cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perianesthetic complications in dogs undergoing magnetic resonance imaging of the brain for suspected intracranial disease.

Objective—To evaluate the occurrence of perianesthetic complications in dogs undergoing MRI for suspected intracranial disease and identify risk factors associated with observed complications. Design—Retrospective case-control study. Animals—238 client-owned dogs undergoing MRI of the brain. Procedures—Signalment, clinical signs, neurologic examination findings, presumptive diagnosis, anesthesia-related variables, whether CSF was collected and CSF analysis results, severe perianesthetic complications (need for a ventilator following anesthesia or perianesthetic death), and anesthetic recovery time were recorded. Selected factors were compared between dogs with and without intracranial lesions and dogs with and without perianesthetic complications (including severe complications and prolonged anesthetic recovery [> 20 minutes from the end of anesthesia to extubation]). Results—3 of 149 (2%) dogs with and 0 of 89 dogs without intracranial lesions required ventilation following anesthesia; the difference was...
A review of mass customization across marketing, engineering and distribution domains toward development of a process framework

Introduced nearly 25 years ago, the paradigm of mass customization (MC) has largely not lived up to its promise. Despite great strides in information technology, engineering design practice and manufacturing production, the necessary process innovations that can produce products and systems with sufficient customization and economic efficiency have yet to be found in wide application. In this paper, the state-of-the-art in MC is explored in the context of an envisioned MC development process for both the firm and the customer. Specifically, 130 references are reviewed within the process frameworks (Sect. 3) and/or to highlight opportunities for future development in MC (Sect. 4) based on the review. This review yields opportunities in four primary areas that challenge MC development: (1) customer needs and preference assessment tools, (2) approaches for requirement specification and conceptual design, (3) insights from methodologies focused on the development of durable MC goods and (4) enhancements in information mapping and handling.
Design of a solid state fault isolation device for implementation in power electronics based distribution systems

This paper addresses the timely issues of modeling of, and defining selection criteria for, a solid state fault isolation device (SSFID) to be used in power electronic based distribution systems. The paper derives the SSFID parameters by mapping the characteristics of a conventional medium-voltage distribution system onto that of the power electronic based Future Renewable Electric Energy Delivery and Management (FREEDM) system envisioned under a new multi-university Engineering Research Center funded by the National Science Foundation. Major drawbacks of all SSFID solutions presented so far are material costs and on-state losses. Power semiconductor devices are briefly compared considering the requirements of a solid state switch integrated into a 15 kV class medium voltage grid. A design of a high frequency Solid State Transformer (SST) is presented and evaluated. The simulation results verify the functionality and feasibility of SST. Utilizing an average-value simulation model of a SST, as the interface of the power electronics based distribution system to the legacy system, is used to derive key parameters of the SSFID. Circuit interruption requirements and SSFID location in power electronics based distribution system are discussed in this paper. The simulation and experimental results in low voltage single phase system validated the feasibility of the proposed SSFID topology. Finally, the conceptual Power Hardware-in-the-Loop setup for SSFID testing is presented and discussed in this paper.
Quantitative Analysis of Acid Mucopolysaccharides in the Normal Guinea Pig Cochlea

The turbidimetric method based on the formation of insoluble complexes between acid mucopolysac-charides and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide was modified for micro-analysis. The distribution of acid mucopolysaccharides in the membranous cochlea of the guinea pig was measured using this technique combined with enzymic analysis. Both the tectorial membrane and Reissner's membrane contained 0.1% of acid mucopolysaccharides per dry weight. Both the stria vascularis with spiral ligament and the basal membrane with the organ of Corti and limbus spiralis contained about 0.6%. The mean dry weight of different parts of the membranous cochleae was obtained for reference by the use of a quartz helical balance. The tectorial membrane weighed 4.6 μg per cochlea.
Predicting Radiative Transfer in Rectangular Enclosures Using the Discrete Ordinates Method

Discrete ordinates solutions of the radiative transfer equation in two-and three-dimensional rectangular enclosures containing absorbing-emitting-scattering media have been obtained using S2, Se, Sg and Sg, approximations. Evaluation against exact analytical and numerical solutions show that while all of these approximations provide acceptable predictions of the radiation fluxes in twodimensional enclosures, use of the higher order (higher than S1,) approximations is not justified due to substantial increase in computational time and negligible improvement in the accuracy of the predictions. However, for three-dimensional enclosures, the 52 approximation is grossly in error. S1 S1) and S5, approximations predict wall heat fluxes and the temperatures of the medium accurately in these enclosures, but, once again, S4, approximation is shown to be adequate. A study of the sensitivity of the predicted net heat absorption by the walls to the dimensions of the system, and radiative properties of the medium and t...
Tert-butylsulfonamide. A new nitrogen source for catalytic aminohydroxylation and aziridination of olefins.

The N-chloramine salt of tert-butylsulfonamide has been shown to be an efficient nitrogen source and the terminal oxidant for catalytic aminohydroxylation and aziridination of olefins, resembling closely Chloramine-T by its behavior in these catalytic reactions. The sulfonyl−nitrogen bond in the product or its derivatives is easily cleaved under mild acidic conditions, allowing for facile liberation of the amino group.
Paraparesis after renal transplantation

A diabetic patient suffered paraparesis immediately after renal transplantation. Distal spinal cord infarction was diagnosed clinically. The infarction was probably caused by interruption of blood flow through the branches of the right internal iliac artery to the spinal cord when the vessel was divided for anastomosis to the transplanted kidney. This case report emphasizes the potential importance of the blood supply to the distal spinal cord derived from branches of the aorta below its bifurcation.
Oxidation of Threonylmethionine by Peroxynitrite. Quantification of the One-Electron Transfer Pathway by Comparison to One-Electron Photooxidation

Peroxynitrite can modify methionine by one- and two-electron oxidation pathways. Here, we have quantified the extent of one-electron oxidation of threonylmethionine (Thr-Met) by peroxynitrite using a characteristic reaction according to which Thr-Met sulfur radical cations decompose via fragmentation of the Thr side chain, yielding acetaldehyde. The efficiencies, facet,photo, for the formation of acetaldehyde from Thr-Met sulfur radical cations were obtained by means of one-electron photooxidation using triplet 4-carboxybenzophenone. Exact quantum yields for the formation of Thr-Met sulfur radical cations by triplet 4-carboxybenzophenone were obtained by laser flash photolysis and time-resolved UV spectroscopy. Acetaldehyde yields were measured for the reaction of peroxynitrite with Thr-Met, and division of these acetaldehyde yields by facet,photo yielded the extents to which peroxynitrite reacted with Thr-Met via the one-electron transfer pathway. There was little one-electron oxidation of Thr-Met by per...
Characterization of a hyperpolarization-activated inward current in cultured pacemaker cells from the sinoatrial node.

Abstract The perforated-patch, whole-cell voltage-clamp technique was used to characterize a hyperpolarization-activated inward current (i f ) in cultured pacemaker cells isolated from the rabbit sinoatrial (S-A) node. A modified Tyrode solution was used to block interfering currents. After correcting for uncompensated series resistance, leakage current and liquid–junction potentials between the pipette and bath, we obtained the following values for the maximum conductance and reversal potential of (i f ): 16.2±2.8 nS or 0.26±0.07 nS/pF (0.37±0.10 mS/cm 2 ); and −27.7±1.2 mV ( n =10). In the modified Tyrode solution, the threshold for activation of i f and the half-activation potential and slope factor for Boltzmann fits were −66±1 mV ( n =53), −77.2±2.0 mV and 4.2±0.4 mV ( n =16), respectively. The time course of i f was best fit by a sum of two exponentials. Between −110 and −5 mV, time constants ranged from 0.06 to 0.42 s for the rapid component and from 0.65 to 4.39 s for the slow component. Using these characteristics of i f and a short segment of spontaneous firing as the membrane potential, we computed the expected time course of i f during normal pacemaker activity. It reached a maximum of −3 pA during the diastolic depolarization and +4 pA during the action potential. We conclude that most of the characteristics of i f in cultured S-A node cells are similar to those measured previously in freshly isolated pacemaker cells.
Fourier transform methods for spectral resolution enhancement

Abstract Two mathematical procedures of band narrowing using Fourier transforms are discussed. The methods of Fourier self-deconvolution and Fourier derivation are easier to use and to control than procedures which rely on the use of convolution functions.
Color image fidelity metrics evaluated using image distortion maps

Abstract Several color image fidelity metrics are evaluated by comparing the metric predictions to empirical measurements. Subjects examined image pairs consisting of an original and a reproduction. They marked locations on the reproduction that differed detectably from the original. We refer to the distribution of error marks by the subjects as image distortion maps . The empirically obtained image distortion maps are compared to the predicited visible difference calculated using (1) the widely used root mean square error (point-by-point RMS) computed in uncalibrated RGB values, (2) the point-by-point CIELAB Δ E 94 values (CIE, 1994), and (3) S-CIELAB Δ E 94 , a spatial extension of CIELAB Δ E metric. The uncalibrated RMS metric did not predict the perceptual image distortion data well. The point-by-point CIELAB Δ E 94 metric provided better predictions, and the S-CIELAB metric, which incorporated the spatial color sensitivity of the eye, gave the most accurate predictions. None of the metrics provided an excellent fit to the data. Image areas with poor predictions were concentrated in regions containing large negative local contrast. When these areas were excluded from our data analysis, both S-CIELAB and CIELAB predictions had much better agreement with the perceptual data. This suggests that the next step in improving color image fidelity metrics is to redefine color difference formula such as CIELAB Δ E 94 in terms of local contrast.
Lightning from Two National Detection Networks Related to Vertically Integrated Liquid and Echo-Top Information from WSR-88D Radar

Abstract Two national cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning-detection systems were operating across the contiguous United States during 1993. These two networks are compared to each other and to WSR-88D radar information collected by the Twin Lakes, Oklahoma, radar on 9 June 1993 as a squall line moved through central Oklahoma. Next Generation Weather Radar Information Dissemination Service data are used to investigate the relationship of CG lightning to WSR-88D echo tops and vertically integrated liquid (VIL). Such relationships appear not to have been investigated in such fine time and space resolution to date. When lightning is normalized by the frequency of occurrence of 4 km × 4 km resolution echo-top areas, the greatest percentage of echoes with lightning occurs when echo-top heights exceed 50 000 ft (15.2 km). The percentage of echoes with lightning drops significantly as echo tops decrease. The relationship of VIL with lightning is not as clearly defined. The frequency of echoes with lightning increases ...
Predictors of nutrition information comprehension in adulthood

Objective The goal of the present study was to examine relationships among several predictors of nutrition comprehension. We were particularly interested in exploring whether nutrition knowledge or motivation moderated the effects of attention on comprehension across a wide age range of adults.
PCB congener accumulation by periphyton, herbivores, and omnivores.

The concentrations of 20 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners were measured in periphyton, herbivorous fish (stoneroller minnows, Campostoma anomalum), and omnivorous fish (striped shiners, Luxilus chrysocephalus) in an industrially contaminated stream and a reference stream in eastern Tennessee. The sum of the concentrations of the 20 congeners, normalized by dry mass, was one to two orders of magnitude higher in stonerollers and shiners than in periphyton. Normalizing PCB concentrations by lipid mass reduced concentration differences between periphyton and stonerollers, but PCBs per unit lipid in stonerollers were still 50-350% higher than those in periphyton. Shiners had significantly higher lipid-specific PCB concentrations than did stonerollers, so a trophic hierarchy of primary producer 60% of the total mass of PCBs analyzed in all three trophic levels. However, stoneroller and shiner tissue was enriched in congeners 153, 118, and 187 relative to periphyton; congeners 153 and 187 are resistant to metabolic breakdown by monooxygenases found in fish liver. Principal component analysis of congener percentages separated periphyton from fish and distinguished between sampling locations.
Electron-Hydrogen Scattering Calculation

Elastic electron-hydrogen scattering phase shifts for $L=1$ are calculated from the Kohn variational principle, using up to 84 "Hylleraas-type" trial functions. Accuracy of the resulting phases varies from one to four significant figures, depending on the energy. A resonance appears in the $^{3}P$ wave at 9.727 eV. Elastic $P$-wave positron-hydrogen phase shifts are also calculated.
Improved prediction of lobar perfusion contribution using technetium-99m-labeled macroaggregate of albumin single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography with attenuation correction.

Objective Lung cancer resection can require removal of an entire lobe and, at times, bilobectomy or pneumonectomy. Many patients will also have significantly compromised lung function that requires limiting the extent of surgery or could preclude surgery altogether. The preoperative assessment should include predicted postoperative forced expiratory volume in 1 second (ppoFEV1), because a ppoFEV1 of Methods We propose an improved method for assessing regional lung perfusion in preoperative lung surgery patients. Patients undergo single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) imaging with attenuation correction using the conventional perfusion agent, technetium-99m–labeled macroaggregate of albumin. The CT image provides information for manual segmentation of each lobe. These segmentations are applied to the SPECT images to determine lobar perfusion. This proposed method was compared with PPS. Results This technique was evaluated in 17 patients. As expected, the perfusion contributions of the right and left lungs, calculated from SPECT/CT, correlated closely with those obtained from PPS (Pearson r = 0.995). However, the lobar perfusion contributions obtained by PPS and SPECT/CT were significantly different, by 2 methods of comparison (Hotelling's P = 1.7 × 10 −6 and P = 1.7 × 10 −4 ). Conclusions This new SPECT/CT technique provides an anatomically more accurate assessment of lobar perfusion. This technique can refine which patients should be operative candidates and allow better prediction of postoperative function in contrast to the anatomically inaccurate planar scintigraphic predictions, which often underestimate the postoperative FEV1. This new technique is expected to have a significant effect on the resectability of patients with lung cancer.
Biomineralization mechanisms: a new paradigm for crystal nucleation in organic matrices.

There is substantial practical interest in the mechanism by which the carbonated apatite of bone mineral can be initiated specifically in a matrix. The current literature is replete with studies aimed at mimicking the properties of vertebrate bone, teeth, and other hard tissues by creating organic matrices that can be mineralized in vitro and either functionally substitute for bone on a permanent basis or serve as a temporary structure that can be replaced by normal remodeling processes. A key element in this is mineralization of an implant with the matrix and mineral arranged in the proper orientations and relationships. This review examines the pathway to crystallization from a supersaturated calcium phosphate solution in vitro, focusing on the basic mechanistic questions concerning mineral nucleation and growth. Since bone and dentin mineral forms within collagenous matrices, we consider how the in vitro crystallization mechanisms might or might not be applicable to understanding the in vivo processes of biomineralization in bone and dentin. We propose that the pathway to crystallization from the calcium phosphate–supersaturated tissue fluids involves the formation of a dense liquid phase of first-layer bound-water hydrated calcium and phosphate ions in which the crystallization is nucleated. SIBLING proteins and their in vitro analogs, such as polyaspartic acids, have similar dense liquid first-layer bound-water surfaces which interact with the dense liquid calcium phosphate nucleation clusters and modulate the rate of crystallization within the bone and dentin collagen fibril matrix.
GABA and the regulation of serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity in amphibian retina—I. Effects of GABA agonists and antagonists

Abstract Retinal melatonin biosynthesis is regulated in part by changes in the activity of serotonin N -acetyltransferase (NAT), which increases at night in dark-adapted retinas, but not in light-exposed retinas. Using an in vitro preparation of Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog) eye cups, we have obtained evidence supporting the involvement of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the regulation of NAT activity. GABA, the GABA-A receptor agonists muscimol and isoguvacine, and the GABA-B receptor agonist (−)baclofen, in the presence of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, mimicked dark adaptation by increasing the activity of NAT in light-exposed retinas. The response to GABA agonists was not additive to that observed in darkness. Diazepam increased NAT activity of light-exposed retinas when added in the presence of muscimol, but had no significant effect when added alone. Picrotoxin, an antagonist of the GABA-A receptor-linked Cl − channel, blocked both the stimulation caused by dark adaptation and that caused by GABA-A agonists. The increase of NAT activity elicited by muscimol, but not that by baclofen, was blocked by bicuculline methobromide and picrotoxin. The results implicate GABA, acting through GABA-A and possibly GABA-B receptors, in the regulation of NAT activity in retina.
Spectral imaging detects breast cancer in fresh unstained specimens

Spectral imaging has recently been introduced in the biomedical field as a noninvasive, quantitative means of studying biological tissues. Many of its potential applications have been demonstrated (in vitro and, to a lesser degree, in vivo) with the use of stains or dyes. Successful translation to the clinical environment has been largely lagging, due to safety considerations and regulatory limitations preventing use of contrast agents in humans. We report experiments showing the feasibility of high-resolution spectral imaging of breast cancer without the use of contrast agents, thus completing the continuum of translational research, to in vivo imaging that will be directly applicable in the clinical environment. Our initial work focused on image acquisition using Fourier transform microinterferometry and subsequent segmentation of both stained and unstained breast cancer slides-derived image sets. We then applied our techniques to imaging fresh unstained ex vivo specimens of rat breast cancer and sentinel lymph nodes. We also investigated multiple methods of classification to optimize our image analyses, and preliminary results for the best algorithm tested yielded an overall sensitivity of 96%, and a specificity of 92% for cancer detection. Using spectral imaging and classification techniques, we were able to demonstrate that reliable detection of breast cancer in fixed and fresh unstained specimens of breast tissue is possible.
Inside-outside and all-inside meniscus repair: indications, techniques, and results

Abstract Repair of meniscus tears help to preserve its significant load-bearing function and maintain its role in joint stability. Both functions of the meniscus are necessary to avoid early degenerative changes frequently observed after meniscectomy. The inside-out arthroscopic-assisted meniscal repair technique was developed by Henning. It features: (1) meniscal and meniscosynovial abrasion to promote vascular healing; (2) cannulated suture-needle delivery system for suture placement; and (3) a posteromedial or lateral skin incision for needle retrieval to avoid neurovascular complications. This is a versatile technique permitting repair of nearly all longitudinal lesions. For extremely peripheral tears within the posterior horn of the meniscus, Morgan has described an arthroscopic all-inside technique. No skin incision is necessary, but the ability to tie knots arthroscopically is a prerequisite. This procedure is like the open peripheral meniscus repair described by DeHaven, but it is performed arthroscopically. The indications and technical details of both these methods for meniscal repair is emphasized. Important clinical, anatomic, and surgical factors are correlated with second-look arthroscopy after meniscal repair.
Sex differences in prefrontal volume with aging and Alzheimer's disease

We used volumetric magnetic resonance imaging to examine sex differences in prefrontal tissue volumes of healthy aged and patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Healthy subjects had greater total prefrontal volume than AD, and men had greater total prefrontal volume than women (ps < or = 0.02). This was true for both gray and white matter volumes. There were no interactions between group and sex for total prefrontal volume. An exploratory analysis of each group suggested that sex differences in both gray and white matter in healthy aging are not sustained in AD.
Mutations in the C, D, and V Open Reading Frames of Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 Attenuate Replication in Rodents and Primates

Abstract Human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) is a single-stranded negative-sense RNA virus belonging to the Respirovirus genus of the Paramyxoviridae family in the order Mononegavirales. The P gene encodes at least four proteins, including the C protein, which is expressed from an open reading frame (ORF) that overlaps the P ORF, and the D protein, which is encoded when the P ORF is fused to the D ORF by transcriptional editing. The P mRNA also contains a third ORF for the V protein, although it is unclear how or whether this ORF is accessed. We have used recombinant DNA technology to recover five mutant viruses that either interrupt or alter the C, D, and V ORFs. In one mutant virus, rC-KO, expression of the C protein was abrogated by changing the start codon from methionine to threonine and introducing two stop codons at amino acid positions 7 and 26 of the C ORF. In a second mutant virus, rF164S, a point mutation was introduced into the C ORF changing amino acid position 164 from phenylalanine (F) to serine (S), which corresponds to the F170S mutation described in the C protein of Sendai virus (Itoh et al., J. Gen. Virol. 78, 3207–3215). rC-KO was significantly attenuated in vitro and in vivo (rodents and primates), whereas rF164S was attenuated only in vivo. Interestingly, the rF164S mutant was more attenuated in the upper than in the lower respiratory tract of hamsters and monkeys. This pattern is the converse of that seen with temperature-sensitive attenuating mutations, and thus inclusion of this novel mutation in a recombinant live-attenuated vaccine candidate might prove useful in reducing residual virulence in the upper respiratory tract. Both rC-KO and rF164S conferred protection against challenge with wild-type HPIV3. In three other viruses, the D and V ORFs were interrupted singly or in combination. Although interruption of the D and V ORFs individually did not affect virus replication in vitro or in vivo, interruption of both together attenuated replication in vivo. These results indicate that the C, D, and V proteins of HPIV3 each has a role in virus replication in vitro, in vivo, or both, and define mutations that might be useful for the development of a vaccine against HPIV3.
Linear interpolation of stationary processes from the signs of their derivatives

Abstract We obtain expressions for the optimal linear estimator and the corresponding mean squared error for the interpolation of a stationary process from its sign and the signs of its derivatives. Numerical results are obtained for several Gaussian examples.
“HARMLESS PLEASURE”: GENDER, SUSPENSE, AND JANE EYRE

“[I]T IS TIME THE OBSCURITY . . . WAS done away,” writes Charlotte Bronte in 1850. “The little mystery, which formerly yielded some harmless pleasure, has lost its interest. Circumstances have changed” (“Biographical Notice” 134). The “little mystery” she coyly invokes here was not so trivial in the eyes of the literary world. From the moment that Jane Eyre appeared, reviewers speculated wildly about the identity of the authors of Jane Eyre, Wuthering Heights, and The Tenant of Wildfell Hall. “[T]he whole reading-world of London was in a ferment to discover the unknown author,” writes Elizabeth Gaskell (271). When the identities of the three sisters emerged, it was something of a shock to most of the London literati to discover that the writers of these “coarse” and “repulsive” novels were young, sheltered Yorkshire women, daughters of a curate, who had seen little of the world.1 Although the secret had been slowly coming out, bit by bit, it was in 1850 that Charlotte Bronte put the speculations to rest with her “Biographical Notice of Ellis and Acton Bell,” written for a new edition of Wuthering Heights.
Impact of combined clenbuterol and metoprolol therapy on reverse remodelling during mechanical unloading.

Background Clenbuterol (Cl), a β2 agonist, is associated with enhanced myocardial recovery during left ventricular assist device (LVAD) support, and exerts beneficial remodelling effects during mechanical unloading (MU) in rodent heart failure (HF). However, the specific effects of combined Cl+β1 blockade during MU are unknown. Methods and Results We studied the chronic effects (4 weeks) of β2-adrenoceptor (AR) stimulation via Cl (2 mg/kg/day) alone, and in combination with β1-AR blockade using metoprolol ((Met), 250 mg/kg/day), on whole heart/cell structure, function and excitation-contraction (EC) coupling in failing (induced by left coronary artery (LCA) ligation), and unloaded (induced by heterotopic abdominal heart transplantation (HATx)) failing rat hearts. Combined Cl+Met therapy displayed favourable effects in HF: Met enhanced Cl's improvement in ejection fraction (EF) whilst preventing Cl-induced hypertrophy and tachycardia. During MU combined therapy was less beneficial than either mono-therapy. Met, not Cl, prevented MU-induced myocardial atrophy, with increased atrophy occurring during combined therapy. MU-induced recovery of Ca2+ transient amplitude, speed of Ca2+ release and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ content was enhanced equally by Cl or Met mono-therapy, but these benefits, together with Cl's enhancement of sarcomeric contraction speed, and MU-induced recovery of Ca2+ spark frequency, disappeared during combined therapy. Conclusions Combined Cl+Met therapy shows superior functional effects to mono-therapy in rodent HF, but appears inferior to either mono-therapy in enhancing MU-induced recovery of EC coupling. These results suggest that combined β2-AR simulation +β1-AR blockade therapy is likely to be a safe and beneficial therapeutic HF strategy, but is not as effective as mono-therapy in enhancing myocardial recovery during LVAD support.
Synthesis and characterization of a neutral, low spin iron(III) complex of a hexadentate tripodal ligand containing three imidazolate arms. Use as a dinucleating agent

Abstract The iron(III) complex of the Schiff base formed from the condensation of 1 equiv. of trist(2-aminoethyl)amine (tren) and 3 equiv. of 4-methyl-5-imidazolecar☐aldehyde has been synthesized by the reaction of iron(III) methoxide, tren and 4-methyl-5-imidazolecar☐aldehyde in methanol. Fetren(meim)3 is low spin as indicated by magnetic moment, Mo¨ssbauer and ESR measurements. The crystal structure of Fetren(meim)3 was determined (space group Pna21, R1 = 0.0331 and wR2 = 0.0857). The complex is six-coordinate although the ligand is potentially heptadentate. Basicity of the three ‘backside’ imidazolate nitrogens is demonstrated in the crystal structure by H-bonding interactions and in solution by reactions with acidic metal complexes. ZnTPP and M(hfa)2 (M = Cu(II), Ni(II)), to give imidazolate bridged adducts. Products of the reaction of Fetren(meim)3 with M(hfa)2 were isolated and identified as the 1:1 adducts.
Fish cells in culture for study of aquatic toxicants

Abstract A procedure for using fish cells in culture as an additional parameter in the study of aquatic toxicants is described, and a comparison is made between the dose response of the fathead minnow and fathead minnow cells in culture, to zinc intoxication. The cells were found to be more sensitive than were the whole animals. The calculated safe concentration, based on the whole animal studies, was found to reduce the mitotic index of the cell cultures by approxately 50 per cent. A concentration of zinc representing one-tenth of the 96 hr TLm of the fathead minnows was found to have no effect on the cell cultures. Using these tissue culture criteria it is concluded that one-tenth of the 96 hr TLm is a demonstrably safer concentration for determining maximum permissible concentrations than is the calculated biologically safe concentration.
Solid state microcellular foamed poly(lactic acid): Morphology and property characterization

Poly(lactic acid) or PLA is a plant-based biodegrable plastic which exhibits many properties that are equivalent to or better than many petroleum-based plastics. However, there have been few commercial applications due to its lower impact resistance and higher cost than synthetic plastics. In this paper, the concept of creating microcellular foamed structures in PLA as a means to improve its shortcomings is presented. The effect of the foaming conditions (temperature and time) on the void fraction, volume expansion ratio, impact strength and tensile properties of foamed PLA is discussed. Each step of microcellular processing is addressed including: the manufacture of PLA film; the saturation of the samples with gas; the microcellular foaming of PLA; the void fraction determination, volume expansion ratio calculation, impact and tensile property characterization of foamed samples. The microcellular morphologies developed in PLA samples were a strong function of the foaming conditions. Due to the presence of foamed microcells, a twofold expansion ratio and significant improvements in the impact resistance (twofold increase over unfoamed PLA), strain at break (up to twofold increase over unfoamed PLA) and toughness (up to fourfold increase over unfoamed PLA) were achieved in PLA.
Inhibition of cdk1 by alsterpaullone and thioflavopiridol correlates with increased transit time from mid G2 through prophase.

Current models suggest that cyclin B1/cdk1 regulates the G2 to M transition and that its activity is maximal during the period from prophase to metaphase in mammalian cells. Although data are lacking, the idea that cyclin B1/cdk1 regulates the transit time from prophase to metaphase is reasonable. Development of small molecule inhibitors of cyclin dependent kinases (cdk’s) as cancer therapeutics presents an opportunity to evaluate the effects of inhibiting cdk’s in asynchronous cell populations. Analysis of cdk1 inhibitors is complicated by their ability to inhibit other cdk’s in vitro at higher concentrations. In this study we measured the effects of two cdk1 inhibitors on S, G2, and M transit for Hela cells and correlated these effects on cyclin B1/cdk1 and cyclin A/cdk2 activities. Dose responses demonstrate that low concentrations of both compounds inhibited the activity of cdk1 but not cdk2 in HeLa cells. The partial loss of cdk1 activity at low doses induced a prophase accumulation during a 3 h peri...
Antisense oligonucleotide pharmacokinetics and metabolism.

Background: The use of oligonucleotides as therapeutic agents has elicited a great deal of interest. Basic understanding and evaluation of the pharmacokinetic properties of oligonucleotides is foundational to their appropriate design and application. Objective: To review the primary pharmacokinetic properties that drive successful use and delivery of oligonucleotides. Methods: The primary data set available in the published literature for summarizing the pharmacokinetic properties of oligonucleotides exists for single strand phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotides and their chimeric chemical modifications (second generation). Where possible, data from other classes of compounds are contrasted with this base class. Results/conclusion: Although there are several different classes of oligonucleotides being developed as therapeutic agents, their pharmacokinetic properties by class are primarily a function of their backbone chemistry and the resulting chemical relationship to biological stability and plasm...
Enhancement of prolactin (PRL)-stimulated mitogenesis of Nb2 rat lymphoma cell cultures by insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I).

Abstract IGF-I stimulated the mitogenesis of Nb2 cells in the presence of suboptimal mitogenic concentrations of prolactin (PRL, 0.01 or 0.1 ng/ml). In the presence of 1 ng/ml or 10 ng/ml, concentrations of PRL that produced a maximal or near maximal mitogenic response in Nb2 cells, the addition of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) at 5 or 10 ng/ml did not further enhance mitogenesis. This effect was selective for IGF-I since IGF-II, epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) or platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) did not stimulate mitogenesis in the presence or absence of PRL. That the ability of IGF-I to stimulate mitogenesis of these cells required PRL was suggested by the ability of PRL antiserum to block the IGF-I effect. Monoclonal antibody to IGF-I reduced the mitogenic response to one identical to PRL alone. In the presence of a suboptimal mitogenic concentration of PRL, IGF-I was an equally effective comitogen when added at 0 time or at 6 h after PRL stimulation, suggestive of an effect of IGF-I in late G 1 phase of the cell cycle. Effects of IGF-I on ornithine decarboxylase, a G 1 enzymatic marker, were compatible with this interpretation. In order to be assured that IGF-I exerted its action through a receptor-mediated process, we evaluated the presence of IGF-I receptors on Nb2 cells. Receptors were present which bound IGF-I>IGF-II⪢ insulin. The IC 50 was 35 nM for IGF-I, 280 nM for IGF-II and 875 nM for insulin. The K d for IGF-I was 5.45 pM and the B max was 1.32 pmol/2 × 10 6 cells. These observations suggest that IGF-I may facilitate DNA synthesis and mitogenesis in PRL-dependent Nb2 cells in the same way that IGF-I and EGF serve as progression factors for BALB/c 3T3 mouse fibroblasts [Leof, Van Wyk, O'Keefe & Pledger (1983), Exp. Cell Res. , 147 , 202–208; Leof, Wharton, Van Wyk & Pledger (1982), Exp. Cell Res. , 141 , 107–115; Campisi & Pardee (1984), Molec. cell. Biol. , 4 , 1807–1814]. That PRL is required as a necessary component for IGF-I mitogenic action is demonstrated by the lack of any effect of IGF-I in the absence of PRL.
Dielectric and polarization measurements on BaTiO 3 at high pressures to the tricritical point

Dielectric and polarization measurements were made on single crystal ${\mathrm{BaTiO}}_{3}$ in a hydrostatic medium to 38 kbar. The nature of the ferroelectric phase transition is observed to go from first to second order near 35 kbar and -40 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The pressure--temperature--electric-field phase diagram of ${\mathrm{BaTiO}}_{3}$ is measured. The tricritical point is indicated in this part of the phase diagram by a change in shape of both the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric response as the material passes through the cubic to tetragonal phase transition in zero electric field and by the pressure dependence of the critical points at the ends of the paraelectric-to-ferroelectric phase lines.
The 1990s: Information Systems and Computer Visualization for Urban Design, Planning, and Management

This paper is an exploration of possibilities for computer-aided visualization. It is premised upon three assumptions: (1) understanding nearly any subject of consequence requires one to consider it from multiple viewpoints, using a variety of information; (2) the understanding of complex information may be greatly extended if it is visualized; and (3) visualization also aids in communicating with others. The paper begins with a description of the rapid evolution in computer hardware that is creating technological opportunities for visualization. Advances in a wide diversity of visualization software and strategies for integrating multimedia information are then reviewed. The interest that motivates this paper is not technology, per se, but the ways visualization technology can contribute to improved understanding, decisionmaking, and planning. The paper concludes with two scenarios suggesting ways in which planning might capitalize upon the technology opportunities first described.
Prevalence, correlates, co-morbidity, and comparative disability of DSM-IV generalized anxiety disorder in the USA: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions.

Background. This study addressed the prevalences, correlates, co-morbidity and disability of DSM- IV generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and other psychiatric disorders in a large national survey of the general population, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism's (NIAAA) National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). The study pre- sents nationally representative data, for the first time, on prevalence, correlates, co-morbidity, and comparative disability of DSM-IV GAD. Method. Data are taken from a large (n=43093) representative sample of the adult USA popu- lation.
Non-linear stability of a bubble column reactor

Abstract Non-linear analyses of a bubble column reactor are carried out to elucidate its oscillatory behavior. The pertinent integrodifferential equations are reduced to a set of finite dimensional ordinary differential equations by spectral expansion with an orthogonal set of polynomial basis functions. The Floquet multipliers of the distributed oscillations are then computed with a solution tracing routine. All oscillations are found to be stable and subharmonic bifurcations to higher order dynamic attractors do not appear.
Guest Editors' Introduction: Hot Chips 17

Guest Editors John Sell and Alan Jay Smith talk about what went into the presentation of IEEE Micro's Hot Chips 17 issue.
Feulgen-DNA Cytophotometry of Bovine Spermatozoa

Summary Two methods have been compared for quantitating the Feulgen-DNA in the same 240 mature bovine spermatozoa, using a fixed light beam cytophotometer. The two-wave-length method measured absorbance of single stained nuclei in a circular light beam having a diameter slightly larger than the long axis of the sperm head and eliminated the need for nuclear-size determinations. An over-all Feulgen-DNA coefficient of variability of 20.4% and a within sample coefficient of 14.6% were found. The other method measured nuclear absorbance of a monochromatic light beam with a slightly smaller diameter than the nuclear width and required an accurate nuclear volume determination related to the volume traversed by the light beam. Nuclear volume was estimated from linear measurements using three different formulae. All yielded Feulgen-DNA values with over-all coefficients of variability ranging from 12.3 to 12.9% and within sample coefficients of 6.5 to 7.3%. Two formulae gave falsely precise Feulgen-DNA values due to systematic errors in area calculation resulting from false assumptions of sperm nuclear shape. Nuclear area of each cell calculated by the van Duijn formula multiplied by its extinction value for a light beam of known area gave the best estimate of sperm nuclear Feulgen-DNA.
Stable incorporation of plasmid DNA into higher plant cells: the molecular basis of crown gall tumorigenesis

Abstract Evidence is presented that crown gall tumors are caused by the incorporation of part of a virulence plasmid carried by the inciting bacterium, Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The rate of reassociation of labeled plasmid DNA was slightly accelerated in the presence of tobacco crown gall tumor DNA, but not normal tobacco DNA. Treatment of tumor DNA with DNAase abolished the acceleration. To determine whether all plasmid sequences are represented in tumor DNA, the labeled plasmid DNA was separated into specific fragments after digestion with restriction endonuclease Sma I. Renaturation rates for DNA from bands 1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 12 and 14 were not affected by tumor DNA. DNA from band 3 showed a slight rate increase in the presence of tumor DNA, indicating 21–27 copies of 14–18% of the DNA sequences in this (doublet) band. The band 3 doublet was separated by electrophoresis into bands 3a and 3b. Tumor DNA had little effect on the rate of reassociation of labeled band 3a DNA. Band 3b DNA renatured rapidly in the presence of tumor DNA, and its rate increase indicated that approximately 18 copies of 40% of band 3b DNA sequences are present per diploid tumor cell. This amounts to 3.7 × 10 6 daltons of foreign genetic information and represents a contribution of 0.0011% to the DNA content of the tumor cell. The relationship between this plant tumor and virally induced animal tumor systems is discussed.
The basic character of five two-phase flow model equation sets

Three test problems were simulated using five different two-phase flow model equation sets from the open literature. The test problems chosen were a fluidized bed, a batch settling, and a horizontal jet impingement on a vertical wall. These three problems demonstrate an important cross-section of physical phenomena, such as fluidized bed voidage oscillations, phase separation, countercurrent flow, and jet formation. The dispersed flow regime is selected for all three problems. The study was performed to assess the basic character of the five-field equation sets responding to the same initial and boundary conditions and using the same finite difference numerical scheme. The general performance of the five equation sets was found to be similar, even though one of them was ill posed as an initial-value problem. Broad trends are the same and quantitative differences could be assessed by examining the fine structure of the results. None of the equation sets could be entirely rejected on the basis of producing physically impossible or unacceptable results. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Leisure Activities in Prader-Wlli Syndrome: Implications for Health, Cognition and Adaptive Functioning.

Although hyperphagia and compulsivity in Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) are well described, recreation and adaptive skills are relatively unexplored. Parents of 123 participants with PWS (4–48 years) completed measures of their child’s adaptive, recreation, and problem behaviors. Offspring received cognitive testing. Watching TV was the most frequent recreational activity, and was associated with compulsivity and skin picking. BMIs were negatively correlated with physical play, and highest in those who watched TV and played computer games. Computer games and physical activities were associated with higher IQ and adaptive scores. People with PWS and other disabilities need to watch less TV and be more engaged in physical activities, games, and leisure pursuits that are fun, and may bring cognitive or adaptive advantages.
Social networks in R&D program evaluation

This paper introduces the social network methodology as a tool for evaluating important aspects of research and development (R&D) programs. It uses two detailed examples to illustrate the application of network concepts in program appraisal. By studying relationships, exchanges, network location and status, network structure and evolution, and participant characteristics and roles in the network, this approach provides a lens to important aspects of the longer-lasting, more sustainable contributions of public policy in affecting organisational capabilities to innovate. A key challenge currently is the integration of social network analysis with causal empirical models and more traditional economic approaches geared to assessing the outputs and impacts of R&D.
Superplasticity in cubic yttria-stabilized zirconia with intergranular silica

Abstract The effect of amorphous silicate additions on grain growth and high-temperature deformation of 8 mol% cubic yttria stabilized zirconia was investigated. Fine-grained (0.5 μm) samples were produced by addition of 5 wt% colloidal silica. Dynamic grain growth was limited by the presence of this inert intergranular amorphous phase with low solubility for zirconia and yttria. Strain rates as high as 5×10 −3 s −1 at 1500 °C were observed under compression, similar to those observed in superplastic tetragonal yttria stabilized zirconia. Over 180% true strain (505% engineering strain) could be obtained within 1 h at 1500 °C. The stress exponent for deformation was calculated to vary from 1.3–1.7 at temperatures of 1300–1500 °C, respectively. Activation energies for superplastic deformation in the range of 340–410 kJ/mol were obtained for applied stresses of 10–45 MPa.
Characterizing aquatic bacteria according to population, cell size, and apparent DNA content by flow cytometry

Flow cytometry offers a rapid method for characterizing aquatic populations according to the properties of individual cells. This technology has been extended to aquatic bacteria by using high-intensity UV excitation, condensing the laser beam onto a small area, using blemish-free flow cells, optimizing organism staining protocol, segregating the optical signal produced with high-transmittance optical filters collecting the signal with sensitive photomultipliers, and expanding the range of data displayed from individual samples with calibrated circuitry. Bacteria could be counted according to event frequency, and populations agreed with direct counts by epifluorescence microscopy. Forward scatter intensity was a linear function of volume for bacterial cells between 1.3 and 0.25 μm3 as calibrated by coulter impedance. Plastic spheres down to 0.014 μm3, 0.3 μm in diameter, were resolved. Aquatic bacteria 0.05 μm3 in volume were clearly resolved according to DNA content by staining with DAPI. The observed signal was DNA-dependent because DNase treatment eliminated most fluorescence. These procedures are suitable for direct analysis of the bacteria in marine and freshwater samples without interference from algae, sediment, or most DNA-free organic particles. Cytograms indicated one or more clearly resolved subpopulations of bacteria of substantially smaller size and DNA content than the laboratory organisms typically classified.