cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ordering-Based Semantics for Software Transactional Memory

It has been widely suggested that memory transactions should behave as if they acquired and released a single global lock. Unfortunately, this behavior can be expensive to achieve, particularly when--as in the natural publication/privatization idiom--the same data are accessed both transactionally and nontransactionally. To avoid overhead, we propose selective strict serializability (SSS) semantics, in which transactions have a global total order, but nontransactional accesses are globally ordered only with respect to explicitly marked transactions. Our definition of SSS formally characterizes the permissible behaviors of an STM system without recourse to locks. If all transactions are marked, then SSS, single-lock semantics, and database-style strict serializability are equivalent. We evaluate several SSS implementations in the context of a TL2-like STM system. We also evaluate a weaker model, selective flow serializability (SFS), which is similar in motivation to the asymmetric lock atomicity (ALA) of Menon et al. We argue that ordering-based semantics are conceptually preferable to lock-based semantics, and just as efficient.
Stratification and Educational Sorting: Explaining Ascriptive Inequalities in Early Childhood Reading Group Placement

Young students enter school with widely varying skills, and teachers often manage this heterogeneity by instructing students of similar skill levels together in small groups within classrooms. One problem with this practice is that low-socioeconomic status (SES) and non-Asian minority students are disproportionately placed into lower-ranked groups. However, the mechanisms through which this pattern comes about are not well understood. In this study, I view students' academic, social, and behavioral skills as cultural capital that is unevenly distributed across social categories of students and rewarded by teachers such that advantaged students receive higher group placements than their disadvantaged peers. Using data on first graders from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K), I find clear disparities in reading group placement by SES, race/ethnicity, gender, and family structure. Most of these inequalities result from the uneven distribution of academic, social, and behavioral skills that matter for teachers' grouping decisions. I conclude by relating these findings to broader institutional processes of concern to sociologists.
Determining elastic behavior of composites by the boundary element method

The boundary element method is applied to determine the effective elastic moduli of continuum models of composite materials. In this paper, we specialize to the idealized model of hexagonal arrays of infinitely long, aligned cylinders in a matrix (a model of a fiber‐reinforced material) or a thin‐plate composite consisting of hexagonal arrays of disks in a matrix. Thus, one need only consider two‐dimensional elasticity, i.e., either plane‐strain or plane‐stress elasticity. This paper examines a variety of cases in which the inclusions are either stiffer or weaker than the matrix for a wide range of inclusion volume fractions φ2. Our comprehensive set of simulation data for the elastic moduli are tabulated. Using the boundary element method, a key microstructural parameter η2 that arises in rigorous three‐point bounds on the effective shear modulus is also computed. Our numerical simulations of the elastic moduli for the hexagonal array are compared to rigorous two‐point and three‐point bounds on the respective effective properties. In the extreme instances of either superrigid particles or voids, we compare analytical relations for the elastic moduli near dilute and close packing limits to our simulation results.
The effect of tiled display on performance in multi-screen immersive virtual environments

New immersive display systems are emerging, providing new platforms to present 3D data and virtual worlds [7][12]. However, little effort has been spent evaluating these systems, or providing guiding design principles from a human factors point of view. The objective of the proposed work is to compare performance and user interaction across two immersive displays. The goal is to compare a low-cost, multi-screen, spatially immersive visualization facility to a more expensive system. The low cost system is designed using off-the-shelf components and constructed by arranging LCD displays in a tiled semi-circle [7]. The more expensive system is a semi-rigid, rear projected, continuous curved screen, designed by Rockwell Collins [8]. Our hypothesis is that low-cost systems present a perceptually equivalent visual experience, despite image seams introduced by the connecting display screens. Psychophysical experimentation will compare the two systems through human judgements based on performance. The outcomes, through knowledge gained from the experiments, should make availability of immersive visualization systems possible in areas currently unable to afford such systems or justify the expense.
Two crops of primary lung tumors in BALB/c mice after a single transplacental exposure to urethane

Transplacental exposure of BALB/c mice to urethane on day 17 of gestation resulted in the appearance of 2 distinct crops of primary lung tumors (adenomas). The first, smaller crop occurred in 6--12% of the offspring by 12 weeks of age. The second crop, seen after 9 months of age, consisted of tumors in 45% of the offspring. This finding indicates a potentially useful model system for studying tumor latency. It also suggests caution in the choice of short endpoints in time carcinogenesis assays based on lung tumors in certain strains of mouse.
Impact of hazard-consistent ground motion duration in structural collapse risk assessment

Summary This study evaluates the effect of considering ground motion duration when selecting hazard-consistent ground motions for structural collapse risk assessment. A procedure to compute source-specific probability distributions of the durations of ground motions anticipated at a site, based on the generalized conditional intensity measure framework, is developed. Targets are computed for three sites in Western USA, located in distinct tectonic settings: Seattle, Eugene, and San Francisco. The effect of considering duration when estimating the collapse risk of a ductile reinforced concrete moment frame building, designed for a site in Seattle, is quantified by conducting multiple stripe analyses using groups of ground motions selected using different procedures. The mean annual frequency of collapse (λcollapse) in Seattle is found to be underestimated by 29% when using typical-duration ground motions from the PEER NGA-West2 database. The effect of duration is even more important in sites like Eugene (λcollapse underestimated by 59%), where the seismic hazard is dominated by large magnitude interface earthquakes, and less important in sites like San Francisco (λcollapse underestimated by 7%), where the seismic hazard is dominated by crustal earthquakes. Ground motion selection procedures that employ causal parameters like magnitude, distance, and Vs30 as surrogates for ground motion duration are also evaluated. These procedures are found to produce poor fits to the duration and response spectrum targets because of the limited number of records that satisfy typical constraints imposed on the ranges of the causal parameters. As a consequence, ground motions selected based on causal parameters are found to overestimate λcollapse by 53%. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Day-to-day pain symptoms are only weakly associated with opioid craving among patients with chronic pain prescribed opioid therapy.

Abstract Background Over the past decade, there has been a substantial rise in the use of opioids for the treatment of chronic noncancer pain. Despite the potential benefits of opioid therapy, the rise in the use of opioids has been accompanied by escalating rates of prescription opioid misuse and addiction. There is now a growing body of evidence indicating that opioid craving (i.e., the subjective desire to consume opioids) is one of the strongest determinants of opioid misuse among patients with chronic pain prescribed opioids. Although research has elucidated some of the factors associated with opioid craving, the contribution of patients' levels of pain to opioid craving remains unclear. Objective The main objective of this study was to examine the day-to-day association between pain and opioid craving. Methods In this longitudinal cohort study, patients with chronic pain prescribed opioid therapy completed baseline measures and were then asked to provide daily reports of pain intensity and opioid craving for a period of 14 days. Results Multilevel analyses indicated that day-to-day elevations in patients' levels of pain were associated with heightened opioid craving. That is, on more painful days, patients reported higher levels of craving. Within-person changes in pain intensity, however, explained less than 5% of the variance in patients' reports of craving. Conclusion Findings from this study suggest that patients with chronic pain do not crave their opioid medications simply because they experience high levels of pain. The theoretical and clinical implications of our findings are discussed.
A bridge for accelerating materials by design

Recent technical advances in the area of nanoscale imaging, spectroscopy and scattering/diffraction have led to unprecedented capabilities for investigating materials structural, dynamical and functional characteristics. In addition, recent advances in computational algorithms and computer capacities that are orders of magnitude larger/faster have enabled large-scale simulations of materials properties starting with nothing but the identity of the atomic species and the basic principles of quantum and statistical mechanics and thermodynamics. Along with these advances, an explosion of high-resolution data has emerged. This confluence of capabilities and rise of big data offer grand opportunities for advancing materials sciences but also introduce several challenges. In this perspective, we identify challenges impeding progress towards advancing materials by design (e.g., the design/discovery of materials with improved properties/performance), possible solutions and provide examples of scientific issues that can be addressed using a tightly integrated approach where theory and experiments are linked through big-deep data.
Mumps III. Comparison of methods for detection of viruria.

Summary and conclusionsOf 110 urine specimens collected from 21 patients with culturally confirmed mumps, 58 were positive for mumps virus. In 56 virus was recovered by cell culture only, in one by hen's egg method only, and one urine by both methods. In the primary cell cultures cytopathic effect was the most sensitive indicator of virus. Hemadsorption was demonstrated on passage, however, in 90% of specimens exhibiting a cytopathic effect. Hemagglutinin was present in 88% of fluids from cultures with cells positive for hemadsorption. Mumps virus was detected as late as the 15th day of illness and in 80% of urines collected from these patients during the first 5 days of illness.It is concluded that cell cultures are superior to embryonated hen's eggs in detecting viruria, that in the cell culture system cytopathic effect is a more sensitive indicator of virus than hemagglutination or hemadsorption, but that the latter is a simple and rapid confirmatory technic.
Algebraic Reynolds Stress Model (ARSM) for Compressible Shear Flows

a Speed of Sound aij Anisotropy Tensor b Mixing-layer Thickness cp Speci c Heat at Constant Pressure c1 Rotta Constant c2 LRR Pressure-strain Correlation Coe cient CIP Launder IP Pressure-strain Correlation Coe cient E Total Energy eijk Alternating Tensor h Sensible Enthalpy k Turbulent Kinetic Energy l Turbulent Length Scale Li Algebraic Equation Coe cients Mg Gradient Mach Number Mr Relative Mach Number Mt Turbulent Mach Number P Production p Pressure p0 Modi ed Fluctuating Pressure Pij Production Tensor Prt Turbulent Prandtl Number for E R Molar Gas Constant S Magnitude of Rate of Strain Tensor S ij Rate of Strain Tensor Sij Modi ed and Normalized Rate of Strain Tensor T Static Temperature t Time Tijk;k Turbulent Transport Tensor Ui Mean Velocity ui Fluctuating Velocity uiuj Reynolds Stress Tensor Ui;j Mean Velocity Gradient Tensor Wij Normalized Rotation Rate Tensor xi Coordinate Direction y0 Mixing-layer Centerline x2 Coordinate
Belarus After Communism: Where to Now?

This paper examines the political development of Belarus since the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Attention is devoted to the country’s internal politics, along with its foreign relations. Especially scrutinized is the defacto dictatorial rule of president Alexander Lukashenko, along with the deteriorated relations between Belarus and powerful European states including Russia. A thorough historical context is provided, which identifies political violence and demographic change as causal factors for the country’s current political environment. This article is available in Res Publica Journal of Undergraduate Research: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/respublica/vol21/iss1/9
Performance analysis on primary frequency regulation for a 300MW unit and the verification

On the basis of primary frequency regulation(PFR)on a 300MW unit,the factors affecting performance of the PFR were analyzed.Mismatch between flow function of steam turbine valves and the actual flow characteristics,and the unit's operation mode were considered as the main factors causing poor performance of the unit's PFR.Thus,by employing the Matlab/Simulink software,a model for the steam turbine and its governing system was established to verify the correctness of the conclusion.Furthermore,suggestions for improving the unit's PFR performance were put forward.
Stimulation of Human Anti-Viral CD8+ Cytolytic T Lymphocytes by Dendritic Cells

Antigen-specific CD8+ cytolytic T lymphocytes [CTLs] are considered to be important mediators of resistance in several human infections [e.g. influenza (1), HIV-1 (2), cytomegalovirus (3), malaria (4)] and malignant diseases [e.g. melanoma (5)]. Vaccines or immunotherapies that preferentially prime this arm of the immune response could be essential for effective host immunity. However, the cellular requirements for eliciting specific and potent CTLs from human lymphocytes are not well defined, even in tissue culture where repetitive stimulation with antigen and exogenous cytokines are often required.
Correlation and relaxation times for a stochastic process with a fat-tailed steady-state distribution

Abstract We study a stochastic process defined by the interaction strength for the return to the mean and a stochastic term proportional to the magnitude of the variable. Its steady-state distribution is the Inverse Gamma distribution, whose power-law tail exponent is determined by the ratio of the interaction strength to stochasticity. Its time-dependence is characterized by a set of discrete times describing relaxation of respective cumulants to their steady-state values. We show that as the progressively lower cumulants diverge with the increase of stochasticity, so do their relaxation times. We analytically evaluate the correlation function and show that it is determined by the longest of these times, namely the inverse interaction strength, which is also the relaxation time of the mean. We also investigate relaxation of the entire distribution to the steady state and the distribution of relaxation times, which we argue to be Inverse Gaussian.
Abstract 5043: Molecular mechanism of resveratrol induced cell death in multidrug resistance prostate cancer

In order to understanding the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance as well as enhancing the efficacy of docetaxel we established docetaxel-resistant prostate cancer (PCa) cells. The IC50 for docetaxel in PCa resistant cells was about 50-fold higher than parental PCa cells. In the current study we used resveratrol (RES), a natural compound with chemo preventive potential to test its ability to enhance the effectiveness of docetaxel on PCa as well as to explore the mechanism of acquired docetaxel resistance. PCa (PC3, C4-2B and DU145) cell lines treated with different dose of RES or DTX alone or in combination followed by analyzed cell proliferation (MTT assay), apoptosis (flow-cytometric analysis of annexin V/propidium iodide-stained cells and western blot methods).The expression of ABC transporter markers in the development of docetaxel resistance was examined using RT-PCR. Our result shows that the expression of 18 ABC transporter genes were down regulated in PCa cells at 48 and 72 hrs in RES treatment group. The up regulations of pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax, Bad, Bim) and down regulation of anti-apoptotic protein (Bcl2, Mcl1) further confirmed the effectiveness of RES or DTX alone or in combination with DTX. In conclusion these studies suggest that RES inhibits ABC gene expression and resensitizes docetaxel resistant PCa cells to DTX treatment with enhancing apoptotic cell death. Citation Format: Santosh K. Singh, Saswati Banerjee, James W. Lillard, Rajesh Singh. Molecular mechanism of resveratrol induced cell death in multidrug resistance prostate cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 5043.
Cell Phone Use Latency in a Midwestern USA University Population

Cell phones are integral to the lives of contemporary university undergraduates in the USA. Observers documented cell phone use in public spaces within or immediately surrounding a large public university campus in the Midwestern USA. Individuals (N = 2013) were monitored from the time they entered a “waiting space,” either a line at a coffee shop or fast food restaurant, a bus stop, or an open area outside of a large lecture hall. Observers recorded whether individuals were using their cell phones when they arrived or began using their phones during the observation, recording the number of seconds between arrival and cell phone use. The majority of individuals (62%) were observed using their cell phones, 32% when they arrived, and 30% initiated use after arrival. The majority (55%) of the latter group initiated use within 10 s of arrival and 80% initiated use within 20 s of arrival. Women were more likely to use their phones than men and individuals engaged in a live conversation were less likely to use their cell phones. There was a weak trend for longer latencies in cell phone use for those in live conversations, although it did not reach statistical significance.
The Efficiency of Equity in Local Government Finance

The dominant economic model of local government law, the Tiebout model, suggests that financing services locally yields efficient outcomes, letting people vote with their feet and choose an optimal location and bundle of local services. This Article critiques a key, though underappreciated, assumption of the model: that there is no redistribution at the local level — in other words, that the well-off in cities do not help pay for services for the poor in their cities. The Article develops this critique of locally financing services and tests its importance by measuring how many people local-level redistribution deters from living in poor cities. The Article’s test is motivated by the recent resurgence in central cities’ populations. I propose and offer econometric evidence for a novel hypothesis — that recent changes in school finance have driven this resurgence. In particular, state fiscal aid for schools in poor cities, mandated by state courts, has made poor cities more desirable places to live by improving their schools and reducing their taxes. I test my hypothesis by taking advantage of the natural experiment resulting from the dramatic increase in transfers to some states’ poor cities in response to court-ordered school finance equalization, using Census data on over 20,000 cities and towns. The results show that state aid for schools had a large effect on urban population growth between 1980 and 2010, explaining about one-third of the “return to the central city.” This large increase in the population of poor cities indicates that local-level redistribution had previously discouraged many people from living in poor cities. Ultimately, the Article suggests the importance of considering two efficiency virtues of state aid to poor places in discussions on fiscal federalism. First, with state aid, individuals overall achieve a higher quality of life by removing the distortion to their location choices that results from having to pay for the costs of poverty in some places but not others. Second, the Article shows that school finance redistribution promotes the positive externalities associated with central city living. These arguments could be used in future legislative debates or litigation to support more school finance redistribution.
Authoring Hypertext Documents

The implementation of these hypertext concepts has resulted in a changing of the roles played by a document author and a document reader. “The figure of the hypertext author approaches, even if it does not entirely merge with, that of the reader; the functions of reader and writer become more deeply entwined with each other than ever before. This transformation and near merging of roles is but the latest stage in the convergence of what had once been two very different activities” (Landow 1994).
Abstract 292: AT2 Receptor Activation Prevents High Sodium-induced Increase in Blood Pressure and Insulin Resistance in Obese Rats

High sodium intake is a risk factor for the pathogenesis of hypertension and also implicated in insulin resistance. Recently, renal angiotensin AT2 receptor has been shown to promote natriuresis, especially in obese Zucker rats, a model of insulin resistance with modest high blood pressure. However, the role of AT2 receptor in high sodium-induced hypertension and insulin resistance in obesity is not known. Male obese Zucker rats were treated with AT2 receptor agonist C21 (1mg/kg/day oral) while maintained on either normal sodium (NSD, 0.4%) or high sodium diet (HSD, 4%) for 2-weeks. Telemetry monitoring of blood pressure (BP) demonstrated an increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) by 20 mm Hg in obese HSD compared to NSD group. This increase in SBP was prevented by C21 in rats placed on HSD, but C21 had no effect on SBP in rats on NSD. The rats on HSD had increase in body weight gain (NSD: 45±8 HSD: 74±5 gm) and kidney weight (HSD: 4.7 ±.09, NSD 2.9±.02 gm); the increases were lowered by C21 treatment in HSD group. Compared to NSD rats, HSD rats had significantly reduced GFR (NSD: 654±82, NSD: 302±89 μl/min) which was modestly improved by C21 treatment in HSD group. C21 treatment did not affect food intake in any of the experimental groups. Interestingly, fasting blood glucose and plasma insulin measured at the end of 2-weeks was significantly increased in HSD compared to NSD (glucose: NSD 94±2, HSD 137±8 mg/dL; insulin: NSD 4.3±.3 HSD 8.5±0.6 ng/ml); the increases in both glucose and insulin were prevented by C21 treatment. Similarly, oral glucose tolerance was impaired in HSD obese rats, and the C21 treatment completely normalized the glucose tolerance in HSD rats. Treatment with C21 did not affect blood glucose, insulin levels and GTT in obese rats on NSD. C21 treatment also modestly reduced the epididymal white adipose tissue weight (eWAT) by 15% in HSD+C21 group. This study clearly demonstrate that long-term AT2R agonist treatment prevents the high sodium-induced increase in blood pressure and insulin resistance in in obese rats indicating a potential role in improving metabolic syndrome.
Combined passive acoustic mapping and magnetic resonance thermometry for monitoring phase-shift nanoemulsion enhanced focused ultrasound therapy

Focused ultrasound (FUS) has the potential to enable precise, image-guided noninvasive surgery for the treatment of cancer in which tumors are identified and destroyed in a single integrated procedure. However, success of the method in highly vascular organs has been limited due to heat losses to perfusion, requiring development of techniques to locally enhance energy absorption and heating. In addition, FUS procedures are conventionally monitored using MRI, which provides excellent anatomical images and can map temperature, but is not capable of capturing the full gamut of available data such as the acoustic emissions generated during this inherently acoustically-driven procedure. Here, we employed phase-shift nanoemulsions (PSNE) embedded in tissue phantoms to promote cavitation and hence temperature rise induced by FUS. In addition, we incorporated passive acoustic mapping (PAM) alongside simultaneous MR thermometry in order to visualize both acoustic emissions and temperature rise, within the bore of a full scale clinical MRI scanner. Focal cavitation of PSNE could be resolved using PAM and resulted in accelerated heating and increased the maximum elevated temperature measured via MR thermometry compared to experiments without nanoemulsions. Over time, the simultaneously acquired acoustic and temperature maps show translation of the focus of activity towards the FUS transducer, and the magnitude of the increase in cavitation and focal shift both increased with nanoemulsion concentration. PAM results were well correlated with MRI thermometry and demonstrated greater sensitivity, with the ability to detect cavitation before enhanced heating was observed. The results suggest that PSNE could be beneficial for enhancement of thermal focused ultrasound therapies and that PAM could be a critical tool for monitoring this process.
Bringing Information to the Field: Automated Photo Registration and 4D BIM

AbstractEffective data and information management is one of the key factors to successful construction project management. However, in current practice, the data and information are hard to search,...
Spinodal Decomposition: An Outline

If we attempt to dissolve phenol in water, for example, at room temperature, we shall not succeed. Small droplets of a phenol-water solution of concentration c1 will float in a solution of phenol-water of concentration c2. If we heat up the liquid the droplets disappear at a certain temperature TO. We shall refer to this phenomenon as mixing. Once the temperature is above TO, we can attempt to cool the system and repeat the experiment in reverse. If, for simplicity, we assume that nucleation does not exist, we see that the mixture separates into droplets whenever the system is cooled below TS. This phenomenon, of unmixing of two liquids upon cooling, is called spinodal decomposition; TS is the spinodal temperature. If we repeat these experiments for different proportions, c, of phenol and water and plot TO(c) and TS(c), we obtain the phase diagram shown in Fig.1. In the spinodal region, located below TS(c), the system separates spontaneously into droplets; above TO(c) the system is homogeneous. For the mixing experiment we start with a system consisting of droplets in the state A (Fig.1) and instantaneously increase the temperature to that corresponding to B. In this state the droplets are no longer stable and the material moves out of them to create a homogeneous state.
Factors Associated With Intention To Quit Smoking Among African American Pregnant Women

The purposes of this study were: 1) to determine beliefs salient to African American women quitting smoking while pregnant; 2) to determine how these beliefs relate to African American Women’s intent to quit smoking while pregnant. The study had two-phases. First, qualitative data was collected in focus groups among 49 pregnant women, recruited from the Black Infant Health Program in San Bernardino County. Second, guided by the findings from the focus group, and based on the theory of planned behavior, a questionnaire was developed, pre-tested, and used as the instrument for collecting quantitative data. One hundred and fifty-six women ages 18-52 years completed the questionnaire. Of these, 97% percent were current smokers and 21% had tried quitting in the past. Perceived control was the strongest predictor of intention, followed by attitude. Findings from this study will be used to plan a smoking cessation intervention for African American Pregnant women.
Pathophysiology Study of Filler-Induced Blindness.

Background A number of authors have proposed retrograde arterial embolism as the responsible mechanism for filler-induced blindness. However, no previous human study has substantiated this proposed mechanism. Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the pathophysiology of filler-induced blindness using a fresh cadaver perfusion technique. Methods A fresh cadaver head perfusion model that simulates both physiologic blood pressure and flow rate of the carotid artery, ophthalmic artery, and supratrochlear artery was used. The common carotid artery was cannulated and the internal jugular vein exposed for open venous drainage. A plasma-based perfusate was circulated through the cadaver head, which was connected to a perfusion system consisting of a roller pump, preload reservoir, and pressure monitor. The hyaluronic acid filler mixed with methylene blue was injected into the cannulated superficial branch of the supratrochlear artery. Cadaver dissection, angiographic study, and histology were used to investigate filler-induced blindness. Results Cannulation of the superficial branch of the supratrochlear artery was successful in all six cadavers. Emboli to the ophthalmic artery was successfully demonstrated in the three out of 6 fresh cadaver heads. The C-arm angiogram documented a cut-off sign in the ophthalmic artery due to hyaluronic acid filler emboli. An average intravascular volume of the intraorbital part of the supratrochlear artery was 50.0 µL. The average depth of location of the superficial branch of the supratrochlear artery from the epidermal surface was 1.5 mm. Conclusions Our cadaveric study demonstrated that retrograde hyaluronic acid filler emboli to the ophthalmic artery could be produced by the cannulation of the supratrochlear artery. The superficial location of the supratrochlear artery, the rich vasculature surrounding it, and the variability in the anatomy make this possible.
Wafer backside cleaning for defect reduction and litho hot spots mitigation: DI: Defect inspection and reduction

With each new advanced technology node, minimum feature sizes continue to shrink. As a result, the devices become denser and exposure tool's depth of focus decreases — making lithography one of the most crucial modules in the process flow. Hence, the elimination of hot spots triggered by problematic pattern regions based on optical simulation, by cleaning wafer backside is a critical issue that needs to be addressed to prevent significant yield degradation.
The many ways to search for a frog: Linguistic typology and the expression of motion events

The chapters in this volume, along with the extensive list of frog-story studies in Appendix II, provide a rich database for the exploration of particular questions of language use and acquisition. The studies reported in Part I reflect a range of languages of different types, making it possible to focus on the role of linguistic typology in narrative construction. 1 A recurrent concern in those studies is the expression of motion, which is one of the dominant themes of Frog, where are you? In one way or another, all of the studies confront Talmy’s by now familiar typology of verb-framed and satellite-framed languages (Talmy 1985, 1991, 2000b). Briefly, the typology is concerned with the means of expression of the path of movement. In verb-framed languages (“V-languages”) path is expressed by the main verb in a clause (‘enter’, ‘exit’, ‘ascend’, etc.), whereas in satellite-framed languages (“S-languages”) path is expressed by an element associated with the verb (‘go in/out/up’, etc.). This dichotomy has engendered a good deal of research and debate in the literature on motion-event descriptions over the past decade or so. 2 In this concluding chapter on typological perspectives I suggest that several different sorts of factors “conspire” to produce a range of frog-story varieties. These varieties result from combined influences of linguistic structure, on-line processing, and cultural practices. Talmy’s typology was designed to characterize lexicalization patterns, and it has provided important insights into the overall set of structures that define individual languages. However, the typology alone cannot account for discourse structures, because language use is determined by more than lexicalization patterns. It is striking how much has been learned by application of the V-language/S-language contrast, and it still plays a part in the mix of factors considered here. But a fuller account of narrative organization will require attention to a range of morphosyntactic, psycholinguistic, and pragmatic 220factors. Some of these factors are explored in this chapter, with regard to motion events in the frog story. The aim is to come to a fuller explanation of the ways in which languages differ in rhetorical style.
Representations of the Symmetric Group

In this chapter we construct all the irreducible representations of the symmetric group. We know that the number of such representations is equal to the number of conjugacy classes (Proposition 1.10.1), which in the case of S n is the number of partitions of n. It may not be obvious how to associate an irreducible with each partition λ = (λ1, λ2,...., λl), but it is easy to find a corresponding subgroup S λ that is an isomorphic copy of S λl x Sλ2 x · · · x S λl, inside S n . We can now produce the right number of representations by inducing the trivial representation on each Sλ up to S n .
Syntactic categories and positional shape alternations

The present paper investigates the phenomenon of “inflected complementizers” seen in many Continental West Germanic dialects. The proposal developed takes as its point of departure the commonality of linear distribution between inflected complementizers and finite verbs that exhibit the same kind of special morphology. This commonality manifests itself in implicational relationships, which strongly suggest that the behavior of complementizers is an analogical extension of morphological mergers involving finite verbs in the same linear position. Under this analysis, the occurrence of inflectional markings on wh-phrases in embedded complementizer-less questions and relative clauses can be seen as a straightforward extension of the same mechanism. We further propose a concrete implementation of this proposal in Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar, which builds on Zwicky's distinction between morphological FORM and SHAPE. Finally, we argue that the approach based on analogical extensions of shape alternations is better suited to motivate the emergence of the phenomenon than current proposals that assume a universal agreement relationship between complementizers and subjects, regardless of whether that agreement relations is overtly manifested.
Active graph reachability reduction for network security and software engineering

Motivated by applications from computer network security and software engineering, we study the problem of reducing reachability on a graph with unknown edge costs. When the costs are known, reachability reduction can be solved using a linear relaxation of sparsest cut. Problems arise, however, when edge costs are unknown. In this case, blindly applying sparsest cut with incorrect edge costs can result in suboptimal or infeasible solutions. Instead, we propose to solve the problem via edge classification using feedback on individual edges. We show that this approach outperforms competing approaches in accuracy and efficiency on our target applications.
An 18-dBm, 57 to 85-GHz, 4-stack FET Power Amplifier in 45-nm SOI CMOS

A single stage, 4-stack FET SOI CMOS power amplifier (PA) demonstrates to the author's knowledge the widest bandwidth covering 57 through 85 GHz for a CMOS PA while delivering a peak 18 dBm of output power. The 4-stack topology is also demonstrated for the first time in W-band to provide high output voltage swing while avoiding premature device aging and breakdown. The wideband performance results from a proposed series-shunt interstage matching network between the stacked FETs. The PA achieves a peak PAE of 20% and 12-dB gain with a 4.8-V power supply. The millimeter-wave PA is implemented in GlobalFoundries 45-nm SOI CMOS technology using a trap-rich substrate. A compact chip area of $525\ \mu \mathrm{m}\times 300\ \mu \mathrm{m}$ is shown excluding pads.
Group Climate and Development in Adventure Therapy: An Exploratory Study

This study explored the group developmental process of Adventure Therapy (AT) conducted with 9th grade students (n = 20). Researchers measured avoidance, conflict, and cohesion and compared results...
Out-of-School Time STEM Program: Students' Attitudes toward and Career Interests in Mathematics and Science.

Internationally, out-of-school time (OST) science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) programs abound. However, rigorous evidence of their impacts on student outcomes is scarce. This study evaluated the relationships between OST STEM program participation and student motivational factors in math and science by analyzing survey and administrative data of 1.017 middle school students who participated in the seven-week, STEM-focused Prefreshman Engineering Program (PREP) in San Antonio, Texas, from 2015 to 2017. Multiple regression results indicated that the PREP participation was positively associated with students’ attitudes toward math and interests in math-related careers, whereas the effects on students’ attitudes toward science and career interests in science were negligible. No evidence was found to suggest that the associations between PREP participation and student motivational factors in math and science differed by gender, race/ethnicity, or socioeconomic status.
Complementary Sequence Encoding for 1D and 2D Constant-modulus OFDM Transmission at Millimeter Wave Frequencies

This paper develops a method for constructing an OFDM signal from a pair of complementary sequences so that the resulting signal is constant-modulus. A recursive method of constructing complementary sequences is developed such that the length of the signal grows linearly with the number of information symbols encoded. The constant-modulus property is exploited at each stage of the backwards symbol-decoding iteration through simple means to progressively reduce noise. For diversity comparing purposes, the new scheme is compared in symbol and frame error rates to m-PSK transmission with time-diversity in AWGN. The constant-modulus signal construction is then extended to two dimensions for the motivating application where we expect this work to have the greatest impact: massive MIMO at mmWave frequencies.
Incomplete Contracts, Power and Efficiency: A Theoretical Analysis:

AbstractThis paper formalizes the idea that the allocation of tasks and adoption of technology in capitalist firms could be inefficient. Some previous studies have attempted this exercise, but the ...
The Eyes have it: New iris-recognition techniques can tell whether an Eye is healthy, diseased—or dead

No matter how many times you hold open a cadaver's eyelids to image the irises, each time is uniquely memorable.
Contract-Farming in Cocoa Value Chains in Africa: Possibilities and Challenges

The cocoa industry is a global multi-billion dollar industry that faces numerous challenges at the farm production level. Cocoa is largely grown by smallholder farmers in equatorial Africa, who experience poverty, declining productivity, volatile prices and lack of funding for investment, as well as human rights and environmental issues. Contract-farming is a value chain model that has been proposed to address many of the challenges faced by cocoa farmers. This paper provides an overview of the cocoa industry, including past and current initiatives to address issues and inequities in the cocoa market, and an overview of current research on contract-farming of cocoa, including an examination of three chocolate companies that source cocoa from Africa using a contract-farming business model: Theo Chocolate (Democratic Republic of Congo), Divine Chocolate (Ghana), and Madecasse (Madagascar). This research finds that contract-farming does offer cocoa farmers the opportunity to receive a higher price point for cocoa, and is more beneficial than industry sustainability programmes. There are however significant gaps in the research into contract-farming. It is not clear how contract-farming impacts sustainable economic development in the longer term, even when farmers obtain a higher price point for cocoa. Contract-farming may increase risks associated with land tenure insecurity, marginalization of women, and crop monoculture; even so, contract-farming can be carried out in a way that mitigates these risks.
Decentralized Goal Assignment and Safe Trajectory Generation in Multi-Robot Networks via Multiple Lyapunov Functions

This paper considers the problem of decentralized goal assignment and trajectory generation for multi-robot networks when only local communication is available, and proposes an approach based on methods related to switched systems and set invariance. A family of Lyapunov-like functions is employed to encode the (local) decision making among candidate goal assignments, under which a group of connected agents chooses the assignment that results in the shortest total distance to the goals. An additional family of Lyapunov-like barrier functions is activated in the case when the optimal assignment may lead to colliding trajectories, maintaining thus system safety while preserving the convergence guarantees. The proposed switching strategies give rise to feedback control policies that are computationally efficient and scalable with the number of agents, and therefore suitable for applications including first-response deployment of robotic networks under limited information sharing. The efficacy of the proposed method is demonstrated via simulation results and experiments with six ground robots.
Detecting the Near Infrared Autofluorescence of the Human Parathyroid: Hype or Opportunity?

Objective With the recent approval of 2 NIRAF-based devices for label-free identification of PG by the Food and Drug Administration, it becomes crucial to educate the surgical community on the realistic scope of this emerging technology. Here, we have compiled a review of studies that utilize NIRAF and present a critical appraisal of this technique for intraoperative PG detection. Background Failure to visualize PGs could lead to accidental damage/excision of healthy PGs or inability to localize diseased PGs, resulting in postsurgical complications. The discovery that PGs have NIRAF led to new avenues for intraoperatively identifying PGs with high accuracy in real-time. Methods Using the following key terms: "parathyroid, near infrared, autofluorescence" in various search engines such as PubMed and Google Scholar, we identified various publications relevant to this review of NIRAF as a technique for PG identification. Articles were excluded if they focused solely on contrast agents, served as commentaries/overviews on NIRAF or were not written in English. Results To date, studies have investigated the potential of NIRAF detection for (i) identifying PG tissues intraoperatively, (ii) locating PGs before or after dissection, (iii) distinguishing healthy from diseased PGs, and (iv) minimizing postoperative hypocalcemia after total thyroidectomy. Conclusions Because NIRAF-based identification of PG is noninvasive and label-free, the popularity of this approach has considerably surged. As the present limitations of various technologies capable of NIRAF detection are identified, we anticipate that newer device iterations will continue to be developed enhancing the current merits of these modalities to aid surgeons in identifying and preserving PGs. However, more concrete and long-term outcome studies with these modalities are essential to determine the impact of this technique on patient outcome and actual cost-benefits.
Computing node clustering coefficients securely

When performing any analysis task, some information may be leaked or scattered among individuals who may not willing to share their information (e.g., number of individual's friends and who they are). Secure multi-party computation (MPC) allows individuals to jointly perform any computation without revealing each individual's input. Here, we present two novel secure frameworks which allow node to securely compute its clustering coefficient, which we evaluate the trade off between efficiency and security of several proposed instantiations. Our results show that the cost for secure computing highly depends on network structure.
Developing Empirical Decision Points to Improve the Timing of Adaptive Digital Health Physical Activity Interventions in Youth: Survival Analysis.

Background: Current digital health interventions primarily use interventionist-defined rules to guide the timing of intervention delivery. As new temporally dense data sets become available, it is possible to make decisions about the intervention timing empirically. Objective: This study aimed to explore the timing of physical activity among youth to inform decision points (eg, timing of support) for future digital physical activity interventions. Methods: This study comprised 113 adolescents aged between 13 and 18 years (mean age 14.64, SD 1.48 years) who wore an accelerometer for 20 days. Multilevel survival analyses were used to estimate the most likely time of day (via odds ratios and hazard probabilities) when adolescents accumulated their average physical activity. The interacting effects of physical activity timing and moderating variables were calculated by entering predictors, such as gender, sports participation, and school day, into the model as main effects and tested for interactions with the time of day to determine conditional main effects of these predictors. Results: On average, the likelihood that a participant would accumulate a typical amount of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity increased and peaked between 6 PM and 8 PM before decreasing sharply after 9 PM. Hazard and survival probabilities suggest that optimal decision points for digital physical activity programs could occur between 5 PM and 8 PM. Conclusions: Overall, the findings of this study support the idea that the timing of physical activity can be empirically identified and that these markers may be useful as intervention triggers.
Time-Restricted Eating Alters Food Intake Patterns, as Prospectively Documented by a Smartphone Application.

Time-restricted eating (TRE) can facilitate weight loss, yet its effect on eating patterns remains unknown. Twenty adults with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 underwent a 12-week randomized trial, examining the effect of an 8-h, time-restricted eating intervention on dietary patterns. Oral intake was documented using a smartphone. Dietary patterns, assessed as frequency of eating occasions (EOs) and types of meals/snacks and beverages, were compared between baseline (T0), early-intervention (T1), and end-intervention (T2). At T1 and T2, both groups had less EOs compared to T0, with greater reduction seen in the TRE group (−28%) than the non-TRE group (−12%) at T2 (p = 0.01 vs. non-TRE). Comparing T1 to T0, the TRE group documented less incomplete meals (−32.5%: p = 0.02), high quality snacks (−23.6%: p = 0.03), and low quality snacks (−36.6%: p = 0.004). Comparing T2 to T0, the TRE group documented less incomplete meals (−33.9%: p = 0.03), high quality snacks (−28.1%: p < 0.001) and low quality snacks (−51.2%: p < 0.001). Caffeinated beverage intake was reduced in the TRE group at T1 (−20.2%) and T2 (−28.8%) vs. T0, but remained unaltered in the non-TRE group. By using a smartphone application to document dietary intake, TRE significantly reduced the number of EOs, snacks, and caffeinated beverages, relative to baseline and relative to the non-TRE.