1 have large acellular patches. The patches do not appear until cellularization begins, and the process fails entirely within these regions. These results provide genetic evidence that membrane trafficking is required for the cellularization of the syncytial blastoderm. We propose that the invagination of the surface membrane proceeds by the fusion of intracellular membrane vesicles with the surface. This reaction uses the same syntaxin1 protein as is required for neurotransmitter secretion at synapses. Thus, a single syntaxin can participate in trafficking steps that are functionally as distinct as synaptic transmission and cell division.
Organic Functionalization and Morphology Control of Mesoporous Silicas via a Co-Condensation Synthesis Method

A series of new mesoporous silica materials with MCM-41 type of structure containing a homogeneous layer of organic functional groups inside the pores was prepared using a co-condensation method under low surfactant concentration condition. This reproducible synthetic approach resulted in high surface coverage with several functional groups such as a primary amine, secondary amine, urea, isocyanate, vinyl, and nitrile. In addition, the presence of organoalkoxysilane precursors during the base catalyzed condensation greatly influenced the final particle shape. By changing the precursor or its concentration, the particle morphology was tuned to various shapes, including spheres, tubes, and rods of various dimensions. The synthetic procedures that gave rise to the specific particle morphologies were investigated and the mechanism responsible for shape control was postulated. The structure and functionality of these materials were characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission elec...
Teratology Study of a Cross-Linked Polyacrylate Superabsorbent Polymer

The developmental toxicity (embryo-fetal toxicity/teratogenicity) of FAVOR SAB-922 SK, cross-linked polyacrylate superabsorbent (PAS), administered as an inhaled dust in concentrations of 0.3, 1.0, and 10.0 mg/m3 for 6 h/day from day 6 through day 15 of gestation was investigated in time-mated Sprague-Dawley rats. On day 20 of presumed gestation, the rats were asphyxiated with carbon dioxide, necropsied, and examined for pregnancy. Gravid uteri were examined for the number and status of implants, early and late resorptions, live and dead fetuses, and the number of corpora lutea in each ovary. Fetuses were weighed, sexed, and examined for external, soft tissue, and skeletal alterations. There were 315, 297, 299, and 286 liveborn fetuses from 25, 25, 23, and 24 litters in the four respective groups. Fetal processing and evaluations were conducted in compliance with FDA “Good Laboratory Practice Regulations; Final Rule.” The results indicate that breathing PAS in concentrations as high as 10 mg/m3 did not ca...
A high-luminosity factory linear collider using positron recirculation and recovery

Abstract We describe an asymmetric linear collider B B factory scheme that offers a possible solution to most of the problems encountered in the design of B B factories to operate at the ϒ(4S) energy. A key feature of this collider is the recirculation and recovery of the positrons and the asymmetric energy of the collider to better achieve the search for CP violation in the B system.
Working with populations from a refugee background: an opportunity to enhance the occupational therapy educational experience.

Background/aim The purpose of this study was to determine the educational value of an occupational therapy fieldwork placement where students work with people from a refugee background. Research was designed to contribute to the limited evidence regarding the benefits and challenges of traditional vs. non-traditional fieldwork settings and to explore the application of occupational therapy related to working with refugee populations. Method Fourteen participants were interviewed using semi-structured, open-ended questions to explore perspectives on how their experience influenced their education and professional development. Face-to-face interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Transcriptions and hard-copy data were analysed to identify emergent themes and subthemes. Triangulation and member-checking increased trustworthiness. Results Three major themes emerged in this study: Operational therapy at its Core; Cultural Awareness and Competence; and Basic Skills for Any Setting. Subthemes emerged but for the purposes of this article only the major themes are discussed. Conclusion A fieldwork experience working with people of a refugee background can facilitate the development of cultural awareness and competence, as well as foundational professional skills. In this setting, the importance of occupation-based, client-centred practice can be fully realised. Results indicate that this fieldwork setting is a suitable environment for experiencing occupational therapy principles and that labelling fieldwork experiences working with people from a refugee background as ‘non-traditional’ may be inappropriate. Learning experiences reported by students also reveal the benefits of working independently at times without direct supervision of an occupational therapist.
Simulation of Complex Transport of Nanoparticles around a Tumor Using Tumor-Microenvironment-on-Chip

Delivery of therapeutic agents selectively to tumor tissue, which is referred as “targeted delivery,” is one of the most ardently pursued goals of cancer therapy. Recent advances in nanotechnology enable numerous types of nanoparticles (NPs) whose properties can be designed for targeted delivery to tumors. In spite of promising early results, the delivery and therapeutic efficacy of the majority of NPs are still quite limited. This is mainly attributed to the limitation of currently available tumor models to test these NPs and systematically study the effects of complex transport and pathophysiological barriers around the tumors. In this study, thus, we developed a new in vitro tumor model to recapitulate the tumor microenvironment determining the transport around tumors. This model, named tumor-microenvironment-on-chip (T-MOC), consists of 3-dimensional microfluidic channels where tumor cells and endothelial cells are cultured within extracellular matrix under perfusion of interstitial fluid. Using this T-MOC platform, the transport of NPs and its variation due to tumor microenvironmental parameters have been studied including cut-off pore size, interstitial fluid pressure, and tumor tissue microstructure. The results suggest that T-MOC is capable of simulating the complex transport around the tumor, and providing detailed information about NP transport behavior. This finding confirms that NPs should be designed considering their dynamic interactions with tumor microenvironment.
ASSESSING THE READABILITY OF THIRTY-NINE BEHAVIOR-MODIFICATION TRAINING MANUALS AND PRIMERS

Thirty-nine behavior-modification training manuals and primers, sampling various topical areas, were subjected to a readability analysis. Reading-ease scores were computed by the formula developed by Flesch. The texts sampled ranged from very difficult (appropriate for college graduates) to fairly easy (appropriate for readers at the seventh-grade level).
Factors affecting the professional image of physicians.

Objective The purpose of this study was to use an experimental design to determine the effect of selected aspects of dress on the professional image of physicians in an adult outpatient setting by those who use the health care services the most (55+), the least (18 to 22), and other physicians on whom we depend for referrals. Methods Ten slides of physicians representing a variety of ages; ethnic and religious affiliations were shown to 3 populations across the United States and Canada. Set 1 (N = 216) was shown to undergraduates and rated on 10 attributes of professional image. Two slides were altered and retested in a rotated order (Set 2). Set 1 was then tested with groups of elderly and surgeons (N = 277). Results Significant differences were found between Set 1 and Set 2 for the altered physician slides. There was high correlation of professionalism with the identified attributes for all 3 rater populations. The nonverbal attributes chosen for this study did accurately assess "professionalism." Gender of the rater or physician did not have any effect. Although the most "professional" surgeon was the oldest in the study, the second most "professional" was the youngest. Conclusions It is clear that a surgeon's image is a mirror of competence, trust, expertise, and compassion. The variables described in this study may easily be implemented to reflect a more positive professional image with our peers and patients than simply adding a white coat. No one goes to see a surgeon to establish a casual relationship, and because it is difficult to counteract initial impressions, attention to these variables is important.
Response to "the limitations of three-dimensional simulations in breast augmentation".

We were surprised to receive a Letter to the Editor on our manuscript even prior to the print publication of the study (based on OnlineFirst publication), another sign of the increasing reach and visibility of Aesthetic Surgery Journal . When we initially saw Dr Swanson's letter,1 we thought it was an editorial on 3D imaging rather than a Letter to the Editor. In fact, we were downright inflamed based on some of the critiques; however, our senior author (Dr Adams) recently met Dr Swanson in New York at a meeting where we were both presenting and were able to discuss the relevant points. The conversation started out with, “dude, you sure didn't like our 3D imaging article!” After some good, productive conversation, I think both parties were better off and more understanding of the other's position. Imagine “that” - specific differences actually discussed without any digital communication turbidity! Probably another life lesson for all of us. Nevertheless, we are happy to respond to this letter, and our response is (similar to our recent conversation) meant to be a professional debate with no ill-will intended. This commentary is full of unsupported opinions, half-truths, plays on words, and inaccurate conclusions, with the primary one being the last sentence: Dr. Swanson says, “in the meantime, it is best to candidly advise patients that this technology is not yet ready to accurately predict their postoperative breast appearance.” That opinion is clearly disproved by our study. Good science trumps this misguided logic. We are not sure if he has a personal issue with 3D technology or industry, but our study proves that breast augmentation 3D imaging is indeed ready for prime time. Dr Swanson attempts to call our methodology into question. We would suggest, however, that track record is everything. Dr Swanson has been …
SOLVING UNORIENTED TANGLE EQUATIONS INVOLVING 4-PLATS

The system of unoriented tangle equations and is completely solved for the tangles U and as a function of where K1 and K2 are 4-plats, and and rational tangles such that |f1g2 - g1f2| > 1. As an application, it is completely determined when one 4-plat can be obtained from another 4-plat via a signed crossing change.
Body-worn motion sensors detect balance and gait deficits in people with multiple sclerosis who have normal walking speed

While balance and gait limitations are hallmarks of multiple sclerosis (MS), standard stopwatch-timed measures practical for use in the clinic are insensitive in minimally affected patients. This prevents early detection and intervention for mobility problems. The study sought to determine if body-worn sensors could detect differences in balance and gait between people with MS with normal walking speeds and healthy controls. Thirty-one MS and twenty-eight age- and sex-matched control subjects were tested using body-worn sensors both during quiet stance and gait (Timed Up and Go test, TUG). Results were compared to stopwatch-timed measures. Stopwatch durations of the TUG and Timed 25 Foot Walk tests were not significantly different between groups. However, during quiet stance with eyes closed, people with MS had significantly greater sway acceleration amplitude than controls (p=0.02). During gait, people with MS had greater trunk angular range of motion in roll (medio-lateral flexion, p=0.017) and yaw (axial rotation, p=0.026) planes. Turning duration through 180° was also longer in MS (p=0.031). Thus, body-worn motion sensors detected mobility differences between MS and healthy controls when traditional timed tests could not. This portable technology provides objective and quantitative mobility data previously not obtainable in the clinic, and may prove a useful outcome measure for early mobility changes in MS.
Morphology-dependent resonances of nearly spherical particles in random orientation

We use precise T-matrix calculations for prolate and oblate spheroids, Chebyshev particles, and spheres cut by a plane to study the evolution of Lorenz-Mie morphology-dependent resonances (MDRs) with increasing asphericity of nearly spherical particles in random orientation. We show that, in the case of spheroids and Chebyshev particles, the deformation of a sphere by as little as one hundredth of a wavelength essentially annihilates supernarrow MDRs, whereas significantly larger asphericities are needed to suppress broader resonance features. The MDR position and profile are also affected when the deviation of the particle shape is increased from that of a perfect sphere. In the case of a sphere cut by a plane, the supernarrow MDRs are much more resistant to an increase in asphericity and do not change their position and profile. These findings are consistent with the widely accepted physical interpretation of the Lorenz-Mie MDRs.
Selective role of N-type calcium channels in neuronal migration

Analysis of neuronal migration in mouse cerebellar slice preparations by a laser scanning confocal microscope revealed that postmitotic granule cells initiate their migration only after the expression of N-type calcium channels on their plasmalemmal surface. Furthermore, selective blockade of these channels by addition of omega-conotoxin to the incubation medium curtailed cell movement. In contrast, inhibitors of L- and T-type calcium channels, as well as those of sodium and potassium channels, had no effect on the rate of granule cell migration. These results suggest that N-type calcium channels, which have been predominantly associated with neurotransmitter release in adult brain, also play a transient but specific developmental role in directed migration of immature neurons before the establishment of their synaptic circuits.
Dynamic response of an industrial turbomachinery rotor

This paper investigates the effects of random blade mistiming on the dynamics of an advanced gas turbine rotor. Both free and forced responses of the rotor are examined using the finite element method, and a computationally inexpensive reduced-order modeling technique based on component mode synthesis. The spatially extended free modes of vibration of the tuned rotor are found to undergo severe localization upon the introduction of blade mistuning. In turn, this results in dramatic displacement and stress amplitude increases in the forced response of individual blades. The mistuned forced response amplitude is found to vary considerably with mistuning strength and the degree of aerodynamic and disk structural coupling between the blades. The paper concludes with a statistical study in which Weibull distributions are used to calculate approximate forced response statistics. predicted by a tuned analysis.' Mistuning effects must be included in the analysis if accurate predictions of vibratory response amplitudes are to be made. However, analyzing a finite element model of a full blade assembly, such as that shown in Figure 2, is an enormously costly, if not impossible, computational task. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate, through the case study of an industrial rotor, that mistuned response amplitudes can be accurately and efficiently predicted, hi a statistical fashion, by using a novel reduced-order modeling technique. This technique, recently developed by Ottarsson et a/. and Kruse and Pierre, produces reduced-order models (ROM) of turbomachinery rotors directly from their finite element models. The procedure involves a component mode analysis of the rotor, with a truncated number of modal amplitudes describing the response of the assembly. The key idea introduced by Ottarsson et a/. is that the motion of an individual blade consists of both cantilever blade elastic motion and diskinduced static motion. The principal advantage of the reduced-order modeling technique is the considerable computational savings associated with solving for the dynamic response of an entire mistuned rotor
Current treatment of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease.

Current therapy for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) consists of two classes of drugs: the cholinesterase inhibitors, of which there are three currently available medications; and the glutamate modulators, of which there is one. There has been no new information regarding efficacy of the cholinesterase inhibitors or memantine in AD over the past year, but a large, randomized trial concerning mild cognitive impairment was reported. Donepezil delayed conversion to dementia for 12 months but not longer in that trial, whereas vitamin E had no impact on outcomes. The results of the first immunization therapy for AD were released in 2005. Adverse events forced the premature discontinuation of the trial, but there were some grounds for optimism about the basic approach. Several new agents targeted directly at amyloid β peptide production are currently in clinical trials, but no large studies have been reported over the past year.
Deceptive routing games

The use of a shared medium leaves wireless networks, including mobile ad hoc and sensor networks, vulnerable to jamming attacks. In this paper, we introduce a jamming defense mechanism for multiple-path routing networks based on maintaining deceptive flows, consisting of fake packets, between a source and a destination. An adversary observing a deceptive flow will expend energy on disrupting the fake packets, allowing the real data packets to arrive at the destination unharmed. We model this deceptive flow-based defense within a multi-stage stochastic game framework between the network nodes, which choose a routing path and flow rates for the real and fake data, and an adversary, which chooses which fraction of each flow to target at each hop. We develop an efficient, distributed procedure for computing the optimal routing at each hop and the optimal flow allocation at the destination. Furthermore, by studying the equilibria of the game, we quantify the benefit arising from deception, as reflected in an increase in the valid throughput. Our results are demonstrated via a simulation study.
Theoretical foundation for conductivity scaling

Scaling of conductivity with the support volume of experiments has been the subject of many recent experimental and theoretical studies. However, to date there have been few attempts to relate such scaling, or the lack thereof, to microscopic properties of porous media through theory. We demonstrate that when a pore network can be represented as a collection of hierarchical trees, scalability of the pore geometry leads to scalability of conductivity. We also derive geometrical and topological conditions under which the scaling exponent takes on specific values 1/2 and 3/4. The former is consistent with universal scaling observed by Neuman [1994], while the latter agrees with the allometric scaling laws derived by West et al. [1997].