cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feature engineering for clustering student solutions

Open-ended homework problems such as coding assignments give students a broad range of freedom for the design of solutions. We aim to use the diversity in correct solutions to enhance student learning by automatically suggesting alternate solutions. Our approach is to perform a two-level hierarchical clustering of student solutions to first partition them based on the choice of algorithm and then partition solutions implementing the same algorithm based on low-level implementation details. Our initial investigations in domains of introductory programming and computer architecture demonstrate that we need two different classes of features to perform effective clustering at the two levels, namely abstract features and concrete features.
Temperature Effect on a HDD Slider’s Flying Performance at Steady State

The temperature inside modern hard disk drives (HDDs) can become as high as 100°C during operation. The effects of such high temperatures on the slider’s flying attitude and the shear forces on the slider and the disk are investigated in this paper. General formulae for the shear forces are derived, and the generalized Reynolds equation is modified to take into account the temperature effect on the mean free path of air as well as the air viscosity. Numerical results are obtained for two different air bearing surface designs. It is shown that the temperature changes result in non-negligible changes in the slider’s flying height and the shear forces. These changes could further induce changes in the deformation and instability of the lubricant layer and thereby affect the reliability of the HDDs.
Current Concepts in Brain Resuscitation

While the initial impetus for intensive care 20 years ago grew out of major advances in cardiac and pulmonary care, the last decade has seen a tremendous interest in neurological intensive care. Several factors have combined to stimulate this interest. First, as intensivists provided better care to sicker patients with cardiac and pulmonary disease, critically ill patients survived more often and a review of their long-term complications noted a significant frequency of neurological problems. Next, as an outgrowth of the Vietnam War, techniques for rapid evacuation of casualties were used to improve treatment for traffic accident victims in the United States. The result was large numbers of hospitalized patients with head injury. Neurosurgical techniques designed to treat head- injured patients, including intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring [1], became commonplace in tertiary care hospitals. Pharmacologic and physiological treatment for cerebral edema, developed for patients with head injury, was used in medical patients with conditions ranging from Reye’s syndrome [2] to near drowning [3]. As a result, neurological intensive care became a legitimate area of focus in critical care medicine.
High temperature structural investigation of Na 2 O·0.5Fe 2 O 3 ·3SiO 2 and Na 2 O·FeO·3SiO 2 melts and glasses

The structure of glasses and melts of Na2O· 0.5Fe2O3·3SiO2 and Na2O·FeO·3SiO2 compositions have been measured using high temperature Raman spectroscopy. For the oxidized sample it has been demonstrated that there is a close structural relationship between melt and glass. No coordination changes of Fe3+ with temperature and no new anionic species have been observed in the oxidized melt. The Raman spectra of the reduced sample clearly show a decrease in the degree of polymerization, as determined by the observation of the polarization character of the spectra and the details of the change of the Raman intensities during heating in hydrogen. Mossbauer spectra suggest that Fe3+ is tetrahedrally coordinated in the oxidized glass and part of the Fe2+ is tetrahedrally coordinated in the reduced glass.
Turkey and Europe: culture, capital and corruption

This article argues that current discourses on Turkish corruption are marked by a disproportionate emphasis on culture and can thus be understood as part of a broader relationship with Europe's perennial ‘other’. Having traced elements of this within European political elites' response to Turkey's prospective accession to the Union, the article goes on to suggest that the association of corruption with a different cultural orientation represents a useful means of legitimising the extraneous guidance of administrative and economic change. The ultimate aim of such reforms are, the article concludes, to extend the penetrative capacity of European capital, to reduce the transaction costs involved in acquiring Turkish assets and to disable domestic resistance to further marketisation.
Work Transfer Analysis of Turbojet and Turbofan Engines

*This paper explores the application of work transfer analysis to turbojet and turbofan engines. Emphasis is placed on understanding and applying the basic analysis method. The relationships between component performance and overall system work transfer are explored and demonstrated for ramjet, turbojet, and turbofan examples. The analysis results obtained via this method are quantified for a separate flow turbofan example. Finally, this paper suggests groupings of parameters of fundamental importance to turbofan engines based on the analysis results developed herein. he conventional thought process with respect to analysis of air-breathing propulsion systems focuses heavily on the flow of air through the propulsion system. In point of fact, the ultimate aim of any propulsion system is to efficiently convert energy stored in the chemical bonds of a fuel into useful thrust work. It therefore follows that what truly matters from a thermodynamic perspective is how effectively the work potential stored in the fuel is converted into useful thrust work on the vehicle. Air is only an intermediary in this process. This is the basic idea and philosophy underlying the concept of Work Transfer Analysis. The intent of this paper is to explore work transfer analysis with specific application to typical Brayton engine cycles. This work builds on ideas explored in Ref. 1 and tailors the basic concepts to analysis of turbofan engines of current practical interest. The development is a logical extension of the work transfer concept starting with the analysis of the simple ramjet engine. The ramjet analysis is used to illustrate basic principles and is a pedagogical stepping stone towards turbofan engines. The method is subsequently applied to turbojet and turbofan engine cycles, with practical examples and results. This ultimately leads to a framework for analysis of thermodynamic efficiency of gas turbine engines. This framework is complementary to existing frameworks described by Lewis 2 and is a useful tool in understanding theoretical transfer of useable work potential through a machine. The basic model suggested in Ref. 1 for analysis of work transfer in a propulsion system is given by:
Merging tsunamis of the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake detected over the open ocean

[1] Tsunamis often travel long distances without losing power and severely devastate some coastal areas while leaving others with little damage. This unpredictable situation has been a major challenge for accurate and timely tsunami forecasting to facilitate early-warning and possible evacuations of affected coastal communities without disturbing the lives of others. Here we show evidence from satellite altimetry observations of the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake-induced tsunami that sheds light on this issue. Three satellites observed the same tsunami front, and for the first time, one of them recorded a tsunami height about twice as high as that of the other two. Model simulations, based on the GPS-derived earthquake source and constrained by measurements of seafloor motions near the hypocenter, confirm that the amplified tsunami is one of several jets formed through topographic refraction when tsunamis travel along ocean ridges and seamount chains in the Pacific Ocean. This process caused the tsunami front to merge as it propagates, resulting in the doubling of the wave height and destructive potential in certain directions. We conclude that the potential of merging tsunamis should be emphasized in mapping tsunami hazards and assessing risk levels at key coastal facilities.
Planning in high-dimensional shape space for a single-wheeled balancing mobile robot with arms

The ballbot with arms is an underactuated balancing mobile robot that moves on a single ball. Achieving desired motions in position space is a challenging task for such systems due to their unstable zero dynamics. This paper presents a novel approach that uses the dynamic constraint equations to plan shape trajectories, which when tracked will result in optimal tracking of desired position trajectories. The ballbot with arms has shape space of higher dimension than its position space and therefore, the procedure uses a user-defined weight matrix to choose between the infinite number of possible combinations of shape trajectories to achieve a particular desired trajectory in position space. Experimental results are shown on the real robot where different motions in position space are achieved by tracking motions of either the body lean angles, or the arm angles or combinations of both.
Simulation of predation by ants based on direct observations of attacks on gypsy moth larvae

Predation of gypsy moth larvae, Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), by ants was observed by placing caterpillars on the forest floor and waiting for ants to find them or by placing caterpillars very close to foraging ants. Over 80% of contacts with caterpillars were made by Formica spp. The rate of successful capture varied with caterpillar instar, generally becoming lower as larvae became larger. However, neonates were successfully attacked by ants less often than first-instar larvae that had fed. Neonates probably have developed defenses that prevent excessive predation because many fall to the forest floor when dispersing. The distribution of time intervals between encounters of ants with larvae was adequately fit by an exponential distribution having a mean waiting time of 20 min. This distribution was used to construct a simulation model of gypsy moth larval predation by ants. Based on the model results, ant success rate, ant foraging density, and residence time of larvae on the forest floor were important determinants of mortality caused by ants.
Predictors of Mortality in Non-post-operative Patients with Septic Arthritis

Yu LP, Bradley JD, Hugenberg ST, Brandt KD. Predictors of Mortality in Non-post-operative Patients with Septic Arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 1992; 21: 142–44.John D. Bradley, 541 Clinical Drive, Indiana University Me-dedical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
Effet of Nikel Alloying on the Thermal Diffusivity/ondutivity of MgO Single rystals

The thermal diffusivity/conductivity of Ni-doped MgO single crystals was measured as a function of temperature by the laser-flash method. Nickel in the form of the substitutional solid solution, Ni2+, has a much greater effect on the thermal diffusivity / conductivity than precipitated Ni colloids. These results are discussed in terms of phonon and photon scattering effects.
Thermal Denaturation of Lysozyme in a Cosolvent Studied by NMR

The irreversible denaturation of hen egg white lysozyme was monitored by one-dimensional 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1D 1H NMR). Extended incubation of lysozyme at 75 and 81 °C in 20% w/w PEG 1000 caused more native lysozyme peak intensity loss than at 0% PEG. Further an increase in lysozyme concentration from 3.5 to 10 mM increased the irreversible denaturation as did the increase in temperature from 75 to 81 °C. Additionally, new peaks appeared in most spectra. Intriguingly, spectra in PEG after extended heating all resembled the reversible denatured state, whereas at 0% PEG spectra appeared native at reduced intensity, indicating that PEG causes the denatured state to persist, while without PEG, aggregation may persist. The methylenes and ethers of PEG may paralyze the denaturation and delay aggregation by hydrophobic and hydrogen bond interactions with the denatured state. The results indicate that NMR techniques may have many potential uses in biopharmaceutical industries. NMR may be able to provide further insight into product integrity, such as the extent of irreversible denaturation.
Learning semantic constraints for the automatic discovery of part-whole relations

The discovery of semantic relations from text becomes increasingly important for applications such as Question Answering, Information Extraction, Text Summarization, Text Understanding, and others. The semantic relations are detected by checking selectional constraints. This paper presents a method and its results for learning semantic constraints to detect part-whole relations. Twenty constraints were found. Their validity was tested on a 10,000 sentence corpus, and the targeted part-whole relations were detected with an accuracy of 83%.
Tacitus's Dangerous Word

Abstract The fact that vocabulum appears with far more frequency in Tacitus9 texts than in any other author except for the encyclopaedists argues for his idiosyncratic usage of the term. This article argues that imperial discourse, nearly identical in structure and expression to that of the Republic but divorced from Republican connotations, provided an empty site where Roman fantasies of self-definition took strong hold, and that Tacitus uses vocabulum to indicate words and concepts that illustrate this process, particularly with reference to representations of the foreign and the past. Such a discourse was congenial for the concentration of power in the hands of one person, as it no longer expressed the conflicting desires of a community engaged in public affairs, but collectivized the public desire for an image of Roman superiority. Thus Germany and the old Republican past were easily mythologized as what Rome desired to be, but feared it was not. Tacitus9 use of vocabulum highlights the words in imperial discourse that betray the gap in the political unconscious between Romans9 idea of themselves as masters of the Empire and as slaves to one ruler. Nor does he position himself as an outside observer of this process, but creates an experience of it for the reader through gaps and inconsistencies within his narrative.
Price Discovery in Emerging Financial Markets during the Global Mortgage Crisis

Focusing on five major emerging markets (EM), I investigate the interactions between credit default swap (CDS) premiums, foreign exchange (FX) parities, local currency government bond (LCB) spreads, and national stock market indices over the period 4/2/2007 to 8/27/2009. Empirical analysis indicates that the LCB markets, along with the FX markets, were very dominant in the price discovery process during a common distressed period. This finding is surprising and in sharp contrast with the literature on corporate studies. The analysis also shows that the markets were more efficient during the distressed period.
Beach's Black Door

This was the third time it didn’t happen for Lars and Matilda. Lars had always considered Matilda the type to wear plain-colored cotton panties.
Serous cystadenoma of the pancreas with papillary features: a diagnostic pitfall on fine-needle aspiration biopsy.

c Serous cystadenoma of the pancreas is an uncommon neoplasm that occasionally exhibits papillary differentiation. The cytomorphologic structure of pancreatic serous cystadenoma has been rarely described, and, to our knowledge, such papillary morphologic structure has never been reported on fine-needle aspiration cytologic examination. We present a case of serous cystadenoma of the pancreas in a 77-year-old woman. Endoscopic ultrasonography showed a well-demarcated solid/cystic mass in the midbody of the pancreas, suggestive of solid pseudopapillary tumor. Aspiration cytologic examination, performed under endoscopic ultrasound guidance, showed a predominantly papillary epithelial neoplasm consistent with the radiologic impression. Gross and histologic examination of the excised specimen revealed a pancreatic serous cystadenoma with multifocal papillae. This case illustrates the cytomorphologic structure of serous cystadenoma that presents with prominent papillary differentiation on aspiration cytologic examination. The unusual cytologic appearance of this tumor introduces significant diagnostic challenges to the pathologist. Serous cystadenoma must be included in the differential diagnosis of pancreatic neoplasms with papillary morphologic structure as evaluated by fine-needle aspiration cytologic examination. (Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2001;125:1591‐1594)
A new class of compact schemes

A new class of compact schemes are derived that obtain high-order accuracy while using a very small stencil size. These schemes are shown to be equivalent to standard high-order compact schemes. These new schemes reduce the computational effort while offering easier boundary stencil specification than the existing schemes. Results are shown for linear and nonlinear 1-D benchmark problems and a 2-D linear benchmark problem. Boundary stencils and boundary condition specification are described and demonstrated. Introduction The field of computational aeroacoustics is focused on obtaining long-term, time-accurate numerical solutions to unsteady flow and acoustic problems. In order to accomplish this, a high-accuracy time-marching scheme is combined with high-resolution spatial derivatives. There are two main classes of high-accuracy finite-difference schemes: explicit schemes and compact schemes (e.g., Refs. [1-10]). Explicit schemes employ large computational stencils for accuracy, while compact schemes use smaller stencils by solving for the spatial derivatives as independent variables at each grid point. While compact schemes are more accurate than the equivalent explicit scheme, they have two disadvantages: first, a matrix must be inverted to obtain the spatial derivative at a point; second, the boundary stencil has a large effect on the stability and accuracy of the scheme. Recently, a new class of high-accuracy compact MacCormack-type schemes have been derived for computational aeroacoustics. Following this development, a new class of high-order compact schemes are derived which use three-point stencils and return up to eighth-order accuracy. This paper is declared a work of the U.S. Government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. 1 $. Senior Research Associate, Member AIAA. Description of Compact Schemes A general compact derivative of a function f may be written as:
The High Temperature Deformation Behavior of A Cr2Nb Ordered Intermetallic System

A basic characterization of the deformation behavior of Cr2Nb by microindention at ambient and elevated temperatures (up to 1400 °C) was undertaken. The microhardness of this system was seen to decrease with increasing temperature, from 1040 MPa at 25°C to 322 MPa at 1400 °C. Further, the microindention creep behavior of this system was studied by varying time on load at T = 1000 and 1200 °C. Analysis of the data showed that m = 24 and Qapp = 477.61 kJ/mole. These unusually high values are indicative of the existence of an effective resisting stress against creep. When the data was fit against a microindention creep deformation law which was modified to incorporate an effective resisting stress term, it was determined that m = 4.5, Qcreep = 357 kJ/mole and the resisting stress term σr = 300 MPa.
Simulations of a Micro-Reactor for the Study of the Unimolecular Decomposition of Large Fuel Molecules

It is now possible to use heated micro-reactors to carry out flash pyrolysis of complex fuels. These reactors involve small (1 mm ID, 2-3 cm long) flow reactors equipped with advanced diagnostics. Based on the well known “Chen Nozzle” the residence time in the reactor is very short, 25-150 microseconds, allowing study of the earliest kinetic processes. The diagnostics, matrix isolation/infrared spectroscopy (IR) and photoionization mass spectroscopy (PIMS), in combination allow us to identify all species present. This includes atoms, radicals and metastables as well as stable species. However, a major disadvantage of the system is a lack of understanding of the internal fluid dynamics. Without detailed knowledge of the velocity, temperature and density distributions within the reactor, it is not possible to extract reliable kinetic information. In this paper we report the results of reacting CFD simulations of the flow within and downstream of the reactor.
Simple groups at play

The article discusses group theory as it relates to puzzles like Rubik's Cube, which is based on permutation groups, and other types of puzzles the authors invented, based on other sporadic simple groups, including Mathieu groups. Strategies for solving these puzzles are discussed, with sidebars discussing and illustrating group theory. INSETS: RUBIK'S CUBE CODED;RUBIK'S CUBE DECODED;WHAT YOU'LL FIND ONLINE.
Development and psychometric evaluation of a health-related quality of life instrument for individuals with adult-onset hearing loss

AbstractObjective: Self-reports of ‘hearing handicap’ are available, but a comprehensive measure of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) for individuals with adult-onset hearing loss (AOHL) does not exist. Our objective was to develop and evaluate a multidimensional HRQOL instrument for individuals with AOHL. Design: The Impact of Hearing Loss Inventory Tool (IHEAR-IT) was developed using results of focus groups, a literature review, advisory expert panel input, and cognitive interviews. Study sample: The 73-item field-test instrument was completed by 409 adults (22–91 years old) with varying degrees of AOHL and from different areas of the USA. Results: Multitrait scaling analysis supported four multi-item scales and five individual items. Internal consistency reliabilities ranged from 0.93 to 0.96 for the scales. Construct validity was supported by correlations between the IHEAR-IT scales and scores on the 36-item Short Form Health Survey, version 2.0 (SF-36v2) mental composite summary (r = 0.32–0.64) ...
Did Occupational Therapy Services Facilitate Forensic Patients’ Participation Over Time?

Date Presented 4/16/2015 Forensic patients’ occupational participation improved during the 2-yr hospitalization. Specifically, occupational therapy helped to improve their motivation for occupation, pattern of occupation, communication/interaction skills, process skills, and environment.
The Refractory Material Baking of a Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler

This paper introduces the basic method of hot-gas Refractory Material Baking in a power plant.On the basis of experience in No.1 boiler,some improvements were made on the baking method and achieved good results.It can be taken as a reference for other projects.
Monitoring report on wastewater of part of medical institutions in Urumqi

Objective To understand the status of the Urumqi city sewage disposal of medical institutions and the disinfection effect,provide scientific basis for the supervision and administration. Methods Field investigation and sampling test method were used to monitor and analyze the Urumqi city sewage disposal situation of medical institutions at all levels. Results 122 medical institutions at all levels of Urumqi city were investigated,93 had medical sewage treatment,which accounted for 76. 2%. 93 samples of medical sewage after treatment of medical institutions at all levels were tested,73 samples were qualified,the average pass rate was 78. 5%. Conclusion The qualification rate of sewage treatment and processing of medical institutions in Urumqi should improved,the results suggest we should strengthen the supervision on medical sewage disposal.
Integrated Agricultural Pest Management Through Remote Sensing And Spatial Analyses

Modern agriculture is influenced by both the pressure for increased productivity and increased stresses caused by plant pests. Geographical Information Systems and Global Positioning Systems are currently being used for variable rate application of pesticides, herbicide and fertilizers in Precision Agriculture applications, but the comparatively lesser-used tools of Remote Sensing and Spatial Analyses can be of additional value in integrated pest management practices. The tools provide valuable information in an integrated pest management context, allowing for a complete understanding (via remote mapping or spatial modeling) of the spatial complexity of the abiotic and biotic characteristics of a field and its crops, and providing information about pest populations that are present, or likely to occur. This chapter details some of the advances in Remote Sensing and Spatial Analysis as applied to integrated agricultural plant pest management, and outlines some of the remaining challenges that farmers have to face in their adoption.
Current trends in imaging diagnostics for gaseous flows

During the past few years considerable progress has been made in several research laboratories in the development of optical techniques which yield 2-D distributions of fluid flow parameters. Such measurements effectively represent spatially resolved images of the flow under observation. These images, when recorded instantaneously, contain information not previously available on spatial variations, scale sizes, and gradients of flow parameters.
Isonomia: The dawn of legal equality

Democratic Athens was very different from contemporary liberal democracies. Among many other differences, it was dramatically smaller (estimates vary, but for present purposes, there were, say, perhaps 30,000 full-fledged citizens and substantially more noncitizens); it had an underclass of slaves, operated as a direct democracy in which all important decisions were made by the assembled citizenry, and operated mass popular courts. Nonetheless, it managed to have a surprisingly robust version of the rule of law. This chapter serves several purposes. First, it supports the overall argument of this book that the rule of law does not subsist in particular institutional configurations – it can exist in societies as different as the contemporary United States and Athens of 400 bce . Second, it shows that the identification of the rule of law with equality can help us understand an extraordinarily diverse set of societies. For that reason, it supports the factual and normative robustness of the account of the rule of law given in the first four chapters. Third, by abstracting away from contemporary institutional and social facts, it allows us to see some of the abstract dynamics of the rule of law – a point that will be developed in the next chapter. This chapter defends several key claims. First, contrary to the arguments of some classicists and legal historians, classical Athens substantially satisfied the demands of the rule of law throughout the democratic period. Second, Athenians saw further than many contemporary rule of law theorists: they recognized that the rule of law served the equality of mass and elite; and there was no contradiction (again contra some classicists) between the democratic power of the masses and the rule of law. It sets the groundwork for a third claim, developed in the next chapter: this connection between equality and the rule of law explains the most striking fact about Athenian legality: to wit, the otherwise puzzling effectiveness of a postconflict amnesty after a short-lived oligarchic tyranny at the end of the fifth century bce . How was the rule of law implemented in Athens? In this section, I first review the Athenian legal system, then argue for the proposition that it comported fairly well with the rule of law, except for its failures in the domain of generality with respect to women, foreigners, and slaves.
Prognathodes basabei, a new species of butterflyfish (Perciformes, Chaetodontidae) from the Hawaiian Archipelago.

A new species of the butterflyfish genus Prognathodes is described from specimens collected at a depth of 55-61 m off Pearl and Hermes Atoll, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. This species has been observed by mixed-gas divers and from submersibles at depths ranging from 45-187 m throughout the Hawaiian Archipelago, with shallower sightings in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands and deeper in the Main Hawaiian Islands. It is similar to Prognathodes guezei (Mauge and Bauchot 1976) from the western Indian Ocean, and at least one other undescribed species of Prognathodes from Palau, differing from these species in the number of soft dorsal-fin rays, size of head, and body depth. There are also differences in the life color, and a substantial genetic difference from the Palauan species (d » .08 in mtDNA cytochrome oxidase I).
Identification and expression analyses of vitellogenin in Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc).

Abstract The potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc) (Hemiptera: Triozidae), is a phloem-feeding insect with preference for Solanaceae. This insect species is vector of the pathogenic bacteria ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ the causative agent of zebra chip, an important disease of commercial potatoes in several countries worldwide. The recent classification of psyllids among the most dangerous vectors has promoted their study, but still many biological processes such as reproduction and vitellogenesis need to be investigated. As a first step towards the elucidation of vitellogenesis in B. cockerelli, one candidate vitellogenin transcript (6622 bases long) was identified and the expression of the transcript and the protein were analyzed in virgin and mated females between 1 and 7 days old. In virgin females, Vg expression increased up to 5 days old; while mating significantly up-regulated Vg expression in 5- and 7-day-old females. To determine the role of juvenile hormone in B. cockerelli Vg expression, topical applications of juvenile hormone III were performed on virgin females, resulting in an up-regulation of Vg expression and an increase in the number of mature oocytes present in female reproductive organs. Overall, this study represents the first step to understand vitellogenesis of B. cockerelli and it highlights the role of JH III in the hormonal regulation of Vg expression and oocyte development.
Near-unisons in Afro-Cuban Ensemble Drumming

Working with an original corpus of Afro-Cuban drumming recordings shared by Andrew McGraw, I examine the nature and extent of non-simultaneous attacks between ensemble players. Quantitative analyses of ~30,000 drum onset times in four- and five-player performances reveal that these non-simultaneities, or near-unisons , are widespread and often sizeable. Their frequency and magnitude depend on selection style, measurement method used, location of the analysis window within the bar cycle, and instruments involved. I show that near-unisons result (in part) from the layering of 'idiosyncratically' timed ostinatos, and that the effect can be achieved by layering not only different timing contours but also equivalent contours that are slightly displaced with respect to each other. I also show that near-unison configurations can be either consistent or variable, so that certain leader-follower associations remain stable from cycle to cycle while others vary more freely. Beyond pairwise associations, I explore rhythmic density via the notion of onset clusters : groups of closely spaced attacks produced by up to five different players.
Gender Differences in Trauma Types and Themes in Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

ABSTRACTBackground: This study aimed to determine whether there were gender differences in trauma types and cognitive-emotional themes among veterans with deployment-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Methods: Case notes or writing excerpts from two pilot studies were reviewed to determine types of traumas and emerging themes, with 20 women and 31 men comprising the sample. Results: Most women developed PTSD after sexual assault, with reactions emphasizing mistrust, betrayal, and anger. Men experienced more combat, with reactions including survivor guilt, moral injury, and horror. Conclusions: Both genders developed PTSD, but the causes of and reactions to their traumas differed. Emerging themes can be useful treatment foci.
Palmitate and oleate co-treatment increases myocellular protein content via impaired protein degradation.

Abstract Objectives Protein balance is a crucial determinant of myocellular size and function. The effects of fatty acids on myocellular protein balance remain controversial. The aim of this study was to determine the direct effects of a mixed-species fatty acid environment on myocellular protein synthesis and degradation. Methods C2C12 myotubes were cultured in media containing equimolar (250 μM) palmitic acid and oleate (PO) or bovine serum albumin control for ≤72 h. Myocellular protein balance was determined via incorporation (synthesis) or release (degradation) of 3 H-tyrosine after 24, 48, and 72 h of treatment. Expression of major proteolytic genes was measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results PO significantly increased myocellular protein content at 24, 48, and 72 h. Basal myocellular protein synthesis was unchanged by PO. However, PO significantly decreased basal rate of protein degradation at 24 h and this effect persisted throughout 72 h of treatment. Expression of the proteolytic genes Atrogin-1 ( MAFbx ), MuRF-1, LC3, and ATG4 B , was reduced during the 72 h PO. Conclusions A mixed-species fatty acid environment increases myocellular protein content by decreasing the rate of protein degradation, which may be regulated at the level of gene transcription.
THE PROFILE OF STUDENTS MISTAKES IN ANSWERING FUNCTION LIMIT QUESTIONS AND ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION TO OVERCOME THE PROBLEMS

This is an explorative research which explores profile of students’ mistake in answering function limit questions at SMA Negeri 15 Makassar. Subject of the research consisted of 20 students divided in 5 student on hight group, 10 students on fair group and 5 students on low group. The aimed of this research showed that the kinds of mistakes is the error on concept included error on function limit. The error principles whish existed were the errors on the usage of limit theory, the usages of trigonometry formula, the usage of conjugate multiplication principle, and error on the usage of write off principle. The errors os strategy included the fault on the steps to solve the function limit question. The technical errors included counting error, did not follow the instruction of questions, error of factoring, and the used calculator. The reasons of the error were: (1) the used of calculator in calcilating, (2) mistakes in understanding the theory, (3) influenced on the steps to solve yhe unction limit quetions, (4) did not understand certain form, (5) presumed a concept of principle based on experiences, (6) did not read and give attention to the intruction of the question, (7) fault on generalizing limit theory, (8) forgrt on such formula or feature, (9) did not comprehend the conjugate multiplication principle, (10) did not comprehend the write off principle on fraction, calculation, multiplication, and subtraction, (11) difficult to do factoring, (12) did not comprehend steps in solving the limit quetions, (13) mistakes on calculating, and (14) nerousness in doing the questions due to the time loss. Alternative to overcome the mistakes by students was by communicate their mistakes through interview by: (1) reminding students things they already forget, (2) explaining things that they did not undertand, (3) giving a concrete example disclaim the usage of wrong concept or principle, and (4) giving them advice to inprove their study. The result of Chi Square revealed that there is no correlation between the level of students’ ability with the kids of mistakes in answering questions of function limit of class XI-IA students at SMA Negeri 15 Makassar
Quantifying the Quality of Immersive Experiences

Psychometric evaluations are generally used to understand the Quality of Experience (QoE) of immersive environments produced using augmented/mixed/virtual reality. Typically, these subjective evaluations are done from an end-user point-of-view, but these are limited by the subjective observations due to: (i) a user's bias in grading their experience (some are more critical than others); (ii) user's interest and concentration throughout the task; (iii) ease of use and comfort level of the interaction interfaces, (iv) task duration, (v) user fatigue when tested for different scenarios such as different network conditions, and (vi) importance of the application. The most commonly used subjective method for quality measurement is the Mean Opinion Score (MOS). MOS is standardized in the ITU-T (International Telecommunications Union) recommendations [6], and it is defined as a numeric value going from 1 to 5 (i.e. poor to excellent).The objective approach consists of measuring the QoE by monitoring the network technical parameters or the network Quality of Service (QoS), such as throughput, delay, and packet loss. Most of the research on objective approaches for QoS-QoE mapping have focused on video streaming [4]. For instance, it is assumed that video QoE is affected by three key network parameters: loss, delay, and jitter [2, 3]. Long jitter influences discontinuity and additional packet loss, whereas packet delays are related to buffering time. Hence, video streaming QoE is considered as a function of these two application specific metrics: buffering time (BT) and streaming video discontinuity (SVD). It is obvious that such objective QoS-QoE mapping strategies cannot be directly applied for immersive environments.Hence, in this talk, we address two related questions: (1) Can we identify metrics that can objectively quantify the performance of an immersive environment? (2) Can we use the above objective performance metrics to understand the possible user QoE without the need for subjective user study or with minimal user study?We start with different examples of immersive environments such as haptic-enabled applications, mirror therapy, and serious games [7, 11, 12, 13, and 14]. We discuss what metrics are influenced by different system parameters such as processing power, and network QoS. Then, we present some of our preliminary work on understanding users' QoE through these metrics [7, 8, 9, and 10].
Network Coherence Time Matters - Interference Networks with Finite Precision CSIT and Perfect CSIR

This work obtains the first degrees of freedom (DoF) bound that is sensitive to network coherence time, i.e., coherence time in an interference network where all channels experience the same coherence patterns. This is accomplished by a novel adaptation of the aligned image sets bound, and settles various open problems noted previously by Naderi and Avestimehr and by Gou et al. For example, a necessary and sufficient condition is obtained for the optimality of 1/2 DoF per user in a partially connected interference network where the channel state information at the receivers (CSIR) is perfect, the channel state information at the transmitters (CSIT) is instantaneous but limited to finite precision, and the network coherence time is Tc = 1. The broader insight that emerges is that even with perfect CSIR and instantaneous finite precision CSIT, network coherence time matters, i.e., it has a DoF impact.
The exclusion of older people from participation in cardiovascular trials

Elderly persons should not be excluded from participation in clinical trials for cardiovascular drugs since that population comprises the largest number of patients with cardiovascular disease.
Prevention of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss: Potential Therapeutic Agents

Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is a significant clinical, social, and economic issue. The development of novel therapeutic agents to reduce NIHL would increase the potential protection of workers exposed to occupational noise, as well as noise-exposed military populations. Adolescents and young adults may perhaps benefit as well. A better understanding of oxidative stress during and after noise, and activation of other mechanisms of cellular and molecular events that lead to cell death subsequent to noise insult, has advanced the potential to identify and develop novel therapeutic agents. Identification of oxidative stress and improved knowledge as to how cells die has been particularly significant for the development of novel therapeutic agents to reduce NIHL. Widespread clinical acceptance of any novel ­therapeutic will be driven by demonstration that the agent reduces permanent noise-induced threshold shift (PTS) in randomized, placebo-controlled, prospective human clinical trials. Identification and access to populations that develop PTS despite the use of traditional hearing protection devices (which are ethically required in such studies) is challenging. Moreover, such studies are necessarily slow, ­requiring years of data collection from each individual subject, given that NIHL is generally slow to develop. Given these and other obstacles, many groups are ­turning to temporary threshold shift (TTS) models for initial human proof of concept ­testing. Thus, the relationship between PTS and TTS, and the clinical relevance of TTS deficits, are reviewed first.
Exercise Training in the Normal Female: Effects of Low Energy Availability on Reproductive Function

This chapter begins with a brief description of our current understanding of the female athlete triad. It explains what had been the three most widely held hypotheses about the cause of the triad, and then summarizes the prospective clinical experiments that identified low energy availability as the specific cause. Exercise was found to have no suppressive effect on reproductive function beyond the impact of its energy cost on energy availability, and the suppression was found to occur abruptly below a threshold of 30 kcal per kilogram of fat-free mass per day. The chapter closes by identifying four distinct origins of low energy availability among female athletes, and stresses the importance of identifying the particular origin in each case of the triad before attempting to modify that athlete’s diet and exercise behavior.
Cognitive Theory of Style and Creativity

Life and beauty both play essential roles in our lives. Good designs will have it all—aesthetic pleasure, art, creativity—and at the same time be usable, workable, and enjoyable. There is no need to sacrifice budget costs, function, manufacturing, or sales market to achieve the maximum value of a product. For skillful craftsmen, it is their passion, motivation, and ability to create things that are usable and creative, pleasurable and completely workable. That is why style of beauty and creativity of products are so critical in design, manufacturing, engineering, fashion, and everyday lives.
Sensation, movement and learning in the absence of barrel cortex

For many of our senses, the role of the cerebral cortex in detecting stimuli is controversial1–17. Here we examine the effects of both acute and chronic inactivation of the primary somatosensory cortex in mice trained to move their large facial whiskers to detect an object by touch and respond with a lever to obtain a water reward. Using transgenic mice, we expressed inhibitory opsins in excitatory cortical neurons. Transient optogenetic inactivation of the primary somatosensory cortex, as well as permanent lesions, initially produced both movement and sensory deficits that impaired detection behaviour, demonstrating the link between sensory and motor systems during active sensing. Unexpectedly, lesioned mice had recovered full behavioural capabilities by the subsequent session. This rapid recovery was experience-dependent, and early re-exposure to the task after lesioning facilitated recovery. Furthermore, ablation of the primary somatosensory cortex before learning did not affect task acquisition. This combined optogenetic and lesion approach suggests that manipulations of the sensory cortex may be only temporarily disruptive to other brain structures that are themselves capable of coordinating multiple, arbitrary movements with sensation. Thus, the somatosensory cortex may be dispensable for active detection of objects in the environment. Mice can learn to detect objects with their whiskers and respond appropriately even in the absence of their primary somatosensory cortex.
Combined high-speed holographic shape and full-field displacement measurements of tympanic membrane

The conical shape of the tympanic membrane (TM or eardrum) plays an important role in its function, such that variations in shape alter the acoustically induced motions of the TM. We present a method that precisely determines both shape and acoustically induced transient response of the entire TM using the same optics and maintaining the same coordinate system, where the TM transient displacements due to a broadband acoustic click excitation (50-μs impulse) and the shape are consecutively measured within 2 kHz) optical phase sampling during a single 100-ms wavelength tuning ramp allow precise and rapid reconstructions of the TM shape at varied resolutions (50 to 200 μm). This rapid acquisition of full-field displacements and shape is immune to slow disturbances introduced by breathing or heartbeat of live subjects. Knowledge of TM shape and displacements enables the estimation of surface normal displacements regardless of the orientation of the TM within the measurement system. The proposed method helps better define TM mechanics and provides TM structure and function information useful for the diagnosis of ear disease.
Contemporary College Students' Reflections on Their High School Peer Crowds.

High school peer crowds are fundamental components of adolescent development with influences on short- and long-term life trajectories. This study provides the perspectives of contemporary college ...
Criminal procedure reform and the impact on homicide: evidence from Mexico

While significant efforts have been made to reform the criminal justice system across Latin America, we do not know the conditions under which reform effectively deters homicide, one of many goals of the reform. Drawing on a novel sub-national design in Mexico, I find that criminal procedure reforms aimed at improving due process are not sufficient for deterring homicide in places where non-state actors (i.e. drug cartels) effectively challenge the state’s monopoly of violence. I argue that in these settings, citizens are less willing to cooperate with the formal system of justice - despite reform efforts. Without society cooperation, the prosecution is less equipped to investigate, prosecute, and solve crime, resulting in impunity and little deterrence. Importantly, where the state maintains its monopoly of violence, reform is associated with less homicide. In selecting remedies to combat violent crime, therefore, different communities need to pursue different strategies, suggesting that the State can deter violence through fairness.
Oil Price Implied Structural Shocks and Cross-sectional Stock Returns

We document a novel stock price momentum effect related to oil. A portfolio that buys low-oil-beta stocks and sells high-oil-beta stocks earns abnormal returns of -1.08% per month from 1986 to 2011, with majority of abnormal returns arising from 2002 to 2011, and 1.58% per month from 2012 to 2015. Our results are robust after controlling for size, value, asset growth, profitability, momentum, and total volatility in two-dimensional sorting, and after removing the oil price fluctuations that are driven by aggregate demand shocks. Oil beta is insignificant in forecasting future returns before 2002 in cross-sectional regressions and becomes significant since 2002. Our findings are consistent with the notion that investors underestimate the magnitude of the boom and bust of oil prices.